bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heavily Nitrogen‐Doped Titanium Oxide Thin Films by Reactive Sputtering and Excimer Laser Annealing
Authors: Li Qi , Ku Shang Jian
Published: August 2010

A novel nonequilibrium approach combining low‐temperature reactive sputtering and excimer laser annealing was developed to resolve the opposing requirements on crystallization and minimization of dopant loss for creating heavily nitrogen‐doped TiO2 (TiON) thin film. By retaining nitrogen dopant concentration in the sputtered film, the laser annealing allowed exploration of new material chemistry not generally available to the conventional approaches. Compared with the traditional thermal annealing, the excimer laser annealing created TiON thin film samples with a higher nitrogen dopant concentration, better crystallization, higher visible light absorbance, and faster degradation effect on organic pollutants. The crystallization process from excimer laser annealing was carried out at room temperature with minimal damage to the substrate, thus applicable to plastic/organic substrates. This approach could be easily applied to other dopant/thin film/substrate systems, opening up an unexplored avenue for creating thin films with novel properties for a broad range of potential technological applications.
Electrolytic Synthesis of Al‐Doped ZnO Nanopowders With Low Electrical Resistivity
Authors: Takaki Takeshi , Kurosawa Keiko , Razavi Hadi , Sukenaga Sohei , Saito Noritaka , Kaneko Kenji , Nakashima Kunihiko , Hiraaki Taisei
Published: August 2010

Al‐doped ZnO (AZO) nanopowders with different Al content were fabricated by a galvanostatic electrolytic method. The electrical resistivities were measured by a cell method, which reached its minimum (28 Ω·cm) at 0.93 at.% of Al with its grain size of ∼30 nm. Microstructures of powders were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which showed a decrease in grain size with the increase of Al content. In addition, the distributions of Al and the chemical bonding nature of Al atoms were examined by STEM‐EDS and by X‐ray photoelectron spectra, respectively, which suggested the substituational incorporation of Al atom into the ZnO lattice. Absorption properties were investigated for wavelength ranging from 250 to 2500 nm, which showed that the film coated with AZO nanopowders exhibited a rapid decrease in transmittance below 370 nm to ∼0% and beyond 1250 nm to ∼40% (at 2000 nm).
Flapless immediate implant placement with or without immediate loading: a histomorphometric study in beagle dog
Authors: Blanco Juan , Liñares Antonio , Villaverde Gabriel , Pérez Javier , Muñoz Fernando
Published: August 2010

Blanco J, Liñares A, Villaverde G, Pérez J, Muñoz F: Flapless immediate implant placement with or without immediate loading. a histomorphometric study in beagle dog. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 937–942. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01608.x.

Objective: To assess the osseointegration process after flapless immediate implant placement with or without immediate loading.

Material and Methods: This study was carried out on six beagle dogs. Four implants were placed in the lower jaw (two per side) in each dog immediately after tooth extraction (3rd and 4th premolars). Flapless immediate implant placement was performed in one hemimandible (control). The same procedure was carried out in the contra‐lateral side and immediate prosthesis was connected with occlusal contacts (test). After 3 months of healing, the dogs were sacrificed for histomorphometric analysis.

Results: Twelve implants were placed in each group. None of the implants and prosthesis was lost. The percentage of bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC %) was similar in both groups: 82.72% (test) and 76.96% (control). Differences were found neither in the inter‐thread bone area (test: 83.45%, control: 80.65%) nor in peri‐implant bone area (test: 94.37%, control: 94.81%).

Conclusion: In this animal model where the implants were well within the confines of the extraction socket, osseointegration following flapless immediate implant placement and loading can be achieved in the same manner as immediate placement without loading.
A randomized, controlled clinical trial on the clinical, microbiological, and staining effects of a novel 0.05% chlorhexidine/herbal extract and a 0.1% chlorhexidine mouthrinse adjunct to periodontal surgery
Authors: Duss Christof , Lang Niklaus P. , Cosyn Jan , Persson G. Rutger
Published: August 2010

Duss C, Lang NP, Cosyn J, Persson GR. A randomized, controlled clinical trial on the clinical, microbiological, and staining effects of a novel 0.05% chlorhexidine/herbal extract and a 0.1% chlorhexidine mouthrinse adjunct to periodontal surgery. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 988–997. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01609.x.

Background: Chlorhexidine (CHX) rinsing after periodontal surgery is common. We assessed the clinical and microbiological effects of two CHX concentrations following periodontal surgery.

Materials and methods: In a randomized, controlled clinical trial, 45 subjects were assigned to 4 weeks rinsing with a 0.05 CHX/herbal extract combination (test) or a 0.1% CHX solution. Clinical and staining effects were studied. Subgingival bacteria were assessed using the DNA–DNA checkerboard. Statistics included parametric and non‐parametric tests (p<0001 to declare significance at 80% power).

Results: At weeks 4 and 12, more staining was found in the control group (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). A higher risk for staining was found in the control group (crude OR: 2.3:1, 95% CI: 1.3 to 4.4, p<0.01). The absolute staining reduction in the test group was 21.1% (9 5% CI: 9.4–32.8%). Probing pocket depth (PPD) decreases were significant (p<0.001) in both groups and similar (p=0.92). No rinse group differences in changes of bacterial counts for any species were found between baseline and week 12.

