bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation, Identification, and Biological Activities of a New Chlorin e6 Derivative
Authors: Pandit Rameshwar Prasad , Thapa Magar Til Bahadur , Shrestha Rajeev , Lim Junmo , Gurung Pallavi , Kim Yong-Wan
Published: June 2024

Chlorin e6 is a well-known photosensitizer used in photodynamic diagnosis and therapy. A method for identifying and purifying a novel process-related impurity during the synthesis of chlorin e6 has been developed. Its structure was elucidated using NMR and HRMS. This new impurity is formed from chlorophyll b rather than chlorophyll a, which is the source of chlorin e6. The intermediates formed during chlorin e6 synthesis were monitored using HPLC-mass spectrometry. This new impurity was identified as rhodin g7 71-ethyl ester, the structure of which remains unknown to date. The cytotoxic effects of this novel compound in both dark and light conditions were studied against five cancer cell lines (HT29, MIA-PaCa-2, PANC-1, AsPC-1, and B16F10) and a normal cell line (RAW264.7) and compared to those of chlorin e6. Upon irradiation using a laser at 0.5 J/cm2, rhodin g7 71-ethyl ester demonstrated higher cytotoxicity (2-fold) compared to chlorin e6 in the majority of the cancer cell lines. Furthermore, this new compound exhibited higher dark cytotoxicity compared to chlorin e6. Studies on singlet oxygen generation, the accumulation in highly vascular liver tissue, and the production of reactive oxygen species in MIA-PaCa-2 cancer cells via rhodin g7 71-ethyl ester correspond to its higher cytotoxicity as a newly developed photosensitizer. Therefore, rhodin g7 71-ethyl ester could be employed as an alternative or complementary agent to chlorin e6 in the photodynamic therapy for treating cancer cells.
Hard Gelatin Capsules with Alginate-Hypromellose Microparticles as a Multicompartment Drug Delivery System for Sustained Posaconazole Release
Authors: Kruk Katarzyna , Winnicka Katarzyna
Published: June 2024

Microparticles as a multicompartment drug delivery system are beneficial for poorly soluble drugs. Mucoadhesive polymers applied in microparticle technology prolong the contact of the drug with the mucosa surface enhancing drug bioavailability and extending drug activity. Sodium alginate (ALG) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (hypromellose, HPMC) are polymers of a natural or semi-synthetic origin, respectively. They are characterized by mucoadhesive properties and are applied in microparticle technology. Spray drying is a technology employed in microparticle preparation, consisting of the atomization of liquid in a stream of gas. In this study, the pharmaceutical properties of spray-dried ALG/HPMC microparticles with posaconazole were compared with the properties of physical mixtures of powders with equal qualitative and quantitative compositions. Posaconazole (POS) as a relatively novel antifungal was utilized as a model poorly water-soluble drug, and hard gelatin capsules were applied as a reservoir for designed formulations. A release study in 0.1 M HCl showed significantly prolonged POS release from microparticles compared to a mixture of powders. Such a relationship was not followed in simulated vaginal fluid (SVF). Microparticles were also characterized by stronger mucoadhesive properties, an increased swelling ratio, and prolonged residence time compared to physical mixtures of powders. The obtained results indicated that the pharmaceutical properties of hard gelatin capsules filled with microparticles were significantly different from hard gelatin capsules with mixtures of powders.
Loss of Hormone Receptor Expression after Exposure to Fluid Shear Stress in Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Cuccia Jonathan , Ortega Quesada Braulio Andrés , Littlefield Ethan P. , Ham Alejandra M. , Burow Matthew E. , Melvin Adam T. , Martin Elizabeth C.
Published: June 2024

Following metastatic spread, many hormone receptor positive (HR+) patients develop a more aggressive phenotype with an observed loss of the HRs estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR). During metastasis, breast cancer cells are exposed to high magnitudes of fluid shear stress (FSS). Unfortunately, the role for FSS on the regulation of HR expression and function during metastasis is not fully understood. This study was designed to elucidate the impact of FSS on HR+ breast cancer. Utilizing a microfluidic platform capable of exposing breast cancer cells to FSS that mimics in situ conditions, we demonstrate the impact of FSS exposure on representative HR+ breast cancer cell lines through protein and gene expression analysis. Proteomics results demonstrated that 540 total proteins and 1473 phospho-proteins significantly changed due to FSS exposure and pathways of interest included early and late estrogen response. The impact of FSS on response to 17β-estradiol (E2) was next evaluated and gene expression analysis revealed repression of ER and E2-mediated genes (PR and SDF1) following exposure to FSS. Western blot demonstrated enhanced phosphorylation of mTOR following exposure to FSS. Taken together, these studies provide initial insight into the effects of FSS on HR signaling in metastatic breast cancer.
Exploring Progression: A Case Study on Student Performance Using the National Clinical Assessment Tool in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Song Xiaomei , Schaller Derek
Published: June 2024

