bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collagen Organization in Relation to Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Pathology and Outcomes
Authors: Sprague Brian L. , Vacek Pamela M. , Mulrow Sophie E. , Evans Mark F. , Trentham-Dietz Amy , Herschorn Sally D. , James Ted A. , Surachaicharn Nuntida , Keikhosravi Adib , Eliceiri Kevin W. , Weaver Donald L. , Conklin Matthew W.
Published: October 2020

Background:

There is widespread interest in discriminating indolent from aggressive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We sought to evaluate collagen organization in the DCIS tumor microenvironment in relation to pathologic characteristics and patient outcomes.

Methods:

We retrieved fixed tissue specimens for 90 DCIS cases within the population-based Vermont DCIS Cohort. We imaged collagen fibers within 75 μm of the tumor/stromal boundary on hematoxylin and eosin–stained slides using multiphoton microscopy with second-harmonic generation. Automated software quantified collagen fiber length, width, straightness, density, alignment, and angle to the tumor/stroma boundary. Factor analysis identified linear combinations of collagen fiber features representing composite attributes of collagen organization.

Results:

Multiple collagen features were associated with DCIS grade, necrosis pattern, or periductal fibrosis (P < 0.05). After adjusting for treatments and nuclear grade, risk of recurrence (defined as any second breast cancer diagnosis) was lower among cases with greater collagen fiber width [hazard ratio (HR), 0.57 per one standard deviation increase; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.39–0.84] and fiber density (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.42–0.85), whereas risk was elevated among DCIS cases with higher fiber straightness (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.05–2.06) and distance to the nearest two fibers (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.06–2.02). Fiber length, alignment, and fiber angle were not associated with recurrence (P > 0.05). Five composite factors were identified, accounting for 72.4% of the total variability among fibers; three were inversely associated with recurrence (HRs ranging from 0.60 to 0.67; P ≤ 0.01).

Conclusions:

Multiple aspects of collagen organization around DCIS lesions are associated with recurrence risk.

Impact:

Collagen organization should be considered in the development of prognostic DCIS biomarker signatures.
Genomic Aberrations and Late Recurrence in Postmenopausal Women with Hormone Receptor–positive Early Breast Cancer: Results from the SOLE Trial
Authors: Guerini-Rocco Elena , Gray Kathryn P. , Fumagalli Caterina , Reforgiato Marta Rita , Leone Isabella , Rafaniello Raviele Paola , Munzone Elisabetta , Kammler Roswitha , Neven Patrick , Hitre Erika , Jerusalem Guy , Simoncini Edda , Gombos Andrea , Deleu Ines , Karlsson Per , Aebi Stefan , Chirgwin Jacquie , Di Lauro Vincenzo , Thompson Alastair , Graas Marie-Pascale , Barber Matthew , Fontaine Christel , Loibl Sibylle , Gavilá Joaquín , Kuroi Katsumasa , Müller Bettina , O’Reilly Seamus , Di Leo Angelo , Goldhirsch Aron , Viale Giuseppe , Barberis Massimo , Regan Meredith M. , Colleoni Marco
Published: October 2020

Purpose:

Women with hormone receptor–positive early breast cancers have a persistent risk of relapse and biomarkers for late recurrence are needed. We sought to identify tumor genomic aberrations associated with increased late-recurrence risk.

Experimental Design:

In a secondary analysis of Study of Letrozole Extension trial, a case-cohort–like sampling selected 598 primary breast cancers for targeted next-generation sequencing analysis of gene mutations and copy-number gains (CNGs). Correlations of genomic aberrations with clinicopathologic factors and breast and distant recurrence-free intervals (BCFIs and DRFIs) were analyzed using weighted Cox models.

Results:

Analysis of mutations and CNGs was successfully performed for 403 and 350 samples, including 148 and 134 patients with breast cancer recurrences (median follow-up time, 5.2 years), respectively. The most frequent alterations were PIK3CA mutations (42%) and CNGs of CCND1 (15%), ERBB2 (10%), FGFR1 (8%), and MYC (8%). PIK3CA mutations and MYC CNGs were associated with lower (P = 0.03) and higher (P = 0.004) tumor grade, respectively; a higher Ki-67 was seen in tumor with CCND1, ERBB2, and MYC CNGs (P = 0.01, P < 0.001, and P = 0.03, respectively). FGFR1 CNG was associated with an increased risk of late events in univariate analyses [17/29 patients; BCFI: HR, 3.2; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.48–6.92; P = 0.003 and DRFI: HR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.61–7.75; P = 0.002) and in multivariable models adjusted for clinicopathologic factors.

