bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Deep Friction Massage Cyriax Techniques in Patello Femoral Pain Syndrome or Anterior Knee Pain in Geriatric Patients
Authors: Bisht Rakhi , Sharma Rahul , Sharma Rahul , Lakhera Sakshi , Patra Anirban , Lal Sohan , Parmar Nitin , Raj Bist Binod
Published: February 2025

Patella-femoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is common cause of anterior knee pain the purpose of this article is to review knee anatomy and the literature regarding potential risk factors associated with patella- femoral pain  syndrome and pre-rehabilitationstrategies.39to40%  of   patients   still   experiencing  symptoms   after  a year  of  followup,  recurrence  is   common.When   symptoms   continue after    six months of conservative therapy and when clear  malalignments are found, surgical intervention should be taken into consideration A comprehensive review of knee anatomy will present the relationships of arterial collateralization, innervations, and soft tissue alignment to the possible multifactoral mechanism involved in PFPS, while attempting to advocate future use of different treatments aimed at non-soft tissue causes of PFPS.
Exploring Acapella Therapy for Enhancing Pulmonary Parameters in Bronchiectasis patients: A Scoping Review
Authors: Pinki Pinki , Aditi Aditi , Nagpal Lakshya
Published: February 2025

Objective: To investigate the impact of acapella therapy on pulmonary function, sputum volume, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in individuals with bronchiectasis, supported by evidence-based research.
Methods: This systematic review was conducted in alignment with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The databases searched included PubMed, PEDro, and the Cochrane Library (Controlled Trials and Systematic Reviews). After screening, relevant data were extracted, charted, and presented through figures, tables, and narrative synthesis. Only randomized controlled trials examining the effects of acapella or PEP devices in individuals with bronchiectasis were included.
Results: This analysis, which included 255 patients from four studies, revealed diverse findings regarding respiratory interventions. The first study found no significant difference in sputum wet weight between bubble-PEP and ACBT during the intervention; however, bubble-PEP demonstrated greater sputum clearance 60 minutes post-session. The second study showed that patients in the OPEP group experienced fewer and later-onset exacerbations compared to those in the CCPT group, along with improvements in health-related quality of life, comfort, and well-being. In the third study, both ELTGOL and Positive Expiratory Pressure techniques led to significant improvements in pulmonary function, with ELTGOL producing superior outcomes. Lastly, the fourth study reported no significant baseline differences in FVC, FEV1, or FEV1/FVC between groups A and B, but both groups showed considerable post-treatment improvements, emphasizing the effectiveness of these interventions in improving respiratory function.
Conclusion: These studies highlight that all interventions contribute positively to pulmonary function and quality of life, with techniques like ELTGOL and OPEP showing distinct advantages in areas such as reducing exacerbation frequency and improving long-term sputum clearance. Further research is needed to explore these variations, assess long-term effects, and customize interventions to meet the specific needs of patients with chronic respiratory conditions.
Gastric Volvulus in A Neonate With Omphalocele Treated With Scarification: A Case Report
Authors: Puspitasari Eva , Setiawan Ariandi
Published: February 2025

Background: Gastric volvulus is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. Evaluating Borchardt's triad in neonates can be challenging and may be absent. Despite its rarity; if left untreated, it can result in a high mortality rate, necessitating immediate diagnosis and management.
Case Presentation: A newborn was diagnosed with an omphalocele. The patient was treated with scarification. During treatment, the patient consistently exhibited obstructive symptoms. A midline incision was made above the omphalocele ring, followed by encircling the ring to open the abdominal cavity. During surgery, grade 2-3 adhesions were identified on the greater curvature of the stomach, leading to organo-axial volvulus. Adhesiolysis was performed.  The gastric volvulus occurred due to adhesions between the stomach and liver, which were connected to the omphalocele sac, leading to organo-axial volvulus. At the two-months follow-up after surgery, the patient has no obstructive symptoms and the surgical wound was in good condition.
Conclusion: Gastric volvulus in neonates can result from abnormal bands and adhesions on the stomach leading to axial twisting and volvulus. Gastric volvulus requires early diagnosis and immediate management, as delays can lead to complications that increase morbidity and mortality.
Innovative Analytical Profiling of Lakshadi Anjana Drops: Physico-Chemical, Microbiological, and Organoleptic Insights for Therapeutic Applications
Authors: P Nair Praveena , Pritam Keskar Manjiri
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Lakshadi Anjana Drops, an Ayurvedic ocular formulation, is designed to alleviate eye-related conditions with its unique blend of traditional herbal ingredients. This study aimed to evaluate the formulation's quality, safety, and efficacy through comprehensive physicochemical, microbiological, and HPTLC analysis.
Methods: The formulation underwent physico-chemical analysis to determine parameters such as pH, refractive index, peroxide value, saponification value, and iodine value. Microbiological assessments included total microbial and bacterial counts, as well as the detection of specific pathogens (E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus). HPTLC profiling was performed to identify and validate the phytoconstituents. Organoleptic characteristics were also evaluated, including color, odor, taste, and consistency.
Results: The pH of the formulation was 7.82, suitable for ocular application. The refractive index and other physico-chemical parameters, including peroxide value (2.18 meq/kg), saponification value (210), and iodine value (38.49), were within acceptable ranges, indicating chemical stability. Microbiological analysis revealed total microbial, bacterial, and fungal counts within permissible limits. Specific pathogens, including E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus, were absent. HPTLC profiling demonstrated clear and distinct phytochemical bands, confirming the presence of active constituents and the purity of the formulation. Organoleptic evaluation showed that the formulation was black, semi-liquid, and pleasant in odor and taste.
Conclusion: Lakshadi Anjana Drops showed strong physico-chemical stability, microbiological safety, and phytochemical integrity, affirming its suitability for ocular use. By combining Ayurvedic tradition with modern analysis, the formulation highlights its therapeutic potential and opens avenues for broader clinical applications.
Influence of Shallow and Deep-Aqua Aerobic Exercises on Maximal Oxygen Consumption Parameter Tested to College Men Students
Authors: Mohana Krishnan R.
Published: February 2025

