bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Civil Representation to Reduce Delinquency among Troubled Youth
Authors: Norrbin Stefan C. , Rasmussen David W. , Von-Frank Damian M.
Published: May 2004

Team Child is designed to provide civil legal representation for very troubled delinquent youth to improve their access to needed education programs, mental health services, and family services. Better provision of these services is intended to reduce delinquency and potentially avoid the long-term incarceration of these youth. This article uses an incidental truncation model to evaluate two Team Child programs in Florida. The authors find the programs not to be effective in reducing recidivism among the youth but to be effective in reducing the arrest rate of the recidivating juveniles. The results indicate a reduction of 11% to 23% of arrests after treatment for the Team Child group.
The Outlook is G.R.E.A.T.
Authors: Peterson Dana , Esbensen Finn-Aage
Published: May 2004

This article reports on a survey of administrators, counselors, and teachers from middle schools involved in the National Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training(G.R.E.A.T.) program. This survey was part of a multisite evaluation that also elicited the responses of students, parents, and officers teaching the G.R.E.A.T. program. School personnel provide their views about important current issues, including their perceptions of school safety, the role of law enforcement officers in schools, and the role and effectiveness of school-based prevention programs in general and the G.R.E.A.T. program in particular. Results from this survey have important implications for the plethora of prevention programs currently located in American schools.
The Influence of Symptoms on Quality of Life among HIV-Infected Women
Authors: Hudson Angela , Kirksey Kenn , Holzemer William
Published: May 2004

Symptoms serve as intervention foci for patients and health care providers. Research has established a relationship between symptoms and quality of life for persons living with HIV/AIDS. This article reports symptom prevalence and intensity data that include gynecological and cognitive symptoms self-reported by HIV-infected women (N = 118). Using a cross-sectional, descriptive design, data were obtained using the Center for Epidemiological Studies– Depression Scale (CES-D), Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (MOS SF-36), and the revised Sign and Symptom Check-List for Persons Living with HIV/AIDS (SSC-HIV). Prevalent symptoms were depression (83%), muscle aches (84%), weakness (80%), and painful joints (71%). Symptoms with the highest mean intensity, however, were headaches, rash, insomnia, vaginal itching, and shortness of breath at rest. Symptoms also significantly predicted role functioning. This study contributes to our understanding the nature of symptoms and the influence of symptoms on role and physical functioning among HIV-infected women.
Hispanic Adolescent Farmworkers’ Perceptions Associated with Pesticide Exposure1
Authors: Salazar Mary K. , Napolitano Marie , Scherer Jennifer A. , McCauley Linda A.
Published: May 2004

The migrant farmworker population in the United States is a vulnerable and understudied population whose characteristics are constantly shifting. The number of youth involved in agriculture work is increasing, and they, in particular, may be at increased risk for occupational hazards, such as pesticide exposure. The present study utilized an ecological framework for focus group discussions with 33 adolescent migrant farmworkers in Oregon. Adolescents’ risk perception and health beliefs associated with pesticide exposure are examined on four levels of environmental influence: microenvironment, organizational environment, social/community environment, and macroenvironment. Adolescents provided insight on such topics as perceived vulnerability of illness due to pesticide exposure, attitudes toward farmwork, influence of their boss, knowledge of occupational hazards, safety training, and barriers to occupational choice. Cultural influences on occupational safety and health are discussed and increased attention to safety training is recommended.
Student Nurses’ Perceptions of Alternative and Allopathic Medicine
Authors: Joudrey Ron , McKay Sheila , Gough Jim
Published: May 2004

This exploratory study of student nurses is based on the results of the responses to one question on an open-ended questionnaire: How would you define the relationship between alternative medicine and allopathic (conventional) medicine? A specific goal of the study was to find out how the surveyed respondents conceptualized the relationship between allopathic and alternative medicine. Three themes were identified: (a) “They are not at all alike,” (b) “The two can or should be used together,” and (c) “Those who practice alternative medicine and those who practice allopathic do not get along very well.” The discussion suggests some reasons for these perceptions and considers some implications for future health care.
Organizational Lifecycle in a School of Nursing
Authors: Porter Marjorie Lentz , Bean John P.
Published: May 2004

