bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The political economy of financial inclusion: tailoring donor policy to fit
Authors: Johnson Susan , Williams Richard
Published: August 2016

Financial inclusion has recently become a globally acclaimed policy objective. This provokes the need to review policy in this sector, particularly in light of the tensions that arise between donor approaches founded on market modernism and governments with more activist leanings. This is done here in the context of efforts to move donor development policy beyond ‘best practice’ institutional blue‐prints to those which are ‘good enough’, which seek to understand underlying political economy dynamics in order to find space to engage with governments. In doing so, it is argued that there is scope for ‘working with the grain’ and harnessing the political economy of government policy in order to produce financial inclusion outcomes.
Neurologists cannot ignore global health issues. An initiative from young neurologists
Authors: Grisold W.
Published: August 2016

Click here to view the accompanying paper in this issue.
What tendon pathology is seen on imaging in people who have taken fluoroquinolones? A systematic review
Authors: Lang Tina R. , Cook Jill , Rio Ebonie , Gaida James E.
Published: August 2016

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are highly effective broad‐spectrum antibiotics. Clinical data reveal an increased incidence of tendon pain and rupture in those taking FQs, yet little is known about tendon structural changes. This review synthesises published data on tendon structural changes in people who have taken FQs. Eight databases were searched for potentially relevant articles (Medline, CINAHL, Biological Abstracts, AMED, Web of Knowledge, SCOPUS, SportDiscus and EMBASE) using MeSH and free‐text searches. Inclusion and exclusion criteria determined which articles were used for this review. Twenty‐six papers met the eligibility criteria. The Achilles tendon was most commonly affected, and ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were the most commonly implicated FQs. Mean time to onset of symptoms was 16 days following first FQ dose. Imaging modalities used included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), B‐mode ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT). Tendon measurements were rarely reported, and intratendinous imaging findings were not reported in a consistent manner. Few studies imaged tendons bilaterally, and only two studies were longitudinal in design. Future studies should report imaging measures such as thickness and cross‐sectional area and use consistent descriptions of intratendinous changes during and post‐FQ treatment.
Regulatory T cells and skeletal muscle regeneration
Authors: Schiaffino Stefano , Pereira Marcelo G. , Ciciliot Stefano , Rovere‐Querini Patrizia
Published: August 2016

Skeletal muscle regeneration results from the activation and differentiation of myogenic stem cells, called satellite cells, located beneath the basal lamina of the muscle fibers. Inflammatory and immune cells have a crucial role in the regeneration process. Acute muscle injury causes an immediate transient wave of neutrophils followed by a more persistent infiltration of M1 (proinflammatory) and M2 (anti‐inflammatory/proregenerative) macrophages. New studies show that injured muscle is also infiltrated by a specialized population of regulatory T (Treg) cells, which control both the inflammatory response, by promoting the M1‐to‐M2 switch, and the activation of satellite cells. Treg cells accumulate in injured muscle in response to specific cytokines, such as IL‐33, and promote muscle growth by releasing growth factors, such as amphiregulin. Muscle repair during aging is impaired due to reduced number of Treg cells and can be enhanced by IL‐33 supplementation. Migration of Treg cells could also contribute to explain the effect of heterochronic parabiosis, whereby muscle regeneration of aged mice can be improved by a parabiotically linked young partners. In mdx dystrophin‐deficient mice, a model of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy, muscle injury, and inflammation is mitigated by expansion of the Treg‐cell population but exacerbated by Treg‐cell depletion. These findings support the notion that immunological mechanisms are not only essential in the response to pathogenic microbes and tumor cells but also have a wider homeostatic role in tissue repair, and open new perspectives for boosting muscle growth in chronic muscle disease and during aging.
Climate change mitigation potential of local use of harvest residues for bioenergy in Canada
Authors: Smyth Carolyn , Kurz Werner A. , Rampley Greg , Lemprière Tony C. , Schwab Olaf
Published: August 2016

We estimate the mitigation potential of local use of bioenergy from harvest residues for the 2.3 × 106 km2 (232 Mha) of Canada's managed forests from 2017 to 2050 using three models: Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM‐CFS3), a harvested wood products (HWP) model that estimates bioenergy emissions, and a model of emission substitution benefits from the use of bioenergy. We compare the use of harvest residues for local heat and electricity production relative to a base case scenario and estimate the climate change mitigation potential at the forest management unit level. Results demonstrate large differences between and within provinces and territories across Canada. We identify regions with increasing benefits to the atmosphere for many decades into the future and regions where no net benefit would occur over the 33‐year study horizon. The cumulative mitigation potential for regions with positive mitigation was predicted to be 429 Tg CO2e in 2050, with 7.1 TgC yr −1 of harvest residues producing bioenergy that met 3.1% of the heat demand and 2.9% of the electricity demand for 32.1 million people living within these regions. Our results show that regions with positive mitigation produced bioenergy, mainly from combined heat and power facilities, with emissions intensities that ranged from roughly 90 to 500 kg CO2e MWh−1. Roughly 40% of the total captured harvest residue was associated with regions that were predicted to have a negative cumulative mitigation potential in 2050 of −152 Tg CO2e. We conclude that the capture of harvest residues to produce local bioenergy can reduce GHG emissions in populated regions where bioenergy, mainly from combined heat and power facilities, offsets fossil fuel sources (fuel oil, coal and petcoke, and natural gas).
Spatial Clusters in EU Productivity Growth
Authors: Postiglione Paolo , Andreano Maria Simona , Benedetti Roberto
Published: August 2016

