bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid gas chromatography/mass spectrometry quinine determination in plasma after automated solid‐phase extraction
Authors: Damien Richard , Daval Sandrine , Souweine Bertrand , Deteix Patrice , Eschalier Alain , Coudoré François
Published: August 2006

The combined use of an automatic solid‐phase extraction (SPE) apparatus with Oasis MCX cartridges and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to rapidly quantify quinine in biological samples with cyproheptadine as the internal standard is described. The selected ion monitoring mode, with the quantification ions m/z 136 and 287 (qualifier ions: m/z 261, 381 and 215, 96), allows the estimation of quinine levels, respectively. Separation was completed within 12.7 min. Excellent linearity was found up to 10 000 µg/L of plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) was 12.2 µg/L and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 40.6 µg/L. High reproducibility (intra‐assay CV range 1.9–4.3%, inter‐assay CV range 2.2–11.3%) and accuracy values (intra‐assay range 83.2–103.7%, inter‐assay range 86.8–103.7%) were obtained. Recoveries were concentration‐independent (97.2% and 89.8% for 4000 and 10 000 µg/L, respectively). This sensitive, simple assay for quinine in various matrices meets the current requirements for bioanalytical assays and may be used to monitor quinine levels in patients developing severe malaria with acute renal failure during hemofiltration. The optimal quinine dose in this situation is not really established and to improve clinical care, quinine concentrations might be explored to improve efficacy and minimise potential toxicity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biotransformation of the triketone herbicide mesotrione by a Bacillus strain. Metabolite profiling using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Durand Stéphanie , Légeret Bertrand , Martin Anne‐Sophie , Sancelme Martine , Delort Anne‐Marie , Besse‐Hoggan Pascale , Combourieu Bruno
Published: August 2006

The metabolic pathway involved in the biotransformation of the herbicide mesotrione by the bacterial strain Bacillus sp. 3B6 was investigated by a reliable liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐QTOF‐MS) method. The LC/ESI‐MS method, both in positive and negative mode, with the assistance of MS2 fragments and isotopic pattern analyses, allowed us to identify five metabolites. This work constitutes the first complete monitoring of mesotrione degradation kinetics. Among the transformation products found by both techniques, one was formed by intramolecular cyclization between a hydroxylamine and a keto function, which is quite a rare biological reactivity process. For each identified metabolite, a fragmentation pathway is proposed for negative and positive mode. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unimolecular dissociation of protonated trans‐1,4‐diphenyl‐2‐butene‐1,4‐dione in the gas phase: rearrangement versus simple cleavage
Authors: Wu Lianming , Liu David Q. , Vogt Frederick G.
Published: August 2006

Fragmentation mechanisms of trans‐1,4‐diphenyl‐2‐butene‐1,4‐dione were studied using a variety of mass spectrometric techniques. The major fragmentation pathways occur by various rearrangements by loss of H2O, CO, H2O and CO, and CO2. The other fragmentation pathways via simple alpha cleavages were also observed but accounted for the minor dissociation channels in both a two‐dimensional (2‐D) linear ion trap and a quadrupole time‐of‐flight (Q‐TOF) mass spectrometer. The elimination of CO2 (rather than CH3CHO or C3H8), which was confirmed by an exact mass measurement using the Q‐TOF instrument, represented a major fragmentation pathway in the 2‐D linear ion trap mass spectrometer. However, the elimination of H2O and CO becomes more competitive in the beam‐type Q‐TOF instrument. The loss of CO is observed in both the MS2 experiment of m/z 237 and the MS3 experiment of m/z 219 but via the different transition states. The data suggest that the olefinic double bond in protonated trans‐1,4‐diphenyl‐2‐butene‐1,4‐dione plays a key role in stabilizing the rearrangement transition states and increasing the bond dissociation (cleavage) energy to give favorable rearrangement fragmentation pathways. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray droplet impact/secondary ion mass spectrometry: cluster ion formation
Authors: Mori Kunihiko , Asakawa Daiki , Sunner Jan , Hiraoka Kenzo
Published: August 2006

The electrospray droplets that are sampled through an orifice into the vacuum chamber are accelerated by 10 kV and impact on the stainless steel substrate. The mass and the kinetic energy of electrospray droplets are roughly estimated to be a few 106 u and ∼106 eV, respectively. The molecular ion M+. and the protonated molecule [M+H]+ are observed as secondary ions for chrysene and coronene deposited on the metal substrate (no matrix used). The ionization may take place in the shock wave generated by the high‐momentum coherent collision between the droplet projectile and the solid sample. Cluster ions of H+(H2O)n and CF3COO−(H2O)n, with n up to ∼150, were observed as secondary ions formed by the electrospray droplet impact ionization (EDI) for 10−2 M trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) aqueous solution. This indicates that the charged droplets that collide with the metal substrate with the kinetic energy of ∼106 eV do not vaporize completely but are disintegrated into many tiny microdroplets. The ion signal intensity anomalies (i.e. magic numbers) were observed for the cluster ions of H3O+(H2O)n and CF3COO−(H2O)n for 10−2 M TFA aqueous solution and of Cs+(H2O)n, I−(H2O)n, Cs+(CsI)n, and I−(CsI)n for 10−2 M CsI aqueous solution. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large deviations for mean field models of probabilistic cellular automata
Authors: Balister P. , Bollobás B. , Kozma R.
Published: August 2006

Probabilistic cellular automata form a very large and general class of stochastic processes. These automata exhibit a wide range of complex behavior and are of interest in a number of fields of study, including mathematical physics, percolation theory, computer science, and neurobiology. Very little has been proved about these models, even in simple cases, so it is common to compare the models to mean field models. It is normally assumed that mean field models are essentially trivial. However, we show here that even the mean field models can exhibit surprising behavior. We prove some rigorous results on mean field models, including the existence of a surrogate for the “energy” in certain non‐reversible models. We also briefly discuss some differences that occur between the mean field and lattice models. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2006
Behavioral assumptions and theory development: the case of transaction cost economics
Authors: Tsang Eric W. K.
Published: August 2006