Entrustable Professional Activities-based (EPAs-based) assessments gained much interest among clinical educators, especially after the AAMC publication in 2014. In 2016, a standardized tool, the National Clinical Assessment Tool for Medical Students in Emergency Medicine (NCAT-EM), was developed at a national conference. Since 2018, the modified NCAT-EM has been used at Central Michigan University School of Medicine at shift ends, midway through clerkships, and upon completion of the clerkship. This empirical study analyzed student performance progression in order to enhance school assessment practices and inform future action plans. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated. During the 2021–2022 academic year, 89 faculty and residents assessed 97 students on 238 submission days. The students generally received multiple sets of daily shift feedback. Two domains, note writing and practice-based learning, showed significant differences between the mid-clerkship formative and summative scoring. Professionalism issues were evident with this cohort of students. The study provides some validity evidence regarding student performance and progression within the context. The NCAT-EM provides values and benefits as evidenced by the substantial volume of assessor feedback during its fourth year of implementation. This study provides directions for future action plans for faculty training, promising continuous improvement in emergency medicine assessment practices.
Design and Assessment of a Multidisciplinary Training Programme on Child Abuse and Child Protection for Medical Students Comprising Coursework and a Seminar
Authors: Tette Edem Magdalene Afua , Badoe Ebenezer V. , Baddoo Nyonuku A. , Lawson Henry J. O. , Pie Samuel , Nartey Edmund T. , Lartey Margaret Y.
Published: June 2024

Child abuse affects millions of children globally. Comprehensive training is essential to promote its recognition and trigger appropriate responses to prevent missed opportunities for intervention. We describe a child abuse and child protection training programme for University of Ghana Medical School students and the cross-sectional survey of student assessment at the end. The programme comprised a lectures, dissertations, community surveys, case reports, public health advocacy topics, and poster designs. These were carried out as part of regular coursework in community health, using individual and group—methods. It culminated in a one-day whole-class seminar after their final examinations with completion and analyses of self-administered student assessment questionnaires. The seminar comprised nineteen 10-min oral presentations, twelve poster presentations on community surveys and dissertations, nine educative posters, three leaflets and a question-and-answer session. The training involved 208 students, and 126 completed the questionnaires. The majority of the students had good knowledge (80–100%). They correctly identified the types (91%), risk factors (87%), and gained clarity in selected areas. Added benefits were awards, a book of abstracts and summaries, policy brief and continuous professional development points for doctors. This training programme exemplifies the establishment of medical education in the context of the needs of the population to—be served.
Correlation of Microstructural Features within Short Carbon Fiber/ABS Manufactured via Large-Area Additive- Manufacturing Beads
Authors: Sayah Neshat , Smith Douglas E.
Published: June 2024

Short carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites are widely used in polymer extrusion additive manufacturing (AM), including large-area additive manufacturing (LAAM), due to their enhanced mechanical properties as compared to neat polymers. However, the mechanical properties of these composites depend on microstructural characteristics, including fibers and micro-voids, which are determined during processing. In this work, the correlation between fibers and micro-voids within the microstructure of LAAM polymer composites throughout various processing stages of short carbon fiber-reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (SCF/ABS) is investigated. The processing stages considered here include the incoming pellets, a single freely extruded strand, a single regularly deposited bead, and a single regularly deposited bead pressed by a mechanical roller. A high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) system is employed to characterize the microstructural features in terms of the fibers (volume fraction, fiber orientation tensor) and micro-voids (volume fraction, sphericity) in the SCF/ABS samples. The results indicate that micro-voids exist within the microstructure of the SCF/ABS composite in all four stages considered here and that the micro-void volume fraction and micro-void sphericity vary among the test samples. Moreover, the results show a considerable variation in fiber orientation and fiber volume fraction within the microstructure throughout all the stages considered; however, all the samples show the highest alignment in the extrusion/print direction. Furthermore, a correlation is identified between the fiber orientation and the micro-void volume fraction within samples from all four stages considered here. This finding suggests that fibers tend to align more in the extrusion/print direction in regions with less micro-void content.
Hereditary Optic Neuropathies: An Updated Review
Authors: Lee Samuel K. , Mura Caroline , Abreu Nicolas J. , Rucker Janet C. , Galetta Steven L. , Balcer Laura J. , Grossman Scott N.
Published: June 2024

Hereditary optic neuropathies (HONs) are a class of genetic disorders that may lead to vision loss due to either acute or progressive injury to the optic nerve. Although HONs may commonly manifest as isolated optic atrophy, these disorders can also have a variety of characteristic clinical features and time courses that may narrow the differential diagnosis. While the two most prevalent HONs are Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) and Dominant Optic Atrophy (DOA), the phenotypic spectrum of these conditions, as well as genetic landscape of less common optic neuropathies, have been better characterized through advances in molecular diagnostic testing. Treatment targeting various pathogenic mechanisms has been investigated, although studies of clinical applicability remain nascent. Present management largely remains supportive. In this review, we discuss the clinical features, molecular diagnosis, current treatment, and future directions for HONs.
Comment on Bisson et al. Novel Approach to Proficiency Testing Highlights Key Practice Variations in Cancer Biomarker Delivery. J. Mol. Pathol. 2024, 5, 1–10
Authors: Torlakovic Emina , Normanno Nicola
Published: June 2024

