bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A divisão sexual do trabalho culinário
Authors: Briguglio Bianca
Published: December 2019

A comunicação tem como objetivo apresentar um referencial teórico para pensar a divisão sexual do trabalho nas cozinhas. Para tanto, pretendo discutir o que é a divisão sexual do trabalho, o que são as relações sociais de sexo e o que eu entendo por gênero, para explicar como eu observei a divisão sexual do trabalho em cozinhas profissionais na minha pesquisa Cozinha é lugar de mulher? A divisão sexual do trabalho em cozinhas profissionais, realizada no Doutorado em Ciências Sociais da Universidade Estadual de Campinas.

A divisão sexual do trabalho, mediada por situações historicamente dadas, fundamenta-se na ideia de antagonismo entre homens e mulheres, assim como relações de exploração-dominação que estão colocadas na sociedade, principalmente em torno do trabalho.

Os elementos que serão analisados são a) a divisão sexual que se expressa nas cozinhas profissionais com a separação entre cozinha quente e cozinha fria, e suas diferentes valorações; b) a criação de um ambiente masculino e masculinizante, hostil para mulheres, que valoriza as características socialmente associadas ao gênero masculino; c) as dificuldades que as mulheres têm de conciliar família e trabalho, na medida em que elas continuam sendo responsáveis pelo trabalho doméstico e de cuidados, o que já foi chamado de “dupla jornada” e que, do ponto de vista prático, cria maiores dificuldades para as mulheres; finalmente, d) a questão da autoridade na cozinha e a associação do chef a uma figura masculina.

A metodologia utilizada para escrever esse artigo será o apoio nas bibliografias de Saffioti e Kergoat e Hirata, em suas teorizações sobre relações sociais de sexo, divisão sexual do trabalho, o conceito de gênero e o conceito de patriarcado, que utilizo para analisar meus achados de pesquisa e os elementos das entrevistas que realizei entre 2015 e 2019.

Para além do chamado teto de vidro, as mulheres encontram muito mais obstáculos do que os homens em construir carreiras e percursos profissionais, até para permanecerem no emprego, em função de relações de gênero e discriminações pelo fato de serem mulheres. Todavia, não são apenas as mulheres que são afetadas por tal discriminação: os homens também se veem obrigados a seguirem determinados comportamentos que colocam sua saúde em risco, para corresponderem ao papel social que lhes cabe.

Assim, pretendo oferecer elementos teóricos que subsidiem outras pesquisas, outras observações das relações sociais de sexo e a imposição de papéis sociais generificados, assim como apoiar dessa perspectiva outras investigações no campo da alimentação e das relações de gênero.
Os anúncios de leite artificial no Rio de Janeiro da Primeira República
Authors: Gil Caroline Amorim
Published: December 2019

O estudo parte do esforço de analisar as políticas de combate à mortalidade infantil no início do século XX, ambiente em que a alimentação da criança se apresentava como aspecto de discussão médica e das páginas de revistas e jornais que circulavam na época, dando maior visibilidade ao duelo estabelecido entre aleitamento natural e aleitamento artificial.

Em fins do século XIX é possível observar o crescimento de anúncios de leite industrializado na imprensa carioca. As propagandas presentes em periódicos como o Jornal do Brasil e revistas especializadas, destinadas ao público feminino das classes mais elevadas, traziam a promessa de alimentos que funcionavam como substitutos do leite materno.

A cruzada médica em favor do aleitamento era uma luta antiga. Ao longo do século XIX foi possível observar a presença massiva de teses na Faculdade de Medicina destacando a importância materna no controle da mortalidade, que assolava a primeira infância. No início do século XX, médicos como Moncorvo Filho, à frente do Instituto de Proteção e Assistência à Infância do Rio de Janeiro, e Fernandes Figueira, na Policlínica das Crianças, seriam porta-vozes da luta contra a mortalidade, e neste cenário a alimentação apareceu como o fator primordial para garantia do futuro nacional – o infante.

Entre 1900 e 1909 a presença de amas de leite que circulavam na cidade do Rio de Janeiro anunciando seus serviços no Jornal do Brasil ou sendo requisitadas por famílias era numerosa; em 1900 temos a presença de 44 anúncios, número que se eleva para 438 em 1903, chegando a 1.176 em 1906. O recurso à ama atravessava status sociais, sendo requisitada nas freguesias mais pobres da cidade, corroborando a tese de que o hábito de não amamentar havia se disseminado entre as classes populares.

Foi nesse ambiente de defesa médica em favor da supremacia do leite materno e de combate às amas que o leite artificial cresceu como uma alternativa de alimentação. Tendo como diferencial a praticidade de preparo, a promessa de preço acessível aos mais pobres e um representante da vida moderna, da mulher independente, que podia cuidar da casa, trabalhar fora e manter os filhos bem alimentados.

A partir das teses da FMRJ é possível observar o discurso médico, os congressos em prol da infância e as discussões entre os pares. E cruzar estes dados com a publicidade da indústria alimentícia – tanto a distribuição do leite de vaca, como os alimentos processados, presentes em revistas como Fon Fon, Vida Doméstica e Tico Tico. Este conjunto nos permitirá delinear as políticas públicas traçadas em prol da criança.