From a critical realist perspective, I discuss the role played by behavioral assumptions in organization theories, and use transaction cost economics as an illustrative example. Core behavioral assumptions often constitute the foundation of the mechanismic explanations of a theory, and thus should play a pivotal role in theory development. I distinguish between assumption‐based and assumption‐omitted theory testing, and show that empirical research in transaction cost economics has been dominated by assumption‐omitted testing. To establish a solid foundation for a new theory, management researchers should pay more attention to assumption‐based testing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What to do next? The case for non‐predictive strategy
Authors: Wiltbank Robert , Dew Nicholas , Read Stuart , Sarasvathy Saras D.
Published: August 2006

Two prescriptions dominate the topic of what firms should do next in uncertain situations: planning approaches and adaptive approaches. These differ primarily on the appropriate role of prediction in the decision process. Prediction is a central issue in strategy making owing to the presumption that what can be predicted can be controlled. In this paper we argue for the independence of prediction and control. This implies that the pursuit of successful outcomes can occur through control‐oriented approaches that may essentially be non‐predictive. We further develop and highlight control‐oriented approaches with particular emphasis on the question of what organizations should do next. We also explore how these approaches may impact the costs and risks of firm strategies as well as the firm's continual efforts to innovate. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthese, Kristallstruktur und magnetisches Verhalten von [Gd2(ClF2CCOO)6(H2O)2(bipy)2]2·C2H5OH
Authors: John Daniela , Urland Werner
Published: August 2006

Single crystals of [Gd2(ClF2CCOO)6(H2O)2(bipy)2]2· C2H5OH have been obtained by reaction of Gd(ClF2CCOO)3(H2O)3 with 2,2′‐bipyridyl in a solution of ethanol and water. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group $P{\bar 1}$ (Nr. 2, Z = 2, a = 1201.6(2) pm, b = 1241.1(3) pm, c = 1990.4(3) pm, α = 96.29(2)°, β = 104.85(2)°, γ = 116.70(2)°). The Gd3+ ions are bridged by carboxylate groups to dimers and are eightfold coordinated by six oxygen and two nitrogen atoms. The magnetic behaviour of the compound was investigated in the temperature range of 1.77 to 300 K. The magnetic data indicate an antiferromagnetic interaction within the dimeric units.
Zur Kristallchemie der Oxoruthenate
Authors: Müller‐Buschbaum Hanskarl
Published: August 2006

Der Übersichtsbeitrag systematisiert die Kristallchemie der Oxoruthenate. Ruthenium zeigt überwiegend oktaedrische Sauerstoffumgebung. Daneben sind in einigen Fällen RuO4‐Tetraeder, tetragonale RuO5‐Pyramiden, trigonale RuO5‐Bipyramiden und planare RuO4‐Polygone beobachtet worden. Ein Maß der Ordnung von Kristallstrukturen der Oxoruthenate ist die steigende Verknüpfung von RuO6‐Oktaedern, ausgehend von zueinander isolierten, zu kondensierten Oktaedern vom Typ Ru2O9 und Ru3O12, gefolgt von $^{1}_{\infty}\rm [RuO_{3}]$‐, $^{1}_{\infty}\rm [RuO_{4}]$‐ und $^{1}_{\infty}\rm [RuO_{5}]$‐Ketten, Ringstrukturen, ebenen und gewellten Netzen bis hin zu Tunnelstrukturen und dreidimensionalen Netzwerken. Ein Teil des Übersichtsbeitrags befaßt sich mit der Stapelung von MO6‐Oktaedern, Ru2O9‐Oktaederdoppeln, Ru3O12‐Oktaedertripeln (Stapelvarianten), Varianten der Perowskite im weitesten Sinne und Varianten des K2NiF4‐Typs (Ruddlesden‐Popper‐Phasen). Schlußendlich wird über zwei Clusterverbindungen (Al0,68RuSn6O8; Sn15Ru3O14) berichtet, die keine Sauerstoffumgebung des Rutheniums aufweisen.

In den vorgestellten Oxoruthenaten zeigt Ruthenium ein breites Spektrum von Oxidationszahlen, die von Ru3+ bis Ru7+ reichen. In einigen Verbindungen besetzt Ruthenium nur eine Punktlage. In Kombination mit Elementen mit eindeutiger Wertigkeit zeigt Ruthenium gebrochene Ladungen wie Ru4,5+; Ru5,33+ oder Ru5,75+. Andere Beispiele zeigen Ruthenium auf unterschiedlichen Punklagen, aber dennoch mit gemischter Valenz. In solchen Fällen wurden Berechnungen der partiellen Coulomb‐Terme der Gitterenergie herangezogen, um zwischen möglichen unterschiedlichen Ladungszahlen des Rutheniums zu unterscheiden.
Nb2Cl10(P4S10)2: A Co‐Crystal of Nb2Cl10 and P4S10
Authors: Pfitzner Arno , Hoppe Diana
Published: August 2006

