bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Missing in action: Tool use is action based
Authors: Lockman Jeffrey J. , Tamis-LeMonda Catherine S. , Adolph Karen E.
Published: August 2020

In this commentary on Osiurak and Reynaud's target article, we argue that action is largely missing in their account of the ascendance of human technological culture. We propose that an action-based developmental account can help to bridge the cognitive-sociocultural divide in explanations of the discovery, production, and cultural transmission of human tool use.
A cognitive developmental approach is essential to understanding cumulative technological culture
Authors: Burdett Emily Rachel Reed , Ronfard Samuel
Published: August 2020

Osiurak and Reynaud argue that children are not a good methodological choice to examine cumulative technological culture (CTC). However, the paper ignores other current work that suggests that young children do display some aspects of creative problem-solving. We argue that using multiple methodologies and examining how technical-reasoning develops in children will provide crucial support for a cognitive approach to CTC.
How will we find the elephant in the room?
Authors: Houkes Wybo , Vaesen Krist
Published: August 2020

We argue that Osirak's and Reynaud's technological-reasoning hypothesis raises conceptual and methodological challenges. Interrelations between technical potential and expertise leave it unclear exactly what the technical-reasoning hypothesis encompasses. We submit that it is compatible with a range of hypotheses that are difficult to differentiate empirically.
Technical reasoning alone does not take humans this far
Authors: Derex Maxime , Boyd Robert
Published: August 2020

Although we see much utility in Osiurak and Reynaud's in-depth discussion on the role of what they term technical reasoning in cumulative culture, we argue that they neglect the time and energy costs that individuals would have to face to acquire skills in the absence of specific socio-cognitive abilities.
The elephant in the China shop: When technical reasoning meets cumulative technological culture
Authors: Osiurak François , Reynaud Emanuelle
Published: August 2020

The commentaries have both revealed the implications of and challenged our approach. In this response, we reply to these concerns, discuss why the technical-reasoning hypothesis does not minimize the role of social-learning mechanisms – nor assume that technical-reasoning skills make individuals omniscient technically – and make suggestions for overcoming the classical opposition between the cultural versus cognitive niche hypothesis of cumulative technological culture.
Metalinguistic contribution to reading comprehension: A comparison of Primary 3 students from China and Singapore
Authors: Baoqi Sun , Hu Guangwei , Curdt-Christiansen Xiao Lan
Published: August 2020

This study examined the within- and cross-language metalinguistic contribution of three components of metalinguistic awareness (i.e., phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and syntactic awareness) to reading comprehension in monolingual Chinese-speaking children from Mainland China (n= 190) and English–Chinese bilingual children from Singapore (n= 390). Moreover, the effect of home language use on the relationship between metalinguistic awareness and reading performance was investigated. For monolingual children, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that after partialing out the effects of age, nonverbal intelligence, and oral vocabulary, syntactic awareness uniquely predicted 7%–13% of the variance in reading comprehension measures, whereas this relationship was not observed between morphological awareness and reading comprehension. For the bilingual children, within-language regression analyses revealed that English/Chinese morphological awareness and syntactic awareness both contributed significantly to English/Chinese reading measures over and above vocabulary and phonological awareness. Cross-linguistically, structure equation modeling results demonstrated that the bilingual children’s English and Chinese metalinguistic awareness were closely related and jointly supported reading comprehension in both languages, thus lending support to Koda’s transfer facilitation model. Furthermore, home language use was found to contribute to the bilingual children’s reading proficiency via its impact on metalinguistic awareness. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy and pedagogical implications that can be drawn from these findings.
FINITE-SAMPLE SIZE CONTROL OF IVX-BASED TESTS IN PREDICTIVE REGRESSIONS
Authors: Hosseinkouchack Mehdi , Demetrescu Matei
Published: August 2020

In predictive regressions with variables of unknown persistence, the use of extended IV (IVX) instruments leads to asymptotically valid inference. Under highly persistent regressors, the standard normal or chi-squared limiting distributions for the usual t and Wald statistics may, however, differ markedly from the actual finite-sample distributions which exhibit in particular noncentrality. Convergence to the limiting distributions is shown to occur at a rate depending on the choice of the IVX tuning parameters and can be very slow in practice. A characterization of the leading higher-order terms of the t statistic is provided for the simple regression case, which motivates finite-sample corrections. Monte Carlo simulations confirm the usefulness of the proposed methods.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A REGIONAL PHONOLOGICAL FEATURE DURING A SEMESTER ABROAD IN ARGENTINA
Authors: Pozzi Rebecca , Bayley Robert
Published: August 2020

Although recent research suggests that gains are made in the acquisition of dialectal features during study abroad, the few studies that have been conducted on this topic in Spanish-speaking contexts have focused primarily on features characteristic of Spain. This article examines the L2 acquisition of phonological features characteristic of Buenos Aires Spanish, [ʃ] and [ʒ], known as sheísmo/zheísmo, for example the pronunciation of llave [ʝaβe] “key” as [ʃaβe] or [ʒaβe]. Participants include 23 learners of Spanish studying in Buenos Aires, Argentina. More than 4,800 tokens were gathered before, during, and at the end of the semester using sociolinguistic interviews, a reading passage, and a word list. These data were analyzed for the influence of linguistic and social factors using mixed-effects logistic regression (Rbrul; Johnson, 2009). Results suggest that participants approximate nativelike norms of use of these features and that time in country is a statistically significant predictor of patterns of phonological variation.
Localised signalling compartments in 2D coupled by a bulk diffusion field: Quorum sensing and synchronous oscillations in the well-mixed limit
Authors: IYANIWURA SARAFA A. , WARD MICHAEL J.
Published: August 2020

