bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluid resonance in elastic-walled englacial transport networks
Authors: McQuillan Maria , Karlstrom Leif
Published: May 2021

Englacial water transport is an integral part of the glacial hydrologic system, yet the geometry of englacial structures remains largely unknown. In this study, we explore the excitation of fluid resonance by small amplitude waves as a probe of englacial geometry. We model a hydraulic network consisting of one or more tabular cracks that intersect a cylindrical conduit, subject to oscillatory wave motion initiated at the water surface. Resulting resonant frequencies and quality factors are diagnostic of fluid properties and geometry of the englacial system. For a single crack–conduit system, the fundamental mode involves gravity-driven fluid sloshing between the conduit and the crack, at frequencies between 0.02 and 10 Hz for typical glacial parameters. Higher frequency modes include dispersive Krauklis waves generated within the crack and tube waves in the conduit. But we find that crack lengths are often well constrained by fundamental mode frequency and damping rate alone for settings that include alpine glaciers and ice sheets. Branching crack geometry and dip, ice thickness and source excitation function help define limits of crack detectability for this mode. In general, we suggest that identification of eigenmodes associated with wave motion in time series data may provide a pathway toward inferring englacial hydrologic structures.
Diet and Lifestyle in the First Villages of the Middle Preceramic: Insights from Stable Isotope and Osteological Analyses of Human Remains from Paloma, Chilca I, La Yerba III, and Morro I
Authors: Beresford-Jones David G. , Pomeroy Emma , Alday Camila , Benfer Robert , Quilter Jeffrey , O'Connell Tamsin C. , Lightfoot Emma
Published: May 2021

We present stable isotope and osteological data from human remains at Paloma, Chilca I, La Yerba III, and Morro I that offer new evidence for diet, lifestyle, and habitual mobility in the first villages that proliferated along the arid Pacific coast of South America (ca. 6000 cal BP). The data not only reaffirm the dietary primacy of marine protein for this period but also show evidence at Paloma of direct access interactions between the coast and highlands, as well as habitual mobility in some parts of society. By locating themselves at the confluence of diverse coastal and terrestrial habitats, the inhabitants of these early villages were able to broaden their use of resources through rounds of seasonal mobility, while simultaneously increasing residential sedentism. Yet they paid little substantial health penalty for their settled lifestyles, as reflected in their osteological markers of stature and stress, compared with their agriculturalist successors even up to five millennia later. Contrasting data for the north coast of Chile indicate locally contingent differences. Considering these data in a wider chronological context contributes to understanding how increasing sedentism and population density laid the foundations here for the emergence of Late Preceramic social complexity.
Glacitectonic rafts and their role in the generation of Quaternary subglacial bedforms and deposits
Authors: Evans David J. A. , Phillips Emrys R. , Atkinson Nigel
Published: May 2021

Landforms and sediments on the palaeo–ice stream beds of central Alberta record glacitectonic raft production and subsequent progressive disaggregation and moulding, associated substrate ploughing, and grooving. We identify a subglacial temporal or developmental hierarchy that begins with incipient rafts, including en échelon hill-hole complexes, hill-hole pairs, and strike-slip raft complexes, all of which display patterns typical of transcurrent fault activation and pull apart. Many display jigsaw puzzle–style fragmentation, indicative of substrate displacement along shallow décollement zones and potentially related to patchy ice stream freeze-on. Their gradual fragmentation and smoothing produces ice flow-transverse ridges (ribbed moraine), hill-groove pairs, and paraxial ridge and groove associations. Initiator scarp and megafluting associations are indicative of raft dislodgement and groove ploughing, leading to the formation of murdlins, crag-and-tails, stoss-and-lee type flutings and drumlins, and Type 1 hogsback flutings. Downflow modification of rafts creates linear block trains (rubble stripes), stoss-and-lee type megaflutings, horned crag-and-tails, rubble drumlinoids, and murdlins, diagnostic of an immature palaeo–ice stream footprint. Lateral ice stream margin migration ingests disaggregated thrust masses to form ridged spindles, ladder-type morphologies, and narrow zones of ribbed terrain and Type 2 hogsback flutings, an assemblage diagnostic of ice stream shear margin moraine formation.
Voter registration and political knowledge among American Indians
Authors: Koch Jeffrey W.
Published: May 2021

This research utilizes a valuable data source to explain voter registration and political knowledge by Native Americans, testing theories of the political engagement of minority populations. After taking account of socio-economic resources, American Indians exhibit lower rates of voter registration and political knowledge compared to Caucasians but similar to that of Hispanics. Relative to other racial groups, military service greatly enhances American Indian political knowledge and voter registration. This finding is especially noteworthy given American Indians' high rate of military service.
“Send Back the Bloodstained Money”: Frederick Douglass on Tainted Gifts
Authors: SAUNDERS-HASTINGS EMMA
Published: May 2021

