bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Parental Brain
Authors: Numan Michael
Published: July 2020

The Parental Brain: Mechanisms, Development, and Evolution takes a three-pronged approach to the parental brain. The first part of the book deals with neural mechanisms. Subcortical circuits are crucially involved in parental behavior, and, for most mammals, the physiological events of pregnancy and parturition prime these circuits so that they become responsive to infant stimuli, allowing for the onset of maternal behavior at parturition. However, since paternal behavior and alloparental behavior occur in some mammalian species, alternate mechanisms are shown to exist that regulate the access of infant stimuli to these circuits. In humans, cortical circuits interact with subcortical circuits so that parental feeling states (emotions) and cognitions can be translated into parental behavior. The section on development emphasizes the experiential basis of the intergenerational continuity of normal and abnormal maternal behavior in animals and humans: The way a mother treats her infant affects the development of the infant’s brain and subsequent maternal behavior. Genetic factors, including epigenetic processes and gene by environment (G × E) interactions, are also involved. The chapter on evolution presents evidence that the parental brain most likely provided the foundation or template for other strong prosocial bonds. In particular, cortical and subcortical parental brain circuits have probably been utilized by natural selection to promote the evolution of the hyper-cooperation and hyper-prosociality that exist in human social groups. A unique aspect of this book is its integration of animal and human research to create a complete understanding of the parental brain.
Just Wide Enough
Authors: Boettcher James
Published: July 2020

This chapter proposes to widen Rawls’s idea of public reason in order to respond to a dilemma originally developed by David Reidy in his article “Rawls’s Wide View of Public Reason: Not Wide Enough” (2000). The dilemma is that public reason is either indeterminate or inconsistent with the animating values of political liberalism, including the value of political autonomy. Reidy’s article identifies two different ways in which public reason might turn out to be indeterminate, one arising when there are too few public reasons in support of some law or policy and the other when there are too many. The latter problem is not as serious as Reidy supposes, at least with respect to several conceptions of justice that might provide the content of public reason. The problem of there being too few reasons suggests that the idea of public reason should include a more expansive set of politically relevant justifying reasons than is otherwise suggested by Rawls’s theory. The chapter proposes a principle for widening public reason and maintains that such a principle is consistent with political autonomy.
The “Focusing Illusion” of Rawlsian Ideal Theory
Authors: Farrelly Colin
Published: July 2020

In A Theory of Justice John Rawls constructed and defended an abstract account of distributive justice founded upon hypothetical theoretical devices like the original position and veil of ignorance, the principle of maximin, and conceptual analyses of equality of opportunities. Such a methodology places a premium on abstract hypotheticals (vs. the actual history of injustice), and idealizations that involve making claims that are actually false, in order to simplify an argument. This chapter critically examines the idealizations employed by Rawls’s original theory of justice. It argues that Rawlsian ideal theory is inherently flawed because Rawls’s idealizations make our normative theorizing prone to the valuation distortions that arise in what psychologists call a “focusing illusion.”
Sen’s Capability Critique
Authors: Lowry Christopher
Published: July 2020

Amartya Sen’s capability critique identified a problem with Rawls’s use of primary goods as his metric of advantage (that is, his way to measure inequality). Sen offered the notion of capability as a solution that would improve the ability of justice as fairness to acknowledge unfair inequalities related to disability, among other things. This chapter aims, first, to provide a more precise and conciliatory understanding of the disagreement between Rawls and Sen (by attending to Rawls’s remarks about the value of liberties); second, to spell out the deeper theoretical implications of Sen’s critique by tracing the connections between the elements Sen modifies and other more fundamental elements in justice as fairness (such as liberal neutrality); third, to identify problems raised by those implications; and fourth, to provide a solution by developing a further modification to Rawlsian theory (namely, public value perfectionism).
The Dependency Critique of Rawlsian Equality
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: July 2020

In this chapter, the author revisits her dependency critique of John Rawls’s political theory. She argues that, in conceiving justice in terms of voluntary associations between equals, Rawls neglects the reality of human dependence and interdependence. She argues that there are five areas where Rawls’ conception of equality is inadequate for addressing dependency. First, Rawls mistakenly accepts Hume’s circumstances of justice. Second, Rawls mistakenly accepts the assumption that citizens are all “fully cooperating” members of society. Third, the theory of justice mistakenly presumes that people are free in the sense that they are a “self-originating” source of valid claims. Fourth, the chapter argues that Rawls’s list of primary goods is not adequate for meeting the needs of those giving and receiving care. Fifth, Rawls begins with a concept of social cooperation that presumes equality between those who cooperate. The chapter argues that with each of these assumptions, important concerns about dependency are omitted.
Purely Formal Wrongs
Authors: Murphy Liam
Published: July 2020

