bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing assumption for the design process – New roles of the active end user
Authors: Hestad Monika
Published: September 2014

The aim of this article is to discuss how end user involvement in all stages of a product life cycle changes the assumptions of the design process. This article is based on a literature review and three case studies – Imsdal (Ringnes/Carlsberg), Jordan and Stokke. Several examples of how consumers or users are involved in various stages of the product life cycle are presented. The product development is affected both by end users’ activity and by previous knowledge of the product. The use of the product is changing the meaning, and even the disposal of the product is affecting how the product is perceived. The product becomes part of a cultural and historical context in which the end user is actively shaping.
An explorative study of municipal developer competitions in Helsinki
Authors: Östman Leif
Published: September 2014

This paper discusses the central features of so-called ‘site allocation competitions’, as organized by the City of Helsinki Real Estate Department (Kiinteistövirasto in Finnish). Site allocation competitions are developer competitions where the municipality sells or leases plots of land to developers or contractors, but where the ‘bidding’ is based on competing on the basis of architectural and urban quality factors. The focus in this paper is on the Finnish context, but as its legal framework is constituted by European competition law. In these competitions the proprietor expects the contractor or developer to create a design team and in turn the proprietor receives multiple proposals for a site without really paying for them. It seems important to examine this rather new type of architectural competition, as it is often an integral part of important large projects in terms of both financial investments and architectural design. It also constitutes a new tool in the practices of urban planning. The present study is explorative, based mainly on a close study and analysis of written material, such as reports, as well as three interviews with experienced organizers. The aim of the paper is to clarify the concept of developer competition, and discuss its possible benefits and problems. The core issue in the study is how architectural quality is produced within the legal framework, as well as to discuss the relation of the developer competition to the aims of urban planning and professional agents.
Leder. Forskning for forbedret praksis - innen formgiving, kunst og håndverk
Authors: Nielsen Liv Merete , Reitan Janne Beate
Published: September 2014

Vi deler mange læreres frykt for at det praktisk skapende arbeidet kan bli nedprioritert i faget Kunst og håndverk i grunnskolen eller Formgivingsfag i den videregående skole i Norge. Læreplanene legger imidlertid opp til praktisk skapende arbeid – så frykten må komme fra andre kilder enn læreplanene. Noen har hevdet at økt forskning innen formgiving, kunst og håndverk bidrar til teoretisering av praksis. Det mener vi er en myte. I de senere årene har både masteroppgaver og doktor­avhandlinger innen vårt fagfelt hatt motsatt virkning – de har bidratt til å forbedre praksis.
Deriving dynamics from GPS radio occultation: Three‐dimensional wind fields for monitoring the climate
Authors: Scherllin‐Pirscher Barbara , Steiner Andrea Karin , Kirchengast Gottfried
Published: September 2014

Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) measurements are proven highly useful for observing the thermal structure of the troposphere and stratosphere. Here we use RO data for the first time to derive climatological wind fields from sampling error‐corrected geopotential height fields on isobaric surfaces from about 800 hPa to 3 hPa. We find monthly mean RO geostrophic wind and gradient wind fields (2007 to 2012, about 500 km horizontal resolution, outside tropics) to clearly capture all main wind features, with differences to atmospheric analysis winds being, in general, smaller than 2 m/s. Larger differences (up to 10 m/s) occur close to the subtropical jet where RO winds underestimate actual winds. Such biases are caused by the geostrophic and gradient wind approximations, while RO retrieval errors introduce negligible effect. These results demonstrate that RO wind fields are of high quality and can provide new information on troposphere‐stratosphere dynamics, for the benefit of monitoring the climate from weekly to decadal scales.
Large‐amplitude electric fields associated with bursty bulk flow braking in the Earth's plasma sheet
Authors: Ergun R. E. , Goodrich K. A. , Stawarz J. E. , Andersson L. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: September 2014

We report observations of large‐amplitude (>50 mV/m) electric fields primarily associated with bursty bulk flow events. These electric fields reach ~500 mV/m, which are some of the largest electric fields (E) observed in the magnetotail. E not only has a larger than expected component perpendicular to the magnetic field but often has an intense parallel component. High time resolution waveforms reveal nonlinear structures such as electron phase‐space holes and double layers, which suggest strong field‐aligned currents or electron beams. Further examination shows that these large‐amplitude electric fields are almost always accompanied by enhanced magnetic field fluctuations. The electric fields are enhanced both above and below the ion cyclotron frequency, whereas the magnetic field fluctuations (δB) are mostly below the ion cyclotron frequency. Analysis of the wave spectra and the Poynting flux suggest that shear Alfvén waves are participating in these events. The Alfvén waves are revealed through the |δE|/|δB| ratio and strong field‐aligned Poynting flux, sometimes reaching nearly 1 mW/m2. This value, when mapped to the low‐altitude auroral region, exceeds 1 W/m2, which is an extreme value for that region. This Alfvénic activity is accompanied by evidence of compressional modes. These observations support a hypothesis whereby intense currents or electron beams, generated by kinetic Alfvénic waves that result from a turbulent cascade in bursty bulk flow (BBF) braking region, may be an energy source for large‐amplitude electric fields. The large‐amplitude electric fields may act as a dissipation mechanism and relax the highly tangled magnetic fields that result from the turbulence. Furthermore, these observations offer strong support that Alfvénic Poynting flux from the BBF braking region can be the energy source for Alfvénic aurora.
Deriving the effective scale height in the topside ionosphere based on ionosonde and satellite in situ observations
Authors: Liu Libo , Huang He , Chen Yiding , Le Huijun , Ning Baiqi , Wan Weixing , Zhang Hui
Published: September 2014

