bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpreting selection when individuals interact
Authors: Hadfield Jarrod D. , Thomson Caroline E.
Published: June 2017

A useful interpretation of quantitative genetic models of evolutionary change is that they (i) define a set of phenotypes that have a causal effect on fitness and on which selection acts, and (ii) define a set of breeding values that change as a correlated response to that selection because they covary with the phenotypes.

When the expression of one trait causes variation in other traits then there are multiple paths by which a trait can cause fitness variation. Because of this, there are multiple ways in which selection can be defined, and still be consistent with a causal effect of traits on fitness.

We use this result to show that genetical theories of natural/kin selection ignore causation and because of this we suggest they shed little light on the nature of selection.

When traits expressed by an individual are affected by traits of their social partners (indirect genetic effects), we suggest a causal partitioning that allows selection to be cast in terms of Hamilton's costs and benefits.

We show that previous attempts to understand Hamilton's rule in the context of indirect genetic effects either lack generality, or do not adequately describe all the ways in which an individual's actions constitute a cost to the individual or a benefit to its social partner(s).

Our results allow us to explore Hamilton's rule in a multitrait setting. We show that evolution always increases inclusive fitness, and when the traits are measured in units of generalised genetic distance evolutionary change in the traits is in the direction in which inclusive fitness increases the fastest.

However, we show that Hamilton's rule only holds in a multitrait context when the suite of traits are at equilibrium. When they are out of equilibrium, the conditions for altruism to evolve may be more or less stringent depending on genetic architecture and how costs and benefits are defined.
Subcutaneous emphysema related to air‐powder tooth polishing: a report of three cases
Authors: Alonso V , García‐Caballero L , Couto I , Diniz M , Diz P , Limeres J
Published: June 2017

Subcutaneous emphysema is a rare complication of dental procedures and can occasionally give rise to potentially life‐threatening complications. We describe three cases of subcutaneous emphysema diagnosed in the same dental clinic. All cases occurred during tooth or implant cleaning using air polishing (KavoProphyflex®) with a sodium bicarbonate powder (Air‐N‐Go Classic®). The diagnosis was based on clinical findings and was confirmed radiologically. The cervical and facial regions were affected in all three cases, and spread to the mediastinum occurred in one case. All the episodes resolved within 3–5 days. Tooth cleaning using air polishing combined with an abrasive powder is a risk factor for subcutaneous emphysema, especially when the powder and device are from different manufacturers. Radiological assessment must be performed to rule out involvement of deep tissue planes.
New insights into the clinical signs of supraventricular tachycardia: The “sign of lace‐tying”
Authors: Blommaert Dominique , Dormal Fabien , Deceuninck Olivier , Xhaet Olivier , Ballant Elisabeth , De Roy Luc
Published: June 2017

Background

Supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) are a common arrhythmia therefore an accurate diagnosis is of clinical importance. Although an ECG performed during tachycardia greatly aids diagnosis, patient history and predisposing factors also improve diagnostic accuracy.

Methods

This prospective study included 100 consecutive patients undergoing electrophysiological study for SVT with the aim to reassess their clinical characteristics and describe frequent predisposing factors, such as the “sign of lace‐tying” that to our knowledge has not previously been reported. Each patient completed an extensive questionnaire (70 questions) during their hospital stay.

Results

Our series comprised: 67% of patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT); 24% with an accessory pathway; and 9% presented atrial tachycardia. Half of the population were male and 29% of the cohort presented hypertension. Syncope during tachycardia appeared in 15% of patients, dizziness in 52% and thoracic pain in 59%. We encountered a predisposing risk factor for SVT in 53% of cases; with 32% exhibiting an anteflexion of the trunk termed the “sign of lace‐tying.” Data also showed that younger patients tended to present AVRT and regular pounding in the neck appeared only in patients with AVNRT.

Conclusions

Overall, our study has highlighted the importance of considering clinical signs and patient characteristics both before and during SVT for the precise diagnosis of paroxysmal SVT. Furthermore, 32% of patients presented the “sign of lace‐tying” or body position change before SVT, implying a diagnosis of SVT.
Fear, Silence, and Telling: Catholic Identity in Northern Ireland
Authors: McCormack Fiona Elisabeth
Published: June 2017

The concept of “silence” is used to examine the everyday experience of lived violence in the prolonged ethnic conflict in Northern Ireland. I analyze silence as coercion, cultural censorship, embodied, and an integral component of identity and consciousness affected by a diaspora. Silence is intrinsic to the symbolic violence that is enacted in commemorations. This is a silencing of alternative histories and memories, and the ethnic identities in which these are rooted. It is also a silencing of place and an attempt to create new kinds of territorial belongings. I explore the multiple ways through which violence is manifested both symbolically and physically, penetrates the ordinary, as well as the pivotal role of borders in the creation and maintenance of boundaries. I examine how border crossing opens up a liminal space of possibilities. I argue that border regimes are not restricted to the periphery. Rather, they penetrate deep into the center into the informal spaces of the everyday. I argue that silence is a culturally learned strategy through which fear, experienced socially, can be normalized, routinized, and negotiated. I question the efficacy of truth and reconciliation commissions, as well as the drive to “speak” violence. Although the bulk of this essay relates to the production of silence during the Troubles, I extend this analysis to the present era.
Beginnings and Endings: An Autoethnographic Account of Two Zanzibari Marriages
Authors: Daly Thompson Katrina
Published: June 2017