In the last year, a central issue in regional economic growth debate has been represented by the empirical analysis of Verdoorn's law related to the long‐term dynamic relationship between the rate of growth in output and the productivity growth due to increasing returns. Several papers have tested Verdoorn's law on European countries as well as many other world economies. Recently, attempts have been made to provide foundations for a spatial version of the original law specification. The main contributions were dedicated to the inclusion of spatial dependence in the economic model. Surprisingly, in the literature on Verdoom's law the analysis of the spatial heterogeneity is not often considered. The aim of this paper is the regional analysis of the spatial dependence and heterogeneity in Verdoorn's law, identifying spatial regimes that can be interpreted as clusters of productivity growth in European regions at NUTS 2 level. To pursue this objective, an optimization algorithm for the identification of groups is used. This constitutes a modified version of Simulated Annealing.
Low‐factor consumption for major surgery in haemophilia B with long‐acting recombinant glycoPEGylated factor IX
Authors: Escobar M. A. , Tehranchi R. , Karim F. A. , Caliskan U. , Chowdary P. , Colberg T. , Giangrande P. , Giermasz A. , Mancuso M. E. , Serban M. , Tsay W. , Mahlangu J. N.
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Surgery in patients with haemophilia B carries a high risk of excessive bleeding and requires adequate haemostatic control until wound healing. Nonacog beta pegol, a long‐acting recombinant glycoPEGylated factor IX (FIX), was used in the perioperative management of patients undergoing major surgery.

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of nonacog beta pegol in patients with haemophilia B who undergo major surgery.

Methods

This was an open‐label, multicentre, non‐controlled surgery trial aimed at assessing peri‐ and postoperative efficacy and safety of nonacog beta pegol in 13 previously treated patients with haemophilia B. All patients received a preoperative nonacog beta pegol bolus injection of 80 IU kg−1. Postoperatively, the patients received fixed nonacog beta pegol doses of 40 IU kg−1, repeated at the investigator's discretion. Safety assessments included monitoring of immunogenicity and adverse events.

Results

Intraoperative haemostatic effect was rated ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ in all 13 cases. Apart from the preoperative injection, none of the patients needed additional doses of nonacog beta pegol on the day of surgery. The median number of postoperative doses of nonacog beta pegol was 2.0 from days 1 to 6 and 1.5 from days 7 to 13. No unexpected intra‐ or postoperative complications were observed including deaths or thromboembolic events. No patients developed inhibitors.

Conclusions

These results indicated that nonacog beta pegol was safe and effective in the perioperative setting, allowing major surgical interventions in patients with haemophilia B with minimal peri‐ and postoperative concentrate consumption and infrequent injections as reported with standard FIX products.
Efficacy of tranexamic acid for the prevention of bleeding in patients with von Willebrand disease and Glanzmann thrombasthenia: a controlled, before and after trial
Authors: Eghbali A. , Melikof L. , Taherahmadi H. , Bagheri B.
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Reducing bleeding episodes is very important in haematology disorders like von Willebrand disease (VWD) and Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT). Replacement factors are very expensive although prophylactic drugs are affordable.

Objective

To study the prophylactic effects of tranexamic acid (TXA) for reduction of bleeding episodes in patients with VWD and GT in non‐invasive conditions.

Methods

A controlled, double‐blind before and after single‐centre trial was performed in Amir‐Kabir Hospital (Arak, Iran). The study was done on 17 patients with VWD and three patients with GT with minimum age of 2 years. Patients were received placebo for 6 months to evaluate the frequency and severity of bleeding and also to record the frequency of use of factor concentrates and platelet transfusion. After that, patients were given oral single dose of TXA 25 mg kg−1 day−1 for 6 months. The mentioned outcomes were studied and compared between two phases of study. Safety assessment was done in all patients.

Results

Tranexamic acid caused a significant reduction in number of Grade 1 and Grade 2 bleeding episodes in VWD patients (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01 respectively). In addition, TXA therapy was associated with significant decrease in the use of factor concentrates (P < 0.05). Number of bleeding episodes decreased in GT patients who used TXA; however, difference between two phases of studies was not significant (P = 0.1). TXA had no effect in the frequency of platelet transfusions in GT patients. TXA therapy was associated with headache, back pain and musculoskeletal pain. No case of allergy or thromboembolic events was seen following treatment.

