bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of suspiciousness of deception and the perceived legitimacy of deception on task performance in an attitude change experiment1
Authors: Cook Thomas D. , Perrin Burton F.
Published: April 2006

Summary

Subjects participated in two immediately consecutive experiments In the first, they either experienced a deception and debriefing, learned about deception in the abstract, did not learn about deception In the second, they either did or did not hear a reference to the possibility of a deception in that experiment A measure of incidental learning of the message in the second experiment showed that experiencing deception and learning about it in the abstract were not functionally equivalent, that only experiencing deception tended to produce absolute bias, that this bias was probably caused by “vigilance” rather than by “negativism,” that the reference to deception before the second experiment did not itself cause bias, and that the reference eliminated the difference in performance due to experiencing a deception as opposed to only learning about it in the abstract Furthermore, suspiciousness and the reported legitimacy of deception were positively related to each other at the group mean level Separating out their contribution to experimental performance showed that they complexly interacted to determine performance. These results were discussed with reference to the fear that subjects who have heard about deception from friends might perform differently from subjects who have not, with reference to the necessity for deception in some attitude change research, with reference to one alternative to deception, and with reference to explanations of why some experiments have shown no relationship between suspiciousness and experimental performance while others have shown a negative relationship
Machiavellianism and manipulation in the mental patient role1
Authors: Fontana Alan F.
Published: April 2006

Summary

Patients’ Machiavellian orientations were compared to their reputations among the staff as manipulators, helpers, or model patients. For both acute and chronic patients, Machiavellianism was consistently found to relate significantly to the manipulator reputation and not to the other reputations The relationships held for patients diagnosed psychotic as well as nonpsychotic. These findings support the propositions that mental patients attempt to manipulate the staff in their everyday contact with them and that manipulation constitutes one of the major adaptive styles employed by patients The relationships were demonstrated more reliably in group treatment programs than in an individual treatment program Expected differences in the relationships according to birth order were not found Machiavellian social desirability significantly related to the helper and model patient reputations for acute patients, suggesting its potential value as a dispositional variable also.
Relationships among attention, GSR activity, and perceived similarity of self and others1
Authors: Hirschman Richard , Katkin Edward S.
Published: April 2006

Summary

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that autonomic change is part of the identification process in a non‐stressful paradigm Simulated taped interviews were prepared varying the dimensions of amount of work and success in college Emotional expression by the interviewees was kept to a minimum. College subjects responded with a significantly larger number of nonspecific GSRs to a tape identified by them as being more like themselves than to a tape identified as being less like themselves The nonsignificant comparisons of tapes were discussed in terms of the importance of cognitive activity on autonomic responsivity
Motives, involvements, and leadership among Black college students1
Authors: Greene Dwight L. , Winter David G.
Published: April 2006

Summary

Thematic Apperceptive measures of achievement, affiliation, and power motives, together with consensual judges’ ratings for several clusters of attitudes, beliefs, and actions, and objective data on office‐holding were obtained from thirty‐eight Black undergraduate university students Overall, need for Power was related to holding office, being rated as influential, and participating in the Black Repertory Theatre. Among Northern‐reared Blacks, need for Power related to ratings of activity in the extramural Black community and distrust of the System, among Southern‐reared Blacks, need for Power and need for Achievement related to ratings of Pragmatism.
Creativity: Hot and cold
Authors: Taft Ronald
Published: April 2006

Summary

Cognitive theorists have frequently distinguished between two types of thinking, one associated with control and reason, and the other with emotional expression A similar distinction was made by Freud between secondary and primary process thinking This paper has investigated whether corresponding styles of creativity can be discovered A study was reported in which two types of behaviour appeared a permissive, expressive type, and a controlled, coping type Both of these correlated positively with self‐reported creativity A second study contrasted the correlates of originality on tests of divergent thinking with originality on projective tests. Two clusters emerged, one representing competent, stable, resourceful personalities who scored high on divergent thinking tests of originality, the other representing impulsive, emotionally expressive, imaginative persons who scored high on projective test originality

It was concluded that there are two creativity styles corresponding to the two types of cognitive process, and these styles were labelled “cold” creativity and “hot” creativity. Both styles play a part, in varying proportions, in any creativity process

Performance on the divergent thinking tests of originality is more closely related to cold than hot creativity and, therefore, the distinction does not correspond with that between convergent and divergent thinking Nor does it correspond with differences between scientific and artistic interests and creativity.
Some developmental antecedents of psychopathology1
Authors: Rousell Charles H. , Edwards Carl N.
Published: April 2006