Conclusions:

Postmenopausal women with hormone receptor–positive early breast cancer harboring FGFR1 CNG had an increased risk of late recurrence despite extended therapy. FGFR1 CNG may represent a useful prognostic biomarker for late recurrence and a therapeutic target.
PARP Inhibitors in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Chan Chung Ying , Tan Kel Vin , Cornelissen Bart
Published: October 2020

Targeting of PARP enzymes has emerged as an effective therapeutic strategy to selectively target cancer cells with deficiencies in homologous recombination signaling. Currently used to treat BRCA-mutated cancers, PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have demonstrated improved outcome in various cancer types as single agents. Ongoing efforts have seen the exploitation of PARPi combination therapies, boosting patient responses as a result of drug synergisms. Despite great successes using PARPi therapy, selecting those patients who will benefit from single agent or combination therapy remains one of the major challenges. Numerous reports have demonstrated that the presence of a BRCA mutation does not always result in synthetic lethality with PARPi therapy in treatment-naïve tumors. Cancer cells can also develop resistance to PARPi therapy. Hence, combination therapy may significantly affect the treatment outcomes. In this review, we discuss the development and utilization of PARPi in different cancer types from preclinical models to clinical trials, provide a current overview of the potential uses of PARP imaging agents in cancer therapy, and discuss the use of radiolabeled PARPi as radionuclide therapies.
Selective Vulnerability to Pyrimidine Starvation in Hematologic Malignancies Revealed by AG-636, a Novel Clinical-Stage Inhibitor of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase
Authors: McDonald Gabrielle , Chubukov Victor , Coco John , Truskowski Kevin , Narayanaswamy Rohini , Choe Sung , Steadman Mya , Artin Erin , Padyana Anil K. , Jin Lei , Ronseaux Sebastien , Locuson Charles , Fan Zi-Peng , Erdmann Tabea , Mann Alan , Hayes Sebastian , Fletcher Mark , Nellore Kavitha , Rao Siva Sanjeeva , Subramanya Hosahalli , Reddy K. Satish , Panigrahi Sunil K. , Antony Thomas , Gopinath Sreevalsam , Sui Zhihua , Nagaraja Nelamangala , Dang Lenny , Lenz Georg , Hurov Jonathan , Biller Scott A. , Murtie Josh , Marks Kevin M. , Ulanet Danielle B.
Published: October 2020

Agents targeting metabolic pathways form the backbone of standard oncology treatments, though a better understanding of differential metabolic dependencies could instruct more rationale-based therapeutic approaches. We performed a chemical biology screen that revealed a strong enrichment in sensitivity to a novel dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor, AG-636, in cancer cell lines of hematologic versus solid tumor origin. Differential AG-636 activity translated to the in vivo setting, with complete tumor regression observed in a lymphoma model. Dissection of the relationship between uridine availability and response to AG-636 revealed a divergent ability of lymphoma and solid tumor cell lines to survive and grow in the setting of depleted extracellular uridine and DHODH inhibition. Metabolic characterization paired with unbiased functional genomic and proteomic screens pointed to adaptive mechanisms to cope with nucleotide stress as contributing to response to AG-636. These findings support targeting of DHODH in lymphoma and other hematologic malignancies and suggest combination strategies aimed at interfering with DNA-damage response pathways.
Importance of microRNAs in Skin Oncogenesis and Their Suitability as Agents and Targets for Topical Therapy
Authors: Gerloff Dennis , Sunderkötter Cord , Wohlrab Johannes
Published: October 2020

Skin cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, with rapidly increasing incidence and consistent mortality. Skin cancer encompasses melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer, which in turn is mainly divided into cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Small noncoding micro­RNAs (miRNAs) regulate protein expression after transcription and play a role in the development and progression of skin cancer. Deregulated expression of miRNAs in skin cancer is associated with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, apoptosis, immune response, and drug resistance. Specific patterns of miRNAs in specific skin cancer types can be used as diagnostic markers. For therapeutic purposes, both miRNA and chemically modified variants thereof as well as miRNA antagonists (antagomiRs) or RNA inhibitors may be applied topically. Due to their specific physicochemical properties, physical or chemical diffusion promoters are used with varying degrees of success. There is no question by now that such preparations have a high potential for the treatment of epithelial skin tumors in particular.
Can Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors and CD34 Expression Implement NICE (Narrow-Band Imaging International Colorectal Endoscopic) Classification in Colorectal Polypoid Lesion Diagnosis?
Authors: Ruffolo Cesare , Ferrara Francesco , Trevellin Elisabetta , Cataldo Ivana , Fornasier Caterina , Pozza Anna , Campo Dell'Orto Marta , Angriman Imerio , Dei Tos Angelo Paolo , Bardini Romeo , Massani Marco , Kotsafti Andromachi , Scarpa Marco
Published: October 2020

