bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Mental Health Research: Time to Integrate Basic Science
Authors: Meffert Susan M.
Published: September 2021

The Lancet Commission on Global Mental Health recommends the inclusion of research on the biological underpinnings of mental disorders as part of efforts to reduce the global burden of mental disorders. The search for defining features of mental disorders in non-Euro American settings is historically charged for the field. Yet, as illustrated by analysis of the NIMH objectives, the biological study of mental disorders cannot be scientifically sound without better inclusion of under-represented, globally diverse populations. It is time for global mental health researchers to take up the challenge and advance impactful research across the full translational spectrum.
Psychometric Properties of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: a Response to Mercado-Lara et al. “Validity and Reliability of the Spanish Version of Fear of COVID-19 Scale in Colombian Physicians”
Authors: Lin Chung-Ying , Griffiths Mark D. , Pakpour Amir H.
Published: September 2021

A paper reporting the psychometric properties of the Spanish Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) among Colombian physicians was recently published in the International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Although we welcome the translation and validation of our seven-item scale, this commentary outlines some major concerns we have with the study especially the removal of two items in developing a five-item FCV-19S. Based on these concerns, we strongly recommend that healthcare providers and researchers should use the five-item FCV-19S with caution.
A comparison of intra-operative diagnosis to histopathological diagnosis of acute appendicitis in paediatric and adult cohorts: an analysis of over 1000 patients
Authors: Harris Johnathon , Fleming Christina A. , Stassen Paul N. , Mullen Daniel , Mohan Helen , Foley James , Heeney Anna , Nugent Emmeline , Schmidt Karl , Mealy Ken
Published: September 2021

Background

Appendicitis is a common general surgical emergency. The role of removing a normal appendix is debated. However, this relies on accurate intra-operative diagnosis of a normal appendix by the operating surgeon. This study aimed to compare surgeon’s intra-operative assessment to final histological result acute appendicitis in paediatric and adult patients.

Methods

All patients who underwent appendicectomy over a 14-year period in a general surgical department were identified using the prospective Lothian Surgical Audit system and pathology reports retrieved to identify final histological diagnosis. Open appendicectomy was selected to examine, as the routine practise at our institution is to remove a normal appendix at open appendicectomy.

Results

A total of 1035 open appendicectomies were performed for clinically suspected appendicitis. Sensitivity of intra-operative diagnosis of appendicitis with operating surgeon was high at 95.13% with no difference between trainee and consultant surgeon or between adult and paediatric cases. Specificity of intra-operative diagnosis was lower in the paediatric group (32.58%) than in the adult group (40.58%). Women had a higher rate of negative appendicectomy than men.

Conclusion

The results of this study highlight some discordance between histological evidence of acute appendicitis and intra-operative impression. Therefore other clinical variables and not just macroscopic appearance alone should be used when deciding to perform appendicectomy.
Hypothermia for Patients Requiring Evacuation of Subdural Hematoma: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Hergenroeder Georgene W. , Yokobori Shoji , Choi Huimahn Alex , Schmitt Karl , Detry Michelle A. , Schmitt Lisa H. , McGlothlin Anna , Puccio Ava M. , Jagid Jonathan , Kuroda Yasuhiro , Nakamura Yukihiko , Suehiro Eiichi , Ahmad Faiz , Viele Kert , Wilde Elisabeth A. , McCauley Stephen R. , Kitagawa Ryan S. , Temkin Nancy R. , Timmons Shelly D. , Diringer Michael N. , Dash Pramod K. , Bullock Ross , Okonkwo David O. , Berry Donald A. , Kim Dong H.
Published: September 2021

Background

Hypothermia is neuroprotective in some ischemia–reperfusion injuries. Ischemia–reperfusion injury may occur with traumatic subdural hematoma (SDH). This study aimed to determine whether early induction and maintenance of hypothermia in patients with acute SDH would lead to decreased ischemia–reperfusion injury and improve global neurologic outcome.

Methods

This international, multicenter randomized controlled trial enrolled adult patients with SDH requiring evacuation of hematoma within 6 h of injury. The intervention was controlled temperature management of hypothermia to 35 °C prior to dura opening followed by 33 °C for 48 h compared with normothermia (37 °C). Investigators randomly assigned patients at a 1:1 ratio between hypothermia and normothermia. Blinded evaluators assessed outcome using a 6-month Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended score. Investigators measured circulating glial fibrillary acidic protein and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 levels.

Results

Independent statisticians performed an interim analysis of 31 patients to assess the predictive probability of success and the Data and Safety Monitoring Board recommended the early termination of the study because of futility. Thirty-two patients, 16 per arm, were analyzed. Favorable 6-month Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended outcomes were not statistically significantly different between hypothermia vs. normothermia groups (6 of 16, 38% vs. 4 of 16, 25%; odds ratio 1.8 [95% confidence interval 0.39 to ∞], p = .35). Plasma levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (p = .036), but not ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (p = .26), were lower in the patients with favorable outcome compared with those with unfavorable outcome, but differences were not identified by temperature group. Adverse events were similar between groups.

