bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the CVD Growth of C Nanotubes over Fe-Loaded Montmorillonite Catalysts
Authors: Santangelo Saveria , Piperopoulos Elpida , Lanza Maurizio , Faggio Giuliana , Messina Giacomo , Milone Candida
Published: June 2012

The synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of isobutane ( i-C4H10) over sodium-exchanged K10-montmorillonite based iron-catalysts is investigated. By studying the influence of iron-addition (5-25 wt%) on the catalyst performances, at 700 °C, an empirical relationship is derived relating the mass of CNTs synthesized with the exposed surface of loaded iron, as resulting from simultaneous change of number, size and dispersion of Fe-nanoparticles available for the growth.
Managing Financial and Water Supply Challenges With Regional Partnerships
Authors: Reedy Klint A. , Mumm Jason
Published: June 2012

Water managers are currently facing unprecedented financial and water supply challenges. Unusually dry conditions coupled with the worst economic downturn since the great depression have water managers looking for innovative ways to improve efficiencies and develop new water supplies with severely limited financial resources.
Best Practices Improve Storage Tank Performance and Reliability
Authors: Johnson Mark , Ervin Kirt , Moore Randy
Published: June 2012

Water storage tanks are the most visible part of a distribution system, but they often receive the least attention. A properly designed tank asset management program, along with a well‐planned sampling and monitoring program, provides a comprehensive approach to both tank asset and sustainable water quality management.
Manage Peak Water Usage With Customer Incentives
Authors: Cox Carrie Ricker , Kaunelis Vyto
Published: June 2012

The Detroit metropolitan water system offered its customers incentives for managing their peak water usage. As a result, customers changed their behaviors, and communities are making better use of their storage capacity.
Breeding for better welfare: genetic goals for broiler chickens and their parents
Authors: Dawkins MS , Layton R
Published: June 2012

Genetics is key to the improvement of welfare in broiler chickens at both juvenile and adult (breeder) stages but progress is hampered currently by the seemingly conflicting demands of welfare, commercial production, food security and calls for increasing intensification to curb climate change. Animal welfare is therefore most likely to be improved on a commercial scale by future breeding programmes that incorporate multiple goals of different stakeholders as far as possible and give higher priority to animal welfare. These include: i) broilers with high welfare traits; ii) broiler breeders that do not need feed restriction; iii) birds that can be grown in an economically profitable way; iv) birds with low disease levels without the need for routine medication; v) chicken meat that is healthy and good for humans to eat; and (vi) broilers and breeders that thrive in systems that are environmentally sustainable. Progress towards achieving these goals is hampered currently by the assumptions that high juvenile growth rate is incompatible with good welfare and that feed restriction in adults is inevitable with fast-growing juveniles. We challenge these assumptions at both genetic and whole-animal level and argue that the conflict between good welfare and productivity can be reduced by making use of all available genetic variation from existing breeds and other sources and selecting birds in the range of environments they will encounter in commercial production.
Chronic neurophysiological and anatomical changes associated with infrared beak treatment and their implications for laying hen welfare
Authors: McKeegan DEF , Philbey AW
Published: June 2012

The long-term effects of infra-red beak treatment (IRBT) in laying hens were investigated by examining beak-nerve function and anatomy over a range of ages. In IRBT and control (intact) birds that were ten, 30 or 50 weeks old, the responses of single sensory nerve fibres were recorded from the intramandibular nerve, which provides sensation to the lower beak. The beaks were also measured and subject to microscopic and radiographic examination. The responses of 386 nerve fibres were recorded including mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors and nociceptors. Receptive field positions indicated that the entire lower beak was sensitive to thermal and mechanical stimuli, regardless of age or treatment. There was no evidence of a treatment effect on nociceptive thresholds at any age. Beak measurements demonstrated that application of IRBT at day-old affected, on average, 36% of beak area, and resulted in a 44% reduction in beak length by four weeks of age. Radiographs produced no evidence of adverse or pathological change in relation to IRBT. Microscopic evaluation of beak-tip anatomy revealed evidence of healing including re-epithelialisation, fibrovascular hyperplasia and bone remodelling. By four weeks of age there was limited nerve regeneration in IRBT beaks, including re-population of mechanoreceptors in some birds. In older birds, re-innervation and scarring was visible, but no neuromas or abnormal proliferations of nerve fibres were observed at any age. Collectively, the results suggest that IRBT does not result in chronic pain or other adverse consequences for sensory function.
Copper‐Catalyzed Activation of Dioxygen: Oxidative Cyclization of 2‐Arylindoles
Authors: Sang Peng , Xie Yongju , Zou Jianwei , Zhang Yuhong
Published: June 2012

A series of unusual six‐ring‐fused heterocycles containing indole and quinoline skeletons was successfully synthesized by a copper‐catalyzed reaction from 2‐arylated indoles. Two new bonds were regioselectively formed from CH and CH coupling. 18O‐Labelled experiments revealed that the dioxygen is not only the oxidant but also the reactant.
An Efficient Palladium‐NHC (NHC=N‐Heterocyclic Carbene) and Aryl Amination Pre‐Catalyst: [Pd(IPr*)(cinnamyl)Cl]
Authors: Chartoire Anthony , Frogneux Xavier , Nolan Steven P.
Published: June 2012

