bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les territoires du Forum social mondial de Tunis
Authors: Rousselin Mathieu
Published: November 2014

Bien qu’elle n’ait pas vu s’opérer la fusion des divers mouvements sociaux en une même multitude, l’édition tunisienne du Forum Social Mondial (FSM) de mars 2013 permit à la communauté altermondialiste d’occuper un certain nombre de territoires tant matériels (fragments d’espaces publics) qu’immatériels (fragments d’espaces digitaux). Pour les participants, la fréquentation conjointe de ces territoires permit une certaine forme de ressourcement, de renouvellement des énergies, de réconfort et d’encouragement mutuels ( Ermunterung ). En démultipliant les formes d’association affective avec le FSM, les nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication jouèrent un rôle important dans les processus de territorialisation et d’ Ermunterung de la communauté altermondialiste.
Role of anaerobic fungi in wheat straw degradation and effects of plant feed additives on rumen fermentation parameters in vitro
Authors: Dagar S.S. , Singh N. , Goel N. , Kumar S. , Puniya A.K.
Published: November 2014

In the present study, rumen microbial groups, i.e. total rumen microbes (TRM), total anaerobic fungi (TAF), avicel enriched bacteria (AEB) and neutral detergent fibre enriched bacteria (NEB) were evaluated for wheat straw (WS) degradability and different fermentation parametersin vitro. Highest WS degradation was shown for TRM, followed by TAF, NEB and least by AEB. Similar patterns were observed with total gas production and short chain fatty acid profiles. Overall, TAF emerged as the most potent individual microbial group. In order to enhance the fibrolytic and rumen fermentation potential of TAF, we evaluated 18 plant feed additivesin vitro. Among these, six plant additives namelyAlbizia lebbeck, Alstonia scholaris, Bacopa monnieri, Lawsonia inermis, Psidium guajavaandTerminalia arjunaconsiderably improved WS degradation by TAF. Further evaluation showedA. lebbeckas best feed additive. The study revealed that TAF plays a significant role in WS degradation and their fibrolytic activities can be improved by inclusion ofA. lebbeckin fermentation medium. Further studies are warranted to elucidate its active constituents, effect on fungal population andin vivopotential in animal system.
CD4+ T Cell Epitopes of FliC Conserved between Strains of Burkholderia: Implications for Vaccines against Melioidosis and Cepacia Complex in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Musson Julie A. , Reynolds Catherine J. , Rinchai Darawan , Nithichanon Arnone , Khaenam Prasong , Favry Emmanuel , Spink Natasha , Chu Karen K. Y. , De Soyza Anthony , Bancroft Gregory J. , Lertmemongkolchai Ganjana , Maillere Bernard , Boyton Rosemary J. , Altmann Daniel M. , Robinson John H.
Published: November 2014

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis characterized by pneumonia and fatal septicemia and prevalent in Southeast Asia. Related Burkholderia species are strong risk factors of mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). The B. pseudomallei flagellar protein FliC is strongly seroreactive and vaccination protects challenged mice. We assessed B. pseudomallei FliC peptide binding affinity to multiple HLA class II alleles and then assessed CD4 T cell immunity in HLA class II transgenic mice and in seropositive individuals in Thailand. T cell hybridomas were generated to investigate cross-reactivity between B. pseudomallei and the related Burkholderia species associated with Cepacia Complex CF. B. pseudomallei FliC contained several peptide sequences with ability to bind multiple HLA class II alleles. Several peptides were shown to encompass strong CD4 T cell epitopes in B. pseudomallei–exposed individuals and in HLA transgenic mice. In particular, the p38 epitope is robustly recognized by CD4 T cells of seropositive donors across diverse HLA haplotypes. T cell hybridomas against an immunogenic B. pseudomallei FliC epitope also cross-reacted with orthologous FliC sequences from Burkholderia multivorans and Burkholderia cenocepacia, important pathogens in CF. Epitopes within FliC were accessible for processing and presentation from live or heat-killed bacteria, demonstrating that flagellin enters the HLA class II Ag presentation pathway during infection of macrophages with B. cenocepacia. Collectively, the data support the possibility of incorporating FliC T cell epitopes into vaccination programs targeting both at-risk individuals in B. pseudomallei endemic regions as well as CF patients.
Unsteady flow of a dusty fluid between two parallel plates bounded above by porous medium
Authors: Saxena Parul , Agarwal Manju
Published: November 2014

