bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Denture Stomatitis: Conventional and Newer Treatment Modalities
Authors: Roshini Rachapudi Venkata , K Vaishali
Published: February 2024

Denture stomatitis (DS) is a condition characterized by inflammation and erythema of the mucosa underlying the denture-bearing surfaces. The aetiology of Denture stomatitis is multifactorial, but the main causative pathogenic microorganism being the fungus, Candida albicans. Predisposing factors include poor oral and denture hygiene, ill-fitting dentures, nocturnal denture wearing, allergic reactions to denture base material and underlying systemic conditions. The signs and symptoms include burning sensation of oral mucosa, bleeding from mucosal tissues, impaired taste sensation and halitosis. Conventional treatment modalities include the use of antifungal agents, either local or systemic, and elimination of predisposing factorslike denture trauma, poor denture and oral hygiene, and discontinuing the wear of dentures until the condition subsides. Recently, natural products have gained popularity in their use as antifungal agents because of their fewer side effects, accessibility, biocompatibility and their ability to overcome the resistance to antifungal drugs, among other properties. This review will discuss the conventional and alternate treatment modalities for Denture stomatitis.

Keywords: Antifungal agents, Candida albicans; Denture stomatitis;
Evaluation and comparison of the effect of ozone therapy and photodynamic
therapy in non-surgical management of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Shah Rohit , Gurav Prachi , Mitra Dipika , Jaiswal Shivani , Chandak Ruchi
Published: February 2024

Among the non-invasive therapies to achieve better plaque control, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and ozonated water therapy (OT) are being widely recognized as two reliable techniques. PDT using low-level laser irradiation is known to selectively target the periodontal pathogens without potentially damaging the host tissues. Ozone therapy on the other hand has antimicrobial, analgesic, immune-stimulating, immune-modulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties, it also oxygenates tissues and enhances their regeneration potential. It has been proven to strongly inhibit the formation of dental plaque.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the effect of ozonated oil therapy (OT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in nonsurgical management of chronic periodontitis.
Methodology: Twelve patients diagnosed with chronic generalized periodontitis were subjected to the study. Following the assessment of gingival index, periodontal pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss, all patients underwent full-mouth scaling and root planing. The study had a split-mouth design, one quadrant of each patient was subjected to ozonated oil therapy with a 22-gauge needle and the contralateral quadrant was treated with PDT, using indocyanine green dye. Patients were recalled after one month and the clinical parameters were recorded again.

Results: A statistically significant reduction was observed in all the clinical parameters in both the study groups at 1 month follow up period.

Conclusion: Results showed that there was equal improvement in the clinical outcomes in both the groups.

Key words: Chronic periodontitis, Ozone therapy, Photodynamic therapy
Deleterious influences of stress in periodontal health: A review
Authors: Ghosh Rajita , Banerjee Sohini
Published: February 2024

Periodontal diseases are multifactorial infectious diseases that are caused by pathogenic bacteria that harbour subgingival niches that initiates tissue destruction with the elevation of certain inflammatory mediators. Although there are many systemic and local factors that play an important role in progression of this disease. Psychosocial stress is one of the modifiable factor that influences both systemic and periodontal health. As we all know stress is the modifiable risk factors in number of chronic diseases like chronic periodontics in which stress response not only alters immune function but also causes dysbiosis of oral biofilm formation by expression of more pathogenic gene and taxa composition acting via several neuroendocrine mechanisms and thereby modulating the course and progression of the periodontal diseases. Although there are several biomarkers of stress present in saliva and blood, due to difficulty in assessment of stress in terms of amount and duration in patients, it serves as the major hindrance to assess and manage the deleterious effect of stress on periodontal health.

Keywords: Acute stress, Chronic Periodontal disease, Chronic stress, Stress
Use of Silver Diamine Fluoride and Glass Ionomer Cement (SMART-Silver Modified Atraumatic Restorative Treatment) In Pediatric Dentistry
Authors: Warkhankar Ankita
Published: February 2024

Using silver diamine fluoride and glass ionomer cement (SMART-Silver Modified Atraumatic Restorative Treatment) in pediatric dentistry can provide a cost-effective, fast, and non-invasive approach to restoring cavities. Silver diamine fluoride is a liquid fluoride that prevents cavity-causing germs from spreading. This can be paired with glass ionomer cement to fill cavities and restore tooth structure. This therapy technique also takes less time than typical restorative treatments so that children may be treated sooner and with fewer disturbances to their daily life. Silver diamine fluoride and glass ionomer cement have become popular in pediatric dentistry for treating cavities due to their numerous benefits. This literature review comprehensively assesses the utilisation of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) and Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) in pediatric dentistry in the context of SMART-Silver Modified Atraumatic Restorative Treatment. It summarises the findings of existing literature regarding the dental procedures, treatment approaches, and materials used for the treatment, as well as the clinical outcomes, advantages, limitations, and potential applications. SMART-Silver Modified Atraumatic Restorative Treatment is an effective and minimally invasive technique that is particularly useful during the current COVID-19 pandemic, as it does not require any aerosol output while allowing dental caries to be managed without local anaesthesia in a timely, efficient, and cost-effective manner [1]. It also eliminates the need for extracting and replacing decayed teeth, thus restoring dental health and overall quality of life. In addition, the Silver-modified Atraumatic Restorative Technique is an ideal approach for managing preschool caries, as it can halt and control the progression of caries without adversely affecting any surrounding healthy tooth structures. This review establishes the utility of SMART-Silver Modified Atraumatic Restorative Treatment and underlines its effectiveness in pediatric dentistry, particularly today. Treatment and underlines its effectiveness in pediatric dentistry, particularly today. 

