bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrauniform Plating of Lithium on 10‐nm‐Scale Ordered Carbon Grids for Long Lifespan Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Ye Chuanren , Ni Kun , Wang Jinze , Ye Weibin , Li Shengyuan , Wang Ming‐Sheng , Fan Xiulin , Zhu Yanwu
Published: April 2024

Tailorable lithium (Li) nucleation and uniform early‐stage plating is essential for long‐lifespan Li metal batteries. Among factors influencing the early plating of Li anode, the substrate is critical, but a fine control of the substrate structure on a scale of ≈10 nm has been rarely achieved. Herein, a carbon consisting of ordered grids is prepared, as a model to investigate the effect of substrate structure on the Li nucleation. In contrast to the individual spherical Li nuclei formed on the flat graphene, an ultrauniform and nuclei‐free Li plating is obtained on the ordered carbon with a grid size smaller than the thermodynamical critical radius of Li nucleation (≈26 nm). Simultaneously, an inorganic‐rich solid‐electrolyte‐interphase is promoted by the cross‐sectional carbon layers of such ordered grids which are exposed to the electrolyte. Consequently, the carbon grids with a grid size of ≈10 nm show a favorable cycling stability for more than 1100 cycles measured at 2 mA cm−2 in a half cell. With LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 as cathode, the assembled full cell with a cathode capacity of 3 mAh cm−2 and a negative/positive ratio of 1.67 demonstrates a stable cycling for over 130 cycles with a capacity retention of 88%.
Observation of Ferroelectric Programmability in 3D Printed Metamaterials
Authors: Roshdy Mohamed , Bilal Osama R.
Published: April 2024

Architected materials can break the limit of what is possible compared to natural materials, however, once fabricated they retain fixed properties. A growing trend in research is devoted to materials with properties that can be tuned post fabrication in a programmable manner. Such tunability can be achieved through magnetic, electric, or thermal stimuli to responsive elements within the metamaterial's architecture. In this paper, the first experimental demonstration of ferroelectric programmability of 3D printed polymeric metamaterials is presented to control elastic waves using electrical poling. Electrical poling effects are harnessed to change the mechanical properties of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The poling‐induced softening is utilized to reverse metamaterials behavior from attenuating waves to propagating them and vice versa. The utility of the proposed platform is demonstrated to program a desired set of pixels within the metamaterials to open a path for waves to propagate in a waveguide. The findings introduce a methodology for elastic wave guiding by electrical poling, which can open the door for numerous applications in various fields such as vibration isolation, wave guiding, and energy harvesting.
Excellent Stable Cycle Performance of Polyethylene Oxide‐Based 3D Solid Dual‐Salt Composite Electrolyte with Porous Polyimide Thin Films Host
Authors: An Zhitao , Li Wentao , Pei Quan , Tong Yiting , Liu Chongxin , Zhang Qingfeng , Xie Shuhong , Chen Jing
Published: April 2024

Polyethylene oxide composite electrolytes are widely used in lithium‐ion batteries because of their excellent moldability, good flexibility, and favorable chemical compatibility. However, they still suffer from low ionic conductivity and weak mechanical strength. Herein, a 3D nanofiber‐reinforced dual‐salt composite solid electrolyte (PI@PCB) is synthesized. Benefiting from the support of the porous polyimide films and the addition of lithium bis(oxalate)borate, the obtained PI@PCB electrolyte exhibits high mechanical strength, good thermal stability, excellent electrochemical stability, and a high lithium ion transference number (0.70). In addition, the assembled Li/PI@PCB/Li cell shows the lowest overpotential of 200 mV at the initial cycling stage and increases to 246 mV slightly after 1500 h. The capacity retention rate of Li/PI@PCB/LFP battery is about 88.3% after 500 cycles at 60 °C.
Theoretical Analysis of Integrated Nanophotonic Q‐Switched Laser Based on Gain and Saturable Absorption by Two‐Dimensional Materials
Authors: Nousios Georgios , Christopoulos Thomas , Tsilipakos Odysseas , Kriezis Emmanouil E.
Published: April 2024

A nanophotonic passively Q‐switched lasing element in the near infrared is proposed and theoretically investigated. It consists of a silicon‐rich nitride disk resonator enhanced with the contemporary hetero‐bilayer and a graphene monolayer to provide gain and saturable absorption, respectively. The two‐dimensional materials are placed on top of the disk resonator and are separated by a spacer of hexagonal boron nitride. emits at 1128 nm due to the radiative recombination of interlayer excitons after being optically pumped at 740 nm. Optical pumping is conducted in a guided‐wave manner aiming at achieving a high overall efficiency by critically coupling to a cavity mode near the pump transition. The response of the proposed pulsed laser is assessed by utilizing a coupled‐mode theory framework fed with linear finite‐element method simulations, rigorously derived from the Maxwell–Bloch equations. Following a meticulous design process and exploiting the guided pumping scheme, an ultralow lasing threshold of just μW is obtained. Overall, the Q‐switched laser delivers pulsed light inside an integrated bus waveguide with mW peak power, ps duration, and GHz repetition rates requiring sub‐mW continuous wave pumping. These properties are highly promising for communication applications and highlight the potential of two‐dimensional materials for nanophotonic light sources.
Association between frailty and inappropriate prescribing in elderly patients admitted to an Acute Care of the Elderly Unit
Authors: Zuleta Mónica , Gozalo Inés , Sánchez‐Arcilla Margarita , Ibáñez Jordi , Pérez‐Bocanegra Carmen , San‐José Antonio
Published: April 2024

Objectives

The aim of this study is to analyze the association between the degree of frailty and inappropriate prescribing patterns at admission to an Acute Care of the Elderly Unit (ACE Unit).

