bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El ganado criollo Sanmartinero (SM) y su potencial productivo
Authors: Martínez Correal G. , Gonzalez Henao F.
Published: August 2011

Con este artículo se trata de resaltar aspectos zootécnicos y económicos de la raza Sanmartinera y su utilización en forma racional y sostenible, como fuente genética para el desarrollo eficiente de la ganadería Orinoquense.

Se describen sus cualidades y aptitudes productivas, como raza pura y en cruces con Cebú (Brahman), Santa Gertrudis y Charoláis; igualmente, los resultados comparativos de peso presacrificio y rendimiento en canal de cruces F ½ SM x ½ Cebú y Cebú puro.
Characteristics of the American Polypay: A review
Authors: Snowder G.D.
Published: August 2011

The Polypay sheep breed was developed at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station with a reproductive capacity markedly superior to that of domestic US western range breeds. The Polypay is a four breed composite of Targhee, Rambouillet, Dorset and Finnish Landrace breeds. It is a medium-sized wool sheep (average mature ewe weight of 72 kg) with a smooth body free of excessive skin wrinkles on the neck and body and a poll head. Comparative studies with other US domestic breeds have shown the Polypay to have earlier sexual maturity higher fertility and prolificacy rates. Mature ewes give birth to an average of 2.4 lambs and wean an average total litter weight of 63.8 kg per ewe at 120 days post partum. Lamb survival rates to 21 and 120 days are greater than those of other breeds compared. Average individual lamb weaning weight at 120 days (36.1 kg) exceeded that for Rambouillet and Targhee lambs (34.5 and 33.8 kg, respectively). Polypay carcasses are similar to those of Rambouillet and Targhee for dressing percentage, body wall thickness, kidney and pelvic fat, and ribeye area. Measures of carcass fat are less in the Polypay when compared to the Rambouillet and Targhee while qualitative leg scores for the Polypay were more favorable. Productive longevity under western range herded conditions does not differ among Polypay, Rambouillet, Targhee and Columbia sheep. In a farm flock production system, the average number of productive years for Polypay ewes exceeded that of most crossbred types. Wool characteristics are defined as a coarse to medium grade wool with a fiber diameter ranging from 24 to 33 μm. Fiber staple length ranges from 7.6 to 12.7 cm with a common mean of approximately 10 cm. Raw fleece weights are considered light and range from 2.7 to 4.5 kg. Yield of clean wool is approximately 57 percent. Economic evaluations favored the Polypay in all production systems considered with 15 to 36 percent increase in sales or profits compared to other US domestic breeds. When considering the Polypay breed for importation, some prudence should be exercised because it may not be suitable to all environments and production systems in the world, especially where nutritional and management resources are not sufficient to support lactating ewes rearing twins.
Productivité des ovins et des caprins de Race Locale élevés dans des conditions semi-intensives aux Antilles françaises
Authors: Alexandre G. , Mahieu M. , Aumont G.
Published: August 2011

Le potentiel de production du mouton Martinik et de la chèvre Créole de Guadeloupe a été évalué en station. Les conditons d'élevage semi-intensives étaient basées sur un rythme de 3 mises-bas en 2 ans, sur l'utilisation de pâturages irrigués et fertilisés, exploités à fort chargement animal (1.6 t/ha) et en rotation et sur l'application d'une prophylaxie rigoureuse et adaptée. Les brebis Martinik et les chèvres Créole sont caractérisées par une très bonne fertilité (85vs92%), une prolificité élevée (1.7vs2.1) et une mortalité pré-sevrage réduite (10vs16%) qui les classent parmi les meilleurs génotypes tropicaux. La chèvre Créole présente comparativement à la Brebis Martinik une supériorité quant à sa productivité numérique annuelle: 2.90vs2.17 jeunes/femelle à la naissance ou 2.44vs1.97 au sevrage. Le même paramètre rapporté à l'unité de surface varie de 174 à 87 jeunes/ha à la naissance, ou de 147 à 78 au sevrage, respectivement pour les chèvres et les brebis. A l'inverse, le système ovin génère une productivité pondérale largement supérieure à celui des caprins avec 27.9vs. 19.5 kg de jeunes sevrés/femelle/an ou encore 1 400vs1 130 kg de jeunes produits post-sevrage/ha/an. D'autres paramètres sont présentés dans le papier et une discussion est menée sur l'intérêt respectif des deux espèces pour le développement de la production de viande en zone tropicale. En effet le système allaitant est prometteur avec une productivité, quelle que soit l'espèce animale, de 1.3 t de jeunes sevrés/ha/an.
A propos d'un rapport sur la Chèvre du Rove en Provence
Authors: Poey d'Avant F.
Published: August 2011

Le rapport Danchin/Lauvergne de mai 2000 qui traitait de la situation actuelle de la chèvre du Rove est analysé par un acteur passionné de sauvegarde de la race. La Rove est une chèvre qui, en Provence, accompagnait jadis les troupeaux ovins transhumant à pied. Pour sa sauvegarde deux axes de travail sont actuellement privilégiés: 1) l'accès aux primes pour les bergers des troupeaux qui nettoient avec leurs dents les pare-feux forestiers permettant l'accès des intervenants contre les feux de forêt et 2) la recherche de débouchés pour la viande de cabris lourds, unique produit commercialisable puisque les chèvres débroussailleuses ne produisent pas de lait. Des solutions sont en vue avec la mise en place de CTE (contrats territoriaux d'exploitation) pour le premier point et la montée en puissance d'une entreprise bouchère locale pour le second. Toutes ces actions vont dans le sens d'une gestion écologique et économique bien comprise des troupeaux Rove existant encore. Elle combine la conservation d'une ressource génétique domestique, une contribution à la protection de la forêt contre le feu, la production d'une viande saine car élaborée à partir d'une flore arbustive sauvage et la sauvegarde d'emplois dans des zones menacées par la désertification des campagnes.
Motives for utilizing the Blacksided Trønder and Nordland: A native cattle breed in Norway
Authors: Sæther N. , Vangen O.
Published: August 2011

