bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The CONTACT Continuing Professional Development Award scheme
Authors: Entwisle John
Published: January 2017

The greater Manchester Consortium for Advanced Continuing Education and Training (CONTACT) – a partnership of Manchester and Salford Universities, Manchester Polytechnic, UMIST and Manchester Business School – has recently introduced a novel Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Award scheme which aims to help in meeting the national need for the continuous updating of the knowledge and skills of individuals in industry, commerce and the public sector. The scheme is based on the wide range of post-experience short courses offered by these five institutions. The Award is obtained by accumulating credit from a series of courses attended at any of the five. The Award certificate is given when 120 contact hours have been successfully completed and lists the courses accredited.
Exploitable technology
Authors: Delmar Clare E.
Published: January 2017

Exploitable Technology ‘88, organized by New Scientist and Butterworth Scientific, London, UK, 13–14 October 1988
Knowledge-Based Skills
Authors: Shaw John Caiman
Published: January 2017

The development of practical skills depends upon knowing about and knowing how to do certain things. There still lingers the notion that the first is best dealt with by education and the second by training. This compartmentalization is unhelpful and the success of skilled professional practitioners requires a fully integrated programme balancing both elements. The ‘apprenticeship model’ provides an appropriate and well-tested framework of such integration. It is found particularly in preparation for professional qualifications – medicine, the law, accountancy and architecture. Too often there is insufficient balance in the contribution from specialists within the academic and practical worlds. The balance can be improved by engaging more practitioners directly in the educational process. Scottish universities have a long-standing tradition of practically-oriented degree courses which provide a useful framework for attracting the commitment of leading practitioners to the educational process. The author's experience of that model leads him to argue for its wider adoption, for example in business studies, as much to the benefit of practitioners as to students.
From Basic Research to the Commercial Marketplace
Authors: Adrion W. Richards , Chernoff Jaymie , McOwen Paul
Published: January 2017

This article describes computer science research and technology transfer programmes in place at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Three relevant areas are identified: basic research, applications driven research (often prompted by the private sector) and mechanisms for technology transfer. The history of industry–university collaboration at the university is outlined and policy and ethical issues are discussed. The activities of the various university bodies are described and explained.
EuroPACE: The Lessons Learned So Far
Authors: Weimer William A.
Published: January 2017

One of the most significant cooperative industry–higher education projects in Europe during the past decade has been EuroPACE, the European Programme of Advanced Continuing Education. In January 1993, EuroPACE ceased its broadcasts and re-entered the planning process. By the time this article has been published, EuroPACE should again be broadcasting, but with a somewhat different format and content. In this article, Bill Weimer presents a brief history of the first five years of EuroPACE and analyses the project. He examines key assumptions and decisions made, points out those which now appear to have been in error, and lists the lessons learned. Many of the assumptions and decisions made were correct; some of these are also discussed. This article will contribute the experience and lessons learned by EuroPACE to other joint industry–higher education projects. It may help them to avoid making some of the same mistakes.
The Development of Industry—Higher Education Relationships in Kuwait and the UK
Authors: Al-Ali Salahaldeen
Published: January 2017

The author compares existing links between industry and higher education in Kuwait and the UK as exemplified by activities and attitudes at the Universities of Newcastle upon Tyne and Durham in the north-east of England and Kuwait University. Although in both countries there are positive attitudes towards establishing and developing close links, considerably more progress has been made in the UK than in Kuwait, where there is a lack both of the necessary management structures and of agencies to promote interaction.
Research Analysis
Authors: George William O. , Thomas Brychan C. , Williams Stephanie
Published: January 2017

A massive exercise in the measurement of the level of research on a five-point scale within 72 subject areas or units of assessment and within 172 higher education institutions was carried out in 1992 throughout the UK by the Universities Funding Council. This provides the most comprehensive information to date on the research strengths of these institutions among the many subject areas. It is convenient to separate the units of assessment into those which broadly come within science, engineering, social science and humanities and to separate the institutions into old universities, new universities (the former polytechnics), other higher education institutions and medical colleges/schools. Whereas the ratings are evenly distributed among all subject areas in the old university sector, the ratings in the new universities and other institutions are skewed towards the humanities. The reasons for this are the subject of some analysis.
University Technology Licensing
Authors: Gering Thomas
Published: January 2017

