bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dermal Delivery of Constructs Encoding Cre Recombinase to Induce Skin Tumors in PtenLoxP/LoxP;BrafCA/+ Mice
Authors: Deken Marcel , Song Ji-Ying , Gadiot Jules , Bins Adriaan , Kroon Paula , Verbrugge Inge , Blank Christian
Published: December 2016

Current genetically-engineered mouse melanoma models are often based on Tyr::CreERT2-controlled MAPK pathway activation by the BRAFV600E mutation and PI3K pathway activation by loss of PTEN. The major drawback of these models is the occurrence of spontaneous tumors caused by leakiness of the Tyr::CreERT2 system, hampering long-term experiments. To address this problem, we investigated several approaches to optimally provide local delivery of Cre recombinase, including injection of lentiviral particles, DNA tattoo administration and particle-mediated gene transfer, to induce melanomas in PtenLoxP/LoxP;BrafCA/+ mice lacking the Tyr::CreERT2 allele. We found that dermal delivery of the Cre recombinase gene under the control of a non-specific CAG promoter induced the formation of melanomas, but also keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinomas. Delivery of Cre recombinase DNA under the control of melanocyte-specific promoters in PtenLoxP/LoxP;BrafCA/+ mice resulted in sole melanoma induction. The growth rate and histological features of the induced tumors were similar to 4-hydroxytamoxifen-induced tumors in Tyr::CreERT2;PtenLoxP/LoxP;BrafCA/+ mice, while the onset of spontaneous tumors was prevented completely. These novel induction methods will allow long-term experiments in mouse models of skin malignancies.
Neuropeptide Y1 Receptor Regulates Glucocorticoid-Induced Inhibition of Osteoblast Differentiation in Murine MC3T3-E1 Cells via ERK Signaling
Authors: Yu Wei , Zhu Chao , Xu Wenning , Jiang Leisheng , Jiang Shengdan
Published: December 2016

High dose glucocorticoid (GC) administration impairs the viability and function of osteoblasts, thus causing osteoporosis and osteonecrosis. Neuropeptide Y1 receptor (Y1 receptor) is expressed in bone tissues and cells, and regulates bone remodeling. However, the role of Y1 receptor in glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of osteoblast differentiation remains unknown. In the present study, osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium was treated with or without of 10−7 M dexamethasone (Dex), Y1 receptor shRNA interference, Y1 receptor agonist [Leu31, Pro34]-NPY, and antagonist BIBP3226. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and cleaved caspase expression, respectively. Osteoblast differentiation was evaluated by Alizarin Red S staining and osteogenic marker gene expressions. Protein expression was detected by Western blot analysis. Dex upregulated the expression of Y1 receptor in MC3T3-E1 cells associated with reduced osteogenic gene expressions and mineralization. Blockade of Y1 receptor by shRNA transfection and BIBP3226 significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Dex on osteoblastic activity. Y1 receptor signaling modulated the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) as well as the expressions of osteogenic genes. Y1 receptor agonist inhibited ERK phosphorylation and osteoblast differentiation, while Y1 receptor blockade exhibited the opposite effects. Activation of ERK signaling by constitutive active mutant of MEK1 (caMEK) abolished Y1 receptor-mediated Dex inhibition of osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Taken together, Y1 receptor regulates Dex-induced inhibition of osteoblast differentiation in murine MC3T3-E1 cells via ERK signaling. This study provides a novel role of Y1 receptor in the process of GC-induced suppression in osteoblast survival and differentiation.
Indoxyl Sulfate as a Mediator Involved in Dysregulation of Pulmonary Aquaporin-5 in Acute Lung Injury Caused by Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Yabuuchi Nozomi , Sagata Masataka , Saigo Chika , Yoneda Go , Yamamoto Yuko , Nomura Yui , Nishi Kazuhiko , Fujino Rika , Jono Hirofumi , Saito Hideyuki
Published: December 2016

High mortality of acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with acute lung injury (ALI), which is a typical complication of AKI. Although it is suggested that dysregulation of lung salt and water channels following AKI plays a pivotal role in ALI, the mechanism of its dysregulation has not been elucidated. Here, we examined the involvement of a typical oxidative stress-inducing uremic toxin, indoxyl sulfate (IS), in the dysregulation of the pulmonary predominant water channel, aquaporin 5 (AQP-5), in bilateral nephrectomy (BNx)-induced AKI model rats. BNx evoked AKI with the increases in serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum IS levels and exhibited thickening of interstitial tissue in the lung. Administration of AST-120, clinically-used oral spherical adsorptive carbon beads, resulted in a significant decrease in serum IS level and thickening of interstitial tissue, which was accompanied with the decreases in IS accumulation in various tissues, especially lung. Interestingly, a significant decrease in AQP-5 expression of lung was observed in BNx rats. Moreover, the BNx-induced decrease in pulmonary AQP-5 protein expression was markedly restored by oral administration of AST-120. These results suggest that BNx-induced AKI causes dysregulation of pulmonary AQP-5 expression, in which IS could play a toxico-physiological role as a mediator involved in renopulmonary crosstalk.
Cancer’s Achilles’ Heel: Apoptosis and Necroptosis to the Rescue
Authors: Dasgupta Atreyi , Nomura Motonari , Shuck Ryan , Yustein Jason
Published: December 2016

