bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REPEATED MORAL HAZARD AND CONTRACTS WITH MEMORY: THE CASE OF RISK‐NEUTRALITY*
Authors: Ohlendorf Susanne , Schmitz Patrick W.
Published: May 2012

We consider a repeated moral hazard problem where both the principal and the wealth‐constrained agent are risk‐neutral. In each of two periods, the agent can exert unobservable effort, leading to success or failure. Incentives provided in the second period act as carrot and stick for the first period, so that the effort level induced in the second period is higher after a first‐period success than after a failure. If renegotiation cannot be prevented, the principal may prefer a project with lower returns; i.e., a project may be “too good” to be financed or, similarly, an agent can be “overqualified.”
REFERENCE NORMS, STAGGERED WAGES, AND WAGE LEADERSHIP: THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE*
Authors: Knell Markus , Stiglbauer Alfred
Published: May 2012

This article presents an extension of the Taylor model with staggered wages in which wage setting is also influenced by reference norms. We show that reference norms can considerably increase the persistence of inflation but that the size of this effect depends on the exact definition (e.g., external vs. internal, symmetric vs. asymmetric norms). Using data on collectively bargained wages in Austria from 1980 to 2006 we show that wage setting is strongly influenced by reference norms, that external norms seem to matter more than internal norms, and that there is a clear indication for the existence of wage leadership (asymmetric norms).
THE HARROD–BALASSA–SAMUELSON HYPOTHESIS: REAL EXCHANGE RATES AND THEIR LONG‐RUN EQUILIBRIUM*
Authors: Chong Yanping , Jordà Òscar , Taylor Alan M.
Published: May 2012

Frictions and perturbations may influence currency values in the short run, but it is generally acknowledged that real‐exchange rates eventually settle toward equilibrium. The puzzle then is how gradually this parity is reached given the fluidity in foreign exchange markets. Persistent differences in the relative productivity of countries—a broad characterization of the Harrod–Balassa–Samuelson hypothesis—may help explain this puzzle. This article introduces methods to estimate equilibrium adjustment paths semiparametrically, and then sort how each of these components influences the dynamics of exchange rates. This is done in a dynamic panel setting by introducing novel local projections methods for cointegrated systems. Productivity shocks affect dynamics, and after adjusting for these factors, adjustment toward equilibrium is relatively rapid.
How can we sell evaluating, analyzing and synthesizing to young scientists?
Authors: Possingham H. P.
Published: May 2012

Read the Feature Paper: Evaluating indices of conservation success: a comparative analysis of outcome‐ and output‐based indices

Other Commentaries on this paper: Getting what you pay for: the challenge of measuring success in conservation

Response from the authors: The view from the office is not all bad: conservation evaluation as a ‘sexy’ research goal
Conservation biogeography of the Antarctic
Authors: Terauds Aleks , Chown Steven L. , Morgan Fraser , J. Peat Helen , Watts David J. , Keys Harry , Convey Peter , Bergstrom Dana M.
Published: May 2012

Aim

To present a synthesis of past biogeographic analyses and a new approach based on spatially explicit biodiversity information for the Antarctic region to identify biologically distinct areas in need of representation in a protected area network.

Location

Antarctica and the sub‐Antarctic.

Methods

We reviewed and summarized published biogeographic studies of the Antarctic. We then developed a biogeographic classification for terrestrial conservation planning in Antarctica by combining the most comprehensive source of Antarctic biodiversity data available with three spatial frameworks: (1) a 200‐km grid, (2) a set of areas based on physical parameters known as the environmental domains of Antarctica and (3) expert‐defined bioregions. We used these frameworks, or combinations thereof, together with multivariate techniques to identify biologically distinct areas.

Results

Early studies of continental Antarctica typically described broad bioregions, with the Antarctic Peninsula usually identified as biologically distinct from continental Antarctica; later studies suggested a more complex biogeography. Increasing complexity also characterizes the sub‐Antarctic and marine realms, with differences among studies often attributable to the focal taxa. Using the most comprehensive terrestrial data available and by combining the groups formed by the environmental domains and expert‐defined bioregions, we were able to identify 15 biologically distinct, ice‐free, Antarctic Conservation Biogeographic Regions (ACBRs), encompassing the continent and close lying islands.

Main conclusions

Ice‐free terrestrial Antarctica comprises several distinct bioregions that are not fully represented in the current Antarctic Specially Protected Area network. Biosecurity measures between these ACBRs should also be developed to prevent biotic homogenization in the region.
Faith and suburbia: secularisation, modernity and the changing geographies of religion in London’s suburbs
Authors: Dwyer Claire , Gilbert David , Shah Bindi
Published: May 2012

