bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avoidable Cost Concept on Reducing Production Costs of Refillable Drinking Water Industry SME
Authors: Rustan Rustan , Rum Muh. , Hamkah Hamkah
Published: April 2024

Production costs are related to the determination of selling prices so they need to be controlled to control prices in the market. Production costs affect the level of profitability of the company. The purpose of this study is to exploit the extent to which avoidable costs can be reduced in determining production costs. By making some adjustments to production costs such as making efficiency, the production amount of the company's profitability can increase compared to the production costs that are still high. The research was conducted in several small industry-based refillable drinking water industries in the Moncong Loe Region. The analysis technique used is descriptive quantitative with cost accounting calculation method. The results showed that there is a possibility of avoiding some production costs of the refill drinking water industry. Because ineffective costs can be reduced. Based on the evaluation, it can be seen that the production costs applied so far are still high by the indirect raw material costs used. Indirect labor costs also exist but are still seen as costs for routine work. Thus, production costs can be controlled by avoiding some costs so that the selling price can be reduced.
GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAFIC ROCKS IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE YENISEI-KHATANGA TROUGH AND THEIR BELONGING TO THE SIBERIAN TRAP PROVINCE
Authors: Polyansky O. P. , Filippov Yu. F. , Selyatitskii A. Y. , Polyansky P. O.
Published: April 2024

Consideration is being given to the geochemical composition of the rocks, representing the hidden part of the volcanic and intrusive material in the structure of the Yenisei-Khatanga Trough (YKT), in relation to its belonging to a large igneous province (LIP) of Siberia. The geochemical characteristics of mafic rocks, presenting in the sedimentary complexes of the YKT, correspond to three types of mafic rocks allocated to the Siberian LIP: Nadezhdinsky (low Ti), Morongovsky (low Ti), and, in limited quantities, Ivakinsky (rift-related high Ti). Based on the seismic data, there was constructed a deep structural-tectonic cross-sectional model, and there was considered the position of mafic intrusions in the sedimentary section in the western junction zone of the Siberian Platform and the Kara (Taimyr-Severozemelsky) orogen. The seismic data show an anomalous area in the lower crust and at the crust–mantle boundary immediately below the YKT depocenter, whose seismic section is characterized by a chaotic scattered wave field with no reflective boundaries.
ON THE POSSIBLE FORMATION MECHANISM OF THE OPEN FRACTURING IN SEDIMENTARY BASINS
Authors: Rebetsky Yu. L.
Published: April 2024

The paper shows that the formation of orthogonal systems of open macrofractures (cleavages) of sedimentary basins can occur at the stage of diagenesis during the first hundreds of years for a small range of shelf depths (up to 100 m) during sedimentation. During this period, sediments are compacted and the excess water is slowly squeezed out, which determines the decrease in the Poisson’s ratio from values close to 0.5 to values 0.3–0.2. Because of this, in sediments, the stress state of which is almost completely determined only by the gravity of the overlying rocks, is reduced by 50 % or more of the horizontal compression stress level from the initial lithostatic pressure level. On the other hand, if the limit of pseudoplastic flow is reached in the rock, vertical compaction occurs, accompanied by an increase in horizontal compression. These two competing processes together with the factor of fluid pressure in fractures and pores determine the possibility of brittle fracture formation. It is shown that for rocks with a low level of yield strength (clay), compaction leads to an increase in the level of horizontal compression stresses, which makes brittle fracture in such rocks at the stage of diagenesis impossible. In rocks with a high level of strength (sandstone, limestone), brittle fracture due to excess water pressure in the sub­vertical microcracks starts earlier than the shear yield limit is reached.
Targeted Screening for Viral Hepatitis Among Various Ethnic Groups in Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Authors: Van Dijk Anne-Marieke , Isfordink Cas , Boyd Anders , Galenkamp Henrike , Schinkel Janke , Prins Maria , Takkenberg R.Bart , Holleboom Onno , Van Der Valk Marc
Published: April 2024

