bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anandamide induces cell death through lipid rafts in hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Yang Qiao , Liu Hong Yan , Zhang Yao Wen , Wu Wen Jie , Tang Wang Xian
Published: January 2010

Background and Aims: Anandamide (AEA), the most extensively studied endocannabinoid, and its putative cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, exert a variety of physiological and pharmacological effects in chronic liver diseases, such as hyperdynamic circulation. Anandamide selectively blocks proliferation and induces cell death in hepatic stellate cells (HSC), the key cell type of liver fibrogenesis. However, its precise molecular mechanism in rat HSC has not been fully elucidated.

Methods: CB1 and CB2 mRNA transcriptions were evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; CB1, CB2, phosphoinositide 3‐kinases (PI3K) and protein kinase B (PKB) protein expressions were investigated by western blot and/or immunofluorescence. Cell death was detected by Annexin V‐PE/7AAD flow cytometry, lipid raft content by confocal microscopic analysis, cell viability by 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, nuclear morphological changes by Hoechst 33258 fluorochrome, and inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐2 and IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: CB1 and CB2 receptors were detectable in HSC. AEA caused HSC growth inhibition in a concentration‐dependent manner. Furthermore, a high concentration of AEA (20 µmol/L) triggered potent cell death‐induced necrosis but not apoptosis. None of these effects were blocked by CB1 or CB2 receptor antagonist, but by methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (MCD; 10 mmol/L), a cholesterol depletory agent. AEA significantly inhibited PI3K/PKB activity, and increased IL‐2, IL‐6 and TNF‐α release.

Conclusion: These results demonstrated that AEA induced HSC necrosis through lipid rafts: a possible role of PI3K/PKB signaling pathway downregulation and inflammatory factors production. Cholesterol depletion abolished the effects of AEA on HSC necrosis.
Hybrid Booleans
Authors: Pavić Darko , Campen Marcel , Kobbelt Leif
Published: January 2010

In this paper, we present a novel method to compute Boolean operations on polygonal meshes. Given a Boolean expression over an arbitrary number of input meshes we reliably and efficiently compute an output mesh which faithfully preserves the existing sharp features and precisely reconstructs the new features appearing along the intersections of the input meshes. The term “hybrid” applies to our method in two ways: First, our algorithm operates on a hybrid data structure which stores the original input polygons (surface data) in an adaptively refined octree (volume data). By this we combine the robustness of volumetric techniques with the accuracy of surface‐oriented techniques. Second, we generate a new triangulation only in a close vicinity around the intersections of the input meshes and thus preserve as much of the original mesh structure as possible (hybrid mesh). Since the actual processing of the Boolean operation is confined to a very small region around the intersections of the input meshes, we can achieve very high adaptive refinement resolutions and hence very high precision. We demonstrate our method on a number of challenging examples.
It's Not a Colorless Classroom: Teaching Religion Online to Black College Students Using Transformative, Postmodern Pedagogy
Authors: Arroyo Andrew T.
Published: January 2010

With the general practice of online teaching still in relative infancy, nuanced approaches for teaching target populations such as black students are especially scarce. This article submits a theoretical framework for approaching the activity of teaching black students online using a transformative, postmodern pedagogy that is sensitive to black learning styles. It also offers practical suggestions for course design and deployment in online religion courses. In the interest of providing an optimal learning experience for every student, all instructors are encouraged to consider the race and culture variable in their online teaching, whether their roster contains one black student or many.
Sex Discrimination, Gender Balance, Justice and Publicity in Admissions
Authors: SAUNDERS BEN
Published: January 2010

abstract

This paper examines the problem of selecting a number of candidates to receive a good (admission) from a pool in which there are more qualified applicants than places. I observe that it is rarely possible to order all candidates according to some relevant criterion, such as academic merit, since these standards are inevitably somewhat vague. This means that we are often faced with the task of making selections between near‐enough equal candidates. I survey one particular line of response, which says that we should allow our choice of borderline candidates to be guided by non‐relevant criteria such as gender‐balancing. I argue that this would not, as commonly objected, be a case of sex discrimination if it is to be applied either in favour of men or women. Nonetheless, I argue that such policies are problematic because they violate the demand for publicity, which is required for legitimacy and to assure everyone that discrimination has not in fact taken place. Instead, I suggest that, if we are concerned to avoid discrimination, there may be a case for using lotteries as tie‐breakers, not on grounds of fairness but to prevent taint of bias.
Genetic and environmental influences on the growth of early reading skills
Authors: Petrill Stephen A. , Hart Sara A. , Harlaar Nicole , Logan Jessica , Justice Laura M. , Schatschneider Christopher , Thompson Lee , DeThorne Laura S. , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Cutting Laurie
Published: January 2010

Background:  Studies have suggested genetic and environmental influences on overall level of early reading whereas the larger reading literature has shown environmental influences on the rate of growth of early reading skills. This study is the first to examine the genetic and environmental influences on both initial level of performance and rate of subsequent growth in early reading.

