bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inflation Protection from Homeownership: Long‐Run Evidence, 1814–2008
Authors: Brounen Dirk , Eichholtz Piet , Staetmans Stefan , Theebe Marcel
Published: August 2013

This article examines the inflation hedging capacity of the private home. We employ unique long‐term data for inflation, house price dynamics and rents for Amsterdam dating back to 1814, allowing us to study total housing returns in different inflation regimes and for varying investment horizons. Our Amsterdam data show that homeownership's protection against actual and expected inflation increases with the investment horizon. This increase is especially strong for horizons up to 10 years. Inflation protection from housing is stronger when inflation is persistent, and the hedging capacities of housing regarding unexpected inflation are weak.
External validation of the lumbosacral plexus‐contouring protocol developed by Yi et al. (IJROBP 2012; 84: 376–82) for pelvic malignancies
Authors: Min Myo , Roos Daniel , Keating Elly , Kerr Laura , Mukherjee Rahul , Potter Andrew , Shakeshaft John , Baxi Siddhartha
Published: August 2013

Purpose

To evaluate interobserver variability in contouring lumbosacral plexuses (LSP) using the protocol developed by Yi et al. (IJROBP 2012; 84: 376–82) and to review LSP dosimetries for conventional radiotherapy and intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for pelvic cancers.

Methods and materials

Using the above‐mentioned protocol, seven outliners independently contoured LSPs of 10 consecutive patients (five patients treated with conventional radiotherapy and five with IMRT). Interobserver variability was reviewed visually by using planning axial CT images and anteroposterior digitally reconstructed radiographs. Dosimetries of LSPs were also calculated and compared.

Results

There was a notable learning curve for each outliner; duration to outline the first patient was 45–185 minutes, versus 15–50 minutes after six patients. We found significant interobserver variability among outliners below the level of the S2 nerve roots. The LSP volumes (mean volume range of 40.9–58.4 cc) were smaller than those described in the atlas paper (71–138 cc). The mean values of mean dose, maximum dose, V40 Gy, V50 Gy and V55 Gy, respectively, for patients treated with conventional radiotherapy versus those treated with IMRT were 35.5 Gy versus 33.6 Gy, 52.2 Gy versus 52.2 Gy, 61.3% versus 54.4%, 14.9% versus 18.8% and 0% versus 2.5%.

Conclusion

We conclude that the protocol developed by Yi et al. is a useful set of guidelines but suggest that additional at‐risk components of the LSP also be contoured. We recommend that radiation oncologists practise ‘nerve‐sparing’ radiotherapy by contouring LSPs, especially when using IMRT. We propose the term ‘lumbosacral plexus regions’ (LSPRs) to highlight the fact that LSPs are not always radiologically visible, only the regions where they are likely to be present.
When should women be recruited to intrapartum research projects? A retrospective review
Authors: Phipps Hala , de Vries Bradley , Kuah Sabrina , Hyett Jon A.
Published: August 2013

Objective

To review and describe the impact of varied recruitment processes in two intrapartum studies.

Design

Retrospective review of one prospective cohort study and one pilot randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Australian tertiary referral hospital.

Population

Women with term, cephalic singleton pregnancies.

Methods

Recruitment processes in one observational and one interventional study examining the management of occipitoposterior position in labor were reviewed. Data concerning recruitment and serial attrition for these studies were collected. The value of allowing consent in early labor in addition to consent in the antenatal period was assessed.

Main outcome measure

Relative proportions of women participating compared with the numbers approached and recruited.

Results

One in 48 women approached about the observational study agreed to participate and then had a fetus in occipitoposterior position. One in 33 women in the intervention study were eventually randomized. Women approached in early labor were more likely to agree to participate (77% vs. 58%; p < 0.0001), more likely to have an ultrasound scan during labor (40% vs. 15%; p < 0.0001) and more likely to be randomized to intervention (4% vs. 1.5%; p = 0.02).

Conclusion

Intrapartum research is associated with low rates of recruitment and these rates may be improved by asking women to provide informed consent during labor rather than the antenatal period. It is important to consider ways to facilitate randomized controlled trials involving women in labor to advance evidence‐based care in this environment. This should include prospective research that seeks to define the best approach to patient recruitment.
Implementation of TPMT testing
Authors: Lennard Lynne
Published: August 2013

