bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Traits Predicting Alcohol Drinking in Outbred Rats: An Investigation of Anxiety, Novelty Seeking, and Cognitive Flexibility
Authors: Hayton Scott J. , Mahoney Megan K. , Olmstead Mary C.
Published: October 2011

Background:  Most adults in Western society consume alcohol regularly without negative consequences. For a small subpopulation, however, drinking can quickly progress to excessive and chronic intake. Given the dangers associated with alcohol abuse, it is critical to identify traits that may place an individual at risk for developing these behaviors. To that end, we used a rat model to determine whether anxiety‐related behaviors, novelty seeking, or cognitive flexibility predict excessive alcohol drinking under both limited and continuous access conditions.

Methods:  Adult male rats were assessed in a series of behavioral tasks (elevated plus maze [EPM], locomotor activity, and discrimination/reversal learning in a Y‐maze) followed by 6 weeks of daily, 1‐hour access to alcohol in a free‐choice, 2‐bottle paradigm (10% alcohol vs. tap water). Next, subjects were given the opportunity to consume alcohol for 72 hours in drinking chambers that permit separate measures of each drinking bout. Half of the animals experienced a 2‐week deprivation period between the limited and continuous access sessions.

Results:  Time spent on the open arms of the EPM, but not novelty seeking or discrimination/reversal learning, predicted alcohol consumption during limited, 1‐h/d access sessions to alcohol. Anxiety‐related behavior also predicted the escalation of intake when animals were given 72 hours of continuous access to alcohol. Bout size, but not frequency, was responsible for the increased consumption by high‐anxiety subjects during this period. Finally, intake during limited access sessions predicted intake during continuous access, but only in subjects with low intake during limited access.

Conclusions:  These findings confirm that preexisting anxiety‐related behavior predicts alcohol intake under several schedules of alcohol access. Moreover, when access is unlimited, the high‐anxiety‐related group exhibited an increase in bout size, but not frequency, of drinking. In addition, we show that modest intake when alcohol is restricted may or may not progress to excessive intake when the drug is freely available.
Social Psychology and Contemporary Immigration Policy: An Introduction
Authors: Lanning Kevin
Published: October 2011

This provides a brief introduction to the articles and commentary that constitute the ASAP collection on “The Social Psychology of Contemporary Immigration Policy.” The collection includes four themes: challenges for law enforcement, group relations and social justice, effects of policy on individuals and communities, and media effects.
Treatment of a Patient with Cleidocranial Dysplasia Using a Single‐Stage Implant Protocol
Authors: Petropoulos Vicki C. , Balshi Thomas J. , Wolfinger Glenn J. , Balshi Stephen F.
Published: October 2011

This patient report describes the treatment of a 45‐year‐old Caucasian woman with cleidocranial dysplasia who had significant dental problems that greatly affected her quality of life. The patient had orthodontic treatment in her earlier years along with surgical removal of supernumerary teeth. Using implants, the maxillary and mandibular arches were restored with fixed screw‐retained prostheses. Eight implants and six implants were placed in the maxilla and mandible, respectively. Both arches were immediately loaded following the Teeth in a Day™ protocol using an all‐acrylic resin provisional prosthesis. Five months later, definitive maxillary and mandibular prostheses were fabricated. The patient has been followed for a period of 5 years, and all postoperative evaluations have been uneventful.
Multiplane Two‐Dimensional versus Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography in Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Fattouch Khalil , Castrovinci Sebastiano , Murana Giacomo , Novo Giuseppina , Caccamo Giuseppa , Bertolino Emanuela C. , Sampognaro Roberta , Novo Salvatore , Ruvolo Giovanni , Lancellotti Patrizio
Published: October 2011

Objectives: Intraoperative three‐dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been suggested to be a valuable technique for the evaluation of the mechanisms of ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR). Studies comparing multiplane two‐dimensional (2D) with 3D TEE reconstruction of the mitral valve using the new mitral valve quantification (MVQ) software are lacking. We undertook a prospective comparison between multiplane 2D and 3D TEE for the assessment of IMR. Methods: We evaluated echocardiographically 45 patients with IMR who underwent mitral valve surgery in our institution. 2D and 3D TEE examinations followed by a 3D offline assessment of the mitral valve apparatus were performed in all patients. Offline analysis of mitral valve apparatus was conducted with QLAB–MVQ. Results: 3D TEE image acquisitions were performed in a short period of time and were feasible in all patients. Real time 3D TEE imaging was superior to 2D in identifying specific mitral scallops (A1, A3, P1, P3) and commissures. When compared with 2D TEE, 3D offline reconstruction of the mitral valve allows an accurate quantification of the shape and diameters of the mitral annulus. Both approaches provide almost similar values for the tenting area and the coaptation depth. The 3D approach gave the advantage of direct calculation of the leaflets angles, tenting volume, and surface of the leaflets. The interpapillary muscles distance at the level of the papillary muscle head was greater in 2D than in 3D. Conclusions: 3D TEE imaging provides valuable and complementary information to multiplane 2D TEE for the assessment of patients with IMR. (Echocardiography 2011;28:1125‐1132)
An Empirical Bayesian Approach for Identifying Differential Coexpression in High‐Throughput Experiments
Authors: Dawson John A. , Kendziorski Christina
Published: October 2011