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a subfamily of growth factors involved in angiogenesis; CD34+ cells are normally found in endothelial progenitor cells and endothelial cells of blood vessels. Colonic adenomatous polyps may not always be completely removable endoscopically, and a preoperative diagnosis might still be necessary. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether VEGF-A, VEGF-C and CD34 mRNA expression along colorectal carcinogenesis steps can implement NICE (Narrow-Band Imaging International Colorectal Endoscopic) classification in the diagnosis of malignancy in colorectal polypoid lesions. Methods: Seventy-one subjects with colonic adenoma or cancer who underwent screening narrow-band imaging (NBI) colonoscopy were prospectively enrolled in the MICCE1 project (Treviso center). Polyps were classified according to the NICE classification. Real-time RT-PCR for VEGF-A, VEGF-C and CD34 mRNA expression was performed. Nonparametric statistics, receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis and logistic multiple regression analysis were used. Results: VEGF-A and CD34 mRNA expression was significantly higher in sessile adenomas than in polypoid ones (p < 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively). VEGF-A, VEGF-C and CD34 mRNA expression was significantly higher in adenocarcinoma than in adenoma (p = 0.01, p = 0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively). The accuracy of VEGF-A, VEGF-C and CD34 mRNA expression for prediction of malignancy was 0.79 (95% CI 0.65–0.90), 0.81 (95% CI 0.66–0.91) and 0.80 (95% CI 0.65–0.90), respectively, while the accuracy of the NICE classification was 0.85 (95% CI 0.72–0.94). The determination coefficient R2, which indicates the amount of the variability explained by a regression model, for NICE classification alone was 0.24 (p < 0.001). A regression model that included NICE classification and VEGF-C mRNA expression showed an R2 = 0.39 as well as a model including NICE classification and CD34 mRNA levels. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that VEGF-C and CD34 mRNA levels might be useful to stratify colorectal polyps in different risk of progression classes by implementing the accuracy of the NICE classification. Studies on in vivo detection of these markers are warranted.
Antidiabetic Drugs in Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review
Authors: Muñoz-Jiménez Mario , Zaarkti Alí , García-Arnés Juan Antonio , García-Casares Natalia
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Considering that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and diabetes mellitus share pathophysiological features and AD remains with no cure, antidiabetic drugs like intranasal insulin, glitazones, metformin, and liraglutide are being tested as a potential treatment. Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of antidiabetic drugs in patients with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs). Cognition was studied as the primary outcome and modulation of AD biomarkers, and imaging was also assessed as a secondary outcome. Methods: We conducted a search in the electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus seeking clinical trials evaluating the effect on cognition of antidiabetic drugs in patients with AD, MCI, or SCCs. Results: A total of 23 articles were found eligible. Intranasal regular insulin improved verbal memory in most studies, especially in apoE4− patients, but results in other cognitive domains were unclear. Detemir improved cognition after 2 months of treatment, but it did not after 4 months. Pioglitazone improved cognition in diabetic patients with AD or MCI in 3 clinical trials, but it is controversial as 2 other studies did not show effect. Metformin and liraglutide showed promising results, but further research is needed as just 2 clinical trials involved each of these drugs. Almost all drugs tested were shown to modulate AD biomarkers and imaging. Conclusions: Intranasal insulin, pioglitazone, metformin, and liraglutide are promising drugs that could be useful in the treatment of AD. However, many questions remain to be answered in future studies, so no particular antidiabetic drug can currently be recommended to treat AD.
The Cutting Edge Research of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Japan: Review on JGA Core Symposium 2018–2020
Authors: Sugiyama Toshiro , Shiotani Akiko
Published: October 2020

Highly impacted articles on functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders research presented at the core symposium held in the Japanese Gastroenterological Association (JGA) annual meeting 2018–2020 are selected and summarized. Regarding visceral hypersensitivity and sensor in GI tracts, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 ion channel and acid-sensitive ion channel were candidates for hypersensitivity in GI tracts. ATP release from vesicular nucleotide transporter may be a key pathway to sensitize the nerve endings. Regarding inflammation and mucosal immune responses, patients infected with H. pylori having Ser70 type single nucleotide polymorphism of NapA gene was associated with H. pylori-related dyspepsia via gastric dysmotility. Gastric histology infected with Ser70 type NapA was shown severe infiltration of neutrophils into intramuscular layer. Macrophages, mast cells, and neutrophils are infiltrated in the colon of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients and the locally produced IL-1β upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in enteric glia cells. BDNF can also stimulate nerve endings and might be linked to pain in the colon. Dysbiosis in the composition of commensal bacteria communities is associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases including IBS and gut-brain interaction. The investigation on the mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM) is essential for understanding the interactions. The α-diversity and β-diversity of MAM indices are significantly different among IBS-D, IBS-C, and controls, and the different diversity might contribute to the pathophysiology of IBS. As research works on psychosocial factors show, maternal separation animal model was used and it is early life stress. The stress had induced colonic hyper-contraction, gastric hypersensitivity, and delayed emptying. The precise molecular mechanisms are still under investigations.
“The Innate Tail”: An Unusual Cause of Rectal Bleeding in an Adult Male
Authors: Nair Sujit Padmanabhan , Chandnani Sanjay , Debnath Prasanta , Rathi Pravin M. , Junare Parmeshwar , Zanwar Vinay , Kini Sangeeta
Published: October 2020

Retrorectal cystic hamartomas or tailgut cysts are infrequent congenital lesions presenting as presacral masses originating from the embryonic hindgut. They are commonly diagnosed in middle-aged women. Physicians must have a high index of suspicion to diagnose this rare tumor. We report a case of retrorectal hamartoma in a 70-year-old male presenting as rectal bleeding instead of the usual compressive symptoms. The utility of imaging modalities and the paramount importance of histopathology has been described. The treatment modality is surgical excision to prevent the potential malignant transformation.
Kontrolle maligner Pleuraergüsse: Entscheidung zwischen Talkumpleurodese und getunneltem Pleurakatheter treffen
Authors: Stanzel Franz
Published: October 2020