The current study set out to investigate the effects of aerobic exercises in shallow and deep water on the maximal oxygen consumption metric given to male college students. The objective of this research was accomplished in 2023–2024 when 45 college male students were chosen from North Chennai Swimming Academy in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The age range of the subject is 17–23. Three equal groups of 15 subjects each were formed from the chosen subjects: the two experimental groups and a control group of undergraduates. For six weeks, the testing groups I and II engaged in deep aqua aerobic exercise (DAAG) and shallow aqua aerobic activity (SAAG), correspondingly. Throughout the trial, there was no exercise performed by the control group. The study's primary outcome was the maximal oxygen consumption measured using Cooper's formulas and, in turn, the Cooper 12-Minute Run/Walk Assessment. Before the six-week exercise session, a pre-test was administered, and right after, a post-test was measured. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was utilized to determine the F ratio after the data gathered from the three groups was statistically examined for significance. The matched mean differences are ascertained by applying the Scheffe's test as a post-hoc test.  The significance level will be set at the 0.05 level of confidence for every instance.
Pose Estimation in Yoga: A Bibliometric Exploration of Technological Advancements in Sports Sciences
Authors: Raj. M. Gokul , Ramakrishnan R. , Parasuraman T. , R. Ganesh , V. Natesamurthy
Published: February 2025

The integration of technology into yoga practice has seen significant advancements in recent years, particularly in the realm of pose estimation. Pose estimation refers to the computational process of determining the configuration of a person's body in a given posture, becoming a crucial tool for enhancing physical activity monitoring and improving technique in various sports and fitness applications, including yoga. Accurate analysis of yoga poses offers insights into body alignment, posture correction, and performance improvement, which are essential for efficacy and injury prevention. Traditional instruction relies on visual observation and verbal cues; however, the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and computer vision technologies has enabled automated systems to assist in posture analysis, thereby enhancing self-guided practice. This paper presents a bibliometric exploration of pose estimation in yoga, highlighting technological advancements and key research trends. Utilizing the Scopus database, a keyword-based search yielded 106 results, refined to 16 high-quality articles through specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Analysis reveals a steady publication rate, a broad range of interdisciplinary sources, and the collaborative nature of research in this field, with India and the USA being prominent contributors. Despite significant advancements, gaps remain in recognizing nuanced postures and evaluating the long-term outcomes of these technologies. This study underscores the need for ongoing research to refine pose estimation techniques and explore their practical applications effectively, ultimately enhancing the experience and effectiveness of yoga practice.
Effects of TRX Training on Shoulder Strength Among Male Basketball Players
Authors: Chandrasekar S J Albert
Published: February 2025

The effects of eight weeks of TRX hanging training on male basketball players' shoulder strength were examined in this study. Fifteen young basketball players, ages 18 to 21, were randomly chosen as study participants from SRM IST, Chennai, in order to fulfill the study's objectives. The subjects underwent TRX training twice a week for 8 weeks. Shoulder strength was the dependent variables of the study. To determine whether there was a significant difference, the gathered data was statistically examined using the Paired T test. After eight weeks of TRX training, there was a substantial difference in the shoulder strength of male basketball players between their pre- and post-test results.
Ethno Pedagogy-Based Project Learning Model to Increase Religious Behaviour and Collaboration Skills of Early Childhood
Authors: Trimuliana Ifina , Hapidin Hapidin , Supena Asep
Published: February 2025

