bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communal Nursing in Mice: Influence of Multiple Mothers on the Growth of the Young
Authors: Sayler Anne , Salmon Michael
Published: October 2006

Female mice will combine their litters into a communal nest. The young raised in a communal nest show faster rates of growth during the first 20 days than young raised by single females, even when the ratio of mothers to young is the same.
Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase from Brain
Authors: Miyamoto Eishichi , Kuo J. F. , Greengard Paul
Published: October 2006

Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate at a concentration of 5 × 10
-7
mole per liter causes a 400 percent increase in the rate of phosphorylation of histone catalyzed by a partially purified enzyme preparation from rabbit brain. The data provide the first direct evidence of a biochemical action of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in the brain.
Cyclophosphamide: Effect on Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Lewis Rats
Authors: Paterson Philip Y. , Drobish Diane G.
Published: October 2006

Lewis rats sensitized to spinal cord in adjuvant and exhibiting advanced clinical paralytic signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis were treated with cyclophosphamide (5 milligrams per kilogram) daily. Of 30 treated animals, 21 recovered rapidly and appeared clinically well within 7 to 12 days. This immunosuppressive agent may prove therapeutically useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Destruction of Pacific Corals by the Sea Star
Acanthaster planci
Authors: Chesher Richard H.
Published: October 2006

Acanthaster planci
, a coral predator, is undergoing a population explosion in many areas of the Pacific Ocean. Data on feeding rates, population movements, and stages of infestation were collected along coral reefs of Guam and Palau. Direct observations on destruction of Guam's coral reefs indicate that narrow, fringing reefs may be killed as rapidly as 1 kilometer per month. In a 2½-year period, 90 percent of the coral was killed along 38 kilometers of Guam's shoreline.
Fungal Morphogenesis: Cell Wall Construction in
Mucor rouxii
Authors: Bartnicki-Garcia S. , Lippman Eleanor
Published: October 2006

An autoradiographic study revealed two different patterns of cell wall construction associated with two types of morphogenesis in
Mucor rouxii
. In hyphae, the cell wall was preferentially synthesized in the apical region; these cylindrical walls seemed to be generated by a sharply descending gradient of wall synthesis radiating from the apex. In spherical cells (germinating spores, yeast cells), wall formation occurred largely, if not entirely, in uniformly dispersed fashion over the entire cell periphery.
Human Growth Hormone Release: Relation to Slow-Wave Sleep and Sleep-Waking Cycles
Authors: Sassin J. F. , Parker D. C. , Mace J. W. , Gotlin R. W. , Johnson L. C. , Rossman L. G.
Published: October 2006

Release of human growth hormone during sleep is significantly related to slow, synchronized stages of sleep and therefore would seem to be controlled by related neural mechanisms. When sleep-waking cycles are reversed by 12 hours, the release of growth hormone with sleep is reversed; thus release does not follow an inherent circadian rhythm independent of sleep.
Tertiary Climatic Change in the Marginal Northeastern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Addicott W. O.
Published: October 2006

Analysis of distributional patterns of shallow-water molluscan faunas of the middle latitudes of the marginal northeastern Pacific Ocean discloses a sharp reversal during the Miocene of the progressive climatic deterioration. A low point in the Tertiary cooling trend during the Oligocene was followed by climatic warming that culminated during the middle Miocene, as illustrated by a series of zoogeographic profiles.
Rats Enriched with Odd-Carbon Fatty Acids: Maintenance of Liver Glycogen during Starvation
Authors: Vanitallie Theodore B. , Khachadurian Avedis K.
Published: October 2006

In young rats a diet containing triundecanoin as the major source of fat produces substantial enrichment of adipose tissue triglycerides with undecanoate and higher fatty acids with odd-numbered carbons. The terminal three-carbon residues arising from beta-oxidation of these acids are glucogenic and help to counteract the decreases in liver glycogen and serum glucose ordinarily induced by prolonged fasting.
Jadeite: Shock-Induced Formation from Oligoclase, Ries Crater, Germany
Authors: James Odette B.
Published: October 2006

Jadeite (high-pressure sodium aluminum pyroxene) has been identified in a shock-phase assemblage of oligoclase. The shock assemblage consists of minute particles with high refractive indices that contain at least two phases: one (identified by x-ray) is a jadeite that is nearly pure NaAlSi
2
O
6
; the other has the chemical composition of oligoclase minus jadeite and appears to be largely amorphous.
Autosomal Trisomy in a Chimpanzee: Resemblance to Down's Syndrome
Authors: McClure Harold M. , Belden Kathy H. , Pieper W. A. , Jacobson Cecil B.
Published: October 2006

An infant chimpanzee (
Pan troglodytes
) with clinical, behavioral, and cytogenetic features similar to those in Down's syndrome is described. The infant shows retarded growth rate, congenital abnormalities, retarded neurologic and postural development, epicanthus, hyperflexibility of the joints, muscle hypotonia, and trisomy of a small acrocentric chromosome.
Hyperphagia and Polydipsia in Socially Isolated Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Miller Robert E. , Mirsky I. Arthur , Caul William F. , Sakata Toshiie
Published: October 2006

Three rhesus monkeys which had been isolated from social contact during their first year of life persistently overate and overdrank during adulthood. These monkeys ingested approximately twice as much fluid and food as the control animals reared normally.
Unit Activity: Motivation-Dependent Responses from Midbrain Neurons
Authors: Phillips M. Ian , Olds James
Published: October 2006

