bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of the Multi-Beam Transmission Line for DTT ECRH system
Authors: Garavaglia Saul , Bruschi Alex , Fanale Francesco , Granucci Gustavo , Moro Alessandro , Platania Paola , Romano Afra , Schmuck Stefan , Simonetto Alessandro , Vassallo Espedito
Published: February 2023

The DTT tokamak, whose construction is starting in Frascati (Italy), will be equipped with an ECRH system of 16 MW for the first operation phase and with a total of 32 gyrotrons (170 GHz, ≥ 1 MW, 100 s), organized in 4 clusters of 8 units each in the final design stage. To transmit this large number of power beams from the gyrotron hall to the torus hall building a Quasi-Optical (QO) approach has been chosen by a multi-beam transmission line (MBTL) similar to the one installed at W7-X Stellarator. This compact solution, mainly composed of mirrors in “square arrangement” shared by 8 different beams, minimizes the mode conversion losses. The single-beam QOTL is used to connect each gyrotron MOU output to a beam-combiner mirror unit and, after the MBTL, from a beam-splitter mirror unit to the exvessel and launchers sections located in the equatorial and upper ports of 4 DTT sectors. A novelty introduced is that the mirrors of the TLs are embodied in a vacuum enclosure, using metal gaskets, to avoid atmospheric absorption losses and microwave leaks. The TL, designed for up to 1.5 MW per single power beam, will have a total optical path length between 84 m and 138 m from the gyrotrons to the launchers. The main straight section will travel along an elevated corridor ~10 m above the ground level. The development of the optical design reflects the constraints due to existing buildings and expected neutron flux during plasma operation. In addition, the power throughput of at least 90% should be achieved.
Study on Total Control of Tomato 2 + X Nitrogen Fertilizer in Luanzhou City
Authors: Li Lin , Zhang Jun
Published: February 2023

Tomato is the main planting variety of facility cultivated vegetables in Luanzhou City. In order to continuously optimize the appropriate amount of tomato nitrogen fertilizer, different total amount control tests of nitrogen fertilizer are set on tomato crops to explore the optimal amount of tomato nitrogen fertilizer in this region and provide a theoretical basis for greenhouse tomato production in the future.
Research on the evaluation method of communication ability in business english teaching
Authors: Li Chenxi
Published: February 2023

According to the evaluation characteristics of business English language communication ability, a fuzzy principal component classification evaluation method for the elderly language communication ability is proposed. The main component analysis method is used to calculate the weight of each evaluation index, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to classify the comprehensive grade of language communication ability. The reliability of the evaluation method proposed in this paper is verified by using index data.
Where does the Chinese Sexual Shame Come From?
Authors: Gao Ziqi
Published: February 2023

Sexual shame is the sense of shame that people feel when they mention or think about sex. Based on the existing research on sexual shame, this paper will discuss where the sexual shame of Chinese people comes from and analyze how to reduce the sexual shame of Chinese people.
Chinese Calligraphy: An Ancient Art in the Modern Era
Authors: Chen Ziyuan
Published: February 2023

Chinese calligraphy is an ancient character writing art. It germinated in the Shang Dynasty, reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, and did not form a new calligraphy style for more than one thousand years. There are many similarities between Chinese calligraphy and western painting, including similarities in abstraction and symbolism. When the country went through the modernization of the 20th century, the western influence gradually increased, and the Chinese calligraphy art gradually formed new art forms such as hard pen calligraphy. At the same time, calligraphy art has also inspired and influenced the formation and development of western modern art in varying degrees since the 20th century. In the future, Chinese calligraphy will fully absorb the essence of western art, making this ancient art full of new vitality.
Research on the Path of New Media Editing Technology in the Context of Media Convergence
Authors: Fu Yijun
Published: February 2023

In recent years, the development of Internet information technology has promoted the presentation of various new media technologies and accelerated media convergence. In this context, new media editors need to understand the characteristics of the media and various new media technologies to meet the development needs of the media era, constantly improve editing ability and innovative thinking, improve awareness and enrich content, and through accurately positioning and innovative development, demonstrate cultural confidence, explore ways to improve the technical ability of new media editors, increase core competitiveness and communication influence, and promote the healthy development of financial media convergence.
Research on Brand Marketing Strategy on Tik Tok Short Video Platform
Authors: Peng Huang , Mengni Zhou , Yang Li , Juanatas Ronaldo , Niguidula Jasmin , Huiliang Huang
Published: February 2023

In the current market economy environment, in order to expand their influence in the market, enterprises have transmitted brand information to consumers through the Internet and other channels. How to do a good job in the promotion and dissemination of brand products, so as to quickly occupy a larger market share, has become a problem that major brand owners must consider, and the emergence of mobile short videos provides new ideas for enterprises to carry out brand marketing. We will focus on the brand marketing of Tik Tok short video network platform, and specifically study the brand marketing characteristics and brand marketing strategies, and strive to effectively play the resource advantages of Tik Tok short video network platform,so as to increase the flow of enterprise brand promotion and lay a good foundation for the development of enterprise brand.
Comparison of Fatigue Level, Musculoskeletal Disorders and Physical
Activity Level in Aircraft Engineers Working in the Morning Shift and Night
Shift
Authors: Sharan Shikshita , Sheereen Fauzia Javed , Chahal Aksh , Alshehri Mohammed M , Najmi Ayat Abdullah Ahmad , Alajam Ramzi Abdu , Shaphe Mohammad Abu
Published: February 2023

Background Shift work is a system in which different groups of workers
work at different times of the day and night. It may affect the physiological
health of an individual and hence fatigue, musculoskeletal disorder and changes
in physical activity may arise.

