bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimum laser pulse duration for efficient extreme ultraviolet light generation from laser-produced tin plasmas
Authors: Ando Tsuyoshi , Fujioka Shinsuke , Nishimura Hiroaki , Ueda Nobuyoshi , Yasuda Yuzuri , Nagai Keiji , Norimatsu Takayoshi , Murakami Masakatsu , Nishihara Katsunobu , Miyanaga Noriaki , Izawa Yasukazu , Mima Kunioki , Sunahara Atsushi
Published: October 2006

Conversion efficiencies (CEs) from incident laser energy to 13.5nm light within a 2% bandwidth were measured with changing laser pulse durations for laser-produced tin plasmas. Experimental results indicate that the optimum pulse duration is determined by two parameters: one is the optical depth of tin plasma for 13.5nm light and the other is laser absorption rate in 13.5nm emission-dominant region. The maximum CE of 2.2% is obtained with pulse duration of 2.3ns.
Dispersal and Choice: Towards a Strategy for Ethnic Minorities in Britain
Authors: Deakin N. , Cohen B.G.
Published: October 2006

Official policy supports the dispersal of coloured immigrants from inner city areas, but this orthodoxy has been challenged from a number of directions and an alternative strategy of ‘enrichment’ has been proposed. These two policies are discussed in the context of present patterns of dispersal and concentration in Britain, with especial emphasis placed on the factor of choice by members of the coloured minorities. While the majority will opt for the ‘comfortable solution’ in the inner city, official policy will have to maximise the opportunities for those who wish to move away.
Planning and P.P.B.S. with Particular Reference to Local Government
Authors: Rose K.E.
Published: October 2006

The article notes that P.P.B.S. is attracting much attention as a means of making planning more effective. Some examples of the limitations of current planning are given, and the need for a more comprehensive approach is suggested. P.P.B.S. is defined and the current role of physical planners is examined in relation to it. A wider view of planning and different types of plans are stated, and the probable impact of P.P.B.S. on future planning through objectives, analysis, programming and information systems is discussed. Increasing emphasis is likely to be placed on full interdisciplinary collaboration if the potential of P.P.B.S. is to be realised.
On the Solution of Regional Planning Models via Geometric Programming
Authors: Dinkel J J , Kochenberger G A , Seppälä Y
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the applicability of geometric programming to regional land-use planning models. The regional models are of the type where the criterion is maximum accessibility, and the model is constrained by population limits on each district. After a brief discussion of geometric programming, the relationship of total accessibility models to geometric programs is developed and a method of obtaining numerical solutions is presented. Several models are analyzed using the geometric programming approach, including a game theoretic model which is used to generate decentralized plans.
Ethnic and Social Class Factors in Residential Segregation: Some Implications for Dispersal
Authors: Lee T R
Published: October 2006

Although the social class characteristics of coloured immigrants in Britain are clearly defined, and while social class groups within the majority population display distinctive spatial patterns, very little recognition of the role of social class has been incorporated into studies of immigrant concentration and dispersal. This paper seeks to evaluate the spatial constraints on the dispersal of West Indians in London which are imposed by social class segregation within the wider population.
Land Use and Transportation: Basic Theory
Authors: Lee D B , Averous C P
Published: October 2006

Four partial models of the relationship between transportation and land use are presented, each representing a different slice of a single unified view of the basic theory in the field. Attention is given to transportation as a provider of access and as a consumer of land, both with and without variations in relative levels of capital intensity. The intent is to provide a normative framework for evaluating transportation policy as it affects land use.
Demoralization Cost and Compensation Decisions
Authors: Mumphrey A J
Published: October 2006

A rule is presented to facilitate efficient compensation decisions for group losses resulting from the implementation of public facilities. Two concepts, administrative cost and demoralization cost, are incorporated in the rule. These costs are defined and a procedure for the measurement of demoralization cost is discussed. This procedure utilizes nonmetric similarities and preference data, along with multidimensional scaling. Finally, problems and shortcomings in the procedure are presented.
External Control and Regional Development: The Case of Scotland
Authors: Firn J R
Published: October 2006