A hipótese levantada é de que os médicos também foram responsáveis pela difusão do leite artificial, mesmo que em desacordo com as premissas do parecer acadêmico. A relação entre medicina e indústria, na certificação de produtos, foi essencial para a transformação do aleitamento artificial em prática cultural.
Alimentação, sociabilidades e a atuação feminina nas guerras luso-holandesas (1630-1654)
Authors: Silva Elisielly Falasqui da
Published: December 2019

Esta apresentação tem por objetivo explorar as relações entre as práticas alimentares, sobretudo no que diz respeito às redes de sociabilidade envolvidas neste ato, e as atuações das mulheres no âmbito das guerras luso-holandesas, entre 1630 e 1654, na região setentrional do Brasil.

Em um primeiro momento, tomando como base os relatos de cronistas do período, buscarei traçar um panorama das permissões e interdições direcionadas às mulheres luso-brasileiras quanto às práticas alimentares, especialmente aquelas relacionadas à sociabilidade – como a proibição de partilhar o momento das refeições com outros homens que não seus maridos.

Tal panorama será contraposto a dois episódios marcantes da atuação das mulheres no contexto de guerra, ambos relacionados ao ato alimentar: o convite de jantar direcionado por Maurício de Nassau às mulheres que se reuniram em seu palácio pedindo a libertação de uma matrona acusada de conspirar contra os holandeses e condenada à morte, dona Jerônima de Almeida; e o jantar ocorrido na casa da mesma Jerônima, anos depois, no qual supostamente portugueses e holandeses teriam conspirado contra o governo holandês. Em ambos os episódios, o momento da refeição coloca-se como também um momento de encontros, pleitos, disputas políticas e conspirações.

A análise será, por fim, acrescida de outros episódios nos quais o ato de cozinhar ou oferecer alimentos a aliados ou inimigos revela-se como uma das possibilidades de atuação das mulheres dentro do cotidiano das guerras luso-holandesas, sobre as quais avento a hipótese de que teriam aberto novos e diversificados caminhos à iniciativa feminina, não apenas pela mudança brusca da dinâmica social dos envolvidos na guerra, mas também por colocar em contato pessoas com experiências culturais diversas.
Manuais técnicos de confeitaria
Authors: Lima Larissa Alves de
Published: December 2019

O presente resumo trata-se de um recorte de meu projeto de pesquisa de mestrado intitulado A arte de fazer toda qualidade de doces (Rio de Janeiro, 1850-1930).

Considerando a intensa publicação de manuais técnicos de confeitaria entre a segunda metade do século XIX e as primeiras décadas do século XX, indicando a existência de um mercado editorial no setor, a presente comunicação abordará o significado desse mercado editorial.

Entre 1850 e 1930, foram publicados no Rio de Janeiro diversos livros de culinária. Dentre eles, estão nove livros de receitas doces: Doceiro Nacional ou Arte de Fazer toda qualidade de doces; Dicionário do Doceiro Brasileiro; O Confeiteiro Popular ou Manual theorico e pratico de confeitaria e pastelaria para uso dos professionaes e particulares; Manual do Distillador e Licorista; A Doceira Doméstica; O Confeiteiro Nacional. Manual Theorico e Pratico de Confeitaria, Refinação e Pastelaria; Doceira Brasileira ou nova guia para se fazerem todas as espécies de doces; DOCEIRA Nacional; Manual de Confeitaria.

Com o objetivo de compreender a edição dos livros de receitas doces do período em questão, é necessário esboçar algumas considerações sobre o mercado editorial fin de siècle. Capital do Império, a cidade do Rio de Janeiro possuía o maior “número de leitores em potencial”, segundo Tânia Bessone em O que liam os cariocas? (2005). Em estudo intitulado Páginas de Sensação, Alessandra El Far preocupava-se com os livros destinados para o “povo” – a autora não está se referindo às camadas mais baixas da sociedade, mas sim a um crescente público consumidor em formação no espaço urbano e alvo dos impressos a preços populares.

De acordo com Bessone, os livros mais vendidos e lidos pelos cariocas diziam respeito, sobretudo, aos romances de aventura. No entanto, existiam obras que fugiam desse formato e obtinham sucesso, como é o caso dos manuais práticos “que ensinavam a cozinhar ou alguma outra atividade similiar ou manuais de polidez”. Neste setor encontram-se os manuais técnicos de confeitaria. Segundo El Far, o desenvolvimento desse mercado livreiro deve ser compreendido a partir da proclamação da República e o fim do sistema escravocrata. Nesse sentido, esse mercado fomentou-se com a “chegada das inovações tecnológicas de impressão, que viabilizaram a produção de exemplares mais baratos, a entrada maciça de imigrantes dispostos a se instalarem no mercado varejista munidos de um pequeno capital trazido na bagagem, o número sempre crescente de escravos libertos capaz de compor um aglomerado cada vez maior de consumidores em potencial, os pequenos progressos no processo de alfabetização” (ver Alessandra El Far, Páginas de Sensação – Literatura popular e pornográfica no Rio de Janeiro (1870-1924), 2004).

