bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prerequisite to Meaning
Authors: Hendrix Gertrude
Published: January 2021

Once upon a time not too long ago, when factoring was a formal and formidable part of elementary mathematics courses, we all learned a definition for prime number. Perhaps you as well as I can remember someone who could recite or write, “A prime number is a whole number greater than one which has no factors other than it self and one,” but who could not find answers to such questions as: “What is the smallest prime number greater than 100?” or “What is the largest prime number less than 125?” Some of our teachers thought they were preventing superficial memorizing of the definition when, instead of asking us to quote it, t hey asked for five examples of prime number, but again the question fails as a valid test for the concept. To be sure, the question exposes one who can remember only four of the examples he once memorized, but one who can remember as many as five is as well off on that test question as he would be if he really had the concept. The problem is, how can we direct learning so that such superficiality, waste of time, and intellectual dishonesty are prevented rather than promoted.
Installment Buying
Authors: Adams L. J. , Bell Clifford
Published: January 2021

Teachers of arithmetic are all familiar with one or more methods of computing the simple interest rate involved in installment buying, but some may not be aware of the underlying assumptions implied in the methods they use. It is the purpose of this article to describe three commonly used methods, to actually derive the formulas involved, and, more particularly, to call attention to the assumptions made in each method. It is hoped that these discussions will give the teacher a better understanding of a rather difficult application of arithmetic.
Direct vs. indirect memory in geometry
Authors: Kimball Roland B.
Published: January 2021

Not too long ago it was common practice among geometry teachers to expect pupils to memorize much, if not all, of the work in plane geometry. Not only were the theorems memorized; so were the proofs. Fortunately, this sort of thing is on the decline. The trend is toward the use of frequent original proofs which can be done by the pupil only if he truly understands the theorems which apply.
General mathematics in the secondary school—I
Authors: Reeve William David
Published: January 2021

Nothing in mathematics except arithmetic is offered in many secondary schools until the ninth year, where algebra is the normal course. In the tenth grade geometry constitutes the offering, and from there on there is no established pattern.
Euclidean constructions
Authors: Yates Robert C.
Published: January 2021

In the spirit of the old-time revival and the spring tonic, I feel it periodically necessary to “reaffirm the faith” and refresh myself in the fundamental constructions of Euclidean plane geometry. It seems always such a satisfying experience that I wish to share it. My refreshment takes the following form.
Points and Viewpoints: News for Council members
Authors: Wilcox Marie S.
Published: January 2021

A column of unofficial comment.
The Mathematical Pessimist
Authors: Ransom W. R.
Published: January 2021

By the mathematical pessimist I mean the discouraged student, the boy (or girl) who has arrived at the conclusion that mathematicians, like poets, are born and not made, and that none was born on his birthday. He believes himself to be what Klein has called an “amathematician.” We may quote the very words of the pessimist: you recognize the species when he refers to his geometry or his algebra—oh especially his algebra !—as “this stuff.” Such a one was the writer of a charming Christmas story who began it with the statement that she could not bear the abbreviation “Xmas” because, she said, “X always seemed to me to stand for what was hard and difficult, unknown and unknowable.”
Business Arithmetic Versus Algebra in the High School
Authors: Van. Tuyl George H.
Published: January 2021

In bringing this discussion before you to-day, it seems wise to state the reason for its selection. This explanation is offered, not in any sense as an apology for the subject or its discussion, but merely to state my position, lest I should be misunderstood.
The Mathematician and His Luck
Authors: Singer E. A.
Published: January 2021

The mathematician of the seventeenth century is a splendid figure of pride and self-satisfaction, for he believed himself to be the sole possessor of absolute truth. The mathematician of the twentieth century is a much less splendid but much more interesting figure. Assurance has been replaced by skepticism, and satisfaction by discontent. Indeed the modern mathematician is the least happy and least contented of men,—out of sympathy with the universe, and out of humor with his luck. And that not because the gods who put the world together have treated him worse than his fellows. Just the opposite is the case. Of all possible worlds, have they not offered him just that one which is mathematically simplest, which can be described in terms of the easiest arithmetic, the easiest geometry, the easiest kinematics, and a very simple mechanics? The gods have been wonderfully good to the mathematician, and you would think that in this vale of tears he at least would be able to laugh. He is in luck, and it would seem as though he alone were in luck, for in a world as indifferent, ironical, tragic as is this one, the rest of us are not accustomed to find our ease considered, our desires satisfied. Indeed the deepest irony of all lies in the mathematical simplicity and elegance of the machine which the gods have devised for our undoing.
Self-weighing Practices and Associated Health Behaviors during COVID-19
Authors: Cooper Jamie A. , vanDellen Michelle , Bhutani Surabhi
Published: January 2021

