bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Economic Theories of Criminal Punishment: Pricing, Prevention, or Proportionality?
Authors: Miceli Thomas J
Published: July 2023

This article examines competing economic theories of crime and punishment within a common analytical framework. The theories—due to Becker (1968), Posner (1985), and Adelstein (1981)—share the view of crime as exchange, but differ in the interpretation of punishment; specifically, is it aimed at pricing crime, preventing crime, or achieving corrective justice? The hybrid model used to address this question, originally developed by Hylton (2005), explicitly incorporates market exchange as an alternative to criminal exchange. The results show that the optimal enforcement policy generally involves maximal punishment (however that is defined), but the optimal probability of apprehension can be high or low, depending on the parameters of the model. In the latter case, crime may completely crowd out the market. (JEL K14, K42)
Following all the rules: Intuitionistic completeness for generalized proof-theoretic validity
Authors: Stafford Will , Nascimento Victor
Published: July 2023

Prawitz conjectured that the proof-theoretically valid logic is intuitionistic logic. Recent work on proof-theoretic validity has disproven this. In fact, it has been shown that proof-theoretic validity is not even closed under substitution. In this paper, we make a minor modification to the definition of proof-theoretic validity found in Prawitz’s 1973paper ‘Towards a foundation of a general proof theory’ and refined by Schroeder-Heister in ‘Validity concepts in proof-theoretic semantics’ (2006). We will call the new notion generalized proof-theoretic validity and show that the logic of generalized proof-theoretic validity is intuitionistic logic.
Proteomic analysis of zebrafish folliculogenesis identifies YB-1 (Ybx1/ybx1) as a potential gatekeeping molecule controlling early ovarian folliculogenesis
Authors: Lau Esther Shuk-Wa , Zhu Bo , Sun Ming-An , Ngai Sai Ming , Ge Wei
Published: July 2023

As in mammals, ovarian folliculogenesis in teleosts also consists of two phases: the primary growth (PG) and secondary growth (SG) phases, which are analogous to the preantral and antral phases respectively in mammals. In this study, we performed a proteomic analysis on zebrafish follicles undergoing the PG–SG transition aiming to identify factors involved in the event. Numerous proteins showed significant changes, and the most prominent one was Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1; Ybx1/ybx1), a transcription factor and mRNA-binding protein. YB-1 belongs to the Y-box binding protein family, which also includes the gonad-specific YB-2. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis showed no YB-2 homolog in zebrafish. Although ybx1 mRNA was expressed in various tissues, its protein Ybx1 was primarily produced in the gonads, similar to YB-2 in other species. In the ovary, Ybx1 protein started to appear in early follicles newly emerged from the germ cell cysts, reached the highest level in late PG oocytes, but decreased precipitously when the follicles entered the SG phase. In PG follicles, Ybx1 might function as a key component of the messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) in association with other RNA-binding proteins. Similar to mammalian YB-1, zebrafish Ybx1 also contains functional signals that determine its intracellular localization. In conclusion, Ybx1 may play dual roles of YB-1 and YB-2 in zebrafish. In the ovary, Ybx1 binds mRNAs to stabilize them while preventing their translation. At PG–SG transition, Ybx1 is removed to release the masked mRNAs for translation into functional proteins, leading to follicle activation.
Mediators of Black–White inequities in cardiovascular mortality among survivors of 18 cancers in the USA
Authors: Sung Hyuna , Hyun Noorie , Ohman Rachel E , Yang Eric H , Siegel Rebecca L , Jemal Ahmedin
Published: July 2023

Background

This study aims to quantify Black–White inequities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among US survivors of 18 adult-onset cancers and the extent to which these inequities are explained by differences in socio-economic and clinical factors.

Methods

Survivors of cancers diagnosed at ages 20–64 years during 2007–16 were identified from 17 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registries. Associations between race and CVD mortality were examined using proportional hazards models. Mediation analyses were performed to quantify the contributions of potential mediators, including socio-economic [health insurance, neighbourhood socio-economic status (nSES), rurality] and clinical (stage, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) factors.

Results

Among 904 995 survivors, 10 701 CVD deaths occurred (median follow-up, 43 months). Black survivors were more likely than White survivors to die from CVD for all 18 cancers with hazard ratios ranging from 1.30 (95% CI = 1.15–1.47) for lung cancer to 4.04 for brain cancer (95% CI = 2.79–5.83). The total percentage mediations (indirect effects) ranged from 24.8% for brain (95% CI=–5.2–59.6%) to 99.8% for lung (95% CI = 61.0–167%) cancers. Neighbourhood SES was identified as the strongest mediator for 14 cancers with percentage mediations varying from 25.0% for kidney cancer (95% CI = 14.1–36.3%) to 63.5% for lung cancer (95% CI = 36.5–108.7%). Insurance ranked second for 12 cancers with percentage mediations ranging from 12.3% for leukaemia (95% CI = 0.7–46.7%) to 31.3% for thyroid cancer (95% CI = 10.4–82.7%).

