bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Las “dos” caras del constitucionalismo frente al principio de auto-determinación
Authors: Spadaro Antonino
Published: April 2015

RESUMENLos dos principales parámetros o modelos del constitucionalismo contemporáneo son: a) el individualista autocentrista, basado en el principio de “autodeterminación” del individuo (extrema presunción de una felicidad individual) y b) el solidario heterocentrista o altruista, construido con apoyo en el principio de “autolimitación” individual (peligrosa presunción de una felicidad pública). El primero presenta el riesgo de traducirse en “libertarismo” constitucional (exasperación de los derechos), mientras el segundo el de degenerar en “paternalismo” constitucional (exasperación de los deberes). En sociedades multiculturales se impone en cambio una razonable ponderación entre estos dos extremos: una mezcla imperfecta, diversa de Estado a Estado, inspirada en la utopía necesaria de una “felicidad con los otros”. Para la consecución de este difícil objetivo, el Derecho constitucional debe intentar proponer una afinada construcción “gradualista” y “progresiva” de las situaciones jurídicas subjetivas activas: desde las situaciones atenuantes y/o no punibles hasta el derecho inviolable universal. ABSTRACTThe two main patterns of contemporary constitutionalism are: a) self-centred individualism, based on the principle of individual “self-determination” (extreme belief in private happiness) and b) solidaristic altruism, grounded on the principle of individual “self-restraint” (dangerous belief in public happiness). The former bears the risk of constitutional “libertarianism” (polarizing the rights), the latter could lead to constitutional “paternalism” (polarizing the duties). On the contrary, multicultural societies need reasonable balancing between these extremes: an imperfect mix, varying from State to State, inspired by the necessary utopia of “happiness with others”. To this end, constitutional theory is asked to attempt a refined “graduated” and “progressive” scheme of individual legal statuses: from extenuating and/or non-punishable status to universal fundamental right.
La opinión pública ante la vigilancia masiva de datos. El difícil equilibrio entre acceso a la información y seguridad nacional
Authors: Serra Cristóbal Rosario
Published: April 2015

RESUMEN: La transparencia y el acceso a la información convierten a la sociedad en una participante activa del proceso de rendición de cuentas de los poderes públicos. Pero, esa libertad informativa tiene límites, como lo es el secreto que necesariamente impone, en la mayor parte de las ocasiones, la salvaguarda de la seguridad nacional. El secreto - y por lo tanto, la excepción a la regla general de la publicidad- tiene como misión impedir que se conozcan ciertas actividades de inteligencia, que recaban y tratan información con la finalidad de garantizar el éxito de determinadas acciones de los servicios de inteligencia-defensa o de prevenir riesgos. En este trabajo se aborda la difícil convivencia entre el derecho de acceso a la información y el secreto de Estado en un momento en que se ha hecho pública la existencia de un control masivo de datos de los ciudadanos por parte de los servicios de inteligencia nacionales y extranjeros. El objeto principal de análisis es ese tipo de controles/vigilancia de las comunicaciones y datos personales que se realizan con un carácter general, preventivo y/o prospectivo y que se diferencia de los más comunes controles de comunicaciones dirigidos a aportar pruebas en el marco  de un proceso penal.ABSTRACT:Transparency and access to information turn society into an active participant in the accountability process of public authorities. But that freedom of information has limits, as it is the secret that necessarily the safeguarding of national security imposes many times. The secret ⎯and therefore, the exception to the general rule of publicity⎯ is designed to prevent certain intelligence activities were known and to ensure their success. Between others, these activities consist in processing data of citizens to give enough information to the State to adopt strategic decisions. This essay focuses on the difficult coexistence between the right of access to information and the state secret in a moment when it has come to light the existence of a massive surveillance of citizens’ data by national and foreigner intelligence services. The main object of analysis is such control/surveillance of communications and personal data carried out with a general, preventive and/or prospective aim. This type of surveillance differs from the more common controls of communications pointed to provide evidences under criminal proceedings.
Recherche de dérivés conjugués de médicaments dans l’eau de surface et en cours de potabilisation
Authors: Bazus Léa , Cimetiere Nicolas , Legentil Laurent , Randon Guy , Wolbert Dominique
Published: April 2015

Les médicaments à usage humain ou vétérinaire se retrouvent, par différents moyens, dans les milieux aquatiques et notamment dans les filières de potabilisation des eaux. Les médicaments sont en partie métabolisés après ingestion (le pourcentage dépend du principe actif et est compris entre 1 et 99 %). Des médicaments se retrouvent alors dans les eaux destinées à la consommation humaine avec des concentrations allant du ng/L à la centaine de ng/L. Différents types de métabolites existent, et parmi eux les dérivés conjugués. Ils peuvent représenter 90 % des métabolites d’un principe actif. Le travail présenté ici décrit le développement d’une méthode analytique par « Solid Phase Extraction » (SPE) en ligne – chromatographie liquide haute performance – spectrométrie de masse en tandem (LC-MS/MS) pour la détermination et la quantification de principes actifs et leurs dérivés conjugués dans les eaux de surface et en cours de potabilisation. Ces dérivés conjugués sont susceptibles de subir une déconjugaison lors des traitements de potabilisation conduisant au relargage du principe actif. C’est pourquoi il est nécessaire de s’intéresser à ces molécules et en particulier les conjugués glucuronides. Comme tous les standards ne se sont pas disponibles dans le commerce, une nouvelle voie de synthèse en milieu aqueux a été explorée. Des analyses sont effectuées en entrée et sortie de filière de potabilisation d’eau afin de déterminer les concentrations présentes en principes actifs et leurs dérivés conjugués. Les limites de détection et de quantification obtenues sont de l’ordre du ng/L ou la dizaine de ng/L.
Analyse de formes chimiques et de nanoparticules dans les échantillons d’eau : méthodes analytiques, préconcentration et validation
Authors: Séby Fabienne , Dumont Jean , Gleyzes Christine , Menta Mathieu , Vacchina Véronique , Bueno Maïté
Published: April 2015

