bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing health inequities facing boys and young men of colour in the United States
Authors: Smith James A , Watkins Daphne C , Griffith Derek M
Published: December 2020

Health promotion research and practice consistently reveals that people of colour in the USA face multiple structural and systemic health and social inequities as a direct consequence of racism and discrimination. Recent scholarship on equity and men’s health has highlighted the importance of gender—specifically concepts relating to masculinities and manhood—to better understand the inequities experienced by men of colour. A sharper focus on the intersection between race, gender and life stage has also emphasized the importance of early intervention when addressing inequities experienced by boys and young men of colour (BYMOC). This has led to an expansion of health promotion interventions targeting BYMOC across the USA over the past decade. Many of these health promotion strategies have attempted to reduce inequities through action on the social determinants of health, particularly those that intersect with education and justice systems. Reflecting on these developments, this commentary aims to discuss the challenges and opportunities faced by the health promotion community when attempting to reduce health and social inequities experienced by BYMOC. In doing so, the solutions we identify include: strengthening the evidence base about effective health promotion interventions; reducing system fragmentation; promoting connectivity through networks, alliances and partnerships; reducing tensions between collaboration and competition; changing the narrative associated with BYMOC; acknowledging both inclusiveness and diversity; addressing racism and intergenerational trauma; and committing to a national boys and men’s health policy. We encourage health promotion researchers, practitioners and policy-makers to adopt these solutions for the benefit of BYMOC in the USA.
Contested Indigeneity and Traditionality in Environmental Litigation: The Politics of Expertise in Regional Human Rights Courts
Authors: Petersmann Marie-Catherine
Published: December 2020

In times when intricate concerns for social and ecological justice are becoming ever more prominent in global environmental discourses, conflicts between minorities’ rights and environmental policies present delicate trade-offs that demand ingenious balancing by regional human rights courts. Such conflicts tend to boil down to oppositions between ‘indigenous’ or ‘traditional’ practices set against ‘modern’ ideals, thereby displaying and performing important normative, epistemic and political implications. To legitimise and strengthen their cases, parties resort to expert interventions. While the involvement of experts speaking on behalf of minorities can bolster the communities’ legal protection, the shared assumptions, rhetorical style and professional sensibility of intervening experts can trigger unintended consequences for the identity and (self-)perception of the peoples they represent. The case-law analysis presented here instantiates how networks of experts with shared institutional ties intervene before courts, use specific discursive strategies to further their representatives’ claims and reinforce the normative salience of their interventions through cross-jurisdictional and cross-cultural referencing. Drawing on insights from discourse analysis, (legal) anthropology and cultural geography, the article develops a critique of the politics of expert-based approaches to conflict management in regional human rights settings.
Developing a system dynamics approach for CNG vehicles for low-carbon urban transport: a case study
Authors: Shamsapour Nima , Hajinezhad Ahmad , Noorollahi Younes
Published: December 2020

Today both the economic growth and expansion of urbanization have increased community access to private cars. Thus, the urban transportation has become a critical part of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The excessive dependence of urban transportation on high-emission fuels is the main obstacle to develop a low-carbon transport. Meanwhile, natural gas is a bridge fuel to develop a low-emission transport. To the best of our knowledge, there has been little attention towards the association between the development of natural gas-fueled vehicles and the CO2 emission. Therefore, the problem we studied is the role of compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles in replacing high-emission fuels. In this study, we aimed to study this association by selecting the system dynamics approach due to the complexities of the social-economic system of transportation. In this modeling, different subsystems of the transport fleet were employed including CNG vehicles and urban transportation subsystems. Iran has used CNG as an alternative fuel in the transportation sector, making it one of the three leading countries in the use of natural gas in the urban transportation system. Our case study is focused on Tehran, which is the capital and the largest city of Iran.

In this paper, we considered several scenarios to replace the gasoline fuel in the private car sector and taxis and diesel fuel in the bus fleet with natural CNG fuel. The results show that the replacement of CNG fuel with high-emission fuels can have a significant effect on reducing CO2 emissions. In the synthetic scenario, CO2 emission will be decreased by 11.42% in 2030, as compared to the business as usual (BAU) scenario in this year. According to Iran’s commitment to the Paris Agreement, the emission of CO2 in Iran should normally be reduced by 4% in 2030, as compared to its amount in the BAU scenario. Therefore, Iran can easily fulfill its obligations in the urban transport sector only by replacing gasoline and diesel fuel with CNG.
Land and Transitional Justice in Brazil
Authors: Teló Fabricio , Gasparotto Alessandra , Medeiros Leonilde Servolo de , Saraiva Regina Coelly Fernandes
Published: December 2020

This article explores how Brazilian transitional justice has handled land dispossession suffered by peasants and Indigenous peoples during the dictatorship of 1964–1985. The article contextualizes the repression suffered by social movements fighting for land before and after the 1964 coup. Despite the fact that the National Truth Commission created a Working Group to investigate violence against peasants and Indigenous peoples, land dispossession was not considered a serious human rights violation. We also analyze the difficulties that peasants and Indigenous peoples have faced to access reparation programs implemented by the Brazilian state. Finally, we highlight the setbacks undertaken by the current and former federal governments (of Bolsonaro and Temer) in the field of transitional justice, which contribute to the continuation of violence and impunity in the present.
Developing a standardized protocol for computational sentiment analysis research using health-related social media data
Authors: He Lu , Yin Tingjue , Hu Zhaoxian , Chen Yunan , Hanauer David A , Zheng Kai
Published: December 2020

