bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les valeurs de la nature dans les iles subantarctiques
Authors: Atlan Anne , Tilbeurgh Véronique Van
Published: August 2019

Cet article explore les valeurs attribuées à la nature et la façon dont elles s’articulent dans un territoire particulier, les îles subantarctiques françaises. Dans la mesure où ces îles n’ont pas de populations permanentes et ne sont pas exploitées pour leurs ressources biologiques ou minières, les valeurs directement utilitaristes y sont peu présentes, et les autres types de valeurs sont exprimés plus largement que dans des situations plus classiques. En effectuant des enquêtes sociologiques auprès des résidents de Kerguelen et à bord du Marion Dufresne, nous avons pu dresser une typologie des valeurs exprimées et de leur mode d'affectation par les individus. La plupart des valeurs identifiées sont plurielles, telles les valeurs d'authenticité, les valeurs affectives, spirituelles, ou celles liées aux activités scientifiques, et sont exprimées de manière différentiée. Nous avons distingué les « valeurs-principe » des « valeurs-objet », c’est-à-dire des différents attributs de la nature qui se trouvent dotés de valeur. Nous avons ensuite décrit les modes d'adhésion à ces valeurs, qui peuvent être partagées ou clivantes, et les avons mis en parallèle avec leur légitimité à justifier les principes d'action. Nous n'avons pas observé de variations significatives en fonction des catégorisations sociales telles que l'âge, le sexe ou le statut professionnel, mais nous avons identifié des « bouquets de valeurs » exprimées plus souvent de manière conjointe, qui permettent de dégager quatre grands types de rapport à la nature dans les îles subantarctiques.
Planifier avec le territoire : la dynamique des lieux de projets à l’épreuve des approches participatives et paysagères
Authors: Dugua Benoît , Chakroun Leila
Published: August 2019

À la fin des années 1990, la montée en puissance des enjeux de durabilité et les dynamiques de métropolisation engendrent un renouvellement des méthodes de planification territoriale. Elles résultent notamment de la remise en question de l’opposition classique centre/périphérie et de la transformation conséquente du rapport entre la ville et son territoire et entre les espaces bâtis et ouverts. Dans ce contexte, les démarches participatives et paysagères ont gagné en légitimité, provoquant une profonde évolution de la dynamique des lieux de projets et du rapport entre acteurs politico-administratifs, experts et habitants. Des travaux récents mettent en évidence l’importance des « lieux transactionnels » : espaces intermédiaires d’interactions et de coopération en mesure de favoriser une mise en synergie entre acteurs, échelles territoriales et temporalités au sein des systèmes urbains. Dans cet article, nous proposons d’enrichir ce concept au moyen de deux thématiques majeures : la qualité de vie en ville et l’agriculture urbaine. Ces thématiques sont illustrées à partir de deux cas d’étude localisés aux franges de l’agglomération lausannoise en Suisse : le Contrat de quartier des Boveresses et le design participatif de la Ferme agroécologique de Rovéréaz. En quoi les approches participatives et paysagères à l’oeuvre bouleversent-elles la dynamique des lieux de projets au sein de l’agglomération ? De quelle manière la dynamique propre aux deux cas d’étude entre-t-elle en résonance ou en synergie avec les différentes échelles d’approche du territoire ?
Écologie et régulation des relations homme-faune : repenser la conservation de la biodiversité par les Communs
Authors: Gaidet Nicolas , Aubert Sigrid
Published: August 2019

La manière dont l’Homme pense et représente ses relations avec l’animal sauvage a été profondément marquée d’une part par la manière dont les écologues ont décrit, organisé et expliqué le monde vivant, et d’autre part, par la manière dont les juristes ont élaboré et interprété les règles de droit. Les modes de classification, de quantification et de fonctionnalisation du vivant établi par la science écologique ont contribué à la formulation du droit autour de catégories assorties d’une finalité anthropocentrée de la régulation des relations entre humains et non-humains. Cette régulation a principalement consisté à atténuer les impacts du développement économique et à conserver une biodiversité minimum. Dans cette histoire, la place et le rôle des animaux sauvages comme acteurs des systèmes naturels ont été oubliés. Nous proposons ici de questionner la structure du droit en la confrontant aux pistes ouvertes par le renouveau des sciences écologiques, des débats et des dispositifs de politiques publiques pour dépasser la vision réductrice et anthropocentrée de l’enjeu de l’érosion de la biodiversité. L’approche par les Communs contribue aujourd’hui à remettre en question les modèles dominants de régulation des sociétés humaines en privilégiant le « faire commun ». Nous analysons les perspectives qu’offre cette approche pour restituer les notions d’interdépendance, de responsabilité, et de solidarité entre humains et non-humains dans l’usage des ressources.
La cartographie sensible et participative comme levier d’apprentissage de la géographie
Authors: Gaujal Sophie
Published: August 2019

