bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Níveis de grão de capim-pé-de-galinha (Eleusine coracana) em dietas para ovinos: consumo e digestibilidade
Authors: Santos José Walter dos , Cabral Luciano da Silva , Zervoudakis Joanis Tilemahos , Souza Alexandre Lima de , Abreu Joadil Gonçalves de , Reverditto Robson , Pereira Gisele Abadia de Campos
Published: April 2009

Objetivou-se avaliar em ovinos o consumo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes de dietas contendo grão de capim-pé-de-galinha (Eleusine coracana). Foram utilizados 20 ovinos com peso vivo inicial de 18,90 kg, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os animais foram alimentados com dietas isoprotéicas formuladas com 50% de volumoso e 50% de concentrado contendo 0; 16,0; 32,5; 48,0 ou 67,0% de grão de capim-pé-de-galinha em substituição ao fubá de milho. Utilizou-se a fibra indigestível em detergente neutro (FDNi) como indicador para estimativa da excreção fecal. Os níveis de grão de pé-de-galinha não influenciaram os consumos de MS, NDT e FDN. Os valores médios de consumo de matéria seca foram de 1,2 kg/animal/dia e 3,2% do peso vivo. O coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria seca (CDMS) e o NDT reduziram linearmente em 0,1425 e 0,1612%, respectivamente, a cada 1% de grão de capim-pé-de-galinha no concentrado, o que está relacionado aos maiores teores de FDN e FDNi desse alimento. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade de MO e FDN apresentaram valores máximos de 57,64 e 53,60% nos níveis de 42,36 e 39,56% de grão de capim-pé-de-galinha no concentrado. Os valores médios de digestibilidade aparente de PB e EE foram 56,90 e 66,86%, respectivamente. A substituição do fubá de milho por grão do capim pé-de-galinha na dieta de ovinos não influenciou o consumo de matéria seca dos nutrientes, mas reduziu o coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria seca, da matéria orgânica, dos carboidratos totais e os nutrientes digestíveis totais, logo, esse ingrediente pode substituir até 50% do fubá de milho no concentrado para ovinos.
Consciência ambiental: um estudo exploratório sobre suas implicações para o ensino de administração
Authors: Gonçalves-Dias Sylmara Lopes Francelino , Teodósio Armindo dos Santos de Sousa , Carvalho Selma , Silva Hermes Moretti Ribeiro da
Published: April 2009

Vários são os apelos para se introduzirem as discussões ambientais nos conteúdos programáticos dos cursos de graduação em Administração. A educação ambiental é vista como um elemento indispensável para a transformação da consciência dos alunos. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar a dimensão ambiental do comportamento de futuros administradores e explorar condições, desafios e perspectivas para a ampliação da formação socioambiental nos projetos pedagógicos da escola de gestão analisada. Foram aplicados questionários de mensuração do comportamento ambiental numa amostra de 341 graduandos em Administração de uma instituição de ensino superior de São Paulo, que tiveram formação em meio ambiente ao longo de sua trajetória educacional. Procedeu-se à construção de um modelo fatorial e à aglomeração dos dados por meio de uma análise de conglomerados. Pelos dados analisados, pode-se considerar que a formação e o avanço da consciência ambiental ainda representam grandes desafios para essa escola de gestão, exigindo um profundo repensar dos métodos de ensino em Administração.
The Neobaroque and Popular Culture
Authors: Monsiváis Carlos , Zamora Lois Parkinson
Published: April 2009

Carlos Monsiváis is hard to pin down. He is a chronicler of every aspect of Mexican reality past and present; A cultural critic focusing on poetry, film, art, and music; and an erudite essayist committed to the connections between elite and popular cultures. His style is both acerbic and festive in ways that epitomize the Mexican character, and nothing escapes his incisive curiosity: the cult of national heroes that finds its twin in the society of spectacle, the cultural migrations between television talk and devotional discourse, the mass movements that advance and recede in a welter of democratic projects. As an intellectual, Carlos Monsiváis is unique in (and to) Mexico. You cannot walk in this country without seeing or hearing him on every street corner, nor can you open a book without sensing his influence. His presence is so omnímoda—so omnimodal—that we no longer know which came first: Mexican culture as Monsiváis observes it, or Monsiváis observing Mexican culture.
What Comes after “Post-Soviet” in Russian Studies?
Authors: Buckler Julie A.
Published: April 2009

Russian studies are still in love with their fascinating and unpredictable subject, despite radically changing geopolitical realities and shifts in the academic climate. We in the field have been through something resembling the free-market shock therapy prescribed for newly non-Soviet Russia, a major shake-up in intellectual orientation and logistics. Our methodologies, perspectives, and projects are always in this sense a reflection of our present-day subject, but they are also a self-portrait, the latest in a series.
Shakespeare's Preservation Fantasy
Authors: Kunin Aaron
Published: April 2009