Background: Talc pleurodesis (TP) and indwelling pleural catheter (IPC) are used for the management of malignant pleural effusion (MPE). Our meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of both treatments among patients with MPE. Methods: We acquired pertinent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) by searching PubMed, ScienceDirect, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Ovid Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The endpoints included survival, pleurodesis rates, total drainage, further pleural interventions, hospital days, symptoms, quality of life (QoL), and complications. Results: We included four high-quality RCTs. Both treatments were effective among patients with MPE and no previous pleurodesis, with comparable survival and equivalent relief of breathlessness. Additionally, the TP group had higher pleurodesis rates, less total drainage, and fewer all-grade complications (including catheter blockage and cellulitis). However, patients in the TP group had more pleural procedures and relatively longer hospital stays. Additionally, no apparent difference was detected in QoL. Conclusions: TP has better pleurodesis rates, less total drainage, and fewer all-grade complications. However, TP has more pleural procedures and is not feasible for patients with trapped lungs. IPC has fewer further pleural interventions and shorter hospital stays. However, IPC has the nuisance of long-term in situ draining.
Imaging Cardiovascular and Lung Macrophages With the Positron Emission Tomography Sensor
64
Cu-Macrin in Mice, Rabbits, and Pigs
Authors: Nahrendorf Matthias , Hoyer Friedrich Felix , Meerwaldt Anu E. , van Leent Mandy M.T. , Senders Max L. , Calcagno Claudia , Robson Philip M. , Soultanidis George , Pérez-Medina Carlos , Teunissen Abraham J.P. , Toner Yohana C. , Ishikawa Kiyotake , Fish Kenneth , Sakurai Ken , van Leeuwen Esther M. , Klein Emma D. , Sofias Alexandros Marios , Reiner Thomas , Rohde David , Aguirre Aaron D. , Wojtkiewicz Gregory , Schmidt Stephen , Iwamoto Yoshiko , Izquierdo-Garcia David , Caravan Peter , Swirski Filip K. , Weissleder Ralph , Mulder Willem J.M.
Published: October 2020

Background:

Macrophages, innate immune cells that reside in all organs, defend the host against infection and injury. In the heart and vasculature, inflammatory macrophages also enhance tissue damage and propel cardiovascular diseases.

Methods:

We here use in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy to evaluate quantitative noninvasive assessment of cardiac, arterial, and pulmonary macrophages using the nanotracer
64
Cu-Macrin—a 20-nm spherical dextran nanoparticle assembled from nontoxic polyglucose.

Results:

PET imaging using
64
Cu-Macrin faithfully reported accumulation of macrophages in the heart and lung of mice with myocardial infarction, sepsis, or pneumonia. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy detected the near-infrared fluorescent version of the nanoparticle (
VT680
Macrin) primarily in tissue macrophages. In 5-day-old mice,
64
Cu-Macrin PET imaging quantified physiologically more numerous cardiac macrophages. Upon intravenous administration of
64
Cu-Macrin in rabbits and pigs, we detected heightened macrophage numbers in the infarcted myocardium, inflamed lung regions, and atherosclerotic plaques using a clinical PET/magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Toxicity studies in rats and human dosimetry estimates suggest that
64
Cu-Macrin is safe for use in humans.

Conclusions:

Taken together, these results indicate
64
Cu-Macrin could serve as a facile PET nanotracer to survey spatiotemporal macrophage dynamics during various physiological and pathological conditions.
64
Cu-Macrin PET imaging could stage inflammatory cardiovascular disease activity, assist disease management, and serve as an imaging biomarker for emerging macrophage-targeted therapeutics.
Cattle Droppings Litter Our City Roads: Herders’ Encroachments, Risk Factors and Roadmap for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Iwuoha Victor Chidubem
Published: October 2020

Herders-farmers violent conflicts and flare-ups have spread throughout central and southern communities in Nigeria, but exclude the urban areas. I examine ‘herders – urban residents’ conflicts. Herders roam their cattle from outskirts to city roads, disrupting traffic and leaving behind trails of excrement and offensive smells causing dangerous nuisance. I argue that the new practice of cattle herders’ encroachments on city roads poses some socio-economic risks such as environmental decay, air pollution, displacement of urban livelihoods, road accidents and non-violent conflicts. Primary data was elicited from herders and residents in four major cities in Nigeria such as Aba, Awka, Nsukka and Owerri. I conclude by reflecting on the consequences of these socio-economic and environment-related risk factors which combine to undermine the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG s), and proffer solutions to address them. I make forecast in the form of early warning system that; cattle herders – urban residents cantankerous and confrontational interrelationships (though ‘non-violent conflicts’) could escalate and implode into dangerous ‘violent conflict’ scenarios if neglected.
Kuma Matsuri
Authors: Schnell Scott
Published: October 2020

