bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinematic control of extreme jump angles in the red leg running frog (Kassina maculata)
Authors: Richards Christopher Thomas , Porro Laura Beatriz , Collings Amber Jade
Published: March 2017

The kinematic flexibility of frog hindlimbs enables multiple locomotor modes within a single species. Prior work has extensively explored maximum performance capacity in frogs; however, the mechanisms by which anurans modulate performance within locomotor modes remain unclear. We explored how Kassina maculata, a species known for both running and jumping abilities, modulates takeoff angle from horizontal to nearly vertical. Specifically, how do 3D motions of leg segments coordinate to move the center of mass (COM) upwards and forwards? How do joint rotations modulate jump angle? High-speed video was used to quantify 3D joint angles and their respective rotation axis vectors. Inverse kinematics was used to determine how hip, knee and ankle rotations contribute to components of COM motion. Independent of takeoff angle, leg segment retraction (rearward rotation) was twofold greater than adduction (downward rotation). Additionally, the joint rotation axis vectors reoriented through time suggesting dynamic shifts in relative roles of joints. We found two hypothetical mechanisms for increasing takeoff angle: Firstly, greater knee and ankle excursion increased shank adduction, elevating the COM. Secondly, during the steepest jumps the body rotated rapidly backwards to redirect the COM velocity. This rotation was not caused by pelvic angle extension, but rather by kinematic transmission from leg segments via reorientation of the joint rotation axes. We propose that K. maculata uses proximal leg retraction as the principal kinematic drive while dynamically tuning jump trajectory by knee and ankle joint modulation.
Crystal Structures of Bis(diphenylglyoximato)–Nickel(II) Complex with Varying Alkoxy Chain Lengths
Authors: Ueji Kan , Nomoto Kuniharu , Ichimura Shuhei , Shinozaki Satsuki , Abe Keiichi , Tomono Kazuaki , Tamaki Yoshinori , Miyamura Kazuo
Published: March 2017

Crystal structures of eight derivatives of bis(diphenylglyoximato)–nickel(II), bearing four alkoxy chains of different lengths, were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Sequential transition of packing structures by chain elongation was observed. The packing structures were typically one-dimensional columnar structure comprising metal wires, herringbone structures, quasi-layered structures and layered structures having an interdigitation of alkyl moieties in the alkoxy chains. Each structural characteristic depends on odd–even effect and alkoxy chain interactions. Additionally, the gauche conformation of the alkoxy chains contributes to filling the empty spaces of the structures, placing out of the molecular plane packing, and forming a clip structure of the alkoxy chains.
In silico analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human FOXC2 gene
Authors: Nimir Mohammed , Abdelrahim Mohanad , Abdelrahim Mohamed , Abdalla Mahil , Ahmed Wala eldin , Abdullah Muhanned , Hamid Muzamil Mahdi Abdel
Published: March 2017

Introduction: Lymphedema is abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid, due to inefficient uptake and reduced flow, leading to swelling and disability, mostly in the extremities. Hereditary lymphedema usually occurs as an autosomal dominant trait with allelic heterogeneity. Methods:We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FOXC2 gene using dbSNP, analyzed their effect on the resulting protein using VEP and Biomart, modelled the resulting protein using Project HOPE, identified gene – gene interactions using GeneMANIA and predicted miRNAs affected and the resulting effects of SNPs in the 5’ and 3’ regions using PolymiRTS. Results:We identified 448 SNPs - 429 were nsSNPs and 44 SNPs were in the 5’ and 3’ UTRs. In total, 2 SNPs have deleterious effects on the resulting protein, and a 3D model confirmed those effects. The gene – gene interaction network showed the involvement of FOXC2 protein in the development of the lymphatic system. hsa-miR-6886-5p, hsa-miRS-6886-5p , hsa-miR-6720-3p, which were affected by the SNPs rs201118690, rs6413505, rs201914560, respectively, were the most important miRNAs affected, due to their high conservation score. Conclusions:rs121909106 and rs121909107 were predicted to have the most harmful effects, while hsa-miR-6886-5p, hsa-miR-6886-5p and hsa-miR-6720-3p were predicted to be the most important miRNAs affected. Computational biology tools have advantages and disadvantages, and the results they provide are predictions that require confirmation.
Occupational Standard of Educator: from Theory to Practice
Authors: Феклин  , Feklin S.
Published: March 2017

In accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Labour of Russia from 25.12.2014 n 1115n from January 1, 2017 came into force many occupation standards to be applied in the field of education, including occupational standard of educator. In the Letter of the Russian Ministry of Education from 03.03.2015 n 08–241 “On the postponement of the application of occupational standard of the educator” it is not recommended to apply till 01.01.2017 to the teaching staff of organizations engaged in educational activities, qualification requirements established by the occupational standard of educator (including the definition of the need for professional training and certification). This article describes the legal basis of the introduction of professional standards at the level of the educational organization and provides recommendations for their use.
Linguo-Didactic Features of Russian Language Teaching in Educational Organizations with Russian (Non-Mother Tongue) and Mother-Tongue (Non-Russian) Language Learning with the Use of Integrated Didactic Units
Authors: Воителева  , Voiteleva T. , Марченко  , Marchenko O.
Published: March 2017

