bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An abstract of a letter from Mr. Anthony Leewenhoeck of Delft to Mr. R. H. concerning the appearances of several woods, and their vessels.
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

I am not ignorant that the present subject has been learnedly treated of, by the judicious Malpighius and Dr. N. Grew; I have ventured notwithstanding to represent the Vessels in Wood after such manner as they offer'd themselves to me.
A further account of some rock-plants growing in the lead mines of Mendip Hills, mention'd in the Philosophical Transactions, numb. 129. by the ingenious Mr. John Beaumont jun. of Stony-Easton in Sommerset shire.
Authors: Beaumont John
Published: December 2006

Sir, I Sent two Letters, some years since, to Mr. Oldenburg, in which I gave him an account of certain Rock plants which l had observ’d to grow in the Lead mines of Mendip-Hillsin Sommersetshire : which Letters he Printed in his Philosophical Transactions, Numb. 129.
A letter from Mr. Flamsteed concerning the ecclipses of Saturns satellit's for the year following. 1684 with a catalogue of them, and informations concerning its use
Authors: Flamsteed John
Published: December 2006

Sir, The uses of the following
Catalogue
of all the
Eclipses
of
Jupiters Satellits
in the following year extending much further then that of a few only visible with us, which you were pleased to think worthy a place in the
September Transactions
; I find my self necessitated to gibe you a larger account both of it, and its Original; which I hope will be as kindly entertaind by you as that was.
An essay towards an universal alphabet
Authors: Lodwik Francis
Published: December 2006

Having observed a great difficulty in truly writing what is pronounced, or truly pronouncing what is written, either in our own or foreign Languages, by the Ordinary Alphabets now in use, arising either from the want of some Letters, or the differing Pronunciation of the same Character or Letter in differing Languages and the irregularities of its various Sounds in any one Language; I saw a necessity of some such expedient as I have here attempted, V
iz. An Universal Alphabet
, which should contain an Enumeration of all such single Sounds or Letters as are used in any Language, which I have endeavoured by Examining all those Languages, which hitherto I have considered: Altho' this my attempt may be not new, but what before by others hath been attempted, yet I hope that herein I have done will not be unuseful.
A demonstration of the velocity wherewith the air rushes into an exhausted receiver, lately produced before the R. Society By Dr. D. Papin. Reg. Soc. S
Authors: Papin Denis
Published: December 2006

There being several Occasions wherein it would be useful to know the Velocity of the Air, according to the several pressures that may drive it; The Royal Academy at
Paris
hath attempted by some Trials to attain that Knowledge, and by means of a Bladder, which they did sometimes fill up with Water, and sometimes with Air; they found that (although the Weight to squeeze out these Liquors, and the hole to let them out were the same) nevertheless, the Bladder, when full of Air, could be empty'd in the 25
th
part of the time that was required to squeeze out the Water of the same Bladder: from thence they concluded that the swiftness of the Air is 25 times greater than that of water, when both these liquors bare the same pressure.
Eclipsis Lunæ observata Dublinii, Novembris 19 no. 1686. a Dno. Gulielmo Molineux Reg. Soc. S. & ab eodem Regiæ Societati communicata
Authors: Molyneux William
Published: December 2006

Tempora sunt horologiioscillatorii as stellas fixas rectisiati.
The answer of Dr. Papin to several objections made by Mr. Nuis against his engine for raising water by the rarefaction of the air, whereof a description is given in No. 178. of these Transactions
Authors: Papin Denis
Published: December 2006

Having seen in the Nouvelles de la Republ. des Lettres of the month of December last, some difficulties which Mr. Nuis doth find in my new way for raising water
A discourse concerning the measure of the airs resistance to bodies moved in it
Authors: Wallis John
Published: December 2006

1. That the Air (and the like of any other
Medium
) doth considerably give resistance to Bodies moved in it; ( and doth thereby abate their Celerity and Force;) is generally admitted.
Account of a Book. - A continuation of the new digester of bones; It's improvements and new uses it hath been applyed to, both at sea and land. Together with some improvements and new uses of the Ayre Pump, tryed both in England and Italy
Authors: Papin Denis
Published: December 2006

This Treatise is divided into three Sections; the first contains the Improvements made by the Author on the Digester; with the new uses it hath been apply'd to.
An account of a ruminating man lately living at Bristol, given in to the Royal Society
Authors: Slare Frederick
Published: December 2006

Having heard of a Person at
Bristol
that did Eat his Meat twice, I was willing to know whether he had really the Faculty of Ruminating, and did presently (for my information) send a Letter to a very intelligent Person in that Town, with a Set of questions; requesting it of him that he would procure me such Answers to them as he could best obtain.
A discourse concerning the musical notes of the trumpet, and trumpet-marine, and of the defects of the same
Authors: Robartes Francis
Published: December 2006

The Trumpet so famous in all Ages for its use in War, the lowdness and nobleness of its sound peculiarly suiting it to that purpose, is nevertheless to be reckon'd among the imperfect Musical Instruments.
VI. Solutio problematis Florentini de testitudine velisormi quadrabili, a Davide Gregorio, M. D. ac R. S. S. Communicata
Authors: Gregory David
Published: December 2006