This article is a historical case study of the organizational lifecycle of the DePauw University School of Nursing in Greencastle, Indiana. Few studies have examined schools of nursing over their entire lifecycles. The school was created in 1954, existed for 40 years, and closed in 1994. Organizational lifecycle theory posits that organizations undergo four stages: creation, transformation, decline, and closing or death. We used this theory to guide our study, which was based on data from interviews, archival documents, and institutional records. We found that factors associated with the creation of this organization had long-lasting effects, the external environment profoundly influenced the school, and that a shift in shared values and institutional linkages contributed to its closure. As society’s need and demand for nurses increases, the continuance of schools of nursing and reasons for their demise merits the attention of faculty and administrators.
An Integrative Review of the Concept of Spirituality in the Health Sciences
Authors: Chiu Lyren , Emblen Julia D. , Van Hofwegen Lynn , Sawatzky Rick , Meyerhoff Heather
Published: May 2004

Spirituality is a universal human phenomenon, yet confusion and incomprehension of the concept is ever-present. The purpose of this study was to explore how research on the concept of spirituality has been reported in the health literature in the past decade and develop an ontological and theoretical understanding of spirituality. The examination was based on quantitative and qualitative integrative review approaches, which integrated empirical research on spirituality. The sample included 73 spirituality research articles, which were published in English between January 1990 and September 2000. An electronic data-collection tool was designed for use in this project and formatted using Excel software for transfer of codeddata into the NVivo software for the data analysis. The results identified essential elements of spirituality, current use of operational definitions and instruments, conceptual frameworks used in spirituality research, and cultural aspects of spirituality. Historical comparison among decades and barriers in researching spirituality are discussed.
Internet Intervention for Community Elders
Authors: Chang Betty L.
Published: May 2004

The aim of this report is to describe the process and feasibility of having elders respond to standardized questionnaires in an Internet intervention program for caregivers of persons with dementia. Twenty-one persons with dementia (mean 75 years), and their spouse caregivers (mean age of 65 years) used the intervention program and responded to the questionnaires. Results indicated that with adequate support, elderly caregiver participants were able to provide responses to standardized questionnaires comparable to scores found in other caregiver studies using traditional methods. Suggestions are provided for further testing.
On the Possibility of Communicating: Feminism and Social Position
Authors: Darling-Wolf Fabienne
Published: May 2004

This article sorts out some of the theoretical dilemmas related to issues of identity, difference, and location that have arisen on the horizon of critical and cultural communication studies in the past few decades. Tracing the origins of the belief in the epistemological significance of social position to early criticaltheorists, it explores the further development of this concept in feminist scholarship. Using the feminist struggle with standpoint epistemology as an example, this work explores some of the dangers associated with the assumption that membership in a subordinated group affords one privileged knowledge about oppression, and critically examines the practical difficulties of applying a theoretically sophisticated understanding of the role of social position to politically grounded research.
The New Imagined Community: Identifying and Exploring a Bidirectional Continuum Integrating Virtual and Physical Communities through the Community Embodiment Model (CEM)
Authors: Fox Steve
Published: May 2004

The Internet has enabled global growth in the use of virtual communities. Virtual communities provide Internet researchers with an excellent opportunity to study human communication across different conceptualizations of community, different technologies, and different cultures. This article introduces a theoretical framework called the Community Embodiment Model (CEM) to better understand the nature of the virtual community. It is proposed that CEM can help us better understand how participants interact with virtual communities by defining interaction within virtual communities as beginning with a conceptualization of community (imagined community) that embodies a continuum of virtuality/physicality. This article also describes a pilot study, as part of a wider research project, that used CEM as its theoretical framework.
Constructing Consumables and Consent: A Critical Analysis of Factory Farm Industry Discourse
Authors: Glenn Cathy B.
Published: May 2004

With the relatively recent advent of the factory farming industry (or corporations that confine, breed, fatten, and slaughter nonhuman animals using modern industrial methods), an assortment of corporate strategies have ensued that construct an image of a benevolently beneficial industry. Far from benign, however, factory farms are responsible for a tremendous amount of environmental damage, and although the concerns are significant, the controversy surrounding factory farms and activists’ strategies have rendered little, if any, change. Part of the reason for this ineffectiveness is the immense power of the discursive strategies constructed to support the industry. This article focuses on two codependent corporate strategies: (1) the widespread use of “doublespeak” to describe particular processes internal to the industry, and (2) the creation of “speaking” animals in advertisements to sell the products of those industrial processes. The author argues that these discourses help construct how US Americans think about animals in ways that—tacitly and oftentimes unintentionally—endorse industry practices even in the face of serious concerns raised by environmental and animal advocates.
Disability and Transition to Adulthood: The Politics of Parenting
Authors: Pascall Gillian , Hendey Nicola
Published: May 2004

