bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power-loss methodology for a compressor cascade at various Reynolds numbers and its validation
Authors: Wei Wei , Li Xuesong , Ren Xiaodong , Gu Chunwei , Shi Peijie
Published: January 2024

Finding ways to identify and quantify the losses from various sources in turbomachinery is significant for understanding the physical loss mechanisms and improving aerodynamic performance. However, traditional loss-assessment methods fail to reveal the local losses and decouple the flow field. In this paper, a new power-loss methodology is proposed. This methodology defines local and accumulated power losses, and a new method of averaging the total outlet pressure is presented. This establishes a direct relationship between the well-known total pressure loss and the accumulated power loss. The method was verified based on experimental results, the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, and large-eddy simulations of a compressor cascade at various Reynolds numbers. By applying this method, the boundary-layer loss, separation loss, and trailing-edge mixing loss of the compressor cascade were successfully distinguished and quantitatively accounted for. The method has been shown to be a valuable tool for understanding and quantifying the losses experienced in different flow regimes. In conclusion, the power-loss methodology demonstrates the potential for accurate quantitative analysis of local and global loss generation, the investigation of physical mechanisms, and the development of physical models for diverse complex flows beyond just the compressor cascade flow.
Modeling and optimizing the thermodynamics of a flat plate solar collector in transient mode for economic purposes
Authors: Didi Faouzi , Musad Saleh Ebraheem Abdu , Kumar Abhinav , Alawadi Ahmed , Alsaalamy Ali , Alawsi Taif , Alayi Reza , Hosseinzadeh Hasan , Morovati Reza
Published: January 2024

This study aims to optimize the economic thermodynamics of a flat plate solar collector and investigate transient heat transfer. This study focuses on modeling and optimization under unfavorable radiation conditions. The method employed here is optimization using a multi-objective genetic algorithm with the assistance of MATLAB software. The key components include objective functions, constraints, and design variables, which are the collector efficiency and the annual total price. The results indicate that increasing the length of the collector has a negative impact on the thermodynamic efficiency and increases the total annual price. Conversely, increasing the width of the collector initially improves the thermodynamic efficiency but then decreases it while also increasing the total annual price. Furthermore, increasing the number of pipes leads to a decrease in the total annual price and an initial increase followed by a decrease in the thermodynamic efficiency. The research was conducted over four different days.
Prospects and challenges for graphene drums as sensors of individual bacteria
Authors: Rosłoń I. E. , Japaridze A. , Naarden L. , Smeets L. , Dekker C. , van Belkum A. , Steeneken P. G. , Alijani F.
Published: January 2024

Graphene-drum-enabled nanomotion detection can play an important role in probing life at the nanoscale. By combining micro- and nanomechanical systems with optics, nanomotion sensors bridge the gap between mechanics and cellular biophysics. They have allowed investigation of processes involved in metabolism, growth, and structural organization of a large variety of microorganisms, ranging from yeasts to bacterial cells. Using graphene drums, these processes can now be resolved at the single-cell level. In this Perspective, we discuss the key achievements of nanomotion spectroscopy and peek forward into the prospects for application of this single-cell technology in clinical settings. Furthermore, we discuss the steps required for implementation and look into applications beyond microbial sensing.
Bond dissociation energy of N2 measured by state-to-state resolved threshold fragment yield spectra
Authors: Wang Peng , Gong Shiyan , Li Yixuan , Mo Yuxiang
Published: January 2024

The precise determination of the bond dissociation energy of N2 is crucial for thermochemistry database and theoretical calculations. However, there has been ongoing debate regarding its exact value. In this study, we used the velocity map imaging method combined with an extreme ultraviolet laser to measure the threshold fragment yield (TFY) spectra of N2 in the N(2D) + N(2D) photodissociation channels. By integrating the signals within a small circular area on the fragment velocity map images, we were able to obtain TFY spectra at nine different dissociation thresholds. These spectra are rotational state-resolved for the N2(J″) molecules and spin–orbit state-resolved for the dissociation channels involving N(2D) fragments. By employing the Wigner threshold law to simulate the TFY spectra and conducting statistical analysis on the comprehensive dataset, we determined the N2 bond dissociation energy to be 78 691.09 ± 0.15 cm−1. This work now places N2 among the few diatomic molecules with bond dissociation energies measured at sub-wavenumber precision.
UV-VUV absorption spectra of azido-based energetic plasticizer bis(1,3-diazido prop-2-yl)malonate in gas phase
Authors: Bhattacharya Atanu , Singh Param Jeet , Das Suman
Published: January 2024

Ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet photo-absorption spectra of azido (–N3)-based energetic plasticizer, bis(1,3-diazido-prop-2-yl)-malonate (abbreviated as BDAzPM), in the gas phase is recorded at room temperature and in the photon energy range of 5.5–9.9 eV using a synchrotron radiation source. Complementary computational results obtained using the time-dependent density functional theory document the vertical transition energies and oscillator strengths. Comparison of the simulated spectra with the experimental absorption spectrum of BDAzPM reveals that the early part of the absorption spectrum of BDAzPM is of pure valence excitation character, whereas the later intense part of the absorption spectrum is dominated by mixed Rydberg and valence electronic excitations.
Lipid shape and packing are key for optimal design of pH-sensitive mRNA lipid nanoparticles
Authors: Tesei Giulio , Hsiao Ya-Wen , Dabkowska Aleksandra , Grönberg Gunnar , Yanez Arteta Marianna , Ulkoski David , Bray David J. , Trulsson Martin , Ulander Johan , Lund Mikael , Lindfors Lennart
Published: January 2024

