bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Narrativas digitais: um estudo sobre os videoclipes interativos da banda Arcade Fire
Authors: Barboza Elisa Maria Rodrigues
Published: June 2015

Inicialmente tido como um produto audiovisual principalmente televisivo, o videoclipe, nos últimos anos, tem se expandido e ganhado força no ambiente virtual. A possibilidade de acesso fácil e rápido aos clipes através de sites como YouTube e Vimeo, além de permitir maior liberdade tendo em vista as rígidas programações televisivas, foi apenas o começo de um processo de desenvolvimento criativo desse formato. Abarcando as transformações tecnológicas, culmina a aparição dos videoclipes interativos que fortalecem os investimentos nas experiências narrativas para a internet. Nesse âmbito, uma das bandas que se destaca nessa vertente é o Arcade Fire, que já produziu ao longo de seu trajeto quatro projetos audiovisuais interativos, sendo eles Neon Bible (Vincent Morisset, 2007), Sprawl II (Vincent Morisset, 2010), The Wilderness Dowtown (Chris Milk, 2010) e Just a Reflektor (Vincent Morisset, 2013).
Between the norm and the exception: gender asymmetries in portuguese newsmagazines
Authors: Santos Anabela , Cerqueira Carla , Cabecinhas Rosa
Published: June 2015

This paper, which is informed by a feminist perspective, presents an analysis of the gender representations that emerge in the Portuguese newsmagazines, focusing in particular on their intersection with the thematic profile of this type of medium. The results suggest that these publications tend to favour representational paradigms that are consistent with the ‘benevolent sexism’. While men are represented as holders of power and agents of influence, women are portrayed as individuals that depend on the mentoring of their male counterparts in the exercise of leadership. The Portuguese newsmagazines thus invisibilise the diversity of identities and experiences, encouraging the perpetuation of androcentric values and unequal power relations.
La flora i la fauna centreeuropees dels Contes dels germans Grimm i llur correspondència a la traducció al català de Carles Riba
Authors: Riutort Riutort Macià
Published: June 2015

L’objectiu originari del present treball era estudiar com l’hel·lenista, traductor i escriptor Carles Riba havia escomès la traducció al català dels noms de plantes i animals que apareixen a la versió alemanya dels Contes dels germans Grimm. L’interès del treball derivava de la constatació que Carles Riba havia dut a terme la seva traducció dels contes grimmians quan encara no existien grans obres lexicogràfiques bilingües i quan la llengua encara no havia aconseguit assolir la consolidació del seu estàndard literari, en la qual va cooperar tant Riba amb la seva tasca. Al llarg de la realització d’aquest treball, el seu autor ha constatat, a més a més, que els noms de plantes i animals en els Contes dels germans Grimm apareixen distribuïts en estrats estilístics diferents, de manera que l’estudi de la flora i la fauna a la versió alemanya dels contes es pot constituir en un mètode concloent amb vista a datar el moment de la creació del conte i a localitzar el lloc de redacció, així com amb vista a situar l’origen del conte en un entorn popular o culte.
Lo rondallaire
Authors: Guiscafrè Danús Jaume
Published: June 2015

Maspons i Labrós, Francesc de S.: Lo rondallaire. Primera sèrie. Segona sèrie. Estudi de Josep M. Pujol. Edició a cura d’Albert Mestres. Valls: Cossetània Edicions, 2010, 232 p.
Le recueil des frères Grimm. L’invention d’un genre littéraire
Authors: Belmont Nicole
Published: June 2015

Les contes de transmission orale, pourtant connus jusqu’alors, sinon appréciés, par la culture lettrée, changent de statut après la publication du recueil des frères Grimm. Leur projet est de recueillir tout ce qui peut servir de témoins à l’ancienne poésie germanique. Mais il est dévié par la première collecte réalisée auprès de leurs amis qui font appel aux récits qu’on leur racontait dans leur enfance. Ces contes proviennent d’une mémoire infantile très investie du point de vue affectif et souvent lacunaire. D’autre part l’écriture transforme la nature du conte oral: converti en signes visuels, il tend à se réduire à son contenu manifeste, simple, naïf, caractères propres à l’enfance. Ils sont pris « à la lettre ». L’œuvre a échappé à ses auteurs, en rendant possible aux enfants de la classe lettrée bourgeoise l’accès aux contes populaires. En témoigne également l’absence de recherche théorique structurée, en dépit de fragments qui témoignent d’une connaissance profonde, intime, passionnée du domaine, dont la notion nommée par eux die Sache, « chose, substance narrative fondamentale », est particulièrement surprenante par sa modernité.***Els contes de transmissió oral, fins aleshores coneguts per bé que no apreciats per la cultura lletrada, van canviar d’estatus després de la publicació de la recopilació dels germans Grimm. El seu projecte era recollir tot allò que pogués servir com a testimoni de l’antiga poesia germànica. Es va veure, però, desviat per la primera col·lecta feta entre els seus amics que van recórrer als relats que els explicaven quan eren petits. Aquests contes provenen d’una memòria infantil que tenia gran càrrega afectiva i que sovint presentava llacunes. D’altra banda, l’escriptura transforma la natura del conte oral: es converteix en signes visuals i tendeix a reduir-se al seu contingut manifest, senzill, innocent, que són caràcters propis de la infantesa. S’agafen al «peu de la lletra». L’obra es va escapar de les mans dels seus autors fent que els nens de la classe lletrada burgesa poguessin accedir als contes populars. N’és també testimoni l’absència de recerca teòrica estructurada, malgrat fragments que mostren un coneixement profund, íntim, apassionat de l’àmbit i fins i tot la noció que ells mateixos anomenaven die Sache «cosa, substància narrativa fonamental», que és especialment sorprenent per la seva modernitat.
Short narratives and folktale variation in Greek folk culture
Authors: Kaplanoglou Marianthi
Published: June 2015

