bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality Management of Ultrasound Surveillance for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Under the Korean National Cancer Screening Program
Authors: Choi Moon Hyung , Jung Seung Eun , Choi Joon‐Il , Jeong Woo Kyoung , Kim Hyun Cheol , Kim Yongsoo , Kim Yeol , Park Boyoung
Published: July 2017

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of ultrasound (US) examinations for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance under the Korean National Cancer Screening Program and to assess knowledge and experience about liver US of physicians who perform US examinations.

Methods

The investigation about the quality of liver US for hepatocellular carcinoma screening was based on the results of a nationwide quality assurance (QA) evaluation between 2012 and 2014 at all medical institutions participating in the National Cancer Screening Program. The QA evaluation was for personnel, equipment, education, and clinical images. Medical institutions with fewer than 60 of 100 points were considered to have failed the evaluation. Follow‐up education in the form of a hands‐on workshop was provided for physicians who worked in medical institutions that failed the QA evaluation. A questionnaire about basic knowledge and experience with US was administered during follow‐up education.

Results

After the QA evaluation, 542 of 685 hospitals and 1340 of 1985 private clinics passed the test. The evaluation of private clinics and hospitals showed substantial differences in the frequency of adequacy or mean scores between the pass and fail groups for all QA items, even requirements. Among 233 participants in the hands‐on workshops, 187 physicians (80.2%) responded to the questionnaire. Results revealed that physicians had deficient knowledge and experience about liver US.

Conclusions

The quality of liver US for hepatocellular carcinoma screening remains suboptimal. Education for physicians who perform liver US examinations is unsatisfactory in Korea. We should make an effort to improve the quality of liver US and teach basic US techniques to physicians.
Time course of recovery of idiopathic vocal fold paralysis
Authors: Husain Solomon , Sadoughi Babak , Mor Niv , Levin Ariana M. , Sulica Lucian
Published: July 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

To clarify the time course of recovery in patients with idiopathic vocal fold paralysis.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

Medical records for all patients with idiopathic vocal fold paralysis over a 10‐year period were reviewed to obtain demographic and clinical information, including onset of disease and recovery of vocal function. Stroboscopic exams of patients who recovered voice were reviewed blindly to assess return of vocal fold motion.

Results

Thirty‐eight of 55 patients (69%) recovered vocal function. Time course of recovery could be assessed in 34 patients who did not undergo injection augmentation. The mean time to recovery was 152.8 ± 109.3 days (left, 179.8 ± 111.3 days; right, 105.3 ± 93.7 days; P = .088). Two‐thirds of patients recovered within 6 months. Probability of recovery declined over time. Five of 22 patients who recovered voice had return of vocal fold motion; 17 did not. The mean time to recovery did not differ between these groups (return of motion, 127.4 ± 132.3 days; no return of motion, 160.1 ± 105.1 days; P = .290).

Conclusions

Sixty‐nine percent of patients with idiopathic vocal fold paralysis recovered vocal function, two‐thirds doing so within 6 months of onset. Age, gender, laterality, use of injection augmentation did not influence recovery rate. Declining probability of recovery over time leads us to consider framework surgery after 6 months in patients with idiopathic paralysis.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 128:148–152, 2018
Self‐Assembled Polyprodrug Amphiphile for Subcutaneous Xenograft Tumor Inhibition with Prolonged Acting Time In Vivo
Authors: Chen Dong , Huang Yu , Xu Shuting , Jiang Huangyong , Wu Jieli , Jin Xin , Zhu Xinyuan
Published: July 2017

Polymeric drug delivery system termed as “polyprodrug amphiphile” poly(2‐methylacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine)‐b‐poly(10‐hydroxy‐camptothecin methacrylate (pMPC‐b‐pHCPT) is developed for the prolonged‐acting cancer therapy. It is obtained by two‐step reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of zwitterionic monomer MPC and an esterase‐responsive polymerizable prodrug methacrylic anhydride–CPT, respectively. This diblock polymer is composed of both antifouling (pMPC) and bioactive (pHCPT) segments and the drug is designed as a building block to construct the polymer skeleton directly. Due to its distinct amphiphilicity, the polymer can self‐assemble into micelles with different dynamic sizes by facilely tuning the ratio of MPC/HCPT under physiological conditions. The outer pMPC shell is superhydrophilic to form dense hydrate layer preventing the nanosystem from unwanted nonspecific protein adsorption, which is the main lead cause of the rapid clearance of nanoparticles in vivo, thus facilitating the accumulation of drugs in tumor sites via enhanced permeability and retention effect. The configuration of the polyprodrug amphiphile is confirmed by several measurements. The resistance to albumin adsorption, prolonged plasma retention time, accumulation in tumor sites, and anticancer activity of the micelles is also investigated in vitro and in vivo. This novel amphiphile can be expected as a promising agent for the passive targeted prolonged‐acting cancer therapy.
Bacterial and fungal communities and contribution of physicochemical factors during cattle farm waste composting
Authors: Huhe  , Jiang Chao , Wu Yanpei , Cheng Yunxiang
Published: July 2017