In the mid-1980s, European universities began to set up intellectual property (IP) programmes following the models created by US universities. Contrary to widespread opinion, it can be shown that the recently developed patent policies of European universities do not conflict in principle with basic scientific objectives nor with the special legal framework in European countries. However, there is still confusion concerning the motivations for universities to become involved in this aspect of technology transfer and also the economic and strategic potential of such programmes and their effect on higher education in general. European universities still suffer from antitrust policies which severely restrict their opportunities in licensing markets. The argument set out in this article is that they can and should profit from experience in the USA, where universities now have the title to all IP created in government-sponsored research and the right freely to license this IP to industry. Recent evidence regarding the royalties earned, the number of patents granted to universities and the industrial sectors in which these technologies have been exploited provides valuable information for European institutions. Despite its risks, university technology licensing is of strategic importance to university development and can generate substantial income. To achieve these benefits, it is necessary to establish a medium- to long-term policy for the development of the university technology licensing function.
Technology Audit — A Tool for Change?
Authors: Davies L.B. , Duff E.J.
Published: January 2017

The authors set out the benefits to a university, in terms of technology exploitation, of a detailed technology audit. Taking the example of an audit carried out at the University of Manchester, they briefly describe the methodology employed and then discuss in detail its results, the institutional barriers to technology transfer it identified, and the positive learning and actions within the University which flowed directly from it. Key conclusions relate to the importance of networking among the technology transfer offices of various higher education institutions, the establishment of a ‘one-stop shop’ for technology transfer, the ideal composition of a technology transfer unit, the importance of funding availability up to demonstration stage, the argument for making technology transfer a ‘core activity’, and the crucial involvement of the highest levels of academic management in technology transfer operations.
European Technology Transfer
Authors: Potts Gareth
Published: January 2017

IACHEI 94, Fourteenth Annual Conference of the International Association of Consultants in Higher Education, with the theme ‘Technology Transfer between Universities and Industry: Problems and Solutions in European Countries’, Bologna, 10–12 October 1994.
Role of Fixture Forces on Distortion in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding — An Experimental and Modelling Approach
Authors: Sikström F , Christiansson A-K , Lennartson B
Published: January 2017

Simulation and experiments show that the fixture clamping force has a significant influence on the structural integrity of a welded workpiece. This understanding is of great importance for the manufacture of aerospace components with tight tolerances in the specifications. The focus in the present study is on the temperature history during welding and residual deformation; its main contribution is a demonstrator designed for evaluation of the influence of fixture clamping forces and validation of the simulation results. The demonstrator concerns a simplified situation considering gas tungsten arc welding of a nickel-based metal plate fixed by a specially designed fixture, where one side of the plate was clamped with different levels of force. The temperature history was measured during the weld sequence and deformation measurements were performed after cooling and release of the workpiece from the fixture. The results from simulation and experimentation showed good agreement. The proposed strategy is industrially competitive and has shown that the looser the fixture clamps, the smaller the residual deformation. Furthermore, the study provides a knowledge base for selection of active fixture concepts in that the fixture clamping force can be determined in advance and possibly also be subject to force control.
Influence of a High-Pressure Lubricoolant Supply on Thermo-Mechanical Tool Load and Tool Wear Behaviour in the Turning of Aerospace Materials
Authors: Klocke F , Sangermann H , Krämer A , Lung D
Published: January 2017

In the field of machining difficult-to-cut materials like titanium or nickel-based alloys, the use of a high-pressure lubricoolant supply may result in a significant increase of productivity and process stability. Due to enhanced cooling and lubrication of the cutting zone and thus reduced thermal tool load, tool wear can be decreased which allows higher applicable cutting speeds. Furthermore, the process stability can be increased as a result of effective chip breaking and chip evacuation. The present paper investigates the effect of high-pressure lubricoolant jets, directed into the tool—chip interface, in a longitudinal turning process with cemented carbide tools. For this type of lubricoolant supply the reduction of the contact length between tool and chip is an important detail. In turning of Inconel 718 and Ti6Al4V, the cutting tool temperature, tool wear, and resulting chip forms as well as the ratio of cutting forces and tool—chip contact area were analysed as a function of the lubricoolant supply pressure and flowrate (up to 300 bar, 55 l/min). To study the effect of the high-pressure lubricoolant supply, reference tests were carried out using conventional flood cooling. The results suggest that the tool temperature can be decreased by almost 25 per cent by the use of a high-pressure lubricoolant supply for both machined workpiece materials. However, due to the different tool wear mechanisms of the presented materials and the change in the specific load on the cutting edge during machining, the resulting tool wear was influenced differently. In the best case, tool wear could be reduced in an order of magnitude of 50 per cent, while in other cases tool wear even increased significantly due to the use of a high-pressure lubricoolant supply.
High-Quality High-Material-Usage Multiple-Layer Laser Deposition of Nickel Alloys Using Sonic or Ultrasonic Vibration Powder Feeding
Authors: Wang W , L Li
Published: January 2017

