bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accelerated nervous system development contributes to behavioral efficiency in the laboratory mouse: A behavioral review and theoretical proposal
Authors: Whishaw Ian Q. , Metz Gerlinde A. S. , Kolb Bryan , Pellis Sergio M.
Published: August 2002

The emergence of the laboratory mouse as a favored species for genetic research has posed a number of problems for scientists interested in the reflection of genetic influences in mouse behavior. It is commonly thought that rat behavior, which has been studied more extensively than mouse behavior, could be easily generalized to mice. In this article, a number of categories of behavior displayed by the mouse (motor, spatial, defensive, social) are reviewed and contrasted with the same categories of behavior displayed by the rat. The comparison suggests that mouse behavior is simpler and more dependent upon elementary actions than the behavior of the rat. We suggest that the behavioral simplification in the mouse adapts it for a different ecological niche than that occupied by the rat. We propose that this simplification may be mediated by accelerated brain maturation during development. We further propose that this developmental acceleration in the mouse renders it less dependent upon complex social behavior and plastic nervous system changes associated with learning than the rat. This difference poses problems for the development of relevant methods of behavioral analysis and interpretation. Since the mouse's biological adaptations will be reflected in laboratory behavior, suggestions are made for behavioral approaches to the study and interpretation of mouse behavior. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 151–170, 2001
Dyslipidemia and a reversible decrease in insulin sensitivity induced by therapy with 13‐cis‐retinoic acid
Authors: Koistinen Heikki A. , Remitz Anita , Gylling Helena , Miettinen Tatu A. , Koivisto Veikko A. , Ebeling Pertti
Published: August 2002

Background

13‐cis‐Retinoic acid (Roaccutan®) treatment is associated with disturbances in lipid and sometimes also in glucose metabolism. Thus, we investigated whether 13‐cis‐retinoic acid treatment decreases insulin sensitivity.

Methods

We studied 11 men [aged 24±2 years (mean±SEM), body mass index (BMI) 22.1±0.9 kg/m2] who received Roaccutan® treatment for acne for a period averaging 5 months but who were otherwise healthy. The insulin sensitivity of the subjects was measured before, during and 1–3 months after the end of treatment using the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique.

Results

Treatment with 13‐cis‐retinoic acid reduced total (59±4 vs 55±4 µmol/kg/min, p<0.02), oxidative (25±1 vs 22±2 µmol/kg/min, p<0.05) and non‐oxidative (36±3 vs 33±3 µmol/kg/min, p=0.05) glucose disposal rate, and there was a 4% increase in HbA1c (from 5.2±0.07 to 5.4±0.07%, p<0.02). After treatment cessation these values returned to baseline. 13‐cis‐Retinoic acid treatment also resulted in increased very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, increased VLDL triglyceride, and increased VLDL and LDL phospholipid concentrations.

Conclusion

Treatment of acne with 13‐cis‐retinoic acid reduces insulin sensitivity and induces alterations in lipid metabolism resembling those of the insulin resistance syndrome. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loss of α3β1 integrin function results in an altered differentiation program in the mouse submandibular gland
Authors: Menko A. Sue , Kreidberg Jordan A. , Ryan Tifany T. , Van Bockstaele Elisabeth , Kukuruzinska Maria A.
Published: August 2002

Mammalian submandibular gland (SMG) development leads to the establishment of highly organized secretory acinar and nonsecretory ductal epithelial cells. The ability of maturing salivary epithelial cells to attain their differentiated state has been shown to depend, in part, on interactions between extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and their integrin receptors. In a search for key regulators of salivary cell lineage, we have studied α3β1 integrin, a receptor for the basement membrane protein laminin, by characterizing embryonic day 18 (E18) SMGs isolated from mice carrying a targeted mutation in the α3 integrin gene. Transmission electron microscopy studies showed that the mutant SMGs exhibited an aberrant differentiation phenotype with defects in the apical‐basal polarity axis and in the basement membrane. Based on immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses, the α3β1‐deficient SMGs had altered expression and/or localization of several ECM and adhesive molecules, including laminin β1, fibronectin, α5 integrin, and E‐cadherin. These changes correlated with alterations in the activation state of Ras‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), as well as the expression and/or localization of Cdc42 and RhoA, two Rho GTPases that regulate the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. We conclude that α3β1 is required for normal salivary cell differentiation and that its absence affects multiple components of adhesive complexes and their associated signalling pathways. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The child's route into reading and what can go wrong
Authors: Lundberg Ingvar
Published: August 2002

