bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two Models of Modernization: Jewish Women in the German and the Russian Empires
Authors: Hyman Paula E
Published: November 2023

Like most phenomena in Jewish history, the ways in which European Jews were modernized has been discussed almost exclusively without consideration of gender differences. By modernization, a highly contested term, I mean the socioeconomic, political, and cultural changes that occurred as a consequence of emancipation (or its promise), capitalist development, and the exposure of Jews to secularism. It includes the erosion of Jewish communal autonomy and of rabbinic authority, the dissemination among Jews of secular culture, and the reconsideration of their self-definition as well as of their relations to the larger society. These changes, many of which continue into our own time, first gained real momentum during the “long nineteenth century,” which extended from the French Revolution until the First World War.
The Impact of Feminism on Rabbinic Studies: The Impossible Paradox of Reading Women into Rabbinic Literature
Authors: Alexander Elizabeth Shanks
Published: November 2023

The rabbinic corpus that was written and compiled between 70 and 600 c.E., consisting of the Mishnah, the Tosefta, the two Talmuds, and the collections of midrash, forms the cornerstone of postbiblical Judaism. While scholars are increasingly coming to the consensus that in its historical context the rabbinic movement held minimal sway over the Jewish populations in Palestine and Babylonia(and even less in the Greco-Roman diaspora), the literature produced by the rabbinic movement has had enduring influence. These documents not only set the norms for Jewish behaviors and rituals, but they also convey the primary myths that form the basis for postbiblical theology and belief systems. How are we to explain the paradox of a canon that holds so much power in the imagination of later generations, yet was not definitive in its own day? The key lies in the ability of these texts to project a vision into the future, and in the willingness of future generations of Jews to accept this program as inevitable. A unique feature of rabbinic literature, then, is the dialectic it proposes between itself and future generations: its influential power lies somewhere between past, present, and future.
Bearing Witness to the “Differend”: Jean-Fran<ois Lyotard, the Postmodern Intellectual, and “the jews”
Authors: Judaken Jonathan
Published: November 2023

In the last 30 years, under the rubric of “postmodernism,” a widespread challenge has been launched against some of the central notions that are often held to have defined the modern world since the Enlightenment, condensed in the idea of the autonomous individual and the sovereign nation progressing together toward universal liberty and emancipation on the basis of science and knowledge. One significant strand running through the postmodern position concerns the Jewish experience of modernity and the influence of Jewish thought-and the thought about Jews and Judaism-on postmodern theory. The present essay focuses on this aspect of postmodern ism, with specific reference to Jean-Franc;;ois Lyotard.
The Rise of Corning Glass Works, 1875-1908
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

Under its first generation of leadership, the Houghtons’ peripatetic glass company had found difficulty establishing itself as a profitable, going concern. With Amory Houghton Sr. essentially retired, it fell to a second generation his sons, Amory Jr. and Charles-to attempt to revive the bankrupt company. Fortunately, the brothers would prove to be shrewder operators than their father had been. Over the course of the next three decades, they would build Corning Glass Works into a powerful, profitable company. They would do so by creating new glass compositions for railroad globes, by establishing themselves as a leading producer of lightbulbs for the growing electric industry, and by developing proprietary methods of creating specialty glassware like tubing. As the nineteenth century gave way to the twentieth, the Houghtons’ family concern would plant its roots deeper in the soil of the small town that was quickly developing into a center of glass manufacturing.
Digging Out and Tough Economic Times, 1972-1975
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

On June 18, the first hurricane of the season, designated Agnes, hit Florida, triggering floods and tornadoes and causing nine deaths and millions of dollars in property damage. That was the first act and, as it turned out, a warm-up. As the storm worked up the coast, it showed signs of weakening. Then unexpectedly it bounced out to sea and gathered fresh strength. On June 21, the revived hurricane again veered inland, this time moving westerly across New Jersey, northern Pennsylvania, and the Southern Tier of New York state-an area already soaked by two straight days of rain.
Gene Action
Authors: Maas Werner
Published: November 2023

As a college student, Werner Maas took a course in genetics in 1941 and wondered why so little was said about the biochemical action of genes in controlling the specific function of an organism. Just at that time, biochemists and geneticists began to investigate jointly the basis of gene action, especially in microorganisms. Thus, Maas was able to witness firsthand the spectacular developments that led in the next twenty-five years to a clear picture of the action of genes. The history of these remarkable discoveries is the core of this book. After 1965, building on insights gained from the work with microorganisms, studies of gene action turned to animals and plants and concentrated on processes not present in microorganisms, such as embryonic development, the role of genes in diseases, and the function of the nervous system. Because of the rapidity of technical advances made in handling genes, it has been possible to learn much about these complex processes. The last part of the book deals with these developments, which are ongoing parts of the history of gene action.
Building a Scaff old: Genes Within Chromosomes
Authors: Maas Werner
Published: November 2023