Integrating cultural education into early childhood learning environments has gained significant attention for its potential to enhance holistic development. Ethno-pedagogy, which leverages cultural heritage and practices, is posited to foster young children's religious behavior and collaboration skills. This study aims to develop and implement an ethno-pedagogy-based project learning model to increase early childhood religious behavior and collaboration skills. A mixed-methods approach involving quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques was employed. Participants included early childhood from selected early childhood education institutions. Data were gathered through observations, interviews, and questionnaires. The project-based learning model was designed to incorporate local cultural elements and was evaluated for effectiveness over a specific period. The findings indicated a significant improvement in religious behavior and collaboration skills among the children who participated in the ethno-pedagogy-based project learning activities. Quantitative data analysis showed a notable increase in religious behavior and collaboration skills scores. Qualitative analysis revealed positive feedback from educators and parents, highlighting the children's enhanced understanding and practice of religious values and improved ability to work collaboratively. The ethno-pedagogy-based project learning model effectively enhances early childhood religious behavior and collaboration skills. The study suggests that integrating cultural elements into early childhood education preserves cultural heritage and supports the development of essential behavioral and social skills.
The Ameliorative Role of Oregano aqueous extraction (Origanum vulgare) on Liver Enzymes, Hormones (Testosterone and Cortisol) and Antioxidant Parameters in Male Rats Exposed to Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Jabbar Almiahy Ashwaq , Jaber Hasan Iman
Published: February 2025

Aluminum oxide nanoparticles Al₂O₃-NPs are extensively applied in medicine, manufacturing and consumer products. However, their bioaccumulation- particularly in the liver - induces oxidative stress, and hepatocellular damage. Chronic exposure to Al₂O₃- NPs disrupts liver function, deteriorates testosterone synthesis and reduces antioxidant defenses. Oregano or (Origanum vulgare) , a Mediterranean herb exhibits potent antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective features. Regardless evidence of its therapeutic interest, limited studies inspect its role in counteracting nanoparticle-induced toxicity. Forty adult male Norwegian rats are divided into four equal groups and treated orally as follows: G1: control (normal saline), G2: Al₂O₃ NPs (50 mg/kg/day), G3: Oregano aqueous extract (200 mg/kg/day) and G4: Combination the same doses of Al₂O₃ NPs + oregano extract . The experiment lasted for 30 days, animals were sacrificed after 24 hours from the last administration , blood samples were collected to study the biochemical parameters as well as the livers and testes were removed and preserved for histopathological examination. Results : levels of liver enzymes (ALT,AST and ALP), hormones (testosterone and cortisol) and antioxidant biomarkers (SOD), (GSH), (CAT) and (MDA) were improved by oregano aqueous extract in the combination group when compared to the same  parameters in Al₂O₃-NPs group as well as its ameliorative role in the histopathological  sections .In conclusion Oregano extract mitigates Al₂O₃- NP toxicity through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, supporting its use in nanoparticle-related toxicity management .
In Vivo Anticancer Evaluation of Neferine from Nelumbo nucifera in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma-Bearing Mice
Authors: Batchu Sravani , E Bhavya , Darwin C. Ronald
Published: February 2025

The current study reports the isolation and in vivo anticancer evaluation of neferine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, extracted from Nelumbo nucifera seeds. Neferine was purified through solvent extraction and chromatographic separation using a mixture of chloroform, methanol, and ammonium hydroxide (95:4.5:0.5), resulting in a nearly pure fraction. The antitumour activity of neferine was assessed in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mice, evaluating body weight, haematological parameters, mean survival time (MST), and percentage increase in life span (% ILS). Mice treated with neferine showed dose-dependent antitumour activity, with significant reductions in body weight and tumour burden observed at higher doses (75–150 mg/kg). At 100 mg/kg and above, neferine demonstrated comparable efficacy to 5-Fluorouracil in reducing tumour burden while exhibiting a favourable safety profile, as indicated by lower body weight loss. Neferine also modulated haematological parameters, increasing haemoglobin and red blood cell counts while reducing white blood cell counts and neutrophil levels. These improvements correlated with reduced tumour-induced inflammation and enhanced immune function. Furthermore, neferine extended the MST and % ILS of EAC-bearing mice, with the highest dose (150 mg/kg) resulting in a 64.25% increase in life span, closely matching the efficacy of 5-Fluorouracil. These findings suggest that neferine holds promise as a potential anticancer agent, warranting further investigation for its clinical application.
Character Strength And Psychological Hardiness: Role in prediction of psychological Well-being Among Youth
Authors: Malik Sakshi , Srivastava Priyanka , Manglani Anita
Published: February 2025

