bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eliminating paediatric infections and keeping mothers alive
Authors: Gray G
Published: November 2012

The global plan of reducing the number of new child HIV infections and a reduction in the number of HIV‐related maternal deaths by 2015 will require inordinate political commitment and strengthening of health systems in Sub‐Saharan Africa where the burden of HIV infections in pregnant women is the highest. Preventing HIV infection in women of child‐bearing age and unwanted pregnancies in HIV‐positive women forms the cornerstone of long‐term control of paediatric HIV infections. To achieve the goal of eliminating paediatric HIV infection by 2015, health systems strengthening to address prevention of mother‐to‐child HIV transmission cascade attrition and focusing on the elimination of breastmilk transmission is critical. Understanding the pathogenesis of breastmilk transmission and the mechanisms by which antiretroviral therapy impacts on transmission through this compartment will drive future interventions. Identifying and retaining HIV‐positive pregnant women in care and committed to long‐term antiretroviral therapy will improve maternal outcomes and concomitant reductions in maternal mortality. Research assessing the natural history of HIV infection and long‐term outcomes in women who interrupt antiretroviral therapy post‐weaning is urgently required. Data on the outcome of women who opt to continue the long‐term use of antiretroviral therapy after initiating therapy during pregnancy will determine future policy in countries considering option B+. The prevalence of antiretroviral resistance and impact on survival in infants who sero‐convert whilst receiving neonatal prophylaxis, or are exposed to maternal HAART through breastmilk at a population level, are currently unknown. In addition to the provision of biomedical interventions, healthcare workers and policy makers must address the structural, cultural and community issues that impact on treatment uptake, adherence to medication and retention in care.
Prevalence of Gender-Affirming Surgical Procedures Among Minors and Adults in the US
Authors: Dai Dannie , Charlton Brittany M. , Boskey Elizabeth R. , Hughes Landon D. , Hughto Jaclyn M.W. , Orav E. John , Figueroa Jose F.
Published: June 2024

This cross-sectional study uses a national dataset to examine the prevalence of gender-affirming surgical procedures among minors and adults in the US.
Concomitant Mitigation of VO6 Octahedron Distortion and Band Broadening in V2O3 for High‐Performing Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Xu Qingli , Zhong Haoyin , Zhang Qi , Xiong Ting , Yu Junchen , Wu Chao , Xi Shibo , Yu Zhigen , Zhou Mengjuan , Yang Xiaona , Wang Xiaopeng , Zhang Kun , Lee Wee Siang Vincent , Xue Junmin
Published: June 2024

Vanadium trioxide (V2O3) has emerged as one of the promising candidates for fiber‐shaped supercapacitors. However, irreversible redox behavior during prolonged cycling process has been commonly reported due to the intrinsically distorted VO6 octahedron in V2O3, which inevitably compromises its electrochemical capacitance. Herein, a strategy to simultaneously mitigate the distortion in VO6 octahedron and optimization of electronic structure in V2O3 is proposed by studying a Mo‐doped V2O3 modified stainless steel wire (Mo‐V2O3@SSW). The introduction of Mo dopants effectively tunes the V–O local environment, resulting in a substantial alleviation of the distortion in VO6 octahedron. The as‐prepared Mo‐V2O3 with a more regular VO6 octahedron exhibits highly reversible redox behavior, with negligible structural change after 10 000 cycles. Moreover, it is found that doping Mo into V2O3 leads to V 3d band broadening, which generates more electronic states around Fermi level, thereby significantly accelerating the electron transfer during redox processes. Consequently, Mo‐V2O3@SSW attains a capacitance of 774.4 mF cm−2 at 0.4 mA cm−2, with a capacitance retention of 85.49% after 10 000 cycles. And the integration of Mo‐V2O3@SSW supercapacitors, further showcases its strong applicability in wearable technologies. The comprehensive understanding of the structural–activity/stability relationship in this study offers a novel paradigm for developing flexible high‐performing supercapacitors.
Harnessing Bacterial Membrane Components for Tumor Vaccines: Strategies and Perspectives
Authors: Bai Zhenxin , Wang Xuanyu , Liang Tianming , Xu Guangyu , Cai Jinzhou , Xu Wei , Yang Kai , Hu Lin , Pei Pei
Published: June 2024

Tumor vaccines stand at the vanguard of tumor immunotherapy, demonstrating significant potential and promise in recent years. While tumor vaccines have achieved breakthroughs in the treatment of cancer, they still encounter numerous challenges, including improving the immunogenicity of vaccines and expanding the scope of vaccine application. As natural immune activators, bacterial components offer inherent advantages in tumor vaccines. Bacterial membrane components, with their safer profile, easy extraction, purification, and engineering, along with their diverse array of immune components, activate the immune system and improve tumor vaccine efficacy. This review systematically summarizes the mechanism of action and therapeutic effects of bacterial membranes and its derivatives (including bacterial membrane vesicles and hybrid membrane biomaterials) in tumor vaccines. Subsequently, the authors delve into the preparation and advantages of tumor vaccines based on bacterial membranes and hybrid membrane biomaterials. Following this, the immune effects of tumor vaccines based on bacterial outer membrane vesicles are elucidated, and their mechanisms are explained. Moreover, their advantages in tumor combination therapy are analyzed. Last, the challenges and trends in this field are discussed. This comprehensive analysis aims to offer a more informed reference and scientific foundation for the design and implementation of bacterial membrane‐based tumor vaccines.
Chirality‐Induced Magnet‐Free Spin Generation in a Semiconductor
Authors: Liu Tianhan , Adhikari Yuwaraj , Wang Hailong , Jiang Yiyang , Hua Zhenqi , Liu Haoyang , Schlottmann Pedro , Gao Hanwei , Weiss Paul S. , Yan Binghai , Zhao Jianhua , Xiong Peng
Published: June 2024

