bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunologic Study of Human Periodontosis (Juvenile Periodontitis),
Authors: Waldrop Thomas C. , Mackler Bruce F. , Schur Peter , Killoy William
Published: March 2012

This study was designed to define the relative distribution of lymphocytes (Lc) and plasma cells (Pc) and the nature of cell‐associated Immunoglobulins (Ig), IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, and IgG subclasses IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4, in gingiva from patients with periodontosis (juvenile periodontitis). The patient population consisted of nine persons, eight males and one female between the ages of 18 and 20. Gingival tissues were obtained from the interproximal area associated with either the maxillary or mandibular first molar and the adjacent premolar (autologous control). Histologic and immunofluorescent quantitation of Ig bearing Lc and Ig positive Pc was assessed using 10 consecutive serial sections (3–4 μm) from each specimen. Periodontosis lesions were associated with pockets ranging from 6.0 to 11.0 mm and exhibited a mean G.I. = 0.5 Plasma cells were the predominant inflammatory cell present. The quantity and distribution of inflammatory cells increased with clinical severity. Autologous gingival biopsies from areas with a G.I. = 1.0, and pocket depths equal to a mean = 2.6 mm, contained numerous Lc and Pc. Seventy‐six percent of the Pc in periodontosis lesions lacked demonstrable cytoplasmic heavy chain Ig determinants typical of such cells. The predominant Ig staining cells present were IgG followed by IgA and IgM. Autologous gingival biopsies contained predominantly Ig‐negative Lc and very few Ig‐positive Pc. Plasma cells in periodontosis lesions exhibited marked reactivity to kappa and lambda anti‐light chain antiserum. The absence of heavy chains in Pc in periodontosis lesions may be another manifestation of the overall pattern of cellular and humoral abnormalities in periodontosis patients.
Tetracycline: Levels Achievable in Gingival Crevice Fluid and in Vitro Effect on Subgingival Organisms: Part I. Concentrations in Crevicular Fluid After Repeated Doses
Authors: Gordon J. M. , Walker C. B. , Murphy J. C. , Goodson J. M. , Socransky S. S.
Published: March 2012

The concentration of tetracycline in gingival crevice fluid and blood was determined using a sensitive bioassay after oral administration of repeated doses of tetracycline. Crevicular fluid was sampled by an intracrevicular technique from four gingival sites in each individual and blood was obtained by finger puncture. Four volunteers received doses of 250 mg of tetracycline‐HCl either every 6 hours or every 12 hours and were sampled at hours 0 to 15, 21 to 36, 48 to 60 and 96 to 102. Volunteers given 250 mg every 6 hours had average crevicular fluid concentrations between 4 to 8 μg/ml and blood concentrations between 2 to 2.5 μg/ml after 48 hours. The levels in crevicular fluid and blood of volunteers who received 250 mg every 12 hours were 2 to 4 μg/ml and 0.3 to 1.4 μg/ml respectively after 48 hours. The results demonstrated that after repeated doses of tetracycline the crevicular fluid levels were typically 2 to 4 times the blood levels.
Tetracycline: Levels Achievable in Gingival Crevice Fluid and in Vitro Effect on Subgingival Organisms: Part II. Susceptibilities of Periodontal Bacteria
Authors: Walker C. B. , Gordon J. M. , McQuilkin S. J. , Niebloom T. A. , Socransky S. S.
Published: March 2012

The sensitivity to tetracycline of 345 bacterial isolates from periodontal lesions was determined. Most species of bacteria, including those thought to be involved in the initiation and progress of destructive periodontal disease, were inhibited in vitro by tetracycline concentrations of 4 to 8 μg/ml. This concentration is equivalent to crevicular fluid levels of tetracycline at dosages of 1 gm/day. These data indicate that tetracycline is inhibitory at levels achieved in crevicular fluid for bacteria currently implicated in destructive periodontal disease.
Depth of Periodontal Probe Penetration Related to Clinical and Histologic Signs of Gingival Inflammation
Authors: Caton J. , Greenstein G. , Polson A. M.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine if the depth of periodontal probe penetration into the gingival sulcus was related to bleeding after probing with a standardized force, visual signs of gingival inflammation, and histological parameters of gingival inflammation. Sixty midfacial gingival sites in 26 persons were evaluted for presence or absence of visible inflammation and bleeding after probing using a controlled insertion pressure of 25 gm. In order to delineate the area for histologic analysis, a reference incision was made on the facial surface of the gingiva which corresponded to the depth and mesio‐distal extent of the area probed and evaluated for visual signs of inflammation. Gingival biopsy specimens were histometrically analyzed to determine the depth of probe penetration and percentage of inflamed connective tissue. Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated that probe penetration was significantly greater in the presence of visible inflammation, but not with bleeding after probing. Furthermore, only a weak correlation existed between depth of probe penetration and percentage of inflamed connective tissue adjacent to the area probed.
The Inhibitory Effect of Chlorhexidine Digluconate on Dental Plaque Formation: A Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope Study
Authors: Yamaguchi H. , Hirasawa K. , Tanaka T. , Shioiri T. , Matsue I.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of chlorhexidine digluconate mouthrinses on the development of dental plaque in man. The dental plaques were formed on strips of triacetylcellulose film (TAC), which were attached to the lingual surfaces of the mandibular incisors by silk suture thread on 20 human volunteers. Differences in the degree of plaque formation on TAC films after 2, 4 and 24 hours were observed in placebo vs. chlorhexidine treated samples using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that (1) solutions containing chlorhexidine digluconate and lactic aluminum have an inhibitory effect of the development of dental plaque on the TAC film as evaluated by electron microscopy, (2) the TAC film was a convenient model for the study of early dental plaque formation by electron microscopy, (3) the three types of pellicle reported by Tryggve Lie (1977) were also observed, (4) the method enabled evaluation of the bacterial accumulation of TAC films. After 2 hours, there was no visible difference in the bacterial accumulations on placebo or chlorhexidine treated films. After 4 and 24 hours considerable differences were observed.
Salivary Composition, Phenytoin Ingestion and Gingival Overgrowth
Authors: Smith Q. T. , Hamilton M. J.
Published: March 2012

