bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbial Life in a Winogradsky Column: From Lab Course to Diverse Research Experience
Authors: Parks Samantha T.
Published: May 2015

Many traditional lab courses include both standard and inquiry-based experiments, yet lack cooperative and authentic lab experiences. Such experiences are important for microbiology students and burgeoning researchers. In a novel lab environment, students constructed Winogradsky columns using common soil and water sources. During initial column incubation, students learned methods for identification of microbial isolates including staining, microscopy, biochemistry and 16S-rRNA sequencing. Concurrently, students challenged their columns via varied substrates and contaminants including enrichment with nitro-compounds, hydrocarbons, acids and other environmental stressors. Students were encouraged to use both basic and more advanced identification methods to study the effect of such challenges within their columns. The students were required to maintain lab notebooks and attend weekly lab meetings, which were designed to share progress and facilitate experimentation among their lab-mates. At the end of the semester, students gathered to present their data and conclusions. By engaging in weekly meetings and a final conference, students were able to construct a snapshot of the microbial diversity, including phylogeny and metabolism, in the soil and water used to construct the Winogradsky columns. By using a common source, students were able to observe an array of diversity within individual columns and extrapolate towards the tremendous microbial diversity in the initial soil and water samples. Equally important to the data obtained, the students engaged in a collaborative effort through discussion, trouble-shooting, weekly meetings and the summative conference. Such efforts enabled students to participate in an authentic research experience within a traditional undergraduate laboratory course.

Editor's Note:

The ASM advocates that students must successfully demonstrate the ability to explain and practice safe laboratory techniques. For more information, read the laboratory safety section of the ASM Curriculum Recommendations: Introductory Course in Microbiology and the Guidelines for Biosafety in Teaching Laboratories, available at www.asm.org. The Editors of JMBE recommend that adopters of the protocols included in this article follow a minimum of Biosafety Level 2 practices.
Use of Constructed-Response Questions to Support Learning of Cell Biology during Lectures
Authors: Yeong Foong May
Published: May 2015

The use of class-response systems such as the Clickers to promote active-learning during lectures has been wide-spread. However, the often-used MCQ format in class activities as well as in assessments for large classes might lower students’ expectations and attitudes towards learning. Here, I describe my experience converting MCQs to constructed-response questions for in-class learning activities by removing cues from the MCQs. From the responses submitted, students seemed capable of providing answers without the need for cues. Using class-response systems such as Socrative for such constructed-response questions could be useful to challenge students to express their ideas in their own words. Moreover, by constructing their own answers, mis-conceptions could be revealed and corrected in a timely manner.
Comparing Outdated and Updated Textbook Figures Helps Introduce Undergraduates to Primary Literature
Authors: Segarra Verónica A. , Tanner Scott
Published: May 2015

Many of the didactic tools used in the undergraduate classroom, including textbooks, often highlight science as a body of knowledge, presenting learners with a field’s current “up-to-date” understanding of a subject. It is important that students grasp the idea that this body of knowledge is not static, but evolving through a process by which scientists continually test, revise, and build upon that knowledge. Science as a process is best highlighted in the primary scientific literature. In the context of the undergraduate classroom, we have used side-by-side comparison of old and updated textbook figures to introduce 200- and 300-level Genetics students to the field as a dynamic area of scientific inquiry. We also use this exercise as an opportunity to introduce students to relevant primary literature. We find that this is an effective way to transition students from their textbook to primary literature as a source of information.
From the Editor-in-Chief: Make Some Time to Share Your Creative Ideas and Best Practices!
Authors: Elliott Samantha L.
Published: May 2015

JMBE Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Samantha Elliott, welcomes new Editors to the journal and discusses the ongoing initiatives for 2015, including a new section, Editorial Board changes, and plans for a new themed issue.
Inclusion of Flagellin during Vaccination against Influenza Enhances Recall Responses in Nonhuman Primate Neonates
Authors: Kim Jong R. , Holbrook Beth C. , Hayward Sarah L. , Blevins Lance K. , Jorgensen Matthew J. , Kock Nancy D. , De Paris Kristina , D'Agostino Ralph B. , Aycock S. Tyler , Mizel Steven B. , Parks Griffith D. , Alexander-Miller Martha A.
Published: May 2015

Influenza virus can cause life-threatening infections in neonates and young infants. Although vaccination is a major countermeasure against influenza, current vaccines are not approved for use in infants less than 6 months of age, in part due to the weak immune response following vaccination. Thus, there is a strong need to develop new vaccines with improved efficacy for this vulnerable population. To address this issue, we established a neonatal African green monkey (AGM) nonhuman primate model that could be used to identify effective influenza vaccine approaches for use in young infants. We assessed the ability of flagellin, a Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist, to serve as an effective adjuvant in this at-risk population. Four- to 6-day-old AGMs were primed and boosted with inactivated PR8 influenza virus (IPR8) adjuvanted with either wild-type flagellin or inactive flagellin with a mutation at position 229 (m229), the latter of which is incapable of signaling through TLR5. Increased IgG responses were observed following a boost, as well as at early times after challenge, in infants vaccinated with flagellin-adjuvanted IPR8. Inclusion of flagellin during vaccination also resulted in a significantly increased number of influenza virus-specific T cells following challenge compared to the number in infants vaccinated with the m229 adjuvant. Finally, following challenge infants vaccinated with IPR8 plus flagellin exhibited a reduced pathology in the lungs compared to that in infants that received IPR8 plus m229. This study provides the first evidence of flagellin-mediated enhancement of vaccine responses in nonhuman primate neonates.