The ionizable-lipid component of RNA-containing nanoparticles controls the pH-dependent behavior necessary for an efficient delivery of the cargo—the so-called endosomal escape. However, it is still an empirical exercise to identify optimally performing lipids. Here, we study two well-known ionizable lipids, DLin-MC3-DMA and DLin-DMA using a combination of experiments, multiscale computer simulations, and electrostatic theory. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations, and experimentally measured polar headgroup p

K
a

values, are used to develop a coarse-grained representation of the lipids, which enables the investigation of the pH-dependent behavior of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) through Monte Carlo simulations, in the absence and presence of RNA molecules. Our results show that the charge state of the lipids is determined by the interplay between lipid shape and headgroup chemistry, providing an explanation for the similar pH-dependent ionization state observed for lipids with headgroup p

K
a

values about one-pH-unit apart. The pH dependence of lipid ionization is significantly influenced by the presence of RNA, whereby charge neutrality is achieved by imparting a finite and constant charge per lipid at intermediate pH values. The simulation results are experimentally supported by measurements of α-carbon
13
C-NMR chemical shifts for eGFP mRNA LNPs of both DLin-MC3-DMA and DLin-DMA at various pH conditions. Further, we evaluate the applicability of a mean-field Poisson–Boltzmann theory to capture these phenomena.
On the concept of “educational linguistics”
Authors: Halliday M. A. K. , Williams Geoff
Published: January 2024

This paper was first presented at a language in education conference and workshop held at Murdoch University, Western Australia in December 1989, convened by Michael O’Toole. The conference was one in a series held annually in universities around Australia during the previous decade. It was designed to promote dialogue between leading scholars and other participants, adopting as its theme “Discipline – Dialogue – Difference”. Halliday’s paper was the opening plenary, and it was responded to by Gunther Kress, whose paper follows in this issue.1
Asymmetric contribution of a selectivity filter gate in triggering inactivation of CaV1.3 channels
Authors: del Rivero Morfin Pedro J. , Kochiss Audrey L. , Liedl Klaus R. , Flucher Bernhard E. , Fernández-Quintero Monica L.I. , Ben-Johny Manu
Published: January 2024

Voltage-dependent and Ca2+-dependent inactivation (VDI and CDI, respectively) of CaV channels are two biologically consequential feedback mechanisms that fine-tune Ca2+ entry into neurons and cardiomyocytes. Although known to be initiated by distinct molecular events, how these processes obstruct conduction through the channel pore remains poorly defined. Here, focusing on ultrahighly conserved tryptophan residues in the interdomain interfaces near the selectivity filter of CaV1.3, we demonstrate a critical role for asymmetric conformational changes in mediating VDI and CDI. Specifically, mutagenesis of the domain III–IV interface, but not others, enhanced VDI. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that mutations in distinct selectivity filter interfaces differentially impact conformational flexibility. Furthermore, mutations in distinct domains preferentially disrupt CDI mediated by the N- versus C-lobes of CaM, thus uncovering a scheme of structural bifurcation of CaM signaling. These findings highlight the fundamental importance of the asymmetric arrangement of the pseudotetrameric CaV pore domain for feedback inhibition.
Precise in-situ fabrication of perovskite single crystal arrays via cosolvent based electrohydrodynamic printing
Authors: Yu Rui , Xie Wenshuo , Yang Weili , Yang Xinrui , Duan Yongqing
Published: January 2024

Single crystal (SC) perovskites exhibit superior stability and optoelectronic performance compared to polycrystalline ones, offering significant potential for high-performance and low-cost photovoltaic/optoelectronic applications. However, conventional SC growth processes often require intricate cutting or transferring of SC in the manufacturing of optoelectronic devices. High-resolution, in-situ, and scalable fabrication of perovskite SC arrays remain challenging. In this work, we propose a method for in-situ deposition of cosolvent based perovskite precursor solutions using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing technology. The addition of a cosolvent (which exhibits good chemical compatibility with the precursor and the main solvent, accompanied by lower solubility and vapor pressure) to the mixed solution promotes early-stage supersaturation and nucleation in the solution, enabling precise control over crystal morphology, size, and positioning through in-situ EHD printing. The effect of different cosolvent ratios on SC growth and the inhibition of parasitic crystallization by altering the contact angle of substrate were investigated. Finally, the parameters for precise control of the EHD printing process were investigated, enabling the growth of SC arrays ranging from 1 to 35 μm in size. This strategy offers a direct patterning approach for SC perovskite preparation without complex temperature control or multi-step operation. The printed patterns exhibit high resolution and excellent uniformity, offering significant potential for manufacturing SC-based perovskite optoelectronic devices with precise size and positioning control.
Carbon dioxide reduction utilizing a bismuth halide perovskite as immobilized photocatalyst in a 3D printed microreactor
Authors: Santamaria Cordero Jose A , Lopez Hannia , Ledezma Marisol , Pineda Leslie W , Duran J Esteban
Published: January 2024

