bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of 2,4-diamino-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-8,8-dimethyl-6-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile–dimethylformamide–water (1/1/1)
Authors: Metwally Nadia H. , Elgemeie Galal H. , Abd Al-latif El-shimaa S. M. , Jones Peter G.
Published: March 2024

In the structure of the title compound, C22H22N4O4·C3H7NO·H2O, the entire tricyclic system is approximately planar except for the carbon atom bearing the two methyl groups; the methoxyphenyl ring is approximately perpendicular to the tricycle. All seven potential hydrogen-bond donors take part in classical hydrogen bonds. The main molecule and the DMF combine to form broad ribbons parallel to the a axis and roughly parallel to the ab plane; the water molecules connect the residues in the third dimension.
Effect of Ti and C addition on oxidation resistance of FeCoCrNiMn high entropy alloys prepared by powder metallurgy
Authors: Wang Haichao , Liu Xiaoqiang , Li Zhanjiang , Chen Li , Dai Pinqiang , Tang Qunhua
Published: March 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the high temperature oxidation behavior of Ti and C-added FeCoCrNiMn high entropy alloys (HEAs).

Design/methodology/approach

Cyclic oxidation method was used to obtain the oxidation kinetic profile and oxidation rate. The microstructures of the surface and cross section of the samples after oxidation were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Findings

The results show that the microstructure of the alloy mainly consisted of FCC (Face-centered Cubic Structure) main phase and carbides (M7C3, M23C6 and TiC). With the increase of Ti and C content, the microhardness, strength and oxidation resistance of the alloy were effectively improved. After oxidation at a constant temperature of 800 °C for 100 h, the preferential oxidation of chromium in the chromium carbide determined the early formation of dense chromium oxide layers compared to the HEAs substrate, resulting in the optimal oxidation resistance of the TC30 alloy.

Originality/value

More precipitated CrC can preferentially oxidize and rapidly form a dense Cr2O3 layer early in the oxidation, which will slow down the further oxidation of the alloy.
Modelling the critical challenges of quality assurance of cross-border construction logistics and supply chain during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Ghansah Frank Ato , Lu Weisheng , Ababio Benjamin Kwaku
Published: March 2024

Purpose

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the construction industry, yet still, it is unclear from existing studies about the critical challenges imposed on quality assurance (QA), particularly Cross-border Construction Logistics and Supply Chain (Cb-CLSC). Thus, this study aims to identify and examine the critical challenges of QA of Cb-CLSC during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design/methodology/approach

The aim is achieved via an embedded mixed-method approach pragmatically involving a desk literature review and engaging 150 experts across the globe using expert surveys, and results confirmed by semi-structured interviews. The approach is based on Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) as its foundation.

Findings

The study revealed ten critical challenges of QA, with the top four including “the shortage of raw construction material (C7)”, “design changes (C6)”, “collaboration and communication difficulties (C1)” and “changes in work practices (C10)”. However, examining the interrelationships among the critical challenges using ISM confirmed C7 and C10 as the most critical challenges. The study again revealed that the critical challenges are sensitive and capable of affecting themselves due to the nature of their interrelationship based on MICMAC analysis. Hence, being consistent with why all the challenges were considered critical amid the pandemic. Sentiment analysis revealed that the critical challenges have not been entirely negative but also positive by creating three areas of opportunities for improvement: technology adoption, worker management, and work process management. However, four areas of challenges in the QA include cost, raw material, time, and work process, including inspection, testing, auditing, communication, etc.

Practical implications

The finding provides a convenient point of reference to researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and decision-makers on formulating policies to enhance the effectiveness of construction QA during the pandemic through to the post-pandemic era.

Originality/value

The study enriches the extant literature on QA, Cb-CLSC, and the COVID-19 pandemic in the construction industry by identifying the critical challenges and examining the interrelationships among them. This provides a better understanding of how the construction QA has been affected by the pandemic and the opportunities created.
How are you affected? The public’s online information behaviour patterns during the COVID-19 infodemic
Authors: Sun Jingqiong , Ming Junren , Wang Xuezhi , Zhang Yawen
Published: March 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the impact of the COVID-19 infodemic on the public’s online information behaviour, offering insights critical for shaping effective informational responses in future public health emergencies.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses a structured online survey with 27 targeted questions using a five-point Likert scale to measure eight variables. Data analysis is conducted through structural equation modelling on 307 valid responses to rigorously test the research hypotheses.

Findings

This paper indicates that information quality significantly impacts the public’s capacity to select, share and use online information. Additionally, the comprehensibility of information plays a crucial role in shaping the public’s behaviours in terms of online information exchange and usage. The credibility of information sources emerges as a key determinant influencing the public’s online information selection, exchange and utilization behaviour. Moreover, social influence exerts a substantial effect on the public’s online information selection, acquisition, exchange and utilization behaviour. These findings highlight the presence of universality and sociality, mediation and guidance, as well as the purposefulness and selectivity performed by the public’s online information behaviour during an infodemic.