Objective To compare the fatigue level, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
and physical activity level in aircraft engineers working in morning shift and
night shift.

Method The study consisted of 100 aircraft engineers working at Indira
Gandhi International Airport, Terminal 1. 50 aircraft engineers working in
morning shift and 50 aircraft engineers working in night shift participated in
the study. Self-administered questionnaire i. e., Chalder Fatigue Scale,
Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and International Physical Activity
Questionnaire were used to access the fatigue level, the number of MSDs, and
physical activity level, respectively.

Results The results showed significant difference in fatigue level, and
the level of physical activity morning shift versus night shift workers
(p<0.001). The mean value of fatigue level in morning shift was 4.9 and
in night shift was 14.6. The average mean value of physical activity level in
morning shift was 1972.61 MET min a week and in night shift was 1277.83 MET min
a week. MSDs were more common in night shift workers as compared to morning
shift workers.

Conclusion The findings of the study suggested an increased in the level
of fatigue and decrease in the physical activity level among aircraft engineers
working night shift compared to those working morning shift. There are more MSDs
in aircraft engineers working night shift as compared to those working morning
shift.
Development and Validation of HPLC Method for Quantification of
Plumbagin in Plumbago Zeylanica L. Roots
Authors: Shukla Babita , Kushwaha Poonam
Published: February 2023

Background An RP-HPLC (Reverse Phase-High-performance liquid
chromatography) method for the quantitative estimation and validation of the
plumbagin in the methanolic fraction of Plumbago zeylanica L. was
developed.

Method For achieving good separation, the RP-HPLC method was carried out
with reverse phase C18 column, using methanol and water as mobile phase in the
ratio of 65:35 (v/v), at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. The
detection wavelength was set at 265 nm.

Results The retention time of plumbagin was found at
7.5±0.2 min. The coefficient of determination of plumbagin was
found to be (r2) 0.9985 and equation Y=23148x+4327.
The LOD and LOQ were found to be 34.06 and 113 ng/mL,
respectively.

Conclusion The developed method was accurate, specific, precise, and
reproducible. This RP-HPLC may be useful for quantitative estimation of the
chemical constituents present in the plant extract as well as the quality
assessment of the herbal product.
Histopathologische Veränderungen bei kornealen Ektasien
Authors: Bulirsch Louisa M. , Löffler Karin U. , Holz Frank G. , Herwig-Carl Martina C.
Published: February 2023

Den kornealen Ektasien werden der Keratokonus, der Keratoglobus, die pelluzide marginale Degeneration sowie iatrogene Keratektasien zugeordnet. Bei allen Formen der kornealen Ektasie kommt
es zu einer Verdünnung der Hornhaut, die mit einer kornealen Aufsteilung sowie einem irregulären Astigmatismus einhergeht. Nachfolgend wird ein Überblick über histopathologische
Veränderungen der verschiedenen kornealen Ektasien gegeben. Ebenso werden histologische Veränderungen nach operativen Verfahren, die im Zusammenhang mit Ektasien durchgeführt werden, wie das
korneale Crosslinking und die perforierende Keratoplastik (pKPL) sowie nach refraktiven chirurgischen Verfahren, die potenziell zu einer Ektasie führen können, dargestellt. Neben einer
Literaturrecherche erfolgte auch die Aufarbeitung und Untersuchung von histopathologischem Archivmaterial zur exemplarischen Darstellung der spezifischen histologischen Veränderungen.
Minimally Invasive versus Conventional Aortic Root Surgery: Results of an Intermediate-Volume Center
Authors: Elghannam Mahmoud , Useini Dritan , Moustafine Vadim , Bechtel Matthias , Naraghi Hamid , Strauch Justus T. , Haldenwang Peter Lukas
Published: February 2023

Background We evaluate the outcome of aortic root surgery via an upper J-shaped mini-sternotomy (MS) versus full sternotomy (FS) in an intermediate-volume center.

Methods Between November 2011 and February 2019, 94 consecutive patients underwent aortic root surgery: 62 (66%) patients were operated via a J-shaped MS (group A) and 32 (34%) patients via FS (group B). The primary endpoints were mortality, major adverse cardiac and cerebral events (MACCE), and reoperation in a 2-year follow-up. The secondary endpoints were perioperative complications and patient's satisfaction with the procedural results.

