bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desvelar lo visible. Merleau-Ponty y el aprendizaje por la pintura
Authors: De Luelmo-Jareño José M.
Published: January 2018

Aunque no persigan una finalidad didáctica como tal, los textos sobre pintura del filósofo Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961) contienen apreciaciones que bien podrían llegar a constituir una propedéutica del medio. Para tantear esta posibilidad, el artículo examina en primera instancia los componentes que según el filósofo francés caracterizan la tarea artística –cuerpo, gesto, expresión– y los emplaza a continuación en el ámbito específico de la pintura. Fijado ese marco operativo, se abordan ciertos principios de la praxis pictórica –espontaneidad, instantaneidad, simultaneidad– que, sumados al comportamiento del color y de los materiales de trabajo, determinarían en opinión de Merleau-Ponty la idiosincrasia del medio y, con ello, algunas claves de utilidad para su eventual aprendizaje.
A Systematic Method for Exploring Data Attributes in Preparation for Designing
Tailored Infographics of Patient Reported Outcomes
Authors: Arcia Adriana , Woollen Janet , Bakken Suzanne
Published: January 2018

Context: Tailored visualizations of patient reported outcomes (PROs) are valuable
health communication tools to support shared decision making, health self-management,
and engagement with research participants, such as cohorts in the NIH Precision Medicine
Initiative. The automation of visualizations presents some unique design challenges.
Efficient design processes depend upon gaining a thorough understanding of the data
prior to prototyping.Case Description: We present a systematic method to exploring data
attributes, with a specific focus on application to self-reported health data. The
method entails a) determining the meaning of the variable to be visualized, b)
identifying the possible and likely values, and c) understanding how values are
interpreted.Findings: We present two case studies to illustrate how this method affected
our design decisions particularly with respect to outlier and non-missing zero values.
Major Themes: The use of a systematic method made our process of exploring data
attributes easily manageable. The limitations of the data can narrow design options but
can also prompt creative solutions and innovative design opportunities.Conclusion: A
systematic method of exploration of data contributes to an efficient design process,
uncovers design opportunities, and alerts the designer to design challenges.
Mineralogical, Geochemical and Distribution Study of Bauxites in the Locality of Bangam and Environs (West Cameroon)
Authors: Sojien Taylor Moise , Mamdem Estelle Lionelle Tamto , Wouatong Armand Sylvain Ludovic , Bitom Dieudonne Lucien
Published: January 2018

The bauxite duricrust in the Bangam and surroundings is classified into three major storey levels as follows: the upper level on top of the plateaus where the continuous bauxites outcrop in slabs over distances of about 1 km, the intermediate level on top and at the flanks of the hills where the bauxites flush in metric blocks, the lower level at the talwegs where bauxites duricrust are gravels. The average thickness of the duricrust is 9.6m and extends over an area of about 9.5km2. Five types of facies are encountered here: nodular, pisolitic, pseudobreccia, vacuolar and massive. These different facies were carried out by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffractometric, thermal analysis (ATD / ATG) and by polarizing microscope observation. The results of these analyses show that, gibbsite is the dominant mineral; kaolinite, anatase, hematite, goethite, magnetite and ilmenite are also present. The chemical composition of the major elements that characterize bauxites are 38-60% Al2O3; 2 -22% SiO2 and 9-42% Fe2O3. These values are almost similar to those obtained in Doumbouo-Fokoué, Ghana, Ngaoundal, and Minim-Martap precisely at Briskok prospect. The different minerals paragenesis and geochemistry data show that, the Bangam locality is a bauxite ore deposit in spite of a high content of iron and silicate of some facies, nevertheless, these can be used in some industries.
An Econometric Analysis of Inflation and Unemployment in Lebanon: A Vector Error Correction Model (VECM)
Authors: Khanssa Mohammad , Nasser Wafaa , Mourad Abbas
Published: January 2018

This paper uses econometric modeling to test the nature of the relationship between unemployment and inflation in Lebanon throughout the period 1993-2014. It takes the Phillips curve relationship as a reference for the tests. Cointegration, Granger causality and VECM were used to test the relationship both in the short and in the long run. The study resulted in finding out that the Phillips curve relationship doesn’t hold in Lebanon in the short run and came to a conclusion that there is a one-way causality relationship in the long run from unemployment to inflation and not in the opposite direction.
Efficient Market Hypothesis and the RMB-Dollar Rates: A Nonlinear Modeling of the Exchange Rate
Authors: Yao Hongxing , Abdul Rahaman Abdul Rashid
Published: January 2018

This paper uses a SETAR model to determine threshold(s) in the RMB/US$ exchange rate from 1981 to 2016 using monthly data. Also, it compares the forecast performance of the univariate nonlinear model to a univariate linear model. We further analyze the forecast performance of the SETAR model to a multivariate linear model, e.g., a Reduced-form VAR. In addition, the research assesses the claim by Boero and Marrocu (2002) that the root mean square error masks the superiority of the nonlinear models.We found five significant thresholds in the RMB/US$ exchange rate, and this result reflects five major episodes of policy reforms or structural changes in the renminbi exchange rates from the period 1981 to 2016. We also found that the univariate nonlinear model out performs both the univariate and multivariate linear models in predicting the exchange rate movements. This finding is consistent with the results in Kyei and Gyamfi (2016), Boero and Marrocu (2002), Krager and Kugler (1993), Peel and Speight (1994) and Chappell et al. (1996). Furthermore, we did not find any evidence of the root mean square error masking the superiority of the nonlinear model.
Qualidade dos dados de assistência pré-natal na Atenção Básica em prontuário eletrônico e relação com apoio matricial, Vitória, Espírito Santo, 2013-2014: corte transversal
Authors: Ruschi Gustavo Enrico Cabral , Antônio Fernanda Ferrão , Zandonade Eliana , Miranda Angélica Espinosa
Published: January 2018