Methods:  Participants were drawn from the Western Reserve Reading Project, a study of 314 twin pairs based in Ohio. Twins were assessed via three annual home visits during early elementary school. Assessments included word identification, letter identification, pseudoword decoding, expressive vocabulary, phoneme awareness, and rapid naming. Measures were analyzed using latent growth curve modeling.

Results:  The heritability of initial performance (latent intercept) ranged from h2 = .38 for word identification to h2 = .72 for rapid naming. Shared environment ranged from c2 = .11 for rapid naming to c2 = .62 for word identification. The heritability of the rate of subsequent growth (latent slope) was statistically significant for rapid naming h2 = .58 and phoneme awareness h2 = .20. Shared environment accounted for nearly 100% of variance in rate of growth for word identification, letter identification and pseudoword decoding, and was statistically significant and large for phoneme awareness (c2 = .80). Genetic variance for rapid naming and phoneme awareness latent slopes overlapped entirely with genetic variance on the intercepts. In contrast, one‐third to two‐thirds of the shared environmental variance on the slope was independent from the shared environmental variance on the intercept.

Conclusions:  Genetic influences were related primarily to those already present at the initial level of performance. In contrast, shared environmental influences affecting rate of growth were both predicted by and independent from initial levels of performance. Results suggested that growth in early reading skills is amenable to family, school, or other environmental influences as reading skills develop.
Maternal emotion coaching, adolescent anger regulation, and siblings’ externalizing symptoms
Authors: Shortt Joann Wu , Stoolmiller Mike , Smith‐Shine Jessica N. , Mark Eddy J. , Sheeber Lisa
Published: January 2010

Background:  Increases in externalizing behaviors during the transition to adolescence may put children at risk for developing mental disorders and related problems. Although children’s ability to regulate their emotions appears to be a key factor influencing risk for maladjustment, emotion processes during adolescence remain understudied. In this longitudinal study, we examined a multi‐level mediational model in which emotion coaching by parents was posited to influence the ability of adolescents to regulate their emotions, which in turn influences their expression of problem behaviors.

Methods:  We recruited a representative community sample of 244 families with biological sibling pairs comprising a child in late elementary school and a child in middle school. Maternal meta‐emotion interviews were coded for mother emotion coaching and adolescent difficulty with anger. Mothers also completed questionnaires on adolescent irritability. Ratings of adolescent problem behaviors were obtained from mother and teacher questionnaires completed at two time points. Using structural equation modeling, constructs were partitioned into components across older and younger siblings to examine shared and nonshared variance and contextual effects.

Results:  Cross‐sectional data indicated that mothers' emotion coaching of anger was related to better anger regulation in adolescent siblings, which was, in turn related to less externalizing behavior. Although support for mediational effects was limited in the longitudinal data, both older and younger siblings' difficulties in regulating anger predicted adolescent externalizing behavior three years later. Additional longitudinal predictors of externalizing behavior were observed for younger siblings. In particular, emotion coaching of anger by mothers was associated with decreased externalizing behavior, while conversely, older siblings' externalizing behavior was associated with increased externalizing behavior in the younger siblings over time.

Conclusions:  The findings highlight the importance of considering family emotion processes in understanding adolescent problem behavior. Both maternal emotion coaching of adolescent anger and adolescent difficulty in regulating anger influenced adolescent externalizing behavior. Emotion coaching interventions seem worthy of consideration for enhancing the impact of prevention and intervention programs targeting youth externalizing behaviors.
Evaluating the Cost‐Effectiveness of Fall Prevention Programs that Reduce Fall‐Related Hip Fractures in Older Adults
Authors: Frick Kevin D. , Kung Jacquelyn Y. , Parrish John M. , Narrett Matthew J.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVES:To model the incremental cost‐utility of seven interventions reported as effective for preventing falls in older adults.

DESIGN:Mathematical epidemiological model populated by data based on direct clinical experience and a critical review of the literature.

SETTING:Model represents population level interventions.

PARTICIPANTS:No human subjects were involved in the study.

MEASUREMENS:The last Cochrane database review and meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials categorized effective fall‐prevention interventions into seven groups: medical management (withdrawal) of psychotropics, group tai chi, vitamin D supplementation, muscle and balance exercises, home modifications, multifactorial individualized programs for all elderly people, and multifactorial individualized treatments for high‐risk frail elderly people. Fall‐related hip fracture incidence was obtained from the literature. Salary figures for health professionals were based on Bureau of Labor Statistics data. Using an integrated healthcare system perspective, healthcare costs were estimated based on practice and studies on falls in older adults. Base case incremental cost utility ratios were calculated, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted.

RESULTS:Medical management of psychotropics and group tai chi were the least‐costly, most‐effective options, but they were also the least studied. Excluding these interventions, the least‐expensive, most‐effective options are vitamin D supplementation and home modifications. Vitamin D supplementation costs less than home modifications, but home modifications cost only $14,794/quality‐adjusted life year (QALY) gained more than vitamin D. In probabilistic sensitivity analyses excluding management of psychotropics and tai chi, home modification is most likely to have the highest economic benefit when QALYs are valued at $50,000 or $100,000.