The activity of the enzyme thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) is regulated by a common genetic polymorphism. One in 300 individuals lack enzyme activity and 11% are heterozygous for a variant low activity allele and have an intermediate activity. The thiopurine drugs azathioprine, mercaptopurine and thioguanine are substrates for TPMT; these drugs exhibit well documented myelosuppressive effects on haematopoietic cells and have a track record of idiosyncratic drug reactions. The development of severe bone marrow toxicity, in patients taking standard doses of thiopurine drugs, is associated with TPMT deficiency whilst the TPMT heterozygote is at an increased risk of developing myelosuppression. Factors influencing TPMT enzyme activity, as measured in the surrogate red blood cell, are discussed in this review to enable an appreciation of why concordance between TPMT genotype and phenotype is not 100%. This is particularly important for lower/intermediate TPMT activities to avoid misclassification of TPMT status. TPMT testing is now widely available in routine service laboratories. The British National Formulary suggests TPMT testing before starting thiopurine drugs. Dermatologists were quick to adopt routine TPMT testing whilst gastroenterologists do not specifically recommend TPMT screening. TPMT testing is mandatory prior to the use of mercaptopurine in childhood leukaemia. Thiopurine drug dose and other treatment related influences on cell counts explain some of the differing recommendations between clinical specialities. TPMT testing is cost‐effective and the major role is in the identification of the TPMT deficient individual prior to the start of thiopurine drugs.
Promoter methylation patterns in Richter syndrome affect stem‐cell maintenance and cell cycle regulation and differ from de novo diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Rinaldi Andrea , Mensah Afua Adjeiwaa , Kwee Ivo , Forconi Francesco , Orlandi Ester M. , Lucioni Marco , Gattei Valter , Marasca Roberto , Berger Françoise , Cogliatti Sergio , Cavalli Franco , Zucca Emanuele , Gaidano Gianluca , Rossi Davide , Bertoni Francesco
Published: August 2013

In a fraction of patients, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) can transform to Richter syndrome (RS), usually a diffuse large B–cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We studied genome‐wide promoter DNA methylation in RS and clonally related CLL‐phases of transformed patients, alongside de novo DLBCL (of non‐germinal centre B type), untransformed‐CLL and normal B‐cells. The greatest differences in global DNA methylation levels were observed between RS and DLBCL, indicating that these two diseases, although histologically similar, are epigenetically distinct. RS was more highly methylated for genes involved in cell cycle regulation. When RS was compared to the preceding CLL‐phase and with untransformed‐CLL, RS presented a higher degree of methylation for genes possessing the H3K27me3 mark and PRC2 targets, as well as for gene targets of TP53 and RB1. Comparison of the methylation levels of individual genes revealed that OSM, a stem cell regulatory gene, exhibited significantly higher methylation levels in RS compared to CLL‐phases. Its transcriptional repression by DNA methylation was confirmed by 5‐aza‐2′deoxycytidine treatment of DLBCL cells, determining an increased OSM expression.

Our results showed that methylation patterns in RS are largely different from de novo DLBCL. Stem cell‐related genes and cell cycle regulation genes are targets of DNA methylation in RS.
Reversible inhibition of the glycine transporter GlyT2 circumvents acute toxicity while preserving efficacy in the treatment of pain
Authors: Mingorance‐Le Meur A , Ghisdal P , Mullier B , De Ron P , Downey P , Van Der Perren C , Declercq V , Cornelis S , Famelart M , Van Asperen J , Jnoff E , Courade J P
Published: August 2013

Background and Purpose

Available medications for chronic pain provide only partial relief and often cause unacceptable side effects. There is therefore a need for novel molecular targets to develop new therapeutics with improved efficacy and tolerability. Despite encouraging efficacy data in rodents with inhibitors of the neuronal glycine transporter‐2 (GlyT2), there are also some reports of toxicity and their development was discontinued.

Experimental Approach

In order to clarify the possibility of targeting GlyT2 for the treatment of pain, we have used an integrated approach comprising in vitro pharmacology, selectivity, bioavailability, in vivo efficacy and safety assessment to analyse the properties and efficacy of ALX‐1393 and Org‐25543, the two published GlyT2 inhibitors from which in vivo data are available.

Key Results

We report that these compounds have a different set of undesirable properties that limit their usefulness as pharmacological tools. Importantly, we discover that inhibitors of GlyT2 can exert an apparent reversible or irreversible inhibition of the transporter and describe a new class of reversible GlyT2 inhibitors that preserves efficacy while avoiding acute toxicity.

Conclusions and Implications

Our pharmacological comparison of two closely related GlyT2 inhibitors with different modes of inhibition provides important insights into their safety and efficacy profiles, uncovering that in the presence of a GlyT2 mechanism‐based toxicity, reversible inhibitors might allow a tolerable balance between efficacy and toxicity. These findings shed light into the drawbacks associated with the early GlyT2 inhibitors and describe a new mechanism that might serve as the starting point for new drug development.
Cytomegalovirus contributes partly to uraemia-associated premature immunological ageing of the T cell compartment
Authors: Meijers R W J , Litjens N H R , de Wit E A , Langerak A W , van der Spek A , Baan C C , Weimar W , Betjes M G H
Published: August 2013

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been implicated in accelerated T cell ageing. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have a severely immunologically aged T cell compartment but also a high prevalence of CMV infection. We investigated whether CMV infection contributes to T cell ageing in ESRD patients. We determined the thymic output by the T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) content and percentage of CD31+ naïve T cells. The proliferative history of the T cell compartment by determination of the relative telomere length (RTL) and the T cell differentiation status was determined by immunophenotyping. It appeared that CMV infection did not affect thymic output but reduced RTL of CD8+ T cells in ESRD patients. Moreover, increased T cell differentiation was observed with higher percentages of CD57+ and CD28null CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells. These CD28null T cells had significantly shorter telomeres compared to CD28+ T cells. Therefore we concluded that CMV infection does not affect the decreased thymic output but increases T cell differentiation as observed in ESRD-related premature T cell ageing.
Mild iodine deficiency in women after spontaneous abortions living in an iodine‐sufficient area of Czech Republic: prevalence and impact on reproductive health
Authors: Jiskra Jan , Fait Tomáš , Bílek Radovan , Krátký Jan , Bartáková Jana , Lukáš Jindřich , Límanová Zdeňka , Telička Zdeněk , Zamrazil Václav , Potluková Eliška
Published: August 2013

Objective

Iodine deficiency is associated with thyroid dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of our study was to investigate the status of iodine saturation in women after spontaneous abortion (SpA) residing in an iodine‐sufficient area and to evaluate their subsequent reproductive health.

