bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of electron beams of CRTs with axi‐asymmetric electron guns
Authors: Oku Kentaro , Tobe Akiyoshi , Imazeki Mitsuhiro , Shirai Shoji , Osakabe Kuniharu
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A simulator for electron beams of CRTs with axi‐asymmetric electron guns was developed, taking into account space‐charge effects, thermal spreads of electrons, and deflection‐defocusing effects. In the simulator, the electron beam is divided into Gaussian beamlets, each having a main trajectory and paraxial trajectories surrounding it. For the calculation of the electrostatic field in the main lens, the multipole field‐expansion method was used in combination with the surface‐charge method to reduce CPU time and simplify data input for complicated electrodes. The dynamic astigmatism correction, accomplished by placing a quadrupole lens in the main lens, and the cancellation of astigmatism by using slits and square apertures in the beam‐forming region were investigated. Calculated beam‐spot diameters agreed well with measurements (differences were at most about 10%). The simulator was confirmed to be effective for investigating and designing axi‐asymmetric electron guns for CRTs.
Viewing‐angle evaluation method for LCDs with gray‐scale images
Authors: Hirata Junko , Hisatake Yuzo , Ishikawa Masahito , Shoji Masato , Tanaka Yasuharu , Hatoh Hitoshi
Published: May 2006

Abstract—A new evaluation method of viewing‐angle characteristics for liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs) with gray‐scale images has been studied. In this method, reverse images, excessively dark images, and excessively bright images, which are a serious problem while displaying gray‐scale images, are evaluated quantitatively along with the display contrast ratio. The viewing‐angle characteristics of several types of LCDs are compared using this method.
In‐process functional inspection technique for TFT‐LCD arrays
Authors: Kido Takashi
Published: May 2006

Abstract—Improved methods for testing thin‐film‐transistor (TFT) arrays are becoming increasingly important as TFT liquid‐crystal flat‐panel displays become the first choice in many applications. The in‐process method of functionally testing arrays described in this paper uses an optical charge‐sensing technique to identify the location and type of line and point defects. The method is non‐destructive and provides data which can be used to repair certain types of array defects. It can also be used to measure such TFT parameters as frequency response, threshold voltage, and channel conductance.
A complementary TN‐LCD with wide‐viewing‐angle gray scale
Authors: Sumiyoshi Ken , Takatori Ken‐ichi , Hirai Yoshihiko , Kaneko Setsuo
Published: May 2006

Abstract—A complementary TN (C‐TN) structure with two domains based on a simple fabrication process is proposed. To fabricate this C‐TN cell, only one photolithography process and one rubbing process are added to conventional TN fabrication processes. This C‐TN cell has symmetrical transmittance in the up and down directions. The gray‐level order in the C‐TN cell is maintained within a four‐times‐wider viewing angle than that in a conventional TN cell.
A new hybrid ac‐dc plasma display panel
Authors: Amano Yoshifumi
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Gas‐discharge displays or plasma displays (PDPs) are leading candidates for large‐screen direct‐view displays. However, they are still expensive and have lower luminance and luminous efficacy than is considered desirable for the hoped‐for HDTV consumer market. We have developed the memory‐sheet PDP (MSP) to solve these problems. It is a hybrid ac‐dc display: addressing is accomplished by dc discharges, while ac discharges provide memory and, by virtue of a high sustain frequency, high luminance.
Capacitive effects in NLR‐matrix TV‐LCDs: I. Influence of the column signal
Authors: Kuijk K. E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract—Capacitive feedthrough of the trailing edge of the column‐voltage pulse in LCD matrices with non‐linear resistances (NLRs) leads to a decrease of the pixel voltage. This can be compensated for by an increase of the column‐voltage swing. Another capacitive effect of the column‐voltage pulse is vertical crosstalk. Ways are indicated to decrease the crosstalk and/or compensate for it.
Viewing‐angle evaluation method of color shift for LCDs with gray‐scale images
Authors: Ishikawa Masahito , Sato Makiko , Hisatake Yuzo , Hatoh Hitoshi
Published: May 2006

Abstract—The viewing‐angle characteristics of LCDs with gray‐scale images were evaluated using parameters related to color. The results were compared with the subjectively estimated results. It was found that iso‐curves of the maximum value of the difference in hue angle are useful in evaluating the viewing‐angle characteristics of LCDs.
Bistability phenomenon in the voltage holding ratio and transmission‐voltage curve of active‐matrix‐addressed LCDs
Authors: Groeneveld C. Martin
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a low‐resistance liquid‐crystal (LC) mixture in test cells has been measured as a function of voltage. The VHR either decreases or increases with voltage, depending on the polyimide orientation layer used. This result is found to be due to differences in the free‐ion concentration in the test cells owing to a varying degree of ionic contamination of the LC mixture by the polyimide orientation layer. In addition, measurements performed with increasing and subsequent decreasing voltage show that hysteresis in the VHR vs. voltage and actively addressed T‐V curves is obtained, which changes to a bistability at higher temperatures. A qualitative explanation for these phenomena as well as the results of a first‐order modeling are presented.