Objetivo: Avaliar as dimensões de qualidade dos dados de prontuários eletrônicos de gestantes acompanhadas na Atenção Primária à Saúde de Vitória, Espírito Santo, e comparar sua completude por modelos de assistência em saúde (Unidades Básicas Tradicionais e Saúde da Família com e sem Apoio Matricial). Métodos: Estudo transversal, das dimensões de qualidade da ficha clínica de pré-natal do prontuário eletrônico de gestantes do município de Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil, no período de 1 de janeiro de 2013 a 31 de dezembro de 2014. Foram avaliadas: cobertura, não duplicidade, acessibilidade, oportunidade, clareza metodológica, completude, consistência e confiabilidade. Resultados: Excluídas as duplicidades de cadastro, foram analisados 690 prontuários. A cobertura pré-natal, considerando o início do pré-natal, foi de 80%. Mesmo com a restrição de acesso, de oportunidade e a falta de clareza metodológica, a ficha clínica apresentou consistência e completude excelentes nos campos de procedimentos obstétricos e exames laboratoriais. As variáveis raça materna, situação conjugal, planejamento da gravidez e risco gestacional apresentaram completude ruim, variando conforme modelo de assistência em saúde. A confiabilidade mostrou discordâncias com o Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos. Conclusão: Há potencial do prontuário eletrônico como fonte de informação epidemiológica sobre a assistência pré-natal. Contudo, sua confiabilidade é prejudicada pela falta de integração dos dados com os demais níveis de atenção e sistemas de informação e sua completude é deficiente em alguns aspectos. Os dados sugerem que a presença do Apoio Matricial não influencia significativamente a completude do prontuário. Maior ênfase no preenchimento do prontuário e integração com outros níveis de atenção é necessária.
Usage of Social Networks for Academics in Private Universities of Karachi: A Statistical Survey Approach
Authors: Falak Naz  , Muhammad Osama Shafiq
Published: January 2018

A new trend of socializing networks such as Facebook and WhatsApp has emerged among university students for academic purpose. This study aims to analyze the impact and usage of Facebook and WhatsApp for academic activities. A quantitative research method has been used in the study. This survey was conducted at eight major private universities of Karachi, Pakistan. The sample size of the study is three hundred students. The survey reveals an interesting fact that frequent use of Facebook and WhatsApp doesn’t affect studies but it enhances collaborative learning among university students.Students perceive that Facebook is more helpful for receiving information regarding class activity and lecture than WhatsApp.
The Impact of Sun Drying on the Occurrence of Aflatoxin in Red Chilies
Authors: Najmus Sahar  , Yousaf Shahid , Shibli Sahar , Khurshid Salman , Iqbal Hafiza Mehwish , Akbar Qurrat-Ul-Ain , Arif Saqib
Published: January 2018

A major challenge in post-harvest protection of chilies is its rapid drying to prevent quality deterioration as a result of fungal contamination. The speed and efficiency of drying is crucial as the improper and prolonged drying may eventually initiate the buildup of mycotoxins. This research demonstrated levels of aflatoxin in samples at different stages of drying with the objective to assess the efficiency of the common practice of on-farm sun drying in Pakistan. The results indicated that there was no significant pre-harvest contamination of aflatoxins in chilies grown at different locations under study. Sun drying of the harvested chilies over a post drying stage reduced average moisture content from 69.70% to 9.87%, but also led to a gradual increase in the level of aflatoxins. The correlation between the observed increase in aflatoxin levels and the length of the drying period was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05) at all the locations investigated. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to optimizing the post-harvest drying process to minimize the levels of aflatoxin in chilies.
Asperger’s Syndrome in a Clinical Sample: Reasons for Referral and Comorbidity
Authors: Staykova S , Terziev D , Manolova H , Hristova M , Bistrian A
Published: January 2018