The well‐defined [Pd(IPr*)(cinnamyl)Cl] complex is reported as one of the best N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐based pre‐catalysts for the Buchwald–Hartwig amination reaction. This catalytic system displays high efficiency for the coupling of numerous (hetero)aryl chlorides, with a wide range of amines, at room temperature or at extremely low catalyst loading (as low as 0.025 mol%).
Investigation of autistic features among individuals with mild to moderate Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Authors: Nakanishi Mariko , Deardorff Matthew A. , Clark Dinah , Levy Susan E. , Krantz Ian , Pipan Mary
Published: June 2012

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a congenital disorder characterized by distinctive facial features, growth retardation, limb abnormalities, intellectual disability, and behavioral problems. Autism has been reported to occur frequently in CdLS, but the frequency of autism in individuals with the milder CdLS phenotype is not well studied. We investigated autistic features by using a screening tool and a diagnostic interview in 49 individuals with the mild to moderate phenotype from a CdLS research database at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. The Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), a screening instrument for autistic disorder, was completed for all individuals. For individuals who screened positive and a subset of those that screened negative, the Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised (ADI‐R) was administered. Autistic symptom severity was not significantly different by gender, age groups, and genotypes. There was a significant correlation between higher levels of adaptive functioning and lower scores of autistic symptoms. The estimated prevalence of significant autistic features by ADI‐R criteria was 43% in our cohort of individuals with the mild to moderate CdLS phenotype, which suggests that prevalence of autistic disorder may be higher than previously described among individuals with mild to moderate phenotype of CdLS. Clinicians who take care of individuals with CdLS should have a high index of suspicion for autistic features, and refer for further evaluation when these features are present in order to expedite appropriate intervention. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel de novo missense mutation in TP63 underlying germline mosaicism in AEC syndrome: Implications for recurrence risk and prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Barbaro Vanessa , Nardiello Paola , Castaldo Giuseppe , Willoughby Colin E. , Ferrari Stefano , Ponzin Diego , Amato Felice , Bonifazi Ernesto , Parekh Mohit , Calistri Arianna , Parolin Cristina , Di Iorio Enzo
Published: June 2012

Ankyloblepharon–ectodermal defects–cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia syndrome. It is caused by heterozygous mutations in TP63, encoding a transcriptional factor of the p53 family. Mutations in TP63, mainly missense in exons 13 and 14 encoding the sterile alpha motif (SAM) and the transactivation inhibitory (TI) domains, account for 99% of mutations in individuals with AEC syndrome. Of these, ≥70% are de novo mutations, present in the affected patient, but not in parents nor in healthy siblings. However, when a mutation appears de novo, it is not possible to differentiate between a sporadic mutation, or germline mosaicism in the parents. In this latter case, there is a risk of having additional affected offspring. We describe two sisters with AEC syndrome, whose parents were unaffected. Both patients carried the heterozygous c.1568T>C substitution in exon 13 of TP63, resulting in a p.L523P change in the SAM domain of the protein. Analyses of DNA from parental blood cells, seminal fluid (from the father) and maternal cells (buccal, vaginal, and cervical) did not reveal the mutation, suggesting that the mosaicism may involve a very low percentage of cells (very low grade somatic mosaicism) or, more likely, maternal gonadal mosaicism. Mosaicism must be considered for the assessment of recurrence risk during genetic counseling in AEC syndrome, and pre‐implantation/prenatal genetic diagnosis should be offered to all couples, even when the mutation is apparently de novo. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cocontinuous morphology in vinylidene fluoride based polymers/poly(ethylene oxide) blends
Authors: Daux V. , Prochazka F. , Carrot C.
Published: June 2012

In this work, blends of three different vinylidene fluoride (VdF) based homopolymers and copolymers with poly(ethylene oxide) were investigated. We focused on the continuity domain and, more particularly, on the cocontinuous morphology of these systems. The melt‐mixed blends were characterized by different techniques. The morphology was identified through a selective extraction technique and was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Dynamic oscillatory shear measurements were performed with a constant stress rheometer in the linear viscoelastic domain in the whole composition range. Because of the high viscosities and long relaxation times of the VdF‐based polymers, the interfacial effects were hidden by the intrinsic behavior of the neat components. Nevertheless, the combination of the different techniques highlighted the similarity of the systems toward morphological development, whatever the VdF monomers. The experiments and theoretical analysis indicated that the rheological behavior dominated the interfacial effects in such systems with a large viscosity ratio and that it also dictated the boundaries of the continuity domain. The originality of this study came from the use of three different VdF‐based polymers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Energetic Hydrazine‐Based Salts with Nitrogen‐Rich and Oxidizing Anions
Authors: Sabaté Carles Miró , Delalu Henri , Jeanneau Erwann
Published: June 2012

