bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigations on prying forces in flexible connections of steel beams
Authors: G. Radha Athipathi , C. Arunkumar , N. Umamaheswari
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The use of flexible connections throughout the steel structures provides a high level of stiffness compared to that of fully welded connections. Flexible connections allow for rotation to an extent, which make them perform better during earthquake than welded connections. In hanger connections, the applied load produces tension in the bolts and bolts are designed for tensile forces. When the deformation of the flange plate is equal to that of the bolts, a plastic hinge is formed in the flange plate at the weld line and the bolts are pulled to failure. If the attached plate is allowed to deform, additional tensile forces called prying forces are developed in the bolts. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper includes the results of investigation on prying force in T-stub connection fabricated with normal grade bolts and high strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts. Finite element analysis has been carried out by creating models and analyzing the effect of external tensile force and bolt force. For different grades of bolt (4.6, 8.8, 10.9, 12.9), the prying force is calculated.

Findings

It is found that prying force is increasing with the change in grade of bolt used from normal to HSFG. The results obtained from analysis using IS 800:2007 codal provision are also included. It is observed that HSFG bolts do not allow for any slip between the elements connected and hence rigidity is increased.

Originality/value

The prying force mainly depends on geometrical parameter of the connection. In this research work, the variation of prying force was studied based on the variation in dimensions of T-stub angle section and bolt grade (4.6, 8.8, 10.9, 12.9). The method of obtaining prying force from bolt load and applied load is a unique approach. The results of FE analysis is validated with the analytical calculation as per IS 800:2007 code provisions, which shows the originality of the research.
Cruise tourism: the role of shore excursions in the overcrowding of cities
Authors: Navarro-Ruiz Sandra , Casado-Díaz Ana B. , Ivars-Baidal Josep
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a deeper understanding of the relevance of shore excursions in the distribution of cruise passenger flows; an approach which has been overlooked by many studies on cruise tourism. Specifically, the paper focuses on two destinations: Barcelona, a mature cruise destination suffering from the impact of overcrowding; and Valencia, an emerging cruise destination facing the risk of future (similar) impacts.

Design/methodology/approach

The method used is multiple-case study with replication logic. First, web content analysis is conducted of shore excursion descriptions of the destinations selected so as to identify the itineraries, as well as the municipalities and the specific tourist attractions included in the tours. Then, word-processing tools are used to create a regional and local data set to arrange the narrative data. Finally, density maps are drawn in order to examine the different visitor flows within the tourist hinterlands from the supply perspective.

Findings

The results indicate that most shore excursions are concentrated in the port cities. Comparing the two destinations, the paper argues that the redistribution within the cities is not equally balanced. Nevertheless, the results also reveal that the excursions offered by local shore tourism operators (TOs) in both destinations have contributed to the expansion of the cruise tourist hinterland over a wider regional area.

Research limitations/implications

This paper evaluates the visitor flow distribution from a supply perspective. Hence, future studies should examine the demand dimension in order to gain a deeper understanding of the concentration intensity. Additionally, it would be worth examining not only visitors taking guided tours but also the independent ones (those who visit the destination on their own).

Originality/value

Despite the growing importance of cruise tourism, research on the role of local shore TOs in this sector is quite limited. One element that deserves more research attention is related to the role of shore excursions in the spatial configuration of the cruise tourist hinterland. Finally, the results obtained could also have significant implications for policy makers developing and promoting effective measures to prevent overcrowding.
Emotional perception and historical heritage: a segmentation of foreign tourists who visit the city of Lima
Authors: López-Guzmán Tomás , Pérez Gálvez Jesús Claudio , Cordova Buiza Franklin , Medina-Viruel Miguel Jesús
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to conduct an analysis of the relationships existing among three basic constructs in the visitor’s decision-making process (motivation and satisfaction) in a tourist destination that is a World Heritage Site, such as the city of Lima (Peru). Bearing in mind the perception of heritage by the foreign visitors, four types of tourists were determined: alternative tourists, cultural tourists, emotional tourists and heritage tourists.

Design/methodology/approach

This research uses the multivariate technique of grouping cases (K-means clusters) to analyse the similarity existing among the surveyed persons. From the groups or segments obtained, statistics and measurements of association were applied, which provide the information necessary to study the possible trends of association existing between variables from a table of bidimensional contingencies. In the same way, nonparametric statistical procedures were used (Kruskal–Wallis H test and the Mann–Whitney U test) with the aim of analysing significant differences among groups of the sample.

