bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BALLISTIC SIMULATION METHOD FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES USING THICK
SHELL COMPOSITES IN LS-DYNA
Authors: Babu Venkatesh , Castanier Matthew P. , Ding Yi
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have become an important energy storage solution
for a wide range of applications from consumer electronics to automobiles. In
particular, the automotive industry’s push for improved fuel efficiency
has led to the development of electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, many of
which use Li-ion batteries. In addition to these fuel-saving motivations for
Li-ion batteries, the US Army has its own unique mission requirements for
onboard energy storage and available power, which could potentially be addressed
at least in part, by Li-ion batteries. However, military ground vehicles are
also subject to harsh operating conditions and abuse conditions that can cause
failures of onboard equipment. Due to complex nature of the batteries, it is
numerically challenging to capture the behavior of these batteries under abuse
conditions such as a high-energy impact event. Each battery cell is made up of
several layers and sub-layers of different materials. If a finite element model
is created by meshing each sub-layer with sufficient detail to perform a
ballistic simulation, even a single battery cell will have millions of degrees
of freedom (DOF). In a hybrid-electric vehicle battery there are typically tens
of cells in a module and hundreds of cells in a full pack. Therefore, the
computational challenge associated with using finite element analysis (FEA) for
ballistic simulations becomes daunting. In this work, a new method is proposed
that employs a Thick Shell Composite (TSC) representation of Li-ion batteries
using the commercially available FEA software, LS-DYNA. This approach shows
promise for modeling the battery at the module or full-pack level with
significantly reduced computational cost compared to a more traditional modeling
approach. Individual layers are embedded into this TSC in order to reduce the
number of finite elements in each cell significantly. Several of these cells are
then assembled either in series or parallel to represent the module and the full
battery pack. The TSC numerical model is validated by running a simulation of a
bullet impact test and comparing the results to the equivalent physical test.
The TSC model predictions show good agreement with the experimental results. In
addition, three different impact angle scenarios (oblique, vertical, and
horizontal) are simulated for one module of a generic Li-ion battery using the
new approach. The extent of the predicted battery damage due to these different
impact loading conditions are compared both qualitatively and
quantitatively.
US ARMY COMMON POWERTRAIN CONTROLLER DEVELOPMENT FOR AVDS EFI ENGINE
APPLICATION IN M88 VEHICLE
Authors: Yancone John , Pace Dan , Cates Jamey , Kruchko Paul
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper outlines the results from an ongoing collaborative development effort
to apply a new powertrain controller in a real combat vehicle application.
Specifically, TARDEC and L3T CPS have partnered to demonstrate a production
viable electronically controlled fuel injected (EFI) version of the AVDS 1790
diesel engine, used in the M88 HERCULES vehicle. Highlights of the development
project focus on coordinated engineering activity involving the following key
enablers.

The neXtECU jointly developed by ETAS and TARDEC, custom engineered
to become a common powertrain controller for use on the
Army’s future family of combat vehicles

Engine control software jointly developed by TARDEC and L3T to
perform EFI fuel system controls and auxiliary powertrain functions
using the neXtECU

AVDS 8CR 1050 hp engine with L3T design modifications to incorporate
a derivative of a commercially available EFI fuel
system.
24V LI-ION 6T BATTERY TO MEET TODAYS POWER AND ENERGY
GOALS
Authors: Bennis Michael
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Lithium Ion batteries, a well established technology for soldier portable
electronic requirements is still finding its role in larger scale vehicle
applications. Li-Ion is emerging as a contender in mobile applications where
volume, weight, temperature sensitivity, energy density and battery management
control is more important than initial cost.
THE HPCMP CREATE™-GV PROGRAM, SOFTWARE, DEVELOPMENT, AND
APPLICATIONS
Authors: Skorupa Thomas , Boyle Sara Pace , Mange Jeremy , Kedziorek Daniel , Lucas Cesar , Goodin Christopher , Priddy Jody D. , Walker Kevin , Puhr Michael , Mazzola Michael S. , Brendle Jacob
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The High Performance Computing Modernization Program (HPCMP) Computational
Research and Engineering Acquisition Tools and Environments – Ground
Vehicles (CREATE™-GV) Program is a software development effort to create
government-owned scientific High Performance Computing (HPC) code for the next
generation of mobility analysis tools. The HPCMP CREATE™-GV software
consists of three main components: the Ground Vehicle Interface – a
web-based interface for interacting with the HPCMP CREATE™-GV tools on
the HPC; Mobility Analysis Tool (MAT) – computing tactical mobility
performance of ground vehicles over broad areas of real-world terrain for
mission-based performance metrics; and Mercury – a high-fidelity,
multi-body physics analysis tool that runs a co-simulation of many components on
the HPC, the results of which can then be fed into MAT or exported to trade
space tools for further analysis.