Background: A significant portion of individuals with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the Netherlands remain undiagnosed, with a majority from migrant backgrounds. Objectives: This study explored whether targeting HBV/HCV screening among individuals with metabolic risk factors enhances screening efficacy within a diverse ethnic cohort. Methods: Participants from six ethnic backgrounds were enlisted from the population-based, prospective HELIUS study in the Netherlands. Included were participants at elevated risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), identified by elevated non-invasive tests (NITs) and/or metabolic risk factors, who were then tested for HBV/HCV. We evaluated screening efficiency, defined as the prevalence of HBV/HCV, by implementing two targeted screening strategies: (1) Testing individuals with elevated NITs; and (2) those with metabolic risk factors. These strategies were compared to a generic testing approach previously utilized in a subset of HELIUS participants. For non-Dutch origin participants, analyses were stratified based on the HBsAg-prevalence in their region of origin: Low (< 2%) and intermediate (2 - 8%). Results: The study included 346 participants at risk for NAFLD, predominantly of Surinamese (n = 180; 45%), Dutch (n = 103; 26%), or Ghanaian (n = 63; 16%) origin. The generic testing approach encompassed 3,050 individuals. Among individuals from low and intermediate HBV-endemic countries, HBsAg-prevalence was 4.7% and 5.3% for those with elevated NITs, 3.9%, and 3.5% for those with metabolic risk factors, and 0.8% and 3.7% for generic testing, respectively. Regarding HCV, two individuals were anti-HCV-positive, with none being HCV-RNA-positive. Conclusions: Targeted screening based on metabolic risk factors or elevated NITs may be more efficient than generic screening among migrants from regions with low HBV prevalence.
Effect of Positive Psychology Online Group Therapy on Spiritual Well-Being, Positive and Negative Affect of Working Women in COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Feizi Marziye , Pour Seyyed Aghaei Zahra Sadat , Sarani Yaztappeh Jafar , Karbalaie Tarkeshdooz Saeedeh , Kianimoghadam Amir Sam , Bakhtiyari Maryam , Ghasemi Niaei Fatemeh
Published: April 2024

Background: Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with the factors shaping mental health, even in dangerous situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic, by emphasizing human capabilities. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the impact of positive psychology in online group meetings on the spiritual well-being and positive and negative effects of Iranian working women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The present study was a clinical trial conducted with a pre-test, post-test, 1-month follow-up, and a control group conducted on all Iranian working women aged 18 - 45 years who were users of social networks (such as Instagram, Telegram, and WhatsApp) in 2022 - 2023. The sample was selected by convenience sampling and included 52 women assigned to the experimental (26 women) and control (26 women) groups. Data were collected using the Spiritual Well-Being scale (SWBS) of Paloutzian and Ellison and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The experimental group received 6 one-hour training sessions. The data were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) through SPSS software (version 22). Results: The MANCOVA results revealed that after the intervention, there was a significant difference between the groups regarding the positive affect variable (P < 0.001), while no difference was observed between the two groups in spiritual well-being and negative affect (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The findings recommend interventions based on positive psychology to increase positive affect due to its emphasis on the positive points of the current situation and strengthening them, leading to the adoption of an active stance towards life. On the other hand, the insignificant effect of the treatment on spiritual well-being and negative effects necessitates more studies and more serious and long-term interventions.
Untargeted LC/HRMS Metabolomics Analysis and Anticancer Activity Assay on MCF-7 and A549 Cells from Coleus amboinicus Lour Leaf Extract
Authors: Gurning Kasta , Suratno Suratno , Astuti Endang , Haryadi Winarto
Published: April 2024

Background: Cancer remains the leading cause of death globally, with breast cancer being the foremost cause among women and lung cancer ranking second for both women and men. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the metabolomic content of Coleus amboinicus leaves and evaluate their anticancer activities against breast and lung cancer cells, thereby providing insights into potential alternative treatments for these cancers and initiating research on active isolates from C. amboinicus leaves. Methods: The research methodology involved maceration using ethanol, followed by multistage partitioning with solvents n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. Phytochemical screening was performed using standard reagents to detect the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, polyphenols, flavonoids, steroids/triterpenoids, and saponins. Metabolomic profiling was conducted using LC/HRMS, and the anticancer activities against lung cancer cells (A549) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were assessed using the MTT assay. Results: The results showed that the C. amboinicus extract contains various secondary metabolite groups such as alkaloids, phenolics and polyphenols, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, and saponins. Conclusions: The diverse metabolomic profile of the C. amboinicus leaf extract demonstrated potential activity against cancer, as evidenced by in vitro tests on lung (A549) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells. C. amboinicus leaf extract shows promise as an active ingredient in the prevention and alternative natural treatment of lung and breast cancer. Further research and testing, both in vivo and clinically, are warranted.
Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Common Bacterial Agents Causing Septic Arthritis in Shiraz, Southwestern Iran
Authors: Kakian Farshad , Eslami Saba , Bagheri Aida , Motamedifar Mohammad
Published: April 2024