The article discusses the use of integrated didactic units in the process of teaching Russian as a second language. This article was written for open source

information that described the use of integrated didactic units, the specificity of the didactic training using pass-through units of the Russian language.
Healthcare law and ethics, 11: restraint and surveillance within care homes (2/2)
Authors: Barber Chris
Published: March 2017

This article in this series on healthcare ethics will continue the focus on restraint and surveillance begun in the previous article and will highlight the often thorny issues of covert administration of medicines with particular reference to: those with a learning disability; those who are elderly; and the use of surveillance technology in health and social care environments.
Impact of implementation of the National Early Warning Score on patients and staff
Authors: Farenden Scott , Gamble David , Welch John
Published: March 2017

The National Early Warning Score (NEWS) has been criticized for increasing workload and decreasing attention to signs of deterioration. This study highlighted the significant mortality of ward patients referred to critical care, and showed that the NEWS identified high-risk patients without increasing workload or worsening outcomes.
Effectiveness of ways to improve detection and rescue of deteriorating patients
Authors: Hogan Helen , Carver Catherine , Zipfel Rebecca , Hutchings Andrew , Welch John , Harrison David , Black Nick
Published: March 2017

A number of interventions has been introduced to improve recognition of and response to deterioration, but evidence for improved outcomes is mixed. Future evaluations need better articulation of intervention components and outcomes, longer run-in times and consideration of the interplay between concurrent interventions.
Venous leg ulcer healing with electric stimulation therapy: a pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Miller C. , McGuiness W. , Wilson S. , Cooper K. , Swanson T. , Rooney D. , Piller N. , Woodward M.
Published: March 2017

Objective:

Compression therapy is a gold standard treatment to promote venous leg ulcer (VLU) healing. Concordance with compression therapy is, however, often sub-optimal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of electric stimulation therapy (EST) to facilitate healing of VLUs among people who do not use moderate-to-high levels of compression (>25 mmHg).

Method:

A pilot multicentre, single-blinded randomised controlled trial was conducted. Participants were randomised (2:1) to the intervention group or a control group where EST or a sham device was used 4 times daily for 20 minutes per session. Participants were monitored fortnightly for eight weeks. The primary outcome measure was percentage of area (wound size) change.

Results:

In the 23 patients recruited, an average redution in wound size of 23.15% (standard deviation [SD]: 61.23) was observed for the control group compared with 32.67 % (SD: 42.54) for the intervention. A moderate effect size favouring the intervention group was detected from univariate [F(1,18)=1.588, p=0.224, partial eta squared=0.081] and multivariate repeated measures [F(1,18)=2.053, p=0.169, partial eta squared=0.102] analyses.

Conclusion:

The pilot study was not powered to detect statistical significance, however, the difference in healing outcomes are encouraging. EST may be an effective adjunct treatment among patients who have experienced difficulty adhering to moderate-to-high levels of compression therapy.
Managing and feeding the pregnant ewe
Authors: Macrae Alastair
Published: March 2017

Issues with nutritional management in late pregnancy can have potentially harmful effects on ewe body condition, ewe survival, ewe health, perinatal lamb mortality and lamb growth rates. Use of ultrasound scanning to determine fetal number and body condition scoring are key practical tools that can be used to feed pregnant ewes appropriately. Blood sampling for the assessment of nutritional status 3–4 weeks prior to the start of lambing can be used to rapidly identify problems, and correct them before they start to impact on flock profitability.
Is the nursing regulator fit for purpose?
Authors: Frankova Helena
Published: March 2017

Does nursing regulation provide employers and the public with useful assurance or is it a shameless misuse of resources? This article reviews how well the Nursing and Midwifery Council discharges its duty to protect the public
Staff mental health and wellbeing
Authors: Hardy Sheila
Published: March 2017

Sheila Hardy provides some useful advice to help practice managers promote wellbeing of staff and deal with some of the causes of work-related mental health problems
Navigating the Institutional Review Board (IRB) Process for Pharmacy-Related Research
Authors: Phillips Marjorie Shaw , Abdelghany Osama , Johnston Susan , Rarus Rachel , Austin-Szwak Jennifer , Kirkwood Craig
Published: March 2017

Pharmacists' specialized training and knowledge qualify them to lead and engage in research pertaining to optimal medication use. Performing research promotes pharmacy professionalism and fosters interdisciplinary collaboration. To conduct research appropriately, one must have thorough knowledge of when institutional review board (IRB) approval is required and how to successfully navigate IRB processes. The overarching mission of the IRB overseeing research at an organization per federal guidelines is to protect the rights and welfare of human subjects participating in research. This article discusses the following general pharmacy practice–based considerations relating to IRB processes: strategies for developing research projects, key distinctions between quality improvement and research, practical considerations for submitting IRB applications and documentation, different categories of IRB submission, informed consent and conditions for waivers or alterations of consent, and principal investigator obligations for approved research. Pharmacists should also account for organization-specific IRB processes when designing, submitting, and implementing research projects.
Student Preparation for PGY1 Residency Training by US Colleges of Pharmacy: Survey of the Residency Program Director Perspective
Authors: Mutz Alyssa B. , Beyer Jacob , Dickson Whitney L. , Gutman Irina , Yucebay Filiz , Lepkowsky Marcie , Chan Juliana , Carter Kristen , Shaffer Christopher L. , Fuller Patrick D.
Published: March 2017

Purpose

To evaluate current residents' level of preparation by US colleges of pharmacy for postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) residency training from the perspective of residency program directors (RPDs).