Apoptosis, and the more recently discovered necroptosis, are two avenues of programmed cell death. Cancer cells survive by evading these two programs, driven by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. While traditional therapy using small molecular inhibitors and chemotherapy are continuously being utilized, a new and exciting approach is actively underway by identifying and using synergistic relationship between driver and rescue genes in a cancer cell. Through these synthetic lethal relationships, we are gaining tremendous insights into tumor vulnerabilities and specific molecular avenues for induction of programmed cell death. In this review, we briefly discuss the two cell death processes and cite examples of such synergistic manipulations for therapeutic purposes.
A Review of Analytical Techniques and Their Application in Disease Diagnosis in Breathomics and Salivaomics Research
Authors: Beale David , Jones Oliver , Karpe Avinash , Dayalan Saravanan , Oh Ding , Kouremenos Konstantinos , Ahmed Warish , Palombo Enzo
Published: December 2016

The application of metabolomics to biological samples has been a key focus in systems biology research, which is aimed at the development of rapid diagnostic methods and the creation of personalized medicine. More recently, there has been a strong focus towards this approach applied to non-invasively acquired samples, such as saliva and exhaled breath. The analysis of these biological samples, in conjunction with other sample types and traditional diagnostic tests, has resulted in faster and more reliable characterization of a range of health disorders and diseases. As the sampling process involved in collecting exhaled breath and saliva is non-intrusive as well as comparatively low-cost and uses a series of widely accepted methods, it provides researchers with easy access to the metabolites secreted by the human body. Owing to its accuracy and rapid nature, metabolomic analysis of saliva and breath (known as salivaomics and breathomics, respectively) is a rapidly growing field and has shown potential to be effective in detecting and diagnosing the early stages of numerous diseases and infections in preclinical studies. This review discusses the various collection and analyses methods currently applied in two of the least used non-invasive sample types in metabolomics, specifically their application in salivaomics and breathomics research. Some of the salient research completed in this field to date is also assessed and discussed in order to provide a basis to advocate their use and possible future scientific directions.
Cannabidiol Modulates the Expression of Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Genes in Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Libro Rosaliana , Diomede Francesca , Scionti Domenico , Piattelli Adriano , Grassi Gianpaolo , Pollastro Federica , Bramanti Placido , Mazzon Emanuela , Trubiani Oriana
Published: December 2016

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising tool for the treatment of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The main neuropathological hallmarks of AD are senile plaques, composed of amyloid beta (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles, formed by hyperphosphorylated tau. However, current therapies for AD have shown limited efficacy. In this study, we evaluated whether pre-treatment with cannabidiol (CBD), at 5 μM concentration, modulated the transcriptional profile of MSCs derived from gingiva (GMSCs) in order to improve their therapeutic potential, by performing a transcriptomic analysis by the next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform. By comparing the expression profiles between GMSCs treated with CBD (CBD-GMSCs) and control GMSCs (CTR-GMSCs), we found that CBD led to the downregulation of genes linked to AD, including genes coding for the kinases responsible of tau phosphorylation and for the secretases involved in Aβ generation. In parallel, immunocytochemistry analysis has shown that CBD inhibited the expression of GSK3β, a central player in AD pathogenesis, by promoting PI3K/Akt signalling. In order to understand through which receptor CBD exerted these effects, we have performed pre-treatments with receptor antagonists for the cannabinoid receptors (SR141716A and AM630) or for the vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPVI). Here, we have proved that TRPV1 was able to mediate the modulatory effect of CBD on the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β axis. In conclusion, we have found that pre-treatment with CBD prevented the expression of proteins potentially involved in tau phosphorylation and Aβ production in GMSCs. Therefore, we suggested that GMSCs preconditioned with CBD possess a molecular profile that might be more beneficial for the treatment of AD.
Film Cooling Effectiveness Downstream of Trailing Edge Slots Including Cutback Surface Protuberances
Authors: Wong Tsun , Ireland Peter , Self Kevin
Published: December 2016

The trailing edge of the high pressure turbine blade and vane presents significant challenges to the turbine cooling engineer. The current research has focused specifically on the effect of cutback surface protuberance, or “land”, shapes on film cooling effectiveness. A set of six different land geometries has been investigated in a large scale model of the trailing edge pressure side ejection slot exit. Slot height and width and lip height was maintained. Pressure sensitive paint was used to measure adiabatic film cooling effectiveness at five blowing ratios ranging from 0.6 to 1.4 in increments of 0.2. High-resolution full surface distributions of film cooling effectiveness both on the cutback surface and the top of the lands were recorded. It was found that tapering the lands did not significantly increase effectiveness on the lands and slightly reduced effectiveness near the lands. Using a diffuser shape improved average effectiveness greatly and gave the best overall performance up to the end of the lands except at the lowest blowing ratio of 0.6, where having no lands was slightly better.
Symmetries, Information and Monster Groups before and after the Big Bang
Authors: Tozzi Arturo , Peters James
Published: December 2016