Laser-based metal deposition has been considered and applied as one of the most promising techniques for repairing high-value aerospace components such as turbines and vanes. Low component distortion and minimum heat input are the main advantages of laser-based alloy deposition techniques. The currently used laser deposition techniques are based on the gas delivery of metallic powders to the laser-generated melt pool. Despite efforts in improving delivery nozzle designs, the powder usage efficiency is still not 100 per cent, with some powders ejected from the deposition points, and powder feeding cannot be rapidly switched on and off to synchronize with laser-firing actions; this causes wastage of high-cost superalloy materials and contamination of the work environment. To mitigate this process deficiency, a gas-free vibration powder delivery system has been developed. The system uses sonic or ultrasonic vibration to exert a distributed driving force on the powder and to assist its delivery to the laser-generated melt pool. Three different configurations (off-axial, coaxial, and multiple-stream) were designed and evaluated. The initial problems encountered were instability of the powder flowrate owing to jamming and mass variations. Through various stages of design and optimization, the powder flowrate from these nozzles was found both to be highly stable and to have fast dynamic responses to the electrical control signals. Experiments on the deposition of various alloy materials including Inconel 718 were carried out with a 1.5 kW diode laser, a 1 kW single-mode fibre laser, and a 7 kW multimode fibre laser. They showed that 100 per cent deposition efficiency can be achieved by using the developed vibration delivery system. The deposition quality in terms of the surface roughness, microstructure, and porosity was also much improved in comparison with gas delivery laser deposition techniques. In addition, a high-volume material deposition rate at 3.31 kg/h has been demonstrated.
Modelling of the Melt Pool Geometry in the Laser Deposition of Nickel Alloys Using the Anisotropic Enhanced Thermal Conductivity Approach
Authors: Kamara A M , Wang W , Marimuthu S , Li L
Published: January 2017

Use of appropriate modes of heat transfer in finite element modelling simulations of laser deposition is important for enhancing the reliability of the predicted results. An important contributory mode is melt pool convection, which is the focus of this work. Using the anisotropic enhanced thermal conductivity approach, this study examines the strategies relating to the choice of appropriate values for the thermal conductivity enhancement factors in the orthogonal axial directions x, y, and z. In order to investigate different combinations of values for these factors in the laser deposition of one track of Inconel 718 powder on an EN-43A mild steel substrate, finite element models were prepared and results from these were compared with the corresponding experimental results. The results of the study suggested that no thermal conductivity enhancement should be enforced in the direction of the depth of the sample. Thermal enhancement factors in the two orthogonal directions are required, but the factor in the direction parallel to the direction of beam scanning should be of greater magnitude. Analysis of the thermal gradients from the model also showed that failure to incorporate any allowance for the melt pool convection effect with appropriate choice of thermal conductivity enhancement factors in the finite element modelling of the laser deposition can result in overprediction of thermal stress, which can lead to undue threats of various forms of distortion during the deposition process.
Development of a representative operation cycle characterized by dual time series for bulldozers
Authors: Zhang Baodi , Zhang Xin , Xi Lihe , Sun Chuanyang
Published: January 2017

Driving cycles have been developed for various types of vehicle by different nations and in different areas, as they have a substantial effect on analysis of the fuel economy and the emissions. As the concern about the fuel consumption and the emissions of engineering machinery increases continuously, it has become necessary to develop corresponding operation cycles for engineering machinery. However, a typical operation cycle for bulldozers and the methods for its development is still lacking. Therefore, a representative operation cycle for bulldozers was developed in this study. By taking advantage of readily available data from the Controller Area Network (CAN), large amounts of cycle experimental data were acquired in a typical bulldozing process. Two parameters, namely the bulldozing resistance and the speed, were employed to represent the operation cycle. The values of these parameters were calculated on the basis of the dynamic model and the kinematic model combined with system identification methods. Experimental cycles were divided into operation segments according to the respective operating processes, and characteristic parameters for the operation segments were chosen and calculated accordingly. The optimal representative operation cycle was finally selected on the basis of the smallest Mahalanobis distance. The fuel consumption and the probability distributions of the representative operation cycle were also compared with the average fuel consumption and probability distributions of all the operation cycles and analysed. The average correlation coefficient of the probability distributions was 0.936, whereas the difference in the fuel consumptions was only 1.786%. This indicates that the developed cycle is indeed appropriate for representing the operating process of the bulldozer.
Can low-carbon urban development be pro-poor? The case of Kolkata, India
Authors: Colenbrander Sarah , Gouldson Andy , Roy Joyashree , Kerr Niall , Sarkar Sayantan , Hall Stephen , Sudmant Andrew , Ghatak Amrita , Chakravarty Debalina , Ganguly Diya , Mcanulla Faye
Published: January 2017