IMPORTANCEYoung infants are particularly susceptible to severe disease as a result of influenza virus infection. Compounding this is the lack of effective vaccines for use in this vulnerable population. Here we describe a vaccine approach that results in improved immune responses and protection in young infants. Incorporation of flagellin during vaccination resulted in increased antibody and T cell responses together with reduced disease following virus infection. These results suggest that flagellin may serve as an effective adjuvant for vaccines targeted to this vulnerable population.
Nitric Oxide Mediates Biofilm Formation and Symbiosis in
Silicibacter
sp. Strain TrichCH4B
Authors: Rao Minxi , Smith Brian C. , Marletta Michael A.
Published: May 2015

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important signaling role in all domains of life. Many bacteria contain a
h
eme-
n
itric oxide/
ox
ygen binding (H-NOX) protein that selectively binds NO. These H-NOX proteins often act as sensors that regulate histidine kinase (HK) activity, forming part of a bacterial two-component signaling system that also involves one or more response regulators. In several organisms, NO binding to the H-NOX protein governs bacterial biofilm formation; however, the source of NO exposure for these bacteria is unknown. In mammals, NO is generated by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and signals through binding the H-NOX domain of soluble guanylate cyclase. Recently, several bacterial NOS proteins have also been reported, but the corresponding bacteria do not also encode an H-NOX protein. Here, we report the first characterization of a bacterium that encodes both a NOS and H-NOX, thus resembling the mammalian system capable of both synthesizing and sensing NO. We characterized the NO signaling pathway of the marine alphaproteobacterium
Silicibacter
sp. strain TrichCH4B, determining that the NOS is activated by an algal symbiont,
Trichodesmium erythraeum
. NO signaling through a histidine kinase-response regulator two-component signaling pathway results in increased concentrations of cyclic diguanosine monophosphate, a key bacterial second messenger molecule that controls cellular adhesion and biofilm formation.
Silicibacter
sp. TrichCH4B biofilm formation, activated by
T. erythraeum
, may be an important mechanism for symbiosis between the two organisms, revealing that NO plays a previously unknown key role in bacterial communication and symbiosis.

IMPORTANCE
Bacterial nitric oxide (NO) signaling via
h
eme-
n
itric oxide/
ox
ygen binding (H-NOX) proteins regulates biofilm formation, playing an important role in protecting bacteria from oxidative stress and other environmental stresses. Biofilms are also an important part of symbiosis, allowing the organism to remain in a nutrient-rich environment. In this study, we show that in
Silicibacter
sp. strain TrichCH4B, NO mediates symbiosis with the alga
Trichodesmium erythraeum
, a major marine diazotroph. In addition,
Silicibacter
sp. TrichCH4B is the first characterized bacteria to harbor both the NOS and H-NOX proteins, making it uniquely capable of both synthesizing and sensing NO, analogous to mammalian NO signaling. Our study expands current understanding of the role of NO in bacterial signaling, providing a novel role for NO in bacterial communication and symbiosis.
Multidrug-resistantNocardia pseudobrasiliensispresenting as multiple muscle abscesses
Authors: Veerappan Kandasamy Vimalkumar , Nagabandi Arun , Horowitz Edward A , Vivekanandan Renuga
Published: May 2015

A 79-year-old Caucasian man presented with multiple leg abscesses due toNocardia pseudobrasiliensis. He was on chronic steroid therapy for myasthenia gravis. We present the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment of this rare organism.N. pseudobrasiliensisis a new emerging species that was previously thought to belong to theN. brasiliensisspecies. The distinction between the two species is extremely important given the different antibiotic susceptibility pattern and association ofN. pseudobrasiliensiswith more invasive and disseminated disease.
Progressive outer retinal necrosis: manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Lo Phey Feng , Lim Rongxuan , Antonakis Serafeim N , Almeida Goncalo C
Published: May 2015

We present the case of a 54-year-old man who developed progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) as an initial manifestation of HIV infection without any significant risk factors for infection with HIV. PORN is usually found as a manifestation of known AIDS late in the disease. Our patient presented with transient visual loss followed by decrease in visual acuity and facial rash. Subsequent investigation revealed anterior chamber tap positive for varicella zoster virus (VZV), as well as HIV positivity, with an initial CD4 count of 48 cells/µL. Systemic and intravitreal antivirals against VZV, and highly active antiretroviral therapy against HIV were started, which halted further progression of retinal necrosis. This case highlights the importance of suspecting PORN where there is a rapidly progressive retinitis, and also testing the patient for HIV, so appropriate treatment can be started.
Ruptured distal AICA pseudoaneurysm presenting years after vestibular schwannoma resection and radiation
Authors: Mascitelli Justin R , McNeill Ian T , Mocco J , Berenstein Alejandro , DeMattia Joseph , Fifi Johanna T
Published: May 2015

