bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wide-Coverage Efficient Statistical Parsing with CCG and Log-Linear Models
Authors: Clark Stephen , Curran James R.
Published: December 2007

This article describes a number of log-linear parsing models for an automatically extracted lexicalized grammar. The models are “full” parsing models in the sense that probabilities are defined for complete parses, rather than for independent events derived by decomposing the parse tree. Discriminative training is used to estimate the models, which requires incorrect parses for each sentence in the training data as well as the correct parse. The lexicalized grammar formalism used is Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG), and the grammar is automatically extracted from CCGbank, a CCG version of the Penn Treebank. The combination of discriminative training and an automatically extracted grammar leads to a significant memory requirement (up to 25 GB), which is satisfied using a parallel implementation of the BFGS optimization algorithm running on a Beowulf cluster. Dynamic programming over a packed chart, in combination with the parallel implementation, allows us to solve one of the largest-scale estimation problems in the statistical parsing literature in under three hours.

A key component of the parsing system, for both training and testing, is a Maximum Entropy supertagger which assigns CCG lexical categories to words in a sentence. The supertagger makes the discriminative training feasible, and also leads to a highly efficient parser. Surprisingly, given CCG's “spurious ambiguity,” the parsing speeds are significantly higher than those reported for comparable parsers in the literature. We also extend the existing parsing techniques for CCG by developing a new model and efficient parsing algorithm which exploits all derivations, including CCG's nonstandard derivations. This model and parsing algorithm, when combined with normal-form constraints, give state-of-the-art accuracy for the recovery of predicate-argument dependencies from CCGbank. The parser is also evaluated on DepBank and compared against the RASP parser, outperforming RASP overall and on the majority of relation types. The evaluation on DepBank raises a number of issues regarding parser evaluation.

This article provides a comprehensive blueprint for building a wide-coverage CCG parser. We demonstrate that both accurate and highly efficient parsing is possible with CCG.
Rape in Maliki Legal Doctrine and Practice (8th–15th Centuries C.E.)
Authors: Serrano Delfina
Published: December 2007

This paper draws on a series of texts written by jurists of the Maliki School of Law between the 8th and the 15th century. The variety of these sources and their examination in chronological order makes it possible to sketch different stages of elaboration and observing the relationship between doctrinal development and legal practice within the Maliki School of that period. My conclusion is that Maliki doctrine on rape was far from being monolithic, and that it changed over time as a result of a series of efforts to accommodate social demands and on the grounds of rationality, equity and justice.
Idrah'ū l-hudūd bi-l-shubuhāt: When Lawful Violence Meets Doubt
Authors: Fierro Maribel
Published: December 2007

This article explores the origin and diffusion of the legal saying, which stated that God's sanctions were not to be applied in cases where there was room for doubt (idra'ū l-hudūd bi-l-shubuhāt), and how it was transformed into a Prophetic saying that was employed mainly by Hanafis and Mālikīs, and rejected by the Hanbalīs and the Zāhirī Ibn Hazm. Behind these developments there is the tension between two equally compelling needs in the early Islamic period: on the one hand, the desire to avoid as much as possible imposition of the severe hadd penalties; on the other hand, the fact that such avoidance usually played in favour of the rich and the powerful.
"Asbab l'il-darb ktir basita": The Legality of Claims of Violence During Judicial Divorce Cases in Damascus
Authors: Carlisle Jessica
Published: December 2007

Through observations of Damascus shari'a (or Muslim family) court processing of three recent judicial divorce cases, this paper analyses court personnel's evaluations of the veracity and legal implications of allegations of domestic violence. These accusations are not articulated as a justification for judicial rulings granting divorces to female claimants in the court's files. However, despite the fact that the issue is not recorded in the paper work, allegations of physical and psychological abuse are not marginalised or ignored by the court. These claims both contribute to establishing the legally established conditions for the granting of a judicial divorce and may also be a factor in the courts ruling on what financial settlement is entailed by the termination of the marriage.Court procedure appoints professional arbiters to hear judicial divorce claims in private sessions, and allows them considerable discretion in processing these cases since their recommendations do not have to be substantiated in their final report to the judge. It is only through observation of the arbiters' work, therefore, that conclusions can be drawn regarding the norms that contribute to their recommendations to the court. Although they often make strenuous attempts to reconcile spouses, arbiters routinely grant persistent claims and award signifiant financial entitlements. In making their recommendations, arbiters are influenced by several factors; the kinds of evidence offered to substantiate a claim, social definitions of violent acts, the nature of specific claims, pragmatism regarding the spouses'financial circumstances and the expectations of the judicial culture. These three cases demonstrate the complexity and unpredictability of the processing of cases and support the conclusion that judicial divorce claims receive a sympathetic hearing in the court.
Alexander's gloss: about Azo, Revigny, and a horse stable
Authors: Bezemer Kees
Published: December 2007

