bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Validity of Central Venous to Arterial Carbon Dioxide Difference to Predict Adequate Fluid Management during Living Donor Liver Transplantation: A Prospective Observational Study.
Authors: Hosny Hisham , Elayashy Mohamed , Hussein Amr , Mahmoud Ahmed Abdelaal Ahmed , Mukhtar Ahmed , Fetouh Fawzia Aboul , Abdelaal Amr , Said Hany , Abdo Mostafa
Published: January 2019

Background: Patients with End-stage liver disease undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation are prone to serious hemodynamic and metabolic derangements. The study aimed to assess the validity of central and pulmonary veno-arterial CO2 gradients to predict fluid responsiveness and to guide fluid management during liver transplantation.
Methods: In adult recipients of liver transplantation, ASA III to IV, pulse pressure variations (PPV) guided intraoperative fluid management. PPV of ≥15% (Fluid Responding Status-FRS) indicated fluid resuscitation with 250 ml albumin 5% boluses repeated if required to correct PPV to <15% (Fluid non-Responding Status-FnRS). Samples from central venous and pulmonary artery catheters (PAC) were collected simultaneously to calculate both the central venous to arterial CO2 gap [C(v-a) CO2 gap] and the pulmonary venous to arterial CO2 gap [Pulm(p-a) CO2 gap].
Results: Primary outcome was the sensitivity of central venous CO2 gap to differentiate between fluid responding and non-responding states with 67 data points recorded (20 FRS and 47 FnRS). The discriminative ability of central and pulmonary CO2 gaps between the two statuses (FRS and FnRS) was poor with AUC of ROC of 0.698 and 0.570 respectively. The central CO2 gap was significantly higher in FRS than FnRS (P=0.016), with no difference in pulmonary CO2 gap between both statuses. The central and pulmonary CO2 gaps were weakly correlated to PPV [r=0.291, (P=0.017) and r=0.367, (P=0.002) respectively]. No correlation between both CO2 gaps and both CO and lactate could be seen.
Conclusion: The Central and the Pulmonary CO2 gaps cannot be used as valid tools to predict fluid responsiveness and to guide fluid management during liver transplantation. CO2 gaps also do not correlate well with the changes in PPV or CO.
Comparison of Postoperative Pain between Patients who underwent Primary and Repeated Caesarean Section: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Duan Guangyou , Yang Guiying , Peng Jing , Duan Zhenxin , Li Jie , Tang Xianglong , Li Hong
Published: January 2019

Background: The presences of differences in post-operative pain are unclear between the primipara who underwent a primary cesarean section and multipara who underwent first repeat cesarean section. The study aimed to explore the possible difference in postoperative pain between primipara and multipara.
Methods: Women who underwent cesarean deliveries under spinal anesthesia were included, and postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia was performed. Postoperative incision and visceral pain within 48 hours after the surgery were evaluated. Serum leukocyte and neutrophil counts before and 24 hours after the surgery were retrospective collected. Additionally, the patients’ pain statuses on postoperative week 1 and week 4 were also assessed during follow-up via telephone.
Results: A total of 168 patients (67 primipara and 101 multipara) were included. The multipara showed less risk for experiencing moderate to severe incision pain during the 48 hours after the surgery than the primipara (15.8%vs.37.3%; P=0.001). In patients under 30 years old, inadequate treatment of the visceral pain in the multipara was higher than that of the primipara (22.7%vs.6.4%; P=0.026). There was no significant difference in the combined incidence of inadequate analgesia in both types of pain between the multipara and primipara (33.7%vs.40.2%, P=0.381). Additionally, a significantly higher incidence of pain at 4 weeks after the surgery was noted in the primipara compared to the multipara (55.4%vs.36.1%, P=0.015).
Conclusions: Individual differences between the primipara and multipara should be considered in the management of postoperative analgesia for those who have undergone Cesarean deliveries.
Programmed Intermittent Boluses of Ropivacaine may Provide Superior Analgesia Compared with Continuous Infusion via Paravertebral Catheters following Thoracic Surgery
Authors: Bishop Bridget , Willshire Luke , Kilpin Matthew , Tan Chong , Weinberg Laurence , Pearce Brett
Published: January 2019

Background: Extrapleural paravertebral local anaesthetic catheters are an effective method of post-operative analgesia. We investigated if delivery of ropivacaine via programmed intermittent boluses provided superior analgesia to continuous infusion alone in patients after thoracic surgery.
Methods: A single-centre, retrospective study of 84 adult patients who received an extrapleural paravertebral catheter following thoracic surgery was performed. Patients were stratified into two groups based on the percentage of the total daily ropivacaine dose delivered as a bolus: continuous infusion (< 10%; n = 29) and programmed intermittent bolus (> 10%; n = 55). Outcomes included opioid consumption, pain scores, and ketamine use.
Results: Both groups were comparable. Mean (standard deviation) oral morphine equivalent daily dose consumption on day one, the primary outcome, was 173.4mg (139.7mg) for the continuous infusion group compared to 129.2mg (100.4mg) for the programmed intermittent bolus group, p = 0.10. On day two, the mean (standard deviation) was 149.8mg (130.2mg) and 102.5mg (94.6mg) respectively, p = 0.08. On day three this reached significance with 178.1mg (150.6mg) for the continuous infusion group compared to 80.1mg (74.6mg) for the programmed intermittent bolus group, p = 0.001. There was also a reduction in the number of patients requiring ketamine in the programmed intermittent bolus group on day two (p = 0.02) and day three (p = 0.04). There was no difference in pain scores.
Conclusion: In patients receiving extrapleural paravertebral catheters after thoracic surgery, the delivery of ropivacaine via programmed intermittent boluses may provide superior analgesia compared to continuous infusion alone.
Abnormal Sleep Behaviours Across the Spectrum of Alzheimer’s Disease Severity: Influence of APOE Genotypes and Lewy Bodies
Authors: Koo Ka Yi G. , Schweizer Tom A. , Fischer Corinne E. , Munoz David G.
Published: January 2019

Background:

The Apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele is a well-known risk factor for Alzheimer’s
Disease (AD), and sleep disturbances are commonly associated with AD. However, few studies
have investigated the relationship between APOE ε4 and abnormal sleep patterns (N+) in AD.