Porous‐silicon flat‐panel displays
Authors: Kalkhoran Nader M. , Namavar Fereydoon , Maruska H. Paul
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Recently discovered visible‐emitting porous silicon can potentially lead to many advanced optoelectronic devices, including a new class of flat‐panel displays which can feature monolithic integration of light‐emitting pixels and associated driver electronics on a single substrate, using relatively simple and cost‐effective fabrication processes. Our research group has prepared porous‐silicon layers with strong visible photoluminescence (PL) and has demonstrated one of the first solid‐state electroluminescent (EL) devices in bulk monocrystalline Si material. In addition, we have extended our work beyond bulk Si and have demonstrated visible PL in thin films of porous polycrystalline Si (PPSI) formed on glass substrates. Very recently, we have demonstrated the first electrically induced visible luminescence in PPSI films formed on ITO‐coated glass faceplates. Though not measured quantitatively, the EL emission can be viewed clearly through the glass faceplate in daylight. In this paper, we discuss the potential display applications of both bulk and thin‐film porous Si and explain some of the challenges involved in fabricating devices using these new materials.
Improved representation of polarizers for LCD modeling
Authors: Herke Richard , Jamal Syed H. , Kelly Jack R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Dichroic sheet polarizers required for most liquid‐crystal displays are generally modeled as simple uniaxial films. This leads, however, to significant errors in display modeling at high viewing angles, both in luminance and spectral transmission. The primary source of these errors appears to be a negative out‐of‐plane birefringence (on the order of 50 nm for sample polarizers) of the protective outer layers of the polarizer. A straightforward methodology for measuring the relevant optical properties for modeling purposes via transmission measurements through crossed polarizers and optical microscopy is described.
A study of the relation between surface alignment of polymers and liquid‐crystal pretilt angle
Authors: Han Kwan‐Young , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Liquid‐crystal molecules on a rubbed‐polymer alignment layer are oriented at a polar angle tilted away from the surface, but the physical reason for this pretilt is not clearly understood. We have developed a new method to determine the three‐dimensionally tilted direction of the polymer by precise measurement of the optical retardation. By using this method, we determined the inclination angle of the polymer molecules near the surface of the polymer as a function of rubbing strength. Three kinds of polymers were investigated, including one main‐chain type (low pretilt) and two side‐chain types (high‐pretilt and homeotropic alignment). The mechanism of pretilt generation is determined by comparing the relation between the inclination angle of the polymers and the pretilt angle of the liquid crystals.
Binarization of a super‐resolving graytone pupil filter by digital halftoning
Authors: Kowalczyk Marek , Cichocki Tomasz , Martínez‐Corral Manuel
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Six digital‐halftoning procedures, including one algorithm proposed by us, are compared to determine which one is best suited to binarization of a parabolic super‐resolving pupil filter. The procedures we deal with include iterative, error‐diffusion, error‐convergence, and 1‐pixel algorithms. We carry out a numerically simulated experiment in which an object that consists of either one point source or two coherent point sources is imaged in a 4f imaging system with either a continuous super‐resolving parabolic filter or one of its six different binary versions. The performance of binary filters is examined in terms of two parameters: the resemblance of their amplitude impulse response (AIR) to the AIR of the original continuous filter, as well as the two‐point Sparrow resolution criterion. We found that the best performance in terms of both figures of merit is achieved with the filter generated by means of one‐weight error diffusion when the weight is randomly positioned and the algorithm is processed on a serpentine raster.
Very‐low‐bit‐rate coding of image sequences using the Gabor transform
Authors: Reed Todd R. , Soohoo Alex E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract—While the need for image‐sequence compression has long been understood, recent applications have shown that existing methods are not always sufficient. A case in point is the class of applications referred to as “very low bit rate.” These applications require the transmission of sequences over very narrow channels,e.g., 9600 bits/s. The compression ratios required are substantially beyond those that can be accomplished (with reasonable image quality) using standard methods. The Gabor transform is a local frequency decomposition which has been proposed as a model of the early stages of human vision. It has found widespread use for a number of tasks in signal and image processing, including image compression. In this paper, we examine Gabor transform‐based coding for image‐sequence transmission at rates near 10 kbits/s.
A new achromatic reflective STN‐LCD with one polarizer and one retardation film
Authors: Fukuda Ichiro , Sakai Eiji , Kotani Yukeo , Kitamura Masaaki , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A new achromatic reflective STN‐LCD with one polarizer and one retardation film is proposed. High luminance as well as high contrast ratio without parallax were obtained by optimum design of the retardation film and the device parameters.
Limitations and prospects of a‐Si:H TFTs
Authors: Howard Webster E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Using a simple scaling analysis, we predict the limitations of TFT‐LCDs. HDTVs with 40 in. diagonals and good aperture ratios should be possible, and even larger displays can be made if the aperture ratio is compromised. Although present trilayer a‐Si:H TFTs have problems with voltage errors due to the circuit capacitances, these can be reduced by advanced fabrication techniques, which will be used in future displays. Very large displays may have to use fabrication methods which will reduce the sensitivity to pinholes, but yields for 14–17‐in. workstation displays should be adequate. Displays with integrated drivers will see strong competition from displays with outboard silicon drivers as the cost of the latter comes down; displays with integrated TFT drivers will be confined to niche markets where their size and other advantages compensate for their higher costs.