Electrical generation and transduction of polarized electron spins in semiconductors (SCs) are of central interest in spintronics and quantum information science. While spin generation in SCs is frequently realized via electrical injection from a ferromagnet (FM), there are significant advantages in nonmagnetic pathways of creating spin polarization. One such pathway exploits the interplay of electron spin with chirality in electronic structures or real space. Here, utilizing chirality‐induced spin selectivity (CISS), the efficient creation of spin accumulation in n‐doped GaAs via electric current injection from a normal metal (Au) electrode through a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) of chiral molecules (α‐helix l‐polyalanine, AHPA‐L), is demonstrated. The resulting spin polarization is detected as a Hanle effect in the n‐GaAs, which is found to obey a distinct universal scaling with temperature and bias current consistent with chirality‐induced spin accumulation. The experiment constitutes a definitive observation of CISS in a fully nonmagnetic device structure and demonstration of its ability to generate spin accumulation in a conventional SC. The results thus place key constraints on the physical mechanism of CISS and present a new scheme for magnet‐free SC spintronics.
Seasonal influences on the efficacy of anti–programmed cell death (ligand) 1 inhibitors in lung cancer
Authors: Cho Hyunsoon , Kwon Hoejun , Kim Se Hyun , Ahn Hyung‐Min , Choi Beom K. , Lee Geon Kook , Park Seog‐Yun , Lim Hyun‐ju , Hwang Jung‐Ah , Lim Jiyeon , Han Ji‐Youn , Lee Youngjoo
Published: June 2024

Background

Seasonal variations in systemic immunity have been reported. This study aimed to evaluate whether seasonality affects the efficacy of anticancer immunotherapy.

Methods

A total of 604 patients with lung cancer receiving single anti–programmed cell death (ligand) 1 (anti–PD‐[L]1) inhibitors from two prospective observational cohorts were screened. Primary outcomes were progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Patients were classified into two groups according to the season when the treatment started: winter (November–February) and other seasons (March–October). Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to evaluate the impact of seasonality on survival. For validation, propensity score matching was performed.

Results

A total of 484 patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer were included. In an unmatched population, multivariable analysis demonstrated that the winter group (n = 173) had a significantly lower risk of progression or death from immunotherapy than the other group (n = 311) (PFS: hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.62–0.96]; p = .018; OS: HR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.1–0.98]; p = .032). In a propensity score–matched population, the winter group (n = 162) showed significantly longer median PFS (2.8 months [95% CI, 1.9–4.1 months] vs. 2.0 months [95% CI, 1.4–2.7 months]; p = .009) than the other group (n = 162). The winter group’s median OS was also significantly longer than that of the other group (13.4 months [95% CI, 10.2–18.0 months] vs. 8.0 months [95% CI, 3.6–8.7 months]; p = .012). The trend toward longer survival in the winter group continued in subgroup analyses.

Conclusions

Starting an anti–PD‐(L)1 inhibitor in winter was associated with better treatment outcomes in patients with lung cancer compared to other seasons.
RDD2022: A multi‐national image dataset for automatic road damage detection
Authors: Arya Deeksha , Maeda Hiroya , Ghosh Sanjay Kumar , Toshniwal Durga , Sekimoto Yoshihide
Published: June 2024

The data article describes the Road Damage Dataset, RDD2022, encompassing of 47,420 road images from majorly six countries, Japan, India, the Czech Republic, Norway, the United States, and China. The dataset incorporates over 55,000 instances of road damage, specifically longitudinal cracks, transverse cracks, alligator cracks, and potholes. Designed to facilitate the development of deep learning methodologies for automated road damage detection and classification, RDD2022 was unveiled as part of the Crowd sensing‐based Road Damage Detection Challenge (CRDDC'2022), with a major contribution from the challenge winners. This challenge garnered global participation, urging researchers to propose solutions for automatic road damage detection in multiple countries. A noteworthy outcome of CRDDC'2022 was the emergence of a top‐performing model achieving a remarkable F1 Score of 76.9% for road damage detection in all six countries using RDD2022. This success underscores the dataset's practical applicability for municipalities and road agencies, enabling low‐cost, automatic monitoring of road conditions. Beyond its immediate utility, RDD2022 stands as a valuable benchmark for researchers in computer vision, geoscience, and machine learning, offering a rich resource for algorithmic evaluation in diverse image‐based applications, including classification and object detection. The latest big data cup, Optimized Road Damage Detection Challenge (ORDDC'2024), is also based on RDD2022, underscoring its continued relevance and pivotal role in current research and development endeavors.
Heat transfer analysis in open pan heat exchanger (OPHE) with different cross‐sections of conduits for jaggery processing
Authors: Kore Abhijeet N. , Wankhede Sagar R. , Lakade Sanjay S.
Published: June 2024