CONCLUSION:Of single interventions studied, management of psychotropics and tai chi reduces costs the most. Of more‐studied interventions, home modifications provide the best value. These results must be interpreted in the context of the multifactorial nature of falls.
Physical Performance and Subsequent Disability and Survival in Older Adults with Malignancy: Results from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study
Authors: Klepin Heidi D. , Geiger Ann M. , Tooze Janet A. , Newman Anne B. , Colbert Lisa H. , Bauer Douglas C. , Satterfield Suzanne , Pavon Juliessa , Kritchevsky Stephen B. ,   for the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate objective physical performance measures as predictors of survival and subsequent disability in older patients with cancer.

DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study.

SETTING: Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study.

PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred twenty‐nine individuals diagnosed with cancer during the first 6 years of follow‐up of the Health ABC Study.

MEASUREMENTS: The associations between precancer measures of physical performance (20‐m usual gait speed, 400‐m long‐distance corridor walk (LDCW), and grip strength) and overall survival and a short‐term outcome of 2‐year progression to disability or death were evaluated. Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models, stratified for metastatic disease, respectively, were used for outcomes.

RESULTS: Mean age was 77.2, 36.1% were women, and 45.7% were black. Faster 20‐m usual walking speed was associated with a lower risk of death in the metastatic group (hazard ratio=0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.79–0.99) and lower 2‐year progression to disability or death in the nonmetastatic group (odds ratio (OR)=0.77, 95% CI=0.64–0.94). Ability to complete the 400‐m LDCW was associated with lower 2‐year progression to disability or death in the nonmetastatic group (OR=0.24, 95% CI=0.10–0.62). There were no associations between grip strength and disability or death.

CONCLUSION: Lower extremity physical performance tests (usual gait speed and 400‐m LDCW) were associated with survival and 2‐year progression to disability or death. Objective physical performance measures may help inform pretreatment evaluations in older adults with cancer.
Adverse Effects of Complementary and Alternative Medicine on Antihypertensive Medication Adherence: Findings from the Cohort Study of Medication Adherence Among Older Adults
Authors: Krousel‐Wood Marie A. , Muntner Paul , Joyce Cara J. , Islam Tareq , Stanley Erin , Holt Elizabeth W. , Morisky Donald E. , He Jiang , Webber Larry S.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use and antihypertensive medication adherence in older black and white adults.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional.

SETTING: Patients enrolled in a managed care organization.

PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand were hundred eighty black and white adults aged 65 and older and prescribed antihypertensive medication.

MEASUREMENTS: Information on CAM use (health food and herbal supplements, relaxation techniques) for blood pressure control and antihypertensive medication adherence were collected in a telephone survey between August 2006 and September 2007. Low medication adherence was defined as a score less than 6 using the eight‐item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale.

RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 75.0±5.6, 30.7% were black, 26.5% used CAM, and 14.1% had low antihypertensive medication adherence. In managing blood pressure, 30.5% of black and 24.7% of white participants had used CAM in the last year (P=.005), and 18.4% of black and 12.3% of white participants reported low adherence to antihypertensive medication (<.001). After multivariable adjustment for sociodemographic information, depressive symptoms, and reduction in antihypertensive medications because of cost, the prevalence ratios of low antihypertensive medication adherence associated with CAM use were 1.56 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.14–2.15; P=.006) in blacks and 0.95 (95% CI=0.70–1.29; P=.73) in whites (P value for interaction=.07).

CONCLUSION: In this cohort of older managed care patients, CAM use was associated with low adherence to antihypertensive medication in blacks but not whites.
A critical reappraisal of treatment response criteria in systemic mastocytosis and a proposal for revisions
Authors: Pardanani A. , Tefferi A.
Published: January 2010

Mast cell disease (MCD) is a hematopoietic stem cell neoplasm that is associated with infiltration of one or more organs with cytologically abnormal mast cells (MC). MCD is frequently but not always associated with a KIT mutation and, in some cases, is associated with clonal expansion of non‐MC lineage cells. In adults, there is almost always MC infiltration of the bone marrow, which is a cardinal feature of systemic mastocytosis (SM). While, as members of the wider community of physician scientists, we recognize the contribution of the current consensus treatment response criteria for SM, as individuals with more than average clinical experience in SM, we would like to point out their limitations and engage in a constructive discussion that will hopefully lead to a consideration for revisions. We present here an alternative proposal for treatment response assessments we believe is more objective, reproducible, and importantly, SM‐subtype specific, given the recent progress in our understanding of the natural history of this disease. We believe this proposal is timely given the prospects for new clinical trials in SM, and the related regulatory aspects of new drug approval that are currently not adequately addressed. The intent of this exercise is not to undermine the complexity of the disease or previous work by other investigators, but to come up with ideas for response criteria that are more practical and consider meaningful patient outcome.
Free light chain: a novel predictor of adverse outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Yegin Zeynep A. , Özkurt Zübeyde N. , Yağcı Münci
Published: January 2010