Design

Nonrandomized prospective follow‐up study.

Patients and methods

We compared urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in 171 women 2–8 weeks (median 4) after an early SpA with age‐matched controls. Women with known thyroid diseases were excluded. We also analysed a relationship of UIC to serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, antibodies against thyroid peroxidase and thyroid ultrasound. Afterwards, we followed the women for a median of 38 months (range 12–47). We used a multivariate regression analysis to assess the influence of iodine status and other thyroid biochemical and ultrasound parameters on their subsequent reproductive health.

Results

Women after SpA were almost twice as likely to suffer from mild iodine deficiency and had lower median UIC as compared to age‐matched controls [rate 105/181 (58·0%) vs 57/181 (31·5%), P < 0·001, medians UIC 92·00 vs 117·80 mcg/l, P < 0·001]. UIC was not influenced by the use of iodine supplements in the previous pregnancy. We did not find any association neither between UIC and thyroid dysfunction and/or thyroid antibodies, nor between UIC and rates of subsequent successful pregnancies or obstetric complications.

Conclusions

More than half of women after SpA residing in an iodine‐sufficient area are suffering from mild iodine deficiency. However, it does not seem to have a negative impact on their subsequent reproductive health.
Total‐evidence phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of the Phylinae (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae), with the recognition of new tribes and subtribes and a redefinition of Phylini
Authors: Menard Katrina L. , Schuh Randall T. , Woolley James B.
Published: August 2013

The subfamily Phylinae (Heteroptera: Miridae) is one of the largest subfamilies of plant bugs and in the most recent classification comprised six tribes: Pilophorini, Hallodapini, Auricillocorini, Phylini, Pronotocrepini, and Leucophoropterini. Phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily using dynamic homology (POY), parsimony (TNT), and model‐based (RAxML) methods are presented. A dataset comprising both morphological and molecular characters (16S, 18S, 28S, and COI–COII) was assembled for taxon samples of 164 ingroup and nine outgroup taxa. A reclassification of the subfamily based on the POY analysis is presented, recognizing nine tribes and nine subtribes. The Auricillocorini is synonymized with the Hallodapini and the Pronotocrepini with the Cremnorrhini; the Phylini was found to be polyphyletic and is redefined; the Semiini and Nasocorini are resurrected and redefined; and the Decomiini and Coatonocapsiniare presented as new tribes. The Hallodapini, rather than the Pilophorini, was found to be the sister‐group to the remaining Phylinae.
Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides in childhood and adolescence: a long‐term retrospective study
Authors: Castano Ekaterina , Glick Sharon , Wolgast Lucia , Naeem Rizwan , Sunkara Jaya , Elston Dirk , Jacobson Mark
Published: August 2013

Patients with hypopigmented mycosis fungoides (HMF) present at a younger age than those with classic MF. Our goal was to describe the clinical presentation, histopathologic features and long‐term outcome in patients who developed HMF before the age of 21. It was observed that among 69 pediatric patients diagnosed with MF between 1992 and 2010, 50 had HMF. Thirty‐five patients had clinical follow‐up. There were 37 males and 32 females with a mean age of 13.6 years. Most patients were African American or Hispanic and presented with multiple hypopigmented patches. All biopsies showed epidermotropism of T‐lymphocytes, whereas fibroplasia and lichenoid infiltrate were variable. All specimens tested were CD8+. Treatment modalities included topical steroids, narrow band ultraviolet B and psoralen and ultraviolet A. HMF patients were followed for <1–12 years. Most children responded to treatment, but recurrence rates were high. One patient progressed to plaque/tumor stage. Others did not progress; however, many were lost to follow‐up. We present a large cohort of children with HMF and report on the features of disease and progression. A major difference in histology of HMF was lack of fibroplasia and lichenoid infiltrate, probably because of presentation in the early patch stage. Most patients have a waxing‐and‐waning course and relapse after discontinuation of therapy, requiring repetitive treatment.
Effects of baclofen on mechanical noxious and innocuous transmission in the spinal dorsal horn of the adult rat: in vivo patch‐clamp analysis
Authors: Fukuhara Kaori , Katafuchi Toshihiko , Yoshimura Megumu
Published: August 2013