1,1,1‐Trimethylhydrazinium iodide ([(CH3)3NNH2]I, 1) was reacted with a silver salt to form the corresponding nitrate ([(CH3)3NNH2][NO3], 2), perchlorate ([(CH3)3NNH2][ClO4], 3), azide ([(CH3)3NNH2][N3], 4), 5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazolate ([(CH3)3NNH2][H2NCN4], 5), and sulfate ([(CH3)3NNH2]2[SO4]⋅2H2O, 6⋅2H2O) salts. The metathesis reaction of compound 6⋅2H2O with barium salts led to the formation of the corresponding picrate ([(CH3)3NNH2][(NO2)3Ph‐O], 7), dinitramide ([(CH3)3NNH2][N(NO2)2], 8), 5‐nitrotetrazolate ([(CH3)3NNH2][O2NCN4], 9), and nitroformiate ([(CH3)3NNH2][C(NO2)3], 10) salts. Compounds 1–10 were characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, infrared/Raman spectroscopy, and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, and 15N). Additionally, compounds 1, 6, and 7 were also characterized by low‐temperature X‐ray diffraction techniques (XRD). Ba(NH4)(NT)3 (NT=5‐nitrotetrazole anion) was accidentally obtained during the synthesis of the 5‐nitrotetrazole salt 9 and was also characterized by low‐temperature XRD. Furthermore, the structure of the [(CH3)3NNH2]+ cation was optimized using the B3LYP method and used to calculate its vibrational frequencies, NBO charges, and electronic energy. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to assess the thermal stabilities of salts 2–5 and 7–10, and the sensitivities of the materials towards classical stimuli were estimated by submitting the compounds to standard (BAM) tests. Lastly, we computed the performance parameters (detonation pressures/velocities and specific impulses) and the decomposition gases of compounds 2–5 and 7–10 and those of their oxygen‐balanced mixtures with an oxidizer.
A portable gas sensor based on cataluminescence
Authors: Kang C , Tang F , Liu Y , Wu Y , Wang X
Published: June 2012

We describe a portable gas sensor based on cataluminescence. Miniaturization of the gas sensor was achieved by using a miniature photomultiplier tube, a miniature gas pump and a simple light seal. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) was considered as the evaluation criteria for the design and testing of the sensor. The main source of noise was from thermal background. Optimal working temperature and flow rate were determined experimentally from the viewpoint of improvement in SNR. A series of parameters related to analytical performance was estimated. The limitation of detection of the sensor was 7 ppm (SNR = 3) for ethanol and 10 ppm (SNR = 3) for hydrogen sulphide. Zirconia and barium carbonate were respectively selected as nano‐sized catalysts for ethanol and hydrogen sulphide. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biomass production from Trichoderma viride in nonconventional oat medium
Authors: Motta F. L. , Santana M. H. A.
Published: June 2012

Oatmeal, an alternative, renewable, and low‐cost substrate, was used for the production of Trichoderma viride spores by submerged fermentation. The nonconventional oat medium was only supplemented with potato peptone, which is a green source of nitrogen for the microorganism. Because particles are suspended in the nonconventional oat medium, the characterization was based on viscosity, average particle diameter, size distribution, and porosity of the particles. Because of the complexity of the fungal biomass extraction, the dry weight and protein content were used as methods for quantifying the growth of T. viride. The inversion between the proportion of mycelia and spores was captured in the microscopic image analysis during the fermentation process. After 60 h, spores began to appear, accounting for most of the form present at 120 h of fermentation. The decrease in pH and the increase in glucose concentration during fermentation indicate that glucan hydrolysis occurs and that glucose is released into the medium. The potential for industrial applications of submerged fermentation with oats for biomass production of T. viride is noted in the results. This simple and easily controllable process has several advantages, including the use of low‐cost substrates for the propagation of a microorganism that is widely used in scientific and commercial settings. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Host cell protein adsorption characteristics during protein a chromatography
Authors: Tarrant Richard D. R. , Velez‐Suberbie M. Lourdes , Tait Andrew S. , Smales C. Mark , Bracewell Daniel G.
Published: June 2012

Protein A chromatography is a critical and ‘gold‐standard’ step in the purification of monoclonal antibody (mAb) products. Its ability to remove >98% of impurities in a single step alleviates the burden on subsequent process steps and facilitates the implementation of platform processes, with a minimal number of chromatographic steps. Here, we have evaluated four commercially available protein A chromatography matrices in terms of their ability to remove host cell proteins (HCPs), a complex group of process related impurities that must be removed to minimal levels. SELDI‐TOF MS was used as a screening tool to generate an impurity profile fingerprint for each resin and indicated a number of residual impurities present following protein A chromatography, agreeing with HCP ELISA. Although many of these were observed for all matrices there was a significantly elevated level of impurity binding associated with the resin based on controlled pore glass under standard conditions. Use of null cell line supernatant with and without spiked purified mAb demonstrated the interaction of HCPs to be not only with the resin back‐bone but also with the bound mAb. A null cell line column overload and sample enrichment method before 2D‐PAGE was then used to determine individual components associated with resin back‐bone adsorption. The methods shown allow for a critical analysis of HCP removal during protein A chromatography. Taken together they provide the necessary process understanding to allow process engineers to identify rational approaches for the removal of prominent HCPs. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 28: 1037–1044, 2012
Modeling the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity of peptide mixtures obtained from cheese whey hydrolysates using concentration–response curves
Authors: Estévez Natalia , Fuciños Pablo , Sobrosa Ana C. , Pastrana Lorenzo , Pérez Nelson , Luisa Rúa M.
Published: June 2012