Prodiit Florentiæ anno MDCXCII. ænigma geometricum de miro opificio tesitudinis hemisphnœriæ quadrabilis quod eo spectabat ut detractis ex hemisphærica testitudine quatuor aqualiibus similibus similiterque positis senestris, reliqua hemisphærica supersicies sit quadraturæ verè geometrica capax.
I. An account of some experiments lately made on dogs, and of the effects of Mr. John Colbatch’s styptick on humane bodies
Authors: Cowper William
Published: December 2006

The report of wonderful cures wrought by Mr. Colbach's styptick pouder, so entertained the expectations of divers persons, that amongst others I thought my self obliged to obtain some convincing proofs of its operations.
VII. Historia lumbaginis rheumaticæ convulfivæ, à Roberto Pitt, M. D. & S. R. S. Communicata
Authors: Pitt Robert
Published: December 2006

Vir erat erat.quasi 35 annorum, robustus temperamenti bitiosti, qui decimis colligendis eo tempore occupatus, post operam laborosiorem poros forsan cito nimis ex rigore admisso occluserat
I . A letter from Hans Sloane, M. D. and S. R. S: with several accounts of the earthquakes in Peru October the 20th. 1687. and at Jamaica, February 19th. 1687/8 and June the 7th. 1692
Authors: Sloane Hans , De Toledo Alvarez , Morley Christopher Love
Published: December 2006

Sir, The papers enclosed were the accounts of the earthquakes that were read at the meeting of the Society, and considering they give account of different earthquakes, or that they contain differing observations of the same earthquake; and that we cannot have too many of the phœnomena, or matters of fact accompanying them recorded, I think it will be best they be all preserved for future use, and I have sent the papers themselves, as most satisfactory.
II. Concerning the distance of the fixed stars
Authors: Robartes Francis
Published: December 2006

The ancient astronomers, who had no other way of computing the distances of the heavenly bodies but by their parallax to the semidiameter of the Earth, and being never able to discover any in the fixt stars, did from thence rightly enough infer, that their distance was very great, and much exceeding that of the planets, but could go no farther otherwise than by uncertain guess.
II. Dr. Gwither’s discourfe of physiognomy. Communicated by Mr. Owen Lloyd, Secretary of the Philosophical Society at Dublin
Authors: Gwither
Published: December 2006

Index animi vultus
, is a saying frequent in the Mouth of every Pedant, and every Fortune-telling
Charletain
pretends to read a Man’s Face, as the
Astrologer
doss Heaven’s. All that sort have looked upon the Doctrine of
Physiognomy
as a great truth handed down by insallible Antiquity, so never troubled themselves to devise any
Hypothesis
but what was more ridiculous than Judicial
Astrology
its parent, or
Rosycrucian
lore;
II. Solutio problematis. A clariss. Viro D. Jo. Bernoulli in diario gallico Febr. 1403. Propositi. Quam D. G. Cheynæo communicavit Jo. Craig
Authors: Bernoulli Jean
Published: December 2006

Problema. Propositæ Curvæ Geometricæ alias innumeras Longitudine Æquales invenire.
IV. Tractatulus de ambaro, a Reverendo D. D. G. J. Camello, communicatus D. Jacobo Petiverio societatis Regiæ Socio
Authors: Camello D. D. G. J.
Published: December 2006

A Vincenna
scribit,
Ambarum
sungorum in rupibus, ac arboribus more in Maris Alveo generari.
Ill. An account of some eclipses of the sun and moon, observed by Mr Tho. Brattle, at Cambridge, about four miles from Boston in New-England, whence the difference of longitude between Cambridge and London is determin'd, from an observation made of one of them at London
Authors: Hodgson James , Brattle Thomas
Published: December 2006

On the 12th of June 1694, in the morning I went to the Colledge at
Cambridge
, about 4 miles from
Boston
, and observed, with the Brass Quadrant there, with Tellescopick Sights
V. A register of the winds and weather, with the observation of the mercurial barometer at Chusan, an Island in 30°. 25’. N. latitude upon the coast of China
Authors: Cunningham James
Published: December 2006

Not. 1. That the following observations were of a portable barometer from England; which by a barometer set up here were always 6/20 of an inch lower. Not 2. That the barometer stood about 18 feet above the superficies of the sea at high water.
IV. Astronomiæ cometicæ synopsis, Autore Edmundo Halleio apud Oxonienses Geometriæ Professore Saviliano, & Reg. Soc. S
Authors: Halley Edmond
Published: December 2006

Veteres Ægyptii & Chaldæi, Siqua fides Diodoro Siculo, longa observationum serie instructi, Cometarum 5
π
17o
λα
5 prænuntiare valuerunt.
I. A letter from Mr Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. concerning the figures of the salts of crystal
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

A Bout the end of last
March
the
Heer Peter Valkenier
made me a Visit again, and brought with him several Crystals that were still joyned to some pieces of the Rock, and were very remarkable; among the rest, the said Gentleman had one about as big as my Fist, which look’d like several small Flint-stones joyn'd together; they seem’d to be united by very Transparent Particles, which one might call Wild Crystal: And when I view'd the so name'd to Crystal Particles, of which the largest prominent Points seem’d no bigger thro the Microscope than a large Grain of Sand, many of ’em appear’d to me to be Hexangular. like the Mountain Crystal.
An account of a Book, By James Douglas, M. D. V. De aure humana tractatus; in quo integra auris fabrica, multis novis Invenis, & iconismis illustrata, describitur; omniumque ejus partium usus indagantur. Quibus interposita est Musculorum Uvulæ, atque pharyngis nova Descriptio, & Delineatio. Auctore Antonio Maria Valsalva Imolensi, Philosophiæ & Mediciæ Doctore, in Bononiensi Universitate ad Incisionem & Ostensionem Anatomicam Professore Conducto, necnon Nosocomii Incurabilium Chirurgo
Authors: Douglas James
Published: December 2006

