bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creating Successful Schools for All Children: A Proven Step
Authors: Achilles C. M. , Nye B. A. , Zaharias J. B. , Fulton B. D.
Published: January 2019

Research on class size in early primary grades (K-3) is showing the efficacy of small classes (p  .01) of 1:15. Application of these early experimental results in 17 poor counties was followed by a major rise in the average rank of the 17 systems among the state's system. Additional studies show the lasting benefits to pupils through grade 5 of having been in 1:15 classes during K-3.

Professors should disseminate these results, and administrators should actively apply these—and other—research results in their quest for successful schools for all children.
Women and Minorities in Educational Administration: Programs and Processes that Work
Authors: Tonnsen Sandra , Truesdale Valerie
Published: January 2019

This article reviews two studies that sought to identify strategies and programs that increase the likelihood that women and minorities will become school administrators. It ends with recommendations for school districts and school administrators, for educational administration training programs, and for women and minorities themselves.
The Twin Engines of School Reform for the 1990s: The School Sites and National Coalitions
Authors: Keedy John L
Published: January 2019

The school sites and national coalitions are projected as major players in this decade's restructuring efforts to help transform our society from a goods to a knowledge-work economy. As school sites are provided both autonomy and accountability for school improvement and as the need for student self-directed learning becomes more imperative, principal-teacher and teacher-student relationships will be transformed. Due to political, economic, and school-related pressures, principals and teachers will become collegial problem-solvers as school sites function largely as self-administrated units. As information technology makes knowledge more accessible and less controllable through textbooks, teachers and students will form classroom learning communities. The United States is entering a nationalizing of education era as national coalitions become major players on the school reform stage. These coalitions will provide student assessment systems and new workplace designs for schooling. Within this national framework, school-site personnel will craft personalized learning environments. After 100 years of standard design, schools will become different. Implications are then made for principal training and for the principal associations.
Principals and Superintendents: Perceptions of Involvement in the Budgeting Process
Authors: Lacost Barbara Y. , Grady Marilyn L.
Published: January 2019

Expectations of principal participation in the budgeting process at the site level vary among principals and between principals and superintendents. If site-based budgeting is to be effective, district and school leaders should have similar expectations for the principal's role. We compared responses from superintendents and principals about the level of involvement of the principal in making budget decisions at the site. In this study, principal and superintendent respondents differed significantly about the degree of principal involvement in (a) salary decisions about non-certificated staff, (b) purchase of texts and library books, and (c) decisions affecting the building and the grounds. The groups indicated greater agreement about the degree of involvement in (a) the determination of teacher salaries and (b) decisions about purchasing instructional supplies and equipment.
The Unspecial Place of Special Education in Programs that Prepare School Administrators
Authors: Sirotnik Kenneth A. , Kimball Kathy
Published: January 2019

What is the place of special education in programs that prepare school administrators? In this article, we explore this question by: (1) reviewing selected contemporary literature including recent recommendations for improving educational administration programs; (2) reanalyzing relevant data from a national study; and (3) reporting the results of recent interviews with selected high school principals. The conclusion reached is that special education is treated inadequately (if at all) in programs designed to prepare school administrators. Based upon this body of information collected and our experience with our own principal preparation program, recommendations are discussed concerning why and how special education should have a place in these programs.
The Status of Alternative Certification for School Administrators: A National Study
Authors: Gooden John S. , Leary Paul A.
Published: January 2019

This study reports the status of alternative certification policies for school administrators in the United States using descriptive research methodology. This article is based on a 1993 study that identified the states that have alternative certification policies, the reasons they were established, and how the policies compare and contrast.
The Revisionists’ Critique of the Education Reform Reports
Authors: Björk Lars G.
Published: January 2019

While the education reform reports of the 1980s and 1990s indicted public schools for both failing the nation's youth and economy, the revisionists, a group of eminent scholars and researchers, challenged their assumptions and confronted critics with empirical evidence that demonstrated that schools were in better condition than reported. Although the evidence confirmed that the crisis in American education was manufactured, the public ignored their arguments. This suggests that the reform reports had less to do with their substance than with affirming the nation's belief that education can help solve pressing national problems, promote social continuity, and convey a sense that the nation's future is within the bounds of human control.
Fashioning a Culture for School Leadership from the Top
Authors: Walker Allan , Quong Terry
Published: January 2019