Not many medieval authors have quoted Azo's so-called Lectura Codicis. Those who did, referred to it as a work of Alexander (de Sancto-Egidio). A passage in Jacques de Revigny's lecture on the Code shows that he knew it as Alexander's gloss.
An Institutional Theory of Sanctions Onset and Success
Authors: Lektzian David , Souva Mark
Published: December 2007

Why do economic sanctions sometimes succeed, but often fail, to produce a policy change? The authors argue that the effect of economic punishment is conditional on a state's political institutions. In all cases, the key to sanctions success is to generate political costs for the target regime's winning coalition. However, because of different institutional incentives, economically punishing sanctions are less likely to succeed against a nondemocratic target than against a democratic target. Sanctions increase rents. This benefits nondemocratic leaders more than democratic ones. Also, nondemocratic leaders have smaller winning coalitions, so their core constituents suffer less from sanctions than democratic leaders. Additionally, the authors' strategic argument leads to novel hypotheses regarding the initiation of sanctions. They test hypotheses from their political cost argument against all dyadic sanctions cases between 1948 and 1990, using two different dependent variables and a censored selection estimator to take into account the strategic nature of sanctioning.
Fighting with Faith
Authors: Svensson Isak
Published: December 2007

A growing literature has started to explore the relationship between religious dimensions and the escalation, duration, and termination of armed conflicts. This study explores the conditions for negotiated settlements. The author argues that if the belligerents' demands are explicitly anchored in a religious tradition, they will come to perceive the conflicting issues as indivisible, and the conflict will be less likely to be settled through negotiations. Utilizing unique data on the primary parties' religious demands and identities, all intrastate conflict-dyads in the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), 1989-2003, are examined. The study finds that if governments or rebel-groups have made explicit religious claims, these conflict-dyads are significantly less likely than others to be terminated through negotiated settlement. By contrast, whether the primary parties come from different religious traditions does not affect the chances for negotiated settlement.
Homophily, Cultural Drift, and the Co-Evolution of Cultural Groups
Authors: Centola Damon , González-Avella Juan Carlos , Eguíluz Víctor M. , San Miguel Maxi
Published: December 2007

Studies of cultural differentiation have shown that social mechanisms that normally lead to cultural convergence—homophily and influence—can also explain how distinct cultural groups can form. However, this emergent cultural diversity has proven to be unstable in the face of cultural drift—small errors or innovations that allow cultures to change from within. The authors develop a model of cultural differentiation that combines the traditional mechanisms of homophily and influence with a third mechanism of network homophily, in which network structure co-evolves with cultural interaction. Results show that in certain regions of the parameter space, these co-evolutionary dynamics can lead to patterns of cultural diversity that are stable in the presence of cultural drift. The authors address the implications of these findings for understanding the stability of cultural diversity in the face of increasing technological trends toward globalization.
Restraint or Propellant? Democracy and Civilian Fatalities in Interstate Wars
Authors: Downes Alexander B.
Published: December 2007

This article investigates the effect of regime type on the number of civilian fatalities that states inflicted in interstate wars between 1900 and 2003. As opposed to several previous studies, the author finds little support for normative arguments positing that democracies kill fewer civilians in war. In fact, the author finds that democracies are significantly more likely than nondemocracies to kill more than fifty thousand noncombatants. Democracies also kill more civilians when they are involved in wars of attrition and kill about as many (and perhaps more) noncombatants than autocracies in such wars. These findings provide qualified support for institutional arguments about democratic accountability. Other implications of the institutional view, however, are not upheld, such as the argument that democracies select easy wars that should result in few civilian casualties because they are won quickly and decisively. Finally, democracies do not appear to kill fewer civilians in more recent wars.
Coming of Age and the Family in Medieval England
Authors: Bailey B. Gregory , Bernard Meaghan E. , Carrier Gregory , Elliott Cherise L. , Langdon John , Leishman Natalie , Mlynarz Michal , Mykhed Oksana , Sidders Lindsay C.
Published: December 2007

This article examines coming of age in medieval England through a very broad-based, multiauthored approach not normally found in the social sciences. Among other things, it examines what equated to legal ages for inheriting land and for criminal responsibility; the age-specific activities of young people, especially as revealed through proofs of ages; the spiritual framework of coming of age, particularly through the perspective of confirmation; and the introduction of young people to work in a practical sense and how this was probably bolstered morally through such things as fairy tales. The article also draws on comparative material from the Industrial Revolution. Preeminently, the article demonstrates the exciting potential for further work on how children became adults in medieval society.
The Shifting Roles of Women in Intergenerational Mutual Caregiving in Japan: The Importance of Peace, Population Growth, and Economic Expansion
Authors: Tanaka Kimiko , Johnson Nan E.
Published: December 2007