The rising concerns about CO2 levels in the atmosphere and energy dependency on non-renewable sources, such as fossil fuels, could find an integral solution in CO2 photocatalytic reduction. The present work explores two alternatives to the main hindering factors for this reaction, i.e. the reactor configuration and the photocatalyst utilized. A microreactor was designed and 3D printed, providing a cheap and versatile reaction platform. Three bismuth halide perovskites, Cs3Bi2Cl9, Cs3Bi2I9, and Cs4MnBi2Cl12, were synthesized and characterized by their band gaps (Eg
); Cs3Bi2I9 presented the lowest Eg
and was therefore chosen for further evaluation as potential CO2-reduction photocatalyst. Aqueous-phase photocatalytic CO2 reduction was achieved using this perovskite in the microreactor, obtaining CO as a reduction product with maximal production rates of 737 μmol gcat
−1 h−1. The reaction system was evaluated under different flow rates and light intensities. A balance between space-time and reactant feed was found to define the behavior of CO concentration and production in the microreactor. For the light intensity, it was observed that as it increased, both CO production and concentration increased due to generating more electron–hole pairs, favoring the photocatalytic reaction. With these results, Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite immobilized in the designed microreactor demonstrates having great potential as an effective CO2 photocatalytic reduction system.
Kinetic simulations of low-pressure inductively coupled plasma: an implicit electromagnetic PIC/MCC model with the ADI-FDTD method
Authors: Fu Chencong , Dong Yicheng , Li Yifei , Wang Weizong , Wang Zihan , Liu Wei
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Low-pressure inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is promising for space electric propulsion. For the first time, an implicit electromagnetic particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision model based on the alternating-direction-implicit finite-difference time-domain (ADI-FDTD) method is developed to investigate low-pressure xenon plasma characteristics of a miniature ICP source. The induced simulated electric field is well consistent with that calculated by the finite element method, indicating that this method can provide an accurate estimation of the electromagnetic field. The simulation time step used in the ADI-FDTD method is no longer restricted by the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy constraints. Compared with the FDTD method, the ADI-FDTD method increases the size of the time step and significantly improves computational efficiency. The method is validated by comparing the simulated and measured electron density and plasma potential profile and reasonable agreement is reached. Therefore, the model is used to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of plasma properties and the influence of the current amplitude of radio frequency (RF) coil, applied frequency of RF coil and neutral gas pressure on the plasma dynamics in the ionization chamber of a miniature gridded RF ion thruster. To explain the influence of the operating parameters, a concept called ‘the energy relaxation characteristics of electrons in response to the change of electric field’ is proposed and verified. The simulations also find that the oscillation frequency of plasma properties is twice the applied frequency of RF coil. The oscillation characteristics reveal the dynamic energy balance in the ICP. The experiment on the gridded RF ion thruster BHRIT-4 confirms the oscillation by measuring the plasma sheath potential.
Performance analysis and prediction of tunable metasurface filter based on electrochemical metallization
Authors: Chen Zhiliang , Wu Kai , Li Zhongyang , Pu Xinyu , Bing Pibin , Zhang Hongtao , Tan Lian , Yao Jianquan
Published: January 2024

In this paper, a tunable metasurface filter based on electrochemical metallization is proposed. The finite element method is used to simulate the formation and rupture of the conductive filament (CF). The geometric structure of the metasurfaces filter is reconstructed by CF to achieve the purpose of tuning the transmission characteristics of the metasurface. Due to the formation of CF in the gap of separated rectangular gold patches, the proposed metasurface simultaneously exhibits the resonance characteristics of two separated rectangular gold patches and unseparated rectangular gold patches. Numerical calculations show that when the radius of the CF increases from 5 nm to 25 nm, the metasurface shows good tunable filtering characteristics, and its quality factor gradually increases. Finally, in order to solve the problem of consuming a lot of time to design metasurface, a deep neural network is used to predict the transmission curves corresponding to different metasurface structures. The results show that the mean square error of the training model is less than 1 × 10−3, which shows superior robustness and generalization, and greatly shortens the time required for design. This design paves a new way to develop optoelectronic devices, such as modulators, sensors and optical switches.
An improved attitude estimation algorithm for suppressing magnetic vector disturbance based on extended Kalman filter
Authors: Zong Yikai , Su Shujing , Gao Yuhong , Zhang Lili
Published: January 2024

This paper proposes an improved attitude estimation algorithm based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF), and it is applied to suppress the accuracy reduction in attitude estimation caused by fusing magnetometer data under large angular motion. In the proposed attitude estimation structure, the approximate variance of the estimated horizontal northbound magnetic vector is used to dynamically adjust the participation of magnetometer data in attitude estimation, as the approximate variance increases significantly under large angular motion and fusing magnetometer data will reduce estimation accuracy. A three-axis position-velocity controlled turntable is used to conduct rocking experiments for validating the proposed attitude estimation algorithm. The results show a significant improvement in yaw angle estimation accuracy with the proposed attitude estimation algorithm and correspondingly enhance the distribution of pitch and roll angle errors.
Deep learning-based wind noise prediction study for automotive clay model
Authors: Huang Lina , Wang Dengfeng , Cao Xiaolin , Zhang Xiaopeng , Huang Bingtong , He Yang , Grabner Gottfried
Published: January 2024

