bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Content Analysis of Athletic Policies from Selected Interscholastic Athletic Handbooks
Authors: Conn James H.
Published: August 2016

The present study investigated the extent of coverage and distribution of policy content within selected interscholastic athletic handbooks. A total of 400 high schools in the U.S., each state represented by 8 schools, were systematically selected to participate in the study. Each high school was asked to submit its athletic handbook to be examined for content. The content was tabulated in the categories of personnel, student athletes and cheerleaders, medical treatment and safety, organization and governance, public relations, management of events, facilities/equipment/suppiies, fiscal management, and transportation. To determine the uniformity of distribution between major categories and within subcategories, chi square tests of goodness-of-fit were used. Some 40% of the policy statements were found in the categories of personnel (22.9%) and student athletes and cheerleaders (18.0%). Less than 10% of the total were found in fiscal management (4.7%) and transportation (3.6%).
Effect of Applicant Gender on Rating and Selection of Undergraduate Sport Management Interns
Authors: Cuneen Jacquelyn , Sidwell M. Joy
Published: August 2016

This study assessed gender effect in rating/selection of undergraduate sport management interns. Abridged resumés of six fictitious interns were mailed to persons who interview/select students for internships within major league baseball, professional basketball, and football (TV = 52; 64%). A 1 =weakto 7 =strongcontinuum was used to collect ratings to determine if gender biases disfavoring females existed in rating/selection. Respondents also selected one potential intern from the pool. Chi-square indicated no significant gender differences in selection. Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant gender/status effect related to lower qualified intern candidates. Conclusions were that candidates' qualifications and experiences may overshadow discriminatory tendencies, but when females and males are equally qualified, gender biases may favor males' credentials.
Government and Sport in Kerala, India
Authors: Nair Usha Sujit
Published: August 2016

This paper outlines the involvement of the government of the state of Kerala in India in the promotion of sport. The organizational arrangements, the policies, and the specific programs facilitating such involvement are described and discussed. The correspondence between the programs of the Government of India and the Kerala government is highlighted.
Perceived Occupational Stress among NCAA Division I, II, and III Athletic Directors
Authors: Copeland Barry W. , Kirsch Scott
Published: August 2016

Increasing demands among contemporary administrators of intercollegiate athletics may potentially create role overload and lead to occupational stress (0S). The purpose of this study was to identify perceived stress levels of intrinsic administrative tasks among NCAA Division I (n = 37), II (n = 27), and III (n = 44) head athletic directors (ADs), and to determine if these perceptions varied by divisional status. A 21-item survey was administered to randomly selected subjects (N = 108) to assess (a) demographics, (b) general perceptions of OS, and (c) levels of task-related stress, on a 5-point Likert scale. One-way ANOVA and Scheffe's post hoc comparison reveals no significant difference (p > .05) in general perception of job stress across divisions; Ads across divisions reported perceived evidence of, and quick recovery from, OS almost always using a mean cutoff of 3.5. Significant differences (p < .05) for task-related stress were revealed between Divisions I and II in policy decision making and Divisions II and III in fund raising. Budget demands and firing rated highest as almost always (3.5 cutoff) stressful across divisions.
Use of Fitness Facilities, Equipment, and Programs: A Case Study of a Japanese Fitness Club
Authors: Hata Osamu , Umezawa Norio
Published: August 2016

This study examined the rates and patterns of use of the various facilities, equipment, and programs in a Yokohama fitness club. Analyses of the responses of 208 members (males = 98, females = 110) to a specially constructed questionnaire showed that the showers, sauna, bath, and Jacuzzi were the most often used facilities followed by aerobic exercise machines (e.g., exercise bikes and treadmills), the swimming pool, and machines for training the lower and upper body. In addition, four distinct and representative patterns of use of the facilities and equipment were identified. Swimming activities dominated Pattern A, and accordingly it was named the Swimming Pattern (n=59). Pattern B, the Dance and Communication Pattern (n = 15), was characterized by the use of the communication hall and coffee lounge and participation in aerobic dance. Pattern C, the Fashionable Pattern (n = 4), consisted of participation in aerobic dance for men, 1-km swimming, and the use of the tanning corner and restaurant. Finally, Pattern D, the Machine Training Pattern (n = 130), included the use of weights to train the upper and lower body. These results revealed an inefficient use of some of the facilities and equipment of the club. In addition to these findings, respondents preferred their supervisors to be friendly and expressed a desire for a larger swimming pool.
Sex Bias in Evaluating Motor Performance
Authors: Brawley Lawrence R. , Landers Daniel M. , Miller Lynn , Kearns Kathryn F.
Published: August 2016