Il est maintenant reconnu que la mesure de la concentration totale d’un élément ne permet pas d’obtenir d’information fiable sur son impact environnemental et sa toxicité, ces éléments pouvant être présents sous différentes formes chimiques ou à l’état de nanoparticules (NPs). Il est alors nécessaire de faire appel à des techniques de fractionnement en taille pour les NPs ou à des analyses de spéciation permettant d'identifier et doser les différentes formes chimiques des éléments. Cette approche nécessite de disposer de protocoles d’échantillonnage, de conservation et de préparation d’échantillon stricts qui ne modifient pas la répartition des formes chimiques, notamment. Étant donné les nouvelles exigences des normes, cette approche nécessite également des outils analytiques de plus en plus précis, sensibles et robustes.

Le couplage de techniques séparatives basées sur la chromatographie (liquide ou gazeuse) ou le fractionnement de flux, d’une part, et la spectrométrie de masse à plasma induit (ICP MS), d’autre part, présente un réel potentiel pour ces analyses. Ces approches sont détaillées d’une manière générale en termes de potentiels et de performances analytiques et des applications sont présentées pour différents éléments (As, Hg, Sn, Cr ou Sb). Au travers de ces différents exemples, sont particulièrement abordés :
Significado, razões e contexto
Authors: Coitinho Denis
Published: April 2015

O objetivo central desse artigo é apresentar uma posição cognitivista e contextualista no que diz respeito à atribuição de significado dos conceitos normativos de ‘dever’, ‘correto’ e ‘errado’ usados em sentenças cotidianas. Argumentaremos que esses conceitos normativos são melhor compreendidos em termos de razões para agir. Após várias distinções iniciais de esclarecimentos, apontaremos para uma estratégia naturalizada da normatividade não reducionista, bem como para um procedimento de isolamento visando a justificação dos juízos normativos. Por fim, defenderemos que a atribuição de verdade aos juízos normativos se dará em um âmbito de convergência prática.
El olvido del olvido: una aproximación psicoanalítica
Authors: Elisa Escobar María Carmen
Published: April 2015

Apoyado en dos afirmaciones de Lacan respecto al olvido, una en 1954 y otra en 1970, junto con la aseveración de Allouch de que el psicoanálisis se había constituido en una práctica de dar caza al recuerdo, cuando antes que otra cosa se trataba de olvidar, este artículo se propone plantear el problema del olvido en tres direcciones: a) Retomando dos tipos de olvido que permiten pensar una forma radical de olvido: olvido del olvido. b) Relacionando olvido y repetición, al revisar, de acuerdo con Lacan, el carácter demoníaco que se le atribuye a esta última, y c) a través de un recorrido por autores que han fijado su atención en el olvido, señalando la importancia del olvido como medio de recuperación de sí mismo pero también de un olvido de sí terapéutico.
A técnica como poder e o poder da técnica: entre Hans Jonas e Andrew Feenberg
Authors: Oliveira Jelson Roberto de
Published: April 2015

Pretende-se, neste artigo, analisar a perspectiva segundo a qual Hans Jonas e Andrew Feenberg compreendem a técnica como um poder de nova magnitude no mundo moderno e como, a partir de suas análises, uma na perspectiva ética (Jonas) e outra na perspectiva política (Feenberg), ambos analisam as formas de exercício desse poder, ou seja, as suas potencialidades, os limites, os riscos, as consequências de suas intervenções e as exigências teóricas e éticas do seu uso. Trata-se, então, de compreender a técnica como um poder e, ao mesmo tempo, de perguntar sobre o quanto de poder ela tem ou, em outras palavras, o quanto de poder tem o homem (individual ou coletivamente) de determiná-la ética e politicamente. O poder, assim, será o fio condutor da reflexão, a fim de demonstrar como Jonas pensa a responsabilidade como exercício do poder ético de controle da técnica, ao tempo em que Feenberg pensa a democratização da técnica como medida de intervenção e como alternativa à tecnocracia reinante, em vista de uma transformação dos interesses que guiam as escolhas técnicas.
CLIMAS DE FORMAÇÃO: CONSTRUÇÃO DE UM QUADRO CONCEITUAL ADEQUADO AO ESTUDO DA FORMAÇÃO DE PROFISSIONAIS NA EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR
Authors: Thomas Dotta Leanete , Lopes Amélia
Published: April 2015