Summary A common goal of microarray and related high‐throughput genomic experiments is to identify genes that vary across biological condition. Most often this is accomplished by identifying genes with changes in mean expression level, so called differentially expressed (DE) genes, and a number of effective methods for identifying DE genes have been developed. Although useful, these approaches do not accommodate other types of differential regulation. An important example concerns differential coexpression (DC). Investigations of this class of genes are hampered by the large cardinality of the space to be interrogated as well as by influential outliers. As a result, existing DC approaches are often underpowered, exceedingly prone to false discoveries, and/or computationally intractable for even a moderately large number of pairs. To address this, an empirical Bayesian approach for identifying DC gene pairs is developed. The approach provides a false discovery rate controlled list of significant DC gene pairs without sacrificing power. It is applicable within a single study as well as across multiple studies. Computations are greatly facilitated by a modification to the expectation–maximization algorithm and a procedural heuristic. Simulations suggest that the proposed approach outperforms existing methods in far less computational time; and case study results suggest that the approach will likely prove to be a useful complement to current DE methods in high‐throughput genomic studies.
Retention of immunolabels by Diorhabda carinulata, a biological control agent of saltcedar
Authors: Williams Livy , Hagler James R. , Tonkel Kirk C.
Published: October 2011

Marking biological control agents facilitates studies of dispersal and predation. This study examines the feasibility of marking the various life stages of a weed biological control agent, Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), by submersion in rabbit or chicken immunoglobulin G (IgG) protein solutions. We determined whether externally applied IgGs are effective labels of the various lifestages, whether IgGs can be retained between D. carinulata lifestages, and to what extent abiotic factors associated with field conditions mediate label retention. The presence of the labels on the various lifestages of the beetles was detected by IgG‐specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Duration of each immunolabel was measured on eggs and larvae in laboratory studies and on adults in laboratory and field studies. For adults, both labels showed high (>80%) retention for ca. 14 days after marking under field and laboratory conditions. Temperature and type of label (rabbit or chicken) had only a minimal effect on marker retention. Externally marked eggs exhibited high (100%) retention for both proteins over the entire duration of the egg stage. Interestingly, some larvae emerging from externally labeled eggs contained both external and internal IgG marks. To our knowledge, this is the first case of an IgG being transferred from the egg to larva of an insect. Age of eggs at the time of label application affected the intensity of the external label on neonates. For instance, larvae that emerged from eggs that were >1 day old when labeled exhibited stronger label retention than larvae that emerged from eggs that were 1 day old when labeled. For larvae, retention of rabbit IgG was greater than retention of chicken IgG. Label retention declined as larvae aged; larvae >3 days old retained significantly less label than did neonate larvae. Both IgG labels were retained from the first to second instar, but at a very low rate of <10%. Overall, our study demonstrates that protein‐marking technology has potential for use in studies of dispersal and predator–prey associations for D. carinulata.
Motion level in Graphosoma lineatum coincides with ontogenetic change in defensive colouration
Authors: Johansen Aleksandra Irene , Tullberg Birgitta S. , Gambrale‐Stille Gabriella
Published: October 2011

Crypsis and aposematism are two different approaches to predation avoidance. Theoretically, the chosen strategy depends on the prevailing possibilities and constraints to the animal. Consequently, insects often change strategy between life stages, but a switch in strategy within a life stage is quite uncommon. In the Swedish shieldbug, Graphosoma lineatum L. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), there is a colour change from the pre‐hibernating to the post‐hibernating adults that alters their protective strategy from effective crypsis to aposematism, although both stages are distasteful to predators. The change in colour occurs as there is a shift of seasons, which alters the environmental background. Here, we investigate whether there is a change in behaviour in G. lineatum connected to the change in colouration and protective strategy. We therefore measured the motion levels in the two different colour forms of G. lineatum, both in the field and in a more controlled laboratory set up. Our result clearly shows that there is a change in behaviour connected to the change in colour. Thus, we found that the cryptic pre‐hibernation form has a significantly lower motion level than the aposematic post‐hibernation form, which is in line with the fact that motion disrupts crypsis, but not aposematism.
The new low‐toxic histone deacetylase inhibitor S‐(2) induces apoptosis in various acute myeloid leukaemia cells
Authors: Cellai C. , Balliu M. , Laurenzana A. , Guandalini L. , Matucci R. , Miniati D. , Torre E. , Nebbioso A. , Carafa V. , Altucci L. , Romanelli M. N. , Paoletti F.
Published: October 2011