Single neurons in the midbrain tegmentum of rats showed clear discriminatory responses to three tones announcing either food or water or no reinforcement. Subjects were required to press a single lever and remain motionless for 2 seconds during which time unit activity from several brain sites was recorded. One of the tones, randomly designated, was sounded halfway through this period. Manipulation of drive states revealed that the highest activity was associated with tones announcing the reinforcement for which the animal was most strongly motivated. Thus, from a hungry animal sustained or increased firing rates were elicited by a "food" tone and differentially lowered rates by the other tones.
Reticular Stimulation and Chlorpromazine: An Animal Model for Schizophrenic Overarousal
Authors: Kornetsky Conan , Eliasson Mona
Published: October 2006

It has been postulated that certain schizophrenic patients are in a state of continual central excitation and that improvement in these patients after treatment with chlorpromazine is a result of the action of the drug in reducing this excitation. A model was developed to test this postulated state of central excitation. Rats were electrically stimulated in the mesencephalic reticular formation while performing a simple attention task. Stimulation or treatment with chlorpromazine impaired the performance of the animals; however, the two treatments together resulted in performance indistinguishable from that seen after injections of saline alone.
Targeted Gene Replacement in
Drosophila
Via P Element-Induced Gap Repair
Authors: Gloor Gregory B. , Nassif Nadine A. , Johnson-Schlitz Dena M. , Preston Christine R. , Engels William R.
Published: October 2006

Transposable elements of the P family in
Drosophila
are thought to transpose by a cut-and-paste process that leaves a double-strand gap. The repair of such gaps resulted in the transfer of up to several kilobase pairs of information from a homologous template sequence to the site of P element excision by a process similar to gene conversion. The template was an in vitro-modified sequence that was tested at various genomic positions. Characterization of 123 conversion tracts provided a detailed description of their length and distribution. Most events were continuous conversion tracts that overlapped the P insertion site without concomitant conversion of the template. The average conversion tract was 1379 base pairs, and the distribution of tract lengths fit a simple model of gap enlargement. The conversion events occurred at sufficiently high frequencies to form the basis of an efficient means of directed gene replacement.
Antibody-Mediated Clearance of Alphavirus Infection From Neurons
Authors: Levine Beth , Hardwick J. Marie , Trapp Bruce D. , Crawford Thomas O. , Bollinger Robert C. , Griffin Diane E.
Published: October 2006

Humoral immunity is important for protection against viral infection and neutralization of extracellular virus, but clearance of virus from infected tissues is thought to be mediated solely by cellular immunity. However, in a SCID mouse model of persistent alphavirus encephalomyelitis, adoptive transfer of hyperimmune serum resulted in clearance of infectious virus and viral RNA from the nervous system, whereas adoptive transfer of sensitized T lymphocytes had no effect on viral replication. Three monoclonal antibodies to two different epitopes on the E2 envelope glycoprotein mediated viral clearance. Treatment of alphavirus-infected primary cultured rat neurons with these monoclonal antibodies to E2 resulted in decreased viral protein synthesis, followed by gradual termination of mature infectious virion production. Thus, antibody can mediate clearance of alphavirus infection from neurons by restricting viral gene expression.
A G Protein-Linked Receptor for Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide
Authors: Jüppner Harald , Abou-Samra Abdul-Badi , Freeman Mason , Kong Xiang F. , Schipani Ernestina , Richards Jennifer , Kolakowski Lee F. , Hock Janet , Potts John T. , Kronenberg Henry M. , Segre Gino V.
Published: October 2006

The complementary DNA encoding a 585-amino acid parathyroid hormone-parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH-PTHrP) receptor with seven potential membrane-spanning domains was cloned by COS-7 expression using an opossum kidney cell complementary DNA (cDNA) library. The expressed receptor binds PTH and PTHrP with equal affinity, and both ligands equivalently stimulate adenylate cyclase. Striking homology with the calcitonin receptor and lack of homology with other G protein-linked receptors indicate that receptors for these calcium-regulating hormones are related and represent a new family.
Nitrogen Enrichment of Surface Water by Absorption of Ammonia Volatilized from Cattle Feedlots
Authors: Hutchinson G. L. , Viets F. G.
Published: October 2006

Apparatus designed to measure absorption of ammonia from the air by aqueous surfaces was installed near several cattle feedlots and in appropriate control areas. Ammonia absorption rates measured near feedlots were as much as 20 times greater than near the control. Their magnitudes indicate that absorption of ammonia volatilized from cattle feedlots contributes significantly to the nitrogen enrichment of surface water in the vicinity of feedlots.
Antithrombin III: Protection against Death after Injection of Thromboplastin
Authors: Mann Lewis T. , Jensenius Jens Chr. , Simonsen Morten , Abildgaard Ulrich
Published: October 2006

Intravenous injection of autologous lipoprotein (thromboplastin) or thrombin produced a lethal, hemorrhagic syndrome in chicken embryos. The embryos could be protected from this fatal result by injection of antithrombin III, an alpha
2
-globulin (molecular weight 60,000 to 80,000) purified from human, bovine, and guinea pig blood. Heparin also protected the embryos, but other inhibitors were less protective.
Carcinogen-Induced Immune Depression: Absence in Mice Resistant to Chemical Oncogenesis
Authors: Stutman Osias
Published: October 2006

Administration of 3-methylcholanthrene 6 days before antigenic challenge depressed the immune response to sheep red cells in young adult mice (C3Hf/Bi strain) sensitive to the oncogenic effect of the drug (100 percent local tumors 240 days after carcinogen). The drug was not immunodepressant in the I strain, which is relatively resistant to its carcinogenic effect (11 percent local tumors 240 days after carcinogen).
Bivalve Mollusk Burrowing Aided by Discordant Shell Ornamentation
Authors: Stanley Steven M.
Published: October 2006