Conclusions

Insurance and nSES explained substantial proportions of the excess CVD mortality among Black survivors. Mitigating the effects of unequal access to care and differing opportunities for healthy living among neighbourhoods could substantially reduce racial inequities in CVD mortality among cancer survivors.
Remarks on Symmetric Fusion Categories of Low Rank in Positive Characteristic
Authors: Czenky Agustina
Published: July 2023

We give lower bounds for the rank of a symmetric fusion category in characteristic $p\geq 5$ in terms of $p$. We prove that the second Adams operation $\psi _{2}$ is not the identity for any non-trivial symmetric fusion category, and that symmetric fusion categories satisfying $\psi _{2}^{a}=\psi _{2}^{a-1}$ for some positive integer $a$ are super-Tannakian. As an application, we classify all symmetric fusion categories of rank 3 and those of rank 4 with exactly two self-dual simple objects.
Anxious Politics: Contesting Fantasies Surrounding the Removal of Statues of Slavery and the Confederacy
Authors: Zevnik Andreja
Published: July 2023

The summer of 2020 saw a global mobilization protesting the murder of George Floyd, during which statues glorifying white supremacy were toppled. Drawing on the narratives surrounding the removal of the Colston statue in Bristol and the Confederacy statues in New Orleans and Charlottesville, the paper examines the role of statues in the construction of political identities and social fantasies through Lacan’s theory of anxiety. For Lacan, anxiety tells us what subjects identify as threatening or familiar is not a reflection of objective circumstances but individual desires. By proposing the concepts of working against anxiety and working with anxiety, the paper examines (1) fantasies that aim to re-establish the old narratives and identities that were challenged in the process of statue removal and (2) practices that dwell in the moment of anxiety in an attempt to repair historical violences. The paper makes three contributions: firstly, to the literature on anxiety, the paper shows why anxiety is not an emotion but a building block of subject formation. Secondly, to the literature on commemoration, the paper demonstrates how statues affirm some identities while negate others, re-producing (racialized) violence; and to the literature on resistance, the paper demonstrates how deeply entrenched anxieties continue to constrict social progress.
Use of Interferon-Gamma Release Assays in Children <2 Years Old
Authors: Turner Nicholas A , Ahmed Amina , Haley Connie A , Starke Jeffrey R , Stout Jason E
Published: July 2023

While interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are widely used for detecting tuberculosis (TB) infection, tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) remain preferred for children under the age of 2 years. The preference for TST stems from concern over IGRA sensitivity in young children. However, TSTs are susceptible to false-positive results following Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination, which is common in infancy, and exposure to nontuberculous mycobacteria. We reviewed available data for IGRA performance in children under age 2 years. Across four cohorts of high-risk children under age 2 (mostly case contacts or those born in tuberculosis endemic regions), 0 of 575 untreated children with negative IGRA test results progressed to tuberculosis disease—including 0 of 70 who were TST positive but IGRA negative. While neither TSTs nor IGRAs are perfectly sensitive for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection, IGRAs are an acceptable alternative to TST in children <2 years of age.
A Tweedie Markov process and its application in fisheries stock assessment
Authors: Zheng Nan , Lim Yongho , Cadigan Noel G
Published: July 2023

The Tweedie distribution is a useful tool to model zero-inflated non-negative continuous data. However, the Tweedie dispersion relationship (DR) is not general enough to cover some important forms such as quadratic dispersion, and an easy and fast-to-implement Tweedie AR(1) model (first-order autoregressive model) needs to be developed for spatio-temporal modelling. In this research we extend the Tweedie distribution to accommodate flexible DRs, and propose a Tweedie Markov process (TMP) with the AR(1) autocorrelation structure. This TMP is simple to implement and requires only the Tweedie probability density function. Simulation studies and real data analysis are conducted to validate our new approach.
The Bax inhibitor GmBI-1α interacts with a Nod factor receptor and plays a dual role in the legume–rhizobia symbiosis
Authors: Yuan Songli , Ke Danxia , Liu Bo , Zhang Mengke , Li Xiangyong , Chen Haifeng , Zhang Chanjuan , Huang Yi , Sun Shuai , Shen Jiafang , Yang Shuqi , Zhou Shunxin , Leng Piao , Guan Yuefeng , Zhou Xinan
Published: July 2023