Chapman scale height is a valuable key parameter measuring the shape of the profile of plasma density in the F2 layer ionosphere. Currently, the data of Chapman scale height are routinely derived from ionogram observations at many ionosonde stations in terms of the SAO explorer software. In this report, we collected the in situ observations of plasma density at altitudes around 600 km from the ROCSAT‐1 satellite and of simultaneous F peak parameters from an ionosonde operated at Wuhan (30.6°N, 114.4°E), a low‐latitude station in central China, to estimate the topside plasma density profiles by using the Chapman α function and further retrieve Chapman scale height. Evident solar cycle, seasonal variation, and local time variation are presented in the retrieved Chapman scale height over Wuhan. The climatological features of the derived Chapman scale height are significantly different from those from the ground‐based ionograms. Such significant discrepancy suggests that further improvements are required in the present extrapolating topside electron density profiles from ionosonde observations. Furthermore, the attempt to constructing plasma density profiles through combining ionosonde and satellite in situ observations provides a new way to reanalyze observations from different sources and normalize plasma density recorded at varying altitudes to specified altitudes, which is critical and more convenient for ionospheric climatology studies.
Localized and distributed creep along the southern San Andreas Fault
Authors: Lindsey Eric O. , Fialko Yuri , Bock Yehuda , Sandwell David T. , Bilham Roger
Published: September 2014

We investigate the spatial pattern of surface creep and off‐fault deformation along the southern segment of the San Andreas Fault using a combination of multiple interferometric synthetic aperture radar viewing geometries and survey‐mode GPS occupations of a dense array crossing the fault. Radar observations from Envisat during the period 2003–2010 were used to separate the pattern of horizontal and vertical motion, providing a high‐resolution image of uplift and shallow creep along the fault trace. The data reveal pervasive shallow creep along the southernmost 50 km of the fault. Creep is localized on a well‐defined fault trace only in the Mecca Hills and Durmid Hill areas, while elsewhere creep appears to be distributed over a 1–2 km wide zone surrounding the fault. The degree of strain localization is correlated with variations in the local fault strike. Using a two‐dimensional boundary element model, we show that stresses resulting from slip on a curved fault can promote or inhibit inelastic failure within the fault zone in a pattern matching the observations. The occurrence of shallow, localized interseismic fault creep within mature fault zones may thus be partly controlled by the local fault geometry and normal stress, with implications for models of fault zone evolution, shallow coseismic slip deficit, and geologic estimates of long‐term slip rates.
Storms modify baroclinic energy fluxes in a seasonally stratified shelf sea: Inertial‐tidal interaction
Authors: Hopkins Joanne E. , Stephenson Gordon R. , Green J. A. M. , Inall Mark E. , Palmer Matthew R.
Published: September 2014

Observations made near the Celtic Sea shelf edge are used to investigate the interaction between wind‐generated near‐inertial oscillations and the semidiurnal internal tide. Linear, baroclinic energy fluxes within the near‐inertial (f) and semidiurnal (M2) wave bands are calculated from measurements of velocity and density structure at two moorings located 40 km from the internal tidal generation zone. Over the 2 week deployment period, the semidiurnal tide drove 28–48 W m−1 of energy directly on‐shelf. Little spring‐neap variability could be detected. Horizontal near‐inertial energy fluxes were an order of magnitude weaker, but nonlinear interaction between the vertical shear of inertial oscillations and the vertical velocity associated with the semidiurnal internal tide led to a 25–43% increase in positive on‐shelf energy flux. The phase relationship between f and M2 determines whether this nonlinear interaction enhances or dampens the linear tidal component of the flux, and introduces a 2 day counter‐clockwise beating to the energy transport. Two very clear contrasting regimes of (a) tidally and (b) inertially driven shear and energy flux are captured in the observations.
Surface radiative impacts of ash deposits from the 2009 eruption of Redoubt volcano
Authors: Young Cindy L. , Sokolik Irina N. , Flanner Mark G. , Dufek Josef
Published: September 2014

The solar broadband albedo change, surface radiative forcing, and snowmelt rate associated with ash deposits based on those from the 2009 eruption of Redoubt volcano were calculated using the field‐corroborated loadings from the Fall3D and the SNow, ICe, and Aerosol Radiation models. The optical properties of ash were calculated from Mie theory, using size information from the Fall3D model. Two sizes of snow grains were used in order to simulate a young and old snowpack. The results show concentrations of aerosol‐sized ash in snow range from ~6.9 × 104 to 1 × 108 ppb, for the distal edge of the deposits (located ~100–570 km from the vent) to the vent, and integrated solar albedo reductions of ~0–59% for new snow and ~0–85% for old snow. These albedo reductions are much larger than those typical for black carbon and are of the same order of magnitude as those reported for volcanic deposits in Antarctica. The daily mean surface shortwave forcings associated with ash deposits on snow were ~0–96 W m−2 from the most distal deposits to the near‐vent deposits. We show that forcings caused by ash deposits can be greater than those caused by dust deposits. There were no accelerated snowmelts calculated for the edges of the deposits. However, for areas of higher ash concentrations, daily melting rates were conservatively estimated to be ~140–160% higher than those of pure snow. We find that ash deposits from midsized volcanic eruptions can be a major agent of deposit‐induced snowmelt.
A physical model for seismic noise generation by turbulent flow in rivers
Authors: Gimbert Florent , Tsai Victor C. , Lamb Michael P.
Published: September 2014