Originality/value

This paper introduces a novel research model for assessing the influence and identifies the patterns of the public’s online information behaviour during the COVID-19 infodemic. The findings have significant implications for developing strategies to tackle information dissemination challenges in future major public health emergencies.
Determinants of lean manufacturing adoption by Chinese manufacturers
Authors: Lin Chieh-Yu , Kang Cathay Kuo-Tai , Ho Yi-Hui
Published: March 2024

Purpose

This study aims to analyze the determinants influencing Chinese manufacturing companies in implementing lean manufacturing (LM).

Design/methodology/approach

The determinants to be explored in this study consist of technological, organizational and environmental (TOE) dimensions. A questionnaire survey was conducted on Chinese manufacturing companies, and 208 samples were analyzed.

Findings

The findings show that the relative advantage of LM and organizational support have significantly positive effects on Chinese manufacturing firms’ adoption of LM. The complexity of LM, quality of human resources, organizational readiness, customer pressure, international situation, governmental support and environmental uncertainty do not have significant effects.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the literature by using the TOE model to explore the factors influencing LM adoption in the Chinese manufacturing industry.
SIBs and the implications on the relationship between social enterprises and the public sector: a case study from the Netherlands
Authors: Patetta Valentina , Enciso-Santocildes Marta
Published: March 2024

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to provide insights and knowledge about the motivations and implications for social enterprises' participation in SIBs, particularly in terms of collaboration and partnership with the public sector, as well as the different positions on this issue. The overall aim, therefore, is to show how social enterprises and public organisations have interacted in the context of SIBs and what has been achieved by participating.

Design/methodology/approach

This multiple case study approach applies qualitative methods like observations and semi-structured and unstructured interviews.

Findings

The study shows that SIBs can be an option for financing social enterprises within a strategy of income diversification and resource dependency. Despite tensions and complexities, SIBs can renew the traditional funding relationship by adding innovation, strengthening the co-creation process and creating a stable relationship.

Research limitations/implications

Research findings may lack generalisability due to the specific context in which the case study is rooted.

Practical implications

The paper offers practical implications in terms of insights and suggestions for social enterprises and the public sector interested in developing the scheme.

Originality/value

This paper adds the voice and perspective of social enterprises on the relationship with the public sector within the framework of SIBs initiatives.
An exploratory study on women single parents’ experiences in coping with socioeconomic insecurity
Authors: Munir Misbahul , Yuda Tauchid Komara , Kusumah Echo Perdana , Suwandi Maygsi Aldian
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Social welfare scholarship has not paid adequate attention to the phenomenon of single-parent women in Asia, especially in terms of their economic and social vulnerabilities. This study aims to explore the strategies employed by women who are single parents to secure their families from socioeconomic issues. It also delves into the experiences and viewpoints of families regarding the social institutions they turn to for assistance during times of hardship – whether it be the state, market, or informal networks.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collected through 33 semi-structured interviews, with informants selected using the purposive sampling technique in South Sumatra Province, Indonesia, from February 2023 to July 2023. This number was obtained based on informants who were included in the criteria the researchers determined, which included “being a female single parent” and “being over the age of 17,” which is the minimum age for Indonesians to marry. Others included “having dependents to support, be they children and/or the respondent’s family” and occupying the main role as “household head” – all of which defined whether someone belongs to the “vulnerable group.”

Findings

The study highlights the significance of informal support for single mothers facing economic hardship. Still, overreliance on it can lead to concerns about the sustainability of the everyday social safety net they receive. Social exclusion is also problematic due to societal assumptions about divorce and widowhood. The last highlight is how 'deskilling' among single parents has complicated the challenges women face to re-enter the workforce.

Originality/value

This study’s outcomes provide crucial insights into analyzing the patterns of single-parent families in Indonesia and serve as a framework for further research on the resilience of single parents in developing countries.
Market context matters: the impact of corporate diversification on REIT performance in Malaysia and Singapore
Authors: Cheong Calvin W.H. , Chan Ling-Foon
Published: March 2024

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the impact of corporate diversification and growth opportunities on the performance of real estate investment trusts (REIT) in Malaysia and Singapore before and during the pandemic.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample consists of 33 public-listed REITs across Singapore and Malaysia. A dynamic panel system generalized method of moments (DPS-GMM) estimation is used to account for unobservable factors and a relatively short sample period (2009–2022).

Findings

Results indicate that the impact of diversification is contingent on the market where the REIT is based and other institutional factors. The estimates also show that diversified REITs are better able to weather period of economic uncertainty.

Practical implications

We provided a definitive answer as to why corporate diversification leads to conflicting outcomes – market and institutional factors, strategic intent and the overall economic environment. We also show that the impact of typical firm controls (i.e. free cash, size) can differ. Future firm-level work should thus study similar phenomenon more contextually and carefully consider these varying effects.