Red moisture—sensitive crystals of Nb2Cl10(P4S10)2 were obtained from a solution of P4S10 and Nb2Cl10 in CS2. Nb2Cl10(P4S10)2 crystallises in the space group $P{\bar 1}$ with a = 9.577(2), b = 10.894(2), c = 11.477(2) Å, α = 71.40(1), β = 68.14(1), γ = 67.58(1)°; V = 1005.2(3) Å3, Z = 2. In the crystal structure molecules of P4S10 and Nb2Cl10 are arranged similar to the packing of the ions in the CaF2 structure type. A comparison of the Raman spectrum of Nb2Cl10(P4S10)2 with spectra of the corresponding reactants indicates that no significant bonds are present between both components of the title compound. Therefore, Nb2Cl10(P4S10)2 has to be considered as a co‐crystal of the starting materials. Ta2Cl10(P4S10)2 is isotypic with Nb2Cl10(P4S10)2, the lattice constants are a = 9.643(3), b = 10.963(3), c = 11.572(4) Å; α = 71.54(2), β = 68.11(2), γ = 67.61(2)°.
EYPHKAMEN: Ln‐Oktaedertripel in Ln14(C2)3I20 mit Ln = La, Ce
Authors: Mattausch Hansjürgen , Simon Arndt , Kienle Lorenz , Hoch Constantin , Zheng Chong , Kremer Reinhard K.
Published: August 2006

EYPHKAMEN: Ln Octahedron Triples in Ln14(C2)3I20 with Ln = La, Ce

The compounds Ln14(C2)3I20 (Ln = La, Ce) are prepared from Ln, LnI3, and C molar ratio (11:10:9) at 920 °C (Ce) and 930 °C (La) as pure phases, forming polygonal black crystals with a greenish lustre which are moisture and air sensitive. They are isotypic and crystallize in the triclinic system, $P{\bar 1}$, with lattice parameters a = 9.761(1) Å, b = 11.790(1) Å, c = 14.055(1) Å, α = 79.60(1)°, β = 71.49(1)°, γ = 65.79(1)° (La14(C2)3I20) and a = 9.688(1) Å, b = 11.670(1) Å, c = 13.932(1) Å, α = 80.16(1)°, β = 71.81(1)°, γ = 65.88(1)° (Ce14(C2)3I20). In the crystal structure the Ln atoms form Ln6 octahedra centered by C2‐groups. Three octahedra are condensed to the triples ((Ln2Ln2Ln2/2C2)2(Ln2Ln4/2C2). The iodine atoms coordinate the octahedra above all free edges as in a M6X12‐type cluster. The mean C‐C distance in the C2 unit is 1.39Å. HRTEM images of crystals selected from different batches prepared at lower temperature show clusters of different lengths besides the triple octahedra. Ce14(C2)3I20 is a semiconductor and has an effective magnetic moment of 2.38 μB.
First Synthesis of Group‐14 Polyanions by Extraction of a Binary Alloy with dmf and a Novel Conformation of the (Ge9−Ge9)6− Dimer: Crystal Structures of [K6(Ge9−Ge9)](dmf)12, [Rb6(Ge9−Ge9)](dmf)12 and [K2.5Cs3.5(Ge9−Ge9)](dmf)12.
Authors: Nienhaus Anke , Hoffmann Stephan D. , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: August 2006

Crystals of the title compounds [K6(Ge9−Ge9)](dmf)12 (1) and [Rb6(Ge9−Ge9)](dmf)12 (2) have been synthesized by dissolving binary phases of the formal composition K4Ge9 and Rb4Ge9, respectively, in N,N‐dimethylformamide (dmf) and subsequent cooling to −36 °C. [K2.5Cs3.5(Ge9−Ge9)](dmf)12 (3) was obtained as a by‐product during the reaction of K2Cs2Ge9 with sulphur in dmf. Single crystal structure analyses of 1, 2 and 3 show that all compounds contain dimeric [Ge9−Ge9]6− units. The dimers are connected via the alkali metal atoms in form of [(A+)3(μ2−dmf)6] chains and build a two‐dimensional square net of the composition $^{2}_{\infty}\rm \{A_{6}(dmf)_{12}[Ge_{9}-Ge_{9}]\}$ with A = K and Rb for 1 and 2, respectively. [(Cs+−K+−Cs+)(μ2−dmf)6] linkages bridge the dimers in 3 under formation of $^{2}_{\infty}\rm \{K_{2.5}Cs_{3.5}(dmf)_{12}[Ge_{9}-Ge_{9}]\}$. 1 crystallized in the tetragonal space group I4 with a = b = 34.003(5), c = 17.366(4) Å, V = 20078(6) Å3, Z = 8, compound 2 in the triclinic space group $I{\bar 4}$ with a = 13.501(3), b = 14.766(3), c = 21.426(4) Å, α = 88.11(3)°, β = 86.76(3)°, γ = 75.54(3)°, V = 4129(1) Å3; Z = 2 and 3 in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 21.459(4), b = 17.153(3), c = 22.939(5) Å, β = 93.37(3)°, V = 8429(3) Å3, Z = 4. The dimer consists of two Ge9 clusters, whose shapes are best described as C2ν‐distorted monocapped square antiprisms. The clusters are connected via an exo Ge–Ge bond with its orientation either co‐linear to the shorter diagonal of the open rectangular of the antiprism or radial with respect to the cluster centre in a new type of [Ge9−Ge9]6− dimer.
The Stepwise Fragmentation and Modification of a Structurally well‐defined Metalloid Cluster in the Gas‐Phase – from [Ge9R3]− (R = Si(SiMe3)3) to [Ge9]− and [Ge9Si]−
Authors: Koch Katharina , Schnepf Andreas , Schnöckel Hansgeorg
Published: August 2006