What enables young people with significant impairments to make the transition to adulthood? Becoming householders, finding work, becoming parents, feeling included as citizens: these are all more challenging in the context of housing needs, a discriminatory labour market, the need for personal assistance and transport. Our study interviewed a group of 31 young adults in receipt of disability living allowance, who had jobs and independent households, and smaller comparative groups, who had one or neither of these. We explored disabled people’s own accounts of adulthood and what had facilitated their achievement of jobs and independent living. Education, family, employment, personal assistance, housing, benefits and welfare services were on our agenda, but respondents’ own accounts are of ‘exceptional’ parents as the key.However, not everyone can have exceptional parents. We discuss the politics and economics of parenthood that prevailed while our respondents grew up, when parental responsibilities were extended and parental resources reduced. And we ask how much the politics of parenthood under New Labour offers to families with disabled children.
The Politics of Regulation within the ‘Modernized’ NHS: The Case of Beta Interferon and the ‘Cost-Effective’ Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Crinson Iain
Published: May 2004

A case study is presented which examines the political and organizational processes associated with the attempt by the Department of Health, through its appraisal body NICE, to regulate the introduction of a new drug treatment (beta interferon) for patients with multiple sclerosis on ‘cost-effectiveness’ grounds. Underpinning this case is a concern to engage critically with the claim that we are witnessing the emergence of a de-regulated contractual form of health care provision within ‘postmodernity’. A general assertion of this paper is that New Labour’s NHS modernization programme has produced more rather than less central regulation over the activities of health trusts and the work of health care professionals. However, in this case study the Department of Health is shown to have ultimately failed in achieving its goal of regulating the introduction of beta interferon precisely because it involved social and economic factors beyond its direct control. These factors included the clinical needs of patients, the prescribing activities of doctors and the refusal of the pharmaceutical companies to reduce their profit margins.
From ‘Disappearing’ to ‘Demonized’: The Effects on Men and Women of Professional Interventions Based on Challenging Men Who Are Violent
Authors: Milner Judith
Published: May 2004

This paper examines how feminist research and theorizing about domestic violence has been taken up in a condensed and selected way by professionals, leading to the promotion of ‘challenging’ men as the dominant intervention. The limitations of such interventions are discussed, particularly the ineffectiveness of group work programmes based on ‘challenging’, the ways in which such interventions serve to oppress women further, and the failure to provide appropriate services for women who are violent. The author illustrates her argument with case examples from her practice with men and women who both experience violence and are violent, offering an alternative approach which builds safety through cooperation and partnership.
Administering the Global Trap
Authors: Bates Richard
Published: May 2004

This article begins with an analysis of Martin and Schumann’s thesis that globalization is (a) enhancing the power of corporations and undermining the sovereignty of nation states and (b) in the process consuming social capital at an alarming rate, thus producing a loss of social cohesion. Globalization is then discussed in terms of the transformations of technology, finance, production and culture, and Gray’s account of differing relationships between markets and cultures in differing forms of capitalism is introduced. The Third Way is then analysed as a specific attempt to resolve cultural contradictions and its limitations are set out. As a possible way forward Amartya Sen’s account of ‘development as freedom’ is outlined and the implications for the role of educational leaders are discussed.
The Developing Role of the Headteacher in English Schools:
Authors: Moore Alex , George Rosalyn , Halpin David
Published: May 2004

This article argues that, at a time of extensive educational reform in England and Wales, some headteachers are developing pragmatic response strategies to mandated change, and drawing eclectically on a range of management and leadership traditions to maintain institutional equilibrium and preserve valued educational philosophy and practice. Of particular interest is evidence that heads’ efforts to incorporate imposed educational policies into their schools’ practices do not necessarily involve the abandonment of strongly held ideological positions, even when these appear to be threatened by such policy. The ideological and managerial positionings of headteachers are, it is argued, more complex and less ‘determined’ than is sometimes suggested in the literature.
Whole-School Evaluation and Development Planning
Authors: McNamara Gerry , O’Hara Joe , Aingléis Bernadette Ní
Published: May 2004

This article reports on the recent introduction of school development planning and whole-school evaluation in the Republic of Ireland. Although relatively common in other education systems, their introduction marked a significant shift in the culture of Irish education. The article seeks to provide an insight into the structures of both processes and into the context which shaped their development. The article concludes that the approach taken to the introduction of both processes has been surprisingly successful given the lack of a tradition of collaborative planning and evaluation that characterizes the Irish education system. Nonetheless significant problems, particularly concerning the credibility of the type of evaluation introduced, remain unresolved.
The Political Economy of the Samosa
Authors: Kalra Virinder S.
Published: May 2004

