bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The scientific impotence excuse in education – Disentangling potency and pertinence assessments of educational research
Authors: Futterleib Holger , Thomm Eva , Bauer Johannes
Published: October 2022

When facing belief-contradictory scientific evidence, preservice teachers tend to doubt the potency of science and consult scientific sources less frequently. Thus, individuals run the risk not only to maintain questionable assumptions but also to develop dysfunctional stances toward research as a reliable source of knowledge. In two studies, we (a) replicated findings on the so-calledscientific impotence excuse(SIE) in education and (b) differentiated the effects on the potency and pertinence of science to investigate educational topics to better understand the nature of SIE-related science devaluation. Both studies followed a 2 × 2 mixed experimental design: Preservice teachers assessed their prior belief about an educational topic (i.e., effectiveness of grade retention) before and after reading either confirming or disconfirming scientific evidence concerning the topic. Study 1 (N= 147 preservice teachers; direct replication) confirmed the central prior findings of science devaluation when belief-evidence conflicts occur. In contrast, the results of Study 2 (N= 152; follow-up study) revealed no systematic devaluations of science when disentangling the facets of potency and pertinence. Despite partial devaluation tendencies, both studies revealed that preservice teachers adapted their prior beliefs to the evidence presented. These findings extend previous research by providing insights into the conditions of science devaluation.
Combining bulk RNA-sequencing and single-cell RNA-sequencing data to reveal the immune microenvironment and metabolic pattern of osteosarcoma
Authors: Huang Ruichao , Wang Xiaohu , Yin Xiangyun , Zhou Yaqi , Sun Jiansheng , Yin Zhongxiu , Zhu Zhi
Published: October 2022

Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is a kind of solid tumor with high heterogeneity at tumor microenvironment (TME), genome and transcriptome level. In view of the regulatory effect of metabolism on TME, this study was based on four metabolic models to explore the intertumoral heterogeneity of OS at the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) level and the intratumoral heterogeneity of OS at the bulk RNA-seq and single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) level.

Methods: The GSVA package was used for single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) analysis to obtain a glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and glutaminolysis gene sets score. ConsensusClusterPlus was employed to cluster OS samples downloaded from the Target database. The scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data of immune cells from GSE162454 dataset were analyzed to identify the subsets and types of immune cells in OS. Malignant cells and non-malignant cells were distinguished by large-scale chromosomal copy number variation. The correlations of metabolic molecular subtypes and immune cell types with four metabolic patterns, hypoxia and angiogenesis were determined by Pearson correlation analysis.

Results: Two metabolism-related molecular subtypes of OS, cluster 1 and cluster 2, were identified. Cluster 2 was associated with poor prognosis of OS, active glycolysis, FAO, glutaminolysis, and bad TME. The identified 28608 immune cells were divided into 15 separate clusters covering 6 types of immune cells. The enrichment scores of 5 kinds of immune cells in cluster-1 and cluster-2 were significantly different. And five kinds of immune cells were significantly correlated with four metabolic modes, hypoxia and angiogenesis. Of the 28,608 immune cells, 7617 were malignant cells. The four metabolic patterns of malignant cells were significantly positively correlated with hypoxia and negatively correlated with angiogenesis.

Conclusion: We used RNA-seq to reveal two molecular subtypes of OS with prognosis, metabolic pattern and TME, and determined the composition and metabolic heterogeneity of immune cells in OS tumor by bulk RNA-seq and single-cell RNA-seq.
Tumor Apolipoprotein E is a key checkpoint blocking anti-tumor immunity in mouse melanoma
Authors: Wu Xiaofang , Srinivasan Priya , Basu Mousumi , Zhang Peng , Saruwatari Michele , Thommandru Bernice , Jacobi Ashley , Behlke Mark , Sandler Anthony
Published: October 2022

Immunotherapy is a key modality in the treatment of cancer, but many tumors remain immune resistant. The classic mouse model of B16-F10 melanoma is immune resistant even in the face of checkpoint inhibition. Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a known immune suppressant is strikingly elevated in many human tumors, but its role in cancer immunology is not defined. We investigated the role of apoE in the immune micro-environment using a mouse melanoma model. We demonstrate that ApoE is -highly expressed in wild-type B16-F10 melanoma and serum levels progressively increase as tumors grow. The conditioned media from wild type ApoE secreting melanoma cells suppress T-cell activation in vitro while this suppressive effect is absent in conditioned media from ApoE knock out tumor cells. Mechanistically, apoE induces IL-10 secreting dendritic cells and stimulates T-cell apoptosis and arrest partially via the lrp8 receptor. Ablating ApoE in mice inoculated with tumor cells enabled tumor cell rejection and was associated with induction of immune pathway activation and immune cell infiltration. Tumor secreted apoE appears to be a potent immune cell checkpoint and targeting apoE is associated with enhanced tumor immunity in the mouse melanoma model.
Impacts of hypoxia on the mesozooplankton community structure in a semi-enclosed bay
Authors: Lee Eun Hye , Choi Seo Yeol , Seo Min Ho , Soh Ho Young
Published: October 2022

