bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Density and magnetic architecture of the Gurghiu Mountains volcanoes as inferred from geophysical data
Authors: Besutiu Lucian , Zlagnean Luminita , Isac Anca , Romanescu Dragomir
Published: February 2023

The paper is mainly aimed at presenting some results of the geophysical investigations focused on the Gurghiu Mountains volcanism.The Gurghiu Mountains are located in the central inner (western) part of Eastern Carpathians, Romania. They represents the middle segment of the approx. 160 km long Neogene to Quaternary volcanic chain Călimani-Gurghiu-Harghita (CGH), the southeastern end of the magmatic arc adjoining the Carpathians from Slovakia to Romania. CGH is a typical andesite-dominated calc-alkaline volcanic range. As part of it, Gurghiu Mountains exhibits (with minor exceptions) monotonous volcanic rocks, clearly dominated by andesites and pyroxene andesites.Several years ago, CGH volcanism was subject to research within a specific project funded by the Romanian National Agency for Scientific Research. During the project, gravity and geomagnetic investigations were conducted in the Gurghiu Mountains areal to help unveiling the composition and structure of the volcanic edifices. Thus, consistent gravity and geomagnetic data sets over the studied area were obtained. Furthermore, various data mining techniques (e.g., Bouguer anomaly for various reference densities, geomagnetic and reduced-to-the-pole geomagnetic anomaly, regional-residual separation through upward/downward continuation and/or polynomial regression, high-order derivatives) were applied in order to create more intuitive images helping in the qualitative interpretation of the geophysics results.In a second stage, quantitative approaches were employed for unveiling the hidden structure of the shallow part of the crust. Consequently, 2D and 3D models of the density and magnetic structure of the main volcanic forms in the area (e.g., Fâncel-Lăpusna caldera, Seaca-Tătarca, Sumuleu and Ciumani-Fierăstraie crater areas) were inferred from joint inversion of gravity and geomagnetic data.Finally, based on the inversion results, attempts to construct 3D models of the shallow crust architecture were made by employing the forward modelling approach under constraints provided by rock physics studies and exploration wells. Key words:  gravity, geomagnetism, density, magnetic susceptibility, inversion, forward modelling, volcanism, Gurghiu Mountains, Eastern Carpathians
Holocene-long climate signals in tree-ring stable isotopes from the European Alps
Authors: Arosio Tito , Nicolussi Kurt , Leuenberger Markus , Krusic Paul J. , Esper Jan , Büntgen Ulf
Published: February 2023

It has recently been argued that tree-ring stable isotopes (TRSI) can reveal persistent long-term hydroclimate trends that are usually not captured by more traditional dendroclimatic studies using tree-ring width or density (Büntgen 2022). Since the putative long-term discrepancy between ‘growth-dependent’ ring width and density versus ‘growth-independent’ TRSI proxies is likely unrelated to biases from age-trend removal (Büntgen et al. 2021; Yang et al. 2021), we propose a re-evaluation of the predictive power of various tree-ring parameters for reconstructing climate variability at interannual to multimillennial timescales. We analyse 7800 high-resolution δ18O, δ13C, δD measurements from about 200 high-elevation conifers of the Alpine Holocene Triple Tree Ring Isotope Record (AHTTRIR; Arosio et al. 2022) to assess ultra-long climate trends well beyond the segment length of individual tree-ring samples. Despite the spatiotemporal data heterogeneity, and associated signal complexity of AHTTRIR, we show that δ18O values contain a reasonable level of coherency with summer hydroclimate variability. In line with two independent TRSI studies from central Europe and monsoon Asia (Büntgen et al. 2021; Yang et al. 2021), our new δ18O Alpine chronology reveals a significant long-term drying trend over the past 6000 years. We interpret this multimillennial hydroclimate trajectory as a response to long-term negative orbital forcing (i.e., insolation changes due to the Earth’s axial precession). Our findings advise caution when applying corrections to TRSI data in order to preserve Holocene long trends. Considering the unique paleoclimatic values of TRSI, more such records are needed from a wide range of species and regions in both hemispheres. Arosio Tito, Malin Ziehmer, Kurt Nicolussi, Christian Schluechter, Andrea Thurner, Andreas Österreicher, Peter Nyfeler, and Markus Christian Leuenberger,. 2022. “Alpine Holocene Triple Tree Ring Isotope Record.” PANGAEA, 2022. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.941604.Büntgen Ulf. 2022. “Scrutinizing Tree-Ring Parameters for Holocene Climate Reconstructions.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, e778.Yang Bao, Chun Qin, Achim Bräuning, Timothy J. Osborn, Valerie Trouet, Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, Jan Esper, Lea Schneider, Jussi Grießinger, and Ulf Büntgen. 2021. “Long-Term Decrease in Asian Monsoon Rainfall and Abrupt Climate Change Events over the Past 6,700 Years.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (30): e2102007118.
A biogeographic model of thermal habitat loss during global temperature change
Authors: Kocsis Adam T. , Reddin Carl J. , Saupe Erin E. , Feulner Georg
Published: February 2023

