bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of Ethiopian Durum Wheat Lines in Two Diverse Environments
Authors: Dessalegn T. , Labuschagne M. T. , Van Deventer C. S.
Published: March 2006

In Ethiopia, durum wheat is largely used for production of local fermented and flat bread. Two diverse environments (Motta and Adet) were used to evaluate 15 durum wheat genotypes for grain yield and quality traits. The mean flour protein content of genotypes ranged from 10.1 % to 12.5 % and 6.7 % to 8.1 % at Motta and Adet respectively. The mean mixograph development time was 4 min at Motta and 2.8 min at Adet and SDS (Sodium dodecyl sulphate) sedimentation ranged between 10.7 and 32.3 ml across locations. Flour protein content was correlated negatively with mixograph development time and positively with vitreous kernels and single‐kernel hardness at both environments. Mixograph development time was selected to predict the gluten strength. Flour protein content, SDS sedimentation and seed weight were included in a stepwise regression. A prediction model was compiled that explained 69 % of the variation for mixograph development time.
Nitrogen Partitioning in Entire Plants of Different Spring Wheat Cultivars
Authors: Andersson A. , Johansson E.
Published: March 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate nitrogen partitioning in entire plants, including roots, of spring wheat in two temperature regimes during grain filling. Six cultivars, genetically different and with varying grain protein concentration, were grown in solution culture to full maturity. After anthesis, half the plants were grown in high temperature (23/17 °C, day/night) and half in low temperature (18/12 °C). Root nitrogen concentration was genetically influenced. The roots had ability to redistribute nitrogen to aboveground plant parts. At maturity the roots contained 10–20 % of the total nitrogen amount in the plants. Harvest index (HI) and harvest index for the entire plant (HItot) for cv. Heta were significantly higher at low temperature than at high. Cv. Heta had a rapid development rate from planting to maturity. Due to slow senescence at low temperature, cv. Kärn II showed lower HI and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) at low, compared with high, temperature. Cvs Kärn II and Sport showed higher nitrogen amount in the roots and shoots at low, compared with high, temperature. A negative correlation was found between NHI and NHItot vs. root weight, total shoot weight and root N amount. Because of the latter correlation, breeding for low root N concentration is suggested.
Response of pea (Pisum sativum L.) to mepiquat chloride under varying application doses and stages
Authors: Elkoca E. , Kantar F.
Published: March 2006

Grown as a monoculture, peas (Pisum sativum L.) exhibit severe lodging after flowering and lodging causes yield reductions considerable. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dose (untreated, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g a.i. ha−1) and stage (late vegetative, early blooming and early pod filling) of mepiquat chloride (MC) application on the growth, lodging control, seed yield and yield parameters of pea (Pisum sativum L.) under field conditions in Erzurum, Turkey in 2002 and 2003. Application doses of 25, 50, 75 and 100 g a.i. ha−1 significantly reduced stem height by 5.3 %, 7.2 %, 7.5 % and 6.4 % and increased stem width by 7.5 %, 12.7 %, 12.3 % and 15.7 % respectively, when compared with the untreated control, and thereby reduced the tendency of the crop to lodging. Increases of the seed yield under different application doses of MC ranged between 13.7 % and 20.1 % over the untreated control. However, in all parameters investigated, except for stem width, higher application doses of MC gave no clear advantages compared with the application dose of 25 g a.i. ha−1. Seed yield was also significantly influenced by application stage of MC and application at early blooming stage of crop, MC significantly increased seed yield by 11.4 % and 10.2 % when compared with the late vegetative and the early pod filling stages respectively. Furthermore, the interaction of application dose and stage was significant, and spraying of pea plants with 25 g a.i. ha−1 MC at early blooming stage has the most beneficial effects on the characters evaluated.
Responses of Soya bean Yield and Yield Component Distribution across the Main Axis under Source–Sink Manipulation
Authors: Liu X. B. , Herbert S. J. , Hashemi A. M. , Litchfield G. V. , Zhang Q. Y. , Barzegar A. R.
Published: March 2006