This chapter cautions against the moral grounding of private rights and duties and, in turn, private law's response to wrongs. The argument is framed as a rebuke to those who suppose that private law must be interpreted from an internal, rather than instrumental, point of view. According to this chapter, interpretive theorists assume that the deontic structure of private law implies deontological moral grounding. But it argues that there is no good reason to think this, and, indeed, there are plenty of reasons to think otherwise. Private law may be formally deontic but nevertheless have instrumental moral justification. The interesting and difficult question is what to make, normatively, of the deontic structure of private law. Against the view that civil wrongs are moral wrongs, this chapter asserts that they are purely formal.
What Do We Remedy?
Authors: Cornell Nicolas
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines the nature of civil wrongs from the perspective of the law of remedies, querying the supposition that remedies are exclusively responsive to primary rights violations and, in turn, the related supposition that a civil wrong is nothing more the violation of a primary right and correlative duty. Here, remedies correct for wrongs, but it is essential to recognize that the nature of a wrong—and, in turn, the selection of an apt or responsive remedy—is not driven exclusively by the nature of the right that was violated by the wrongdoer. This chapter’s analysis is framed as a critique of corrective justice theorists’ assertion of tight conceptual and normative connections between primary rights and duties on the one hand and remedies on the other. It argues that remedies are partly responsive to rights violations, and thus the ex ante positioning of the parties as a matter of right. But an expectation of responsiveness underdetermines choices between different kinds of remedies and those bearing on the quantum of relief to be afforded to a successful plaintiff.
Torts Against the State
Authors: Miller Paul B. , Pojanowski Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2020

This chapter argues that the dominant “interpersonal accountability model of tort law” must be significantly amended to accommodate tort law’s protection of the interests of artificial persons. The chapter focuses on protection of state interests, in particular. It begins with a critical exposition of the interpersonal accountability model, highlighting the extent to which leading tort theorists share the assumption that torts are wrongs that are suffered by natural persons alone. Next, the chapter shows that and how the interpersonal accountability model neglects torts against the state, and offers a schema for categorizing these torts. The chapter concludes by tracing the implications of arguments developed in it. Among other things, it notes that understanding that tort law includes torts against the state calls into question the tendency to gloss torts as “private wrongs” and supports the practice of treating them as “civil wrongs.”
Is Tort Law “Private”?
Authors: Keating Gregory C.
Published: July 2020

This chapter contends that modern tort law is not “private law” in the distinctive way in which that term is now used. Theorists of tort as “private law” tend to regard its domain as one-off collisions among individual persons as they pursue their particular purposes, each in his or her individual, idiosyncratic, and voluntary way. Modern tort law, however, emerged in response to the rise of accidental harm as a pressing social problem. This chapter argues that refocusing on accidental harm as a basic feature of an industrial civilization prompted tort law to undergo a significant but underappreciated transformation in which harm is as salient as wrong and conceptions of collective responsibility compete with individual responsibility for control of the field. Trenchantly challenging the most basic commitments of the Kantian conception of tort law championed by Ernest Weinrib and Arthur Ripstein, this chapter maintains that there is nothing fundamentally private about tort law.
Should Tort Law Demand the Impossible?
Authors: Slavny Adam
Published: July 2020

This chapter critically examines the moral justification of two settled features of tort law—the objective standard of care and strict liability—insofar as they appear to violate the putative moral stricture “ought-implies-can.” The proposition that duties must be possible of fulfillment (and likewise, compliance with applicable normative reasons) has a pedigree stretching back to Immanuel Kant and is still widely assumed. Thus, this chapter begins by defending this foundational proposition on the grounds that normative reasons must be able to guide conduct. It notes that reasons that fail to comply with ought-implies-can are incapable of guiding conduct. This chapter then confronts arguments on behalf of the objective standard of care in negligence and strict liability, respectively, that purport to show that both doctrines sometimes justifiably violate ought-implies-can.
Owning Bad
Authors: Fennell Lee Anne
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines whether and how malign motives can convert the otherwise innocent exercise of a property right into a civil wrong. As a doctrinal matter, courts have been willing to grant that motives do indeed matter in certain cases. Tracking a distinction drawn within the theory of rights proper between specificationism and generalism, this chapter imagines two ways of making sense of this phenomenon: one might liken property rights to a lattice wherein they are defined permanently at the outset to exclude badly motivated conduct, or one might instead analogize them to a blanket in which holes can be cut around badly motivated acts piecemeal. The chapter opts for the second conceptualization because it meshes better with property’s in rem aspect—they “cover” all cases, one might say—and the organic way property rights evolve. Motives rarely alter property rights, but by factoring in the owner’s incivility as well as victims’ interests and broader social interests, exceptional cases come into focus that illuminate the structure of property rights.
Imagining the Future
Authors: Rocca Della
Published: July 2020