Unstimulated and stimulated whole and unstimulated and stimulated parotid saliva were collected from subjects in three groups: I, control; II, seizure subjects ingesting phenytoin and without gingival overgrowth; III, seizure subjects receiving phenytoin and with grades 1 and 2 gingival overgrowth. Unstimulated whole saliva was obtained from mentally retarded donors with grade 3 phenytoin associated gingival overgrowth. The samples were analyzed for protein, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin and aggregation capacity towards Streptococcus sanguis. Differences occurred in the salivary composition of patients ingesting phenytoin. No deficiencies of flow rate, protein or the specific proteins were found in subjects ingesting phenytoin. Instead, the only changes in these parameters were greater concentrations or secretion rates. Several differences occurred only in subjects with gingival overgrowth. These latter differences were prominent in unstimulated whole saliva. The data demonstrate changes in the oral cavity environment of patients ingesting phenytoin. These differences, however, do not have an obvious relationship to development of phenytoin associated gingival overgrowth. Some of the salivary changes occurred in patients undergoing therapy for seizures both with phenytoin and with other drugs. Increased amounts of unstimulated whole saliva components likely are due to excess tissue rather than a phenytoin effect on salivary gland secretions. In addition, most of the changes in salivary composition would not be expected to produce an environment that encourages plaque accumulation.
The Effect of Marrow on the Formation of “Functionally” Oriented Collagen Fibers
Authors: Morris Melvin L.
Published: March 2012

It has been shown that “functionally” oriented collagen fibers will attach to cementum when a healthy root fragment is implanted subcutaneously along with decalcified autogenous bone. The purpose of the present study was to test the effect of a strong bone grower (marrow) on this inductive system. Twenty‐six composite grafts of healthy root, decalcified autogenous bone and marrow were implanted in thirteen 200 gm, female, white, Sherman‐strain rats. Sixteen composite grafts without roots were similarly implanted, as controls, into eight animals. Postoperative periods ranged from 1 week to 8 months. With the exception of one section, the results showed that the addition of marrow prevented the formation of “functionally” oriented fibers. It is further evidence that strong bone formers do not produce a periodontium.
Kielbone in New Attachment Attempts in Humans
Authors: Nielsen I. M. , Ellegaard B. , Karring T.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate, in humans, the use of Kielbone as a substitute for fresh autogenous bone in treating periodontal intrabony defects. A total of 92 intrabony defects were treated with a previously described new attachment procedure utilizing free mucosal grafts to cover the intrabony defects following bone grafting. Kielbone was placed in 46 of these defects, while the remaining 46 defects were treated with autogenous bone grafts. The results were evaluated after 6 months by periodontal probing and assessment of the bone level as seen on periodical, identical radiographs. No differences were observed between the amount of clinical gain of attachment obtained in defects treated with Kielbone and those treated with autogenous jaw bone. This indicates that in surgical procedures attempting to restore lost connective tissue attachment, Kielbone constitutes a suitable replacement for fresh autogenous bone. The results are discussed in the light of recent studies that challenge the beneficial effect of bone grafts in the treatment of intrabony defects.
Regeneration and Repair After Biologic Treatment of Root Surfaces in Monkeys: I. Facial Surfaces Maxillary Incisors,,
Authors: Wirthlin M. R. , Hancock E. B. , Gaugler R. W.
Published: March 2012

The healing of a new attachment procedure was evaluated in monkeys. Standard pedicle wounds similar to reverse bevel flaps were made in previously created periodontal pockets. The diseased root surfaces were treated with sodium deoxycholate (2%) and human plasma fraction Cohn IV1 (5%), applied to experimental sites for 1 minute each. Control surfaces were similarly treated with phosphate buffered physiological saline. The healing from the first to the 21st day was described (1) clinically, (2) histologically, (3) by rupture strength, and (4) by collagen production assays. All control sites healed with a dentogingival junction comprised only of junctional epithelium. Most experimental sites healed by means of junctional epithelium and some connective tissue new attachment at the apical extent of the wounds.
Preliminary Observations on the Usefulness of a Decalcified, Freeze‐Dried Cancellous Bone Allograft Material in Periodontal Surgery
Authors: Pearson G. E. , Rosen S. , Deporter D. A.
Published: March 2012