In this autoethnographic essay, I explore my identification with a young Zanzibari woman I call Asha, whose premarital activities and wedding I took part in while doing ethnographic research on Zanzibari Muslim women's weddings and marriages in 2011. When both of our marriages ended abruptly, my relationship with Asha was severed, and I use this loss to examine why I was so invested in it to begin with. [loss, marriage, Swahili, weddings, Zanzibar]
Does the ileal brake mechanism contribute to sustained weight loss after bariatric surgery?
Authors: Barreto Savio G. , Soenen Stijn , Chisholm Jacob , Chapman Ian , Kow Lilian
Published: June 2017

Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective strategy for treating morbid obesity. Weight regain following significant weight loss, however, remains a problem, with the outcome proportional to the period of follow‐up. This review revisits a well‐established physiological neurohormonally‐mediated feedback loop, the so called ileal brake mechanism, with a special emphasis on the gut hormone peptide tyrosine tyrosine. The manuscript not only highlights the potential role of the ileal brake mechanism in weight loss and weight maintenance thereafter following obesity surgery, it also provides a compelling argument for using this appetite suppressing feedback loop to enable sustained long‐term weight loss in patients undergoing surgery for morbid obesity.
Understanding the relationship between cesarean birth and stress, anxiety, and depression after childbirth: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Chen Hung‐Hui , Lai Jerry Cheng‐Yen , Hwang Shyh‐Jou , Huang Nicole , Chou Yiing‐Jenq , Chien Li‐Yin
Published: June 2017

Background

Women who undergo cesarean birth might have an increased risk for poor mental health after childbirth, possibly because of maternal and neonatal physical problems, low parental confidence, and decreased levels of oxytocin. However, this relationship remains controversial and requires further examination. The study aimed to examine the effect of cesarean birth on postpartum stress, anxiety, and depression.

Methods

This nationwide population‐based cohort study was conducted using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. A total of 12 619 women who underwent cesarean birth and 12 619 control women who underwent vaginal birth were matched by propensity score based on age, socioeconomic status, residential urbanicity, antepartum comorbidity, and index year of delivery. We compared the incidence of stress, anxiety, and depression during the first postpartum year between cesarean and comparison groups by calculating incidence rate ratios (IRRs).

Results

The cesarean group showed a significantly higher risk for stress symptoms (IRR 1.4 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.02‐1.92]), but not anxiety (IRR 1.14 [95% CI 0.95‐1.38]) or depression (IRR 1.32 [95% CI 0.94‐1.87]), although the IRRs were also greater than one. The cesarean group had a significantly higher risk of any of the above‐listed three disorders than the comparison group (incidence 27.6 vs 23.4 per 1000 person‐years; IRR 1.18 [95% CI 1.01‐1.38]).

Conclusions

Cesarean birth was associated with an increased risk of postpartum stress symptoms. Health professionals should avoid unnecessary cesarean birth, pay attention to women who deliver by cesarean, and intervene appropriately in an attempt to improve mental health among postpartum women.
Centralisation of radical cystectomies for bladder cancer in England, a decade on from the ‘Improving Outcomes Guidance’: the case for super centralisation
Authors: Afshar Mehran , Goodfellow Henry , Jackson‐Spence Francesca , Evison Felicity , Parkin John , Bryan Richard T. , Parsons Helen , James Nicholas D. , Patel Prashant
Published: June 2017

Objective

To analyse the impact of centralisation of radical cystectomy (RC) provision for bladder cancer in England, on postoperative mortality, length of stay (LoS), complications and re‐intervention rates, from implementation of centralisation from 2003 until 2014. In 2002, UK policymakers introduced the ‘Improving Outcomes Guidance’ (IOG) for urological cancers after a global cancer surgery commission identified substantial shortcomings in provision of care of RCs. One key recommendation was centralisation of RCs to high‐output centres. No study has yet robustly analysed the changes since the introduction of the IOG, to assess a national healthcare system that has mature data on such institutional transformation.

Patients and Methods

RCs performed for bladder cancer in England between 2003/2004 and 2013/2014 were analysed from Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data. Outcomes including 30‐day, 90‐day, and 1‐year all‐cause postoperative mortality; median LoS; complication and re‐intervention rates, were calculated. Multivariable statistical analysis was undertaken to describe the relationship between each surgeon and the providers’ annual case volume and mortality.

Results

In all, 15 292 RCs were identified. The percentage of RCs performed in discordance with the IOG guidelines reduced from 65% to 12.4%, corresponding with an improvement in 30‐day mortality from 2.7% to 1.5% (P = 0.024). Procedures adhering to the IOG guidelines had better 30‐day mortality (2.1% vs 2.9%; P = 0.003) than those that did not, and better 1‐year mortality (21.5% vs 25.6%; P < 0.001), LoS (14 vs 16 days; P < 0.001), and re‐ intervention rates (30.0% vs 33.6%; P < 0.001). Each single extra surgery per centre reduced the odds of death at 30 days by 1.5% (odds ratio [OR] 0.985, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.977–0.992) and 1% at 1 year (OR 0.990, 95% CI 0.988–0.993), and significantly reduced rates of re‐intervention.