Conclusions

The results suggest that TXA is safe and effective to reduce bleeding and use of factor concentrates in VWD patients. In addition, TXA therapy can decrease bleeding in GT patients.
Sailors and the Early Modern British Empire: Labor, Nation, and Identity at Sea
Authors: Hubbard Eleanor
Published: August 2016

Both an essential national resource and members of a transnational group of skilled laboring men, sailors played an important but troublesome role in early modern Britain's rise to global commercial and military power. Historians have studied how the state and merchant employers sought to mobilize and control their labor, how sailors responded, and how “Britishness” was defined at sea. Three intertwined strands of analysis – labor history, sailors and the state, and the interaction between racial, gendered, religious, and professional identities at sea – dominate the historiography, with the 18th‐century Atlantic receiving the bulk of scholarly attention. This article surveys the field and suggests that a wider geographical and chronological scope is needed to recapture sailors' bottom‐up perspective on early modern British capitalism and empire.
Awareness and use of nonoccupational post‐exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada
Authors: Lin SY , Lachowsky NJ , Hull M , Rich A , Cui Z , Sereda P , Jollimore J , Stephenson K , Thumath M , Montaner JSG , Roth EA , Hogg RS , Moore DM
Published: August 2016

Objectives

Nonoccupational post‐exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) is a strategy to reduce the risk of HIV infection in those with high‐risk exposure. This study characterized nPEP awareness among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada after a pilot nPEP programme established in 2012.

Methods

Momentum Health Study participants were MSM aged ≥16 years recruited via respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) who completed a computer‐assisted self‐interview. Stratifying patients by HIV status, we used multivariable logistic regression with backward selection to identify factors associated with nPEP awareness. All analyses were RDS‐adjusted.

Results

A total of 51.9% (112 of 173) of HIV‐positive and 48.5% (272 of 500) of HIV‐negative participants had heard of nPEP. Only 3% (five of 106) of HIV‐negative participants who reported recent high‐risk sex used nPEP. Generally, nPEP awareness was higher for participants who engaged in sexual activities with increased HIV transmission potential. Factors associated with greater awareness among HIV‐negative participants included recent alcohol use, higher communal sexual altruism, previous sexually transmitted infection diagnosis, and greater perceived condom use self‐efficacy. Other factors associated with greater awareness among HIV‐negative participants included white race/ethnicity, gay sexual identity, more formal education, lower personal sexual altruism, and Vancouver residence. Greater nPEP awareness among HIV‐positive participants was associated with greater perceived agency to ask sexual partners’ HIV status and more frequently reporting doing so, a higher number of lifetime receptive sex partners, and greater access to condoms.

Conclusions

Following implementation of an nPEP pilot programme, nPEP awareness among HIV‐negative MSM was 51% and use was 3%. These data support the need to expand access to and actively promote nPEP services.
Schoolmaster's Empire: Race, Conquest, and the Centralization of Common Schooling in California, 1848–1879
Authors: Kelly Matthew Gardner
Published: August 2016

This article explores how education reformers in California pioneered forms of centralized educational governance between 1850 and 1879. Challenging previous scholarship that has attributed the success of this early educational state to reformer John Swett and New England migrants, this article situates the creation of common schools in California within the larger context of American state-building in the nineteenth-century West. While increased state authority over education was a goal for reformers across the nation, this article contends that California's early innovations in centralization reflected a regionally specific response to the dilemmas of governing a recently acquired territory distant from eastern centers of power. The precarious nature of elite attempts to convert California into an American place, reflected in perceived lawlessness, weak governmental authority, and racial anxiety, inspired forms of educational organization commonly associated with Progressive Era responses to industrialization, urbanization, and immigration. The desire to promote nineteenth-century American racial and governmental order in California, this article concludes, powerfully shaped the growth of public education in the state, influencing the organization of schooling in ways that suggest the importance of looking beyond the Northeast to understand the development of public education in the United States.
Statistical Fingerprints of Electoral Fraud?
Authors: Kobak Dmitry , Shpilkin Sergey , Pshenichnikov Maxim S.
Published: August 2016

Protests greeted the results of Russia's federal election in 2011, with accusations of vote-rigging and fraud. With the country heading to the polls again this September, Dmitry Kobak, Sergey Shpilkin and Maxim S. Pshenichnikov shine a light on several anomalies in the election data set
Cold Case: The Death of Common Guillemots in the Barents Sea
Authors: Mesquita Michel d. S. , Erikstad Kjell Einar
Published: August 2016

When guillemot populations collapsed in the Barents Sea in the winter of 1986–7, a lack of food was blamed. But did climate play a role in this collapse? Michel d. S. Mesquita and Kjell Einar Erikstad went looking for an answer
Successive arrivals since the Miocene shaped the diversity of the Caribbean Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Cervantes Angélica , Fuentes Susy , Gutiérrez Jorge , Magallón Susana , Borsch Thomas
Published: August 2016

Aim

Using the Acalyphoideae, we explore the origin and diversification of the Caribbean flora. This lineage of flowering plants constitutes an important component of the flora of the Caribbean islands with many endemics. Furthermore, because it is also diverse in adjacent Mexico, Mesoamerica and South America, it allows a representative analysis of possible migration routes into the Caribbean.

Location

Neotropics, Cuba, Hispaniola and the Caribbean region, Mexico and Mesoamerica.

Methods

We generated a well‐resolved and dated phylogenetic hypothesis based on a dense sampling, in particular of the New World taxa but also representing all remaining Acalyphoideae, and combined datasets of chloroplast spacers and introns. Bayesian divergence‐time estimation was applied to determine node ages. Ancestral states of distributional areas were reconstructed in a Bayesian framework to determine the geographical origin of the Caribbean ancestors.