In this paper, we provide an overview of the HPCMP CREATE™-GV program and
present details about each of these components, the applications of the software
to acquisition efforts, and verification and validation of the software and data
involved.
Automotive Smart Vehicles & Functional Safety Applied to DoD
Ground Vehicles
Authors: LaRue David A. , Tasky Tom , Tarnutzer Stephan , Lane Jerry
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The application of advanced FEV Automotive Smart Vehicle©
methods and technologies while maintaining functional safety compliance and how
it applies to similar features, requirements and capabilities across the fleet
of DoD combat and tactical vehicles will be discussed. The requirement of
technologies for DoD autonomous ground vehicle including leader follower,
automated convoy operations, and intelligent applique kit’ are common to
those specified in the automotive industries. Intelligent vehicles can be
advanced and implemented in an expeditious manner through FEV Smart Vehicle
technologies, techniques and methodologies while maintain compliance to required
functional safety. The application and impact of ISO 26262 (2011) as well as
Mil-Std. 882(E) to the implementation of the advanced technologies and
techniques in support of full operational vehicle autonomy can hinder
development. Leveraging the FEV Automotive Smart Vehicle reduces the time and
cost for safety compliant implementation of these advanced technologies and
techniques even where VI and AI strategies are required through the optimization
of system and sensor fusion of ISO safety certified components and systems. DoD
Ground Vehicles can leverage this evolution of vehicle intelligence, autonomy
and safety normally only supportive of the automobile industry.
ANVEL HIL/SIL ADDITIONS FOR NAVIGATION ALGORITHM
DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Nelson Brently , Bevly David , Ratowski Jeff , Theisen Bernard
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This work presents the development of a high fidelity Simulation In the
Loop/Hardware In the Loop simulation environment using add-ons to Autonomous
Navigation Virtual Environment Laboratory (ANVEL) and a navigation unit
developed by Auburn University’s GPS and Vehicle Dynamics Lab (GAVLAB)
in support of the United States Army’s Autonomous Ground Resupply
Science Technology Objective. The developed add-ons include a real time
interface for ANVEL, Inertial Measurement Unit module, Wheel Speed Sensor
module, and a GPS module that allows simulated signals or generated Radio
Frequency signals. The developed add-ons allow for faster development of
navigation algorithms and controllers due to a readily available, highly
accurate truth from ANVEL and can be configured to introduce realistic errors
from sensors, hardware, and GPS signals such that algorithm and controller
robustness can be easily examined.
Modeling Craftsmanship: Identifying and Growing
Talent
Authors: Vinarcik Michael J.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) has grown in popularity since the
introduction of SysML a decade ago. Pockets of modeling excellence have
developed within many government, industrial, and educational organizations.
Few, if any, have achieved “wall-to-wall” adoption.

This paper will focus on a key component of a successful system modeling efforts:
the individuals who must translate sound systems engineering into robust, useful
system models. The author routinely teaches systems architecture, systems
engineering, and system modeling and will share methods and techniques for
identifying and growing modeling talent.

Success depends as much upon mindset and approach as it does upon understanding
tool user interfaces and modeling conventions. Published texts, class exercises,
videos, and case studies can be used to shape engineers’ problem-solving
methods. In addition, a craft system (with apprentice, journeyman, and master
modelers engaged in interlocking skill development and mentoring) has shown
significant promise as a way to increase the number of competent modelers.

Best practices, high-value resources, and working groups (such as those organized
by the International Council on Systems Engineering) will be highlighted.
SMART VEHICLES, AUTOMOTIVE CYBER SECURITY & SOFTWARE SAFETY
APPLIED TO LEADER-FOLLOWER (LF) AND AUTONOMOUS CONVOY OPERATIONS
(ACO)
Authors: Chhawri Sumeet , Tarnutzer Stephan , Tasky Thomas , Lane Gerald R.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

FEV North America will discuss application of advanced automotive cybersecurity
to smart vehicle projects, - software safety - software architecture and how it
applies to similar features and capabilities across the fleet of DoD combat and
tactical vehicles. The analogous system architectures of automotive and military
vehicles with advanced architectures, distributed electronic control units,
connectivity to networks, user interfaces and maintenance networks and interface
points clearly open an opportunity for DoD to leverage the technology
techniques, hardware, software, management and human resources to drive
implementation costs down while implementing fleet modifications, infrastructure
methodology and many of the features of the automotive cyber security
spectrum.