Distal anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) pseudoaneurysms are very rare lesions. Although cases have been previously reported, only a few have been reported as a result of vestibular schwannoma (VS) radiation, none have been reported as a result of VS resection, and only one has been reported as treated with parent vessel occlusion (PVO) with n-butyl cyanoacrylate (nBCA). We report a case of a 65-year-old man with a history of right-sided VS surgery and radiation who presented years later with a ruptured pseudoaneurysm of the distal right AICA and was treated with endovascular PVO using nBCA. The aneurysm was completely obliterated and the patient had no worsening of symptoms or neurological exam. The case illustrates a very rare complication of VS surgery and radiation as well as an effective treatment for distal AICA aneurysms.
An uncommon presentation of EBV-driven HLH. Primary or secondary? An ongoing dilemma
Authors: Serrão Tânia , Dias Alexandra , Nunes Pedro , Figueiredo António
Published: May 2015

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a potentially fatal syndrome, mainly characterised by dysregulated immune activation. The syndrome is related to a genetic cause, in the classic primary form, or to identified triggers such as infections, malignancy or rheumatological processes, in the classic secondary form. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the most common agent implicated in hereditary and non-hereditary conditions. We describe a 23-month-old girl who experienced severe clinical deterioration with respiratory distress due a bilateral pleural effusion within the first week of primary EBV infection. Fever, generalised oedema and hepatosplenomegaly, along with a pruritic morbilliform erythematous rash, were the first clinical signs. Respiratory impairment followed with hypoxaemia and the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit for thoracocentesis. Further investigation showed persistent bicytopaenia, hypertriglyceridaemia, hyperferritinaemia and elevated α chain of interleukin-2 receptor (sCD25). Diagnostic criteria for HLH were fulfilled. Therapy was instituted with dexamethasone, ciclosporin A and intravenous immunoglobulin 6 days after admission with progressive clinical recovery.
Neonatal lingual choristoma with thyroid hemiagenesis
Authors: Nayak Dipak Ranjan , Bhandarkar Ajay M , Joy Jasmi , Pai Kanthilatha
Published: May 2015

A 45-day-old infant presented with choking spells and cyanosis. Examination revealed a lingual cyst. Contrast-enhanced CT confirmed the diagnosis of lingual cyst with incidental thyroid hemiagenesis. The child underwent excision of the lesion, which was reported as lingual choristoma.
Can variability in the effect of opioids on refractory breathlessness be explained by genetic factors?
Authors: Currow David C , Quinn Stephen , Ekstrom Magnus , Kaasa Stein , Johnson Miriam J , Somogyi Andrew A , Klepstad Päl
Published: May 2015

Objectives

Opioids modulate the perception of breathlessness with a considerable variation in response, with poor correlation between the required opioid dose and symptom severity. The objective of this hypothesis-generating, secondary analysis was to identify candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from those associated with opioid receptors, signalling or pain modulation to identify any related to intensity of breathlessness while on opioids. This can help to inform prospective studies and potentially lead to better tailoring of opioid therapy for refractory breathlessness.

Setting

17 hospice/palliative care services (tertiary services) in 11 European countries.

Participants

2294 people over 18 years of age on regular opioids for pain related to cancer or its treatment.

Primary outcome measures

The relationship between morphine dose, breathlessness intensity (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire; EORTCQLQC30 question 8) and 112 candidate SNPs from 25 genes (n=588).

Secondary outcome measures

The same measures for people on oxycodone (n=402) or fentanyl (n=429).

Results

SNPs not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or with allele frequencies (<5%) were removed. Univariate associations between each SNP and breathlessness intensity were determined with Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate set at 20%. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression, clustering over country and adjusting for available confounders, was conducted with remaining SNPs. For univariate morphine associations, 1 variant on the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3B (HTR3B) gene, and 4 on the β-2-arrestin gene (ARRB2) were associated with more intense breathlessness. 1 SNP remained significant in the multivariable model: people with rs7103572 SNP (HTR3B gene; present in 8.4% of the population) were three times more likely to have more intense breathlessness (OR 2.86; 95% CIs 1.46 to 5.62; p=0.002). No associations were seen with fentanyl nor with oxycodone.

Conclusions

This large, exploratory study identified 1 biologically plausible SNP that warrants further study in the response of breathlessness to morphine therapy.
Who is in control? Clinicians’ view on their role in self-management approaches: a qualitative metasynthesis
Authors: Mudge Suzie , Kayes Nicola , McPherson Kathryn
Published: May 2015

Objective

To explore clinician perceptions of involvement in delivery of self-management approaches.

Setting

All healthcare settings.

Design

EBSCO, Scopus and AMED databases were searched, in July 2013, for peer-reviewed studies in English reporting original qualitative data concerning perceptions of clinicians regarding their involvement in or integration of a self-management approach. Of 1930 studies identified, 1889 did not meet the inclusion criteria. Full text of 41 studies were reviewed by two independent reviewers; 14 papers were included for metasynthesis. Findings and discussion sections were imported into Nvivo-10 and coded line-by-line. Codes were organised into descriptive themes and cross-checked against original sources to check interpretation, and refined iteratively until findings represented an agreed understanding. Studies were appraised for quality.