The effects of a GABAB agonist, baclofen, on mechanical noxious and innocuous synaptic transmission in the substantia gelatinosa (SG) were investigated in adult rats with the in vivo patch‐clamp technique. Under current‐clamp conditions, perfusion with baclofen (10 μm) on the surface of the spinal cord caused hyperpolarisation of SG neurons and a decrease in the number of action potentials elicited by pinch and touch stimuli applied to the receptive field of the ipsilateral hindlimb. The suppression of action potentials was preserved under blockade of postsynaptic G‐proteins, although baclofen‐induced hyperpolarisation was completely blocked. These findings suggest presynaptic effects of baclofen on the induced action potentials. Under voltage‐clamp conditions, application of baclofen reduced the frequency, but not the amplitude, of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), whereas the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP55845 increased the frequency of mEPSCs without affecting the amplitude. Furthermore, application of a GABA uptake inhibitor, nipecotic acid, decreased the frequency of mEPSCs; this effect was blocked by CGP55845, but not by the GABAA antagonist bicuculline. Both the frequency and the amplitude of the pinch‐evoked barrage of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were suppressed by baclofen in a dose‐dependent manner. The frequency and amplitude of touch‐evoked EPSCs was also suppressed by baclofen, but the suppression was significantly smaller than that of pinch‐evoked EPSCs. We conclude that mechanical noxious transmission is presynaptically blocked through GABAB receptors in the SG, and is more effectively suppressed than innocuous transmission, which may account for a part of the mechanism of the efficient analgesic effects of baclofen.
On Kant's Idea of Humanity as an End in Itself
Authors: Nyholm Sven
Published: August 2013

Writers like Christine Korsgaard and Allen Wood understand Kant's idea of rational nature as an end in itself as a commitment to a substantive value. This makes it hard for them to explain the supposed equivalence between the universal law and humanity formulations of the categorical imperative, since the former does not appear to assert any substantive value. Nor is it easy for defenders of value‐based readings to explain Kant's claim that the law‐giving nature of practical reason makes all beings with practical reason regard the idea of a rational nature as an end in itself. This article seeks to replace these value‐based readings with a reading of the idea of rational nature as an end that fits better with the overall argument of the Groundwork.
Mitigating unaccounted fishing mortality from gillnets and traps
Authors: Uhlmann Sebastian S , Broadhurst Matt K
Published: August 2013

Gillnets and traps often are considered to have fewer holistic environmental impacts than active fishing gears. However, in addition to the targeted catches, gillnets and traps still cause unwanted mortalities due to (i) discarding, (ii) ghost fishing of derelict gear, (iii) depredation, (iv) escaping or dropping out of gear, (v) habitat damage, and potentially (vi) avoiding gear and predation and (vii) infection of injuries sustained from most of the above. Population‐level concerns associated with such ‘unaccounted fishing mortalities’ from gillnets and traps have been sufficient to warrant numerous attempts at mitigation. In this article, we reviewed relevant research efforts, locating 130 studies in the primary literature that concomitantly quantified mortalities and their resolution through technical modifications, with the division of effort indicating ongoing concerns. Most studies (85) have focused on discard mortality, followed by ghost‐fishing (24), depredation (10) and escape (8) mortalities. The remaining components have been poorly studied (3). All problematic mortality components are affected by key biological (e.g. species), technical (e.g. fishing mechanisms) and/or environmental (e.g. temperature) factors. We propose that these key factors should be considered as part of a strategy to reduce impacts of these gears by first assessing modifications within and then beyond conventional configurations, followed by changes to operational and handling practices. Justification for this three‐tiered approach is based not only on the potential for cumulative reduction benefits, but also on the likely ease of adoption, legislation and compliance.
Simple quantitative method for estimation of herbage damage caused by sika deer (Cervus nippon)
Authors: Tsukada Hideharu , Kida Tamaki , Kitagawa Miya , Suyama Tetsuo , Shimizu Norihiro
Published: August 2013

Quantitatively estimating herbage damage caused by wild herbivores, such as deer, provides a basis for developing countermeasures designed to prevent the damage. However, a simple and easy way to quantify deer damage has not yet been developed. In this study, we estimated herbage damage caused by sika deer (Cervus nippon) in three meadows of a dairy farm in central Japan during three cutting periods. We then compared the validity of quantitative estimation of herbage damage using three simple methods: by comparing plant height or plant length outside and inside a deer exclosure cage, and by estimating the density of sika deer populations using spotlight census surveys in the meadows. We also examined the effect of the timing of herbage damage (i.e. early, middle and late season) caused by sika deer on a total herbage yield during each cutting period. The decreased plant height outside of a deer exclosure had a significant and unbiased linear relationship with herbage damage caused by sika deer. However, the decreased plant length outside of a deer exclosure had a significant but biased linear relationship with herbage damage caused by sika deer. The required sample size for assessing the difference in plant height outside of a deer exclosure increased when the herbage damage was small. On the other hand, the mean density of sika deer did not have a linear relationship with herbage damage. The timing of herbage damage caused by sika deer did not significantly affect total herbage yield. These results show comparing plant height outside and within a deer exclosure provides a simple and inexpensive quantitative method that can be used to estimate herbage damage caused by sika deer. This simple method, however, can be reliable when the herbage damage is relatively large (e.g. >30%).
A systematic analysis of commonly used antibodies in cancer diagnostics
Authors: Gremel Gabriela , Bergman Julia , Djureinovic Dijana , Edqvist Per‐Henrik , Maindad Vikas , Bharambe Bhavana M , Khan Wasif Ali Z A , Navani Sanjay , Elebro Jacob , Jirström Karin , Hellberg Dan , Uhlén Mathias , Micke Patrick , Pontén Fredrik
Published: August 2013

Aims

Immunohistochemistry plays a pivotal role in cancer differential diagnostics. To identify the primary tumour from a metastasis specimen remains a significant challenge, despite the availability of an increasing number of antibodies. The aim of the present study was to provide evidence‐based data on the diagnostic power of antibodies used frequently for clinical differential diagnostics.