Conclusions: The test CHX rinse resulted in less tooth staining. At the study endpoint, similar and high counts of periodontal pathogens were found.
Blood pressure and left ventricular mass in subjects with type 2 diabetes and gingivitis or chronic periodontitis
Authors: Franek Edward , Napora Magdalena , Blach Anna , Budlewski Tadeusz , Gozdowski Dariusz , Jedynasty Krystyna , Krajewski Jarosław , Gorska Renata
Published: August 2010

Franek E, Napora M, Blach A, Budlewski T, Gozdowski D, Jedynasty K, Krajewski J, Gorska R. Blood pressure and left ventricular mass in subjects with type 2 diabetes and gingivitis or chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 875–880. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01613.x.

Introduction: This study aimed to answer the question of whether chronic periodontitis in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with increased left ventricular mass (LVM) and systemic and central blood pressure (CBP).

Material and Methods: One hundred and fifty‐five subjects with type 2 diabetes (67 F, 88 M, mean age 61.1±6.9 years, BMI 32.7±5.7 kg/m2) were divided according to their periodontal status into biofilm–gingival interface – healthy (BGI‐H, 14 subjects), BGI‐gingivitis (BGI‐G, 119 subjects) and BGI‐periodontitis (BGI‐P, 22 subjects) groups. In all subjects, LVM, systemic and CBP were measured. The LVM index (LVMI) was calculated.

Results: (1) BGI‐P and BGI‐G subjects, respectively, had higher (mean; 95% CI) LVM (238.6 g; 206.6–267.4 and 222.8 g; 207.0–238.2) versus BGI‐H subjects (170.3 g; 125.5–217.8). (2) BGI‐P and BGI‐G subjects, respectively, had higher (mean; 95% CI) LVM1 (95.2 g/m2; 82.9–107.4) and 87.8 g/m2; 81.5–94.1) versus BGI‐H subjects (63.7 g/m2; 45.2‐62.3). (3) BGI‐P subjects had higher central and systemic systolic and diastolic blood pressure than subjects from BGI‐G and BGI‐H groups.

Conclusion: In subjects with type 2 diabetes, periodontitis and gingivitis are associated with increased LVM and periodontitis is associated with increased central and systemic blood pressure.
Platelet‐rich plasma may prevent titanium‐mesh exposure in alveolar ridge augmentation with anorganic bovine bone
Authors: Torres Jesús , Tamimi Faleh , Alkhraisat Mohammad Hamdan , Manchón Ángel , Linares Rafael , Prados‐Frutos Juan Carlos , Hernández Gonzalo , López Cabarcos Enrique
Published: August 2010

Torres J, Tamimi F, Alkhraisat MH, Manchón Á, Linares R, Prados‐Frutos JC, Hernández G, López Cabarcos E. Platelet‐rich plasma may prevent titanium‐mesh exposure in alveolar ridge augmentation with anorganic bovine bone. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 943–951. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01615.x.

Objective: Bone augmentation with the titanium‐mesh (Ti‐mesh) technique is susceptible to a large rate of complications such as morbidity of bone graft donor site, and mesh exposure to the oral cavity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of anorganic bovine bone (ABB) in alveolar bone augmentation with the Ti‐mesh technique. In addition, we investigated the effect of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) in preventing mesh exposure by using it to cover the Ti‐mesh.

Patients and Methods: Patients included in the clinical trial were randomly allocated by a blinded assistant into two groups. The 30 patients recruited for this study underwent 43 alveolar bone augmentation with the Ti‐mesh technique using ABB as graft material in all of them. In 15 patients, the Ti‐meshes were covered with PRP (PRP group) whereas in the other 15 the Ti‐meshes were not (control group). After 6 months, patients were called for clinical, radiographic, and histological evaluation, and implant placement surgery. A total of 97 implants were placed in the augmented bone and their evolution was followed up for a period of 24 months.

Results: Significant differences were found between the two study groups in terms of complications and bone formation. In the control group, 28.5% of the cases suffered from mesh exposure, while in the PRP group, no exposures were registered. Radiographic analysis revealed that bone augmentation was higher in the PRP group than in the control group. Overall, 97.3% of implants placed in the control group and 100% of those placed in the PRP group were successful during the monitoring period. We suggest that the positive effect of PRP on the Ti‐mesh technique is due to its capacity to improve soft tissue healing, thereby protecting the mesh and graft material secured beneath the gingival tissues.