Summary

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was administered to 64 young adults whose mothers had participated 17 years earlier in the Sears, Maccoby, and Levin interview study of childrearing A permissive home atmosphere in childhood appears to be related to neurotic (including hypochondriacal) and psychotic disturbances in female young adults, while a cold home atmosphere is related to psychopathological disorders in young adult males Also for young adult males there tends to be an association between an excessively warm‐nonpunitive home atmosphere in childhood and the development of strong anxiety and psychotic disturbances Phobic and psychotic disorders tend to have emerged from a cold‐punitive home atmosphere for males For females a warm‐punitive or permissive‐punitive home atmosphere appears to be related to neurotic disturbances and the paranoid reaction These findings were examined with and without K scale corrections with no significant differences in results
Effects of frustration and magnitude of reward on selective attention, size estimation, and verbal evaluation1
Authors: Knott Paul D.
Published: April 2006

Summary

A high expectancy of success in playing a “fishing game” was established for all subjects (fourth‐grade children) Subjects then played the fishing game for money A nonsense syllable was associated with the money. Half of the subjects were frustrated in their attempts to obtain the money, while the remaining subjects were rewarded in their attempts The dependent measures indicated that, relative to rewarded and control subjects, frustrated subjects (a) looked at pictures of money more often, (b) overestimated the size of money, and (c) attributed more positive statements to the syllable associated with reward Subjects frustrated on a larger reward showed these effects to a greater extent than subjects frustrated on a smaller reward These data support the hypothesis that the incentive value of a reward, and of salient neutral stimuli associated with the reward, is increased by frustration, and that this effect is strengthened by the use of larger rewards.
Prebirth and postbirth influence on the relationship between creative ability and recorded mental illness1
Authors: McNeil Thomas F.
Published: April 2006

Summary

Groups of 10 high, 20 above average, and 20 low creative ability subjects were constituted by interjudge agreement from among an adult population who were removed from their biological parents and adopted shortly after birth. The adoptees thus received prebirth influence from their biological relatives and postbirth influence from then: adoptive relatives The rates of recorded mental illness were determined among the adoptees, their biological parents and siblings, and their adoptive parents and siblings Mental illness rates in the adoptees were positively and significantly related to their creative ability level, substantiating the hypothesized relationship between creative ability and mental illness. The mental illness rates of the biological parents were positively and significantly related to the creative ability level of the adoptees. Mental illness rates among the adoptive parents and the adoptive and biological siblings were independent of the adoptees’ creative ability level. The data were interpreted as evidence for the influence of prebirth factors on the relationship between creative ability and mental illness No evidence of family‐related postbirth influence was found An evaluation of mental illness rates among uncooperative (nonresponding) potential subjects and their relatives suggested that noncooperation by these adoptees produced a dampening effect on the results of the study.
Causal attributions for success and failure in relation to expectations of success based upon selective or manipulative control
Authors: Feather N. T. , Simon J. G.
Published: April 2006

Summary

Subjects worked at a 10‐item Anagrams Test. In a manipulative control condition the prior performance of subjects on a set of practice anagrams was controlled so that half of these subjects began the test with high expectations of success and half with low expectations of success As a check on the manipulation, subjects provided ratings of how confident they were that they could pass the test (i e, solve five anagrams or more) In a selective control condition subjects were not given practice items but were subsequently assigned to high versus low expectation groups on the basis of their confidence ratings The difficulty level of the items in the Anagrams Test was manipulated so that half the subjects in each condition passed the test and half failed. Subsequently all subjects were required to rate the degree to which they considered ability (or lack of ability), effort (or lack of effort), task difficulty (easy or hard), and luck (good or bad) were causes of their performance outcome (success or failure). It was found that the expected success was attributed more to ability and less to good luck than was the unexpected success The expected failure was attributed more to lack of ability and less to bad luck than was the unexpected failure There was a greater tendency for subjects to appeal to task difficulty and effort as causes of their performance when they succeeded than when they failed. These results were discussed in terms of a structural balance model of attribution behavior and also in relation to Heider's naive analysis of the causes of action
Individual commitment to risky and conservative choices as a determinant of shifts in group decisions1
Authors: Burnstein Eugene , Katz Stuart
Published: April 2006