Between 1865 and 1900 major developments occurred in the study of cells, resulting in a field called cytology. It was in the structure and function of the nucleus where important discoveries were made. It was shown that during part of the life cycle of a cell, material present in the nucleus condensed into thread-like structures called chromosomes. The number of chromosomes was the same in all cells of an organism and was characteristic of the species. Prior to cell division, the chromosomes divided in a process called mitosis and each daughter cell received one complete set of chromosomes. In the formation of the male and female germ cells a reduction occurred in the number of chromosomes. During one cell division, the chromosomes did not divide and their number was reduced to half. This reduction division was later called meiosis. At fertilization, male and female germ cells were united and the full complement of chromosomes was restored. All these observations on mitosis and meiosis were made possible by improved techniques of microscopy and by the development of staining techniques by which chromosomes could be visualized. The word chromosome, introduced in 1885, reflects this technique (chromo = color; soma = body).
The Chemical Nature of Genes
Authors: Maas Werner
Published: November 2023

So far I have described how between 1940 and 1952, studies starting with externally observable characteristics of mutants led to the conclusion that each gene determines the structure of a protein molecule. To study gene action in the reverse direction, starting from chromosomes, it was first necessary to know the chemical nature of genes. This was determined during the same period.
Building a Theoretical Framework for Gene Action
Authors: Maas Werner
Published: November 2023

In 1953, Crick began to construct a general theory for the mechanism of gene action in the control of protein synthesis. In his delightful book What Mad Pursuit there is a chapter entitled “Theory in Molecular Biology.” There he justifies his theoretical approach by saying that problems like the mechanism of gene action may not be solved by theoretical approaches alone, but that a general theoretical framework will be helpful in guiding the directions that experiments might take. The history of molecular genetics has given ample proof of the validity of Crick’s attitude. It should be said, however, that Crick was unusual among theoreticians in that he was always very careful to take into account the restrictions imposed on his theories by experimental facts.
Biochemical Identification of Adaptors
Authors: Maas Werner
Published: November 2023

During 1953, while Crick was busy in Cambridge constructing his model of gene action, two groups of biochemists at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston were working on the steps of protein synthesis starting from the level of amino acids. Eventually their studies would lead to the identification of Crick’s adaptors. However, in 1953 they were not aware of Crick’s efforts and they would have been surprised to learn that within a short time they would meet him and become involved in a joint enterprise. In this chapter we see how this meeting came about and how it led to the chemical identification of the adapter molecules.
Deciphering the Code
Authors: Maas Werner
Published: November 2023

The deciphering of the genetic code was a crowning achievement in the history of molecular genetics. This discovery made it possible to translate the sequence of bases in the DNA of a gene into the sequence of amino acids in the corresponding protein molecule. The heroes of the story were two young biochemists, Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei. Other main actors were the biochemists Severo Ochoa and Har Gobind Khorana and the geneticist George Streisinger. The experimental work was carried out in the early 1960s.
Feedback Control of Biosynthetic Pathways
Authors: Maas Werner
Published: November 2023

Following the elucidation of most biosynthetic pathways in the 1940s it became of interest to see how these pathways are controlled. A priori it seemed reasonable to suppose that if an end product of a biosynthetic pathway, such as an amino acid, a purine, or a pyrimidine were supplied in the medium of a growing microorganism such as E. coli, it would no longer be necessary for the organism to synthesize this end product.
Adaptive Enzymes
Authors: Maas Werner
Published: November 2023

The history of adaptive enzymes, like the history of repressible enzymes, starts from the recognition of an adaptive physiological process and goes from there to the regulation of metabolic pathways and then to the control of gene action by specialized genetic elements. This chapter discusses how the two separate approaches leading to the control of gene action met in 1958 and resulting in a unified hypothesis.
The Floodgates Open
Authors: Maas Werner
Published: November 2023

Adecisive factor in the rapid development of molecular genetics was the changes in the methodology from the cumbersome procedures of classical genetics involving the analysis of crosses, to chemical methods that make it possible to determine genetic characteristics directly and rapidly. These methods were introduced mainly by biochemists who, after 1965, entered the field in ever increasing numbers. Talks presented at meetings dealing with gene action were more and more in the province of chemistry.
Introduction
Authors: Morreim E Haavi
Published: November 2023