Methods

Prospective observational study conducted in the ACE Unit of an acute hospital in Barcelona city between June and August 2021. Epidemiological and demographic data were collected during hospitalization. Comprehensive geriatric assessment was performed on admitted patients. We recorded frailty (FRAIL scale), extreme polypharmacy (10 or more drugs), central nervous system potentially inappropriate medications‐PIMs (STOPP‐CNS or group D), cardiovascular potential prescribing omissions‐PPOs (START‐CV or group A), and anticholinergic burden using the drug burden index (DBI).

Results

Ninety‐three patients were included, of whom 48 (51.6%) were male, with a mean age of 82.83 (SD 7.53) years. The main diagnosis upon admission was heart failure in 34 patients (36.6%). Frail patients were older, with more dependence of activities of daily living and more comorbidity than non‐frail patients. Additionally, frail patients demonstrated more omissions according to the START‐A criteria. No statistically significant differences were observed in term of extreme polypharmacy, PIMs, or anticholinergic burden.

Conclusions

In the current study we found an association between frailty and inappropriate prescribing, specifically with regard to omissions using the START criteria for the cardiovascular system (group A). Notably, frail patients exhibited more omissions compared to their non‐frail counterparts, and this difference was statistically significant.
An auto‐configurable machine learning framework to optimize and predict catalysts for CO2 to light olefins process
Authors: Yang Qingchun , Fan Yingjie , Rong Dongwen , Bao Ruijie , Zhang Dawei
Published: April 2024

This study proposed an auto‐configurable machine learning framework based on the differential evolution algorithm (AutoML‐DE) driven by hybrid data for the screening and discovery of promising CO2 to light olefins (CO2TLO) catalysts candidates. The hybrid dataset comprises 532 experimental data from the literature and 296 simulation data. Results show that the AutoML‐DE model with extreme gradient boosting algorithms demonstrated superior performance for predicting the conversion ratio of CO2 and selectivity of light olefins (average R2 > 0.86). After identifying the input feature with the most significant impact on the output feature, the optimal AutoML‐DE model integrated with the genetic algorithm is applied to multiobjective optimization, sensitivity analysis, and prediction of new CO2TLO catalysts. The optimized Cu‐Zn‐Al/SAPO‐34 catalyst has the highest catalytic performance among the reported CO2TLO catalysts. Moreover, five new CO2TLO catalysts with higher yields are successfully predicted. However, the performance of these catalysts should be further verified by experiment.
The puzzling ecology of African Marantaceae forests
Authors: Pouteau Robin , Picard Juliette , Doumenge Charles , Brncic Terry , Gillet Jean‐François , Doucet Jean‐Louis , Gourlet‐Fleury Sylvie , Kimpouni Victor , Loumeto Jean‐Joël , Pélissier Raphaël , Réjou‐Méchain Maxime
Published: April 2024

Marantaceae forests are tropical rainforests characterized by a continuous understory layer of perennial giant herbs and a near absence of tree regeneration. Although widespread in West‐Central Africa, Marantaceae forests have rarely been considered in the international literature. Yet, they pose key challenges and opportunities for theoretical ecology that transcend the borders of the continent. Specifically, we ask in this review whether open Marantaceae forests and dense closed‐canopy forests can be considered as one of the few documented examples of alternative stable states in tropical forests. First, we introduce the different ecological factors that have been posited to drive Marantaceae forests (climate, soil, historical and recent anthropogenic pressures, herbivores) and develop the different hypotheses that have been suggested to explain how Marantaceae forests establish in relation with other vegetation types (understory invasion, early succession after disturbance, and intermediate successional stage). Then, we review the underlying ecological mechanisms that can explain the stability of Marantaceae forests in the long term (tree recruitment inhibition, promotion of and resilience to fire, adaptive reproduction, maintenance by megaherbivores). Although some uncertainties remain and call for further empirical and theoretical research, we found converging evidence that Marantaceae forests are associated with an ecological succession that has been deflected or arrested. If verified, Marantaceae forests may provide a useful model to understand critical transitions in forest ecosystems, which is of particular relevance to achieve sustainable forest management and mitigate global climate change.
Bone marrow Tfr2 deletion improves the therapeutic efficacy of the activin‐receptor ligand trap RAP‐536 in β‐thalassemic mice
Authors: Tanzi Emanuele , Di Modica Simona Maria , Bordini Jessica , Olivari Violante , Pagani Alessia , Furiosi Valeria , Silvestri Laura , Campanella Alessandro , Nai Antonella
Published: April 2024