A survey was conducted in order to investigate what motives farmers have to utilize one of the old, native cattle breeds in Norway, Blacksided Trønder and Nordland Cattle (STN). The questionnaire, which was sent to 1 772 farmers who inseminated with the STN breed from 1987 to 1997, revealed clear opinions on the differences between this breed and the predominant breed of the country, the Norwegian Cattle (NRF).

The farms in the survey were characterized by having herd sizes above the national average, as well as having owners interested in extensive farming and to a certain extent aware of the special breeding challenges of small populations. The results showed that the STN breed was regarded as being significantly different for traits that may be considered as important in extensive production systems. The more idealistic motives linked to the genetic resources aspect showed a high priority.

The survey also revealed an obvious need for more research and objective information about this old native breed.
Indigenous sheep genetic resources and management in Bhutan
Authors: Dorji T. , Tshering G. , Wangchuk T. , Rege J.E.O , Hannote O.
Published: August 2011

Sheep are reared across a wide range of agro-ecosystems in Bhutan. A sample survey was conducted to characterise indigenous sheep breeds and husbandry practices. Information was recorded on morphological characteristics, body measurements and management variables. Based on geographical locations, four distinct native sheep types are described: Jakar, Sipsu, Sakten and Sarpang. This paper also describes the socio-economic importance of sheep, its trends and future prospects of sheep farming in Bhutan.
Evaluación de la conservación y comportamiento productivo del Banco de Germoplasma de la especie ovina en Colombia
Authors: Rodrigo Martínez S. , Rodrigo Vásquez R.
Published: August 2011

El Banco de Germoplasma ovino está conformado por ocho núcleos raciales organizados en un sistema de apareamiento circular cíclico para evitar la pérdida de la variabilidad genética. En este trabajo se encontró una tasa de incremento de consanguinidad por generación que varía entre 1,06 – 3,23% para los cuatro años previos a la formación del Banco y una tasa que varía entre 0,68 y 1,15% para los siguientes 5 años, lo que representa una reducción de 27,07 – 68,9% en el incremento de consanguinidad debido a la estructura de los apareamientos. Igualmente se muestra el comportamiento reproductivo por grupo racial, mostrando las bondades de la raza Criolla (96% de natalidad, 117% de prolificidad), dada su adaptación al sistema de producción de trópico alto. En cuanto al comportamiento productivo se determinó el efecto de raza, sexo y año sobre el crecimiento, encontrando a la raza Hampshire, Cheviot y Romney con los mayores pesos al nacimiento, destete y año. Finalmente se realizó una caracterización morfométrica y determinación de índices de similaridad entre las ocho razas de ovinos, utilizando parámetros de distribución continua. Las razas Merino y Corriedale presentaron los mayores índices de similaridad, al igual que las razas Criolla y Mora.
Indigenous chicken genetic resources in Bangladesh: current status and future outlook
Authors: Bhuiyan A.K.F.H. , Bhuiyan M.S.A. , Deb G.K.
Published: August 2011

Livestock, especially poultry, is a promising sector for poverty reduction in Bangladesh. Approximately 140 millions chickens are scattered throughout 68 000 villages in the country, mostly of indigenous, non-descript type. The production system for indigenous chickens is smallholder backyard scavenging in nature with each family keeping an average of 6–7 chickens to meet family requirements, and from which a cash income can also be derived when necessary. Indigenous chickens produce about 75% of the eggs and 78% of the meat consumed domestically. Among said indigenous chicken genetic resources, non-descript Deshi, Aseel and Naked Neck breeds are noteworthy

The non-descript Deshi chicken constitutes about 90% of the indigenous population. Also known as ‘Murghi’, they have undergone unknown periods of natural selection and are a reservoir of excellent genetic diversity. They show high levels of morphological and phenotypic variability and increased fitness under natural settings. Studies reveal that they may be regarded as one breed or population because of the small genetic distances among them. Deshi chickens are characterized by black (75%) and red (25%) plumage colour; black (39%), yellow (32%) and white (29%) shank color; black (99%) eye color; bright red (59%) and pale (41%) comb colour; white (82%) and yellow (17%) skin colour; no definite (61%) and lacing (17%) feather pattern; medium (70%) and large (19%) body size; single comb (97%) and rudimentary spur (98%); medium egg size (80%); light brown (67%) and white (27%) egg shell colour. Regarding production traits, Deshi chickens have average hatch weight of 29 g; body weight at 4, 8, 12 weeks; weekly weight gain (0–12 weeks) of respectively of 77, 175, 315, 24 grams; age at first egg (175 days); weight of pullet (0.9 kg); mature body weight (1.3 kg); hatchability (52%); fertility (83%); annual egg production (45 -50 eggs); 9% mortality up to 500 days of age.

