bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A ‘SATISFICING’ MODEL OF CAP DECISION‐MAKING
Authors: Fearne A. P.
Published: November 2008

Agricultural policy decisions in the European Community tend to be treated as exogenous influences on agricultural markets, on the grounds that political factors assume a dominant (yet indeterminant) role in the decision‐making process of the Common Agricultural Policy. This paper attempts to endogenise the annual price‐fixing process in a behavioural model based on the assumption that politically motivated decision‐makers seek to achieve ‘satisficing’ rather than optimal solutions to the conflicting problems of farm income support and budgetary expenditure.
THE IMPACT OF INFLATION ON PRICES RECEIVED AND PAID BY GREEK FARMERS
Authors: Daouli J. , Demoussis M. P.
Published: November 2008

This paper investigates empirically the impact of inflation on the terms of trade, prices received and paid, for Greek farmers in the period 1967–87. According to conventional theory, inflation can have a non‐neutral effect if it is unanticipated and if prices received and paid by farmers exhibit different degrees of flexibility. However, in the case where prices are administered, inflation neutrality depends on government's policy objectives and ability to adjust prices of inputs and outputs to the rate of inflation. The empirical investigation undertaken in this study shows that pricing policies implemented by the Greek government have resulted in neutralising the impact of inflation on the terms of trade for Greek farmers. Furthermore, the observed significant variability of the terms of trade can be attributed solely to real demand and supply factors.
UK FISCAL CHANGES AND NEW FORESTRY PLANTING
Authors: Crabtree J. R. , Macmillan D. C.
Published: November 2008

The taxation and grant arrangements for UK forestry were radically changed in April 1988. This paper considers the consequence of these changes for new forestry investment in Scotland by examining five models which describe different site types. The investment appraisals show that after April 1988 forestry will no longer be of interest to investors seeking a tax shelter or wishing to invest borrowed capital. Acceptable real returns to capital will be found only on relatively good quality sites. A major reduction in the rate of new planting is indicated and a shift away from poorer planting land. The rate and location of new planting will depend critically on farmland prices and the extent to which better‐quality land is released for planting under the normal consultation procedures.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE AGRI‐MONETARY SYSTEM ON AGRICULTURAL TRADE IN THE EC: THE CASE OF SUGAR
Authors: von Cramon‐Taubadel S.
Published: November 2008

It is hypothesised that the mechanics of the agri‐monetary system impose shocks on EC agricultural markets which influence the Community's agricultural trade flows. A model illustrating links between agri‐monetary changes and trade flows of sugar is presented. Empirical tests suggest that agri‐monetary changes influence the volume and timing of sugar trade. Hypotheses relating the strength of this influence to self‐sufficiency and other factors specific to Member States are discussed, as are the welfare costs of agri‐monetary trade distortions. Although these welfare costs are unlikely to spark agrimonetary reform, they could be given consideration in the reform made inevitable by the Single European Market.
THE SOCIAL DISCOUNT RATE FOR LAND‐USE PROJECTS IN INDIA
Authors: Sharma R. A. , McGregor M. J. , Blyth J. F.
Published: November 2008

The social discount rate is derived from an inter‐temporal social utility model for land‐use projects in India. The social discount rate is a function of two parameters: the elasticity of social marginal utility of consumption and the growth rate of per capita real consumption. The final results for the social discount rate and the elasticity of social marginal utility of consumption are 2 per cent and ‐1.4 respectively. These values are plausible and comparable with other estimates found in the literature.
TECHNICAL CHANGE AND EC‐US AGRICULTURAL TRADE LIBERALISATION
Authors: Guyomard H. , Mahé L. P. , Tavéra C. , Trochet T.
Published: November 2008

The paper aims to investigate the biases produced by assessing the effects of partial liberalisation of EC and US farm policies through comparative‐static simulations, when a more adequate approach would require time, or more precisely technical change, to be explicitly accounted for. Three points are underlined: taking into account technical change (i) alters the trade‐off between farm income and budgetary expenditures, (ii) has different effects according to the policy instruments used, and (iii) may reverse the sign of cross‐effects, particularly on the budget, in the case of large price‐support reductions which result in trade reversal. The relatively limited fall in farm income losses in scenarios corresponding to full harmonisation makes the associated support‐price cuts more acceptable, both politically and socially.
NON‐PARAMETRIC TESTS FOR CHANGES IN CONSUMER PREFERENCES FOR MEAT IN GREAT BRITAIN
Authors: Burton M. P. , Young T.
Published: November 2008

The paper investigates whether the changing pattern of meat and fish purchases, which has occurred in Britain since the 1960s, is due to changes in the structure of consumer preferences or is attributable to conventional economic factors (changes in relative prices and total expenditure). The analysis is based on two non‐parametric tests, derived from revealed preference theory. These do not require the explicit specification and estimation of a demand system. The hypothesis that the data are consistent with stable preferences is accepted; in principle, all variations in consumption can be fully explained by price and expenditure changes. However, some caution is counselled. As with all hypothesis testing, acceptance is less conclusive than rejection; some structural changes in preferences may have gone undetected.
LABOUR MARKET DUALISM, THREAT OF EVICTION AND CROPSHARE TENANCY
Authors: Taslim M. A.
Published: November 2008