Objective

Sentiment analysis is a popular tool for analyzing health-related social media content. However, existing studies exhibit numerous methodological issues and inconsistencies with respect to research design and results reporting, which could lead to biased data, imprecise or incorrect conclusions, or incomparable results across studies. This article reports a systematic analysis of the literature with respect to such issues. The objective was to develop a standardized protocol for improving the research validity and comparability of results in future relevant studies.

Materials and Methods

We developed the Protocol of Analysis of senTiment in Health (PATH) based on a systematic review that analyzed common research design choices and how such choices were made, or reported, among eligible studies published 2010-2019.

Results

Of 409 articles screened, 89 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 16 distinctive research design choices were identified, 9 of which have significant methodological or reporting inconsistencies among the articles reviewed, ranging from how relevance of study data was determined to how the sentiment analysis tool selected was validated. Based on this result, we developed the PATH protocol that encompasses all these distinctive design choices and highlights the ones for which careful consideration and detailed reporting are particularly warranted.

Conclusions

A substantial degree of methodological and reporting inconsistencies exist in the extant literature that applied sentiment analysis to analyzing health-related social media data. The PATH protocol developed through this research may contribute to mitigating such issues in future relevant studies.
Strong Sexual Selection Does Not Induce Population Differentiation in a Fish Species with High Dispersal Potential: The Curious Case of the Worm PipefishNerophis lumbriciformis(Teleostei: Syngnathidae)
Authors: Mendes Tito , Gomes Cidália , Monteiro Nuno , Antunes Agostinho
Published: December 2020

High levels of population differentiation are a common demographic pattern in syngnathids, even at small geographical scales. This is probably the end result of the common life history traits observed within the family, involving limited dispersal capabilities and strong habitat dependency. The worm pipefish, Nerophis lumbriciformis, which displays all these characteristics, also presents an additional variable potentially able to promote population differentiation: high sexual selection intensity, especially at the extremes of its distribution. Nevertheless, an early life pelagic stage, which presumably allows for admixture, could prevent population structuring. Here, we assessed the phylogeography of N. lumbriciformis through the amplification of the cytochrome b, 12S, and 16S rDNA mitochondrial markers as well as the rhodopsin nuclear marker, performed upon 119 individuals. We observed a genetically homogeneous population with indications of extensive gene flow. We tentatively attribute this finding to the dispersal potential of the species’ pelagic larvae, supported by marine currents acting as major dispersal vectors. We also detected a signal of expansion towards the poles, consistent with the current climate change scenario. Despite the marked latitudinal differences in the phenotype of reproducing worm pipefish, the absence of clear population structuring suggests that phenotypic plasticity can have a significant role in the expression of sexual selection-related traits.
Adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy for soft tissue sarcomas: JCOG Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Study Group
Authors: Tanaka Kazuhiro , Ozaki Toshifumi
Published: December 2020

The standard therapy for all localized soft tissue sarcomas is surgical resection of the tumor. For patients with soft tissue sarcomas who are at high risk for recurrence and/or metastasis, perioperative chemotherapy is a potential treatment option. Adriamycin plus ifosfamide is currently the most promising chemotherapy regimen for localized soft tissue sarcomas. Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses of adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy for soft tissue sarcomas have suggested that adjuvant chemotherapy may provide an advantage, however small, compared with surgery alone. On the other hand, recent randomized trials have demonstrated the efficacy of neoadjuvant preoperative chemotherapy using full-dose anthracycline plus ifosfamide for high-risk soft tissue sarcomas and showed survival benefits in patients with large, deep-seated and high-grade soft tissue sarcomas of the trunk and extremities. In this review, adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapies for soft tissue sarcomas and future perspectives are discussed.
Diversity of plant heat shock factors: regulation, interactions, and functions
Authors: Andrási Norbert , Pettkó-Szandtner Aladár , Szabados László
Published: December 2020

Plants heat shock factors (HSFs) are encoded by large gene families with variable structure, expression, and function. HSFs are components of complex signaling systems that control responses not only to high temperatures but also to a number of abiotic stresses such as cold, drought, hypoxic conditions, soil salinity, toxic minerals, strong irradiation, and to pathogen threats. Here we provide an overview of the diverse world of plant HSFs through compilation and analysis of their functional versatility, diverse regulation, and interactions. Bioinformatic data on gene expression profiles of Arabidopsis HSF genes were re-analyzed to reveal their characteristic transcript patterns. While HSFs are regulated primarily at the transcript level, alternative splicing and post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and sumoylation provides further variability. Plant HSFs are involved in an intricate web of protein–protein interactions which adds considerable complexity to their biological function. A list of such interactions was compiled from public databases and published data, and discussed to pinpoint their relevance in transcription control. Although most fundamental studies of plant HSFs have been conducted in the model plant, Arabidopsis, information on HSFs is accumulating in other plants such as tomato, rice, wheat, and sunflower. Understanding the function, interactions, and regulation of HSFs will facilitate the design of novel strategies to use engineered proteins to improve tolerance and adaptation of crops to adverse environmental conditions.
Higher order initial conditions for mixed baryon–CDM simulations
Authors: Hahn Oliver , Rampf Cornelius , Uhlemann Cora
Published: December 2020