Objective: In this study, we investigated self-weighing frequency (SWF) among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and retrospectively (6 months) before the pandemic, and whether SWF was associated with changes in health-related behaviors. Methods: United States adults
(N = 1607) completed a health-related questionnaire during COVID-19 and associated shelter-in-place. We categorized respondents into 4 groups of SWF at the time of the pandemic: "Never," "< 1x a week," "1x a week," or "> 1x a week." Results: The proportion of adults never weighing
increased during the pandemic (15% to 25%), whereas the proportion of those weighing < 1x week went down (41% to 29%). Higher SWF was significantly associated with changes in energy expenditure including increased total physical activity (PA), lower likelihood of decreases in vigorous,
moderate, and walking PA, and a lower likelihood of sitting more. More frequent self-weighing also was associated statistically with lower likelihood of keeping unhealthy eating behaviors the same. Conversely, there was no significant difference in changes in alcohol, caffeine, takeout, fruit
or vegetable consumption, and television viewing among SWF groups. Conclusion: SWF decreased during the pandemic in the lower 2 SWF categories. Higher SWF was associated with fewer negative changes in health behaviors, especially related to PA.
Hispanics/Latinos' Cigarette and E-cigarette Use: Behavioral and Self-rated Health
Authors: Correa-Fernández Virmarie , Tavakoli Niloofar , Motsenbocker Marshall , Kim Hanjoe
Published: January 2021

Objectives: In this paper, we examine if serious psychological distress (SPD), binge drinking, and self-rated health predict dual-use of tobacco cigarette and e-cigarette compared with no use or the use of only one product among Hispanics/Latinos (H/L). By increasing our understanding
of determinants of dual-use, we can identify the most vulnerable groups and intervention targets. Methods: We used data from H/L who were current tobacco/nicotine users in the Houston Health Survey 2018 (N = 188; representing 158,369 individuals). We conducted descriptive, bi-variate,
and multinomial logistic regression analyses, and moderation by age and sex. Results: H/L with SPD were more likely to be dual-users than non-users (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.97), cigarette users (OR = 1.12), or e-cigarette users (OR = 2.44). Individuals who binge drank were more likely to
be dual-users than non-users (OR = 2.66) or e-cigarette users (OR = 9.30), but more likely to be cigarette users compared to dual-users (OR = 2.05). Poorer self-rated health predicted an increased likelihood of being a non-user (OR = 1.19), cigarette user (OR = 1.36), and e-cigarette user
compared to a dual-user (OR = 1.04). Conclusions: Behavioral health and self-rated health are important predictors of tobacco cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual-use among H/L. These relationships differ by age and sex.
NCCN Guidelines Insights: Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Version 2.2021
Authors: Pollyea Daniel A. , Bixby Dale , Perl Alexander , Bhatt Vijaya Raj , Altman Jessica K. , Appelbaum Frederick R. , de Lima Marcos , Fathi Amir T. , Foran James M. , Gojo Ivana , Hall Aric C. , Jacoby Meagan , Lancet Jeffrey , Mannis Gabriel , Marcucci Guido , Martin Michael G. , Mims Alice , Neff Jadee , Nejati Reza , Olin Rebecca , Percival Mary-Elizabeth , Prebet Thomas , Przespolewski Amanda , Rao Dinesh , Ravandi-Kashani Farhad , Shami Paul J. , Stone Richard M. , Strickland Stephen A. , Sweet Kendra , Vachhani Pankit , Wieduwilt Matthew , Gregory Kristina M. , Ogba Ndiya , Tallman Martin S.
Published: January 2021

The NCCN Guidelines for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) provide recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of adults with AML based on clinical trials that have led to significant improvements in treatment, or have yielded new information regarding factors with prognostic importance, and are intended to aid physicians with clinical decision-making. These NCCN Guidelines Insights focus on recent select updates to the NCCN Guidelines, including familial genetic alterations in AML, postinduction or postremission treatment strategies in low-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia or favorable-risk AML, principles surrounding the use of venetoclax-based therapies, and considerations for patients who prefer not to receive blood transfusions during treatment.
Workshop summary report for "Building the Federal Profile for IoT Device Cybersecurity" virtual workshop
Authors: Megas Katerina N , Fagan Michael , Lemire David
Published: January 2021

This report summarizes the feedback received on the work of the NIST Cybersecurity for IoT program on device cybersecurity at a virtual workshop in July 2020. NISTIR 8259, Foundational Cybersecurity Activities for IoT Device Manufacturers and NISTIR 8259A, IoT Device Cybersecurity Capability Core Baseline provide general guidance on how manufacturers can understand and approach their role in supporting customers’ cybersecurity needs and goals. As discussed in those documents, specific sectors and use cases may require more specific guidance than what is included in NISTIR 8259A’s core baseline for IoT devices. NIST conducted the virtual workshop “Building the Federal Profile for IoT Device Cybersecurity” to discuss and gather community input on the creation of a federal profile of the core baseline for use by federal agencies. This publication provides a summary of the workshop. The baseline will be published in NISTIR 8259D, Profile of the IoT Core Baseline for the Federal Government.
Early stage mycosis fungoides responsive to acitretin monotreatment
Authors:   Somogy County Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital Dermatology Department Kaposvár, Nagy Linda , Szép Enikő , Telegdy Enikő , Egyed Miklós , Battyáni Zita
Published: January 2021

The authors present a case of a 36 year- old male patients, with St. IB mycosis fungoides with extensive skin symptoms. They decided acitretin monotherapy, as first line treatment. The patient responded well, and became permanently asymptomatic. The authors provide a brief literature review of the role of acitretin in the treatment of mycosis fungoides.
El dilema chino: estrategias de desarrollo económico emprendidas por Estados pequeños en Sudamérica
Authors: Wise Carol
Published: January 2021