β‐thalassemia is a disorder characterized by anemia, ineffective erythropoiesis (IE), and iron overload, whose treatment still requires improvement. The activin receptor‐ligand trap Luspatercept, a novel therapeutic option for β‐thalassemia, stimulates erythroid differentiation inhibiting the transforming growth factor β pathway. However, its exact mechanism of action and the possible connection with erythropoietin (Epo), the erythropoiesis governing cytokine, remain to be clarified. Moreover, Luspatercept does not correct all the features of the disease, calling for the identification of strategies that enhance its efficacy. Transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) regulates systemic iron homeostasis in the liver and modulates the response to Epo of erythroid cells, thus balancing red blood cells production with iron availability. Stimulating Epo signaling, hematopoietic Tfr2 deletion ameliorates anemia and IE in Hbbth3/+ thalassemic mice. To investigate whether hematopoietic Tfr2 inactivation improves the efficacy of Luspatercept, we treated Hbbth3/+ mice with or without hematopoietic Tfr2 (Tfr2BMKO/Hbbth3/+) with RAP‐536, the murine analog of Luspatercept. As expected, both hematopoietic Tfr2 deletion and RAP‐536 significantly ameliorate IE and anemia, and the combined approach has an additive effect. Since RAP‐536 has comparable efficacy in both Hbbth3/+ and Tfr2BMKO/Hbbth3/+ animals, we propose that the drug promotes erythroid differentiation independently of TFR2 and EPO stimulation. Notably, the lack of Tfr2, but not RAP‐536, can also attenuate iron‐overload and related complications. Overall, our results shed further light on the mechanism of action of Luspatercept and suggest that strategies aimed at inhibiting hematopoietic TFR2 might improve the therapeutic efficacy of activin receptor‐ligand traps.
Racial and ethnic differences in plasma biomarker eligibility for a preclinical Alzheimer's disease trial
Authors: Molina‐Henry Doris Patricia , Raman Rema , Liu Andy , Langford Oliver , Johnson Keith , Shum Leona K. , Glover Crystal M. , Dhadda Shobha , Irizarry Michael , Jimenez‐Maggiora Gustavo , Braunstein Joel B. , Yarasheski Kevin , Venkatesh Venky , West Tim , Verghese Philip B. , Rissman Robert A. , Aisen Paul , Grill Joshua D. , Sperling Reisa A.
Published: April 2024

INTRODUCTION

In trials of amyloid‐lowering drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD), differential eligibility may contribute to under‐inclusion of racial and ethnic underrepresented groups. We examined plasma amyloid beta 42/40 and positron emission tomography (PET) amyloid eligibility for the ongoing AHEAD Study preclinical AD program (NCT04468659).

METHODS

Univariate logistic regression models were used to examine group differences in plasma and PET amyloid screening eligibility.

RESULTS

Of 4905 participants screened at time of analysis, 1724 were plasma eligible to continue in screening: 13.3% Hispanic Black, 24.7% Hispanic White, 20.8% non‐Hispanic (NH) Asian, 24.7% NH Black, and 38.9% NH White. Plasma eligibility differed across groups in models controlling for covariates (odds ratio from 1.9 to 4.0 compared to the NH White reference group, P < 0.001). Among plasma eligible participants, PET eligibility did not differ by group.

DISCUSSION

These results suggest that prevalence of brain amyloid pathology differed, but that eligibility based on plasma was equally effective across racial and ethnic group members.

Highlights

Plasma amyloid eligibility is lower in underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.

In plasma eligible adults, positron emission tomography eligibility rates are similar across race and ethnicity.

Plasma biomarker tests may be similarly effective across racial and ethnic groups.
Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Biomarkers by Peptide Nucleic Acids‐Based Triplex Molecular Beacon in a Nanopore
Authors: Guo Bingyuan , Zhang Yun , Ren Qianyuan , Zhou Ke , Liu Lei , Wu Hai‐Chen
Published: April 2024

In this study, we propose an enhanced nanopore sensing strategy that utilizes a peptide nucleic acid (PNA)‐based triplex molecular beacon sensor to achieve the simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers with a high degree of sensitivity. The sensor is a triplex switch composed of a triplex‐forming DNA strand and an oligo‐arginine‐tagged PNA strand, serving as the target recognition moiety and signal output element, respectively. Upon target binding to the recognition element of the sensor, the PNA signal output strand is released and a hybrid complex of the target‐DNA recognition strand is formed simultaneously. Due to the positive charges carried by the PNA‐Arg strands, they could be driven through the nanopore under positive electric field, effectively eliminating interferences from co‐existing target‐DNA complexes. This approach enables label‐free, one‐step detection of targets without requiring complex treatments and procedures. Leveraging the modular properties of DNA recognition strand, this method can be applied universally, and here, we successfully demonstrate its application using three SARS‐CoV‐2 related biomarkers.
Effects of biomaterial on the properties of waterborne intumescent fireproof coatings
Authors: Zhan Wang , Mo Jinhong , Feng Xin , Xu Zhiyuan , Li Lixia , Chen Le , Kong Qinghong , Zhang Qingwu , Chen Mingyi , Jiang Juncheng
Published: April 2024

Silk fibroin was used to enhance the properties of the fireproof coating, ensuring the safe evacuation of occupants in a fire accident. The effects of biomaterial on the properties of the coatings were investigated by fire protection test, thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index, vertical flame test, water resistance test, and mechanical properties test. The carbon layers were characterized after the fire protection test by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to analyze the microstructure and chemical composition. The results show that the coating with 6% SF demonstrated the best fire protection, thermal stability, and water resistance. The temperature on the backside is only 255.9°C, and the residual weight is 37.52%. However, the coating with 4% SF exhibits good mechanical properties.
Sulfur and peroxide curing of NBR based rubber compounds filled with kraft lignin and calcium lignosulfonate
Authors: Kruželák Ján , Džuganová Michaela , Hložeková Klaudia , Kvasničáková Andrea , Ház Aleš , Nadányi Richard , Krump Henrich , Hudec Ivan
Published: April 2024