The gene networks surrounding Nod factor receptors that govern the symbiotic process between legumes and rhizobia remain largely unexplored. Here, we identify 13 novel GmNFR1α-associated proteins by yeast two-hybrid screening, and describe a potential interacting protein, GmBI-1α. GmBI-1α had the highest positive correlation with GmNFR1α in a co-expression network analysis, and its expression at the mRNA level in roots was enhanced by rhizobial infection. Moreover, GmBI-1α–GmNFR1α interaction was shown to occur in vitro and in vivo. The GmBI-1α protein was localized to multiple subcellular locations, including the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane. Overexpression of GmBI-1α increased the nodule number in transgenic hairy roots or transgenic soybean, whereas down-regulation of GmBI-1α transcripts by RNA interference reduced the nodule number. In addition, the nodules in GmBI-1α-overexpressing plants became smaller in size and infected area with reduced nitrogenase activity. In GmBI-1α-overexpressing transgenic soybean, the elevated GmBI-1α also promoted plant growth and suppressed the expression of defense signaling-related genes. Infection thread analysis of GmBI-1α-overexpressing plants showed that GmBI-1α promoted rhizobial infection. Collectively, our findings support a GmNFR1α-associated protein in the Nod factor signaling pathway and shed new light on the regulatory mechanism of GmNFR1α in rhizobial symbiosis.
RTEL1 is required for silencing and epigenome stability
Authors: Olivier Margaux , Hesketh Amy , Pouch-Pélissier Marie-Noëlle , Pélissier Thierry , Huang Ying , Latrasse David , Benhamed Moussa , Mathieu Olivier
Published: July 2023

Transcriptional silencing is an essential mechanism for controlling the expression of genes, transgenes and heterochromatic repeats through specific epigenetic marks on chromatin that are maintained during DNA replication. In Arabidopsis, silenced transgenes and heterochromatic sequences are typically associated with high levels of DNA methylation, while silenced genes are enriched in H3K27me3. Reactivation of these loci is often correlated with decreased levels of these repressive epigenetic marks. Here, we report that the DNA helicase REGULATOR OF TELOMERE ELONGATION 1 (RTEL1) is required for transcriptional silencing. RTEL1 deficiency causes upregulation of many genes enriched in H3K27me3 accompanied by a moderate decrease in this mark, but no loss of DNA methylation at reactivated heterochromatic loci. Instead, heterochromatin exhibits DNA hypermethylation and increased H3K27me3 in rtel1. We further find that loss of RTEL1 suppresses the release of heterochromatin silencing caused by the absence of the MOM1 silencing factor. RTEL1 is conserved among eukaryotes and plays a key role in resolving DNA secondary structures during DNA replication. Inducing such aberrant DNA structures using DNA cross-linking agents also results in a loss of transcriptional silencing. These findings uncover unappreciated roles for RTEL1 in transcriptional silencing and in stabilizing DNA methylation and H3K27me3 patterns.
In the Realm of the Senses
Authors: Han Irene
Published: July 2023

The chapter centers on the phenomenon of metabolē or change in Republic Book VIII. While previous books of the dialogue are dedicated to building the ideal city, what is a “beautiful city” (kallipolis), Socrates explains that even such a constitution is subject to fade away and degeneration (Pl. Resp. 546a–d). In order to describe the process of transformation, Socrates relies on a feminine presence and invokes the Muses, who oversee what becomes of the kallipolis, as it declines into other forms, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, and, finally, tyranny. The chapter asks why the feminine frame is brought into play at this particular moment and the female voice, as Diotima is in the Symposium and Aspasia in the Menexenus. An injection of the female voice into the narrative in Socrates’ tale of decline is deliberate and essential—it is a necessary move because metabolē consists in a ladder of becoming, reproductive cycles, and portrays generational change, which depends on and is driven by the quintessential feminine task: pregnancy, maternity, and childbirth.
Untitled
Authors: Han Irene
Published: July 2023

The fourth chapter, “Untitled,” traces the vitalist outlines of Magnesia, the utopian model delineated in the Laws, and the “second-best city” because it is not inhabited by gods or a number of the children of gods, but still ideal because the city’s laws impose the greatest possible unity in the state (Pl. Leg. 739d–e). In this paradigm, a distinctly Magnesian subjectivity is found, and it is predicated on feminine difference, in a mixed constitution between monarchy and democracy, one that participates in material political folds. That is, with their porous bodies, citizens create Deleuzian folds in which distinctions between subject and object, self and other meet, combine, and dissolve. Furthermore, the chapter locates a similar trajectory in Laws Book III to what we see in Republic Book VIII; the Athenian Stranger embarks on a historical survey, by providing a history of various cities and political systems that have risen and fallen, in other words, a survey of historical metabolē. In what amounts to both an overarching and selective review, he starts from the primitive era, after the event of a deluge, which washes away and destroys human civilizations, and moves to the more recent past, in his treatment of the Persian monarchy and Athenian democracy. In this way, Plato has the Athenian provide lessons from history and takes an inductive approach to constructing Magnesia, starting from particular observations in order to arrive at a universal. The chapter argues that, in contrast to Republic Book VIII, the Athenian’s account is not a decline narrative but, rather, portrays the generation of politics and a materialistic vision of history, compelled by the abstract feminine principle of becoming.
Empires of the Dead
Authors: Heaney Christopher
Published: July 2023