Background: Septic arthritis (SA) or infectious arthritis (IA) typically occurs following hematogenous inoculation of pathogenic organisms in susceptible individuals. This infection is commonly a result of hematogenous spread of the infectious agent, inflammation or bone infection dissemination, as well as trauma or surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment of SA are crucial for affected patients. Objectives: This retrospective study aimed to investigate the prevalence of bacterial SA and the trend of antibiotic resistance in a specialized orthopedic and neurosurgery hospital from 2018 to 2020. Methods: Patient records from the hospital admissions between 2018 and 2020 were reviewed. Data including patient age, gender, hospital ward, and antibiotic susceptibility test results were extracted and recorded for analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22 software. Results: Among the 249 cases investigated, 29 positive bacterial cultures were reported (11.6%). The knee joint was the most commonly affected (48.3%), followed by the ankle (27.6%). The most frequently prescribed antibiotics were ciprofloxacin, cefazolin, and cephalexin, respectively. Over the three-year study period, an increase in antibiotic resistance to ciprofloxacin and cefazolin and a decrease in antibiotic resistance to cephalexin were observed. Conclusions: Despite its common occurrence, diagnosing SA can be challenging. Early joint surgery (arthrotomy) along with the initiation of effective antibiotic therapy plays a crucial role in reducing the incidence of complications associated with this disease.
Determining the Relationships Between Genotype and Phenotype Using Molecular Genetic Tools in Chickens
Authors: Hajibarat Zahra , Saidi Abbas , Zeinalabedini Mehrshad , Mardi Mohsen , Reza Ghaffari Mohammad
Published: April 2024

Context: Chicken meat is one of the rich sources of protein and is considered one of the most commonly consumed meats in the world. Enhancing poultry production and its products is achievable through chicken breeding. Effective breeding projects for future genetic improvement require an understanding of the genetic potential of a given population. Evidence Acquisition: Articles were selected based on novel molecular markers related to economic traits of chicken in Animal quantitative trait loci (QTL) database, Ensemble genome browser, CorrDB, ChickVD, Galbase, and Google Scholar. These databases contain QTLs, markers, and reference genomes of chicken. Galbase provides research communities with updated possibilities to conduct thorough functional genomics research on chickens. ChickVD manages high-quality sequence variation data, variation analysis in relation to chicken genes, cDNAs, genetic markers, and QTLs. CorrDB compiles all available chicken genetic and phenotypic trait correlation data to aid in the analysis of genetic networks and facilitate systems biology research. Animal Quantitative Trait Loci Database (Animal QTLdb) gathers and compiles all existing data on trait mapping, including QTL (phenotype/expression, eQTL), candidate gene, association data (GWAS), and copy number variations (CNV) for livestock animal genomes. This comprehensive database facilitates the easier identification and comparison of discoveries within and across species. Ensemble genome browser is a powerful tool for analyzing vertebrate genomes, offering valuable insights into comparative genomics, evolutionary processes, sequence variations, and transcriptional regulation. Results: Valuating the relatedness of the studied broilers and layers is important for maintaining and improving the genetic reserves of the same population. Candidate genes (CGs) are used to determine genes related to economic traits in chickens. Molecular genetic techniques such as whole-genome re-sequencing (WGRS) can identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertion/deletion polymorphisms (indels), structural variations (SV), CNV, and simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and their chromosomal regions in terms of QTL. Recently, the pan-genome (PG) has become one of the most important tools to study genome variation and changes in important traits. The use of molecular markers and CGs can aid in evaluating the genetic relationships between phenotype and genotype of broilers and layers. Conclusions: This review introduces molecular genetic methods and new approaches to identify novel genes related to important biological pathways and significant production and reproductive traits.
Comprehension and second comprehension. The link between Meyerhold’s theory and Chinese drama
Authors: Ян Х.
Published: April 2024

драматическая теория условности Мейерхольда связана с российской местной драмой на эмбриологии исторической логики, но она сильно зависит от эмоционального одобрения и эстетического принятия китайского драматического искусства. Виртуальная сцена, свободный стиль, искусство паузы и стереоскопичная теория стали его источником драматической реформы. В 80-х и 90-х годах драматические идеи Мейерхольда нашли своё второе принятие, они отражались то, как современные драматурги относились к бунтарству драмы, вобрали совместный дух Китая и запада, усилили связи между коммерческими гастролями и смотрами. Исследование взаимоотношений между Мейерхольдым и китайским драматическим искусством имеет показательные значения для поиска преобразования драматического искусства, для осуществления модернизации современной драмы на фоне глобализации, а также для культурного самосознании в процессе возрождения традиционной культуры.

the dramatic theory of Meyerhold is related to Russian local drama of the genesis of historical logic. It depends on the emotional acceptance and the aesthetic comprehension of Chinese drama. The basic of historical drama reform became a virtual scene, a free identity and an art of pauses. During the 1980s and 1990s the dramatical concepts of Meyerhold were born again, got a second comprehension. The modern playwrights, which were serious about the rebellion of drama, have supported concepts and have strengthened linkage between commercial reviews and tours. The study on the relations between the Meyerhold’s theory and Chinese drama is essential for modernization of modern drama and for cultural identity Meyerhold, Chinese drama, comprehension, convention, drama.
Trends in the development of the Tatar language Internet space
Authors: Лутфуллина Г.Ф. , Иванова Т.К.
Published: April 2024