The Monster group, the biggest of the sporadic groups, is equipped with the highest known number of dimensions and symmetries. Taking into account variants of the Borsuk–Ulam theorem and a novel topological approach cast in a physical fashion that has the potential to be operationalized, the universe can be conceived as a lower-dimensional manifold encompassed in the Monster group. Our universe might arise from spontaneous dimension decrease and symmetry breaking that occur inside the very structure of the Monster Module. We elucidate how the energetic loss caused by projection from higher to lower dimensions and by the Monster group’s non-abelian features is correlated with the present-day asymmetry in the thermodynamic arrow. By linking the Monster Module to its theoretical physical counterparts, it is then possible to calculate its enthalpy and Lie group trajectories. Our approach also reveals how a symmetry break might lead to a universe based on multi-dimensional string theories and CFT/AdS (anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory) correspondence.
Interactive Graph Layout of a Million Nodes
Authors: Mi Peng , Sun Maoyuan , Masiane Moeti , Cao Yong , North Chris
Published: December 2016

Sensemaking of large graphs, specifically those with millions of nodes, is a crucial task in many fields. Automatic graph layout algorithms, augmented with real-time human-in-the-loop interaction, can potentially support sensemaking of large graphs. However, designing interactive algorithms to achieve this is challenging. In this paper, we tackle the scalability problem of interactive layout of large graphs, and contribute a new GPU-based force-directed layout algorithm that exploits graph topology. This algorithm can interactively layout graphs with millions of nodes, and support real-time interaction to explore alternative graph layouts. Users can directly manipulate the layout of vertices in a force-directed fashion. The complexity of traditional repulsive force computation is reduced by approximating calculations based on the hierarchical structure of multi-level clustered graphs. We evaluate the algorithm performance, and demonstrate human-in-the-loop layout in two sensemaking case studies. Moreover, we summarize lessons learned for designing interactive large graph layout algorithms on the GPU.
Linking the Physicochemical Properties of Calcined Titania Nanoparticles with Their Biocidal Activity
Authors: Han Changseok , Pelaez Miguel , Betancourt Doris , Choi Hyeok , Dionysiou Dionysios , Veronesi Bellina
Published: December 2016

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) show biocidal activity when exposed to UV illumination. Modification of their physical properties can expand their photoresponse region toward visible light. In this study, such modification was made through a sol-gel synthesis followed by calcination at a range of temperatures (250–900 °C), generating a series of nTiO2 particles with different crystal phases, sizes, porosities, zeta potentials, and BET surface areas. The unique properties of nTiO2 were linked to their toxicity to the marine bacterium, Vibrio fischeri. A modified “Flash” high-through put assay was used to test the viability of these marine organisms after short term (15–60 min) exposure under visible light only to the individual groups of nTiO2 (500–2000 μg/mL). Linear regression analysis indicated that across all concentrations and time points, high biocidal activity correlated with the amorphous and anatase crystal phases, high BET surface area, high pore volume and small crystal size. The linkage between physicochemistry and nanotoxicity would be helpful for future design of more efficient and sustainable nTiO2.
An Excursus on Infrared Thermography Imaging
Authors: Meola Carosena , Boccardi Simone , Carlomagno Giovanni
Published: December 2016

This work represents an overview of some of the applications of infrared thermography that have been carried out at the University of Naples Federico II over the years. The focus is on four topics: thermo-fluid-dynamics, materials inspection, cultural heritage and preventative maintenance. For each topic, some results are presented as thermal, and/or phase, images with the attention being essentially devoted to the capacity of these images to communicate information. For more details on test apparatuses, procedures and data analyses, the reader is referred to the previous published work, available in the literature.
Racial IQ Differences among Transracial Adoptees: Fact or Artifact?
Authors: Thomas Drew
Published: December 2016

Some academic publications infer from studies of transracial adoptees’ IQs that East Asian adoptees raised in the West by Whites have higher IQs than Western Whites, and that White adoptees raised by Whites have higher IQs than Black adoptees raised by Whites. Those publications suggest that this is because genetic differences give East Asians a higher mean IQ than Whites, and Whites a higher mean IQ than Blacks. This paper proposes a parsimonious alternative explanation: the apparent IQ advantage of East Asian adoptees is an artifact caused by ignoring the Flynn effect and adoption’s beneficial effect on IQ, and most of the IQ disadvantage of Black adoptees disappears when one allows for attrition in the Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study, and acknowledges the results of other studies. Diagnosing these artifacts suggests a nil hypothesis: East Asian, White, and Black adoptees raised in the same environment would have similar IQs, hinting at a minimal role for genes in racial IQ differences.
Quantification of the Service Life Extension and Environmental Benefit of Chloride Exposed Self-Healing Concrete
Authors: Van Belleghem Bjorn , Van den Heede Philip , Van Tittelboom Kim , De Belie Nele
Published: December 2016

Formation of cracks impairs the durability of concrete elements. Corrosion inducing substances, such as chlorides, can enter the matrix through these cracks and cause steel reinforcement corrosion and concrete degradation. Self-repair of concrete cracks is an innovative technique which has been studied extensively during the past decade and which may help to increase the sustainability of concrete. However, the experiments conducted until now did not allow for an assessment of the service life extension possible with self-healing concrete in comparison with traditional (cracked) concrete. In this research, a service life prediction of self-healing concrete was done based on input from chloride diffusion tests. Self-healing of cracks with encapsulated polyurethane precursor formed a partial barrier against immediate ingress of chlorides through the cracks. Application of self-healing concrete was able to reduce the chloride concentration in a cracked zone by 75% or more. As a result, service life of steel reinforced self-healing concrete slabs in marine environments could amount to 60–94 years as opposed to only seven years for ordinary (cracked) concrete. Subsequent life cycle assessment calculations indicated important environmental benefits (56%–75%) for the ten CML-IA (Center of Environmental Science of Leiden University–Impact Assessment) baseline impact indicators which are mainly induced by the achievable service life extension.
Concrete Cracking Prediction Including the Filling Proportion of Strand Corrosion Products
Authors: Wang Lei , Dai Lizhao , Zhang Xuhui , Zhang Jianren
Published: December 2016

