bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Life History of Ascaris lumbricoides, L. Part IV
Authors: Stewart F. H.
Published: June 2009

Ransom and Foster have published a preliminary account of experiments on the life history of Ascaris lumbricoides in the Journal of Agricultural Research of 19th November, 1917. They found that a repetition of my experiments on the feeding of rats and mice with ripe Ascaris eggs gave results agreeing very closely with those recorded by me in the British Medical Journal of July 1st, October 7th and December 2nd, 1916, and in Parasitology of February 1917.
Sur un Cas de Myiase Cutanée Chez l'Homme
Authors: André Par Émile
Published: June 2009

En Europe, les cas de myiase cutanée humaine ne semblent pas être d'une grande rareté et la littérature en mentionne un certain nombre, mais les auteurs qui les ont publiés out souvent négligé de donner une description détaillée des larves, de sorte qu'il est parfois difficile d'établir entre elles les comparaisons nécessaires à leur identification. Il est opportun de multiplier les dessins et les descriptions pour arriver, en les collationnant, à dégager les caractères différentiels des larves jeunes de certaines espèces d'Oestrides. C'est pour ces raisons que nous décrirons et figurerons une larve que nous avons eu récemment 1'occasion d'examiner, larve qui s'etait développée sous la peau derrière 1'oreille, chez une jeune fille de la Haute-Savoie (France). Nous la considérons comme une larve au stade B de l'Hypoderma bovis (de Geer), provisoirement peut-être, car elle ne correspond pas exactement aux descriptions qui ont été données pour cette espèce par Brauer, Joly, Topsent et Condorelli. Les indications de ces auteurs diffèrent par plusieurs points, en particulier par la disposition des bandes épineuses. Mais il s'agit là, semble-t-il, d'un caractère éminemment variable, d'autant plus que Phibbs a constaté que, chez les larves au stade C, la répartition des ilots épineux peut varier d'un individu à 1'autre; il est done assez vraisemblable que cette variabilité peut exister déjè au stade B. Admettant que la disposition des bandes et des ilots épineux n'est pas constante, nous avons done considéré la larve qui fait l'objet de ces lignes comme appartenant à l'Hypoderma bovis (de Geer).
Note on the Occurrence of a Mermithid Worm in the Body of a Termite, Cornitermes orthocephalus, Silvestri
Authors: Ruttledge W.
Published: June 2009

Some soldiers and workers of Cornitermes orthocephalus, Silv., were taken at Campos, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in July 1923 by Mr F. Balfour Browne, the leader of a party of Cambridge entomologists which visited South America at that time. One of the worker termites was subsequently found to contain a parasitic worm in its abdomen.
The Nematode Genus Raillietostrongylus
Authors: Lane Clayton
Published: June 2009

The genus Raillietostrongylus Lane, 1923, was essentially characterized by the presence of “rudimentary subventral semilunes” guarding its oral aperture. In its type and only species R. samoensis Lane, 1923, these structures were described as “most rudimentary.”. Cameron (1924) states bluntly that cutting plates do not exist in this species, so that he can see no reason for removing it from the genus Globocephalus. The natural implication of the wording is that in designating the new genus a seriously inaccurate observation was recorded.
On the Correlation of the Life-history of the Acephaline Gregarine, Gonospora, with the Sexual Cycle of its Host
Authors: Hentschel C. C.
Published: June 2009

The acephaline gregarine, Gonospora varia Léger, from the coelomic cavity of the Polychaete worm Audouinia (Cirratulus) tentaculatus (Montagu) exhibits an interesting phenomenon, in which the life-history of the parasite is closely bound up with the sexual cycle of the host. It is characteristic of the acephaline gregarines that they are, for the most part, inhabitants of the coelom, and, as a consequence, frequently live in very close association with, if not actually parasitic on, the reproductive cells themselves. The familiar Monocystis from the seminal vesicles of the earthworm is an example which is at once called to mind. So, in the case of gregarines such as Gonospora, it is a common feature for them to spend the greater part of their existence free in the body cavity among the host's genital products. Naturally, they are reliant on the host's method of expulsion of the ova or spermatozoa for the dispersal of their spores. We therefore find that the periodic annual spawning of the worm is accompanied by a corresponding periodicity in the life-history of the parasites, which probably results in the reproductive bodies of both parasites and host being expelled together. In this point there seems to be a somewhat greater degree of specialisation than in Monocystis, where it is generally accepted that the spores are shed only on the death of the earthworm, either naturally or as the prey of some bird.
On the Correct use of Host-Names. An Appeal to Parasitologists
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

Parasitology has now become a vast subject, and it is impossible for any parasitologist to have a complete knowledge of the classification of all the groups of parasites with which he may be expected, from time to time, to deal. Almost all helminthologists, for example, are obliged to confine their special studies to one of the main groups—one dealing chiefly with Nematodes, another with Trematodes, another with Cestodes, and so on. Even within these large groups many findit impossible to keep in touch with the literature concerning more than one or two special families. But whether the field they attempt to cover be large or small, it is probable that most parasitologists find the name of the host a very valuable clue to the identity of the parasite which they are endeavouring to determine. For some groups more or less comprehensive host-lists have been published from time to time, and authors frequently include such lists even in short memoirs, presumably for the assistance of their fellow-workers. In all probability many workers find it useful to attempt to compile for their own use some kind of host-list.
The Occurrence of Atypical Amoebiasis
Authors: Sellards Andrew Watson , Baetjer Walter Albert
Published: June 2009

