bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Application of a Gap‐Fill Exercise on the Learning of Phrasal Verbs: Do Errors Help or Hinder Learning?
Authors: Strong Brian , Leeming Paul
Published: July 2023

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in how to maximize learners' retention of multiword expressions. One technique that has been shown to be highly effective is the use of exercises such as those found in mainstream English as a second language textbooks. In the present study, we investigated how the execution of a gap‐fill exercise impacts the learning of phrasal verbs with 118 learners studying English as a foreign language. Participants completed a gap‐fill exercise by referring to the answer key, or they received the answer key only after completing the exercise. The effects of the learning conditions were assessed with tests for measuring productive and receptive knowledge at two retention intervals. The results from mixed‐effects logistic regression modeling showed that both executions of the gap‐fill exercise led to similar rates of retention. The findings largely challenge previous research. We also explored how to minimize proactive interference when participants make errors in gap‐fill exercises by asking them to recollect their initial guesses during the posttests. The results showed that when the initial guess was produced, correct recall of the target phrasal verbs was much greater than when the guess was not recollected. The finding indicates that memory for the initial guess may play a vital role in how participants learn from their errors. The pedagogical implications of the findings are discussed, and future areas of research are proposed.
Health anxiety and the negative interpretation of children’s bodily symptoms in mothers of cancer patients
Authors: Hosseinchi Parham , Ghalibaf Erfan , Kamyab Golnoosh , Eghbali Aziz , Khatibi Ali
Published: July 2023

Purpose

Fear of progression (FoP) is a substantial concern for family caregivers of cancer survivors and is related to a number of adverse outcomes, including increased mental distress and worse quality of life. Previous research has revealed that health anxiety (HA) contributes to fear of relapse, but cognitive factors underlying establishing and maintaining FoP in mothers of cancer patients have not been examined. In this study, we were looking to investigate this association.

Methods

We used the computerized interpretation bias (IB) assessment to investigate the biased interpretation of ambiguous bodily information and its association with FoP through HA among 69 mothers of cancer patients and 42 mothers of healthy kids.

Results

Mothers of cancer patients interpreted more negatively ambiguous bodily symptoms than mothers of healthy kids. Moreover, they had higher levels of HA and FoP and lower quality of life than the healthy group. Also, among mothers of cancer patients, the relationship between negative IB and FoP is mediated by their HA.

Conclusions

The findings of this study imply that negative IB may contribute to increased HA, which in turn contributes to higher levels of FoP among the mothers of cancer patients, which may reduce the quality of life of their children.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

From these findings, we propose that changing HA through modification of IB might lower the FoP in mothers of kids with cancer and improve the mother and child’s quality of life.
Effektive antidiabetische Therapie zur Vorbeugung einer diabetischen Nephropathie
Authors: Müller Nicolle , Busch Martin , Gerdes Christian , Wolf Gunter
Published: July 2023

Die chronische Nierenkrankheit (CKD: „chronic kidney disease“) stellt eine der häufigsten Folgekomplikationen bei Menschen mit Diabetes mellitus dar und erhöht exzessiv die Morbidität und Mortalität. Daher ist die Vorbeugung einer Nephropathie von klinischer Bedeutung. Im Mittelpunkt der Therapie stand in den letzten Jahren die antihypertensive und nephroprotektive Therapie mit ACE-Hemmern (ACE: „angiotensin converting enzyme“) oder ATII1-Rezeptor-Antagonisten (ATII1: Angiotensin-II-Rezeptor Subtyp-1; Blockade des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems (RAS)) in der Kombination mit einer antiglykämischen und lipidsenkenden Therapie im Rahmen eines multimodalen Therapiekonzepts. Inzwischen zeigen Antidiabetika signifikante und intrinsische nephroprotektive Effekte, die über die reine Glukosesenkung hinausgehen. Als besonders potent haben sich dabei Hemmer des Natrium-Glukose-Kotransporters 2 (SGLT-2: „sodium glucose linked transporter 2“) und GLP1-Rezeptor-Agonisten (GLP1: „glucagon-like peptide 1“) herausgestellt. GLP1-Rezeptor-Agonisten reduzieren vor allem die Albuminurie bei Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes. SGLT-2-Hemmer verlangsamen auch den Abfall der glomerulären Filtrationsrate (GFR) über die Zeit und konnten diesen nephroprotektiven Effekt sowohl bei Menschen mit Diabetes als auch bei jenen ohne Diabetes zeigen. Entsprechend wird in Leitlinien für Menschen mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 und CKD oder erhöhtem kardialen Risiko empfohlen, neben Metformin und der RAS-Blockade, die Therapie mit SGLT-2-Hemmern und – sofern zur Glykämiesenkung notwendig – additiv GLP1-Rezeptor-Agonisten anzuwenden.
A dynamic model of the bi‐exponential reconstitution and expenditure of W′ in trained cyclists
Authors: Chorley Alan , Marwood Simon , Lamb Kevin L.
Published: July 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different recovery power outputs on the reconstitution of W′ and to develop a dynamic bi‐exponential model of W′ during depletion and reconstitution. Ten trained cyclists (mass 71.7 ± 8.4 kg; V̇O2max 60.0 ± 6.3 ml·kg−1·min−1) completed three incremental ramps (20 W·min−1) to the limit of tolerance on each of six occasions with recovery durations of 30 and 240 s. Recovery power outputs varied between 50 W (LOW); 60% of critical power (CP) (MOD) and 85% of CP (HVY). W′ reconstitution was measured following each recovery and fitted to a bi‐exponential model. Amplitude and time constant (τ) parameters were then determined via regression analysis accounting for relative intensity and duration to produce a dynamic model of W′. W′ reconstitution slowed disproportionately as recovery power output increased (p < 0.001) and increased with recovery duration (p < 0.001). The amplitudes of each recovery component were strongly correlated to W′ reconstitution after 240 s at HVY (r = 0.95), whilst τ parameters were found to be related to the fractional difference between recovery power and CP. The predictive capacity of the resultant model was assessed against experimental data with no differences found between predicted and experimental values of W′ reconstitution (p > 0.05). The dynamic bi‐exponential model of W′ accounting for varying recovery intensities closely described W′ kinetics in trained cyclists facilitating real‐time decisions about pacing and tactics during competition. The model can be customised for individuals from known CP and W′ and a single additional test session.