Gamak Bay is frequently affected by hypoxia in summer. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of hypoxia on the mesozooplankton community of this region. Mesozooplankton samples were obtained biweekly (28 times) at a hypoxic station (inner bay) and a normoxic station (middle bay) using a conical net (mesh size 200 μm; mouth diameter 30 cm) from April 2020 to April 2021. In the inner bay, hypoxia was observed a total of five times between early June and late September, whereas no instances of hypoxia were detected in the middle bay. During the hypoxic period, mesozooplankton abundance was higher in the inner bay than the middle bay (p < 0.05). During the normoxic period, there was no difference between the inner bay and the middle bay (p > 0.05). The dominant species in the hypoxic period were three species of cladocerans (Pleopis polyphemoides, Pseudoevadne tergestina, Penilia avirostris) and the copepod Acartia sinjiensis. The abundance of cladocerans was higher in the inner bay, and that of A. sinjiensis was higher in the middle bay (p < 0.05). In addition to water temperature, salinity, and size-fractionated Chl-a concentration, mesozooplankton abundance was also significantly correlated with the bottom DO concentration. Collectively, our findings suggest that hypoxia can affect mesozooplankton abundance and occurrence times.
Grain refinement of Mg-14Li alloy by Sn addition and large strain rolling
Authors: Jia Haoyang , Guo Zhengyou , Wu Ruizhi , Zhang Shun
Published: October 2022

Mg-Li alloy is the lowest density structural metal, which has great potential for various industrial applications. Although Mg-Li alloy has excellent plasticity, it has low strength and requires further strengthening. In this study, the grain size of Mg-14 wt% Li alloy was refined to 15.7 μm by the addition of 6 wt% Sn, the initial grain size of as-cast Mg-14Li alloy was 180 μm. Furthermore, the grain size of Mg-14Li-6Sn was further refined to 400 nm by the subsequent large strain rolling (LSR). The yield strength of the ultra-fine grained Mg-14Li-6Sn reached 160 MPa, and the elongation was not sacrificed but increased to 30% compared with the as-cast alloy (14%). The microstructural evolution was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The high ductility of the ultra-fine grained Mg-14Li-6Sn is attributed primarily to the dynamic recovery, and the increase in strength is mainly due to the grain refinement.
Intermediate care in caring for dementia, the point of view of general practitioners: A key informant survey across Europe
Authors: Dibao-Dina Clarisse , Oger Caroline , Foley Tony , Torzsa Péter , Lazic Vanja , Kreitmayer Peštiae Sanda , Adler Limor , Kareli Ana , Mallen Christian , Heaster Cindy , Dumitra Gindrovel , Kurpas Donata , Viegas Rita , Giezendanner Stéphanie , Tkachenko Victoria , De Lepeleire Jan , Falanga Rosario , Missiou Aristea , Jennings Aisling , Petrazzuoli Ferdinando
Published: October 2022

Background

Intermediate care is often defined as healthcare occurring somewhere between traditional primary (community) and secondary (hospital) care settings. High quality intermediate care is important in dementia, may prevent caregiver burnout and also lead to optimal care for people with dementia. However, very little is known about the point of intermediate care for persons with dementia in Europe.

Research questions

What intermediate care services exist and how are they utilized in the care of people with dementia in Europe?

Objective

This study aims at describing the point of view of General Practitioners on intermediate care services for people with dementia across Europe.

Methods

Key informant survey was sent to GPs via a self-developed questionnaire with space for open ended comments. 16 European countries participated to this cross-sectional mixed method study. Given the volunteer nature of the study, no minimum sample size requirements were applied to participation. Convenience sampling technique was used to address variations due to regional variations and regulations within the same country. Descriptive analyses of all intermediate care facilities groups by countries were performed. Qualitative analyses approach was used for the optional-free text to exemplify and/or complete the reasons contained in the closed response categories.

Results

The questionnaire was sent to 16 European countries. 583 questionnaires were analyzed. The responding physicians were 48 (± 11) years old on average and they had been in practice for an average of 18 (+ /11) years. The types of intermediate care considered were integrated at-home services, respite and relief services, day care centers and nursing homes. Their availability was considered very inhomogeneous by the majority of respondents. The main benefits of intermediate care cited were better medical care for the patient (78%), better quality of life for the caregiver (67%), prevention of the caregiver burden (73%) and a break for the caregiver (59%). The reported difficulties were: accessing these facilities due to limited financial support (76%) and cumbersome administrative procedures (67%). Many other facets of our findings were captured in the qualitative themes that emerged.

Conclusion

Intermediate care in Europe is diverse and heterogeneous. Major concerns of GPs are about the cost issues and the cumbersome administrative procedures to access them.
Effect of pupil dilation on biometry measurements and intraocular lens power in eyes with high myopia
Authors: Xi Wenqun , Yang Mingmin , Wan Jinci , Wang Yuan , Qiao Yuanjiao , Huang Xiaosheng , Liu Xinhua , Fan Ning , Liu Shenwen , Zeng Kun , Chen Sheng
Published: October 2022

Purpose

The present study sought to evaluate the effects of pupil dilation on ocular parameter measurements and intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation using IOLMaster in highly myopic cataract patients.