The purpose of the present paper is to study an unsteady laminar flow of an incompressible conducting viscous dusty fluid between two infinitely non-conducting parallel plates, where above plate is bounded by porous medium. The flow is influenced by pulsatile pressure gradient, uniform magnetic field which is applied perpendicular to the plates and due to oscillations of the plates under the effect of porosity of porous medium. The governing systems of partial differential equations are solved using finite difference scheme. The effect of permeability of porous medium on the motion in the fluid phase and in the dust phase has been discussed. The effect of magnetic field on the velocity profiles of both fluid and dust phase have been investigated.Keywords: Dusty Fluid, pulsatile pressure gradient, Porous medium, Oscillating platesInternational Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology Vol. 6, No. 1, 2014, pp. 27-33
Fe and C co-limitation of heterotrophic bacteria in the naturally fertilized region off Kerguelen Islands
Authors: Obernosterer I. , Fourquez M. , Blain S.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. It has univocally been shown that iron (Fe) is the primary limiting nutrient for phytoplankton metabolism in High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) oceans, yet, the question of how this trace metal affects heterotrophic microbial activity is far less understood. We investigated the role of Fe for bacterial heterotrophic production and growth at three contrasting sites in the naturally Fe-fertilized region east of Kerguelen Islands and at one site in HNLC waters during the KEOPS2 (Kerguelen Ocean and Plateau Compared Study 2) cruise in spring 2011. We performed dark incubations of natural microbial communities amended either with iron (Fe, as FeCl3), or carbon (C, as trace-metal clean glucose), or a combination of both, and followed bacterial abundance and heterotrophic production for up to 7 days. Our results show that single and combined additions of Fe and C stimulated bulk and cell-specific bacterial production at all sites, while bacterial growth was enhanced only in two out of four occasions. The extent of stimulation of bulk bacterial heterotrophic production by single Fe or C additions increased with increasing in situ bacterial Fe uptake rates in the surface mixed layer. Our results provide evidence that both Fe and C are present at limiting concentrations for bacterial heterotrophic activity, in HNLC and fertilized regions, in spring. The observation that the extent of stimulation by both elements was related to Fe-uptake rates highlights the tight interaction between the C- and Fe-cycles through bacterial heterotrophic metabolism in the Southern Ocean.
Development of the GEOS-5 atmospheric general circulation model: evolution from MERRA to MERRA2
Authors: Molod A. , Takacs L. , Suarez M. , Bacmeister J.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications-2 (MERRA2) version of the GEOS-5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) is currently in use in the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) at a wide range of resolutions for a variety of applications. Details of the changes in parameterizations subsequent to the version in the original MERRA reanalysis are presented here. Results of a series of atmosphere-only sensitivity studies are shown to demonstrate changes in simulated climate associated with specific changes in physical parameterizations, and the impact of the newly implemented resolution-aware behavior on simulations at different resolutions is demonstrated. The GEOS-5 AGCM presented here is the model used as part of the GMAO's MERRA2 reanalysis, the global mesoscale "nature run", the real-time numerical weather prediction system, and for atmosphere-only, coupled ocean–atmosphere and coupled atmosphere–chemistry simulations. The seasonal mean climate of the MERRA2 version of the GEOS-5 AGCM represents a substantial improvement over the simulated climate of the MERRA version at all resolutions and for all applications. Fundamental improvements in simulated climate are associated with the increased re-evaporation of frozen precipitation and cloud condensate, resulting in a wetter atmosphere. Improvements in simulated climate are also shown to be attributable to changes in the background gravity wave drag, and to upgrades in the relationship between the ocean surface stress and the ocean roughness. The series of "resolution aware" parameters related to the moist physics were shown to result in improvements at higher resolutions, and result in AGCM simulations that exhibit seamless behavior across different resolutions and applications.
Characterization of sediment layer composition in a shallow lake: from open water zones to reed belt areas
Authors: Kogelbauer I. , Loiskandl W.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Lake sediment characterization, a pre-requirement for the vulnerability assessment of lake ecosystems, demands reliable in situ methods for the characterization of the sediment layer composition. A unified characterization of lake sediments within different lake ecotopes (open water, open water patches within the reed, and the reed) is still a challenge. Each ecotope is covered by different classical scientific disciplines (hydrography and terrestrial remote sensing to soil physics) with their specific characterization methods. However, a complementary tool that bridges the gap between land- and hydrographic surveying methods is still missing. Therefore a combination of soil physical sensors (a capacitive sensor and a cone penetrometer) in a measuring system (CSPS) was introduced. CSPS is a non-acoustic device for the rapid in situ delineation of water-mud-consolidated lakebed interfaces. The system was successfully applied across the different ecotopes at the Neusiedler See, a well-mixed shallow lake rich in fine-grained sediments. The geo-referenced vertical CSPS profiles show ecotope-specific layer composition. The effect of wind induced turbidity, particle size, and electrical conductivity were analysed. The water–mud interface was precisely delineated at the open water due to a persistent high water content gradient, equivalent to a lutocline. The penetration resistance for open water showed either a shallow and highly-compacted consolidated lakebed or a consolidated lakebed with a partially compacted layer above; while in the reed the penetration resistance smoothly increased until reaching the deepest penetration depths.
Grassroots Innovations to Techno-Entrepreneurship through GIAN – Technology Business Incubator in India: A Case Study of Nature Technocrats
Authors: Bulsara Hemantkumar P. , Gandhi Shailesh , Porey P. D.
Published: November 2014

Entrepreneurship is the solution to solve a problem of unemployment in any economy. Normally, we think of Technology innovations, we think of Engineers from top Technology Institutions. But innovations may also come from Grassroots people. This paper gives the Case study of Nature Technocrats – small business firm of Arvindbhai who has been supported by GIAN (Grassroots Innovations Augmentation Network), Technology Business Incubator for Grassroots Innovations in India. In India, there are many Technology Business Incubation centers but approach of GIAN is unique as it supports Grassroots innovators. This paper has come out of a larger study with Research design: Multiple Embedded Descriptive Case Study. The process of GIAN with unique mechanism of commercializing the Grassroots innovations is described. The problems in this area are also described. This case study may inspire other agencies in India or other countries too for working in the area of Grassroots innovations to Techno-entrepreneurship.   Keywords: Grassroots innovations; Technology innovations; Techno-Entrepreneurship; GIAN; Technology Transfer.
Significant factors in the technological profile of innovative companies in the return of capital in technological innovation
Authors: Lopes Eloisa De Moura , Fontão Henio , Gonçalves Amílcar Dos Santos
Published: November 2014

