bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrography and circulation in the Filchner Depression, Weddell Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Darelius E. , Makinson K. , Daae K. , Fer I. , Holland P. R. , Nicholls K. W.
Published: August 2014

Cold and dense ice shelf water (ISW) emerging from the Filchner‐Ronne Ice Shelf cavity in the southwestern Weddell Sea flows northward through the Filchner Depression to eventually descend the continental slope and contribute to the formation of bottom water. New ship‐born observations of hydrography and currents from Filchner Depression in January 2013 suggest that the northward flow of ISW takes place in a middepth jet along the eastern flank of the depression, thus questioning the traditional view with outflow along the western flank. This interpretation of the data is supported by results from a regional numerical model, which shows that ISW flowing northward along the eastern coast of Berkner Island turns eastward and crosses the depression to its eastern side upon reaching the Filchner ice front. The ice front represents a sudden change in the thickness of the water column and thus a potential vorticity barrier. Transport estimates of northward ISW flux based on observations ranges from 0.2 to 1.0 Sv.
Room Temperature Electroluminescence from Mechanically Formed van der Waals III–VI Homojunctions and Heterojunctions
Authors: Balakrishnan Nilanthy , Kudrynskyi Zakhar R. , Fay Michael W. , Mudd Garry W. , Svatek Simon A. , Makarovsky Oleg , Kovalyuk Zakhar D. , Eaves Laurence , Beton Peter H. , Patanè Amalia
Published: August 2014

Room temperature electroluminescence from semiconductor junctions is demonstrated. The junctions are fabricated by the exfoliation and direct mechanical adhesion of InSe and GaSe van der Waals layered crystals. Homojunction diodes formed from layers of p‐ and n‐type InSe exhibit electroluminescence at energies close to the bandgap energy of InSe (Eg = 1.26 eV). In contrast, heterojunction diodes formed by combining layers of p‐type GaSe and n‐type InSe emit photons at lower energies, which is attributed to the generation of spatially indirect excitons and a staggered valence band lineup for the holes at the GaSe/InSe interface. These results demonstrate the technological potential of mechanically formed heterojunctions and homojunctions of direct‐bandgap layered GaSe and InSe compounds with an optical response over an extended wavelength range, from the near‐infrared to the visible spectrum.
The utility of routine polyp histopathology after endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Yeh David H. , Wong Jay , Hoffbauer Stephanie , Wehrli Bret , Sommer Doron , Rotenberg Brian W.
Published: August 2014

Background

Routine histopathological assessment is standard practice for nasal polyp specimens obtained during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Retrospective studies suggest that routine histopathology of nasal polyps shows few unexpected diagnoses that alter patient management. Our objective was to study the use of routine pathological analysis, and its cost to the healthcare system, in a prospective manner.

Methods

A multicenter prospective assessment was performed from data collected between 2007 and 2013. Only cases of patients undergoing ESS for bilateral CRS were included. We excluded unilateral disease cases, and cases in which diagnoses other than polyps were suspected either preoperatively or intraoperatively. We then compared the preoperative diagnosis with the final histopathology and identified the rate of unexpected pathologies. A cost analysis was performed.

Results

Only 4 of 866 pathological specimens were identified as having a clinically significant unexpected diagnosis. All unexpected pathologies in this series were benign. These 4 cases account for 0.46% of all specimens reviewed. This translates to a number needed to screen of 217 cases of bilateral CRS to discover 1 unexpected pathology. The associated cost for making an unexpected diagnosis was $19,192.73.

Conclusion

Routine histopathology of nasal polyps in ESS for bilateral CRS with polyps yields few unexpected and management‐altering diagnoses. It carries a significant cost to the healthcare system. In cases of bilateral CRS with no other concerning clinical features, clinicians should exercise judgment in submitting polyp specimens for pathology rather than routinely sending polyps for histopathologic analysis.
Fabrication of PLA/PEG/MWCNT electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for anticancer drug delivery
Authors: Aboutalebi Anaraki Nadia , Roshanfekr Rad Leila , Irani Mohammad , Haririan Ismaeil
Published: August 2014

In the present study, polylactic acid (PLA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds were prepared via electrospinning process and their applications for the anticancer drug delivery system were investigated. A response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to evaluate the effect of key parameters of electrospinning process including solution concentration, feeding rate, tip–collector distance (TCD) and applied voltage on the morphology of PLA/PEG/MWCNT nanofibrous scaffolds. In optimum conditions (concentration of 8.15%, feeding rate of 0.2 mL/h, voltage of 18.50 kV and TCD of 13.0 cm), the minimum experimental fiber diameter was found to be 225 nm which was in good agreement with the predicted value by the BBD analysis (228 nm). In vitro drug release study of doxorubicin (DOX)‐loaded nanofibrous scaffolds, higher drug content induced an extended release of drug. Also, drug release rate was not dependent on drug/polymer ratio in different electrospun nanofibrous formulations. The equation of Mt = c0 + kt0.5was used to describe the kinetic data of DOX release from electrospun nanofibers. The cell viability of DOX‐loaded nanofibrous scaffolds was evaluated using 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a tetrazole assay on lung cancer A549 cell lines. We propose that DOX‐incorporated PLA/PEG/MWCNT nanofibrous scaffold could be used as a superior candidate for antitumor drug delivery. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41286.
Investigation of crosslinking in the thermooxidative aging of nitrile–butadiene rubber
Authors: Zhao Jiaohong , Yang Rui , Iervolino Rossana , Barbera Stellario
Published: August 2014