We analyse oscillatory instabilities for a coupled partial-ordinary differential equation (PDE-ODE) system modelling the communication between localised spatially segregated dynamically active signalling compartments that are coupled through a passive extracellular bulk diffusion field in a bounded 2D domain. Each signalling compartment is assumed to secrete a chemical into the extracellular medium (bulk region), and it can also sense the concentration of this chemical in the region around its boundary. This feedback from the bulk region, resulting from the entire collection of cells, in turn modifies the intracellular dynamics within each cell. In the limit where the signalling compartments are circular discs with a small common radius ɛ ≪ 1 and where the bulk diffusivity is asymptotically large, a matched asymptotic analysis is used to reduce the dimensionless PDE–ODE system into a nonlinear ODE system with global coupling. For Sel’kov reaction kinetics, this ODE system for the intracellular dynamics and the spatial average of the bulk diffusion field are then used to investigate oscillatory instabilities in the dynamics of the cells that are triggered due to the global coupling. In particular, numerical bifurcation software on the ODEs is used to study the overall effect of coupling defective cells (cells that behave differently from the remaining cells) to a group of identical cells. Moreover, when the number of cells is large, the Kuramoto order parameter is computed to predict the degree of phase synchronisation of the intracellular dynamics. Quorum sensing behaviour, characterised by the onset of collective behaviour in the intracellular dynamics as the number of cells increases above a threshold, is also studied. Our analysis shows that the cell population density plays a dual role of triggering and then quenching synchronous oscillations in the intracellular dynamics.
Effects of oxygen concentrations on developmental competence and transcriptomic profile of yak oocytes
Authors: Li Ruizhe , Luo Yuzhu , Xu Jingtao , Sun Yonggang , Ma Zhijie , Chen Shengmei
Published: August 2020

Oxygen concentration influences oocyte quality and subsequent embryo development, but it remains unclear whether oxygen concentrations affect the developmental competence and transcriptomic profile of yak oocytes. In this study, we investigated the effects of different oxygen concentrations (5% versus 20%) on the developmental competence, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, glutathione (GSH) content, and transcriptomic profile of yak oocytes. The results showed that a low oxygen concentration significantly increased the maturation rate of yak oocytes (81.2 ± 2.2% vs 75.9 ± 1.3%) and the blastocyst quality of yak in vitro fertilized embryos. Analysis of ROS and GSH showed that a low oxygen concentration reduced ROS levels and increased the content of GSH (75.05 ± 7.1 ng/oocyte vs 50.63 ± 5.6 ng/oocyte). Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis identified 120 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups of oocytes. Gene enrichment analysis of the DEGs indicated multiple cellular processes, including oxidative phosphorylation, transcription regulation, mitochondrial regulation, oestrogen signalling pathway, HIF-1 signalling pathway, TNF signalling pathway, were involved in the response to oxygen concentration alterations. Taken together, these results indicated that a low oxygen concentration improved the developmental competence of yak oocytes.
Is treatment-resistant schizophrenia associated with distinct neurobiological callosal connectivity abnormalities?
Authors: Assunção-Leme Idaiane Batista , Zugman André , de Moura Luciana Monteiro , Sato João Ricardo , Higuchi Cinthia , Ortiz Bruno Bertolucci , Noto Cristiano , Ota Vanessa Kiyomi , Belangero Sintia Iole , Bressan Rodrigo A. , Crossley Nicolas A. , Jackowski Andrea P. , Gadelha Ary
Published: August 2020

Background

Resistance to antipsychotic treatment affects up to 30% of patients with schizophrenia. Although the time course of development of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) varies from patient to patient, the reasons for these variations remain unknown. Growing evidence suggests brain dysconnectivity as a significant feature of schizophrenia. In this study, we compared fractional anisotropy (FA) of brain white matter between TRS and non–treatment-resistant schizophrenia (non-TRS) patients. Our central hypothesis was that TRS is associated with reduced FA values.

Methods

TRS was defined as the persistence of moderate to severe symptoms after adequate treatment with at least two antipsychotics from different classes. Diffusion-tensor brain MRI obtained images from 34 TRS participants and 51 non-TRS. Whole-brain analysis of FA and axial, radial, and mean diffusivity were performed using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) and FMRIB’s Software Library (FSL), yielding a contrast between TRS and non-TRS patients, corrected for multiple comparisons using family-wise error (FWE) < 0.05.

Results

We found a significant reduction in FA in the splenium of corpus callosum (CC) in TRS when compared to non-TRS. The antipsychotic dose did not relate to the splenium CC.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the focal abnormality of CC may be a potential biomarker of TRS.
Metabolic Syndrome and Physical Performance: The Moderating Role of Cognition among Middle-to-Older-Aged Adults
Authors: Ogawa Elisa F. , Leritz Elizabeth , McGlinchey Regina , Milberg William , Bean Jonathan F.
Published: August 2020

Objective:

Mobility limitation and cognitive decline are related. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), the clustering of three or more cardiovascular risk factors, is associated with decline in both mobility and cognition. However, the interrelationship among MetS, mobility, and cognition is unknown. This study investigated a proposed pathway where cognition moderates the relationship between MetS and Mobility.