Conclusion

Centralisation has been implemented across England since the publication of the IOG guidelines in 2002. The improved outcomes shown, including that a single extra procedure per year per centre can significantly reduce mortality and re‐intervention, may serve to offer healthcare planners an evidence base to propose new guidance for further optimisation of surgical provision, and hope for other healthcare systems that such widespread institutional change is achievable and positive.
Sex differences in the regulation of porcine coronary artery tone by perivascular adipose tissue: a role of adiponectin?
Authors: Ahmad Abdulla A , Randall Michael D , Roberts Richard E
Published: June 2017

Background and Purpose

As there is sexual dimorphism in the regulation of vascular tone, the aim of this present study was to determine whether there are sex differences in perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT)‐mediated regulation of the porcine coronary artery (PCA) tone.

Experimental Approach

Isometric tension recording system was used to record changes in tone in PCAs. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the expression of adiponectin in PVAT and adiponectin receptors and adiponectin binding protein (APPL1) in PCA. The level of adiponectin released from PVAT was measured using elisa.

Key Results

In the presence of adherent PVAT, contractions to the thromboxane mimetic U46619 and endothelin‐1 were significantly reduced in PCAs from females, but not males. In PCAs pre‐contracted with U46619, re‐addition of PVAT caused relaxation in PCAs from females, but not males. This relaxant response in females was attenuated by combined inhibition of NOS (with L‐NAME) and COX (with indomethacin). Pre‐incubation with an anti‐adiponectin antibody abolished the relaxant effects of PVAT. The adiponectin receptor agonist (adipoRon) produced a greater relaxation in PCAs from females compared with males. However, there was no difference in either the expression or release of adiponectin from PVAT between sexes. Similarly, there was no difference in the expression of adiponectin receptors or the adiponectin receptor adaptor protein APPL1 in PCAs.

Conclusion and Implications

These findings demonstrate a clear sex difference in the regulation of coronary arterial tone in response to adiponectin receptor stimulation, which may underlie the anticontractile effects of PVAT in females.
Body mass index and risk of gastric cancer: A 30‐year follow‐up study in the Linxian general population trial cohort
Authors: Fan Jin‐hu , Wang Jian‐bing , Wang Shao‐ming , Abnet Christian C. , Qiao You‐lin , Taylor Philip R.
Published: June 2017

Although a number of previous studies have noted either positive or no association for body mass index (BMI) and gastric cancer risk, little evidence exists in the Chinese population. We prospectively examined the associations of BMI with risk of gastric cancer in the Linxian General Population Trial cohort, with 29 584 healthy adults enrolled in 1985 and followed through to the end of 2014. Body weight and height were measured during physical examination at baseline and BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Body mass index from 138 subjects was missing, and a total of 29 446 participants were included in the final analysis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. During 30 years of follow‐up, we confirmed 1716 newly diagnosed gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) cases and 626 new gastric non‐cardia adenocarcinoma (GNCA) cases. Overall, compared to the lowest quartile (BMI <20.32 kg/m2), subjects in the fourth quartile (BMI ≥23.31 kg/m2) subjects had lower risk of developing GNCA (hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.51–0.83). Age‐ and sex‐specific analyses showed that this protective effect was only observed in men and older (52 + years) persons. No associations were observed for BMI with GCA incidence. Higher BMI was associated with decreased risk of GNCA in this population, particularly in men and older persons. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00342654.
PENALTY STRUCTURES AND DETERRENCE IN A TWO‐STAGE MODEL: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Anderson Lisa R. , DeAngelo Gregory , Emons Winand , Freeborn Beth , Lang Hannes
Published: June 2017

Multiperiod models of criminal enforcement based on the standard economic approach of Becker (1968) generally find that the optimal penalty structure is either flat or declining. We present the first experimental test of a two‐stage theoretical model that predicts decreasing penalty structures will yield greater deterrence than increasing penalty structures. This prediction is based on the belief that if the penalty for the first offenses is sufficiently low, the agent should commit the offense and continue to offend if undetected. Our results are consistent with the theoretical prediction that decreasing fine structures are more effective at reducing risky behavior. (JEL C91, K42, K10)
Can animal habitat use patterns influence their vulnerability to extreme climate events? An estuarine sportfish case study
Authors: Boucek Ross E. , Heithaus Michael R. , Santos Rolando , Stevens Philip , Rehage Jennifer S.
Published: June 2017