Nesta comunicação, focaremos na análise das edições, público, receitas e utensílios de especialmente cinco livros de receitas: Doceiro Nacional, Dicionário do Doceiro Brasileiro, Confeiteiro Popular, Manual do Distillador e Licorista e Manual de Confeitaria.
Práticas culinárias de mulheres residentes em Cruzeiro do Sul, no Acre
Authors: Oliveira Mayara Sanay da Silva , Unsain Ramiro Andres Fernandez , Ulian Mariana Dimitrov , Sato Priscila De Morais , Scagliusi Fernanda Baeza
Published: December 2019

A culinária doméstica é uma prática social imbricada em um sistema de gênero que (re) produz ideias de trabalhos diferenciados para homens e mulheres, bem como comportamentos considerados “adequados” para as pessoas. Este trabalho objetiva descrever e discutir o trabalho culinário doméstico realizado por mulheres a partir da perspectiva de performatividade de gênero da filosofa Judith Butler. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo e feminista. Realizamos entrevistas em profundidade semiestruturadas com 14 mulheres casadas ou que residem com os cônjuges, com idade entre 25 a 41 anos e que cozinhavam em domicílio pelo menos 1 vez por dia; e 05 cônjuges com idade entre 28 a 51 anos. Analisamos os dados com análise de conteúdo, codificamos as entrevistas com especial atenção para os status atribuídos às mulheres e aos homens no núcleo familiar, às diferenças e aos jogos de poderes, aos privilégios que permitem às diferentes pessoas exercerem ou se beneficiarem do poder, às forças e aos processos que emergem dos itens supracitados. Em nossa pesquisa, as mulheres eram as principais responsáveis por realizar os trabalhos culinários domésticos, executando-os sozinhas ou compartilhando com outras figuras femininas. Enquanto seus cônjuges eram praticantes secundários ou terciários da culinária doméstica, realizando essas atividades apenas na ausência de figuras femininas. Todas as mulheres entrevistadas reconheciam a culinária doméstica como uma obrigação social e familiar atribuída à “mãe”, à “esposa” e à “dona de casa”. Elas realizavam diariamente e continuamente uma série de atividades físicas e cognitivas relacionadas ao trabalho culinário doméstico com intuito de contribuir com a família, cuidar do marido e das crianças, e evitar reclamações ou crítica dos maridos ou outros membros da família. Em relação aos cônjuges, eles identificavam que negar que homens e mulheres deveriam realizar as mesmas atividades domésticas indicaria um pensamento “machista” de sua parte. Contudo, eles afirmavam que os homens deveriam cozinhar apenas quando: morassem sozinhos, não trabalhassem fora de casa, soubessem cozinhar, tivessem “dom” para culinária, gostassem e/ou tivessem o interesse em cozinhar. Dentro de tantas condições e restrições socioculturais para a participação masculina no trabalho culinário doméstico, os maridos e companheiros que realizavam essa atividade em maior frequência se reconheciam como desviantes de uma norma hegemônica por estarem executando uma atividade considerada feminina. Concluímos que as mulheres e os homens disputam ativamente poderes, privilégios, controles e autonomia com intuito de implementar modelos de práticas culinárias que possam performar dentro das suas conjunturas de vidas atuais.
“O daime ferve no caldeirão”
Authors: Arrais Sabrina Augusta da Costa , Albuquerque Maria Betânia B.
Published: December 2019

Este trabalho é resultado de uma pesquisa etnográfica realizada na Casa de Oração Estrela D’Água, localizada na Ilha de Colares, no Pará, e objetiva analisar as questões de gênero que perpassam os processos educativos vivenciados no ritual de feitio do Santo Daime. O Santo Daime é uma religião ayahuasqueira nascida na periferia de Rio Branco, no Acre, no início do século XX, que se caracteriza, dentre outros aspectos, pelo consumo da ayahuasca – beberagem de origem indígena produzida a partir da decocção do cipó Banisteriopsis caapi, da folha Psychotria viridis e água. O ritual de feitio do Daime é o momento destinado à feitura da bebida, considerado como a “universidade” da doutrina, dada a complexidade de sua execução, uma vez que pressupõe intenso trabalho físico e espiritual, e pauta-se em uma divisão sexual do trabalho, na qual os homens são os responsáveis pela maior parte do processo diretamente ligado à produção da bebida, que compreende a coleta, a limpeza e a maceração do cipó, além do cozimento das plantas e do cuidado com o fogo da fornalha, enquanto às mulheres cabe a seleção e limpeza das folhas, além da recepção de visitantes, preparo dos alimentos e limpeza de modo geral. Essa divisão se instituiu historicamente na cosmologia daimista, fruto dos processos históricos de colonização, como a colonialidade de gênero. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa resulta de uma imersão etnográfica em dois rituais de feitio acontecidos no ano de 2019, pautada na observação participante, entrevistas semiestruturadas e conversas informais com os dirigentes, com homens e mulheres fardados do centro religioso e importantes lideranças que participaram dos rituais, como o feitor e a puxadora que o acompanha. Teoricamente, a pesquisa inspira-se na perspectiva decolonial, apoiada nos estudos de Edgardo Lander sobre colonialidade do saber, de Maria Lugones sobre colonialidade de gênero, de Maria Betânia Barbosa Albuquerque acerca da educação no Santo Daime e de Camila de Pieri Benedito sobre questões de gênero que perpassam a religião daimista. Dentre as considerações, constatamos a dimensão educativa vivenciada no cotidiano religioso do Santo Daime, em especial no ritual de feitio, como uma pedagogia cultural decolonial, pois imbrica processos educativos organizados a partir de uma base epistemológica particular na qual os saberes são mediados por uma planta mestra, contudo, a despeito disso, as contradições, os tabus e as sanções genderificadas revelam um aspecto conservador da religião no que tange aos aspectos de gênero e sexualidade, ao passo que despontam reações de membros que não assumem o discurso daimista patriarcal, heteronormativo e binário, até mesmo o questionam e apresentam resistências.
Veganismo para além do prato
Authors: Magior Natasha Ribeiro Fabiano
Published: December 2019

