bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Alexandrian Physicians, Their Christian and Other Contemporaries
Authors: Usaybiʿah Ibn Abi¯
Published: December 2024

This short chapter on the enigmatic John the Grammarian and the Alexandria School bridges the gap between Galen in second-century Rome and the earliest days of Islam in the seventh century. Though Ibn Abī Usaybiʿah has rejected John’s chronology of Galen’s coevality with Jesus in...
syriac physicians of the early abbasid period
Authors: Usaybiʿah Ibn Abi¯
Published: December 2024

This longer chapter covers the Christian physicians called Suryāniyyūn in Arabic. The adjective suryānī does not mean ‘Syrian’, but rather (speaker of ) ‘Syriac’,
*
a form of Aramaic that had become the language of the eastern Christians in the Middle East....
Physicians in the Lands of the Persians
Authors: Usaybiʿah Ibn Abi¯
Published: December 2024

In this chapter one finds physicians from ‘the lands of the ʿAjam’, the Arabic word denoting non-Arabic speakers in general, but often, and here, referring to Persians. Many, probably all, of these were bilingual and they wrote most or all of their works in Arabic....
Physicians of India
Authors: Usaybiʿah Ibn Abi¯
Published: December 2024

This chapter is very short, comprising only six Indian physicians in the original, some of whose works were translated into Arabic. Three are included here. One of them, Mankah, is reported to have come to Iraq and have treated the caliph Hārūn al-Rashīd; a contemporary...
Famous Physicians in Egypt
Authors: Usaybiʿah Ibn Abi¯
Published: December 2024

In this chapter, one finds again a few physicians who acquired renown in the West, such as the great Jewish philosopher and religious scholar Maimonides (Mūsā ibn Maymūn in Arabic, Moshe ben Maimon in Hebrew). Born in Cordova he moved to Egypt, where he died...
The cognitive soul and how embodied thinking comes about
Authors: Corcilius Klaus , Falcon Andrea , Roreitner Robert
Published: December 2024

In De anima III 7 Aristotle situates the thinking capacity in a larger cognitive context, the cognitive soul. This is a human soul that is equipped with perception, phantasia, desire, and the capacity to feel pleasure and pain. When Aristotle turns to the higher achievements of the cognitive soul, he places special emphasis on the thinking that results in action (praxis). We are not told why we should focus on practical thinking, but the chapter argues that Aristotle is presupposing the practical embeddedness of human thinking. In other words, Aristotle is tacitly assuming that the thinking that is practically oriented is ontogenetically prior to all the other forms of thinking.
Introduction
Authors: de Harven Vanessa
Published: December 2024

The Introduction lays out the plan for the book in five sections (Something—Bodies—Incorporeals—Neither Corporeal nor Incorporeal—Everything) and gives background in the contemporary analytic metaphysics of counting by ontological criteria and grounding in terms of fundamentality. The unity of Stoic metaphysics consists in the cooperative enterprises of counting and grounding to yield a tightly ordered one-world metaphysics. Finally, the Introduction proposes a methodological commitment to make the most of our scant textual evidence by finding both the Stoics and their critics at their best and revealing a coarse-grained orthodoxy that unifies the school. This principle of maximal charity reveals that the Stoics are sophisticated metaphysical thinkers forging a new path best characterized as non-reductive physicalism.
Plato’s Sophist
Authors: de Harven Vanessa
Published: December 2024

Chapter 1 argues that the challenges in Plato’s Sophist that would have been salient to the Stoics are more fine-grained than has so far been appreciated, including logical concerns about saying what is not as much as physical concerns about what is. The Stoics face challenges not only from Father Parmenides and the Battle of Gods and Giants, but from the Visitor and the Late Learners as well. In their response, the Stoics will not be like the original savage Giants, who say that being is body and refuse all further discussion, but neither will they be like the hypothetically civilized Giants who give up too easily on their corporealism. They will be, rather, evolved Giants with a sophisticated corporealism, an innovative non-reductive physicalism, and a ground-breaking ontology that sets Something over being and non-being.
Body as Such
Authors: de Harven Vanessa
Published: December 2024

Chapter 3 begins the account of Stoic corporealism that takes us from the ontology of what exists to the metaphysics of body. It argues that because the Stoic definition of body (solid three-dimensional extension with resistance) is best understood in contrast to hylomorphic conceptions of body as composed of matter and form, Stoic body can be fundamental. Further, in contrast to atomistic conceptions of body as rigid and full, Stoic body is continuous and entirely malleable, both divisible and changeable, with no absolute shape, size, or density of its own—though always of some definite shape, size, and density or other. This innovative conception of body as finite malleable mass is what licenses the controversial Stoic commitments to infinite divisibility and through and through blending (krasis di’ holou).
Basic Bodies
Authors: de Harven Vanessa
Published: December 2024