In this chapter the authors develop conclusions by revisiting families from earlier chapters to demonstrate what differences their conceptions of the future made to their parenting in the here and now. It is observed that the genres of practice—embrace, balance, resist—illuminate the generational stories that parents tell, looking back to their childhoods and forward to particular visions of an often-digital future. Whether parents embrace, balance, or resist technology, it is through these practices, and the values that parents invest in them, that parents shape their family’s present and their children’s future. Given that families’ lives are, further, characterized by risk and inequality, the results vary considerably as future uncertainties compound parental anxieties. Not only may parents’ fascination with or resistance to the digital turn out to be misplaced, but digital technologies add further complexities and compound parents’ uncertainties. Having listened to parents and sought to recognize their concerns, the authors end with recommendations for action for the organizations tasked with addressing and improving families’ lives and their futures, digital or otherwise.
Model Thinking and Formal Modeling to Improve Our Mental Models in Population Health Research
Authors: Lemke Michael K.
Published: July 2020

When encountering complex systems, the human mind applies various heuristics, and from these heuristics, mental models—how people understand phenomena in the real world—emerge, which shape their decisions. Unfortunately, the same limitations that confound heuristics similarly cloud people’s mental models and result in fundamental misunderstandings and lead to flawed decisions. The development of models, through the act of modeling, provide means to mitigate inherent shortcomings in people’s cognitive abilities and mental models and can stimulate new ways of understanding and acting in population health, grounded in model thinking. For the study of complex systems in particular, computational simulation modeling approaches enable novel scientific inquiry and facilitate decision-making. Engagement in modeling can also overcome the difficulties in learning imposed by complex systems, leading to transformed mental models and the proliferation of model thinking in population health research and action.
Mathematical Modeling in Population Health Research
Authors: Hicklin Karen , Hassmiller Lich Kristen
Published: July 2020

There is a long history of using mathematical modeling to study and improve aspects of population health. This chapter provides a brief overview of the diversity of such applications to complex health-related outcomes, including biological modeling (highlighting applications in infectious disease and human physiology), statistical modeling, cost-effectiveness analysis, and operations research (highlighting applications in queueing systems, Bayesian decision-making, and constrained optimization). Motivating objectives, typical model structure, and analyses are briefly described for each. As computational power has increased, computer simulation is often used to model complex phenomena. This chapter reminds readers of the many examples in which mathematical equations are used to parsimoniously represent complex systems and to understand their behavior. When mathematical models are tractable, analysts can obtain closed-form equations characterizing steady-state system behavior and tipping conditions—which provide a powerful and often easy to use tool for decision makers.
Harnessing Complex Systems
Authors: Apostolopoulos Yorghos
Published: July 2020

Many population health challenges have eluded scientists and policymakers for years because of misunderstanding of dynamic complexity. This chapter advocates an epistemological overhaul in population health science based on the premise that population health problems should be studied as complex systems because they operate as such. The proposed overhaul is predicated on the development of a new complex-systems-science–driven paradigm for a new population health science. It is founded on a fundamental shift in scientific thinking: from a quest for causes and accurate predictions to “control” problems, which inappropriate science and sheer uncontrollability of complex problems have curtailed, to knowledge generation, based on complex-systems-science–grounded theories and analytical methods to better understand, anticipate, curb, and manage health challenges, by way of harnessing their complexity. As both current and proposed epistemologies represent models of simpler and complex problems, respectively, appropriate use of each under the proposed paradigm can only strengthen population health science. These emerging ideas delve into the known as well as the possible and still unknown. Some ideas are grounded in long-standing scientific evidence, while others are of an emerging nature. Some are testable while others are partially tested, and still others remain untested “fantasies” about how to contend with intractable population health challenges.
Introduction
Authors: Caputi Jane
Published: July 2020

This book turns on the word motherfucker, springing from the genius of what Geneva Smitherman calls “Black Talk” and bearing a seemingly infinite range of variations and meanings. The Man in the proposed new geological age, the Anthropocene (“Age of Man” or “Age of Humans”), is the motherfucker in the word’s worst sense, while perennial Mother Nature-Earth epitomizes the word’s best sense—the “Mutha’,” the indomitable and inexhaustible force-source of continuous being, transformation, and renewal. The word motherfucker holds powers of invocation, curse, swear, prayer, and convocation. These powers structure this book.
The Dirty/Earthy Mother
Authors: Caputi Jane
Published: July 2020