O presente resumo é parte integrante de uma pesquisa em História Social, com ênfase em História da Alimentação. Em sua primeira parte, citando as justificativas ideológicas, teológicas, culturais e sociais que naturalizam a matança e o consumo de seres sencientes, o trabalho demonstra que a atual configuração do mundo ocidental é, além de racista ou sexista, antropocêntrica e especista – sobretudo nos hábitos alimentares.

Já o capítulo subsequente do trabalho resgata a histórica, porém desconhecida, relação entre feminismo, veganismo e direitos animais, salientando como a sociedade patriarcal associa dominância, masculinidade e força ao ato de comer carne, ao passo que vê nos alimentos vegetais elementos feminilizantes. As mulheres, por serem consideradas cidadãs de segunda classe, comem alimentos também considerados de segunda classe: grãos, folhas, frutas, verduras.

Neste sentido, tem-se que consumo de carne revela distinções não apenas de classe, mas também de gênero e de raça. A aproximação entre especismo, sexismo e racismo está cada vez mais evidente dentro da teoria feminista-vegana; afinal, em um mundo dominado pelo masculino, fêmeas humanas e não humanas são tidas como objetos e não como sujeitos. Corpos de mulheres são consumidos visualmente; de animais, literalmente.

A partir de uma perspectiva ecossocialista, antiespecista e anticapitalista, a terceira parte do trabalho visa a outro resgate: o caráter político do movimento vegano que, nos últimos anos, vem sendo cooptado pelo sistema econômico vigente.

Historicamente, o veganismo, em sua forma politizada, mostra-se um movimento social pulsante; hoje – considerando a conjuntura de estafa ambiental, insegurança alimentar, liberação desenfreada de agrotóxicos e mercantilização da vida, seja ela humana ou não humana –, o veganismo emerge como uma ferramenta ativa na construção de um mundo igualitário para as multiespécies nele existentes.

Portanto, o veganismo extrapola a definição de dieta ou de estilo de vida; é um movimento potente de combate ao sistema opressor dentro do qual vivemos. A luta anti-especista e o veganismo, segundo Angela Davis, fazem parte de uma perspectiva revolucionária pois desafiam tanto a política alimentar que nos é imposta pelas grandes corporações quanto o sistema industrial que submete, sistêmica e silenciosamente, incontáveis seres sencientes a um regime desnecessário de dor, sofrimento e morte, cuja intenção é simplesmente satisfazer o paladar e os interesses de uma única espécie.

Por se tratar de um trabalho teórico e de síntese, a metodologia consiste na busca por dados secundários, feita mediante revisão bibliográfica de autoras como Carol J. Adams, Donna Haraway, Sônia T. Felipe e Melanie Joy.
BÖLGESEL KALKINMA ÇALIŞMALARINDA ORTAK YAZARLIK VE ATIF AĞLARININ SOSYAL AĞ ANALİZİ İLE İNCELENMESİ
Authors: DEMİRGİL Hakan , ÇELİKKAYA Süha
Published: December 2019

Sosyal
ağ analizi ilişki yapılarının araştırılmasında kullanılan önemli bir yöntemdir.
Aynı zamanda, bilimsel yayınların ilişki yapıları, işbirliği düzeyleri, üretken
yazarların belirlenmesi, alıntı sayılarındaki durumun nitelik yönünden
değerlendirilmesini sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de bölgesel kalkınma
alanında yapılan çalışmalarda öne çıkan yazar ve bölümler, kurumsal işbirliği
düzeyi sosyal ağ analizi ve düğümlerin ağ yapı içerisinde merkezilik değerleri
yardımıyla incelenmektedir. 1975-2017 yılları arasında atıf indekslerinde (SCI,
SSCI ve AHCI) Bölgesel Kalkınma konusunda, Türkiye adresli yapılmış 158 yayın değerlendirilmiştir.

Elde
edilen sonuçlar, atıf indekslerinde yayınlanmış bölgesel kalkınma
çalışmalarının hızının 2010 yılından sonra arttığını göstermektedir. Yapılan
çalışmalar yeterli kurumsal desteğe sahip olmamakla birlikte, etki faktörü
düşük dergilerde yayınlanmaktadır. Ayrıca, ekonomi bilimine ait bir çalışma
alanı olmasına karşın, yayın sayısının şehir ve bölge planlama gibi diğer
alanlarda daha yüksek olduğu görülmektedir.
Urban Time and Rome’s Resilience: Steeling Oneself against Disaster in Religious Practices
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: December 2019

