bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feeding the Village
Authors: Anderson David G
Published: November 2023

HERDERS AND TUNDROVIKI, Evenkis and Soviet state managers, are united by a common concern for feeding society. Each of these agents, however, approaches this task differently. Officials in the various state agencies responsible for rural economy [set’ skokhoziaistvo] have a substantive interest in ensuring that set hundred-weights [tsentara] of meat or fish reach distribution points in the expected quantities and at the proper time. This interest tends to manifest itself empirically as a hunger for production indicators, statistics, and invoices. Tundroviki, beyond their hunger for knowledge, have a substantive interest in ensuring that they, their families, and their village are well fed. They also take responsibility for feeding a wider social setting than that ordinarily recognized by agents of state bureaucracies. The hungry, non-human persons whom they serve obviously include their reindeer but also the invisible ‘masters’ of the tundra who are fed small but sincerely offered gifts of wild deer fat or coins when tundroviki arrive at fresh pastures. Each of these interests converges within the institution of the state farm Khantaiskii, which through the action of its employees sates the village’s hunger for meat, the land’s hunger for gifts, and the state’s hunger for figures.
Divergent Trajectories
Authors: Anderson David G
Published: November 2023

FOLLOWING HIS ARRIVAL back in Dudinka, the retired brigadier and new member of the Prezidium of the First All-Evenki suglan was questioned by a journalist from the district newspaper about the history and future of Evenkis in Taimyr (Swvetskii Taimyr, 25 Apr. 1993). ‘So, is it true that there are old Evenki clans on the Khantaika? Will you now seek to form clan communities?’ asked the reporter with pointed curiosity. True to the idiom of a tundrovik, Momi Fedorovich replied with sparing words, ‘Of course there are clans! The Yelogirs, Ukochers, Utukogirs, Kilmagirs, Pankagirs. Clan communities? Well, there’s an idea … ‘ In the space of the half-page article, the reporter thrice emphasized the staid replies of his informant in an apparent attempt to leave the reader with an image of a wise and simple man. The passion in the article lay instead in the logic of the reporter’s questions: if a people had clans in the pre-Soviet past then its post-Soviet future must lie with returning to those same clans. The young reporter could not know that Momi Fedorovich twenty years earlier was interviewed for the same newspaper on how he saw his newly awarded Order of Labour reflecting a lifetime of collectivized reindeer herding. At that time this distinguished communist, and son of the rich Yelogir herder who donated his herd to the collective farm ‘Red Trapper’, replied with the same clipped enthusiasm to similarly leading questions about a very different future. To a man who spent his life living with kin and reindeer within an extensive landscape, the narrow ideas of ‘clan community’ and ‘state farm’ set before him in different decades must have seemed equally abstract.
Mountain and Lowland Variants: Ritual Purification without Theatre
Authors: Headley Stephen c.
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers exorcisms that are simply recited, not performed in shadow puppet theatre, and examines textual materials rather than records of actual ceremonies. Two of the three examples are from small villages in rural areas, and in all it is a dhukun, not a dhalang, who conducts the ritual. They are compared with one another and with the wayang rituals discussed in Chapter 3.
Incomplete and Impure Persons in Javanese Myths and Ritual
Authors: Headley Stephen c.
Published: November 2023

The language of the Birth of Kala purification rites opens a window on the Javanese construct of person, not the person formed through social interaction, but the person as an element in the mythological geography of the cosmos. This chapter focuses on what that language reveals and draws on related myths and rituals in addition to Birth of Kala sources. One cannot analyse a single purification myth in total isolation from the rest of Javanese ritual if only because the vocabulary used is coextensive with its usage in the entire society.1 Without pretending to provide a genuinely linguistic analysis of semantic context, I will examine overlapping semantic fields that incorporate the oppositions characterizing complete incomplete, pure/impure persons. We have already found these oppositions in the birth-order lists appended to the purification booklets (pakem pangruwatan) used by the Javanese dhalangs. These lists designate which “incomplete “ children or “possessed “ adults require wayang purification. The defining characteristics of sukerta, the state of being hexed, are further clarified in the categories and codes of several myths and rituals. Diverse lingual categories and classifications are used to define incompleteness or disorientation in persons at various stages in their lives. Ancestry is an important element in the construct of the birth-order list, which indeed is regarded from the point of view of a person “s descent.
The Interweaving of the Forms with One Another: Sophist 259E
Authors: Clarke Patricia
Published: November 2023

AT Sophist 259 E the Eleatic Stranger and Theaetetus agree that ‘The loosening of each thing from everything [else] is the complete wiping out of all λóγoi; for it is because of the interweaving of the forms with one another that we come to have λóγos;.’ My chief aim in this paper is to air a possible solution to the problem of how this remark might apply to such statements as ‘Theaetetus sits’ and ‘Theaetetus flies’, in each of which only one form is referred to. The solution turns on the claim that neither statement could be true unless forms could mix with one another in the sense of being instantiated together in Theaetetus. I do not positively endorse it. I wonder whether there is any definite solution to the problem; Plato does not seem to give sufficiently clear indication of how he is thinking. However, I wish to argue that a solution along the lines indicated cannot be dismissed as easily as has sometimes been supposed. In the first part of my paper I give some general consideration to the remark at 259 E, and examine briefly some alternative solutions to the problem of its application to ‘Theaetetus sits’ and other such statements.
Aristocles on Timon on Pyrrho: The Text, Its Logic, and Its Credibility
Authors: Bett Richard
Published: November 2023