Two of the primary automotive and DoD subsystems most relevant to Cyber Security
threat and protection are the automotive connected vehicles analogous to the DoD
Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and
Reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems; and the extensive employed automotive CanBus
parallels the DoD GV electrical power; intra-vehicle networks; data processing;
and electrical components. These DoD subsystems can gain many Cyber benefits to
achieve at minimum cost and schedule to desired examples of Cross-domain guards,
Security Infrastructure, Security applications, Vehicle authentication and
authorization, Secure networks, and Vehicle cyber security threats.
THE UK’S APPROACH TO VEHICLE SYSTEMS INTEGRATION AND MODEL
BASED STANDARDISATION
Authors: White Tony , Smith Keith , Raistrick Chris
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper reviews the UK Defence Standard 23-009 for Generic Vehicle
Architecture (GVA), describes how the standard is being applied to the UK
vehicle procurement programme, and the benefits expected from adopting the
approach and standard. The expansion of the use of GVA to other countries will
be discussed including the adoption of the fundamental approach by NATO/ 5 eyes
countries
Mission Engineering and Prototype Warfare: Operationalizing
Technology Faster to Stay Ahead of the Threat
Authors: Horning Matthew A , Smith Robert E , Shidfar Shaheen
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Prototype Warfare represents a paradigm shift in how the US Department of Defense
(DoD) executes acquisition of defense systems in a manner that is significantly
faster than traditional acquisition. At its core, Prototype Warfare shifts focus
from large fleets of common one-size-fits-all exquisite systems to small
quantities of rapidly fielded, highly tailored systems that are focused on
specific capabilities within a specific theater to address a specific (and
typically urgent) requirement. This paper does not address the programmatic or
policy implications of implementing Prototype Warfare, but instead provides an
approach to achieving Prototype Warfare from a technical perspective. The key to
executing a Prototype Warfare program is to establish and execute a robust
Mission Engineering practice that uses the operational context of a system to
drive performance requirements, allowing the modeled end use of the system to be
root of all requirements traceability.

“Success no longer goes to the country that develops a new
fighting technology first, but rather to the one that better integrates
it and adapts its way of fighting….” -The National
Defense Strategy (2018)
IMPLEMENTING AUGMENTED INTELLIGENCE IN SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
Authors: Petrotta Mark , Peterson Troy
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper will explore the opportunities for artificial intelligence (AI) in the
system engineering domain, particularly in ways that unite the unique
capabilities of the systems engineer with the AI. This collaboration of human
and machine intelligence is known as Augmented Intelligence (AuI). There is
little doubt that systems engineering productivity could be improved with
effective utilization of well-established AI techniques, such as machine
learning, natural language processing, and statistical models. However, human
engineers excel at many tasks that remain difficult for AIs, such as visual
interpretation, abstract pattern matching, and drawing broad inferences based on
experience. Combining the best of AI and human capabilities, along with
effective human/machine interactions and data visualization, offers the
potential for orders-of-magnitude improvements in the speed and quality of
delivered.
EFFECTIVE MODELING AND SIMULATION OF INCREASED COMPLEXITY IN COMBAT
SYSTEM DESIGN
Authors: Woulfe Justin , Alpert Samantha
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Defensible and Effective Model Based Engineering (MBE) requires capable tools for
optimization and simulation to verify that the current system design can meet
mission performance, availability and affordability requirements. Legacy Army
tools have failed to meet those needs and a new generation of capabilities are
now available to allow program managers to continuously update input variables
and assess the system’s Operational Availability (Ao) Key Performance
Parameter (KPP) and Lifecycle O&S cost Key System Attribute (KSA).
STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE WITH COMBINED HIGH STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY FOR
MULTIMATERIAL JOINING AND GALVANIC ISOLATION
Authors: Pollum Marvin , Kriley Joseph , Nakajima Masa , Tan Kar Tean , Stalker Jeffrey , Fleischauer Richard , Rearick Brian
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A newly developed structural adhesive demonstrates a unique combination of high
strength (43 ± 2 MPa) and displacement (4.7 ± 1.2 mm) in
aluminum lap joint testing. Bulk material characterization of the prototype
adhesive reveals its extreme ductility, with nearly 80% shear strain before
failure and a 2.5-fold increase in strain energy density as compared to
commercial structural adhesives. The prototype adhesive is found to maintain 67
to 82% of its initial strength under extreme environmental conditions, including
at high temperatures (71°C), after high humidity (63°C hot water
soak, 2 weeks), and after corrosive conditions (B117 salt spray, 1000 hours).
The prototype structural adhesive is shown to also generate high strength bonds
with multiple substrates, including steel, carbon fiber, and mixed material
joints, while also providing galvanic isolation.
FORMING AND WELDING INNOVATIONS FOR ARMOR STEELS
Authors: Lawmon John , Alexandrov Boian , Duffey. Matthew , Ngan. Tiffany
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper reviews research that has been conducted to develop inductively
assisted localized hot forming bending technologies, and to use standardized
welding tests to assess the practicality and potential benefits of adopting
stainless based consumables to weld both existing and evolving armor alloys.

For the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V it was determined that warming the plate to circa
600°F would improve the materials ductility (as measured by reduction of
area) from ~18 to 40% without exposing the material to a temperature at which
atmospheric contamination would be significantly deleterious.

For the commercial alloy BB and class 1 armor alloy it was found that there was
little effect on the charpy impact toughness and the proof strength as a result
of processing at 900 °F with either air cool or water quench and there
was an added benefit of lower residual stresses in the finished bends compared
to cold formed bends. Heating “alloy BB” to 1600 °F
followed by water quench resulted in mechanical properties that were equivalent
to those of the parent plate with the exception of a strip of material in the
transition hot zone whose temperature, before quench, was between 900 °F
and 1600 °F. Heating class 1 armor to 1600°F followed by water
quench increased the ultimate tensile strength.

Further work is recommended for alloy BB and class 1 armor, using a higher
induction power, to determine how narrow the transition hot zone, in which lower
charpy impact toughness was noted, can be made.