An account of a Book, By James Douglas, M. D. V. De aure humana tractatus; in quo integra auris fabrica, multis novis Invenis, & iconismis illustrata, describitur; omniumque ejus partium usus indagantur. Quibus interposita est Musculorum Uvulæ, atque pharyngis nova Descriptio, & Delineatio. Auctore Antonio Maria Valsalva Imolensi, Philosophiæ & Mediciæ Doctore, in Bononiensi Universitate ad Incisionem & Ostensionem Anatomicam Professore Conducto, necnon Nosocomii Incurabilium Chirurgo. Bononæ MDCCIV. In Quarto.
III. An account of a person deceased of a Scirrhous Tumor in his Breast
Authors: Greenhill Thomas
Published: December 2006

Mr J. D. departed this Life the first of this instant, and was supposed to dye of a Consumption; forasmuch as 14 months before he had been violently seized with an Inflamation of his Lungs, accompanied with a sharp Feaver, Difficulty or Breathing, Cough, acute Stiches, and Pleuritick Pains, with a spitting Blood, & c.
IV. An account of some magnetical experiments and observations
Authors: Derham William
Published: December 2006

Having lately invented an
Azimuth-Compass
, as I was preparing it for observing the
Magnetic Variation
, I took occasion, in some leisure hours, to try divers Magnetick Experiments for my diversion; and by that means happened upon this odd
Phænomenon
.
IX. An account of some Roman coyns found at Clifton near Edlington in Yorkshire
Authors: Thoresby Ralph
Published: December 2006

I Take my self obliged to give you an account of the discovery of some
Roman
Coins, lately found at
Clifton
, near
Edlington
, the Seat of the Honoured and Obliging
Robert Molesworth
Esq; from whom I have receiv'd a Noble Present of them; which is the more valuable, because by his Ingenuity they are so artificially cleared from the Rust they had contracted by lying so many Centuries in the Earth, that they appear little inferiour to what they were when first Minted:
II. Part of a letter from Mr Ralph Thoresby, F. R. S. concerning a large ball voided by stool
Authors: Thoresby Ralph
Published: December 2006

In my last I promised you an account of a Ball lately voided by madam
C
—
ly
, after so severe Pains that her Life was in danger, but she is not willing to have it cut, and the bulk of it is much short of what I can now give you an an account of from another hand; but this may serve as a further instance of the danger of swallow.
IV. Of hydatides inclosed with a stony crust in the kidny of a sheep.
Authors: Cowper William
Published: December 2006

In the Sheeps Kidny, which was ordered at a late meeting of the Society, to be set aside for me to examine, I found a large whitish body, inclining to yellow, and ting’d with red, as it lay under the Membrane of the Kidney, vid.
III. Æquationum quarundam potestatis tertiæ, quintæ, septimæ, nonæ, & superiorum, ad infinitum usque pergendo, in terminis finitis, ad instar regularum pro cubicis quæ vocantur cardani, resolutio analytica
Authors: Moivre Abraham De
Published: December 2006

Sit n Numerus quicunque, y quantitas incognita, sive Æqationis Radix quæsita, sitque a quantitas quævis omnino cognita, sive ut vocant Homogeneum comparationis:
V. An account of an experiment made before the Royal Society at Gresham College, May 28. 1707. Touching the difficulty of separating two hemispheres, upon the injecting of an atmosphere of air on their outward surfaces, without withdrawing the included air
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

Since the greatest Satisfaction and Demonstration that can be given for the Credit of any Hypothesis, is, That the Experiments made to prove the same, agree with it in all Respect, without force: As in that of Sound, the Air is prov'd the proper Vehicle to communicate it, not only by its increasing according to the Degrees of Condensation.
III. An account of the manner of manuring lands by sea-shells, as practised in the counties of Londonderry and Donegall in Ireland. By his Grace the Lord Archbishop of Dublin. Communicated by Samuel Molyneux Esq
Authors: King William
Published: December 2006

Both these counties are very mountainous, and.those mountains covered with boggs and heath, in so much that there is iittle arable ground in them, except what has lately been made so. There are three ways practis’d to reduce heath and bog to arable land: The first is by cutting of the scurf of the ground, making up the turf so cut in heaps, and-when the sun has dryed these heaps, they are then set on fire
III. Part of a letter from Orlando Bridgman Esq; F. R. S. To Capt. Wine, giving an account of a storm of thunder and lightning that happen'd at Ipswich, July 16, 1708
Authors: Bridgeman Orlando
Published: December 2006

There happen’d here on the 16th past, a most Vi­olent Storm of Thunder and Lightning, the Effects of which have been both wonderful and dismal; it began about Six to be perceived at some distance, and arose in the South West: I happened then to be on the highest Eminence about this Town, from whence I Could very plainly distinguish the working of the storm, and can't but take notice to you of one thing I thought remarkable, and what I had never met with before; I judged it then to be about four Miles distance from me: The Instant I perceiv’d the Flash, it seemed to extend it self like a Bow, and cast its Light a considerable way round it, and the Shaft of Lighting (if I may so call it) did not run in a waving Angular Figure as Usual, but in a strait of Fire, like the Fuze of a Bomb, directly from the Cloud to the Ground; upon which, and finding the Storm approach, I hastned home, which was not a Mile.
I. A letter from Mr. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. containing his observations upon the white matter on the tongues of feverish persons, &c
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Honourable gentlemen, Since my last observations concerning the matter that was found upon the tongues of feverish persons; as also on the protuberant parts on the tongues of oxen, cows and hogs, which I have communicated some time since to you honours;
IV. An account of some experiments, in relation to the weight of common water, under different circumstances
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