During composting, the composition of microbial communities is subject to constant change owing to interactions with fluctuating physicochemical parameters. This study explored the changes in bacterial and fungal communities during cattle farm waste composting and aimed to identify and prioritize the contributing physicochemical factors. Microbial community compositions were determined by high‐throughput sequencing. While the predominant phyla in the bacterial and fungal communities were largely consistent during the composting, differences in relative abundances were observed. Bacterial and fungal community diversity and relative abundance varied significantly, and inversely, over time. Relationships between physicochemical factors and microbial community compositions were evaluated by redundancy analysis. The variation in bacterial community composition was significantly related to water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and pile temperature and moisture (p < .05), while the largest portions of variation in fungal community composition were explained by pile temperature, WSOC, and C/N (p < .05). These findings indicated that those parameters are the most likely ones to influence, or be influenced by the bacterial and fungal communities. Variation partitioning analyses indicated that WSOC and pile temperature had predominant effects on bacterial and fungal community composition, respectively. Our findings will be useful for improving the quality of cattle farm waste composts.
Living with a rare disorder: a systematic review of the qualitative literature
Authors: von der Lippe Charlotte , Diesen Plata S. , Feragen Kristin B.
Published: July 2017

Background

Individuals with rare diseases may face challenges that are different from those experienced in more common medical conditions. A wide range of different rare conditions has resulted in a myriad of studies investigating the specificities of the diagnosis in focus. The shared psychological experiences of individuals with a rare condition, however, have not been reviewed systematically.

Methods

We performed a systematic review, including qualitative studies on adults, published between 2000 and 2016. Papers including more than one rare genetic or nongenetic diagnosis were included. Studies based on single diagnoses were excluded except for four specific conditions: hemophilia (bleeding disorder), phenylketonuria (metabolic disorder), Fabry disease (lysosomal storage disorder), and epidermolysis bullosa (skin disorder).

Results

The review identified 21 studies. Findings were synthesized and categorized according to three main themes: (1) Consequences of living with a rare disorder, (2) Social aspects of living with a rare disorder, and (3) Experiences with the health care system. Findings point to several unique challenges, such as the psychological, medical, and social consequences of a lack of knowledge about the condition in health care and social settings.

Conclusion

The findings highlight the need for more research on the shared psychological and social impact of living with a rare diagnosis across conditions, in order to identify risk factors and inform clinical practice.
Evaluation of spiral acquisition variants for functional imaging of human superior colliculus at 3T field strength
Authors: Singh Vimal , Pfeuffer Josef , Zhao Tiejun , Ress David
Published: July 2017

Purpose

High‐resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging of human subcortical brain structures is challenging because of their deep location in the cranium, and their comparatively weak blood oxygen level dependent responses to strong stimuli. Magnetic resonance imaging data for subcortical brain regions exhibit both low signal‐to‐noise ratio and low functional contrast‐to‐noise ratio. To overcome these challenges, this work evaluates the use of dual‐echo spiral variants that combine outward and inward trajectories. Specifically, in‐in, in‐out, and out‐out combinations are evaluated. For completeness, single‐echo spiral‐in and parallel‐receive‐accelerated echo‐planar‐imaging sequences are also evaluated.

Methods

Sequence evaluation was based on comparison of functional contrast‐to‐noise ratio within retinotopically predefined regions of interest. Superior colliculus was chosen as sample subcortical brain region because it exhibits a strong visual response. All sequences were compared relative to a single‐echo spiral‐out trajectory to establish a within‐session reference.

Results

In superior colliculus, the dual‐echo out‐out outperformed the reference trajectory by 55% in contrast‐to‐noise ratio, while all other trajectories had performance similar to the reference. The sequences were also compared in early visual cortex. Here, both dual‐echo spiral out‐out and in‐out outperformed the reference by ∼25%.

Conclusion

Dual‐echo spiral variants offer improved contrast‐to‐noise ratio performance for high‐resolution imaging for both superior colliculus and cortex. Magn Reson Med 79:1931–1940, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Fast and reproducible in vivo T1 mapping of the human cervical spinal cord
Authors: Battiston Marco , Schneider Torben , Prados Ferran , Grussu Francesco , Yiannakas Marios C. , Ourselin Sebastien , Gandini Wheeler‐Kingshott Claudia A. M. , Samson Rebecca S.
Published: July 2017

Purpose

To develop a fast and robust method for measuring T1 in the whole cervical spinal cord in vivo, and to assess its reproducibility.

Methods

A spatially nonselective adiabatic inversion pulse is combined with zonally oblique‐magnified multislice echo‐planar imaging to produce a reduced field‐of‐view inversion‐recovery echo‐planar imaging protocol. Multi‐ inversion time data are obtained by cycling slice order throughout sequence repetitions. Measurement of T1 is performed using 12 inversion times for a total protocol duration of 7 min. Reproducibility of regional T1 estimates is assessed in a scan‐rescan experiment on five heathy subjects.