In the past thirty years, health care in the United States has been rocked by two developments that seemed to threaten its very foundations. Tort law provided the first. Malpractice crises erupted in the early 1970s, then again in the mid-1980s, as the number of claims against physicians skyrocketed and the economic severity of awards from juries and from out-of-court settlements rose commensurately.’
Pinpointing the Issues
Authors: Morreim E Haavi
Published: November 2023

Chapters 2, 3, and 4 of Part I suggest that legal accountability for physicians and for health plans, in both tort and contract, has reached a jurisprudential crossroads.
A Basic Distinction
Authors: Morreim E Haavi
Published: November 2023

Chapter 5 suggested that between health plans and physicians any reasonable formulation of who ought to be liable for what should be based on a plausible account of who ought to control what. If we do not want health plans dictating, day to day, what a particular person’s diagnosis is or which patients should have which routine lab tests or x-rays, then we should not make health plans preeminently liable for errors in such decisions.
Reshaping Liability for Physicians
Authors: Morreim E Haavi
Published: November 2023

From the discussion in Chapter 5 about which domains of health care should be controlled, respectively, by physicians and by health plans, and from the discussion in Chapter 6 about the distinction between expertise and resources, it is clear that physicians’ most traditional, familiar responsibilities are duties of expertise.
Reshaping Liability for Health Plans: Expertise and Tort
Authors: Morreim E Haavi
Published: November 2023

As with physicians, health plans’ expertise duties should be addressed in tort, while resource duties should be litigated under contract law. This chapter concerns the former, and Chapter 9 the latter. As noted in Chapter 3, tort allegations against health plans are not novel. Suits have been brought for a variety of claims, such as direct liability for negligent credentialing and indirect liability for staff physicians’ malpractice.’
Adrenergic agonists: clonidine and guanfacine
Authors: Newcorn Jeffrey H , Schulz Kurt P , Halperin Jeffrey M
Published: November 2023

The alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic agonists clonidine and guanfacine were first developed as anti-hypertensive agents. However, these have agents secondary uses in psychiatry because of their effects on norepinephrine (NE) and other neurotransmitter systems. Efficacy of the α2 agonists in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders is principally derived from open studies, retrospective reviews, and case reports. There have been several controlled studies as well, but most are plagued by small sample size. Conditions in children that have been found to respond to the α2 agonists include Tourette’s disorder (TS), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), aggression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Newcorn et al., 1998). Nevertheless, the α2-adrenergic agonists are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any of these indications and, because the number of studies examining efficacy and safety remains quite limited, there are not yet clear-cut guidelines to inform clinical usage. Initial use of the α2 agonists in child psychiatry can be traced as far back as the 1970s. Cohen and colleagues (1979) first noted beneficial effects of clonidine in the amelioration of tics, (Cohen et al., 1979), and began to use it as an alternative to neuroleptic treatment in TS.
Introduction: Explosion or Implosion?
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

Is the United States coming apart? To put the question more delicately, is the constitutional structure of the United States undergoing a dangerous shift toward disunification? Although a basic theme to be developed in this book is that in fact the opposite is happening—that is, our political institutions are collapsing into the center—at the outset it is important to acknowledge what certainly appear to be signs of fragmentation.

The most visible and disturbing of these signs is the appearance of deep and apparently insoluble cultural and political conflicts. Disagreement about issues like abortion, homosexuality, and the place of religion in public life is sufficiently profound and systematic as to suggest that Americans are split by two fundamentally different worldviews. The danger is that this division is too wide for discourse or compromise, indeed, too wide for any peaceful resolution.’ Similarly, multiculturalism’s unsettling claims about collective guilt and racial entitlement raise the possibility of a moral and perceptual rupture significant enough to evoke images of breakdown and bloodshed.
Radical Nationalism
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

One of the principal claims of the preceding chapters—that far from contemplating a radical antifederalist revival, the Supreme Court is actually hostile to the basic impulses underlying a robust form of federalism—may strike many as implausible if not upside down. After all, virtually everyone agrees that federalism is a basic element of our constitutional system, and it seems rash to attribute to five members of the Court a position that is profoundly hostile to that principle. And, indeed, as I described in the first chapter, there are many understandable bases for the belief that some members of the Court may actually be excessively enamored with that principle. If there is one judicial opinion that appears to support these doubts and objections, that opinion is Justice Clarence Thomas’s dissent in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, a decision that so far I have only touched on. Even Charles Fried’s sober “Foreword” in the Harvard Law Review, which is generally skeptical about the significance of “revolutionary gesture” in other recent federalism cases, concedes that the four votes in support of Thomas’s “manifesto” come “closest to revolutionary.” No other opinion has aroused as much alarm.
Judicial Supremacy and Nationhood
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