Institutions today face calls to return “tainted” donations from controversial donors like the Sackler family. Such critiques of “dirty money,” while gaining in public salience, are prone to charges of puritanism or of hypocrisy. This paper recovers a distinctive position on dirty money, capable of responding to these charges, from the early speeches and writings of Frederick Douglass. In Great Britain in 1846, Douglass delivered a series of speeches claiming that the Free Church of Scotland had “made itself responsible for slavery” by accepting donations from American slaveholders, and he led a public campaign to “Send back the money.” Douglass’s argument centers on the claim that accepting money and other gifts can distort political relationships and subvert political judgment. His rhetoric also shows how criticizing objectionable gifts is an opportunity to shape people’s moral reasoning and political judgment for the better.
Almond consumption decreases android fat mass percentage in adults with high android subcutaneous adiposity but does not change HbA1c in a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Hunter Stephanie R. , Considine Robert V. , Mattes Richard D.
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine if the mixed evidence of almond consumption on HbA1c stems from testing people with different body fat distributions (BFD) associated with different risks of glucose intolerance. A 6-month randomised controlled trial in 134 adults was conducted. Participants were randomly assigned to the almond (A) or control (C) group based on their BFD. Those in the almond group consumed 1·5 oz of almonds with their breakfast and as their afternoon snack daily. Those in the control group continued their habitual breakfast and afternoon snack routines. Body weight and composition were measured and blood samples were collected for determination of HbA1c, glycaemia and lipaemia at 0 and 6 months. Appetite ratings, energy intake and diet quality were collected at 0, 2, 4 and 6 months. Participants consuming almonds ingested 816 (sem 364) kJ/d more than participants in the control group (P = 0·03), but this did not result in any differences in body weight (A: –0·3 (sem 0·4), C: –0·4 (sem 0·4); P > 0·3). Participants in the almond, high android subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) group had a greater reduction in android fat mass percentage (A: –1·0 (sem 0·6), C: 1·1 (sem 0·6); P = 0·04), preserved android lean mass percentage (A: 0·9 (sem 0·6), C: –1 (sem 0·6); P = 0·04) and tended to decrease android visceral adipose tissue mass (A: –13 (sem 53) g, C: 127 (sem 53) g; P = 0·08) compared with those in the control, high SAT group. There were no differences in HbA1c between groups (A: 5·4 (sem 0·04), C: 5·5 (sem 0·04); P > 0·05). Thus, BFD may not explain the mixed evidence on almond consumption and HbA1c. Long-term almond consumption has limited ability to improve cardiometabolic health in those who are overweight and obese but otherwise healthy.
Countering Violent Extremism and Radical Rhetoric
Authors: Mitts Tamar
Published: May 2021

How do extremist sympathizers respond to counter-radicalization efforts? Over the past decade, programs to counter violent extremism have mushroomed around the world, but little is known of their effectiveness. This study uses social media data to examine how counter-radicalization efforts shape engagement with extremist groups in the online world. Matching geolocated Twitter data on Islamic State sympathizers with granular information on counter-extremism activities in the United States, I find that, rather than deradicalizing, these efforts led Islamic State sympathizers to act strategically to avoid detection. After counter-extremism activities, the group's supporters on Twitter who were in the vicinity of these events began self-censoring expressions of support for the Islamic State, altered profile images and screen names, and encouraged followers to migrate to Telegram, an encrypted network not viewable by the public. These findings reveal previously unknown patterns in the effects of counter-extremism programs in the digital era.
Evaluation of Brix refractometer as an on-farm tool for colostrum IgG evaluation in Italian beef and dairy cattle
Authors: Pisello Lorenzo , Forte Claudio , D'Avino Nicoletta , Pisano Rocco , Hyatt Doreene Rose , Rueca Fabrizio , Passamonti Fabrizio
Published: May 2021

In this study it is hypothesized that there are differences between immunoglobulin G (IgG) content in colostrum from beef (Chianina, Podolica) and dairy (Holstein Friesian) cows and that variables such as breed, and parity can influence IgG content. The further objective was to determine if these factors may vary in terms of sensitivity, specificity and the cut point when data obtained with the digital Brix refractometer is compared with the gold standard radial immunodiffusion assay (RID). A total of 90 samples of first-milking colostrum were collected within 2 h after parturition. IgG concentration was determined indirectly by digital Brix refractometer and directly by RID. Results obtained by RID were compared among breed and parity. For the digital Brix refractometer, sensitivity and specificity to detect colostrum with an IgG concentration lower than 50 g/l were calculated and the optimal cut-point was selected for each breed. Samples containing less than <50 g/l IgG accounted for 15.9% of the total. Parity influenced colostral IgG concentration and beef cows had a higher mean concentration of IgG (101.1 g/l in Chianina and 90.6 g/l in Podolica) than dairy cows (71.1 g/l in Holstein Friesian) First parity Chianina cows had the highest IgG mean content (116.1 g/l). At the optimal cut-point for Brix refractometer (20%) sensitivity and specificity were 0.93 (0.84–0.97) and 0.81 (0.70–0.88), however, a breed-related cut-point could be used to reduce evaluation error. Linear regression modeling showed that refractometer data were related to RID (r = 0.78). Results obtained suggest that breed and parity can influence IgG content of colostrum and, despite the Brix refractometer being an excellent on-farm tool, a breed-based definition of optimal cut point is needed.
Predicting prognosis for adults with depression using individual symptom data: a comparison of modelling approaches
Authors: Buckman J. E. J. , Cohen Z. D. , O'Driscoll C. , Fried E. I. , Saunders R. , Ambler G. , DeRubeis R. J. , Gilbody S. , Hollon S. D. , Kendrick T. , Watkins E. , Eley T.C. , Peel A. J. , Rayner C. , Kessler D. , Wiles N. , Lewis G. , Pilling S.
Published: May 2021

Background

This study aimed to develop, validate and compare the performance of models predicting post-treatment outcomes for depressed adults based on pre-treatment data.