Extensive studies have been conducted regarding the source–sink alterations on soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield, but limited information is available for the seed yield and distribution of yield components across main nodes under whole‐plant light‐enriched conditions. A 2‐year research was conducted at the University of Massachusetts Agronomy Farm under ambient and light‐enriched conditions for two old and two new cultivars planted with a normal density. A randomized block design was used in each year. Light enrichment was initiated at the onset of flowering by installing a 90‐cm tall wire mesh fencing (mesh hole size 4–5 cm) adjacent to the centre row and sloping away at a 45° angle and was left in place for the remainder of the growing season. Five source–sink manipulations were initiated following the establishment of light enrichment. The yield sensitivity of the two old cultivars to the changes in source strength and light‐enriched conditions during reproductive period was much greater than that of the two new cultivars. The increased yield by light enrichment in various manipulations of source–sink treatments was, in part, due to increased branch contribution. Most pods were produced at the nodes in the middle sections of the plants and appeared in higher node position in new cultivars compared with the old cultivars. Seed number per pod and seed size was quite uniform across all node positions. Seed size of both the old and the new cultivars was responsive to changes in the source–sink ratio and changes in the environment during the growth of the soya bean plant. The results suggested that soya bean plants showed several mechanisms to control or realize their excess reproductive potential in a constantly changing environment.
Influence of larval frass extracts on the oviposition behaviour of Monochamus alternatus (Col., Cerambycidae)
Authors: Li S.‐Q. , Zhang Z.‐N.
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  The oviposition behaviour and response of adult females of Monochamus alternatus to short lengths (bolts) of Pinus massoniana trunks treated with hexane extracts of larval frass of M. alternatus was investigated in the laboratory. Females gnawed significantly fewer oviposition scars, and deposited significantly fewer eggs, on extract‐treated bolts than on control bolts. These results suggest the presence of a possible oviposition deterrent in larval frass of M. alternatus. Hexane extracts of larval frass were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and α‐pinene, β‐pinene, 3‐carene, limonene, longifolene and butylated hydroxytoluene were identified. Experiments with synthetic mixtures indicated that a mixture of monoterpenes and butylated hydroxytoluene exhibited oviposition‐deterring activity.
Routine isotropic computed tomography scanning of the abdomen and pelvis
Authors: Sandrasegaran K , Rydberg J , Lall CG , Hameed T , Hawes DR , Kopecky KK
Published: March 2006

For 30 years, abdominal CT has been imaged and reviewed in the axial plane. It is now possible to carry out isotropic imaging of the whole abdomen and pelvis using a 40‐channel scanner. This allows creation of coronal and sagittal reformats with the same image quality as the axial images. In this study, we present our experience of reviewing routinely coronal and, occasionally, sagittal reformats. We discuss situations where these nonaxial reformats are most beneficial.
Intravenous lobular capillary haemangioma: Ultrasound and histology findings
Authors: Maddison A , Tew K , Orell S
Published: March 2006

Intravenous lobular capillary haemangioma is a rare variant of lobular capillary haemangioma. This article describes the ultrasound and histological findings of such a lesion.
Intrinsic measurement bias on computed tomography scout view is unpredictable: Computed tomography pelvimetry using a phantom
Authors: Anderson NG , Fenwick JL , Wells JE
Published: March 2006

Our aim was to determine the degree of bias in CT scanogram measurements. We obtained standard lateral and anteroposterior (AP) pelvimetry scanograms of a phantom pelvis after placing ball bearings or aluminium rods to mark bony landmarks. Computed tomography pelvimetry was carried out at the manufacturer‐recommended table height on two commercial CT scanners and at 10‐mm increments up to 50 mm above and below this height. The AP inlet, AP outlet, interspinous distance and transverse diameters were each measured three times for each scanogram. The true measurements were obtained directly from the disassembled phantom. Bias was defined as the difference between the CT measurement and the true measurement. Observer error was negligible. The transverse diameter was overestimated at high table positions and underestimated at low table positions on both scanners (+6 to −10 mm). After correcting for geometric distortion, up to 6 mm bias was still present. The point at which no bias occurred was different for each scanner and did not correspond to the manufacturers’ recommended table height. The outlet was overestimated on both scanners by up to 5 mm. The true inlet measurement was overestimated by 1.2 mm. The interspinous distance was minimally underestimated on both scanners. The measurements on CT scanogram were underestimated or overestimated in an inconsistent and unpredictable fashion, varying from one type of measurement to another and from CT scanner to CT scanner. This has implications for the accuracy and clinical utility of measurements obtained from a CT scanogram.
Update of radiosurgery at the Royal Adelaide Hospital
Authors: Roos DE , Brophy BP , Bhat MK , Katsilis ES
Published: March 2006

This is an update of the Royal Adelaide Hospital radiosurgery experience between November 1993 and December 2004 comprising 165 patients with 168 intracranial lesions. Including re‐treatment, there were 175 treatment episodes (163 radiosurgery and 12 stereotactic radiotherapy) at an average of 1.3 per month. The commonest lesions were acoustic neuroma (65), arteriovenous malformation (58), solitary brain metastasis (23) and meningioma (14). The clinical features, treatment details and outcome are described. Our results continue to be well within the range reported in the published work. Radiosurgery provides an elegant, non‐invasive alternative to neurosurgery and conventional external beam radiotherapy for many benign and malignant brain tumours.
Anorexic dis(connection): managing anorexia as an illness and an identity
Authors: Rich Emma
Published: March 2006

This paper explores the ways in which young women ‘manage’ the complexities of the presentation of an anorexic identity, the stigma attached to it, and the relationships that are developed with fellow sufferers. A range of ethnographic data and ‘voices’ are drawn upon, including a small qualitative study within a leading centre in the UK for the treatment of eating disorders. The paper begins by outlining the ways in which for many young women, anorexia is a stigmatised identity which in various contexts comes to be perceived as an irrational and self‐inflicted condition. It was reported by the young women in our study that many of their peers, families and teachers made sense of their eating disorder through a medicalised discourse which focused on visual aspects of weight gain/loss and often stigmatised the condition, reducing it to a position of pathology or irrationality. It is argued that these experiences form a type of ‘discursive constraint’ (Ronai 1994) which many of the young women attempt to resist by engaging with alternative contexts and relationships through which they can construct more positive self‐representations of anorexia or anorexic identities. As is revealed through the various data sources, as these young women negotiate the various discourses which offer them alternative subjectivities, they come to manage anorexia as both an illness and an identity.
The nervous system in early HIV infection: a prospective study through 7 years
Authors: Samuelsson K. , Pirskanen‐Matell R. , Bremmer S. , Hindmarsh T. , Nilsson B. Y. , Persson H. E.
Published: March 2006