This article looks at historical changes in the cultural superstructure defining the proper organization of elder care. Intergenerational mutual care in Japan developed in a context of various factors, including cultural ideals, centralization of the civil state, and the family unit, called the ie . In the Tokugawa period, care was often emphasized as men's morality in public, for the Tokugawa shogunate emphasized the Confucian ideology of filial piety. As Japan moved from the Tokugawa to the Meiji period, it became more feasible for the government to create legal pressures on women to care for children and the dependent elderly in the privatized ie . Although the ethics of care moved from the public to the private sphere, socioeconomic transformation enabled women to gain equal education and enabled the elderly to live longer. Generational differences now bring conflicts and tensions in Japanese society in determining where the morality of care should belong.
Sibling Conflict within Early Modern German Noble Families
Authors: Bastress-Dukehart Erica
Published: December 2007

In late medieval and early modern Germany, it was legal and acceptable for heads of noble households to imprison female family members as a method of punishment or coercion. Although few fathers took advantage of this strategy, brothers who succeeded their fathers as heads of households proved far less reluctant to incarcerate their sisters when the women challenged their authority. This practice of gendered coercion often led to politically destructive, divisive, and emotionally charged conflicts among siblings. This article examines the conflicts between noble brothers and their sisters, and explores why women refused to obey their brothers and what the consequences of their rebellion were. As Shakespeare has reminded us, the emotional discord between aristocratic brothers often altered a family's political fortunes. This article suggests that the same was true for the relationship between noblewomen and the brothers who tried to control them.
Totherswamp's Lament: Christian Indian Fathers and Sons in Early Massachusetts
Authors: Romero R. Todd
Published: December 2007

Focusing on two striking episodes in the early history of Natick, a Christian Indian town in colonial Massachusetts, this article examines the importance of Indian fathers and sons in New England missionary discourse and efforts. Just as missionaries saw fatherhood and patrimony as key to propagating Indian Christianity across generations, Native Americans who resisted the mission viewed prominent fathers and sons as a useful target for their resentment.
The Harrisons Go To Jamaica: Race and Sexual Violence in the Age of Abolition
Authors: Rugemer Edward B.
Published: December 2007

This article explores the intersection of race, the abolition of slavery, and the fear of sexual violence in the correspondence of Robert Monroe Harrison. A white Virginian and career diplomat for the United States, Harrison spent his career in the Caribbean, sometimes joined by his wife, Margaret, and their five children. For many years, Harrison's positions could not maintain the family overseas, but in 1831 he was stationed in Jamaica, Britain's largest slave colony, and the family was reunited. But slave rebellion swept the island in 1831, and Parliament abolished slavery in 1834. Harrison feared that sexual violence against whites would be the inevitable result of black emancipation, and, unable to protect his family, Harrison wrote about his fears to his superiors. Harrison's racial fears characterized those of white men faced with black emancipation across time and space. His correspondence is a valuable if disturbing window into the shaping of racist thought.
The Subject's Duties and the Citizen's Demands: On Changes in Elder Care in Swedish Agrarian Society, 1815-1939
Authors: Rosén Ulla
Published: December 2007

The performance of elder care, both public efforts and family based, in two socio-economically very different settings is examined. The author argues that there were connections between an area's socioeconomic structure and the way elder care was organized. Until 1920, elder care was governed by traditional patriarchal values found in both areas. Elderly people with some resources could more easily obtain public support than those who had nothing. Also, a gender dimension was visible because men but not women were allowed reproductive support. Women had to work because of their class position, not because of their sex. The growing welfare state blurred the distinction between the private and the public sphere as old age security shifted from a family duty to a civil right. This shift, linked to democratization, occurred more slowly in the region of landless tenants and farm-workers, which also was the more patriarchal-dominated area.
Understanding the motivation of travelers on repeat visits to Thailand
Authors: Bongkosh Ngamsom Rittichainuwat  , Hailin Qu  , Mongkhonvanit Chollada
Published: December 2007

This study aims to 1) examine travel motivation of travelers to revisit Thailand, 2) determine whether there is a significant difference in travel motivation between first time and repeat travelers and among travelers with different demographic profiles, and 3) identify the impact of travel motivation on the likelihood of travelers to revisit Thailand. The result shows significant differences in travel motivations between first time and repeat travelers and among travelers with different demographic profiles and significance of positive impressions of the `good food value, shopping, and a variety of things to do' and `novelty seeking' on the likelihood of travelers to revisit Thailand.
A word-of-mouth approach to informal information sharing among part-time and short-term employed front-line workers in tourism
Authors: Lundberg M. Christine
Published: December 2007