цель данного исследования – выявить основные тенденции развития татарского языка как рдного в интернет пространстве Республики Татарстан. Научная новизна исследования заключается в том, что выявлены положительные аспекты в сферах функционирования татарского языка и намечены новые тенденции развития. Если в целом языковая ситуация в республике характеризуется как положительная, то тенденции роста важны для дальнейшего формирования интернет пространства. В результате выявлены пять аспектов развития интернет пространства татарского языка: 1) размещение публикаций в интернете на английском языке как фактор популяризации исследований за рубежом; 2) систематизация исследований посредством создания единого ресурса по грамматике; 3) повышение эффективности электронных учеников для изучения онлайн; 4) расширение развлекательного контента на татарском языке; 5) закрепление статуса татарского языка как языка повседневного общения внедрением алфавита в существующие мессенджеры. Языковая политика или глоттополитика предполагает два уровня реализации: государственные инструменты регулирования и общественные процессы. Важное формирование уважительного отношение людей к языку, его использование в обиходе. Ключевые слова: татарский язык, интернет пространство, тенденции развития

the purpose of this study is to identify the main trends in the development of the Tatar language as a native language in the Internet space of the Republic of Tatarstan. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that positive aspects have been identified in the areas of functioning of the Tatar language and new development trends have been outlined. If in general the language situation in the republic is characterized as positive, then growth trends are important for the further formation of the Internet space. As a result, five aspects of the development of the Internet space of the Tatar language were identified: 1) posting publications on the Internet in English as a factor in popularizing research abroad; 2) systematization of research through the creation of a grammar website; 3) increasing the effectiveness of e-textbooks for online learning; 4) expansion of entertainment content in the Tatar language; 5) consolidating the status of the Tatar language as a language of everyday communication by introducing the alphabet into existing messengers. Glottopolitics involves two levels of implementation: state regulatory instruments and social processes. It is important to develop people’s respectful attitude towards language and its use in everyday life.
Teaching mathematics taking into account the correction of deviations in the development of students
Authors: Голунова А.А.
Published: April 2024

в статье раскрыта сущность коррекционно-развивающего обучения (КРО) в процессе преподавания школьного курса математики в общеобразовательных учреждениях. Обоснована значимость этого курса в условиях реализации современного ФГОС для детей с отклонениями в развитии и выделены требования к содержанию их предметной подготовки. Разработана методика подготовки будущего учителя математики к преподаванию в классах КРО, включающая разнообразные педагогические приемы, средства и формы активизации познавательной деятельности учащихся с интеллектуальными нарушениями. Предпринята попытка усовершенствования методических аспектов коррекционного курса математики (ККМ) по основным содержательным линиям. Предложена серия коррекционно-развивающих упражнений по математике по коррекции различных отклонений в развитии учащихся. Исследованы и раскрыты психолого-педагогические аспекты формирования классов КРО как результата дифференциации школьного математического образования. Рассмотрены приоритетные направления коррекционно-развивающего математического образования и представлены возможные пути их реализации.

the article reveals the essence of correctional and developmental education (CDE) in the process of teaching school mathematics in general education institutions. The importance of this course in the context of the implementation of the modern Federal State Educational Standard for children with developmental disabilities is substantiated and the requirements for the content of their subject training are highlighted. A methodology has been developed to prepare a future mathematics teacher for teaching in CDE classes, including a variety of pedagogical techniques, means and forms of activating the cognitive activity of students with intellectual disabilities. An attempt has been made to improve the methodological aspects of the correctional mathematics course (CMC) along the main content lines. A series of correctional and developmental exercises in mathematics is proposed to correct various deviations in the development of students. The psychological and pedagogical aspects of the formation of CDE classes as a result of differentiation of school mathematical education are investigated and disclosed. The priority directions of correctional and developmental mathematical education are considered and possible ways of their implementation are presented.
30th anniversary: the positive and negative features of the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993
Authors: Гатауллин З.Ш.
Published: April 2024

