bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-10 and its receptors at the maternal–conceptus interface: expression, regulation, and implication for T helper 2 cytokine predominance and maternal immune tolerance in the pig, a true epitheliochorial placentation species
Authors: Han Jisoo , Yoo Inkyu , Lee Soohyung , Cheon Yugyeong , Yun Cheol-Heui , Ka Hakhyun
Published: March 2022

The appropriate balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is important for the maternal immune tolerance during pregnancy in mammals. Among the various cytokines, interleukin (IL)-10 (IL10) plays an essential role in anti-inflammatory responses, while IL12 is involved in pro-inflammatory responses during pregnancy. However, the roles of IL10 and IL12 in the endometrium during pregnancy have not been studied in pigs. Thus, we investigated the expression of IL10, IL12 (IL12A and IL12B), and their receptors (IL10RA, IL10RB, IL12RB1, and IL12RB2) at the maternal–conceptus interface. IL10, IL12, and their receptors were expressed in the endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in a pregnancy stage-specific manner. During pregnancy, IL10 expression increased on Day 15, whereas the expression of IL12A and IL12B decreased after the implantation period. IL10 protein was localized to luminal epithelial (LE), stromal cells, and macrophages; IL10RA protein to LE, endothelial, stromal, and T cells; and IL10RB mRNA to LE cells in the endometrium. IL10 and IL10RA proteins and IL10RB mRNA were also localized to chorionic epithelial (CE) cells. In endometrial explants, the expression of IL10RA and IL10RB was induced by estradiol-17β, IL-1β, and/or interferon-γ. Heme oxygenase 1, an IL10-inducible factor, was expressed in the endometrium with the highest levels on Day 30 of pregnancy and was localized to LE and CE cells. These results in pigs suggest that conceptus-derived signals change the endometrial immune environment by regulating the expression of IL10 and IL10 receptors at the maternal–conceptus interface and that IL10 may provide anti-inflammatory conditions for the maternal immune tolerance.
Semiparametric marginal regression for clustered competing risks data with missing cause of failure
Authors: Zhou Wenxian , Bakoyannis Giorgos , Zhang Ying , Yiannoutsos Constantin T
Published: March 2022

Clustered competing risks data are commonly encountered in multicenter studies. The analysis of such data is often complicated due to informative cluster size (ICS), a situation where the outcomes under study are associated with the size of the cluster. In addition, the cause of failure is frequently incompletely observed in real-world settings. To the best of our knowledge, there is no methodology for population-averaged analysis with clustered competing risks data with an ICS and missing causes of failure. To address this problem, we consider the semiparametric marginal proportional cause-specific hazards model and propose a maximum partial pseudolikelihood estimator under a missing at random assumption. To make the latter assumption more plausible in practice, we allow for auxiliary variables that may be related to the probability of missingness. The proposed method does not impose assumptions regarding the within-cluster dependence and allows for ICS. The asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators for both regression coefficients and infinite-dimensional parameters, such as the marginal cumulative incidence functions, are rigorously established. Simulation studies show that the proposed method performs well and that methods that ignore the within-cluster dependence and the ICS lead to invalid inferences. The proposed method is applied to competing risks data from a large multicenter HIV study in sub-Saharan Africa where a significant portion of causes of failure is missing.
Pre-symptomatic spinal muscular atrophy: a proposed nosology
Authors: Finkel Richard S , Benatar Michael
Published: March 2022

Finkel and Benatar highlight the ambiguity of the term ‘pre-symptomatic’ when characterizing infants at genetic risk for spinal muscular atrophy. They propose a conceptual framework that recognizes clinically silent and prodromal stages of pre-symptomatic disease and also accommodates emerging prognostic biomarkers.
Affect, Creativity and Migrant Belonging
Authors: Wilding Raelene , Winarnita Monika
Published: March 2022

Affect and creativity are proposed as offering an important lens for examining the politics of belonging in the everyday lives of migrants and refugees. Mobile emotions are circulated, intensified, and transformed in creative ways through digital media, demanding attention to new opportunities for challenging hierarchies, creating belonging, transforming gendered structures, and reinforcing the foundations of inequality and exclusion.
Outcome of patients undergoing isolated tricuspid repair or replacement surgery
Authors: Russo Marco , Di Mauro Michele , Saitto Guglielmo , Lio Antonio , Berretta Paolo , Taramasso Maurizio , Scrofani Roberto , Della Corte Alessandro , Sponga Sandro , Greco Ernesto , Saccocci Matteo , Calafiore Antonio , Bianchi Giacomo , Leviner Dror B , Biondi Andrea , Livi Ugolino , Sharoni Erez , De Vincentiis Carlo , Di Eusanio Marco , Antona Carlo , Troise Giovanni , Solinas Marco , Laufer Guenther , Musumeci Francesco , Andreas Martin
Published: March 2022

OBJECTIVES

The interest in isolated tricuspid valve disease has rapidly increased recently. However, clinical trials and registry data are rare in the surgical literature. This study aimed to describe the early and long-term outcomes of a real-world experience in isolated tricuspid procedures comparing repair and replacement strategies.

METHODS

The Surgical-Tricuspid study is a multicentre retrospective study that enrolled adult patients who had undergone isolated tricuspid valve surgery at 13 international sites. Propensity score-matched analysis was used to compare repair versus replacement.