A Comprehensive understanding of Greek scept1c1sm must include an understanding of its origins. I think we are at present nowhere close to this position. Greek scepticism was traditionally supposed to have begun with Pyrrho of Elis; but it is not at all clear why he was accorded this status, or how far it was justified. This is partly because the evidence concerning Pyrrho is scarce and often suspect. But it is also because the interpretations of this evidence which have recently been offered are quite bewildering in their diversity. In the last fifteen years, for example, Pyrrho’s ideas have been assimilated to those of the Eleatics, the Megarians, the Cynics, the renegade Stoic Aristo, the unnamed targets of Aristotle’s polemic in Metaphysics Γ4, and certain Buddhist and other Indian thinkers, as well as the later sceptics who actually called themselves ‘Pyrrhonean’; these possibilities have been embraced both individually and in various combinations. It is widely recognized that a passage from the Peripatetic Aristocles of Messene, preserved (like almost all of Aristocles’ surviving words) in quotation in Eusebius’ Praeparatio Evangelica, is crucial to any attempt to understand Pyrrho; it purports to describe Pyrrho’s philosophical outlook in the most general terms, and it purports to be a summary of an account of this outlook by Timon, Pyrrho’s biographer and immediate disciple. Not surprisingly, this passage has received a great deal of scrutiny; yet its meaning is subject to as much dispute as anything in this area.
Taste and Value
Authors: Railton Peter
Published: November 2023

I am visiting a friend in Austria and he has arranged for us to go to a tasting of local wines. Not something for tourists, but something serious—for local restaurateurs, merchants, aficionados. I have been enjoying the visit and his company, and I gladly go with him to a large hall where a boisterous tasting is in progress. Warmly encouraged by my host, I begin trying the winesthough, from a misplaced sense of delicacy, I do not spit out the samples. At first the wines taste a little green, but I am no expert, and before long I have found a few that strike me as really delightful. These are good,’ I say to my host with pleasure. Tm glad you like them: he replies modestly; ‘some Austrian wines are not so bad, you know: But I persist.
Griffin’s Pessimism
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: November 2023

How far can philosophy improve our ethical beliefs? And what attitude should a philosopher take to those we already have? Henry Sidgwick’s view was that, though <Common Sense’ constrains philosophical conclusions, the philosophds ‘function is to tell men what they ought to think, rather than what they do think: he is expected to transcend Common Sense in his premises, and he is allowed a certain divergence from Common Sense in his conclusions’. Further, telling people what they ought to think about ethics will involve supplying them with ‘real ethical axioms’ (ME 373). But Sidgwick’s conclusion was that, though philosophy can provide such axioms, they are ultimately inconsistent. Of the first edition of The Methods of Ethics he said: ‘Now it is written.
Schopenhauer and Nietzsche: Honest Atheism, Dishonest Pessilnism
Authors: Berman David
Published: November 2023

My broad aim in this essay is to focus first on atheism then on pessimism as a way of illuminating the philosophical positions and, even more, the relationship of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, who are, it is generally recognized, two of the leading German atheists and also deeply concerned with pessimism. Indeed, one of the reasons for which Nietzsche most admired Schopenhauer was his forthright atheism: As a philosopher, [Nietzsche writes,] Schopenhauer was the first admitted, and inexorable atheist among us Germans .. . The ungodliness of existence was for him something given, palpable .. . unconditional and honest atheism is simply the presupposition of the way he poses his problem, being a triumph achieved finally... by the European conscience, being the most fateful act of two thousand years of discipline for truth that in the end forbids .itself the lie in faith in God.
The Paradox of Fatalism and Self-Creation in Nietzsche
Authors: Leiter Brian
Published: November 2023

I want to identify and then try to resolve a deep and troubling paradox in Nietzsche’;s work that threatens the core of a popular understanding of Nietzsche as the philosopher who calls for people to create them selves. This paradox, as I think will become amply apparent, is striking once the texts are looked at in the right way. Yet, surprisingly, it has received almost no attention in the voluminous literature on Nietzsche.
Movers and elemental motions in aristotle
Authors: Bodnar Istvan M
Published: November 2023

is possible only if they are made of a material endowed with a nature for circular motion, whereas elsewhere—notably in the Physics and in the Metaphysics—he stresses that as any motion needs a mover, heavenly motions also will require a separate unmoved mover, ‘located’ outside them. The two suggestions may or may not be incompatible, but if someone wants to entertain the possibility that the ‘introduction of the transcendent mover ... was not a negation but the completion of the view developed in the De Caelo’, we should like to know how the components of the resulting scheme were supposed to interact.