Materials and methods

A total of 233 eyes were included in this prospective study and assigned to four groups based on range of axial length (AL) as follows: group A:26–28 mm, group B:28–30 mm, group C:30–32 mm, and group D:32–36 mm. Flattest and steepest keratometry (K1 and K2), AL, anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and white-to-white (WtW) were determined using IOLMaster before and after administration of topical tropicamide. The corresponding IOL powers were calculated using Sanders–Retzlaff–Kraff/theoretical (SRK/T), Haigis, and Barrett Universal II formulas.

Results

Variations in AL, K1 and K2 following dilation were not significant (P > 0.05 in all groups). The results showed that ACD increased significantly after dilation (P = 0.000 in all groups), whereas LT decreased significantly after dilation (P = 0.000, 0.000, 0.001, and 0.003). Post-dilation WtW increased significantly in Group A, B, and C (P = 0.001, 0.001, and 0.025) but not in Group D. When IOL power was calculated as a discrete variable, significant differences were observed between pre- and post-dilation IOL power.

Conclusion

Pupil dilation in cataract eyes with high myopia does not cause significant changes in AL and K. However, it significantly increases ACD as well as WtW values and significantly decreases the LT value. Surgeons should evaluate the effect of pupil dilation on IOL power prediction as the present findings show extreme cases. Notably, Barrett Universal II formula had the best concordance between different pupil conditions in long eyes.
A serralysin-like protein of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus modulates components of the bacterial extracellular matrix
Authors: Garcia Lucila , Molina Maria Celeste , Padgett-Pagliai Kaylie Allyson , Torres Pablo S. , Bruna Roberto E. , García Véscovi Eleonora , González Claudio F. , Gadea Jose , Marano María Rosa
Published: October 2022

Huanglongbing (HLB), the current major threat for Citrus species, is caused by intracellular alphaproteobacteria of the genus Candidatus Liberibacter (CaL), with CaL asiaticus (CLas) being the most prevalent species. This bacterium inhabits phloem cells and is transmitted by the psyllid Diaphorina citri. A gene encoding a putative serralysin-like metalloprotease (CLIBASIA_01345) was identified in the CLas genome. The expression levels of this gene were found to be higher in citrus leaves than in psyllids, suggesting a function for this protease in adaptation to the plant environment. Here, we study the putative role of CLas-serralysin (Las1345) as virulence factor. We first assayed whether Las1345 could be secreted by two different surrogate bacteria, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae A34 (A34) and Serratia marcescens. The protein was detected only in the cellular fraction of A34 and S. marcescens expressing Las1345, and increased protease activity of those bacteria by 2.55 and 4.25-fold, respectively. In contrast, Las1345 expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves did not show protease activity nor alterations in the cell membrane, suggesting that Las1345 do not function as a protease in the plant cell. Las1345 expression negatively regulated cell motility, exopolysaccharide production, and biofilm formation in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). This bacterial phenotype was correlated with reduced growth and survival on leaf surfaces as well as reduced disease symptoms in N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis. These results support a model where Las1345 could modify extracellular components to adapt bacterial shape and appendages to the phloem environment, thus contributing to virulence.
Light intensity defines growth and photopigment content of a mixed culture of purple phototrophic bacteria
Authors: Cerruti Marta , Kim Jeong-Hoon , Pabst Martin , Van Loosdrecht Mark C. M. , Weissbrodt David G.
Published: October 2022

Purple bacteria (PPB), anoxygenic photoorganoheterotrophic organisms with a hyper-versatile metabolism and high biomass yields over substrate, are promising candidates for the recovery of nutrient resources from wastewater. Infrared light is a pivotal parameter to control and design PPB-based resource recovery. However, the effects of light intensities on the physiology and selection of PPB in mixed cultures have not been studied to date. Here, we examined the effect of infrared irradiance on PPB physiology, enrichment, and growth over a large range of irradiance (0 to 350 W m−2) in an anaerobic mixed-culture sequencing batch photobioreactor. We developed an empirical mathematical model that suggests higher PPB growth rates as response to higher irradiance. Moreover, PPB adapted to light intensity by modulating the abundances of their phototrophic complexes. The obtained results provide an in-depth phylogenetic and metabolic insight the impact of irradiance on PPB. Our findings deliver the fundamental information for guiding the design of light-driven, anaerobic mixed-culture PPB processes for wastewater treatment and bioproduct valorization.
The role of sulfur compounds in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Jiang Simin , Chen Yahong
Published: October 2022

