bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influencia del ejercicio físico sobre la calidad de vida durante el embarazo y el posparto. Revisión sistemática
Authors: Sánchez García Juan Carlos , Rodríguez-Blanque Raquel , Mur Villar Norma , Sánchez-López Antonio Manuel , Levet Hernández María Cristina , Aguilar-Cordero María José
Published: September 2016

Se ha llevado a cabo una revisión sistemática cuyo objetivo principal fue evaluar los efectos del ejercicio físico, supervisado e individualizado, en las mujeres durante el embarazo y su recuperación posparto. Se efectuó una revisión sistemática de los Ensayos Clínicos Aleatorizados (ECA) cumpliendo los criterios del protocolo de revisión Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Se registró en la web: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, y se le asignó el número de registro CRD42016039371.En las búsquedas se utilizaron las bases de datos electrónicas, aplicando los criterios de inclusión, CINAHL Complete, Web of Science, Scopus y medline. Se identificaron 352 artículos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Tras una serie de cribados, que se describen a continuación, se incluyeron en la RS 12 ensayos clínicos aleatorizados.Una vez analizados los artículos, se observa como resultado que los ejercicios supervisados que se ejecutaron con una intensidad moderada y cuya duración fue superior a 6 semanas obtuvieron resultados estadísticamente significativos en la calidad de vida de la mujer.
Análise de percentual econômico dos medicamentos adquiridos por via de ações judiciais
Authors: Picolini Vitória , Alvarenga José Fernando , Fila Juliana , Mastroianni Patrícia
Published: September 2016

Objetivo: Propôs-se avaliar o percentual econômico do processo de compra dos medicamentos por ação judicial do DRSII (Departamento Regional de Saúde) do estado de São Paulo. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo. Foram coletados os seguintes dados nas ações judiciais: nome do medicamento, quantidade fornecida, preço de compra e preço de tabela. Calculou-se o preço unitário e o preço total, segundo o valor pago e o preço de tabela de cada medicamento. Para a análise econômica, utilizou-se o indicador de resultado descrito no “Manual de indicadores principias de situação de políticas farmacêuticas”, preconizado pela OMS. Resultados: Dados evidenciaram que o processo de aquisição foi efetivo porque gerou uma economia de 51,6% (2,2-99,1%). No entanto, em alguns itens como a enoxaparina e cloridrato de pioglitazona, o processo de aquisição poderia melhorar porque houve um prejuízo de 404,4% e 139,0%, respectivamente. Conclusão: A maioria dos itens adquiridos foi da atenção básica de saúde (89,4 %), evidenciando conhecimento das petições dos medicamentos do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica e seus Protocolos Clínicos. Considera-se que a análise do percentual econômico é um indicador de resultado importante porque contribui para avaliar a eficiência do processo de aquisição, identifica os municípios que mais ações peticionam, auxiliando na avaliação e atualização da REMUME (Relação Municipal de Medicamentos Essenciais) e o desempenho da assistência farmacêutica municipal.
Número necessário a tratar (NNT) e custo por evento evitado (COPE) de enzalutamida e acetato de abiraterona para o tratamento de câncer de próstata resistente à castração que falharam a terapia de privação de androgênio
Authors: Stefani Stephen , Sasse André , Fay André , Kim Hellen , Abadi Marcia , Teich Vanessa , Lopes Gilberto
Published: September 2016

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o número necessário a tratar (NNT) e custo por evento evitado (COPE) de enzalutamida (ENZ) em comparação com abiraterona+prednisona (AA+P) em 12 e 24 meses sob perspectiva do sistema de saúde suplementar em pacientes com câncer de próstata resistente à castração metastático (CPRCM) sem quimioterapia prévia. Métodos: O NNT é calculado pelo inverso da diferença do risco absoluto de uma intervenção versus placebo; adicionalmente, o COPE representa o NNT multiplicado pelo custo de tratamento total de um período determinado. O risco absoluto de ENZ e AA+P e seus respectivos controles foram obtidos das curvas de sobrevida livre de progressão radiográfica (SLPr) e sobrevida global (SG) dos estudos PREVAIL e COU-AA-302, respectivamente. A duração de tratamento média no horizonte de 24 meses foi estimada utilizando a área sob a curva das respectivas curvas de SLPr. Os resultados foram a comparação entre ENZ e AA+P versus seus respectivos placebos em 12 e 24 meses para NNT e COPE. O custo total de tratamento consistiu em custos de medicamento, monitoramento, e manejo de eventos adversos (≥1%, eventos de interesses especiais). Resultados: A análise de 12 meses resultou em NNTSG/ENZ= 12,79; NNTSLPr/ENZ= 2,59; NNTSG/AA+P= 116,28; NNTSLPr/AA+P= 4,72 e COPESG/ENZ= BRL 1.626.583; COPESLPr/ENZ= BRL 329.701; COPESG/AA+P= BRL 15.144.886; COPESLPr/AA+P= BRL 614.368. Para a análise de 24 meses, os resultados foram: NNTSG/ENZ= 11,00; NNTSLPr/ENZ= 3,58; NNTSG/AA+P= 16,56; NNTSLPr/AA+P= 5,00 e COPESG/ENZ= BRL 1.965.454; COPESLPr/ENZ= BRL 639.327; COPESG/ AA+P= BRL 2.833.580; COPESLPr/AA+P= BRL 855.741. Conclusão: Para ambos horizontes de tempo, os resultados foram favoráveis para ENZ vs. AA+P em pacientes com CPRCM.
Successful Application of Root Cause Analysis on Progressive Cavity Pumps Failures in Orinoco Oil Belt
Authors: Rangel Sara V. , Delgado Algimar S. , Han Micksu J. , Gamez Isaac B. , Rosales Sandra K. , Morety Robert A. , Pereira Jhonatan A.
Published: September 2016