Methods

Individual patient data from all six eligible randomised controlled trials were used to develop (k= 3,n= 1722) and test (k= 3,n= 918) nine models. Predictors included depressive and anxiety symptoms, social support, life events and alcohol use. Weighted sum scores were developed using coefficient weights derived from network centrality statistics (models 1–3) and factor loadings from a confirmatory factor analysis (model 4). Unweighted sum score models were tested using elastic net regularised (ENR) and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression (models 5 and 6). Individual items were then included in ENR and OLS (models 7 and 8). All models were compared to one another and to a null model (mean post-baseline Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition (BDI-II) score in the training data: model 9). Primary outcome: BDI-II scores at 3–4 months.

Results

Models 1–7 all outperformed the null model and model 8. Model performance was very similar across models 1–6, meaning that differential weights applied to the baseline sum scores had little impact.

Conclusions

Any of the modelling techniques (models 1–7) could be used to inform prognostic predictions for depressed adults with differences in the proportions of patients reaching remission based on the predicted severity of depressive symptoms post-treatment. However, the majority of variance in prognosis remained unexplained. It may be necessary to include a broader range of biopsychosocial variables to better adjudicate between competing models, and to derive models with greater clinical utility for treatment-seeking adults with depression.
IMPLICITNESS AND EXPLICITNESS IN COGNITIVE ABILITIES AND CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK
Authors: Yilmaz Yucel , Granena Gisela
Published: May 2021

This aptitude–treatment interaction study investigated the extent to which explicit and implicit cognitive abilities are differentially related to learning outcomes under two corrective feedback conditions. One hundred and thirteen intermediate English learners of Spanish were randomly assigned to an implicit feedback (recast), explicit feedback (explicit correction), or control group after completing tests from two aptitude batteries (High-Level Language Aptitude Battery [Hi-LAB] and LLAMA). Linguistic improvement on noun-adjective gender agreement and Differential Object Marking was assessed using grammaticality judgment and oral production tasks. Results showed that implicit but not explicit abilities were relevant for the acquisition of gender agreement under implicit feedback as measured by grammaticality judgments. In contrast, explicit but not implicit abilities were relevant for the acquisition of object marking under explicit feedback as measured by oral production. These results lent support to a double dissociation, but they also suggested higher-order interaction effects between the type of cognitive ability, outcome measure, and target structure.
“Do I Have a Memory Problem? I Can’t Recall”: An Evaluation of Measurement Invariance in Subjective Reporting of Memory Symptoms among Persons with and without Objective HIV-Associated Memory Impairment
Authors: Sheppard David P. , Gallagher Matthew W. , Morgan Erin E. , Outlaw Angulique Y. , Naar Sylvie , Woods Steven Paul
Published: May 2021

Objective:

Memory symptoms and objective impairment are common in HIV disease and are associated with disability. A paradoxical issue is that objective episodic memory failures can interfere with accurate recall of memory symptoms. The present study assessed whether responses on a self-report scale of memory symptoms demonstrate measurement invariance in persons with and without objective HIV-associated memory impairment.

Method:

In total, 505 persons with HIV completed the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ). Objective memory impairment (n = 141) was determined using a 1-SD cutoff on clinical tests of episodic memory. PRMQ measurement invariance was assessed by confirmatory factor analyses examining a one-factor model with increasing cross-group equality constraints imposed on factor loadings and item thresholds (i.e., configural, weak, and strong invariance).

Results:

Configural model fit indicated that identical items measured a one-factor model for both groups. Comparison to the weak model indicated that factor loadings were equivalent across groups. However, there was evidence of partial strong invariance, with two PRMQ item thresholds differing across memory impairment groups. Post hoc analyses using a 1.5-SD memory impairment cutoff (n = 77) revealed both partial weak and partial strong invariance, such that PRMQ item loadings differed across memory groups for three items.

Conclusions:

The PRMQ demonstrated a robust factor structure among persons with and without objective HIV-associated memory impairment. However, on select PRMQ items, individuals with memory impairment reported observed scores that were relatively higher than their latent score, while items were more strongly associated with the memory factor in a group with greater memory impairment.
Accelerated Long-Term Forgetting: Prolonged Delayed Recognition as Sensitive Measurement for Different Profiles of Long-Term Memory and Metacognitive Confidence in Stroke Patients
Authors: Lammers Nikki A. , Lugtmeijer Selma , de Haan Edward H.F. , Kessels Roy P.C.
Published: May 2021

Objective:

Deficits in episodic memory are frequently reported after ischemic stroke. In standard clinical care, episodic memory is assessed after a 20–30 min delay, with abnormal memory decay over this period being characterized as rapid forgetting (RF). Previous studies have shown abnormal forgetting over a prolonged interval (days to weeks) despite normal acquisition, referred to as accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF).

Method:

We examined whether ALF is present in stroke patients (N = 91) using immediate testing (T1), testing after a short delay (20–30 min, T2), and testing after a prolonged delay (one week, T3). Based on performance compared to matched controls (N = 85), patients were divided into (1) patients without forgetting, (2) patients with RF between T1 and T2, and (3) patients with ALF at T3. Furthermore, confidence ratings were assessed.