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common respiratory disease that brings about great social and economic burden, with oxidative stress and inflammation affecting the whole disease progress. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), thiols, and persulfides/polysulfides have intrinsic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ability, which is engaged in the pathophysiological process of COPD. Hydrogen sulfide mainly exhibits its function by S-sulfidation of the cysteine residue of the targeted proteins. It also interacts with nitric oxide and acts as a potential biomarker for the COPD phenotype. Thiols’ redox buffer such as the glutathione redox couple is a major non-enzymatic redox buffer reflecting the oxidative stress in the organism. The disturbance of redox buffers was often detected in patients with COPD, and redressing the balance could delay COPD exacerbation. Sulfane sulfur refers to a divalent sulfur atom bonded with another sulfur atom. Among them, persulfides and polysulfides have an evolutionarily conserved modification with antiaging effects. Sulfur compounds and their relative signaling pathways are also associated with the development of comorbidities in COPD. Synthetic compounds which can release H2S and persulfides in the organism have gradually been developed. Naturally extracted sulfur compounds with pharmacological effects also aroused great interest. This study discussed the biological functions and mechanisms of sulfur compounds in regulating COPD and its comorbidities.
Morphological and phenotypical characteristics of porcine satellite glial cells of the dorsal root ganglia
Authors: Zdora Isabel , Jubran Lorna , Allnoch Lisa , Hansmann Florian , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Leitzen Eva
Published: October 2022

Satellite glial cells (SGCs) of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) ensure homeostasis and proportional excitability of sensory neurons and gained interest in the field of development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Pigs represent a suitable species for translational medicine with a more similar anatomy and physiology to humans compared to rodents, and are used in research regarding treatment of neuropathic pain. Knowledge of anatomical and physiological features of porcine SGCs is prerequisite for interpreting potential alterations. However, state of knowledge is still limited. In the present study, light microscopy, ultrastructural analysis and immunofluorescence staining was performed. SGCs tightly surround DRG neurons with little vascularized connective tissue between SGC-neuron units, containing, among others, axons and Schwann cells. DRG were mainly composed of large sized neurons (∼59%), accompanied by fewer medium sized (∼36%) and small sized sensory neurons (∼6%). An increase of neuronal body size was concomitant with an increased number of surrounding SGCs. The majority of porcine SGCs expressed glutamine synthetase and inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir 4.1, known as SGC-specific markers in other species. Similar to canine SGCs, marked numbers of porcine SGCs were immunopositive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, 2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase and the transcription factor Sox2. Low to moderate numbers of SGCs showed aquaporin 4-immunoreactivity (AQP4) as described for murine SGCs. AQP4-immunoreactivity was primarily found in SGCs ensheathing small and medium sized neuronal somata. Low numbers of SGCs were immunopositive for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, indicating a potential immune cell character. No immunoreactivity for common leukocyte antigen CD45 nor neural/glial antigen 2 was detected. The present study provides essential insights into the characteristic features of non-activated porcine SGCs, contributing to a better understanding of this cell population and its functional aspects. This will help to interpret possible changes that might occur under activating conditions such as pain.
Early-life adversity increases anxiety-like behavior and modifies synaptic protein expression in a region-specific manner
Authors: Hamdan Jameel N. , Sierra-Fonseca Jorge A. , Flores Rodolfo J. , Saucedo Sigifredo , Miranda-Arango Manuel , O’Dell Laura E. , Gosselink Kristin L.
Published: October 2022

Early-life adversity (ELA) can induce persistent neurological changes and increase the risk for developing affective or substance use disorders. Disruptions to the reward circuitry of the brain and pathways serving motivation and emotion have been implicated in the link between ELA and altered adult behavior. The molecular mechanisms that mediate the long-term effects of ELA, however, are not fully understood. We examined whether ELA in the form of neonatal maternal separation (MatSep) modifies behavior and synaptic protein expression in adults. We hypothesized that MatSep would affect dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling and enhance sensitivity to methamphetamine (Meth) reward or increase anxiety. Male Wistar rats were subjected to MatSep for 180 min/d on postnatal days (PND) 2–14 and allowed to grow to adulthood (PND 60) with no further manipulation. The hippocampus (Hipp), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and caudate putamen (CPu) were isolated from one subgroup of animals and subjected to Western blot and protein quantitation for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), α-synuclein (ALPHA), NMDA receptor (NMDAR), dopamine receptor-1 (D1) and –2 (D2), dopamine transporter (DAT), and postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95). Separate group of animals were tested for anxiety-like behavior and conditioned place preference (CPP) to Meth at 0.0, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg doses. MatSep rats displayed an increase in basal levels of anxiety-like behavior compared to control animals. MatSep rats also demonstrated CPP to Meth, but their responses did not differ significantly from controls at any drug dose. Increased NMDAR, D2, and ALPHA expression was observed in the NAc and CPu following MatSep; D2 and ALPHA levels were also elevated in the mPFC, along with DAT. MatSep rats had reduced D1 expression in the mPFC and Hipp, with the Hipp also showing a reduction in D2. Only the CPu showed elevated TH and decreased DAT expression levels. No significant changes were found in PSD95 expression in MatSep rats. In conclusion, ELA is associated with long-lasting and region-specific changes in synaptic protein expression that diminish dopamine neurotransmission and increase anxiety-like behavior in adults. These findings illustrate potential mechanisms through which ELA may increase vulnerability to stress-related illness.
Proposed practical protocol for flow cytometry analysis of microglia from the healthy adult mouse brain: Systematic review and isolation methods’ evaluation
Authors: Srakočić Sanja , Josić Paula , Trifunović Sebastijan , Gajović Srećko , Grčević Danka , Glasnović Anton
Published: October 2022