Global warming has been implicated as a trigger of mass extinctions in the past. Although species track their thermal niches as isotherms move poleward, systematic changes in the area of habitable space (i.e., their thermal habitat) are expected to influence their extinction risk. Quantifying thermal habitat changes is difficult in the geological past, where information about geography and the distributions of species are highly incomplete. We therefore present a formalized model of thermal habitat change, resulting from the interaction of spherical geometry, thermal niche preference, latitudinal temperature profile, and global temperature change. Our results suggest an overall decrease in available thermal habitat during global warming. Thermal habitat is lost primarily from lower latitude and polar areas, whereas temperate areas are less affected. Although patterns of extinction are ultimately dependent on the geography of available habitat space, the extent to which species occupy their thermal niches, additional abiotic parameters, and biotic interactions, our simple theoretical model provides the basic expectation for spatial patterns of habitat loss, and therefore potentially species loss, during global warming.
Lateglacial to interglacial sediment infills in Alpine valleys: timing, sediment provenance and paleo-environmental conditions
Authors: Valla Pierre , Rolland Yann , Delunel Romain , Carcaillet Julien , Crouzet Christian
Published: February 2023

Glacial/interglacial transitions in mountainous areas are marked by significant glacier retreat from forelands to inner massifs, resulting in large-scale and ephemeral lake formation that are subsequently filled (or not) by sediment transfer during lateglacial to postglacial times. When valley paleo-infills are preserved, they form precious archives to investigate (1) Alpine erosion dynamics and paleo-environmental conditions during key transition periods from full glacial stages to interglacials, and (2) glacial erosion patterns during susbequent glaciation.In this contribution, we investigate such sedimentary deposits (locally called as "banquettes") in the French western Alps, and more precisely along the Isère valley and Val du Bourget. Previous research have attributed these deposits to the Riss – Würm transition due to their position under a basal compact till and to the MIS 6/5 transition up to early MIS 4 from palynological constraints, although no absolute ages has been available so far. Based on existing mapping of their spatial distribution and stratigraphic reconstructions, we sampled coarse-sand and sandy-gravel layers within these deposits for constraining both sediment deposition time (OSL dating) and provenance (glacial/postglacial origin, using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide TCN 10Be in quartz). In addition, their spatial distribution provides estimates of maximum glacial erosion during the last glacial cycle, which can be subsequently used as spatial constraints for ice model predictions.Our results confirm deposition times of these sedimentary units at the MIS 6/5 transition, with dating constraints from the late MIS 6 (ca. 145 ka) to the early MIS 5 (Eemien, 115-130 ka) for sandy layers. Upper sandy-gravel layers have younger deposition ages of ca. 80 ka, illustrating sediment fluxes at the transition from late MIS 5 to early MIS 4. We compare this temporal sequence to more recent sediment infills of the Isère valley (14C and OSL dating) during the Lateglacial to Holocene (MIS 2/1) transition. TCN data from sand samples also illustrate the sharp transition from full glacial to interglacial conditions, with a significant increase in 10Be concentrations from Lateglacial to post-glacial sediments. We propose that the observed signal can reflect changes in erosion rates, but also in glacier expansion or in paleo-environmental conditions, with export of stored subglacial sediments as well as the re-establishment of sediment/soil production and transfer along the catchment routing system following glacier retreat.
A step towards unravelling dynamics and connectivity of slow-moving landslides in changing tropical landscapes
Authors: Dille Antoine , Vanmaercke Matthias , Smets Benoit , Dewitte Olivier
Published: February 2023

Human activities transform Earth's ecosystems and landscapes at unprecedented rates and scales. Land use changes are particularly drastic in economically developing countries of the tropics, where major demographic and economic shifts are driving unparalleled rates of agricultural expansion, deforestation and urbanisation. These changes to the environment are increasing the incidence of geo-hydrological hazards such as landslides. Dramatic increase in the occurrence of shallow, high-velocity landslides has been comprehensively demonstrated on recently deforested and/or urbanised steep slopes. Yet, our understanding of how such constraints – typical for the tropics – interact and affect larger (often > 0.2 km²), slow-moving (mm year−1 to 100 m year−1), deep-seated (> 5 m) landslides (SML) remains very limited. Often manifesting as long-term, persistent slope failures, these SML can nevertheless permanently affect the livelihood of local communities in mountain regions. Their connectivity to river networks also places them as a dominant geomorphic process in mountain landscapes: they shape the morphology of hillslopes and can exert very strong controls on river sediment budgets, regional erosion rates, channel network evolution and flooding patterns. Nevertheless, estimations of landslide mobilisation rates over sufficient spatiotemporal scales are very scarce, especially in tropical environments. As a result, the potential interactions between rivers and landslide dynamics remain poorly constrained while being key for our understanding of landscape evolution, sediment budgets and geo-hydrological hazards.Untangling the intricate influences of climate, lithology, tectonics and man-made environmental changes on the activity of SML will require a large and robust dataset across diverse landscape conditions. Here, we aim to present and discuss our strategy is to quantify SML spatio-temporal patterns over the western branch of the East African Rift System (wEARS), a > 1000 km north-south region exemplary of many tropical mountain areas, i.e., affected by large-scale land use changes and disproportionately high landslide impacts – as well as largely overlooked in landslide research. Synergies between different space-borne remote sensing tools (combined use of optical and radar imagery, historical aerial photographs, etc.), which proved effective in our recent work in the region, will be exploited to gather a large dataset on the activity of SML across diverse time scales, landscapes and climatic conditions in the wEARS. Overall, this work aims at moving forward our understanding of a key geomorphic process in severely under-researched types of environments subject to rapid changes. This is not only essential for a better hazard assessment, but also for comprehending how (human-induced and/or natural) environmental changes affect these landscapes and the sediment dynamics.
MVSE Mission Phase A/0 Study: A Proposal for Understanding the Dynamics of Induced Magnetospheres
Authors: Maraqten Nadim , Kutnohorsky Viktoria ,   MVSE Mission Team
Published: February 2023