The three most prominent trends in South America in the 2000s have been: 1) the rapid expansion of trade and borrowing ties with China; 2) the collapse of both regional and multilateral trade negotiating venues since 2006; and, 3) the quick recovery of most South American countries from the 2008-10 global financial crisis. This paper analyzes the ways in which these three trends have converged and shaped the choice of development strategy in Chile and Peru, which have the strongest trade ties with China in the entire Latin American region when measured as a percent of GDP. Indeed, both countries have sought to stake out their own paths by negotiating separate bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) with China and the US. Yet, although making these respective policy choices may well represent the most viable way forward for small emerging market countries which have consolidated macroeconomic reforms and are prepared to take their economic strategy to the next level, the political implications of this development path have already become more complicated than expected.
A safety and effectiveness evaluation of a callus softener containing potassium hydroxide
Authors: Towle Kevin , Kozal Jordan , Galbraith David , Monnot Andrew
Published: January 2021

Background: Limited safety information has been described in the peer-reviewed literature for callus softening products containing potassium hydroxide. Methods: This pilot human use study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of a commercially available callus softener, containing less than 10% potassium hydroxide by weight. Baseline callused skin was scored (grade 1-4) on each study participant's feet (n=10). Participants' feet were soaked and then a licensed manicurist applied a callus softener product to the right foot, which remained on callused skin for 3 to 5 minutes (no callus softener was applied to the participants' left foot). Both feet were then wiped with a wet towel, and a foot rasp was used to file the callused skin, beginning on the left foot. Callused skin was scored and participants' feet were evaluated by a physician immediately post use, 1-day post use, and 1-week post use for the presence/absence of skin irritation, adverse skin reactions, and chemical burns. Results: No adverse events were reported by study participants or the physician for all evaluation time points. Each participant's highest callus grade score on the treated foot either improved or remained the same following product use (compared to baseline). Mean callus grade scores were 1.75 at baseline, 1.55 immediately post use, 1.25 1-day post use, and 1.50 1-week post use. Conclusions: Results from this pilot study suggest that callus softening products containing less than 10% potassium hydroxide are likely to be safe and effective products under intended use scenarios of 3-5 minute application times, as dictated by product label instructions.
Patients’ Perception of Health Care Services in Malaria Endemic Area in Mali: Villages with Health Care Services Versus villages Without Health Care Services
Authors: Cherif Mariama Kaba Combasseré- , Sakyi Daniel Amoako- , Maiga Boubacar , Diop Samba , Dolo Amagana , Nébié Issa , -Blomberg Marita Troye
Published: January 2021

Aims: To assess the distribution of diseases and the reality of health service by taking the patients ‘perception in villages with health center versus those without health center.

Study Design: The assessment of distribution of diseases was done through a retrospective study from January 2010 to October 2011. The patients‘ perception of health care service was done through a prospective descriptive study conducted from September to October 2011.

Methodology: Five hundred fifty eight (558) patients from Bacoumana health district register database were included in the study for the assessment of malaria and other infectious diseases parameters using data already collected and recorded in the register. In additional, 464 adults living for at least 6 months in the rural community of Bancoumana located 60 km from Bamako (the capital of Mali) in the health district of Kati were included in the study during malaria transmission season to check their perception about health care service via the interview technique.

Results: Malaria was the most prevalent disease with 43.4% of cases. Plasmodium falciparum was the most prevalent with 97.6% of malaria cases. There was a statistical significant negative association between age and malaria (P= .007) and respiratory infections (P = .04). The village with health center rated significant interpersonal communication higher than those without health center such as compassion and support patients, reception of patients and quality of clinical examination and diagnosis.

Conclusion: Malaria remain a public health problem especially Plasmodium falciparum, the most parasite causing malaria. The study contributes for better understanding of the behaviors and the relationships between patients and health care service workers, which has a practical value for designing personalized health care services in Mali and provides a more accurate way to reflect public’s opinion in reality of health care service.
Multiomics integrative analysis reveals antagonistic roles of CBX2 and CBX7 in metabolic reprogramming of breast cancer
Authors: Iqbal Mohammad Askandar , Siddiqui Shumaila , Ur Rehman Asad , Siddiqui Farid Ahmad , Singh Prithvi , Kumar Bhupender , Saluja Daman
Published: January 2021