Previous studies suggest that the seismic noise induced by rivers may be used to infer river transport properties, and previous theoretical work showed that bedload sediment flux can be inverted from seismic data. However, the lack of a theoretical framework relating water flow to seismic noise prevents these studies from providing accurate bedload fluxes and quantitative information on flow processes. Here we propose a forward model of seismic noise caused by turbulent flow. In agreement with previous observations, modeled turbulent flow‐induced noise operates at lower frequencies than bedload‐induced noise. Moreover, the differences in the spectral signatures of turbulent flow‐induced and bedload‐induced forces at the riverbed are significant enough that these two processes can be characterized independently using seismic records acquired at various distances from the river. In cases with isolated turbulent flow noise, we suggest that riverbed stress can be inverted. Finally, we validate our model by comparing predictions to previously reported observations. We show that our model captures the spectral peak located around 6–7 Hz and previously attributed to water flow at Hance Rapids in the Colorado River (United States); we also show that turbulent flow causes a significant part of the seismic noise recorded at the Trisuli River in Nepal, which reveals that the hysteresis curve previously reported there does not solely include bedload, but is also largely influenced by turbulent flow‐induced noise. We expect the framework presented here to be useful to invert realistic bedload fluxes by enabling the removal of the turbulent flow contribution from seismic data.
Large sensitivity to freshwater forcing location in 8.2 ka simulations
Authors: Morrill Carrie , Ward Ellen M. , Wagner Amy J. , Otto‐Bliesner Bette L. , Rosenbloom Nan
Published: September 2014

The 8.2 ka event is a key test case for simulating the coupled climate response to changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Recent advances in quantifying freshwater fluxes at 8.2 ka from the proxy record have improved the realism of the forcing magnitude in model simulations, yet this forcing is still generally applied in an unrealistic geographic manner, across most of the Labrador Sea rather than just along the Labrador coast. Previous simulations with eddy‐ resolving ocean models have come to conflicting conclusions regarding the ability of such a coastally confined flow to impact the AMOC. These simulations have also not incorporated full atmosphere models nor have they used the new meltwater forcing values for 8.2 ka. We use the Community Climate System Model, version 3, with an ocean model resolution only slightly coarser than that used in previous eddy‐resolving simulations, to test the sensitivity to freshwater forcing location. When revised freshwater forcing is applied across the Labrador Sea, the AMOC is reduced by ~40% and climate anomalies compare well with proxy records of the 8.2 ka event in terms of magnitude and duration. When the forcing is added just along the Labrador coast, however, most meltwater joins the subtropical gyre and travels to the subtropics with minor impact to the AMOC (~10% decrease). It is likely that model biases in the placement of the North Atlantic Current remain an important limitation for correctly simulating the 8.2 ka event.
Aurocarbons: Binary Gold Carbides, Binary Carbon Aurides and their Derivatives
Authors: Mark Perks H. , Liebman Joel F.
Published: September 2014

This chapter discusses diverse aurocarbons, organometallic species which in their simplest form, the first class, are composed of only carbon and gold: they may be understood as binary gold carbides, binary carbon aurides, and as hydrocarbons in which the hydrogens have been replaced by gold. Such species include the highly explosive solid C2Au2and gas phase exohedral gold‐fullerene complexes (C60)2Au+. The second class of aurocarbons are species of the first class in which ligands have been affixed to the gold atoms. This includes the stable C2Au2(P(C6H5)3)2and the octahedral [C(AuL)6]2+(L = phenyl(bis(p‐tolyl)) phosphine, the latter isolable as the crystalline (BF4)−salt. The third class allows for the presence of “a few” hydrogens or other univalent groups and so includes salts of the anion [HCCCCAuCCCCAuCCCCH]2−and solutions of the cation [C6H5CC(AuP(C6H5)3)2]+. It is to be emphasized that there must be direct gold–carbon bonding and so the heterometallic cluster Rh10C2(CO)2[AuP(C6H5)3)4] is not an aurocarbon of any class even though it contains an allmetal polyhedron, ligated gold atoms, endohedral carbon atoms and a plethora of ligands.
Gold‐Catalyzed Migrations and Ring Expansions
Authors: Merino Estibaliz , Fernandez Luis , Nevado Cristina
Published: September 2014

Gold complexes have been used to π‐activate alkynes, alkenes, and related moieties due to their strong affinity for these carbon systems. In this chapter we have summarized first, the most representative examples of gold‐catalyzed migrations occurring in propargylic systems and classified them according to the nature of the migrating group. In the second part, we have compiled the most relevant gold‐catalyzed ring expansions according to ring size. The current mechanistic understanding of these transformations is also presented.
The Chemistry of Gold–Allene Complexes
Authors: Paz Muñoz María , Hurtado‐Rodrigo César
Published: September 2014

In recent years, gold‐electrophilic activation of allenes has unraveled a huge potential for new reactivities toward the synthesis of complex molecules with synthetic or biological importance.

