bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automated reduction of blood coagulation models
Authors: Hansen Kirk B. , Shadden Shawn C.
Published: June 2019

Mathematical modeling of thrombosis typically involves modeling the coagulation cascade. Models of coagulation generally involve the reaction kinetics for dozens of proteins. The resulting system of equations is difficult to parameterize, and its numerical solution is challenging when coupled to blood flow or other physics important to clotting. Prior research suggests that essential aspects of coagulation may be reproduced by simpler models. This evidence motivates a systematic approach to model reduction. We herein introduce an automated framework to generate reduced‐order models of blood coagulation. The framework consists of nested optimizations, where an outer optimization selects the optimal species for the reduced‐order model and an inner optimization selects the optimal reaction rates for the new coagulation network. The framework was tested on an established 34‐species coagulation model to rigorously consider what level of model fidelity is necessary to capture essential coagulation dynamics. The results indicate that a nine‐species reduced‐order model is sufficient to reproduce the thrombin dynamics of the benchmark 34‐species model for a range of tissue factor concentrations, including those not included in the optimization process. Further model reduction begins to compromise the ability to capture the thrombin generation process. The framework proposed herein enables automated development of reduced‐order models of coagulation that maintain essential dynamics used to model thrombosis.
Polystyrene with Persistently Enhanced Fluorescence: Photo‐Induced Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Using a Pyrene‐Based Initiator
Authors: Su Chun‐Hsien , Wu Zhenqiang , Lin Ching‐Kai , Han Hui‐An , Chen Yi‐An , Chou Pi‐Tai , Fu Xuefeng , Peng Chi‐How
Published: June 2019

The pyrene‐based atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator of 1‐pyrenemethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate (PMBriB) was applied to the photo‐induced radical polymerization of methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and styrene. During the polymerization, the fluorescence of the polymer solution caused by the chain end pyrene group was observed to be slightly enhanced in all cases, possibly due to the decline of the aggregation caused quenching (ACQ) effect. However, the fluorescence of polystyrene obtained from photo‐induced ATRP was significantly increased. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) measurements, NMR spectroscopy, and fluorescence measurements associated with a series of control studies demonstrated that the enhanced fluorescence was a persistent phenomenon in both solution and the solid state but the polystyrenes with and without enhanced fluorescence showed no observable difference in chemical bonding and molecular conformation. At this stage, the coexistence of pyrene, 2‐bromoisobutyrate group, styrene, and light was required for this novel phenomenon and the mechanism of this fluorescence enhancement is still being studied.
The diversity of benthic diatoms affects ecosystem productivity in heterogeneous coastal environments
Authors: Virta Leena , Gammal Johanna , Järnström Marie , Bernard Guillaume , Soininen Janne , Norkko Joanna , Norkko Alf
Published: June 2019

The current decrease in biodiversity affects all ecosystems, and the impacts of diversity on ecosystem functioning need to be resolved. So far, marine studies about diversity–ecosystem productivity‐relationships have concentrated on small‐scale, controlled experiments, with often limited relevance to natural ecosystems. Here, we provide a real‐world study on the effects of microorganismal diversity (measured as the diversity of benthic diatom communities) on ecosystem productivity (using chlorophyll a concentration as a surrogate) in a heterogeneous marine coastal archipelago. We collected 78 sediment cores at 17 sites in the northern Baltic Sea and found exceptionally high diatom diversity (328 observed species). We used structural equation models and quantile regression to explore relationships between diatom diversity and productivity. Previous studies have found contradictory results in the relationship between microorganismal diversity and ecosystem productivity, but we showed a linear and positive basal relationship between diatom diversity and productivity, which indicates that diatom diversity most likely forms the lowest boundary for productivity. Thus, although productivity can be high even when diatom diversity is low, high diatom diversity supports high productivity. The trait composition was more effective than taxonomical composition in showing such a relationship, which could be due to niche complementarity. Our results also indicated that environmental heterogeneity leads to substantial patchiness in the diversity of benthic diatom communities, mainly induced by the variation in sediment organic matter content. Therefore, future changes in precipitation and river runoff and associated changes in the quality and quantity of organic matter in the sea, will also affect diatom communities and, hence, ecosystem productivity. Our study suggests that benthic microorganisms are vital for ecosystem productivity, and together with the substantial heterogeneity of coastal ecosystems, they should be considered when evaluating the potential productivity of coastal areas.
Electrochemical and Chemical Synthesis of [ZnTCNQF4(DMF)2]·2DMF – A 2D Network Coordination Polymer
Authors: Tran Manh D. , Lu Jinzhen , Mai Bay V. , Vo Nguyen T. , Le Hai T. , Bond Alan M. , Martin Lisandra L.
Published: June 2019