Two strands of linguistic development critically important for successful reading acquisition are outlined. One of these ontogenetic roots concerns phonological development and projects onto word decoding. The other root concerns the development of vocabulary and syntax projecting onto reading comprehension. Language development starts very early in infancy when the child learns to categorize the speech sounds according to the pattern typical of the mother tongue. Equipped with these sound categories the child is ready to learn to understand and to use new words. The precise phonological representation of words will facilitate the important development of phonological awareness. The paper reviews some longitudinal research and training studies indicating the causal direction of the relation between phonological awareness and reading. Preventive implications are pointed out. The preventive power of the second strand of development is discussed with reference to vocabulary exposure in different social environments and to informal early literacy socialization. In particular, the benefits of the prototypical situation of reading aloud to children are discussed. Finally, the complexity of the causal relationships between different aspects of early language development and later reading is pointed out. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rejection of life in anorexic and bulimic patients
Authors: Bachar Eytan , Latzer Yael , Canetti Laura , Gur Eitan , Berry Elliot M. , Bonne Omer
Published: August 2002

Objectives

To investigate eating‐ disordered (ED) patients’ attraction to life and death.

Method

Thirty‐two anorexic and 37 bulimic patients were matched by age, sex, and socioeconomic status to 37 matched normal controls. Participants were administered the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT‐26), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Multiattitude Suicidal Tendency Scale (MASS), and the Selflessness Scale.

Results

ED patients scored significantly higher on the Selflessness Scale than normal controls. They are less attracted to and more repulsed by life than normal controls. In death variables, attraction to or repulsion by, no significant differences were found. These results were not influenced by depression. The higher the tendency of ED patients to ignore their needs and serve other's needs (high Selflessness scores), the higher their tendency to be attracted to death and to be less attracted to life.

Discussion

ED patients, rather than dwelling on death, reject life. Theoretically, the findings support differentiation of death preoccupation to several components. Clinically, the findings might direct clinicians to help patients reduce their “self‐guilt,” that is, guilt of promoting their own interests. © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 43–48, 2002.
Attentional biases and frontal functioning in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Fassino Secondo , Pieró Andrea , Daga Giovanni Abbate , Leombruni Paolo , Mortara Paolo , Rovera Giovanni Giacomo
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study deals with executive functions such as abstraction, use of strategy, and response flexibility (focused attention) seen in patients with anorexia nervosa.The aim was to highlight any correlation between neuropsychological functioning and the degree of pathology for food style, body image, and physical state.

Method

A modified Stroop test, Wisconsin Card Sorting test, Body Shape Questionnaire, and Eating Disorder Inventory‐2 were administered to 20 anorexia nervosa restricters (AN‐R) and 20 control subjects.

Results

The AN‐R subjects showed nonspecific attentional biases, in addition to disorders regarding abstraction and flexibility of thought, similar to those seen in patients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder.The disturbance of body image showed a direct correlation to frontal alterations.

Discussion

This evidence suggested that in the AN‐R subjects the disturbances of body image might be linked to the alterations of abstraction and critical abilities and with an obsessive frontal functioning © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Int J Eat Disord 31: 274–283, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10028
Males with anorexia nervosa: A controlled study of eating disorders in first‐degree relatives
Authors: Strober Michael , Freeman Roberta , Lampert Carlyn , Diamond Jane , Kaye Walter
Published: August 2002

Objective

To compare lifetime rates of full and partial anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in first‐degree relatives of males with anorexia nervosa and in relatives of never‐ill comparison subjects.

Methods

Rates of eating disorders were obtained for 747 relatives of 210 probands from personal structured clinical interviews and family history. Best‐estimate diagnoses were determined blind to proband diagnosis and pedigree status.

Results

Full and partial syndromes of anorexia nervosa aggregated in female relatives of ill probands. For the full syndrome of anorexia nervosa, the crude relative risk was 20.3 among female relatives and for partial syndrome anorexia nervosa, the crude relative risk was 3.3. In contrast, bulimia nervosa was relatively uncommon among relatives of ill probands.

Conclusion

Although anorexia nervosa in males is exceedingly rare, there is a pattern of familial aggregation that is highly similar to that observed in recent family studies of affected females. On the basis of these findings, there is no evidence that familial‐genetic factors distinguish the occurrence of anorexia nervosa in the two sexes. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 263–269, 2001.
A fast computation algorithm for DOA evaluation function of MUSIC algorithm in circular array antennas
Authors: Hirata Kazufumi , Kirimoto Tetsuo , Mano Seiji
Published: August 2002

The MUSIC algorithm is an algorithm that can determine the direction of arrival (DOA) for multiple radio waves with high precision. In the determination of DOA of radio waves by the MUSIC algorithm, the DOA evaluation function is determined by a large number of the inner product operations between the steering vector and the eigenvector of the correlation matrix corresponding to the receiver noise. A problem from the practical viewpoint is usually how to reduce the computational complexity in those inner product operations. This paper notes that when the antenna is composed only of a circular array with equal spacing, the inner product operation depends only on the angle difference between the element position vector and the steering vector. Then, a fast operation algorithm is shown, in which the inner product operation is reduced to the cyclic convolution operation, and the computational complexity is reduced using the FFT. It is shown that the computational complexity is reduced by approximately 31% compared to the conventional method, when the array is composed of eight elements. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 84(8): 62–69, 2001
Coded pulse signal subsurface radar
Authors: Tomizawa Yoshiyuki , Arai Ikuo
Published: August 2002