Huyapari Field, located in the Orinoco Oil Belt is operated by PETROPIAR, a joint venture between PDVSA and Chevron, where over 600 horizontal wells have been perforated and completed with progressive cavity pumps (PCP) as the preferred artificial lift method to produce extra heavy oil. With the objective to identify and address the main causes of failure affecting PCPs run life and performance, high repair costs as well as lost production, Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is currently being implemented, giving outstanding benefits by involving both suppliers and customers in a continuous improvement and learning experience.

Between 2003 and 2011, PCP run life was 884 days on average. In 2012, this number decreased dramatically to 306 days with no changes in the reservoir characteristics besides normal depletion. Between 2012 and 2013, 74% of installed PCPs failed before reaching one year in operation, with an average run life of 162 days. Deferred production increased significantly and annual operational expenses duplicated, mostly because of PCP replacements.

In response, Petropiar began in 2013 a joint effort with six manufacturers to review the process involving PCPs selection, design, simulation, transportation, storage, installation, operation, monitoring, diagnostic and pulling. To date, more than 100 pumps have been analyzed applying RCA and including: borescope inspection, destructive analysis, hardness measurement, simulation and review of operating conditions, production history, pump installation & pull out reports, wellbore geometry among others.

The procedure for carrying out this RCA experience and implementing lessons learned is presented in this paper, including identification of various manufacturing quality issues for which, specific tests were put in place to evaluate key characteristics like bonding for example. Quality controls requirements were revisited and elastomers compatibility tests were included as part of the procurement process. On the other hand, new non-conventional technologies have been applied to meet challenging conditions to produce extra heavy oil with high gas production. PCP run life increased by 56% while failures on PCPs with less than 365 days run life decreased by 31% when compared with previous years.
Wettability Alteration During Solvent Assisted-Steam Flooding with Asphaltenes-Insoluble Solvents
Authors: Stape Philip , Hascakir Berna
Published: September 2016

Solvent Assisted-Steam Flooding (SA-SF) was developed to address the environmental and economic challenges associated with steam generation. The solvent composition can greatly affect its interaction with both the asphaltenes present in the oil as well as the clays in the reservoir; therefore solvent selection plays a major role in the process. This study explores the wettability alteration mechanism of oil recovery, and how the solvent selection impacts its performance.

Five experiments were conducted; two chemical flooding (E1 and E2), one steam flooding (E3) and two SA-SF (E4 and E5) experiments. The solvents tested were n-hexane (E1 and E4) and a commercial solvent (CS) (E2 and E5). The wettability alteration caused by the different enhanced oil recovery methods was established through contact angle measurements. The asphaltene and clay content of the produced oil was determined using standard methods. The residual oil content was measured by washing the postmortem samples with toluene, an asphaltene soluble solvent capable of removing all the oil present in the rock. The oil recovery rate was used to measure the performance of each experiment.

Although all experiments had a final wettability that is considered oil-wet, they varied among each other. Experiment E4 showed the least oil-wet surface, while E5 showed the most. At the same time E4 yielded the highest oil recovery of the SA-SF experiments. Lowest clay content and highest asphaltene content was observed in the produced oil of E5, while the opposite was seen in E4. Asphaltene-clay-water interactions in the pores affect the wettability of the rock while the solvent used directly impacts the quantity of asphaltene and clay present. Asphaltenes as insoluble in n-hexane, therefore they precipitate out of the oil onto the rock, interacting with the clay and water to produce a less oil-wet surface, the CS however is composed of heavy dearomatized hydrocarbons which range from C11-C16 and enable more asphaltene production, as all produced oil samples showed.

This study provides a data set for wettability alteration during steam-solvent processes. Our finding suggests that solvents control the wettability alteration due to their interaction with asphaltenes. Wettability varies according to the precipitated asphaltenes polarity and the distance from injection well.
The Research and Application of In-Situ Combustion with Gravity Technology in Thermal Developed Heavy Oil Reservoir
Authors: Wang Lei , Liu Dezhu , Zhang Hongjun , Long Hua , Wu Xiaoming , Hao Ruihui , Liu Jin , Gao Feng
Published: September 2016

Liaohe Oilfield is the largest heavy-oil production base in China, and In-situ combustion with Gravity is one of the emerging new technologies applied in the thermal developed reservoir of Liaohe Oilfield, and this paper mainly introduce four important technologies researched for the development of In-situ combustion with Gravity, including and the ignition technology with the special introduction of the small-diameter removable igniter which could meet the needs of reutilized ignition, the separate air-injection technology with the function of igniting different layers, the horizontal production technology with the integrated tube and the temperature prediction model for horizontal production well, as well as the lifting technology with the high erosion-resistance performance.