The structurally well characterized metalloid cluster species [Ge9R3]− (R = Si(SiMe3)3) is investigated in the gas phase after electrospray ionisation (ESI) by means of FT‐ICR mass spectrometry. In collision experiments (SORI‐CAD) the anions [Ge9]− and [Ge9Si]− are obtained, each of them in another reaction channel. The former one, the anion Ge9−, results from the parent ion in a formal reduction process. Since [Ge9]− anions can also be generated from Zintl‐anions [Ge9]n− via a formal oxidation process these experiments link the solid‐state chemistry of Zintl‐anions to the molecular chemistry of metalloid clusters. The formation of the latter one, the anion [Ge9Si]−, reveals in which way a metal atom cluster core can be expanded, in this case from nine to ten atoms. All experimental findings are simulated by means of DFT calculations.
Complexes of Group 1 Salts with N,N′‐Aromatic Bidentate Ligands, of (Oligo‐/Poly‐) Nuclear or Ionic 1 : 2 Salt : Base Ratio
Authors: Buttery Jarrod H. N. , Effendy  , Mutrofin Siti , Plackett Neil C. , Skelton Brian W. , Somers Neil , Whitaker Claire R. , White Allan H.
Published: August 2006

In the preceding paper an array of salts of MX : L(:S) (1:2(:n)) stoichiometry of simple mononuclear form, with coordinated X or S were described, MX = simple group 1 salt, L = 1,10‐phenanthroline (‘phen’) or 2,9‐dimethyl,1,10‐phenanthroline (‘dmp’), crystallized from (methanol) solution and characterized by single crystal X‐ray studies. This paper describes a parallel isostoichiometric array in which the metal atoms exist in environments of nitrogen atoms only, of polymeric/ionic form. Adducts LiX : dmp : MeOH (1:2(:n)), isomorphous [Li(dmp)2]X(·MeOH), are described for X = I, ClO4 (n=1), O3SCF3 (= ‘triflate’, tfs) (n = 0). Adducts MX : phen (:MeOH) (1:2(:n)) form a wide‐ranging array of structures with discrete anions and stacked cations with a variety of metal geometries and L coordination modes, the stacks discrete in monoclinic C2/c (MX = NaPF6, n = 0), interleaving/overlapping in orthorhombic Pnc2 (MX = LiI), expanded to Pnna (MX = LiClO4), and a familial array with a basis ca. 6 × 13 × 24Å (axes sometimes doubled), variously monoclinic, P21/x (β ∼ 90°) or orthorhombic Pca21 or Pbcn for MX = LiI, NaBr, NaPF6, NaSCN, KI, KSCN, KPF6, RbI, culminating in a remarkable ‘defective cation’ adduct of NaPF6 : phen (6:13) stoichiometry. Two isomorphous binuclear adducts, Mtfs : phen (1:2)2, M = K, Rb, are interesting examples of ‘terminated stacks’ of the form [(phen)2M(μ‐phen)2M(OSO2CF3)2].
A Simultaneous Hydrolysis, Deaminization, and Self‐assembly Reaction under Hydrothermal Conditions Affording a Novel Hydroge–Bonding Network: NH4[Cu(H2CAC)2]
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhang Jian , Yin Pei‐Xiu , Cheng Jian‐Kai , Li Zhao‐Ji , Yao Yuan‐Gen
Published: August 2006

A copper(I) complex, NH4[Cu(H2CAC)2] (1) (H3CAC = cyanuric acid) has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction , IR spectroscopic, and thermogravimetric analyses. Complex 1 features an 3D framework incorporating 2D polyanionic brick‐wall like plane $\rm [Cu(H_{2}CAC)_{2}]^{n-}_{n}$ which are held together by NH4+ cations through hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Complex 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Fddd with the cell parameters a = 36.729(2), b = 12.5829(8), c = 9.3590(7) Å, V = 4325.3(5) Å3, Z = 16.
Thermodynamic Estimations of Defect Equilibria and Vacancy Concentrations in ZnS
Authors: Wiedemeier Heribert
Published: August 2006

With the equilibrium constants for atomic vacancies, KS, for electronic charge carriers, Ki, and for the vaporization of ZnS, Kp, the densities of atomic point defects and of electronic charge carriers were obtained as a function of temperature. The computed metal vacancy concentrations of ZnS are in close agreement with independently reported experimental data. Combining KS and Ki values with vacancy formation reactions and with equilibrium partial pressures of the constituent species yielded the relative concentrations of doubly ionized metal and noñmetal vacancies and of electronic carriers as a function of pressure. The point of material stoichiometry is given by the expression Log(K8pM)stoich. = Log Ki + 1/2 Log KS, which is generally true, but different from that for singly ionized vacancies.

With the stoichiometry relationship, derived in this work, and partial pressures of the relevant species, equilibrium constants for individual vacancy formation reactions are computed as a function of temperature. The resulting Zn vacancy densities are in close agreement with those based on the Schottky constant alone and with those of independent experimental data. In addition, the predominant vacancy type (conductivity) can be predicted from the individual reactions. These results are useful for the optimization of synthesis conditions, and for the characterization of materials.
Ho11ClTe16O48: Ein extrem chlorarmes Chlorid‐Oxotellurat(IV) des dreiwertigen Holmiums
Authors: Meier Steffen F. , Schleid Thomas
Published: August 2006

Ho11ClTe16O48: An Extremly Chlorine‐Poor Chloride Oxotellurate(IV) of Trivalent Holmium

