Using Pore Former to Improve Performance of Anode Catalyst Layer of a PEM Water Electrolyzer
Authors: Mandal Manas , Secanell Marc 
Published: December 2020

Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) performance mostly depends on the catalyst layer (CL) composition and microstructure. The CL microstructure is influenced by catalyst ink composition and fabrication process [1]. Due to the use of an unsupported catalyst (IrOx) in PEMWE, the porosity of the CL is low, resulting in a low CL surface area and high activation loss. By increasing the porosity of the CL, it is hypothesized that more catalyst surface area will be exposed to the reactant and electrolyte. One method to increase the CL porosity is to use pore formers (PF): sacrificial particles that are added to the ink and then removed after CL fabrication, leaving additional pores. Limited work has been done on the use of PF in fuel cell applications [2–6] which resulted in an increase of the porosity [3,5] and the surface area [2–4]. No work has been done using PF in PEMWE application. In this study, a PF is used to study the effect of PF addition on PEMWE microstructure and performance.

In order to fabricate the catalyst coated membranes (CCMs), an anode catalyst ink was prepared by dispersing IrOx powder (Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo, ELC-0110) and PF in a dispersion media as described in ref. [7]. The PF to IrOx volume ratio was varied between 0 to 0.25 (Table 1). The ionomer content was kept constant at 35 %wt. The cathode ink was prepared using the method and material described in ref. [8]. The CCMs were prepared by inkjet printing method as described in ref. [7] with catalyst loading as shown in Table 1.

One CCM for each PF to IrOx volume ratio was tested and the results are reported. The effect of the PF on the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). ECSA was estimated, after conditioning and obtaining nine polarization curves, using the method developed by Tan et al. [9]. The average ECSA of CCM-0.1 is increased by 57 % compared to the CCM-0 after nine polarization curves as shown in Figure 1b and Table 1. While CCM-0.1 shows the highest ECSA, a similar improvement is not seen from CCM-0.25, indicating that the removal of PF is having an impact beyond increasing the ECSA. To study the electrode performance without the effect of varying loading between electrodes, the normalized electrochemical performance with respect to IrOx loading is compared in Figure 1a. CCM-0.1 exhibits the highest performance and shows an improvement of 30 and 80 mV at 2 A/mg compared to the CCM-0.25 and CCM-0 respectively. The cell voltage decreased with an increase in the PF to IrOx volume ratio from 0 to 0.1. When the ratio increased further to 0.25, the cell voltage increased, showing an optimum cell voltage at 0.1 PF to IrOx volume ratio which is in line with the estimated ECSA. The PF has a complex impact on the CL microstructure. These preliminary results indicate that the PEMWE performance can be improved by using PF, and that there might be an optimal PF content.

K.-H. Kim, K.-Y. Lee, H.-J. Kim, E. Cho, S.-Y. Lee, T.-H. Lim, S. P. Yoon, I. C. Hwang and J. H. Jang, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 35, 2119 (2010).

Y. Song, Y. Wei, H. Xu, M. Williams, Y. Liu, L. J. Bonville, H. R. Kunz and J. M. Fenton, J. Power Sources, 141, 250 (2005).

T. V. Reshetenko, H.-T. Kim and H.-J. Kweon, J. Power Sources, 171, 433 (2007).

Q. Huang, J. Jiang, J. Chai, T. Yuan, H. Zhang, Z. Zou, X. Zhang and H. Yang, J. Power Sources, 262, 213 (2014).

A. Fischer, J. Jindra and H. Wendt, J. Appl. Electrochem., 28, 277 (1998).

Y.-H. Cho, N. Jung, Y. S. Kang, D. Y. Chung, J. W. Lim, H. Choe, Y.-H. Cho and Y.-E. Sung, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 37, 11969 (2012).

M. Mandal, A. Valls, N. Gangnus and M. Secanell, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, F543 (2018).

S. Shukla, K. Domican, K. Karan, S. Bhattacharjee and M. Secanell, Electrochimica Acta, 156, 289 (2015).

X. Tan, J. Shen, N. Semagina and M. Secanell, J. Catal., 371, 57 (2019).

Figure 1