Oblique and chevron-like ridges on the shell surfaces of certain burrowing bivalve mollusks grip the sediment during shell-rocking movements to aid in sediment penetration. These ridges (characterized by steep dorsal slopes and gentle ventral slopes) have evolved through convergence in several families in association with particular behavioral and ecological traits.
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Synthesis under Primitive Earth Conditions
Authors: Friedmann Nadav , Miller Stanley L.
Published: October 2006

Phenylacetylene can be synthesized in substantial yields from various hydrocarbons by high temperatures, electric discharges, and ultraviolet light. Phenylacetylene is hydrated to phenylacetaldehyde by way of both nucleophilic and radical additions of H
2
S followed by hydrolysis of the thioaldehyde. The addition of NH
3
and HCN to phenylacetaldehyde yields phenylalanine nitrile which is hydrolyzed to phenylalanine. A small yield of tyrosine is obtained from the radical addition of H
2
S to phenylacetylene. This sequence of reactions is a possible mechanism for the synthesis of these amino acids on the primitive earth.
Elution of Glomerular Bound Antibodies in Experimental Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Lindberg Lois H. , Vosti Kenneth L.
Published: October 2006

Immunoglobulin G, eluted from glomeruli of rats with streptococcal glomerulonephritis, reacts with type 12 M protein of the streptococcus but not with other streptococcal or renal antigens. Therefore, this disease may be mediated by fixation of antigen-antibody complexes consisting of streptococcal M protein and type-specific antibody.
Lesions of Central Norepinephrine Terminals with 6-OH-Dopamine: Biochemistry and Fine Structure
Authors: Bloom F. E. , Algeri S. , Groppetti A. , Revuelta A. , Costa E.
Published: October 2006

Intracisternal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine produce rapid and long-lasting depletion of brain catecholamines without effects on serotonin concentrations. Depletion of norepinephrine is greatest in areas containing only nerve terminals and axons and least in areas containing monoamine cell bodies. The norepinephrine loss is accompanied by electron microscopic evidence of nerve terminal degeneration and decreased turnover. Dopamine loss is less marked and is not accompanied by degeneration or alteration of turnover rate.
Visual Receptive Fields of Neurons in Inferotemporal Cortex of the Monkey
Authors: Gross C. G. , Bender D. B. , Rocha-Miranda C. E.
Published: October 2006

Neurons in inferotemporal cortex (area TE) of the monkey had visual receptive fields which were very large (greater than 10 by 10 degrees) and almost always included the fovea. Some extended well into both halves of the visual field, while others were confined to the ipsilateral or contralateral side. These neurons were differentially sensitive to several of the following dimensions of the stimulus: size and shape, color, orientation, and direction of movement.
Specific Tissue Graft Rejection in Earthworms
Authors: Cooper Edwin L.
Published: October 2006

Earthworms are capable of destroying antigenic tissues. Autogeneis transplants healed in regularly and remained permanently viable. Xenografts, by contrast, were cicatrized but eventually rejected. Intrafamilial transplants survived longer than interfamilial ones. Xenografts and autografts placed in the same graft bed were joined to each other but xenografts were later destroyed although autografts were not. Two xenografts from
Eisenia
to
Lumbricus
, performed simultaneously, showed survival endpoints similar to a single xenograft. A 5-day interval between first- and second-set grafting led to an accelerated rejection of both transplants. First-set
Allolobophora
transplants to
Lumbricus
performed simultaneously with second-set
Eisenia
grafts were destroyed at a time different from either of the two
Eisenia
transplants. A single
Allolobophora
transplant to
Lumbricus
was rejected at survival times equivalent to
Allolobophora
along with two
Eisenia
transplants.
Physalia Nematocysts: Utilized by Mollusks for Defense
Authors: Thompson T. E. , Bennett I.
Published: October 2006

Nudibranchs
Glaucus
and
Glaucilla
store and utilize for their own defense the nematocysts of the venomous siphonophore
Physalia
.
Peroxidation of Subcellular Organelles: Formation of Lipofuscinlike Fluorescent Pigments
Authors: Chio K. S. , Reiss U. , Fletcher B. , Tappel A. L.
Published: October 2006

Lipid peroxidation of subcellular organelles gives fluorescent products which have fluorescence and excitation spectra similar to those of lipofuscin pigments. Fluorescence and excitation spectra and total fluorescence in the 460-nanometer region are useful for qualitative identification and quantitative measurement of the Schiff base product, a molecular damage site of lipid peroxidation which develops during some aging processes.
Cell-Free, De Novo Synthesis of Poliovirus
Authors: Molla Akhteruzzaman , Paul Aniko V. , Wimmer Eckard
Published: October 2006

Cell-free translation of poliovirus RNA in an extract of uninfected human (HeLa) cells yielded viral proteins through proteolysis of the polyprotein. In the extract, newly synthesized proteins catalyzed poliovirus-specific RNA synthesis, and formed infectious poliovirus de novo. Newly formed virions were neutralized by type-specific antiserum, and infection of human cells with them was prevented by poliovirus receptor-specific antibodies. Poliovirus synthesis was increased nearly 70-fold when nucleoside triphosphates were added, but it was abolished in the presence of inhibitors of translation or viral genome replication. The ability to conduct cell-free synthesis of poliovirus will aid in the study of picornavirus proliferation and in the search for the control of picornaviral disease.
Cell Surface Differences in Ducts from Cancerous and Noncancerous Human Breasts
Authors: Spring-Mills Elinor , Elias Joel J.
Published: October 2006