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) induce tumour cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis, and some of them are currently used in cancer therapy. Recently, we described a series of powerful HDACi characterized by a 1,4‐benzodiazepine (BDZ) ring hybridized with a linear alkyl chain bearing a hydroxamate function as Zn++‐chelating group. Here, we explored the anti‐leukaemic properties of three novel hybrids, namely the chiral compounds (S)‐2 and (R)‐2, and their non‐chiral analogue 4, which were first comparatively tested in promyelocytic NB4 cells. (S)‐2 and partially 4– but not (R)‐2 – caused G0/G1 cell‐cycle arrest by up‐regulating cyclin G2 and p21 expression and down‐regulating cyclin D2 expression, and also apoptosis as assessed by cell morphology and cytofluorimetric assay, histone H2AX phosphorylation and PARP cleavage. Notably, these events were partly prevented by an anti‐oxidant. Moreover, novel HDACi prompted p53 and α‐tubulin acetylation and, consistently, inhibited HDAC1 and 6 activity. The rank order of potency was (S)‐2 > 4 > (R)‐2, reflecting that of other biological assays and addressing (S)‐2 as the most effective compound capable of triggering apoptosis in various acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cell lines and blasts from patients with different AML subtypes. Importantly, (S)‐2 was safe in mice (up to 150 mg/kg/week) as determined by liver, spleen, kidney and bone marrow histopathology; and displayed negligible affinity for peripheral/central BDZ‐receptors. Overall, the BDZ‐hydroxamate (S)‐2 showed to be a low‐toxic HDACi with powerful anti‐proliferative and pro‐apototic activities towards different cultured and primary AML cells, and therefore of clinical interest to support conventional anti‐leukaemic therapy.
Vascular endothelial growth factor A protein level and gene expression in intracranial meningiomas with brain edema
Authors: NASSEHI DAMOUN , DYRBYE HENRIK , ANDRESEN MORTEN , THOMSEN CARSTEN , JUHLER MARIANNE , LAURSEN HENNING , BROHOLM HELLE
Published: October 2011

Nassehi D, Dyrbye H, Andresen M, Thomsen C, Juhler M, Laursen H, Broholm H. Vascular endothelial growth factor A protein level and gene expression in intracranial meningiomas with brain edema. APMIS 2011; 119: 831–43.

Meningiomas are the second most common primary intracranial tumors in adults. Although meningiomas are mostly benign, more than 50% of patients with meningioma develop peritumoral brain edema (PTBE), which may be fatal because of increased intracranial pressure. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial cell‐specific mitogen and angiogen. VEGF‐A protein, which is identical to vascular permeability factor, is a regulator of angiogenesis. In this study, 101 patients with meningiomas, and possible co‐factors to PTBE, such as meningioma subtypes and tumor location, were examined. Forty‐three patients had primary, solitary, supratentorial meningiomas with PTBE. In these, correlations in PTBE, edema index, VEGF‐A protein, VEGF gene expression, capillary length, and tumor water content were investigated. DNA‐branched hybridization was used for measuring VEGF gene expression in tissue homogenates prepared from frozen tissue samples. The method for VEGF‐A analysis resembled an ELISA assay, but was based on chemiluminescence. The edema index was positively correlated to VEGF‐A protein (p = 0.014) and VEGF gene expression (p < 0.05). The capillary length in the meningiomas was positively correlated to the PTBE (p = 0.038). If VEGF is responsible for the formation of PTBE, the edema may be treated with the anti‐VEGF drug Bevacizumab (Avastin), which has been shown to reduce PTBE in patients with glioblastoma multiforme.
Antimicrobial susceptibility to parenteral and oral agents in a largely polyclonal collection of CTX‐M‐14 and CTX‐M‐15‐producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: TITELMAN EMILIA , IVERSEN AINA , KAHLMETER GUNNAR , GISKE CHRISTIAN G.
Published: October 2011

Titelman E, Iversen A, Kahlmeter G, Giske CG. Antimicrobial susceptibility to parenteral and oral agents in a largely polyclonal collection of CTX‐M‐14 and CTX‐M‐15‐producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. APMIS 2011; 119: 853–63.

Activity of oral and parenteral antimicrobials against consecutively isolated extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Escherichia coli (n = 149) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 20) was determined, and susceptibility test methods were compared for parenteral β‐lactams. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting blaCTX‐M, blaSHV and blaTEM, and DNA sequencing and epidemiological typing with pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis were performed. PCR targeting pabB was screened for E. coli O25b‐ST131. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using Etest and broth microdilution. Disc diffusion was performed according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Dominating genotypes were blaCTX‐M‐15 (75%) and blaCTX‐M‐14 (23%). Four E. coli clusters (7–18 isolates) were found. Forty‐two per cent of E. coli belonged to O25b‐ST131. Ciprofloxacin resistance was 72%, trimethoprim resistance was 70%. Among E. coli, resistance to mecillinam (13%), nitrofurantoin (7%) and fosfomycin (3%) was low, although resistance was high in K. pneumoniae (25%, 60%, 85%). Susceptibility to ertapenem was 99%, piperacillin‐tazobactam 91%, tigecycline 96% and temocillin 76%. Susceptibility rates obtained with broth microdilution and Etest were in agreement for cefotaxime (2 vs 1%) and ceftazidime (9 vs 11%), but not for piperacillin‐tazobactam (59 vs 91%). With disc diffusion major errors occurred with piperacillin‐tazobactam (18/169). Several therapeutic alternatives exist for ESBL‐producing E. coli, but few exist for K. pneumoniae. Disc diffusion and Etest can accurately predict susceptibility to cefotaxime and ceftazidime, but not to piperacillin‐tazobactam with the present breakpoints.
Local effects of intra‐articular injection of anti‐rabbit tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody in antigen‐induced arthritis of the rabbit temporomandibular joint
Authors: Ohtani Taishi , Habu Manabu , Khanal Amit , Yoshioka Izumi , Matsukawa Akihiro , Tominaga Kazuhiro
Published: October 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 96–105

Background:  Local effects of intra‐articular (IA) injection of anti‐rabbit tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody (anti‐TNFα mAb) for antigen‐induced mono‐arthritis (AIA) of the rabbit temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and its systemic influences were evaluated.