Results

A Neotropical clade started to diversify 59.29 [50.41–68.44 95% highest posterior density (HPD)] Ma within the Acalyphoideae. The Caribbean islands then were reached several times independently from the Miocene onwards. The exclusively Caribbean Leucocroton–Lasiocroton–Garciadelia [9.1 (6.3–12.3 95% HPD) Ma] and Acidoton–Platygyna [9.3 (5.2–15.4 95% HPD) Ma] clades exhibit one of the most successful plant radiations in the region, and Caribbean subclades of Acalypha and Bernardia just date back to the Pliocene and Pleistocene, respectively.

Main conclusions

Our data show that Mexico and Mesoamerica have played a key role as a source for today's Caribbean Acalyphoideae. Their ancestors arrived from the mainland to the Caribbean islands during the Miocene when Caribbean land masses were completely separated and then diversified in situ. We postulate long‐distance dispersal to have played a major role for colonizing the Caribbean.
A rethink of fusion surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis
Authors: Wu Ai‐Min , Tong Tie‐Jun , Wang Xiang‐Yang
Published: August 2016

Lumbar spinal stenosis is one of the most common spinal disorders in elderly patients, how to choose decompression alone or decompression plus fusion is still controversial. It was reported that the rate of decompression alone for lumbar stenosis was decreased, whereas the rate of decompression plus fusion was increased recently. Two recent multicenter RCTs papers published in the same issue of N Engl J Med compare the outcomes of decompression alone or decompression plus fusion for lumbar spinal stenosis currently. We combined the results from these two studies using the Stata software, we found that the decompression plus fusion had a significantly more blood loss and longer operative time. And no significant difference was found in the parameters of length of hospital stay, SF‐36 Physical Component Summary, Oswestry Disability Index, Visual analogue scales of back pain and leg pain between decompression alone group and decompression plus fusion group. Therefore, based on the current evidence, we advocate a rethink on the decompression plus fusion trend chosen by surgeons, the indications of fusion should be restricted to the lumbar stenosis patients accompanied with spinal instability or deformity.
Incidence of Guillain‐Barré syndrome in Chile: a population‐based study
Authors: Rivera‐Lillo Gonzalo , Torres‐Castro Rodrigo , Burgos Pablo I. , Varas‐Díaz Gonzalo , Vera‐Uribe Roberto , Puppo Homero , Hernández Mauricio
Published: August 2016

The Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) incidence rate (IR) varies between 0.16 and 3.00 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Little data exist on the epidemiology of GBS in Latin American countries. Our objective was to describe GBS epidemiology based on a national database in a Latin American country and to contribute to the global map of GBS epidemiology. This was a retrospective study that included all reported GBS cases in Chile between 2001 and 2012. Gender, age, seasonal occurrence, and geographical distribution were analyzed. A total of 4,158 GBS cases were identified from 19,513,655 registries. The mean age was 37 ± 24 years, and 59% of patients were male (male to female ratio of 1.5 : 1). Gender IR was 2.53/100,000 for males and 1.68/100,000 for females. The overall standardized IR was 2.1/100,000, although this varied between 1.61/100,000 (2001) and 2.35/100,000 (2010). The seasonal distribution was as follows: autumn 22%; winter 25%; spring 27%; and summer 26%. The geographical IR were as follows: far North 1.49/100,000; North 1.94/100,000; Central 1.97/100,000; South 3.18/100,000; and far South 2.78/100,000. The reported IR of GBS in Chile was similar to other studies based on national databases. In Chile, IR was greater in men and in the south.
Innervation of taste buds revealed with Brainbow‐labeling in mouse
Authors: Zaidi Faisal N. , Cicchini Vanessa , Kaufman Daniel , Ko Elizabeth , Ko Abraham , Van Tassel Heather , Whitehead Mark C.
Published: August 2016

Nerve fibers that surround and innervate the taste bud were visualized with inherent fluorescence using Brainbow transgenic mice that were generated by mating the founder line L with nestin‐cre mice. Multicolor fluorescence revealed perigemmal fibers as branched within the non‐taste epithelium and ending in clusters of multiple rounded swellings surrounding the taste pore. Brainbow‐labeling also revealed the morphology and branching pattern of single intragemmal fibers. These taste bud fibers frequently innervated both the peripheral bud, where immature gemmal cells are located, and the central bud, where mature, differentiated cells are located. The fibers typically bore preterminal and terminal swellings, growth cones with filopodia, swellings, and rounded retraction bulbs. These results establish an anatomical substrate for taste nerve fibers to contact and remodel among receptor cells at all stages of their differentiation, an interpretation that was supported by staining with GAP‐43, a marker for growing fibers and growth cones.
Student nurses’ knowledge and attitudes towards domestic violence: results of survey highlight need for continued attention to undergraduate curriculum
Authors: Doran Frances , Hutchinson Marie
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectives

To gain a comprehensive understanding of undergraduate nursing student attitudes and views towards domestic violence, and employ the findings to inform undergraduate curriculum development.

Background

Nurses have an important role in identifying people who are victims of domestic violence through screening and facilitating their access to assistance and support. Undergraduate nursing education is key to shaping attitudes and facilitating the development of a comprehensive understanding of domestic violence. Little research has been undertaken exploring nursing students’ attitudes towards domestic violence.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey of undergraduate nursing students enrolled in a three‐year Bachelor of Nursing programme across three campuses of a regional university in NSW, Australia. Students completed a pen and paper survey during class time and descriptive and comparative analysis was undertaken.