It is no accident that proponents of judicial supremacy use a word like “anarchy” in describing the alternatives. The deeper fear raised by the possibility of unsettled constitutional meaning is of open conflict and legal chaos. However, because judicial supremacy distances interpretations from the rich variety of experiences and understandings that make up the American political culture, reliance on centralized judicial authority does not produce stability. Indeed, it produces unrooted interpretive innovations and frequent fluctuations that themselves add to anxiety about anarchy. The paradoxical consequence is to induce ever more extravagant claims for judicial power. This can be demonstrated, I think, by a close examination of one of the most dramatic and extraordinary opinions of the twentieth century, Planned Parenthood v. Casey.
Justice, Health, and Health Care
Authors: Daniels Norman
Published: November 2023

A theory of justice for health and health care should help us answer three central questions. First, is health care special? Is it morally important in ways that justify (and explain) the fact that many societies distribute health care more equally than many other social goods? Second, when are health inequalities unjust? After all, many socially controllable factors besides access to health care affect the levels of population health and the degree of health inequalities in a population. Third, how can we meet competing health-care needs fairly under reasonable resource constraints? General principles of justice that answer the first two questions do not, I argue, answer some important questions about rationing fairly. Is there instead a fair process for making rationing decisions? About 20 years ago I answered the first question by claiming health care was special because of its impact on opportunity (Daniels, 1981, 1985). Specifically, the central function of health care is to maintain normal functioning. Disease and disability, by impairing normal functioning, restrict the range of opportunities open to individuals. Health care thus makes a distinct but limited contribution to the protection of equality of opportunity. Though I construed health care broadly to include public health as well as individual preventive, acute, and chronic care, I ignored other factors that have a profound effect on population health. Unfortunately, focusing on just health care adds to the popular misconception that our vastly improved health in the last century is primarily the result of health care.
Specifying the Content of the Human Right to Health Care
Authors: Hessler Kristen , Buchanan Allen
Published: November 2023

Recent wiring on the human right to health care is characterized by two trends. First, human rights scholars and health professionals emphasize that health is a complex good, promoted and protected by much more than services provided by medical professionals.This has prompted recognition that the human right to health care is not confined to entitlements to medical care alone. Second, and relatedly, some writers have attempted to delineate a universal, determinate standard defining the precise scope and content of the human right to health care (Toebes, 1999). We argue in this chapter that, whereas the first trend is an important step forward, the second is misguided. We proceed by first exploring the meaning of a human right to health care, considered in the context of the importance of health as a component of general well-being. We then consider some arguments against the claim that health care is a human right, and we show that those arguments fail. We then briefly survey three different accounts of health care as a human right. On the basis of those accounts, we demonstrate that a human right to health care is necessarily vague, and that the appropriate forum for specifying its content is through appropriate democratic political procedures, and not by moral or political theory alone.
Caring for the Vulnerable by Caring for the Caregiver: The Case of Mental Retardation1
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: November 2023

The stories from which these paragraphs are taken have served as the inspiration for this chapter. What I set out to do here is to consider how it is that vulnerable people come to suffer, rather than thrive, in the hands of those to whom their well-being is entrusted. Frequently those who attempt to answer this question delve into the darker recesses of people’s hearts. What evil demons dwell there, they ask? While I do not doubt that sadistic impulses reside in us, and in some of us far more than in others, this is not the sort of answer I am interested in here. I want to ask about the social conditions that allow for the persistent and widespread neglect and abuse of some of the most vulnerable among us.
Justice, Health, and the Price of Poverty
Authors: Smith Patricia
Published: November 2023

Poverty, health, and health care, or rather poverty, ill health, and lack of health care are intimately connected. In this chapter I review some of the ways this is true and some major arguments about why or whether we should care. I first consider the issue of health itself, and whether a society is responsible for the conditions under which its members must live. Next, I examine the issue of health care, and whether a society has any obligation to provide it. There is no question that poverty is a health hazard. For some time now it has been statistically verified beyond any doubt that the poor get sick more often, stay sick longer, and die younger than those who are financially better off. They are also at higher risk of accidents, and are exposed to worse environmental conditions than those with greater wealth. These facts, while well established, are also widely disregarded. For example, if one were to follow the extensive media coverage one might well assume that hypertension and heart disease are primarily afflictions of high-level executives in high pressure positions. Statistics indicate otherwise: namely that the incidence of high blood pressure and heart attack increases as the levels of wealth and power decrease. Similar patterns have been shown for many (although not all) other problems of health and physical well-being. Some researchers have concluded that social class or inequality itself is a powerful health factor. Without question the farther you descend the economic ladder, the more likely you are to suffer from ill health.
Whether to Discontinue Nonfutile Use of a Scarce Resource
Authors: Kamm EM
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I consider some of the ethical problems presented by the desire to discontinue the non/utile use of a resource because it is scarce. It might be said that doctors should not do “rationing at the bedside” with patients. Rather, rationing should result from a systemwide macropolicy that ties doctors’ hands and prevents them from allocating resources as they wish. However, I shall argue that there may be an in-between case: When individuals are involved in trials for use of drugs, treatment to them might be discontinued because they do not do well enough, if and only if treating those who do better makes it possible to treat more candidates who are equally worthy. The drug clozapine, uniquely useful for treating schizophrenia, is taken as an example of such a resource made scarce because of its costliness. In the first section of the chapter I consider relevant available medical data, and I review current treatment policy involving the drug. In subsequent sections I isolate three major issues that arise in the morality of discontinuing aid: regression, doctors’ commitments to patients, and the temporal gap between denying aid to one person and providing better aid to someone else; I also deal with whether differential outcome should affect who gets helped. To examine this topic, I present, in outline, some general principles for the distribution of scarce resources and then begin to make clear what these principles might imply for the case of differential outcomes with clozapine.
Just Caring: Do Future Possible Children Have a Just Claim to a Sufficiently Healthy Genome?
Authors: Fleck Leonard M
Published: November 2023