Three mathematical models, two logistic models (previously published in previous works) and one mechanistic, developed in this work and based on Michaelis–Menten kinetics, were compared to select the most adequate model in describing the angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE)‐inhibitory activity of bioactive peptide mixtures obtained from cheese whey protein. The significance of both the model and its parameters as well as the value of the regression coefficient was used as criteria to select the most adequate model for obtaining the IC50 values corresponding to each bioactive peptides mixture. The best results were obtained with the Michaelis–Menten‐based model because it provided the best fits and in addition the values for its parameters were always significant. As parameters of this model have a physical meaning, it could be used for inhibition‐testing experiments in the development of novel bioactive peptides. The results obtained indicated that the peptide mixture derived from the neutrase hydrolysis exhibited strong ACE inhibition activity. The main active peptides were short, with molecular masses below 1 kDa (IC50 = 40.37 ± 2.66 μg/mL) and represent 38% of the initial protein content in the hydrolysate. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Resources from Waste
Authors: Simon Franz‐Georg , Adam Christian
Published: June 2012

Die Beseitigung unbehandelter Abfälle auf Deponien gehört der Vergangenheit an, nicht nur weil Verordnungen diese Praxis verbieten, sondern auch, weil wegen steigender Preise für Rohstoffe und sinkender Gehalte in Erzen auch in Abfällen nach Alternativen gesucht wird. In den Aschen aus Hausmüllverbrennungsanlagen können mit einfachen Verfahren Metalle zurückgewonnen werden. Mit dem Phosphor aus Klärschlammaschen können Düngemittel hergestellt und so natürliche Ressourcen geschont werden. In beiden Fällen ist die Anreicherung der Wertstoffe durch den Verbrennungsprozess vorteilhaft, da die Effizienz von Recyclingprozessen stark von der Konzentration im Ausgangsgut abhängig ist.
Veterinary Drugs in Soil and in the Aquatic Environment
Authors: Hamscher Gerd , Mohring Siegrun A. I.
Published: June 2012

In den letzten Jahren wurden weltweit Untersuchungen zu Vorkommen, Verhalten und möglichen Effekten von Tierarzneimitteln in der Umwelt durchgeführt. Der nach wie vor beträchtliche Einsatz von Tierarzneimitteln in der intensiven Tierhaltung führt vor allem zu einem Eintrag von pharmakologisch wirksamen Stoffen und ihren Metaboliten in Wirtschaftsdünger. Durch die Düngung gelangen diese in Böden und evtl. auch in das Grundwasser. Akute toxische Effekte auf Umweltorganismen durch bestimmte Antiparasitika sind bereits seit längerer Zeit bekannt, während vergleichbare Wirkungen durch die gemessenen Veterinärantibiotika‐Konzentrationen nicht zu erwarten sind. Allerdings gibt es Hinweise auf einen Anstieg antibiotischer Resistenzgene in Böden. Eine Reduktion des Eintrags an Tierarzneimitteln in die Umwelt muss daher angestrebt werden. Möglichkeiten auf tiermedizinischer, legislativer und technologischer Ebene werden vorgestellt.
From End‐of‐Pipe Environmental Protection to Sustainable Production
Authors: Stiehl Christine , Hirth Thomas
Published: June 2012

Der Umweltschutz in der Industrie hat in den vergangenen 40 Jahren einen deutlichen Wandel erlebt. In den 70er Jahren wurden das Ausmaß der industriellen Produktion und die Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt erstmals deutlich erkennbar. Additive Umweltschutzmaßnahmen haben in der Folge zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung der Umweltbereiche Wasser, Luft und Boden geführt. Die 80er Jahre haben die Grenzen der additiven Maßnahmen zum Umweltschutz deutlich aufgezeigt und zu der Erkenntnis geführt, dass nur durch eine detaillierte Betrachtung der Produktionsprozesse eine weitere Reduktion der Umweltbelastungen möglich ist. Die 90er Jahre waren im Wesentlichen geprägt durch die Abkehr von der linearen Quellen‐Senken‐Wirtschaft hin zur Kreislaufwirtschaft. Durch diese Maßnahmen und Entwicklungen ist der Umweltschutz global und insbesondere für Deutschland zu einem wichtigen Wirtschaftsfaktor geworden. Heute stehen die Industrie und die Gesellschaft vor einem erneuten Paradigmenwechsel, der die einseitige ökologische Betrachtung aufgibt, die ökonomische und soziale Dimension deutlich stärker berücksichtigt und dadurch zu einer nachhaltigeren Produktion führt. Zukünftig werden deshalb verstärkt ganze Prozessketten und Prozessnetze auch branchenübergreifend betrachten werden müssen.
Electrochemical regulation of cell polarity and the cytoskeleton
Authors: Campetelli Alexis , Bonazzi Daria , Minc Nicolas
Published: June 2012