Some years ago we recorded the occurrence of entamoebae in the stools of patients showing diarrhoea of obscure origin (1915). The symptoms of these patients were not suggestive clinically of acute, nor even of chronic, amoebic dysentery. The entamoebae from these cases proved, on inoculation into kittens, to be pathogenic, producing, however, only a chronic mucous diarrhoea without blood.
A Case of Intestinal Myiasis in a Breast-fed Infant
Authors: Rennie John
Published: June 2009

On February 8th, 1923, I received three examples of living larvae of Musca domestica, from Dr James A. Stephen (Head of the Child Welfare Department of the Public Health Service, Aberdeen) with a statement that they “came from the bowel of a child, 4 months old, breast-fed, but having sugar on a teat.”
Note on the Actual Appearance of a Cestode Shell-Gland
Authors: Canavan William P.
Published: June 2009

Authors almost invariably figure the shell-gland of Cestodes in a form resembling that of a daisy's corolla. This may serve to indicate the position of the shell-gland but it should be remembered that the shell-glands are not all of this form. Thus, the shell-gland shown in Fig. 1 is somewhat shrub-like in form, consisting of irregularly fusiform elements which grow filamentous at one end and they are clustered on one side of the ootype of the uterine duct. The nucleus is situated in the fusiform portion and the filamentous portion extends toward the parenchyma of the cortical layer.
Grayallia quadrispina, a New Genus and Species of Monocystid Gregarine Parasite in an Oligochaete, Pheretima heterochaeta (Mich.)
Authors: Setna S. B.
Published: June 2009

The monocystid here described was found in the coelom of Pheretima heterochaeta (Mich.).

The following account is based wholly on material fixed in vapour of osmic acid and methyl alcohol—other fixatives like Bouin's and Schaudinn's gave bad results.
A Parasitic Fibroma on Equines in Samoa
Authors: Buxton Patrick A.
Published: June 2009

In the Samoan Islands, in the South Pacific, one frequently sees horses and donkeys disfigured by large tumours. These occur on the pasterns and fetlocks, and occasionally between the eye and the nostril, but never on other parts of the body. They are often multiple, and they cause much inconvenience because of their size; many of them are larger than the animal's hoof (Plate XXIII).
On a Second and Third Case of Infection with Plerocercoides prolifer Ijima, found in Japan
Authors: Yoshida S. O.
Published: June 2009

This peculiar larval form of cestode, parasitic in man, was first discovered in a Japanese woman (Case I) on 9. vii. 1904, and described by Prof. Ijima in 1905. Subsequently it was found in an American by Dr H. Gates, of Manatee, Florida, in June, 1907, and described by Dr Charles Stiles, who had received Gates' specimens for identification on 25. v. 1908. In the same year in which Gates' case was recorded, we observed a second case (Case II) in Japan. In this case an enormous number of worms were present and they were generally larger than those from the former Japanese and American cases. Recently a patient suffering from the same form of cestode larva (Case III) was found in the Dermatological Institute of the Imperial University of Kyoto.
A List of Nematode Parasites observed in the Alimentary Canal of Sheep in England
Authors: Boulenger Charles L.
Published: June 2009

Whilst engaged in the study of the life-histories of certain Nematode parasites of domestic animals, I have had the opportunity of examining the alimentary tracts of a number of sheep and lambs obtained from various localities in England during the last 12 months, and have thus been able to collect and identify a considerable number of the parasitic Nematodes which are found so abundantly in this situation.
The Morphology and Biology of Herpetomonas patellae, n.sp., parasitic in the Limpet, Patella vulgata, together with Remarks on the Pathogenic Significance of Certain Flagellates found in Invertebrates
Authors: Porter Annie
Published: June 2009

Many herpetomonads have been recorded from various insects belonging chiefly to the Diptera and Hemiptera, but until the present instance, members of this genus of flagellates have not been found in the Mollusca and very few in other Invertebrata. Also the habitat of the herpetomonads has usually been either the main alimentary tract or the haemocoel of their hosts. Digestive glands hitherto have not been recorded as being infected.
On a New Family and Five New Genera of Mallophaga
Authors: Harrison Launcelot
Published: June 2009

The present paper comprises descriptions of five new species of Mallophaga, included in five new genera.

One of these genera, Heteroproctus, has served to connect up three existing genera, Ornithobius, Akidoproctus, and Bothriometopus, the four forming a compact group for which I have established a new family, Akidoproctidae.
A Note on the Variability in Size of Amblyomma hebraeum Koch
Authors: Robinson L. E.
Published: June 2009

Variability in the size and, in a lesser degree, the taxonomic features of male ticks, has arrested the attention of all who have had occasion to examine moderately large numbers of examples of the same species. In the case of the female tick, this variability, though doubtless coextensive with that of the male, is more or less obscured by the wide range of variation in size, depending upon the degree of engorgement; and, also, by the fact that in the female tick the taxonomic characters are, as a rule, less pronounced. The present note is only concerned with variability in the size of the male.
On the occurrence of Herpetomonads(?) in Gerbils
Authors: Balfour Andrew
Published: June 2009

I was much interested in the paper on Herpetomonads in mice in the June number of Parasitology (Fantham and Porter, pp. 128–132). In 1904 or 1905 when working at trypanosomiasis at Khartoum I came across a flagellate in the peripheral blood of a gerbil (Gerbillus pygargus) which was clearly not a trypanosome and the nature of which I was unable to identify.
The Chondracanthidae (Crustacea: Copepoda); with a Description of Five New Genera and One New Species
Authors: Oakley C. L.
Published: June 2009

Of all the commoner families of parasitic Copepoda, the Chondracanthidae has received perhaps the least systematic notice.

