bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Waltzing with Thurber
Authors: Lumsden Rachel
Published: November 2015

The flourishing scholarship on gender and humor in recent decades has focused on written texts, film, and stand-up comedy to the near exclusion of performing arts genres—particularly those that do not use written or spoken language, such as dance and instrumental music. This article examines The Race of Life (1937–38), a collaboration by modern dancer Doris Humphrey and composer Vivian Fine. Based on a series of drawings by James Thurber, the Humphrey/Fine production alters both the order and content of Thurber's graphic narrative, ultimately creating a different interpretation that privileges women characters and female perspectives. Building on work by Regina Barreca, Joanne R. Gilbert, Kathleen Rowe, and Nancy A. Walker, this article argues that The Race of Life exemplifies how creative women in the performing arts used humor, dance, and music to satirize misogynist stereotypes of womanhood (such as “bitch” and “vamp”) that were widely circulated during the Depression era.
“Yoo-Hoo, Prosperity!”
Authors: McFadden Margaret T.
Published: November 2015

This essay argues that Eddie Cantor was so popular across so many different media in the early years of the Great Depression because his complex comic persona enabled him to address prevailing anxieties and to use the license of comedy to offer a strong class critique of the rich and powerful, to symbolically restore lost masculinity and normative gender relations, and to present a vision of a more inclusive white American identity at a time of profound social and economic crisis.
Pobreza Infantil en Honduras: Análisis de Progresividad y Redistribución de las Transferencias Dirigidas a La Niñez
Authors: Saunders Fred , Zepeda Sergio , Interiano Laura , Andino Seydy
Published: November 2015

Los niveles de pobreza que ha alcanzado Honduras en la última década han derivado un efecto colateral conocido como la pobreza infantil, misma que ha generado fuertes repercusiones en los niños y adolescentes menores de 18 años. Esto a pesar que han existido diversas transferencias dirigidas a la niñez, creadas con el fin único de reducir este efecto negativo y brindar mejores condiciones de vida a los infantes. Por consiguiente, el propósito de la siguiente investigación fue evaluar y analizar el efecto que han tenido las transferencias sociales dirigidas a la niñez en la reducción de la pobreza infantil. Los resultados revelaron que, la contribución de las mismas no ha representado un logro significativo en reducir el total de niños y adolescentes pobres en el país, de igual forma, su impacto es casi inexistente dado a la mala focalización y la falta de políticas públicas complementarias.Economía y Administración (E&A) Vol.5(2) 2014: 126-149
Distribución de Riqueza Simulada con Modelo del Gas Ideal
Authors: Martínez Jairo Jonathan , Collado Julián , Hernández Arturo
Published: November 2015

En este artículo se propone un modelo para simular la distribución de la riqueza en una sociedad, haciendo analogías entre los agentes económicos con el modelo de mecánica estadística del gas ideal, donde cada partícula es un agente o ente económico y su energía es la cantidad de riqueza que posee. En el sistema la energía siempre se conserva. Se hacen simulaciones con varios tipos de reglas de intercambio de energía y se comparan los resultados con los observados en sociedades reales, usando las curvas de Lorenz índices Gini conocidos para países como Honduras y Costa Rica.Economía y Administración (E&A) Vol.5(2) 2014: 150-168
Generation of Functional Human Cardiac Progenitor Cells by High-Efficiency Protein Transduction
Authors: Li Xiao-Hong , Li Qianqian , Jiang Lin , Deng Chunyu , Liu Zaiyi , Fu Yongheng , Zhang Mengzhen , Tan Honghong , Feng Yuliang , Shan Zhixin , Wang Jianjun , Yu Xi-Yong
Published: November 2015

The reprogramming of fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells raises the possibility that somatic cells could be directly reprogrammed to cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). The present study aimed to assess highly efficient protein-based approaches to reduce or eliminate the genetic manipulations to generate CPCs for cardiac regeneration therapy. A combination of QQ-reagent-modified Gata4, Hand2, Mef2c, and Tbx5 and three cytokines rapidly and efficiently reprogrammed human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) into CPCs. This reprogramming process enriched trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4, monoacetylated histone H3 lysine 9, and Baf60c at the Nkx2.5 cardiac enhancer region by the chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Protein-induced CPCs transplanted into rat hearts after myocardial infarction improved cardiac function, and this was related to differentiation into cardiomyocyte-like cells. These findings demonstrate that the highly efficient protein-transduction method can directly reprogram HDFs into CPCs. This protein reprogramming strategy lays the foundation for future refinements both in vitro and in vivo and might provide a source of CPCs for regenerative approaches.

Significance

The findings from the present study have demonstrated an efficient protein-transduction method of directly reprogramming fibroblasts into cardiac progenitor cells. These results have great potential in cell-based therapy for cardiovascular diseases.
Los criterios de calidad y la autopublicación
Authors: Mangas-Vega Almudena , Gómez Díaz Raquel
Published: November 2015

La autopublicación es un fenómeno en auge en los últimos años. Constituye un proceso que va más allá del mero canje de responsable en la publicación, puesto que implica un cambio de papel de los agentes que estaban consolidados a través del tiempo. Que una obra sea autopublicada no tiene por qué implicar ausencia de calidad, por ello es importante definir parámetros e indicadores que ayuden a su evaluación, así como identificar quién tiene la competencia de dichos criterios. En el artículo se muestran estos aspectos, a partir de las posibilidades que tienen distintas plataformas de autopublicación y se concluye con el análisis de los aspectos que pueden tenerse en cuenta para evaluar la calidad de la autopublicación.
Análisis y valoración del proceso de incorporación de las Competencias Básicas en Educación Primaria
Authors: Méndez Alonso David , Méndez Giménez Antonio , Fernández-Rio Francisco Javier
Published: November 2015