Asperger’s Syndrome (AS) is an autism spectrum disorder without mental retardation and language delay. AS often remains unrecognized until these children fail to adapt to school or kindergarten. The comorbid psychiatric disorders, achieving clinical significance, were considered as another pathway to diagnosis. This study is aimed to elucidate the reasons for referral, the frequency and the kinds of comorbidities in a clinical sample of consecutive cases of children and adolescents with AS. To this objective, clinical records of children and adolescents, who have received a DSM-IV diagnosis of AS after multidisciplinary assessment in a given time period were reviewed. After excluding 3 cases due to insufficient information, 24 cases of children and adolescents with Asperger’s Syndrome (23 boys and one girl) were identified. The mean age at the time of assessment and receiving diagnosis was 9.6 yrs. (age range 4 to 17 years). In twenty-one (87%) of the cases the reason for referral was an episode of disorganized behavior following an attempt to enroll the child at school or kindergarten, and more rare referral occurred within the significant school transition period. In the remaining 3 cases, the reason for referral was a comorbid condition. Comorbid conditions identified at the moment of assessment include: ADHD documented in 4 cases, tics in 3 cases, obsessive-compulsive behaviors in 4 cases, Stereotypic Movement Disorder or Trichotilomania in 4 of the cases. Within the clinical sample, a priori expected to include relatively severe cases, a higher frequency of comorbidity was found as compared to the rates in the general population. Adjustment reactions and comorbidities occasioned the referral, while AS was diagnosed only after specialized multidisciplinary assessment.
Child Welfare Reform in Bulgaria – from Institutional to Family-Based Community Care: Engaging with Families, Children and Colleagues?
Authors: Markova G , Manolova H , Hristova M
Published: January 2018

The authors present the child welfare policy reform and the process of deinstitutionalization of children’s services in Bulgaria. These developments are examined in the context of the country’s transition from a post-totalitarian to a liberal democratic state and from collectivistic to individual-centred practices. Therefore, the implementation of social policy promoting and regulating individualised community-based services faces challenges related to attitudes that support group-oriented and institutional-based care. There are three key contextual barriers to the provision of quality services for children with disability: engaging with the individual client, involving parents, and working in multidisciplinary teams. Clinical social work vignettes are presented to illustrate the above challenges.
« Ce qui est à écrire violence »
Authors: Landry Iraïs , Leguerrier Louis-Thomas
Published: January 2018

Dans cet article nous explorons l’idée que le roman Les guérillères de Monique Wittig, publié un an après mai 68, représente cet événement de manière indirecte, sinon implicite. C’est à travers la structure narrative de l’oeuvre, le montage romanesque, que s’opère la dialectisation de deux problématiques qui se cristallisent lorsque les ouvriers en grève se joignent aux étudiants au mois de mai 1968 : d’une part, celle de la fragmentation sociale, et, d’autre part, celle de l’autorité. La violence que l’écrivaine fait subir aux catégories langagières dans son oeuvre théorique comme fictionnelle se voit contrebalancée dans Les guérillères par la mise en scène (au sens brechtien du terme) des différents cycles d’une vie commune réellement libre. Plus largement, nous montrons que c’est la question du sujet qui est mise à l’honneur chez la féministe radicale : entre un structuralisme triomphant et un humanisme qui fait retour, entre le caractère actuel de la littérature engagée et le formalisme revendicateur du Nouveau roman, l’oeuvre de Wittig se positionne comme le troisième terme dialectique grâce auquel la réification d’une série d’oppositions est désignée comme « l’ennemi principal » du sujet humain collectif.
La atenuación y los marcadores de foco de exclusión en los corpus: PRESEEA-Mty / AMERESCO-Méx.Mty
Authors: Flores Treviño María Eugenia
Published: January 2018

En este artículo se presentan los avances de la investigación sobre los grupos focales de exclusión: «solo», «solamente», «nada más», «nada más que» y «nomás», en consideración de los estudios precedentes (Montoro, 2011, 2012). Se revisan con respecto a las funciones atenuantes (Briz 1995, 2003,2007, 2010) y de acuerdo con la Ficha de Atenuación (Albelda et. al., 2014) en dos corpus de habla oral del noreste de México. La estrategia metodológica consiste en analizar los actos de habla en que aparecen estos marcadores mediante criterios lingüísticos y pragmático-discursivos. Se establece una comparación de su ocurrencia en dos registros: la entrevista estructurada en módulos temáticos y la conversación espontánea obtenida con grabadora oculta.
Funciones atenuadoras del conjunto léxico-discursivo no sé en un corpus oral del noreste de méxico, Es.Var.Atenuación
Authors: González Salinas Armando
Published: January 2018

Se elabora y describe una primera fase exploratoria sobre el uso de la frase léxico-discursiva no sé como marcador de atenuación en el corpus Monterrey PRESEEA y un corpus para ES.VAR.ATENUACIÓN Monterrey. Se sigue la clasificación original por forma y función con 9 entrevistas: 4 hombres y 5 mujeres, de edad y escolaridad coincidente. Se compara y contrasta la variedad diafásica – estructura donde se encuentra- a partir de las dimensiones diatópica y diastrática de esta frase en un corpus oral del Noreste de México (Monterrey). Se basa en la propuesta teórico-metodológica de Briz y Albelda (2013). Se busca la intención atenuadora como minimización de la fuerza ilocutiva y la desfocalización (Aijmer, 2002) de los participantes en la enunciación. Es una táctica intencional en la efectividad/eficacia del discurso para propósitos de la interacción contextual (Briz y Albelda 2013: 292). Este acercamiento está relacionado con las propuestas de otros investigadores: Caffi (1999), Fraser (1980, 1990); Meyer-Hermann (1988); Haverkate (1994) y Briz (1995, 1998, 2005 y 2007).
Preparation, Characterization, and Catalytic Property of a Cu(II) Complex with 2-Carboxybenzaldehyde-p-Toluenesulfonyl Hydrazone Ligand
Authors: Tai Xi Shi , Li Peng Fei , Liu Li Li
Published: January 2018