Summary

The consistently positive relationship between initial riskiness and perceived influence obtained in past work led us to speculate that (1) the deliberative effort involved in making a choice increases with its riskiness, as a result (2) individuals who select a risky course of action will be more committed to their choice than conservative individuals, and (3) the former will be more influential in group decisions. The following support was obtained for these conjectures When individuals had to select a reaction time interval to beat, those who were risky, that is, who selected a short interval, were more confident in having chosen wisely, were less likely to feel they might change their choice given the opportunity, and took longer to make their choice than those who were conservative, that is, who selected a long interval The first two of these measures were assumed to reflect commitment to the choice, and the third was taken as a rough indication of the amount of effort involved in choosing A group decision was also made regarding the reaction time interval It tended to be riskier than that preferred by the average individual prior to the decision if the riskiest member was more committed and/or expended more effort in choosing than his partners, on the other hand, it tended to be more conservative than the average prior preference if the most conservative member was more committed and or expended more effort
The equity restoring components of retaliation1
Authors: Graf Richard G. , Green Duane
Published: April 2006

Summary

Previous research has shown that retaliation can be an effective means of restoring equity to the relationship between a harm‐doer and his victim The present study investigated the equity restoring properties of two components of retaliation the harm‐doer “paying the price” for his harmful act, and the victim being given an opportunity to inflict harm Equity was restored to the relationship between the harm‐doer and his victim when the harm‐doer believed that his victim would be given an opportunity to inflict harm either upon the harm‐doer or a neutral party When the harm‐doer was led to believe that he would be retaliated against by someone other than his victim, equity restoration did not occur. The suggestion was made that the crucial factor in equity restoration may be the way in which the harm‐doer thinks the relationship is viewed by his victim
Cue utilization and attributional judgments for success and failure
Authors: Frieze Irene , Weiner Bernard
Published: April 2006

Summary

Two experiments are reported which examine causal attributions in achievement‐related contexts Subjects were provided with information about an achievement‐related activity (the immediate outcome of the action, percentage of prior success and failure at the same and similar tasks, percentage of success and failure of others, time spent at the task, task structure, and whether the achievement activity was undertaken by oneself or others) The subjects were required to attribute the immediate performance outcome (success or failure) to the causal factors of ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck The data revealed that the achievement cues were systematically utilized both as main effects and in configural patterns Included among the significant findings were that success is more likely to be attributed to internal factors (ability and effort) than is failure, consistency with the performance of others results in task ascriptions, whereas inconsistency is attributed to ability, effort and luck, and consistency with one's own past performance is ascribed to ability and task difficulty, while inconsistent outcomes give rise to luck and effort attributions Individual data analyses revealed considerable systematic yet idiosyncratic usage of the achievement information The results suggest a confounding in the locus of control literature, and new directions for the study of achievement motivation
The effects of extrinsic incentive on some qualitative aspects of task performance1
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Friedman Irith , Zeevi Gabriella
Published: April 2006

Summary

Thirty two subjects of high school age were tested under two experimental conditions on a variety of tasks. Subjects in the extrinsic‐incentive condition were promised a reward for their participation in the experiment No mention of reward was made in the no‐incentive condition. Consistent with die experimental hypothesis, it was found that subjects in the latter as opposed to the former condition exhibited superiority in creativity of performance and task recall. In addition, they manifested a stronger Zeigarnik effect, and reported greater enjoyment of the experiment The data were discussed in reference to the idea that the degree of intrinsic motivation for a task is determined by the actor's self‐attributed cause for its performance
Success and satisfaction as a function of environmental constraint and origin‐pawn feelings1
Authors: Alderman M. Kay , Carbonari Joseph , Ryals Kelvin
Published: April 2006

Abstract

This research investigated causal relationships among situational and dispositional determinants of origin‐pawn (O‐P) feelings and perceptions of task satisfaction and success. Seventy‐seven college students performed a task under one of three conditions—freedom, moderate freedom, or high constraint. Analysis of data through multiple regression and path‐analytic techniques indicated that O‐P feelings are a function of both situation and disposition. While condition and O‐P feelings have direct effects on both success and satisfaction, satisfaction is affected more by the situational element of freedom versus constraint than is success. The path analysis tended to support a previously conceptualized causal model of relationships among the variables.
The effects of false feedback on attributed arousal and rated attractiveness in female subjects1
Authors: Woll Stanley B. , McFall Miles E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