The aim of our study was to systematically analyze the literature for published flow cytometry protocols for microglia isolation and compare their effectiveness in terms of microglial yield, including our own protocol using sucrose for myelin removal and accutase for enzymatic digestion. For systematic review, the PubMed was searched for the terms “flow cytometry,” “microglia,” “brain,” and “mice.” Three different myelin removal methods (Percoll, sucrose, and no removal) and five protocols for enzymatic digestion (accutase, dispase II, papain, trypsin, and no enzymatic digestion) were tested for the effectiveness of microglia (CD11b+CD45int cell population) isolation from the adult mouse brain using flow cytometry. Qualitative analysis of the 32 selected studies identified three most commonly used myelin removal protocols: Percoll, the use of myelin removal kit, and no removal. Nine enzymatic digestion protocols were identified, from which we selected dispase II, papain, trypsin, and no enzymatic digestion. A comparison of these myelin removal methods and digestion protocols showed the Percoll method to be preferable in removal of non-immune cells, and superior to the use of sucrose which was less effective in removal of non-immune cells, but resulted in a comparable microglial yield to Percoll myelin removal. Digestion with accutase resulted in one of the highest microglial yields, all while having the lowest variance among tested protocols. The proposed protocol for microglia isolation uses Percoll for myelin removal and accutase for enzymatic digestion. All tested protocols had different features, and the choice between them can depend on the individual focus of the research.
Calpain-mediated proteolysis as driver and modulator of polyglutamine toxicity
Authors: Incebacak Eltemur Rana Dilara , Nguyen Huu Phuc , Weber Jonasz Jeremiasz
Published: October 2022

Among posttranslational modifications, directed proteolytic processes have the strongest impact on protein integrity. They are executed by a variety of cellular machineries and lead to a wide range of molecular consequences. Compared to other forms of proteolytic enzymes, the class of calcium-activated calpains is considered as modulator proteases due to their limited proteolytic activity, which changes the structure and function of their target substrates. In the context of neurodegeneration and - in particular - polyglutamine disorders, proteolytic events have been linked to modulatory effects on the molecular pathogenesis by generating harmful breakdown products of disease proteins. These findings led to the formulation of the toxic fragment hypothesis, and calpains appeared to be one of the key players and auspicious therapeutic targets in Huntington disease and Machado Joseph disease. This review provides a current survey of the role of calpains in proteolytic processes found in polyglutamine disorders. Together with insights into general concepts behind toxic fragments and findings in polyglutamine disorders, this work aims to inspire researchers to broaden and deepen the knowledge in this field, which will help to evaluate calpain-mediated proteolysis as a unifying and therapeutically targetable posttranslational mechanism in neurodegeneration.
The role of α-tubulin tyrosination in controlling the structure and function of hippocampal neurons
Authors: Hosseini Shirin , van Ham Marco , Erck Christian , Korte Martin , Michaelsen-Preusse Kristin
Published: October 2022

Microtubules (MTs) are central components of the neuronal cytoskeleton and play a critical role in CNS integrity, function, and plasticity. Neuronal MTs are diverse due to extensive post-translational modifications (PTMs), particularly detyrosination/tyrosination, in which the C-terminal tyrosine of α-tubulin is cyclically removed by a carboxypeptidase and reattached by a tubulin-tyrosine ligase (TTL). The detyrosination/tyrosination cycle of MTs has been shown to be an important regulator of MT dynamics in neurons. TTL-null mice exhibit impaired neuronal organization and die immediately after birth, indicating TTL function is vital to the CNS. However, the detailed cellular role of TTL during development and in the adult brain remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that conditional deletion of TTL in the neocortex and hippocampus during network development results in a pathophysiological phenotype defined by incomplete development of the corpus callosum and anterior commissures due to axonal growth arrest. TTL loss was also associated with a deficit in spatial learning, impaired synaptic plasticity, and reduced number of spines in hippocampal neurons, suggesting that TTL also plays a critical role in hippocampal network development. TTL deletion after postnatal development, specifically in the hippocampus and in cultured hippocampal neurons, led to a loss of spines and impaired spine structural plasticity. This indicates a novel and important function of TTL for synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. In conclusion, this study reveals the importance of α-tubulin tyrosination, which defines the dynamics of MTs, in controlling proper network formation and suggests TTL-mediated tyrosination as a new key determinant of synaptic plasticity in the adult brain.
Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China
Authors: Li Xiangxiang , Zhou Luoxiong , Zhang Cheng , Li Dasuan , Wang Zelan , Sun Dali , Liao Chaoxuan , Zhang Qinghai
Published: October 2022