School leaders are unavoidably touched by educators placed higher in the formal systemic hierarchy. This article reports the attempt of a newly-appointed Education Chief Executive Officer (CEO) to fashion a culture of leadership suited to self-managed schools and shifting educational priorities. First, the context into which the CEO was appointed is described as is the rationale anchoring the new set of guiding values. Second, the values themselves and the actions taken by the CEO to stimulate their adoption throughout the system are discussed. Finally, some initial administrator reactions to the change attempt and a number of associated issues are explored. Findings indicate that actions from high-level educators can influence principals’ approaches to leadership, but that such changes may lack durability unless other influential players exhibit commitment. A further finding exposed the paradox of instituting culture change while avoiding a personality driven approach to leadership.
Ethical School Leadership: Problems of an Elusive Role
Authors: Campbell Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

Educational literature increasingly emphasizes the importance of ethics in school leadership and the need to recognize professional responsibilities as basic ethical imperatives. It further notes that future administrators must be engaged in preparation programs which highlight this neglected area and the prominence of their role as ethical practitioners. Within this theoretical context, and from the perspective of my personal experience teaching future school leaders, this paper addresses complexities involved in translating philosophical principles into practice within a prevailing climate of value relativism; it ponders the irony of asserting goals of ethical leadership while continuing to accept ethics as subjectively-defined values of opinion and preference.
Principals and School Reform: Barriers to Inclusion in Three Secondary Schools
Authors: Powell Donna , Hyle Adrienne E.
Published: January 2019

Explanatory case studies were used to examine the change to inclusion in three secondary schools using Fullan (1982, 1991). Findings support Fullan's perspectives and indicate a lack of understanding about inclusion as well. In sum, these schools had implemented the programs they defined as inclusive, but none of the schools were implementing inclusive programs.
First Year Principal Succession: A Study of Leadership, Role, and Change
Authors: Legore Jayne A. , Parker Laurence
Published: January 2019

This paper examines the salient theoretical models of principal succession as articulated by Cosgrove and Miskel, Hart, and Ogawa. The authors attempted to explore the issue of first year principal succession with regard to the school context of changes made by the new principal and reactions of the school staff. We found that in this instance the insider choice for principal exhibited outsider characteristics, as the successor was seen as a positive force to support teachers and began initiatives to improve the school. However, our conclusions called for more case studies and qualitative research of principal succession in order to unearth the complexities of the theoretical models juxtaposed against the specific context of schools.
The Construction of Paradox and the Teacher Union's Role in Complex Change
Authors: Poole Wendy L.
Published: January 2019

This article presents a case study that focuses on the construction of the teacher union paradox as a factor contributing to productive collaboration between union and management. Teacher union leaders face an apparent paradox between the dual interests of teacher unions—teachers’ self-interests and teachers’ educational interests. Teacher union members and leaders act upon their particular constructions of the relationship between these dual interests. The cast study demonstrates how union members and leaders constructed the dualities differently and how these constructions influenced their behavior. Examining teacher union leadership through the perspective of paradox construction may result in new ways of understanding union behavior and union-management relationships.
Faculty Loyalty: An Important but Neglected Concept in the Study of Schools
Authors: Reiss Fred , Hoy Wayne K.
Published: January 2019

Faculty loyalty is conceptualized and operationalized as a multidimensional construct with at least four levels: loyalty to the district, loyalty to the principal, loyalty to colleagues, and loyalty to the association. This research probes organizational factors that facilitate the development of faculty loyalty in urban elementary schools. As expected, school properties that predict one aspect of loyalty are typically different from those that predict other aspects. Predicting loyalty to the association, however, remains elusive.
Problem-Based Learning in Educational Administration: Enhancing Learning Transfer
Authors: Cordeiro Paula A.
Published: January 2019

This paper presents a model for learning in an educational leadership preparation program. The model depicts various types of teaching and learning strategies that should be included in preparation programs in order for students to learn declarative, procedural, and contextual knowledge. Specifically, the paper describes four types of problem-based learning (PBL). Grounded in research on group problem solving, reflective thinking, problem complexity, and feedback and assessment, PBL has considerable potential to increase the transfer of learning. The paper maintains that real and simulated PBL afford students opportunities to learn all three types of knowledge. Two examples capturing the process of how PBL can be used are offered.
Training Administrators for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse School Populations: Opinions of Expert Practitioners
Authors: Herrity Vishna A. , Glasman Naftaly S.
Published: January 2019

Cultural and linguistic diversity has changed the social fabric of today's schools. Currently, there is a wider variety of cultural, language, and family backgrounds than ever before. As a result of the increasing numbers of language minority students with unique educational and social needs, some studies suggest that principals need specialized training to ensure that all students have equal access to an education based on academic excellence and high expectations. Yet there are limited opportunities for aspiring administrators to receive specialized training for working with culturally and linguistically diverse school populations. As a result, many school administrators may lack the necessary preparation to develop policies and implement educational programs for diverse students.