This article aims at understanding informal information sharing among a group of part-time front-line employees with short-term contracts in tourism, by adapting an external marketing concept, Word-of-Mouth communication (WOM), into an internal environment of an organization — the employee market. As a result of using this approach, insights have been made into the informal internal marketing activities and subsequent learning processes that occur through informal information sharing between employees. It is also evident that through this sharing of experiences front-line employees learn how to create successful service encounters and thereby find their roles as a part-time marketer within their organization. As a result of the findings a new concept is introduced and discussed — Internal Word-of-Mouth (IWOM).
Developing wine tourism: A case study of the attitude of English wine producers to wine tourism
Authors: Howley Michael , van Westering Jetske
Published: December 2007

The development of wine tourism has been shown to have a possible positive effect for growers in wine producing areas. Examples of areas where studies have demonstrated this effect include Texas and Rioja. It is believed that the English wine producers, for the most part, are not organized to derive the maximum benefit from wine tourism. At present English vineyards are suffering from the general depression in British agriculture and vineyard owners would benefit from any additional income such as that which could be generated by tourist expenditure. A qualitative study conducted by the authors in 2001 and 2002 shows vineyard proprietors' attitudes to wine tourism and identify ways in which they think wine tourism in the UK can be encouraged and organized to the benefit of the wine producers. This paper will present findings of the study and, using secondary data, notably from the Texas Wine Marketing Research Institute, wine tourism practices in the UK will be compared with those in other wine producing regions. Preliminary findings show growing polarization in the UK wine production world between a small number of large producers, selling wine to major supermarkets, airlines and for export, and small life-style proprietors, becoming heavily dependent on cellar door sales. Findings also show a continuing lack of joint vineyard promotional activity whether organized by the producer, by central government, local government or by tourist authorities.
A Semester-long Student-directed Research Project Involving Enzyme Immunoassay: Appropriate for Immunology, Endocrinology, or Neuroscience Courses
Authors: Ramos Goyette Sharon , DeLuca Jane
Published: December 2007

The following project aimed at promoting integrated and long-lasting learning is described for an Immunology course, but it may be adapted to other disciplines. Students were asked to develop and carry out a research project to examine the relationship between immune function and stress. The experiments were required to include the assessment of salivary cortisol and salivary IgA (sIgA) with enzyme immunoassays. All other aspects of the experiments were developed by student groups with appropriate guidance from the instructor. Data are presented for one group project that assessed the effect of music on cortisol and sIgA. Overall levels of sIgA and cortisol were consistent with reported values. Students found a significant decrease in cortisol over time. Additionally, there was a trend that supported the overall student hypothesis regarding the effect of stress and immune function. Compared with the same Immunology course that included an instructor-designed experiment using enzyme immunoassays for cortisol and sIgA, several assessments (e.g., final grades and comments on student evaluations) show that overall learning seemed to be much better in the course with the student-directed research project.
Identifying Future Scientists: Predicting Persistence into Research Training
Authors: McGee Richard , Keller Jill L.
Published: December 2007

This study used semistructured interviews and grounded theory to look for characteristics among college undergraduates that predicted persistence into Ph.D. and M.D./Ph.D. training. Participants in the summer undergraduate and postbaccalaureate research programs at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine were interviewed at the start, near the end, and 8–12 months after their research experience. Of more than 200 themes considered, five characteristics predicted those students who went on to Ph.D. and M.D./Ph.D. training or to M.D. training intending to do research: 1) Curiosity to discover the unknown, 2) Enjoyment of problem solving, 3) A high level of independence, 4) The desire to help others indirectly through research, and 5) A flexible, minimally structured approach to the future. Web-based surveys with different students confirmed the high frequency of curiosity and/or problem solving as the primary reason students planned research careers. No evidence was found for differences among men, women, and minority and nonminority students. Although these results seem logical compared with successful scientists, their constancy, predictive capabilities, and sharp contrast to students who chose clinical medicine were striking. These results provide important insights into selection and motivation of potential biomedical scientists and the early experiences that will motivate them toward research careers.
The Annotated Bibliography and Citation Behavior: Enhancing Student Scholarship in an Undergraduate Biology Course
Authors: Flaspohler Molly R. , Rux Erika M. , Flaspohler John A.
Published: December 2007