The purpose of the paper is to examine some recent evidence on the degree and type of external ownership and control that exists in the manufacturing sector of the Scottish economy. Definitions of external control are discussed, and its incidence in Scotland is shown to vary widely between industrial sectors; between different sizes of manufacturing enterprise; between different types of enterprise organisation; and between the different subregions of Scotland. The theoretical and policy implications of the Scottish situation, where nearly 60 per cent of the ownership and control of manufacturing employment lies in other regions of the United Kingdom and overseas, are discussed, and areas for future research outlined. It is argued that this factor is one of vital importance for the understanding of the processes and constraints of regional economic development, and that its neglect has contributed to much of the dissatisfaction expressed about the achievements of postwar British regional development-policy. The paper concludes that the development of a high level of control is not in the long-term economic interests of Scotland.
Social Learning: A Model for Policy Research
Authors: Friedmann J , Abonyi G
Published: October 2006

This paper examines the question “Why are the results of policy research not used more widely than they appear to be?” The fault is seen to lie in the incompatibility of social contexts for research—the separate and clashing worlds of government and academia. A social practice model of experimental learning is proposed as an alternative to current research styles. The difficulty remains, however, how to apply successfully the results of learning obtained in one experiment to other situations, and how new learning can be made more generally effective. Conditions for resolving this problem are identified as (1) a commitment on the part of the policymaking institution to the idea of social experimentation, practice, and learning as the principal methods for public intervention; (2) the formation of central services in support of local experiments; and (3) expansion of lateral channels of communication for the diffusion of new experiences and learning among the multiple experiments themselves.
Theories of Human Crowding: A Review
Authors: Edney J J
Published: October 2006

Journalistic sketches, taxonomies, mathematical models, broad multivariate approaches, and modest distinctions together show a variety of possible foci and levels of approach to the topic of crowding. This review organizes crowding theory into four orientations. First, a number of seminal theories in the ethological perspective are reviewed, including Calhoun's social interaction models, Lorenz's model, Wynne-Edwards's community self-regulation theory, and Leyhausen's theory. Second, theories of temporary street crowds are discussed, including early conceptualizations and attempts to explain the crowds' formation, structure, and internal processes. Third, comprehensive equilibrium models of crowding are described, including Altman's and Stokols's models and Manderscheid's theory. Fourth, a number of diverse limited conceptualizations are reviewed, including Milgram's overload hypothesis, Esser's biosocial approach, Freedman's density–intensity theory, and Wicker's theory of overmanning. Definitional problems are also discussed.
Distance Deterrence and Commodity Values
Authors: Gordon I R
Published: October 2006

This paper tests a number of hypotheses relating commodity values, relative transport costs, and the severity of distance deterrence, by use of data from a survey of consignment movements to and from industrial establishments. The basic results confirm the significance of the value–weight ratio in determining variations between commodities. The relationship is much weaker than hypothesised, however, which implies that transport accounts for only a small fraction of distance costs. Further analyses point to the importance of factors associated with the particular plants concerned, such as size of firm or regularity of demand.
Urban Land-Use Patterns: An International Comparison
Authors: Glickman N J , White Michelle J
Published: October 2006

This paper performs a comparative analysis of urban form and metropolitan spatial change by use of estimates of population-density functions for samples of cities in the United States, Great Britain, West Germany, and Japan. We find widespread evidence of decentralization during the 1960s in cities in all countries except West Germany. Comparing small and large cities, we also find that central density levels are higher and density gradients flatter for larger cities in all four samples. Both of these results tend to verify the predictions of the standard urban economic models. However, contrary to these models, we find that cities in richer countries are not necessarily more decentralized than cities in countries with lower income levels.
Large Firms, Multinationals, and Regional Development: Some New Evidence from the United Kingdom
Authors: Watts H D
Published: October 2006

The paper examines the contention that large firms and multinationals have used their bargaining power to create employment patterns that may be contrary to regional policy objectives. Previously unpublished tabulations prepared by the Business Statistics Office illustrate the regional distribution of the employment of the UK's thirteen largest employers in the manufacturing sector and the distribution of employment controlled by overseas firms based in the USA, the EEC and other foreign groups. The evidence suggests that large firms do not differ markedly in their overall employment patterns from their smaller counterparts, and that it is unwise to treat multinationals as an undifferentiated group.
Cognition and Shopping Choice: A Multidimensional Scaling Approach
Authors: Spencer A H
Published: October 2006

Interest in cognitive approaches has led to a need for means of ascertaining individual perceptions with a view to relating these to spatial behaviour. Yet such methods as the repertory grid, although invaluable for investigating individuals, make comparisons across a wider group difficult. The multidimensional scaling program PREFMAP possesses this facility through its assumption of a group cognitive space whose dimensions, while common to all, have different saliences for different individuals. This study tests the feasibility of using PREFMAP to study perceived attributes of shopping centres. A broad, though not exact, commonality of dimensions appears to exist. Values of subjects' saliences on PREFMAP dimensions are further shown to be related to variations in shopping behaviour, but until multidimensional scaling can be related to a theory of cognition it will not realise its potential for behavioural studies.
Liquefied Energy Gases in the UK: What Price Public Safety?
Authors: Macgill Sally M
Published: October 2006