Chapter 5 argues that the two Stoic archai, or principles—divine, active reason (logos) and thick, passive matter (hulē)—are distinct and independent bodies. Because the principles are blended and because the allergy to colocation is so strong, scholars have minimized the distinctness or (what comes to the same) the corporeality of the two archai in various ways. Hylomorphic conceptions that reduce the archai to form and matter have been pressed into this service, but a second look at the texts reveals that logos is not a body because it is blended with matter, and matter does not have shape and size because it is blended with logos. Rather, each is an eternal, ungenerated, and independent body capable of both acting and being acted upon in its own right, though the one is of a divine, agential, and rational nature while the other is slack and dumb.
Time
Authors: de Harven Vanessa
Published: December 2024

Chapter 11 tackles the thorny topic of time, arguing that time depends for its subsistence on the world’s motion and that even with the everlasting recurrence of the same world order, time for the Stoics is linear rather than circular; thus, recurrence is not incoherent, and time is not independent. The chapter also tackles a nest of puzzles about the present. These puzzles, which arise due to the continuous nature of time, being infinitely divisible without reaching minimum times, are considered a real threat to the reality of time: if every part of time is itself part past and part future, then nothing can remain of the present or, therefore, of time. However, the speciousness of the present (as a limit of time imposed by us) does not lead to the unreality of time, because as a continuum time is not composed of individual times.
Concepts
Authors: de Harven Vanessa
Published: December 2024

Chapter 15 returns to the Stoic ontology, arguing against the nearly universal view that there is a further class of entities, Not-Somethings (outina), in metaphysical limbo between Something and nothing at all. Having accommodated geometrical limits and creatures of fiction in the class of Something that is neither corporeal nor incorporeal, the only candidate left to sustain the class of Not-Something is concepts (ennoēmata). This chapter walks concepts right out of the ontology, without danger to their dialectical duties. It’s not that we can’t talk about concepts, or that they can’t play their roles as genus and species and the objects of definition, but that concepts do not meet the ontological criterion for being Something. In particular, while they are grounded in body, they are not sufficiently public to be proper objects of thought and discourse. Therefore, concepts are not Something, and there are no Not-Somethings.
Introduction
Authors: Buzan Barry , Falkner Robert
Published: December 2024

The chapter introduces the main purpose and themes of the book. It highlights the lack of engagement between the English School of International Relations and International Political Economy and suggests how the gap between them can be bridged. The two major aims of the book are: to establish the market as a primary institution of global international society; and to trace its emergence and fluctuating fortunes from the nineteenth century until today. The chapter ends with two injunctions. The first is to the English School, to incorporate the market, and the economic sector into its scheme of modern primary institutions. The second is to International Political Economy to take on board the distinction between primary and secondary institutions, which allows us to analyse the evolution of the global economy as part of the wider international structure of global international society. The chapter ends with an overview of the book.
1914–45: Existential Crisis
Authors: Buzan Barry , Falkner Robert
Published: December 2024

This chapter analyses the market’s first collapse during the period 1914–45. Following the outbreak of World War I, the market did not disappear as a primary institution, but it was severely rolled back in intellectual influence and economic practice. The chapter demonstrates how adversarial balancing in international society worked powerfully against the market, and how the market norm was rejected in many places in favour of economic nationalism, neo-mercantilism, and state planning. This very quick and dramatic reversal of fortune for the market demonstrated how much its practical and intellectual influence depended on conditions framed by other primary institutions. The market could only function when international political conditions permitted it. By itself, it seemed incapable of sustaining the political conditions necessary to its own operation. As this chapter shows, the market required peace more than it sustained it.
1945–73: The Market Half Restored
Authors: Buzan Barry , Falkner Robert
Published: December 2024

This chapter charts the re-emergence of the market as an institution of global international society in the post-1945 era, a period when the Cold War replaced imperial blocs, economic policy shifted towards greater state intervention, macro-economic steering, and social welfare spending, and decolonization tripled the membership of GIS. It shows how Western powers sought to restore market principles in international economic exchange while buttressing governments’ domestic policy autonomy on welfare. Outside the Western world, the socialist bloc of countries espoused a command-economy model in opposition to market ideology and global market integration, while many developing countries adopted state-led developmental models that also marginalized the market norm. The international political economy of the immediate post-1945 period was thus not globally integrated but fractured into competing spheres of influence.
2008–23: Crisis in the Global Market and the Search for a New Balance among Primary Institutions
Authors: Buzan Barry , Falkner Robert
Published: December 2024

This chapter explores the story of the market as an institution of global international society during the post-2007 phase that has been shaped by the global financial crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic. It shows how both crises brought an end to the three-decade political hegemony of market ideology, opening the way to a revival of economic nationalism and more statist approaches to economic management. Market ideology suffered heavy blows both from the depth and extent of the economic crisis, and from the vulnerabilities of supply exposed by the Covid pandemic. The chapter shows, however, that neither the practice nor the ideology of the market is anywhere near dead, and the shadows of the previous four phases all loom large over the future. What is new in the twenty-first century is the growing realization that the global market and continuous economic expansion are constrained by ever tighter ecological boundaries.
What, Then, Does Account for the Intuition of Distinctness?
Authors: Melnyk Andrew
Published: December 2024