One of my objectives in what follows is to scrutinize whether elemental nature and unmoved mover could be two facets of the same theory. To do this I will have to maintain that the circular motion of the heavens is performed by a special, celestial stuff in Physics bk. 8 just as this special celestial stuff was called upon in
Plato Aristotle and the ΛΟΓΟΣ ЕΚ TΩN
ΠΡΟΣ
ΤΙ
Authors: Baltzly Dirk
Published: November 2023

Interpreting the arguments that Aristotle attributes to Plato in the Π  ϵ  í  í δ ϵ ων involves at least two factors. On the one hand, we want to understand the very compressed arguments that Aristotle presents. We also want to know whether this line of reasoning is one that we can detect in Plato’s dialogues. The interplay between these factors is quite complicated. We will prefer to disambiguate Aristotle’s arguments in one way rather than another if we find that the one interpretation is more compatible with Plato’s dialogues. But the arguments for the theory of Ideas in Plato are, to say the least, not transparent either. So, we may read Plato one way rather than another because it accords well with the manner in which Aristotle describes his reasoning in the Π  ϵ  í í
Socrates Agonistes: The Case of the Cratylus Etymologies
Authors: Barney Rachel
Published: November 2023

This is obviously not etymology in the modern sense, which offers a non-evaluative, largely evolutionary account of the origins of words. Ancient etymology, for which the Cratylus was a classic and central text, was a quite different practice—or rather a family of practices, with a wide range of purposes and standards. As practised by Socrates in the Cratylus, etymology involves a claim about the underlying semantic content of the name, what it really means or indicates. This content is taken to have been put there by the ancient namegivers: giving an etymology is thus a matter of unwrapping or decoding a name to find the message the namegivers have placed inside. Further, Socrates offers this decoding as a justification’, a name is correct by virtue of having content true of or appropriate to its object.
Alteration and Quasi-Alteration
Authors: Sisko John E
Published: November 2023

No part of Aristotle’s psychological theory has been of greater interest to scholars over the past few decades than his account of perception. Aristotle treats perception both as a capacity for cognition and as a capacity which is materially situated. Thus, for him, a proper explanation of perception will make reference both to cognitive awareness (its form) and to the organs which play a role in the promulgation of such awareness (its matter). In addition, this explanation will make manifest how the cognitive and the material are related. Thus, Aristotle’s general interest in the relation between form and matter becomes, in the case of perception, an interest in the relation between mental states (or events) and material states (or events). This interest touches upon issues within contemporary philosophy of mind, and for this reason a number of scholars have turned to Aristotle with an eye towards determining whether he offers an answer to the central question of contemporary philosophy of mind: how are mental events and physical events related? Most scholars have found that Aristotle not only answers this question, but that his answer has a decidedly contemporary bent. It has been argued that Aristotle is the first functionalist; it has been argued that he is a physicalist; and it has been argued that, for him, mental facts supervene upon physical facts. Until recently, then, it had been taken for granted that, in the case of perception, Aristotle explains (or explains in part) the occurrence of mental events in terms of the occurrence of material events. With this assumed, the point of contention had been over the details.
Induction and Transcendental Argument
Authors: Walker Ralph C S
Published: November 2023

Kant intended his transcendental arguments to be arguments against the sceptic. They are supposed to work by showing that there is an incoherence in the sceptical position: the fact that there is experience, or knowledge, renders that position untenable. But there has been much disagreement over how much transcendental arguments-whether Kant’s own or anybody else’s-can actually achieve. There has been discussion about whether they can establish how the world must be, or whether they can at best show how we must believe it to be. There has also been uncertainty in what sense, if any, they can really answer the sceptic by providing the sort of justification with which epistemology has traditionally been concerned, at least since Descartes.
Transcendental Arguments, Reason, and Scepticism: Contemporary Debates and the Origins of Post-Kantianism
Authors: Franks Paul
Published: November 2023

Why have transcendental arguments attracted so much interest? One reason, I believe, is the fact that they combine present philosophical fruitfulness with the promise to revitalize the philosophical past. For many, the combination is exemplified by the intimate connection between Strawson’s descriptive metaphysics and his powerful rereading of Kant. For many readers of Strawson, this combination suggested a way of vindicating the conviction that the advent of analytic philosophy had not drained Kant’s revolution of its significance.
David Hume: An Appreciation
Authors: Penelhum Terence
Published: November 2023

IT would be generally agreed that David Hume was one of Edinburgh’s most illustrious citizens, and the most notable intellectual figure of the Scottish Enlightenment. The city thinks of him with pride, and its university has named one of its buildings after him.1 But his community’s estimate of him has not always been so high. One of the best-known facts of his career is the failure of his candidacy for the chair of Moral Philosophy in 1745. The position was awarded instead to a bright young man who never published.