Objectives: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by a highly variable clinical course. This retrospective study is planned to assess the prognostic value of serum free light chain (sFLC) levels and FLC ratio (FLCR) in CLL. Methods: Quantitative levels of sFLC were measured nephelometrically in sera collected at diagnosis. The expressions of ZAP70 and CD38 were quantified by flow cytometry. Chromosomal abnormalities were determined by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Results: In a cohort of 101 patients with a median follow‐up of 29 (1–234) months, sFLC levels were found to be high in 55 patients (54.5%). An abnormal FLCR was found in 30 patients (29.7%). FISH‐based genetic risk groups did not differ significantly with respect to sFLC and FLCR (P > 0.05). Median time to first treatment was shorter in patients with high sFLC levels (P = 0.02). Median overall survival (OS) was shorter in patients with high sFLC levels (P = 0.01) and abnormal FLCR (P = 0.05). In patients with early stage disease, median OS was shorter in high sFLC (P = 0.03) and abnormal FLCR groups (P = 0.048). A relationship was observed between abnormal sFLC levels and CD38 positivity on logistic regression analysis (P = 0.003; OR: 4.44; 95% CI: 1.66–11.8). Conclusions: This study highlighted the adverse prognostic impact of high sFLC levels and abnormal FLCR with regard to survival in CLL, even in early stage patients. Prospective studies are warranted to validate the adverse impact of sFLC and FLCR on clinical outcome.
ACQUIRED PORTAL COLLATERAL CIRCULATION IN THE DOG AND CAT
Authors: BERTOLINI GIOVANNA
Published: January 2010

We describe patterns of acquired portal collateral circulation in dogs and in a cat using multidetector row computed tomography angiography. Large portosystemic shunts included left splenogonadal shunts in patients with portal hypertension. Small portal collaterals were termed varices; these collaterals had several patterns and were related either to portal vein or cranial vena cava obstruction. Varices were systematized on the basis of the venous drainage pathways and their anatomic location, namely left gastric vein varix, esophageal and paraesophageal varices, gastroesophageal and gastrophrenic varices, gallbladder and choledocal varices, omental varices, duodenal varices, colic varices, and abdominal wall varices. As reported in humans and in experimental dog models, esophageal and paraesophageal varices may result from portal hypertension that generates reversal of flow, which diverts venous blood in a cranial direction through the left gastric vein to the venous plexus of the esophagus. Blood enters the central venous system through the cranial vena cava. Obstructions of the cranial vena cava can lead to esophageal and paraesophageal varices formation as well. In this instance, they drain into the azygos vein, the caudal vena cava, or into the portal system, depending on the site of the obstruction. Gallbladder and choledocal varices, omental varices, duodenal varices, phrenico‐abdominal varices, colic varices, abdominal wall varices drain into the caudal vena cava and result from portal hypertension. Imaging plays a pivotal role in determining the origin, course, and termination of these vessels, and the underlying causes of these collaterals as well. Knowledge about these collateral vessels is important before interventional procedures, endosurgery or conventional surgery are performed, so as to avoid uncontrollable bleeding if they are inadvertently disrupted.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF CALVARIAL HYPEROSTOSIS IN CAPTIVE LIONS
Authors: GROSS‐TSUBERY RUTH , CHAI ORIT , SHILO YAEL , MIARA LIMOR , HOROWITZ IGAL H. , SHMUELI AYELET , AIZENBERG ITZHAK , HOFFMAN CHEN , REIFEN RAM , SHAMIR MERAV H.
Published: January 2010

Osseous malformations in the skull and cervical vertebrae of lions in captivity are believed to be caused by hypovitaminosis A. These often lead to severe neurologic abnormalities and may result in death. We describe the characterization of these abnormalities based on computed tomography (CT). CT images of two affected and three healthy lions were compared with define the normal anatomy of the skull and cervical vertebrae and provide information regarding the aforementioned osseous malformations. Because bone structure is influenced by various factors other than the aforementioned disease, all values were divided by the skull width that was not affected. The calculated ratios were compared and the most pronounced abnormalities in the affected lions were, narrowing of the foramen magnum, thickening of the tentorium osseus cerebelli and thickening of the dorsal arch of the atlas. CT is useful for detection of the calvarial abnormalities in lions and may be useful in further defining this syndrome.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PSEUDOLESION ASSOCIATED WITH THE PETROUS TEMPORAL BONE
Authors: COOPER JOCELYN J. , LEVINE JONATHAN M. , YOUNG BENJAMIN D. , HICKS DANIEL G. , HOFFMAN ANTON , BRATTON GERALD
Published: January 2010