Objective:

To examine the relationship between APOE genotype, Lewy body pathology, and abnormal
sleep patterns in a large group of subjects with known AD load evaluated upon autopsy.

Method:

Data from 2,368 cases obtained from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Centre database
were categorized as follows: Braak Stage V/VI and CERAD frequent neuritic plaques as high load AD,
Braak Stage III/IV and moderate CERAD as intermediate load AD, and Braak Stage 0/I/II and infrequent
CERAD as no to low load AD. Cases discrepant between the two measures were discarded.

Results:

Disrupted sleep was more frequent in males (42.4%) compared to females (35.1%), and in carriers
(42.3%) as opposed to non-carriers (36.5%) of ε4. Amongst female subjects with high AD load and
Lewy body pathology, homozygous (ε4/ε4) carriers experienced disrupted sleep more often compared
with heterozygous (ε4/x) or non-carriers of ε4. Such recessive, gender-specific, and Lewy body association
is reminiscent of the ε4 effect on psychosis in AD. However, such association was lost after adjusting
for covariates. In subjects with no to low AD pathology, female ε4 carriers had significantly more
nighttime disturbances than non-carriers; this effect is independent of the presence of Lewy body pathology.

Conclusion:

The influence of APOE ε4 on sleep disturbances is dependent on gender and severity of
AD load.
Gefitinib Represses JAK-STAT Signaling Activated by CRTC1-MAML2 Fusion in Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Wu Yufeng , He Zhen , Li Shaomei , Tang Hong , Wang Lili , Yang Sen , Dong Bing , Qin Jianjun , Sun Yue , Yu Han , Zhang Yu , Zhang Yi , Guo Yongjun , Wang Qiming
Published: January 2019

Background:

Gefitinib is well-known as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting non-smalllung- cancer (NSCLC) containing EGFR mutations. However, its effectiveness in treating mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) without such EGFR mutations suggests additional targets.

Objective:

The CRTC1-MAML2 (C1-M2) fusion typical for MEC has been proposed to be a gefitinib target.

Methods:

To test this hypothesis, we developed a set of siRNAs to down-regulate C1-M2 expression. RNA-seq and Western blot techniques were applied to analyze the effects of gefitinib and siC1-M2 on the transcriptome of and the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinases in a MEC cell line H292.

Results:

Deep-sequencing transcriptome analysis revealed that gefitinib extensively inhibited transcription of genes in JAK-STAT and MAPK/ERK pathways. Both siC1-M2 and gefitinib inhibited the phosphorylation of multiple signaling kinases in these signaling pathways, indicating that gefitinib inhibited JAK-STAT and MAPK/ERK pathways activated by C1-M2 fusion. Moreover, gefitinib inhibition of EGFR and MAPK/ERK was more effective than that of AKT, JAK2 and STATs, and their dependence on C1-M2 could be uncoupled. Taken together, our results suggest that gefitinib simultaneously represses phosphorylation of multiple key signaling proteins which are activated in MEC, in part by C1-M2 fusion. Gefitinib-repressed kinase phosphorylation explains the transcriptional repression of genes in JAK-STAT and MAPK/ERK pathways.

Conclusion:

These findings provide new insights into the efficacy of gefitinib in treating mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and suggest that a combination of gefitinib and other inhibitors specifically against C1-M2 fusion could be more effective.
ML-rRBF-ECOC: A Multi-Label Learning Classifier for Predicting Protein Subcellular Localization with Both Single and Multiple Sites
Authors: Han Guo-Sheng , Yu Zu-Guo
Published: January 2019

Background:

The subcellular localization of a protein is closely related with its functions
and interactions. More and more evidences show that proteins may simultaneously exist at, or move
between, two or more different subcellular localizations. Therefore, predicting protein subcellular localization
is an important but challenging problem.

Observation:

Most of the existing methods for predicting protein subcellular localization assume that a
protein locates at a single site. Although a few methods have been proposed to deal with proteins with
multiple sites, correlations between subcellular localization are not efficiently taken into account. In
this paper, we propose an integrated method for predicting protein subcellular localizations with both
single site and multiple sites.

Methods:

Firstly, we extend the Multi-Label Radial Basis Function (ML-RBF) method to the regularized
version, and augment the first layer of ML-RBF to take local correlations between subcellular localization
into account. Secondly, we embed the modified ML-RBF into a multi-label Error-Correcting
Output Codes (ECOC) method in order to further consider the subcellular localization dependency. We
name our method ML-rRBF-ECOC. Finally, the performance of ML-rRBF-ECOC is evaluated on
three benchmark datasets.