Methods

RPDs were asked in an electronic survey questionnaire to rate PGY1 pharmacy residents' abilities in 4 domains: communication, clinical knowledge, interpersonal/time-management skills, and professionalism/leadership.

Results

One hundred ninety-seven RPDs of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP)–accredited PGY1 programs completed the survey. The majority of RPDs strongly agreed or agreed that residents were prepared as students to effectively communicate both verbally and nonverbally, were able to appropriately respond to drug inquiries using drug resources and literature searches, and consistently displayed professionalism. Respondents were more likely to disagree or give a neutral response when asked about residents' understanding of biostatistics and their ability to provide enteral and parenteral nutritional support for patients.

Conclusion

Overall, RPDs agreed that residents were prepared to perform the majority of the tasks of each of the 4 domains assessed in this survey relating to PGY1 training. RPDs may use the results of this survey to provide additional support for their residents in the areas in which residents lack adequate preparation, while colleges of pharmacy may focus on incorporating more time in their curriculum for certain areas to better prepare their students for residency training.
Y-site Incompatibility between Premix Concentrations of Vancomycin and Piperacillin-Tazobactam: Do Current Compatibility Testing Methodologies Tell the Whole Story?
Authors: Kufel Wesley D. , Miller Christopher D. , Johnson Paul R. , Reid Kaleigh , Zahra James J. , Seabury Robert W.
Published: March 2017

Background

Published literature has demonstrated commercially available premix vancomycin (5 mg/mL) and piperacillin-tazobactam (67.5 mg/mL) as physically compatible via simulated Y-site methodology. Compatibility via actual Y-site infusion has yet to be established.

Objective

To assess and compare the compatibility of commercially available premix concentrations of vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam via simulated and actual Y-site evaluation.

Methods

Vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam were tested using simulated and actual Y-site infusion methodologies. Simulated Y-site compatibility was performed using previously published methods via visual inspection, turbidity evaluation, and pH evaluation. Evaluation occurred immediately, 60 minutes, 120 minutes, and 240 minutes following mixing for each mixture and control. Mixtures were considered physically incompatible if there was visual evidence of precipitation or haze, an absorbance value was greater than 0.01 A, or an absolute change of 1.0 pH unit occurred. Actual Y-site infusion was simulated to mirror antibiotic infusion in the clinical setting by nursing personnel using smart pumps and intravenous tubing.

Results

No evidence of physical incompatibility was observed during simulated Y-site testing via visual inspection, turbidity assessment, and pH evaluation. Conversely, physical incompatibility was observed to the unaided eye within 2 minutes during actual Y-site infusion.

Conclusions

Despite observed compatibility between vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam via simulated Y-site testing, visual evidence of physical incompatibility was observed during actual Y-site infusion. This poses a potential compromise to patient safety if these antibiotics are administered simultaneously in the clinical setting. Actual Y-site testing should be performed prior to clinical adoption of compatibility studies that are based solely on simulated methodologies.
Drug Pricing Transparency: The New Retail Revolution
Authors: Dana Kaitlyn N. , Hertig John B. , Weber Robert J.
Published: March 2017

As spending on medications in the United States increases with each passing year, the need for drug pricing transparency by manufacturers also increases. Drug spending, excluding rebates and discounts, was $309.5 billion in 2015, up 8.5% from 2014. Drug pricing transparency has been a topic of debate across the health care system. This column reviews the issue of drug pricing and emphasizes the need for transparency in this area. We will discuss factors that influence drug pricing, policies and ways to reduce the rising costs of drugs, and the role of pharmacy leaders in managing this problem. A multitude of factors are driving the country to spend more and more on medications; pharmacy leaders can employ various strategies to counteract this escalation of drug prices. After reviewing this article, the pharmacy director will have an increased ability to address drug pricing issues with stakeholders as they develop patient-centered pharmacy services.
La información para la negociación colectiva y el control sindical desde la perspectiva de la auditoría sociolaboral
Authors: Garrido Pérez Eva
Published: March 2017