First, I took a Glass of Common Water, and having weigh'd nicely a Glass-Bottle in it, whose Bulk was equal to the Bulk of 575 Grains of the same Fluid, then I caus'd some of the same Water to be boyl'd over the Fire; and after that, it was included in
Vacuo
, and there remain'd till it became of the same Temperature (as to coldness) with Common Water.
IV. A letter from Mr. Ralph Thoresby, F. R. S. to Dr. Hans Sloane, R. S. Sec. concerning some ancient brass instruments found in Yorkshire
Authors: Thoresby Ralph
Published: December 2006

Honoured Sir, Weapons of Brass having been discontinued for many Ages, it may not perhaps be unacceptable to you to have an Account of some that were lately found in these Parts;
VI. A second letter from Mr. Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. to John Chamberlayne, Esq; F. R. S. upon the same subject as the former
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Sir, Since the Communicating to You my last Thoughts and Observations concerning Ra­zors some Weeks ago, I have often view'd the Hairs of my Chin with a Microscope after they were cut off, and always observed upon the white or Grey Hairs the Streaks which are made by the small Notches that, as I told you in my former, I had discover'd in my Razor, especially when those Hairs were Cut more obliquely than usual.
IV. An account of an aneurysm of the aorta, (dissected in St. Bartholomew’s Hospital)
Authors: Dod Peirce
Published: December 2006

An Aneurysm, withour Doubt, is a Tumour arising from some Disorder in an Artery; but what that Disorder is, or whence it arises, is not so well agreed, the Accounts which are given of it, being widely different and uncertain.
V. Some observations on aneurysms in general, and in particular, on the fore-going
Authors: Nicholls Frank
Published: December 2006

An Aneurysm is by all Authors defin’d to be a soft circumscrib’d Tumor, in which there is a sensible Pulsation, cotemporary with the Pulsation of the Artery, to which it adheres.
IX. An account of several stones found in the kidneys of a person opened by Mr. John Dobyns, surgeon and lithotomist to St. Bartholomew's Hospital and F. R. S.
Authors: Dobyns John
Published: December 2006

Mr Laurence, a Gentleman of about forty Years of Age, had for near twenty Years a Complaint in his Kidneys;
Re-examination of thirty-six double and triple stars, the distances and positions of which, as observed by Mr Herschel and Mr South, were published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1824
Authors: South James
Published: December 2006

Observed when one hour west of the meridian with 181. The stars, which have hitherto been remarkably steady and well defined, are now suddenly so excessively unsteady and ill defined, that to persevere in observing is altogether useless.
VII. On the transit instrument of the Cambridge Observatory; being a supplement to a former paper
Authors: Woodhouse Robert
Published: December 2006

In the brief account of the transit instrument which I had the honour some time ago of presenting to the Royal Society, I stated the circumstance of the instrument's deviation from the meridian arising from the unequal expansion of its braces; but no instance was then given of the magnitude of such deviation. I now subjoin one. On the morning of Oct. 15, (civil reckoning) after observing the passage of Regulus, the southern shutters were accidentally left open, so that when I returned to observe the inferior culmination of the pole star, the sun was shining on the upper western brace, the object-glass of the instrument being towards the zenith. The effect of this was a retardation of more than 25 seconds in the star's passage, as will thus appear: I now view, with great suspicion, all the observations of the sun's transits, which I observed previously to the detection of that source of inequality which is the subject of the present, and of my former communication.
XXV. On burrowing and boring marine animals
Authors: Osler Edward , Dillwyn Lewis Weston
Published: December 2006

The neighbourhood of Swansea offers remarkable facilities for observing the habits of the burrowing marine animals. Many Spatangi, innumerable Annelides, and a variety of bivalves are found on its extensive sandy shores; considerable beds of decayed wood are inhabited by Pholas Candida; and the rocks at the western extremity of the bay abound with Lithophagi. My chief object in this paper, is to explain the mechanism by which the boring and burrowing shell fish form their habitations; but as there are facts connected with the burrowing of other marine animals which are yet but imperfectly understood, I shall first advert briefly to the latter.
Evaluation of real-time PCR and conventional diagnostic methods for the detection of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in a prospective multicentre study
Authors: van den Berg Renate J. , Vaessen Norbert , Endtz Hubert P. , Schülin Tanja , van der Vorm Eric R. , Kuijper Ed J.
Published: December 2006