Method:

Adults ages 45–90 years were recruited. MetS risk factors and mobility performance (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and gait speed) were evaluated. Cognition was assessed using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. A factor analysis of neuropsychological test scores yielded three factors: executive function, explicit memory, and semantic/contextual memory. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the relationship among MetS, mobility, and cognition.

Results:

Of the 74 participants (average age 61 ± 9 years; 41% female; 69% White), 27 (36%) participants manifested MetS. Mean SPPB score was 10.9 ± 1.2 out of 12 and gait speed was 1.0 ± 0.2 m/s. There were no statistically significant differences in mobility by MetS status. However, increase in any one of the MetS risk factors was associated with decreased mobility performance after adjusting for age and gender (SPPB score:β(SE) -.17 (0.08),p< .05; gait speed: -.03 (.01),p< .01). Further adjusting for cognitive factors (SPPB score: explicit memory .31 (.14),p= .03; executive function 0.45 (0.13),p< .01; gait speed: explicit memory 0.04 (0.02),p= .03; executive function 0.06 (0.02),p< .01) moderated the relationships between number of metabolic risk factors and mobility.

Conclusion:

The relationship between metabolic risk factors and mobility may be moderated by cognitive performance, specifically through executive function and explicit memory.
Validation of semiquantitative FFQ administered to adults: a systematic review
Authors: Sierra-Ruelas Érika , Bernal-Orozco María F , Macedo-Ojeda Gabriela , Márquez-Sandoval Yolanda F , Altamirano-Martínez Martha B , Vizmanos Barbara
Published: August 2020

Objective:

To conduct a systematic review of studies for the validation of semiquantitative FFQ (SFFQ) that assess food intake in adults.

Design:

The authors conducted a systematic search in PubMed for articles published as late as January 2020 in Spanish, English, French and Portuguese. Individual searches (twelve in total) paired three hyphenated and non-hyphenated variations of ‘semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire’ with both ‘validity’ and ‘validation’ using the ‘all fields’ and the ‘title/abstract’ retrieval categories. Independent extraction of articles was performed by four authors using predefined data fields.

Setting:

We searched for original SFFQ validation studies that analysed general diet composition (nutrients with or without food groups or energy analysis) in healthy adults, in any setting, and that also reported correlation coefficients.

Participants:

Healthy adults.

Results:

Sixty articles were included. The preferred comparison standard for validation was food records (n37). The main correlation coefficients used were Pearson’s (n41), and validity coefficients varied from −0·45 to 1. Most correlation coefficients were adjusted by energy (twelve studies presented only crude values). The elements mentioned most frequently were energy, macronutrients, cholesterol, SFA, PUFA, fibre, vitamin C, Ca and Fe.

Conclusions:

Although all these SFFQ are reported as validated, coefficients may vary across groups of foods and nutrients. Based on our findings, we suggest researchers to consult our revision before choosing a SFFQ and to review important issues about them, such as their validation, number of items, number of participants, etc. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO number CRD42017064716. Available at:http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017064716.
Chernobyl and the Production of Ignorance: Review of Kate Brown's Manual for Survival
Authors: Kuchinskaya Olga
Published: August 2020

What is the number of casualties from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster? Historian Kate Brown's important book grew out of apparent frustration with the controversy surrounding the accident. Brown was frustrated with the position of United Nations agencies—often repeated in the media—that only thirty-one to fifty-four died as the result of the accident, most of them emergency responders. The only recognized effect for the general population was an increase in nonfatal thyroid cancer in children. She was also frustrated with the assertions that we might never know the actual death toll.
The Soviet Meltdown
Authors: Plokhy Serhii
Published: August 2020

I met Natalia Baranovska, a Ukrainian historian who is one of the characters in Kate Brown's book, last summer. I also read her work on the Chernobyl (in Ukrainian, Chornobyl) nuclear disaster, but I did not know her personal and academic story until I read the Manual for Survival. Baranovska began to study the Chernobyl catastrophe before any of her fellow historians in Kyiv considered it a legitimate topic for historical research. She made dozens, if not hundreds, of visits to the Chernobyl exclusion zone and saved hundreds, perhaps thousands, of pages of documents on the disaster that she brought from the area. Natalia Baranovska is also a cancer survivor.
Building Yugoslavia in the Sand? Dalmatian Refugees in Egypt, 1944–1946
Authors: Bieber Florian
Published: August 2020

During the last years of the Second World War, some 30,000 Yugoslav refugees found shelter in the Egyptian desert from the German occupation of Dalmatia. In the camp El Shatt, the Partisan movement, the nascent UN, western aid groups, and the British Army worked together to take care of the refugees and also to negotiate future relations. The Communist Party, with victory in Yugoslavia in sight, sought to showcase its ability to organize and motivate its future citizens. Thus, the camps in Egypt became a testing ground for state-building back home. The article will explore the tensions that emerged between the self-confident Partisans, the suspicious British and UN officials, and the refugees, who experienced the end of the war in the Egyptian desert.
Ideological Complementarity or Competition? The Kremlin, the Church, and the Monarchist Idea in Today's Russia
Authors: Laruelle Marlene
Published: August 2020