Results

Regional mean (standard deviation) T1 was: 1108.5 (±77.2) ms for left lateral column, 1110.1 (±83.2) ms for right lateral column, 1150.4 (±102.6) ms for dorsal column, and 1136.4 (±90.8) ms for gray matter. Regional T1 estimates showed good correlation between sessions (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.89 (P value < 0.01); mean difference = 2 ms, 95% confidence interval ± 20 ms); and high reproducibility (intersession coefficient of variation approximately 1% in all the regions considered, intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.88 (P value < 0.01, confidence interval 0.71–0.95)).

Conclusions

T1 estimates in the cervical spinal cord are reproducible using inversion‐recovery zonally oblique‐magnified multislice echo‐planar imaging. The short acquisition time and large coverage of this method paves the way for accurate T1 mapping for various spinal cord pathologies. Magn Reson Med 79:2142–2148, 2018. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
An adaptive approach for elephant flow detection with the rapidly changing traffic in data center network
Authors: Liu Zehui , Gao Deyun , Liu Ying , Zhang Hongke , Foh Chuan Heng
Published: July 2017

Software‐defined network, which separates control plane from the underlying physical devices, has the advantages of global visibility and high flexibility. Among the most typical applications in software‐defined network, there is significant interest on classifying flows, especially for elephant flow detection. Previous studies show that detecting and rerouting elephant flows (flows that transfer significant amount of data) effectively can lead to a 113% improvement in aggregate throughput compared with the traditional routing. However, the threshold of the existing detection approach was preconfigured without the consideration of the rapidly changing traffic in data center networks. This phenomenon could cause high detection error rate. To address this problem, we propose an adaptive approach for elephant flow detection, which could efficiently identify elephant flows with low latency and low overhead. Particularly, to meet the demands of the traffic characteristics in data center networks, dynamical traffic learning algorithm is adopted to configure the threshold value real timely and dynamically. Numerical results and experimental tests show that the mean error rate of detection is only 4.61% and the maximum number of packet‐in messages is minimum compared to other methods.
Dissipativity of the linearly implicit Euler scheme for Navier‐Stokes equations with delay
Authors: Wang Wansheng
Published: July 2017

In this article, we study the dissipativity of the linearly implicit Euler scheme for the 2D Navier‐Stokes equations with time delay volume forces (NSD). This scheme can be viewed as an application of the implicit Euler scheme to linearized NSD. Therefore, only a linear system is needed to solve at each time step. The main results we obtain are that this scheme is L2 dissipative for any time step size and H1 dissipative under a time‐step constraint. As a consequence, the existence of a numerical attractor of the discrete dynamical system is established. A by‐product of the dissipativity analysis of the linearly implicit Euler scheme for NSD is that the dissipativity of an implicit‐explicit scheme for the celebrated Navier‐Stokes equations that treats the volume forces term explicitly is obtained.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 33: 2114–2140, 2017
Reduced Prenatal Weight Gain and/or Augmented Postnatal Weight Gain Precedes Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescent Girls
Authors: de Zegher Francis , Reinehr Thomas , Malpique Rita , Darendeliler Feyza , López‐Bermejo Abel , Ibáñez Lourdes
Published: July 2017

Objective

Hepato‐visceral fat excess is a feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Risk factors for such excess include low prenatal weight gain and high postnatal weight gain. This study examined whether adolescent PCOS was preceded by a relatively low birth weight and/or a relatively high BMI at diagnosis.

Methods

Study participants included 467 girls with PCOS (298 without obesity and 169 with obesity), diagnosed, respectively, in Spain and Germany; 87 healthy girls were controls. Z scores for weight at birth and BMI at PCOS diagnosis were derived, and their differences were calculated.

Results

Spanish girls with PCOS and without obesity and German girls with PCOS and obesity had mean birth weight z scores of −0.7 and 0.0, respectively, and mean BMI z scores of + 0.4 and +2.7, respectively, so that mean z score increments amounted to +1.1 and +2.6 (P < 0.001 vs. controls).

Conclusions

PCOS in adolescent girls was preceded by marked z score increments between weight at birth and BMI at PCOS diagnosis, thus corroborating the notion that PCOS development is driven by a mismatch between prenatal weight gain and postnatal weight gain.
Effect of polydopamine on quaternized poly(ether ether ketone) for antibiofouling anion exchange membrane in microbial fuel cell
Authors: Elangovan Mahendiravarman , Dharmalingam Sangeetha
Published: July 2017