Conclusions: Alveolar bone augmentation using ABB alone in the Ti‐mesh technique is sufficient for implant rehabilitation. Besides, covering the Ti‐meshes with PRP was a determining factor in avoiding mesh exposure. Ti‐mesh exposure provoked significant bone loss, but in most cases it did not affect the subsequent placement of implants.
Amyloid in skin and brain: What′s the link?
Authors: Schreml Stephan , Kaiser Elmar , Landthaler Michael , Szeimies Rolf‐Markus , Babilas Philipp
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  For too long, amyloids have been under general suspicion to merely cause diseases. In recent years, we have learned that these interesting proteins may also fulfill important biological tasks. Moreover, recent publications show emerging evidence for a so‐called brain–skin axis. This viewpoint paper aims to address the question what is known about the link between brain and skin based on the literature available for two diseases caused by amyloid formation: Alzheimer′s disease (AD) and cutaneous amyloidoses. In addition, we acquaint the reader with a different perspective on the role of amyloid in skin and brain.
Bisphosphonates affect migration ability and cell viability of HUVEC, fibroblasts and osteoblasts in vitro
Authors: Walter C , Pabst A , Ziebart T , Klein MO , Al‐Nawas B
Published: August 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 194–199

Objectives:  Bisphosphonate‐associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (BP‐ONJ) is a side effect in patients being treated with bisphosphonates. The bisphosphonates most often associated with BP‐ONJ are the highly potent nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates, e.g. pamidronate or zoledronate. In terms of BP‐ONJ aetiology, several theories are being discussed: inhibition of bone remodelling, effect on soft tissues, and antiangiogenic effect of bisphosphonates. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of different potent bisphosphonates on osteoblasts, fibroblasts and human umbilicord vein endothelial cells (HUVEC).

Materials and methods:  Three nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates (ibandronate, pamidronate and zoledronate) and one non‐nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonate (clodronate) were compared concerning their potency on apoptosis induction (tunel), cell viability (calcein assay) and migration potency (boyden chamber) on osteoblasts, fibroblasts and HUVEC.

Results:  The nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates, particularly pamidronate and zoledronate, affect cell viability, cell migration and the induction of apoptosis of osteoblasts, fibroblasts and HUVEC.

Conclusions:  These results support the theory that BP‐ONJ is a multifactorially caused disease because several cell lines of the oral cavity which are responsible for integrity and wound healing are negatively affected by nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates. Perioperative interruption of bisphosphonate application during dental surgical procedures – if possible – might be feasible to promote better wound healing.
Salivary osteocalcin levels are decreased in smoker chronic periodontitis patients
Authors: Özçaka Ö , Nalbantsoy A , Buduneli N
Published: August 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 200–205

Objectives:  This study was planned to investigate whether smoker chronic periodontitis patients exhibit different salivary concentrations of C‐telopeptide pyridinoline cross‐links of type I collagen (ICTP) and osteocalcin (OC) compared to the non‐smoker counterparts.

Methods:  Whole saliva samples, full‐mouth clinical periodontal recordings were obtained from 33 otherwise healthy chronic periodontitis patients and 36 systemically, periodontally healthy control subjects. Chronic periodontitis patients and healthy control subjects were divided into smoker and non‐smoker groups according to their self reports. Salivary ICTP, OC levels were determined by Enzyme‐linked Immunoassays.

Results:  Healthy control groups exhibited significantly lower values in all clinical periodontal measurements (P < 0.001). Smoker periodontitis patients revealed similar clinical periodontal index values with non‐smoker counterparts (P > 0.05). Chronic periodontitis patients exhibited significantly higher salivary OC levels than healthy controls (P < 0.05). Smoker periodontitis patients revealed lower salivary OC levels than non‐smoker counterparts (P < 0.001). Log ICTP levels in non‐smoker chronic periodontitis patients were higher than non‐smoker controls (P < 0.05). Smoker healthy control group revealed higher log ICTP levels than non‐smoker counterparts (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  Within the limits of this study, it may be suggested that suppression of salivary osteocalcin level by smoking may at least partly explain the deleterious effects of smoking on periodontal status.
Isolated soft tissue cleft lip: epidemiology and associated dental anomalies
Authors: Aizenbud D , Coval M , Hazan‐Molina H , Harari D
Published: August 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 221–231

Objectives:  The aim of this investigation was to study the epidemiology of the isolated soft tissue cleft lip (ICL) population and to evaluate the dental anomalies associated with permanent dentition.

Methods:  The study included 19 children aged 9–13 years presenting ICL selected from 657 cleft lip‐affected patients treated during the last 10 years in two craniofacial centers. Only 17 patients could be included for dental anomaly evaluation: Hyperdontia, Hypodontia, Gemination, Talon tooth, Microdontia, and Macrodontia. These were compared with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and cleft lip and alveolus (CLA)‐affected populations and with normal populations.

Results:  The prevalence of ICL was 2.8%. All types of tooth abnormalities were found to be higher and mainly significant for the cleft side of ICL compared with the normal population. On the side opposite the cleft, the prevalence of dental anomalies reduced toward the normal individuals and was not significantly different. The significant differences found between CLP, CLA, and ICL‐affected populations were mostly depicted by lateral incisors and second pre‐molar hypodontia.

Conclusions:  Isolated cleft lip is a rare phenomenon among the spectrum of the cleft‐affected population. The prevalence of the dental anomalies in ICL maintains the proportional trend according to clefting severity.
Increased expression of peroxiredoxin 6 and cyclophilin A in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue
Authors: Huang C‐F , Sun Z‐J , Zhao Y‐F , Chen X‐M , Jia J , Zhang W‐F
Published: August 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 328–334

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to assess the expression levels of two proteins, such as PRDX6 and cyclophilin A (CypA), and to evaluate their relationship with clinicopathologic features and survival in tongue squamous cell carcinomas (TSCCs).