In 2018, Russia's last tsar, Nicholas II, was the most popular of all Russian historical figures of the twentieth century; the fame of White officers such as Alexander Kolchak and Anton Denikin was also on the rise. Obviously, broad sympathy for the last Romanov does not imply support for a potential restoration of the monarchy, yet the past few years have seen the activation of several monarchist lobbies, especially around the Russian Orthodox Church and in some well-connected Kremlin circles that seek the ideological hardening of the Putin regime. In this article, I use the case study of the monarchist idea to explore how the Kremlin manages the production of a large and diversified set of ideologies. I explore how the relationship between state authorities, ideological entrepreneurs, and some societal actors such as the Church is articulated along a continuum of permanent complementarity and competition in the production of ideologies.
Klinische Manifestationen und therapeutische Implikationen der Peritonitis
Authors: Stocker Felix , Reim Daniel , Hartmann Daniel , Novotny Alexander , Friess Helmut
Published: August 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Peritonitis ist ein heterogenes Krankheitsbild. Man unterscheidet eine primäre Form, bei der keine sonstigen abdominellen Begleiterkrankungen vorliegen und die häufig konservativ therapiert werden kann, von der wesentlich häufigeren sekundären Form, welche auf eine eigenständige Diagnose wie die Perforation oder Nekrose eines Bauchorgans zurückzuführen ist und meist einer chirurgischen Therapie bedarf. Darüber hinaus ist die erst später definierte tertiäre Peritonitis abzugrenzen, die als eine trotz adäquater Therapie über 48 Stunden anhaltende oder rezidivierende Infektion ohne chirurgisch sanierbaren Fokus definiert ist. In diesem Artikel sollen drei bedeutsame Manifestationsformen hervorgehoben werden: die spontan bakterielle Peritonitis als Hauptvertreter der primären Peritonitis; die postoperative Peritonitis als Sonderform der sekundären Peritonitis; sowie die mit Bauchfelldialyse assoziierte Peritonitis als separates Krankheitsbild.
Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nitrate Concentration‐Discharge Behavior Across Scales: Land Use, Excursions, and Misclassification
Authors: Fazekas Hannah M. , Wymore Adam S. , McDowell William H.
Published: August 2020

High‐frequency in situ sensors have enabled researchers to measure solute concentrations at a time scale that captures the variability in stream discharge. We analyzed discrete samples and high‐frequency time series of solutes to characterize how nitrate (NO3−) and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM; a proxy for dissolved organic carbon) respond to changes in discharge at annual and intra‐annual timescales across a stream network in New Hampshire, USA. NO3− and fDOM exhibited highly variable concentration‐discharge (c‐Q) behavior at intra‐annual scales. Transport limitation, source limitation, and chemostatic behavior were observed to occur within and among years in all our study watersheds. Annual assessment of c‐Q misclassified streams 31% of the time, as the annual time step missed seasonal and event‐induced shifts in c‐Q dynamics. In some instances, anomalous events lasting less than 5% of the year determine the annual c‐Q behavior for a site. Catchment land use appeared to drive some of the variability among watersheds in c‐Q relationships and their temporal variability. Forested streams had highly variable NO3− c‐Q behavior and streams draining watersheds with more development had greater variability in fDOM c‐Q behavior. Sample frequency impacts how hydrologic systems are characterized and extrapolating c‐Q behavior from discrete samples alone can bias interpretations of c‐Q dynamics and our understanding of solute transport.
Inner Magnetospheric ULF Waves: The Occurrence and Distribution of Broadband and Discrete Wave Activity
Authors: Murphy K. R. , Inglis A. R. , Sibeck D. G. , Watt C. E. J. , Rae I. J.
Published: August 2020

Ultralow frequency (ULF) waves are electromagnetic pulsations observed throughout the magnetosphere driven by processes both external and internal to the magnetosphere. Within the magnetosphere, discrete and broadband ULF wave activity can couple to the local plasma via coherent or stochastic wave‐particle interactions. These wave‐particle interactions can lead to dynamic changes in local plasma including rapid acceleration and transport of radiation belt electrons. Using observations from GOES‐15 and the Automated Flare Inference of Oscillations algorithm we investigate the distribution and occurrence of broadband and discrete ULF waves to help understand the relative importance of coherent and stochastic wave‐particle interactions. We find that intervals of discrete ULF waves are more commonly identified during slow and low‐density solar wind and when Bz is near zero. Broadband waves are more commonly identified during periods of active solar wind, including periods of high solar wind speeds and large density perturbations, and large negative Bz. We also find that under all solar wind conditions the number of intervals of broadband ULF wave power exceeds that of discrete wave power; for example, ULF wave activity is more likely to be broadband. These results suggest that radial diffusion due to incoherent broadband waves is an important driver of wave‐particle interactions, especially during active solar wind conditions. However, the presence of discrete waves during both active and quiet solar wind conditions suggests that these waves and the corresponding wave‐particle interactions cannot be ignored, especially since discrete wave‐particle interactions tend to be more efficient than radial diffusion.
Evolution of High‐m Poloidal Alfvén Waves in a Dipole Magnetic Field
Authors: Elsden Thomas , Wright Andrew
Published: August 2020