Originality/value

The literature is divided on the impact of diversification on firm performance. By using a two-country sample, we show conclusive evidence that this contradictory outcome is due to market and institutional factors. We also show evidence that strategic intent is an important factor that influences the outcomes of diversification, regardless of market. We also infer that excess cash aids the resilience of the firm, contrary to the negative perception of excess cash during normal times. Firm size, in contrast, does not contribute to firm performance during a crisis.
Ontogeny of superorganisms: Social control of queen specialization in ants
Authors: Majidifar Vahideh , Psalti Marina N. , Coulm Martin , Fetzer Ebru , Teggers Eva‐Maria , Rotering Frederik , Grünewald Judith , Mannella Luca , Reuter Maxi , Unte Dennis , Libbrecht Romain
Published: March 2024

The functioning of biological systems relies on the cooperation of specialized components and understanding the processes that produce such specialization is a major challenge in biology. Here, we study the ontogeny of biological systems at a new phenotypic level: the superorganisms (i.e. insect societies with specialized individuals).

We investigate how founding queens, the earliest developmental stage of ant colonies, transition from expressing behavioural pluripotency to becoming strictly specialized in egg production.

We demonstrate that the presence of workers both initiates and maintains this queen specialization, and propose that such a social control of queen behaviour is common in ants and regulated by ancestral mechanisms.

These findings contradict the traditional view of social insect queens as being intrinsically specialized in egg production and may reshape our understanding of the division of labour in insect societies.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Unintended consequences of planting native and non‐native trees in treeless ecosystems to mitigate climate change
Authors: Moyano Jaime , Dimarco Romina D. , Paritsis Juan , Peterson Tess , Peltzer Duane A. , Crawford Kerri M. , McCary Matthew A. , Davis Kimberley T. , Pauchard Aníbal , Nuñez Martin A.
Published: March 2024

Naturally treeless ecosystems are being replaced by native and non‐native trees worldwide, often through deliberate afforestation using forestry tree species. By introducing species having novel traits, such as relatively rapid growth, many afforestation efforts also produce numerous changes in ecosystems, at the landscape scale.

Trees are considered critical for climate change mitigation; indeed, many current carbon sequestration strategies rely on trees. Planting trees or allowing trees to naturally colonize through range expansions can be seen as an ideal way to increase atmospheric carbon capture. For example, a snapshot approach may show that introducing trees into treeless ecosystems enhances aboveground accumulation of carbon, helping increase ecosystem carbon storage.

However, considering other impacts such as reductions in soil carbon or albedo and increased fire severity (through increases in fuel loads and connectivity) reduces the effectiveness of afforestation strategies for climate change amelioration. Additional negative impacts of afforestation are also likely, such as the reduction of native biodiversity and productivity, substantial water yield losses, and changes in nutrient cycles, which can exacerbate other global change drivers. Further, tree invasions originating from afforestation can exacerbate these negative impacts.

Synthesis. This review highlights that the positive and negative impacts of planting trees in naturally treeless ecosystems as a strategy to mitigate climate change are idiosyncratic, depending on the location where trees are introduced, the time period trees are allowed to grow, and risks of spread and impacts associated with specific tree species. Although planting trees can potentially be a tool to fight climate change, a greater consideration of their impacts is required to minimize the unexpected negative consequences of afforestation efforts.
Determinants of illicit capital movement in China‐Africa trade: Evidence of trade misinvoicing
Authors: Ndoricimpa Arcade , Araral Eduardo
Published: March 2024

Illicit financial flows have been an issue of great concern over the past decades due to the challenge they present for economic development in Africa. Illicit financial flows undermine the productivity and growth of African economies as countries lose foreign exchange and tax revenues. Countries lose financial resources needed for development programs, hence undermining social service delivery and retarding poverty reduction. To effectively combat illicit financial flows, it is imperative to examine their determinants. This study seeks to examine the determinants of illicit capital movement in the China‐Africa trade through the mechanisms of trade misinvoicing over the period 1990–2019. The IMF's Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) database is used to estimate trade misinvoicing. Estimates using mirror trade data indicate that both exports of Africa to China and imports from China to Africa are mainly underinvoiced. The net effect shows that trade misinvoicing in the China‐Africa trade results in net illicit capital outflow for about 44% of countries in Africa. The results from panel data regressions indicate that tax evasion is one of the major factors behind misinvoicing in China‐Africa trade. In addition, corruption control is found to reduce export underinvoicing, while political stability reduces both export overinvoicing and import overinvoicing. Export misinvoicing increases with the presence of natural resources in the exporting country. Other factors associated with trade misinvoicing in China‐Africa trade include openness to trade, current account deficit, and real exchange rate. The study suggests ways to reduce trade misinvoicing in China‐Africa trade.
School‐based anti‐bullying approaches for children and young people with special educational needs and disabilities: A systematic review and synthesis
Authors: Badger Julia R. , Nisar Atiyya , Hastings Richard P.
Published: March 2024