Empires of the Dead is a history of the collection of Inca, Andean, and ancient Peruvian mummies and skulls, from 1532 to the present. That history started with Spain’s invasion of the Inca empire of Tawantinsuyu in 1532, which revealed that South America was home to the world’s oldest cultures of artificial mummification. Those cultures’ climax were the Inca rulers and sacred Andean ancestors who commanded rains, lightning, and their descendants after death. To convert those descendants to Christianity, the Spanish confiscated these ancestors—the first European collection of Indigenous remains in the Americas. They destroyed many but studied others, such that by the end of colonial rule, in 1821, scholars believed that “Inca mummies” and “ancient Peruvian” skulls could be collected and measured to question the antiquity and “civilization” of the American “race.” Peruvian and foreign scholars populated their museums and nineteenth-century world’s fairs with these Indigenous human remains, encouraging the looting of Indigenous American tombs elsewhere. Yet Peruvian and Indigenous scholars like archaeologist Julio César Tello (1880–1947) also studied that dead as an anti-racist gesture, arguing that mummification and a pre-Hispanic cranial surgery named trepanation were ancient Andean bodily knowledges disrupted by colonialism. By mapping the exhumation and movement of these Peruvian ancestors of American anthropology, this book explains how “ancient Peruvians” became the single largest population in the Smithsonian and many other museums in Peru and around the world, and it explores what their recollection means to the researchers and communities who seek and curate them today.
Introduction
Authors: Heaney Christopher
Published: July 2023

When the Smithsonian Institution’s Hall of Physical Anthropology opened in 1965, visitors were greeted by 160 Andean skulls fixed to the wall like a mushroom cloud. Empires of the Dead explains that Skull Wall’s origins, and this introduction establishes its scope: a history from 1532 to the present of how the collection of Inca mummies, Andean crania, and the pre-Hispanic surgery of “trepanation” made “ancient Peruvians” the largest single population of human remains in the Smithsonian and many other museums in Peru, the Americas, and the world. This introduction argues that the Hall of Physical Anthropology displayed these collections while hiding their foundation on Indigenous, Andean, and Peruvian cultures of healing and science. These “Peruvian ancestors” of American anthropology reveal the importance of Indigenous and Latin American science and empire to global history, and their relevance to debates over museums and Indigenous human remains today.
Curing Incas
Authors: Heaney Christopher
Published: July 2023

This chapter synthesizes Inca and Andean chronicles, Peruvian ethnohistory, and archaeology to survey the varied cultures of healing, mummification, and ancestor veneration specific to the Andes and its Inca Empire prior to Spain’s invasion in 1532. Drawing from the Huarochirí manuscript and the study of a trepanned Yauyo skull today in Harvard’s Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, it explains how Andean cultures used healing, ancestor-making, and environment to extend communities’ health and navigate relationships with others, like the Incas’ empire of Tawantinsuyu. It details how Tawantinsuyu expanded over the Andes, and how Sapa Inkas (emperors) like Pachacutic intervened on the mummification and mortuary practices of the Incas and their subjects. They made the royal Inca dead into flashing and lithic mummies, yllapas. They collected the sacred ancestors (mallkis) and huacas of their subjects. And they ritually killed subjects to make capacocha offerings to the cosmos.
Embalming Incas
Authors: Heaney Christopher
Published: July 2023

This chapter uses the death and afterlife of the Sapa Inka (emperor) Huayna Capac to explain why Spanish conquistadors and colonizers confiscated the yllapas (sacred mummies) of the Incas, following the invasion of their empire Tawantinsuyu in 1532. Spaniards studied the nature of Inca “embalming” to contest Inca descendants’ belief in the yllapas’ lasting power. Yet they were unable to rule in Andean terms until 1559, when they collected the mummies of Pachacutic Yupanqui, Huayna Capac, and his mother, Mama Ocllo, displaying and possibly dissecting them in the Hospital of San Andrés. Inca royal families, meanwhile, kept the yllapas of Huayna Capac’s heirs on the move until 1572, when the Viceroy Francisco de Toledo confiscated Manco Inca’s yllapa, executed his son Tupa Amaru, and likely sent the heart-filled sun icon Punchao to Spain. This first European collection of Indigenous American remains turned sacred ancestors into scientific specimens of idolatry.
Mining Incas
Authors: Heaney Christopher
Published: July 2023