As fortes mudanças que têm ocorrido em relação à educação superior — nomeadamente a insistência na relevância social da formação para a atividade profissional e o emprego — têm resultado numa maior importância dada aos ambientes de formação. A ideia orientadora é a de que a aprendizagem efetiva depende também de um conjunto de oportunidades de aprendizagem que vão para além do que o professor possa fornecer aos estudantes numa aula. As denominações adotadas e os conceitos utilizados para o estudo desses ambientes são diversos — “clima organizacional”, “cultura organizacional”, “clima de escola”, “cultura espistêmica”, “paisagem do conhecimento profissional”, entre outros — e captam, cada um à sua maneira, aspectos parciais do campo em estudo. Tomando como ponto de partida uma revisão de literatura sobre os referidos conceitos e o estabelecimento de relações entre eles, pretende-se apresentar um quadro teórico-conceitual que denominamos “Climas de formação profissional”, que tem o potencial de fornecer elementos para uma análise sistêmico-ecológica das complexidades inerentes aos processos formativos de profissionais na educação superior, independente da área de formação.
Elementos para uma espiritualidade do diálogo inter-religioso
Authors: Wolff Elias
Published: April 2015

O termo espiritualidade tem um significado eminentemente plural em sua origem etimológica e em seu universo semântico. Essa pluralidade caracteriza sua natureza como algo dinâmico e circunscrito à existência de indivíduos e grupos, expressando a diversidade religiosa do nosso tempo. A compreensão de tal realidade apresenta dificuldades em função da complexidade e multiplicidade de formas e conteúdos historicamente construídos nas diferentes culturas. No mundo multirreligioso, existem tensões e conflitos entre tradições religiosas que não poucas vezes desequilibram o complexo social, mesmo em sociedades que afirmam os valores da democracia, da igualdade, da liberdade. Propomo-nos refletir, aqui, sobre as possibilidades de encontro entre as religiões a partir do encontro de suas espiritualidades. As religiões dificilmente se encontram em suas doutrinas, seus mitos, seus ritos, seu ethos. Mas podem encontrar-se “no espírito” que anima esses elementos. Nossa tese é que somente onde isso for possível pode-se pensar num diálogo inter-religioso fecundo. Faz-se mister, portanto, identificar os elementos de uma espiritualidade do diálogo inter-religioso como fundamento da convivência e cooperação entre as religiões. É a partir de uma sintonia espiritual que os contrastes teóricos e práticos das religiões podem ser trabalhados no sentido de favorecer uma fecundação recíproca pelo mútuo conhecimento e pela acolhida, pelo intercâmbio e pela cooperação.
Espiritualidade, mística e literatura: uma perspectiva protestante
Authors: Zwetsch Roberto Ervino
Published: April 2015

O presente artigo desdobra as relações entre espiritualidade, mística e literatura da perspectiva da teologia protestante. O tema terá abordado em três tópicos, iniciando com o da relação entre teologia e espiritualidade como fundamento para a tarefa teológica, destacando as experiências de teólogos como Karl Barth, Hermann Brandt e Paul Tillich. No segundo tópico, trata-se das relações convergentes entre espiritualidade e literatura da perspectiva bíblica. No último tópico, aborda-se — a partir de exemplos selecionados da literatura brasileira — provocações que a literatura apresenta para a vivência da mística e da fé como expressões de uma espiritualidade viva, dinâmica e desafiadora.
Sociology in Austria: From Gifted Amateurs to Institutional Banality
Authors: Fleck Christian
Published: April 2015

This paper provides an overview of the history of sociology in Austria from its first appearance in the late nineteenth century until the present time. I argue that the Austrian case disproves the conventional view of professionalization leading to disciplinary improvement; Austrian sociology enjoyed a greater status prior to its institutionalization as a university-based discipline. The Austrian case, if anything, suggests the opposite, that the growth of the discipline in terms of institutional status and resources has arguably been accompanied by decline in terms of prestige, recognition, innovation and excellence.
Research on the Management Control Systems in Different R&D Activities − A Field Study of a Listed Company1
Authors: Wang Yue , Pan Fei , Zhou Lin , Zhao Chenggong
Published: April 2015

Management control systems (MCS) are fundamental to the progress of research and development (R&D) activities. However, misunderstanding the functions of MCS impedes their scientific design. In view of this, we assess the literature on the key mechanisms of MCS in an R&D context according to the contingency and resource-based theories, and propose a framework which effectively demonstrates these mechanisms. The framework divides the progress of R&D into three stages and analyses the effects of control mechanisms on different R&D activities by distinguishing between their different functions. Finally, we verify the rationality of our framework, with a view to improving current MCS design, using a field study. Our work can help organisations to recognise the role of MCS and provides valuable theoretical and empirical evidence to support their R&D activities.
Korean-Canadian Immigrants’ Help-Seeking and Self-Management of Suicidal Behaviours
Authors: Han Christina S. , Oliffe John L.
Published: April 2015

