bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The neural response to the temporal fine structure of continuous musical pieces is not affected by selective attention
Authors: Etard Octave , Messaoud Rémy Ben , Gaugain Gabriel , Reichenbach Tobias
Published: January 2021

Speech and music are spectro-temporally complex acoustic signals that a highly relevant for humans. Both contain a temporal fine structure that is encoded in the neural responses of subcortical and cortical processing centres. The subcortical response to the temporal fine structure of speech has recently been shown to be modulated by selective attention to one of two competing voices. Music similarly often consists of several simultaneous melodic lines, and a listener can selectively attend to a particular one at a time. However, the neural mechanisms that enable such selective attention remain largely enigmatic, not least since most investigations to date have focussed on short and simplified musical stimuli. Here we study the neural encoding of classical musical pieces in human volunteers, using scalp electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. We presented volunteers with continuous musical pieces composed of one or two instruments. In the latter case, the participants were asked to selectively attend to one of the two competing instruments and to perform a vibrato identification task. We used linear encoding and decoding models to relate the recorded EEG activity to the stimulus waveform. We show that we can measure neural responses to the temporal fine structure of melodic lines played by one single instrument, at the population level as well as for most individual subjects. The neural response peaks at a latency of 7.6 ms and is not measurable past 15 ms. When analysing the neural responses elicited by competing instruments, we find no evidence of attentional modulation. Our results show that, much like speech, the temporal fine structure of music is tracked by neural activity. In contrast to speech, however, this response appears unaffected by selective attention in the context of our experiment.
D614G Substitution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Increases Syncytium Formation and Viral Transmission via Enhanced Furin-mediated Spike Cleavage
Authors: Cheng Ya-Wen , Chao Tai-Ling , Li Chiao-Ling , Wang Sheng-Han , Kao Han-Chieh , Tsai Ya-Min , Wang Hurng-Yi , Hsieh Chi-Ling , Chen Pei-Jer , Chang Sui-Yuan , Yeh Shiou-Hwei
Published: January 2021

Since the D614G substitution in the spike (S) of SARS-CoV-2 emerged, the variant strain underwent rapid expansion to become the most abundant strain worldwide. Therefore, this substitution may provide an advantage of viral spreading. To explore the mechanism, we analyzed 18 viral isolates containing S proteins with either G614 or D614. Both the virus titer and syncytial phenotype were significantly increased in S-G614 than in S-D614 isolates. We further showed increased cleavage of S at the furin substrate site, a key event that promotes syncytium, in S-G614 isolates. These functions of the D614G substitution were validated in cells expressing S protein. The effect on syncytium was abolished by furin inhibitor treatment and mutation of the furin-cleavage site, suggesting its dependence on cleavage by furin. Our study provides a mechanistic explanation for the increased transmissibility of S-G614 containing SARS-CoV-2 through enhanced furin-mediated S cleavage, which increases membrane fusion and virus infectivity.
Megakaryocyte Progenitor Cell Function is Enhanced Upon Aging Despite the Functional Decline of Aged Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Poscablo Donna M. , Worthington Atesh K. , Smith-Berdan Stephanie , Forsberg E. Camilla
Published: January 2021

Age-related morbidity is associated with a decline in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function, but the mechanisms of HSC aging remain unclear. We performed heterochronic HSC transplants followed by quantitative analysis of cell reconstitution. While young HSCs outperformed old HSCs in young recipients, young HSCs unexpectedly failed to outcompete the old HSCs of aged recipients. Interestingly, despite substantial enrichment of megakaryocyte progenitors (MkPs) in old micein situand reported platelet (Plt) priming with age, transplanted old HSCs were deficient in reconstitution of all lineages, including MkPs and Plts. We therefore performed functional analysis of young and old MkPs. Surprisingly, old MkPs displayed unmistakably greater regenerative capacity compared to young MkPs. Transcriptome analysis revealed putative molecular regulators of old MkP expansion. Collectively, these data demonstrated that aging affects HSCs and megakaryopoiesis in fundamentally different ways: whereas old HSCs functionally decline, MkPs gain expansion capacity upon aging.

HIGHLIGHTS

Frequencies and total cell numbers of HSCs and MkPs were increased upon aging

Reconstitution deficit by old HSCs was observed by chimerism and absolute cell numbers

Young HSCs did not have competitive advantage over old HSCs in aged recipient mice

Old MkPs display remarkable capacity to engraft, expand, and reconstitute platelets

Aging is associated with changes in MkP genome-wide expression signatures
MicroRNA775 targets aβ-(1,3)-galactosyltransferaseto regulate growth and development inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Mishra Parneeta , Singh Akanksha , Verma Ashwani Kumar , Singh Rajneesh , Roy Sribash
Published: January 2021

MicroRNAs are critical regulators of gene expression in plants and other organisms, and are involved in regulating plethora of developmental processes. Evolutionarily, miRNAs can be ancient and conserved across species or recently evolved and young, which are not conserved across diverse plant groups. miR775 is a non-conserved miRNA identified only inArabidopsis thaliana. Here, we investigated the functional significance of miR775 inA. thalianaand observed that miR775 targets a probableβ-(1,3)-galactosyltransferasegene at post transcriptional level. Phenotypic analysis of miR775 over-expression lines and the target mutant suggested miR775 regulates rosette size by elongating petiole length and increasing leaf area. Further, the expression of miR775 was found to be up-regulated in response to UV-B and hypoxia. Our results also suggest that miR775 regulated β-(1,3)-galactosyltransferase may involve in regulating the β-(1,3)-galactan content of arabinogalactans. Collectively, our findings establish a role of miR775 in regulating growth and development inA. thaliana.