Keywords: Anaesthesia, Dentistry, Cavities, COVID-19 pandemic, Dental caries, Glass ionomer cement, Invasive, Pediatric, silver diamine fluoride, SMART-silver modified atraumatic restorative treatment
A case report of unique unilateral idiopathic gingival enlargement
Authors: Thirugnanam Madhuprethaa , Muthuraj Maria Subash Aaron , Janakiram Srihari , Rameshkumar Priyadharshini
Published: February 2024

Gingival enlargement is usually characterized as an increase in the size of the gingiva. Idiopathic gingival enlargement is a rare condition and the etiology usually will be undetermined. The enlargement may be generalized enlargement or it may be confined to either of the jaws. The gingival enlargement is usually treated according to the type of enlargement encountered. In this article, we discussed a rare case report of a 15-year-old young adult with unilateral idiopathic gingival enlargement with unknown etiology and the management of the enlargement with internal bevel gingivectomy. There was no recurrence observed at 2 and 6 months maintenance visits and the healing was better with no discomfort for the patient.
Key Words: Gingival enlargement, internal bevel gingivectomy, idiopathic gingival enlargement, hereditary gingival hyperplasia.
The Emergence of Probiotic Agents to Counteract Dental Diseases: A Narrative Review
Authors: R. Poornima
Published: February 2024

The goal of dental treatment is not only treating the existing problem but also preventing future incidences of caries and periodontal diseases. Various treatment modalities are prevalent to manage dental caries, early childhood caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. However, recent trends demand atraumatic, least invasive treatment strategies to counteract various dental diseases. At present, probiotics have been studied in detail and employed in day-to-day dietary patterns to combat the pathogenic microorganisms responsible for caries and periodontitis. The current review paper discusses the effectiveness of probiotics in the prevention of dental diseases.
Keywords: Dental Caries, Early Childhood Caries, Gingivitis, Periodontitis, Probiotics
Bridging the Gap: A Case Report On Mandibular Ameloblastic Fibro-Odontoma
Authors: Krishnan T. Gopala , Baskar Uma , Bhupathy Prem Karthick , Rajeswari MRC , Jayasenthil Athikesavan , Kannuchamy Sheela Kumari
Published: February 2024

Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is a benign, mixed odontogenic tumor of epithelial and mesenchymal origin. It is predominantly seen in the younger age group, with delayed or altered eruption of teeth. Being clinically asymptomatic, this is identified incidentally during routine radiographic examination. Though considered to be non-aggressive with minimal tendency for recurrence, Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma requires surgical excision with long term follow-up.

An 11 year old boy reported to the Department of Oral and maxillofacial surgery with complaints of swelling in the left lower border of the mandible measuring 3x3.5 cm, extending 5cm from the corner of the mouth to the ramus posteriorly and superiorly till the imaginary line drawn from tragus to the corner of the mouth and inferiorly involving the lower border of the mandible. This paper presents a case report of an eleven year old, who was diagnosed with Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma and was treated for the same.

Key Words - Ameloblastic Fibro – Odontoma, Mixed-odontogenic tumour,
Odontogenic tumors
Comparison of Efficacy Between New Method and Conventional Arch Bar Fixation Technique in Facial Bone Fracture Management – A Randomised Clinical Trail
Authors: P. Raja Satish , Rakesh Guttikonda , Prasad L. Krishna , Pokala Naga Swathi , Nirmal Deepthi , Ermala Archana
Published: February 2024

Introduction - In this study efficacy of new method for arch bar fixation was compared with conventional technique in facial bone fracture management
Material and Methods - 20 Patients with facial bone fracture reported to the Department of Oral and maxillofacial Surgery requiring open reduction were included in the study. The clinical parameters that were evaluated are Oral hygiene and Gingival index.
Results - The mean OHI-S score in new technique and conventional technique in 1st week was 1.36 ± 1.19 and 0.81±0.53 respectively. In 2nd week the mean OHI-S score in new technique was 1.22 ±0.77 and in conventional technique the mean OHI-S score was 1.39 ± 1.51.In the 3rd week the mean OHI-S scores of new technique and conventional technique were 1.8 ±0.55 and 1.6 ±1.73 respectively. The mean GI score in new technique and conventional technique in 1st week was 0.69 ± 0.5 and 0.38 ± 0.3 respectively. In 2nd week the mean GI score in new technique was 0.63 ±0.4 and in conventional technique the mean GI score was 0.36 ± 0.3. In the 3rd week the mean GI scores of new technique and conventional technique were 0.65 ±0.3 and 0.35 ± 0.3 respectively.
Conclusion - In a whole we can conclude from this clinical study that both the techniques were equally effective in terms of Oral hygiene, gingival health and stability.
Key Words - Erich arch bar; Intermaxillary fixation; Intermaxillary fixation screws; maxillofacial trauma; oral hygiene status.
Effect of Resveratrol as an adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Poojitha Katamneni , Mounika Katuru Satya , Vidya Kati , Sirigiri Dhanusri , Sowmya Balla , Katuri Kishore Kumar
Published: February 2024