A controlled pilot study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of a decalcified, freeze‐dried cancellous bone allograft material in the treatment of infrabony periodontal defects in humans. Significant gains in attachment were achieved with the allografting procedure but not with the control procedure which consisted of flap and curettage only.
The Relationship Between Success of Free Gingival Grafts and Transplant Thickness: Revascularization and Shrinkage—A One Year Clinical Study
Authors: Mörmann Werner , Schaer Florian , Firestone Allen R.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this clinical investigation was to determine what effect the thickness of a free gingival graft has on the processes of revascularization and shrinkage. With the aid of a Mucotome®, very thin, thin, and intermediate thickness grafts were excised from the palate. These were placed in the mandible or maxilla of patients with insufficient attached gingiva. Vertical graft shrinkage was measured at 15, 30, 90, and 360 days after surgery. Angiographic studies were made on 24 healing grafts. From the day of grafting to 360 days afterward the percentages of shrinkage were: very thin, 45%; thin, 44%; intermediate, 38%. The angiographic study demonstrated that rapid revascularization can be expected when uniform grafts of thin to intermediate thickness are placed on a periosteal recipient site which has been carefully freed of loose connective tissue and muscle attachments. An uneven, thick graft placed on a site of denuded bone favored a prolonged period of revascularization and delayed healing.
Effectiveness of Supragingival Plaque Control on the Development of Subgingival Plaque and Gingival Inflammation in Patients With Moderate Pocket Depth
Authors: Tabita Paul V. , Bissada Nabil F. , Maybury Joseph E.
Published: March 2012

Supragingival plaque control, subgingival plaque development and their effects on gingival health were evaluated in 12 patients having periodontal pockets of 4 to 6 mm depth. Gingival inflammation was assessed using the Löe and Silness index. A thorough scaling, root planing and polishing were then performed on three quadrants in each patient. Following initial treatment, each quadrant was assigned a modality for plaque control. One quadrant received a daily professional supragingival plaque removal; a second was maintained by the patient with specific brushing and flossing instructions. No plaque control methods were performed on the third quadrant. The initially untreated fourth quadrants were divided into three equal groups and each group was assigned one of the aforementioned modalities. At the end of the 14 day experimental period, a second gingival index was recorded. Supra‐ and subgingival plaque were then collected separately, lyophilized and weighed. Mean dry weights for each quadrant were recorded in milligrams per millimeter squared. Data were evaluated statistically and the following conclusions were drawn: (1) the control of supragingival plaque, either by daily professional prophylaxis or by the patient, reduces but does not completely eliminate the reformation of subgingival plaque; (2) although daily supragingival plaque control significantly reduces gingival inflammation, the gingival score does not reach the zero level; (3) only in the absence of plaque control is there a positive correlation between the amount of supra‐ and subgingival plaque present; (4) only by making the tooth surface accessible to cleaning is it prossible for the patient to maintain a plaque‐free dentition.
Immune Response to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin and Oral Actinomyces viscosus Antigens in Macaca arctoides
Authors: Reed Michael J. , Borkow Ingrid , Staple P. H.
Published: March 2012

The humoral and cell‐mediated immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and antigens from a monkey oral strain of Actinomyces viscosus were investigated in Macaca arctoides. Prior to immunization no responses were detected. Immunization resulted in the production of antibodies to both antigen preparations, the development of a positive skin test and significant stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes using the in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis technique. Furthermore, these responses were continuously detectable for more than 1 year postimmunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin and for up to 6 months postimmunization with A. viscosus antigens. The capability of developing immune responses in these animals, particularly to A. viscosus antigens, adds further to their use as a model for the study of the role of the host immune response to these antigens in the pathogenesis of human periodontal disease.
The Location of the Periodontal Probe Tip in Health and Disease
Authors: Hancock E. B. , Wirthlin M. R.
Published: March 2012

The periodontal probe is used clinically to measure pocket depth and the level of periodontal attachment. In order to be a more reliable, noninvasive method of assessment, it is necessary to investigate the position of the tip of the probe when at rest in the dentogingival junction. Probes were assessed for accuracy, and those closest to a standard millimeter scale were used to make pressure‐cast, gold‐coated, acrylic replicas. The replicas were placed in the gingival crevice of Rhesus monkeys with normal gingiva and with experimentally‐induced gingivitis and periodontitis. Clinical, histologic, and histometric evaluations were made in block sections. In normal gingiva and in areas of gingivitis the probe tip stopped at the base of the crevice and was contained within epithelium. In periodontitis the probe sometimes penetrated the epithelium and stopped at the level of the connective tissue attachment. Even with gentle probing there was slight tearing and distortion of the gingiva at the base of the pocket. It was concluded that probing depth estimates indicated the level of a healthy dentogingival junction but did not differentiate between epithelial and connective tissue attachment.
Early Re‐entry Procedure: Part II. A Five Year Histologic Evaluation
Authors: Langer Burton , Gelb David A. , Krutchkoff David J.
Published: March 2012