Findings

The results show the existence of four diverse motivational dimensions among the foreign tourists to visit Lima: hedonic, cultural, convenience and circumstantial. Of the four dimensions, the cultural aspect is the most relevant. The results show the existence of a specific Ibero-American heritage and cultural identity.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the academic literature on the links of the tourist with the historical and monumental heritage location(s) visited by the tourist and the tourist’s behaviour while visiting the site. In fact, it is one of the first investigations carried out on this subject in Latin America.
Information sharing, coordination and supply chain performance
Authors: Li Siyu , Cui Xiling , Huo Baofeng , Zhao Xiande
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects that customer structured and unstructured information sharing (IS) can have on customer operational and strategic coordination and on supply chain performance (SCP). In addition, the study examines how customer IS influences customer coordination under various levels of demand uncertainty (DU).

Design/methodology/approach

The conceptual model for this study is designed on the basis of information-processing theory (IPT). Using data collected from 622 manufacturers in mainland China and Taiwan, the theoretical model is tested using the structural equation modeling method.

Findings

The authors find that both customer structured IS and unstructured IS are positively associated with customer strategic coordination. Customer structured IS increases customer operational coordination, but customer unstructured IS does not. DU positively moderates the relations between customer unstructured IS and strategic coordination, and between customer structured IS and operational coordination. Also, DU negatively moderates the relationship between customer structured IS and strategic coordination. Customer strategic coordination is positively related to SCP and to operational coordination. Customer operational coordination has no significant impact on SCP.

Originality/value

This study deepens our understanding of customer IS by distinguishing between customer structured and unstructured IS. The study also provides a greater understanding of customer coordination by making a distinction between the customer strategic and the operational coordination. The findings extend the empirical application of IPT. In addition, this study’s findings direct SC managers to apply varied customer IS practices that can enhance specific kinds of customer coordination activities, thereby enabling improved SCP.
The effect of workers’ justice perception on continuance participation intention in the crowdsourcing market
Authors: Liu Ying , Liu Yongmei
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact mechanism of workers’ perceived justice, trust and job satisfaction (JS) on their continuance participation intention in the crowdsourcing market.

Design/methodology/approach

An e-questionnaire was posted as an online task on Zhubajie, and data from 304 valid questionnaires were analyzed using SmartPLS 3 software.

Findings

Results show that crowdsourcing workers’ distributive and interpersonal justice have a significant impact on their trust in the task requester, while procedural and informational justice significantly affect their trust in intermediary management. Workers’ trust in the task requester and in intermediary management positively affects JS, which ultimately affects their continuance participation intention in the crowdsourcing market.

Research limitations/implications

Based on the social exchange theory, this study examines the positive impact of workers’ justice perception on their continuance participation intention. It dissects the inherent mechanism of workers’ justice perception about their continuance participation intention using three variables of trust in the task requester, trust in intermediary management and JS.

Practical implications

Given the positive relationship between workers’ justice perception and continuance participation intention, crowdsourcing intermediary website managers should adopt effective measures to enhance workers’ justice perception to strengthen their continuance participation intention.

Originality/value

This study explores factors that influence workers’ continuance participation intention and their inherent mechanism in the crowdsourcing market based on justice and social exchange theories. It is an extension of research on continuous participation behavior in the crowdsourcing field.
Spillover effects from web to mobile payment services
Authors: Zhang Kem Z.K. , Gong Xiang , Chen Chongyang , Zhao Sesia J. , Lee Matthew K.O.
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Drawing from the spillover effect literature, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the spillover effect in consumers’ web-mobile payment extension behavior. The authors figure out two categories of factors associated with the spillover effect: relevant schema and schematic fit. Cognitive trust and emotional trust in web payment are used to capture relevant schema, while perceived similarity and perceived business tie are proposed to denote schematic fit in the web-mobile payment extension context.

Design/methodology/approach

An online survey (n =552) was conducted to empirically test the model. The data were analyzed by structural equation modeling approach.

Findings

The results show that relevant schema and schematic fit factors positively influence perceived value of mobile payment (MP), which facilitates consumers’ behavioral intention of MP.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the extant literature by theoretically identifying the key factors of the spillover effect and empirically investigating its role during the web-mobile service extension process.
Variation matters
Authors: Huang Guanxiong
Published: June 2019

Purpose

In-feed native ads have become a major social media advertising format. The purpose of this paper is to investigate strategies for leveraging native advertising in terms of content creation and platform selection on social media, proposing that variations in content and platform reduce the intrusiveness of native ads, thereby resulting in enhanced brand attitude and purchase intent.

Design/methodology/approach

Two experiments were conducted with online samples, employing a 2 (content strategy: repeated ads vs varied ads) × 2 (platform strategy: single platform vs multiple platforms) between-subject factorial design. ANCOVA and structural equation modeling were used to test the hypotheses.