Results

The majority of respondents were female, first year students females aged 17–26 years. Many students understood the nature and consequences of domestic violence, yet others across the course of the programme demonstrate attitudes that reflect a lack of understanding and misconceptions of domestic violence. Stereotypical and gendered attitudes that normalise violence within intimate partner relationships and sustain victim‐blaming attitudes were evident across the cohort.

Conclusions

It is important for nurses to understand the relationship between exposure to violence and women's ill health, and be able to respond appropriately. Undergraduate programmes need to highlight the important role of nurses around domestic violence and address stereotypical conceptions about domestic violence.

Relevance to clinical practice

Continued effort is required to address domestic violence in undergraduate nursing education so that nursing graduates understand the association between violence exposure and poor health and are able to assess exposure and respond appropriately in the clinical environment.
School children preferences for fish formulations: The impact of child and parental food neophobia
Authors: Laureati M. , Cattaneo C. , Bergamaschi V. , Proserpio C. , Pagliarini E.
Published: August 2016

Child food preferences influence food choice and consumption. Thus, understanding the factors leading to the development of food likes and dislikes is important for enhancing nutritional healthy diets. This study was aimed to investigate children's acceptance of, and preferences for, three different trout formulations served at school lunch. Liking and preference were studied in relation to age, gender, and neophobic traits. Parental food neophobia, fish‐eating habits, and frequency of seafood consumption in family life conditions were also investigated. The results indicated that children's liking was strongly dependent on cooking methods, and the proper choice of recipes is likely able to minimize children neophobic attitudes. Parental food neophobia was related to child neophobic behavior and to how fish is prepared at home, with neophilic parents more prone to cook fish in healthy ways.

Practical application

Children fish liking is strongly dependent on product preparation and cooking methods, and the proper choice of recipes could minimize neophobic attitudes. Nutritionists, dieticians, and product developers should consider the sensory aspects to promote more sustainable and appealing refectory meals to increase acceptability and consumption at school and at home.
Drivers and Consequences of Narrative Transportation: Understanding the Role of Stories and Domain‐Specific Skills in Improving Radically New Products
Authors: Schweitzer Fiona , Van den Hende Ellis A.
Published: August 2016

This article investigates the role of transportation in concept tests (i.e., a vivid mental image of a new product concept and the way of using it) for radically new products. Based on transportation literature, the article proposes that concept descriptions in a story format can stimulate transportation. Further, the article builds on the literature on domain‐specific skills to propose that technological reflectiveness (i.e., the ability to think about the impact of a technological product on its users and society in general) and product expertise increase transportation. The article explores the effect that transportation has on the ability of consumers to enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of a radically new product and on their ability to provide valuable concept improvement ideas (i.e., ideas that are highly novel, feasible, and beneficial for consumers). A quasi‐experiment with 253 participants demonstrates that a story format, product experience with related product categories, and technological reflectiveness increased transportation with regard to radically new products. The empirical research also showed that transportation facilitates the enumeration of the advantages and the disadvantages of a concept, resulting in more valuable concept improvement ideas. These findings suggest that innovation managers should strive to evoke transportation in concept tests for radically new products, as transportation allows consumers to provide more valuable input.
The present and future of withdrawal period calculations for milk in the European Union: dealing with data below the limit of quantification
Authors: Henri J. , Jacques A.‐M. , Sanders P. , Chevance A. , Laurentie M.
Published: August 2016

The assessment of withdrawal periods for milk is affected by the occurrence of data below the lower analytical quantification limit (BLQ data) and the resulting uncertainty. The current regulatory approach for dealing with BLQ residues is simple and easy: BLQ data (and missing data) are arbitrarily reassigned a value of one‐half the LOQ before any calculation on the data with one of the three currently applicable methods. Here, we reconsider the determination of the withdrawal period of milk with data below the limit of quantification. Theoretical background on analytical limits and pharmacometric considerations will be established. Then, we analyze the uncertainty problems caused by the current approach and propose a calculation solution (maximum‐likelihood estimation handling left‐censored data) included in nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling. Finally, we illustrate this issue using a case example.
The effects of dose and diet on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in the horse
Authors: Sykes B. W. , Underwood C. , McGowan C. M. , Mills P. C.
Published: August 2016

This study aimed to investigate the effect of diet and dose on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in the horse. Six horses received two doses (1 and 4 mg/kg) of omeprazole orally once daily for 5 days. Each dose was evaluated during feeding either a high‐grain/low‐fibre (HG/LF) diet or anad libitumhay (HAY) diet in a four‐way crossover design. Plasma samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis on days 1 and 5. Plasma omeprazole concentrations were determined by ultra‐high pressure liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. In horses being fed theHG/LFdiet, on day 1, the area under the curve (AUC) and maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) were higher on the 4 mg/kg dose than on the 1 mg/kg dose. TheAUCwas higher on day 5 compared to day 1 with the 4 mg/kg dose on theHG/LFdiet. On days 1 and 5, theAUCandCmaxwere higher in horses being fed theHG/LFdiet and receiving the 4 mg/kg dose than in horses being fed theHAYdiet and receiving the 1 mg/kg dose. These findings suggest that both dose and diet may affect pharmacokinetic variables of omeprazole in the horse.
Dyadic Representation in a Westminster System
Authors: Hanretty Chris , Lauderdale Benjamin E. , Vivyan Nick
Published: August 2016