Spectacular new religious buildings on London’s outskirts are often cited as evidence of London’s multicultural diversity. However, the suburban location of these new buildings is usually dismissed as incongruous, drawing on familiar tropes of the suburbs as sites of modernisation, materialism and secularism. This paper uses this assumed incongruity to address the complexity of relationships between religion and suburban space by tracing the significance of religion in changing suburban geographies through a focus on London’s suburbs. The paper begins with a critique of the absence of religion in suburban studies, which emphasise secularisation and homogeneity. The rediscovery of the creative potential of the suburbs gives little consideration to religious creativity. Similarly recent work on diasporas and religion have little to say about the significance of the suburban. Our paper uses three case studies, of different faith groups, from North and West London to explore three distinctive articulations of the relationship between religion and suburban space that we call ‘semi‐detached faith’, ‘edge‐city faith’ and ‘ethnoburb faith’. These examples are not intended as ideal types but as analytical categories that open up the relationships between space, faith and mobilities. We argue there is a need to more carefully theorise the ways in which faith communities have engaged with the challenges of suburban geographies including processes of secularisation and suggest that the study of faith in suburbia offers new ways of thinking about the complexity of suburban space.
Can small non‐peptide motilin agonists force a breakthrough as gastroprokinetic drugs?
Authors: Depoortere Inge
Published: May 2012

GSK962040 is a small selective motilin receptor agonist currently under investigation in clinical trials for the treatment of conditions associated with delayed gastric emptying. As reported in this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, Broad et al., studied for the first time the region‐dependent contractile effects of motilin and GSK962040 in human smooth muscle strips. Both compounds facilitated cholinergically mediated contractions of human gastric antral muscle strips at low concentrations and induced smooth muscle contractions at high concentrations. The effect was less pronounced in the fundus and almost absent in the colon. The long‐lasting facilitation of cholinergic responses in the antrum by GSK962040 compared with the fading responses to motilin may be of importance from a clinical point of view. The approach used by Broad et al. with human tissue is a validated model to identify motilin receptor agonists with therapeutic value.

LINKED ARTICLE This article is a commentary on Broad et al., pp. 763–774 of this issue. To view this paper visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2012.02009.x
Hemostats, sealants, and adhesives III: a new update as well as cost and regulatory considerations for components of the surgical toolbox
Authors: Spotnitz William D. , Burks Sandra
Published: May 2012

The hemostat, sealant, and adhesive components of the surgical toolbox continue to evolve and enter clinical practice at a rapid rate. The goal of this comprehensive, sequential review is to update these components to include those now available (February 2012) as well as to explore cost and regulatory factors that impact the development and use of these materials. A unique system of definitions for organizing these components based on group, category, and class is used as a means of improving the understanding and appropriate use of these materials. The system will be used here to present the most recent additions to the toolbox, which are evaluated based on safety, efficacy, usability, and cost. These new additions include pooled human plasma fibrinogen and thrombin embedded in an equine collagen patch for cardiac surgical hemostasis, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and human serum albumin for lung surgical pneumostasis, modified PEG and trilysine amine for spinal sealing, octyl and butyl lactoyl cyanoacrylate for vascular sealing, and a variety of octyl and butyl cyanoacrylates with or without dyes and/or polyester mesh for skin closure with the creation of a bacterial barrier. The system of definitions will also be used to clarify key strategies in the current health care environment for reducing costs and for increasing understanding of Food and Drug Administration regulatory decisions for these materials.
Treatment of whole blood with riboflavin plus ultraviolet light, an alternative to gamma irradiation in the prevention of transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease?
Authors: Fast Loren D. , Nevola Martha , Tavares Jennifer , Reddy Heather L. , Goodrich Ray P. , Marschner Susanne
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND:Exposure of blood products to gamma irradiation is currently the standard of care in the prevention of transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease (TA‐GVHD). Regulatory, technical, and clinical challenges associated with the use of gamma irradiators are driving efforts to develop alternatives. Pathogen reduction methods were initially developed to reduce the risk of microbial transmission by blood components. Through modifications of nucleic acids, these technologies interfere with the replication of both pathogens and white blood cells (WBCs). To date, systems for pathogen and WBC inactivation of products containing red blood cells are less well established than those for platelets and plasma.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:In this study, the in vitro and in vivo function of WBCs present in whole blood after exposure to riboflavin plus ultraviolet light (Rb‐UV) was examined and compared to responses of WBCs obtained from untreated or gamma‐irradiated blood by measuring proliferation, cytokine production, activation, and antigen presentation and xenogeneic (X‐)GVHD responses in an in vivo mouse model.

RESULTS:In vitro studies demonstrated that treatment of whole blood with Rb‐UV was as effective as gamma irradiation in preventing WBC proliferation, but was more effective in preventing antigen presentation, cytokine production, and T‐cell activation. Consistent with in vitro findings, treatment with Rb‐UV was as effective as gamma irradiation in preventing X‐GVHD, a mouse model for TA‐GVHD.