Highlights

A dynamic bi‐exponential model of W′ accounting for both varying power output and duration.

Individual customisation of the model can be achieved with a single specific test session.

W′ reconstitution slows disproportionally with increasing intensity after repeated bouts.
Morality in the Making of Sense and Self
Authors: Hollander Matthew M. , Turowetz Jason
Published: July 2023

Chapter 2 applies an interaction order theoretical framework to the sociology of morality, using Milgram’s lab as a case study of morality in interaction. Milgram’s experiment dramatically illustrates the trouble that arises when fundamental interaction order obligations, which include recognizing and supporting the selves of fellow interactants, come into conflict with the demands of an institutional activity. First, we present the interaction order framework for our analysis of what occurred in Milgram’s lab. Drawing on classic scholarship by Durkheim, Goffman, and Garfinkel, and its more recent extension by Rawls and others, we develop an argument regarding the interaction order, its grounding in Trust Conditions, its relationship to the moral order of a society, and its specific relevance for understanding the actions of Milgram’s participants. Second, we describe the sequential context of situated moral practice in Milgram’s experiment and the emergence of what many participants treated as a serious moral dilemma. Third, we further explicate the moral order that underlies everyday interaction with a key distinction: (1) The underlying morality of interaction consists of the tacit moral expectations that pervade everyday life within a given society. By contrast, (2) morality evident in particular interactions arises when members of that society make violations of those expectations explicit by invoking rights and wrongs, obligations, entitlements, blame, and so forth. Finally, we illustrate these points empirically with an example from Milgram’s lab.
Introduction
Authors: Datta Arunima
Published: July 2023

This chapter introduces the key actors in this book, the travelling ayahs, and the contexts which they frequently dealt with whilst serving their employers and the British Empire. While setting the stage for the chapters to follow, this chapter also lays the ground for the principal historical objective of the book—that is, to re-vision the experience of waiting. In particular it draws attention to the complexities and nuanced aspects of the experience of waiting and its importance in the lives of those involved in transnational labour flows. This chapter proposes re-visioning and re-evaluating the idea of ‘waiting’ as an important space, experience, and process for understanding the complex experiences of migrants and the responses to migrants’ problems and claims by individuals and institutions situated within colonial networks. Moreover, it explains how and why a nuanced understanding of waiting can enhance our knowledge of lesser-known transnational political, economic, and social networks within the British Empire, which influenced the everyday experiences of those who travelled within these networks and contributed not only to the everyday functioning of the British Empire but also, in the long term, to its transformation.
Becoming Travelling Ayahs and Supporting the Empire
Authors: Datta Arunima
Published: July 2023

This chapter frames the book for readers by providing background knowledge of travelling ayahs, how and why they were recruited, and their importance to the British Empire. The chapter explains the concerns and considerations that underlay the selection of caregivers who travelled with European women and children and demonstrates the central place of travelling ayahs in the regular traffic between Britain and Asian colonies which was essential to the Empire’s administration. It highlights key differences between the experience of travelling ayahs and of ayahs who worked in their home regions in India. The chapter also explores how travelling ayahs figured within the broader traffic of people moving between colonies and the metropole; discusses the life, work, and challenges faced by travelling ayahs while whilst onboard ship; and, in the process, highlights the particular place of travelling ayahs in the imperial British imagination. Finally, it notes the ways that travelling ayahs exerted agency in negotiating for what they considered rightful compensation and deserved benefits and how they consciously struggled, sometimes individually, sometimes in alliance with others, to ensure that their interests were addressed by employers. In so doing, this chapter also considers the ways in which travelling ayahs used broader gendered understandings of health, morality, and vulnerability within the context of imperial labour migration networks to influence employers and gain acceptance of what they regarded as their rights.
Old and New Inequalities
Authors: Fu Huiyan
Published: July 2023