Results Valve sparing root replacement (David procedure) was performed in 13 (21%) of the MS and 7 (22%) of the FS patients. The Bentall procedure in MS versus FS was 49 (79%) versus 25 (78%), respectively. Both groups presented similar mean operation, cardiopulmonary bypass, and cross-clamp times. Postoperative bleeding was 534 ± 300 and 755 ± 402 mL (p = 0.01) in MS and FS, respectively, erythrocyte concentrate substitution was 3 ± 3 and 5.3 ± 4.8 (p = 0.018) in MS and FS, respectively, and pneumonia rates were 0 and 9.4% (p = 0.03) in MS and FS, respectively. The 30-day mortality was 0% in both groups, whereas MACCE was 1.6 and 3% (p = 0.45) in MS and FS, respectively. After 2 years, the mortality and MACCE were 4.6 and 9.5% (p = 0.11) and 4.6 and 0% (p = 0.66) in MS and FS, respectively. The number of patients who were satisfied with the surgical cosmetic results in groups A and B was 53 (85.4%) and 26 (81%), respectively.

Conclusion Aortic root surgery via MS is a safe alternative to FS even in an intermediate-volume center. It offers a shorter recovery time and similar midterm results.
Base-Promoted Formal (2+1) Cycloaddition of Benzofuran-Derived Oxadienes with Bromomalonates
Authors: Zhong Chen , Wang Xue , Liu Si-Jia , Tu Man-Su , Zhang Yu-Chen
Published: February 2023

A base-promoted formal (2+1) cycloaddition of benzofuran-derived oxadienes with bromomalonates was established that afforded benzofuranone-based spirocyclopropanes in generally good yields (up to 98%) and high diastereoselectivities (up to 91:9 dr). This reaction is the first highly diastereoselective formal (2+1) cycloaddition of benzofuran-derived oxadienes, and will contribute to the chemistry of these compounds. In addition, this approach provides an atom-economic and useful protocol for constructing benzofuranone-based spiro skeletons.
Automated Light Transmission Aggregometry with and without Platelet Poor Plasma Reference: A Method Comparison
Authors: Sachs Ulrich J. , Röder Lida , Cooper Nina , Radon Christian , Kolde Hans-Jürgen
Published: February 2023

Background Light transmission aggregometry (LTA) is considered the gold standard for the evaluation of platelet function but is labor-intensive and involves numerous manual steps. Automation may contribute to standardization. Here, we evaluate the performance characteristics of a new automated instrument, Thrombomate XRA (TXRA), and compare it against a manual instrument (PAP-8).

Materials and Methods Leftover blood samples from blood donors or patients were tested in parallel with identical reagents and in identical concentrations both manually using PAP-8 and automated on the TXRA. In addition to precision and method comparison, an additional evaluation was performed on the TXRA against “virtual” platelet-poor plasma (VPPP) based on artificial intelligence. The main focus was on comparing the maximum aggregation (MA%) values.

Results Precision for MA% ranged from 1.4 to 4.6% on TXRA for all reagents. Normal ranges for 100 healthy blood donors on both instruments were in a similar range for all reagents, with a tendency to slightly higher values with TXRA. Most agonists resulted in normally distributed MA%. Comparing 47 patient samples on both devices showed a good correlation for both slope and MA% with some differences in individual samples with epinephrine and TRAP. Correlation between the TXRA measurement against PPP and “virtual” PPP demonstrated excellent correlation. Reaction signatures of both devices were very similar.

Conclusion TXRA provides reproducible LTA results that correlate with an established manual method when tested against PPP or VPPP. Its ability to perform LTA only from platelet-rich plasma without requiring autologous PPP simplifies LTA. TXRA is an important step not only for further standardizing LTA but also for a more widespread use of this important method.
Analysis of single event effects by heavy ion irradiation of Ga2O3 metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors
Authors: Ma Hongye , Wang Wentao , Cai Yuncong , Wang Zhengxing , Zhang Tao , Feng Qian , Chen Yiqiang , Zhang Chunfu , Zhang Jincheng , Hao Yue
Published: February 2023

The model of lateral β-Ga2O3 metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) was established using Sentaurus Technology Computer Aided Design software. The gate-to-drain distance of the device was 13.7 μm, and the breakdown voltage was 1135 V. The single event effect simulation model caused by heavy ion irradiation was introduced, and the effects of heavy ions’ incident position, angle, drain bias voltage, and linear energy transfer on the single event effect were studied. It is found that x = 7.7 μm is the sensitive location of the single event effect at the gate corner near the drain side and the peak value of the transient current is 177 mA/mm. The effect of the terminal structure of the field plate on the transient effect of the single event effect of β-Ga2O3 MOSFET is studied. It is also found that the sensitive position of the single event effect of the conventional structure, gate-field plate structure, and gate–source composite field plate structure is around x = 7.7 μm when VDS = 10 V. The peak transient currents obtained are 177, 161, and 148 mA/mm. The single event effect pulse current of the three structures increases with an increase in the drain bias voltage, while the peak pulse current of the conventional structure is larger than that of the gate-field plate structure and the gate–source composite structure. The research shows that the terminal structure of the field plate is reliable means to reduce the single particle effect.
Multi-peak solutions to the Schrödinger equations coupled with a neutral scalar field
Authors: Cao Daomin , Lai Shanfa , Yu Weilin
Published: February 2023