Results:

ALF was present in a moderate amount of stroke patients (17%), but ALF was even more prevalent in our stroke sample than RF after a 20–30 min delay (which was found in only 13% of our patients). Patients reported a lower confidence for their responses, independent of their actual performance.

Conclusions:

Adding a one-week delayed measurement may potentially assist in identifying patients with memory decrements that may otherwise go undetected.
Braided nitinol stent for chronic iliofemoral venous disease –	the real-world BLUEFLOW registry
Authors: Lichtenberg Michael , Stahlhoff Stefan , Özkapi Ahmet , de Graaf Rick
Published: May 2021

Summary: Background: In patients with iliofemoral chronic venous disease (CVD) secondary to post-thrombotic or non-thrombotic obstruction, venous outflow obstruction after adequate anticoagulation alone is still frequent and post-thrombotic syndrome is a common complication. Thus, we aimed to evaluate mid-term effectiveness and safety of a novel braided venous stent for venous outflow obstruction treatment. Patients and methods: Consecutive patients who underwent venous recanalization with a new braided, closed cell, venous stent for non- or post-thrombotic CVD were eligible for inclusion in our retrospective, observational study. Effectiveness outcomes were primary patency and change in the revised venous clinical severity score (rVCSS) and the clinical score of the comprehensive classification system for chronic venous disease (CEAP) at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Safety outcomes were recurrent DVT, clinically driven target vein revascularization, index limb major amputation, or death. Results: A total of 67 participants (50.7% female, aged 46.7±18.1 years) who underwent blueflow Venous Stent implantation between February 2018 and March 2019 were enrolled. Primary patency of the target segment was present in 91.7% (95%CI: 76.8–97.7) of participants at the 6-month examination and in 79.8% (95%CI: 66.4–93.2) at the 12-month examination. Twelve-month primary patency was 91.7% (95%CI: 76.0–100) in non-thrombotic, and 72.6% (95%CI: 53.9–91.3) in postthrombotic disease (log-rank p=0.14). Median rVCSS improved from 8 (interquartile range [IQR]: 9–7) at baseline to 4 (IQR: 6.3–2.8) at 12 months (p<0.001) with a substantial clinical improvement of ≥2 points in 86.1% (31 of 36 participants). No significant association of rVCSS improvement with thrombotic pathogenesis could be found. Median clinical CEAP score improved from 3 (IQR: 3–3) to 2 (IQR: 3–2), p>0.001. No safety signal occurred. Conclusions: blueflow Venous Stent implantation for the treatment of iliofemoral CVD was associated with promising patency and favorable clinical improvement over the mid-term.
Moralentwicklung und aggressiv-dissoziales Verhalten im Jugendalter
Authors: Koglin Ute , Daseking Monika
Published: May 2021

Zusammenfassung. In verschiedenen Fachdisziplinen wird die Moralentwicklung im Kindes- und Jugendalter thematisiert. Dabei wird auch die Frage diskutiert, warum viele Menschen moralisch oder prosozial handeln, andere hingegen mit aggressiv-dissozialem Verhalten auf moralische Entscheidungssituationen reagieren. Neben unterschiedlichen theoretischen Fundierungen fällt auf, dass in der Forschung viele verschiedene Konstrukte genutzt werden, um moralisches Verhalten zu operationalisieren und/oder zu erklären. Dabei hat Oser (2013) ein umfassendes und integratives Modell vorgestellt, das die verschiedenen Konstrukte und Begrifflichkeiten miteinander verbinden soll. In der Praxis werden solche Modelle genutzt, um vor allem aggressiv-dissoziales Verhalten näher zu beleuchten. Warum also reagiert eine Person in einer sozialen Situation moralisch unangemessen? Was motiviert sie zu diesem Verhalten? Dieser Frage gehen die drei Beiträge des Themenschwerpunkts unter Verwendung der Konzepte der Callous-unemotional Traits im Zusammenhang mit moralischer Identität, der moralischen Emotionsattributionen sowie der moralischen Ekelsensibilität nach.
Wie unterstützen Eltern die häuslichen Lernaktivitäten von Kindern mit Lernstörung?
Authors: Brandenburg Janin , Huschka Sina S.
Published: May 2021

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Für Kinder mit Lernstörung (LS) hören die Lernproblemen nicht mit dem Unterrichtsschluss auf, sondern setzen sich bei den Hausaufgaben fort. Dennoch ist über die Hausaufgabenpraxis bei LS wenig bekannt. Fragestellung: Ziel war es, die familiäre Hausaufgabenpraxis bei Kindern mit und ohne LS längsschnittlich zu untersuchen. Methode: 82 Eltern (davon 47 von einem Kind mit LS) wurden zu vier Zeitpunkten befragt und latente Veränderungsmodelle gerechnet. Ergebnisse: Eltern von Kindern mit LS berichteten mehr Kontrolle und Konflikte bei den Hausaufgaben und nahmen ihre Hilfe als weniger kompetent wahr. Auch forderten sie von ihren Kindern weniger Anstrengung ein. Längsschnittlich nahmen bei beiden Gruppen die Hausaufgabenkontrolle sowie die familiäre Belastung ab. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Die schwierigere Hausaufgabensituation bei Kindern mit LS legt nahe, das Thema bei der Diagnostik anzusprechen und zu eruieren, wie die Familien entlastet werden können.
Perspectives on My Career in Organic Geochemistry
Authors: Meyers Philip A.
Published: May 2021