This essay uses Shakespeare's sonnets to test the implications of the fantasy that poems, although not living things, preserve human life. The most valuable object in the community of the sonnets is the face of a beautiful young man. The speaker in the poems argues that the young man should entrust his most valuable quality to some technology of preservation, such as sexual reproduction or poetry. In every scenario, his beauty is preserved in a form that will not allow him to enjoy it: he inevitably has to die while his beauty lives on. Preservation thus turns out to be an unattractive plan against the fact of mortality and the possibility of holocaust. The fantasy of preservation is compatible with and even encourages a holocaust fantasy: everyone else has to die to prove that the young man's beautiful face is indestructible.
Vandetanib (ZD6474), a Dual Inhibitor of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR) and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Tyrosine Kinases: Current Status and Future Directions
Authors: Morabito Alessandro , Piccirillo Maria Carmela , Falasconi Fabiano , De Feo Gianfranco , Del Giudice Antonia , Bryce Jane , Di Maio Massimo , De Maio Ermelinda , Normanno Nicola , Perrone Francesco
Published: April 2009

Learning Objectives

Evaluate the mechanism of action of vandetanib in the care of patients with thyroid cancer. Analyze the current status of clinical development and early clinical results observed with vandetanib. Determine appropriate dose and schedule of administration, safety, and identification of molecular biomarkers predictive of response.

This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Briefing: Sustainability expertise: key to the future of the construction professions
Authors: Owens Graham
Published: April 2009

The relationship between construction professionals and their clients is changing radically. Graham Owens, who became the 89th president of the institution of Structural Engineers in January 2009, says new competencies in sustainability are needed if professionals are to retain their value.
Entering an ecological age: the engineer's role
Authors: Head Peter
Published: April 2009

Society's globalising economic system is destabilising the planet's life-support systems and is rapidly becoming unsustainable. This paper, which is based on the author's touring Brunel international lecture, analyses current knowledge and concludes that society could move to a sustainable way of living within environmental limits over the next few decades, allowing for continued human development and population growth as well as adapting to climate change. The paper also addresses the policies and engineering input that will be needed to achieve this transition to a new ‘ecological age’ of human civilisation. In particular there needs to be a continuous adaption of the global economy to match the size of the supporting ecosystem. If use of resources remains within Earth's natural capacity to absorb waste and regenerate those resources, the economy will be sustainable and human development can continue.
Community responses to contaminants: Using basic ecological principles to predict ecotoxicological effects
Authors: Clements William H. , Rohr Jason R.
Published: April 2009

Community ecotoxicology is defined as the study of the effects of contaminants on patterns of species abundance, diversity, community composition, and species interactions. Recent discoveries that species diversity is positively associated with ecosystem stability, recovery, and services have made a community-level perspective on ecotoxicology more important than ever. Community ecotoxicology must explicitly consider both present and impending global change and shift from a purely descriptive to a more predictive science. Greater consideration of the ecological factors and threshold responses that determine community resistance and resilience should improve our ability to predict how and when communities will respond to, and recover from, xenobiotics. A better understanding of pollution-induced community tolerance, and of the costs of this tolerance, should facilitate identifying contaminant-impacted communities, thus forecasting the ecological consequences of contaminant exposure and determining the restoration effectiveness. Given the vast complexity of community ecotoxicology, simplifying assumptions, such as the possibility that the approximately 100,000 registered chemicals could be reduced to a more manageable number of contaminant classes with similar modes of action, must be identified and validated. In addition to providing a framework for predicting contaminant fate and effects, food-web ecology can help to identify communities that are sensitive to contaminants, contaminants that are particularly insidious to communities, and species that are crucial for transmitting adverse effects across trophic levels. Integration of basic ecological principles into the design and implementation of ecotoxicological research is essential for predicting contaminant effects within the context of rapidly changing, global environmental conditions.
Perspectives on ecological risk assessment of chiral compounds
Authors: Stanley Jacob K , Brooks Bryan W
Published: April 2009

Enantiomers of chiral contaminants can significantly differ in environmental fate as well as in effects. Despite this fact, such differences are often ignored in regulation and in practice, injecting uncertainty into the estimation of risk of chiral compounds. We review the unique challenges posed by stereochemistry to the ecological risk assessment of chiral contaminants and existing regulatory guidance for chiral pharmaceuticals and pesticides in the United States. We identify the advantages of obtaining data on fate and effects of each individual enantiomer of chiral contaminants that are either distributed as or may end up as enantiomer mixtures in the environment due to enantiomerization. Because enantiomers of the same compound are highly likely to coexist in the environment with each other and can result in nonadditive effects, we recommend treatment of enantiomers as components of a mixture using widely accepted mixture models from achiral risk assessment. We further propose the enantiomer hazard ratio for retrospectively characterizing relative enantiomer risk and examine uncertainty factor magnitudes for effects analysis.
Deactivation of Highly Resistant Microorganisms in Water Using Solar Driven Photocatalytic Processes
Authors: Bandala Erick R. , Corona-Vasquez Benito , Guisar Raúl , Uscanga Melesio
Published: April 2009

Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores was carried out using solar-driven Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) alone and coupled with free chlorine in sequential processes. Experimental results showed that Fenton-like processes are more efficient under the tested conditions than heterogeneous photocatalytic processes using suspended titanium dioxide. Experimental data were fitted using modified Chick-Watson kinetics and the accumulated energy as the radiation dose needed for spore deactivation. It was demonstrated that the deactivation of B. subtilis spores using chlorine can be enhanced by primary treatment with photocatalysis. This study also suggests that AOPs could be an effective alternative to control the occurrence of highly resistant waterborne pathogens.
Optimization of Process Parameters for the Photocatalytic Degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenol in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Kansal Sushil Kumar , Singh Manohar , Sud Dhiraj
Published: April 2009

In the present study, the photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-DCP has been investigated in a batch reactor under UV light in slurry mode using titania P-25 (surface area 50 m2/g) as a photocatalyst and sodium hypochlorite as an oxidant. Variables studied include catalyst dose, pH and oxidant concentration. The rate of degradation was studied in terms of changes in concentration of the pollutant and reduction in chemical oxygen demand. The optimal values of operational parameters leading to 2,4-DCP abatement were obtained by using response surface methodology.
Comparison of Outcomes in a Traditional versus Accelerated Nursing Curriculum
Authors: Aktan Nadine M , Bareford Connie G , Bliss Julie B , Connolly Kathleen , DeYoung Sandra , Lancellotti Sullivan Katherine , Tracy Janet
Published: April 2009

In this descriptive study, graduates of a traditional baccalaureate nursing program were compared with graduates of an accelerated baccalaureate program at the same university between 1991 and 2006. A survey was sent to a random sample of two groups: traditional baccalaureate graduates and graduates of the accelerated program who had previous degrees in another major and completed the nursing curriculum in a shorter time frame than the traditional students, resulting in a total sample of 73 graduates. Outcome variables included demographics, NCLEX passing rates, transitioning to the professional role, employment, professional development, certifications and self-reported reasons the respondents entered the nursing profession and why they remained. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups on these variables. Results of a t-test revealed that the GPA of the accelerated group was significantly higher than the traditional group. Future considerations include the impact that accelerated program development may have on both the current and projected nursing shortage.
A Simplified Procedure for Quick Design of Dividing-Wall Columns for Industrial Applications
Authors: Rangaiah G. P. , Ooi E. L. , Premkumar R.
Published: April 2009

Dividing-wall column (DWC) is very attractive as the most energy saving alternative for conventional distillation columns. Hence, the main objective of this study is to develop general procedures for simulation and optimization of DWCs for industrial applications. For this, six examples involving typical industrial conditions are selected, and then the relative importance of various design variables of DWCs is examined through rigorous simulation using a commercial simulator, in order to gain insight into the design of such columns. The results show that vapor and liquid splits in the column have significant impact on the energy requirements of DWCs although their effect on condenser and reboiler duty is less pronounced within the optimum region. Further, simulation results show that DWC optimization does not need to include the variation of the number of stages as its effect on reducing the total annual cost is small. Based on the simulation and design results for the six examples, a simplified procedure for the quick design of DWCs using process simulators is proposed.
Turnover Modeling of Non-Esterified Fatty Acids in Rats after Multiple Intravenous Infusions of Nicotinic Acid
Authors: Isaksson Christine , Gabrielsson Johan , Wallenius Kristina , Peletier Lambertus A. , Toreson Helena
Published: April 2009

The objective of this investigation was to use a pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) approach to describe and evaluate a PK model of nicotinic acid (NiAc) in guinea pigs and a PD feedback model of changes in non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations in rats following multiple intravenous infusions of NiAc at different rates and durations of inhouse and literature (NEFA after extravascular NiAc dosing) data. Serial arterial blood samples were taken for evaluation of NiAc exposure in guinea pigs and NEFA in rats. The biophase kinetics of NiAc was assumed to impact on NEFA turnover with feedback incorporated via an inhibitory moderator compartment. The response acted linearly on the production of moderator, which then acted inversely on the turnover rate of response. The potency, expressed as the amount of NiAc in the biophase causing a 50 % inhibitory effect ( ID50), was 6.5 nmol ± 31 % and the half-life of response ( t1/2, kout) 2 min ± 18 %. The half-life of tolerance ( t1/2, ktol) was 9 min ± 27 %. The model can be used to provide information about factors that determine the time course of NEFA response following different rates and routes of administration of NiAc or NiAc analogues.
Contribution to measurement of cost dynamics impaction on formation of lower profit limit
Authors: Jakovcevic Klara
Published: April 2009

In market orientated firms income is the target result of reproduction. Survival and development of firms depend on the success of achieving the set goal. In order to find out whether a firm realizes profit or will it later and at which degree of utilization of facilities it will achieve the maximal profit, it is necessary to compare the total income and total costs. This paper analyses the different dynamics of costs on the formation of the lower marginal return at which a firm makes no profit or has no loss.
Review of privatization experiences: A lesson or not
Authors: Ostojic Sinisa
Published: April 2009