In this prospective multicentre study, an enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (VIDAS CDA2; bioMérieux), an enzyme-linked assay [Premier Toxins A and B (PTAB); Meridian] and an in-house real-time PCR amplifying the tcdB gene were compared with the cell cytotoxicity assay used as the ‘gold standard’ for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD). Faecal samples from patients with a request for C. difficile diagnosis and samples from patients with diarrhoea hospitalized for at least 72 h were collected for 3 consecutive months from four university medical centres in The Netherlands. In total, 547 faecal samples were obtained from 450 patients. Of 540 samples available for all of the assays, 84 (15.6 %) showed a positive result in one or more assays. The cell cytotoxicity assay was positive in 31 samples (5.7 %) from 28 patients. A diagnosis of CDAD was not considered by the physician in 5 (23.8 %) of 21 patients with CDAD who were hospitalized for at least 72 h. Compared with the cell cytotoxicity assay, the sensitivity of VIDAS, PTAB and PCR was 83.9, 96.8 and 87.1 %, respectively. The specificity of VIDAS, PTAB and PCR was 97.1, 94.3 and 96.5 %, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values for VIDAS, PTAB and PCR were 63.4 and 99.0 %, 50.9 and 99.8 %, and 60.0 and 99.2 %, respectively. Of 61 samples that were positive in one, two or three of the assays, 56 were available for discordance analysis. Discordance analysis was performed by culture of toxinogenic strains. The concordance of VIDAS, PTAB and PCR with culture was 53.6 % (30/56), 55.4 % (31/56) and 71.4 % (40/56), respectively. It was concluded that real-time PCR had the highest concordance with toxinogenic culture and is therefore the preferred method for diagnosing CDAD in faecal samples. It was also concluded that diagnosis of patients with diarrhoea who have been hospitalized for more than 72 h should focus mainly on the detection of C. difficile, irrespective of the physician's request.
Polyclonality of Staphylococcus epidermidis residing on the healthy ocular surface
Authors: Ueta Mayumi , Iida Tetsuya , Sakamoto Masako , Sotozono Chie , Takahashi Junko , Kojima Kentaro , Okada Kazuhisa , Chen Xiuhao , Kinoshita Shigeru , Honda Takeshi
Published: December 2006

Staphylococcus epidermidis is part of the normal bacterial flora on the ocular surface. The chromosomal DNA of bacterial isolates obtained from the conjunctival sac, upper and lower lid margins, and upper and lower Meibomian glands of healthy volunteers was subjected to SmaI digestion and PFGE to study the genetic diversity of the organisms. Multiple colonies were also examined of S. epidermidis derived from the conjunctival sac of the same subjects. Lastly, commensal bacteria were harvested from the ocular surfaces of four healthy subjects once a month for 6 months, and the genetic background of the S. epidermidis isolates was analysed. It was found that bacterial strains not only from different subjects but also from multiple ocular surface sites of the same subject exhibited different PFGE patterns. In five of 42 subjects multiple colonies of S. epidermidis were isolated from the conjunctival sac; three harboured multiple colonies with different PFGE patterns, and two manifested multiple colonies with identical PFGE patterns. S. epidermidis isolated from the conjunctival sac of the same subjects over a 6-month period exhibited varying PFGE patterns. The data demonstrate the polyclonality of S. epidermidis on the healthy ocular surface.
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli: epidemiology, virulence and detection
Authors: Weintraub Andrej
Published: December 2006

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is a subgroup of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC) that during the past decade has received increasing attention as a cause of watery diarrhoea, which is often persistent. EAEC have been isolated from children and adults worldwide. As well as sporadic cases, outbreaks of EAEC-caused diarrhoea have been described. The definition of EAEC is the ability of the micro-organism to adhere to epithelial cells such as HEp-2 in a very characteristic ‘stacked-brick’ pattern. Although many studies searching for specific virulence factor(s) unique for this category of DEC have been published it is still unknown why the EAEC cause persistent diarrhoea. In addition, the aggregative property of EAEC causes a lot of problems in serotyping due to the cells auto-agglutinating. The gold standard for identification of EAEC includes isolation of the agent and an adherence assay using tissue culture, viz. HEp-2 cells. This assay is in most cases reliable; however, emergence of ‘atypical’ EAEC has been described in several publications. In addition, the HEp-2 assay is time consuming, demands a tissue culture lab and trained staff. Several molecular biological assays have been described, however, none show 100 % specificity.
Capsid stability and replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are influenced critically by charge and size of Gag residue 183
Authors: Leschonsky Bernd , Ludwig Christine , Bieler Kurt , Wagner Ralf
Published: December 2006

Structural data support a model where – following proteolytic cleavage – the amino-terminal domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid protein refolds into a β-hairpin/helix tertiary structure that is stabilized by a buried salt bridge forming between the positively charged primary imino group of a proline residue and the negatively charged carboxyl group of a conserved aspartate. In order to evaluate the contribution of either side-chain length or charge to the formation of infectious virus capsids, aspartate 183 was substituted for glutamate or asparagine in the viral context. It was found that both modifications abolished infectivity of the corresponding viruses in permissive T lymphocytes, although none of particle assembly and release, RNA encapsidation, incorporation of Env glycoproteins and packaging of cyclophilin A were impaired. However, whereas biophysical analyses of mutant virions yielded wild-type-like particle sizes and densities, electron microscopy revealed aberrant core morphologies that could be attributed to either increased (D183N) or reduced (D183E) capsid stability. Although the two amino acid substitutions had opposing effects upon core stability, both mutants were shown to exhibit a severe block in early reverse transcription, underscoring the importance of correct salt-bridge formation for early steps of virus replication.
A recombinant non-pathogenic Leishmania vaccine expressing human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) Gag elicits cell-mediated immunity in mice and decreases HIV-1 replication in human tonsillar tissue following exposure to HIV-1 infection
Authors: Breton Marie , Zhao Chenqi , Ouellette Marc , Tremblay Michel J. , Papadopoulou Barbara
Published: December 2006