Aim to analyze the significance of factors of technological profile in innovative companies that contribute to the return of capital in innovation (ROEI). The method used was design of experiments, by the structure of non-balanced factorial design. The field research was done with seventy companies. The main return of the capital applied in innovation, should support the open innovation system, and exclusively systematic studies of ideas for new products.
Innovation in the strategies of Internationalization of Brazilian Multinationals: Evaluation of the Cultural National Dimensions: A Study Case of the Meat Processing Sector
Authors: Rovai Riccardo , Piscopo Marcos Roberto , Maccari Emerson Antonio
Published: November 2014

This article sketches the evolution of Brazilian multinational companies, from the perspective of the development of Latin-American multinational companies, with respect to the process of globalization. With this article, we looked to characterize the typical profile of these enterprises in agreement with the Dunning Model to confirm if this typology is adequate for the characterization of internationalization strategies. We also explored the Theory of the Cultural Dimensions of Hofstede. While doing this, we analyzed which model measures the strategic alignment and is more orientated in terms of: (i) exploration of natural resources and advantages of costs of labor not qualified (resource seeking), advantages; (ii) location and synergies of market (market seeking), investments; (iii) search of strategic assets of the type efficiency seeking (for what they look to rationalize the production and to explore savings of specialization and location), investments; and (iv) type of strategic asset seeking (turned to the acquisition of resources and competences with the objective to develop competitiveness through of the innovation and growth of strategic capacities). We also summarize the referential system that makes possible the development of future inquiries for the delineation of the principal strategies, of the public politics of the National States, and also the financial strategies of these enterprises. Keywords: Strategic innovation; Brazilian multinationals; foreign investment; globalization; Latin American multinationals and multinationals from emerging countries
Organizational Factors and Intrapreneurial Competences
Authors: Lizote Suzete Antonieta , Verdinelli Miguel Angel , Silveira Amelia
Published: November 2014

This study analyzes the relationship between organizational factors and entrepreneurial competencies of coordinators of undergraduate courses in two community universities in Santa Catarina, Brazil. The organizational factors studied were: management support, freedom at work, rewards, and time available and organizational limitations. Eight entrepreneurial competencies were considered; five included in an achievement set, and three in a planning set. The method was quantitative and descriptive, adopting a structured questionnaire as the data collection tool. Factor analysis, canonical analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed. The results revealed a positive relationship between the constructs. The most relevant competencies were organizational limitations or uncertainty about tasks, and freedom at work, which indicates the importance having clarity about rules and decisions that should exist both at the level of performance expected of the coordinator, and the freedom that they must feel in their work.
Hailey-Hailey disease associated with herpetic eczema—the value of the Tzanck smear test
Authors: De Aquino Paulo Filho Thomás , Rodrigues de Freitas Yara Kelly , Torres Andrade da Nóbrega Mylenne , Fernandes Lima Carlos Bruno , Medeiros Francelino Carriço Barbara Luiza , Pinto Leite e Silva Maria Aurora , Lauria Paulo Filipe , Bezerra da Trindade Neto Pedro
Published: November 2014

Background: Herpetic eczema is a herpetic superinfection of a preexisting skin disease. Hailey-Hailey disease is an autosomal dominant dermatosis that is clinically characterized by flaccid vesicles and rashes in intertriginous areas. The coexistence of those findings is a rare condition; only five cases have been published in literature.

Purpose: To report the rare coexistence between Hailey-Hailey disease and herpetic eczema and to highlight the importance of cytology for a quick diagnosis.

Case report: A 38-year-old man had been diagnosed with Hailey-Hailey disease for 13 years. His condition evolved into what could be herpetic eczema, which was later confirmed by skin cytology and histopathology. The man showed remission in the infection after 10 days under treatment with acyclovir.

Conclusion: Research on the concomitance of infection by the herpes virus must be performed in the exacerbations of Hailey-Hailey disease, and, in those situations, the quick diagnosis through skin cytology makes the early treatment possible.
Disseminated gouty panniculitis: an unusual presentation of extensive cutaneous tophi
Authors: Pattanaprichakul Penvadee , Bunyaratavej Sumanas , McLain Philip M. , Varothai Supenya
Published: November 2014

Gouty panniculitis is a rare cutaneous illness characterized by the deposition of subcutaneous monosodium urate crystals with lobular panniculitis. Only a small number of cases with gouty panniculitis have been reported in the literature with unclear pathogenesis. In this article, we present a case of disseminated gouty panniculitis in the patient who had never been diagnosed of gout but revealed significant hyperuricemia at the time of diagnosis.
Assessment of the colors of the melanin pigment in acral compound nevus by using a novel dermoscopy technique with surgical light illumination and saturation analysis
Authors: Sakai Hiroshi , Tonomura Kyoko , Shirabe Hirotsugu , Tanaka Masaru
Published: November 2014