The dynamics of induced magnetospheres raise several unsolved questions. Among the most pressing is the interaction between the solar wind and induced magnetospheres, and the corresponding changes in magnetospheric structure and variation in heating processes. Furthermore, the reactions of an induced magnetosphere to solar eruptive events such as interplanetary coronal mass ejections, corotating interaction regions and solar flares are not well understood. The Magnetospheric Venus Space Explorers (MVSE) mission is designed to fill this gap by studying how the Sun drives the dynamics of the induced Venusian magnetosphere. Venus is an ideal laboratory for this due to its proximity to the Sun, similarity to Earth, and its accessibility. Investigating the induced Venusian magnetosphere enables direct comparisons with Earth’s active magnetosphere and other induced ones, such as those of several other planets, moons and comets. This complements former missions like Venus Express (VEX) and Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) by filling data and knowledge gaps, hence improving magnetospheric modeling.  Figure 1: Orbits of the three scientific spacecraft and transfer/communication spacecraft around Venus facilitating simultaneous measurements in solar wind, bow shock and magnetotailThree identical spin-stabilised scientific spacecraft equipped with in-situ plasma instrumentation are deployed in resonant orbits around Venus by a transfer stage, which then further operates as a communication relay station. With a phase difference of 180° relative to each other, two scientific spacecraft orbit Venus circularly with a 20 h period (r = 6 Venusian radii RV). The third spacecraft is in a resonant inner elliptical orbit with a 10 h period (pericythe = 1.3 RV; apocythe = 6 RV) . This configuration enables simultaneous measurements in three regions of interest (ROIs): i) up and ii) downstream the bow shock, as well as iii) in the magnetotail. In these ROIs, the magnetic field, the electric field and the ion-electron distribution functions are measured. To observe at least 10 coronal mass ejection events, a mission duration of three years around the solar maximum is planned.Figure 2: Spacecraft stack consisting of one tansfer/communications vehicle and three scientific spacecraftThe concept of the MVSE mission was developed during ESA’s Alpbach Summer School 2022. It has been refined by adapting the concurrent engineering method during the Post Alpbach Summer School Event 2022. A total of 32 students from both engineering and science backgrounds worked on the mission with appreciated advice from experts of ESA and academia.
Constraints on the variability of the oceanic CO2 sink from observations and theory
Authors: Mayot Nicolas , Buitenhuis Erik T. , Wright Rebecca , Le Quéré Corinne
Published: February 2023

The ocean is an important sink for carbon, absorbing 27% of the anthropogenic CO2 emitted to the atmosphere from human activities. The variability of this oceanic CO2 sink has come under scrutiny recently because data-products that are based on surface ocean CO2 observations (fCO2) and various statistical methods estimate twice the variability produced by process-based ocean models. These data-based products (pCO2 products) also suggest a strong growth of the oceanic CO2 sink in the past decade not produced by ocean models. Here we develop a hybrid approach that makes use of both fCO2 observations and an ocean model through a novel two-step optimisation approach. First, the model parameters are optimised to best reproduce fCO2 observations over the 1970-2019 period. Second, for each year with sufficient observations, the CO2 flux that minimises the distance to fCO2 observations is used as best estimate. This approach preserves the coherence of the physical and biogeochemical processes as represented in ocean models, while calibrating the CO2 fluxes to observations as done in pCO2 products. This approach confirms the ocean model weaknesses for producing coherent values of pCO2 in the high-latitude regions. The interannual variability in ocean CO2 sink after the two-step optimisation remains broadly consistent with the variability produced by the process model after the first optimisation step, but the amplitude of the variability is larger and closer to the one suggested by pCO2 products. The two-step otpimisation also improves the model’s representation of some documented decadal trends in the oceanic CO2 sink: its stagnation in 1990s and its reinvigoration in the 2000s. However, the optimisation approach does not support a strong increase of the oceanic CO2 sink in the past decade as reported by some pCO2 products. The finding is confirmed with the separate optimisation by latitude bands, where even in the Northern band (> 30°N) where the density of observations is maximum, the two-step optimisation returns a modest trend in the CO2 sink. In this high-latitude region, the fCO2 observations also suggest a low increase of the oceanic CO2 sink in the past decade, while they supported the previous increasing trend in the 2000s. Therefore, although the two-optimisation approach presented here partly reconciles results from process-based ocean models and data-based pCO2 products, it also suggests that the current generation of pCO2 products could be sensitive to numerical artefacts that artificially enhance the recent trend.
Surface propensity of atmospheric iodine oxides: AIMD and LJ-XPS investigation
Authors: Roose Antoine , Iezzi Lucia , Boucly Anthony , Yang Huanyu , Krack Matthias , Ammann Markus , Artiglia Luca
Published: February 2023