Suicidal behaviours are intricately connected to culture, oftentimes reflecting traditional norms and attitudes to health help-seeking and self-management. To describe Korean-Canadian immigrants’ help-seeking and self-management for their suicidal behaviours, 15 participants completed individual semistructured indepth interviews. Using constant comparison analysis, participants’ narratives were analysed to inductively derive two themes: 1) resisting professional help; and, 2) developing effective self-management strategies. The study findings suggest that most participants preferred and opted for self-management strategies rather than seeking professional help. Most participants’ reluctance to seek professional or peer help was underpinned by a fear of the stigma associated with traversing cultural norms by harbouring a mental illness and seeking help for that ailment. In addition, a lack of knowledge about available professional health care services, along with language and cultural barriers, led some participants to perceive mental health services as ineffectual. Participants’ determination to self-manage their suicidality was influenced by cultural norms around honouring and protecting family, and a range of spiritual and religious beliefs also emerged to counter impulses for acting on suicidal thoughts. By shedding light on Korean-Canadian immigrants’ experiences with suicidal behaviours, the findings offer some guidance toward developing culture-sensitive suicide prevention programs.
Perceived Satisfaction With Mental Health Services in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Transsexual Communities in Ontario, Canada: An Internet-Based Survey
Authors: Simeonov Dorina , Steele Leah S. , Anderson Scott , Ross Lori E.
Published: April 2015

This study compared mental health service experiences of lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB), transidentified, and cisgender (nontrans) heterosexual people in Ontario. An Internet-based survey, derived from the Canadian community health survey—Mental health and well-being—Cycle 1.2 (Statistics Canada, 2003), was completed by 326 individuals (194 LGB, 71 trans-identified, 61 cisgender heterosexual). Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to examine group differences. All three groups reported high levels of satisfaction and positive experiences with the provider seen most often in the past 12 months. However, substantial proportions of LGB and trans-identified people reported unmet need for mental health services.
Considerations for estimating the 20th century trend in global mean sea level
Authors: Hamlington B. D. , Thompson P. R.
Published: April 2015

Recent efforts in reconstructing historical sea level change have led to a range of published estimates for the global mean sea level trend over the last century. Disagreement in these estimates can be attributed to two factors: (1) differences in analysis and/or reconstruction techniques and (2) differences in tide gauge selection and quality control of the data. Here the impact of tide gauge selection is explored by calculating global mean trends using three different tide gauge data sets that have been utilized in recent reconstruction studies. The inclusion of tide gauge records that are affected by unresolved internal variability and/or unaccounted for vertical land motion are found to significantly impact the estimates of the long‐term trend in global mean sea level. In conclusion, several guidelines are presented regarding the selection of tide gauges for use in historical reconstructions focused on estimating the 20th century global mean sea level trend.
Small Talk
Authors: Yang Wenhui
Published: April 2015

Small talk (
ST
), which is traditionally viewed as an unimportant or trivial element in communication, has distinct mechanical, social, and professional intents and inherent interacting structure in various communication genres at workplaces and out of workplaces.
ST
patterns are closely related to social and institutional phenomena that can be observed within or across different types of communication. Studies show that
ST
not only serves as a phatic talk to establish social contact, but is also applied at different stages as a social, interpersonal, business, and institutional tactic in various stages of interpersonal communication. Its linguistic features are associated with communicators' sociocontextual, institutional and interpersonal cognition.
Sociocultural Linguistics
Authors: Hodges Adam
Published: April 2015

Sociocultural linguistics
refers to a wide‐ranging field of interdisciplinary scholarship concerned with language as a sociocultural phenomenon. Perspectives draw from sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, socially oriented forms of discourse analysis, and related disciplines in the social sciences and humanities, such as folklore studies, literary studies, social theory, social psychology, and the philosophy of language. This article traces the historical development of the field, including discussion of key figures and their scholarly contributions. It then outlines key themes and ideas central to ongoing research concerns.
Footing
Authors: Agne Robert R.
Published: April 2015

Footing is the participation framework of hearers and speakers involved in a strip of talk or social situation. This article identifies footing as a type of frame and explains its main ideas in terms of participation status, production format, and participant roles. It also describes footing's early development in research, recent uses, and common applications.
Deliberative Democracy Discourse
Authors: Sprain Leah
Published: April 2015

Deliberative democracy discourse references a set of communication practices related to a conversational, dialogic model of democracy. This article reviews a broad range of ways that language and social interaction (
LSI
) scholars have conceptualized deliberative democracy discourse, including: a term for talk, a speech event, a genre of political rhetoric, a design enterprise, and a forum with particular discourse practices and strategies. Deliberative democracy theory provides
LSI
scholars with standards for evaluating discourse yet
LSI
scholars can also problematize the assumptions of deliberative theory. Finally, areas of future research are discussed.
Team Meetings, Health Care
Authors: Denvir Paul
Published: April 2015

Health‐care team meetings are designed to synergize the interdependent expertise of health practitioners from different disciplines in order to provide a more integrated and cohesive patient care experience. Meetings are primarily task oriented, emphasizing activities such as sharing information, setting goals, making decisions, and planning interventions. Language and Social Interaction approaches to studying these meetings emphasize how members reflexively enact, negotiate, ratify, and contest institutional roles through their participation in the practical communicative activities that constitute health‐care teamwork.
National Language Policies
Authors: Jie Zhang
Published: April 2015