En los últimos años se ha asistido a sucesivas reformas y nuevas aportaciones legislativas y judiciales que han dado como fruto una mejor definición de la información a la que los representantes del personal tienen derecho y que la empresa está obligada a proporcionar; una información de distinta naturaleza y alcance, en ámbitos empresariales diferenciados (en grupos o empresas complejas, en sociedades, cooperativas, de dimensión nacional o europeo, etc.), ya sea una información expresamente prevista u otra de implícita exigencia, y ya sea asociada o no al cumplimiento de otros derechos o facultades de intervención de los representantes del personal.La empresa se encuentra obligada pues por un deber informativo que la norma no siempre define con claros contornos materiales (por los temas o cuestiones sobre los que informar) y temporales (cuándo suministrar información), lo que sin duda origina problemas aplicativos en orden al cumplimiento y adecuación de tal deber por parte de la empresa. De ahí que, con independencia de las actuaciones de seguimiento y control que puedan desarrollar los representantes del personal sobre las obligaciones informativas de la empresa, el presente análisis se dirige a contemplar la posible idoneidad de una auditoría externa que reflejara la política informativa de la empresa, y derivar así en una estrategia favorecedora de una adecuada gestión de las relaciones laborales en la empresa, a través de una adecuada y suficiente transmisión de información.
Physical activity assessments in obese and non-obese adolescents using the Bouchard diary
Authors: Primacakti Fitri , Sjarif Damayanti R. , Advani Najib
Published: March 2017

Background Obesity is now a global epidemic problem. Increasedprevalence of obesity is associated with increased sedentarybeh avior and low physical activity.Objective To assess the physical activity patterns of adolescentsaged 10-15 years and to compare mean energy output, intensityof physical activity, duration of moderate-vigorously intensity ofphysical activity, and length of screen time in obese and non-obeseadolescents.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 7th and3th grade students aged 12-15 years at 216 junior high schools inWest Jakarta. Physical activity was assessed using th e Boucharddiary for 2 school days and 1 holiday.Results There was no significant differen ce in mean energyoutput between th e obese and non-obese adolescent s. Th emedian intensity of physical activity of obese adolescents waslower than that of non-obese adolescents [1.5 (range 0.8 to 1.8)vs. 2 (range 1.6 to 2.8) METs, respectively; P <0.00 1] . The meanduration of moderate-vigorous intensity of physical activity inobese adolescents was shorter than that of non-obese adolescents[19.3 (SD 6.9) vs. 26.4 (SD3.4) minutes, respectively; P= 0.000].Median length of screen time was longer for obese adolescentsthan for non -obese adolescents [2.8 (range 1 to 6.6) vs. 1.8(range 0.3 to 6.1) hours, respectively; P < 0.001]. There was noadolescent who met the recommended physical activity intensityand duration criteria.Conclusion Physical activity varies among adolescents aged10- 15 years. Obese adolescents have signific antly less physicalactivity duration and intensity than n on-obese adolescents, butsignificantly longer screen time. All adolescents' physical activityis less than the recommended intensity and duration.
Seed germination and vigor of different cowpea cultivars under salt stress
Authors: Sá Francisco Vanies da Silva , Paiva Emanoela Pereira de , Torres Salvador Barros , Brito Marcos Eric Barbosa , Nogueira Narjara Walessa , Frade Luciano Jonatas Gomes , Freitas Rômulo Magno Oliveira de
Published: March 2017

Cowpea is an important food crop in underdeveloped regions, mainly for arid and semi-arid regions, where water scarcity and salinity are limiting factors. The identification of salt-tolerant varieties can assist the crop expansion and yield increase. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the germination and vigor of seeds from cowpea cultivars (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), under salt stress. For this, the experiment was carried out at the Seed Analysis Laboratory, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid (UFERSA), Mossoró, RN, Brazil,from October to November, 2014. Ten cowpea cultivars (BRS Guariba; BRS Potengi; BRS Itain; BRS 17 Gurguéia; BRS Aracê; Paulistinha; Pingo de Ouro; BRS Maratanã; Costela de Vaca and Canapu Branco) were studied using a 10x2 factorial design under two water salinity levels (0.0 = control and 8.0 dS m-1), in four replications with 50 seeds each. Germination and vigor were assessed through first count and standard test, root and hypocotyl length and total dry matter accumulation, in addition to salt tolerance index. Salt stress promoted growth reduction on cowpea cultivars and decreased the germination of the cultivars BRS Itain, Pingo de Ouro and Costela de Vaca. The BRS Aracê, Paulistinha and Canapu Branco cultivars are the most tolerant to salinity, while BRS Itain, BRS Gurguéia, Costela de Vaca and BRS Maratanã are the most sensitive to this stress during the germination phase.
BUDAYA BERBAGI PENGETAHUAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA: Kasus Gerakan Free Software dan Dounjinshi Culture
Authors: Dewi Ambar Sari
Published: March 2017

From year to year, Indonesia’s position in the list of Human Development Index declined. One of them is because the quality of education. This resulted in low human qualities. Though today’s technology, opportunities to enhance the capabilities and qualityare wide open. Dounjinshi free software movement and culture are examples of cases used in this paper to explain how to improve the quality of human resources through knowledge sharing culture.
EFEKTIFITAS PERATURAN KAMPUNG BEBAS ASAP ROKOK DI RW 11 MENDUNGAN, GIWANGAN, UMBULHARJO, YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Gunawan Gunawan
Published: March 2017