We present a novel approach to generate higher order initial conditions (ICs) for cosmological simulations that take into account the distinct evolution of baryons and dark matter. We focus on the numerical implementation and the validation of its performance, based on both collisionless N-body simulations and full hydrodynamic Eulerian and Lagrangian simulations. We improve in various ways over previous approaches that were limited to first-order Lagrangian perturbation theory (LPT). Specifically, we (1) generalize nth-order LPT to multifluid systems, allowing 2LPT or 3LPT ICs for two-fluid simulations, (2) employ a novel propagator perturbation theory to set up ICs for Eulerian codes that are fully consistent with 1LPT or 2LPT, (3) demonstrate that our ICs resolve previous problems of two-fluid simulations by using variations in particle masses that eliminate spurious deviations from expected perturbative results, (4) show that the improvements achieved by going to higher order PT are comparable to those seen for single-fluid ICs, and (5) demonstrate the excellent (i.e. few per cent level) agreement between Eulerian and Lagrangian simulations, once high-quality initial conditions are used. The rigorous development of the underlying perturbation theory is presented in a companion paper. All presented algorithms are implemented in the monofonic music-2 package that we make publicly available.
The PAU survey: Ly α intensity mapping forecast
Authors: Renard Pablo , Gaztanaga Enrique , Croft Rupert , Cabayol Laura , Carretero Jorge , Eriksen Martin , Fernandez Enrique , García-Bellido Juan , Miquel Ramon , Padilla Cristobal , Sanchez Eusebio , Tallada-Crespí Pau
Published: December 2020

In this work, we explore the application of intensity mapping to detect extended Ly α emission from the IGM via cross-correlation of PAUS images with Ly α forest data from eBOSS and DESI. Seven narrow-band (FWHM = 13 nm) PAUS filters have been considered, ranging from 455 to 515 nm in steps of 10 nm, which allows the observation of Ly α emission in a range 2.7 < z < 3.3. The cross-correlation is simulated first in an area of 100 deg2 (PAUS projected coverage), and second in two hypothetical scenarios: a deeper PAUS (complete up to iAB < 24 instead of iAB < 23, observation time ×6), and an extended PAUS coverage of 225 deg2 (observation time ×2.25). A hydrodynamic simulation of size 400 Mpc h−1 is used to simulate both extended Ly α emission and absorption, while the foregrounds in PAUS images have been simulated using a lightcone mock catalogue. Using an optimistic estimation of uncorrelated PAUS noise, the total probability of a non-spurious detection is estimated to be 1.8 per cent and 4.5 per cent for PAUS-eBOSS and PAUS-DESI, from a run of 1000 simulated cross-correlations with different realisations of instrumental noise and quasar positions. The hypothetical PAUS scenarios increase this probability to 15.3 per cent (deeper PAUS) and 9.0 per cent (extended PAUS). With realistic correlated noise directly measured from PAUS images, these probabilities become negligible. Despite these negative results, some evidences suggest that this methodology may be more suitable to broad-band surveys.
The fragility of a structurally diverse duplication block triggers recurrent genomic amplification
Authors: Suzuki Ryusuke , Murata Michael M , Manguso Nicholas , Watanabe Takaaki , Mouakkad-Montoya Lila , Igari Fumie , Rahman Md Maminur , Qu Ying , Cui Xiaojiang , Giuliano Armando E , Takeda Shunichi , Tanaka Hisashi
Published: December 2020

The human genome contains hundreds of large, structurally diverse blocks that are insufficiently represented in the reference genome and are thus not amenable to genomic analyses. Structural diversity in the human population suggests that these blocks are unstable in the germline; however, whether or not these blocks are also unstable in the cancer genome remains elusive. Here we report that the 500 kb block called KRTAP_region_1 (KRTAP-1) on 17q12–21 recurrently demarcates the amplicon of the ERBB2 (HER2) oncogene in breast tumors. KRTAP-1 carries numerous tandemly-duplicated segments that exhibit diversity within the human population. We evaluated the fragility of the block by cytogenetically measuring the distances between the flanking regions and found that spontaneous distance outliers (i.e DNA breaks) appear more frequently at KRTAP-1 than at the representative common fragile site (CFS) FRA16D. Unlike CFSs, KRTAP-1 is not sensitive to aphidicolin. The exonuclease activity of DNA repair protein Mre11 protects KRTAP-1 from breaks, whereas CtIP does not. Breaks at KRTAP-1 lead to the palindromic duplication of the ERBB2 locus and trigger Breakage-Fusion-Bridge cycles. Our results indicate that an insufficiently investigated area of the human genome is fragile and could play a crucial role in cancer genome evolution.
Stop! Graphic Health Warnings Enhance Inhibitory Control in Adolescents: An Event-Related Potential Study
Authors: Gantiva Carlos , Sotaquirá Miguel , Hernández-Mateus Vanessa , Restrepo-García Alejandro , Camacho Katherine
Published: December 2020