Findings

When repeated ads were used, the use of multiple platforms reduced ad intrusiveness, resulting in more favorable brand attitude and greater purchase intent as opposed to the use of a single platform. In contrast, when varied ads were used, there were no significant differences in the outcome variables between a single platform and multiple platforms. The results were largely consistent across the two experiments.

Originality/value

This study contributes to theory advancement by unpacking the underlying mechanisms of processing native advertising and shedding light on which content and platform strategies are the most effective on social media.
Capital structure, competitive intensity and firm performance: evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Naveed , Afza Talat
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the moderating role of competitive intensity between the existing relationship of capital structure and firm performance.

Design/methodology/approach

Using the balanced panel data of listed non-financial firms of Pakistan, the present study adopts both the panel and OLS estimation techniques to draw the inferences.

Findings

The results exhibit that high debt ratio is harmful for the accounting performance of the selected sample firms of Pakistan. In addition, product market competition negatively moderates the relationship between capital structure and firm performance which suggests that high product market competition can be used as a substitute of debt financing to align the interests of a firm’s managers and shareholders.

Practical implications

The findings of the research provide evidence for the policy makers/regulators that the sample firms should discourage the high debt financing in the presence of competitive intensity in the product marketplace.

Originality/value

The core contribution of the current research is to examine the moderating role of product market competition on the leverage–performance relationship because, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no single study has previously explored this relationship in the context of Pakistan.
The interdependence between the extended organizational commitment model and the self-determination theory
Authors: Krajcsák Zoltán
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discover the relationship between the extended organizational commitment model (EOCM) and self-determination theory (SDT). The author shows that specific dimensions of commitment can be associated with the forms of regulation and motivation.

Design/methodology/approach

Using literature analysis, the author sets the theoretical relationships between commitment and regulation (and motivation). The interrelated relationships are illustrated qualitatively by presenting case studies.

Findings

Like the regulation-based motivation scale, the dimensions of organizational commitment (OC) can be sorted and combined with regulation and motivation. The emotional-based OC dimensions (normative commitment as a sense of indebtedness (NC:HiSoI); normative commitment as a moral duty (NC:HiMD); affective commitment (AC)) are influenced by regulation and motivation. In the case of cost-based OC dimensions (deliberate commitment (DC); continuance commitment as a low perceived alternatives (CC:LoAlt); continuance commitment as high sacrifice (CC:HiSac)), the leaders’ motivational strategies are driven by their perceives of the employees’ OC. Commitment dimensions stemming from a degree of necessity are linked to lower levels of regulation, while commitment dimensions stemming from internal conviction are linked to the higher levels of regulation.

Research limitations/implications

The results also must be proved by quantitative researches later. The model presented in this study primarily supports the theoretical understanding of relationships, so its validity should be tested in different cultures, professions or employees with different qualifications and personalities in the future.

Practical implications

Significant resources can be saved for an organization if managers do not want to increase OC in general, rather only its one dimension, depending on the situation and goals, or if managers form their employees’ commitment profiles in a smaller team severally. However, in other cases, the employees’ commitment profiles set the useable motivational strategies, which call into question the suitability of universal motivation systems.

Social implications

From the point of view of employees, the synergy between regulation (and motivation) and OC contributes to the improvement of their psychological well-being and means more efficient use of resources for organizations.

Originality/value

The study shows the hierarchy of dimensions of the EOCM and its relationship with regulations in the SDT.
The status quo of evaluation in public diplomacy: insights from the US State Department
Authors: Sommerfeldt Erich J. , Buhmann Alexander
Published: June 2019

Purpose

In recent years, expectations for demonstrating the impact of public diplomacy programs have dramatically increased. Despite increased calls for enhanced monitoring and evaluation, what texts exist on the subject suggest the state of practice is grim. However, while the current debate is based mostly on practice reports, conceptual work from academics or anecdotal evidence, we are missing empirical insights on current views of monitoring and evaluation from practitioners. Such a practice-level perspective is central for better understanding factors that may actually drive or hamper performance evaluation in day-to-day public diplomacy work. The purpose of this paper is to update knowledge on the state of evaluation practice within public diplomacy from the perspectives of practitioners themselves.

Design/methodology/approach

This study assesses the state of evaluation in public diplomacy through qualitative interviews with public diplomacy officers working for the US Department of State – a method heretofore unused in studies of the topic. In total, 25 in-depth interviews were conducted with officers in Washington, DC and at posts around the world.

Findings

The interviews suggest that practitioners see evaluation as underfunded despite increased demands for accountability. Further, the results show a previously not discussed tension between diplomacy practitioners in Washington, DC and those in the field. Practitioners are also unclear about the goals of public diplomacy, which has implications for the enactment of targeted evaluations.