The formation of free-tobacco village has aimed to control smoking behavior among the village members. The title of free-tobacco village does not necessarily mean prohibit all village members to smoke, instead it limits them in terms of time and place to smoke. The main goal of this rule is to avoid the danger of tobacco for those who are not smoking. This is more related to the right of anyone to have a fresh air without any smoke pollution. The main issue of this article is to examine the effectiveness of the rule with considering on how that rule is being form and implemented in RW 11, Mendungan Village. This article employs social behaviorism theory in examining the behavior of smokers in the village. Social behaviorism theory emphasis on individual factor and its interactions toward others. This interaction process becomes distinctive character compare to psychological behaviorism. To collect data, researcher uses observations, interviews, and documentations. Collected data, then, is being analyzed using descriptive qualitative approach. Results show that free-tobacco village is formed mainly to preserve the health of villagers and to protect those who are not consume tobacco from the danger of smoking. Intensive socialization through placing non-smoking areas in most all public facilities and giving social punishments, particularly in a form of warning are effective enough to control total consumption of tobacco in the village. After the socialization period is over, those who broke the rule will be fied. Collected fies will be used to support social activities of the villagers
PEMBARUAN DAN PERAN SOSIAL TRANSFORMATIF PESANTREN DAN ISLAM INDONESIA
Authors: Maulani Achmad
Published: March 2017

Discuss about Islam in Indonesia is inseparate from the discourse about pesantren and Nahdatul Ulama. Both entities are an Islamic group that has contributed signifiantly for the dynamics of Indonesian Islam . Pesantren and Nahdatul Ulama have dialogued with social culture of society through the local wisdom in pesantren. Pesantren is the real face of Islam in Indonesia. This paper want to discuss about the dynamics and socially transformative role of pesantren in Indonesia
MEMPERTIMBANGKAN METODE INTEGRALISTIK: Sosiologi untuk Kajian Islam dan Sosial
Authors: Qodir Zuly
Published: March 2017

Social methods within sociology are varied based on the fact that society itself is not a single phenomenon. Social changes show various types of society based on how elements of society are constructed.. Positivisism, hermeneutics or verstehen and critics are among the popular methods within sosial theory. In the early period of sociology, positivisme became a dominant method used to explain social phenomena because there were strong assumption among the founder of sociology that this new discipline should be similar to natural sciences, which tried to reveal general law of social phenomena. The second period was marked by the massive use of hermeneutics within social theory. This leads to assumption that social phenomena are always developed in accordance to the needs of society. The next period of the development of sociology is dominated by the use of critics or postmodernism theory. This approach is mainly based on some essential critics on positivism. These different methodologies shows that social phenomenon is interpretable in many ways.
CLIC1 null mice demonstrate a role for CLIC1 in macrophage superoxide production and tissue injury
Authors: Ulmasov Barbara , Bruno Jonathan , Oshima Kiyoko , Cheng Yao‐Wen , Holly Stephen P. , Parise Leslie V. , Egan Terrance M. , Edwards John C.
Published: March 2017

We generated and studied CLIC1 null (C1KO) mice to investigate the physiological role of this protein. C1KO and matched wild‐type (WT) mice were studied in two models of acute toxic tissue injury. CLIC1 expression is upregulated following acute injury of WT kidney and pancreas and is absent in C1KOs. Acute tissue injury is attenuated in the C1KOs and this correlates with an absence of the rise in tissue reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is seen in WT mice. Infiltration of injured tissue by inflammatory cells was comparable between WT and C1KOs. Absence of CLIC1 increased PMA‐induced superoxide production by isolated peritoneal neutrophils but dramatically decreased PMA‐induced superoxide production by peritoneal macrophages. CLIC1 is expressed in both neutrophils and macrophages in a peripheral pattern consistent with either plasma membrane or the cortical cytoskeleton in resting cells and redistributes away from the periphery following PMA stimulation in both cell types. Absence of CLIC1 had no effect on redistribution or dephosphorylation of Ezrin/ERM cytoskeleton in macrophages. Plasma membrane chloride conductance is altered in the absence of CLIC1, but not in a way that would be expected to block superoxide production. NADPH oxidase redistributes from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane when WT macrophages are stimulated to produce superoxide and this redistribution fails to occur in C1KO macrophages. We conclude that the role of CLIC1 in macrophage superoxide production is to support redistribution of NADPH oxidase to the plasma membrane, and not through major effects on ERM cytoskeleton or by acting as a plasma membrane chloride channel.
Getting a Job through Unemployed Friends: A Social Network Perspective
Authors: Zhang Rui
Published: March 2017

We develop a model in which unemployed workers can pass along unwanted job information to other unemployed friends within social networks. Compared with the case in the absence of social networks, we first show in an economy where networks are equal in size that unemployment rate is lower. In terms of social welfare, social planner prefers workers becoming more selective than the decentralized equilibrium. When social networks differ in size, increasing the size difference is beneficial for unemployed workers with large networks but detrimental to those with small networks; in addition, the unemployment rate decreases with the size difference. However, because of the dilution effect, as the proportion of unemployed workers with large networks increases, it eventually results in losses for all unemployed workers, and the unemployment rate may follow a non-monotonic pattern.
Mutation analysis of the NRXN1 gene in autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Onay H , Kacamak D , Kavasoglu AN , Akgun B , Yalcinli M , Kose S , Ozbaran B
Published: March 2017