Chemical crosslinking is possibly the most significant factor affecting the mechanical behavior of rubbers. In this study, we investigated the evolution of network structures (the crosslinking degree and crosslinking density) during the thermooxidative aging of a nitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) using characterization methods such as low‐dimensional NMR, solvent extraction, solvent swelling, IR spectroscopy, and mechanical property measurements. The NMR and solvent extraction results show the change of the crosslinking degree. The solvent swelling results show the change of the crosslinking density. The IR results show the chemical changes relating to crosslinking and chain scissions. Therefore, a comprehensive picture of the thermal oxidative aging of the NBR compound was drawn by the integration of various results from these methods. Crosslinking occurred throughout the aging process, whereas chain scissions took place and competed with crosslinking in the later stage. The crosslinking density increased at a nearly constant rate, whereas the increase in the crosslinking degree slowed down in the later stage. The crosslinking density was closely correlated with the hardness and Young's modulus. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41319.
Recycling waste tires: Generation of functional oligomers and description of their use in the synthesis of polyurethane foams
Authors: Tran Thi Kieu Nhung , Pilard Jean‐François , Pasetto Pamela
Published: August 2014

The accumulation of waste tires is a big environmental issue and different approaches have been proposed to eliminate or recycle this material in the end of its life. However, each approach presents drawbacks and the need for a real valorization of the tire components is still of interest. In a previous work by our group, it was demonstrated that an oxidative cleavage of the polyisoprene and polybutadiene chains contained in the tires led to the synthesis of telechelic oligomers with a ketone and an aldehyde at the chains ends. In this work, the process to obtain these carbonyl oligomers has been improved, with a particular concern for the elimination of the maximum amount of carbon black. The carbonyl oligomers can be easily reduced to hydroxyl oligomers and, in order to show the benefit of the recycling process, an application of these hydroxyl oligomers is reported: they have been used as building blocks (polyol precursors) in the preparation of polyurethane (PU) foams. The morphology of the resulting foams was observed by scanning electron microscopy technique: the images showed an almost open‐cell structure and a homogeneous distribution of cell size. Mechanical (tensile and compressive strength) and thermal properties of PU foams synthesized from “recycled” oligomers from waste tires were compared to those of PU foams synthesized from analogue oligomers derived from natural rubber. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41326.
Development and compatibility assessment of new composite film based on sugar beet pulp and polyvinyl alcohol intended for packaging applications
Authors: Shen Zhu , Ghasemlou Mehran , Kamdem Donatien Pascal
Published: August 2014

In this study, interaction and compatibility between sugar‐beet pulp (SBP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in blend films was assessed. Film‐forming dispersions of different ratios of SBP to PVA (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75) were cast at room temperature. The effects of adding PVA to SBP on the resulting film's physical, mechanical and barrier properties and thermal stability were investigated. X‐ray diffraction and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) were used to characterize the structure and morphology of the composites. When PVA was also added to the composite films, the films became softer, less rigid and more stretchable than pure SBP films. The addition of PVA gave significantly greater elongation at break (12.45%) and lower water vapor permeability (1.55 × 10−10 g s−1 m−1 Pa−1), but tensile strength did not markedly change, remaining around 59.68 MPa. Thermogravimetric analysis also showed that SBP/PVA film had better thermal stability than SBP film. The ESEM results showed that the compatibility of SBP50/PVA50 was better than those of other composite films. These results suggest that when taking all the studied variables into account, composite films formulated with 50% PVA are most suitable for various packaging applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41354.
Chassis organism from Corynebacterium glutamicum – a top‐down approach to identify and delete irrelevant gene clusters
Authors: Unthan Simon , Baumgart Meike , Radek Andreas , Herbst Marius , Siebert Daniel , Brühl Natalie , Bartsch Anna , Bott Michael , Wiechert Wolfgang , Marin Kay , Hans Stephan , Krämer Reinhard , Seibold Gerd , Frunzke Julia , Kalinowski Jörn , Rückert Christian , Wendisch Volker F. , Noack Stephan
Published: August 2014