This chapter explores the ways that undoing the Anthropocene means rejecting misogynist and biophobic meanings of Mother Nature-Earth and reclaiming much of what has been made obscene and “dirty.” This includes reclaiming the word cunt and cultivating a “dirty mind,” able to see through oppressive hierarchical dualisms. The Anthropocene manifests Man’s attempted mutilation and rape-murder of Earth. It relies on a fusion of sex and violence as well as an invidious dualism that falsely opposes nature and culture, soil and spirit, dirty and clean, black and white, earth and sky, female and male. Refusing this artificial opposition, Nature-Earth appears as the active and autonomous “Mutha’,” one who thinks, who decides, who gives, who takes, who comes, and who also can go. Human beings have long invoked Nature-Earth as “Mother,” not only to recognize our dependence on and connection to Nature-Earth, but also, perhaps, to remind Nature-Earth of their relationship to us.
“Word Is Born”
Authors: Caputi Jane
Published: July 2020

The African concept of Nommo understands language to be the force of life, allowing speakers to participate in bringing something into existence, albeit with care. Words are alive, inspired, filled with breath or spirit, and hence able to move and change speakers and listeners. Ecological living requires what Robin Wall Kimmerer describes as “grammars of animacy,” which recognize and respect the being of all life and allow relationships with other-than-human beings. Creativity is a mothering power, which cannot be understood as purely female or biological. Mothering for social justice characterizes those who create community, who love and help, who decide, who act. Man’s motherfucking is countered with cuntspeak, telling the truth, laying down the law of respect, and conjuring other worlds. While the motherfucker claims omnipotence, power over all, the “Mutha’ ” evokes cunctipotence, the conjoined power of all.
Ballet Class 101
Authors: Klapper Melissa R.
Published: July 2020

Ballet class is the foundation of ballet. For centuries ballet class has focused on an ordered progression of positions, movements, and exercises that would be familiar to students in all times and places, regardless of minor differences in technique or the wide array of motivations for taking ballet class. Ballet class in the United States could function as both a status symbol and a gender signifier. It has also expanded its reach to include very young children and adults of all ages who seek artistic expression and fitness. Leotards, tights, tutus, and pointe shoes have their own histories. There is both tradition and innovation within ballet class.
Ballet Bodies
Authors: Klapper Melissa R.
Published: July 2020

Dance is a fundamentally embodied art, and the ballet body has always been a contested site. Modern dance pioneers distinguished their fledgling art form by denouncing ballet as unnatural and particularly unsuited for the modern American dancer. Concerns about the pernicious effects of the idealized ballet body, especially on girls and young women, led to sharp medical and psychological concerns that seeped into popular representations of ballet class. Feminist critiques of ballet for supposedly oppressing women gained currency at the end of the twentieth century. Whatever the merits of such critiques, ballet can also be empowering for women in terms of bodily strength and artistic integrity, as seen in the controversial figure of the ballerina.
Ballet and Popular Culture in America
Authors: Klapper Melissa R.
Published: July 2020

Ballet’s popularity as entertainment has grown steadily in the United States since the early nineteenth century, and it has appeared in a wide variety of cultural spaces. Three arenas of American popular culture where ballet has consistently been important are movies, television, and the ubiquitous holiday performances of The Nutcracker. Dance was the subject of some of the earliest movies ever filmed and has remained a frequent theme. Millions of Americans have seen ballet on television, and as many have also seen performances of The Nutcracker. Over the course of the twentieth century many Americans have been inspired to take ballet classes or send their children to ballet classes as a result of their engagement with ballet in popular culture.
Instruments
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

Chapter 2 contains practical information about models and makers of (copies of) renaissance instruments today. It considers important variables affecting one’s choice of buying a new instrument, such as the most suitable types of wood used and the range of possible pitches. It also provides advice on how to clean and care for the instrument.
Interactive Visual Ideas for Musical Classroom Activities
Authors: Dwinal Catherine
Published: July 2020

This book is a resource on projection systems for any music teacher’s treasure chest of tools. Educators, from brand new to seasoned veterans, can discover new lessons, activities, and resources involving the projection systems already in their classrooms. From conventional projectors to streaming media players, beginners to the digital world will find tips and tricks to start using new systems. More experienced users will discover new resources and activities, from learning how to create VR worlds to demonstrate knowledge of music venues from around the world, to going on an outside safari to find missing instruments of the orchestra. This book also includes a resource index with app and website recommendations for going further and appendices that make it easier to find the activities and resources to fit any type of instruction. This book is a toolbox for teachers to keep on their desks to use every day to incorporate their digital tools in a meaningful way.
Interactive Boards and TVs
Authors: Dwinal Catherine
Published: July 2020