The phenomenon of women being prejudiced against women in situations involving judgmental or evaluative-type motor tasks was examined. In Study 1, conducted in 1971, 26 male and 26 female college students evaluated both a male and a female accomplice who performed a muscularendurance task. Actual time of task performance was kept constant at 120 sec. Subjects made two estimates for each accomplice: a preperformance time and postperformance time. ANOVA indicated that subjects, regardless of sex, estimated preperformance and postperformance times significantly higher for male accomplices than females. Observers overestimated actual performance of male accomplices but underestimated females. Study 2 replicated Study 1 six years later to examine possible changes in judgmental bias over time. Results replicated the preperformance findings, and partially replicated postperformance results. In contrast to the earlier study, all subjects overestimated actual performance but male accomplices were overestimated to a greater extent than females.
The Modification of the Quality and Quantity of Behavior Categories in a Swimming Coach
Authors: Rnshall Brent S. , Smith Kenneth C.
Published: August 2016

Experimental procedures were implemented in a competitive swimming training situation in order to change the repertoire, quality, and quantity of several behavior categories in a coach. A multiple baseline design was used for scientific verification. Self-recording techniques were instituted for rewarding, providing feedback, and providing feedback after first having rewarded a swimmer. The repertoire of behaviors in these categories was increased through the provision of discriminative stimuli on self-recording sheets. Fading schedules were successfully used to reduce the subject's reliance on the prompt sheets. Rates of occurrence of the target behaviors served as a reinforcing procedure for increasing the emission frequencies. A leaning of reinforcement produced a persistent change in the scope and quantity of the behaviors. Pre- and postexperimental behavior analyses using the Coach Observation Schedule indicated that the affected changes also produced concomitant changes in other behavioral categories.
Differential Figure-ground Perception in Classified and Unclassified Fencers
Authors: Williams Jean M.
Published: August 2016

Identification of psychological and perceptual variables which cause one athlete to be more successful than another may enable coaches to initially better select those individuals who might ultimately have the greatest prospect for success within a given sport. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether a relationship exists between fencing ability and psychological differentiation, as measured by a test of field dependence-independence. Because differentiating the movement of one's body and analytically diagnosing the events during a bout are critical to fencing success, it was hypothesized that higher skilled, classified fencers (N = 26) would be more field independent (as measured by a rod and frame test) than less skilled, unclassified fencers (N = 20). The results were significant and in the hypothesized direction (p < .001). There were no significant differences for age, number of years fenced, and educational background. It was concluded that any assessment of fencing potential should include a rod and frame test to measure field dependence-independence.
The Relationship of Mental Imagery and Mental Rehearsal to Performance of a Motor Task
Authors: Epstein Martha L.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the relationship of internal and external imaginal rehearsal and imaginal style to skilled motor behavior. Dart throwing was used as the dependent measure of physical performance. All subjects were randomly assigned to a control group, an internal mental rehearsal group, or an external mental rehearsal group. After assessing baseline performance, subjects were instructed to mentally rehearse before throwing sets of three darts. Control subjects were given a distracting task prior to throws. The results showed a slight, negative relation between spontaneous external imagery and physical performance. The mental rehearsal factor, however, was not significant. Males significantly outperformed females, and imagery groups had more variability in improvement scores than the control group for women but not for men. It was proposed that females' lower dart-throwing ability may have caused mental practice to be distracting for some subjects, and thus increased improvement variability in the mental rehearsal group. Conclusions regarding the concept of imaginal style as well as the negative relation between motor performance and the propensity to use external imagery were offered.
Mental Preparation Strategies, Cognitions, and Strength Performance
Authors: Gould Daniel , Weinberg Robert , Jackson Allen
Published: August 2016

Two experiments were conducted to determine if different mental preparation strategies produced differential strength performance and whether arousal was the major mediating variable explicating this relationship. In the first experiment, 15 male and 15 female subjects performed under five different mental preparation conditions in a 2 × 5 (sex by mental preparation strategy) Latin square design. The mental preparation conditions included: attentional focus, imagery, preparatory arousal, a control-rest condition, and a counting backwards cognitive-distraction condition. Immediately after employing each technique, all subjects performed four trials on a leg-strength task, and measures of state anxiety and other cognitions were then obtained. The findings revealed that the preparatory arousal and imagery techniques produced the greatest change in performance, with preparatory arousal subjects also reporting the greatest changes in cognitive states. However, due to the possibility of range effects resulting from the within-subjects design used in Experiment I, a second between-subjects experiment was conducted. Thirty males and 30females performed in a 2 × 3 (sex by mental preparation) design using the preparatory arousal, imagery and control conditions of Experiment 1. Only the preparatory arousal condition was found to facilitate performance. However, no consistent changes in cognitive states were found between experiments, and these inconsistent findings were interpreted as being caused by methodological problems associated with self-report assessment of cognitive states.
A Comparison of Sport and Nonsport Occupational Aspirations among Disadvantaged Youth
Authors: McElroy Mary A.
Published: August 2016