In this paper, we consider the problem of Schrödinger equation coupled with a neutral scalar field. By constructing solutions with multiple peaks, we prove that the number of non-radial solutions of this problem goes to infinity as the Maxwell coupling constant tends to infinity. The Chern–Simons limit of those solutions is also discussed.
Design and demonstration of efficient transparent 30% Al-content AlGaN interband tunnel junctions
Authors: Dominic Merwin Xavier Agnes Maneesha , Ghosh Arnob , Rahman Sheikh Ifatur , Allerman Andrew , Arafin Shamsul , Rajan Siddharth
Published: February 2023

Ultra-violet (UV) light emitting diodes operating at 339 nm using transparent interband tunnel junctions are reported. Tunneling-based ultraviolet light emitting diodes were grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on 30% Al-content AlGaN layers. A low tunnel junction voltage drop is obtained through the use of compositionally graded n and p-type layers in the tunnel junction, which enhance hole density and tunneling rates. The transparent tunnel junction-based UV LED reported here show a low voltage drop of 5.55 V at 20 A/cm2 and an on-wafer external quantum efficiency of 1.02% at 80 A/cm2.
Experiment and simulation on the micro-hollow cathode sustained discharge in helium with different geometries of the second anode
Authors: He Shoujie , Deng Jiasong , Qiao Yinyin , Li Qing , Dong Lifang
Published: February 2023

The micro-discharge with a hollow cathode and a second anode with different geometries is experimentally and numerically studied. Effects of the second anode on the micro-hollow cathode sustained discharge (MCSD) in helium are investigated. Three kinds of electrodes with different geometries are used as the second anode. The results show that when needles are inserted into the plate to be used as the second anode, the formation of MCSD can be promoted, and MCSD can be obtained at a low cathode current. Moreover, the distribution of needles has an important influence on the formation of MCSD. The cathode breakdown threshold currents for the three cases of the second anode from low to high are as follows: 13 needle-plate, five needle-plate, and plate with no needles. At the same cathode current, a stronger MCSD and a higher second anode current can be obtained when needles are inserted into the second anode plate compared with that when only a plate is used as the second anode. In the present experiment, the volume of MCSD reaches approximately 10 cm3 with an electron density of 4–5 × 1017 m−3 and an electron temperature of 2–3 eV. The experimental and simulated results show that the MCSD originates from cooperative formation between the micro-hollow cathode discharge in the cavity and the discharge around the second anode. Compared with that when only a plate is used as the second anode, when needles are inserted into the second anode, the electric field, electron temperature, and electron production rates near the second anode increase, and a stronger discharge is generated near the second anode. When the needle-plate is used as the second anode, the electron density in both the axial and radial directions in the MCSD region is higher than that when the plate without needles is used as the second anode. Before the formation of MCSD, the electrons generated by the strong discharge near the second anode extend toward the first anode, thus promoting the formation of MCSD.
Modeling and simulation of the penetration of a compound droplet into a throat in a pore-throat structure
Authors: Zhou Ronghong , Li Sheng , Shi Liang , Wang Ningning , Liu Yong , Liu Haihu
Published: February 2023

We present a theoretical and numerical study of a compound droplet flowing through a single pore-throat structure. By quantifying the capillary pressures in the pore and throat under various geometrical conditions, we derive a theoretical model to predict whether the compound droplet is able to penetrate into the throat in a pore-throat structure. Meanwhile, the lattice Boltzmann simulations are conducted to assess the capability and accuracy of the theoretical model. Through a combination of theoretical analysis and lattice Boltzmann simulations, we then investigate the effect of inner droplet size, compound droplet size, and surface wettability on the invasion behavior of a compound droplet. The results show that with increasing the inner droplet size or the compound droplet size, the compound droplet undergoes the transition from the state where the entire compound droplet can pass through the throat to the state where only a part of outer droplet penetrates into and blocks the throat. Although the theoretical predictions show good agreement with the simulation results for most of the cases investigated, it is found that the proposed theoretical model is not applicable to the cases in which the droplets are intermediate-wetting or wetting to the solid surface. This is because the shape of newly formed interface in the pore significantly deviates from the initial circle, which violates the assumption made in the derivation of the theoretical model.
Antiferromagnetic insulatronics: Spintronics in insulating 3d metal oxides with antiferromagnetic coupling
Authors: Meer H. , Gomonay O. , Wittmann A. , Kläui M.
Published: February 2023

Antiferromagnetic transition metal oxides are an established and widely studied materials system in the context of spin-based electronics, commonly used as passive elements in exchange bias-based memory devices. Currently, major interest has resurged due to the recent observation of long-distance spin transport, current-induced switching, and THz emission. As a result, insulating transition metal oxides are now considered to be attractive candidates for active elements in future spintronic devices. Here, we discuss some of the most promising materials systems and highlight recent advances in reading and writing antiferromagnetic ordering. This article aims to provide an overview of the current research and potential future directions in the field of antiferromagnetic insulatronics.
A novel 3D-printed magnesium alloy phononic crystal with broadband bandgap
Authors: Gao Weirui , Zhang Qian , Sun Jie , Guo Kai
Published: February 2023