This typifies what has happened to Hume’s reputation. It has taken a long time for his stature as a philosopher to be fully recognized. His own contemporaries could not fully take the measure of him; and although he was famous, and was lionized and vilified by turns, this was because his readers were drawn to those aspects of his work which he made easily palatable or consciously shocking. By now it is commonplace for us philosophers to say that he is the greatest of us ever to have written in English.
The Self of Book I and the Selves of Book II
Authors: Penelhum Terence
Published: November 2023

ONE of the more familiar problems of interpretation in Hume’s Treatise is that of reducing the sense of shock that arises from the apparent differences between what he says about the self in Book I and what he says about it in Book IL One way in which scholars have attempted to reduce it is to take him very seriously when he distinguishes, in the Book I discussion, ‘betwixt personal identity, as it regards our thought or imagination, and as it regards our passions or the concern we take in ourselves’ (Tr. iv. 6. 253). If one does this, it becomes possible to see that what might seem to be inconsistent positions are compatible, and merely represent complementary aspects of an extended account of how human beings represent their natures and identities to themselves in thought and feeling and choice.
Introduction: Our Contemporary Intellectual Predicament
Authors: Campbell Richard
Published: November 2023

Of the myriad questions which intrigue and torment each of us two must be reckoned amongst the fundamental: ‘Who am I?’ and ‘What is the truth?’ The question “Who am I?” seems to call attention to all that is unique about me, who happen to be here, now, fashioning my own personal history, with that past and facing this future. The particularity and concreteness of all we do in our respective situations affect so intimately who each of us is that we are now inclined to say that our very being is historical.
In Response to Mark Mcpherran
Authors: Kahn Charles
Published: November 2023

Polemic is a useful device for clarifying issues, and so I welcome Mark McPherran’s spirited critique of my ‘revisionist ordering and interpretation of … Plato’s pre-middle dialogues’, to use his own phrase. I take this opportunity for a brief restatement and clarification of my views. There are a number of distinct issues in dispute.
The Flight to Reality
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

But where is the reward of virtue? And what recompence has nature provided for such important sacrifices, as those of life and fortune, which we must often make to it? Oh, sons of earth! Are ye ignorant of the value of this celestial mistress? And do ye meanly enquire for her portion, when ye observe her genuine charms? But know, that nature has been indulgent to human weakness, and has not left this favourite child, naked and unendowed. She has provided virtue with the richest dowry; but being careful, lest the allurements of interest should engage such suitors, as were insensible of the native worth of so divine a beauty, she has wisely provided, that this dowry can have no charms but in the eyes of those who are already transported with the love of virtue. GioRY is the portion of virtue, the sweet reward of honourable toils, the triumphant crown, which covers the thoughtful head of the disinterested patriot, or the dusty brow of the victorious warrior.
Notes on Unfairly Gaining More: Pleonexia
Authors: Sachs David
Published: November 2023

Philippa Foot, more than any other prominent philosopher of our time, has reinvigorated the fundamental topic of virtues and vices. She brings to the topic not only many of the insights of Aristotle and Aquinas; she casts a penetrating and modern light on it. Thus in the title essay of her collection Virtues and Vices she gives fresh support to a number of crucial claims. First, she makes intelligible and convincing the complex relations between persons’ wills and wishes and their virtues and failings. Next, she shows how nothing less than the habits of choice that manifest the virtues can defeat the temptations and forestall the kinds of neglect to which human nature is prone. Third, she unravels the puzzle as to whether or not an act that exhibits a virtue can also display a vice.
The Activity of Being in Aristotle’s Metaphysics
Authors: Kosman Aryeh
Published: November 2023

This essay is about being active and active being in Aristotle’s onto logy; that is, it is about the role in his ontology of the concept represented by the Greek term evepye1a (as well as its correspondent term <5vvaµu;). In speaking of Aristotle’s ontology, I mean to be speaking of the enterprise represented primarily in the collection of treatises we know as the Metaphysics. Aristotle has no term that is the exact equivalent of ontology or for that matter of metaphysics; he calls the enterprise carried out in the treatise we have come to call the Metaphysics ‘first philosophy’. But it is clear that this is ontology, for he describes it as a science (a theoretical discipline) concerned with the nature of being.
The Case of the Two Barbaras: Basic Approaches to Aristotle’s
Authors: Patterson Richard
Published: November 2023

OVER the centuries the principal test case—one might say the principal battleground—for interpretations of Aristotle’s modal syl¬logistic, and even for the question of the very viability of the system, has been the ‘two Barbaras’. Aristotle begins chapter 9 of Prior Analytics 1 with the remark ‘It sometimes happens, even when only one of the premisses is a necessity proposition, that the conclusion must be a necessity proposition; only not whichever premiss it may happen to be, but the one having to do with the major term’ (30T5-17).
Virtue and the Goods of Fortune in Stoic Moral Theory
Authors: Lesses Glenn
Published: November 2023

This paper was written with the support of the National Endowment for the I Iumanities. In the development of my thinking about these issues I owe an enormous debt to Martha Nussbaum. During many discussions on these topics, her critical remarks—incisive, yet encouraging—inevitably improved my position. I have also presented different parts of early versions of this essay at the Institute on the Virtues at the University of San Diego in Feb. 1986 and at the American Philosophical Association meeting in Boston in Dec. 1986. I am grateful to audiences on both occasions, and especially to Donald Morrison, who was the respondent at the APA. I am also grateful to A. A. Long, who generously read and made comments on an early version of this paper. Most recently, I am indebted to Julia Annas for her stimulating and detailed comments. Of course, none of those to whom I am grateful necessarily shares my views.
Two Systems in Aristotle
Authors: Wildberg Christian
Published: November 2023

any attempt to understand a philosophical thinker entails a re-construction of the history of his intellectual development. Although one may rest content with the contemplation of some or most of a philosopher’s tenets, only a coherent account of the genesis of his ideas, plotting them in time and enunciating the rationale behind them, can convey a satisfactory understanding of the ways of an original mind. For centuries the Corpus Aristotelicum was read as the epitome of a comprehensive and monolithic philosophical system and, despite an often keen awareness of multiple doctrinal differences in the text, Aristotle’s reputation as an expounder of a uniform philosophical system remained intact.
Is Aristotelian Happiness a Good Life or the Best Life?
Authors: White Stephen A
Published: November 2023