Introduction

On dermoscopy, the amount and location of melanin pigment can be assessed on the basis of its colors, ranging from black, brown to blue-gray. However, accurately recognizing a variety of melanin colors is sometimes difficult because the color of melanin pigment might change according to the character and intensity of lighting, and small melanin particles of different colors might be intermingled with each other. To resolve this issue, we developed a novel technique involving the use of surgical light illumination and saturation analysis.
Dermatoscopic pattern of digital mucous cyst: report of three cases
Authors: Salerni Gabriel , González Roger , Alonso Carlos
Published: November 2014

Digital mucous cysts are benign ganglion cysts of the digits typically located on the dorsal aspect of the interphalangeal joint and distal phalanx of the digits. Usually the clinical diagnosis is straightforward, though sometimes it may mimic other lesions and diagnosis becomes a challenge. We present a series of three digital mucous cysts with a repeatable dermoscopic pattern consisted of linear branched and serpentine vessels when no compression is applied and translucent aspect with white bright areas and loss of vascular pattern when compression is applied.
Poor or rich: The value of water is directly related to what it costs
Authors: Goetz Melanie K.
Published: November 2014

Perception of value is subjective, influenced by various factors, including a consumer's income level. It's up to water utilities to communicate to all customers that water isn't something to take for granted.
The birth of tube and plate settlers: Concept to reality, 1904–1965
Authors: Culp Gordon
Published: November 2014

How ingenuity and perseverance in developing a water treatment concept described in 1904 became an “overnight success” 60 years later.
J100 and the SAFETY Act —What's in It for Me?
Authors: Spence Shannon , Binning David
Published: November 2014

Today's threats of greatest prominence come more from nature than from a terrorist bent on making a political statement at our expense. Floods, hurricanes, wildfires, and ice storms are destructive and likely to occur. Water system engineers and operators can expect a natural hazard to negatively affect their operations. We need to be prepared to sustain and recover operations. Far too many elected and appointed leaders have learned the hard way what it means to be unprepared for such catastrophic events. The possibility of direct attack still exists and must be addressed, but natural events are much more likely to result in catastrophic failure.
Prevalence of Serum Antibodies against Six Leptospira Serovars in Buffaloes in Tabriz, Northwestern Iran
Authors: Mohammad Tolouei
Published: November 2014

Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic infectious and its prevalence is unknown in buffalo in Iran particularly in Tabriz, northwest of the country. To survey the prevalence of Leptospira infection in buffaloes in Tabriz, blood samples were collected from 85 female buffaloes slaughtered in Tabriz industrial slaughterhouse from December 2008 to November 2009. Sera were stored at -20°C until they were examined. Sera were initially screened at serum dilution of 1:100 against six live antigens of Leptospira interrogans, Pomona, Canicola, Hardjo, Ballum, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Grippotyphosa by using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT).The samples were considered positive if 50% or more of agglutination of leptospire in a dilution tests serum of l:100 were observed. 30 serums (35.29%) at dilution 1:100 were positive against 1 or 2 of serovars. the highest prevalent serovar in buffalo was Grippotyphosa (51.3%), and fallowed whit Pomona (29.7%), canicola (10.8%) and Icterohaemorrhagiae (8.1%). All of the samples were seronegative for serovar Ballum and Hardjo. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the rates of the infection in the autumn-winter and spring–summer didn’t have significant difference (p > 0/05). The rate of the infection has been statistically increased with the aging (p<0/05) and the animals with 3 and 4 pair’s permanent teeth had the highest infection rates. The serological infection rate in buffaloes in Tabriz is relatively high and it appears that it is because of living type of buffaloes in water and swamp, thus consequently the preventive methods must be applied to control of the disease.
A modified Holly‐Preissmann scheme for simulating sharp concentration fronts in streams with steep velocity gradients using RIV1Q
Authors: Liu Zhao‐wei , Zhu De‐jun , Chen Yong‐can , Wang Zhi‐gang
Published: November 2014

RIV1Q is the stand‐alone water quality program of CE‐QUAL‐RIV1, a hydraulic and water quality model developed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station. It utilizes an operator‐splitting algorithm and the advection term in governing equation is treated using the explicit two‐point, fourth‐order accurate, Holly‐Preissmann scheme, in order to preserve numerical accuracy for advection of sharp gradients in concentration. In the scheme, the spatial derivative of the transport equation, where the derivative of velocity is included, is introduced to update the first derivative of dependent variable. In the stream with larger cross‐sectional variation, steep velocity gradient can be easily found and should be estimated correctly. In the original version of RIV1Q, however, the derivative of velocity is approximated by a finite difference which is first‐order accurate. Its leading truncation error leads to the numerical error of concentration which is related with the velocity and concentration gradients and increases with the decreasing Courant number. The simulation may also be unstable when a sharp velocity drop occurs. In the present paper, the derivative of velocity is estimated with a modified second‐order accurate scheme and the corresponding numerical error of concentration decreases. Additionally, the stability of the simulation is improved. The modified scheme is verified with a hypothetical channel case and the results demonstrate that satisfactory accuracy and stability can be achieved even when the Courant number is very low. Finally, the applicability of the modified scheme is discussed.
Increasing parental age at childbirth is associated with greater insulin sensitivity and more favorable metabolic profile in overweight adult male offspring
Authors: Albert Benjamin B. , De Bock Martin , Derraik José G.B. , Brennan Christine M. , Biggs Janene B. , Hofman Paul L. , Cutfield Wayne S
Published: November 2014

Objective

To assess the effect of parental age at childbirth on insulin sensitivity and other metabolic outcomes in overweight middle‐aged males.