This paper is based on the premise that administrator preparation programs exist within the context of school and society interactions. Changes in administrator practices in school settings require corresponding changes in university-based administrator training programs. The research study reported in this paper describes and examines the recommendations of “expert” principals for the modification of administrator preparation programs based on interactions that exist between the changes in the demographics of society, impact on the schools, and impact on administrators. The goal is that university-based training programs would play a critical role in equipping aspiring administrators with the necessary competencies to become effective instructional leaders in multiethnic schoolsettings.
On the nature and origins of cognition as a form of motivated activity
Authors: Barrett Nathaniel
Published: January 2019

A fundamental challenge for enactive theory and other radical varieties of non-representational “E cognition” is to reconceive the end-directed character of cognitive activity in naturally emergent but also experientially adequate terms. In short, it is necessary to show how cognitive activity is motivated. In this article, I present a preliminary analysis of the nature of motivation and the challenge that it presents to cognitive science. I make the case that a theory of motivation is a critical desideratum for dynamical theories of cognition, especially insofar as they understand cognition as a self-organized and “soft assembled” process. Finally, I propose that a branch of ecological psychology that conceives of cognition as a special variety of “dissipative adaptation” offers a promising framework for confronting this challenge.
Predictors of Societal Costs of Older Care-Dependent Adults Living in the Community in 11 European Countries
Authors: van Lier Lisanne I , van der Roest Henriëtte G , Oosten Babette SH , Garms-Homolová Vjenka , Onder Graziano , Finne-Soveri Harriet , V Jónsson Pálmi , Ljunggren Gunnar , Henrard Jean-Claude , Topinkova Eva , Sørbye Liv Wergeland , Bernabei Roberto , van Hout Hein PJ , Bosmans Judith E
Published: January 2019

Background:

The objective was to identify predictors of societal costs covering formal and informal care utilization by older home care clients in 11 European countries.

Methods:

Societal costs of 1907 older clients receiving home care for 12 months from the Aged in Home care (AdHoc) study were estimated using the InterRAI Minimum Data Set for Home Care’s (MDS-HC) resource use items. Predictors (medical, functional, and psychosocial domains) of societal costs were identified by performing univariate and multivariate generalized linear model analyses.

Results:

Mean societal costs per participant were €36 442, ranging from €14 865 in Denmark to €78 836 in the United Kingdom. In the final multivariate model, country, being married, activities of daily living (ADL) dependency, cognitive impairment, limitations of going out, oral conditions, number of medications, arthritis, and cerebro vascular accident (CVA) were significantly associated with societal costs.

Conclusions:

Of the predictors, ADL dependency and limitations of going out may be modifiable. Developing interventions targeted at improving these conditions may create opportunities to curtail societal costs.
Analysis and optimization of the effects of frictional and viscous dampers on dynamical systems
Authors: Wesley Machado Cunico Marlon , Desiree Medeiros Cavalheiro Jennifer
Published: January 2019

Over the last several years, the complexity of products has been increasing in parallel to the product cost thus becoming one of main focal points for development. On the other hand, although several applications struggle to fix vibration problems, highlighting the importance of damper design, literature that compares the benefits and disadvantages between of dry-frictional, viscous, and Coulomb–viscous dampers is still rare. Owing to this, the main goal of this work is to present a study that compares the dynamical response of mechanical systems against several damper types. For this research, we analyzed the effects of three types of damper (viscous, Coulomb–viscous, and dry-frictional dampers) on two mechanical systems. The first system consists of a mass-spring-damper with one degree of freedom, while the second system is a rotational machine with three degrees of freedom. The sensibility analyses of each damper were also studied, where the viscosity, Coulomb force, static friction, and Stribeck decay were the variables. In this work, mechanical systems were studied in a forced vibration condition and analyzed in the time and frequency domain in addition to identifying the main transfer functions in the frequency domain. In this analysis, the displacement, receptance, and force reaction were considered to be the study responses. After analyzing the main effect of damper coefficients on the general dynamic responses, we performed an optimization study in order to evidence the optimal configurations of either majorly viscous or frictional damper. Lastly, we analyzed the main behavior of this optimized damper on three-degrees-of-freedom rotational dynamic system.
An Integrative Review of Safety Strategies for Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Wood Shannon N. , Glass Nancy , Decker Michele R.
Published: January 2019