The humble samosa has been much consumed but rarely, outside of the world of advertising, been brought into representation. This article is inspired by a short film, made by Nilesh Patel, which in loving detail portrays the production of a samosa by the film-maker’s mother. From this start, the multiple production and consumption cycles of the samosa are viewed through its circulation in South Asian and diasporic contexts as commodity/convenience food. A brief tour of this circulation serves to indicate the extent to which the samosa has been able to adapt and change to various circumstances. The article seeks to promote discussion of ‘ethnic’ food within the context of multiculturalism and argues that, in the British context, the high visibility of the samosa as a symbol of multiculturalism can be questioned in the light of its invisible production at the hands of South Asian female labour.
Nutrition and Its Politics in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Harriss-White Barbara
Published: May 2004

This article offers important insights into the interrelationships between political change and nutrition policy in Tamil Nadu and their impact on nutrition levels among a range of rural households. Based on new primary sources (both documentary and interviews) and secondary data provided by other research, this article offers a substantive study of current nutrition problems in Tamil Nadu. The first part provides a framework for examining the politics of nutrition. The second section offers an account of village level differentiation in nutrition over the last quarter century and traces the role of alcohol in household nutrition, and the third focuses on the implementation of public policy in food and nutrition.
Likelihood of Acquaintance Rape as a Function of Males’ Sexual Expectations, Disappointment, and Adherence to Rape-Conducive Attitudes
Authors: Willan V. J. , Pollard Paul
Published: May 2004

Past research has found that individual differences in both attitudinal and situational variables may be associated with males’ likelihood of acquaintance rape (LAR). The present research was conducted to examine the predictive value of both attitudinal and situational factors on males’ likelihood of forcing a female acquaintance to have non-consensual sexual intercourse. In Study 1, male and female respondents (Rs) were presented with a scenario depicting a hypothetical sexual interaction between the respondent and a newly acquainted member of the opposite sex. As the encounter progressed from one sexual activity to the next, Rs made three ratings regarding their own and partner’s intent to engage in each successive activity. The scenario ended with the female refusing further activity and males’ affect ratings, adherence to attitudes conducive of rape, and LAR were measured. Males’ initial perceptions of female sexual intent (to later engage in sexual intercourse) best predicted LAR. Study 2 was conducted to examine the role of female sexual communication on perceptions of consent to sexual intercourse. Rs were presented with a scenario similar to that in Study 1, but at each stage were requested to rate the extent to which the female had consented to engage in each sexual activity. Males completed the same affect and attitudinal measures. The results of Study 2 again suggested that males’ initial perception of female consent to (later) engage in sexual intercourse best predicted LAR. The present research suggests that further investigation into the role of situational factors and males’ initial perception of sexual intent and consent in the aetiology of acquaintance rape is required.
Parents’ Versus Children’s Perceptions of Interparental Conflict as Predictors of Children’s Friendship Quality
Authors: Kitzmann Katherine M. , Cohen Robert
Published: May 2004

Grych and Fincham’s (1990) cognitive-contextual model highlights children’s perceptions as potential influences on the extent to which interparental conflict is associated with negative child outcomes. We asked children ( n= 40, age 8–12 years), mothers, and fathers to report on multiple dimensions of interparental conflict. As predicted, family members showed greater correspondence in their ratings of the overt properties of conflict than in their ratings of children’s subjective distress in response to the conflict. Compared with parents’ perceptions, children’s perceptions of interparental conflict showed stronger and more consistent associations with multiple dimensions of friendship quality. The results provide further evidence of the utility of assessing children’s perceptions of marital conflict, rather than relying solely on parents’ reports.
Buffering Effects of Family and Friend Support on Associations between Partner Unsupportive Behaviors and Coping among Women with Breast Cancer
Authors: Manne Sharon , Ostroff Jamie , Sherman Marne , Glassman Marc , Ross Stephanie , Goldstein Lori , Fox Kevin
Published: May 2004

This study examined the role of family and friend support in moderating the association between partner unsupportive behaviors and avoidance coping and coping efficacy experienced by women with breast cancer. This study also evaluated whether partner unsupportive behaviors had an indirect effect on patient distress via patient avoidance coping and coping efficacy. One hundred and forty women with recently diagnosed breast cancer who were either married or in cohabiting relationships participated. Results of structural equation analyses supported a moderational role for family and friend support on the association between partner unsupportive behaviors and coping efficacy. Among women who had high support from family and friends, partner unsupportive behaviors were not significantly associated with patient avoidance and coping efficacy appraisals. Among women who had low support from family and friends, partner unsupportive behaviors were strongly associated with greater avoidance and poorer estimates of coping efficacy. However, findings regarding the indirect effects of partner unsupportive behavior on patient distress via avoidance and coping efficacy were inconsistent. The findings underscore the importance of testing moderated models of social support.
Childhood Family Adversity and the Quality of Marital Relationships in Young Adulthood
Authors: Doucet Joanne , Aseltine Robert H.
Published: May 2004

