bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Damage evolution in AA2124/SiC metal matrix composites under tension with consecutive unloadings
Authors: Rutecka A. , Kursa M. , Pietrzak K. , Kowalczyk-Gajewska K. , Makowska K. , Wyszkowski M.
Published: October 2020

Nonlinear properties of metal matrix composites (MMCs) are studied. The research combines results of loading–unloading tensile tests, microstructural observations and numerical predictions by means of micromechanical mean-field models. AA2124/SiC metal matrix composites with SiC particles, produced by the Aerospace Metal Composites Ltd. (AMC) are investigated. The aluminum matrix is reinforced with 17% and 25% of SiC particles. The best conditions to evaluate the current elastic stiffness modulus have been assessed. Tensile tests were carried out with consecutive unloading loops to obtain actual tensile modulus and study degradation of elastic properties of the composites. The microstructure examination by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a variety of phenomena occurring during composite deformation and possible sources of elastic stiffness reduction and damage evolution have been indicated. Two micromechanical approaches, the incremental Mori–Tanaka (MT) and self-consistent (SC) schemes, are applied to estimate effective properties of the composites. The standard formulations are extended to take into account elasto-plasticity and damage development in the metal phase. The method of direct linearization performed for the tangent or secant stiffness moduli is formulated. Predictions of both approaches are compared with experimental results of tensile tests in the elastic–plastic regime. The question is addressed how to perform the micromechanical modelling if the actual stress–strain curve of metal matrix is unknown.
Self-Service Technology Recovery: The Effect of Recovery Initiation and Locus of Responsibility
Authors: Dao Hung M. , Theotokis Aristeidis
Published: October 2020

Failures of self-service technologies (SSTs) are commonplace, yet empirical investigations into effective SST recovery methods are still few and far between. This research investigates two important elements of SST recovery using three experimental studies, namely recovery initiation and locus of responsibility. Studies 1 and 2 reveal that employee-initiated recovery (vs. customer-initiated recovery) leads to higher repurchase intentions when the SST failure is due to a technological error, but customer-initiated recovery leads to better results when the failure is due to a customer error. Further investigation into the underlying mechanism indicates that recovery disconfirmation mediates the process. Study 3 shows that when employees are not around the service area, SST-initiated recovery enhances purchase intentions after the technological failures of SSTs. This research provides important managerial and theoretical implications for service and technology management.
A comparative assessment of flutter prediction techniques
Authors: Sudha U.P.V. , Deodhare G.S. , Venkatraman K.
Published: October 2020

To establish flutter onset boundaries on the flight envelope, it is required to determine the flutter onset dynamic pressure. Proper selection of a flight flutter prediction technique is vital to flutter onset speed prediction. Several methods are available in literature, starting with those based on velocity damping, envelope functions, flutter margin, discrete-time Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) modelling, flutterometer and the Houbolt–Rainey algorithm. Each approach has its capabilities and limitations. To choose a robust and efficient flutter prediction technique from among the velocity damping, envelope function, Houbolt–Rainey, flutter margin and auto-regressive techniques, an example problem is chosen for their evaluation. Hence, in this paper, a three-degree-of-freedom model representing the aerodynamics, stiffness and inertia of a typical wing section is used(1). The aerodynamic, stiffness and inertia properties in the example problem are kept the same when each of the above techniques is used to predict the flutter speed of this aeroelastic system. This three-degree-of-freedom model is used to generate data at speeds before initiation of flutter, during flutter and after occurrence of flutter. Using these data, the above-mentioned flutter prediction methods are evaluated and the results are presented.
On the Evaluation of the Ambulance Capacity of the Asian Side of Istanbul in the Case of a Serious Earthquake
Authors: Pınarbaşı Aysun , Babaqi Tareq , Vizvári Béla
Published: October 2020

Objectives:

The purpose of this study is to analyze a strategy for the assignment and transportation of injured patients to hospital to decrease the demand on transportation, in both predisaster and postdisaster periods, on the Anatolian side of Istanbul.

Methods:

Two approaches are used in this study: a Voronoi diagram, and a heuristic approach to the problem of scheduling. A Voronoi diagram is used to divide the city into 74 regions, where each hospital has a certain region of responsibility. The transportation strategy of 1 hospital is modeled by minimizing the makespan (ie, the maximal completion time) and the work-in-process, which are used as different objectives in scheduling theory.

Results:

The total waiting time of 100 injured people was minimized to 13,036 min when a total of 3 vehicles was used in the studied region, on the Asian side of Istanbul. The transportation capacity and total operating capacity of the hospitals should be approximately equal.