Landlords in some countries commonly adopt a policy of short‐term leasing such that their tenants perpetually face a threat of termination of the contracts if their performance is not satisfactory. By explicitly modelling the threat of termination in a multi‐period framework, this paper demonstrates that: (a) a landlord may prefer a landed rather than a landless tenant, (b) although tenants are free to choose the amount of land for cropsharing, the marginal product of land is not driven down to zero, and (c) the efficiency of cropshare cultivation may not be ranked unambiguously against owner or wage cultivation.
INTER‐REGIONAL VARIATION IN THE SPEED OF ADOPTION OF MODERN CEREAL CULTIVARS IN INDIA
Authors: Jansen H. G. P.
Published: November 2008

Speed of adoption of modern cereal cultivars in India is measured and its inter‐regional variation is investigated. Adoption speed varies widely across regions and between cereals. While profitability and production risk have been important determinants of adoption speed of high‐yielding wheat and rice varieties, such factors fail to explain adequately the uptake of modern cultivars of sorghum, pearl millet and maize. A comparison with the results of other studies confirms the responsiveness of Indian farmers to economic opportunities.
CONCENTRIC SAMPLING IN FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
Authors: Allen J. M. S.
Published: November 2008

A preliminary case is made for intensive and long‐term socio‐economic survey work in farming systems research (FSR), as opposed to a reliance on rapid appraisals. A sampling methodology is described, based on collection of a detailed sample frame, which allows the selection of samples which can be related directly to each other, through common respondents. Thus causal relationships can be determined in one sample and, by extrapolation, linked to attributes found in another. The sampling method also makes it easy to select farmers with specific attributes for on‐farm trial sites, and allows a more informed interpretation of agronomic results in relation to farm management criteria.
REBALANCING EC CEREALS PROTECTION AND THE GATT URUGUAY ROUND
Authors: McCorriston S.
Published: November 2008

This paper considers the proposals put forward by the EC at the GATT Uruguay Round in December 1990. The EC's objective of rebalancing the Common Agricultural Policy in the context of a partial liberalisation of agricultural support on the world cereals market is assessed, as is the choice of base year from which liberalisation would have been initiated. The US's proposal for more significant reduction in agricultural support is also considered. The results show that the EC would not necessarily have benefited from rebalancing, since the effects would have depended on the choice of base period. For example, with 1986 (1988) as the base year, net welfare changes would have been 20 (50) percent higher (lower) with rebalancing, relative to the case without. Not surprisingly, the more substantial liberalisation proposed by the US would have resulted in greater net welfare gains even if rebalancing was conceded by the US.
A TEST FOR PRICE INTEGRATION IN THE EC LAMB MARKET
Authors: Gordon D. V. , Hobbs J. E. , Kerr W. A.
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this paper is to test for price integration in the British‐French markets for lamb in the period after the introduction of the EC sheepmeat regime in 1980. A Holmes‐Hutton rank order procedure is used to determine if price changes in one market cause price changes in the other market and thus define an integrated market. Using weekly price data for the period 1983‐86, the results indicate that the British‐French lamb markets are integrated in that a price change in one market is fully reflected in price changes in the other. However, there is considerable lag time in response to price changes. This may be attributed to less than perfect substitution between the British and French product, to the ex post nature of the clawback provision that existed in the British price support system during the period of analysis, and to informal trade barriers.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PRODUCED MEANS OF PRODUCTION IN UK AGRICULTURE
Authors: Ozanne A.
Published: November 2008

Neoclassical production theory assumes that outputs and inputs can be separated into two distinct commodity groups. However, this fails to take account of the presence of produced means of production in agriculture which undermine the ceteris paribus assumption on which partial equilibrium analysis is based‐a criticism identified as part of the broader Sraffian critique of neoclassical economics. A simulation exercise designed to investigate the importance of produced inputs in UK agriculture found evidence of perverse aggregate supply response resulting from the use of feedgrain, an output from the cereal sector, as a produced input in the livestock sectors. This empirical result lends some support to the Sraffian analysis; however, it is suggested that the perversity arises from failure to take account of the produced input, and that computing ‘net output’
TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY: A COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION FRONTIER METHODS
Authors: Neff D. L. , Garcia P. , Nelson C. H.
Published: November 2008

Recent differences in the measurement of farm efficiency may be related to the methods employed. Here, four alternative production frontiers are estimated using time‐series, cross‐section data for a sample of Illinois grain farms. Efficiency measures are found to be highly correlated between nonparametric methods, and between parametric methods. However, large differences are noted when efficiency measures are compared between nonparametric and parametric methods. An analysis of farms with large differences, which are efficient under the nonparametric method, indicates that correlations between efficiency measures are much higher when these firms are excluded.
ASYMMETRIC AGRICULTURAL SUPPLY RESPONSE: EVIDENCE FROM BANGLADESH AGRICULTURE
Authors: Jaforullah M.
Published: November 2008

This paper investigates whether sugar cane supply in the mill zones of Bangladesh responds asymmetrically to a price rise and a price fall by estimating several models suggested in the literature on agricultural supply. It is found that sugar cane area, in the event of a price rise, is more than twice as elastic as in the event of a price fall, and that this is true both in the short run and the long run.
NONPOINT POLLUTION, WEEDS AND RISK
Authors: Archer David W. , Shogren Jason F.
Published: November 2008