Global climate forecasts predict changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events (ECEs). The capacity for specific habitat patches within a landscape to modulate stressors from extreme climate events, and animal distribution throughout habitat matrices during events, could influence the degree of population level effects following the passage of ECEs. Here, we ask (i) does the intensity of stressors of an ECE vary across a landscape? And (ii) Do habitat use patterns of a mobile species influence their vulnerability to ECEs? Specifically, we measured how extreme cold spells might interact with temporal variability in habitat use to affect populations of a tropical, estuarine‐dependent large‐bodied fish Common Snook, within Everglades National Park estuaries (FL US). We examined temperature variation across the estuary during cold disturbances with different degrees of severity, including an extreme cold spell. Second, we quantified Snook distribution patterns when the passage of ECEs is most likely to occur from 2012 to 2016 using passive acoustic tracking. Our results revealed spatial heterogeneity in the intensity of temperature declines during cold disturbances, with some habitats being consistently 3–5°C colder than others. Surprisingly, Snook distributions during periods of greatest risk to experience an extreme cold event varied among years. During the winters of 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 a greater proportion of Snook occurred in the colder habitats, while the winters of 2012–2013 and 2015–2016 featured more Snook observed in the warmest habitats. This study shows that Snook habitat use patterns could influence vulnerability to extreme cold events, however, whether Snook habitat use increases or decreases their vulnerability to disturbance depends on the year, creating temporally dynamic vulnerability. Faunal global change research should address the spatially explicit nature of extreme climate events and animal habitat use patterns to identify potential mechanisms that may influence population effects following these disturbances.
Involvement of the IgE‐basophil system and mild complement activation in haemophilia B with anti‐factor IX neutralizing antibodies and anaphylaxis
Authors: Cugno M. , Mancuso M. E. , Tedeschi A. , Santagostino E. , Lorini M. , Carbonelli V. , Peyvandi F. , Mannucci P. M.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Patients with haemophilia B who develop factor IX (FIX) neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors) after FIX infusion are at high risk of hypersensitivity reactions upon FIX re‐exposure, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood.

Aim

To investigate biomechanisms of FIX hypersensitivity.

Methods

A cellular antigen stimulation test (CAST) was employed to evaluate leukotriene C4 (LTC4) release from basophils stimulated by FIX in three treated children with haemophilia B, one of whom developed FIX inhibitor and experienced anaphylaxis following FIX re‐exposure. Anti‐FIX IgE and IgG antibodies and markers of complement activation (C5b9, C3d and iC3b) were measured in plasma, the last also after FIX infusion. Ten healthy children served as controls.

Results

The patient who developed anti‐FIX inhibitors and anaphylaxis had a nonsense mutation in FIX gene (p.Arg298Stop) and, compared to controls, had higher plasma levels of specific anti‐FIX IgE (2.285 vs 0.084 OD492 nm), with marked LTC4 release from his FIX‐stimulated basophils (519.8 vs 39.9 pg/mL). Further, he had higher plasma levels of anti‐FIX IgG of all the four subclasses (total IgG 1.180 vs 0.120 OD492 nm) with FIX neutralizing activity (1.5 BU); mild complement activation occurred during FIX‐induced anaphylaxis (C5b9 increased from 258.5 to 351.1 ng/mL). The same parameters were normal in the two patients who tolerated FIX infusion.

Conclusion

In the patient with haemophilia B who experienced anaphylaxis after FIX, but not in the patients with haemophilia B who tolerated FIX, the CAST assay showed FIX‐induced LTC4 release, which was associated with high plasma levels of specific anti‐FIX IgE and IgG antibodies.
Comparison of efficacy of low‐carbohydrate and low‐fat diet education programs in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Jang Eun Chul , Jun Dae Won , Lee Seung Min , Cho Yong kyun , Ahn Sang Bong
Published: June 2017

Aim

Composition of macronutrients is important in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Diet education programs that mainly emphasize reducing fat consumption have been used for NAFLD patients. We compared the efficacy of conventional low‐fat diet education with low‐carbohydrate diet education in Korean NAFLD patients.

Methods

One hundred and six NAFLD patients were randomly allocated to low‐fat diet education or low‐carbohydrate education groups for 8 weeks. Liver chemistry, liver / spleen ratio, and visceral fat using abdominal tomography were measured.

Results

Intrahepatic fat accumulation decreased significantly in the low‐carbohydrate group compared to low‐fat group (liver/spleen 0.85 vs. 0.92, P < 0.05). Normalization of ALT activity at week 8 was 38.5% for the low‐carbohydrate and 16.7% for the low‐fat group (P = 0.016). Not only liver enzyme, but also low density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood pressure levels significantly decreased in the low‐carbohydrate group. Total energy intake was also further decreased in the low‐carbohydrate group compared to the low‐fat group. Although body weight changes were not different between the two groups, the carbohydrate group had a lower total abdominal fat amount.

Conclusions

A low‐carbohydrate diet program is more realistic and effective in reducing total energy intake and hepatic fat content in Korean NAFLD patients. This trial is registered with the National Research Institute of Health: KCT0000970 (https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/index.jsp).
MYB,MYBL1,MYBL2 and NFIB gene alterations and MYC overexpression in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma
Authors: Fujii Kana , Murase Takayuki , Beppu Shintaro , Saida Kosuke , Takino Hisashi , Masaki Ayako , Ijichi Kei , Kusafuka Kimihide , Iida Yoshiyuki , Onitsuka Tetsuro , Yatabe Yasushi , Hanai Nobuhiro , Hasegawa Yasuhisa , Inagaki Hiroshi
Published: June 2017

Aims

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is one of the most common salivary gland malignancies and the long‐term prognosis is poor. In this study, we examined alterations of AdCC‐associated genes, MYB, MYBL1, MYBL2 and NFIB, and their target molecules, including MYC. The results were correlated to clinicopathological profile of the patients.