Fast-growing cities in the global South have an important role to play in climate change mitigation. However, city governments typically focus on more pressing socioeconomic needs, such as reducing urban poverty. To what extent can social, economic and climate objectives be aligned? Focusing on Kolkata in India, we consider the economic case for low-carbon urban development, and assess whether this pathway could support wider social goals. We find that Kolkata could reduce its energy bill by 8.5 per cent and greenhouse gas emissions by 20.7 per cent in 2025, relative to business-as-usual trends, by exploiting readily available, economically attractive mitigation options. Some of these measures offer significant social benefits, particularly in terms of public health; others jeopardize low-income urban residents’ livelihoods, housing and access to affordable services. Our findings demonstrate that municipal mitigation strategies need to be designed and delivered in collaboration with affected communities in order to minimize social costs and – possibly – achieve transformative change.
When Perception Trumps Reality
Authors: Sand Anders , Nilsson Mats E.
Published: January 2017

Is semantic priming driven by the objective or perceived meaning of the priming stimulus? This question is relevant given that many studies suggest that the objective meaning of invisible stimuli can influence cognitive processes and behavior. In an experiment involving 66 participants, we tested how the perceived meaning of misperceived stimuli influenced response times. Stroop priming (i.e., longer response times for incongruent than for congruent prime-target pairs) was observed in trials in which the prime was correctly identified. However, reversed Stroop priming was observed when the prime stimulus was incorrectly identified. Even in trials in which participants reported no perception of the prime and identified the primes at close to chance level (i.e., trials that meet both subjective and objective definitions of being subliminal), Stroop priming corresponded to perceived congruency, not objective congruency. This result suggests that occasional weak percepts and mispercepts are intermixed with no percepts in conditions traditionally claimed to be subliminal, casting doubt on claims of subliminal priming made in previous reports.
Relative effective taxation and income inequality: Evidence from OECD countries
Authors: Iosifidi Maria , Mylonidis Nikolaos
Published: January 2017

Using a panel data set of effective tax rates that are directly comparable across Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and over time, we investigate the redistributive effect of labour, consumption and capital tax rates. We show that what matters from a redistributive standpoint is the tax mix rather than the tax rates in isolation from the rest. The results suggest that increasing the tax burden on labour or consumption relative to capital leads to higher income inequality. In contrast, greater reliance on labour taxes relative to consumption taxes improves income equality. This effect likely stems from the redistributive objectives of social security contributions incorporated in labour taxes.
Dialectical inferences in the ontogenesis of social representations
Authors: Barreiro Alicia , Castorina José Antonio
Published: January 2017

This article deals with a possible collaboration between two disciplines: developmental psychology and the theory of Social Representations (SR). The latter takes the study of the ontogenesis of social representations as a central issue, even though the explanation of this process is still inadequate. The objective of this paper is to analyse the potential found in the category of dialectical inferences, as formulated by Piagetian psychology, to act as a tool in explaining the psychological dynamics implied in the ontogenesis of social representations. We first present dialectics in the sense of an inferential process in the individual’s construction of new meanings or concepts. Secondly, we analyse the research that has studied the ontogenetic processes of SR, interpreting its results by appealing to dialectical inferences. Lastly, we examine the theoretical meaning of the research on the ontogenesis of SR.
Statistical methods for unidirectional switch designs: Past, present, and future
Authors: Zhan Zhuozhao , de Bock Geertruida H , van den Heuvel Edwin R
Published: January 2017

