bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Air quality and radiative forcing impacts of anthropogenic volatile organic compound emissions from ten world regions
Authors: Fry M. M. , Schwarzkopf M. D. , Adelman Z. , West J. J.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) influence air quality and global climate change through their effects on secondary air pollutants and climate forcers. Here we simulate the air quality and radiative forcing (RF) impacts of changes in ozone, methane, and sulfate from halving anthropogenic NMVOC emissions globally and from 10 regions individually, using a global chemical transport model and a standalone radiative transfer model. Halving global NMVOC emissions decreases global annual average tropospheric methane and ozone by 36.6 ppbv and 3.3 Tg, respectively, and surface ozone by 0.67 ppbv. All regional reductions slow the production of PAN, resulting in regional to intercontinental PAN decreases and regional NOx increases. These NOx increases drive tropospheric ozone increases nearby or downwind of source regions in the Southern Hemisphere (South America, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Australia). Some regions' NMVOC emissions contribute importantly to air pollution in other regions, such as East Asia, Middle East, and Europe, whose impact on US surface ozone is 43%, 34%, and 34% of North America's impact. Global and regional NMVOC reductions produce widespread negative net RFs (cooling) across both hemispheres from tropospheric ozone and methane decreases, and regional warming and cooling from changes in tropospheric ozone and sulfate (via several oxidation pathways). The total global net RF for NMVOCs is estimated as 0.0277 W m−2 (~1.8% of CO2 RF since the preindustrial). The 100 yr and 20 yr global warming potentials (GWP100, GWP20) are 2.36 and 5.83 for the global reduction, and 0.079 to 6.05 and −1.13 to 18.9 among the 10 regions. The NMVOC RF and GWP estimates are generally lower than previously modeled estimates, due to differences among models in ozone, methane, and sulfate sensitivities, and the climate forcings included in each estimate. Accounting for a~fuller set of RF contributions may change the relative magnitude of each region's impacts. The large variability in the RF and GWP of NMVOCs among regions suggest that regionally-specific metrics may be necessary to include NMVOCs in multi-gas climate trading schemes.
Inter-annual precipitation fluctuations alter the responses of above- and belowground biomass to water and N enrichment
Authors: Kong D. L. , Lü X. T. , Jiang L. L. , Wu H. F. , Miao Y. , Kardol P.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Water availability has profound effects on plant growth and productivity in temperate and semi-arid grasslands. However, it remains unclear how variation of inter-annual precipitation by extreme rainfall events will alter the aboveground and belowground responses of plants, and how these responses may be contingent on N availability. In this study, we examined the interactive effects of inter-annual precipitation variation and N addition on aboveground and live fine root biomass of a semi-arid grassland in northern China for two consecutive years (2007 and 2008). Inter-annual variation in precipitation resulting mainly from the occurrence of extreme rainfall events in 2008 significantly affected above- and belowground plant biomass responses to water addition. In addition, variation of inter-annual precipitation by this extreme rainfall event suppressed plant responses to nitrogen addition and reduced the interaction effects between water and nitrogen addition. These effects of inter-annual precipitation fluctuation could be attributed to the negative influence of the extreme rainfall event on soil N and water availability, ultimately reducing plant rainfall use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency. In conclusion, our results suggest ecosystem responses to water and N enrichment could be altered by inter-annual variation of precipitation regime caused by the naturally occurring extreme rainfall events.
The simultaneous occurrence of surge and discharge extremes for the Rhine delta
Authors: Kew S. F. , Selten F. M. , Lenderink G. , Hazeleger W.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The low-lying Netherlands is at risk from multiple threats of sea level rise, storm surges and extreme river discharges. Should these occur simultaneously, a catastrophe will be at hand. Knowledge about the likelihood of simultaneous occurrence or the so-called "compound effect" of such threats is essential to provide guidance on legislation for dike heights, flood barrier design and water management in general. In this study, we explore the simultaneous threats of North Sea storm surges and extreme Rhine river discharge for the current and future climate in a large 17-member global climate model ensemble. We use a simple approach, taking proxies of north-northwesterly winds over the North Sea and multiple~day precipitation averaged over the Rhine basin for storm surge and discharge respectively, so that a sensitivity analysis is straightforward to apply. By investigating soft extremes, we circumvent the need to extrapolate the data and thereby permit the model's synoptic development of the extreme events to be inspected. Our principle finding based on the climate model data is that, for the current climate, the probability of extreme surge conditions following extreme 20-day precipitation sums is around 3 times higher than that estimated from treating extreme surge and discharge probabilities as independent, as previously assumed. For the future climate (2070–2100), the assumption of independence cannot be rejected, at least not for precipitation sums exceeding 7 days.
O homem também fala: o climatério feminino na ótica masculina
Authors: Leite Marinês Tambara , Taschetto Alexandra , Hildebrandt Leila Mariza , Van der Sand Isabel Cristina Pacheco
Published: August 2013