La géographie scolaire française privilégie l’étude de territoires à la petite échelle, selon des modalités qui relèvent d’une pédagogie transmissive. A rebours de ces pratiques, l’expérimentation présentée ici mobilise la cartographie sensible et participative pour initier d’autres modalités d’apprentissage, au plus près des expériences spatiales des élèves. Après avoir présenté la méthodologie et les objectifs de ce dispositif pédagogique, cet article analyse la manière dont les élèves s’en sont emparés, à partir d’un terrain qu’ils expérimentent au quotidien, leur propre lycée.
Quelle multifonctionnalité des transhumances urbaines de brebis ?
Authors: Nicourt Christian , Cabaret  Jacques
Published: August 2019

Les transhumances d’animaux ovins et/ou bovins ont permis à leurs éleveurs de les nourrir à moindres frais : ce sont des pâtures naturelles collectives dont sont propriétaires les collectivités territoriales. Regroupées en Syndicats de vallée, elles offrent aux éleveurs de leur juridiction le privilège de les utiliser gracieusement. En France, les transhumances de brebis concernaient majoritairement la plaine de la Crau et le Pays Basque. Ces transhumances qui perdurent ont, depuis le début des années 2010, vu naître d’autres formes de transhumances, mêlant projets sociaux et projets médiatiques. Des transhumances plus urbaines et de plus en plus festives. Comment s’est opérée cette mutation ? Quels en ont été les porteurs ? Comment les transhumances sont-elles devenues multifonctionnelles ?
Mémoires des sens et des paysages littoraux sur l’île d’Iaai (Ouvéa en Nouvelle-Calédonie)
Authors: Sabinot  Catherine , Boudjema  Valentine , Le Duff Matthieu , Dumas  Pascal
Published: August 2019

Les tribus kanak de l’île d’Iaai en Nouvelle-Calédonie sont aujourd’hui des témoins des transformations morphologiques du littoral. Dans un contexte où les risques côtiers, en particulier l’érosion, sont devenus des enjeux environnementaux et institutionnels de plus en plus intégrés à l’aménagement du territoire, s’intéresser à la mémoire des îliens relative aux changements vécus du paysage littoral ainsi qu’à leurs représentations actuelles permet d’appréhender les évolutions du lien au territoire dans ses dimensions sensorielles et symboliques. Si la vue est un sens mobilisé par les habitants afin de décrire le résultat de l’érosion sur le paysage, l’odeur, le son et le toucher sont des arguments d’évolution du paysage sensoriel. Cet article discute des valeurs attribuées au littoral Gööny de l’île et du processus de construction de la mémoire du paysage qui s’appuie sur le souvenir d’activités culturelles et religieuses, sur la toponymie traduisant la morphologie de la plage, et sur des mémoires tactiles telle celle de la texture du sable. Nous montrerons ainsi comment les mémoires sensorielles du paysage rendent compte des liens entre modifications d’un environnement physique et transformations sociales, et sont des outils pertinents pour produire des projets d’aménagements impliquant les perceptions sensibles des habitants.
Le risque environnemental à l’épreuve des usages des paysages
Authors: Bretesché  Sophie
Published: August 2019

Cet article propose d’analyser la gestion des risques environnementaux sous l’angle du rapport entre les modes de régulation nationaux et leur déclinaison à l’échelle des territoires. Dans le cadre des risques environnementaux, la valeur d’un paysage peut s’avérer plurielle en fonction de la qualification du dommage perçu sur l’espace initial. D’une part, un paysage soumis à un risque peut être perçu comme répulsif dans le cas par exemple de risques qui affectent un site touristique, mais il peut retrouver une nouvelle attractivité au regard d’un prix du foncier inférieur à celui constaté dans des territoires voisins (Dauphiné, Provitolo, 2013). Dans cette perspective, il s’agit de questionner la façon dont le territoire et ses valeurs d’usage contribuent à impacter fortement la déclinaison de prescriptions en matière d’environnement. L’analyse s‘appuie sur trois anciennes mines d’uranium. Les résultats présentent trois configurations qui mettent en perspective le rôle majeur des usages locaux du paysage en matière d’évaluation de l’environnement.
Que reste-t-il sur terre quand la sensibilité s’absente ?
Authors: Collet  Stéphane
Published: August 2019

Plutôt que de s’assombrir face au paysage urbain actuel, de plus en plus conformiste et visant l’efficacité à tout crin, ce texte tente de dresser un aperçu des divers chemins pris par une réification totalement exclusive à l’œuvre dans la majorité des processus de transformation de notre environnement. Il s’agira dans un second temps d’établir sous la forme d’un vade mecum, une série de mesures pour joyeusement corrompre le cours de ces diktats afin de pouvoir envisager l’invention d’un projet sensible et de ménager un espace où l’altérité pourrait y trouver place.
Comparison between ultrasonographic findings and fine needle aspiration cytology in differentiating malignant and benign thyroid nodules
Authors: Mohebbi Mahdi , Gholampour Dehaki Mehrzad , Mozaffari Mahsa
Published: August 2019