In-situ Combustion with Gravity Pilot Test is being conducted in the Shu1-38-32 Block of Liaohe Oilfield, and the Pilot Test shows that all the technologies researched for the In-situ combustion with Gravity have reached the requirements designed in the scheme, especially the ignition temperature monitored in the air-injection well could reach the 527°C, which is the critical condition for the High-temperature Oxidation Combustion. The In-situ Combustion with Gravity shows a great potential to be a nonconventional EOR process, and the experience achieved by the pilot test of In-situ Combustion with Gravity in Liaohe Oilfield will definitely provide references for the development of heavy oil.
How Accurate is Your Well Integrity? A Discussion About the Surface Casing Integrity Under Temperature Loading in Heavy Oil Fields
Authors: Ichim A. C. , Marquez A.. , Teodoriu C..
Published: September 2016

In various parts of the world, heavy oil projects use high temperatures in order to support the oil production. Most of these projects are still on-going after several years of high temperature well exposure, while others have been suspended due to operational and environmental issues. The well integrity time span should extend itself beyond the field estimated operational date. These wells (observation, productions or abandoned) are highly susceptible to leaks due to cement degradation resulting from thermo-chemical-mechanical loads. Therefore, successful further development of heavy oil reservoirs requires a closer look at the assessment of well integrity and its prediction for extensive periods of time. During the life of the well, the casing-cement-rock system is experiencing, as a secondary problem, a cumulative damage. This could explain the sustained casing pressure that appears after years of good well integrity.

Long time exposure of the well to several loads as well as cyclic load changes may affect the well response due to a rather unexplored degradation of the mechanical, chemical and thermal parameters. In this case, the typical loading mechanisms are thermal, associated with superimposed chemical and mechanical loads. A large number of studies has been conducted to investigate the very complex chemical degradation process of Portland cement systems, which is influenced by temperature, pressure, chemical reactions and their products and, more important, time. A literature review of various investigations on well degradation processes has shown that most of the experiments are time-constrained, and therefore the well integrity is limited to the interval in which results extrapolation is possible. Cement retrogression has also been investigated and research led to recommendations of adding silica flour to the Portland cement. The least investigated aspects of the cements are their cyclic resistance to variable loads.

This paper will critically analyze the various existing well integrity concepts and point out the future need for research to improve the prediction of well integrity. The results of the work show that the major unknowns are long term properties of the downhole environment like casing, cement, and the interaction between casing-cement-formation. Moreover, a simple, yet attention-grabbing experimental investigation has been carried out on several cement samples with different properties by simulating the cement layer associated to the surface casing of a well exposed to temperature variations. Due to the shallow depths, the cementing of the surface casing may yield specific well integrity issues generated by low slurry density requirements, original low temperature environment, high fluid-formation temperature differences, all leading to potential problems related to health, safety and environmental standards worldwide (e.g. aquifers damage, operational risk, etc.).
Viscosity Versus Accuracy – Flow Control Feasibility Workflow in Polymer Flooding
Authors: Gohari Kousha , Jutila Heikki , Kshirsagar Atul , Mascagnini Carlos , Gryaznov Andrey , Askoul Yamal , Harper Christopher
Published: September 2016

The use of horizontal wells for injection and production to help maximise the sweep efficiency and economic recovery; especially for recovery of viscous oil in offshore environments. Flow control devices (FCDs) are readily used to control the flow along the well in conventional recovery operations leading to improved recovery efficiency. The benefits of polymer flooding and FCDs has been well demonstrated, however the combination of the two technologies has yet to be fully realised. The cause of FCDs not being as utilised in polymer injection application is due to the severe degradation of the polymer through devices.

This paper provides a workflow used to determine the benefits of a well planned and executed polymer injection complemented by the optimum flow control strategy. The main focus will be on demonstrating the relative weights in the objective function of optimising the sweep efficiency with the cost of reduced polymer quality. This workflow will allow a number of strategies to be studied, such as the impact of well types, well placement, well lengths, FCDs and polymer viscosities. The impact of polymer viscosity reduction in an injector well with FCDs is of particular interest. Hence the trade-off of the polymer degradation and the ability to get the required polymer quantity in the various segments of the well will be described.