In this study 28 patients with early stage HIV infection (CD4 >280 × 106/l) were subjected to yearly examinations of the nervous system up to 7 years in order to detect any deterioration. Clinical neurological as well as neuropsychological performance was evaluated. The patients also underwent yearly neurophysiological tests (digital EEG, visual evoked potentials, somatosensory evoked potentials, auditory evoked potentials P300 and electroneurography). Every other year, SPECT with 99mTc‐d,l‐hexamethylpropylene amine oxime and brain MRI were performed. Originally, 38 patients were included in the study but only the results of 28 patients who complied with three of more yearly check‐ups are presented. The results of yearly investigations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been presented earlier [Eur J Neurol4 (1997) 1]. All the patients showed signs of HIV in the CSF. Yet, no major deterioration in the neurological, psychological performance, neurophysiological or neuroimaging examinations could be discerned.
Trigger point evaluation in migraine patients: an indication of peripheral sensitization linked to migraine predisposition?
Authors: Calandre E. P. , Hidalgo J. , García‐Leiva J. M. , Rico‐Villademoros F.
Published: March 2006

Although migraine is a neurovascular disorder, both scalp tenderness and referred pain have been observed in migraine patients. The present study was carried out to investigate the presence of trigger points eliciting referred pain in 98 migraine patients and in 32 healthy subjects. Trigger points were found in 92 (93.9%) migraineurs and in nine (29%) controls (P < 0.0001). The number of individual migraine trigger points varied from zero to 14 (modal number: 4), and was found to be related to both the frequency of migraine attacks (P < 0.0001), and the duration of the disease (P = 0.017). About 74% of the total detected trigger points were found in temporal and/or suboccipital areas; other locations were mainly found in patients showing more than four trigger points. Trigger point palpation provoked a migraine attack in 30 (30.6%) patients. Pericraneal allodynia was found in 15 (15.3%) patients. These data indicate that nociceptive peripheral sensitization is a usual finding in migraine, and that central sensitization can develop in patients with frequent attacks and long‐lasting disease. Trigger points’ detection in migraine patients could be useful when applying therapies like acupuncture, needling or botulinum toxin injections directed to reduce peripheral sensitization.
Plasma total homocysteine levels are associated with advanced leukoaraiosis but not with asymptomatic microbleeds on T2*‐weighted MRI in patients with stroke
Authors: Naka H. , Nomura E. , Takahashi T. , Wakabayashi S. , Kajikawa H. , Kohriyama T. , Mimori Y. , Matsumoto M.
Published: March 2006

Both leukoaraiosis and asymptomatic microbleeds are associated with small‐artery diseases. Although an association between hyperhomocysteinemia and leukoaraiosis has been reported, no studies have evaluated the association between total homocysteine (tHcy) level and presence of microbleeds in stroke patients. We evaluated the association between tHcy level and leukoaraiosis or microbleeds in stroke patients. In 102 patients with stroke (69.5 ± 10.3 years old, 54 men and 48 women), microbleeds on T2*‐weighted MR images were counted, leukoaraiosis on T2‐weighted images was graded and fasting plasma tHcy concentrations were measured. Plasma tHcy level was significantly higher in patients with advanced leukoaraiosis than in those without advanced leukoaraiosis (13.9 ± 4.6 μmol/l vs. 10.2 ± 3.4 μmol/l, P < 0.0001). Plasma tHcy level was not significantly different in patients with microbleeds and those without microbleeds (11.3 ± 4.1 μmol/l vs. 11.4 ± 4.3 μmol/l, P = 0.9441). Elevated tHcy level is significantly and independently associated with advanced leukoaraiosis [odds ratio (OR), 1.330; 95% CI, 1.130–1.565] but not with the presence of microbleeds. Elevated tHcy level appears to be associated with ischemic small‐artery disease rather than with bleeding‐prone small‐artery disease.
The importance of cerebrospinal fluid on neural cell proliferation in developing chick cerebral cortex
Authors: Mashayekhi F. , Salehi Z.
Published: March 2006

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is mainly produced by the choroid plexuses within the ventricles of the brain. The CSF circulates in a regular manner after the ventricular system and the choroids plexuses have developed, and the foramina in the fourth ventricle have opened to enable it to carry chemical information. CSF flows through the ventricular system passing over all regions of germinal activity. In this study, chick embryos were used to show the importance of CSF on neural cell proliferation in the developing cerebral cortex. The chick embryos were cannulated in situ with a fine capillary tube to drain CSF out of the ventricular system. At the same time, BrdU was administered to the embryos. After surgery the embryos were incubated for another 3 days. Quantitative measurements showed that the thicknesses of the germinal epithelium and cerebral cortex in CSF‐drained embryos were less than those in the control group at the same age. The number of cells produced in the germinal epithelium of CSF‐drained embryos was decreased when compared with the normal group. This study provides confirmatory evidence that CSF is important for neural cell proliferation and therefore normal development of the cerebral cortex. It is proposed that CSF is vital in controlling development of the cerebral cortex.
Migraine and stroke – why do we talk about it?
Authors: Lampl C. , Marecek S.
Published: March 2006