Nonpoint pollution from agricultural production continues to force regulators to rethink policies aimed at reducing input sources such as herbicides and fertilisers. This paper considers how a producer's choice of an input strategy defined by application rate or persistence affects input‐use patterns, and consequently, nonpoint pollution. Working within an endogenous risk framework, we explore how input sets with herbicides defined either as self‐insurance or self‐protection are affected by increased risk of herbicide treatment failure. Our results suggest that increased risk will generally decrease both herbicide and fertiliser application rates, resulting in the use of less flexible and less persistent herbicides. In addition, a quantity constraint policy restricting the amount of herbicide applied will decrease the amount of fertiliser applied.
THE DISINCENTIVE EFFECT OF FOOD‐FOR‐WORK ON LABOUR SUPPLY AND AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION AND DIVERSIFICATION IN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Maxwell Simon , Belshaw Deryke , Lirenso Alemayehu
Published: November 2008

Food‐for‐work (FFW) as a form of food aid has been criticised for its many disincentive effects. This paper investigates alleged disincentive effects of food‐for‐work (FFW) on labour supply and agricultural intensification and diversification in one district of Ethiopia, using a ranking exercise and a small survey of farmer opinion. Despite the popularity of FFW as a source of income, careful project design meant that disincentives were largely avoided. In particular, the take‐up of FFW was restricted, by a combination of self‐targeting and community based administrative rationing; and agricultural intensification and diversification were encouraged directly through extension programmes.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE TAX SUBSIDIES TO THE DAIRY SECTORS IN CANADA, GERMANY NEW ZEALAND AND THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Dunlop Diane M. , Perry Gregory M. , Nixon Clair J.
Published: November 2008

Subsidies to agricultural producers through domestic tax and social programme policies are generally not included in producer subsidy equivalent (PSE) measures. This study examines the price induced distortions of domestic tax policy and social programmes on dairy trade between Canada, New Zealand, Germany, and the United States. The degree of tax subsidisation and the price subsidies needed to offset the tax and social programme advantages enjoyed by each country are estimated using a simulation model. Study findings suggest that current German taxation policy provides a substantial subsidy to dairy producers. Canadian and US farmers also have some trade advantages because of tax policy and social programmes.
IS FOREIGN TRADE (IM)PERFECTLY COMPETITIVE?: AN ANALYSIS OF THE GERMAN MARKET FOR BANANA IMPORTS
Authors: Deodhar Satish Y. , Sheldon Ian M.
Published: November 2008

Many studies have been carried out that measure welfare effects of the newly adoped common policy on banana imports by the European Union. All these studies assume that foreign trade in bananas is characterised by perfectly competitive behaviour. However, if foreign trade in bananas is imperfectly competitive, then the welfare predictions about the common banana policy may turn out to be incorrect. It is necessary, therefore, to empirically estimate the degree of market imperfection in the banana market. In this paper, we estimate the degree of market imperfection in the German market for banana imports using a structural econometric model. Based on the bootstrap procedure, we reject the hypothesis that firms in this market behave perfectly competitively, but cannot reject the hypothesis that firms are engaged in Cournot‐Nash behaviour.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY GUIDELINES TO REDUCE WATER POLLUTION BY NITRATES FROM AGRICULTURE: AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR IMPACT ON UK DAIRY FARMS
Authors: Rigby Dan
Published: November 2008

The impact of European Community environmental guidelines on a sample of UK dairy producers is simulated. The guidelines originate from a 1991 EC Directive, designed to reduce the pollution of water. Policy simulation uses Linear Programming models and an environmental sub‐model to allow the assessment of policy in both economic and environmental terms. Imposing the guidelines with respect to total farm area leaves many farms unaffected. However many farms are severely restricted when the guidelines are imposed with respect to current spreading land. New data are used here to consider the extent to which this spreading area may be expanded. The guidelines are re‐simulated on the basis of this new information, and the implications of the results for the control of waste application are discussed.
THE MARKET FOR NEW TREE CROP TECHNOLOGY: A SUMATRAN CASE
Authors: Barlow Colin
Published: November 2008

Markets for agricultural inputs in poorer countries are frequently incomplete, meaning small farmers cannot adopt profitable new technologies. The problems are worse with tree than annual crops, owing to complex input needs and long gestation periods. This paper scrutinises a case where difficulties were overcome and farmers adopted improved rubber trees, indicating key elements in this development. It examines the nurseries supplying new trees, traders handling them, and smallholders adopting them, suggesting that provisions of infrastructure and services by government and introduction of competitive marketing channels by trader‐entrepreneurs were vital to what occurred. The paper finally addresses the wider context of the case, scrutinising the economics of institutional change concerned and mix of public and private actions facilitating it.
Loss Coverage as a Public Policy Objective for Risk Classification Schemes
Authors: Thomas R. Guy
Published: November 2008

Abstract

This article suggests that from a public policy perspective, some degree of adverse selection may be desirable in some insurance markets. The article suggests that a public policymaker should consider the criterion of “loss coverage,” and that in some markets a policymaker may wish to regulate risk classification with a view to increasing loss coverage. Either too much or too little risk classification may reduce loss coverage. The concept is explored by means of examples and formulaic and graphical interpretations. An application to the UK life insurance market is considered.
Optimal Gradual Annuitization: Quantifying the Costs of Switching to Annuities
Authors: Horneff Wolfram J. , Maurer Raimond H. , Stamos Michael Z.
Published: November 2008