For synthetic biology applications, a robust structural basis is required, which can be constructed either from scratch or in a top‐down approach starting from any existing organism. In this study, we initiated the top‐down construction of a chassis organism from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032, aiming for the relevant gene set to maintain its fast growth on defined medium. We evaluated each native gene for its essentiality considering expression levels, phylogenetic conservation, and knockout data. Based on this classification, we determined 41 gene clusters ranging from 3.7 to 49.7 kbp as target sites for deletion. 36 deletions were successful and 10 genome‐reduced strains showed impaired growth rates, indicating that genes were hit, which are relevant to maintain biological fitness at wild‐type level. In contrast, 26 deleted clusters were found to include exclusively irrelevant genes for growth on defined medium. A combinatory deletion of all irrelevant gene clusters would, in a prophage‐free strain, decrease the size of the native genome by about 722 kbp (22%) to 2561 kbp. Finally, five combinatory deletions of irrelevant gene clusters were investigated. The study introduces the novel concept of relevant genes and demonstrates general strategies to construct a chassis suitable for biotechnological application.
High‐throughput nucleoside phosphate monitoring in mammalian cell fed‐batch cultivation using quantitative matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Steinhoff Robert F. , Ivarsson Marija , Habicher Tobias , Villiger Thomas K. , Boertz Jens , Krismer Jasmin , Fagerer Stephan R. , Soos Miroslav , Morbidelli Massimo , Pabst Martin , Zenobi Renato
Published: August 2014

Current methods for monitoring multiple intracellular metabolite levels in parallel are limited in sample throughput capabilities and analyte selectivity. This article presents a novel high‐throughput method based on matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOF‐MS) for monitoring intracellular metabolite levels in fed‐batch processes. The MALDI‐TOF‐MS method presented here is based on a new microarray sample target and allows the detection of nucleoside phosphates and various other metabolites using stable isotope labeled internal standards. With short sample preparation steps and thus high sample throughput capabilities, the method is suitable for monitoring mammalian cell cultures, such as antibody producing hybridoma cell lines in industrial environments. The method is capable of reducing the runtime of standard LC‐UV methods to approximately 1 min per sample (including 10 technical replicates). Its performance is exemplarily demonstrated in an 8‐day monitoring experiment of independently controlled fed‐batches, containing an antibody producing mouse hybridoma cell culture. The monitoring profiles clearly confirmed differences between cultivation conditions. Hypothermia and hyperosmolarity were studied in four bioreactors, where hypothermia was found to have a positive effect on the longevity of the cell culture, whereas hyperosmolarity lead to an arrest of cell proliferation. The results are in good agreement with HPLC‐UV cross validation experiments. Subsequent principal component analysis (PCA) clearly separates the different bioreactor conditions based on the measured mass spectral profiles. This method is not limited to any cell line and can be applied as a process analytical tool in biotechnological processes.
Rationale and Design of the Henry Ford ExercIse Testing Project (The FIT Project)
Authors: Al‐Mallah Mouaz H. , Keteyian Steven J. , Brawner Clinton A. , Whelton Seamus , Blaha Michael J.
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

Although physical fitness is a powerful prognostic marker in clinical medicine, most cardiovascular population‐based studies do not have a direct measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness. In line with the call from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute for innovative, low‐cost, epidemiologic studies leveraging electronic medical record (EMR) data, we describe the rationale and design of the Henry Ford ExercIse Testing Project (The FIT Project). The FIT Project is unique in its combined use of directly measured clinical exercise data retrospective collection of medical history and medication treatment data at the time of the stress test, retrospective supplementation of supporting clinical data using the EMR and administrative databases and epidemiologic follow‐up for cardiovascular events and total mortality via linkage with claims files and the death registry. The FIT Project population consists of 69 885 consecutive physician‐referred patients (mean age, 54 ± 10 years; 54% males) who underwent Bruce protocol treadmill stress testing at Henry Ford Affiliated Hospitals between 1991 and 2009. Patients were followed for the primary outcomes of death, myocardial infarction, and need for coronary revascularization. The median estimated peak metabolic equivalent (MET) level was 10, with 17% of the patients having a severely reduced fitness level (METs < 6). At the end of the follow‐up duration, 15.9%, 5.6%, and 6.7% of the patients suffered all‐cause mortality, myocardial infarction, or revascularization procedures, respectively. The FIT Project is the largest study of physical fitness to date. With its use of modern electronic clinical epidemiologic techniques, it is poised to answer many clinically relevant questions related to exercise capacity and prognosis.
Focused Electron Beam‐Induced CVD of Iron: a Practical Guide for Direct Writing
Authors: Gavagnin Marco , Wanzenboeck Heinz D. , Shawrav Mostafa M. , Belic Domagoj , Wachter Stefan , Waid Simon , Stoeger–Pollach Michael , Bertagnolli Emmerich
Published: August 2014

Magnetic materials synthesized on the nanometer‐scale level are essential for several applications, such as spintronics and magnetologic. As a successful nanofabrication approach, focused electron beam‐induced deposition (FEBID) stands out as a direct‐write technique. FEBID uses an electron beam to locally induce a CVD process, avoiding the use of masks and resists. In this work, Fe–based nanostructures are synthesized on Si(100) by FEBID, starting from iron pentacarbonyl. A systematic variation of FEBID parameters is performed, to study their influence on the geometry and composition of the deposit. Based on the results, specific deposition conditions are suggested for magneto‐logic applications and fabrication of large structures.
Low‐grade albuminuria associated with brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity in young adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in China
Authors: Huang Lingning , Yang Liyong , Zhang Songjing , Liu Donghui , Yan Xiaofang , Yan Sunjie
Published: August 2014