Iodine chemistry is implicated in atmospheric chemistry and can lead to the formation of several oxides such as HOI, I2, IO, OIO, and finally I2O5 or HIO3, which may nucleate as nanoparticles relevant for cloud formation in remote environments (Saiz-Lopez et al., 2012, Finkenzeller et al., 2022). These oxides can be formed through reaction with oxidants or other halogen compounds in the gas phase or the particle phase. Most of the iodide oxidation processes have been suggested to be enhanced at interfaces, similar to those involving other halogen species, either due to the surface propensity of intermediates (Artiglia et al., 2017) or the iodine species itself (Moreno and Beaza-Romero, 2019). However, no data are available about the surface concentration of iodine species other than iodide. After two decades of research into the surface propensity of iodide and bromide, the picture emerges that their surface propensity is not as extreme as initially thought (Jungwirth and Tobias, 2002; Ghosal et al., 2005; Olivieri et al., 2018).Liquid jet X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments have been carried out at the SIM beamline at the Swiss Light Source. Acquisition of kinetic energy dependent (thus at different probing depth) I3d, I4d core level and valence level spectra has been done for iodide, iodate and iodic acid. This allows to retrieve the surface propensity of these iodine species at the aqueous solution – air interface. HIO3, HOI and iodide surface propensity has also been investigated by Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics computation at the revPBE-D3/DZVP-SR level using CP2K software (Khüne et al., 2020).Artiglia et al., Nat. Commun., 8, 700 (2017).
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Space Weather with Uncertainty Quantification: A New Sequence of Data-driven Models of the Solar Atmosphere and Inner Heliosphere
Authors: Pogorelov Nikolai V. , Arge Charles N. , Linker Jon , Upton Lisa , Van Straalen Brian , Caplan Ronald , Colella Phillip , Downs Cooper , Gebhard Christopher , Hegde Dinesha Vasanta , Henney Carl , Jones-Mecholsky Shaela , Kim Tae , Stulajter Miko , Singh Talwinder , Turtle James , Yalim Mehmet
Published: February 2023

To address Objective II of the National Space Weather Strategy and Action Plan 'Develop and Disseminate Accurate and Timely Space Weather Characterization and Forecasts' and US Congress PROSWIFT Act 116–181, our team is developing a new set of open-source software that would ensure substantial improvements of Space Weather (SWx) predictions. On the one hand, the focus is on the development of data-driven models. On the other hand, each individual component of our software will have higher accuracy with a dramatically improved performance. This is done by the application of new computational technologies and enhanced data sources. The development of such software paves way for improved SWx predictions accompanied with an appropriate uncertainty quantification. This will make it possible to forecast hazardous SWx effects on the space-borne and ground-based technological systems, and on human health. Our models involve (1) a new, open-source solar magnetic flux model (OFT), which evolves information to the back side of the Sun and its poles, and updates the model flux with new observations using data assimilation methods; (2) a new potential field solver (POT3D) associated with the Wang-Sheeley-Arge coronal model, and (3) a new adaptive, 4-th order of accuracy solver (HelioCubed) for the Reynolds-averaged MHD equations implemented on mapped multiblock grids (cubed spheres). We describe the software and results obtained with it, including the appication of machine learning to modeling coronal mass ejections, which makes it possible to improve SWx predictions by decreasing the time-of-arrival mismatch.  The test show that our software is formally more accurate and performs much faster than its predecessors used for SWx predictions.
Land motion in Europe imaged by GNSS
Authors: Hübner Laura , Brockmann Elmar , Crocetti Laura , Schindler Konrad , Soja Benedikt
Published: February 2023