Conclusions

This trial of hypothermia after acute SDH evacuation was terminated because of a low predictive probability of meeting the study objectives. There was no statistically significant difference in functional outcome identified between temperature groups.
Belief-biased representations of textual information in bilinguals: Language as a source characteristic
Authors: Karimi Mohammad N. , Richter Tobias
Published: September 2021

When pursuing a controversial socio-scientific issue, readers are expected to construct balanced representations that include overlapping and opposing information. However, readers’ mental representations are often biased towards their prior beliefs. Previous research on such text-belief consistency effects have been conducted mostly in monolingual contexts. The present study investigated whether document language, as a source characteristic, moderates text-belief consistency effects at the situation-model and text-base representation levels. Eighty-seven bilingual readers—selected from a larger initial sample—read two documents on the global spread of English. The documents were either presented in participants’ first (Persian) and second (English) languages, or one was presented in Persian and the other one in English. A recognition task was used to assess situation-model strength and text-base strength. Overall, participants built stronger situation models for the belief-consistent information as opposed to belief-inconsistent information. However, document language moderated the text-belief consistency effect. When both texts were presented in English, the text-belief consistency effect was smaller than when both texts were presented in Persian. For the combination of English and Persian texts, the text-belief consistency effect was enlarged when the belief-consistent text was presented in English and the belief-inconsistent text in Persian but disappeared when the text-belief consistent text was presented in Persian and the belief-inconsistent text in English. These results suggest that document language can serve as a strong credibility cue that can eliminate belief effects, at least when the document language and the controversial issue are inherently related.
Evaluation of a streamlined sentinel lymph-node imaging protocol in early-stage oral cancer
Authors: Zeeuw Michiel , Mahieu Rutger , de Keizer Bart , de Bree Remco
Published: September 2021

Objective

Sentinel lymph-node (SLN) mapping for early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is comprehensive and consequently time-consuming and costly. This study evaluated the clinical value of several SLN imaging components and analyzed the accuracy for SLN identification using a streamlined SLN imaging protocol in early-stage OSCC.

Materials and methods

This retrospective within-patient evaluation study compared both number and localization of identified SLNs between the conventional SLN imaging protocol and a streamlined imaging protocol (dynamic lymphoscintigraphy (LSG) for 10 min directly post-injection and SPECT-CT at ~ 2 h post-injection). LSG and SPECT-CT images of 77 early-stage OSCC patients, scheduled for SLN biopsy, were evaluated by three observers. Identified SLNs using either protocol were related to histopathological assessment of harvested SLNs, complementary neck dissection specimens and follow-up status.

Results

A total of 200 SLNs were identified using the streamlined protocol, and 12 additional SLNs (n = 212) were identified with the conventional protocol in 10 patients. Of those, 9/12 were identified on early static LSG and 3/12 on late static LSG. None of the additionally identified SLNs contained metastases; none of those in whom additional SLNs were identified developed regional recurrence during follow-up. Only inferior alveolar process carcinoma showed a higher rate of additionally identified SLNs with the conventional protocol (p = 0.006).

Conclusion

Early dynamic LSG can be reduced to 10 min. Late static LSG may be omitted, except in those with a history of oncological neck treatment or with OSCC featuring slow lymphatic drainage. Early static LSG appeared to be contributory in most OSCC subsites.
Engagement and learning in an electronic spaced repetition curriculum companion for a paediatrics academic half-day curriculum
Authors: McConnery Jason R. , Bassilious Ereny , Ngo Quang N.
Published: September 2021

Postgraduate residencies utilize academic half-days to supplement clinical learning. Spaced repetition reinforces taught content to improve retention. We leveraged spaced repetition in a curriculum companion for a paediatric residency program’s half-day. One half-day lecture was chosen weekly for reinforcement (day 0). Participants received 3 key points on day 1 and a multiple-choice question (MCQ) on day 8. On day 29, they received two MCQs to test reinforced and unreinforced content from the same day 0. Thirty-one (79%) residents participated over 17 weeks, but only 14 (36%) completed more than half of the weekly quizzes. Of all quizzes, 37.4% were completed, with an average weekly engagement of 5.5 minutes. Helpfulness to learning was rated as 7.89/10 on a Likert-like scale. Reported barriers were missing related half-days and emails, or limited time. There was no significant difference in performance between reinforced (63.4%, [53.6–73.3]) and unreinforced (65.6%, [53.7–73.2]) questions. Spaced repetition is a proven strategy in learning science, but was not shown to improve performance. Operational barriers likely limited participation and underpowered our analysis, therefore future implementation must consider practical and individual barriers to facilitate success. Our results also illustrate that satisfaction alone is an inadequate marker of success.
Fish Oil for Healthy Aging: Potential Application to Master Athletes
Authors: Murphy Caoileann H. , McGlory Chris
Published: September 2021