Normal anatomic variation in the amount of fat within the petrous temporal bone of dogs can result in a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging pseudolesion. Focal hyperintense areas in the region of the hippocampus on T1‐weighted, T2‐weighted, and fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery imaging sequences were noted in a dog being imaged for seizure activity. Further investigation of this region, aided by the use of cadaveric specimens, led to the identification of normal anatomic variability in the amount of fat in the substantia spongiosa of the petrous temporal bone. The presence of normal adipose tissue was confirmed histopathologically. Fat suppression MR imaging sequences can be used to differentiate whether hyperintensity ventral to the hippocampus is a result of a pathologic process, or fat in the substantia spongiosa of the petrous temporal bone.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—EQUINE NASAL SEPTAL THICKENING DUE TO CHRONIC CHONDRITIS
Authors: SHARMA AJAY , THOMPSON MARGRET S. , SCHNABEL LAUREN V. , METE ASLI , HACKETT RICHARD
Published: January 2010

We describe the use of computed tomography (CT) in a 6‐year‐old mare with upper airway obstruction due to an abnormally thick nasal septum. Upon CT imaging, multifocal, expansile cyst‐like lesions were detected in the nasal septum. The histopathologic diagnosis was chronic dissecting chondritis. Resection of the abnormal nasal septum resulted in resolution of the clinical signs.
Who’s Afraid of the G-spot?
Authors: Jannini Emmanuele A. , Whipple Beverly , Kingsberg Sheryl A. , Buisson Odile , Foldès Pierre , Vardi Yoram
Published: January 2010

Introduction

No controversy can be more controversial than that regarding the existence of the G-spot, an anatomical and physiological entity for women and many scientists, yet a gynecological UFO for others.

Methods

The pros and cons data have been carefully reviewed by six scientists with different opinions on the G-spot. This controversy roughly follows the Journal of Sexual Medicine Debate held during the International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health Congress in Florence in the February of 2009.

Main Outcome Measure

To give to The Journal of Sexual Medicine’s reader enough data to form her/his own opinion on an important topic of female sexuality.

Results

Expert #1, who is JSM’s Controversy section editor, reviewed histological data from the literature demonstrating the existence of discrete anatomical structures within the vaginal wall composing the G-spot. He also found that this region is not a constant, but can be highly variable from woman to woman. These data are supported by the findings discussed by Expert #2, dealing with the history of the G-spot and by the fascinating experimental evidences presented by Experts #4 and #5, showing the dynamic changes in the G-spot during digital and penile stimulation. Experts #3 and #6 argue critically against the G-spot discussing the contrasting findings so far produced on the topic.

Conclusion

Although a huge amount of data (not always of good quality) have been accumulated in the last 60 years, we still need more research on one of the most challenging aspects of female sexuality.
REPORTS: Summary of the Recommendations on Sexual Dysfunctions in Women
Authors: Basson Rosemary , Wierman Margaret E. , Van Lankveld Jacques , Brotto Lori
Published: January 2010

Introduction

Women’s sexual dysfunction includes reduced interest/incentives for sexual engagement, difficulties with becoming subjectively and/or genitally aroused, difficulties in triggering desire during sexual engagement, orgasm disorder, and sexual pain.

Aim

To update the recommendations published in 2004, from the 2nd International Consultation on Sexual Medicine (ICSM) pertaining to the diagnosis and treatment of women’s sexual dysfunctions.

Methods

A third international consultation in collaboration with the major sexual medicine associations assembled over 186 multidisciplinary experts from 33 countries into 25 committees. Twenty one experts from six countries contributed to the Recommendations on Sexual Dysfunctions in Women.

Main Outcome Measure

Expert opinion was based on grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate.

Results

A comprehensive assessment of medical, sexual, and psychosocial history is recommended for diagnosis and management. Indications for general and focused pelvic genital examination are identified. Evidence based recommendations for further revisions of definitions for sexual disorders are given. An evidence based approach to management is provided. Extensive references are provided in the full ICSM reports.

Conclusions

There remains a need for more research and scientific reporting on the optimal management of women’s sexual dysfunctions including multidisciplinary approaches.
Standards for Clinical Trials in Male Sexual Dysfunctions
Authors: Porst Hartmut , Vardi Yoram , Akkus Emre , Melman Arnold , Park Nam Cheol , Seftel Allen D. , Teloken Claudio , Wyllie Michael
Published: January 2010

Introduction

Clinical trials in male sexual dysfunction (MSD) are expanding. Consequently, there is a need for consensus standards in this area.

Aim

To develop an evidence-based, state-of-the-art consensus report on standards for clinical trials in MSD.

Methods

A literature review was performed examining clinical trials in erectile dysfunction (ED), premature ejaculation (PE), delayed/absent ejaculation, libido disorders/loss of desire, hypogonadism, and Peyronie’s disease, focusing on publications published in the last 20 years. This manuscript represents the opinions of eight experts from seven countries developed in a consensus process. This document was presented for peer review and debate in a public forum and revisions were made based on recommendations of chairpersons to the International Consultation on Sexual Medicine.