El objeto de este trabajo es evaluar el proceso de incorporación de las Competencias Básicas (CCBB) entre los docentes de Educación Primaria. 412 maestros (296 mujeres y 116 varones; M de edad = 43,9 años) contestaron a un cuestionario ad hoc de 12 ítems en una escala Likert de 6 puntos.  Sexo, edad, formación académica inicial, nivel de formación específica en base a CCBB, así como el ciclo en donde desarrollan la docencia se mostraron como variables diferenciales en la percepción de la implantación del marco competencial. Los maestros de perfil especialista afirman trabajar con mayor referencia a las CCBB que los tutores. Aquellas competencias vinculadas a áreas instrumentales se han mostrado más relevantes que aquellas de carácter más transversal. Sin embargo, los maestros especialistas consideraron más importante las competencias transversales  frente a los tutores que enfatizaron especialmente las instrumentales.
Los Varones. Profesionales en la Educación Infantil: Implicaciones en el Equipo Pedagógico y en las Familias.
Authors: Vendrell Mañós Roser , Dalmau Mariona , Gallego Sofía , Baqués Marian
Published: November 2015

Para conocer la incidencia de los educadores varones en la educación infantil, concretamente en Catalunya (España), realizamos un estudio descriptivo en base a la aplicación de un cuestionario (ad-hoc) a los educadores y maestros varones de educación infantil (0-3 años y 3-6 años), a las familias de los niños/as atendidos por los maestros y finalmente a las educadoras y/o maestras de los equipos docentes donde se encuentran. Los datos recogidos versan sobre el desarrollo del ejercicio profesional, las relaciones con los niños/as, las familias y las compañeras de trabajo.  Los resultados muestran que gracias a las relaciones cotidianas fluidas, se superan en gran medida los prejuicios, fundamentalmente por el conocimiento fruto del día a día, la profesionalidad y la calidad humana de los educadores. Podemos afirmar que la presencia de educadores varones está bien valorada por parte de las compañeras, las familias y  los niños y favorece la reflexión sobre la equidad de género.
La collection muséale et la variabilité de l’oeuvre : échantillon de pratiques et rôle de l’artiste
Authors: Rodriguez Véronique
Published: November 2015

Pour de nombreux artistes, les années 1960 marquent un tournant dans leur pratique au cours duquel ils choisissent de délaisser les médias de création traditionnels : gravure, peinture ou sculpture pour se tourner vers de nouveaux médiums au caractère variable : la performance, l’installation ou la vidéo. L’entrée de ces oeuvres dans les collections muséales entraîne son lot de changements. En analysant et comparant les pratiques au sein de deux institutions nationales, l’une au Québec (MBAQ) et l’autre en Suisse (Mamco), Rodriguez démontre que l’authenticité de l’oeuvre ne repose plus uniquement sur sa matérialité, mais bien sur l’intention de l’artiste, devenue une valeur culte.
Musées et hôtels historiques, lieux de convergence ?
Authors: Turgeon Catherine
Published: November 2015

Les Pousadas Históricas, chaîne portugaise d’hôtels historiques, et les institutions muséales partagent de nombreuses caractéristiques communes liées à l’histoire et à la mémoire, mais également au tourisme et au divertissement. L’éclosion de ces nouvelles identités patrimoniales, similaires par plusieurs aspects aux musées, porte à une réévaluation de ces derniers. En s’appuyant sur la définition du musée de l’ICOM, Catherine Turgeon, dans une réflexion et une analyse critique, propose de faire de l’expérience sensible directe du visiteur l’un des premiers critères théoriques et pratiques de redéfinition de celui-ci.
Savoir et muséologie : la recherche disciplinaire au musée d’art
Authors: Ouellet Pierre-Olivier
Published: November 2015

L’auteur base son étude de la transformation de la fonction de recherche en milieu muséal sur trois facteurs : le contexte postmoderne, l’actuelle muséologie du spectaculaire, puis la conception de l’objet au sein de la discipline muséologique. Cette étude sert de prémisse à l’analyse qu’il propose de la relation entre la recherche et le musée d’art.
Textos mèdics, morals i culinaris en un còdex valencià excepcional. Anàlisi del ms. 216 de la Biblioteca Històrica de la Universitat de València
Authors: Santanach i Suñol Joan
Published: November 2015

Resum: Estudi i proposta de reconstrucció del ms. 216 de la Biblioteca Històrica de la Universitat de València. Es tracta d’un còdex de la primera meitat del s. XV, actualment restaurat, que ha patit importants pèrdues de folis, mentre que altres han estat relligats en ordre incorrecte. El volum conté obres mèdiques i doctrinals, com ara traduccions catalanes del Thesarus pauperum de Pere Hispà, del Macer floridus d’Odó de Meung o del llibre II dels Disticha Catonis, i també obres escrites originalment en català, com el Llibre de Sent Soví i els Mil proverbis de Ramon Llull. El mal estat del volum ha dificultat la constatació d’alguns aspectes relatius a la seva constitució, que apunten vers un antecedent problemàtic.Paraules clau: codicologia, transmissió manuscrita, ms. 216, Biblioteca Històrica de la Universitat de València, Llibre de Sent Soví, Mil proverbis, Ramon Llull.
La investigació sobre la promoció de la lectura en la 2.0. Anàlisi de casos
Authors: Monar van Vliet Maite , Lluch Gemma
Published: November 2015