Master athletes perform high volumes of exercise training yet display lower levels of physical functioning and exercise performance when compared with younger athletes. Several reports in the clinical literature show that long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC n-3 PUFA) ingestion promotes skeletal muscle anabolism and strength in untrained older persons. There is also evidence that LC n-3 PUFA ingestion improves indices of muscle recovery following damaging exercise in younger persons. These findings suggest that LC n-3 PUFA intake could have an ergogenic effect in master athletes. However, the beneficial effect of LC n-3 PUFA intake on skeletal muscle in response to exercise training in both older and younger persons is inconsistent and, in some cases, generated from low-quality studies or those with a high risk of bias. Other factors such as the choice of placebo and health status of participants also confound interpretation of existing reports. As such, when considered on balance, the available evidence does not indicate that ingestion of LC n-3 PUFAs above current population recommendations (250–500 mg/day; 2 portions of oily fish per week) enhances exercise performance or recovery from exercise training in master athletes. Further work is now needed related to how the dose, duration, and co-ingestion of LC n-3 PUFAs with other nutrients such as amino acids impact the adaptive response to exercise training. This work should also consider how LC n-3 PUFA supplementation may differentially alter the lipid profile of cellular membranes of key regulatory sites such as the sarcolemma, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Protein Requirements for Master Athletes: Just Older Versions of Their Younger Selves
Authors: Moore Daniel R.
Published: September 2021

It is established that protein requirements are elevated in athletes to support their training and post-exercise recovery and adaptation, especially within skeletal muscle. However, research on the requirements for this macronutrient has been performed almost exclusively in younger athletes, which may complicate their translation to the growing population of Master athletes (i.e. > 35 years old). In contrast to older (> 65 years) untrained adults who typically demonstrate anabolic resistance to dietary protein as a primary mediator of the ‘normal’ age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, Master athletes are generally considered successful models of aging as evidenced by possessing similar body composition, muscle mass, and aerobic fitness as untrained adults more than half their age. The primary physiology changes considered to underpin the anabolic resistance of aging are precipitated or exacerbated by physical inactivity, which has led to higher protein recommendations to stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older untrained compared to younger untrained adults. This review puts forth the argument that Master athletes have similar muscle characteristics, physiological responses to exercise, and protein metabolism as young athletes and, therefore, are unlikely to have protein requirements that are different from their young contemporaries. Recommendations for protein amount, type, and pattern will be discussed for Master athletes to enhance their recovery from and adaptation to resistance and endurance training.
Youth Athlete Development and Nutrition
Authors: Desbrow Ben
Published: September 2021

Adolescence (ages 13–18 years) is a period of significant growth and physical development that includes changes in body composition, metabolic and hormonal fluctuations, maturation of organ systems, and establishment of nutrient deposits, which all may affect future health. In terms of nutrition, adolescence is also an important time in establishing an individual’s lifelong relationship with food, which is particularly important in terms of the connection between diet, exercise, and body image. The challenges of time management (e.g., school, training, work and social commitments) and periods of fluctuating emotions are also features of this period. In addition, an adolescent’s peers become increasingly powerful moderators of all behaviours, including eating. Adolescence is also a period of natural experimentation and this can extend to food choice. Adolescent experiences are not the same and individuals vary considerably in their behaviours. To ensure an adolescent athlete fulfils his/her potential, it is important that stakeholders involved in managing youth athletes emphasize eating patterns that align with and support sound physical, physiological and psychosocial development and are consistent with proven principles of sport nutrition.
A novel DNA-based key scrambling technique for image encryption
Authors: Uddin Machbah , Jahan Farah , Islam Mohammad Khairul , Rakib Hassan Md.
Published: September 2021

Nowadays, data are the most valuable content in the world. In the age of big data, we are generating quintillions of data daily in the form of text, image, video, etc. Among them, images are highly used in daily communications. Various types of images, e.g., medical images, military images, etc. are highly confidential. But, due to data vulnerabilities, transmitting such images in a secured way is a great challenge. For this reason, researchers proposed different image cryptography algorithms. Recently, biological deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based concepts are getting popular for ensuring image security as well as encryption as they show good performance. However, these DNA-based methods have some limitations, e.g., these are not dynamic and their performance results are far from ideal values. Further, these encryption methods usually involve two steps, confusion and diffusion. Confusion increases huge time complexity and needs to send one or more additional map tables with a cipher to decrypt the message. In this research, we propose a novel and efficient DNA-based key scrambling technique for image encryption that addresses the above limitations. We evaluate our proposed method using 15 different datasets and achieved superior performance scores of entropy, keyspace, cipher pixel correlations, variance of histogram, time complexity and PSNR. The experimental results show that our method can be used for image encryption with a high level of confidentiality.
Translating technological innovation into efficiency: the case of US public P&C insurance companies
Authors: Lanfranchi Davide , Grassi Laura
Published: September 2021