The filling of strand corrosion products during concrete crack propagation is investigated experimentally in the present paper. The effects of stirrups on the filling of corrosion products and concrete cracking are clarified. A prediction model of crack width is developed incorporating the filling proportion of corrosion products and the twisting shape of the strand. Experimental data on cracking angle, crack width, and corrosion loss obtained from accelerated corrosion tests of concrete beams are presented. The proposed model is verified by experimental data. Results show that the filling extent of corrosion products varies with crack propagation. The rust filling extent increases with the propagating crack until a critical width. Beyond the critical width, the rust-filling extent remains stable. Using stirrups can decrease the critical crack width. Stirrups can restrict crack propagation and reduce the rust filling. The tangent of the cracking angle increases with increasing corrosion loss. The prediction of corrosion-induced crack is sensitive to the rust-filling extent.
Viscoelastic Properties of the Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) during Moisture Sorption Processes Determined by Harmonic Tests
Authors: Zhan Tianyi , Lu Jianxiong , Jiang Jiali , Peng Hui , Li Anxin , Chang Jianmin
Published: December 2016

Measured by harmonic tests, the viscoelastic properties of Chinese fir during moisture sorption processes were examined under three relative humidity (RH) modes: RHramp, RHisohume, and RHstep. The stiffness decreased and damping increased as a function of the moisture content (MC), which is presumed to be the effect of plasticization and an unstable state. The increasing damping was associated with the breaking of hydrogen bonds and the formation of free volume within polymer networks. The changes of loss modulus ratio at 1 and 20 Hz, E″1Hz/E″20Hz, proved the changing trend of the unstable state. Higher ramping rates aggravated the unstable state at the RHramp period, and higher constant RH levels provided more recovery of the unstable state at the RHisohume period. Changes of viscoelastic properties were associated with RH (varied or remained constant), and the application of Boltzmann’s superposition principle is a good approach to simulate viscoelasticity development.
Synthesis, Characterization, Tautomeric Structure and Solvatochromic Behavior of Novel 4-(5-Arylazo-2-Hydroxystyryl)-1-Methylpyridinium Iodide as Potential Molecular Photoprobe
Authors: Altalbawy Farag , Darwish Elham , Medhat Mohamed , El-Zaiat Sayed , Saleh Hagar
Published: December 2016

A novel series of the title compound 4-(5-arylazo-2-hydroxystyryl)-1-methylpyridinium iodide 6 has been synthesized via condensation reactions of the arylazosalicylaldehyde derivatives 4a–i with 1-methyl-picolinium iodide 5. The structures of the new arylazo compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, IR, mass spectroscopy, as well as spectral and elemental analyses. The electronic absorption spectra of arylazomerocyanine compounds 6 were measured in different buffer solutions and solvents. The pK′s and pK*′s in both the ground and excited states, respectively, were determined for the series and their correlations with the Hammett equation were examined. The results indicated that the title arylazomerocyanine dyes 6 exist in the azo form 6A in both ground and excited states. The substituent and solvent effects (solvatochromism) of the title compound arylazomerocyanine dyes were determined using the Kamlet-Taft equation and subsequently discussed.
The Effect of the Substituent Position on the Two-Photon Absorption Performances of Dibenzylideneacetone-Based Isomers
Authors: Zhao Liyun , Zhang Yujin , Ma Hong , Leng Jiancai
Published: December 2016

The two-photon absorption and optical limiting properties of two dibenzylideneacetone derivatives with different substituent positions have been theoretically investigated by solving the coupled rate equations-field intensity equation in the nanosecond time domain using an iterative predictor-corrector finite-difference time-domain method. The calculations show that the electronic structure, the transition dipole moment, the energy gap between the highest occupied orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied orbital (LUMO), and the pumping rate for the two molecules are quite different due to the different position of chlorine atoms. Importantly, two-photon absorption and optical limiting properties of the molecules depend crucially on the substituent positions of the terminal group, indicating that subtle manipulation on the molecule can affect the nonlinear optical properties of the medium.
Protective Effects of Hydrolyzed Nucleoproteins from Salmon Milt against Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury in Rats
Authors: Kojima-Yuasa Akiko , Goto Mayu , Yoshikawa Eri , Morita Yuri , Sekiguchi Hirotaka , Sutoh Keita , Usumi Koji , Matsui-Yuasa Isao
Published: December 2016