CONCLUSION:The ability to effectively inactivate WBCs in fresh whole blood using Rb‐UV, prior to separation into components, provides the transfusion medicine community with a potential alternative to gamma irradiation.
Examining the 100‐Year Floodplain as a Metric of Risk, Loss, and Household Adjustment
Authors: Highfield Wesley E , Norman Sarah A , Brody Samuel D
Published: May 2012

An understudied, but central aspect in understanding flood impacts is the way we conceptualize, identify, and delineate risk. The 100‐year floodplain is the longstanding metric in the United States for determining and acting upon the possibility of an area being inundated. This spatial delineation guides local planning and development decisions, triggers insurance purchases and other household adjustments, and serves as the fundamental indicator for whether it is safe to build a structure on a particular site. However, increasing evidence suggests that the 100‐year floodplain is neither accurate nor sufficient in guiding communities and household decisions to mitigate the adverse economic impacts of floods. In this perspective, we examine the effectiveness of the 100‐year floodplain as an appropriate marker of risk. First, we review existing studies on location and flood damage. Next, we apply these concepts to repetitive flood losses data in Harris County, Texas. We conclude that the apparent inability of the floodplain designation to effectively capture the likelihood of property damage and potential loss of human life in coastal areas has left potentially millions of property owners unaware of the flood risk and unprepared to mitigate their adverse impacts. Relying on traditional 100‐year floodplain boundaries, local decision makers are hampered in their ability to ensure community development occurs in a resilient manner. Finally, we set forth an agenda for future research to better capture the conditions associated with flood risk and account for the large percentage of damage outside the designated floodplain.
Effectiveness of Theophylline in Preventing Contrast‐Induced Nephropathy After Coronary Angiographic Procedures
Authors: BILASY MOHAMMED ELSHAWADFY M. , ORABY MOHAMMED A. , ISMAIL HUSSEIN M. , MAKLADY FATHI A.
Published: May 2012

Background: Contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) is the third most common cause of hospital acquired acute renal failure and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The use of theophylline for prevention of CIN has yielded conflicting results. This study aimed at examining the effectiveness of theophylline in prevention of CIN when added to IV hydration and N‐acetylcysteine (NAC).

Methods: Patients with stable serum creatinine and at least moderate risk for CIN according to Mehran's risk score were included in this parallel group, 1:1, single‐blind, randomized controlled trial. All patients received IV hydration (1 mL/kg per hour for 24 hours) and NAC (600 mg bid for 2 days). Patients were randomized to placebo (group P) or theophylline (200 mg in 100 mL 0.9% saline, as IV infusion 30 minutes before contrast medium (CM) administration; group T). Patients underwent standard coronary angiography ± angioplasty. Serum creatinine (SCr) was assessed just before and 72 hours after contrast administration and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated.

Results: This study included 60 patients with mean SCr 1.44 ± 0.7 mg/dL and eGFR 60.2 ± 29.2 mL/min. Mean SCr among group T was 1.54 ± 0.7 mg/dL with eGFR 58.6 ± 28.6 mL/min, while group P showed mean SCr of 1.34 ± 0.7 mg/dL and eGFR of 61.8 ± 30.1 mL/min. Among group P, 6 (20%) patients developed CIN while none of the patients in group T developed CIN. In comparison to placebo, theophylline significantly decreased SCr (P = 0.0001) and increased eGFR (P = 0.001) at 72 hours. Multivariate regression analysis showed that receiving placebo instead of theophylline, anemia, congestive heart failure, chronic renal impairment, and high‐contrast load are all independent predictors for deteriorating renal function after CM administration.

Conclusion: Theophylline seems to be an effective prophylaxis against CIN for moderate‐ and high‐risk patients undergoing coronary angiography or angioplasty. It offers additive protection when added to IV hydration and NAC. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:404–410)
Generation of γ‐Al2O3 Microparticles by Hybrid Electrochemical‐Thermal Method and its Zn‐γ‐Al2O3 Composite Coating for Corrosion Protection
Authors: Chandrappa Kodihalli G. , Venkatesha Thimmappa V.
Published: May 2012

Microcrystalline alumina (γ‐Al2O3) powder was successfully synthesized by hybrid electrochemical‐thermal method. The as‐synthesized powder was calcined for an hour at temperatures ranging from 60°C to 900°C. The crystallite size, morphology, and chemical state of the synthesized powders were characterized by powder XRD, TG‐DTA, XPS, SEM/EDAX, TEM and FT‐IR spectral methods. The effect of calcination temperature on crystallite size and morphology was assessed. Scanning electron photomicrographs show a cauliflower like morphology and EDAX measurement showed its chemical composition. Thermal behavior of as‐synthesized product was examined. The TEM result revealed that, the particles are cauliflower in nature with diameter of 0.2–0.5 μm. The crystallite size increased with increase of calcination temperature. The electrochemically generated γ‐Al2O3 powder was used to fabricate Zn‐γ‐Al2O3 composite thin films and its corrosion behavior was analyzed by anodic polarization, tafel extrapolation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicate that the Zn‐γ‐Al2O3 composite thin films have potential applications to corrosion protection.
Levels of Selenomonas species in generalized aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Gonçalves L. F. H. , Fermiano D. , Feres M. , Figueiredo L. C. , Teles F. R. P. , Mayer M. P. A. , Faveri M.
Published: May 2012

Gonçalves LFH, Fermiano D, Feres M, Figueiredo LC, Teles FRP, Mayer MPA, Faveri M. Levels of Selenomonas species in generalized aggressive periodontitis. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 711–718. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  To compare the levels of Selenomonas sputigena and uncultivated/unrecognized Selenomonas species in subgingival biofilms from periodontally healthy subjects and from subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis.