The following study was carried out to assess the histologic integrity of a bone graft which had appeared clinically successful at early re‐entry some 5 years previously. The tooth required extraction due to a labial root fracture and was subsequently extracted in modified block section, demineralized, sectioned, stained and evaluated histologically. Histologic evaluation revealed the presence of a functional periodontal membrane apparatus in active stages of both bone and cemental remodeling. Necrotic bone spicules within the areas of otherwise viable periodontium suggested residue from prior graft material. Histologic evaluation presented here supports the previous clinical impression that early re‐entry of autogenous grafts for evaluation and physiologic recontouring, where indicated, appears justified without apparent adverse effects on local periodontal regeneration.
Oral Hygiene Skill Achievement Index I
Authors: Niederman Richard , Sullivan Thomas M.
Published: March 2012

The oral hygiene Skill Achievement Index (S.A.I.) is a general method for the direct, quantitative evaluation of oral hygiene skill. The S.A.I. evaluates a person's ability to manipulate a toothbrush and floss in a given fashion. It is applicable to any brushing or flossing procedure. The Index was developed to fulfill all the postulated requirements of a perfect measuring instrument. The key feature of the Index is the evaluation of the position and the motion of the cleaning device on each tooth surface. Consequently, the Index provides a format for the instruction and evaluation of oral hygiene skill. Furthermore, if used in conjunction with other dental indices, it enables one to evaluate hygiene procedures and devices in a controlled fashion.
Oral Hygiene Skill Achievement Index II
Authors: Niederman Richard , Sullivan Thomas M. , Weiss David , Morhart Robert , Robbins William , Maier David
Published: March 2012

The utility of any index depends on its validity, reliability, and administrative feasibility. The Oral Hygiene Skill Achievement Index (S.A.I.) was found to be a valid measure of oral hygiene skill in that registered dental hygienists received greater than 90% of the total possible points. The S.A.I. was found to have an initial reliability of r ≥ 0.91 and a repeat reliability of r ≥ 0.96. The S.A.I. requires less than 10 minutes to administer, 40 minutes to teach, and 1 hour and 40 minutes to learn. The results suggest that S.A.I. should be a useful instrument for both clinical and research use.
Fibrinolytic Activity in Periodontal Disease: The Relationship Between Fibrinolytic Activity and Severity of Periodontal Disease
Authors: Hidaka Nobuko , Maeda Katsumasa , Kawakami Chizuko , Aono Masao , Okada Hiroshi
Published: March 2012

In recent years, evidence has evolved that suggests a relationship between fibrinolytic phenomenon and various inflammatory diseases. Plasmin activity and the response of the fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products latex test (FDPL test) in gingival fluid, along with Plasminogen activator activity in gingival tissue were assessed. Samples were taken from periodontally involved persons and compared with healthy individuals. The following conclusions could be drawn: (1) The fluid from inflamed gingival crevices possessed more plasmin activity than that from clinically healthy crevices. The reaction of the FDPL test was stronger in the former. (2) Plasminogen activator activity in gingival tissue showed no significant difference between periodontally involved and healthy subjects.
Dilantin and Folic Acid Status: Clinical Implications for the Periodontist
Authors: Mailek Henry M. , Nakamoto Tetsuo
Published: March 2012

Periodontal therapy should involve an assessment of the patient's nutritional status. Anticonvulsant drugs play an important role in folic acid deficiency. Individuals with gingival hyperplasia are most commonly seen by the periodontist and correction of their nutrient deficiency should be an integral aspect of treatment.
Granulomatous Lesions of the Gingiva of Unknown Origin: A Case Report
Authors: Page Lawrence R. , White Dean K. , Saykaly Ronald J.
Published: March 2012

Presented is a case report of unusual painful granulomatous inflammation of the gingiva. The etiologic possibilities were explored without a definitive diagnosis being confirmed. Antibiotic therapy was unsuccessful. Empirical long term steroid therapy was successful in eliminating the disease and preventing recurrence. Diagnostic possibilities are discussed as well as treatment approaches to this type of patient.
The Presence of Lymphoblasts in the Gingival Crevice of Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Sonis Andrew L. , Sonis Stephen T.
Published: March 2012

The cellular composition of crevicular washings from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients and normal children were examined microscopically. The crevicular washings of patients with ALL yielded a significantly lower viable cell count than the normal controls. The ALL patients had a preponderance of lymphoblasts in their oral differential cell count (78.6%) while polymorphonuclear leukocytes were the prevailing cell type (84%) in the normal controls. In both the ALL and normal patients the differential oral cell counts reflected the differential peripheral blood counts.
Healing Potential of Surgically‐Induced Periodontal Osseous Defects in Animals Using Mineralized Collagen Gel Xenografts
Authors: Levy Paul , Nevins Alan , LaPorta Robert
Published: March 2012

This experiment tested the capacity of a calf‐skin collagen‐mineral gel to induce bone regeneration within surgically‐created periodontal defects in one dog and four monkeys. No bone regeneration occurred within 8 to 14 weeks. Healing primarily consisted of soft connective tissue formation and re‐epithelialization. Notched defects on root surfaces did not repair with cementum and were always foci of inflammation.
The Width of Keratinized Gingiva During Orthodontic Treatment: Its Significance and Impact on Periodontal Status
Authors: Coatoam Gary W. , Behrents Rolf G. , Bissada Nabil F.
Published: March 2012