While attempting to synthesize Ho2Te3O9 by reacting Ho2O3 with TeO2 (800 °C, 12 d) chloride from the CsCl flux was incidently mobilized and as by‐product, Ho11ClTe16O48 (triclinic, ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$; a = 551.52(3), b = 1193.54(6), c = 1834.63(9) pm, α = 100.814(3), β = 95.443(3), γ = 100.175(3)°; Z = 1), the first example of this new composition in the field of lanthanoid(III) chloride oxotellurates(IV) has been obtained. The six crystallographically different Ho3+ cations experience a six‐, seven‐ and eightfold coordination through oxygen atoms (d(Ho3+−O2−) = 221 – 280 pm), leading to octahedral, triangle‐square polyhedral, capped trigonal prismatic and square antiprismatic coordination figures. Initially, the corresponding [HoOn] polyhedra convene to layers parallel to the (001) plane via edge and corner sharing which again combine to a [Ho11O48]63− network via other individual [(Ho6)O6] octahedra and [(Ho2)2O4/2O4/1] chains along [100], whose three‐dimensional characteristic is unique among the lanthanoid(III) oxotellurates(IV) known to date. The eight crystallographically independent Te4+ cations exhibit coordination numbers of 3 and 3+1 in relation to oxygen, except Te1 with 3+1 O2− plus 1 Cl− as anionic neighbours. Apart from isolated [TeO3]2− polyhedra (Ψ1 tetrahedra: d(Te4+−O2−) = 184 – 196 pm) only double and triple groupings occur even in considering secondary Te4+···O2− contacts (d′(Te4+···O2−) = 218 – 264 pm). As with HoCl[TeO3], the tellurium‐oxygen partial structure does not get beyond a “zero‐dimensional” expression. The Te4+ cations adjust so well while lining the empty cavities within the $^{3}_{\infty}\rm [Ho_{11}O_{48}]^{63-}$ network, that still only two Te4+‐decorated channel types (oval and round) remain unoccupied, offering space for the non‐bonding electron pairs (“lone pairs”). The Cl− anions reside in the bigger oval channels (d(Cl−−Te4+) = 286, 352 and 358 pm, 2 × each). In the default of binding Ho3+−Cl− contacts, the correct description of this new compound would thus be holmium(III) oxochlorotellurate(IV) Ho11[Te16O48Cl] according to Ho11[TeO3]2[Te2O6]2[Te3O9]2{Cl[Te2O6]2}. The presence of chloride was not only detected by the structure refinement on the basis of X‐ray diffraction data, but also even in such small quantities by elementary analysis with the electron‐beam microprobe.
Molecular genetic analysis of a female patient with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency: detection of a new mutation and differential expression of mutant gene product in cultured cells
Authors: Ito M. , Naito E. , Yokota I. , Takeda E. , Matsuda J. , Hirose M. , Sejima H. , Aiba H. , Hojo H. , Kuroda Y.
Published: August 2006

A new 18 bp insertion mutation in the gene for the α subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1α) was found in a female patient with congenital lactic acidaemia. Cultured skin fibroblasts and Epstein—Barr virus‐transformed lymphoblastoid cells from this patient showed decreased and normal pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) activity, respectively. This 18 bp insertion was ade novo mutation, because it was not present in her parents. Although this female patient was heterozygous for the normal and the mutant alleles, 97% of cultured skin fibroblasts expressed the mutant allele, while 100% of cultured lymphoblastoid cells, 94% of peripheral blood lymphocytes and 98% of IL‐2‐activated T‐cells expressed the normal allele. These results suggest that in this patient the X chromosome containing the normal allele was predominantly inactivated in fibroblasts and the X chromosome containing the mutant allele was predominantly inactivated in lymphocytes. The diagnosis of E1α deficiency is usually established by measurement of PDHC activity and the level of immunoreactive proteins. However, these methods are not sufficient to diagnose the disorder in female patients with E1α deficiency due to differential inactivation of the X chromosome. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new method to firmly establish the diagnosis of E1α deficiency.
Multiple transport protein defects in a patient with glycogen storage disease type 1: GSD 1b/1cβ
Authors: Hawkins R. A. , Kamath K. R. , Scott H. M. , Burchell A.
Published: August 2006

A male child presented at 5 months of age with vomiting, diarrhoea, hypoglycaemia and hepatomegaly. Histology on a frozen liver biopsy suggested glycogen storage disease (GSD), while biochemical analyses confirmed an elevated glycogen content and normal activities of the GSD enzymes with the proviso that a variant of GSD 1 should be considered. The patient presented at 9 months of age with severe lactic acidosis and hypoglycaemia. A glucagon tolerance test and galactose load test on the patient produced no glycaemic response. A second biopsy was obtained and appropriately handled for the investigation of variants of the glucose‐6‐phosphatase enzyme (G6Pase) complex. Results showed that the patient had a deficiency of two transport proteins of the G6Pase complex, namely glucose‐6‐phosphate translocase and pyrophosphate translocase, i.e. GSD 1b/1cβ. These results were confirmed by additional kinetic analyses which provided confirmation of the double translocase deficiency. Evidence for inhibitors to these translocases was not found. The patient's treatment has resulted in the hypoglycaemia now being well controlled; however, at 3 years of age, height and weight are markedly lagging and he is moderately developmentally delayed. Neutropenia has not been found and neutrophil function is normal. Double enzyme deficiencies are very rare and possible explanations which might lead to this phenotype are considered. This, to the authors' knowledge, is the first report of a double translocase deficiency causing GSD type 1.
On the differences between urinary metabolite excretion and odd‐numbered fatty acid production in propionic and methylmalonic acidaemias
Authors: Wendel U. , Eißler A. , Sperl W. , Schadewaldt P.
Published: August 2006

In five subjects with methylmalonic acidaemia (MMA) and five with propionic acidaemia (PA) both the level of odd‐numbered fatty acids (OLCFA) in erythrocyte lipids and the excretion of propionate‐derived metabolites in urine were longitudinally analysed. At a given intake of amino acid precursors of propionyl‐CoA and otherwise stable metabolic conditions, subjects with MMA excreted considerably more propionate‐derived metabolites, and accumulated less OLCFA in erythrocyte lipids than subjects with PA. We suggest that renal metabolite excretion indicates the efflux of organic acids from cells and might be a measure of the individually determined intracellular relief from toxic acyl‐CoA esters. It does not necessarily reflect the total amount of acyl‐CoA intermediates produced in the body. OLCFA levels seem to reflect the continuous burden of propionyl‐CoA toxicity within the cells and thereby might serve as a reliable tool for evaluating the quality of long‐term metabolic control in these disorders.
Adenylosuccinase deficiency: a patient with impaired erythrocyte activity and anomalous response to intravenous fructose
Authors: Salerno C. , Crifò C. , Giardini O.
Published: August 2006