Material and Methods:  Fifteen periodontally healthy subjects and 15 subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis were recruited and their clinical periodontal parameters were evaluated. Nine subgingival plaque samples were collected from each subject and all were individually analyzed for the levels of 10 bacterial taxa, including cultured and uncultivated/unrecognized microorganisms, using the RNA‐oligonucleotide quantification technique. Between‐group differences in the levels of the test taxa were determined using the Mann–Whitney U‐test.

Results:  Subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis showed significantly higher mean counts of Porphyromonas gingivalis, S. sputigena and the Mitsuokella sp. Human Oral Taxon (HOT) 131 (previously described as Selenomonas sp. oral clone CS002), while higher mean counts of Actinomyces gerencseriae and Streptococcus sanguinis were found in periodontally healthy subjects (p < 0.01). Selenomonas sp. HOT 146 was only detected in the generalized aggressive periodontitis group. In the generalized aggressive periodontitis group, the levels of P. gingivalis and S. sputigena were higher in deep sites (probing depth ≥ 5 mm) than in shallow sites (probing depth ≤ 3 mm) (p < 0.01). Furthermore, in subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis, sites with probing depth of ≤ 3 mm harbored higher levels of these two species than sites with the same probing depth in periodontally healthy subjects. There were positive correlations between probing depth and the levels of P. gingivalis (r = 0.77; p < 0.01), S. sputigena (r = 0.60; p < 0.01) and Selenomonas dianae (previously described as Selenomonas sp. oral clone EW076) (r = 0.42, p < 0.05).

Conclusion:  S. sputigena and Mitsuokella sp. HOT 131 may be associated with the pathogenesis of generalized aggressive periodontitis, and their role in the onset and progression of this infection should be investigated further.
Shoulder rotational profiles in young healthy elite female and male badminton players
Authors: Couppé C. , Thorborg K. , Hansen M. , Fahlström M. , Bjordal J. M. , Nielsen D. , Baun M. , Storgaard M. , Magnusson S. P.
Published: May 2012

The aim of the present study was to profile shoulder passive range of motion (ROM) and isometric strength for external (ER) and internal (IR) rotation as part of a preseason screening in adolescent national badminton players. Passive external range of motion (EROM) and internal range of motion (IROM) were examined on the dominant and nondominant shoulder in 31 adolescent national badminton players (12 females and 19 males) with a standard goniometer. Muscle strength was examined with a hand‐held dynamometer in ER and IR. Total range of motion (TROM = EROM+IROM) was lower on the dominant side compared with the nondominant side in both groups (P < 0.001). Males were generally stronger than females in all strength measurements except for IR on the dominant side (P < 0.01). In females, IR dominant side strength was greater compared with IR on the nondominant side (P < 0.05). TROM was reduced on the dominant side compared with the nondominant side in young elite badminton players, irrespective of gender. No rotational strength differences existed between the dominant and nondominant side in male players, but in female players a higher IR strength on the dominant side was not balanced by a higher ER strength.
A review of a paediatric emergency department vaccination programme for patients at risk of allergy/anaphylaxis
Authors: Cronin John , Scorr Annemarie , Russell Sinead , McCoy Siobhan , Walsh Sean , O’Sullivan Ronan
Published: May 2012

Aim:  We sought to review the clinical outcomes of patients referred to our emergency department (ED) vaccination service for children with a history of allergy or anaphylaxis or in whom there was a concern of a significant adverse reaction.

Methods:  This was a prospective observational cohort study set in an urban tertiary Paediatric ED. All attendances for any childhood vaccination for a 5‐year period (from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2010) were included. Our primary outcome measure was any adverse reaction as a result of the vaccine administered.

Results:  A total of 446 vaccines were administered during the study period in 374 patients. Of these vaccinations, 310 (69.5%) were Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR). The majority of patients (348, 93%) were referred from the community. Suspected egg allergy was the reason for the majority of referrals for MMR (261/310 (84.2%)). Only six patients (1.3%) experienced an immediate reaction to a vaccination. All reactions were minor.

Conclusion:  This is one of the largest studies looking at childhood vaccinations performed in a hospital setting for children who are ‘at risk’ of allergy, anaphylaxis or hypersensitivity. A significant number of referrals were unwarranted and the majority could have been safely managed in the community.
Geriatric dentistry – meet the need
Authors: Issrani Rakhi , Ammanagi Renuka , Keluskar Vaishali
Published: May 2012

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00423.x

Geriatric dentistry – meet the need

Geriatric dentistry or gerodontics is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal ageing and age‐related diseases as part of an inter‐disciplinary team with other health care professionals. Geriatric health is an ignored and under‐explored area worldwide. Oral health reflects overall well being for the elderly population. Conversely, elderly patients are more predisposed to oral conditions due to age‐related systemic diseases and functional changes. The major barriers to practising geriatric dentistry are the lack of trained faculty members, a crowded curriculum and monetary concerns. For successful treatment, the practitioner must adopt a humanitarian approach and develop a better understanding of the feelings and attitudes of the elderly. Prevention and early intervention strategies must be formulated to reduce the risk of oral diseases in this population. In future, dental professionals must have a proper understanding of the magnitude of the services to be provided to the elderly. This could only be realised through an education programme in geriatric dentistry, which should be started without further delay. This article hence sets out the objectives, needs, present scenario, strategies and types of dental treatment required by the elderly population.
Effect of electromagnetic field on bone regeneration around dental implants after immediate placement in the dog mandible: a pilot study
Authors: do Nascimento Cássio , Issa João Paulo Mardegan , da Silva Mello Amaro Sérgio , de Albuquerque Junior Rubens Ferreira
Published: May 2012