This chapter proposes and elaborates a novel explanation, consistent with physicalism (or materialism), of how the intuition of distinctness arises in us. We experience the intuition of distinctness when, for example, we attend introspectively to the phenomenal redness of a current visual sensation, and it seems to us that that very property could not literally be a physical property of neural activity in our brain. The explanation proposes that our introspection of phenomenal properties (or qualia) is in a certain way conceptually encapsulated. Introspective beliefs are constructed out of a limited repertoire of concepts, which can perhaps be expanded, but not expanded to include concepts that we acquire as a result of perception or of learning scientific vocabulary. So though introspection delivers beliefs that our sensations have phenomenal properties, it cannot deliver representations of our sensations as having physical properties, even if phenomenal properties in fact are physical properties. This limitation on introspection turns out to mean that we are unable to do something that we can do in the case of every other kind of identity claim that we believe or entertain. As a result, we can neither believe nor even imagine believing that a phenomenal property, conceived in the special way made possible by introspection, is the very same thing as a physical or a physically realized functional property.
Fourth Canto
Authors: Ludovico Ariosto
Published: December 2024

1–2 Introductory.

3–36 Bradamant gets rid of Brunello and overcomes the magician Atlas.

37–50 Bradamant finds and loses Ruggiero.

51–72 Rinaldo is blown ashore in Scotland and hears of a worthy exploit.

Deceit is normally held in low esteem, pointing as it does to...
Eleventh Canto
Authors: Ludovico Ariosto
Published: December 2024

1 Introductory.

2–21 Angelica eludes Ruggiero, and so does Bradamant.

21–28 An aside on fire-arms.

28–83 Orlando slays the orc and rescues Olympia, then continues his search for Angelica.

A mettlesome charger will often suffer himself to be reined in from a full gallop,...
Seventeenth Canto
Authors: Ludovico Ariosto
Published: December 2024

1–6 Introductory.

6–16 In Paris Charlemagne moves against Rodomont.

17–24 Grifon arrives in Damascus for the tournament, with Martano and Orrigilla.

25–68 The story of King Norandin and monstrous Orcus.

69–135 The tournament at Damascus, and the evil trick played on Grifon by Martano and...
Eighteenth Canto
Authors: Ludovico Ariosto
Published: December 2024

1–2 Introductory.

3–7 Grifon savages the mob at Damascus.

8–37 Rodomont, driven out of Paris, learns of Doralice’s fate.

38–58 The battle outside Paris.

59–70 Grifon and Norandin reconciled.

70–96 Aquilant brings Martano and Orrigilla, bound, to Damascus.

96–145 Adventures of Marfisa, Astolfo, and Samsonet...
Nineteenth Canto
Authors: Ludovico Ariosto
Published: December 2024

1–2 Introductory.

2–16 Cloridan and Medor fall prey to the Scots.

17–42 Angelica and Medor.

43–53 Marfisa, Astolfo, and their companions survive a storm at sea and reach the land of the killer-women.

54–108 Marfisa fights ten foes.

A man riding high on Fortune’s...
Twenty-Seventh Canto
Authors: Ludovico Ariosto
Published: December 2024

1–4 Introductory.

5–33 The Saracen champions blockade Charlemagne in Paris.

34–101 The Saracen champions fall to quarrelling among themselves.

102–140 Rodomont loses Doralice to Mandricard and leaves in high dudgeon.

Women have often made better decisions on impulse than on reflection, for among the...
Twenty-Ninth Canto
Authors: Ludovico Ariosto
Published: December 2024

1–2 Introductory.

3–30 Isabel eludes Rodomont by guile.

30–49 Rodomont’s self-imposed penance, and his fight with Orlando.

49–74 Orlando’s excesses and Angelica’s narrow escape from him.

Oh the weak, inconstant minds of men! How ready we are to vacillate, how ready to change our...
Thirty-First Canto
Authors: Ludovico Ariosto
Published: December 2024

1–7 Introductory.

8–41 Rinaldo crosses swords with Guidone Selvaggio, who joins his party, as do Grifon, Aquilant, and Samsonet.

42–48 Rinaldo learns from Fiordiligi of Orlando’s madness.

49–59 Rinaldo’s night-attack on the Moorish camp.

59–78 Brandimart fights Rodomont on the bridge and is captured by...
Thirty-Eighth Canto
Authors: Ludovico Ariosto
Published: December 2024

1–6 Introductory.

7–23 Bradamant and Marfisa welcomed by Charlemagne.

23–35 Astolfo, back from the moon, leads a Nubian army to invade Agramant’s kingdom.

35–64 Agramant holds a council and is persuaded by Sobrino to end the war by a duel of champions.

65–90 The preparations...
Fortieth Canto
Authors: Ludovico Ariosto
Published: December 2024

1-5 Introductory.

5–9 Agramant and Sobrino flee from the naval battle.

9–35 The storming of Bizerta by the Christians under Orlando.

36–61 Agramant meets Gradasso on an island and they issue a challenge to Orlando.

61–82 Ruggiero clashes with Dudone.