The feasibility of polymer flooding with flow control is a viable alternative for classical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) but the decision whether or not to implement it has to be based on prudent analysis and decision making process. Hence the study highlights the importance of understanding uncertainties with control as well as those associated with reservoir and geology.
Flow Visualization for Performance Measurement across Sand Control Orifices
Authors: Rasimarzabadi Faezeh , Leitch Michael , Ansari Shadi , Nobes David S.
Published: September 2016

The flow of fluids through sand control apertures, such as slots in slotted liners, is critical to the performance of heavy oil wells using Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) or other enhanced methods. Advanced optical image techniques were used to measure the in-situ flow velocity and pressure difference along slots of varying cross sectional profiles. The experimental slot was made as a two-dimensional channel in acrylic sheet to allow excellent visualization. The slots were full scale and varying in geometry: straight slots, keystone slots, and wire wrap screens were evaluated. Measurements were made for a Newtonian fluid (water) at different flow rates over the ranges expected in the field. Captured velocity profiles and non-dimensional pressure were compared with analytical theory. The corss-sectional profile of the slot affects flow characteristics which in turn affect the pressure difference developed across the sand control screen.
Quantification of the Distribution of Initial Water Saturation through Leverett J Function to Calculate Hydrocarbon Reserves
Authors: Gonzalez J. W. , Perozo A. E. , Medina F. X.
Published: September 2016

Generally, hydrocarbon reserves are determined by the irreducible water saturation using the volumetric equation of the original oil in place (OOIP), regardless of the initial water saturation in the transition zone and as a result overestimate hydrocarbon reserves. The objective of this work is to determine a water saturation model that allows modeling the initial distribution of fluids in the reservoir knowing the original oil-water contact and rock quality.

The Leverett J function was used as a variable independent from initial water saturation model; it controls the flow of fluid and depends on the height above the free water level, the interfacial tension, Oil-water fluid density, absolute permeability and effective porosity. In order to define this function, capillary pressure data from oil-water system of drain cycle from special core analysis were used. The core data were modeled and averaged for each rock type with the capillary pressure function from "JNM Jing XD Van Wunnik SCA-9807 (1998)". Then, these curves were converted to values of "J" and these were related with water saturation from capillary pressure curves to obtain functions type SWINIT: f (J).

This model gave excellent results in the fluid initial behavior, it means, knowing the original oil-water contact and rock quality, the initial water saturation was quantified in in wells completed in the reservoir. The aforementioned was validated with production / pressure tests. Finally, two sensitivities were performed to calculate OOIP, the first was determined with the irreducible water saturation and the second with the initial water saturation, resulting in a error difference about 5%, in this case, obtaining higher reserves were the calculated with irreducible water saturation.

The initial water saturation profile of the wells generated from the model, it is useful to initialize the numerical simulation from reservoir "A", because this model takes as an input data the original oil water contact, which represents the limit reservoir fluid. This model does not depend on the date of drilling wells to determine the initial water saturation of the reservoir.
Integrated Methods for Identifying Opportunities to Efficiently Develop Heavy Oil in the Block 192 - Peru
Authors: Zafra W.. , Erazo A.. , Soriano Arambulo V. H. , Wu X..
Published: September 2016

Heavy oil production presents tremendous challenges in subsurface development, production wells, and surface transport. Therefore, highly efficient transportation calls for innovative engineering processes to facilitate the transport from subsurface to downstream. In Block 192- Peru, previous production experience indicated that mixing light oil at the well production manifold to heavy oil stream was a feasible option. However, this option strongly depends on the availability of light oil. The aim of this study is to present alternatives to improve heavy oil transportation performance in the block 192.

Results of a fundamental study conducted on the heavy oil transportation performance in Jibaro, Jibarito and San Jacinto fields are presented herein where multiple possibilities are evaluated to reduce the ratio of light oil per barrel of heavy oil production (i.e. to increase the efficiency of the diluent). This study provides guidelines to select one of the three following methods: diluent injection, emulsion injection or reservoir-based technology. Previous operators performed extensive reservoir characterization and simulation modeling which led to recovering over 200 million barrels of heavy oil (up to July 2015) through Vivian sands. Therefore, this confirmed the suitability of introducing new methods to feasible transport and sell heavy oil.

Jibaro, Jibarito and San Jacinto fields are used in this study due to their significant heavy oil reserves. The complexity of these fields includes high water cut production, Heli transportable logistics and high cost of produced oil. The first method proposed in this study consists of injecting a diluent in the extraction stream of heavy oil up. The second method uses emulsion water to transport high viscous oil. The third method involves applying a technology in the extraction process to reduce the viscosity of heavy oil, and in-situ upgrade the heavy oil up to sales specifications with a consideration of long distance between fields. This study concludes that a conceptual engineering and a selection of a compatible diluent and solvent are critical. Finally, environmental permitting increases the complexity of any project in the area and the possibility to introduce new technology.
Influence and Determination of Mechanical Skin in a Reservoir with a Fractal Behavior
Authors: Posadas-Mondragón R.. , Camacho-Velázquez R..
Published: September 2016

This paper reviews some concepts related to the evaluation of the wellbore pressure behavior in a fractal reservoir. The purpose of this work is to show the impact of the mechanical skin on the pressure drop and its derivative behavior, and therefore on the interpretation of the well test data to determine parameters of a reservoir with fractal geometry.

We use the solution for an infinite fractal reservoir without and with matrix participation, with a well producing at constant rate, including wellbore storage and skin effects. This solution is in the Laplace domain; applying numerical inversion with the Stehfest algorithm we obtain the pressure solution in time.