Metal-organic complex hybrid materials constructed from carboxylate ligands and hydrazone ligands have exhibited potential application in many fields. In order to enrich the applications of the metai-organic complex materials, a new hydrazone ligand contains carboxylate group, 2-carboxybenzaldehyde-p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazone (L1), and its Cu(II) complex (C2), have been prepared. The structure of L1 was determined by elemental analysis, IR spectra and single crystal X-ray diffraction, and the composition of Cu(II) complex (C2) has also been determined by elemental analysis, IR and UV spectra. The catalytic activity for A3 coupling reaction of benzaldehyde, piperidine, and phenylacetylene has been investigated. The results show that Cu(II) complex displays a 100 % selectivity to the product of propargylamine during A3 coupling reaction and benzaldehyde conversions were 95.3, 94.2, and 93.4 % at 120 °C for 12 h in the first, second, and third reaction cycles, respectively.
Simultaneous Control of NOx-Soot by Substitutions of Ag and K on Perovskite (LaMnO3) Catalyst
Authors: Dhal Ganesh Chandra , Dey Subhashish , Mohan Devendra , Prasad Ram
Published: January 2018

The different Ag and K substituted perovskite catalysts including base catalyst were LaMnO3 by the solid state method and the diesel soot was prepared in the laboratory. Their structures and physico-chemical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET, SEM, H2-TPR, and XPS techniques. The Ag Substituted at A-site perovskite structured catalysts are more active than other type of catalysts for the simultaneous soot-NOX reaction, When Ag and K are simultaneously introduced into LaMnO3 catalyst, soot combustion is largely accelerated, with the temperature (Tm) for maximal soot conversion lowered by at least 50 °C, moreover, NOX reduction by soot is also facilitated. The high activity of La0.65Ag0.35MnO3 perovskite catalyst is attributed to presence of metallic silver in the catalyst. The activity order of Ag doped LaMnO3 is as follows La0.65Ag0.35MnO3 > La0.65Ag0.2MnO3 > La0.65Ag0.4MnO3 > La0.65Ag0.1MnO3. The dual substitution of silver and potassium in place of La in LaMnO3 gives better activity than only silver doped catalyst. In a series of La0.65AgxK1-xMnO3, the optimum substitution amount of K is for x=0.25. The single and doubled substituted perovskite catalyst proved to be effective in the simultaneous removal of NOX and soot particulate, the two prevalent pollutants in diesel exhaust gases in the temperature range 350-480 °C.
Effect of Drying Conditions on the Catalytic Performance, Structure, and Reaction Rates over the Fe-Co-Mn/MgO Catalyst for Production of Light Olefins
Authors: Abdouss Majid , Arsalanfar Maryam , Mirzaei Nima , Zamani Yahya
Published: January 2018

The MgO-supported Fe-Co-Mn catalysts, prepared using co-precipitation procedure, were tested for production of light olefins via CO hydrogenation reaction. The effect of a range of drying conditions including drying temperature and drying time on the structure and catalytic performance of Fe-Co-Mn/MgO catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was investigated in a fixed bed micro-reactor under the same operational conditions of T = 350 °C, P = 1 bar, H2/CO = 2/1, and GHSV = 4500 h-1. It was found that the catalyst dried at 120 °C for 16 h has shown the best catalytic performance for CO hydrogenation. Furthermore, the effect of drying conditions on different surface reaction rates was also investigated and it was found that the precursors drying conditions influenced the rates of different surface reactions. Characterization of catalyst precursors and calcined samples (fresh and used) was carried out using powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurements, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Characterization results showed that different investigated variables (drying conditions) influenced the structure, morphology and catalytic performance of the ternary catalysts.
Cancer genetics meets biomolecular mechanism—bridging an age‐old gulf
Authors: González‐Sánchez Juan Carlos , Raimondi Francesco , Russell Robert B.
Published: January 2018

Increasingly available genomic sequencing data are exploited to identify genes and variants contributing to diseases, particularly cancer. Traditionally, methods to find such variants have relied heavily on allele frequency and/or familial history, often neglecting to consider any mechanistic understanding of their functional consequences. Thus, while the set of known cancer‐related genes has increased, for many, their mechanistic role in the disease is not completely understood. This issue highlights a wide gap between the disciplines of genetics, which largely aims to correlate genetic events with phenotype, and molecular biology, which ultimately aims at a mechanistic understanding of biological processes. Fortunately, new methods and several systematic studies have proved illuminating for many disease genes and variants by integrating sequencing with mechanistic data, including biomolecular structures and interactions. These have provided new interpretations for known mutations and suggested new disease‐relevant variants and genes. Here, we review these approaches and discuss particular examples where these have had a profound impact on the understanding of human cancers.
The mitochondrial transcription factor TFAM in neurodegeneration: emerging evidence and mechanisms
Authors: Kang Inhae , Chu Charleen T. , Kaufman Brett A.
Published: January 2018