Methods

We studied 73 men aged 46.0±5.4 years, who were overweight (body mass index, BMI 25–30 kg/m2) but otherwise healthy. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the Matsuda method from an oral glucose tolerance test. Other assessments included dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry‐derived body composition, lipid profile, 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure, and carotid intima‐media thickness. Maternal and paternal ages were highly correlated (r = 0.71; P < 0.0001), and the main parameter of interest in this study was the mean parental age at childbirth (MPAC), calculated as the average of maternal and paternal ages.

Results

Increasing MPAC was associated with a continuous increase in insulin sensitivity (β = 0.193; P = 0.008), as well as reductions in insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR; β = −0.064; P = 0.011), fasting insulin (β = −0.221; P = 0.018) and fasting glucose (β = −0.030; P = 0.033) concentrations. Increasing MPAC was also associated with reductions in night time systolic (β = −0.500; P = 0.020) and diastolic (β = −0.325; P = 0.047) blood pressure, as well as with improved (greater) nocturnal diastolic blood pressure dipping (β = 0.413; P = 0.046). Subgroup analyses on participants of European descent (n = 64) showed that increasing MPAC was associated with reduced carotid intima‐media thickness (β = −0.008; P = 0.018) and lower low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (β = −0.042; P = 0.028).

Conclusions

Increasing parental age at childbirth was associated with a more favorable metabolic phenotype in overweight middle‐aged males. However, it is unknown whether the effect was maternal, paternal, or both. Future studies on the effects of parental age at childbirth on the metabolism of males and females across the BMI range are required. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:380–386, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Highly cis‐Selective and Enantioselective Metal‐Free Hydrogenation of 2,3‐Disubstituted Quinoxalines
Authors: Zhang Zhenhua , Du Haifeng
Published: November 2014

A wide range of 2,3‐disubstituted quinoxalines have been successfully hydrogenated with H2 using borane catalysts to produce the desired tetrahydroquinoxalines in 80–99 % yields with excellent cis selectivity. Significantly, the asymmetric reaction employing chiral borane catalysts generated by the in situ hydroboration of chiral dienes with HB(C6F5)2 under mild reaction conditions has also been achieved with up to 96 % ee, and represents the first catalytic asymmetric system to furnish optically active cis‐2,3‐disubstituted 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoxalines.
A Rod‐Packing Microporous Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework for Highly Selective Separation of C2H2/CO2 at Room Temperature
Authors: Li Peng , He Yabing , Zhao Yunfeng , Weng Linhong , Wang Hailong , Krishna Rajamani , Wu Hui , Zhou Wei , O'Keeffe Michael , Han Yu , Chen Banglin
Published: November 2014

Self‐assembly of a trigonal building subunit with diaminotriazines (DAT) functional groups leads to a unique rod‐packing 3D microporous hydrogen‐bonded organic framework (HOF‐3). This material shows permanent porosity and demonstrates highly selective separation of C2H2/CO2 at ambient temperature and pressure.
Benzoxazolone Carboxamides: Potent and Systemically Active Inhibitors of Intracellular Acid Ceramidase
Authors: Pizzirani Daniela , Bach Anders , Realini Natalia , Armirotti Andrea , Mengatto Luisa , Bauer Inga , Girotto Stefania , Pagliuca Chiara , De Vivo Marco , Summa Maria , Ribeiro Alison , Piomelli Daniele
Published: November 2014

The ceramides are a family of bioactive lipid‐derived messengers involved in the control of cellular senescence, inflammation, and apoptosis. Ceramide hydrolysis by acid ceramidase (AC) stops the biological activity of these substances and influences survival and function of normal and neoplastic cells. Because of its central role in the ceramide metabolism, AC may offer a novel molecular target in disorders with dysfunctional ceramide‐mediated signaling. Here, a class of benzoxazolone carboxamides is identified as the first potent and systemically active inhibitors of AC. Prototype members of this class inhibit AC with low nanomolar potency by covalent binding to the catalytic cysteine. Their metabolic stability and high in vivo efficacy suggest that these compounds may be used as probes to investigate the roles of ceramide in health and disease, and that this scaffold may represent a promising starting point for the development of novel therapeutic agents.
Large marine protected areas – advantages and challenges of going big
Authors: Wilhelm T. 'Aulani , Sheppard Charles R. C. , Sheppard Anne L. S. , Gaymer Carlos F. , Parks John , Wagner Daniel , Lewis Nai'a
Published: November 2014

The Aichi Biodiversity Targets were designed to promote and implement the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) by providing a framework for action to save biodiversity and enhance its benefits for people. Specifically, Target 11 aims to protect 10% of all seas by 2020. The percentage of the world's oceans that are protected has increased steadily in recent years, mainly due to very large marine protected areas (MPAs).