Resum: L’article presenta l’estudi de tres casos, experiències reals de promoció de la lectura amb l’ús de tecnologia virtual en centres escolars valencians durant tot el curs 2010-2011. La metodologia utilitzada segueix un enfocament bàsicament qualitatiu i secundàriament d’investigació-acció, ja que les dades resultants han estat utilitzades pels mediadors per millorar-ne la pràctica. Concretament, l’estudi dels tres casos es fa des de l’observació participant per a la recollida de dades que es completa amb l’entrevista, les històries de vida, el relat de vida i el qüestionari. Finalment, s’hi aplica el grup de discussió per a l’anàlisi i la interpretació i la triangulació com a mètode d’avaluació.Paraules clau: lectura i Web 2.0, investigació qualitativa, estudi de casos.
La neologia: un nou camp a la cerca de la seva consolidació científica
Authors: Cabré Castellví M. Teresa
Published: November 2015

Resum: En aquest text s’ofereix una panoràmica àmplia de la neologia com a camp de coneixement i com a camp de treball. Així mateix s’exploren les relacions que la neologia manté amb altres matèries com la psicologia i la sociologia, i les seves connexions amb les tecnologies. Els neologismes són l’objecte central de la neologia com a camp de coneixement. L’article mostra la dificultat de delimitar clarament aquest objecte per tal com es tracta d’un objecte relatiu, a més de polièdric. La relativitat dels neologismes obliga a definir-los sobre la base d’establir un punt de referència a partir del qual una unitat és neològica en funció de la producció, de la recepció o de la circulació social. L’article presenta també una sèrie de principis que si es respecten, podrien conduir a l’establiment de la neologia com un camp estructurat i estabilitzat entre els diversos camps del saber.Paraules clau: neologia, disciplina, teoria, camp de coneixement, objecte científic, neologisme, epistemologia.
Diacronia i neologia: canvi semàntic, subjectivació i representació del pensament. El català "esmar", des de ‘taxar’ fins a ‘inferir’ i ‘imaginar’ i més enllà
Authors: Martines Josep
Published: November 2015

Resum: L’estudi de la neologia és indestriable de l’estudi del canvi lingüístic i, doncs, de la diacronia. Ens proposem ací descriure el procés de canvi semàntic que va experimentar el verb esmar, forma patrimonial del llatí *ADAESTIMARE, paral·lela del cultisme estimar. Aquesta recerca es fonamenta en l’aprofitament dels corpus textuals i altres materials despullats manualment. Sobre aquests materials, s’ha assajat l’anàlisi de la subjectivació i de les inferències que proposa la teoria de la inferència invitada del canvi semàntic (= TIICS).Paraules clau: semàntica diacrònica, inferència, subjectivació, evidencialitat, pragmàtica, canvi semàntic.
Employing human rights frameworks to realize access to an HIV cure
Authors: Meier Benjamin Mason , Gelpi Adriane , Kavanagh Matthew M , Forman Lisa , Amon Joseph J
Published: November 2015

Introduction

The scale of the HIV pandemic – and the stigma, discrimination and violence that surrounded its sudden emergence – catalyzed a public health response that expanded human rights in principle and practice. In the absence of effective treatment, human rights activists initially sought to protect individuals at high risk of HIV infection. With advances in antiretroviral therapy, activists expanded their efforts under international law, advocating under the human right to health for individual access to treatment.

Discussion

As a clinical cure comes within reach, human rights obligations will continue to play a key role in political and programmatic decision‐making. Building upon the evolving development and implementation of the human right to health in the global response to HIV, we outline a human rights research agenda to prepare for HIV cure access, investigating the role of human rights law in framing 1) resource allocation, 2) international obligations, 3) intellectual property and 4) freedom from coercion.

Conclusions

The right to health is widely recognized as central to governmental, intergovernmental and non‐governmental responses to the pandemic and critical both to addressing vulnerability to infection and to ensuring universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. While the advent of an HIV cure will raise new obligations for policymakers in implementing the right to health, the resolution of past debates surrounding HIV prevention and treatment may inform claims for universal access.
A network of autism linked genes stabilizes two pools of synaptic GABAA receptors
Authors: Tong Xia-Jing , Hu Zhitao , Liu Yu , Anderson Dorian , Kaplan Joshua M
Published: November 2015

Changing receptor abundance at synapses is an important mechanism for regulating synaptic strength. Synapses contain two pools of receptors, immobilized and diffusing receptors, both of which are confined to post-synaptic elements. Here we show that immobile and diffusing GABAA receptors are stabilized by distinct synaptic scaffolds at C. elegans neuromuscular junctions. Immobilized GABAA receptors are stabilized by binding to FRM-3/EPB4.1 and LIN-2A/CASK. Diffusing GABAA receptors are stabilized by the synaptic adhesion molecules Neurexin and Neuroligin. Inhibitory post-synaptic currents are eliminated in double mutants lacking both scaffolds. Neurexin, Neuroligin, and CASK mutations are all linked to Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Our results suggest that these mutations may directly alter inhibitory transmission, which could contribute to the developmental and cognitive deficits observed in ASD.
Effects of thermal treatment and pH on electrical and physical properties of NdAlO3 dielectric thin films using sol–gel method
Authors: Tseng Ching-Fang , Lin Po-An , Wei Tzu-Chun
Published: November 2015