The indigenous chicken population of Bangladesh has been undergoing genetic erosion since the 1960s, following the introduction of improved stock from developed countries. Efforts to sustain commercial hybrid broiler and layer chicken farming under intensive and semi-intensive production models have been tested, but efficiency of systematic characterization, screening, breed improvement and conservation programmes with the indigenous Deshi chickens at the smallholder village levels (in-situ) of Bangladesh are yet to be tested. Such an initiative may help to save these creatures from the grip of thethreat of extinction. This in turn may help to sustain village chicken production system in Bangladesh and could be a useful micro-economic strategy in the on-going poverty alleviation process in the country.
L'élevage du renne (Rangifer tarandus L.) en Finlande: ses origines et son évolution récente
Authors: Lefrère S.C. , Lauvergne J.-J.
Published: August 2011

Le renne, Rangifer tarandus, était chassé en Europe dès l'ère paléolithique et fournissait alors à l'homme vêtement et nourriture. Avec le recul des glaciers vers le Nord, sa répartition s'est vue cloisonnée. Les premières traces de domestication du renne sont tardives, elles semblent n'apparaître qu'au Ve siècle en Asie et après le IXe siècle chez les Finnois et Lapons, lesquels ont apprivoisé les rennes et les ont rassemblés en troupeaux. L'homme est ainsi devenu nomade pour suivre les rennes au fil de leurs migrations en Asie comme en Scandinavie, centralisant ainsi sa vie autour du renne pour moult usages. En Finlande cependant, l'homme du XXe siècle s'est sédentarisé, suite à la fermeture des frontières avec la Norvège et la Suède et l'instauration d'un système de coopératives. Le renne est donc en Finlande un exemple paradoxal de domestication du fait de son caractère partiel. La mutation de cette domestication a été étudiée au travers d'enquêtes et de recherches effectuées en Laponie finlandaise.
Pastoral community selection and the genetic structure of a local goat breed in Patagonia
Authors: Lanari M.R. , Domingo E. , Centeno M.J. Pérez , Gallo L.
Published: August 2011

The effect of human intervention on the structure of locally adapted breeds in America is analyzed using the case of a rural community in Patagonia (Argentina) and its goats. The Neuquen Criollo Goat is analyzed focusing on the artificial selection practiced by the local rural community and its effects on the current type's distribution. Goatherd preferences in the selection of replacements were studied by means of a survey (n= 242). The distribution of 634 females of various types was recorded and compared with selection criteria through multivariate techniques. Producers showed clear grounds for the selection of their animals, size, conformation, hair type and coat color being the criteria most frequently cited. Most producers (84%) used at least two criteria to choose their replacements. Differences of criteria and phenotypes between areas were significant, as was the correlation between Chi-squared distances matrix on both data sets (r=0.78), showing the influence of human intervention on the breed's shape. Directional selection, practiced by rural communities in marginal areas, was the main factor of microevolution in this Criollo goat population, and probably in other Criollo populations in America.
Ghoongroo pig: A new found animal genetic resource of sub-Himalayan West Bengal, India
Authors: Pan S. , Misra S.K. , Kundu M.S.
Published: August 2011

A breed of pig with distinctive productive and reproductive characteristics has been identified in the eastern Sub-Himalayan region of West Bengal state, India and adjoining Nepal. The breed is known as Ghoongroo (meaning anklet in the local language). The breed is most prevalent within 88° E to 90° E longitudes and 26.3° N to 27.3° N latitudes. Two distinct climates viz., cold moist and hot humid are observed during the year. Farmers manage the animals both under stall-feeding and stall-feeding-cum-grazing systems. Simple housing principally made up of bamboo and jute stick is used with an emphasis on giving protection from the rain.

The population in the breeding tract varies depending on market demand. Generally, the population varies from 8 000 to 10 0000. Pigs are black in colour with a compact body, long thick coarse hair, a long tail and an upwardly curved snout. The face is broad and flattened with large, heart shaped ear resembling that of an elephant. Average litter size at birth is11.92±0.06 and a litter size of up to eighteen is not uncommon on a low to medium plane of nutrition. Body weights at birth, five months and one year of age are 1.08±0.22, 38.91± 1.49 and 106.3±0.31 kg respectively, irrespective of sex.

This unique germ plasma has the potential to replace exotic breeds from temperate zones currently used in improved pig production programs. However the breed is under constant threat due to indiscriminate crossbreeding with other varieties. Thus the immediate implementation of conservation and improvement programs is essential to salvage the breed.
Evaluación de la variabilidad genética en ganado Criollo Colombiano mediante 12 marcadores microsatélites
Authors: Barrera G.P. , Martinez R. , Perez J.E. , Polanco N. , Ariza F.
Published: August 2011

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estimar la variabilidad y las relaciones filogenéticas entre 6 razas de ganado criollo colombiano, cebú Brahman y la española Pirenaica, mediante el uso de 12 marcadores moleculares tipo microsatélite. El número promedio de alelos fue de 11.58 con los valores más altos para los marcadores HEL 13 y ETH 10. La heterocigocidad promedio de todas las razas fue de 0.7 y el coeficiente de endogamia fue de 0.097, con los valores más altos para la raza Romosinuano. Los mayores valores de diversidad se presentaron en la raza Casanareño. La distancia genética entre las razas criollas colombianas y la raza española Pirenaica fue amplia (0.7–1.7) indicando posiblemente poca intervención de esta raza en el origen de las razas criollas. En general, las mayores distancias genéticas se presentaron entre las razas de origenBos taurus(razas criollas colombianas y Pirenaica) con respecto a laBos indicus(Brahman).
Germplasm characteristics and conservation of Tongcheng pig: A case study for preservation and utilization of Chinese indigenous pig breeds
Authors: Fan B. , Tang Z.L. , Xu S.P. , Liu B. , Peng Z.Z. , Li K.
Published: August 2011