The weldability study indicated that grade 309LHF stainless steel is the least
likely to crack when making single pass welds in “alloy BB”. It
was not possible to make a similar assessment based on the available data for
the class 1 RHA when using stainless steel consumables. When using ferrous
consumables it was apparent that preheat was beneficial and that LA100 performed
better than ER70S-6. It is recommended that the weldability study be repeated
with a statistically significant number of Tekken or restrained T joint
solidification cracking tests at different travel speeds to examine the
significance of weld bead profile.
Adaptive Graphite Coatings Improve Fit and Function of Pistons, Turbos and Other Precision Devices
Authors: Suman Andrew
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Additive/Abradable Powder Coatings (AAPC’s) are field proven, thick,
solid film graphite coatings that wear in to the ideal functional geometry of
mechanical components. Lubed or dry, devices lap in and run with minimized
clearance and friction for highest efficiency, quietest operation, and longest
life in sandy environments. AAPC’s will improve military readiness,
reduce sustainment costs, and cut components logistics and fuel consumption.
Processing is easy, robust and effective on new and used components in
prototyping, production and remanufacturing. Worn components can be restored in
theater to achieve durable, ‘better than new’ performance
levels. Applications include turbos, IC pistons, lube pumps, hydraulics, roots
blowers, screw compressors, refrigerant compressors, lip seal seats, and others.
This paper will focus on the AAPC benefits observed on pistons and turbo
compressor housings.
SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE FOR SEMANTIC INFORMATION-SHARING IN UNMANNED
CONVOYS
Authors: Ferrin Jeffrey L. , Bybee Taylor C.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Sharing information among vehicles in an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) convoy
allows for improved vehicle performance and reduces the need for each vehicle to
be equipped with a full-suite of sensors. Information such as obstacle data,
surface properties, and terrain maps are particularly useful for vehicle control
and high-level behaviors. This paper describes a system architecture for sharing
semantic information among vehicles in a convoy operation. This architecture is
demonstrated by sharing terrain information between vehicles in a two-vehicle
convoy in both simulation and on actual autonomous vehicles. Update rules fuse
information from different sources in a statistical manner and allow for an
onboard algorithm to make high-level decisions about the incoming data whether
it be from its own sensors or semantic information from other vehicles.
Secure Connected Vehicle Architecture for Software and
Telecommunications
Authors: McCormick Scott J. , Farnsworth Elaina
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The advent of both new bidirectional communications capabilities and increasing
levels of automation to offload driver workload is requiring the
vehicle’s architecture to evolve substantially. Military vehicles of the
US Armed Forces are subject to even greater cybersecurity threats. New vehicle
hardware includes many sensors, cameras and other systems to capture road,
weather and traffic conditions. These systems will be communicating the data
both internally and externally from the vehicle. In addition, the vehicles will
send and receive data via multiple communications protocols. Each of these
communication protocols have unique capabilities and inherent weaknesses with
regard to secure communications. With this vehicle evolution, and with the
pervasive cyber threats, the vehicle will have to be architected for holistic
vehicle cyber situational awareness. The US Army and US Marine Corps need to be
fully versed and trained to recognize threats and effectively deal with them. In
addition, satellite, cellular and WiFi systems not only communicate to and from
the vehicle, but to the equipment installed for specific military purposes, as
well as to the warfighter’s nomadic, or carried-in devices such
cellphones, tablets, laptops and others.
OPERATIONAL READINESS IMPROVEMENT THROUGH PLATFORM
ELECTRIFICATION
Authors: Gatherer Jim , Spears Richard
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

New mission requirements will soon overtake the automotive and mission equipment
capabilities of electric power systems in tactical and combat vehicles used by
the U.S. Army. Incorporating emerging technologies into both existing and new
vehicles will allow the vehicles to meet these requirements, facilitate
reductions in formation sizes, and make the Army more mobile. When combined,
these factors have the potential to improve both the readiness and effectiveness
of both vehicles and vehicle formations.

Citation: J. Gatherer, R. Spears, “Operational Readiness
Improvement Through Platform Electrification”, In Proceedings of
the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium
(GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
A COMPARISON OF VEHICLE HANDLING FIDELITY BETWEEN THE GAZEBO AND ANVEL SIMULATORS
Authors: Brothers Robert , Bevly David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper provides a comparison of the Gazebo and ANVEL simulators and analyzes
the aspects of vehicle modeling fidelity that are critical to the design of
unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) control and estimation algorithms. The robotic
simulators Gazebo [1], from the Open
Source Robotics Foundation (OSRF), and Autonomous Navigation Virtual Environment
Laboratory (ANVEL) [2], from Quantum
Signal, are two popular new tools that are being used extensively in academic,
commercial, and military development of perception, navigation, and control
algorithms for UGVs. Despite the similarities between Gazebo and ANVEL there has
been no direct comparison between the two simulators with respect to their
validity as vehicle dynamics simulators.