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of orthodontic therapy on the width of the zone of keratinized gingiva. Pre‐ and post‐treatment photographic slides, plaster study casts, and cephalograms were examined. The labial surfaces of 966 teeth in a sample of 100 orthodontic patients were studied. Widths of the keratinized gingiva were determined from photographic slides. Crown lengths were measured from the study casts, and measurements were performed on the cephalograms. Data were collected and analyzed in three categories: 1) The overall changes in the width of the keratinized gingiva and the lengths of the clinical crowns during the course of orthodontic therapy; 2) An analysis of grouped data with a comparison of the pre‐existing widths of keratinized gingiva to the post‐treatment periodontal status of the patient; and 3) A correlation analysis of the changes in the dimensions of the tissues to the changes in tooth position as measured on the cephalograms. The results of the study revealed: 1) Increases in the width of the keratinized gingiva may occur on some teeth during the course of orthodontic therapy; 2) Statistically significant increases in the clinical crown during orthodontic therapy are not reflected in statistically significant decreases in the width of keratinized gingiva; 3) Minimal widths of keratinized gingiva (less than 2 mm) are capable of withstanding the stresses of orthodontic mechanics; 4) Teeth that are lacking in any keratinized gingiva prior to orthodontic treatment will not form any new keratinized tissue during the course of orthodontic therapy; 5) Mucogingival problems noted after orthodontic therapy are often the result of a pre‐existing mucogingival problem; 6) Changes in the dimensions of the keratinized gingiva correlated statistically with the orthodontic movement of the maxillary central incisors (P < 0.001) and, with the maxillary and mandibular cuspids (P < 0.02).
The Use of Polymethylmethacrylate to Compare the Adsorption and Staining Reactions of Some Cationic Antiseptics
Authors: Addy M. , Roberts W. R.
Published: March 2012

This study assessed the value of acrylic, in powder and optically clear forms, to measure the adsorption and staining properties of some cationic antiseptics. The uptake of chlorhexidine gluconate, chlorhexidine acetate, alexidine and cetyl pyridinium chloride onto acrylic powder was measured spectrophotometrically. Similarly, tea staining of perspex blocks exposed twice daily to the antiseptics and hexetidine, was measured over a 5 day period. The adsorption of chlorhexidine gluconate and acetate was similar and greater than alexidine but less than cetyl pyridinium chloride. Desorption of the adsorbed antiseptics was minimal after 48 hours soaking in water. Acid produced a variable desorption of antiseptics. Tea staining of blocks was significantly greater with antiseptic treated specimens compared to control specimens. However, staining resulting from alexidine was greater than cetyl pyridinium chloride which was greater than chlorhexidine. Hexetidine produced the least staining. Saliva treatment of specimens only increased the tea staining of control blocks. The results indicated that adsorption levels alone would not explain the differences in antiplaque and staining activity reported for the cationic antiseptics.
A Simple Constant‐Force Pocket Probe
Authors: Borsboom P. C. F. , Bosch J. J. ten , Corba N. H. C. , Tromp J. A. H.
Published: March 2012

A constant‐force pocket probe is constructed by application of a constant‐force spring. This is wound on two cylinders in reverse‐winding mode. As the distance to the probe top is constant, a constant force is obtained. Very little experience is needed to master the rotating of the handle while using the probe.
Histometric Evaluation of Periodontal Surgery: III. The Effect of Bone Resection on the Connective Tissue Attachment Level
Authors: Caton Jack , Nyman Sture
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of surgical elimination of the osseous walls of angular bony defects on the connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone levels. Using a Rhesus monkey model, 36 periodontal pockets in four animals were operated on while the contralateral pockets served as unoperated controls. Plaque control was maintained until the animals were killed 1 year after surgery. Following routine processing, the interdental tissues were analyzed histometrically. Comparing measurements of surgically treated and untreated sites, resection of the osseous walls of interdentally located angular bony defects caused not only a reduction in the height of the alveolar bone but also a significant loss of connective tissue attachment. The procedure also resulted in the elimination of angular bony defects, intrabony pockets, and in addition, reduced the height of the interdental soft tissue.
Scanning Electron‐Microscopy of Plaque in Papillon‐Lefèvre Syndrome
Authors: Jung Jorge , Carranza Fermin A. , Newman Michael G.
Published: March 2012

Supra and subgingival plaque associated with periodontal lesions in patients with Papillon‐Lefèvre syndrome were studied by examining extracted teeth and associated soft tissue by scanning electron and light microscopy. Four zones of plaque were described according to their location along the tooth surface. Supragingivally, cocci, filamentous bacilli and “corncob” formations were seen. Fusiform bacilli colonized the surface of supragingival plaque on the root surface. Subgingival sites, particularly apical areas, had numerous spirochetes adherent to the plaque surface as well as directly to the cementum surface. Microcolonies of bacteria, probably Mycoplasma, could be seen in the subgingival plaque. The findings of a potentially pathogenic plaque, attached subgingival spirochetes and microcolony formation may have important therapeutic and research implications.
The Significance of Gingivitis During the Maintenance Phase of Periodontal Treatment
Authors: Morrison E. C. , Ramfjord S. P. , Burgett F. G. , Nissle R. R. , Shick R. A.
Published: March 2012