Results

Delivering self-management in practice appeared to be a complex process for many clinicians. The issue of ‘control’ arose in all studies, both in the qualitative data and authors’ interpretations. The first theme:Who is in control?—represented ways clinicians talked of exercising control over patients and the control they expected patients to have over their condition. The second theme: Changing clinician views—reflected what appeared to be an essential transformation of practice experienced by some clinicians in the process of integrating self-management approaches into the practice. A range of challenges associated with shifting towards a self-management approach were reflected in the third theme,Overcoming challenges to change. Tensions appeared to exist around forming partnerships with patients. Strategies found helpful in the process of change included: dedicating time to practice reciprocity in communication style, peer support and self-reflection.

Conclusions

A consistent finding across studies is that ‘control’ is a key feature of how self-management is viewed by clinicians. They described challenges associated with the paradigm shift required to share or let go of control. Future research should identify whether strategies described by clinicians are key to successful self-management.
Influence of age and body mass on the response of adolescent male pigs to anaesthesia
Authors: Reed F. C. , Shaw D. J. , McLean K. A. , Clutton R. E.
Published: May 2015

Age and body mass affect a human's response to drugs, including anaesthetics. In pigs, such effects, if they occur, are likely to be pronounced: commercial breeds have been selected for rapid growth, meaning rapid body composition and mass change with age. Thirty‐six male pigs were anaesthetised for CT scanning on three occasions (S1–3) when aged 105, 137 and 166 days and when mean (±sd) masses were 57.2±4.4, 88.4±6.2 and 114.7±7.6 kg, respectively. Medetomidine (5 μg/kg), azaperone (1 mg/kg), ketamine (5 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.25 mg/kg) were combined and injected intramuscularly. The times when pigs became recumbent (R1) and remained so (RP) were recorded. If venous cannulation was not possible five minutes after recumbency, 2–3 per cent isoflurane in a 1:2 O2 /N2 O mixture was delivered by mask until cannulation was possible and then discontinued. If anaesthetic depth was inadequate for CT scanning, a full dose (midazolam 0.25 mg/kg, ketamine 2 mg/kg) or half dose of induction agents was administered intravenously. During recovery from anaesthesia, the times at first movement (M1), first standing attempt (S1) and successful sustained standing (SP) were recorded. The relationship between mass and time (minutes) from injection to each end point was assessed using regression analysis and linear mixed‐effect models (LMEM); LMEM were used to assess isoflurane and intravenous anaesthetic effects. Analysis using LMEM showed no significant relationships between mass and the times from injection to the five end points. Isoflurane reduced the time to M1, S1 and SP (P<0.037); intravenous agents had no effect on S1 or SP (P>0.585) but increased the time from injection to M1 (P<0.001). In conclusion, age and mass do not influence the response of commercially bred pigs to the intravenous anaesthetic combination described.
Collaborative dental skills teaching
Authors: Gardiner Andrew
Published: May 2015

Periodontal disease is commonly encountered in companion animal practice and yet receives little coverage in British veterinary curricula. Andrew Gardiner of the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies explains how Edinburgh vet students polish their skills
First‐year student diary
Authors: Perrett Rosie
Published: May 2015

Rosie Perrett has been gaining some hands‐on EMS experience before the run up to her first year exams.
The effects of intensity on V̇O2 kinetics during incremental free swimming
Authors: de Jesus Kelly , Sousa Ana , de Jesus Karla , Ribeiro João , Machado Leandro , Rodríguez Ferran , Keskinen Kari , Vilas-Boas João Paulo , Fernandes Ricardo J.
Published: May 2015

Swimming and training are carried out with wide variability in distances and intensities. However, oxygen uptake kinetics for the intensities seen in swimming has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the oxygen uptake kinetics throughout low-moderate to severe intensities during incremental swimming exercise. We hypothesized that the oxygen uptake kinetic parameters would be affected by swimming intensity. Twenty male trained swimmers completed an incremental protocol of seven 200-m crawl swims to exhaustion (0.05 m·s−1 increments and 30-s intervals). Oxygen uptake was continuously measured by a portable gas analyzer connected to a respiratory snorkel and valve system. Oxygen uptake kinetics was assessed using a double exponential regression model that yielded both fast and slow components of the response of oxygen uptake to exercise. From low-moderate to severe swimming intensities changes occurred for the first and second oxygen uptake amplitudes (P ≤ 0.04), time constants (P = 0.01), and time delays (P ≤ 0.02). At the heavy and severe intensities, a notable oxygen uptake slow component (>255 mL·min−1) occurred in all swimmers. Oxygen uptake kinetics whilst swimming at different intensities offers relevant information regarding cardiorespiratory and metabolic stress that might be useful for appropriate performance diagnosis and training prescription.
Elbow flexor fatigue modulates central excitability of the knee extensors
Authors: Aboodarda Saied Jalal , Copithorne David B. , Power Kevin E. , Drinkwater Eric , Behm David G.
Published: May 2015