The purpose of research was comparing the ultrasound (US) features and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in detecting the thyroid nodules in clinical practice. A cross-sectional analytical study retrospectively reviewed the US and FNAC findings for a total of 170 thyroid nodules. The US features that we compared included echogenicity, calcifications, shape, halo and Doppler, between 2017 and 2018. Totally, 170 nodules of thyroid were studied, which contained 72 (42.4%) benign and 98 (57.6%) malignant thyroid nodules. The sonographic features were significantly associated with malignancy such as microcalcification (97.0%), hyperechogenicity (91.5%), wider than taller shape (98.0%), absent halo (90.9%) and positive Doppler (78.0%) (P < 0.01). The altogether accuracies of calcification, echogenicity, shape, halo, and Doppler were 0.96, 0.92, 0.97,0.82 and 0.82, respectively. Our data suggest that US features could be a good sonographic criterion for recommending FNA cytology with follow‐up thyroid sonography and FNA.
Low Back Pain Treatment by Athletic Trainers and Athletic Therapists: Biomedical or Biopsychosocial Orientation?
Authors: MacDougall Hana L. , George Steven Z. , Dover Geoffrey C.
Published: August 2019

Context

Low back pain (LBP) remains a societal burden due to consistently high rates of recurrence and chronicity. Recent evidence suggested that a provider's treatment orientation influences patient beliefs, the clinical approach, and subsequently, rehabilitation outcomes.

Objective

To characterize American athletic trainer (AT) and Canadian athletic therapist (C-AT) treatment orientations toward LBP.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Online survey.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 273 ATs (response rate = 13.3%) and 382 C-ATs (response rate = 15.3%).

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Participants completed demographic questions and the Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (PABS) for ATs/C-ATs. The PABS measures the biomedical and biopsychosocial treatment orientation of health care providers and is scored on a 6-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics characterized the participants; t tests and 1-way analyses of variance identified differences between group means; and Spearman correlations assessed relationships between the biomedical and biopsychosocial scores and age, number of LBP patients per year, and years of experience.

Results

Athletic trainers treating 9 to 15 LBP patients per year had higher biomedical scores (35.0 ± 5.7) than ATs treating 16 to 34 (31.9 ± 5.5, P = .039) or >34 (31.7 ± 8.6, P = .018) LBP patients per year. The C-ATs treating 16 to 34 (31.8 ± 6.3, P = .038) and >34 (31.0 ± 6.7, P < .001) LBP patients per year had lower biomedical scores than those treating ≤8 LBP patients per year (34.8 ± 5.9). The C-ATs with ≤5 years of experience had higher biomedical scores than those with 10 to 15 (31.0 ± 6.7, P = .011) and 16 to 24 (29.8 ± 7.5, P < .001) years of experience. Canadian athletic therapists treating the general public had higher (31.7 ± 4.0) biopsychosocial scores than ATs treating athletes (31.3 ± 3.5, P = .006). The C-ATs ≤35.6 years of age had higher biomedical scores (33.1 ± 5.9) than those >35.6 years of age (30.5 ± 7.0, P < .001).

Conclusions

Athletic trainers and C-ATs who treated more LBP patients per year were more likely to score low on a biomedical treatment orientation subscale. Because this orientation has predicted poor outcomes in other health care providers, further research is needed to determine the effects of ATs' and C-ATs' biomedical orientations on rehabilitation outcomes.
Prof. P. de V. Pienaar - 'n Blyk van waardering
Authors: Uys I.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Kortikale Komper-Oudiometrie - "Electric Response Audiometry (ERA)"
Authors: Hay I. S.
Published: August 2019

Die nuutste objektiewe oudiometriese metode wat vandag wêreldwyd aanvaar is, is die Kortikale Komper-oudiometrie. Dit maak gebruik van 'n gespesialiseerde komper wat die elektriese response wat in tyd aan die stimuli gebonde is, sommeer tot 'n identifiseerbare respons. By die volwassene het die gesommeerde vertekspotensiaal 'n golfvorm wat min verskil van een indiwidu tot 'n ander. By die kind onder sewe jaar oud, en veral in die slaaptoestand, is die golfvorm minder konstant. Vanwee die steurende effek van spierbewegings op die kortikale respons, is dit verkieslik dat die jong aktiewe kind met kalmeermiddels tot 'n slaaptoestand gebring word. Na die sommering van 'n voorafgekose aantal response, word die gesommeerde response uitgeskryf om 'n permanente rekord te vorm. Deur superponering kan die resultate by verskillende frekwensies en intensiteite vergelyk word deur hulle oor 'n sterk lig te hou. Vergelykbare response word as positief geïdentifiseer en die drempel geskat volgens die laagste intensiteit waar positiewe response sigbaar is. Wanneer 'n standard golfvorm nie verskyn nie, word gesoek na die kenmerkende golfvorm vir die betrokke indiwidu.
Language development of a group of hearing impaired children
Authors: Laubscher Alida M.U.
Published: August 2019