Resveratrol is a polyphenol stilbene found in red wine, red grape skins and other plants such as mulberries and peanuts. Resveratrol exhibits a wide range of beneficial properties such as anticarcinogenic agent, platelet antiaggregation agent, antiallergenic, antioxidant, and anti- inflammatory agent.

Material and Methods
A total of 30 patients diagnosed as chronic periodontitis with diabetes were included in this study. and divided into 2 groups, Group-I(SRP+ resveratrol, n=15) & Group-II (SRP alone, n=15). Resveratrol capsules once daily were prescribed for 3 weeks. Plaque index(PI), Gingival index (MSBI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and serum venous blood sample collection for HbA1c levels. All the parameters were recorded at baseline and at 3 months post-operative.

Results
All the parameters in both Group I and Group II showed statistically significant (P≤0.001) reduction from baseline to 3 months. improvement from baseline to 3 months. When compared between the two groups, a significant difference was observed in Group I in relation with PI and HbA1c levels at 3 months post-operatively.

Conclusion
Resveratrol as adjunctive to SRP has shown reduction in periodontal parameters in chronic periodontitis along with improved glycemic control in diabetes patients.

Key Words: Diabetes, Glycated hemoglobin levels, Resveratrol, Scaling and root planing
Convergence analysis of particle swarm optimization algorithms for different constriction factors
Authors: Tarekegn Nigatu Dereje , Gemechu Dinka Tekle , Luleseged Tilahun Surafel
Published: February 2024

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is an optimization technique with remarkable performance for problem solving. The convergence analysis of the method is still in research. This article proposes a mechanism for controlling the velocity by applying a method involving constriction factor in standard swarm optimization algorithm, that is called CSPSO. In addition, the mathematical CSPSO model with the time step attractor is presented to study the convergence condition and the corresponding stability. As a result, constriction standard particle swarm optimization that we consider has a higher potential to balance exploration and exploitation. To avoid the PSO premature convergence, CSPSO modifies all terms of the PSO velocity equation. We test the effectiveness of the CSPSO algorithm based on constriction coefficient with some benchmark functions and compare it with other basic PSO variant algorithms. The theoretical convergence and experimental analyses results are also demonstrated in tables and graphically.
Shoe choice may affect fencing lunge attack performance
Authors: Wang San-Tsai , Chang Che-Chia , Chao Te , Nicholls Andrew , Tsai Yung-Shen
Published: February 2024

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in attack time and lower limb biomechanics when performing fencing lunge with fencing shoes (FS) and commonly used court shoes (CS). Additionally, the study aimed to evaluate whether fencing shoes with a heel cup (FSH) could reduce lower limb impact. Thirteen female collegiate fencers who had participated in national-level competitions were recruited for this study. Participants performed the lunge on a human-shaped target while wearing FS, FSH, or CS in a randomized order. Biomechanical data were collected using a 3D motion analysis system synchronized with a force plate. A signal light, and an accelerometer were attached to the target’s head to initiate lunge movement and detect hit moment for calculating attack time. Attack time was significantly shorter when wearing FS (0.92 ± 0.05 s) and FSH (0.93 ± 0.07 s) compared to CS (0.96 ± 0.06 s). The maximum angular velocity of ankle plantarflexion in rear foot push-off phase was significantly slower when wearing FS and FSH than when wearing CS. The maximum knee posterior shear force, maximum knee flexion moment, and maximum ankle medial shear force during the front foot step phase were significantly greater when wearing FS than when wearing CS. These forces were significantly reduced or nearly significantly reduced when wearing FSH, and there were no significant differences compared to wearing CS. The maximum ankle medial shear force during the push-off phase in rear foot was the greatest when wearing FS but decreased significantly when using FSH. However, this force was still greater than when wearing CS. Wearing FS resulted in a higher loading rate (LR) on the front foot. This LR was reduced when a heel cup was used but still remained higher than when wearing CS. There were no significant differences in the forward extension of body, maximum ground reaction force, or center of pressure displacement during front foot step and rear foot push-off phases among the three shoe conditions. Wearing FS can enhance lunge performance, and the use of a heel cup can effectively reduce lower limb impact.
Inelastic torsional buckling of simple three-dimensional moment resisting frame
Authors: Fukuda Iori , Ikago Kohju , Araki Yoshikazu , Wagg David J.
Published: February 2024