Data from observational studies suggest that migraine may be a risk factor for stroke. Furthermore, a significant association between migraine and ischemic stroke (IS) has been demonstrated in population and case–control studies. The risk of IS appears to be higher for migraine with aura than for migraine without aura. The pathogenesis is not known but several studies report some common biochemical mechanisms in the two diseases. Meta‐analysis also demonstrates that subjects with migraine are at higher risk of showing white matter abnormalities on magnetic resonance images than are those without migraine.
Forest‐tree population genomics and adaptive evolution
Authors: González‐Martínez Santiago C. , Krutovsky Konstantin V. , Neale David B.
Published: March 2006

Forest trees have gained much attention in recent years as nonclassical model eukaryotes for population, evolutionary and ecological genomic studies. Because of low domestication, large open‐pollinated native populations, and high levels of both genetic and phenotypic variation, they are ideal organisms to unveil the molecular basis of population adaptive divergence in nature. Population genomics, in its broad‐sense definition, is an emerging discipline that combines genome‐wide sampling with traditional population genetic approaches to understanding evolution. Here we briefly review traditional methods of studying adaptive genetic variation in forest trees, and describe a new, integrated population genomics approach. First, alleles (haplotypes) at candidate genes for adaptive traits and their effects on phenotypes need to be characterized via sequencing and association mapping. At this stage, functional genomics can assist in understanding gene action and regulation by providing detailed transcriptional profiles. Second, frequencies of alleles in native populations for causative single‐nucleotide polymorphisms are estimated to identify patterns of adaptive variation across heterogeneous environments. Population genomics, through deciphering allelic effects on phenotypes and identifying patterns of adaptive variation at the landscape level, will in the future constitute a useful tool, if cost‐effective, to design conservation strategies for forest trees.
New microsatellite loci for Carcharhinid sharks (Carcharhinus tilstoni and C. sorrah) and their cross‐amplification in other shark species
Authors: OVENDEN JENNIFER R. , STREET RAEYWN , BRODERICK DAMIEN
Published: March 2006

Twelve microsatellite DNA markers were isolated in the spot‐tail shark (Carcharhinus sorrah) and nine were isolated in Australian black‐tip shark (Carcharhinus tilstoni). These loci plus 18 others developed for sharks from the genera Negaprion, Ginglymostoma, Carcharodon and Isurus were tested for amplification success on four species of Carcharhinus (including C. sorrah and C. tilstoni) and four other species representing three diverse families. Cross‐amplification was most common within families. Five loci were subsequently tested for polymorphism on 50 C. sorrah and 60 C. tilstoni. The number of alleles per locus was two to 24 and the average heterozygosity was 0.54 (range 0.16–0.87) for C. sorrah and 0.64 (range 0.44–0.78) for C. tilstoni. These loci may be useful tools for genetic analyses of the Carcharhinidae.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for the waratah, Telopea speciosissima (Proteaceae)
Authors: PORTER CAROLYN , RYMER PAUL D. , ROSSETTO MAURIZIO
Published: March 2006

Thirteen microsatellite loci were developed from an (AG)‐enriched library using Telopea speciosissima, a widespread species of dry‐sclerophyll forest in New South Wales (NSW, Australia). Genotyping of 30 seeds from one population of T. speciosissima and 15 seeds from one population of the related Telopea aspera (restricted to the Gibraltar Range in northern NSW) was successfully performed. The loci were also tested across seven other related species. The microsatellites will be used to compare population dynamics across a range of taxa representing different distribution patterns.
Development and testing of novel chloroplast microsatellite markers for Lolium perenne and other grasses (Poaceae) from de novo sequencing and in silico sequences
Authors: MCGRATH S. , HODKINSON T. R. , SALAMIN N. , BARTH S.
Published: March 2006

Twelve primers to amplify microsatellite markers from the chloroplast genome of Lolium perenne were designed and optimized using de novo sequencing and in silico sequences. With one exception, each locus was polymorphic with a range from two to nine alleles in L. perenne. The newly developed primer pairs cross‐amplified in different species of Lolium and in 50 other grass species representing nine grass subfamilies.
Molecular markers for systematic identification and population genetics of the invasive Ponto‐Caspian freshwater gammarid Dikerogammarus villosus (Crustacea, Amphipoda)
Authors: WATTIER R. A. , BEGUET J. , GAILLARD M. , MÜLLER J. C. , BOLLACHE L. , PERROT‐MINNOT M.‐J.
Published: March 2006

The Ponto‐Caspian amphipod, Dikerogammarus villosus, is an invasive species of many European rivers. First, we show that size difference of nrDNA ITS1 allows discriminating D. villosus from Dikerogammarus bispinosus, a closely related but morphologically hardly distinguishable species. Second, we present two types of polymorphic markers for D. villosus, three microsatellites and two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of mtDNA COI gene, which were scored by polymerase chain reaction‐single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP). These markers will be very useful in studying population genetics of D. villosus.
Isolation and characterization of novel microsatellite loci for the short‐beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and cross‐amplification in other cetacean species
Authors: COUGHLAN J. , MIRIMIN L. , DILLANE E. , ROGAN E. , CROSS T. F.
Published: March 2006