Material and Methods:  An immunohistochemical study was performed comprising a total of 42 tissue samples of patients suffering from TSCCs as well as 10 corresponding adjacent normal tissues. After detection of PRDX6 and CypA, their expression levels were semiquantitatively evaluated and correlated with clinicopathologic variables.

Results:  Both PRDX6 and CypA expressions were significantly higher in tissue samples of TSCCs compared with the 10 corresponding adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.01). A statistically significant correlation in TSCCs regarding the expression of PRDX6 and CypA was revealed (P = 0.005), and the lymphadenectasis was correlated with PRDX6 (P < 0.05). Results of a multivariate analysis revealed age, CypA expression, cervical lymph node metastases, and tongue cancer differentiation to be independent prognostic variables in respect of the overall survival rate (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  It could be detected that PRDX6 and CypA are associated with tumorigenesis in TSCCs. High levels of CypA expression may predict reduced survival time.
Neonatal pain assessment in Sweden – a fifteen‐year follow up
Authors: Gradin Maria , Eriksson Mats ,   for the NeoOpioid investigators group
Published: August 2010

Background:  It has been proposed that a systematic pain assessment increases the awareness of the need to treat and prevent pain, and most international and national neonatal pain guidelines state that pain assessment should be performed in a systematic way. National surveys show a wide variation in compliance to these guidelines.

Methods:  A survey to all Swedish neonatal units was performed in 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008, concerning the use of, and need for, pain assessment tools.

Results:  The number of units that tried to assess pain increased from 64% in 1993 to 83% in 2008. Forty‐four per cent of these used a structured method in 2003, compared to three per cent in 1998. The most common pain indicator was facial actions.

Conclusion:  The proportion of neonatal units that reported the use of a structured pain assessment tool has increased significantly from 1993 to 2008. There is a need for better evidence for the relation between the implementation of pain guidelines and the actual performance of pain assessment.
Flexibility and communication within the structure of the Mycobacterium smegmatis methionyl‐tRNA synthetase
Authors: Ingvarsson Henrik , Unge Torsten
Published: August 2010

Two structures of monomeric methionyl‐tRNA synthetase, from Mycobacterium smegmatis, in complex with the ligands methionine/adenosine and methionine, were analyzed by X‐ray crystallography at 2.3 Å and at 2.8 Å, respectively. The structures demonstrated the flexibility of the multidomain enzyme. A new conformation of the structure was identified in which the connective peptide domain bound more closely to the catalytic domain than described previously. The KMSKS(301‐305) loop in our structures was in an open and inactive conformation that differed from previous structures by a rotation of the loop of about 90° around hinges located at Asn297 and Val310. The binding of adenosine to the methionyl‐tRNA synthetase methionine complex caused a shift in the KMSKS domain that brought it closer to the catalytic domain. The potential use of the adenosine‐binding site for inhibitor binding was evaluated and a potential binding site for a specific allosteric inhibitor was identified.
Intermodule cooperativity in the structure and dynamics of consecutive complement control modules in human C1r
Authors: Láng András , Szilágyi Katalin , Major Balázs , Gál Péter , Závodszky Péter , Perczel András
Published: August 2010

The modular C1r protein is the first protease activated in the classical complement pathway, a key component of innate immunity. Activation of the heteropentameric C1 complex, possibly accompanied by major intersubunit re‐arrangements besides proteolytic cleavage, requires targeted regulation of flexibility within the context of the intramolecular and intermolecular interaction networks of the complex. In this study, we prepared the two complement control protein (CCP) modules, CCP1 and CCP2, of C1r in their free form, as well as their tandem‐linked construct, CCP1CCP2, to characterize their solution structure, conformational dynamics and cooperativity. The structures derived from NMR signal dispersion and secondary chemical shifts were in good agreement with those obtained by X‐ray crystallography. However, successful heterologus expression of both the single CCP1 module and the CCP1CCP2 constructs required the attachment of the preceding N‐terminal module, CUB2, which could then be removed to obtain the properly folded proteins. Internal mobility of the modules, especially that of CCP1, exhibited considerable changes accompanied by interfacial chemical shift alterations upon the attachment of the C‐terminal CCP2 domain. Our NMR data suggest that in terms of folding, stability and dynamics, CCP1 is heavily dependent on the presence of its neighboring modules in intact C1r. Therefore, CCP1 could be a focal interaction point, capable of transmitting information towards its neighboring modules.
A structural overview of the PDI family of proteins
Authors: Kozlov Guennadi , Määttänen Pekka , Thomas David Y. , Gehring Kalle
Published: August 2010

Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) are enzymes that mediate oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. Understanding of PDIs has historically been hampered by lack of structural information. Over the last several years, partial and full‐length PDI structures have been solved at an increasing rate. Analysis of the structures reveals common features shared by several of the best known PDI family members, and also unique features related to substrate and partner binding sites. These exciting breakthroughs provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of oxidative protein folding in cells.
How disorder influences order and vice versa – mutual effects in fusion proteins containing an intrinsically disordered and a globular protein
Authors: Sambi Ilaria , Gatti‐Lafranconi Pietro , Longhi Sonia , Lotti Marina
Published: August 2010