Mainstream anti‐bullying interventions can reduce primary school‐level victimisation by 15–16% and bullying perpetration by 19%–20% (Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2019; 45: 111–133). Less is known about anti‐bullying interventions for pupils with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) even though they are at least 2–4 times more likely to be involved in bullying. This systematic review aimed to identify reported anti‐bullying approaches for pupils with SEND, what the evidence is for these approaches reducing bullying and which design factors are linked to a reduction in bullying. We searched 10 databases and four grey literature sources for articles that evaluated school‐based anti‐bullying strategies for children and young people aged 4–18 years with SEND. This review included 15 studies and used the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool for quality and risk of bias. Ten reported a reduction in bullying involvement, but the evidence was variable. A further 27 articles formed a ‘suggested strategies’ review which synthesised articles without evaluations of interventions but that suggested anti‐bullying strategies for use with pupils with SEND. The main suggestion was encouraging social skills and networks. Interventions should be evaluated for feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness. High‐quality randomised controlled trials are required to build an evidence base to support pupils with SEND.
Considerations for age estimation accuracy: Method‐derived outcomes and practitioner interpretations
Authors: Hughes Cris , Yim An‐Di , Juarez Chelsey
Published: March 2024

Recent research observed 92% accuracy for age‐at‐death estimations by U.S. forensic anthropologists. The present study compares this case report level accuracy to method level accuracy for the most commonly used methods in U.S. casework, drawing from the Forensic Anthropology Database for Assessing Methods Accuracy (FADAMA). Method application rate (i.e., how often a method is used in casework) was analyzed for n = 641 cases and identified 15 methods with an application rate >45 cases, and the present study focused further analyses on these 15 methods. Of the 15, only four yielded accuracies greater than or equal to the 92% documented for case‐report level accuracy. The other 11 methods produced accuracy rates ranging from 54% to 91%, with six of these below 70% This disconnect between highly accurate age estimations at the case report level compared to the poor performance at method level suggests that practitioner interpretation and synthesis of the methods' outcomes is a critical step for increasing the accuracy rates of the age estimations as reported on the final case report. This inference was further supported by the study's results which indicated that practitioner interpretations of frequently used method combinations improve accuracy and age range width of age estimation. The study also performed a Fisher's Exact test to assess whether case report‐level accuracy differed with the number of aging methods used in a case, and found no significant differences.
Towards maintaining canine training aid integrity: Effects of environmental factors and operational use on the triacetone triperoxide polymer odor capture‐and‐release system
Authors: Cropper Emily , Riley Paige , Simon Alison G.
Published: March 2024

There are many factors that may affect the longevity of or guide the use of canine training aids. Literature to date has mainly focused on identifying the headspace volatiles associated with training aids or odors and only minimal research exists into how different variables may alter those volatiles. The current study examines several factors affecting canine training aids: humidity, air flow, transportation, and operational deployment, using the triacetone triperoxide polymer odor capture‐and‐release canine training aid (TATP POCR) as the target. The TATP POCR is an absorption‐based canine training aid developed to be used to safely train canines to detect the odor of the explosive TATP in operational settings. Comparisons of the TATP POCR to neat TATP are made throughout the manuscript. First, humidity increased the background components of the POCR matrix, as well as the amount of TATP recovered was above the POCR. Humidity thus affected the amount of TATP detected but did not prevent detection. Second, air flow lessened the lifetime of the TATP POCR. Third, the practice of using primary and secondary containment successfully prevented contamination, cross‐contamination, and significant target loss, thereby maintaining kit integrity. Finally, the absorption of background odors from training environments was not observed. TATP headspace concentrations between a Deployed and Control POCR kit were not significantly different at time 0 (i.e., upon opening), which suggests that the operational use does not affect the function of the TATP POCR system. This information provides pivotal evidence for explosives detection canine handlers or trainers who utilize the TATP POCR.
Tracheomediastinal fistula induced by concurrent chemoradiotherapy in small cell lung cancer: A case report and literature review
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihiro , Shibahara Daisuke , Mori Taro , Otsubo Kohei , Shiraishi Yoshimasa , Yoneshima Yasuto , Iwama Eiji , Tanaka Kentaro , Oda Yoshinao , Okamoto Isamu
Published: March 2024

Tracheomediastinal fistula is a rare but life‐threatening complication of cancer. We report a case of tracheomediastinal fistula induced by concurrent chemoradiotherapy in limited stage small cell lung cancer. Despite the treatment response, the metastatic paratracheal lymph node increased gradually during concurrent chemoradiotherapy, resulting in the occurrence of tracheomediastinal fistula and mediastinitis. Without any surgical intervention, the patient achieved successful recovery from mediastinitis through antibiotic treatment, although the tracheomediastinal fistula remained open. In this report, we also review previous studies of tracheomediastinal and bronchomediastinal fistulas and summarize the clinical features.
Sexual selection in Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) is shaped by contrasting geographic adaptations, but does it matter for area‐wide sex pheromone control tools?
Authors: Aigbedion‐Atalor Pascal , Upfold Jennifer , Coombes Candice , Moore Sean , Hill Martin
Published: March 2024

Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a quarantine pest for certain export markets due to its phytosanitary status in affected crops in sub‐Saharan Africa, including citrus. Consequently, there is a zero‐tolerance policy for T. leucotreta in export markets. In South Africa, an integrated pest management strategy, incorporating a systems approach is used to achieve complete control of T. leucotreta. Preharvest management is multi‐faceted, including reliance on sex pheromone tools such as monitoring, attract‐and‐kill, mating disruptions, and sterile insect technique (SIT). Geographically isolated populations of T. leucotreta occur in South Africa, and there is speculation concerning the possible loss of sexual communication between these isolated populations, thereby compromising the efficiency of sex pheromone tools. To investigate this possibility, we collected samples from five geographically isolated populations of T. leucotreta and a population used for SIT in South Africa. These were subjected to sexual attraction trials under choice and no‐choice scenarios in a semi‐natural environment. Results of the choice tests revealed that males of each population preferred their corresponding population females, except irradiated males. However, when we deprived males of their preferred females, these preferences dissipated, and they were equally attracted to females from all populations. These results indicate that local adaptation and other selection forces in contrasting environments are important in sexual communication and selection in T. leucotreta but do not necessarily prevent recognition of sexual signals and attraction between geographically isolated populations. These findings are crucial for area‐wide IPM and precision control of T. leucotreta.
The prevalence of substance use disorders among people in Norwegian, Danish and Swedish prisons: A multi‐national cohort study, 2010–19
Authors: Bukten Anne , Virtanen Suvi , Hesse Morten , Thylstrup Birgitte , Kvamme Timo Lehmann , Seid Abdu Kedir , Chang Zheng , Skjærvø Ingeborg , Tverborgvik Torill , Stavseth Marianne R.
Published: March 2024

Aims

We estimated the prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the Norwegian, Danish and Swedish prison populations and compared the prevalence of SUDs in the national prison populations with country‐specific general population prevalence rates.

Design

A multi‐national cohort study using data from the National Prison Registries linked to the National Patient Registries in Norway, Denmark and Sweden.

Setting and participants

We used data from the PriSUD‐Nordic study, including national prison populations aged 19 years and older in Norway (2010–19), Denmark (2010–18) and Sweden (2010–13). A total of 119 507 Individuals (108 971 men and 10 536 women) contributing to 191 549 incarcerations were included in the study (Norway: 45432 men; 5429 women, Denmark: 42 162 men; 3370 women, Sweden: 21 377 men; 1737 women).

Measurement

We calculated a study prevalence and prevalence at entry to prison for all types of SUDs before imprisonment each consecutive year of observation in each prison population. We also extracted country‐specific 1‐year prevalence rates from the Global Burden of Diseases database to calculate comparative national prevalence ratios.

Findings

The study prevalence of any SUD was approximately 40% [Norway: 44.0%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 43.6–44.5%; Denmark: 39.9%, CI = 39.5–40.4%; Sweden: 39.1%, CI = 38.4–39.7%] in all three countries. Women had a significantly higher study prevalence of any SUD compared with men (Norway: 55.8 versus 42.6%, P < 0.001; Denmark 43.1 versus 39.7%, P = 0.004; Sweden: 51.7 versus 38.0%, P < 0.001). Prevalence estimates were higher for SUDs among people in prison than in the general population. We observed an increasing proportion of people with SUDs entering prison in Norway (P = 0.003), while the proportion was more stable in Denmark and Sweden.

Conclusions

Substance use disorders (SUDs) appear to be highly prevalent among the Scandinavian prison populations compared with the general population, especially among women. In Norway, there was a relative increase in SUDs from 2010 to 2019.
Expertise acquisition in Congress
Authors: Fong Christian , Lowande Kenneth , Rauh Adam
Published: March 2024

According to many, the US Congress desperately needs reform because its capacity to govern has declined. Congressional capacity cannot be understood without examining how the expertise available to members is fostered or discouraged. We present a theory of expertise acquisition and apply it to the problem of overseeing the Executive. We use this theory to organize a dataset of congressional staff employment merged with new records of invitations, applications, and attendance at training sessions produced by three nonprofit organizations in Washington, DC. We find that staffers are more likely to acquire expertise when their jobs are more secure and there are more opportunities to use their expertise in careers outside of Congress—most notably, when their party takes control of the presidency. Our analysis suggests that oversight expertise is generally not sufficiently valuable outside of Congress to entice many staffers to acquire it without subsidies.
Birding under fire
Authors: Guarasci Bridget
Published: March 2024

Birding for nature conservation becomes violent in war when foreign states and industry use it to extract value from countries like Iraq. In wartime Iraq, birding became a pathway to multinational resource extraction by producing “eco‐value,” a form of economic value for species life and, by extension, the ecosystems they inhabit. Iraqi marshland conservationists, including private contractors, produced eco‐value in the context of extreme violence for the purposes of environmental rehabilitation. This eco‐value was then leveraged to mine natural resources that were embedded in the same geological field. Compounding the violence of extraction was the violence conservation introduced for Iraqi citizens who alone performed the dangerous labor of birding; they were recruited to do this in order to safeguard the lives of foreign experts, who did not travel to the marshes of Iraq. The result was a form of nature conservation that made Iraqi lives uniquely expendable in the project of building the occupation's lifeforce.
Safety and feasibility of instituting a robotic pancreas program in the Australian setting: a case series and narrative review
Authors: McKay Bartholomew , Brough David , Kilburn Daniel , Cavallucci David
Published: March 2024

Background

Minimally invasive pancreatic resection has been gathering interest over the last decade due to the technical demands and high morbidity associated with these typically open procedures. We report our experience with robotic pancreatectomy within an Australian context.