Seven tetranucleotide and three dinucleotide microsatellite loci were isolated from the short‐beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Number of alleles and observed heterozygosity ranged from three to twelve (mean 8.4) and from 0.087 to 0.978 (mean 0.741), respectively. All loci were tested in four other odontocete species and showed polymorphisms in most locus–species combinations. This panel of nuclear markers will be useful for the investigation of population ecology and social interactions in common dolphins and other cetacean species.
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci within a young Boophilus microplus metapopulation
Authors: KOFFI BROU BASILE , RISTERUCCI ANGE MARIE , JOULIA DOMINIQUE , DURAND PATRICK , BARRÉ NICOLAS , DE MEEÛS THIERRY , CHEVILLON CHRISTINE
Published: March 2006

Nine microsatellite loci from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus were isolated and characterized within New Caledonia. This Pacific island was invaded by the cattle tick from a few immigration events dating from mid‐20th century. A population survey involving 94 adult ticks indicated monomorphism at one locus, presence of null alleles at another, and high genetic diversity (0.61–0.72) at seven loci apparently suitable for population genetics studies. This opens the opportunity to dissect the populational mechanisms involved in the spectacular capacity of B. microplus to cope with local environmental heterogeneity during its recurrent invasions of tropical areas.
Eight new polymorphic microsatellite loci for genetic analyses in the endangered common hamster (Cricetus cricetus L.)
Authors: JAKOB SABINE S. , MAMMEN KERSTIN
Published: March 2006

We developed primers for eight polymorphic microsatellite loci in the endangered common hamster (Cricetus cricetus L.). Population genetic parameters were analysed on the basis of 70 adult individuals captured from a single population. Allele numbers per locus ranged from eight to 17. Expected and observed heterozygosities per locus ranged from 0.67 to 0.91 and from 0.41 to 0.8, respectively.
Characterization of microsatellite loci for the redbanded seabream, Pagrus auriga (Teleostei, Sparidae)
Authors: PONCE MARIAN , INFANTE CARLOS , CRESPO ANIELA , ZUASTI EUGENIA , PÉREZ LAURA , FUNES VICTORIA , CATANESE GAETANO , CÁRDENAS SALVADOR , MANCHADO MANUEL
Published: March 2006

The redbanded seabream Pagrus auriga (Teleostei, Sparidae) is a species of a high commercial value in Spain. There is currently little information available about the genetic characteristics of both wild and cultured populations. In this survey, we have developed eight polymorphic microsatellites for the redbanded seabream using an enriched genome library protocol. All of them were polymorphic in the 64 individuals tested, 22 of which were wild specimens, and 42 were individuals from a captive reproductive broodstock. These markers can potentially be useful tools for use in population genetic studies.
Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for the aquatic fungus Tetracladium marchalianum
Authors: ANDERSON J. L. , BEEVER J. , SHEARER C. A.
Published: March 2006

We have identified eight polymorphic microsatellite loci from the aquatic haploid fungus Tetracladium marchalianum. Microsatellite polymorphism was evaluated using 90 fungal isolates, each of single spore origin, from submerged leaves in Illinois and Wisconsin rivers in the USA. The number of alleles observed for a single locus ranged from three to 13, with up to 10 observed from a population. These genetic markers will be useful to evaluate population structure, genotypic diversity, and the reproductive mode of T. marchalianum.
Characterization of 19 single nucleotide polymorphism markers for coho salmon
Authors: SMITH C. T. , PARK L. , VANDOORNIK D. , SEEB L. W. , SEEB J. E.
Published: March 2006

We report 39 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) observed in 23 nuclear DNA sequences in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. High‐throughput genotyping assays based on the 5′‐nuclease reaction were developed for 17 of these nuclear SNPs and for two previously published mitochondrial DNA SNPs. Minor allele frequency differences (Δq) among collections were between 5.2% and 51.2%, resulting in per locus FST estimates of 0.00–0.24 with an average of 0.09.
Eight microsatellite markers for the San Esteban chuckwalla, Sauromalus varius
Authors: MCALILEY L. REX , WILLIS RAYMOND E. , FORSTNER MICHAEL R. J. , GUERRA TRINA , DENSMORE LLEWELLYN D.
Published: March 2006

We characterize eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for the San Esteban chuckwalla, Sauromalus varius, which are being used as markers in a study of the genetic results from a decade of captive breeding in this endangered species. Observed heterozygosity estimates for S. varius ranged from 0.00 to 0.30, whereas expected heterozygosity estimates ranged from 0.06 to 0.58.
Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers in the mudflat topshell Diloma subrostrata (Gastropoda, Trochidae)
Authors: DONALD K. M. , SPENCER H. G.
Published: March 2006