Methods and results

A tissue microarray cohort comprising 940 tumour samples, of which 502 were metastatic lesions, representing tumours from 18 different organs and four non‐localized cancer types, was analysed using immunohistochemistry with 27 well‐established antibodies used in clinical differential diagnostics. Few antibodies, e.g. prostate‐specific antigen and thyroglobulin, showed a cancer type‐related sensitivity and specificity of more than 95%. A majority of the antibodies showed a low degree of sensitivity and specificity for defined cancer types. Combinations of antibodies provided limited added value for differential diagnostics of cancer types.

Conclusions

The results from analysing 27 diagnostic antibodies on consecutive sections of 940 defined tumours provide a unique repository of data that can empower a more optimal use of clinical immunohistochemistry. Our results highlight the benefit of immunohistochemistry and the unmet need for novel markers to improve differential diagnostics of cancer.
Apical extrusion of bacteria when using reciprocating single‐file and rotary multifile instrumentation systems
Authors: Tinoco J. M. , De‐Deus G. , Tinoco E. M. B. , Saavedra F. , Fidel R. A. S. , Sassone L. M.
Published: August 2013

Aim

To evaluate ex vivo, apical bacterial extrusion associated with two reciprocating single‐file systems (WaveOne and Reciproc) compared with a conventional multifile rotary system (BioRace).

Methodology

Forty‐five human single‐rooted mandibular incisors were used. Endodontic access cavities were prepared, and root canals were contaminated with an Enterococcus faecalis suspension. Following incubation at 37 °C for thirty days, the contaminated teeth were divided into three groups of 15 specimens each (G1 – Reciproc, G2 – WaveOne and G3 – BioRace). Positive and negative controls consisted of 5 infected teeth and 3 uninfected incisors that were instrumented with one of the tested NiTi systems, respectively. Bacteria extruded from the apical foramen during instrumentation were collected into vials containing 0.9% NaCl. The microbiological samples were taken from the vials and incubated in brain heart agar medium for 24 h. The resulting bacterial titre, in colony‐forming units (CFU) per mL, was determined, and these data were analysed by Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed rank test and Kruskal–Wallis H‐test. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05.

Results

No significant difference was found in the number of CFU between the two reciprocating systems (P = 0.41). The conventional multifile rotary system group was associated with significantly higher CFU than both of the two reciprocating groups (P = 0.01).

Conclusions

All instrumentation systems extruded bacteria beyond the foramen. However, both reciprocating single‐file systems extruded fewer bacteria apically than the conventional multifile rotary system.
An Assessment of Bulk Metallic Glasses for Microelectromechanical System Devices
Authors: Chauhan Aditya , Vaish Rahul
Published: August 2013

Metallic glasses were born purely of academic interest and earlier commercial attempts were limited due to the low thickness of the samples. However, with the successful fabrication of bigger samples using multicomponent system, there has been renewed interest in the commercial applicability of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) as they offer promising mechanical, tribological and other properties which make the commercialization aspect lucrative. Through this study, an attempt has been made to assess the applicability of bulk metallic glasses as a material for Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) applications. Ranking and comparison, with the current MEMS material set, has been made using multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) approach. Performance index (PIs) was calculated using Ashby approach and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was used to rank the materials on a collective basis. Additional features have been investigated to assess their suitability as a MEMS material. It was observed that BMGs offer promising prospects as a suitable MEMS material based on their overall performance when compared to the current material set being used for MEMS applications.
Increased cytokine/chemokines in serum from asthmatic and non‐asthmatic patients with viral respiratory infection
Authors: Giuffrida María J , Valero Nereida , Mosquera Jesús , Alvarez de Mon Melchor , Chacín Betulio , Espina Luz Marina , Gotera Jennifer , Bermudez John , Mavarez Alibeth
Published: August 2013

Background

Respiratory viral infections can induce different cytokine/chemokine profiles in lung tissues and have a significant influence on patients with asthma. There is little information about the systemic cytokine status in viral respiratory‐infected asthmatic patients compared with non‐asthmatic patients.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine changes in circulating cytokines (IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IL‐4, IL‐5) and chemokines (MCP1: monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and RANTES: regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) in patients with an asthmatic versus a non‐asthmatic background with respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus or adenovirus respiratory infection. In addition, human monocyte cultures were incubated with respiratory viruses to determine the cytokine/chemokine profiles.

Patients/Methods

Patients with asthmatic (n = 34) and non‐asthmatic (n = 18) history and respiratory infections with respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, and adenovirus were studied. Healthy individuals with similar age and sex (n = 10) were used as controls. Cytokine/chemokine content in blood and culture supernatants was determined by ELISA. Monocytes were isolated by Hystopaque gradient and cocultured with each of the above‐mentioned viruses.