We investigate how initially high‐m, poloidal Alfvén waves evolve using a numerical model solving the ideal, cold, linear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations in a 2‐D dipole coordinate system. The curved magnetic geometry provides a key difference between the poloidal and toroidal Alfvén frequencies of any one field line. A polarization rotation from poloidal toward toroidal predicted from the Cartesian box model theory still occurs but now with the waves following contours of Alfvén frequency, which moves the Alfvén wave across field lines. The structure of these contours depends on the harmonic mode along the field line and the equilibrium. We find that the amplitude peak of the poloidal mode moves significantly radially outward in time. When the typically observed azimuthal phase motion of such waves is included, hodograms show a polarization rotation from purely poloidal to a mixed poloidal/toroidal polarization at all locations. Such features could be used to help interpret satellite observations of Pc4‐5 poloidal ultralow frequency (ULF) waves in Earth's magnetosphere.
The Evaluation of the North Atlantic Climate System in UKESM1 Historical Simulations for CMIP6
Authors: Robson Jon , Aksenov Yevgeny , Bracegirdle Thomas J. , Dimdore‐Miles Oscar , Griffiths Paul T. , Grosvenor Daniel P. , Hodson Daniel L. R. , Keeble James , MacIntosh Claire , Megann Alex , Osprey Scott , Povey Adam C. , Schröder David , Yang Mingxi , Archibald Alexander T. , Carslaw Ken S. , Gray Lesley , Jones Colin , Kerridge Brian , Knappett Diane , Kuhlbrodt Till , Russo Maria , Sellar Alistair , Siddans Richard , Sinha Bablu , Sutton Rowan , Walton Jeremy , Wilcox Laura J.
Published: August 2020

Earth system models enable a broad range of climate interactions that physical climate models are unable to simulate. However, the extent to which adding Earth system components changes or improves the simulation of the physical climate is not well understood. Here we present a broad multivariate evaluation of the North Atlantic climate system in historical simulations of the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1) performed for CMIP6. In particular, we focus on the mean state and the decadal time scale evolution of important variables that span the North Atlantic climate system. In general, UKESM1 performs well and realistically simulates many aspects of the North Atlantic climate system. Like the physical version of the model, we find that changes in external forcing, and particularly aerosol forcing, are an important driver of multidecadal change in UKESM1, especially for Atlantic Multidecadal Variability and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. However, many of the shortcomings identified are similar to common biases found in physical climate models, including the physical climate model that underpins UKESM1. For example, the summer jet is too weak and too far poleward; decadal variability in the winter jet is underestimated; intraseasonal stratospheric polar vortex variability is poorly represented; and Arctic sea ice is too thick. Forced shortwave changes may be also too strong in UKESM1, which, given the important role of historical aerosol forcing in shaping the evolution of the North Atlantic in UKESM1, motivates further investigation. Therefore, physical model development, alongside Earth system development, remains crucial in order to improve climate simulations.
Wind as a Main Driver of Spatial Variability of Surface Energy Balance Over a Shallow 102‐km2 Scale Lake: Lake Kasumigaura, Japan
Authors: Sugita M. , Ogawa S. , Kawade M.
Published: August 2020

Lakes have often been treated as one‐dimensional entities for energy balance (EB) studies mostly based on point measurements. Therefore, our knowledge of the spatial variability of lake EB is quite limited. We created EB maps of Lake Kasumigaura, a 172‐km2 shallow lake in Japan, with a 90‐m horizontal resolution at a 3‐hr interval over 5 years based on spatially interpolated meteorological variables and water surface temperature, with turbulent fluxes estimated by the bulk equations. The results indicate that turbulent fluxes and total energy flux into water body G were spatially variable while radiative fluxes were more uniform. The spatial variability of turbulent fluxes averaged over a season, a year, and 5 years was mainly caused by wind speed difference; a longer fetch in downwind areas of the lake resulted in strong winds and higher turbulent fluxes. The spatial difference of turbulent fluxes and quasi‐uniform net radiation caused a total energy flux out of the water in the downwind area and a total energy flux into the lake in an upwind area. This spatial difference of G appeared to be compensated by heat transport from the upwind to downwind area through advection due to lake current.
Intermittent Channel Systems of a Low‐Relief, Low‐Gradient Floodplain: Comparison of Automatic Extraction Methods
Authors: Xu Haiqing , van der Steeg Shailesh , Sullivan Jessica , Shelley David , Cely John E. , Viparelli Enrica , Lakshmi Venkat , Torres Raymond
Published: August 2020

Intermittent floodplain channels are low‐relief conduits etched into the floodplain surface and remain dry much of the year. These channels comprise expansive systems and are important because during low‐level inundation they facilitate lateral hydraulic connectivity throughout the floodplain. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on these floodplain channels due to uncertainty in how to identify and characterize these systems in digital elevation models (DEMs). In particular, their automatic extraction from widely available DEMs is challenging due to the characteristically low‐relief and low‐gradient topography of floodplains. We applied three channel extraction approaches to the Congaree River floodplain DEM and compared the results to a channel reference map created through numerous field excursions over the past 30 years. The methods that we tested are based on flow accumulation area, topographic curvature, and mathematical morphology, or the D8, Laplacian, and bottom‐hat transform (BHT), respectively. Of the 198 km of reference channels the BHT, Laplacian, and D8 extracted 83%, 71%, and 23%, respectively, and the BHT consistently had the highest agreement with the reference network at the local (5 m) and regional (10 km) scales. The extraction results also include commission “error”, augmenting the reference map with about 100 km of channel length. Overall, the BHT method provided the best results for channel extraction, giving over 298 km in 69 km2 with a detrended regional relief of 1.9 m. Further, these analyses allow us to shed light on the meaning and use of the term “low‐relief landscapes”.
Miura-origami-inspired electret/triboelectric power generator for wearable energy harvesting with water-proof capability
Authors: Tao Kai , Yi Haiping , Yang Yang , Tang Lihua , Yang Zhaoshu , Wu Jin , Chang Honglong , Yuan Weizheng
Published: August 2020