The present study investigated the effects of exercise-induced elbow flexor fatigue on voluntary force output, electromyographic (EMG) activity and motoneurone excitability of the nonexercised knee extensor muscles. Eleven participants attended 3 testing sessions: (i) control, (ii) unilateral fatiguing elbow flexion and (iii) bilateral fatiguing elbow flexion (BiFlex). The nonfatigued knee extensor muscles were assessed with thoracic motor evoked potentials (TMEPs), maximal compound muscle action potential (Mmax), knee extensor maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs), and normalized EMG activity before and at 30 s, 3 min, and 5 min postexercise. BiFlex showed significantly lower (Δ = −18%, p = 0.03) vastus lateralis (VL) normalized EMG activity compared with the control session whereas knee extension MVC force did not show any statistical difference between the 3 conditions (p = 0.12). The TMEP·Mmax−1 ratio measured at the VL showed a significantly higher value (Δ = +46%, p = 0.003) following BiFlex compared with the control condition at 30 s postexercise. The results suggest that the lower VL normalized EMG following BiFlex might have been due to a reduction in supraspinal motor output because spinal motoneuronal responses demonstrated substantially higher value (30 s postexercise) and peripheral excitability (compound muscle action potential) showed no change following BiFelex than control condition.
Pinwarian to Grenvillian magmatic evolution in the central Grenville Province: new constraints from ID–TIMS U–Pb ages and coupled Lu–Hf S–MC–ICP–MS data
Authors: Augland Lars Eivind , Moukhsil Abdelali , Solgadi Fabien , Indares Aphrodite
Published: May 2015

Understanding the magmatic evolution of the rocks once comprising the hinterland of the Grenville Orogen through their Mesoproterozoic formation is a key to understanding the Grenvillian Orogeny as a whole. In this contribution, we present high-precision isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID–TIMS) U–Pb and coupled solution multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (S–MC–ICP–MS) Lu–Hf zircon data from magmatic rocks occurring in the allochthonous belt of the Grenville Orogen in the central part of the Grenville Province. We document the presence of a large tract of Pinwarian crust represented by a 1497 ± 5 Ma granitic gneiss, as well as large late Geon 14 to early Geon 13 (1434 +7/−11, 1413 ± 12, 1393 ± 8, 1383 ± 1 Ma) magmatic complexes. One Grenvillian plutonic suite of 1015 ± 2 Ma that cross-cuts the host-rock metamorphic fabric has also been dated. This age provides a minimum age of Ottawan metamorphism in the region. The Hf-isotopic data show that the magmatic rocks of Geons 14 and 13 had mixed mantle and crustal sources compatible with intrusion in a supra-subduction setting as is also supported by the whole-rock geochemical data presented. Emplacement of the magmatic rocks occurred in settings varying from a distal margin arc to a contractional and extensional continental arc. Grenvillian-aged magmatism is more ambiguous, but our data indicate that rocks as young as ca. 1015 Ma may have formed in an ensialic setting.
Effects of diel temperature fluctuation on the standard metabolic rate of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): influence of acclimation temperature and provenience
Authors: Oligny-Hébert Hélène , Senay Caroline , Enders Eva C. , Boisclair Daniel
Published: May 2015

We assessed the metabolic response of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; JAS) originating from two rivers with different natural thermal regimes to different acclimation temperature (15 or 20 °C) and diel temperature fluctuation (constant: ±0.5 °C; fluctuating: ±2.5 °C). Diel temperature fluctuation (15 ± 2.5 °C) near the thermal optimum (16 °C) for the species did not influence standard metabolic rate (SMR) compared with JAS acclimated to a constant temperature of 15 °C. Diel temperature fluctuation at 20 ± 2.5 °C increased SMR of JAS from the warmer river by 33.7% compared with the same fish acclimated to a constant temperature of 20 °C. SMR of JAS from the cooler river held at fluctuating conditions had SMR that were 8% lower than SMR at constant conditions. The results suggest that the mean temperature to which JAS is exposed may affect their responses to diel temperature fluctuation and that this response may vary between populations originating from rivers with different natural thermal regimes. Results were used to develop the first empirical SMR model for JAS subjected to diel temperature fluctuation using fish mass (3–36 g wet) and temperature (12.5–22.5 °C) as explanatory variables.
Yellowstone wolf (Canis lupus) density predicted by elk (Cervus elaphus) biomass
Authors: Mech L. David , Barber-Meyer Shannon
Published: May 2015

The Northern Range (NR) of Yellowstone National Park (YNP) hosts a higher prey biomass density in the form of elk (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) than any other system of gray wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) and prey reported. Therefore, it is important to determine whether that wolf–prey system fits a long-standing model relating wolf density to prey biomass. Using data from 2005 to 2012 after elk population fluctuations dampened 10 years subsequent to wolf reintroduction, we found that NR prey biomass predicted wolf density. This finding and the trajectory of the regression extend the validity of the model to prey densities 19% higher than previous data and suggest that the model would apply to wolf–prey systems of even higher prey biomass.
SNP in pre-miR-1666 decreases mature miRNA expression and is associated with chicken performance
Authors: Wang Shan-He , Wang Shun-Hong , Li Hong , Sun Gui-Rong , Lyu Shi-Jie , Liu Xiao-Jun , Li Zhuan-Jian , Kang Xiang-Tao
Published: May 2015