The issue of making major gains in achieving protection targets through ‘going big’ has brought added scrutiny to the subject of MPAs. There is economy in scale, but several people have called into question whether going large will protect representative habitat and result in true protection, or whether it is merely a politically expedient way for some nations to attain targets by creating paper parks, while avoiding tough conservation decisions.

The recent creation of large MPAs has greatly enhanced the chance of achieving global protection targets. Large areas typically contain several ecosystems and habitats that interact ecologically, and allow for more holistic conservation. The interactions between ecosystems in large MPAs occur without many of the problems associated with networks of smaller MPAs, where the connectivity between sites is often affected by human activities.

The disadvantages of large MPAs include difficulties of surveillance, enforcement and monitoring of vast offshore areas, as well as high total costs. While the cost per unit area may be lower for large MPAs, conducting surveillance and monitoring in such vast areas requires much more expensive technologies.

Large MPAs complement and add to existing management and conservation measures. Decision makers should consider designating them as one of a suite of possible protection measures. Besides greatly enhancing the chance of reaching agreed biodiversity targets, large MPAs improve the quality of conservation.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Merging top‐down and bottom‐up approaches in marine protected areas planning: experiences from around the globe
Authors: Gaymer Carlos F. , Stadel Angela V. , Ban Natalie C. , Cárcamo P. Francisco , Ierna Joseph , Lieberknecht Louise M.
Published: November 2014

Five case studies from around the world illustrate key lessons in integrating top‐down and bottom‐up approaches to stakeholder and community engagement in the planning and implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs).

Community resistance to MPA proposals from centralized agencies can be addressed through effective participatory processes with consistent engagement over time, transparency, and the incorporation of benefits for communities.

Indigenous communities in particular are becoming key actors of some conservation initiatives (e.g. MPAs) and recognition of their inherent rights, traditional knowledge and deep connections to the marine environment can become the foundations for collaborative management of MPAs.

True participation requires empowerment for engagement, and this in turn requires education and capacity building for local people to get involved in the process of planning, implementing, and managing MPAs.

How bottom‐up and top‐down approaches are used should consider the scale of the MPA (e.g. small vs. large), the geographic scenario (e.g. coastal vs. remote), the level of anthropogenic influence, the conservation objectives (e.g. species, habitats, ecosystems), the political and governance context, and specific cultural conditions, such as the presence of indigenous communities.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marine protected areas and fisheries: bridging the divide
Authors: Weigel Jean‐Yves , Mannle Kathryn Olivia , Bennett Nathan James , Carter Eleanor , Westlund Lena , Burgener Valerie , Hoffman Zachary , Simão Da Silva Alfredo , Kane Elimane Abou , Sanders Jessica , Piante Catherine , Wagiman Sukarno , Hellman Ashley
Published: November 2014

Long‐term and well‐managed marine protected areas (MPAs) can, under the right circumstances, contribute to biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, thus contributing to food security and sustainable livelihoods.

This article emphasizes (1) the potential utility of MPAs as a fisheries management tool, (2) the costs and benefits of MPAs for fishing communities, and (3) the foundations of good governance and management processes for creating effective MPAs with a dual fisheries and conservation mandate.

This article highlights case studies from numerous regions of the world that demonstrate practical and often successful solutions in bridging the divide between MPA management and fisheries sustainability, with a focus on small‐scale coastal fisheries in order to emphasize lessons learned.

To be an effective fisheries management tool, MPAs should be embedded in broader fisheries management and conservation plans. MPAs are unlikely to generate benefits if implemented in isolation. The spatial and temporal distribution of benefits and costs needs to be taken into account since proximal fishery‐dependent communities may experience higher fishing costs over the short and long‐term while the fisheries benefits from MPAs may only accrue over the long‐term.

Key lessons for effectively bridging the divide between biodiversity conservation and fisheries sustainability goals in the context of MPAs include: creating spaces and processes for engagement, incorporating fisheries in MPA design and MPAs into fisheries management, engaging fishers in management, recognizing rights and tenure, coordinating between agencies and clarifying roles, combining no‐take‐areas with other fisheries management actions, addressing the balance of costs and benefits to fishers, making a long‐term commitment, creating a collaborative network of stakeholders, taking multiple pressures into account, managing adaptively, recognizing and addressing trade‐offs, and matching good governance with effective management and enforcement.

© 2014 The Authors. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building the regional perspective: platforms for success
Authors: Johnson David E. , Martinez Carole , Vestergaard Ole , Duval‐Diop Dominique , Romani Marie , Mcconnell Martha C. , Beatty Craig , Jumeau Ronny , Brown Kate
Published: November 2014

Regional approaches to protecting the marine environment have gathered momentum over the past 40 years. Pioneered by UNEP's Regional Seas Programme, such approaches have broadened their remit from pollution prevention to the conservation of biodiversity, promoting management tools such as networks of marine protected areas (MPAs).

Formal intergovernmental approaches are increasingly complemented by a range of regional projects committed to ambitious targets to establish MPAs and Local Marine Managed Areas (LMMAs). These regional efforts have been inspired by political leaders, non‐governmental organizations, coastal communities and committed individuals.

Regional networks of MPA managers have drawn together professionals to share good practice and further develop management tools. They focus on partnerships and capacity building opportunities with support from international donors and implementing agencies.