It is shown that the characteristic power law behavior of both pressure drop and semilogarithmic derivative not only depends on the parameters of fractal dimension (dmf) and connectivity index of fractures (θ), but also on the skin factor. The parallel straight lines behavior may be valid at long times during the transient period, but at early times, the skin and wellbore storage effects may inhibit this behavior. This effect, at early times, is greater for fractal dimension values close to the Euclidian dimension (i.e. dmf~2).

Thus, if the fractal dimension (dmf) and/or the connectivity of fractures decrease (θvalue increases), the pressure drop in the reservoir may be larger than the pressure drop due to the skin effect, consequently the parallel behavior of pressure and its derivative would be even valid at early times. But if the skin is big enough, the parallel behavior would only be valid at long times during the transient period.

The direct determination of the skin is not possible for these systems because the skin and fractal parameters are affecting the pressure response at the same time. A new definition of dimensionless time, which includes a new equivalent wellbore radius concept to take into account the skin effect in a general way, is proposed. With this definition of dimensioless time, it is possible to get the parallel straight lines behavior even at early times.

It is presented a sensibility analysis to fractal dimension, connectivity of the fracture network, skin factor and wellbore storage constant, for a well on a radial fractal reservoir.

The proposed methodology is important because the direct determination of the skin is not possible for fractal systems as it can be done for classical Euclidean reservoirs, with a logarithmic behavior, mainly because the skin and fractal parameters are affecting the pressure response at the same time.
Influence of Confining Stress in Petrophysical Properties Changes during Thermal Recovery in Silty Sands Colombia
Authors: Arias Buitrago J. A. , Alzate-Espinosa G. A. , Arbelaez-Londono A.. , Morales C. B. , Chalaturnyk R. J. , Zambrano G..
Published: September 2016

Thermal recovery processes in heavy oil reservoirs have become an efficient technique for the exploitation of the viscous oil that is trapped in the porous space. The heat reduces the oil viscosity and thus allows it to flow from the formation to the well. In recent years, there have been technological advances that have permitted such operations to become safe and profitable. Having a right understanding of what happens to the reservoir and the surrounding formations during thermal recovery has become a topic of interest to reduce the environmental impact of these operations and to generate models that predict production and recovery factor accurately and reliably.

Understanding the geomechanical behavior of this type of formations under different scenarios of stress and temperature is essential to model this kind of operations due to possible scenarios during thermal recovery. Confining condiciton is related to the depth of the reservoir and tectonic activity in the area. Heavy oil reservoirs are mainly located at detph less than 3000 feet according to Shafiei et. al (2013) [1]. This usually makes the reservoir formations to be unconsolidated or poorly consolidated, this kind of formations show elastoplastic behavior where stress-strain relationship plays an essential role in the production/injection process.

Samples from an outcrop of an oilsand formation located in Eastern Cordillera of Colombia were collected to performe triaxial tests at high temperature conditions. Picacho formation presents a high content of fines as other important heavy oil formations in Colombia, where thermal recovery has been considered. Fines content is crucial in the understanding of the material behavior due to particular silt and clay behavior such as thermal consolidation and mineralogic change caused by the temperature increment.

During heating, different parameters were measured in order to understand what occurs to the porous medium while it is subjected to changes of temperature. The measurements include pore volume, total volume and permeability at different stages during the heating process. The experiments were perfomed at different conditions of effective confining stress (mainting pore pressure constant). The results show a significant dependence of the petophysical properties such us permeability and porosity to the confining stress at which the porous medium is subjected.
Strategies to Increase Production in a Colombian Heavy Oil Field with Cyclic Steam Stimulation
Authors: Trigos E. M. , Avila R. D. , Lozano M. E. , Jimenez A. M. , Osorio C. A.
Published: September 2016

This paper shows the evolution of the cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) process in a Colombian heavy oil field. Some challenges have been faced like: low injectivity in the first stimulation cycles, presence of swelling clays, low lateral and vertical continuity of the producing sands, steam channeling, among others.

According to the oilfield complexity some strategies are currently being implemented after previous studies of numerical simulation and lab test evaluation: diesel slug to improve injectivity, reduced steam quality in the first cycles to increase steam injectivity, using clay inhibitor during steam injection, reduced spacing in the better zones according to opportunity index map, nitrogen injection in wells with more than six stimulation cycles, high frequency cycles and changes in completion design and drilling scheme among others.

The set of lab test, numerical simulation and pilot test have resulted in the following: 1) Use of diesel slug before steam soaking clean the hole improving injectivity, allowing more steam volume injection. 2) Reduce steam quality in first stimulation cycles is useful to increase injectivity without significantly affecting steam oil ratio SOR. 3) Using an index map opportunity help to easily identify areas with the greatest potential for infill wells. 4) Injecting nitrogen with steam in wells with more than six stimulation cycles improve production results due to the pressurization of producing sands.