Subsurface radar to detect buried objects from the ground surface by using electromagnetic waves has been used widely for detection of buried pipes since a shallow subsurface zone of up to 2 to 3 m can be visualized with high resolution at high speed. On the other hand, deeper subsurface detection is required in searching for archaeological ruins. In this paper, a delay correlation‐type subsurface radar using monocycle pulse signals modulated by M‐sequence codes is proposed with a view to expanding the search range by increasing the average energy of the transmitted signals. With a test setup, a steel pipe buried 2.5 m below the ground surface was detected with a transmitting power of 1 mW. In regard to the maximum detectable range of the subsurface radar using this type of coded signals, this paper carries out a study from the point of view of both the time side‐lobe and S/N. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(2): 8–16, 2002
Metallic particle motion and breakdown characteristics in GIS with 0.1‐Hz VLF (very low frequency) high voltage applied
Authors: Saito Hitoshi , Takahashi Toshihiro , Hayakawa Naoki , Kawakita Koji , Okubo Hitoshi
Published: August 2002

VLF (Very Low Frequency) high voltage with frequency of 0.1 Hz will be utilized for an on‐site test of XLPE underground cables, instead of conventional dc high voltage test. Since XLPE cables are connected to GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgears) in substations, the influence of VLF voltage application to GIS insulation should be investigated. One of the most important characteristics for GIS insulation lies in the metallic particle contamination and its behavior, which may induce breakdown in GIS.

From the above viewpoint, this paper discusses the metallic particle behavior and breakdown characteristics under VLF voltage application in GIS. Experimental results revealed that (1) Particle motion under VLF condition was similar to that under dc condition, while specific in the transient behavior at the polarity reversal. (2) Breakdown was induced by particles located in the vicinity of high voltage conductor at the instance of crossing the gap or in the firefly conditions. (3) Breakdown voltage in positive half cycle was higher than that in negative half cycle at the lower gas pressure, while lower at the higher gas pressure, which was attributed to the particle behavior and the breakdown mechanism of SF6 gas.

Consequently, metallic particles in GIS under VLF voltage application exhibited the specific behavior associated with the slow change of instantaneous voltage and polarity, and resulted in the complex pressure dependence of breakdown characteristics. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 33–40, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.1166
Cooperative instruments and policy making: assessing public participation in US environmental regulation
Authors: Bryner Gary
Published: August 2002

Public participation has come to play an increasingly important role in making public policies in the United States. The constitutional mandate of due process implies some right to participate in at least some administrative proceedings that affect one's interests. Federal courts have expanded participation rights in federal agency decision making, and many states have done so. Government officials have also seen it in their interest to expand participation in order to increase the diversity of information and views available to them. Participation is seen as a way to gain the support of those affected by public policies: the more they feel as if they have a voice in decisions affecting them, the more likely it is that they will comply with whatever requirements are selected. If parties have a voice in the formulation of policies they will be less likely to challenge decisions in court. Proponents of more extensive participation argue that cooperation is better than conflict and cooperative efforts produce superior solutions to problems. There is increasing interest in fostering democratic discourse and in developing processes that increase discussion, facilitate the exploration of alternative views and give voice to those in the past who have been marginalized or ignored. Public participation not only can contribute to improved decisions but also can help build social capital, strengthen civil society and enhance the capability of communities to solve problems and pursue common concerns.

However, despite the critical importance of increasing public participation, current practices have fallen well short of providing for meaningful, effective involvement in administrative decision making, and much remains to be done before the promises of participation are realized. Many groups lack the resources and expertise to participate effectively, and participation may co‐opt more effective efforts in other political forums. There are widely divergent views about the kind of authority that should be granted to collaborative decision making. Demands for making government decision making more collaborative clash with expectations of agency discretion and expertise, and accountability to laws. Broader interests may be ignored as more narrow demands of participants are emphasized. A number of changes are required before cooperative procedures achieve the promise of improved policy making in environmental policy and other policy areas. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The relationship of environmental and economic performance at the firm level: a review of empirical studies in Europe and methodological comments
Authors: Wagner Marcus , Wehrmeyer Walter
Published: August 2002