The scanning electron microscope reveals structural differences between the apical microvilli of duct cells from cancerous and noncancerous human breasts. The alterations in the microvilli from carcinomatous breasts appear to be highly specific, to extend throughout the affected breast, and may be pathognomonic for this condition.
Maxillary Mycangium in the Mountain Pine Beetle
Authors: Whitney H. S. , Farris S. H.
Published: October 2006

A mycangium containing blue-stain fungi and yeasts is located in the cardo of the maxilla of the mountain pine beetle,
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Hopk. Symbiosis between one or more of the microorganisms and the insect is indicated.
Sex Control by Bees: A Voluntary Act of Egg Fertilization during Oviposition
Authors: Gerber Henry S. , Klostermeyer E. C.
Published: October 2006

The alfalfa leaf-cutter bee,
Megachile rotundata
, stops abdominal contractions briefly during oviposition of female eggs but not during oviposition of male eggs. Sperm stored in the spermatheca probably is pumped onto the micropyle of the egg during this pause. The stimulus inducing fertilization seems to be associated with the depth of the nesting tunnel.
Family Size and Sex-Role Stereotypes
Authors: Clarkson Frank E. , Vogel Susan R. , Broverman Inge K. , Broverman Donald M. , Rosenkrantz Paul S.
Published: October 2006

Social attitudes about sex roles have been implicated as important factors in population growth. Degree of incorporation of stereotypic sex roles into the self-concepts of mothers is found to be related to completed family size.
Semimicro Chemical and X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Lunar Samples
Authors: Rose Harry J. , Cuttitta Frank , Dwornik Edward J. , Carron M. K. , Christian R. P. , Lindsay J. R. , Ligon D. T. , Larson R. R.
Published: October 2006

Major and selected minor elements were determined in seven whole rock fragments, five portions of pulverized lunar rock, and the lunar soil. Three different rock types were represented: vesicular, fine-grained basaltic rocks; medium- to coarse-grained, vuggy gabbroic rocks; and breccia. The ranges (in percent) for the major constituents of the lunar samples are: SiO
2
, 38 to 42; Al
2
O
3
, 8 to 14; total iron as FeO, 15 to 20; MgO, 6 to 8; CaO, 10 to 12; Na
2
O, 0.5 to 1; K
2
O, 0.05 to 0.4; TiO
2
, 8 to 13; MnO, 0.2 to 0.3; and Cr
2
O
3
, 0.2 to 0.4. The high reducing capacity of the samples strongly suggests the presence of Ti(III).
Water, Hydrogen, Deuterium, Carbon, Carbon-13, and Oxygen-18 Content of Selected Lunar Material
Authors: Friedman Irving , O'Neil James R. , Adami Lanford H. , Gleason Jim D. , Hardcastle Kenneth
Published: October 2006

The water content of the breccia is 150 to 455 ppm, with a δD from —580 to —870 per mil. Hydrogen gas content is 40 to 53 ppm with a δD of —830 to —970 per mil. The CO
2
is 290 to 418 ppm with δ
13
C = + 2.3 to + 5.1 per mil and δ
18
O = 14.2 to 19.1 per mil. Non-CO
2
carbon is 22 to 100 ppm, δ
13
C = —6.4 to —23.2 per mil. Lunar dust is 810 ppm H
2
O (D = 80 ppm) and 188 ppm total carbon(δ
13
C = —17.6 per mil). The
18
O analyses of whole rocks range from 5.8 to 6.2 per mil. The temperature of crystallization of type B rocks is 1100° to 1300°C, based on the oxygen isotope fractionation between coexisting plagioclase and ilmenite.
Electron Microprobe Analysis of Lunar Samples
Authors: Adler Isidore , Walter Louis S. , Lowman Paul D. , Glass Billy P. , French Bevan M. , Philpotts John A. , Heinrich K. J. F. , Goldstein J. I.
Published: October 2006

Plagioclase feldspar, clinopyroxene, and ilmenite in a polished thin section of a type A crystalline rock were analyzed. The clinopyroxene grains are compositionally variable, and both high Ca and low Ca phases are present. The plagioclase is compositionally homogeneous. The ilmenite is chemically homogeneous except for occasional, small areas of high local chromium concentration. Accessory minerals are: apatite (containing Cl, F, Y, and Ce), troilite, and metallic iron. Glassy spherules from the lunar soil are for the most part similar in composition to the crystalline rocks; however, some appear to have been monomineralic. The crystalline rock has apparently formed by relatively rapid cooling of a silicate melt under conditions of low oxygen partial pressure. Many components of the soil appear to have formed by meteoritic impact.
Quantitative Optical and Electron-Probe Studies of the Opaque Phases
Authors: Simpson P. R. , Bowie S. H. U.
Published: October 2006

Ilmenite, chrome-titanium spinel, ulvöspinel, troilite, native iron, iron-nickel alloy, and native copper are present. In addition mackinawite is provisionally identified. Three additional opaque phases are present but not identified. Modal analysis indicates that the breccia is enriched in iron relative to ilmenite and troilite, and the high nickel content of this iron suggests that it is largely of meteoritic origin. The bulk composition of liquids corresponding to iron/troilite droplets in the rocks indicates an oxygen fugacity no greater than 10
-15.5
and a sulfur fugacity of 10
-6
bar. Complete melting of rocks produced a glass containing complex iron/troilite globules and skeletal ilmenites.
High-Voltage Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Lunar Surface Material
Authors: Radcliffe S. V. , Heuer A. H. , Fisher R. M. , Christie J. M. , Griggs D. T.
Published: October 2006