Methods and results

Using paraffin tumour sections from 33 cases of salivary gland AdCC, we performed a detailed fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) analysis for gene splits and fusions of MYB, MYBL1, MYBL2 and NFIB. We found that 29 of 33 (88%) AdCC cases showed gene splits in either MYB, MYBL1 or NFIB. None of the cases showed an MYBL2 gene alteration. AdCCs were divided genetically into six gene groups, MYB–NFIB (n = 16), MYB–X (n = 4), MYBL1–NFIB (n = 2), MYBL1–X (n = 1), NFIB–X (n = 6) and gene‐split‐negative (n = 4). AdCC patients showing the MYB or MYBL1 gene splits were associated with microscopically positive surgical margins (P = 0.0148) and overexpression of MYC (P = 0.0164). MYC expression was detected in both ductal and myoepithelial tumour cells, and MYC overexpression was associated with shorter disease‐free survival of the patients (P = 0.0268).

Conclusions

The present study suggests that (1) nearly 90% of AdCCs may have gene alterations of either MYB, MYBL1 or NFIB, suggesting the diagnostic utility of the FISH assay, (2) MYB or MYBL1 gene splits may be associated with local aggressiveness of the tumours and overexpression of MYC, which is one of the oncogenic MYB/MYBL1 targets and (3) MYC overexpression may be a risk factor for disease‐free survival in AdCC.
Infants’ Speed Discrimination: Effects of Different Ratios and Spatial Orientations
Authors: Möhring Wenke , Liu Ruizhe , Libertus Melissa E.
Published: June 2017

This study addressed the question whether 6‐month‐olds’ speed discrimination is ratio dependent and whether an oblique effect (i.e., more accurate discrimination of cardinally as opposed to obliquely oriented objects) affects their speed discrimination skills. Infants were habituated to visual displays showing a ball moving with constant speed and tested with the familiar and a novel speed in the test phase. This ball moved either on a cardinally or obliquely oriented trajectory. Irrespective of orientation, infants looked longer at the novel speed when speeds differed by a ratio of 1:2, whereas they looked indiscriminable at the novel and familiar speeds when they differed by a ratio of 2:3. Our results show remarkable parallels to infants’ ratio‐dependent discrimination behavior in other domains (time, distance, and number), implying that different magnitudes may be processed by the same underlying mechanism. However, our findings also indicate that speed discrimination was not influenced by spatial orientation in a similar way as has been found for other visual perceptual processes.
Executive Compensation and Ethnic Minority Status
Authors: Guest Paul M.
Published: June 2017

We examine the compensation of ethnic minority executives in listed U.S. firms. The total pay of African American executives is 9 percent lower than that earned by Caucasians. This is due to lower base salary, lower bonus, and lower restricted stock grants. The lower bonus is due to a lower sensitivity to above‐average firm performance. African Americans also earn significantly less on the exercise of stock options, increasing the pay gap to 17 percent for total ex‐post pay. In contrast to African Americans, the compensation of Hispanic and Asian executives is comparable to Caucasians.
Missional Formation at the Evangelical Seminary of Theology in Matanzas, Cuba
Authors: Ham Carlos E.
Published: June 2017

The author points out that Cuba is going through a special kairos, a time of transition, where (a) civil society is becoming increasingly active in the Cuban economy; (b) Cuban society is still in the process of digesting the meaning of the normalization of relations with the United States; and finally (c) the churches and religion in general are playing a more dynamic role in Cuban society. The author, on behalf of the hosting institution, the Evangelical Seminary of Theology in Matanzas, Cuba, reflects on the theme of the Commission on World Mission and Evangelism consultation, after making reference to the historical development of missiological training in its 70 years of existence.
The World Mission Conference 2018: An Approach from Germany
Authors: Anders Christoph
Published: June 2017

World Mission Conferences (WMC) have always included missionary calls and an analysis of the present‐day situation, and frequently have provided important input for the debate on the mission of the churches throughout the world and in Germany. The upcoming WMC in Arusha, Tanzania, therefore raises high expectations. The following considerations attempt to sketch the subject in the context of the situation in the German church and society and to point to possible links with what is known about the programme of the WMC.
Theological Education for a Religiously Radicalized World: An African Pentecostal Assist
Authors: Bangura Joseph Bosco
Published: June 2017