Clinical trials may apply or use a sequential introduction of a new treatment to determine its efficacy or effectiveness with respect to a control treatment. The reasons for choosing a particular switch design have different origins. For instance, they may be implemented for ethical or logistic reasons or for studying disease-modifying effects. Large-scale pragmatic trials with complex interventions often use stepped wedge designs (SWDs), where all participants start at the control group, and during the trial, the control treatment is switched to the new intervention at different moments. They typically use cross-sectional data and cluster randomization. On the other hand, new drugs for inhibition of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease typically use delayed start designs (DSDs). Here, participants start in a parallel group design and at a certain moment in the trial, (part of) the control group switches to the new treatment. The studies are longitudinal in nature, and individuals are being randomized. Statistical methods for these unidirectional switch designs (USD) are quite complex and incomparable, and they have been developed by various authors under different terminologies, model specifications, and assumptions. This imposes unnecessary barriers for researchers to compare results or choose the most appropriate method for their own needs. This paper provides an overview of past and current statistical developments for the USDs (SWD and DSD). All designs are formulated in a unified framework of treatment patterns to make comparisons between switch designs easier. The focus is primarily on statistical models, methods of estimation, sample size calculation, and optimal designs for estimation of the treatment effect. Other relevant open issues are being discussed as well to provide suggestions for future research in USDs.
Conditional overdispersed models: Application to count area data
Authors: Cepeda-Cuervo Edilberto , Córdoba Michel , Núñez-Antón Vicente
Published: January 2017

This paper proposes alternative models for the analysis of count data featuring a given spatial structure, which corresponds to geographical areas. We assume that the overdispersion data structure partially results from the existing and well justified spatial correlation between geographical adjacent regions, so an extension of existing overdispersion models that include spatial neighborhood structures within a Bayesian framework is proposed. These models allow practitioners to quantify the association explained by the considered neighborhood structures and the one modelled by additional factors. Finally, using the information provided by the Colombian National Demographic and Health Survey, the usefulness of the proposed models is illustrated by fitting them to infant mortality rates and to data including the proportion of mothers who, after giving birth to their last child, underwent a postnatal screening period in Colombia.
Multigenerational Differences in Career Preferences, Reward Preferences and Work Engagement among Indian Employees
Authors: Chawla Deepak , Dokadia Afsha , Rai Snigdha
Published: January 2017

The purpose of the present study is to empirically examine the multigenerational differences in career preferences, reward preferences and work engagement among three generations (senior generation, generation X and generation Y). Data were collected with the help of an online questionnaire from 653 working executives working in different Indian public and private organizations. Significance of differences in career preference, reward preference and work engagement among generations was analyzed with the help of analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Tukey test. Findings of the present study indicate that there is a significant difference in career preferences and work engagement among the three studied generations. Additionally, there is no significant difference in reward preferences among the three studied generations. The present article describes and discusses these findings and the global implications of the same for managers.
Corporate Governance and Timeliness of Financial Reporting by Indian Companies: An Empirical Study
Authors: B Charumathi , R Murali Krishnan
Published: January 2017

The Indian economy showed an impressive growth of 8.8% in June of 2010 fueled by various sectors and the indicators are positive regarding the foreign reserves and foreign direct investment. But, there are also some constraints and lack of transparency present in its governance issues. As corporate governance became the subject of attention in recent times, its presence is like a backbone for any corporate that emphasizes its role for survival and sustainable growth in the long run. It ensures transparency. Transparency includes the following eight concepts, namely accuracy, consistency, appropriateness, completeness, clarity, timeliness, convenience, and governance & enforcement. Out of these, Timeliness of financial reporting is one of the attribute of good corporate governance identified by the OECD and World Bank. Shareholders and other Stakeholders need information while it is fresh and with high relevance. This paper examines the timeliness of financial reporting by Indian companies which constitute the SENSEX index of BSE. Timeliness was measured by counting the number of days that has been lapsed between year-end and the date of the auditor's report of the concerned companies. As Sensex became the face of the Indian economy, we took 30 companies present in the SENSEX index of Bombay Stock Exchange and compared their reporting patterns for the financial years 2006–2010. The reliable data were drawn from the CMIE database Prowess and the Annual reports of the respective companies for the years 2006–2010.
The Ethics of Corporate Governance Practices in Jammu & Kashmir Bank Limited
Authors: Chahal Hardeep , Kumari Archana
Published: January 2017

The present paper examines the ethics of corporate governance (CG) practices of Jammu and Kashmir bank using content analysis. The annual reports from 2001-02 to 2008-09 are analysed with respect to board composition and various mandatory and non-mandatory committees. Corporate Governance scores are also calculated for the financial years to know the extent of corporate governance practices adopted by the bank. On the basis of findings, the study concludes that overall compliance of Jammu and Kashmir bank with respect to corporate governance practices as mentioned under clause 49 of the listing agreement is in general very good. However the quality of CG in the last financial year (2007-08) the quality of CG was excellent as the bank was following majority of the guidelines of Clause 49. The financial year 2008-09 shows fall in the CG score to 85 from 89 (2007-08). The study concludes with suggestions for improvement in the quality of CG practices.
Impact of Corporate Governance on the Performance of Nigerian Deposit Money Banks
Authors: EJ Okereke , S Abu , GI Anyanwu
Published: January 2017