In recent years, Insurtech innovations, driven by technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain, emerged in the insurance industry, with the promise of improving efficiency. However, while the positive impact of technology on insurance companies’ efficiency is expected, literature assessing it empirically is scarce, when it comes to recent technological change. Focusing on the US public P&C insurance sector in the period 2012–2018 and relying on both nonparametric (two stage DEA) and parametric (SFA) approaches, it emerges that on average insurance companies were not able to leverage on technological innovations to improve their efficiency. On average a relative level of efficiency among companies, according to a two stage DEA model, was quite stable in time, while the SFA approach shows that the distance between efficient and less efficient firms slightly increased. Moreover, we found one very efficient firm, almost a leader of the market in terms of efficiency, and a homogeneous group of followers, indicating that there is vast scope for improvement for less efficient companies. Nevertheless, even the most efficient company impaired its efficiency over time, suggesting that neither the leader nor on average the followers properly leveraged technology to improve their efficiency. In a competitive scenario, with new players’ entrance and fierce competition, inertia may seriously affect their positioning. Academicians, managers and policymakers should carefully consider the effects that a non-improvement of efficiency following technological change may have on market structure, competition and regulations, potentially opening to further discussion on how technological innovations adoption should be facilitated.
Energiekonflikte und Demokratiekrise. Eine radikaldemokratische Perspektive auf das Ringen um Gemeinwohlziele der Energiewende
Authors: Krüger Timmo
Published: September 2021

Der Klimawandel ist in öffentlichen Debatten (wieder) sehr präsent, spätestens seit den Protesten von Fridays for Future. Dies zeigte sich zuletzt in der Intensität der Kontroversen, in denen beispielsweise der Kohleausstieg auf gesamtgesellschaftlicher Ebene verhandelt wurde. Gleichzeitig nehmen lokale Konflikte um konkrete Energieprojekte zu. Die Virulenz der Energiekonflikte ist u. a. darauf zurückzuführen, dass sie oftmals Kristallisationspunkte für Auseinandersetzungen um die Anerkennung von bestimmten Interessen als legitime Gemeinwohlinteressen bilden. Diese Konflikte sind zunächst einmal eine Reaktion auf die Ausgestaltung der Energiewende und wirken auf diese zurück. Darüber hinaus stehen Energiekonflikte in einem wechselseitigen Wirkungsverhältnis mit der politischen Kultur. Sie sind Effekt und gleichzeitig Mitproduzent der in der Gesellschaft verhandelten Vorstellungen von Demokratie. Der vorliegende Artikel leistet einen zweifachen Beitrag zur Analyse der Gemeinwohlkonflikte in der Energiewende in Deutschland. Erstens werden empirische Ergebnisse der Energiewendeforschung im Hinblick auf die Auseinandersetzungen um die Definition und Priorisierung von Gemeinwohlzielen der Energiewende interpretiert. Ein zentraler Befund lautet, dass sich in den Energiekonflikten Phänomene einer Demokratiekrise zeigen, auf die in den Verhandlungen um konkrete Energieprojekte nicht adäquat reagiert werden kann. Zweitens werden die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse über Gemeinwohlkonflikte in der Energiewende demokratietheoretisch diskutiert. Dabei wird argumentiert, dass die fehlende Bereitschaft (von Akteur*innen der Regierungspolitik) zur Austragung von Konflikten um die Priorisierung von Gemeinwohlzielen der Energiewende ein zentrales Defizit darstellt. In Kombination mit der einseitigen Orientierung am deliberativen Demokratiemodell bei der Umsetzung von Energieprojekten verschärft dies die Tendenzen einer Demokratiekrise. Aus radikaldemokratischer Perspektive bedarf es agonistischer Streiträume, in denen politische Gegner*innen darum konkurrieren, ihre jeweiligen Energiewende-Visionen durchzusetzen.
Effect of Wound Contamination on Outcomes of Abdominal Wall Reconstruction Using Acellular Dermal Matrix: 14-Year Experience with More than 700 Patients
Authors: Hassan Abbas M. , Asaad Malke , Seitz Allison J. , Liu Jun , Butler Charles E.
Published: September 2021

Background

Patients with contaminated/dirty-infected defects are at high risk for postoperative complications after abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR). We evaluated outcomes of AWR using acellular dermal matrix (ADM) for mesh reinforcement and identified predictors of hernia recurrence (HR), surgical site occurrences (SSOs), and surgical site infections (SSIs).

Study Design

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent AWR using ADM, from March 2005 to June 2019. Outcomes were compared between Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) wound classifications. The primary outcome measure was HR. Secondary outcomes were SSOs and SSIs.

Results

We identified 725 AWRs using ADM that met the study criteria. Participants had a mean age of 60 ± 11.5 years, mean BMI of 31 ± 7 kg/m2, and mean follow-up time of 42 ± 29 months. Three hundred two patients (41.6%) had clean defects, 322 patients (44.4%) had clean-contaminated defects, and 101 patients (13.9%) had contaminated/dirty-infected defects. Patients with contaminated/dirty-infected defects had an HR rate of 20.8%, SSO rate of 54.5%, and SSI rate of 23.8%. Multivariate logistic regression found that contaminated/dirty-infected defects were independent predictors of SSOs (OR 2.99; 95% CI 1.72–5.18; p < 0.0001) and SSIs (OR 2.32; 95% CI 1.27–4.25; p = 0.006), but not HR (OR 1.06; 95% CI 0.57–1.98; p = 0.859).