Were I to describe...
A Short History of the Life of John Crook
Authors: Norwood Richard
Published: December 2024

History of the life of John Crook, A Quaker, Containing Some of his Spiritual Travels* and Breathings after God, * in his Young and Tender Years: Also an Account of various Temptations wherewith he was Exercised, and the Means...
STRsensor: a computationally efficient method for STR allele-typing from massively parallel sequencing data
Authors: Zhang Xiaolong , Ji Xianchao , Wang Lingxiang , Chi Lianjiang , Li Chengtao , Wen Shaoqing , Chen Hua
Published: December 2024

Short tandem repeats (STRs) represent one of the most polymorphic variations in the human genome, finding extensive applications in forensics, population genetics and medical genetics. In contrast to the traditional capillary electrophoresis (CE) method, genotyping STRs using massive parallel sequencing technology offers enhanced sensitivity and accuracy. However, current methods are mainly designed for target sequencing with higher coverage for a specific STR locus, thereby constraining the utility of STRs in low- and medium-coverage whole genome sequencing (WGS) data. Here, we introduce STRsensor, a method designed to type STR alleles in low-coverage WGS data and target sequencing data, achieving a significant high detection ratio and accuracy. STRsensor employs two methods for STR allele-typing: the Kmers-based method and the CIGAR-based method. Furthermore, by incorporating a model for PCR stutters, STRsensor greatly enhances the accuracy of STR allele typing. With simulation data, we demonstrate that STRsensor achieves a detection ratio of 100$\%$ and an accuracy of 99.37$\%$ for a 30$\times $ WGS data, outperforming the existing methods, such as STRait Razor, STRinNGS, and HipSTR. When applied to real target sequencing data from 687 individuals, STRsensor achieves a detection ratio of 99.64$\%$ and an accuracy of 99.99$\%$. Moreover, STRsensor is a computationally efficient method that runs 79 times faster than HipSTR and 10 000 times faster than STRinNGS. STRsensor is freely available on GitHub: https://github.com/ChenHuaLab/STRsensor.
Improving randomized controlled trial analysis via data-adaptive borrowing
Authors: Gao Chenyin , Yang Shu , Shan Mingyang , Y E Wenyu , Lipkovich Ilya , Faries Douglas
Published: December 2024

In recent years, real-world external controls have grown in popularity as a tool to empower randomized placebo-controlled trials, particularly in rare diseases or cases where balanced randomization is unethical or impractical. However, as external controls are not always comparable to the trials, direct borrowing without scrutiny may heavily bias the treatment effect estimator. Our paper proposes a data-adaptive integrative framework capable of preventing unknown biases of the external controls. The adaptive nature is achieved by dynamically sorting out a comparable subset of the external controls via bias penalization. Our proposed method can simultaneously achieve (a) the semiparametric efficiency bound when the external controls are comparable and (b) selective borrowing that mitigates the impact of the existence of incomparable external controls. Furthermore, we establish statistical guarantees, including consistency, asymptotic distribution, and inference, providing type-I error control and good power. Extensive simulations and two real-data applications show that the proposed method leads to improved performance over the trial-only estimator across various bias-generating scenarios.
Effect of Compression Ratio and Hydrogen Addition on Performance and Different Phases of Hydrogen/Diesel Combustion in RCCI Engine
Authors: Joseph Mukul , Ismail Saleel , Jothi T J Sarvoththama
Published: December 2024

Reactivity controlled compression ignition engines use a minimum of two fuels with dissimilar reactivities. The current experimental study examined the effects of compression ratio, hydrogen flow rate, and load on performance, knocking tendency, emissions, and different phases of co-combustion in a hydrogen-diesel reactivity controlled compression ignition engine employing conventional diesel in-cylinder injection and hydrogen induction into the manifold, which reduces the system cost. A constant-speed stationary engine was selected for this study because it has rarely been studied. Compared to the existing literature, wider ranges of hydrogen flow rates (up to 30 slpm) and compression ratios (15–20) were investigated in this study. The results indicate that the maximum brake thermal efficiency was obtained at low hydrogen flow rates (3–5 slpm). Under part-load conditions, the maximum heat release rate and cylinder pressure decreased with an increase in the hydrogen flow rate. At high loads and high compression ratios, a second peak was observed in the heat release curve, the magnitude of which increased with the hydrogen flow rate owing to H2+air premixed combustion. The knocking tendency increased with an increase in the hydrogen flow rate and decrease in the compression ratio. These findings can potentially help in identifying the best operating conditions for stationary constant-speed compression ignition engines adapted for H2-diesel reactivity controlled compression ignition operations, as these engines find wide application in rural economies for powering electric generators, water pumps, and agricultural equipment.
Comprehensive Strategies for Paclitaxel Production: Insights from Plant Cell Culture, Endophytic Microorganisms, and Synthetic Biology
Authors: Yin Jia-Yuan , Lai Meng , Yu Xiao-Ying , Su Ding-Ding , Xiong Xing-Yao , Li Yan-Lin
Published: December 2024