The matagi are traditional hunters in the mountainous beech forests of northeastern Japan. They are distinguishable from recreational hunters in their veneration of the yama no kami, a female spirit or god who dwells in the mountains. This article will focus on their kuma matsuri, a set of rituals associated with bear hunting. It will argue that the rituals reinforce a sense of connectedness and interdependence with the forested mountains, as personified by the yama no kami, and that the bear epitomizes the gifts they bestow. From this perspective, the mountains are central to people’s lives and livelihoods, a recognition that is somewhat at odds with the “mainstream” culture of the lowland plains and urban areas. For their part, the matagi routinely move back and forth across boundaries, both physical and conceptual. They therefore play a vital role as intermediaries between the cultivated human realm and that of untamed nature.
The Fertility of Female Immigrants to Europe from Christian and Muslim Countries
Authors: Blekesaune Morten
Published: October 2020

This article investigates the fertility of female immigrants to Europe in relation to the characteristics of individual women (n=1,667), their countries of origin in Africa, Asia and Latin-America (n=68) and the European country where they reside (n=22), using the European Social Survey (ESS) collected between 2010 and 2017 (rounds 5 to 8). Many immigrants have fertility outcomes that converge towards the native fertility of their country of residence in Europe, a surprisingly strong factor. Immigrants from Muslim countries have higher fertility, though, and they compress their fertility over fewer years than immigrants from Christian countries. Multivariate estimates indicate that the effects of fertility rates and religious composition of countries of origin and individual religiousness are of similar magnitude for post-migration fertility rates. The highest fertility outcomes are found among highly religious immigrants from Muslim countries migrating to relatively high fertility countries in Europe at an early fertile age.
Religious Affiliation and Environmental Challenges in the 21st Century
Authors: Skirbekk Vegard , de Sherbinin Alex , Adamo Susana B. , Navarro Jose , Chai-Onn Tricia
Published: October 2020

There is lack of studies of global variation in religious affiliation alongside environmental change worldwide. The aim of the current study is to help fill this gap by exploring variation in religious affiliation alongside environmental change worldwide. We study this relationship by analysing religious affiliation, a variety of environmental stressors and environmental outcomes.
Simultaneous Radio Occultation for Intersatellite Comparison of Bending Angles toward More Accurate Atmospheric Sounding
Authors: Cao Changyong , Wang Wenhui , Lynch Erin , Bai Yan , Ho Shu-peng , Zhang Bin
Published: October 2020

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) is a remote sensing technique that uses International System of Units (SI) traceable GNSS signals for atmospheric limb soundings. The retrieved atmospheric temperature profile is believed to be more accurate and stable than those from other remote sensing techniques, although rigorous comparison between independent measurements is difficult because of time and space differences between individual RO events. Typical RO comparisons are based on global statistics with relaxed matchup criteria (within 3 h and 250 km) that are less than optimal given the dynamic nature and spatial nonuniformity of the atmosphere. This study presents a novel method that allows for direct comparison of bending angles when simultaneous RO measurements occur near the simultaneous nadir overpasses (SNO) of two low-Earth-orbit satellites receiving the same GNSS signal passing through approximately the same atmosphere, within minutes in time and less than 125 km in distance. Using this method, we found very good agreement between Formosa Satellite 7 (FORMOSAT-7)/second Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC-2) satellite measurements and those from MetOp-A/B/C, COSMIC-1, Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite 5 (KOMPSAT-5), and Paz, although systematic biases are also found in some of the intercomparisons. Instrument and processing algorithm performances at different altitudes are also characterized. It is expected that this method can be used for the validation of GNSS RO measurements for most missions and would be a new addition to the tools for intersatellite calibration. This is especially important given the large number of RO measurements made available both publicly and commercially, and the expansion of receiver capabilities to all GNSS systems.
Twitter Hashtag and Online Engagement During Surgical Society Meetings Over a 5-Year Period
Authors: Elkbuli Adel , Santarone Kristen , Meneses Evander , McKenney Mark
Published: October 2020

Background

Utilizing social media platforms can augment medical conferences by sharing new knowledge and information through hashtags. We aim to investigate the use of Twitter, enhanced conference experience, and education at the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) Annual Scientific Assembly 2016-2020.

Methods

EAST hashtags were analyzed for the Annual Scientific Assembly 2016-2020: #EAST2016, #EAST2017, #EAST2018, #EAST2019, and #EAST2020. Using #EAST2016 as a baseline, active interaction through engagement, measured by tweets and retweets, passive interaction through impressions, measured by views, as well as users, and influencers were analyzed.

Results

2016-2018 saw a significant increase in engagement (7400 to 9200 to 11 000, respectively, P < .05). 2018-2020 then showed a significant decrease in engagement (11 000 to 9000 to 6700, respectively, P < .05). Impressions, increased significantly from 2016 to 2020 (6.6 million to 13.3 million to 12.6 million to 19.9 million to 20.3 million, respectively, P < .05). Users significantly increased to 2700 in 2018 compared with 1000 in 2016 ( P < .05), and significantly decreased to 814 in 2020 compared with 2700 in 2018 ( P < .05). The top online influencer was the EAST organization Twitter account.