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent and a leading source of morbidity and mortality to women worldwide. Safety planning is a cornerstone of harm reduction and violence support in many upper income countries. Far less is known about safety strategies used by women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where the IPV support service infrastructure may be more limited. This study aimed to review the literature regarding safety strategies in LMICs. A PubMed search was conducted using search terms “safety,” “coping,” “harm reduction,” and “intimate partner violence.” Inclusion criteria comprised IPV studies mentioning characterization and utilization of safety strategies that were written in English and conducted in an LMIC. Our search yielded 16 studies (in-depth interviews, n = 5; focus group discussions, n = 2; case study, n = 2; mixed qualitative methods, n = 4; mixed methods, n = 1; and semi-structured quantitative survey, n = 2). Four distinct themes of strategies emerged: engaging informal networks, removing the stressor/avoidance, minimizing the damage to self and family through enduring violence, and building personal resources. IPV-related safety strategies literature primarily emerged from site-specific qualitative work. No studies provided effectiveness data for utilized strategies. Across geoculturally diverse studies, results indicate that women are engaging in strategic planning to minimize abuse and maximize safety. Women highlighted that safety planning strategies were feasible and acceptable within their communities. Further research is needed to test the effectiveness of these strategies in decreasing revictimization and increasing health and well-being. Further adoption of safety strategies into violence programming could increase monitoring and evaluation efforts.
lncINS-IGF2 Promotes Cell Proliferation and Migration by Promoting G1/S Transition in Lung Cancer
Authors: Gao Shenglan , Lin Ziying , Li Chunyan , Wang Yahong , Yang Lawei , Zou Bao’an , Chen Jie , Li Jianwen , Feng Dehui , Song Zeqing , Liu Gang
Published: January 2019

Long noncoding RNAs are capable of regulating gene expression at multiple levels. These RNA molecules are also involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Emerging data demonstrate that a series of differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs are implicated in tumorigenesis. In the present study, we used microarray analysis to identify long noncoding RNAs that are dysregulated in non-small-cell lung cancer when compared to normal lung tissues. Accordingly, we performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to analyze the levels of long noncoding RNA and the cis target gene. We further found the oncogene property of long noncoding RNA that long noncoding RNA downexpression inhibits non-small-cell lung cancer cells proliferation and migration based on 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide and colony formation assays and wound healing as well as transwell assays. The influence of long noncoding RNA on cell cycle of non-small-cell lung cancer cells is also analyzed by flow cytometry. Among the dysregulated long noncoding RNAs, we identified INS-IGF2 readthrough, transcript variant 1, noncoding RNA (NR_003512.3) is upregulated in non-small-cell lung cancer tissues, the cis gene of which is insulin-like growth factor 2 gene hinted by bioinformatics analysis. We also observed that downregulation of INS-IGF2 readthrough, transcript variant 1, noncoding RNA reduces insulin-like growth factor 2 messenger RNA expression. Furthermore, INS-IGF2 readthrough, transcript variant 1, noncoding RNA downregulation suppresses non-small-cell lung cancer cell proliferation and migration. This downregulation results in a concomitant inhibition of the G1/S transition in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Our findings suggest that INS-IGF2 readthrough, transcript variant 1, noncoding RNA may be an oncogene involved in the development of lung cancer. Therefore, we speculate that INS-IGF2 readthrough, transcript variant 1, noncoding RNA represents a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer.
Archives and Museums: Balance and Development in Presidential Libraries
Authors: Benedetti Susannah
Published: January 2019

The nation's presidential libraries are pillars of the American archival profession, and their adjoining museums serve as popular tourist destinations. Franklin D. Roosevelt created the modern presidential library with both elements in place, to ensure access to enduring documentary evidence of the presidency for the scholarly community as well as the general public. What are the origins of Roosevelt's decision? How did his successors tailor their individual presidential libraries to reflect their desires and the standards of changing times and expectations? Has the dual mission of archival and museum operations retained its balance and integrity over the intervening sixty-plus years? An overview of the origins and development of the presidential library system seeks to answer these questions and reflect the strengths and weaknesses of the system.
A Curatorial Challenge: Managing Artifacts in Academic Archives
Authors: Christian Michele
Published: January 2019

Artifacts, or three-dimensional objects, are often found in archives collections. Whether by design or circumstance, document collecting and records oriented repositories regularly find themselves managing items that do not neatly fit into file folders and document boxes. Archivists face the challenge of discovering ways to adequately describe and care for these objects. By looking into the practices of museum professionals, archivists can develop strategies for managing artifacts in their care. This article conveys the methods instituted by the University Archives, Iowa State University Library, to manage its ever-growing artifact collection. The strategies devised include appraising artifacts for inclusion in the main collection, preserving the objects through re-housing in appropriate archival storage, developing techniques for description as well as a database to collect and manage the information, and providing access to the artifacts.
Collecting Extremes: A History of the Wilcox Collection
Authors: Dominick Emily Hughes
Published: January 2019