Results:

The results demonstrate that ML-rRBF-ECOC has highly competitive performance to the related
multi-label learning method and some state-of-the-art methods for predicting protein subcellular
localizations with multiple sites. Considering dependency between subcellular localizations can contribute
to the improvement of prediction performance.

Conclusion:

This also indicates that correlations between different subcellular localizations really exist.
Our method at least plays a complementary role to existing methods for predicting protein subcellular
localizations with multiple sites.
A Sensitive and Selective Electrochemical Sensor for Sulfadimethoxine Based on Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Poly (o-aminophenol) Film
Authors: Peng Youyuan , Ji Qiaolan
Published: January 2019

Background:

As a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the sulfonamide family, Sulfadimethoxine
(SDM) has been widely utilized for therapeutic and growth-promoting purposes in animals. However,
the use of SDM can cause residual problems. Even a low concentration of SDM in the aquatic
system can exert toxic effects on target organisms and green algae. Therefore, the quantitation of
SDM residues has become an important task.

Methods:

The present work describes the development of a sensitive and selective electrochemical
sensor for sulfadimethoxine based on molecularly imprinted poly(o-aminophenol) film. The
molecular imprinted polymer film was fabricated by electropolymerizing o-aminophenol in the presence
of SDM after depositing carboxylfunctionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes onto a glassy
carbon electrode surface. SDM can be quickly removed by electrochemical methods. The imprinted
polymer film was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and scanning
electron microscopy.

Results:

Under the selected optimal conditions, the molecularly imprinted sensor shows a linear
range from 1.0 × 10-7 to 2.0 × 10-5 mol L-1 for SDM, with a detection limit of 4.0 × 10-8 mol L-1. The
sensor was applied to the determination of SDM in aquaculture water samples successfully, with the
recoveries ranging from 95% to 106%.

Conclusion:

The proposed sensor exhibited a high degree of selectivity for SDM in comparison to
other structurally similar molecules, along with long-term stability, good reproducibility and excellent
regeneration capacity. The sensor may offer a feasible strategy for the analysis of SDM in aquaculture
water samples.
Effect of Various Parameters and Mechanism of Reversal Order of Elution in Chiral HPLC
Authors: Ali Imran , Suhail Mohd. , Asnin Leonind , Aboul-Enein Hassan Y.
Published: January 2019

Background:

Chiral separation involves many phenomena in which the elution order of
the enantiomers has its unique position. The phenomenon of elution order of the enantiomers has also
been used in the determination of optical purity which is favorable to elute the major component after
minor enantiomeric impurity but the main problem is that, this phenomenon is rare.

Results:

This review rumors the reversal order of elution of many chiral molecules in HPLC. Besides,
this review pronounces the effects of pH, derivatisation of drugs, the composition of the mobile
phase, and temperature on the reversal order of elution of chiral drugs. The efforts are also made
to discuss the possible future perspectives of reversal order of elution.

Conclusion:

Various parameters such as pH, mobile phase composition, temperature, and chemical
structure of the analytes play a role in the phenomena of the reversal order of elution of many chiral
molecules which are discussed in the article.
Investigation of the Role of the Alkalizing Agent in Sodium Alginate Liquid Anti-reflux Suspension
Authors: Torne Sangmesh , Sheela A. , Sarada N.C.
Published: January 2019

Background:

Anti-reflux formulation is one of the popular formulations across the globe
in the pharmaceutical industry used specifically for the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux
disease. But, this formulation is less explored with respect to research. Anti-reflux formulation has
challenges to show its antacid functionality, which could have synergies in the management of refluxes
in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Alkalizing agents act as antacid and improve the acid
neutralization capacity in the anti-reflux formulation, and can be used appropriately as they affect
raft strength beyond certain (optimum) limits.

Objective:

The objective of this work is to investigate the significance of alkalizing agent in sodium
alginate based on oral liquid anti-reflux suspension for the management of Gastro-oesophageal
Reflux Disease (GERD).

Methods:

In the present study, the formulation was prepared using sodium alginate along with different
alkalizing agents like calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate at different levels. The formulation
was further studied for in-vitro characterization like pH, viscosity, Acid Neutralization
Capacity (ANC), thickness, formation speed, flotation, and raft strength.

Results:

The formulation with a higher level of calcium carbonate as the alkalizing agent showed a
positive effect on the acid neutralization capacity (20.83mEq) and raft strength (16.95g) as well.
Whereas, the formulation with a higher level of sodium bi-carbonate (4.01%) showed improved
acid neutralization (22.31mEq) but showed a negative effect on raft strengths (10.08g).

Conclusion:

Based on the study, the optimum levels include 5% sodium alginate, 1.6% calcium
carbonate and 2.67% sodium bicarbonate to achieve good liquid suspension formulation possessing
good acid neutralization capacity as well as raft strength.
Comprehensive Overview and Assessment of microRNA Target Prediction Tools in Homo sapiens and Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Faiza Muniba , Tanveer Khushnuma , Fatihi Saman , Wang Yonghua , Raza Khalid
Published: January 2019

Background:

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that control gene expression
at the post-transcriptional level through complementary base pairing with the target
mRNA, leading to mRNA degradation and blocking translation process. Many dysfunctions of
these small regulatory molecules have been linked to the development and progression of several
diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to reliably predict potential miRNA targets.

Objective:

A large number of computational prediction tools have been developed which provide a
faster way to find putative miRNA targets, but at the same time, their results are often inconsistent.
Hence, finding a reliable, functional miRNA target is still a challenging task. Also, each tool is
equipped with different algorithms, and it is difficult for the biologists to know which tool is the
best choice for their study.