Introduction

The majority of smokers begin consumption in adolescence and the earlier initiation of cigarette smoking is associated with a greater likelihood of cigarette dependence. Graphic health warnings (GHW) are one of the most used strategies to communicate the consequences of cigarette smoking, but little is known about their ability to increase inhibitory control and thus prevent consumption. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different sizes of GHWs on inhibitory control in adolescents. We hypothesized that GHWs promote inhibitory control, and increasing GHW size, enhance inhibitory control.

Methods

Fifty-nine participants completed a Go/No-Go task during electroencephalographic recording. The No-Go stimuli were pictures of cigarette packs without GHWs, and cigarette packs with GHWs that covered 30% or 60% of the front (main side) of the pack. The event-related potential N200 component and behavioral measures in the Go/No-Go task were analyzed.

Results

Separate mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVAs) were used for N200 component (amplitude and latency) and behavioral data. The GHWs increased the amplitude of the N200 potential, especially GHWs that covered 60% of the front of the pack. The behavioral data showed that GHWs that covered 60% of the front of the pack generated higher a percentage of accuracy in No-Go trials (ie, fewer commission errors).

Conclusions

These results suggest that GHWs increase inhibitory control in adolescents, especially when the GHWs cover 60% of the front of the cigarette pack.

Implications

GHWs with an increased size (60% of the front of the cigarette pack vs. 30%, the minimum size, proposed by the World Health Organization) recruit additional cognitive resources and thus can effectively increase inhibitory control both in adolescent smokers and nonsmokers. Accordingly, the use of larger GHW has the potential of becoming an effective public policy strategy to inhibit smoking in adolescents.
The management of Sjögren’s syndrome: British Society for Rheumatology guideline scope
Authors: Price Elizabeth , Allen Alexander , Rauz Saaeha , Tappuni Anwar , Sutcliffe Nurhan , Bombardieri Michele , Carty Sara , Ciurtin Coziana , Crampton Bridget , Duncalfe Lisa , Fisher Benjamin , Glennon Peter , Hackett Katie L , Larkin Genevieve , Ng Wan-Fai , Ramanan Athimalaipet V , Rassam Saad , Walsh Stephen B , Bowman Simon
Published: December 2020

The guideline will be developed using the methods and processes outlined in Creating Clinical Guidelines: Our Protocol [1]. This development process to produce guidance, advice and recommendations for practice has National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) accreditation.
Paraquat Inhalation, a Translationally Relevant Route of Exposure: Disposition to the Brain and Male-Specific Olfactory Impairment in Mice
Authors: Anderson Timothy , Merrill Alyssa K , Eckard Matthew L , Marvin Elena , Conrad Katherine , Welle Kevin , Oberdörster Günter , Sobolewski Marissa , Cory-Slechta Deborah A
Published: December 2020

Epidemiological and experimental studies have associated oral and systemic exposures to the herbicide paraquat (PQ) with Parkinson’s disease. Despite recognition that airborne particles and solutes can be directly translocated to the brain via olfactory neurons, the potential for inhaled PQ to cause olfactory impairment has not been investigated. This study sought to determine if prolonged low-dose inhalation exposure to PQ would lead to disposition to the brain and olfactory impairment, a prodromal feature of Parkinson’s disease. Adult male and female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to PQ aerosols in a whole-body inhalation chamber for 4 h/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Subsets of mice were sacrificed during and after exposure and PQ concentrations in various brain regions (olfactory bulb, striatum, midbrain, and cerebellum) lung, and kidney were quantified via mass spectrometry. Alterations in olfaction were examined using an olfactory discrimination paradigm. PQ inhalation resulted in an appreciable burden in all examined brain regions, with the highest burden observed in the olfactory bulb, consistent with nasal olfactory uptake. PQ was also detected in the lung and kidney, yet PQ levels in all tissues returned to control values within 4 weeks post exposure. PQ inhalation caused persistent male-specific deficits in olfactory discrimination. No effects were observed in females. These data support the importance of route of exposure in determination of safety estimates for neurotoxic pesticides, such as PQ. Accurate estimation of the relationship between exposure and internal dose is critical for risk assessment and public health protection.
Extractive concentrations and cellular-level distributions change radially from outer to inner heartwood in Scots pine
Authors: Belt Tiina , Venäläinen Martti , Altgen Michael , Harju Anni , Rautkari Lauri
Published: December 2020