Citation: R. Brothers, D. Bevly, “A Comparison of Vehicle
Handling Fidelity Between the Gazebo and ANVEL Simulators”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
Test the Corrosion Effect on High Hard Steel Armor MIL-DTL-46100
Coated with Stellite 6 Applied by Direct Energy Deposition
Method
Authors: Toppler Ian J , Schleh Daniel C , Romero Claudio Gutierrez
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The U.S. Army - GVSC Materials Characterization and Failure Analysis team
conducted a preliminary study in FY18 to address the issue of galvanic and
pitting corrosion of U.S. Army ground vehicle system (GVS) structural surfaces.
The objective of this study was to develop a permanent coating solution to
supplement the existing corrosion protective coating of zinc rich primer and
CARC paint, and extend the lifecycle of the armor. Twenty-five permanent, 0.1
inch layer, additively manufactured (AM) coated coupons of deposited Stellite 6
cobalt alloy on MIL-STD-46100 High Hard (HH) armor steel blocks were produced
for cyclic testing using an un-optimized set of parameters. These coupons were
subjected to a twenty-four week study in accelerated corrosive conditions of a
fog spray chamber alongside primer-CARC coated and uncoated coupons. The
resulting study showed no signs of pitting corrosion in the surface of the AM
coated coupons, and minimal galvanic corrosion.

Citation: I. Toppler, D. Schleh, C. G. Romero, “Test the
Corrosion Effect on High Hard Steel Armor MIL-DTL-46100 Coated with Stellite 6
Applied by Direct Energy Deposition Method”, In Proceedings of
the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium
(GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
Compositional Sensitivity of High Mn, High Al Lightweight
Steels
Authors: Sebeck Katherine , Toppler Ian , Limmer Krista , Field Daniel , Wagner Daniel , Gafner Alyssa
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The family of lightweight high Mn, high Al steels (FeMnAl) exhibit lower density
(6.5-7.2 g/cm3) than traditional military steels (7.9
g/cm3). These alloys are precipitation hardened, with
κ-carbide dominating hardening performance. This carbide has an
E21 perovskite structure with a nominal composition of
(Fe,Mn)3AlC. In the literature, a number of studies have examined
the sensitivity of mechanical properties to changing a single element in the
composition. However, the covariance of the major elements has not been
systematically explored. In this study, a series of small ingots were prepared
according to a two-factor design of experiments, in addition to analysis of
previously generated compositions. Methods of measuring alloy composition will
be discussed, along with aging kinetics and key mechanical properties.

Citation: K. Sebeck, I. Toppler, K. Limmer, D. Field, D. Wagner, A.
Gafner, “Compositional Sensitivity of High Mn, High Al Steels”,
In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
AIRLIFT: ENABLING BLAST PROTECTION AND RAPID, STABILIZED VEHICLE
EXTRACTION
Authors: Purekar Ashish , Hiemenz Gregory , Gillis Paula
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The AirLift is a novel device that enables rapid stabilized extraction of injured
personnel from a ground vehicle. When deployed from its pre-installed position
as a seat cover, the AirLift rigidizes for stabilizing the occupant’s
spine by pressurizing an inflatable panel. After extraction from the vehicle
with the occupant stabilized in the seated position, the AirLift can convert to
a backboard so that the occupant can be safely transported in the supine
position. The inflatable panel was designed and tested to provide stiffness
while also being durable and manufacturable at volume. Pressure mapping tests
were also performed to demonstrate that the AirLift did not change seat comfort
compared to the standard seat.

Citation: A. Purekar, G. Hiemenz, P. Gillis, “AirLift:
Enabling Blast Protection and Rapid, Stabilized Vehicle Extraction”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.
GVSETS 2020 PAPER: FATIGUE-FOCUSED WELD ASSEMBLY
OPTIMIZATION
Authors: Mayhood Carly , Vlahopoulos Nickolas
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This work presents the development and application of an optimization algorithm
for simultaneously improving the fatigue life and minimizing a representative
manufacturing cost when assembling a ground combat vehicle. High stress in the
occupied space of the weld decreases the fatigue life of the structure;
therefore, by minimizing the weld’s exposure to high stresses, the
structure’s life can be improved. The new capability for simultaneously
improving the fatigue life of a welded structure while reducing a manufacturing
cost is demonstrated by considering the welding of a representative panel of a
v-hull. Selections are made for the weld placement, the weld type, and the type
of filler material, in order to minimize exposure to high stresses and therefore
maximize fatigue life. In addition to the stress evaluation, the optimization
considers manufacturing cost as another objective in parallel. The final
evaluation provides an assembly design to increase the fatigue life and minimize
cost.

Citation: C. Mayhood, N. Vlahopoulos. "Fatigue-Focused Weld Assembly
Optimization", In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering
and Technology Symposium(GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13,
2020.
ARMOR AND SYSTEM WEIGHT IMPACTS TO PROCUREMENT, TRAINING, AND SUSTAINMENT COSTS
Authors: Howell Ryan A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In monolithic protection materials, a threat increase correlates to an increased
material thickness. This is evident in V50 armor material specifications, such
as Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) MIL-DTL-12560K. This relationship translates
to combat system level weight; the higher the performance, the higher the
material weight, the higher the system weight. For ground combat systems, the
total platform weight indicates relative protection. Hence, the M1 Abrams weight
and protection level is greater than the Bradley Family of Vehicles, and the
Bradley weight and protection level is greater than the M113. The weight
procurement dollarization impacts are known during developmental efforts, but
weight relationships also impact training and sustainment costs. Thus armor
based weight changes have at least three cost relationships: procurement,
training, and sustainment. These cost relationships are useful to understand in
the context of the Army’s annual budget cycle.