doi: 10.5216/ree.v15i2.15424 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v15i2.15424.RESUMO Estudo cujo objetivo foi compreender a percepção de homens acerca do climatério feminino. Pesquisa descritiva, de natureza qualitativa, da qual participaram dez companheiros de mulheres que vivenciam o climatério. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista, analisados segundo os preceitos da análise de conteúdo. O material foi agrupado em uma categoria de análise que versa sobre modificações ocorridas na vida da mulher em decorrência do climatério na percepção de seu companheiro. Estes identificam os sintomas clínicos relacionados ao climatério, destacando-se a perda da libido, irritabilidade e fogachos. Mencionam que o relacionamento conjugal se mantém, porém possuem pouca tolerância diante das repercussões advindas dos sintomas climatéricos de suas companheiras. Os profissionais de enfermagem devem direcionar intervenções no sentido de, também, orientar os homens acerca das alterações orgânicas e psíquicas decorrentes do climatério vivenciadas por suas mulheres para que possam compreender essa situação e aprender a lidar com ela. Descritores: Enfermagem; Climatério; Saúde da Mulher.
Perfil clínico, social e motivos de faltas em consultas de hipertensos e/ou diabéticos
Authors: Trindade Fernanda Teixeira , Antunes Haline Souza , Souza Neyandra Dos Santos de , Menezes Tânia Maria De Oliva , Cruz Constança Margarida Sampaio
Published: August 2013

doi: 10.5216/ree.v15i2.16909 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v15i2.16909 RESUMO Estudo cujo objetivo foi conhecer o perfil clínico e social de hipertensos e /ou diabéticos que não comparecem as consultas e identificar os motivos que levaram esses usuários a ausência às consultas. Estudo de série de casos, realizado em uma unidade de saúde que funciona em consonância com a estratégia saúde da família, entre outubro e dezembro de 2010. Dentre os faltosos, houve predominância de mulheres (87,8%), faixa etária de 50-59 anos (44,9%), ensino fundamental incompleto (46,9%), renda de até 2 salários mínimos (69,4%). Os principais motivos de falta às consultas foram compromissos no dia (17,3%), esquecimento da data e outros motivos não especificados (12,2%). O conhecimento do perfil destes usuários e os motivos para ausência às consultas apontam para nortear a oferta das estratégias multiprofissionais, reorganizar os serviços e promover condições para melhor adesão ao tratamento. Descritores: Hipertensão; Diabetes Mellitus; Atenção Primária à Saúde; Enfermagem em Saúde Pública.
Ações de saúde na estratégia saúde da família à luz da integralidade: município goiano
Authors: Santana Fabiana Ribeiro , Santana Fernanda Ribeiro , Anjos Giselle Vieira dos , Campos Thiago Vieira , Lima Patrícia Carla Teixeira , Lopes Mayra Maia , Lima Rafaela Pereira de , Oliveira Normalene Sena de , Weirich Claci Fátima , Fortuna Cinira Magali
Published: August 2013

doi: 10.5216/ree.v15i2.16936 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v15i2.16936. RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo analisar as ações de saúde desenvolvidas por equipes de saúde da família em um município do sudeste goiano à luz da integralidade. Trata-se de pesquisa exploratória descritiva de abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas e, após uma análise de conteúdo, elegeram-se três categorias temáticas: Ações dos trabalhadores e articulação entre elas; A ESF não funciona como Estratégia Saúde da Família; Atualização das equipes de saúde da família. Os resultados demonstram a fragmentação das ações e desarticulação entre os trabalhadores, o que dificulta a integralidade. Concluiu-se, assim, que existe uma necessidade de investimentos na educação permanente em saúde, no fortalecimento do controle social, na avaliação participativa no SUS e no aprimoramento de tecnologias de gestão e cuidado. Descritores: Atenção Primária à Saúde; Programa Saúde da Família; Assistência à Saúde; Pesquisa Qualitativa; Enfermagem em Saúde Pública.
A tuberculose na estratégia de saúde da família: o conhecimento dos agentes comunitários de saúde
Authors: Sobrinho Ellen Cristine Ramdohr , Freitas Karen Grecco de , Figueiredo Rosely Moralez de , Caliari Juliano De Souza
Published: August 2013

doi: 10.5216/ree.v15i2.16982 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v15i2.16982. RESUMO Este estudo objetivou identificar o conhecimento dos agentes comunitários de saúde do município de São Carlos – São Paulo sobre tuberculose, tendo como referência a Cartilha “Tuberculose: informações para agentes comunitários de saúde” preconizada pela Secretaria de Políticas de Saúde. Foi aplicado um questionário de múltipla escolha a 87 profissionais das 16 Unidades de Saúde da Família do município, onde cerca de 70% foi capaz de reconhecer minimamente suas ações no controle da doença. Fragilidades importantes quanto à duração e ao abandono do tratamento, além de mitos e equívocos sobre formas de transmissão foram identificadas. Conclui-se que há a necessidade de ações educativas específicas para esses profissionais, tendo em vista o papel crucial que os mesmos desempenham no controle da doença. Acredita-se que esses resultados possam subsidiar estratégias educativas e a adoção de políticas de controle da doença voltadas para o agente comunitário. Descritores: Tuberculose; Agente Comunitário de Saúde; Programa Saúde da Família; Serviços de Saúde; Enfermagem.
Avaliação da depressão e do estilo de vida de idosos hipertensos
Authors: Silva Amanda Miranda , Faria Débora Da Silva , Duarte Gema Galgani de Mesquita , Veiga Eugênia Velludo , Da Silva Patrícia Costa dos Santos
Published: August 2013