Very little information is available on the intraspecific genetic structure of topshell populations. Here, we report the characterization of five polymorphic microsatellite loci in the New Zealand mudflat topshell, Diloma subrostrata. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 23, observed and expected heterozygosities did not deviate from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.05) and no linkage disequilibrium was detected between locus pairs (P < 0.05). We are currently using these markers to investigate genetic population structure of D. subrostrata in New Zealand.
Use of an indirect effect model to describe the LDL cholesterol‐lowering effect by statins in hypercholesterolaemic patients
Authors: Faltaos Demiana William , Urien Saïk , Carreau Valérie , Chauvenet Marina , Hulot Jean Sebastian , Giral Philippe , Bruckert Eric , Lechat Philippe
Published: March 2006

Statins are the most commonly prescribed agents for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. This is due to their efficacy in reducing low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) level which is the primary goal of the treatment especially for patients with multiple risk factors or with established coronary heart diseases. The purpose of this study was to develop a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model that describes the LDL‐lowering process in patients with hypercholesterolaemia treated with atorvastatin, fluvastatin or simvastatin. A total of 100 patients were studied retrospectively. They received atorvastatin (n = 57), fluvastatin (n = 26) or simvastatin (n = 17). As no pharmacokinetic data were available, the absorption rate was fixed to 1/h and atorvastatin, simvastatin and fluvastatin elimination half‐lives were fixed to 14, 2 and 2.5 h respectively. A total of 309 LDL levels were measured and the data were analysed by nonmem v. The time course of the LDL‐lowering effect of statins was described by an indirect‐response model with precursor (LDL synthesis, input rate Kin) and response (circulating LDL, input and output rates K) compartments. The following parameters were estimated: LDL input rate (Kin) 0.14 ± 0.015 g/L/day (mean ± SD); inhibition fraction of Kin (INH) 0.21 ± 0.017; and dose producing 50% increase of LDL removal (D50), 26 ± 7.8, 1.3 ± 0.48 and 15 ± 5.25 mg for atorvastatin, simvastatin and fluvastatin, respectively. Gender, bodyweight, age, calories/day, sugar/day, lipids/day, hyperlipidaemia types and waist/hip circumference, renal and hepatic functions had no effect on the pharmacodynamic parameters. The pharmacodynamic parameters for the three statins were accurately estimated. The PK/PD model developed successfully predicted the time course of the LDL‐lowering effect of statins.
Effect of acute inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis byl‐NAME on cardiovascular responses following peripheral autonomic blockade in rabbits
Authors: Eldesoky Ehab S.
Published: March 2006

The pressor and chronotropic responses to acute inhibition of nitric oxide synthase enzyme byNG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) were studied in anaesthetized rabbits with intact autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Also, they were investigated when administration ofl‐NAME was preceded by peripheral autonomic blockade. Autonomic blockade had different forms: ganglionic (hexamethonium‐induced), post‐ganglionicβ‐adrenergic blockade (propranolol induced), parasympathetic blockade (atropine induced), and complete autonomic blockade by coadministration of hexamethonium and atropine simultaneously.l‐NAME injected intravenously (10 mg/kg) in animals with intact and blocked autonomic activity induced a pressor response. This pressor response was accompanied by bradycardia in rabbits with either intact autonomic activity or hexamethonium‐induced ganglionic blockade.l‐NAME exerted no effect on heart rate in animals withβ‐adrenergic blockade or parasympathetic blockade. In rabbits with complete autonomic blockade,l‐NAME evoked tachycardia. These experiments indicate thatl‐NAME‐induced hypertension is not relying only on ANS. Also,l‐NAME‐induced tachycardia in rabbits treated with atropine plus hexamethonium suggests other humoral mechanisms that may be involved in thel‐NAME induced chronotropic response.
Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds
Authors: DREWITT ALLAN L. , LANGSTON ROWENA H. W.
Published: March 2006

The potential effects of the proposed increase in wind energy developments on birds are explored using information from studies of existing wind farms. Evidence of the four main effects, collision, displacement due to disturbance, barrier effects and habitat loss, is presented and discussed. The consequences of such effects may be direct mortality or more subtle changes to condition and breeding success. The requirements for assessing the impact of future developments are summarized, including relevant environmental legislation and appropriate methods for undertaking baseline surveys and post‐construction monitoring, with particular emphasis on the rapidly developing area of offshore wind farm assessments. Mitigation measures which have the potential to minimize impacts are also summarized. Finally, recent developments in the monitoring and research of wind energy impacts on birds are outlined and some areas for future work are described.
Tidal Current Energy Technologies
Authors: FRAENKEL PETER L
Published: March 2006

This paper sets the context for the development of tidal current technology in the face of impending climate change and so called ‘peak oil’. Siting requirements are specified for tidal turbines and a general overview of the different technologies under development is given. Specific and detailed descriptions of leading Marine Current Turbine's technology are also highlighted. The paper considers the likely environmental impact of the technology, considering in particular possible (perceived and real) risks to marine wildlife, including birds. It concludes by indicating the planned future developments, and the scale and speed of implementation that might be achieved.
Birds in willow short‐rotation coppice compared to other arable crops in central England and a review of bird census data from energy crops in the UK
Authors: SAGE RUFUS , CUNNINGHAM MARK , BOATMAN NIGEL
Published: March 2006