в данной статье проводится анализ 30-летнего периода действия Конституции Российской Федерации. Автор выделяет три этапа конституционализма России, на основе конкретных статей основных законов указывает на характерные черты пяти конституций страны. Особое внимание уделяет на 30-летний юбилей действующей Конституции РФ 1993 г. Приводит различные точки зрения конституционалистов, по его мнению одни из которых делают упор на положительные моменты основного закона, другие критически оценивают правовые положения конституции, указывают на не работающие установления. Автор данной статьи также поставил перед собой цель, в первую очередь, определить положительные моменты основного закона страны, указал в статье, прежде всего, на демократический характер конституции, многопартийность, чего не было, более того конституциями советского периода был наложен запрет на создание иной партии, кроме коммунистической. Многоукладность экономики также является позитивным установлением конституции. Из негативных положений, которые нуждаются в реформировании, автор данной статьи указывает на не работающие установления, в частности на не соответствие федерализма «de jure» и «de facto». По мнению автора статьи достаточно заглянуть на положения ст. 73 Конституции Российской Федерации в установлениях которой отсутствует конкретика, какими конкретными полномочиями наделяются субъекты, составляющие саму федерацию.

this article analyzes the 30-year period of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The author identifies three stages of Russian constitutionalism, and points out the characteristic features of the country's five constitutions based on specific articles of the basic laws. He pays special attention to the 30th anniversary of the current Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. He cites various points of view of constitutionalists, in his opinion, some of whom emphasize the positive aspects of the basic law, others critically evaluate the legal provisions of the constitution, point to non-working institutions. The author of this article also set himself the goal, first of all, to identify the positive aspects of the country's basic law, pointed out in the article, first of all, the democratic nature of the constitution, multiparty system, which was not the case, moreover, the constitutions of the Soviet period prohibited the creation of a party other than the communist one. he complexity of the economy is also a positive establishment of the constitution. Of the negative provisions that need to be reformed, the author of this article points to non-working institutions, in particular, the inconsistency of federalism with "de jure" and "de facto". In the opinion of the author of the article, it is enough to look at the provisions of Article 73 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in the provisions of which there is no specificity, what specific powers are given to the subjects that make up the federation itself.
The effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on maternal and childhood health services in Meru County, Kenya
Authors: M'ibui Gervase
Published: April 2024

Background: The outbreak of coronavirus put unprecedented burden on healthcare systems, governments and health professionals worldwide. It caused a global crisis of unequalled magnitude on service delivery and accessibility of essential health services. Women and children in poor countries were most affected. In view of the foregoing, it became necessary to examine the effects of COVID -19 outbreak on Maternal Child Health (MCH) in Meru County Kenya, to recommend mitigation strategies and safeguard the gains previously made in MCH indicators.
Methods: Ethical clearance for the study was sought from Meru University of Science and Technology Institute Research Ethics and Review Committee (MIRERC). Data were gathered through focus group discussions, key informant interviews and review of health records in Meru County. A period of one year before and one year after COVID-19 pandemic were compared in the nine sub-counties. Analysis was done using SPSS computer package and statistical tests carried out using 2t test. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to summarize the data.
Results: There were no significant changes in the overall BCG coverage (p=.30), FIC (p=.098), proportion of pregnant adolescents 10-19 years (p=.83), pregnant women attending at least one ANC visit (p=.41) and the number of WRA who received FP commodities (p=.66). Nevertheless, the proportion of women with 4th antenatal care visit and adolescents 10 - 14 years pregnant at the first ANC visit had lower and higher mean scores during the pandemic with significant changes at p=.05 of (p=0.011) and (p=0.003) respectively.
Conclusions: COVID- 19 pandemic did not fundamentally affect MCH services during the first year of the sickness in Meru County. However, the proportion of teenage pregnancies increased significantly, while the proportion of women with 4th antenatal care visit decreased.
Wildlife-Human Conflicts and Community Perceived Benefits with Proximity to Meru National Park, Kenya
Authors: M'ibui Gervase , Karani Caroline K. , Nkonge Ananias N. , Ireri Edward M.
Published: April 2024

Abstract
 Background: Communities and wildlife living in close proximity bear the brunt of direct impacts from human-wildlife conflicts (HWC). HWC can lead to hostility to animal species and loss of livelihoods and spread of infectious diseases. However, few studies have examined HWC and perceived community benefits with proximity to wildlife conservancies. We examined HWC and perceived community benefits of residents bordering Meru National Park, Kenya.
 Methods: Data were collected via a structured questionnaire and focused group discussion guide in a cross-sectional study. Ethical clearance was obtained from Meru University of Science and Technology Ethical Review Committee (MIRERC). Authority to carry out interviews was sought from the County Government of Meru. Data were coded and analysed through STATA and summarized using descriptive statistics.
 Results: Overall, 96.7 % of the study population were aware of human-wildlife conflict or had experienced it. Elephant, monkey, hyena, lion and the leopard were the frequently reported conflict animals to cause crop damage, loss of livelihood, bodily injuries and destruction of property.
 Conclusions
Only 26.6% of respondents were aware of benefits associated with proximity to the park. A multifaceted approach through KWS, community and government urgencies is essential in the management of HWC, to improve corporate responsibilities and minimization of spread of zoonoses.
Effects of concentrate supplementation on lactating Dromedary Camels during mating season in Isiolo, Kenya
Authors: Thiakunu Florence , Njehia Bernard K. , Nguhiu Purity N. , Arimi Joshua M.
Published: April 2024