RESULTS

A cohort of 426 patients was enrolled [mean age: 55 (16) years; 56% female]. After matching, 175 comparable pairs were analysed. Preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction was 55(9) vs 56(9) (P = 0.8) while moderate–severe tricuspid regurgitation was present in 95% of cases. The 30-day mortality rate was 4.0% vs 8.0% in the repair and replacement groups, respectively (P = 0.115). The rates of re-exploration for bleeding (6.9% vs 13.1% P = 0.050), permanent pacemaker implantation (5.1% vs 12.0%; P = 0.022) and blood transfusion (46% vs 62%; P = 0.002) were higher in the replacement group. Cumulative survival rates at 3, 5 and 7 years in the repair group were 84 (3)%, 75 (4)% and 56 (9)% vs 71 (4)%, 66 (5)% and 58 (5)% in the replacement group (P = 0.001) while cumulative incidence for reoperation at 10 years did not differ between groups [repair 10 (1)% vs replacement 9 (1)%; P = 0.469].

CONCLUSIONS

The data from the Surgical-Tricuspid study reported a high risk for patients undergoing tricuspid surgery. Isolated valve repair offered reduced early and late mortality with no difference regarding reoperation rate when compared with replacement.
Evaluating the utility of identity-by-descent segment numbers for relatedness inference via information theory and classification
Authors: Smith Jesse , Qiao Ying , Williams Amy L
Published: March 2022

Despite decades of methods development for classifying relatives in genetic studies, pairwise relatedness methods’ recalls are above 90% only for first through third-degree relatives. The top-performing approaches, which leverage identity-by-descent segments, often use only kinship coefficients, while others, including estimation of recent shared ancestry (ERSA), use the number of segments relatives share. To quantify the potential for using segment numbers in relatedness inference, we leveraged information theory measures to analyze exact (i.e. produced by a simulator) identity-by-descent segments from simulated relatives. Over a range of settings, we found that the mutual information between the relatives’ degree of relatedness and a tuple of their kinship coefficient and segment number is on average 4.6% larger than between the degree and the kinship coefficient alone. We further evaluated identity-by-descent segment number utility by building a Bayes classifier to predict first through sixth-degree relationships using different feature sets. When trained and tested with exact segments, the inclusion of segment numbers improves the recall by between 0.28% and 3% for second through sixth-degree relatives. However, the recalls improve by less than 1.8% per degree when using inferred segments, suggesting limitations due to identity-by-descent detection accuracy. Last, we compared our Bayes classifier that includes segment numbers with both ERSA and IBIS and found comparable recalls, with the Bayes classifier and ERSA slightly outperforming each other across different degrees. Overall, this study shows that identity-by-descent segment numbers can improve relatedness inference, but errors from current SNP array-based detection methods yield dampened signals in practice.
The PH/MyTH4/FERM molecule MAX-1 inhibits UNC-5 activity in the regulation of VD growth cone protrusion in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Mahadik Snehal S , Lundquist Erik A
Published: March 2022

UNC-6/Netrin is a secreted conserved guidance cue that regulates dorsal-ventral axon guidance of Caenorhabditis elegans and in the vertebral spinal cord. In the polarity/protrusion model of VD growth cone guidance away from ventrally expressed UNC-6 (repulsion), UNC-6 first polarizes the growth cone via the UNC-5 receptor such that filopodial protrusions are biased dorsally. UNC-6 then regulates a balance of protrusion in the growth cone based upon this polarity. UNC-5 inhibits protrusion ventrally, and the UNC-6 receptor UNC-40/DCC stimulates protrusion dorsally, resulting in net dorsal growth cone outgrowth. UNC-5 inhibits protrusion through the flavin monooxygenases FMO-1, 4, and 5 and possible actin destabilization, and inhibits pro-protrusive microtubule entry into the growth cone utilizing UNC-33/CRMP. The PH/MyTH4/FERM myosin-like protein was previously shown to act with UNC-5 in VD axon guidance utilizing axon guidance endpoint analysis. Here, we analyzed the effects of MAX-1 on VD growth cone morphology during outgrowth. We found that max-1 mutant growth cones were smaller and less protrusive than wild type, the opposite of the unc-5 mutant phenotype. Furthermore, genetic interactions suggest that MAX-1 might normally inhibit UNC-5 activity, such that in a max-1 mutant growth cone, UNC-5 is overactive. Our results, combined with previous studies suggesting that MAX-1 might regulate UNC-5 levels in the cell or plasma membrane localization, suggest that MAX-1 attenuates UNC-5 signaling by regulating UNC-5 stability or trafficking. Alternately, MAX-1 might inhibit UNC-5 independent of this known mechanism. We also show that the effects of MAX-1 in growth cone protrusion are independent of UNC-40/DCC, UNC-33/CRMP, and UNC-34/Enabled. In summary, in the context of growth cone protrusion, MAX-1 inhibits UNC-5, demonstrating the mechanistic insight that can be gained by analyzing growth cones during outgrowth in addition to axon guidance endpoint analysis.
Chromosome-length genome assembly and linkage map of a critically endangered Australian bird: the helmeted honeyeater
Authors: Robledo-Ruiz Diana A , Gan Han Ming , Kaur Parwinder , Dudchenko Olga , Weisz David , Khan Ruqayya , Lieberman Aiden Erez , Osipova Ekaterina , Hiller Michael , Morales Hernán E , Magrath Michael J L , Clarke Rohan H , Sunnucks Paul , Pavlova Alexandra
Published: March 2022

Background

The helmeted honeyeater (Lichenostomus melanops cassidix) is a Critically Endangered bird endemic to Victoria, Australia. To aid its conservation, the population is the subject of genetic rescue. To understand, monitor, and modulate the effects of genetic rescue on the helmeted honeyeater genome, a chromosome-length genome and a high-density linkage map are required.