Recent massive earthquakes have raised concerns that megathrust earthquakes with magnitude 9 can occur in the near future. This article discusses the critical behavior of structures involving torsion caused by extreme ground motions. Unlike factors such as mass and stiffness eccentricity and accidental torsion in a structure that induce torsion, torsional buckling can occur in a moment-resisting frame (MRF) when all beam ends in the longitudinal and transverse directions yield in the lower stories, even if the frame is well designed and its eccentricity is negligibly small. In this study, the theoretically predicted buckling load was presented and validated via numerical analyses. This article shows that excluding the P-Delta effect resulted not only in underestimated deformation but also in overlooked torsional buckling. This study suggests that a high-rise MRF designed in accordance with modern seismic design codes can suffer torsional collapse when the beam ends of the lower stories yield owing to extreme ground motion. Based on these findings, we recommend considering the P-Delta effect when examining the critical behavior of high-rise buildings so as not to overlook the brittle failure mode.
Preparation and physicochemical characterization of whitlockite/PVA/Gelatin composite for bone tissue regeneration
Authors: Batool Sadaf , Liaqat Usman , Hussain Zakir
Published: February 2024

This work used a straightforward solvent casting approach to synthesize bone whitlockite (WH) based PVA/Gelatin composites. WH nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using the wet precipitation method, followed by their addition into the PVA/Gelatin matrix at concentrations from 1% to 10%. The physicochemical characterization of the prepared PVA/Gelatin/WH composite was carried out using ATR-FTIR, Optical profilometry, a Goniometer, a Universal tensile testing machine (UTM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The ATR-FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of noncovalent interactions between polymeric chains and WH NPs and the incorporation of WH NPs into the polymer cavities. SEM analysis demonstrated increased surface roughness with the addition of WH NPs, supporting the results obtained through optical profilometry analysis. The mechanical properties of the prepared composite showed an increase in the tensile strength with the addition of WH filler up to 7% loading. The prepared composite has demonstrated an excellent swelling ability and surface wettability. The reported results demonstrate the exceptional potential of the prepared composite for bone tissue regeneration.
What can we learn from treatments of oral lichen planus?
Authors: Wu Tingting , Bai Yang , Jing Yin , Chen Fangchun
Published: February 2024

Oral lichen planus (OLP), a T-lymphocyte-mediated disease of the oral mucosa, has a complex pathogenesis that involves a number of factors. The disease is characterized by recurrent episodes and requires continuous follow up, and there is no curative treatment available. Erosive lichen planus, among others, has a risk of malignant transformation and requires standardized treatment to control its progression. Different clinical subtypes of oral lichen planus require appropriate treatment. Pharmacological treatments are the most widely available and have the greatest variety of options and a number of novel pharmacological treatments are presented as highlights, including JAK enzyme inhibitors. The second is photodynamic therapy, which is the leading physiological treatment. In addition, periodontal treatment and psychological treatment should not be neglected. In this review, we briefly discuss the most recent developments in therapies for oral lichen planus after summarizing the most widely used clinical treatments, aiming to provide different proposals for future clinical treatment.
Perception and appropriation of a web-based recovery narratives intervention: qualitative interview study
Authors: Ali Yasmin , Rennick-Egglestone Stefan , Llewellyn-Beardsley Joy , Ng Fiona , Yeo Caroline , Franklin Donna , Perez Vallejos Elvira , Ben-Zeev Dror , Kotera Yasuhiro , Slade Mike
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Mental health recovery narratives are widely available to the public, and can benefit people affected by mental health problems. The NEON Intervention is a novel web-based digital health intervention providing access to the NEON Collection of recovery narratives. The NEON Intervention was found to be effective and cost-effective in the NEON-O Trial for people with nonpsychosis mental health problems (ISRCTN63197153), and has also been evaluated in the NEON Trial for people with psychosis experience (ISRCTN11152837). We aimed to document NEON Intervention experiences, through an integrated process evaluation.

Methods

Analysis of interviews with a purposive sample of intervention arm participants who had completed trial participation.

Results

We interviewed 34 NEON Trial and 20 NEON-O Trial participants (mean age 40.4 years). Some users accessed narratives through the NEON Intervention almost daily, whilst others used it infrequently or not at all. Motivations for trial participation included: exploring the NEON Intervention as an alternative or addition to existing mental health provision; searching for answers about mental health experiences; developing their practice as a mental health professional (for a subset who were mental health professionals); claiming payment vouchers. High users (10 + narrative accesses) described three forms of appropriation: distracting from difficult mental health experiences; providing an emotional boost; sustaining a sense of having a social support network. Most participants valued the scale of the NEON Collection (n = 659 narratives), but some found it overwhelming. Many felt they could describe the characteristics of a desired narrative that would benefit their mental health. Finding a narrative meeting their desires enhanced engagement, but not finding one reduced engagement. Narratives in the NEON Collection were perceived as authentic if they acknowledged the difficult reality of mental health experiences, appeared to describe real world experiences, and described mental health experiences similar to those of the participant.