Background

Cardiovascular disease is prevalent in type 2 diabetics, and microalbuminuria is associated with cardiovascular disease morbidity. We aimed to investigate the potential association between low‐grade albuminuria and arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Between 2009 and 2013, a retrospective study was performed in 578 patients with type 2 diabetes (339 male patients and 239 female patients) with normal urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratios (ACRs; <30 mg/g) from Fuzhou, China. Patients were stratified into tertiles based on urinary ACR levels (lowest tertile, urinary ACR < 4.8 mg/g; highest tertile, urinary ACR ≥ 20.1 mg/g). Arterial stiffness was measured via brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity.

Results

Brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity, age, duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure and pulse wave velocity progressively increased across all urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio tertiles (p < 0.05). Patients in the second and the highest tertiles had significantly elevated pulse wave velocity [114.6 mm/s (95% CI = 36.8–192.4) and 209.4 mm/s (95% CI = 131.8–286.9)], p = 0.004 and 0.000] compared with those in the lowest ACR tertile. The association between ACR and elevated pulse wave velocity still persisted in patients younger than 65 years of age and those with diabetes <10 years, conferring 45 or 51% greater risk of elevated pulse wave velocity (OR = 1.451; 95% CI = 1.119–1.881; p = 0.005 or OR = 1.515; 95% CI = 1.167–1.966; p = 0.0018) with each ACR tertile increment. Each ACR tertile increment conferred 31.7% higher risk of increased pulse wave velocity (OR = 1.317; 95% CI = 1.004–1.729; p = 0.0468).

Conclusions

Patients with type 2 diabetes with urinary albumin excretion in the upper normal range were still at risk for target organ damage. Low‐grade albuminuria might be an early marker for the detection of arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes, especially in younger patients with type 2 diabetes with shorter durations of disease. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of echolocation calls and neural selectivity for echolocation calls in the pallid bat
Authors: Razak Khaleel A. , Fuzessery Zoltan M.
Published: August 2014

Studies of birdsongs and neural selectivity for songs have provided important insights into principles of concurrent behavioral and auditory system development. Relatively little is known about mammalian auditory system development in terms of vocalizations or other behaviorally relevant sounds. This review suggests echolocating bats are suitable mammalian model systems to understand development of auditory behaviors. The simplicity of echolocation calls with known behavioral relevance and strong neural selectivity provides a platform to address how natural experience shapes cortical receptive field (RF) mechanisms. We summarize recent studies in the pallid bat that followed development of echolocation calls and cortical processing of such calls. We also discuss similar studies in the mustached bat for comparison. These studies suggest: (1) there are different developmental sensitive periods for different acoustic features of the same vocalization. The underlying basis is the capacity for some components of the RF to be modified independent of others. Some RF computations and maps involved in call processing are present even before the cochlea is mature and well before use of echolocation in flight. Others develop over a much longer time course. (2) Normal experience is required not just for refinement, but also for maintenance, of response properties that develop in an experience independent manner. (3) Experience utilizes millisecond range changes in timing of inhibitory and excitatory RF components as substrates to shape vocalization selectivity. We suggest that bat species and call diversity provide a unique opportunity to address developmental constraints in the evolution of neural mechanisms of vocalization processing. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1125–1139, 2015
Stable carbon isotope ratio profiling of illicit testosterone preparations – domestic and international seizures
Authors: Brooker Lance , Cawley Adam , Drury Jason , Edey Claire , Hasick Nicole , Goebel Catrin
Published: August 2014

Gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC‐C‐IRMS) is now established as a robust and mature analytical technique for the doping control of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids in human sport. It relies on the assumption that the carbon isotope ratios of naturally produced steroids are significantly different to synthetically manufactured testosterone or testosterone prohormones used in commercial medical or dietary supplement products. Recent publications in this journal have highlighted the existence of black market testosterone preparations with carbon isotope ratios within the range reported for endogenous steroids (i.e. δ13C ≥ −25.8 ‰). In this study, we set out to profile domestic and international law enforcement seizures of illicit testosterone products to monitor the prevalence of ‘enriched’ substrates – which if administered to human subjects would be considered problematic for the use of current GC‐C‐IRMS methodologies for the doping control of testosterone in sport. The distribution of δ13C values for this illicit testosterone sample population (n = 283) ranged from −23.4 ‰ to −32.9 ‰ with mean and median of −28.6 ‰ – comparable to previous work. However, only 13 out of 283 testosterone samples (4.6 %) were found to display δ13C values ≥ −25.8 ‰, confirming that in the vast majority of cases of illicit testosterone administration, current GC‐C‐IRMS doping control procedures would be capable of confirming misuse. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vapochromic Platinum(II) Complexes: Crystal Engineering toward Intelligent Sensing Devices
Authors: Kobayashi Atsushi , Kato Masako
Published: August 2014