Results

We used a combination of Illumina, Oxford Nanopore, and Hi-C sequencing technologies to assemble a chromosome-length genome of the helmeted honeyeater, comprising 906 scaffolds, with length of 1.1 Gb and scaffold N50 of 63.8 Mb. Annotation comprised 57,181 gene models. Using a pedigree of 257 birds and 53,111 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, we obtained high-density linkage and recombination maps for 25 autosomes and Z chromosome. The total sex-averaged linkage map was 1,347 cM long, with the male map being 6.7% longer than the female map. Recombination maps revealed sexually dimorphic recombination rates (overall higher in males), with average recombination rate of 1.8 cM/Mb. Comparative analyses revealed high synteny of the helmeted honeyeater genome with that of 3 passerine species (e.g., 32 Hi-C scaffolds mapped to 30 zebra finch autosomes and Z chromosome). The genome assembly and linkage map suggest that the helmeted honeyeater exhibits a fission of chromosome 1A into 2 chromosomes relative to zebra finch. PSMC analysis showed a ∼15-fold decline in effective population size to ∼60,000 from mid- to late Pleistocene.

Conclusions

The annotated chromosome-length genome and high-density linkage map provide rich resources for evolutionary studies and will be fundamental in guiding conservation efforts for the helmeted honeyeater.
Vedolizumab Antagonizes MAdCAM-1-Dependent Human Placental Cytotrophoblast Adhesion and InvasionIn Vitro
Authors: Blaisdell Adam , Zhou Yan , Kattah Michael G , Fisher Susan J , Mahadevan Uma
Published: March 2022

Background

Anti-α4β7 (Vedolizumab) treats inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by blocking the interaction between integrin α4β7 on leukocytes and mucosal addressin cell-adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) on the gut endothelium. Women with IBD often require continuing biologic therapy during pregnancy to avoid disease flare. To date, there have been no reports of an increase in adverse events with Vedolizumab use during pregnancy. Notably, integrins play a major role in human placental development during pregnancy. It is unknown whether Vedolizumab disrupts placental cell (cytotrophoblast) invasion and/or adhesion by blocking interactions with MAdCAM-1. We therefore investigated human placental expression of MAdCAM-1, the role of MAdCAM-1/α4β7 interactions in cytotrophoblast invasion/adhesion in vitro, and whether Vedolizumab administration in vivo alters the placental structure.

Methods

Histological sections of placentas from normal pregnancies were evaluated for MAdCAM-1 expression by immunofluorescence. The impacts of Vedolizumab or anti-integrin β7 on human cytotrophoblast invasion and adhesion were assessed. Histology results from term placentas of 2 patients with IBD receiving Vedolizumab were compared to those of untreated healthy controls.

Results

Placental MAdCAM-1 expression was predominantly associated with invading extravillous cytotrophoblasts at the maternal-fetal interface. Treatment of isolated primary cytotrophoblasts with Vedolizumab or anti-integrin β7 significantly reduced Matrigel invasion, adherence to a MAdCAM-1-coated substrate, and interactions with HuT-78 cells. Placentas from 2 Vedolizumab-treated patients with IBD exhibited pronounced pathologic features as compared to healthy control specimens.

Conclusions

This study revealed a previously unrecognized role for α4β7 and MAdCAM-1 in human placentation. More clinical and histological data from Vedolizumab-treated pregnant patients will be necessary to determine whether this medication poses any risk to the mother and fetus.
Provocation, Public Opinion, and International Disputes: Evidence from China
Authors: Dafoe Allan , Liu Samuel , O'Keefe Brian , Weiss Jessica Chen
Published: March 2022

What public pressures do leaders face in international disputes? Leaders often denounce foreign actions as provocations, triggering public anger and demands for restitution. Rather than generating a reflexive rally around the flag, we argue that leaders who invoke foreign provocations—whether hypothetical, remembered, exaggerated, or real—face heightened public disapproval if they fail to take tough action in the present. Across two survey experiments and a quasi-experiment involving US naval patrols in the South China Sea, we find that incidents construed as provocative increase public pressure on the Chinese government to respond or incur public disapproval. We discuss possible explanations, how government elites seek to mitigate public disapproval, and how such events can change the logic of coercion and deterrence.
Self-regulation and Autonomy in the Job Search: Key Factors to Support Job Search Among Swiss Job Seekers
Authors: Dillahunt Tawanna R , Siqueira Rodrigues Lucas , Chiao-Yin Hsiao Joey , Cherubini Mauro
Published: March 2022