A wide‐viewing‐angle video display based on the deformed‐helix ferroelectric liquid‐crystal effect and a diode active matrix
Authors: Verhulst A. G. H. , Cnossen Gerard , Fünfschilling Jürg , Schadt Martin
Published: May 2006

Abstract—A wide‐viewing‐angle video display has been realized using a deformed‐helix ferroelectric liquid crystal (DHF‐LC) in combination with a diode active matrix. The DHF‐LC is operated in the symmetric mode (ac driving), preventing the occurrence of image sticking. The application of a reset pulse before the select pulse results in a much better step response of the display and in lower drive voltages. These effects have also been calculated by making use of the electronic equivalent circuit of DHF‐LC. The display has a contrast ratio of 25 and a transmission 55% that of a twisted‐nematic cell.
Properties of novel UV‐curable liquid crystals and their retardation films
Authors: Hasebe Hiroshi , Takeuchi Kiyofumi , Takatsu Haruyoshi
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Novel UV‐curable liquid crystals showing nematic phases at room temperature have been developed. The liquid crystals can be utilized to create retardation films with high quality and good thermal stability. The properties of novel UV‐curable liquid crystals and the fabrication of various kinds of retardation films using them are discussed.
Helmet‐mounted display with dual resolution
Authors: Fernie A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Area of interest (AOI) display systems provide an approach to maximizing the effective resolution of a display system for a given quantity of image generation resources. Various AOI display concepts have been developed over the years, relying mainly on optically combined high and low resolution areas. This paper presents an alternative approach in which matched image generation and display system designs provide a single image containing regions of differing resolution. The first of these “dual acuity” visual systems with CAE's MAXVUE™ image generator (IG) was delivered to the customer in the summer of 1994, and is now in operation as the visual system for a tactical aircraft simulator.
Molecular architectures in thin plastic films by in‐situ photopolymerization of reactive liquid crystals
Authors: Broer D. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The process of in‐situ photopolymerization of reactive mesogens leads to densely crosslinked liquid crystal (LC) networks. The molecular organization within the thin films can be accurately controlled by combining the various alignment techniques known for low molar mass LCs with the structuring techniques known for photopolymerization. The films thus produced exhibit optical properties useful for polarization control and/or colour control in the various types of LCDs.
Design factors in stereoscopic virtual‐reality displays
Authors: Mon‐Williams M. , Wann J. P. , Rushton S.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Adverse visual effects may follow use of binocular displays, but can be avoided through careful design and removal of stereoscopic disparity. Display development is discussed in the light of our research into the modification of the reciprocal links between accommodation and vergence when conflict exists between image disparity and focal depth.
Visual suppression of one eye's view with dichoptic stimulation
Authors: Blake R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— When the two eyes receive different stimulation (which can occur with artificial viewing devices), binocular single vision gives way to alternating periods of monocular suppression; this outcome is termed binocular rivalry. This paper summarizes the conditions triggering rivalry and its accompanying visual consequences, with emphasis on aspects of visual processing that remain functional during monocular suppression.
Quantitative comparison of LCD viewing‐angle improvement brought about by various methods
Authors: Ishikawa Masahito , Tanaka Yasuharu , Okamoto Masumi , Fukuoka Nobuko , Hatoh Hitoshi
Published: May 2006

Abstract—In this paper, we quantitatively compare the viewing‐angle improvement of LCDs brought about by using various methods proposed by different researchers. We used the Iso‐REC (iso‐reverse image, excessively dark/bright image, and contrast ratio) method for this comparison. From this comparison, it was found that dual‐domain LCDs and optically compensated birefringence (OCB) LCDs have preferable viewing‐angle characteristics.
Reduction of reflectance in liquid‐crystal displays
Authors: Ishikawa Masahito , Tanaka Yasuharu , Hatoh Hitoshi
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Specular reflectances of TFT‐LCDs with various polarizer conditions, black‐matrix materials, and aperture ratios were measured. The measured results were compared with simulated results of reflectances from various parts of LCDs. In the case of LCDs having polarizers with flat surfaces, the simulated results agreed well with the experimental results, while in the case of LCDs having anti‐glare polarizers, the results did not agree with the experimental results.
Electroluminescent displays
Authors: King Christopher N.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— This paper will review the electrical and optical properties of both monochrome and color electroluminescent (EL) displays. A simple electrical model for thin‐film‐electroluminescent (TFEL) device operation will be presented and used to describe the luminance and power consumption of TFEL devices. The basic material characteristics that are desirable for EL phosphors will be described. Progress in the development of multicolor and full‐color EL displays will be presented including device structures and phosphor advancements.
Video‐compatible subtractive color projection with cholesteric liquid‐crystal band‐modulation filters
Authors: Fünfschilling Jürg , Schadt Martin , Seiberle Hubert
Published: May 2006

Abstract—A highly compact single‐beam cholesteric liquid‐crystal video projection optics is presented. Cholesteric filters in series with liquid‐crystal light modulators are switched pixel by pixel in a subtracting color‐modulation scheme. No absorbing polarizers or dye filters are used. The projector exhibits an excellent efficiency of 20% for white light, high contrast, and full‐color saturation.