Live-vector human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines are an integral part of a number of HIV vaccine regimens currently under evaluation that have yielded promising results in pre-clinical testing. In this report, a non-pathogenic protozoan parasitic vector,Leishmania tarentolae, which shares common target cells with HIV-1, was used to express full-length HIV-1 Gag protein. Immunization of BALB/c mice with recombinantL. tarentolaeled to the expansion of HIV-1 Gag-specific T cells and stimulated CD8+T cells to produce gamma interferon in response to specific viral Gag epitopes. A booster immunization with recombinantL. tarentolaeelicited effector memory HIV-1 Gag-specific CD4+T lymphocytes and increased antibody titres against HIV-1 Gag. Most importantly, immunization of human tonsillar tissue culturedex vivowith Gag-expressingL. tarentolaevaccine vector elicited a 75 % decrease in virus replication following exposure of the immunized tonsils to HIV-1 infection. These results demonstrated that recombinantL. tarentolaeis capable of eliciting effective immune responses in mice and human systems, respectively, and suggest that this novel non-pathogenic recombinant vaccine vector shows excellent promise as a vaccination strategy against HIV-1.
OTK18, a zinc-finger protein, regulates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat through two distinct regulatory regions
Authors: Horiba Masahide , Martinez Lindsey B. , Buescher James L. , Sato Shinji , Limoges Jenae , Jiang Yunquan , Jones Clinton , Ikezu Tsuneya
Published: December 2006

It has previously been shown by our laboratory that OTK18, a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-inducible zinc-finger protein, reduces progeny-virion production in infected human macrophages. OTK18 antiviral activity is mediated through suppression of Tat-induced HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter activity. Through the use of LTR-scanning mutant vectors, the specific regions responsible for OTK18-mediated LTR suppression have been defined. Two different LTR regions were identified as potential OTK18-binding sites by an enhanced DNA–transcription factor ELISA system; the negative-regulatory element (NRE) at −255/−238 and the Ets-binding site (EBS) at −150/−139 in the LTR. In addition, deletion of the EBS in the LTR blocked OTK18-mediated LTR suppression. These data indicate that OTK18 suppresses LTR activity through two distinct regulatory elements. Spontaneous mutations in these regions might enable HIV-1 to escape from OTK18 antiretroviral activity in human macrophages.
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Nef protein downmodulates the ligands of the activating receptor NKG2D and inhibits natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: Cerboni Cristina , Neri Francesca , Casartelli Nicoletta , Zingoni Alessandra , Cosman David , Rossi Paolo , Santoni Angela , Doria Margherita
Published: December 2006

Natural killer (NK) cells are a major component of the host innate immune defence against various pathogens. Several viruses, including Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), have developed strategies to evade the NK-cell response. This study was designed to evaluate whether HIV-1 could interfere with the expression of NK cell-activating ligands, specifically the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-I-like MICA and ULBP molecules that bind NKG2D, an activating receptor expressed by all NK cells. Results show that the HIV-1 Nef protein downmodulates cell-surface expression of MICA, ULBP1 and ULBP2, with a stronger effect on the latter molecule. The activity on MICA and ULBP2 is well conserved in Nef protein variants derived from HIV-1-infected patients. In HIV-1-infected cells, cell-surface expression of NKG2D ligands increased to a higher extent with a Nef-deficient virus compared with wild-type virus. Mutational analysis of Nef showed that NKG2D ligand downmodulation has structural requirements that differ from those of other reported Nef activities, including HLA-I downmodulation. Finally, data demonstrate that Nef expression has functional consequences on NK-cell recognition, causing a decreased susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis. These findings provide a novel insight into the mechanisms evolved by HIV-1 to escape from the NK-cell response.
Recombinant hepatitis C virus in experimentally infected chimpanzees
Authors: Gao Fengxiang , Nainan Omana V. , Khudyakov Yuri , Li Jinfeng , Hong Ying , Gonzales Aileen Co , Spelbring John , Margolis Harold S.
Published: December 2006

Genetic recombination between different strains of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was investigated in three chimpanzees inoculated experimentally with factor VIII concentrate containing HCV subgenotypes 1a, 1b, 2b and 3a. A 750 bp long fragment from the HCV envelope region was amplified by RT-PCR and quasispecies were isolated by plasmid cloning. Nucleotide sequences derived from isolated quasispecies were screened for the presence of inter-subgenotypic recombination by using sequence analysis. Recombination between HCV subgenotype 1a and 1b was found in two animals; each recombinant variant differed by location of predicted crossover region or order of subgenotype 1a and 1b sequences.
The RNA2 5′ leader of Blackcurrant reversion virus mediates efficient in vivo translation through an internal ribosomal entry site mechanism
Authors: Karetnikov Alexey , Lehto Kirsi
Published: December 2006