Clinical and biochemical data are presented on an Italian patient with adenylosuccinase deficiency of both erythrocytes and mixed peripheral blood lymphocytes. The erythrocyte enzyme showed normal substrate affinity, but decreased thermal stability. The patient displayed an anomalous response to an intravenous fructose tolerance test with a rise in plasma [Mg2+] and [K+] and a drop in plasma levels of inorganic phosphate, glucose, urate and succinylnucleosides upon fructose injection.
Characterization of glucocerebrosidase in Greek Gaucher disease patients: mutation analysis and biochemical studies
Authors: Michelakakis H. , Dimitriou E. , Van Weely S. , Boot R. G. , Mavridou I. , Verhoek M. , Aerts J. M. F. G.
Published: August 2006

Gaucher disease is the most frequent lysosomal storage disease in Greece, accounting for 24% of all lysosomal disorders diagnosed during the last 13 years at the Institute of Child Health in Athens. The nature of the defects in glucocerebrosidase in Greek Gaucher patients with non‐neuronopathic (type 1) and neuronopathic (types 2 and 3) phenotypes was investigated at the level of the glucocerebrosidase gene and enzyme activity. Mutation analysis performed in 10/23 Gaucher patients with different types of the disorder led to the identification of four mutations, N370S, L444P, R463C and D409H, comprising 75% of the investigated alleles. N370S was only found in association with type 1 disease. The genotype D409H/R463C was identified for the first time and was associated with the severe type 2 disorder. There was no correlation between residualin vitro enzyme activity and either phenotype or genotype. However, in cultured fibroblasts of the neuronopathic cases, glucocerebrosidase protein concentration was reduced and the capacity to degrade exogenous C6NBD‐glucosylceramide was more severely impaired.
Occurrence of a mutation associated with Wolman disease in a family with cholesteryl ester storage disease
Authors: Maslen C. L. , Babcock D. , Illingworth D. R.
Published: August 2006

Cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) and Wolman disease (McKusick 278000) are two distinct autosomal recessive disorders, both attributable to a severe reduction in acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase/lysosomal acid lipase activity (EC 3.1.1.13). We have identified compound heterozygous mutations in a family with two siblings affected with CESD. Molecular genetic analysis revealed two mutations one of which has previously been seen only in Wolman disease. Analysis of these mutations acting in concert provides new insight into the correlation of genotype with phenotype in these allelic disorders.
Platelets in treated adrenoleukodystrophy: a brief report
Authors: Revell P. , Green A. , Green S.
Published: August 2006

Platelet counts have been noted to be low in patients treated with high‐oil diet therapy for adrenoleukodystrophy. We suggest that some of these observations are spurious but that others reflect a true thrombocytopenia. Visual platelet counts are recommended.
Estimation of economically optimum seed rates for winter wheat from series of trials
Authors: THEOBALD C. M. , ROBERTS A. M. I. , TALBOT M. , SPINK J. H.
Published: August 2006

The results of recent trials for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have influenced farming practice in the UK by encouraging the use of lower seed rates. Spink et al. (2000) have demonstrated that, particularly if sown early, wheat can compensate for reduced plant populations by increased tiller production.

Results from seed-rate trials are usually analysed separately for each environment or each combination of environment and variety, and not combined into a single model. They therefore address the question of what the best seed rate would have been for each combination, rather than answer the more relevant question of what rate to choose for a future site. The current paper presents a Bayesian method for combining data from seed-rate trials and choosing optimum seed rates: this method can incorporate information on seed and treatment costs, crop value and covariates. More importantly, for use as an advisory tool, it allows incorporation of expert knowledge of the crop and of the target site.

The method is illustrated using two series of trials: the first, carried out at two sites in 1997–99, investigated the effects of sowing date and variety in addition to seed rate. The second was conducted at seven sites in 2001–03 and included latitude and certain management factors. Recommended seed rates based on these series vary substantially with sowing date and latitude.

Two non-linear dose-response functions are fitted to the data, the widely used exponential-plus-linear function and the inverse-quadratic function (Nelder 1966). The inverse-quadratic function is found to provide a better fit to the data than the exponential-plus-linear and the latter function gives estimated optimum rates which are as much as 40% lower. The economic consequences of using one function rather than the other are not great in these circumstances.

The method is found to be robust to changes in the prior distribution and to other changes in the model used for dependence of yield on sowing date, latitude, variety and management factors.
Species richness of lichen functional groups in relation to land use intensity
Authors: STOFER Silvia , BERGAMINI Ariel , ARAGÓN Gregorio , CARVALHO Palmira , COPPINS Brian J. , DAVEY Simon , DIETRICH Michael , FARKAS Edit , KÄRKKÄINEN Kati , KELLER Christine , LÖKÖS László , LOMMI Sampsa , MÁGUAS Cristina , MITCHELL Ruth , PINHO Pedro , RICO Víctor J. , TRUSCOTT Anne-Marie , WOLSELEY Patricia A. , WATT Allan , SCHEIDEGGER Christoph
Published: August 2006