L’estudi de la variació de les rondalles en la cultura popular grega mostra que alguns arguments i temes, en el procés de la seva transmissió oral, s’estan transformant en narracions més curtes i estereotipades. Així, les històries que pertanyen a diferents subgèneres de la rondalla (la faula, la rondalla meravellosa o l’anècdota) poden evolucionar a una forma més curta o més simple, com un proverbi, una paràbola o una al·lusió. És, per exemple, el cas de la paroimiomythoi (proverbis derivats de rondalles) d’acord amb el terme de Demetrios Loukatos. També és el cas dels tipus internacionals de rondalles que es presenten al corpus grec no com a rondalles sinó com a frases proverbials. L’objectiu principal d’aquest article és, per tant, estudiar alguns exemples d’aquestes rondalles analitzant les seves imatges explícites i els significats al·legòrics que se’ls assignen, així com les seves adaptacions a les modernes condicions socials i culturals. L’article es basa en les conclusions del Catalogue of the Greek Folktale, així com en micro-dades recentment recopilades durant el treball de camp, majoritàriament a l’illa del mar Egeu i al nord de Grècia.
Les rondalles publicades en revistes catalanes del segle XIX: nous tipus localitzats en territori lingüístic català
Authors: Sales de la Cruz Mònica
Published: June 2015

La meua tesi doctoral, «La rondalla en les revistes publicades a Catalunya durant el segle XIX» (2012), presenta un corpus heterogeni de 127 rondalles publicades en 15 revistes catalanes diferents. Aquest corpus està classificat tenint en compte la presència o no presència d’aquests relats en l’índex internacional de rondalles (Uther 2004).De les 85 rondalles que tenen entrada a l’índex internacional, 8 corresponen a nous tipus no documentats fins ara en territori lingüístic català. Així, malgrat tenir presència en l’índex internacional, aquestes 8 rondalles no apareixen en les dues edicions de l’índex català (Oriol-Pujol 2003; 2008) i és per aquest motiu que val la pena aprofundir en el seu estudi, tenint en compte les seues particularitats i característiques i analitzant també la presència d’aquestes rondalles en països propers. Els nous tipus corresponen a les rondalles religioses ATU 756D*, ATU 779 i ATU 830C i a les contarelles ATU 1349N*, ATU 1678, ATU 1807A, ATU 1829 i ATU 1862.
Traditional Balearic Folktales Associated with the Old Testament: Types and Structures
Authors: Valriu Llinàs Caterina
Published: June 2015

Hi ha força relats vinculats a l’Antic Testament en reculls de les Balears. Destaquen les narracions sobre la creació i els éssers que habiten la Terra. Les narracions de caràcter zoològic o botànic són les més abundants. La relació amb les Escriptures és puntual i ideològica, apareixen uns episodis determinats que impacten per les seves característiques i se’ls dota d’un contingut moral que va més enllà de l’explicatiu. Les estructures són: creador positiu / creador negatiu (resultat A positiu / resultat B negatiu); creador positiu / error de l’ajudant (resultat A positiu / resultat B defectuós); infracció / sanció (finalitat moral, vehicula una pauta de conducta); assaig / error o èxit (finalitat instrumental, vehicula una pauta d’acció).La majoria tenen un contingut etiològic. En unes destaca la finalitat explicativa però amb contingut moral que s’explicita en pautes de conducta. En altres, la finalitat és instrumental i les pautes que dóna són d’ordre pràctic. A alguns d’aquests relats se’ls pot donar un nombre ATU, incloses en el tipus miscel·lani 773, el qual hauria d’incloure també el supòsit que la creació per equivocació no fos únicament obra del dimoni sinó també dels ajudants de Déu i així es podria ajustar de manera més adient a moltes narracions.
Dos cuentecillos de Timoneda («Dos reales de lo que hay» y «Así los rompí») en la tradición oral moderna
Authors: Beltran Llavador Rafael
Published: June 2015

Cuando cotejamos las versiones de cuentos folclóricos españoles localizados en textos de los siglos XVI y XVII con las versiones que perviven en la tradición oral moderna, sorprende constatar que hayan logrado mantener tan altísimo grado de fidelidad tras el paso de los siglos, pero también nos llaman la atención las transformaciones que esa tradición realiza. Seleccionamos dos ejemplos que entroncan con sendas versiones renacentistas de Joan Timoneda: «Dos reales de lo que ‘hay’ y dos de lo que ‘no hay’» (ATU, 860, Nuts of «Ay ay ay!») y «Así los rompí» (con su variante, «Así las comí»), cuya posible relación con ATU 1296B (Doves in the Letter) es discutida. El buen humor sobre temas sexuales o sobre temas alimenticios continúa siendo, cinco siglos más tarde, el arma sutil y vengativa del hombre común frente a las injusticias de la pobreza y el abuso del poder (político o de género).***Quan comparem les versions de contarelles espanyoles localitzades en textos dels segles XVI i XVII amb les que perviuen en la tradició oral moderna, sorprèn constatar que hagen aconseguit mantenir un altíssim grau de fidelitat per damunt del pas dels segles, però també ens criden l’atenció les transformacions que aquesta tradició en fa. Seleccionem dos exemples que s’arrelen en dues versions renaixentistes de Joan Timoneda: «Dos reales de lo que ‘hay’ y dos de lo que ‘no hay’» (ATU, 860, Nuts of «Ay ay ay!») i «Así los rompí» (amb la seua variant, «Así las comí»), la possible relació de la qual amb ATU 1296B (Doves in the Letter) és discutible. El bon humor sobre temes sexuals o sobre temes alimentaris continua sent, cinc segles més tard, l’arma subtil i venjativa de l’home comú davant les injustícies de la pobresa i l’abús del poder (polític o de gènere).
Els relats humorístics d’arrel lingüística: consideracions a propòsit del tipus ATU 1699 («Malentesos entre parlants de diferents llengües»)
Authors: Borja i Sanz Joan
Published: June 2015