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00525.x

Effect of electromagnetic field on bone regeneration around dental implants after immediate placement in the dog mandible: a pilot study

Background:  Accelerating bone healing around dental implants can reduce the long‐term period between the insertion of implants and functional rehabilitation.

Objective:  This in vivo study evaluated the effect of a constant electromagnetic field (CEF) on bone healing around dental implants in dogs.

Materials and methods:  Eight dental implants were placed immediately after extraction of the first pre‐molar and molar teeth on the mandible of two male dogs and divided into experimental (CEF) and control groups. A CEF at magnetic intensity of 0.8 mT with a pulse width of 25 μs and frequency of 1.5 MHz was applied on the implants for 20 min per day for 2 weeks.

Result and conclusion:  After qualitative histological analysis, a small quantity of newly formed bone was observed in the gap between the implant surface and alveolar bone in both groups.
Unnoticed swallowing of a unilateral removable partial denture
Authors: Gallas Mercedes , Blanco Montserrat , Martinez‐Ares David , Rivo Eduardo , García‐Gontán Eva , Cañizares Miguel
Published: May 2012

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00621.x

Unnoticed swallowing of a unilateral removable partial denture

Objective:  This paper presents a case report about an unnoticed swallowing of a partial denture impacted in the esophagus in a 74‐year old man without serious complications.

Background data:  Dental prostheses (removable/fixed dental prostheses or fragments of dentures) appear to constitute a significant proportion of swallowed of impacted foreign bodies in the orolaryngopharynx.

Conclusion:  This case emphazises that is advisable to contraindicate this type of unilateral removable partial denture to replace teeth as temporary or definitive dental prosthesis.
Effects of the head lift exercise on the swallow function: a systematic review
Authors: Antunes Eva Bolle , Lunet Nuno
Published: May 2012

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00638.x

Effects of the head lift exercise on the swallow function: a systematic review

Objective:  Ageing is associated with modifications in upper oesophageal sphincter function that may be deleterious to deglutition. The head lift exercise (Shaker exercise) is a head‐raising work out aiming to improve the opening of this segment, and ultimately to reduce aspiration. We aimed to review critically the evidence on the effects of this structured intervention programme and to identify gaps to be filled by future research.

Material and Methods:  We identified published reports addressing the effect of this exercise in increasing the anteroposterior diameter and cross‐sectional area of the deglutitive upper oesophageal sphincter opening or dysphagic symptoms.

Results:  Nine methodologically heterogeneous studies were included in the review, and the reported effects of the head lift exercise were an increase in the anterior excursion of the larynx and in the anteroposterior diameter of the upper oesophageal sphincter opening, and the elimination of dysphagic symptoms.

Conclusion:  Further studies including control groups and accounting for potential confounders are needed for a sound assessment of the effectiveness of this technique. The data on the functional results are, however, promising for dysphagia interventions.
A Mass Balance Approach to Resolving LNAPL Stability
Authors: Mahler Nicholas , Sale Tom , Lyverse Mark
Published: May 2012

This article explores the hypothesis that natural losses of light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) through dissolution and evaporation can control the overall extent of LNAPL bodies and LNAPL fluxes observed within LNAPL bodies. First, a proof‐of‐concept sand tank experiment is presented. An LNAPL (methyl tert‐butyl ether) was injected into a sand tank at five constant injection rates that were increased stepwise. Initially, for each injection rate the LNAPL bodies expanded quickly. With time the rate of expansion of the LNAPL bodies slowed and at extended times the extent of the LNAPL became constant. Attainment of a stable LNAPL extent is attributed to rates of LNAPL addition being equal to rates of LNAPL losses through dissolution and evaporation. Secondly, analytical solutions are developed to extrapolate the processes observed in the proof‐of‐concept experiment to dimensions and time frames that are consistent with field‐scale LNAPL bodies. Three LNAPL body geometries that are representative of common field conditions are considered including one‐dimensional, circular, and oblong shapes. Using idealized conditions, the solutions describe volumetric LNAPL fluxes as a function of position in LNAPL bodies and the overall extent of LNAPL bodies as a function of time. Results from both the proof‐of‐concept experiment and the mathematical developments illustrate that natural losses of LNAPL can play an important role in governing LNAPL fluxes within LNAPL bodies and the overall extent of LNAPL bodies.
Shared resource laboratories: impact of new design criteria to consolidate flow cytometry diagnostic service
Authors: MONTI F. , ROSETTI M. , MASPERI P. , TOMMASINI N. , DORIZZI R. M.
Published: May 2012

Introduction:  The Shared Resource Laboratory (SRL) model recently described for research activities would also appear to be highly suitable for diagnostic services. Using modern SRL design criteria and benchmarks, the aim of our study was to verify whether the consolidation of a diagnostic cytofluorimetric activity could improve the overall service.