One of the critical issues for electret/triboelectric devices is the poor charge viability and stability in humid environments. Herein, we propose a new origami-inspired “W-tube”-shaped triboelectric nanogenerator (W-TENG) with two thin-film electrets folded based on Miura-origami. The Miura-origami fold is capable of transforming flat materials with large surface areas into reduced and compressed complex 3D structures with parallelogram tessellations. The triboelectric power generation components can thus be hermetically sealed inside the “W-tube” to avoid contact with the external humid environment. Furthermore, the elastic nature of the Miura-origami fold endows the proposed W-TENG device with excellent deformability, flexibility, and stretchability. Therefore, it is capable of harvesting kinetic energy from various directions and forms of movement, including horizontal pressing, vertical tapping, and lateral bending. The compact, light weight, and self-rebounding properties of the origami structure also make it convenient for integration into wearable devices. Various parameters of the W-TENG are intensively investigated, including the number of power generation units, original height of the device, acceleration magnitude, excitation direction, and water-proof capability. Triggered by hand tapping impulse excitation in the horizontal and vertical directions, the instantaneous open-circuit voltages can reach 791 V and 116 V with remarkable optimum powers of 691 μW at 50 MΩ and 220 μW at 35 MΩ, respectively. The outcomes of this work demonstrate the fusion of the ancient art of origami, material science, and energy conversion techniques to realize flexible, multifunctional, and water-proof TENG devices.
Structural insights into the gating mechanism of human SLC26A9 mediated by its C-terminal sequence
Authors: Chi Ximin , Jin Xueqin , Chen Yun , Lu Xiaoli , Tu Xinyu , Li Xiaorong , Zhang Yuanyuan , Lei Jianlin , Huang Jing , Huang Zhuo , Zhou Qiang , Pan Xiaojing
Published: August 2020

The human SLC26 transporter family exhibits various transport characteristics, and family member SLC26A9 performs multiple roles, including acting as Cl–/HCO3– exchangers, Cl– channels, and Na+ transporters. Some mutations of SLC26A9 are correlated with abnormalities in respiration and digestion systems. As a potential target colocalizing with CFTR in cystic fibrosis patients, SLC26A9 is of great value in drug development. Here, we present a cryo-EM structure of the human SLC26A9 dimer at 2.6 Å resolution. A segment at the C-terminal end is bound to the entry of the intracellular vestibule of the putative transport pathway, which has been proven by electrophysiological experiments to be a gating modulator. Multiple chloride and sodium ions are resolved in the high-resolution structure, identifying novel ion-binding pockets for the first time. Together, our structure takes important steps in elucidating the structural features and regulatory mechanism of SLC26A9, with potential significance in the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
Population prevalence and inheritance pattern of recurrent CNVs associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in 12,252 newborns and their parents
Authors: Smajlagić Dinka , Lavrichenko Ksenia , Berland Siren , Helgeland Øyvind , Knudsen Gun Peggy , Vaudel Marc , Haavik Jan , Knappskog Per Morten , Njølstad Pål Rasmus , Houge Gunnar , Johansson Stefan
Published: August 2020

Recurrent copy number variations (CNVs) are common causes of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and associated with a range of psychiatric traits. These CNVs occur at defined genomic regions that are particularly prone to recurrent deletions and duplications and often exhibit variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. Robust estimates of the population prevalence and inheritance pattern of recurrent CNVs associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD CNVs) are lacking. Here we perform array-based CNV calling in 12,252 mother–father–child trios from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) and analyse the inheritance pattern of 26 recurrent NDD CNVs in 13 genomic regions. We estimate the total prevalence of recurrent NDD CNVs (duplications and deletions) in live-born children to 0.48% (95% C.I.: 0.37–0.62%), i.e., ~1 in 200 newborns has either a deletion or duplication in these NDDs associated regions. Approximately a third of the newborn recurrent NDD CNVs (34%, N = 20/59) are de novo variants. We provide prevalence estimates and inheritance information for each of the 26 NDD CNVs and find higher prevalence than previously reported for 1q21.1 deletions (~1:2000), 15q11.2 duplications (~1:4000), 15q13.3 microdeletions (~1:2500), 16p11.2 proximal microdeletions (~1:2000) and 17q12 deletions (~1:4000) and lower than previously reported prevalence for the 22q11.2 deletion (~1:12,000). In conclusion, our analysis of an unselected and representative population of newborns and their parents provides a clearer picture of the rate of recurrent microdeletions/duplications implicated in neurodevelopmental delay. These results will provide an important resource for genetic diagnostics and counseling.
Advances and potential new developments in imaging techniques for posterior uveitis Part 2: invasive imaging methods
Authors: Herbort Carl P. , Tugal-Tutkun Ilknur , Mantovani Alessandro , Neri Piergiorgio , Khairallah Moncef , Papasavvas Ioannis
Published: August 2020