Originality/value

The research uncovers the perceptions of evaluation from the voices of those who must practice it, and elaborates on the common obstacles in the enactment of public diplomacy, the influence of multiple actors and stakeholders on evaluation practice, as well as the perceived goals of public diplomacy programming. No empirical research has considered the state of evaluation practice. Moreover, the study uses qualitative interview data from public diplomacy officers themselves, an under-used method in public diplomacy research. The findings provide insights that contribute to future public diplomacy strategy and performance management.
Multi-study analysis of learning culture, human capital and operational performance in supply chain management
Authors: Overstreet Robert E. , Skipper Joseph B. , Huscroft Joseph R. , Cherry Matt J. , Cooper Andrew L.
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to empirically evaluate the relationship between learning culture, workforce level, human capital and operational performance in two diverse supply chain populations, aircraft maintenance and logistics readiness.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing upon competence-based view of the firm and human capital theory, this paper analyzes data from two studies.

Findings

The results provide support for the hypothesized model. Workforce level moderates the relationship between learning culture and human capital, and human capital partially mediates the relationship between learning culture and operational performance.

Research limitations/implications

The findings have implications for behavioral supply chain management research and implications for educating and training the supply chain management workforce. While the populations represent a diverse set of logistics functions and responsibilities, the participants are all military members, which may limit generalizability.

Practical implications

This study should help leaders understand the importance of learning culture and the perceived differences in its effect on human capital based upon workforce level.

Originality/value

This research is among the first to investigate the role of workforce level and answers a multitude of calls for research into the human side of supply chain management.
Can training improve staff skills with complex trauma?
Authors: Robinson Paula , Griffith Emma , Gillmore Chris
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Studies show that experiences of repeated or complex trauma are very common in patients with severe mental health problems. Unfortunately, many professionals do not routinely ask about abuse, due to concerns about how to ask and respond. There is also a need for frontline staff to be trained in trauma-informed care. The purpose of this paper is to identify the needs of inpatient staff and developed a tailor-made training package.

Design/methodology/approach

A training programme was developed from focus-group discussion and delivered to the team. Questionnaires were administered pre-, post-training and at three-month follow-up, to assess changes in knowledge, confidence and worries in the assessment and treatment of complex trauma.

Findings

There was an increase in self-reported staff confidence (p=0.001) and knowledge (p=0.028) about working with complex trauma and their worries decreased (p=0.026) between pre- and post-training.

Practical implications

In order to sustain the benefits of training for longer, recommendations were made to the service for on-going training, supervision and evaluation.

Originality/value

Given the recent interest in complex trauma within the literature (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fifth Version (DSM-V); International Statistical Classification of Diseases – 11th Version (ICD-11)), the piloting and development of complex trauma training packages is timely. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first published account of complex trauma training for inpatient staff. This paper offers clinical and research implications to services who may want to develop as trauma-informed services within the NHS.
Demon or angel: an exploration of gamification in management
Authors: Liu Bin , Wang Junqing
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Previously coined as the application of gaming principles in non-gaming scenarios, gamification is an emerging managerial tactic, but it lacks a rigorous theorization in the management discipline. Based on introductive research on related domains, this study aims to link up gamification and training and directly explored its effectiveness and efficacy, thus providing certain implications for practitioners. Specifically, this paper conceptualizes the gamification as a crystallization of routines as it continuously strengthens the new ways to award and punish with predetermined goals while initiated from past experiences. As such, the study confirms that gamification demotivates the participants and lowers their performances. Overall, the study is important as it investigates the significance of gamification and offers a new perspective to disentangle the debates over the effect of experience on learning.

Design/methodology/approach

The study used one base experiment conducted in two random-chosen paired classes, followed by another confirmative experiment. By introducing the gamification system into one experiment class while controlling the other, the authors sent out two waves of surveys while merging with the objective grades to investigate the effects of gamification on both motivation and performance.

Findings

The results have confirmed that gamification could engender the detrimental effects on both motivation and performance, though the authors did not find support for a mediating effect of motivation on the relationship between gamification and performance.

Research limitations/implications

Because of resource limitation, the study used business students’ academic performance as a proxy for the performance effect. Although the results help reveal a basic cause-effect relationship, we still need further experiments based on real business units and/or on larger samples.

Practical implications

The findings indicate that gamification counter-intuitively demotivates participants and directly leads to poorer performances. This reminds practitioners of a cautious adoption of gamification in their management system.

Originality/value

To the best of authors’ knowledge, this study is among the first to link the trendy concept of gamification with both managerial and academic studies on related fronts.
What makes a good paper? Analytic and Continental ideals in consumer culture theory
Authors: Bajde Domen , Gopaldas Ahir
Published: June 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to illuminate the characteristics of Analytic and Continental scholarship to generate a deeper appreciation for both writing styles in the consumer culture theory (CCT) community.