This article focuses on the relation of resilience and religion, using resilience as a lens for the analysis of religion and vice versa. By focusing on religious practices that might reasonably be seen as fostering resilience, I suggest that religious change in ancient Roman religion can be related to a constellation of material and social action that could be termed urban resilience. Among the very few historical data that allow the relating of specific religious practices to the ups and downs of urban history, an important source is preserved in the material — and frequently even monumental — form of calendars (fasti). I suggest that the development of some features of this cross-culturally exceptional material presence and graphic representation of a solar year and its rituals offer a glimpse into different forms of practices that might have reflected and helped foster urban resilience.
International Delegation and Agency in the Externalization Process of EU Migration and Asylum Policy: the Role of the IOM and the UNHCR in Niger
Authors: van Dessel Julia
Published: December 2019

This article examines the role of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in the implementation of the European Union (EU) migration and asylum policy in Niger. Building on policy analysis and qualitative interviews with stakeholders, it contributes to the literature on the externalization process of EU borders. The first part of the article focuses on the international and local context in which this process has taken place in Niger since 2015. The second part refers to the principal-agent (PA) theory inspired from economics to model the dynamics of the delegation relationships linking the European Commission (EC) to the IOM and the UNHCR in Niger. It is argued that the two main objectives pursued by the EU through the externalization of its migration and asylum policy—namely the offshoring of border control and the outsourcing of asylum claims processing—are respectively fulfilled by the IOM and the UNHCR in Niger. As such, this article highlights how the cooperation of International Organizations (IOs) is critical to enable the EU to filter and restrict human mobility from the Sahel region.
From Humanitarian Rescue to Border Security: Managing Migration in the Central Mediterranean
Authors: Gloninger Gemma Marolda
Published: December 2019

While images of boats in distress, overflowing with migrants in the Central Mediterranean, flash on television screens and front pages of Italian and European newspapers, search and rescue (SAR) missions continue to draw attention. This article takes a look at migratory flows across the Central Mediterranean from 2012 to 2018 and focuses on the response of governmental, inter-governmental, and non-governmental actors rescuing lives at sea. Using aggregate data on migrants’ sea arrivals and deaths as well as official documents from the UNHRC, the European Union, Italy’s Ministry of Interior, and NGOs, this study investigates 1) how different actors have responded to migratory flows across the Central Mediterranean, and 2) how actors’ narratives and response have impacted the situation at sea. The study finds that, although all three actors act on the humanitarian principle ‘to save lives,’ their narratives and response diverge as the intensity of sea arrivals persists.
Analysis of the EU-Turkey Readmission Agreement: a Unique Case
Authors: Akın Yavuz Çiğdem
Published: December 2019

The European Union (EU) has thus far developed a standard approach towards the negotiation processes and the content of readmission agreements with third countries. This approach encompasses offering a visa facilitation agreement and visa liberalization to third countries as an incentive for the conclusion of a readmission agreement. The approach has, however, changed in the case of the EU-Turkey Readmission Agreement. This Agreement was signed simultaneously with the initiation of a Visa Liberalization Dialogue, by-passing the conclusion of a visa facilitation agreement. The content of the Agreement has also distinguishing features compared to EU readmission agreements. This article seeks to explain why the EU has changed its standard approach in the case of Turkey through analysing both the negotiation process and the content of the EU-Turkey Readmission Agreement. In this way, this article strives to demonstrate that this shift is mainly due to EU’s concerns about effective return of irregular migrants who have been ordered to leave the EU, as well as the unique characteristics of the multidimensional relationship between the EU and Turkey.
A Curious Decision by Zambia’s Highest Court: Six Years Imprisonment for Civil Contempt?
Authors: Phiri Christopher
Published: December 2019

On 23 November 2018, the Supreme Court of Zambia delivered a judgement which suggests that Zambian judges have virtually unbridled power to move on their own motion to punish for contempt of court anyone who criticises their judicial decisions. This article considers that judgement. It argues that whilst justice might well have been done in the case in question, it was certainly not seen to be done. Two main reasons are given for this argument. First, the judges appeared to have acted both as prosecutors and adjudicators in their own cause when it was neither urgent nor imperative to act immediately on their own motion. Second, the classification by the Court of the contempt in question as civil contempt rather than criminal contempt is alien to the common law world. The article culminates in a clarion call for the Zambian legislature to intervene and clarify the law of contempt of court to avert capricious and unbridled invocation of the judicial power to punish for contempt.
Revisiting the Legality of the Union between the Republic of Tanganyika and the People’s Republic of Zanzibar
Authors: Said Said N.
Published: December 2019

While every year the people of the United Republic of Tanzania witness the new anniversary of the Union between the former Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, this paper intends to examine how strong its legal foundation stands.

The union was established by the two leaders; Nyerere for Tanganyika and Karume for Zanzibar. After their signatures, the agreement was required for ratification at Zanzibar and Tanganyika legislative bodies. Only Tanganyika ratified. Surprisingly, even though Zanzibar did not ratify, the union was made. On this background foundation, the union legality has been repeatedly criticized.