The aim of this review was to identify the imaging methods at our disposal to optimally manage posterior uveitis at the present time. The focus was put on methods that have become available since the 1990s, some 30 years after fluorescein angiography had revolutionised imaging of posterior uveitis in particular imaging of the retinal vascular structures in the 1960s. We have focussed our review on precise imaging methods that have been standardised and validated and can be used universally thanks to commercially produced and available instruments for the diagnosis and follow-up of posterior uveitis. The second part of this imaging review will deal with invasive imaging methods and in particular ocular angiography.
Impact heat driven volatile redistribution at Occator crater on Ceres as a comparative planetary process
Authors: Schenk P. , Scully J. , Buczkowski D. , Sizemore H. , Schmidt B. , Pieters C. , Neesemann A. , O’Brien D. , Marchi S. , Williams D. , Nathues A. , De Sanctis M. , Tosi F. , Russell C. T. , Castillo-Rogez J. , Raymond C.
Published: August 2020

Hydrothermal processes in impact environments on water-rich bodies such as Mars and Earth are relevant to the origins of life. Dawn mapping of dwarf planet (1) Ceres has identified similar deposits within Occator crater. Here we show using Dawn high-resolution stereo imaging and topography that Ceres’ unique composition has resulted in widespread mantling by solidified water- and salt-rich mud-like impact melts with scattered endogenic pits, troughs, and bright mounds indicative of outgassing of volatiles and periglacial-style activity during solidification. These features are distinct from and less extensive than on Mars, indicating that Occator melts may be less gas-rich or volatiles partially inhibited from reaching the surface. Bright salts at Vinalia Faculae form thin surficial precipitates sourced from hydrothermal brine effusion at many individual sites, coalescing in several larger centers, but their ages are statistically indistinguishable from floor materials, allowing for but not requiring migration of brines from deep crustal source(s).
Fermion–boson many-body interplay in a frustrated kagome paramagnet
Authors: Yin J.-X. , Shumiya Nana , Mardanya Sougata , Wang Qi , Zhang Songtian S. , Tien Hung-Ju , Multer Daniel , Jiang Yuxiao , Cheng Guangming , Yao Nan , Wu Shangfei , Wu Desheng , Deng Liangzi , Ye Zhipeng , He Rui , Chang Guoqing , Liu Zhonghao , Jiang Kun , Wang Ziqiang , Neupert Titus , Agarwal Amit , Chang Tay-Rong , Chu Ching-Wu , Lei Hechang , Hasan M. Zahid
Published: August 2020

Kagome-nets, appearing in electronic, photonic and cold-atom systems, host frustrated fermionic and bosonic excitations. However, it is rare to find a system to study their fermion–boson many-body interplay. Here we use state-of-the-art scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy to discover unusual electronic coupling to flat-band phonons in a layered kagome paramagnet, CoSn. We image the kagome structure with unprecedented atomic resolution and observe the striking bosonic mode interacting with dispersive kagome electrons near the Fermi surface. At this mode energy, the fermionic quasi-particle dispersion exhibits a pronounced renormalization, signaling a giant coupling to bosons. Through the self-energy analysis, first-principles calculation, and a lattice vibration model, we present evidence that this mode arises from the geometrically frustrated phonon flat-band, which is the lattice bosonic analog of the kagome electron flat-band. Our findings provide the first example of kagome bosonic mode (flat-band phonon) in electronic excitations and its strong interaction with fermionic degrees of freedom in kagome-net materials.
In-air fast response and high speed jumping and rolling of a light-driven hydrogel actuator
Authors: Li Mingtong , Wang Xin , Dong Bin , Sitti Metin
Published: August 2020

Stimuli-responsive hydrogel actuators have promising applications in various fields. However, the typical hydrogel actuation relies on the swelling and de-swelling process caused by osmotic-pressure changes, which is slow and normally requires the presence of water environment. Herein, we report a light-powered in-air hydrogel actuator with remarkable performances, including ultrafast motion speed (up to 1.6 m/s), rapid response (as fast as 800 ms) and high jumping height (~15 cm). The hydrogel is operated based on a fundamentally different mechanism that harnesses the synergetic interactions between the binary constituent parts, i.e. the elasticity of the poly(sodium acrylate) hydrogel, and the bubble caused by the photothermal effect of the embedded magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The current hydrogel actuator exhibits controlled motion velocity and direction, making it promising for a wide range of mobile robotics, soft robotics, sensors, controlled drug delivery and other miniature device applications.
Intraarticular injection of liposomal adenosine reduces cartilage damage in established murine and rat models of osteoarthritis
Authors: Corciulo Carmen , Castro Cristina M. , Coughlin Thomas , Jacob Samson , Li Zhu , Fenyö David , Rifkin Daniel B. , Kennedy Oran D. , Cronstein Bruce Neil
Published: August 2020