Biofouling of anion exchange membranes is a matter of concern in microbial fuel cell. In the present study, we have attempted to improve the antibiofouling potential of anion exchange membrane by using quaternized poly(ether ether ketone) (QPEEK) with surface modification by polydopamine. It is well known that the antiadhesion test tops the list in measuring the antibiofouling potential of the membrane and hence studied. In addition, the effect of dopamine concentration on membrane hydrophilicity and surface roughness was also discussed. From the data, it was clear that power density in all microbial fuel cells showed the highest in the sixth batch and thereafter declined, although at a varying rate. As predicted, QPEEK‐1.0 registered the least. The power density suffered a loss of 918 to 897 mW m−2 in the case of QPEEK‐1.0, which is the minimum and the same for QPEEK; QPEEK‐0.5 and AMI‐7001 were 918 to 869 mW m−2, 917 to 885 mW m−2, and 578 to 537 mW m−2, respectively. A least value of protein content was obtained for QPEEK‐1.0 (0.21 ± 0.05 g cm−2), and the same for QPEEK‐0.5, QPEEK, and AMI 7001 were found to be 0.37 ± 0.05 g cm−2, 0.78 ± 0.09 g cm−2, and 1.4 ± 0.11 g cm−2, respectively. In comparison, the antibiofouling potential of modified membranes was found to be higher than that of unmodified QPEEK and commercially available AMI 7001. The internal resistance values also confirmed that modification with PDA prevents bacteria adhesion leading to high antibiofouling potential.
A G326E substitution in the glutamate‐gated chloride channel 3 (GluCl3) of the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae abolishes the agonistic activity of macrocyclic lactones
Authors: Mermans Catherine , Dermauw Wannes , Geibel Sven , Van Leeuwen Thomas
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

The macrocyclic lactones abamectin and milbemectin are frequently used to control phytophagous mites such as Tetranychus urticae. Consequently, resistance has developed and was genetically linked with substitutions in the glutamate‐gated chloride channel (GluCl) subunits TuGluCl1 and TuGluCl3. Here, we functionally validated a G326E substitution in TuGluCl3 by functional expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by two‐electrode voltage‐clamp electrophysiology.

RESULTS

Homomeric wild‐type and mutated GluCl3 were successfully expressed. l‐glutamic‐acid‐induced currents exhibited a rapid onset equal in both channels and EC50 for l‐glutamic‐acid was in the micromolar range (384.2 μm and 292.7 μm, respectively). Abamectin and milbemycin A4 elicited sustained currents in wild‐type GluCl3, but the G326E substitution completely abolished the agonistic activity of macrocyclic lactones.

CONCLUSION

A target‐site mutation in Tu GluCl3 contributes to avermectin resistance in T. urticae. However, given the multitude of channel genes and the potential additive or synergistic effects of mutations, to what extent mutations determine the often extremely strong resistance phenotype in the field deserves further study. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Azadirachtin effects on mating success, gametic abnormalities and progeny survival in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera)
Authors: Oulhaci Chemseddine M , Denis Béatrice , Kilani‐Morakchi Samira , Sandoz Jean‐Christophe , Kaiser Laure , Joly Dominique , Aribi Nadia
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

Azadirachtin is a prominent natural pesticide and represents an alternative to conventional insecticides. It has been successfully used against insect pests. However, its effects on reproduction require further analysis. Here we investigated lethal and sublethal effects of azadirachtin, on treated adults in a model insect, Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen). Dose–mortality relationships as well as several parameters of reproduction (mating, spermatogenesis, oogenesis and fertility) were examined.

RESULTS

Neem‐Azal, a commercial formulation of azadirachtin, applied topically on newly emerged adults, increased mortality with a positive dose‐dependent relationship. The LD50 (0.63 μg) was determined 24 h after treatment using a non‐linear regression. Adults surviving this dose had a mating success that was divided by 3 and a progeny production reduced by half when males were treated, and even more when females were treated. When combining probability of survival, of mating and reduced progeny, it appeared that LD50 induced a 98% reduction in reproductive rates. Reduced progeny was partially explained by the effect of adult treatment on gametes number and abnormalities. The number of cysts and the apical nuclei positions within the cysts decreased by 29.7% and 20%, respectively, in males. In females, the number of oocytes per ovary and the volume of basal oocytes also decreased by 16.1% and 32.4%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Azadirachtin causes significant toxic effects in both sexes and decreases the fecundity and fertility of D. melanogaster. Females are more sensitive to azadirachtin. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Measurement dynamic feedback output regulation in hybrid linear systems with state jumps
Authors: Zattoni Elena , Perdon Anna Maria , Conte Giuseppe
Published: July 2017

This work investigates the problem of designing a hybrid dynamic feedback regulator that forces the output of a hybrid linear system to asymptotically converge to the reference generated by a hybrid exogenous system, asymptotically rejects the exogenous disturbance, and attains global asymptotic stability of the compensated hybrid linear dynamics. The class of hybrid linear systems addressed exhibits a continuous‐time linear behavior except at isolated points of the time axis, where the state is subject to discontinuities that are caused by a jump behavior. In the presence of possibly unequally spaced state jumps, under the only constraint that the minimum time between any two consecutive jumps is no smaller than a given positive real constant, both implicit and explicit sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution to the stated problem are shown. The explicit condition is constructive, in the sense that it outlines the algorithmic procedure for the synthesis of the hybrid feedback regulator, provided that a certain output‐nulling hybrid controlled invariant subspace be known. Then, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of such subspace is proven, so that a computational means to derive it, if any exists, is given. Finally, the devised approach is applied to a numerical example borrowed from the literature, with the twofold aim of illustrating its implementation and making a comparison with the available method.
Further Observations on the Mechanism of Formic Acid Decomposition by Homogeneous Ruthenium Catalyst
Authors: Treigerman Ziv , Sasson Yoel
Published: July 2017