This paper reviews empirical studies on the relationship between environmental and economic performance carried out with European data in order to derive conclusions with regard to their methodological comparability. Two types of research are analysed, namely (model) portfolio studies and multiple‐regression‐based studies. For each type two representative empirical studies are contrasted in order to establish methodological influences, as well as the importance of data availability. The review allows us to formulate a set of criteria to support improved research design in the future. These point to a strong need to develop further the methodology of studies on the relationship between environmental and economic performance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Quantitative plasmid mixture analysis using the fluorogenic 5′‐nuclease polymerase chain reaction assay†
Authors: Director‐Myska Alison E. , Pogozelski Wendy K. , Lofts Richard S. , Prasanna Pataje G.S. , Hamel Christine J.C. , Blakely William F.
Published: August 2002

The fluorogenic 5′‐nuclease polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has been shown to be useful for quantifying a given DNA target in a sample. Here we show how an existing PCR protocol can be amended for quantification by incorporating distinctive dual‐labeled, sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probes and resulting in a two‐ to threefold broader and more reliable dynamic range than that of conventional end‐point analysis of PCR products. Moreover, we show a multiplex situation in which two targets, one normal and one mutated, can be amplified and quantified simultaneously and in the same reaction tube. Use of this novel approach for quantitative PCR applications eliminates the need for post‐PCR processing and has clinical‐ and research‐based diagnostic applications, particularly for measuring levels of mutations in a mixture. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:147–154, 2001 Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Just how does the cII selection system work in Muta™Mouse?
Authors: Swiger Roy R.
Published: August 2002

The lambda CII protein is an essential component in the lytic vs. lysogeny decision a bacteriophage makes upon infection of a host at low temperatures. The protein interacts with numerous phage promoters modulating the expression of the CI repressor, thus providing the mechanism for lysogenization soon after infection. The Big Blue® and Muta™Mouse are two widely used in vivo mutational model systems. The assays rely on retrievable lambda‐based transgenes housing mutational targets (lacI or lacZ, respectively). The transgenes provide an elegant vehicle for the quantification of mutations sustained in virtually any tissue of the rodent. The use of the bacteriophage cII locus as an alternative, or additional mutational target for use with the Big Blue® rodent system was first reported by Jakubczak et al. ([1996]: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:9073–9078). More recently, this selection assay has been applied successfully to the Muta™Mouse (Swiger et al. [1999]: Environ Mol Mutagen 33:201–207). The use of an Hfl bacterial strain and low temperature allows the determination of mutations sustained at the cII locus in either system, with high fidelity. The cII selection assay in the Big Blue® relies on the presence of the lambda repressor protein CI. In contrast, the recombinant construct used to make the Muta™Mouse transgene lacks functional CI protein. Nevertheless, we report an excellent system for quantifying mutations at the cII locus in Muta™Mouse. Just how does cII selection work in the Muta™Mouse? Written in the context of lambda recombinant genetics, this paper explores the question further. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:290–296, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photoreactivation of ultraviolet radiation‐induced basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and the role of bFGF in corneal lesion formation in Monodelphis domestica
Authors: Ley Ronald D. , Miska Katarzyna B. , Kusewitt Donna F.
Published: August 2002

Chronic ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure to the eyes of Monodelphis domestica causes corneal opacification, neovascularization, and fibrosarcoma induction. By immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, we have shown that one to four exposures of the eyes of this opossum to UVR enhances basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) expression by the corneal epithelium. Treatment with photoreactivating light, which selectively removes UVR‐induced pyrimidine dimers, suppresses bFGF induction, indicating that UVR induction of bFGF is ultimately due to DNA damage. Furthermore, UVR‐induced corneal tumors derived from corneal keratocytes express bFGF mRNA and protein, as determined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Taken together, these findings suggest that bFGF acts in both an autocrine and a paracrine manner to stimulate corneal fibroplasia, neovascularization, and tumor development. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:175–179, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Greener purchasing activities within UK local authorities
Authors: Warner Katherine E. , Ryall Colin
Published: August 2002

Greener purchasing has a key role in reducing the negative environmental impacts of consumption by focusing on reducing procurement and selecting greener alternatives. Its application within local authorities is being driven by Local Agenda 21.

A survey of 410 local authorities in England and Wales was used to establish the status of greener purchasing policies, assess methods used to implement such policies and evaluate the success of such policies. The rate of return was 44%, although the majority of questionnaires were not fully completed.