doi: 10.5216/ree.v15i2.17034 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v15i2.17034. RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação da depressão com o estilo de vida em idosos hipertensos atendidos em uma Unidade de Estratégia de Saúde da Família, localizada no Sul de Minas Gerais. Pesquisa quantitativa, analítica, com 102 idosos hipertensos, aos quais se aplicou entrevista para verificar perfil, questões relacionadas à saúde, depressão, atividade física, etilismo e tabagismo, no período de junho a julho/2011. Utilizou-se o Teste Exato Fisher para a realização da análise estatística. Verificou-se que 73 (71,5%) eram mulheres; 28 (27,45%) tinham de 60-65 anos; 44 (43,1%) apresentaram sintomas de depressão; seis (5,9%) foram classificados como sedentários; 25 (24,5%) consomem bebida alcoólica e 14 (13,7%) são tabagistas. Pôde-se concluir que os idosos hipertensos apresentam sintomas depressivos em uma porcentagem superior àquela encontrada na população geral, entretanto não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa ao associar as variáveis relacionadas ao estilo de vida com a depressão. Descritores: Hipertensão; Depressão; Estilo de Vida; Idoso.
Relações de cuidado entre enfermeiros da atenção básica e cuidadores familiares de pessoas com câncer
Authors: Waidman Maria Angélica Pagliarini , Santos Gabriella Benedetti , Oliveira William Tiago , Sales Catarina Aparecida
Published: August 2013

doi: 10.5216/ree.v15i2.17380 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v15i2.17380. RESUMO Estudo exploratório-descritivo, qualitativo, que objetivou conhecer as relações de cuidado entre enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família e cuidadores familiares de pessoas com câncer, residentes em um município do noroeste do Paraná. As entrevistas foram realizadas no mês de junho de 2011 nos domicílios dos sujeitos e nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde por meio de duas questões norteadoras. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática, proposto por Bardin. Os resultados evidenciaram um paradoxo entre as concepções dos familiares e dos enfermeiros. Tal divergência nos fez refletir se realmente o enfermeiro está cônscio de seu papel junto à população estudada. Enfim, percebemos a necessidade desses profissionais de reconhecerem suas reais competências, enquanto coordenadores da equipe de saúde e responsáveis pelo cuidado prestado no domicílio, fazendo-se presentes na assistência direta aos indivíduos com câncer e suas famílias. Descritores: Família; Cuidadores; Cuidados Domiciliares de Saúde; Enfermagem; Neoplasias.
ELASTOMERS IN THE OIL FIELD
Authors: Mody Rustom , Gerrard David , Goodson Jim
Published: August 2013

Even before Spindletop “gushered” in the great Texas oil boom in 1901, rubber chemistry and technology played a key role in the pressure and flow control of hydrocarbons from petroleum reservoirs. This key role for rubber in the oil field continues today, where the cost of construction of an oil or gas well can exceed a billion dollars. Almost all equipment used in downhole drilling and completion operations currently depends on elastomers and other sealing materials to provide steady, reliable performance during service.

Although the cost of the individual seals used downhole in a well represents only a fraction of the total well cost, the seals are critical to well performance and safety. Sealing mechanisms are at the heart of any drilling, completion, or production system and are the primary components on which the functional success and longevity of the system rests. Modern drilling systems, with their significant use of onboard electronic components and sensors, rely heavily on nonmetallic seals to prevent well environmental contamination while withstanding sustained dynamic loadings throughout service. Well completion systems can be categorized by either relatively short-term applications, after which seals can be changed or maintained, or long-term applications, in which seals are expected to perform without change or maintenance for 20 years or longer. The assurance of these systems' continued performance throughout the life of the well, whether the expected life is short or long, is of vital importance.
The Rehabilitation of the Widows in Pattani Province, Thailand
Authors: Daraha Kanlaya
Published: August 2013

The purpose of the research aimed to 1) Investigate the rehabilitation of the widows affected by the violence in the Province Pattani, Thailand. 2) Provide the guideline for the government and institutions to find ways to rehabilitate the widows affected the violence in the Province Pattani, Thailand. The findings of the research were summarized: There are increasing the widows drastically because of the violence crisis for a long time since 2004. The government has the policy to rehabilitate the widows affected by the violence. Ministry of Human Security and Social Development helps the budget per month for the widows. In the Deep South has the Center for rehabilitation the populations and the widows affected by the violence i.e. South Coordination Center, that coordinate with Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus and the office of Human Security and Social Development in the Province Pattani and specifically it has the group of the widows “We Peace” for empowerment the widows and the Center of the Health care. Some opinions suggest the activities to collaborate with the widows, the training career for the widows and it must have the community for watching the strangers every village and the government should construct the conciliation in the Deep South of Thailand for conducting “the Social Well- Being”.
Love and the Moral Psychology of the Hegelian Nietzsche: Comments on Robert Pippin's Nietzsche, Psychology, and First Philosophy
Authors: Anderson R. Lanier
Published: August 2013