Conclusion

#EAST2016-2018 showed a significant increase in engagement between users, measured by tweets/retweets. However, #EAST2019-2020 suffered declines in users’ engagement, maybe a result of social media fatigue. Although, #EAST2016-2020 showed a significant increase in impressions. Both passive and to a more extent active forms of online social media engagement can potentially disseminate new knowledge and medical information. Scientific societies should focus on more effective ways to maintain and enhance users’ online experience and engagement toward better utilization of social media platforms.
Comparative analysis of student performance in collaborative problem solving: What does it tell us?
Authors: Scoular Claire , Eleftheriadou Sofia , Ramalingam Dara , Cloney Dan
Published: October 2020

Collaboration is a complex skill, comprised of multiple subskills, that is of growing interest to policy makers, educators and researchers. Several definitions and frameworks have been described in the literature to support assessment of collaboration; however, the inherent structure of the construct still needs better definition. In 2015, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, in their Programme for International Student Assessment assessed 15-year-old students’ collaborative problem solving achievement, with the use of computer-simulated agents, aiming to address the lack of internationally comparable data in this field. This paper explores what the data from this assessment tell us about the skill, and how these data compare with data from two other assessments of collaboration. Analyses enable comment on the extent to which the three assessments are measuring the same construct, and the extent to which the construct can be covered using computer-based assessments. These investigations generate better understanding of this complex and innovative domain.
The long march through the institutions: Emerging powers and the staffing of international organizations
Authors: Parizek Michal , Stephen Matthew D
Published: October 2020

How successful have emerging powers been at increasing their representation within the secretariats of international organizations (IOs)? We examine the representation of the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United Nations (UN) System, including the UN Secretariat, over the last two decades. The analysis reveals four major findings. First, some redistribution of staff positions from established to emerging powers has taken place, but it has been relatively minor. Second, nationals from emerging powers are still strongly under-represented in international secretariats in comparison with those from established powers. Third, emerging powers’ representation at the IMF and WTO increased more than in the UN, where it actually declined. Fourth, there is strong variation between emerging powers: India appears to be the most successful emerging power in sending its nationals to the secretariats of IOs, Brazil’s and China’s records are mixed, and Russia has fared poorly. We interpret our findings in light of international relations theories and theories of institutional path dependence. The results suggest that staffing patterns are only loosely related to shifts in economic size and are subject to strong independent institutional dynamics.
Effect of MWCNT carboxylation on mechanical, thermal and morphological behaviour of phenol formaldehyde nanocomposites
Authors: Ravindran Lakshmipriya , Sreekala MS , Anilkumar S , Thomas Sabu
Published: October 2020

Phenol-formaldehyde resin is an inevitable polymer material because of their excellent properties like heat resistance, chemical resistance, creep resistance, and low water sorption. But the drawback associated with PF matrix is buckling and brittleness. The incorporation of nanofillers can effectively reduce these problems. Carbon nanotubes is one among the nanofiller which is widely used to enhance the mechanical, thermal, electrical properties of the host matrix.The present study deals with the synthesis and comparison of two Phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites incorporated with pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes and carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes via in-situ polymerisation technique. The effect of filler loading (MWCNT, MWCNT-COOH) with different weight percentages (0.05 wt%, 0.08 wt%, 0.12 wt%, 0.15 wt%) has been investigated in this study. Pristine MWCNT was functionalised with carboxyl groups and confirmed by XRD, FT-IR, CHN analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, AFM and Raman spectra. All these analysis showed successful funtionalisation of pure MWCNT. The prepared nanocomposites were compared by mechanical, thermal and morphological analysis. The effect of both fillers on tensile strength, stress-strain, young’s modulus and elongation at break were also analysed. The addition of MWCNT and MWCNT-COOH have enhanced the mechanical and thermal properties of the prepared nanocomposite. The mechanical properties of PF-MWCNT nanocomposite showed a maxima for 0.12 wt% and for PF-MWCNTCOOH nanocomposite it was 0.08 wt%. Higher thermal stability was exhibited for 0.15 wt% MWCNT loading. The thermal stability enhanced by the addition of MWCNT COOH upto 0.12 wt% and then declined. Moreover the prepared nanocomposites were morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) and from the fracture analysis it is clear that the reinforcements brought plastic deformation of phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposite from brittle to more ductile material. From the TEM image it was clear that the presence of carboxyl groups attached on MWCNT reduced agglomeration in PF matrix. Halpin-Tsai modelling was done for comparing experimental and theoretical values of tensile modulus and it illustrates good correlation.
Theorizing a Critical Race Content Analysis for Children’s Literature about People of Color
Authors: Pérez Huber Lindsay , Camargo Gonzalez Lorena , Solórzano Daniel G.
Published: October 2020

Concerns from scholars about the exclusion of People of Color in children’s literature began in the early 20th century and continues today. The lack of children’s literature about People of Color is even more alarming in the contemporary moment, when Children of Color comprise a significant proportion of urban schools throughout the U.S. Only since the 1990’s have scholars begun to critically examine the portrayals of People of Color in children’s books. More recent research offers frameworks and methodologies for critical analyses of children’s books, namely a Critical Content Analysis that offers strategies for the examination of discursive power in literature for youth. This conceptual article theorizes how Critical Race Theory (CRT) in Education can be utilized with a Critical Content Analysis to provide a new framework for the examination of race, class, gender, (and other intersectionalities) in children’s books about People of Color— A Critical Race Content Analysis. We provide guiding principles of a Critical Race Content Analysis and analytical questions as tools for researchers and educators interested in conducting their own critical analyses of books about People of Color. Finally, we illustrate how this analysis is conducted with an example of a children’s book about immigration. This article makes important contributions to the literature on urban education that call for providing educators with tools to develop “racial literacies”.
Dignity, Difference, and the Representation of Nature
Authors: Dienstag Joshua Foa
Published: October 2020