The significance of recurrent gingivitis related to maintenance of post‐treatment pocket depth and clinical attachment levels was tested in 78 patients over 7 years of maintenance care with prophylaxis every 3 months. Under the experimental conditions the severity of the recurrent gingivitis did not significantly affect the pocket depth and attachment levels.
Periodontal Healing Following Open Debridement Flap Procedures: I. Clinical Assessment of Soft Tissue and Osseous Repair
Authors: Froum S. J. , Coran M. , Thaller B. , Kushner L. , Scopp I. W. , Stahl S. S.
Published: March 2012

The healing response of the periodontium was evaluated after periodontal flap and debridement procedures in patients with different levels of postsurgical plaque control. Thirty‐one sites in 19 patients were included. Measurements were performed from a fixed reference point presurgically and before reentry surgery. All reentries were performed 24 to 28 weeks after surgery. Surgery consisted of elevating an inverse bevel mucoperiosteal flap, debriding root accretions and osseous defects, penetrating into the marrow, and suturing with interrupted sutures at or near the presurgical level. All patients were recalled at least once every 4 weeks after surgery for professional maintenance. The number of postsurgical maintenance visits and plaque scores (NPI) before reentry were recorded for each surgical site. Average pocket depth at the 31 sites was 7.4 mm initially and 4.1 mm at the time of reentry. This reduction in pocket depth consisted of gingival recession, which averaged 2.0 mm, and a gain in attachment level, which averaged 1.4 mm. At no site was there a loss in attachment level. Average osseous depth of the 31 defects was 3.7 mm presurgically and 1.7 mm at reentry. In addition, there was an average crestal resorption of 0.8 mm and an average osseous fill of 1.2 mm. A significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) was found between gain in attachment, osseous fill and number of postsurgical maintenance visits. A significant negative correlation was found between the amount of plaque (NPI) at the study site and both gain in soft tissue attachment and osseous fill. Multiple measurements at various points within several osseous defects revealed that osseous remodeling and fill varied significantly at different locations within the same defect.
The Effect of Long‐Term Low‐Dose Tetracycline Therapy on the Subgingival Microflora in Refractory Adult Periodontitis
Authors: Kornman Kenneth S. , Karl Edward H.
Published: March 2012

Twenty patients were selected for antibiotic treatment due to poor response to conventional therapy. Ten patients were evaluated after taking 250 mg/day of tetracycline for 2 to 7 years. Ten other patients who had been on tetracycline for at least 2 years were evaluated 6 months to 2 years after stopping the antibiotic. Subgingival plaque was cultured anaerobically on nonselective media (ETSA) and ETSA with 1 μg/ml of tetracycline HCl. Pocket depth, plaque and gingivitis were scored. Those patients on tetracycline had no bleeding on probing despite residual pockets ranging from 3 to 7 mm. Gram‐negative anaerobic rods made up 49.8% of the microflora of these patients, with Fusobacterium nucleatum dominating. B. melaninogenicus, and B. gingivalis were not detected in the samples. Five of ten patients off tetracycline bled on probing and had pocket depths in the same range as those on tetracycline. The microflora of tetracycline‐off sites was predominately Gram‐negative rods (63.1% with B. gingivalis and F. nucleatum 7.3% and 3.1% of the flora respectively). In tetracycline‐on samples 76.6% of the isolates were resistant to 1 μg/ml of tetracycline compared to 25.9% in the patients off tetracycline and 7.1% resistant organisms in 14 untreated control samples from periodontitis patients not exposed to any long‐term tetracycline therapy. Long‐term, low‐dose tetracycline was associated with a healthy clinical condition and diverse Gram‐negative anaerobic flora resistant to the antibiotic. After discontinuing tetracycline the clinical and bacterial status was more characteristic of disease.
Effect of Peptide Extracted From Skeletal Muscles of the Fur Seal on Periodontal Diseases
Authors: Hiyama Eiji , Matsui Toshiyuki , Kamo Tsunekazu , Kaneko Keiko , Ito Haruo
Published: March 2012

It has been confirmed previously that a physiologically active peptide extracted from the skeletal muscles of fur seals exhibits excellent dermal absorption and has peripheral vasodilating properties. These properties were postulated to be beneficial to inflamed periodontal tissues. To test this, a dentifrice containing the peptide was prepared and utilized in a doubleblind test. Significant improvement in the gingival conditions was observed when a 0.1% or more concentration of peptide was used. As time progressed, distinct clinical improvement in redness, swelling, drainage, bleeding and pocket depth was noted. No significant side effects were noted although there were seen increased salivation and gingival blanching. It is believed, as a result of this and other studies, that the clinical efficacy of this peptide is due to its vasodilating action on the venules, thus reducing the internal pressure in the vascular beds.
Clq and C4 Detection on Bacterial Plaque Organisms
Authors: Chisikovsky Jacobo , Toto Patrick D. , Gargiulo Anthony W.
Published: March 2012

The bacteria in dental plaque collected from periodontal pockets in patients with chronic periodontitis (Case Type III) showed a coating of Clq and C4 on their cell wall surfaces. This was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy of plaque bacteria treated with specific antibodies to human Clq and C4 and reacted with peroxidase antiperoxidase.
Human Clinical and Histologic Responses to Durapatite Implants in Intraosseous Lesions: Case Reports
Authors: Froum S. J. , Kushner L. , Scopp I. W. , Stahl S. S.
Published: March 2012