New high‐luminance thin‐film electroluminescent devices using ZnGa2O4 phosphor emitting layers
Authors: Minami Tadatsugu , Takata Shinzo , Kuroi Yoshihiro , Maeno Takanori
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A new high‐luminance thin‐film electroluminescent (TFEL) device using a zinc gallate phosphor in conjunction with a thick barium titanate ceramic insulator has been developed. A high luminance was attained in TFEL devices using the ZnGa2O4 phosphor thin films post‐annealed at 1020°C in argon‐gas atmosphere. Luminances as high as 630 and 200 cd/m2 for green emission were obtained for a manganese‐activated zinc gallate (ZnGa2O4: Mn) TFEL device driven by a sinusoidal voltage at 1 kHz and 60 Hz, respectively. Multicolor emission was also realized by TFEL devices using europium‐, terbium‐, thulium‐, or cerium‐activated ZnGa2O4 phosphors.
Rome addressing modes for surface‐stabilized ferroelectric liquid‐crystal (SSFLC) matrix displays
Authors: Maltese Paolo , Ferrara Vincenzo
Published: May 2006

Abstract—Better understanding of the addressing mechanisms existing in SSFLC cells, through extensive computer simulation, results in the design of new powerful addressing modes, requiring special material properties and complex waveforms. Very fast addressing at relatively low selection voltages is experimentally obtained.
Pretilt‐angle control of liquid‐crystal alignment by using projections on substrate surfaces for dual‐domain TN‐LCD
Authors: Yamamoto Takeshi , Morizumi Yasue , Okamoto Masumi , Tanaka Yasuharu , Fukuoka Nobuko , Hatoh Hitoshi
Published: May 2006

Abstract— It was found that the value of the pretilt angle of liquid‐crystal alignment achieved by a rubbing technique increases when small projections are present on the substrate surface. A dual‐domain TN‐LCD with very small dc offset voltage across the LC layer was realized by utilizing triangular‐shaped projections.
Optimization of luminance for optical‐mode‐interference (OMI) displays
Authors: Li Jianlin , Kelly Jack R. , Hoke Charles , Bos Philip J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Low‐Δnd SBE displays are optimized for brightness using LCD optics software. These low‐Δnd (about 0.5 to 0.6 μm) SBE displays, or optical‐mode interference (OMI) displays, have the inherent qualities of large cell‐gap tolerances and low coloration without an additional film compensator. The 270° OMI display was found to produce the largest off‐state brightness, greatly improved over current OMI displays. The 270° OMI display was also found to have the best off‐axis viewing angle with respect to chromaticity changes and contrast ratio. Single‐pixel devices with various twist angles verified the optimization. An optimized 270°‐twist OMI device, which shows no striped texture, was constructed by using the polymer‐stabilization technique with a rubbed standard polyimide. The data from the 270° OMI single‐pixel device demonstrate the steepest threshold on the electro‐optic curves.
Comparison between green and orange visual displays
Authors: Rabin Jeff
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Most military visual displays are monochrome and green. As systems develop, design, cost, or production factors may justify the use of differently colored displays. The choice of color may impact visual performance. The purpose of this study was to compare visual performance between green and orange chromaticities being considered for a helmet‐mounted display (HMD) under development. Visual stimuli were generated on a color CRT monitor and viewed through colored filters to achieve the desired green and orange colors. Visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS), flicker detection, vernier acuity, and peripheral target recognition were assessed in six subjects with measures repeated across green and orange displays. For central visual tasks (VA, CS, vernier, flicker), there was no difference in performance between green and orange displays. However, peripheral target recognition was enhanced with the green display. These results indicate the importance of considering underlying visual mechanisms when selecting parameters for visual displays.
Chromaticity contrast, luminance contrast, and legibility of text
Authors: Penkelink G. P. J. , Besuijen J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The purpose of this investigation was to determine if color differences can improve legibility and compensate for insufficient luminance contrast. Several authors previously have answered this question positively on the basis of performance experiments. We argue that a valid answer cannot be given unless subjective data are used. In four experiments, subjective ratings were collected pertaining to multicolor CRT text displays. The displays were systematically varied with respect to both luminance contrast and chromaticity contrast. The results indicate that chromaticity contrast and luminance contrast are additive only under specific conditions. Chromaticity contrast cannot improve legibility if an acceptable level of luminance contrast is present. Generally, chromaticity contrast cannot be substituted for luminance contrast.
Future requirements of display phosphors from an historical perspective
Authors: Yocom P. Niel
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The development of emissive displays is briefly outlined and the types of phosphors they utilize are enumerated. The history of phosphor invention and development is briefly outlined up until the modern era starting in the 1930s. The first practical phosphors for CRTs and fluorescent lamps are enumerated and then the rapid developments starting after World War II and advancing through the commercial realization of rare‐earth‐based phosphors are presented. The present electronic, emissive display technologies are then presented together with the phosphor properties that they require; namely, cathodoluminescence‐based displays, photoluminescent displays, i.e., plasma and LCD backlights, and electroluminescent displays. The presently used phosphors for these displays are mentioned and then the properties of these phosphors that need further improvement are outlined. In conclusion, it is pointed out that the understanding of some phosphor properties or types has reached a considerable state of maturity, but the understanding of other phosphor types, e.g., electroluminescent phosphors, is still quite rudimentary.