Background: Psychological well-being, defined as the overall state of an individual's mental health and life satisfaction, is a fundamental aspect of human flourishing. Character strengths, often referred to as positive traits or virtues; encompass a wide range of positive qualities. Additionally, Psychological hardiness is characterized by a set of attitudes and beliefs that help individuals cope with stress and adversity. These both constructs contribute to an individual's overall psychological functioning and well-being.
Aim: The study aimed at identifying character strength and psychological hardiness as predictors of psychological well-being.
Methods: The target population for this study comprised of young adults aged 18 to 24 who are currently pursuing higher education in universities and colleges. This group represents a dynamic demographic undergoing critical transitions in their lives, both academically and personally. Understanding their unique experiences and challenges is crucial for designing interventions or conducting research that can effectively address their needs and contribute to their overall development and success. The sample comprised of 200 young adults (100 males and 100 females). Data was collected using the selected tools i.e. 72 items VIA IS by Dr. Robert McGrath, Psychological Well-Being scale by Carol Ryff (1989) and Psychological Hardiness by Arun kumar Singh (2005). The obtained data was statistical analysis using linear and multiple regressions with the help of SPSS.
Result: The outcomes of the study established character strengths of perseverance and self-regulation for male young adults whereas character strengths of gratitude and bravery for female young adults, emerged as a significant predictor of psychological well-being. Finding further divulged that psychological hardiness as a significant predictor of psychological well-being amongst young adults.
Exploring Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and future prospectives of Santalum album
Authors: Agarwal Shashank , Arif Rizwan , Kumar Joshi Santosh , Jahan Ishrat , Anurag Anurag , Sharma Alok , Dhoke Shrikant
Published: February 2025

One of the rarest and most precious natural smell sources, Indian sandalwood, or Santalum album L. (Santalaceae), has substantial industrial and medicinal use. For the past 250 years. S album is a popular option all over the world since it is cultivated in India and its fragrant oil is well-known for both its medicinal qualities and sweetness.Many ancient medicinal systems have employed sandalwood and the essential oil derived from sandal heartwood to cure and prevent a wide range of ailments, including Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha medicine.Due to its abundance of phytochemicals, especially sesquiterpenes, Sandalwood has a wide range of medicinal and medical uses. A comprehensive bibliographic analysis was conducted by examining internationally known books, index- and non-indexed journals, and widely used scientific databases [Pub Med, Sci-Hub,SciFinder, Scopus, ACS, and Web of Science]. Numerous pharmacological properties, from antibacterial to anticancer, have been shown in contemporary pharmacological investigations. Sandalwood oil and its components have not shown any appreciable toxicity; however, more Study on the chemical components and how they exhibit specific biological activities is required to fully comprehend the phytochemical composition and the intricate pharmacological impact of this plant. The poor productivity of this endangered plant and its rising commercial exploitation have sparked concerns about how to conserve it and increase its output using contemporary equipment and methods. The review covers the traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, distillation, and biological activities of Sandalwood to reveal its value for industry and medicine as well as any Study gaps that need to be filled.
The Impact of using Nanotechnology in Dentistry
Authors: Haidar. M. Almakrami
Published: February 2025

One area of medicine where nanobiotechnology is having a positive impact in a number of ways is dentistry. This review's goal is to educate readers on the many applications of the nano-dental complex, or nano dentistry, in healthcare and how emerging technologies are transforming the dental industry. A methodical strategy was used to gather the most recent information on dentistry and nanotechnology from sources such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and official websites like the WHO. Using nanomaterials, nanorobots, and nanotechnology to identify, treat, and prevent dental conditions is known as "nano dentistry," and it is a rapidly developing area of dentistry. This present study will assess the development in the said area of dentistry and the sources of data will be secondary in nature. The time frame of the study will 2015 to 2023.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/pst.1568
Gótico na gravura e ilustração brasileiras
Authors: Bueno Ventura Elena
Published: February 2025

O artigo explora as manifestações do gótico na gravura e ilustração brasileiras, destacando sua relação com as "poéticas do mal" - um conceito que envolve o medo, o grotesco e o sublime -, e abordando a transculturação dessa tendência europeia no contexto nacional. Analisando obras de artistas como Henrique Alvim Corrêa, Oswaldo Goeldi ou Nelson Boeira Faedrich, entre outros, o artigo reflete sobre o impacto cultural das temáticas sombrias e propõe novos caminhos para ampliar o estudo do gótico no Brasil.
Cost Dynamics of Microfinance Institutions with Rural and Urban Loan Portfolios
Authors: Machatha Charles Karau , Nadolnyak Denis , Hartarska Valentina
Published: February 2025

This study investigates cost dynamics of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) engaged in joint production of rural and urban loans. Employing a translog cost function, the paper examines economies of scale, cost complementarities, and elasticities of substitution using three MFI categories: those offering both deposits and loans (Dep-MFIs), those offering only loans (Non Dep-MFIs), and the aggregate sample. The analysis utilizes data from 2008 to 2015, sourced from over 1,000 MFIs worldwide. Results indicate increasing economies of scale for all MFI categories, with Dep-MFIs demonstrating the most significant cost reductions over time. Urban loans are generally more expensive to produce for Non-Dep-MFIs, while rural loans remain costlier for Dep-MFIs and the aggregate sample. Despite positive but minimal cost complementarities, approximately one-fifth of Dep-MFIs experience negative cost complementarities, suggesting potential learning effects. These findings contribute to the literature on financial inclusion by offering empirical insights into cost efficiencies and production dynamics within MFIs.
A STUDY OF WRESTLERS COPING BEHAVIOR CHARACTERISTICS IN COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS
Authors: Poghosyan I.H.
Published: February 2025