This study proposes a novel approach to designing and fabricating a phononic crystal with embedded high-density resonators from 3D-printed magnesium alloy. The band structure and vibration suppression characteristics of the proposed structure are investigated using theoretical calculations and finite-element analysis. The bandgaps of the proposed phononic crystal are tuned using their superior structural design by changing the resonators. The effects of resonator mass on vibration suppression performance are also studied. The bandgap position and bandwidth are adjusted by changing the geometric parameters, broadening the application range. In addition, experiments are conducted to verify the bandgap accuracy. This study provides a new idea for constructing a 3D-printed magnesium alloy phononic crystal.
Dynamic analysis of symmetric oscillation and turning characteristics of a flexible fin underwater robot propelled by double fins
Authors: Su Zhengguo , Shen Xiaoqin , Han Wenjun , Zhu Baoxing , Wang Qingda , Li Wentao
Published: February 2023

In this study, the dynamics of the symmetric oscillation and turning characteristics of a flexible fin underwater robot propelled by two fins were studied. First, a three-dimensional model of a robot was established using three-dimensional software. Then, a fluid simulation experiment was conducted and a dynamic model of a flexible fin was established. The deformation of the flexible fin during symmetric undulations was studied. A motion equation for the wave track of the outer edge of the fin surface was also established. This motion equation was simulated and verified. Finally, an experimental prototype was fabricated to verify the simulation results. The results show that if the robot fish oscillates symmetrically using bilateral flexible pectoral fins, it can remain suspended, float vertically, or dive in the water. Its average turning speed can reach 0.8 rad/s, its straight running speed is 0.5 m/s, and its vertical ascending and descending speed is 0.1 m/s. Because a turn made by the robot fish is only driven by its pectoral fins, its turning radius is 0. The results show that the flexible fin underwater robot provides more abundant turning methods, better maneuverability, and higher turning efficiency. This research into the motion of the robot body for different wave parameters when the two fins move together provides a theoretical basis for the cooperative motion of two fins.
Effect of surface radiation on the surface heat flux of two-dimensional hypersonic panel flow
Authors: Yan Bingfei , Zheng Guannan
Published: February 2023

This article investigates the effect of surface radiation on the surface heat flux of a two-dimensional hypersonic panel flow by comparing the surface heat fluxes of penetrating-radiative-equilibrium cases with those of constant-wall-temperature cases. A Du Fort–Frankel-type difference scheme is applied to cases with different external flow properties and is verified by comparing the results under a constant-wall-temperature boundary condition with self-similar solutions. Both laminar and turbulent flows are considered, and turbulence is modeled using a Baldwin–Lomax turbulence model with the assumption that full-scale turbulence is reached at the leading edge. The results show that the surface heat fluxes for laminar penetrating-radiative-equilibrium cases are greater by the order of 10% than those for constant-wall-temperature cases with the same temperature value at the corresponding points. Though turbulent instances are substantially more difficult, surface heat fluxes of penetrating-radiative-equilibrium cases are fairly similar to those of constant-wall-temperature cases. These results serve as the foundation for a brief discussion of how parameters affect the outcome and the proposal of a modified reference enthalpy method that can be used to predict heat flux when surface radiation causes a streamwise variation in wall temperature.
A Brillouin light scattering study of the spin-wave magnetic field dependence in a magnetic hybrid system made of an artificial spin-ice structure and a film underlayer
Authors: Montoncello F. , Kaffash M. T. , Carfagno H. , Doty M. F. , Gubbiotti G. , Jungfleisch M. B.
Published: February 2023

We present a combined Brillouin light scattering (BLS) and micromagnetic simulation investigation of the magnetic-field-dependent spin-wave spectra in a hybrid structure made of permalloy (NiFe) artificial spin-ice (ASI) systems, composed of stadium-shaped nanoislands, deposited on the top of an unpatterned permalloy film with a nonmagnetic spacer layer. The thermal spin-wave spectra were recorded by BLS as a function of the magnetic field applied along the symmetry direction of the ASI sample. Magneto-optic Kerr effect magnetometry was used to measure the hysteresis loops in the same orientation as the BLS measurements. The frequency and the intensity of several spin-wave modes detected by BLS were measured as a function of the applied magnetic field. Micromagnetic simulations enabled us to identify the modes in terms of their frequency and spatial symmetry and to extract information about the existence and strength of the dynamic coupling, relevant only to a few modes of a given hybrid system. Using this approach, we suggest a way to understand if the dynamic coupling between ASI and film modes is present or not, with interesting implications for the development of future three-dimensional magnonic applications and devices.
Active transition control by synthetic jets in a hypersonic boundary layer
Authors: Zhuang Guo-Hui , Wan Zhen-Hua , Ye Chuang-Chao , Luo Zhen-Bing , Liu Nan-Sheng , Sun De-Jun , Lu Xi-Yun
Published: February 2023