Electroluminescence: An industry perspective
Authors: King Christopher N.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The performance requirements of EL phosphors will be described from the perspective of a flat‐panel‐display manufacturer. Display applications for these EL phosphors span the range from high‐resolution miniature displays for head‐mounted displays to workstation‐sized displays. Particular focus is directed at the materials requirements to provide efficient EL phosphors for color applications.
CRT phosphors and application to FED phosphors
Authors: Yamamoto Hajime
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Discussion is focused on the issue of efficiency among many requirements imposed on cathode‐ray phosphors to meet the demands for high‐definition television and high‐resolution monitor tubes. Basic studies are encouraged to predict the limit of efficiency more precisely. The results of recent research on luminance saturation and efficiency degradation under intense electron‐beam irradiation are reviewed. These problems are more serious in FEDs than in CRTs because of the high current density in FEDs. The important role of the electrical charging in limiting the efficiency is stressed by looking back to a published result that a clean CdS surface, on which a low‐work‐function material is deposited, can be excited by 20‐eV electrons. Introduction of elements with mixed valences into oxides is proposed to increase the concentration of oxygen vacancies and consequently the electrical conductivity. It is, however, expected that there will be a tradeoff relationship between the electrical conductivity and luminance saturation due to Auger processes.
Luminescence quantum yield of Tb3+‐activated yttrium compounds excited in the UV and VUV range
Authors: Mayolet A. , Krupa J. C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The energy transfer from the host to the dopant ion by capture of charge carrier gives rise to the self‐ionization (SI) state of the luminescent center. The oxido‐reduction power of the host matrix imposes on the luminescent center its self‐ionization state energy. In the configurational coordinate diagram of the luminescent center, the probability of non‐radiative relaxation from the self‐ionization state directly to the ground state increases when this former state is situated at low energy and/or when its coupling with the vibrational modes of the surrounding ions is important.
Time‐resolved Fourier spectroscopy for phosphor characterization
Authors: Weidner Henry , Schwindt Christian J. , Peale Robert E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The first results from a new method of time‐resolved Fourier‐transform spectroscopy using a continuously scanning spectrometer are presented. An energy‐transfer problem in the rare‐earth‐activated crystal (Yb,Ho):KYF4 is studied to demonstrate the potential of the new technique for characterization of phosphors.
Optical properties of Ce3+‐doped Lu2O3 and Y2O3 single crystals
Authors: Raukas M. , Basun S. , Dennis W. M. , Evans D. R. , Happek U. , Van Schaik W. , Yen W. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The study of phosphor materials generally focuses on systems with a high quantum efficiency. On the other hand, a thorough understanding why certain systems show very low quantum yield will certainly, lead to a better understanding of phosphor materials in general. Here we present studies on cerium‐doped lutetium oxide and yttrium oxide crystals that are characterized by a complete quenching of the 4f‐5d luminescence. To find the origin of the quenching mechanism, as well as to understand the difference to other Ce3+ systems with high quantum efficiencies, we have performed extensive absorption, photoexcitation, and photoconductivity studies on single crystals of these systems, prepared by the laser‐heated‐pedestal growth technique. It is experimentally verified that the quenching mechanism is determined by the location of the first excited level of the cerium ions with respect to the conduction band — a general result that can be applied to a broad range of materials and will allow us to characterize and engineer future phosphor materials.
Optimization of the ferric chloride etching of shadow masks
Authors: Moscony J. J. , Maynard R. B. , Wetzel C. M. , Eshleman C. C. , Saunders M. H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The effects of etchant specific gravity (Baumé), temperature, and etch time upon etch factors for shadow masks made from aluminum killed (AK) steel were examined utilizing ferric chloride spray etching. Etch factors are initially high at small depths of etch or etch deltas and gradually decrease, becoming constant as etching progresses. Etch factors are Baumé‐ and temperature‐dependent when the AK steel is etched roughly, whereas they are independent of Baumé and temperature for smoothly etched steel. A multiple‐step etching process was developed based on these etch factor studies. In multiple‐step etching, two substantially different etching conditions are used to produce quality shadow masks with higher productivity than can be realized by using either one alone.
Retinal illuminance from luminance: An engineering model for the display industry
Authors: Brill Michael H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Retinal‐illuminance distributions are the inputs of vision and of vision models, yet there has not until now been a model to compute retinal‐illuminance distributions from externally measured luminance distributions. The problematic part of the luminance‐to‐illuminance transformation is that retinal illuminance is proportional to pupil diameter, and pupil diameter has not been connected analytically to the spatiotemporal distribution of light. To remedy this deficiency, the present paper outlines a pupil‐diameter model that is currently part of an image‐quality metric. The model, a generalization of the model of Trezona with dynamics adapted from Stark, allows easy computation of retinal illuminance from measured luminance distributions in space and time.
High‐brightness saturated‐color shutter technology
Authors: Sharp G. D. , Johnson K. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— We report a new switchable RGB color shutter that provides better color saturation, a 400% improvement in color band transmission over dye‐based shutters, and submillisecond transition times. The improvements are achieved via a complementary color polarizer and achromatic LC polarization rotator technologies.