Results

Similar increased cytokine concentrations were observed in asthmatic and non‐asthmatic patients. However, higher concentrations of chemokines were observed in asthmatic patients. Virus‐infected monocyte cultures showed similar cytokine/chemokine profiles to those observed in the patients.

Conclusions

Circulating cytokine profiles induced by acute viral lung infection were not related to asthmatic status, except for chemokines that were already increased in the asthmatic status. Monocytes could play an important role in the increased circulating concentration of cytokines found during respiratory viral infections.
Ovarian dysgerminoma in a Pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus: a case report with clinical follow‐up
Authors: Feltrer Y. , Pocknell A.
Published: August 2013

A 10·5 year‐old ♀ Pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus at ZSL London Zoo was examined as part of a routine health check. Abdominal palpation revealed a discrete, mobile mass that appeared to be arising from the right ovary. The mass was surgically removed. Histopathological examination of the mass confirmed it to be a dysgerminoma. The loris showed no signs of recurrence or metastasis for the next 4 years, when it was euthanized for unrelated reasons. In human beings, metastasis is not infrequently associated with dysgerminomas but there is large variation in the incidence of metastasis among species. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first reported case of dysgerminoma from a Pygmy slow loris, one of only four cases reported in any prosimian species, and is the first case in a prosimian with clinical follow‐up.
Why No Mayan Party? Indigenous Movements and National Politics in Guatemala
Authors: Pallister Kevin
Published: August 2013

Unlike indigenous social movements in several other Latin American countries, Mayan movements in Guatemala have not formed a viable indigenous-based political party. Despite the prominence of the Mayan social movement and a relatively open institutional environment conducive to party formation, indigenous groups have foregone a national political party in favor of a more dispersed pattern of political mobilization at the local level. This article argues that the availability of avenues for political representation at the municipal level, through both traditional political parties and civic committees, and the effects of political repression and violence have reinforced the fragmentation and localism of indigenous social movements in Guatemala and prevented the emergence of a viable Mayan political party. The result has been a pattern of uneven political representation, with indigenous Guatemalans gaining representation in local government while national political institutions remain exclusionary.
Patterns of Abiotic Stress–Induced Homoeologous Gene Silencing in Hexaploid Wheat
Authors: Bottley A.
Published: August 2013

Genes duplicated following polyploidization (termed homoeologues) are not always equally expressed. Although homoeologous silencing is an established phenomenon among polyploid species, to date, only limited evidence has been gathered which associates a phenotype with the absence of an individual homoeologous transcript. Here, we show that salinity stress can induce homoeologous silencing in hexaploid wheat and that selective expression can also occur in a tissue not directly exposed to the stress. Some of the instances of salinity stress‐induced homoeologous silencing were dependent on the severity of the stress. The responses were conserved across three diverse cultivars. It is likely that this type of response contributes significantly to the overall level of salinity resistance shown by polyploid wheat.
Gamers just want to have fun? Toward an understanding of the online game acceptance
Authors: Yoon Gunwoo , Duff Brittany R. L. , Ryu Seoungho
Published: August 2013

This study sought to examine the factors affecting the acceptance of an entertainment medium, particularly online games, by expanding the technology acceptance model. To measure factors affecting the acceptance of online games, we fielded a survey with 244 gamers serving as respondents. Perceived usefulness, enjoyment, and economic value were found to have a positive influence on attitude toward gaming, whereas perceived ease of use was not a significant predictor. In addition, we found that gender and game type (multiplayer or not) showed differing patterns of results. Interestingly, perceptions of mass acceptance of gaming were found to have a negative effect on attitude toward online games. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
What to wear? The influence of attire on the perceived professionalism of dentists and lawyers
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Chan Pui Shuen , Wilson Emma
Published: August 2013

Using a sample of 201 participants and a between‐subjects design, the perceived professionalism—suitability, capability, ease to talk to and friendliness—of male and female dentists and lawyers in various attires was examined. Results showed an absolute preference for male dentists and lawyers in professional and formal attire, respectively. Male dentists and lawyers in professional and formal attire were further rated as more suitable, capable, easier to talk to, and friendlier than female professionals, and than those dressed in smart or casual attire. Results are discussed in terms of positive dental outcomes and legal representation. Limitations are considered.
Relations between personality, knowledge, and behavior in professional service encounters
Authors: Motowidlo Stephan J. , Martin Michelle P. , Crook Amy E.
Published: August 2013

We report two studies that tested hypotheses about relations between personality, knowledge about service encounters, and performance in service encounters. A novel method for measuring knowledge was used. In one study, we measured undergraduates' personality, knowledge, and skill in handling service encounters in jobs performed by human factors professionals. The other study reanalyzed data reported by Motowidlo, Crook, Kell, and Naemi about volunteers' personality, knowledge about volunteer service encounters, and job performance. Both studies found that knowledge about service encounters is correlated with effectiveness in service encounters, even when effects of personality are controlled. Conscientiousness was correlated with this knowledge. We discuss implications of personality in the development of knowledge about effective behavior in social situations at work.
Natural experiments and meta‐analyses in comparative phylogeography
Authors: Dawson Michael N
Published: August 2013

Aim

The challenge for phylogeography, like other observational sciences, is to extract general relationships representing causes and effects from complex natural data. I describe comparisons of synchronously diverging co‐distributed (SDC) taxa, including sympatric sister species, to help meet this challenge.