Conclusions:

The people of Istanbul will be in a safer position if the suggested measures are implemented. This is an important consideration, as Istanbul is situated in a region where serious earthquakes are possible at any moment.
Cultural Gaslighting
Authors: Ruíz Elena
Published: October 2020

This essay frames systemic patterns of mental abuse against women of color and Indigenous women on Turtle Island (North America) in terms of larger design-of-distribution strategies in settler colonial societies, as these societies use various forms of social power to distribute, reproduce, and automate social inequalities (including public health precarities and mortality disadvantages) that skew socioeconomic gain continuously toward white settler populations and their descendants. It departs from traditional studies in gender-based violence research that frame mental abuses such as gaslighting—commonly understood as mental manipulation through lying or deceit—stochastically, as chance-driven, interpersonal phenomena. Building on structural analyses of knowledge in political epistemology (Dotson 2012a; Berenstain 2016), political theory (Davis and Ernst 2017), and Indigenous social theory (Tuck and Yang 2012), I develop the notion ofcultural gaslightingto refer to the social and historical infrastructural support mechanisms that disproportionately produce abusive mental ambients in settler colonial cultures in order to further the ends of cultural genocide and dispossession. I conclude by proposing a social epidemiological account of gaslighting that a) highlights the public health harms of abusive ambients for minority populations, b) illuminates the hidden rules of social structure in settler colonial societies, and c) amplifies the corresponding need for structural reparations.
Sidestepping primary reform: political action in response to institutional change
Authors: Hill Seth J.
Published: October 2020

Many believe primary elections distort representation in American legislatures because unrepresentative actors nominate extremist candidates. Advocates have reformed primaries to broaden voter participation and increase representation. Empirical evidence, however, is quite variable on the effects of reform. I argue that when institutional reform narrows one pathway of political influence, aggrieved actors take political action elsewhere to circumvent reform. I use a difference-in-differences design in the American states and find that although changing primary rules increases primary turnout, campaign contributions also increase with reform. Implementing nonpartisan primaries and reforming partisan primaries lead to estimated 9 and 21 percent increases in individual campaign contributions per cycle. This suggests actors substitute action across avenues of political influence to limit effects of institutional reform.
Overcoming History Through Exit or Integration: Deep-Rooted Sources of Support for the European Union
Authors: GEHRING KAI
Published: October 2020

The origins of voter preferences about the vertical distribution of political power in federal systems are not well understood. I argue that negative historical experiences with higher-level governments can raise demands for both exit strategies and a decentralization of power, but also for upward integration. I specify conditions when delegating power upwards, for example, from the nation-state to a supranational level or international organization, can better serve the purpose of constraining nation-state actions to overcome history. Empirically, the quasi-random division of the French regions Alsace and Lorraine allows estimating differences in support for integration with a spatial regression discontinuity design. More negative exposure to nation-state actions causes persistently higher support for European integration in three referenda and less Euroscepticism in EU elections. Survey evidence supports exit and integration as two complementary alternatives. Both options can serve the purpose of moving power away from the government level associated with negative historical experiences.
Adherence to recommended intake of pulses and related factors in university students in the UniHcos project
Authors: Morales-Suárez-Varela María , Amezcua-Prieto Carmen , Peraita-Costa Isabel , Ayan Pérez Carlos , Valero Juan Luis Félix , Ortiz-Moncada Rocío , Almaraz Gómez Ana , Alguacil Ojeda Juan , Delgado Rodriguez Miguel , Blázquez Abellán Gemma , Jesús Cabero María , Jiménez Mejías Eladio , Llopis-Morales Agustín , Bueno Cavanillas Aurora , Fernández-Villa Tania ,   Grupo de Investigación UniHcos
Published: October 2020

Pulses such as peas, beans or lentils are one of the most complete foods at the nutritional level; however, they are one of the most often neglected foods in the diets of university students. Entrance to university translates into a major lifestyle change for many young people, and the habits acquired or cemented at this time will remain into adulthood. The objective of this study is to analyse the association between personal/sociodemographic factors, dietary intake of other food groups and the consumption of pulses in first-year university students. This cross-sectional study is part of the UniHcos project, a multicentre study of multipurpose prospective cohorts in eleven Spanish universities. Data from 9862 university students were collected through an online self-questionnaire completed by all students who met the selection criteria and agreed to participate in the project during the 2011–2018 academic years. Of students, 75·8 % presented an inadequate (≤2 times/week) consumption of pulses. Living outside the family home in either a student residence (OR 0·76; 95 % CI 0·69, 0·84) or rental (OR 0·81; 95 % CI 0·70, 0·95) decreased the compliance with recommendations on the consumption of pulses. Low consumption of pulses is seemingly not restricted to a specific profile or dietary pattern among university students, and no specific focus group for intervention can be identified. Policies promoting the consumption of pulses among the university population as a whole are necessary to increase compliance rates with the dietary recommendations.
Changes in land use affect anuran helminths in the South Brazilian grasslands
Authors: Portela A.A.B. , dos Santos T.G. , dos Anjos L.A.
Published: October 2020