Analyzing and mitigating wind noise in automobiles is a significant issue within the realm of noise, vibration, and harshness. Due to the intricate nature of aeroacoustic generation mechanisms, current conventional methods for wind noise prediction exhibit limitations. Hence, deep learning methods are introduced to investigate wind noise in the side window area of an automotive clay model. During aeroacoustic wind tunnel experiments, side window vibration data and noise data from the driver were collected at experimental wind speeds of 100 km h−1, 120 km h−1, and 140 km h−1, respectively. These data samples were obtained to be used for training and validation of the wind noise model. Convolutional neural network (CNN), residual neural network (ResNet) and long short-term memory neural network (LSTM) algorithms were separately employed to reveal the complex nonlinear relationship between wind noise and its influencing factors, leading to the establishment of a wind noise prediction model. Simultaneously, these deep learning methods were compared with backpropagation neural network (BPNN), extreme learning machine (ELM), and support vector regression (SVR) methods. Conclusion indicates that the LSTM wind noise prediction model not merely exhibits higher accuracy, but furthermore demonstrates superior generalization capabilities, thereby substantiating the superiority of this method.
Surface-enhanced photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy of single molecule confined in coupled Au bowtie nanoantenna
Authors: Pei Huan , Peng Weifeng , Zhang Jiale , Zhao Jiaxin , Qi Jialu , Yu Changjian , Li Jing , Wei Yong
Published: January 2024

Optical nanoantennas possess broad applications in the fields of photodetection, environmental science, biosensing and nonlinear optics, owing to their remarkable ability to enhance and confine the optical field at the nanoscale. In this article, we present a theoretical investigation of surface-enhanced photoluminescence spectroscopy for single molecules confined within novel Au bowtie nanoantenna, covering a wavelength range from the visible to near-infrared spectral regions. We employ the finite element method to quantitatively study the optical enhancement properties of the plasmonic field, quantum yield, Raman scattering and fluorescence. Additionally, we systematically examine the contribution of nonlocal dielectric response in the gap mode to the quantum yield, aiming to gain a better understanding of the fluorescence enhancement mechanism. Our results demonstrate that altering the configuration of the nanoantenna has a significant impact on plasmonic sensitivity. The nonlocal dielectric response plays a crucial role in reducing the quantum yield and corresponding fluorescence intensity when the gap distance is less than 3 nm. However, a substantial excitation field can effectively overcome fluorescence quenching and enhance the fluorescence intensity. By optimizing nanoantenna configuration, the maximum enhancement of surface-enhanced Raman can be turned to 9 and 10 magnitude orders in the visible and near-infrared regions, and 3 and 4 magnitude orders for fluorescence enhancement, respectively. The maximum spatial resolutions of 0.8 nm and 1.5 nm for Raman and fluorescence are also achieved, respectively. Our calculated results not only provide theoretical guidance for the design and application of new nanoantennas, but also contribute to expanding the range of surface-enhanced Raman and fluorescence technology from the visible to the near-infrared region.
Metrical properties of the large products of partial quotients in continued fractions
Authors: Tan Bo , Zhou Qing-Long
Published: January 2024

The study of products of consecutive partial quotients in the continued fraction arises naturally out of the improvements to Dirichlet’s theorem. We study the distribution of the two large products of partial quotients among the first n terms. More precisely, writing

[

a
1

(
x
)
,

a
2

(
x
)
,
…
]

the continued fraction expansion of an irrational number

x
∈
(
0
,
1
)

, for a non-decreasing function

φ
:

N

→

R

, we completely determine the size of the set

F

2

(
φ
)
=

x
∈
[
0
,
1
)
:
∃
1
⩽
k
≠
l
⩽
n
,
 

a

k

(
x
)

a

k
+
1

(
x
)
⩾
φ
(
n
)
,

a

l

(
x
)

a

l
+
1

(
x
)
⩾
φ
(
n
)
 
for infinitely many 
n
∈

N

in terms of Lebesgue measure and Hausdorff dimension.
Regional ventilation distribution before and after laparoscopic lung parenchymal resection
Authors: Xiao Zhibin , Yang Lin , Dai Meng , Lu Wenjun , Liu Feng , Frerichs Inéz , Gao Changjun , Sun Xude , Zhao Zhanqi
Published: January 2024