The aim of this study was to identify the sequence mutations in the Neurexin 1 (NRXN1) gene that has been considered as one of the strong candidate genes. A total of 30 children and adolescents (aged 3-18) with non syndromic autism were enrolled this study. Sequencing of the coding exons and the exon-intron boundaries of the NRXN1 gene was performed. Two known mutations were described in two different cases. Heterozygous S14L was determined in one patient and heterozygous L748I was determined in another patient. The S14L and L748I mutations have been described in the patients with autism before. Both of these mutations were inherited from their father. In this study, two of 30 (6.7%) autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients carrying NRXN1 gene mutations were detected. It indicates that variants in the NRXN1 gene might confer a risk of developing nonsyndromic ASD. However, due to the reduced penetrance in the gene, the causal role of the NRXN1 gene mutations must be evaluated carefully in all cases.
Polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme (rs4340) and diabetic nephropathy in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Šeruga M , Makuc J , Završnik M , Cilenšek I , Ekart R , Petrovič D
Published: March 2017

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of endstage renal disease (ESRD) in developed countries. Several environmental and genetic factors predict the development and progression of DN. The renin-angiotensin system was demonstrated to be involved in the development of DN. We evaluated the association between rs4340 of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and DN in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in 276 Slovenian patients with T2DM who had DN, and 375 patients without clinical signs of DN. Genetic analysis was performed with either standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (for rs4340). Results were analyzed using the χ2test and multivariate logistic regression analyses. We found no association between rs4340 and DN. Cystatin C was significantly higher in the DN+ group (p<0.001) than in the DN group. Cystatin C was a better marker for the estimation of renal function than estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) according to the modification diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation mL/ min. We concluded that there was no association between the rs4340 of theACEgene and DN in Caucasian patients who have T2DM.
Polymorphism of theIL13gene may be associated with Uterine leiomyomas in Slovenian women
Authors: Krsteski J , Jurgec S , Pakiž M , But I , Potočnik U
Published: March 2017

Uterine leiomyomas (ULM) are a common cause of solid pelvic tumors in women. Their etiopathogenesis remains unclear. Interleukins (ILs) and their receptors can influence tumor biology of ULM. The aim of this study was to evaluate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) exhibited in the genesIL4(rs2070874),IL4R(rs1801275),IL12RB1(rs11575934),IL12B(rs6887695),IL13(rs20541) andIL23R(rs7517847) as risk factors for ULM in Slovenian women and to identify associations between corresponding clinical parameters and the analyzed SNPs. In addition, solitary and multiple ULM were compared to identify clinical and/or genetic parameters influencing their occurrence. We conducted a case-control study that included 181 women with leiomyomas and 133 control subjects. Genotyping of selected SNPs was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and high resolution melting (HRM) techniques. The TT genotype of rs20541 (IL13) was significantly associated with decreased risk of ULM compared to both the CC and CT genotypes [p =0.018; odds ratio (OR) = 0.184; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.048-0.7121. Using genetic and clinical data to develop a predictive model with logistic regression, we found that adenomyosis, higher age at diagnosis, family history of ULM occurrence, earlier menarche, lower number of pregnancies and lower age at first sexual intercourse, the G allele and genotypes AG and GG of rs1801275 (IL4R) were associated with an increased risk of multiple ULM occurrence. We also found an association between rs20541 (IL13) and 17ß-estradiol serum levels in patients with multiple ULM (p0.003). Our study showed, for the first time, that rs20541 (IL13) may contribute to susceptibility of ULM development and that rs1801275 (IL4R) can predispose patients to develop multiple ULM.
Susceptibility to oral squamous cell carcinoma: correlation with variants of CYP1A1-MspI, GSTT1, GSTM1, ALDH2, EC-SOD and Lifestyle factors
Authors: Dong T-T , Wang L-J , Liu L-Z , Ma S-N
Published: March 2017

In order to investigate the association between polymorphisms in genes encoding metabolizing enzymes (CYP1A1-MspI, EC-SOD (extracellular superoxide dismutase), GSTT1, GSTM1, ALDH2), cigarette and alcohol consumption, and the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma, we conducted a prospective case-control study comprised of 750 individuals with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and 750 healthy individuals. Data about smoking and drinking habits were collected along with other demographic and clinical information. Peripheral blood samples were collected for DNA extraction, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) were used to determine genotypes of CYP1A1, EC-SOD, GSTT1, GSTM1, ALDH2. The results showed that smoking and alcohol consumption were significantly more common among patients than controls (p <0.05). There were significant differences in the genotype distribution for each locus between groups, with the CYP1A1 (m2/ m2), EC-SOD (C/G), GSTT1 [–], GSTM1 [–] and ALDH2 (non G/G) genotypes being more common among patients (p <0.05). Furthermore, the majority of patients had at least two or more variant genotypes, while controls had one or no variant genotype (p <0.05). Finally, multiple variant genotypes combined with smoking, drinking, or both smoking and drinking significantly increased the risk of OSCC, with greater increase for heavier smoking/drinking. In brief, genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1, EC-SOD, GSTT1, GSTM1, and ALDH2 and smoking and drinking history are closely associated with susceptibility to OSCC.
Deliberate Metaphor Theory: Basic assumptions, main tenets, urgent issues
Authors: Steen Gerard
Published: March 2017