Taxus L., an important ornamental, economic, and medicinal plant, is renowned for producing paclitaxel (Taxol®), a potent chemotherapeutic agent. The biosynthesis of paclitaxel involves intricate biosynthetic pathways, spanning multiple enzymatic steps. Despite advances, challenges remain in optimizing production methods. Microorganisms, particularly endophytic fungi, show potential in producing paclitaxel, though with limitations in yield and stability. The suspension culture of Taxus cells is a promising alternative, offering sustainable production, yet it requires further genetic and environmental optimization. Recent advancements in synthetic biology have enabled partial reconstitution of paclitaxel pathways in microbial and plant chassis. However, achieving complete biosynthesis remains an ongoing challenge. This review consolidates recent progress in paclitaxel biosynthesis, highlighting current limitations and future prospects for industrial-scale production.
Estimating the effect of pre-exposure prophylaxis in Black men who have sex with men
Authors: Meisner Allison , Xia Fan , Chan Kwun C G , Mayer Kenneth , Wheeler Darrell , Zangeneh Sahar , Donnell Deborah
Published: December 2024

Background

Black men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately burdened by the HIV epidemic in the USA. The effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in preventing HIV infection has been demonstrated through randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials in several populations. Importantly, no such trial has been conducted exclusively among Black MSM in the USA, and it would be unethical and infeasible to do so now.

Methods

To estimate the causal effects of PrEP access, initiation, and adherence on HIV risk, we utilized causal inference methods to combine data from two non-randomized studies that exclusively enrolled Black MSM.

Results

The estimated relative risks of HIV were: (i) 0.52 (95% confidence interval: 0.21, 1.22) for individuals with versus without PrEP access, (ii) 0.48 (0.12, 0.89) for individuals who initiated PrEP but were not adherent versus those who did not initiate, and (iii) 0.23 (0.02, 0.80) for individuals who were adherent to PrEP versus those who did not initiate.

Conclusion

Beyond addressing the knowledge gap around the effect of PrEP in Black MSM in the USA, which may have ramifications for public health, we have provided a framework to combine data from multiple non-randomized studies to estimate causal effects, which has broad utility.
Effects of microplastics on daphnia-associated microbiomes in situ and in vitro
Authors: Krzynowek Anna , Van de Moortel Broos , Pichler Nikola , Vanoverberghe Isabel , Lapere Johanna , Jenisch Liliana M , Deloof Daphné , Thielemans Wim , Muylaert Koenraad , Dusselier Michiel , Springael Dirk , Faust Karoline , Decaestecker Ellen
Published: December 2024

Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments is a growing global concern. Microplastics, defined as plastic fragments smaller than five millimetres, accumulate in freshwater reservoirs, especially in urban areas, impacting resident biota. This study examined the effects of microplastics on the performance and microbiome of Daphnia, a keystone organism in freshwater ecosystems, through both in situ sampling of freshwater ponds and a controlled 23-day in vitro exposure experiment. Using bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing and whole-genome shotgun sequencing, we analyzed the microbiome's composition and functional capacity in relation to microplastic pollution levels. Urban ponds contained higher microplastic concentrations in water and sediment than natural ponds, with distinct differences in plastic composition. Bacterioplankton communities defined as bacterial assemblages in the water column, were more diverse and richer than Daphnia-associated microbiomes. Overall, the in situ study showed that the composition of the Daphnia-associated community was influenced by many factors including microplastic levels but also temperature and redox potential. Functional analysis showed increased relative abundances of polyethylene terephthalate degradation enzymes and antibiotic resistance genes in microbiomes from high-microplastic ponds. In the in vitro experiment, the bacterioplankton inoculum source significantly influenced Daphnia survival and microbiome composition. Network analysis identified specific taxa associated with microplastics within the Daphnia microbiome. Our findings highlight that urbanisation leads to higher microplastic and antibiotic resistance gene burdens, influencing host-associated microbiomes through taxonomic shifts, functional enrichment, and survival outcomes, with potential implications for the resilience of aquatic ecosystems.
Dispersal-fecundity trade-offs in wild insect populations
Authors: McCulloch Graham A , Foster Brodie J , Kroos Gracie C , Foster Yasmin , Ni Steven , Vogel Marianne F S , Waters Jonathan M
Published: December 2024

Wing reduction is a common feature of upland insect communities. This phenomenon is thought to be primarily driven by selection against flight, which is typically unfavourable in upland environments due to high winds and cold temperatures. In some insect taxa, wing reduction has been directly linked to increased fecundity. However, few studies have directly tested for shifts in fecundity linked to flight musculature. Here, we test for dispersal-fecundity trade-offs in the widespread subalpine stonefly Zelandoperla fenestrata. Our analysis of 450 stoneflies across 81 localities reveals significant dispersal-fecundity trade-offs. Specifically, we identify a positive association between the size of their flight muscles and the length of their wings, and a negative association between wing length and ovarian mass. Furthermore, we found a significant negative relationship between flight musculature and ovary mass. These results represent a rare example of a dispersal-fecundity trade-off in the wild and illustrate that such trade-offs can potentially involve corresponding reductions in both flight musculature and wing development. Our findings suggest that widespread taxa subject to variable environmental conditions may benefit from flexible allocation of energetic resources.
Integrative species delimitation reveals an Idaho-endemic ground squirrel, Urocitellus idahoensis (Merriam 1913)
Authors: McLean Bryan S , Rickart Eric A , Cook Joseph A , Guralnick Robert P , Burgin Connor J , Lohr Kristin
Published: December 2024