The heartwood of many wood species is rich in extractives, which improve the wood material’s resistance to biological attack. Their concentration is generally higher in outer than inner heartwood, but the exact radial changes in aging heartwood remain poorly characterized. This investigation studied these radial changes in detail in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), using radial sample sequences prepared from three different trees. Stilbene and resin acid contents were first measured from bulk samples, after which the extractive contents of individual heartwood annual rings were investigated using Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Raman imaging and fluorescence microscopy were also used to study the cellular-level distributions of extractives in different annual rings. Although there were substantial differences between the trees, the content and distribution of stilbenes seemed to follow a general radial trend. The results suggest that stilbenes are absorbed into heartwood tracheid cell walls from small stilbene-rich extractive deposits over several years and then eventually transform into non-extractable compounds in aging heartwood. Resin acids followed no consistent radial trends, but their content was strongly connected to the frequency of large extractive deposits in latewood tracheid lumens. The results highlight the variability of heartwood extractives: their content and distribution vary not only between trees but also between and even within the annual rings of a single tree. This high variability is likely to have important effects on the properties of heartwood and the utilization of heartwood timber.
Altered Permeability Of The Blood‐CSF Barrier In Chronic Migraine
Authors: Gross Noah B. , Sweeney Melanie , Sagare Abhay , Zlokovic Berislav , Castor Katherine , Fonteh Alfred N. , Arakaki Xianghong , Woldeamanuel Yohannes W. , Cowan Robert P. , Harrington Michael G.
Published: December 2020

Background

Molecular communication from blood circulation to brain is tightly regulated at multiple biological barriers, but is disrupted in a variety of diseases, disorders, and infections. Recent human and animal data in migraine research has shown conflicting results regarding barrier disruption. These contradictions require resolution because a leaky barrier will expose the brain to potentially harmful components with diverse deleterious effects on brain function.

Methods

Since blood‐to‐CSF transfer studies have not yet been performed in migraineurs, we studied surrogate biomarkers of barrier disruption in blood and CSF from non‐headache suffering controls and chronic migraine sufferers.

Results

When compared to controls, study participants with chronic migraine had clear evidence of barrier leak based on their higher CSF—blood albumin ratio, CSF fibrinogen levels, and CSF levels of the pericyte biomarker, soluble platelet‐derived growth factor receptor β. To test if other blood components were leaking through this barrier, we examined how CSF and blood lipids relate to the CSF—blood albumin ratio. The CSF—blood ratios of trans palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, and ceramide were higher in chronic migraine and these lipid ratios correlated significantly with the CSF—blood albumin index, consistent with their derivation, at least partly, from a leaking barrier.

Conclusion

We conclude that individuals with chronic migraine have distinct disruption of central nervous system (CNS) barriers that allows leakage into the CNS of multiple blood components, including proteins and lipids, and which likely results from, and contributes to the pathophysiology of migraine. The blood‐brain barrier and molecules that leak into the CNS are potential treatment targets.

Support or Funding Information

The National Institutes of Health, R01 NS043295, Higgins Family Trusts

This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Developing the venome of the parasitoid wasp Ampulex compressa (778.4)
Authors: Arvidson Ryan , Arensburger Peter , Pan SongQin , Hice Robert , Adams Michael
Published: December 2020

The endoparasitoid wasp Ampulex compressa injects venom directly into the central nervous system of its host, the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), to induce a long‐term behavioral state known as hypokinesia. Hypokinesia is a specific, venom‐induced behavioral state characterized by suppression of the escape response and reduced spontaneous walking, leaving other motor functions unaffected. To facilitate elucidation of the biochemical mechanism behind venom‐induced hypokinesia, we are developing a bioinformatic venome by combining next‐generation RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis of venom gland tissue and mass spectroscopy‐based Multi‐Dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MuDPIT) from extracts of whole milked venom. Preliminary analysis has yielded identification of more than 50 proteins and peptides, with putative identifications of venom components including endothelin‐converting enzyme‐like peptidase, icarapin, venom acid phosphatase, and tachykinin along with ~20 novel peptides and proteins. The action of the venom appears to be non‐cytolytic, specific, and reversible. Venome analysis of A. compressa may yield a rich collection of novel, pharmaceutically relevant compounds.
Neonatal Thermoregulation
Authors: Dixon Kristi Lynn , Carter Brigit , Harriman Tiffany , Doles Bradley , Sitton Barbara , Thompson Julie
Published: December 2020

Background:

Premature infants are poor regulators of body temperature and are subjected to environmental factors that can lead to rapid heat loss, leaving them vulnerable to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from hypothermia. Thermoregulation protocols have proven to increase survival in preterm infants.

Purpose:

To evaluate a Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle on a previously implemented Golden Hour protocol at a military medical care facility for infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation and weighing less than1500 g. Specific aims included the use of increased delivery/operating room temperatures and proper use of thermoregulatory devices (polyethylene bags and thermal mattress).

Methods:

Outcomes were analyzed and compared using a pre/postdesign. The data was collected using the neonatal intensive care unit admission worksheet.

Results:

Although statistical analysis was not significant, clinical significance was illustrated by a decrease in hypothermia rates on admission and at 1 hour of life. There was a 100% compliance rate with increasing delivery room/operating room temperatures and thermal mattress use. Polyethylene bag use compliance was 50%.

Implications for Practice:

Golden Hour protocols have proven to be an effective tool. Thermoregulation is a significant component of these protocols, and it is imperative that every step is taken to manage the environmental temperature during the birth and admission process.