This chapter shows how the post-1870 looting and excavation of Peru’s “Necropolis” of Ancón populated national and foreign museums and fairs with a bundled Andean dead that helped to shift Americanist anthropology’s attentions from racialized skulls to contextualized mortuary customs. At Peru’s fairs, during the Centennial Exposition of Philadelphia (1876) and the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893, whole sections of Andean cemeteries went on display, and for the first time, their human remains remained bundled, creating a new practice for archaeology in which the contents of Indigenous “American” tombs were to be collected in their totality. Peruvian scholars facilitated these exports, which made Andean mummies the face of the nation abroad, but their support for foreign collectors’ ventures into the highlands forced Andean communities to reveal remains they understood as ancestors and antecessors. Their grief, and the dead they exposed, inspired new scholarship, as well as works of art like Edvard Munch’s The Scream.
“Hacia nuevos horizontes”
Authors: Quevedo Marysol
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores a series of developments in Cuban electroacoustic music production beginning in 1979. The composition, presentation, and reception of electroacoustic music all reflected increasingly globalized networks. The effects of globalization and postmodernist theories emerging from Europe impacted how Cuban composers approached their craft, how audiences listened to classical music, and how composers engaged with audiences through their compositions. These developments in shifting aesthetic and worldviews took place when Cuba was undergoing drastic political, economic, and social changes, coinciding with the establishment of institutions and festivals that promoted new and electroacoustic music in national and international audiences through performances and recordings. This chapter examines the Festival de Música Electrónica Primavera en Varadero, the LPs of electroacoustic music by Cuban composers released by the EGREM, and the establishment of institutions designed to meet the needs of composers, researchers, and artists, such as the Asociación Hermanos Saíz and the Taller ICAP de Música Electroacústica (TIME). The composers and works represented in these spaces both reflected and enacted the economic, social, political, and aesthetic shifts that took place in Cuba during the last decade of its diplomatic and economic ties to the Soviet Union. The case studies explored in this final chapter show how one particular genre, electroacoustic music, facilitated compositional innovation and artistic networking for Cuban composers who increasingly viewed their work as both Cuban and global.
Family, Church, and Community
Authors: Chafe William H.
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses how Black Americans relied on family, church, and community as a source of strength to achieve freedom. Blacks developed their respective concentric circles of resistance and opportunity in response to the concentric circles of white people’s social control which were used to confine Black people. The chapter cites the solidarity of the Black community that began with family, whose moral compass was rooted in the church. It notes that the foundation of family, church, and community would lift Black Americans out of repression and into the full promise of racial justice. Survival itself was a form of defiance against the period of Jim Crow as it allowed Black people to lay the groundwork for resistance and confrontation.
The 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Chafe William H.
Published: July 2023

This chapter expounds on the lives of Black people during the 1920s and 1930s. It acknowledges that W. E. B. Du Bois’s call to enter the war full-gear had produced nothing but disillusionment. Even though the Great Migration offered some respite, most Blacks in the South only found solace in mutual self-help and community institution building. The chapter discusses how racist politics became a powerful presence in government. The experience of the 1930s demonstrated the importance of the overall state of the economy, the persistence of Black protest and community-building, and the federal government's willingness to support people who demanded racial justice. Thus, the 1930s proved that some forward progress could occur when Black demands remained high.
The Persistence of Struggle, the Beginning of Hope
Authors: Chafe William H.
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores how World War II affected the lives of Black people. It mentions how the Civil War brought freedom, but 10 percent of Union Army casualties were linked with Black people from the North and former slaves from the South. Black activists were intent on using the impending crisis to drive home their demands for change, which resulted in the growing strength of industrial unionism. The chapter also notes how the war triggered a second Great Migration and the skyrocketing figures of Black people’s government employment. It explains that Southern white people were committed to resisting the change and were determined to keep the racist regime of Jim Crow.
The Power of Partisanship
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna
Published: July 2023

Joshua J. Dyck and Shanna Pearson-Merkowitz contend that political polarization is no longer bound by the ropes on the proverbial political boxing ring. Instead, The Power of Partisanship shows that no area or part of social life in the United States is safe from partisan influence. As a result of changes in the media landscape and decades of political polarization and negativity, voters are stronger partisans than in the past and are more likely to view the opposition party with a combination of confusion, disdain, and outright hostility. Yet, little of this hostility is grounded in the specifics of policy. In The Power of Partisanship, the authors argue that the growth in affective partisan polarization and the resulting negativity voters feel toward the opposition party has far-reaching, often toxic, effects on how Americans behave both inside and outside the realm of politics. In the book, Dyck and Pearson-Merkowitz show how partisanship influences the electorate’s support for democratic norms, willingness to engage in risk in financial and health care decisions, interracial interactions, and preferences on completely non-political issues like their choice of food for dinner. Partisanship blocks people from learning from their interactions with friends or the realities of their neighborhoods, and even makes them blind to their own personal economic hardship.
Elite Cues, Negative Partisanship, and the Changing Media Landscape
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna
Published: July 2023

Chapter 2 empirically demonstrates the growth in strong partisanship and negative partisanship, and the relationship of these trends to the changing media environment. It shows that the share of the public that identifies as independent has remained stable over time. But, for those who identify as partisan, their attachment to their party has grown considerably stronger and is also far more negative toward the opposition party. This change corresponds with the development of a cadre of strongly partisan news outlets and social media that have allowed those who seek information about politics to find one-sided information that supports their side or attacks and vilifies the other. As a result of the advent of social media, political elites can now avoid the media all together and speak directly to voters. The conflagration of these forces has led partisan elites to have considerable influence over co-partisan voters.
Partisanship, Race, and Intergroup Contact
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna
Published: July 2023

Chapter 4 begins the investigation into how party cues affect well-established social science theories that are not expressly political. The chapter investigates how partisan cues alter expectations derived from the intergroup contact theory. The data show that when partisan elite cues profess animus toward the out-group, even close contact fails to decrease intergroup animosity and increase acknowledgment of racial inequality. Perhaps most importantly, the data show consistent evidence that for white Americans, contact with the Black community crystalizes views about discrimination and systemic racism for both groups. Contact fails to make the expected change in attitudes among white partisans that the contact hypothesis has shown in previous research, except among Democrats. This chapter utilizes original data specifically designed to test this hypothesis during the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests, as well as data from other original surveys.
An Elite Problem Calls for an Elite Solution
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna
Published: July 2023