India leads the world in jaggery production, with the jaggery industry being a vital rural‐based sector. The jaggery plants in the country face challenges in effectively utilizing energy, resulting in varying efficiency levels ranging from 20% to 65% across different plants. To address this, a modified approach employing open pan heat exchangers (OPHEs) in jaggery plants is proposed to enhance overall performance. The effectiveness of the heat exchanger (HE) relies on factors such as heat transfer coefficient (HTC), surface contact area, and temperature differences between surfaces and the warm liquid. Circular conduits are predominantly favored in HE design, but this study delves into the impact of conduit shapes specifically circular, semi‐circular, and square on the achievement of the HE. The study reveals that semi‐circular conduits outperform circular conduits by 25%–28% in terms of HTC, while square conduits show a 21%–24% improvement. Moreover, comparing the efficiency of a conventional open pan jaggery plant with a circular conduit OPHE and a modified version featuring semi‐circular conduits OPHE, significant improvements are noted. A one hp pump is enough to overcome the issue related to pumping power due to a change in conduit shape. Heat transfer rate (HTR) is very poor for circular conduit due to line contact, whereas HTR for semi‐circular conduit is 38%–39% better than the square conduit. Efficiency increases from 24.36% for the conventional open pan to 62.5% for the circular conduit and further to 83.22% for the semi‐circular conduit. Processing time for jaggery making also varies significantly, with 165 min for the conventional open pan, which is reduced by 33.33% for the circular conduit OPHE and 45.45% for the semi‐circular conduit OPHE. As compared to circular conduit processing time of semicircular conduit OPHE is reduced by 18.18%.
Global left ventricular myocardial work: A novel method to assess left ventricular myocardial function and predict major adverse cardiovascular events in maintenance hemodialysis patients
Authors: Guo Yao , Tan Xiao , Li Zheng , Dai Chenchen , Yang Qiang , Nie Yuxin , Cao Xuesen , Shu Xianhong , Pan Cuizhen , Sun Minmin
Published: June 2024

Background

The application value of myocardial work (MW) in evaluating myocardial function and predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients has not been fully explored.

Purpose

Comparing noninvasive MW parameters between MHD patients and healthy controls, and further determining its value in predicting MACE in MHD patients.

Methods

A prospective single‐institution study included 92 MHD patients without prior cardiovascular disease and 40 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. Conventional echocardiographic data, global longitudinal strain (GLS), and MW parameters (global work index [GWI], global constructive work [GCW], global work efficiency [GWE], global wasted work [GWW]) were derived and compared between MHD and the control. Logistic regression was used to determine the predictive value of these parameters for MACE. The receiver operating characteristic curve was utilized to compare the predictive differences of MACE between GWE and GLS.

Results

Compared with healthy individuals, MHD patients had significantly reduced GWE, GLS and elevated LVMI, GWW (all p < 0.001), while there was no significant difference in left ventricular ejection fraction. Twenty eight (30%) MHD patients experienced MACE. Two nested models adding GWE and GLS, respectively, showed that age (p < 0.005), GWE (p = 0.034), and GLS (p = 0.014) were independent predictors of MACE. The AUC derived from GWE for predicting MACE was significantly higher than that derived from GLS (0.836 vs. 0.743, p = 0.039).

Conclusions

Myocardial work is a novel tool for assessing left ventricular myocardial performance in MHD patients. GWE is an independent predictor of MACE.
Long‐term success and influencing factors of regenerative surgery for intra‐bony defects: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Huang Yan , Ouyang Xiangying , Liu Bei , Liu Jianru , Liu Wenyi , Xie Ying
Published: June 2024

Background

The composite outcome measure (COM) more comprehensively assesses the clinical efficacy of regenerative surgery than a single probing measurement. We aimed to assess long‐term success defined by the COM (clinical attachment level [CAL] gain of ≥3 mm and postsurgery probing pocket depth [PPD] ≤ 4 mm) and influencing factors of regenerative surgery using bone substitutes and resorbable collagen membrane (RM) for intra‐bony defects (IBDs).

Methods

We retrospectively collected data from patients who underwent regenerative surgery using deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and RM for IBDs. CAL and PPD values were compared at baseline (preoperative), 1 year (short‐term), and at the last follow‐up (5–10 years). Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to identify factors influencing COM‐based long‐term success.

Results

Eighty‐one defects in 75 teeth of 33 patients who completed follow‐up (6.5 ± 1.4 years) were included. One tooth was lost. All defects with complete follow‐up exhibited long‐term average CAL gain (3.00 ± 2.00 mm, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.56–3.44 mm, p < 0.001) and PPD reduction (2.06 ± 1.91 mm, 95% CI: 1.64–2.49 mm, p < 0.001). Long‐term success was achieved in 38.8% of IBDs. CAL and PPD values were comparable between 1 year and the last follow‐up. Logistic regression analyses revealed that male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.07–0.75) and bleeding on probing (BOP) during supportive periodontal therapy (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.94–0.99) were risk factors for long‐term success.

Conclusions

Regenerative surgery with DBBM and RM for IBDs can achieve some degree of long‐term success defined by COM. However, within this study's limitations, male sex and higher BOP incidence postoperatively are negatively associated with optimal long‐term success.

Clinical trial number

ChiCTR2300069016.
Characterization of an α‐L‐fucosidase in marine bacterium Wenyingzhuangia fucanilytica: new evidence on the catalytic sites of GH95 family glycosidases
Authors: Shen Jingjing , Li Jiajing , Zhang Yuying , Mei Xuanwei , Xue Changhu , Chang Yaoguang
Published: June 2024

Background

α‐l‐Fucose confers unique functions for fucose‐containing biomolecules such as human milk oligosaccharides. α‐l‐Fucosidases can serve as desirable tools in the application of fucosylated saccharides. Discovering novel α‐l‐fucosidases and elucidating their enzyme properties are always worthy tasks.