The “small-eared” species group of Urocitellus ground squirrels (Sciuridae: Xerinae: Marmotini) is endemic to the Great Basin, United States, and surrounding cold desert ecosystems. Most specific and subspecific lineages in this group occupy narrow geographic ranges, and some are of significant conservation concern; despite this, current taxonomy remains largely based on karyotypic or subtle pelage and morphological characteristics. Here, we leverage 2 multilocus DNA sequence data sets and apply formal species delimitation tests alongside morphometric comparisons to demonstrate that the most widespread small-eared species (U. mollis Kennicott, 1863 sensu lato; Piute Ground Squirrel) is comprised of 2 nonsister and deeply divergent lineages. The 2 lineages are geographically separated by the east-west flowing Snake River in southern Idaho, with no sites of sympatry currently known. Based on robust support across the nuclear genome, we elevate populations previously attributed to U. mollis from north of the Snake River to species status under the name Urocitellus idahoensis (Merriam 1913) and propose the common name “Snake River Plains Ground Squirrel” for this taxon. We delimit 2 subspecies within U. idahoensis; U. i. idahoensis (Merriam 1913) in western Idaho and U. i. artemesiae (Merriam 1913) in eastern Idaho. Urocitellus idahoensis is endemic to Idaho and has a maximal range area of roughly 29,700 km2 spanning 22 counties but occurs discontinuously across this area. Our work substantially expands knowledge of ground squirrel diversity in the northern Great Basin and Columbia Plateau and highlights the difficulty in delimiting aridland mammals whose morphological attributes are highly conserved.
The Framework of International Criminal Procedure
Authors: Ambos Kai
Published: December 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the framework of international criminal procedure. It explains that the international criminal procedure has traditionally been analysed as a blending of the common law and civil law traditions since both concepts describe a certain legal system or legal tradition. Criminal procedure primarily refers to the rules governing the mechanisms under which crimes are investigated, prosecuted, adjudicated, and punished. The chapter then discusses the history, theories, origins, and process of international criminal procedure. It also elaborates on the differences between criminal procedure and criminal justice while highlighting the goals and rights of international criminal justice.
The Cooperation Regime
Authors: Ambos Kai
Published: December 2024

This chapter discusses the importance, nature, and forms of cooperation, particularly when International Law is involved. As a general rule, international criminal tribunals rely on the cooperation of the relevant territorial State(s) about the investigation and prosecution of the crimes committed on the State territory alongside the enforcement of the respective sentences. Moreover, certain forms and rules of cooperation are necessary to regulate the relationship between international criminal tribunals and States. The chapter then examines the cooperation obligations as per Article 86 ICCS and the consequences for non-compliance. It elaborates on the cooperation rules between international criminal tribunals and the national jurisdictions established by specific procedural laws.
The gut microbiome as a potential therapeutic target in IgA nephropathy
Authors: Pereira Inês Miguel , Pereira Marta , Lopes José António , Gameiro Joana
Published: December 2024

Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis and a leading cause of kidney failure, with limited treatment options available. The pathophysiology of IgAN remains unclear; however, recent studies suggest that genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors play significant roles. There is also strong evidence linking the gut microbiome to the development of IgAN. In this review, we will examine the relationship between the microbiome and the pathogenesis of IgAN, as well as its potential as a target for future therapeutic interventions.
Anecdotes & Antidotes
Authors: Usaybiʿah Ibn Abi¯
Published: December 2024

So wrote Syrian physician Ibn Abi Usaybi'ah, circa 1243, as he embarked on the first world history of medicine ever attempted. Many physicians served at the royal courts of their time and were firmly part of the intellectual and cultural scene, where the ability to write stylishly and entertain one's peers in both prose and verse was the basis of social credibility. The work Ibn Abi Usaybi'ah created contains over 432 biographical accounts of physicians from those of ancient Greece, such as Galen, through Avicenna and Maimonides, to the author's own colleagues of the 13th century. As such, his work includes important accounts of medical activity in medieval hospitals. Through this book, a window opens not only on to the origins of the medical profession, but also into the truly multi-cultural, multi-religious world of the medieval Middle East.

Anecdotes and Antidotes is an abridged version of this world history of medicine. It comprises 103 biographies of physicians and philosophers, organized geographically and chronologically, from the 4th century BC to the 13th century, and includes seminal Muslim, Christian and Jewish figures. It contains vital medical and historical information, as well as revealing the cultural values, interests and concerns of the literary and intellectual elite of the time.
[33] First Day
Authors: Galileo Galilei
Published: December 2024

salviati.