Methods:  Biochemical analysis of synovial fluid (SF), clinical and histopathological analyses of TMJ, and serum analysis were performed after inducing AIA in bilateral TMJs of 40 New Zealand White rabbits. IA injection of anti‐TNFα mAb in unilateral TMJ (TNF blockade side; n = 12) and IgG (n = 12) was performed while saline injected on the contralateral side. TNFα and IL‐1β in SF was analyzed at Days 1, 3, 7, and 21. Joint swelling and head withdrawal reflex threshold (WRT) over TMJs were evaluated in TNF blockade side (n = 12) with histopathological analysis at Days 3, 7, and 21. In remaining four animals with TNF blockade, TNFα and anti‐TNFα mAb in serum were analyzed.

Results:  Tumor necrosis factor alpha in SF was significantly lower in TNF blockade side on all days but IL‐1β was lower only on Day 3. WRT was significantly higher at all times in the blockade side. Less inflammatory reactions and degenerative changes of cartilage were observed on Days 7 and 21 in the blockade side. TNFα and anti‐TNFα mAb were under detection level in serum at all times.

Conclusions:  Intra‐articular injection of anti‐rabbit TNFα mAb in mono‐arthritis model was effective to control local inflammation and degenerative joint changes. Further, low‐dose IA injection of antibody may not have systemic side effects.
Genetic Variants, Immune Function, and Risk of Pre‐Eclampsia among American Indians
Authors: Best Lyle G. , Nadeau Melanie , Davis Kylie , Lamb Felicia , Bercier Shellee , Anderson Cindy M.
Published: October 2011

Citation Best LG, Nadeau M, Davis K, Lamb F, Bercier S, Anderson CM. Genetic variants, immune function, and risk of pre‐eclampsia among American Indians. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 152–159

Problem  To determine the prevalence in an American Indian population of genetic variants with putative effects on immune function and determine if they are associated with pre‐eclampsia (PE).

Method of study  In a study of 66 cases and 130 matched controls, six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with either previously demonstrated or postulated modulating effects on the immune system were genotyped. Allele frequencies and various genetic models were evaluated by conditional logistic regression in both univariate and multiply adjusted models.

Results  Although most genetic variants lacked evidence of association with PE, the minor allele of the CRP related, rs1205 SNP in a dominant model with adjustment for age at delivery, nulliparity, and body mass index, exhibited an odds ratio of 0.259 (95% CI of 0.08–0.81, P = 0.020) in relation to severe PE (48 cases). The allelic prevalence of this variant was 46.1% in this population.

Conclusion  Of the six SNPs related to immune function in this study, a functional variant in the 3′UTR of the CRP gene was shown to be associated with severe PE in an American Indian population.
The developing immune system – from foetus to toddler
Authors: Ygberg Sofia , Nilsson Anna
Published: October 2011

During foetal development, neonatal period and childhood, the immune system is constantly maturing. In the foetus, infection responsiveness is low and associates with spontaneous abortion. During the neonatal period, the infection response shifts towards a more pro‐inflammatory response. The immune system of the newborn acquires adaptive features as a result of exposure to microbes.

Conclusion:  The development of the human immune system is a continuous process where both accelerated and retarded development is deleterious.
Fathers' Perceptions of Their Roles During In‐Home Training for Children With Autism
Authors: Donaldson Susan O. , Elder Jennifer H. , Self Erica H. , Christie Meghan B.
Published: October 2011

PROBLEM:  Currently, most research related to parents of children with autism has focused on mothers, and little is known about the fathers' interaction with their children.

PURPOSE:  The purpose of the qualitative study is to assist in more fully describing and understanding fathers' perceptions of their roles, relationships with their children with autism, and participation in an in‐home training intervention designed to enhance parent–child interactions as well as child language and social interactions.

METHODS:  In depth semi‐structured interviews with 10 fathers were conducted at home, videotaped, transcribed, and reviewed for common themes and significant statements

FINDINGS:  Five common themes were discovered, fathers expressed their view of their roles, and fathers reported the father‐directed in‐home intervention was effective in enhancing father–child relationships.

CONCLUSION:  Communication between fathers and their children appears to be the key to a successful relationship. Although verbal communication deficit is a predominant feature of autism, these fathers noted other ways of effective communicating including time spent playing or just being with the child.
Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence on Child Witnesses: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Wood Samantha L. , Sommers Marilyn S.
Published: October 2011

PROBLEM:  Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious social problem that affects all members of a household. Approximately 22% of violent crimes perpetrated against women and 3% against men are related to IPV, and often children witness these crimes. This paper addresses the evidence related to the short‐ and long‐term consequences on the physical, psychosocial, and emotional status of child witnesses.