It is a fundamental principle of ancient ethics, shared by nearly all parties, that what people want most of all is to live well, to lead a happy life. As Aristotle puts it, in the most comprehensive account extant, happiness is the ultimate goal or end of human life. It is not simply something that we all should seek, but something that we all do seek, to the extent that we can: all who have the capacity and the opportunity to manage their own lives, Aristotle claims, are in fact engaged in the pursuit of happiness
The History and Geography of the Intellectual World: Whewell’s Politics of Language
Authors: Schaffer Simon
Published: November 2023

Victorian metaphors, like Victorian values, are back in style. A transformation in our reading of the natural sciences, especially Darwinism, is promised. The language of the philosophers has been deconstructed. William Whewell seems a suitable case for treatment. He was a major philosopher of language, a ‘verbarian Attorney General’. Hence the attraction of taking his verbal imagery seriously. Whewell defined those who were allowed to make new scientific terms and also defined the terms they could use. Metaphor was to be shunned. Yet he advocated this plan through some of the most powerful tropes of Victorian science. Whewell’s verbal figures were notable even for his own audience. In 1841 John Herschel observed that the style of Whewell’s History and Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences was marked by ‘a great assemblage and variety of metaphorical allusion, much greater indeed than we should like to see adopted by an author less capable of curbing the exuberance of a lively fancy into an entire subordination to his reason’. Readers were as impressed by Whewell’s ‘fancy’ as his ‘reason’. Herschel argued in the same review that ‘half the labour of the modern inductive philosopher’ was to make language ‘a perfect daguerrotype’ of nature. ‘Common language is a mass of metaphor, grounded not on philosophical resemblances, but on loose, fanciful and often most mistaken analogies. ‘ Unless Whewell helped make scientific language coldly mimetic he would, in Herschel’s view, lose his status as an inductive philosopher.
Objectivity: First Steps
Authors: Gibbard Allan
Published: November 2023

To call something rational, I said at the start, is to express one’s acceptance of a system of norms that permits it. That was cryptic and incomplete, and I spent later chapters trying to work the analysis into better shape. Still I have skipped past a chief ground for doubt: that any expressivistic theory must have an air of “subjectivism”.
Normative Authority
Authors: Gibbard Allan
Published: November 2023

The ideally coherent anorexic accepts norms that prescribe death by starvation, if the alternative is a figure plump enough to sustain life. She proceeds to starve herself to death, and I, along with many others, think her course of action irrational. Now suppose I tell her so. Why should she give heed? All analysis aside, I seem to be claiming that she must. I seem to be claiming that, in some important sense, I am right and she is wrong. Perhaps I am indeed expressing my acceptance of norms that forbid her starving, and perhaps I do accept higher order norms that tell everyone else to do so. I seem, though, to be doing something more as well. I am demanding, with purported right, that she change her view of the situation.
Moral Concern
Authors: Gibbard Allan
Published: November 2023

Morality is one normative topic among others, but in some ways specially baffling. Thoughts of morality lie behind much of what I have said, and much of the lore that sparked my discussions and guided them is the lore of moral philosophers. I now want to explore how normative inquiry might look to a norm-expressivist, and I take morality as a prime example.
The Unity of the Virtues in Aristotle
Authors: Halper Edward
Published: November 2023

NBAR the end of Nicomachean  Ethics 6, Aristotle makes the surprising claim that the virtues do not exist independently of each other (1144b32–1145a2). A person with one moral virtue must possess all others. The reason is that practical wisdom (ϕρóνησις) is a necessary and sufficient condition for moral virtue: ‘it is impossible to be properly [κνρíως] good without practical wisdom, or to be practically wise without [also having) moral virtue’ (1144b30–2). In order to have any one moral virtue, a person needs the intellectual virtue of practical wisdom (because virtue is just a capacity to act with practical wisdom, or ‘right reason’— òρθòς  λóγoς —1144b26-8), and anyone with practical wisdom will have all the virtues (1145a1–2).
Something And Nothing: The Stoics On Concepts And Universals
Authors: Caston Victor
Published: November 2023