Gold and allenes are a unique combination that has shown to be very versatile and give better reactivity, and in some cases is complementary to other metals. Coordination of gold to allenes is more complex than coordination to a simple olefin or alkyne, and several types of structures can be predicted depending on the atoms involved in the coordination. The nature of the gold–allene interaction defines the reactivity of these complexes, which can be modulated toward the desired product by slight changes in the catalysts or reaction conditions.

New reactions involving gold–allene complexes for the formation of carbon–heteroatom or carbon–carbon bond formation will be discussed in this chapter, including inter‐ and intramolecular examples of nucleophilic additions, and inter‐ and intramolecular cycloaddition and cycloisomerization reactions with alkenes, dienes, alkynes, and other allenes.
Peroxide intermediates of oxidation processes: Organic trioxides
Authors: Khursan Sergey L.
Published: September 2014

The review discusses the results of studies on the chemistry of organic trioxides ROOOR (R = H or an organic radical) carried out in the past years. The spectral identification, structure, thermal stability and chemical properties of HOOOH, HOOO⋅, hydrotrioxides, open‐chain and cyclic trioxides (including fullerene ozonides) are described. The significance of trioxides for biochemistry, environmental chemistry, and organic synthesis is much higher than it was believed previously. The chemical reactions that these compounds undergo resemble those of peroxides. However, the temperature range in which trioxide reactions occur is shifted considerably towards low temperatures. Homolytic decomposition at one of the OO bonds is the most typical reaction of trioxides. Trioxides are liable to induced and catalytic decomposition. Hydrotrioxides demonstrate high oxidative activity. Decomposition of some trioxides is accompanied by efficient generation of singlet oxygen.
Analysts, Interpreters, and Intelligence Interrogations: Perceptions and Insights
Authors: Russano Melissa B. , Narchet Fadia M. , Kleinman Steven M.
Published: September 2014

Although analysts and interpreters have been recognized as critical members of human intelligence (HUMINT) interrogation teams, their perceptions of the interrogation process have yet to be explored in any systematic way. In a series of two studies, we interviewed a small number of highly experienced HUMINT analysts and surveyed a group of interpreters with experience supporting interrogations, about their experience with and perceptions of the interrogation process. We explored a variety of topics with each group, including training and selection, role and function, how best to utilize an analyst/interpreter, logistics (e.g., analyst models and interpreter placement), third‐party observations/feedback, perceived effectiveness of interrogation techniques, and team dynamics. The results of these studies may be used to establish, for the first time, baseline knowledge and reported best practices about the HUMINT interrogation process from the analyst and interpreter perspectives, which may ultimately influence training and practice models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘We'll Take It from Here’: The Effect of Changing Interviewers in Information Gathering Interviews
Authors: Shaw Dominic J. , Vrij Aldert , Leal Sharon , Mann Samantha , Hillman Jackie , Granhag Pär Anders , Fisher Ronald P.
Published: September 2014

A common strategy in interviewing is to repeatedly focus on the same topics, for example by asking to recall an event first in chronological order and then in reverse order. We examined the effect of changing interviewers between the two questions or keeping the same interviewers throughout on cues to deception. Truth tellers may be most encouraged to recall again what they have witnessed when confronted with new interviewers, as these new interviewers have not heard their story before. Liars may be most encouraged to recall again their story when confronted with the same interviewers, realising that these interviewers will check for consistency in their answers. The impact of changing interviewers should lead to more pronounced differences between truth tellers and liars in terms of detail and repetition in the ‘Changed Interviewers’ condition compared with the ‘Same Interviewers’ condition. Participants were interviewed by two interviewers about a mock security meeting they attended. In half the interviews, the same two interviewers remained throughout, and in the other half, two new interviewers took over half‐way through. As predicted, differences between truth tellers and liars in terms of detail and repetition were most pronounced in the ‘Changed Interviewers’ condition. Changing interviewers during an interview effectively differentiates liars and truth tellers with respect to detail and repetition. We discuss this finding and its place within investigative interviewing and deception detection literature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Personalized Banner Ads on Visual Attention and Recognition Memory
Authors: Köster Moritz , Rüth Marco , Hamborg Kai‐Christoph , Kaspar Kai
Published: September 2014

Internet companies collect a vast amount of data about their users in order to personalize banner ads. However, very little is known about the effects of personalized banners on attention and memory. In the present study, 48 subjects performed search tasks on web pages containing personalized or nonpersonalized banners. Overt attention was measured by an eye‐tracker, and recognition of banner and task‐relevant information was subsequently examined. The entropy of fixations served as a measure for the overall exploration of web pages. Results confirm the hypotheses that personalization enhances recognition for the content of banners while the effect on attention was weaker and partially nonsignificant. In contrast, overall exploration of web pages and recognition of task‐relevant information was not influenced. The temporal course of fixations revealed that visual exploration of banners typically proceeds from the picture to the logo and finally to the slogan. We discuss theoretical and practical implications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Studies of Surfaces and Thin Films
Authors: Sinha Sunil K. , Jiang Zhang , Lurio Laurence B.
Published: September 2014