Vapochromic materials that show reversible color change driven by vapor adsorption/desorption have drawn significant attention because of their potential applications in chemical sensors and chemical‐switching modules. Among the vapochromic coordination complexes reported so far, a series of square‐planar PtII complexes has been studied and represents one of the most promising systems for practical chemical sensors. For such systems, the color of the complexes strongly depends not only on the ligand‐field splitting, but also on the intermolecular distance between the PtII ions. This microreview presents recent results of vapochromic complexes centered on one‐dimensionally stacked PtII systems from the viewpoint of the origin of their vapochromic behavior. The design of vapochromic materials has been facilitated because several useful chromophores, including metallophilic interaction between PtII ions, have been developed. However, it is still challenging to realize a specifically sensitive and selective response to targeted vapors. This review focuses on strategies to achieve assembled PtII complexes with selective vapochromic responses.
Tunable Base‐Controlled Regioselective Cascade Reaction of 2‐Mercaptobenzimidazole with Morita–Baylis–Hillman Acetates of Nitroalkenes
Authors: Zhang Jia‐Qiang , Liu Jie‐Jie , Gu Chun‐Ling , Wang Dong , Liu Li
Published: August 2014

Two series of heterocyclic compounds, thiazolo[3,2‐a]benzimidazoles and benzimidazo[2,1‐b]‐1,3‐thiazines, were synthesized by the tunable base‐controlled regioselective cascade reaction of 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole with Morita–Baylis–Hillman acetates of nitroalkenes in good yields with high regioselectivities.
Invertebrate community responses to a particulate- and dissolved-copper exposure in model freshwater ecosystems
Authors: Gardham Stephanie , Chariton Anthony A. , Hose Grant C.
Published: August 2014

Historical contamination has left a legacy of high copper concentrations in the sediments of freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Previous mesocosm studies have focused on dissolved-copper exposures in the overlying waters, which, because of altered exposure pathways, may not accurately predict the effects of copper exposure on invertebrate communities at historically contaminated sites. The present study assessed the effects of copper on the establishment of invertebrate communities within a large outdoor pond mesocosm facility containing environmentally relevant copper-spiked sediments. High particulate copper concentrations (>400 mg/kg dry wt) caused a pronounced effect on the benthic community richness, abundance, and structure in the mesocosms, but particulate copper concentrations below 100 mg/kg dry weight had no effect. Furthermore, there were no effects of copper on the invertebrate communities within the water column, even in the highest copper treatment. The response of the benthic community to copper was influenced by interspecific interactions, the stage of ecological succession, and interspecies variation in sensitivity to copper. The present study demonstrates the importance of using environmentally realistic exposure scenarios that provide both particulate and dissolved exposure pathways. It also emphasizes that risk assessments for aquatic ecosystems should consider the influence of interspecific interactions and interspecies variation in driving the biotic response to contamination. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2724–2732. © 2014 SETAC
Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adults with Philadelphia‐negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia: No difference in the high‐ and low‐risk groups
Authors: Mo Xiao‐Dong , Xu Lan‐Ping , Zhang Xiao‐Hui , Liu Dai‐Hong , Wang Yu , Chen Huan , Yan Chen‐Hua , Chen Yu‐Hong , Han Wei , Wang Feng‐Rong , Wang Jing‐Zhi , Liu Kai‐Yan , Huang Xiao‐Jun
Published: August 2014

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the most effective post‐consolidation therapy and curative option for adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome‐negative (Ph‐negative) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in first complete remission (CR1). A human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐haploidentical related donor (haplo‐RD) is one of the most important alternative sources for those without HLA‐identical sibling donor (ISD). The present study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo‐HSCT) in adult Ph‐negative ALL CR1 patients (n = 183). We produced an unmanipulated haplo‐HSCT protocol including granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) for all donors, intensive immune suppression, anti‐thymocyte globulin, and combination of G‐CSF‐primed bone marrow harvest and G‐CSF‐mobilized peripheral blood stem cells harvest as the source of stem cell grafts. The median age for high‐risk versus low‐risk groups were 29 versus 23 years. Three‐year incidences of relapse mortality and nonrelapse mortality for high‐risk versus low‐risk groups were 7.1% versus 11.1% (p = 0.498) and 18.0% versus 16.2% (p = 0.717), respectively. Three‐year probabilities of disease‐free survival and overall survival for high‐risk versus low‐risk groups were 67.6% versus 68.2% (p = 0.896) and 74.9% versus 72.7% (p = 0.981), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that limited cGVHD and a lower pre‐HSCT comorbidity burden were associated with better outcomes. In summary, comparable outcomes were observed among high‐ and low‐risk Ph‐negative ALL CR1 patients after haplo‐HSCT. Haplo‐RD could be considered for adults with Ph‐negative ALL in CR1 as an important alternative source of donors in cases when no ISD is available.
Comprehensive screening for mutations associated with colorectal cancer in unselected cases reveals penetrant and nonpenetrant mutations
Authors: Kraus Cornelia , Rau Tilman T. , Lux Philipp , Erlenbach‐Wünsch Katharina , Löhr Sabine , Krumbiegel Mandy , Thiel Christian T. , Stöhr Robert , Agaimy Abbas , Croner Roland S. , Stürzl Michael , Hohenberger Werner , Hartmann Arndt , Reis André
Published: August 2014