Technology integration in the workplace context has led to substantial growth in high- versus low-skilled jobs, and thus, further disparities between workers and those who were already unemployed. Technology use is also being used more frequently in the job search process, which could further lead to disparities, especially for job seekers experiencing marginalization. Thus, we conducted a controlled longitudinal field deployment of two employment-based tools—RevueCV and InterviewApp—among 46 Switzerland-based unemployed job seekers. Using the theory of planned behavior (TPB), we sought to understand how the tools affected job search self-efficacy, subjective norms and job search attitudes—the three factors that influence a job seekers’ job search intention. Although participants appreciated the support the two tools provided, and the inherent study benefits, our interview and survey results showed no substantial changes in their TPB values, primarily because the tools provided overlapping services with the local job placement offices. However, results of our interviews found autonomy, or the lack thereof, to be a key factor contributing to job seeker dissatisfaction. We introduce the concept of self-regulation to the TPB as an explanatory construct and contribute design and theoretical implications to support autonomy among job seekers with less control of their job search.
Incentive Effects from Write-down CoCo Bonds: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Cutura Jannic , Hesse Henning
Published: March 2022

Departing from the principle of absolute priority, contingent convertible (CoCo) bonds are particularly exposed to bank losses despite not having ownership rights. In this article we show the link between adverse CoCo bond design and their yields, confirming the existence of market discipline in designated bail-in debt. Specifically, focusing on the write-down feature as a loss-absorption mechanism in CoCo debt, we find a yield premium on this feature relative to equity-conversion CoCo bonds as predicted by theoretical models. Moreover, and consistent with theories on moral hazard, we find this premium to be largest when existing incentives for opportunistic behaviour are largest, while the premium is non-existent if moral hazard is perceived to be small. Overall, our findings support the notion of market discipline through monitoring debt investors and have important implications for the optimal design of CoCos from a regulatory perspective.
First Report of Black Fig Fly,Silba adipata(Diptera: Lonchaeidae), in the United States
Authors: Britt Kadie E , Gordon Phoebe E , Faber Ben A , Rios Sonia I , Wilson Houston
Published: March 2022

The black fig fly, Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae), is a Mediterranean insect that exclusively reproduces on figs, Ficus carica L. (Rosales: Moraceae). Widely considered a pest of figs throughout southern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, S. adipata was recently discovered infesting figs throughout southern California, representing the first report of this pest in the United States. Here, we provide background information on the distribution, biology, ecology, monitoring, and management of this pest, as well as outline research and extension efforts that have been catalyzed by this recent invasion. California accounts for a majority of both fresh and dried fig production in the United States. To date, S. adipata infestations have been limited to orchards in coastal and southern California, whereas most commercial fig production takes place in the inland Central Valley region. Better knowledge of temperature thresholds is currently needed to estimate potential range expansion to these more inland regions of the state.
The Great and Powerful Dr. Oz? Alternative Health Media Consumption and Vaccine Views in the United States
Authors: Stecula Dominik A , Motta Matthew , Kuru Ozan , Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: March 2022

Cardiothoracic surgeon Dr. Mehmet Oz, until recently the host of a nationally syndicated U.S. television show, is among the media figures who have espoused health views unsanctioned by established medical authorities such as the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration. In a large, probability-based national longitudinal study, we examine the prevalence and consequences of consuming alternative health media (AHM), such as The Dr. Oz Show. Drawing on data from a naturally occurring and time-varying quasi-experiment, we demonstrate that such programming may be able to shift the attitudes of its audience on consequential health topics. Specifically, Oz’s endorsement of the MMR vaccine was associated with a shift in acceptance among a segment of his audience. Our study demonstrates both the persuasive power of AHM and its capacity to align the views of its low-knowledge audience members with CDC and FDA-consistent science, should its trusted sources choose to do so.
Characterization of Limited Duty Neuromusculoskeletal Injuries and Return to Duty Times in the U.S. Army During 2017-2018
Authors: Roy Tanja C , Faller Theresa N , Richardson Melissa D , Taylor Kathryn M
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Neuromusculoskeletal injuries (MSKI) are the leading cause of medical encounters, lost or limited duty days, medical evacuations, and disability in the U.S. Army. In the U.S. Army, objective MSKI incidence rate metrics can be determined through medical encounter data (M2SKIs) with International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 9 and ICD 10 codes or through documented limited duty profiles (LDPs) documenting time-loss MSKI (TLMSKI). The purpose of the current study was to characterize the population incidence of TLMSKIs among U.S. Army soldiers.

Materials and Methods

This study was approved by the Medical Research and Development Command’s Institutional Review Board. This was a retrospective population-level study. The U.S. Army’s eProfile system was utilized to characterize all LDPs issued during 2017-2018 and to describe the body regions injured and activities associated with these TLMSKIs.

Results

The incidence rate of TLMSKIs was found to be 44 and 40 TLMSKI/100 soldier-years for 2017 and 2018, respectively, which is lower than previously published incidence rates using MSKI receiving medical care. Approximately one quarter of the total active duty Army population in 2017 and 2018 recorded limited duty injuries, where those to the ankle/foot region resulted in the most LDPs and those to the knee resulted in the most lost duty days. The majority of all TLMSKIs were associated with fitness training-related activities.