Development of 25‐in. active‐matrix LCD using plasma addressing for video‐rate high‐quality displays
Authors: Kakizaki T. , Tanamachi S. , Hayashi M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A 25‐in. PALC display having 768 × 448 full‐color triads has been developed. It utilizes screen‐printed plasma channels as line‐selective electrical switches to actively address liquid‐crystal cells. A large‐panel‐display design, plasma‐switch operation, and prototype characteristics are described.
Experimental investigation of currents and efficiencies in SrS:Ce thin‐film electroluminescent devices
Authors: Neyts Kristiaan , Corlatan Dorina , De Visschere Patrick , Lahonen Marja , Viljanen Juha
Published: May 2006

Abstract— In thin‐film electroluminescent displays the electrical properties of the phosphor material are very important for the device performance. The electric field and the current in the phosphor layer may be quite inhomogeneous due to multiplication and space charge, even in devices without filamentary behavior. Measuring the ratio of luminance to current provides information about the mechanism of the light‐generation process. The currents and the efficiencies for SrS:Ce devices with different thicknesses and different bottom layers are discussed and compared with numerical simulations.
Multi‐layer phosphor thin films
Authors: Gibbons C. S. , Vecht A. , Smith D. W.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A study of thin films produced by aerosol‐spray pyrolysis for low‐voltage CRT applications is reported. Thin films of ZnO: Zn and Y2O3:Eu were deposited as single films or in combination with interlayers of SnO2, ZnO, and Y2O3. The simple layers showed that good luminescent characteristics could be obtained from ZnO: Zn and Y2O3:Eu with luminances of about 90 and 170 fL, respectively (1500 eV; 5 μA; e‐beam diameter, 1.41 mm). The structure of these films, however, differed very greatly. The ZnO were paniculate with grains of less than 1 μm, while the Y2O3:Eu showed no granular structure. When thin films were tested, no evidence for dead layers was seen down to 0.15 μm. The introduction of interlayers of SnO2 yielded improved results. It may be concluded that aerosol deposition methods show considerable potential in the preparation of multicoloured displays.
The use of optical diffraction to produce images
Authors: Glenn William E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Images have been produced by modulating light by diffraction for over 100 years. Two Nobel prizes have been awarded for imaging techniques using diffraction. The modulation efficiency is quite high, and diffraction can be used to select the color as well as the intensity of an image. The process does not require polarized light. A wide variety of light modulators can be used to produce efficient diffractive images. This paper intends to follow the history of the use of diffraction to produce images and describe some of the newer techniques that have the potential of extending the use of diffractive imaging far into the future.
The use of displays in automotive applications
Authors: Knoll Peter M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The flood of additional information directed at the driver of today's vehicles, along with the tendency to add a new display and keyboard for each new function, leads inevitably to an overloaded cockpit. The risk of distraction must be counteracted by carefully considering the ergonomic requirements of the man/machine interface. The present paper provides an approach to satisfy the automotive display requirements with a strong emphasis on the European situation, along with a brief review of candidate display technologies.
A simplified a‐Si:H TFT process for large‐area AMLCDs
Authors: Glueck Joachim
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A 14‐in.‐diagonal a‐Si TFT AMLCD for PAL‐TV is presented. The layout design is insensitive to fabrication tolerances, and the manufacturing process combines a low mask count of four steps with a large process window. Pixel charging with respect to fabrication tolerances is simulated and optimized. A direct‐view color display with 1.2 Mpixels was fabricated.
Computer‐aided design of electron guns and deflection yokes: A review (Part 1)
Authors: Alig R. Casanova , Fields John R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract—Computer‐aided‐design (CAD) is now used in many engineering disciplines. CAD in electron optics applied to the design of electron guns and yokes eases and enables new designs. It makes old designs better. The general performance of a design can be anticipated with confidence. Modern CAD techniques allow the designer to predict performance, carry out engineering tradeoffs, and evaluate the sensitivity of different designs to manufacturing tolerances, avoiding time‐consuming and costly prototypes. Advantages, examples, tools, and an illustration of CAD begin Part 1 of this review. The fundamental concepts are also reviewed and the essential physical and mathematical relationships presented. In Part 2, numerical calculation methods and important algorithms are summarized. These allow beam simulations, which yield spot profiles and raster patterns more easily and more accurately than engineering prototypes, thereby expediting design. Data analysis and display techniques are described together with hardware and software considerations.
An application of fractal analysis in halftoning
Authors: Mitsa Theophano , Alford Jennifer R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Although the error‐diffusion technique is widely accepted as providing a good balance of gray‐scale reproduction and edge fidelity in halftones, a general graininess of the image remains. Since the visual system is more sensitive to halftoning errors in low frequencies or smooth areas, graininess is most objectionable in these regions. It is less visible in rough areas of an image. In order to gain insight into the error‐filtering effects of various error‐diffusion weights, we first investigate error‐weight modifications in test images that contain only a few textures. Given that the fractal dimension of an image area can predict the area's perceived smoothness or roughness, we describe a novel error‐diffusion scheme where the error weights depend on the local fractal dimension of the gray‐scale image. The technique modifies the widely used Floyd and Steinberg four‐weight mask at each pixel. Results and a comparison with other error‐diffusion schemes are provided.