We present the results of spring and winter surveys of birds using 22 willow short‐rotation coppice (SRC) fields and 22 paired arable or grassland controls over a 5 year period in central and northern England. The study sites were linked to the first commercial wood‐fuelled electricity plant in Yorkshire and were managed commercially. We use the findings of this study, in the context of other work on birds in energy crops, to suggest how birds may be affected by commercial cropping of SRC or energy grasses on UK farmland. For willow SRC, most existing farmland species were not completely displaced by SRC cropping. Even farmland specialists such as Skylark Alauda arvensis used cut SRC fields. Some species characteristic of scrub and wood‐type habitats were attracted onto farmland by SRC. Birds were more abundant in hedgerows next to SRC than in those adjoining arable or grass. The interior of large SRC plots contained fewer birds than the edge‐zone (< 50 m). In winter, the same resident species occured in SRC as the summer, plus winter migrants such as Snipe Gallinago gallinago and Fieldfare Turdus pilaris. Overall, more individuals and species were recorded in and around SRC than equivalent arable or grassland throughout the year. Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava and certain locally occurring farmland specialists may be displaced by SRC plantations. Equivalent census data for energy grasses in the UK are not available. The impact of large regional energy crop developments on birds is not known. We do not know if species commonly recorded in these crops survive and breed well so population effects are unknown. However SRC crops are often weedy and insect rich and hence have potential as foraging habitats in summer and winter. The scope for agri‐environment schemes to include energy crops is discussed.
Ethical issues in water use and sustainability
Authors: Armstrong Adrian
Published: March 2006

The modern debate on water use and sustainability starts with the assumption that protecting the water environment is an ethical imperative, but rarely questions the basis for this viewpoint. This paper aims to identify some of the bases that could underlie such a position, seeking to locate value in the natural world beyond anthropocentric utilitarianism. Only when there is a clear basis for this discussion is it possible to discuss and resolve issues and conflicts that arise in the management of water: between present and future users, between human and non‐human users, or between competing human users. We then attempt to develop a ‘water ethic’, parallel to the famous ‘land ethic’ of Aldo Leopold, in which we see water as the centre of the web of life in the landscape. Protecting water, its quality and its availability, for all present and future users, is one touchstone for the evaluation of environmental action and policy.
Undressing the researcher: feminism, embodiment and sexuality at a queer bathhouse event
Authors: Bain Alison L , Nash Catherine J
Published: March 2006

In this paper we examine how the researcher's body can be used as a tool for data collection in the process of ethnographic fieldwork. We focus in particular on the tensions inherent in undertaking embodied ethnographic research in the sexualized setting of a queer women's bathhouse event in Toronto, Canada. Our discussion addresses three moments within the research process: preparing our bodies to attend the bathhouse; positioning our bodies within the spaces of the bathhouse; and interacting with our bodies during the event. Through this discussion we argue that the body of the researcher is a contested site of knowledge production.
Transparency: aid or obstacle to effective defence of vulnerable environments from reservoir construction? Dam decisions and democracy in North East England
Authors: McCulloch Christine S
Published: March 2006

Public participation in transparent decisionmaking has been proposed as a panacea for environmental protection. Bargaining theory suggests drawbacks to transparency such as hardening of attitudes and intransigence. Yet achievement of consensus on environmental values for integrated water resource management demands public involvement. Historical study of attempts to prevent reservoir construction in upland valleys designated for protection of nature suggests that ‘closed‐door’ bargaining proved more effective for environmentalists than open, public debate. Records now open for analysis of disputes over Teesdale and Farndale, 1950–1970, allow comparisons to be made between behind‐the‐scenes deliberations and ‘open‐door’ public discussion. The ambition of progressing from public participation to devolution of environmental decisionmaking and responsibility to the local scale demands more conceptualization of the process of decisionmaking on water resource development.
Neo‐Nazi Normalization: The Skinhead Movement and Integration into Normative Structures
Authors: Cooter Amy Beth
Published: March 2006

Skinheads, a subgroup of the larger Neo‐Nazi Movement, traditionally presented themselves in a blatant, intimidating fashion replete with tattoos, Nazi symbology, and startling group imagery. Recently, however, the Skins have adopted a new tactic for recruitment: normalization. Members now strive to appear and behave more in accordance with mainstream societal standards in order to achieve perceived similarity with potential members. Using General Strain Theory to attribute the historical‐sociological emergence of the Skinhead Movement to affirmative action, this article explores the phenomenon of normalization with a focus on the Skins’ evolving self‐presentation, and describes a recent behavioral case example of the tactical change. Normalization is functionally explained in terms of frame alignment and frame resonance, while its effectiveness is demonstrated through Durkheim's construct of mechanical solidarity.
Measuring Social “Informatization”: A Factor Analytic Approach*
Authors: Kim Sangmoon , Nolan Patrick D.
Published: March 2006