This chapter explains how the rural-urban migration and citizenship is of central importance to grappling with China’s ever-shifting contours of precarious work and social inequalities. To obtain a better understanding of this key characteristic, a brief navigation of historical trajectories is conducted, which sets out to bring anthropological perspectives to bear on the elusive cultural domain and its interconnections with institutional forces. Specifically, the chapter illustrates the complex ways in which traditional Confucian beliefs and values are embedded and/or appropriated in three phases of major political and economic transformations: (1) the pre-reform era (1949–1978), (2) the reform era (1979–2007), and (3) the regulation era (2008–present). The findings shed light on the symbolic power of culture and its implications for social change.
Organizing Temporary Agency Workers in Japan
Authors: Suzuki Akira
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines inclusive responses of Japanese unions to the growth of non-regular workers, especially temporary agency workers. It presents three cases of union organizing of agency workers and examines how unions with inclusive responses try to represent the interests of these workers. The three cases are the Haken Union (Dispatched Workers’ Union), local unions of JMIU (a leftist-oriented union in metal-related industries), and JSGU (Jinzai Sabisu or Human Resources Service General Union). Based on a comparison of their inclusive strategies, the chapter identifies two distinctive types of organizing among non-regular workers, cooperative and arm’s length organizing, with a view to showing the implications for the labour movement in a post-pandemic Japan.
The Weaver’s Handshake
Authors: Elkins Amy E.
Published: July 2023

This introduction positions weaving as a critical framework for understanding the book’s approach to craft and feminist literary studies. It provides readers with a primer on craft studies as a discipline alongside the new modernist studies, arguing for a reorientation of artistic hierarchies that have traditionally placed painting and sculpture at the top, with textile arts, ceramics, and other forms of so-called “women’s work” near the bottom. As such, it dismantles the patriarchal hierarchies of art, suggesting that the materials, processes, and collaborations that inform craft belong in conversations across the visual and verbal—especially in women’s work, where craft has so consistently supported political resistance and narratives of critique and remaking. Linking scholarly form and content, it describes the author’s experiential approach to studying texts as a queer research archive, and which extends to the scholarly detective work of locating lost or marginalized archival objects and artworks.
Collage and Queer Embodiment
Authors: Elkins Amy E.
Published: July 2023

This chapter investigates the significance of collage to feminist experimentation and queer embodiment. It weaves together a study of Ali Smith’s writing as a theorist, art critic, and novelist in the context of feminist collage with art by Pauline Boty who was, during her short life, considered Britain’s only female pop artist. Autumn, Smith’s 2016 novel, set—and published—in the wake of the Brexit vote, revitalized interest in Boty and connects collage aesthetics to the queer edges of resistance. This chapter tracks Boty’s craft media and subversive political processes, looking at how Smith uses collage as a framework that dramatizes the ruptures and repairs between nations and individuals, as well as between the personal and the political. Smith writes her characters into the political friction of the late-twentieth and twenty-first centuries, layering creative storytelling with unflinching critiques of nationalism and xenophobia, environmental crises, academic and institutional gatekeeping, surveillance and technology, and the challenges to women’s archives and the patriarchal timeline of canonical history-making. At the same time, this chapter traces a celebration of queer domestic life, the beauty and persistence of art, and the feminist practice of remaking and repairing the timeline of women’s creative agency across media.
Moderation and the Mean in the Literature of Spain's Golden Age
Authors: Rabone Richard
Published: July 2023

This book presents the first sustained analysis of the reception of the Aristotelian golden mean and related ideas of moderation in the literature and thought of early modern Spain (1500–1700). It argues that the critically neglected ethical credo of moderation was an important part of the classical inheritance exploited by Golden-Age authors, as Aristotle’s familiar but contested doctrine informed a range of literary discourses in intricate and challenging ways. Analysis is divided broadly into two sections. The first focuses on the interpretation and transmission of the mean itself, outlining the reception of Aristotle’s Ethics in Spain and the early modern approach to the mean in particular. This includes detailing areas where early modern readers challenged or modified Aristotle’s account, and other intermediary sources which inform or reflect the Renaissance understanding of the mean and moderation. After study of the figures of Icarus and Phaethon, who embody one such modification to Aristotle while also providing a bridge to literary analysis, the monograph’s second section offers detailed case studies of three major writers: Garcilaso, Calderón, and Gracián. These studies show how different writers rely on different strands of the mean’s multifaceted intellectual reception. Moreover, scrutiny of these authors’ engagement with moderation and the mean suggests new answers to several long-standing disputes in Golden-Age scholarship, including Garcilaso’s treatment of tradition and the problematic genre of Eclogue 2; characterization, tragedy, and the disputed figure of the King in El médico de su honra; and the obscure moral didaxis of Gracián’s Criticón.
Trivial Pursuit? Extremes, Resolution, and the Search for Happiness in Gracián’sEl Criticón
Authors: Rabone Richard
Published: July 2023