The synthesis of the 2D network coordination polymer (CP) [ZnTCNQF4(DMF)2]·2DMF by electrochemical and chemical approaches is reported. The electrochemistry of TCNQF4 (TCNQF4 = 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane) in the presence of 0.1 M Zn2+ (as the perchlorate salt) in an MeCN/DMF (MeCN = acetonitrile; DMF = dimethylformamide) solvent mixture (5 % DMF) yields the new CP. Under conditions of cyclic voltammetry, and in the presence of Zn2+, the TCNQF41–/2– diffusion controlled reduction process is replaced by a surface‐based reaction derived from the title compound being formed on the electrode surface. This material also was prepared by the addition of a Zn2+ solution (DMF) to a TCNQF42– solution (MeCN) prepared by bulk reductive electrolysis of neutral TCNQF4. Alternatively, reaction of Zn(ClO4)2 in DMF with Li2TCNQF4 in MeOH forms colourless, highly crystalline material. Characterisation by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and X‐ray powder diffraction (XPD) confirmed that both chemical and electrochemical methods gave the same material, although only the chemical method afforded single crystals suitable for X‐ray structural analysis. X‐ray crystallography and elemental analysis confirmed the empirical formula as [ZnTCNQF4(DMF)2]·2DMF in which two DMF molecules are coordinated to the central zinc ion and the remaining two are present as solvates within the lattice. Analysis by IR, UV/Vis and electrochemical methods confirmed that only TCNQF42– was present upon dissolution of either material in DMF. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which compare well with the experimental IR spectrum were used to assist with the assignment of the major IR bands.
Oxidative Thioesterification of Alkenes Mediated by 1,3‐Dibromo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin and DMSO for the Synthesis of α‐Ketothioesters
Authors: Hua Jiawei , Xu Jiaqi , Xu Jia , Zhou Bochao , Zhang Dong , Yang Zhao , Fang Zheng , Guo Kai
Published: June 2019

A simple and mild approach for the synthesis of α‐ketothioesters via 1,3‐Dibromo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin (DBH)/DMSO mediated oxidative thioesterification of alkenes has been developed. Various of α‐ketothioesters products were produced in moderate to good yields under metal‐free conditions. And this method features readily available starting materials and broad substrate scope. Moreover, a plausible mechanism was proposed based on the methyl bromide captured experiment.
How do economic downturns affect the mental health of children? Evidence from the National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Golberstein Ezra , Gonzales Gilbert , Meara Ellen
Published: June 2019

Research linking economic conditions and health often does not consider children's mental health problems, which are the most common and consequential health issues for children and adolescents. We examine the effects of unemployment rates and housing prices on well‐validated child and adolescent mental health outcomes and use of special education services for emotional problems in the 2001–2013 National Health Interview Survey. We find that the effects of economic conditions on children's mental health are clinically and economically meaningful; children's mental health outcomes worsen as the economy weakens. The effects of economic conditions on child and adolescent mental health are pervasive, found in almost every subgroup that we examine. The use of special education services for emotional problems also rises when economic conditions worsen. Our analyses of possible mechanisms that link economic conditions to child mental health suggest that parental unemployment cannot fully explain the relationship between economic conditions and child mental health.
Prospective observation: Clinical utility of plasma Epstein–Barr virus DNA load in EBV‐associated gastric carcinoma patients
Authors: Qiu Miao‐Zhen , He Cai‐Yun , Lu Shi‐Xun , Guan Wen‐Long , Wang Fang , Wang Xiao‐Jian , Jin Ying , Wang Feng‐Hua , Li Yu‐Hong , Shao Jian‐Yong , Zhou Zhi‐Wei , Yun Jing‐Ping , Xu Rui‐Hua
Published: June 2019

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐associated gastric carcinomas (EBVaGCs) may account for 8–9% of all gastric cancer (GC) patients. All previous reports on EBVaGC were retrospective. Prospective study is warranted to evaluate the exact role of EBV status in predicting the prognosis of GC. It is of special interest to figure out whether dynamic detection of plasma EBV‐DNA load could be a feasible biomarker for the monitor of EBVaGC. From October 2014 to September 2017, we consecutively collected GC patients (n = 2,760) from Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center for EBER examination. We detected EBV‐DNA load in plasma and tissue samples of EBVaGC patients at baseline. Subsequently, plasma EBV‐DNA load was dynamically monitored in EBVaGC patients. The overall prevalence of EBVaGC is 5.1% (140/2,760). The incidence rate of EBVaGC decreased with advanced AJCC 7th TNM stage (p < 0.001), with the corresponding percentages of 9.3, 9.9, 6.7 and 1.4% for Stage I, II, III and IV patients. EBVaGC patients were predominately young males with better histologic differentiation and earlier TNM stage than EBV‐negative GC (EBVnGC) patients. EBVaGC patients were confirmed to had a favorable 3‐year survival rate (EBVaGC vs. EBVnGC: 76.8% vs. 58.2%, p = 0.0001). Though only 52.1% (73/140) EBVaGC patients gained detectable EBV‐DNA and 43.6% (61/140) reached a positive cutoff of 100 copies/ml, we found the plasma EBV‐DNA load in EBVaGC decreased when patients got response, while it increased when disease progressed. Our results suggested that plasma EBV‐DNA is a good marker in predicting recurrence and chemotherapy response for EBVaGC patients.
Chlamydia trachomatisinfection among Ghanaian women undergoing hysterosalpingography for suspected tubal factor infertility
Authors: Beyuo Titus , Oppong Samuel A. , Samba Ali , Beyuo Vera M.
Published: June 2019

Objective

To determine the prevalence ofChlamydia trachomatisinfection and the correlates of tubal pathology among Ghanaian women undergoing hysterosalpingography for suspected tubal factor infertility.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 189 women with infertility who underwent hysterosalpingography at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana, from September 1 to November 30, 2016. Demographic data; obstetric and gynecologic history; and hysterosalpingography findings were collected using a structured questionnaire. Endocervical swabs were tested for the presence ofChlamydia trachomatisusing a rapid antigen‐based diagnostic kit. Associations between the variables were assessed using bivariate analysis.