The resurgence of Pentecostal Christianity at a time of increased religious radicalization in Africa is a disconcerting development. This problem is further compounded by the dearth of analytical research that explores the role theological education should play in preparing Pentecostalism to engage a religiously radicalized Africa. This paper offers a response in three ways: first, it reviews the legacy of missionary theological education and offers an overview of religion and state relations in Africa. Second, it discusses theological education and the implications of the rise of Pentecostalism in a context of religious radicalization. Third, it outlines how theological education could be reinvigorated to enable Pentecostalism to confront the challenges of religious radicalization in Africa. The paper concludes that theological education is a compelling stimulus that enables African Pentecostalism to promote peaceful coexistence and tolerance in ways that bear witness to the gospel of peace as well as reflect the African agency of faith.
Does a blood pressure J curve exist for patients with chronic kidney disease?
Authors: Robles Nicolás Roberto , Hernandez‐Gallego Roman , Fici Francesco , Grassi Guido
Published: June 2017

Aggressive reduction of blood pressure may increase cardiovascular events (the J‐curve phenomenon) in certain populations. In this regard, most studies in patients with chronic kidney disease have shown a J curve for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and this phenomenon persists after adjusting for confounding factors. Since there is no evidence that a straighter blood pressure target (<130/70 mm Hg) could improve renal outcomes, the increased cardiovascular risk associated with extreme blood pressure reduction should be seen as undesirable. Moreover, the intensive control of blood pressure may induce an unintended reduction of renal function and this decrease, in turn, may increase cardiovascular risk.
Hypostomus sertanejo (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), new armoured catfish species from north‐eastern Brazil
Authors: Zawadzki C. H. , Ramos T. P. A. , Sabaj M.
Published: June 2017

A re‐evaluation of the armoured catfish species of Hypostomus in the Rio Jaguaribe, north‐eastern Brazil, was prompted by the discovery of specimens with pale spots on a dark background collected from that basin c. 1936 and deposited at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Recent field collections in the Rio Jarguaribe basin confirmed the presence of the pale‐spotted specimens and its distinctiveness as a new species. Hypostomus sertanejo n. sp. is diagnosed from other species of Hypostomus by having fins and dermal‐plated regions of head and body with pale spots or vermiculations on darker background, teeth slender, asymmetrically bicuspid and numerous (34–75) on dentary and premaxilla, depressed dorsal‐fin spine not reaching adipose spine, unbranched pectoral‐fin spine longer than unbranched pelvic‐fin ray, seven branched dorsal‐fin rays and one (rarely two) predorsal plate(s) bordering supraoccipital. Ancistrus salgadae Fowler 1941 is hypothesized to be a junior synonym of Hypostomus carvalhoi (Miranda‐Ribeiro, 1937), a dark‐spotted Hypostomus described from the Rio Granjeiro, a tributary to the upper Rio Salgado.
Diets and trophic guilds of small fishes from coastal marine habitats in western Taiwan
Authors: Egan J. P. , Chew U.‐S. , Kuo C.‐H. , Villarroel‐Diaz V. , Hundt P. J. , Iwinski N. G. , Hammer M. P. , Simons A. M.
Published: June 2017

The diets and trophic guilds of small fishes were examined along marine sandy beaches and in estuaries at depths <1·5 m in western Taiwan, Republic of China. Copepods were the most frequently identified item in fish guts, indicating they are key prey for the fish assemblages studied. Piscivore, crustacivore, detritivore, omnivore, zooplanktivore and terrestrial invertivore trophic guilds were identified. The zooplanktivore guild contained the most fish species. Maximum prey size consumption was positively correlated with standard length (LS) in seven species and at the assemblage level and negatively correlated with LS in a single detritivorous species. The diet data and trophic guild scheme produced by this study contribute to an understanding of coastal marine food webs and can inform ecosystem‐based fisheries management.
Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
Authors: Goldstein Felicia C. , Steenland Kyle , Zhao Liping , Wharton Whitney , Levey Allan I. , Hajjar Ihab
Published: June 2017

Objectives

To examine the risk associated with the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) of conversion to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia, and specifically Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Design

Observational, longitudinal study.

Setting

Tertiary academic Alzheimer's Disease Centers funded by the National Institute on Aging.

Participants

Research volunteers aged 50 and older with two to six annual visits; 884 were taking PPIs at every visit, 1,925 took PPIs intermittently, and 7,677 never reported taking PPIs. All had baseline normal cognition or MCI.

Measurements

Multivariable Cox regression analyses evaluated the association between PPI use and annual conversion of baseline normal cognition to MCI or dementia or annual conversion of baseline MCI to dementia, controlling for demographic characteristics, vascular comorbidities, mood, and use of anticholinergics and histamine‐2 receptor antagonists.

Results

Continuous (always vs never) PPI use was associated with lower risk of decline in cognitive function (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) =0.66–0.93, P = .005) and lower risk of conversion to MCI or AD (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.69–0.98, P = .03). Intermittent use was also associated with lower risk of decline in cognitive function (HR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.76–0.93, P = .001) and risk of conversion to MCI or AD (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.74–0.91, P = .001). This lower risk was found for persons with normal cognition or MCI.