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are functional proteins either fully or partly lacking stable secondary and tertiary structure under physiological conditions that are involved in important biological functions, such as regulation and signalling in eukaryotes, prokaryotes and viruses. The function of many IDPs relies upon interactions with partner proteins, often accompanied by conformational changes and disorder‐to‐order transitions in the unstructured partner. To investigate how disordered and ordered regions interact when fused to one to another within the same protein, we covalently linked the green fluorescent protein to three different, well characterized IDPs and analyzed the conformational properties of the fusion proteins using various biochemical and biophysical approaches. We observed that the overall structure, compactness and stability of the chimeric proteins all differ from what could have been anticipated from the structural features of their isolated components and that they vary as a function of the fused IDP.
Coordinated Regulation of Gene Expression for Carotenoid Metabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Sun Tian‐Hu , Liu Cheng‐Qian , Hui Yuan‐Yuan , Wu Wen‐Kai , Zhou Zhi‐Gang , Lu Shan
Published: August 2010

Carotenoids are important plant pigments for both light harvesting and photooxidation protection. Using the model system of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we characterized the regulation of gene expression for carotenoid metabolism by quantifying changes in the transcript abundance of dxs, dxr and ipi in the plastidic methylerythritol phosphate pathway and of ggps, psy, pds, lcyb and bchy, directly involved in carotenoid metabolism, under different photoperiod, light and metabolite treatments. The expression of these genes fluctuated with light/dark shifting. Light treatment also promoted the accumulation of transcripts of all these genes. Of the genes studied, dxs, ggps and lcyb displayed the typical circadian pattern by retaining a rhythmic fluctuation of transcript abundance under both constant light and constant dark entrainments. The expression of these genes could also be regulated by metabolic intermediates. For example, ggps was significantly suppressed by a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate supplement and ipi was upregulated by isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Furthermore, CrOr, a C. reinhardtii homolog of the recently characterized Or gene that accounts for carotenoid accumulation, also showed co‐expression with carotenoid biosynthetic genes such as pds and lcyb. Our data suggest a coordinated regulation on carotenoid metabolism in C. reinhardtii at the transcriptional level.
Extreme physiological adaptations as predictors of climate‐change sensitivity in the narwhal,Monodon monoceros
Authors: Williams Terrie M. , Noren Shawn R. , Glenn Mike
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Rapid changes in sea ice cover associated with global warming are poised to have marked impacts on polar marine mammals. Here we examine skeletal muscle characteristics supporting swimming and diving in one polar species, the narwhal, and use these attributes to further document this cetacean's vulnerability to unpredictable sea ice conditions and changing ecosystems. We found that extreme morphological and physiological adaptations enabling year‐round Arctic residency by narwhals limit behavioral flexibility for responding to alternations in sea ice. In contrast to the greyhound‐like muscle profile of acrobatic odontocetes, thelongissimus dorsiof narwhals is comprised of 86.8%± 7.7% slow twitch oxidative fibers, resembling the endurance morph of human marathoners. Myoglobin content, 7.87 ± 1.72 g/100 g wet muscle, is one of the highest levels measured for marine mammals. Calculated maximum aerobic swimming distance between breathing holes in ice is <1,450 m, which permits routine use of only 2.6%–10.4% of ice‐packed foraging grounds in Baffin Bay. These first measurements of narwhal exercise physiology reveal extreme specialization of skeletal muscles for moving in a challenging ecological niche. This study also demonstrates the power of using basic physiological attributes to predict species vulnerabilities to environmental perturbation before critical population disturbance occurs.
Long‐term abundance trends of the northern form of the short‐finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) along the Pacific coast of Japan
Authors: Kanaji Yu , Okamura Hiroshi , Miyashita Tomio
Published: August 2010

Abstract

The abundance of the northern form of the short‐finned pilot whale,Globicephala macrorhynchus, in the Pacific waters of northern Japan was estimated from a line transect survey conducted in 2006 and data from seven previous surveys collected between 1985 and 1997. To overcome the difficulty of small sample size and inconsistency in survey design, we used an adjustment method using multiple covariates and sensitivity analysis by considering several scenarios. Abundance estimates showed similar long‐term trends among scenarios. The northern form ofG. macrorhynchuswas more abundant in 1985 than in 1991–2006. The annual catch of the northern form ofG. macrorhynchusexceeded the potential biological removal (PBR), especially in the 1980s. Thus, the commercial take in the early 1980s was suspected as a partial cause of a serious abundance decrease. These results provide valuable information for interpreting the impacts of coastal whaling, and to develop future management plans.
The discovery of the microphthalmia locus and its gene, Mitf
Authors: Arnheiter Heinz
Published: August 2010