Methods:

We analyzed eleven miRNA target predictors on Drosophila melanogaster and Homo
sapiens by applying significant empirical methods to evaluate and assess their accuracy and performance
using experimentally validated high confident mature miRNAs and their targets. In addition,
this paper also describes miRNA target prediction algorithms, and discusses common features
of frequently used target prediction tools.

Results:

The results show that MicroT, microRNA and CoMir are the best performing tool on
Drosopihla melanogaster; while TargetScan and miRmap perform well for Homo sapiens. The
predicted results of each tool were combined in order to improve the performance in both the datasets,
but any significant improvement is not observed in terms of true positives.

Conclusion:

The currently available miRNA target prediction tools greatly suffer from a large
number of false positives. Therefore, computational prediction of significant targets with high statistical
confidence is still an open challenge.
Evaluation of the Anti-Hypercholesterolemic and Antioxidant Activity of Mentha pulegium (L.) Aqueous Extract in Normal and Streptozotocin- Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Farid Omar , Eddouks Mohamed
Published: January 2019

Objective:

Mentha pulegium L., an aromatic plant belonging to Lamiaceae family, is widely used by local population against diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disorders. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vivo antihypercholesterolemic effect of aerial parts aqueous extract (A.P.A.E) of Mentha pulegium (M. pulegium) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Additionally, the in vitro antioxidant activity of M. pulegium A.P.A.E has been estimated.

Methods:

The effect of M. pulegium (L.) A.P.A.E (20 mg of lyophilized A.P.A.E per kg body weight) on plasma lipid profile was investigated in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats (n=6) treated for 15 days with M. pulegium (L.) A.P.A.E oral administration. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH (1-1-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. Estimation of total polyphenol contents in A.P.A.E of M. pulegium was determined with the Folin- Ciocalteu reagent by the method using gallic acid as a standard phenolic compound. Also, flavonoids were estimated according to the method based on the formation of a complex flavonoidaluminium.

Results:

The results show that 15 days of M. pulegium A.P.A.E oral administration alleviated hyperlipidemia in diabetic rats by lowering significantly (p<0.01) the plasma cholesterol levels without affecting the triglycerides (TG) levels significantly. However, no significant decrease in plasma cholesterol and plasma triglycerides has been shown in diabetic control rats. In addition, A.P.A.E oral administration has exerted some increasing activity on plasma HDL-c level (54.84 %), whereas the HDL-c level, in diabetic control rats, has significantly decreased (p<0.05). On the other hand, M. pulegium A.P.A.E showed a high amount of flavonoid (83.07 ± 0.58 mg EQ / g of extract) and phenolic compounds (239.08 ± 35.40 mg EAG/g of extract). Also, according to the DPPH radical scavenging activity, this aqueous extract has demonstrated a significant antioxidant activity.

Conclusion:

We conclude that 15 days of M. pulegium A.P.A.E oral administration exhibited a significant antihypercholesterolemic effect and has also demonstrated a not negligent increase in HDL-c levels without affecting the triglycerides levels. Furthermore, A.P.A.E exhibited a potent antioxidant activity. Therefore, phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of M. pulegium A.P.A.E may be seemingly implicated in the antihypercholesterolemic effect demonstrated in this study.
Variation at Interleukin-10 Locus Represents Susceptibility to Psoriasis in North Indian Population
Authors: Aadil Wani , Kaur Rajinder , Ganai Bashir Ahmad , Akhtar Tahseena , Narang Tarun , Hassan Iffat , Kumar Sunil
Published: January 2019

Background:

IL-10 is an important pleiotropic, immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine which plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to determine whether the three polymorphic sites of the IL-10 gene, haplotype and serum level confer susceptibility to psoriasis.

Method:

200 psoriatic patients and 200 controls were genotyped for three IL-10 polymorphic sites by ARMS polymerase chain reaction. Serum levels of IL -10 were measured by ELISA.

Results:

Our results demonstrated that polymorphism of IL-10 -592 C/A (adjusted* OR = 9.25; 95% CI =3.16- 27.06) and IL-10 1082 A/G (adjusted* OR = 4.28; (95% CI =1.46- 12.56) was found to be in association with increased risk of psoriasis while as IL- 10 819 C/T (adjusted* OR= 1.60; (95% CI = 0.65-3.95) polymorphism does not show any significant association with the risk of psoriasis. HT7 GTC haplotype is associated with increased risk of psoriasis. Serum levels of IL-10 were found to be significantly low in patients, as compared to controls with a non-significant correlation between serum IL-10 level and psoriasis severity.

Conclusion:

IL-10 polymorphism imparted significant risk towards the development of psoriasis in North Indian population. Highlighting the role of IL-10 cytokine in the pathogenesis of psoriasis will help in the development of psoriasis management.
The Association of rs2114358 in the miR-1206 Polymorphism to Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Hassan Fathelrahman Mahdi
Published: January 2019

Introduction:

Association studies with factor candidates have advised that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could also be related to CML progression and to the response to medical care. Genetic variation in miR-1206 of both derived and neighborhood SNPs process genes will contribute to the predisposition to cancer. The role of those with the risk of CML has not been extensively studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether polymorphisms in rs2114358 in pre-miRNAs process genes contribute to the risk of CML.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted during the period of March 2016 to October 2017 in Khartoum state teaching hospitals. The study population included a total of 420 patients who were previously diagnosed of having CML and 220 cancer-free controls of both gender and were of the same age range. Peripheral blood and bone marrow aspiration samples were collected from patients (254 males, 166 females; median age 58.5 years, range from less than 50 and above 50 years old) and investigated after written informed consent was obtained. Patients were in chronic phase (n=212), accelerated phase (n=125), and blast (n=83). All the patients were under treatment using chemotherapy regiments. The rs2114358 SNP in pre-miRNA was selected for genotyping.