Highlights

The role of an uncharacterized microRNA, miR775 has been explored

miR775 targets a probable β-(1,3)-galactosyltransferase involved in complex carbohydrate biosynthesis

miR775 regulates rosette size inA. thalianaand may play role under UV light and hypoxia
Identification of Gip as a novel phage-encoded gyrase inhibitor protein featuring a broad activity profile
Authors: Kever Larissa , Hünnefeld Max , Brehm Jannis , Heermann Ralf , Frunzke Julia
Published: January 2021

Bacteriophages represent a powerful source for the identification of novel antimicrobial proteins. In this study, a screening of small cytoplasmic proteins encoded by the CGP3 prophage ofCorynebacterium glutamicum, resulted in the identification of the novelgyrase-inhibitingprotein Cg1978 (Gip), which shows a direct interaction with the gyrase subunit A (GyrA). In vitro supercoiling assays further suggest a stabilization of the cleavage complex by Gip. Overproduction of Gip inC. glutamicumresulted in a severe growth defect as well as an induction of the SOS response. The cells adapted togipoverexpression by increasing expression levels ofgyrABand by reducingtopAexpression reflecting the homeostatic control of DNA topology. Interestingly, Gip features a similar activity profile towards gyrases ofEscherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosisandC. glutamicum. Therefore, the detailed elucidation of the mechanism of Gip action may provide novel directions for the design of drugs targeting DNA gyrase.
The 1-Megapixel pnCCD detector for the Small Quantum Systems Instrument at the European XFEL: system and operation aspects
Authors: Kuster Markus , Ahmed Karim , Ballak Kai-Erik , Danilevski Cyril , Ekmedžić Marko , Fernandes Bruno , Gessler Patrick , Hartmann Robert , Hauf Steffen , Holl Peter , Meyer Michael , Montaño Jacobo , Münnich Astrid , Ovcharenko Yevheniy , Rennhack Nils , Rüter Tonn , Rupp Daniela , Schlosser Dieter , Setoodehnia Kiana , Schmitt Rüdiger , Strüder Lothar , Tanyag Rico Mayro P. , Ulmer Anatoli , Yousef Hazem
Published: January 2021

The X-ray free-electron lasers that became available during the last decade, like the European XFEL (EuXFEL), place high demands on their instrumentation. Especially at low photon energies below 1 keV, detectors with high sensitivity, and consequently low noise and high quantum efficiency, are required to enable facility users to fully exploit the scientific potential of the photon source. A 1-Megapixel pnCCD detector with a 1024 × 1024 pixel format has been installed and commissioned for imaging applications at the Nano-Sized Quantum System (NQS) station of the Small Quantum System (SQS) instrument at EuXFEL. The instrument is currently operating in the energy range between 0.5 and 3 keV and the NQS station is designed for investigations of the interaction of intense FEL pulses with clusters, nano-particles and small bio-molecules, by combining photo-ion and photo-electron spectroscopy with coherent diffraction imaging techniques. The core of the imaging detector is a pn-type charge coupled device (pnCCD) with a pixel pitch of 75 µm × 75 µm. Depending on the experimental scenario, the pnCCD enables imaging of single photons thanks to its very low electronic noise of 3 e− and high quantum efficiency. Here an overview on the EuXFEL pnCCD detector and the results from the commissioning and first user operation at the SQS experiment in June 2019 are presented. The detailed descriptions of the detector design and capabilities, its implementation at EuXFEL both mechanically and from the controls side as well as important data correction steps aim to provide useful background for users planning and analyzing experiments at EuXFEL and may serve as a benchmark for comparing and planning future endstations at other FELs.
Redox state and photoreduction control using X-ray spectroelectrochemical techniques – advances in design and fabrication through additive engineering
Authors: Best Stephen Peter , Streltsov Victor A. , Chantler Christopher Thomas , Li Wangzhe , Ash Philip A. , Hayama Shusaku , Diaz-Moreno Sofia
Published: January 2021

The design and performance of an electrochemical cell and solution flow system optimized for the collection of X-ray absorption spectra from solutions of species sensitive to photodamage is described. A combination of 3D CAD and 3D printing techniques facilitates highly optimized design with low unit cost and short production time. Precise control of the solution flow is critical to both minimizing the volume of solution needed and minimizing the photodamage that occurs during data acquisition. The details of an integrated four-syringe stepper-motor-driven pump and associated software are described. It is shown that combined electrochemical and flow control can allow repeated measurement of a defined volume of solution, 100 µl, of samples sensitive to photoreduction without significant change to the X-ray absorption near-edge structure and is demonstrated by measurements of copper(II) complexes. The flow in situ electrochemical cell allows the collection of high-quality X-ray spectral measurements both in the near-edge region and over an extended energy region as is needed for structural analysis from solution samples. This approach provides control over photodamage at a level at least comparable with that achieved using cryogenic techniques and at the same time eliminates problems associated with interference due to Bragg peaks.
Vasodilatory action of trans‐4‐methoxy‐β‐nitrostyrene in rat isolated pulmonary artery
Authors: Arruda‐Barbosa Loeste , Vasconcelos‐Silva Alfredo Augusto , Borges Rosivaldo Santos , Duarte Gloria Pinto , Magalhães Pedro Jorge Caldas , Lahlou Saad
Published: January 2021