Discussion

We present recommendations for digital health interventions incorporating collections of digital narratives: (1) make the scale and diversity of the collection visible; (2) provide delivery mechanisms that afford appropriation; (3) enable contributors to produce authentic narratives; (4) enable learning by healthcare professionals; (5) consider use to address loneliness.
Co-making the future: judges’ insights on transdisciplinary creativity and global collaboration in the China-U.S. young maker competition
Authors: Liu Wei , Zhu Yancong , Li Yin , Fu Zhiyong , Sun Yuanbo , Hong Xinhui , Li Yanru , Liu Min
Published: February 2024

This paper examines the future of maker education through an analysis of feedback from judges in the China-U.S. Young Maker Competition. Drawing on inputs from 36 judges from diverse backgrounds in academia, industry, and sponsoring companies, the study uses thematic analysis of interviews, feedback, and focus group discussions to uncover key educational trends. It highlights critical themes such as transdisciplinary creativity, real-world application, sustainability, cross-cultural collaboration, and innovation mindset. The research reveals a trend towards integrating various academic fields to boost creative problem-solving and application in real-life scenarios. Sustainability is identified as a crucial component, pointing to the need for environmentally aware education. The study also emphasizes the importance of cross-cultural collaboration for global interconnectedness and adaptive problem-solving, alongside fostering a continuous innovation mindset in students. Concluding with future directions for maker education, the paper advocates for an experiential, inclusive, and forward-looking educational approach. It underscores the importance of a broad curriculum that integrates entrepreneurial skills, promotes lifelong learning, and enhances global connectivity. This study provides insights for educators, policymakers, and practitioners, offering a streamlined roadmap for advancing maker education in a rapidly evolving global context.
Connect the dots: connecting problem solving and videogames in initial training of early childhood education teachers
Authors: Antequera-Barroso Juan Antonio , Carmona-Medeiro Enrique
Published: February 2024

Video games, although not originally designed for educational purposes, have the potential to serve as a significant tool in creating an efficient and motivating learning environment that facilitates the acquisition of mathematical concepts or notions. This study aims to examine the responses provided by students (n = 100) majoring in Early Childhood Education to the video game “Connect the dots” concerning the opportunities it offers. These opportunities encompass the knowledge and notions that can be addressed, strategies employed to overcome various stages or levels in comparison to those posed for problem-solving, potential modifications for classroom integration or the exploration of alternative concepts, as well as the emotions evoked in a non-traditional learning environment. The responses were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively to gain a deeper understanding of their alignment with the research objectives and questions. Our data show that the students demonstrated the ability to identify the possibilities offered by a video game for classroom application and to envision alternative approaches to mathematical knowledge teaching.
Correlation analysis of diabetes based on Copula
Authors: Liu Chang , Yang Hu , Yang Junjie , Wang Hongqing
Published: February 2024

Introduction

The ratio of Triglyceride (TG) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a crucial indicator for diabetes diagnosis.

Methods

This study utilizes the Copula function to model and fit the non-linear correlation among fasting blood glucose (Glu), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and TG/HDL-C in patients with diabetes. The Copula function chosen for this study includes the two-dimensional Archimedes and Elliptical distribution family, as well as the multidimensional Vine Copula function, for fitting the data. The evaluation of the fitting effect is performed using the mean absolute error (MAE) and mean square error (MSE).

Results

The results indicate that the Clayton Copula exhibits the highest effectiveness in fitting the pairwise relationship between Glu and TG/HDL-C, as well as HbA1C and TG/HDL-C, displaying the smallest fitting error. Additionally, the Vine Copula function produces a satisfactory fit for the relationship among all three indicators. Compared to linear analysis methods, the Copula function more accurately depicts the correlation among these three types of indicators.

Discussion

Moreover, our findings indicate a stronger correlation in the lower tail between Glu and HbA1C, as well as TG/HDL-C, suggesting that the Copula function provides greater accuracy and applicability in depicting the relationship among these indicators. As a result, it can offer a more precise auxiliary diagnosis and serve as a valuable reference in clinical judgment.
Association between vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes in Shenzhen, China
Authors: Liu Yan-Jing , Duan Jing-Wen , Lu Dong-Hui , Zhang Fan , Liu Hong-Li
Published: February 2024

Background

Evidence of vitamin D status and cardiometabolic health in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk factors among adults with T2DM in Shenzhen, China.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 164 adults (aged ≥18 years) with T2DM who were hospitalized at Peking University Shenzhen Hospital from March 1, 2023, to May 31, 2023. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration, the active marker of vitamin D, and three major cardiometabolic risk factors including blood pressure (BP), glucose metabolism-related indicators, and blood lipid profiles were collected. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) was defined as 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL. Correlation, Regression, and Logistic analysis were applied to verify the association among serum 25(OH)D concentration, VDD, and 11 cardiometabolic risk factors.