In this study, the properties of crystalline NdAlO3 thin films on n-type Si substrates at various pH values, preheating temperatures, and annealing temperatures were investigated. The grain size of NdAlO3 thin films increased with increasing annealing temperature and pH. In addition, it was also shown that porosity increased with a higher preheating temperature. At a preheating temperature of 300 °C, an annealing temperature of 800 °C, and pH 1.5, NdAlO3 films with a thickness of 65 nm were observed to have a dielectric constant of 24 at 1 MHz, a dissipation factor of 0.05 at 1 MHz, and a leakage current density of 3.9 × 10−7 A/cm2 at an electrical field of 30 kV/cm.
Selectivity of post-emergence herbicides to crambe
Authors: Grigolli José Fernando Jurca
Published: November 2015

O crambe é uma oleaginosa indicada para a produção de matérias-primas industriais. Devido à falta de informação sobre herbicidas pós-emergentes para o controle de plantas daninhas, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência na cultura do crambe. O experimento foi conduzido em Maracaju, MS, Brasil, no ano de 2013. Os herbicidas clethodim (120 g ha-1 i.a.), haloxyfop-p-methyl (63,35 g ha-1 i.a.), fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butil (125 + 125 g ha-1 i.a.), fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butil (187,5 + 187,5 g ha-1 i.a.), nicosulfuron (45 g ha-1 i.a.) foram avaliados com e sem óleo mineral, além de uma testemunha sem herbicida. As avaliações foram realizadas 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, baseando-se na porcentagem de plantas de crambe com sintomas visuais de fitointoxicação, na porcentagem de plantas mortas pelos herbicidas, e no rendimento de grãos. A adição do óleo mineral aumentou os efeitos fitotóxicos dos herbicidas nas plantas de crambe quando aplicados em pós-emergência. O óleo mineral adicionado ao herbicida haloxyfop-p-methyl aumentou a fitotoxicidade nas plantas de crambe. Os herbicidas fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butil e nicosulfuron não foram seletivos ao crambe com e sem óleo mineral, enquanto clethodim (com e sem óleo mineral) e haloxyfop-p-methyl (sem óleo mineral) foram seletivos ao crambe quando aplicados em pós-emergência.
Sistemas de aplicação de subdoses de glyphosate e de regulador de crescimento em algodoeiro
Authors: Américo Gabriela Helena Pinê , Furlani Junior Enes , Santos Danilo Marcelo Aires , Américo Juliana Heloisa Pinê , Pinto Carolina Cipriano
Published: November 2015

Com o intuito de aumentar os índices de produtividade, reduzir os custos de produção e melhorar a eficiência na colheita mecanizada, novas tecnologias vêm sendo incorporadas como o uso regulador de crescimento e aplicação de subdose de glyphosate com promissor efeito hormético nas plantas de algodão. Para tal, objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar o efeito do sistema de aplicação de subdose de glyphosate e de regulador de crescimento nas características agronômicas do algodoeiro. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso em um esquema fatorial 6 x 2 + 1, com 4 repetições, sendo o primeiro fator frequência de aplicação do glyphosate, utilizando-se a mesma dose (78 g  e.a. ha-1) em 1 única vez aos 40 dias após emergência (DAE), parcelada em 2 vezes (aos 40 e 50 DAE), em 3 vezes (40, 50 e 60 DAE), em 4 vezes (40, 50, 60 e 70 DAE) e 5 vezes (40, 50, 60, 70 e 80 DAE) , e o segundo fator foi com  e sem aplicação de cloreto de mepiquat na dose 1 L ha-1, com pulverização parcelada em 5 vezes, aos 45, 55, 65, 75, 85 DAE, além da testemunha sem aplicação dos produtos. Verificou-se que o uso do cloreto de mepiquat diminuiu a altura da planta e número de nós do caule. A aplicação parcelada da subdose do herbicida em 3 vezes propiciou aumento da produtividade do algodão em relação aos tratamentos que não receberam aplicação.
Sensibilidade de biótipos de azevém a glyphosate, iodossulfurom-metílico e clethodim
Authors: Galvan Jônatas , Costa Leandro Oliveira da , Rizzardi Mauro Antônio , Peruzzo Sabrina Tolotti
Published: November 2015

O azevém (Lolium multiflorum) é uma gramínea anual, tradicionalmente utilizada como forrageira que se tornou planta daninha em lavouras no sul do Brasil. Tem-se observado biótipos de azevém, resistentes ao glyphosate, sobrevivendo à aplicação de herbicidas inibidores de ALS e ACCase. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a sensibilidade de diferentes biótipos de azevém aos herbicidas glyphosate, iodosulfurom-metílico e clethodim. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em blocos casualizados, arranjo fatorial triplo com três repetições. Foram utilizados quatro biótipos de azevém, sendo: B1, suscetível ao glyphosate; B2, resistente ao glyphosate; B3 e B4, biótipos suspeitos de resistência ao iodosulfurom-metílico. As doses foram padronizadas em 0; 0,25; 0,5; 1; 2; 4 e 8 vezes as doses comerciais dos herbicidas glyphosate (1080 g ha-1e.a.), iodosulfurom-metílico (5 g ha-1 i.a.) e clethodim (96 g ha-1 i.a.). As variáveis avaliadas foram controle, em escala percentual, e massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) das plantas aos 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos (DAT). Com esses dados, foram calculados os parâmetros da equação, a partir dos quais, determinou-se a dose necessária para reduzir a MSPA em 50% em relação às plantas não tratadas (GR50) e o fator de resistência (F). Os biótipos B2, B3 e B4 obtiveram fatores de Resistência (F) acima de 10 em relação aos herbicidas glyphosate e iodosulfurom-metilico, destacando-se o biótipo B3, que além de possuir resistência a esses dois herbicidas, também demonstrou valor de F próximo do limiar para o clethodim, o que pode caracterizar um baixo nível de resistência a esse herbicida. Todos os biótipos, exceto o controle, foram resistentes aos herbicidas iodosulfurom-metílico e glyphosate, o que caracteriza a resistência múltipla a esses herbicidas. O herbicida clethodim pode ser uma alternativa para o controle de biótipos resistentes ao glyphosate e iodosulfurom-metílico, porém, deve-se ter atenção no manejo químico dessas populações, pois se identificou biótipos com baixo nível de resistência a esse herbicida.
Prohexadione-calcium isolado ou em associação com herbicidas e outros produtos no manejo em pré-colheita do algodão
Authors: Inoue Miriam Hiroko , Costa Francielle Freitas da , Mendes Kassio Ferreira , Mertens Tatiane Beatriz , Goulart Michael Ortigara
Published: November 2015