In the past few decades, political theorists have attempted to articulate a nontheological basis for a special human place in the moral universe. These attempts, I argue, generally fall into two groups, one centered around the concept of “dignity” and the other around ideas of “difference.” Both of these attempts ultimately fail, I maintain, but their failures are instructive and help us along a path toward a better kind of relationship with nature and the earth as well as one another. In the face of increased scientific knowledge about the environment, animals, and our own species, we have every reason to recalibrate our stance toward nature as a whole. But in doing so we must acknowledge that the human relationship with nature is ultimately a representative one that can therefore never achieve the kind of reciprocity available in human society. Whatever form our respect for nature takes, it will always be distinct from the relationships we have with those we consider co-citizens.
Using a Personality-Profiling Algorithm to Investigate Political Microtargeting: Assessing the Persuasion Effects of Personality-Tailored Ads on Social Media
Authors: Zarouali Brahim , Dobber Tom , De Pauw Guy , de Vreese Claes
Published: October 2020

Political advertisers have access to increasingly sophisticated microtargeting techniques. One such technique is tailoring ads to the personality traits of citizens. Questions have been raised about the effectiveness of this political microtargeting (PMT) technique. In two experiments, we investigate the causal effects of personality-congruent political ads. In Study 1, we first assess participants’ extraversion trait by means of their own text data (i.e., by using a personality profiling algorithm), and in a second phase, target them with either a personality-congruent or incongruent political ad. In Study 2, we followed the same protocol, but instead targeted participants with emotionally-charged congruent ads, to establish whether PMT can be effective on an affect-based level. The results show evidence that citizens are more strongly persuaded by political ads that match their own personality traits. These findings feed into relevant and timely contributions to a salient academic and societal debate.
Predictive Significance of Enhanced Level of Angiogenesis and Tissue Neutrophils for Antrochoanal Polyps Recurrence in Children
Authors: Yang Yeran , Song Beibei , Yang Xiaojian , Zhou Chunju , Tang Lixing , Lu Jie , Wang Pengpeng , Chu Ping , Han Shujing , Guo Yongli , Ge Wentong
Published: October 2020

Background:

The pathologic features and potential predictive biomarkers for recurrence of antrochoanal polyps (ACPs) in children are not fully understood.

Objectives:

To identify the pathologic differences between recurrent and nonrecurrent group and to explore potential clinical markers which predict recurrence of ACPs in children.

Material and Methods:

A total of 11 recurrent and 21 nonrecurrent ACPs children were enrolled into this retrospect study. Clinical basic information was collected before the first surgery. The counts of vessels were evaluated by hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining, and CD34 was detected by immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile, the percentage of each tissue inflammatory cells (eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells) was assessed by HE staining.

Results:

No statistical significance was observed between the 2 groups in the basic clinical features. Moreover, both the counts of blood vessels and the tissue neutrophils percentage were enhanced significantly in group with ACPs recurrence ( P < .05). According to the receiver operating characteristic curves, the area under the curve for the counts of blood vessels and tissue neutrophils percentage in the prediction of ACPs’ recurrence was 0.779 ( P = .0105) and 0.989 ( P < .0001) respectively.

Conclusions and Significance:

It was concluded that the counts of blood vessels and the percentage of tissue neutrophils appeared to be potential excellent predictors of ACPs recurrence in children.
Endoscopic Multipoint Laser System for Objective Pediatric Airway Assessment
Authors: Hall Andrew Christopher , Navaratnam Annakan Victor , Maughan Elizabeth , Hartley Benjamin , Hewitt Richard J. , Butler Colin
Published: October 2020

Recent technological advances within aeronautical engineering have demonstrated the delivery of objective quantitative endoscopic measurements to within one‐hundredth of a millimeter. We sought to validate this emerging laser technology in a simulation‐based assessment of pediatric airway stenosis. A 4.4‐mm flexible endoscope, incorporating a laser measurement system projecting 49 laser points into the endoscopic view, was used to assess a simulated model of subglottic stenosis. Multiple anteroposterior and lateral measurements were obtained for each stenosis and compared with standard airway assessment techniques. Intra‐ and interobserver reliability was assessed. A total of 240 multipoint laser measurements were obtained of simulated airway stenosis. The mean difference from manual measurement was 0.1886 mm. The Bland‐Altman plot showed low bias (0.011) and narrow 95% limits of agreement (−0.46 to 0.48). This advanced endoscopic measurement technique shows great promise for clinical development to benefit ongoing assessment and treatment of evolving pediatric airway stenosis.
Changes in Depressive Symptoms During the Antenatal Period: A Cohort Study from Bangladesh
Authors: Begum Musammet Rasheda , Biswas Soma Chowdhury
Published: October 2020

Background:

Antenatal depressive symptoms adversely affect the health and well-being of women, babies, and their families. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and probable associated factors of depressivse symptoms.