Results

Positive test results forChlamydia trachomatiswere recorded among 15 participants, giving an overall prevalence of 7.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.1%–11.7%). In all, 67 (35.4%) participants had abnormal findings on hysterosalpingography, with 40 (21.2%) displaying bilateral tubal occlusion. The remaining 122 (64.6%) women had normal findings on hysterosalpingography. Eight participants with normal tubal appearance tested positive forChlamydia trachomatis(prevalence 6.6%, 95%CI2.2%–11.0%), whereas seven participants with abnormal tubal appearance tested positive (prevalence 10.4%, 95%CI3.1%–17.7%;P=0.402). No associations were found between participant characteristics and tubal pathology.

Conclusion

The prevalence ofChlamydia trachomatisdid not differ by hysterosalpingography findings.
The use of Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy to characterize connective tissue components in skeletal muscle of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)
Authors: Sanden Karen W. , Kohler Achim , Afseth Nils K. , Böcker Ulrike , Rønning Sissel B. , Liland Kristian H. , Pedersen Mona E.
Published: June 2019

In the present study, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is investigated as a method to measure connective tissue components that are important for the quality of Atlantic cod filets (Gadus morhua L.). The Atlantic cod used in this study originated from a feeding trial, which found that fish fed a high starch diet contained relative more collagen type I, while fish fed a low starch (LS) diet contained relative more glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the connective tissue. FTIR spectra of pure commercial collagen type I and GAGs were acquired to identify spectral markers and compare them with FTIR spectra and images from connective tissue. Using principal component analysis, high and LS diets were separated due to collagen type I in the spectral region 1800 to 800 cm−1. The spatial distribution of collagen type I and GAGs were further investigated by FTIR imaging in combination with immunohistochemistry. Pixel‐wise correlation images were calculated between preprocessed connective tissue images and preprocessed pure components spectra of collagen type I and GAGs, respectively. For collagen, the FTIR images reveal a collagen distribution that closely resembles the collagen distribution as imaged by immunohistochemistry. For GAGs, the concentration is very low. Still, the FTIR images detect the most GAGs rich regions.
Novel dual‐responsive semi‐interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels for controlled release of anticancer drugs
Authors: Dadfar Seyed Mohammad Reza , Pourmahdian Saeed , Tehranchi Mohammad Mehdi , Dadfar Seyed Mohammadali
Published: June 2019

Novel dual‐responsive hydrogels of semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (semi‐IPNs) based on temperature‐sensitive N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAA) and pH‐sensitive N‐ethylmaleamic acid (NEMA) monomers and sodium alginate polymer were synthesized using free‐radical polymerization in the presence of N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker. Stimuli‐responsive properties of the semi‐IPN hydrogels showed remarkable sensitivity to both temperature and pH without limitation in NEMA content. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) as a model drug was efficiently loaded into the hydrogels and the release profiles of drug from them were investigated. The results of in vitro studies showed a quick DOX release in the conditions simulating tumor environment (phosphate‐buffered saline [PBS], pH 6.5, 37°C) or endosomes/lysosomes (PBS, pH 5.5, 37°C) compared to simulated human physiological conditions (PBS, pH 7.4, 37°C). In conclusion, the novel poly(NIPAA‐co‐NEMA) semi‐IPN hydrogels could be a promising candidate for targeted and controlled release of anticancer drugs in drug delivery system.
Corrosion behavior and mechanical degradation of as‐extruded Mg–Gd–Zn–Zr alloys for orthopedic application
Authors: Zhang Xiaobo , Dai Jianwei , Dong Qiangsheng , Ba Zhixin , Wu Yujuan
Published: June 2019

The microstructures, corrosion behavior, and mechanical degradation of the as‐extruded Mg–6.0Gd–0.5Zn–0.4Zr (wt %, GZ60K) and Mg–6.0Gd–1.0Zn–0.4Zr (wt %, GZ61K) alloys were investigated. In both alloys, stacking faults and precipitates are formed in the recrystallized microstructures. The corrosion rate of GZ61K calculated by the hydrogen evolution in simulated body fluid is 0.34 ± 0.13 mm/year, which is lower than that of GZ60K (0.45 ± 0.09 mm/year); and the current density of GZ61K (5.23 ± 1.41 μA cm−2) is much lower than that of GZ60K (11.95 ± 3.37 μA cm−2). The corrosion results indicate GZ61K is more resistant to corrosion than GZ60K, but GZ60K presents more uniform corrosion mode as compared to GZ61K. After immersion in simulated body fluid for 7, 14, and 21 days, a slight decrease in the strength of both alloys is observed. The yield strength half‐life is assessed for mechanical degradation and determined to be 125 and 85 days for GZ60K and GZ61K, respectively. The as‐extruded GZ60K alloy with more uniform corrosion and longer mechanical integrity shows promising potential for orthopedic application.
The insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3 and its death receptor in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma poor prognosis
Authors: Gheysarzadeh Ali , Bakhtiari Hadi , Ansari Amir , Emami Razavi Amirnader , Emami Mohammad H. , Mofid Mohammad R.
Published: June 2019

Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3) and its newly discovered death receptor (IGFBP‐3R) have been reported to involve in a wide variety of cancers. However, their role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not been elucidated yet. Here, 478 pancreatic cancers were screened for primary PDAC tumors. The samples were evaluated using quantitative reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry staining. The results indicated that relative IGFBP‐3 mRNA expression and its protein level were reduced stage dependently in the PDAC tumors (p < .001 and p < .05, respectively). The subcellular distribution of IGFBP‐3 was mainly nuclear only in Stage 0 + 1 (about 150% compared to adjacent normal tissues [p < .05]). The value for IGFBP‐3R messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were also reduced in tumors in compared to adjacent normal pancreatic tissues (p < .05). The Kaplan–Meier analysis also showed that mRNA expression of IGFBP‐3 and IGFBP‐3R was positively associated with survival, (p = .001). In addition, there is a strong association between low expression of IGFBP‐3 and tumor size (p = .032), the lymphatic invasion (p = .001), the TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) staging (p = .001), tumor differentiation (p = .001), and PNI status (p = .021). Down‐regulation of IGFBP‐3R was also correlated with the tumor size (p = .01), the lymphatic invasion (p = .012) TNM staging (p = .001), tumor differentiation (p = .021) and PNI status (p = .038). In conclusion, IGFBP‐3 and its receptor were down‐regulated and their expression was associated with poor prognosis of PDAC.
Risk Factors for Rotator Cuff Disease: An Experimental Study on Intact Human Subscapularis Tendons
Authors: Plachel Fabian , Moroder Philipp , Gehwolf Renate , Tempfer Herbert , Wagner Andrea , Auffarth Alexander , Matis Nicholas , Pauly Stephan , Tauber Mark , Traweger Andreas
Published: June 2019

Although several studies revealed a multifactorial pathogenesis of degenerative rotator cuff disorders, the impact and interaction of extrinsic variables is still poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed at uncovering the effect of patient‐ and pathology‐specific risk factors that may contribute to degeneration of the rotator cuff tendons. Between 2015 and 2018, 54 patients who underwent arthroscopic shoulder surgery at three specialized shoulder clinics were prospectively included. Using tendon samples harvested from the macroscopically intact subscapularis (SSC) tendon, targeted messenger RNA expression profile analysis was performed in the first cohort (n = 38). Furthermore, histological analyses were conducted on tendon tissue samples obtained from a second cohort (n = 16). Overall, both study cohorts were comparable concerning patient demographics. Results were then analyzed with respect to specific extrinsic factors, such as patient age, body mass index, current as well as previous professions and sport activities, smoking habit, and systemic metabolic diseases. While patient age, sports‐activity level, and preexisting rotator cuff lesions were considered to contribute most strongly to tendinopathogenesis, no further coherences were found. With regards to gene expression analysis, change in expression correlated most strongly with patient age and severity of the rotator cuff pathology. Further, chronic disorders increased overall gene expression variation. Taken together, our study provides further evidence that tendon degeneration is the consequence of a multifactorial process and pathological changes of the supraspinatus tendon affect the quality of SSC tendon and most likely vice versa. Therefore, the rotator cuff tendons need to be considered as a unit when managing rotator cuff pathologies. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society J Orthop Res 38:182–191, 2020
Evaluation of physicochemical, textural and sensory quality characteristics of red fish meat‐based fried snacks
Authors: Nawaz Asad , Xiong Zhouyi , Li Qing , Xiong Hanguo , Irshad Sana , Chen Lei , Wang Pengkai , Zhang Mongchao , Hina Sundas , Regenstein Joe M
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND

Red fish meat (a by‐product of fillet processing from grass carp) is a rich source of good‐quality protein, which makes it an important candidate for the production of functional foods. In this study, wheat flour was replaced with red fish meat (RFM) leftover from grass carp fillet frames at different levels (100–300 g kg−1) in fried snacks on a laboratory scale. The quality characteristics, physicochemical properties and sensory acceptability of the fried snacks were assessed.

RESULTS

The addition of RFM significantly (P < 0.05) increased protein, fat, moisture and ash contents, while texture (breakage force) was improved. Expansion and water hydration capacity were decreased with increasing content of RFM. Lightness (L*) was increased whereas redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) were decreased with the addition of RFM. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the protein matrix was increased and fewer starch granules were found when RFM was added. Moreover, in vitro protein digestibility was also increased in samples prepared with RFM compared with the control. Furthermore, essential amino acids (lysine, leucine, threonine and methionine) increased (1.2‐fold compared with the control) with increasing RFM content.

CONCLUSION

The results suggested that red fish meat can be used to make a new snack product with improved nutritional value and textural properties. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Dependence of perceived display brightness on peripheral vision luminance and field of view: A comparison study
Authors: Lim Kyongho , Li Xiaohua , Tu Yan
Published: June 2019

Considerable research effort has been devoted to enhancing perceived display brightness by improving the display luminance level. However, studies have shown that the human visual system (HVS) is influenced not only by physical luminance but also by other factors, such as adaptation to the surrounding luminance. Therefore, enhancing the maximum display luminance alone cannot be an optimal solution. In this study, we investigated the effects of the peripheral vision luminance (PVL) level and field of view (FOV) on the display brightness perceived by the observer, by using Stevens' brightness function, irrespective of the effect of adaptation to surround luminance. The analysis of the experimental results revealed that the perceived display brightness is inversely related to the level of peripheral vision luminance on the display. It was also found that, whereas increase in FOV results in an increase in the absolute brightness value, it reduces the effect of PVL on the perceived display brightness. The findings of this study will serve as useful basic data for optimizing display specifications with respect to image signals.
Photoacoustic lymphangiography
Authors: Kajita Hiroki , Oh Anna , Urano Moemi , Takemaru Masashi , Imanishi Nobuaki , Otaki Marika , Yagi Takayuki , Aiso Sadakazu , Kishi Kazuo
Published: June 2019

Background and objectives

Photoacoustic lymphangiography, which is based on photoacoustic technology, is an optical imaging that visualizes the distribution of light absorbing tissue components like hemoglobin or melanin, as well as optical absorption contrast imaging agents like indocyanine green (ICG) in the lymphatic channels, with high spatial resolution. In this report, we introduce the three‐dimensional (3D) images of human lymphatic vessels obtained with photoacoustic lymphangiography.