The densification of high-quality, permanent GNSS stations in Europe enables a large-scale investigation of deformation processes on the Earth’s surface. This work aims to interpolate the horizontal and vertical GNSS station velocities and thus produce velocity fields showing the land motion for Switzerland, the Alps and Europe. The GNSS station velocities are provided by the EUREF Working Group on European Dense Velocities. The data set contains horizontal (east, north) and vertical velocities for around 8000 stations in Europe. Five interpolation methods are implemented and compared, namely, Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Ordinary Kriging, K - Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Random Forest and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). Latitude and longitude of the station locations are used as input features for the interpolation. Additional input features will be engineered for Random Forest and MLP. Generally, the performance of all five interpolation methods with latitude and longitude as features evaluated on the test data by Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Bias Error (MBE) is comparable for all velocity components in Switzerland, the Alps and Europe. RMSE and MAE vary among the methods by hundredths of a mm/year. The only exceptions are the horizontal velocity components for the extent of Europe, where MLP and Ordinary Kriging perform slightly worse than the other methods. The key findings of the qualitative analysis are that MLP and Ordinary Kriging produce the smoothest velocity fields, while IDW, KNN and Random Forest produce artifacts due to their mode of operation. All methods interpolate similar velocity fields where the station data is dense and greater differences when it is sparse. Especially for extrapolation areas where no data is available their performance is not verified. The interpolation of the GNSS station velocities in Switzerland, the Alps and Europe for this work shows that it is possible to produce velocity fields with accuracy level below 1 mm/year and the different phenomena of land motion can be clearly identified. 
Law-of-the wall adjustments above the Amazon Forest via Cospectral Budget Model
Authors: Mortarini Luca , Katul Gabriel , Cava Daniela , Quaresma Dias-Junior Cleo , Chamecki Marcelo
Published: February 2023

Measurements collected at two experimental sites, the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) and the tower at the Cuieiras Biological Reserve (ZF2) that was part of the GoAmazon experiment, were considered to study deviations from the law-of-the wall for the roughness sublayer (RSL) above the Amazon Forest. A plethora of physical, chemical, and biological processes are influenced by the flow structure in the RSL. Further, above tall and dense canopies the handshake between the land and the atmosphere in numerical Weather Predictions and Earth Systems Models occurs in the RSL. For the mean velocity, the RSL effects are operationally accommodated using a dimensionless roughness sublayer correction function (φ) to the law-of-the wall. For dense canopies the mixing-layer analogy is assumed, and the correction function φ depends on the vorticity thickness, Ls. φ measures the ratio of the eddy viscosity from attached eddies to a zero-plane displacement (d) and the actual eddy viscosity in the RSL at (z-d), for (z-d)/Ls>>1, φ∼1. However, this formulation remains only plausible for dense forested canopies and its extension to sparse and urban canopies difficult at the least. In the Amazon the experimental determination and modeling of φ may also be challenging for the forest topography that introduce z-dependent mean pressure gradients that then lead to variability in second-order flow velocity statistics with z.  In this work an original formulation of φ is proposed based on a scale-wise co-spectral budget model that balances mechanical production to pressure-decorrelation terms in the co-spectral budget. Because the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate (ε) is conserved across the vertical velocity spectrum, the co-spectral budget model reveals a novel link between φ and a macro-scale dissipation length, Ld=u*3/ε.The friction velocity, u*, is interpreted from the moving-equilibrium hypothesis to be appropriately defined at the canopy top. The analysis shows that the estimation of φ with the new formulation agrees with independent estimates of φ using measured turbulent momentum flux and mean velocity gradient. Further, Ld emerges as a key length scale in the RSL, being more efficient than the vorticity thickness in the estimation of the peaks of the wind vertical velocity spectra.
Random Forest classifier for lithological mapping of the Mundiyawas-Khera mineralized belt of the Alwar basin, India, from remote sensing and potential field data
Authors: Singh Bhawesh Kumar , Rao G. Srinivasa
Published: February 2023

Lithological interpretation of remote sensing and geophysical data plays a vital role in mineral resource mapping, especially in areas of the limited outcrop. This study applied a Random Forest (RF) classifier to obtain the refined lithological map of the Mundiyawas-Khera mineralized belt of the Alwar basin, India, from remote sensing and potential field data. A total of 540 samples covering the major lithologies were fed to RF for training (80%) and testing (20%), and its performance was evaluated using precision, recall, and accuracy. The degree of uncertainty associated with RF was also computed using the information entropy technique to pinpoint the regions where the refined lithology map is incorrectly classified. The results indicate that RF yields an overall accuracy of 73.15% in classifying all the major lithological units in the region, such as felsic volcanic, carbon phyllite, mica schist, quartzite, and tremolite-bearing dolomite. Among all the five lithologies, RF showed the best precision (84.62%) and recall (90.91%.) for quartzite and M-mica schist respectively and comparable precision/recall values for the felsic volcanic rocks that host Cu mineralization. Whereas other lithologies, dolomite and carbon phyllite, were not accurately predicted by RF, which might be due to the limited number of samples. The results of the class membership probabilities indicate that not all the litho-units predicted by the model are absolute. The study illustrates that RF can be used as a viable alternative in regions with limited outcrops and geochemical information to prepare the new lithology map or refine the existing geological maps. Keywords: Machine Learning, Lithology Classification, Gravity and Magnetic Data
Weather reconstruction and application for Switzerland: Long-term changes of spring weather impacts since 1763
Authors: Noemi Imfeld , Stefan Brönnimann
Published: February 2023