Methods:  Outcome indicators such as impact on analytical quality, clinical satisfaction, team work involvement, and economic performance were evaluated in the planning and setting up of a new central laboratory. Comparison with preconsolidation status allowed us to investigate possible indicators of improvement.

Results:  A total of 30 140 cytofluorimetric analyses performed before and after consolidation at the Central Laboratory in Pievesestina in north‐central Italy were evaluated. The overall score of the clinical satisfaction questionnaire (range, between 1 and 5) increased from 4.3 to 4.9. Full‐time equivalent (FTE) operators were reduced from 9 to 4.5 and cytofluorimeters from 6 to 2; economic indicator analyses showed a 17.75% reduction in unitary test costs.

Conclusions:  The adoption of new benchmarks and design criteria increased the quality of cytofluorimetric analysis, thus improving specialized diagnostic services and promoting the shared resource clinical laboratory.
Light‐scattering sensor for real‐time identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae colonies on solid agar plate
Authors: Huff Karleigh , Aroonnual Amornrat , Littlejohn Amy E. Fleishman , Rajwa Bartek , Bae Euiwon , Banada Padmapriya P. , Patsekin Valery , Hirleman E. Daniel , Robinson J. Paul , Richards Gary P. , Bhunia Arun K.
Published: May 2012

The three most common pathogenic species of
Vibrio, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, are of major concerns due to increased incidence of water‐ and seafood‐related outbreaks and illness worldwide. Current methods are lengthy and require biochemical and molecular confirmation. A novel label‐free forward light‐scattering sensor was developed to detect and identify colonies of these three pathogens in real time in the presence of other vibrios in food or water samples. Vibrio colonies grown on agar plates were illuminated by a 635 nm laser beam and scatter‐image signatures were acquired using a CCD (charge‐coupled device) camera in an automated BARDOT (BActerial Rapid Detection using Optical light‐scattering Technology) system. Although a limited number of
Vibrio species was tested, each produced a unique light‐scattering signature that is consistent from colony to colony. Subsequently a pattern recognition system analysing the collected light‐scatter information provided classification in 1−2 min with an accuracy of 99%. The light‐scattering signatures were unaffected by subjecting the bacteria to physiological stressors: osmotic imbalance, acid, heat and recovery from a viable but non‐culturable state. Furthermore, employing a standard sample enrichment in alkaline peptone water for 6 h followed by plating on selective thiosulphate citrate bile salts sucrose agar at 30°C for ∼ 12 h, the light‐scattering sensor successfully detected V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus present in oyster or water samples in 18 h even in the presence of other vibrios or other bacteria, indicating the suitability of the sensor as a powerful screening tool for pathogens on agar plates.
Acute Exposure to the Mitochondrial Complex I Toxin Rotenone Impairs Synaptic Long‐Term Potentiation in Rat Hippocampal Slices
Authors: Kimura Ryoichi , Ma Lu‐Yao , Wu Chen , Turner Dharshaun , Shen Jian‐Xin , Ellsworth Kevin , Wakui Makoto , Maalouf Marwan , Wu Jie
Published: May 2012

Aims: To evaluate the acute effects of the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone on rat hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Methods: Electrophysiological field potential recordings were used to measure basal synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity in rat coronal hippocampal slices. Synaptic long‐term potentiation (LTP) was induced by high‐frequency stimulation (100 Hz, 1 second × 3 at an interval of 20 seconds). In addition, mitochondrial complex I function was measured using MitoSOX imaging in mitochondrial preparations. Results: Acute exposure of hippocampal slices to 50 nM rotenone for 1 h did not alter basal CA3–CA1 synaptic transmission though 500 nM rotenone significantly reduced basal synaptic transmission. However, 50 nM rotenone significantly impaired LTP and this rotenone's effect was prevented by co‐application of rotenone plus the ketones acetoacetate and β‐hydroxybutyrate (1 mM each). Finally, we measured mitochondrial function using MitoSOX imaging in mitochondrial preparations and found that 50 nM rotenone partially reduced mitochondrial function whereas 500 nM rotenone completely eliminated mitochondrial function. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that mitochondrial activity driven by complex I is a sensitive modulator of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Acute exposure of the hippocampus to rotenone eliminates complex I function and in turn impairs LTP.
Predictors of depression in Korean breast cancer patients: A one‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Kim Seon‐Young , Stewart Robert , Kim Sung‐Wan , Yang Su‐Jin , Kim Jae‐Min , Shin Il‐Seon , Park Min‐Ho , Yoon Jung‐Han , Yoon Jin‐Sang
Published: May 2012

Introduction

To investigate the prevalence, and 12‐month persistence and incidence of depression following surgery for breast cancer and to determine factors associated with this in an East Asian setting.

Methods

All cases at a given hospital following surgery for breast cancer were approached and participants were interviewed 2–5 days after surgery. Depression (major and minor depressive disorders) was diagnosed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM‐IV) using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview at baseline and 12 months after surgery. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were investigated as covariates in logistic regression model.