Degradation and habitat loss of natural grasslands in Southern Brazil has a negative impact on native organisms, potentially including the composition of anuran helminth communities. Here, we characterized the richness, abundance, taxonomic composition, prevalence and intensity of helminth infection in four anuran species. Host anurans were collected in 34 ponds (19 in native grasslands with livestock and 15 in agricultural cultivation) from the highland grasslands in the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina and Paraná. Our results showed a significant difference between native grasslands with livestock and agricultural cultivation regarding the structure of helminth communities for the hostsAplastodiscus perviridisandPseudis cardosoi. We also found a greater prevalence and intensity of infection in anurans in areas of agricultural cultivation than in native grasslands with livestock. We found that the environmental descriptors (local and landscape) seem to explain most of the differences in anuran parasitism recorded between native grasslands with livestock and agricultural areas. Thus, we emphasized that the loss of grassy habitat due to conversion to agricultural cultivation can alter helminth communities in anurans, with further work needed to understand the mechanisms involved.
Compton scattering in particle-in-cell codes
Authors: Del Gaudio F. , Grismayer T. , Fonseca R. A. , Silva L. O.
Published: October 2020

We present a Monte Carlo collisional scheme that models single Compton scattering between leptons and photons in particle-in-cell codes. The numerical implementation of Compton scattering can deal with macro-particles of different weights and conserves momentum and energy in each collision. Our scheme is validated through two benchmarks for which exact analytical solutions exist: the inverse Compton spectra produced by an electron scattering with an isotropic photon gas and the photon–electron gas equilibrium described by the Kompaneets equation. It provides new opportunities for numerical investigation of plasma phenomena where a significant population of high-energy photons is present in the system.
The Household Benefit Cap: understanding the restriction of benefit income in Britain
Authors: GROVER CHRIS
Published: October 2020

Britain’s Household Benefit Cap restricts the amount of benefit income unemployed households can receive. In this article, it is examined using material held at the UK’s National Archives recording debates about a proposal to introduce a similar policy – a benefit limit – in the first Thatcher Conservative government elected in 1979. It was rejected, but the Household Benefit Cap was introduced three decades later. The article locates debates about, and the practice of restricting benefit income, in perennial social security concerns with the financial incentive to do waged work. The article argues that while there are material differences that help explain the different policy outcomes in 1980 and 2010, they can primarily be explained by changing ideas about the roles of social security policy, including the development of the ‘incentive paradigm’ concerned with manipulating behaviour; a loss of concern with the hardship that would come with the introduction of a benefit restriction and a view that institutions other than the state are better placed to address poverty and buttress work incentives.
Practitioners respond to Icy Lee's ‘Teacher written corrective feedback: Less is more’
Authors: McLellan Gerry
Published: October 2020

In her article, Icy Lee (2019, pp. 524–536) discusses the differences between comprehensive written corrective feedback (CWCF) and focused written corrective feedback (FWCF). She argues that teachers should concentrate more on focused feedback, and highlight and correct only a few grammar errors or issues with organisation, for example, instead of marking every single mistake made by a student. In this paper, I will critically analyse the points she makes and argue that her opinions, while valid in many respects, are not substantiated enough to persuade teachers to follow her lead.
The NICE MEDLINE and Embase (Ovid) health apps search filters: development of validated filters to retrieve evidence about health apps
Authors: Ayiku Lynda , Hudson Thomas , Glover Sarah , Walsh Nicola , Adams Rachel , Deane Jemma , Finnegan Amy
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Health apps are software programs that are designed to prevent, diagnose, monitor, or manage conditions. Inconsistent terminology for apps is used in research literature and bibliographic database subject headings. It can therefore be challenging to retrieve evidence about them in literature searches. Information specialists at the United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) have developed novel validated search filters to retrieve evidence about apps from MEDLINE and Embase (Ovid).

Methods

A selection of medical informatics journals was hand searched to identify a “gold standard” (GS) set of references about apps. The GS set was divided into a development and validation set. The filters’ search terms were derived from and tested against the development set. An external development set containing app references from published NICE products was also used to inform the development of the filters. The filters were then validated using the validation set. Target recall was >90 percent. The filters’ overall recall, specificity, and precision were calculated using all the references identified from the hand search.

Results

Both filters achieved 98.6 percent recall against their validation sets. Overall, the MEDLINE filter had 98.8 percent recall, 71.3 percent specificity, and 22.6 percent precision. The Embase filter had 98.6 percent recall, 74.9 percent specificity, and 24.5 percent precision.

Conclusions

The NICE health apps search filters retrieve evidence about apps from MEDLINE and Embase with high recall. They can be applied to literature searches to retrieve evidence about the interventions by information professionals, researchers, and clinicians.
THE EFFECT OF LEARNING CONTEXT ON L2 LISTENING DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Yu Xiaoru , Janse Esther , Schoonen Rob
Published: October 2020

Little research has been done on the effect of learning context on L2 listening development. Motivated by DeKeyser’s (2015) skill acquisition theory of second language acquisition, this study compares L2 listening development in study abroad (SA) and at home (AH) contexts from both language knowledge and processing perspectives. One hundred forty-nine Chinese postgraduates studying in either China or the United Kingdom participated in a battery of listening tasks at the beginning and at the end of an academic year. These tasks measure auditory vocabulary knowledge and listening processing efficiency (i.e., accuracy, speed, and stability of processing) in word recognition, grammatical processing, and semantic analysis. Results show that, provided equal starting levels, the SA learners made more progress than the AH learners in speed of processing across the language processing tasks, with less clear results for vocabulary acquisition. Studying abroad may be an effective intervention for L2 learning, especially in terms of processing speed.
MEASURING LONGITUDINAL WRITING DEVELOPMENT USING INDICES OF SYNTACTIC COMPLEXITY AND SOPHISTICATION
Authors: Kyle Kristopher , Crossley Scott , Verspoor Marjolijn
Published: October 2020