This article examines the intervening pathways linking parental marital disruption and childhood family conflict with the quality of early adult marriages, using data from a panel study of young adults in the Boston metropolitan area ( N = 230). Although parental divorce during childhood was not significantly related to the quality of marital relationships in young adulthood, childhood family conflict was strongly related to several measures of later marital quality. The early adult consequences of childhood family conflict were explained to some extent by the level of conflict in adolescent dating relationships, suggesting considerable continuity in relationships over time.
Sickening Relationships: Gender-Based Violence, Women’s Health, and the Role of Informal Third Parties
Authors: Klein Renate
Published: May 2004

Over the last two decades, two trends have emerged that highlight the relational and communal dimensions of health and well-being. The Ottawa Charter of 1986 proposed a model of health that encompasses personal, social, and environmental well-being and emphasizes the role of communities in creating healthy living conditions. In a parallel development, battered women’s advocates identified violence against women as a major health issue, and situated effective interventions within coordinated community response strategies. Both trends point to the significance of social networks and a wide range of social and personal relationships in the promotion of women’s health and well-being.
Demand/Withdraw Communication between Parents and Adolescents: Connections with Self-Esteem and Substance Use
Authors: Caughlin John P. , Malis Rachel S.
Published: May 2004

Although there is a clear link between parent–adolescent conflict and undesirable outcomes such as poor self-esteem and drug use among adolescents, less is known about why some conflict between parents and adolescents is associated with negative health outcomes, whereas other conflict between parents and adolescents is not. This study examined this issue by focusing on the demand/withdraw pattern of conflict, which involves one person nagging or criticizing while the other person avoids the topic. A sample of 57 parent–adolescent dyads completed a study that included both self-reports of demand/withdraw and outside ratings of the extent to which the dyad engaged in demand/withdraw during audiotaped conversations. The topics of the conversations included issues important to the parent, issues important to the adolescent, and alcohol and drug use among teenagers. As expected, frequent demand/withdraw was associated with low self-esteem and high alcohol and drug use for both adolescents and parents. These findings are consistent with the notion that demand/withdraw between parents and adolescents tends to be associated with particularly destructive conflicts that have both indirect health implications (e.g., because low self-esteem is associated with health risk behaviors) and direct health implications (e.g., health risk behaviors like alcohol and drug use). The results also suggest that to prevent the more common pattern of parent-demand/adolescent-withdraw, it might be important for parents to be responsive (i.e., not withdraw) when adolescents want to discuss an issue, even if the issue is not particularly salient to the parents.
Is Infidelity a Cause or a Consequence of Poor Marital Quality?
Authors: Previti Denise , Amato Paul R.
Published: May 2004

Because sexual fidelity is a key norm regulating the institution of marriage, any occurrence of extramarital sex (EMS) could potentially contribute to marital dissolution. Although the relationship between EMS and marital dissolution has been demonstrated in past research, studies have yet to show if the occurrence of EMS causes a marriage to break down, or if an unraveling marriage prompts spouses to seek alternative sexual partners. In this 17-year longitudinal study ( N= 1,475), we assessed whether EMS precedes or follows deteriorations in marital quality. We estimated the effects of marital happiness and divorce proneness on EMS, the effects of EMS on subsequent marital happiness and divorce proneness, and the effects of all three variables on divorce. Our results indicate that divorce proneness predicts the occurrence of EMS. Results also suggest that EMS lowers subsequent marital happiness, increases subsequent divorce proneness, and increases the odds of divorce. We conclude that infidelity is both a cause and a consequence of relationship deterioration.
A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Physical and Cognitive Decline on the Personal Network in Old Age
Authors: Aartsen Marja J. , van Tilburg Theo , Smits Carolien H. M. , Knipscheer Kees C. P. M.
Published: May 2004

The effects of cognitive and physical decline on changes in the size and composition of four types of personal networks over a period of six years were investigated in a Dutch sample of 1552 older adults, aged 55–85 years. The effects of age and a decline in cognitive and physical functioning on the probability of changes in all possible network types were investigated. Transitions related to age and to cognitive and physical decline were observed for about one-third of the study sample. Greater age was associated with an increase in the number of family members in the network. Physical decline was associated with a replacement of friends and neighbors by family members only if the network was large. In small networks, no such association occurred. Cognitive decline was associated with a loss of relationships, most likely friends and neighbors, who were not found to be replaced by family members. Physical decline appears to be associated with an increase in the potential number of supporters in the network, whereas cognitive decline is associated with a decrease in the number of potential supporters.
Adult Attachment and Marital Satisfaction: Evidence for Dyadic Configuration Effects
Authors: Banse Rainer
Published: May 2004