The internal substructures of a type B sample have been examined at high magnification and compared with terrestrial rocks. Selected ultrathin sections were prepared from these multiphase materials by an ion-thinning technique and examined in a 1-Mev electron microscope, with complementary optical analyses. The structures in the ilmenite and plagioclase indicate that the lunar material has undergone plastic deformation by dislocation movement and possibly microtwinning, with subsequent recovery. The pyroxene exhibits complex lamellar structures of submicron spacing. These various observations are consistent with the optical microscopy evidence for distortion and recovery and identify the processes involved.
Alcohol, Amines, and Alkaloids: A Possible Biochemical Basis for Alcohol Addiction
Authors: Davis Virginia E. , Walsh Michael J.
Published: October 2006

Tetrahydropapaveroline is a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid derivative of the biogenic amine, dopamine. Alcohol, by way of its primary metabolite, acetaldehyde, competitively inhibits nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase and augments the formation of tetrahydropapaveroline in vitro. The limited capacity of brain to oxidize aldehydes may be of pharmacological importance because it facilitates the production of tetrahydropapaveroline in the presence of drugs which inhibit this enzyme.
Drosophila melanogaster
: Identity of Male Lipid in Reproductive System
Authors: Brieger Gottfried , Butterworth Frank M.
Published: October 2006

A lipid found exclusively in the ejaculatory bulb of adult male
Drosophila melanogaster
has been identified as
cis
-vaccenyl acetate. Identification is based on spectral comparisons with a synthetic sample.
Postnatal Muscle Fiber Assembly: Localization of Newly Synthesized Myofibrillar Proteins
Authors: Morkin Eugene
Published: October 2006

Addition of newly synthesized contractile proteins to striated muscle during postnatal life was studied by labeling young rat diaphragms in vitro with
3
H-leucine and extracting the soluble proteins in glycerol. The grain distribution over glycerinated fibers in electron microscopic autoradiographs indicates that new myofibrillar proteins are added about the periphery of existing fibrils.
Human Auditory Evoked Potentials: Possible Brain Stem Components Detected on the Scalp
Authors: Jewett Don L. , Romano Michael N. , Williston John S.
Published: October 2006

Auditory potentials recorded from the vertex of humans by a modified averaging technique have very short latencies and are probably generated by brain stem structures located at a considerable distance from the recording point. The evoked waves, which show considerable detail and consistency within and across subjects, may be clinically useful in evaluating subcortical function.
Marine Phytoplankton Vary in Their Response to Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Authors: Menzel David W. , Anderson Judith , Randtke Ann
Published: October 2006

Photosynthesis and growth in cultures of four marine phytoplankton species, isolated from different oceanic environments, were affected by three chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT, dieldrin, and endrin) to varying extents. This ranged from complete insensitivity in
Dunaliella
to toxicity at concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 part per billion of the pesticides in
Cyclotella
. Other forms were intermediate in their response.
Function of the Homeodomain Protein GHF1 in Pituitary Cell Proliferation
Authors: Castrillo José-Luis , Theill Lars E. , Karin Michael
Published: October 2006

Mutations that cause pituitary dwarfism in the mouse reside in the gene encoding the transcription factor growth hormone factor 1 (
GHF1
or
pit1
). These dwarf mice (
dw
and

dw
J

) are deficient in growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) synthesis and exhibit pituitary hypoplasia, suggesting a stem cell defect. With antisense oligonucleotide technology, a cell culture model of this genetic defect was developed. Specific inhibition of GHF1 synthesis by complementary oligonucleotides led to a marked decrease in GH and PRL expression and to a marked decrease in proliferation of somatotrophic cell lines. These results provide direct evidence that the homeodomain protein GHF1 is required not only for the establishment and maintenance of the differentiated phenotype but for cell proliferation as well.
Missile Impacts as Sources of Seismic Energy on the Moon
Authors: Latham Gary V. , McDonald William G. , Moore Henry J.
Published: October 2006

Seismic signals recorded from impacts of missiles at the White Sands Missile Range are radically different from the signal recorded from the Apollo 12 lunar module impact. This implies that lunar structure to depths of at least 10 to 20 kilometers is quite different from the typical structure of the earth's crust. Results obtained from this study can be used to predict seismic wave amplitudes from future man-made lunar impacts. Seismic energy and crater dimensions from impacts are compared with measurements from chemical explosions.
Inhibition of Phosphofructokinase by Quinone Methide and α-Methylene Lactone Tumor Inhibitors
Authors: Hanson Ronald L. , Lardy Henry A. , Kupchan S. Morris
Published: October 2006

The plant-derived tumor inhibitors taxodone, taxodione, vernolepin, eupacunin, and euparotin acetate each inhibit the sulfhydryl enzyme, phosphofructokinase. The substrates, fructose-6-phosphate and adenosine triphosphate, protect the enzyme from this inhibition as does the addition of dithiothreitol to the inhibitors. Incubation of taxodione with phosphofructokinase is associated with the loss of about one sulfhydryl group per inhibitor molecule, and the substrates protect six sulfhydryl groups per protomer of 93,000 daltons.
Extraoptic Celestial Orientation in the Southern Cricket Frog
Acris gryllus
Authors: Taylor Douglas H. , Ferguson Denzel E.
Published: October 2006