Twelve serious inadequacies of hazard-control policy in the United Kingdom as it relates to liquefied energy gases (LEGs) are identified in this paper. These inadequacies are discussed against a background of the hazard properties of liquefied energy gases and associated hazard incidents (actual and potential), the growing scale on which these substances are handled, and with reference to large-scale liquefied energy gas facilities currently being developed in Fife, Scotland. It is argued that the hazards posed far outweigh the safety measures practiced.
Time-Series Modelling in a Regional Economy: An Exposition of Box—Jenkins Techniques
Authors: Cook T , Falchi P
Published: October 2006

Box-Jenkins techniques are shown to be a useful tool for analyzing regional economic activity. This paper identifies temporal, spatial, and causal properties derived from these techniques. A case study is presented illustrating the univariate, transfer-function, multivariate, and multivariate transfer-function methods with household formation and employment time-series data.
Locational Behaviour of Households in a Constrained Housing Market
Authors: Kreibich V , Petri A
Published: October 2006

Locational behaviour in urban agglomerations has to be analyzed in the context of constrained housing markets, where households with low or medium incomes have to deal with serious and varied constraints when they consider a move.

Given the background of the housing market in West German conurbations, conceptual and methodological deficiencies of traditional migration research are pointed out. Except for a few studies, it has been restricted to moves and to completed moves. Immobility as a dominant strategy of locational behaviour has not even been considered. By means of standardized shortview surveys, the complexity of the decisionmaking process as a whole has been largely ignored. Individual preferences have been emphasized whereas objective housing market conditions and impacts of planning and housing policy have been neglected.

In a comprehensive study on locational behaviour in the Stuttgart conurbation a new approach has been applied, with a panel of households investigated over a period of four years by use of in-depth interviews and qualitative methods of analysis. The context of housing and planning policy and of the residential environment is described; and the first results of the project, which is still going on, are reported. They illustrate the extent of immobile strategies of locational behaviour and the dominance of locational decision situations with a small number of choices and numerous constraints. A concluding evaluation of some of the instruments of the quite elaborate German housing policy indicates that the housing needs of the majority of households demanding or living in rented flats are still largely neglected.
The Dynamics of Spatial Labor Mobility in the Netherlands
Authors: Bartels C P A , Liaw K-L
Published: October 2006

The spatial mobility of labor changes over time. Both the general propensity to migrate and the spatial allocation of mobile people over regions of destination are characterized by important dynamic properties. This paper discusses several factors that may explain these dynamic properties of internal labor migration. We focus especially on the influence of labor market and housing conditions on the mobility of people. A two-stage, generation-allocation model is proposed to investigate the role of different factors in the explanation of aggregate interregional migration flows. This model is applied to recent data on interprovincial labor migration in the Netherlands. The results indicate that housing supply seems to be an important determinant of temporal developments of spatial mobility, and that also the conditions on national and regional labor markets are associated with specific properties of recent migration patterns.
Population Redistribution within the Rural—Urban Fringe: A Typology of Small Towns and Rural Municipalities in the State of New Jersey
Authors: Airola T M , Parker R A
Published: October 2006

This article provides additional evidence for the redistribution of population to the rural-urban fringe and identifies those types of municipalities that experienced the greatest growth during the 1970s. Furthermore, it finds that the factors that account for population growth at the rural—urban fringe are not only those associated with suburbanization, but also those associated with nonmetropolitan growth. It also demonstrates that population growth at the rural—urban fringe varies not only by municipal type but also by race. These observations have a number of important implications for the design and administration of programs and policies affecting rural—urban fringe communities.
Modeling Choice-Set-Generating Processes via Stepwise Logit Regression Procedures: Some Empirical Results
Authors: van der Heijden R E C M , Timmermans H J P
Published: October 2006

The modeling of choice sets has gained relatively little attention so far in geography and regional science. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of the application of an exploratory model based on logit regression analysis. The findings suggest that consumer information-fields are closely related to some spatial characteristics of shopping centres.
An Illustration of Household Energy-Conservation Modeling Using the Search-List Decision-Heuristic
Authors: Tonn B E , Berry L
Published: October 2006