The relations between continuous ratings of four partnershipspecific adult attachment prototype descriptions (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) and relationship satisfaction were investigated in 333 married couples. Using multiple regression analysis, marital satisfaction could be predicted by the individual’s own attachment, the partner’s attachment, and the interaction between them. In general, secure attachment was related to higher, and insecure attachment to lower marital satisfaction. In specific dyadic configurations, however, the positive effects of secure and the negative effects of insecure attachment styles were either amplified or attenuated depending on the attachment of the spouse.
Factors that Influence Recipients’ Appraisals of Hurtful Communication
Authors: Young Stacy L.
Published: May 2004

Interpersonal relationships provide a context in which hurtful messages are likely to be exchanged. This study examined the factors that influence recipients’ appraisals of hurtevoking messages. Specifically, this investigation examined three types of appraisals individuals make about a comment that hurt their feelings: the extent to which it reflects Concern, provides Comfort, or offers Help. Results revealed that both distal (e.g., relationship satisfaction and closeness) and proximal factors (e.g., message intensity and message hurtfulness) influenced recipients’ appraisals of hurtful statements. Interestingly, the only variable that was consistently a significant predictor of each type of appraisal was message intensity. How a message was stated was pivotal in shaping recipients’ appraisals of it. Given the importance of investigating how people navigate relational transgressions, the findings of the present study shed light on the factors that may help to promote less negative interpretations of hurtful communication in personal relationships.
Physical Aggression and Depressive Symptoms: Gender Asymmetry in Effects?
Authors: Beach Steven R. H. , Kim Sooyeon , Cercone-Keeney Jennifer , Gupta Maya , Arias Ileana , Brody Gene H.
Published: May 2004

The incremental importance of low-level physically aggressive behavior in predicting later depressive symptoms was examined in a community sample of intact first-time marriages with children. For wives, physically aggressive behavior predicted later depressive symptoms. No similar effect was found for husbands. In addition, husbands’ psychological aggression moderated the effect of their own physically aggressive behavior on wives’ later depressive symptoms. Wives’ psychological aggression did not moderate the effect of their own physically aggressive behavior on husbands’ later depression. Results suggest that marital models should incorporate the role of physical aggression in accounting for wives’ depressive symptoms and allow for the possibility of gender asymmetry in effects.
At First Sight: Persistent Relational Effects of Get-Acquainted Conversations
Authors: Sunnafrank Michael , Ramirez Artemio
Published: May 2004

Previous research has demonstrated that relational partners make decisions within the first few weeks of a relationship that determine the long-term nature of the relationship. The study reported here extends that research, predicting that such decisions and influences are apparent after brief first encounters. Students in several sections of a skills-oriented communication course reported reactions to a randomly assigned classmate after a brief conversation on the first day of class and the status of their relationship during week 9 of the term. Predicted Outcome Value Theory was employed to generate hypotheses. Results strongly support the theory, with perceptions formed during initial conversations influencing relationships in week 9.
Taking the Street: Workers’ Youth Organizations and Political Conflict in the Spanish Second Republic
Authors: KustrÌn Sandra Souto
Published: May 2004

This article analyses the role of youth movements and, more specifically, the youth movements affiliated with workers' organizations, in the political conflict that occurred during the Spanish Second Republic (1931-6), in particular in the province of Madrid. The article stresses the growing autonomy of such organizations and the participation of youth in the development of new forms of conflict and organizations. The article also deals with the rapprochement between these youth organizations of the Left. This rapprochement resulted in part from the prevalence of political conflict in the period and it happened, in many cases, as an independent youth initiative, quite separate from the political position of the cognate `adult' political parties.
‘La EspaÒa Ultramarina’: Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nineteenth-Century Spain
Authors: Schmidt-Nowara Christopher
Published: May 2004

This article seeks to introduce colonialism into recent debates over the construction of Spanish nationalism in the nineteenth century. First, it reappraises the importance of the major colonies that Spain maintained in the aftermath of the Spanish American revolutions: Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. It shows that Cuba figured significantly in the political economy of Spanish liberalism between two moments of decolonization. Moreover, Spanish politicians and business leaders considered the colonies to be integral parts of the `national market', defending the core institutions of the colonial economy vigorously. Second, this article turns to the intersection between colonial and national historiographies in liberal Spain. Building on a deep early-modern intellectual and institutional inheritance, Spanish patriots in the nineteenth century wrote colonial history as a vital chapter of Spain's national history. Thus, `La Espala ultramarina' occupied a prominent role in the political economy of Spanish liberalism and the political imagination of Spanish nationalism.
Narrating the Entrepreneur
Authors: Johansson Anders W.
Published: May 2004