Conclusions

SSIs and SSOs increase as contamination levels rise, but the risk of HR does not. AWR with ADM provides safe and durable outcomes, even with increasing levels of contamination.

Visual Abstract
Factorization Algebras in Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Costello Kevin , Gwilliam Owen
Published: September 2021

Factorization algebras are local-to-global objects that play a role in classical and quantum field theory that is similar to the role of sheaves in geometry: they conveniently organize complicated information. Their local structure encompasses examples like associative and vertex algebras; in these examples, their global structure encompasses Hochschild homology and conformal blocks. In this second volume, the authors show how factorization algebras arise from interacting field theories, both classical and quantum, and how they encode essential information such as operator product expansions, Noether currents, and anomalies. Along with a systematic reworking of the Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism via derived geometry and factorization algebras, this book offers concrete examples from physics, ranging from angular momentum and Virasoro symmetries to a five-dimensional gauge theory.
Outsourcing Military and Security Functions
Authors: White Nigel D.
Published: September 2021

In “Are There ‘Inherently Sovereign Functions’ in International Law,” Frédéric Mégret suggests that the fact that international legal practice has sought to preserve a state monopoly over the use of force strengthens the argument that international law considers some functions to be inherently sovereign. Mégret's analysis goes much further than this in seeking to develop a thicker and broader understanding of inherently sovereign functions (ISFs) by reasoning inductively from international human rights law. This essay largely supports this approach through a case study of the approach taken by the United Kingdom to outsourcing military and security functions. It explores an understanding of inherently sovereign functions based on the state's monopoly on the legitimate use of force and claims that outsourcing military and security functions undermines state sovereignty.
The Democratic Construction of Inherently Sovereign Functions
Authors: Cohen Jean L.
Published: September 2021

In this essay, I approach the question of privatization from a normative political theory perspective. Following Mégret's lead, I focus on the inter- or transnational domain, with the aim of making explicit the norms that undergird Mégret's analysis despite the functional approach he apparently adopts. I argue that the normative basis of the ideas of sovereignty and publicness he relies on is parasitic on the principles of democratic legitimacy developed on the level of the constitutional democratic state. Put differently, my concern is less with the potential demise of public international law that privatization seems to portend, and more with privatization's threat to democratic self-government under both domestic and international public law.
Strengthening the clinical research workforce through a competency-based orientation program: Process outcomes and lessons learned across three academic health institutions
Authors: Musshafen Leslie A. , Poger Jennifer M. , Simmons William R. , Hoke Alicia M. , Hanson Laura N. , Bondurant Whitney W. , McCullough Jody R. , Kraschnewski Jennifer L.
Published: September 2021

Clinical research coordinators are increasingly tasked with a multitude of complex study activities critical to scientific rigor and participant safety, though more than half report not receiving appropriate training. To determine the reproducibility of an established clinical research workforce orientation program, collaborative partners across Clinical and Translational Science Award institutions seeded core principles and structure from Mayo Clinic’s Clinical Research Orientation program within Penn State University and the University of Mississippi Medical Center from 2019 to 2021. Training concepts were established and tied to those domains deemed critical by the Joint Task Force for Clinical Trial Competency for the conduct of clinical research at the highest levels of safety and quality possible. Significant knowledge and confidence gains and high overall program satisfaction were reported across participants and partner sites, despite programs being required to pivot from traditional, in-person formats to entirely virtual platforms as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The successful standardization and translation of foundational clinical research training has important efficiency and efficacy implications for research enterprises across the USA.
Linking voice pitch to fighting success in male amateur mixed martial arts athletes and boxers
Authors: Schild Christoph , Zettler Ingo
Published: September 2021

Whereas voice pitch is strongly linked to people's perceptions in contexts of sexual selection, such as attractiveness and dominance, evidence that links voice pitch to actual behaviour or the formidability of a speaker is sparse and mixed. In this registered report, we investigated how male speakers’ voice pitch is linked to fighting success in a dataset comprising 135 (amateur) mixed martial arts and 189 (amateur) boxing fights. Based on the assumption that voice pitch is an honest signal of formidability, we expected lower voice pitch to be linked to higher fighting success. The results indicated no significant relation between a fighter's voice pitch, as directly measured before a fight, and successive fighting success in both mixed martial arts fighters and boxers.
Delivering evidence-based parenting support in educational settings
Authors: Sanders Matthew R. , Healy Karyn L. , Hodges Julie , Kirby Grace
Published: September 2021