Camels are resilient and have a high potential to contribute to food security and economic development in arid areas. However, this potential is being limited by diminishing feed resources due to the effects of climate change. Further, there is an upcoming peri-urban camel production system where the animals are limited in their movement. Consequently, camels do not get enough browse forages in terms of biomass and quality to meet their nutritional requirement. This has resulted in decreased production and reproductive performance. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of concentrate supplementation on lactating camels on productive and reproductive performance during mating season. A diet containing 16.80% crude protein (CP) and a digestible energy of 8.44 MJ/Kg was formulated and supplemented in the evenings with a group of ten camels.  Another group of 10 camels acted as the control. Milking was done in the morning and production from each camel was recorded in liters. Percentage milk fat and protein analysis were done weekly using Gerber and Kjeldahl methods respectively. Serum biochemical levels were determined using spectrophotometry in the fourth week. Confirmation of pregnancy was done on the 5th month after mating by chemiluminescent progesterone assay. Camels were then divided into four groups. These were, supplemented pregnant(4) supplemented and not pregnant(6) un-supplemented pregnant(1), and un-supplemented and not pregnant(9).  Paired mean comparisons were done to ascertain differences within the four groups. Mean daily milk production was 25.26±0.42 and 22.79±0.41 liters for supplemented and un-supplemented groups respectively (p<0.001). Paired mean differences were highest between pregnant supplemented and pregnant un-supplemented pair (p=0.165). Biochemical profiles, mean milk protein and fat percentages were significantly higher for supplemented than un-supplemented (p˂0.05).  All supplemented camels were mated within the first two weeks and had a higher conception rate (40%) than un-supplemented (10%). The study recommends concentrate supplementation during mating season to improve fertility and milk production, especially in pregnant camels.
Innovative pedagogy of competence based training in horticulture: case stuy of TVET Education in Kenya
Authors: Masinde Peter , Arimi Joshua , Owiti Beatrice , Maitethia Daniel , Nawiri Peter , Wesonga John , De Groote Bram , Koomen Irene , Odhiambo Romanus
Published: April 2024

Horticulture is the fastest growing sub-sector in Kenya. It contributes the most towards the envisioned poverty reduction, and overall food security. It is generally a labour-intensive industry with high demand of skilled workers, trained supervisors and professional managers. Most Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education Training colleges (ATVETs) have a very general focus and there is lack of specialized and competent workforce in horticulture. The training is classroom and institutional centred with limited access to necessary resources and facilities, and limited interactions with industry and world of work. In this project, a consortium of partners worked with selected ATVETs to close the skills gaps using a non-traditional pedagogy of competency based training in horticulture. This was by strengthening the capacity of the ATVETs through a strong collaboration and linkages between the education institutions and the private sector to enable practical learning and innovation in the horticulture sector. The project integrated the curriculum for horticulture, water and climate to suit the needs of the students and the labour market, and tailored it to the local context. Each of the participating colleges invested in hands-on training through dedicated agricultural innovation hubs and creating strong links with the local stakeholders. To compliment curricula developed by the Curriculum Development Assessment and Certificate Council (CDACC), training manuals were developed for selected courses. In addition tutors were trained to enhance their capacity in design, delivery and evaluation of competence based education. Problem based learning in the Kenyan context as well as joint learning sessions between Kenyan and Dutch students were the other non-traditional pedagogy methodologies that were explored. The project increased interactions between the ATVET, industry and partners in horticulture within Kenya and in the Netherlands. The ATVETs created more local partnerships relevant to their training and practical work. The students were the primary beneficiaries through enhanced quality teaching. These benefits have been cascaded to the surrounding communities and the impact is expected to be sustainable.
Factors affecting financing of communal sanitation facilities by the public sector in Informal Settlements: A case of Nyalenda informal settlement, Kisumu City.
Authors: Atika Samuel , Elijah Walubuka  , Munene Nguta
Published: April 2024