Methods

We used the 3D photoacoustic visualization system (PAI‐05). Some healthy subjects and lymphedema patients were recruited. To image the lymphatic structures of the limbs ICG was administered subcutaneously as in fluorescence lymphangiography. Photoacoustic images were acquired by irradiating the tissue using a laser at wavelengths of near‐infrared region. On the same occasion, fluorescence images were also recorded.

Results

The lymphatic vessels up to the diameter of 0.2 mm could be observed three‐dimensionally with the venules around them. In the patient‐group, dermal backflow patterns were often observed as dense interconnecting 3D structures of lymphatic vessels. Collecting vessels passing below the dermis were also observed, which were not observed by fluorescence lymphography.

Conclusions

Photoacoustic lymphangiography provided the detailed observation of each lymphatic vessel, leading to deeper understanding of 3D structures and physiological state of the vessel.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Moral Injury: Conceptual Challenges, Methodological Issues, and Clinical Applications
Authors: Litz Brett T. , Kerig Patricia K.
Published: June 2019

This article introduces a special issue of theJournal of Traumatic Stressdevoted to new directions in the study of moral injury (MI), defined as transgressive harms and the outcomes of those experiences. Although a significant body of research has emerged devoted to the study of the MI construct, a number of conceptual and empirical challenges have arisen; these are summarized and discussed in the present article. In addition, this article proposes ways of overcoming these challenges in order to further research and clinical practice in the field. We then go on to introduce the content and themes of the present collection of articles in this special issue, all of which provide examples of some of the most innovative and forward‐looking work on the topic and expand into new conceptual frameworks, new methods of investigation, and new populations and contexts.
HMGB1 promotes bone fracture healing through activation of ERK signaling pathway in a rat tibial fracture model
Authors: Chen Ming‐Qi , Luan Jing‐Jie
Published: June 2019

This work was to investigate potential roles of HMGB1‐mediated ERK pathway in the healing process of bone fracture. Rat tibial fracture models were established and divided into control (rats with normal saline), HMGB1 (rats with HMGB1), and HMGB1+ PD98059 groups (rats with HMGB1 and 1 mg/kg of ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059) with 30 rats per each. The healing of rats' fracture was observed by X‐ray films, the morphological changes of bone fractures by HE staining, the callus formation by micro‐CT and biomechanical test, and the expression of osteogenesis‐related genes, HMGB1 and ERK‐related proteins by qRT‐PCR and Western blot. Rats in the HMGB1 group was increased in X‐ray scores, peak torque, torsional stiffness, and the bone volume fraction (bone volume/total volume, BV/TV); meanwhile, those rats presented elevations in osteogenesis‐related genes and HMGB1 expressions, as well as p‐ERK/ERK ratio. However, rats in the HMGB1+ PD98059 group was significantly reduced in X‐ray score, peak torque, torsional stiffness, and BV/TV, as well as the expression of osteogenesis‐related genes and the ratio of p‐ERK/ERK, as compared to those from HMGB1 group. HMGB1 could promote the expressions of osteogenesis‐related genes and accelerate the healing process of fracture via activation of the ERK signaling pathway.
Effect of land use on the composition of bacterial and fungal communities in saline–sodic soils
Authors: Feng Haojie , Wang Shunyi , Gao Zideng , Wang Zhaokun , Ren Xueqin , Hu Shuwen , Pan Hong
Published: June 2019

Considerable attention has been paid to the establishment of an appropriate land use type for the reclamation of saline–sodic soils. The microbial community structures under various land use types, however, remain elusive in the western Songnen Plain of China. The aim of this study was to explore changes of bacterial and fungal abundance and community patterns under six various land use types: (a) forest, (b) sorghum, (c) paddy, (d) wetland, (e) wasteland, and (f) meadow, with a–c considered to be 'managed systems' and d–f to be 'unmanaged systems.' High‐throughput sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction of bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal internal transcribed spacer rRNA genes were applied to investigate the microbial composition. The results indicated that bacterial abundance ranged from a minimum of 3.40 × 107 copies g−1 dry‐weight soil (d.w.s.) in sorghum to a maximum of 1.03 × 109 copies g−1 d.w.s. in wetland and fungal abundance ranging from 7.11 × 105 to 5.83 × 106 copies g−1 d.w.s. with lowest measured in wasteland and highest in forest, respectively. The abundance and community structures of both bacteria and fungi were similar in paddy and wetland soils, suggesting drying–rewetting alternations played a much greater role in shifting soil microbial communities than other agronomic measures (e.g., fertilization and tillage). The redundancy analysis combined with phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of the unobserved states and FUNGuild analyses indicated that bacteria predominated in nutrient cycling, whereas Ascomycota and Basidiomycota fungi were largely responsible for the restoration of aggregate stability in saline–sodic soils.
Rye cover crop incorporation and high watertable mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in cultivated peatland
Authors: Wen Yuan , Zang Huadong , Freeman Benjamin , Ma Qingxu , Chadwick David R. , Jones Davey L.
Published: June 2019