Chapter 8, offers a summary and discussion of the implications of the book’s findings. First, it addresses if the findings are expressive and argues that recent events suggest they are not. Second, it considers political scientists’ endorsement of political polarization and “responsible parties” as a normative good. Given the book’s findings, these endorsements are problematic: A well-sorted electorate that has a high degree of issue constraint in which people stop learning from their lived experience provides no benefit to society. Democrats and Republicans are not voting “correctly” if their policy beliefs are endogenous to their party preferences. The conclusion also addresses the asymmetry of many of the book’s findings: The data throughout the book suggest that conflict extension is much stronger for Republicans than for Democrats during the period in which the experiments presented in the book were conducted. The chapter concludes by arguing that since polarization is elite-led, to save the United States from further conflict and potential partisan-motivated violence requires partisan elites to change their combative negative public style and embrace tolerance and compromise.
Contrast and content in phonological features
Authors: Currie Hall Daniel
Published: July 2023

‘Substance-free’ theories of phonology take two different approaches to eliminating phonetic information from phonological computations, positing either that distinctive features have phonetic content but phonological rules can manipulate them in arbitrary ways (Hale and Reiss 2003, 2008) or that features are based on phonological patterning and need not have any identifiable phonetic content at all (Blaho 2008; Samuels 2009). This chapter argues that the key insights of substance-free phonology can be maintained in a system that allows a limited role for phonetic substance. Methodologically, requiring that features have phonetic content and rules be formally natural limits the generative power of the system, forcing analysts to look more closely at apparently unnatural rules and classes, and precluding analyses based on spurious generalizations. At the same time, the fact that phonetic content does not always determine phonological patterning can be explained through underspecification based on contrast.
The relation between gestures and kinematics
Authors: Sorensen Tanner , Gafos Adamantios
Published: July 2023

This chapter reviews fundamental concepts about speech gestures as dynamical systems, presents some new results on their formal expression, and sketches unresolved challenges in the relation between the dynamical approach and open problems in phonological theory. Dynamical systems inherently have discrete, qualitative properties along with continuous, quantitative properties. This naturally sets up two hypotheses for the dynamical view. The first is that the gesture, as a dynamical system, captures the variability and context-specificity of speech movements. The second is that these same dynamical systems also provide a cognitively plausible basis for a theory of phonological representations. The chapter discusses evidence and issues met in fleshing out these two hypotheses and concludes by reviewing progress and outstanding challenges on issues of underspecification and spreading versus feature change.
Towards a quantized representation of phonological stop contrasts
Authors: Puggaard-Rode Rasmus , Botma Bert , Grijzenhout Janet
Published: July 2023

Q-CV is a quantized approach to segmental structure in which, following Q-theory, segments consist of subsegments called q-positions. Work in Q-theory has so far mainly addressed the representation of contour segments. Our aim is to explore whether this type of approach is also suitable for representing less marked segment types, in particular stops. We propose an additional level of structure, the CV-level, which constrains the order of q-positions and reduces the number of features. We show that an advantage of Q-CV is that stop contrasts, especially those involving laryngeal contrasts, can be represented in terms of differences in the relative timing of their oral and laryngeal articulations.
Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol has long-lasting, transgenerational impacts on fertility and reproductive development
Authors: Rogers Rachael E , Chai Shuyi , Pask Andrew J , Mattiske Deidre M
Published: July 2023

Significant decreases in fertility have been observed over the past 50 years, with female conception rates dropping by 44% and male sperm counts decreasing by over 50%. This dramatic decrease in fertility can be attributed in part to our increasing exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is an estrogenic EDC that was prescribed to millions of pregnant women between 1940 and 1970 and resulted in detrimental reproductive effects in the offspring that were exposed in utero. Women who were exposed to DES in utero experienced higher rates of infertility, pregnancy complications, and reproductive cancers. Alarmingly, there is evidence to suggest that these effects may persist in the grandchildren and great grandchildren of exposed women. To define the transgenerational reproductive impacts in females following exposure to DES, gestating mice were exposed to DES and the effects monitored in the female descendants across 3 generations. There was a trend for reduced pregnancy rate and fertility index seen across the generations and moreover, the anogenital distance (AGD) was significantly reduced up until the third, unexposed generation. The onset of puberty was also significantly affected, with the timing of vaginal opening occurring significantly earlier in DES descendants. These results indicate a transgenerational effect of DES on multiple reproductive parameters including fertility, timing of puberty, and AGD. These data have significant implications for more than 50 million DES descendants worldwide as well as raising concerns for the ongoing health impacts caused by exposures to other estrogenic EDCs which are pervasive in our environment.
Patient and Community Factors Affecting Treatment Access for Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Bulgin Dominique , Patrick Stephen W. , McElroy Tamarra , McNeer Elizabeth , Dupont William D. , Murry Velma McBride
Published: July 2023

OBJECTIVE:

To examine whether access to treatment for women with opioid use disorder (OUD) varied by race and ethnicity, community characteristics, and pregnancy status.