Rubber compounds based on acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber were filled with biopolymer fillers, namely kraft lignin, and calcium lignosulfonate. For cross‐linking of rubber compounds, sulfur curing system, dicumyl peroxide, and combination of dicumyl peroxide with trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate were used. The main objective of the work was to investigate the influence of biopolymer fillers content and curing system composition on vulcanization process of rubber compounds, cross‐link density, morphology, and physical‐mechanical properties of vulcanizates. The results revealed that rubber compounds filled with calcium lignosulfonate can be efficiently cured with sulfur as well as peroxide curing systems. Modulus, hardness, and elongation at break were strongly dependent on cross‐link density. Vulcanizates filled with high content of lignosulfonate exhibited comparable values of tensile strength, regardless of the curing system applied. The application of kraft lignin into peroxide systems cured rubber compounds resulted in undesirable reactions between functional groups of the biopolymer and peroxide radicals. Depletion of peroxide radicals resulted in significant deceleration of curing process and decrease in cross‐link density of vulcanizates. This was reflected in typical change of physical‐mechanical characteristics, decrease in modulus and hardness, and increase in elongation at break. Very good adhesion and compatibility between the kraft lignin and the rubber matrix resulted in enhancement of tensile behavior of vulcanizates cured with sulfur system.
Synthesis and alkaline hydrolytic degradation of isosorbide‐based polycarbonates via incorporation of ethoxylated isosorbide as a comonomer
Authors: Lee Hak Yong , Myung Suwan , Lee Won‐Ki , Lee Jae‐Chang
Published: April 2024

Synthesis of polycarbonates (PCs) from isosorbide (ISB) monomers has been recently investigated. However, compared to bisphenol A, PCs face challenges in commercialization because their high rigidity renders it difficult to increase their molecular weight, resulting in high brittleness. To address these limitations, a flexible co‐monomer, ethoxylated ISB (EI5), was mixed with ISB to produce ISB/EI5‐based PCs. The structures of the ISB/EI5‐based PCs were controlled by varying the ISB/EI5 ratio from 100/0 to 60/40 mol%. Films were fabricated, and their thermal, optical, and mechanical properties and degradability were investigated. With increasing EI5 content, the thermal processability of the ISB/EI5‐based PCs improved, and the produced films exhibited excellent visible light transmittance and UV‐blocking effects. The mechanical properties of the ISB/EI5‐based PCs indicated sufficient tensile strength (σ = 89.7–72.9 MPa), competitive to that of commercial PC, and the properties could be controlled by adjusting the ISB/EI5 ratio. The contact angle and hydrolysis behavior of the ISB/EI5‐based PC films indicated increased surface hydrophilicity and increased degradation rate with increasing EI5 content. In conclusion, the structural control of the ISB/EI5‐based PCs enhanced their moldability and degradability, suggesting their potential commercial utilization.
Molecular characterization of the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP18A1 in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Xing , Tan Qiao , Jin Lin , Li Guo‐Qing
Published: April 2024

In insects, the expression of 20E response genes that initiate metamorphosis is triggered by a pulse of 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E). The 20E pulse is generated through two processes: synthesis, which increases its level, and inactivation, which decreases its titer. CYP18A1 functions as an ecdysteroid 26‐hydroxylase and plays a role in 20E removal in several representative insects. However, applying 20E degradation activity of CYP18A1 to other insects remains a significant challenge. In this study, we discovered high levels of Hvcyp18a1 during the larval and late pupal stages, particularly in the larval epidermis and fat body of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata, a damaging Coleopteran pest of potatoes. RNA interference (RNAi) targeting Hvcyp18a1 disrupted the pupation. Approximately 75% of the Hvcyp18a1 RNAi larvae experienced developmental arrest and remained as stunted prepupae. Subsequently, they gradually turned black and eventually died. Among the Hvcyp18a1‐depleted animals that successfully pupated, around half became malformed pupae with swollen elytra and hindwings. The emerged adults from these deformed pupae appeared misshapen, with shriveled elytra and hindwings, and were wrapped in the pupal exuviae. Furthermore, RNAi of Hvcyp18a1 increased the expression of a 20E receptor gene (HvEcR) and four 20E response transcripts (HvE75, HvHR3, HvBrC, and HvαFTZ‐F1), while decreased the transcription of HvβFTZ‐F1. Our findings confirm the vital role of CYP18A1 in the pupation, potentially involved in the degradation of 20E in H. vigintioctopunctata.
RNAi efficiency is enhanced through knockdown of double‐stranded RNA‐degrading enzymes in butterfly Papilio xuthus
Authors: Shu Qian , Liu Gui‐chun , He Jin‐wu , Hu Ping , Dong Zhi‐wei , Zhao Ruo‐ping , Zhang Hong‐rui , Li Xue‐yan
Published: April 2024