We have read, with great interest, a recently published article by Bisson KR et al [...]
Reply to Torlakovic, E.; Normanno, N. Comment on “Bisson et al. Novel Approach to Proficiency Testing Highlights Key Practice Variations in Cancer Biomarker Delivery. J. Mol. Pathol. 2024, 5, 1–10”
Authors: Sheffield Brandon S. , Bisson Kassandra R. , Beharry Andrea , Carter Michael D. , Dudani Shaan , Loree Jonathan M. , Snow Stephanie , Won Jennifer R. , Yip Stephen , Garratt John G.
Published: June 2024

We thank Drs [...]
Nano-Enabled Colorimetric Assay for the Detection of Paracoccidioides lutzii: Advancing Diagnostics with Nanotechnology
Authors: Filho Olavo O. Comparato , Cândido Marcela A. , Ventura Aveline , Morais Flavia V. , Raniero Leandro
Published: June 2024

Deforestation is a common occurrence driven by agricultural expansion, urbanization, and infrastructure development. These activities often lead to increased human interaction with ecosystems, potentially exposing individuals to Paracoccidioides spores (P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii) found in the soil, resulting in Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). This fungal infection is endemic to specific regions in Latin America, such as Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, and Argentina. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical assessment, imaging techniques, and laboratory examinations. P. lutzii lacks the glycoprotein Gp43, a key antigenic protein utilized in serological tests for PCM diagnosis. In this study, a colorimetric test employing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and label-free methodology was employed for P. lutzii detection. The effectiveness of the label-free colorimetric test was assessed using a total of 100 samples. This detection was achieved through the amplification of the gp43 gene and the use of a specific probe (5′CAGGGGTGCG3′) in conjunction with AuNPs. The receiver operating characteristic curve was employed to assess the test, revealing that the method can accurately detect P. lutzii with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 100%. The findings indicate a substantial impact on remote endemic regions attributable to the implementation of cost-effective diagnostic methodologies.
The Mechanosensitive Pkd2 Channel Modulates the Recruitment of Myosin II and Actin to the Cytokinetic Contractile Ring
Authors: Chowdhury Pritha , Sinha Debatrayee , Poddar Abhishek , Chetluru Madhurya , Chen Qian
Published: June 2024

Cytokinesis, the last step in cell division, separates daughter cells through mechanical force. This is often through the force produced by an actomyosin contractile ring. In fission yeast cells, the ring helps recruit a mechanosensitive ion channel, Pkd2, to the cleavage furrow, whose activation by membrane tension promotes calcium influx and daughter cell separation. However, it is unclear how the activities of Pkd2 may affect the actomyosin ring. Here, through both microscopic and genetic analyses of a hypomorphic pkd2 mutant, we examined the potential role of this essential gene in assembling the contractile ring. The pkd2-81KD mutation significantly increased the counts of the type II myosin heavy chain Myo2 (+18%), its regulatory light chain Rlc1 (+37%) and actin (+100%) molecules in the ring, compared to the wild type. Consistent with a regulatory role of Pkd2 in the ring assembly, we identified a strong negative genetic interaction between pkd2-81KD and the temperature-sensitive mutant myo2-E1. The pkd2-81KD myo2-E1 cells often failed to assemble a complete contractile ring. We conclude that Pkd2 modulates the recruitment of type II myosin and actin to the contractile ring, suggesting a novel calcium-dependent mechanism regulating the actin cytoskeletal structures during cytokinesis.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Contemporary Journalism Practice in Two African Countries
Authors: Adjin-Tettey Theodora Dame , Muringa Tigere , Danso Samuel , Zondi Siphumelele
Published: June 2024

Contemporary discussions about the application of artificial intelligence in newsrooms are commonplace because of the unique opportunities it presents for news media. This study investigated the intricate relationship between journalism and AI with the broad research question: How are journalists adopting AI technologies and what challenges and opportunities do such technologies present to them? Eighteen journalists practising in Ghana and South Africa were interviewed through qualitative research techniques. Transcribed interview data were analysed thematically using the data analysis method proposed by Charmaz. The findings were that most newsrooms in the two countries have not formally incorporated AI tools into newsroom practices. However, journalists use AI tools at their discretion in a non-complex manner, such as transcription, research, generating story ideas, and fact-checking. Practical limitations to the formal integration of AI technology into newsroom operations include cost, language barrier, and aversion to change. Although participants recognised the advantages of employing AI for newsroom tasks, they were also concerned about the ethical quandaries of misinformation, improper attribution, and intellectual property. Participants also thought that fact-checking and mindfulness regarding ethical usage might increase ethical AI usage in newsrooms. This study adds an important perspective on AI’s role in African journalism, addressing the obstacles and ethics concerns.
The Effectiveness of Palliative Care Interventions in Long-Term Care Facilities: A Systematic Review
Authors: Liu Xuan , Chang Yun-Chen , Hu Wen-Yu
Published: June 2024