Methods

All patients undergoing robotic distal pancreatectomy (DP) and pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) at two Australian tertiary academic hospitals between May 2014 and December 2020 were included.

Results

Sixty‐two patients underwent robotic pancreatectomy during the study period. Thirty‐four patients with a median age of 68 years (range 42–84) were in the PD group whilst the DP group included 28 patients with a median age of 60 years (range 18–78). Thirteen patients (46.4%) in the DP group had spleen‐preserving procedures. There were 13 conversions (38.2%) in the PD group whilst 0 conversions occurred in the DP group. The Clavien‐Dindo grade ≥III complication rate was 26.4% and 17.9% in the PD and DP groups, respectively. Two deaths (5.9%) occurred within 90‐days in the PD group whilst none were observed in the DP group. The median length of hospital stay was 11.5 days (range 4–56) in the PD group and 6 days (range 2–22) in the DP group.

Conclusion

Robotic pancreatectomy outcomes at our institution are comparable with international literature demonstrating it is both safe and feasible to perform. With improved access to this platform, robotic pancreas surgery may prove to be the turning point for patients with regards to post‐operative complications as more experience is obtained.
Age‐related macular degeneration discordance in monozygotic twin pairs
Authors: Kananen Fabian , Kaprio Jaakko , Immonen Ilkka
Published: March 2024

Purpose

To examine age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)–Bruch's membrane (BrM) complex volume associations in monozygotic twin pairs.

Methods

In this study, 106 elderly twins (53 twin pairs) from the Finnish Twin Cohort study were recruited. Each participant underwent dilated 35‐degree digital colour fundus photography (CFP), and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and replied to a structured study questionnaire. The CFPs were graded according to the Age‐Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) classification. The OCT images were segmented and volumetric data of the RPE‐BrM complex volume was calculated with the Orion™ software. The worse eye according to AREDS classification was used for the analysis.

Results

Twenty‐nine (55%) of the twin pairs were discordant with regard to AREDS classification. Fourteen (26%) pairs were discordant with one twin participant having AMD (AREDS 2–4) and the other being unaffected (AREDS 1). Four (8%) pairs had one twin participant with intermediate or late AMD (AREDS 3–4) versus the other being unaffected (AREDS 1). The within‐pair polychoric correlation for AREDS was 0.605 (95% confidence interval 0.418–0.792).

In multivariate analysis intermediate and late AMD as well as age associated with RPE‐BrM complex volume. RPE‐BrM complex volume showed a within twin pair correlation, r = 0.430 (95% confidence interval 0.172–0.688, p < 0.01).

Conclusion

A substantial proportion of monozygotic twin pairs are discordant with regard to age‐related macular degeneration phenotype. RPE‐BrM complex volume associated with age and intermediate and late AMD.
The cytoplasmic sensor, the AIM2 inflammasome: A precise therapeutic target in vascular and metabolic diseases
Authors: Lin Jiuguo , Wang Jiaojiao , Fang Jian , Li Meihang , Xu Suowen , Little Peter J. , Zhang Dongmei , Liu Zhiping
Published: March 2024

Cardio‐cerebrovascular diseases encompass pathological changes in the heart, brain and vascular system, which pose a great threat to health and well‐being worldwide. Moreover, metabolic diseases contribute to and exacerbate the impact of vascular diseases. Inflammation is a complex process that protects against noxious stimuli but is also dysregulated in numerous so‐called inflammatory diseases, one of which is atherosclerosis. Inflammation involves multiple organ systems and a complex cascade of molecular and cellular events. Numerous studies have shown that inflammation plays a vital role in cardio‐cerebrovascular diseases and metabolic diseases. The absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome detects and is subsequently activated by double‐stranded DNA in damaged cells and pathogens. With the assistance of the mature effector molecule caspase‐1, the AIM2 inflammasome performs crucial biological functions that underpin its involvement in cardio‐cerebrovascular diseases and related metabolic diseases: The production of interleukin‐1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin‐18 (IL-18) and N‐terminal pore‐forming Gasdermin D fragment (GSDMD‐N) mediates a series of inflammatory responses and programmed cell death (pyroptosis and PANoptosis). Currently, several agents have been reported to inhibit the activity of the AIM2 inflammasome and have the potential to be evaluated for use in clinical settings. In this review, we systemically elucidate the assembly, biological functions, regulation and mechanisms of the AIM2 inflammasome in cardio‐cerebrovascular diseases and related metabolic diseases and outline the inhibitory agents of the AIM2 inflammasome as potential therapeutic drugs.
Radiprodil, a selective GluN2B negative allosteric modulator, rescues audiogenic seizures in mice carrying the GluN2A(N615S) mutation
Authors: Bertocchi Ilaria , Cifarelli Lorenzo , Oberto Alessandra , Eva Carola Eugenia , Sprengel Rolf , Mirza Naheed Rohman , Muglia Pierandrea
Published: March 2024