The paper describes the breed characteristics, production performance including reproduction, growth, carcass and meat quality traits of the Tongcheng pig, one of the indigenous pig breeds suitable for a hybrid maternal line in central China. Based on the field investigation and data statistics from the farm recordings, the Tongcheng pig has early sexual maturity indicators, and the average litter size is 8.5 for first parity and 9.3 and 11.3 for the second and subsequent parities respectively. In a three-way crossing project launched recently, using the Tongcheng pig as the maternal parent and Landrace or Yorkshire pigs as the paternal parent, the performance testing results showed that Tongcheng pigs had a lower growth and meat production performance than these commercial pigs, but had superior meat quality. The production performance of the two crossing groups Landrace/Yorkshire/Tongcheng pigs) (LYT) and Yorkshire/Landrace/Tongcheng pigs) (YLT) were improved in comparison to their parent lines, and the results further indicated that the LYT cross is a tri-crossing style convenient for farm and village areas in central China. Meanwhile, effective management measures taken towards Tongcheng pig preservation, and a genetic diversity evaluation on the Tongcheng pig were reviewed. This paper offers the Tongcheng pig as a case study for the maintenance and utilization of indigenous pigs in China, which is rich in pig breeds but is also confronting the pig resource crisis.
The Poltava chicken breed of Ukraine: its history, characterization and conservation
Authors: Moiseyeva I.G. , Romanov M.N. , Kovalenko A.T. , Mosyakina T.V. , Bondarenko Yu.V. , Kutnyuk P.I. , Podstreshny A.P. , Nikiforov A.A.
Published: August 2011

Poltava chickens are native to Ukraine, with a remarkable history, genetics and economic traits. They include three varieties: Clay, Cuckoo and Black. The Poltava Clay variety exemplifies what can be achieved by thorough selection in transforming a local, low production chicken population into an established breed with high performance characteristics and selected line structure. Two other varieties, the Cuckoo and Black, are extinct but plans for their restoration are underway.
Pure line laying chickens at the Agassiz Research Centre
Authors: Silversides F.G. , Shaver D. McQ. , Song Y.
Published: August 2011

Six lines of laying chickens representing high-producing non-industrial lines chosen or produced with consideration for characters of production are being kept at the Agassiz Research Centre. The collection includes one Barred Plymouth Rock (Line 60), one Columbian Plymouth Rock, one Rhode Island Red (Line 50), and three White Leghorn lines (Blue, Black, and Burgundy). Before coming to the Agassiz Research Centre these pure lines were subjected to mild selection for egg production and their egg production approaches that of commercial hybrids. The lines are currently maintained as a genetic resource as live populations without selection and with populations large enough to minimize inbreeding. In addition, samples of DNA from these lines have been conserved for genetic studies, and samples of embryonic cells are being kept cryogenically to allow the possibility of reconstitution of the lines through the production of germline chimeras. Techniques of ovarian transplantation are being developed which will allow more efficient cryogenic conservation and recuperation of the genetic material into live populations.
Indigenous sheep resources of Ethiopia: types, production systems and farmers preferences
Authors: Gizaw S. , Komen H. , Hanotte O. , Van Arendonk J.A.M.
Published: August 2011

Ethiopia has a diverse sheep population, numbering 23.6 million, in parallel with its diverse ecology, production systems and communities. A comprehensive phenotypic and genetic characterization of Ethiopian sheep populations was initiated in 2005 to provide a nationwide framework for the management of sheep genetic resources. In this paper, we describe the indigenous sheep types in terms of physical characteristics, eco-regional distribution and community affinity. We also present relationships of sheep types with agricultural production systems, and farmers'/pastoralists' assessment of their sheep types. Fourteen traditionally recognized sheep types were identified and physically described.

The sheep types could be categorized into four groups (sub-alpine short-fat-tailed, highland long-fat-tailed, lowland fat-rumped and lowland thin-tailed) based on their ecological distribution, tail types (fat-tail versus thin-tail), tail form/shape, and fiber type. There is high morphological and ecological diversity among the major sheep groups as well as among the sheep types. There is also a strong relationship between sheep types, ethnic groups and production systems. Assessment of the genetic distinctiveness of the traditional sheep types is important for developing rational conservation-based improvement programs. Molecular genetic assessment of the population structure is a follow up activity.
Inventaire des différents écotypes de la race Barbarine en Tunisie
Authors: Bedhiaf-Romdhani S. , Djemali M. , Bello A.A.
Published: August 2011

Cette étude s'est intéressée à l'identification des différents écotypes de la race Barbarine, principale race ovine à queue grasse en Tunisie. Un inventaire national a été conduit dans les différents étages bioclimatiques du pays allant du Nord subhumide jusqu'au Sud Saharien, en passant par le Centre semi-aride. Les principaux résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence au sein de cette race 10 écotypes différents:

1. Quatre écotypes au Nord, de grand format à tête rousse, de grand format à tête noire, à robe noire, et de type “Sardi” à museau, “lunettes” et membres noirs.