In response to two recent publications about Deliberate Metaphor Theory (DMT) in this journal, I argue that DMT advances metaphor studies into a period with new and exciting research challenges and possibilities for application between various disciplines. I will first spell out my basic assumptions about eleven core concepts in all verbal metaphor research. Then I will present the main tenets of DMT about the difference between deliberate and non-deliberate metaphor. Finally I will briefly discuss which urgent issues still need to be addressed.
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in implants dentistry in combination with new bone regenerative flapless technique: evolution of the technique and final results
Authors: Cortese Antonio , Pantaleo Giuseppe , Amato Massimo , Howard Candace M. , Pedicini Lorenzo , Claudio Pier Paolo
Published: March 2017

Most common techniques for alveolar bone augmentation are guided bone regeneration (GBR) and autologous bone grafting. GBR studies demonstrated long-term reabsorption using heterologous bone graft. A general consensus has been achieved in implant surgery for a minimal amount of 2 mm of healthy bone around the implant.

A current height loss of about 3-4 mm will result in proper deeper implant insertion when alveolar bone expansion is not planned because of the dome shape of the alveolar crest. To manage this situation a split crest technique has been proposed for alveolar bone expansion and the implants’ insertion in one stage surgery. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a healing biomaterial with a great potential for bone and soft tissue regeneration without inflammatory reactions, and may be used alone or in combination with bone grafts, promoting hemostasis, bone growth, and maturation.

Aim

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the clinical effectiveness of PRF combined with a new split crest flapless modified technique in 5 patients vs. 5 control patients.

Materials and methods

Ten patients with horizontal alveolar crests deficiency were treated in this study, divided into 2 groups: Group 1 (test) of 5 patients treated by the flapless split crest new procedure; Group 2 (control) of 5 patients treated by traditional technique with deeper insertion of smaller implants without split crest. The follow-up was performed with x-ray orthopantomography and intraoral radiographs at T0 (before surgery), T1 (operation time), T2 (3 months) and T3 (6 months) post-operation.

Results

All cases were successful; there were no problems at surgery and post-operative times. All implants succeeded osteointegration and all patients underwent uneventful prosthetic rehabilitation. Mean height bone loss was 1 mm, measured as bone-implant most coronal contact (Δ-BIC), and occurred at immediate T2 post-operative time (3 months). No alveolar bone height loss was detected at implant insertion time, which was instead identified in the control group because of deeper implant insertion.

Conclusion

This modified split crest technique combined with PRF appears to be reliable, safe, and to improve the clinical outcome of patients with horizontal alveolar crests deficiency compared to traditional implanting techniques by avoiding alveolar height-loss related to deeper insertion of smaller implants.
Comparing Performance During Morning vs. Afternoon Training Sessions in Intercollegiate Basketball Players
Authors: Heishman Aaron D. , Curtis Michael A. , Saliba Ethan N. , Hornett Robert J. , Malin Steven K. , Weltman Arthur L.
Published: March 2017

Heishman, AD, Curtis, MA, Saliba, EN, Hornett, RJ, Malin, SK, and Weltman, AL. Comparing performance during morning vs. afternoon training sessions in intercollegiate basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 31(6): 1557–1562, 2017—Time of day is a key factor that influences the optimization of athletic performance. Intercollegiate coaches oftentimes hold early morning strength training sessions for a variety of factors including convenience. However, few studies have specifically investigated the effect of early morning vs. late afternoon strength training on performance indices of fatigue. This is athletically important because circadian and/or ultradian rhythms and alterations in sleep patterns can affect training ability. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of morning vs. afternoon strength training on an acute performance index of fatigue (countermovement jump height, CMJ), player readiness (Omegawave), and self-reported sleep quantity. We hypothesized that afternoon training sessions would be associated with increased levels of performance, readiness, and self-reported sleep. A retrospective analysis was performed on data collected over the course of the preseason on 10 elite National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 male basketball players. All basketball-related activities were performed in the afternoon with strength and conditioning activities performed either in the morning or in the afternoon. The average values for CMJ, power output (Power), self-reported sleep quantity (sleep), and player readiness were examined. When player load and duration were matched, CMJ (58.8 ± 1.3 vs. 61.9 ± 1.6 cm, p = 0.009), Power (6,378.0 ± 131.2 vs. 6,622.1 ± 172.0 W, p = 0.009), and self-reported sleep duration (6.6 ± 0.4 vs. 7.4 ± 0.25 p = 0.016) were significantly higher with afternoon strength and conditioning training, with no differences observed in player readiness values. We conclude that performance is suppressed with morning training and is associated with a decrease in self-reported quantity of sleep.
The Influence of Resistance Training Experience on the Between-Day Reliability of Commonly Used Strength Measures in Male Youth Athletes
Authors: Weakley Jonathon J.S. , Till Kevin , Darrall-Jones Joshua , Roe Gregory A.B. , Phibbs Padraic J. , Read Dale B. , Jones Ben L.
Published: March 2017