Conclusion

Proton pump inhibitors were not associated with greater risk of dementia or of AD, in contrast to recent reports. Study limitations include reliance on self‐reported PPI use and lack of dispensing data. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these results to guide empirically based clinical treatment recommendations.
Telehealth in paediatric surgery: Accuracy of clinical decisions made by videoconference
Authors: Brownlee Grace L , Caffery Liam J , McBride Craig A , Patel Bhaveshkumar , Smith Anthony C
Published: June 2017

Aim

Telehealth is a useful method of providing specialist consultation to a geographically diverse population. Canadian studies of telehealth for paediatric surgery demonstrate good accuracy, but have low numbers of cryptorchid patients in their cohorts. Our aim was to confirm Canadian studies for our cohort and to assess accuracy regarding cryptorchidism.

Methods

We conducted a cohort study of patients seen via paediatric surgical telehealth over a 12‐month period, to determine accuracy of telediagnosis with respect to face‐to‐face diagnosis and plan.

Results

A total of 183 children had 224 videoconferences, resulting in 74 surgical bookings. There was high diagnostic concordance, except for undescended testes. One discharged patient, and two patients booked for review, have subsequently required an orchidopexy (false negatives). Of 15 patients booked for surgery, three did not require an operation (false positives). Other patients had their procedures upgraded (from open to laparoscopic) or downgraded (from laparoscopic to open) due to inaccuracies in far‐end assessment.

Conclusion

Telehealth for paediatric surgery is accurate for most conditions seen, but for cryptorchidism there are significant concerns.
A multi‐state initiative to implement pediatric oral health in primary care practice and clinical education
Authors: Silk Hugh , Sachs Leicher Ellen , Alvarado Veronica , Cote Elizabeth , Cote Susan
Published: June 2017

Objectives

To implement and study the effect of improving pediatric oral health by training primary care practices and training programs.

Method

In six New England States, primary care practices and clinical training programs (medical schools, residencies, physician assistant programs) were recruited and trained to incorporate pediatric oral health into medical practice. We measured the results of varying practice recruitment approaches and measured training outcomes based on self‐reported implementation and state reported EPSDT CMS oral health claims.

Results

We trained 415 practices across six states with a 74 percent average retention rate of providing services at 6 months. This resulted in 136,963 preventive oral health services (fluoride varnish, oral health assessment, or screening). Thirty‐five of 52 health education programs established pediatric oral health curricula. The average cost of recruitment, training, and follow‐up for an office or an educational program is approximately $1,000/site.

Conclusion

We have created an enduring infrastructure and model for primary care practices and education programs for training in pediatric oral health.
Myosotis wumengensis sp. nov. (Boraginaceae) from central Yunnan, southwest China
Authors: Hao Jia‐Chen , Liu Quan‐Ru , Gong Yan‐Xiong , Wei Lai
Published: June 2017

Myosotis wumengensis, a distinct new species endemic to Yunnan Province, China, is described and illustrated. The new species differs from all Myosotis species in China by having exserted anthers and a long corolla tube. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the generic position of the new species. In addition, the pollen morphology of the new species is described.
Interactive pediatric emergency checklists to the palm of your hand ‐ How the Pedi Crisis App traveled around the world
Authors: Gálvez Jorge A. , Lockman Justin L. , Schleelein Laura E. , Simpao Allan F. , Ahumada Luis M. , Wolf Bryan A. , Shah Maully J. , Heitmiller Eugenie , Rehman Mohamed
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

Cognitive aids help clinicians manage critical events and have been shown to improve outcomes by providing critical information at the point of care. Critical event guidelines, such as the Society of Pediatric Anesthesia's Critical Events Checklists described in this article, can be distributed globally via interactive smartphone apps. From October 1, 2013 to January 1, 2014, we performed an observational study to determine the global distribution and utilization patterns of the Pedi Crisis cognitive aid app that the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia developed. We analyzed distribution and utilization metrics of individuals using Pedi Crisis on iOS (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA) devices worldwide. We used Google Analytics software (Google Inc., Mountain View, CA) to monitor users’ app activity (eg, screen views, user sessions).

Methods

The primary outcome measurement was the number of user‐sessions and geographic locations of Pedi Crisis user sessions. Each user was defined by the use of a unique Apple ID on an iOS device.

Results

Google Analytics correlates session activity with geographic location based on local Internet service provider logs. Pedi Crisis had 1 252 active users (both new and returning) and 4 140 sessions across 108 countries during the 3‐month study period. Returning users used the app longer and viewed significantly more screens that new users (mean screen views: new users 1.3 [standard deviation +/−1.09, 95% confidence interval 1.22‐1.55]; returning users 7.6 [standard deviation +/−4.19, 95% confidence interval 6.73—8.39]P<.01)

Conclusions

Pedi Crisis was used worldwide within days of its release and sustained utilization beyond initial publication. The proliferation of handheld electronic devices provides a unique opportunity for professional societies to improve the worldwide dissemination of guidelines and evidence‐based cognitive aids.
Evidential holism
Authors: Morrison Joe
Published: June 2017