Within the social sciences narrative approaches have become more popular. In recent years ithas also been suggested that entrepreneurship research would benefit from the use of a narrative approach. Interest in this direction is now emerging. The purpose of this article is to illustrate and reflect upon how narrative approaches can contribute to entrepreneurship research. The article is focused on three areas: (1) The construction of entrepreneurial identities, (2) Entrepreneurial learning, (3) (Re)conceptualizing entrepreneurship. It is argued that a narrativeapproach contributes to the literature by enriching the understanding of what motivates individual entrepreneurs and the way they run their businesses. Storytelling is closely related to entrepreneurial learning and complements other approaches. Furthermore, storytelling and story-making serve as potential metaphors for conceptualizing and reconceptualizing entrepreneurship.
Delivering Services Under Financial Pressure
Authors: Foster Pam , Foster Allan
Published: May 2004

Surveys the use of business information in UK libraries, based on a questionnaire mailed in September 2003 to libraries/information departments.
Maximizing the Value of Information
Authors: Gudgin David
Published: May 2004

Presents comments on selected findings of the Business Information Resources Survey 2004 in light of the experiences of Euromonitor plc, covering the selected issues of: site licences anduser licences; usage analysis and what to measure; pay per view versus subscription; and promoting information and the information service. A major problem is that vendors fail to appreciatethat, whereas a company may have over 500 staff, it may only be a group of 50 who need the database product and the pricing strategy adopted by Euromonitor is based on precisely this premise, the company having abandoned the selling of subscriptions based on the number of users. Euromonitor’s approach to providing access to its electronic products follows closely the findings of the survey. Predicts that the provision of meaningful analytical data on databaseusage will be very important in the near future as publishers and vendors find that they must work harder and more closely with their users. The benefits for both parties are likely to be very great, leading to better products, well informed and trained users, high usage of resources,and emore secure subscriptions and budgets. Concludes that the role of the information manager is becoming increasingly challenging as the World Wide Web continues to provide a massive, primary information resource and euromonitor.com is providing leadership in this area by uploading free market data.
Reaching Out to Users: How Database Providers Could Help, Not Hinder
Authors: Reid Christine D.
Published: May 2004

Presents comments on selected findings of the Business Information Resources Survey 2004 in light of the experiences of the Business Information Service at the University of Strathclyde. The increasing shift in academic business libraries away from CD-ROM to Web based products has led to fewer people visiting the library. The changes involved in the movement of teaching and learning environments away from the physical environment and towards the Internet have also impacted on the physical presence of the library. Business schools are developing intranets to deliver course materials, to accept electronic submission of assignments and to use electronic bulletin boards to allow students to communicate with each other and be supported throughout their programme. Despite the efforts of library staff, students continue to place their reliance increasingly on the Web and search engines such as Google. However, there are moves by database producers to rise to the challenge of producing online databases that match Google in ease of usage and comprehensiveness, while increasingly sophisticated web portals are being developed by academic libraries.
Staying Legal
Authors: Rowe Heather , Taylor Mark , Brown Paul
Published: May 2004

Focuses mainly on the self-regulation of multimedia and the Internet, particularly where advertising is concerned, touching on issues associated with liability for content, discrimination and computer misuse and some of the difficult jurisdictional issues surrounding advertising on the Internet. Considers the situation from the perspective of English law and regulation, but also covers relevant voluntary codes of practice from bodies such as the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). Raises the question of Internet activity from the point of view of where a transaction takes place and its relevance due to the fact that this determines the regulatory and legal systems to which a party or transaction is subject. In addition, primary new regulatory problems include: the ease with which the Internet can be used for cross-border transactions involving UK consumers having access to UK or overseas product or service providers; the ease with which overseas product providers can set up a Web site and access prospective customers worldwide; the increased use of electronic documents to carry out investment transactions; the use of electronic payment systems (raising issues of security of payments over the Internet); concerns regarding the security of unencrypted messages sent over the Internet; and whether “health warnings” required or recommended by relevant laws, regulations and codes can be sidestepped. Further aspects of Internet law/regulation include: intelligent agents; general regulation of advertising in the UK (review of UK advertising regulation, adverse publicity, refusal of advertising space, legal proceedings); and the British Codes of Advertising and Sales Promotion (BCASP).
Well Begun is Half Done: Telling the IICD Story of Evaluation
Authors: Gast Lisette
Published: May 2004