Si bé es mira, al darrere d’una rialla o d’un somriure hi ha sempre una tragèdia. Fet i fet, l’humor pren base en el fracàs i constitueix, precisament, una estratègia —privativa de l’espècie humana— per a la superació o la sublimació de les inclemències vitals. Així doncs, inventem i contem acudits que delaten la feblesa de les institucions polítiques i religioses que, suposadament, ens haurien de dignificar socialment; ens riem de la vulnerabilitat del cos humà; fem burles dels elements que ens recorden la condició zoològica, biològica i mortal (pensem només en l’inesgotable filó dels relats escatològics i sexuals; en les gràcies que desperten els gestos antropomòrfics d’un animal; en l’humor negre vinculat a la mort, les seues circumstàncies, els seus rituals; en el riure instintiu davant l’accident enregistrat per un videoaficionat; etc. També les llengües, naturalment, són una font de rialles i calamitats: quan el llenguatge trontolla —allà on les paraules fracassen— no solament queda en evidència la presumpta dignitat de l’espècie, sinó també una dramàtica limitació en les formes de la comunicació, i en les possibilitats de concepció del món. En últim terme, el fracàs del llenguatge és el fracàs de l’ànima humana —nua, òrfena, aïllada, terriblement sola davant les complexitats de l’existència.En aquest article ens proposem aportar algunes consideracions analítiques sobre els fonaments humorístics subjacents a diferents relats populars que tradicionalment han estat catalogats en el tipus ATU 1699 (Malentesos entre parlants de diferents llengües), amb la intenció d’encetar una reflexió sobre l’oportunitat de distingir-hi uns subtipus determinats.
Les contes facétieux et anecdotes avec trickster au Portugal
Authors: Correia Paulo
Published: June 2015

Mon apport se fera autour d’une réflexion sur un corpus de récits brefs regroupés (quand il est possible les cataloguer) sur les catégories «Tales of the stupid ogre» (ATU 1000–1199) et «Anecdotes and Jokes» (ATU 1200–1999). Le propos c’est de vérifier comment, dans cet encadrement de forme (court et en épisodes) et de caractère (facétieux, voire critique), le personnage du héros malin est paradigme du petit peuple. Les personnages de Bocage (poète portugais du XVIIIe siècle) et Pedro das Malazartes (lit. «Pierre des Maux-Arts») sont le sommet de ce genre d’héro, qui parfois a des allures de héros «national», malgré son existence partout en Péninsule Ibérique et ainsi sur l’Amérique du sud. Néanmoins, il y a un autre genre de héros, plus attaché à une géographie précise –le personnage de l’alentejano– paresseux, villageois, mais malin et qui donne des leçons aux gens de la grande ville. Tandis que le premier type de héros apparaît sur des facéties classifiables d’un numéro ATU, le deuxième est surtout sujet des histoires drôles, plaisanteries, auxquelles on ne peut pas attribuer un numéro ATU. C’est autour de ces deux groupes d’histoires courtes qu’on fera une réflexion sur les limites floues des genres courts facétieux oraux.***La meva aportació es farà al voltant d’una reflexió sobre un corpus de relats breus agrupats (quan és possible catalogar-los) en les categories «Tales of the stupid ogre» (ATU 1000–1199) i «Anecdotes and Jokes» (ATU 1200–1999). L’objectiu és comprovar com, en aquest enquadrament formal (curt i en episodis) i de caràcter (graciós, fins i tot crític), el personatge de l’heroi malvat és paradigma de la gent del poble. Els personatges de Bocage (poeta portuguès del segle XVIII) i Pedro das Malazartes (lit. «Pere de les Males Arts») són l’exemple màxim d’aquest gènere d’heroi, que de vegades s’assembla a un heroi «nacional», malgrat la seva existència arreu de la península Ibèrica i també a l’Amèrica del Sud. Tanmateix, hi ha un altre tipus d’heroi, més lligat a una geografia precisa –el personatge de l’alentejano– mandrós, pobletà, però astut i que dóna lliçons a la gent de la ciutat. Mentre que el primer tipus d’heroi apareix en acudits classificables en un número ATU, el segon és, sobretot, protagonista d’històries divertides, d’acudits, als quals no es pot pas atribuir un número ATU. És al voltant d’aquests dos grups de relats curts que es farà una reflexió sobre els límits difusos dels gèneres curts graciosos orals.
Les comptines à caractère énigmatique dans le conte de tradition orale
Authors: Angelopoulos Anna
Published: June 2015