Collective ecosystem‐based management delivered using a regional approach is identified as a preferred solution to environmental challenges in polar regions. Crossing boundaries and fostering regional synergies can help ensure ecologically coherent regional networks and support resilience. There is also the potential to reap tangible rewards from applying such a regional approach in many other areas.

Regional coherence of MPA network design, compliance and enforcement policies, and information sharing is an optimal way to understand and counter commercial and industrial resource extraction forces actively working against sustainable development.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐speed rail cost recovery time based on an integer optimization model
Authors: Tang Shoupeng , Boyles Stephen D. , Jiang Nan
Published: November 2014

With increasing gasoline prices, electric high‐speed rail (HSR) systems represent one means to mitigate overexposure to volatile prices. However, additional research is needed related to funding this infrastructure. In this paper, we develop a new integer optimization model to address this problem and use a hypothetical case study to demonstrate the approach. The objective of the approach is to minimize the time period in which the cost of HSR construction and operation can be recovered. This is an iterative process based on an integer optimization model, whose objective function is to determine the optimum recovery time (ORT), by setting the HSR ticket price and frequency. Embedded in the optimization model is a multinomial logit model for calculating the demand for HSR as a function of these decision variables, thus capturing the effects of level of service on market share. In particular, the optimization model accounts for the role of different types of subsidies toward HSR construction (one‐time subsidies at construction, annual subsidies, and subsidies depending on frequency). This method can also help determine whether an HSR system should be built or how much subsidy should be provided given a fixed expected cost recovery time. By integrating the logit model into the objective function evaluation, the effects of ticket price and service frequency on service demand can be directly captured. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary skin closure after damage control laparotomy
Authors: Pommerening M J , Kao L S , Sowards K J , Wade C E , Holcomb J B , Cotton B A
Published: November 2014

Background

Damage control laparotomy (DCL) is used widely in the management of patients with traumatic injuries but carries significant morbidity. Surgical-site infection (SSI) also carries potential morbidity, increased costs and prolonged hospital stay. The aim of this study was to determine whether primary skin closure after DCL increases the risk of SSI.

Methods

This was a retrospective institutional review of injured patients undergoing DCL between 2004 and 2012. Outcomes of patients who had primary skin closure at the time of fascial closure were compared with those of patients whose skin wound was left open to heal by secondary intention. The association between skin closure and SSI was evaluated using propensity score-adjusted multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Of 510 patients who underwent DCL, primary fascial closure was achieved in 301. Among these, 111 (36·9 per cent) underwent primary skin closure and in 190 (63·1 per cent) the skin wound was left open. Fascial closure at the initial take-back surgery was associated with having skin closure (P < 0·001), and colonic injury was associated with leaving the skin open (P = 0·002). On multivariable analysis, primary skin closure was associated with an increased risk of abdominal SSI (P = 0·020), but not fascial dehiscence (P = 0·446). Of patients receiving skin closure, 85·6 per cent did not develop abdominal SSI and were spared the morbidity of managing an open wound at discharge.

Conclusion

Primary skin closure after DCL is appropriate but may be associated with an increased risk of SSI.
Prediction of Air Specific Heat Ratios at Elevated Pressures Using a Novel Modeling Approach
Authors: Kamari Arash , Mohammadi Amir H. , Bahadori Alireza , Zendehboudi Sohrab
Published: November 2014

An accurate and efficient model based on least‐squares support vector machines (LSSVM) is developed for the determination of air specific heat ratios at elevated pressures. Additionally, the coupled simulated annealing optimization strategy is used to calculate the optimal values of the LSSVM parameters. A large dataset of air specific heat ratios as a function of temperature and pressure for about 170 samples is used to develop and validate the model. The leverage approach (Williams plot) is used to determine the applicability domain of the model and to detect probably erroneous data points. Comparison of the obtained results with a previously published correlation as well as an intelligent method demonstrates that the performance of the presented model is more satisfactory than that of other methods.
Silver‐Free Activation of Ligated Gold(I) Chlorides: The Use of [Me3NB12Cl11]− as a Weakly Coordinating Anion in Homogeneous Gold Catalysis
Authors: Wegener Michael , Huber Florian , Bolli Christoph , Jenne Carsten , Kirsch Stefan F.
Published: November 2014

Phosphane and N‐heterocyclic carbene ligated gold(I) chlorides can be effectively activated by Na[Me3NB12Cl11] (1) under silver‐free conditions. This activation method with a weakly coordinating closo‐dodecaborate anion was shown to be suitable for a large variety of reactions known to be catalyzed by homogeneous gold species, ranging from carbocyclizations to heterocyclizations. Additionally, the capability of 1 in a previously unknown conversion of 5‐silyloxy‐1,6‐allenynes was demonstrated.
Anionic CH⋅⋅⋅X−Hydrogen Bonds: Origin of Their Strength, Geometry, and Other Properties
Authors: Nepal Binod , Scheiner Steve
Published: November 2014