Para manter a qualidade da fibra do algodão, bem como proporcionar ótimos rendimentos na colheita, alguns aspectos devem ser levados em consideração como, por exemplo, a uniformidade dos capulhos e a desfolha, desta forma, a utilização de herbicidas e maturadores tornam-se imprescindíveis. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do prohexadione-calcium quando aplicado isoladamente e em associação com outros produtos, na uniformização e abertura dos capulhos do algodão, assim como o efeito na desfolha e rebrota da cultura. Para tanto, conduziu-se um experimento de campo no município de Diamantino-MT. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e treze tratamentos, sendo estes compostos por: testemunha sem aplicação; prohexadione-calcium + ethefon + cyclanilide; prohexadione-calcium + flumiclorac-pentyl; prohexadione-calcium + diuron + thidiazuron; prohexadione-calcium + pyraflufen-ethyl; prohexadione-calcium; prohexadione-calcium + iharol. Os tratamentos foram aplicados quando aproximadamente 85% das maçãs da cultivar 975 WS estavam abertas. As variáveis: abertura das maçãs, rebrota e desfolha foram analisadas aos 0, 3, 6, 10 e 15 dias após a aplicação (DAA), e por fim, determinou-se a produtividade do algodão em caroço. Independente da dose, as plantas que receberam prohexadione-calcium associado à ethefon + cyclanilide, diuron + thidiazuron e pyraflufen-ethyl apresentaram maior número de maçãs abertas e maior desfolha. Conclui-se que os diferentes tratamentos químicos não proporcionaram diferenças estatísticas com relação a rebrota do algodão antes da colheita, aos 15 DAA, e que a utilização de prohexadione-calcium, isolado ou em associação com outros produtos, independente da dose, não influenciou na produtividade do algodão em caroço.
Monitoring the occurrence of glyphosate-resistant sourgrass biotypes in the south region of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Gonçalves Netto Acácio , Goveia Yago Dias , Pinto de Carvalho Saul Jorge
Published: November 2015

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de monitorar a ocorrência de biótipos de capim-amargoso (D. insularis) resistentes ao herbicida glyphosate em Machado, Alpinópolis, Serrania e Divisa Nova, na região de Sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Em cada área, foram coletadas sementes de, no mínimo, 20 plantas por biótipos, em estádio de plena maturidade fisiológica. Por questões operacionais, a análise dos diferentes biótipos foi dividida em duas fases, a primeira realizada no segundo semestre de 2013 e a segunda realizada no primeiro semestre de 2014. Foram realizadas pulverizações sobre plantas em estádio de 4-5 folhas / perfilhamento (Primeira Fase) e em pré-florescimento (Segunda Fase), com os seguintes tratamentos (D = 720 g ha-1 e.a.): 4D, D, 1/4D, 1/16D, 1/64D e ausência de herbicidas. Foi avaliado o controle percentual aos 14 e 28 dias após aplicação (DAA), bem como a massa seca residual aos 28 DAA. Os doze biótipos de capim-amargoso testados foram considerados suscetíveis ao herbicida glyphosate. Detectou-se suscetibilidade diferencial entre os biótipos. Assim sendo, medidas de manejo diferentes devem ser adotadas para evitar o agravamento da situação.
The impact of Amazonian deforestation on Amazon basin rainfall
Authors: Spracklen D. V. , Garcia‐Carreras L.
Published: November 2015

We completed a meta‐analysis of regional and global climate model simulations (n = 96) of the impact of Amazonian deforestation on Amazon basin rainfall. Across all simulations, mean (±1σ) change in annual mean Amazon basin rainfall was −12 ± 11%. Variability in simulated rainfall was not explained by differences in model resolution or surface parameters. Across all simulations we find a negative linear relationship between rainfall and deforestation extent, although individual studies often simulate a nonlinear response. Using the linear relationship, we estimate that deforestation in 2010 has reduced annual mean rainfall across the Amazon basin by 1.8 ± 0.3%, less than the interannual variability in observed rainfall. This may explain why a reduction in Amazon rainfall has not consistently been observed. We estimate that business‐as‐usual deforestation (based on deforestation rates prior to 2004) would lead to an 8.1 ± 1.4% reduction in annual mean Amazon basin rainfall by 2050, greater than natural variability.
Impact of the semidiurnal lunar tide on the midlatitude thermospheric wind and ionosphere during sudden stratosphere warmings
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Maute A.
Published: November 2015