Trans‐4‐methoxy‐β‐nitrostyrene (T4MN) induced more potent vasorelaxant effects in resistance arteries from hypertensive rats than its parent drug, β‐nitrostyrene 1‐nitro‐2‐phenylethene (NPe). To better understand the influence of insertion of the electron‐releasing methoxy group in the aromatic ring of NPe, we investigated vasorelaxant effects of T4MN in isolated pulmonary artery and compared them with those of NPe in view of the potential interest of T4MN in pulmonary arterial hypertension. T4MN and NPe both caused concentration‐dependent vasorelaxation in pulmonary artery rings pre‐contracted with either phenylephrine (1 µmol/L) or KCl (60 mmol/L), an effect unaffected by endothelium removal. In endothelium‐intact preparations pre‐contracted with phenylephrine, the vasorelaxant effect of T4MN was more potent than that of NPe. However, unlike NPe, this effect was significantly reduced following pretreatment with 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ) (10 µmol/L, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor) or tetraethylammonium (5 mmol/L, a potassium channel blocker). T4MN abolished the CaCl2‐induced contractions in pulmonary artery preparations stimulated with phenylephrine (PHE) under Ca2+‐free conditions in the presence of verapamil, to preferentially activate receptor‐operated calcium channels. From these findings, we propose that T4MN evokes endothelium‐independent vasorelaxant effects in isolated rat pulmonary artery, partially by inhibiting Ca2+ influx through L‐type Ca2+ channels, as well as by activating soluble guanylate cyclase and potassium channels. The present results suggest the therapeutic potential of T4MN in treating pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Imagining Icarus: Edward Field, Manhood and Authenticity in Post‐war America1
Authors: George Aaron
Published: January 2021

While the Second World War had profound effects on the way that American men conceived of themselves, for two groups ‐ Jewish men and men who would later identify as gay ‐ the war held a special resonance. Deborah Dash Moore has demonstrated that the Second World War allowed Jewish men to cast off stereotypes and be accepted into the larger American polity, while Alan Berube has written about the ways in which the Second World War created a space where gay men were able to understand themselves as part of a larger community. Historians have looked at the ways service affected these men during the war, however more work needs to be done understanding how these experiences affected men after the war. By examining the life of Edward Field, a Jewish and gay veteran who became a prominent poet in post‐war America, we can understand how experiences of wartime allowed men like Field to construct an alternative idea of masculinity, one based on male camaraderie and emotional authenticity. Edward Field's wartime and post‐war experiences suggest that Jewish and gay identities could intersect in ways that were mutually reinforcing and highlight the complicated nature of the Second World War experience.
Actor perspective and moral reasoning: Do levels of criminal thinking moderate this relationship among non‐criminals?
Authors: K. Miller Olivia , Batastini Ashley B. , L. Standridge Rheanna , Repke Alexandra , S. Mohn Richard
Published: January 2021

A large body of literature has explored moral decision‐making; however, fewer have examined the explicit role of criminal thinking (CT). This study sought to determine whether moral judgment is influenced by CT in the general population and if this relationship further depends on the type of scenario (i.e., immoral vs. illegal) and/or the actor orientation (i.e., self vs. other). Using a sample of 239 U.S. adults and hypothetical case vignettes, results showed that those who endorsed higher levels of CT rated socially deviant behaviors, regardless of the type of scenario, as significantly more morally acceptable than participants who endorsed lower levels of CT. However, this difference was more pronounced for the immoral dilemma compared to the illegal dilemma. Specifically, proactive CT processes led to higher justification for the immoral dilemma. Neither general nor reactive CT were significantly associated with moral reasoning for the illegal dilemma. Among a mostly non‐offending sample, this finding makes sense as it appears participants’ levels of criminal thinking may have been high enough to rationalize an immoral dilemma but not so high as to allow for rationalization of an illegal dilemma. No significant differences were found concerning actor orientation. This research not only has important implications for better understanding traits associated with moral decision‐making in everyday choices, but it may also have practical application in legal contexts. However, further research is needed in these contexts. Findings were also limited by a lack of racial diversity among participants.
MicroRNA‐320c inhibits articular chondrocytes proliferation and induces apoptosis by targeting mitogen‐activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)
Authors: Zhao Like , Zhou Rongwei , Wang Qian , Cheng Yongjing , Gao Ming , Huang Cibo
Published: January 2021

Aim

To clarify the interaction of microRNA‐320c (miR‐320c) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), and to investigate the effects of miR‐320c on articular chondroctye proliferation and apoptosis.

Methods

Lentiviral expression vectors were constructed and dual luciferase assays containing MAPK1 3ʹ‐untranslated regions (3'‐UTRs) were performed. Small hairpin RNA (shRNA) was utilized to modulate MAPK1 expression. The messenger RNA and protein expression levels were determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and western blotting respectively. Cell Counting Kit‐8 and flow cytometry were conducted to detect the proliferation and apoptosis of Human Chondrocyte‐articular (HC‐a) cells. Besides that, the influences of miR‐320c and MAPK1 on MAPK pathway activation were also evaluated.