Take interactivity to a new level with interactive boards and TVs. These devices go beyond what the standard projector can do and add a new level of engagement through interactive activities. This chapter guides the reader through creating visual scores for classical pieces to composing accompaniment tracks for lyrics or raps and encouraging students to work together as a class to create and collaborate while relating to real-world experiences and possible future careers. Interactive boards and TVs can take the music classrooms a step further into the digital generation.
Streaming Media Players
Authors: Dwinal Catherine
Published: July 2020

Streaming media players are newer devices in the music teacher’s toolbox but are becoming more commonly found in the classroom. Being one of the more modern kids on the block, there are even more opportunities to create activities and resources specifically for these devices. Use your devices as a tool for your instruction. Such as a remote for your computer or as your recording device for assessments. Students can use interactive instrument apps to perform together, create VR and AR experiences on their own, or use their devices to interact with their recorders to practice. Mobile devices are perfect for allowing students to have more independence in their learning and create their own musical works of art.
Resources Index
Authors: Dwinal Catherine
Published: July 2020

The Resources Index contains a long list of apps and websites to take the learning with devices to the next level or to substitute tools to make the activities in this book more personalized. Each resource is labeled with recommended grades, prices, concept tags, and a short description of the product. Each one of these resources is classroom-tested and comes highly recommended to use with students for grade levels pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. There is something for every type of instruction in this chapter.
Substance and Function
Authors: Llored Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2020

This paper aims to analyze the two aspects of elements, material and conceptual, in order to further understand the functional role played by elements in chemistry. First, we will refer to how Mendeleev gradually built his periodic table. Second, we will both highlight and reflect upon the functional role of elements in chemistry. In doing so, we will refer in particular to Cassirer’s philosophy of science. In conclusion, we propose that a functional approach is important for understanding current chemical practice, especially in nanochemistry and quantum chemistry. This approach also contributes to the analysis of different types of mereology that coexist in chemistry today.
Locke Among the Radicals
Authors: Layman Daniel
Published: July 2020

During the nineteenth century, the Lockean radicals—Thomas Hodgskin, Lysander Spooner, John Bray, and Henry George—picked up the loose ends of Locke’s property theory and wove them into two competing strands. Each strand addressed problems of liberty and equality that were emerging with industrial capitalism, but each did so in a different way. In one camp, Hodgskin and Spooner—the libertarian radicals—argued that the world of resources is common to all people only in the negative sense of being originally unowned by anyone. According to them, there are no just grounds for state redistribution except to correct past injustices, and governments are typically little more than thieving and oppressive gangs. In the other camp, Bray and George—the egalitarian radicals—held that all people have a positive claim to share equally in the world’s resources. According to them, states should ensure, through redistributive taxation and other progressive policies, that our institutions respect this common right. Locke Among the Radicals tells the forgotten story of the Lockean radicals and the role they played in addressing problems latent in Locke’s theory. In addition, it argues that some of the radicals’ insights can provide a blueprint for a form of liberal distributive justice that is applicable today.
Cicero's Catilinarians
Authors: Berry D. H.
Published: July 2020

The Catilinarians are a set of four speeches that Cicero, while consul in 63 BC, delivered before the senate and the Roman people against the conspirator Catiline and his followers. Or are they? Cicero did not publish the speeches until three years later, and he substantially revised them before publication, rewriting some passages and adding others, all with the aim of justifying the action he had taken against the conspirators and memorializing his own role in the suppression of the conspiracy. How, then, should we interpret these speeches as literature? Can we treat them as representing what Cicero actually said? Or do we have to read them merely as political pamphlets from a later time? This first book-length discussion of these famous speeches clarifies what the speeches actually are and explains how we should approach them. In addition, the book contains a full and up-to-date account of the Catilinarian conspiracy and a survey of the influence that the story of Catiline has had on writers such as Sallust and Virgil, Ben Jonson and Henrik Ibsen, from antiquity to the present day.
What Are the Catilinarians?
Authors: Berry D. H.
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses the original publication by Cicero of Cicero’s speeches in general and of the Catilinarians in particular. It argues that some parts of the Catilinarians that survive today represent what Cicero actually said when he originally delivered the speeches in 63 BC and other parts are later revisions and additions made by Cicero when he published the speeches in 60 BC. The chapter attempts to establish which parts are original and which are Cicero’s later revisions and additions. It concludes that the Catilinarians were written to serve a range of purposes. In origin, they were an attempt to deal with Catiline and his supporters, and to win over public opinion in 63. But they also served, in 60, as a major exercise in self-justification, and as models of oratory for Cicero’s young admirers. Finally, they were an address to posterity, setting out for future generations how Cicero wished his consulship to be remembered.
Origin and Evolution of the Sherman Family to 1840
Authors: Holden Reid Brian
Published: July 2020