The defining theme of Philip Kitcher’s book The Lives to Come (1996) is that we are beyond the age of genetic innocence and that we have entered irrevocably the age of genetic responsibility (p. 204 ). Kitcher wants us to avoid the excesses and moral wrongs associated with the eugenics movement in the early twentieth century, advocating for what he terms “utopian eugenics.” He writes, “Utopian eugenics would use reliable genetic information in prenatal tests that would be available equally to all citizens. Although there would be wide spread public discussion of values and of the social consequences of individual decisions, there would be no societally imposed restrictions on reproductive choices-citizens would be educated but not coerced” (Kitcher, 1996, p. 202). Three key ideas comprise the core of Kitcher’s utopian eugenics: (1) respect for the procreative liberty of all, (2) equal access (no financial barriers) to the genetic technologies necessary for effective procreative liberty, and (3) a responsible social commitment to preventing “deep human suffering” (p. 192) associated with one’s genetic endowment to the extent that medicine provides us with the tools needed to achieve that objective. The primary question in this chapter springs from the second and third of those key ideas. If we take Norman Daniels’s fair equality of opportunity account of health care justice (1985) as providing us with an essential principle of health-care justice (as opposed to a full account), then what does health-care justice require of us, as a society, when it comes to determining the genetic endowment of future possible children? Buchanan, Brock, Daniels, and Wikler (2000) address this question from the perspective of a future possible capacity to do germline genetic engineering of eight cell embryos, either repairing or enhancing that genetic endowment through the replacement of some genes in those embryos with either normal or enhanced versions of those genes.
Derived Nominals and Their Satellites
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiki
Published: November 2023

Since Chomsky (1970) proposed the lexicalist hypothesis of nominalization, it has been widely assumed that derived nominals are formed in the lexicon and introduced into the syntactic structure under the category N, rather than formed by some syntactic movement operations. There appears to be good empirical reason to adopt the lexicalist hypothesis, since derived nominals have a couple of idiosyncratic properties that are lacking in the associated verbs and that are not expected if derived nominals are formed from verbs in the syntactic component.
Order Anticipators
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Order anticipators are speculators who try to profit by trading before other traders trade. They make money when they correctly anticipate how other traders will affect prices or when they can extract option values from the orders that other traders offer to the market.
Dealers
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Dealers are merchants who make money by buying low and selling high. What you already know about merchants will help you understand how dealers in the financial markets trade profitably.
Arbitrageurs
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Arbitrageurs are speculators who trade on information about relative values. They buy instruments that seem relatively cheap and sell those which seem relatively expensive. Arbitrageurs profit when prices converge so that their purchases appreciate relative to their sales.
Expansion and Slavery in Early National Politics
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E
Published: November 2023

The problem of territorial government and its relationship to slavery arose in the 1780s, when the first state cessions of western lands made it clear that the central government of the new United States was about to take on certain attributes of an empire. Earlier, Virginia had reasserted her vast transappalachian claim but at the same time had felt some need to reconsider it in the light of the movement for independence from Britain. Republican government, according to the theory of the day, was unsuitable for the exercise of sovereignty over such a broad domain. So Thomas Jef­ ferson, in his several drafts of a state constitution, boldly provided for the creation of “new colonies” which would be “free and independent” of Virginia and of “all the world.” As finally adopted, the Virginia constitution of 1776 failed to go that far, but it did acknowledge the possibility that one or more territories might be “laid off, and Governments established Westward of the Allegheny Mountains.” At this early date, the status of slavery in the western wilder­ ness was not an issue, and neither Jefferson’s drafts nor the adopted constitution said anything on the subject.
Versus Emerson
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E
Published: November 2023