Striking similarity exists between metabolic changes associated with embryogenesis and tumorigenesis. Chromobox proteins‐CBX2/4/6/7/8, core components of canonical polycomb repressor complex 1, play essential roles in embryonic development and aberrantly expressed in breast cancer. Understanding how altered CBX expression relates to metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer may reveal vulnerabilities of therapeutic pertinence. Using transcriptomic and metabolomic data from breast cancer patients (N > 3000 combined), we performed pathway‐based analysis and identified outstanding roles of CBX2 and CBX7 in positive and negative regulation of glucose metabolism, respectively. Genetic ablation experiments validated the contrasting roles of two isoforms in cancer metabolism and cell growth. Furthermore, we provide evidence for the role of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling in mediating contrary effects of CBX2 and CBX7 on breast cancer metabolism. Underpinning the biological significance of metabolic roles, CBX2 and CBX7 were found to be the most up‐ and downregulated isoforms, respectively, in breast tumors compared with normal tissues. Moreover, CBX2 and CBX7 expression (not other isoforms) correlated strongly, but oppositely, with breast tumor subtype aggressiveness and the proliferation markers. Consistently, genomic data also showed higher amplification frequency of CBX2, not CBX7, in breast tumors. Highlighting the clinical significance of findings, disease‐specific survival and drug sensitivity analysis revealed that CBX2 and CBX7 predicted patient outcome and sensitivity to FDA‐approved/investigational drugs. In summary, this work identifies novel cross talk between CBX2/7 and breast tumor metabolism, and the results presented may have implications in strategies targeting breast cancer.
Socrates (Sokrates)
Authors: Edmunds Lowell
Published: January 2021

Socrates was a pivotal figure in the history of western philosophy – the first one who “called philosophy down from the heavens,” turning away from those now called “Presocratics.” Socrates also belongs to the history of Athens in the fifth centurybce. His trial, imprisonment, and execution in 399 form one of its least glorious chapters.
Chalcedon (Chalkedon)
Authors: Cojocaru Victor
Published: January 2021

A Megarian colony in Bithynia, Chalcedon was founded in 685bceon the Asian shore at the southern entrance to the Bosphorus. The city vacillated for a long time between the Lacedaemonian and the Athenian interests. Although by the King's Peace of 387/6bceChalcedon fell to Persia, it subsequently enjoyed autonomy. After Alexander the Great, Chalcedon's history was characterized by conflicts with the Bithynians. The privileges of a “free city” were lost under Augustus. The importance of the city for early church history is indicated by the Fourth Ecumenical Council, which was held there in 451ce.
Kyzikos (Cyzicus)
Authors: Cojocaru Victor
Published: January 2021

Kyzikos is located at modern Balkiz, on the isthmus of the Kapu Daği Peninsula (ancient Arctonnesos), on the southwestern coast of the Sea of Marmara. On their way to the Euxine, the Milesians established Kyzikos as one of their most important colonies. Throughout antiquity the foundation preserved its Milesian character. At some later date Kyzikos absorbed many other settlements, controlled a large territory inhabited by the indigenous Dolionians, and, like Byzantium, played a key role in the grain trade between Athens and the Pontic world. This last feature did much to contribute to the circulation of the famous Kyzikene electrum staters over a vast area.
Venta Silurum (Caerwent)
Authors: Rogers Adam
Published: January 2021

The city of Venta Silurum lies beneath fields and the village of Caerwent in Monmouthshire, South Wales. It is around 14 km east of the legionary fortress of ISCA (Caerleon) on the main road from Glevum (Gloucester) in the territory of the Silures. The name Venta Silurum appears in the Antonine Itinerary, while the seventh‐century Ravenna Cosmography lists Ventasilurum. Motives behind the location of the city are unclear. Although the name Venta may imply a preexisting focus, this has no archaeological support. Iron Age coins are known, but these were probably post‐conquest arrivals.
Verulamium (St. Albans)
Authors: Rogers Adam
Published: January 2021

Roman period city in Hertfordshire, southeast England, with preceding Iron Age
oppidum
Pompeii, destruction of
Authors: Scarpati Claudio , Perrotta Annamaria
Published: January 2021

The city of Pompeii was destroyed and buried during the 79
ce
eruption of Vesuvius. According to Pliny the Younger, falling pumice lapilli caused the collapse of many roofs, killing 394 inhabitants, and successive waves of fast pyroclastic currents flattened most of the walls, resulting in at least 650 victims.
Slings, slingers
Authors: Gómez‐Pantoja Joaquín L.
Published: January 2021

The sling (
sphendone
,
funda
) is an inexpensive tool made from a leather patch with strings attached on two opposite sides. The most ancient examples were recovered from Egyptian tombs, but it was in use from the Neolithic Age. Hunting was probably its main purpose; it was the Greeks and Romans who turned slingshots into a regular military weapon when they introduced trained soldiers and lead missiles.
Veterinary medicine
Authors: Fischer Klaus‐Dietrich
Published: January 2021

In antiquity, specialist practitioners existed for horses and mules, animals of extreme importance for ancient society, economy, and warfare. A sizeable body of writings both in Greek and Latin dealing with their treatment survives from late antiquity. The health of farm animals received less specialized attention and was addressed in agricultural treatises, while works on dogs and falcons only survive from the Middle Ages.
Names, personal, Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: Dodson Aidan
Published: January 2021

Names in Pharaonic Egypt were generally of five basic types, none mutually exclusive: theomorphic (linking the individual to a deity); basilopherous (linking the individual to a king); one commenting on the physical or mental qualities, or the background, of the individual; names of foreign origin; and pet‐forms of these.
Infiltration of plasma cells in colorectal adenocarcinoma associated with autoimmune encephalitis
Authors: Shu Yaqing , He Dan , Ma Xiaoyu , Li Jianfang , Wu Haotian , Chen Chen , Lu Zhengqi , Petersen Frank , Qiu Wei , Yu Xinhua
Published: January 2021