The increasing elderly population is driving higher utilization rates of long-term care facilities, where residents often have multiple chronic diseases, making them potential candidates for palliative care. Timely palliative care interventions can improve their quality of life and medical autonomy. This study systematically reviews the effectiveness of palliative care programs in long-term care facilities. Databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Airiti Library were searched up to 31 December 2023, using PICO criteria and the following keywords: ‘care home’, ‘nursing home’, ‘residential aged care facility’, and ‘long-term care facility’ for patients; and ‘Gold Standard Framework in Care Homes’, ‘integrated care pathway’, ‘care home project’, and ‘palliative care program’ for interventions. Seven articles were included. The results indicate that the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) intervention did not significantly influence overall quality of life but did improve the quality of death. There were no statistical differences in comfort or quality of death between the dementia and non-dementia groups. However, PACE significantly reduced healthcare costs. The implementation of the Liverpool Care Pathway (LCP) notably enhanced the control of terminal symptoms, while the Gold Standard Framework in Care Homes (GSFCH) effectively improved end-of-life care rates, do-not-resuscitate (DNR) signing rates, advance care planning (ACP) completion rates, and reduced inappropriate readmission rates. While palliative care interventions are shown to improve the quality of end-of-life care, their practical application should be adapted to fit the implementation conditions and capabilities of domestic long-term care facilities.
Better 90 Minutes Late than Never: Differential Diagnosis on MRI Scanning in a Case of Hepatic Angiosarcoma
Authors: Albu Teodora Anca , Iacob Nicoleta
Published: June 2024

Primary hepatic angiosarcoma (PHA) is a rare liver malignancy with few studies describing its radiological characteristics. This article aims to assess the imaging features of each of the multiple delayed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, in addition to the conventional MRI protocol, in a patient with PHA. Standard MRI sequences and a liver protocol were used in the examination of a 71 year-old male with pathologically proven PHA after current imaging evaluation. In addition, the patient underwent transversal and coronal MRI T1-weighted scans at 10 min, 20 min and 90 min after intravenous (IV) administration of gadobenatedimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA). The PHA revealed a variable appearance on MRI, with classic imaging being insufficient in making a reliable diagnosis. Lesions have increased vascularity, which translates into increased IV contrast uptake in the MRI arterial phase, showing progressive and globular enhancement in the portal and parenchymatous phases. On delayed scans, at 10 min after IV administration, the lesions maintained no washout, but slightly began to washout at 20 min post-contrast. However, in the hepatobiliary phase (90 min post-contrast injection), on an MRI T1-weighted sequence, PHA lesions were hypointense, suggesting the absence of hepatocytes, thus indicating high-grade malignancy. This approach proved the conclusion that in a patient with PHA, an extra MRI T1-weighted scan at 90 min post-gadobenatedimeglumine injection can provide helpful information in differential diagnosis.
Sámi on Display: Sámi Representations in an Early Nonfiction Book for Children
Authors: Vie Inger-Kristin Larsen
Published: June 2024

Lisbeth Bergh’s nonfiction picturebook En lappefamilie: tekst og bilder fra Nordland (A Lappish family: text and pictures from Nordland) from 1905 is one of the first Norwegian nonfiction picturebooks for children about the life of Sámi. It contains Bergh’s own illustrations and text passages in Norwegian, English, and German, which signals that the book addresses a national and international audience. Simultaneously, the book is published in an era characterized by an increasing interest in indigenous tourism, demonstrated through the popularity of world exhibitions and «human zoos». In this article, I explore Bergh’s nonfiction picturebook in the light of “human zoos” and “living exhibitions” at the beginning of the 1900s and how her book alludes to the depiction of the Sámi for entertainment and information purposes. My close reading shows how the book reflects the categorization and systematization of the world and of exotic ethnic groups at the time. Furthermore, the reading confirms the book’s very distinctive position in Norwegian children’s literature history, and how it may have acquired a particular role in the promotion of Norwegian tourism at the beginning of the 20th century.
Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Incremental Sheet Forming
Authors: La Ngoc-Tuan , Ngo Quoc-Huy , Vu Van-Dam , Mai Thu-Ha , Ho Ky-Thanh
Published: June 2024

Implementing the ultrasonic vibration-assisted incremental sheet-forming (UISF) process has been proven to significantly reduce the forming force, improve the surface quality, and enhance the accuracy of the sheet-forming process. However, such effectiveness has primarily focused on easily deformable materials (such as AA1050 and AA1060 aluminum alloys) and small step-down sizes (from 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm). To further enhance the process, it is crucial to study larger step-down sizes and harder materials. In this study, a series of UISF experiments were conducted, with step-down sizes ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm and feed rates ranging from 200 mm/min to 1200 mm/min. The influence of ultrasonic vibration on the effectiveness of force reduction and the optimal operation parameters was experimentally tested. Forming aluminum alloy AA5052, a difficult-to-deform material with two thicknesses of 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm, indicates that the axial force Fz and the tool movement resistance force Fy tend to decrease significantly with ultrasonic vibration assistance. Optimal equations for force reduction Fz and Fy have been developed for plate thickness based on the step-down size and feed rate. The optimal results show that for 1.0 mm thickness, reductions in Fz and Fy can reach 58.73% and 69.17%, respectively, and that of 64.17% and 71.98%, respectively, for 0.5 mm thickness.
Cu- and Fe-Doped Ni-Mn-Sn Shape Memory Alloys with Enhanced Mechanical and Magnetocaloric Properties
Authors: Ma Siyao , Zhang Xuexi , Zheng Guangping , Qian Mingfang , Geng Lin
Published: June 2024