Measures of syntactic complexity such as mean length of T-unit have been common measures of language proficiency in studies of second language acquisition. Despite the ubiquity and usefulness of such structure-based measures, they could be complemented with measures based on usage-based theories, which focus on the development of not just syntactic forms but also form-meaning pairs, called constructions (Ellis, 2002). Recent cross-sectional research (Kyle & Crossley, 2017) has indicated that indices related to usage-based characteristics of verb argument construction (VAC) use may be better indicators of writing proficiency than structure-based indices of syntactic complexity. However, because cross-sectional studies can only show general trends across proficiency benchmarks, it is important to test these findings in individuals over time (Lowie & Verspoor, 2019). Thus, this study investigates the developmental trajectories of second language learners of English across two academic years with regard to syntactic complexity and VAC sophistication.
A systematic review of unsupervised approaches to grammar induction
Authors: Muralidaran Vigneshwaran , Spasić Irena , Knight Dawn
Published: October 2020

This study systematically reviews existing approaches to unsupervised grammar induction in terms of their theoretical underpinnings, practical implementations and evaluation. Our motivation is to identify the influence of functional-cognitive schools of grammar on language processing models in computational linguistics. This is an effort to fill any gap between the theoretical school and the computational processing models of grammar induction. Specifically, the review aims to answer the following research questions: Which types of grammar theories have been the subjects of grammar induction? Which methods have been employed to support grammar induction? Which features have been used by these methods for learning? How were these methods evaluated? Finally, in terms of performance, how do these methods compare to one another? Forty-three studies were identified for systematic review out of which 33 described original implementations of grammar induction; three provided surveys and seven focused on theories and experiments related to acquisition and processing of grammar in humans. The data extracted from the 33 implementations were stratified into 7 different aspects of analysis: theory of grammar; output representation; how grammatical productivity is processed; how grammatical productivity is represented; features used for learning; evaluation strategy and implementation methodology. In most of the implementations considered, grammar was treated as a generative-formal system, autonomous and independent of meaning. The parser decoding was done in a non-incremental, head-driven fashion by assuming that all words are available for the parsing model and the output representation of the grammar learnt was hierarchical, typically a dependency or a constituency tree. However, the theoretical and experimental studies considered suggest that a usage-based, incremental, sequential system of grammar is more appropriate than the formal, non-incremental, hierarchical view of grammar. This gap between the theoretical as well as experimental studies on one hand and the computational implementations on the other hand should be addressed to enable further progress in computational grammar induction research.
Does fetal leptin and adiponectin influence children’s lung function and risk of wheeze?
Authors: Ip Blanche C. , Li Nan , Jackson-Browne Medina , Eliot Melissa , Xu Yingying , Chen Aimin , Lanphear Bruce P. , Spanier Adam J. , Braun Joseph M.
Published: October 2020

Adipocytokines, which are secreted during fetal development by both mothers and fetuses, may influence fetal lung development, but little human data are available. We used data from the HOME Study to investigate the associations of cord blood adipocytokine concentrations with children’s lung forced expiratory volume (FEV1;N = 160) and their risk of wheeze (N= 281). We measured umbilical cord serum adipocytokine concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and FEV1 using a portable spirometer at ages 4 and 5 to calculate the percent predicted FEV1 (%FEV1). Parents completed standardized questionnaires of their child’s wheeze symptoms every 6 months from birth to age 5, then again at ages 6 and 8. We used multivariable linear mixed models and modified Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations to estimate associations of adipocytokine concentrations (log2-transformed) with children’s %FEV1 and the risk of wheeze, respectively, adjusting for sociodemographic, perinatal, and child factors. Cord serum leptin was not associated with children’s %FEV1. Higher cord serum adiponectin concentrations were associated with higher %FEV1 in girls (β = 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6, 5.6), but not in boys (β = −1.3, 95% CI: −5.9, 3.3) (sex × adiponectinp-value = 0.05). Higher leptin was associated with lower risk of wheeze in girls (RR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.66, 0.84), but not boys (RR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.69, 1.11) (sex × leptinp-value = 0.01). In contrast, higher adiponectin concentrations were associated with lower risk of wheeze (RR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.96) in both boys and girls. These data suggest that fetal adipocytokines may impact lung development and function in early childhood. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore the mechanisms underlying these associations.
Parental Divorce and Interparental Conflict: Spanish Young Adults’ Attachment and Relationship Expectations
Authors: Smith-Etxeberria Klara , Eceiza Amaia , Garneau-Rosner Chelsea , Adler-Baeder Francesca
Published: October 2020