We investigate by direct numerical simulation the active control of laminar-turbulent transition in a hypersonic flat-plate boundary layer at a freestream Mach number of 5.86. The control mechanism is a synthetic jet. Based upon the linear stability theory of Mack, in hypersonic flow the important path to transition involves a high-frequency, second-mode fundamental resonance. Through systematic investigation, we reveal that the forcing the boundary layer with a synthetic jet at appropriate combinations of amplitude and frequency suppresses the second mode and delays transition. To gain physical insights into the major control mechanism, we employ the momentum potential theory (MPT) to analyze the flows with and without control. Essentially, the underlying control mechanism relies on an intriguing effect of the synthetic jet via generating the outward radiated wave structures, which are identified to split the upstream acoustic and vortical components. The splitting treatment presents the second-mode energy to drop sharply after the flow passes through the synthetic jet slot. The MPT source-term analysis reveals that the significantly suppressed near-wall source terms are responsible for suppressing the second mode downstream. Compared with the vortical and thermal source terms, the acoustic source term is found to be suppressed most. The kinetic budget analysis further reveals that the splitting treatment is related to the non-parallel effect and the nonlinear interaction.
Measurement of hypersonic turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate using cylindrical focused laser differential interferometer
Authors: Huang Ranran , Liu Wanting , Cheng Jiangyi , Wu Jie
Published: February 2023

A modified Cylindrical-Focused Laser Differential Interferometer (CFLDI) system was used to measure the density fluctuations generated by a Mach 6 turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate. The amplitude, spectral statistics, and correlation scale of the density fluctuations were analyzed at different wall-normal heights throughout the boundary layer. Direct numerical simulation was performed under the similar condition to verify the experimental results. The results show that the CFLDI system herewith can accurately represent the statistical characteristics of density fluctuations with a bandwidth of 3–200 kHz in the hypersonic turbulent boundary layer. As the distance from the wall increases, the amplitude of density fluctuations keeps increasing until y/δ ≈ 0.8 and levels off after y/δ ≈ 1.5. As the measurement position moves into the freestream, the characteristic frequency of the density fluctuation decreases rapidly, while its integral timescale gradually increases. Similar phenomena were also observed for pressure fluctuations.
Phase equilibrium of three-component liquid systems composed of water, alcohol, and sodium chloride studied by the reference interaction-site model integral equation theory
Authors: Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Chong Song-Ho , Yoshida Norio
Published: February 2023

A theoretical method for calculating the thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria of a binary liquid mixture using the reference interaction-site model (RISM) integral equation theory, which we had proposed recently, was extended to ternary liquid systems containing salt. A novel dielectric correction of the RISM theory for a mixture of solvents was also proposed. The theory was applied to mixtures composed of water, alcohol, and NaCl, where the alcohol was either methanol or ethanol. The decrease in NaCl solubility with increasing alcohol molar fractions in the solvent was calculated. In the ethanol system, the theory yielded salt-induced liquid–liquid phase separation, which was observed experimentally in a ternary mixture of water, 1-propanol, and NaCl. The phase diagram of the ternary system was determined theoretically.
Transient photocurrent and optical absorption of disordered thin-film semiconductors: In-depth injection and nonlinear response
Authors: Seki Kazuhiko , Muramatsu Naoya , Miura Tomoaki , Ikoma Tadaaki
Published: February 2023

The time-of-flight method is a fundamental approach for characterizing the transport properties of semiconductors. Recently, the transient photocurrent and optical absorption kinetics have been simultaneously measured for thin films; pulsed-light excitation of thin films should give rise to non-negligible in-depth carrier injection. Yet, the effects of in-depth carrier injection on the transient currents and optical absorption have not yet been elucidated theoretically. Here, by considering the in-depth carrier injection in simulations, we found a 1/t1−α/2 initial time (t) dependence rather than the conventional 1/t1−α dependence under a weak external electric field, where α < 1 is the index of dispersive diffusion. The asymptotic transient currents are not influenced by the initial in-depth carrier injection and follow the conventional 1/t1+α time dependence. We also present the relation between the field-dependent mobility coefficient and the diffusion coefficient when the transport is dispersive. The field dependence of the transport coefficients influences the transit time in the photocurrent kinetics dividing two power-law decay regimes. The classical Scher–Montroll theory predicts that a1 + a2 = 2 when the initial photocurrent decay is given by 1/ta1 and the asymptotic photocurrent decay is given by 1/ta2. The results shed light on the interpretation of the power-law exponent of 1/ta1 when a1 + a2 ≠ 2.
A proposal for the inductive categorisation of parenthetical discourse markers in Spanish using parallel corpora
Authors: Robledo Hernán , Nazar Rogelio
Published: February 2023

We propose a method for the automatic induction of categories of Spanish discourse markers using parallel corpora, based on a quantitative and empirical approach that minimises explicit linguistic knowledge. We conducted the analysis the using a large Spanish-English parallel corpus. First, we used this corpus to obtain a list of parenthetical discourse markers in each language. Then, we used it as a “semantic mirror”, inspecting the English equivalences and assessing which Spanish discourse markers fulfil a similar function in discourse and vice versa. The result of this procedure is an emerging categorisation of discourse markers. The main contribution is to offer empirical evidence for the adequacy of existing manually-compiled taxonomies and the potential for discovery of new, unaccounted categories. In this article we focus on units pertaining to the Spanish language but, since the method is purely quantitative, it is possible to apply it to different languages as well.
Crafting multimodal argumentative meshworks
Authors: Lv Junyi
Published: February 2023