Results

A GH95 family α‐l‐fucosidase named Afc95A_Wf was cloned from the genome of the marine bacterium Wenyingzhuangia fucanilytica and expressed in Escherichia coli. It exhibited maximum activity at 40 °C and pH 7.5. Afc95A_Wf defined a different substrate specificity among reported α‐l‐fucosidases, which was capable of hydrolyzing α‐fucoside in CNP‐fucose, Fucα1‐2Galβ1‐4Glc and Galβ1‐4(Fucα1‐3)Glc, and showed a preference for α1,2‐fucosidic linkage. It adopted Asp residue in the amino acid sequence at position 391, which was distinct from the previously acknowledged residue of Asn. The predicted tertiary structure and site‐directed mutagenesis revealed that Asp391 participates in the catalysis of Afc95A_Wf. The differences in the substrate specificity and catalytic site shed light on that Afc95A_Wf adopted a novel mechanism in catalysis.

Conclusion

A GH95 family α‐l‐fucosidase (Afc95A_Wf) was cloned and expressed. It showed a cleavage preference for α1,2‐fucosidic linkage to α1,3‐fucosidic linkage. Afc95A_Wf demonstrated a different substrate specificity and a residue at an important catalytic site compared with known GH95 family proteins, which revealed the occurrence of diversity on catalytic mechanisms in the GH95 family. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Improving ballistic limits of UHMWPE laminates by gamma‐ray irradiation induced enhancement of interfacial bonding
Authors: Qi Changjian , Zhao Yan , Wang Zhiyong
Published: June 2024

Though ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers are promising candidates for the design of body armor against ballistic impact, weak interfacial bonding induced by surface inertness of UHMWPE fibers would inevitably result in the fluctuation of impact resistance. Herein, we deploy a scalable 60Co gamma‐ray irradiation strategy to modify the UHMWPE fibers, which not only improves the roughness of the fiber surface, but also creates new chemical bonding between fibers and polyurethane (PU) resin. Surprisingly, the tensile strength of UHMWPE fiber is maintained very well with the introduction of small pores on surface by gamma‐rays, which exhibits greater advantages than other surface modification methods. It should be attributed to the transformation of crystal structures from orthorhombic phase to more stable hexagonal phase in UHMWPE fibers. Because of the improved adhesion between fibers and PU resin, tensile strength of the UHMWPE/PU prepregs is increased by 18.5% after 10 kGy irradiation. Finally, the V50 ballistic performances of UHMWPE/PU laminates are evaluated. Most of the laminates are penetrated at the initial velocity of ~690 m/s except for the UHMWPE/PU laminates irradiated at 10 kGy. In addition, the delamination and back deformation of the irradiated ones are also alleviated significantly, which show great capabilities in not only preventing ballistic impact, but also reducing the injury degree of the wearer.

Highlights

A scalable 60Co gamma‐ray irradiation strategy is used to deal with weak interfacial properties of UHMWPE fibers.

The roughness of the fiber surface is increased.

New chemical bonding between fibers and polyurethane (PU) resin is formed.

The tensile strength of UHMWPE fiber is maintained very well.

Interfacial properties and ballistic impact limits of laminates are improved.
Effect and mechanism of thermal aging on mechanical properties of continuous carbon fiber‐reinforced PEEK composite laminates
Authors: Ma Xiaolong , Wen Lihua , Wang Shiyu , Lei Ming , Hou Xiao
Published: June 2024

Continuous carbon fiber‐reinforced poly(ether‐ether‐ketone) composites (CCF/PEEK) are widely used in aerospace. However, long‐term service to elevated temperatures induces material aging in CCF/PEEK composite structures, significantly reducing their load‐bearing capacity. In this paper, the mechanisms of thermal aging effects on the mechanical properties of CCF/PEEK composites were investigated. Mechanical performance experiments were conducted on three‐point bending, short beam shear, and double cantilever beam specimens after accelerated aging in the range of 250–300°C. The evolution mechanism of crystallization behavior and aging characteristics was revealed through differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicated that thermal aging primarily impacted the mechanical properties of CCF/PEEK composites through changes in crystallization and interfacial properties, which were highly sensitive to aging temperature, particularly with crystallization exhibiting temperature−/time‐ dependent behaviors during aging. The thermal aging environment promoted the growth and perfection of the crystals. However, at higher temperatures, further aging caused cross‐linking and degradation, resulting in a significant decrease in crystallinity following an initial increase. Moreover, the rate of oxidation and decomposition of the sizing agent escalated with increasing aging temperature, which led to a significant decline in interfacial properties. Generally, thermal aging at 250°C contributed to the improvement of bending and interlaminar shear properties of the composites. However, at 300°C, a significant decrease in both bending and interlaminar shear properties, as well as mode‐I interlaminar fracture toughness.

Highlights

The effect and mechanism of thermal aging on the mechanical properties of continuous carbon fiber‐reinforced poly(ether‐ether‐ketone) composites are investigated within the temperature range of 250–300°C.

Thermal aging significantly influences the mechanical properties of the composites primarily by inducing alterations in both crystallization and interfacial properties.

The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experimental results reveal that the crystallization of the PEEK matrix exhibits temperature−/time‐ dependent behaviors during thermal aging.