This study focused on the associations between parental divorce and interparental conflict with young adults’ current attachment-related anxiety and avoidance, and romantic relationship expectations. The moderating effect of attachment history was also investigated. Using a sample of 1,078 Spanish young adults (544 women, 518 men; average age 21.4 years), our results confirmed that parental divorce is not associated with young adult children’s higher attachment anxiety and avoidance nor poorer romantic relationship expectations. Moreover, interparental conflict is more strongly associated with attachment-related avoidance (p< .001) and romantic relationship expectations (p< .05) than parental divorce, yet depending on attachment history. In fact, in support of our hypothesis, a more secure attachment history with mother has a buffering effect on the association between high-unresolved interparental conflict and attachment avoidance (β = .17,p< .001). Findings add to the existing literature and promote a better understanding of the complex associations between parental divorce and conflict on adult children´s current attachment and relationship expectations.
Meta-analysis and Scientific Mapping of Well-being and Job Performance
Authors: Gutiérrez Oscar Iván , Polo Jean David , Zambrano Milton José , Molina Diana Carolina
Published: October 2020

In this article, we present a meta-analysis and a scientific mapping about the relationship between different types of well-being and job performance. We followed The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses (Moher et al., 2009), and conduct the search in Web of Science, SCOPUS, Ebscohost, Proquest, and Jstor databases. We identified 43 studies from 1994 to early 2020 that represent 45 independent samples, 34,221 participants, and 77 correlations between four types of well-being and six of job performance. Meta-analysis results show that are different forms of relations between types and there is not only one form to explain the happy-productive worker hypothesis. The scientific mapping shows that there are seven clusters of topics about well-being and job performance in the Web of Science base articles: (I) Burnout and axiety, (II) Stress and depression, (III) Individual resources, (IV) Work context, (V) Work engagement and commitment, (VI) Justice, and (VII) Human resources practices. We organize the topics from each cluster in the different groups of variables of the contextual model of individual work, well-being and performance (van Veldhoven & Peccei, 2015) to explain their impact in well-being and job performance. We included the observations of our analysis and identified the future key directions for the field.
Wirksamkeit einer verhaltenstherapeutischen Kurzintervention zur Behandlung der Zahnbehandlungsphobie
Authors: Buhrow Nora , Grocholewski Anja , Heinrichs Nina
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund. Die Zahnbehandlungsphobie tritt vergleichsweise häufig auf und geht mit körperlichen und psychischen Belastungen einher (z. B. verringerte Mundgesundheit, eingeschränkte mundgesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität, erhöhtes Schamgefühl). Fragestellung. Ziel der randomisiert kontrollierten Studie ist die Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit einer verhaltenstherapeutischen Kurzintervention (VT-K) zur Behandlung der Zahnbehandlungsphobie. Methode. 36 Personen mit Zahnbehandlungsphobie nahmen entweder an einer drei Termine umfassenden VT-K oder Motivierenden Gesprächsführung (MG) oder einer Wartebedingung teil. Die Wirksamkeit wurde bis zu einem Jahr nach der Intervention hinsichtlich verschiedener abhängiger Maße beurteilt. Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen. Es zeigte sich eine kurz- und langfristige Verbesserung der selbstberichteten Zahnbehandlungsangst (primärer Endpunkt) sowie der mundgesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität (sekundärer Endpunkt) sowohl bei der VT-K als auch MG. Die Ergebnisse des Verhaltenstests (primärer Endpunkt) spiegelten die Fragebogenergebnisse überwiegend nicht wider. Schwierigkeiten bei der Rekrutierung von Betroffenen werfen jedoch Fragen bezüglich der Implementierung von Interventionen in der ambulanten Versorgung auf. Diese Studie wurde registriert im Deutschen Register Klinischer Studien (DRKS00007732).
Gewalterfahrungen und psychische Gesundheit im Verlauf bei unbegleiteten minderjährigen Flüchtlingen in Deutschland
Authors: Müller-Bamouh Veronika , Ruf-Leuschner Martina , Dohrmann Katalin , Elbert Thomas , Schauer Maggie
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Über die seelische Gesundheit von minderjährigen Flüchtlingen, die ohne sorgeberechtigte Person nach Deutschland gereist sind, liegen bisher kaum Daten und keinerlei längsschnittliche Untersuchungen vor. Fragestellung: Ziel ist es daher, die psychische Gesundheit im Zusammenhang mit stressvollen Erfahrungen (insbesondere familiäre und organisierte Gewalterfahrungen) sowie deren Entwicklung nach etwa zwei Jahren bei unbegleiteten minderjährig Geflüchteten in Deutschland zu untersuchen. Methode: In einer Querschnittsstudie wurden belastende Erlebnisse sowie posttraumatische, depressive und psychosomatische Symptome bei 57 unbegleiteten und 22 begleiteten minderjährig eingereisten Flüchtlingen mittels strukturierter klinischer Interviews untersucht. Nach durchschnittlich 20 Monaten wurde eine Subgruppe der unbegleiteten Minderjährigen erneut untersucht. Ergebnisse: Ein Drittel der Teilnehmer erfüllte die Kriterien einer PTBS-Diagnose nach DSM-IV. Nach Einbezug einer Gruppe begleiteter minderjähriger Flüchtlinge zeigte sich, dass vor allem organisierte und familiäre Gewalterfahrungen sowie die Dauer der Flucht bedeutsame Prädiktoren hinsichtlich der PTBS-Symptomschwere waren. Für das psychische Wohlbefinden insgesamt waren die erfahrene Gewalt in der Herkunftsfamilie, bestehende Freundschaften und das Vorhandensein von Privatsphäre relevant. Ergebnisse einer Folgeuntersuchung mit einer Teilgruppe der UMF etwa 20 Monate später zeigten, dass die psychische Beeinträchtigung im Durchschnitt unverändert hoch geblieben war. Fazit: Die Möglichkeit einer frühzeitigen psychischen Untersuchung mit Erfassung kindlicher Gewalterlebnisse sowie ein verbesserter Zugang zu einer traumafokussierten Behandlung mit Sprachmittlern sind wichtig, um Leid zu reduzieren und Integration zu ermöglichen.
Child at risk? Interaction at risk?
Authors: Rothe Antje , Disep Lisa , Lichtblau Michael , Werning Rolf
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. Im Beitrag findet eine Auseinandersetzung mit alltagsintegrierten Fachkraft-Kind-Interaktionen in inklusiven Kindertageseinrichtungen statt. Im Fokus stehen dabei die durch die Interaktionsteilnehmer_innen eingebrachten Orientierungen und deren Reziprozität. Er basiert auf ethnografischen Daten ( Knoblauch, 2001 ), die über den Zeitraum einer achtzehnmonatigen Feldphase in vier inklusiven Kindertageseinrichtungen erhoben wurden. Die Auswertung erfolgt mit der Dokumentarischen Methode ( Bohnsack, 2014 ). Aus den Interaktionsverläufen lässt sich mittelbar die Anschlussfähigkeit von Interaktionsbeiträgen rekonstruieren, die Hinweise auf die Gestaltung von Teilhabeprozessen von Kindern an Interaktionssituationen mit frühpädagogischen Fachkräften geben. Entsprechend leistet der Beitrag eine Reflexion des Potenzials alltagsintegrierter Unterstützung zur Umsetzung inklusiver Prozesse, verstanden als „Maximierung von Teilhabe“ ( Werning, 2014 ), in Interaktionssituationen.
Wildfires Threaten West Coast’s Seismic Network
Authors: Tripathy-Lang Alka
Published: October 2020