Citation: RA Howell, “ARMOR AND SYSTEM WEIGHT IMPACTS TO
PROCUREMENT, TRAINING, AND SUSTAINMENT COSTS,” In Proceedings of
the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium
(GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.
TRAINING ROBUST ANOMALY DETECTION USING ML-ENHANCED
SIMULATIONS
Authors: Feldman Philip
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the use of neural networks to enhance simulations for
subsequent training of anomaly-detection systems. Simulations can provide edge
conditions for anomaly detection which may be sparse or non-existent in
real-world data. Simulations suffer, however, by producing data that is
“too clean” resulting in anomaly detection systems that cannot
transition from simulated data to actual conditions. Our approach enhances
simulations using neural networks trained on real-world data to create outputs
that are more realistic and variable than traditional simulations.

Citation: P.Feldman, “Training robust anomaly detection
using ML-Enhanced simulations”, In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.
ECO-DRIVING DRIVER ADVISORY APPLICATION FOR CONNECTED VEHICLES
Authors: Bhagdikar Piyush , Gankov Stas , Rengarajan Sankar , Sarlashkar Jayant , Hotz Scott
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) leverage onboard sensing and external
connectivity using Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) and
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies to "know" the upcoming operating
environment with some degree of certainty, significantly narrowing prior
information gaps. These technologies have been traditionally developed and used
for driver assistance and safety but are now being used to operate the vehicle
more efficiently [1–5]. The eco-driving algorithm, which leverages the
data available through these streams, performs two key functions: (1)
acceleration smoothing and (2) eco-approach and departure (Eco-AND) at
signalized intersections. The algorithm uses information from neighboring
vehicles and signalized intersections to calculate an energy-efficient speed
trajectory. This paper presents the development of an Android-based driver
advisory application that leverages cellular Internet connectivity and Traffic
Technology Services (TTS) data [6], to
perform Eco-AND at signalized intersections and discusses the potential for
saving energy and time with the eco-driving algorithm.

Citation: P. Bhagdikar, S. Gankov, S. Rengarajan, J. Sarlashkar, S.
Hotz, “Eco-Driving Driver Advisory Application for Connected
Vehicles”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2019.
DEVELOPING AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES WITH OPTIMAL SENSOR SELECTION, INTEGRATION & CONTROL IMPLEMENTED AT 2019 INTELLIGENT GROUND VEHICLE COMPETITION (IGVC)
Authors: Kosinski Andrew , Iyengar Kiran , Tarakhovsky Jane , Lane Jerry , Cheok KaC , Theisen Bernie , Oweis Sami
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The IGVC offers a design experience that is at the very cutting edge of
engineering education, with a particular focus in developing engineering
control/sensor integration experience for the college student participants. A
main challenge area for teams is the proper processing of all the vehicle sensor
feeds, optimal integration of the sensor feeds into a world map and the vehicle
leveraging that world map to plot a safe course using robust control algorithms.
This has been an ongoing challenge throughout the 27 year history of the
competition and is a challenge shared with the growing autonomous vehicle
industry. High consistency, reliability and redundancy of sensor feeds, accurate
sensor fusion and fault-tolerant vehicle controls are critical, as even small
misinterpretations can cause catastrophic results, as evidenced by the recent
serious vehicle crashes experienced by self-driving companies including Tesla
and Uber Optimal control techniques & sensor selection/integration into
these autonomous ground vehicles will be the focus of this technical paper.
Implementation of a Robotic Rocker-Bogie Prototype
Authors: Pietrzyk Timothy , Valascho Ty
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Currently, many small Army ground robots have mobility configurations containing
tracks with sets of dual or quad flipper configurations. Many of these robots
include the iRobot PackBot, Talon, and Dragon Runner. While the preceding
robotic designs have allowed these robots to navigate over obstacles and across
low traction environments, an increasing need for agile robotic platforms in
complex environments involving subterranean and urban structure missions will be
critical in the future. Therefore, a new mobility system for dismounted ground
robots is being researched to aid in the exploration, mapping, and
identification by targets of interest for dense urban environments. This paper
discusses one possibility for a new small CRS-I sized ground robot mobility
system that is inspired by the rocker-bogie designs of the Mars rover
systems.

Citation: Timothy Pietrzyk, Ty Valascho “Robotic
Rocker-Bogie Mechanism Prototype”, In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
Automated Tuning and Calibration for Unmanned Ground Vehicles
Authors: Bunderson Nate , Bevly David , Costley Austin , Bryan William , Mifflin Gregory , Balas Cristian
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A critical and time-consuming part of commissioning an unmanned ground vehicle
(UGV) is tuning and calibrating the navigation and control systems. This
involves selecting and modifying parameters for these systems to obtain a
desired response. Tuning these parameters often requires experience or technical
expertise that may not be readily available in a time of need. Even the simple
task of measuring the mounting location of the sensors introduce opportunities
for user error. In addition, the tuning parameters for these systems may change
significantly between UGVs. These challenges motivate the need for automated
tuning and calibration algorithms to set parameters without the interaction from
a user. This work presents automated tuning and calibration approaches for
UGVs.