Numerous historical sources report on hazardous past climate and weather events that had considerable impacts on society. Studying changes in their occurrence or mechanisms behind such events is however hampered by a lack of spatial weather information. For Switzerland, we created a daily high-resolution (1x1 km2) reconstruction of temperature and precipitation fields for the years 1763 to 1960 using an analog resampling method based on observational data. The resampled fields are further post-processed by assimilating temperature observations and quantile mapping the precipitation fields. Together with the present-day meteorological fields, this forms a more than 250-year long gridded data set.We use this data set to evaluate changes in spring weather impacts over the last 250 years. The spring season receives fewer attention since it has no extreme events in absolute terms. However, it is relevant since weather conditions in spring can delay vegetation onset and growth, and can create substantial vegetation damages due to for example late frost and snow events. We evaluate therefore the long-term changes of spring fresh snow days, late frost days, frost days, and warm days, and compare it to changes of spring onset and reconstructed phenological stages.
Correcting infrasound wave parameter estimations using in-situ calibration on defective wind-noise reduction systems
Authors: Kristoffersen Samuel , Le Pichon Alexis , Vincent Paul , Schwardt Michaela , Larsonnier Franck
Published: February 2023

Infrasound signals can be detected using a time-delay of arrival approach to derive the back azimuth and trace velocity of the coherent wave. For these calculations, it is necessary to have a calibrated measure of the pressure. Although the calibration of microbarometers can be performed in a laboratory setting with specific metrological means such as those developed by the CEA, it is much more difficult to determine the transfer function of the wind noise reduction systems (WNRS), designed to reduce the wind associated noise. In-situ calibration of these WNRS’s can be performed (as described by Gabrielson*) using a co-located reference sensor and comparing the response to that of the array sensor (considering only highly coherent signals) to determine the relative response of the WNRS. System defects, such as flooded pipes or blocked inlets, have significant impacts on the response, which in turn would influence the calculated infrasonic wave parameters. These defects can be characterized using in-situ calibration measurements. To demonstrate the importance of these measurements, experiments were undertaken at the infrasound station IS26, using a temporary detector whose defects on the WNRS can be produced. This will allow for the effects on real infrasound detections to be quantified and corrected using in-situ calibrations. Comparisons between models of these defects and experimental results allow for the characterization of their effects on infrasound parameter measurements and improvements of the models and WNRS designs.* Thomas B. Gabrielson, “In situ calibration of atmospheric-infrasound sensors including the effects of wind-noise-reduction pipe systems”, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 130, 1154-1163 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3613925
Towards species-level forecasts of drought-induced tree mortality risk
Authors: De Kauwe Martin , Sabot Manon , Medlyn Belinda , Pitman Andy , Meir Patrick , Cernusak Lucas , Ukkola Anna , Rifai Sami , Choat Brendan
Published: February 2023

Australia is the driest inhabited continent. Annual rainfall is low and is accompanied by marked inter-annual variability, leading to multi-year droughts. n particular, ​South-East Australia​ ​has recently experienced two of the worst droughts in the historical record (2000–2009 and 2017–2020). Predicting species-level responses to drought at the landscape scale is critical to reducing uncertainty in future terrestrial carbon and water cycle projections. We embedded a stomatal optimisation model in the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) land surface model and parameterised the model for 15 canopy-dominant eucalypt tree species across South-Eastern Australia (mean annual precipitation range: 344–1424 mm yr-1). We carried out three experiments: applying CABLE to the recent drought; a theoretical future drier drought (20% reduction in rainfall); and a future drier drought (20% reduction in rainfall) with a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The drought's severity was highlighted as at least 25% of their distribution ranges, and 60% of species experienced leaf water potentials beyond the water potential at which 50% of hydraulic conductivity is lost due to embolism. We identified areas of severe hydraulic stress within species’ ranges, but we also pinpointed resilience in species found in predominantly semiarid regions. The importance of the role of CO2 in ameliorating drought stress was consistent across species. Our results represent an important advance in our capacity to forecast the resilience of individual tree species, providing an evidence base for decision-making around the resilience of restoration plantings or net-zero emission strategies.
On the Transmission of Turbulence Across Interplanetary Shocks: Observations and Theory
Authors: Pitna Alexander , Zank Gary , Nakanotani Masaru , Zhao Lingling , Adhikari Laxman , Šafránková Jana , Němeček Zdeněk
Published: February 2023