A dense seismic network keeps vigil over the western United States, sensing quakes soon after they begin so people nearby can brace themselves. How do wildfires affect these guardians of the West Coast?
Tropical Rainfall Linked to Stronger Future ENSO‐NAO Teleconnection in CMIP5 Models
Authors: Fereday D. R. , Chadwick R. , Knight J. R. , Scaife A. A.
Published: October 2020

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has previously been shown to influence the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Here we investigate the ENSO‐NAO teleconnection in historical and RCP8.5 scenario CMIP5 simulations and show a future strengthening of the teleconnection under RCP8.5. The teleconnection strength is associated with increased East Pacific tropical rainfall variability. Stratospheric and tropospheric teleconnection pathways are examined, with both pathways having stronger links in the future. The stratospheric pathway involves the Aleutian Low and the stratospheric polar vortex with a downward influence on the NAO. This pathway is clearest in the high‐top models that better resolve the stratosphere. The tropospheric pathway is driven by the Pacific subtropical jet strengthening and extending further into the Atlantic in the future, generating increased baroclinicity in the Caribbean and influencing the Atlantic storm track. These results suggest increasing influence of tropical rainfall on extratropical circulation in the future.
Injection‐Induced Seismic Moment Release and Laboratory Fault Slip: Implications for Fluid‐Induced Seismicity
Authors: Wang Lei , Kwiatek Grzegorz , Rybacki Erik , Bohnhoff Marco , Dresen Georg
Published: October 2020

Understanding the relation between injection‐induced seismic moment release and operational parameters is crucial for early identification of possible seismic hazards associated with fluid‐injection projects. We conducted laboratory fluid‐injection experiments on permeable sandstone samples containing a critically stressed fault at different fluid pressurization rates. The observed fluid‐induced fault deformation is dominantly aseismic. Fluid‐induced stick‐slip and fault creep reveal that total seismic moment release of acoustic emission (AE) events is related to total injected volume, independent of respective fault slip behavior. Seismic moment release rate of AE scales with measured fault slip velocity. For injection‐induced fault slip in a homogeneous pressurized region, released moment shows a linear scaling with injected volume for stable slip (steady slip and fault creep), while we find a cubic relation for dynamic slip. Our results highlight that monitoring evolution of seismic moment release with injected volume in some cases may assist in discriminating between stable slip and unstable runaway ruptures.
Evolution of a Foreshock Bubble in the Midtail Foreshock and Impact on the Magnetopause: 3‐D Global Hybrid Simulation
Authors: Wang Chih‐Ping , Wang Xueyi , Liu Terry Z. , Lin Yu
Published: October 2020