In a recent paper (1927) Leigh-Sharpe and I divided the Chondracanthidae into two sub-families, the Lernentominae and the Chondracanthinae, and gave a full description and commentary on the three genera which form the Lernentominae. The present paper is an attempt to summarise our knowledge of the remaining sub-family, and introduces five genera and one species new to science.
A New Trematode Parasite of Acipenser sturio L. (Royal Sturgeon), with a description of the Genus Dihemistephanus Lss.
Authors: Little Percy A.
Published: June 2009

On November 14th, 1929, the writer examined a Royal Sturgeon, Acipenser sturio L., for trematode parasites. Up to the time of writing, this is the largest Sturgeon landed at Swansea, measuring 11 ft. long, 4 ft. 9 in. girth, and weighing 565 lb.; it was captured west of Lundy in the Bristol Channel by the steam trawler Conway Castle of the Consolidated Fisheries Ltd., Swansea.
The Genus Pennella (Copepoda) as represented by the Collection in the British Museum
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Most compilers of our standard publications on parasitic Copepoda have described or figured species in an obviously mutilated condition, i.e. lacking the head or egg-strings.
A Note on some External Characters of Larvae of Xenopsylla cheopis
Authors: Henderson J. R.
Published: June 2009

Larvae of Xenopsylla cheopis, which had been preserved at various dates from the first to seventeenth day after hatching, were placed at my disposal by Professor J. H. Ashworth. They were mounted for examination in excavated slides in carbol alcohol.
Notes on a Small Collection of Bat Ecto-Parasites
Authors: Matheson Robert
Published: June 2009

During the summer of 1927 Mr W. J. Hamilton, a student in the Department of Entomology, Cornell University, collected biological material in parts of Cuba, Panama, and Costa Rica. He brought two small vials of parasites taken from bats. Though the collection contained only 24 specimens yet it is of interest on account of the rarity of some of the species. It is, therefore, thought worth while to offer the following brief notes on the species taken.
The Genera Charopinus and Lernaeopodina (Copepoda) as represented by the Collection in the British Museum
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

The two genera here considered agree with one another and differ from all the other members of the Lernaeopodidae in having the abdominal appendages dorsal to the eggstrings; and all their species so far described are parasitic upon some species of ray.
Variation in gametocyte production in a strain of Plasmodium relictum in canaries
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

Huff & Gambrell (1934), and Gambrell (1937) observed that, when Plasmodium cathemerium was passaged from canary to canary for a long period, by inoculation of blood from acutely infected birds, the number of gametocytes produced in each infection gradually decreased, though in two strains only did they disappear completely.
A Revision of the Genus Fasciola. With particular reference to F. gigantica (Cobbold) and F. nyanzi (Leiper)
Authors: Jackson Harold G.
Published: June 2009

1. The specimens in the material here dealt with make a series of forms connecting F. angusta (Railliet) and F. aegyptiaca (Looss).

2. No important character separates any of these flukes from F. gigantica (Cobbold) and they must accordingly be all identified with this species.

3. The following key represents the simplest method of distinguishing between the species of Fasciola at present described. (For detailed diagnoses see the literature referred to below and this paper.)
A New Genus of Nematodes Parasitic in Elephants
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

A Re-Examination of the type-specimens of “Sclerostoma” clathratum Baird from the African elephant, which are in the British Museum, has led to a rather interesting discovery. The material was contained in two bottles, labelled in Baird's own handwriting. One bore the name “Sclerostoma clathratum Baird,” and contained a single male specimen of the form now known as Grammocephalus clathratus. The other bottle was labelled “Sclerostoma clathratum Baird, ♀,” and proved to contain worms of both sexes and of quite a different type from Grammocephalus.
On some ticks belonging to the genera Aponomma and Amblyomma
Authors: Whittick R. J.
Published: June 2009

A recent accession to the collection of the British Museum (Natural History) contains a number of ticks taken in 1927 from a captive Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) in the Zoological Gardens, London. Figures of the two species of ticks concerned were prepared by Mr A. J. E. Terzi for the late Dr W. L. Sambon who intended to describe them as new but died before he had done so. The two species have since been described by other authors, but Mr Terzi's excellent figures are reproduced here (Figs. 1–4), together with a note on the synonymy of one of the species.
Tobacco rosette: a complex virus disease
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2009

An account is given of a composite virus disease of tobacco for which the name tobacco rosette has been suggested.

The two component viruses, named the mottle and vein-distorting viruses respectively, have been separated, and their symptomatology and methods of transmission described. The mottle virus is both sap and aphis-transmitted, but the vein-distorting virus is aphis-borne only.

The symptoms and histopathology of the complex disease in the tobacco plant are dealt with in some detail. There are three main types of symptoms: (1) intense rosetting, (2) splitting of the tissues, (3) formation of enations on the under-surface of the leaves.