Spoken samples of language from a group of ten hearing impaired children were analysed with respect to development of occurrence of verb tenses and verb inflections, the development of the kernel sentence and four transformations: conjunction, particle displacement, auxiliary "have" and pronoun. The language samples represented an age range of five—three to nine—seven years. The mean hearing level of the ten subjects, in the better ear was 76dB I.S.O. From the results obtained, general conclusions seem to emerge. Firstly, the earliest acquired verb tense is the present, followed by, or appearing concurrently with, the present progressive. Secondly, the kernel sentence is correctly used at an early age by some children. As age increases, so does the percentage of children using the kernel sentence. From approximately seven years of age, more transformations are used. The transformations conjunction and particle displacement indicated a clear developmental trend towards greater complexity. The conjunction and pronoun transformations were used by a greater percentage of children. The transformation auxiliary "have" appeared much later and less frequently. These developmental trends show strong similarities to the trends observed in normal hearing children by other investigators. There is, however, a time lag in that the hearing impaired children develop these features at a later age and over a longer period of time.
The Sklar Aphasia Scale in a foreign language
Authors: Fredman Marion
Published: August 2019

The Sklar Aphasia Scale was used to test 20 bilingual and polyglot aphasic patients in a project carried out in Haifa, Israel. The test was compared to the L.M.T.A. on 18 of the patients and proved to be valid. This writer believes that it is an easily translatable, adaptable scale which could be used for aphasics in other parts of the world where it is impractical to test the patient in his home language.
Therapy for a group of tongue thrust swallowers and their mothers
Authors: Bligh Nigel
Published: August 2019

A brief description of tongue thrusting and associated problems is given. The therapy programme for a group of tongue thrusting children and their mothers is described. Traditional swallow retraining was used with the group of children in conjunction with exercises for strengthening and increasing oro-sensory awareness of tongue and lips. A therapist guided the mothers' discussions while they observed therapy. Results indicated that therapy was successful. The conclusions suggest further avenues of research.
Intelligibility alterations in an oral cancer patient following primary surgery and two reconstructions: A case study
Authors: Jacobson Marlene C.
Published: August 2019

Intelligibility and perceptual characteristics were examined in a bilingual Zulu/Xhosa-speaking patient following glossectomy and mandibulectomy with primary closure and two subsequent reconstruction using osteomyocutaneous flaps. Changes across a twelve-month period were investigated, using intelligibility tests administered to native speakers, lateral view xeroradiography and fiberoptic investigations. Findings emphasise the need for reconstructive surgery to strive for preservation of articulator mobility, relationships between articulators and the positioning of vocal tract constrictions. The possibility of atrophic changes deleterious to speech and a more influential role for the speech therapist are discussed.
Kommunikasiepatologie: Onderrig vir die toekoms
Authors: Uys Isabel C.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Departmental evaluation: Speech therapy and audiology, An academic department aimed at teaching a profession
Authors: Hugo S. R. , Hugo W. M.J.
Published: August 2019

In a recently established policy guideline of the Department of National Education it was clearly indicated that programmes and departments at tertiary education institutions should institute evaluation procedures as a matter of urgency. This has become necessary to provide a basis for decision making and policy formation, to accredit programmes, to monitor expenditure of public funds and to improve educational material. It is the aim of this paper to develop an evaluation model, based on accepted education principles, for evaluating the actual performance of a Department of Speech Therapy and Audiology. A basic management model is used and specific functional indications are given of the steps that should be taken in evaluating a department. The model is a comprehensive one which can easily be adapted for use in other departments.
The Mind-Mapping approach (MMA): A culture and language "free" technique
Authors: Leaf Caroline M. , Uys Isobel C. , Louw Brenda
Published: August 2019

Although the roots of the Mind-Mapping approach (MMA) reach back into the depths of psychology, it is our growing understanding of the human brain, how it functions, what affects it, how we can assist it - which has become the real foundation for the model discussed in this paper. By finding ways of creating environments that are brain compatible - or rather - brain enhancing, we can begin to serve the whole person in all his dimensions. In this paper the need for language and culture "free" therapeutic techniques will be discussed. Reference is made to the author's research where the MMA was used very successfully with a closed head injured (CHI) client in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique. The problem of CHI is also discussed. In addition, a brief theoretical review of the brain as it pertains to the concept of the MMA is offered. In the conclusion, it is suggested that global techniques such as the MMA, which are based on fundamental and universal principles, are the route to finding language and culture "free" techniques.
Vokaalreëls by dowes
Authors: Meyer Santie E.
Published: August 2019

Alhoewel die bepaling van reelmatighede in spraakproduksie belangrik vir terapiebeplanning is, is dit nie altyd identifiseerbaar in die spraak van die dowe nie. Die doel van die studie was om te bepaal of die normaalhorende luisteraar in staat is om die dowe se spraakreels te identifiseer. Sewe dowes met 'n kongenitale, sensoriesneurale gehoorverlies het ses toetsvokale in woorde vyfkeer herhaal wat deur derdejaarstudente in Oudiologie in 'n geslote-keuseformaat beoordeel is. Twee luisteraars moes saamstem in 70% van die beoordelings dat 'n spesifieke vokaalgehoor is. Uit die beoordelingsmatrikse blyk dit dat die luisteraars wel in staat was om konstanthede te identifiseer. Die interluisteraarkorrelasies wissel van r=0.49 tot 0.89, wat impliseer dat die luisteraars nie altyd saamstem in hulle beoordelings van 'n spesifieke vokaal nie. Die bevinding het implikasies vir die oudioloog in terme van spraakevalusie.
'n Elektroglottograflese analise van sekere stemparameters: Normatiewe aanduidings
Authors: Cloete Kobie , Groenewald Emily , Van der Merwe Anita , Badenhorst Jean
Published: August 2019