The technique of X‐ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) is reviewed as a method for studying the relatively slow dynamics of materials on time scales ranging from microseconds to thousands of seconds and length scales ranging from microns down to nanometers. We focus on the application of this technique to study dynamical fluctuations of surfaces, interfaces and thin films. We first discuss instrumental issues such as the effects of partial coherence (or alternatively finite instrumental resolution) and optimization of signal‐to‐noise ratios in the experiments. We then review what has been learned from recent XPCS studies of capillary wave fluctuations on liquid surfaces and polymer films, of nanoparticles used as probes to study the interior dynamics of polymer films, of liquid crystals and multilamellar surfactant films, and of metal surfaces, and magnetic domain wall fluctuations in antiferromagnets. We then discuss studies of non‐equilibrium dynamics described by 2‐time correlation functions. Finally, we briefly speculate on possible future XPCS experiments at new synchrotron sources currently under development including studies of dynamics on time scales down to femtoseconds.
Twisted Focusing of Optical Vortices with Broadband Flat Spiral Zone Plates
Authors: Liu Hong , Mehmood Muhammad Q. , Huang Kun , Ke Lin , Ye Huapeng , Genevet Patrice , Zhang Mingsheng , Danner Aaron , Yeo Swee Ping , Qiu Cheng‐Wei , Teng Jinghua
Published: September 2014

Recent developments have shown that light's orbital angular momentum (OAM) can be harnessed for a diversity of emerging applications and generated by miniaturized OAM generators. Nanostructured flat logarithmic‐spiral zone plates (LSZPs) are proposed to produce as well as focus optical vortices with a long focal depth in the broadband visible range. Topologically breaking the in‐plane symmetry, this nanoengineered LSZP continuously modulates both amplitude and phase in the diffraction field to shape twisted focusing of the optical vortex beam, which is microscopically confined and spatially spiraling with variant crescent‐shaped transverse intensity profiles. Owing to its rich structural degree of freedom upon aperiodic and continuously variant features, the LSZP provides a compact solution to generate and control optical vortices carrying scalable OAM and highly concentrated photons with a high transmission efficiency of ∼22%. This can offer new opportunities for 3D light shaping, optical manipulation, flat optics, and photonics miniaturization and integration.
Apes produce tools for future use
Authors: Bräuer Juliane , Call Josep
Published: September 2014

There is now growing evidence that some animal species are able to plan for the future. For example great apes save and exchange tools for future use. Here we raise the question whether chimpanzees, orangutans, and bonobos would produce tools for future use. Subjects only had access to a baited apparatus for a limited duration and therefore should use the time preceding this access to create the appropriate tools in order to get the rewards. The apes were tested in three conditions depending on the need for pre‐prepared tools. Either eight tools, one tool or no tools were needed to retrieve the reward. The apes prepared tools in advance for future use and they produced them mainly in conditions when they were really needed. The fact that apes were able to solve this new task indicates that their planning skills are flexible. However, for the condition in which eight tools were needed, apes produced less than two tools per trial in advance. However, they used their chance to produce additional tools in the tool use phase—thus often obtaining most of the reward from the apparatus. Increased pressure to prepare more tools in advance did not have an effect on their performance. Am. J. Primatol. 77:254–263, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigation of change in cardinal symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis after surgical or ongoing medical management
Authors: DeConde Adam S. , Mace Jess C. , Alt Jeremiah A. , Soler Zachary M. , Orlandi Richard R. , Smith Timothy L.
Published: September 2014

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been defined as inflammation of the paranasal sinuses lasting at least 12 weeks with corresponding 2 or more “cardinal symptoms” that include: (1) nasal obstruction; (2) thick nasal discharge; (3) facial pain/pressure; and (4) reduction or loss of sense of smell. Although prior studies have investigated symptoms of CRS after sinus surgery, none have compared the outcomes of these specific symptoms to ongoing medical therapy.

Methods

Patients with CRS were prospectively enrolled into a multi‐institutional, comparative effectiveness, cohort study. Subjects elected either continued medical management or endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Baseline characteristics and objective clinical findings were collected. Cardinal symptoms of CRS were operationalized by 4 questions on the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22). Symptom improvement was evaluated in subjects with at least 6‐month follow‐up.

Results

A total of 342 subjects were enrolled, with 69 (20.2%) electing continued medical management, whereas 273 (79.8%) elected ESS. Subjects electing surgical therapy were more likely to have a higher baseline aggregate SNOT‐22 score (44.3 (18.9) vs 53.6 (18.8); p < 0.001). All subjects improved across all cardinal symptoms; however, subjects undergoing ESS were significantly more likely (p ≤ 0.013) to experience improvement in thick nasal discharge (odds ratio [OR] = 4.36), facial pain/pressure (OR = 3.56), and blockage/congestion of nose (OR = 2.76). Subjects with nasal polyposis were significantly more likely to report complete resolution of smell/taste following ESS compare to medical management (23.8% vs 4.0%; p = 0.026).