Design/methodology/approach

Two CCT researchers discuss the merits of Analytic and Continental scholarship in an accessible dialogical format.

Findings

Analytic ideals of scholarship, espoused by elite academic journals, include conceptual rigor, logical claims, theoretical coherence, researcher agnosticism and broad generalizability. Continental ideals of scholarship, more likely to be espoused by niche and/or critical journals, include creative writing, holistic interpretation, intellectual imagination, political provocation and deep contextualization.

Originality/value

This dialogue may build more understanding across variously oriented scholars, literatures, and journals in the CCT community.
Self‐thinning and size‐dependent flowering of the grass Spartina alterniflora across space and time
Authors: Liu Wenwen , Pennings Steven C.
Published: June 2019

Plants adjust their size and reproductive effort in response to numerous selection pressures and constraints. The self‐thinning law describes a well‐known trade‐off between size and density. Plants also trade‐off investment into growth vs. sexual reproduction, as described by life‐history theory.

We build on past work on plant allometry and life history by examining both self‐thinning and size‐dependent reproduction in a single plant species, the saltmarsh grass Spartina alterniflora, across a wide range of settings: three landscape positions, two habitats and eight sites, across sixteen years.

Plants in different landscape positions and years varied tremendously in size and shoot density. However, all this variation could be explained by a single allometric relationship consistent with the self‐thinning law, but with a lower slope. Flowering was size‐dependent, and the size at which plants had a 50% probability of flowering varied among habitat, sites and years. Plants that were stressed reproduced at a smaller size than plants that were growing under good conditions, and this pattern was consistent among habitat, sites and years. Finally, reproductive biomass and the proportion of shoots flowering increased with increasing vegetative size (plant height or shoot biomass). Combining these two patterns, S. alterniflora plants growing high density are small and reproduce at a smaller size than large plants growing at low density.

Although there is tremendous spatial and temporal variation in S. alterniflora growth and reproductive patterns, all this variation can be understood as resulting from two simple allometric trade‐offs. Because saltmarsh plants often occur in monospecific stands, they may serve as simple, model systems for studies of plant life history.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Additive effects of nurse and facilitated plants on ecosystem functions
Authors: Navarro‐Cano Jose Antonio , Horner Bethanie , Goberna Marta , Verdú Miguel
Published: June 2019

Nurse plants drive the assembly of facilitated communities and commonly promote plant–soil feedbacks, and are thus recognized as key engineers in abiotically stressful ecosystems. The literature neglects; however, the role of the communities which benefit from the presence of the nurse as contributors to soil ecosystem functions. We hypothesized that the nurse and its beneficiaries synergistically enhance essential ecosystem functions mediated by soil microbiota.

To track how plant–plant facilitation impacts plant–soil feedbacks, we selected three nurse species in semi‐arid mine tailings and defined three microsites (open space, nurse canopy and nurse + facilitated canopy). In each microsite, we quantified 18 abiotic and biotic variables associated with four functions: reduction in climatic stress, reduction in edaphic stress, soil fertility and soil microbial productivity (decomposition and nutrient cycling).

Litter biomass increased from open spaces to the microsite beneath the nurses, and further beneath the nurses and their beneficiaries. Litter biomass was a good predictor of both the reduction in climatic stress and increase in edaphic stress (likely owing to metal bioaccumulation). We attributed increments in soil organics and heterotrophic respiration beneath the nurses and their beneficiaries, compared to nurses alone, to biomass effects through increased litter deposition. Variation in fertility and microbial productivity among microsites shaped by the nurses and their facilitated communities was attributed to both diversity and biomass effects. In particular, fertility was promoted beneath phenotypically diverse facilitated communities, as inferred from ten above‐ and below‐ground traits. However, microbial productivity increased at low levels of root biomass likely due to reduced plant–microbe competition for nutrients.

Synthesis. Our results show that facilitated plant communities sheltered by nurse species relieve local abiotic stress and promote plant–microbe interactions, both through biomass and biodiversity effects. These observations shift the conception of facilitated species from simple beneficiaries of the nurse's effects to co‐drivers of essential ecosystem functions.
Cwp22, a novel peptidoglycan cross‐linking enzyme, plays pleiotropic roles in Clostridioides difficile
Authors: Zhu Duolong , Bullock Jessica , He Yongqun , Sun Xingmin
Published: June 2019