'n Omvattende stemevaluasie behels meer as net die evaluasie van perseptuele en organiese aspekte. Vir 'n volledige stemevaluasie is dit belangrik dat verskeie objektiewe metings die diagnostiese battery aanvul. Ten einde normatiewe riglyne vir sekere kwantitatiewe elektro-glottografiese metings vir die Universiteit van Pretoria se Spraaknavorsings-laboratorium daar te stel, is 25 mans en 25 dames metperseptueel normale stemme, uit 'n ouderdomspektrum van 8 tot 80 jaar, ondersoek met betrekking tot gemiddelde fundamentele frekwensie, piek-tot-piek frekwensiefluktuasie, piek-tot-piek amplitudefluktuasie en harmoniek/ruis-verhouding. Resultate dui aan dat al hierdie parameters sensitiefis vir verandering in stemproduksie as gevolg van veroudering, vokaal- en luidheidsveranderinge. Die waarde van die verkree data vir navorsing en die kliniese praktyk word bespreek.
Radiographic imaging following the use of absorbable internal fixation devices in orthopaedic surgery: The 'invisible' screws
Authors: Duncan Ian C. , Volkersz Hans H.
Published: August 2019

We describe a single case report of the use of polylactic acid absorbable internal fixation screws (Biofix, Bioscience Ltd, Tampere, Finland) for the operative repair of a Pipkin type N hip fracture. Five months later a diagnosis of secondary avascular necrosis of the same femoral head was made on magnetic resonance imaging with no image degradation due to the presence of the screws. The use of biodegradable internal fixation devices therefore has the added advantage of allowing artefact-free postoperative imaging.
Staging lung cancer
Authors: Greniér Philippe
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Reporting the small bowel examination
Authors: Solomon D. J.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Helical CT of abdominal aortic aneurysms prior to endovascular stent graft repair
Authors: Hacking G. E.B. , Steyn R. C. , Matley P. J.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Shoulder impingement
Authors: De Villiers Richard
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
3D Rotational angiography (3DRA): One year's local experience
Authors: Duncan Ian C. , Fourie P. A. , Le Grange C. E.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
The subvesical duct of Luschka: A source of bile leakage following gallbladder removal
Authors: Duncan Ian C. , Sher Basil J.
Published: August 2019

We describe a case of bile leakage following laparoscopic cholecystectomy further complicated by iatrogenic central bile duct obstruction. The site of leakage was identified not from the site of the inadvertent proper hepatic duct ligation but from a damaged aberrant subvesical duct communicating with the gallbladder fossa. The anatomy of these subvesical ducts is explained as is their surgical importance with relation to the aetiology of bile leaks after cholecystectomy.
Tips for the Radiologist: Academic writing in radiology - Results of a local survey
Authors: Duncan Ian C.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Emby Don
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Jumper's knee
Authors: De Villiers R. V.P.
Published: August 2019

Patellar tendinopathy or 'jumper's knee' is a common cause of anterior knee pain in athletes. This condition is often resistant to therapy and can cause a premature end to a professional sporting career. MRI and high-definition ultrasound are the modalities of choice for evaluating the athlete with anterior knee pain. Ultrasound with a linear, high-resolution 10 or 12 MHz probe is suggested. Comparison is always made with the presumed normal contralateral tendon. MRI, although more expensive, is not operator-dependent. It also demonstrates a more global picture. Fluid-sensitive studies are used in the axial and sagittal planes. The pathology of patellar tendinopathy represents a tendinosis, rather than a tendonitis, due to the absence of inflammatory cells.
MR imaging of penetrating spinal trauma
Authors: Corr Peter , Lakhi Hoosen
Published: August 2019

Objective: To determine the utility of MR imaging in the assessment of spinal cord injury following penetrating spinal trauma.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the case notes and MR studies of patients referred to our MR facility over a 2-year period with neurological deficits following penetrating spinal injuries. All MR studies were performed on the same MR scanner with identical protocols. We reviewed the MR studies blinded to the clinical data and MR reports. We recorded the presence of: spinal cord transection, cord contusion, haematomyelia, extramedullary haematoma and vascula injury.Results: 20 patients (17 males, 3 females) with a mean age of 28 years were studied. Causes of injury were knife wounds in 17 patients and gun shot wounds in 3 patients. Site of injury was: cervical in 14, thoracic 4, lumbar in 2. Neurological deficits were: Brown-Séquard syndrome in 8, paraparesis in 7, quadraparesis in 2, hemiplegia 2, unconscious 1. MR findings were: partial cord transection in 9 patients, cord oedema/contusion in 5, haematomyelia in 2, myelomalacia in 2, and disk herniation in 1. One patient with cord transection sustained verterbral artery occlusion. Only 4 patients with Brown-Séquardsyndrome had partial cord transection, the other 5 had cord contusions.Conclusions: MR accurately demonstrates spinal cord injury in patients with penetrating spinal trauma, however the clinical signs detected do not always correlate with the MR findings.
Nocardia araoensis causing brain abscess
Authors: Joshua Shejoy , Babu Rachana , Warrier Anup , Panikar Dilip
Published: August 2019