Conclusion

This descriptive study is the first to present the U.S. Army population rates for MSKIs that result in LDPs, representing key time losses when soldiers cannot participate in their military occupational and physical training tasks. This study utilizes the LDP system to calculate limited duty days instead of attempting to estimate this information from other means. The eProfile system is limited in that it combines body regions such as ankle/foot and does not allow isolation of ankle or foot independently. It is recommended that research and training programs target the identification, development, and validation of effective and scaleable strategies to maximize performance without severely reducing combat effectiveness because of training TLMSKIs.
Limits on non-canonical heating and turbulence in the intergalactic medium from the low redshift Lyman α forest
Authors: Bolton James S , Gaikwad Prakash , Haehnelt Martin G , Kim Tae-Sun , Nasir Fahad , Puchwein Ewald , Viel Matteo , Wakker Bart P
Published: March 2022

We examine the column density distribution function (CDDF) and Doppler parameter distribution from hydrodynamical simulations and Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) observations of the Ly α forest at redshift 0 ≤ z ≤ 0.2. Allowing for a factor of two uncertainty in the metagalactic H $\, \rm \scriptstyle I \, $ photoionization rate, our hydrodynamical simulations are in good agreement (1–1.5σ) with the shape and amplitude of the observed CDDF at H $\, \rm \scriptstyle I \, $ column densities $10^{13.3}\rm \, cm^{-2}\le N_{\rm H\,{\small I}}\le 10^{14.5}\rm \, cm^{-2}$. However, the Doppler widths of the simulated lines remain too narrow with respect to the COS data. We argue that invoking AGN feedback does not resolve this discrepancy. We also disfavour enhanced photoheating rates as a potential solution, as this requires an unphysically hard UV background spectrum. If instead appealing to a non-canonical source of heating, an additional specific heat injection of $u \lesssim 6.9\rm \, eV\, m_{\rm p}^{-1}$ is required at z ≲ 2.5 for gas that has $N_{\rm H\,{\small I}}\simeq 10^{13.5}\rm \, cm^{-2}$ by z = 0.1. Alternatively, there may be an unresolved line of sight turbulent velocity component of $v_{\rm turb}\lesssim 8.5\rm \, km\, s^{-1}(N_{\rm H\,{\small I}}/10^{13.5}\rm \, cm^{-2})^{0.21}$ for the coldest gas in the diffuse IGM.
Non-Legislative Actions and Party ‘Brand’: Evidence from the Mexican Congress
Authors: Vázquez-Ferrel Carlos
Published: March 2022

This article studies the determinants that influence the efforts of legislators through non-legislative actions in the Mexican Congress. Most studies are confined to analyse the effects of electoral systems and focused on bill initiatives. However, in contexts like in Mexico, where consecutive re-election is prohibited, the performance of legislators needs to be understood beyond purely institutional factors. This article uses a unique database of 8834 non-binding resolutions (points of agreement), an instrument that does not carry the force of law but is widely initiated in Mexico and the prior careers of 1511 members of Congress to test a general model. The results highlight the relevance of the government–opposition relationship, prior posts of legislators, gender and, to a lesser degree, a negative association with those electorally vulnerable parliamentarians, in explaining the use of this instrument, which is controlled by the party leadership.
Patient-directed versus fixed-volume PEG for colonoscopy preparation: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zhang Jixiang , Jia Xuemei , Guo Yuanmei , Jiang Haotian , Hu Jiaming , Wang Siwei , Huang Binglu , Su Wenhao , Liu Jun , Wang Xiaoli , Dong Weiguo
Published: March 2022

Individualization using different volumes of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was widely regarded as the optimal solution for bowel preparation, while patient-directed regimen we first proposed may serve as a reliable individual solution. This study aimed to assess the efficacy, safety, and satisfaction of bowel preparation with patient-directed regimen. After filtering by exclusion criteria, 428 individuals in the fixed-volume group and 103 in the patient-directed group were successfully enrolled and analyzed. Eighty-three (80.6%) individuals in the patient-directed group had a reduced PEG volume. There was no significant difference in the bowel preparation efficacy between the two groups (89.9% vs. 90.3%, χ² = 0.01; p = 0.918). Patients in the patient-directed group complained of fewer adverse effects (53.0% vs. 36.9%, χ² = 8.655; p = 0.003), especially vomiting (13.6% vs. 1.0%%, χ² = 13.304; p < 0.001). Regarding comfort during bowel preparation, the degree of comfort was not significantly different between groups. Furthermore, the willingness rate for further colonoscopy in the patient-directed group was significantly higher than that in the fixed-volume group (90.29% vs. 77.10%, χ² = 8.912; p < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the body mass index (BMI) served as independent factor impacting quality of bowel preparation with patient-directed regimen (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00-1.34; p = 0.043). In conclusion, without decreasing the bowel preparation efficacy, the patient-directed regimen increased the safety and satisfaction of bowel preparation and is expected to be a regular and individual solution for bowel preparation. Individuals with a lower BMI are more likely to undertake this new regimen.

Trial registration number: ChiCTR1900022072 at ChiClinicalTrials.gov
Exposure to tobacco, alcohol and ‘Junk food’ content in reality TV programmes broadcast in the UK between August 2019–2020
Authors: Barker Alexander B , Bal Jaspreet , Ruff Laura , Murray Rachael L
Published: March 2022

Background

Exposure to alcohol, tobacco and foods high in fat, sugar or salt (HFSS) content in media is a risk factor for smoking, alcohol use and HFSS consumption in young people. We report an analysis of tobacco, alcohol and HFSS content in a sample of reality TV programmes broadcast on TV and video-on-demand services throughout a 1-year period.

Methods

We used 1-min interval coding to quantify content in all episodes of 20 different reality TV programmes between August 2019 and August 2020 and estimated population exposure to a sample of these programmes using viewing data and UK population estimates.