Collisionless magnetohydrodynamic shocks are ubiquitous in solar wind and in other space plasmas. They serve as natural sites where charged particles can be accelerated to supra-thermal energies via various Fermi acceleration mechanisms. Upstream and downstream fluctuations play a key role in these processes because they can act as scatter centers. Furthermore, the downstream turbulent plasma of strong shocks driven by coronal mass ejections can enhance the coupling of this plasma with the Earth’s magnetosphere. Understanding of how the fluctuations are transmitted across the shocks can provide an invaluable insight into many shock related studies.In this paper, we investigate the interaction of fast forward (FF) shocks with magnetic island/flux rope mode fluctuations. We employ a recently developed framework of the Zank et al. (2021) transmission model. We analyze 378 FF shocks observed by the Wind spacecraft with varying upstream conditions and Mach numbers. We estimate upstream and downstream power spectra within one-hour intervals adjacent to the shock front and we calculate theoretically predicted downstream power spectrum. We analyze closely the difference between the observed and theoretically predicted spectra. On average, the model predicts the spectra with very good accuracy. We argue that large statistical spread of this difference is given mainly by the statistical uncertainties in the shock compression ratio, upstream power spectrum and by the turbulent evolution of fluctuations in the downstream region. Finally, our findings also suggest that Zank et al. (2021) model may estimate the downstream levels of fluctuations accurately even for a wider range of shocks than it was originally meant for.
Effects of glacial conditions on the circulation and water vapor sources of Indian monsoon precipitation
Authors: Tharammal Thejna , Bala Govindasamy , Nusbaumer Jesse , Paul Andre
Published: February 2023

Climate records suggest a weaker Indian monsoon circulation and drier conditions in the continent during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~19-23 ka BP). This is mainly due to circulation changes caused by high-latitude ice sheets, tropical and high-latitude SST changes, and lower atmospheric CO2 concentrations compared to pre-industrial (PI). Such changes in boundary conditions and circulation are likely to cause changes in the water vapor sources of monsoon precipitation, with implications for precipitation reconstructions using water isotope proxies. We use the water isotope/water tagging-enabled Community Earth System Model (iCESM) to study the effects of glacial conditions on the sources of water vapor and isotope ratios of precipitation for the Indian monsoon precipitation. We conduct time slice experiments for the PI and the LGM periods following the PMIP4 guidelines. iCESM was successful in identifying the water vapor sources of present-day Indian summer monsoon precipitation, namely the Indian Ocean sources and precipitation recycling. The detailed results of this study will be presented at the meeting.
How will climate change affect the isotope composition of meteoric water in the Mediterranean area?
Authors: Liotta Marcello , Castorina Giuseppe , Simoncelli Simona , Cherchi Annalisa
Published: February 2023

The relationship between the isotopic composition of precipitation in the Mediterranean Sea, the atmospheric circulation patterns over the region and groundwater properties has been topic of investigation in recent years. Overall, the link between the isotopic composition of precipitation and the Mediterranean climate raises the question of how future climate change could affect the isotope ratios of precipitation and groundwater. Past and future atmospheric properties (i.e. humidity, evaporation, precipitation and winds) over the Mediterranean region can be used to investigate the past and possibly understand future characteristics of meteoric water isotope composition. In order to evaluate how the climate change will affect the isotope composition of meteoric water, we re-evaluated previous rain events in light of well-defined climate framework. The main objective is to retrieve information on the atmospheric circulation systems based on ERA5 reanalysis and relate climate features with the isotope composition of selected rain events. This will allow to identify the most appropriate parameters needed to constrain the circulation systems responsible for those events and their isotope composition. Preliminary results to infer scenario-based considerations on the evolution of the meteoric recharge will be shown and discussed.
Compounding Effects of Salinity and Compaction on Hydraulic Properties of Roadside Stormwater Control Measures
Authors: Archibald Lucy , Khatei Ganesh , Caplan Josh , Van Pelt Scott , D’Odorico Paolo , Ravi Sujith
Published: February 2023

Stormwater control measures (SCMs) such as retention basins, bioswales, and bioinfiltration systems are used to reduce peak flows and remove pollutants from stormwater in temperate urban landscapes. However, the application of de-icing salts to roadways can substantially increase the salinity of stormwater basin media (i.e., engineered soil), likely impacting the physical properties of these soils. Further, SCM soils can become moderately compacted, potentially altering the extent and effects of salinization on soil physical properties. Although many studies have documented the high salinity of roadside soils in winter, the effects of salinity on soil hydraulic properties is not well understood, especially in the context of urban stormwater basins. Here, we compared the water retention properties (spanning pressure potentials of -10 to -1,000,000 hPa) of salinity-affected stormwater media (1-100 dS m-1, using Na+ and Mg2+ salts) that was either uncompacted or compacted. The effects of salinity on both matric and osmotic potential included shifts in the plant-available range with the magnitude depending on a combination of salt type and concentration. We attribute these changes to salinity inducing shifts in both surface tension and pore size distributions. Further, compaction increased the severity of salinization under low salinity conditions but not high. Climate change may increase the number and intensity of snow events in many temperate urban regions, which may increase salt loads to stormwater control measures, exacerbating the aforementioned effects.
Observations and modelling of fast vertical sub-auroral plasma uplift during geomagnetic storms
Authors: Pokhotelov Dimitry , Günzkofer Florian , Goncharenko Larisa , Erickson Philip J.
Published: February 2023