Celestial orientation and setting of the biological clock in the southern cricket frog
Acris gryllus
can be cued by light stimuli received by extraoptic receptors in the brain. These extraoptic photoreceptors may also be used in learning new orientational directions. A mechanism for a light-activated biological clock is discussed.
Incubation Effects in Behavior Induction in Rats
Authors: Golub Arnold M. , Masiarz Frank R. , Villars Trudy , McConnell James V.
Published: October 2006

Incubation (rest) periods interposed during donor training regimens significantly enhance the "memory transfer" effect reported by some investigators. When extracts from the brains of donor rats given interpolated rest during acquisition training were injected into recipient animals, statistically reliable and experimentally reproducible "memory transfer" effects were found.
Vocal Imitation and Individual Recognition of Finch Calls
Authors: Mundinger Paul C.
Published: October 2006

American goldfinch females recognize individual males by their individually distinctive flight calls. Goldfinches and other cardueline finch species are also capable of learning new flight calls by imitation during pair and flock formation. Vocal imitation can occur between members of different species as well as between members of the same species. Learning of new flight calls differs in several respects from typical passerine song learning.
L-Dopa: Effect on Concentrations of Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin in Brains of Mice
Authors: Everett G. M. , Borcherding J. W.
Published: October 2006

Large doses of L-dopa given to mice produced marked increases in brain dopamine, no change in norepinephrine, and a remarkable decrease in brain serotonin. This reduction apparently results from a release or displacement, or both, of serotonin from its storage sites.
Structure of the Giant Fibers of Earthworms
Authors: Mulloney Brian
Published: October 2006

The median giant fiber and the pair of lateral giant fibers that run the length of the ventral nerve cord in earthworms were thought to arise by fusion of the axons of several nerve cells in each segment. The structure of these giant fibers has now been examined with a fluorescent dye injected into single fibers. Each giant axon connects to one cell body in each segment; the giant fibers are not fused axons. In each segment, the median giant fiber has three branches and each lateral giant fiber has five branches. These branches are presumably dendritic. No structural differences between the giant fibers in anterior and posterior regions of the worm seem to account for the functional polarity of the giant fiber system observed in behavioral studies.
Antarctic Ice Sheet: Stable Isotope Analyses of Byrd Station Cores and Interhemispheric Climatic Implications
Authors: Epstein Samuel , Sharp R. P. , Gow A. J.
Published: October 2006

Oxygen- and hydrogen-isotope analyses from the core hole through the Antarctic Ice Sheet at Byrd Station define temperature variations over more than 75,000 years. Synchronism between major climatic changes in Antarctica and the Northern Hemisphere is strongly indicated. The Wisconsin cold interval extended from 75,000 to 11,000 years ago. Three intra-Wisconsin warmer phases were all colder than pre- or post-Wisconsin times, which suggests that North American and Eurasian continental ice sheets did not disappear at any time during the Wisconsin.
Carbon-13 in Black Sea Waters and Implications for the Origin of Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: Deuser W. G.
Published: October 2006

A combination of measurements of carbon-13 and the hydrogen sulfide content in Black Sea waters with available data on the total carbon dioxide in these waters indicates that the contribution of organic sulfur to the hydrogen sulfide lies between 3 and 5 percent and increases with depth. Likely causes for the increase are increasing productivity or upward movement of the anoxic zone during the last 2000 year.
Acetaldehyde Oxidation by Hepatic Mitochondria: Decrease After Chronic Ethanol Consumption
Authors: Hasumura Yasushi , Teschke Rolf , Lieber Charles S.
Published: October 2006

Prolonged consumption of ethanol significantly reduces the capacity of rat liver mitochondria to oxidize acetaldehyde. This is associated with decreased mitochondrial respiration with acetaldehyde as substrate. The reduced ability of mitochondria to metabolize acetaldehyde may explain the high levels of acetaldehyde in the blood of alcoholics, which in turn could promote the perpetuation of liver injury.
Phenotypic Switching in Mycoplasmas: Phase Variation of Diverse Surface Lipoproteins
Authors: Rosengarten Renate , Wise Kim S.
Published: October 2006

The ability of some microorganisms to rapidly alter the expression and structure of surface components reflects an important strategy for adaptation to changing environments, including those encountered by infectious agents within respective host organisms.
Mycoplasma hyorhinis
, a wall-less prokaryotic pathogen of the class Mollicutes, is shown to undergo high-frequency phase transitions in colony morphology and opacity and in the expression of diverse lipid-modified, cell-surface protein antigens. These proteins spontaneously vary in size, contain highly repetitive structures, and are oriented with their carboxyl-terminal region external to the membrane. Thus, mycoplasma membrane lipoproteins generate microbial surface diversity and may be part of a complex system that controls interactions of these organisms with their hosts.
Ozone Uptake by Bean Leaves
Authors: Rich Saul , Waggoner Paul E. , Tomlinson Harley
Published: October 2006

The removal of ozone from the air by bean leaves is regulated by the same factors that control the exchange of water vapor between leaves and the atmosphere.
The Hydrogen Atom and Its Reactions in Solution
Authors: Pryor William A. , Stanley James P. , Griffith M. G.
Published: October 2006

Hydrogen atoms have been generated in solution by photolysis of thiols in solutions of organic compounds, and the relative rate constants,
k
H
, have been measured for the reaction H⋅ + QH → H
2
+ Q⋅, where QH is any organic compound which contains hydrogen. This represents the first kinetic study of the hydrogen atom in which it is generated in solution by a technique not involving ionizing radiation. The relative values of
k
H
are in agreement with the values from radiolysis for most of the substances studied; however, for some compounds significantly different results have been obtained.
Amantadine-Dopamine Interaction: Possible Mode of Action in Parkinsonism
Authors: Grelak R. P. , Clark R. , Stump J. M. , Vernier V. G.
Published: October 2006