To close the current sanitation gap, public funding for sanitation has become increasingly insufficient, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. What is concerning in Kenya is not the large number of people who lack access to safe sanitation facilities, but the slow rate at which households can gain access to improved sanitation facilities. A sustainable financing strategy is required, one that will increase resource allocations to the sector, improve the efficiency and effectiveness of existing resources wherever they are found, and tap the potential of alternative financing mechanism. A critical review of policy documents like the County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) shows that there is hardly any documentation on County sanitation plans. Once sanitation lacks in the CIDP, the county can hardly plan for the sector hence making the residents suffer. The study objectives are to examine different sanitation financing options for communal sanitation facilities in Nyalenda informal settlement, to assess factors affecting financing of communal sanitation facilities by public sector in Nyalenda informal settlement and to establish challenges of financing communal sanitation facilities in Nyalenda informal settlement. The study is a descriptive cross-section design. The study used closed and open-ended questionnaires and key informants’ interview in collection of data where n=400. The study established that the dominant communal sanitation financing option in Nyalenda informal settlement was personal contribution (56.0%), followed by NGO financing (40.3%), while the last was County Government financing (0.5%). Public-private partnerships played a crucial role in facilitating sustainable onsite financing for sanitation facilities as evidenced by majority of the respondents agreeing (35.75%). The study recommended the need for diverse financing sources, awareness of available options, and supportive policies to overcome financial challenges.
bioconversion of faecal and kitchen waste using black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens):
Authors: Sibonje Jemimah , Riungu Joy , James Kirimi
Published: April 2024

Novel technologies to convert faecal waste into valuable nutrients provide a win-win situation in enhancing the closed sanitation loop, and providing safe sanitation. In this study, laboratory-scale experiments were set to examine the applicability of the Black Soldier Fly in bioconversion of organic matter (faecal matter (FM) and kitchen waste (KW) while producing larvae biomass rich in protein and fat compounds. To determine the mass balance process, each of the feed substrates (500g) in triplicate and 3 grams of 6-day-old larvae (844 larvae) were introduced. The larval developmental time to 50% pupation, survival rate (SR), waste reduction rates (WR), prepupal yield, bioconversion rate (BCR), feed conversion rate (FCR), and efficiency of digested feed (ECD) were monitored in triplicate at the end of the experiments for mass balance process. Mass balance determination (triplicate) yielded average prepupal yield of 70.43±0.02g and 56.77±0.01g, with protein content per unit ranging from 32.23% to 41.26% and 20.06% to 37.13% on faecal and kitchen waste respectively. The ECD of 17.63±0.01% and 12.05±0.00%, waste reduction of 79.91% and 92.24% from faecal and kitchen waste respectively were obtained. From the findings, both substrates were palatable as BSFL feeds. The study findings show the potential of using BSF larvae technology to valorise faecal and kitchen waste and produce larval biomass rich in proteins and fats.
Security intrusion monitoring model for Internet of Things (IoT) using sniffing tools on wireless sensor networks
Authors: Imathiu Gitonga , Chege Amos , Omamo Amos
Published: April 2024

The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the way devices interact and share data over wireless sensor networks (WSN), enabling seamless connectivity and automation. However, the proliferation of IoT devices has raised serious security and privacy risks concerns due to their inherent vulnerabilities. This paper proposes a model for security intrusion monitoring by analyzing the existing literature and providing insights into the design, implementation, and effective deployment of the proposed model to detect intrusion in IoT using sniffing tools for network traffic analysis in real-time within WSN. The model passively monitors network traffic and identifies anomalous patterns, unauthorized access attempts, and abnormal device behavior. The review findings highlight the significance of the proposed model in enhancing the security of IoT systems. By detecting anomalous behavior and potential security breaches. The model enables timely response and mitigation actions to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA) of IoT devices data. The model includes consideration of network architecture, deployment of intrusion detection algorithms, and establishment of response mechanisms. It identifies various types of security threats, such as unauthorized access attempts, Denial-of-service, Distributed DoS, Brute-force, Heartbleed, Botnet, Inside Infiltration and device tampering, thereby providing response mechanisms that include generating alerts, isolating compromised devices, or blocking suspicious network traffic. The model incorporates a feedback loop to continuously update the detection mechanisms and adapt to evolving security threats in real-time. Series of experiments and simulations to be conducted using various IoT devices and network scenarios to evaluate model effectiveness. The model to comprise of wireless Router, MatLab for Deep Neural Network (DNN) training, Raspberry Pi, Wireshark setup and an array of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The researcher to use dataset by extracting intrinsic, host-based and time-based attributes from Wireshark Sniffing tool. The datasets generated shall be piped by tshark to an output text file saved as a csv. Under-sampling technique to be used to address class imbalance of datasets. The model shall then be trained using the dataset to be able to detect intrusion in IoTs. The results is expected to demonstrate the model's ability to detect a wide range of security intrusions with high accuracy and minimal false positives. In conclusion, the model offers a proactive approach to safeguard IoT deployment. By leveraging sniffing tools and advanced analysis techniques, the model enhances the detection and response capabilities, enabling efficient protection against emerging threats in IoT. However, challenges associated with the model are identified, including the complexity of network monitoring and potential privacy concerns.
logging moratorium in Kenya and its impacts on Community Forests Associations:
Authors: Mwebia Lawrence , Mworia Kiogora , Omae Hildah  Nyougo
Published: April 2024