Dietary nucleotides play a role in maintaining the immune responses of both animals and humans. Oral administration of nucleic acids from salmon milt have physiological functions in the cellular metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of human small intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, we examined the effects of DNA-rich nucleic acids prepared from salmon milt (DNSM) on the development of liver fibrosis in an in vivo ethanol-carbon tetrachloride cirrhosis model. Plasma aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were significantly less active in the DNSM-treated group than in the ethanol plus carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated group. Collagen accumulation in the liver and hepatic necrosis were observed histologically in ethanol plus CCl4-treated rats; however, DNSM-treatment fully protected rats against ethanol plus CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and necrosis. Furthermore, we examined whether DNSM had a preventive effect against alcohol-induced liver injury by regulating the cytochrome p450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated oxidative stress pathway in an in vivo model. In this model, CYP2E1 activity in ethanol plus CCl4-treated rats increased significantly, but DNSM-treatment suppressed the enzyme’s activity and reduced intracellular thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels. Furthermore, the hepatocytes treated with 100 mM ethanol induced an increase in cell death and were not restored to the control levels when treated with DNSM, suggesting that digestive products of DNSM are effective for the prevention of alcohol-induced liver injury. Deoxyadenosine suppressed the ethanol-induced increase in cell death and increased the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase. These results suggest that DNSM treatment represents a novel tool for the prevention of alcohol-induced liver injury.
Cytoglobosins H and I, New Antiproliferative Cytochalasans from Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Chaetomium globosum
Authors: Zhang Zhihan , Min Xitian , Huang Junjun , Zhong Yue , Wu Yuehua , Li Xiaoxia , Deng Yinyue , Jiang Zide , Shao Zongze , Zhang Lianhui , He Fei
Published: December 2016

Cytoglobosins H (1) and I (2), together with seven known cytochalasan alkaloids (3–9), were isolated from the deep-sea-derived fungus Chaetomium globosum. The structures of new compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data. All the compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, LNCaP human prostate cancer cells, and B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. Compound 6 showed significant antiproliferative activity against LNCaP and B16F10 cell lines with IC50 values of 0.62 and 2.78 μM, respectively. Further testing confirmed that compound 6 inhibited the growth of LNCaP cells by inducing apoptosis.
Purification and Characterization of a New Alginate Lyase from Marine Bacterium Vibrio sp. SY08
Authors: Li Shangyong , Wang Linna , Hao Jianhua , Xing Mengxin , Sun Jingjing , Sun Mi
Published: December 2016

Unsaturated alginate disaccharides (UADs), enzymatically derived from the degradation of alginate polymers, are considered powerful antioxidants. In this study, a new high UAD-producing alginate lyase, AlySY08, has been purified from the marine bacterium Vibrio sp. SY08. AlySY08, with a molecular weight of about 33 kDa and a specific activity of 1070.2 U/mg, showed the highest activity at 40 °C in phosphate buffer at pH 7.6. The enzyme was stable over a broad pH range (6.0–9.0) and retained about 75% activity after incubation at 40 °C for 2 h. Moreover, the enzyme was active in the absence of salt ions and its activity was enhanced by the addition of NaCl and KCl. AlySY08 resulted in an endo-type alginate lyase that degrades both polyM and polyG blocks, yielding UADs as the main product (81.4% of total products). All these features made AlySY08 a promising candidate for industrial applications in the production of antioxidants from alginate polysaccharides.
Ginseng for Liver Injury: Friend or Foe?
Authors: Kim Tae-Woo
Published: December 2016

Panax sp., including Panax ginseng Meyer, Panax quiquifolius L., or Panax notoginseng (Burk.) FH Chen, have been used as functional foods or for traditional Chinese medicine for diabetes, inflammation, stress, aging, hepatic injury, and cancer. In recent decades, a number of both in vitro and in vivo experiments as well as human studies have been conducted to investigate the efficacy and safety of various types of ginseng samples and their components. Of these, the hepatoprotective and hepatotoxic effects of ginseng and their ginsenosides and polysaccharides are reviewed and summarized.
Structure and Nanomechanics of Model Membranes by Atomic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy: Insights into the Role of Cholesterol and Sphingolipids
Authors: Gumí-Audenis Berta , Costa Luca , Carlá Francesco , Comin Fabio , Sanz Fausto , Giannotti Marina
Published: December 2016

Biological membranes mediate several biological processes that are directly associated with their physical properties but sometimes difficult to evaluate. Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) are model systems widely used to characterize the structure of biological membranes. Cholesterol (Chol) plays an essential role in the modulation of membrane physical properties. It directly influences the order and mechanical stability of the lipid bilayers, and it is known to laterally segregate in rafts in the outer leaflet of the membrane together with sphingolipids (SLs). Atomic force microscope (AFM) is a powerful tool as it is capable to sense and apply forces with high accuracy, with distance and force resolution at the nanoscale, and in a controlled environment. AFM-based force spectroscopy (AFM-FS) has become a crucial technique to study the nanomechanical stability of SLBs by controlling the liquid media and the temperature variations. In this contribution, we review recent AFM and AFM-FS studies on the effect of Chol on the morphology and mechanical properties of model SLBs, including complex bilayers containing SLs. We also introduce a promising combination of AFM and X-ray (XR) techniques that allows for in situ characterization of dynamic processes, providing structural, morphological, and nanomechanical information.
Nanofiber Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Rapid Uptake and Recovery of Heavy Metals from Water
Authors: Chitpong Nithinart , Husson Scott
Published: December 2016