The history of the discovery of the microphthalmia locus and its gene, now called Mitf, is a testament to the triumph of serendipity. Although the first microphthalmia mutation was discovered among the descendants of a mouse that was irradiated for the purpose of mutagenesis, the mutation most likely was not radiation induced but occurred spontaneously in one of the parents of a later breeding. Although Mitf might eventually have been identified by other molecular genetic techniques, it was first cloned from a chance transgene insertion at the microphthalmia locus. And although Mitf was found to encode a member of a well‐known transcription factor family, its analysis might still be in its infancy had Mitf not turned out to be of crucial importance for the physiology and pathology of many distinct organs, including eye, ear, immune system, bone, and skin, and in particular for melanoma. In fact, near seven decades of Mitf research have led to many insights about development, function, degeneration, and malignancies of a number of specific cell types, and it is hoped that these insights will  one day lead to therapies benefitting those afflicted with diseases originating in these cell types.
Protecting degraded rainforests: enhancement of forest carbon stocks under REDD+
Authors: Edwards David P. , Fisher Brendan , Boyd Emily
Published: August 2010

The likely Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) mechanism includes strategies for the enhancement of forest carbon stocks. Recent concerns have been expressed that such enhancement, or restoration, of forest carbon could be counterproductive to biodiversity conservation, because forests are managed as “carbon farms” with the application of intensive silvicultural management that could homogenize diverse degraded rainforests. Restoration increases regeneration rates in degraded forest compared to naturally regenerating forest, and thus could yield significant financial returns for carbon sequestered. Here, we argue that such forest restoration projects are, in fact, likely to provide a number of benefits to biodiversity conservation including the retention of biodiversity, the prevention of forest conversion to agriculture, and employment opportunities for poor local communities. As with other forms of forest‐based carbon offsets, there are possible moral hazard and leakage problems with restoration. However, due to the multiple benefits, we urge that enhancement of forest carbon stocks be detailed as a major component in the future negotiations of REDD+.
Characterization of a novel facultative Methylocystis species capable of growth on methane, acetate and ethanol
Authors: Im Jeongdae , Lee Sung‐Woo , Yoon Sukhwan , DiSpirito Alan A. , Semrau Jeremy D.
Published: August 2010

A non‐motile strain of Methylocystis, strain SB2, isolated from a spring bog in southeast Michigan, had a curved rod morphology with a typical type II intracytoplasmic membrane system. This organism expressed the membrane‐bound or particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) as well as a chalkophore with high affinity for copper and did not express the cytoplasmic or soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO). Strain SB2 was found to grow within the pH range of 6–9, with optimal growth at 6.8. Growth was observed at temperatures ranging between 10°C and 30°C, with no growth at 37°C. The DNA G+C content was 62.9 mol%. Predominant fatty acids were 18:1ω7c (72.7%) and 18:1ω9c (24%) when grown on methane. Phylogenetic comparisons based on both pmoA and 16S rRNA sequences indicated that this organism belonged to the Methylocystis genus, and was closely related to Methylocystis rosea SV97T and Methylocystis echinoides IMET10491T (98% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to both strains). DNA : DNA hybridizations indicated that strain SB2 had 70% similarity with M. rosea SV97T. Unlike M. rosea SV97T, strain SB2 was able to utilize not only methane for growth, but also ethanol and acetate. Furthermore, the predominant fatty acids in strain SB2 were different from those found in M. rosea SV97T, i.e. 54.2% and 39.7% of fatty acids are 18:1ω8 and 18:1ω7 in M. rosea SV97T, while 18:1ω8 is completely absent in strain SB2.
Constitutive expression of pMMO by Methylocystis strain SB2 when grown on multi‐carbon substrates: implications for biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes
Authors: Yoon Sukhwan , Im Jeongdae , Bandow Nathan , DiSpirito Alan A. , Semrau Jeremy D.
Published: August 2010

The particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) in Methylocystis strain SB2 was found to be constitutively expressed in the absence of methane when the strain was grown on either acetate or ethanol. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription‐PCR showed that the expression of pmoA decreased by one to two orders of magnitude when grown on acetate as compared with growth of strain SB2 on methane. The capability of strain SB2 to degrade a mixture of chlorinated ethenes in the absence of methane was examined to verify the presence and activity of pMMO under acetate‐growth conditions as well determine the effectiveness of such conditions for bioremediation. It was found that when strain SB2 was grown on acetate and exposed to 40 µM each of trichloroethylene (TCE), trans‐dichloroethylene (t‐DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC), approximately 30% of VC and t‐DCE was degraded but no appreciable TCE removal was measured after 216 h of incubation. The ability to degrade VC and t‐DCE was lost when acetylene was added, confirming that pMMO was responsible for the degradation of these chlorinated ethenes by Methylocystis strain SB2 when the strain was grown on acetate.
Specific localization of the c‐type cytochrome OmcZ at the anode surface in current‐producing biofilms of Geobacter sulfurreducens
Authors: Inoue Kengo , Leang Ching , Franks Ashley E. , Woodard Trevor L. , Nevin Kelly P. , Lovley Derek R.
Published: August 2010