Dans les contes de tradition orale, il existe parfois des formulettes racontant le parcours du héros de façon sommaire et énigmatique. Ces énoncés viennent en lieu et place d’un agir du personnage principal et révèlent son identité cachée en cas de travestissement ou de métamorphose. Ainsi le héros ou l’héroïne est reconnu(e) par toutes les personnes mises en scène et par l’assistance.L’auteur prend deux exemples, afin d’illustrer son propos ; le conte merveilleux « L’enfant artificiel » (705) et le conte-nouvelle « Turandot » (851). Dans les versions présentées de ces contes-types, l’usage de comptines brèves sert à dénouer une intrigue dramatique qui recouvre le parcours secret du héros vers la rencontre ou les retrouvailles amoureuses.***En els contes de tradició oral, de vegades hi ha rimes que relaten el viatge de l’heroi de manera breu i enigmàtica. Aquests enunciats hi apareixen quan el protagonista actua, i en revelen la identitat amagada en cas de transvestisme o de metamorfosi. Així, l’heroi o l’heroïna és reconegut o reconeguda per totes les persones en escena, així com pel públic.En prendrem dos exemples, per tal d’il·lustrar els nostres comentaris; la rondalla meravellosa «Nascut de la cama de son pare» (ATU 705) i la rondalla d’enginy «L’enigma del mandrós» (ATU 851). En aquests relats, l’ús de cançons infantils breus serveix per desenredar una intriga dramàtica que recobreix el recorregut secret de l’heroi cap al retrobament o les retrobades amoroses.
Património Oral do Concelho de Loulé
Authors: Boto Sandra
Published: June 2015

Custódio, Idália; Maria Aliete Farinho Galhoz; Isabel Cardigos: Património Oral do Concelho de Loulé. 5 vols. Loulé: Câmara Municipal de Loulé, 2004–2013, vol. I 503 p.; vol. II 318 pp + CD.; vol. III 453 pp + CD.; vol. IV 429 pp + CD.; vol. V 405 p.
Notícies
Authors: González Sanz Carlos , Kaplanoglou Marianthi , Francés Mira Anna
Published: June 2015

IV Jornadas Franco-Españolas de Tradición Oral.16th International Society for Folk Narrative Research Congress.IX Trobada del Grup d’Estudis Etnopoètics.
Édition de la correspondance entre les folkloristes Walter Anderson et Joan Amades
Authors: Oriol Carazo Carme
Published: June 2015

Les folkloristes Walter Anderson (1885-1962) et Joan Amades (1890-1959) ont maintenu une correspondance régulière au cours des dernières années de leur vie, alors qu’ils avaient tous deux publié leurs principales oeuvres et qu’ils se consacraient à de nouveaux projets. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce travail est de divulguer toute cette correspondance transcrite dans la langue d’origine. L’édition de cette correspondance est accompagnée de notes explicatives dont le but est de documenter le contenu des lettres dans le contexte des études de folklore de l’époque.***Els folkloristes Walter Anderson (1885-1962) i Joan Amades (1890-1959) van mantenir una fluida correspondència en els darrers anys de la seva vida, quan tots dos havien realitzat les seves obres més importants i encaraven nous projectes. En aquest context, l’objectiu del present treball és donar a conèixer tota aquesta correspondència, transcrita en la llengua original. L’edició de la correspondència s’acompanya de notes explicatives que tenen com a finalitat documentar el contingut de les cartes en el context dels estudis de folklore de l’època.
A Definition of Folklore: A Personal Narrative
Authors: Ben-Amos Dan
Published: June 2015

La meva definició de folklore com a «comunicació artística en petit grup» va sorgir en el context dels estudis folklòrics dels anys seixanta, com a resultat de la meva insatisfacció amb les definicions que circulaven en aquell moment, i sota la influència de l’antropologia, la lingüística –en particular ‹l’etnografia de la parla›– i el formalisme rus. El meu treball de camp entre els habitants d’Edo a Nigèria va tenir un impacte formatiu en la meva concepció del folklore, quan vaig observar els seus narradors, cantants, ballarins i endevins en acció. La resposta a la definició va ser inicialment negativa o, en el millor dels casos, ambivalent, però a mesura que passava el temps, va prendre un gir més positiu.
Trends in coronary heart disease mortality and statin utilization in two European areas with different population risk levels: Stockholm and Sicily
Authors: Vancheri Federico
Published: June 2015

Background and Aim: The reduction in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in Europe has been associated with a
reduction in coronary risk factors, including dyslipidaemia. Statins reduce blood cholesterol levels and the risk of coronary
events. Their utilization has substantially increased over the years. Although statins should be prescribed according to clinical
guidelines, doctors’ decisions about treatment are usually made subjectively and are influenced by the population risk level.
The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between the time trend of population risk level and statin utilization in two
areas with different levels of coronary risk in the population.
Methods: CHD mortality, as a proxy of population coronary risk level, and statin utilization trends in the period 2001-2011,
were compared between a relatively high-risk CHD area, Stockholm county, and a low-risk area, Sicily.
Results: There was a reduction in CHD mortality and an increase in statin utilization in both areas. The mean annual reduction
in CHD mortality rate/100,000 was greater in Stockholm than in Sicily (-4.6, 95% CI -5.3 -4.0, and -1.9 95% CI -2.6 – 1.2,
respectively). The mean annual increase in statin DDD/TID utilization was larger in Sicily than in Stockholm (5.1, 95% CI 4.8 –
5.3, and 3.7, 95% CI 3.2 – 4.1, respectively). In Stockholm the increase in statin use was mainly due to increased utilization of
simvastatin, whereas it included a greater variety of statins in Sicily.
Conclusion: The relations between time trends of CHD mortality and statin utilization in Stockholm and in Sicily were
different. A larger increase in statins was observed in the low-risk area, associated with a slower reduction in CHD mortality,
whereas a smaller increase in statins was observed in the high-risk area, associated with a greater reduction in CHD mortality.
Other factors apart from the actual risk of the patients may explain these observations, such as differences in socioeconomic
factors, adherence to treatment, policies of drug cost-containment, and population CHD risk profiles.
Protective role of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Gene (A379V) Polymorphism against Myocardial Infarction among Egyptians
Authors: Younan Doreen
Published: June 2015