An evaluation of the performance of polyelectrolyte-modified nanofiber membranes was undertaken to determine their efficacy in the rapid uptake and recovery of heavy metals from impaired waters. The membranes were prepared by grafting poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(itaconic acid) (PIA) to cellulose nanofiber mats. Performance measurements quantified the dynamic ion-exchange capacity for cadmium (Cd), productivity, and recovery of Cd(II) from the membranes by regeneration. The dynamic binding capacities of Cd(II) on both types of nanofiber membrane were independent of the linear flow velocity, with a residence time of as low as 2 s. Analysis of breakthrough curves indicated that the mass flow rate increased rapidly at constant applied pressure after membranes approached equilibrium load capacity for Cd(II), apparently due to a collapse of the polymer chains on the membrane surface, leading to an increased porosity. This mechanism is supported by hydrodynamic radius (Rh) measurements for PAA and PIA obtained from dynamic light scattering, which show that Rh values decrease upon Cd(II) binding. Volumetric productivity was high for the nanofiber membranes, and reached 0.55 mg Cd/g/min. The use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as regeneration reagent was effective in fully recovering Cd(II) from the membranes. Ion-exchange capacities were constant over five cycles of binding-regeneration.
Effect of Finish Rolling Temperature on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Nb–Ti Microalloyed X90 Pipeline Steel
Authors: Guo Bin , Fan Lei , Wang Qian , Fu Zhibin , Wang Qingfeng , Zhang Fucheng
Published: December 2016

The relationship between microstructure and tensile properties of an Nb–Ti microalloyed X90 pipeline steel was studied as a function of finish rolling temperature using a Gleeble 3500 simulator, an optical and scanning electron microscope, electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that the microstructure is primarily composed of non-equiaxed ferrite with martensite/austenite (M/A) constituent dispersed at grain boundaries for the specimens with different finish rolling temperatures. With a decrease in the finish rolling temperature, the yield strength increases, following a significant increase in the grain refinement strengthening contribution and dislocation strengthening contribution, although the precipitation strengthening contribution decreases. The increasing yield ratio (YR) shows that the strain hardening capacity declines as a result of the microstructure evolution when decreasing the finish rolling temperature.
Effects of Multi-Phase Reinforcements on Microstructures, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Cu/Ti3SiC2/C/BN/GNPs Nanocomposites Sintered by Vacuum Hot-Pressing and Hot Isostatic Pressing
Authors: Shao Zhenyi , Sun Yue , Liu Wanxia , Zhang Xueqiao , Jiang Xiaosong
Published: December 2016

Cu/Ti3SiC2/C/BN/GNPs nanocomposites were prepared by vacuum hot-pressing (HP) sintering and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) sintering methods. Microstructures, mechanical and tribological properties of Cu/Ti3SiC2/C/BN/GNPs nanocomposites were investigated. Microstructures were examined by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Mechanical properties were determined by the relative density, micro-Vickers hardness, as well as tensile strength, compressive strength and shear strength. Tribological behavior of the Cu/Ti3SiC2/C/BN/GNPs composite against the GCr15 steel ring was evaluated using an M-2000 wear tester with high tangential sliding velocity. Results demonstrated that BN and graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) have an impact on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Cu/Ti3SiC2/C/BN/GNPs nanocomposites. Based on microstructures, and mechanical and tribological properties of Cu/Ti3SiC2/C/BN/GNP nanocomposites, strengthening, fracture and wear mechanisms for synergistic enhancement by multi-phase reinforcements were analyzed.
The Structural Evolution and Segregation in a Dual Alloy Ingot Processed by Electroslag Remelting
Authors: Liu Yu , Zhang Zhao , Li Guangqiang , Wang Qiang , Wang Li , Li Baokuan
Published: December 2016

The structural evolution and segregation in a dual alloy made by electroslag remelting (ESR) was investigated by various analytical techniques. The results show that the macrostructure of the ingot consists of two crystallization structures: one is a quite narrow, fine, equiaxed grain region at the edge and the other is a columnar grain region, which plays a leading role. The typical columnar structure shows no discontinuity between the CrMoV, NiCrMoV, and transition zones. The average secondary arm-spacing is coarsened from 35.3 to 49.2 μm and 61.5 μm from the bottom to the top of the ingot. The distinctive features of the structure are attributed to the different cooling conditions during the ESR process. The Ni, Cr, and C contents markedly increase in the transition zone (TZ) and show a slight increase from the bottom to the top and from the surface to the center of the ESR ingot due to the partition ratios, gravity segregation, the thermal buoyancy flow, the solutal buoyancy flow, and the inward Lorentz force. Less dendrite segregation exists in the CrMoV zone and the transition zone due to a stronger cooling rate (11.1 and 4.5 °C/s) and lower Cr and C contents. The precipitation of carbides was observed in the ingot due to a lower solid solubility of the carbon element in the α phase.
Simulation Study of Inertial Micro-Switch as Influenced by Squeeze-Film Damping and Applied Acceleration Load
Authors: Peng Yingchun , Wen Zhiyu , Li Dongling , Shang Zhengguo
Published: December 2016