Germline mutation testing in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is offered only to a subset of patients with a clinical presentation or tumor histology suggestive of familial CRC syndromes, probably underestimating familial CRC predisposition. The aim of our study was to determine whether unbiased screening of newly diagnosed CRC cases with next generation sequencing (NGS) increases the overall detection rate of germline mutations. We analyzed 152 consecutive CRC patients for germline mutations in 18 CRC‐associated genes using NGS. All patients were also evaluated for Bethesda criteria and all tumors were investigated for microsatellite instability, immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair proteins and the BRAF*V600E somatic mutation. NGS based sequencing identified 27 variants in 9 genes in 23 out of 152 patients studied (18%). Three of them were already reported as pathogenic and 12 were class 3 germline variants with an uncertain prediction of pathogenicity. Only 1 of these patients fulfilled Bethesda criteria and had a microsatellite instable tumor and an MLH1 germline mutation. The others would have been missed with current approaches: 2 with a MSH6 premature termination mutation and 12 uncertain, potentially pathogenic class 3 variants in APC, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, MSH3 and MLH3. The higher NGS mutation detection rate compared with current testing strategies based on clinicopathological criteria is probably due to the large genetic heterogeneity and overlapping clinical presentation of the various CRC syndromes. It can also identify apparently nonpenetrant germline mutations complicating the clinical management of the patients and their families.
Molecular Dynamics at Extended Timescales
Authors: Elber Ron , Cardenas Alfredo E.
Published: August 2014

The use of short time trajectory fragments to enhance sampling of kinetics is discussed. It is argued that partitioning of phase space with interfaces that are called milestones and conducting a large number of short time trajectories between these interfaces is a highly efficient and accurate method to calculate thermodynamics and kinetics. The method of Milestoning, which is a theory and an algorithm, enables the rapid calculations of fluxes, stationary distributions, and moments of the mean first passage time. It is based on sub‐nanosecond trajectories between cell partitions (milestones) that are defined in coarse space. While the method was applied in the past to highly complex systems, we illustrate it here on a pedagogical two‐dimensional system using dividers of Voronoi cells as milestones.
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE SELECTION TEST DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM OF THE U. S. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL (JULY 1948 TESTING)
Authors: Mollenkopf William G.
Published: August 2014

Statistical work not requiring the class grades of students has now been completed for the tests given in July 1948. Appreciable relationships were found between hours or lessons of refresher work and mathematics achievement test scores. Comparisons of the Postgraduate School results with those for College Entrance Examination Board candidates for five tests taken by both groups revealed the distinct superiority of the Postgraduate group. One verbal test had been given also to a Naval Academy entering class, and here again the average score for the Postgraduate group was markedly the higher of the two. Comparison of the Postgraduate School group with the 1947 freshman class at the Coast Guard Academy revealed that for three tests the groups were quite similar, while each group excelled the other on one of two other tests. The Postgraduate group was found to be markedly superior on the same tests, and on one other test, to a group of freshman liberal arts students at a large Eastern university. Comparisons of the test performances of six instructional groups at the Postgraduate School revealed only small differences among groups except for the Applied Communications group, which did not do nearly as well on certain of the tests as did the other groups, especially on tests in the quantitative area.

The findings indicating the superiority of the Postgraduate School group over most of the other comparison groups point to the need for the study of the test performances of the total group of applicants. The group tested in July was a select one, and hence the present data cannot be used by themselves to decide upon the appropriate level of difficulty for future tests.
TESTING A SIMPLE STRUCTURE HYPOTHESIS IN FACTOR ANALYSIS1,2
Authors: Jo̎reskog K. G.
Published: August 2014

It is assumed that the investigator has set up a simple structure hypothesis in the sense that he has specified the zero loadings of the factor matrix. The maximum likelihood method is used to estimate the factor matrix and the factor correlation matrix directly without the use of rotation methods, and the likelihood ratio technique is used to test the simple structure hypothesis. Numerical examples are presented.
ON THE THEORY OF UNIDIMENSIONAL SENSORY SCALING
Authors: Kristof Walter
Published: August 2014

In introducing the concept of interval functions, several theorems concerned with simple necessary and sufficient conditions for Fechner's law, the power law, the linear law, and the exponential law are derived. The use of just noticeable differences and any form of Fechnerian integration is avoided, thus remaining in the safer “macroscopic” area. Implications of the difference model and the ratio model of scaling are considered, and the relations between these models are studied. Theorems concerning the logarithmic relationship between magnitude scaling and category scaling are derived, providing an insight into the distinction of prothetic and metathetic continua. Fechner's law and the power law both appear as interchangeable, so that any controversy about them misses the point. For the broad class of prothetic continua it is shown that ratio scales contain just as much information as interval scales; traditional claims of superiority of ratio scales are void. A simple differential equation may be regarded as a general psychophysical law.
LIFE HISTORY AND ABILITY CORRELATES OF MECHANICAL INGENUITY1
Authors: Klein Stephen , Owens W. A.
Published: August 2014