In the early 1990s, a subject often discussed in economic classes was 'gradualism versus shock therapy'. In Kornai view, the question was badly put because it implied that speed was a yardstick. Kornai convinced that speed, while important, is not the primary measure of success. The transformation of society is not a 'horse race'. The transition from socialism to capitalism has to be an organic process. It is a curios amalgam of revolution and evolution, a trial-and-error process in which some old companies survive while others vanish, and new firms are tested before being accepted or rejected. Some developments are rapid, others slow. Some, call for a one-stoke intervention, while many others come about through incremental changes. Kornai start from the conviction that the capitalist system is superior to the socialist system. From that premise, if follows medium- and long-term performances of the system will be. The emphasis has to be on consolidation, stability, and sustainability, not on breaking speed records.
Technological innovations trough the prism of evolutionary economy
Authors: Kontic Ljiljana
Published: April 2009

In this paper author has explored the relationship between technology and organization from the perspective of evolutionary economy. The technology is seen as the key source of dynamism in economic development. This have involved a discussion of the factors shaping long term trends in technological development, the relationship of innovation to economic progress and the role of organizations as sources of innovation activity. The technological innovations arc viewed as mutations which if successful result in variations in the economic environment. Success is in part a function of environmental selection by consumers and users. In order to survive, organizations must adopt to radically new and emergent technological and market conditions ('techno-economic paradigms'). To do this they must learn how to assimilate and apply the new knowledge required to bring about and sustain innovation. Organizations move from current pathways of technological development onto the completely new trajectory offered by new technology. They must play an active role in developing strategies that strengthen their innovative capacity. These processes determinate new organizational form innovative organization.
Instruments of organizing accounting function in the realization of information support to enterprise management
Authors: Gajic Ljubica
Published: April 2009

Business decision-making, based on real circumstances and future suppositions demands relevant and high quality informative support. Accounting with planning, record keeping, control and analyze, presents, not the only but one of the basic information sources. It is necessary to organize accounting in a way that will, with usage of instruments adequate to accounting and all contemporary methods, models and techniques, or in other words new methodological accounting solutions, provide reliable informative support for decision making to enterprise managing.
Impact of management activities on the development of port systems
Authors: Jovovic Mileta
Published: April 2009

This paper contains some basic characteristics of the impact of management activities on transacting business of port systems. Proceeding from an assumption that the management is one of the most important of human activities, whether it be practiced on an individual or collective basis, it has a direct impact on the process of shaping and maintaining of the environment. This paper, consequently, sets out (divides into components) the management activities according to managerial function or partakers in port business. On the basis of thus shaped activities, some rules, aims directions and methods of decision making are defined, which makes foundation of both current and strategic management activities of port systems.
Treatment of agriculture within WTO with a review of developing and transition countries
Authors: Prekajac Zora
Published: April 2009

The agricultural sector is very important for almost all countries although the share of agriculture in international trade is relatively small (9%). GATT's rules allowed the use of various non-tariff barriers and because of that the agricultural protectionism of the developed countries has strengthened. All the attempts to broaden the general rules of trade to agriculture were unsuccessful because the opposition of developed countries. The acceptation of the Agreement on Agriculture and the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures was the first step in liberalization of trade in agricultural products and extension of multilateral rules to this sector. New round launched in the end of 2001. in Doha is the new test for multilateral trading system, especially for the process of liberalization of international trade in agricultural products.
The dynamics of social capital: The case of Serbia I
Authors: Losonc Alpar
Published: April 2009

This is the first part of the paper that is presented at the conference of EBEN 29-31.2003. In this paper, I am dealing with the relationships between the social capital and some antinomies in the light of business performance in Serbia. The starting point is that Serbia is burdened by odd, postponed transition. The odd transition destroyed some forms of social capital and the postponed transition in business switched the necessary grey/black networks into certain forms of modified social capital. Besides, I explore the path-dependences that determine the dynamic of social capital in Serbia. Hereafter, I uncover some issue related to the weak institutions and uncertainty.
Foreign currency regimes
Authors: Gajic Duska
Published: April 2009

There is no exchange rate regime that can be declared as the best one. Each regime has both advantages and disadvantages. In some situations, a regime can be very positive and in an other, it may have rather negative outcome. In the theory, regimes are classified as follows: currency union, currency board, "truly fixed", adjustable peg, crawling peg, basket peg, target zone, dirty float, free float. This paper addresses "fixed vs. flexible regime" issue and provides description of all the requirements, consequences, benefits, weaknesses and possibilities related to them. The final conclusion is that flexible regimes are more frequently used and preferred by most economists. After all theoretical analyses, policymakers are those who make decisions about the optimal exchange rate regime for the economy concerned.
Neoliberalism and democracy
Authors: Boetsch Rodriguez
Published: April 2009

Conclusion: After nearly two decades of largely uninterrupted implementation, neoliberal policies have provided but modest aggregate growth, while income and wealth disparities have increased dramatically, separating the super rich from other social classes. This is most clearly evident in Latin America, where governments, sheltered by a wall of neoliberal doctrine and international compromises, have made themselves highly resistant to popular pressures for income redistribution and changes in the existing social structures. In effect, neoliberalism - coupled with its strange brand of ballot box democracy- has managed to strangle the full array of political forces antagonistic to and resisting its project. Economic power has tended to concentrate in the hands of those social groups that share objectives of accelerated capital accumulation; benefiting themselves, their families, and their elite classes. Evidence of the undemocratic methods utilized by Latin American rulers of neoliberal democracies abound: the excessive use of presidential decrees in Menem's Argentina, the exclusion of popular leaders from consultative bodies Salinas de Gortari's Mexico, or the application of strong arm tactics in Fujimori's Peru, could start a long list.
Public service privatization and crisis in Argentina
Authors: Rodnguez-Boetsch Leopoldo
Published: April 2009