The pollution status of crops planted in Guizhou province of Southwestern China with high background values of Fluorine (F) and Cadmium (Cd) has attracted people’s concern. The present study aimed to investigate the spatial distributions of F and Cd in rice, corn and wheat grains, and further evaluate their health risks to residents in Guizhou province. The contents of F and Cd were measured by fluoride ion-selective electrode and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods, respectively. Additionally, the inverse distance weighted (IDW) technique was conducted to analyze spatial distribution, and the health risk was estimated by target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazardous index (HI). The results indicate that Cd contents in samples varied from 0.000 to 0.463 for rice, 0.000 to 0.307 for corn, and 0.012 to 0.537 (mg/kg) for wheat, while F contents ranged from 0.825 to 5.193 (rice), 0.946 to 8.485 (corn), and 0.271 to 9.143 (wheat) mg/kg. The Cd exceeding ratios were 11.600% for rice, 13.500% for corn, and 45.100% for wheat grains, respectively. In terms of spatial distribution, high levels of F and Cd in rice were found in the northern and central in Guizhou, while Cd in corn was distributed in the eastern and F in corn were distributed in the west area of Guizhou. Moreover, the high levels of F and Cd in wheat were distributed in the western and eastern areas. The mean carcinogenic risks (R) of Cd in rice, corn, and wheat in children were 4.150 × 10–4, 1.670 × 10–4 and 3.470 × 10–4, respectively, and that in adults were 3.430 × 10–4, 0.471 × 10–4, and 2.190 × 10–4, respectively. The HI for adults in rice, corn and wheat grains were 0.756, 0.154, and 0.514, respectively, and that for children were 0.913, 0.549, and 0.814, respectively. Collectively, the potential risks produced by F and Cd to the local residents should not be ignored.
Effects of spray drying, freeze drying, and vacuum drying on physicochemical and nutritional properties of protein peptide powder from salted duck egg white
Authors: Du Tianyin , Xu Jicheng , Zhu Shengnan , Yao Xinjun , Guo Jun , Lv Weiqiao
Published: October 2022

Salted duck egg white contains many kinds of high quality protein, but it is often discarded as food factory waste because of high salinity and other reasons. The discarded salted duck egg white not only causes a waste of resources, but also causes environmental pollution. Using salted duck egg white as raw material, this study was completed to investigate the effects of three drying methods including freeze drying, vacuum drying, and spray drying on physicochemical and nutritional properties of protein powder from salted duck egg white. The results showed that the solubility, foaming and foaming stability, emulsification and emulsification stability of the protein peptide of salted duck egg white decreased to different degrees after drying. The scavenging rates of freeze-dried samples for superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) reached 48.76, 85.03, and 80.17%, respectively. Freeze drying had higher scavenging rates than vacuum drying and spray drying. The results of electron microscopy showed that freeze-drying had the least effect on the structure of protein peptide powder of salted duck egg white. The purpose of this experiment was to provide theoretical guidance and technical support for industrial drying of salted duck egg white protein solution.
Effects of maternal iodine nutritional status on neurodevelopmental and cognitive function of rat offspring
Authors: Fu Min , Wu Wen , Guo Wenxing , Jin Qi , Meng Qi , Gao Yuanpeng , Yang Rui , Yang Ying , Wang Zihao , Zhang Wanqi
Published: October 2022

Objectives

This study aimed to explore the effect of maternal iodine status on the brain development of offspring in rats. Since in human studies, the interference of environmental factors and other nutrients cannot be removed.

Materials and methods

A total of 48 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: low iodine (LI), normal iodine (NI), 10-fold high iodine (10HI), and 50-fold high iodine (50HI). The rats were killed on the 15th day of pregnancy and lactation after collecting 24-h urine. The iodine concentration in 24-h urine, blood, and placenta of pregnant rats, and 24-h urine, milk, blood, and mammary glands of lactating rats was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The thyroid hormone of pregnant and lactating rats was detected by chemiluminescence. The offspring were subjected to the Morris water maze on the 10th day after birth. Serum was collected to detect the thyroid hormone of offspring. The protein expression of neuroendocrine-specific protein (NSP)-A and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the offspring brain were studied.

Results

Iodine storage in the placenta during pregnancy and mammary glands during lactation was positively correlated with iodine intake, and iodine storage in the placenta and mammary glands in the 50HI group was significantly higher than that in the NI group (P = 0.045 and P = 0.040). Compared with the NI group, the offspring thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level was significantly higher in the 10HI group (P = 0.046), and the FT4 level was significantly lower in the 50HI group (P = 0.032). The Morris water maze showed that LI and 50HI groups required longer time and distance to find the platform than the NI group (P < 0.001). The platform crossing numbers in the LI and 50HI groups decreased significantly (P < 0.001). The expression of NSP-A in offspring brain was lower in the 10HI and 50HI groups than in the NI group (P = 0.026 and P = 0,008). BDNF expression levels were significantly lower in the LI, 10HI, and 50HI groups than in the NI group (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Maternal iodine intake affects iodine storage in the placenta and lactating mammary gland, which in turn affects thyroid function and BDNF and NSP-A expression in the offspring.
High prevalence of arthralgia among infants with Chikungunya disease during the 2019 outbreak in northern region of the state of Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Gomes Patrícia Damião , Carvalho Rayane Figueiredo Silva Moreira , Massini Milena Moulin , Garzon Rafael Hauaji , Schiavo Pollianny Louzada , Fernandes Regina Célia de Souza Campos , Louvain de Souza Thaís
Published: October 2022

Introduction

In a low-income setting with simultaneous presence of Dengue virus, Zika virus, and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the same region, the difficulty of establishing a clinical diagnosis when the molecular test is not a possibility. Thus, it is important to identify signs and symptoms of Chikungunya that can be used to differentiate it from other arboviruses in children.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study, which was developed in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, with the analysis of pediatric medical records regarding arboviruses. Considering that the population had already been exposed to Dengue and Zika viruses and were experiencing the first notification of the CHIKV. The ethics committee approved this research, and all those legally responsible for the children signed the consent form.