Contemporary undergraduates in the biological sciences have unprecedented access to scientific information. Although many of these students may be savvy technologists, studies from the field of library and information science consistently show that undergraduates often struggle to locate, evaluate, and use high-quality, reputable sources of information. This study demonstrates the efficacy and pedagogical value of a collaborative teaching approach designed to enhance information literacy competencies among undergraduate biology majors who must write a formal scientific research paper. We rely on the triangulation of assessment data to determine the effectiveness of a substantial research paper project completed by students enrolled in an upper-level biology course. After enhancing library-based instruction, adding an annotated bibliography requirement, and using multiple assessment techniques, we show fundamental improvements in students' library research abilities. Ultimately, these improvements make it possible for students to more independently and effectively complete this challenging science-based writing assignment. We document critical information literacy advances in several key areas: student source-type use, annotated bibliography enhancement, plagiarism reduction, as well as student and faculty/librarian satisfaction.
Keeping It Real: Substantive Learning on a Short Calendar
Authors: Lostroh C. Phoebe
Published: December 2007

Many institutions offer courses that last less than a quarter and are a student's sole academic responsibility for that short term. There is an unfortunate and incorrect perception that such short classes cannot be used to teach substantively. At Colorado College, we teach all of our courses in 3.5 wk, including majors' courses in molecular cell biology and related fields. The article presents strategies for exploiting short terms as excellent venues for deep learning in the biological sciences.
Building, Using, and Maximizing the Impact of Concept Inventories in the Biological Sciences: Report on a National Science Foundation–sponsored Conference on the Construction of Concept Inventories in the Biological Sciences
Authors: Garvin-Doxas Kathy , Klymkowsky Michael , Elrod Susan
Published: December 2007

The meeting “Conceptual Assessment in the Biological Sciences” was held March 3–4, 2007, in Boulder, Colorado. Sponsored by the National Science Foundation and hosted by University of Colorado, Boulder's Biology Concept Inventory Team, the meeting drew together 21 participants from 13 institutions, all of whom had received National Science Foundation funding for biology education. Topics of interest included Introductory Biology, Genetics, Evolution, Ecology, and the Nature of Science. The goal of the meeting was to organize and leverage current efforts to develop concept inventories for each of these topics. These diagnostic tools are inspired by the success of the Force Concept Inventory, developed by the community of physics educators to identify student misconceptions about Newtonian mechanics. By working together, participants hope to lessen the risk that groups might develop competing rather than complementary inventories.
H. Craig Heller
Authors: Mays Hoopes Laura L.
Published: December 2007

Note from the Editor

Educator Highlights for CBE—Life Sciences Education show how professors at different kinds of institutions educate students in life sciences with inspiration and panache. If you have a particularly creative teaching portfolio yourself, or if you wish to nominate an inspiring colleague to be profiled, please e-mail Laura Hoopes at lhoopes@pomona.edu .
Grappling with the Literature of Education Research and Practice
Authors: Dolan Erin L.
Published: December 2007

The absence of a central database and use of specialized language hinder nonexperts in becoming familiar with the science teaching and learning literature and using it to inform their work. The challenge of locating articles related to a specific question or problem, coupled with the difficulty of comprehending findings based on a variety of different perspectives and practices, can be prohibitively difficult. As I have transitioned from bench to classroom-based research, I have become familiar with how to locate, decipher, and evaluate the education research literature. In this essay, I point out analogies to the literature of science research and practice, and I reference some of the literature that I have found useful in becoming an education researcher. I also introduce a new regular feature, “Current Insights: Recent Research in Science Teaching and Learning,” which is designed to point CBE—Life Sciences Education (CBE-LSE) readers to current articles of interest in life sciences education, as well as more general and noteworthy publications in education research.
Fairness and Cooperation Are Rewarding
Authors: TABIBNIA GOLNAZ , LIEBERMAN MATTHEW D.
Published: December 2007

Abstract:  To motivate their consumers or employees, corporations often offer monetary incentives, such as cash‐back deals or salary bonuses. However, human behavior is not solely driven by material outcome; fairness and equity matter as well. In a recent neuroimaging study, fair offers led to higher happiness ratings and increased activity in several reward regions of the brain compared with unfair offers of equal monetary value. Other neuroimaging studies have similarly shown activation in reward regions in response to cooperative partners or cooperative play. Here, we review these findings and discuss the implications for organizational settings.
Neuro‐Gov
Authors: FARMER DAVID JOHN
Published: December 2007

Abstract: Neuroscience promises to act as a catalyst, in the longer run, in seeking re‐unification of the fragmented social sciences (e.g., political science and economics) and social action subjects (e.g., public administration and business administration) that concern governance. Neuroscience can achieve this because it reveals that taken‐for‐granted concepts, and the language used to express them, should be challenged. What should be sought is a language called in this paper Neuro‐Gov.
Toward an Organizational Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: BUTLER MICHAEL J.R. , SENIOR CARL
Published: December 2007