METHODS:  A systemic review and analysis of the literature was performed with 24 articles from 2000 to 2010 that were identified through electronic search strategies.

FINDINGS:  Differences were found in the behaviors of children who witness and do not witness IPV that have short‐ and long‐term consequences and affect relationships with same‐sex peers, dating partners, and future partners with a clear pattern of dose‐response.

CONCLUSIONS:  Healthcare providers can implement theoretically driven, gender and culturally appropriate interventions for children with a history of IPV exposure with outcomes that positively affect the lives of children.
Externalizing Metaphors: Anxiety and High‐Functioning Autism
Authors: McGuinty Everett , Armstrong David , Nelson John , Sheeler Stephanie
Published: October 2011

TOPIC:  The intent of this article is to explore the efficacy of both the literal and concrete externalization aspects within narrative therapy, and the implementation of interactive metaphors as a combined psychotherapeutic approach for decreasing anxiety with people who present with high‐functioning autism.

PURPOSE:  The purpose of this exploratory article is to propose the use of externalizing metaphors as a treatment modality as a potentially useful way to engage clients. Specifically, a three‐step process of change is described, which allows for concretizing affective states and experiences, and makes use of visual strengths of people presenting with an autism spectrum disorder.

SOURCE:  A selective review was conducted of significant works regarding the process of change in narrative therapy, with particular emphasis on metaphors. Works were selected based on their relevance to the current paper and included both published works (searched via Psyc‐INFO) and materials from narrative training sessions.

CONCLUSIONS:  Further research is needed to address the testable hypotheses resulting from the current model. This line of research would not only establish best practices in a population for which there is no broadly accepted treatment paradigm, but would also contribute to the larger fields of abnormal psychology, emotion regulation, and cognitive psychology by further elucidating the complex ways these systems interact.
Geographic expansion of the cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae) and the evolution of highly UV‐reflecting females
Authors: Fukano Yuya , Satoh Toshiyuki , Hirota Tadao , Nishide Yudai , Obara Yoshiaki
Published: October 2011

Abstract  Reflection of ultraviolet (UV) light by the wings of the female Eurasian cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, shows a large geographic variation. The wings of the female of the European subspecies, P. rapae rapae, reflect little UV light, while butterflies of the Asian subspecies, P. rapae crucivora, may reflect it strongly or at only intermediate levels. The geographic region where P. rapae originated remains to be determined. Moreover, it is not clear if females with wings that reflect little UV light are ancestral to females with wings that reflect UV strongly or vice versa. In the present study, we aimed to determine the geographic origin and ancestral UV pattern of cabbage butterflies through mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence analysis and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. The results of these investigations suggest that P. rapae is of European origin and that it has expanded its distribution eastward to Asia. It follows that the ancestral subspecies is the type with UV‐absorbing wings. Lower nucleotide diversities and haplotype network patterns of mtDNA derived from East Asian populations suggest that population expansion from Europe to East Asia probably occurred fairly recently and at a rapid rate.
Temperature‐dependent development of Neoseiulus barkeri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) at seven constant temperatures
Authors: Jafari Shahriar , Fathipour Yaghoub , Faraji Farid
Published: October 2011

Abstract  The effect of seven constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 27, 30, 35 and 37°C on developmental time of Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes were determined in laboratory conditions under 65%± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 12 : 12 (L : D) h on nymphal stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch. Total developmental time of females (from egg to adult emergence) at the above‐mentioned temperatures was 26.59, 14.43, 6.32, 5.64, 4.59, 3.98 and 4.67 days, respectively. Developmental rate of the N. barkeri increased as temperature increased from 15 to 35°C, but declined at 37°C. A linear and two nonlinear models were fitted to developmental rate of immature stages of N. barkeri to predict the developmental rate as a function of temperature, as well as to estimate the thermal constant (K) and critical temperatures (i.e., Tmin, Topt and Tmax). The estimated values of the Tmin and K for total developmental time using the linear model were 12.07°C and 86.20 degree‐days (DD), respectively. The Tmin and Tmax estimated by the Sharpe‐Schoolfield‐Ikemoto (SSI) model were 11.90°C and 37.41°C, respectively. The estimated Topt for overall immature stage development of N. barkeri by the Lactin and SSI models were 33.89°C and 24.51°C, respectively. Based on the biological criteria of model evaluation, the linear and SSI models were found to be the best models for describing the developmental rate of overall immature stages of N. barkeri and estimating the temperature thresholds.
Testing semiochemicals from aphid, plant and conspecific: attraction of Harmonia axyridis
Authors: Leroy Pascal D. , Schillings Thomas , Farmakidis Julien , Heuskin Stéphanie , Lognay Georges , Verheggen François J. , Brostaux Yves , Haubruge Eric , Francis Frédéric
Published: October 2011