Is policy representation in contemporary Westminster systems solely a function of programmatic national parties, or does the election of legislators via single‐member districts result in MPs whose policy positions are individually responsive to public opinion in their constituencies? We generate new measures of constituency opinion in Britain and show that, in three different policy domains and controlling for MP party, the observed legislative behavior of MPs is indeed responsive to constituency opinion. The level of responsiveness is moderate, but our results do suggest a constituency‐MP policy bond that operates in addition to the well‐known bond between voters and parties.
An analysis of Apollo lunar soil samples 12070,889, 12030,187, and 12070,891: Basaltic diversity at the Apollo 12 landing site and implications for classification of small‐sized lunar samples
Authors: Alexander Louise , Snape Joshua F. , Joy Katherine H. , Downes Hilary , Crawford Ian A.
Published: August 2016

Lunar mare basalts provide insights into the compositional diversity of the Moon's interior. Basalt fragments from the lunar regolith can potentially sample lava flows from regions of the Moon not previously visited, thus, increasing our understanding of lunar geological evolution. As part of a study of basaltic diversity at the Apollo 12 landing site, detailed petrological and geochemical data are provided here for 13 basaltic chips. In addition to bulk chemistry, we have analyzed the major, minor, and trace element chemistry of mineral phases which highlight differences between basalt groups. Where samples contain olivine, the equilibrium parent melt magnesium number (Mg#; atomic Mg/[Mg + Fe]) can be calculated to estimate parent melt composition. Ilmenite and plagioclase chemistry can also determine differences between basalt groups. We conclude that samples of approximately 1–2 mm in size can be categorized provided that appropriate mineral phases (olivine, plagioclase, and ilmenite) are present. Where samples are fine‐grained (grain size <0.3 mm), a “paired samples t‐test” can provide a statistical comparison between a particular sample and known lunar basalts. Of the fragments analyzed here, three are found to belong to each of the previously identified olivine and ilmenite basalt suites, four to the pigeonite basalt suite, one is an olivine cumulate, and two could not be categorized because of their coarse grain sizes and lack of appropriate mineral phases. Our approach introduces methods that can be used to investigate small sample sizes (i.e., fines) from future sample return missions to investigate lava flow diversity and petrological significance.
Lactic acid bacteria differentially regulate filamentation in two heritable cell types of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans
Authors: Liang Weihong , Guan Guobo , Dai Yu , Cao Chengjun , Tao Li , Du Han , Nobile Clarissa J. , Zhong Jin , Huang Guanghua
Published: August 2016

Microorganisms rarely exist as single species in natural environments. The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are common members of the microbiota of several human niches such as the mouth, gut and vagina. Lactic acid bacteria are known to suppress filamentation, a key virulence feature of C. albicans, through the production of lactic acid and other metabolites. Here we report that C. albicans cells switch between two heritable cell types, white and opaque, to undergo filamentation to adapt to diversified environments. We show that acidic pH conditions caused by LAB and low temperatures support opaque cell filamentation, while neutral pH conditions and high temperatures promote white cell filamentation. The cAMP signalling pathway and the Rfg1 transcription factor play major roles in regulating the responses to these conditions. This cell type‐specific response of C. albicans to different environmental conditions reflects its elaborate regulatory control of phenotypic plasticity.
Ventriculoatrial Intervals ≤70 ms in Orthodromic Atrioventricular Reciprocating Tachycardia
Authors: NAGASHIMA KOICHI , WATANABE ICHIRO , OKUMURA YASUO , KANEKO YOSHIAKI , SONODA KAZUMASA , KOGAWA RIKITAKE , SASAKI NAOKO , ISO KAZUKI , TAKAHASHI KEIKO , KUROKAWA SAYAKA , NAKAI TOSHIKO , OHKUBO KIMIE , HIRAYAMA ATSUSHI
Published: August 2016

Background

Although a ventriculoatrial interval (VAI) of ≤70 ms is used to distinguish atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia from orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT), a VAI of ≤70 ms is sometimes observed in cases of AVRT. The study aimed to evaluate the short VAI that is seen in AVRT and to understand its underlying mechanism.

Methods

Electrophysiologic studies of 46 consecutive patients with AVRT involving an accessory pathway (AP) were examined retrospectively.

Results

AP was right sided in seven patients and left sided in 39. A VAI (interval from QRS onset to the earliest intracardiac atrial electrogram recorded by any mapping catheter during AVRT) ≤70 ms during AVRT (short VAI) was observed in eight patients: six with a left lateral AP and two with a left posteroseptal AP. During AVRT involving a left‐sided AP, the QRS‐V interval (from the earliest QRS onset to the local ventricular electrogram at a site which showed earliest atrial electrogram recorded from the coronary sinus catheter) was significantly shorter (37 ± 7 ms vs 54 ± 13 ms, P = 0.001) and supernormal conduction (QRS duration or the QRS‐V interval shortening by ≥10 ms during AVRT) was more frequently seen (63% vs 6%, P = 0.02) in the short VAI group than in the normal VAI group. Furthermore, these parameters were shown to be determinants for short VAI.