Nocardial brain abscess is a rare central nervous system infection with high morbidity and mortality. Most of the human infections, i.e., about 90%, are due to Nocardia asteroides group comprising N. asteroides complex, Nocardia farcinica, and Nocardia nova. Other species rarely cause human infections. Here, we report a case of left parieto-occipital abscess caused by a rare species, Nocardia araoensis, its diagnosis, treatment options, and review of literature. A 73-year-old male, known case of diabetes mellitus, on prolonged oral corticosteroid for autoimmune hemolytic anemia presented with a 1-month history of memory deficit and gait imbalance. On examination, he had a right inferior quadrantanopia and hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a multiloculated ring-enhancing lesion in the left parieto-occipital region. Navigation-assisted biopsy was done. The organism isolated was N. araoensis. He was treated successfully with prolonged course of antibiotics which resulted in complete clinical and radiological resolution. N. araoensis is a rare cause of brain abscess and needs to be suspected in immunocompromised individuals. Early diagnosis and prolonged treatment can result in complete clinical and radiological resolution.
On Periodic Solutions to Constrained Lagrangian System
Authors: Zubelevic Oleg
Published: August 2019

A Lagrangian system is considered. The configuration space is a non-compact manifold that depends on time. A set of periodic solutions has been found.
A participação das comunidades tradicionais de terreiro no campo da saúde: as pesquisas em psicologia social
Authors: Lages Sônia Regina Correa , Silva Ariane Macthelly da , Ribeiro Matheus Fernando Félix
Published: August 2019

Esse artigo apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a saúde da população negra e a participação da religiosidade afro-brasileira, no campo da Psicologia Social. Ele integra uma pesquisa de cunho mais amplo que pretende colaborar com as propostas da Política Nacional para a Saúde da População Negra, que reconhece as comunidades tradicionais de terreiro como sendo promotoras da saúde. Considera-se aqui o papel da Psicologia Social, em sua vertente crítica, para com o combate ao racismo no Brasil, e para com as propostas de transformação social. A busca pela produção limitou-se às Revistas de Psicologia (em interface com o social), indexadas na Rede Scielo e na LILACS - Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (Bireme). Foram encontrados apenas dois artigos, o que aponta para uma fragilidade das pesquisas neste campo, o que solicita à Psicologia Social uma reflexão sobre tal resultado, uma vez que restringe sua participação nos movimentos e lutas pela equidade étnico-raciais no Brasil.
Global Risks, Vulnerabilities, and Policy Challenges Facing Low-Income Countries
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

The rapid recovery in many low-income countries (LICs) following the global crisis has been sustained in 2012. Softening commodity prices have led to moderating inflation pressures in most LICs. However, progress in rebuilding policy buffers has halted over the past two years, despite continued strong growth in LICs.
Guidance Note for Article IV Consultations
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

This note provides guidance to staff on the conduct of surveillance in the context of Article IV consultations, a core activity of the Fund. Surveillance involves the continuous monitoring of members‘ economic and financial policies and their impact on their own and global stability. During Article IV consultations, staff holds pointed discussions with country authorities on the economic situation, the authorities‘ policies and how these affect the country‘s stability, the role of potential or actual spillovers where relevant, and desirable policy adjustments. These discussions are then reported to the Fund‘s Executive Board for its consideration. The goal, through thorough analysis, candid discussions, and a peer-review mechanism, is to promote the stability of members‘ economies, as well as the effective operation of the international monetary system, including through maintaining global stability.
Arab Countries in Transition - Economic Outlook and Key Challenges - Deauville Partnership Ministerial Meeting
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

Political uncertainty in the Arab Countries in Transition (ACT) has continued in recent months, especially as the escalation of the conflict in Syria is creating negative regional spillovers.1 While transition governments have maintained macroeconomic stability thus far, serious short-term risks continue, and the authorities have made limited progress in building consensus for needed economic reforms. With the exception of Libya, the ACTs’ growth in 2012 has remained weak in light of continued policy uncertainty, regional tensions, the deteriorating global economy, and high food and fuel commodity prices. A moderate recovery is expected in 2013. The shrinking of fiscal and reserve buffers over the past year has left very little policy space and heightened vulnerabilities. Prompt policy action and timely and adequate international support are essential to maintain macroeconomic stability and address long-running structural deficiencies, to lay the foundation for inclusive growth and job creation for a young and growing population.
Liberalizing Capital Flows and Managing Outflows
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

This is the fourth in a series of Board papers developing a comprehensive Fund view on capital flows and the policies that affect them. A first paper in December 2010 dealt with the Fund’s overall role in this area, both historically and prospectively. The second paper in March 2011 developed a framework for policy advice on managing capital inflows broadly endorsed by the Board, which constitutes a first round articulation of the Fund’s institutional views on managing capital inflows. The third paper in November 2011 examined the multilateral aspects of policies affecting capital flows, and focused mainly on source country policies. This paper covers liberalizing capital flows and the management of outflows.
Safeguards Assessments - Review of Experience
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

This paper reviews experience with the safeguards assessment policy since the last review in 2010. The policy is subject to periodic reviews by the Executive Board. The policy’s main objective is to mitigate risks of misuse of Fund resources and misreporting of monetary data under Fund arrangements. Consistent with past reviews, an external panel of experts provided an independent perspective on the implementation of the policy.
Eligibility to Use the Fund's Facilities for Concessional Financing, 2015
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

The review of PRGT eligibility continues to be guided by the principles of maintaining a transparent, rules-based, and parsimonious framework—ensuring uniformity of treatment across members in similar situations while taking appropriate account of country-specific circumstances. The graduation policy seeks to maintain broad alignment with the World Bank’s IDA graduation practices, while also remaining consistent with the principle of ensuring the self-sustainability of the PRGT’s lending capacity over time.