National language policy refers to official efforts to determine the status, use, domains, and territories of language(s) in a nation‐state and the rights of the speakers of the languages in question. This article first traces the history of national language policy activities, then explicates the content, types, and implementation of national language policy as well as the overarching language ideologies that underlie the policy‐making with specific examples and case studies. The article concludes with a discussion of the complexity of factors affecting the national language policy processes.
Reported Speech
Authors: Schely‐Newman Esther
Published: April 2015

Reported speech generally refers to incorporating segments of speech identified with another author into a new text. The direct form, “he said I am busy,” or indirect, “she said that she was busy,” are most basic. Variations of presentations and functions of use are central to understanding the role of this discursive practice in social interaction.
Quotatives
Authors: Robles Jessica S.
Published: April 2015

Quotatives present reported speech—verbal discourse which was or could be uttered or thought—as a quotation, as it was or could be said rather than as a reformulation. This article overviews research on quotatives, then outlines quotative conventions in discourse, distinctions in types of quotatives and quoted content, use of and attitudes toward quotatives over time, and directions in research.
Rapport Management Model
Authors: Spencer‐Oatey Helen
Published: April 2015

The rapport management model aims to provide insights into the relational ups and downs of social interaction, building on concepts in politeness theory in the field of pragmatics. This article outlines the core features of the model: its explication of the bases of rapport (face, sociality rights and obligations, interactional goals) and the factors that influence the (mis)management of relations. The article then briefly describes the ways in which the model has been applied in analytical and conceptual studies, and comments on recent trends and directions.
Multimodal Discourse Analysis
Authors: Geenen Jarret , Norris Sigrid , Makboon Boonyalakha
Published: April 2015

This article provides a brief overview of theoretical and methodological developments in multimodal discourse analysis. Multimodal discourse analysis refers to a field of academic research interested in investigating the ways in which meaning‐making practices and social interactions occur through multiple communicative modes. Stemming from various theoretical perspectives in applied linguistics, multimodal discourse analysis or multimodality explicitly highlights an analytical orientation whereby language is conceptualized as only one of the many communicative modes through which meaning‐making and social interaction are accomplished. Multimodal approaches have been employed to understand better a broad range of communicative phenomena, from language and literacy, to film, comics, corporate communication, and identity production. It is a rapidly growing domain of research and this can be attributed to the fact that all communicative phenomena are multimodal.
Reconciliation Discourse
Authors: Verdoolaege Annelies
Published: April 2015

Reconciliation discourse is presented as an order of discourse that embodies particular ideologies and therefore exercises ideologically colored power. Reconciliation discourse took shape in South Africa particularly as a result of the proceedings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Opting for reconciliation discourse in an attempt to deal with the apartheid traumas was a clear political choice, thus, turning reconciliation into a strategy of political transition. Through the proceedings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission this reconciliation discourse gained national recognition within South Africa and it also became a highly authoritative practice of global postconflict peace building. Reconciliation discourse, with as its key elements: truth‐telling, amnesty measures, concepts of healing and forgiveness, and the central position of the victims, is now globally accepted as the preferred mechanism to overcome past divisions. The role of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission in this strategy can hardly be overestimated.
Community of Practice
Authors: Ostermann Ana Cristina
Published: April 2015

Communities of practice are groups of people who share similar interests and objectives. In pursuing these interests and objectives, they make use of common practices, work with similar artifacts, and use a common language. Because communities of practice play an important role in shaping their members' participation in the world and their orientation to it, they create a connection between the individual and the group in the larger social order. The concept has been extended over a period of more than 20 years since it was initially proposed, and it has been applied in several different environments. It has received special light within organizational contexts and in the field of linguistics, particularly in variationist sociolinguistics and studies of language, gender, and sexuality, extending also to studies of applied linguistics, institutional discourse, intercultural communication, and online communities and using methods as varied as conversation analysis, corpus analysis, politeness, and focus‐group research.
Face
Authors: Mirivel Julien C.
Published: April 2015

Face refers to a person's need for honor, respect, and social value. This article explores face and the related concept of facework, the process through which people manage face in everyday social interaction. The article defines these concepts and allied terms, provides examples of each, and suggests that face and facework are helpful analytic tools for studying and understanding processes of human communication.
Gaze
Authors: Kidwell Mardi
Published: April 2015

Language and social interaction (
LSI
) research recognizes eye gaze as one of the fundamental embodied elements of interaction; in conjunction with talk, it is essential to participants' understanding and accomplishment of face‐to‐face social interaction in a wide variety of contexts. This research can, broadly speaking, be divided into two types: ethnographic and conversation‐analytic. This article explains each tradition but focuses on the conversation‐analytic approach.
Politeness Theory, Cultural Approaches
Authors: Feng Hairong
Published: April 2015