Chapter 5 studies the presentation of the mean in Gracián’s Criticón, the most sophisticated and sustained engagement with the doctrine in Golden-Age literature. It argues that Gracián is not simply advocating Aristotle’s mean, but that scrutiny of the mean allows the Criticón’s long-controversial ethical teaching to be clearly set out, and that the Criticón’s governing allegory should be read as Gracián’s answer to the old Christian–Aristotelian controversy over the role of earthly felicitas. The chapter begins by discussing the Criticón’s generic and intellectual affiliations, alongside the implications of its title, to illustrate the kind of ethical system we should expect, and why its specifics have proved hard to codify. The chapter then examines the Criticón’s presentation of the mean, beginning with summary references to its lexis and logic, which offer invaluable guidance for Gracián’s approach. The bulk of the chapter then offers detailed analysis of the Criticón, setting out the process for moral decision-making which represents its central teaching. This focuses on major set-piece scenes where Critilo and Andrenio must follow the logic of the mean at crossroads of two or three paths; the extension of the logic of the mean into matters of perception; and the interaction of these issues with other ethical questions introduced throughout the work. The analysis shows how Gracián’s system for ethical decision-making is built up carefully but in piecemeal fashion, and only successfully enacted in the Criticón’s final chapters, where the location of Felisinda represents Gracián’s contribution to debates surrounding Aristotelian virtue and eudaimonia.
Captaining ‘The Ship’
Authors: Sloan John
Published: July 2023

In the three years from 1886 to 1889, new works continued to flow from Lang’s pen: an introductory treatise to Perrault’s Fairy Tales, an original fairy tale for young people set in historical times, The Gold of Fairnilee, and collaboration with Rider Haggard on a fantasy novel, The World’s Desire. He added Gold of Parnassus to his collections of verse and accepted a commission to write a biography of the Conservative politician, Sir Stafford Northcote. His monthly causerie, ‘At the Sign of the Ship’, proved popular, providing an influential platform for his opinions on new novels, English and French poetry, and the literary trade, as well as on developments in anthropology, classical archaeology, and psychical research. Lang defended Stevenson and Haggard and the novel of adventure in the contentious ‘Realism versus Romance’ debate. Although Myth Ritual and Religion enhanced his reputation in the field of comparative anthropology, he had begun to question the evolution from ‘savage’ to ‘civilized’ in matters of religion on which it was premised, and in 1888, the year the book was published, he was elected Gifford Lecturer for two years at St Andrews University, with plans to develop his thinking on the origins of religious belief.
The Principles of Historiographical Criticism
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

Wight noted that there are two “stock answers” in assessing the greatness of historical writing: “literary power” and “accuracy and reliability.” W. K. Hancock suggested three virtues for the historian—“attachment, justice and span.” Attachment, “the opposite of detachment,” calls for involvement in people and situations, while “justice or fairness is born to redress the balance between varying attachments.” Span shows “an awareness of background: it places the object of immediate and intense study in its proper perspective with the other objects, near or distant, to which it is necessarily related.” In Wight’s view, these three virtues are not “quite comprehensive enough.” Wight proposed that historical works be critically “considered under at least four headings: Mastery of the Sources, Historical Imagination, Historical Architecture, and Philosophical Depth.” The minimum requirement for a historian is mastering the relevant sources. Historical Imagination enables the scholar “to enter into the past, to understand it from the inside, to re-experience it.” Historical Architecture provides for “an apprehension of the passage of time.” Historical Reflection, which Wight also calls Philosophical Depth, concerns “fundamental beliefs about the nature of man and history.” The philosophical import of a work of history may be formulated as “concealed” or “implicit” theory. In Wight’s judgment, “The highest task of historiographical criticism would be to discriminate the kind of historical reflection which is not itself subject to decay”—works of the calibre of Thucydides and Ranke.
Review of Charles Petrie, Diplomatic History 1713–1933 (London: Hollis & Carter, 1946)
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