Pippin treats Nietzsche's moral psychology as the key to his philosophy. Three aspects of the psychology are meant to bear this weight: (1) a critical and deflationary, but irreducibly hermeneutic, conception of the nature of moral psychology itself; (2) a thesis that eros is central to Nietzsche's theory of valuing; and (3) an expressivist theory of action, which replaces the causal role of intention with an interpretive notion of expression in explaining action. Pippin's handling of all three, but especially the third, places Nietzsche's philosophy in a Hegelian light, as does his view that genuine action arises from a deep-going self-dissatisfaction. I raise doubts about whether the expressivist theory of action can be adequate to all actions and suggest that the centrality of self-dissatisfaction for Pippin stands in tension with Nietzsche's own construal of the demand for affirmation of life.
Welcome Note from H. E. Bold. L, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia
Authors: Bold HE
Published: August 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.63 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.18 2013: 3-4
Greetings from Academician B. Enkhtuvshin, President of Mongolian Academy of Sciences
Authors: Enkhtuvshin B
Published: August 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.64 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.18 2013: 5
Democracy and Poverty: A Lesson from Mongolia
Authors: Tuya N
Published: August 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.66 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.18 2013: 11-15
Evaluating Mongolia’s Experience of Democratization: The Post-Soviet Scenario
Authors: Soni Sharad K
Published: August 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.68 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.18 2013: 30-46
State of Civil Society Development in Mongolia
Authors: Undarya T
Published: August 2013

Mongolia’s civil society has been much praised by observers, mostly foreign, for its strength and vibrancy. While these glowing accounts do have some merit, it is important to take a more sober look at not so conducive environment – political, cultural, economic and financial,- which could severely undermine the future of Mongolia’s civil society. Yet, given the current position of Mongolia, standing to gain from its mining boom, the presence of a strong, well resourced, effective and ethical civil society may be the key factor for determining the country’s course towards equitable and democratic development or essentially a corrupt police state with a small elite ruling over the poor masses. With this thought in mind, this article will review the development of the Mongolian civil society, particularly its environment and structure. The article will rely on the latest available comprehensive study of civil society in Mongolia, produced using the CIVICUS’s Civil Society Index (CSI) methodology.1 Although the CSI study was conducted in 2004-2005, civil society stakeholders agree that its main findings still hold.2 Whenever necessary and possible, the study findings shall be updated with more recent data and analysis. Given the diversity and complexity of the broader civil society field, and considering the vital role played in this field by human rights (including women’s rights) and pro-democracy advocacy NGOs, the article will focus more on this particular sub-field. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.70 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.18 2013: 52-68
Democracy in Japan
Authors: Iwakuni Tetsundo
Published: August 2013

Brief Background ost people seem to be under the impression that democracy was introduced to Japan at the end of World War II. Well – not so much introduced as imposed upon the Japanese people by the Allied Forces. While this may be true to some extent, it is important to note that the seeds of democracy already existed in Japanese society in the early 20th century, which explains the relative ease of transition to democratic processes and receptivity of democratic institutions. Another factor that facilitated the transition from an ultranationalist, militarist government was the retention of the imperial system. Although now mostly symbolic, it nevertheless had a stabilizing effect for the Japanese people at a time of great turbulence and change in the aftermath of war. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.74 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.18 2013: 118-122
Democracy in Central Asia: Authoritarian Regimes or Hybrid Regimes?
Authors: Tugsbilguun T
Published: August 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.75 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.18 2013: 123-126
Enhancing In Vivo Survival of Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Through Bcl-2 Overexpression Using a Minicircle Vector
Authors: Hyun Jeong , Grova Monica , Nejadnik Hossein , Lo David , Morrison Shane , Montoro Daniel , Chung Michael , Zimmermann Andrew , Walmsley Graham G. , Lee Min , Daldrup-Link Heike , Wan Derrick C. , Longaker Michael T.
Published: August 2013

Tissue regeneration using progenitor cell-based therapy has the potential to aid in the healing of a diverse range of pathologies, ranging from short-gut syndrome to spinal cord lesions. However, there are numerous hurdles to be overcome prior to the widespread application of these cells in the clinical setting. One of the primary barriers to effective stem cell therapy is the hostile environment that progenitor cells encounter in the clinical injury wound setting. In order to promote cellular survival, stem cell differentiation, and participation in tissue regeneration, relevant cells and delivery scaffolds must be paired with strategies to prevent cell death to ensure that these cells can survive to form de novo tissue. The Bcl-2 protein is a prosurvival member of a family of proteins that regulate the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Using several strategies to overexpress the Bcl-2 protein, we demonstrated a decrease in the mediators of apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. This was shown through the use of two different clinical tissue repair models. Cells overexpressing Bcl-2 not only survived within the wound environment at a statistically significantly higher rate than control cells, but also increased tissue regeneration. Finally, we used a nonintegrating minicircle technology to achieve this in a potentially clinically applicable strategy for stem cell therapy.
Direct-to-Consumer Stem Cell Marketing and Regulatory Responses
Authors: Sipp Douglas
Published: August 2013

There is a large, poorly regulated international market of putative stem cell products, including transplants of processed autologous stem cells from various tissues, cell processing devices, cosmetics, and nutritional supplements. Despite the absence of rigorous scientific research in the form of randomized clinical trials to support the routine use of such products, the market appears to be growing and diversifying. Very few stem cell biologics have passed regulatory scrutiny, and authorities in many countries, including the United States, have begun to step up their enforcement activities to protect patients and the integrity of health care markets.
Intravenous Administration of Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived AC133+ Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Rat Stroke Model Reduces Infarct Volume: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Histological Findings
Authors: Iskander Asm , Knight Robert A. , Zhang Zheng Gang , Ewing James R. , Shankar Adarsh , Varma Nadimpalli Ravi S. , Bagher-Ebadian Hassan , Ali Meser M. , Arbab Ali S. , Janic Branislava
Published: August 2013