This paper discusses the history of the Wilcox Collection of Contemporary Political Movements, an archival collection housed at the Kenneth Spencer Research Library on the campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence. Through this article, the interesting history of the collection is revealed by way of a general description of the holdings in the collection, including an explanation of how the collection has been cataloged, housed, and cared for; a biographical sketch of the collector and information on his political involvements and contributions; and finally a discussion of why this collection will continue to be important to scholarship for many years to come—this section includes an overview of how the collection has been used over its life.
A Legacy at Work: Collections Care Specialists at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Authors: Fifield Rebecca L.
Published: January 2019

Curators and conservators have long been entrusted with collections care, although their training and strengths have traditionally prepared them for work in other areas. To reach higher preventive care goals while providing greater collections access, specific staff committed solely to the development, administration, performance, and advocacy for regular collections care is now necessary. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (MFA) is one of the first large institutions to extensively apply professional collections care staffing in promoting preventive conservation throughout the museum. This paper will examine the MFA program's roots, funding, and collections care specialist training and activities. Future plans for this program and the potential of this staffing segment for the conservation field will also be addressed.
Green Museum Design: Is It Good for Collections?
Authors: Faul-Zeitler Roberta
Published: January 2019

Green building design and construction is a form of stewardship compatible with most conservation practices in collections-holding institutions. Green design is based on deep respect for the natural environment, the need to reduce consumption, and use of renewable and reusable resources. It offers a new framework and set of practices for museum renovation, expansion, and new construction, with the expectation that high-performance systems, environmental monitoring, air filtration, and non-toxic interiors will be cost-efficient and good for collections as well as people. Special needs of collections can be met by adapting some green-building practices, while overall monitoring of air quality, measuring fluctuations in temperature and humidity, and filtering against pollutants are highly compatible in green building. A generation of so-called green museums—ranging from replacement of mechanical systems to all-new buildings—will provide performance data over time on whether high-performance buildings reduce energy use, are cost-effective, and contribute to the health of collections.
The History of Taxidermy: Clues for Preservation
Authors: Péquignot Amandine
Published: January 2019

Taxidermy is a general term describing the different methods of skinning and preserving vertebrate skins by stuffing or mounting them over an artificial armature. Using old taxidermy handbooks and documents, we can follow the history of taxidermy, the evolution of tanning recipes, and stuffing/mounting techniques over three centuries. In addition, when all the historical preservation information is collected, it can give us some clues toward understanding the current conservation status of this type of collection.
The Benefits of a Photograph and Image Cataloguing Database for Research and Archival Purposes, Illustrated by an Example from Canadian Archaeology
Authors: Beaudoin Alwynne B. , Petrik Jennifer
Published: January 2019

The practice of using photography, whether in digital, slide, or print form, is a fundamental method of documenting and preserving finds and information in archaeology and most other museum-related disciplines. Images play an important role in the communication and preservation of information and can be regarded as archival collections in their own right. However, in many situations it is difficult to store and search efficiently through this vital resource. With the advent of desktop databases and interconnectivity, images can be readily organized into a searchable database. This approach becomes especially useful when dealing with the huge numbers of photographs accumulated through large projects. The EPIC database is a good example of the solution to this problem. EPIC was created to deal with images generated through one research centre of a large archaeological project (SCAPE: Study of Cultural Adaptations in the Canadian Prairie Ecozone). Built around off-the-shelf software, EPIC allows users to view a small thumbnail of an image with associated information, and has been designed to facilitate multiple search pathways. It also has the ability to link to related Museum databases. EPIC has proved beneficial not only to the SCAPE research community, but also to others who have used the information generated through the project.
Put Your Gloves On! Managing Volunteers in Museum Collections
Authors: Moreno Rachael
Published: January 2019

This article is an adaptation of the master's project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Museum Studies. The purpose of this project is to outline the elements of a successful and realistic volunteer program for museum collections departments, including how to effectively screen, train, supervise and retain unpaid volunteers in small to midsized museums.1 It also includes ways to establish and maintain a professional working relationship between museum staff and the volunteers. In addition to program recommendations, I also provide examples of projects that volunteers enjoy doing and can partake in easily with training and adequate supervision. With these program suggestions, collections managers will be able to better utilize their volunteers appropriately for collections care.
Evaluation of Gender Representation of Museum Collection Positions in the United States
Authors: Beverung Meghan E.
Published: January 2019