Ni-Mn-Sn-based ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) are multifunctional materials that are promising for solid-state refrigeration applications based on the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and elastocaloric effect (eCE). However, a combination of excellent multi-caloric properties, suitable operating temperatures, and mechanical properties cannot be well achieved in these materials, posing a challenge for their practical application. In this work, we systematically study the phase transformations and magnetic properties of Ni50−xMn38Sn12Cux (x = 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) and Ni50−yMn38Sn12Fey (y = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) alloys, and the magnetic-structural phase diagrams of these alloy systems are reported. The influences of the fourth-element doping on the phase transitions and magnetic properties of the alloys are elucidated by first-principles calculations. This work demonstrates that the fourth-element doping of Ni-Mn-Sn-based FSMA is effective in developing multicaloric refrigerants for practical solid-state refrigeration.
Using Segmentation to Boost Classification Performance and Explainability in CapsNets
Authors: Vranay Dominik , Hliboký Maroš , Kovács László , Sinčák Peter
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we present Combined-CapsNet (C-CapsNet), a novel approach aimed at enhancing the performance and explainability of Capsule Neural Networks (CapsNets) in image classification tasks. Our method involves the integration of segmentation masks as reconstruction targets within the CapsNet architecture. This integration helps in better feature extraction by focusing on significant image parts while reducing the number of parameters required for accurate classification. C-CapsNet combines principles from Efficient-CapsNet and the original CapsNet, introducing several novel improvements such as the use of segmentation masks to reconstruct images and a number of tweaks to the routing algorithm, which enhance both classification accuracy and interoperability. We evaluated C-CapsNet using the Oxford-IIIT Pet and SIIM-ACR Pneumothorax datasets, achieving mean F1 scores of 93% and 67%, respectively. These results demonstrate a significant performance improvement over traditional CapsNet and CNN models. The method’s effectiveness is further highlighted by its ability to produce clear and interpretable segmentation masks, which can be used to validate the network’s focus during classification tasks. Our findings suggest that C-CapsNet not only improves the accuracy of CapsNets but also enhances their explainability, making them more suitable for real-world applications, particularly in medical imaging.
Whole-Cell Biosensor for Iron Monitoring as a Potential Tool for Safeguarding Biodiversity in Polar Marine Environments
Authors: Calvanese Marzia , D’Angelo Caterina , Tutino Maria Luisa , Lauro Concetta
Published: June 2024

Iron is a key micronutrient essential for various essential biological processes. As a consequence, alteration in iron concentration in seawater can deeply influence marine biodiversity. In polar marine environments, where environmental conditions are characterized by low temperatures, the role of iron becomes particularly significant. While iron limitation can negatively influence primary production and nutrient cycling, excessive iron concentrations can lead to harmful algal blooms and oxygen depletion. Furthermore, the growth of certain phytoplankton species can be increased in high-iron-content environments, resulting in altered balance in the marine food web and reduced biodiversity. Although many chemical/physical methods are established for inorganic iron quantification, the determination of the bio-available iron in seawater samples is more suitably carried out using marine microorganisms as biosensors. Despite existing challenges, whole-cell biosensors offer other advantages, such as real-time detection, cost-effectiveness, and ease of manipulation, making them promising tools for monitoring environmental iron levels in polar marine ecosystems. In this review, we discuss fundamental biosensor designs and assemblies, arranging host features, transcription factors, reporter proteins, and detection methods. The progress in the genetic manipulation of iron-responsive regulatory and reporter modules is also addressed to the optimization of the biosensor performance, focusing on the improvement of sensitivity and specificity.
A Novel High-Fidelity Simulation for Finishing Operations: Hybrid Image Mosaic and Wavelet Decomposition
Authors: Xin Yupeng , Li Wenhui , Xu Xun , Culler David
Published: June 2024

In finishing simulations, achieving accurate results can be challenging due to the minimal amount of material removal and the limited measurement range of surface micro-topography instruments. To overcome these limitations, a novel high-fidelity modeling method combining image mosaic and wavelet decomposition technologies is proposed in this paper. We achieve the stitching of narrow field and high pixel micro morphology images through four steps: image feature extraction, overlapped feature matching, feature fusion, and stitching effect evaluation. On this basis, the wavelet decomposition method is employed to separate detection signals based on their respective frequencies, allowing the establishment of a datum plane and a roughness surface. The point cloud model undergoes a transformation into a continuous geometric model via the Poisson reconstruction algorithm. In the case study, four sample images of an aluminum alloy sheet after barrel finishing were collected using the ZeGage Plus optical profiler. Each image has an actual size of 834.37 μm × 834.37 μm. Subsequently, a comparison was carried out between the physical and simulation experiments. The results clearly indicate that the proposed method has the potential to enhance the accuracy of the finishing simulation by over 30%. The error between the resulting model and the actual surface of the part can be controlled within 1 μm.
Temperature Compensation for MEMS Accelerometer Based on a Fusion Algorithm
Authors: Guo Yangyanhao , Zhang Zihan , Chang Longkang , Yu Jingfeng , Ren Yanchao , Chen Kai , Cao Huiliang , Xie Huikai
Published: June 2024