While those who question the legality of the union stick on the point of ratification, those who consider its legitimacy, assert that the question of validity has waned due to the period the union has survived. The findings in this article argue otherwise, in fact, the issue has grown to such extent that it haunts everyone in Tanzania.
A Critical Analysis of Fiscal Measures on Unhealthy Foods in Mauritius
Authors: Beebeejaun Ambareen
Published: December 2019

The level of obesity across the globe is on the rise and this is evidenced by the recent World Health Organisation’s (WHO) estimate of an increase in the worldwide prevalence of obesity which has nearly tripled between 1975 and 2018. Mauritius has a high rate of obesity which is evidenced by the Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) report of 2016 indicating that around 54.2% of the participants are obese. One amongst the main causes of obesity is a high level of sugar consumption. In this regard, a number of policies are being undertaken by the Mauritius government one amongst which is the imposition of an excise duty on sugar.

Furthermore, the study will also focus on consumption of some products that are considered to be unhealthy. For instance, while the WHO recommends a level of sodium chloride intake of less than 5 grams (1 tablespoon) per day to reduce blood pressure and cardio-vascular diseases, a study conducted by the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life (MOHQL) in 2012 revealed that the standardized mean salt intake was around 7.9 grams daily, which is far beyond the WHO’s recommendations. The level of fat consumption is another factor that affects obesity. While the recommended level of fat is between 44 grams to 77 grams for an intake of 2,000 calories per day, a study conducted by Bundhun et al. in 2018 on the target population of 344 children showed that the majority of children consumes more than the recommended fat intake.

In light of the above, the aim of this study is four-fold, mainly to:

(a) analyse the effectiveness of the three cents of excise duty per gram of sugar on the Mauritius population consumption patterns;

(b) assess the likely impact of a food tax in Mauritius imposed on fatty or salty foods that are considered unhealthy;

(c) analyse the laws relating to unhealthy food taxes in Hungary; and

(d) suggest possible recommendations which may be of use to stakeholders in Mauritius to combat obesity problem.

The methodologies for the research are in essence comprised of the black letter approach which will analyse the legal provisions relating to the laws in Mauritius and Hungary. Books and reports will be also examined. A qualitative analysis is carried out in terms of questionnaire to find out the perceptions of the Mauritius population on food taxes.

The paper aims at responding to the research objectives set out above. In particular, it is suggested that the rate of excise duty on sugar needs to be increased and that the Mauritius government should also consider the imposition of excise duty on the level of salt and fat contained in foods.
Living Without the Appellate Body: Multilateral, Bilateral and Plurilateral Solutions to the WTO Dispute Settlement Crisis
Authors: Vidigal Geraldo
Published: December 2019

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is in crisis. Once the Appellate Body has fewer than three members in office, it will become non-operational, compromising the WTO’s compulsory and binding dispute settlement system. Attempts to overcome the opposition of the United States to Appellate Body appointments through majority rule appear legally fragile and politically unwarranted, while purely ad hoc bilateral solutions fall short of reproducing the security provided by compulsory and binding dispute settlement. This article explores and discusses bilateral and ‘plurilateral’ agreements that willing Members may sign to re-establish compulsory dispute resolution, arguing that the one that best fits the letter and spirit of the Dispute Settlement Understanding is an ex ante agreement to establish an ‘appeal Arbitrator’ in case of a non-operational Appellate Body. If appropriately designed, such an agreement not only allows willing Members to restore a high degree of security and predictability in their mutual trade relations but also increases the incentives for multilateral negotiations leading to a permanent resolution of the crisis.
Currency Manipulation and WTO Laws: Should the Anti-Dumping Mechanism Be Entirely Dumped?
Authors: Yu Chen
Published: December 2019

Currency devaluation resembles subsidy and dumping in terms of its impact on global trade – it grants price advantages to exporting companies. Unlike subsidy and dumping, however, multilateral regulation of currency manipulation is far from sufficient. The World Trade Organization (WTO), whose core principles are undermined by currency manipulation, plays no role in the regulatory framework. This article discusses possible avenues for the WTO to combat currency manipulation in future negotiations. Particularly, it proposes a new approach, which is to allow the application of the surrogate price method in anti-dumping investigations against currency manipulators. The anti-dumping mechanism has long been overlooked in the relevant literature as it is believed to combat company-level activities rather than State-level activities. This new approach proposes to treat fundamental exchange rate misalignment as a special market condition which allows anti-dumping investigation authorities to use the surrogate price method to eliminate the trade distortion caused by it.
Making FDI More Sustainable: Towards an Indicative List of FDI Sustainability Characteristics
Authors: Sauvant Karl P. , Mann Howard
Published: December 2019

Reaching the Sustainable Development Goals has become the lodestar of development policymaking. Increased sustainable Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows to developing countries can contribute to reaching the Goals. This article analyzes 150 instruments (treaties, standards, codes) prepared by key stakeholder groups in the FDI space bearing on the relationship between host countries and foreign investors, to identify FDI sustainability characteristics along the following four dimensions: economic, social and environmental development and governance. These instruments indicate especially the contributions government expect multinational enterprises (MNEs) to make to host countries and those MNEs expect to make to host countries. The analysis yields a set of indicative ‘common FDI sustainability characteristics’, and ‘emerging common FDI sustainability characteristics’. These characteristics can guide various stakeholder groups that seek to increase the contribution of FDI to development; the World Trade Organization’s Structured Discussions concerning an investment facilitation framework for development; and to arbitrators seeking to take the development dimension into account when deliberating investor-state disputes.
Neuroaesthetics: Maladies and Remedies
Authors: Kubovy Michael
Published: December 2019