Paraneoplastic autoimmune encephalitis (PAE) represents a group of rare neurological syndromes associated with neoplastic diseases. Here, we report a case that multiple anti‐neuronal antibodies were present in a patient with PAE who developed both small cell lung cancer and colorectal adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, the immunopathological investigation of the colorectal adenocarcinoma revealed the formation of abnormal neuronal antigens and a massive infiltration of plasma cells in the tumor tissue. These findings support the hypothesis that expression of neuronal antigens in neoplasm initiates autoimmune responses in PAE.
Solutions to the Drawbacks of Photothermal and Photodynamic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Deng Xiangyu , Shao Zengwu , Zhao Yanli
Published: January 2021

Phototherapy such as photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment has been developed quickly over the past few years for its noninvasive nature and high efficiency. However, there are still many drawbacks in phototherapy that prevent it from clinical applications. Thus, scientists have designed different systems to overcome the issues associated with phototherapy, including enhancing the targeting ability of phototherapy, low‐temperature photothermal therapy, replacing near‐infrared light with other excitation sources, and so on. This article discusses the problems and shortcomings encountered in the development of phototherapy and highlights possible solutions to address them so that phototherapy may become a useful cancer treatment approach in clinical practice. This article aims to give a brief summary about current research advancements in phototherapy research and provides a quick guideline toward future developments in the field.
Right iliac fossa kidney: Differential diagnoses
Authors: Doherty Daniel T. , Wolowczyk Leszek
Published: January 2021

A right iliac fossa kidney is rarely encountered by the general clinician but multiple diagnoses should be considered.
Virtual and real assessment of a wide antral ablated region in atrial fibrillation patients using the hot balloon system
Authors: Fukuda Reiko , Nakahara Shiro , Sato Hirotsugu , Nishiyama Naoki , Hori Yuichi , Taguchi Isao
Published: January 2021

The hot balloon system has become widely used for atrial fibrillation ablation and also has software for preoperative computer simulation. The computer model may be useful for predicting the extent of a wide planar ablation region in the left atrium.
Advances in Post‐Combustion CO2Capture by Physical Adsorption: From Materials Innovation to Separation Practice
Authors: Liu Ru‐Shuai , Shi Xiao‐Dong , Wang Cheng‐Tong , Gao Yu‐Zhou , Xu Shuang , Hao Guang‐Ping , Chen Shaoyun , Lu An‐Hui
Published: January 2021

The atmospheric CO2concentration continues a rapid increase to its current record high value of 416 ppm for the time being. It calls for advanced CO2capture technologies. One of the attractive technologies is physical adsorption‐based separation, which shows easy regeneration and high cycle stability, and thus reduced energy penalties and cost. The extensive research on this topic is evidenced by the growing body of scientific and technical literature. The progress spans from the innovation of novel porous adsorbents to practical separation practices. Major CO2capture materials include the most widely used industrially relevant porous carbons, zeolites, activated alumina, mesoporous silica, and the newly emerging metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent‐organic framework (COFs). The key intrinsic properties such as pore structure, surface chemistry, preferable adsorption sites, and other structural features that would affect CO2capture capacity, selectivity, and recyclability are first discussed. The industrial relevant variables such as particle size of adsorbents, the mechanical strength, adsorption heat management, and other technological advances are equally important, even more crucial when scaling up from bench and pilot‐scale to demonstration and commercial scale. Therefore, we aim to bring a full picture of the adsorption‐based CO2separation technologies, from adsorbent design, intrinsic property evaluation to performance assessment not only under ideal equilibrium conditions but also in realistic pressure swing adsorption processes.
Energy‐Efficient Synthesis and High Thermoelectric Performance of α‐Cu2−ySe1−xTex
Authors: Lin Fei‐Hung , Liu Chia‐Jyi
Published: January 2021

The high‐temperature phase of β‐Cu2Se always appears as the major phase for the reaction carried out using chemical solution methods. Here, a procedure was developed that could fabricate a single phase of α‐Cu2Se1−xTex (x=0.02 and 0.04) by room‐temperature aqueous synthesis using NaBH4 as reducing agent followed by cold pressing and sintering at 650 °C for 6 h in a flowing gas mixture of 20 % H2 and 80 % N2. The energy‐efficient synthesis carried out at room temperature abides by the 6th principle for green chemistry with less energy consumption. The reaction mechanism was studied, and evidence was provided of α‐Cu2Se being formed via the reaction between elemental Cu and Se atoms at room temperature. The resulting materials were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, thermoelectric transport measurements, and Hall measurements. Cu1.96Se0.96Te0.04 had the highest power factor of 11 μW cm−1 K−2 at 818 K, and Cu2Se0.96Te0.04 had the maximum zT≥1.4 at T≥920 K among this series of materials.
Xenopus epidermal and endodermal epithelia as models for mucociliary epithelial evolution, disease, and metaplasia
Authors: Walentek Peter
Published: January 2021