Polymorphisms in miRNA genes could potentially alter various biological processes by influencing the processing and (or) target selection of miRNAs. The rs14120863 (C > G) mutation, which we characterized in a Gushi–Anka F2 resource population, resides in the precursor region of miR-1666. Association analysis with chicken carcass and growth traits showed that the SNP was significantly associated with carcass weight, evisceration weight, breast muscle weight, leg muscle weight, and body weight at 8 weeks of age, as well as some body size indexes including shank girth, chest breadth, breast bone length, and body slanting length, in the Gushi–Anka F2 resource population. Quantitative RT–PCR results showed that miR-1666 expression levels in muscle tissues differed within various genotypes. Experiment in DF1 cells further confirmed that the SNP in miR-1666 could significantly alter mature miRNA production. Subsequently, using dual-luciferase report assay, we verified that miR-1666 could perform its function through targeting of the CBFB gene. In conclusion, the SNP in the precursor of miR-1666 could significantly reduce mature miR-1666 production. It may further affect the function of miR-1666 through the target gene CBFB, hence it is associated with chicken growth traits.
Link Failure Tolerance in the Arrangement Graphs
Authors: Feng Kai , Wang Shiying , Zhang Guozhen
Published: May 2015

The arrangement graph An,k is one of the attractive underlying topologies for distributed systems. Let fm(n, k) be the minimum number of faulty links that make every sub-arrangement graph An-m,k-m faulty in An,k under link failure model. In this paper, we proved that [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text].
Non-Newtonian effects of blood on LDL transport inside the arterial lumen and across multi-layered arterial wall with and without stenosis
Authors: Deyranlou Amin , Niazmand Hamid , Sadeghi Mahmood-Reza , Mesri Yaser
Published: May 2015

Blood non-Newtonian behavior on low-density lipoproteins (LDL) accumulation is analyzed numerically, while fluid-multilayered arteries are adopted for nonstenotic and 30%–60% symmetrical stenosed models. Present model considers non-Newtonian effects inside the lumen and within arterial layers simultaneously, which has not been examined in previous studies. Navier–Stokes equations are solved along with the mass transport convection–diffusion equations and Darcy’s model for species transport inside the luminal flow and across wall layers, respectively. Carreau model for the luminal flow and the modified Darcy equation for the power-law fluid within arterial layers are employed to model blood rheological characteristics, appropriately. Results indicate that in large arteries with relatively high Reynolds number Newtonian model estimates LDL concentration patterns well enough, however, this model seriously incompetent for regions with low WSS. Moreover, Newtonian model for plasma underestimates LDL concentration especially on luminal surface and across arterial wall. Therefore, applying non-Newtonian model seems essential for reaching to a more accurate estimation of LDL distribution in the artery. Finally, blood flow inside constricted arteries demonstrates that LDL concentration patterns along the stenoses inside the luminal flow and across arterial layers are strongly influenced as compared to the nonstenotic arteries. Additionally, among four stenosis severity grades, 40% stenosis is prone to more LDL accumulation along the post-stenotic regions.
WOMEN'S AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATIVES IN GREECE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND SWOT ANALYSIS
Authors: SERGAKI PANAGIOTA , PARTALIDOU MARIA , IAKOVIDOU OLGA
Published: May 2015

Very few women's co-operatives exist in Europe today; of those that do, the vast majority are involved in non-agricultural sectors. For the past thirty years in Greece, numerous women's agricultural co-operatives have been established in rural areas and scholars have articulated several aspects of their role in both women's life and the local development. A cursory glance at the history of the women's agricultural co-operatives in Greece and a review of the literature highlights the uniqueness of this type of entrepreneurship (a rarity in Europe) and their significant role for rural society cohesion, mainly in geographically and economically isolated rural areas. In this paper we employ a SWOT analysis to elaborate on strengths and weaknesses, which vary from co-operative to co-operative. Either bottom-up or top-down created women's co-operatives are currently a social innovation. Their strengths mainly concern economic independence and social inclusion of women in rural areas, while their weaknesses are mainly associated with funding, organization, administration, know how, culture, product promotion and marketing problems. Nevertheless, they are called upon to survive in a competitive environment; although difficult, it is one that provides opportunities that most likely can outweigh threats.
Water shut-off by wettability alteration to gas-wetness in modelled gas reservoirs
Authors: Li Kewen , Ge Long , Zhang Haoping
Published: May 2015

Gas wells may suffer a significant decline in gas production or may even be destroyed as a result of the influx of water into production zones. The situation may even be worse in horizontal wells. Closing off the water-producing zone may not be appropriate and the disposal of produced water is, in many cases, expensive. A substantial decline in gas production is usually associated with an increase in water production or water cut. Water shut-off/reducing water production is helpful in maintaining gas production at high values. In this study, the feasibility of reducing the water production in modelled gas reservoirs by changing the wettability of the gas zone from preferential water- to gas-wetness using a fluorine carbon surfactant has been investigated experimentally. The basic mechanism used is that the entry capillary pressure has to be overcome prior to water entering the gas zone after the wettability has been altered to gas-wetness. Naturally, water can imbibe into gas zones spontaneously because the rock in gas zones is, most probably, water wet. After wettability alteration from water- to gas-wetness, water cannot enter gas zones if the differential pressure is less than the entry capillary pressure, and so the water flux will be significantly reduced even if the differential pressure is greater than the entry capillary pressure. An artificially made, consolidated two-layer core model was used to conduct the study. The two layers had different permeabilities, and the top layer was served as the gas zone and the bottom layer as the bottom aquifer. The gas production was measured at different initial water saturations with and without wettability alteration from preferential water- to gas-wetness in the gas zone. The experimental results showed that the water breakthrough time could be postponed and that the amount of water entering the gas zone could be reduced significantly by altering the wettability of the gas zone to gas-wetness. The advantages of this approach in reducing water cut were: (1) the permeability of the gas zone was almost unaffected by the chemical treatment for wettability alteration; and (2) the chemical treatment for wettability alteration had great longevity.
Novel mechanism of hydrogen sulfide-induced guinea pig urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction: role of BK channels and cholinergic neurotransmission
Authors: Fernandes Vítor S. , Xin Wenkuan , Petkov Georgi V.
Published: May 2015