I have had the pleasure of studying the organic geochemistry of sediments of lakes and oceans for 50 years. I have especially enjoyed the versatility of organic geochemistry; it can be applied to studies of many kinds of geological sequences and parts of geological time. As an important part of my career, I sailed as a shipboard organic geochemist on seven ocean‐drilling cruises that recovered organic carbon‐rich Cretaceous black shales, Mediterranean sapropels, and upwelling zone sediments. Because most marine sediments contain less than one‐tenth of a percent of organic carbon, learning more about the properties and the paleoceanographic processes important to the formation of these carbon‐rich deep‐sea sequences has been a long‐term theme of my career. At the same time, I have studied organic geochemical records in lakes, where higher sedimentation rates and greater organic carbon concentrations enable higher resolution investigation of depositional processes than in the oceans. In addition, I have studied peat sequences, which provide relatively detailed records of the paleoclimatic histories of their locations. In summary, my scientific curiosity has permitted me to be a paleoceanographer, a paleolimnologist, a paleoclimatologist, and above all an organic geochemist.
Earth System Models Are Not Capturing Present‐Day Tropical Forest Carbon Dynamics
Authors: Koch Alexander , Hubau Wannes , Lewis Simon L.
Published: May 2021

Tropical forests play a key role in absorbing carbon from the atmosphere into the land surface. Recent analyses of long‐term (1985–2014) forest inventory plots across the tropics show that structurally intact tropical forest are a large carbon sink, but that this sink has saturated and is projected to be in long‐term decline. Here we compare these results with estimates from the two latest generations of Earth System Models, Climate Modelling Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) (19 models) and CMIP6 (17 models). While CMIP5 and CMIP6 are of similar skill, they do not reproduce the observed 1985–2014 carbon dynamics. The “natural” pan‐tropical carbon sink from inventory data is 0.99 Pg C yr−1 (95% CI 0.7–1.3, n = 614) between 2000 and 2010, the best sampled decade, double the CMIP6 multimodel‐mean of 0.45 Pg C yr−1 (95% CI 0.35–0.55). The observed saturating and declining sink is not captured by the models, which show modest increases in sink strength. The future (2015–2040) “natural” pan‐tropical sink from a statistical model driven by extrapolating past trends of its putative environmental drivers decreases by 0.23 Pg C per decade (95% CI 0.09–0.39) until the 2030s, while the CMIP6 multimodel‐mean under the climate change scenario closest to the statistical model project an increasing carbon sink (0.54 Pg C per decade; 95% CI 0.25–0.67). CMIP multimodel‐means reproduce the response of carbon gains from tree growth to environmental drivers, but the modeling of carbon losses from tree mortality does not correspond well to the inventory data. The model‐observation differences primarily result from the treatment of mortality in models.
Magnetotail Dipolarizations and Ion Flux Variations During the Main Phase of Magnetic Storms
Authors: Runov A. , Angelopoulos V. , Henderson M. G. , Gabrielse C. , Artemyev A.
Published: May 2021

Near‐Earth tail dipolarizations are usually associated with fast plasma flows and an increase in energetic particle fluxes. Yet, the role of these dipolarizations in energetic ion flux transport toward the inner magnetosphere and in ring current (including partial ring current) development during the main phase of a geomagnetic storm is not fully understood. We investigated observations from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) probes A, D, and E with apogees at X ≈ −13 RE and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) geosynchronous spacecraft in the midnight magnetic local time (MLT) sector (21.5–1.5 h MLT) during the main phases of storms with integrated Dst exceeding 600 nT*hr from the 2010 to 2016 THEMIS tail seasons. We selected 10 storms during which at least one of the THEMIS probes was in the midnight sector during a storm’s main phase and identified 39 dipolarization events with a Bz increase exceeding 10 nT within 500 s during these storms’ main phases. In 21 of the 39 events, an increase in the magnetic field elevation angle Θ estimated from LANL magnetospheric plasma analyzer (MPA) data was detected at geosynchronous orbit (GEO) within ±15‐min‐long time window around dipolarization onset detected by THEMIS. In only 10 of those 21 events, however, did ion fluxes at energies from 50 to 500 keV increase in three or more consecutive energy bins at LANL. Comparisons of ion spectra collected by THEMIS and LANL in these 10 events revealed a similar increase in fluxes at energies E > 20 keV. Our results indicate that a dipolarization that occupies a large portion of the nightside magnetosphere from GEO to ∼12 RE is a necessary but not sufficient condition for energetic ion flux enhancements at GEO. As suggested in previous studies, an increase in the azimuthal electric field (i.e., enhanced earthward magnetic flux transport) is most likely required for an ∼100 keV ion flux increase at GEO.
Effects of Buoyancy Flux on Upper‐Ocean Turbulent Mixing Generated by Non‐Breaking Surface Waves Observed in the South China Sea
Authors: Zhuang Zhanpeng , Yuan Yeli , Zheng Quanan , Zhou Chaojie , Zhao Xinhua , Zhang Ting
Published: May 2021