Background: Oxidation of low density lipoproteins is an initial step of atherogenesis that generates pro-inflammatory
phospholipids, including platelet-activating factor (PAF) and its analogs. Platelet-activating factor is degraded by lipoprotein
associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), also known as platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), a circulating
enzyme having both pro and anti-inflammatory activities. Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 activity has been
postulated to be a risk factor for acute coronary syndrome (ACS); however, whether Lp-PLA2 has a causal or protective role
is still unclear. A large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect Lp-PLA2 mass and activity in plasma
have been described.
Aim: The aim of the present work is to determine the prevalence of Lp-PLA2 gene A379V single nucleotide polymorphism
(SNP) in Egyptians suffering from myocardial infarction (MI) in comparison to healthy controls and to correlate this genetic
variant with different cardiovascular risk factors.
Methods: Lp-PLA2 gene A379V polymorphism (rs1051931) was investigated in fifty patients having MI and fifty age and sex
matched healthy controls using real-time PCR.
Results: The homozygous CC genotype, coding for alanine at position 379 of Lp-PLA2 protein, had the highest frequency
among patients (72%) compared with controls (46%) while heterozygous CT genotype had the highest frequency among
controls (46%) compared with patients (24%) with a significant difference (p=0.033). The major “C” allele had the highest
frequency among patients (84%) compared with controls (69%) while the minor “T” allele, coding for valine at the same
position, had the highest frequency among controls (31%) compared with patients (16%) with a significant difference
(p=0.012).
Conclusion: The Lp-PLA2 A379V gene polymorphism was found to be less frequent in MI patients presented with ACS than
in healthy controls, suggesting that this SNP might be protective against the development of MI.
Over-expression of miR-486/miR-150 in sepsis: marker in myocardial depression function
Authors: Thron Robert
Published: June 2015

Numerous biomarkers have been studied to identify the cause and severity of sepsis MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNA transcripts that regulate the expression of genes by repressing translation or degrading mRNA. Sepsis is a life-threatening condition and the major cause of mortality among patients in intensive care units, including acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP). However, the lack of specifity of these more frequently used biomarkers impedes the significant requirement to identify novel biomarkers for early sepsis detection. The role of miR-146a in the physiopathology of sepsis in myocardial depression continues to be poorly understood. miR-486/miR-150 may be used as a potential marker to difference sepsis induces myocardail function from non-sepsis causes.
Coping With Climate Change: a Food Policy Approach1
Authors: Timmer C. Peter
Published: June 2015

The early drafts of Food Policy Analysis were stimulated by the attention to high food prices following the world food crisis in 1973–74, and the fears of a repeat in 1979–80. But by the fourth full draft, in 1982, it became apparent that surpluses were returning to world food markets. A volume predicated on a world running out of food would have been out of date before the ink was dry, and a full‐scale revamping of the analytical messages was needed. After a nearly complete re‐write, the new theme, which has stood the test of 30 years of market fluctuations, was the need for flexibility to cope with market instability. That message is even more relevant now, as we learn to cope with a new source of instability—climate change. Such flexibility is not a natural feature of domestic policymaking, in the food sector or elsewhere, and providing the analytical tools for understanding how to create flexible responses turned out to be a real challenge. The task in this paper is to ask specifically how climate change would alter the basic message of Food Policy Analysis. Virtually all of the analysis was focused on national policies and domestic markets, an approach that seems problematical for preventing or mitigating climate change, but entirely appropriate for designing adaptation strategies. Climate change is imposing itself as a reality via the increased probability of extreme weather events in general, and also on both global and localized food security outcomes in particular. The ecosystem services provided by the climate are essential for all agricultural production. The most important effects of climate change on agriculture are likely to include a net global loss of agricultural land, changing crop suitability, an increase in the frequency of natural disasters, and greater temporal and geographic variance in production. It will also have negative effects on other areas of agriculture broadly interpreted—reducing the carrying capacity of many rangelands and posing threats to fisheries and aquaculture production systems. Climate change is expected to have highly variable effects on different regions; tropical and equatorial regions will bear the heaviest burdens, with some gains in yields and land availability in temperate regions. Since rural poverty is concentrated in tropical and, in South Asia, coastal areas, climate change is expected to have a disproportionate effect on the already vulnerable. The challenge is to design, analyze, and implement in‐country “climate‐smart agriculture” adaptation projects and programs, which are now part of the food policy agenda, as well as to improve the openness to trade in agricultural commodities to even out geographical instability. Designing appropriate policies for bio‐fuels also needs to be on the analytical agenda.
Agricultural Productivity and Child Mortality: The Impact of the Green Revolution
Authors: Rosegrant Mark W. , Evenson Robert E. , Msangi Siwa , Sulser Timothy B.
Published: June 2015

“This paper is dedicated to the memory of Robert E. Evenson. Bob was a great teacher and advisor to hundreds of students at Yale and in the Philippines, many of whom have gone on to highly successful careers. Bob was a leading scholar in research related to agri—cultural research, economic development, and education.”