Intravenous doses of amantadine hydrochloride, an antiviral drug, as small as 0.08 milligram per kilogram may release dopamine and other catecholamines from neuronal storage sites in dogs primed with dopamine. This release may account for the reported efficacy of amantadine hydrochloride in the treatment of human parkinsonism.
Plasmodium falciparum
in Owl Monkeys: Drug Resistance and Chloroquine Binding Capacity
Authors: Fitch Coy D.
Published: October 2006

Erythrocytes infected with chloroquine-sensitive
Plasmodium falciparum
bind chloroquine with an apparent intrinsic association constant of 1.5 × 10
7
liters per mole. Such high-affinity binding of chloroquine is absent or deficient in uninfected erythrocytes and in erythrocytes infected with chloroquine-resistant
Plasmodium falciparum
.
Sterols in Recent Marine Sediments
Authors: Attaway David , Parker P. L.
Published: October 2006

Sterolic fractions have been isolated from Recent marine sediments representing two different environments. The fractions were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography. The major sterols in the fractions were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The demonstrated survival of these common plant and animal sterols for several thousand years suggests that these molecules will be useful geochemical indicators.
Crayfish Swimming: Alternating Motor Output and Giant Fiber Activity
Authors: Schrameck Joan E.
Published: October 2006

Many workers have suggested that the crayfish giant fibers trigger swimming movements or tail flips during escape responses. Recordings from intact animals show that this is often not the case; both swimming and single tail flips can occur in the absence of giant fiber activity. Swimming movements and tail flips are coordinated by neural mechanisms not involving the giant fibers. When giant fibers are active, they may trigger the first flexion in a swimming sequence, initiate a single tail flip, or synchronize the muscular activity in the several segments of the abdomen, but they are not a necessary part of the neural oscillator which drives swimming.
Drinking and Eating Elicited by Cortical Spreading Depression
Authors: Huston Joseph P. , Bureš Jan
Published: October 2006

Single waves of unilateral and bilateral cortical spreading depression were administered to rats by electrophoretic injection of potassium ions into the occipital cortices. Aggressive and stereotyped eating, drinking, and exploratory behavior were elicited by unilateral and bilateral spreading depression. Onset of the elicited behaviors varied among rats from 4 to 8 minutes after injection of the ions. Direct activation of, or rebound from, inhibition of subcortical motivational mechanisms may be responsible for the effects.
Inorganic Liquid Photovoltaic Cell: Tetravalent Molybdenum in Water
Authors: Navidi Marjorie H. , Brittain Harry G. , Heller Adam
Published: October 2006

An inorganic liquid photovoltaic cell is described. The cell is based on the reaction 2Mo
4+
⇆ Mo
5+
+ Mo
3+
, with pentavalent molybdenum formed in the illuminated half-cell and trivalent molybdenum formed in the dark half-cell. In the photochemical reaction pentavalent molybdenum precipitates. Consequently, the cell has the capability of storing energy.
Earth's Gravity Field: Relation to Global Tectonics
Authors: Kaula William M.
Published: October 2006

An improved solution for the gravity field shows ocean rises, as well as trench and island arcs, as mass excesses. Ocean basins, areas of recent glaciation, and the Asian portion of the Alpide belt are mass deficiencies. Most features appear interpretable as varying behavior of the lithosphere in response to asthenospheric flow.
Double Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Observation of Electron Exchange between Ferri- and Ferrocytochrome c
Authors: Gupta Raj K. , Redfield Alfred G.
Published: October 2006

Cyanide-inhibited electron exchange between ferri- and ferrocytochrome c molecules has been observed by nuclear magnetic resonance. Irradiation of a partially reduced protein solution at resonance frequencies arising from protons of the oxidized state results in a decrease in the absorption due to the corresponding protons of the reduced state. The experiment quantitates the hyperfine shifts observed in this system and can be used to identify hitherto unassignable resonances. Analysis of the shifts suggests that an aromatic side chain ring lies near the edge of the heme ring.
Coliform Aerosols Emitted by Sewage Treatment Plants
Authors: Adams A. Paul , Spendlove J. Clifton
Published: October 2006

Development of the science of aerobiology has furnished a tool for the investigation of potential sources of microbial aerosols. An investigation of aerosols emitted by trickling-filter sewage treatment plants revealed that coliforms were indeed emitted and have been sampled to a distance of 0.8 mile (1.2 kilometers) downwind. Factors affecting survival of
Escherichia coli
are presented.
Prebiotic Synthesis of Propiolaldehyde and Nicotinamide
Authors: Dowler Michael J. , Fuller William D. , Orgel Leslie E. , Sanchez Robert A.
Published: October 2006

We have identified propiololdehyde as a product of the action of an electric discharge on mixtures of methane and water or methane, nitrogen, and water. The aldehyde reacts with cyanoacetaldehyde and ammonia (other "prebiological molecules") to yield nicotinonitrile. This substance can be hydrolyzed to nicotinamide and nicotinic acid.
Changes in Extrinsic Fluorescence in Squid Axons during Voltage-Clamp
Authors: Conti Franco , Tasaki Ichiji
Published: October 2006