Results

We coded 13 244 intervals from 264 episodes. Tobacco content appeared in 227 intervals (2%) across 43 episodes (2%), alcohol in 5167 intervals (39%) across 258 episodes (98%) and HFSS in 1752 intervals (13%) across 234 episodes (88%). A sample of 15 series delivered ~157.4 million tobacco, 3.5 billion alcohol and 1.9 billion HFSS gross impressions to the UK population, including 24 000, 12.6 million and 21.4 million, to children, respectively.

Conclusion

Tobacco, alcohol and HFSS content are common in reality TV programmes. These programmes deliver exposure to tobacco, alcohol and HFSS imagery, which are a potential driver of tobacco use, alcohol use and HFSS consumption in young people.
Development of an Experimental Approach to Achieve Spatially Resolved Plant Root-Associated Metaproteomics Using an Agar-Plate System
Authors: Appidi Manasa R. , Bible Amber N. , Carper Dana L. , Jawdy Sara S. , Giannone Richard J. , Hettich Robert L. , Morrell-Falvey Jennifer , Abraham Paul E.
Published: March 2022

Plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere play a vital role in plant health and productivity. The composition and function of root-associated microbiomes is strongly influenced by their surrounding environment, which is often customized by their host. How microbiomes change with respect to space and time across plant roots remains poorly understood, and methodologies that facilitate spatiotemporal metaproteomic studies of root-associated microbiomes are yet to be realized. Here, we developed a method that provides spatially resolved metaproteome measurements along plant roots embedded in agar-plate culture systems, which have long been used to study plants. Spatially defined agar “plugs” of interest were excised and subsequently processed using a novel peptide extraction method prior to metaproteomics, which was used to infer both microbial community composition and function. As a proof-of-principle, a previously studied 10-member community constructed from a Populus root system was grown in an agar plate with a 3-week-old Populus trichocarpa plant. Metaproteomics was performed across two time points (24 and 48 h) for three distinct locations (root base, root tip, and a region distant from the root). The spatial resolution of these measurements provides evidence that microbiome composition and expression changes across the plant root interface. Interrogation of the individual microbial proteomes revealed functional profiles related to their behavioral associations with the plant root, in which chemotaxis and augmented metabolism likely supported predominance of the most abundant member. This study demonstrated a novel peptide extraction method for studying plant agar-plate culture systems, which was previously unsuitable for (meta)proteomic measurements.
Optimizing nutrition in plant-based diets
Authors: Monti Katrina S.
Published: March 2022

Diet is increasingly considered a major contributor to the chronic disease burden in Western societies. Plant-based diets are becoming more mainstream as a way to reduce disease risk and improve quality of life. Clinicians who understand the health benefits and risks associated with various plant-based diets can provide helpful advice to their patients. This article discusses six common beliefs about plant-based diets and reviews guidelines for plant-based eating.
CE: Trauma-Informed Care in Nursing Practice
Authors: Dowdell Elizabeth B. , Speck Patricia M.
Published: March 2022

Over the past 30 years, researchers have found that childhood trauma and its subsequent stress have a strong and cumulative effect on health in adulthood. Trauma in childhood often leads to mental health problems, skeletal fractures, and early death from conditions such as heart disease, cancer, lung disease, and liver disease. Compounding the effects of traumatic stress, health care systems often create a population of “never-served” persons who avoid health care settings because they've been subject to judgment and marginalization. Trauma-informed care (TIC) is a skill underutilized by health care providers and organizations, yet nurse ethics and respect for human rights require us to care for all patients equally without judgment, including those living with the stress of complex trauma. The TIC approach respects human rights and supports nursing ethics, promoting a welcoming, inclusive environment in health care systems and patient–provider relationships that eschews implicit and explicit bias toward patients, regardless of presentation or personal circumstances. TIC foundational principles guide the application of the nursing process using patient-centered care to create safety, the first principle in TIC. Here, the authors discuss the application of these core principles in nursing through a deidentified case study.
Phrenic Nerve Block and Respiratory Effort in Pigs and Critically Ill Patients with Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Pereira Sérgio M. , Sinedino Bruno E. , Costa Eduardo L. V. , Morais Caio C. A. , Sklar Michael C. , Adkson Sales Lima Cristhiano , Nakamura Maria A. M. , Ranzani Otavio T. , Goligher Ewan C. , Tucci Mauro R. , Ho Yeh-Li , Taniguchi Leandro U. , Vieira Joaquim E. , Brochard Laurent , Amato Marcelo B. P.
Published: March 2022

Background

Strong spontaneous inspiratory efforts can be difficult to control and prohibit protective mechanical ventilation. Instead of using deep sedation and neuromuscular blockade, the authors hypothesized that perineural administration of lidocaine around the phrenic nerve would reduce tidal volume (VT) and peak transpulmonary pressure in spontaneously breathing patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Methods

An established animal model of acute respiratory distress syndrome with six female pigs was used in a proof-of-concept study. The authors then evaluated this technique in nine mechanically ventilated patients under pressure support exhibiting driving pressure greater than 15 cm H2O or VT greater than 10 ml/kg of predicted body weight. Esophageal and transpulmonary pressures, electrical activity of the diaphragm, and electrical impedance tomography were measured in pigs and patients. Ultrasound imaging and a nerve stimulator were used to identify the phrenic nerve, and perineural lidocaine was administered sequentially around the left and right phrenic nerves.