The splitting of the tissues has been examined microscopically, and a number of photomicrographs are given illustrating the formation of the fissures. It is suggested that there is a concentration of virus in the cambium which prevents the formation of the normal xylem. Abnormal tissue and giant cells are formed in the cortex and pith. This appears to set up stresses which cause the splitting.

The insect vector of the complex disease is the aphis Myzus persicae Sulz. Another aphis, M. pseudosolani Theob., is also a vector but is less efficient than M. persicae.

The writer's thanks are due to Prof. F. T. Brooks, F.R.S., with whom he discussed the histopathology of the rosette disease, to Dr Roy Markham for taking the photographs illustrating Pl. I, figs. 2–5, and to Mr Charles Harpley of the Molteno Institute for his assistance in taking' the photomicrographs.
Rhipicephalus neavei Warburton, 1912 as a vector of East Coast Fever
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin , Piercy S. E. , Wiley A. J.
Published: June 2009

The incidence of east coast fever in areas where the disease is endemic is associated with the common occurrence of the usual tick vector, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Outbreaks of the disease in other areas are sporadic or seasonal, and although, in many such instances, R. appendiculatus has been found either in isolated localities, or very sparsely distributed over the whole of an infected area, in other cases it has not been possible to collect even a single specimen of this tick. Collections of ticks from infected farms in these sporadic areas comprise such species as Boophilus spp., Rhipicephalus capensis, R. simus and R. evertsi or Hyalomma spp., Amblyomma spp., Rhipicephalus pulchellus and R. neavei.
The biology of Ornithodorus delanoei acinus Whittick, 1938
Authors: Robinson G. G.
Published: June 2009

The life history of Ornithodorus delanoei acinus under laboratory conditions at 30°C. may be summarized thus:

Thanks are due to Prof. P. A. Buxton, F.R.S., in whose departmemnt the work was done, and to Dr A.D. Lees of the Insect Physiology Unit, Agricultural Research Council, who made final observations on some of the later nymphal stages and adults.
Two new Trematodes from Reptiles: Paryphostomum indicum n.sp. and Stunkardia dilymphosa n.g., n.sp.
Authors: Bhalerao G. D.
Published: June 2009

I am indebted to my friends, Messrs M. A. Moghe, of the College of Science, Nagpur, and W. V. Nene, Officer-in-charge of the Time-Ball Observatory, Rangoon, for the material described in this paper. The trematodes were obtained by the former from the duodenum of Uromastix hardwickii (the spinytailed lizard) brought to Nagpur from Northern India, and Mr Nene gave me the tortoise, Batagur baska, which was found to be heavily parasitised with nematodes, along with two flukes. In both instances the trematodes proved new to science.
Sclerostomes of the Donkey in Zanzibar and East Africa
Authors: Boulenger Charles L.
Published: June 2009

During the last few years our knowledge of the Sclerostome parasites of the horse has been greatly augmented, the nematodes of the donkey have not however received attention since 1901, the date of publication of Looss' famous monograph on the Sclerostomes of the Equidae.
Tapeworm Parasites of Dogs in the Punjab
Authors: Sondhi G.
Published: June 2009

The parasitic worm fauna of domesticated animals in India has in the past been greatly neglected as a subject for research by zoologists working in that country. The increased interest in Helminthology during the last few years has been world-wide, and has led to greater attention being paid to Indian parasitic worms, such attention has, however, been largely devoted to the Roundworms, the Flatworms, with the exception of the Trematodes, receiving but scant attention.
Notes on the Lives of Giard, Bonnier and Delage, whose portraits appear in Parasitology, XV, No. 1. Portbait-plates XXI–XXIII
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

Alfred Giard was born at Valenciennes (Nord) on the 8th of August, 1843, and died at Orsay (Seine-et-Oise) on the 8th of August, 1908. He received his education at the “Ecole Normale Supérieure” of Paris and in 1873, having obtained his D.Sc. at the Sorbonne, he was elected to the chair of Natural History at the University of Lille. In 1874 he founded at Wimereux, near Boulogne, a marine zoological station and in 1878 became editor of the Bulletin Scientifique de la France et Belgique, which still appears and counts now fifty-five volumes.In 1882 he was elected member of Parliament but, fortunately for his scientific career, lost his seat at the next election in 1885. Three years later the Town Council of Paris endowed for him at the Sorbonne a lectureship of Evolution which soon developed into a Professorial chair of “Evolution des Ětres organises.” In 1900 he was elected a member of the Institute.
Spirella regaudi in the Cat
Authors: Edkins J. S.
Published: June 2009

The spiral organism found in the stomach of various carnivora has been investigated by several observers (see the references at the end of this paper). Such studies have been mainly directed to the morphology of the organism, its infectivity and the part it plays in producing a pathological condition. In the present paper I have been concerned rather with the physiological condition of its host as influencing the prevalence and location of the organism in different regions of the stomach. I was anxious further to ascertain if the organism affected the normal processes of digestion in the stomach either to the advantage or the disadvantage of the animal entertaining it.
Do Nematodes assist Bacterial Invasion of the Host by wounding the Wall of the Intestinal Tract?
Authors: Taylor E. L.
Published: June 2009

The experiments here described make provision for some of the eventualities not covered by the previous experiments of Taylor and Purchase, and appear to give a more definite answer to the question on the effect of the presence of parasitic worms in aiding the entry of bacteria into the body.