2. Quatre écotypes au Centre, de format moyen avec dominance de la tête rousse, à tête rousse avec une liste frontale blanche, à tête claire tirant vers le blanc et à tête rousse et à queue arquée.

3. Deux écotypes au Sud, de petit format à tête rousse, et de type “Sagâa” avec une tête blanche, un museau et des “lunettes” de couleur brune. Cette diversité d'écotypes au sein de la race Barbarine constitue un apport nouveau aux connaissances des races ovines autochtones. Jusqu'à maintenant, seuls deux écotypes, à tête rousse et tête noire, étaient répertoriés au sein de la race Barbarine.
South African developed meat type goats: A forgotten animal genetic resource?
Authors: Pieters A. , van Marle-Köster E. , Visser C. , Kotze A.
Published: August 2011

There are mainly three locally developed meat type goat breeds in South Africa namely the South African Boer goat, the Savanna and the Kalahari Red. In order to maintain the characteristics of these breeds and to ensure that their unique traits are not lost through continuous selection and cross-breeding, it has become important to revisit current breed standards and introduce genetic characterization to obtain genetic diversity parameters. Both the Boer goat and Savanna breeds have established breeders associations while a breeders club was founded for the Kalahari Red goats. These associations have set breed standards and the breeds' morphometric traits have recently been described. The differences in morphometric traits among the breeds are fairly insignificant. Preliminary data on genetic diversity report heterozygosity values above 50% for each of the three breeds and they can be distinguished as separate breeds based on genotyping results with eighteen ISAG recommended microsatellite markers. There is however a need for a genetic characterization of both meat type and indigenous goats to ensure sufficient diversity within the breeds for long term conservation of the unique genetic resource.
ISTRIAN CATTLE
Authors: Caput P. , Rimanic N.
Published: August 2011

The Istrian breed of cattle, of the Yugoslavian peninsula of that name, is an endangered species. The Istrian breed is related to other Podolic breeds and research into its genetic relationships with other breeds, as well as its conservation through the establishment of open nucleus units, frozen embryo stocks and a semen bank is being undertaken.
GOATS IN YEMEN
Authors: Hasnain H. U. , Hokhie A.A. Al , Iryani A.R.F Al
Published: August 2011

This article was first prepared (1988/89) when there were two Yemen States, the Yemen Arab Republic also known as North Yemen and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen. These two united in 1990 to form the Republic of Yemen. The authors describe the various goat populations in North Yemen, the regional distribution, numbers, flock sizes and production systems; the future of goat raising is also discussed. A short updating note on the goat population of South Yemen completes the picture.
THE MAREMMANA CATTLE
Authors: Emiliani G.
Published: August 2011

The origins, historical evolution and actual situation of the breed are discussed. These cattle played a major role in the central part of the Italian peninsula since Roman times. The breed's vital statistics, numbers and systems of production are presented.
EL GANADO CRIOLLO COLOMBIANO BLANCO OREJINEGRO (BON)
Authors: Correal G. Martinez
Published: August 2011

Este artículo describe brevemente el origen de los, bovinos “criollos” en Colombia, el nicho ecológico donde ha prosperado el ganado criollo Blanco Orejinegro (BON) y las principales características zootécnicas y productivas de esta raza. Se presentan los resultados de heterosis hallados en planes de cruzamiento con las razas Cebú (Brahman), Charolais y Santa Gertrudis.
EL CERDO ZUNGO
Authors: Ospina R. Sabogal , Owen B. A. A.
Published: August 2011

El cerdo Zungo, constituye una fuente importante de ingreso para muchos campesinos colombianos a nivel de pequeás explotaciones de subsistencia.

Este cerdo es un animal de piel negra, pelo escaso, anca caída y poco jamón. Des cerdo Zungo existen tres tipos: el mediano, el choncho y el chuzo.

La monta de las hembras Zungo se debe realizar aproximadamente a los siete meses de edad, con un peso de 70-75 kg. y los verracos deben entrar en servicio después de los ocho meses de edad, con un peso aproximado de 80 kg.

Con un manejo mejorado los cerdos híbridos producto del cruce de cerdos Zungo puro con hembras Duroc puro, se comportan de forma intermedia en comparaión a los lechones puros Zungo y Duroc desde el nacimiento hasta el destete.

Desde el destete (56 días) hasta los 90 kg de peso promedio, los cerdos Zungo presentaron un aumento diario de peso y una conversión alimenticia inferiores a los Duroc que no difirieron significativamente de los cruces Zungo x Duroc y Duroc x Zungo.
LA RACE BOVINE ASTURIENNE DE MONTAGNE
Authors: Dunner S. , Canon J. , Gutierrez J. P. , Vallejo M. , Alonso L. , Goyache T.
Published: August 2011

RÉSUME

Ce travail présente les caractéristiques morphologiques, productives et d'exploitation les plus importantes de la race Asturienne de Montagne. Les programmes de contrôle des performances et les modèles d'évaluation génétique pour la sélection et la conservation de la race sont également décrits.
L'ELEVAGE DU YAK EN ASIE CENTRALE
Authors: Bonnemaire J. , Jest C.
Published: August 2011

RESUME

Le yak domestique, Bos gr-unniens, est un boviné à longs poils et à queue touffue élevé en Asie Centrale, dans les zones situées entre 3500 et 5000 mètres d'altitude.