Much debate has focused on the appropriateness of the rational paradigm and its mathematical manifestation—utility theory—as a foundation for descriptive models of human behavior. Comparative discussion has been hampered by a lack of mathematically based noneconomic decision models. Such a model is presented in this paper, derived from the search-list decision-heuristic, that describes household decisions concerning energy-conservation investments. The model was estimated with energy use, demographic, and energy audit data collected in 1982 from households in the state of Connecticut, USA.
Spatial Pattern in Distance-Deterrence Parameters and Fotheringham's Theory of Competing Destinations
Authors: Ewing G
Published: October 2006

Fotheringham's production-constrained competing destinations model is shown not to be supported by the data on which it is calibrated. The spatial variation in origin-specific distance-deterrence parameters which prompted his theory is shown in the case of airline passenger data which he used to be the result of contamination of the data by a modal share effect. And the apparent success of his model in reducing the spatial variation is shown to be coincidental.
Homogeneity versus Heterogeneity in Household Structure: The Recent Experience of Twenty US Cities
Authors: Gober P
Published: October 2006

This paper is an investigation of the variation in household structure at the census tract level in twenty US cities between 1970 and 1980. Results indicate that households were, in 1980, more likely to reside in proximity to households with different compositions. In 1980 the most genuinely diverse census tracts, in terms of household composition, were in neighborhoods with recently constructed, single-family housing.
Spatial Public Goods: 2. Applications
Authors: Papageorgiou Y Y
Published: October 2006

This is the second of a two-part series of papers dealing with public goods in a spatial context. Based on the model developed in the first part, the purpose here is to order and to connect some of the main issues which appear frequently in the existing literature. The paper begins with a classification of public goods including clubs, urban contact fields, pure and local public goods, and agora models. Then, some aspects of the problem of partitioning urban land between private and public use, and some aspects of public finance, are examined. The series closes with some aggregate relationships which are bound to characterize the city at its optimum.
Network Evacuation Modelling for Flooding as a Result of Dam Failure
Authors: Southworth F , Chin S-M
Published: October 2006

The MASSVAC approach to network evacuation modelling is tested, and its results enhanced by a color graphics program called MVOPL. This MASSVAC-MVOPL analysis system is used to model population evacuations under the threat of flooding as a result of dam failure. The system operates on a microcomputer, with turnaround times that allow it to be rerun within a matter of minutes. The software proves to be a very effective tool for the estimation of network clearance times, and for the testing of alternative emergency traffic routing plans. The basics of the mathematical modelling approach are described, and a selection of empirical results and some graphics screens are presented. Both urban and rural applications are discussed.
‘Homelessness’, Contagious Destruction of Housing, and Municipal Service Cuts in New York City: 1. Demographics of a Housing Deficit
Authors: Wallace R
Published: October 2006

Approaches from community and population ecology are adapted to study ‘homelessness’ in New York City, where long-standing and continued reductions of critical housing-related municipal services, particularly fire extinguishment, to levels below those needed for maintaining urban population densities have triggered waves of coupled contagious destruction of low-income housing and forced migration of population. Massive destruction of housing, after a delay occasioned by the outmigration of some 1.3 million non-Hispanic whites from the city between 1970 and 1980 has contributed significantly to a serious housing deficit, by direct loss of low-income housing and possibly by creating economic forces which encourage the conversion of remaining low-income units to high-income units. This deficit, which by some analyses approaches a quarter million housing units affecting perhaps a million people, has created a large ‘precariously housed’ population which, after a delay, is becoming overtly homeless as the decline of low-income housing supply collides with increasing numbers of the poor. Elementary mathematical analysis suggests the demographics of those precariously housed, but not yet homeless, strongly determines the dynamics of demand for emergency shelter, implying, for example, that under some circumstances the probability of avoiding homelessness may decline exponentially with time spent precariously housed, and that the number requiring emergency shelter may increase as rapidly as the square of the number precariously housed, depending on exact mechanisms. This paper provides prerequisites to a subsequent fuller exploration of the complex time dynamics of synergistic couplings between contagious urban decay, population migration, precariously housed population, homelessness, and public health deterioration in New York City.
From Tourist to Tourism Entrepreneur, from Consumption to Production: Evidence from Cornwall, England
Authors: Williams A M , Shaw G , Greenwood J
Published: October 2006