Formic acid is well known as a hydrogen source and a hydrogen donor under thermal, catalytic and photocatalytic conditions. In this study, we generate hydrogen and carbon dioxide in a ratio of 1:1 by decomposing formic acid in presence of a homogeneous ruthenium catalysis under mild conditions. At 40oC TOF>600 h−1 was realized. The catalyst is stable and robust through numerous cycles of the decomposition reaction. Furthermore, maintaining the active catalyst system under ambient conditions for months caused no harm to its vitality. The catalytic activity could be restored instantly at any time simply by adding formic acid and heating to 40oC. Over the years, scientists have suggested different incomplete schemes for the decomposition reaction based on experimental and theoretical studies. In this paper we propose a novel molecular mechanism for this reaction.
Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of High Nitrogen Martensitic Stainless Steel 30Cr15Mo1N
Authors: Feng Hao , Jiang Zhou‐Hua , Li Hua‐Bing , Jiao Wei‐Chao , Li Xin‐Xu , Zhu Hong‐Chun , Zhang Shu‐Cai , Zhang Bin‐Bin , Cai Ming‐Hui
Published: July 2017

Hot deformation behavior of high nitrogen martensitic stainless steel 30Cr15Mo1N is investigated by isothermal compression tests at the temperature range of 900–1250 °C and the strain rate range of 0.01–10 s−1. The results indicate that the activation energy of this alloy (503.5 kJ mol−1) is higher than that of conventional martensitic stainless steels. The developed Arrhenius‐type constitutive equation considering strain compensation can predict flow stress of 30Cr15Mo1N with good consistency. The critical conditions for initiation of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) are determined based on the strain hardening rate versus flow stress curves. The DRX is inhibited and grain size decrease with increasing strain rate from 0.01 to 1 s−1. However, the fraction of DRX increased and grain size coarsened when strain rate is further increased to 10 s−1. Cr‐rich M23C6 and M2N precipitated at grain boundaries at lower temperatures, which can effectively pin grain boundaries and, thereby retard or even inhibit the process of DRX. In addition, dislocations tangled and piled up around precipitates, thereby hindering dislocation movement. The influence of precipitates on DRX can be eliminated due to their dissolution at higher temperatures.
Parent Book Talk to Accelerate Spanish Content Vocabulary Knowledge
Authors: Pollard‐Durodola Sharolyn D. , Gonzalez Jorge E. , Satterfield Teresa , Benki José R. , Vaquero Juana , Ungco Camille
Published: July 2017

This article bridges research to practice by summarizing an interactive content‐enriched shared book reading approach that Spanish‐speaking parents of preschool‐age children can easily use in the home to accelerate content vocabulary knowledge in Spanish. The approach was implemented in preschool classrooms using a transitional bilingual education model in Central Texas and in a Saturday Spanish heritage language school in the Midwestern United States. Spanish‐speaking emergent bilingual children from both lower and higher socioeconomic status backgrounds learned content‐related vocabulary via parent–child discussions of Spanish storybooks and informational texts organized by compelling science and social studies themes and topics. The authors provide recommendations for how teachers can support Spanish‐speaking parents' ability to develop informal knowledge‐building experiences through home‐based interactive book discussions in Spanish.
Axillobifemoral Bypasses: Reappraisal of an Extra‐Anatomic Bypass by Analysis of Results and Prognostic Factors
Authors: Dickas D. , Verrel F. , Kalff J. , Koscielny A.
Published: July 2017

Background

Axillobifemoral bypass (AFB) is method of second choice. It is reserved for patients at high operative risk or to bypass infected vessels or grafts. In this study, we analyzed prognostic factors for AFB patency and limb salvage rate to facilitate the choice of procedure.

Methods

Between Jan 2006 and Aug 2013, 45 patients underwent AFB surgery in our department, 24 for critical limb ischemia (CLI) and 23 for infection. Endpoints of study were graft occlusion, graft infection, amputation and patient’s death. Prognostic factors were compared by univariate analysis for each indication group. Mean follow‐up was 40.2 (±23.2) months.

Results

Complication rate was significantly higher in infection group (88.0 vs. 54.4%, p = 0.003) and in emergency surgery (83.3 vs. 56.9%, p = 0.023). Overall primary patency rate after AFB procedures was 66.7% after 1, 3, and 5 years, while secondary patency rate was 91.1% after 1 year, 82.2% after 3 years and 80.0% after 5 years. The primary and secondary patency rates did not significantly differ between the both groups (p = 0.059 and p = 0.136). Following prognostic factors showed a statistically significant influence on patency rates in CLI group: >1 previous vascular surgical intervention, patch angioplasty at the distal anastomosis site, complications after previous vascular surgery, and perioperative intake of platelet aggregation inhibitor. Only the employed bypass material had a statistical significant influence on the secondary patency rates in the infection group. Overall limb salvage rate was 82.2% after 1 year, 80.0% after 3 years and 77.8% after 5 years. There were statistically significant differences in the limb salvage rates depending on emergency surgery and a 3‐vessel‐run‐off in the lower leg in both indication groups.