Short videos depicting rural China have gained popularity on social media domestically and internationally. Among the genre’s creators, Li Ziqi stands out for her unique style of culinary craft, starting from the most basic materials. I interpret Li Ziqi’s mushroom videos as multimodal “argumentative meshworks” casting a counterstatement to the “involuted” urban life and nature/culture division. To unfold the analyses, I first place videos in the context of urban ills. Built on previous studies of multimodal argumentation and entanglement anthropology, I define “argumentative meshworks” in three aspects: a human-nonhuman entanglement, a simplicity-complexity harmony, and a production-audience interaction. Then I select three mushroom videos as artefacts to unpack the multimodal meshworks. Following the empirical call argumentation studies, I use viewers’ comments to support my points throughout the whole piece. This inquiry explores multimodal argumentation’s new possibility to not only stress things out but create space for harmony and peace of mind.
Diplomatic letters from the Republic of Ragusa in the fifteenth century
Authors: Lalić Ana
Published: February 2023

In this paper, I study the ways in which (im)politeness strategies are used in letters sent by the Republic of
Ragusa to its ambassadors in the Bosnian Kingdom during the fifteenth century. The corpus for this research comprises the

Lettere di Levante
collection, today kept in the Dubrovnik
State Archives, Croatia. I aim to determine the politeness strategies that were used in the letters based on the Brown and
Levinson framework. The paper focusses on mitigating strategies used when making requests, expressing condolences, offering
congratulations and making threats. The research reveals patterns in conversational and written exchanges, whose goal is to be
conventionally polite and diplomatic. This research aims to offer insights into intercultural communication in Europe,
inter-European influence, and communication patterns in diplomatic discourse and might be of interest to political scientists,
historians and diplomats.
Measuring language dominance in bilinguals with two sign languages
Authors: Lindeberg Dag Johan
Published: February 2023

This study examines whether a multi-faceted construct of language dominance developed for spoken languages applies
to signed language bilinguals. Sign languages have been described as highly iconic and relatively similar to each other compared
to spoken languages. Attaining fluency in the signed modality might well require considerably less effort, and balanced
bilingualism may be more prevalent in the signed modality. Language dominance constructs, as currently understood, might differ in
the spoken and signed modality. Forty bilinguals with two sign languages responded to a language dominance questionnaire developed
for spoken languages and performed a phonological fluency (sign generation) task. Language dominance levels were found to vary in
the signed modality. The correlation between reported dominance levels and the number of signs generated in each sign language was
significant, suggesting that the construct of language dominance tested is robust and independent of modality.
Second language acquisition of depicting signs
Authors: Schönström Krister , Mesch Johanna
Published: February 2023

This paper concerns the acquisition of the sign lexicon in L2 learners of Swedish Sign Language. Sampled data (conversation and narrative retelling) from a longitudinal learner corpus with 16 adult L2 signers was analyzed and compared with data from nine L1 signers. The use of three broad types of signs was analyzed: lexical signs, partly-lexical signs (i.e. depicting signs) and non-lexical signs. The results revealed some differences between L1 and L2 signers, especially with regard to depicting signs. The number of depicting signs used by L2 learners increased over time, approaching the target language use. Qualitatively, we observed differences between L1 and L2 signers in their use of depicting signs, related to handshape choice and sign constructions. We discuss these findings in light of previous research linked to L2 vocabulary as well as the role of gestural knowledge in sign L2 acquisition.
PERK recruits E-Syt1 at ER–mitochondria contacts for mitochondrial lipid transport and respiration
Authors: Sassano Maria Livia , van Vliet Alexander R. , Vervoort Ellen , Van Eygen Sofie , Van den Haute Chris , Pavie Benjamin , Roels Joris , Swinnen Johannes V. , Spinazzi Marco , Moens Leen , Casteels Kristina , Meyts Isabelle , Pinton Paolo , Marchi Saverio , Rochin Leila , Giordano Francesca , Felipe-Abrio Blanca , Agostinis Patrizia
Published: February 2023

The integrity of ER–mitochondria appositions ensures transfer of ions and phospholipids (PLs) between these organelles and exerts crucial effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Malfunctions within the ER–mitochondria contacts altering lipid trafficking homeostasis manifest in diverse pathologies, but the molecular effectors governing this process remain ill-defined. Here, we report that PERK promotes lipid trafficking at the ER–mitochondria contact sites (EMCS) through a non-conventional, unfolded protein response-independent, mechanism. PERK operates as an adaptor for the recruitment of the ER–plasma membrane tether and lipid transfer protein (LTP) Extended-Synaptotagmin 1 (E-Syt1), within the EMCS. In resting cells, the heterotypic E-Syt1-PERK interaction endorses transfer of PLs between the ER and mitochondria. Weakening the E-Syt1-PERK interaction or removing the lipid transfer SMP-domain of E-Syt1, compromises mitochondrial respiration. Our findings unravel E-Syt1 as a PERK interacting LTP and molecular component of the lipid trafficking machinery of the EMCS, which critically maintains mitochondrial homeostasis and fitness.
RELA tunes innate-like interferon I/III responses in human T cells
Authors: Jeremiah Nadia , Ferran Hermine , Antoniadou Konstantina , De Azevedo Kevin , Nikolic Jovan , Maurin Mathieu , Benaroch Philippe , Manel Nicolas
Published: February 2023