Conclusion

Across a large population, surgical management is more effective at resolving the cardinal symptoms of CRS than ongoing medical management with the exception of sense of smell/taste.
Synthesis and application of modified chitosan beads for iron removal: kinetic and isotherm models
Authors: Correa‐Murrieta Ma. A. , López‐Cervantes Jaime , Sánchez‐Machado Dalia I. , Sánchez‐Duarte Reyna G.
Published: September 2014

Chitosan beads (CBs) and glutaraldehyde cross‐linked chitosan beads (CGLBs) were used to investigate adsorption behavior of Fe (II/III) ions. Optimal adsorption conditions were determined by analyzing the solution pH, adsorption time, and adsorbent dosage. Kinetic studies were analyzed by using pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models. The equilibrium data were modeled by Langmuir, Redlich–Peterson, and Freundlich. The kinetic data were found to follow the pseudo‐first‐order and pseudo‐second‐order models. The equilibrium data were best modeled by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacities estimated from the Langmuir model were 90.49 mg Fe (III)/g CGLBs, 59.85 mg Fe (II)/g CBs, and 56.99 mg Fe (II)/g CGLBs. These last two results allow concluding that the cross‐linking slightly affected the adsorption capacity of pure chitosan, but the resulting beads are resistant to acidic medium using a small amount of glutaraldehyde and are a friendly alternative for the treatment of wastewater. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of Integrated Geophysical Methods to Investigate a Coastal Archaeological Site: the Sant'Imbenia Roman Villa (Northern Sardinia, Italy)
Authors: Testone Valeria , Longo Vittorio , Bottacchi Marta C. , Mameli Paola
Published: September 2014

We report here a multimethod geophysical investigation of the Sant'Imbenia Roman villa archaeological site in northern Sardinia (Italy). The main objective of this study is optimizing a non‐invasive approach to reconstruct rapidly the geometry of coastal sites. A hitherto unexplored area of approximately 700 m2, adjacent to excavations, was investigated using ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys. The Sant'Imbenia villa is close to the present‐day shoreline and subject to very high erosion rates and burial. A comparison of the high‐resolution GPR and ERT models was made, and their integrated results are discussed in terms of providing a more complete picture that would not be attainable using a single method. Geophysical analysis combined with archeological prospecting has revealed buried buildings north of the excavated part of the archaeological site. The results show that in this coastal environment ERT survey provided the most accurate reconstruction at the deeper wet levels of investigation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantiospecific Formal Total Synthesis of Iriomoteolide 3a
Authors: Kumar S. Mothish , Prasad Kavirayani R.
Published: September 2014

A formal total synthesis of the marine macrolide iriomoteolide 3a is described. Salient features of the synthesis include the elaboration of a β‐keto phosphonate derived from D‐(−)‐tartaric acid and the extension of a chiral butyrolactone derived from L‐glutamic acid. Ring‐closing metathesis is employed to construct the macrolactone core of the natural product.
A Multifunctional 3D Chiral Porous Ferroelectric Metal–Organic Framework for Sensing Small Organic Molecules and Dye Uptake
Authors: Cao Li‐Hui , Wei Yong‐Li , Ji Can , Ma Ming‐Li , Zang Shuang‐Quan , Mak Thomas C. W.
Published: September 2014

A flexible aromatic multicarboxylate ligand and CdII ions assemble into a chiral multihelical porous metal–organic framework with second‐order nonlinear optical and ferroelectric properties. The obtained guest‐free form highly selectively senses small organic molecules and adsorbs large dye molecules.
Self‐Assembled Platinum Nanoflowers on Polydopamine‐Coated Reduced Graphene Oxide for Methanol Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction Reactions
Authors: Yu Xueqing , Wang Huan , Guo Liping , Wang Liang
Published: September 2014

The morphology‐ and size‐controlled synthesis of branched Pt nanostructures on graphene is highly favorable for enhancing the electrocatalytic activity and stability of Pt. Herein, a facile approach is developed for the efficient synthesis of well‐dispersed Pt nanoflowers (PtNFs) on the surface of polydopamine (PDA)‐modified reduced graphene oxide (PDRGO), denoted as PtNFs/PDRGO, in high yield. The synthesis was performed by a simple heating treatment of an aqueous solution that contained K2PtCl4 and PDA‐modified graphene oxide (GO) without the need for any additional reducing agent, seed, surfactant, or organic solvent. The coated PDA serves not only as a reducing agent, but also as cross‐linker to anchor and stabilize PtNFs on the PDRGO support. The as‐prepared PtNFs/PDRGO hybrid, with spatially and locally separated PtNFs on PDRGO, exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity and stability toward both methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline solutions.
Ketamine Affects the Neurogenesis of Rat Fetal Neural Stem Progenitor Cells via the PI3K/Akt‐p27 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Dong Chaoxuan , Rovnaghi Cynthia R. , Anand Kanwaljeet J. S.
Published: September 2014

Ketamine is widely used as an anesthetic, analgesic, or sedative in pediatric patients. We reported that ketamine alters the normal neurogenesis of rat fetal neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs) in the developing brain, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The PI3K‐PKB/Akt (phosphatidylinositide 3‐kinase/protein kinase B) signaling pathway plays many important roles in cell survival, apoptosis, and proliferation. We hypothesized that PI3K‐PKB/Akt signaling may be involved in ketamine‐altered neurogenesis of cultured NSPCs in vitro. NSPCs were isolated from Sprague‐Dawley rat fetuses on gestational day 17. 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, Ki67 staining, and differentiation tests were utilized to identify primary cultured NSPCs. Immunofluorescent staining was used to detect Akt expression, whereas Western blots measured phosphorylated Akt and p27 expression in NSPCs exposed to different treatments. We report that cultured NSPCs had properties of neurogenesis: proliferation and neural differentiation. PKB/Akt was expressed in cultured rat fetal cortical NSPCs. Ketamine inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and further enhanced p27 expression in cultured NSPCs. All ketamine‐induced PI3K/Akt signaling changes could be recovered by N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist, NMDA. These data suggest that the inhibition of PI3K/Akt‐p27 signaling may be involved in ketamine‐induced neurotoxicity in the developing brain, whereas excitatory NMDA receptor activation may reverse these effects
On generalized Simes critical constants
Authors: Gou Jiangtao , Tamhane Ajit C.
Published: September 2014