Conclusions

A short VAI is sometimes observed during AVRT involving a left‐sided AP. The short VAI may be caused by rapid propagation or supernormal conduction between the proximal Purkinje‐muscle junction and basal left ventricular myocardium.
Dropped on the way to the top: Gender and managerial derailment
Authors: Bono Joyce E. , Braddy Phillip W. , Liu Yihao , Gilbert Elisabeth K. , Fleenor John W. , Quast Louis N. , Center Bruce A.
Published: August 2016

We attempt to make sense of ongoing gender disparities in the upper ranks of organizations by examining gender bias in leaders’ assessments of managers’ derailment potential. In a large managerial sample (Study 1: N ∼ 12,500), we found that ineffective interpersonal behaviors were slightly less frequent among female managers but slightly more damaging to women than men when present. Evidence of bias was not found in performance evaluations but emerged when leaders were asked about derailment potential in the future. We replicated this pattern of effects in a second large managerial sample (Study 2: N ∼ 35,500) and in two experimental studies (Studies 3 and 4) in which gender and interpersonal behaviors were manipulated. In Study 4, we also showed that when supervisors believe that a manager might derail in the future, they tend to withdraw mentoring support and sponsorship, which are especially critical for women's career advancement. Our research highlights the importance of leaders’ perceptions of derailment potential—which differ from evaluations of performance or promotability—both because they appear to be subject to stereotype‐based gender bias and because they have important implications for the mentoring and sponsorship that male and female managers receive.
Survival outcomes scores (SOFT,BAR, and Pedi‐SOFT) are accurate in predicting post‐liver transplant survival in adolescents
Authors: Conjeevaram Selvakumar Praveen Kumar , Maksimak Brian , Hanouneh Ibrahim , Youssef Dalia H. , Lopez Rocio , Alkhouri Naim
Published: August 2016

SOFTandBARscores utilize recipient, donor, and graft factors to predict the 3‐month survival afterLTin adults (≥18 years). Recently, Pedi‐SOFTscore was developed to predict 3‐month survival afterLTin young children (≤12 years). These scoring systems have not been studied in adolescent patients (13–17 years). We evaluated the accuracy of these scoring systems in predicting the 3‐month post‐LTsurvival in adolescents through a retrospective analysis of data fromUNOSof patients aged 13–17 years who receivedLTbetween 03/01/2002 and 12/31/2012. Recipients of combined organ transplants, donation after cardiac death, or living donor graft were excluded. A total of 711 adolescentLTrecipients were included with a mean age of 15.2±1.4 years. A total of 100 patients died post‐LTincluding 33 within 3 months.SOFT,BAR, and Pedi‐SOFTscores were all found to be good predictors of 3‐month post‐transplant survival outcome with areas under the ROC curve of 0.81, 0.80, and 0.81, respectively. All three scores provided good accuracy for predicting 3‐month survival post‐LTin adolescents and may help clinical decision making to optimize survival rate and organ utilization.
‘The law is not for the poor’: Land, law and eviction in Luanda
Authors: Waldorff Pétur
Published: August 2016

This article investigates how an existing two‐tiered land tenure system creates a hybrid space that blurs, and essentially questions and problematizes the boundaries of the formal/informal divide as presented within Angolan political and legal discourses. It showcases how urban formality and informality exist alongside each other in Luanda and how people take recourse to both formal and informal channels in attempts to secure housing, land tenure and livelihoods in the city. Through case studies, the article describes how small‐scale farmers in Luanda's northern municipality of Cacuaco lost their lands to urban development in 2009–10 and the ensuing circumstances in which formal rights and informal land tenure became intermeshed and ambiguous. As the case studies illustrate, a gap exists between the legal code and practice on the ground. This gap is represented in how Angola's postconflict land strategy, with its forced evictions and demolitions of houses and neighbourhoods, often with little or no compensation, is at odds with the Angolan Land Law, which states that land may only be expropriated by the state or local authorities for specific public use and must be justly compensated.
Bacterial infections in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients: incidence, epidemiology, and spectrum of pathogens: report of the Polish Pediatric Group for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Zając‐Spychała O. , Wachowiak J. , Pieczonka A. , Siewiera K. , Frączkiewicz J. , Kałwak K. , Gorczyńska E. , Chybicka A. , Czyżewski K. , Jachna‐Sawicka K. , Wysocki M. , Klepacka J. , Goździk J. , Zaucha‐Prażmo A. , Kowalczyk J.R. , Styczyński J.
Published: August 2016

Background

Infectious complications are a significant cause of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) failure, especially allogeneic HSCT (allo‐HSCT) because of delayed immune reconstitution and graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) occurrence. Identifying the factors responsible for bacterial infections (BI) in patients undergoing HSCT will provide much more effective empirical antimicrobial treatment in this group of patients.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology and profile of BI in patients after HSCT in 5 centers of the Polish Pediatric Group for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in 2012–2013.