This chapter traces the origin and evolution of the Sherman family. Unlike many of his fellow countrymen, William T. Sherman did not display an enduring fascination with his family tree. He never bothered to inspect his ancestral home, even during his European tour of 1872. Consequently, his biographers have been perplexed by his ancestry or thought better of treating it in detail. The Sherman family hailed from south-eastern England, and they played a minor part in the upheavals that culminated in a great civil war that engulfed the British Isles from 1642 to 1651. The full context of Sherman’s life is not complete without some consideration of this background and legacy bequeathed to him by his forebears. The chapter also details Sherman’s experience at West Point. During his time at the military academy, Sherman’s rebelliousness became obvious—and he paid the price. It is a curious feature of his life that he spent so many of his later years proclaiming West Point’s virtues, the very standards that he had ignored in his youth. But by graduating, Sherman entered a self-conscious elite, and its values had a powerful influence on his opinions and military attitudes.
First Contact, March–May 1864
Authors: Holden Reid Brian
Published: July 2020

This chapter details how the year 1864 allowed William T. Sherman to operate for the first time not as a subordinate commander but as director of a series of armies in the field. His contribution to overall Union strategy would be significant and thus he began to exercise command at the level military analysts currently refer to as the operational level of war. Such a level links tactics and methods of fighting with strategy, in the overall scheme. It defines the manner in which armies organize in discrete campaigns and seek to fulfill the object of strategy by winning victories. Sherman’s performance overall needs to be considered by taking all aspects into account. As he began to work at the higher levels of the military art, he began to change the way in which people think and talk about war, and he propounded an individual philosophy of war. The higher he progressed, the more Sherman could not avoid confronting the harsh realities of political life, for his campaigns increasingly had an impact not just on American political discourse but indeed in 1864 on the outcome of the presidential election. Sherman expressed clear-cut political views and expounded them perhaps too forcefully. This complex mix worked as a catalyst in developing his ideas about war and his ability to put them into practice.
Marching to Victory, December 1864–April 1865
Authors: Holden Reid Brian
Published: July 2020

This chapter describes William T. Sherman’s approach march to Fort McAllister. The March to the Sea might be over, but Sherman had not yet reached the sea. He had managed to cross the Ogeechee River thanks to the reconstruction of King’s Bridge, but he still faced two problems. First, he needed to make contact with the Union fleet. Second, he still needed to seize Savannah, a risky operation that needed to be completed swiftly. It is true that Sherman encountered weak opposition and that the March had not pulled significant Confederate reinforcements to Savannah. Nonetheless, Sherman lacked the equipment for a prolonged siege and might yet be seriously embarrassed. The fall of Fort McAllister permitted Sherman to concentrate his energies on establishing contact with the US Navy. Once contact with the US Navy had been firmly established, it brought some unexpected pleasures. The chapter then looks at the interactions between Sherman and the Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton.
Conclusion
Authors: Holden Reid Brian
Published: July 2020

This concluding chapter explores William T. Sherman’s significant legacy of achievement. Several of his achievements are not controversial; two of them are indisputable. First, Sherman ranks alongside Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant as one of the three prime architects of Union victory in the Civil War. He thus played a major role in restoring the Union and setting the United States on the path to global pre-eminence: a goal that could be glimpsed in 1891. Secondly, though Sherman’s most resounding acts occurred during the Civil War, he achieved significant things afterwards, the most notable being his connection with the “winning” of the West and his identification with it. The chapter then considers Sherman’s style of warfare, looking at the three levels of military activity: tactical, operational, and strategy.
Chemical Philosophy in the 16th and 17th Centuries
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides the philosophical background for the discussion of Robert Boyle’s chemical philosophy by highlighting the most relevant theories that either influenced Boyle or to which Boyle was responding. The chapter begins by addressing the vitalistic character of Renaissance alchemy. The chapter then discusses the Scholastic theory of substantial form, to which Boyle seeks to provide an alternative. After this, the chapter addresses the Paracelsian spagyria and theory of the tria prima, since these come under specific attack in Boyle’s writings. The doctrines of semina rerum and minima naturalia are then discussed as they relate to vitalistic corpuscularian theories of matter. Finally, the theories and work of early modern alchemists Daniel Sennert and Jan Baptista van Helmont are discussed in detail since the experiments of these alchemists had a significant impact on the Boyle’s experimental work.
The Relation between Parts and Wholes
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses the theory of parts and wholes as it applies to Boyle’s concept of chymical atoms, from which chemical properties emerge as “novel” and supervenient properties. The chapter begins by arguing that Boyle’s chemistry is mereological by virtue of positing aggregate corpuscles as chemical wholes. To set the background for this discussion, the chapter examines the mereological distinction between continuous vs. contiguous integral wholes and between integral parts and essential parts of such wholes. The chapter then compares and contrasts the views of Aquinas, Abelard, and Boyle and argues that, contrary to claims made by other scholars, Boyle’s chemical mereology is neither similar nor comparable to the Abelardian theory. The chapter then analyzes the mereology of chymical atoms that is implied by the emergentist position being attributed to Boyle, closing with a suggestive analogy drawn by Boyle himself between the mereology chymical atoms and that of linguistic expressions.
Environmental Engineering
Authors: Page Robert E.
Published: July 2020