Petrie composed, Wight observed, “an international history that falls into two contrasted sections. The first is interesting and useful, the second is the reverse.… The survey of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which makes the bulk of the book, is skilful and lucid.… It is in the final chapters that the book goes to pieces.… The politics of the Central Powers, the Polish Question, Ludendorff’s diplomacy which was to Hitler’s what Louis XIV’s was to Napoleon’s, the defeat of Russia, are ignored altogether.… It contains no mention of the League of Nations as a new departure in diplomacy. It omits the Washington Conference of 1921–2 and the post-war settlement in the Pacific. It ignores Mussolini’s seizure of power, and the Corfu incident.… It assumes, without describing or explaining, the break-up of the Hapsburg and Russian Empires and the establishment of the Succession States;… it mentions neither Allied intervention in Russia, nor the Russo-Polish War, nor the Little Entente.… Sir Charles deplores a Europocentric view of international relations.… but in the final chapter, covering 1923 to 1933, he is once more culpable. His picture is Western Europe, and Locarno is the centre-piece. The Far East, the Civil War in China, is again ignored.… The curtain falls upon Hitler’s accession to power, without the Japanese conquest of Manchuria having been mentioned.”
Review of Marc Bloch, The Historian’s Craft, translated from the French by Peter Putnam (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1954)
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

One of France’s leading historians in the interwar period, Marc Bloch was unable to complete his last book, a meditation on the historian’s vocation, because he was captured and killed by the Germans in 1944 for his Resistance endeavors. The surviving draft makes clear Bloch’s conviction that history encompasses all human activities and artifacts. As Wight noted, the “final goal” of this vast and comprehensive ambition is “understanding.” Historical criticism “excludes judgment, and distrusts both ‘the idol of origins’ and ‘the fetish of the single cause’ as insidious forms of attributing blame.” Moreover, Bloch championed drawing on many fields of learning: “To understand the attitude of the medieval vassal to his seigneur you must inform yourself about his attitude toward his God.” In Bloch’s words, “The only true history, which can advance only through mutual aid, is universal history.” As Wight observed, “It follows that history deals with the living as well as the dead, and the study of contemporary history differs from that of the remote past only in degree.” Wight concluded that Bloch’s testament “may prove to be the most influential writing of a great humanist, but … also the best explanation yet written of why, in the last century, history has become, and has deserved to become, the queen of the sciences.”
Introduction
Authors: Godden Richard
Published: July 2023

A book about labor and language, and their interrelation in a time of emergent finance (1973–2007), Fictions of Finance at the End of an American Century begins by establishing historical and theoretical grounds for their interrelation. Departing from Marx’s account of language as “practical consciousness” made from “agitated air,” the introduction centrally does two things: first, it assesses the sources of agitation, registered within the process of capitalist value production, as finance “apparently” displaces manufacture from value’s core. Second, to establish language as a “practice” whose semantics and syntax derive from generative contradictions within an economy, it follows Mikhail Bakhtin in arguing that since language intends toward the world, its intent, acted upon, proves inseparable from the materiality of things. Where that materiality results from the structural agitations within the production of capitalist value, language will operate as an index of structural contradictions, registered as syntactical breakage and semantic opacity, and produced as semantic sediments by structurally driven antagonistic accents. Given that literature requires slow, close, and recursive reading, it makes apparent conflicting social accents, forming as the sedimentation of systemic breakage, hesitation, and whisper.
The Bodies in the Bubble
Authors: Godden Richard
Published: July 2023

While predominantly concerned with the transformation of the Internal Revenue Service (I.R.S.) during the 1980s, David Foster Wallace’s The Pale King (2011) represents signal contradictions in the nature of money, from 1971 (when Richard Nixon ended the convertibility of the dollar into gold) to 2008 the financial crisis (when derivative trading dominated global financial markets). As unstable admixtures of abstraction and concreteness, Wallace’s fictional I.R.S. workers embody the changing nature of those contradictions and the uneasy convergence between corporate and corporeal persons caught within the particular processes of abstraction associated with financialization.
Ancients and Moderns on Immersion
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: July 2023

Just as they talk about what we call identification, ancient writers discuss factors we consider when analyzing immersion. They describe how the narrated events seem to happen in front of the recipient or how the recipient seems to travel to the world of the events. They also posit several factors that enable these experiences, from the use of details to the deployment of a specific style. Modern researchers posit different sorts of immersion and present granular models of the factors that trigger an immersive experience. Some rely on introspection, but a good number build on empirical studies of audience response.
Region, Capitalism, and the Jew in the Post-Tom Plantation Novel
Authors: Anthony David
Published: July 2023

Chapter 1 examines the role of the Jewish creditor in a cluster of plantation novels appearing in the wake of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852). Usually staged as Northern agents, these characters represent the forms of Northern capitalism said to threaten the agrarian feudalism of the plantation economy. Yet these novels also reveal that the South, and with it the slave economy, was itself capitalist to its very foundations. Moreover, this capitalist activity is projected onto the sensational Jew, who acts as the South’s uncomfortable dark double—a doppelgänger who haunts the South with its own greed, lust, and avariciousness.
Conclusion
Authors: Anthony David
Published: July 2023