We concluded and agreed yesterday that we should meet today to discuss, as systematically and in as much detail as we could, the physical reasons which have so far been brought forward by the advocates of the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic system on the one...
Introduction
Authors: Taylor Philip Meadows
Published: December 2024

The tale of crime which forms the subject of the following pages is, alas! almost all true; what there is of fiction has been supplied only to connect the events, and make the adventures of Ameer Ali as interesting as the nature of his...
In which Ameer Ali proves himself an excellent hand at making a bargain, and that his amour has a chance of success
Authors: Taylor Philip Meadows
Published: December 2024

I said my blood boiled: could it be that one so lovely, one who had kept company with the nobles and men of wealth of Hyderabad, had seen aught to admire in me, who was unused to courtly scenes, and was even yet...
Chapter III
Authors: Taylor Philip Meadows
Published: December 2024

Cheel ke ghur men, mas ka dhér. Hindee Proverb.

There’s always meat in a kite’s nest. (Free translation.)

My father counted out the money and handed it over to the Dullal; his countenance brightened as he viewed it, and he made numberless salams and...
Chapter VIII
Authors: Taylor Philip Meadows
Published: December 2024

rosalind. Now tell me how long you would have her, after you have possessed
her.

orlando. For ever and a day.

As You Like It, Act IV, scene i

On the fourth morning we reached Beeder. If not so striking in its outward appearance...
Chapter X
Authors: Taylor Philip Meadows
Published: December 2024

Good sir, you have too fair a shape to play so foul a part in.

Fletcher’s Love’s Pilgrimage

‘That is a Bhula Admee (a respectable man),’ said I to the Potail, as he walked to
our camp; ‘he suits my purpose exactly.’

‘He has...
Chapter XIV
Authors: Taylor Philip Meadows
Published: December 2024

king richard. My conscience hath a thousand several tongues,

 And every tongue brings in a several tale,

 And every tale condemns me for a villain.

 *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *

 Methought the souls of all that i had murdered

 Came to my...
The Little Keg
Authors: de Maupassant Guy
Published: December 2024

Monsieur Chicot, proprietor of Épreville’s* only tavern, reined in his dog-cart outside the farm belonging to old Madame Magloire. He was a big man, forty years old, with a hearty manner, a red face, and a pot belly. People said he was...
This Business of Latin
Authors: de Maupassant Guy
Published: December 2024

This business of Latin* that people
have been going on and on about lately until we’re all heartily sick of it, reminds me
of a story which happened when I was a boy.

I was in my last year of school in a crammer...
Scouting Games, Practices, and Displays
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: December 2024

Notes to Instructors

Instruction in scouting should be given as far as possible through
practices, games, and competitions.

Games should be organised mainly as team matches, where the patrol forms
the team, and every boy is playing, none merely looking on.

Strict obedience to the...
Marston Moor
Authors: Hyde Edward , Clarendon Earl of
Published: December 2024

During the summer of 1643, a truce was agreed between the rebels in Ireland and the King’s army there led by the Marquess of Ormond. Alarmed by the possibility of Catholic Irish troops now intervening in England to support the King, Parliament turned to the...
Scotland and Spain: 1649–1651
Authors: Hyde Edward , Clarendon Earl of
Published: December 2024

During the King’s trial, Prince Charles was at The Hague in the Netherlands. He had been there since the return of his fleet from its attempts to support the royalists at Colchester, as the guest of the Prince of Orange, his brother-in-law. The news of...
Restoration
Authors: Hyde Edward , Clarendon Earl of
Published: December 2024

The hopes raised among royalists by the death of Cromwell were soon disappointed as power was transferred quietly to his son Richard. But cracks in the fabric of the new regime were quickly apparent. The new Protector’s ability to hold the army in check as...
William Hunter
Authors: King John N.
Published: December 2024

A notable history of William Hunter, a young man of nineteen years, pursued to death by Justice Brown for the gospel’s sake, worthy of all young men and parents to be read.

[On] the twenty-sixth day of the said month of March [1555] … followed...
John Bradford and John Leaf
Authors: King John N.
Published: December 2024

The history of the worthy martyr and servant of God, Master John Bradford, with his life and acts, and sundry conflicts, with his adversaries, and martyrdom at length most constantly suffered for the testimony of Christ and his truth.

As touching first the country and...
Bartlett Green
Authors: King John N.
Published: December 2024

The story of Master Bartlett Green, gentleman and lawyer, martyr.

After the martyrdom of Thomas Whittle,* next followeth in order to speak of Bartlett Green, who the next day after the foresaid Whittle, was likewise condemned. This Green was of a good house,...
Lady Elizabeth
Authors: King John N.
Published: December 2024

The miraculous preservation of the Lady Elizabeth, now Queen of England, from extreme calamity and danger of life, in the time of Queen Mary her sister.