Bees engineer the environment. Their foraging activities change the floral composition near the nest, thereby changing the niches of other species that depend on the vegetation for food and shelter. Changes in floral abundance and composition resulting from their activities may also benefit them directly or descendant colonies. Honey bees also engineer their own environment by constructing a protective nest. The nest of the honey bee provides protection from the external environment by providing an insulated shell within which they live and wax comb to serve as a substrate for social interaction, food storage, and a nursery for raising larvae. They have community systems for healthcare, thermal regulation, and defense.
Wisdom
Authors: Kekes John
Published: July 2020

This chapter is the concluding account of the humanistic conception of wisdom that has emerged from the preceding chapters. Human wisdom is to form and maintain throughout the adversities and contingencies of life a sense of proportion, and reasonable, realistic, but at the same reduced expectations. It enables us to compensate for the loss of some of what we value by the enjoyment of others and to recognize that the contingencies of life may also benefit and not just harm us. If we possess sufficient depth, we do not confuse basic assumptions with our personal evaluative commitments, persevere in our lifelong effort to cultivate reflective understanding and depth, and to do so especially when the contingencies of life and our faults frustrate even our most reasonable efforts.
Last Words
Authors: Kekes John
Published: July 2020

Calling this approach to wisdom “humanistic” and a “conception” is meant to carry weight. It is humanistic in that it is anthropocentric, not metaphysical or scientific. It does not absurdly assume that the humanistic conception is a substitute for metaphysics or science. It is concerned with evaluative questions and answers that are different from metaphysical and scientific questions and answers. Embedded in the humanistic conception is a point of view from which we, the particular person each one of us is, can evaluate the possibilities and limits of life as they are in the context in which we live. It is an evaluative conception of how we should live in the world, not a theory about the nature of the world. It enables us to form a complex personal attitude based on our beliefs, emotions, desires, experiences, and evaluations that jointly guide us as we seek understanding, enjoyment, human contacts, love, recognition, security, and a sense of the worthwhileness of life. It guides how we should live, given possibilities and limits of our personal attitude and the context in which we live. The resulting account of the humanistic conception of wisdom is intended as a contribution to philosophy as a humanistic discipline.
Conclusion
Authors: Hassoun Nicole
Published: July 2020

Finally, the book concludes that even if creating a Global Health Impact label proves impossible, or undesirable, data on medicines’ health consequences are incredibly valuable. Researchers can use such data to look at the determinants and consequences of health impact, and international organizations and country-level ministries of health can use them to evaluate performance, set targets, and guide the distribution of health resources to countries. In short, better understanding the effect of key medicines on the global burden of disease will help policymakers better treat and prevent infectious diseases. Although data alone will not solve any of the health problems people face, the Global Health Impact index can help many people secure essential medicines that save millions of lives every year
The Politics of Reforming Special Procedures
Authors: Domínguez-Redondo Elvira
Published: July 2020

The political nature of the decisions creating mandates has propitiated the development of pioneering methods of work because they provided a wide margin of autonomy to experts acting as mandate holders. Their less than solid normative basis has also allowed political contestation. The legal foundations have been particularly weak in justifying working methods to handle individual communications of human rights violations, since it represents an extraordinary limitation to the sovereignty of states. In this context, states have pushed for several reforms of the UN Special Procedures with different motivations. The reform agendas pursued by the Asian and African Group have been considered as particularly threatening for the future of Special Procedures. In practice, their number has continued to grow. Furthermore, several waves of reform have resulted in standardization of practices and the provision of sounder legal bases for the methods of work of mandate holders through the approval of the Code of Conduct, among other measures. The processes of reform have forced the consideration of Special Procedures as a distinct category in the political arena.
Growing Organically
Authors: Domínguez-Redondo Elvira
Published: July 2020