Parent-child relationships influence learning throughout a child’s formal schooling and beyond. The quality of parenting children receive has a major influence on their learning and developmental capabilities. Parental influence is important in the early years of life and extends throughout a child’s schooling. Parenting has a pervasive influence on children’s language and communication, executive functions and self-regulation, social and peer relationships, academic attainment, general behaviour and enjoyment of school. Schools can further enhance educational outcomes for students by developing the resources and expertise needed to engage parents as partners in learning. This can be achieved by delivering and facilitating access to a comprehensive system of high-quality, culturally informed, evidence-based parenting support programs. In this article, recent developments in the Triple P system of parenting support are used to illustrate how schools can develop a low-cost, comprehensive, high-quality parenting support strategy that blends universal components with targeted components for more vulnerable children. We identify potential organisational and logistical barriers to implementing parenting support programs and ways to address these.
YET ANOTHER IDEAL VERSION OF THE BOUNDING NUMBER
Authors: FILIPÓW RAFAŁ , KWELA ADAM
Published: September 2021

Let
$\mathcal {I}$
be an ideal on
$\omega $
. For
$f,\,g\in \omega ^{\omega }$
we write
$f \leq _{\mathcal {I}} g$
if
$f(n) \leq g(n)$
for all
$n\in \omega \setminus A$
with some
$A\in \mathcal {I}$
. Moreover, we denote
$\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}}=\{f\in \omega ^{\omega }: f^{-1}[\{n\}]\in \mathcal {I} \text { for every } n\in \omega \}$
(in particular,
$\mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}}$
denotes the family of all finite-to-one functions).

We examine cardinal numbers
$\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}}))$
and
$\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}}\times \mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}}))$
describing the smallest sizes of unbounded from below with respect to the order
$\leq _{\mathcal {I}}$
sets in
$\mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}}$
and
$\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}}$
, respectively. For a maximal ideal
$\mathcal {I}$
, these cardinals were investigated by M. Canjar in connection with coinitial and cofinal subsets of the ultrapowers.

We show that
$\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}})) =\mathfrak {b}$
for all ideals
$\mathcal {I}$
with the Baire property and that
$\aleph _1 \leq \mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}})) \leq \mathfrak {b}$
for all coanalytic weak P-ideals (this class contains all
$\bf {\Pi ^0_4}$
ideals). What is more, we give examples of Borel (even
$\bf {\Sigma ^0_2}$
) ideals
$\mathcal {I}$
with
$\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}}))=\mathfrak {b}$
as well as with
$\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}})) =\aleph _1$
.

We also study cardinals
$\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {J}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {K}}))$
describing the smallest sizes of sets in
$\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {K}}$
not bounded from below with respect to the preorder
$\leq _{\mathcal {I}}$
by any member of
$\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {J}}\!$
. Our research is partially motivated by the study of ideal-QN-spaces: those cardinals describe the smallest size of a space which is not ideal-QN.
Tabladito: Evidencias de un asentamiento del Holoceno temprano en el noroccidente de Colombia
Authors: Aceituno Francisco Javier , Piazzini Carlo Emilio , Posada William Andrés
Published: September 2021

Los primeros grupos humanos habrían ingresado al actual territorio de Colombia hacia ~15.000 cal aP durante el Pleistoceno final. Posteriormente, entre finales del Pleistoceno y el Holoceno temprano, el registro arqueológico indica su expansión por gran parte de la diversa geografía colombiana. Sin embargo, el noroccidente de Colombia carecía de datos relativos a este último proceso. Esta es una región clave para entender procesos de poblamiento y movimientos humanos tempranos entre el Istmo de Panamá, incluyendo las tierras bajas del Darién y la cuenca del Río Atrato hacia las tierras altas de la Cordillera Occidental (Andes colombianos). En este artículo presentamos los resultados de excavaciones efectuadas en el sitio Tabladito, localizado en la cuenca alta del Río Sucio en la Cordillera Occidental, el único sitio hasta ahora datado para comienzos del Holoceno temprano en el noroccidente colombiano. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos (fechas de radiocarbono, proceso de formación de sitio, tecnología lítica y datos arqueobotánicos) con el objetivo de integrarlos al contexto supraregional sobre establecimiento de poblaciones tempranas y el origen del cultivo de plantas en los Andes colombianos.
Ediacara growing pains: modular addition and development in Dickinsonia costata
Authors: Evans Scott D. , Gehling James G. , Erwin Douglas H. , Droser Mary L.
Published: September 2021

Constraining patterns of growth using directly observable and quantifiable characteristics can reveal a wealth of information regarding the biology of the Ediacara biota—the oldest macroscopic, complex community-forming organisms in the fossil record. However, these rely on individuals captured at an instant in time at various growth stages, and so different interpretations can be derived from the same material. Here we leverage newly discovered and well-preserved Dickinsonia costata Sprigg, 1947 from South Australia, combined with hundreds of previously described specimens, to test competing hypotheses for the location of module addition. We find considerable variation in the relationship between the total number of modules and body size that cannot be explained solely by expansion and contraction of individuals. Patterns derived assuming new modules differentiated at the anterior result in numerous examples in which the oldest module(s) must decrease in size with overall growth, potentially falsifying this hypothesis. Observed polarity as well as the consistent posterior location of defects and indentations support module formation at this end in D. costata. Regardless, changes in repeated units with growth share similarities with those regulated by morphogen gradients in metazoans today, suggesting that these genetic pathways were operating in Ediacaran animals.
Can citizens guess how other citizens voted based on demographic characteristics?
Authors: Titelman Noam , Lauderdale Benjamin E.
Published: September 2021