Abstract

We compute the optimal dynamic annuitization and asset allocation policy for a retiree with Epstein–Zin preferences, uncertain investment horizon, potential bequest motives, and pre‐existing pension income. In our setting the retiree can decide each year how much he consumes and how much he invests in stocks, bonds, and life annuities, while the prior literature mostly considered restricted so‐called deterministic or stochastic switching strategies. We show that postponing the annuity purchase is no longer optimal in the gradual annuitization (GA) case since investors are able to attain the optimal mix between liquid assets (stocks and bonds) and illiquid life annuities each year. In order to assess potential utility losses, we benchmark various restricted annuitization strategies against the unrestricted GA strategy.
A Comparison of Chronaxies for Ventricular Fibrillation Induction, Defibrillation, and Cardiac Stimulation: Unexpected Findings and Their Implications
Authors: LAWO THOMAS , DENEKE THOMAS , SCHRADER JUERGEN , DANILOVIC DEJAN , WENZEL BEATE , BUDDENSIEK MICHAEL , MUEGGE ANDREAS
Published: October 2008

Fibrillation Induction Chronaxie and Its Implications. Introduction: A low‐energy (≤ 4 J) cardioversion shock (LEC) either terminates reentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT) or accelerates it to ventricular fibrillation (VF). Optimization of the duration and amplitude of LEC shocks could improve the success rate of VT termination without VF induction.

Methods and Results:
In order to learn how LEC shocks may be optimized, we used an animal model to compare the strength‐duration curve for VF induction and the strength‐duration curve for cardiac stimulation via the shock coil. Conventional implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) leads were implanted in 12 narcotized pigs from 20 kg to 25 kg in weight. Stimulation, VF induction, and defibrillation pulses were delivered by custom‐designed stimulators at preset pulse durations and amplitudes. The corresponding hyperbolic strength‐duration curves were constructed using the least‐squares fit method and averaged for all the animals. The mean chronaxie for stimulation via the shock coil of 0.23 ms was significantly shorter than both defibrillation (4.8 ms) and VF induction (3.1 ms) chronaxie values. At a shock duration of 0.3 ms or less, the mean VF‐induction threshold amplitude exceeded 300 V.

Conclusion:
It may be reasonable to study whether LEC pulses from 0.25 ms to 0.30 ms in duration and up to 250 V in amplitude would increase therapeutic yield in VT termination without VF induction in humans. Contrary to the current belief, the discrepancy between defibrillation and stimulation chronaxie is not caused by different electrode size. We postulate that the time constant of the fast sodium channel reactivation may be the underlying reason. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 20, pp. 307‐314, March 2009)
Facilitating risk reduction among homeless and street‐involved youth
Authors: Busen Nancy H. , Engebretson Joan C.
Published: October 2008

Purpose: The purposes of this evaluation project were to describe a group of homeless adolescents and street‐involved youth who utilized a mobile unit that provided medical and mental healthcare services and to assess the efficacy of the services provided in reducing their health risk behaviors.

Data sources: The records of 95 youth aged 15–25 years who used the medical mobile unit for an average of 14 months were examined and evaluated according to the national health indicators related to risk reduction. Current literature related to health risk behavior among homeless youth was reviewed, synthesized, and provided the background for this article.

Conclusions: Data were obtained from the records of mostly heterosexual youth with a mean age of 20.5 years. Approximately one third of the participants were high school graduates and most were without health insurance. Living situations were transient including friends, shelters, crash pads, or the streets. Abuse accounted for the majority leaving home. Psychiatric conditions and substance abuse were common. Medical conditions were related to transient living situations, substance abuse, and sexual activity. Success of the program was associated with sustained counseling, stabilizing youth on psychotropic medications, decreasing substance use, providing birth control and immunizations, and treating medical conditions.

Implications for practice: Homeless youth are one of the most underserved vulnerable populations in the United States with limited access and utilization of appropriate healthcare services. Nurse practitioners often serve as care providers but are also in a position to effectively lobby to improve health care for homeless youth through professional organizations and community activism. Furthermore, when designing and evaluating healthcare services, multidisciplinary teams need to consider risk reduction for homeless youth in the context of their environment.
A quantitative analysis of energy intake reported by young men
Authors: LIBERATO Selma C. , BRESSAN Josefina , HILLS Andrew P.
Published: November 2008

Aim:  To quantitatively analyse energy intake reported by young men and the accuracy of the Goldberg cut‐off method for identifying misreporters.

Methods:  This was a cross‐sectional study in which: food intake was assessed by a four‐day food record; resting metabolic rate was assessed by indirect calorimetry; percentage body fat was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry; and energy expenditure was assessed by physical activity record completed simultaneously with food intake measurements. Energy intake was analysed by direct comparison of energy intake and energy expenditure and by the Goldberg cut‐off. Subjects: 34 healthy men aged 18–25 years. Setting: Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Main outcome measures: percentage of misreporters in a group of young men using different methods. Statistical analyses: data are presented as means and standard deviations. The analyses were conducted using Statistic for Windows 5.5 software.

Results:  Seven underreporters were identified by direct comparison of energy intake and energy expenditure. The Goldberg cut‐off found six out of the seven underreporters identified by direct comparison of energy intake and energy expenditure, but wrongly identified two acceptable reporters as underreporters. The sensitivity and specificity of the Goldberg cut‐off method were 0.86 and 0.93, respectively.