Results:

The genotyping success rate was 98.3%. Genotype frequencies of the derived SNP and the neighborhood rs2114358 of miR-1206 compared to the controls were significantly different under Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (P=0.0001 and 0.0001 respectively). Significant differences were found in allele distributions of this SNP (P<0.01 and P<0.01). In total, the derived variant C allele of rs2114358 (OR=0.168, 95% CI=0.13-0.22) and G allele of neighborhood rs2114358 (OR=0.561, 95% CI=0.44-0.72) in patients' group were associated with an increased risk of CML compared to a control group. Patients with rs2114358 CC genotype (P = 0.0001) or TC (P = 0.0001) and the neighborhood rs2114358 GA genotype (P = 0.0460) or GG (P = 0.0093) were obviously much higher than that of the TT and AA genotype's patients.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, we discovered the association of SNP rs2114358 in miR-1206 with the risk of CML patients, though more investigations are still required to understand the regulative mechanisms of this miR SNP with the target genes resulting in its dysregulation.
Secure Digital Databases using Watermarking based on English-Character Attributes
Authors: Khatatneh Khalaf , Odeh Ashraf , Mashaleh Ashraf , Hamadeen Hind
Published: January 2019

Introduction:

The single space and the double space (DS). In this procedure, an image is used to watermark a digital database, where the image bytes are divided into binary strings that block the text attributes of the selected database, we proposed an algorithm to defend against four common database attacks.

Objective:

Perform the watermark is Embedding and makes extraction of the watermark. We also describe the principal of the Embedding and extraction the watermark.

Methods:

The procedure to extract the watermark does not require knowledge of the original database that does not carry the same watermark. This feature is extremely important because it allows the discovery of a watermark in a copy of the original database, regardless of the subsequent updates to the asset. The extraction procedure is a direct reflection of the procedure used to embed the watermark is six steps.

Results:

Using new algorithm ability to develop a database watermark that would make it difficult for an attacker to remove or change the watermark without discovering the value of the object. To be judged effective, the database algorithm had to be able to create a strong enough watermark that could sustain the security of the database in the face of the following four types of attack: deletion of a sub-dataset, addition of a sub-dataset.

Conclusion:

The performance of the proposed algorithm was assessed in respect of its ability to defend the database against four common attacks for all tuples selection.
Biofuels in Automobiles: Advantages and Disadvantages: A Review
Authors: Elfasakhany Ashraf
Published: January 2019

Background: Biofuels are one of the promising alternative fuel sources for automobiles.
The use of biofuels in combustion engines of automobiles showed many advantages and disadvantages.
In this study, the advantages and disadvantages of using biofuels in internal combustion
engines are reviewed and summarized based on early studies. Biofuels can offer favorable well-towheel
CO2 balance in our environment and improve engine power and efficiency. Oxygen contents
in biofuels also provide advantages for the fuel combustion. However, biofuels, also showed some
disadvantages, like corrosiveness to engine systems and low heating values of biofuels. Boiling temperature,
absorption with water, vapor toxicity, and autoignition of biofuels showed advantages for
some types and drawbacks for others.
Direitos humanos e empresas transnacionais: reflexões sobre poder e resistência
Authors: Vieira Flávia do Amaral
Published: January 2019

A partir do pensamento de Michel Foucault sobre relações de poder, estratégia, dispositivo, objetiva-se com esse artigo apresentar uma análise sobre a ausência de instrumentos que responsabilizem corporações transnacionais por violações de direitos humanos na ordem internacional. Através de pesquisa bibliográfica, constata-se que, apesar de que os grupos que controlam essas empresas exerçam poder de classe, há resistências. Verifica-se que, desde a década de 1970, o tema está incluído na agenda das Nações Unidas, e uma série de propostas foram apresentadas no debate sobre a responsabilização por violações de direitos humanos. Os resultados indicam a possibilidade de estabelecimento de um tratado vinculante sobre o tema, que exemplifica a luta constante nas relações de poder no globo.
Gold VS Bond: What Is the Safe Haven for the Indonesian and Malaysian Capital Market?
Authors: Robiyanto Robiyanto
Published: January 2019

This study scrutinizes the potency of gold and bonds as safe haven assets for the Indonesian and Malaysian capital markets, because some previous studies have been undertaken in established market settings. The research period for this study was from June 2008 to September 2016. The quantile regression technique was used to analyze the data. The results of this study indicated that gold did not have a role as a safe haven for the Indonesian capital market, but did have a role as the safe haven for the Malaysian capital market. This study also found that Indonesian government bonds, Malaysian government bonds, and Malaysian corporate bonds could not act as safe haven assets. In contrast, corporate bonds in Indonesia had the potency to perform the function of a safe haven for stocks on the Indonesian Stock Exchange.
TiO2 BEADS FOR PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF HUMIC ACID IN PEAT WATER
Authors: Andayani Winarti , Bagyo Agustin N M
Published: January 2019