Contribution to a special issue on ‘Developing Evaluation Practice in the Information Sector’. Describes the approach to evaluation at the International Institute for Communication and Development (IICD), looking at how information services, and specifically information and communication technologies (ICTs), contribute to sustainable development and poverty alleviation. An evaluation instrument has been developed to gain insight into IICD’s country programmes. Conclusions are drawn relating to project and owner success; and project development impact. Two main approaches to gathering data on development impact have been adopted: generic questionnaires and focus group meetings. Impact is difficult to measure and causality is difficult to prove.
Assessing the Impact of Information Learnt from a Newsletter and a Training Seminar
Authors: Lauckner Bruce , Singh Ranjit
Published: May 2004

Contribution to a special issue on ‘Developing Evaluation Practice in the Information Sector’. Describes a methodology developed to evaluate two information products, a newsletter and a training seminar, of the National Agricultural Marketing and Development Corporation of Trinidad and Tobago (NAMDEVCO). Surveys of recipients of the newsletter and participants in the seminar were carried out. Recipients were asked to recall information which had been learnt, whether it had been used and (in the case of the training seminar) whether use of the information had led to any benefit. Results indicate a fairly high level of newsletter readership and recall of articles in the newsletter. All who attended the seminar remembered it and most were able to recall interesting sessions. Many participants had adopted new practices from what they had learnt. Some were able to report benefits while others were anticipating benefits in the future.
Information Dissemination for Development: An Impact Study
Authors: Mchombu Kingo
Published: May 2004

Contribution to a special issue on ‘Developing Evaluation Practice in the Information Sector’. Reports the results of an impact evaluation of a research project to develop a Rural Information Strategy and establish Community Information Centres in three villages in Africa: Chiwamba in Malawi and Marindi and Kisarawe 2 in Tanzania. Describes the action research methodology and impact indicators used in the study. Some 25 percent of community members participating in the project were interviewed to evaluate its impact. Presents data on level of receipt and level of perceived benefit in the three communities in respect of: health information; agricultural information; educational and literacy information; income generation information; expansion of the knowledge base; and borrowing of materials. Records difficulties in participating in information centre activities and the extent to which ideas obtained through the project were put into practice. The main factors influencing impact were: the contribution of the local information facilitators; the rural development information environment; and the rural development information centre model based on (a) a broad information strategy; (b) competent information facilitators; (c) a multi-channel approach to information dissemination; and (c) the participation of different rural groups.
Smart Tools for the Evaluation of Information Products and Services: A Collaborative Initiative
Authors: Batjes Karen , Cummings Sarah
Published: May 2004

Contribution to a special issue on ‘Developing Evaluation Practice in the Information Sector’. Describes a complex collaborative project to produce ‘smart tools’ for the evaluation of information services, projects and programmes. The main target group for the tools is information managers in resource-poor settings who wish to evaluate their information products and services themselves. The toolkit will focus on performance evaluation and not on impact assessment. The focus, format and guidelines for the tools are reviewed. The tools are divided into the following modules: Introductory module; Preparatory work module; Process tool module; Data collection and analysis module; Activities module Case studies. Editing and consolidation of the toolkit will take place in 2003, with publication planned for the beginning of 2004.
Developing Scientific and Technological Information Resource Sharing in China
Authors: Lee Jing , Meng Lian-Sheng
Published: May 2004

Describes the activities of the National Science and Technology Library (NSTL) of China, an information resource sharing system offering services in science, engineering, agriculture and medicine. It maintains a joint index of its members’ collections and provides document searching and full-text document supply services. Both services are growing fast. The objective of NSTL in the next five years is to develop more functions and enlarge the system’s capacity to offer better quality services to fulfil users’ requirements.
The Universal Basic Education (UBE) Programme and the Development of School Libraries in Nigeria: A Catalyst for Greater Female Participation in National Development
Authors: Okiy Rose B.
Published: May 2004

Nigeria was given a very low rating in human development by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for the year 2002. This is due partly to the patriarchal nature of Nigeria, which emphasizes male education more than that of the female. The result is that fewer educated women than men are available to contribute to national development activities. The recent introduction of the Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme by the Federal Government is seen as a catalyst which will result in greater female participation in national development. The scheme sets out specifically to redress the gender imbalance which has been evident in the Nigerian educational landscape. The provision of standard multimedia school libraries will help schools to produce a more educated citizenry in Nigeria. This will enable Nigeria to achieve a more balanced contribution of both men and women to national development activities and hence improve the country’s human development rating internationally.