Cell polarity plays a key role in regulating cell–cell communication, tissue architecture, and development. Both internal and external cues participate in directing polarity and feedback onto each other for robust polarization. One poorly appreciated layer of polarity regulation comes from electrochemical signals spatially organized at the level of the cell or the tissue. These signals which include ion fluxes, membrane potential gradients, or even steady electric fields, emerge from the polarized activation of specific ion transporters, and may guide polarity in wound‐healing, development or regeneration. How a given electrochemical cue may influence cytoskeletal elements and cell polarity remains unclear. Here, we review recent progress highlighting the role of electrochemical signals in cell and tissue spatial organization, and elucidating the mechanisms for how such signals may regulate cytoskeletal assembly for cell polarity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inflammation and fatigue dimensions in advanced cancer patients and cancer survivors
Authors: de Raaf Pleun J. , Sleijfer Stefan , Lamers Cor H.J. , Jager Agnes , Gratama Jan Willem , van der Rijt Carin C. D.
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND:

Inflammation may underlie cancer‐related fatigue; however, there are no studies that assess the relation between fatigue and cytokines in patients with advanced disease versus patients without disease activity. Furthermore, the relation between cytokines and the separate dimensions of fatigue is unknown. Here, association of plasma levels of inflammatory markers with physical fatigue and mental fatigue was explored in advanced cancer patients and cancer survivors.

METHODS:

A total of 45 advanced cancer patients and 47 cancer survivors completed the subscales Physical Fatigue and Mental Fatigue of the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory. Plasma concentrations of C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1‐ra), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), and neopterin were measured. Nonparametric tests were used to assess differences in fatigue intensity and levels of inflammatory markers and to determine correlation coefficients between the fatigue dimensions and inflammatory markers.

RESULTS:

Compared with cancer survivors, patients with advanced cancer had higher levels of physical fatigue (median 16 vs 9, P < .001) and mental fatigue (median 11 vs 6, P = .01). They also had higher levels of all cytokines (P < .01). In advanced cancer, CRP (r = 0.49, P = .001), IL‐6 (r = 0.43, P = .003), IL‐1‐ra (r = 0.32, P = .03), and neopterin (r = 0.25, P = .10) were correlated with physical but not with mental fatigue. In cancer survivors, only IL‐1‐ra was related to both physical fatigue (r = 0.24, P = .10) and mental fatigue (r = 0.35, P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS:

In advanced cancer, inflammation seems to be associated with physical fatigue, but not to mental fatigue. In cancer survivors, there was no convincing evidence that inflammation plays a major role in fatigue. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Association between insurance and socioeconomic status and risk of advanced stage Hodgkin lymphoma in adolescents and young adults
Authors: Smith Erlyn C. , Ziogas Argyrios , Anton‐Culver Hoda
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND:

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is one of the most common types of cancer among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) in the United States. Unfortunately, a greater percentage of AYAs are presenting with an advanced stage of disease at the time of diagnosis compared with their younger counterparts.

METHODS:

The objective of the current study was to examine the association between possible barriers and characteristics (including gender, race, birthplace, marital status, socioeconomic status [SES], and insurance status) that may increase the risk of advanced stage HL at the time of diagnosis in a large cohort of AYA patients with HL from the California Cancer Registry (7343 incident cases of HL diagnosed from 1988‐2006, between ages 15 years‐40 years).

RESULTS:

AYAs with advanced stage HL were more likely to be male, of Hispanic or black race/ethnicity, foreign born, single, of lower SES, and uninsured or to have only public health insurance (P < .05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that there was a significant increase in the odds of having advanced HL in males (odds ratio [OR], 1.57; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.42‐1.74 [P < .0001]), those with the lowest SES (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.23‐1.75 [P = .0003]), those without health insurance (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.34‐2.31 [P < .0001]), and those with public health insurance (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.23‐1.71 [P < .0001]).

CONCLUSIONS:

A strong association was found between male gender, lower SES, and lack of health insurance and advanced stage HL at the time of diagnosis in AYAs (See editorial on pages 000–000, this issue.) Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
The circadian clock network in the brain of different Drosophila species
Authors: Hermann Christiane , Saccon Rachele , Senthilan Pingkalai R. , Domnik Lilith , Dircksen Heinrich , Yoshii Taishi , Helfrich‐Förster Charlotte
Published: June 2012

Comparative studies on cellular and molecular clock mechanisms have revealed striking similarities in the organization of the clocks among different animal groups. To gain evolutionary insight into the properties of the clock network within the Drosophila genus, we analyzed sequence identities and similarities of clock protein homologues and immunostained brains of 10 different Drosophila species using antibodies against vrille (VRI), PAR‐protein domain1 (PDP1), and cryptochrome (CRY). We found that the clock network of both subgenera Sophophora and Drosophila consists of all lateral and dorsal clock neuron clusters that were previously described in Drosophila melanogaster. Immunostaining against CRY and the neuropeptide pigment‐dispersing factor (PDF), however, revealed species‐specific differences. All species of the Drosophila subgenus and D. pseudoobscura of the Sophophora subgenus completely lacked CRY in the large ventrolateral clock neurons (lLNvs) and showed reduced PDF immunostaining in the small ventrolateral clock neurons (sLNvs). In contrast, we found the expression of the ion transport peptide (ITP) to be consistent within the fifth sLNv and one dorsolateral clock neuron (LNd) in all investigated species, suggesting a conserved putative function of this neuropeptide in the clock. We conclude that the general anatomy of the clock network is highly conserved throughout the Drosophila genus, although there is variation in PDF and CRY expression. Our comparative study is a first step toward understanding the organization of the circadian clock in Drosophila species adapted to different habitats. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:367–388, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trap States in TiO2 Films Made of Nanowires, Nanotubes or Nanoparticles: An Electrochemical Study
Authors: Jankulovska Milena , Berger Thomas , Wong Stanislaus S. , Gómez Roberto , Lana‐Villarreal Teresa
Published: June 2012