Upcm returning from Texas, Dred Scott tried to buy his own and his family’s freedom from Mrs. Emerson, but she re­ fused. This, at least, is what he apparently told a newspaper reporter many years later. If true, the story leaves unanswered the question of why his mistress rejected the opportunity to get rid of an allegedly “shiftless” and by then middle-aged slave for whom she ob­ viously had no personal use. Perhaps Mrs. Emerson doubted her legal right to sell the Scotts, although that seems unlikely in view of the broad authority that she had been given and was exercising under her husband’s will. Perhaps the terms supposedly offered by Scott (partial payment with security for the remainder) were unsatisfactory; or, at the moment, it may just have seemed financially more advantageous to keep the slaves and hire them out.
Immunodeficiency Due to Defects of Purine Metabolism
Authors: Hirschhorn Rochelle , Candotti Fabio
Published: November 2023

Genetic deficiency of the purine salvage enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) provides the molecular basis for approximately 40% of autosomal recessive cases of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and therefore approximately 20% of all cases of SCID (Hirschhorn, 1979b; Bertrand et al., 1999; Buckley, 2000). The identification, over two decades ago, of deficiency of ADA as the basis for immunodeficiency (MIM #102700) was serendipitous and unexpected (Giblett et al., 1972). By contrast, immunodeficiency due to genetic deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), the next enzyme in the purine salvage pathway, was identified by specific screening for deficiency of enzymes in this pathway in immunodeficient patients (Giblett et al., 1975). PNP immunodeficiency (MIM + 164050) is even rarer than ADA deficiency, having been reported in fewer than 30 unrelated families (Markert, 1991; Carpenter et al., 1996; Markert et al., 1997; Sasaki et al., 1998; Dalal et al., 2001; Baguette et al., 2002; Moallem et al., 2002; Tsuda et al., 2002; Tabarki et al., 2003; Grunebaum et al., 2004). Study of patients with these two disorders has shed light on the significance of the purine salvage pathway for lymphoid cells as well as on the potential for development of new antileukemic agents (Hirschhorn, 1993; Markert, 1994; Suetsugu et al., 1999; Hershfield and Mitchell, 2001; Dillman, 2004).
The Rehnquist Court: Some More or Less Historical Comments
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M
Published: November 2023

Giving a historical account of the Rehnquist Court is peculiarly difficult, and in some ways not even possible. For one thing, the story is not over. Rehnquist is very much alive; and the Court is very much a living, ongoing institution.
Generating Emotion: Value Systems, Emotive Stimuli, and Appraisal
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson
Published: November 2023

This chapter and the next two chapters describe the process by which emotions are generated. A process is a sequence of steps that occurs to bring about the outcome of interest, in this case emotion. For every emotional experience, there is a narrative process of antecedents, such as relevant stimuli, wants, and beliefs, that gave rise to the emotional experience. If the process is intended to be explanatory, it must show how the events in the sequence are connected in a way that makes the outcome (an emotional experience) intelligible.
Generating Emotion: Emotional Responses
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson
Published: November 2023

There is a tradition, going back to Plato, that views emotion as the enemy of reason. For example, the emotion of fear is associated with inhibiting learning, as people are likely to forget newly acquired information after an emotional experience. Swift (1667–1745) was obsessed with the tension between reason and emotion. In his satirical masterpiece Gulliver’s Travels he juxtaposed the Houyhnhnms, equine creatures of pure reason, with the Yahoos, hairy humanoids dominated by sensual emotion. The Houyhnhnms have no word for “lie” but use the phrase “the thing that is not,” and their way of death is totally rational, with all the Houyhnhnms lining up to say a reasonable farewell to the dying. For Swift, reason alone does not make life meaningful, but emotion without the discipline of reason degrades us. This is insightful, as there is no way that emotion and reason can be considered totally independent. Emotion energizes and influences the process of deciding, while even hard reasoning involves emotional pressures. On the other hand, as Frijda points out, emotion is apt to be closed to judgments about consequences other than achieving the goal of the particular emotion (e.g., revenge).
Experimental Seizures
Authors: Somjen George G
Published: November 2023

Animal models of the human condition are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of epileptic seizures and to develop drugs that can control them. Over the decades, experimental conditions have been created that present interictal discharges, absence seizures, simple and complex partial seizures with or without secondary generalization, and tonic-clonic convulsive seizures. These will now be described.
Ion Fluxes during Spreading Depression
Authors: Somjen George G
Published: November 2023