Many papers have examined the impact of the Green Revolution and the international agricultural research centers on agricultural productivity and the rates of return to agricultural research investment. Here we extend this analysis to look at the impact on food security and human welfare as measured by child mortality. In this paper, we conduct two counterfactual simulations for the 30‐year period 1970–2000—the first holding 1970 crop genetic improvements constant and the second presuming the International Agricultural Research Center (IARC) system had not been built. Our results show that Green Revolution technologies and the IARC system significantly reduced child mortality. The counterfactual analysis demonstrates the importance of the Green Revolution in generating not only sustained improvements in crop productivity growth through the 1970s and 1980s, but also the powerful indirect effects on human welfare as measured by child mortality.
Does the spatial arrangement of urban landscape matter? examples of urban warming and cooling in phoenix and las vegas
Authors: Myint Soe Win , Zheng Baojuan , Talen Emily , Fan Chao , Kaplan Shai , Middel Ariane , Smith Martin , Huang Huei-ping , Brazel Anthony
Published: June 2015

This study examines the impact of spatial landscape configuration (e.g., clustered, dispersed) on land‐surface temperatures (LST) over Phoenix, Arizona, and Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. We classified detailed land‐cover types via object‐based image analysis (OBIA) using Geoeye‐1 at 3‐m resolution (Las Vegas) and QuickBird at 2.4‐m resolution (Phoenix). Spatial autocorrelation (local Moran's
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) was then used to test for spatial dependence and to determine how clustered or dispersed points were arranged. Next, we used Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data acquired over Phoenix (daytime on 10 June and nighttime on 17 October 2011) and Las Vegas (daytime on 6 July and nighttime on 27 August 2005) to examine day‐ and nighttime LST with regard to the spatial arrangement of anthropogenic and vegetation features. Local Moran's
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values of each land‐cover type were spatially correlated to surface temperature. The spatial configuration of grass and trees shows strong negative correlations with LST, implying that clustered vegetation lowers surface temperatures more effectively. In contrast, clustered spatial arrangements of anthropogenic land‐cover types, especially impervious surfaces and open soil, elevate LST. These findings suggest that city planners and managers should, where possible, incorporate clustered grass and trees to disperse unmanaged soil and paved surfaces, and fill open unmanaged soil with vegetation. Our findings are in line with national efforts to augment and strengthen green infrastructure, complete streets, parking management, and transit‐oriented development practices, and reduce sprawling, unwalkable housing development.
Quantifying human well‐being for sustainability research and policy
Authors: Yang Wu , Mckinnon Madeleine C. , Turner Will R.
Published: June 2015

To address human dependence on natural resources and anthropogenic impacts on ecosystem health, understanding and management of the linkages between nature and human well‐being (HWB) are urgently needed. One fundamental barrier is the lack of quantitative indicators and models that integrate HWB with direct and indirect drivers of change in natural resources. While primary surveys provide the most valid HWB measures, extensive new data collection is often costly, especially for large‐scale studies. Therefore, it is vital to develop methods and indices based on existing data (e.g., census data, survey data) for real‐world application. To address this, we propose a new method of using structural equation modeling to construct robust, spatially explicit HWB indices from existing data and demonstrate its validity and usefulness in Cambodia. Our method is scale‐free and applicable to different frameworks and data sources and thus supports relatively easy replication in many other contexts. Further application and refinement could improve understanding of human–nature interactions, move toward robust theory development, and guide natural resource management decisions.
Bacterial community involved in the nitrogen cycle in a down-flow sponge-based trickling filter treating UASB effluent
Authors: Mac Conell E. F. A. , Almeida P. G. S. , Martins K. E. L. , Araújo J. C. , Chernicharo C. A. L.
Published: June 2015

The bacterial community composition of a down-flow sponge-based trickling filter treating upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) effluent was investigated by pyrosequencing. Bacterial community composition considerably changed along the reactor and over the operational period. The dominant phyla detected were Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Planctomycetes. The abundance of denitrifiers decreased from the top to the bottom and it was consistent with the organic matter concentration gradients. At lower loadings (organic and nitrogen loading rates), the abundance of anammox bacteria was higher than that of the ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in the upper portion of the reactor, suggesting that aerobic and anaerobic ammonium oxidation occurred. Nitrification occurred in all the compartments, while anammox bacteria prominently appeared even in the presence of high organic carbon to ammonia ratios (around 1.0–2.0 gCOD gN−1). The results suggest that denitrifiers, nitrifiers, and anammox bacteria coexisted in the reactor; thus, different metabolic pathways were involved in ammonium removal in the post-UASB reactor sponge-based.
Evaluation of hydraulic performance indices for retention ponds
Authors: Farjood Arash , Melville Bruce W. , Shamseldin Asaad Y. , Adams Keith N. , Khan Sher
Published: June 2015