Objective. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of one-sided pulmonary nodule and tumour on ventilation distribution pre- and post- partial lung resection. Approach. A total of 40 consecutive patients scheduled for laparoscopic lung parenchymal resection were included. Ventilation distribution was measured with electrical impedance tomography (EIT) in supine and surgery lateral positions 72 h before surgery (T1) and 48 h after extubation (T2). Left lung to global ventilation ratio (F
l), the global inhomogeneity index (GI), standard deviation of regional ventilation delay (RVDSD) and pendelluft amplitude (A
pendelluft) were calculated to assess the spatial and temporal ventilation distribution. Main results. After surgery (T2), ventilation at the operated chest sides generally deteriorated compared to T1 as expected. For right-side resection, the differences were significant at both supine and left lateral positions (p < 0.001). The change of RVDSD was in general more heterogeneous. For left-side resection, RVDSD was worse at T2 compared to T1 at left lateral position (p = 0.002). The other EIT-based parameters showed no significant differences between the two time points. No significant differences were observed between supine and lateral positions for the same time points respectively. Significance. In the present study, we found that the surgery side influenced the ventilation distribution. When the resection was performed on the right lung, the postoperative ipsilateral ventilation was reduced and the right lung ratio fell significantly. When the resection was on the left lung, the ventilation delay was significantly increased.
The radial localization of the transition from low to high confinement mode in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak
Authors: Cavedon M , Happel T , Hennequin P , Dux R , Höfler K , Plank U , Pütterich T , Stroth U , Viezzer E , Wolfrum E ,   the ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: January 2024

A novel experimental method is applied to localize the initial suppression of turbulence, in the form of density fluctuations, at the transition from the low (L-) to the high (H-) confinement mode in toroidal magnetic fusion plasmas. The high radial and temporal resolution, combined with the unprecedented statistical significance, provided the awaited information on a possible dominant

E

×

B

shear layer in L-H transition physics. We show, for the first time, that the H-mode turbulence suppression is initiated at the inner

E

×

B

shear layer in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak possibly shedding light on the causality behind the L-H transition process.
Molecular dynamics study of thermal transport across diamond/cubic boron nitride interfaces
Authors: Li Yangyang , Zhao Qiang , Liu Yang , huang Mei , Ouyang Xiaoping
Published: January 2024

The thermal transport properties at the interface of diamond and cubic boron nitride (c-BN) heterostructures significantly influence heat dissipation in high-power electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, a fundamental understanding of the various parameters modulating the interfacial thermal conductance is still lacking. In this work, we employ non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations to systematically investigate the effects of system size, temperature, and defect density on the interfacial thermal conductance across diamond/c-BN interfaces. The results indicate a positive correlation between system length and interface thermal conductance when below the phonon mean free path threshold, attributable to ballistic phonon transport regimes in smaller domains. Additionally, we observe an incremental enhancement in interface thermal conductance with increasing temperature, stemmed from intensified phonon-phonon interactions and reduced boundary scattering of thermal energy carriers. The introduction of vacancy and twinning defects is found to hinder interfacial thermal transport due to heightened phonon scattering processes that impede phononic transmission. The interatomic interactions and lattice dynamics are analyzed to provide insights into the underlying thermal transport physics at the atomistic scale. By tuning the system length from 4 to 16 nm, temperature from 300 to 500 K, and defect density from 0 to 0.4%, we achieve tunable control of the interfacial thermal conductance. Our study elucidates the multiscale mechanisms governing thermal transport across diamond/c-BN and provides potential pathways to actively tailor interfacial thermal properties through structural and temperature engineering. The fundamental understandings are valuable for optimizing heat dissipation and enabling thermal management solutions in next-generation power electronics leveraging these materials.
Length measurement based on multi-wavelength interferometry using numerous stabilized frequency modes of an optical comb
Authors: Park Jungjae , Jang Yoon-Soo , Jin Jonghan
Published: January 2024

The electro-optic comb (EO comb) with a relatively wide mode spacing of 25 GHz can be resolved into individual frequency modes with a commercially available high-resolution spectrometer. The EO comb has numerous discrete frequency modes, which can serve as a light source for a monochromatic laser interferometer to realize the meter. In this study, a method for measuring the absolute distances based on the multi-wavelength interferometer principle is proposed and demonstrated by simultaneously implementing 102 monochromatic laser interferometers using an EO comb. A phase shifting technique was used to determine the phase for each frequency mode by precisely translating a reference mirror with a constant interval. The phases of the interference signals for 102 stabilized individual frequency modes were measured by applying the model-based analysis on the phase-shifted interference signals. The absolute distance can be determined using phase values of a wavelength set corresponding to five to seven randomly selected frequency modes. In this study, the absolute distances for round-trip distances of 166 mm and 1316 mm were measured and the measurement uncertainty of each distance was evaluated. Through the uncertainty analysis of the distance measurement, the combined uncertainties of the measured distances in a short and long ranges were evaluated to be 30.1 nm and 211.1 nm, respectively. In addition, for each distance, the consistent measurement results of absolute distances were obtained through four different wavelength sets, which show the flexibility of wavelength selection in this work.
Accuracy and Preferences for Legal Error
Authors: Mungan Murat C , Obidzinski Marie , Oytana Yves
Published: January 2024