Sport and nonsport career choices among economically disadvantaged adolescents enrolled in a summer sports program were explored. It was hypothesized that youngsters with sport career aspirations would demonstrate differences in sport-related attitudes and experiences when compared to youngsters with nonsport career aspirations. Nonsport career aspirations were categorized into two groups: one representing “high prestige” occupations and one representing “low prestige” occupations. Discriminant analysis revealed that disadvantaged youths' career aspirations were differentially related to the sport-related factors. Contrary to warnings of the potential dysfunctional consequences for those who aspire to sport careers, adolescents with sport career aspirations consistently scored higher on achievement-related socialization factors than those aspiring for traditional low-prestige occupations. Sex differences were noted and discussed in light of the role of sport in the lower class social environment.
The Sporting Choice-A Decision/Expectancy Model
Authors: Fiedler Decky , Beach Lee Roy
Published: August 2016

This study uses a Decision/Expectancy model to examine factors contributing to sports preference for college men and women at three levels of participation. Subjects rated the utility of outcomes for nine sports (a sampling of team and nonteam, competitive and recreational activities) and their expectations that each outcome would occur given that they participated in each sport. Subjects were divided into six groups according to current and recent participation in sports activities. A relationship was found between current level of participation and age of earliest participation. Subjective Expected Utilities (SEUs) for groups suggest that differences between groups having different levels of participation were not in their assessments of the utilities of outcomes of participation, because all subjects found positive outcomes equally favorable and negative outcomes equally unfavorable. The groups did differ, however, in their assessment of the probabilities that positive or negative outcomes would occur as a result of their participation. Men and women were very similar in their evaluations. There was a high correlation for groups between SEU and stated preference for the nine sports.
Running as Treatment for Depression: Is It Worth It?
Authors: Weinstein Walter S. , Meyers Andrew W.
Published: August 2016

The present review examined the premise that running is a useful therapeutic strategy in the treatment of depressive states. Four of the major theoretical treatment models of depression were outlined to demonstrate how each conceptualized the relationship of running to improvement in mood. Research was then examined that linked running to improvement in psychological variables other than depression. Finally, research directly pertaining to the effects of running on depression was reviewed. Discussion of conceptual and methodological problems of this research indicated that definitive conclusions regarding the antidepressant properties of running are currently unwarranted. Specific guidelines and refinements for future research were provided.
Elite Divers and Wrestlers: A Comparison Between Open- and Closed-skill Athletes
Authors: Highlen Pamela S. , Bennett Bonnie B.
Published: August 2016

Elite wrestlers (n = 39) and divers (n = 44), representing open- and closed-skill sports, respectively, completed a survey assessing psychological factors associated with training and competition. Of particular interest were factors distinguishing qualifiers from nonqualifiers within and between each sport type. Discriminant analyses and t-tests revealed that as expected self-confidence and concentration distinguished qualifiers from nonqualifiers in both sport groups. Also, as predicted, use of imagery differentiated only the qualifying from the nonqualifying divers. Self-talk items also distinguished the two diving groups on more items than they differentiated the wrestlers. However, when all elite divers were compared with their wrestling counterparts, no differences were found for the imagery scale and self-talk frequency, instruction, and praise items. Anticipatory anxiety patterns for divers and wrestlers were different, with successful divers and less successful wrestlers reporting higher precompetition levels of anxiety. During competition nonqualifiers across sport type reported higher anxiety. Implications for a sport-specific typology of psychological characteristics are discussed.
Attention and Decision Making: A Test of the Predictive Validity of the Test of Attention and Interpersonal Style (TAIS) in a Sport Setting1
Authors: Vallerand Robert J.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between athletes' attentional styles as measured by Nideffer's (1976 a, b) Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style and a performance component, decision making. More making abilities and then divided into good, average, and poor decision makers. It was hypothesized that good, relative to average, and poor decision makers would display a more positive “scan” factor (higher BET, BIT, INFP scales) and a more adequate “focus” factor (low OET, and OIT, but high NAR scales). Results from the analyses of variance revealed no significant differences among the three groups. Furthermore, a discriminant analysis on the good and poor decision makers revealed no clear picture. The present results support Van Schoyck and Grasha's (1981) conclusion that the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Styles does not seem to be sensitive enough to pick up differences in attentional style between performers of different levels.
Self-Regulation and Sport Psychology: Nurturing an Emerging Symbiosis
Authors: Kirschenbaum Daniel S.
Published: August 2016

This paper attempts to demonstrate the interdependence of research and theorizing on self-regulation and sport psychology. The process of maximizing sport performance was conceptualized as a self-regulatory problem. A five-stage model of self-regulation was presented to show the usefulness of this perspective. In particular, the model of self-regulation applied to this problem indicates that athletes should: specify their goals, establish commitments to change, manage their physical and social environments to facilitate pursuit of goals, execute the components of self-regulation to achieve goals (self-monitor, self-evaluate, self-consequate), and attempt to generalize changes achieved via the development of obsessive-compulsive styles of self-regulation. Recent findings in the self-regulation literature were reviewed to show how this conceptualization should be refined. Several applications in sport psychology were then described. This analysis supports the conclusion that (a) sport psychology provides an excellent medium for testing principles of self-regulation, and conversely, (b) self-regulatory models and principles can lead to effective interventions in sport psychology.
An Investigation of Future Market Opportunities for Sport Psychologists
Authors: Schell Bernadette , Hunt Joanne , Lloyd Colleen
Published: August 2016