Squeeze-film damping and acceleration load are two major issues in the design of inertial micro-switches. In order to deeply and systematically study these two issues, this paper proposes a typical vertically-driven inertial micro-switch, wherein the air and electrode gaps were chosen to design the required damping ratio and threshold value, respectively. The switch was modeled by ANSYS Workbench, and the simulation program was optimized for computational accuracy and speed. Transient analysis was employed to investigate the relationship between the damping ratio, acceleration load, and the natural frequency, and the dynamic properties (including contact bounce, contact time, response time, and threshold acceleration) of the switch. The results can be used as a guide in the design of inertial micro-switches to meet various application requirements. For example, increasing the damping ratio can prolong the contact time of the switch activated by short acceleration duration or reduce the contact bounce of the switch activated by long acceleration duration; the threshold value is immune to variations in the damping effect and acceleration duration when the switch is quasi-statically operated; the anti-jamming capability of the switch can be improved by designing the sensing frequency of the switch to be higher than the acceleration duration but much lower than the other order frequencies of the switch.
Recent Advances in Stimuli-Responsive Release Function Drug Delivery Systems for Tumor Treatment
Authors: Ding Chendi , Tong Ling , Feng Jing , Fu Jiajun
Published: December 2016

Benefiting from the development of nanotechnology, drug delivery systems (DDSs) with stimuli-responsive controlled release function show great potential in clinical anti-tumor applications. By using a DDS, the harsh side effects of traditional anti-cancer drug treatments and damage to normal tissues and organs can be avoided to the greatest extent. An ideal DDS must firstly meet bio-safety standards and secondarily the efficiency-related demands of a large drug payload and controlled release function. This review highlights recent research progress on DDSs with stimuli-responsive characteristics. The first section briefly reviews the nanoscale scaffolds of DDSs, including mesoporous nanoparticles, polymers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), quantum dots (QDs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The second section presents the main types of stimuli-responsive mechanisms and classifies these into two categories: intrinsic (pH, redox state, biomolecules) and extrinsic (temperature, light irradiation, magnetic field and ultrasound) ones. Clinical applications of DDS, future challenges and perspectives are also mentioned.
Volatile and Nonvolatile Constituents and Antioxidant Capacity of Oleoresins in Three Taiwan Citrus Varieties as Determined by Supercritical Fluid Extraction
Authors: Chen Min-Hung , Huang Tzou-Chi
Published: December 2016

As local varieties of citrus fruit in Taiwan, Ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco), Tankan (C. tankan Hayata), and Murcott (C. reticulate × C. sinensis) face substantial competition on the market. In this study, we used carbon dioxide supercritical technology to extract oleoresin from the peels of the three citrus varieties, adding alcohol as a solvent assistant to enhance the extraction rate. The supercritical fluid extraction was fractionated with lower terpene compounds in order to improve the oxygenated amounts of the volatile resins. The contents of oleoresin from the three varieties of citrus peels were then analyzed with GC/MS in order to identify 33 volatile compounds. In addition, the analysis results indicated that the non-volatile oleoresin extracted from the samples contains polymethoxyflavones (86.2~259.5 mg/g), limonoids (111.7~406.2 mg/g), and phytosterols (686.1~1316.4 μg/g). The DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS [2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] scavenging and inhibition of lipid oxidation, which test the oleoresin from the three kinds of citrus, exhibited significant antioxidant capacity. The component polymethoxyflavones contributed the greatest share of the overall antioxidant capacity, while the limonoid and phytosterol components effectively coordinated with its effects.
Effects of Quercetin in a Rat Model of Hemorrhagic Traumatic Shock and Reperfusion
Authors: Chamorro Virginia , Pandolfi Rachele , Moreno Laura , Barreira Bianca , Martínez-Ramas Andrea , Morales-Cano Daniel , Ruiz-Cabello Jesús , Lorente José , Duarte Juan , Cogolludo Ángel , Alvarez-Sala José , Perez-Vizcaino Francisco
Published: December 2016

Background: We hypothesized that treatment with quercetin could result in improved hemodynamics, lung inflammatory parameters and mortality in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. Methods: Rats were anesthetized (80 mg/kg ketamine plus 8 mg/kg xylazine i.p.). The protocol included laparotomy for 15 min (trauma), hemorrhagic shock (blood withdrawal to reduce the mean arterial pressure to 35 mmHg) for 75 min and resuscitation by re-infusion of all the shed blood plus lactate Ringer for 90 min. Intravenous quercetin (50 mg/kg) or vehicle were administered during resuscitation. Results: There was a trend for increased survival 84.6% (11/13) in the treated group vs. the shock group 68.4% (13/19, p > 0.05 Kaplan–Meier). Quercetin fully prevented the development of lung edema. The activity of aSMase was increased in the shock group compared to the sham group and the quercetin prevented this effect. However, other inflammatory markers such as myeloperoxidase activity, interleukin-6 in plasma or bronchoalveolar fluid were similar in the sham and shock groups. We found no bacterial DNA in plasma in these animals. Conclusions: Quercetin partially prevented the changes in blood pressure and lung injury in shock associated to hemorrhage and reperfusion.
Photochemically Immobilized 4-Methylbenzoyl Cellulose as a Powerful Chiral Stationary Phase for Enantioselective Chromatography
Authors: Francotte Eric , Huynh Dan , Zhang Tong
Published: December 2016