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) hold enormous therapeutic potential for ischemic vascular diseases. Previous studies have indicated that stem/progenitor cells derived from human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) improve functional recovery in stroke models. Here, we examined the effect of hUCB AC133+ EPCs on stroke development and resolution in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) rat model. Since the success of cell therapies strongly depends on the ability to monitor in vivo the migration of transplanted cells, we also assessed the capacity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to track in vivo the magnetically labeled cells that were administered. Animals were subjected to transient MCAo and 24 hours later injected intravenously with 107 hUCB AC133+ EPCs. MRI performed at days 1, 7, and 14 after the insult showed accumulation of transplanted cells in stroke-affected hemispheres and revealed that stroke volume decreased at a significantly higher rate in cell-treated animals. Immunohistochemistry analysis of brain tissues localized the administered cells in the stroke-affected hemispheres only and indicated that these cells may have significantly affected the magnitude of endogenous proliferation, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. We conclude that transplanted cells selectively migrated to the ischemic brain parenchyma, where they exerted a therapeutic effect on the extent of tissue damage, regeneration, and time course of stroke resolution.
Community Policing: Reinventing the Wheel?
Authors: Friedmann Robert R.
Published: August 2013

Community Policing (CP) has been a much used, overused and abused term. Many blindly adopt it, others blindly reject it. This brief article argues that a cogent policing strategy that deploys CP should start with the focus on the epidemiology of crime and the understanding of how crime is produced. There is no need to reinvent the wheel of policing strategies. Just drive it.
Changement des états de surface, précipitations automnales et vulnérabilité des sols dans le bassin versant du Bouregreg au Maroc
Authors: Brou Yao Télesphore , Emram Anas , Abdellah Laouina , Chaker Miloud , Coupleux Sylvie , Boujrouf Saïd
Published: August 2013

Localisé dans la région de Rabat-Salé-Zemour, le bassin versant du Bouregreg est un espace essentiellement pastoral dans ses parties intérieures montagneuses et une zone agro-pastorale en aval. Les dynamiques paysagères observées sur ce bassin versant, à l’instar de la plupart des bassins versants du Maroc atlantique, sont marquées par une densification des zones de cultures dans les plaines et de leur extension sur les versants. La classification supervisée des images Landsat de 1987 et 2006 a permis de mettre en évidence l’évolution de l’occupation du sol. Sur l’ensemble du bassin versant, entre 1987 et 2006, 15 % des surfaces boisées ont été transformées en espaces agricoles. La prise en compte de la morphologie du bassin versant permet de mettre en évidence la fragilité des paysages agricoles. En effet, près de 39 % des surfaces cultivées sont situées sur des pentes de 5 à 10 % et près de 24 % sur les pentes de 10 à 20 %.

Ces terres de culture présentent une quasi-absence de végétation durant la période de préparation des sols et de semis. L’archivage et le suivi à l’échelle saisonnière des NDVI (indice de végétation normalisé) décadaires du capteur Spot végétation sur la période 2001-2009 révèlent un allongement de la période au cours de laquelle les sols sont quasi-dénudés durant les années de sécheresses exceptionnelles.

Par ailleurs, l’analyse de la série pluviométrique de la station de Rabat met en évidence une modification du régime des pluies automnales à partir de 1999, marquée notamment par une tendance à l’accroissement des hauteurs de pluie en octobre. Cette situation est susceptible d’accélérer la vulnérabilité des sols dénudés (à pentes fortes) à l’érosion pluviale, notamment à l’occasion d’années particulièrement sèches comme ce fut le cas en 2003 et 2007.
UNC-13L, UNC-13S, and Tomosyn form a protein code for fast and slow neurotransmitter release in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Hu Zhitao , Tong Xia-Jing , Kaplan Joshua M
Published: August 2013

Synaptic transmission consists of fast and slow components of neurotransmitter release. Here we show that these components are mediated by distinct exocytic proteins. The Caenorhabditis elegans unc-13 gene is required for SV exocytosis, and encodes long and short isoforms (UNC-13L and S). Fast release was mediated by UNC-13L, whereas slow release required both UNC-13 proteins and was inhibited by Tomosyn. The spatial location of each protein correlated with its effect. Proteins adjacent to the dense projection mediated fast release, while those controlling slow release were more distal or diffuse. Two UNC-13L domains accelerated release. C2A, which binds RIM (a protein associated with calcium channels), anchored UNC-13 at active zones and shortened the latency of release. A calmodulin binding site accelerated release but had little effect on UNC-13’s spatial localization. These results suggest that UNC-13L, UNC-13S, and Tomosyn form a molecular code that dictates the timing of neurotransmitter release.
Changing the rules of the game
Authors: MacLean Dan
Published: August 2013