Variability of the midlatitude ionosphere and thermosphere during the 2009 and 2013 sudden stratosphere warmings (SSWs) is investigated in the present study using a combination of Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) observations and thermosphere‐ionosphere‐mesosphere electrodynamics general circulation model (TIME‐GCM) simulations. Both the COSMIC observations and TIME‐GCM simulations reveal perturbations in the F region peak height (hmF2) at Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes during SSW time periods. The perturbations are ∼20–30 km, which corresponds to 10–20% variability of the background mean hmF2. The TIME‐GCM simulations and COSMIC observations of the hmF2 variability are in overall good agreement, and the simulations can thus be used to understand the physical processes responsible for the hmF2 variability. Through comparison of simulations with and without the migrating semidiurnal lunar tide (M2), we conclude that the midlatitude hmF2 variability is primarily driven by the propagation of the M2 into the thermosphere where it modulates the field‐aligned neutral winds, which in turn raise and lower the F region peak height. Though there are subtle differences, the consistency of the behavior between the 2009 and 2013 SSWs suggests that variability in the Southern Hemisphere midlatitude ionosphere and thermosphere is a consistent feature of the SSW impact on the upper atmosphere.
Topographic form stress in the Southern Ocean State Estimate
Authors: Masich Jessica , Chereskin Teresa K. , Mazloff Matthew R.
Published: November 2015

We diagnose the Southern Ocean momentum balance in a 6 year, eddy‐permitting state estimate of the Southern Ocean. We find that 95% of the zonal momentum input via wind stress at the surface is balanced by topographic form stress across ocean ridges, while the remaining 5% is balanced via bottom friction and momentum flux divergences at the northern and southern boundaries of the analysis domain. While the time‐mean zonal wind stress field exhibits a relatively uniform spatial distribution, time‐mean topographic form stress concentrates at shallow ridges and across the continents that lie within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) latitudes; nearly 40% of topographic form stress occurs across South America, while the remaining 60% occurs across the major submerged ridges that underlie the ACC. Topographic form stress can be divided into shallow and deep regimes: the shallow regime contributes most of the westward form stress that serves as a momentum sink for the ACC system, while the deep regime consists of strong eastward and westward form stresses that largely cancel in the zonal integral. The time‐varying form stress signal, integrated longitudinally and over the ACC latitudes, tracks closely with the wind stress signal integrated over the same domain; at zero lag, 88% of the variance in the 6 year form stress time series can be explained by the wind stress signal, suggesting that changes in the integrated wind stress signal are communicated via rapid barotropic response down to the level of bottom topography.
Variability of monsoon intracloud and intercloud microphysics over the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Morwal S. B. , Brenguier J.‐L. , Padma Kumari B. , Maheskumar R. S. , Kulkarni J. R.
Published: November 2015

Intracloud/intercloud variability of microphysical quantities during different monsoon conditions has been studied for the first time over India using in situ observations of cloud microphysics collected during the Cloud‐Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment 2009. The observations for two inland locations (Hyderabad and Bareilly) for different phases of monsoon (preonset, onset, break, and active) have been used to investigate the entrainment and mixing processes which are defined with adiabatic fraction (ADFR) < 0.4 in monsoon clouds. The variation of factor k which is the ratio of cube of cloud droplet mean volume radius (rv) to cloud droplet effective radius (re), cloud droplet number concentration (N), liquid water content (LWC), and ADFR of LWC has been used to examine the intracloud and intercloud variability of cloud microphysical properties. During the preonset (Hyderabad), clouds were undiluted ( ~ 0.59) with moderate concentration ( ~ 436 cm−3), an average re of 8 µm, and high value of factor k (0.774 ± 0.035). During break monsoon (Bareilly), clouds were diluted ( ≤ 0.2) having numerous ( > 1000 cm−3) smaller droplets (re ≤ 6 µm) and a low value of factor k (0.678 ± 0.064). The clouds had similar characteristics ( ~ 0.4 having lesser ( ~ 300 cm−3) droplets with re > 8 µm) over both stations during onset/active monsoon conditions. The investigation of the variability of intracloud and intercloud microphysics revealed positive correlation between factor k and N and no detectable correlation between factor k and N, respectively, and are sensitive to ADFR.
Global responses of gravity waves to planetary waves during stratospheric sudden warming observed by SABER
Authors: Cullens Chihoko Y. , England Scott L. , Immel Thomas J.
Published: November 2015

This study describes the global responses of observed gravity waves (GWs) to winter planetary wave (PW) variations during stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) using TIMED‐SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) temperature measurements. Previous studies have shown responses of atmospheric temperature and parameterized GW drag to SSWs; however, the responses of global GW observations to SSWs have not been presented before. The responses are shown by calculating correlations between vertical components of Eliassen‐Palm (EP) fluxes in the winter polar stratosphere and global GW temperature amplitudes derived from SABER observations. Consistent with previous ground‐based and satellite observations, winter EP fluxes show positive correlations with GWs in the winter hemisphere. More interestingly, winter stratospheric EP fluxes are positively correlated with GWs in the tropics and in the summer mesosphere, indicating global variations of GWs in response to PW variations in the winter hemisphere. To study the mechanism of GW response to SSWs, global wind simulations from Specified Dynamics Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model are used. Zonal wind anomalies (differences in the wind before and during SSWs) extend from the winter stratosphere to the summer mesosphere. By comparing anomalies in background winds to the observed patterns in the correlations between GWs and winter EP fluxes, we find that regions of positive correlation follow changes in background winds and zero‐wind lines. The results indicate that responses of SABER GWs in the summer hemisphere to winter PW variations during SSWs are likely caused by changes in GW propagation due to the changes in winds and atmospheric circulation.
Nucleophilic Difluoroalkylation of Isocyanates with Difluoromethyl 2‐Pyridyl Sulfone
Authors: Li Shan , Peng Peng , Wei Jun , Hu Yongzhou , Hu Jinbo , Sheng Rong
Published: November 2015

The nucleophilic difluoroalkylation of isocyanates with difluoromethyl 2‐pyridyl sulfone furnished 2,2‐difluoro‐2‐pyridinylsulfonylacetamides with good to excellent yield. These products can be converted to 2,2‐difluoroacetamide sulfinate, iododifluoroacetamide and 2‐aminopyridine derivatives easily.