This study examined the relationship between corporate governance practices in Nigerian Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) vis-à-vis their financial performances (2002-06). To accomplish this, data were collected through the use of questionnaire administered to Corporate Affairs Managers in twenty-four Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) and from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) annual report and statement of accounts and Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE) Fact Books. The data was descriptively and quantitatively analysed and the hypotheses tested using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The regression result of our analysis and test indicated a significant relationship and positive correlation between corporate governance and banks' performance. It is therefore recommended, among others, that Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in conjunction with the regulatory authorities should model various functions performed by banks and factor in all aspect of corporate governance variables as it may concern a highly regulated industry like the banking industry. This will go a long way in the designing of an optimal governance mechanism for the Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Nigeria and beyond.
Corporate Governance and Sovereign Wealth Funds: A Contradiction of Terms?
Authors: Gajjala Shailaja
Published: January 2017

Sovereign Wealth Funds are the largest and fastest growing institutional investor group in the world today. They are state owned funds which invest foreign exchange reserves in the equity and debt of companies overseas. SWFs from China and oil exporting Middle Eastern countries are the biggest in terms of asset size. They own equity in iconic global companies. This has raised alarms about the strategic use of SWF investments to serve national interests, and the extent to which SWFs are concerned with the concept of corporate governance itself. This paper examines governance issues in the context of SWF investments, and suggests measures India can take to benefit from such investments.
Why Do Some Firms Have Socially Homogeneous Boards?
Authors: Upadhyay Arun
Published: January 2017

Social activists and government agencies seek greater diversity on corporate boards without any considerations of firm or governance characteristics. Using a comprehensive dataset on over 8000 firms from 1996 through 2005, we explore the potential determinants of socially homogeneous boards based on the advisory and monitoring needs of a firm. We find that director-homogeneity is associated with lower advertising intensity, lower R&D intensity but greater firm risk. Director-homogeneity is also positively associated with measures of CEO influence such as CEO ownership, CEO tenure, non-independence of nominating committee and director ownership. Overall, the empirical evidence implies that firms choose social diversity on the board of directors based on the economic needs and existing governance structures.
Business Group Ownership of Banks: Issues and Implications
Authors: Deb Ashis Taru , Murthy K.V. Bhanu
Published: January 2017

The paper for the first time provides a theoretical framework for the conduct of business group owned banks. It introduces the phenomenon of business groups in the theory of financial intermediation by banks developed by Diamond (1984) with a view to analyze their impact on the result of financial intermediation. Two kinds of business groups are distinguished depending on the relationship between the firms and the bank comprising the group. It is argued that result of financial intermediation depends on the type of business groups. Diverse historical experiences relating to India and Japan are found to be in line with the theoretical formulation. The contemporary experience in India analyzed in the paper in the form of three case studies is also found to be in agreement with the above theory. The theory developed in the paper and the evidence in its favor through case studies leads to rejection of the idea of business group owned banks in India. The paper made a pioneering attempt to econometrically examine the impact of group ownership on conduct of a bank in an emerging economy like India. The paper substantiates the findings from case studies through estimating a logit model using panel data with the help of a Generalized Estimating Equation. The results clearly show that group banks differ in their conduct from non group banks. Firstly, groups exploit the bank by getting larger funds to augment the group�s fund position. It is also evident that the group bank is subjected to higher risk and is more fragile. A hypothesis that the group cross subsidizes its activities through owning a bank is found to be true. Some of the obvious corporate governance issues like collusion with the auditor do not come out very sharply.
Factors Influencing Corporate Environmental Performance in India
Authors: Jaikumar Geetha , Karpagam M , Thiyagarajan S
Published: January 2017

Swept along by the winds of change, corporations are now moving towards environmentally friendly production processes partly to ensure compliance with rules and regulations, and partly to reduce potential liabilities, exploit opportunities in new and emerging markets, and to respond effectively to competitive pressures. Today companies tend to be ranked not only on the basis of their financial performance but also on the basis of their environmental track record. Thus, while a defi nite trend in the direction of greening of corporate activities is clearly apparent, the present study seeks to identify the organizational factors which infl uence and contribute to the environmental performance of companies.