The surface waves are the most energetic motions, which have great contribution to the turbulent mixing in the upper ocean. In this study, a novel turbulent mixing scheme is proposed in terms of the non‐breaking wave velocity shear module with the buoyancy flux. In the scheme, the mixing coefficients can be calculated empirically from the significant wave height, the wave number, the wave frequency, the buoyancy frequency, and the turbulence Prandtl number. The buoyancy fluxes, as well as the non‐breaking wave velocity shear production, are important for the upper‐ocean turbulent mixing, and make the calculated turbulence dissipation rate closer to in situ observations, which are provided by the “Responses of Marine Hazards to Climate Change in the Western Pacific (ROSE)” Project. The effects of the buoyancy flux on the turbulent mixing are examined based on three numerical experiments using the MASNUM ocean model. In the experiments, the topography, the lateral boundaries, initialization conditions, and the surface forcing fluxes are taken from the GEBCO, HYCOM/NCODA, and ERA5 data, respectively. Comparing to the AVHRR remote sensing sea surface temperature (SST) products and in situ observations, the simulated results with the non‐breaking wave‐generated turbulent mixing gain significant improvement in the SST, upper‐ocean temperature structure, and the mixed layer compared with the classic Mellor‐Yamada scheme. The results show that the buoyancy flux is able to suppress the enhanced non‐breaking wave‐generated turbulent mixing, so that the improved model simulates the observations better than that without the buoyancy effects.
Estimating River Channel Bathymetry in Large Scale Flood Inundation Models
Authors: Neal Jeffrey , Hawker Laurence , Savage James , Durand Michael , Bates Paul , Sampson Christopher
Published: May 2021

Flood inundation modeling across large data sparse areas has been increasing in recent years, driven by a desire to provide hazard information for a wider range of locations. The sophistication of these models has steadily advanced over the past decade due to improvements in remote sensing and modeling capability. There are now several global flood models (GFMs) that seek to simulate water surface dynamics across all rivers and floodplains regardless of data scarcity. However, flood models in data sparse areas lack river bathymetry because this cannot be observed remotely, meaning that a variety of methods for approximating river bathymetry have been developed from uniform flow or downstream hydraulic geometry theory. We argue that bathymetry estimation in these models should follow gradually varying flow theory to account for both uniform and nonuniform flows. We demonstrate that existing methods for bathymetry estimation in GFMs are only accurate for kinematic water surface profiles and are unable to simulate unbiased water surface profiles for reaches with diffusive or shallow water wave properties. The use of gradually varied flow theory to estimate bathymetry in a GFM reduced model error compared to a target water surface profile by 66% and eliminated bias due to backwater effects. For a large‐scale test case in Mozambique this reduced flood extents by 40% and floodplain storage by 79% at the 5 years return period. The wet bias associated with uniform flow derived channels could have significant implications for modeling the role floodplains play in attenuating river discharges, potentially overstating their role.
Taking Stock of Cosmic Rays in the Solar System
Authors: Japelj Jure
Published: May 2021

Scientists seek to understand the elusive properties of stellar and galactic cosmic rays before searching for life on exoplanets.
Trace Metal Enrichments in Water of the Okavango Delta (Botswana): Hydrological Consequences
Authors: Dauteuil O. , Jolivet M. , Dia A. , Murray‐Hudson M. , Makati K. , Barrier L. , Bouhnik Le Coz M. , Audran A. , Radenac A.
Published: May 2021

The Okavango Delta in northern Botswana is an endorheic ecosystem formed by 150,000 islands surrounded by a flood plain. The vegetation of these islands displays an external tree ring enclosing a barren interior domain with evaporitic deposits. We sampled the groundwater into piezometers across an island at the southwest of the Delta, and drilled sediments. The geochemical analysis of the water exhibits two different compositions: a fresh water in the floodplain and a saline water in the interior part. These inner samples display enrichments in heavy metals, metalloids and critical metals such as, Rare Earth Elements (REE). The latest show a continuous enrichment from LREE to HREE and positive Ce and Eu anomalies, associated to alkaline pH. Overall, the two types of displayed REE patterns fingerprint two different water sources. The geochemistry of sediments indicates the same composition whatever the sample location and no traces of evaporitic deposits was found. The variations in the water table depth in the piezometers shows different hydrological behaviors in between the floodplain and the barren zone which does not follow the flood cycle. Thus, we document two different aquifers with independent hydrological behaviors: a surface fresh‐water aquifer in the floodplain connected to the channels, and a saline confined aquifer below the islands. The contrasted geochemical composition of the waters explains the distribution of the vegetation which survives through access to fresh water. The hydrological architecture of this island in the southwestern Delta differs from other islands, highlighting the hydrological complexity of the Okavango Delta.
Small heat-shock protein HSPB3 promotes myogenesis by regulating the lamin B receptor
Authors: Tiago Tatiana , Hummel Barbara , Morelli Federica F. , Basile Valentina , Vinet Jonathan , Galli Veronica , Mediani Laura , Antoniani Francesco , Pomella Silvia , Cassandri Matteo , Garone Maria Giovanna , Silvestri Beatrice , Cimino Marco , Cenacchi Giovanna , Costa Roberta , Mouly Vincent , Poser Ina , Yeger-Lotem Esti , Rosa Alessandro , Alberti Simon , Rota Rossella , Ben-Zvi Anat , Sawarkar Ritwick , Carra Serena
Published: May 2021