Implications for Research:

There is a need for continued research on the impacts of thermoregulatory devices and protocols, with resulting practice and device recommendations.
Technique for Removal of Broken InterTAN Integrated Cephalomedullary Screw
Authors: Burgesson Bernard N. , Coles Chad P.
Published: December 2020

Pertrochanteric femoral fractures are routinely treated with cephalomedullary nailing, with good success. In the event of nonunion, implant fatigue failure may occur. The Trigen InterTAN system (Smith & Nephew, Memphis, TN) features 2 integrated cephalomedullary screws for improved rotational stability of the proximal segment. The inferior compression screw prevents rotation of the larger, superior lag screw. In the event of inferior screw breakage, the retained portion will prevent the integrated lag screw from being rotated to permit extraction. We present a case of a broken nail as well as a broken integrated screw, and describe a technique for successful implant removal.
Intermittent Optogenetic Tachypacing of Atrial Engineered Heart Tissue Induces Only Limited Electrical Remodelling
Authors: Lemoine Marc D. , Lemme Marta , Ulmer Bärbel M. , Braren Ingke , Krasemann Susanne , Hansen Arne , Kirchhof Paulus , Meyer Christian , Eschenhagen Thomas , Christ Torsten
Published: December 2020

Atrial tachypacing is an accepted model for atrial fibrillation (AF) in large animals and in cellular models. Human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) provide a novel human source to model cardiovascular diseases. Here, we investigated whether optogenetic tachypacing of atrial-like hiPSC-CMs grown into engineered heart tissue (aEHT) can induce AF-remodeling. After differentiation of atrial-like cardiomyocytes from hiPSCs using retinoic acid, aEHTs were generated from ∼1 million atrial-like hiPSC-CMs per aEHT. AEHTs were transduced with lentivirus expressing channelrhodopsin-2 to enable optogenetic stimulation by blue light pulses. AEHTs underwent optical tachypacing at 5 Hz for 15 seconds twice a minute over 3 weeks and compared with transduced spontaneously beating isogenic aEHTs (1.95 ± 0.07 Hz). Force and action potential duration did not differ between spontaneously beating and tachypaced aEHTs. Action potentials in tachypaced aEHTs showed higher upstroke velocity (138 ± 15 vs. 87 ± 11 V/s, n = 15–13/3; P = 0.018), possibly corresponding to a tendency for more negative diastolic potentials (73.0 ± 1.8 vs. 68.0 ± 1.9 mV; P = 0.07). Tachypaced aEHTs exhibited a more irregular spontaneous beating pattern (beat-to-beat scatter: 0.07 ± 0.01 vs. 0.03 ± 0.004 seconds, n = 15–13/3; P = 0.008). Targeted expression analysis showed higher RNA levels of KCNJ12 [Kir2.2, inward rectifier (IK1); 69 ± 7 vs. 44 ± 4, P = 0.014] and NPPB (NT-proBNP; 39,690 ± 4834 vs. 23,671 ± 3691; P = 0.024). Intermittent tachypacing in aEHTs induces some electrical alterations found in AF and induces an arrhythmic spontaneous beating pattern, but does not affect resting force. Further studies using longer, continuous, or more aggressive stimulation may clarify the contribution of different rate patterns on the changes in aEHT mimicking the remodeling process from paroxysmal to persistent atrial fibrillation.
Knockdown of Long Noncoding RNA SNHG14 Protects H9c2 Cells Against Hypoxia-induced Injury by Modulating miR-25-3p/KLF4 Axis in Vitro
Authors: Lu Guoqing , Cheng Zhaoyun , Wang Sheng , Chen Xianjie , Zhu Xiliang , Ge Zhenwei , Wang Baocai , Sun Junjie , Hu Junlong , Xuan Jizhong
Published: December 2020

Cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) is the main cause of death in infants worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been pointed to exert crucial roles in development of CHD. The current research is designed to illuminate the impact and potential mechanism of lncRNA SNHG14 in CCHD in vitro. The embryonic rat ventricular myocardial cells (H9c2 cells) were exposed to hypoxia to establish the model of CCHD in vitro. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was conducted to examine relative expressions of SNHG14, miR-25-3p, and KLF4. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured by an LDH assay kit. Apoptosis-related proteins (Bax and Bcl-2) and KLF4 were detected by Western Blot. The targets of SNHG14 and miR-25-3p were verified by the dual-luciferase reporter assay. SNHG14 and KLF4 were upregulated, whereas miR-25-3p was downregulated in hypoxia-induced H9c2 cells and cardiac tissues of patients with CCHD compared with their controls. Knockdown of SNHG14 or overexpression of miR-25-3p facilitated cell viability, while depressing cell apoptosis and release of LDH in hypoxia-induced H9c2 cells. MiR-25-3p was a target of SNHG14 and inversely modulated by SNHG14. MiR-25-3p could directly target KLF4 and negatively regulate expression of KLF4. Repression of miR-25-3p or overexpression of KLF4 reversed the suppression impacts of sh-SNHG14 on cell apoptosis and release of LDH as well as the promotion impact of sh-SNHG14 on cell viability in hypoxia-induced H9c2 cells. Sh-SNHG14 protected H9c2 cells against hypoxia-induced injury by modulating miR-25-3p/KLF4 axis in vitro.
The Overlap Syndrome: A Case Report of Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease After the Development of a Pseudomembrane
Authors: Hayashi Shunsuke , Shimizu Eisuke , Uchino Miki , Yazu Hiroyuki , Aketa Naohiko , Tsubota Kazuo , Ogawa Yoko
Published: December 2020