Clostridioides difficile is a Gram‐positive, spore‐forming, toxin‐producing anaerobe pathogen, and can induce nosocomial antibiotic‐associated intestinal disease. While production of toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB) contribute to the main pathogenesis of C. difficile, adhesion and colonization of C. difficile in the host gut are prerequisites for disease onset. Previous cell wall proteins (CWPs) were identified that were implicated in C. difficile adhesion and colonization. In this study, we predicted and characterized Cwp22 (CDR20291_2601) from C. difficile R20291 to be involved in bacterial adhesion based on the Vaxign reverse vaccinology tool. The ClosTron‐generated cwp22 mutant showed decreased TcdA and TcdB production during early growth, and increased cell permeability and autolysis. Importantly, the cwp22 mutation impaired cellular adherence in vitro and decreased cytotoxicity and fitness over the parent strain in a mouse infection model. Furthermore, lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay, live‐dead cell staining and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the decreased cell viability of the cwp22 mutant. Thus, Cwp22 is involved in cell wall integrity and cell viability, which could affect most phenotypes of R20291. Our data suggest that Cwp22 is an attractive target for C. difficile infection therapeutics and prophylactics.
Dispersal alters soil microbial community response to drought
Authors: Evans S. E. , Bell‐Dereske L. P. , Dougherty K. M. , Kittredge H. A.
Published: June 2019

Microbial communities will experience novel climates in the future. Dispersal is now recognized as a driver of microbial diversity and function, but our understanding of how dispersal influences responses to novel climates is limited. We experimentally tested how the exclusion of aerially dispersed fungi and bacteria altered the compositional and functional response of soil microbial communities to drought. We manipulated dispersal and drought by collecting aerially deposited microbes after precipitation events and subjecting soil mesocosms to either filter‐sterilized rain (no dispersal) or unfiltered rain (dispersal) and to either drought (25% ambient) or ambient rainfall for 6 months. We characterized community composition by sequencing 16S and ITS rRNA regions and function using community‐level physiological profiles. Treatments without dispersal had lower soil microbial biomass and metabolic diversity but higher bacterial and fungal species richness. Dispersal also altered soil community response to drought; drought had a stronger effect on bacterial (but not fungal) community composition, and induced greater functional loss, when dispersal was present. Surprisingly, neither immigrants nor drought‐tolerant taxa had higher abundance in dispersal treatments. We show experimentally that natural aerial dispersal rate alters soil microbial responses to disturbance. Changes in dispersal rates should be considered when predicting microbial responses to climate change.
An informed public's views on reducing antibiotic overuse
Authors: Richmond Jennifer , Mangrum Rikki , Wang Grace , Maurer Maureen , Sofaer Shoshanna , Yang Manshu , Carman Kristin L.
Published: June 2019

Objective

To understand public attitudes about and recommendations to address antibiotic overuse by employing public deliberation (a method for eliciting informed input on value‐laden issues).

Data Sources/Study Setting

Participants in 24 Community Deliberation groups (CD; n = 263), four Citizens’ Panel groups (CP; n = 96), and a control group (n = 348). Data were collected in 2012 in four U.S. locations.

Study Design

Using mixed methods, we analyzed quantitative and qualitative data from a randomized control trial.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

Using pre/postdeliberation surveys, we compared CD and CP participant attitude changes regarding antibiotic use to the control group. We analyzed deliberation transcripts using qualitative techniques to provide context for survey results.

Principal Findings

Compared to control group participants, CD and CP participants had a larger postdeliberation shift in attitudes toward support of government limits on when doctors can prescribe antibiotics. Participants described unawareness about antibiotic overuse and called for education. When discussing prescription limits, participants debated tensions between preserving patient/doctor autonomy and protecting society from antibiotic‐related harms. Participants saw patient, physician, and government roles in antibiotic stewardship policies/programs.

Conclusion

When informed about individual and social consequences of antibiotic overuse, patients may be more receptive to antibiotic prescription limits. Community‐physician‐government partnerships are needed to create solutions.
The Origins of the Video‐Cued Multivocal Ethnographic Method
Authors: Tobin Joseph
Published: June 2019

In 1982 I began using classroom videos as cues for ethnographic interviews. My colleagues and I asked practitioners in three countries to respond to videos shot in their own and each other’s preschools. The video cues worked to produce conversations that we used in our 1989 book Preschool in Three Cultures to present perspectives on the same events by cultural insiders and outsiders. This article tells the story of the origins and evolution of the Preschool in Three Cultures method, a video‐cued ethnographic method that has multiple influences, including Margaret Mead’s use of film in comparative ethnography, psychological anthropology’s use of projective tests, Mikhail Bakhtin’s concepts of dialogism and multivocality, and Linda Connor’s video‐cued interviewing of a Balinese shaman.
Comparing of the effects of perceived injunctive and descriptive norms on the willingness to quit smoking among Chinese low‐rate and regular smokers
Authors: Chen Haide , Cao Ningmeng , Gao Lingfeng , Xie Reibo , Li Xinyu , Li Weijian
Published: June 2019