The present study examined the predictive validity of certain tests of mechanical ingenuity as well as the concurrent validity of various measures of interests, backgrounds, and personality dimensions thought to be related to scientific creativity. The Ss (total N=528) used for this purpose were a group of engineers who had been enrolled in mechanical engineering curricula at the time of testing, but were currently engaged in research, design, or development. Predictive validities of .23 to .35 were obtained with a content relevant ability measure against a weighted composite criterion made up of patents, publications, etc.; but when scores from this test were placed in a regression equation along with concurrently validated scales from a life history questionnaire, the correlation between the regression scores and the criterion ranged from .41 to .69. The factorial scales that made the major contributions to this prediction were designated as drive, independence, research orientation, and positive home and educational background. These findings along with a skewness of the criterion scores supported the authors' general position that a creative act is not a function of a single trait or ability, but is a phenomenon (or an event) that is probably based on a series of relatively independent types of variables.
THE EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS IN A SELF‐INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM ON INSTRUCTIONAL OUTCOMES1
Authors: Maier Milton H. , Jacobs Paul I.
Published: August 2014

The effects of varying the sequence of frames in a self‐instructional program on the instructional outcomes of achievement, interest in learning, and attitudes toward programed instruction were investigated. Thirty‐nine sixth‐grade Spanish classes were randomly assigned to a program with an orderly progression or a scrambled order of frames. The students worked on the program for 30 minutes each week without any teacher‐directed instruction. For none of the three outcomes did the mean levels differ significantly after one semester of instruction. In each group a high relationship was found between aptitude and achievement and between initial attitudes and interest in learning. Attitudes toward programed instruction were not consistently related to any other variables. The conclusion was that small variations in sequence exert little effect on outcomes.
EFFECTIVENESS OF PSAT AND SAT BOOKLETS: I. BULLETIN FOR STUDENTS, 1964 PRELIMINARY SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST
Authors: Halpern Gerald , Sasajima Masu
Published: August 2014

A questionnaire was developed and distributed to over 600 students in 19 different schools. The purpose of the questionnaire was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Bulletin for Students, 1964 Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test. Additional information was obtained on school practices in handling the Bulletin.

The analyses of student responses indicate that the facts and concepts presented in the Bulletin are comprehensible, in general, to high school juniors. This is less true for students with relatively low PSAT scores. The most difficult concept for the students is the correction for guessing formula applied when scoring the PSAT. In general, students view the Bulletin very favorably.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF ITEM‐TEST REGRESSION*
Authors: Lord Frederic M.
Published: August 2014

Certain questions about the shape of item‐test regressions are answered on the basis of data obtained from 105, 275 examinees. Ten of the regressions obtained are shown in illustrative plots.
THE IMPACT OF NEGATIVE AFFECT ON COGNITION AND PERSONALITY1
Authors: Messick Samuel
Published: August 2014

On Saturday, November 23, 1963, the day after John F. Kennedy had been assassinated, a six‐hour battery of cognitive and personality measures was administered to a sample of 58 undergraduates at a small eastern college. Three months later, another comparable sample from the same college was administered the same battery for comparison purposes. The effects of the assassination on cognition and personality were found to be fairly specific. In terms of overall main effects, all three marker tests for flexibility of perceptual closure were implicated, along with a measure of the speed of closure factor. Experimental subjects were also found to be more indifferent than comparison subjects in their affective reactions to stimuli and tended to be more constricted in graphic expression. Several significant interactions were also observed with sex of subject and with birth order, and these interactions primarily involved these same variables–measures of the two factors of speed and flexibility of perceptual closure, of graphic constriction‐expansiveness, and of indifference in affective reactions to stimuli. The effects of the assassination on personality scales were also quite specific. Experimental subjects were significantly more yielding and conventional than comparison subjects, but at the same time were more dogmatic and extreme in expressing opinions.
COMPULSIVITY AS A MODERATOR VARIABLE: A REPLICATION AND EXTENSION
Authors: Stricker Lawrence J.
Published: August 2014

This study replicated and extended earlier ones which found that two indirect measures of compulsivity (the Strong Accountant scale and a ratio score of reading speed to vocabulary) moderated the correlations of other Strong interest scales with grade‐point average (GPA) for male engineering freshmen—the correlations were higher for the less compulsive students. In the present study, the two compulsivity variables did not moderate the correlations of the Strong scales with freshman‐year GPA for liberal arts students of either sex, although they did for men in the engineering program. The compulsivity variables were not significantly correlated, they did not moderate the same interest scales, and their joint use did not enhance the moderator effect.
RESPONSE STYLES AS PERSONALITY VARIABLES: A THEORETICAL INTEGRATION OF MULTIVARIATE RESEARCH1
Authors: Damarin Fred , Messick Samuel
Published: August 2014