Abstract:  The research strategy adopted in this article is to connect two different discourses and the ideas, methods, and outputs they contain—these being cognitive neuroscience and organization theory. The main contribution of the article is to present an agenda for the field of organizational cognitive neuroscience. We define what is meant by the term, outline its background, identify why it is important as a new research direction, and then conclude by drawing on Damasio's levels of life regulation as a framework to bind together existing organizational cognitive neuroscience. The article begins by setting the wider debate behind the emergence of organizational cognitive neuroscience by revisiting the nature–nurture debate and uses Pinker to demonstrate that the connection between mind and matter has not been resolved, that new directions are opening up to better understand human nature, and that organizational cognitive neuroscience is one fruitful path forward.
Cognitive Accuracy and Intelligent Executive Function in the Brain and in Business
Authors: BAILEY CHARLES E.
Published: December 2007

Abstract: This article reviews research on cognition, language, organizational culture, brain, behavior, and evolution to posit the value of operating with a stable reference point based on cognitive accuracy and a rational bias. Drawing on rational‐emotive behavioral science, social neuroscience, and cognitive organizational science on the one hand and a general model of brain and frontal lobe executive function on the other, I suggest implications for organizational success. Cognitive thought processes depend on specific brain structures functioning as effectively as possible under conditions of cognitive accuracy. However, typical cognitive processes in hierarchical business structures promote the adoption and application of subjective organizational beliefs and, thus, cognitive inaccuracies. Applying informed frontal lobe executive functioning to cognition, emotion, and organizational behavior helps minimize the negative effects of indiscriminate application of personal and cultural belief systems to business. Doing so enhances cognitive accuracy and improves communication and cooperation. Organizations operating with cognitive accuracy will tend to respond more nimbly to market pressures and achieve an overall higher level of performance and employee satisfaction.
A Tale of Capital, Philanthropy, and the Supreme Court
Authors: McBride James
Published: December 2007

james mcbride is an attorney at Schulte Roth and Zabel llp in New York City and was formerly Associate Professor of Religion and Social Ethics at Fordham University in New York. He is the author of War, Battering, and Other Sports: The Gulf between American Men and Women (Humanities Press, 1995) and of more than a dozen articles on law and religion.
Theologico-Political Resonance: Carl Schmitt between the Neocons and the Theonomists
Authors: Runions Erin
Published: December 2007

erin runions is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at Pomona College. She is the author of How Hysterical: Identification and Resistance in the Bible and Film (Palgrave, 2003) and Changing Subjects: Gender, Nation, and Future in Micah (Sheffield Academic Press, 2001).
The Sexual Politics of the “New Abolitionism”
Authors: Bernstein Elizabeth
Published: December 2007

elizabeth bernstein is Assistant Professor of Women's Studies and Sociology at Barnard College, Columbia University. She is the author of Temporarily Yours: Intimacy, Authenticity, and the Commerce of Sex (University of Chicago Press, 2007) and coeditor of Regulating Sex: The Politics of Intimacy and Identity (Routledge, 2005).
Persecution Complexes: Identity Politics and the “War on Christians”
Authors: Castelli Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2007

elizabeth a. castelli is Professor of Religion at Barnard College at Columbia University. She is the author, most recently, of Martyrdom and Memory: Early Christian Culture Making (Columbia University Press, 2004), and the editor of the journal, Postscripts: The Journal of Sacred Texts and Contemporary Worlds, published by Equinox (uk).
Tension field finite element analyses and experiments related to the wrinkling of membranes
Authors: Shrivastava S , Wu J
Published: December 2007

Finite element (FE) solutions to wrinkling of membranes are presented. The FE program constructed for this purpose is based on the tension field concept of wrinkling. Several specific problems are analysed. The FE results are validated by experiments. The predicted extents of wrinkled regions are found to be in good agreement with the experimental observations. As an example of wrinkle control of membrane structures in space, the paper presents an FE solution to the problem of finding peripheral tension forces to render taut a circular membrane with a slack eccentric patch. The required trial-and-error solution procedure, in conjunction with the constructed FE program, introduces a rectangular flexibility matrix not used previously.
Contribution of kinematic field measurements to the modelling of the Portevin-Le Chaâtelier effect by the image correlation method
Authors: Bouabdallah K , Balland P , Tabourot L , Vacher P
Published: December 2007

As various studies have developed the modelling of the Portevin-Le Chaâtelier (PLC) phenomenon, the geometrical characteristics and the kinematics of the associated bands need to be experimentally evaluated to provide data for the models. This paper outlines the interest in a new experimental method which uses the measurement of the displacement field by image correlation. With the aim of emphasizing the power of this experimental tool, the characterization of continuous propagation of PLC bands, known as type A, has been chosen.