Fluorescence changes in squid axons were examined after staining with rhodamine B, pyronin B, or 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate by intracellular application. Gradual changes in fluorescence were detected during both hyperpolarizing and depolarizing voltage-clamp pulses. Abrupt changes were often observed at the onset and at the end of voltage-clamp. Possible sources of artifact in optical measurements of this type and some implications of the findings are discussed.
Immunobiology and Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Injury in Hepatitis B Virus Transgenic Mice
Authors: Moriyama Takashi , Guilhot Stephane , Klopchin Kathleen , Moss Bernard , Pinkert Carl A. , Palmiter Richard D. , Brinster Ralph L. , Kanagawa Osami , Chisari Francis V.
Published: October 2006

The role of the immune response to hepatitis B virus (HBV)-encoded antigens in the pathogenesis of liver cell injury has not been defined because of the absence of appropriate experimental models. HBV envelope transgenic mice were used to show that HBV-encoded antigens are expressed at the hepatocyte surface in a form recognizable by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted, CD8
+
cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for a dominant T cell epitope within the major envelope polypeptide and by envelope-specific antibodies. Both interactions led to the death of the hepatocyte in vivo, providing direct evidence that hepatocellular injury in human HBV infection may also be immunologically mediated.
Cloning of a 67-kD Neutrophil Oxidase Factor with Similarity to a Noncatalytic Region of p60

c-src
Authors: Leto Thomas L. , Lomax Karen J. , Volpp Bryan D. , Nunoi Hiroyuki , Sechler Joan M. G. , Nauseef William M. , Clark Robert A. , Gallin John I. , Malech Harry L.
Published: October 2006

Chronic granulomatous diseases (CGDs) are characterized by recurrent infections resulting from impaired superoxide production by a phagocytic cell, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) (NADPH) oxidase. Complementary DNAs were cloned that encode the 67-kilodalton (kD) cytosolic oxidase factor (p67), which is deficient in 5% of CGD patients. Recombinant p67 (r-p67) partially restored NADPH oxidase activity to p67-deficient neutrophil cytosol from these patients. The p67 cDNA encodes a 526-amino acid protein with acidic middle and carboxyl-terminal domains that are similar to a sequence motif found in the noncatalytic domain of
src
-related tyrosine kinases. This motif was recently noted in phospholipase C-γ, nonerythroid α-spectrin (fodrin), p21

ras

-guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein (GAP), myosin-1 isoforms, yeast proteins cdc-25 and fus-1, and the 47-kD phagocyte oxidase factor (p47), which suggests the possibility of common regulatory features.
Searching for Peptide Ligands with an Epitope Library
Authors: Scott Jamie K. , Smith George P.
Published: October 2006

Tens of millions of short peptides can be easily surveyed for tight binding to an antibody, receptor or other binding protein using an "epitope library." The library is a vast mixture of filamentous phage clones, each displaying one peptide sequence on the virion surface. The survey is accomplished by using the binding protein to affinity-purify phage that display tight-binding peptides and propagating the purified phage in
Escherichia coli
. The amino acid sequences of the peptides displayed on the phage are then determined by sequencing the corresponding coding region in the viral DNA's. Potential applications of the epitope library include investigation of the specificity of antibodies and discovery of mimetic drug candidates.
Heart Rate Regulation by G Proteins Acting on the Cardiac Pacemaker Channel
Authors: Yatani A. , Okabe K. , Codina J. , Birnbaumer L. , Brown A. M.
Published: October 2006

Heart rate is determined by pacemaker currents, of which the most important is the hyperpolarization-activated current
I
f
. Heart rate and
I
f
are increased by β-adrenergic agonists and decreased by muscarinic agonists released from cardiac sympathetic and vagal nerves, respectively. The hypothesis that the receptors for each agonist are directly coupled to
I
f
channels by G proteins was tested. Under substrate-free conditions, preactivated G protein G
s
stimulated and preactivated G protein G
o
inhibited
I
f
channels of sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. These effects were mimicked by the corresponding preactivated α subunits of the G proteins. Unexpectedly, the two G proteins acted simultaneously, with G
o
being the more potent. This result may explain in molecular terms the classical observation in cardiac physiology, that vagal inhibition of heart rate is much greater on a background of sympathetic stimulation.
Semiconductor Radiation Detectors
Authors: Goulding Fred S. , Stone Yvonne
Published: October 2006

The past decade has seen the rapid development and exploitation of one of the most significant tools of nuclear physics, the semiconductor radiation detector. Applications of the device to the analysis of materials promises to be one of the major contributions of nuclear research to technology, and may even assist in some aspects of our environmental problems. In parallel with the development of these applications, further developments in detectors for nuclear research are taking place: the use of very thin detectors for heavy-ion identification, position-sensitive detectors for nuclear-reaction studies, and very pure germanium for making more satisfactory detectors for many applications suggest major future contributions to physics.
Amygdaloid Nucleus: New Afferent Input from the Vomeronasal Organ
Authors: Winans Sarah S. , Scalia Frank
Published: October 2006

Terminal degeneration stained by the Fink-Heimer technique was found in the medial and cortical amygdaloid nuclei in a discrete zone after lesions were inflicted in the accessory olfactory bulb but not after lesions were made in the main olfactory bulb in the rabbit. Since the accessory olfactory bulb receives the endings of the vomeronasal nerve, the mediocortical complex of the amygdala is the central projection area for the vomeronasal sensory organ. The vomeronasal organ is seen as having new potential significance in sexual and feeding behavior because the cortical amygdaloid nucleus projects to the anterior, medial hypothalamus and the ventromedial nucleus.