Gender representation in the workplace is affected by different factors such as the roles and responsibilities, qualifications, and salary of the profession. The museum community has experienced many changes over the years regarding these factors. To determine the effect of these changes on the museum field, data pertaining to museum collection positions were obtained by examining 9,475 museum listings from the 2006 edition of the American Association of Museums directory. Collection positions were divided into leadership (curator) and support (collections manager, registrar, and archivist) positions, and analyzed in terms of museum size, type, and region. From this research of gender representation, it is determined that females significantly outnumber males in most collection positions, thus providing quantitative evidence of a “feminization” of the profession. Recommendations are given to aid the future of the museum community regarding this trend.
Studying the Skeletons in the Closet Unprovenienced Archeological Collections in Museums
Authors: Brody Christina Kahrl
Published: January 2019

Unprovenienced archaeological collections present a unique set of opportunities and challenges for museums. These collections are often from stolen, illegally excavated and/or illicitly transported sources, but can also be the result of improper recording, housing, and handling. Recent trends have relegated unprovenienced archaeological museum collections to storage, neither researched nor exhibited, because of their questionable source and perceived liabilities. The educational value of these types of collections warrants a closer look at the potential benefits and detriments of unprovenienced archaeological collections. This paper discusses the nature of unprovenienced archaeological collections in museums. It recognizes the challenges of researching unprovenienced archaeological collections and presents a framework through which these collections may be recontextualized. Demonstrating the type of information that can be learned about unprovenienced archaeological collections, this paper notes the issues faced in the publication and exhibition of these collections in museums.
A Conservator's Investigation of Museums, Visible Storage, and the Interpretation of Conservation
Authors: Stubbs-Lee Dee A.
Published: January 2019

An adaptation of the author's MA dissertation for Northumbria University, this paper outlines concepts of exhibit, storage, and visible storage, and discusses conflicting museum mandates of providing access versus ensuring preservation. The experiences of museums in Canada, USA, England, and Scotland which use visible storage and other means of enabling visitor access “behind-the-scenes” are surveyed and compared. Information is gathered from seven institutions, by means of a survey questionnaire, interviews, site visits and personal communication. The survey questionnaire probes four key areas: the institutional visible storage history, staff analysis of their experience, any methods of interpretation of conservation functions used, and recommendations for improved design. This data is discussed and supplemented with a review of existing literature and personal observations. Predominant risk factors of light exposure and vibration are identified. Recommendations are made for implementation of visible storage and visible conservation at other museums, based on these research findings.
Relocating the Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, UCL
Authors: Carnall Mark , McEnroe Natasha
Published: January 2019

Relocating the Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy presented its staff with a series of complex challenges. Part of University College London, the Grant is a university museum operating in an academic context with teaching commitments and an events schedule that needed to continue during the relocation of the museum. Many of the 70,000 specimens in the collection are rare and fragile, and for some, their sheer size made them difficult to pack and transport. In addition to requiring expertise on caring for the collection when it was at its most vulnerable, the Grant Museum team also needed to be experts in negotiation, advocacy and be aware of the political undercurrents found in any large academic institution.
A Partnership of Peoples: Renewal of the Collections Infrastructure at the UBC Museum of Anthropology
Authors: Bergstrom Krista , Bruegeman Nancy , Buchanan Susan , Honarbakhsh Shabnam , Swierenga Heidi , Toutloff Mauray
Published: January 2019

From the spring of 2004 to the spring of 2010, the UBC Museum of Anthropology underwent a major expansion and renovation project, which included updating its collections infrastructure. This article discusses the Collections Research Enhancement aspects of the project, with specific reference to: object tracking, packing, mount making, object storage, and object access. The project resulted in increased access for researchers and community members both at the museum and virtually.
Preserving 140 years of Archaeological Records in the Peabody Museum Archives
Authors: Jungels Judy , Holdcraft T. Rose , Spartz India
Published: January 2019

Over the past decades, the Archives of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University has been serving the research, teaching, and publication needs of an increasing range and number of diverse local and international audiences. In its ongoing efforts towards enhanced professionalization, the Peabody Museum has integrated digitization as a means of expanding collections access and preservation. This paper focuses on a large collection of 6,900 oversized archaeological site-related documents, printed and annotated maps, and architectural blueprints previously not physically accessible due to their rolled state or other condition issues, This paper describes the planning phases and the implementation program (documentation, condition assessment, conservation treatment and reorganization) to make these documents available for use and future digitization. Discussion of the highlights of the North, Central, and South American archaeology-related archival collections is included.
Eli Lilly Jr. (1885–1977): How New Science and Historic Archives Reveal a Collectors Decision-Making Process
Authors: Mueller Shirley Maloney
Published: January 2019