The purpose of the research is to study wrestlers’ coping strategies under competitive conditions. The objectives of the research is to identify the level of stress resistance and behavioral characteristics of athletes in competitive and stressful conditions.
The analysis of the research results based on quantitative data indicates that wrestlers with below-average stress resistance levels prevail. In competitive stress conditions, these wrestlers typically adopt strategies such as avoidance or escaping and seeking social support. Athletes who choose the avoidance strategy tend to deny or devalue the problem and may hold unrealistic expectations, among other tendencies. Wrestlers who rely on seeking social support resolve issues by involving external social resources, expecting informational, emotional, or practical support.
The summary of the research showed that under the prolonged influence of stress factors and when ineffective coping strategies are chosen, there may be a decrease in various functional and psychological indicators of the organism.
Thus, summarizing the results of the study of wrestlers' coping behavior in competitive conditions, we can define it as part of the psychological preparedness state, which enables the wrestler to perform more effectively in responsible competitions.
RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY IN SPORTS AND IN KARATE-DO: NATIONAL EDUCATION IN THIS CONTEXT
Authors: Gharakhanyan A.S.
Published: February 2025

The term "spirituality" should be considered as an ideological concept of contemporary education. It is a mental concept that plays a crucial role in lifestyle choices. Spirituality is a powerful force that, both in life and in sports, can drive a person forward toward higher goals, the main source of which is religion. Spirituality presupposes cultural and religious affiliation, which is expressed in karate do with its religious and philosophical views and ideas. Therefore, without having a national karate education system, such religious and philosophical views perspectives may deprive Armenian athletes of their national identity and spiritual affiliation.
Research aim and objectives are considering Christian faith and ideals, to identify and emphasize the high athletic achievements of Armenian karate sportsmen and the achievement of spiritual truth as an expression of Armenian spirituality and identity.
The research problems are:
1. To develop attitudes towards a number of religions and confessional views among Armenian karatekas through face-to-face psychological research.
2. To consider Christian spirituality as the main guide for the activities of Armenian karatekas.
3. To establish essential concepts for a national classification system in karate.
Assessing the historical course of sports activity, we understand that in ancient civilizations it was implemented within the framework of cult practice and was part of the sacred tradition of that time.
We will not be disappointed if we say that the most influential and effective way to reveal person's inner abilities in practice was spirituality, which was based on religion and faith, since ancient times Spirituality in sports has been invisible and powerful, power that encircles the sportsman and propels him forward with faith in victory.
The nation as a spiritual power is simply a collective faith, and the path of collectivity and salvation of the Armenian nation is the path of the churchification of society. Over the centuries, the Church has united us, educated and strengthened us, making us a nation and God’s people . In this sense, the Armenian Church is the institutional guardian and guarantor of our identity and spiritual values, as well as an institution that illuminates the path of God's love and our salvation in our national life. Such a focus in our beliefs will shape us as participants in history and as people building the future, making our lives a real platform for jumps and victories, and in the image of the national karate team, virtuous feelings of higher values, nourished by faith, will mix with their views and actions, striving for sporting heights.
HEALTH-IMPROVING AND APPLIED SIGNIFICANCE OF ATHLETICS EXERCISES
Authors: Kosakyan A.V. , Smbatyan V.A.
Published: February 2025

In today's world, improving the health and physical fitness of the younger generation is crucial due to the negative impact of modern technology, which has led to reduced physical activity and poorer health. Despite the positive effects of technological progress, there has been a decline in young people’s physical abilities and cognitive functions, linked to sedentary lifestyles and poor dietary habits. Therefore, physical activity, especially athletics, plays a vital role in education, health promotion, and physical development.
This research explores the role and significance of athletics in education, health promotion, and fostering a healthy lifestyle.
Athletics exercises help develop various motor skills, which are essential for physical education. Key goals for school-aged children include improving health, fitness, strength, speed, endurance, agility, flexibility, and technique.
Athletics plays a significant role in maintaining and improving the health of young people, particularly in developing cardiovascular, respiratory, and musculoskeletal systems, and preventing disease. Athletics fosters qualities such as hard work, self-discipline, and respect, while also providing knowledge about body functions, hygiene, leadership, and nutrition.
Exploring the Risk Factors and Occurrence of Meningitis in Infants and Toddlers Aged 6-18 months with Initial Seizure and Fever
Authors: Abbas Taiba , Mushtaq Toor Kiran , Khan Neelum , Arooj Easha , Ashraf Maham , Bai Naila
Published: February 2025

Background: Meningitis is a serious neurological condition in infants and toddlers, often presenting with fever and seizures. Early diagnosis is critical, as delayed management can lead to severe complications, including neurological deficits and death. Identifying risk factors can help in early intervention and improved patient outcomes.

Objective: To explore the risk factors and occurrence of meningitis in infants and toddlers aged 6-18 months presenting with initial seizures and fever.

Study Design: A cross-sectional analytical study.

Study Setting: The study was conducted at Department of Paediatrics Sahiwal Teaching Hospital over six months from April 2023 to September 2023.