One of the critical events that regulates muscle cell differentiation is the replacement of the lamin B receptor (LBR)-tether with the lamin A/C (LMNA)-tether to remodel transcription and induce differentiation-specific genes. Here, we report that localization and activity of the LBR-tether are crucially dependent on the muscle-specific chaperone HSPB3 and that depletion of HSPB3 prevents muscle cell differentiation. We further show that HSPB3 binds to LBR in the nucleoplasm and maintains it in a dynamic state, thus promoting the transcription of myogenic genes, including the genes to remodel the extracellular matrix. Remarkably, HSPB3 overexpression alone is sufficient to induce the differentiation of two human muscle cell lines, LHCNM2 cells, and rhabdomyosarcoma cells. We also show that mutant R116P-HSPB3 from a myopathy patient with chromatin alterations and muscle fiber disorganization, forms nuclear aggregates that immobilize LBR. We find that R116P-HSPB3 is unable to induce myoblast differentiation and instead activates the unfolded protein response. We propose that HSPB3 is a specialized chaperone engaged in muscle cell differentiation and that dysfunctional HSPB3 causes neuromuscular disease by deregulating LBR.
Inferring experimental procedures from text-based representations of chemical reactions
Authors: Vaucher Alain C. , Schwaller Philippe , Geluykens Joppe , Nair Vishnu H. , Iuliano Anna , Laino Teodoro
Published: May 2021

The experimental execution of chemical reactions is a context-dependent and time-consuming process, often solved using the experience collected over multiple decades of laboratory work or searching similar, already executed, experimental protocols. Although data-driven schemes, such as retrosynthetic models, are becoming established technologies in synthetic organic chemistry, the conversion of proposed synthetic routes to experimental procedures remains a burden on the shoulder of domain experts. In this work, we present data-driven models for predicting the entire sequence of synthesis steps starting from a textual representation of a chemical equation, for application in batch organic chemistry. We generated a data set of 693,517 chemical equations and associated action sequences by extracting and processing experimental procedure text from patents, using state-of-the-art natural language models. We used the attained data set to train three different models: a nearest-neighbor model based on recently-introduced reaction fingerprints, and two deep-learning sequence-to-sequence models based on the Transformer and BART architectures. An analysis by a trained chemist revealed that the predicted action sequences are adequate for execution without human intervention in more than 50% of the cases.
The reference genome of Miscanthus floridulus illuminates the evolution of Saccharinae
Authors: Zhang Guobin , Ge Chunxia , Xu Pingping , Wang Shukai , Cheng Senan , Han Yanbin , Wang Yancui , Zhuang Yongbin , Hou Xinwei , Yu Ting , Xu Xitong , Deng Shuhan , Li Quanquan , Yang Yinqing , Yin Xiaoru , Wang Weidong , Liu Wenxue , Zheng Chunxiao , Sun Xuezhen , Wang Zhenlin , Ming Ray , Dong Shuting , Ma Jianxin , Zhang Xiansheng , Chen Cuixia
Published: May 2021

Miscanthus, a member of the Saccharinae subtribe that includes sorghum and sugarcane, has been widely studied as a feedstock for cellulosic biofuel production. Here, we report the sequencing and assembly of the Miscanthus floridulus genome by the integration of PacBio sequencing and Hi-C mapping, resulting in a chromosome-scale, high-quality reference genome of the genus Miscanthus. Comparisons among Saccharinae genomes suggest that Sorghum split first from the common ancestor of Saccharum and Miscanthus, which subsequently diverged from each other, with two successive whole-genome duplication events occurring independently in the Saccharum genus and one whole-genome duplication occurring in the Miscanthus genus. Fusion of two chromosomes occurred during rediploidization in M. floridulus and no significant subgenome dominance was observed. A survey of cellulose synthases (CesA) in M. floridulus revealed quite high expression of most CesA genes in growing stems, which is in agreement with the high cellulose content of this species. Resequencing and comparisons of 75 Miscanthus accessions suggest that M. lutarioriparius is genetically close to M. sacchariflorus and that M. floridulus is more distantly related to other species and is more genetically diverse. This study provides a valuable genomic resource for molecular breeding and improvement of Miscanthus and Saccharinae crops.
Site dependence of surface dislocation nucleation in ceramic nanoparticles
Authors: Amodeo Jonathan , Maras Emile , Rodney David
Published: May 2021

The extremely elevated strength of nanoceramics under compression arises from the necessity to nucleate highly energetic dislocations from the surface, in samples that are too small to contain pre-existing defects. Here, we investigate the site dependence of surface dislocation nucleation in MgO nanocubes using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations, nudged-elastic-band method calculations and rate theory predictions. Using an original simulation setup, we obtain a complete mapping of the potential dislocation nucleation sites on the surface of the nanoparticle and find that, already at intermediate temperature, not only nanoparticle corners are favorable nucleation sites, but also the edges and even regions on the side surfaces, while other locations are intrinsically unfavorable. Results are discussed in the context of recent in situ TEM experiments, sheding new lights on the deformation mechanisms happening during ceramic nanopowder compaction and sintering processes.
Electrode-induced impurities in tin halide perovskite solar cell material CsSnBr3 from first principles
Authors: Liang Yuhang , Cui Xiangyuan , Li Feng , Stampfl Catherine , Ringer Simon P. , Zheng Rongkun
Published: May 2021