The Xenopus embryonic epidermis is a powerful model to study mucociliary biology, development, and disease. Particularly, the Xenopus system is being used to elucidate signaling pathways, transcription factor functions, and morphogenetic mechanisms regulating cell fate specification, differentiation and cell function. Thereby, Xenopus research has provided significant insights into potential underlying molecular mechanisms for ciliopathies and chronic airway diseases. Recent studies have also established the embryonic epidermis as a model for mucociliary epithelial remodeling, multiciliated cell trans‐differentiation, cilia loss, and mucus secretion. Additionally, the tadpole foregut epithelium is lined by a mucociliary epithelium, which shows remarkable features resembling mammalian airway epithelia, including its endodermal origin and a variable cell type composition along the proximal–distal axis. This review aims to summarize the advantages of the Xenopus epidermis for mucociliary epithelial biology and disease modeling. Furthermore, the potential of the foregut epithelium as novel mucociliary model system is being highlighted. Additional perspectives are presented on how to expand the range of diseases that can be modeled in the frog system, including proton pump inhibitor‐associated pneumonia as well as metaplasia in epithelial cells of the airway and the gastroesophageal region.
Seismic response calculation method and shaking table test of horizontal storage tanks under lateral excitation
Authors: Lyu Yuan , Sun Jiangang , Sun Zongguang , Cui Lifu , Wang Zhen
Published: January 2021

This article aims to propose analytical solutions to calculate the seismic response of horizontal storage tanks under lateral excitation. First, based on the potential fluid theory and appropriate boundary conditions, analytical solutions for seismic response calculations were derived. This method can calculate the dynamic response time series of fluid pressure, fluid sloshing, base shear, and bending moment. Based on this, this study further derived the stress expressions of the tank wall and saddle. Subsequently, we performed a shaking table test of the horizontal storage tank under lateral seismic excitation. The results showed that the analytical solutions were in good agreement with the experimental results. The maximum percentage difference did not exceed 15%, thereby verifying the reliability of the analytical solutions.
Serum Bile Acid, Vitamin E, and Serotonin Metabolites Are Associated With Future Liver‐Related Events in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Wegermann Kara , Howe Catherine , Henao Ricardo , Wang Ying , Guy Cynthia D. , Abdelmalek Manal F. , Diehl Anna Mae , Moylan Cynthia A.
Published: January 2021

Identifying patients at higher risk for poor outcomes from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains challenging. Metabolomics, the comprehensive measurement of small molecules in biological samples, has the potential to reveal novel noninvasive biomarkers. The aim of this study was to determine if serum metabolite profiles in patients with NAFLD associate with future liver‐related events. We performed a retrospective single‐center cohort study of 187 participants with biopsy‐proven NAFLD. Metabolomic analysis was performed on serum using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We identified liver‐related events (variceal bleeding, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatopulmonary or hepatorenal syndrome) by manual chart review between index biopsy (2007‐2013) and April 1, 2018. Generalized linear models and Cox proportional hazards models were used to test the association of metabolites with liver‐related events and time to first liver‐related event, controlling for covariates and fibrosis stage. Over a mean ± SD follow‐up of 6.9 ± 3.2 years, 11 participants experienced 22 liver‐related events. Generalized linear models revealed 53 metabolites significantly associated with liver‐related events (P < 0.05). In Cox proportional hazards modeling, 69 metabolites were significantly associated with time to future liver‐related events (P < 0.05), seven of which met the false discovery rate threshold of 0.10: vitamin E metabolites gamma‐carboxyethyl‐hydroxychroman (gamma‐CEHC) and gamma‐CEHC glucuronide; primary bile acid metabolite taurochenodeoxycholate; serotonin metabolite 5‐hydroxyindoleacetate; and lipid metabolites (i) 2‐hydroxyglutarate, (ii) 3beta,17beta‐diol disulfate 1, and (iii) eicosenoyl sphingomyelin. Conclusion: Metabolites of a primary bile acid, vitamin E, and serotonin were associated with future liver‐related events. Our results suggest metabolite pathways may be useful for predicting which patients with NAFLD are at higher risk for hepatic decompensation.
A study to identify limitations of existing automated systems to detect glaucoma at initial and curable stage
Authors: Khalil Tehmina , Akram Muhammad Usman , Khalid Samina , Dar Saadat Hanif , Ali Nouman
Published: January 2021

Glaucoma ocular disease is the second topmost reason for irreversible visual impairment around the world. This malady can be cured and permanent blindness can be prevented by timely diagnosis and treatment. This study is an attempt to analyse the current status of automated glaucoma diagnosis systems. Existing systems have been analysed on the base of ophthalmic imaging technology, capability to detect glaucoma at initial or latter stages, detection strategy and performance. Analysis revealed several research gaps mainly in automated glaucoma detection based on Fundus and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) ophthalmic imaging technologies. More accurate diagnosis of glaucoma at early and curable stages is possible by bridging the identified gaps.
Group delay modulation based on multimode electromagnetically induced transparency
Authors: Chen Zhe , Lin Xianqi
Published: January 2021