It is apparent that many local authorities have integrated environmental considerations into purchasing policies. However, the majority of green purchasing policies were only rated as moderately successful, mainly due to the increased cost of greener products. It appears that local authorities are experiencing difficulties with implementation and maintenance of greener purchasing policies. Although limited guidance is available on greener purchasing, national guidance would be beneficial. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Environmental initiatives in South African wineries: a comparison between small and large wineries
Authors: Knowles Laura , Hill Richard
Published: August 2002

This paper reports on an interview‐based survey of small and large wineries, which considered the perceptions and experiences of both ISO 14001 and an industry specific initiative, called the Integrated Production of Wine scheme (IPW). Large wineries have not yet implemented ISO 14001 but several intend to in future. Small wineries had a poor knowledge of ISO 14001 and believed that ISO management systems (i) are not required by the niche markets they sell to, (ii) require resources that they do not have and (iii) are unsuitable for their informal management style. Although wineries do face market‐related environmental pressure, especially those that export to large supermarkets, there is as yet no pressure to introduce ISO 14001. The majority of wineries are members of the IPW scheme and are willing to make the changes required by it. IPW needs effective systems for monitoring and for removing non‐complying wineries if the system is to improve environmental performance throughout the industry and achieve credibility amongst stakeholders. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Effects of environmental fluctuation on an eco‐epidemiological model of the Salton sea
Authors: Sarkar RamRup , Chattopadhayay J. , Bairagi N.
Published: August 2002

Elevated salinity, accelerated eutrophication, blooms of Avian botulism and dramatic water quality fluctuation are the key factors for massive die‐offs of Tilapias and pelicans in the Salton Sea. A stochastic model for infected Tilapias and their predator pelicans is proposed. The environmental parameters are perturbed by color noise characterized by Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. The dynamical behavior of the system is studied by using the spectral density analysis and the solutions of the stochastic differential equations (SDE). A simple and transparent technique is given for finding the safe region in which the chance of pelican extinction is minimized. To substantiate the analytical results computer simulation is also performed for a hypothetical set of parameter values. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement error reduction using weighted average method for repeated measurements from heterogeneous instruments
Authors: Xie Sharon X. , Liao Duanping , Chinchilli Vernon M.
Published: August 2002

Considering a situation in which observations are made by several instruments over time, researchers are interested in estimating the true quantity at a particular time point. Assuming observations made by different instruments at the same time point have the same time‐dependent mean but different variances, one approach is to estimate the true quantity or the time‐dependent mean by simply averaging the observations at a time point. However, since the variability of each instrument may be very different, the unweighted average can be improved by a weighted average with weights estimated from the longitudinal measurements produced by those instruments. Such a weighted average estimator is studied in this article. It is shown to be unbiased for the true quantity. Its variance is asymptotically smaller than that of any observation and also achieves the minimum variance among all the weighted estimates with known weights. The proposed method is illustrated by a real data example. The method is not restricted to the time‐dependent situation. The general setting where this method can be applied is described at the end of the article. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A modal pushover analysis procedure for estimating seismic demands for buildings
Authors: Chopra Anil K. , Goel Rakesh K.
Published: August 2002

Developed herein is an improved pushover analysis procedure based on structural dynamics theory, which retains the conceptual simplicity and computational attractiveness of current procedures with invariant force distribution. In this modal pushover analysis (MPA), the seismic demand due to individual terms in the modal expansion of the effective earthquake forces is determined by a pushover analysis using the inertia force distribution for each mode. Combining these ‘modal’ demands due to the first two or three terms of the expansion provides an estimate of the total seismic demand on inelastic systems. When applied to elastic systems, the MPA procedure is shown to be equivalent to standard response spectrum analysis (RSA). When the peak inelastic response of a 9‐storey steel building determined by the approximate MPA procedure is compared with rigorous non‐linear response history analysis, it is demonstrated that MPA estimates the response of buildings responding well into the inelastic range to a similar degree of accuracy as RSA in estimating peak response of elastic systems. Thus, the MPA procedure is accurate enough for practical application in building evaluation and design. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An estimation of displacement limits for ductile systems
Authors: Paulay Tom
Published: August 2002

To enable acceptable seismic displacement demands to be specified, the displacement capacity of a structural system needs to be known. This is controlled by selected performance criteria. It is postulated that the assignment of fractions of the required strength of the system to its components may be arbitrary. This then enables the displacement capacity of buildings to be evaluated without the knowledge of its seismic strength. A redefinition of some traditionally used structural properties is a prerequisite to applications. The study of a reinforced concrete wall–frame dual system illustrates rationale and extreme simplicity of application. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic assessment of irregular building–soil interaction using efficient modal analysis
Authors: Wu Wen‐Hwa , Wang Jer‐Fu , Lin Chi‐Chang
Published: August 2002

In this paper an efficient methodology applying modal analysis is developed to assess systematically the combined soil–structure interaction and torsional coupling effects on asymmetric buildings. This method is implemented in the frequency domain to accurately incorporate the frequency‐dependent foundation impedance functions. For extensively extracting the soil–structure interaction effects, a diagonal transfer matrix in the modal space is derived. A comprehensive investigation of asymmetric building–soil interaction can then be conveniently conducted by examining various types of response quantities. Results of parametric study show that the increasing height‐to‐base ratio of a structure generally amplifies its translational and torsional responses. Moreover, both the translational and torsional responses are reduced for the case where the two resonant frequencies are well separated and this reduction is enhanced with the decreasing values of the relative soil stiffness and the height‐to‐base ratio. The most noteworthy phenomenon may be the fact that the SSI effects can enlarge the translational response if the structure is slender and the two resonant frequencies are very close. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of response and energy in actively controlled structures
Authors: Wong Kevin K. F. , Yang Rong
Published: August 2002