How well do citizens understand the associations between social groups and political divisions in their societies? Previous research has indicated systematic biases in how the demographic composition of party supporters are perceived, but this need not imply that citizens misperceive the likely voting behavior of specific individuals. We report results from two experiments where subjects were provided with randomly selected demographic profiles of respondents to the 2017 British Election Study (BES) and then asked to assess either (1) which party that individual was likely to have voted for in the 2017 UK election or (2) whether that individual was likely to have voted Leave or Remain in the 2016 UK referendum on EU membership. We find that, despite substantial overconfidence in individual responses, on average citizens’ guesses broadly reflect the actual distribution of groups supporting the parties and referendum positions.
Associations between bedtime eating or drinking, sleep duration and wake after sleep onset: findings from the American time use survey
Authors: Iao Su I , Jansen Erica , Shedden Kerby , O’Brien Louise M. , Chervin Ronald D. , Knutson Kristen L. , Dunietz Galit Levi
Published: September 2021

Sleep hygiene recommendations discourage eating before bedtime; however, the impact of mealtime on sleep has been inconsistent. We examined gender-stratified associations between eating or drinking <1, <2 and <3 h before bedtime, sleep duration and wake after sleep onset (WASO >30 min). This study utilised 2003–2018 data from the American Time Use Survey, a nationally representative sample of USA residents aged ≥15 years. Participants recorded weekday/weekend activities during a 24-h period. Age-specific sleep duration and WASO were estimated categorically and continuously. Eating or drinking were identified from all activities recorded <1, <2 and <3 h before bedtime. Mean ± se sleep duration was 8·0 ± 0·006 h, and 6% of participants ate or drank <1 h prior to weekdays bedtime. Overall, eating or drinking <1 h prior to bedtime was associated with longer weekdays sleep duration. Women and men who ate or drank <1 h before bedtime, v. those who did not, had 35 min (95% CI (30,39)) and 25 min (95 % CI (21,29)) longer sleep duration, respectively, as well as increased odds of WASO; women (OR=2·03, 95% CI (1·66,2·49)) and men (OR=2·64, 95% CI (2·08,3·36)). As the interval of eating or drinking prior to bedtime expanded, odds of short and long sleep durations and WASO decreased. This population-based data linked eating or drinking <1 h before bedtime to longer sleep duration, but increased WASO. Eating or drinking further from bedtime lowers the odds of short and long sleep duration and WASO. Causal pathways are difficult to discern, though inefficient sleep after late-night eating could increase WASO and trigger compensatory increases in sleep duration.
Interactions between dietary flavonoids and the gut microbiome: a comprehensive review
Authors: Baky Mostafa Hassan , Elshahed Mostafa , Wessjohann Ludger , Farag Mohamed A.
Published: September 2021

Flavonoids are natural polyphenol secondary metabolites that are widely produced in planta. Flavonoids are ubiquities in human dietary intake and exhibit a myriad of health benefits. Flavonoids-induced biological activities are strongly influenced by their in situ availability in the human GI tract, as well as the levels of which are modulated by interaction with the gut bacteria. As such, assessing flavonoids–microbiome interactions is considered a key to understand their physiological activities. Here, we review the interaction between the various classes of dietary flavonoids (flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins) and gut microbiota. We aim to provide a holistic overview of the nature and identity of flavonoids on diet and highlight how flavonoids chemical structure, metabolism and impact on humans and their microbiomes are interconnected. Emphasis is placed on how flavonoids and their biotransformation products affect gut microbiota population, influence gut homoeostasis and induce measurable physiological changes and biological benefits.
Origin, tectonic environment and age of the Bibole banded iron formations, northwestern Congo Craton, Cameroon: geochemical and geochronological constraints
Authors: Djoukouo Soh Arlette Pulcherie , Ganno Sylvestre , Zhang Lianchang , Soh Tamehe Landry , Wang Changle , Peng Zidong , Tong Xiaoxue , Nzenti Jean Paul
Published: September 2021