Conclusion

AFB have acceptable patency and limb salvage rates. AFB is a good alternative in patients with CLI at high operative risk or with infections of aortoiliac segments, even with endovascular approaches. They remain essential tools in vascular surgeon’s repertoire.
How to Attain Ultralow Interfacial Tension and Three‐Phase Behavior with Surfactant Formulation for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Part 4: Robustness of the Optimum Formulation Zone Through the Insensibility to Some Variables and the Occurrence of Complex Artifacts
Authors: Salager Jean‐Louis , Antón Raquel E. , Arandia María A. , Forgiarini Ana M.
Published: July 2017

In enhanced oil recovery, not only the low‐tension performance, but also the robustness at optimum formulation is an important issue. The fourth part of our review series is dedicated to robustness, defined as the width of the zone exhibiting three‐phase behavior around the optimum formulation, whatever the scanned variable. It is first corroborated from a screening of the available data in the literature that the tension minimum is inversely proportional to the square of the three‐phase range in the HLD scale. However, since there is still an inaccuracy of about a factor 10 in the tension minimum, some significant improvement can be attained in some cases by increasing the three‐phase behavior width in two ways. The first approach consists of finding systems that are insensitive to some formulation variable such as temperature, surfactant mixture composition or concentration, and water‐to‐oil ratio. The second way is to produce an artifact through which the optimum formulation is produced twice in a scan. If the distance between the two events in the scan is reduced down to be zero, their corresponding three‐phase behavior zones merge and result in a wider WIII region with a low tension. Several cases of such events are reported: alkaline scans, anionic‐nonionic and anionic‐cationic mixture changes, linear change in composition in three‐surfactant mixture, partial precipitation from a surfactant mixture in a salinity scan, and excessive partitioning of polyethoxylated nonionics. More complex transitions with three effects in a single scan or three concomitantly scanned variables show even more possibilities in practice.
Investigation of Biobased and Petroleum Base Oils in the Entire Spectrum of Lubrication Regimes
Authors: Biresaw Girma , Bantchev Grigor B. , Murray Rex E.
Published: July 2017

The tribological properties of biobased and petroleum‐based base oils in the entire lubrication regime were investigated. High oleic sunflower oil (HOSuO) and commercially available polyalphaolefin (PAO‐6) were selected to represent biobased and petroleum‐based base oils, respectively. These two oils had similar viscosity and pressure‐viscosity coefficient at 40 °C, but differed in their chemical structures and many other properties. Tribological tests were conducted on a high frequency reciprocating rig tribometer at 40 and 75 °C, for 60 min, 1000 gf load, and variable combinations of frequency and stroke length. Lubrication regimes were quantified using the Hersey number (H) which was calculated from lubricant viscosity and test parameters (load, frequency, stroke length). The key tribological test outputs were coefficient of friction (COF); film thickness (h) expressed in % from contact resistance measurement; and ball wear scar diameter (WSD). Analysis of experimental data showed that the biobased HOSuO provided lower COF, thicker lubricant film, and lower WSD than the petroleum‐based PAO‐6, in all lubrication regimes and at both temperatures (40 and 75 °C). The difference in these properties between the two oils, [Δ(COF), Δ(WSD), Δ(h)], were the greatest in the boundary regimes (low H values) where the polar chemical structure of the biobased lubricant played a dominant role.
Generalizing Ecological Effects of Shoreline Armoring Across Soft Sediment Environments
Authors: Dugan J. E. , Emery K. A. , Alber M. , Alexander C. R. , Byers J. E. , Gehman A. M. , McLenaghan N. , Sojka S. E.
Published: July 2017

Despite its widespread use, the ecological effects of shoreline armoring are poorly synthesized and difficult to generalize across soft sediment environments and structure types. We developed a conceptual model that scales predicted ecological effects of shore-parallel armoring based on two axes: engineering purpose of structure (reduce/slow velocities or prevent/stop flow of waves and currents) and hydrodynamic energy (e.g., tides, currents, waves) of soft sediment environments. We predicted greater ecological impacts for structures intended to stop as opposed to slow water flow and with increasing hydrodynamic energy of the environment. We evaluated our predictions with a literature review of effects of shoreline armoring for six possible ecological responses (habitat distribution, species assemblages, trophic structure, nutrient cycling, productivity, and connectivity). The majority of studies were in low-energy environments (51 of 88), and a preponderance addressed changes in two ecological responses associated with armoring: habitat distribution and species assemblages. Across the 207 armoring effects studied, 71% were significantly negative, 22% were significantly positive, and 7% reported no significant difference. Ecological responses varied with engineering purpose of structures, with a higher frequency of negative responses for structures designed to stop water flow within a given hydrodynamic energy level. Comparisons across the hydrodynamic energy axis were less clear-cut, but negative responses prevailed (>78%) in high-energy environments. These results suggest that generalizations of ecological responses to armoring across a range of environmental contexts are possible and that the proposed conceptual model is useful for generating predictions of the direction and relative ecological impacts of shoreline armoring in soft sediment ecosystems.
Generalisability of prognostic factor research: further analysis of data from the IIPCOS2 study
Authors: Miglani Anjali , Rutten Lex , Manchanda Raj K.
Published: July 2017