The healing response following implantation of a nonresorbable ceramic (durapatite) into human periodontal osseous defects was evaluated clinically and histologically. Four toothcontaining blocks were obtained from four patients who had received durapatite implants in osseous defects, each exceeding 4 mm in depth. Each patient was seen for 5 to 13 postsurgical maintenance visits. Teeth in block section were removed between 8 weeks and 8 months postgraft surgery. Clinical evaluation of the repair process demonstrated that pocket depth decreased in all four cases. Histological evaluation of the repair process showed no indication of new periodontal attachment, osteogenesis or cementogenesis, in the host tissues adjacent to the graft particles. Pocket closure appeared to occur by means of a long junctional epithelium and connective tissue adhesions. There was minimal or no evidence of inflammation in all sections associated with the implant. The graft material therefore acted as a biocompatible foreign body within the gingival tissue.
The ELISA System for Measuring Antibody Reactive to Fusobacterium nucleatum in the Sera of Patients with Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Falkler William A. , Lai Rose , Vincent Jack W. , Dober Larry , Spiegel Carol , Hayduk Susan
Published: March 2012

Humoral igG, igA and igM responses to three typed oral strains of F. nucleatum were examined in patients with chronic periodontitis and in individuals with clinically healthy gingiva. Attempts were made to isolate F. nucleatum from either the pathologic gingival crevices or healthy sulci in this study. Higher levels of IgG and IgA reactive to all three strains were observed in the chronic periodontitis patients; however, there were no differences between the IgM levels in the diseased and healthy individuals. Immunodiffusion studies with rabbit antiserum and adsorption studies of the human sera demonstrated a sharing of antigenic determinants by the F. nucleatum strains. F. nucleatum strains were isolated from 14 of the 15 individuals in the study.
Calcium, Matrix Polymers and Plaque Formation
Authors: Newman H. N.
Published: March 2012

This study explores the relationship between calcium ions, matrix polymers and the formation of natural plaque on children's teeth, using direct observation, scanning, transmission and freeze‐etching electron microscopy techniques. Plaques were observed either in situ or after removal from enamel with a chelating agent, EDTA. Plaque was not disrupted by EDTA. Matrix polymers in outer plaque were less abundant than in deeper layers of specimens exposed to EDTA before embedding. The several cationic electronhistochemical reagents used generally disclosed more matrix than routine contrasting. The various polymers, other than discrete structures such as fimbriae, may derive from saliva and gingival fluid as well as bacteria. It is concluded that calcium ions are of importance in the early phase of bacterial attachment to the host organic enamel integument, but that calcium plays no part in the formation or maintenance of the strong bonds that link organisms in established plaque.
The Osteogenic Activity of Bone Removed From Healing Extraction Sockets in Humans
Authors: Evian C. I. , Rosenberg E. S. , Coslet J. G. , Corn H.
Published: March 2012

Cores of bone from healing extraction sites were studied at time intervals of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 16 weeks. The results revealed that between 4 and 8 weeks proliferation of cellular and connective tissue elements occur within the healing socket. Islands of new bone with an osteoid seam surrounded by osteoblasts are present within the connective tissue. From 8 to 12 weeks the bone undergoes maturation and forms a trabecular pattern. Although less pronounced, an osteoid seam is still present and osteoblasts occur in fewer numbers. By 12 to 16 weeks the bony trabeculae are mature with very little osteoid and few osteoblasts. This bone resembles alveolar trabecular bone. Two phases of bony regeneration are apparent from the present study. From 4 to 8 weeks there is a progressive osteogenic phase with proliferation of osteogenic cells and immature bone formation. From 8 to 12 weeks the Osteogenesis slows down and the trabeculae mature and increase in volume. From 12 to 16 weeks the bone appears to stabilize with an established alveolar trabecular bone being present. Very little Osteogenesis occurs as evidenced by minimal or no osteoid seam with only occasional osteoblasts. It is apparent that in the period between 8 and 12 weeks a substantial quantity of relatively mature well formed bone is present which contains osteoblasts and an osteoid seam. This appears to be an optimal time period to secure bone from a healing extraction site for grafting purposes.
Unusual Foreign Body Reaction to A Braided Silk Suture: A Case Report
Authors: Manor A. , Kaffe I.
Published: March 2012

An unusual reaction to a black braided silk suture left in place for a period of 6 weeks following a gingival graft procedure is reported. The reaction of the tissue to the suture material resulted in formation of a tumor‐like granuloma which consisted of chronic and acute inflammatory cell infiltrates and multinucleated foreign body giant cells. Removal of the suture and excision of the granuloma resulted in satisfactory healing with no damage to the graft.
The Effect of Mechanical Stimulation on the Keratinization of Sulcular Epithelium
Authors: Caffesse Raul G. , Nasjleti Carlos J. , Kowalski Charles J. , Castelli Walter A.
Published: March 2012