it is commonplace to find the Stoics described as nominalists. As early as the fifth century CE they are described as holding that ‘there are only particulars’ and, a century later, that ‘common entities areThis paper bepn itslife long aao in Julia Annas’s seminar on Hellenistic Philosophies of Mind in the apring of 1989, and was aubaequendy presented at the winter meetina of the American Philoaophical A11ociation, where Wolfaang Mann commented on it; I have profited areatly from their criticism,. I would also like to thank very warmly Jamie Dreier, Stephen Menn, and David Sedley for extensive discus sions and written comments in the interim, as well as Tad Brennan, Jaeawon Kim, Baron Reed, Ernie Sosa. and Jim Van Cleve for challenaina criticisms. Each saved me from numerous errors; the remainder, of course, are ,olely my own.
The Stoic Theory of Categories
Authors: Menn Stephen
Published: November 2023

both Plotinus (6. 1. 25. 1–3) and Simplicius (In  Categ. 66. 32–67. 2 and 67. 17–19) report that the Stoics posited four summa  genera of beings, [ineq] , πoιóν πως [ineq], and πρóς τí πως [ineq]; this list is confirmed, piecemeal, by many other texts, and Plutarch presupposes the whole list when he says that the Stoics ‘make each of us four’ (Comm. not. 1083 E). Plotinus and Simplicius assume that the Stoic list of genera is in competition with the ten Aristotelian categories, and scholarly convention (which I shall follow) speaks of Stoic as well as Aristotelian summa  genera as ‘categories’. The comparison with the Aristotelian list of categories must be at least partly justified, since the Stoics and Aristotle both take the Platonic distinction between substance and quality as the starting-point for their list of genera.
Phenomenological Records and the Self-Memory System
Authors: Conway Martin A
Published: November 2023

The problem of the intentionality of mental states (Brentano, 1874/1973)-their ‘aboutness’-has often preoccupied students of consciousness and it seems that conscious states must always be about something: a thought, image, feeling, etc. In analogous ways I want to consider here what memory might be ‘about’, and I will focus particularly on autobiographical memory (AM) or memory for the experiences of our Jives.
Understanding the Past Tense
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: November 2023

What is it to understand a statement about the past? How are the truth-conditions of past-tense statements related to this understanding? And how are the conditions for knowledge of past-tense statements related to that same understanding? Quite apart from the intrinsic interest of questions about time, the past is a subject matter where realist intuitions are at their strongest. The possibility of past-tense statements which are true, though unknowably so now and in the past, will be a by-product of the theory I will be developing in attempting to answer those opening questions. So one of the background motivations for pursuing the issues about understanding statements of the past is the hope that, in doing so, we may be able to construct a working account of at least one kind of realistic understanding. Examination of such an account ought to give us insight into some of the conditions which make possible a realistic attitude to thought about a particular domain, if indeed there are such conditions.
Understanding, Orientations, and Objectivity
Authors: Winograd Terry
Published: November 2023

In a way, this chapter is an argument not against Searle, but against the grounds on which the debate about his position has been conducted. I argue that the question Searle poses, ‘Does the computer understand?’, is a meaningless question when it is stripped of an appropriate context of utterance. In his writings on artificial intelligence, in particular in his ‘Chinese Room’ example, Searle attacks two claims: that AI can ‘explain’ human cognitive ability, and that a computer can be said literally to ‘understand’ and have other cognitive states. I find myself in accord with his skeptical attitude towards both claims, but for reasons that do not correspond to his arguments. Although much has been written in response to his opinions, little agreement has been reached about the fundamental issues.
The Hinterland of the Chinese Room
Authors: Coulter Jeff , Sharrock Wes
Published: November 2023

People compute. Computers compute. There is no need for scare quotes around compute in the latter sentence, but what it signifies is different from what it signifies in the former sentence. The nature of the connection, if any, between these two sentences has become a widely disputed issue in the philosophy of mind and psychology. What is the difference between them? Let us exploit some analogies. My clock tells the time. My daughter has learned to tell the time. Has she learned to do what my clock can do? If I play Beethoven’s music on the stereo, and Alfred Brendel plays it on the piano, have I played Beethoven as Brendel does? Nowadays, the post office sorts the mail mechanically.
Syntax, Semantics, Physics
Authors: Haugeland John
Published: November 2023

In introducing his famous ‘Chinese Room’ thought-experiment, Searle articulates a methodological maxim, which he proposes to follow: ‘A way to test any theory of mind is to ask oneself what it would be like if one’s own mind actually worked on the principles that the theory says all minds work on’. Unfortunately, the question that Searle in fact goes on to ask is not this. Rather, he asks himself what it would be like if he were part of a mind that worked according to the principles that strong AI says all minds work on-in particular, what it would be like if he were the central processing unit (or the ‘interpreter’, as it is called in some systems). In other words, he imagines himself as a homunculus inside the complete AI system, self-consciously doing the work that the central processor (i.e. a part of the implementation or ‘hardware’) would normally do.
Existing Research on the John Lewis Partnership
Authors: Bradley Keith , Taylor Simon
Published: November 2023