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a key signaling molecule regulating important physiological processes, including smooth muscle function. However, the mechanisms underlying H2S-induced detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) contractions are not well understood. This study investigates the cellular and tissue mechanisms by which H2S regulates DSM contractility, excitatory neurotransmission, and large-conductance voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels in freshly isolated guinea pig DSM. We used a multidisciplinary experimental approach including isometric DSM tension recordings, colorimetric ACh measurement, Ca2+ imaging, and patch-clamp electrophysiology. In isolated DSM strips, the novel slow release H2S donor, P-(4-methoxyphenyl)-p-4-morpholinylphosphinodithioic acid morpholine salt (GYY4137), significantly increased the spontaneous phasic and nerve-evoked DSM contractions. The blockade of neuronal voltage-gated Na+ channels or muscarinic ACh receptors with tetrodotoxin or atropine, respectively, reduced the stimulatory effect of GYY4137 on DSM contractility. GYY4137 increased ACh release from bladder nerves, which was inhibited upon blockade of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels with nifedipine. Furthermore, GYY4137 increased the amplitude of the Ca2+ transients and basal Ca2+ levels in isolated DSM strips. GYY4137 reduced the DSM relaxation induced by the BK channel opener, NS11021 . In freshly isolated DSM cells, GYY4137 decreased the amplitude and frequency of transient BK currents recorded in a perforated whole cell configuration and reduced the single BK channel open probability measured in excised inside-out patches. GYY4137 inhibited spontaneous transient hyperpolarizations and depolarized the DSM cell membrane potential. Our results reveal the novel findings that H2S increases spontaneous phasic and nerve-evoked DSM contractions by activating ACh release from bladder nerves in combination with a direct inhibition of DSM BK channels.
Systemic hypotensive effects of testosterone are androgen structure-specific and neuronal nitric oxide synthase-dependent
Authors: Perusquía Mercedes , Greenway Clayton D. , Perkins Lisa M. , Stallone John N.
Published: May 2015

Testosterone (TES) and other androgens exert a direct vasorelaxing action on the vasculature in vitro that is structurally specific and independent of cytosolic androgen receptor (AR). The effects of intravenous androgen infusions on mean arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were determined in conscious, unrestrained, chronically catheterized, ganglionically blocked (hexamethonium, HEX; 30 mg/kg ip) male Sprague-Dawley (SD) and testicular-feminized male (Tfm; AR-deficient) rats, 16–20 wk of age. BP and HR were recorded at baseline and with increasing doses of androgens (0.375–6.00 μmol·kg−1·min−1iv; 10 min/dose). Data are expressed as means ± SE ( n = 5–8 rats/group). In SD rats, baseline BP and HR averaged 103 ± 4 mmHg and 353 ± 12 beats/min (bpm). TES produced a dose-dependent reduction in BP to a low of 87 ± 4 mmHg (Δ16%), while HR was unchanged (354 ± 14 bpm). Neither BP (109 ± 3 mmHg) nor HR (395 ± 13 bpm) were altered by vehicle (10% EtOH in 0.9% saline; 0.15 ml·kg−1·min−1, iv). In Tfm, TES produced a similar reduction in BP (99 ± 3 to 86 ± 3 mmHg, Δ13%); HR was unchanged (369 ± 18 bpm). In SD, 5β-dihydrotestosterone (genomically inactive metabolite) produced a greater reduction in BP than TES (102 ± 2 to 79 ± 2 mmHg, Δ23%); HR was unchanged (361 ± 9). A 20-μg iv bolus of sodium nitroprusside in both SD and Tfm rats reduced BP 30–40 mmHg, while HR was unchanged, confirming blockade by HEX. Pretreatment of SD rats with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor (S-methyl-thiocitrulline, SMTC; 20 μg·kg−1·min−1× 30 min) abolished the hypotensive effects of TES infusion on BP (104 ± 2 vs. 101 ± 2 mmHg) and HR (326 ± 11 vs. 324 ± 8 bpm). These data suggest the systemic hypotensive effect of TES and other androgens involves a direct vasodilatory action on the peripheral vasculature which, like the effect observed in isolated arteries, is structurally specific and AR-independent, and involves activation of nNOS.
Magnesium protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury without compromising cisplatin-mediated killing of an ovarian tumor xenograft in mice
Authors: Solanki Malvika H. , Chatterjee Prodyot K. , Xue Xiangying , Gupta Madhu , Rosales Ivy , Yeboah Michael M. , Kohn Nina , Metz Christine N.
Published: May 2015