We consider the problem treated by Simes of testing the overall null hypothesis formed by the intersection of a set of elementary null hypotheses based on orderedp‐values of the associated test statistics. The Simes test uses critical constants that do not need tabulation. Cai and Sarkar gave a method to compute generalized Simes critical constants which improve upon the power of the Simes test when more than a few hypotheses are false. The Simes constants can be viewed as the first order (requiring solution of a linear equation) and the Cai‐Sarkar constants as the second order (requiring solution of a quadratic equation) constants. We extend the method to third order (requiring solution of a cubic equation) constants, and also offer an extension to an arbitrarykth order. We show by simulation that the third order constants are more powerful than the second order constants for testing the overall null hypothesis in most cases. However, there are some drawbacks associated with these higher order constants especially for, which limits their practical usefulness.
Tailor‐Made Designer Helical Peptides that Induce Mitochondrion‐Mediated Cell Death without Necrosis
Authors: Nogami Kagayaki , Takahama Kentaro , Okushima Ayako , Oyoshi Takanori , Fujimoto Kazuhisa , Inouye Masahiko
Published: September 2014

Managing protein–protein interactions is essential for resolving unknown biological events at the molecular level and developing drugs. We have designed and synthesized a side‐chain‐crosslinked helical peptides based on the binding domain of a pro‐apoptotic protein (Bad) that induces programed cell death. The peptide showed high helical content and bound to its target, Bcl‐XL, more strongly than its non‐crosslinked counterparts. When HeLa cells were incubated with the crosslinked peptide, the peptide entered the cytosol across the plasma membrane. The peptide formed a stable complex with Bcl‐XL localized at the outer mitochondrial membrane, and this binding event caused the release of cytochrome c from the intermembrane space of mitochondria into the cytosol. This activated the caspase cascade: 70 % of HeLa cells died by the apoptosis pathway (without evidence of necrosis).
Strategies to improve homing of mesenchymal stem cells for greater efficacy in stem cell therapy
Authors: Naderi‐Meshkin Hojjat , Bahrami Ahmad Reza , Bidkhori Hamid Reza , Mirahmadi Mahdi , Ahmadiankia Naghmeh
Published: September 2014

Stem/progenitor cell‐based therapeutic approach in clinical practice has been an elusive dream in medical sciences, and improvement of stem cell homing is one of major challenges in cell therapy programs. Stem/progenitor cells have a homing response to injured tissues/organs, mediated by interactions of chemokine receptors expressed on the cells and chemokines secreted by the injured tissue. For improvement of directed homing of the cells, many techniques have been developed either to engineer stem/progenitor cells with higher amount of chemokine receptors (stem cell‐based strategies) or to modulate the target tissues to release higher level of the corresponding chemokines (target tissue‐based strategies). This review discusses both of these strategies involved in the improvement of stem cell homing focusing on mesenchymal stem cells as most frequent studied model in cellular therapies.
Personality disorder in a probation cohort: Demographic, substance misuse and forensic characteristics
Authors: Pluck Graham , Brooker Charlie , Blizard Robert , Moran Paul
Published: September 2014

Background

The occurrence of personality disorder among community supervised offenders may have important implications for their management. There is, however, a dearth of contextual information on personality disorder in such populations.

Aims

This study aimed to identify demographic, substance use and forensic features that distinguish community‐sentenced offenders with personality disorder from those without.

Methods

One hundred and seventy‐three offenders under community supervision were screened for personality disorder using the Standardised Assessment of Personality – Abbreviated Scale. Alcohol and drug misuse, demographic and forensic data were also recorded.

Results

Nearly half of the sample (82, 47%) had probable personality disorder. Compared with those without personality disorder, they were younger, more likely to be unemployed, less likely to be divorced, more likely to have been convicted of robbery and more likely to be alcohol or illicit drug misusers, as well as under drug rehabilitation requirements. Multivariate analyses confirmed that only alcohol and drug abuse were independently associated with personality disorder in this group, and only the latter was significant.

Conclusions

In this broadly representative sample of offenders serving community sentences in a defined geographical area, those with personality disorder were not more likely to attract higher risk of recidivism ratings, but they were more likely to have problems with heavy alcohol and/or illicit drug misuse. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐Regenerative Property of Nanocrystalline Ce0.89M0.11O2−y (M=Pd, Rh) Mixed Oxides
Authors: Kurnatowska Michalina , Schuster Manfred E. , Mista Wlodzimierz , Kepinski Leszek
Published: September 2014