Background:

Ocular graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is one of the most severe complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. It manifests as an impairment of the ocular surface, such as severe dry eye disease, and deteriorates the recipient's visual function and quality of life. We encountered an “overlap syndrome” of ocular GVHD, which is characterized by the presence of both acute and chronic GVHD symptoms. In this report, we present the treatment progress of the overlap syndrome in a case with ocular GVHD.

Case Presentation:

A 57-year-old man with acute myeloblastic leukemia underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Six weeks after the treatment, the recipient complained of eye pain and discharge. He was diagnosed with the overlap syndrome due to low tear volume, severe corneal epithelitis, hyperemia, and a pseudomembrane on the conjunctiva. Immune cells infiltration, fibrinoid degeneration, fibroblastic and spindle-shaped cells, and fibrosis were observed in the pathology of the pseudomembrane. The recipient was treated with topical immunosuppression and pseudomembrane removal. One week after the initial treatment, ocular GVHD improved. Twelve weeks after the treatment, the topical steroid was discontinued due to the elevation of intraocular pressure.

Conclusions:

The assessment of conjunctival pseudomembrane in ocular GVHD is important to determine the stage of the case and to assess systemic GVHD. Furthermore, prompt removal of the pseudomembrane after diagnosis is an appropriate management to reduce the symptoms of ocular GVHD. The combination of topical steroids and immunosuppressive agents is suggested to be an effective treatment in management of overlap syndrome.
Effect of eyedrops and applanation tonometry on optical biometry
Authors: Nayer Zacharia , Bhat Amar , Sohal Preet K. , Murdock Braedon , Watson Shelly H. , Belyea David A.
Published: December 2020

Purpose:

To determine whether eyedrops (phenylephrine, tropicamide, and fluorescein–proparacaine) and Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) have an effect on optical biometry measurements for preoperative cataract surgery workup.

Setting:

George Washington University, Washington, DC.

Design:

Nonrandomized controlled trial.

Methods:

Participants older than 18 years with no contraindications to eyedrops or tonometry were recruited. Optical biometry measurements were obtained on a single eye using the Lenstar LS900. One drop each of phenylephrine, tropicamide, and fluorescein–proparacaine was applied to the same eye, and measurements were repeated. GAT was performed, and measurements were repeated. For controls, the contralateral eye was also measured at each interval.

Results:

There was no statistically significant difference in mean predicted postoperative refraction (PPOR) keratometry (K) 1, K2, or axis postdrops and post-GAT 62 eyes (n = 62). After drops were applied, mean central corneal thickness increased from 540 to 542 µm (P = .0002), mean anterior chamber depth (ACD) increased from 3.68 to 3.70 mm (P < .0001), and lens thickness (LT) decreased from 3.66 to 3.65 (P = .001). After GAT, ACD increased to 3.76 mm (P < .0001), and LT increased to 3.60 mm (P < .0001). There was no statistically significant difference in PPOR or other parameters for the control eyes (n = 5).

Conclusions:

GAT and phenylephrine, tropicamide, and fluorescein–proparacaine drops did not affect the primary outcome of PPOR. This suggests that cataract surgery candidates do not need to return for a separate preoperative visit for optical biometry.
Outcomes of corneal transplantation in Europe: report by the European Cornea and Cell Transplantation Registry
Authors: Dunker Suryan L. , Armitage W. John , Armitage Margareta , Brocato Lucia , Figueiredo Francisco C. , Heemskerk Martin B.A. , Hjortdal Jesper , Jones Gary L.A. , Konijn Cynthia , Nuijts Rudy M.M.A. , Lundström Mats , Dickman Mor M.
Published: December 2020

Purpose:

To analyze real-world graft survival and visual acuity outcomes of corneal transplantation in Europe.

Setting:

Corneal clinics in 10 European Union member states, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland.

Design:

Multinational registry study.

Methods:

All corneal transplant procedures registered in the European Cornea and Cell Transplantation Registry (ECCTR) were identified. Graft survival of primary corneal transplants were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves with log-rank test and Cox regression. Corrected distance visual acuities (CDVAs) are reported at baseline and 2 years postoperatively using the Lundström distribution matrix.

Results:

A total of 12 913 corneal transplants were identified. Overall, 32-year graft survival of corneal transplants was high (89%) but differed between indications, ranging from 98% in keratoconus and 80% for trauma. Overall, CDVA improved postoperatively, but the risk for losing vision ranged from 7% (baseline vision ≤0.1 Snellen) to 58% (baseline vision ≥1.0 Snellen).