Patients and methods

In 308 HSCT recipients, we retrospectively analyzed 273 episodes of BI in 113 (36.7%) children aged 0.02–22 years (median age: 7 years), 92 after allo‐HSCT and 22 after autologous HSCT (auto‐HSCT). We assessed incidence of BI in different HSCT types by calculating the Index of Bacterial Infection (IBI) as a ratio of patients with at least 1 BI to all patients who underwent this type of HSCT in the analyzed period. We assessed the profile of BI with particular emphasis on multidrug‐resistant organisms, and impact of underlying disease and of graft‐versus‐host disease on BI episodes.

Results

In the studied group, 273 episodes of BI were diagnosed, including 237 episodes after allo‐HSCT and 36 after auto‐HSCT. Among allo‐HSCT recipients diagnosed with at least 1 BI, the IBI was 0.4 (matched sibling donor‐HSCT 0.3; matched donor‐HSCT 0.4; mismatched unrelated donor [MMUD]‐HSCT 0.8; P = 0.027) and after auto‐HSCT 0.3 per 1 transplanted patient. In patient after allo‐HSCT because of myelo‐ or lymphoproliferative diseases and bone marrow failures, the major cause of infections was Enterobacteriaceae, while gram‐positive bacteria predominated in the group with primary immunodeficiencies. In all patients after auto‐HSCT, the dominant pathogen of BI were Enterobacteriaceae (P = 0.011). Time from each type of HSCT to infection caused by different pathogens did not differ significantly.

Conclusions

The risk of BI does not depend on the underlying disease, but only on HSCT donor type and is the highest after MMUD‐HSCT procedure. The profile of BI depends on the underlying disease and HSCT donor type, but does not depend on the occurrence of acute GVHD. Gram‐negative bacteria predominated in patients with myelo‐ and lymphoproliferative diseases, while in patients with primary immunodeficiencies gram‐positive strains were predominant.
HIV prevention and care‐seeking behaviour among female sex workers in four cities in India, Kenya, Mozambique and South Africa
Authors: Lafort Yves , Greener Ross , Roy Anuradha , Greener Letitia , Ombidi Wilkister , Lessitala Faustino , Haghparast‐Bidgoli Hassan , Beksinska Mags , Gichangi Peter , Reza‐Paul Sushena , Smit Jenni A. , Chersich Matthew , Delva Wim
Published: August 2016

Objective

To identify gaps in the use of HIV prevention and care services and commodities for female sex workers, we conducted a baseline cross‐sectional survey in four cities, in the context of an implementation research project aiming to improve use of sexual and reproductive health services.

Methods

Using respondent‐driven sampling, 400 sex workers were recruited in Durban, 308 in Tete, 400 in Mombasa and 458 in Mysore and interviewed face‐to‐face. RDS‐adjusted proportions were estimated by nonparametric bootstrapping and compared across cities using post hoc pairwise comparison.

Results

Condom use with last client ranged from 88.3% to 96.8%, ever female condom use from 1.6% to 37.9%, HIV testing within the past 6 months from 40.5% to 70.9%, receiving HIV treatment and care from 35.5% to 92.7%, care seeking for last STI from 74.4% to 87.6% and having had at least 10 contacts with a peer educator in the past year from 5.7% to 98.1%. Many of the differences between cities remained statistically significant (P < 0.05) after adjusting for differences in FSWs' socio‐demographic characteristics.

Conclusion

The use of HIV prevention and care by FSWs is often insufficient and differed greatly between cities. Differences could not be explained by variations in socio‐demographic sex worker characteristics. Models to improve use of condoms and HIV prevention and care services should be tailored to the specific context of each site. Programmes at each site must focus on improving availability and uptake of those services that are currently least used.
Retrospective evaluation of the incidence and prognostic significance of spontaneous echocardiographic contrast in relation to cardiac disease and congestive heart failure in cats: 725 cases (2006–2011)
Authors: Peck Courtney M. , Nielsen Lindsey K. , Quinn Rebecca L. , Laste Nancy J. , Price Lori Lyn
Published: August 2016

Objective

To determine whether the presence of spontaneous echocardiographic contrast (SEC) in cats with cardiomyopathy is associated with increased mortality. To establish whether specific types of cardiomyopathy are more often associated with SEC in an attempt to provide a risk‐stratification scheme for cats with increased risk of thromboembolic events.

Design

Retrospective study 2006–2011.

Setting

Tertiary referral and teaching hospital.

Animals

Seven hundred twenty‐five client‐owned cats undergoing echocardiographic evaluation.

Measurements and Main Results

Patient characteristics, including age, breed, clinical signs, type of cardiovascular disease, presence of SEC, and survival time were recorded. Thyroxine, HCT, and blood pressure were recorded when available. Among cats diagnosed with cardiac abnormalities based on echocardiographic findings, those with SEC were at significantly increased risk of death as compared to those without SEC. Cats with dilated cardiomyopathy, unclassified cardiomyopathy, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were significantly more likely to have SEC compared to cats with other types of cardiac disease.

Conclusions

Cats with cardiomyopathy and SEC have an increased risk of death compared to cats without SEC, although other previously identified factors such as the presence of congestive heart failure and increased left atrium to aorta ratio remain important determinants of mortality. Cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, unclassified cardiomyopathy, and dilated cardiomyopathy may benefit from anticoagulant therapy due to the increased risk of SEC in these subpopulations.