Genomics researchers have built a Facebook game that allows members of the public to join the effort to understand a disease that has killed millions of ash trees across Europe.
Oxidative CO Cross‐Coupling of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and Their Heteroanalogues with N‐Substituted Hydroxamic Acids and N‐Hydroxyimides
Authors: Terent'ev Alexander O. , Krylov Igor B. , Timofeev Vladimir P. , Starikova Zoya A. , Merkulova Valentina M. , Ilovaisky Alexey I. , Nikishin Gennady I.
Published: August 2013

The oxidative CO cross‐coupling of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds and their heteroanalogues, 2‐substituted malononitriles and cyanoacetic esters, with N‐substituted hydroxamic acids and N‐hydroxyimides was realized. The best results were obtained with the use of manganese(III) acetate [Mn(OAc)3] or the cobalt(II) acetate catalyst [Co(OAc)2cat.]/potassium permanganate [KMnO4] system as the oxidant. The synthesis can be scaled up to gram quantities of coupling products; yields are 30–94%. The reaction proceeds via a radical mechanism through the formation of nitroxyl radicals from N‐substituted hydroxamic acids and N‐hydroxyimides.

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Electrochemical Reaction of Lithium with Nanostructured Silicon Anodes: A Study by In‐Situ Synchrotron X‐Ray Diffraction and Electron Energy‐Loss Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Feng , Wu Lijun , Key Baris , Yang Xiao‐Qing , Grey Clare P. , Zhu Yimei , Graetz Jason
Published: August 2013

Silicon‐based anodes are an appealing alternative to graphite for lithium‐ion batteries because of their extremely high capacity. However, poor cycling stability and slow kinetics continue to limit the widespread use of silicon in commercial batteries. Performance improvement has been often demonstrated in nanostructured silicon electrodes, but the reaction mechanisms involved in the electrochemical lithiation of nanoscale silicon are not well understood. Here, in‐situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction is used to monitor the subtle structural changes occurring in Si nanoparticles in a Si‐C composite electrode during lithiation. Local analysis by electron energy‐loss spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy is performed to interrogate the nanoscale morphological changes and phase evolution of Si particles at different depths of discharge. It is shown that upon lithiation, Si nanoparticles behave quite differently than their micrometer‐sized counterparts. Although both undergo an electrochemical amorphization, the micrometer‐sized silicon exhibits a linear transformation during lithiation, while a two‐step process occurs in the nanoscale Si. In the first half of the discharge, lithium reacts with surfaces, grain boundaries and planar defects. As the reaction proceeds and the cell voltage drops, lithium consumes the crystalline core transforming it into amorphous LixSi with a primary particle size of just a few nanometers. Unlike the bulk silicon electrode, no Li15Si4 or other crystalline LixSi phases were formed in nanoscale Si at the fully‐lithiated state.
Human linear growth trajectory defined
Authors: Mon Anderson , Cabana Michael , Halpern‐Felsher Bonnie , Meyerhoff Dieter Johannes
Published: August 2013

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to assess the applicability of a simple mathematical formula for prediction of individual child linear growth. The formula describes a square root dependence of height on age with only two constants, k and C.

Methods

Retrospective serial height measurements of 137 healthy children (61 female), who attended clinic in the Pediatrics Department at the University of California, San Francisco were used. For each child, two of the initial measurements and their corresponding measurement times were used to determine the values of k and C. By substituting the determined values of k and C into the formula, the formula was then used to predict the trajectory of the child's growth.

Results

The 137 children were comprised of 20% Hispanic, 23% African‐American, 27% Caucasian and 30% Asian. The formula predicted growth trajectories of 136 out of the 137 children with minimal discrepancies between the measured data and the corresponding predicted data. The mean of the discrepancies was 0.8 cm.

Conclusions

Our proposed formula is very easy to use and predicts individual child growth with high precision irrespective of gender or ethnicity. The formula will be a valuable tool for studying human growth and possibly growths of other animals. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 25:666‐672, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TigarB causes mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal loss in PINK1 deficiency
Authors: Flinn Laura J. , Keatinge Marcus , Bretaud Sandrine , Mortiboys Heather , Matsui Hideaki , De Felice Elena , Woodroof Helen I. , Brown Lucy , McTighe Aimee , Soellner Rosemarie , Allen Claire E. , Heath Paul R. , Milo Marta , Muqit Miratul M. K. , Reichert Andreas S. , Köster Reinhard W. , Ingham Philip W. , Bandmann Oliver
Published: August 2013

Objective

Loss of function mutations in PINK1 typically lead to early onset Parkinson disease (PD). Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are emerging as a powerful new vertebrate model to study neurodegenerative diseases. We used a pink1 mutant (pink−/−) zebrafish line with a premature stop mutation (Y431*) in the PINK1 kinase domain to identify molecular mechanisms leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of dopaminergic neurons in PINK1 deficiency.

Methods

The effect of PINK1 deficiency on the number of dopaminergic neurons, mitochondrial function, and morphology was assessed in both zebrafish embryos and adults. Genome‐wide gene expression studies were undertaken to identify novel pathogenic mechanisms. Functional experiments were carried out to further investigate the effect of PINK1 deficiency on early neurodevelopmental mechanisms and microglial activation.