Factor analytic and correlational studies of response styles have been reviewed for evidence relating stylistic responding to objective or performance measures of personality traits. The evidence strongly suggests that correlations among measures of any one style, such as acquiescence, are determined by more than one basic personality disposition. At least two such basic traits operate in the area of acquiescence; two more appear in the area of desirable responding, and two or three may underlie extremity of response. The evidence also tends to suggest that scores on many current response style variables are nonlinear functions of the basic trait variables. Theories about the psychological nature of these underlying traits are discussed, developed, and compared with findings in the current literature.
A DIAGNOSTIC MEASURE OF COMPETENCIES IN CAREER DECISION‐MAKING
Authors: Katz Martin R. , Norris Lila , Pears Laura
Published: August 2014

Simulated Occupational Choice (SOC) was developed to measure competencies in career decision‐making. SOC is a structured, individually‐administered simulation exercise designed to elicit career decision‐making behaviors and enable those behaviors to be observed, recorded, and scored in meaningful ways, particularly for diagnosis. It was administered during three field tests to small samples of 9th‐ and 12th‐grade students and later to small numbers of college students. It has undergone a series of revisions during its development and is still to he considered an experimental instrument which may (1) be administered by counselors to diagnose a student's competencies and deficiencies in seeking, interpreting, and using information relevant to career decision‐making, (2) be used with small samples of students to evaluate a guidance program or treatment, (3) serve as a criterion for validating group‐administered tests of career decision‐making competencies, and (4) provide the nucleus for a group course in career decision‐making.
CONVERSATIONAL MANAGEMENT DEVICES IN THE CLASSROOM
Authors: Weiner Susan L.
Published: August 2014

Topical transitions in teachers' classroom talk were analyzed from the perspective of conversations as game‐like structures with “moves” as basic elements. Three devices observed in this conversational context were proposed as having topical boundary functions: “framing” moves (words like O.K., alright), “pointing” moves (speech which notes the speaker's fact of saying something), and “quantifying” moves (speech with a logical or numerical quantifier which organizes subsequent talk). Preliminary evidence was presented which supported the hypothesis that these moves in fact bound topic talk.
SEX DISCRIMINATION IN EDUCATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Authors: Lockheed Marlaine E. , Ekstrom Ruth B. , Harris Abigail M.
Published: August 2014

The literature in this bibliography focuses on studies which relate discrimination in education to sex differences in the attainment of roles and rewards both in the educational system and in the larger society. This literature is reviewed in an extensive preface to the bibliography.

The 1000 item bibliography itself contains references to published and unpublished materials which may be of use to persons interested in the problem of sex discrimination in education. The references are available on a computer file, and may be accessed. Information on how to access the materials is provided.
CAUSAL INFLUENCES ON EDUCATIONAL PLANS OF HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS: A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS BY RACE
Authors: Rock Donald A. , Freeberg Norman E.
Published: August 2014

The influence of ability, SES level, school characteristics, mother's expectations and self‐perceptions on students' level of educational plans (LEP) as high school seniors were examined separately for samples of 9,055 whites and 1,077 blacks using the same hypothesized causal model.

Structural (path) analyses produced similar patterns for both racial groups in the hierarchy of direct influences on LEP, with mother's expectations found to be dominant. Academic achievement and SES, which showed only moderate direct influences, produced their major impact indirectly by acting through parental expectations; while minimal or negligible influence could be ascribed to school context variables or student self‐esteem, Where racial differences were identified, they indicated greater net impact of the hypothesized effects on LEP and a better overall model fit for white students (i.e., better predictive and explanatory value). A finding of greater indirect influences among whites for SES and academic achievement has implications for somewhat greater consistency between traditional middle class value systems and goals for white students.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE USE OF PICTURES AND OBJECTS IN ASSESSING CHILDREN'S RECEPTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE LANGUAGE
Authors: Cocking Rodney R. , McHale Susan
Published: August 2014

The problem of study dealt with two aspects of children's language knowledge and children's uses of pictures and objects when demonstrating their language skills. Forty‐eight 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups, matched for SES, sex, and age. Subjects were individually tested with one of the four measures: language comprehension using object stimuli; comprehension with picture stimuli; language production using object stimuli; or production with picture stimuli. Main effects for stimulus medium and response mode were both significant, as well as the interaction. The discussion is oriented toward the developmental controversy around receptive and productive language skills and the impact of the representational medium upon performance in assessment tasks.
A REPRESENTATION FOR THE REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS IN WEIGHTED LEAST SQUARES
Authors: Rubin Donald B.
Published: August 2014

A representation is given for the regression coefficients in weighted least squares fits. The result has application in proving the convergence of certain reweighted least squares algorithms designed to give robust fits, and in characterizing the region of regression coefficients that can be obtained by weighted least squares given fixed data.