A computational method of energy evaluation is derived to study the elastic responses and energy distribution of actively controlled single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) structures during earthquakes. Contrary to the common perception that applying active control force pumps energy into the structure, the applied control force can actually reduce the energy in the structure by reducing the input energy from earthquakes to the structure. In addition, applying control force can dissipate a large amount of energy in the structure when this control force is applied in the direction opposite to the displacement and velocity responses. To demonstrate this energy mechanism in active controlled structures, the two most popular control algorithms, optimal linear control (OLC) and instantaneous optimal control (IOC) algorithms, are used to calculate the control response and energy spectra. One‐step time delay is incorporated into the algorithms to take into consideration the practical aspect of active control. The effects of different earthquakes and damping ratios on control energy and response spectra are studied. These studies show that both OLC and IOC are very effective in reducing the structural displacement and velocity responses by reducing the input earthquake energy as well as dissipating a large amount of energy in the structure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bomb‐fallout 137Cs as a marker of geomorphic stability in dune sands and soils, Pinery Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Vanden Bygaart A. J. , Protz R.
Published: August 2002

The anthropogenic radionuclide 137Cs has been extensively utilized as a tracer of geomorphic processes in the northern hemisphere since its deposition during atmospheric testing of nuclear devices in the 1950s and 1960s. The distribution of bomb‐fallout 137Cs was measured on a sequence of coastal dune sands and soils at Pinery Provincial Park, on the coast of Lake Huron in southern Ontario, Canada. The depth distribution within the stabilized, developed soils inland reflected the relationship between clay content and the adsorption and immobilization of the radionuclide. However, the influence of soil organic matter, silt‐sized particles and vegetation cycling on the profile distribution could not be discounted. Within the geomorphically dynamic dune sands near the coast, there was a significant activity of 137Cs even though the sands were lacking in clay‐sized particles. Within a buried soil on the inland side of a large active dune blowout, the distribution of 137Cs with depth was useful as a stratigraphic marker of the rates of accumulation of sands at that position. Therefore 137Cs may be a useful alternative to erosion pins, sequential air photos and sediment traps in the monitoring of dune destabilization in coastal environments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple model for the formation of vegetated dunes
Authors: Nishimori Hiraku , Tanaka Hirohisa
Published: August 2002

A simple model for the dynamics of dunes associated with vegetation is proposed. Using the model, the formation processes of transverse dunes, parabolic dunes and elongated parabolic dunes are simulated according to two environmental factors: (i) the amount of sand at the source; (ii) the wind force. The results have qualitative correspondence to the real counterpart, and the simplicity of the algorithm and the consequent ease of handling this model provide us with wide applicability for the investigation of the complex interplay between vegetation and dunes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of an isomenthone‐rich somaclonal mutant isolated in a geraniol‐rich rose‐scented geranium accession of Pelargonium graveolens
Authors: Gupta Ritika , Mallavarapu G. R. , Banerjee S. , Kumar Sushil
Published: August 2002

A somaclonal essential oil mutant (IRPG) was identified among the regenerants induced in callus cultures initiated with the leaf explants of geranium Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kunti. While the shoot essential oil of the wild‐type parent was rich in geraniol, the oil of the IRPG had isomenthone as the major monoterpenoid component. The IRPG oil had about 71% isomenthone, 6% citronellol and 3% geraniol, as compared to the parental variety oil, in which isomenthone, citronellol and geraniol contents were about 8%, 13% and 40%, respectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of the essential oils of Cinnamomum cordatum Kosterm
Authors: Jantan Ibrahim bin , Ayop Norsiha , Hiong Au Bee , Ahmad Abu Said
Published: August 2002

The essential oils of Cinnamomum cordatum Kosterm. were analysed by gas chromatography, by retention indices and GC–MS. Forty‐three compounds were identified in the leaf oil and the major constituents were linalool (17.3%), (E)‐methyl cinnamate (17.1%), β‐phellandrene (9.0%), benzyl benzoate (7.6%), terpinen‐4‐ol (7.0%), benzyl salicylate (4.7%) and methyl eugenol (4.4%). The bark oil was made up almost entirely of methyl eugenol (92.1%). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of tidal bore in Hangzhou Gulf and Qiantangjiang
Authors: Su M. D. , Xu X. , Zhu J. L. , Hon Y. C.
Published: August 2002