Further aging at 300°C induces oxidation and decomposition of components such as sizing agents, resulting in interfacial debonding.

The experimental results indicate that aging at 250°C is conducive to improving the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the composites.
1‐1: Oxide Semiconductor Thin‐Film Transistors with High Mobility and Stability
Authors: Yan Guowen , Wang Dejian , Sun Xiaoqi , Wen Pan , Peng Cong , Xu Lin , Ding Lidong , Chen Fa-Hsyang , Li Xifeng , Xi Wangfeng , Xing Rubo , Li Junfeng
Published: June 2024

This paper presents a oxide thin film transistors with high mobility by a new fabricate method. The high mobility TFT with ultra‐high mobility of 55cm2/Vs has been obtained, and the PBTS and NBTS has also been optimized.
3‐2: Invited Paper: Assessment of visual fatigue caused by 2D and 3D displays using EEG
Authors: Jia Lixiu
Published: June 2024

In this study, we compared visual fatigue parameters caused by
watching 2D and 3D display presented on Sony BRAVIA LCD
3DTV based on electroencephalography (EEG) signal. EEG
features (δ, θ, α, β, α/β, θ/β, (α+θ)/β, (α+θ)/(α+β), gravity
frequency of power spectrum (GF) and power spectral entropy
(PSE)) of 19 electrodes divided into 9 regions were extracted by
frequency‐domain analysis method. The 9 horizontal and vertica
brain areas had a significant influence on δ power and θ Power
The results indicated that 3D display caused more visual fatigue
compared to 2D display.
3‐3: Invited Paper: Prediction Model for Visual Fatigue Caused by Smartphone Display Based on EEG Multi‐dimensional Features
Authors: Shi Yunyang , Tu Yan , Wang Lili , Zhu Nianfang
Published: June 2024

In this study, a prediction model for visual fatigue is developed. As input, frequential and nonlinear features are extracted from multichannel EEG, and then dimensionally reduced. In the model, bidirectional LSTM and attention layers are combined for effective learning. As a result, 82.90% accuracy, 85.26% weighted precision, 82.90% weighted recall, and 84.02% weighted F1‐score were obtained.
9‐2: Compact Model for Thin‐Film Transistors with Capacitance Frequency Dispersion
Authors: Lin Pujian , Yang Yecheng , Gong Yujia , Zheng Anqi , Li Tiaoyang , Hu Qianlan , Wu Yanqing , Peng Lian-Mao , Kang Jiahao
Published: June 2024

In thin‐film transistors (TFTs), issues such as interface states may lead to unstable device performance and complex physical phenomena, such as frequency dispersion effects. This paper establishes a three‐terminal TFT compact model capable of replicating capacitance dispersion phenomena and directly applying to SPICE circuit simulations. The model decomposes the transistor's capacitance frequency response into the superposition of responses from different electronic states. The different electronic states are emulated by parallel branches, each composed of voltage‐dependent capacitance and resistance connected in series. The Powell algorithm is employed to achieve automatic parameter optimization. The model is generic for TFTs and successfully replicates capacitance dispersion phenomena in carbon nanotube (CNT) and indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (IGZO) thin‐film transistors. This work provides insights to the circuit behavior of display driver circuits at high frequencies and improving circuit reliability.
11‐3: Creating Custom Monitor Color Space in Pen Display
Authors: Zhiling Ma , Huang Tan , Jiarong Liu , Gui Jin
Published: June 2024

This article introduces a method for generating a custom color space in a pen display monitor. By configuring the display driver board, changing the chromaticity coordinates of three primary colors, creators can break free from the limitations of traditional creative industrial software to achieve a custom color space on a digital pen display screen at a lower cost. The custom color space can help to meet artist user personalized demands. An example is introduced in this paper.
44‐3: Multi‐domain Vertically Aligned LCD by Azo‐Dye Photo‐alignment Method
Authors: Tang Shu Tuen , Chiu Hon Wah , Tseng Man Chun , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: June 2024

Vertically Aligned LCD is one of the most widely used optical modes in LCD TV and mobile devices. It is also a very important category of passive LC displays used in Automobiles. It has the advantages of perfect dark state and very high contrast ratio for normal viewing. However, single domain VA LCD has the intrinsic issue of dead zone (contrast vanishing zone) in certain viewing direction in the voltage‐on state, which seriously limits its viewing angle performance. Recently, the State Key Laboratory on Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology has developed an easy‐to‐apply multi‐domain VA LCD technology that can be readily implemented in LCD factories without major investment and change in current production process.
45‐4: Investigation of Triplet‐induced Annihilation in Phosphorescent and Thermally activated delayed fluorescent organic light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Jiang Jixin , Zhao Suling , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: June 2024

Long‐lived triplets in phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) participate in triplet‐triplet annihilation and triplet‐polaron annihilation, dominantly deteriorating devices via defects serving as exciton quenchers. Although both PhOLEDs and TADF OLEDs suffer from the triplet exciton induced degradation mechanisms, detailed degradation processes are dissimilar in the two devices. Detailed degradation investigation of the PhOLEDs and TADF OLEDs was carried out by impedance spectroscopy and transient electroluminescence modeling, revealing that the triplet‐triplet annihilation is the main mechanism of degradation in the PhOLEDs, while triplet‐polaron annihilation is the major degradation route in the TADF OLEDs.
53‐2: Research on HDR True Black Performance of Foldable Active‐matrix Organic Emitting Display in Notebook Application
Authors: Zhang Bing , Huang Xing , Xue Zi-Liang , Luo Ping , Luo Xuan , Wang Zhi-Qiang
Published: June 2024