Environmental performance for this purpose was evaluated with respect to the company's track record vis-à-vis the following components: existence of a separate environmental policy, concrete environmental action plan in the areas of energy saving, air pollution control, effluent treatment before discharge, solid waste management, ongoing environmental education programs for employees, giving priority to environmental impact in the selection of new technology, conducting life cycle analysis study on products, disclosure of environmental information relating to its products and services, availability of emission and material usage data, practice of environmental accounting, green supply chain management, green procurement policy and involvement of the company in local community activities.
The Role of Corporate Governance: A Hurdle or Steroid in the Commercialization of Innovations?
Authors: Ben P John , Dwivedi Neeraj
Published: January 2017

Products such as the i-pod, i-pad and i-tunes have revolutionized the way we look at technology. Largely, the origins of such innovative products have always been in the developed countries. India however is well known for providing low cost services especially in the areas of Information Technology and Business Process Outsourcing. Barring some innovations such as the Nano, introduced by Tata Motors, there are a few that really stand out. This study looks at the relationship among efforts in innovation, realized innovation and market value of firms. It empirically examines whether Corporate Governance (CG) mechanisms hamper or catalyze the critical stage of commercialization of innovations. Our message to principals is that they need to move beyond lip service and pay attention to the efficacy of processes within the ambit of the CG framework.
Expanding Responsibilities of Corporate Governance: The Incorporation of CSR and Sustainability
Authors: Lawrence Stewart , Collins Eva , Roper Juliet
Published: January 2017

Traditionally, directors’ responsibilities have been to the members (shareholders) of the company. But in the 21st century a view has arisen that they have responsibilities to a wider group of interested parties. Different philosophical approaches support the alternative views about corporate governance. These philosophical underpinnings will be examined. Also, evidence of directors’ responsibilities to the wider community will be illustrated through a national survey of directors in New Zealand.

Increasingly, it seems that good corporate governance will involve an expanded view of the responsibilities of company directors. The laissezfaire, free market philosophy has been tempered by a realization that the firm is a part of a wider environment. It is becoming accepted by a large proportion of business firms that the well being of the firm is tied to the well being of the environment, at least in the longer term perspective.
Determinants of Directors' Remuneration in Malaysian Public Listed Companies
Authors: Haron Hasnah , Akhtaruddin M
Published: January 2017

The aim of this paper is to investigate the determination of directors' remuneration in Malaysian Listed companies. In particular, it investigates whether corporate governance structure and firm-specific characteristics have an influence over the directors' compensation. Using a sample of 120 companies listed on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia, our analysis documents that firms with a greater numbers of members on the board are more inclined to increase their remuneration. It also reports that as ownership concentration increases, the amount of directors' remuneration decreases due to the effective monitoring by the external block-holders.

This study supplements the compensation literature by providing unique insights into drivers of excessive directors' compensation. The sole determinant of variation in directors' remuneration appears to be the firm-specific attributes in term of firm size, leverage and performance indicating a positive sign on Malaysia's corporate culture as directors' remuneration is dependent on the economic factors rather than being controlled by the board itself. This study offers insights to policy makers and regulatory agencies in designing executive compensation and corporate governance structure in emerging economies.
Rajat Gupta: An American Dream Upturned - A Case Study
Authors: Rawat Surya Rashmi , Raj Vignesh , Manoharan Arvind , Vineet Shubham
Published: January 2017

A glittering career of over 35 years whose inspirational story has been a fairy tale to many aspiring management graduates and entrepreneurs across the globe, this case study revolves around the corporate journey travelled by the Indian American businessman, Rajat Gupta.

The objective of this case study is to track the rise and fall of one of the most celebrated corporate executives of the present era, tracing his miraculous journey from an orphan in Kolkata to his success at McKinsey & Company through sheer hard work and determination and finally his corporate demise on account of conviction for conspiracy and securities fraud. The case study critically analyses Rajat Gupta through the ups and downs of his corporate career.
Sustainable Disclosure Practices: A Study of Sensex Companies in India
Authors: Bhatia Aparna , Tuli Siya
Published: January 2017