Degradation of humic acid in aqueous solution containing TiO2 coated on ceramics beads under irradiation of 254 nm UV light has been conducted in batch reactor. The aim of this experiment was to study photocatalytic degradation of humic acid in peat water. The irradiation of the humic acid in aqueous solution was conducted in various conditions i.e solely uv, in the presence of TiO2-slurry and TiO2 beads. The color intensity, humic acid residue, conductivity and COD (chemical oxygen demand) of the solution were analyzed before and after irradiation.  The compounds produced during photodegradation were identified using HPLC. The results showed that after photocatalytic degradation, the color intensity and the COD value of the solution decreased, while the conductivity of water increased indicating mineralization of the peat water occurred. In addition, oxalic acid as the product of degradation was observed.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 3-ARYL-5H,13AH-QUINOLINO(3,2-F) (1,2,4)TRIAZOLO(4,3-B)(1,2-DIAZA-4-SULPHO)AZEPINES: IN VITRO ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Panwar Hemant , Singh Shishupal
Published: January 2019

3-Aryl-5H,13aH-quinolino(3,2-f)(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-b)(1,2-diaza-4-sulpho)azepines [2a-i] have been prepared by the cyclisation of 5-aryl-4-amino-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole by reaction with 2-chloro-3-formylquinoline in catalytic presence of p-toluene sulphonic acid. All the synthesized compounds have been characterized by elemental and spectral (IR, 1H- NMR and Mass) analysis. Furthermore, all compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against selected panel of pathogenic strains. Ampicillin trihydrate and fluconazole were used as standard drugs for antibacterial and antifungal activity, respectively. 3-(2-Chloro)phenyl-5H,13aH-quinolino(3,2-f)(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-b)(1,2-diaza-4-sulpho)azepine [2h] was found, one of the most potent with lesser toxicity among the all prepared thiazepine derivatives.
SYNTHESIS OF THIOMETHYLATED CALIX[4]RESORCINARENE BASED ON FENNEL OIL VIA CHLOROMETHYLATION
Authors: Utomo Suryadi Budi , Jumina Jumina , Siswanta Dwi , Mustofa Mustofa , Kumar Naresh
Published: January 2019

A research has been conducted to synthesize thiomethylated-C-4-methoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene using fennel oil as a starting material. The synthesis was carried out in four steps i.e. (1) oxidation of anethole to yield p-anisaldehyde, (2) HCl-catalyzed condensation of p-anisaldehyde with resorcinol, (3) chloromethylation of C-4-methoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene with paraformaldehyde and HCl in the presence of ZnCl2 to yield tetrakis-chloromethyl-C-4-methoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene, and (4) reaction of tetrakis-chloromethyl-C-4-methoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene with thiourea followed by hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide solution to yield tetrakis-thiomethyl-C-4-methoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene. The prepared compounds were characterized based on melting point, FT-IR, and NMR spectrometers. According to the analysis of 1H-NMR spectrometer, C-4-methoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene and tetrakis-chloromethyl-C-4-methoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene were observed in the chair or flattened partial cone conformation, while tetrakis-thiomethyl-C-4-methoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene tend to exist in the crown or cone conformation.
DETERMINATION OF CONSECUTIVE REACTION RATE CONSTANTS BETWEEN GLYCINE AND ISOLEUCINE WITH o-PHTHALDIALDEHYDE AND 2-MERCAPTOETHANOL FROM SINGLE EXPERIMENT DATA
Authors: Falah Iip Izul , Triyono Triyono , Atmaji Catur
Published: January 2019

Kinetics study of chemical reaction is important in producing optimum product, designing a reactor, analyzing a compound, and many other purposes. This work presents the result of study of consecutive pseudo first order reaction between glycine and isoleucine with o-phthaldialdehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol in borate buffer solution at pH=9.0. Continuous detection was used to follow the change of fluorescence intensity of formed isoindole during the reaction. Although concentrations of initial compound and its derivative were not known; by using iteration method, the reaction constants could be determined with high precision from single experiment data. Result of the work showed that reaction rate constants k1 and k2 for consecutive reaction of glycine with excess of o-phthaldialdehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol were 18.75x10-3 and 26.70x10-5 s-1, respectively; whereas for isoleucine were 6.06x10-3 and 12.59x10-5 s-1, respectively.
SYNTHESIS OF POLYPROPYLCALIX[6]ARENE FROM p-t-BUTYLPHENOL AS ADSORBENT FOR Cr(III) METAL ION
Authors: Prabawati Susy Yunita , Jumina Jumina , Santosa Sri Juari , Mustofa Mustofa
Published: January 2019

A study has been conducted to synthesize a novel polypropylcalix[6]arene polymer using p-t-butylphenol as a starting material. It was of interest to investigate the capability of the polymer with a tunnel-like structure, as adsorbent to trap the heavy metal cation such as Cr3+. The synthesis was carried out in several steps i.e (1) formation of p-t-butylcalix[6]arene from p-t-butylphenol as a starting material, (2) treatment of p-t-butylcalix[6]arene with 4.95 equivalents of allyl bromide under  alkaline conditions to yield p-t-butyl-37,40-diallyloxy-38,39,41,42-tetra-hydroxy-calix[6]arene, and (3) polymerization of p-t-butyl-37,40-diallyloxy-38,39,41,42-tetrahydroxycalix[6]arene by treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid to yield polypropyl-calix[6]arene. The application of polypropylcalix[6]arene for trapping Cr(III) was investigated by stirring the suspension of calixarene under variation of pH, time, and adsorbent mass. IR and 1H NMR spectra, showed that two allyl groups had been incorporated to the lower rim of the p-t-butylcalix[6]arene and the polymer was obtained as brownish green crystals with the melting point of 108-110 °C. The study also showed that the polypropylcalix[6]arene was able to trap Cr(III) cation. The optimum adsorption conditions were achieved at pH 5, contact time 60 min and concentration 12 mg/l for every 0,008 g of polymer.
MINIMIZE THE HYDROGENATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACID IN RUMEN WITH FORMALDEHYDE
Authors: Tiven Nafly C. , Yusiati Lies Mira , Rusman Rusman , Santoso Umar
Published: January 2019