But when all hath been said and told, whatsoever can be recited touching the admirable working of God’s present...
Introduction.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. Since it is the Understanding that sets Man above the rest of sensible Beings, and gives him all the Advantage and Dominion, which he has over them; it is certainly a Subject, pleasant and even for its...
Of Solidity.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. The
Idea of Solidity we receive by our Touch; and it arises from the resistance which we find in Body, to the entrance of any other Body into the Place it possesses, till it has left it. There is
Of Complex Ideas.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. We have hitherto considered those Ideas, in the reception whereof, the Mind is only passive, which are those simple ones received from Sensation and Reflection before-mentioned, whereof the Mind cannot make any one to it...
Of Duration and Expansion, considered together.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. Distance or Space, in its simple abstract conception, to avoid confusion, I call Expansion, to distinguish it from Extension, which by some is used to express this distance only as it is in the solid parts of Matter, and...
Of Mixed Modes.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. Having treated of Simple Modes in the foregoing Chapters, and given several instances of some of the most considerable of them, to shew what they are, and how we come by them; we are now in the next place...
Of our Complex Ideas of Substances.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. The Mind being, as I have declared, furnished with a great number of the simple Ideas, conveyed in by the Senses, as they are found in exteriour things, or by Refection on its own Operations,...
Of Words or Language in General.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. God having designed Man for a sociable Creature, made him not only with an inclination, and under a necessity to have fellowship with those of his own kind; but furnished him also with Language, which was to be the great Instrument,...
Of the Signification of Words.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. Man, though he have great variety of Thoughts, and such, from which others, as well as himself, might receive Profit and Delight; yet they are all within his own Breast, invisible, and hidden from others, nor can of themselves be made...
Of the Remedies of the foregoing Imperfections and Abuses.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. The natural and improved Imperfections of Language, we have seen above at large: and Speech being the great Bond that holds Society together, and the common Conduit, whereby the Improvements of Knowledge are conveyed from one Man, and one Generation to...
Of Trifling Propositions.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. Whether the Maxims treated of in the fore-going Chapter, be of that use to real Knowledge, as is generally supposed, I leave to be considered. This, I think, may confidently be affirmed, That there are Universal Propositions; that though they be...
Of the Improvement of our Knowledge.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. It having been the common received Opinion amongst Men of Letters, that Maxims were the foundations of all Knowledge; and that the Sciences were each of them built upon certain præcognita,* from whence the Understanding was...
Of Reason.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. The
Word Reason in the English Language has different Significations: sometimes it is taken for true, and clear Principles: Sometimes for clear, and fair deductions from those Principles: and sometimes for the Cause, and particularly the final...
Of Faith and Reason, and their distinct Provinces.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 2. Reason, as contradistinguished to Faith, I take to be the discovery of the Certainty or Probability of such Propositions or Truths, which the Mind arrives at by Deductions made from such Ideas, which it has got by...
Don Quixote de la Mancha
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Don Quixote, first published in two parts in 1605 and 1615, is one of the world's greatest comic novels. Inspired by tales of chivalry, Don Quixote of La Mancha embarks on a series of adventures with his faithful servant Sancho Panza by his side. The novel has acquired mythic status and its influence on modern fiction is profound.
The conclusion of the story of the shepherdess Marcela, with other incidents.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

But scarcely had the day began to discover itself through the balconies of the east, when five of the six goatherds got up, and went to awake Don Quixote, and asked him, whether he continued in his resolution of going to see...
Of what happened to the ingenious gentleman in the inn, which he imagined to be a castle.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

The innkeeper, seeing Don Quixote laid across the ass, inquired of Sancho, what ailed him? Sancho answered him, that it was nothing but a fall from a rock, whereby his ribs were somewhat bruised. The innkeeper had a wife of a different disposition from...
A continuation of the refinements practised by Don Quixote, as a lover, in the Sierra Morena.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

The history, turning to recount what the Knight of the Sorrowful Figure did, when he found himself alone, informs us, that Don Quixote, having finished his tumbles and gambols, naked from the middle downward, and clothed from the middle upward, and perceiving that Sancho...
Which treats of the new and agreeable adventure that befell the priest and the barber in the Sierra Morena.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Most happy and fortunate were the times in which the most daring knight Don Quixote de la Mancha was ushered into the world; since, through the so honourable resolution he took of reviving and restoring to the world the long since lost, and as...
Which treats of what befell Don Quixote’s whole company in the inn.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

The notable repast being ended, they saddled immediately, and, without anything happening to them worthy to be related, they arrived the next day at the inn, that dread and terror of Sancho Panza, who, though he would fain have declined going in, could not...
In which is continued ‘The Novel of the Curious Impertinent’.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Camilla’s letter to Anselmo.

‘An army, it is commonly said, makes but an ill appearance without its general, and a castle without its governor; but a young married woman, I say, makes a worse without a husband, when there is no just cause...
Which treats of other uncommon accidents, that happened at the inn.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

While these things passed, the host, who stood at the inn-door, said:

‘Here comes a goodly company of guests: if they stop here, we will sing Gaudeamus.’

‘What folks are they?’ said Cardenio.

‘Four men,’ answered the host, ‘on horseback á la gineta,...
In which the canon prosecutes the subject of books of chivalry, with other matters worthy of his genius.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

‘It is as you say, sir,’ quoth the priest to the canon; ‘and for this reason, those who have hitherto composed such books are the more to blame, proceeding, as they do, without any regard to good sense, or art, or to those...
Of the ingenious contest between Don Quixote and the canon, with other accidents.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

‘A good jest indeed!’ answered Don Quixote: ‘that books, printed with the licence of kings, and the approbation of the examiners, read with general pleasure, and applauded by great and small, poor and rich, learned and ignorant, gentry and commonalty, in short, by...