This study proposes a fusion algorithm based on forward linear prediction (FLP) and particle swarm optimization–back propagation (PSO-BP) to compensate for the temperature drift. Firstly, the accelerometer signal is broken down into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) using variational modal decomposition (VMD); then, according to the FE algorithm, the IMF signal is separated into mixed components, temperature drift, and pure noise. After that, the mixed noise is denoised by FLP, and PSO-BP is employed to create a model for temperature adjustment. Finally, the processed mixed noise and the processed IMFs are rebuilt to obtain the enhanced output signal. To confirm that the suggested strategy works, temperature experiments are conducted. After the output signal is processed by the VMD-FE-FLP-PSO-BP algorithm, the acceleration random walk has been improved by 23%, the zero deviation has been enhanced by 24%, and the temperature coefficient has been enhanced by 92%, compared with the original signal.
Impact of Volute Throat Area and Gap Width on the Hydraulic Performance of Low-Specific-Speed Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Khan Muhammad Fasahat , Gjernes Tim , Guenther Nicholas , Hickey Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2024

This paper investigates the influence of the volute geometry on the hydraulic performance of a low-specific-speed centrifugal pump using numerical simulations. The performance characteristics for the pump with the volute geometry designed using the constant velocity method show a significant discrepancy between the design point and the best efficiency point (BEP). This design methodology also results in a relatively flat head–capacity curve. These are both undesirable characteristics which can be mitigated by a reduction in the volute throat area. This design methodology also leads to a reduction in the power consumption and an increase in efficiency, especially at underload and design flow conditions. These impacts of the volute throat area on performance characteristics are investigated in terms of the change in internal flow characteristics due to the reduction in the volute throat area. Another aspect of the study is the impact of the width of the volute gap on performance characteristics. A reduction in the gap width results in a nearly vertical shift of the head–capacity curve, so that head delivered is higher across all the flow rates as the gap width is reduced. This is also accompanied by a slight improvement in efficiency under design flow and overload conditions. Numerical simulations are used to relate the change in performance characteristics with internal flow characteristics.
Multi-Criteria Response Surface Optimization of Centrifugal Pump Performance Using CFD for Wastewater Application
Authors: Pagayona Edwin , Honra Jaime
Published: June 2024

The effective transport of high-viscosity fluids in wastewater treatment systems is heavily contingent upon the operational efficiency of centrifugal pumps. However, challenges arise in operating these pumps under such conditions due to the detrimental impact of viscosity. This study is focused on enhancing the performance of centrifugal pumps by examining the influence of design and impeller configuration. By employing CFD analysis in ANSYS, this study examines the effects of varying inlet and outlet impeller diameters as well as different numbers of impeller blades on pump performance. The investigation entails three core stages: pre-processing, encompassing the creation of geometry, meshing, and study configuration; processing, which involves defining physics settings, selecting the solver type, and specifying boundary conditions; and post-processing, dedicated to the interpretation of results derived from model creation and solution. Leveraging Genetic Aggregation for response surface modelling facilitates the pinpointing of effective design configurations rooted in specific pump performance goals, thereby resulting in noteworthy performance enhancements. Notably, an optimal pump design featuring a 5-blade impeller with inlet and outlet diameters of 55.92 mm and 207.78 mm, respectively, yielded significant improvements of 26.51% in head, 2.53% in static efficiency, and 62.30% in incipient net positive suction head (NPSHi).
Economic Analysis of Azospirillum brasilense Inoculation Associated with Enhanced-Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizers in Corn Production in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Damasceno Leonardo José , Amaral Vinicius Masala , Mariano Daiane de Cinque , Maciel Raylon Pereira , Oliveira Neto Cândido Ferreira de , Franco Antônio Augusto Nogueira , Viégas Ismael de Jesus Matos , Pedroso Augusto José Silva , Simões Pedro Henrique Oliveira , Okumura Ricardo Shigueru
Published: June 2024

The aim of this study was to economically estimate the effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense (A. brasilense) associated with enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers on corn yield cultivated in the Brazilian Amazon. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a 2 × 3 × 5 factorial scheme, resulting from the combination of the presence and absence of seeds inoculated with A. brasilense, three sources of N (conventional urea, urea with NBPT, N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide, and polymer-coated urea), and five doses of N (0; 50; 100; 150; and 200 kg ha−1 of N), with six replications. Inoculation with A. brasilense promoted profit in corn, regardless of dose and the source of N applied. The urea with NBPT provided better economic return compared to polymer-coated urea and conventional urea sources, and doses of N applied in topdressing that promoted the highest economic return were 100 and 150 kg ha−1 of N, with an estimated increase of 62.33 and 135.53 bags ha−1 and increase of BRL 3253.76 and BRL 7074.88 respectively, compared to the control treatment.
Higher Plasma Myo-Inositol in Pregnancy Associated with Reduced Postpartum Blood Loss: Secondary Analyses of the NiPPeR Trial
Authors: Chang Hsin F. , Yong Hannah E. J. , Zhang Han , Wong Jui-Tsung , Barton Sheila J. , Titcombe Philip , Albert Benjamin B. , El-Heis Sarah , Nield Heidi , Ong Judith , Lavelle Luca , Ramos-Nieves J. Manuel , Godin Jean-Philippe , Silva-Zolezzi Irma , Cutfield Wayne S. , Godfrey Keith M. , Chan Shiao-Yng ,   the NiPPeR Study Group
Published: June 2024