Although the conditions, in these experiments, appear to have been very favourable for the bacteria present in the lumen of the bowel to invade the host through abrasions of the wall caused by the parasitic worms, the evidence of assistance given by the worms to the entry of bacteria has not been obtained. In view of these findings, and taking into consideration other experimental results, it seems highly probable that the injuries caused to the bowel wall by parasitic worms in general do not play any important part in bringing about bacterial infection from the lumen of the intestine.
Changes in the Composition of Adult Culex pipiens during Hibernation
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: June 2009

There are conspicuous differences in respect of hibernation among the mosquitoes; for certain species, such as Culex pipiens and Anopheles maculipennis, hibernate as adults, but others, for instance A. claviger (bifurcates), pass the winter as larvae. These differences have been the subject of many investigations and of much theoretical discussion; perusal of the literature suggests that we still lack a sufficient knowledge of the facts. It is known that an accumulation of fat in autumn is characteristic of those mosquitoes which hibernate as adults, as it is of several insects of other orders. But it seems that little is known of the quantity of fat stored, or of the rate at which it disappears as winter passes. It is my present purpose to set out certain observations on the composition of adult female Culex pipiens at different times during the period of hibernation. Later it may be possible to make an experimental study of the causes of hibernation and to discuss the relevant literature. But at the moment let it suffice to refer to the following papers, from which the reader may inform himself of the present state of knowledge and theory: de Boissezon (1930), Roubaud (1932), and Shlenova (1933). The paper by Hecht (1933) contains a valuable summary of the subject.
Digenetic Trematodes from Some Australian Fishes
Authors: Woolcock Violet
Published: June 2009

Very little work has been done on the systematic study of entozoic trematodes of Australian fishes. Possibly the earliest contribution to the subject was a work by Kreft (1871), “On Australian Entozoa.” Other contributors to this branch of the subject are Wm Nicoll, S. J. Johnston, and T. Harvey Johnston, their studies being chiefly based on parasites of fishes from Queensland and New South Wales waters. So far as can be ascertained there has been as yet only one contribution to the literature on trematode parasites of fishes of Southern Australian waters, a paper by T. Harvey Johnston recently published.
On a New Coccidian, Eimeria laminata n.sp., from the Intestine of an Indian Toad, Bufo melanostictus Schneid
Authors: Ray Harendranath
Published: June 2009

In March 1932, while examining the gut contents of Bufo melanostictus, I came across a species of coccidian in two specimens. On consulting the literature, I found that while five species of Eimeria have been recorded from the intestinal region of anurous amphibians, none of them corresponds with the one I have observed. Moreover, I notice that for no one of these five species has the whole life history been described.
Vilém Lambl (1824–1895)
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

Very little appears to be known—at least by students of intestinal protozoa, and general parasitologists—about the man whose name now lies entombed in the familiar flagellate genus Lamblia. We all know, of course, the organism to which this name was given by Blanchard in 1888, and we are all aware that it was dedicated to a person called Lambl, who is popularly supposed to have discovered it. We all know also that Blanchard's genus had been forestalled by Kunstler's Giardia (1882), though many of us continue to use the first name in everyday speech; while some of our less cautious writers, even now, continue to ascribe to Lambl the discovery of the intestinal amoebae of man.
Three closely related species of Aploparaksis Clerc, 1903
Authors: Davies Thomas Idwal
Published: June 2009

Aplopabaksis filum (Goeze, 1782), A. clerci Yamaguti, 1935, and A. brachyphallos (Krabbe, 1869) are closely related species that are distinguishable mainly on anatomical characters, their scolex structures being remarkably uniform both in size and form. This opportunity is taken of defining the main diagnostic characters of the three species from an investigation of material collected in the Aberystwyth area of Wales.
Notes on the formation of the egg capsules in the monogenetic trematode, Hexacotyle extensicauda Dawes, 1940
Authors: Dawes Ben
Published: June 2009

The following observations were made upon serial sections of a new monogenetic trematode, Hexacotyle extensicauda, which the writer has described in a previous paper (Dawes, 1940).
Some difficulties in determining the life cycle of Fasciola
Authors: Cawston F. Gordon
Published: June 2009

If the normal molluscan host of Fasciola were a species of Lymnaea it should be possible readily to produce experimental infection in that species. Although adult flukes have been reared from larvae found naturally in different species of Lymnaea in various countries, great difficulty has been experienced in producing experimental infection of these same species of Lymnaea. In fact, although the factors governing the successful completion of the life cycle are not known, the ease with which, according to text-books, the cycle may be followed experimentally, is contrary to experience in both Europe and warmer climates.
On Mycetosporidium jacksonae n.sp. parasitic in species of Sitona weevils
Authors: Tate P.
Published: June 2009

Mycetosporidium jacksonae n.sp. occurs as a parasite in the intestinal epithelium and the malpighian tubules of weevils of the genus Sitona. The life history comprises vacuolated and compact plasmodia in which arise ovoid or spherical multinucleate bodies resembling coccidian schizonts. Sporulation results in the formation, within thin-walled sporangia, of 8-nucleate, biconvex spores with densely staining, resistant walls. Other types of multiplication occur in the form of small uninucleate, fusiform bodies developed directly from the plasmodia; and of small uninucleate, ovoid or fusiform bodies, four to six of which are formed within each chamber of a multilocular sporangium.