Prognostic factor research is important as it helps in refining diagnosis, taking clinical and therapeutic decisions, enhances the design and analysis of intervention trials and helps to identify targets for new interventions that aim to modify the course of a disease. Prognostic factor research in homeopathy can be done by applying Bayes' theorem. This paper considers Bayes' theorem; Likelihood Ratio, conditional probability and research in subpopulations of a condition with examples. We analysed the likelihood ratios for 11 homeopathic medicines for the symptom ‘cough’ and other upper respiratory tract symptoms, based on data from the IIPCOS2 study. This yielded useful information since several medicines, including Belladonna, had LR >1 for cough, indicating that cough is not an indication for this medicine. The implications for improving homeopathic prescribing are discussed.
Prospects of wet-laid nonwovens for organosheet-products
Authors: Endres Angelika , Schramm Steffen , Lütke Claus , Nendel Sebastian
Published: July 2017

Using the paper process to obtain short-fiber-based reinforcements.
Heterogeneous Preferences for Oysters: Evidence from Field Experiments
Authors: Li Tongzhe , Kecinski Maik , Messer Kent D.
Published: July 2017

This study uses field experiments to investigate consumer preferences for oysters. In total, 486 adult participants completed a series of revealed-preference dichotomous-choice tasks and a demographic survey. Using a random effects logit model, we investigate factors that influence participants’ decisions to purchase oysters. As expected, price had a significant negative effect, while income had a positive effect. Older individuals and those who were relatively selective regarding shell color or smell are less likely to buy oysters, but consumers who valued size, oyster species, and harvest location were willing to pay more.
On the Benjamin–Lighthill conjecture for water waves with vorticity
Authors: Kozlov V. , Kuznetsov N. , Lokharu E.
Published: July 2017

We consider the nonlinear problem of steady gravity-driven waves on the free surface of a two-dimensional flow of an inviscid, incompressible fluid (say, water). The water motion is supposed to be rotational with a Lipschitz continuous vorticity distribution, whereas the flow of finite depth is assumed to be unidirectional. We verify the Benjamin–Lighthill conjecture for flows with values of Bernoulli’s constant close to the critical one. For this purpose it is shown that a set of near-critical waves consists only of Stokes and solitary waves provided their slopes are bounded by a constant. Moreover, the subset of waves with crests located on a fixed vertical is uniquely parametrised by the flow force, which varies between its values for the supercritical and subcritical shear flows of constant depth. There exists another parametrisation for this set; it involves wave heights varying between the constant depth of the subcritical shear flow and the height of a solitary wave.
Thermal instability in a time-dependent base state due to sudden heating
Authors: Kerr Oliver S. , Gumm Zoë
Published: July 2017

When a large body of fluid is heated from below at a horizontal surface, the heat diffuses into the fluid, giving rise to a gravitationally unstable layer adjacent to the boundary. A consideration of the instantaneous Rayleigh number using the thickness of this buoyant layer as a length scale would lead one to expect that the heated fluid is initially stable, and only becomes unstable after a finite time. This transition would also apply to other situations, such as heating a large body of fluid from the side, where a buoyant upward flow develops near the boundary. In such cases, when the evolving thermal boundary layer first becomes unstable, the time scale for the growth of the instabilities may be comparable to the time scale of the evolution of the background temperature profile, and so analytical approximations such as the quasi-static approximation, where the time evolution of the background state is ignored, are not strictly appropriate. We develop a numerical scheme where we find the optimal growth of linear perturbations to the background flow over a given time interval. Part of this problem is to determine an appropriate measure of the amplitude to the disturbances, as inappropriate choices can lead to apparent growth of disturbances over finite time intervals even when the fluid is stable. By considering the Rayleigh–Bénard problem, we show that these problems can be avoided by choosing a measure of the amplitude that uses both the velocity and temperature perturbations, and which minimizes the maximum growth. We apply our analysis to the problems of heating a semi-infinite body of fluid from horizontal and vertical boundaries. We will show that for heating from a vertical boundary there are large- and small-Prandtl-number modes. For some Prandtl numbers, both modes may play a role in the growth of instabilities. In some cases there is transition during the evolution of the most unstable instabilities in fluids such as water, where initially the instabilities are large-Prandtl-number modes and then morph into small-Prandtl-number modes part of the way through their evolution.
Statistics of fully turbulent impinging jets
Authors: Wilke Robert , Sesterhenn Jörn
Published: July 2017