The paper concludes that the existing framework remains broadly appropriate, but could be enhanced in a few areas, including: Making use of additional data sources, namely the IMF BEL database, in assessing that a country has durable and substantial market access, supplementing the current reliance on the World Bank’s IDS database that is produced with a significant lag; Sharpening the specification of circumstances under which the presence of serious short-term vulnerabilities would justify non-graduation of a country that meets the income graduation criterion. This would entail limiting the application of the serious short-term vulnerabilities criterion for countries that exceed the applicable income graduation threshold by 50 percent or more.
IMF Engagement with Countries in Post-Conflict and Fragile Situations - Stocktaking
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

This review examines experience in implementing the lessons drawn in the 2011 Board paper on the Fund’s engagement with countries in post-conflict and fragile situations (more commonly referred to as fragile states (FS)) and the ensuing 2012 Guidance Note. The focus is on capacity building, Fund facilities and program design, and policy support. The review identifies scope to improve the Fund’s engagement in selected areas.
Proposal to Enhance Fund Support for Low-Income Countries Hit by Public Health Disasters
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

The Fund’s existing facilities for low-income countries (LICs) provide a vehicle for the speedy provision of financial assistance to member countries hit by natural disasters, either through the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) or through augmentation of the funding already being provided through other facilities such as the Standby or Extended Credit Facilities. The quick disbursement of funds strengthens national financial capacity, including external payments capacity, to tackle relief and recovery challenges.

To address catastrophic disasters, the Fund created a mechanism in 2010 to provide additional relief to its poorest and most vulnerable member countries to help meet their exceptional balance of payments needs. Under this mechanism, the Fund can provide grants from a trust fund—the Post Catastrophe Debt Relief (PCDR) trust—that are used to pay off debt service falling due to the Fund. These grants ease pressures on the member’s balance of payments and create financial space by reducing its debt service burden.

This paper proposes reforms to this mechanism to cover situations where the member is experiencing an epidemic of an infectious disease that constitutes a significant threat to lives, economic activity, and international commerce across countries.
Statement by the Managing Director on the Work Program of the Executive Board - Executive Board Meeting - November 16, 2016
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

This Work Program (WP) translates the policy priorities and strategic directions laid out in the Fall 2016 Global Policy Agenda (GPA) and the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) Communiqué into an Executive Board agenda for the next six-twelve months. The Managing Director’s GPA called on members to use a balanced mix of all policy tools to revive demand and raise productivity, and ensure that gains from technology and globalization are shared more broadly. The GPA also warned against retreating from multilateralism at a time when cooperation and coordination are critical. It outlined how the Fund would support the membership by helping policymakers identify policy space and enhance resilience; assisting in understanding and tackling the underlying causes of low productivity growth; supporting members to expand economic opportunities—including by ensuring adequate and effective safety nets; and advocating for multilateralism that works for all. Where the work extends beyond traditional areas, the WP will focus on issues with a macro-economic impact that are systemically important or relevant for many and amenable to change through economic policies.
Staff Guidance Note for the Conduct of Ex Post Peer Reviewed Assessments of Members with Longer-Term Program Engagement
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

This note updates guidance on key operational aspects of the policy on Longer-Term Program Engagement (LTPE). The updated guidance reflects operational changes following the Board’s decision on April 30, 2015 to replace Ex Post Assessments (EPAs) for members with LTPEs with succinct ex post peer reviewed assessments (PRAs)1 to reflect on the lessons from the past for the design of successor arrangements or usage of the Policy Support Instrument (PSI).
Provisional Agenda for the Thirty-Third Meeting of the International Monetary and Financial Committee
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

Provisional agenda for the Thirty-Third Meeting of the International Monetary and Financial Committee, which convenes in Washington, DC, April 16, 2016.
Extension of the Periods for Payment of Quota Increases Under the Fourteenth General Review of Quotas and the 2008 Reform
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

This paper proposes a further 30-day extension of the period for payments of quota increases under the Fourteenth General Review of Quotas (“Fourteenth Review”), and an extension for the payment of the quota increases under the 2008 Reform, through April 27, 2016.
FY2017--Output Cost Estimates and Budget Outturn Paper
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

With continued efforts to maximize the use of available resources, the FY 17 outturn represents a small increase in spending within a largely flat budget envelope. Reallocations from lower priority areas and efficiency gains, along with flexibility provided by carry forward resources enabled the Fund to deliver on the initiatives and priorities in the Global Policy Agenda and Management’s Key Goals.