Results

In total, 159 children were seen of which 98 were suspected CHIKV cases, and 51 had their diagnosis confirmed with reagent IgM/IgG for CHIKV. The symptoms that the pediatric population with CHIKV presented most often were fever (90.2%), arthralgia (76.5%), and exanthema (62.7%) in both suspected and confirmed cases of Chikungunya. Thus, CHIKV in those children presents a clinical profile similar to those found in other studies referring to adults. Additionally, only arthralgia and a high aspartate transaminase were related to the positivity of serology for Chikungunya.

Conclusions

This study describes the signs and symptoms of CHIKV exhibited in the pediatric population with a mild and moderate presentation similar to the findings in the adult during an epidemic experienced in a population vulnerable to CHIKV.
Trunk balance, head posture and plantar pressure in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Wen Jin-Xu , Yang Hui-Hui , Han Shu-Man , Cao Lei , Wu Hui-Zhao , Yang Chen , Li Han , Chen Lin-Lin , Li Nuan-Nuan , Yu Bao-Hai , Gao Bu-Lang , Wu Wen-Juan
Published: October 2022

Background

The relationship of trunk balance with head posture and plantar pressure is unknown in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Objective

To investigate the relationship of trunk balance with head posture and plantar pressure by analyzing the imaging data of patients with AIS.

Materials and methods

This retrospective study was performed on 80 AIS patients who had whole spine frontal and lateral radiographs, and the imaging parameters were measured and analyzed.

Results

The coronal trunk imbalance rate was 67.5%, the trunk offset direction was towards left in 65 cases and right in 15 cases, and the head offset direction was towards left in 66 cases and right in 14 cases. The sagittal trunk imbalance rate was 57.25%. The distance of apical vertebrae and head offset in the coronal trunk balance group was significantly (P < 0.05) smaller than that in the imbalance group. The apical vertebrae offset distance and head offset distance were positively correlated with the tilt angle of trunk (r = 0.484 and 0.642, respectively, P < 0.05). The difference in the percentage of pressure load on the left and right foot was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the coronal imbalance group than that in the balance group.The center of pressure (COP) sway area was significantly (P < 0.05) larger in the overall trunk imbalance group (both coronal and sagittal imbalance) than in the balanced group.

Conclusion

Most AIS patients have trunk imbalance which is severer on the coronal than on the sagittal plane. AIS patients with trunk imbalance show more significant local deformities, greater head offset, greater COP sway area, and decreased head and standing stability.
Bufadienolides originated from toad source and their anti-inflammatory activity
Authors: Zou Denglang , Wang Qiqi , Chen Tao , Sang Duocheng , Yang Tingqin , Wang Yuhan , Gao Mengze , He Fangfang , Li Yulin , He Liangliang , Longzhu Duojie
Published: October 2022

Bufadienolide, an essential member of the C-24 steroid family, is characterized by an α-pyrone positioned at C-17. As the predominantly active constituent in traditional Chinese medicine of Chansu, bufadienolide has been prescribed in the treatment of numerous ailments. It is a specifically potent inhibitor of Na+/K+ATPase with excellent anti-inflammatory activity. However, the severe side effects triggered by unbiased inhibition of the whole-body cells distributed α1-subtype of Na+/K+ATPase, restrict its future applicability. Thus, researchers have paved the road for the structural alteration of desirable bufadienolide derivatives with minimal adverse effectsviabiotransformation. In this review, we give priority to the present evidence for structural diversity, MS fragmentation principles, anti-inflammatory efficacy, and structure modification of bufadienolides derived from toads to offer a scientific foundation for future in-depth investigations and views.
Cannabidiol markedly alleviates skin and liver fibrosis
Authors: del Río Carmen , Ruiz-Pino Francisco , Prados María E. , Fiebich Bernd L. , Tena-Sempere Manuel , Muñoz Eduardo
Published: October 2022

Cannabidiol (CBD) has been suggested as a potential therapy for inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. Cannabidiol was demonstrated to reduce alcohol-induced liver inflammation and steatosis but its specific activity on the fibrotic process was not investigated. Herein, the antifibrotic effects of cannabidiol in the skin were analysed in vitro using NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and human dermal fibroblasts and in vivo using the bleomycin-induced model of skin fibrosis. In a second model, non-alcoholic liver fibrosis was induced in mice by CCl4 exposure. Cannabidiol was administered daily, intraperitoneally in mice challenged with bleomycin and orally in CCl4 mice, and skin and liver fibrosis and inflammation were assessed by immunochemistry. Cannabidiol inhibited collagen gene transcription and synthesis and prevented TGFβ-and IL-4 induced fibroblast migration. In the bleomycin model, cannabidiol prevented skin fibrosis and collagen accumulation around skin blood vessels, and in the CCl4 model cannabidiol significantly attenuated liver fibrosis measured by picrosirius red and Tenascin C staining and reduced T cell and macrophage infiltration. Altogether, our data further support the rationale of the medicinal use of this cannabinoid, as well as cannabis preparations containing it, in the management of fibrotic diseases including Systemic Sclerosis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
Oxidized low density lipoprotein in the liver causes decreased permeability of liver lymphatic- but not liver sinusoidal-endothelial cells via VEGFR-3 regulation of VE-Cadherin
Authors: Goldberg Alyssa R. , Ferguson Megan , Pal Sarit , Cohen Rachel , Orlicky David J. , McCullough Rebecca L. , Rutkowski Joseph M. , Burchill Matthew A. , Tamburini Beth A. Jirón
Published: October 2022