In this paper, a new numerical model, based on a set of non‐linear shallow water equations is developed for the simulation of the formation and evolution of tidal bore in the Hangzhou Gulf and Qiantangjiang river of China. The numerical method and boundary conditions are described in detail. The method is validated against analytical solutions and experimental data. Simulation of the actual tidal bore in Hangzhou Gulf and its propagation in the Qiantangjiang river are performed. Numerical results show that this proposed method is effective for the prediction of tidal bore and current flow at the entrance of Qiantangjiang river. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of boundary element and finite element methods for modeling axisymmetric polymeric drop deformation
Authors: Hooper Russell , Toose Matthijs , Macosko Christopher W. , Derby Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2002

A modified boundary element method (BEM) and the DEVSS‐G finite element method (FEM) are applied to model the deformation of a polymeric drop suspended in another fluid subjected to start‐up uniaxial extensional flow. The effects of viscoelasticity, via the Oldroyd‐B differential model, are considered for the drop phase using both FEM and BEM and for both the drop and matrix phases using FEM. Where possible, results are compared with the linear deformation theory. Consistent predictions are obtained among the BEM, FEM, and linear theory for purely Newtonian systems and between FEM and linear theory for fully viscoelastic systems. FEM and BEM predictions for viscoelastic drops in a Newtonian matrix agree very well at short times but differ at longer times, with worst agreement occurring as critical flow strength is approached. This suggests that the dominant computational advantages held by the BEM over the FEM for this and similar problems may diminish or even disappear when the issue of accuracy is appropriately considered. Fully viscoelastic problems, which are only feasible using the FEM formulation, shed new insight on the role of viscoelasticity of the matrix fluid in drop deformation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An unconditionally stable, explicit Godunov scheme for systems of conservation laws
Authors: Guinot Vincent
Published: August 2002

Common explicit, Godunov‐type schemes are subject to a stability constraint. The time‐line interpolation technique allows this constraint to be eliminated without having to make the scheme implicit or to linearize the equations. For 2×2 systems of conservation laws, a system of non‐linear equations has to be solved in the general case to determine the left and right states of the Riemann problems at the cell interfaces. However, if one cell in the domain is wide enough for the Courant number to be locally lower than unity, it is not necessary to solve a system anymore and the values at the next time step can be computed directly. The method is detailed for linear and non‐linear scalar advection, as well as for 2×2 systems of hyperbolic conservation laws. It is illustrated by an application to a simplified model for two‐phase flow in pipes, which is described using a 2×2 system of non‐linear hyperbolic equations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A domain decomposition method for modelling Stokes flow in porous materials
Authors: Liu Guangli , Thompson Karsten E.
Published: August 2002

An algorithm is presented for solving the Stokes equation in large disordered two‐dimensional porous domains. In this work, it is applied to random packings of discs, but the geometry can be essentially arbitrary. The approach includes the subdivision of the domain and a subsequent application of boundary integral equations to the subdomains. This gives a block diagonal matrix with sparse off‐block components that arise from shared variables on internal subdomain boundaries. The global problem is solved using a biconjugate gradient routine with preconditioning. Results show that the effectiveness of the preconditioner is strongly affected by the subdomain structure, from which a methodology is proposed for the domain decomposition step. A minimum is observed in the solution time versus subdomain size, which is governed by the time required for preconditioning, the time for vector multiplications in the biconjugate gradient routine, the iterative convergence rate and issues related to memory allocation. The method is demonstrated on various domains including a random 1000‐particle domain. The solution can be used for efficient recovery of point velocities, which is discussed in the context of stochastic modelling of solute transport. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pricing of stock index futures spreads at contract expiration
Authors: Frino Alex , McKenzie Michael D.
Published: August 2002

This paper conducts an empirical analysis of the mispricing of calendar spreads for stock index futures.
Using recent data drawn from the Sydney Futures Exchange, a sharp increase in the magnitude of spread mispricing
immediately prior to maturity of the near contract is documented. This pattern in mispricing is related to a
sharp decline in open interest in the near contract and an increase in open interest in the deferred contract.
Further, the direction of mispricing of the near and deferred contracts are more likely to move in opposite
directions as the near contract approaches maturity. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that
traders seeking to roll‐over their positions from near to deferred futures contracts close to maturity
increase the magnitude of spread mispricing. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:451–469,
2002
The effect of net positions by type of trader on volatility in foreign currency futures markets
Authors: Wang Changyun
Published: August 2002