The group delay of passband window plays an important role in the wireless system. Here we propose a controllable group delay structure based on the multimode electromagnetically induced transparency in a closed waveguide system, which is realized by trapping three “dark” modes with high Q‐factors into one “bright” mode with low Q‐factor. Three transparent windows with three discrete peaks of group delay are obtained, whose bandwidth can be adjusted by changing the Q‐factor of each “dark” mode, and then the controllable group delay can be further achieved. Three samples with different distributions of group delay are fabricated and tested. Good agreement between simulated and measured results are presented. The proposed method and structures contribute to the design of passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, sensors, multimode filters, slow light components, and novel group‐delay modulator.
Uncertainty‐oriented double‐scale topology optimization with macroreliability limitation and micromanufacturing control
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhao Xingyu , Liu Dongliang , Chen Xiao
Published: January 2021

This article proposes an uncertainty‐oriented double‐scale topology optimization method considering macroreliability limitation and micromanufacturing control. The procedure combines the homogenization method to solve the equivalent elastic property of the microstructure, the feature distance theory to evaluate reliability, a density projection for manufacturability control, and the solid isotropic material with penalization model to suppress intermediate density. To coupling the micro–macro scale, the equivalent elastic property of the cell microstructure is evaluated by the numerical homogenization method and then endowed to the macroelement for finite element analysis. Uncertainty factors existed in optimization parameters are evaluated by the interval convex set model. By utilizing the interval parameter vertex method and the feature distance theory, the reliability of displacement constraint in the optimization model is evaluated and constrained. In terms of length scale control, the microdensity design variables are projected by a threshold function to obtain a clear microstructure that satisfies the preset minimum length scale constraint. Finally, three numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effect of micromanufacturing control, as well as the necessity of considering parameter uncertainty.
THE DETERRENT EFFECT OF SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS ON CRIME
Authors: Gómez Santiago , Mejía Daniel , Tobón Santiago
Published: January 2021

From the U.S. to Colombia to China, millions of public surveillance cameras are at the core of crime prevention strategies. Yet, we know little about the effects of surveillance cameras on criminal behavior, especially in developing economies. We study an installation program in Medellín and find that the quasi‐random allocation of cameras led to a decrease in crimes and arrests. With no increase in the monitoring capacity and no chance to use camera footage in prosecution, these results suggest offenders were deterred rather than incapacitated. We test for spillovers and find no evidence of crime displacement or diffusion of benefits to surrounding locations.
Effective Collegiate Recovery Campuses: Key Elements of Two Exemplars
Authors: Castedo Sierra , Salmeri Patrice M. , Steiker Lori K. Holleran
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes two exemplary collegiate recovery programs in order to illustrate the range of variation between programs, while highlighting the common essential elements.
Verification of electric steel punching simulation results using microhardness
Authors: Laakso Sampsa Vili Antero , Aydin Ugur , Krajnik Peter
Published: January 2021

One of the most dominant manufacturing methods in the production of electromechanical devices from sheet metal is punching. In punching, the material undergoes plastic deformation and finally fracture. Punching of an electrical steel sheet causes plastic deformation on the edges of the part, which affects the magnetic properties of the material, i.e., increases iron losses in the material, which in turn has a negative effect on the performance of the electromagnetic devices in the final product. Therefore, punching-induced iron losses decrease the energy efficiency of the device. FEM simulations of punching have shown significantly increased plastic deformation on the workpiece edges with increasing tool wear. In order to identify the critical tool wear, after which the iron losses have increased beyond acceptable limits, the simulation results must be verified with experimental methods. The acceptable limits are pushed further in the standards by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The new standard (IEC TS 60034-30-2:2016) has much stricter limits regarding the energy efficiency of electromechanical machines, with an IE5 class efficiency that exceeds the previous IE4 class (IEC 60034-30-1:2014) requirements by 30%. The simulations are done using Scientific Forming Technologies Corporation Deform, a finite element software for material processing simulations. The electrical steel used is M400-50A, and the tool material is Vanadis 23, a powder-based high-speed steel. Vanadis 23 is a high alloyed powder metallurgical high-speed steel with a high abrasive wear resistance and a high compressive strength. It is suitable for cold work processing like punching. In the existing literature, FEM simulations and experimental methods have been incorporated for investigating the edge deformation properties of sheared surfaces, but there is a research gap in verifying the simulation results with the experimental methods. In this paper, FEM simulation of the punching process is verified using an electrical steel sheet from real production environment and measuring the deformation of the edges using microhardness measurements. The simulations show high plastic deformation 50 μm into the workpiece edge, a result that is shown to be in good agreement with the experimental results.
Study on the forming and sensing properties of laser-sintered TPU/CNT composites for plantar pressure sensors
Authors: Zhuang Yu , Guo Yanling , Li Jian , Yu Yueqiang , Jiang Kaiyi , Zhang Hui , Guo Shuai
Published: January 2021