Companies are making ample efforts to shrink unsustainable practices and for this the best method is to be accountable by providing sustainability reports. The present study seeks to assess the extent and level of sustainability reporting in India. For this purpose, 14 companies producing separate sustainability report (2010-11) out of 30 SENSEX companies comprise the sample set. Content analysis has been applied as a data collection tool. Descriptive analysis of these sustainability reports have been done at three levels- company-wise, industry-wise and categorywise. The company-wise disclosure analysis reveals that TATA Steel has secured the highest rank shared by Tata Consultancy Services while industry-wise analysis shows that Computer Software is the highest reported industry group. Further one way ANOVA has been applied for inter-industry wise disclosure but no significant difference was found. Category-wise analysis indicates that companies disclose about their �Strategy & analysis� the most.
Music and Emotion: Themes and Development
Authors: Lamont Alexandra , Eerola Tuomas
Published: January 2017

This special issue draws on a selection of papers presented at the inaugural International Conference on Music and Emotion in Durham in 2009, focusing on the scientific approach to understanding music and emotions. In this editorial we consider the current state of research into music and emotion, drawing comparisons with the earlier special issue of this journal published ten years ago and between the two edited collections which mark progress in this period. We consider issues of theory and methodology in relation to the wider field of psychology of music as illustrated by the papers in this volume and other recently published research, considering some of the barriers towards progress and some of the areas where new insights have been gained.
Why is Sad Music Pleasurable? A Possible Role for Prolactin
Authors: Huron David
Published: January 2017

A hedonic theory of music and sadness is proposed. Some listeners report that nominally sad music genuinely makes them feel sad. It is suggested that, for these listeners, sad affect is evoked through a combination of empathetic responses to sad acoustic features, learned associations, and cognitive rumination. Among those listeners who report sad feelings, some report an accompanying positive affect, whereas others report the experience to be solely negative. Levels of the hormone prolactin increase when sad – producing a consoling psychological effect suggestive of a homeostatic function. It is proposed that variations in prolactin levels might account for the variability in individual hedonic responses. Specifically, it is conjectured that high prolactin concentrations are associated with pleasurable music-induced sadness, whereas low prolactin concentrations are associated with unpleasant music-induced sadness.
Measuring Music-Induced Emotion: A Comparison of Emotion Models, Personality Biases, and Intensity of Experiences
Authors: Vuoskoski Jonna K. , Eerola Tuomas
Published: January 2017

Most previous studies investigating music-induced emotions have applied emotion models developed in other fields to the domain of music. The aim of this study was to compare the applicability of music-specific and general emotion models – namely the Geneva Emotional Music Scale (GEMS), and the discrete and dimensional emotion models – in the assessment of music-induced emotions. A related aim was to explore the role of individual difference variables (such as personality and mood) in music-induced emotions, and to discover whether some emotion models reflect these individual differences more strongly than others. One hundred and forty-eight participants listened to 16 film music excerpts and rated the emotional responses evoked by the music excerpts. Intraclass correlations and Cronbach alphas revealed that the overall consistency of ratings was the highest in the case of the dimensional model. The dimensional model also outperformed the other two models in the discrimination of music excerpts, and principal component analysis revealed that 89.9% of the variance in the mean ratings of all the scales (in all three models) was accounted for by two principal components that could be labelled as valence and arousal. Personality-related differences were the most pronounced in the case of the discrete emotion model. Personality, mood, and the emotion model used were also associated with the intensity of experienced emotions. Implications for future music and emotion studies are raised concerning the selection of an appropriate emotion model when measuring music-induced emotions.
The Functions of Music for Affect Regulation
Authors: van Goethem Annelies , Sloboda John
Published: January 2017

Musical experiences are often reported to influence emotions (Juslin & Västfjäll, 2008; Sloboda, O'Neill, & Ivaldi, 2001): people consciously and unconsciously use music to change, create, maintain or enhance their emotions and moods (affect) on a daily basis for their personal benefit (DeNora, 1999; Schramm, 2005). This is known as affect regulation. However, existing research has not yet answered questions of how music regulates affect, especially beyond the expressive properties of music (Meyer, 1956). The aims of the studies presented here were to investigate (a) how music functions to regulate affect, (b) which affects it regulates, and (c) whether music listening can be considered a successful affect regulation device. A one-week diary study with interviews and a three-week diary study were conducted. The main findings were: (1) music helps through broader affect regulation strategies like distraction, introspection, and active coping; music can for example distract someone from the affect or situation, or help to think about the affect or situation in a rational way; (2) music plays a major role in creating happiness and relaxation; (3) music overall is a successful regulation device with a range of underlying mechanisms helping different strategies. The current paper is a valuable addition to the existing literature and provides several new insights into the function of music for affect regulation in everyday life. The insight gained into which strategies and underlying mechanisms are involved when music is used for affect regulation might be used for the benefit of people's emotional wellbeing.