The presence of electronic traps in nanoporous TiO2 electrodes has been studied by cyclic voltammetry in aqueous media. These simple measurements allow us to map the density of states, providing evidence for the presence of a relatively small number of discrete electron traps at the band gap. We have taken advantage of the variety of TiO2 synthetic procedures that lead to well‐defined morphologies (such as nanowires, nanocolumns, nanotubes, and nanoparticles) of anatase and rutile to investigate the nature of these electron traps. They derive from the structural disorder at the contact between neighboring crystalline nanoparticles. As expected, both their density and energetic location are highly dependent, not only on the crystalline structure (whether it is anatase or rutile), but also on the electrode morphology (i.e. the facets that meet at the grain boundaries). The trap density is also sensitive to pH changes and to the presence of some adsorbates. This variation of the number of traps with the electrolyte indicates that on one hand, an apparent electronic density of states is actually measured. On the other, it indicates that the traps are surface‐related in agreement with their particular location at the perimeter of the grain boundaries. The effect of these traps on the observed electrode catalytic reactivity has also been studied. In the dark, it is found that they are directly involved in the electron transfer toward oxygen. In addition, under illumination, the trap states show a deleterious effect, favoring electron recombination.
0.5‐V bulk‐driven differential amplifier
Authors: Raikos George , Vlassis Spyridon
Published: June 2012

A new 0.5‐V fully differential amplifier is proposed in this article. The structure incorporates a differential bulk‐driven voltage follower with conventional gate‐driven amplification stages. The bulk‐driven voltage follower presents differential gain equal to unity while suppressing the input common‐mode voltage. The amplifier operates at a supply voltage of less than 0.5 V, performing input transconductance almost equal to a gate transconductance and relatively high voltage gain without the need for gain boosting. The circuit was designed and simulated using a standard 0.18‐µm CMOSn‐well process. The low‐frequency gain of the amplifier was 56 dB, the unity gain bandwidth was approximately 3.2 MHz, the spot noise was 100 nV/√Hz at 100 kHz and the current consumption was 90 μΑ. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation Study of an Extended Divertor Leg for Heat Control in the SlimCS DEMO Reactor
Authors: Hoshino K. , Shimizu K. , Asakura N. , Takizuka T. , Nakamura M. , Tobita K.
Published: June 2012

Power handling in the divertor is one of the most important issues for fusion tokamak reactor design. In this study, the effect of the divertor leg length on power handling in the SlimCS DEMO reactor is investigated for future divertor design. Simulation with the SONIC code suite shows enhancement of recycling in the outer divertor region due to effects of the long divertor leg and the deep V‐shaped corner. As a result, the ion and electron temperature at the outer divertor significantly decreases. In addition, the peak of the Ar impurity radiation, which is located close to the outer divertor target in the standard divertor geometry, moves upstream. The former effect decreases the heat load to the outer divertor due to ion conduction and convection, while the latter reduces the heat load due to the impurity radiation. The peak of the total heat load on the outer divertor decreases by about 30 % (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mitigation of post‐traumatic stress symptoms by Cannabis resin: A review of the clinical and neurobiological evidence
Authors: Passie Torsten , Emrich Hinderk M. , Karst Matthias , Brandt Simon D. , Halpern John H.
Published: June 2012

It is known from clinical studies that some patients attempt to cope with the symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by using recreational drugs. This review presents a case report of a 19‐year‐old male patient with a spectrum of severe PTSD symptoms, such as intense flashbacks, panic attacks, and self‐mutilation, who discovered that some of his major symptoms were dramatically reduced by smoking cannabis resin. The major part of this review is concerned with the clinical and preclinical neurobiological evidence in order to offer a potential explanation of these effects on symptom reduction in PTSD. This review shows that recent studies provided supporting evidence that PTSD patients may be able to cope with their symptoms by using cannabis products. Cannabis may dampen the strength or emotional impact of traumatic memories through synergistic mechanisms that might make it easier for people with PTSD to rest or sleep and to feel less anxious and less involved with flashback memories. The presence of endocannabinoid signalling systems within stress‐sensitive nuclei of the hypothalamus, as well as upstream limbic structures (amygdala), point to the significance of this system for the regulation of neuroendocrine and behavioural responses to stress. Evidence is increasingly accumulating that cannabinoids might play a role in fear extinction and antidepressive effects. It is concluded that further studies are warranted in order to evaluate the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in PTSD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A complex speciation–richness relationship in a simple neutral model
Authors: Desjardins‐Proulx Philippe , Gravel Dominique
Published: June 2012