CF3H as a proton donor was paired with a variety of anions, and its properties were assessed by MP2/aug‐cc‐pVDZ calculations. The binding energy of monoanions halide, NO3−, formate, acetate, HSO4−, and H2PO4−lie in the 12–17 kcal mol−1range, although F−is more strongly bound, by 26 kcal mol−1. Dianions SO42−and HPO42−are bound by 27 kcal mol−1, and trianion PO43−by 45 kcal mol−1. When two O atoms are available on the anion, the CH⋅⋅⋅O−H‐bond (HB) is usually bifurcated, although asymmetrically. The CH bond is elongated and its stretching frequency redshifted in these ionic HBs, but the shift is reduced in the bifurcated structures. Slightly more than half of the binding energy is attributed to Coulombic attraction, with smaller contributions from induction and dispersion. The amount of charge transfer from the anions to the σ*(CH) orbital correlates with many of the other indicators of bond strength, such as binding energy, CH bond stretch, CH redshift, downfield NMR spectroscopic chemical shift of the bridging proton, and density at bond critical points.
Platinum Complexes of a Borane‐Appended Analogue of 1,1′‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene: Flexible Borane Coordination Modes and in situ Vinylborane Formation
Authors: Cowie Bradley E. , Emslie David J. H.
Published: November 2014

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of David Emslie at McMaster University (Canada). The image depicts the ferrocene–borane ligand as an industrial robot, with a conventional claw arm representing the bis‐phosphine unit and an unconventional arm with a suction cup representing the borane acceptor. This single ligand gives access to multiple different bonding situations, hence the assembly line. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201404846.
ChemInform Abstract: Vibrational Spectrum and Gas‐Phase Structure of Disulfur Dinitride (S2N2)
Authors: Perrin Agnes , Flores Antognini Andrea , Zeng Xiaoqing , Beckers Helmut , Willner Helge , Rauhut Guntram
Published: November 2014

The first gas‐phase high‐resolution FTIR spectra of S2N2 (D2h) is presented together with a high‐level quantum mechanical and experimental study of its molecular ground‐state and equilibrium structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Mg2SiO4:Tb3+ Nanophosphor: Auto Ignition Route and Near UV Excited Photoluminescence Properties for WLEDs.
Authors: Naik Ramachandra , Prashantha S. C. , Nagabhushana H. , Nagaswarupa H. P. , Anantharaju K. S. , Sharma S. C. , Nagabhushana B. M. , Premkumar H. B. , Girish K. M.
Published: November 2014

Nanoparticles of Tb3+ doped (1—11 mol%) Mg2SiO4 are prepared by low temperature solution combustion with stoichiometric amounts of Mg(NO3)2 and fumed SiO2 as precursor and oxalyl di‐hydrazide (ODH) as fuel.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Single Crystal Growth and Properties of Sr5Pb3ZnO12.
Authors: Winiarski M. J. , Szreder N. A. , Barczynski R. J. , Klimczuk T.
Published: November 2014

Polycrystalline Sr5Pb3ZnO12 is prepared by firing a stoichiometric mixture of SrCO3, Pb3O4, and ZnO in air (alumina crucible, 800 °C, 36 h).The compound crystallizes similar to the known compounds Sr5Pb3MO12 (M: Co, Ni, Cu) in the space group P$\bar 6$2m (powder XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Low Temperature Synthesis and Structures of Alkaline Earth Metal Chalcogenides Ba3Cu4SbS6OH, BaCuSbS3 and BaCu2S2.
Authors: Ma Zhimin , Weng Fan , Wang Qiuran , Tang Qun , Zhang Ganghua , Zheng Chong , Han Ray P. S. , Huang Fuqiang
Published: November 2014

A mixture of Ba3Cu4SbS6OH (I) and BaCuSbS3 (II) is hydrothermally synthesized by reaction of Cu, Sb, S, and Ba(OH)2 in H2O (autoclave, 200 °C, 48—82 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐(Dichloromethyl)amines, α‐(Chloromethyl)amines, and α‐Chloroaziridines.
Authors: Li Desheng , Li Ya , Chen Zhiqiu , Shang Huaqi , Li Hongsen , Ren Xinfeng
Published: November 2014

The diastereoselective reaction of aldimines (I) with silane (II) at low temperature give α‐(dichloromethyl)amines (III) whereas aziridines (IV) are obtained when the reaction mixture is warmed up to room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Silylation of N‐Sulfonylimines: Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Amino Acids from CO2 via Stereospecific Carboxylation of α‐Amino Silanes.
Authors: Mita Tsuyoshi , Sugawara Masumi , Saito Keisuke , Sato Yoshihiro
Published: November 2014

An asymmetric silylation of N‐tert‐butylsulfonylimines by using a Cu‐secondary diamine complex as the catalyst is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Ti(III)‐Catalyzed Cyclizations of Ketoepoxypolyprenes: Control over the Number of Rings and Unexpected Stereoselectivities.
Authors: Morcillo Sara P. , Miguel Delia , Resa Sandra , Martin‐Lasanta Ana , Millan Alba , Choquesillo‐Lazarte Duane , Garcia‐Ruiz Juan M. , Mota Antonio J. , Justicia Jose , Cuerva Juan M.
Published: November 2014

Several synthetic applications of the primary reaction products are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free Semihydrogenation of Diarylalkynes: Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of trans‐Alkenes Using Na2S·9H2O.
Authors: Chen Zhengwang , Luo Miaoting , Wen Yuelu , Luo Guotian , Liu Liangxian
Published: November 2014

A simple procedure for the highly selective conversion of diarylalkynes to E‐alkenes by using a small excess of sodium sulfide as reductant is developed.