Location

Global.

Methods

As an example, using narrative and best evidence synthesis, I re‐evaluate ad hoc aggregate analyses relating population genetic structure (FST) to dispersal potential. I deconstruct an aggregate global analysis to generate a regional subset of data which I compare with datasets describing co‐distributed taxa, SDC species and sympatric sister species.

Results

A weak negative relationship between FST and dispersal potential is implied by aggregate global analysis (0.1 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.29). In contrast, regional datasets of co‐distributed species show strong correlation between FST and dispersal potential (0.78 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.85). Comparisons between SDC and sympatric sister species consistently evince higher gene flow in species with higher dispersal potential.

Main conclusions

Ad hoc aggregate analyses can be compromised by multiple sources of error. Comparisons of SDC taxa, including sympatric sister species, adapt the experimental scientific method to natural situations, providing robust and repeatable tests of phylogeographic hypotheses and accurate estimates of effect sizes. To make strong inferences about phylogeography we should seek out the hidden wealth of natural experiments that provide particularly clear opportunities to study the factors that influence patterns of biodiversity. The SDC framework enables independent tests of existing hypotheses, integration of independent studies in meta‐analyses across taxa and regions, and identification of general trends versus location‐ or taxon‐specific phenomena. Coupled with advances in statistical phylogeography, species distribution modelling and palaeoecology, the SDC framework bridges the long‐standing gap between observational and experimental sciences.
Trends in incidence and predictions of cutaneous melanoma across Europe up to 2015
Authors: Arnold M. , Holterhues C. , Hollestein L.M. , Coebergh J.W.W. , Nijsten T. , Pukkala E. , Holleczek B. , Tryggvadóttir L. , Comber H. , Bento M.J. , Diba Ch.S. , Micallef R. , Primic‐Žakelj M. , Izarzugaza M.I. , Perucha J. , Marcos‐Gragera R. , Galceran J. , Ardanaz E. , Schaffar R. , Pring A. , de Vries E.
Published: August 2013

Background

Melanoma is a significant health problem in Caucasian populations. The most recently available data from cancer registries often have a delay of several months up to a few years and they are generally not easily accessible.

Objectives

To assess recent age‐ and sex‐specific trends in melanoma incidence and make predictions for 2010 and 2015.

Methods

A retrospective registry‐based analysis was performed with data from 29 European cancer registries. Most of them had data available from 1990 up to 2006/7. World‐standardized incidence rates (WSR) and the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) were computed. Predictions were based on linear projection models.

Results

Overall the incidence of melanoma is rapidly rising and will continue to do so. The incidence among women in Europe was generally higher than in men. The highest incidence rates were seen for Northern and north‐western countries like the UK, Ireland and the Netherlands. The lowest incidence rates were observed in Portugal and Spain. The incidence overall remained stable in Norway, where, amongst young (25–49 years) Norwegian males rates significantly decreased (EAPC −2.8, 95% CI −3.6; −2.0). Despite a low melanoma incidence among persons above the age of 70, this age group experienced the greatest increase in risk during the study period.

Conclusions

Incidence rates of melanoma are expected to continue rising. These trends are worrying in terms of disease burden, particularly in eastern European countries.
Pressure‐reducing interventions among persons with pressure ulcers: results from the first three national pressure ulcer prevalence surveys in Sweden
Authors: Bååth Carina , Idvall Ewa , Gunningberg Lena , Hommel Ami
Published: August 2013

Rationale, aims and objectives

The overall aim of this study was to describe preventive interventions among persons with pressure ulcer (PU) in three nationwide PU prevalence surveys in Sweden.

Methods

A cross‐sectional research design was used; more than 70 000 persons from different hospitals and nursing homes participated in the three prevalence surveys conducted in March 2011, October 2011 and March 2012.

The methodology used was that recommended by the European Pressure Ulcers Advisory Panel.

Results

The overall prevalence of PU categories I–IV in hospitals was 16.6%, 14.4% and 16.1%, respectively. Corresponding figures for nursing homes were 14.5%, 14.2% and 11.8%, respectively. Heel protection/floating heels and sliding sheets were more frequently planned for persons with PU category I.