Comprehensive hydraulic analysis of sediment retention ponds is commonly achieved through interpretation of residence time distribution and derivation of indices associated with short-circuiting and mixing. However, the availability of various indices indicates the need for careful selection of the most appropriate indices. This study compares some of the commonly used hydraulic performance indices, together with a new short-circuiting index, τ5, for five different flow regimes in a model sediment retention pond. The results show that τ5 was the best measure for short-circuiting. Among the mixing indices, only the Morril index correctly represented the physical behaviour of the experiments. In addition, two hydraulic efficiency indices, λ and a moment index (MI) were assessed and showed a good correlation with the short-circuiting and mixing indices, but MI was more reproducible than λ. Based on these results, this study recommends using τ5, Morril index and MI for analysis of hydraulic performance in sediment retention ponds.
Optimizing the recovery of copper from electroplating rinse bath solution by hollow fiber membrane
Authors: Oskay Kürşad Oğuz , Kul Mehmet
Published: June 2015

This study aimed to recover and remove copper from industrial model wastewater solution by non-dispersive solvent extraction (NDSX). Two mathematical models were developed to simulate the performance of an integrated extraction–stripping process, based on the use of hollow fiber contactors using the response surface method. The models allow one to predict the time dependent efficiencies of the two phases involved in individual extraction or stripping processes. The optimal recovery efficiency parameters were determined as 227 g/L of H2SO4 concentration, 1.22 feed/strip ratio, 450 mL/min flow rate (115.9 cm/min. flow velocity) and 15 volume % LIX 84-I concentration in 270 min by central composite design (CCD). At these optimum conditions, the experimental value of recovery efficiency was 95.88%, which was in close agreement with the 97.75% efficiency value predicted by the model. At the end of the process, almost all the copper in the model wastewater solution was removed and recovered as CuSO4.5H2O salt, which can be reused in the copper electroplating industry.
Organic pollution removal from coke plant wastewater using coking coal
Authors: Gao Lihui , Li Shulei , Wang Yongtian , Sun Hao
Published: June 2015

Coke plant wastewater (CPW) is an intractable chemical wastewater, and it contains many toxic pollutants. This article presents the results of research on a semi-industrial adsorption method of coking wastewater treatment. As a sorbent, the coking coal (CC) was a dozen times less expensive than active carbon. The treatment was conducted within two scenarios, as follows: (1) adsorption after biological treatment of CPW with CC at 40 g L−1; the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 75.66%, and the concentration was reduced from 178.99 to 43.56 mg L−1; (2) given an adsorption by CC of 250 g L−1 prior to the biological treatment of CPW, the eliminations of COD and phenol were 58.08% and 67.12%, respectively. The CC that adsorbed organic pollution and was returned to the coking system might have no effect on both coke oven gas and coke.
The Effects of a Shared Interest and Regret Salience on Tax Evasion
Authors: Brink William Douglas , White Richard A.
Published: June 2015

This study examines whether sharing the potential tax savings and the risk of penalties associated with tax evasion with another individual affects a decision maker's willingness to evade taxes. This study also explores whether increasing the salience of potential regret from an adverse audit decreases tax evasion behavior. Using a 2 × 2 experimental design with experienced taxpayers as participants, this study finds that participants are less willing to evade taxes when they share the potential tax savings and risk of penalties with another taxpayer compared to when the reporting decision affects solely the decision maker. Supplemental analysis shows that participants feel that tax evasion is more unethical when a shared interest is present. In addition, this study demonstrates that increasing regret salience from an adverse audit decreases participants' willingness to evade taxes. This study contributes to multiple literature streams, including taxpayer compliance, ethical decision making, and decision making under risk.
Study of 60Co as gamma source in backscatter gamma densitometers
Authors: Peyvandi R. Gholipour , Rad S. Z. Islami , Taheri A. , Tootkaleh S. Rahmanzadeh , Lehdarboni M. Askari
Published: June 2015

In this work the performance of backscatter gamma densitometer is studied using 60Co as gamma source. The ability of the densitometer to determine the liquid's interfaces in multi-phase flows was assessed. The aim mainly was to investigate the possibility of using 60Co in this system. Furthermore, a comparison between 60Co and was done. The obtained results indicate that 60Co can be advantageous in this regard.
Development of a hydrogen diffusion gothic model of MARK III-containment
Authors: Zhen-Yu H. , Huang H. Yu-Kai , Wen-Sheng H. , Chen Yen-Shu , Bau-Shei P.
Published: June 2015

The accident that occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant is a reminder of the danger of hydrogen explosion within a reactor building. Sufficiently high hydrogen concentration may cause an explosion that could damage the structure, resulting in the release of radioisotopes into the environment. In the first part of this study, a gas diffusion experiment was performed, in which helium was used as the working fluid. An analytical model was also developed using the GOTHIC code and the model predictions of the helium distribution were found to be in good agreement with the experimentally measured data. In the second part of the study, a model of the Mark III containment of the Kuosheng Plant in Taiwan was developed, and was applied to a long-term station blackout (SBO) accident similar to that of the Fukushima plant. The hydrogen generation was calculated using the Modular Accident Analysis Program and was used as the boundary condition for the GOTHIC containment model. The simulation results revealed that the hydrogen concentration at the first floor of the wetwell in the containment reached 4% 9.7 h after the accident. This indicated the possibility of dangerous conditions inside the containment. Although active hydrogen ignitors are already installed in the Kuosheng plant, the findings of this study indicate that it may be necessary to add passive recombiners to prolong an SBO event.
The ultimate response guideline simulation and analysis by using TRACE for Lungmen ABWR nuclear power plant
Authors: Lin H.-T. , Yang S.-M. , Wang J.-R. , Chen S.-W. , Shih C.
Published: June 2015