Materials and Methods: A total of 150 infants and toddlers aged 6-18 months presenting with fever and seizures were included. CSF analysis was performed to confirm meningitis. Demographic data, vaccination status, nutritional history, and clinical parameters were recorded. Risk factors were analyzed using statistical tests, with p<0.05 considered significant.

Results: Meningitis was diagnosed in 38.7% of cases. Incomplete vaccination (69.0% vs. 32.6%, p<0.001), recurrent infections (55.2% vs. 30.4%, p=0.002), and malnutrition (50.0% vs. 21.7%, p<0.001) were significantly higher in meningitis patients. Mortality was 10.3% in meningitis cases compared to 1.1% in non-meningitis cases (p=0.02).

Practical Implication: Early identification of risk factors such as incomplete vaccination, recurrent infections, and malnutrition can help in the timely diagnosis and management of meningitis, reducing morbidity and mortality.

Conclusion: Incomplete vaccination, recurrent infections, and malnutrition were key risk factors for meningitis. Early identification and preventive measures, including vaccination, can help reduce morbidity and mortality.

Keywords: Bacterial meningitis, febrile seizures, infants, lumbar puncture, neurological complications, Pakistan, risk factors, vaccination status
Prevalence and Clinical Implications of Electrolyte and Mineral Imbalances in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Individuals: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in Pakistan
Authors: Mehmood Arshia , Hafeez Sehrish , Ikram Ul Haq Muhammad , Khan Muhammad , Muhammad Wassan Shafi , Akram Amna
Published: February 2025

Background: Electrolyte and mineral imbalances are frequently observed in individuals with diabetes mellitus and are associated with systemic complications, including cardiovascular and renal risks. Despite their clinical significance, such imbalances remain underexplored in the local population.

Aim: To evaluate the levels of serum electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻) and minerals (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals and to investigate their correlation with glycemic control and disease progression.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 300 participants (150 diabetics, 150 non-diabetics) aged 30-70 years. Serum electrolyte and mineral levels were measured using ion-selective electrodes and spectrophotometry. Glycemic control was assessed via HbA1c levels. Statistical analyses were performed to identify significant differences and correlations.

Results: Diabetic individuals showed significantly lower levels of Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ and higher levels of K⁺ and Cl⁻ compared to non-diabetics. Poor glycemic control (HbA1c > 8%) was strongly linked to hypomagnesemia (47%) and hypocalcaemia (38%), highlighting the impact of uncontrolled diabetes on electrolyte balance.

Conclusion: Electrolyte and mineral imbalances are prevalent in diabetic individuals, especially those with poor glycemic control. Regular monitoring and targeted interventions are essential to mitigate associated complications and improve overall diabetes management.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, electrolyte imbalance, glycemic control, serum magnesium, hypocalcaemia, metabolic monitoring.
The Role of Hypertension and Obesity in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Ischemic Heart Disease. A Clinical and Epidemiological Perspectives
Authors: Ali Gohar , Hussain Ghulam , Tahir Muhammad , Nazir Siddiqui Huzaifa , Gardazi Aamena , Mukhtar Shahid
Published: February 2025

Background: Hypertension and obesity are major contributors to ischemic heart disease (IHD), a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Both conditions independently and synergistically accelerate cardiovascular damage through mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and systemic inflammation. While their individual roles are well-established, their combined impact on IHD progression in high-burden populations, such as in Pakistan, requires further investigation.

Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hypertension and obesity among IHD patients, identify associated clinical and biochemical risk factors, and assess the contribution of lifestyle behaviors to disease progression. The goal was to provide evidence-based insights for targeted interventions.

Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 200 participants (aged 30–75 years) with confirmed IHD at Nishtar Hospital, Multan, Pakistan (February 2022-December 2022). Data were collected through structured interviews, medical records, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical investigations. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, t-tests, and ANOVA, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results: This cross-sectional study included 200 participants (mean age 55.3 ± 10.4 years, 58.5% males). Hypertension was prevalent in 74%, with mean systolic and diastolic pressures of 142.7 ± 16.5 mmHg and 89.3 ± 12.2 mmHg, respectively (p < 0.001). Obesity affected 62% of participants, with central obesity in 71.2% (p < 0.01). Elevated total cholesterol (65%), LDL cholesterol (73%), and hs-CRP (64%) (p < 0.001) were observed. Behavioral risks included high sodium intake (75%), sedentary lifestyle (48%), and smoking (34% active, 28% former). These findings demonstrate the synergistic role of hypertension and obesity in exacerbating IHD progression.

Conclusion: Hypertension and obesity significantly contribute to IHD pathogenesis. Integrated clinical management and public health initiatives targeting these conditions through lifestyle and dietary modifications are critical. Future research should focus on personalized approaches and long-term outcomes to reduce IHD burden.