METHODS:

We conducted a secondary data analysis of a simulated patient caller study of buprenorphine-waivered prescribers and opioid-treatment programs in 10 U.S. states. We conducted multivariable analyses, accounting for potential confounders, to evaluate factors associated with likelihood of successfully securing an appointment. Descriptive statistics and significance testing examined 1) caller characteristics and call outcome by assigned race and ethnicity and clinic type (combined, opioid-treatment programs, and buprenorphine-waivered prescribers) and 2) clinic and community characteristics and call outcome by community race and ethnicity distribution (majority White vs majority Black, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander) and clinic type. A multiple logistic regression model was fitted to assess the likelihood of obtaining an appointment by callers' race and ethnicity and pregnancy status with the exposure of interest being majority Black, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander community distribution.

RESULTS:

In total, 3,547 calls reached clinics to schedule appointments. Buprenorphine-waivered prescribers were more likely to be in communities that were more than 50% White (88.9% vs 77.3%, P<.001), and opioid-treatment programs were more likely to be in communities that were less than 50% White (11.1% vs 22.7%, P<.001). Callers were more likely to be granted appointments in majority Black, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander communities (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.06, 95% CI 1.02–1.10 per 10% Black, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander community population) and at opioid-treatment programs (aOR 4.94, 95% CI 3.52–6.92) and if they were not pregnant (aOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.53–2.09).

CONCLUSION:

Clinic distribution and likelihood of acceptance for treatment varied by community race and ethnicity distribution. Access to treatment for OUD remains challenging for pregnant people and in many historically marginalized U.S. communities.
The persistent underrepresentation of patients with chronic kidney disease in cardiovascular trials: a systematic review and evidence map of exclusion and outcomes
Authors: Colombijn Julia M.T. , Idema Demy L. , van Beem Sanne , Blokland Anna Marthe , van der Braak Kim , Handoko M. Louis , Huis in ’t Veld Linde F. , Kaul Tabea , Kolagasigil-Akdemir Nurda , Kusters Mike P.T. , Meijvis Sabine C.A. , Oosting Ilse J. , Spijker Rene , Bots Michiel L. , Hooft Lotty , Verhaar Marianne C. , Vernooij Robin W.M.
Published: July 2023

Background

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk for cardiovascular disease, but their systematic underrepresentation in cardiovascular randomised controlled trials (RCTs) limits appropriate evidence to guide cardiovascular risk management (CVRM). This systematic review aims to evaluate trends in the underrepresentation of patients with CKD in cardiovascular RCTs in the past 20 years and highlight evidence gaps for CVRM medications in this population.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in ClinicalTrials.gov from its inception in 2000 until October 2021, targeting RCTs evaluating the efficacy of CVRM medications on mortality, cardiovascular disease, and kidney failure in adults with cardiovascular disease or one or more cardiovascular risk factors. Two reviewers independently screened references and extracted data. Outcomes were the exclusion rate of patients with CKD over time and an evidence map of studies reporting results for this population.

Results

In total, 1194 RCTs involving 2,207,677 participants were included. Since 2000, the percentage of cardiovascular RCTs that exclude patients with CKD has increased from 66% to 79% (74% overall, 884 RCTs). In 73% of RCTs, more patients were excluded than anticipated on safety grounds (63% without dose adjustment necessary and 79% of RCTs with dose adjustment necessary). In total, 158 RCTs (13%) reported results patients with CKD separately (e.g. in subgroup analyses). Significant evidence gaps exist for most CVRM interventions for patients with CKD, particularly for those with CKD stage 4-5. For patients with an eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73m2, 23 RCTs reported results, for dialysis patients 15 RCTs, and for kidney transplant patients only 1 RCT.

Conclusion

The underrepresentation of patients with CKD in cardiovascular RCTs has not improved in the past two decades and three-quarters of RCTs excluded more patients than expected on safety grounds. A lack of RCTs that report results for patients with CKD has resulted in significant evidence gaps for most CVRM medications in all subgroups of patients with CKD, in particular for those with CKD stage 4-5.

Primary funding source

Dutch Heart Foundation, 2020B008 RECONNEXT

Registration

PROSPERO (CRD42022296746)
Establishment and maintenance of two sand fly colonies (Phlebotomus perniciosusandPhlebotomus papatasi) to implement experimental infections
Authors: Prudhomme Jorian , Laroche Lison , Quân Anh Nguyen Hoàng , Fournier Justine , Mhaidi Idris , Berhard Aloïs , Killick-Kendrick Mireille , Bañuls Anne-Laure
Published: July 2023

Sand flies are vectors ofLeishmaniaandPhlebovirus, pathogens responsible for public health concerns in numerous countries. Sand fly colonies are essential for research on vector-pathogen interactions. Methods for establishing and maintaining sand fly colonies have been well described in the literature. However, very few colonies of these considerable vectors currently exist.