Key recommendations for implementing a CSS process in heavy oil reservoirs with low lateral and vertical continuity of the producing sands, swelling clays and low net to gross are presented in this article. The recommendations range from the first injection cycles to maturity of the process and the search for new production alternatives.
Modeling of Heat Transfer Coupled with Fluid Flow for Temperature Transient Analysis during SAGD Process
Authors: Yu Kuizheng , Zhao Gang
Published: September 2016

The steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process is the most successful in-situ recovery method for heavy oil and bitumen. It is commonly suggested that heat conduction is the dominant mechanism of heat transfer near the edge of steam chamber. Heat convection is neglected in classical models.

In this study, three novel heat tranfer models have been developed to describe the transient heat transfer coupled with steady flow in different injection situations during SAGD process. Both heat conduction and heat convection were taken into account in the three models. Model #1 represents a continuous fluid injection at constant temperature. Model #2 represents a continuous fluid injection with exponentially decreasing temperature. Model #3 represents a periodic fluid injection, in which high temperature fluid is injected at the beginning and then lower temperature fluid is injected instead after a period of time. In the models, reservoir and fluid properties were integrated into two parameters, i.e., thermal diffusivity of reservoir and fluid system, and thermal convection velocity of injection fluid. The two parameters are constant under steady flow condition. The analytical solutions to the three heat tranfer models were derived and validated. The effects of thermal diffusivity and thermal convection velocity were examined.

It is found that heat convection and heat conduction occur simultaneously in SAGD process, fluid flow motivates convective heat transfer and increases the overall rate of heat transfer. It is also found that the temperature curves predicted by the analytical solutions in this study show excellent agreements with those predicted by COMSOL. In the reservoir and fluid system with larger thermal diffusivity, the heating area is larger, and the temperature increasing rate is smaller at the same observation location. When the steam is injected at a higher thermal convection velocity, heat can be transported to further distance, and the temperature increasing rate is larger at the same observation location.

The newly proposed heat transfer models and newly developed analytical solutions are simple and efficient to quickly obtain the temperature profiles in heavy oil reservoirs during SAGD process.
Learning English bare singulars: Data in the L2 classroom
Authors: Smith Stvan Laurel , John Suganthi
Published: September 2016

Contrasted with the more typical English bare noun forms of mass and proper nouns, bare singular count nouns comprise a problematic set for many descriptive grammars and thus for many second language learners. Although article usage is one of the trickiest areas of English as a Second Language (ESL) to master, bare noun phrases, and bare singulars in particular, are less emphasized in the English language classroom, where much of the focus is placed on learning to produce articles, not learning to exclude them. To investigate L2 sensitivity to bare singular forms, the distribution of bare and articulated NPs in corpus data is contrasted, nouns appearing most often without articles are tracked, and a survey of L2 grammaticality judgments by adult learners is gathered. Lastly, the combined results of the corpus and survey data are integrated into a lesson on the syntax and pragmatics of bare singular count nouns that is designed for the ESL classroom.
Cronaca di una lezione annunciata: process drama e glottodrama tra passato e sperimentazioni odierne
Authors: Sponchiado Dario
Published: September 2016

In che misura e con quali risultati è possibile impiegare i metodi glottodrama e process drama in situazioni in cui opera la maggior parte degli insegnanti e che sono lontane dagli standard ideali segnalati dagli esperti? Questo saggio ricostruisce le radici storiche del process drama e del glottodrama presentandone alcune applicazioni attraverso un esperimento didattico. A supporto di un corso tradizionale, in cui erano emerse delle carenze nella produzione orale, infatti, ho gestito parallelamente un avviamento alla drammatizzazione didattica, coinvolgendo gli apprendenti nello studio di una lingua più viva e autentica. Tramite un percorso a tappe e un progetto finale (la realizzazione di un video), pertanto, gli studenti hanno sperimentato la potenza creativa della lingua e imparato a manipolare il linguaggio per costruire e negoziare significati. Particolare attenzione viene, inoltre, data alle attività svolte e ai risultati ottenuti con l’impiego del drama nella glottodidattica.
CLINICONEUROLOGICAL AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ACUTE PERIOD OF MILD CRANIAL BRAIN TRAUMA CAUSED BY SHOCK WAVE
Authors: Korshnyak Volodymyr , Sukhorukov Viktor
Published: September 2016

Purpose: to study the clinical, neurological, and psychological status of patients at acute period of mild cranial brain trauma caused by shock wave.

Material: patients participated in fighting actions in the East of Ukraine, which were treated in neurological department of Military medical clinical centre of Northern region in 2015.

Results: authors have revealed some symptoms of sensory disorders in the form of nonspecific sensomotor hemisyndrome and general analgesia.

Conclusions: Mild closed cranial brain trauma, caused by shock wave, in its acute period has more severe course than in civilian traumas. The identified symptoms are the result of complex influence of shock wave on the central nervous system and nonspecific structures of brain that subsequently can lead to the vegetative nervous system’s disorders and impairment of higher cortical (mental) functions, and also to adjustment disorders and social maladjustment.
GENETIC TRIGGERS AND NEUROHUMORAL MESSENGERS OF POSTOPERATIVE INTESTINAL PARESIS, ITS VALUE IN PREDICTION, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
Authors: Moskaliuk Volodymyr
Published: September 2016

The aim of research: to study the causes and mechanisms of postoperative intestinal paresis on the base of assessment of genetic determinism of neurohormonal processes which regulate the contractile ability of the intestines, to determine their role for the choice of treatment tactics.