Results

Our data identified MAPK1 as a direct target gene of miR‑320c, and miR‐320c can negatively regulate MAPK1 expression by directly binding to MAPK1 3ʹ‐UTR in HC‐a cells. Further functional study displayed that miR‐320c overexpression and MAPK1 shRNA significantly suppressed the proliferation of HC‐a cells and promoted cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, MAPK1 shRNA could attenuate miR‐320c inhibitor promotive effects on HC‐a cell proliferation and reverse its inhibitory effect on cell apoptosis. MAPK1 overexpression could rescue the inhibitory effect of miR‑320c on HC‐a cell proliferation, and weaken the accelerating effect of miR‐320c on cell apoptosis. However, neither miR‐320c or MAPK1 shRNA regulate the expression of c‐JUN, JNK and c‐Fos.

Conclusion

miR‐320c inhibits articular chondrocyte proliferation and induces apoptosis by targeting MAPK1, suggesting that miR‐320c perhaps participates in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and acts as a potential target for the therapeutic treatment of osteoarthritis.
Fatigue in psoriatic arthritis: Is it related to disease activity?
Authors: Lai Tin Lok , Au Chi Kit , Chung Ho Yin , Leung Man Chi , Ng Woon Leung , Lau Chak Sing
Published: January 2021

Aim

Fatigue is commonly associated with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). However, information about its prevalence and associated factors is sparse. The primary objective here was to find the prevalence and magnitude of PsA fatigue. The secondary objective was to explore its associated risk factors, particularly emphasis on the effect of disease activity control.

Methods

PsA patients who fulfilled Classification Criteria For Psoriatic Arthritis were consecutively recruited from local rheumatology clinics. Fatigue was assessed by a 13‐item self‐administered questionnaire (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy – Fatigue [FACIT‐F]) (0‐52). Data collected and analyzed included: demographic data, disease activity data, comorbidities and medications use.

Results

There were 231 eligible PsA patients recruited. The mean FACIT‐F score was 37.5 ± 9.1. Severe fatigue, defined as FACIT‐F score < 30, was found in 49 (22.1%) of them. The univariate model identified these associated factors of fatigue: tender and swollen joint count, dactylitis count, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score, pain and general health perception, Disease Activity in Psoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA) score, Health Assessment Questionnaire, the use of cyclosporine, sulphasalazine and biologic agents. The final regression model identified DAPSA and PASI were closely associated with severe fatigue (P = .003 and P = .04 respectively). No associations with fatigue were found between age, gender, disease duration, comorbidities and medication use. However, there were weak correlations between the magnitude of FACIT‐F score, DAPSA and PASI with r = −.3 and r = −.26 respectively.

Conclusion

Severe fatigue was common in PsA patients, and its magnitude was closely correlated with DAPSA and PASI score, indicating its multifactorial nature. Achieving DAPSA and PASI remission could significantly alleviate the fatigue intensity to a certain extent. However, treatment for PsA‐related fatigue should adopt a multidisciplinary approach in addition to disease activity control.
Propofol suppresses lung cancer tumorigenesis by modulating the circ‐ERBB2/miR‐7‐5p/FOXM1 axis
Authors: Gao Jie , Ding Chengzhi , Zhou Junhui , Wu Gang , Han Zongmao , Li Jianchao , Hei Feilong
Published: January 2021

Background

Propofol is a commonly used anesthetic for cancer surgery. Previous studies have shown that propofol has an anticancer role in various cancers, including lung cancer. This study aimed to investigate the role of propofol in lung cancer and its underlying mechanism.

Methods

Cell proliferation was determined by cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) and colony formation assays. Flow cytometry and transwell assays were used to detect cell apoptosis and invasion, respectively. Glycolysis was evaluated by detecting glucose consumption, lactate production and ATP/ADP ratios. The levels of circular RNA erb‐b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (circ‐ERBB2), microRNA‐7‐5p (miR‐7‐5p) and forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) were tested by quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blot. The binding relationship between miR‐7‐5p and circ‐ERBB2/FOXM1 was verified by dual‐luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, in vivo experiments were performed by establishing a mouse xenograft model.

Results

Propofol suppressed cell proliferation, invasion and glycolysis and expedited apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Circ‐ERBB2 and FOXM1 were upregulated, while miR‐7‐5p was decreased in lung cancer tissues and cells. Propofol suppressed lung cancer cell progression by regulating circ‐ERBB2. Additionally, miR‐7‐5p directly interacted with circ‐ERBB2 and FOXM1. Also, propofol played an antitumor role in lung cancer via modulating miR‐7‐5p or FOXM1. Moreover, circ‐ERBB2 knockdown enhanced the suppressive effect of propofol on tumor growth in vivo.