This article discusses the privatization of public services in Argentina in light of the severe crisis that afflicted the country between 1999 and 2002. An inadequate regulatory framework and the absence of effective regulatory agencies resulted in the exercise of monopolistic power over public service fees. The emergence of a series of external shocks, starting in 1997 with the SE Asia crisis, weakened the country's external accounts. In the context of a strict fixed exchange rate regime-rising public service fees and overseas obligations contracted by the privatized firms placed growing pressure on the balance of payments. Even though privatized firms were not directly responsible for the four-year recession or the balance of payments crisis, their actions contributed to the onset and prolongation of the difficulties faced by Argentina.
A contribution to (re)conceptualization and genesis of globalization
Authors: Tadic Tadija
Published: April 2009

The main aim of this investigation is to provide understandable introduction into a globalization phenomenon. In the first part we explore the basic structure of phenomenon itself, and present some of the best known definitions of globalization today. After that we analyze the critical aspects and five main dimensions of globalization. In the second part, we give relatively original model of classification and periodization of vast and different arguments about historical origins of globalization.
Too Old AMS Radiocarbon Dates Obtained from Moss Remains from Lake Kwiecko Bottom Sediments (N Poland)
Authors: Madeja Jacek , Latowski Dariusz
Published: April 2009

The paper presents the results of the AMS radiocarbon dating of moss macrofossils which seem to be too old in the context of palynological data. The lack of agreement between the obtained results of radiocarbon dating and pollen analysis has been discussed. Some possible causes of the discrepancies between the results of radiocarbon dating and palynological dating have been given.
Preparations and production technologies of cleansing milks based on cenosphere obtained from flying ashes
Authors: Sułek Marian , Wasilewski Tomasz , Klimaszewska Emilia
Published: April 2009

Preparations and production technologies of cleansing milks based on cenosphere obtained from flying ashes

Application of cenosphere obtained from flying ashes as effective abrasive for cleansing milks was analyzed in the paper. Preparations and production technology of ten milks with various contents of cenosphere (from 2% to 20%) were designed. The products were tested to determine their most important usable properties. The efficiency of application and dispersion, cleansing ability, ability to emulsify fatty soils and destructing activity, measured as polish of surfaces, were analyzed. Selected trade products were tested analogously. The results obtained show that cenosphere can be a good replacement of abrasives that are widely used. The cenosphere-based products revealed comparable usable properties to the trade products (or even better). It is probable that producers of cleansers will pay their attention to this waste, which will bring profits to the natural environment.
Strength of lower limb related to gait velocity and cadence in stroke patients
Authors: Bohannon Richard W.
Published: April 2009

This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between two temporal components of gait (velocity and cadence) and the standardized static strength of seven lower extremity muscle groups of the paretic side of 20 patients who were hemiplegic following cerebrovascular accidents. Velocity and cadence were calculated from a timed gait trial over an eight-metre expanse of floor. Static strength was tested by a hand-held dynamometer, and the scores standardized against body weight. The muscles tested were hip flexors, extensors and abductors; the knee flexors and extensors; and the ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors. Correlations were significant (p < 0.05) between both gait variables and the standardized strength of the hip extensor, knee flexor, ankle dorsiflexor, and ankle plantar flexor muscle groups. Also significant were the correlations between cadence and the standardized strength of the hip abductor and knee extensor muscles. These relationships suggest that the strength of some muscle groups of the paretic lower extremity may be of functional importance and worthy of measurement.
Synthesis of Novel Hybrid Molecules from Precursors With Known Antiparasitic Activity
Authors: Saadeh Haythem A. , Mosleh Ibrahim M. , Mubarak Mohammad S.
Published: April 2009

Three novel new compounds derived from antiparasitic precursors have been synthesized and tested for their antiamoebic and antigiardial activities. The condensation of 2-(2-methyl-5-1H-nitroimidazolyl)ethylamine (6) with 5-nitro-2-furylacrylic acid (7) gave 3-(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)-N-[2-(5-nitroimidazol-1-yl)ethyl]acrylamide (8). Condensation of 7 with 7-chloro-4-(piperazin-1-yl)quinoline (9) afforded 1-[4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)propenone as a mixture of two isomers; 10-a (the E-isomer) and 10-b (the Z-isomer). In addition, the reaction of 9 with 1-(2-bromoethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (11) in the presence of K2CO3 and NaI yielded 7-chloro-4-(4-[2-(5-nitroimidazol-1-yl)ethyl]-piprazin-1-yl)quinoline (12). On the basis of preliminary screening data for these new compounds, compound 12 exhibited potent lethal activities against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis; its IC50 ( about 1 µM) was lower, at least by a factor of five, compared to the standard drug, metronidazole. In addition, the IC50 of compound 12 against the tested parasites is 600 times below that against Hep-2 and Vero cells. Compounds 8 and 10-a also exhibited potent or moderate antiamoebic and antigiardial activities with IC50 values of about 5.5 µM, and 140 µM, respectively, against the tested parasites. These two hybrid molecules, 8, 10-a, were also non-cytotoxic at the lethal concentrations against the parasites.
Fabrication of Submicron Beams with Galvanic Etch Stop for Si in TMAH
Authors: Lu Rong , Wu Yanhong , Cheng Haitao , Yang Heng , Li Xinxin , Wang Yuelin
Published: April 2009