The study presents data about connection between variants of SERT gene, which regulates the reuptake of serotonin, and its concentration in blood plasma and the probability of occurrence of postoperative intestinal paresis. This made it possible not only to predict the occurrence of postoperative disorders of motor-evacuation function of the intestines, but also to improve the algorithms of prevention and pathogenetic based treatment.
THE METHOD OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH LOCALLY-ADVANCED BREAST CANCER
Authors: Sedakov Igor , Dubinina Vladlena , Bondar Oleksandr , Lukianchuk Oleg
Published: September 2016

A method of care of patients with locally-advanced breast cancer consisting of using regional selective intraarterial chemotherapy in the schedule of the complex (palliative) treatment is presented. Results of treatment showed an advantage in comparison with the application of traditional methods of the breast cancer treatment. The methodology on intra-arterial introduction of chemotherapeutic agents developed at Donetsk Regional Antitumoral Center and University clinic of Odessa showed its undisputable contribution into development of modern oncology through decrease of primary tumoral locus, transition from inoperable state into the state at which it is possible to perform the radical volume of surgical interference to patient. The special attention is paid to development of new methods of treating BC patients (regional forms of disease) with unfavorable factors for forecast of tumor growth.
MARKERS OF ATOPIC REACTIVITY IN THE PUPILS WITH SEVERE BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Authors: Koloskova Elena , Bezrukov Leonid , Marusyk Uliana , Lobanova Tatiana , Burenyuk Christina
Published: September 2016

The aim of the work was to increase the effectiveness of treatment of the severe asthma phenotype in school-age children, taking into account the diagnostic value of atopic reactivity indicators. The study involved 30 pupils with severe asthma and 30 children with moderate-heavy version of it. Amid severe asthma increases risk of higher concentrations of IL-4 and IL-5 in the serum, and almost in every second child was observed the increased concentrations of Ig E (more than 545,3 IU/mL, odds ratio was 1,9 (95 % CI 1,1-3,4). In the group of patients with severe asthma were significantly more frequent cases of the skin hypersensitivity to household allergens with respect to the members of the second group. There were separated the indices of clinical and epidemiological risk and diagnostic value of some markers of atopic reactivity for verification of the severe asthma phenotype. It was established that the development of severe asthma in children marked tendency to reduce the metabolic activity of eosinophilic granulocytes in blood (in terms of intracellular content of cationic proteins and peroxidase) and phagocytic ability of these effector cells of allergic inflammation. For the phenotype of severe asthma the risk of high concentration of IL-4 and IL-5 in serum increased in 3,1 times, but this paraclinical test is rather suitable for verification of this phenotype (SP – 84,6% (95 % Sp 75,9–91,1)) than for its detection (Se – 36,4 % (95 % CI 26,9–46,6)).
USING OF BINOMINAL METHOD FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINATION OF CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR PREDICTION OF INVASIVE DUCTAL BREAST CARCINOMA METASTASES
Authors: Lazaruk Alexandr , Davydenko Igor
Published: September 2016

The study was performed using surgical and biopsy material based on histopathological study, which was conducted at the Chernivtsy Regional Clinical Oncology Centre. In the cases of verified diagnosis of ductal breast carcinoma was studied the size of the primary tumour node and metastasis in lymphogenous features of regional lymph node according to classification system TNM. All cases were divided by categories T and N. Using statistical data was conducted the analysis in patients of verified diagnosis of ductal breast carcinoma in Chernivtsy region. We determined the features of metastasis to regional lymph nodes under according to the classification pTNM and confidence intervals calculated according to percent binomial method with p=0.05. After receiving the results the data were compared to predict metastasis. Using statistical data were conducted the analysis in women of Chernivtsi region with verified diagnosis of ductal breast cancer. We determined the features of metastasis classification according pTNM and confidence intervals of percent according to binominal method with p=0.05. All observations of histopathological conclusions were conducted on the basis of Chernivtsy Regional Clinical Oncology Centre.
THE FEATURES OF ARTERIAL THYMUSATNALBUPHINEACTION
Authors: Harapko Tatyana , Holovatsky Andrew
Published: September 2016

The article presents and analyzes the results of the pilot study, at which opioid nalbuphine was daily administered in white rats-males of reproductive age (1,5–3,5 – month) for six weeks and one week after discontinuation of therapy. The drug “nalbuphine” was injected intraperitoneally daily 1 per day over 42 days. The data were compared with a control group of intact animals. The study was conducted on 52 animals, which were divided into eight groups.
Morphometric study was performed using a system of visual analysis of histological preparations. Dynamics of changes in the external and internal diameters of medium caliber arteries thymus, media and lumen area, Vohenvorta ratio was studied.
The increase of the external diameter and reduction of the internal diameter of the medium caliber arteries, increase of the area of media, increase of the area of the lumen, increase of the Vohenvortaratio.The blood vessels are dilated, gaps filled elements of the blood vessels around the swelling, the process of vascular sclerosis.
COMPARISON OF THE DYNAMIC CHANGES OF AMINO ACID BLOOD PLASMA SPECTRUM IN PATIENTS WITH THE PRIMARY CEREBRAL ISCHEMIC STROKE DEPENDING ON THE POSTAPOPLECTIC SPASTICITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE RECOVERY PERIOD
Authors: Payenok Anzhelika , Bilobryn Maria , Mitelman Iryna
Published: September 2016