Results

Median 25(OH)D concentration was 21.78 [interquartile range (IQR)=17.51-28.05] ng/mL. The prevalence of VDD was 40.24%. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was significantly negatively correlated with diastolic BP (DBP) and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) rather than systolic BP, plasma glucose, plasma C-peptide, and blood lipid profiles among adults with T2DM in both correlation and linear regression analysis. Furthermore, the adjusted odd ratio for poor DBP control (≥90 mmHg) of T2DM patients with VDD was 3.164 (95% confidence interval=1.303, 7.683; P=0.011) compared to those without VDD.

Conclusion

In China, VDD was highly prevalent among adults with T2DM and associated with greater cardiovascular risk factors, especially with increased chances of uncontrolled DBP. These findings suggest that vitamin D levels should be monitored in T2DM patients, especially those with high DBP.
Evapotranspiration and its partitioning during and following a mountain pine beetle infestation of a lodgepole pine stand in the interior of British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Hao Shaorong , Jia Xin , Zhao Hongxian , Li Xinhao , Mu Yanmei , Zha Tianshan , Liu Peng , Bourque Charles P.-A.
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Massive tree mortality events in western Canada due to widespread infestation by mountain pine beetle (MPB) are expected to impact local-to-regional evapotranspiration (ET) dynamics during and after a disturbance. How ecosystem-level ET and its components may vary with canopy-tree mortality (treefall) and subsequent understory recovery remains unclear.

Methods

We used 10 years of continuous eddy-covariance and remote-sensing data (2007–2016) and machine-learning models based on random forest and xgboost to determine forest- and climate-driven effects at temporal scales appropriate for a lodgepole pine-dominated stand following a major, five-year MPB disturbance initiated in the summer of 2006.

Results

Total annual ET over the 10 years ranged from 207.2 to 384.6 mm, with annual plant transpiration (T) contributing to 57 ± 5.4% (mean ± standard deviation) of annual ET. Annual ET initially declined (2007–2011) and then increased (2011–2016), with ET and T/ET increasing at statistically non-significant rates of approximately 3.2 and 1.2% per year from 2007 to 2016. Air temperature (Ta) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were the most important predictors of seasonal variation in ET and T/ET during the 10-year period, with high Ta, VPD, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) causing ET and T/ET to increase. Annual ET increased with both increasing spring Ta and decreasing VPD. Annual T/ET was shown to increase with increasing VPD and decrease with increasing volumetric soil water content at a 5-cm depth (VWC5). Enhanced vegetation index (EVI, an indicator of canopy greenness) lagged T and overstory tree mortality, whereas previous- and current-year values of EVI were shown to be poor predictors of annual ET and T/ET.

Discussion and conclusions

These findings suggest that the promotion of climate factors on forest ecosystem-level water vapor fluxes may offset reductions promoted by MPB outbreaks. Climate processes affected water vapor fluxes more than biotic factors, like stand greenness, highlighting the need to include climate-regulatory mechanisms in predictive models of ET dynamics during and subsequent to stand disturbance. Climate and forest-greenness effects on water vapor fluxes need to be explored at even longer time scales, e.g., at decadal scales, to capture long-drawn-out trends associated with stand disturbance and its subsequent recovery.
Risk factors associated with anaemia among pregnant women in the Adaklu District, Ghana
Authors: Tettegah Eric , Hormenu Thomas , Ebu-Enyan Nancy Innocentia
Published: February 2024

Background

Anaemia during pregnancy is a major public health concern in both advanced and less-developed countries including Ghana. The prevalence of anaemia in Ghana has a serious repercussion on the country's social and economic development. This prevalence has been linked to various factors, including educational level and occupational status.

Methods

A prospective study was conducted to investigate the factors influencing anaemia among 150 pregnant women, aged 15–49 years, who attended antenatal clinics in the Adaklu District of the Volta region of Ghana. Haemoglobin levels were assessed in the first, second, and third trimesters, and a questionnaire was also used to collect data on demographic information and barriers to maintaining haemoglobin levels. The data were analysed using frequencies, percentages, and binary logistic regression.

Results

The prevalence of pregnancy anaemia in the district was 78.5%. The study found that 92% and 8% of pregnant women had excellent and good knowledge on anaemia in pregnancy, respectively. The study also identified several barriers to maintaining an appropriate haemoglobin level during pregnancy, such as long distances to healthcare facilities, non-intake of antimalarial drugs, and lack of nutritious meals. Finally, the study found that low education level, number of pregnancies, and number of children a woman had were significant determinants of anaemia during pregnancy in the district.

Conclusion

The findings of the study suggest that targeted interventions are needed to reduce the burden of anaemia during pregnancy in the district. These interventions should address the social and environmental determinants of anaemia during pregnancy, such as improving access to healthcare facilities and promoting healthy eating habits. In addition, interventions that address social determinants of health, such as education and occupation, may be effective in reducing the burden of anaemia during pregnancy in the district.
Serum secreted phosphoprotein 1 level is associated with plaque vulnerability in patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Huang Ke , Chen Shuai , Yu Lin-Jun , Wu Zhi-Ming , Chen Qiu-Jing , Wang Xiao-Qun , Li Fei-Fei , Liu Jing-Meng , Wang Yi-Xuan , Mao Lin-Shuang , Shen Wei-Feng , Zhang Rui-Yan , Shen Ying , Lu Lin , Dai Yang , Ding Feng-Hua
Published: February 2024

Background

Vulnerable plaque was associated with recurrent cardiovascular events. This study was designed to explore predictive biomarkers of vulnerable plaque in patients with coronary artery disease.