Foreshock transients have been observed in the midtail foreshock. How a foreshock transient evolves in nightside foreshock and how it may impact the midtail bow shock, magnetosheath, and magnetopause has not been simulated. In this study, we present three‐dimensional global hybrid simulation results of a foreshock bubble (FB) driven by an interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) rotational discontinuity. As the FB propagates in the nightside foreshock, its spatial size grows to >10 RE, and its density and dynamic pressure perturbations are enhanced by >50% of the solar wind values. As the FB interacts with the nightside bow shock, the bow shock is temporarily eroded, and the corresponding dynamic pressure perturbations in the magnetosheath penetrate deep to the magnetopause, causing localized distortion of the magnetopause shape. As the FB moves tailward, it continuously generates new perturbations in the magnetosheath and magnetopause following FB's propagation.
Enhanced Winter Carbon Export Observed by BGC‐Argo in the Northwest Pacific Ocean
Authors: Xing Xiaogang , Wells Mark L. , Chen Shuangling , Lin Sheng , Chai Fei
Published: October 2020

Key Points

Synoptic‐scale winter blooms and mixed‐layer pump events were observed by a BGC‐Argo float in the midlatitude Northwest Pacific Ocean

The repetitive mixed‐layer pump episodes generated a very high particulate organic carbon export of ~110 mg C m−2 day−1 in wintertime

The current BGC‐Argo protocols captured only 20%, or entirely missed, substantial pulsed carbon export driven by mixed‐layer pump events
Role of Serpentinized Mantle Wedge in Affecting Megathrust Seismogenic Behavior in the Area of the 2010 M = 8.8 Maule Earthquake
Authors: Wang Kelin , Huang Taizi , Tilmann Frederik , Peacock Simon M. , Lange Dietrich
Published: October 2020

What controls subduction megathrust seismogenesis downdip of the mantle wedge corner (MWC)? We propose that, in the region of the 2010 Mw = 8.8 Maule, Chile, earthquake, serpentine minerals derived from the base of the hydrated mantle wedge exert a dominant control. Based on modeling, we predict that the megathrust fault zone near the MWC contains abundant lizardite/chrysotile‐rich serpentinite that transforms to antigorite‐rich serpentinite at greater depths. From the MWC at 32–40 km depth to at least 55 km, the predominantly velocity‐strengthening megathrust accommodated dynamic propagation of the 2010 rupture but with small slip and negative stress drop. The downdip distribution of interplate aftershocks exhibits a gap around the MWC that can be explained by the velocity‐strengthening behavior of lizardite/chrysotile. Interspersed velocity‐weakening and dynamic weakening antigorite‐rich patches farther downdip may be responsible for increased abundance of aftershocks and possibly for some of the high‐frequency energy radiation during the 2010 rupture.
Enhanced Coastal Shoreline Modeling Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter to Include Nonstationarity in Future Wave Climates
Authors: Ibaceta Raimundo , Splinter Kristen D. , Harley Mitchell D. , Turner Ian L.
Published: October 2020

A novel approach to improve seasonal to interannual sandy shoreline predictions is presented, whereby model‐free parameters can vary in time, adjusting to potential nonstationarity in the underlying model forcing. This is achieved by adopting a suitable data assimilation technique (dual state‐parameter ensemble Kalman filter) within the established shoreline evolution model ShoreFor. The method is first tested and evaluated using synthetic scenarios, specifically designed to emulate a broad range of natural sandy shoreline behavior. This approach is then applied to a real‐world shoreline data set, revealing that time‐varying model‐free parameters are linked through physical processes to changing characteristics of the wave forcing. Greater accuracy of shoreline predictions is achieved, compared to existing stationary modeling approaches. It is anticipated that the wider application of this method can improve our understanding and prediction of future beach erosion patterns and trends in a changing wave climate.
Hypoxia and its therapeutic possibilities in paediatric cancers
Authors: Bernauer Carolina , Man Y. K. Stella , Chisholm Julia C. , Lepicard Elise Y. , Robinson Simon P. , Shipley Janet M.
Published: October 2020

In tumours, hypoxia—a condition in which the demand for oxygen is higher than its availability—is well known to be associated with reduced sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and with immunosuppression. The consequences of hypoxia on tumour biology and patient outcomes have therefore led to the investigation of strategies that can alleviate hypoxia in cancer cells, with the aim of sensitising cells to treatments. An alternative therapeutic approach involves the design of prodrugs that are activated by hypoxic cells. Increasing evidence indicates that hypoxia is not just clinically significant in adult cancers but also in paediatric cancers. We evaluate relevant methods to assess the levels and extent of hypoxia in childhood cancers, including novel imaging strategies such as oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Preclinical and clinical evidence largely supports the use of hypoxia-targeting drugs in children, and we describe the critical need to identify robust predictive biomarkers for the use of such drugs in future paediatric clinical trials. Ultimately, a more personalised approach to treatment that includes targeting hypoxic tumour cells might improve outcomes in subgroups of paediatric cancer patients.
Globally altered epigenetic landscape and delayed osteogenic differentiation in H3.3-G34W-mutant giant cell tumor of bone
Authors: Lutsik Pavlo , Baude Annika , Mancarella Daniela , Öz Simin , Kühn Alexander , Toth Reka , Hey Joschka , Toprak Umut H. , Lim Jinyeong , Nguyen Viet Ha , Jiang Chao , Mayakonda Anand , Hartmann Mark , Rosemann Felix , Breuer Kersten , Vonficht Dominik , Grünschläger Florian , Lee Suman , Schuhmacher Maren Kirstin , Kusevic Denis , Jauch Anna , Weichenhan Dieter , Zustin Jozef , Schlesner Matthias , Haas Simon , Park Joo Hyun , Park Yoon Jung , Oppermann Udo , Jeltsch Albert , Haller Florian , Fellenberg Jörg , Lindroth Anders M. , Plass Christoph
Published: October 2020