Methods:

A prospective cohort approach was adopted, and 435 pregnant women were assessed longitudinally at an antenatal clinic in the first, second, and third trimesters. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to measure self-reported depressive symptoms. The multivariate approach of the general linear model was used to evaluate the mean differences of depression scores among the trimesters. To investigate the associated factors of depressive symptoms, generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to take into account the clustering effect.

Results:

More than half (58.13%) of the pregnant women had antenatal depressive symptoms in at least one trimester. Depressive symptoms decreased throughout the pregnancy; they were higher in the first trimester and declined toward the third trimester. Significant mean differences were found in depression scores among the three trimesters. GEE showed that trimester, education, family income, and body mass index (BMI) are significantly associated with antenatal depressive symptoms.

Conclusions:

First trimester is the most critical period for identification of depressive symptoms. At-risk women need to be treated. Proper education achievement, economic solvency, and adequate nutrition could reduce the depressive symptoms.
Telepsychiatry and Medical Insurance: Comparative Perspectives Between India and the United States
Authors: Nirisha P Lakshmi , Thippaiah Srinagesh Mannekote , Fargason Rachel E. , Malathesh Barikar C , Manjunatha Narayana , Math Suresh Bada , Birur Badari , Kumar Channaveerachari Naveen
Published: October 2020

Telepsychiatry is a cost-effective alternative to in-person psychiatric consultations. The COVID-19 pandemic brought about a sharp spike in the utilization of telepsychiatry due to ongoing restrictions on gatherings and traveling. In recognition of the importance of telemedicine in general, and telepsychiatry specifically, telemedicine practice guidelines and telepsychiatry operational guidelines have been released. Due to the rising trend in telemedicine, the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDIA) incorporated teleconsultation health insurance coverage at a level on par with regular in-person consultations. In contrast, in the United States of America, private insurance coverage for telepsychiatry has been in vogue for some time. In this paper we draw comparisons between India and the United States on telepsychiatry and health insurance. We compare the evolving regulatory policies of these two countries in relation to existing insurances plans that are available, the challenges in implementation of new regulations and the possible ways to overcome the challenges to make telepsychiatry affordable to all.
Abangan Muslims, Javanese Worldview, and Muslim–Christian Relations in Indonesia
Authors: Mamahit Ferry Y
Published: October 2020

One of the many faces of Islam in Indonesia is the abangan Muslims or the abangans. As one of the most populous Muslim groups in the country, it is important to know them. To understand Indonesian Islam or Muslims, one cannot overlook them. The article argues that, amid recent escalating Muslim–Christian tension in the country, this majority Muslim group can play a significant role in enhancing Muslim–Christian relations in the future, on account of their worldview that emphasizes and maintains cosmic harmony and balance of all existence. Their open and syncretic attitudes toward other religions may foster religious tolerance and coexistence. These are attested in the author’s personal engagement with them. It is suggested that Christians be more inclusive toward them, but, at the same time, be critical in engaging their worldview. These attitudes are necessary for building a mutual and peaceful Muslim–Christian relationship in the region.
“Short- and mid-term effects of adding upper cervical manual therapy to a conventional physical therapy program in patients with chronic mechanical neck pain. Randomized controlled clinical trial.”
Authors: González-Rueda Vanessa , López-de-Celis Carlos , Bueno-Gracia Elena , Rodríguez-Sanz Jacobo , Pérez-Bellmunt Albert , Barra-López Martín Eusebio , Hidalgo García César
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of adding an Upper Cervical Translatoric Mobilization (UCTM) or an Inhibitory Suboccipital Technique (IST) to a physiotherapy treatment in the symptomatology and function of mechanical chronic neck pain patients.

Design:

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

Primary Care Center in Cornellà, Spain.

Subjects:

78 patients (64 women), with mean age (SD) of 59.96 (13.30) years with mechanical chronic neck pain were divided in three groups: control, IST and UCTM groups.

Interventions:

All groups received 15 physiotherapy sessions for three weeks. The UCTM and IST groups added 5 minutes of the assigned technique during six sessions.

Main measures:

Neck disability index (NDI) and numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) for neck pain were measured baseline, three-weeks and 15-weeks follow-up.

Results:

NDI (SD) at baseline, three-weeks and 15-weeks were 11.62 (7.08), 9.65 (6.25), 7.58 (5.64) for the control group, 14.38 (6.92), 8.50 (6.11), 7.12 (4.98) for the IST group and 13.19(7.23), 5.35(6.10), 4.35(2.76) for the UCTM group. NPRS (SD) at baseline, three-weeks and 15-weeks were 58.69 (19.46), 45.19 (23.43), 44.58 (24.08) for the control group; 64.08 (19.26), 42.19 (19.69), 34 (21.14) for the IST group; and 67.65 (20.65), 36.23 (20.10), 39.85 (25.44) for the UCTM group.

Conclusions:

Compared with no treatment, both forms of mobilization were associated with reduced disability at three weeks, and UCTM remained better than control at 15 weeks; there were no significant differences between the two mobilization groups.

Trial registration:

This study was registered in Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02832232).