Main Outcome Measure

Expert opinion was based on the grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate.

Results

According to experience and recent publications in dealing with clinical trials in sexual dysfunction, recommendations have been made for conducting trials in patients with ED, PE, delayed ejaculation, libido disorders, hypogonadism, and Peyronie’s disease.

Conclusions

It is important that future clinical trials are conducted using standards upon which investigators can rely when reading manuscripts or conducting new trials in this field.
Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Gratzke Christian , Angulo Javier , Chitaley Kanchan , Dai Yu-tian , Kim Noel N. , Paick Jaw-Seung , Simonsen Ulf , Ückert Stefan , Wespes Eric , Andersson Karl E. , Lue Tom F. , Stief Christian G.
Published: January 2010

Introduction

Significant scientific advances during the past 3 decades have deepened our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of penile erection. A critical evaluation of the current state of knowledge is essential to provide perspective for future research and development of new therapies.

Aim

To develop an evidence-based, state-of-the-art consensus report on the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction (ED).

Methods

Consensus process over a period of 16 months, representing the opinions of 12 experts from seven countries.

Main Outcome Measure

Expert opinion was based on the grading of scientific and evidence-based medical literature, internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate.

Results

ED occurs from multifaceted, complex mechanisms that can involve disruptions in neural, vascular, and hormonal signaling. Research on central neural regulation of penile erection is progressing rapidly with the identification of key neurotransmitters and the association of neural structures with both spinal and supraspinal pathways that regulate sexual function. In parallel to advances in cardiovascular physiology, the most extensive efforts in the physiology of penile erection have focused on elucidating mechanisms that regulate the functions of the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum. Major health concerns such as atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have become well integrated into the investigation of ED.

Conclusions

Despite the efficacy of current therapies, they remain insufficient to address growing patient populations, such as those with diabetes and MetS. In addition, increasing awareness of the adverse side effects of commonly prescribed medications on sexual function provides a rationale for developing new treatment strategies that minimize the likelihood of causing sexual dysfunction. Many basic questions with regard to erectile function remain unanswered and further laboratory and clinical studies are necessary.
Endocrine Aspects of Women’s Sexual Function
Authors: Wierman Margaret E. , Nappi Rossella E. , Avis Nancy , Davis Susan R. , Labrie Ferdinand , Rosner Willam , Shifren Jan L.
Published: January 2010

Introduction

Endocrine changes during aging as well as endocrine disorders may either directly or indirectly modulate female sexual function by altering sex hormones, or by impacting on vascular, neurogenic, or psychologic factors.

Aim

To review information on the impact of the hormonal changes associated with aging or those caused by endocrine disorders on female sexual function and current information on the risks and benefits of hormonal treatments.

Methods

Committee members outlined topics and reviewed the published literature on endocrine aspects of female sexual function over a 2-year period. Presentation of the recommendations were presented at the International Consultation on Sexual Medicine Paris, France 2009 and revised accordingly.

Main Outcome Measures

Quality of data published in the literature and recommendations were based on the GRADES system.

Results

Recommendations and guidelines concerning the role of sex hormones and endocrine disorders in female sexual function were derived.

Conclusions

Hormones are only one component of the many factors that contribute to normal sexual function in women. Further research is needed as to the impact of hormones and endocrine disorders on female sexual dysfunction and the benefits and risks of hormonal therapies.
Tubercular pyomyositis in a case of rheumatoid arthritis being treated with infliximab
Authors: KHOSLA Pooja , AROAA Neha , JAIN Sunil
Published: January 2010

A 55‐year‐old woman with rheumatoid arthritis having 4 months previously received two doses of infliximab, presented with fever, hypotension and swelling of right thigh posterolaterally. CT‐guided aspiration was performed from the right thigh and revealed acid‐fast bacilli (AFB) +++ and mycobacterial culture grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The patient improved on anti‐tubercular treatment.
Feline platelet counting with prostaglandin E1 on the Sysmex XT‐2000iV
Authors: Tvedten Harold , Johansson Päivi
Published: January 2010

Background: The large size of many feline platelets and the high frequency of platelet aggregation often results in falsely low platelet counts in this species. A combination of optical platelet counting to detect even large platelets and the use of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) to inhibit platelet clumping may increase the accuracy of feline platelet counting.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare platelet counts in feline whole blood samples with and without the addition of PGE1 and using different analytical methods in a clinical setting.

Methods: Platelet counts were determined in 10 feline patients in a referral veterinary hospital using 2 sample types (EDTA, EDTA with PGE1) and 2 methods of analysis (optical counting [PLT‐O] and impedance counting [PLT‐I]) on the Sysmex XT 2000 iV analyzer.