Keywords: Hypertension, Obesity, Ischemic Heart Disease, Cardiovascular Risk, Public Health, Lifestyle Modification.
A Clinico-Biochemical Correlation among Body Mass Index and Oral Health Status Regarding Decayed, Missing, and Filled Permanent Teeth Index in Children
Authors: Asim Muhammad , Ilyas Maria , Bari Khan Nauman , Ali Misbah , Yasir Ayesha , Shuja Mamoona
Published: February 2025

Background: Overweight and obesity caused dental caries in young children, the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index is primary population-based indicator.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of obesity and overweight on children's blood biochemistry parameters and oral/dental health.

Methods: The study included ninety-two children (40 boys and 52 girls), who presented to our pediatric clinic with age of 10 to 18 years. The parameters such as age, gender, BMI, Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth Index (DMFT), salivary pH, Salivary Flow Rate, Calcium and Phosphorus Levels in saliva were measured. The mean standard deviation was used to find out the normal levels of continuous variables distribution. The data within the subgroups were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and criteria of significant p-value was recommended low than (P<0.05).

Results: Obese children (Group B) showed significantly higher DMFT scores and lower salivary pH, flow rate, calcium, and phosphorus levels compared to normal-weight children (Group A) (p < 0.05). Specifically, the mean DMFT index was 6 for obese males and 5 for obese females, compared to 2 for normal-weight males and 3 for normal-weight females. Salivary calcium and phosphorus levels were significantly lower in obese children, with p-values less than 0.001.

Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a significant association between higher BMI and poorer oral health outcomes in children, as evidenced by increased DMFT scores and altered salivary biochemistry. These findings emphasize the need for targeted oral health interventions in overweight and obese children.

Keywords: Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, body mass index, Salivary Flow Rate, Oral Health, Salivary Calcium.
Epidemiology and Burden of Lumbar Backache: A Cross-Sectional Study of Peripheral Populations
Authors: Ali Haider , Alam Waheed , Mahmood Shakir , Hussain Shafaat , Ahmad Sohail , Mushtaq Muhammad
Published: February 2025

Aim and objective: To assess the burden of lumbar backache in the periphery of district Lakki Marwat.

Materials and method: The current descriptive cross-sectional was conducted from December 2019 to July 2020 after the approval ethical review board in the periphery of the district Headquarter hospital of Lakki Marwat. A total of 846 participants were selected through a systematic random sampling technique by using the Rao soft calculator. The age of the participants was 25-75 years including both males and females. Informed consent was taken from each participant and a questionnaire was filled from each individual. All the data were collected and analyzed by using the latest version of SPSS 24.

Results: A total of 846 participants of selected for the study aged 25-75 years. 26.12 % of the participants were from 46-55 years of age, however, 20.80 % were from 36-45 years of age. 513 (60.63 %) of them were male and 333 (39.36 %) of them were female participants. 22.93 % of them were house workers, 14.89 % of them were office boys, 22.34 % were students, and 10.16 % of them were health care professionals. 56.50 % had lumbar backache and 41.13 % had not experienced it. Table 4 indicates the numeric pain rating scale in which 35.98 % had mild, 44.56 %had moderate pain in addition, and 19.45 % had severe lumbar backache.

Conclusion: The current study concluded that the overall burden of lumbar backache was 56.50 % among the participants, therefore, proper awareness among the people of peripheries in the district Lakki Marwat for the prevention of LBA and management are needed to prevent their disabilities in their future lives and maintain healthy lifestyles.

Keywords: Lumbar backache, Numeric pain rating scale, back pain.
ENT Manifestations of Tuberculosis: An Important Aspect of ENT Practice
Authors: Hafeez Umair , Nadeem Muhammad , Shafi Ayesha , Nauman Aysha , Iqbal Zafar , Ashraf Muhammad
Published: February 2025

Background: Extra pulmonary tuberculosis is the type of TB that affects organs other than the lungs. Cervical lymphadenopathy, acute otitis media, laryngitis, pharyngitis, and nasal TB are the most common ENT presentations.

Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the ENT manifestations of tuberculosis.

Methodology: The current study was conducted at the Department of ENT, M. Islam Teaching Hospital Gujranwala from 1st February 2022 to 31st July 2022. A total of 197 individuals who visited the department's outpatient clinic were checked for possible ENT symptoms of tuberculosis. To determine the degree of involvement of the ear, nose, and throat, a thorough ENT history was taken from each patient. A radiological evaluation of the cervical spine, soft tissue neck, and Schuler's view X-ray for mastoid cysts were performed, direct laryngoscopy, diagnostic nasal endoscopy, and otoendoscopy were carried out. A fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and ultrasound neck examination were conducted. USG and CT were used for diagnosing the deep neck space abscess. The collected data was input into spreadsheets and subjected to analysis using Microsoft Excel 2010 and chi-square analysis was employed. P values that were statistically significant were those that were less than 0.05.