The Forest Sector is Key to Kenya’s social and economic well-being since most of the financial activities rely on environmental-based resources for their sustenance. The Forest Conservation and Management Act, of 2016, provides for the conservation and management of public, community, and private forests. This has brought a paradigm shift in forest management from central command to involving various stakeholders. Adequate stakeholders' engagement in the direction of forest resources, results in minimal conflicts. Local involvement promotes a sense of ownership to the Forest Adjacent Communities Consequently, reducing conflicts in the management of the forest resources. This dissertation focuses on the impacts of logging moratorium on Community Forest Associations in our state forests, with a focus of two CFAs in Meru County. It uses both quantitative and qualitative research design. An in-depth literature review was, used to enrich the research findings. Data was collected from 289 Mucheene and Ruthumbi CFA residents. Their views on the impacts of logging moratorium to the CFA were also documented. The study found out that forest conservation cannot be delinked from livelihood improvement by the Forest Adjacent Communities. There lie difficulties for the area population of the study area to support their life demands with the moratorium in place owing to the fact that they highly depended on the forest to support their livelihoods pre-moratorium. The study found that 93.4 % of the respondents believe that legal logging promotes job creation in the sawmill value chain circular economy. Findings are expected, to inform policy on forest conservation in collaboration with the FAC. The study recommends that the Government should adopt a regulation mechanism that safeguards logging in the extension forest of the community whenever there is an ongoing logging moratorium in the public forest.
 Communities, Forests, Logging, Moratorium, Livelihoods, Stakeholders engagement.
Situational analysis of occupational safety, health, and dignity of sanitation workers:
Authors: Ngatia Alex Mutahi , Anciano Fiona , Kagendo Dorothy , Riungu Joy
Published: April 2024

The safety, health, and dignity of sanitation workers, despite being critical to global sanitation efforts, have long been neglected. This study sought to assess the occupational hazards faced by sanitation workers in informal settlements as well as examining factors associated with the state of occupational safety, health, and dignity of the informal settlement sanitation workers. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data to provide a holistic understanding of the issues. It employed a case study method to explore the specific challenges faced by sanitation workers in Mukuru slums, considering socioeconomic, environmental, cultural, and policy factors. A sample of 40 sanitation workers was selected for the study based on purposive snowballing technique. Data collection was by use of semi-structured questionnaires, observation, and interviews. The findings revealed significant occupational hazards faced by sanitation workers, including chemical exposure, psychosocial challenges, physical injuries, and biological risks. Socioeconomic factors such as low income and limited education contributed to the workers' vulnerability, while social stigma and discrimination negatively impacted their dignity. Based on the research findings, several recommendations are proposed. These include enhancing training and awareness programs, providing access to personal protective equipment, improving working conditions.
Inhibition of Ralstonia solanacearum by Warburgia ugandensis stem bark and leaf crude extracts obtained using organic solvents
Authors: Libese  Lideke Oliver , Mworia Eric G. , Mwenda Cynthia Mugo
Published: April 2024

Ralstonia solanacearum is a soil-borne bacterial pathogen that poses significant threat to the Solanaceae family and other crops. It causes widespread bacterial wilt, a devastating disease that affects the plant's water transport system, leading to wilting and death. Numerous chemical agents and treatment methods have been employed in attempts to control R. solanacearum, but are ineffective.  The study aimed to determine the in vitro efficacy of W. ugandensis stem bark and leaf crude extracts against R. solanacearum. W. ugandensis stem bark and leaf crude extracts were obtained using organic solvents viz. methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane and hexane. In vitro, antagonistic activities against R. solanacearum of all organic crude extracts of W. ugandensis were determined by standard agar well diffusion assay on Kelman’s 2, 3, 5- triphenyl tetrazolium chloride medium in triplicates. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in the statistical analysis of the mean diameter inhibition zones. All the organic solvents crude extracts of W. ugandensis were inhibitive against R. solanacearum. However, the stem bark crude extracts exhibited significantly higher efficacy against R. solanacearum compared to the leaf crude extracts.  The crude extracts were subjected to a serial dilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). W. ugandensis stem bark dichloromethane crude extracts had the lowest MIC of 1 mg/ml. W. ugandensis stem bark dichloromethane crude extracts were most effective against R. solanacearum. Further research is important to determine the bioactive compounds against R. solanacearum in W. ugandensis stem bark dichloromethane crude extracts.