For this study, questionnaires were distributed to 607 elite athletes, coaches, officials, administrators, and sport psychologists in Canada. Variables were examined to predict the development of the sport psychology profession. It was hypothesized that elite athletes had sport-specific psychological needs requiring the services of sport psychologists. This proposition was supported by the athlete population; however, the sport psychologists themselves felt that the sport-specific knowledge was a secondary issue. The perception of sport psychology services was found to be more positive the more the services were employed. Although awareness of these services was high, the access to sport psychologists was low, a finding which was attributed to a lack of adequate funding. All subgroups tested felt that the role of the sport psychologist is growing in importance and is becoming essential to the elite sporting environment.
A Self-Monitoring Feedback Package for Improving Freestyle Figure Skating Practice
Authors: Hume K. Michelle , Martin Garry L. , Gonzalez Patricia , Cracklen Clayton , Genthon Sheldon
Published: August 2016

Behavioral coaching techniques consisting of instructions, a self-monitoring checklist, and coach feedback were examined at freestyle practice sessions with three female prenovice figure skaters. These techniques were compared to normal coaching procedures for their effects on the frequency of jumps and spins performed, the number of times a skater practiced a routine to music, and the amount of time spent engaging in off-task behaviors during 45-min free-skating sessions. Within a reversal-replication design, the behavioral coaching techniques produced considerable improvement on all dependent measures. Social validation measures indicated that the procedures improved quality of skating and were rated positively by the coach and by two of the three skaters.
Social Psychological Aspects of Competition for Male Youth Sport Participants: III. Determinants of Personal Performance Expectancies
Authors: Scanlan Tara K. , Lewthwaite Rebecca
Published: August 2016

This field study examined predictors of generalized and specific performance expectancies for 76 male wrestlers, ages 9 to 14 years, who participated in the first two rounds of a competitive wrestling tournament. Generalized expectancies were defined as the participants' overall expectancies for successful performance. Specific expectancies were operationalized by asking wrestlers to indicate how sure they were about winning each of their first two tournament matches. High generalized expectancies were predicted by high self-esteem, greater outcome success in the preceding tournament, and boys' perceptions of (a) greater parental and coach satisfaction with their season's performance and (b) a lack of noncontingent performance reactions by their parents. Then high generalized expectancies, along with high perceived wrestling ability and perceptions of greater adult satisfaction with the season's performance, predicted high specific expectancies for the first tournament round. High specific expectancies for the second round were predicted by high generalized expectancies and high perceived wrestling ability. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for a nomological network of wrestlers' specific performance expectancies.
Toward a Cognitive-Affective Model of Athletic Burnout
Authors: Smith Ronald E.
Published: August 2016

Although athletic burnout is a frequent topic of discussion and speculation, little in the way of a conceptual model or empirical data currently exists. An attempt is made to incorporate what is known about the nature, causes, and consequences of burnout within a cognitive-affective model of stress and to note the parallel situational, cognitive, physiologic, and behavioral components of stress and burnout. Thibaut and Kelley's social exchange model is used to define the conditions under which withdrawal from a sport can be attributed to burnout. Empirical findings concerning the causes and consequences of burnout derived from nonathletic populations are incorporated within the athletic burnout model, and its implications for preventing and coping with burnout are discussed. A number of conceptual and methodological issues are discussed, including operationalizing and measuring athletic burnout, the need for epidemiological research, and the assessment of causal and moderator variables. Based upon the literature on burnout in nonsport environments and the literature on sources and consequences of athletic stress, a number of testable hypotheses are advanced.
The Relation off Knowledge Development to Children's Basketball Performance
Authors: French Karen E. , Thomas Jerry R.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the relationship of sport-specific knowledge to the development of children's skills in basketball. Two experiments were conducted. The first compared child expert and novice basketball players in two age leagues, 8-10 years and 11-12 years, on the individual components of basketball performance (control of the basketball, cognitive decisions, and motor execution) and on measures of basketball knowledge, dribbling skill, and shooting skill. Child expert players of both age groups possessed more shooting skill and more basketball knowledge. A canonical correlation analysis indicated that basketball knowledge was related to decision-making skill, whereas dribbling and shooting skill were related to the motor components of control and execution. Experiment 2 examined the changes in the individual components of performance, basketball knowledge, dribbling skill, and shooting skill from the beginning to the end of the season. Subjects improved in the cognitive decision-making and control components of performance across the course of the season, and basketball knowledge increased from the beginning to the end of the season. Only basketball knowledge was a significant predictor of the decision-making component at the end of the season. The overall results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicate that the development of the sport knowledge base plays a salient role in skilled sport performance of children.
Model Similarity Effects on Motor Performance
Authors: McCullagh Penny
Published: August 2016