Abstract  Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an invasive specie affecting the dynamics and composition of several guilds. Nowadays, no biological control method is available to reduce the populations of this harmful coccinellid. Attractants and semiochemicals seem to be the best alternative but only few studies have tested the impact of semiochemicals on this Asian lady beetle. In this work, through wind‐tunnel experiments, semiochemicals from aphids (Z,E‐nepetalactone, [E]‐β‐farnesene, α‐pinene and β‐pinene), from coccinellids ([‐]‐β‐caryophyllene) and from the nettle Urtica dioica L. were evaluated as potential attractants. The nettle volatile compounds ([Z]‐3‐hexenol and [E]‐2‐hexenal) were extracted using a Clevenger Apparatus® and identified by headspace gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. In the wind‐tunnel experiments, the main components of the aphid alarm pheromone as well as a component of the aphid sexual pheromone strongly attracted both sexes of the Asian lady beetle while (‐)‐β‐caryophyllene only attracted few individuals and had no impact on the males. The nettle extract as well as the (Z)‐3‐hexenol oriented both males and females to the odor source. The (E)‐2‐hexenal was shown to have no effect on females even if this green leaf volatile attracted males. Because Z,E‐nepetalactone was identified as the most efficient attractant in the wind‐tunnel experiments, this volatile was also tested in a potato field where H. axyridis has been showed to respond to this semiochemical. This study highlighted that Z,E‐nepetalactone orientated the Asian lady beetle H. axyridis under natural conditions, indicating that this volatile compound could certainly help for an efficient biological control approach against this invasive specie.
INFLUENCE OF CHEWING GUM ON THE DISCRIMINATION EFFICIENCY OF 2AFC SENSORY TESTS
Authors: SEPULVEDA D.R. , CHACON R. , CLARK S. , OLIVAS G.I. , JIMENEZ J.
Published: October 2011

A water‐based sucrose solution at subthreshold concentration (1 g/L) and pure water were used to evaluate the discriminative ability of nontrained judges to perform a two‐alternative forced‐choice (2AFC) test after the use of chewing gum for different periods of time. Three types of chewing gum were evaluated: CF, fruit‐flavored caloric (sweetened with sucrose/dextrose); NF, fruit‐flavored noncaloric (sweetened with Sorbitol/Xylitol); and NC, unsweetened, unflavored, unsoftened gum base. Two fixed times and four time classes were selected for the chewing times studied at 2, 5, 10–19, 20–29, 30–39 and ≥40 min. While the control group (no gum) was not able to consistently identify the sweet solution, judges chewing NC, NF and CF were able to do so (α = 0.05) after 5, 10 and 30 min of chewing, respectively. An increase in salivary flow rate, salivary pH and perceptive memory elicited by the gustatory and mechanical stimulation involved in the act of chewing are suggested as possible mechanisms behind the observed effect.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Discriminative sensory analytical methods must be able to reliably detect and quantify differences between samples. Any new test protocol or addition to it, which is able to improve the performance and sensitivity of sensory judges as individuals or as a group, helps in reaching this goal. From a practical point of view, ensuring that a test protocol renders results comparable with those produced by the most sensitive individuals in a given population guarantees the validity and usefulness of the conducted tests and their results. The proposed use of chewing gum as a preparative step in discriminative sensory test protocols is an attempt to finding a method able to increase the discriminative ability of sensory taste panels composed of nontrained judges.
IS THE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT FILE DRAWER EMPTY?
Authors: PAGELL MARK , KRISTAL MEHMET MURAT
Published: October 2011

This essay examines what is in a sense a failed project, and builds on that failure to hopefully stimulate fresh thinking on how we do supply chain management (SCM) research. The initial aim of this discussion forum was to encourage authors with manuscripts that were languishing in a “file drawer” to submit them once more. But the call for papers received one inquiry and no submissions. This seemingly empty file drawer led us in a very different direction, one of trying to understand why the SCM file drawer might be empty. This essay summarizes the assumptions that guided our process of discovery, what we actually did when confronted with no submissions, what we found via our additional data collection and then concludes with some suggestions for moving the field forward.
FINDINGS SWEET AND SOUR
Authors: KAUFMANN LUTZ
Published: October 2011

This essay deals with statistical significance and counterintuitive findings. It highlights techniques to avoid the failure of research projects, and in particular of those in international settings. Finally, it discusses the potential upside of nonsignificance.
‘Too Wild to Succeed’: The Occasional Conformity Bills and the Attempts by the House of Lords to Outlaw the Tack in the Reign of Anne*
Authors: JONES CLYVE
Published: October 2011