Parameters such as the width of the band, the propagation velocity, and above all the distribution of the deformation inside the band have been experimentally determined by examining the kinematic field on the whole surface of the sample during a tensile test. This method is very accurate and could be a very useful tool for simulations with finite element code at two levels. Firstly, it leads to the experimental determination of geometrical parameters of the bands which are parameters of the analytical models. Secondly, it enables the kinematic fields to be quantified everywhere on the sample (inside and outside the bands), which is very useful for the validation of finite element simulations.
Decay rates for a transversely isotropic piezoelectric hollow circular nanocolumn
Authors: Pan E , Wang X , Albrecht J. D
Published: December 2007

The decay rate of the elastic and electric fields along the growth direction of a transversely isotropic piezoelectric hollow or solid circular nanocolumn is investigated by developing the general solution for the corresponding three-dimensional problems. While the proposed method can be applied to asymmetric deformation, only axisymmetric deformation is considered in this paper. The derived results are first verified by comparison with existing elastic isotropic solutions. Then, the locus of smaller roots is plotted for different wall thicknesses, including also the limiting solid circular nanocolumn case. Owing to the material anisotropy and the coupling between the mechanical and electric fields, there exists an intriguing interaction of real and complex root loci for the torsionless axisymmetric deformation. The numerical results also show that the geometric parameter, material anisotropy, and piezoelectricity of the hollow or solid nanocolumn can substantially influence the decay rates, which can be applied to the strain relaxation analysis in novel semiconductor structures containing self-assembled nanoposts and nanocolumns.
Adhesion of endothelial cells using self-assembly peptides under precise deformation control of tissue-engineered vessels
Authors: Xu J , Zhou X , Ge H , Zhao Y
Published: December 2007

The objective of this study was to anchor endothelial cells using self-assembly peptides under precise deformation control of tissue-engineered vessels. An acelluarized vascular matrix was used as the control group to examine the function of self-assembly peptides. In the experiment group, the self-assembly peptides were added to the inner surface of tissue-engineered vessels to form a monolayer. Then the endothelial cells were injected into the vascular lumen. A deformation control system was developed which was based on real-time image analysis and feedback control system. After dynamic culture by different deformation (set points 1, 5, and 10 per cent), the endothelial cell densities of experimental and control groups were compared.

Both the self-assembly peptides and the extent of deformation affected the endothelial cell density on the inner surface of tissue-engineered vessels. The construct with self-assembly peptides under 5 per cent deformation gained the highest endothelial cell density. It was concluded that the deformation of assembled peptides contributes to the development and adhesion of endothelial cells in the inner surface of tissue-engineered vessels.
Mechanics of the passive knee joint. Part 2: Interaction between the ligaments and the articular surfaces in guiding the joint motion
Authors: Amiri S , Cooke D , Kim I Y , Wyss U
Published: December 2007

The aim of this study was to examine how the interaction between ligament tensions and contact forces guides the knee joint through its specific pattern of passive motion. A computer model was built based on cadaver data. The passive motion and the ligament lengthening and force patterns predicted by the model were verified with data from the literature. The contribution of each ligament and contact force was measured in terms of the rotational moment that it produced about the tibial medial plateau and the anterior-posterior (AP) force that it exerted on the tibia. The high tension of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the geometric constraints of the anterior horns of the menisci were found to be key features that stabilized the knee at full extension. The mutual effect of the cruciates was found as the reason for the screw-home mechanism at early flexion. Past 30°, the AP component of contact force on the convex geometry of the lateral tibial plateau and tension of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) were identified as elements that control the joint motion. From 60° to 90°, reduction in the tension of the ACL was determined as a reason for continuation of the tibial anterior translation. From 90° to 120°, increase in the tension of the posterior cruciate ligament and the AP component of the contact force on the convex geometry of the lateral tibial plateau pushed the tibia more anteriorly. This anterior translation was limited by the constraining effects of the ACL tension and the AP component of the contact force on the medial meniscus. The important guiding role observed for the LCL suggests that it should not be overlooked in knee models.
Finite element modelling of the Ilizarov external fixation system
Authors: Watson M , Mathias K J , Maffulli N , Hukins D W L , Shepherd D E T
Published: December 2007

This study describes a computational method for predicting the mechanical response of any configuration of the Ilizarov external fixation system. Mechanical testing of each of the individual components (ring, threaded rod, and wire) of the Ilizarov system was used to determine the stiffness of each component. Finite element (FE) analysis was then used to model each of the individual components. Each model was tuned to match the mechanical testing. A modular FE modelling system, using a master input file, was then developed where the tuned FE models of the individual components could be generated, positioned, and interconnected to replicate a range of fixator configurations. The results showed that the stiffness predications from the FE modelling of the fixator configurations were consistently 10 per cent higher than the stiffness values obtained from the mechanical testing. The FE modelling system can be used to predict the characteristic response of the fixator configurations and clearly shows the relative changes in that response for variations in the number of components used.
Fabrication of porous bioactive structures using the selective laser sintering technique
Authors: Savalani M M , Hao L , Zhang Y , Tanner K E , Harris R A
Published: December 2007