Some scholars have argued that we are witnessing a new social revolution—social “informatization”—that is comparable in scope and impact to that of the Industrial Revolu‐tion of the eighteenth century. Others have argued that it is a much more modest phase in the ongoing development of communication and information‐processing technology. While there are a number of reasons for disagreement about what exactly “informatization” is, and what its impact will be, two are paramount: (1) conceptual imprecision, and (2) issues of measurement. Using factor analysis, this study aims to clarify its conceptualization, and, then, rather than focusing on a single dimension (e.g., technological or economic), it will develop a comprehensive multiple‐indicator measure that captures the economic, technological, and size (stock) dimensions of social informatization. We find that this measure of social informatization strongly correlates with the general level of socioeconomic development. This result implies that social informatization may be a more continuous and cumulative process than a disjunctive or discontinuous “revolution.”
The Determinants of Racial Disparities in Perceived Job Insecurity: A Test of Three Perspectives
Authors: Wilson George , McNulty Eitle Tamela , Bishin Benjamin
Published: March 2006

Why do African Americans report higher levels of perceived job insecurity than whites? We analyze data from the 1996 and 1998 General Social Survey to test alternative predictions from the compositional, inclusive‐discrimination, and dispositional perspectives concerning the sources of the racial gap in perceived insecurity. Results from ordered probit regressions provide most support for the inclusive‐discrimination perspective, which maintains that employment practices associated with “modern racial prejudice” induce perceived insecurity on a widespread and generalized basis among African Americans. Accordingly, compared to whites, African Americans experience perceived insecurity net of human capital credentials and job/labor market characteristics. Additional analyses provide one qualification to these findings: dynamics associated with the inclusive‐discrimination perspective are more pronounced in the private sector than the public sector.
Baby Boomer Drug Users: Career Phases, Social Control, and Social Learning Theory*
Authors: Boeri Miriam Williams , Sterk Claire E. , Elifson Kirk W.
Published: March 2006

Social control and self‐control theories have influenced social research and public policy regarding drug use and abuse. While some researchers propose an integration of these theories, others argue that these theories are incompatible. Earlier models of drug use phases indicate that social environment affects self‐control, which contradicts the assumption made in self‐control theory that self‐control is stable over time. In this article we used life course and grounded theory methods to analyze the in‐depth life histories of 65 active heroin or methamphetamine users who are part of the cohort known as baby boomers. Interviews with drug users having a long history of drug use allow us to examine drug patterns over the life course. Based on social roles and control over drug use, we developed a four‐phase typology comprised of controlled users, marginal users, hustlers, and junkies that accounts for the variation found in our sample of baby boomer drug users. The study participants’ identity and self‐concept are employed as descriptive illustrative themes. The typology presented here can assist in evaluat‐ing drug users for treatment, as well as developing public health interventions and policymaking.
Frequency of RAS gene mutation and its cooperative genetic events in Southeast Asian adult acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Auewarakul Chirayu U. , Lauhakirti Darat , Tocharoentanaphol Chintana
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  RAS gene as one of the most frequently mutated genes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has become an attractive target for molecular therapy. The role of oncogenic RAS and its associated genetic events in AML are not yet defined. We examined the frequency of RAS mutation in 239 Thai de novo adult AML patients using polymerase chain reaction–single‐strand conformational polymorphism analysis. Thirty‐five RAS mutations were found in 32 cases (13%) predominantly classified as M1/M2 (53%) followed by M4/M5 subtype (38%). Ten cases were positive for N‐RAS codon 12, 11 cases for N‐RAS codon 61, 13 cases for N‐RAS codon 13, and one case for K‐RAS codon 13. No mutation was found in K‐RAS exon 2 or H‐RAS. The most common base substitution was the G to A transition at codon 13. Most M1/M2 cases had mutations at codon 12 or 13, whereas M4/M5 cases preferentially affected codon 61. Half of the patients with RAS mutations had abnormal karyotypes with the majority involving chromosomes 21, 11 and 7. Four patients had core‐binding factor leukemia and four additional patients had coexisting FLT3 or AML1 mutation. One patient had RAS, FLT3 and t(8;21) and the other had RAS, AML1 point mutation and del(9q). In conclusion, mutation of RAS gene was not as common in the Thais as in the western population. Several additional genetic abnormalities occurred in RAS‐mutated patients. Future molecular‐targeting approaches should take into account the multiple genetic events that coexist with RAS mutations in AML patients.
Dental and medical injections: prevalence of self‐reported problems among 18‐yr‐old subjects in Norway
Authors: Vika Margrethe , Raadal Magne , Skaret Erik , Kvale Gerd
Published: March 2006

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of self‐reported problems (fear, pain, unpleasantness, fainting) of dental and medical injections, and the extent to which such problems may lead to avoidance of necessary treatment. The study included a representative sample (n = 1385) of 18‐yr‐old students attending high schools in the county of Hordaland, Norway. Data were collected by use of questionnaires completed in the classrooms. More problems were reported during dental than medical injections. About 17% and 15% of participants reported high fear during their last dental and medical injection, respectively. Fainting had been experienced by 2% during a dental injection and by 7% during a medical injection. Avoidance of treatment when an injection is needed was 6.7% for dental treatment and 5.2% for medical treatment. In multiple regression analyses, fear was the only explanatory factor for the avoidance of dental treatment. It is concluded that self‐reported problems of injections are prevalent in this age group, particularly among girls, and that it may lead to the avoidance of necessary treatment in 5–7% of the adolescent population.