Evidential holism begins with something like the claim that “it is only jointly as a theory that scientific statements imply their observable consequences.” This is the holistic claim that Elliott Sober tells us is an “unexceptional observation” (1993: 35). But variations on this “unexceptional” claim feature as a premise in a series of controversial arguments for radical conclusions, such as: that there is no analytic or synthetic distinction; that the meaning of a sentence cannot be understood without understanding the whole language of which it is a part; that all knowledge is empirical knowledge (there is no a priori knowledge). This paper is a survey of what evidential holism is, how plausible it is, and what consequences it has. Section 2 will distinguish a range of different holistic claims, Sections 3 and 4 explore how well motivated they are and how they relate to one another, and Section 5 returns to the arguments listed above and uses the distinctions from the previous sections to identify holism's role in each case.
Long‐term measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence using the JIP‐test show that combined abiotic stresses influence the photosynthetic performance of the perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in a managed temperate grassland
Authors: Digrado Anthony , Bachy Aurélie , Mozaffar Ahsan , Schoon Niels , Bussotti Filippo , Amelynck Crist , Dalcq Anne‐Catherine , Fauconnier Marie‐Laure , Aubinet Marc , Heinesch Bernard , du Jardin Patrick , Delaplace Pierre
Published: June 2017

Several experiments have highlighted the complexity of stress interactions involved in plant response. The impact in field conditions of combined environmental constraints on the mechanisms involved in plant photosynthetic response, however, remains understudied. In a long‐term field study performed in a managed grassland, we investigated the photosynthetic apparatus response of the perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) to environmental constraints and its ability to recover and acclimatize. Frequent field measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) were made in order to determine the photosynthetic performance response of a population of L. perenne. Strong midday declines in the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (FVFM) were observed in summer, when a combination of heat and high light intensity increased photosynthetic inhibition. During this period, increase in photosystem I (PSI) activity efficiency was also recorded, suggesting an increase in the photochemical pathway for de‐excitation in summer. Strong climatic events (e.g. heat waves) were shown to reduce electron transport between photosystem II (PSII) and PSI. This reduction might have preserved the PSI from photo‐oxidation. Periods of low soil moisture and high levels of sun irradiance increased PSII sensitivity to heat stress, suggesting increased susceptibility to combined environmental constraints. Despite the multiple inhibitions of photosynthetic functionality in summer, the L. perenne population showed increased PSII tolerance to environmental stresses in August. This might have been a response to earlier environmental constraints. It could also be linked to the selection and/or emergence of well‐adapted individuals.
Chronological change and the potential of recovery on the photosynthetic efficiency of Pyropia yezoensis f. narawaensis (Bangiales) during the sporelings frozen storage treatment in the Japanese Nori cultivation
Authors: Watanabe Yuki , Morikawa Tarou , Mine Takayuki , Kawamura Yoshio , Nishihara Gregory N. , Terada Ryuta
Published: June 2017

The chronological change of photosynthetic efficiency in a frozen storage treatment of the Japanese Nori cultivation industry was examined in the cultivated red alga, Pyropia yezoensis f. narawaensis (Saga‐#5 Strain, Bangiales) by using pulse‐amplitude fluorometry. During the desiccation process that was conducted after the nursery cultivation season in November, the maximum quantum yield (F
v/F
m) of the gametophytic sporelings growing on the Nori‐net decreased monotonically with decreasing absolute water content (AWC), and was around 0.1 at 20% AWC. During frozen storage of the Nori‐net, the F
v/F
m of the frozen gametophyte was low but stable, and ranged between 0.10 ± 0.02 SD and 0.14 ± 0.05 SD. The magnitude of F
v/F
m for the gametophyte of the freezing treatment, after 10 min and 3 h of immersion in seawater, recovered quickly. After 10 min and 3 h of immersion, these values were 0.29 ± 0.12 SD and 0.47 ± 0.05 SD during the 14 days of freezing treatment, and 0.15 ± 0.02 SD and 0.29 ± 0.04 SD after 71 days of freezing treatment, and suggest that the ability to recover gradually decreased as the storage duration increased. The response of F
v/F
m from general cultivation (i.e., directly cultivated from the nursery cultivation season) and those after 47 days of freezing were almost identical, suggesting that the current Nori
‐net frozen storage period (6 or 7 weeks) was not detrimental to the gametophyte.
Culture Clash? Predictors of Views on Amenity‐Led Development and Community Involvement in Rural Recreation Counties
Authors: Ulrich‐Schad Jessica D. , Qin Hua
Published: June 2017

Development is contentious in high‐amenity rural areas experiencing migration‐driven population growth. While some residents welcome the associated economic, demographic, and social changes, others resist these changes. Using survey data, we examine the predictors of views on amenity‐led development in rural recreation counties across the United States, including to what extent there is evidence of a “culture clash,” that is, whether values and attitudes of new and long‐term residents differ about local development issues as is often assumed. In addition, we examine whether attitudes toward development impact an important community outcome—residents’ involvement in their community. We find that development broadly speaking is a divisive issue in rural recreation areas and that there is evidence for a culture clash over development. Newer residents are less likely to see development as a problem in their community than long‐term residents, yet more likely to think existing rules to restrict development are good, providing mixed support for the “gangplank” hypothesis. We find that those who see development as a problem are more likely to be involved in local organizations. This research provides a better understanding of views of development in rural recreation counties and evidence of how these attitudes matter in broader community outcomes.