Drainage and cultivation of peat soils almost always result in rapid soil degradation and a loss of soil organic matter (SOM). Winter cover crop cultivation and subsequent incorporation and watertable elevation have been considered as potential strategies to improve soil quality and decrease nutrient loss in drained and cultivated peatlands. However, the combined effect of residue incorporation and watertable management on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in these highly productive fen peat soils remains unknown. In the present study, two winter cover crops with contrasting carbon/nitrogen ratios (vetch [Vicia sativa], 45–60; rye [Secale cereale], 13–14) were incorporated into peat soils as green manure (without extra synthetic/organic N addition) at two watertable depths (−50 and −30 cm). Our results showed that fast mineralization of incorporated residues can cause a large pulse of GHG release under favourable environmental conditions. Both vetch and rye incorporation increased CO2 emissions compared with the bare soil treatments due to labile C addition and removal of N constraints. However, the two cover crops had strongly contrasting effects on N2O emissions. Incorporation of low C/N ratio vetch stimulated N2O emissions (average 21.8 ± 7.3 mg N m−2 hr−1) compared with the bare soil treatments, whereas high C/N ratio rye decreased N2O emissions (average 0.09 ± 0.03 mg N m−2 hr−1). Raising the watertable slightly reduced CO2 emissions from an average of 1.3 ± 0.4 (the bare soils) to 0.9 ± 0.3 g C m−2 hr−1 by inhibiting SOM mineralization but significantly increased N2O emissions in the vetch treatments by stimulating denitrification. CH4 fluxes were not affected by watertable depth, and their contribution to total global warming potential was negligible. Therefore, we conclude that high C/N ratio cover crops (e.g., rye) in combination with a raised watertable may represent a viable management option to mitigate GHG fluxes in fen peat soils.
Integrated ground penetrating radar, electrical resistivity tomography and multichannel analysis of surface waves for detecting near‐surface caverns at Duqm area, Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Mohamed A.M.E. , El‐Hussain I. , Deif A. , Araffa S.A.S. , Mansour K. , Al‐Rawas G.
Published: June 2019

Caverns in hard limestone form natural karstic features. Surveying, detecting, and managing caverns are valuable as they provide an accurate and reliable understanding of the geohazards that caverns represent. With the construction of the highway network in Duqm (Duqm Port, Sultanate of Oman), near‐surface stability problem (caverns) appeared. Three geophysical tools – ground penetrating radar, electrical resistivity tomography, and multichannel analysis of surface waves – were utilized to delineate the subsurface cavities beneath an area of 10,000 m2 (200 m × 50 m). Based on interpretation of the results of two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional ground penetrating radar, electrical resistivity tomography and multichannel analysis of surface waves, the caverns are found to extend in the N–S direction. The results show two cavern systems of varying thicknesses. The caverns are separated at the top, but at some locations they become an one‐unit cavern system, especially in the northerly direction. The cavern system is not completely hollow; at some locations, they are filled with materials of different physical properties than the host rock. The depth of the cavern system varies between 0 and 5.2 m. The caverns are found only within the limestone rock unit. There is no evidence of caverns within the shale rock unit. The results from the three methods show good agreement in terms of depth and dimensions of the detected caverns.
SAMBADENA Hyperpolarization of 13C‐Succinate in an MRI: Singlet‐Triplet Mixing Causes Polarization Loss
Authors: Berner Stephan , Schmidt Andreas B. , Zimmermann Mirko , Pravdivtsev Andrey N. , Glöggler Stefan , Hennig Jürgen , von Elverfeldt Dominik , Hövener Jan‐Bernd
Published: June 2019

The signal enhancement provided by the hyperpolarization of nuclear spins of biological molecules is a highly promising technique for diagnostic imaging. To date, most 13C‐contrast agents had to be polarized in an extra, complex or cost intensive polarizer. Recently, the in situ hyperpolarization of a 13C contrast agent to >20 % was demonstrated without a polarizer but within the bore of an MRI system. This approach addresses some of the challenges of MRI with hyperpolarized tracers, i. e. elevated cost, long production times, and loss of polarization during transfer to the detection site. Here, we demonstrate the first hyperpolarization of a biomolecule in aqueous solution in the bore of an MRI at field strength of 7 T within seconds. The 13C nucleus of 1‐13C, 2,3‐2H2‐succinate was polarized to 11 % corresponding to a signal enhancement of approximately 18.000. Interesting effects during the process of the hydrogenation reaction which lead to a significant loss of polarization have been observed.
CuZnInSe3‐based solar cells: Impact of copper concentration on vibrational and structural properties and device performance
Authors: Guc Maxim , Oliva Florian , Kondrotas Rokas , Alcobe Xavier , Placidi Marcel , Pistor Paul , Saucedo Edgardo , Perez‐Rodriguez Alejandro , Izquierdo‐Roca Victor
Published: June 2019