Conclusions

Despite the three prevalence studies that have showed high prevalence of PU the use of preventing interventions is still not on an acceptable level. Heel protection/floating heels and sliding sheets were more frequently planned for persons with PUs, and individual‐planned repositioning also increased. However, when persons already have a PU they should all have pressure‐reducing preventive interventions to prevent the development of more PUs. Preventing PUs presents a challenge even when facilities have prevention programmes. A PU prevention programme requires an enthusiastic leader who will maintain the team's focus and direction for all staff involved in patient care.
First isolation of hirame rhabdovirus from freshwater fish in Europe
Authors: Borzym E , Matras M , Maj‐Paluch J , Baud M , De Boisséson C , Talbi C , Olesen N J , Bigarré L
Published: August 2013

A rhabdovirus was isolated in cell culture inoculated with tissue material from diseased grayling, Thymallus thymallus (L.), originating from a fish farm affected by a mortality episode in Poland. Diagnostics tests showed that the virus was not related to novirhabdoviruses known in Europe, nor to vesiculovirus‐like species, except perch rhabdovirus (PRhV) with which it shared moderate serological relations. However, RT‐PCR with PRhV probes gave negative results. To identify the virus, a random‐priming sequence‐independent single primer amplification was adopted. Surprisingly, two of the obtained sequences exhibited a high identity (>99%) with hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV), a novirhabdovirus usually found in fish in marine Asiatic countries, for instance Japan, China and Korea. The full‐length sequence of the phosphoprotein gene (P) demonstrated a higher identity of the present isolate with HIRRV from China compared with the Korean isolate. An identical viral sequence was also found in brown trout, Salmo trutta trutta L., affected by mortalities in a second farm in the same region, after a likely contamination from the grayling farm. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HIRRV in Europe, and in two hosts from fresh water that have not been described before as susceptible species.
Effect of γ‐Ray Irradiation on Food Qualities and Sprouting Inhibition of Sweet Potato Roots (Ipomea batatas Lam.)
Authors: Lim Sung Jin , Chung Byung Yeoup , Park Min Goo , Cho Jae Young
Published: August 2013

We examined the effect of γ‐ray irradiation on food quality and sprouting inhibition of sweet potato roots. The weight loss of sweet potato roots with γ‐ray irradiation was slightly higher than that of control, but hardness, sugar content, and β‐carotene and vitamin contents were not significantly different from those of control (P > 0.05). Also, the amount of hydroxyl radical (●OH) reached is similar to that of the control from 2 weeks after storage. All sweet potato roots with γ‐ray irradiation did not sprout at all storage temperature, but the control sprouted at storage temperatures of 12 and 25C from 6 and 4 weeks after storage; the sprouting rate reached 10.8 ± 2.3 and 70.4 ± 3.4% 8 weeks after storage. Furthermore, peroxidase and indole acetic acid oxidase activity of all sweet potato roots with γ‐ray irradiation were higher than those of the control.

Practical Applications

Recently, the consumption of sweet potatoes as a functional food has greatly increased. Because the sprouting and the deterioration of sweet potato roots in import and export occur and present a problem for the plant quarantine system, we suggest that the γ‐ray irradiation technique is an efficient method for inhibiting the sprouting of sweet potato roots without negative effect.
Endogenous Destruction in a Model of Armed Conflict: Implications for Conflict Intensity, Welfare, and Third‐Party Intervention
Authors: SANDERS SHANE , WALIA BHAVNEET
Published: August 2013

This paper employs a contest approach to study a class of territorial conflicts in which conflict‐related arming is (endogenously) destructive of the contest prize. Of particular focus is the effect of endogenously destructive conflict arming upon conflict intensity and utility levels among primary parties to conflict. Also of interest are implications of endogenous destruction upon third‐party welfare effect in conflict. As compared to the case of a fixed‐prize conflict, we find starkly different arming and welfare outcomes in the case of an endogenously destructive conflict. We also find stark differences in third‐party effect under this distinct setting.
Pleiotropy in the melanocortin system: expression levels of this system are associated with melanogenesis and pigmentation in the tawny owl (Strix aluco)
Authors: Emaresi Guillaume , Ducrest Anne‐Lyse , Bize Pierre , Richter Hannes , Simon Celine , Roulin Alexandre
Published: August 2013

The adaptive function of melanin‐based coloration is a long‐standing debate. A recent genetic model suggested that pleiotropy could account for covariations between pigmentation, behaviour, morphology, physiology and life history traits. We explored whether the expression levels of genes belonging to the melanocortin system (MC1R, POMC, PC1/3, PC2 and the antagonist ASIP), which have many pleiotropic effects, are associated with melanogenesis (through variation in the expression of the genes MITF, SLC7A11, TYR, TYRP1) and in turn melanin‐based coloration. We considered the tawny owl (Strix aluco) because individuals vary continuously from light to dark reddish, and thus, colour variation is likely to stem from differences in the levels of gene expression. We measured gene expression in feather bases collected in nestlings at the time of melanin production. As expected, the melanocortin system was associated with the expression of melanogenic genes and pigmentation. Offspring of darker reddish fathers expressed PC1/3 to lower levels but tended to express PC2 to higher levels. The convertase enzyme PC1/3 cleaves the POMC prohormone to obtain ACTH, while the convertase enzyme PC2 cleaves ACTH to produce α‐melanin‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH). ACTH regulates glucocorticoids, hormones that modulate stress responses, while α‐MSH induces eumelanogenesis. We therefore conclude that the melanocortin system, through the convertase enzymes PC1/3 and PC2, may account for part of the interindividual variation in melanin‐based coloration in nestling tawny owls. Pleiotropy may thus account for the covariation between phenotypic traits involved in social interactions (here pigmentation) and life history, morphology, behaviour and physiology.