The efficiency of RNA interference (RNAi) has always limited the research on the phenotype innovation of Lepidoptera insects. Previous studies have found that double‐stranded RNA‐degrading enzyme (dsRNase) is an important factor in RNAi efficiency, but there have been no relevant reports in butterflies (Papilionoidea). Papilio xuthus is one of the important models in butterflies with an extensive experimental application value. To explore the effect of dsRNase in the RNAi efficiency on butterflies, six dsRNase genes (PxdsRNase 1–6) were identified in P. xuthus genome, and their dsRNA‐degrading activities were subsequently detected by ex vivo assays. The result shows that the dsRNA‐degrading ability of gut content (<1 h) was higher than hemolymph content (>12 h). We then investigated the expression patterns of these PxdsRNase genes during different tissues and developmental stages, and related RNAi experiments were carried out. Our results show that different PxdsRNase genes had different expression levels at different developmental stages and tissues. The expression of PxdsRNase2, PxdsRNase3, and PxdsRNase6 were upregulated significantly through dsGFP injection, and PxdsRNase genes can be silenced effectively by injecting their corresponding dsRNA. RNAi‐of‐RNAi studies with PxEbony, which acts as a reporter gene, observed that silencing PxdsRNase genes can increase RNAi efficiency significantly. These results confirm that silencing dsRNase genes can improve RNAi efficiency in P. xuthus significantly, providing a reference for the functional study of insects such as butterflies with low RNAi efficiency.
Assessment of fragment docking and scoring with the endothiapepsin model system
Authors: Herbst Carina , Endres Sara , Würz Rebecca , Sotriffer Christoph
Published: April 2024

Fragment‐based screening has become indispensable in drug discovery. Yet, the weak binding affinities of these small molecules still represent a challenge for the reliable detection of fragment hits. The extent of this issue was illustrated in the literature for the aspartic protease endothiapepsin: When seven biochemical and biophysical in vitro screening methods were applied to screen a library of 361 fragments, very poor overlap was observed between the hit fragments identified by the individual approaches, resulting in high levels of false positive and/or false negative results depending on the mutually compared methods. Here, the reported in vitro findings are juxtaposed with the results from in silico docking and scoring approaches. The docking programs GOLD and Glide were considered with the scoring functions ASP, ChemScore, ChemPLP, GoldScore, DSXCSD, and GlideScore. First, the ranking power and scoring power were assessed for the named scoring functions. Second, the capability of reproducing the crystallized fragment binding modes was tested in a structure‐based redocking approach. The redocking success notably depended on the ligand efficiency of the considered fragments. Third, a blinded virtual screening approach was employed to evaluate whether in silico screening can compete with in vitro methods in the enrichment of fragment databases.
Potential impact of Aeroclipper observations targeting tropical cyclone in the Western Pacific
Authors: Hattori Miki , Bellenger Hugo , Duvel Jean‐Philippe , Enomoto Takeshi
Published: April 2024

The Aeroclipper is a new balloon device that can be attracted and captured by tropical cyclones (TC) and perform continuous in situ measurements at the air–sea interfaces. To estimate the potential effect of Aeroclipper observations on the analysis of TCs, virtual Aeroclipper observations targeting TC Haima (October 2016) were synthesized using an idealized surface pressure distribution and best track data and were assimilated using an ensemble data assimilation system. Results show that the assimilation of Aeroclipper measurements may provide a more accurate representation of the TC pressure, wind, and temperature in analyses. This also leads to improved precipitation around the Philippines. The ensemble spread shows that the Aeroclipper measurement assimilation has an impact on the analyses that extends into the tropics from the early stages of TC development. These impact signals propagate westward with easterly waves and eastward with large‐scale convective disturbances. Although the underlying mechanisms need to be further examined and tested using real Aeroclipper measurements, the present study shows that these balloons could provide valuable observations to improve the precision of analyses in presence of a TC. This is a first step toward a study of the impact of the Aeroclipper measurement on TC forecast.
Technical teacher training program for engineering integration in K‐12 education
Authors: Bal Sezen , Sarıkaş Ali , Yayla Ayşe , Başpınar Ulvi , Altınay Selçuk , Baba Ahmet F. , Erdal Hasan , Korkmaz Hayriye
Published: April 2024

Engineering can enhance students' theoretical knowledge and practical application skills when integrated into K‐12 education. This approach encourages students to contemplate technology and engineering in more depth. Field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology training is becoming increasingly important, especially for vocational high school technical teachers. This study focuses on providing FPGA technology training to these vocational and technical teachers. The aim is to improve their theoretical understanding of FPGA digital design and practical application skills. By incorporating the latest technology into their courses, educators can offer students in‐depth learning and practical experience in electronic engineering and digital design. The training program covered the basics of FPGA, its applications, and how it can benefit vocational high schools in laboratory environments. A total of 34 technical teachers participated in the training program. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated through pre‐ and posttraining questionnaires. The results showed that most of the questionnaire items were statistically and practically significant and varied according to the teachers' department, teaching experience, and level of education.
Validation of the BCIS CHIP Score in chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Rempakos Athanasios , Alexandrou Michaella , Mutlu Deniz , Choi James W. , Poommipanit Paul , Khatri Jaikirshan J. , Young Laura , Jefferson Brian , Gorgulu Sevket , Jaffer Farouc A. , Chandwaney Raj , Davies Rhian , Benton Stewart , Alaswad Khaldoon , Azzalini Lorenzo , Kearney Kathleen E. , Krestyaninov Oleg , Khelimskii Dmitrii , Dattilo Philip , Reddy Niranjan , Abi‐Rafeh Nidal , Elguindy Ahmed , Goktekin Omer , Rangan Bavana V. , Mastrodemos Olga C. , Al‐Ogaili Ahmed , Sandoval Yader , Burke Nicholas M. , Brilakis Emmanouil S. , Basir Mir B.
Published: April 2024

Background

The complex high‐risk indicated percutaneous coronary intervention (CHIP) score is a tool developed using the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society (BCIS) database to define CHIP cases and predict in‐hospital major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events (MACCE).