In order to encourage the creation of new colonies, we provide a timeline for researchers who want to implement colonies ofPhlebotomus perniciosusandPhlebotomus papatasi. In this study, we set up colonies of both species to test and optimize their breeding conditions.

ForPh. perniciosus, we reached a stable production of 800 individuals per week, one year after the start of the colony. ForPh. papatasi, a stable production of 400 individuals per week was reached 11 months after establishing the colony. Moreover, we have successfully conducted experiments within a year of establishing the colonies.

In conclusion, our data on these two species showed that colonies could be established without difficulty with 1000-1500 eggs. It is possible to reach a stable weekly production of 800 individuals one year after starting the colony. We also describe colony settings and breeding recommendations to facilitate this procedure for other laboratories.
The reciprocal regulation between mitochondrial-associated membranes and Notch signaling in skeletal muscle atrophy
Authors: Ito Yurika , Yamagata Mari , Yamamoto Takuya , Hirasaka Katsuya , Nikawa Takeshi , Sato Takahiko
Published: July 2023

Skeletal muscle atrophy and the inhibition of muscle regeneration are known to occur as a natural consequence of aging, yet the underlying mechanisms that lead to these processes in atrophic myofibers remain largely unclear. Our research has revealed that the maintenance of proper mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) is vital for preventing skeletal muscle atrophy in microgravity environments. We discovered that the deletion of the mitochondrial fusion protein Mitofusin2 (MFN2), which serves as a tether for MAM, in human iPS cells or the reduction of MAM in differentiated myotubes caused by microgravity interfered with myogenic differentiation process and an increased susceptibility to muscle atrophy, as well as the activation of the Notch signaling pathway. The atrophic phenotype of differentiated myotubes in microgravity and the regenerative capacity of Mfn2-deficient muscle stem cells in dystrophic mice were both ameliorated by treatment with the gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT. Our findings demonstrate how the orchestration of mitochondrial morphology in differentiated myotubes and regenerating muscle stem cells plays a crucial role in regulating Notch signaling through the interaction of MAM.

digest

This study investigated the link between Mfn2 and Notch signaling in skeletal muscle atrophy. We used a microgravity system to induce muscle atrophy and found that the loss of Mfn2 leads to decreased numbers of MAM and activation of Notch signaling and that treating MFN2-deficient human iPS cells with a gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT improved their mitochondrial morphology and function. Additionally, Mfn2-deficient muscle stem cells in mice have a lower capacity to regenerate dystrophic muscles and DAPT treatment improves the regeneration of these cells. The study suggests that targeting the Notch signaling pathway with a gamma-secretase inhibitor could be a therapeutic option for skeletal muscle atrophy caused by defects in Mfn2.
Exploring clinicians’ experiences of how efficient virtual elective knee clinics are compared to traditional face-to-face clinics
Authors: Henry Ronan
Published: July 2023

Purpose

Efficient delivery of integrated healthcare requires solid alliances and collaboration with stakeholders on a regular basis. Due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it has become necessary to explore new ways of delivering integrated healthcare, and virtual clinics have offered one solution and are likely to continue due to the uncertainty with COVID-19. This study aims to explore clinicians’ experiences of how efficient virtual elective knee clinics (VEKC) are in an orthopaedic setting in comparison to traditional face-to-face clinics.

Design/methodology/approach

The study utilised a mixed-methods study to obtain qualitative and quantitative data. This involved an anonymous online survey in addition to in-depth qualitative interviews conducted with a purposive sample of multidisciplinary colleagues who work with the VEKC in an acute hospital.

Findings

Three overarching themes and nine sub-themes emerged in the qualitative analysis. Overall, clinicians in both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the study highlighted several ways that virtual clinics are efficient from both the patient and health service perspective. However, participants also highlighted barriers in relation to virtual clinics not being suitable for certain cohorts of patients and pathologies.

Originality/value

This is the first study in Ireland to provide valuable insights into the experiences of multidisciplinary clinicians using VEKC and their efficiency compared to traditional face-to-face clinics.
Impacts of Tariff Rates on Input Source Choice: Evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Negara Siwage Dharma , Narjoko Dionisius A. , Hayakawa Kazunobu
Published: July 2023

This study empirically examines how a reduction in input tariffs changes firms' choices between domestic and foreign inputs. In order to do so, we employ Indonesian manufacturing surveys from 2002 to 2010 and compute the share of imported inputs among total inputs at the firm‐product level. With this dataset, we examine the effect of preferential tariffs for ASEAN countries—that is, ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) tariffs. Our findings can be summarized as follows: First, we found that a reduction in AFTA tariffs in Indonesia encouraged plants to raise their share of foreign inputs. Second, such an effect of AFTA tariffs was observed only for indigenous plants, or those whose primary sales market is the domestic market. Third, we found that the more productive plants experienced a greater impact of AFTA tariffs on foreign inputs. In short, the reduction in AFTA tariffs encouraged input reallocation, at least in some specific firms in Indonesia.