The parasite resembles M. talpa Léger & Hesse 1905, but differs in some characters and, consequently, the new species M. jacksonae is made for it.

The genus Mycetosporidium is of uncertain systematic position and appears to be related to the Mycetozoa, but it also resembles the Haplosporidia in some characters.

(The slides upon which the description of M. jacksonae is based are deposited in the Molteno Institute of Biology and Parasitology, University of Cambridge.)
A new name for Styphlodora compactum Dawes, 1941, a criticism of the proposed new genus Paurophyllum Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940, and a revised key for the separation of species of the genus Styphlodora Looss, 1899
Authors: Dawes Ben
Published: June 2009

1. The homonym Styphlodora compactum Dawes, 1941, has been renamed S. compressa.

2. Several suggestions have been made regarding the invalidity of proposed species of the genus Styphlodora. S. compactum Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940, should be regarded as a synonym of S. bascaniensis Goldberger, 1911, S. natricis as a synonym of S. magna Byrd & Denton, 1938, S. agkistrodontis as a synonym of S. floridanis Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940, S. lachesidis as a synonym of S. horridum (Leidy, 1850).

3. A suggestion has been made to relegate the proposed genus Paurophyllum Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940, to synonymity with the genus Styphlodora Looss, 1899. The proposed new species Paurophyllum simplexus and P. megametricus Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940, are identical and should be known as Styphlodora simplexa (Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940a) n.comb. S. aspina Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940, is a synonym of this species.

4. A revised key to the sixteen apparently valid species of the genus Styphlodora has been constructed. S. floridanis and S. simplexa have been found places in it provisionally, though it is suggested that further study of the trematode parasites of the kidney of Agkistrodon piscivorus might result in the merging of these species into a single species, namely, Styphlodora simplexa (Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940).
The occurrence of cercaria patellae lebour (Trematoda) and its effects on the host; with notes on some other helminth parasites of british limpets
Authors: Crewe W.
Published: June 2009

During investigations of the helminth parasites of the British limpets Patella vulgata, P. intermedia and P. depressa in relation to a possible bearing of parasitism on mortality and sex proportions, three larval trematodes, Cercaria Patellae Lebour, 1911; an unidentified Xiphidiocercaria, Cercaria B; an unidentified Cercaria C; and one larval cestode were found. Of these, C. patellae was the commonest.

Each of the three trematodes occurs independently in the digestive gland, the cestode being encysted on the surface of the visceral mass. The Cercaria C is visible only in smear preparations or sections, but infestations with the other three parasites can usually be seen on removing the limpet's shell. The sporocysts of the Xiphidiocercaria, Cercaria B, are restricted to a limited portion of the digestive gland or, very rarely, of the kidney; the rediae of C. patellae are loosely distributed throughout the visceral mass. No sporocysts of the Cercaria C have been observed.

C. patellae is commonest in Patella depressa, but since in all three species it is more common in populations inhabiting rock pools the apparent preference for P. depressa may be because this species occurs in pools or at low water marks, whereas the other species frequent ‘dry’ habitats.

Most limpets infested with Cercaria Patellae are in the larger size (age) groups. For example, the percentage infestation in Patella depressa at Port St Mary, Isle of Man, is very low in specimens less than 40 mm. in length, increasing to 100% in those of more than 65 mm.

Cercaria Patellae escapes from the limpet by way of the veinlets in the mantle skirt. It is suggested that migration of cercariae within the haemocoele, and subsequent escape from the mantle, may be a common occurrence in other molluscs infested with larval trematodes.

The number of cercariae given off by the limpet in vitro is greatest immediately after immersion in water, the rate of escape then steadily falls and finally ceases after about 30 hr. of immersion. Under natural conditions there is probably a rhythm imposed by tidal fluctuations, the cercariae escaping only when the host is covered by the tide.
The ecology of the sheep tick,Ixodes ricinusL. spatial distribution
Authors: Milne A.
Published: June 2009

Spatial distribution is understood to connote distribution of density (including zero density) over the land surface at a given time. Combining fact and conjecture, the following is a theory of spatial distribution ofIxodes ricinusin Britain. The tick passes practically the whole of its 3-year life span on the ground, spending a total of only 3 weeks on hosts. A considerable amount of vegetational cover is necessary for efficient survival on the ground; the more important limiting circumstances in lesser cover seem to be humidity (conditioned by temperature) in summer, perhaps temperature (alone) in winter, and the activity of predators. A host is necessary for mating as well as food purposes. Though small at best, the tick's chances of achieving a host are greater the more hosts on the ground. In practice this means the more sheep, since the latter are by far the main hosts. For the most part, spatial distribution to-day can be explained adequately in terms of interplay between amount of ground-cover and of host-potential, with cover the master factor. Thus poor cover keeps the heavily stocked lowland pastures free of permanent tick population even when opportunity of colonization is offered. The tick is confined to the hills and moorlands with their deep vegetation layers. There, within limits, it is more numerous on a pasture the more universal the distribution of adequate cover (because it drops at random from the host) and the higher the host-potential. Among hill and moorland pastures, however, there are some cases where, despite ample cover and hostpotential, either (1) no ticks are present, or (2) the tick population is lower than it ought to be. These cases can be explained on grounds of lack of opportunity for colonization (1); or colonization so recent that population has not attained the level of ‘dynamic equilibrium’ with the environment (2). The question of ‘spread’ (colonization) is discussed fully in the text. The sheep flock is the main agent in spreading ticks. Spread is comparatively slow and relatively small in extent nowadays. There has very probably been considerable increase both in tick population densities and in infested areas since the advent of intensive hill and moorland grazing with farm stock some centuries ago.
The stability of paludrine-resistance inPlasmodium gallinaceumin the absence of the drug
Authors: Bishop Ann , McConnachie Elspeth W.
Published: June 2009