We investigate the effect of net positions by type of trader on return volatility in six foreign currency
futures markets using the weekly Commitments of Traders (COT) data. When net positions are decomposed
into expected and unexpected components, we find that expected net positions by type of trader generally do not
co‐vary with volatility. However, volatility is positively associated with shocks (in either
direction) in net positions of speculators and small traders, and negatively related to shocks (in
either direction) in net positions of hedgers. This evidence suggests that changes in speculative positions
destabilize the market. Consistent with dispersion of beliefs models and noise trading theories, hedgers appear to
possess private information, whereas speculators and small traders are less informed in these markets. © 2002
Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:427–450, 2002
A Study of Arbitrage Efficiency Between the FTSE‐100 Index Futures and Options Contracts
Authors: Draper Paul , Fung Joseph K. W.
Published: August 2002

Despite the importance of the London markets and the significance of the relationship for market makers,
little published research is available on arbitrage between the FTSE‐100 Index futures and the
FTSE‐100 European index options contracts. This study uses the put–call–futures parity
condition to throw light on the relationship between options and futures written against the FTSE Index. The
arbitrage methodology adopted in this study avoids many of the problems that have affected prior research on the
relationship between options or futures prices and the underlying index. The problems that arise from
nonsynchroneity between options and futures prices are reduced by the matching of options and futures prices
within narrow time intervals with time‐stamped transaction data. This study allows for realistic trading
and market‐impact costs. The feasibility of strategies such as execute‐and‐hold and early
unwinding is examined with both ex‐post and ex‐ante simulation tests that take into consideration
possible execution time lags for the arbitrage trade. This study reveals that the occurrence of matched
put–call–futures trios exhibits a U‐shaped intraday pattern with a concentration at both open
and close, although the magnitude of observed mispricings has no discernible intraday pattern. Ex‐post
arbitrage profits for traders facing transaction costs are concentrated in at‐the‐money options.
As in other major markets, despite important microstructure differences, opportunities are generally rapidly
extinguished in less than 3 min. The results suggest that arbitrage opportunities for traders facing transaction
costs are small in number and confirm the efficiency of trading on the London International Financial Futures
and Options Exchange. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:31–58, 2002
Sequencing of intron 3 of HMGA2 uncovers the existence of a novel exon
Authors: Hauke Sven , Flohr Aljoscha M. , Rogalla Piere , Bullerdiek Jörn
Published: August 2002

Aberrations affecting the gene encoding the high mobility group protein HMGA2 (formerly HMGIC) have been found in a variety of human tumors, e.g., uterine leiomyomas, lipomas, and pulmonary chondroid hamartomas. These aberrations lead to fusion genes, transcriptional up‐regulation, or aberrant transcripts of HMGA2. In the latter case, truncated transcripts consisting of exons 1 to 3 of HMGA2, encoding the three DNA‐binding domains, and ectopic sequences derived from chromosome 12 are frequent. There are several lines of evidence indicating that the biological and tumorigenic features of truncated HMGA2 derivatives, i.e., those composed of the DNA‐binding domains and a shortened acidic tail, clearly differ from those of the normal protein consisting of three DNA‐binding domains and one large acidic tail. By sequencing the complete 112 kb third intron of HMGA2, we were able to detect several of the ectopic sequences, known as fused to HMGA2. Expression studies revealed co‐expression of one of these transcripts with the normal transcript in tumors with 12q14‐15 aberrations as well as in other tumors, and in normal tissues. Thus, this transcript (HMGA2b) is flanked by an alternative terminal exon of HMGA2. Due to the loss of the part encoding the acidic tail, the expression of the latter transcript may have more striking effects than the “wild type” HMGA2 (HMGA2a) in terms of tumorigenesis. This finding clearly indicates that functional studies also should address the role of the HMGA2b transcript. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutations of the AML1 gene in acute myeloid leukemia of FAB types M0 and M7
Authors: Langabeer Stephen E. , Gale Rosemary E. , Rollinson Sara J. , Morgan Gareth J. , Linch David C.
Published: August 2002

The AML1 gene encodes a transcription factor that, together with its heterodimeric partner CBFB, regulates a number of target genes that are essential for normal hemopoiesis. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), AML1 is disrupted not only by chromosomal translocations but also by mutations in the runt domain, which binds both DNA and CBFB. Acquired mutations have been described predominantly in the AML FAB type M0. To date, most patients appear to have biallelic disease, suggesting a complete lack of normal AML1 function. Inherited loss of function mutations thought to lead to haploinsufficiency also have been described in patients who have a familial disorder with predisposition to AML (FPD/AML), indicating the role of AML1 in megakaryopoiesis. Using single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis, we studied the AML1 runt domain in 41 patients with M0 AML and identified potentially pathologic mutations in five (12%). Biallelic disease could be confirmed in only one patient, using loss of heterozygosity studies. At least three of the mutations would lead to truncated proteins similar to those reported in FPD/AML, suggesting that haploinsufficiency plays a role in the pathogenesis of this minimally differentiated type of leukemia. The incidence of acquired mutations in AML patients with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (FAB type M7) was the same as that reported in other non‐M0 patients, with only one mutation detected in 20 (5%) patients studied. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.