Exceptional features that characterize the Special Procedures are illustrated in their progressive and unplanned development as a “system” of human rights mechanisms. This evolution is explained by a combination of political and expert-led decisions adopted by the Human Rights Council, mandate holders, and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. The successive approval of cross-cutting mandates aimed at all Special Procedures has contributed to coherence in the competences assigned to them, yet has also opened the door to indirect and an unaccounted multiplication of tasks. Over the years, Special Procedures mandate holders have developed practices that have abetted their progressive configuration as belonging to a “system” of human rights mechanisms. This process has evolved through individual and collective initiatives. While mandate holders have made significant efforts to harmonize methods of work, they have simultaneously insisted on maintaining their autonomy. The political consideration of Special Procedures as a single category has been reflected in the support received by the UN Secretariat, through the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, a key determinant in their perception as a coherent group of mechanisms.
Implementation of Methods of Work
Authors: Domínguez-Redondo Elvira
Published: July 2020

This chapter explores the implementation of methods of work developed by mandate holders of Special Procedures, focusing on those that stand out for their interference with the sovereignty of states, their adaptability to multiple scenarios, and their accessibility. This includes: (1) the handling of communications; (2) visits on the ground; and (3) development of normative standards in the field of human rights. Perhaps paradoxically, Special Procedures have drawn on the vagueness of mandates determined by political negotiations as a basis to develop quasi-judicial methods of work and contribute to the codification of international human rights law. However, the differences in implementing methods of work and interpreting mandates unravels the challenges inherent to combining political and legal approaches to human rights issues. Some of those challenges can be overcome with better communication strategies, standardization of generic information, and better induction programs, which should be included in the process of selection of new mandate holders. Others are inevitable to persevere the features that have permitted the unique methods of work and influence of Special Procedures.
Politics of “Independence”
Authors: Domínguez-Redondo Elvira
Published: July 2020

Multidimensional factors influence the real or perceived independence of mandate holders. This chapter explains the changes that have superficially improved the balance in the gender and geographical distribution of mandate holders. It considers the influence of personal and professional backgrounds of mandate holders. In particular, it questions whether some disputed interpretations of “independence” are direct consequences of the high number of academics in charge of Special Procedures. The independence of mandate holders, the cornerstone of the system of Special Procedures, is clearly defined vis-à-vis non-governmental and governmental stakeholders interacting with them. This has been endorsed by two advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice and the Code of Conduct. However, this absolute independence does not extend to the relationship of mandate holders with the United Nations, especially the Human Rights Council. Arguing otherwise undermines the authority of the Special Procedures. Finally, the chapter explains the relationship of Special Procedures with the Secretariat, the General Assembly, and the Security Council, revealing complex internal administrative structures and geopolitical considerations that determine the daily work of Special Procedures and the scope of their mandates.
Chinese Mistakes
Authors: Zhang Feng , Lebow Richard Ned
Published: July 2020

This chapter evaluates Chinese mistakes in managing US policy by examining three critical junctures of the relationship during the Obama administration. In President Obama’s first year in office (2009), Beijing failed to fully reciprocate Obama’s positive signals for a cooperative relationship. The second juncture came in February 2012, when Vice President Xi’s visit to Washington ignited high-level diplomacy for building a new model of major-country relationship. With the third juncture in late 2013 and early 2014, the relationship once again took a turn for the worse, and it did not recover during the rest of Obama’s tenure. China lacked a productive strategy for managing its relations with the US, and contradictions between its US and Asia policies undercut its goal of building a new relationship with the US.
Introduction
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: July 2020

This book reads Marx as a philosopher of movement and motion, inspired by his earliest writings in his dissertation. From this unique perspective, the book argues that Marx was not a historical determinist, reductionist materialist, anthropocentric humanist, or structuralist and did not hold a labor theory of value. These bold claims strike at the heart of well-trod interpretations of Marx and motivate this book’s rereading of him as a more process-oriented theorist of motion. The aim of this introduction is to contextualize this intervention and introduce the theses, methods, and consequences of this project.
Marx and Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: July 2020

This chapter explains Marx’s theory of motion first as it is developed in his dissertation on Epicurus, Democritus, and Lucretius and then as it is developed in his books leading up to the Capital volumes. The argument is that Marx developed an original dialectics of motion that stayed with him throughout his life and work. In short, his materialist naturalism was the foundation for his critique of capitalism and economics. Marx’s interest in motion preceded his analysis and critique of capitalism and is the larger framework within which his economic and social critique should be understood.