Changing land use has a major impact on lichen diversity. This study attempts to identify patterns or trends of lichen functional groups along a land use gradient, ranging from natural forests to open agricultural landscape. In eight countries, covering six main European biogeographic regions, lichen vegetation was assessed according to a standardized scheme. Data on reproductive, vegetative and ecological traits was compiled and relative species richness for all classes of all traits calculated. Relationships between the land use gradient and relative species richness of trait classes were analysed. Open and intensively managed landscapes harbour more fertile species while sterile species are relatively more important in forests. This finding is also supported by analyses of different classes of dispersal propagules. The importance of species with the principal photobiont Trebouxia s.l. increases linearly with intensification of land use. A converse pattern is revealed by species with Trentepohlia. Concerning substratum specialization only generalists show an effect along the land use intensity gradient. Their relative species richness decreases from landscapes dominated by forests to open agricultural landscape. A considerable decline in the rare lichen species richness as a result of land intensification is predicted.
Biogeographical outline of epiphytic lichens in a Mediterranean area: Calabria (S Italy)
Authors: INCERTI Guido , NIMIS Pier Luigi
Published: August 2006

This paper aims to provide a biogeographical analysis of the epiphytic lichen flora of S Calabria by means of chorograms (i.e. distributional maps showing the joint distribution of multiple taxa). Two datasets on both local and Italian distribution were used. Local distribution is described by records of 135 epiphytic species in 14 sampling sites (5 trees per site, boles sampled from the ground to 2 m) representing the main vegetation belts of the survey area. A cluster analysis of the species, based on their commonness-rarity in the 9 main bioclimatic areas and in the 20 administrative regions of Italy, was applied. For each of the 7 clusters of species (chorotypes), a chorogram was produced. The matrix of species and sites was also submitted to numerical classification, and 5 clusters of sites were obtained, corresponding to the main altitudinal belts and tree species. For each group of sites, the frequencies of chorotypes were calculated. The results show a clear relationship between local distribution, mainly related to ecological conditions, and the Italian one. The truly Mediterranean forests of the survey area have the highest incidence of the Tyrrhenian element. Beech forests of the montane belt, dominated by broad-ranging lichens, are the most diverse biogeographically. The pine forests lying above the temperate belt do not host a peculiar lichen flora, being dominated by broad-ranging circumboreal species.
Epiphytic lichens of tree-line forests in the Central-Eastern Italian Alps and their importance for conservation
Authors: NASCIMBENE Juri , MARTELLOS Stefano , NIMIS Pier Luigi
Published: August 2006

135 infrageneric taxa of epiphytic lichen were found in 20 stands of tree-line forests of the Central-Eastern Italian Alps. Three forest types were considered: (1) late successional stands with several large trees, (2) pioneer stands on abandoned pastures without large trees, and (3) open and grazed stands. They were compared on the basis of four main criteria: (1) species richness, (2) number of rare species, (3) number of species that are exclusive to the subalpine belt in Italy, and (4) number of species that are exclusive to the Alps in Italy. Species richness is higher in the late successional stands, which also host a higher share of rare and exclusive species. The total number of rare species per site is correlated with the total number of species, as well as with the number of common species, and with the total number of macrolichens. Rare macrolichens are correlated with common macrolichens. Two main groups of target species with decreasing conservation priority are identified. Letharia vulpina is suggested as signal species for sites worthy of conservation. The guild of macrolichens may be used as an indicator of both species richness and of the occurrence of rare species.
Patronizing speech to older patients: a literature review
Authors: Draper Peter
Published: August 2006

This review summarizes research into the phenomenon of patronizing speech addressed to older people by doctors, nurses, health professionals and other carers. Patronizing speech is defined and illustrated and its negative impact on the dignity and well-being of older people described. Key empirical and theoretical perspectives of patronizing speech are reviewed. Different aspects of the practice are examined and practical recommendations made for how it can be recognized and avoided. The beneficial effects of training and education of health professionals are discussed.
Nest success and conservation status of the Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaerulea in Swaziland
Authors: MONADJEM ARA , BOYCOTT RICHARD C. , ROQUES KIM , GAMA RAY , GARCELON DAVID
Published: August 2006

The Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaerulea is a globally threatened species endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. The total population breeding south of the Limpopo River (i.e. in South Africa and Swaziland) probably numbers around 100 pairs. A significant proportion of these birds breed in Swaziland, but to date little has been published on this population. Suitable breeding habitat has been reduced significantly in the country in recent decades, due mostly to afforestation with exotic timber plantations, with urbanization playing a lesser role. In Swaziland, breeding sites are restricted to grasslands above 1,200 m, but mostly above 1,300 m. Timing of egg laying is bimodal indicating double brooding. The number of nests initiated in a season is weakly correlated with rainfall in preceding months. Nests were built predominantly in disused antbear Orycteropus afer burrows, with smaller numbers in natural sinkholes. Mean clutch size was 2.80, and 61% of eggs laid resulted in fledged offspring. Mean productivity was 1.30 fledglings per pair per nest attempt. These figures suggest that breeding success is not currently being reduced in Swaziland. The minimum total population currently thought to be breeding in Swaziland is 10 pairs, but this is based on intensive studies of only part of the suitable range. It is recommended that a complete survey be conducted covering the entire range of the species in Swaziland.
An assessment of the abundance and distribution of the Titicaca Flightless Grebe Rollandia microptera on Lake Titicaca and evaluation of its conservation status
Authors: MARTINEZ ARI E. , ARANIBAR DAVID F. , GUTIERREZ EDWIN R.
Published: August 2006