In terms of outputs, there was a small shift in spending from country and regional work to policy work. Within the former, spending moved from lending activities towards bilateral surveillance and capacity development. In terms of inputs, the structural budget was almost fully utilized.

Highlights are presented followed by a discussion of the outputs and inputs. Details on capacity development are presented in the Annex.
2017 External Sector Report Individual Economy Assessments
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

The external sector assessments use a wide range of methods, including the External Balance Assessment (EBA) developed by the IMF’s Research Department to estimate desired current account balances and real exchange rates (see IMF Working Paper WP/13/272 for a complete description of the EBA methodology and Annex I of the 2015 External Sector Report for a discussion of more recent refinements). In all cases, the overall assessment is based on the judgment of IMF staff drawing on the inputs provided by these model estimates and other analysis. Since estimates are subject to uncertainty, overall assessments are presented in ranges. The external sector assessments are based on data and IMF staff projections as of June 15th, 2017.

The external assessments discuss a broad range of external indicators: the current account, the real effective exchange rate, capital and financial accounts flows and measures, FX intervention and reserves and the foreign asset or liability position.[1] The individual economy assessments are discussed with the respective authorities as a part of bilateral surveillance.
The Power of the Seed: Timing, Quick Structural Change, and Genetically Modified Crop Regulations in the Andes
Authors: Dargent Eduardo , Urteaga Madai
Published: August 2019

Regulation concerning GM crops around the world range from total prohibition to full openness and state-wide promotion. The Andean countries in Latin America provide an interesting setting to analyze the possible causes for this variation. Despite having similar conditions to plant
GM crops, Colombia and Bolivia allow GM crop cultivation, while Ecuador and Peru do not. Interestingly, Evo Morales, Bolivia's leftist president, could not ban GM crop production, and Alan Garcia (2006–2011) in Peru, despite his pro-GM stance, failed to adopt a permissive regulation.
We argue that two factors explain these divergent outcomes regarding GM seed sowing and reform efforts in Andean countries: (i) the time in which regulatory measures were attempted, and (ii) the quick structural change that GM seeds generate once introduced into a country.
Displacement mechanisms of slow-moving landslides in response to changes in porewater pressure and dynamic stress
Authors: Carey Jonathan M. , Massey Chris I. , Lyndsell Barbara , Petley David N.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Although slow-moving landslides represent a substantial
hazard, their detailed mechanisms are still comparatively poorly understood.
We have conducted a suite of innovative laboratory experiments using novel
equipment to simulate a range of porewater pressure and dynamic stress
scenarios on samples collected from a slow-moving landslide complex in New
Zealand. We have sought to understand how changes in porewater pressure and
ground acceleration during earthquakes influence the movement patterns of
slow-moving landslides. Our experiments show that during periods of elevated
porewater pressure, displacement rates are influenced by two components:
first an absolute stress state component (normal effective stress state)
and second a transient stress state component (the rate of change of normal
effective stress). During dynamic shear cycles, displacement rates are
controlled by the extent to which the forces operating at the shear surface
exceed the stress state at the yield acceleration point. The results
indicate that during strong earthquake accelerations, strain will increase
rapidly with relatively minor increases in the out-of-balance forces.
Similar behaviour is seen for the generation of movement through increased
porewater pressures. Our results show how the mechanisms of shear zone
deformation control the movement patterns of large slow-moving
translational landslides, and how they may be mobilised by strong
earthquakes and significant rain events.
El Periodismo Social como área de especialización, perspectiva de reforma y cultura profesional. Una revisión de conceptos y debates
Authors: Barranquero Carretero Alejandro
Published: August 2019

Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar la conformación de una línea de reflexión y trabajo en torno al Periodismo Social, en especial en España y América Latina. Partimos de la técnica de la revisión documental para identificar tres capas de literatura que se corresponden con tres comprensiones distintas del mismo concepto: como un ámbito de periodismo especializado, como perspectiva de reforma mediática y como rol o modelo de práctica profesional. La investigación revela el dominio de los enfoques críticos y normativos y sienta las bases para una discusión acerca de la pertinencia teórica de dicha etiqueta de acuerdo a otras conceptualizaciones sobre periodismo, ciudadanía y derechos humanos.
Nuevas herramientas de información en campañas de concienciación social. El "Big Data" aplicado a la Sequía y Salud Pública
Authors: Cuesta Cambra Ubaldo , Niño González José Ignacio , Martínez Martínez Luz , Díez Bielsa Carlos
Published: August 2019

Este trabajo tiene por objeto proponer a los Medios de Comunicación una solución para crear, de forma sencilla y bajo nivel de inversión, una aplicación de Big Data que permita disponer de un instrumento de análisis histórico de las Sequías asociadas al impacto en la Salud Pública, con el fin de generar contenidos rigurosos que incidan sobre el comportamiento de los públicos mediante campañas informativas de concienciación y prevención. Implementada la aplicación, esta se puede reutilizar sin costes adicionales puesto que la estructura ya está operativa, para gestionar cualquier otro contenido informativo que sea relevante para crear una Sociedad sostenible.