Son aire de répartition correspond schématiquement aux régions montagneuses qui s'inscrivent entre les longitudes 70° à 115° Est et les latitudes 27° à SS° Nord, c'est à dire du Pamir à l'Ouest jusqu'à la région du lac Baikal à l'Est. En Mongolie à la latitude la plus septentrionale de l'aire considérée il descend jusqu'à 1500 mètres d'altitude.

En égard à son rôle central dans la vie des populations essentiellement pastorales d'Asie centrale, l'élevage du yak apparait comme un révélateur puissant et un intégrateur efficace des systèmes écologiques des zones d'altitude d'Asie.

Nous présenterons ici succintement, à partir de précedentes publications, les caractéristiques du yak, le fonctionnement des systèmes d'élevage et l'organisation spécifique du pastoralisme dans des milieux extrèmement contraignants.
A programme for the inventory, characterisation, evaluation, conservation and utilisation of European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) genetic resources
Authors: Bolet G. , Monnerot M. , Arnal C. , Arnold J. , Bell D. , Bergoglio G. , Besenfelder U. , Bosze S. , Boucher S. , Brun J.M. , Chanteloup N. , Ducourouble M.C. , Durand-Tardif M. , Esteves P.J. , Ferrand N. , Hewitt G. , Joly T. , Koehl P.F. , Laube M. , Lechevestrier S. , Lopez M. , Masoero G. , Piccinin R. , Queney G. , Saleil G. , Surridge A. , van der Loo W. , Vanhommerig J. , Vicente J.S. , Virag G. , Zimmermann J.M.
Published: August 2011

In Europe, more than 60 breeds are described by the national associations of rabbit breeders. However, these breeds are scarcely used in the commercial production of rabbit meat in Europe, which is based mainly on commercial strains. A European programme, coordinated by the I. N. R. A., has been initiated to realise the inventory of all these breeds and to evaluate the zootechnical value and the genetic characteristics of some of them. Through the European association of rabbit breeders and the FAO national focal points, all the European countries have been asked to fill out a questionnaire describing their populations of rabbits. A data bank is being set up, which will be included in the FAO (DAD-IS) and EAAP data banks. A sample of 10 breeds has been chosen (Flemish Giant, French Lop, Belgian Hare, Vienna White, Champagne Argente, Thuringer, Fauve de Bourgogne, Chinchilla, Himalayan, British). Their zootechnical value (reproduction, growth and carcass traits) is being evaluated on three experimental farms, in comparison with a control breed. At the same time, their genetic polymorphism and the genetic distances between these 10 breeds are calculated on the basis of microsatellites, mitochondrial DNA, other genetic markers and protein polymorphism. Finally, a bank of frozen embryos from these 10 breeds is being constituted.
Advances in the Brazilian animal genetic resources conservation programme
Authors: Mariante A. da S. , Albuquerque M. do S.M. , do Egito A. A. , McManus C.
Published: August 2011

Brazil has various species of domestic animals which developed from breeds brought by the Portuguese settlers soon after the discovery. Over the last five centuries, these breeds have been submitted to natural selection in particular environments and therefore today, they present characteristics adapted to the specific environmental conditions. From the beginning of this century, some exotic breeds, selected in temperate regions, have begun to be imported. Although more productive, these breeds lack adaptation traits, such as resistance to disease and parasites found in breeds considered to be“native” but even so, little by little, they have substituted the native breeds to such an extent that the latter are, today, in danger of extinction. To avoid the loss of this important genetic material, Brazil created an Animal Genetics Resource Conservation Programme, coordinated by the National Research Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (Cenargen) of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMPRAPA). The conservation has been carried out by various Research Centres of EMPRAPA, Universities, State Research Corporations, as well as by private farmers, with a single coordinator at national level, Cenargen. The conservation is being carried out through Conservation Nuclei, situated in the habitats where the animals have been subjected to natural selection(in situ), and by the storage of semen and embryos(ex situ). The recently created Animal Genetics Laboratory of Cenargen allowed genetic characterisation studies on cattle and horse breeds to begin, and, in the near future, work with asses, buffalo and sheep will be conducted‥ From the results of this research it will be possible to compare the native breeds and estimate genetic distances between them. The harmonisation of chosen micro-satellites with those which have been used in other Latin America and Iberian Peninsula countries will be extremely useful for comparative studies and will allow future exchange of germplasm between countries.
A ROLE FOR FERAL MAMMALS IN CONSERVING THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF LIVESTOCK
Authors: Rudge M.R.
Published: August 2011

The rationale for conserving breeds of livestock may be extended to free-living populations which are descended from domestic stock (= feral). An important management difference is that feral animals are not maintained as fixed breeds, but are free to vary and adapt. Many feral populations are pests, and threaten the status of native flora and fauna. This means that they continue to diminish as a result of control operations. Nevertheless, some populations and herds of goats, cattle, horses, sheep and pigs have now been protected. Positive values of commercial and scientific Interest are emerging as animals of feral extraction are studied. Further work is needed to assess the contribution that feral animals can make to the cause of conserving genetic diversity in the world's livestock.
NOTE ON THE FAO EXPERT CONSULTATION ON MANAGEMENT OF GLOBAL ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES ROME, 7-10 APRIL 1992
Authors: Steane D.E.
Published: August 2011

For some years Animal Genetic Resources has been a major topic for consideration and discusion by the FAO Committee in Agriculture (COAG), by the Council and the Conference (the governing body of FAO).