By the late 17th century it had been largely established as a part of the ‘constitution’ that the house of commons played the leading role in proposing financial legislation and that the house of lords by convention could not amend such bills, but only accept or reject them. From the late 1670s, the practice developed of the Commons ‘tacking’ money or supply bills to other, controversial legislation, to try to ensure that the Lords would pass the whole bill. This underhand proceeding sometimes worked, but at other times the Lords amended the non‐monetary parts in such a way as to render the bill unacceptable to the Commons, but such actions sometimes resulted in the loss of financial legislation necessary for the king's government. From the 1690s, the whig‐dominated Lords attempted to ‘outlaw’ tory‐backed tacking by protesting at its unparliamentary nature. This culminated in a formal declaration by the House in 1702 of the unconstitutionality of tacking. The last major attempt at tacking took place over the Occasional Conformity Bills of 1702–4. The final bill of 1704 essentially failed, however, because of the party strengths in the Lords when the tories were outvoted by the whigs. The Lords, however, continued to condemn tacking until at least 1709.
Effect of 1‐Methylcyclopropene on Chilling Injury and Quality of Peach Fruit during Cold Storage
Authors: Jin Peng , Shang Haitao , Chen Jingjing , Zhu Hong , Zhao Yingying , Zheng Yonghua
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  The effects of different concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 μL/L) of 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) on chilling injury (CI), fruit quality, and antioxidant enzyme activities in cold‐stored peach fruit (Prunus persica Batsch cv Baifeng) were investigated. The results showed that treatment with 0.5 μL/L 1‐MCP significantly alleviated CI symptoms, including internal browing (IB) and flesh mealiness (FM), and maintained higher fruit quality. In addition, 1‐MCP inhibited the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD), maintained higher activities of antioxidant enzymes and kept the balance of the polygalacturonase (PG)/pectinmethylesterase (PME) ratio. The treatment of 1‐MCP markedly inhibited the increase of electrolyte leakage and the accumulation of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide. Thus, 1‐MCP (0.5 μL/L) treatment is effective in preventing CI and maintaining overall quality in peach fruit. The effect of 1‐MCP on alleviating CI may be due to its capability to enhance antioxidant enzyme activities and to reduce oxidative damage.

Practical Application:  Treatment with 0.5 μL/L 1‐MCP significantly prevented chilling injury and maintained fruit quality in “Baifeng” peaches. In addition, 1‐MCP could enhance antioxidant enzyme activities and alleviate oxidative damage. Thus, 1‐MCP has the potential for application in the Asiatic peach industry.
Simultaneous Enhancement of Free Isoflavone Content and Antioxidant Potential of Soybean by Fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Hwan Nam Dae , Jung Kim Hyo , Sun Lim Ji , Heon Kim Kyoung , Park Cheon‐Seok , Hwan Kim Jeong , Lim Jinkyu , Young Kwon Dae , Kim In‐Ho , Kim Jong‐Sang
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  In order to determine the fungal strain and fermentation period which produce the highest antioxidant activity of fermented soy product, soybean was fermented with Aspergillus oryzae NL 5 isolated from Korean traditional meju produced in Sunchang Yeastopia Land in Korea, and was subjected to analyzing isoflavone profiles and assaying antioxidant activity. Antioxidant potential of the samples was evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, 2,2′‐azinobis (2‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity and total phenolic contents. In addition, antioxidant assay using fluorescent probes, 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescin diacetate and dihydroethidium, in HepG2 cells was conducted for the samples. The results showed that both high isoflavone variety Aga 3 and medium isoflavone variety Daewon of soybean fermented with Asp oryzae NL5 for 4 to 5 d showed the highest increase in free isoflavone contents, together with the highest antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the antioxidant activity of fermented soy was proportional to the concentration of free isoflavones, and was significantly influenced by total isoflavone content of soybean variety and fermentation period.

Practical Application:  Isoflavone profile and antioxidant capacity of soybean were widely variable during fermentation with Asp oryzae, and thereby it is recommended that meju (or koji) preparation condition, in particular, fermentation time is carefully optimized to maximize the antioxidant capacity of soy products fermented by Asp oryzae.
The Black Agonist–Receptor Model of High Potency Sweeteners, and Its Implication to Sweetness Taste and Sweetener Design
Authors: Farkas Attila , Híd János
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  The dose responses of the most commonly used high potency sweeteners (HPSs) have been measured by a more precise sensory procedure. The data were analyzed by Black's pharmacological model that takes into account not only agonist binding affinity but transduction efficiency as well. HPSs are clearly segregated into 2 groups depending on whether they bind to T1R2 or T1R3 of the receptor heterodimer. Surprisingly, the more potent sweeteners have lower transduction efficiencies. The implications of these on consumer product development and HPS design are discussed.
Discrimination between Immature and Mature Green Coffees by Attenuated Total Reflectance and Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Craig Ana Paula , Franca Adriana S. , Oliveira Leandro S.
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the characterization and discrimination between immature and mature or ripe coffee beans. Arabica coffee beans were submitted to FTIR analysis by reflectance readings employing attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and diffuse reflectance (DR) accessories. The obtained spectra were similar, but in general higher absorbance values were observed for nondefective beans in comparison to immature ones. Multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis, PCA, and agglomerative hierarchical clustering, AHC) was performed in order to verify the possibility of discrimination between immature and mature coffee samples. A clear separation between immature and mature coffees was observed based on AHC and PCA analyses of the normalized spectra obtained by employing both ATR and DR accessories. Linear discriminant analysis was employed for developing classification models, with recognition and prediction abilities of 100%. Such results showed that FTIR analysis presents potential for the development of a simple routine methodology for separation of immature and mature coffee beans.