The lymphatic vasculature of the liver is vital for liver function as it maintains fluid and protein homeostasis and is important for immune cell transport to the lymph node. Chronic liver disease is associated with increased expression of inflammatory mediators including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Intrahepatic levels of oxLDL are elevated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), chronic hepatitis C infection (HCV), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), and cholestatic liver diseases. To determine if liver lymphatic function is impaired in chronic liver diseases, in which increased oxLDL has been documented, we measured liver lymphatic function in murine models of NAFLD, ALD and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). We found that Mdr2−/− (PSC), Lieber-DeCarli ethanol fed (ALD) and high fat and high cholesterol diet fed (NAFLD) mice all had a significant impairment in the ability to traffic FITC labeled dextran from the liver parenchyma to the liver draining lymph nodes. Utilizing an in vitro permeability assay, we found that oxLDL decreased the permeability of lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC)s, but not liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC)s. Here we demonstrate that LECs and LSECs differentially regulate SRC-family kinases, MAPK kinase and VE-Cadherin in response to oxLDL. Furthermore, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)C or D (VEGFR-3 ligands) appear to regulate VE-Cadherin expression as well as decrease cellular permeability of LECs in vitro and in vivo after oxLDL treatment. These findings suggest that oxLDL acts to impede protein transport through the lymphatics through tightening of the cell-cell junctions. Importantly, engagement of VEGFR-3 by its ligands prevents VE-Cadherin upregulation and improves lymphatic permeability. These studies provide a potential therapeutic target to restore liver lymphatic function and improve liver function.
Psychopathological and neuropsychological disorders associated with chronic primary visceral pain: Systematic review
Authors: Arévalo-Martínez Alejandro , Moreno-Manso Juan Manuel , García-Baamonde María Elena , Blázquez-Alonso Macarena , Cantillo-Cordero Pilar
Published: October 2022

The World Health Organization (WHO), in its last review of its International Classification of Diseases, established a new classification for chronic pain. Among the principal categories, of particular interest is chronic primary pain as a new type of diagnosis in those cases in which the etiology of the disease is not clear, being termed as chronic primary visceral pain when it is situated in the thorax, abdomen, or pelvis. Due to the novelty of the term, the objective of the systematic review was to examine the psychopathological and neuropsychological disorders associated with chronic primary visceral pain. We carried out a search of the scientific literature following the PRISMA directives using the Pubmed, Medline, PsycInfo and Scopus databases. A total of 33 articles were selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis of the studies showed that most persons with chronic primary visceral pain suffer from at least one psychological disorder; the most prevalent being anxiety, depressive or somatoform disorders. The most frequent psychopathological symptoms are anxiety, depression and somatization. Similarly, the findings are insufficient to determine the existence of deficits in the domains of executive functioning, memory and intelligence. However, the existence of attention biases does seem to be clear. This review supposes a starting point for conceptualizing chronic primary visceral pain. It is necessary to continue further research so as to obtain a better understanding of this pathology and the disorders associated.
English use anxiety, motivation, self-efficacy, and their predictive effects on Chinese top university students’ English achievements
Authors: Wu Xia , Yang Huameng , Liu Junxia , Liu Ziyu
Published: October 2022

The present study examined English use anxiety, motivation, self-efficacy, use of English, and their predictive effects on top university students’ English achievements. Two hundred and twenty-three students of the Top-Notch Students of Basic Disciplines Training Program in a top Chinese university answered a battery of questionnaires, which consisted of the 8-item English Use Anxiety Questionnaire, the 5-item Motivational Self-Talk Questionnaire, the 3-item Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, the 19-item Language Learning Orientations Questionnaire, and a Background Information Questionnaire. Analyses of the data revealed the following major findings: (1) the participants had a low level of extrinsic motivation-introjected regulation, a low-to-medium level of English use anxiety, extrinsic motivation-external regulation, intrinsic motivation-knowledge, and a medium-to-high level of motivational self-talk, self-efficacy, extrinsic motivation-identified regulation, intrinsic motivation-accomplishment, and intrinsic motivation-stimulation, (2) use of English anxiety (UAE) and language learning orientation were generally significantly negatively correlated with each other, and significantly correlated with other measured variables, (3) UAE and intrinsic motivation-knowledge significantly predicted the participants English achievements, measured both by standardized test scores and self-rated overall English proficiency, and (4) use of English and self-efficacy mediated the effects of English use anxiety and language learning orientations on the participants’ English achievements. These findings further pinpoint the importance of anxiety and motivation in second/foreign language learning.