Methods

To reveal the phenotype-associated cell type in the development of vulnerable plaque and to identify hub gene for pathological process, we combined single-cell RNA and bulk RNA sequencing datasets of human atherosclerotic plaques using Single-Cell Identification of Subpopulations with Bulk Sample Phenotype Correlation (Scissor) and Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). We also validated our results in an independent cohort of patients by using intravascular ultrasound during coronary angiography.

Results

Macrophages were found to be strongly correlated with plaque vulnerability while vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC), fibrochondrocyte (FC) and intermediate cell state (ICS) clusters were negatively associated with unstable plaque. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) in the turquoise module was highly correlated with both the gene module and the clinical traits. In a total of 593 patients, serum levels of SPP1 were significantly higher in patients with vulnerable plaques than those with stable plaque (113.21 [73.65 - 147.70] ng/ml versus 71.08 [20.64 - 135.68] ng/ml; P < 0.001). Adjusted multivariate regression analysis revealed that serum SPP1 was an independent determinant of the presence of vulnerable plaque. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the area under the curve was 0.737 (95% CI 0.697 - 0.773; P < 0.001) for adding serum SPP1 in predicting of vulnerable plaques.

Conclusion

Elevated serum SPP1 levels confer an increased risk for plaque vulnerability in patients with coronary artery disease.
Bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles: endogenous roles, therapeutic potentials and their biomimetics for the treatment and prevention of sepsis
Authors: Effah Clement Yaw , Ding Xianfei , Drokow Emmanuel Kwateng , Li Xiang , Tong Ran , Sun Tongwen
Published: February 2024

Sepsis is one of the medical conditions with a high mortality rate and lacks specific treatment despite several years of extensive research. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) are emerging as a focal target in the pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from pathogenic microorganisms carry pathogenic factors such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and virulence factors and are regarded as “long-range weapons” to trigger an inflammatory response. In particular, the small size of bEVs can cross the blood-brain and placental barriers that are difficult for pathogens to cross, deliver pathogenic agents to host cells, activate the host immune system, and possibly accelerate the bacterial infection process and subsequent sepsis. Over the years, research into host-derived EVs has increased, leading to breakthroughs in cancer and sepsis treatments. However, related approaches to the role and use of bacterial-derived EVs are still rare in the treatment of sepsis. Herein, this review looked at the dual nature of bEVs in sepsis by highlighting their inherent functions and emphasizing their therapeutic characteristics and potential. Various biomimetics of bEVs for the treatment and prevention of sepsis have also been reviewed. Finally, the latest progress and various obstacles in the clinical application of bEVs have been highlighted.
Tumor-immune metaphenotypes orchestrate an evolutionary bottleneck that promotes metabolic transformation
Authors: West Jeffrey , Rentzeperis Frederika , Adam Casey , Bravo Rafael , Luddy Kimberly A. , Robertson-Tessi Mark , Anderson Alexander R. A.
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Metabolism plays a complex role in the evolution of cancerous tumors, including inducing a multifaceted effect on the immune system to aid immune escape. Immune escape is, by definition, a collective phenomenon by requiring the presence of two cell types interacting in close proximity: tumor and immune. The microenvironmental context of these interactions is influenced by the dynamic process of blood vessel growth and remodelling, creating heterogeneous patches of well-vascularized tumor or acidic niches.

Methods

Here, we present a multiscale mathematical model that captures the phenotypic, vascular, microenvironmental, and spatial heterogeneity which shapes acid-mediated invasion and immune escape over a biologically-realistic time scale. The model explores several immune escape mechanisms such as i) acid inactivation of immune cells, ii) competition for glucose, and iii) inhibitory immune checkpoint receptor expression (PD-L1). We also explore the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 and sodium bicarbonate buffer agents for treatment. To aid in understanding immune escape as a collective cellular phenomenon, we define immune escape in the context of six collective phenotypes (termed “meta-phenotypes”): Self-Acidify, Mooch Acid, PD-L1 Attack, Mooch PD-L1, Proliferate Fast, and Starve Glucose.

Results

Fomenting a stronger immune response leads to initial benefits (additional cytotoxicity), but this advantage is offset by increased cell turnover that leads to accelerated evolution and the emergence of aggressive phenotypes. This creates a bimodal therapy landscape: either the immune system should be maximized for complete cure, or kept in check to avoid rapid evolution of invasive cells. These constraints are dependent on heterogeneity in vascular context, microenvironmental acidification, and the strength of immune response.