The neoplastic stromal cells of giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) carry a mutation in H3F3A, leading to a mutant histone variant, H3.3-G34W, as a sole recurrent genetic alteration. We show that in patient-derived stromal cells H3.3-G34W is incorporated into the chromatin and associates with massive epigenetic alterations on the DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility and histone modification level, that can be partially recapitulated in an orthogonal cell line system by the introduction of H3.3-G34W. These epigenetic alterations affect mainly heterochromatic and bivalent regions and provide possible explanations for the genomic instability, as well as the osteolytic phenotype of GCTB. The mutation occurs in differentiating mesenchymal stem cells and associates with an impaired osteogenic differentiation. We propose that the observed epigenetic alterations reflect distinct differentiation stages of H3.3 WT and H3.3 MUT stromal cells and add to H3.3-G34W-associated changes.
Blood pro-resolving mediators are linked with synovial pathology and are predictive of DMARD responsiveness in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Gomez Esteban A. , Colas Romain A. , Souza Patricia R. , Hands Rebecca , Lewis Myles J. , Bessant Conrad , Pitzalis Costantino , Dalli Jesmond
Published: October 2020

Biomarkers are needed for predicting the effectiveness of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Here, using functional lipid mediator profiling and deeply phenotyped patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we observe that peripheral blood  specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) concentrations are linked with both DMARD responsiveness and disease pathotype. Machine learning analysis demonstrates that baseline plasma concentrations of resolvin D4, 10S, 17S-dihydroxy-docosapentaenoic acid, 15R-Lipoxin (LX)A4 and n-3 docosapentaenoic-derived Maresin 1 are predictive of DMARD responsiveness at 6 months. Assessment of circulating SPM concentrations 6-months after treatment initiation establishes that differences between responders and non-responders are maintained, with a decrease in SPM concentrations in patients resistant to DMARD therapy. These findings elucidate the potential utility of  plasma SPM concentrations as biomarkers of DMARD responsiveness in RA.
Immunizing lithium metal anodes against dendrite growth using protein molecules to achieve high energy batteries
Authors: Wang Tianyi , Li Yanbin , Zhang Jinqiang , Yan Kang , Jaumaux Pauline , Yang Jian , Wang Chengyin , Shanmukaraj Devaraj , Sun Bing , Armand Michel , Cui Yi , Wang Guoxiu
Published: October 2020

The practical applications of lithium metal anodes in high-energy-density lithium metal batteries have been hindered by their formation and growth of lithium dendrites. Herein, we discover that certain protein could efficiently prevent and eliminate the growth of wispy lithium dendrites, leading to long cycle life and high Coulombic efficiency of lithium metal anodes. We contend that the protein molecules function as a “self-defense” agent, mitigating the formation of lithium embryos, thus mimicking natural, pathological immunization mechanisms. When added into the electrolyte, protein molecules are automatically adsorbed on the surface of lithium metal anodes, particularly on the tips of lithium buds, through spatial conformation and secondary structure transformation from α-helix to β-sheets. This effectively changes the electric field distribution around the tips of lithium buds and results in homogeneous plating and stripping of lithium metal anodes. Furthermore, we develop a slow sustained-release strategy to overcome the limited dispersibility of protein in the ether-based electrolyte and achieve a remarkably enhanced cycling performance of more than 2000 cycles for lithium metal batteries.
A spatial-temporal continuous dataset of the transpiration to evapotranspiration ratio in China from 1981–2015
Authors: Niu Zhongen , He Honglin , Zhu Gaofeng , Ren Xiaoli , Zhang Li , Zhang Kun
Published: October 2020

The ratio of plant transpiration to total terrestrial evapotranspiration (T/ET) captures the role of vegetation in surface-atmosphere interactions. However, several studies have documented a large variability in T/ET. In this paper, we present a new T/ET dataset (also including transpiration, evapotranspiration data) for China from 1981 to 2015 with spatial and temporal resolutions of 0.05° and 8 days, respectively. The T/ET dataset is based on a model-data fusion method that integrates the Priestley-Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT-JPL) model with multivariate observational datasets (transpiration and evapotranspiration). The dataset is driven by satellite-based leaf area index (LAI) data from GLASS and GLOBMAP, and climate data from the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN). Observational annual T/ET were used to validate the model, withR2and RMSE values were 0.73 and 0.07 (12.41%), respectively. The dataset provides significant insight into T/ET and its changes over the Chinese terrestrial ecosystem and will be beneficial for understanding the hydrological cycle and energy budgets between the land and the atmosphere.