Background and Purpose

GRIN‐related disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders caused by mutations in N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit genes. A large fraction of these mutations lead to a ‘gain of function’ (GoF) of the NMDAR. Patients present with a range of symptoms including epilepsy, intellectual disability, behavioural and motor. Controlling seizures is a significant unmet medical need in most patients with GRIN‐related disorders. Although several hundred GRIN mutations have been identified in humans, until recently none of the mouse models carrying Grin mutations/deletions showed an epileptic phenotype. The two recent exceptions both carry mutations of GluN2A. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of radiprodil, a selective negative allosteric modulator of GluN2B‐containing NMDARs, in counteracting audiogenic seizures (AGS) in a murine model carrying the GluN2A(N615S) homozygous mutation (Grin2aS/S mice).

Experimental Approach

Grin2aS/S mice were acutely treated with radiprodil at different doses before the presentation of a high‐frequency acoustic stimulus commonly used for AGS induction.

Key Results

Radiprodil significantly and dose‐dependently reduced the onset and severity of AGS in Grin2aS/S mice. Surprisingly, the results revealed a sex‐dependent difference in AGS susceptibility and in the dose‐dependent protection of radiprodil in the two genders. Specifically, radiprodil was more effective in female versus male mice.

Conclusion and Implications

Overall, our data clearly show that radiprodil, a GluN2B selective negative allosteric modulator, may have the potential to control seizures in patients with GRIN2A GoF mutations. Further studies are warranted to better understand the sex‐dependent effects observed in this study.
Increased risk of complications in lower versus upper limb peripheral intravenous cannulation in children with severe neurological impairment
Authors: Kluckow Eliza , Perera Sajini , Clifford Isaac , Wilks Daniel , Cooper Monica S.
Published: March 2024

Background

Obtaining peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) access in children with severe neurological impairment (SNI) is often challenging and commonly associated with complications, including dislodgement, phlebitis and extravasation. In severe cases, extravasation injury may lead to tissue necrosis, ulceration and long‐term morbidity. The aim of this study was to determine the relative incidence of PIVC complications secondary to lower limb cannulation, compared to upper limb, in children with SNI.

Methods

A single centre, retrospective, observational review was conducted. Patients with SNI, admitted at a tertiary paediatric centre over 6 months between July and December 2022, were included.

Results

One‐hundred fifty‐five PIVC procedures were conducted in 110 children over the study period. Complications were more common in lower limb PIVCs (12/16, 75%) compared to upper limb (58/139, 42%), p = 0.01.

Conclusion

Upper limb cannulation is preferred in children with SNI.
Patterns of primary and secondary defects associated with non‐syndromic cleft lip and palate: An epidemiological analysis in a Kenyan population
Authors: Kamau Martin , Sarna Krishan , Guthua Symon , Sonigra Khushboo Jayant , Kimani Paul
Published: March 2024

Cleft lip and palate deformities substantially burden individuals and families, particularly in low‐income communities. However, a comprehensive understanding of the patterns and distribution of these deformities in Kenya remains limited. This retrospective cross‐sectional study analyzed 647 clinical records from the BelaRisu Foundation registry in Kenya, spanning 2018–2022. After meticulous record verification and data extraction, cleft pattern modeling was used to analyze each case. Data were imported to SPSS version 29.0 and descriptive statistics were calculated, which included means, ranges, frequencies, percentages, and standard deviations. Additionally, a comparative analysis between genders was conducted. The findings revealed a higher average age of presentation compared with previous studies in Kenya, along with a greater susceptibility of males to cleft lip and palate defects overall. Noteworthy disparities in case distribution across provinces were observed. Cleft lip emerged as the most observed primary defect, while palatal fistulae constituted the most frequent secondary defect. Interestingly, while some results aligned with global trends, others diverged significantly from the existing literature, warranting further exploration and investigation. These findings shed light on the unique patterns and distribution of cleft lip and palate deformities in Kenya, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and support systems.
Congenital cardiac anomalies in non‐syndromic cleft lip and cleft palate patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kumar Bindey , Singh Priyankar , Ranjan Alok , Singh Tulika , Singh Nimmi , Kriti  , Singh Swati , Singh Siddharth , Mishra Navin , Sharma Arbind Kumar
Published: March 2024