Legal procedures used to determine liability trade-off type-1 errors (e.g., false convictions) against type-2 errors (e.g., false acquittals). After noting that people’s relative preferences for type-1 errors (compared to type-2 errors) appear to be negatively correlated with technological advancements, we study how the accuracy of evidence collection methods may affect the trade-off between these two errors. Counter-intuitively, we find that under some conditions, greater accuracy may result in a higher probability of type-1 error (or type-2 error) maximizing deterrence. Then, assuming both errors are decreasing in accuracy, we characterize the type-1 error that emerges under electoral pressures (when the median voter’s preferences are implemented): convictions occur more often than is socially optimal but less often than is necessary to maximize deterrence. Moreover, as the harm from crime increases, the median voter becomes less tolerant of type-1 errors as the legal system’s accuracy increases. We also show that, because the median voter is less averse toward type-1 errors than the average citizen, an increase in accuracy may reduce welfare.
Transcriptome data from silica-preserved leaf tissue reveal gene flow patterns in a Caribbean bromeliad
Authors: Ruiz-Vargas Natalia , Ramanauskas Karolis , Tyszka Alexa S , Bretz Eric C , Yeo May T S , Mason-Gamer Roberta J , Walker Joseph F
Published: January 2024

Background and Aims

Transcriptome sequencing is a cost-effective approach that allows researchers to study a broad range of questions. However, to preserve RNA for transcriptome sequencing, tissue is often kept in special conditions, such as immediate ultracold freezing. Here, we demonstrate that RNA can be obtained from 6-month-old, field-collected samples stored in silica gel at room temperature. Using these transcriptomes, we explore the evolutionary relationships of the genus Pitcairnia (Bromeliaceae) in the Dominican Republic and infer barriers to gene flow.

Methods

We extracted RNA from silica-dried leaf tissue from 19 Pitcairnia individuals collected across the Dominican Republic. We used a series of macro- and micro-evolutionary approaches to examine the relationships and patterns of gene flow among individuals.

Key Results

We produced high-quality transcriptomes from silica-dried material and demonstrated that evolutionary relationships on the island match geography more closely than species delimitation methods. A population genetic examination indicates that a combination of ecological and geographical features presents barriers to gene flow in Pitcairnia.

Conclusions

Transcriptomes can be obtained from silica-preserved tissue. The genetic diversity among Pitcairnia populations does not warrant classification as separate species, but the Dominican Republic contains several barriers to gene flow, notably the Cordillera Central mountain range.
Linear dichroism measurement of geomagnetic orientation of magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Watarai Hitoshi
Published: January 2024

The magnetic orientation of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in dried and aqueous dispersion samples was investigated under weak magnetic fields down to the geomagnetic field using linear dichroism measurements. The geomagnetic orientation of MNPs was observed when the primary MNPs in dispersions made the agglomerates using a magnetic moment that was about 10 times larger than that of the primary particle.
Specialty Certificate Examination case for general dermatology and dermatology in primary health care
Authors: Fleming Sarah , Byrne Berbie , Granahan Aoife , Andrawis Madonna , Drumm Claire , Rafferty Siobhan , Carty Kieran , Tobin Anne-Marie , Connolly Maureen
Published: January 2024

A 53-year-old male patient was referred from the nephrology department with a 5-week history of an intensely pruritic rash affecting his trunk and the extensor surfaces of his arms and legs.
Can humans smell tastants?
Authors: Mu Shuo , Stieger Markus , Boesveldt Sanne
Published: January 2024

Although studies have shown that olfaction may contribute to the perception of tastant, literature is scarce or circumstantial, especially in humans. This study aims to (i) explore whether humans can perceive solutions of basic prototypical tastants through orthonasal and retronasal olfaction and (ii) to examine what volatile odor compounds (VOCs) underlie this ability. Solutions of 5 basic tastants (sucrose, sodium chloride, citric acid, monosodium glutamate [MSG], quinine) dissolved in water, and 2 fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acid) dissolved in mineral oil were prepared. Triangle discrimination tests were performed (n = 41 in duplicate) to assess whether the tastant solutions can be distinguished from blanks (solvents) through ortho- and retronasal olfaction. Participants were able to distinguish all tastant solutions from blank through orthonasal olfaction. Only sucrose, sodium chloride, oleic acid, and linoleic acid were distinguished from blank by retronasal olfaction. Ethyl dichloroacetate, methylene chloride, and/or acetone were identified in the headspace of sucrose, MSG, and quinine solutions but not in the headspace of water, sodium chloride, and citric acid solutions. Fat oxidation compounds such as alcohols and aldehydes were detected in the headspace of the oleic and linoleic acid solutions but not the mineral oil. We conclude that prototypical tastant solutions can be discriminated from water and fatty acid solutions from mineral oil through orthonasal olfaction. Differences in the volatile headspace composition between blanks and tastant solutions may have facilitated the olfactory discrimination. These findings can have methodological implications for future studies assessing gustatory perception using these prototypical taste compounds.
Emerging Strategies in Lung Cancer Screening: Blood and Beyond
Authors: Bhalla Sheena , Yi Sofia , Gerber David E
Published: January 2024

Background

Although low dose computed tomography (LDCT)-based lung cancer screening (LCS) can decrease lung cancer-related mortality among high-risk individuals, it remains an imperfect and substantially underutilized process. LDCT-based LCS may result in false-positive findings, which can lead to invasive procedures and potential morbidity. Conversely, current guidelines may fail to capture at-risk individuals, particularly those from under-represented minority populations. To address these limitations, numerous biomarkers have emerged to complement LDCT and improve early lung cancer detection.