Citation: N. Bunderson, D. Bevly, A. Costley, W. Bryan, G. Mifflin,
C. Balas “Automated Tuning and Calibration for Unmanned Ground
Vehicles”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
11-13, 2020.
SEMANTIC DIGITAL SURFACE MAP TOWARDS COLLABORATIVE OFF-ROAD VEHICLE AUTONOMY
Authors: Brand Howard J. J. , Li Bing
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The fundamental aspect of unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) navigation, especially
over off-road environments, are representations of terrain describing geometry,
types, and traversability. One of the typical representations of the environment
is digital surface models (DSMs) which efficiently encode geometric information.
In this research, we propose a collaborative approach for UGV navigation through
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mapping to create semantic DSMs, by leveraging the
UAV wide field of view and nadir perspective for map surveying. Semantic
segmentation models for terrain recognition are affected by sensing modality as
well as dataset availability. We explored and developed semantic segmentation
deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) models to construct semantic DSMs. We
further conducted a thorough quantitative and qualitative analysis regarding
image modalities (between RGB, RGB+DSM and RG+DSM) and dataset availability
effects on the performance of segmentation CNN models.

Citation: H. J. J. Brand, B. Li, “Semantic Digital Surface
Map Towards Collaborative Off-Road Vehicle Autonomy”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.
RANSOMWARE VEHICLE EMBEDDED SYSTEM ATTACKS
Authors: Parker Charles
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Ransomware is not a new method of malware infection. This historically had been
experienced in the enterprise in nearly every industry. This has been especially
problematic in the medical and manufacturing fields. As the attackers saturate
the specifically targeted industries, the attackers will expand their target
industries. One of these which has not been significantly explored by the
ransomware groups are the embedded systems and automobile environment. This set
of targets is massive and provides for a vast attack potential. While this has
not experienced this attack methodology at length, the research and efforts are
creeping towards this as a natural extension of the business. The research
focusses on the history of ransomware, uses in the enterprise, possible attack
vectors with automobiles, and defenses to be explored and implemented to secure
automobiles, fleets, and the industries.

Citation: Parker, C., “Ransomware Vehicle Embedded System
Attacks”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI,
August 10, 2021.
HOLLOW ROADWHEEL DESIGN TO INCREASE PERFORMANCE AND REDUCE
WEIGHT
Authors: Hobe Peter
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Reducing roadwheel weight by replacing legacy steel designs with hollow, aluminum
roadwheels could save 690 lb per vehicle (a 34% reduction). Hollow roadwheels
offer greater load-carrying capacity, higher stiffness, improved corrosion
resistance and no debris entrapment. Two hollow roadwheel configurations,
bolt-together (HB) and welded (HW), were physically tested and exceeded the
radial and lateral stiffness of the legacy steel (LS) roadwheel. The HW radial
stiffness was 32% higher than LS and lateral was 65% higher. The HB radial
stiffness was 14% higher than LS and lateral was 73% higher. Both hollow
configurations offer significant weight reduction, better performance and can be
implemented in the near-term based on their ease of manufacturing and high TRL.
The HB configuration has already passed testing at discrete loads of 5G radial
and 4G lateral (per roadwheel) with no cracks and acceptable levels of permanent
deformation. The hollow roadwheel in its current configuration is designed for
vehicles with 40-50 ton GVW, but with slight modification and increased weight
could be used for vehicles exceeding 50 ton.

Citation: P. Hobe, “Hollow Roadwheel Design to Increase
Performance and Reduce Weight”, In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 10-12, 2021.
MODEL-BASED ASSESSMENT OF FUEL ECONOMY AND PERFORMANCE OF A SWITCHABLE P2/P3 HYBRID POWERTRAIN FOR HEAVY TRUCK
Authors: Patil Chinmaya , Thanom Witt , Dykes Erik , Kreucher Josh , Genise Thomas
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The paper presents the fuel economy and performance capabilities of a switchable
P2/P3 Hybrid Transmission for commercial and military use cases through modeling
and simulation. An overview of the simulation model developed to analyze the
vehicle performance and fuel consumption for a specified drive cycle is
presented. The model includes the key components of the electrified powertrain
including engine, hybrid transmission, electric motor and battery. Use cases
were identified to represent Commercial vocational applications and military
analogues. The results of P2/P3 Hybrid Powertrain model simulation are compared
with that obtained from a model of baseline Conventional Torque Converter
Automatic Transmission (AT). The comparison is made for both vehicle performance
and fuel economy, and the results indicate that the P2/P3 Hybrid Transmission
demonstrates better fuel economy with same or better performance than the
baseline heavy-duty automatic transmission. Opportunities to achieve further
improvements in fuel savings with the P2/P3 Hybrid Transmission are also
identified.