Osteoarthritis (OA) affects nearly 10% of the population of the United States and other industrialized countries and, at present, short of surgical joint replacement, there is no therapy available that can reverse the progression of the disease. Adenosine, acting at its A2A receptor (A2AR), is a critical autocrine factor for maintenance of cartilage homeostasis and here we report that injection of liposomal suspensions of either adenosine or a selective A2AR agonist, CGS21680, significantly reduced OA cartilage damage in a murine model of obesity-induced OA. The same treatment also improved swelling and preserved cartilage in the affected knees in a rat model of established post-traumatic OA (PTOA). Differential expression analysis of mRNA from chondrocytes harvested from knees of rats with PTOA treated with liposomal A2AR agonist revealed downregulation of genes associated with matrix degradation and upregulation of genes associated with cell proliferation as compared to liposomes alone. Studies in vitro and in affected joints demonstrated that A2AR ligation increased the nuclear P-SMAD2/3/P-SMAD1/5/8 ratio, a change associated with repression of terminal chondrocyte differentiation. These results strongly suggest that targeting the A2AR is an effective approach to treat OA.
Drier tropical and subtropical Southern Hemisphere in the mid-Pliocene Warm Period
Authors: Pontes Gabriel M. , Wainer Ilana , Taschetto Andréa S. , Sen Gupta Alex , Abe-Ouchi Ayako , Brady Esther C. , Chan Wing-Le , Chandan Deepak , Contoux Camille , Feng Ran , Hunter Stephen J. , Kame Yoichi , Lohmann Gerrit , Otto-Bliesner Bette L. , Peltier W. Richard , Stepanek Christian , Tindall Julia , Tan Ning , Zhang Qiong , Zhang Zhongshi
Published: August 2020

Thermodynamic arguments imply that global mean rainfall increases in a warmer atmosphere; however, dynamical effects may result in more significant diversity of regional precipitation change. Here we investigate rainfall changes in the mid-Pliocene Warm Period (~ 3 Ma), a time when temperatures were 2–3ºC warmer than the pre-industrial era, using output from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Projects phases 1 and 2 and sensitivity climate model experiments. In the Mid-Pliocene simulations, the higher rates of warming in the northern hemisphere create an interhemispheric temperature gradient that enhances the southward cross-equatorial energy flux by up to 48%. This intensified energy flux reorganizes the atmospheric circulation leading to a northward shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone and a weakened and poleward displaced Southern Hemisphere Subtropical Convergences Zones. These changes result in drier-than-normal Southern Hemisphere tropics and subtropics. The evaluation of the mid-Pliocene adds a constraint to possible future warmer scenarios associated with differing rates of warming between hemispheres.
Increased persistence of avoidance behaviour and social deficits with L.rhamnosus JB-1 or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment following social defeat
Authors: Liu Yunpeng , Steinhausen Kailey , Bharwani Aadil , Mian M. Firoz , McVey Neufeld Karen-Anne , Forsythe Paul
Published: August 2020

Chronic social defeat (CSD) in mice has been suggested as a model for studying post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our previous work indicated that exposure to Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 (JB-1) during CSD can attenuate subsequent behavioural and immune disruption, suggesting a potential for microbe based therapeutic approaches in PTSD. In the current study, we assessed the ability of JB-1 to mitigate the behavioral consequences of CSD when treatment is instigated in the early post-stress period and compared the probiotic effects with those of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), sertraline. JB-1 or sertraline were administered orally 48 h following 10-days of CSD in male C57BL/6 mice. Contrary to our hypothesis of a beneficial effect, 30 days of treatment with either JB-1 or sertraline increased the persistence of both aggressor avoidance and reduced sociability in defeated mice. This was accompanied by lower hippocampal mRNA expression for genes related to fear memory. Defeated mice treated with either JB-1 or sertraline also exhibited systemic immune changes, with a decrease in Th1 cells, activated monocytes, and the monocyte chemoattractant CCL2. This study identifies potentially detrimental effects of both JB-1 and sertraline if administered in the early post-trauma period and suggests caution should be applied when considering psychobiotic or SSRI based approaches for early intervention in trauma related psychiatric disorders.
Evidence of sequestration of triclabendazole and associated metabolites by extracellular vesicles of Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Davis Chelsea N. , Winters Ana , Milic Ivana , Devitt Andrew , Cookson Alan , Brophy Peter M. , Morphew Russell M.
Published: August 2020

Fascioliasis is a neglected zoonotic disease that infects humans and ruminant species worldwide. In the absence of vaccines, control of fascioliasis is primarily via anthelminthic treatment with triclabendazole (TCBZ). Parasitic flatworms, including Fasciola hepatica, are active secretors of extracellular vesicles (EVs), but research has not been undertaken investigating EV anthelmintic sequestration. Adult F. hepatica were cultured in lethal and sub-lethal doses of TCBZ and its active metabolites, in order to collect EVs and evaluate their morphological characteristics, production and anthelmintic metabolite content. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that F. hepatica exposed to TCBZ and its metabolites produced EVs of similar morphology, compared to non-TCBZ exposed controls, even though TCBZ dose and/or TCBZ metabolite led to measurable structural changes in the treated F. hepatica tegument. qNano particle analysis revealed that F. hepatica exposed to TCBZ and its metabolites produced at least five times greater EV concentrations than non-TCBZ controls. A combined mass spectrometry and qNano particle analysis confirmed the presence of TCBZ and the TCBZ–sulphoxide metabolite in anthelmintic exposed EVs, but limited TCBZ sulphone was detectable. This data suggests that EVs released from adult F. hepatica have a biological role in the sequestration of TCBZ and additional toxic xenobiotic metabolites.