There has been little research on the social and cultural aspects of tourism entrepreneurship. In this paper the social routes to tourism entrepreneurship are investigated, with emphasis on two major channels—those of the ex-employer and the ex-employee. Data are reported from a case study of Cornwall where 411 firms were interviewed as part of a stratified sample, representing different local economic environments and different sectors of tourism. An analysis of previous occupational experience and of access to capital only provides a partial explanation of entrepreneurship in Cornish tourism. Further analysis of business motivations and of migration patterns reveals an important dimension of noneconomic decisionmaking. This raises questions as to whether tourism entrepreneurship can be seen as a form of consumption rather than production and to its relationship with the entrepreneurial middle class as a whole.
Transient Chaotic Behaviour in a Hierarchical Economic System
Authors: White R W
Published: October 2006

The dynamical behaviour of a two-level hierarchical system representing a varying number of variable sized firms in a competitive market is examined. It is shown that the behaviour of each level of the system exerts an important degree of control over the dynamics of the other level. In particular, the behaviour of the higher level is influenced by the presence or absence of a potential for chaotic behaviour in the lower level. In turn, the actual appearance of chaotic behaviour in the lower level depends on the behaviour of the higher level of the system. Specifically, the presence of a potential for chaotic behaviour in the lower level tends to stabilize upper-level dynamics in such a way that the chaotic behaviour is not actually observed.
Quantity-Discounted Transportation Rates, Location, and the Theory of Production
Authors: O'Brien J P , Shieh Y-N
Published: October 2006

The theoretical impacts and implication of quantity-discounted transportation rates on the optimum location decisions of the firm in the linear space are investigated. It is shown that the linearly homogeneous or homothetic production function alone no longer ensures the independence between the choice of plant location and the output level or the demand condition, unless (1) the elasticities of transportation rates with respect to quantity are constant and identical; and (2) the ratio of marginal products is equal to the ratio of marginal transportation costs. Moreover, and more importantly, some conclusions obtained by prior studies on location theory can be shown to be special cases of these more general results, but others are not defensible when the transportation rate depends upon quantity shipped.
Plant Closures, Multilocational Firms, and the Urban Economy: Sheffield, UK
Authors: Watts H D
Published: October 2006

In the United Kingdom, many jobs have been lost through plant closures over the last decade, and many of these have arisen from plant closures implemented in urban areas by multilocational firms. In this paper, a conceptual framework for analysing plant closures by multilocational firms is outlined and this is used to interpret data relating to Sheffield, England. Over the last decade the city experienced the closure of seventy-seven large plants (each with over 100 employees) and nearly 90% of these were closed by multilocational firms. Approximately 20% of these closures arose from a decision by a firm to quit a product line (termed a ‘cessation closure’) but the majority involved the closure of a plant while the firm maintained production of a similar product elsewhere (termed ‘selective closure’). A distinction is made between intraurban and interurban selection and an interview programme (using two different research strategies) is used to identify the factors which influence interurban selective closures. Whereas previous studies have dismissed the influence of the local environment on the closure decision, a small but distinct environmental influence is detected. The plants selected for closure have (compared with another plant in the same firm) one or more of the following characteristics: small product range; low level of productivity; less-sophisticated technology; older buildings and machinery; a smaller number of employees; a greater distance from head-office. Characteristics which arise from the local environment are: site difficulties; poor labour relations; and, less certainly, higher local tax demands.
An Empirical Update on the Product-Cycle Explanation and Branch-Plant Location in the Nonmetropolitan US South
Authors: Johnson M
Published: October 2006

In this study an empirically based examination of the importance of the labor environment, defined in terms of late-stage product-cycle expectations, to the location of branch plants in the nonmetropolitan US South is presented. The data were derived from a questionnaire-based survey of selected branch-plant managers in eight southern states. The findings suggest that labor factors have been important to the location of branch plants, and that the product-cycle explanation has merit; however, the findings also suggest that the locational behavior of these plants has been a response to conditions not clearly embraced by the product-cycle conceptualization, leading to the conclusion that a more comprehensive model is required to explain industrial location in the rural South.
Does the Geographic Distribution of Physicians Reflect Market Failure?: An Examination of the New Zealand Experience, 1981–87
Authors: Barnett J R
Published: October 2006