Self‐regenerative properties of nanocrystalline Ce0.89M0.11O2−y (M=noble metal, e.g., Pd and Rh) mixed oxides were investigated by applying the reduction–oxidation treatment. These oxides were synthesised as chemically and structurally homogeneous powders (4–5 nm) with a large surface area (≈100 m2 g−1) by using the water‐in‐oil microemulsion method. The analysis of the reduced oxides revealed the presence of the crystalline M particles (size: 2 nm for Pd and 1 nm for Rh) that demonstrate a preferred orientation on the substrate—(1 1 1)M||(1 1 1)CeO2. The size and arrangement of the metal crystallites were the same after each reduction cycle. After oxidation treatment, the M particles disappeared but no distinct particles of an oxide phase (e.g., PdO or Rh2O3) could be detected. However, a thin amorphous layer was visible on the surface of Ce0.89Pd0.11O2−y crystallites. Temperature‐programmed reduction of hydrogen and temperature‐programmed oxidation confirmed the complete reversibility of the redox properties of Ce0.89Rh0.11O2−y after the reduction–oxidation treatment but only partial reversibility for Ce0.89Pd0.11O2−y .
Mild and Selective Hydrogenation of Nitro Compounds using Palladium Nanoparticles Supported on Amino‐Functionalized Mesocellular Foam
Authors: Verho Oscar , Gustafson Karl P. J. , Nagendiran Anuja , Tai Cheuk‐Wai , Bäckvall Jan‐E.
Published: September 2014

We present the utilization of a heterogeneous catalyst comprised of Pd nanoparticles supported on aminopropyl‐functionalized siliceous mesocellular foam (Pd0–AmP–MCF) for the selective hydrogenation of aromatic, aliphatic, and heterocyclic nitro compounds to the corresponding amines. In general, the catalytic protocol exclusively affords the desired amine products in excellent yields within short reaction times with the reactions performed at room temperature under ambient pressure of H2. Moreover, the reported Pd nanocatalyst displayed excellent structural integrity for this transformation as it could be recycled multiple times without any observable loss of activity or leaching of metal. In addition, the Pd nanocatalyst could be easily integrated into a continuous‐flow device and used for the hydrogenation of 4‐nitroanisole on a 2.5 g scale, where the product p‐anisidine was obtained in 95 % yield within 2 h with a Pd content of less than 1 ppm.
Role of Nanointerfaces in Cu‐ and Cu+Au‐Based Near‐Ambient‐Temperature CO Oxidation Catalysts
Authors: Gnanakumar Edwin S. , Naik Jarpla Madhusudhan , Manikandan Marimuthu , Raja Thirumalaiswamy , Gopinath Chinnakonda S.
Published: September 2014

Disordered mesoporous Cu‐doped ceria‐zirconia (Cu0.1Ce0.85Zr0.05O2), and gold deposited (Au/Cu0.1Ce0.85Zr0.05O2) catalysts were synthesized and evaluated for CO oxidation. Onset of CO oxidation activity, and 50 % (100 %) CO2 formation occurs at room temperature (RT), and 77 (120)°C, respectively, with Cu0.1Ce0.85Zr0.05O2. A small amount of gold on Cu0.1Ce0.85Zr0.05O2 induces the sustainable oxidation catalysis around RT. Onset of copper reduction temperature decreases from 110 °C on Cu0.1Ce0.85Zr0.05O2 to 48 °C with Au/Cu0.1Ce0.85Zr0.05O2, highlighting the direct interaction between Cu and Au through a Cu–Au interface. Au particles with a (0 0 1) facet deposit on an oxygen‐deficient site of (1 1 1) facet of CeO2‐ZrO2. Any decrease in surface Cu‐content with increasing Au‐content further supports the Au‐Cu‐Ce/Zr interface interactions. Nanointerfaces of Au clusters on Cu next to oxygen‐deficient sites of CeO2‐ZrO2 facilitate all the elementary steps of the CO+O2 reaction to occur in close proximity at ambient conditions.
Zn Electrochemistry in 1‐Ethyl‐3‐Methylimidazolium and N‐Butyl‐N‐Methylpyrrolidinium Dicyanamides: Promising New Rechargeable Zn Battery Electrolytes
Authors: Simons Tristan J. , MacFarlane Douglas R. , Forsyth Maria , Howlett Patrick C.
Published: September 2014

We have studied both 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (C2mim) and N‐butyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium (C4mpyr) dicyanamide (dca) ionic liquids (ILs) containing 3 wt % H2O and 9 mol % Zn(dca)2 salt for their ability to support Zn0/2+ electrochemistry in the context of a rechargeable Zn battery. Despite the similarities of the two IL electrolyte systems [identical H2O and Zn(dca)2 contents], the system based on [C2mim] supported much higher current densities for Zn electrochemistry at greatly reduced overpotentials [−0.23 V vs. Zn pseudo‐reference, 32 mA cm−2 (red) and 61 mA cm−2 (ox)] compared to the [C4mpyr]‐based electrolyte [−0.84 V vs. Zn pseudo‐reference, 8 mA cm−2 (red) and 15 mA cm−2 (ox)]. The overpotential for Zn deposition is reduced by 0.13 V on Zn metal surfaces compared to glassy carbon (GC), regardless of the electrolyte used. The morphologies of the Zn deposits on both GC and Zn surfaces were also studied. The Zn surfaces promote a deposition that displays a smooth morphology, resulting from an instantaneous nucleation mechanism demonstrated by chronoamperometric experiments. Finally, both [C2mim] and [C4mpyr] electrolytes were tested in symmetrical Zn|Zn cells, where it was determined that the [C2mim] system could sustain over 90 cycles at 0.1 mA cm−2, whereas the [C4mpyr] based system could only achieve 15 cycles at the more modest current density of 0.05 mA cm−2.