Results

Of 335 breast cancer patients analyzed at baseline, 80 (23.9%) had prevalent depression. Persistence in those with depression at baseline (60 analyzed) was 33.3%; incidence of depression in those without depression at baseline (202 analyzed) was 13.4%. In adjusted logistic regression analyses, past and family histories of depression were significantly associated with depression on baseline, and number of metastatic axillary lymph nodes was associated with persistence of depression at follow‐up. No factors were associated with incident depression.

Discussion

Depression is common among Korean women with breast cancer, and predictive factors for depression may differ according to the time after surgery.
Cytologic features of clear cell adnexal carcinoma in 3 dogs
Authors: Piviani Martina , Sánchez Melissa D. , Patel Reema T.
Published: May 2012

Background

Clear cell adnexal carcinoma is a rare cutaneous adnexal neoplasm without definitive apocrine, sebaceous, or follicular differentiation. Differential diagnoses include sebaceous carcinoma, liposarcoma, and balloon cell melanoma. Immunohistochemical analysis, with positive immunoreactivity for pancytokeratin and vimentin, aids in the diagnosis. Cytologic features of clear cell adnexal carcinoma have not been described previously.

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe cytologic features of canine clear cell adnexal carcinoma.

Methods

Fine‐needle aspirates (FNA) obtained prior to biopsy of cutaneous neoplasms with a histologic diagnosis of clear cell adnexal carcinoma confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis were reviewed retrospectively. Slides prepared from FNA had been stained with modified Wright‐Giemsa or automated aqueous Romanowsky stain.

Results

Of 20 neoplasms diagnosed as clear cell adnexal carcinoma in dogs, FNA of the mass had been performed in 3 cases. Cytologic features were similar and included high cellularity, marked cellular pleomorphism, loose arrangement of neoplastic cells, and a light blue to gray background resulting from streaming of cytoplasm from ruptured cells. Neoplastic cells were oval to polygonal to spindle‐shaped with wispy cytoplasmic projections. Cytoplasmic eosinophilic stippling, globular deposits, or pink needle‐shaped inclusions were noted. Criteria of malignancy included marked anisocytosis, anisokaryosis and anisonucleoleosis, multinucleation, karyomegaly, macronucleoli, and atypical mitotic figures.

Conclusions

Clear cell adnexal carcinoma should be included in the cytologic differential diagnosis for a canine cutaneous mass even if an epithelial origin is not readily identified owing to lack of characteristic epithelial features, such as highly cohesive cell clusters, evident cell‐to‐cell junctions, and distinct cytoplasmic edges.
Embracing Complexity: A Framework for Healthcare Design
Authors: Stropkay Scott , Siedzik David
Published: May 2012

There is good complexity, and there is bad complexity. The trick lies in knowing which is which.
Designing with Complexity
Authors: Tannen Rob
Published: May 2012

Good product design is a matter of striking the best balance between the technical complexities of features and the clarity of the user experience.
Reflections on Service Design, Frameworks, and the Service Organization
Authors: Wechsler Jacqueline
Published: May 2012

The best service designers know their job isn't done until they pass it on to the client company.
African horse sickness in naturally infected, immunised horses
Authors: WEYER C. T. , QUAN M. , JOONE C. , LOURENS C. W. , MacLACHLAN N. J. , GUTHRIE A. J.
Published: May 2012

To determine whether subclinical cases, together with clinical cases, of African horse sickness (AHS) occur in immunised horses in field conditions, whole blood samples were collected and rectal temperatures recorded weekly from 50 Nooitgedacht ponies resident in open camps at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, during 2008–2010. The samples were tested for the presence of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) RNA by a recently developed real‐time RT‐PCR. It was shown that 16% of immunised horses in an AHS endemic area were infected with AHSV over a 2 year period, with half of these (8%) being subclinically infected. The potential impact of such cases on the epidemiology of AHS warrants further investigation.
Effect of exercise on mouse liver and brain bioenergetic infrastructures
Authors: E. Lezi , Lu Jianghua , Burns Jeffrey M. , Swerdlow Russell H.
Published: May 2012

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Although exercise is shown to benefit different organs, little research has focused on the mitochondrial response to exercise training in the liver and brain. Also, why and how exercise‐induced muscle activation modifies non‐muscle tissues is not fully understood.

What is the main finding and its importance?

We found a dissociated mitochondrial biogenesis, in which some components for gluconeogenesis are enhanced while others for oxidative phosphorylation are minimized, in the livers of exercised mice. These observations suggest that mitochondrial biogenesis is not necessarily an all‐or‐none process, but rather can be strategically tailored to meet a specific tissue's particular physiological needs. Also, this is the first manuscript to show the possible role of exercise‐induced lactate production in mediating exercise's effects on non‐muscle tissues.