Conclusions:  Seven out of 34 participants underreported their energy intake. In the absence of physical activity measurements, the Goldberg cut‐off method identified underreporters in this group of young men with assessed resting metabolic rate.
Fission–track Ages and Magnetic Susceptibility of Cretaceous to Paleogene Volcanic Rocks in Southeastern Sikhote Alin, Far East Russia
Authors: MaTSUDA Takaaki , SAKIYAMA Tohru , ENAMI Ryo , OTOFUJI Yo–ichiro , SAKHNO Vladimir G. , MATUNIN Anatoly P. , KULINICH Ruslan G. , ZIMIN Petr S.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Seven zircon fission‐track ages and 30 magnetic susceptibilities were measured on welded pyroclastic rocks from the Bogopol and Sijanov Groups of the Cretaceous to Paleogene volcanic rocks in the southeastern part of the eastern Sikhote Alin volcano‐plutonic belt, Far East Russia. The fission‐track ages range from 42. 7 Ma to 64. O Ma which indicate that both the groups are of Early Paleogene time. Two thirds of the samples from the Bogopol Group have high magnetic susceptibility values, more than 3 A‐ 10‐3 SI unit, which imply that they are of the magnetite–series, whereas the samples from the Sijanov Group show 3 A‐ 10‐3 to 8 A‐ 10‐5 SI unit which suggest this group of probably the ilmenite‐series.

The Paleogene age and high magnetic susceptibility of the Bogopol Group are quite similar to the Paleogene igneous rocks of the San'in belt, Southwest Japan. This suggests, taking accounts of the opening of the Japan Sea, that the eastern Sikhote Alin volcano‐plutonic belt continued to the San'in Belt, and that the Paleogene igneous rocks along the Japan Sea coast of Northeast Japan were situated along the volcanic front of the eastern Sikhote Alin volcano‐plutonic belt.
Geneses of High Chlorine and Silver–Lead–Zinc–Mineralized Granitoids in Tsushima, Japan
Authors: ISHIHARA Shunso , IMAI Akira
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Miocene granitoids of the Tsushima Islands have unique characteristics that cannot be seen in other major granitic plutons in the Japanese Islands as follows: (1) They are granitic in composition but contain synplutonic mafic dikes, abundant mafic enclaves, and intermediate facies between granite and mafic enclaves. (2) They are mixture of magnetite‐bearing and –free facies, but generally magnetite‐free in the marginal part. (3) They are high in K2O content (K65=3. 1) and intermediate in normative corundum (C65=0. 1) and δ18O value (+9% at SiO2 70 %), which may be comparable with those of the Miocene Outer Zone granitoids. (4) Yet the initial Sr ratio is low as 0. 7037. (5) They are high in Cl and S, which occur in fluid inclusions and as pyrrhotite>pyrite, respectively.

Two genetic models are considered for the source of the unique granitoid magmas: the continental crust or the upper mantle fertilized with Si, K and 18O. The latter may be the case for the Tsushima granitoids, because of the low initial Sr ratio. The age of the granitoids (16 Ma) indicates the magmatism related to the opening of the Sea of Japan. It is suggested that both basaltic and granitic magmas were generated in the continental lithosphere under an extensional tectonic setting; the two magmas could have been partly mingled.

The mingled magma was originally an oxidized type, but reduced during the emplacement by repeated inflow of S and C‐bearing gases from the pelitic wall rocks. Because of the reduction, SO3 sulfur is almost nil in the rock‐forming apatite, and most of sulfur remained in fluid phase of the magma as reduced species. Cl content was high in the original magma and concentrated in the fluid phase of the residual system which dissolved silver, lead and zinc metals. Such a fluid migrated into the Taishu fracture systems, as the magma crystallized, and formed the silver–lead–zinc deposits.
Potash–rich Magmatism and Associated Gold‐Copper Mineralization in the Yishu Deep Fault Zone and Its Vicinity, Eastern China
Authors: QIU Jiansheng , LO Ching–Hua , MCINNES Brent I. A. , ZHOU Jincheng
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The Mesozoic potash‐rich volcanic rocks which hosted several gold or gold (copper) deposits are widely distributed around the Yishu deep fault zone, eastern China. Lithologically, these rocks include basaltic trachyandesite, trachyandesite, latite and trachyte, of which the trachyandesite and latite are the predominant rock types. Whole‐rock Rb‐Sr isochron ages and 40Ar‐39Ar plateau dates of them are 108.2 ˜ 119.6 Ma and 114.7 ˜ 124.3 Ma, respectively. Chemically, they are characterized by high and variable Al2O3 contents, high K2O+Na2O values, and high K2O/Na2O and Fe2O3/FeO ratios. The rocks also have enriched LILE and LREE concentrations, low HFSE abundance, and display extraordinary Sr‐Nd isotope signatures (ISr = 0.7084 ˜ 0.7125, εNd(t) = ‐9.43 ˜ −18.07). Integrated geological and geochemical data suggest that they were formed in a continental‐arc setting and most likely originated from the partial melting of enriched mantle which was induced by source contamination of subducted continental crustal materials.