Some neuroaestheticians have adopted a strongly reductionistic view of the arts and sought to supplant scholarship about the arts with an understanding of their evolutionary and neuropsychological underpinnings. I use the work of several neuroaestheticians to provide examples of four problematic tendencies that beset this approach: (1) assume that a domain-general system encodes the affective value of works of art; (2) oversimplify or disregard art history and scholarship about the arts; (3) apply laboratory findings to explain unique works of art, and (4) use widespread preferences to account for works of art. I then diagnose the ailment underlying these tendencies: the denial of autonomous standing to the production and interpretation of the arts, and suggest remedies. I end with an example of research that shows how neuroscientific research can successfully addresses an important and long-standing aesthetic question.
Supraglottoplasty in Neonates under One Month of Age
Authors: Nagy Peter , Dudley Samuel , Sheyn Anthony
Published: December 2019

Objectives:

Examine outcomes of patients 1 month of age or less who received supraglottoplasty. Demonstrate the feasibility and safety of supraglottoplasty in neonates <1 month of age.

Methods:

Charts were reviewed from 2015-2017. Patients with previously identified laryngomalacia requiring surgical intervention and age 1 month or less were identified. We collected data on age, gender, surgical technique, other airway lesions, time to extubation and discharge, and comorbidities.

Results:

Six patients met the inclusion criteria of which four were male and two were female. Average age at time of surgery was 19.5 days. All patients had diagnosis of laryngomalacia made on flexible or direct laryngoscopy with increased work of breathing, reports of cyanotic episodes, or oxygen desaturations. All had feeding difficulties, and three had signs and history consistent with gastroesophageal reflux. Two patients underwent supraglottoplasty by CO2 laser treatment alone, one patient received cold steel treatment alone, and the remaining three patients received cold steel with supplemental microdebrider treatment. Out of six patients, five were extubated within 5 days of their procedure. The average time to extubation was 1.8 days. The average time to discharge was 24.25 days following surgery. Two patients required revisions.

Conclusions:

Supraglottoplasty in children younger than 1 month of age is rare. Despite the rare occurrence, it appears to be feasible early in life in treating laryngomalacia. Neonates with respiratory failure, apneas, and cyanosis, or difficulty feeding due to laryngomalacia should be evaluated and treated with supraglottoplasty.
Abscopal Effect Following Immunotherapy and Combined Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Recurrent Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Report of Two Cases and Literature Review
Authors: Choi Jonathan S. , Sansoni Eugene R. , Lovin Benjamin D. , Lindquist Nathan R. , Phan Jack , Mayo Lauren L. , Ferrarotto Renata , Su Shirley Y.
Published: December 2019

Objective:

We present two patients with recurrent, metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) after platinum-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) with complete response via abscopal effect following combined immunotherapy (IT) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). We review the literature for patients undergoing combined treatment with IT and RT to identify potential cases of abscopal response.

Study Design:

This is a case series with a contemporary review of the literature.

Methods:

Retrospective chart review identified two patients with potential abscopal responses after IT and RT for R/M HNSCC. The MEDLINE database was queried using the search terms “abscopal AND head and neck squamous cell carcinoma” and “immunotherapy AND stereotactic body radiation therapy.”

Results:

Two patients with metastatic HNSCC developed complete responses via a possible abscopal effect following combined SBRT and IT. Interim follow-up of both patients revealed a sustained, complete response. We examine the immunogenic effects of RT and report the first cases of potential abscopal effect for R/M HNSCC. We also review several preclinical studies demonstrating the synergistic efficacy of combined RT and IT with a discussion of possible mechanism.

Conclusion:

Observation of abscopal effect with combined IT and RT is currently under investigation through several preclinical studies and trials. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first two reported cases of abscopal effect for patients with HNSCC. We report two patients with R/M HNSCC with sustained, complete response after systemic IT and local RT.
Speaking in Tongues: What Parents Really Think About Tongue-Tie Surgery for Their Infants
Authors: Ray Shagnik , Hairston Tai Kyung , Giorgi Mark , Links Anne R. , Boss Emily F. , Walsh Jonathan
Published: December 2019