The Conclusion takes up directly the notion of a racially laundered, or “Jew-free,” economy. The main focus is popular writer and editor John Beauchamp Jones. In both his fiction and in his more famous Civil War diary, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital (1866), Jones echoes the increasing cultural obsession, seen in the period’s pseudoscience and elsewhere, with the racial makeup of Jews. But he also deploys the consistent trope of the Jew as the figure of fiscal corruption. The result is that, for Jones as for others, Jews became darker and more racially Other in direct relation to the increasingly vexed and unstable nature of the capitalist economy. But even though Jones stages Whiteness as compensation for fiscal instability, Jewishness remains elusive as a fixed racial category. Jones’s work thus underscores the way in which the sensational Jew acts as a key figure of racial ambivalence and anxiety in the antebellum US. He also shows how the sensational Jew of the late antebellum period is a crucial antecedent for the economic and racial antisemitism we see in modern texts such as F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1925).
Coda
Authors: Anthony David
Published: July 2023

The book concludes with a Coda organized around the question that lingered during the writing of this book: Why study the antebellum Jew now? One important answer was offered in the White supremacist “Unite the Right” march in Charlottesville in August 2017, an event punctuated by chants of “Jews will not replace us!” The Coda provides a comparative reading of the Charlottesville march and a text famous for its depiction of revolutionary violence: Hawthorne’s short story, “My Kinsman, Major Molineux” (1832). The central argument is that at both the march and in the political upheaval staged in the story, social ambivalence is projected onto the “phantom Jew” of the US imagination. In Charlottesville, the chants of the marchers make this obvious. In “Molineux,” we see a more subtle version of this same figure: the mysterious man leading the colonial rioters who tar and feather the eponymous Major Molineux. Represented in ways that dovetail with depictions of the sensational Jew during this period, this character is a Jew in all but name. Accordingly, like the sensational Jew of the antebellum period, he is the projected, inside-out figure of both ambivalence (social chaos) and loss (the longing for communal connection). Then as now, it seems, the sensational Jew acts as a figure onto whom US Gentile culture projects many of its deepest social fears and most profound feelings of insufficiency.
Motivations
Authors: Sartorio Carolina
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses the main motivations to embrace causalism about action, and how those motivations can be extended to free action. Part of the discussion focuses on Frankfurt’s argument against the relevance of alternative possibilities for freedom and moral responsibility (the argument based on “Frankfurt-style cases”). The chapter argues that causalism is the simplest and most ecumenical conception of what acting and acting freely amount to; thus, it deserves to be regarded as the default view of our practical agency.
Economists in the Cold War
Authors: Bollard Alan
Published: July 2023

Economists in the Cold War is an account of the economic drivers and outcomes of the Cold War told through the stories of seven international economists who were all closely involved in theory and policy in the period 1945–1973. For them, the Cold War was a battle of economic ideas, a fight between central planning and market allocation, exploring economic thinking derived from the battle between Marxist and capitalist ideologies, a fundamental difference but with many intricacies. The book recounts how economic theory advanced, how new economic tools were developed, and how policies were tested. Each chapter is based on the involvement of one of the selected economists. It was a challenging but dangerous time in economics: a time of economic recovery post war, with industrial rebuilding, economic growth, and rising incomes. But it was also a time of ideological warfare, nuclear rivalry, military expansion, and personal conflict. The narrative is approximately chronological, ranging from the Potsdam Conference in Germany to the Pinochet Coup in Chile. The selected economists include an American, a Pole, a Hungarian, a German, a British, a Japanese, and an Argentinian: all very different economists but with interconnections among them. Each chapter also features a dissenting economist who held a contrasting view and recounts the subsequent economic arguments that played out.
The Cold War Hardens
Authors: Bollard Alan
Published: July 2023

Chapter 3 is set in the early 1950s, mainly in the United States. The US Administration was now taking a hard anti-Communist line, partly influenced by the economic ideas and sympathies of brilliant Hungarian mathematician-economist John von Neumann, an avowed supporter of Western capitalism. He brought his ideas on game theory, computing architecture, and dynamic economic growth into the Cold War era, spawning the ‘mutually assured destruction’ (MAD) strategy of nuclear competition. The chapter pits von Neumann’s ideas on capital-led growth against his Soviet nemesis, Nobel-prize-winning Soviet mathematician-economist Leonid Kantorovich, who also worked on the nuclear bomb and optimality techniques.
THE SYSTEM OF INSTRUCTIONS
Authors: Kornai János
Published: July 2023

This chapter introduces the system of plan instructions as the basic instrument used for directing production in a centralized manner within the framework of our existing economic mechanism. It notes how the Council of Ministers and Parliament pass five-year plans and annual plans for the national economy. The aforementioned plans determine the tasks set for individual industrial ministries through a multiplicity of approved plan index numbers. The National Planning Office then divides up tasks among ministries and industrial directorates. The chapter also considers other instructions regulating production which can be used by the authorities to issue instructions and binding prescriptions to enterprises.
INCENTIVES FOR TOP MANAGEMENTS
Authors: Kornai János
Published: July 2023