The mitochondrial transcription factor A, or TFAM, is a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)‐binding protein essential for genome maintenance. TFAM functions in determining the abundance of the mitochondrial genome by regulating packaging, stability, and replication. More recently, TFAM has been shown to play a central role in the mtDNA stress‐mediated inflammatory response. Emerging evidence indicates that decreased mtDNA copy number is associated with several aging‐related pathologies; however, little is known about the association of TFAM abundance and disease. In this Review, we evaluate the potential associations of altered TFAM levels or mtDNA copy number with neurodegeneration. We also describe potential mechanisms by which mtDNA replication, transcription initiation, and TFAM‐mediated endogenous danger signals may impact mitochondrial homeostasis in Alzheimer, Huntington, Parkinson, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Crustal Structure of the Andean Foreland in Northern Argentina: Results From Data‐Integrative Three‐Dimensional Density Modeling
Authors: Meeßen C. , Sippel J. , Scheck‐Wenderoth M. , Heine C. , Strecker M. R.
Published: January 2018

Previous thermomechanical modeling studies indicated that variations in the temperature and strength of the crystalline crust might be responsible for the juxtaposition of domains with thin‐skinned and thick‐skinned crustal deformation along strike the foreland of the central Andes. However, there is no evidence supporting this hypothesis from data‐integrative models. We aim to derive the density structure of the lithosphere by means of integrated 3‐D density modeling, in order to provide a new basis for discussions of compositional variations within the crust and for future thermal and rheological modeling studies. Therefore, we utilize available geological and geophysical data to obtain a structural and density model of the uppermost 200 km of the Earth. The derived model is consistent with the observed Bouguer gravity field. Our results indicate that the crystalline crust in northern Argentina can be represented by a lighter upper crust (2,800 kg/m3) and a denser lower crust (3,100 kg/m3). We find new evidence for high bulk crustal densities >3,000 kg/m3 in the northern Pampia terrane. These could originate from subducted Puncoviscana wackes or pelites that ponded to the base of the crystalline crust in the late Proterozoic or indicate increasing bulk content of mafic material. The precise composition of the northern foreland crust, whether mafic or felsic, has significant implications for further thermomechanical models and the rheological behavior of the lithosphere. A detailed sensitivity analysis of the input parameters indicates that the model results are robust with respect to the given uncertainties of the input data.
Mantle Lithosphere Rheology, Vertical Tectonics, and the Exhumation of (U)HP Rocks
Authors: Bodur Ömer F. , Göğüş Oğuz H. , Pysklywec Russell N. , Okay Aral I.
Published: January 2018

Numerical modeling results indicate that mantle lithosphere rheology can influence the pressure‐temperature‐time (P‐T‐t) trajectories of continental crust subducted and exhumed during the onset of continental collision. Exhumation of ultrahigh‐pressure (~35 kbar)/high‐temperature (~750°C) metamorphic rocks is more prevalent in models with stronger continental mantle lithosphere (e.g., dry), whereas high‐pressure (~9–22 kbar)/low‐temperature (350°C–630°C) metamorphic rocks occur in models with weaker rheology (e.g., hydrated) for the same layer. In the latter case, the buried crustal rocks can remain encased in ablatively subducting mantle lithosphere, reach only moderate temperatures, and exhume by dripping/detachment of the lithospheric root. In this transition from subduction to a dripping style of “vertical tectonics,” burial and exhumation of crustal rocks are driven without imposed far‐field plate convergence. The model results are compared against thermobarometric P‐T estimates from major (ultra)high‐pressure metamorphic terranes. We propose that the exhumation of high‐pressure/low‐temperature metamorphic rocks in Tavşanlı and Afyon zones in western Anatolia may be caused by viscous dripping of mantle lithosphere suggesting a weaker continental mantle lithosphere, whereas (ultra)high‐pressure exhumation (e.g., Dabie Shan‐eastern China and Dora Maira‐western Alps) may be associated with plate‐like subduction. In the latter case, the slab is much stronger and deformation is localized to the subduction interface along which rocks are buried to >100 km depth before they are exhumed to the near surface.
Spatiotemporal Variations in Slow Earthquakes Along the Mexican Subduction Zone
Authors: Maury J. , Ide S. , Cruz‐Atienza V. M. , Kostoglodov V.
Published: January 2018

Slow earthquakes in Mexico have been investigated independently in different areas. Here we review differences in tremor behavior and slow slip events along the entire subduction zone to improve our understanding of its segmentation. Some similarities are observed between the Guerrero and Oaxaca areas. By combining our improved tremor detection capabilities with previous results, we suggest that there is no gap in tremor between Guerrero and Oaxaca. However, some differences between Michoacan and Guerrero are seen (e.g., SSE magnitude, tremor zone width, and tremor rate), suggesting that these two areas behave differently. Tremor initiation shows clear tidal sensitivity along the entire subduction zone. Tremor in Guerrero is sensitive to small tidal normal stress as well as shear stress, suggesting that the subduction plane may include local variations in dip. Estimation of the energy rate shows similar values along the subduction zone interface. The scaled tremor energy estimates are similar to those calculated in Nankai and Cascadia, suggesting a common mechanism. Along‐strike differences in slow deformation may be related to variations in the subduction interface that yield different geometrical and temperature profiles.
Influence of Normal and Shear Stress on the Hydraulic Transmissivity of Thin Cracks in a Tight Quartz Sandstone, a Granite, and a Shale
Authors: Rutter Ernest H. , Mecklenburgh Julian
Published: January 2018