Conclusions

Propofol inhibited lung cancer progression via mediating circ‐ERBB2/miR‐7‐5p/FOXM1 axis, which might provide an effective therapeutic target for lung cancer therapy.
Insights into the status and distribution of cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in an understudied potential stronghold in southern Tanzania
Authors: Strampelli Paolo , Searle Charlotte E. , Smit Josephine , Grau Ana , Henschel Philipp , Lobora Alex L. , Mitchell Nicholas , Macdonald David W. , Dickman Amy J.
Published: January 2021

Research on the African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) exhibits strong geographical biases, with most studies taking place within a few, well‐studied populations. Here, we provide the first insights into the status and distribution of a globally important cheetah population in the 50,000 km2 Ruaha‐Rungwa landscape in southern Tanzania. We employed data from four methods (systematic camera trap surveys, sign surveys, community camera trapping, and observations by photo‐tourism guides) to improve knowledge of this understudied population. Our findings indicate that cheetah are widespread across the landscape, although they appear to exist at relatively low population densities, likely primarily due to biotic factors. Our surveys revealed an extension of confirmed geographical range of the species and provide some of the first evidence that miombo woodlands may be an important habitat for cheetah across its eastern African range. We employ these findings to identify research priorities for the species elsewhere in the region. Community camera trapping revealed that cheetah are using unprotected areas, although rarely. Finally, we show that collaborations with tourism operators can be employed to monitor cheetah populations, but also identify limitations of this method. Our results have implications for conservation of the species both in southern Tanzania and across its African range.
Neuroblastoma: the association of anatomical tumour site, molecular biology and patient outcomes
Authors: Salim Adeline , Raitio Arimatias , Pizer Barry , Mullassery Dhanya , Losty Paul D.
Published: January 2021

Background

Numerous factors have been identified as carrying prognostic value in neuroblastoma (NB) and therefore incorporated in risk stratification of disease. Here, we investigate the association of anatomical site of NB with molecular biology and clinical outcomes.

Methods

A total of 117 patients with NB were studied over a 30‐year period. Tumour location was confirmed with computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging. Data on molecular biology were obtained as testing became available. Chi‐squared, Fisher's exact test and Kaplan–Meier log‐rank tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Tumour originated in the thoracic region (thoracic NB, TNB) in 15 patients (13%), adrenal gland (adrenal NB, ANB) in 88 patients (75%) and abdominal/paravertebral chain (paravertebral NB, PVNB) in 14 patients (12%). Overall survival (OS) for ANB was significantly lower (38%; P = 0.015). ANB cases were more frequently diagnosed at stage IV (69%; P = 0.001). MYCN amplification was noted in 33% of ANB cases and associated with lower OS (17% versus 62% MYCN non‐amplified ANB; P = 0.01). The vast majority of TNB and PVNB were non‐MYCN amplified (100% and 86%, respectively) and carried better prognosis (OS 86% and 83%, respectively). Forty‐two percent of ANB cases were diploid and had lower OS (20% versus 71% hyperdiploid ANB; P = 0.079). TNB and PVNB were found to be mostly hyperdiploid (86% and 100%, respectively) with better OS (83% and 33%, respectively). Segmental chromosomal alterations had prognostic significance in those with PVNB (P = 0.03).

Conclusion

TNB tumours have better outcomes than adrenal tumours. This may be due to varied factors reported here including non‐metastatic disease at presentation, non‐amplification of the MYCN oncogene and overall favourable molecular biology characteristics.
Disclosure of disability or misconduct in veterinary graduate registration: balancing confidentiality, equity and stakeholder interests
Authors: Raidal S L , Neutze D , Strous J
Published: January 2021

Background

Veterinary registration processes, including disclosure of disability or misconduct, vary across jurisdictions in Australasia, and there is currently no clear mechanism for the communication of registration requirements to prospective or current students. Procedures for registration of graduating students are evolving but are not necessarily responsive to conflicting imperatives for confidentiality, protection of stakeholder interests and graduate support.

Objective

To obtain opinions from members of the veterinary profession in Australasia on issues relating to graduate registration, including communication between veterinary schools and registration bodies.

Method

This was an online survey.

Results

Responses were received from 245 members of the profession, including employers, educators, current students, recent graduates and board members. Respondents agreed on the importance of the survey topic to all stakeholder groups, and responses reflected the complex, contestable and nuanced nature of inherent concepts. Responses were strongly polarised between individuals with an appetite for reform, improved discourse around disability and remediation of unprofessional conduct and those with concerns and experiences suggesting boards and educators could not responsibly manage processes that included increased disclosure of disability or prior conduct.

Conclusion

Issues related to disability and misconduct should be addressed separately in any change to registration processes. A harmonisation of registration processes across jurisdictions is desirable, but the legal implications of any potential changes require careful consideration. There is a need for improved support of disability, remediation of misconduct and a desire to promote diversity within the profession. The survey evoked strong emotions, and future discussion requires sensitivity, empathy and insight.
Drug‐induced peripheral oedema: An aetiology‐based review
Authors: Largeau Bérenger , Cracowski Jean‐Luc , Lengellé Céline , Sautenet Bénédicte , Jonville‐Béra Annie‐Pierre
Published: January 2021

Many drugs are responsible, through different mechanisms, for peripheral oedema. Severity is highly variable, ranging from slight oedema of the lower limbs to anasarca pictures as in the capillary leak syndrome. Although most often noninflammatory and bilateral, some drugs are associated with peripheral oedema that is readily erythematous (eg, pemetrexed) or unilateral (eg, sirolimus). Thus, drug‐induced peripheral oedema is underrecognized and misdiagnosed, frequently leading to a prescribing cascade. Four main mechanisms are involved, namely precapillary arteriolar vasodilation (vasodilatory oedema), sodium/water retention (renal oedema), lymphatic insufficiency (lymphedema) and increased capillary permeability (permeability oedema). The underlying mechanism has significant impact on treatment efficacy. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the main causative drugs by illustrating each pathophysiological mechanism and their management through an example of a drug.
Sex‐based and beauty‐based objectification: Metadehumanization and emotional consequences among victims
Authors: Chevallereau Tina , Maurage Pierre , Stinglhamber Florence , Demoulin Stéphanie
Published: January 2021