Results

Results are presented as median [interquartile range, 25th to 75th percentiles]. In pigs, VT decreased from 7.4 ml/kg [7.2 to 8.4] to 5.9 ml/kg [5.5 to 6.6] (P < 0.001), as did peak transpulmonary pressure (25.8 cm H2O [20.2 to 27.2] to 17.7 cm H2O [13.8 to 18.8]; P < 0.001) and driving pressure (28.7 cm H2O [20.4 to 30.8] to 19.4 cm H2O [15.2 to 22.9]; P < 0.001). Ventilation in the most dependent part decreased from 29.3% [26.4 to 29.5] to 20.1% [15.3 to 20.8] (P < 0.001). In patients, VT decreased (8.2 ml/ kg [7.9 to 11.1] to 6.0 ml/ kg [5.7 to 6.7]; P < 0.001), as did driving pressure (24.7 cm H2O [20.4 to 34.5] to 18.4 cm H2O [16.8 to 20.7]; P < 0.001). Esophageal pressure, peak transpulmonary pressure, and electrical activity of the diaphragm also decreased. Dependent ventilation only slightly decreased from 11.5% [8.5 to 12.6] to 7.9% [5.3 to 8.6] (P = 0.005). Respiratory rate did not vary. Variables recovered 1 to 12.7 h [6.7 to 13.7] after phrenic nerve block.

Conclusions

Phrenic nerve block is feasible, lasts around 12 h, and reduces VT and driving pressure without changing respiratory rate in patients under assisted ventilation.

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Comparison of the Healing Outcomes of Conservative Treatment for Stable Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Lateral Femoral Condyle With Normal Lateral Meniscus and Incomplete Discoid Lateral Meniscus
Authors: Takigami Junsei , Hashimoto Yusuke , Tomihara Tomohiro , Taniuchi Masatoshi , Katsuda Hiroshi
Published: March 2022

Background:

This study aimed to compare the healing outcomes of conservative treatment for osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the lateral femoral condyle with normal lateral meniscus and incomplete discoid lateral meniscus (DLM).

Methods:

Forty-four knees in 37 juvenile patients (mean age 9.9 y) with stable OCD and whose lateral meniscus shape was normal or incomplete DLM were enrolled. All patients underwent conservative treatment with physical activities prohibited. For each lateral meniscus group, patient demographics including pretreatment Tegner activity scale, OCD stage, and Lysholm score, radiographic healing status; complete or incomplete healing at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year, time to complete healing and post-treatment clinical scores were evaluated.

Results:

There were 21 (47.8%) and 23 (52.3%) knees with normal menisci and incomplete DLM, respectively. At 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after conservative treatment, healed OCD status was noted in 3 (14.3%), 12 (57.1%), and 19 (90.5%) knees of the normal type and in 3 (13.0%), 12 (52.2%), and 20 (86.9%) knees of the incomplete DLM type, respectively (P>0.05). The mean time to healing in each group was 198 and 181 days, respectively. No significant differences in terms of OCD healing rate at each time, time to healing, and post-treatment clinical scores were found between the groups.

Conclusion:

No significant differences in the OCD healing rate or time to healing were found between the normal and incomplete DLM type. Therefore, treatment strategy for OCD with stable and asymptomatic incomplete DLM should be the same as that for those occurring with a normal meniscus.
Intracorneal knot or flange depot fixation: new transscleral technique for intraocular lens fixation
Authors: Kojuhov Arseniy A. , Arbisser Lisa B. , Anisimov Sergey S. , Unguryanov Oleg V. , Anh Dinh T.H. , Anisimova Natalia S.
Published: March 2022

A new surgical technique of transscleral-intracorneal suture fixation of intraocular lenses with suture ends located within the transparent corneal or corneal–limbal paracentesis is reported. This new technique significantly reduces scleral and conjunctival trauma, is minimally invasive, is simple to perform, is not associated with complicated intraocular surgical maneuvers, and precludes suture knot, flange, and suture-end erosion. The internal part of the corneal stroma or corneal–limbal area serves as a secure depot for suture-end fixation with durable resistance. The technique enables visualization of the exact position of suture ends over time.
Validity of the McMurray Test for Meniscal Tear in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients
Authors: Sarkisova Natalya , DeGuzman Laura , Wren Tishya A. L. , Zaslow Tracy L.
Published: March 2022

Objective:

The aim of this study was to identify the accuracy of the McMurray test in the adolescent and pediatric population.

Design:

Retrospective case series.

Setting:

Tertiary care, institutional.

Patients:

Inclusion criteria included patients who presented with unilateral knee pain and were seen by pediatric sports medicine physicians. Patients were excluded if their knee pain was related to any underlying conditions. Three hundred patient charts were reviewed, and 183 patients (age range: 8-18 years, mean: 14 years; 74 male) met the inclusion criteria.

Interventions:

Symptoms at initial visit (knee pain).

Main Outcome Measures:

Presence of a meniscal tear using the McMurray test.

Results:

Eighty-four percent (160/191) of patients had a McMurray test documented as performed by the physician, and 17% (27/160) elucidated a positive response. Of 26 patients who had a positive McMurray and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 16 (62%) showed a meniscal tear on their MRI. However, of the 87 patients who had a negative McMurray and still underwent MRI, 25 (29%) had a positive meniscal tear. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 39%, 86%, 62%, and 71%, respectively.

Conclusion:

In a pediatric and adolescent population, the McMurray test was negative for 61% (23/38) of meniscal tears identified on MRI.