Results: All PGE1–PLT‐O samples had platelet counts of >200 × 109/L. Mean platelet count using PGE1–PLT‐O (410,256±178 × 109/L) was significantly higher (P<.03) compared with PGE1–PLT‐I (256±113 × 109/L), EDTA–PLT‐O (238±107 × 109/L), and EDTA–PLT‐I (142±84 × 109/L) methods. Depending on the method, platelet counts in 2 to 7 of 10 cats were <200 × 109/L when PGE1‐PLT‐O was not used. A slightly increased platelet count in response to treatment of a feline patient with thrombocytopenia would have been missed without use of PGE1–PLT‐O.

Conclusions: Using PLT‐O analysis on EDTA samples containing PGE1 provides higher, and therefore likely more accurate, feline platelet counts in a clinical setting.
Epilepsy in Border Collies: Clinical Manifestation, Outcome, and Mode of Inheritance
Authors: Hülsmeyer V. , Zimmermann R. , Brauer C. , Sauter‐Louis C. , Fischer A.
Published: January 2010

Background:There is a lack of data on idiopathic epilepsy (IE) in Border Collies (BCs) in the veterinary literature.

Hypothesis:Genetic epilepsy occurs in BCs and is frequently characterized by a severe clinical course and poor response to medical treatment.

Animals:Forty‐nine BCs diagnosed with IE.

Methods:Medical records, seizure data, treatment data, and pedigree information of affected dogs were collected. Cases were classified phenotypically as affected or not affected; mild, moderate, or severe clinical course; active epilepsy (AE) or remission; and drug resistant or not drug resistant.

Results:Clinical manifestations were classified as having a moderate (33%) or severe clinical course (49%), characterized by a high prevalence of cluster seizures and status epilepticus. Survival time was significantly decreased in dogs <2 years of age at seizure onset, and in dogs with a severe clinical course. Drug resistance was apparent in 71% of 24 dogs treated with ≥2 antiepileptic drugs. The epilepsy remission rate was 18%. Median age at onset was significantly higher and initial seizure frequency was significantly lower in dogs with remission compared with dogs with AE. Pedigree analyses indicated a strong genetic founder effect in the appearance of epilepsy, resembling autosomal recessive inheritance.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance:The present study confirms the occurrence of genetically mediated epilepsy with a frequent severe clinical course and drug resistance in BCs. The results provide information about the long‐term prognosis of IE in BCs for veterinarians and concerned owners, and may benefit breeders as well.
Integration, gap formation, and sharpening of III-V heterostructure nanowires by selective etching
Authors: Kallesøe Christian , Mølhave Kristian , Larsen Kasper F. , Engstrøm Daniel , Hansen Torben M. , Bøggild Peter , Mårtensson Thomas , Borgström Magnus , Samuelson Lars
Published: January 2010

Epitaxial growth of heterostructure nanowires allows for the definition of narrow sections with specific semiconductor composition. The authors demonstrate how postgrowth engineering of III-V heterostructure nanowires using selective etching can form gaps, sharpening of tips, and thin sections simultaneously on multiple nanowires. They investigate the potential of combining nanostencil deposition of catalyst, epitaxial III-V heterostructure nanowire growth, and selective etching, as a road toward wafer scale integration and engineering of nanowires with existing silicon technology. Nanostencil lithography is used for deposition of catalyst particles on trench sidewalls and the lateral growth of III-V nanowires is achieved from such catalysts. The selectivity of a bromine-based etch on gallium arsenide segments in gallium phosphide nanowires is examined, using a hydrochloride etch to remove the III-V native oxides. Depending on the etching conditions, a variety of gap topologies and tiplike structures are observed, offering postgrowth engineering of material composition and morphology.
Effect of neutron irradiation on electrical and optical properties of InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes
Authors: Kim Hong-Yeol , Kim Jihyun , Ren F. , Jang Soohwan
Published: January 2010

InGaN/GaN multiquantum well light-emitting diodes (LED) with emission wavelength of 450 nm were irradiated with average energy of 9.8 MeV and dose of 5.5×1011 cm−2 neutrons. Right after irradiation, the forward current of the irradiated LEDs was decreased as a result of the creation of deep levels by the neutron-induced lattice displacement. However, unstable lattice damages resulting from the collisions with the incoming neutrons were removed at room temperature 6 days after the irradiation. The diode turn-on voltage, ideality factor, and optical emission intensity were recovered to preirradiated state by self-annealing process at room temperature.
Fully automated hot embossing processes utilizing high resolution working stamps
Authors: Glinsner T. , Veres T. , Kreindl G. , Roy E. , Morton K. , Wieser T. , Thanner C. , Treiblmayr D. , Miller R. , Lindner P.
Published: January 2010

Nanoimprint lithography is a fast replication technology for structures with sizes ranging from micrometer down to few nanometer range. This article describes the technology for imprinting of polymer substrates as well as spin-on polymers by using soft working stamp materials on a fully automated hot embossing system, the EVG®750, built to use this rapid replication processes. By utilizing soft working stamps, the authors demonstrate the possibility to replicate, in fully automated mode, both high-aspect ratio features in thermoplastic materials as needed for microfluidic lab-on-chip applications as well as high resolution features down to 50nm in polymer that can be used as templates for pattern transfer in the fabrication of plasmonic substrates for biosensing applications.
Cycling of Wnt Signaling
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: January 2010