Results

PINK1 deficiency results in loss of dopaminergic neurons as well as early impairment of mitochondrial function and morphology in Danio rerio. Expression of TigarB, the zebrafish orthologue of the human, TP53‐induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator TIGAR, was markedly increased in pink−/− larvae. Antisense‐mediated inactivation of TigarB gave rise to complete normalization of mitochondrial function, with resulting rescue of dopaminergic neurons in pink−/− larvae. There was also marked microglial activation in pink−/− larvae, but depletion of microglia failed to rescue the dopaminergic neuron loss, arguing against microglial activation being a key factor in the pathogenesis.

Interpretation

Pink1−/− zebrafish are the first vertebrate model of PINK1 deficiency with loss of dopaminergic neurons. Our study also identifies TIGAR as a promising novel target for disease‐modifying therapy in PINK1‐related PD. Ann Neurol 2013;74:837–847
Modified montmorillonite and its application as a flame retardant for polyester
Authors: Wang Jiaoning , Mao Zhiping
Published: August 2013

A novel flame retardant composed of montmorillonite (MMT) and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) was prepared in this study. MMT was chemically bonded with HCCP via a 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH‐550) coupling agent. The structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and NMR. The preliminary application for improving the flame retardancy of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was investigated by means of the limited oxygen index, the vertical burning test, and thermogravimetric analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphology of the char residue. The results show that the novel flame retardant had excellent fire retardancy; that is, the sample achieved an increased UL‐94 V‐0 rating and limited oxygen index value of 31.5. The residue of the flame‐retarded PET increased to 14.7% compared to the 6.2% value of pristine PET. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39625.
Friction and wear properties of graphene oxide/ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene composites under the lubrication of deionized water and normal saline solution
Authors: An Yingfei , Tai Zhixin , Qi Yuanyuan , Yan Xingbin , Liu Bin , Xue Qunji , Pei Jinying
Published: August 2013

Ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and UHMWPE composites reinforced with graphene oxide (GO) were successfully fabricated through a new step of liquid‐phase ultrasonic dispersion, high‐speed ball‐mill mixing, and hot‐pressing molding technology. When the GO/UHMWPE composites were lubricated with deionized water (DW) and normal saline (NS) solution, their friction and wear properties were investigated through sliding against ZrO2. The worn surface and wear volume losses of these composites were studied with scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and a Micro‐XAM 3D non‐contact surface profiler. The results show that the microhardness of the GO/UHMWPE composites was improved by 13.80% and the wear rates were decreased by 19.86 and 21.13%, whereas the depths of the scratches were decreased by 22.93 and 23.77% in DW and NS lubricating conditions, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39640.
Synthesis and characterization of novel pH‐responsive poly(2‐hydroxylethyl methacrylate‐co‐N‐allylsuccinamic acid) hydrogels for drug delivery
Authors: Ozay Ozgur
Published: August 2013

In this study, N‐allylsuccinamic acid (NASA) was synthesized in a single step with a yield of 85%. Carboxylic acid containing NASA was characterized through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) radiation and 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR analysis, and then it was used for synthesis of poly(2‐hydroxylethyl methacrylate‐co‐N‐allylsuccinamic acid) [p(HEMA‐co‐NASA)] hydrogels. The structure of the obtained pH‐responsive p(HEMA‐co‐NASA) hydrogels were characterized with FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis, and their swelling characterization was carried out under different drug‐release conditions. In the application step of the study, the hydrogels were used for the in vitro release of vitamin B12 and Rhodamine 6G, which were selected as model drugs. We determined that the hydrogels used as a drug‐delivery matrix could release the drug they had absorbed under different release conditions (phosphate‐buffered saline, 0.9% NaCl, and pH 1.2) at high rates for time periods of up to 24 h. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39660.
Preparation and properties of carbon nanotube/binary‐polymer composites with a double‐segregated structure
Authors: Pang Huan , Bao Yu , Yang Shu‐Gui , Chen Chen , Zhang Wei‐Qin , Chen Jun , Ji Xu , Lei Jun
Published: August 2013

A carbon nanotube (CNT)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composite containing a double‐segregated structure was formalized by means of a facile mechanical mixing technology. In the composite, the CNTs were decorated on the surfaces of PMMA granules, and the CNTs decorated granules formed the continuous segregated conducting layers at the interfaces between UHMWPE particles. Morphology observations confirmed the formation of a specific double‐segregated CNT conductive network, resulting in an ultralow percolation threshold of ∼0.2 wt %. The double‐segregated composite containing only 0.8 wt % CNT loading exhibited a high electrical conductivity of ∼0.2 S m−1 and efficient electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of ∼19.6 dB, respectively. The thermal conductivity, temperature‐resistivity behaviors, and mechanical properties of the double‐segregated composites were also studied. This work provided a novel conductive network structure to attain a high‐performance conducting polymer composite at low filler loadings. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39789.
Complex temporal decay: a complete analysis
Authors: Quintero‐Torres R , Castillo‐Matadamas HA , Young Jeff F , Bermúdez Cruz RM
Published: August 2013

Relaxation dynamics is universal in science and engineering; its study serves to parameterize a system's response and to help identify a microscopic model of the processes involved. When measured data for a phenomenon cannot be fitted using one exponential, the choice of an alternative function to describe the decay becomes nontrivial. Here, we contrast two different, but fundamentally related approaches to fitting nontrivial decay curves; exponential decomposition and the gamma probability density function. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RDAP13 summit: Introduction
Authors: Parham Susan Wells , Rolando Elizabeth , Doty Jennifer
Published: August 2013