Speciation is the “elephant in the room” of community ecology. As the ultimate source of biodiversity, its integration in ecology's theoretical corpus is necessary to understand community assembly. Yet, speciation is often completely ignored or stripped of its spatial dimension. Recent approaches based on network theory have allowed ecologists to effectively model complex landscapes. In this study, we use this framework to model allopatric and parapatric speciation in networks of communities. We focus on the relationship between speciation, richness, and the spatial structure of communities. We find a strong opposition between speciation and local richness, with speciation being more common in isolated communities and local richness being higher in more connected communities. Unlike previous models, we also find a transition to a positive relationship between speciation and local richness when dispersal is low and the number of communities is small. We use several measures of centrality to characterize the effect of network structure on diversity. The degree, the simplest measure of centrality, is the best predictor of local richness and speciation, although it loses some of its predictive power as connectivity grows. Our framework shows how a simple neutral model can be combined with network theory to reveal complex relationships between speciation, richness, and the spatial organization of populations.
Flywheel size design considerations and experimental verification using a 50‐kW system for voltage sag compensator with flywheel induction motor
Authors: Kato Shuhei , Cheng Miao‐Miao , Sumitani Hideo , Shimada Ryuichi
Published: June 2012

Flywheel energy storage systems can be used as an uninterrupted power supply system because they are environmentally friendly and have high durability. The use of a simple voltage sag compensator with a low‐speed heavy flywheel and a low‐cost squirrel‐cage induction motor/generator is proposed. First, the ability of the proposed system to maintain the load voltage at 100% when the grid is experiencing voltage sag is validated experimentally. Next, design guidelines for the flywheel stored energy are discussed. Experimental verification of a 50‐kW‐class system is carried out, and the results show good agreement with the developed design guidelines. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 181(1): 36–44, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21252
A Porous Metal‐Organic Framework Based on Triazoledicarboxylate Ligands – Synthesis, Structure, and Gas‐Sorption Studies
Authors: Wen Liang , Shi Wei , Chen Xitong , Li Huanhuan , Cheng Peng
Published: June 2012

A new porous metal‐organic framework (MOF) {[CuL]·DMF·2H2O}n [1a, H2L = 5‐(4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐4‐yl)benzene‐1,3‐dicarboxylic acid; DMF = N,N‐dimethylformamide] with zigzag‐shaped, narrow channels was prepared by solvothermal synthesis and structurally characterized. 1a has zigzag‐shaped, open channels with micropore sizes of approximately 5.6 × 4.6 Å2. The (3,6)‐connected network of 1a leads to an α‐PbO2 (apo) topology. The adsorption properties (N2, H2, and CO2) of the desolvated sample 1c have been studied. The results show that 1c has a highly porous structure and a high adsorption capacity: the total capture of CO2 at 1 bar and 298 K is 22.01 wt.‐%, and the total H2 uptake at 1 bar and 77 K is 1.46 wt.‐%. This high adsorption capacity can be attributed to strong interactions between the small gas molecules and the irregularly open channels with their zigzag shape and their narrow pore size.
Kinetically Stable LnIII Complexes Comprising a Trinuclear Core Sandwiched between Two Thiacalix[4]arene Ligands Self‐Assembled in Water (LnIII = NdIII, YbIII)
Authors: Iki Nobuhiko , Hiro‐oka Shouichi , Nakamura Mami , Tanaka Teppei , Hoshino Hitoshi
Published: June 2012

In aqueous solutions, thiacalixarene (TCAS) and LnIII (= NdIII, YbIII) self‐assembled over a long period of time (1 d) to form 3:2 complexes LnIII3·TCAS2 in which the LnIII3 core is sandwiched between two TCAS ligands, which results in a high kinetic stability. This was not expected from the exo‐coordination fashion of TCAS with the O,S,O donors found in the 1:1 complex LnIII·TCAS, and thus this feature was attributed to the multiple bonds between the LnIII3 core and TCAS. Our observations open an exciting possibility of designing kinetically stable LnIII complexes by using exo‐type ligands as scaffolds to sandwich a multi‐LnIII core rather than endo‐type ones to encapsulate a LnIII core.
Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Luminescence Sensor Based on Enzymatic Amplification for Ultratrace Isoproturon Determination
Authors: Li Shuhuai , Tao Huilin , Li Jianping
Published: June 2012

A new molecularly imprinted electrochemical luminescence sensor (MIP‐ECL sensor) was developed for isoproturon (IPU) determination based on the competition reaction between IPU and glucose oxidase labeled IPU (GOD‐IPU). After competition, hydrogen peroxide produced by residual GOD‐IPU on the MIP reacted with luminol to emit electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signal. The ECL intensity decreased when the GOD‐IPU molecules were replaced by IPU molecules in the samples. IPU could be determined in the concentration range from 9×10−11 mol/L to 5.1×10−9 mol/L with a detection limit of 3.78×10−12 mol/L. Water samples were assayed and recoveries ranging from 98.5 % to 102.1 % were obtained.
Anodic Behaviour of Flavonoids Orientin, Eriodictyol and Robinin at a Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: de Souza Gil Eric , Enache Adrian Teodor , de Oliveira‐Brett Ana Maria
Published: June 2012