Discussion

This model helps to untangle the key constraints on evolutionary costs and benefits of three key phenotypic axes on tumor invasion and treatment: acid-resistance, glycolysis, and PD-L1 expression. The benefits of concomitant anti-PD-L1 and buffer treatments is a promising treatment strategy to limit the adverse effects of immune escape.
Deciphering the fibrotic process: mechanism of chronic radiation skin injury fibrosis
Authors: Wang Yiren , Chen Shouying , Bao Shuilan , Yao Li , Wen Zhongjian , Xu Lixia , Chen Xiaoman , Guo Shengmin , Pang Haowen , Zhou Yun , Zhou Ping
Published: February 2024

This review explores the mechanisms of chronic radiation-induced skin injury fibrosis, focusing on the transition from acute radiation damage to a chronic fibrotic state. It reviewed the cellular and molecular responses of the skin to radiation, highlighting the role of myofibroblasts and the significant impact of Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) in promoting fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transformation. The review delves into the epigenetic regulation of fibrotic gene expression, the contribution of extracellular matrix proteins to the fibrotic microenvironment, and the regulation of the immune system in the context of fibrosis. Additionally, it discusses the potential of biomaterials and artificial intelligence in medical research to advance the understanding and treatment of radiation-induced skin fibrosis, suggesting future directions involving bioinformatics and personalized therapeutic strategies to enhance patient quality of life.
Injecting drug use and hepatitis C virus infection independently increase biomarkers of inflammatory disease risk which are incompletely restored by curative direct-acting antiviral therapy
Authors: Hearps Anna C. , Vootukuru Nikil , Ebrahimnezhaddarzi Salimeh , Harney Brendan L. , Boo Irene , Nguyen Long , Pavlyshyn Damian , Dietze Paul M. , Drummer Heidi E. , Thompson Alexander J. , Jaworowski Anthony , Hellard Margaret E. , Sacks-Davis Rachel , Doyle Joseph S.
Published: February 2024

Background

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are more prevalent in people who inject drugs (PWID) who often experience additional health risks. HCV induces inflammation and immune alterations that contribute to hepatic and non-hepatic morbidities. It remains unclear whether curative direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy completely reverses immune alterations in PWID.

Methods

Plasma biomarkers of immune activation associated with chronic disease risk were measured in HCV-seronegative (n=24) and HCV RNA+ (n=32) PWID at baseline and longitudinally after DAA therapy. Adjusted generalised estimating equations were used to assess longitudinal changes in biomarker levels. Comparisons between community controls (n=29) and HCV-seronegative PWID were made using adjusted multiple regression modelling.

Results

HCV-seronegative PWID exhibited significantly increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers including soluble (s) TNF-RII, IL-6, sCD14 and sCD163 and the diabetes index HbA1c as compared to community controls. CXCL10, sTNF-RII, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) were additionally elevated in PWID with viremic HCV infection as compared to HCV- PWID. Whilst curative DAA therapy reversed some biomarkers, others including LBP and sTNF-RII remained elevated 48 weeks after HCV cure.

Conclusion

Elevated levels of inflammatory and chronic disease biomarkers in PWID suggest an increased risk of chronic morbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. HCV infection in PWID poses an additional disease burden, amplified by the incomplete reversal of immune dysfunction following DAA therapy. These findings highlight the need for heightened clinical surveillance of PWID for chronic inflammatory diseases, particularly those with a history of HCV infection.
Contribution of the wind and Loop Current eddies to the circulation in the western Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Olvera-Prado Erick R. , Morey Steven L. , Chassignet Eric P.
Published: February 2024

The roles of the Loop Current (LC) and associated eddies in driving the circulation of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) have been investigated for several decades from different perspectives. Nevertheless, a clear understanding of the relative contributions of the wind forcing and the Loop Current eddies (LCEs) to the GoM circulation and variability remain lacking. In this study, the roles of these two factors in sustaining the less well-known western GoM upper-layer (~1000 m) circulation are investigated with two numerical experiments using the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). First, we examine the relative contributions of the wind and LCEs in setting the mean circulation in the western GOM. We then perform a vorticity balance to analyze the relative importance of the physical processes, including the wind stress, involved in sustaining the western GoM circulation. The results show that the wind stress contributes to a mean anticyclonic circulation in the central and northwestern Gulf, while in the southwestern subregion both wind and LCEs combine to induce a cyclonic circulation, highlighting the role of wind stress curl and topographic confinement. The vorticity balance analysis conducted in the upper layer of the western basin shows that planetary vorticity and stretching are primarily responsible for the balance in time scales longer than weeks, and their co-variability are good indicators of LCEs entering the central and northwestern subregions. However, the southwestern subregion is primarily driven by vortex stretching. Mean advection of vorticity and planetary vorticity are also contributors to the time-averaged vorticity field. Since the wind stress is distributed over the upper layer of the GoM, direct input of vorticity in the regional vorticity balance is negligible, but it does play a role through the vortex stretching term. The results also suggest that wind forcing acts to produce larger, faster moving, and longer-lived anticyclonic eddies that impact the western Gulf and modulate the circulation over monthly timescales.