Practical Application:  The ultimate goal of this research is to be able to propose improvements in the way immature coffee beans are separated from graded mature beans in coffee facilities (cooperatives and other coffee producer's associations). The results obtained herein point toward FTIR as a potential tool for the aimed improvements.
Comparison of the Flavor Chemistry and Flavor Stability of Mozzarella and Cheddar Wheys
Authors: Liaw I.W. , Evan Miracle R. , Jervis S.M. , Listiyani M.A.D. , Drake M.A.
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  The flavor and flavor stability of fresh and stored liquid Cheddar and Mozzarella wheys were compared. Pasteurized, fat separated, and unseparated Cheddar and Mozzarella wheys were manufactured in triplicate and evaluated immediately or stored for 72 h at 3 °C. Flavor profiles were documented by descriptive sensory analysis, and volatile components were extracted and characterized by solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and gas chromatography‐olfactometry with aroma extract dilution analysis. Cheddar and Mozzarella wheys were distinct by sensory and volatile analysis (P < 0.05). Fresh Cheddar whey had higher intensities of buttery and sweet aromatic flavors and higher cardboard flavor intensities following storage compared to Mozzarella whey. High aroma impact compounds (FDlog3 > 8) in fresh Cheddar whey included diacetyl, 1‐octen‐3‐one, 2‐phenethanol, butyric acid, and (E)‐2‐nonenal, while those in Mozzarella whey included diacetyl, octanal, (E)‐2‐nonenal, and 2‐phenethanol. Fresh Cheddar whey had higher concentrations of diacetyl, 2/3‐methyl butanal, (E)‐2‐nonenal, 2‐phenethanol, and 1‐octen‐3‐one compared to fresh Mozzarella whey. Lipid oxidation products increased in both whey types during storage but increases were more pronounced in Cheddar whey than Mozzarella whey. Increases in lipid oxidation products were also more pronounced in wheys without fat separation compared to those with fat separation. Results suggest that similar compounds in different concentrations comprise the flavor of these 2 whey sources and that steps should be taken to minimize lipid oxidation during fluid whey processing.

Practical Application:  Cheddar and Mozzarella wheys are the primary sources of dried whey ingredients in the United States. An enhanced understanding of the flavor of these 2 raw product streams will enable manufacturers to identify methods to optimize quality.
Antihypertensive Mechanism of a Peptide‐Enriched Soy Sauce‐Like Seasoning: The Active Constituents and Its Suppressive Effect on Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System
Authors: Nakahara Takeharu , Sugimoto Katsutoshi , Sano Atsushi , Yamaguchi Hitomi , Katayama Hiroshi , Uchida Riichiro
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  We previously reported that a peptide‐enriched soy sauce‐like seasoning called fermented soybean seasoning (FSS) demonstrated antihypertensive effects both in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Dahl salt‐sensitive rats. Angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory substances (9 kinds of dipeptides and a nicotianamine) were identified from FSS. In the present study, we clarified the mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive effects of FSS in SHR. FSS was divided into the nicotianamine fraction and the peptide fraction. The peptide fraction was found to exert a more prevalent antihypertensive effect than the nicotianamine fraction in SHR. Among the peptides, we identified Gly‐Tyr and Ser‐Tyr as the 2 primary substances in FSS that contributed to the antihypertensive effect in SHR. These peptides were neither degraded by acid nor gastrointestinal proteases, and were absorbed into the circulating blood. FSS (2000 mg/kg) exerted ACE inhibitory activity in the lung of rats and provided a decrease (P= 0.0067) in the level of serum aldosterone after a single oral administration in SHR, resulting in the antihypertensive effect. The antihypertensive mechanism was found to be similar to therapeutic ACE inhibitors and other food‐derived ACE inhibitory peptides, which are in wide use and are recognized as safe.
Inhibitory Effects of Various Essential Oils and Individual Components against Extended‐Spectrum Beta‐Lactamase (ESBL) Produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Their Chemical Compositions
Authors: Orhan Ilkay Erdogan , Ozcelik Berrin , Kan Yüksel , Kartal Murat
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  In the current study, in vitro inhibitory activity of several essential oils obtained from the cultivated plants, Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha piperita and M. spicata, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, O. onites, O. vulgare, Satureja cuneifolia, and a number of individual essential oil components of terpene and aromatic types were screened against 10 isolated strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL) enzyme, which makes this microorganism quite resistant against the antibiotics: trimetoprime‐sulfametoksazol, sulbactam‐ampicilin, clavulonate‐amoxicilin, ceftriaxon, cefepime, imipenem, ceftazidime, tobramicine, gentamisine, ofloxacin, and ciprofloksasin. All of the essential oils and the components exerted a remarkable inhibition ranging between 32 and 64 μg/mL against all of these strains as strong as the references (ampicilin and oflaxocin) inhibiting at 32 μg/mL. Besides, chemical compositions of the essential oils were elucidated by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The essential oils and the pure components widely found in essential oils screened herein have shown remarkable inhibition against ESBL‐producing K. pneumoniae strains, which leads to the suggestion that they may be used as food preservatives for this purpose.

Practical Application:  The essential oils obtained from Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha piperita and M. spicata, O.cimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, O. onites, O. vulgare, and Satureja cuneifolia as well as common essential oil components have shown notable inhibitory effects against 10 isolated strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL) enzyme and they might be used as food preservative or ingredient.