Even before ion changes in live brain tissue could reliably be measured, it was suspected that the unusually large electrical signals recorded during SD may reflect drastic redistribution of ions. Subsequently this has been amply confirmed. Chapter 13 reviews the evidence.
The Mechanism of Spreading Depression
Authors: Somjen George G
Published: November 2023

In preceding chapters we have seen that during SD and HSD neurons, as well as glial cells, undergo profound depolarization, but neurons are the primary agents in the SD process. Chapter 15 examines the various possible ways in which the neuron membrane potential can be brought to near zero volts. The data indicate that several membrane ion channels cooperate in causing SD-related depolarization.
Lord Mountbatten’s Last Chukka, December 1946–June 1947
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Wavell stayed on in London, pressing the cabinet for a “definite policy” on his breakdown plan, unaware that Attlee had already decided on his replacement. Rear-Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, called “Dickie” by his favorite cousin “Bertie,” King George VI, and by dear friends like Noel Coward, Alan Campbell-Johnson, and Winston Churchill, had served as Supreme Allied Commander of South East Asia since 1943. He and his wife, Lady Edwina Mountbatten, had met and befriended Nehru in Singapore in March 1946. The Labor Party’s Indian Chair Krishna Menon, Nehru’s closest comrade, had tirelessly urged Attlee to send Mountbatten out to India to replace Wavell as Britain’s last viceroy. Mountbatten’s royal blood appealed as much to India’s princes as his radical views and social charms did to Nehru.
The Actuarial Method
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann
Published: November 2023

The classic loss-based approach described in the first part of this chapter is typically implemented for ABS and MBS transactions but not for CDOs. It is called actuarial because it rests on an assumption that large, well-diversified, homogeneous, and mainly amortizing pools of receivables in the seller’s portfolio give rise to stable, predictable loss distributions, and that representative loss and dispersion measures can be collected from sample data. The specifics of the actuarial approach depend on many factors: the rating agency doing the analysis; the experience, skill, and style of the analyst; and the quality and amount of data.
Automobile Receivable Securitizations
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann
Published: November 2023

Of the three asset classes discussed here, auto-loan-backed securities are by far the most liquid and intuitive. Although they are one of the least “exotic “ structured securities available in the capital markets, automobile securitizations nevertheless present interesting challenges. Most vehicles sold in the United States are not paid for in cash. They are financed by banks, finance subsidiaries of large automobile manufacturers, or specialty finance companies at interest rates that vary with the quality of the underlying borrower, not the automobile. Although the public has had a love affair with automobiles for decades, most drivers do not realize that a significant percentage of their loans are packaged into pools and transferred to SPEs, out of which securities are created and sold to investors. The economic agents of our structured universe are the individual obligors holding loans in the securitized pools; however, the creditworthiness of automobile loan-or lease-backed securities depends on both the driver as obligor and the vehicle as collateral to be liquidated if the obligor defaults.
Late-Life Depression And The Vascular Hypothesis
Authors: Krishnan K Ranga R
Published: November 2023

The etiology of depression and the factors affecting the course of depression in the elderly are not well understood. A genetic etiology is generally thought to be of less importance in patients presenting with depression for the first time later in life. Maier et al. (1991) clearly established that late-onset depression (LOD) patients have a higher familial rate of depression than agematched controls, but the rate in LOD is less than in early-onset depression (EOD). Thus, at least in LOD, other reasons may play a significant role. An issue that has to be kept in mind is that the dichotomous classification of depression in late life by age-at-onset is also a fluid concept that has significant limitations. This includes the fact that defining the age-at-onset is diffcult; is it onset of first symptoms or onset of a defined syndrome? Another issue may be memory and recall of depression. A final concern is that individuals with EOD may develop in later life characteristics of LOD. However, despite these limitations and problems, the concept that patients with older age-at-onset are different from those with a younger age-at-onset has gained ground.
Major Depressive Disorder In Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Zubenko Georges.
Published: November 2023

Clinically significant depression is a common and important complication of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that increases the suffering of patients and their families, produces excess disability, promotes institutionalization, and hastens death (Olin et al., 2002; U.S. DHHS, 1999). Estimates of the prevalence of depressive symptoms among patients with AD have been as high as 86% (Merriam et al., 1988). Most cross-sectional estimates of the coexistence of syndromal major depressive disorder (MDD) in elderly outpatients with probable AD range from about 15% to 25% (for reviews, see Mulsant and Zubenko, 1994; Olin et al., 2002; Teri and Reifler, 1987; Wragg and Jeste, 1989). The recurrent nature of this behavioral complication of AD suggests that an even larger proportion of patients eventually experience a major depressive episode (MDE) before death (Zubenko, 1992; Zubenko et al., 2003).
Factors Affecting Leadership and Human Capital Management
Authors: Miles Stephen A , Ashby Meredith D
Published: November 2023

At the threshold of a new millennium, corporations are faced with an unprecedented series of factors, both external and internal, that are accelerating the pace of change and disruption and ceaselessly reshaping the business land-scape. Internally, the changing demographics and increasing diversity of the workforce are posing challenges to the traditional ways of structuring operations and of hiring, managing, and incenting employees. Externally, the relentless pace of technological advancement has given rise to a truly global marketplace, rife with opportunity as well as with danger—from previously undreamed-of access to new markets to the incomprehensible stresses of terrorism.