Gold (copper) deposits in this district are closely related to Mesozoic volcanic‐subvolcanic magmatism. They are frequently located either at the margin or adjacent to the volcanic basins. Most of them are spatially associated with maar‐diatreme systems and/or flow‐dome complexes. The formations of two gold (copper) deposits, the Qibaoshan breccia pipe‐porphyry type Au‐Cu deposit and the Guilaizhuang tellurium‐gold type epithermal Au deposit, have been proved to be in close relation with potash‐rich magmatism.

The genetic relations between potash‐rich magmatism and Cu‐Au mineralization is still quite unclear. Detailed review of the previous works demonstrates that the high contents of volatiles (such as H2O, CO2, S, F and Cl, especially F and Cl) and the high oxidation state of the potash‐rich magmas may be the main favorable factors for the formation of the Cu‐Au deposits.
Paleomagnetic Constraints on Mineralization Age of the Nansatsu‐type Gold Deposits in Southern Kyushu, Japan
Authors: TAKEDA Tetsuichi , SHIMADA Nobutaka , UENO Hirotomo
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Two mineralization stages, stage I and stage II, have been identified from textural, mineralogical and crosscutting relationships in gold ore from the Nansatsu‐type gold deposits of Kasuga, Iwato and Akeshi. Mineralization age of each stage in each deposit was determined with paleomagnetic methods on 432 specimens from 312 oriented samples. As results, mineralization ages of stage I of each deposit fall in the same period, the reversed polarity subchron of 4.18–3.58 Ma, and those of stage II are limited in the normal and reversed polarity subchrons of 3.58–3.22 Ma. Contrasting with previous results based only on K‐Ar ages, our conclusion shows that these Nansatsu‐type gold deposits were formed contemporaneously.
Skarns and Genesis of the Huanggang Fe‐Sn Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: WANG Li Juan , SHIMAZAKI Hidehiko , SHIGA Yoshihide
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The skarns and genesis were studied of the Huanggang Fe‐Sn deposit and the nearby Sumugou Zn‐Pb deposit in Inner Mongolia, China. In the Huanggang mine, Nos. 1 to 4 Fe ore bodies are arranged along a calcareous horizon from proximal to distal in this order to a granite intrusion named Luotuochangliang, while Sn ore body is situated near another granite intrusion named 204. According to the distance from the granitic intrusions, mineral assemblages in skarns are systematically changed. Garnet is the most predominant skarn mineral throughout the deposit. Hastingsitic amphiboles, however, predominate in the proximal skarns. Fluorite is common in the proximal skarns, while instead calcite is common in the distal skarns. Chlorite is characteristically present only in No. 3 ore body, and chlorite geothermometry gives near 300C for the mineralization of later stage.

When garnet crystal shows zonal structure, isotropic andraditic garnet occupies the core, and is surrounded with anisotropic less‐andraditic garnet. The presence of white skarn along the boundary between main skarns and host sedimentary rocks confirms relatively reducing environment prevailing as a whole in the studied area. However, the compositional relation between coexisting garnet and clinopyroxene demonstrates that relatively oxidizing condition was achieved for garnet skarn and magnetite ore in the distal, Nos. 2 to 4 Fe ore bodies and Sumugou deposit, compared to that for garnet skarn in the proximal, No. 1 and Sn ore bodies. Preliminary study on the tin content of garnets in the studied area revealed a certain degree of contribution brought from granitic intrusives since the early stage of skarn formation, irrespective of proximal or distal.

Oxygen isotope study on garnet, magnetite, quartz and skarn calcite, as well as hydrogen isotope study on hastingsitic amphibole, demonstrates mainly meteoric water origin for the skarn– and ore‐forming solutions. The occurrence of Sn, W, Mo and F minerals indicates that those elements were mainly supplied to the deposit later than the formation of skarns and iron ores, overlapping to them. These constraints allow to delineate the formation model of the deposit as follows (Fig. 10): At the time of late Jurassic to early Cretaceous, felsic activity occurred in this region as a part of Yanshanian magmatism, and formed granitic intrusions as well as thick volcanic piles on the surface. The circulation of meteoric water was provoked by the heat brought by the intrusions. By this circulation, much amount of iron was extracted from andesites of the Dashizhai Formation, and precipitated as skarns and magnetite ores along calcareous horizons near the bottom of the Huanggangliang Formation. Subsequently, volatile‐rich fluids with Sn, W and Mo were expelled from the solidifying granitic magmas, and precipitated these metals in the pre‐existing skarns and ores.
Characteristic Features of Tin–iron–copper Mineralization in the Anle‐Huanggangliang Mining Area, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: ISHIYAMA Daizo , SATO Ryoji , MIZUTA Toshio , ISHIKAWA Yohei , WANG Jingbin
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The Anle Sn‐Cu and Huanggangliang Fe‐Sn deposits have been exploited in the Linxi district, which is located 165 km northwest of Chifeng City in northern China. In this study the formation mechanisms of the tin deposits in the Anle and Huanggangliang mining area were investigated to understand the mechanisms of tin mineralization in northern China.

The veins of the Anle deposit are divided into cassiterite–quartz–chlorite veins, chalcopyrite‐bearing quartz veins, cassi–terite–chalcopyrite–bearing quartz veins and sphalerite‐quartz veins. The sequence of mineralization is tin mineralization (stage I), copper mineralization (stage II), and lead‐zinc mineralization (stage III). The Huanggangliang tin deposit consists of magnetite skarn orebodies and many cassiterite‐bearing feldspar–fluorite veins and veinlets cutting the magnetite orebodies.