Conclusions:

This report provides a comprehensive overview of graft survival and visual outcomes of corneal transplantation in Europe. In addition, it provides real-world estimates of outcomes for a variety of indications and surgical techniques to support benchmarking and demonstrates the relationship between baseline and postoperative vision.
Sewing needle microcapsulotomy to avert Argentinian flag sign
Authors: Prasad Rajendra , Badhani Anurag , Dogra Geetika , Morya Arvind
Published: December 2020

The Argentinian flag sign is a known complication in intumescent white cataracts, which arises instantly after an initial prick with a sharp hypodermic needle on a stretched out anterior capsule. Increased intralenticular pressure is believed to be responsible for propagation of the initial prick into a radial capsular tear. However, it is the linear cut configuration of the initial prick, created by the hypodermic needle on the tense anterior capsule, which spontaneously opens up and propagates toward the periphery along its margins. To overcome this, a new instrument was devised, sewing needle microcapsulotome, to puncture the capsule and create a single or multiple round openings with smooth margins, allowing the bag to decompress satisfactorily without yielding to disruptive intralenticular forces. This technique of sewing needle microcapsulotomy, to prevent the Argentinian flag sign, was found to be highly effective and safe in a series of surgeries on intumescent cataracts.
Immediate dental implant placement and restoration in the edentulous mandible in head and neck cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: in ‘t Veld Matthijs , Schulten Engelbert A.J.M. , Leusink Frank K.J.
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review

Oral rehabilitation with dental implants in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients is challenging. After tooth removal prior to radiotherapy, immediate placement of dental implants during panendoscopy or surgery is thought to reduce the oral rehabilitation time improving patients’ quality of life.

Recent findings

There is lack of consensus on the timing of dental implant placement and loading protocols. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature regarding the performance and survival rate of immediately inserted dental implants placed prior to radiotherapy. Of 1003 articles, 10 were finally included comparing immediate vs. delayed placement of implants and comparing the effect of radiotherapy on immediately placed implants. Meta-analysis demonstrated a slightly higher survival of immediately placed implants compared with postponed placed implants [risk ratio: 0.92, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.48–1.78, P = 0.81, I

2
 = 0%]. The other meta-analysis comparing radiotherapy vs. nonradiotherapy showed a clearly better survival of immediately placed implants not having received radiotherapy (risk ratio: 5.02, 95% CI: 0.92–27.38, P = 0.10, I
2 
= 56%).

Guidelines are recommended for immediate dental implant placement in the edentulous mandible in HNC patients prior to radiotherapy to allow homogeneity regarding the treatment protocols and thus comparison of treatment outcomes.
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Moreno-Mateo Fernando , Perea Sofía Hidalgo , Onel Karen Brandt
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review

The aim of this article is to review recent findings regarding the diagnosis and treatment of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO).

Recent findings

An adequate understanding of pathophysiology along with the new advances in MRI imaging make it possible to determine the extent of disease and establish early treatment. TNF-α inhibitors and bisphosphonates have shown to be a well-tolerated and efficient treatment for CRMO providing both symptomatic relief and normalization of bone morphology.

The results of recent studies suggest that a better knowledge of the genetic and molecular factors will allow early diagnosis and the development of more effective individualized treatments in the future.
Epidemiologic trends and characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infections among children in the United States
Authors: Rankin Danielle A. , Talj Rana , Howard Leigh M. , Halasa Natasha B.
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review

To review the epidemiological characteristics and clinical features associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections among children in the United States.

Recent findings

In the United States, the majority of SARS-CoV-2 infections in children have been mild illnesses, with those 5–17 years of age having the highest frequency. Specifically, the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in children is two times higher in adolescents (12–17 years) than younger school-aged children (5–11 years). Despite the higher case counts in older children, 10% of pediatric hospitalizations have been in infants less than one year. In addition, severe respiratory and renal complications, hospitalization, and even death have been documented in children.

Clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children range from asymptomatic to severe respiratory distress, with mild nonspecific symptoms being the most commonly reported. The broad clinical presentation and the frequency of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic infections in children pose challenges for controlling and detecting SARS-CoV-2. However, severe disease has been noted in children with associated medical complications and death. Thus, additional active surveillance and research is needed to understand the burden children contribute to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the United States.
Promoting Health and Well-being in Healthy People 2030
Authors: Pronk Nico , Kleinman Dushanka V. , Goekler Susan F. , Ochiai Emmeline , Blakey Carter , Brewer Karen H.
Published: December 2020

Healthy People 2030 describes a vision and offers benchmarks that can be used to track progress toward the goal of all people in the United States achieving their full potential for health and well-being across the life span. This vision can be realized through evidence-based interventions and policies that address the economic, physical, and social environments in which people live, learn, work, and play. Securing health and well-being for all will benefit society as a whole. Gaining such benefits requires eliminating health disparities, achieving health equity, attaining health literacy, and strengthening the physical, social, and economic environments. Implementation of Healthy People 2030 will by strengthened by engaging users from many sectors and ensuring the effective use and alignment of resources. Promoting the nation's health and well-being is a shared responsibility—at the national, state, territorial, tribal, and community levels. It requires involving the public, private, and not-for-profit sectors.