Orientin, eriodictyol and robinin are polyphenolic compounds, and their oxidation mechanism is pH‐dependent, in two steps, involving a different number of electrons and protons. Orientin and eriodictyol first oxidation occurs at a lower potential, corresponding to the reversible oxidation of the catechol group, and is followed by an irreversible oxidation on the ring‐A at more positive potential. Robenin oxidation is irreversible, with the formation of electroactive products, and occurs at ring‐A and ring‐B. The electrochemical characterization of their redox behaviour brought useful data about their chemical stability, antioxidant and pro‐oxidant activity, enabling a comprehensive understanding of their redox mechanism.
Enhanced biogas yield from energy crops with rumen anaerobic fungi
Authors: Procházka Jindřich , Mrázek Jakub , Štrosová Lenka , Fliegerová Kateřina , Zábranská Jana , Dohányos Michal
Published: June 2012

Anaerobic fungi (AF) are able to degrade crop substrates with higher efficiency than commonly used anaerobic bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate ways of use of rumen AF to improve biogas production from energy crops under laboratory conditions. In this study, strains of AF isolated from feces or rumen fluid of cows and deer were tested for their ability to integrate into the anaerobic bacterial ecosystem used for biogas production, in order to improve degradation of substrate polysaccharides and consequently the biogas yield. Batch culture, fed batch culture, and semicontinuous experiments have been performed using anaerobic sludge from pig slurry fermentation and different kinds of substrates (celluloses, maize, and grass silage) inoculated by different genera of AF. All experiments showed a positive effect of AF on the biogas yield and quality. AF improved the biogas production by 4–22%, depending on the substrate and AF species used. However, all the cultivation experiments indicated that rumen fungi do not show long‐term survival in fermenters with digestate from pig slurry. The best results were achieved during fed batch experiment with fungal culture Anaeromyces (KF8), in which biogas production was enhanced during the whole experimental period of 140 days. This result has not been achieved in semicontinuous experiment, where increment in biogas production in fungal enriched reactor was only 4% after 42 days.
Computationally Efficient Multipoint Linkage Analysis on Extended Pedigrees for Trait Models With Two Contributing Major Loci
Authors: Su Ming , Thompson Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2012

We have developed a computationally efficient method for multipoint linkage analysis on extended pedigrees for trait models having a two‐locus quantitative trait loci (QTL) effect. The method has been implemented in the program, hg_lod, which uses the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to sample realizations of descent patterns conditional on marker data, then calculates the trait likelihood for each realization by efficient exact computation. Given its computational efficiency, hg_lod can handle data on large pedigrees with a lot of unobserved individuals, and can compute accurate estimates of logarithm of odds (lod) scores at a much larger number of hypothesized locations than can any existing method. We have compared hg_lod to lm_twoqtl, the first publically available linkage program for trait models with two major loci, using simulated data. Results show that our method is orders of magnitude faster while the accuracy of QTL localization is retained. The efficiency of our method also facilitates analyses with multiple trait models, for example, sensitivity analysis. Additionally, since the MCMC sampling conditions only on the marker data, there is no need to resample the descent patterns to compute likelihoods under alternative trait models. This achieves additional computational efficiency.
Phenotyping primary human microglia: Tight regulation of LPS responsiveness
Authors: Melief Jeroen , Koning Nathalie , Schuurman Karianne G. , Van De Garde Martijn D. B. , Smolders Joost , Hoek Robert M. , Van Eijk Marco , Hamann Jörg , Huitinga Inge
Published: June 2012

Much is still unknown about mechanisms underlying the phenotypical and functional versatility of human microglia. Therefore, we developed a rapid procedure to isolate pure microglia from postmortem human brain tissue and studied their immediate ex vivo phenotype and responses to key inflammatory mediators. Microglia were isolated, along with macrophages from the choroid plexus by tissue dissociation, density gradient separation, and selection with magnetic microbeads. By flow cytometry, microglia were identified by a CD11b+CD45dim phenotype and a smaller size compared with CD11b+CD45high macrophages. Interestingly, white matter microglia from donors with peripheral inflammation displayed elevated CD45 levels and increased size and granularity, but were still distinct from macrophages. The phenotype of isolated microglia was further specified by absent surface expression of CD14, CD200 receptor, and mannose receptor (MR, CD206), all of which were markedly expressed by macrophages. Microglia stimulated immediately after isolation with LPS and IFNγ failed to upregulate TNFα or CCR7. Notably, responsiveness to LPS and IFNγ was clearly instigated in microglia after overnight preculture, which coincided with a strong upregulation of CD14. Culture of microglia with IL‐4 resulted in the induction of HLA‐DR and CCL18 but not MR, whereas culture with dexamethasone did induce MR, in addition to CD163 and CCL18. In conclusion, this study demonstrates phenotypic changes of microglia associated with peripheral inflammation, and reveals tight regulation of responses to LPS and IFNγ as well as distinct microglial responses to IL‐4 and glucocorticoids. These findings are of high relevance to studies on human microglia functioning in health and disease. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microglia as modulators of cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: Blank Thomas , Prinz Marco
Published: June 2012

It has become evident recently only that microglia are not only responsible for immunomodulatory functions in the brain but represent vital components of the larger synaptic formation, which also includes pre and postsynaptic neurones as well as astrocytes. Microglia critically contribute to CNS homeostasis by their actions in phagocytosis of cellular debris, release of a variety of cell signaling factors including neurotrophins and extracellular matrix components and direct contact with neurons. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the involvement of microglia in cognitive processes and neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and Rett syndrome and to outline their potential signaling mechanisms in this context. © 2012Wiley Periodicals, Inc.