The activity of the Wnt receptor LRP6 is regulated in a cell cycle–dependent manner.
Dendrites Shape Interneuron Firing
Authors: Stern Peter R.
Published: January 2010

Potassium channel enrichment in the dendrites of hippocampal basket cells defines a mechanism of neural network function.
Modifying Protein Modification
Authors: Pickersgill Helen
Published: January 2010

A posttranslational sugar modification required to prevent certain dystrophies is identified and characterized.
2009: Signaling Breakthroughs of the Year
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2010

This year's signaling breakthroughs emphasize the importance of looking beyond linear signaling pathways.
Laninamivir Prodrug CS-8958, a Long-Acting Neuraminidase Inhibitor, Shows Superior Anti-Influenza Virus Activity after a Single Administration
Authors: Kubo Shuku , Tomozawa Takanori , Kakuta Masayo , Tokumitsu Akane , Yamashita Makoto
Published: January 2010

Two neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu), have been licensed for use for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza. We have reported on laninamivir (code name, R-125489), a novel neuraminidase inhibitor, and have discovered that the laninamivir prodrug CS-8958 worked as a long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor in a mouse influenza virus infection model when it is intranasally administered. In this study, CS-8958 was administered just once 7 days before infection and showed significant efficacy
in vivo
. The efficacy of a single administration of CS-8958 after viral infection was then compared with that of repeated administrations of oseltamivir phosphate or zanamivir in mice and ferrets. CS-8958 showed efficacy superior or similar to the efficacies of the two licensed NA inhibitors. CS-8958 also significantly reduced the titers of an oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 virus with a neuraminidase H274Y substitution in a mouse infection model. These results suggest that since CS-8958 is characteristically long lasting in the lungs, it may be ideal for the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.
High Prevalence of ST131 Isolates Producing CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-14 among Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing
Escherichia coli
Isolates from Canada
Authors: Peirano Gisele , Richardson David , Nigrin Jana , McGeer Allison , Loo Vivian , Toye Baldwin , Alfa Michelle , Pienaar Colette , Kibsey Pamela , Pitout Johann D. D.
Published: January 2010

Phenotypic and genotypic methods were used to characterize extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
Escherichia coli
isolated in 2007 from 11 different Canadian medical centers. Of the 209 ESBL-producing
E. coli
isolates tested, 148 (71%) produced CTX-M-15, 17 (8%) produced CTX-M-14, 5 (2%) produced CTX-M-3, and 1 produced CTX-M-27. Overall, 96 (46%) of the ESBL producers belonged to clonal complex ST131, with the highest prevalence in Brampton, Calgary, and Winnipeg. ST131 is an important cause of community onset urinary tract infections due to ESBL-producing
E. coli
across Canada.
Effectiveness of Hand Sanitizers with and without Organic Acids for Removal of Rhinovirus from Hands
Authors: Turner Ronald B. , Fuls Janice L. , Rodgers Nancy D.
Published: January 2010

These studies evaluated the effectiveness of ethanol hand sanitizers with or without organic acids to remove detectable rhinovirus from the hands and prevent experimental rhinovirus infection. Ethanol hand sanitizers were significantly more effective than hand washing with soap and water. The addition of organic acids to the ethanol provided residual virucidal activity that persisted for at least 4 h. Whether these treatments will reduce rhinovirus infection in the natural setting remains to be determined.
Influence of Fatty Acid Precursors, Including Food Preservatives, on the Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of
Listeria monocytogenes
at 37 and 10°C
Authors: Julotok Mudcharee , Singh Atul K. , Gatto Craig , Wilkinson Brian J.
Published: January 2010

Listeria monocytogenes
is a food-borne pathogen that grows at refrigeration temperatures and increases its content of anteiso-C
15:0
fatty acid, which is believed to be a homeoviscous adaptation to ensure membrane fluidity, at these temperatures. As a possible novel approach for control of the growth of the organism, the influences of various fatty acid precursors, including branched-chain amino acids and branched- and straight-chain carboxylic acids, some of which are also well-established food preservatives, on the growth and fatty acid composition of the organism at 37°C and 10°C were studied in order to investigate whether the organism could be made to synthesize fatty acids that would result in impaired growth at low temperatures. The results indicate that the fatty acid composition of
L. monocytogenes
could be modulated by the feeding of branched-chain amino acid, C
4
, C
5
, and C
6
branched-chain carboxylic acid, and C
3
and C
4
straight-chain carboxylic acid fatty acid precursors, but the growth-inhibitory effects of several preservatives were independent of effects on fatty acid composition, which were minor in the case of preservatives metabolized via acetyl coenzyme A. The ability of a precursor to modify fatty acid composition was probably a reflection of the substrate specificities of the first enzyme, FabH, in the condensation of primers of fatty acid biosynthesis with malonyl acyl carrier protein.