In an expanded version of the Valins false feedback paradigm, female subjects viewed ten slides of seminude males accompanied by either an increase or no change in amplified heart beats. Heart rate increase slides were rated as both more attractive and more arousing than no‐change slides. These two measures were highly correlated, and did not differ significantly in the degree to which they were influenced by feedback. Subjects also showed significantly greater changes in actual heart rate for the increasing feedback slides than for the no‐change slides, although the feedback produced no corresponding differences in GSR. Despite the effects on both subjective report and cardiac activity, correlations between these two measures were generally nonsignificant. Subjects classified as high in autonomic perception showed no significant relationship between actual cardiac activity and slide ratings, nor were they more influenced in their ratings by the feedback than subjects low in autonomic perception. Implications for the false feedback paradigm and for current issues in the social psychology and psychophysiology of emotion are discussed.
The comparative relevance and predictive validity of subject generated trait descriptions1
Authors: Turner Robert G. , Gilliland LuNell
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Based upon the conclusion of Bern and Allen (1974) that any trait term is relevant to only a subset of people, the present study investigated the comparative relevance of common trait terms by comparing the extent to which subjects (N= 180) generated these traits as relevant self‐descriptors. Each self‐attributed descriptor was assigned to one of the 45 categories of trait terms in the preliminary trait taxonomy developed by Layman and McDonald (Goldberg, 1975, 1976). The proportion of subjects employing terms in each category ranged from .00 (simple‐intricate; inarticulate‐articulate; men) to .72 (reclusive‐gregarious; women). The predictive validity of subjects' self‐descriptions was shown for one of these trait categories (dominance). Subjects (N= 62) were grouped according to whether they described themselves as dominant (N= 19), reserved (N= 20), or did not employ a term in the dominance category in their self‐description (N= 23). The dominance behavior of subjects was rated in a “typical” group situation (no instructions given) and a “maximal” group situation (subjects told to be as dominant as possible). Significant group (p < .001) and situation effects (p < .001) resulted. The mean rating of the dominant group was significantly larger than that of the reserved group in both the typical and maximal situations. The trait irrelevant group showed situational variability by acting similar to the reserved group in the typical situation and the dominant group in the maximal situation. Results were discussed in terms of the importance of personality researchers being selective in the traits they investigate or the samples employed in these investigations.
Attribution of success and failure revisited, or: The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory
Authors: Zuckerman Miron
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Do causal attributions serve the need to protect and / or enhance self‐esteem? In a recent review, Miller and Ross (1975) proposed that there is evidence for self‐serving effect in the attribution of success but not in the attribution of failure; and that this effect reflects biases in information‐processing rather than self‐esteem maintenance. The present review indicated that self‐serving effects for both success and failure are obtained in most but not all experimental paradigms. Processes which may suppress or even reverse the self‐serving effect were discussed. Most important, the examination of research in which self‐serving effects are obtained suggested that these attributions are better understood in motivational than in information‐processing terms.
Personality integration and social schemata1
Authors: Cooley Rebecca Smith , Seeman Julius
Published: April 2006

Abstract

This study was designed to determine whether persons of differing levels of personality integration utilize different response sets to govern their personal space boundaries in relationships with parents and peers. These response sets or “social schemata” were operationally defined by Kuethe's (1962a) free placement felt figures technique and by tape recorded interviews with 30 female and 30 male undergraduates. Findings indicate that personality integration is significantly related to equality with parents and peers, to women's perceived closeness to parents, to the variability of personal space boundaries, and to “communicative richness” when individuals are asked to describe their interpersonal relationships verbally.
Relationships between locus of control, trait anxiety, and state anxiety: An interactionist perspective1
Authors: Archer Robert P.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