Following requests of earlier meetings the 1991 COAG meeting considered the outline global programme proposed on An GR and also heard the recommendations requesting the possible expansion of Plant Genetic Resources Structure to one for Biological Diversity.
DOCUMENTING THE WORLD'S DOMESTIC ANIMAL RESOURCES
Authors: Ruane J.
Published: August 2011

The recently established FAO Global Data Bank for Domestic Livestock aims to document and characterise the different populations of domestic animals found throughout the world. Currently, there are 2047 entries in the data bank. A global breed survey is under way to collect basic information on each breed. From an initial analysis of population data currently available, it is estimated that a total of 390 breeds may be at risk in non-European countries. More than 200 are likely to be in developing countries.
HISTORY OF THE AUROCHS (BOS TAURUS PRIMIGENIUS) IN POLAND
Authors: Rokosz Mieczyslaw
Published: August 2011

In the present paper the author submits a short outline of the history of the aurochs in Poland, the country in which that species survived the longest. The last specimen died in the royal forests of Jaktorôw in Masovia at the beginning of the XVIIth century. The sources of the present study are as follows: documents proclaimed by kings, old chronicles, descriptions found in literature, old illustrations, etc. Among the reasons why that species of the relic fauna of the Pleistocene epoch survived so long are those the author draws attention to: i) the special natural conditions, i.e. abundance of forests and climate, offered in Poland, especially in early times, ii) some cultural elements, the latter being of special interest to him. The legal protection extended to the aurochs by the State found its expression in the regale or the king s order concerning hunting of these animals; this was strictly observed, as is pronouncedly recorded in the historical sources which say that in the XIIIth century the aurochs were to be found only in the province of Masovia. The local princes of the Piast dynasty, and later on the kings of Poland, made no concessions of their exclusive right to hunt that animal, not even to the greatest magnates, both ecclesiastical and secular. They themselves never abused the hunting law as far as the aurochs was concerned. Considering the situation of the aurochs in the light of that regale and of the hunting law, the conclusion is offered that the fact of excluding the aurochs from the hunting law and extending to it “a sacred privilege of immunity” which, according to an old custom, only the king was not obliged to obey, was the major factor which contributed to such a long period of survival of that species. This exceptional and almost personal care of the Polish sovereigns for these animals and their intentional will to save them for posterity caused the prolongation of the period of survival of that magnificent species up to the year 1627, in which the last auroch cow died a natural death in her haunts, as is stated in the report of the royal inspection performed in the year 1630.
Criteria for the recognition and prioritisation of breeds of special genetic importance
Authors: Alderson L.
Published: August 2011

The State of the World survey of animal genetic resources (SoWAnGR) has highlighted the necessity to reconcile the varying systems applied by different organisations for the identification and categorisation of endangered breeds of livestock. Currently, many of these systems are irreconcilable. In particular, there is a need to interpret national breed populations in the context of their international population. Rare Breeds International has developed and applied a system which overcomes these problems, and which coincides with criteria applied by FAO. The system utilises three criteria, namely distinctiveness, local adaptation, and numerical scarcity. Numerical scarcity is measured preferentially by the number of annual female registrations rather than the number of breeding females. The system embodies simplicity, accuracy and effectiveness, based on global data, and will enable more effective interpretation of SoWAnGR reports.
The use of reproductive and molecular biotechnology in Animal Genetic Resources management - a global overview
Authors: Pilling D. , Cardellino R. , Zjalic M. , Rischkowsky B. , Tempelman K.A. , Hoffmann I.
Published: August 2011

As part of the country-driven strategy for the management of animal genetic resources, FAO invited 188 countries to participate in the preparation of the First Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources. Utilizing the information provided in the 148 country reports ready for analysis in July 2005, this paper presents a global overview of the state of capacity and utilization of reproductive and molecular biotechnologies in the management of animal genetic resources. Regional descriptions outline the distribution of different biotechnologies, along with a discussion of the species and breed focus of their use, and stakeholder involvement in service delivery. Unsurprisingly, there is a big gap in biotechnology use between developed and developing countries, with artificial insemination being the technology most widely applied in developing countries. More complex technologies such as embryo transfer and molecular tools, are even less common in developing countries. Use of biotechnologies is in general biased towards cattle, and examples of the application of biotechnologies in the management of locally adapted breeds are limited. Most developing countries express the wish to increase the utilization of biotechnologies. However, in many cases clear plans for incorporating technologies into animal genetic resource management are lacking.
“Corplum is a core from a plum”: The advantage of bilingual children in the analysis of word meaning from verbal context
Authors: MARINOVA-TODD STEFKA H.
Published: August 2011

The possible advantage of bilingual children over monolinguals in analyzing word meanings from verbal context was examined. The subjects were 40 third-grade children (20 bilingual and 20 monolingual) recruited from independent schools in the USA. The two groups of participants were compared on their performance on a standardized test of receptive vocabulary and an experimental measure of word meanings, the Word–Context Test. Results revealed that on average, the bilingual children had smaller vocabularies in English. The bilinguals deduced the meaning from context of more words than the monolingual children, although there were no differences between groups on the rate of reaching the target meanings for words on which they were successful, and on the quality of their definitions. Moreover, bilingual children approached the task differently and they showed greater flexibility when analyzing word meanings from verbal context, thus indicating that bilinguals may be more efficient vocabulary learners than monolinguals.
Nitrogen isotopic relationship between diatom‐bound and bulk organic matter of cultured polar diatoms
Authors: Horn Matthew G. , Robinson Rebecca S. , Rynearson Tatiana A. , Sigman Daniel M.
Published: August 2011