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of mechanical stimulation on the keratinization of the sulcular epithelium in four adult Rhesus monkeys. Each animal received a thorough prophylaxis. One week later, each monkey received one of the following modalities of plaque control: (a) daily intravenous tetracycline and rubber cup prophylaxis, (b) daily rubber cup prophylaxis, (c) daily intravenous tetracycline injections; (d) no treatment, as a control. After sacrifice and tissue processing the histologic sections were evaluated for the presence of sulcular keratinization. The keratin width and length were measured, and an Inflammatory Index determined. It was found that all treatment modalities reduced inflammation significantly, when compared to the control. No differences among the three procedures tested were found. Although all permitted keratinization to develop, sulcular keratinization was significantly increased when daily prophylaxes were performed. It was concluded that mechanical stimulation of the sulcular epithelium, seemingly plays a role in promoting its keratinization.
Attachment Levels and Crevicular Depths at the Distal of Mandibular Second Molars Following Removal of Adjacent Third Molars
Authors: Osborne William H. , Snyder Alvin J. , Tempel Thomas R.
Published: March 2012

The effect of root planing and curettage on the crevicular depth and periodontal attachment at the distal of mandibular second molars following removal of adjacent impacted or partially erupted third molars was evaluated in 18 patients, between the ages of 18 and 25, presenting with similar bilateral impartions. No significant difference was demonstrated in the crevicular depths and attachment levels between the curetted, root planed side, and the untreated controls. Thus, any benefits derived by root planing and curettage of mandibular second molars immediately following removal of adjacent imparted third molars are minimal. The best means of preserving periodontal attachment on mandibular second molars may be the removal of third molars at an early stage of tooth development.
Effect of Nonsterile Versus Sterile Water Irrigation with Ultrasonic Scaling on Postoperative Bacteremias
Authors: Reinhardt Richard A. , Bolton Ronald W. , Hlava Gwen
Published: March 2012

The contribution of nonsterile water irrigation during ultrasonic scaling to postoperative blood stream contamination was evaluated. Thirty human volunteers were subjected to a random split‐mouth technique comparing sterile and municipal tap water irrigation with ultrasonic root preparation on contralateral mandibular quadrants. Scaling was performed by a single operator using a premeasured quantity of irrigant. Postoperative blood samples were obtained immediately and cultured aerobically and anaerobically in tryptic soy broth and on BHI agar plates for enumeration of colony forming units. Positive blood cultures were inoculated onto selective media for presumptive identification. The difference in the bacteremia incidence after scaling with sterile water (50%) versus scaling with tap water (53.3%) was not significant. The degree of the bacteremias (less than 1 colony forming unit/ml) was similar between groups. Therefore tap water irrigation used in ultrasonic scaling did not appear to be a significant causative agent in postoperative bacteremias.
Periodontal Bone Loss in Patients With Down's Syndrome: A Follow‐up Study
Authors: Saxén Leena , Aula Sirkka
Published: March 2012

The alveolar bone loss in 24 patients with chromosomally verified Down's syndrome, and in a control group of 28 mental retardates from the same institution, was examined using orthopantomography. The same patients had been examined 5 years earlier, and the present results were compared with the former. During this 5‐year period the patients did not receive any periodontal treatment, only daily brushing of the teeth. A clear difference between the two groups was evident at both times: the percentage of affected teeth in the study group was 25% in 1975 and 47% in 1980 as against corresponding figures of 1.8% and 6.8% in the control group. The prevalence rate of bone loss of 5 mm or more showed little or no increase in the patients with Down's syndrome (69% to 75%) whereas in the controls the rate of increase was greater (20% to 43%). In individual teeth, i.e. the mandibular first molars, progress was also more rapid in the controls, 28.3%, as compared to 12.7% in the study group.
Zinc Deficiency Changes in the Permeability of Rabbit Periodontium to 14C‐Phenytoin and 14C‐Albumin,
Authors: Joseph Charles E. , Ashrafi Shahid H. , Steinberg Arnold D. , Waterhouse John P.
Published: March 2012

Sixty male, weanling, New Zealand white rabbits were maintained on either a zinc‐deficient diet or one of two control diets for 30 days. The effects of these diets on the penetration and diffusion of 14C‐phenytoin (PHT) and 14C‐bovine serum albumin (BSA) through sulcular lining epithelium, overlying vestibular gingiva, interposed connective tissue, adjacent periosteum, and into serum were measured by liquid scintillation counting. A statistically significant increase in local BSA uptake was found in the gingiva, sulcular connective tissue, and periosteum of the zinc‐deficient animal group. A statistically significant increase in PHT uptake was observed in the sulcular connective tissue and periosteum of the zinc‐deficient group and also in the serum of the zinc‐adequate ad libitum‐fed group. The results indicate that zinc deficiency increases molecular uptake by a number of the periodontal tissues and may have implications in susceptibility to periodontal disease.
Value of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Periodontal Surgery
Authors: Appleman Maria D. , Sutter Vera L. , Sims Thomas N.
Published: March 2012

The morbidity and incidence of bacteremia in periodontal surgery with or without cephalexin prophylaxis were assessed in adults on the basis of clinical evaluations and blood cultures. Cephalexin reduced the incidence of polymicrobic bacteremias. There was no correlation between objective signs of tissue healing and antibiotic coverage in treated or nontreated patients. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility data showed that cephalexin was active against the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria isolated from blood specimens taken during surgery.