We previously reported that a combined myo-inositol, probiotics, and enriched micronutrient supplement (intervention) taken preconception and in pregnancy reduced postpartum blood loss (PBL) and major postpartum hemorrhage compared with a standard micronutrient supplement (control), as secondary outcomes of the NiPPeR trial. This study aimed to identify the intervention components that may contribute to this effect. Associations of plasma concentrations of myo-inositol and vitamins B2, B6, B12, and D at preconception (before and after supplementation), early (~7-weeks), and late pregnancy (~28-weeks) with PBL were assessed by multiple linear regression, adjusting for site, ethnicity, preconception BMI, parity, and previous cesarean section. Amongst 583 women, a higher concentration of myo-inositol in early pregnancy was associated with a PBL reduction [βadj −1.26 (95%CI −2.23, −0.29) mL per µmol/L myo-inositol increase, p = 0.011]. Applying this co-efficient to the increase in mean 7-week-myo-inositol concentration of 23.4 µmol/L with the intervention equated to a PBL reduction of 29.5 mL (~8.4% of mean PBL of 350 mL among controls), accounting for 84.3% of the previously reported intervention effect of 35 mL. None of the examined vitamins were associated with PBL. Therefore, myo-inositol may be a key intervention component mediating the PBL reduction. Further work is required to determine the mechanisms involved.
Skin-Related Adverse Reactions Induced by Oral Antidiabetic Drugs—A Review of Literature and Case Reports
Authors: Kowalska Justyna , Wrześniok Dorota
Published: June 2024

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease with a steadily increasing prevalence worldwide. Diabetes affects the function of many organs, including the skin. Pharmacotherapy for T2DM is mainly based on oral hypoglycemic drugs. The therapeutic strategy is chosen taking into account the individual patient’s characteristics, among other comorbidities. Antidiabetic drugs can induce cutaneous adverse reactions (CADRs) ranging in severity from mild erythema to serious disorders such as DRESS or Stevens–Johnson syndrome. CADRs can result from hypersensitivity to the drug but can also be related to the mechanism of action of the drug or cross-reactivity with drugs of similar structure. This paper reviews CADRs induced by oral antidiabetic drugs, considering their dermatological manifestations and possible pathomechanisms. Particular attention was paid to specific dermatological conditions such as dipeptidylpeptidase 4 inhibitor-associated bullous pemphigoid or Fournier’s gangrene associated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor therapy. Knowledge of the dermatological manifestations of CADRs is important in clinical practice. Recognition of a skin lesion resulting from an adverse drug reaction allows for appropriate management, which in this case is primarily related to drug discontinuation. This is particularly important in the treatment of T2DM since this disease has a high prevalence in the elderly, who are at higher risk of adverse drug reactions.
Evolutionary Trend Analysis of Research on Immunotherapy for Brain Metastasis Based on Machine-Learning Scientometrics
Authors: Hu Xiaoqian , Deng Xinpei , Xie Jindong , Zhang Hanqi , Zhang Huiting , Feng Beibei , Zou Yutian , Wang Chuhuai
Published: June 2024

Brain metastases challenge cancer treatments with poor prognoses, despite ongoing advancements. Immunotherapy effectively alleviates advanced cancer, exhibiting immense potential to revolutionize brain metastasis management. To identify research priorities that optimize immunotherapies for brain metastases, 2164 related publications were analyzed. Scientometric visualization via R software, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace showed the interrelationships among literature, institutions, authors, and topic areas of focus. The publication rate and citations have grown exponentially over the past decade, with the US, China, and Germany as the major contributors. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ranked highest in publications, while Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center was most cited. Clusters of keywords revealed six hotspots: ‘Immunology’, ‘Check Point Inhibitors’, ‘Lung Cancer’, ‘Immunotherapy’, ‘Melanoma’, ‘Breast Cancer’, and ‘Microenvironment’. Melanoma, the most studied primary tumor with brain metastases offers promising immunotherapy advancements with generalizability and adaptability to other cancers. Our results outline the holistic overview of immunotherapy research for brain metastases, which pinpoints the forefront in the field, and directs researchers toward critical inquiries for enhanced mechanistic insight and improved clinical outcomes. Moreover, governmental and funding agencies will benefit from assigning financial resources to entities and regions with the greatest potential for combating brain metastases through immunotherapy.
Carrier Systems for Advanced Drug Delivery: Improving Drug Solubility/Bioavailability and Administration Routes
Authors: Losada-Barreiro Sonia , Celik Sumeyye , Sezgin-Bayindir Zerrin , Bravo-Fernández Sofía , Bravo-Díaz Carlos
Published: June 2024

The disadvantages of some conventional drugs, including their low bioavailability, poor targeting efficiency, and important side effects, have led to the rational design of drug delivery systems. In particular, the introduction of drug delivery systems is a potential approach to enhance the uptake of therapeutic agents and deliver them at the right time and in the right amount of concentration at the required site, as well as open new strategies for effective illness treatment. In this review, we provide a basic understanding of drug delivery systems with an emphasis on the use of cyclodextrin-, polymer- and surfactant-based delivery systems. These systems are very attractive because they are biocompatible and biodegradable nanomaterials with multifunctional components. We also provide some details on their design considerations and their use in a variety of medical applications by employing several routes of administration.
Development of a Versatile Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) Using Design of Experiments (DoE)—Part II: Incorporation and Stability of Butamben with Different Surfactants
Authors: Matarazzo Ananda P. , Rios Carlos A. , Gerônimo Gabriela , Ondei Roberta , de Paula Eneida , Breitkreitz Márcia C.
Published: June 2024