Using batch cultures, the 15N/14N (hereafter δ15N) of diatom‐bound organic matter was measured and compared to the δ15N of total diatom biomass during the progressive consumption of a nitrate pool in four polar diatom species (Fragilariopsis cylindrus, Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, Pseudo‐nitzschia seriata, and Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii) and one temperate species (Thalassiosira aestivalis). In general, the δ15N of the dissolved nitrate in seawater was greater than that of the biomass, which was greater than that of the diatom‐bound N. Rayleigh‐type relationships were observed, allowing for estimation of the isotope effect (ɛ) for each species, with a range from 1.0‰ to 14.0‰ across all species. For all cultured strains, the δ15N values of the diatom‐bound (δ15NDB) fraction was lower than those of the total diatom biomass (δ15Nbiomass). The isotopic offset between the biomass and diatom‐bound N (δ15NDBoffset = δ15Nbiomass − δ15NDB) was relatively constant along the growth curve for each individual species but varied among species, with a range of 1.9‰–11.2‰. Weak relationships were determined when ɛ and the δ15NDBoffset were compared to cellular size and surface area:volume ratio. More significantly, with the exception of Pseudo‐nitzschia seriata, a strong positive relationship was found between ɛ and δ15NDBoffset. While the culture data indicate a positive δ15NDBoffset across all studied diatom species, surface sediment data suggest a negative δ15NDBoffset for sedimentary assemblages. This indicates that either (1) the growth conditions of our cultures had some effect on δ15NDBoffset or (2) a low‐δ15N component of the N that we measure as diatom frustule–bound is lost during early diagenesis. Given documented assemblage changes, our culture data for relevant species do not suggest that the higher δ15NDB observed in the Antarctic during ice ages can be explained by species related changes in the sedimentary bulk‐to‐diatom‐bound isotopic difference. Future work on the diatom‐bound material in cultured diatoms grown under in situ nutrient conditions, analysis of sediment trap and net tow material, and frustule dissolution experiments will more completely assess this paleoproxy.
Research Spotlight: Soil temperature trends in Canada
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie
Published: August 2011

Global warming increasingly is becoming a concern for society. Most reported warming trends are based on measured increases in air temperatures. However, trends in soil temperatures, also an important indicator of climate change, are less often reported.Qian et al. analyzed soil temperature data from 30 climate stations across Canada covering the period from 1958 to 2008; the data cover soil temperatures at several depths up to 150 centimeters. They also analyzed air temperature, precipitation, and snow cover depth at the same locations. (Journal of Geophysical Research‐Atmospheres, doi:10.1029/2010JD015012, 2011)
Whose Foot in the Door?
Authors: Braterman Paul S. , Geissman John W.
Published: August 2011

Many professional societies in the geosciences, including AGU, have made it their practice to accept for presentation almost every abstract submitted for professional meetings, including meetings of national and international stature. Unfortunately, it is becoming clear that this generous policy can have serious and unintended consequences. As some readers will know, a tiny minority of AGU members are concerned with furthering a religiously motivated creationist agenda and (in all good faith, presumably) completely misrepresent science to that end. For most scientists this is a trivial matter. We know that an AGU abstract, for example, is just an abstract. It does not have the status of a peer‐reviewed scientific contribution, although the research reported will often provide the basis for one. We know that radioactive decay rates depend on basic physical constants and the laws of quantum mechanics. We also know, from the fact that we can understand the structure of the oldest rocks or the spectra of the most distant galaxies, that these things have not changed for billions of years. If an abstract makes claims to the contrary, we might attribute this to human error, or to instrumental limitations, or even to some real and interesting confounding phenomenon, such as the presence of bacterial contamination in an unexpected location. In any case, we are unlikely to be misled, and we might even learn something. So, seemingly, no great harm is done.
A Whole Ecosystem Approach to Studying Climate Change in Interior Alaska
Authors: Riggins Susan , Striegl Robert , McHale Michael
Published: August 2011

Yukon River Basin Principal Investigators Workshop; Portland, Oregon, 18–20 January 2011; High latitudes are known to be particularly susceptible to climate warming, leading to an emphasis of field and modeling research on arctic regions. Subarctic and boreal regions such as the Yukon River Basin (YRB) of interior Alaska and western Canada are less well studied, although they encompass large areas that are vulnerable to changes in forest composition, permafrost distribution, and hydrology. There is an urgent need to understand the resiliency and vulnerability of these complex ecosystems as well as their feedbacks to the global climate system. Consequently, U.S. Geological Survey scientists, with other federal agency, university, and private industry partners, is focusing subarctic interdisciplinary studies on the Beaver Creek Wild and Scenic River watershed (http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/content/ak/en/prog/nlcs/beavercrk_nwsr.html) and Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge (http://yukonflats.fws.gov/ ) in the YRB, south and west of Fort Yukon, Alaska. These areas are national treasures of wetlands, lakes, and uplands that support large populations of wildlife and waterfowl and are home to vibrant native Alaskan communities that depend on the area for a subsistence lifestyle.