Clinical Relevance:

Although the test can be a useful tool as a part of a thorough evaluation, combining it with mechanical symptoms, patient history and imaging may be more helpful to diagnose a meniscus tear.
Effect of crawling training on the cognitive function of children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Bai Yan , Gao Meng-Ying
Published: March 2022

Our aim is to investigate the influence of crawling training on the cognitive function of patients with cerebral palsy. This study compared the clinical efficacy of crawling training on 36 patients with cerebral palsy (the experimental group) and 32 patients treated with normal movement training (the control group). We compared the crawling function (The Movement Function Scale for Infants with Cerebral Palsy), cognitive and language function (The Comprehensive Functional Rating Scale for Children with Disabilities), intelligence [IQ and DQ scores in the Chinese Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (C-WISC)], memory and attention (the attention/nondistraction factor in the C-WISC) changes of the children before and after treatment. The total treatment efficiency of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (94.44 vs. 71.87%, P = 0.012). The scores for crawling function, cognitive and language functions, intelligence quotient, development quotient and attention factor increased notably in both groups after treatment, and there was a statistical difference compared with the scores of each group before treatment (P < 0.05 for all). After treatment, the scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group. Crawling training has good clinical efficacy for patients with cerebral palsy. It can improve patients’ crawling, cognitive and language functions as well as their intelligence, memory and attention, and it has value for clinical application.
A Comparison of the 2023 Magnet® Manual and the 2020-2030 Future of Nursing Report
Authors: Brokob Marlena
Published: March 2022

The Magnet Recognition Program® completed a crosswalk between the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) recommendations in the 2020-2030 Future of Nursing report and the recently released 2023 Magnet Application Manual. In comparing the 2 documents, it was determined the Magnet® framework aligns with several of the NAM recommendations. Both the NAM and Magnet program emphasize health equity and diversity in patient care, education, and nurse wellness. In this column, one can learn how both documents establish guidelines for empowering the nursing profession as the primary means to improving health equity and outcomes for the 21st century.
7 Executive Strategies to Stabilize the Nursing Workforce
Authors: Virkstis Katherine , Boston-Fleischhauer Carol , Rewers Lauren , Critchley Nadia , Whitemarsh Karl , Paiewonsky Allyson , Gerstenfeld Rachel
Published: March 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated long-standing challenges in the workforce, resulting in a shortage of nurses that has now reached crisis levels. At the same time, there is a concerning “skills gap” that has been emerging for some time. Leaders have typically relied on legacy recruitment and retention strategies to mitigate these challenges, but these will not be sufficient to address staffing gaps. In this article, the authors discuss how current staffing challenges differ from previous workforce shortages and propose 7 executive strategies for C-suite leaders to prepare for the future nursing workforce.
A Look Back on Leadership Lessons From the Early Days of the COVID-19 Pandemic and What We Can Learn for the Future
Authors: Guenser-Onstot Jessica
Published: March 2022

As the 1st community-acquired case of COVID-19 struck the Pacific Northwest, healthcare organizations prepared to respond by implementing emergency systems. Leaders navigated away from their routine daily operations to manage crisis efforts. This article highlights 6 leadership strategies used in the early days of the pandemic. Reviewing these lessons learned and revisiting the strategies used during this time will help today's leaders continue to lead through the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
Choosing the Ideal Advanced Practice Leader for Your Organization
Authors: Kapu April
Published: March 2022

This month’s column highlights the attributes, competencies, and qualifications for consideration when selecting the ideal advanced practice leader, one that is collaborative and skilled in providing leadership at the executive or health systems level.
Unilateral Optic Nerve Diffusion Restriction After Sinus Surgery Secondary to Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Authors: Parikh Parth P. , Harahsheh Ehab Y. , Dumitrascu Oana M.
Published: March 2022

Introduction:

Permanent perioperative vision loss is caused by ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) or central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). Whereas diffusion restriction of the optic nerve (ON) on brain magnetic resonance imaging has been previously reported in perioperative posterior ION (PION), there are no reports of ON diffusion restriction in patients diagnosed with acute perioperative CRAO. We present a case of perioperative CRAO to highlight this neuroimaging finding for neuroradiologists and neurologists.

Case Report:

A 71-year-old male without vascular risk factors underwent maxillary bilateral antrostomy and septoplasty for chronic sinusitis. Twenty to thirty minutes upon awakening, he complained of painless left eye vision loss. Ophthalmoscopic examination showed retinal whitening, segmented arterioles, and hyperemic disc. Brain MR-diffusion weighted imaging/apparent diffusion coefficient revealed ON diffusion restriction in the proximal segment. Despite attempted reperfusion, left eye remained with no light perception at 6 months. Patients undergoing nonocular surgeries who develop perioperative vision loss related to PION may exhibit ON diffusion restriction but usually have normal ophthalmoscopic findings. CRAO shows retinal whitening, edema, segmentation of arterioles, and cherry red spot on ophthalmoscopy. A recent study reported that ON diffusion restriction in nonperioperative CRAO cases has a sensitivity and specificity of 55% and 70% to 100%. Here, PION was initially considered based on imaging. However, given the neuro-ophthalmic findings, a proximal embolus in the central retinal artery, obstructing its entrance into the proximal ON was deemed more likely.

Conclusion:

We highlight that proximal ON diffusion restriction on brain magnetic resonance imaging can be diagnostic of proximal thromboembolic CRAO. Future studies should evaluate the diagnostic utility and accuracy of MR-diffusion weighted imaging/apparent diffusion coefficient in perioperative visual loss.