Acquired resistance to paludrine inPlasmodium gallinaceumwas retained undiminished after passage at frequent intervals through untreated chicks for more than 1 year.
The reactions of blowflies to organic sulphur compounds and other materials used in traps
Authors: Cragg J. B. , Thurston Beryl A.
Published: June 2009

1. Seven organic sulphur compounds likely to be produced in the breakdown of cystine have been tested under field conditions as blowfly attractants. Two of them, ethyl mercaptan and dimethyl di-sulphide, when mixed with hydrogen sulphide or carbon dioxide formed powerful attractants for females of the blowflies Lucilia caesar (and L. illustris) and L. sericata.

2. In the majority of trials 10 ml. 0·2% ethyl mercaptan mixed with 10 ml. freshly saturated hydrogen sulphide solution was used as the control attractant. As a standard in field-trapping studies this material overcomes many of the disadvantages of meat baits.

3. Sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate and indole, at various concentrations, did not activate the organic compounds. Furthermore, when added to the ethyl mercaptan-hydrogen sulphide preparation they did not increase its activity.

4. In the present experiments oviposition was rarely induced. When it did occur it was associated with the presence of indole.

5. L. caesar responded to attractants placed 2 ft. from the ground as well as to the same materials placed on the ground. Height alone, therefore, was not responsible for the fact that L. caesar did not respond to the attractants when they were placed on sheep.

6. The responses of blowflies to chemical attractants was linked with climatic conditions. Thus, under certain conditions Calliphora spp., particularly C. vomitoria, responded to these attractants.

7. The results obtained in the present investigation emphasize the attractive nature of sulphur-containing compounds and the possible importance of hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide as sensitizing agents of such compounds on sheep.
Spermatophore production and egg-laying behaviour in Rhodnius prolixus Stal. (Hemiptera; Reduviidae)
Authors: Khalifa A.
Published: June 2009

1. Spermatophore production in Rhodnius and Triatoma is a structural adaptation for copulation and sperm delivery.

2. In Rhodnius a certain amount of sperm is stored in the spermathecae while the remainder is ejected with the collapsed spermatophore about 12 hr. after copulation. Hypergamesis never occurs.

3. The secretion in the male accessory glands was found to disappear if males were kept unfed for about 60 days. Such males were unable to copulate.

4. An average of ninety-eight fertilized eggs was produced as a result of one insemination by a young male. Four such inseminations at intervals of 45 days are, therefore, necessary to secure fertilized eggs throughout the entire life of the female. In nature repeated copulation is the rule.

5. The first spermatophore produced by males starved for 21–28 days was found to be as efficient as that produced by recently emerging well-fed males.

6. A male is capable of producing a great number of spermatophores; as many as fifty were obtained. Probably spermatophores produced by old males, although they contain a great number of sperm, lack sufficient of some substance necessary for fertilizing the eggs.
Lizard Filaria: transmission by mosquitoes of Oswaldofilaria chlamydosauri (Breinl) (Nematoda: Filarioidea)
Authors: Mackerras M. J.
Published: June 2009

Full development of Oswaldofilaria chlamydosauri (Breinl) was obtained in Culex fatigans Wied. and Culex annulirostris Skuse. Infections in four lizards were observed 4–6 months after inoculation of infective larvae from both species of mosquitoes.
Shell gland and egg-shell formation in Fasciola hepatica L.
Authors: Yosufzai H. K.
Published: June 2009

1. The shell gland of Fasciola hepatica produces an extremely hyaline secretion. The egg-shell is formed from the hyaline secretion.

2. As the eggs travel through the uterus, the shell is temporarily reinforced from the inside by vitelline granules. The vitelline granules are released when the vitelline cells enter the vitelline reservoir.

3. Views regarding the nomenclature of the shell gland are discussed.

4. The presence of an elliptical chamber in the shell gland is described. In this chamber, oocytes, vitelline granules and vitelline cells are mixed together, and here the secretion of the shell gland is released and the egg-shell is formed.

5. The arrangement of the cellular constituents within the egg is effected by the elliptical chamber.
The reproductive habits and sex-determination of the nematode Rhabditis pellio Bütschli, with a note on its taxonomy and nomenclature
Authors: New D. A. T.
Published: June 2009

1. The nematode Rhabditis pellio Bütschli may be cultured indefinitely on earthworm extract.

2. Although the females of this nematode are usually capable of parthenogenetic reproduction, males are produced in the offspring only if copulation has taken place.

3. Occasionally non-parthenogenetic generations appear but these do not represent a separate species.

4. An explanation is given for the sex ratio found under natural conditions and it is suggested that sex-determination works on a chromosomal arrangement of XO = male and XX = female.