Results: Out of 197 tuberculosis patients only 124(63%) individuals diagnosed with ENT manifestations of TB. Out of which male were 71(57.25%) and female were 53 (42.74%). Majority of them of them were in the 36–60 age range 70(56.45%). In the Ear, nose and throat region, TB of lymphadenopathy has been identified to be the most prevalent lesion 102(82.25%). The most typical manifestations were shown to be fever 54 (43.54%). alcohol consumption and smoking were the risk factors. 66 percent of the patients did not have any risk factors. There was no correlation seen between smoking or alcohol and any particular TB lesions. Pulmonary tuberculosis was the most prevalent co-morbidity20.9%) while 79(63.7%) of the participants showing no co-existing disease.

Conclusion: The percentage of extra pulmonary TB in the current study was 63%. The most typical presentation in the head and neck area remains TB lymphadenitis

Keywords: ENT; Manifestations: Tuberculosis
CBS Temelli Doğa Turizmine (Trekking) Yönelik Optimum Verimli Rotaların Belirlenmesi
Authors: Babajanova Barna , Küçük Zahide , Altun Hatice Doğa , Kuru Azem , Özkök Mete Korhan
Published: February 2025

Kapadokya bölgesi Türkiye'de en çok turist çeken kültürel ve coğrafi lokasyonlardan biridir. Kapadokya'da birçok farklı turizm çeşidi bulunurken günümüzde özellikle yoğunlaşan kent hayatına bağlı doğa turizmi ile trekking ön plana çıkmaktadır. Mevcut durumda Kapadokya’da tur şirketleri tarafından kullanılan farklı trekking rotaları bulunmaktadır. Bu noktada çalışmanın öncelikli amacı doğa turizmine yönelik trekking rotası oluşturmak ve optimum verimliliğe sahip alternatif rotaların belirlenmesidir. Bu kapsamda çalışma alanı olarak Kapadokya Alan Başkanlığına dahil olan Göreme Parkı sınırları seçilmiştir. Alan sınırları içinde bulunan çok sayıda doğal manzara noktası, kültürel ögeler, kamp ve konaklama alanları ile optimum rota tespit çalışmaları için önemli bir bütünlüğü sunmaktadır. Çalışma sürecinde ArcGIS yazılımında araç paketlerinden biri olan Ağ (Network) analizleri içinde Ulaşım Maliyeti (Cost Path) modülü kullanılmıştır. Literatür örnekleri ve bölgenin kimliği göz önünde bulundurularak rota belirleme aşamasında ele alınması gereken kriterler, bu kriterlere yönelik sınıflama dereceleri ile önem düzeyleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda çok kriterli analiz teknikleri kullanılarak optimum verimliliğe sahip dört farklı alternatif trekking rotası belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın turizm rotalarının belirlenmesi için geliştirilen bileşenler bakımından literatüre, ayrıca bölgeyi deneyimlemek isteyen kişilere katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Accessibility of Open Green Spaces for People with Disabilities: Case Study of Çanakkale Kepez Public Cafe and its Outdoor Surroundings
Authors: Ast Mahmut Can , Ak Erken Tutku , Kelkit Abdullah
Published: February 2025

People may lose their mental and physical abilities partially or completely due to congenital conditions, diseases, or accidents. In order to ensure that the living conditions of affected individuals with disabilities are suitable, the cities, which serve as our living spaces, must be arranged according to the necessary standards. These arrangements should enable individuals with disabilities to participate in social life. Open green spaces, which are among the areas with high social activity in cities, must be safe and easily accessible for individuals with disabilities. To ensure accessibility, designs should consider all individuals and create spaces based on universal design principles. This study focuses on the accessibility of Kepez Public Cafe and its outdoor surroundings located in Kepez, Çanakkale. Literature review and observational analysis showed that some parts of the study site did not comply with regulations and guidelines. Results also showed that the area is not fully accessible to individuals with disabilities, lacks guidance and warning systems, and has safety issues in certain areas. Designs of landscapes should meet the needs of all individuals constituting the urban population.
Understanding Psychosocial and Socio-Cultural Processes Towards Fitness Doping: A Meta-Synthesis Study
Authors: Ömercioğlu Mine , Erman Alparslan
Published: February 2025

Research indicates that the unregulated and excessive utilisation of Performance Enhancing Substances (PES) is also prevalent in physical exercise contexts beyond the domain of competitive sports, thereby raising concerns about the potential for doping to permeate broader society. The objective of this study is to gain insight into and elucidate the psycho-social and socio-cultural context surrounding the utilisation of Performance Enhancing Substances (PES) in physical exercise settings, within the framework of existing literature. In this context, nine qualitative articles were selected based on predetermined exclusion and inclusion criteria from the Web of Science, Scopus and SportDiscus databases. Subsequently, the articles were subjected to qualitative data analysis using the Nvivo research statistics programme, and the findings were synthesised. The following themes were identified from the articles examined: “Demographic change”, “gendered resistance”, “hegemonic masculinity”, “appearance”, “encouragement”, “exit point”, “performance”, “self-enhancement”, “social approval”, “the body of man”, “homosexuality”, “limitations” and “transformation”. It is recommended that the use of all substances and methods that may have negative effects on human and public health should be reduced or prevented in these environments with appropriate measures.