CuZnInSe3 (CZISe) is an interesting alternative for the acknowledged Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber layer in thin film solar cells. While the partial replacement of scarce and expensive indium and gallium by zinc decreases manufacturing costs, the solid solution between CuInSe2 and ZnSe opens interesting options for band gap tuning and grading. Its potential as an absorber layer in photovoltaic devices has been demonstrated by obtaining 7.4 and 7.6 % efficiency in CZISSe‐ and CZISe‐based devices, respectively. On the other hand, the inherent complexity of the quaternary CZISe together with a lack of fundamental insights puts a limit to its current development. We present insights on the influence of the copper content ([Cu]/([Zn] + [In]) ratio) on the structural and optoelectronic properties of CZISe as well as the formation of secondary phases. By means of XRD and Raman scattering analyses, in addition to the sphalerite CZISe structure, a chalcopyrite Cu‐In‐Zn‐Se phase was found for high copper concentrations. On the contrary, for low Cu concentrations, unambiguous indications of a new ordered vacancy compound (OVC)–like phase formation both in XRD patterns and in Raman spectra were found. Conditions of pre‐resonant Raman scattering were applied to emphasize the new found phase and to estimate its concentration. Finally, the influence of each phase on the optoelectronic parameters and performance of solar cells with efficiencies of up to 7.4 % was studied.
Driven translocation of semiflexible polyelectrolyte through a nanopore
Authors: Wu Fan , Fu Yu , Yang Xiao , Sun Li‐Zhen , Luo Meng‐Bo
Published: June 2019

The influence of the chain stiffness on the translocation of semiflexible polyelectrolyte through a nanopore is investigated using Langevin dynamics simulations. Results show that the translocation time τ increases with the bending modulus kθ because of the increase of viscous drag forces with kθ. We find that the relation between τ and kθ, the asymptotic behavior of τ on the polyelectrolyte length N, and the scaling relation between τ and the driving force f are dependent on kθ and N. Our simulation results show that the semiflexible polyelectrolyte chain can be regarded as either a flexible polyelectrolyte at small kθ or large N where its radius of gyration RG is larger than the persistence length Lp or a stiff polyelectrolyte at large kθ or short N where RG < Lp. Results also show that the out‐of‐equilibrium effect during the translocation becomes weak with increasing kθ. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 912–921
A behavioral cancer pain intervention: A randomized noninferiority trial comparing in‐person with videoconference delivery
Authors: Kelleher Sarah A. , Winger Joseph G. , Dorfman Caroline S. , Ingle Krista K. , Moskovich Ashley A. , Abernethy Amy P. , Keefe Francis J. , Samsa Greg P. , Kimmick Gretchen G. , Somers Tamara J.
Published: June 2019

Objective

Behavioral cancer pain interventions are efficacious for improving important pain outcomes; yet, traditional in‐person delivery limits patient access. This study compared videoconference‐delivered mobile health pain coping skills training (mPCST) to in‐person pain coping skills training (PCST‐traditional).

Methods

This study was a randomized, noninferiority trial with cancer patients. Participants (N = 178) were randomly assigned to four, 45‐minute sessions of mPCST or PCST‐traditional. Session content focused on evidence‐based cognitive and behavioral pain management skills. Assessments were completed at baseline, posttreatment, and 3‐month posttreatment, and included measures of primary intervention outcomes (ie, pain severity and pain interference) and secondary intervention outcomes (ie, physical symptoms, psychological distress, physical well‐being, and self‐efficacy). The main study aim tested whether mPCST was more accessible (defined as feasibility, acceptability, patient burden, and engagement) than PCST‐traditional. The second aim tested whether mPCST was noninferior to PCST‐traditional.

Results

mPCST demonstrated significantly greater feasibility (ie, attrition, adherence, and time to completion) than PCST‐traditional. Both groups reported similar patient burden and engagement as well as a high degree of acceptability. All intervention outcomes demonstrated noninferiority at posttreatment and, with the exception of physical symptoms, 3‐month posttreatment. Concerning the primary intervention outcomes, 95% CIs for the mean differences (d) were below the noninferiority margin of 1 for pain severity (posttreatment d = 0.09, 95% CI, −0.63‐0.81; 3 months d = −0.43 95% CI, −1.22‐0.36) and pain interference (posttreatment d = −0.11, 95% CI, −0.99‐0.76; 3 months d = −0.26 95% CI, −1.14‐0.62).

Conclusion

mPCST is highly accessible and noninferior to PCST‐traditional.
Ab initio Insight Into the Structure and Properties of Zr–Si System
Authors: Shu Shi , Guo Fuda , Zhan Yongzhong
Published: June 2019

A first‐principles investigation on the electronic structure, mechanical, and thermal properties of Zr–Si compounds has been investigated to prompt the development of new materials. The influence of Si content on mechanical and thermal properties is clarified. All the Zr–Si compounds are strikingly incompressible under uniaxial stress along x, y, and z axes. β‐ZrSi possesses the strongest resistance to shape change and uniaxial tensions. α‐ZrSi presents better performance of the resistance to volume change. The bulk modulus first increases and then decreases with the increase of the Si concentration. All the compounds exhibit brittle behavior. These zirconium silicides have relatively low bulk and shear modulus, but the shear anisotropy is strongly dependent on diverse directions. Debye temperature increases linearly with the increase of Si content. ZrSi2 shows the best capacity of thermal conductivity. The minimum thermal conductivity in all the crystallographic directions is progressively increased with the increase of Si content except for β‐ZrSi in the [010] direction.
Mesoporous Carbon‐Coated Bismuth Nanorods as Anode for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Qi Shihan , Xie Xuan , Peng Xinwen , Ng Dickon H. L. , Wu Mingguang , Liu Quanhui , Yang Junliang , Ma Jianmin
Published: June 2019