Weakley, JJS, Till, K, Darrall-Jones, J, Roe, GAB, Phibbs, PJ, Read, DB, and Jones, BL. The influence of resistance training experience on the between-day reliability of commonly used strength measures in male youth athletes. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 2005–2010, 2017—The purpose of this study was to determine the between-day reliability of commonly used strength measures in male youth athletes while considering resistance training experience. Data were collected on 25 male athletes over 2 testing sessions, with 72 hours rest between, for the 3 repetition maximum (3RM) front squat, chin-up, and bench press. Subjects were initially categorized by resistance training experience (inexperienced; 6–12 months, experienced; >2 years). The assessment of the between-day reliability (coefficient of variation [CV%]) showed that the front squat (experienced: 2.90%; inexperienced: 1.90%), chin-up (experienced: 1.70%; inexperienced: 1.90%), and bench press (experienced: 4.50%; inexperienced: 2.40%) were all reliable measures of strength in both groups. Comparison between groups for the error of measurement for each exercise showed trivial differences. When both groups were combined, the CV% for the front squat, bench press, and chin-up were 2.50, 1.80, and 3.70%, respectively. This study provides scientists and practitioners with the between-day reliability reference data to determine real and practical changes for strength in male youth athletes with different resistance training experience. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that 3RM front squat, chin-up, and bench press are reliable exercises to quantify strength in male youth athletes.
Effect of Cold Water Immersion Performed on Successive Days on Physical Performance, Muscle Damage, and Inflammatory, Hormonal, and Oxidative Stress Markers in Volleyball Players
Authors: de Freitas Victor H. , Ramos Solange P. , Bara-Filho Maurício G. , Freitas Daniel G.S. , Coimbra Danilo R. , Cecchini Rubens , Guarnier Flávia A. , Nakamura Fábio Y.
Published: March 2017

de Freitas, VH, Ramos, SP, Bara-Filho, MG, Freitas, DGS, Coimbra, DR, Cecchini, R, Guarnier, FA, and Nakamura, FY. Effect of cold water immersion performed on successive days on physical performance, muscle damage, and inflammatory, hormonal, and oxidative stress markers in volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 502–513, 2019—The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of daily cold water immersion (CWI) on physical performance, muscle damage, and inflammatory, hormonal, and oxidative stress markers in volleyball. Six players were submitted to CWI and six players to a placebo, during 5 training days. Thigh circumference, squat jump, and agility were measured on the first, third, and sixth days. On the first and sixth days, blood and saliva were collected for analysis of oxidative stress, muscle damage, and inflammatory and hormonal levels. Muscle soreness and countermovement jump were quantified daily. The physical performance comparisons did not present differences and the only between group comparison with a large effect size (ES = −1.39) was in Δ% between day 1 and day 2 for countermovement jump. Delayed onset muscle soreness and creatine kinase increased in both groups and the ESs of between group comparisons of Δ% between moments were not more than moderate. Thigh circumference increased only in the placebo group (p = 0.04) and the ES of the between group comparisons of Δ% between moments was large (1.53). No differences were found in oxidative stress, or inflammatory markers. Cortisol decreased only in the CWI-group (p ≤ 0.05) and the ESs of the between group comparisons of Δ% between moments of the testosterone to cortisol ratio (−1.94) and insulin-like growth-1 (−1.34) were large. Despite the positive effects of daily CWI on muscle edema and hormonal status, the limited effects of CWI on performance, muscle damage, inflammation markers, and reactive oxygen species mediators signal the unimportance of the daily practice of this recovery method in volleyball players.
Perceived Exertion Is Affected by the Submaximal Set Configuration Used in Resistance Exercise
Authors: Mayo Xian , Iglesias-Soler Eliseo , Kingsley J. Derek
Published: March 2017

Mayo, X, Iglesias-Soler, E, and Kingsley, JD. Perceived exertion is affected by the submaximal set configuration used in resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 426–432, 2019—Previously, perceived exertion in submaximal resistance exercise protocols was reported to be affected by the intensity of load followed by work-to-rest ratio. Nevertheless, the effect of set configuration, which entails the metabolic, hormonal, and neuromuscular implication of the session, is currently unknown, despite the fact that perceived exertion discriminates these differences. We aimed to analyze the effect of 3 submaximal set configurations on perceived exertion and their relationship with velocity as a mechanical measure of fatigue. Seventeen healthy subjects (23 ± 2 years) performed with the 10-repetition maximum load on the leg press (211 ± 45 kg) a total of 40 repetitions with 720 seconds of rest in 3 randomized experimental sessions with the same work-to-rest ratio. The sessions consisted of an interrepetition rest design performing individual repetitions, a cluster design performing groups of 4 repetitions, and a traditional design performing groups of 8 repetitions. At the end of the session, the nonparametric analysis of variance–type test revealed differences between protocols (p < 0.001), with lower values of perceived exertion in the interrepetition rest design in comparison with the cluster design (p = 0.003) and traditional design (p < 0.001). In addition, Spearman's rank correlations (p < 0.001) were observed for the interrepetition rest design (rho = −0.72) and traditional design (rho = −0.8) between perceived exertion and velocity. Our findings suggest that the submaximal set configuration is a determinant of perceived exertion by itself, and that perceived exertion represents similar mechanisms as velocity, such as fatigue and certain characteristics of the session and the individual.