Transmissivity of fluids along fractures in rocks is reduced by increasing normal stress acting across them, demonstrated here through gas flow experiments on Bowland shale, and oil flow experiments on Pennant sandstone and Westerly granite. Additionally, the effect of imposing shear stress at constant normal stress was determined, until frictional sliding started. In all cases, increasing shear stress causes an accelerating reduction of transmissivity by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude as slip initiated, as a result of the formation of wear products that block fluid pathways. Only in the case of granite, and to a lesser extent in the sandstone, was there a minor amount of initial increase of transmissivity prior to the onset of slip. These results cast into doubt the commonly applied presumption that cracks with high resolved shear stresses are the most conductive. In the shale, crack transmissivity is commensurate with matrix permeability, such that shales are expected always to be good seals. For the sandstone and granite, unsheared crack transmissivity was respectively 2 and 2.5 orders of magnitude greater than matrix permeability. For these rocks crack transmissivity can dominate fluid flow in the upper crust, potentially enough to permit maintenance of a hydrostatic fluid pressure gradient in a normal (extensional) faulting regime.
Mass Addition at Mount St. Helens, Washington, Inferred From Repeated Gravity Surveys
Authors: Battaglia M. , Lisowski M. , Dzurisin D. , Poland M. P. , Schilling S. , Diefenbach A. , Wynn J.
Published: January 2018

Relative gravity measurements were made at 12 sites on Mount St. Helens and 4 sites far afield during the summers of 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016. Positive residual gravity changes of 0.05–0.06 ± 0.01 mGal from 2010 to 2016—a sign of mass addition—remain at proximal sites after accounting for the effects of changes in Crater Glacier shape and mass. Modeling of the 2010–2016 monitoring data indicates mass addition in the volcano magma reservoir, the volcano conduit, and/or the shallow hydrothermal aquifer. Magma intrusion in the volcano's known reservoir is suggested by the joint inversion of GPS and gravity data (d = 5800 ± 710 m below sea level,ΔVm = 49.8 ± 8.6 × 106m3,ρ = 1930 ± 300 kg/m3); the modeled depth and location are consistent with that of the reservoir that fed the 2004–2008 eruption, and its mass change can explain up to 19% of the residual gravity. The other two potential sources—the conduit and shallow aquifer—are not well constrained. Magma addition along the volcano conduit can explain up to 62% of the residual gravity (ΔVm ≅ 31 × 106m3,  ρm ≅ 2, 300 kg/m3). However, such an intrusion should have produced a measurable surface deformation, which is not observed in the GPS time series. Changes in the level of the volcano's shallow hydrothermal system (ρw = 1, 000 kg/m3) can explain 17% (ΔVrecharge ≅ 9 × 106m3) to 61% (ΔVrecharge ≅ 30 × 106m3) of the residual gravity. It would therefore seem that the bulk of the mass change measured at Mount St. Helens during 2010–2016 was caused by shallow accumulation of water beneath the floor of the crater.
Separation of Migration and Tomography Modes of Full‐Waveform Inversion in the Plane Wave Domain
Authors: Yao Gang , da Silva Nuno V. , Warner Michael , Kalinicheva Tatiana
Published: January 2018

Full‐waveform inversion (FWI) includes both migration and tomography modes. The migration mode acts like a nonlinear least squares migration to map model interfaces with reflections, while the tomography mode behaves as tomography to build a background velocity model. The migration mode is the main response of inverting reflections, while the tomography mode exists in response to inverting both the reflections and refractions. To emphasize one of the two modes in FWI, especially for inverting reflections, the separation of the two modes in the gradient of FWI is required. Here we present a new method to achieve this separation with an angle‐dependent filtering technique in the plane wave domain. We first transform the source and residual wavefields into the plane wave domain with the Fourier transform and then decompose them into the migration and tomography components using the opening angles between the transformed source and residual plane waves. The opening angles close to 180° contribute to the tomography component, while the others correspond to the migration component. We find that this approach is very effective and robust even when the medium is relatively complicated with strong lateral heterogeneities, highly dipping reflectors, and strong anisotropy. This is well demonstrated by theoretical analysis and numerical tests with a synthetic data set and a field data set.
Do Changing Weather Types Explain Observed Climatic Trends in the Rhine Basin? An Analysis of Within‐ and Between‐Type Changes
Authors: Murawski Aline , Vorogushyn Sergiy , Bürger Gerd , Gerlitz Lars , Merz Bruno
Published: January 2018