This chapter considers the incentives for top management to carry out instructions. It elaborates on the strength of financial incentives in encouraging top management to abide by instructions. Even though both factors have limitations on their effectiveness, moral and political incentives play a significant part in economic life. The system of instructions is expected to be carried out unconditionally, so punishment must be dished out if there is any failure to execute an instruction given by higher authorities. Thus, disciplinary regulations can counterbalance the harmful features of the system of financial incentives. The chapter cites the influence of the directors of enterprises and their top-ranking technical staff in the system of incentives.
ATTEMPTS TO DEVELOP LOCAL INITIATIVE AND AUTONOMY FOR ENTERPRISES
Authors: Kornai János
Published: July 2023

This chapter covers the attempts to develop local initiative and autonomy for enterprises. It clarifies that excessive centralization forms a coherent, unified whole that has its inner logic and several tendencies and regularities peculiar to itself. Due to the contradictions of economic mechanisms, a continuous stream of attempts emerged to alter the mechanism and make it more harmonious. The attempts primarily involve curbing the proliferation of instructions and making centralization even more complete. The chapter considers the rationalization measures enacted in 1954 in an effort to do away with excessive centralization. It elaborates on the debates that arose in the aftermath of the XXth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union fighting against excessive centralization.
Reflections on Advancements in Assessment
Authors: Schmitt Neal
Published: July 2023

In the last several decades, there have been four major advancements in assessment: item response theory, structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis, multilevel modeling, and big data analytics. In personality assessment, ideal point models and ipsative measures reflect novel approaches. The dimensionality of personality is also being requestioned, and the relationship of new ideas in this area to the Big Five is not clear and deserves attention. big data analytics allow for the measurement of new constructs using existing data from multiple sources. Of most concern in this area is the nature of the constructs assessed. Finally, while cognitive assessments are perhaps the most accepted of our tools, attention to their reconceptualization in light of advancements in other areas of psychology is likely overdue.
Mobile-Enabled Assessment in the Modern Talent Landscape
Authors: Grelle Darrin M. , Gutierrez Sara L.
Published: July 2023

The past decade has seen a ubiquitous adoption of mobile device technology across the globe, which has served to disrupt the talent assessment landscape. As access to the internet varies by several demographic factors, mobile-enabled assessment can have a positive impact on diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives. Additionally, when mobile-first design principles are followed, candidate experience can be enhanced. That said, assessment developers must be cognizant of how designs may impact core psychometric properties of items and tests, and how those could vary depending on device type. This chapter describes the evolution of assessment from paper and pencil to mobile-enabled administration methods, including the benefits that can be experienced by organizations through mobile-delivered assessments, and provides guidance for the factors one should consider if designing assessments for mobile delivery.
From Tried and True to Shiny and New
Authors: Paese Matt , Yankov Georgi
Published: July 2023

New technologies are catalyzing the rapid evolution of traditional assessment methods to yield more value and impact on the development of leaders. Recent progress in both research and practice offers strong indications of a future in leadership development that may be closer and more exciting than many realize. This chapter is presented in three simple parts. First, it offers a summary of the prevailing practices in use today and outlines how they are commonly employed in support of leadership development. Next, it reviews a series of new research and technology discoveries that are defining the cutting edge of assessment for development. Third, it synthesizes the implications of traditional approaches and new technologies to anticipate an exciting and inspiring future in assessment.
Gamified Assessments for Prehire Evaluation
Authors: Norris-Watts Christina , Hall Kathleen , Mondragon Nathan
Published: July 2023

Gamified assessment in the workplace has expanded quickly and continues to grow in popularity, while resources on how to appropriately evaluate, validate, and recommend these offerings are sparse. The current chapter reviews common uses and applications of gamified assessments, potential misuses, barriers, and other considerations practitioners should be aware of when evaluating gamified assessments. It discusses who these are for, when they are used, how they are created, what they measure, and how they should be evaluated and speculates on what the future holds for them in the field. This chapter also provides a useful resource to researchers, academics, and students of assessment and selection to outline some unanswered questions to hopefully drive additional research and understanding in this area.
Making Progress on Diversity
Authors: Lundquist Kathleen K. , Lewis Robert E.
Published: July 2023

Efforts to improve the diversity and management representation of organizations have not led to the progress that was expected. Changing this trend requires that leaders take an unflinching view of themselves and their organizations. For organizations in the early stages of diversity maturity, building a leadership team that will role model inclusionary practices and holding managers accountable for meeting diversity metrics are useful steps. For those at higher levels of diversity maturity, great gains in both inclusion and diversity representation can be had by leveraging data to identify new career paths that open opportunities, and by expanding the talent pool of potential successors by leveraging technological advances in leader assessment.
Themes and Directions
Authors: Reynolds Douglas H. , Kantrowitz Tracy M. , Scott John
Published: July 2023