Aim

To assess the validity of the CHIP score in chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods

We evaluated the performance of the CHIP score on 8341 CTO PCIs from the Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention (PROGRESS‐CTO) performed at 44 centers between 2012 and 2023.

Results

In our cohort, 7.8% (n = 647) of patients had a CHIP score of 0, 50.2% (n = 4192) had a CHIP score of 1–2, 26.2% (n = 2187) had a CHIP score of 3–4, 11.7% (n = 972) had a CHIP score of 5–6, 3.3% (n = 276) had a CHIP score of 7–8, and 0.8% (n = 67) had a CHIP score of 9+. The incidence of MACCE for a CHIP score of 0 was 0.6%, reaching as high as 8.7% for a CHIP score of 9+, confirming that a higher CHIP score is associated with a higher risk of MACCE. The estimated increase in the risk of MACCE per one score unit increase was 100% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 65%–141%). The AUC of the CHIP score model for predicting MACCE in our cohort was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.58–0.67). There was a positive correlation between the CHIP score and the PROGRESS‐CTO MACE score (Spearman's correlation: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.35–0.39; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The CHIP score has modest predictive capacity for MACCE in CTO PCI.
Deactivation mechanism for water splitting: Recent advances
Authors: Jia Yansong , Li Yang , Zhang Qiong , Yasin Sohail , Zheng Xinyu , Ma Kai , Hua Zhengli , Shi Jianfeng , Gu Chaohua , Dou Yuhai , Dou Shixue
Published: April 2024

Hydrogen (H2) has been regarded as a promising alternative to fossil‐fuel energy. Green H2 produced via water electrolysis (WE) powered by renewable energy could achieve a zero‐carbon footprint. Considerable attention has been focused on developing highly active catalysts to facilitate the reaction kinetics and improve the energy efficiency of WE. However, the stability of the electrocatalysts hampers the commercial viability of WE. Few studies have elucidated the origin of catalyst degradation. In this review, we first discuss the WE mechanism, including anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Then, we provide strategies used to enhance the stability of electrocatalysts. After that, the deactivation mechanisms of the typical commercialized HER and OER catalysts, including Pt, Ni, RuO2, and IrO2, are summarized. Finally, the influence of fluctuating energy on catalyst degradation is highlighted and in situ characterization methodologies for understanding the dynamic deactivation processes are described.
Activating Ru in the pyramidal sites of Ru2P‐type structures with earth‐abundant transition metals for achieving extremely high HER activity while minimizing noble metal content
Authors: El‐Refaei Sayed M. , Russo Patrícia A. , Schultz Thorsten , Chen Zhe‐Ning , Amsalem Patrick , Koch Norbert , Pinna Nicola
Published: April 2024

Rational design of efficient pH‐universal hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts to enable large‐scale hydrogen production via electrochemical water splitting is of great significance, yet a challenging task. Herein, Ru atoms in the Ru2P structure were replaced with M = Co, Ni, or Mo to produce M2−xRuxP nanocrystals. The metals show strong site preference, with Co and Ni occupying the tetrahedral sites and Ru the square pyramidal sites of the CoRuP and NiRuP Ru2P‐type structures. The presence of Co or Ni in the tetrahedral sites leads to charge redistribution for Ru and, according to density functional theory calculations, a significant increase in the Ru d‐band centers. As a result, the intrinsic activity of CoRuP and NiRuP increases considerably compared to Ru2P in both acidic and alkaline media. The effect is not observed for MoRuP, in which Mo prefers to occupy the pyramidal sites. In particular, CoRuP shows state‐of‐the‐art activity, outperforming Ru2P with Pt‐like activity in 0.5 M H2SO4 (η10 = 12.3 mV; η100 = 52 mV; turnover frequency (TOF) = 4.7 s−1). It remains extraordinarily active in alkaline conditions (η10 = 12.9 mV; η100 = 43.5 mV) with a TOF of 4.5 s−1, which is 4x higher than that of Ru2P and 10x that of Pt/C. Further increase in the Co content does not lead to drastic loss of activity, especially in alkaline medium, where, for example, the TOF of Co1.9Ru0.1P remains comparable to that of Ru2P and higher than that of Pt/C, highlighting the viability of the adopted approach to prepare cost‐efficient catalysts.
Energy Barriers and Gap Between Two Excited States in a Dual‐Emissive Carborane
Authors: Zhao Xueyuan , Zhang Xinning , Li Xin , Wu Lin , Ji Lei
Published: April 2024

A thorough understanding of the internal conversion process between excited states is important for the designing of ideal multiple‐emissive materials. However, it is hard to experimentally measure both the energy barriers and gaps between the excited states of a compound. For a long time, it is dubious if what was measured is the energy gap or barrier between two excited states. In this paper, we designed 1‐(pyren‐2’‐yl)‐9,12‐di(p‐tolyl)‐o‐carborane (2), which shows dual‐emission in solution. Temperature‐dependent fluorescence measurements show that the two emission bands in hexane are corresponding to two different excited states. The ratio of the emission bands is controlled by thermodynamics at higher temperatures and by kinetics at lower temperatures. Thus, the energy barrier and energy gaps between the two excited states of 2 can be experimentally estimated.
Association between Life's Essential 8 score and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein: A cross‐sectional study from NHANES 2015−2018
Authors: Li Jianan , Zhang Jie , Su Dan , Lin Sanru , Huang Yujie , Wu Shujing , Xu Demin
Published: April 2024

Background

Earlier studies showed a negative correlation between life's simple 7 (LS7) and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), but no association has been found between life's essential 8 (LE8), an improved version of LS7, and hs‐CRP.