This experiment extended previous findings on whether model characteristics affect attentional subprocesses and mediate performance changes in an observational learning setting. College women (N = 75) were randomly assigned to groups in a 2 x 2 (Cueing by Model Similarity) factorial design or to a no-model control group. To assess attentional differences, subjects were cued either prior to or subsequent to a demonstration as to model characteristics, and model similarity was manipulated by having subjects view a similar or dissimilar model. All subjects saw the same videotaped demonstration, only their perceptions of model characteristics were manipulated. Subjects performed 20 performance trials in Phase 1 with outcome knowledge of results (KR) and, after a 1-rnin rest period, were given 10 more performance trials without KR in Phase 2. The results from Phase 1 indicated that subjects performed better after watching a model they perceived to be similar than after one they perceived as dissimilar. Phase 2 data indicated that all subjects were performing similarly in terms of outcome scores but that the control group was using a different strategy than the demonstration groups. The investigation found support for performance differences dependent on model characteristics and pointed to the need to examine more than outcome scores when assessing observational learning effects.
Thigh Strains in Competitive Breaststroke Swimmers
Authors: Loosli Alvin R. , Quick June
Published: August 2016

Although shoulder and knee injuries are the most common injuries in swimmers, thigh/groin strains have recently been identified as a critical area in elite competitive breaststroke swimmers. A survey of high-level collegiate breaststroke swimmers revealed a 33% incidence of this hip flexor adductor injury. A comprehensive treatment and prevention program is detailed in this paper.
Conservative Management of Superior Subluxation of the First Rib
Authors: Kamkar Abdulazeem , Cardi-Laurent Candice , Whitney Susan L.
Published: August 2016

First rib subluxation is one possible cause of neck, shoulder, and arm pain. The anatomy and biomechanics of the first rib contribute to its tendency to sublux superiorly. Management of first rib subluxation may include manipulative therapy, therapeutic exercises, pharmaceutical agents, and physical modalities to correct joint dysfunction, decrease soft tissue tension, and prevent recurrence.
Psychological Skills and Adherence to Rehabilitation after Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Scherzer Carrie B. , Brewer Britton W. , Cornelius Allen E. , Van Raalte Judy L. , Petitpas Albert J. , Sklar Joseph H. , Pohlman Mark H. , Krushell Robert J. , Ditmar Terry D.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To examine the relationship between self-reported use of psychological skills and rehabilitation adherence.

Design:

Prospective correlational design.

Setting:

Outpatient physical-therapy clinic specializing in sports medicine.

Patients:

Fifty-four patients (17 women and 37 men) undergoing rehabilitation after anterior-cruciate-ligament reconstruction.

Main Outcome Measures:

An abbreviated version of the Sports Injury Survey (Ievleva & Orlick, 1991) was administered approximately 5 weeks after surgery to assess use of goal setting, imagery, and positive self-talk. Four adherence measures were obtained during the remainder of rehabilitation: attendance at rehabilitation sessions, practitioner ratings of patient adherence at rehabilitation sessions, patient self-reports of home exercise completion, and patient self-reports of home cryotherapy completion.

Results:

Goal setting was positively associated with home exercise completion and practitioner adherence ratings. Positive self-talk was positively correlated with home exercise completion.

Conclusions:

Use of certain psychological skills might contribute to better adherence to sport-injury rehabilitation protocols.
Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness Does Not Alter the Kinematics and Kinetics of the Squat-Lifting Technique
Authors: Armstrong Benjamin D. , Cordova Mitchell L. , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Lawrence Nancy F.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Little research has been done evaluating the effects of muscle soreness on a lifting task.

Objective:

To examine the effects of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in the thigh musculature on kinematic and kinetic variables associated with the squat-lifting technique.

Design:

Pretest–posttest repeated measures, with treatment as the independent variable (DOMS and no DOMS of the thigh musculature).

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Participants:

Twenty healthy college students.

Intervention:

Subjects were videotaped lifting a 157-N crate before and after DOMS inducement.

Main Outcome Measures:

A 2-dimensional sagittal-plane video analysis was used to calculate 7 kinematic and kinetic variables.

Results:

DOMS had no effect on L5/S1 torque and shear or compression, hip torque and range of motion, or knee torque and range of motion during lifting.

Conclusions:

DOMS does not appear to alter kinematic and kinetic variables associated with the squat-lifting technique.
Reliability of Inversion and Eversion Peak- and Average-Torque Measurements from the Biodex System 3 Dynamometer
Authors: Kaminski Thomas W. , Dover Geoff C.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To determine the reliability of inversion and eversion concentric isokinetic-strength measurements from the Biodex System 3 isokinetic dynamometer.

Setting:

University biomechanics research laboratory.

Subjects:

Thirty-five volunteers free from any lower leg and ankle injuries within the preceding year.

Measurements:

Peak (PT) and average (AT) isokinetic torque at 30°/s and 120°/s for subtalar-joint inversion and eversion.

Results:

PT intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1) ranged from .54 to .92. AT ICC2,1 ranged from .55 to .91. These ICCs were good to excellent for both PT and AT at each speed and motion tested, except for fair ICCs produced from right-foot-eversion measurements at 30°/s.