We investigated how two forms of objectification (i.e., sex‐ and beauty‐based objectification) relate to metadehumanization (i.e., the perception of being dehumanized) and emotional consequences for victims. Capitalizing on previous research, we hypothesized that sex‐based objectification would induce animalistic metadehumanization and that beauty‐based objectification would induce mechanistic metadehumanization. Our four studies showed that sex‐based objectification elicits stronger mechanistic metadehumanization than beauty‐based objectification, which also elicits higher mechanistic metadehumanization than non‐objectifying control condition. Unexpectedly, animalistic metadehumanization did not vary across conditions. These findings suggest that, consistent with the social metaphor, objectified women feel mechanistically dehumanized, independently of the objectification type faced. Sex‐ and beauty‐based objectifications also elicit more anger but less sadness than the control condition. However, only sex‐based objectification increases guilt feelings. The general discussion contrasts perpetrators’ vision of objectified women to women’s own experience of objectification.
Conditional Ror1 knockout reveals crucial involvement in lung adenocarcinoma development and identifies novel HIF‐1α regulator
Authors: Isomura Hisanori , Taguchi Ayumu , Kajino Taisuke , Asai Naoya , Nakatochi Masahiro , Kato Seiichi , Suzuki Keiko , Yanagisawa Kiyoshi , Suzuki Motoshi , Fujishita Teruaki , Yamaguchi Tomoya , Takahashi Masahide , Takahashi Takashi
Published: January 2021

We previously reported that ROR1 is a crucial downstream gene for the TTF‐1/NKX2‐1 lineage‐survival oncogene in lung adenocarcinoma, while others have found altered expression of ROR1 in multiple cancer types. Accumulated evidence therefore indicates ROR1 as an attractive molecular target, though it has yet to be determined whether targeting Ror1 can inhibit tumor development and growth in vivo. To this end, genetically engineered mice carrying homozygously floxed Ror1 alleles and an SP‐C promoter–driven human mutant EGFR transgene were generated. Ror1 ablation resulted in marked retardation of tumor development and progression in association with reduced malignant characteristics and significantly better survival. Interestingly, gene set enrichment analysis identified a hypoxia‐induced gene set (HALLMARK_HYPOXIA) as most significantly downregulated by Ror1 ablation in vivo, which led to findings showing that ROR1 knockdown diminished HIF‐1α expression under normoxia and clearly hampered HIF‐1α induction in response to hypoxia in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. The present results directly demonstrate the importance of Ror1 for in vivo development and progression of lung adenocarcinoma, and also identify Ror1 as a novel regulator of Hif‐1α. Thus, a future study aimed at the development of a novel therapeutic targeting ROR1 for treatment of solid tumors such as seen in lung cancer, which are frequently accompanied with a hypoxic tumor microenvironment, is warranted.
Inferior Auditory Time Perception in Children With Motor Difficulties
Authors: Chang Andrew , Li Yao‐Chuen , Chan Jennifer F. , Dotov Dobromir G. , Cairney John , Trainor Laurel J.
Published: January 2021

Accurate time perception is crucial for hearing (speech, music) and action (walking, catching). Motor brain regions are recruited during auditory time perception. Therefore, the hypothesis was tested that children (age 6–7) at risk for developmental coordination disorder (rDCD), a neurodevelopmental disorder involving motor difficulties, would show nonmotor auditory time perception deficits. Psychophysical tasks confirmed that children with rDCD have poorer duration and rhythm perception than typically developing children (N = 47,d = 0.95–1.01). Electroencephalography showed delayed mismatch negativity or P3a event‐related potential latency in response to duration or rhythm deviants, reflecting inefficient brain processing (N = 54,d = 0.71–0.95). These findings are among the first to characterize perceptual timing deficits in DCD, suggesting important theoretical and clinical implications.
Fish Oil Supplementation in Pregnancy and Neurodevelopment in Childhood—A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Sass Laerke , Bjarnadóttir Elín , Stokholm Jakob , Chawes Bo , Vinding Rebecca K. , Mora‐Jensen Anna‐Rosa C. , Thorsen Jonathan , Noergaard Sarah , Ebdrup Bjørn H. , Jepsen Jens R.M. , Fagerlund Birgitte , Bønnelykke Klaus , Lauritzen Lotte , Bisgaard Hans
Published: January 2021