The outer‐surface, c‐type cytochrome OmcZ is essential for optimal current production with Geobacter sulfurreducens, a genetically tractable, environmentally relevant model microorganism for the production of electricity with microbial fuel cells in a diversity of environments. In order to further investigate the role of OmcZ in current production, its location was investigated with immunogold labelling. OmcZ was dispersed throughout the extracellular matrix surrounding the cells that accumulated at the bottom of the culture tubes of cells grown under standard conditions with fumarate as the electron acceptor. When G. sulfurreducens grew as a biofilm on a graphite electrode that served as an anode and the sole electron acceptor for growth, OmcZ was highly concentrated at the biofilm–electrode interface. Controls in which the biofilm was grown on the same graphite material, but with fumarate as the electron acceptor, did not have accumulations of OmcZ at the anode, corresponding with the reduced capacity for current production in fumarate‐grown biofilms. The specific localization of OmcZ at the anode surface under current‐producing conditions, coupled with the previously published finding that deleting the gene for OmcZ dramatically increases the resistance of electron exchange between the anode and the biofilm, suggests that OmcZ may serve as an electrochemical gate facilitating electron transfer from G. sulfurreducens biofilms to the anode surface.
Risk Factors Associated with Salmonella Status of Broiler Flocks Delivered to Grow‐Out Farms
Authors: Volkova V. V. , Bailey R. H. , Hubbard S. A. , Magee D. L. , Byrd J. A. , Robert W. W.
Published: August 2010

In a prospective field observational study in the southeastern USA, we sampled gastrointestinal (GI) tracts from chicks of 65 broiler flocks delivered to conventional grow‐out farms for rearing. The flocks were hatched at seven broiler hatcheries. The mean within‐flock prevalence of Salmonella‐positive samples was 6.5% and ranged from 0% to 86.7%. Of the 65 flocks studied, 25 (38.5%) had at least one Salmonella‐positive sample. Accounting for confounding variability among the hatcheries and broiler companies, we tested whether the probability of detecting Salmonella in GI tracts of the chicks delivered was associated with certain characteristics of parent breeder flocks; hatchery production volume; hatchery ventilation system; hatchery egg‐room conditions; egg incubation, candling, hatching, eggshell and bird separation, and bird‐processing procedures; management of hatchery‐to‐farm transportation; day of week of hatch; weather conditions during transportation; or season of the hatch. Two risk factor models were adopted. The first model indicated that a greater number of parent flocks, manual separation of eggshell and bird, and a greater amount of fluff and feces on tray liners used during hatchery‐to‐farm transportation at delivery were associated with increased probability of detecting Salmonella in chick GI tracts, whereas a greater number of birds in the delivery vehicle was associated with decreased probability. The second model indicated that broiler flocks hatched on Tuesdays versus either Mondays or Thursdays (with no hatches on Wednesdays, Fridays or week‐ends), increased average hatchability of the eggs from the parent flocks, and greater amounts of fluff and feces on the transport tray liners at delivery were all associated with increased probability of detecting Salmonella in chick GI tracts. The results of this study suggest potential management decisions to lessen Salmonella contamination of broilers supplied by commercial hatcheries and areas for further research.
Nonlinear Properties of Chalcogenide Glass Fibers
Authors: Sanghera Jas S. , Shaw Leslie B. , Pureza Paul , Nguyen Vinh Q. , Gibson Dan , Busse Lynda , Aggarwal Ishwar D. , Florea Catalin M. , Kung Frederic H.
Published: August 2010

We demonstrate that the chalcogenide glasses possess large nonlinearities that can enable compact Raman amplifiers as well as fiber lasers and amplifiers in the mid‐IR. These high nonlinearities also allow efficient supercontinuum generation, which is useful for broadband sources in the near and mid‐IR. These materials can also be poled to induce an effective χ(2), opening up the potential of waveguide parametric amplifiers and sources. The Brillouin gain coefficients are relatively large and enable the demonstration of slow light in small core fibers. Results lead to a figure of merit that is about 140 times larger, or a theoretical gain about 45 times larger, than the best silica‐based fiber configurations reported to date.
Full‐Scale Experiments for Point‐Fixing Frameless Laminated Glass
Authors: Freddi Francesco , Royer‐Carfagni Gianni , Silvestri Mirko
Published: August 2010

An innovative point‐fixing device of laminated glass for frameless glazing has been conceived of, where the polymeric interlayer, slightly extending beyond the edge of the glass plies in the proximity of the borders, is bent at right angle, and directly attached to metal clamps via the lamination process. This technology is made possible by a high‐performance ionoplastic polymer with high elastic moduli, low viscoelasticity, and high glass transition temperature. Here, we record the results of destructive tests on full‐size specimens under pressure loading. During the tests, one or even both of the glass plies of the laminated panels were broken to study their postcritical performance. In all cases, a noteworthy load‐bearing capacity is maintained and sudden collapse is avoided (fail‐safe response) because, remarkably, the point‐fixing devices firmly hold the interlayer even after complete glass breakage. The experimental evidence has been confirmed by a full three‐dimensional (3D) viscoelastic finite‐element‐method modeling.
A portable low‐cost remote videography system for monitoring wildlife
Authors: Kross Sara M. , Nelson Ximena J.
Published: August 2010

1. Remote videography allows continuous and reviewable recording of unique behaviours with minimal disturbance to focus individuals. It is therefore an excellent, although often unaffordable, method for observing the behaviour of wildlife in the field.