We evaluate maternal perspectives of frenotomy for ankyloglossia in newborns. We searched highly frequented forums like babycenter.com for comments related to frenotomy posted from 2012 to 2017. We applied modified grounded theory, reviewed posts for thematic synthesis, and calculated frequencies for each theme. High decisional conflict, low discussion of surgical complications, and an overall moderate positive experience were noted. Mothers posted about breastfeeding issues (n = 227, 74.7%) and overall experience (n = 229, 75.3%). Posts related to breastfeeding include discomfort (“I can no longer physically take the pain”; n = 93, 30.6%). Parents posted frequently about a satisfactory outcome (“It was so worth it to improve our nursing relationship”; n = 133, 43.8%), but dissatisfactory outcome (“I’m still having problems latching and am pumping. It’s brutal”; n = 31) was present in 10.2%. These results aid in understanding parental thoughts of frenotomy. Physicians can use these self-reported maternal perspectives on frenotomy to guide counseling and improve shared decision making for parents.
Assessment of Electrolyte Replacement in Critically Ill Patients During a Drug Shortage
Authors: Freeman Lauren , Newsome Andrea Sikora , Huang Ellen , Rowe Erinn , Waller Jennifer , Forehand Christy Cecil
Published: December 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if national drug shortages of electrolyte replacement products negatively impact patient care. Methods: This study was a single-center, retrospective, observational cohort of adults admitted to the medical, surgical, or trauma intensive care unit (ICU) that were ordered or would have qualified for the general or continuous renal replacement therapy electrolyte replacement protocol (ERP) between April 2017 and August 2018. In October 2017, ERP use was suspended and enteral replacement was promoted due to inability to maintain consistent inventory of intravenous replacement products. The primary objective was to compare the percentage of patient days that at least 1 critically low value of potassium, magnesium, and/or phosphorus existed between protocolized and nonprotocolized electrolyte replacement. Secondary objectives included characterizing the ratio of enteral replacement to duration of critically low electrolyte values during protocolized and nonprotocolized electrolyte replacement. Results: A total of 288 patients were included. The mean percentage of ICU days with low electrolyte levels in the protocolized period was significantly higher than in the nonprotocolized period (21.4% vs 17.5%, P = .0238). There was a negative relationship between the total electrolyte replacement that was given enterally and the percentage of patient days with critically low values indicating that as enteral replacement increased, percentage of days with low values decreased. The association between percentage of enteral replacement and days with critically low electrolyte values was significantly lower in the protocolized period. Conclusion: Intravenous electrolyte replacement product shortages did not result in an increased incidence of critically low electrolyte values. Enteral replacement was associated with a decreased incidence of low electrolyte values.
A study on microstructural effect and mechanical behaviour of Al6061–5%SiC–TiB2 particulates reinforced hybrid metal matrix composites
Authors: Hillary J Justin Maria , Ramamoorthi R , Joseph J Dixon Jim , Samuel C Samson Jerold
Published: December 2019

In this present work, an attempt is made to prepare Al6061–5%SiC–TiB2 hybrid composites using stir casting process by considering optimal process parameters such as stirring temperature, stirring speed, stirring time, preheating temperature, grain size and wt% of particulate reinforcement and examine their metallurgical effect and mechanical behaviour. The metal composite samples were prepared using stir casting process in which the amount of reinforcement of 5%SiC is kept constant, and second reinforcement of TiB2 is varied by its weight fraction of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%. The prepared dual particulates reinforced hybrid composites are characterised, and their microstructural, mechanical properties and fractograpy were evaluated as per the standards. Strong interfacial bonding between matrix and reinforcements which are the significance of improved wettability is due to Potassium Hexafluorotitanate salt addition, and preheating of particles of SiC at 800℃ and TiB2 at 250℃ is made before adding into the melt. The results revealed that the increase in addition of TiB2 increases the tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness by decreasing their weight density, and also the influence of SiC increases the hardness of the material of newly developed composite. Also, fracture morphology of tensile failure has been studied to examine micro-mechanisms of failure, and the mode of failure of the composites was found to be ductile.
Trends in the prevalence of non-standard employment in Australia
Authors: Laß Inga , Wooden Mark
Published: December 2019

This article provides an overview of the measurement of, and trends in, the prevalence of non-standard employment in Australia. Using the most recent data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey (2001–2017), the share of non-standard employment in total employment is estimated to have been 54.9% in 2001. In the most recent data (for 2017) the share is only slightly higher – 55.6%. Still, the intervening period was marked by significant changes, with the share of non-standard workers declining until 2008, and increasing again since then. Within the broad group of non-standard employment, the prevalence of individual employment types has developed in different directions. While casual employment has followed the overall trend of an initial decline followed by a recent increase, the shares of permanent part-time work and fixed-term contracts in total employment have increased throughout most of the period, and the reverse is true of self-employment. These trends can only to a limited degree be explained by changes in worker and job characteristics, leading to the conclusion that these changes are primarily due to changed job selection behaviour of workers and/or changed hiring practices of employers.
Optimism for Naturalized Social Metaphysics: A Reply to Hawley
Authors: Saunders Daniel
Published: December 2019

Metaphysics has undergone two major innovations in recent decades. First, naturalistic metaphysicians have argued that our best science provides an important source of evidence for metaphysical theories. Second, social metaphysicians have begun to explore the nature of social entities such as groups, institutions, and social categories. Surprisingly, these projects have largely kept their distance from one another. Katherine Hawley has recently argued that, unlike the natural sciences, the social sciences are not sufficiently successful to provide evidence about the metaphysical nature of social entities. By contrast, I defend an optimistic view of naturalistic social metaphysics. Drawing on a case study of research into contextual effects in social epidemiology, I show that social science can provide a valuable evidence for social metaphysicians.
The Pauline collection, church partnerships, and the mission of the church in the 21st century
Authors: Sweeney Michael L.
Published: December 2019

In three, and perhaps four, of Paul’s letters he speaks of the collection he is trying to raise to send financial assistance back to the impoverished church in Jerusalem. Biblical scholars have speculated for years regarding Paul’s motivation and purpose behind this collection. While many have been suggested, this article will focus on the collection as an expression of church solidarity between different regions. It will not only summarize significant recent research on the subject, but move beyond the historical and exegetical questions to inquire about the missiological significance of the collection for today’s church. What does this ancient fund-raising effort say about how the church in the 21st century should think about missions and church solidarity?