Although social norms play a significant role on smoking cessation, the different impacts of injunctive and descriptive norms on the willingness to quit smoking among different types of smokers and underlying mechanisms are relatively little known. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of injunctive and descriptive norms on willingness to quit, respectively, for Chinese low‐rate and regular smokers and to examine the mediated effects of the decisional balance of smoking. For this study, 132 Chinese low‐rate smokers and 208 regular smokers completed questionnaires that assessed injunctive norms, descriptive norms, the decisional balance of smoking, and the willingness to quit smoking. The results showed that the stronger willingness to quit was associated with stronger injunctive norms among low‐rate smokers and was associated with stronger descriptive norms among regular smokers. Decisional balance of smoking mediated the relationship between injunctive norms and the willingness to quit among low‐rate smokers, but not among regular smokers. These findings highlight the importance of different functions of injunctive and descriptive norms for different types of smokers, and deepen the understanding of the role of decisional balance of smoking on the relationship between the different types of social norms and willingness to quit, respectively, among low‐rate and regular smokers.
The relative lethal toxicity of pharmaceutical and illicit substances: A 16‐year study of the Greater Newcastle Hunter Area, Australia
Authors: Brett Jonathan , Wylie Claire E. , Raubenheimer Jacques , Isbister Geoff K. , Buckley Nick A.
Published: June 2019

Aims

We aim to calculate 2 metrics of relative lethal toxicity; the fatal toxicity index (FTI; number of deaths per year of a daily dose) and the case fatality (CF; number of deaths per overdose) with a focus on opioids, antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and illicit drugs.

Methods

This descriptive cohort study used the Australian National Coronial Information System (NCIS) to identify a population of individuals with drug‐associated deaths in the Greater Newcastle Hunter Area between January 2002 and December 2016. This was combined with Australian medicine dispensing data and corresponding data from the Hunter Area Toxicology Service to calculate FTI and CF.

Results

There were 444 drug‐related deaths and 21,296 overdoses during the study period. FTI and CF were well correlated (Spearman's rho 0.64, P < .001). Of the classes of interest, opioids had the highest FTI (40.3 95% confidence interval [CI] 35.2–45.4 deaths per 100 years of use at the defined daily dose or deaths/DDD/100 years) and CF (12.4% 95%CI 11.0–13.9). Fentanyl, methadone and morphine had the highest relative fatal toxicity within this class. Tricyclic antidepressants had the highest relative fatal toxicity of all antidepressants (FTI 14.5 95%CI 9.7–19.3 deaths/DDD/100 years and CF 7.1% [95%CI 4.8–9.3]) and benzodiazepines appeared to be more associated with multiple agent deaths than single. Of the illicit drugs, heroin had the highest CF (26.4%, 95%CI 19.1–33.7).

Conclusion

Knowledge of relative lethal toxicity is useful to prescribers and medicines and public health policy makers in restricting access to more toxic drugs and may also assist coroners in determining cause of death.
Cyclin D1 expression and novel mutational findings in Rosai‐Dorfman disease
Authors: Baraban Ezra , Sadigh Sam , Rosenbaum Jason , Van Arnam John , Bogusz Agata M. , Mehr Chelsea , Bagg Adam
Published: June 2019

Rosai‐Dorfman disease (RDD) is an enigmatic histiocytic disorder classically diagnosed by a distinctive combination of pathological features: emperipolesis, or migration of intact haematological cells through the voluminous cytoplasm of lesional histiocytes, and expression of S100 by these histiocytes. The pathogenesis has long been elusive until the recent detection of recurrent and mutually exclusive mutations in several oncogenes in the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Based on these findings, we investigated a cohort of 21 RDD patients and found that the lesional histiocytes in 86% (18/21) of patients exhibited strong and diffuse nuclear Cyclin D1 expression, which not only may provide a diagnostic marker for this sometimes pathologically challenging disease, but also probably reflects constitutive MAPK pathway activation because we additionally identified phosphorylated‐ERK expression in 90% (19/21) of cases. Further, we performed massively parallel sequencing on a subset (6/18) of the CyclinD1 positive cases, identifying several mutations that have not been previously reported in RDD. Taken together, our findings bolster the concept of RDD as a disease of MAPK activation in a substantial percentage of cases and enhance the current understanding of the pathogenesis of RDD.
No innovation for the elderly? The influence of cognitive distance in corporate innovation
Authors: Marwede Malte , Herstatt Cornelius
Published: June 2019