These internal and external factors are constantly meshing, forming a kaleidoscope of ever-shifting scenarios in which companies must produce, package, and market their goods and services—that is, provide value. In today’s environment, “business as usual” clearly will not do. The need for leadership has remained throughout time. However, in today’s fast-moving, volatile, and complex world, the need for inspired leadership, for substantive leadership, for distributed and meritocratic leadership, has never been more critical.
Leadership
Authors: Thompson John T
Published: November 2023

I’m often asked about the “War for Talent” and what the landscape for talent looks like. I believe that there is a huge shortage of highly talented people having domain experience in relevant industry segments or with relevant business models but, in particular, there is a dearth of leadership skills. By leadership skills, I refer to the attributes needed to succeed in today’s environment, such as the ability to energize a group of people to take on an objective and achieve it. In turnaround situations, it is the ability to take a company forward in terms of scale and scope. With all the mergers and acquisitions we’ve seen lately—which all look great in the short term but are being tested now in a tougher economic climate—leadership is the ability to come into a company and make cultures fit and work. Leadership is a rare asset that, on a statistical basis, only a handful of people have. To really energize a company in turnarounds, to mend broken cultures, to create long-term success out of mergers and acquisitions, to lead companies that are in the tank financially or are in a real growth mode but don’t have the management skills or the team to scale the company through the next couple of revolutions of its life cycle—these are all leadership skills that are all too often missing from the talent pool. And, of course, there are many companies today in need of an injection of new leadership.
Establishing Competitive Advantage in Today’s Market Environment
Authors: Gadiesh Orit
Published: November 2023

Establishing a competitive advantage is vital to every leader’s agenda. A competitive advantage is defined by a company’s unique offer to specific customer segments, based on its cost position or capabilities that are superior to its competitors’. In order to be successful, a firm needs to communicate that advantage very simply to all stakeholders. Today, however, more than ever, a firm also needs to ensure that its strategic approach to achieving competitive advantage is understood and executed at all levels of its organization.

In this book’s introduction, the editors outline some of the significant pressures facing businesses in today’s market environment that affect leadership and the management of human capital, such as advances in technology, globalization, the war for qualified talent, the flattening of the organization, the importance of intangible assets, and the speed required to make and implement decisions consistent with a company’s strategy.
Homicide
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes
Published: November 2023

The cultural defense cases that have attracted the greatest attention are those involving killing. Individuals lose self-control for different reasons, which sometimes, unfortunately, leads to violent acts. What precipitates the loss of control can vary from one society to the next. This chapter presents an overview of homicide cases in which defendants raised cultural defenses. Despite the lack of a formal cultural defense, in a surprisingly large number of cases, courts have been willing to entertain arguments based on culture.
The Dead
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes
Published: November 2023

There have been many culture conflicts over the dead, despite the widespread belief that the dead deserve to be treated with respect. Culture conflicts over corpses give rise to lawsuits because there are myriad beliefs about the proper methods for the disposal of dead bodies based on different conceptions of ‘the body’ and of the afterlife. In this chapter I examine legal disputes in which different folk laws concerning dead bodies are at issue, and I explain why failure to comply with these rules is distressing to members of the community in question. The central argument is that the law ought to permit diverse cultural groups to follow their way of death to as great an extent as possible. This is consistent with the approach I have defended throughout—the principle of maximum accommodation.
Introduction
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko
Published: November 2023

A traditional real estate investment trust (REIT) is essentially a closed-end fund created exclusively for holding real properties, mortgage-related assets, or both. This investment vehicle was created by the U.S. Congress in 1960 for the express purpose of providing investors with an opportunity to invest in real properties and, at the same time, to enjoy the same benefits provided to shareholders in investment trusts.
Advisor Puzzle
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko
Published: November 2023

Imagine that you hire a broker to purchase a property or to arrange the financing of the property for you, only to find in the end that the seller of the property or the bank who loans you the money is actually the broker you hired. This scenario seems unthinkable in the real world; however, a similar type of conflict of interest has been endemic to the REIT industry for a long time, even today.