A number of previous authors have recently written about motivations for collecting including several in this journal. This paper carries that exploration a step further. It examines the scientific basis of the decision making process of an important American collector of the mid-twentieth century, Eli Lilly Jr. He formed the core of the Chinese collection now housed in the Indianapolis Museum of Art in Indianapolis, Indiana. Interestingly enough, Lilly's approach was very similar to present day collectors. Though this is Mr. Lilly's story, it could be that of anyone who gathers valuable objects. Indeed, science supports this point of view: that why and how we collect is rooted in our neurobiology.
A Journey of 13,033 Stones
Authors: Taylor Rebe
Published: January 2019

The Westlake Collection in the Pitt Rivers Museum includes 13,033 Tasmanian Aboriginal stone artefacts; it is the largest collection of its kind. Formed by amateur English scientist Ernest Westlake from 1908–1910, this paper tells the story of Westlake's life; why, and how, he chose to travel to Tasmania to collect stone artefacts; and what happened to that collection after his death in 1922. It also explores Westlake's collection as an enactment of nineteenth and early twentieth-century scientific ideas about Tasmanian Aboriginal people, and examines his accompanying paper archive, in particular his interviews with Aboriginal people. Possibly the richest source of Tasmanian Aboriginal language and culture dating from early twentieth century, these long-overlooked notes demonstrate the enduring traditions of a people once presumed extinct. An epilogue explains how these papers are being published in an innovative online archive guide and history.
The Curation of Transition
Authors: Setlhabi Keletso Gaone
Published: January 2019

New technologies have transformed information storage and retrieval procedures in museums. The challenge for curators is not only to have quality collections information for internal collections management, but is also to avail it to their users through public spaces such as exhibition halls and the World Wide Web. This paper discusses the challenges encountered during the transition from a manual to an electronic documentation system in the Ethnology Division of the Botswana National Museum. The advantages of digital systems such as collections availability through the Internet though crucial to the museum users, remain a challenge for museum communities in Botswana where Internet availability is beyond the reach of ordinary citizens. The analysis of the Division's documentation system revealed that the problem of insufficient collections information in manual records was transferred to the electronic system, which resulted in an ineffective electronic system. The recommendations are that firstly, clear documentation procedures must be formulated, adopted and documented to guide collections staff in their work. Secondly, in their quest to adopt new technologies, museums especially in developing countries, must still seek to be relevant to their communities. In conclusion, new technologies should be implemented after pre-computerization evaluation and needs assessment processes for effective information dissemination and community bridging purposes.
Longwood Gardens
Authors: Loving Sharon , Stamelman Richard
Published: January 2019

Smell, often called the inarticulate sense, challenges the efforts made to describe or represent it, forcing one to fall back on metaphor and simile; so often we find ourselves saying that such and such an odor smells like tea or chocolate. Of the senses smell is the least fully understood or appreciated. The goal, at once pedagogical and sensual, of the exhibition Making Scents: The Art and Passion of Fragrance, was to introduce the public to the science, technology, art, and history of floral and perfume fragrance and to teach visitors, through different kinds of panels, displays, floral arrangements, films, advertisements, objects, and computerized programs, about the complexity of perfume composition and scent creation while affording them the sensual experience of smelling flowers and perfumes in close proximity. This article describes how Making Scents was conceived, planned, organized, and realized over five years of discussion and how problems of presentation and representation involving the volatility and dissipation of scents and the difficulty of describing scents visually, linguistically, and olfactorily were faced and solved by the horticulturists, the designers, and the curator who worked on the exhibition.
Risk Analysis in a Portuguese Archive
Authors: Pinheiro A. C. , Moura L. , Sequeira S. , Viegas C. , Viegas S. , Macedo M. F.
Published: January 2019

The Cultural Property Risk Analysis Model was applied in 2006 to a Portuguese archive located in Lisbon. Its results highlighted the need for the institution to take care of risks related to fire, physical forces and relative humidity problems. Five years after this first analysis the results are revisited and a few changes are introduced due to recent events: fire and high humidity remain an important hazard but are now accompanied by a pressing contaminants problem. Improvements in storage systems were responsible for a large decrease in terms of calculated risk magnitude and proved to be very cost-effective.
The Louisiana State Museum's Loan Resolution Project
Authors: Burlison Katherine Hall
Published: January 2019