All-inorganic lead-free CsSnBr3 is attractive for applications in solar cells due to its nontoxicity and stability, but the device performance to date has been poor. Besides the intrinsic properties, impurities induced from electrodes may significantly influence the device performance. Here, we systematically studied the stability, transition energy levels, and diffusion of impurities from the most commonly used electrodes (Au, Ag, Cu, graphite, and graphene) in CsSnBr3 based on density functional theory calculations. Our results reveal that, whereas graphite and graphene electrodes exhibit negligible influence on CsSnBr3 due to the relatively high formation energies for carbon impurities in CsSnBr3, atoms from the metal electrodes can effectively diffuse into CsSnBr3 along interstice and form electrically active impurities in CsSnBr3. In this case, a significant amount of donor interstitial impurities, such as $$Ag_i^ +$$

A

g

i

+

, $$Cu_i^ +$$

C

u

i

+

, and $$Au_i^ +$$

A

u

i

+

, will be formed under p-type conditions, whereas the Sn-site substitutional acceptor impurities, namely $$Au_{Sn}^{2 - }$$

A

u

S
n

2
−

, $$Ag_{Sn}^{2 - }$$

A

g

S
n

2
−

, and $$Cu_{Sn}^{2 - }$$

C

u

S
n

2
−

, are the dominant impurities, especially under n-type conditions. In particular, except for $$Au_i^ +$$

A

u

i

+

, all these major impurities from the metal electrodes act as nonradiative recombination centers in CsSnBr3 and significantly degrade the device performance. Our work highlights the distinct behaviors of the electrode impurities in CsSnBr3 and their influence on the related devices and provides valuable information for identifying suitable electrodes for optoelectronic applications.
Evidence for self-sustaining populations of Arcuatula senhousia in the UK and a review of this species’ potential impacts within Europe
Authors: Watson Gordon James , Dyos Jesie , Barfield Peter , Stebbing Paul , Dey Kate Gabrielle
Published: May 2021

The invasive Asian date mussel (Arcuatula senhousia) inhabits diverse global coastal environments, in some circumstances posing significant ecological and economic risks. Recently recorded in the Greater North Sea ecoregion, an established population has not previously been confirmed. Combining historical and field data, we provided baseline information from the UK and recorded colonisation in a variety of habitats. Gonadal development was assessed using the gonadosomatic index (GSI) to determine if an intertidal soft-sediment population is self-sustaining. Arcuatula senhousia records from subtidal muddy/mixed-sediment within a major estuarine system from 2007 to 2016 were also analysed. First detected in 2011, spatial distribution was variable across the years within the subtidal, with individuals found at 4–9 out of 25 sites, and densities per site varying from 10 to 290 individuals per m2. The intertidal population was, in part, associated with seagrass (Zostera spp.) and attached to bivalves. In marinas, individuals were attached to concrete tiles, associated with live Mytilus edulis, and to dead Ostrea edulis. Mean GSI from the intertidal population differed across months, peaking in July before declining in September/October, but with high inter-individual variability. Arcuatula senhousia is reproducing and maintaining viable populations. Using a natural capital approach, we identify the potential impacts on Europe’s functionally important habitats, fisheries and aquaculture if its spread continues.
Bioremediation of clay with high oil content and biological response after restoration
Authors: Li Xiaokang , Li Jinling , Qu Chengtun , Yu Tao , Du Mingming
Published: May 2021

The clay with high oil content form soil lumps, which is hard for microbes to repair. In this paper, the bioaugmentation and biostimulation technology  were applied to improve the bioremediation effect of the soil with high oil content, that modified by local cow dung and sandy soil, the ecological toxicity of the soil after restoration was further analyzed. After 53 days of bioremediation, the degradation efficiency with respect to the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) content reached 76.9% ± 2.2%. The soil bacterial count of M5 group reached log10 CFU/g soil = 7.69 ± 0.03 and the results were better than other experimental groups. The relative abundances of petroleum-degrading bacteria added to M5 remained high (Achromobacter 9.44%, Pseudomonas 31.06%, and Acinetobacter 14.11%), and the proportions of some other indigenous bacteria (Alcanivorax and Paenibacillus) also increased. The toxicity of the bioremediated soil was reduced by seed germination and earthworm survival experiments.
Intra-urban microclimate investigation in urban heat island through a novel mobile monitoring system
Authors: Kousis Ioannis , Pigliautile Ilaria , Pisello Anna Laura
Published: May 2021

Monitoring microclimate variables within cities with high accuracy is an ongoing challenge for a better urban resilience to climate change. Assessing the intra-urban characteristics of a city is of vital importance for ensuring fine living standards for citizens. Here, a novel mobile microclimate station is applied for monitoring the main microclimatic variables regulating urban and intra-urban environment, as well as directionally monitoring shortwave radiation and illuminance and hence systematically map for the first time the effect of urban surfaces and anthropogenic heat. We performed day-time and night-time monitoring campaigns within a historical city in Italy, characterized by substantial urban structure differentiations. We found significant intra-urban variations concerning variables such as air temperature and shortwave radiation. Moreover, the proposed experimental framework may capture, for the very first time, significant directional variations with respect to shortwave radiation and illuminance across the city at microclimate scale. The presented mobile station represents therefore the key missing piece for exhaustively identifying urban environmental quality, anthropogenic actions, and data driven modelling toward risk and resilience planning. It can be therefore used in combination with satellite data, stable weather station or other mobile stations, e.g. wearable sensing techniques, through a citizens’ science approach in smart, livable, and sustainable cities in the near future.