Politeness theory maintains the universality of an individual's positive and negative face wants in all cultures. During everyday interaction, individuals often perform actions that threaten face. They therefore use politeness strategies to mitigate face threats. This position of politeness theory is challenged at two cultural levels. From a cross‐cultural perspective, East Asian politeness scholars challenge the conceptualization and universality of face in politeness theory. They argue that face is more relational and interdependent in East Asia, by comparison to the more independent nature of face in the West. This essential difference in the conceptualization of face leads to variations in the degree to which a speech act threatens face and in the motivation to use politeness. Within a single culture, Brown and Levinson's politeness model is viewed as relatively instrumental and strategic at an individual level—it describes how an individual chooses politeness strategies in order to mitigate face threats. But recent work contends that politeness must be examined at a cultural level, as it requires consideration of cultural, social, and contextual factors within a community of practice.
Conversation Analysis, Feminist
Authors: Kitzinger Celia
Published: April 2015

Feminist conversation analysis (CA) uses the methods of conversation analysis to investigate issues of interest to feminist scholars and to contribute to social change. FeministCAcan be used to respecify feminist concepts (such as “emotion work” or “sexual harassment”) by examining how the behaviors to which they refer are accomplished in interaction. It can explore the taken‐for‐granted assumptions that constitute sexist and gendered realities. It can also be used to assist feminist helplines, educational programs, and other charities by designing interventions that improve their practice.
Discourse of Games
Authors: Ensslin Astrid
Published: April 2015

The discourse of games is complex and multilayered. It involves the ways in which games and those who design them communicate meanings to players, and the ways in which players and other stakeholders (such as critics, journalists, and politicians) communicate and negotiate game‐related meanings. Analytically, this means that a wide range of verbal and nonverbal aspects may be examined: textuality, narrative, gamer slang, metaphor, multimodal design and interaction, metaludic communication, and rhetorical approaches.
Marketing Discourse
Authors: Kong Kenneth
Published: April 2015

Marketing discourse refers to any use of language that has the function of promoting. In this article the main features of marketing will be described with some examples of promotional genres such as the advertorial, the personal statement, and the sales letter. Some controversial issues, such as genre colonization and synchronization, will be discussed and some implications for future research will also be outlined at the end.
Social Media Discourse
Authors: Spilioti Tereza
Published: April 2015

Social media have risen in line with developments in Web technologies that have shaped—and have been shaped by—the emergence of the so‐called Web 2.0. After a brief introduction to key factors shaping discourse and interaction on social media, this article provides an overview of recent research relevant to the study of four key areas: forms, meanings, and functions of social media texts; conversation and interactivity; multilingualism in global social media platforms; and stories told on social media.
Online News
Authors: Yuan Zhoumin
Published: April 2015

“Online news” is a broad concept capturing a variety of formats used to disseminate information with the help of Internet portals, in a digital presentation. This article provides background on online news and describes its most salient characteristics and discourse features. It concludes with a discussion of research directions in language and social interaction scholarship on this genre.
Directives
Authors: Robles Jessica S.
Published: April 2015

Directives are kinds of utterances that attempt to get another person to do something; such utterances include for example instructions, requests, and commands. This article describes the intellectual history of directives, their cultural differences, their institutional contexts, and current and future directions of research in this area.
Social Semiotics
Authors: Petrovic Jelena
Published: April 2015

Social semiotics studies the process of motivated human signification to uncover mechanics, regularities, and purposiveness of context‐based meaning‐making, the effects of this activity, and subsequent potential for semiotic transformations. Departing from its predecessor—the classical semiotic analysis—this approach builds on the premises of Halliday's functional linguistics and extends the analysis to nonlinguistic systems of signs and multimodal syntagms. This article discusses theoretical implications of these developments by focusing on the critical shift from the study of language as a rule‐governed structure to the study of semiotic resources and their use in interaction.
Questions and Questioning
Authors: Ilie Cornelia
Published: April 2015

The importance of questions in all kinds of private and public communication can hardly be overestimated. Having long been a central investigation topic in classical rhetoric and philosophy, and later in grammar and linguistics, the study of questions and questioning has gradually developed into a multidisciplinary field of inquiry, integrating pragmatics, rhetoric, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, and anthropology (and this is not an exhaustive list). Starting with some of the most significant definitions and classifications of questions within several theoretical approaches or schools of thought based on formal, functional, sequential, and/or contextual dimensions of use, this article provides an overview of the most influential research on the roles, functions, and goals of questions and answers in specific social contexts and institutional environments.
Design of Nitrilases with Superior Activity and Enantioselectivity towards Sterically Hindered Nitrile by Protein Engineering
Authors: Xue Ya‐Ping , Shi Cheng‐Ci , Xu Zhe , Jiao Biao , Liu Zhi‐Qiang , Huang Jian‐Feng , Zheng Yu‐Guo , Shen Yin‐Chu
Published: April 2015