This study examined the relationships among generalized expectancy for internal or external control, situational expectancy of control over aversive stimuli, trait anxiety level, and state anxiety reactivity. Seventy‐two male subjects, selected from the upper and lower halves of the distributions of scores from the I‐E and STAI A‐Trait Scales, were randomly assigned to one of three conditions of expectancy of control over electric shock. Repeated measures of state anxiety were taken at three points in the experiment, and subjects were asked to rate the degree of control they expected to have in avoiding shocks. Results, based upon analyses of variance, were interpreted as strongly supportive of the use of the interactionist model in understanding the manner in which personality trait and situational variables interact in the determination of subject expectancies of control and anxiety reactivity.
Objective self‐awareness as a nonaversive state: Effect of anticipating discrepancy reduction
Authors: Steenbarger Brett N. , Aderman David
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The possibility that self‐aware subjects in previous objective sell‐awareness studies displayed heightened negative affect and avoidance reactions because they were made to focus on permanent negative discrepancies was investigated in the present research. Subjects were first induced to regard a negative real‐ideal discrepancy as either permanent or reducible in size, and then were either made or not made objectively self‐aware. As expected, those self‐aware subjects who anticipated no reduction in discrepancy size were found to be more negative in mood and quicker to exit from the experimental room than were their counterparts in the other three conditions. It was concluded that self‐focused attention only generates aversive reactions when it brings to awareness a negative real‐ideal discrepancy which the individual feels cannot be altered.
Harm‐doing and victim's racial or orthopedic stigma as determinants of helping behavior1
Authors: Katz Irwin , Glass David C. , Lucido David , Farber Joan
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Three experiments tested a prediction derived from an ambivalence theory of behavior toward the stigmatized. The prediction was that unintentional harm‐doers would be more likely to make restitution by doing a favor for a stigmatized victim than for a nonstigmatized one. In Experiment 1 it was upheld for black versus white victims. In Experiment 2, where the victim of harm‐doing was either physically handicapped or normal, the prediction was upheld only among older subjects, following the post hoc introduction of an age variable. Experiment 3 also used a physical disability variable. The data were consistent with the prediction, although the adequacy of the harm‐doing manipulation was not checked empirically. On the whole, these results are seen as complementing previous findings of amplified post‐harm‐doing denigration of black and disabled victims. An assumption that the relationship between harm‐doing and altruism was mediated by guilt arousal received only fragmentary support. That is, self‐reports of guilt were highest in the harm‐doing black confederate condition in Experiment 1, and self‐reports of negative affect were highest in the harm‐doing/wheelchair confederate condition in Experiment 3, but there were no significant relationships between individual differences in guilt or negative affect on the one hand, and amount of helping, on the other.
The relationship of moral maturity and ethical attitude1
Authors: Nardi Peter M. , Tsujimoto Richard N.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Two issues related to Hogan's Survey of Ethical Attitudes (SEA) were investigated. First, the adequacy of Hogan's theoretical characterizations of the two poles of the SEA was tested. The results supported his characterization of the ethics of conscience, but only partially supported his characterization of the ethics of responsibility. Our second focus was on Hogan's prediction that “moral maturity” should be curvilinearly related to the SEA. As predicted, when moral maturity was measured in Hogan's sense, subjects scoring in the middle of the SEA dimension showed higher levels of moral maturity than those at either the ethics of conscience end or the ethics of responsibility end. In contrast, moral maturity in Kohlberg's sense was linearly related to the SEA with the most mature individuals scoring at the ethics of conscience end of the dimension. The total pattern of results highlights the importance of conceptual clarity and conceptual pluralism in research on morality.
Effects of rape victim resistance, assault outcome, and sex of observer on attributions about rape
Authors: Krulewitz Judith E. , Nash Janet E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Perceptions of sexual assault were investigated as a function of sex of observer, nature of victim resistance, and assault outcome. Two hundred twenty‐nine subjects were randomly assigned by sex to six resistance × outcome conditions. Hypotheses that women and men apply sex‐role stereotypes in evaluating the rape situation were supported: (a) subjects were more certain that rape had occurred as the victim resisted more; (b) subjects attributed greater responsibility to the victim for completed than for attempted rape, while the reverse pattern was found for the assailant; (c) women attributed more responsibility to the assailant than did men; and (d) men attributed less fault and more intelligence, and women attributed more fault and less intelligence to the rape victim as she resisted more forcefully. Attributional terms; fault, blame, and responsibility were found not to be interchangeable. Rape attributions are discussed within the contexts of identification with victim's situation and perceptions of victim's control. Implications for choice of self‐defense strategy and treatment of rape victims are also considered.
Group performance and interpersonal evaluations as determinants of egotistical attributions in groups1
Authors: Schlenker Barry R. , Miller Rowland S. , Leary Mark R. , McCown Nancy E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Group members often try to claim personal credit for the successes of their group while avoiding blame for group failures. Two experiments examined the effects of evaluations from their fellows on such egotism in groups. In Experiment 1, 96 subjects participated in four‐person, problem‐solving groups, and, after completing the group tasks, rated the competency and worth of each of the other group members. Subjects then received bogus written feedback indicating that the group had either succeeded or failed, and that the other members had considered them: (a) the most competent member of the group, (b) the least competent, or (c) of average competence. Group performance and personal evaluations interacted in influencing subjects' perceptions of their personal performances, relative responsibility for the group performance, and potency within the group, generally supporting predictions derived from self‐esteem and equity theory. Subjects claimed more responsibility for success than for failure only when they were favorably evaluated by their peers, and claimed the least responsibility for group success when they were unfavorably evaluated. The latter acceptance of negative peer evaluations was examined in Experiment 2, which manipulated the consensus of the evaluations given 76 high or low self‐esteem subjects. Regardless of their self‐esteem or the consensus of the evaluations, subjects again seemed to accept unfavorable evaluations. High self‐esteem subjects did, though, rate their personal performance and relative responsibility higher than low self‐esteem subjects.
Locus of causality and the use of information in the development of causal attributions1
Authors: Ruble Diane N. , Feldman Nina S. , Higgins E. Tory , Karlovac Marylie
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Two studies were conducted to examine whether attributions made about events may be influenced by individual assumptions regarding causation that are age related. In Study 1, 96 subjects at three age levels (four and five years, eight and nine years, and college students) observed a target actor on videotape select an item from an unseen array, and four other actors either agree (high consensus) or disagree (low consensus) with the choice. Subjects were asked to decide why the actor liked the chosen object best—because of something about the actor (person attribution) or because of something about the item (entity attribution). The results showed that perceived locus of causality shifted from entity to person attributions with age. In addition, subjects at all ages were able to utilize the consensus information when they had no opportunity to form their own impressions about the items in the array. In Study 2, 126 subjects at four age levels (five and six years, seven and eight years, nine and ten years, and high school students) chose an item from among an array for themselves and responded to a person (self)/entity attribution question regarding the locus of their own choice. The entity to person shift with age was again found and was supported by additional measures. The results are discussed in terms of children's causal reasoning capacities and social environmental factors affecting developmental change in social judgments.
Whites' ethnocentrism and their attributions for the behavior of blacks: A motivational bias1
Authors: Greenberg Jeff , Rosenfield David
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Previous research has shown that people make more derogatory attributions for the behavior of outgroup members than for the behavior of ingroup members. However, these results may be due merely to a cultural stereotype of the outgroup rather than to ethnocentrism (which would entail dislike for members of the outgroup). To examine the effect of ethnocentrism on attributions, irrespective of the cultural stereotype, and to examine whether people who differ in ethnocentrism also differ in their attributions for whites and blacks, high and low ethnocentric whites made attributions for the success and failure of black and white actors on a task which required an ability that was outside the scope of the cultural stereotype of blacks, i.e., ESP ability. Examination of these attributions revealed that the more ethnocentric the subjects were, the more they tended to give whites greater credit for success than blacks, and the more they tended to give whites less blame for failure than blacks. These results were discussed in terms of their implications for the persistence of prejudice and for the effects of motivations on attributions for the behavior of others.
A constructivist analysis of the Rotter I‐E scale1
Authors: Tyler Forrest B. , Gatz Margaret , Keenan Kevin
Published: April 2006