Two main approaches have dominated economic theories of physician location; the traditional neoclassical view, in which it is assumed that the medical marketplace is truly competitive, and the provider-inducement model, in which it is predicted that more physicians increase rather than decrease the price of their services. In terms of their distributional implications both models suggest that an increased supply of physicians will initiate their diffusion, but at different rates. In this paper, the relevance of both models in terms of understanding the changing distribution of general practitioners in New Zealand between the years 1981 and 1987 is examined. Despite a substantial increase in the supply of physicians and their services, only modest improvements occurred in their regional distribution, and urban—rural differences got worse. Even conditions of near surplus within Auckland, New Zealand's largest metropolitan area, produced only marginal improvements in the availability of care. The results suggest that the traditional reliance of primary health-care policy in New Zealand on market-based solutions to improve geographic accessibility would seem to be misplaced and support current policy moves on the part of the state to regulate the distribution of physicians and their expenditure.
Differential Global Positioning System: Potential for Geographical Information System Database Management
Authors: Treitz P , Elliot L , Howarth P
Published: October 2006

The primary problem for managers of digital topographic data is maintaining an accurate and up-to-date database. Traditional spatial-data-collection techniques and mapping procedures are expensive and, as a result, occur infrequently. However, the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) now provides for the collection of timely, cost-effective spatial information. In this study, differential GPS data were collected for an area of rapid rural-to-urban land-use change by using low-cost GPS receivers in static and kinematic modes. These data were then processed for input to a geographic information system and assessed for their positional accuracy. It was found that GPS data collected in static mode and differentially corrected possessed a circular map accuracy standard (CMAS) of 3.62 m. These accuracies meet the requirements of many large-scale and medium-scale mapping programs.
Centre or Periphery? Town Planning and Spatial Political Economy
Authors: McLoughlin J B
Published: October 2006

In this paper I argue that the debate about urban and regional planning is polarised into two competing ‘discourses’ of town planning and political economy. I assert that the language and concepts of town planning continue to take precedence in both the field of practice and in teaching and research and that this is a most unsatisfactory state of affairs. Town planners relegate urban and regional political economy to the periphery and place town planning at the centre. This is a conservative situation in that most town planning education places great emphasis on plans and very little on ‘how cities and regions work’. I recommend the abandonment of ‘planning’ education in favour of spatial political economy which might sit easiest in human geography.
Training and Enterprise Councils: Schumpeterian Workfare State, or What?
Authors: Peck J , Jones M
Published: October 2006

In the paper we critically examine Jessop's regulationist theorisation of state restructuring, focusing on his claim that a transition is underway from the Keynesian welfare state of the Fordist era to a new, post-Fordist Schumpeterian workfare state (SWS). According to Jessop, the strategic orientations of the SWS are for the promotion of innovation and structural competitiveness in economic policy (hence Schumpeter), and for the enhancement of flexibility and competitiveness in social policy (hence workfare). We seek to interrogate Jessop's claims by way of a case study of ‘leading edge’ state restructuring in the United Kingdom, the Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs) initiative. The structure and discourses of TECs strongly echo Jessop's rendering of the neoliberal SWS: they are locally based, privatised and business-led bodies, contracted to central government to provide market-relevant training and enterprise services, to operate workfare-style programmes for the unemployed, and to restore through supply-side measures the dynamism and competitiveness of local economies. At the same time, however, as acting as potential exemplars of SWS institutional forms, TECs may also be illuminating incipient contradictions in (one of) its neoliberal variants. The TECs illustrate some of the problems associated with the geographical reconstitution of the state, which Jessop terms ‘hollowing out’, while also raising questions about the sustainability of the neoliberal SWS. Though the TECs may be pioneering new (local) ways of disciplining the unemployed, they are seen to be singularly ineffective in reproducing a flexible labour force. The TEC experience might be summarised as: workfare, yes; Schumpeter, no.
The Development of Sweden's R&D-Intensive Electronics Industries: Exports, Outsourcing, and Territorial Distribution
Authors: Suarez-Villa L , Karlsson C
Published: October 2006

Sweden's research-intensive electronics industries have thrived by developing export-market niches that rely greatly on continuous innovation and substantial expenditures in R&D. Over the past two decades, three R&D-intensive sectors (telecommunications equipment, electronic instruments, and computing-equipment manufacturing) have experienced a progressive territorial distribution, that has made them less reliant on the metropolitan concentration of the capital for their outsourcing and research arrangements. In this article we explore the relationship between R&D intensity, territorial distribution, subcontracting, and establishment performance in the R&D-intensive electronics industries. The export performance of these industries is considered first, along with its relationship with employment characteristics and territorial location. An analysis of the territorial distribution, and its relationship with establishment downsizing and subcontracting, provides insights on the significance of lower costs and higher R&D intensity for small-scale operations. Statistical analyses of R&D intensity and performance variables that include labour skills, plant size, production costs, fixed capital assets, and profitability, with establishment-level survey data, provide important insights on the effects of subcontracting and any spatial differences resulting thereof.
The Role of the State in the Globalisation of Labour Markets: The Case of the Philippines
Authors: Ball R
Published: October 2006