The editors of this volume reflect on the innovations, challenges, and new risks that are faced by those who implement talent assessments in organizational settings. They explore seven themes that capture the current directions and possible future paths for this field: (a) the use of advanced technology as a component of assessment is entering the mainstream, (b) new horizons are opening for how and what is measured, (c) uncertainties and risks associated with the use of these new tools are elevating, (d) the evaluation of assessment quality is always challenging and getting harder, (e) rapid advancement in the assessment and technology fields is motivating changes in laws and regulations, (f) demographic considerations are paramount, and (g) the purposes and applications for assessment are expanding, and the context for the use of assessment is becoming broader. The editors discuss these themes considering broader trends in the field applied to workplace assessment.
George Orwell
Authors: Barry Peter Brian
Published: July 2023

On a popular reading, George Orwell was at least profoundly disinterested in philosophy if not hostile to it. Call this the inerudite interpretation of Orwell. However popular, the case for inerudite interpretation is surprisingly weak: Orwell read and reviewed philosophical texts, corresponded and collaborated with philosophers, and frequently demonstrated awareness of philosophical problems and concepts. The case for the inerudite interpretation needs to be revisited considering the special but unrecognized honor that Orwell paid Bertrand Russell and the characterization of Orwell offered by A. J. Ayer that has been widely misunderstood. Orwell also serves as a case study for ethicists given his tendency to say and write things that are deeply offensive by contemporary standards. Reflecting on what Orwell said about offensive speech and his responses to complaints about his own helps to correct a common if dubious perception about Orwell’s views concerning speech and offense.
Orwellian Decency
Authors: Barry Peter Brian
Published: July 2023

The underdiscussed concept of decency is a foundational moral concept for Orwell, but he is usually read as having failed to explain what decency is. Orwell had much to say about decency, enough that it is possible to construct a conception of Orwellian decency. For his part, Orwell understood decency to have implications for self-respect, self-mastery and the ability to abide by standards, and the absence of sentiments inconsistent with regarding other persons as social equals. However, properly understood, Orwellian decency is simply not a moral virtue: it too often lacks crucial features endemic to moral virtue and Orwell’s decent person will likely be morally deficient in ways that a morally virtuous person will not. As such, it is unclear that Orwellian decency can play the foundational role in Orwell’s ethics that so many of his readers have identified.
Experts
Authors: Dorsey Bruce
Published: July 2023

The defense begins by calling as witnesses five prominent physicians from New England. Their purpose is to criticize the testimony of the women who had laid out the body and question the procedures and conclusions of Fall River physicians, Drs. Hooper and Wilbur. The defense’s experts seek to prove that the age of the fetus found in Cornell’s body, based on its size, demonstrates that Avery could not be the father. Avery’s trial corresponds with an historical moment in which male physicians’ professional authority and notions of medical expertise in America are contested. The medical witnesses for the defense may have succeeded in confusing jurors and raising doubts about the certainty of a murder, but they fail to prove the superiority of medical school-trained physicians as scientific experts in a court of law or in the court of public opinion.
Mobs and More Murders
Authors: Dorsey Bruce
Published: July 2023

A Newport jury declares Avery not guilty of the murder of Maria Cornell, leaving him free to return home to Bristol. Within a week, Methodist preachers gather for their annual meeting and issue a report exonerating Avery of all wrongdoing. Yet newspapers demand that Avery face judgment from the “court of public opinion” and street demonstrations, riots, and effigy burnings erupt throughout southern New England. Although the rioters refrain from personal violence, widespread publication of trial reports provokes at least three violent deaths, as individuals fight over Avery’s guilt and courts debate whether reading a trial report fosters an environment that can lead to other murders.
Intensifying “Imperfection”: Ambiguous Meter
Authors: Murphy Nancy
Published: July 2023

This final analytic chapter explores the loosest, most malleable metric structures offered by the rhetorically flexible meter in singer-songwriter music: Ambiguous Meter. In this flexible metric scenario, timing is too extreme to create a Regular, multi-leveled metric hierarchy. In this chapter, I explore songs by Dylan (“Down the Highway” and “Restless Farewell”), Mitchell (“The Fiddle and the Drum”), and Sainte-Marie (“Sir Patrick Spens”) to show how each songwriter adapts source material and influences to create contexts of self-expressive Ambiguous Meter. In some cases, their Ambiguous Meter eventually demonstrates an increase in regularity, with emerging meter arising at moments of significance to the song’s narrative and rhetoric. Contexts of ambiguity reflect individual self-expressive narratives of introspection and politics and a broader fashioning of performance persona.