The John Lewis Partnership has been an object of interest for many years. This chapter examines some of the main findings of studies undertaken in the last two decades, covering the issues of industrial democracy, participation, and labour market indicators. The main work is that of Flanders, Pomeranz, and Woodward, a major study conducted in the late 1960s. Subsequent work has tended to follow Flanders et al. in concentrating on the issue of participation and industrial democracy. Only in very recent years has there been a move to considering the Partnership centrally as a commercial business organization. Research has also been carried out on the Weitzman-type effects of the bonus payment. In 1968 Flanders et al. published a book entitled Experiment in Industrial Democracy: A Study of the John Lewis Partner6hip. The first part of the title is taken from Spedan Lewis’s own description of what the Partnership was all about. The authors intended to investigate how this experiment affected the people working in it.
Story and History in the Old Testament
Authors: Nicholson Ernest
Published: November 2023

The title of this contribution is partly derived from an essay by James Barr, and its contents seek to elaborate some reservations he made there concerning the description of the long narrative corpus of the Old Testament (notably Genesis-2 Kings) as ‘history writing’, especially the contrast he briefly drew between the character of this corpus and early Greek historiography. It is a great pleasure to contribute to this volume to mark Professor Barr’s seventieth birthday, and I gladly do so in esteem for his distinguished scholarship and learning, and in gratitude for his friendship across the years.
Der Staatsgedanke im Deuteronomium
Authors: Perlitt Lothar
Published: November 2023

Der Kampf um das Deuteronomium (= Dtn) ist im letzten Viertel dieses Jahrhunderts ebenso lebhaft, aber auch ebenso offen wie in dessen erstem Viertel. Einer der am Kampf Beteiligten resiimiert den gegenwartigen status quaestionis: ‘DaB das Dtn eine komplizierte Entstehungsgeschichte hat, ist offensichtlich. Doch gibt es dariiber keine Theorie, die sich durchgesetzt hatte.’ Da das Urteil uber die Entstehungsgeschichte immer auch vom Urteil uber die Verfasser und deren Adressaten sowie uber beider Zeit abhangt, sind alle Teilfragen miteinander verkniipft. Diese Einsicht mindert den Wert der hier folgenden Beobachtungen: Sie sind partiell und vorlaufig, eben ein Gesprachsbeitrag.
Karl Budde (1850-1935)
Authors: Smend Rudolf
Published: November 2023

Den schönsten Nachruf auf Karl Budde schrieb nicht zufällig ein Brite, Theodore H. Robinson. Er wiirdigte ihn als ‘the last survivor of that great company of scholars who dominated Old Testament studies for nearly half a century’. Einige Jahre vorher hatte Hermann Gunkel den noch Leben- den einen ‘Hauptvertreter der alt-Wellhausenschen Schule’ genannt, wobei die Silbe ‘alt’ noch einen zusätzlichen Hin- weis auf sachliche Uberholtheit bedeutete. Heute ist wieder strittig geworden, was in unserer Wissenschaft überholt ist und was nicht, so wie es auch damals nicht so eindeutig war, wie man hinterher oft gemeint hat.
The Phenomenon of Prophery
Authors: Sawyer John F A
Published: November 2023

Prophets are first and foremost ‘proclaimers’. This seems to be the primary meaning of the Hebrew word nabi, as applied to the vast majority of biblical prophets. In most cases they were believed to have supernatural powers, but they are distinguished from diviners, sorcerers, necromancers, and the like, for which various other Hebrew terms are regularly used (cf. Deut. 18: 10–11). Their special status is indicated by two other distinctive terms used in a number of passages, ‘men of God’ (e.g. 1 Sam. 9; 1 Kgs. 13) and ‘servants of God’ (e.g. 2 Kgs. 21: 10; 24: 2). But the chief word throughout the Hebrew Bible is nabi, and it is a measure of the distinctiveness of the phenomenon that the word has been borrowed by English, where ‘nabi’ and ‘nabism’ are occasionally used in preference to the nearest English equivalents. It is significant too that the earliest Greek translators chose to translate nabi, not by the word mantis (from which words like ‘necromancy’ are derived), but by prophetes ‘interpreter’, from which our English word ‘prophet’ is derived (e.g. 1 Cor. 12: 29). ‘Prophecy’ means both prediction (foretelling) and proclamation (forthtelling), so that ‘prophets’ include not only people with supernatural powers, able like Cassandra, for example, to foresee events in the future, but preachers like St Francis of Assisi, John Wesley, Martin Luther King and other ‘proclaimers’ as well.
The Prophets (III): Daniel to Malachi
Authors: Sawyer John F A
Published: November 2023

In the Christian canon, Daniel is promoted from the Writings to a place among the Major Prophets, alongside Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel. He is not actually called a prophet in the book and, although his visions, his trances, his ability to predict, his intercession for his people (9), and his challenging of royal authorities roughly fit the conventional prophetic role, the language, style, imagery and content of the book are in most respects very different from any other prophet. In fact Daniel (alongside Noah and Job) is remembered as one of three men who ‘delivered their own lives by their righteousness’ (Ezek. 14: 14), and this is actually how he is represented in the book that bears his name.
Cities Real and Desired
Authors: O’Daly Gerard
Published: November 2023

When, in 412 or thereabouts, Augustine2 began to write the City of God, the Christian religion had for a century enjoyed a privileged position in the Roman empire. It owed this position pre-eminently to one man: Constantine, the first Christian emperor, who gained control over the western part of the empire by his victory at the battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312, and favoured and patronized Christianity in the western provinces from that time.
Varro, Platonists, and Demons: Books 6-10
Authors: O’Daly Gerard
Published: November 2023