The enantioselective hydrolysis of ortho‐chloromandelonitrile with nitrilase is one of the most attractive approaches to prepare (R)‐ortho‐chloromandelic acid. To date, efforts to develop this nitrilase‐mediated process were plagued by either insufficient eep (enantiomeric excess of product) or low activity due to the steric hindrance from the ortho‐substituted substrate. To improve the nitrilase potential for producing (R)‐ortho‐chloromandelic acid, an enhancement of both activity and enantioselectivity towards sterically hindered nitriles would be highly desirable. Molecular docking of the (R)‐ortho‐chloromandelonitrile into the active site of wild‐type 2A6 nitrilase (nitA) allowed the identification of proximal nitA active site residues. Several residues (52, 132, 189 and 190) were selected as targets for single and double point mutation to improve nitA activity and enantioselectivity towards ortho‐chloromandelonitrile. Targeted mutagenesis yielded several nitA variants with superior activity and enantioselectivity. The best mutant T132A/F189T exhibited a 4.37‐fold higher specific activity (7.39 U/mg) towards ortho‐chloromandelonitrile than the wild‐type nitA. More importantly, the enantioselectivity (E) was improved from 17.34 to >200, resulting in a highly enantiopure product. Molecular docking experiments further support the enhanced activity and enantioselectivity shown experimentally and the structural effects of this amino acid substitution on the active site of nitA are provided. The amino acids at sites 189 and 132 determine the activity and enantioselectivity towards ortho‐chloromandelonitrile. With mutant T132A/F189T as a catalyst, a maximum of 450 mM of (R)‐ortho‐chloromandelic acid was produced with a 90% conversion and >99% eep within 3 h. This is the first time that a high productivity of (R)‐ortho‐chloromandelic acid of up to 671.76 g L−1 d−1 using a nitrilase‐mediated approach is reported. The engineered T132A/F189T variant represents a promising and competitive biocatalyst for practical application in synthesizing (R)‐ortho‐chloromandelic acid.

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Biocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Optically Pure Aromatic Propargylic Amines Employing ω‐Transaminases
Authors: Schmidt Nina G. , Simon Robert C. , Kroutil Wolfgang
Published: April 2015

The asymmetric reductive bio‐amination of prochiral aromatic propargyl ketones led to the corresponding amines in optically pure form (ee>99%). The (R)‐ as well as the (S)‐enantiomers of the propargylic amines were obtained, employing either (R)‐selective ω‐transaminases (ω‐TAs) originating from Arthrobacter sp. and Aspergillus terreus or an (S)‐selective ω‐TA from Chromobacterium violaceum. The product propargylic amines were obtained with high conversions (up to 99%). To simplify product isolation, protection of the free amino group to the corresponding acetamides or benzamides was performed without loss of optical puritiy. The final products were isolated in moderate to good yields (33–67% over two steps) in optical pure form without additional purification steps. Although propargyl ketones are described in the literature to be irreversible inhibitors for aminotransferases, suitable ω‐transaminases were identified for the amination of these compounds.

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Understanding Potentials and Restrictions of Solvent‐Free Enzymatic Polycondensation of Itaconic Acid: An Experimental and Computational Analysis
Authors: Corici Livia , Pellis Alessandro , Ferrario Valerio , Ebert Cynthia , Cantone Sara , Gardossi Lucia
Published: April 2015

Itaconic acid is a chemically versatile unsaturated diacid that can be produced by fermentation and potentially it can replace petrol‐based monomers such as maleic and fumaric acids in the production of curable polyesters or new biocompatible functionalized materials. Unfortunately, due to the presence of the unsaturated CC bond, polycondensation of itaconic acid is hampered by cross reactivity and isomerization. Therefore, enzymatic polycondensations would respond to the need of mild and selective synthetic routes for the production of novel bio‐based polymers. The present work analyses the feasibility of enzymatic polycondensation of diethyl itaconate and, for the first time, provides comprehensive solutions embracing both the formulation of the biocatalyst, the reaction conditions and the choice of the co‐monomers. Computational docking was used to disclose the structural factors responsible for the low reactivity of dimethyl itaconate and to identify possible solutions. Surprisingly, experimental and computational analyses revealed that 1,4‐butanediol is an unsuitable co‐monomer for the polycondensation of dimethyl itaconate whereas the cyclic and rigid 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol promotes the elongation of the oligomers.

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Flavour physics: Status and perspectives
Authors: Buras Andrzej J.
Published: April 2015

The pattern of quark flavour violation predicted by the Standard Model agrees within theoretical and experimental uncertainties with the available data except for a number of intriguing anomalies that require further investigation. In the coming flavour precision era a multitude of new observables will be measured and the accuracy of the measurements of quark flavour violating rare processes and of the relevant lattice QCD calculations will be significantly improved. This will allow us not only to clarify these anomalies but also hopefully to discover new physics (NP). On the other hand a discovery of charged lepton flavour violation and of non‐vanishing electric dipole moments (EDMs) of particles would be a clear signal of NP. Most importantly the unique role of quark and lepton flavour physics and of EDMs in the coming years will be to allow us to get insight into the dynamics well beyond the reach of high energy processes at the LHC. In fact scales as short as 10−21 m (Zeptouniverse) corresponding to energy scale of 200 TeV or even shorter distance scales can be explored in this manner. We discuss the requirements that have to be met for such a flavour expedition to the Zeptouniverse to be successful. In particular we emphasize the power of correlations between flavour observables in the search for NP. In this context the proposed DNA charts allow for a clear distinction between various alternatives for the new dynamics at the LHC scales and at much shorter distance scales.