Cisplatin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic for ovarian and other cancers, leads to hypomagnesemia in most patients and causes acute kidney injury (AKI) in 25–30% of patients. Previously, we showed that magnesium deficiency worsens cisplatin-induced AKI and magnesium replacement during cisplatin treatment protects against cisplatin-mediated AKI in non-tumor-bearing mice (Solanki MH, Chatterjee PK, Gupta M, Xue X, Plagov A, Metz MH, Mintz R, Singhal PC, Metz CN. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 307: F369–F384, 2014). This study investigates the role of magnesium in cisplatin-induced AKI using a human ovarian tumor (A2780) xenograft model in mice and the effect of magnesium status on tumor growth and the chemotherapeutic efficacy of cisplatin in vivo. Tumor progression was unaffected by magnesium status in saline-treated mice. Cisplatin treatment reduced tumor growth in all mice, irrespective of magnesium status. In fact, cisplatin-treated magnesium-supplemented mice had reduced tumor growth after 3 wk compared with cisplatin-treated controls. While magnesium status did not interfere with tumor killing by cisplatin, it significantly affected renal function following cisplatin. Cisplatin-induced AKI was enhanced by magnesium deficiency, as evidenced by increased blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and other markers of renal damage. This was accompanied by reduced renal mRNA expression of the cisplatin efflux transporter Abcc6. These effects were significantly reversed by magnesium replacement. On the contrary, magnesium status did not affect the mRNA expression of cisplatin uptake or efflux transporters by the tumors in vivo. Finally, magnesium deficiency enhanced platinum accumulation in the kidneys and renal epithelial cells, but not in the A2780 tumor cells. These findings demonstrate the renoprotective role of magnesium during cisplatin AKI, without compromising the chemotherapeutic efficacy of cisplatin in an ovarian tumor-bearing mouse model.
Cerebellum as Initial Site of Distant Metastasis from Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid: Review of Three Cases
Authors: Tunio Mutahir A. , Al Asiri Mushabbab , AL-Qahtani Khalid Hussain , AlShakweer Wafa
Published: May 2015

Background. The cerebellum as initial site of distant metastasis from differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) including papillary (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is rare manifestation.Case Presentations. Herein, we present three cases of cerebellar metastasis (CBM) of PTC. Mean age of patients was 67 years (range: 64–72), and mean duration between initial diagnosis and CBM was 49.6 months (range: 37–61). Frequent location was left cerebellar hemisphere and was associated with hydrocephalus. All patients underwent suboccipital craniectomy, and in two patients postoperative intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) was given to deliver 5000 cGy in 25 fractions to residual lesions. Patient without postoperative IMRT had cerebellar recurrence along with lung and bone metastasis after 38 months. However, two patients were found alive and free of disease at the time of last follow-up.Conclusion. CBM from PTC is a rare clinical entity and is often associated with hydrocephalus. Histopathological diagnosis is important to initiate effective treatment, which relies on multidisciplinary approach to prolong the disease-free and overall survival rates.
Bilateral Sclerosing Stromal Ovarian Tumor in an Adolescent
Authors: Naidu Anjani , Chung Betty , Simon Mitchell , Marshall Ian
Published: May 2015

Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary is a rare, benign, sex cord stromal tumor occurring predominantly in younger women in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life. It typically presents unilaterally with only 2 previously reported cases of bilateral presentation. Common clinical presentations include pelvic or abdominal pain, a mass, or menstrual changes. Although occasionally presenting with hormonal manifestations, virilization as a result of androgen production by the tumor is rare. Here we present an extremely rare case of a sclerosing stromal ovarian tumor in a 14-year-old patient with bilateral presentation and with clinical and biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenemia.
Common Peroneal Nerve Palsy with Multiple-Ligament Knee Injury and Distal Avulsion of the Biceps Femoris Tendon
Authors: Oshima Takeshi , Nakase Junsuke , Numata Hitoaki , Takata Yasushi , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki
Published: May 2015

A multiple-ligament knee injury that includes posterolateral corner (PLC) disruption often causes palsy of the common peroneal nerve (CPN), which occurs in 44% of cases with PLC injury and biceps femoris tendon rupture or avulsion of the fibular head. Approximately half of these cases do not show functional recovery. This case report aims to present a criteria-based approach to the operation and postoperative management of CPN palsy that resulted from a multiple-ligament knee injury in a 22-year-old man that occurred during judo. We performed a two-staged surgery. The first stage was to repair the injuries to the PLC and biceps femoris. The second stage involved anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The outcomes were excellent, with a stable knee, excellent range of motion, and improvement in the palsy. The patient was able to return to judo competition 27 weeks after the injury. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report describing a return to sports following CPN palsy with multiple-ligament knee injury.
Talon Cusp Type I: Restorative Management
Authors: Maia Rafael Alberto dos Santos , Souza-Zaroni Wanessa Christine de , Mei Raul Sampaio , Lamers Fernando
Published: May 2015

The teeth are formed during intrauterine life (i.e., gestation) during the odontogenesis stage. During this period, the teeth move until they enter the oral cavity. This course covers various stages of dental development, namely, initiation, proliferation, histodifferentiation, morphodifferentiation, and apposition. The talon cusp is an anomaly that occurs during morphodifferentiation, and this anomaly may have numerous adverse clinical effects on oral health. The objective of this study was to report a case of “Talon Cusp Type I” and to discuss diagnostic methods, treatment options for this anomaly, and the importance of knowledge of this morphological change among dental professionals so that it is not confused with other morphological changes; such knowledge is required to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures, to perform treatments that prevent caries and malocclusions as well as enhancing aesthetics, and to improve the oral health and quality of life of the patient.