Content

This review focuses primarily on blood-based biomarkers, including protein, microRNAs, circulating DNA, and methylated DNA panels, in current clinical development for LCS. We also examine other emerging biomarkers—utilizing airway epithelia, exhaled breath, sputum, and urine—under investigation. We highlight challenges and limitations of biomarker testing, as well as recent strategies to integrate molecular strategies with imaging technologies.

Multiple biomarkers are under active investigation for LCS, either to improve risk-stratification after nodule detection or to optimize risk-based patient selection for LDCT-based screening. Results from ongoing and future clinical trials will elucidate the clinical utility of biomarkers in the LCS paradigm.
Efficacy of Lapatinib in Patients with HER2-Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer and HER2-Positive Circulating Tumor Cells—The DETECT III Clinical Trial
Authors: Fehm Tanja , Mueller Volkmar , Banys-Paluchowski Maggie , Fasching Peter A , Friedl Thomas W P , Hartkopf Andreas , Huober Jens , Loehberg Christian , Rack Brigitte , Riethdorf Sabine , Schneeweiss Andreas , Wallwiener Diethelm , Meier-Stiegen Franziska , Krawczyk Natalia , Jaeger Bernadette , Reinhardt Florian , Hoffmann Oliver , Mueller Lothar , Wimberger Pauline , Ruckhaeberle Eugen , Blohmer Jens-Uwe , Cieslik Jan-Philipp , Franken André , Niederacher Dieter , Neubauer Hans , Pantel Klaus , Janni Wolfgang ,   for the DETECT Study Group
Published: January 2024

Background

The phenotypes of tumor cells change during disease progression, but invasive rebiopsies of metastatic lesions are not always feasible. Here we aimed to determine whether initially HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients with HER2-positive circulating tumor cells (CTCs) benefit from a HER2-targeted therapy.

Methods

The open-label, interventional randomized phase III clinical trial (EudraCT Number 2010-024238-46, CliniclTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01619111) recruited from March 2012 until September 2019 with a follow-up duration of 19.5 months. It was a multicenter clinical trial with 94 participating German study centers. A total of 2137 patients with HER2-negative MBC were screened for HER2-positive CTCs with a final modified intention-to-treat population of 101 patients. Eligible patients were randomized to standard therapy with or without lapatinib. Primary study endpoints included CTC clearance (no CTCs at the end of treatment) and secondary endpoints were progression-free survival, overall survival (OS), and safety.

Results

In both treatment arms CTC clearance at first follow-up visit—although not being significantly different for both arms at any time point—was significantly associated with improved OS (42.4 vs 14.1 months; P = 0.002). Patients treated additionally with lapatinib had a significantly improved OS over patients receiving standard treatment (20.5 vs 9.1 months, P = 0.009).

Conclusions

DETECT III is the first clinical study indicating that phenotyping of CTCs might have clinical utility for stratification of MBC cancer patients to HER2-targeting therapies. The OS benefit could be related to lapatinib, but further studies are required to prove this clinical observation.

ClinicalTrials.gov Registration Number: NCT01619111.
Deciphering the Exact Sequence of Endogenous Soluble B Cell Maturation Antigen and Unbiased Quantitation in Multiple Myeloma Patient Samples by LC-MS
Authors: Shen Xiaomeng , Dong Xue , Shi Jianxia , Chen Hao , Lan Yun , Lim Ai Ching , Xie Fang , Ang Agnes , Kratzer Andrea , Rock Dan A , Rock Brooke M
Published: January 2024

Background

B-cell maturation antigen is a pivotal therapeutic target for multiple myeloma (MM). Membrane-bound BCMA can be cleaved by γ-secretase and shed as soluble BCMA (sBCMA). sBCMA can act as a neutralizing sink to compete with drug, as well as serve as a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker for MM. Antibody-capture based methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoaffinity-liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring (IA-LC-MRM), have been reported and well adopted to measure sBCMA in clinical samples. However, both methods are biased by capturing antibodies.

Methods

We have used various LC-MS workflows to characterize and quantify endogenous sBCMA in MM patient samples, including bottom-up peptide mapping, intact analysis, IA-based, and reagent-free (RF)-LC-MRM quantitation.

Results

We have confirmed that sBCMA contains a variable N-terminus and a C-terminus that extends to the transmembrane domain, ending at amino acid 61. Leveraging an in-house synthesized G-1-61 sBCMA recombinant standard, we developed a RF-LC-MRM method for unbiased sBCMA quantitation in MM patient samples. By comparing the results from RF-LC-MRM with ELISA and IA-LC-MRM, we demonstrated that RF-LC-MRM measures a more complete pool of endogenous sBCMA compared to the antibody-based methods.

Conclusions

This work fills the knowledge gap of the exact sequence of endogenous sBCMA for the first time, which differs from the current commercially available standard. Additionally, this work highlights the necessity of identifying the actual sequence of an endogenous soluble target such as sBCMA, both for bioanalytical purposes and to underpin pharmacodynamic measurements.
Meta-Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cell PD-L1 Expression and the Association with Clinical Outcomes in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Acheampong Emmanuel , Allsopp Rebecca C , Page Karen , Wadsley Marc K , Beasley Aaron B , Coombes R Charles , Shaw Jacqui A , Gray Elin S
Published: January 2024

Background

Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression on circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has been suggested to provide prognostic information in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but consensus relative to treatment outcomes is lacking. We conducted the first comprehensive meta-analysis exploring its potential as a prognostic and predictive marker, and assessed the concordance between PD-L1 + CTCs and paired tumor tissue in NSCLC patients.