Conclusions:

Inversion and eversion subtalar-joint strength measurements from the Biodex System 3 isokinetic dynamometer are reliable.
Data-Based Interval Throwing Programs for Baseball Position Players from Age 13 to College Level
Authors: Axe Michael J. , Windley Thomas C. , Snyder-Mackler Lynn
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To design interval throwing programs for baseball players other than pitchers from 13 years of age to the college level.

Design:

The authors recorded throws to base, distance of throws, and perceived effort of throws at 4 levels of play. For catchers they also recorded number of throws to the pitcher, number of sprints to first or third base, and time in the squat stance. From these data they designed throwing programs specific to outfielders, infielders, and catchers.

Results:

No significant difference was found between the number of throws and distance of throws for infielders and catchers across all age groups. The mean distance of throws differed significantly between 13-year-olds and all other levels of play.

Conclusion:

The authors devised 1 program for infielders and catchers of all age groups, 1 program for 13-year-old outfielders, and 1 for all other levels.
Recovery of Contractile Properties of the Knee-Extensor Muscles after Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy
Authors: Gapeyeva Helena , Pääsuke Mati , Ereline Jaan , Vaher Vallo , Pintsaar Aivar , Eller Aalo
Published: August 2016

Context:

Contractile characteristics of the knee extensors after arthroscopic meniscectomy are poorly understood.

Objective:

To measure the recovery of knee-extensor-muscle contractility after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy.

Design:

Single-group repeated measures.

Setting:

Kinesiology and biomechanics laboratory.

Subjects:

Fourteen patients with arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomies.

Main Outcome Measures:

Maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) force, rate of force development (MRFDES), and half-relaxation time (HRTES) of evoked tetanic contraction preoperatively and during 6 months postoperatively.

Results:

Two weeks postoperatively, a reduction in MVC force of 27.1% and in MRFDESof 17.8% and a prolongation of HRTESof 34.0% in the injured leg were found. A significant MVC-force deficit (17.5%) was observed 3 months postoperatively.

Conclusions:

The recovery of knee-extensor-muscle voluntary strength is more delayed than are evoked tetanic-contractile characteristics after partial meniscectomy. The rehabilitation protocol seems to be insufficient to attain effective recovery of knee-extensor-muscle voluntary strength.
Maximal Workload and Oxygen Uptake during Exercise after Aortic-Valve Replacement
Authors: Schuchert Andreas , Meinertz Thomas
Published: August 2016

Context:

It is more feasible to assess functional capacity with an exercise test than to measure peak-exercise VO2.

Objective:

To assess whether maximal workload reliably predicts peak VO2.

Patients:

Thirty-six patients after aortic-valve replacement during routine follow-up.

Design:

Incremental symptom-limited cycle exercise test in the upright position with increments of 20 W/min.

Setting:

Out-clinic patients, university hospital.

Main Outcome Measures:

Maximal workload, ventilatory threshold, and peak VO2.

Results:

Maximal workload was 151 ± 39 W, and peak VO2, 1649 ± 486 ml/min. The correlation coefficient between maximal workload and peak VO2 was r = .92 (P < .0001). The regression equation for the estimation of peak VO2 was y = 11.7 (maximal workload in watts) – 110.7. Peak VO2 calculated with this equation was 1657 ± 451 ml/min.

Conclusions:

Maximal workload during ergometry in the upright position reliably predicted peak VO2.
A Multicenter Study of the Test–Retest Reliability of the Lower Extremity Functional Test
Authors: Tabor Michael A. , Davies George J. , Kernozek Thomas W. , Negrete Rodney J. , Hudson Vincent
Published: August 2016

Context:

Many clinicians use functional-performance tests to determine an athlete’s readiness to resume activity; however, research demonstrating reliability of these tests is limited.

Objective:

To introduce the Lower Extremity Functional Test (LEFT) and establish it as a reliable assessment tool.

Design:

Week 1: Subjects participated in a training session. Week 2: Initial maximal-effort time measurements were recorded. Week 3: Retest time measurements were recorded.

Setting:

The University of Wisconsin–La Crosse (UW-L) and the University of Central Florida (UCF).

Subjects:

27 subjects from UW-L and 30 from UCF.

Main Outcome Measures:

Time measurements were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).

Results:

ICC values of .95 and .97 were established at UW-L and UCF, respectively.

Conclusions:

The LEFT is a reliable assessment tool.
Basic Principles of Extremity Joint Mobilization Using a Kaltenborn Approach
Authors: Mangus Brent C. , Hoffman Laura A. , Hoffman Mark A. , Altenburger Peter
Published: August 2016

Context:

Knowledge and understanding of the principles and applications of joint-mobilization techniques are becoming commonplace for entry-level certified athletic trainers.

Data Sources:

Various textbooks written on this topic.

Data Synthesis:

The authors collected information from commonly used textbooks on joint mobilization in both athletic training and physical therapy curriculums.