Conductive polymer composites (CPCs) combining with specific microstructures (micropores, microcracks, etc.) can exhibit unique resistance response changes, which can be widely regarded as an effective way to improve sensing performance. This study takes advantage of the characteristics of the formation of tiny pores between crystal grains during selective laser sintering (SLS) processing to introduce a microporous structure into the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/carbon nanotube (CNT) sensing element to prepare a three-dimensional porous conductive structure. The effect of the SLS process on sensing sensitivity, accuracy, and density was studied, and its sensing and forming mechanism were discussed. By adjusting SLS process parameters to control the performance of porous structure sensor elements, a final TPU/CNT sensor element with a wide pressure detection range, high sensitivity, a fast response time, and good stability and durability was developed. Finally, the optimal performance of the developed flexible pressure sensor was successfully used to detect the pressure distribution of the human foot. This study provided a simple and effective research method to develop high-performance flexible pressure sensors.
Study on the impacts of chemical and green synthesized (Leucas aspera and oxy-cyclodextrin complex) dietary zinc oxide nanoparticles in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Kurian Amitha , Elumalai Preetham
Published: January 2021

The present study was designed to evaluate the health effects of dietary nanozinc prepared by two methods: conventional chemical method and green method. The parameters evaluated were the extent of bioaccumulation, antioxidant status, histological, immunological changes and DNA damage in Nile tilapia fed nanozinc feed. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were first prepared by green and chemical methods. Before feed preparation, the in vitro antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of both types of nanoparticle solutions were tested and the results revealed enhanced activities in green synthesized ZnO NP solution. After the acclimatization period, 420 Nile tilapias were distributed randomly into 21 glass tanks with 20 fish per tank in triplicates. Fish were fed control diet without any ZnO NP and (i) GT1—green synthesized ZnO NP diet at 100 mg/kg, (ii) CT1—chemically synthesized ZnO NP diet at 100 mg/kg, (iii) GT2—green synthesized ZnO NP diet at 200 mg/kg, (iv) CT2—chemically synthesized ZnO NP diet at 200 mg/kg, (v) GT3—green synthesized ZnO NP diet at 400 mg/kg and (vi) CT3—chemically synthesized ZnO NP diet at 400 mg/kg for 60 days. After 60 days, gill and liver samples were collected for analysing oxidative stress, histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation of zinc, whereas serum samples were collected for evaluating immune response. The results revealed that the GT3 diet significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the level of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPx, GR and GSH) than dietary nanozinc prepared by the chemical method. Similarly, the innate immunological parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) augmented in fish fed GT3 diet. Comparative histological study of liver and gill tissues revealed normal architecture in the tissues of fish fed green synthesized NP–enriched feed, whereas the tissues of fish fed chemically synthesized NP feed exhibited histological alterations. Bioaccumulation of zinc was more in the liver followed by the muscle and least in the gills and DNA damage was more evident in fish fed chemically synthesized ZnO NP–enriched feed. In conclusion, the results suggest that the inclusion of 400 mg/kg GT3 diet in fish diet enhanced the level of antioxidant enzymes, boosted immune response and did not cause histological damage to organs, and therefore, GT3 nanofeed can be recommended for fish health improvement.
COVID-19 pandemic: the possible influence of the long-term ignorance about climate change
Authors: Gorji Shaghayegh , Gorji Ali
Published: January 2021

In addressing the current COVID-19 pandemic and evaluating the measures taken by global leaders so far, it is crucial to trace back the circumstances influencing the emergence of the crisis that the world is presently facing. Could it be that the failure to act in a timely manner dates way back to when first concerns about climate change and its inevitable threat to human health came up? Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the large-scale and rapid environmental changes in the last few decades may be implicated in the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic by increasing the potential risk of the occurrence and the spread of zoonotic diseases, worsening food security, and weakening the human immune system. As we are facing progressive climatic change, a failure to act accordingly could inevitably lead to further, more frequent confrontations with newly emerging diseases.
Sexueller Sadismus: Aktueller Wissensstand und die Codierung gemäß DSM-5-TR und ICD-11
Authors: Mokros Andreas , Nitschke Joachim
Published: January 2021

Sexualsadismus bezeichnet eine lustvolle Erregbarkeit durch die Kontrolle, Erniedrigung oder Schmerzzufügung zulasten einer anderen Person. In den psychiatrischen Klassifikationskatalogen wird heute auf Zwang und Nichteinvernehmlichkeit abgestellt, um die forensische Ausprägung des Sexualsadismus von der konsensuellen Spielart im Sinne sadomasochistischer Rollenspiele abzugrenzen („bondage“ und Disziplinierung, Dominanz und Submission, Sadismus und Masochismus; kurz: BDSM). Ferner ist zwischen diesen Formen des Sexualsadismus und dem sog. Charakter- oder Alltagssadismus als Persönlichkeitszug zu unterscheiden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die aktuelle Nosologie der forensisch-psychiatrisch bedeutsamen zwangsweisen sexuell-sadistischen Störung („coercive sexual sadism disorder“) gemäß ICD-11 erläutert. Die Sexual Sadism Scale wird als diagnostisches Hilfsmittel für die gutachterliche Beurteilung vorgestellt. Befunde zur Kriminalprognose werden dargestellt, wobei die Diagnose per se nicht nennenswert mit erneuter Sexual- oder Gewaltdelinquenz nach Entlassung assoziiert ist, aber einen starken Zusammenhang mit äußerst schwerwiegenden Einweisungsdelikten zeigt (konkret: sexuell motivierte Tötungsdelikte). Wie aktuelle Literaturrecherchen ergeben, liegen aus den letzten Jahren keine Behandlungsstudien vor.