HDR True black specify the luminance of black area at chessboard for below 0.0005 Cd/m2, which provide a new challenge for organic emitting display in foldable notebook application. Here we analyzed the influencing factors of black luminance from electric and optical sides, and raised the improvement measures toward film structure design with the final black luminance down to 0.0002 Cd/m2.
57‐1: Micro Display Sub‐Pixel Capacitor Design Balancing Performance, Yield, and Cost
Authors: Chen Gang , Wang Qianqian , Kim Silvia , Lee Suhui , Tura Ahmet , Choi Jacob , Dong Ning
Published: June 2024

Micro displays employ capacitors inside the pixels to store analog signal, implement voltage‐charge redistribution, or conduct threshold voltage variation compensation. Selecting appropriate capacitors among the options of MOS (metal‐oxide‐semiconductor) capacitors, MIM (metal‐insulator‐metal) capacitors, MOM (metal‐oxide‐metal) capacitors need to consider performance, yield, and cost, besides footprint requirement that is determined by the display resolution, panel size, and pixel pitch. In this paper, nMOS (n‐typed MOS) capacitor and DMOS (depletion MOS) capacitors are analyzed comprehensively in terms of operation mechanism, capacitance and impact on image quality, defect generation and impact on yield, and cost and scaling opportunity. It was concluded that nMOS is generally preferred than DMOS and for next generations of micro displays. For advanced displays with higher resolution and smaller pixel pitch, MOM and MIM adoptions were discussed.
58‐2: Improvement of high quality OLED display lifetime
Authors: Xie Zhengfang , Hu Xiaoxu , Xu Chuanzhi , Li Weilong , Chen Zhaoli , Yong Wu , Zhu Xiujian , Xu Weiqi , Gao Xiaoyu
Published: June 2024

In this paper, the corresponding technological conditions for the introduction of high‐performance OLED material are studied. The introduction of new organic materials and the matching of the process were studied, mainly from the related factors affecting the life of OLED anode surface treatment, process vacuum, cleanliness and other aspects of the analysis. In this paper, different power and time of Plasma N2 and 02 treatment processes are verified. Finally, it is concluded that the introduction of new material systems requires lengthening plasma treatment time or increasing plasma power to achieve better lifetime performance. It is speculated that strengthening plasma treatment intensity can improve the oxygen concentration of ITO surface, reduce the carbon concentration of ITO surface, optimize the chemical composition of ITO surface and ITO surface morphology, reduce the driving voltage, improve the stability of the device, and effectively extend the life of OLED display module.
60‐2: Observation of subtle interfacial mixing in solution‐processed OLEDs
Authors: Zhang Kaixuan , Sun Dongwei , Chen Ying , Fu Dong
Published: June 2024

We evaluated two polymer hole transport materials (HTM). The difference in the interface‐mixing between the hole transport layer (HTL) and the emitting layer (EML) is shown by the visual method, and it is found that this is the main source of the difference in their lifetime. This will help us to quickly select solution‐processed hole transport materials.
65‐2: Invited Paper: Advanced Modelling of Field Emission
Authors: Cárceles Salvador Barranco , Kyritsakis Andreas , Underwood Ian
Published: June 2024

After offering great promise and attracting substantial investment in technology development, fields emission did not succeed in the competition against liquid crystal technology for computer screens and plasma technology for large flat panel television. We review and analyze some of the challenges that prevented field emission from becoming a mayor information display technology. W e report the development of a novel modelling tool that can be used to support the design of field emitters optimized to the application requirements. The previous lack of such a simulation tool that incorporates the range of phenomena that affect field emission has been a limiting factor in emitter performance and data analysis. The new model enables more accurate and effective design of field emitters including the emission dynamics and thermal behaviour for a wide range of geometries and materials. It provides a powerful tool with high accessibility to support engineers to make informed decisions as part of the product design process. This increases opportunities for field emission to be used in a range of non‐display applications.
66‐3: Research on Wearable Brain‐Computer Interface Based on SSVEP
Authors: Huang Jing-Ye , Ge Yong , Zhang Xiong , Zhong Xuefei , Fan Zhaowen
Published: June 2024

Addressing challenges in existing Steady‐State Visually Evoked Potentials Brain‐Computer Interfaces (SSVEP‐BCI) systems related to the contradiction between the number of interactive targets and the accuracy of visual stimulus recognition, as well as issues of portability and comfort, this work explores the spatial localization algorithm of SSVEP in BCI and implements a wearable eyeglass LED stimulator and an online brain‐computer interface based on SSVEP. By studying traditional feature recognition algorithms, this work applies them to spatial localization and validates the feasibility of the technology through real experiments. The subjects are asked to wear glasses with four LEDs flicker in specific frequencies for each eye as stimulators. By analyzing the Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal intensity of the subjects, the coordinate of visual point which is relative to the LED stimulation points is calculated. The results indicate that the system can effectively distinguish the four directions where the subjects are gazing, achieving real‐time brain‐machine interaction.
71‐1: Invited Paper: High‐Quality Image Transmission with Reduced Bandwidth: A Strategy for Selective Downsampling and Precise Reconstruction
Authors: Tzung-Yuan Lee , Yu-Hsing Chuang , Yao-Ming Lin , Kun-Yueh Lin , Chun-Ta Wu , Yu-Hsun Peng
Published: June 2024