A process to immobilize para-methylbenzoyl cellulose (PMBC) on silica gel has been developed and applied to prepare chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for enantioselective chromatography. The immobilization was achieved by simple irradiation of the polysaccharide derivative with ultraviolet light after coating on a silica gel support. The influence of parameters such as irradiation time and solvent on immobilization effectiveness were investigated. The performance of the prepared immobilized phases were evaluated by injection of a series of racemic compounds onto the packed columns and determination of their chiral recognition ability. By contrast to the classical coated phase, the immobilized CSP can be used under various chromatographic conditions without limitation of organic solvent types as the mobile phase. This extended applicability permits to improve selectivity and to resolve chiral compounds which are not or only poorly soluble in the mobile phases which are compatible with the non-immobilized PMBC stationary phase.
DeBouganin Diabody Fusion Protein Overcomes Drug Resistance to ADCs Comprised of Anti-Microtubule Agents
Authors: Chooniedass Shilpa , Dillon Rachelle , Premsukh Arjune , Hudson Peter , Adams Gregory , MacDonald Glen , Cizeau Jeannick
Published: December 2016

Antibody drug conjugates (ADC), comprised of highly potent small molecule payloads chemically conjugated to a full-length antibody, represent a growing class of therapeutic agents. The targeting of cytotoxic payloads via the specificity and selectivity of the antibody has led to substantial clinical benefits. However, ADC potency can be altered by mechanisms of resistance such as overexpression of efflux pumps or anti-apoptotic proteins. DeBouganin is a de-immunized variant of bouganin, a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) that blocks protein synthesis, thereby leading to apoptosis. When conjugated to trastuzumab (T-deB), deBouganin was more potent than ado-trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) and unaffected by resistance mechanisms to which DM1 is susceptible. To further highlight the differentiating mechanism of action of deBouganin, HCC1419 and BT-474 tumor cells that survived T-DM1 or trastuzumab-MMAE (T-MMAE) treatment were treated with an anti-HER2 C6.5 diabody–deBouganin fusion protein or T-deB. C6.5 diabody–deBouganin and T-deB were potent against HCC1419 and BT-474 cells that were resistant to T-DM1 or T-MMAE killing. The resistant phenotype involved MDR pumps, Bcl-2 family members, and the presence of additional unknown pathways. Overall, the data suggest that deBouganin is effective against tumor cell resistance mechanisms selected in response to ADCs composed of anti-microtubule payloads.
Chemical Basis of the Fungicidal Activity of Tobacco Extracts against Valsa mali
Authors: Duan Chemical , Du Yongmei , Hou Xiaodong , Yan Ning , Dong Weijie , Mao Xinxin , Zhang Zhongfeng
Published: December 2016

Under pressure from social criticism and an unclear future, tobacco researchers have begun to seek alternative uses for the product. Here, we present our study on isolating tobacco compounds with fungicidal activity, which could be used as plant-derived pesticides. Using Valsa mali as the target fungus, agar plate tests were conducted to evaluate the fungicidal activity of various tobacco extracts, including tobacco leaves extracts prepared with different solvents, extracts of different tobacco cultivars, and samples from different tobacco organs. Fungal growth morphology was used as the criterion to evaluate the fungicidal activity of tobacco extracts. Correlation analyses between the fungicidal activities and the chemical components of tobacco extracts indicated the major chemical constituents with fungicidal activity. Then, the active compounds were isolated and their effects on the ultra-microstructures of V. mali was analyzed using scanning- and transmission-electron microscopy. The results suggested that tobacco extracts prepared with solvents of weaker polarity had higher fungicidal activity, and the inhibitory activity of tobacco extracts against V. mali was also cultivar dependent. Furthermore, the fungicidal effects of tobacco flower extracts were higher than those of the leaf extracts. Chemical analysis indicated that cembranoids were the main fungicidal substances, which act by destroying the endometrial structure of the fungus. Tobacco cembranoids at 80 μg/mL could completely inhibit the growth of V. mali, with an EC50 value of 13.18 μg/mL. Our study therefore suggests that tobacco leaves and inflorescences are excellent plant resources for the biological control of V. mali.
Characterization of Fractional Polysaccharides from Gleditsia sinensis and Gleditsia microphylla Gums
Authors: Liu Yantao , Xu Zhenglong , Zhang Weian , Duan Jiufang , Jiang Jianxin , Sun Dafeng
Published: December 2016

The seeds of Gleditsia sinensis and Gleditsia microphylla, widespread in China, are an important source of galactomannans. G. sinensis gum (GSG) and G. microphylla gum (GMG) were purified and precipitated using different concentrations of ethanol and isopropanol. The GSG and GMG, precipitated in different stages, presented different characteristics, including polymer recovery, mannose/galactose ratio, chemical composition, molecular weight, and morphological appearance. The galactomannan recovery of GSG and GMG in 33.3% ethanol was 81.7% and 82.5%, respectively, while that in 28.8% isopropanol was 81.3% and 82.9%, respectively. To achieve similar precipitation efficiency, the amount of isopropanol should be lower than that of ethanol because of the lower dielectric constant of isopropanol (20 vs. 25 for ethanol). The precipitation behavior of galactomannans in polar organic solvents was dependent on the molecular structures and properties of the solvent. A higher mannose/galactose ratio and a higher molecular weight was obtained in a lower concentration of alcohols.