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Practical Access to Planar Chiral 1,2‐(α‐Ketotetramethylene)‐ ferrocene by Non‐Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution and Conclusive Confirmation of its Absolute Configuration
Authors: Liu Ruixia , Zhou Gang , Hall Thomas H. , Clarkson Guy J , Wills Martin , Chen Weiping
Published: November 2015

The asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of racemic 1,2‐(α‐ketotetramethylene)ferrocene using the [N‐(tosyl)‐1,2‐diphenylethylendiamine]ruthenium(II) complex [TsDPEN‐Ru(II)] as catalyst takes place with a high level of kinetic resolution to deliver the ketone in up to 99% ee. The X‐ray crystallographic structure of a derivative of the alcohol co‐product serves to confirm conclusively both the absolute configuration of 1,2‐(α‐ketotetramethylene)ferrocene and the endo‐reduction selectivity.

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Graft copolymers of microcrystalline cellulose as reinforcing agent for elastomers based on natural rubber
Authors: Deng Fei , Zhang Yinhang , Ge Xin , Li MeiChun , Li Xiangxu , Cho Ur Ryong
Published: November 2015

In the present study, free radical graft copolymerization of acrylic monomers and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was applied to develop a biopolymer for natural rubber reinforcements. The copolymerization was carried out in aqueous media. Cerium ammonium nitrate was employed as the initiator in the presence of nitric acid. Acrylic monomers used in the copolymer synthesis were ethyl acrylate (EA) and butyl acrylate (BA). Effects of monomer concentration, initiator concentration, polymerization time, and polymerization temperature on the obtained graft copolymers were investigated. The graft parameters were obtained by thermal gravimetric analysis method. The obtained copolymers (MCC‐g‐PEA, MCC‐g‐PBA) were characterized by attenuated total reflection, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. In comparison to native MCC, better thermal stability of graft copolymers were observed. In addition, the graft copolymers reinforced natural rubber composites were produced, and sulfur was used as the vulcanizing agent. Their vulcanization and mechanical properties were characterized. Comparing to the native MCC reinforced natural rubber composites, the copolymers reinforced natural rubber composites shows improved mechanical properties, indicating the copolymer's potential application as rubber reinforcements. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43087.
Preparation and characterization of nanocomposite materials based on polyamide‐6 and modified ordered mesoporous silica KIT‐6
Authors: Dinari Mohammad , Mohammadnezhad Gholamhossein , Nabiyan Afshin
Published: November 2015

Ordered mesoporous silica has been drawn great interest in many areas of modern science and technology. In this study, mesoporous silica KIT‐6 was modified with 3‐mercaptopropyl‐trimethoxysilane by sono‐chemical method and reflux. Low‐angle powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirmed the presence well‐ordered arrangement of large pores and a relatively ordered mesostructure for the functionalized materials. The nanocomposites of polyamide‐6 and modified‐KIT (3 and 6 wt %) were prepared under reflux and followed by sonication for 2h. The prepared hybrid nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, XRD, field emission‐scanning electron microscopy and TEM techniques. Thermogravimetric analysis data showed that the onset of decomposition temperature of the nanocomposites was higher than that of pristine polyamide‐6, shifting toward higher temperatures as the amount of modified‐KIT was increased. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43098.
Keto‐benzo[h]‐Coumarin‐Based Near‐Infrared Dyes with Large Stokes Shifts for Bioimaging Applications
Authors: Niu Guangle , Liu Weimin , Xiao Hongyan , Zhang Hongyan , Chen Jianhong , Dai Qing , Ge Jiechao , Wu Jiasheng , Wang Pengfei
Published: November 2015

Fluorescence imaging is a promising tool for the visualization of biomolecules in living systems and there is great demand for new fluorescent dyes that absorb and emit in the near‐infrared (NIR) region. Herein, we constructed three new fluorescent dyes (NBC dyes) based on keto‐benzo[h]coumarin (k‐BC) and benzopyrilium salts. These dyes showed large Stokes shifts (>100 nm) and NIR emission (>800 nm). The relationship between the structures and optical properties of these dyes was further investigated by using density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6‐3G level of theory. Fluorescence images indicated that the fabricated dyes exhibited good photostability and low cytotoxicity and, thus, have potential applications as imaging agents in living cells and animals.
Introducing chemical biology applications to introductory organic chemistry students using series of weekly assignments
Authors: Kanin Maralee R. , Pontrello Jason K.
Published: November 2015