Abstract

A conception of locus of control attribution was advanced as an alternative to the generalized expectancy view presented by Rotter. That alternative stems from regarding the individual as actively constructing a pattern of specific choice consequence relations out of his/her ongoing experience. An integration of structural and factor approaches was used to analyze the Rotter I‐E scale. The structural analysis categorized items on four dimensions (focus, area, self‐attribution and world attribution) and indicated that the I‐E scale unevenly represents the domain it encompasses. Nevertheless, specification of that structural matrix helps to provide a more comprehensive framework for interpreting I‐E response patterns of 216 high school juniors and seniors. For example, male responses cohered around asserting active control over tasks hut attributing control to external sources with regard both to personal issues and to more abstract systems‐related issues. Females organized their senses of self‐efficacy with a central theme being that of a passive agent stance, plus an expectation that circumstances would provide equality of opportunities to which they could respond. Thus the present approach has demonstrated its utility in interpreting I‐E findings and its conceptual advantage for personality research on locus of control and on similiar attributional characteristics.
Causal projection, similarity projection, and coping with threat to self‐esteem1
Authors: Burish Thomas G. , Houston B. Kent
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The effectiveness of causal projection and similarity projection in controlling stress associated with threat to self‐esteem was investigated. To induce threat to self‐esteem, half of the subjects were told that they had done poorly on an important achievement test while the remaining subjects were not told that they had done poorly. The projection strategies were manipulated by encouraging subjects to attribute the cause of their poor performance to the examiner instead of to themselves (causal projection) or to estimate how poorly their friends would have scored on the test had they taken it and not performed well on it (similarity projection). Measures of subjective anxiety, depression, and anger indicated that (a) the testing situation and negative feedback were effective in increasing stress, (b) causal projection was effective in controlling stress, and (c) similarity projection was partially effective in controlling stress. The results provide evidence that causal projection can be effective in controlling stress and also have implications concerning the conditions under which the use of projection will and will not be effective for coping with stress. The importance that situational factors may have on the effectiveness of cognitive coping strategies was emphasized.
Performance‐self‐esteem and dominance behavior in mixed‐sex dyads1
Authors: Stake Jayne E. , Stake Michael N.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Past studies suggest that males tend to be more dominant than females in task‐oriented, mixed‐sex groups. It was hypothesized that one factor accounting for this sex difference is performance‐self‐esteem. Subjects were 44 male‐female pairs (college undergraduates) who participated in a decision‐making task. As predicted, female performance‐self‐esteem level was related to the dominance cluster of opinions, disagreements, and decision outcome scores (p < .035). Females were more dominant and males less dominant in dyads containing high performance‐self‐esteem females; the reverse was true in dyads containing low performance‐self‐esteem females. No relationship was found between male performance‐self‐esteem level and dominance. Also, with performance‐self‐esteem level controlled, no overall sex difference in dominance occurred. However, some sex differences were found in the relationships between outcome satisfaction and dominance for high and low performance‐self‐esteem subjects.
Effects of a model on eating behavior: The induction of a restrained eating style1
Authors: Polivy Janet , Herman C. Peter , Younger Jonathan C. , Erskine Barbara
Published: April 2006