A team of dedicated staff recently completed a two-year project that resolved over 7,000 loans at the Louisiana State Museum. These included loans that had been left in the museum's care for long periods of time and had never been returned or reclaimed; loans whose lenders had passed away and that had never been claimed by heirs; or institutional loans from institutions that no longer exist. Several factors came into play including a lack of proper documentation going back to the museum's founding over 100 years ago, changes in accessioning practices, and collections moves. This article will discuss the history of the various issues related to long-term loans at the museum, the methodology of the project, and some results and lessons other museums and archives professionals might take away from our experience.
Deaccesioning in Museums
Authors: Varner Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

One of the paradoxes of deaccessioning is the need to dispose of tangible cultural heritage without violating the donors’ or public's trust. As the economy has declined, precipitating a need for museums to reevaluate and consolidate their collections, misinformation, confusion and public hostility towards deaccessioning has persisted. While practitioners and scholars have shown a great deal of interest in the ethical dilemmas inherent in deaccessioning, the need for deaccessioning and the practicalities and legalities of deaccessioning have been largely ignored.

Refuting a blanket prohibition or bias against deaccessioning, this article highlights the legal, ethical and practical considerations of deaccessioning including a list of relevant regulations and best practices. When discussing legal considerations, this article will review restrictions on disposal, authorization to deaccession, fiduciary duties implicated by deaccessioning and standing to sue. Under ethical considerations, this article will analyze relevant provisions from the AAM, AAMD, AASLH and ICOM regarding ethical considerations as well as highlight key issues in the debate. Finally, this article will list the best practices for deaccessioning including the importance of unrestricted title to the work before sale, proper authority to approve deaccessioning, documentation needed, appropriate method, notification to donor and the use of proceeds.
The Other House Museum
Authors: Stiefel Barry
Published: January 2019

This article explores the house of worship museum; a type often overlooked in house museum analysis. Due to the history and functioning of house of worship museums their interpretation, development, and upkeep have some issues that are very different from traditional residential house museums. The kinds of house of worship museum studied in this article are synagogues, which are used by the Jewish religion. Other house of worship museums of other faiths may produce different findings, such as churches of various denominations in Christianity, as well as mosques for Islam, and temples and shrines for other religions. Using synagogues as an example, this article suggests that studying house of worship museums can bring new ways of thinking about house museums as a whole, especially religious and ethnic minority groups who are often underrepresented.
Study and Treatment of Coastal Alaskan Native Kayak Models
Authors: Jungels Judy , Holdcraft T. Rose
Published: January 2019

The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the Alutiiq Museum and Archaeological Repository in Kodiak, Alaska, recently collaborated to study and conserve several nineteenth-century full-sized skin-covered kayaks and over one hundred Alaska Native ethnographic objects. This two-year project was partially funded through a Federal Save America's Treasures grant, and supported in part a public-interactive conservation workspace located in one of the museum's galleries. The project allowed the rare opportunity to fully study objects from the Alaska Native collections in the Peabody Museum in consultation with Alutiiq colleagues to build knowledge of Alaska Native technologies. Material analysis using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS) and polarized light microscopy contributed to better understanding of the technology of these objects. As part of this project, the museum's collection of twenty small skin-covered kayak models from various Alaska Native groups were studied and conserved. Historical and technical information on the kayak models was gathered through research into the museum's archives, discussion with Alaska Native consultants, a review of current literature, and material analysis. This paper discusses the collection and donor history, cultural affiliation, fabrication technology, and preservation of these kayak models.
One Painting Concealed behind Another
Authors: Hollevoet-Force Christel
Published: January 2019

The provenance of Pablo Picasso's racy Erotic Scene, commonly known as La Douleur, of 1903, remained an enigma for decades. When it entered the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection in 1984 through bequest, nothing was known about the canvas’ history prior to its acquisition by the American collector Scofield Thayer in the 1920s. The painting was not included by Christian Zervos or Pierre Daix in their catalogues raisonnés, because the artist disowned it. It wasn't discussed in the Picasso literature until 1991, and was never exhibited until 1998. Elucidating the provenance of this canvas of the artist's Blue Period not only puts an end to speculation about its attribution, but reveals that its fate was intertwined with that of a cubist still life, and throws a completely new light on its meaning within the artist's oeuvre. Despite the painter's concerted efforts to conceal and disclaim La Douleur, after a century of oblivion its past has been unveiled and its significance is revealed.