The aim of research was to reveal the dynamic changes of the level of excitatory and inhibitory neuroamino acids in patients with the primary cerebral ischemic stroke depending on postapoplectic spasticity presence at the end of the early recovery period.
For this aim was studied the concentration of excitatory and inhibitory neuroamino acids in the blood plasma in first 72 hours in 97 patients with the primary ischemic cerebral stroke depending on postapoplectic spasticity on the sixth month after ischemic event. The control group included 15 patients with diagnosed chronic cerebral ischemia.
In the result of research we revealed that the common sign for the two groups (with spasticity on the sixth month and without it) was the reliable rise of the level of excitatory amino acids comparing with the control. In patients without spasticity the heightened level of excitatory neurotransmitters in the most acute period of ischemic cerebral stroke was attended with the heightened level of inhibitory neuroamino acids. The distinctive feature of patients with postapoplectic spasticity was the decreased or stable level of transmitters of inhibitory action. During 6th moth after ischemic stroke was detected the rise of all studied neuroamino acids in patients with spasticity unlike to the ones without spasticity who were characterized only with the rise of taurine level and decrease of glycine and aspartate levels.
So, the received results allow assume the insufficient activation of the inhibitory neuroamino acids system in the most acute period of the ischemic stroke in certain category of patients that in future are inclined to the spasticity development after stroke.
LIPIDS OF CARDIOMYOCYTES MEMBRANES STRUCTURES IN RATS AT HYPOBIOSIS
Authors: Khyzhnyak Svitlana , Midyk Svitlana , Sysoliatin Serhii , Laposha Olena
Published: September 2016

There was studied an influence of artificial hypobiosis in the conditions of hypoxia-hypercarnia in rats on the quantity of neutral lipids, phospholipids and its fatty acids in membranes structures of cardiomyocytes (microsomes and internal membranes of mitochondria). The received results – the content of lipids, individual phospholipids, cholesterol testify to the modification of lipid component of cardiomyocytes mitochondria internal membrane (less the microsomal fraction) that characterizes modulation of cellular membranes structural-functional state. There was noticed the possibility of attraction of membrane phospholipids (sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol) to the signal ways activation at hypobiosis. There was revealed redistribution of fatty acids of mitochondria internal membrane at hypobiosis that leads to increase of the level of unsaturated fatty acids. There was noticed the possibility of participation of monoenic unsaturated fatty acids in protection of cellular structures from oxidizing stress and increase of the content of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids – precursors of biologically active substances – can be connected with its attraction to regulatory systems at hypobiosis. There is presupposed that the state of artificial hypobiosis is characterized with stress-reaction that leads to optimal reconstruction of lipid and fatty acid content of membrane lipids directed on support of cardiomyocytes functional activity.
THE EARLY SPRING SYNUSIAS IN THE FORESTS OF FAGETO-CARPINETO-QUERCETA ROBORIS SUBFORMATION ON THE TERRITORY OF PRECARPATHIAN REGION (UKRAINE)
Authors: Gnjezdilova Victoria , Nespljak Oksana , Bunjak Vira , Makhovska Ljubov
Published: September 2016

Abstract. In the article were presented the results of studying the early spring synusias in the forests of Fageto-Carpineto-Querceta roboris subformation on the Pricarpathian territory. In the studied subformation were separated five associations: Fageto-Carpineto-Quercetum roboris galiosum odorati, Fageto-Carpineto-Quercetum roboris caricetum pilosae, Fageto-Carpineto-Quercetum roboris vincosum, Fageto-Carpineto-Quercetum roboris galeobdolosum, Fageto-Carpineto-Quercetum roboris hederosum. The revealed early spring synusias are formed by the following herbal species: Leucojum vernum L. (Amaryllidacea), Galanthus nivalis L. (Amaryllidacea), Dentaria glandulosa Waldst. et Kit. (Brassicaceae), Anemone nemorosa L.(Ranunculaceae), Scilla bifolia L. (Liliaceae), Isopyrum thalictroides L. (Ranunculaceae), Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. Koerte (Papaveraceae) та Gagea lutea (L.) Ker.-Gawl. (Liliaceae). It appears before the leaves blooming and forms the specific white-lilac-blue aspect. Galanthus nivalis L. synusias develops the first and then in the third decade of March develops the group with Anemone nemorosa L. domination. Last years as the result of the negative anthropogenic influence the number of Leucojum vernum L. and Galanthus nivalis L. groups – the rare ephemeroids put to the Ukrainian Red book was abruptly shortened.