Editor's Summary

This special section of the Bulletin explores issues in research data access and preservation (RDAP) and samples the program highlights and attendees' reflections of the ASIS&T RDAP13 Summit, the 4th annual meeting, held in Baltimore, Maryland, on April 4–5, 2013. Contributed papers address the value of partnering with publishers and repositories as a way to address the complexity of data curation and explore the issue of data use and reuse from a data curator's perspective. One article discusses the use, benefits and challenges of altmetrics to track citations of research data. Others tackle the need to develop a standard data infrastructure and describe efforts to promote research data management across institutions of higher education in the United Kingdom. Last, a sampling of the posters presented at RDAP13 reflects the scope of the topic, current progress and advances to come.
The research data alliance: Implementing the technology, practice and connections of a data infrastructure
Authors: Parsons Mark A.
Published: August 2013

Editor's Summary

With research in demand for innumerable applications to society's challenges, the Research Data Alliance (RDA) was formed to create and implement a unified data infrastructure. Established in March 2013, the alliance is directed toward establishing a framework to serve social and technical research needs at the local and global levels. The RDA brings together a community of stakeholders to guide the organization as it evolves and align participants' diverse perspectives, striving for consensus, harmonization and an open community. Its structure features organizational and technical advisory boards, interest groups, shorter term working groups and an elected council to steer the alliance. With 700 members representing the academic, public and private sectors across 44 countries, the RDA seeks support from researchers, data managers, funding agencies and governments to promote the strategic and effective use of research data.
An Eco‐Friendly Enantioselective Access to (R)‐Naringenin as Inhibitor of Proinflammatory Cytokine Release
Authors: Gaggeri Raffaella , Rossi Daniela , Daglia Maria , Leoni Flavio , Avanzini Maria Antonia , Mantelli Melissa , Juza Markus , Collina Simona
Published: August 2013

(RS)‐Naringenin is a flavanone well‐known for its beneficial health‐related properties, such as its anti‐inflammatory activity. The preparative enantioselective chromatographic resolution of commercial (RS)‐naringenin was performed on a Chiralpak AD‐H column (500×50 mm i.d., dp 20 μm) using MeOH as eluent. The developed method is in accordance with the principles of green chemistry, since the environmental impact was lowered by recycling of the eluent, and allowed the production of gram amounts of each enantiomer with high purity (chemical purity >99%, enantiomeric excess (ee) >94%). Racemic and enantiomeric naringenin were subjected to an exhaustive in vitro investigation of anti‐inflammatory activity, aimed at evaluating the relevance of chirality. The assay with cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC) activated by phytohemagglutinin A revealed that (R)‐naringenin was more effective in inhibiting T‐cell proliferation than the (S)‐enantiomer and the racemate. Moreover, (R)‐naringenin significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels such as those of TNF‐α and, with less potency, IL‐6. These results evidenced the anti‐inflammatory potential of naringenin and the higher capacity of (R)‐naringenin to inhibit both in vitro hPBMC proliferation and cytokine secretion at non toxic doses. Thus, (R)‐naringenin is a promising candidate for in vivo investigation.
Photophysics of Structurally Modified Flavin Derivatives in the Blue‐Light Photoreceptor YtvA: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Silva‐Junior Mario R. , Mansurova Madina , Gärtner Wolfgang , Thiel Walter
Published: August 2013

The light‐induced processes of two flavin mononucleotide derivatives (1‐ and 5‐deaza flavin mononucleotide, 1DFMN and 5DFMN), incorporated into the LOV domain of YtvA protein from Bacillus subtilis, were studied by a combination of experimental and computational methods. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations were carried out in which the QM part was treated by density functional theory (DFT) using the B3LYP functional for geometry optimizations and the DFT/MRCI method for spectroscopic properties, whereas the MM part was described by the CHARMM force field. 1DFMN is incorporated into the protein binding site, yielding a red‐shifted absorption band (λmax=530 nm compared to YtvA wild‐type λmax=445 nm), but does not undergo any LOV‐typical photoreactions such as triplet and photoadduct formation. QM/MM computations confirmed the absence of a channel for triplet formation and located a radiation‐free channel (through an S1/S0 conical intersection) along a hydrogen transfer path that might allow for fast deactivation. By contrast, 5DFMN‐YtvA‐LOV shows a blue‐shifted absorption (λmax=410 nm) and undergoes similar photochemical processes to FMN in the wild‐type protein, both with regard to the photophysics and the formation of a photoadduct with a flavin‐cysteinyl covalent bond. The QM/MM calculations predict a mechanism that involves hydrogen transfer in the T1 state, followed by intersystem crossing and adduct formation in the S0 state for the forward reaction. Experimentally, in contrast to wild‐type YtvA, dark‐state recovery in 5DFMN‐YtvA‐LOV is not thermally driven but can only be accomplished after absorption of a second photon by the photoadduct, again via the triplet state. The QM/MM calculations suggest a photochemical mechanism for dark‐state recovery that is accessible only for the adduct with a C4aS bond but not for alternative adducts with a C5S bond.