The burgeoning literature on ‘globalisation’ tends to identify it as an economic and cultural process, paying little attention to the associated restructuring of the state. Not only does the state sponsor globalisation, but also it ‘globalises' itself in the process. Perhaps the most significant dimension of this new development is where labour markets are integrated with global capital circuits under state sanction. The systematic and state-promoted export of temporary migrant workers has transformed the Philippine state, economy, and society. In this paper I examine the globalisation of labour from the Philippines in terms of its magnitude, its historical development, and its impact on restructuring state functions. I argue that the shift of attention on the part of the state to maintaining the economic functions of international labour circuits tends to undermine its national regulatory function thereby compromising the broad legitimacy of the state. These propositions are examined through a case study of the structuring of the Filipino state in pursuing its well-known labour-export policy.
The Global Music Business as an Information Industry: Reinterpreting Economies of Culture
Authors: Sadler D
Published: October 2006

In this paper it is argued that the music business should be regarded as an activity trading in information. The paper begins with a review of key themes in the conceptualisation of the music industry within the cultural economies tradition. These are the tensions between creativity and commerce and between global and local processes, and the characterisation of the industry in the terms of the flexible specialisation and reflexive accumulation theses. It is then suggested that these debates have downplayed a key characteristic of the contemporary music industry, its involvement with the creation, production, and distribution of information. The emergence of a global music business over the past decade is documented and analysed by means of this framework. Subsequently, two aspects of the integration processes taking place in the music industry are considered in terms of their relationship to the information economy: copyright protection and branding, and competition between producers of information storage and retrieval devices. The paper concludes that interpreting music as an information industry sheds new light on the music business, and points to important questions for further research within the information economy literature.
Migration and Housing Tenure in South East England
Authors: Boyle P
Published: October 2006

A substantial literature has developed regarding the relationship between migration and housing tenure in Britain. It has been argued that, although those moving into council (public sector) housing are more likely to move than those moving into owner-occupied housing, administrative controls restrict potential population movement into council housing over long distances. Others have criticised this argument suggesting that council residents are typically individuals who are less likely to migrate over long distances regardless of the administrative restrictions imposed upon them. Accordingly, it is important to control for individual characteristics before the independent effect of tenure on mobility can be determined. This paper is a report of an investigation of this relationship in the South East of England, in which the Sample of Anonymised Records, a unique individual-level British data source for this type of study, were used. The study continues with a consideration of the influence of housing on migration into the South East from the North of Britain for those in manual and nonmanual occupations.
Global Manufacturing and Local Linkage in Singapore
Authors: Perry M , Hui Tan Boon
Published: October 2006

New approaches to the management of subcontracting relations are interpreted as indicating a shift from adversarial to cooperative linkages. This shift is thought to encourage greater use of external suppliers and to encourage localisation of buyers and suppliers. These propositions are examined through a case study of linkage development in Singapore, a major centre of multinational manufacturing activity. The case study draws on evidence from a sample of participants in a scheme promoted by Singapore's Economic Development Board known as the Local Industry Upgrading Programme (LIUP), which has aimed to promote linkage development. The paper reports two surveys of participants in LIUP: (1) a postal survey of buyers (mainly made up of foreign multinationals as well as a few Singapore organisations) and subcontractors; and (2) a personal interview survey with representatives of twenty-two buyer organisations. The analysis, partly presented through brief case studies of individual organisations, shows how variable strategies affecting subcontracting linkages are evolving. Increased information flows between firms are found to be well established but a low priority to linkage localisation is discovered. These findings are interpreted in terms of MNC (multinational corporation) strategies to retain flexibility in subcontractor selection and their increased capabilities to manage spatially dispersed supply linkages.
Federal Investments and Economic Stimulus at the End of the Cold War: The Influence of Federal Installations on Employment Growth, 1970–1990
Authors: Hooks G , Getz V
Published: October 2006