Hypothesis

This study investigated the association between LE8 and hs‐CRP utilizing data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey.

Methods

A total of 7229 adults were incorporated in our study. LE8 was scored according to American Heart Association guidelines, and LE8 was divided into health behaviors and health factors. Serum samples of the participants were used to measure hs‐CRP. To investigate the association between LE8 and hs‐CRP, weighted linear regression, and restricted cubic spline were utilized.

Results

Among 7229 participants, the average age was 48.03 ± 16.88 years, 3689 (51.2%) were females and the median hs‐CRP was 1.92 (0.81−4.49) mg/L. In adjusted weighted linear regression, a negative correlation was observed between the LE8 score and hs‐CRP. Compared with the low LE8 score, the moderate LE8 score β was −0.533 (−0.646 to −0.420), and the high LE8 score β was −1.237 (−1.376 to −1.097). Health behaviors and health factors were also negatively associated with hs‐CRP. In stratified analyses, the negative correlation between LE8 and hs‐CRP remained consistent across subgroups.

Conclusion

There was a negative correlation between LE8 as well as its sub‐indicator scores and hs‐CRP. Maintaining a positive LE8 score may be conducive to lowering the level of hs‐CRP.
Esterification of Cyclic N6‐Threonylcarbamoyladenosine During RNA Sample Preparation
Authors: Bessler Larissa , Sirleaf Jason , Kampf Christopher J. , Frankowska Katarzyna , Leszczyńska Grażyna , Opatz Till , Helm Mark
Published: April 2024

The continuous deciphering of crucial biological roles of RNA modifications and their involvement in various pathological conditions, together with their key roles in the use of RNA‐based therapeutics, has reignited interest in studying the occurrence and identity of non‐canonical ribonucleoside structures during the past years. Discovery and structural elucidation of new modified structures is usually achieved by combination of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) at the nucleoside level and stable isotope labeling experiments. This approach, however, has its pitfalls as demonstrated in the course of the present study: we structurally elucidated a new nucleoside structure that showed significant similarities to the family of (c)t6A modifications and was initially considered a genuine modification, but subsequently turned out to be an in vitro formed glycerol ester of t6A. This artifact is generated from ct6A during RNA hydrolysis upon addition of enzymes stored in glycerol containing buffers in a mildly alkaline milieu, and was moreover shown to undergo an intramolecular transesterification reaction. Our results demand for extra caution, not only in the discovery of new RNA modifications, but also with regard to the quantification of known modified structures, in particular chemically labile modifications, such as ct6A, that might suffer from exposure to putatively harmless reagents during the diverse steps of sample preparation.
Impact of left atrial wall motion assumptions in fluid simulations on proposed predictors of thrombus formation
Authors: Kjeldsberg Henrik A. , Albors Carlos , Mill Jordi , Medel David Viladés , Camara Oscar , Sundnes Joakim , Valen‐Sendstad Kristian
Published: April 2024

Atrial fibrillation (AF) poses a significant risk of stroke due to thrombus formation, which primarily occurs in the left atrial appendage (LAA). Medical image‐based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can provide valuable insight into patient‐specific hemodynamics and could potentially enhance personalized assessment of thrombus risk. However, the importance of accurately representing the left atrial (LA) wall dynamics has not been fully resolved. In this study, we compared four modeling scenarios; rigid walls, a generic wall motion based on a reference motion, a semi‐generic wall motion based on patient‐specific motion, and patient‐specific wall motion based on medical images. We considered a LA geometry acquired from 4D computed tomography during AF, systematically performed convergence tests to assess the numerical accuracy of our solution strategy, and quantified the differences between the four approaches. The results revealed that wall motion had no discernible impact on LA cavity hemodynamics, nor on the markers that indicate thrombus formation. However, the flow patterns within the LAA deviated significantly in the rigid model, indicating that the assumption of rigid walls may lead to errors in the estimated risk factors. In contrast, the generic, semi‐generic, and patient‐specific cases were qualitatively similar. The results highlight the crucial role of wall motion on hemodynamics and predictors of thrombus formation, and also demonstrate the potential of using a generic motion model as a surrogate for the more complex patient‐specific motion. While the present study considered a single case, the employed CFD framework is entirely open‐source and designed for adaptability, allowing for integration of additional models and generic motions.
Effect of Microhydration in Tuning the Photophysical Behavior of a Luminescent DNA Probe Revealed by Non‐Adiabatic Dynamics
Authors: Lognon Elise , Burger Alain , Dumont Elise , Monari Antonio
Published: April 2024