Hydroxyapatite, a ceramic with which natural bone inherently bonds, has been incorporated into a polymer matrix to enhance the bioactivity of implant materials. In order to manufacture custom-made bioactive implants rapidly, selective laser sintering has been investigated to fabricate hydroxyapatite and polyamide composites and their properties investigated. One objective of this research was to identify the maximum hydroxyapatite content that could be incorporated into the matrix, which was sintered at various parameters. The study focused on investigating the control of porosity and pore size of the matrix by manipulating the selective laser sintering parameters of the laser power and laser scan speed. The interception method was used to analyse the internal porous morphology of the matrices which were cross-sectioned through the vertical plane. Most notably, all structures built demonstrated interconnection and penetration throughout the matrix. Liquid displacement was also used to analyse the porosity of the matrices. The laser power showed a negative relationship between porosity and variation in parameter values until a critical power value was reached. However, the same relationship for laser scan speed matrices was inconsistent. The effects of the laser power and laser scanning speed on the features of porous structures that could influence cell spreading, proliferation, and bone regeneration are presented.
On the effect of dynamic flow conditions on blood microstructure investigated with optical shearing microscopy and rheometry
Authors: Kaliviotis E , Yianneskis M
Published: December 2007

Red blood cell (RBC) aggregation affects significantly the flow of blood at low shear rates. Increased RBC aggregation is associated with various pathological conditions; hence an accurate quantification and better understanding of the phenomenon is important. The present study aims to improve understanding of the effect of dynamic flow conditions on aggregate formation; whole blood samples from healthy volunteers, adjusted at 0.45 haematocrit were tested in different flow conditions with a plate-plate optical shearing system, image analysis, and a double-walled Couette rheometric cell. Results are presented in terms of aggregation index Aa, aggregate size index As and number of aggregates, which are shown to vary with shear rate γ and with different shear rate variations with time γ. The aggregation index Aa was observed to increase as the shear rate decreased between 10 and 3 s−1. Above 10 s−1, Aa was found to have a minimum value indicating minimal aggregation while, at approximately 3 s−1, Aa reaches a maximum. The aggregation size index As, the number of aggregates, and the blood viscosity were found to vary considerably when the same sample was examined over the same shear rate range, but for different variations of shear rate with time, γ.
Precision of wear measurement using the shadowgraph technique
Authors: Cunningham J L , Bisbinas I , Greenwood R , Learmonth I D
Published: December 2007

The shadowgraph technique is a relatively easy-to-use and inexpensive method of wear measurement from explanted acetabular cups. In this technique, from a mould of the internal surface of the cup, measurements of linear wear and wear angle can be obtained, from which volumetric wear can be calculated. In this study the measurement precision of this technique was assessed and the influence of different observers and multiple moulds was also determined. It was found that linear wear (coefficient of variation (CV) = 1.49 per cent) can be more precisely determined than wear angle (CV = 8.18 per cent) and that both the observer and the mould can significantly influence the results obtained, although the influence of the mould is considerably less than that of the observer.
A method to quantify hand-transmitted vibration exposure based on the biodynamic stress concept
Authors: Dong R G , Welcome D E , Wu J Z
Published: December 2007

This study generally hypothesized that the vibration-induced biodynamic stress and number of its cycles in a substructure of the hand-arm system play an important role in the development of vibration-induced disorders in the substructure. As the first step to test this hypothesis, the specific aims of this study were to develop a practical method to quantify the biodynamic stress-cycle measure, to compare it with ISO-weighted and unweighted accelerations, and to assess its potential for applications. A mechanical-equivalent model of the system was established using reported experimental data. The model was used to estimate the average stresses in the fingers and palm. The frequency weightings of the stresses in these substructures were derived using the proposed stress-cycle measure. This study found the frequency dependence of the average stress distributed in the fingers is different from that in the palm. Therefore, this study predicted that the frequency dependencies of finger disorders could also be different from those of the disorders in the palm, wrist, and arms. If vibration-induced white finger (VWF) is correlated better with unweighted acceleration than with ISO-weighted acceleration, the biodynamic stress distributed in the fingers is likely to play a more important role in the development of VWF than is the biodynamic stress distributed in the other substructures of the hand-arm system. The results of this study also suggest that the ISO weighting underestimates the high-frequency effect on the finger disorder development but it may provide a reasonable risk assessment of the disorders in the wrist and arm.