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are typically composed of liquid lipids, solid lipids, and surfactants, enabling the encapsulation of lipophilic drugs. Butamben is a Class II anesthetic drug, according to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS); it has a log P of 2.87 and is considered a ‘brick dust’ (poorly water-soluble and poorly lipid-soluble) drug. This characteristic poses a challenge for the development of NLCs, as they are not soluble in the liquid lipid present in the NLC core. In a previous study, we developed an NLC core consisting of a solid lipid (CrodamolTM CP), a lipophilic liquid with medium polarity (SRTM Lauryl lactate), and a hydrophilic excipient (SRTM DMI) that allowed the solubilization of ‘brick dust’ types of drugs, including butamben. In this study, starting from the NLC core formulation previously developed we carried out an optimization of the surfactant system and evaluated their performance in aqueous medium. Three different surfactants (CrodasolTM HS HP, SynperonicTM PE/F68, and CroduretTM 40) were studied and, for each of them, a 23 factorial design was stablished, with total lipids, % surfactant, and sonication time (min) as the input variables and particle size (nm), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (mV) as the response variables. Stable NLCs were obtained using CrodasolTM HS HP and SynperonicTM PE/F68 as surfactants. Through a comparison between NLCs developed with and without SRTM DMI, it was observed that besides helping the solubilization of butamben in the NLC core, this excipient helped in stabilizing the system and decreasing particle size. NLCs containing CrodasolTM HS HP and SynperonicTM PE/F68 presented particle size values in the nanometric scale, PDI values lower than 0.3, and zeta potentials above |10|mV. Concerning NLCs’ stability, SBTB-NLC with SynperonicTM PE/F68 and butamben demonstrated stability over a 3-month period in aqueous medium. The remaining NLCs showed phase separation or precipitation during the 3-month analysis. Nevertheless, these formulations could be freeze-dried after preparation, which would avoid precipitation in an aqueous medium.
Facile Fabrication of Pd-Doped CuO-ZnO Composites for Simultaneous Photodegradation of Anionic and Neutral Dyes
Authors: Bonthula Sumalatha , Ibrahim Muna Farah , Al-Jaber Aisha Omar , Al-Siddiqi Al-Dana Faisal , Pothu Ramyakrishna , Chowdhury Tauqeer , Siddiqui Yusuf , Boddula Rajender , Radwan Ahmed Bahgat , Al-Qahtani Noora
Published: June 2024

This study explores the synthesis and application of Pd-doped CuO-ZnO composites for the simultaneous photodegradation of anionic and neutral dyes. The nanocomposite was synthesized using a hydrothermal technique and characterized using XRD, FTIR, and UV-Vis absorption spectra. Photocatalytic degradation experiments were conducted with varying catalyst loadings, revealing optimal conditions for enhanced degradation performance. The nanocomposite exhibited a synergistic effect on the degradation of the dye mixture, following pseudo-first-order kinetics with significant efficiency under sunlight exposure. Moreover, the study evaluated the influence of pH on the degradation process, showing improved efficiency in neutral and basic conditions. Overall, the findings highlight the efficacy of the Pd-doped CuO-ZnO catalyst in degrading complex dye mixtures, offering potential applications for wastewater treatment in various industrial settings.
Pesticides, Drinking Water and Cancer Risk: A Portrait of Paraná Southwest, Brazil
Authors: Machado Murilo G. , Orrutéa Julia F. G. , Panis Carolina
Published: June 2024

A 2018 report from the Water Quality for Human Consumption Vigilance Information System (SISÁGUA, Brazil) showed the presence of 27 pesticides in Brazilian drinking water, of which 11 have carcinogenic potential. We assessed the data for 27 municipalities in Paraná state southwest, a rural landscape with high cancer rates. We selected data from the carcinogenic potential of 11 pesticides provided by international agencies (alachlor, aldrin-diheldrin, atrazine, chlordane, DDT, diuron, glyphosate, lindane, mancozeb, molinate, and trifluralin) and estimated the number of cancer cases attributable to drinking water contamination by pesticides. Also, we correlated such findings with incidence and mortality cancer rates for ten topographies obtained from the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA) database. A total of 9 cities were selected, corresponding to about 81,000 people. All towns had all pesticides quantified in the drinking water. About ten cancer cases were attributed to drinking water contamination by pesticides in 2014–2017, mainly linked to diuron and mancozeb. Concerning the consolidated incidence of cancer cases reported by the INCA, significant correlations were found regarding aldrin-diheldrin, alachlor, and atrazine for breast cancer, atrazine for prostate cancer, and mancozeb and diuron for colon cancer, among others. Regarding the consolidated mortality rates, some correlations were found between DDT and trifluralin for the breast, DDT and lindane for the prostate, and glyphosate for lung cancer. Moderate correlations were found between the estimated and consolidated cancer cases for several topographies. Our findings highlight the correlation between drinking water contamination in Paraná state southwest and its increased incidence of cancers with poor prognosis.