Censuses were conducted from 15 June to 6 July and from 15 to 24 October 2003 throughout Lake Titicaca to determine the current distribution and abundance of the Titicaca Flightless Grebe Rollandia microptera. We surveyed 22 of an estimated 25 local population distribution ranges. We defined these as shallow offshore feeding areas in combination with coastal beds of tule-rushes (Schoenoplectus tatora). At this large spatial scale we found variously sized populations of grebes in all 22 of the areas surveyed and a negative correlation between the total area of tule-bed within each area and grebe density. Absolute counts of grebes pooled across all sites produced a total of 2,582 individuals on Lake Titicaca. Given that some sites were either partially surveyed or not surveyed at all we feel that this is an underestimate of the total lake population. Limitations in methodologies used precluded the classification to development stage of approximately 43% of the individuals counted. Among the remaining 57% of the individuals counted we identified 732 mature adults within the total population of Lake Titicaca. When combined with information from other sources and current knowledge of habitat fragmentation our results support the classification of the species in the IUCN Red List as Endangered under criterion C2a. Of 20 local fisherman interviewed on the Bolivian side of Lake Titicaca, 90% confirmed that individuals of Titicaca Flightless Grebe incidentally drown in their fishing nets although responses varied from weekly to monthly estimates of by-catch. Although this study provides the first estimate of the total population of Titicaca Flightless Grebes on Lake Titicaca, a standardized monitoring programme will be required in order (1) to provide a baseline for the interpretation of future population trends in the context of impacts generated by human activities and (2) to aid in future management decisions for the long-term conservation of the species.
How to manage human-induced mortality in the Eagle Owl Bubo bubo
Authors: MARTÍNEZ JOSE A. , MARTÍNEZ JOSÉ E. , MAÑOSA SANTI , ZUBEROGOITIA IÑIGO , CALVO JOSÉ F.
Published: August 2006

The Eagle Owl Bubo bubo, which feeds mainly on rabbits and partridges, has been persecuted widely for causing damage to game interests. Although it is a protected species throughout Europe, there is a noteworthy gap in the scientific literature on the causes of mortality in this top predator. Here, we assess the relative importance and the geographical and temporal variation of human-related causes of death by reviewing 1,576 files of individuals admitted to wildlife rescue centres in Spain, a stronghold for Eagle Owls. The main known cause of death was interaction with powerlines followed by persecution and collisions with game fences and cars. There were within-year variations in the distribution of persecution, electrocution and collisions with game fences. Some man-induced causes of mortality were seen to depend on both the geographical region and the period of the year; moreover, mortality within each region was also year-dependent. Since there are strong socio-economic and ethical components involved, management guidelines are discussed bearing in mind such points of view.
Transcending the Emergence/Reduction Distinction: The Case of Biology
Authors: Harré Rom
Published: August 2006

The groups of problems that fall under the titles ‘reduction’ and ‘emergence’ appear at the boundaries of seemingly independent and well-established scientific disciplines, such as chemistry and biology, biology and psychology, biology and political theory, and so on. They arise in this way:
The Ontogenesis of Human Identity
Authors: Boniolo Giovanni
Published: August 2006

“<>. Das hiess doch: Wenn du dir gewisse Tatsachen anders denkst,sie anders beschreibst, als sie sind, dann kannst du die Anwendung gewisser Begriffe dir nicht mehr vorstellen, weil die Regeln ihrer Anwendung kein Analogon unter den neuen Umständen haben.”
Is Drift a Serious Alternative to Natural Selection as an Explanation of Complex Adaptive Traits?
Authors: Sober Elliott
Published: August 2006

‘There are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns—the ones we don’t know we don’t know.’ —Donald Rumsfeld, 2003, President George W. Bush’s Secretary of Defense, on the subject of the U.S. government’s failure to discover weapons of mass destruction in Iraq
Folk Psychology and the Biological Basis of Intersubjectivity
Authors: Ratcliffe Matthew
Published: August 2006

Recent philosophical discussions of intersubjectivity generally start by stating or assuming that our ability to understand and interact with others is enabled by a ‘folk psychology’ or ‘theory of mind’. Folk psychology is characterized as the ability to attribute intentional states, such as beliefs and desires, to others, in order to predict and explain their behaviour. Many authors claim that this ability is not merely one amongst many constituents of interpersonal understanding but an underlying core that enables social life. For example, Churchland states that folk psychology ‘embodies our baseline understanding’ of others (1996, p. 3). Currie and Sterelny similarly assert that ‘our basic grip on the social world depends on our being able to see our fellows as motivated by beliefs and desires we sometimes share and sometimes do not’ (2000, p. 143). And, as Frith and Happé put it, ‘this ability appears to be a prerequisite for normal social interaction: in everyday life we make sense of each other’s behaviour by appeal to a belief-desire psychology’ (1999, p. 2).
The Loss of Rational Design
Authors: Weinert Friedel
Published: August 2006

Charles Darwin published his Origin of Species on November 24, 1859. Whatever hurdle the theory of natural selection faced in its struggle for acceptance, its impact on human self-images was almost immediate. Well before Darwin had the chance of applying the principle of natural selection to human origins—in his Descent of Man (1871)—his contemporaries quickly and rashly drew the infer–ence to man’s descent from the ape. Satirical magazines like Punch delighted in depicting Darwin with his imposing head on an apish body. At the Oxford meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (June 1860), Bishop Wilberforce asked T.
The Cultural Origins of Cognitive Adaptations
Authors: Papineau David
Published: August 2006

According to an influential view in contemporary cognitive science, many human cognitive capacities are innate. The primary support for this view comes from ‘poverty of stimulus’ arguments. In general outline, such arguments contrast the meagre informational input to cognitive development with its rich informational output. Consider the ease with which humans acquire languages, become facile at attributing psychological states (‘folk psychology’), gain knowledge of biological kinds (‘folk biology’), or come to under–stand basic physical processes (‘folk physics’). In all these cases, the evidence available to a growing child is far too thin and noisy for it to be plausible that the underlying principles involved are derived from general learning mechanisms. This only alternative hypothesis seems to be that the child’s grasp of these principles is innate. (Cf. Laurence and Margolis, 2001.)