Conclusion:

Undoubtedly, before using joint mobilization, the clinician should demonstrate mastery-level understanding of joint biomechanics, application principles, and indications and contra-indications. This article provides basic information on the principles of joint mobilization.
Relationship between Maximum Strength and Relative Endurance for the Empty-Can Exercise
Authors: Walker Martha , Sussman Donald , Tamburello Michael , VanLunen Bonnie , Dowling Elizabeth , Jamali Beth Ernst
Published: August 2016

Context:

A strength-endurance diagram predicts that a person should be able to perform 30 repetitions of an exercise if the resistance level is 60% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM).

Objective:

To compare the number of repetitions predicted by the diagram with recorded repetitions of a shoulder exercise.

Design:

Single-group comparison with a standard.

Setting:

University.

Participants:

34 healthy adults (20 women, 14 men) with a mean age of 29 years (range 20–49).

Main Outcome Measures:

The number of repetitions that subjects could perform in good form of a shoulder exercise with resistance of 60% 1RM.

Results:

The mean number of repetitions was 21 (± 3, range 15–28), which was significantly different than the 30 repetitions that the diagram predicted.

Conclusions:

The strength-endurance diagram did not accurately predict the number of repetitions of a shoulder exercise that subjects could perform.
Weight-Bearing and Non-Weight-Bearing Knee-Joint Reposition Sense and Functional Performance
Authors: Drouin Joshua M. , Houglum Peggy A. , Perrin David H. , Gansneder Bruce M.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To determine the relationship between weight-bearing (WB) and non-weight-bearing (NWB) joint reposition sense (JRS) and a functional hop test (FH) and to compare performance on these parameters between athletes and nonathletes.

Design:

Repeated-measures ANOVA and Pearson correlations.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Participants:

40 men (age = 20.8 ± 1.7 y; ht = 176.9 ± 5.8 cm; wt = 82.6 ± 9.5 kg): 20 lacrosse players and 20 nonathletes.

Main Outcome Measures:

Ability to actively reproduce 30° of knee flexion in the WB and NWB conditions and functional performance on a single-leg crossover-hop test.

Results:

No significant correlations were observed between JRS and FH in athletes and nonathletes. No significant differences were observed between athletes and nonathletes in JRS. All participants were significantly more accurate at WB than at NWB JRS.

Conclusions:

There appears to be no relationship between WB or NWB JRS and functional performance, regardless of one’s physical activity level
Rehabilitation After Oswestry Autologous-Chondrocyte Implantation: The OsCell Protocol
Authors: Bailey Andrea , Goodstone Nicola , Roberts Sharon , Hughes Jane , Roberts Simon , van Niekerk Louw , Richardson James , Rees Dai
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To develop a postoperative rehabilitation protocol for patients receiving autologous-chondrocyte implantation (ACI) to repair articular-cartilage defects of the knee.

Data Sources:

careful review of both basic science and clinical literature, personal communication with colleagues dealing with similar cases, and the authors’ experience and expertise in rehabilitating numerous patients with knee pathologies, injuries, and trauma.

Data Synthesis:

Postoperative rehabilitation of the ACI patient plays a critical role in the outcome of the procedure. The goals are to improve function and reduce discomfort by focusing on 3 key elements: weight bearing, range of motion, and strengthening.

Conclusions:

The authors present 2 flexible postoperative protocols to rehabilitate patients after an ACI procedure to the knee.
Cognitive Appraisals, Stress, and Coping: Preinjury and Postinjury Factors Influencing Psychological Adjustment to Sport Injury
Authors: Albinson Courtney B. , Petrie Trent A.
Published: August 2016

Objectives:

To examine the relationships among preinjury and postinjury stress, coping, personality, mood state, and rehabilitation adherence.

Design:

Participants completed measures of preinjury life-event stress, social-support satisfaction, dispositional optimism, and mood state. Injured athletes completed postinjury measures of mood state, coping methods, and cognitive appraisals of stress and coping ability 1, 4, 7, 14, and 28 days postinjury. Their athletic trainer completed a measure of rehabilitation adherence on those days.

Participants:

84 college football players including 19 injured athletes.

Results:

Negative-life-event stress predicted postinjury mood disturbance, which was positively related with appraisals. Appraisals were related to greater avoidance coping at day 7, greater active behavioral coping at days 14 and 28, and less active cognitive coping at day 28. Active behavioral coping was associated with greater mood disturbance, and active cognitive coping and avoidance coping were inversely related.

Conclusions:

Results support cognitive-appraisal models of sport injury and dynamic views of coping with injury.
Windlass Taping Technique for Symptomatic Relief of Plantar Fasciitis
Authors: Jamali Beth , Walker Martha , Hoke Brian , Echternach John
Published: August 2016

Context:

Windlass taping is used to reduce pain in plantar fasciitis and thought to take stress off the plantar fascia.

Objective:

To investigate the effects of windlass taping.

Design:

Single group, repeated measures.

Setting:

Outpatient physical therapy clinics.

Patients:

20 subjects with plantar fasciitis.