In this study, a novel anti‐aliasing image reconstruction approach for foveated transmission in VR/AR headset microdisplays is presented. It efficiently reduces transmission bandwidth by varying downsampling ratios across different image zones at the transmitter, and uses corresponding upscaling ratios at the receiver. Unique scaling‐ratios and slope parameters per position dynamically adjust the bilateral filter and bicubic interpolation in the optical coordinate system for enhancing detail preservation and minimizing aliasing artifacts. Image quality is assessed using MSSSIM, backed by experimental results.
71‐2: Enhanced optical efficiency by applying dual micro‐lens structure in AR/VR application
Authors: Shin Sangmin , Jang In-Won , Kang Dong-Wang
Published: June 2024

Efficiency enhancement is one of top priority in Micro‐ OLED to achieve high brightness in AR and VR applications. One of well‐ known solutions is to adapt a micro‐lens array (MLA), but there have been a few investigations to consider detail design parameters. Based on robust FDTD simulation, we propose a stepwise simulation methodology to optimize lens design to obtain enhanced efficiency and to control light leakage to adjacent pixel
P‐1.3: High Performance of Amorphous IGZO TFTs with Different Chemical Composition Deposited by PEALD
Authors: Zheng Shuaiying , Zhang Jiawei , Li Yuxiang
Published: June 2024

Amorphous InGaZnOx (a‐IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) fabricated by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) are currently used in flat‐panel displays due to their beneficial properties[1]. However, the a‐IGZO TFTs with different chemical composition show a huge difference in electrical properties[2]. Therefore, the key to obtaining high‐performance IGZO TFTs is to find the appropriate chemical components, which can ensure high mobility and switching ratio, as well as low subthreshold swing and reasonable threshold voltage. Chemical bond states of a‐IGZO films were analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and reasonable chemical composition IGZO TFTs with vertically stacked InOx, ZnOx, and GaOx atomic layers exhibit excellent performances such as saturation mobility of ~ 70 cm2/(V°s), threshold voltage of 5.02 V, Ion/Ioff ratio of 9.8 × 108, subthreshold swing of 0.53 V/decade. This study illustrates the potential advantages of atomic layer deposition processes for the emerging semiconductor application.
P‐1.6: Junction Resistance and Junction Diffusion Depth in InGaZnO‐based Thin Film Transistors (TFTs) with Thermally induced Source/Drain Region
Authors: Zhou Zhichao , Zhu Yiyi , Zhou Xiaoliang , Wang Xu , Liu Zhongjie , Tan Zhiwei
Published: June 2024

In this research, two typical transistors architectures(X‐bridge and Elevated‐Metal Metal‐Oxide (EMMO) TFT) and two sorts of cover layers (Al2O3 cover and Metal cover) are employed to investigate the junction resistance and its diffusion in InGaZnO‐based TFTs. While all TFTs have basically equivalent junction resistances, Metal‐covered TFTs, including both X‐bridge and EMMO structures, show larger saturated diffusion depth Δ L as well as faster diffusion speed than Al2O3‐covered TFTs.
P‐1.9: Enhanced Stability Under Positive Bias Temperature Stress of Ln‐Doped InZnO Thin Film Transistors Fabricated with Back‐channel‐etch Structure
Authors: Xiao Juncheng , Ge Shimin , Jiang Zhixiong , Yuan Dong , Liang Ce , Xu Miao , Li Shan , Xu Hongyuan , Zhang Shengdong
Published: June 2024

Lanthanide‐doped indium zinc oxide (Ln‐IZO) was employed as the active channel layer (ACT) of thin film transistors (TFTs). The, Ln‐IZO, single‐1 ACT‐based TFT exhibited a high mobility and a small threshold voltage shift (∆VTH) within −1 V after 1‐hour negative bias temperature illumination stress (NBTIS). However, the corresponding ∆ VTH of 1‐hour positive bias temperature stress (PBTS) was as large as over 8 V. Optimized stacked structures of the ACT were adopted and obtained a significantly improved stability of PBTS. TFTs based on double‐2 ACT (Ln‐IZO/IGZO‐1) and triple‐2 ACT (Ln‐IZO/IGZO‐1/IGZO‐2) exhibited significantly lower ∆VTHs of 1.79 and 1.62 V under PBTS, respectively. Meanwhile, the excellent NBTIS stability with ∆VTH within −1 V was maintained for both double‐2‐ and triple‐2‐based TFTs. Furthermore, an appreciated VTH uniformity was obtained for triple‐2‐based TFTs, with a narrow range width of only 0.5 V. At the same time, we proposed a PBTS fitting model, using the stretched power‐law function, ∆ VTH = kTr for the deterioration of Ln‐oxide TFTs under long‐term operation. According to the proposed model, the ∆VTH could be maintained within 6 V even after 200‐hour PBTS for TFT based on triple‐2.
P‐1.15: Improving the Performance of IZO Transistor by Adding Buffer Layer
Authors: Xiong Longhai , Shi Jianbing , xie Jingye , Dong Junchen , Han Dedong , Zhang Xing
Published: June 2024