We report non‐adiabatic dynamics, performed in the surface hopping formalism, of 2‐thienyl‐3‐hydroxychromone, an environment‐dependent luminescent organic DNA probe. In particular we have shown that the first shell solvent water molecules undergo a rather complex reorganization upon light excitation. This involves also the triggering of a water‐mediated proton transfer process which leads to the formation of the tautomeric structure. The presence of this solvent‐mediated transfer mechanism globally diminishes the intersystem crossing efficiency, and hence the population of the triplet state manifold, as compared to the non‐solvated systems. Our results also point out the non‐innocent role of solvent networks in tuning complex photophysical processes, while opening competitive relaxation channels.
Exploring Advanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts: The Potential of Metal‐Free and Non‐Pyrolyzed Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Martínez‐Fernández Marcos , Segura José L.
Published: April 2024

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysis is an area of increasing interest for the in‐situ production of H2O2 or the development of energy‐related devices such as hydrogen fuel cells. Although pyrolyzed catalysts still offer the best performances to date with reference to the organic‐based catalysts, metal‐free and non‐pyrolyzed covalent organic frameworks (COFs) stands out as promising alternatives candidates due to their favourable characteristics such as crystallinity, porosity, and organic composition, allowing the study of structural‐property relationships. Herein, we present the design principles and recent advances in COFs‐based ORR electrocatalysts, demonstrating how composition influences the activity and electronic pathway of the oxygen reduction process.
Conformal ultra‐miniaturized frequency selective surface for medical shielding applications
Authors: Viswanathan Lavanya , Kanagasabai Malathi , Mohammed Gulam Nabi Alsath
Published: April 2024

This article presents a novel wearable frequency selective surface (FSS) for shielding the communication link of implantable devices with the external environment. The proposed shield blocks a dual‐band frequency operating at 404 MHz and 2.45 GHz in the medical implant communication service (MICS) and industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands. The two distinct stop bands provide a high‐frequency band ratio of 6.02 in an ultra‐miniaturized physical form factor of 0.024λo × 0.024λo, with at least 76.96% miniaturization when compared to the existing art. Each of the unit cells is imprinted on a conformal 50 μm polyester substrate in a symmetrical configuration. The polyester adheres with jean to realize its compatibility with wearable applications. The designed shield system offers a low profile of only 0.00146λo. By suppressing the grating lobe, the proposed shield achieves a high angular stability of 80° and polarization insensitivity of 90° in both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. The FSS is fabricated and measured results validate its performance. To evaluate the physical insight, an equivalent circuit model (ECM) analysis is done. To ensure durability, the proposed shield system is tested with Amitech SDR04.
Should Children Be Included in Human Challenge Studies?
Authors: Binik Ariella
Published: April 2024

Human challenge studies, in which human research subjects are intentionally exposed to pathogens to contribute to scientific knowledge, raise many ethical complexities. One controversial question is whether it is ethically permissible to include children as participants. Commentary of the past decades endorses the exclusion of children, while new guidance suggests that pediatric human challenge studies can be ethically permissible. This paper argues that neither children's exclusion nor their inclusion are well justified. I examine and reject three arguments for exclusion, but suggest that these arguments establish pediatric human challenge studies as a complex ethical category of research that requires caution. I then argue for a strong presumption against children's inclusion, by drawing on an analogy to children's inclusion in phase I trials, emphasizing a requirement of necessity, and suggesting that accommodating children's vulnerability promotes an age de‐escalation approach for pediatric human challenge studies research. In the final section, I suggest a procedure for ethics review.
Lifetime and current mental health based on avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder history versus other eating disorder history in the Healthy Minds Study
Authors: Richson Brianne N. , Zickgraf Hana F.
Published: April 2024

Objective

Research on psychiatric comorbidities associated with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) primarily compares ARFID versus anorexia nervosa (AN). Little is known about comorbidities associated with mixed ARFID/other eating disorder (ED) history or ARFID comorbidities relative to EDs beyond AN. This study assessed lifetime and current psychiatric factors in a large college sample with varying ED histories.

Method

Participants were United States students from the 2021/2022 Healthy Minds Study who endorsed lifetime professionally diagnosed EDs (N = 4657). Chi‐square tests compared lifetime ED groups (ARFID, ARFID + Non‐ARFID ED, Non‐ARFID ED) on lifetime neurodevelopmental, anxiety, obsessive‐compulsive, trauma/stressor‐related, and depressive disorder prevalence, and suicidality and counseling/therapy receipt. Multivariate analysis of variance evaluated current depressive, anxiety, and ED symptom differences.

Results

Lifetime neurodevelopmental and anxiety disorders were less prevalent in “Lifetime Non‐ARFID ED” than ARFID groups. Lifetime depressive, trauma/stressor‐related, and obsessive‐compulsive disorders were relatively more prevalent in “Lifetime ARFID + Non‐ARFID ED.” This group demonstrated relatively greater current depressive symptoms and past‐year suicide attempts. Lifetime ARFID groups demonstrated relatively greater current anxiety. All groups differed on current ED symptoms. Effects were small.

Discussion

Historical ARFID is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and historical/current anxiety. Mixed ARFID/non‐ARFID ED history may indicate increased propensity toward varied psychopathology.

Public Significance Statement

This study replicated findings that ARFID is associated with neurodevelopmental and anxiety disorders in the lifespan through young adulthood. Extending prior work, results suggest a history of ARFID is associated with increased anxiety in young adulthood. Finally, a history of both ARFID and other eating pathology is associated with increased risk for a wide range of psychiatric difficulties (e.g., obsessive‐compulsive symptoms, suicide attempts) in the lifespan through young adulthood.