During geomagnetic storms, ionospheric plasma is transported across high latitudes by the enhanced solar wind – magnetosphere coupling. The anti-sunward plasma convection results in polar cap plasma anomalies, such as the tongue of ionisation (TOI). Fast plasma uplifts at sub-auroral latitudes, due to the vertical coupling via electric fields and/or thermospheric neutral winds, are generally responsible for these long-lasting TOI anomalies. Particularly in the North American sector, TOI anomalies, as well as associated electric drifts, have been detected in observations using global positioning system signals (total electron content), in-situ satellite measurements, and altitude-resolved profiles from ground-based incoherent scatter radars. Recent modelling developments have enabled simulations of the TOI anomalies, even under extreme geomagnetic storm conditions. In this study, rare direct observations of plasma uplifts by the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar (288.5°E, 42.6°N) during the geomagnetic storm of November 2004 are analysed and compared to first-principles numerical simulations. These indicate that enhanced convection electric fields are the primary source of plasma uplifts, at least during the storm's main phase, and that the choice of plasma convection model is crucial for accurate modelling results. 
The Influence of Climate Change on Runoff from Headwater Catchments
Authors: Kavka Petr , Neumann Martin , Tejkl Adam , Kuráž Michal , Hanel Martin
Published: February 2023

This contribution presented cartographic visualization of project aims.  The goal is to presented the classification the potential utility of irrigation and available water in the Czech Republic territory in the scale of small catchment in square km size. Definition and basic classification of the are presented by Kavka (Kavka, 2021). Classification of the these catchments based on various factors such as terrain morphology, soil characteristics, drought risk, and rainfall variability with final. Main goal of presented are involves the assessing options for retention of the water in the agriculture landscape for the consequence irrigation systems. The research are also focused to the designing and implementing a system for monitoring soil water regimes in irrigated areas as a tool for optimizing irrigation systems and managing water resources.Water resources are limited by the amount of rainfall and the ways to capture water from extreme precipitation events. To make the most efficient use of these resources, it is important to capture water directly in source catchments and use it for irrigation, rather than relying on technology-intensive infrastructure. Given the changes in climate, which in temperate Central Europe can bring about higher concentrations of extreme precipitation and longer dry periods, it is crucial to adaptation for future changes. From an agricultural perspective, changes in the rapid component of runoff and reduced retention capacity are also key considerations.In areas that are not near significant watercourses with constant and relative high flow, local sources of water for irrigation may not be relevant. The project includes the identification of areas where it may be possible to store irrigation water at a local scale. The evaluation of the need for hydrological models, local measurements, and balance characteristics of the area. This involves determining the water needs in small catchments, primarily targeted at local irrigation systems, and researching sources of moisture needs. Data on existing and historical small reservoirs and areas with potential water storage for irrigation needs in the source catchments are used for these analyses, considering existing agro-climatic areas and identified historical irrigation systems. The areas with low or zero infiltration (paved road, cities, buildings, etc.) are identified. Acknowledgements: This contribution was supported by grant of the The Technology Agency of the Czech Republic – No. SS01020052 - “Utility and risk of irrigation over the Czech Republic in changing climate”. 
Englacial transport time of rock debris: new constraints from luminescence rock surface burial dating
Authors: Margirier Audrey , King Georgina , Schmidt Christoph , Brondex Julien , Rowan Ann
Published: February 2023

In recent decades, most mountain glaciers have been losing mass in response to climate change, and the area of the ablation zone covered by rock debris is expanding. Debris-covered glaciers are expected to have a longer life expectancy than climatically equivalent clean-ice glaciers because supraglacial debris insulates the underlying ice surface and reduces ablation. In order to accurately predict how debris-covered glaciers will evolve under a changing climate it is essential to quantify the processes controlling their behaviour. We used luminescence rock surface burial dating to constrain the englacial transport time of debris within an alpine debris-covered glacier. We collected 24 samples embedded in the ice in the ablation zone of the Miage Glacier, in the Mont-Blanc Massif (Italy). The natural luminescence signal of rock slices was measured from the surface to a depth of ~10 mm using a protocol comprising IRSL50, IRSL225 and OSL125 measurements. Nine of our samples showed a plateau within the first 2 to 3 discs suggesting that the luminescence signal has the potential to be used to date the burial duration of debris. Among them, 5 and 7 samples passed the dose recovery test for the IR50 signal within 10% and 20% of unity respectively. Only 3 samples passed the dose recovery test for the IR225 signal within 10% of unity. After 24h bleaching in the solar simulator, typical residual doses are as high as 20-40% of the natural equivalent dose measured. We obtained preliminary non fading corrected ages for 5 samples in the range from ~0.8 to ~11 ka. Glacier model estimated englacial rock debris transport times are an order of magnitude lower than the oldest ages obtained suggesting either that some clasts were stored on hillslopes or within moraines prior to englacial transport or that calibration issues may have contributed to age overestimation. Further luminescence signal processing quality checks are required to assess the quality of our ages. If ultimately successful, our results, and the application of luminescence rock surface burial dating to englacially transported debris, will enhance understanding of the dynamics of debris-covered glaciers and inform the use of glacier models for debris covered glaciers, which will improve projections of the contribution of mountain glaciers to the sustainability of water resources in vulnerable catchments such as those in High Mountain Asia and South America.