The 5′ and 3′ non-translated regions (NTRs) of mRNAs of eukaryotes and their viruses often contain translational enhancers, including internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESs) comprised in the 5′ leaders of many uncapped viral mRNAs.Blackcurrant reversion virus(BRV) has a genome composed of two uncapped, polyadenylated RNAs with relatively short 5′ NTRs, almost devoid of secondary structure. In this work, a role of the RNA2 5′ NTR in translation was studied by using mono- and dicistronicPhotinus pyralisandRenilla reniformisluciferase reporter mRNAs in protoplasts ofNicotiana benthamiana. The RNA2 5′ leader was found to confer efficientin vivotranslation compared with the control 5′ NTR, and each half of the BRV leader was essential for stimulatory function. Such efficient translational enhancement was mediated, at least in part, through an IRES mechanism. Multiple RNA2 5′ NTR regions, complementary to a fragment of plant 18S rRNA demonstrated previously to be accessible for intermolecular mRNA–rRNA interactions and conserved between eukaryotes, were shown to be important for efficient translation. Similar mRNA–rRNA base-pairing potential was also predicted for the 5′ leaders of other nepoviruses.
Baculovirus expression of the 11 mycoreovirus-1 genome segments and identification of the guanylyltransferase-encoding segment
Authors: Supyani S. , Hillman Bradley I. , Suzuki Nobuhiro
Published: December 2006

The type memberMycoreovirus 1(MyRV-1) of a newly described genus,Mycoreovirus, isolated from a hypovirulent strain 9B21 of the chestnut blight fungus, has a genome composed of 11 dsRNA segments (S1–S11). All of the segments have single ORFs on their capped, positive-sense strands. Infection of insect cells by baculovirus recombinants carrying full-length cDNAs of S1–S11 resulted in overexpression of protein products of the expected sizes, based on their deduced amino acid sequences. This expression system was utilized to identify the S3-encoded protein (VP3) as a guanylyltransferase by an autoguanylylation assay, in which only VP3 was radiolabelled with [α-32P]GTP. A series of progressive N-terminal and C-terminal deletion mutants was made to localize the autoguanylylation-active site of VP3 to aa residues 133–667. Within this region, a sequence stretch (aa 170–250) with relatively high sequence similarity to homologues of two other mycoreoviruses and two coltiviruses was identified. Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved aa residues revealed that H233, H242, Y243, F244 and F246, but not K172 or K202, play critical roles in guanylyltransferase activities. Together with broader sequence alignments of ‘turreted’ reoviruses, these results supported the a/vxxHx8Hyf/lvf motif, originally noted for orthoreovirus and aquareoviruses, as an active site for guanylyltransferases of viruses within theOrthoreovirus,Aquareovirus,Cypovirus,Oryzavirus,Fijivirus,ColtivirusandMycoreovirusgenera, as well as for the proposedDinovernavirusgenus.
Identification of residues in the ectromelia virus gamma interferon-binding protein involved in expanded species specificity
Authors: Nuara Anthony A. , Buller R. Mark L. , Bai Hongdong
Published: December 2006

Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production is important in the host response to, and recovery from, infection with Ectromelia virus (ECTV) and Vaccinia virus (VACV). The orthopoxviruses have evolved several mechanisms to subvert the IFN-γ response. IFN-γ-binding protein (IFN-γBP) is a virally encoded homologue of the host IFN-γ receptor that blocks the effects of IFN-γ in the infected host. Unlike the cellular receptors, whose ligand specificity is restricted to their own species, the orthopoxvirus IFN-γBPs bind IFN-γ from several species. The reason for this relaxed specificity has yet to be explained. ECTV, a mouse pathogen, encodes an IFN-γBP that has been shown to inhibit the activity of both human and murine IFN-γ (hIFN-γ and mIFN-γ, respectively). In contrast, the IFN-γBP from VACV is unable to inhibit mIFN-γ, but retains activity against hIFN-γ. To determine which region(s) in the ECTV sequence is responsible for its ability to bind to mIFN-γ with high affinity, a series of chimeric IFN-γBPs, as well as individual point mutants in the ECTV sequence corresponding to the amino acid changes from the VACV sequence, were constructed. The affinities of the chimeric and point mutant IFN-γBPs for mIFN-γ were tested by using surface plasmon resonance and bioassay. By using this strategy, several key residues in the ligand-binding domains of the ECTV sequence have been identified that are responsible for high-affinity binding to mIFN-γ. Substitution of the ECTV residue at these positions in VACV resulted in a dramatic increase in the affinity of the VACV IFN-γBP for mIFN-γ.
A defect in carbohydrate metabolism ameliorates symptom severity in virus-infected Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Handford Michael G. , Carr John P.
Published: December 2006

Altered starch accumulation is a characteristic biochemical symptom of virus infection in plants. To assess its biological importance, infection of Arabidopsis thaliana with Turnip vein-clearing virus, Cucumber mosaic virus or Cauliflower mosaic virus was investigated in plants grown under continuous illumination (under which there is no net breakdown of starch) and in pgm1 mutant plants lacking chloroplastic phosphoglucomutase, an enzyme required for starch biosynthesis. Virus-infected wild-type plants grown under continuous light exhibited more severe leaf symptoms, but no reduction in growth compared with plants grown under diurnal illumination. Comparing lines grown in perpetual light, pgm1 mutant plants displayed less severe symptoms than the wild-type controls. However, accumulation of all three viruses was similar in wild-type and mutant plants and was unaffected by the light regime. The results show that, although changes in starch accumulation during infection are not required for successful viral infection, carbohydrate metabolism does influence symptom development.
No single homologous repeat region is essential for DNA replication of the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus
Authors: Carstens Eric B. , Wu Yuntao
Published: December 2006