The fluid inclusions in quartz and fluorite in ores from the Anle and Huanggangliang tin deposits are divided into two‐phase fluid inclusions, vapor‐rich fluid inclusions and poly‐phase fluid inclusions. The final homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions of quartz in the ores of the Anle deposit and fluorite of tin‐bearing feldspar veins in the Huanggangliang tin deposit range from 195 to 425C and from 215 to 450C, respectively. The fluids responsible for the Anle and Huanggangliang tin deposits were of very high temperature and NaCl‐rich ones containing K, Ca, Al, Si, Ti, Fe and Cl in addition to ore metals such as Sn and Cu. The temperature and chemical composition of fluid in fluid inclusions of igneous rocks in the mining area are very similar to those of fluid in fluid inclusions in the ores of these deposits. The fluid for these ore deposits had a close relation with the fluid coexisting with melt of Late Jurassic granitic rocks in this mining area. Salinities of fluid inclusions from these ore deposits and granitic rocks in the mining area were estimated to range from 35 to 50 wt % NaCl equivalent. Based on arsenopy‐rite geothermometry and fluid inclusion studies, a fluid containing 40 wt% NaCl (eq.) could be formed by phase separation of fluid having 6 wt% NaCl (eq.) at a temperature of 420 to 500C and a pressure of 0.3 to 0.4 kb. The temperatures and pressures presented above indicate an NaCl‐rich magmatic fluid derived from granitic melt that had intruded into a shallow level of crust caused the Sn–Fe–Cu mineralization of the mining area. The geological relationship between these ore deposits and granitic bodies around the ore deposits, and the similarity of fluids forming these ore deposits and coexisting with granitic melt, suggest that these ore deposits were formed by the activity of fluid derived from granitic melt in Late Jurassic age.
3–D Tomographic Images and Deep Ore‐Control in Northern Margin of the North China Plate
Authors: LIU Yike , CHANG Xu
Published: November 2008

Abstract: 3–D velocity images of the crust beneath the northern margin of the North China Plate have been constructed using P‐wave travel time residuals of the latest earthquakes, with the data supplied by Chinese seismic networks.

The seismic image results indicate that there is a lateral heterogeneity in the crust beneath the northern part of the North China block. The velocity images of the upper crust show features closely related to the tectonic features on the surface. It can be seen from these velocity images of the vertical sections, and from the horizontal slice images at depths of 11 and 16 km that there exist East‐West and North‐East structures. The images indicate that the juncture zone of basin–and–range terrain is between the blue‐colored high–velocity block corresponding to the Yanshan mountain range that developed during the Yanshan period in northwest Beijing and the green low‐velocity area corresponding to the North China basin in southeast Beijing (Fig. 5). The juncture zone between high‐velocity and low–velocity, and EW and NE fault zones have significant ore‐control effects. From the chart of epicenters in the northern region of North China, we find that the epicenters of earthquakes are almost entirely distributed within the NE strip. Almost all major earthquakes took place in the transition strip between the high and low‐velocity zones in the crust. The distribution of epicenters also reflects the strikes of known NE–faults. From the image sections along the latitude, we find that in the area between 114.0E–118.0E, there is a blue high‐velocity block standing upright from the Moho to the upper crust (Fig. 6), from which can be deduced that some materials such as magma moved upward from the upper mantle during the history of its geological development.
Mid–Cretaceous Episodic Magmatism and Tin Mineralization in Khingan‐Okhotsk Volcano–Plutonic Belt, Far East Russia
Authors: SATO Kohei , VRUBLEVSKY Anatoly A. , RODIONOV Sergei M. , ROMANOVSKY Nikolai P. , NEDACHI Munetomo
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Age of magmatism and tin mineralization in the Khingan‐Okhotsk volcano–plutonic belt, including the Khingan, Badzhal and Komsomolsk tin fields, were reviewed in terms of tectonic history of the continental margin of East Asia. This belt consists mainly of felsic volcanic rocks and granitoids of the reduced type, being free of remarkable geomagnetic anomaly, in contrast with the northern Sikhote‐Alin volcano–plutonic belt dominated by oxidized‐type rocks and gold mineralization. The northern end of the Khingan‐Okhotsk belt near the Sea of Okhotsk, accompanied by positive geomagnetic anomalies, may have been overprinted by magmatism of the Sikhote‐Alin belt.