In this research, the TRACE/SNAP model of Lungmen ABWR nuclear power plant (NPP) has been established for the simulation and analysis of ultimate response guideline (URG). The main actions of URG are depressurization and low pressure water injection of reactor and containment venting. This research focuses to assess the URG utility of Lungmen NPP under Fukushima-like conditions. This study consists of three steps. The first step is the establishment of Lungmen NPP TRACE/SNAP model. In order to evaluate the system response of TRACE/SNAP model, FSAR data (MSIV closure and loss of feedwater flow transient) were used to compare with the results of TRACE. The second step is the URG simulation and analysis under Fukushima-like conditions by using Lungmen NPP TRACE/SNAP model. In this step, the no URG case was also performed in order to evaluate the URG effectiveness of Lungmen NPP. In order to confirm the mechanical property and integrity of fuel rods, the final step is FRAPTRAN analysis. According to TRACE analysis results, the URG can keep the peak cladding temperature (PCT) below the criteria 1 088.7 K under Fukushima-like conditions which indicates that Lungmen NPP can be controlled in a safe situation. Nevertheless, if Lungmen NPP does not perform the URG under Fukushima-like conditions, the water level may drop lower than TAF after 1 100 s which means a safety issue about the fuel rods may be generated. The analysis results of FRAPTRAN also indicate the integrity of fuel rods cannot be kept under the above conditions.
Editorial 5(2)
Authors: Chowdhury Shamim Ara Khan
Published: June 2015

Abstract not availableJ Enam Med Col 2015; 5(2): 68-70
Frequency and Sensitivity of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Positive Organisms in a Secondary and Tertiary Level Hospital Network in Dhaka
Authors: Asna Shah Md Zahurul Haque , Akhter Shameem , Rahman M Mushfequr , Mohammad Najib , Hafez MA
Published: June 2015

Background: Extended spectrum ?-lactamase (ESBL) positive organisms are now a global health concern including in Bangladesh. These are associated with treatment failure, increased morbidity and mortality and increased health care costs. In this study, frequency of ESBL positive organisms in some health care centres in Dhaka city has been observed and their current status of antibiogram has also been observed.Objective: To observe the current status of antibiogram of ESBL positive organisms.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in the Department of Microbiology, Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences (BIHS) General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from March, 2012 to February, 2013. Only E. coli and Klebsiella spp. from pus and urine specimens were included in this study. Isolation, identification and antibiotic sensitivity of the organisms were done by standard procedures.Results: Organisms (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp.) isolated from urine and pus collected from different sites of 472 subjects were studied. Predominant organisms were Escherichia coli (82.8%) and remaining 17.2% were Klebsiella spp. ESBL positive organisms were higher in Escherichia coli (54.5%) than in Klebsiella spp. (44.4%) and higher in pus (77.0%) than in urine (49.1%) isolates. Imipenem is the most effective drug for treating ESBL positive organisms followed by colistin, tigecycline and piperacillin/tazobactam.Conclusion: Imipenem, colistin, tigecycline and piperacillin/tazobactam drugs should be kept reserved and used only when other effective drugs are not available so that emergence of resistance against these drugs is deferred. While reporting the culture and sensitivity tests, the ESBL positive organisms should be pointed out with comment like this  The organisms are ESBL positive and resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins and monobactams.J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(2): 80-87
Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Anthropometric Measures and Metabolic Profiles among Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Paul Ajit Kumar , Khan Murshed Ahamed , Fariduddin Md
Published: June 2015

Background: Fasting from dawn to dusk during the month of Holy Ramadan is obligatory for all healthy adult Muslims. Individuals are exempted from fasting if they are suffering from an illness that could be adversely affected by fasting. Although The Quran exempts sick people from fasting, many Muslim diabetic patients may not perceive themselves as sick and are keenly interested to fast. But they fast without proper medical guidance exposing themselves to certain risks as a direct consequence of fasting. So we designed this study to assess the impact of fasting during Ramadan and to evaluate the effects of fasting on their biochemical profiles in patients with diabetes.Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether Ramadan fasting has any effect on body weight, blood pressure, fasting glucose, HbA1C, serum lipids, serum creatinine among type 2 diabetic patients.Materials and Methods: Fifty two stable outpatients with type 2 diabetes with intention to fast were studied in the month of Ramadan 1434 Hijri calendar year (11th July to 9th August, 2013) at two points of time: one week before Ramadan (visit 1) and within last 3 days before the end of Ramadan (visit 2). During each visit the height, body weight and blood pressure were recorded. Blood samples were collected for fasting glucose, HbA1C, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and creatinine. Data were analyzed by Students paired t-test using SPSS system and results were expressed as mean ± SD. Probability values were considered to be significant if it was less than 0.05.Results: There were 30 (62.8%) males and 22 (37.2%) females with a mean age of 54.7 ± 11.55 (range 3580) years and mean duration of diabetes was 5.5 ± 5.2 years (range 9 months18 years). In this study mean weight of the patients decreased significantly from 60.5 ± 12.6 kg to 58.5 ± 11.3 kg (p<0.001). Blood pressure reduced but not significantly. Fasting blood glucose showed significant reduction from 10.7 ± 4.2 to 8.9 ± 3.7 mmol/L (p=0.002) at the end of the study though HbA1C showed no significant change. Lipid profile and serum creatinine values did not show any significant change.Conclusion: The effects of fasting during Ramadan on stable diabetic patients are minimal. So, stable diabetic patients can fast during Ramadan without significant detrimental effects.J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(2): 93-98