A new type of a mesoporous carbon‐coated bismuth (Bi@C) composite in the form of nanorods is fabricated and used as anode material in a potassium‐ion battery (KIB). The rod‐like Bi core is composed of nanoparticles and confined by a shell of amorphous carbon. The KIB with such Bi@C anode exhibits a high storage capacity of 425 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1. The mesoporous Bi@C, with a large surface area and an appropriate pore size is in close contact with the electrolyte and facilitates the diffusion of K+ ions. The carbon shell soothes the mechanical stresses owing to the volumetric changes of the anode during charging and discharging of the battery, preventing the degradation of active material and delivering a cyclic stability of over 500 cycles. This superior performance demonstrates the importance of a structural design that can offer a new pathway to anode development in KIB as well as in other energy storage devices.
Interaction of Pure Alumina Refractory with FeO–SiO2 and FeO–SiO2–CaO Slags Relevant to the Novel Flash Ironmaking Technology
Authors: Sarkar Rahul , Sohn Hong Yong
Published: June 2019

Interaction of alumina (Al2O3) refractory with FeO–SiO2 and FeO–SiO2–CaO slags relevant to the flash ironmaking technology (FIT) is investigated in this work. It is shown that for slags relevant to FIT, the interaction process can be described by a kinetic model based on counter diffusion of only Fe2+ and Al3+ cations through hercynite (FeAl2O4) formed as a result of the interaction. The diffusion of Si4+ and Ca2+ ions through FeAl2O4 can be neglected, and the only effect these cations have is that they affect the activity of iron oxide (FeO) at the slag–FeAl2O4 boundary. Analyses of reacted samples using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) show that the proposed model appropriately describes the growth of FeAl2O4 with the parabolic rate law being obeyed for both FeO–SiO2 and FeO–SiO2–CaO slags in the temperature range of 1200–1400 °C. The values of effective diffusivity () are calculated independently from experiments with FeO–SiO2 and FeO–SiO2–CaO slags agreed with each other, with the activation energy values in the two cases being 246 and 253 kJ mol−1, respectively. These values of and activation energy are in good agreement with the corresponding values obtained previously from Fe–Al2O3 and FeO–Al2O3 systems.
Direct Measurement of the Direction, Size, and Velocity of Droplets Generated by Top‐Blowing
Authors: Haas Tim , Ringel Aron , Visuri Ville-Valtteri , Eickhoff Moritz , Pfeifer Herbert
Published: June 2019

Problems associated with top‐blowing are present in most steel plants. While it promotes high reaction rates, it can cause loss of yield, working hazards, and increased maintenance cost by spitting, skulling, or lid sticking. Although the basic physics of the splashing phenomenon have already been established, earlier studies have not addressed the velocities of splashing droplets. Furthermore, existing information on the size and impingement angle of the droplets is based on indirect measurements. Herein, a direct measurement method for splashing droplets is developed that obtains the number of droplets, splashing angle, droplet velocity, and diameter at the same time. It is found that existing correlations overestimate the droplet diameter, because they are biased by the indirect method and overfit the results obtained with raw iron. Grid measurements indicate that all droplet properties strongly depend upon the sampling position. Finally, the splashing angle is found to become steeper while the lance height decreases. However, the effect is less correlated with the cavity mode than assumed in the literature. Further measurements are proposed, using the methodology developed in this work, to derive more comprehensive droplet property correlations. By that, lance designs and blowing practices can be optimized.
The Journey From #SAGrad to #SAPro
Authors: Ardoin Sonja
Published: June 2019

This chapter explores the transition from the master's‐level graduate school experience to life as an early career professional in higher education and student affairs.
Pivotal role of cAMP‐PKA‐CREB signaling pathway in manganese‐induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells
Authors: Yang Yiping , Ma Shuyan , Wei Fu , Liang Guiqiang , Yang Xiaobo , Huang Yuman , Wang Jian , Zou Yunfeng
Published: June 2019

Manganese (Mn) plays a critical role in individual growth and development, yet excessive exposure can result in neurotoxicity, especially cognitive impairment. Neuronal apoptosis is considered as one of the mechanisms of Mn‐induced neurotoxicity. Recent evidence suggests that cAMP‐PKA‐CREB signaling regulates apoptosis and is associated with cognitive function. However, whether this pathway participates in Mn‐induced neurotoxicity is not completely understood. To fill this gap, in vitro cultures of PC12 cells were exposed to 0, 400, 500, and 600 μmol/L Mn for 24 hours, respectively. Another group of cells were pretreated with 10.0 μmol/L rolipram (a phosphodiesterase‐4 [PDE4] inhibitor) for 1 hour followed by 500 μmol/L Mn exposure for 24 hours. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot analysis were used to detect the apoptosis rate, protein levels of PDE4, cAMP signaling, and apoptosis‐associated proteins, respectively. We found that Mn exposure significantly inhibited cAMP signaling and protein expression of Bcl‐2, while increasing apoptosis rate, protein levels of PDE4, Bax, activated caspase‐3, and activated caspase‐8 in PC12 cells. Pretreatment of rolipram ameliorated Mn‐induced deficits in cAMP signaling and apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that cAMP‐PKA‐CREB signaling pathway‐induced apoptosis is involved in Mn‐induced neurotoxicity.