The aim was to establish a specific and definite connection between non‐syndromic orofacial cleft patients and associated congenital heart disease (CHD). Following PRISMA guidelines, selective databases were searched for data collection. Studies showing a definite association of CHD with orofacial cleft were included, and studies non‐specific of the association of orofacial cleft with CHD were excluded. Data extraction criteria were study design, frequency of CHD in overall non‐syndromic orofacial cleft and in specific cleft type, and most prevalent congenital cardiac anomaly. DerSimonian Laird random effects model was used to estimate the pooled proportion of CHD, along with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each measure. Publication bias was assessed using Fail‐Safe N analysis and the Rosenthel approach. Of a total of 182 articles searched, only 30 studies were assessed. The overall pooled estimate of the proportion of CHD in total cleft lips/palates was 16% (95% CI: 13–19). The odds of developing CHD in cleft palates was 4.08 times more as compared to cleft lips with 95% CIs of 3.86–4.33, and 1.65 more as compared to cleft lips and palates both with 95% CI of 1.52–1.68. We affirm the upsurging prevalence of CHD in non‐syndromic cleft children and vehemently propose that it is of utmost importance to inculcate it in practice and policy‐making to screen all non‐syndromic orofacial cleft children for congenital cardiac anomaly. This study was registered on PROSPERO (ID no. CRD42023391597) on February 24, 2023.
Supportive therapy following peri‐implantitis treatment: A retrospective study on compliance
Authors: Monje Alberto , Galindo‐Fernández Pablo , Nart José
Published: March 2024

Background

The compliance rate with supportive therapy following peri‐implantitis treatment (SPIT) remains unknown. The present retrospective study was carried out to assess the compliance rate and the factors influencing compliance in a private practice setting.

Materials and Methods

Patients were divided into three groups according to compliance rate: regular compliance (RC ≥2 SPIT/year), erratic compliance (EC <2 SPIT/year), and non‐compliance (NC <1 SPIT/year). Overall, 17 patient‐ (n = 8) and site‐related variables (n = 9) were explored as potential confounders of compliance. The Chi2 test was applied to assess the association between categorical variables and determine the odds ratio (OR).

Results

The study comprised 159 patients restored with 1075 implants, of which 469 were treated for peri‐implantitis and met the inclusion criteria. A total of 57.2% were RC, 25.8% EC, and 17% NC. The multivariate analysis showed that smoking and grade C periodontitis reduced the likelihood of RC (OR = 0.28, p < .001) when compared to complete edentulism or non‐smoking. Moreover, age demonstrated being associated with follow‐up when SPIT was interrupted in EC and NC (OR = 0.94, p = .007).

Conclusion

Comprehensive information, provided prior to peri‐implantitis treatment, regarding the importance of adhering to SPIT after peri‐implantitis treatment to achieve/maintain peri‐implant health, resulted in ~60% regular compliance rate (NCT05772078).
ERBB1 alleviates secondary brain injury induced by experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rats by modulating neuronal death via PLC‐γ/PKC pathway
Authors: Li Bing , Wu Jiang , Cao Demao , Cao Cheng , Zhang Juyi , Li Xiang , Li Haiying , Shen Haitao , Yu Zhengquan
Published: March 2024

Aims

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a disease with high rates of disability and mortality. The role of epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (ERBB1) in ICH was elucidated in this study.

Methods

ICH model was constructed by injecting autologous arterial blood into the right basal ganglia. The protein level of ERBB1 was detected by western blot analysis. To up‐ and downregulation of ERBB1 in rats, intraventricular injection of a lentivirus overexpression vector of ERBB1 and AG1478 (a specific inhibitor of ERBB1) was used. The cell apoptosis, neuronal loss, and pro‐inflammatory cytokines were assessed by TUNEL, Nissl staining, and ELISA. Meanwhile, behavioral cognitive impairment of ICH rats was evaluated after ERBB1‐targeted interventions.

Results

ERBB1 increased significantly in brain tissue of ICH rats. Overexpression of ERBB1 remarkably reduced cell apoptosis and neuronal loss induced by ICH, as well as pro‐inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Meanwhile, the behavioral and cognitive impairment of ICH rats were alleviated after upregulation of ERBB1; however, the secondary brain injury (SBI) was aggravated by AG1478 treatment. Furthermore, the upregulation of PLC‐γ and PKC in ICH rats was reversed by AG1478 treatment.

Conclusions

ERBB1 can improve SBI and has a neuroprotective effect in experimental ICH rats via PLC‐γ/PKC pathway.
The role of football win percentage on college applications for Power Five and Group of Five schools
Authors: McFarland Craig , Groothuis Peter A. , Guignet Dennis
Published: March 2024

Investing in athletics is one approach that universities have taken to better appeal to potential students. We analyze whether football success, as measured by win percentage, is correlated with a higher number of student applicants. We find that for schools in the major “Power‐Five” conferences, win percentage does not significantly change the number of students who apply. However, in the smaller “Group‐of‐Five” conferences, win percentage is associated with an increase in the number of applications. This is a particularly relevant finding because smaller universities may often be the ones struggling to maintain the size of their student body.