A double‐blind randomized controlled trial of n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n‐3 LCPUFA) supplementation or matching placebo during third trimester of pregnancy was conducted within the COPSAC2010 mother‐child cohort consisting of 736 women and their children. The objective was to determine if maternal n‐3 LCPUFA pregnancy supplementation affects offspring neurodevelopment until 6 years. Neurodevelopment was evaluated in 654 children assessing age of motor milestone achievement, language development, cognitive development, general neurodevelopment, and emotional and behavioral problems. Maternal n‐3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy improved early language development and reduced the impact of emotional and behavioral problems. The n‐3 LCPUFA supplementation was in boys associated with the earlier achievement of gross motor milestones, improved cognitive development, and a reduced impact of emotional and behavioral problems.
Gastric enterochromaffin‐like cell changes in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Authors: Manoharan Jerena , Anlauf Martin , Albers Max B. , Denzer Ulrike W. , Mintziras Ioannis , Wächter Sabine , Di Fazio Pietro , Bollmann Carmen , Bartsch Detlef K.
Published: January 2021

Background

Gastric enterochromaffin‐like cell (ECL) tumours can occur in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), especially in those affected by Zollinger Ellison syndrome (ZES). Since the prevalence of ECL lesions is not well defined yet, the present study evaluated the presence and extent of ECL lesions in MEN1 patients with and without ZES.

Methods

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 patients being part of a regular screening program (2014–2018) underwent gastroduodenoscopies with biopsies of the stomach and determination of serum gastrin and chromogranin A levels. Haematoxylin‐ and immunostaining with chromogranin A, gastrin and VMAT I and II (vesicular monoamine transporter I and II) of the biopsies were performed.

Results

Thirty‐eight MEN1 patients, of whom 16 (42%) were diagnosed and treated earlier for ZES, were analysed. In ten of 16 (62.5%) ZES patients, a locally scattered, mixed image of diffuse, linear and micronodular mild hyperplasia was present. In addition, two of these patients (13%) showed small (max 1.5 mm in size) intramucosal ECL tumours. Neither ECL changes, nor tumours were found in MEN1 patients without ZES (n = 22). In MEN1/ZES patients, the median serum gastrin level was significantly elevated compared to MEN1 patients without ZES (206 pg/ml vs. 30.5 pg/ml, p < .001). A subgroup analysis of the serum gastrin and chromogranin A levels of MEN1/ZES patients with or without ECL hyperplasia did not show significant differences (gastrin level: p = .302, chromogranin A: p = .464).

Conclusion

Enterochromaffin‐like cell hyperplasia and gastric carcinoids occur only in MEN1 patients with ZES, but less frequently than reported.
A new case of Smith‐Kingsmore syndrome with somatic MTOR pathogenic variant expands the phenotypic spectrum to lateralized overgrowth
Authors: Carli Diana , Ferrero Giovanni Battista , Fusillo Anna , Coppo Paola , La Selva Roberta , Zinali Federica , Cardaropoli Simona , Ranieri Carlotta , Iacoviello Matteo , Resta Nicoletta , Mussa Alessandro
Published: January 2021

Smith‐Kingsmore syndrome (SKS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by heterozygous germline activating pathogenic variants in mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR) on chromosome 1p36. A few patients with disseminated mosaicism have been described so far and they seem to display a different phenotype when compared to germline cases. Here we report the sixth case with a disseminated mosaic MTOR pathogenic variant, a 7‐year‐old boy with hemimegalencephaly, epilepsy, developmental delay, hypomelanosis of Ito, and lateralized overgrowth. Genetic testing revealed a pathogenic variant (c.4448G > A, p.Cys1483Tyr) in MTOR with a frequency of 32% in the DNA extracted from a skin sample, 3% in saliva and 0.46% in blood. The clinical features observed in our patient further corroborate the existence of differences in phenotypic presentation of germline and mosaic SKS cases. Moreover, lateralized overgrowth, a finding never described so far in SKS, further expands the phenotypic spectrum of SKS and allows the inclusion of MTOR pathogenic variants among the several causes of asymmetric body overgrowth.
Should businesses keep consistent performance between channels? Empirical evidence from the impact of rating discrepancy on demand
Authors: Yan Nina , Xu Xun , Tong Tingting
Published: January 2021

Consumers often search for and compare the online and offline performance of businesses, indicated by consumer ratings, before they make purchases. In this study, using empirical evidence from the restaurant industry, we examine the impact of consumer rating discrepancy between online and offline channels on online demand. We find that channel rating discrepancy for overall performance, products, and services negatively affects online demand. In addition, higher prices amplify the negative effect of channel rating discrepancy on consumer online purchase behavior. The negative discrepancy effect has heterogeneity that depends on the business's properties (i.e., chain vs. independent). Our findings suggest that companies should take an integrated approach to make cross‐channel performance consistent. With consistent performance, companies can have a better overall performance that will attract consumer demand.
Endoscopic observation of the hypopharyngeal region using a super soft hood
Authors: Inoue Takahiro , Ishihara Ryu , Fujii Takashi
Published: January 2021

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Incidence and risk factors of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in infants
Authors: Sorg Anna‐Lisa , Von Kries Rüdiger , Klemme Mathias , Gerstl Lucia , Beyerlein Andreas , Lack Nicholas , Felderhoff‐Müser Ursula , Dzietko Mark
Published: January 2021

Aim

To describe the incidence of term and preterm neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) and identify perinatal risk factors.

Method

This was a national capture‐recapture calculation‐corrected surveillance and nested case–control study. Infants born preterm and at term with magnetic resonance imaging‐confirmed neonatal CSVT were identified by surveillance in all paediatric hospitals in Germany (2015–2017). Incidence was corrected for underreporting using a capture‐recapture method in one federal state and then extrapolated nationwide. We reviewed PubMed for comparisons with previously reported incidence estimators. We used a population‐based perinatal database for quality assurance to select four controls per case and applied univariate and multivariable regression for risk factor analysis.