To assess the effects of exercise on liver and brain bioenergetic infrastructures, we exposed C57BL/6 mice to 6 weeks of moderate‐intensity treadmill exercise. During the training period, fasting blood glucose was lower in exercised mice than in sedentary mice, but serum insulin levels were not reduced. At week 6, trained mice showed a paradoxical decrease in plasma lactate during exercise, which was accompanied by an increase in the liver monocarboxylate transporter 2 protein level (∼30%, P < 0.05). Exercise increased liver peroxisomal proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator 1α expression (approximately twofold, P < 0.001), NAD‐dependent deacetylase sirtuin‐1 protein (∼30%, P < 0.05), p38 protein (∼15%, P < 0.05), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1 protein (∼50%, P < 0.05) and AMP‐activated protein kinase phosphorylation (∼40%, P < 0.05). Despite this, liver mitochondrial DNA copy number (∼30%, P = 0.05), mitochondrial transcription factor A expression (∼15%, P < 0.05), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 expression (∼10%, P < 0.05), cAMP‐response element binding protein phosphorylation (∼60%, P < 0.05) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor expression (∼40%, P < 0.05) were all reduced, while cytochrome oxidase and citrate synthase activities were unchanged. The only altered brain parameter observed was a reduction in tumour necrosis factor α expression (∼35%, P < 0.05); tumour necrosis factor α expression was unchanged in liver. Our data suggest that lactate produced by exercising muscle modifies the liver bioenergetic infrastructure, and enhanced liver uptake may in turn limit the ability of exercise‐generated lactate to modify brain bioenergetics. Also, it appears that, at least in the liver, a dissociated mitochondrial biogenesis, in which some components are strategically enhanced while others are minimized, can occur.
Roles of individual prolyl‐4‐hydroxylase isoforms in the first 24 hours following transient focal cerebral ischaemia: insights from genetically modified mice
Authors: Chen Ruo‐Li , Nagel Simon , Papadakis Michalis , Bishop Tammie , Pollard Patrick , Ratcliffe Peter J. , Pugh Christopher W. , Buchan Alastair M.
Published: May 2012

Key points

Cerebral ischaemia results in the activation of multiple pathways that can independently lead to neuronal death. Agents targeting a number of processes at one time are likely to be translated into stroke therapy.

Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription complex which responds to changes in oxygen. HIF levels are tightly regulated by a group of prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs).

In this study, we investigated the function of each of the HIF‐PHDs in the first 24 hours following transient focal cerebral ischaemia by using mice with each isoform genetically suppressed.

We found that the PHD1−/−, PHD2+/−, PHD3−/− mice had different outcomes after inducing ischaemia. In particular, the PHD2+/− mice had an improved rCBF response post‐reperfusion with better behavioural scores. The PHD3−/− mice have worse rCBF but no behavioural change.

The information gained enhances understanding of the biological processes involved and informs strategies for therapeutic targeting of the PHD enzymes.

Abstract  This study investigated the function of each of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) prolyl‐4‐hydroxylase enzymes (PHD1–3) in the first 24 h following transient focal cerebral ischaemia by using mice with each isoform genetically suppressed. Male, 8‐ to 12‐week old PHD1−/−, PHD2+/− and PHD3−/− mice and their wild‐type (WT) littermate were subjected to 45 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). During the experiments, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was recorded by laser Doppler flowmetry. Behaviour was assessed at both 2 h and 24 h after reperfusion with a common neuroscore. Infarct volumes, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, cerebral vascular density, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), HIF1α, and glycogen levels were then determined using histological and immunohistochemical techniques. When compared to their WT littermates, PHD2+/− mice had significantly increased cerebral microvascular density and more effective restoration of CBF upon reperfusion. PHD2+/− mice showed significantly better functional outcomes and higher activity rates at both 2 h and 24 h after MCAO, associated with significant fewer apoptotic cells in the penumbra and less BBB disruption; PHD3−/− mice had impaired rCBF upon early reperfusion but comparable functional outcomes; PHD1−/− mice did not show any significant changes following the MCAO. Production of ROS, HIF1α staining and glycogen content in the brain were not different in any comparison. Life‐long genetic inhibition of PHD enzymes produces different effects on outcome in the first 24 h after transient cerebral ischaemia. These need to be considered in optimizing therapeutic effects of PHD inhibitors, particularly when isoform specific inhibitors become available.
Regulation of lymphocyte function by ORAI and STIM proteins in infection and autoimmunity
Authors: Shaw Patrick J. , Feske Stefan
Published: May 2012

Abstract  Store‐operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in cells of the immune system is mediated by Ca2+ release‐activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels that are formed by ORAI1 and its homologues ORAI2 and ORAI3. They are activated by stromal interaction molecules (STIM) 1 and 2 in response to depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores. Loss‐of‐function mutations in the human ORAI1 and STIM1 genes abolish CRAC channel function and SOCE in a variety of non‐excitable cells including lymphocytes and other immune cells, resulting in a unique clinical syndrome termed CRAC channelopathy. It is dominated by severe immunodeficiency and autoimmunity due to impaired SOCE and defects in the function of several lymphocyte subsets. These include CD8+ T cells, CD4+ effector and regulatory T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and B cells. This review provides a concise discussion of the role of CRAC channels in these lymphocyte populations and the regulation of adaptive immune responses to infection, in autoimmunity and inflammation.