Dot‐matrix display using organic light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Wakimoto T. , Ochi H. , Kawami S. , Ohata H. , Nagayama K. , Murayama R. , Okuda Y. , Nakada H. , Tohma T. , Naito T. , Abiko H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A dot‐matrix display with 256 × 64 pixels with a pixel size of 0.34 × 0.30 mm in size, a luminance of 100 cd/m2, and a contrast ratio of 100:1 or better has been developed using organic LED devices. The display provides high luminance, high visibility, and wide viewing angle.
Monolithic integration of red, blue, and green lasers for smart projection displays
Authors: Jain F. , Srinivasan S. , Heller E. , LaComb R. , Gokhale M. , Huang W.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Novel device structures integrating multiple‐output lasers emitting in red, green, and blue colors are proposed. Active layers emitting red (AlGaAs or InGaAlP), blue (ZnxCd1−xSe), and green (ZnyCd1−ySe) are shown to be integrated monolithically on GaAs substrates using conventional p‐n tunnel junctions and asymmetric resonant tunneling structures. Both edge‐ and surface‐emitting structures are described. Experimental characteristics of two red‐emitting Al0.16Ga0.84As‐Al0.45Ga0.55As‐GaAs lasers, integrated in tandem via a low‐voltage‐drop tunnel junction are presented, demonstrating the feasibility of monolithic integration. Blue‐green lasers are shown to operate at lower voltages using asymmetric resonant tunneling structures between p‐GaAs/p‐ZnSe layers. Integration of surface‐emitting lasers including folded‐cavity and Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) structures is also presented along with simulation of electrical and optical characteristics. An integrated pixel‐addressing methodology is described for smart projection displays.
Measurement of tilt‐bias angle: performance evaluation of the crystal rotation method
Authors: Becker M. E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— An industrial‐use realization for measuring tilt‐bias angles (pre‐tilt angles) of non‐twisted LC layers is introduced and its performance is analyzed with respect to accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility. The apparatus is based on the improved version of the crystal‐rotation method which avoids all of the systematic limitations of the original approach. Various possible sources of error are discussed and their effects on the results of evaluation is analyzed experimentally and with numerical simulation. Due to the high degree of device automation, the results of evaluation are not dependent on the individual skills of the operator. It is shown that the presented specific realization for evaluation of tilt‐bias angles for the first time offers unprecedented performance at low cost.
A field‐sequential color VGA AMEL display
Authors: Tuenge R. , Larsson T. , Moehnke S. , Wald S. , Sproull W. , King C. , Sharp G. D. , Johnson K. M. , Gilman S.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A 0.7‐inch‐diagonal full‐color VGA active‐matrix EL display using a liquid‐crystal color shutter to provide field‐sequential filtering of the broadband EL emission is reported. The shutter's color‐filter design improves the color gamut of AMEL displays using the SrS: Ce/ZnS: Mn EL phosphor. A digital gray‐scale addressing scheme achieves 256 colors using temporal binary shading combined with error diffusion.
A 10‐in. surface‐conduction electron‐emitter display
Authors: Yamaguchi E. , Sakai K. , Nomura I. , Ono T. , Yamanobe M. , Abe N. , Hara T. , Hatanaka K. , Osada Y. , Yamamoto H. , Nakagiri T.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A 10‐in. flat‐panel display (FPD) with surface‐conduction electron‐emitter (SCE) cathodes can be fabricated through a printing process. Ultrafine particle films of the SCEs are deposited by using ink‐jet printing. A prototype achieves full‐color and full‐motion pictures comparable to CRTs. The feasibility of larger and low‐cost SCE displays has been confirmed.
Advanced gray‐scale compensator for TN‐LCDs for avionics applications
Authors: Eblen J. P. , Hale L. G. , Winker B. K. , Taber D. B. , Kobrin P. , Gunning W. J. , Skarohlid M. C. , Seder T. A. , Sampica J. D. , Franzen P. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The gray‐scale and contrast‐viewing‐angle deficiencies of normally white TN‐LCDs must be overcome for the device to be utilized in high‐performance avionics display applications. A compensator that enhances the contrast and gray scale of normally white TN‐LCDs over a wide range of viewing angles is described. The compensator includes a unique biaxial element with an obliquely oriented principal optical axis. The compensator's design, fabrication, modeled performance, and performance measured on an avionics display system are presented.
A 40‐in. (1‐m) diagonal direct‐view TFT‐LCD by seamless‐connection technique
Authors: Shinomiya T. , Kawabata M. , Nagae N. , Izumi Y. , Fujimori K. , Fujiwara S. , Shiota M. , Ishii Y. , Funada F.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— We have realized the world's largest‐size 40‐in.‐diagonal TFT‐LCD by seamless panel‐connection technology. This technology can easily make a large display degrading affecting the advantages of TFT‐LCDs. In this paper, we discuss several techniques for a seamless connection.