In this work, we studied the effect of the different thickness buffer layer on the electrical characteristics of InZnO (IZO) transistors. We found that when a 20nm layer of indium‐aluminum‐zinc oxide (IAZO) was added as the buffer layer between S/D electrodes and the active layer, the IZO transistor exhibited optimum electrical performance, with a high on/off drain current ratio of 2.61 ×107, the field‐effect mobility (μFE) of 15.75 cm2/Vs, the subthreshold swing (SS) of 129.85 mV/decade, and the turn‐on voltage (VON) of ‐0.4 V.
P‐1.20: Stability of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Thin‐Film Transistors in High‐Brightness Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Sun ZhiXin , Liu ChunMing , Wang Xu , Tan ZhiWei , He XiaoJin , Liang Ce , Zhou Hang
Published: June 2024

The threshold voltage behavior of TFTs is an important indicator of device stability. In this paper, the effects of silicon nitride content, film thickness, and structure of the gate insulating layer of amorphous silicon TFTs on device stability are investigated. The study reproduces the abnormal turnaround phenomenon of amorphous silicon TFT threshold voltage. We optimized the device conditions with high stability. Applying the optimized device conditions, we developed a 55‐inch 4K resolution LCD product with a brightness of 4000nits. Its performance is excellent in 3000hrs accelerated aging test.
P‐1.21: High‐Resolution, High‐Refresh‐Rate VA Product VCOM Compensation Research
Authors: He Hengsuo , Zheng Liming , Xiao Feng , Sun Xiaoye
Published: June 2024

This paper presents an innovative common voltage VCOM compensation solution aimed at improving H‐Crosstalk in high‐resolution, high‐refresh‐rate VA products. The proposed approach involves the utilization of TFT VCOM feedback for direct compensation on the CF VCOM, while concurrently using the coupling effect between CF and TFT to indirectly compensate TFT VCOM.
P‐3.10: A Model‐based Study on Perceived Brightness under Various Ambient Illuminance Levels
Authors: Ling Xinhang , Zhang Yuning , He Nailong , Huang Chenyu , Hu Chenhao , He Lan
Published: June 2024

Through psychophysical experiments, the study investigated the effects of ambient illuminance and screen luminance on perceived brightness and pupil diameter. The results indicate a close correlation between perceived brightness and both screen luminance and ambient illuminance. The changes in pupil diameter reflect to some extent the changes in brightness perception. A preliminary brightness perception model was established to quantitatively predict how the human eye perceives screen luminance.
P‐4.2: High‐Precision Human Eye Simulation Device
Authors: Mei Guanghang , Zhou Xiaochen , Zang Shunli , He Tao , Zhao Lei
Published: June 2024

Simulation equipment designed to replicate human eye movement, encompassing saccades, gaze, and other nuances, proves invaluable in eye movement tests, serving as an effective substitute for human subjects. Functioning as a reliable value system, it excels in ensuring precision in measurements and facilitating systematic analysis. This article introduces the design of a human eye simulation device featuring a unique dual‐axis motor structure. This design allows for the controlled rotation of the simulated eyeball without the need to move the entire device. Subsequently, a motion control algorithm is developed based on the coupling relationship of poses during dual‐axis rotation, facilitating precise control of the line of sight angle. Finally, an objective comparison of test data between real human eyes and the simulated eye device is conducted, validating the efficacy of the latter.
P‐4.3: Brief introduction of VR industry development trends
Authors: Sha LIU , Dan WANG , Mingxiao JIANG , Xiaoling XU , Jun WU , Xianqin MENG , Yingji JIANG
Published: June 2024

VR devices have existential experiences that can meet the deeper interaction needs of humans and are the driving force behind the rapid development of the industry. As the latest computing platform, VR is facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges. In recent years, the continuous iteration of hardware to ensure the visual experience effect, system‐level interaction features more rich, game content developers continue to launch more high‐quality content, this series of industry progress to promote the VR ecosystem continues to improve, and continue to develop. At this stage, VR market participants are mainly divided into three camps: VR industry advocators, Internet content platforms, intelligent device terminal brands, etc., and the leading players continue to invest in the layout, and the future will show a highly concentrated trend. The combination of hardware and content roles strengthens the synergistic effect of both sides and preempts the core link of the meta‐universe.
P‐4.24: Optical System Design for AR Smart Contact Lens
Authors: Liu Qi , Tan Rui , Misran Muhamad Affiq Bin , Hattori Reiji
Published: June 2024

A new optical system of smart contact lenses using micro‐lens array is proposed, which can not only reduce the thickness of smart contact lenses, but also enhance the light intensity and uniformity of images after using overlap. It can provide users a better performance in terms of visual experience.
P‐4.27: Modeling Eye Movement and Reflection in Virtual Environments for Eye Tracking
Authors: Wang Zhengyu , He Tao , Wang Chaohao , Zhao Lei , Zhou Xiaochen
Published: June 2024

Eye tracking technology plays a pivotal role in elevating the authenticity and engagement within Virtual Reality (VR) environments. Our research focuses on improving eye movement modeling in Virtual Reality (VR) using Unity. We developed a virtual model of the eye, enhancing realism by simulating iris refraction and corneal reflections under infrared LED light. By integrating advanced shader techniques and image processing, we accurately replicate reflective points on the artificial and real eyes, comparing these simulations with empirical data for precision. Our study also optimizes screen placement to capture gaze direction more faithfully, employing algorithms to align simulated and actual reflections. Although replicating complex human eye structures is challenging, our work greatly improves the fidelity of eye movement simulations in VR, helping to provide twinned digital human eyes as well as the generation of datasets needed for eye tracking development.