The newly discovered Bibole banded iron formations are located within the Nyong Group at the northwest of the Congo Craton in Cameroon. The Bibole banded iron formations comprise oxide (quartz-magnetite) and mixed oxide-silicate (chlorite-magnetite) facies banded iron formations, which are interbedded with felsic gneiss, phyllite and quartz-chlorite schist. Geochemical studies of the quartz-magnetite banded iron formations and chlorite-magnetite banded iron formations reveal that they are composed of >95 wt % Fe2O3 plus SiO2 and have low concentrations of Al2O3, TiO2 and high field strength elements. This indicates that the Bibole banded iron formations were not significantly contaminated by detrital materials. Post-Archaean Australian Shale–normalized rare earth element and yttrium patterns are characterized by positive La and Y anomalies, a relative depletion of light rare earth elements compared to heavy rare earth elements and positive Eu anomalies (average of 1.86 and 1.15 for the quartz-magnetite banded iron formations and chlorite-magnetite banded iron formations, respectively), suggesting the influence of low-temperature hydrothermal fluids and seawater. The quartz-magnetite banded iron formations display true negative Ce anomalies, while the chlorite-magnetite banded iron formations lack Ce anomalies. Combined with their distinct Eu anomalies consistent with Algoma- and Superior-type banded iron formations, we suggest that the Bibole banded iron formations were deposited under oxic to suboxic conditions in an extensional basin. SIMS U–Pb data indicate that the Bibole banded iron formations were deposited at 2466 Ma and experienced metamorphism and metasomatism at 2078 Ma during the Eburnean/Trans-Amazonian orogeny. Overall, these findings suggest that the studied banded iron formations probably marked the onset of the rise of atmospheric oxygen, also known as the Great Oxidation Event in the Congo Craton.
Investigation of US Cyclospora cayetanensis outbreaks in 2019 and evaluation of an improved Cyclospora genotyping system against 2019 cyclosporiasis outbreak clusters
Authors: Barratt Joel , Houghton Katelyn , Richins Travis , Straily Anne , Threlkel Ryan , Bera Betelehem , Kenneally Jayne , Clemons Brooke , Madison-Antenucci Susan , Cebelinski Elizabeth , Whitney Brooke M. , Kreil Katherine R. , Cama Vitaliano , Arrowood Michael J. , Qvarnstrom Yvonne
Published: September 2021

Cyclosporiasis is an illness characterised by watery diarrhoea caused by the food-borne parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis. The increase in annual US cyclosporiasis cases led public health agencies to develop genotyping tools that aid outbreak investigations. A team at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a system based on deep amplicon sequencing and machine learning, for detecting genetically-related clusters of cyclosporiasis to aid epidemiologic investigations. An evaluation of this system during 2018 supported its robustness, indicating that it possessed sufficient utility to warrant further evaluation. However, the earliest version of CDC's system had some limitations from a bioinformatics standpoint. Namely, reliance on proprietary software, the inability to detect novel haplotypes and absence of a strategy to select an appropriate number of discrete genetic clusters would limit the system's future deployment potential. We recently introduced several improvements that address these limitations and the aim of this study was to reassess the system's performance to ensure that the changes introduced had no observable negative impacts. Comparison of epidemiologically-defined cyclosporiasis clusters from 2019 to analogous genetic clusters detected using CDC's improved system reaffirmed its excellent sensitivity (90%) and specificity (99%), and confirmed its high discriminatory power. This C. cayetanensis genotyping system is robust and with ongoing improvement will form the basis of a US-wide C. cayetanensis genotyping network for clinical specimens.
Influence of heavy metals on the occurrence of Antarctic soil microalgae
Authors: Dang Nguk-Ling , Chu Wan-Loy , Yap Kok-Seng Ivan , Kok Yih-Yih , Phang Siew-Moi , Chan Kok-Keong , Convey Peter
Published: September 2021

Human- and animal-impacted sites in Antarctica can be contaminated with heavy metals, as well as areas influenced by underlying geology and naturally occurring minerals. The present study examined the relationship between heavy metal presence and soil microalgal occurrence across a range of human-impacted and undisturbed locations on Signy Island. Microalgae were identified based on cultures that developed after inoculation into an enriched medium. Twenty-nine microalgae representing Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Tribophyta were identified. High levels of As, Ca, Cd, Cu and Zn were detected in Gourlay Peninsula and North Point, both locations hosting dense penguin rookeries. Samples from Berntsen Point, the location of most intense human activity both today and historically, contained high levels of Pb. The contamination factor and pollution load index confirmed that the former locations were polluted by Cd, Cu and Zn, with these being of marine biogenic origin. Variation in the microalgal community was significantly correlated with concentrations of Mn, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cd, Co, Cr and Cu. However, the overall proportion of the total variation contributed by all metals was low (16.11%). Other factors not measured in this study are likely to underlie the majority of the observed variation in microalgal community composition between sampling locations.
Networking 101 for Graduate Students: Building a Bigger Table
Authors: Kim Seo-Young Silvia , Lebovits Hannah , Shugars Sarah
Published: September 2021

Although the importance of networking often is emphasized to graduate students, straightforward guidance on how to approach this task is typically reliant on individual advisors who both know and can demystify the discipline’s hidden and informal practices. This article provides concrete, point-by-point tips for both junior scholars and their supporters, building on our experiences in creating an online communication forum for early-career scholars on the job market. Specifically, we suggest a model of community networking focused on robust, cross-rank engagement along dimensions of similar experiences and similar interests. Community networking moves beyond individuals angling to obtain a seat at the table and instead builds a bigger, more inclusive table. Although junior scholars must focus primarily on their research rather than expansive service commitments, community networking is ultimately both a service to the discipline and a fruitful strategy for raising a scholar’s profile and finding coauthors, colleagues, friends, and allies.