Optical patterning of multidomain LCDs
Authors: Schadt M. , Seiberle H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Recent progress made in photo‐aligning liquid crystals in twisted‐nematic (TN) and supertwisted‐nematic (STN) displays by linear photopolymerization (LPP) technology are outlined. LPP alignment makes it possible to achieve high‐resolution azimuthal LC‐director patterns with defined bias‐tilt angles in LCDs and the generation of optically patterned retarders and polarization interference filters on single substrates. LPP alignment is shown to render stable multi‐domain field‐effect displays, such as TN‐ and STN‐LCDs, feasible with much broader fields of view than today's single‐domain displays.
A new reflective FPD technology using interferometric modulation
Authors: Miles M. W.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The Interferometric Modulator™ (IMod™) is a micromachined, deformable optical cavity whose reflected color changes with the application of a voltage. Exhibiting switching speeds <50 kHz and prominent hysteresis, these devices show much promise as the basis for video‐rate full‐color reflective FPDs. Their development status will be presented.
Lasing‐pixel PDLC light valves for projection applications
Authors: Lawandy N. M. , Firehammer J. A. , Vartak S. D. , Crawford G. P.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A novel approach to projection systems in the form of an optically pumped, voltage‐addressable lasing‐pixel light‐valve array is discussed. The lasing pixel is created from a polymer‐dispersed liquid‐crystal light‐valve sandwiched within a high‐Fresnel‐number optical‐laser cavity. The device configuration, energy output, and pixel efficiency will be presented, and the positive attributes of lasing‐pixel light valves in the context of projection applications will be discussed.
Investigation of vertical crosstalk for a TFT‐LCD with an inorganic black matrix on the array
Authors: Kato Yoshimine , Hayashi Yoichi
Published: May 2006

Abstract—The origin of vertical crosstalk (CT) was investigated experimentally and theoretically for an inorganic black matrix (BM) (amorphous‐SiGe:H) on the TFT array of a 10.4‐in. VGA LCD driven by a vertical‐line‐inversion method. It was found that there were two kinds of CT: electrically induced CT and optically induced CT. The first type was mainly due to capacitive coupling between a data line and an indium tin oxide (ITO) pixel electrode through the BM. It was calculated that a BM sheet resistance of more than 1015Ω/□ was needed to eliminate this kind of CT. The second type was due to low optical density (OD) of the BM, and it was found that an OD of 2.3 was necessary to eliminate it.
Electro‐osmotic printer
Authors: Kohashi Tadao , Onishi Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The principle and the performance of a novel multi‐nozzle, ink‐on‐demand printer based on the electro‐osmotic dynamics of solvent ink are presented. In the printer, we utilize ink volume modulation and ink convergence caused by the electrokinetic movement of the ink. The printer produces Japanese characters printed on ordinary paper using an interdigital line‐scan technique. Furthermore, the printer features continuous‐tone picture printing with pulse‐width‐modulated recording pulses. A monochrome TV test‐pattern picture (printing resolution of 4 lines/mm; printing speed of 1/30 s/line) printed using an experimental multiplex electro‐osmotic printer is also shown.
Influence of adsorbed elements on SrS:Ce TFEL devices
Authors: Kato H. , Nakamata S. , Tsuji T. , Terao Y. , Kawamura Y.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Adsorbed materials affect the luminance and life of SrS: Ce, a promising blue‐emitting TFEL material. TFEL devices fabricated on a heated substrate showed lower levels of adsorbed material, especially H2O, and substantially longer life, although initial luminances were the same.
Improved photoluminescent properties of ZnS: Mn due to the δ‐doping process
Authors: Schön S. , Chaichimansour M. , Park W. , Thomas E. W. , Yang T. , Wagner B. K. , Summers C. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— An investigation on the growth of high‐quality homogeneously and delta‐doped ZnS: Mn layers by MBE is reported. Homogeneously doped ZnS: Mn films showed that the maximum luminance for the Mn emission occurred at a concentration of 3 mol% before luminescence concentration quenching was observed. The delta‐doping technique was used to concentrate the Mn centers in separate atomic layers in order to suppress three‐dimensional coupling between the Mn centers and traps responsible for the quenching. This doping technique was shown to quadruple the photoluminescence efficiency of the Mn centers compared to equivalently doped homogeneous material grown under the same conditions. From the dependence of the Mn emission intensity on the distance between doping planes, the optimum spacing was found to be 9–15 nm. Mn depth profiles determined by SIMS revealed broad Mn peaks with a FWHM of about 10 nm, indicating diffusion of Mn into the undoped ZnS region. Studies of the temperature dependence of the luminescence decay of both homogeneously and delta‐doped ZnS: Mn films indicated a different energy‐transfer mechanism for the delta‐doped films than that known for the homogeneously doped ones.
The curved‐axis deflection aberration theory
Authors: Tu Y. , Tong L. S.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— In this paper, the deflection aberration theory at extra‐large deflection angles in HDTV tubes is studied by means of the curved‐axis theory. Second‐ and third‐order aberration formulae are given accordingly. Some application results are shown for deflection angles from 90° to 120°. The results are compared to the results derived from the analytic formulae and it is seen that when the deflection angle is larger than 110°, the effects of the third‐order curved‐axis aberrations must be considered.