For attributing hydrological changes to anthropogenic climate change, catchment models are driven by climate model output. A widespread approach to bridge the spatial gap between global climate and hydrological catchment models is to use a weather generator conditioned on weather patterns (WPs). This approach assumes that changes in local climate are characterized by between‐type changes of patterns. In this study we test this assumption by analyzing a previously developed WP classification for the Rhine basin, which is based on dynamic and thermodynamic variables. We quantify changes in pattern characteristics and associated climatic properties. The amount of between‐ and within‐type changes is investigated by comparing observed trends to trends resulting solely from WP occurrence. To overcome uncertainties in trend detection resulting from the selected time period, all possible periods in 1901–2010 with a minimum length of 31 years are analyzed. Increasing frequency is found for some patterns associated with high precipitation, although the trend sign highly depends on the considered period. Trends and interannual variations of WP frequencies are related to the long‐term variability of large‐scale circulation modes. Long‐term WP internal warming is evident for summer patterns and enhanced warming for spring/autumn patterns since the 1970s. Observed trends in temperature and partly in precipitation are mainly associated with frequency changes of specific WPs, but some amount of within‐type changes remains. The classification can be used for downscaling of past changes considering this limitation, but the inclusion of thermodynamic variables into the classification impedes the downscaling of future climate projections.
Probabilistic distribution estimation of residual deformation by numerical simulation considering variation and directivity of plastic deformations: Study on distribution of residual deformation after earthquakes, part 3
Authors: Iyama Jun , Shimokawa Hiroaki
Published: January 2018

This paper discusses a method to estimate the probability density function of the residual deformation of a bilinear single‐degree‐of‐freedom system with isotropic hardening or kinematic hardening; this method is more detailed compared to the “random walk”‐assuming methods proposed in previous reports. In this study, 2 parameters representing the difference between “random walk” and actual behaviors are utilized to estimate the standard deviation of residual deformations after earthquakes. A comparison of response analyses shows that the proposed method is more accurate in estimating the standard deviation of residual deformations, compared to methods assuming the “random walk” hypothesis.
Friendly fire: Longitudinal effects of exposure to violent video games on aggressive behavior in adolescent friendship dyads
Authors: Verheijen Geert P. , Burk William J. , Stoltz Sabine E. M. J. , van den Berg Yvonne H. M. , Cillessen Antonius H. N.
Published: January 2018

Research on gaming effects has focused on adolescence, a developmental period in which peer relationships become increasingly salient. However, the impact of peers on the effects of violent gaming on adolescents has been understudied. This study examined whether adolescents’ exposure to violent video games predicted their own and their friend's aggression one year later. Among 705 gaming adolescents, 141 dyads were identified based on reciprocated best friend nominations (73.8% male, Mage = 13.98). Actor‐Partner Interdependence Models indicated that adolescent males’ (but not females’) exposure to violent games positively predicted the aggression of their best friend 1 year later. This effect appeared regardless of whether the friends played video games together or not. The study illustrates the importance of peers in the association between violent gaming and aggression.
Comparing comprehension and perception for alternative speed‐of‐ageing and standard hazard ratio formats
Authors: Heard Claire Louise , Rakow Tim , Spiegelhalter David
Published: January 2018

A hazard ratio presents one benefit of exercise as reducing annual mortality risk by 19%. Alternatively, speed‐of‐ageing metaphors present this as adding 2.5 years to one's life expectancy—equating to 1 extra hour each day—or taking 2.5 years off one's “effective age.” Few studies compare these (increasingly popular) metaphors. Study 1 compared perception and comprehension between speed‐of‐ageing metaphors and hazard ratios. Study 2 compared the hazard ratio with 3 versions of effective age (change‐in‐age, personal, and age‐matched age). Results revealed a disadvantage to the change‐in‐age format (behaviour X makes someone Y years older), with unhealthy behaviours perceived as less risky and healthy behaviours as less beneficial, information judged less likely to affect behaviour and harder to understand. The personal format (behaviour makes your effective age X) shows no such disadvantage and is objectively better understood than are hazard ratios. These results support the use of personalised effective ages in health and risk communication.
Evolution of Structural DNA Nanotechnology
Authors: Nummelin Sami , Kommeri Juhana , Kostiainen Mauri A. , Linko Veikko
Published: January 2018

The research field entitled structural DNA nanotechnology emerged in the beginning of the 1980s as the first immobile synthetic nucleic acid junctions were postulated and demonstrated. Since then, the field has taken huge leaps toward advanced applications, especially during the past decade. This Progress Report summarizes how the controllable, custom, and accurate nanostructures have recently evolved together with powerful design and simulation software. Simultaneously they have provided a significant expansion of the shape space of the nanostructures. Today, researchers can select the most suitable fabrication methods, and design paradigms and software from a variety of options when creating unique DNA nanoobjects and shapes for a plethora of implementations in materials science, optics, plasmonics, molecular patterning, and nanomedicine.
Defective Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Dissegna Stefano , Epp Konstantin , Heinz Werner R. , Kieslich Gregor , Fischer Roland A.
Published: January 2018

The targeted incorporation of defects into crystalline matter allows for the manipulation of many properties and has led to relevant discoveries for optimized and even novel technological applications of materials. It is therefore exciting to see that defects are now recognized to be similarly useful in tailoring properties of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs). For instance, heterogeneous catalysis crucially depends on the number of active catalytic sites as well as on diffusion limitations. By the incorporation of missing linker and missing node defects into MOFs, both parameters can be accessed, improving the catalytic properties. Furthermore, the creation of defects allows for adding properties such as electronic conductivity, which are inherently absent in the parent MOFs. Herein, progress of the rapidly evolving field of the past two years is overviewed, putting a focus on properties that are altered by the incorporation and even tailoring of defects in MOFs. A brief account is also given on the emerging quantitative understanding of defects and heterogeneity in MOFs based on scale‐bridging computational modeling and simulations.
Defining a Materials Database for the Design of Copper Binary Alloy Catalysts for Electrochemical CO2 Conversion
Authors: Lee Chan Woo , Yang Ki Dong , Nam Dae‐Hyun , Jang Jun Ho , Cho Nam Heon , Im Sang Won , Nam Ki Tae
Published: January 2018