2. We describe a digital video‐based remote videography design that costs under USD 900 and requires relatively minimal maintenance. The system is portable and can record continuously or when motion is detected.

3. Using the threatened New Zealand falcon as a model, in a single season of camera deployment we were able to record a number of unique events, including a new prey species for the falcon and the complete depredation of one nest.

4. Only 16% of potential recording hours were lost, the majority of which were as a result of battery failure (52% of failures) or the camera becoming dislodged (33% of failures).

5. This system will be useful for researchers in all fields who require a reliable, cost‐effective means of recording wildlife behaviour in remote locations.
Cuffed Inner Cannula and Flexible Outer Cannula Trachesotomy Device: Ensuring a Stable Airway
Authors: Athavale Sanjay , Dutton Todd , Webster Robert J.
Published: August 2010

Tracheostomy tubes (TTs) are used to provide a direct airway to a patient’s trachea when natural respiration is no longer possible. A TT generally includes an elongate outer cannula as well as a smaller inner cannula formed so as to have a gradual curve to facilitate insertion into a patient’s trachea. In order seal the airway around the tube, a conventional TT generally has an inflatable cuff attached to the perimeter of the outer cannula. When inflated, the cuff seals the airway around the cannula, thereby, requiring air to pass through only the cannula. In order to retain the distal end of the device in its operative position, the TT generally includes a neck plate or other fixation device, which is attached to the proximal end of the outer cannula. There are many potential drawbacks with current TTs, which can range in effect from minor irritation to death. Varying sizes of individuals and differences in anatomical dimensions leads to discomfort from TTs that fit poorly. The rigid ends of the outer cannula often put pressure on the walls of the trachea, which can cause irritation and ulceration. Cuffed inner cannulas are required to be replaced with uncuffed inner cannulas as soon as possible, after placement, to avoid pressure necrosis and allow for vocalization. The process of switching TTs may also be very hazardous, especially when treating obese patients. The stoma can easily be lost among layers of fat and skin, as well as the trachea, which all move independently of one another. Losing the stoma may cause suffocation and possibly death. Our novel device is a TT for use with a neck plate having an aperture. The TT comprises an elongate outer cannula having a lumen and configured to extend through the aperture. An elongate inner cannula having a lumen and an inflatable cuff and configured to extend through the lumen of the outer cannula such that the cuff extends beyond a distal end of the outer cannula and an interlocking mechanism configured to releasably secure a proximal end of the inner cannula to a proximal end of the outer cannula. This superior TT has the potential for wide application with a special emphasis on application within the obese population. Such patients experience the most difficulty with current devices. There is no single device in the market today that packages the numerous features of this particular design.
A Problem Well Defined is Nearly Solved
Authors: Lewis Ryan
Published: August 2010

Solving problems is simple. Understanding which problems should be solved is immensely challenging. Medical device design projects frequently begin with a search for solutions rather than a clear appraisal of needs. Understanding clinical needs, user needs, unmet needs and the differences between them is crucial. Through a process of filtering research into an array of needs the author prescribes a method to aid the designer in defining the overarching problem. This array can create a clear path to problem solutions while utilizing a methodology that fits in the context of a regulated design process. For medical device startups, design consulting firms, and corporate manufacturers, a clear understanding of the problem can mark the difference between a misguided solution and a solution that benefits physicians and patients.
Preliminary Development and Engineering Evaluation of a Novel Cricothyrotomy Device
Authors: Carey Jason P. , Gwin Morgan , Kan Andrew , Toogood Roger T. , Finegan Barry
Published: August 2010

Cricothyrotomy is one of the procedures used to ventilate upper airway blockage patients. The objectives of this paper are to examine the most regularly used cricothyrotomy devices, to suggest critical design specifications for improving the devices, and to introduce a new cricothyrotomy device as well as perform an engineering evaluation of the devices’ critical components. A review of the literature, manufacturer products and patents was performed to determine current cricothyrotomy devices in use. Four principal cricothyrotomy devices are currently in clinical use. From our review the Cookâ„¢ Melker device is the preferred method of clinicians but has acknowledged problems. Our group has developed a novel cricothyrotomy device, which addresses all design specifications and was shown to be very promising through engineering and in situ evaluations.
Adult Male Circumcision Tool for Use in Traditional Ceremonies
Authors: Van Wingen Thomas F. , Lemmermen Kyle A. , Spencer Craig , Scott Phil , Sienko Kathleen H.
Published: August 2010

Public health officials are currently supporting adult male circumcision as a public health policy to minimize the transmission of HIV during intercourse. Estimates indicate that more than 3 million lives could be saved in sub-Saharan Africa alone if the procedure becomes widely used. Complications including infection and accidental cutting/amputation of the glans during traditional circumcision ceremonies can lead to permanent injury or death. A low cost, adjustable (one-size-fits-most), culturally appropriate adult male circumcision tool was designed for use in traditional circumcision ceremonies. A surgical procedure for using the device has also been defined, which can be performed in either a clinical or nonclinical setting.