Method

A comprehensive search was applied to PubMed and EMBASE to identify 26 studies that evaluated PD-L1 + CTCs and their association with survival outcomes in 1236 NSCLC patients.

Results

The meta-analysis estimated a mean PD-L1 + CTCs detection rate of 61% (95% CI, 49–72). Subgroup analysis based on treatment showed that PD-L1 + CTCs was not significantly associated with better overall survival (OS) in NSCLC patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.96, 95% CI, 0.35–2.65, P = 0.944), but was predictive of worse OS in those treated with other therapies (HR = 2.11, 95% CI, 1.32–3.36, P = 0.002). Similarly, PD-L1 + CTCs was not significantly associated with superior progressing free survival (PFS) in NSCLCs treated with ICIs (HR = 0.67, 95% CI, 0.41–1.09, P = 0.121), but was significantly associated with shorter PFS in patients treated with other therapies (HR = 1.91, 95% CI, 1.24–2.94, P = 0.001). The overall estimate for the concordance between PD-L1 expression on CTCs and tumor cells was 63% (95% CI, 44–80).

Conclusion

The average detection rate of PD-L1 + CTCs was comparable to the rate of PD-L1 expression in NSCLC tumors. There was a trend towards better PFS in ICI-treated NSCLC patients with PD-L1 + CTCs. Larger longitudinal studies on the association of PD-L1 + CTCs with clinical outcomes in NSCLC patients treated with ICIs are warranted.
A Practical Approach to Interpreting Circulating Tumor DNA in the Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers
Authors: Allan Zexi , Liu David S , Lee Margaret M , Tie Jeanne , Clemons Nicholas J
Published: January 2024

Background

There is accumulating evidence supporting the clinical use of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in solid tumors, especially in different types of gastrointestinal cancer. As such, appraisal of the current and potential clinical utility of ctDNA is needed to guide clinicians in decision-making to facilitate its general applicability.

Content

In this review, we firstly discuss considerations surrounding specimen collection, processing, storage, and analysis, which affect reporting and interpretation of results. Secondly, we evaluate a selection of studies on colorectal, esophago-gastric, and pancreatic cancer to determine the level of evidence for the use of ctDNA in disease screening, detection of molecular residual disease (MRD) and disease recurrence during surveillance, assessment of therapy response, and guiding targeted therapy. Lastly, we highlight current limitations in the clinical utility of ctDNA and future directions.

Current evidence of ctDNA in gastrointestinal cancer is promising but varies depending on its specific clinical role and cancer type. Larger prospective trials are needed to validate different aspects of ctDNA clinical utility, and standardization of collection protocols, analytical assays, and reporting guidelines should be considered to facilitate its wider applicability.
Breast Cancer Circulating Tumor Cells: Current Clinical Applications and Future Prospects
Authors: Cani Andi K , Hayes Daniel F
Published: January 2024

Background

Identification and characterization of circulating tumor markers, designated as “liquid biopsies,” have greatly impacted the care of cancer patients. Although more recently referring to circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), the term liquid biopsy initially was coined to refer to any blood-borne biomarker related to malignancy, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood. In this manuscript, we review the specific state of the art of CTCs in breast cancer.

Content

Liquid biopsies might play a clinical role across the entire spectrum of breast cancer, from risk assessment, prevention, screening, and treatment. CTC counts have been shown to carry clear, independent prognostic information in the latter situation. However, the clinical utility of CTCs in breast cancer remains to be determined. Nonetheless, in addition to CTC enumeration, analyses of CTCs provide tumor molecular information representing the entire, often-heterogeneous disease, relatively noninvasively and longitudinally. Technological advances have allowed the interrogation of CTC-derived information, providing renewed hope for a clinical role in disease monitoring and precision oncology.

This narrative review examines CTCs, their clinical validity, and current prospects of clinical utility in breast cancer with the goal of improving patient outcomes.
Cardiovascular disease in low- and middle-income countries associated with environmental factors
Authors: Sliwa Karen , Viljoen Charle André , Stewart Simon , Miller Mark R , Prabhakaran Dorairaj , Kumar Raman Krishna , Thienemann Friedrich , Piniero Daniel , Prabhakaran Poornima , Narula Jagat , Pinto Fausto
Published: January 2024

There is a growing recognition that the profound environmental changes that have occurred over the past century pose threats to human health. Many of these environmental factors, including air pollution, noise pollution, as well as exposure to metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and other metals, are particularly detrimental to the cardiovascular health of people living in low-to-middle income countries (LMICs). Low-to-middle income countries are likely to be disproportionally burdened by cardiovascular diseases provoked by environmental factors. Moreover, they have the least capacity to address the core drivers and consequences of this phenomenon. This review summarizes the impact of environmental factors such as climate change, air pollution, and metal exposure on the cardiovascular system, and how these specifically affect people living in LMICs. It also outlines how behaviour changes and interventions that reduce environmental pollution would have significant effects on the cardiovascular health of those from LMICs, and globally.