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of a same‐sex model on females' eating behavior. The model ate either a large or small quantity along with the subject in an ad lib satiation context, and either did or did not identify herself as a dieter. Subjects were 86 female undergraduates, split into normally dieting or nondieting subgroups. Number of sandwich quarters consumed ad lib following a small fixed preload was found to vary as a function of (a) model's consumption (b) model's dieter status and (c) subject's dieter status; there were no significant interactions. A subsequent taste‐rating assessment of nut consumption, in which the model was present but could neither see nor be seen by the subject, indicated that the three factors which had previously affected sandwich consumption independently combined to affect nut consumption interdependently. The results were interpreted in terms of the effect of the model on the quantity and pattern of consumption, and conclusions were drawn about the dynamics of restrained and unrestrained eating and implications for therapy.
Self‐other orientation and legislative behavior1
Authors: Stone William F. , Baril G. L.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Self‐esteem and self‐complexity of first‐term Maine legislators were assessed at the beginning of a legislative session, using Ziller's (1973) topological method. Peer ratings of the freshman members' promise and likeability, and measures of their legislative activity were collected. Legislators rated as successful by their colleagues were of two distinct self‐other types: low self‐esteem, high complexity, or high self‐esteem, low complexity. These two types were termed the Pragmatist and the Ideologue, respectively. The distinctions implied by these labels were supported by analyses of activity and voting records. High complexity of the self‐concept, interpreted here as defensiveness, seems to moderate the effects of self‐esteem on political activity.
Sex, sex‐role identification, and awareness of sex‐role stereotypes
Authors: Wolff Laura , Taylor Shelley E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

An experiment was run to determine if androgynous people have transcended traditional sex roles or merely incorporated both sex roles into their repertoire. Masculine sex‐typed, feminine sex‐typed, and androgynous people listed as many masculine and feminine stereotypes as they could think of in a time‐limited task. Highly sex‐typed individuals showed more awareness of their own sex's attributes than the other sex's stereotypes. Androgynous people showed greater awareness of both sexes' attributes as compared with sex‐typed people, indicating support for the incorporation hypothesis rather than the transcendance hypothesis. However, the stereotypes androgynous people listed were somewhat less evaluative in tone compared with those of sex‐typed people, Overall, subjects listed more stereotypes of females than males, and female stereotypes were more negative than male stereotypes.
Sex differences in feelings attributed to a woman in situations involving coercion and sexual advances1
Authors: Vogelmann‐Sine Silke , Ervin Ellen Dresner , Christensen Reenie , Warmsun Carolyn H. , Ullmann Leonard P.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