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Dynamic Gas‐Inclusion in a Single Crystal
Authors: Takamizawa Satoshi
Published: April 2015

In solid‐state science, most changing phenomena have been mysterious. Furthermore, the changes in chemical composition should be added to mere physical changes to also cover the chemical changes. Here, the first success in characterizing the nature of gas inclusion in a single crystal is reported. The gas inclusion process has been thoroughly investigated by in situ optical microscopy, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses, and gas adsorption measurements. The results demonstrated an inclusion action of a first‐order transition behavior induced by a critical concentration on the phase boundary. The transfer of phase boundary and included gas are strongly related. This relationship can generate the dynamic features hidden in the inclusion phenomena, which can lead to the guest capturing and transfer mechanism that can apply to spatiotemporal inclusion applications by using host solids.
Regio‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of N‐Substituted Pyrazoles by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition to Allenes
Authors: Haydl Alexander M. , Xu Kun , Breit Bernhard
Published: April 2015

The rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric N‐selective coupling of pyrazole derivatives with terminal allenes gives access to enantioenriched secondary and tertiary allylic pyrazoles, which can be employed for the synthesis of medicinally important targets. The reaction tolerates a large variety of functional groups and labelling experiments gave insights into the reaction mechanism. This new methodology was further applied in a highly efficient synthesis of JAK 1/2 inhibitor (R)‐ruxolitinib.
Trifluormethylchlorsulfonylierung von Alkenen – Hinweise auf einen Innensphärenmechanismus eines Kupferphenanthrolin‐Photoredoxkatalysators
Authors: Bagal Dattatraya B. , Kachkovskyi Georgiy , Knorn Matthias , Rawner Thomas , Bhanage Bhalchandra M. , Reiser Oliver
Published: April 2015

Die Trifluormethylchlorsulfonierung von Alkenen gelingt durch die Kombination von sichtbarem Licht und [Cu(dap)2]Cl als Photoredoxkatalysator. Im Gegensatz dazu katalysieren [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2, [Ir(ppy)2(dtbbpy)]PF6 oder Eosin Y eine Trifluormethylchlorierung. [Cu(dap)2]Cl spielt in diesem Prozess eine zweifache Rolle: Einerseits agiert es als Elektronentransferreagens, andererseits koordiniert es die Reagentien für die Bindungsbildung.
Posttranslational Modifications of Intact Proteins Detected by NMR Spectroscopy: Application to Glycosylation
Authors: Schubert Mario , Walczak Michal J. , Aebi Markus , Wider Gerhard
Published: April 2015

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are an integral part of the majority of proteins. The characterization of structure and function of PTMs can be very challenging especially for glycans. Existing methods to analyze PTMs require complicated sample preparations and suffer from missing certain modifications, the inability to identify linkage types and thus chemical structure. We present a direct, robust, and simple NMR spectroscopy method for the detection and identification of PTMs in proteins. No isotope labeling is required, nor does the molecular weight of the studied protein limit the application. The method can directly detect modifications on intact proteins without sophisticated sample preparation. This approach is well suited for diagnostics of proteins derived from native organisms and for the quality control of biotechnologically produced therapeutic proteins.
Heterostructure of Si and CoSe2: A Promising Photocathode Based on a Non‐noble Metal Catalyst for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Basu Mrinmoyee , Zhang Zhi‐Wei , Chen Chih‐Jung , Chen Po‐Tzu , Yang Kai‐Chih , Ma Chong‐Geng , Lin Chun Che , Hu Shu‐Fen , Liu Ru‐Shi
Published: April 2015

Development of a solar water splitting device requires design of a low‐cost, efficient, and non‐noble metal compound as alternative to noble metals. For the first time, we showed that CoSe2 can function as co‐catalyst in phototoelectrochemical hydrogen production. We designed a heterostructure of p‐Si and marcasite‐type CoSe2 for solar‐driven hydrogen production. CoSe2 successively coupled with p‐Si can act as a superior photocathode in the solar‐driven water splitting reaction. Photocurrents up to 9 mA cm−2 were achieved at 0 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the high photocurrents can be attributed to low charge transfer resistance between the Si and CoSe2 interfaces and that between the CoSe2 and electrolyte interfaces. Our results suggest that this CoSe2 is a promising alternative co‐catalyst for hydrogen evolution.
Determination of Enantiomeric Excess in Amine Derivatives with Molecular Self‐Assemblies
Authors: Shcherbakova Elena G. , Minami Tsuyoshi , Brega Valentina , James Tony D. , Anzenbacher Pavel
Published: April 2015

We report the first fluorescence‐based assay for the rapid determination of the ee value of amines, amino alcohols, and amino acid esters. The method uses the self‐assembly of 2‐formylphenylboronic acid with a chiral diol and a chiral amine or derivatives (of unknown chirality) to produce two diastereomeric iminoboronates that differ in their fluorescence intensity and polarization. The approach allows for the accurate determination of the ee value of chiral amines with errors of just 1–2 %. We believe that this application of orthogonal dynamic covalent self‐assembly in the determination of the enantioselectivity will lead to the development of high‐throughput procedures for the determination of chirality.