A novel method has been developed to fabricate submicron beams with galvanic etch stop for Si in TMAH. The different Au:Si area ratios before and after the release of the beams are used to trigger the galvanic etch stop to fabricate submicron single crystal Si beams in standard Si wafers. Before the beams are released from the substrate, the Au electrodes are connected to the substrate electrically. The Au:Si area ratios are much smaller than the threshold value. TMAH etches the Si wafers. After the beams are fully released, they are mechanically supported by the Au wires, which also serve as the galvanic etch stop cathodes. The Au:Si area ratios are much larger than the threshold value. The beams are protected by galvanic etch stop. The thicknesses of the beams are determined by shallow dry etching before TMAH etching. A 530 nm thick beam was fabricated in standard (111) wafers. Experiments showed that the beam thicknesses did not change with over etching, even if the SiO2 layers on the surface of the beams were stripped.
Fabrication and Characterization of a Ruthenium Nitride Membrane for Electrochemical pH Sensors
Authors: Liao Yi-Hung , Chou Jung-Chuan
Published: April 2009

ThepH sensing and nonideal characteristics of a ruthenium nitride (RuN) sensing membrane pH sensor were investigated. RuN thin films were deposited from a 99.9% ruthenium target on p-type silicon substrates using radio frequency (r.f.) sputtering with N2 gas. Subsequently, the nanometric structure and surface morphology of RuN thin films were determined. The sensitivity of the RuN sensing membrane pH sensor was 58.03 mV/pH, obtained from ID-VG curves with a current-voltage (I-V) measurement system in standard buffer solutions from pH 1 to pH 13 at room temperature (25 °C). Moreover, the nonideal characteristics of the RuN sensing membrane, such as temperature coefficient, drift with light influence, drift rate and hysteresis width, etc. were also investigated. Finally, the sensing characteristics of the RuN membrane were compared with titanium nitride (TiN), aluminum nitride (AlN) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) membranes.
SIGNIFICANCE OF AVERAGING COEFFICIENTS IN STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SHALLOW WAKE FLOWS
Authors: Kolyshkin Andrei
Published: April 2009

Flows behind obstacles (such as islands) are shallow if the transverse scale of the flow is much larger than water depth. Field, laboratory and numerical data show that the flow pattern in shallow wakes exhibits a complex eddy‐like motion. Experimental and theoretical analyses provide evidence for the presence of two‐dimensional coherent structures in shallow water flows and show that the development of shallow wakes is different from the wakes in deep water due to the following reasons: first, the development of three‐dimensional instabilities is prevented by limited water depth and second, bottom friction acts as a stabilizing mechanism for suppressing the transverse growth of perturbations. Several authors have used the linear and weakly nonlinear stability theory in order to understand when shallow flows become unstable. Two‐dimensional depth‐averaged Saint‐Venant equations are usually used for the analysis. One of the main assumptions in shallow water theory is the independence of the velocity distribution on the vertical coordinate. In many cases, however, this assumption may not be valid. This paper presents an attempt to evaluate the influence of the assumption on the results of linear stability analysis of shallow wake flows with bottom friction. Momentum correction coefficients β 1 and β 2 are used in order to take into account the non‐uniformity of the velocity distribution in the vertical direction. Linear stability calculations show that the stability boundary is quite sensitive to the variation of the parameters β 1 and β 2. The role of the linear and weakly nonlinear stability analysis on the formation of two‐dimensional coherent structures in shallow water flows is discussed.
THERMAL PLASMA CUTTING. PART I: MODIFIED MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Authors: Dashkovskiy Sergey , Narimanyan Arsen
Published: April 2009

The moving‐boundary methodology with Stefan‐ and Signorini‐type boundary conditions is used for the modelling of the thermal cutting of metals by a plasma beam. We model the problem as a coupled system of equations, the heat conduction equation with Signorini‐type boundary conditions for calculating the temperature distribution in the workpiece, Stefan‐type boundary condition for computing the unknown domain geometry and ODEs which account for the solid‐solid phase transformations occurring due to the heat treatment of the material. For latter purpose a general model describing the kinetics of phase transformation is used. Finally, a model for computing the heat flux density absorbed by the cutting interface is derived using the data of emitted heat and radius of the plasma beam.
Résister par le droit ?
Authors: Israël Liora
Published: April 2009