This study investigated sex differences of feelings attributed to a woman in situations involving varying degrees of coercion and sexual advances. Sixteen vignettes (12 dealing with sex and coercion, 4 dealing with coercion only) were rated on 17 semantic differential scales by 59 undergraduates (44 females, 15 males) and 45 graduate students (18 females, 27 males). The 16 vignettes yielded factors of Sexual Flattery/Overtures, Sexual Aggressiveness, and Violence. Factor analyses of the 17 semantic differential scales yielded factors of Helplessness, Aversiveness, and Threat. High agreement was found between males and females in both the graduate and undergraduate samples on the relative intensity of feelings attributed to the woman across the sex/coercion vignettes for the three dimensions of Helplessness, Aversiveness, and Threat. Even more importantly, systematic differences between males and females on intensity of attributed feelings across the semantic differential factors were independently replicated using the graduate and undergraduate samples. Analyses of variance revealed that males showed significantly greater attributions on the factors Helplessness and Threat on scenes mainly dealing with sexual flattery/overtures, whereas they showed significantly less attributions on the factor Aversiveness on scenes dealing with sexual aggressiveness and rape. In short, while there was strong agreement between men and women, there were also replicated significant systematic differences with men overestimating the psychological impact of less intense
Balance and social comparison processes in the attribution of attraction
Authors: DeCarufel André C. , Insko Chester A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The area of attributed attraction was examined from the perspective that observers intuit some of the processes studied by social psychologists in the area of interpersonal attraction. A social situation was examined in which a target person was evaluated positively or negatively by another. The target was described as being either confident or not confident about the subject of the evaluation. Social comparison theory was interpreted to predict for observer subjects a stronger effect for the direction of the evaluation when the target's confidence was low rather than high, while balance theory was interpreted to predict the opposite. Support was found for the balance theory prediction. It was then suggested that low confidence may not be sufficient to engage social comparison processes unless it occurs in the context of a “need to know”—when the issue has important consequences. In another experiment, this context was provided and the trustworthiness of the evaluator was also manipulated. A social comparison effect was obtained. The strongest effect for the direction of the evaluation occurred when the target's confidence was perceived to be low and the evaluation was sincere.
Physical attractiveness and academic performance: Beauty is not always talent1
Authors: Sparacino Jack , Hansell Stephen
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Stepwise multiple regressions were used to determine the relative importance of physical attractiveness in the prediction of academic achievement for two samples of college students. In the first study, only ACT scores made an independent contribution to the prediction of males' (N= 55) grade average. For females (N= 65), verbal IQ (as measured by Borgatta and Corsini's Quick Word Test) and father's education yielded the only independent effects. In the second, follow‐up study, males' (N= 50) achievement was significantly positively associated with intelligence and high school grades and negatively associated with attractiveness. For females (N= 87), independent effects were obtained for intelligence, high school grades, socio‐economic status (positively correlated), and need for approval (negatively correlated). Attractiveness was again not associated with females' academic performance. In a final study involving high school students, attractiveness was not associated with achievement for 84 boys but was negatively associated for 83 girls. The results are discussed in terms of potential underlying mechanisms and the limitations of a “what is beautiful is good” stereotype.
The structure of nonverbal decoding skills1
Authors: DePaulo Bella M. , Rosenthal Robert
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The structure of skill at decoding nonverbal cues was examined for 150 high school students and 95 college students. An overall principal components analysis yielded four factors differing in the complexity of the message (pure versus mixed) and in the relative importance of the video versus the audio modality. Factor 1 (pure video) was defined by accuracy at face and body cues of ordinary (2 second) and very brief exposure length. Factor 2 (mixed video) was defined by accuracy at face and body cues with a “noisy” background. Factor 3 (mixed audio) was defined by accuracy at decoding discrepant cues and “noisy” audio cues. Factor 4 (pure audio) was defined by accuracy at pure tone of voice cues. The overall evidence suggested that despite a nontrivial degree of relationship among all measures of skill at decoding nonverbal cues (Armor's Theta = .62), it would increase our theoretical and empirical precision to conceptualize nonverbal decoding ability as made up of several relatively unrelated subskills.
Effects of personality and loss of anonymity on aggression: A revaluation of deindividuation1
Authors: Propst Lois Rebecca
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Zimbardo's deindividuation hypothesis was reexamined by individuating some subjects. Twelve four‐person groups administered shock to a confederate in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with two levels of social individuation (subjects' level of anonymity to group members), two levels of nonsocial individuation (subjects' opportunity to give identifying information to the experimenter on a word association test), and two levels of individual differences. It was found that subjects who individuated themselves by giving information to the experimenter on the word association test showed more, not less, antisocial behavior. Furthermore, this increased antisocial behavior was exhibited only by externally oriented subjects: those with an external locus of control and a low mysticism score. Some of those more antisocial subjects were also more likely to report feeling like they stood out from the group. It was concluded that antisocial behavior in this paradigm may thus be a response to experimenter demand felt most strongly when subjects felt most identifiable.
The self and possibilites for change
Authors: Hayden Brian
Published: April 2006

Abstract

In the context of a formulation of self, the possibility for self‐defined change and its occurrence were specified. Views of self, defined as concordant (actual and preferred self views are the same) or discordant (actual and preferred self views are different) were analyzed in terms of the implicative capacity of each view of self and willingness to change one's view of self. The general formulation was confirmed. Individuals tend to (1) maintain a desired and current view of self, and (2) either shift or avoid a shift to the desired view of self depending on the relative implicative capacity of the desired or preferred view of self. Theoretical implications of the nature of the self and the possibilities of change, of self‐defined change, and insight were discussed.