Intervention:

Windlass taping technique.

Main Outcome Measures:

Pretaping and posttaping measures included pain levels using a visual analog scale (VAS), resting-stance calcaneal position, tibial position, and navicular height. Fifteen also reported a VAS after wearing the tape for 24 h.

Results:

Median VAS score 37 mm pretape and 6 mm immediately posttape and 24 h later. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed ranks test significant (P = .001) for reduction in pain scores. Paired t tests significant (P = .01) for a difference between means of pretaping and posttaping measurements for resting-stance positions.

Conclusions:

Windlass taping decreased pain in patients with plantar fasciitis and caused small changes in resting-stance positions.
Performance in Static, Dynamic, and Clinical Tests of Postural Control in Individuals with Recurrent Ankle Sprains
Authors: Nakagawa Lyn , Hoffman Mark
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To evaluate postural control in individuals with recurrent ankle sprains with static, dynamic, and clinical balance tests and to examine the relationships between performances in each of these tests.

Design:

Postural control was evaluated with 3 different balance tests in individuals with and without recurrent ankle sprains.

Participants:

19 volunteers with recurrent ankle sprains and 19 uninjured control subjects.

Interventions:

None.

Setting:

University sports-medicine research laboratory.

Main Outcome Measures:

Total excursion of the center of pressure (COP) was calculated for the static and dynamic balance tests. Total reach distance was measured for the Star Excursion Balance Test.

Results:

Subjects with recurrent ankle sprains demonstrated significantly greater excursion of the COP in both the static and dynamic balance tests. Correlations between performances in all tests were very low.

Conclusions:

Recurrent ankle sprains might be associated with reduced postural control as demonstrated by decreased performance in static and dynamic balance tests.
Parallel Reliability of Lumbar-Flexion Measurements
Authors: Vieira Edgar R. , Coury Helenice J.C.G.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Research and clinical recordings of lumbar flexion demand practicable and precise methodology for quantifying variations.

Objective:

To describe and evaluate the parallel reliability of 2 methods of measuring lumbar fexion—perpendicular stick markers (SM) and the distanciometer (DM)—using an electrogoniometer (EGM) as reference.

Design:

Parallel measurement for reliability.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

25 healthy men.

Intervention:

Simultaneous measure of lumbar flexion at preestablished positions (0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°).

Outcome Measures:

Data from SM and DM, recorded simultaneously.

Results:

High parallel reliability was found when comparing the EGM data with the SM (r = .997; measurement error: 0.6° ± 0.7°; no differences: t-test P = .260) and with the DM (r = .962; measurement error: 2.8° ± 1.9°; no differences: t-test P = .973).

Conclusions:

Considering the reliability, practicability, and low cost of the described methods, they can be regarded as applicable and useful.
Certified Athletic Trainers’ Management of Emergencies
Authors: Biddington Carol , Popovich Mary , Kupczyk Noel , Roh Joni
Published: August 2016

Context:

Certified athletic trainers (ATCs) must be able to manage sport-related emergencies.

Objective:

To report emergency medical services (EMS) directors’ perception of how ATCs manage emergencies and ATCs’ comfort level in managing them.

Design:

2 descriptive questionnaires.

Participants:

EMS directors (n = 64) were asked about their perceptions of ATCs’ ability to handle emergencies. ATCs (n = 224) identified their comfort level with handling emergencies.

Results:

EMS directors who had preseason meetings with ATCs had a significantly better perception of the ATCs’ ability to handle emergencies than did those who did not have preseason meetings. ATCs with advanced certifications (emergency medical technician-basic, emergency medical technician-paramedic, and automated external defibrillator) were more comfortable handling emergencies than those without.

Conclusions:

EMS directors and ATCs revealed that ATCs could manage most emergencies that might arise in athletic activities. ATCs had a higher perception of their own ability to manage emergency situations than did the EMS directors.
Anterior-Cruciate-Ligament Reconstruction Using Doubled Hamstring-Tendon Autograft
Authors: Hasebe Yoshiko , Tanabe Yoshie , Yasuda Kazunori
Published: August 2016

Context:

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with doubled hamstring autograft might not sufficiently improve fundamental sports abilities of patients with ACL-deficient knees.

Objective:

To clarify whether ACL reconstruction using the hamstring graft can improve fundamental sports abilities.

Design:

Patients were examined twice, preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively, using the conventional evaluation scales and performance tests.

Participants:

15 athletic patients with ACL reconstruction using hamstring autograft.

Measurements:

A stairs-run test and figure-8 one-leg hop test. Muscle strength and knee stability were measured with Cybex® II and KT-2000® arthrometers, respectively.

Results:

There were no significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative results in the performance tests. The degree of postoperative recovery in the subjective score, the anterior translation of the tibia, and the isokinetic muscle strength was not significantly correlated with the degree of restoration in each performance test.

Conclusions:

Postoperative restoration as measured by conventional evaluation scales is not correlated with restoration of sports abilities in patients with ACL insufficiency.