Tin–associated magmatism in the Khingan‐Okhotsk belt extending over 400 km occurred episodically in a short period (9510 Ma) in the middle Cretaceous time, which is coeval with the accretion of the Kiselevka‐Manoma complex, the youngest accretionary wedge in the eastern margin of the Khingan‐Okhotsk accretionary terranes. The episodic magmatism is in contrast with the Cretaceous‐Paleogene long–lasted magmatism in Sikhote–Alin, indicating the two belts are essentially different arcs, rather than juxtaposed arcs derived from a single arc. The tin‐associated magmatism may have been caused by the subduction of a young and hot back‐arc basin, which is inferred from oceanic plate stratigraphy of the coeval accre‐tionary complex and its heavy mineral assemblage of immature volcanic arc provenance. The subduction of the young basin may have resulted in dominance of the reduced‐type felsic magmas due to incorporation of carbonaceous sediments within the accretionary complex near the trench. Subsequently, the back‐arc basin may have been closed by the oblique collision of the accretionary terranes in Sikhote–Alin, which was subjected to the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene magmatism related to another younger subduction system. These processes could have proceeded under transpressional tectonic regime due to oblique subduction of the paleo‐Pacific plates under Eurasian continent.
Sulfur Content and Isotopic Ratio of Cambro‐Ordovician Carbonate Rocks from South Korea: A Possible Source for Mesozoic Magmatic‐hydrothermal Ore Sulfur
Authors: ISHIHARA Shunso , JIN Myung–Shik , KAJIWARA Yoshimichi
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Carbonate rocks of Cambrian (18 samples) and lower‐middle Ordovician (11 samples) ages from South Korea were analyzed for sulfur contents of structurally substituted sulfate (SSS) and sulfides and their δ34S values. The δ34S values of SSS ranging from +25.9 to +45.2 permil, are averaged as +33.6 and +33.5 permil for the Cambrian and Ordovician rocks, respectively, which indicate high δ34S values of the Cambro‐Ordovician seawater. The SSS contents in the carbonate rocks are low being 2.9 to 17.3 ppm S (averaged as 7.0 ppm S). Sulfide sulfur, on the contrary, is much abundant containing 3 to 1,880 ppm S and the δ34S values range widely between –17.6 and +31.1 permil. Sulfide sulfur of the studied rocks excluding impure carbonates has an average content of 187 ppm S and δ34S value of +12.8 permil (n=24). The estimated δ34S (sulfate–sulfide) values, which range from 13.8 to 25.4 permil in general with a few exceptions from 36.5 up to 52.3 permil for some impure carbonates, may provide evidence for the persistent oceanic anoxia with its temporary recovery during the Cambro‐Ordovician time.

The SSS and sulfide sulfurs have often higher δ34S values than the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic ore sulfur (Ishihara et al., 2000). Since carbonate rocks are very reactive with circulating hydrothermal ore solution, high δ34S values of the Korean ore deposits might be caused to some extent by 34S enrichment from the host carbonates, resulting in the low SSS contents observed.
Role of Iron(III) and Aluminum Hydroxides in Concentration/reduction of Au(III) Complexes
Authors: UCHIDA Akiko , YOKOYAMA Takushi , MOTOMURA Yoshinobu , MIYAZAKI Akane , OKAUE Yoshihiro , WATANABE Koichiro , IZAWA Eiji
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The adsorption of gold on iron(III) and aluminum hydroxides from solutions containing Au(III) complexes has been studied as a function of pH and chloride concentration at 30C. Iron(III) hydroxide was more effective in adsorbing gold from solution than aluminum hydroxide. However, both hydroxides controlled the behavior of Au(III) complex with very similar manner. The most effective gold adsorption occurred in aqueous solution with near neutral pH and low Cl concentration. In this solution condition, Au(III) complexes were mainly dissolved as AuCl2(OH)2‐ and AuCl(OH)3‐, and the surface charge for both hydroxides was positive. In addition, the adsorbed Au(III) complexes were spontaneously reduced to elemental gold in spite of the absence of a specific reducing agent.

The results of this study suggest that adsorption and spontaneous reduction of gold complexes on the surface of hydrous metal oxides with positive charge play an important role in gold precipitation in subsurface environment.
Geochronology of Gold Deposits and Its Implication for Metallogenesis in the Fengxian‐Lixian Area, Qinling Orogenic Belt, China
Authors: FENG Jianzhong , WANG Dongbo , WANG Xueming , SHAO Shicai , LI Tifeng
Published: November 2008

Abstract: A series of super large‐scale and large‐scale Pb and Zn, and Au deposits are distributed in the Qinling orogenic belt, China. Gold deposits were generally ascribed to Carlin‐type originated from circular meteoric water. Visible and coarse‐grained gold (up to over 3mm in grain size) was recently identified in some gold deposits in the Fengxian‐Lixian area, Qinling. Au‐bearing quartz lodes related to magmatism were discovered in the Xiaogouli gold deposit. Two types of Au‐bearing quartz veins, i.e., NW‐trending quartz veins and NE‐trending quartz veins cutting strata are widely present in the Baguamiao gold deposit. Both are spatially associated with each other. The former is generally snake–like, S‐shape or zigzag, which was resulted from plastic deformation by ductile shearing, being generally cut by the latter. The latter is generally linear with widely developed bleaching alteration zones in its adjacent wall rocks, which symbolizes the superimposition of brittle deformation and filling and metasomatism of magmatic hydrothermal solution in ductile shear zones after uplifting of the shear zones near the surface. The NW‐trending quartz veins contain Au of lower than 3ppm. The NE‐trending quartz veins contain Au of more than 3 ppm, so that NE‐trending quartz veins and the adjoining altered rocks are important ores. The NW‐trending Au–bearing quartz vein was dated as 210.61.26 to 232.581.59 Ma by 40Ar–39Ar method, i.e., late Indosinian epoch (Triassic). The NE‐trending Au–bearing quartz vein was dated as 131.910.89 to 197.451.13 Ma by 40Ar–39Ar method, i.e., Yanshanian epoch (Jurassic). The 40Ar–39Ar age of the NW‐trending Au–bearing quartz veins represents the age of the ductile shear formation. The isotope data of the NE‐trending quartz veins indicate that gold mineralization was closely related to Indosinian and Yanshanian granite intrusives not only in time and space, but also in origin.