Cet article propose de mettre en évidence trois formes de résistance fondées sur le droit, à partir d’une analyse sociohistorique de l’engagement dans la Résistance d’avocats et de magistrats pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale en France. La première, « résister malgré le droit », renvoie à l’antagonisme entre le légalisme et l’entrée en résistance, qui constituait tout spécialement pour des juristes un obstacle à l’engagement. La seconde forme, « à l’ombre du droit », désigne la manière dont progressivement vont être découvertes et utilisées les possibilités d’action subversives offertes par ces professions, à condition de jouer un double jeu. Enfin, la résistance « au nom du droit » renvoie à l’élaboration d’argumentaires juridiques justifiant la Résistance intérieure et extérieure et apportant à ce combat la légitimité du droit. Cette tripartition, à la fois analytique et chronologique, invite ainsi à complexifier l’analyse des relations entre droit et politique.
Percer le secret de la grossesse : de la transparence du corps à la transparence psychique
Authors: Cailleau Françoise
Published: April 2009

Résumé D’une société à l’autre, d’un siècle à l’autre, l’homme a tenté de percer le secret de la vie, l’énigme des origines. Avant l’ère de la médicalisation, le corps enceint était considéré comme perméable mais il faut attendre le développement des techniques d’imagerie médicale pour en divulguer les secrets. Cet article propose de retracer le parcours des pratiques divinatoires d’abord puis scientifiques qui ont permis de lever un coin de voile sur cet événement majeur que représente la grossesse. Et tandis que l’échographie nous permet d’approcher du corps du fœtus, la psychanalyse offre un cadre de référence pour penser les remaniement psychiques inhérents à cette période. Entre le corps et la psyché, apparaît alors un invariant : le désir de rendre cet événement transparent.
Le secret de l'adoption
Authors: Merdaci Mourad
Published: April 2009

Résumé Cette réflexion envisage la pratique du secret dans le champ familial comme une résolution défensive inconsciente contre la révélation des fragilités sociales et biologiques et contre la résurrection de tiers géniteur capable de remettre en cause la filiation fondatrice ou thérapeutique de l’adoption. Le secret mature les déterminations immédiates de couples sans références et sans délégation narcissique.
Psychose, suicide, secret et transmission
Authors: Duret Isabelle
Published: April 2009

Résumé L’article porte sur la question de l’hérédité et de la transmission psychique au sujet de la dépression. Bien que l’origine exacte de cette maladie ne soit pas encore totalement étayée, l’implication de causes biologiques a été démontrée par diverses études. Cette question est de plus en plus souvent abordée dans les consultations psychologiques par nos patients, parents ou futurs parents. A partir d’une réflexion fondée sur des observations cliniques, nous discutons la question du secret et des difficultés qui peuvent se poser à un parent porteur d’une maladie psychiatrique à transmission génétique alors qu’apparaît un symptôme d’allure psychotique chez son enfant. Nous montrons, à l’aide d’une illustration clinique abordée dans une perspective systémique, comment le diagnostic médical (dans son aspect héréditariste) risque de s’imposer face à des comportements qui ne représentent qu’une réaction passagère d’un enfant de 7 ans face à une situation environnementale compliquée et chargée de culpabilité. Nous montrons dans cette situation que le secret qui semble bien gardé concernant le suicide de l’oncle maternel influence pourtant les représentations de l’enfant porteur du symptôme. L’approche systémique favorise un diagnostic affiné tenant compte de plusieurs lectures explicatives du symptôme. Les entretiens de famille vont permettre l’énonciation du secret ; ils vont permettre, dans un climat de sécurité, à tous les membres de la famille de reconnaître ensemble le passé et de rompre les chaînes qui les emprisonnaient en lui.
Secret et transmission. L'ombre portée des messages énigmatiques
Authors: Algranti Fildier Brigitte
Published: April 2009

Résumé Cet article vise à mettre en lumière, à travers exemples cliniques et littéraires, les effets sur un enfant d’un drame tenu secret d’un parent et les mécanismes de transmission. Effet fantôme, ombres mélancoliques, messages énigmatiques et empiètements imagoïques servent de fils directeurs à cette recherche.
La révolution orange : un défi pour l'Ukraine, la Russie et l'Europe
Authors: Sherr James
Published: April 2009

Résumé La « révolution orange » va tenter de transformer son succès électoral en succès politique. Elle peut pour ce faire s’appuyer sur nombre d’éléments positifs. Mais la structure même du pouvoir, ses liens avec une économie peu transparente, et l’immobilisme de Moscou, peuvent constituer de sérieux handicaps. L’Ukraine doit redéfinir ses relations avec l’Union européenne et l’Otan ; et ces dernières élaborer une stratégie de partenariat adaptée à une situation nouvelle.
Acteurs internationaux et islam de France
Authors: Amghar Samir
Published: April 2009

Résumé Trois acteurs extérieurs pèsent sur l’organisation de l’islam français : les États du Sud, qui s’efforcent de prolonger en France leur politique interne d’organisation du religieux ; l’Arabie Saoudite, qui voit depuis plusieurs décennies sa projection religieuse comme une ressource politique capitale ; les firmes multinationales du religieux, enfin. Sous ces influences croisées, les musulmans de France tentent de se réapproprier un islam à la mesure de l’Hexagone.
L'islam aux États-Unis : une nouvelle religion publique ?
Authors: Zeghal Malika
Published: April 2009