5. The nematode named R. terrestris Stephenson 1942 is probably the same as that named R. pellio Bütschli by Johnson 1913.

6. The nomenclature of R. pellio Bütschli is discussed.
Dipetalonema sprenti n.sp. from Castor canadensis Kuhl
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: June 2009

Dipetalonema sprenti n.sp. is described from specimens removed from the peritoneal cavity of beavers (Castor canadensis) from Ontario, Canada. D. sprenti is found to be similar to D. arbuta Highby, 1943, but differs in the larger size of the eggs and fully developed embryos, the greater lengths of the spicules, the arrangement of the medial post-anal papillae, the more posterior position of the nerve ring, the greater length of the tail and in the considerably larger size of the body. D. sprenti is the fourth species of Dipetalonema described from rodents.
The chemotherapy ofPlasmodium berghei.II. Antagonism of the action of drugs
Authors: Thurston June P.
Published: June 2009

The action of pyrimethamine, sulphadiazine, proguanil and its active metabolite CPT, and 2:4-diaminopteridines against infections ofPlasmodium bergheiin mice was antagonized byP–aminobenzoic acid and by pteroylglutamic acid. Antagonism was in some instances detected only whenP–aminobenzoic acid was given in solution in the drinking water as well as being injected subcutaneously. No antagonism was detected with a number of amino acids and nucleic acid derivatives.

As all of the above group of drugs can be antagonized byP–aminobenzoic acid and by pteroylglutamic acid, it would seem that they are alike in their mode of action. There must, however, be some differences between the mode of action or absorption of these drugs because species ofPlasmodiumthat are very sensitive to the action of one of these drugs are frequently not very sensitive to the action of others.

AsP. bergheiis dependent onp–aminobenzoic acid, it is suggested that it can utilize this compound in the synthesis of pteroylglutamic acid to a greater extent than canP. gallinaceum, and that it resemblesP. knowlesimore than other species ofPlasmodium.
The reliability of the current diagnostic methods for the identification of helminth eggs
Authors: Moriya Shooji
Published: June 2009

1. On the assumption that the limit of significant difference is 1%, it is necessary, when concentration methods are not used, to repeat the faecal examination 3 times for the egg of Ascaris lumbricoides, 7 times for hook worm and 11 times for Trichuris trichiura in order to obtain the diagnostic results obtained by the acid-ether concentration technique using 3 g. of faeces.

2. The coefficient of the identification by a single smear examination is 83·3% for eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, 46·5% for hook-worm eggs and 33·6% for eggs of Trichuris trichiura.
On the Structure of the spiracle of the tick, Ornithodoros moubata Murray
Authors: Browning T. O.
Published: June 2009

The most conspicuous feature of the spiracle of Ornithodoros moubata is the so-called cribriform plate. This is a massive crescent-shaped vesicle consisting of three layers; the underlying sclerotized endocuticle, a series of branching pillars or pedicels arising from this basal layer and a very thin outer membrane, supported on the distal ends of the pillars and enclosing the whole structure (Fig. 1 A). The cavity lying between the basal cuticle and the outer membrane and ramifying between the pillars is continuous with the atrium of the spiracle.
The action of 2:4-diamino-6:7-diisopropylpteridine uponPlasmodium gallinaceumand its relation to other compounds which are pteroylglutamic acid antagonists
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

1. Two strains ofPlasmodium gallinaceumwere made resistant to 2:4-diamino-6:7-diisopropylpteridine (0/129) by treatment with that drug.

2. The 0/129-resistant strains were resistant to proguanil, pyrimethamine, 2:4-diamino-6:7-diphenylpteridine (0/63) and 2:4-diamino-5-(p–chlorophenoxy)-6-methylpyrimidine (48–210), but not to sulphadiazine.

3. In one strain treated with 0/129, the development of resistance to that drug itself preceded resistance to proguanil, and resistance to proguanil preceded resis tance to pyrimethamine.

4. A strain ofP. gallinaceummade resistant to 0/63 was resistant to proguanil, pyrimethamine and 0/129, but not to sulphadiazine.

5. The action of 0/129 and proguanil uponP. gallinaceumwas not antagonized byp–A.B., though in the minimum effective dose their action was antagonized by relatively large doses of P.G.A.

6. Whereas the action of sulphadiazine uponP. gallinaceumwas antagonized competitively byp–A.B., it was antagonized by P.G.A. only when the sulphadiazine was given in small doses.
Note on the Occurrence of Graffilla gemelipara Linton (Turbellaria) at Plymouth
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

On 28. viii. 1932 seven specimens of Graffilla gemelipara Linton 1910 were found by Miriam Rothschild on the body inside the mantle cavity of a specimen of Cardium edule from Millbrook, Plymouth.

Though only taken previously in America and on a different host, Modiolus plicatulus, Linton's excellent figure leaves no doubt that these specimens belong to the same species.
A List of British Fishes with their Characteristic Parasitic Copepoda
Authors: Sharpe-Leigh W. Harold
Published: June 2009

The priority of the names of the fishes in the following list has been determined from Jordan in Part II of the Report of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries for the year 1928: A check list of Fishes. In determining the names of those not mentioned in this list I have to thank Mr J. R. Norman of the British Museum for his kind assistance.