Results

Fifty‐one newborn infants (34 males, 17 females; 14 born preterm) with neonatal CSVT were reported in the 3‐year period. The incidence of term and preterm neonatal CSVT was 6.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4–8.7) per 100 000 live births. Median age at time of confirmation of the diagnosis was 9.95 days (range 0–39d). In the univariate analysis, male sex, preterm birth, hypoxia and related indicators (umbilical artery pH <7.1; 5‐minute Apgar score <7; intubation/mask ventilation; perinatal asphyxia), operative vaginal delivery, emergency Caesarean section, and pathological fetal Doppler sonography were associated (p<0.05) with neonatal CSVT. Multivariable regression yielded hypoxia (odds ratio=20.3; 95% CI 8.1–50.8) as the independent risk factor.

Interpretation

Incidence of neonatal CSVT was within the range of other population‐based studies. The results suggest that hypoxia is an important perinatal risk factor for the aetiology of neonatal CSVT.
How disturbance history alters invasion success: biotic legacies and regime change
Authors: Miller Adam D. , Inamine Hidetoshi , Buckling Angus , Roxburgh Stephen H. , Shea Katriona
Published: January 2021

Disturbance is a key factor shaping ecological communities, but little is understood about how the effects of disturbance processes accumulate over time. When disturbance regimes change, historical processes may influence future community structure, for example, by altering invasibility compared to communities with stable regimes. Here, we use an annual plant model to investigate how the history of disturbance alters invasion success. In particular, we show how two communities can have different outcomes from species introduction, solely due to past differences in disturbance regimes that generated different biotic legacies. We demonstrate that historical differences can enhance or suppress the persistence of introduced species, and that biotic legacies generated by stable disturbance history decay over time, though legacies can persist for unexpectedly long durations. This establishes a formal theoretical foundation for disturbance legacies having profound effects on communities, and highlights the value of further research on the biotic legacies of disturbance.
The conservation of arboreal marsupials in the Albury‐Wodonga region of south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Michael Damian R. , Niedra Sam , McWhinney Dylan
Published: January 2021

Urban expansion is a major cause of land use change and presents a significant threat to biodiversity worldwide. Agricultural land is often acquired by local councils and developers to expand urban growth boundaries and establish new housing estates. However, many agricultural landscapes support high biodiversity values, especially farmlands that feature mosaics of native vegetation and keystone habitat such as hollow‐bearing trees. In south‐eastern Australia, many arboreal marsupials including the threatened Squirrel Glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) have populations within peri‐urban zones of expanding rural cities. A key challenge to planners, developers and conservation organisations is the need to maintain habitat for locally rare and threatened species as land undergoes changes in management. Critical to the sustainable development of peri‐urban landscapes is a thorough understanding of the distribution, habitat requirements and resources available to maintain and improve habitat for species dependent on limited resources such as tree cavities. In this management report, we present background information on an integrated research programme designed to evaluate potential impacts of urban development on fauna in the Albury Local Government Area, NSW. We mapped hollow‐bearing trees, erected nest boxes and monitored arboreal marsupials. Information presented in this report provides a blueprint for monitoring arboreal marsupials, including threatened species in other developing regions, and will assist the Albury‐Wodonga local governments in future planning of sustainable living environments.
A case‐control study of the morphological measurements of equine distal interphalangeal joints affected by osseous cyst‐like lesions
Authors: Fairburn A. J. , Sherlock C. E. , Partridge S. M. , Mair T. S.
Published: January 2021

Background

The aetiology and effects of osseous cyst‐like lesions (OCLLs) affecting the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint are poorly understood.

Objectives

To describe the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearance of OCLLs of the DIP joint and morphological measurements of affected joints.

Study design

Retrospective case–control study.

Methods

The low‐field MR imaging appearance of OCLLs affecting the DIP joint diagnosed over a 5‐year period was reviewed. Each case was matched to two horses with foot lameness not affected by OCLLs. Morphological measurements of the articular surfaces were recorded.

Results

There were 23 horses with OCLLs of the DIP joint (Group 1) and 45 controls (Group 2). The Group 1 horses had a total of 30 OCLLs. Twenty‐one OCLLs were present in the distal phalanx and 9 were present in the middle phalanx. Eight lesions were indentations of the articular surface and 22 had subchondral and trabecular bone involvement. OCLLs were commonly located in the centre of the articular surface of the distal phalanx. The dorsal‐palmar/plantar length of the articular surface of the distal and middle phalanges was greater in Group 1. The depth of the articular surface of the distal phalanx and the height of the articular surface of the middle phalanx were greater in the Group 1. 22/23 horses in Group 1 had evidence of osteoarthritis of the DIP joint compared to 22/45 in Group 2.

Main limitations

Small number of cases and small values of measurements.

Conclusions

OCLLs of the DIP joint occur at consistent sites, most commonly the central third of the articular surface of the distal phalanx. Measurements of the joint surfaces suggest that DIP joints affected by OCLLs have different morphology than joints without OCLLs. These findings are consistent with the theory that OCLLs of the DIP joint could be associated with dysplasia of the joint.