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of subsonic and supersonic impinging jets with Reynolds numbers of 3300 and 8000 are carried out to analyse their statistical properties with respect to heat transfer. The Reynolds number range is at low or moderate values in terms of practical applications, but very high regarding the technical possibilities of DNS. A Reynolds number of 8000 is technically relevant for the cooling of turbine blades. In this case, the flow is dominated by primary and secondary vortex rings. Statistics of turbulent heat fluxes and Reynolds stresses as well as the Nusselt number are provided and brought into accordance with these vortices. Velocity and temperature fluctuations were found to have a positive influence on cooling of the impinging plate. Beside the description of the flow, a second aim of this article is the provision of data for improvement of turbulence models. Modern large eddy simulations are still not able to precisely predict impingement heat transfer (Dairayet al.,Intl J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 50 (0), 2014, pp. 177–187). Common relations between heat and mass transfer respectively temperature and velocity fields are applied to the impinging jet. These relations include the Reynolds and Chilton Colburn analogy, the Crocco–Busemann relation and the generalised Reynolds analogy (GRA). It was found that the first two deliver useful values if the distance to the jet axis is larger than one diameter, away from the strong pressure gradient around the stagnation point. The GRA, in contrast, precisely predicts the mean temperature field if no axial velocity gradient is present. The estimation of temperature fluctuations according to the GRA fails. As third main topic of this article, the influence of the Mach number on heat transfer and the flow field, is studied. Against the common practise of neglecting compressibility effects in experimental Nusselt correlations, we observed that higher Mach numbers (up to 1.1) have a positive influence on heat transfer in the deflection zone due to higher flow fluctuations.
Numerical Investigation of Unsteady Flows Past Flapping Wings with Immersed Boundary-Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Gong C. L. , Yuan Z. J. , Zhou Q. , Chen G. , Fang Z.
Published: July 2017

Biomimetic motions are helpful to underwater vehicles and new conception airplanes design. The lattice Boltzmann method with an immersed boundary method technique is used to reveal the propulsion and lift enhancement mechanism of biomimetic motions. The flow past a sphere and an ellipsoidal flapping wing were validated respectively by comparing with other numerical methods. Then a single flapping wing and three flapping wings in a tandem arrangement are accomplished respectively. It founds that the mean thrust coefficient of three plate wings is bigger than the one of the single plate wing. Three ellipsoidal wings and single ellipsoidal wing are compared. It shows that the single ellipsoidal wing has larger thrust coefficients than the three ellipsoidal wings. Ellipsoidal flapping wing and plate wing were further compared to investigate the influence of wing shape. It indicates the mean thrust coefficient of the ellipsoidal wing is bigger than the plate wing.
Melt-under-cutting and buoyancy-driven calving from tidewater glaciers: new insights from discrete element and continuum model simulations
Authors: BENN DOUGLAS I. , ÅSTRÖM JAN , ZWINGER THOMAS , TODD JOE , NICK FAEZEH M. , COOK SUSAN , HULTON NICHOLAS R. J. , LUCKMAN ADRIAN
Published: July 2017

The simple calving laws currently used in ice-sheet models do not adequately reflect the complexity and diversity of calving processes. To be effective, calving laws must be grounded in a sound understanding of how calving actually works. Here, we develop a new strategy for formulating calving laws, using (a) the Helsinki Discrete Element Model (HiDEM) to explicitly model fracture and calving processes, and (b) the continuum model Elmer/Ice to identify critical stress states associated with HiDEM calving events. A range of observed calving processes emerges spontaneously from HiDEM in response to variations in ice-front buoyancy and the size of subaqueous undercuts. Calving driven by buoyancy and melt under-cutting is under-predicted by existing calving laws, but we show that the location and magnitude of HiDEM calving events can be predicted in Elmer/Ice from characteristic stress patterns. Our results open the way to developing calving laws that properly reflect the diversity of calving processes, and provide a framework for a unified theory of the calving process continuum.
Hurdiid radiodontans from the middle Cambrian (Series 3) of Utah
Authors: Pates Stephen , Daley Allison C. , Lieberman Bruce S.
Published: July 2017

Radiodontan body elements, some belonging toPeytoiaandHurdiaand some unassigned, have been reported from the Langston Formation (Spence Shale Member), Wheeler Formation, and Marjum Formation of the middle Cambrian (Series 3) of Utah. These identifications are reassessed in light of recent work on the morphology of the radiodontanHurdia. New specimens ofHurdiaare identified from the Spence Shale, representing mouthparts (oral cones), cephalic carapace H-elements, frontal appendages, and a single isolated swimming flap. The shape of the H-elements allowsH. victoriaWalcott, 1912 to be identified from the Spence Shale for the first time. The flap is larger and more complete than any reported from the Burgess Shale and allows for a better understanding of the morphology ofHurdiaswimming flaps. A 3D model of aHurdiafrontal appendage indicates that there is only one morph ofHurdiafrontal appendage found in both species, and apparent morphological differences between disarticulated appendages reflect a preservational continuum caused by varying oblique angles relative to the seafloor.Peytoiashould no longer be reported from the Spence Shale, but its presence is confirmed in the Wheeler and Marjum formations. New mouthparts (oral cones) ofHurdiafrom the Spence Shale andPeytoiafrom the Marjum Formation with surface textures of submillimeter-diameter raised nodes are described. These new features have not been observed in material from the Burgess Shale and suggest slight differences in preservation.