While Cu electrodes are a versatile material in the electrochemical production of desired hydrocarbon fuels, Cu binary alloy electrodes are recently proposed to further tune reaction directionality and, more importantly, overcome the intrinsic limitation of scaling relations. Despite encouraging empirical demonstrations of various Cu‐based metal alloy systems, the underlying principles of their outstanding performance are not fully addressed. In particular, possible phase segregation with concurrent composition changes, which is widely observed in the field of metallurgy, is not at all considered. Moreover, surface‐exposed metals can easily form oxide species, which is another pivotal factor that determines overall catalytic properties. Here, the understanding of Cu binary alloy catalysts for CO2 reduction and recent progress in this field are discussed. From the viewpoint of the thermodynamic stability of the alloy system and elemental mixing, possible microstructures and naturally generated surface oxide species are proposed. These basic principles of material science can help to predict and understand metal alloy structure and, moreover, act as an inspiration for the development of new binary alloy catalysts to further improve CO2 conversion and, ultimately, achieve a carbon‐neutral cycle.
Nitrogen‐Coordinated Single Cobalt Atom Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Wang Xiao Xia , Cullen David A. , Pan Yung‐Tin , Hwang Sooyeon , Wang Maoyu , Feng Zhenxing , Wang Jingyun , Engelhard Mark H. , Zhang Hanguang , He Yanghua , Shao Yuyan , Su Dong , More Karren L. , Spendelow Jacob S. , Wu Gang
Published: January 2018

Due to the Fenton reaction, the presence of Fe and peroxide in electrodes generates free radicals causing serious degradation of the organic ionomer and the membrane. Pt‐free and Fe‐free cathode catalysts therefore are urgently needed for durable and inexpensive proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, a high‐performance nitrogen‐coordinated single Co atom catalyst is derived from Co‐doped metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) through a one‐step thermal activation. Aberration‐corrected electron microscopy combined with X‐ray absorption spectroscopy virtually verifies the CoN4 coordination at an atomic level in the catalysts. Through investigating effects of Co doping contents and thermal activation temperature, an atomically Co site dispersed catalyst with optimal chemical and structural properties has achieved respectable activity and stability for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in challenging acidic media (e.g., half‐wave potential of 0.80 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The performance is comparable to Fe‐based catalysts and 60 mV lower than Pt/C ‐60 μg Pt cm−2). Fuel cell tests confirm that catalyst activity and stability can translate to high‐performance cathodes in PEMFCs. The remarkably enhanced ORR performance is attributed to the presence of well‐dispersed CoN4 active sites embedded in 3D porous MOF‐derived carbon particles, omitting any inactive Co aggregates.
Moving to Aqueous Binder: A Valid Approach to Achieving High‐Rate Capability and Long‐Term Durability for Sodium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Zhao Jing , Yang Xu , Yao Ye , Gao Yu , Sui Yongming , Zou Bo , Ehrenberg Helmut , Chen Gang , Du Fei
Published: January 2018

Polyanionic Na3V2(PO4)2F3 with a NASICON‐type structure is heralded as a promising cathode material for sodium‐ion batteries due to its fast ionic conduction, high working voltage, and favorable structural stability. However, a number of challenging issues remain regarding its rate capability and cycle life, which must be addressed to enable greater application compatibility. Here, a facile and effective approach that can be used to overcome these disadvantages by introducing an aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder is reported. The resulting conductive network serves to accelerate the diffusion of Na+ ions across the interface as well as in the bulk. The strong binding force of the CMC and stable solid permeable interface protect the electrode from degradation, leading to an excellent capacity of 75 mA h g−1 at an ultrahigh rate of 70 C (1 C = 128 mA g−1) and a long lifespan of 3500 cycles at 30 C while sustaining 79% of the initial capacity value. A full cell based on this electrode material delivers an impressive energy density as high as 216 W h kg−1, indicating the potential for application of this straightforward and cost‐effective route for the future development of advanced battery technologies.
Design of Mechanical Frequency Regulator for Predictable Uniform Power from Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Bhatia Divij , Lee Jongseo , Hwang Hee Jae , Baik Jeong Min , Kim Songkuk , Choi Dukhyun
Published: January 2018

Mechanical energy scavengers convert irregular input mechanical energy into irregular electrical output. There is a need to enable uniform and predictable electric output from energy scavengers regardless of the variability in the mechanical input. So, in this work, a mechanical frequency regulator is proposed that fixes the input forces and input frequency acting on a triboelectric nanogenerator, thus enabling predictable electric output. The irregular low frequency mechanical input energy is first stored in a spiral spring following which the energy is released at the desired frequency by means of an appropriate design of gear train, cam, and flywheel. By regulating the nanogenerator output at 50 Hz, a standard power transformer can be optimally driven to increase the output current to 6.5 mA and reduce its voltage to 17 V. This output is highly compatible for powering wireless node sensors as is demonstrated in this work.