The presence of homologous repeat (hr) regions in multiple locations within baculovirus genomes has led to the hypothesis that they represent origins of DNA replication. This hypothesis has been supported by transient replication assays where plasmids carrying hrs replicated in the presence of virus DNA replication. This study investigated whether any specific hr region was essential for viral DNA replication in vivo, by generating a series of recombinant Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus where the lacZ gene replaced hr1, hr1a, hr2, hr3, hr4a or hr4b. In addition, a double-hr knockout virus was constructed where both hr2 and hr3 were deleted. The successful construction of these knockout viruses indicated that no specific region was essential for virus production. These recombinant viruses were characterized by titrations of budded virus, expression of a variety of virus-specific proteins and the synthesis of viral DNA at various times after infection. The results demonstrated that each hr was dispensable for all of these properties and that no single region was absolutely essential for virus replication in cell culture. The functional significance of multiple origin regions is still unclear.
Influenza A virus NS1 protein activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway by direct interaction with the p85 subunit of PI3K
Authors: Shin Yeun-Kyung , Liu Qiang , Tikoo Suresh K. , Babiuk Lorne A. , Zhou Yan
Published: December 2006

Influenza A virus infection activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, but the mechanism is not clear. Here, it is reported that influenza A virus NS1 protein is responsible for PI3K/Akt pathway activation. It was demonstrated that the NS1 protein interacts with the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K via direct binding to the SH3 and C-terminal SH2 domains of p85. Consensus binding motifs for SH3 and SH2 domains were found in influenza A virus NS1, namely an SH2-binding motif (YXXXM) at aa 89, SH3-binding motif 1 (PXXP) around aa 164 and SH3-binding motif 2 around aa 212. Mutant virus encoding NS1 protein with mutations in the SH-binding motifs failed to interact with SH domains of p85 and did not activate the PI3K/Akt pathway. The mutant virus is attenuated in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. Our study has established a novel function of NS1: by interacting with p85 via the SH-binding motifs, NS1 can activate the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Antibody to the central region of human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1 gp46 is associated with the progression of adult T‐cell leukemia
Authors: Sagara Yasuko , Inoue Yukiko , Ohshima Koichi , Kojima Eijiro , Utsunomiya Atae , Tsujimura Mitsushi , Shiraki Hiroshi , Kashiwagi Seizaburo
Published: December 2006

Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) is an etiologic agent of adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). HTLV‐1 is spread by cell‐to‐cell transmission via the gp46–197 region, Asp197 to Leu216, on the envelope protein gp46. In the present study, we revealed a positive correlation between the appearance of an antibody recognizing the gp46–197 region (anti‐gp46–197 antibody) and the severity of ATL. The prevalence and titer of the anti‐gp46–197 antibody were found to be elevated along with the progression of ATL. In serial samples obtained from a single patient, the anti‐gp46–197 antibody was detected before treatment in acute phase, then diminished after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, to which the patient had a complete response. However, the antibody appeared again before a relapse, along with an increase of the serum‐soluble interleukin‐2 receptor level and proviral load. The results from the other six patients also indicate that seroconversion of this antibody was synchronized with the deterioration of ATL. Taken together, the findings indicate that the anti‐gp46–197 antibody may be a novel beacon for gauging the efficacy of therapeutic approaches to ATL, and a survey of this antibody would be useful for identifying asymptomatic carriers infected with HTLV‐1 who are at high risk of developing ATL. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 240–245)
Acute myeloid leukaemia presenting as galactorrhoea
Authors: MUSLAHI M. A. , ROSS D. M.
Published: December 2006

The clinical presentation of acute myeloid leukaemia is variable. We report a 40‐year‐old woman who presented with a 1‐month history of galactorrhoea with an elevated prolactin level. The blood counts were normal, but she was found to have acute myeloid leukaemia with monocytic differentiation. The serum prolactin level normalized after chemotherapy. In the absence of evidence of CNS involvement, the hyperprolactinaemia is presumed to be a paraneoplastic phenomenon. We discuss the potential mechanism of prolactin production in this case.
The pathology of malabsorption: current concepts
Authors: Owens S R , Greenson J K
Published: December 2006

Intestinal malabsorption results from a wide variety of causes, which can most easily be organized into three groups. Maldigestion arises from problems with mixing or with digestive mediators, and includes post‐gastrectomy patients and those with deficiencies of pancreatic or intestinal enzymes, or of bile salts. Mucosal and mural causes of malabsorption are abundant, and include gluten‐sensitive enteropathy, tropical sprue, autoimmune enteropathy, and HIV/AIDS‐related enteropathy, as well as mural conditions such as systemic sclerosis. Finally, microbial causes of malabsorption include bacterial overgrowth, Whipple's disease, and numerous infections or infestations that are most frequently seen in immunocompromised patients. An overview of the most common and interesting entities in each of these categories follows, along with a discussion of current concepts. Mucosal conditions and microbial causes of malabsorption are given special attention.
Endocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract—selected topics
Authors: Williams G T
Published: December 2006

This review provides an update on the pathogenesis and histopathological diagnosis of endocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract, concentrating on three different varieties whose careful assessment by pathologists is of particular clinical significance. These are the four types of enterochromaffin‐like cell tumour of the gastric corpus, the periampullary somatostatin‐containing D‐cell tumour of the duodenum, and the frequently chromogranin A‐negative L‐cell tumour of the appendix and large intestine. In addition, the value of pathological factors in predicting the behaviour of gastrointestinal endocrine tumours and selecting therapy is discussed, and the crucial role of the pathologist in the multidisciplinary team management of these neoplasms is emphasized.