Résumé La communauté musulmane issue de l’immigration aux États-Unis s’intègre désormais pleinement dans le processus de déprivatisation du religieux. Le 11 septembre la fait sortir des « enclaves » constituées dans les années 1960 pour sauvegarder une identité, afin de devenir un acteur du débat public. La contradiction demeure pourtant entre l’islam inséré dans le jeu multireligieux américain, et l’islam dénoncé et combattu par la politique étrangère américaine.
Armes biologiques : quelques leçons irakiennes
Authors: Tucker Johnathan B. , Caumes Caroline
Published: April 2009

Résumé Les programmes d’armes biologiques irakiens avaient pour ambition la dissuasion extérieure et l’intimidation interne. Ils ont été cachés avec constance aux équipes d’inspection de l’Organisation des Nations unies (ONU) qui ont dû user de méthodes complexes pour en découvrir l’essentiel. Cette clandestinité a conduit les responsables occidentaux à d’importantes erreurs d’appréciation. Les reliefs de ces programmes, qui demeurent dangereux, doivent encore être suivis avec attention.
Vers des armes biologiques de nouvelle génération
Authors: Berche Patrick
Published: April 2009

Résumé Les progrès des biotechnologies permettent d’« améliorer » la virulence et la résistance des germes, bactéries ou virus. On a réussi à synthétiser in vitro des petits virus à partir des données informatiques des génomes des agents pathogènes : la synthèse de virus plus dangereux devient possible. Des avancées biotechnologiques récentes permettent la création de germes nouveaux, qui confronteraient les populations à des agents pathogènes inédits. La prévention des attaques suppose une surveillance étroite des innovations biotechnologiques potentiellement dangereuses, et une réflexion sur la diffusion des données les plus sensibles.
Japon : l'héritage irakien
Authors: Serra Régine
Published: April 2009

Résumé Dans la dernière décennie, la classe politique japonaise a procédé aux adaptations juridiques nécessaires pour associer le pays aux opérations de paix de l’ONU. Les débats sur l’Irak, le Cambodge, ou les retombées du 11 septembre, ont ainsi débouché sur un changement progressif de la posture internationale du Japon : en ce qui concerne son rôle global, et en ce qui touche à sa sécurité. Les bases du pacifisme politique et juridique hérité de l’après-guerre sont ainsi questionnées.
Les opinions européennes face au traité constitutionnel
Authors: Jeanbart Bruno
Published: April 2009

Résumé Les différences dans les modes de ratification du traité constitutionnel handicapent l’émergence d’un débat européen commun. Toutes les opinions européennes traduisent néanmoins deux caractères majeurs : un soutien à la légitimité du processus de construction européenne et une ignorance largement répandue quant au contenu concret des textes soumis à ratification. Parmi d’autres éléments, cette indifférence relative constitue une base pour une opposition ranimant d’anciennes peurs.
La reconstruction de l'Irak aura-t-elle lieu ?
Authors: Lafarge Gabrielle , Novosseloff Alexandra
Published: April 2009

Résumé L’impréparation de l’après-guerre, la désorganisation de la Coalition, les erreurs de stratégies changeantes ont créé en Irak une obsession de l’insécurité qui limite toute possibilité de reconstruction. Le processus politique est décalé par rapport aux attentes des populations, les organisations internationales sont peu présentes, et les services de sécurité irakiens encore incapables de prendre le relais. Le réinvestissement international, nécessaire, apparaît dans ces conditions problématique.
UE : un moment tocquevillien
Authors: Nicolaïdis Kalypso
Published: April 2009

Résumé La voie constitutionnelle choisie a échoué parce qu’elle n’a pas pris la vraie mesure des contradictions actuelles de la construction européenne. L’exigence de démocratisation, qui demeurera, et l’ambition constitutionnelle devront être redéfinies dans un vaste débat sur la durée nécessaire de la transition politique, et sur notre « démoï-cratie » européenne. Dans ce débat, la place de la France sera centrale ; mais les Français devront sans doute faire évoluer fondamentalement leur vision de l’Europe future.
Face à la crise, quelles perspectives pour l'Union européenne ?
Authors: Ferry Jean-Marc
Published: April 2009

Résumé Les défis de l’élargissement et de la constitutionnalisation étaient rudes. Le premier impliquait surtout un risque d’utilisation néo-libérale des disparités entre l’Ouest et l’Est européens. Quant au texte à ratifier, il a échoué à créer le patriotisme constitutionnel nécessaire. Il est urgent de s’interroger sur les finalités et les formes possibles de l’intégration, en délaissant la fausse évidence fédéraliste , les peuples se réappropriant les questions aujourd’hui contestées.
La politique européenne de voisinage : un dépassement du partenariat euro-méditerranéen
Authors: Mahjoub Azzam
Published: April 2009

Résumé La politique européenne de voisinage peut approfondir le partenariat euro-méditerranéen et aider plus décisivement à la réforme des sociétés du Sud. Mais il faudrait reconnaître le droit au développement comme objectif central, avec les conséquences qui en découlent ; clarifier l’horizon du rapprochement avec l’acquis communautaire ; et que les membres de l’Union acceptent de s’ouvrir dans deux domaines essentiels pour leurs partenaires : les produits agricoles et l’immigration.