In innate immune cells, intracellular sensors such as cGAS-STING stimulate type I/III interferon (IFN) expression, which promotes antiviral defense and immune activation. However, how IFN-I/III expression is controlled in adaptive cells is poorly understood. Here, we identify a transcriptional rheostat orchestrated by RELA that confers human T cells with innate-like abilities to produce IFN-I/III. Despite intact cGAS-STING signaling, IFN-I/III responses are stunted in CD4+ T cells compared with dendritic cells or macrophages. We find that lysine residues in RELA tune the IFN-I/III response at baseline and in response to STING stimulation in CD4+ T cells. This response requires positive feedback driven by cGAS and IRF7 expression. By combining RELA with IRF3 and DNA demethylation, IFN-I/III production in CD4+ T cells reaches levels observed in dendritic cells. IFN-I/III production provides self-protection of CD4+ T cells against HIV infection and enhances the elimination of tumor cells by CAR T cells. Therefore, innate-like functions can be tuned and leveraged in human T cells.
Steady-state measurement of charge-voltage curves
Authors: Short Ben
Published: February 2023

A new gating current recording protocol shows that gating hysteresis is a kinetic phenomenon, rather than an inherent thermodynamic property of Shaker potassium channels.
Configurational entropy of black hole quantum cores
Authors: Casadio R , da Rocha R , Meert P , Tabarroni L , Barreto W
Published: February 2023

Two types of information entropy are studied for the quantum states of a model for the matter core inside a black hole geometry. A detailed description is first given of the quantum mechanical picture leading to a spectrum of bound states for a collapsing ball of dust in general relativity with a non-trivial ground state. Information entropies are then computed, shedding new light on the stability of the ground state and the spectrum of higher excited states.
A ‘black hole theorem,’ and its implications
Authors: Giddings Steven B
Published: February 2023

A general formulation of the basic conflict of the information problem is given, encapsulated in a ‘black hole theorem.’ This is framed in a more general context than the usual one of quantum field theory on a background, and is based on describing a black hole as a quantum subsystem of a larger system, including its environment. This sharpens the limited set of possible consistent options; as with the Coleman-Mandula theorem, the most important point is probably the loophole in the ‘theorem,’ and what this tells us about the fundamental structure of quantum gravity. This ‘theorem’ in particular involves the general question of how to define quantum subsystems in quantum gravity. If black holes do behave as quantum subsystems, at least to a good approximation, evolve unitarily, and do not leave remnants, the ‘theorem’ implies the presence of interactions between a black hole and its environment that go beyond a description based on local quantum fields. This provides further motivation for and connects to previous work giving a principled parameterization of these interactions, and investigating their possible observational signatures via electromagnetic or gravitational wave observations of black holes.
Generalized Newton–Cartan geometries for particles and strings
Authors: Bergshoeff E A , van Helden K , Lahnsteiner J , Romano L , Rosseel J
Published: February 2023

We discuss the generalized Newton–Cartan geometries that can serve as gravitational background fields for particles and strings. In order to enable us to define affine connections that are invariant under all the symmetries of the structure group, we describe torsionful geometries with independent torsion tensors. A characteristic feature of the non-Lorentzian geometries we consider is that some of the torsion tensors are so-called ‘intrinsic torsion’ tensors. Setting some components of these intrinsic torsion tensors to zero leads to constraints on the geometry. For both particles and strings, we discuss various such constraints that can be imposed consistently with the structure group symmetries. In this way, we reproduce several results in the literature.
Modular low-cost 3D printed setup for experiments with NV centers in diamond
Authors: Stegemann Jan , Peters Marina , Horsthemke Ludwig , Langels Nicole , Glösekötter Peter , Heusler Stefan , Gregor Markus
Published: February 2023

With the advent of quantum technology, the need for affordable, flexible and robust laboratory experiments not only for students, but also at high school level is increasing. Here, for the first time, we report on a simple modular 3D printed low-cost (<250 €) setup which fulfils these needs for quantum sensing experiments based on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamonds. Commercially available setups for optically detected magnetic resonance in microdiamonds used as quantum sensor for magnetic fields are not only beyond the reach of any high school (>10 000 €), but also have shortcomings from a didactical point of view, as all the components of the setup are hidden within a ’black box’, doomed to be successful ’plug and play’. In contrast, our open-source experimental kit consists of optical components that are placed inside 3D printed open-framed cubes, that can be arranged freely on a grid. This modular and flexible design can provide an inquiry-based learning experience both at undergraduate and high school level.
Sparse optimization problems in fractional order Sobolev spaces
Authors: Antil Harbir , Wachsmuth Daniel
Published: February 2023

We consider optimization problems in the fractional order Sobolev spaces with sparsity promoting objective functionals containing L

p
-pseudonorms,

p
∈
(
0
,
1
)

. Existence of solutions is proven. By means of a smoothing scheme, we obtain first-order optimality conditions, which contain an equation with the fractional Laplace operator. An algorithm based on this smoothing scheme is developed. Weak limit points of iterates are shown to satisfy a stationarity system that is slightly weaker than that given by the necessary condition.