This research aimed to know the ability of formaldehyde to protect unsaturated fatty acid of CPO on the hydrogenation process by rumen microbes. In this experiment, the in vitro fermentation of rumen fluid was carrying out. It was taken from the rumen-trocar of female sheep. The unsaturated fatty acid source was from CPO (Crude Palm Oil) which encapsulated by formaldehyde 37% within 0%, 1%, 2% and 3%. The data was analyzed by Completely Random Design with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. The difference of means the treatments were tested by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. Result showed that oleic and linoleic resulting from fermenting CPO protected by formaldehyde was increase if it was compared with the unprotected CPO. It can be concluded that encapsulated CPO with formaldehyde was able to prevent hydrogenating of unsaturated fatty acid, mainly oleic and linoleic.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS FROM PUMPKIN (Cucurbita moschata (Duch.) Poir) SEED KERNEL OIL AND THEIR FATTY ACID COMPOSITION
Authors: Raharjo Tri Joko , Nurliana Laily , Mastjeh Sabirin
Published: January 2019

The phospholipids (PL) of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata (Duch) Poir) seed kernel and their fatty acid composition were investigated. The crude oil was obtained by maceration with isopropanol followed by steps of extraction yielded polar lipids. The quantitative determination of PLs content of the dried pumpkin seed kernel and their polar lipids were calculated based on the elemental phosphorus (P) contents which was determined by means of spectrophotometric methods. PL classes were separated from polar lipids via column chromatography. The fatty acid composition of individual PL was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total of PL in the pumpkin seed kernels was 1.27% which consisted of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidyletanolamine (PE). The predominant fatty acids of PL were oleic and palmitic acid in PC and PE while PS's fatty acid were dominantly consisted of oleic acid and linoleic acid.
ANTIMALARIAL COMPOUNDS FROM ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI OF BROTOWALI (Tinaspora crispa L)
Authors: Elfita Elfita , Muharni Muharni , Munawar Munawar , Legasari Leni , Darwati Darwati
Published: January 2019

The term endophytic refers to a bacteria or a fungi microorganism that colonizes interior organs of plants, but does not have pathogenic effects on its host. In their symbiotic association, the host plant protects and feeds the endophytic, which ";in return"; produces bioactive metabolites to enhance the growth and compotitiveness of the host and to protect it from herbivores and plant pathogens. Plants with ethnobotanical history, for example brotowali (Tinaspora crispa L), are likely candidates to find bioactive compounds. Two alkaloids have been isolated from endophytic fungi of brotowali. The molecular structures of the isolated compounds were determined based on spectroscopic data, including UV, IR, NMR 1D and 2D spectrum. The compounds were determined as: 7- hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-on-2,3,4,6-tetrahydroisoquinoline-8-carboxylic acid (1) and 2,5-dihydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)pyridin-4-on (2). The compound has antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, with IC50 values 0,129 µM and 0,127 µM.
BENZYLISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS FROM BARK OF Cryptocarya rugulosa
Authors: Saidi Nurdin , Morita Hiroshi , Litaudon Marc , Mukhtar Mat Ropi , Awang Khalijah , A. Hadi A. Hamid
Published: January 2019

Seven known Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, Papraline 1, (+)-norcinnamolaurine 2, (+)-codamine 3, (+)-6-methoxy-1-(3'-methoxybenzyl)-N-methyl-7-isoquinolinol 4, (+)-reticuline N-oxide 5, (+)-reticuline 6 and (-)-N-methylisococlaurine 7 were isolated from bark of Cryptocarya rugulosa. A combination of 1D-NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT, NOE), 2D-NMR (COSY, NOESY, HMQC, HMBC), MS (HRESI+, FAB+ and EI) spectroscopy used to elucidate the structure.
STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUND FROM Ficus deltoidea Jack LEAVES
Authors: Suryati Suryati , Nurdin Hazli , Dachriyanus Dachriyanus , Hj Lajis Md Nordin
Published: January 2019

An antibacterial compound has been isolated from Ficus deltoidea Jack leaves. Based on spectroscopic data (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C NMR 1D and 2D and MS), the structure of this compound was identified as 3β-hydroksilup-20(29)-en, (lupeol), C30H50O. This compound showed antibacterial activities against E. coli, B. subtilis and S. aureus. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) against E. coli, B. subtilis and S. aureus are 150, 220 and 130 μg/mL respectively.
DIFFERENTIATION OF Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Zingiber cassumunar BY THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY FINGERPRINT ANALYSIS
Authors: Rafi Mohamad , Rohaeti Eti , Miftahudin Ali , Darusman Latifah K.
Published: January 2019