The declared aim of Books 6 and 7 is to show that Roman religious beliefs and practices are ineffectual in relation to the afterlife (6. r). But Augustine’s argument seeks to expose general inadequacies and contradictions in Varro’s philosophical explanations of religious phenomena.
The Period of Maturity
Authors: Badawi M M
Published: November 2023

The Arabic theatre did not assert itself in Egypt without a struggle. Even when good plays were being written drama was generally regarded as mere entertainment and not as serious literature, and the theatre for a long time continued to be looked upon as a place of immorality with which no self-respecting man (or woman, for sure) should be associated. As late as the early twenties Tawfiq al-Hakīm had to hide the fact that he was the author of plays, and when his secret was revealed his scandalized father decided to send him off to Europe to pursue his higher legal studies in France (in 1925), in the hope that his absence might help him to break his link with the disreputable theatre world at home. It was not until the early 1930s that drama and acting acquired a modicum of respectability. This was due to the increasing number of well-educated and highly born young men who became involved in the theatres, either as authors, or actor/managers, together with the rapid growth of theatre criticism in newspapers as well as in several magazines, devoted to the theatre, which began to appear in increasing numbers in the 1920s.
Deus absconditus: Some Notes on the Bearing of the Hiddenness of God upon Butler’s and Pascal’s Criticism of Deism
Authors: Babolin Albino
Published: November 2023

Some scholars have recently called attention to certain structural similarities between Butler and Pascal. One of the most interesting aspects of this relationship is the role that the topic of Deus absconditus plays in their critical attitude to deism (Pascal was a severe critic of early deism; déisme is a word that occurs, in a quite definite sense, in his Lettres provinciales, letter XVI, and three times in a crucial fragment of his Christian apologetic). For John Barker, Butler’s view about probability as ’the very guide of life’ is reminiscent of Pascal’s Wager, and Butler’s familiarity with Pascal ’makes it likely he was conversant with Pascal’s reasoning in a more than general way’. There may also be echoes of the Pensées in Butler’s sermons upon human nature. Nevertheless, for Barker, beyond these broad impressions, a pro-found dissimilarity separates the Pensiées from the Analogy, making the Analogy, for all its aims, point more in the direction of mid-eighteenth-century rationalism than to the balance between faith and reason represented by Pascal.
The ‘Spiritual Sovereign’: Butler’s Episcopate
Authors: Cunliffe Christopher
Published: November 2023

By the time he became a bishop Joseph Butler had completed the work which has engaged the attention of philosophers and theologians. The Rolls Chapel Sermons and the Analogy of Religion were the fruit of the years between 1719 and 1736, the work of a man in the prime of life. Though retiring by nature Butler had not dropped entirely from public view during these years, despite Queen Caroline’s tenuous awareness of his fate. After his resignation of the Rolls preachership in 1726 he spent the greater part of his time in the rectory at Stanhope, until the prompting of his old friend Thomas Secker and the reliable patronage of the Talbot family drew him back to London, as chaplain to Lord Chancellor Talbot in 1733 and as a member of the circle of clerical intellectuals around Queen Caroline, to whom he became clerk of the closet in 1736, the year in which the Analogy was published.
Early Life and Intellectual Background(1685 —1713)
Authors: Berman David
Published: November 2023

George Berkeley, Ireland’s most famous philosopher, was born in (or near) the town of Kilkenny on 12 March 1685. His early years were spent at Dysart Castle, overlooking the river Nore, two miles from Thomastown in Co. Kilkenny. Little is known of his early life or his parents. His father came from Staffordshire in England, but Berkeley considered himself Irish, or what we would now call Anglo,,Irish.1 As a young man, he refers in his notebooks to ‘We Irish men’.2 He also noted ‘Mem: that I was [sceptical crossed out] distrustful at 8 years old and consequently by nature disposed for these new Doctrines’ (PC, no. 266). In 1696 he entered Kilkenny College, formerly the school of Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) and William Congreve (1670--1729), where he remained for four years. Here, too, we have little information, although we may assume that he showed early signs of ability, since he was placed, unusually, in the second highest class.
The Middle Years(1713—1721)
Authors: Berman David
Published: November 2023

Berkeley’s varied career seems to fall naturally into three periods, each marked by an idealistic cause or crusade. In the previous three chapters I examined the first period, in which he developed his immaterialist philosophy, a philosophy which he hoped would reform philosophy and lead men to a radically theistic or spiritualistic view of the world. This period, of philosophical idealism, began while Berkeley was still a student and was effectively completed with the publication of the Three Dialogues in 1713, when he was a young man of twenty eight. The third and final period spans the years 1735 to 1753, his later middle and old age, when, as Bishop of Cloyne, he advocated a medicine called tarwater, which he believed would cure or alleviate all physical ills. I shall be examining this final period, of medical idealism, in Chapter 7. From an outward point of view, both the first and third periods were largely uneventful. This is in sharp contrast to the middle period, 1714-34, which is the subject of this and the next chapter.