Citation: Patil C., Thanom W., Dykes E., Kreucher J., Genise T.,
“Model-based Assessment of Fuel Economy and Performance of a Switchable
P2/P3 Hybrid Powertrain for Heavy Truck”, In Proceedings of the
Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium
(GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 10-12, 2021.
INVERSE DYNAMICS APPROACH TO ESTABLISH MOBILITY MARGINS
Authors: Paldan Jesse , Vantsevich Vladimir , Gorsich David , Jayakumar Paramsothy , Moradi Lee
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

An inverse dynamics approach is applied to assess the relationship and establish
an adjustable balance between acceleration performance, slip energy efficiency,
and mobility margins of a wheel of a vehicle with four wheels
individually-driven by electric DC motors. The time history of the reference
wheel torques are recovered which would enable the motion at the desired linear
velocity. Target velocity profiles are applied which provide different rates of
acceleration. The profiles are simulated in stochastic terrain conditions which
represent continuously changing, uncertain terrain characteristics with various
quality of rolling resistance and peak friction coefficient. A wheel mobility
margin is determined to track how close a driving wheel is to immobilization.
When moving in drastically changing stochastic terrain conditions, boundaries
are adjusted to accommodate changes in the resistance to motion in order to
guarantee the motion while not exceeding limits which would cause excessive tire
slippage. The mathematical models were developed in a way to facilitate their
applicability for autonomous vehicles.

Citation: J. Paldan, V. Vantsevich, D. Gorsich, P. Jayakumar, L.
Moradi, “Inverse Dynamics Approach to Establish Mobility
Margins”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
10-11, 2021.
GROUND VEHICLE SYSTEM REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE MODEL (DIGITAL
THREAD)
Authors: Griffin Kevin W. , Suffredini Giuseppe D. , Kanon Robert J. , Dua Surender K. , Yeh Jihsiang J. , Alexander Eric J. , Feury Mark R. , Kouba Russell D.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Digital Engineering (DE) strategy is defined by the Department of Defense and
establishes five goals [1]. One of the
goals includes providing an enduring, authoritative source of truth, which moves
the primary means of communication from documents to digital models and data.
This enables access, management, analysis, use, and distribution of information
from a common set of digital models and data. As a result, stakeholders have the
current, authoritative, and consistent information for use over the lifecycle.
The DE Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) Reference Architecture Framework
(RAF) defines, at a minimum, the digital model authoritative source of truth,
model structure, stakeholder needs, systems and subsystem context, process model
elements, architecture types, views, viewpoints, and supporting methodologies
and best practices. This framework is defined using the Systems Modeling
Language, semantics, and constructs. The RAF structure is expressed to support
DE transformation and help improve MBSE best practices.
Secure Software Updates for Robotic and Autonomous Systems
Authors: Mott Cameron , Mikulski Dariusz , Pereira Sabrina
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Software updates provide critical new functionality and security improvements to
commercial and military vehicles. Organizations across the Department of Defense
(DoD) are recognizing that the hardened cybersecurity in robotic and autonomous
system (RAS) is essential. A secure software update capability will be added to
RAS, providing a peer reviewed security by design solution for securing software
updates.

Citation: C. Mott, D. Mikulski, S. Pereira, “Secure Software
Updates for Robotic and Autonomous Systems,” In Proceedings of
the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium
(GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022.
SUPERIOR BALLISTIC AND BLAST RESISTANCE IN ATI TITAN 27™ ALLOY WITH A NOVEL DEFORMATION MECHANISM
Authors: Foltz John , Ruiz-Aparicio Luis , Berry David , Porter Rick
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

α-β titanium alloys are used in armor plate
applications due to their capability to defend against ballistic threats while
having a 40% lower density than steel. ATI 425® was developed
as a cold-deformable alternative to Ti-6Al-4V with similar ballistic properties
and improved blast performance owing to the alloy’s higher damage
tolerance. ATI Titan 27™ is an evolutionary step forward on ATI
425® Alloy, and is being developed as a
higher-performance titanium armor alloy owing to its greater than 10%
improvement in strength with similar ductility and formability. Recent work has
demonstrated a novel deformation mechanism that explains the improved cold
deformation observed in both alloys over Ti-6Al-4V. This mechanism, a twinning
of α-phase coinciding with slip in the β-phase, is unique among
high-strength titanium alloys. Moreover, twinning is well known to be suppressed
with high oxygen content, and ATI Titan 27™ Alloy has one of the highest
oxygen targets across high-strength α-β titanium alloys.
Mechanical properties and ballistic results of ATI Titan 27™Alloy will
be covered, as well as results from an in-situ microscopy deformation study
demonstrating the slip-twinning mechanism. Typical results for ATI Titan
27™ will be compared to the ATI Ti-6Al-4V alloy, of which ATI has
manufactured more than 16 million pounds for armor plate.

Citation: Foltz, Ruiz-Aparicio, Berry, Porter, “Superior
Ballistic and Blast Resistance in ATI Titan 27™ Alloy with a Novel
Deformation Mechanism,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle
Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi,
MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022.