Calls to bring interdisciplinary content and examples into introductory science courses have increased, yet strategies that involve course restructuring often suffer from the need for a significant faculty commitment to motivate change. Minimizing the need for dramatic course reorganization, the structure, reactivity, and chemical biology applications of classes of biological monomers and polymers have been integrated into introductory organic chemistry courses through three series of semester‐long weekly assignments that explored (a) Carbohydrates and Oligosaccharides, (b) Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins, and (c) Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids. Comparisons of unannounced pre‐ and post tests revealed improved understanding of a reaction introduced in the assignments, and course examinations evaluated cumulative assignment topics. Course surveys revealed that demonstrating biologically relevant applications consistently throughout the semesters enhanced student interest in the connection between basic organic chemistry content and its application to new and unfamiliar bio‐related examples. Covering basic material related to these classes of molecules outside of the classroom opened lecture time to allow the instructor to further build on information developed through the weekly assignments, teaching advanced topics and applications typically not covered in an introductory organic chemistry lecture course. Assignments were implemented as homework, either with or without accompanying discussion, in both laboratory and lecture organic courses within the context of the existing course structures. © 2015 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44:168–178, 2016.
Chemoproteomic Approach to Explore the Target Profile of GPCR ligands: Application to 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT6 Receptors
Authors: Gamo Ana M. , González‐Vera Juan A. , Rueda‐Zubiaurre Ainoa , Alonso Dulce , Vázquez‐Villa Henar , Martín‐Couce Lidia , Palomares Óscar , López Juan A. , Martín‐Fontecha Mar , Benhamú Bellinda , López‐Rodríguez María L. , Ortega‐Gutiérrez Silvia
Published: November 2015

Determination of the targets of a compound remains an essential aspect in drug discovery. A complete understanding of all binding interactions is critical to recognize in advance both therapeutic effects and undesired consequences. However, the complete polypharmacology of many drugs currently in clinical development is still unknown, especially in the case of G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands. In this work we have developed a chemoproteomic platform based on the use of chemical probes to explore the target profile of a compound in biological systems. As proof of concept, this methodology has been applied to selected ligands of the therapeutically relevant serotonin 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT6 receptors, and we have identified and validated some of their off‐targets. This approach could be extended to other drugs of interest to study the targeted proteome in disease‐relevant systems.
DNA Triplexes That Bind Several Cofactor Molecules
Authors: Vollmer Sven , Richert Clemens
Published: November 2015

Cofactors are critical for energy‐consuming processes in the cell. Harnessing such processes for practical applications requires control over the concentration of cofactors. We have recently shown that DNA triplex motifs with a designed binding site can be used to capture and release nucleotides with low micromolar dissociation constants. In order to increase the storage capacity of such triplex motifs, we have explored the limits of ligand binding through designed cavities in the oligopurine tract. Oligonucleotides with up to six non‐nucleotide bridges between purines were synthesized and their ability to bind ATP, cAMP or FAD was measured. Triplex motifs with several single‐nucleotide binding sites were found to bind purines more tightly than triplexes with one large binding site. The optimized triplex consists of 59 residues and four C3‐bridges. It can bind up to four equivalents of ligand with apparent Kd values of 52 µM for ATP, 9 µM for FAD, and 2 µM for cAMP. An immobilized version fuels bioluminescence via release of ATP at body temperature. These results show that motifs for high‐density capture, storage and release of energy‐rich biomolecules can be constructed from synthetic DNA.
Highly Selective Addition of a Broad Spectrum of Trimethylsilane Pro‐nucleophiles to N‐tert‐Butanesulfinyl Imines
Authors: Das Manas , O'Shea Donal F.
Published: November 2015

Addition of organotrimethylsilane reagents to chiral N‐tert‐butanesulfinyl imines can be achieved in good yields and with excellent diastereoselectivities by employing TMSO−/Bu4N+ as a Lewis base activator in THF. A variety of aliphatic, aromatic, heteroaromatic and organometallic chiral imines were utilised as electrophiles for the synthesis of enantioenriched N‐tert‐butanesulfinyl amides. Remarkably, the same sets of reaction conditions could be used with a highly diverse range of bench‐stable organotrimethylsilane reagents, which highlights the generality and robustness of this methodology.
Mussel‐Inspired Materials: Self‐Healing through Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Krogsgaard Marie , Nue Vicki , Birkedal Henrik
Published: November 2015

Improved understanding of the underwater attachment strategy of the blue mussels and other marine organisms has inspired researchers to find new routes to advanced materials. Mussels use polyphenols, such as the catechol‐containing amino acid 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), to attach to surfaces. Catechols and their analogues can undergo both oxidative covalent cross‐linking under alkaline conditions and take part in coordination chemistry. The former has resulted in the widespread use of polydopamine and related materials. The latter is emerging as a tool to make self‐healing materials due to the reversible nature of coordination bonds. We review how mussel‐inspired materials have been made with a focus on the less developed use of metal coordination and illustrate how this chemistry can be widely to make self‐healing materials.
Confined Polymerization in Highly Ordered Mesoporous Organosilicas
Authors: Comotti Angiolina , Bracco Silvia , Beretta Mario , Perego Jacopo , Gemmi Mauro , Sozzani Piero
Published: November 2015

Hybrid mesoporous organosilica exhibiting crystal‐like order in the walls provided an ideal channel reaction vessel for the confined polymerization of acrylonitrile (PAN). The resulting high‐molecular‐mass PAN fills the channels at high yield and forms an ordered nanostructure of polymer nanobundles enclosed into the hybrid matrix. The in situ thermal transformation of PAN into rigid polyconjugated and, eventually, into condensed polyaromatic carbon nanofibers, retains the periodic architecture. Simultaneously, the matrix evolves showing the fusion of the p‐phenylene rings and the cleavage of carbonsilicon bonds: this gives rise to graphitic‐carbon/silica nanocomposites containing hyper‐oxydrylated silica nanophases. Interestingly, the 3D hexagonal mesostructure survives in the carbonaceous material. The exploitation of porous materials of high capacity and a hybrid nature, for polymerization in the confined state, followed by high temperature treatments, allowed us to achieve unique and precisely fabricated nanostructures, thus paving the way for the construction of fine‐tuned electronic and light‐harvesting materials.