Knowledge of customer needs are crucial for successful corporate innovations. Demographic ageing leads to a higher share of older adults (65+ generation). Consumer‐facing companies are urged to target this special or distant target group, which is mostly underrepresented in innovation teams. Various scientific domains have adopted the concept of psychological or cognitive distance, which is theoretically grounded in Construal Level Theory (CLT). Applied to an innovation context, CLT suggests that it is difficult to form detailed user representations of distant target groups and thus to acquire critical need knowledge. User involvement encompasses approaches designed to increase customer centricity and therefore helps with obtaining a better understanding of customer needs. This paper attempts to (i) explore experimentally the cognitive distance between individual developers and the target group and its role in successful ideation, and (ii) test how cognitive distance effects are moderated by the application of user‐involvement measures. The results show that cognitive distance, in particular social distance, has adverse effects; user‐involvement activities affect ideation quality positively when developers are socially close to the target group. Our findings reveal conditions for the applicability of CLT in innovation management. Implications for management practice include team composition and the application of user involvement when targeting distant target groups.
Procedural Tectonic Planets
Authors: Cortial Y. , Peytavie A. , Galin E. , Guérin E.
Published: June 2019

We present a procedural method for authoring synthetic tectonic planets. Instead of relying on computationally demanding physically‐based simulations, we capture the fundamental phenomena into a procedural method that faithfully reproduces large‐scale planetary features generated by the movement and collision of the tectonic plates. We approximate complex phenomena such as plate subduction or collisions to deform the lithosphere, including the continental and oceanic crusts. The user can control the movement of the plates, which dynamically evolve and generate a variety of landforms such as continents, oceanic ridges, large scale mountain ranges or island arcs. Finally, we amplify the large‐scale planet model with either procedurally‐defined or real‐world elevation data to synthesize coherent detailed reliefs. Our method allows the user to control the evolution of an entire planet interactively, and to trigger specific events such as catastrophic plate rifting.
Dual Sheet Meshing: An Interactive Approach to Robust Hexahedralization
Authors: Takayama Kenshi
Published: June 2019

The combinatorial dual of a hex mesh induces a collection of mutually intersecting surfaces (dual sheets). Inspired by Campen et al.'s work on quad meshing [CBK12, CK14], we propose to directly generate such dual sheets so that, as long as the volume is properly partitioned by the dual sheets, we are guaranteed to arrive at a valid all‐hex mesh topology. Since automatically generating dual sheets seems much harder than the 2D counterpart, we chose to leave the task to the user; our system is equipped with a few simple 3D modeling tools for interactively designing dual sheets. Dual sheets are represented as implicit surfaces in our approach, greatly simplifying many of the computational steps such as finding intersections and analyzing topology. We also propose a simple algorithm for primalizing the dual graph where each dual cell, often enclosing singular edges, gets mapped onto a reference polyhedron via harmonic parameterization. Preservation of sharp features is simply achieved by modifying the boundary conditions. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach through various modeling examples.
A Geometrically Consistent Viscous Fluid Solver with Two‐Way Fluid‐Solid Coupling
Authors: Takahashi Tetsuya , Lin Ming C.
Published: June 2019

We present a grid‐based fluid solver for simulating viscous materials and their interactions with solid objects. Our method formulates the implicit viscosity integration as a minimization problem with consistently estimated volume fractions to account for the sub‐grid details of free surfaces and solid boundaries. To handle the interplay between fluids and solid objects with viscosity forces, we also formulate the two‐way fluid‐solid coupling as a unified minimization problem based on the variational principle, which naturally enforces the boundary conditions. Our formulation leads to a symmetric positive definite linear system with a sparse matrix regardless of the monolithically coupled solid objects. Additionally, we present a position‐correction method using density constraints to enforce the uniform distributions of fluid particles and thus prevent the loss of fluid volumes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in a wide range of viscous fluid scenarios.
StyleBlit: Fast Example‐Based Stylization with Local Guidance
Authors: Sýkora D. , Jamriška O. , Texler O. , Fišer J. , Lukáč M. , Lu J. , Shechtman E.
Published: June 2019

We present StyleBlit—an efficient example‐based style transfer algorithm that can deliver high‐quality stylized renderings in real‐time on a single‐core CPU. Our technique is especially suitable for style transfer applications that use local guidance ‐ descriptive guiding channels containing large spatial variations. Local guidance encourages transfer of content from the source exemplar to the target image in a semantically meaningful way. Typical local guidance includes, e.g., normal values, texture coordinates or a displacement field. Contrary to previous style transfer techniques, our approach does not involve any computationally expensive optimization. We demonstrate that when local guidance is used, optimization‐based techniques converge to solutions that can be well approximated by simple pixel‐level operations. Inspired by this observation, we designed an algorithm that produces results visually similar to, if not better than, the state‐of‐the‐art, and is several orders of magnitude faster. Our approach is suitable for scenarios with low computational budget such as games and mobile applications.