Turmeric (Curcuma longa), java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) and cassumunar ginger (Zingiber cassumunar) are widely used in traditional Indonesian medicine. These three herbs have relatively similar rhizomes colour so it is difficult to be differentiated especially if they are in powder form. A rapid and reliable method, thin layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprint, has been developed in order to identify, authenticate and differentiate these three herbs through fingerprint profile of chemical compounds. TLC fingerprints of the three herbs were obtained by visualization of separate zones with visible and UV (254 and 366 nm) light. The TLC fingerprint pattern is different each other and showed a specific marker zones respectively. Therefore, TLC fingerprint can be utilized for identification, authentication and differentiation method in quality control of the three herbs tested.
CRYSTALLINE PHASE REACTIVITY IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FLY ASH-BASED GEOPOLYMER
Authors: Atmaja Lukman , Fansuri Hamzah , Maharani Anggaria
Published: January 2019

Aluminosilicate, alkaline solution and fly ash from a power plant have been used to synthesize geopolymer at ambient temperature. SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio of the starting materials was varied by the addition of pure, insoluble corundum and quartz. The geopolymer exhibited some differences in the ratio of initial reaction mixtures and that of final products. The corundum gave no influence to the compressive strength while the quartz at SiO2/Al2O3=4.0-6.0 produced significant change in the strength. The highest compressive strength achieved was 65 MPa. XRD using analysis Rietveld method proved that quartz has been found both in starting materials as well as in the geopolymer indicating the involvement of crystalline phases, to some extent, in geopolymerization process.
REMOVAL OF NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER USING ELECTROCOAGULATION AS A FIRST STEP FOR DESALINATION OF BRACKISH WATER
Authors: Simanjuntak Wasinton , Ginting Irwan , Pandiangan Kamisah D.
Published: January 2019

In the present study, electrocoagulation method was employed to remove natural organic matter from brackish water. This study explores the potential of brackish water as a source of potable water. Two electrochemical variables, potential and contact time, were tested to determine their effect on the treatment efficiency defined in terms of the reduction of the absorbance at the wavelength of 254 nm (A254). Both potential and contact time were found to influence the removal efficiency of the method, and the best result was obtained from the experiment using the potential of 8 V and contact time of 60 min, resulting in 69.5% reduction of the absorbance. Very clean treated water was produced with much lower conductivity (12.06 mS/cm) as compared to that obtained for the sea water sample from a location near to the sampling site (133.9 mS/cm).
CHARACTERIZATION OF SORBENT PRODUCED THROUGH IMMOBILIZATION OF HUMIC ACID ON CHITOSAN USING GLUTARALDEHYDE AS CROSS-LINKING AGENT AND Pb(II) ION AS ACTIVE SITE PROTECTOR
Authors: Santoso Uripto Trisno , Santosa Sri Juari , Siswanta Dwi , Rusdiarso Bambang , Shimazu Shogo
Published: January 2019

Sorbent produced through immobilization of humic acid (HA) on chitosan using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent and Pb(II) ions as active site protector has been characterized. Active sorption site of HA was protected by reacting HA with Pb(II) ion, and the protected-HA was then activated by glutaraldehyde, crosslinked onto chitosan, and deprotected by 0.1 M disodium ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (Na2EDTA). The protected-crosslinking method enhanced the content of immobilized-HA and its chemical stability. Based on the FTIR spectra, crosslinking of HA on chitosan probably occurred through a chemical reaction. The sorption capacity of sorbent still remains unchanged after the second regeneration, but some of HA start to be soluble. The latter shows that cross-linking reaction between HA and chitosan is through formation an unstable product. The effectiveness of sorbent regeneration can also be identified by the XRD pattern.
ANALYSIS OF IFN- CONCENTRATION IN WISTAR RAT BLOOD AFTER ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF STANDARDIZED GREEN TEA WATER EXTRACT
Authors: Purwanto Djoko Agus , Rahayu Retno Pudji , Purnomo A. Toto
Published: January 2019

Green tea and its polyphenols have been studied extensively as cancer chemopreventive agents in recent years. However, the mechanisms of action are still not clearly understood. Some researchers suggest that immune system plays important role to destroy cancer cells. Because of that reason, the present study was designed to analyse the effects of oral administration standardized green tea water extract on increasing of IFN-g blood concentration and to elucidate possible mechanisms involved in the inhibitory action of the cancer development. Two groups (male and female) of 5 rats have given p.o. administration 1.25% of standardized green tea water extract and got 300 mg of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)/kg body weight, while two groups others (male and female) were used as control. We found that IFN-g blood concentration on male and female Wistar rat are significantly increase with 13.11% and 17.59%, respectively (p
PRODUCTION OF CETANE IMPROVER FROM Jathropa curcas OIL
Authors: Abdullah Abdullah , Wicakso D.R. , Junaidi A.B. , Badruzsaufari Badruzsaufari
Published: January 2019

Nitration of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil using mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 had been done in an attempt to obtain a cetane improver or cetane number enhancer. The nitration was carried out by varying the numbers of moles of sulphuric acid, nitric acid, temperature and time. The process was conducted in a round bottom flask reactor that equipped with a magnetic stirrer and a ball cooler on a water batch. The mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 was placed in the reactor and subsequently added slowly with biodiesel drop by drop. The results showed that increasing the mole numbers of sulphuric acid tends to reduce the yield or volume and total N of nitrated biodiesel. Increasing the number of moles of nitric acid tends to increase the yield, but decrease the value of total N. While increasing of temperature and reaction time tends to reduce the yield and total N. From FTIR spectra product was estimated as a mixture of esters of alkyl nitrates and nitro. From the testing of cetane number it can be predicted that nitrated biodiesel potentially as cetane improver.