A growing body of evidence points toward the distinctiveness of the state's political and military policies and of the impact of these policies on economic processes. Regional scientists have been stressing the importance of new industrial districts, with an emphasis on interfirm relationships and the regional economy in which firms are embedded. In this paper, we document the state's role in regional growth and offer a reminder of the external and political actors which have influenced growth of industrial districts. We have acquired information from the US General Services Administration on each piece of property owned by the United States, including data on the agency controlling the installation and the functions performed at this location. Our examination of employment growth from 1970 to 1990 provides evidence that federal installations did stimulate growth in the regions in which they were located. More specifically, we find that NASA installations and the military's industrial facilities exerted a positive influence on employment growth over the period. However, despite the large budgets commanded by Department of Energy installations and their highly educated labor force, we found that the Department of Energy installations inhibited employment growth.
Deconstructing Communicative Rationality: A Critique of Habermasian Collaborative Planning
Authors: Tewdwr-Jones M , Allmendinger P
Published: October 2006

What has becomes known in recent years as communicative or collaborative planning has forged a new hegemony in planning theory. Described by some as the paradigm of the 1990s, it proposes a fundamental challenge to the practice of planning that seeks both to explain where planning has gone wrong and (more controversially) to identify ways forward. The broad approach itself and advocates of it have lacked the advantage of any critique. This paper provides such an opportunity. Following a brief outline of communicative action, we identify three broad areas of concern that militate against the option of a collaborative planning approach. More specifically, we identify problematic assumptions in Habermas's original theoretical distinction of communicative action as a fourth separate concept of sociological action. Although we accept its useful dissection of planning and the role of values and consensus-building in decision-settings, we consider that collaborative planning theory fails to incorporate adequately the peculiar political and professional nuances that exist in planning practice. We conclude our critique by raising programmatic points for planning theory and practice in general.
Constructing Competitive Spaces: On the Corporate Practice of British Retailer—Supplier Relationships
Authors: Hughes A
Published: October 2006

In this paper I critically examine a selected set of retailer—supplier relationships in order to discern some ways in which the competitive spaces of the British food industry are actively trans-formed. It is argued that within existing research on retailer—supplier relationships the innovative capacity of retailers, their competitive strategies, and the radical ways in which they have reorganised the food supply chain remain insufficiently problematised. Against this background, I employ notions of culture, identity, and strategy in order to embrace the imaginative and creative energies which fuel the dynamism of corporate practice at the retailer—supplier interface. Corporate interviews concerning food retailers' own-brand supply relationships are drawn upon in order to ground an understanding of these energies in the organisational realities of material practices. The multiple ways in which these own-brand supply relationships are initiated and negotiated are argued to be deeply embedded in the historically and geographically specific competitive conditions which constitute the food industry, as well as being endowed with the capacity to transform the meaning of production, circulation, and consumption of food in Britain.
The Role of Corporate, Professional, and Personal Networks in the Provision of Offshore Financial Services
Authors: Cobb S C
Published: October 2006

In a small island offshore financial center (OFC), different kinds of networks influence the provision of financial services. In this paper I will analyze the roles played by corporate, professional, and personal networks in the creation of a superior reputation among competing OFCs. Empirical evidence has shown that the success of an OFC is driven by appropriate financial regulation and supervision addressing the critical precepts of reputation and trust. Such spatially focused regulation can be created by networks of professional associations such as banking or insurance associations interacting with public sector officials on a regular basis. Continued growth of an OFC occurs through marketing efforts of both corporate and personal networks. The dynamic nature of these networks and their social structure encompassing power and gender relations will be explored.
The Creation of Mechanisms According to Kinematic Structure and Function
Authors: Freudenstein F , Maki E R
Published: October 2006

The classification of mechanisms is reviewed and their kinematic structure and graph representation discussed. Mechanism creation based on the separation of structure from function is illustrated for shaft couplings and other devices. The use and significance of this procedure in mechanical design and interpretation of patents is shown.
On the Completeness of Kinematic Chains of Mobility Unity
Authors: Phillips J R
Published: October 2006

A complete kinematic chain is a chain in which every link of the chain makes contact at a joint with every other link of the chain. Simple closed-loop chains, semicomplete, and complete chains of mobility unity are investigated topologically to determine the limits within which it is possible for all these three kinds of chains to exist. A study is made mainly in terms of: (a) the number of links, l; (b) the number of joints, j; and (c) the degree of that link of the chain whose degree is greatest, Δ. Some brief remarks are made on the application of these ideas to the field of practical machine design.
A Unified Method for the Formation of All Planar Jointed Kinematic Chains and Baranov Trusses
Authors: Manolescu N I
Published: October 2006

A schema is presented which contains all the independent varieties of planar jointed kinematic chains and Baranov trusses. The schema requires four operations: amplification with dyads, simplification of the joints, graphisation, and inverse graphisation.
Design Machines
Authors: Stiny G , March L
Published: October 2006

An algorithmic structure for design is postulated.