bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sample size considerations for stratified cluster randomization design with binary outcomes and varying cluster size
Authors: Xu Xiaohan , Zhu Hong , Ahn Chul
Published: April 2019

Stratified cluster randomization trials (CRTs) have been frequently employed in clinical and healthcare research. Comparing with simple randomized CRTs, stratified CRTs reduce the imbalance of baseline prognostic factors among different intervention groups. Due to the popularity, there has been a growing interest in methodological development on sample size estimation and power analysis for stratified CRTs; however, existing work mostly assumes equal cluster size within each stratum and uses multilevel models. Clusters are often naturally formed with random sizes in CRTs. With varying cluster size, commonly used ad hoc approaches ignore the variability in cluster size, which may underestimate (overestimate) the required number of clusters for each group per stratum and lead to underpowered (overpowered) clinical trials. We propose closed‐form sample size formulas for estimating the required total number of subjects and for estimating the number of clusters for each group per stratum, based on Cochran‐Mantel‐Haenszel statistic for stratified cluster randomization design with binary outcomes, accounting for both clustering and varying cluster size. We investigate the impact of various design parameters on the relative change in the required number of clusters for each group per stratum due to varying cluster size. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the finite‐sample performance of the proposed sample size method. A real application example of a pragmatic stratified CRT of a triad of chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and hypertension is presented for illustration.
Influence of Material Parameters on Martensitic Transformation and Its Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Li Chang , Gao Jingxiang , Yu Zhibin , Han Xing
Published: April 2019

Accurate acquisition of the microscopic representation of the martensite transformation process is the key to obtaining the best performance of the material, it is of great significance in the field of quenching of iron‐based materials and material design. The martensite transformation process is affected by a variety of material parameters, quantitative analysis of the influence degree, and sensitivity of various parameters on martensite transformation is the key to accurately grasp the transformation mechanism of martensite. This paper combines the phase‐field with the finite element method, a mathematical model for the transformation of martensite from metastable to steady state is established and the model is solved. Accurately reveal the law of energy field variation during martensite transformation and obtain the influence of energy field and interference between martensite and analyze the influence of phase field parameters on martensite. On this basis, the sensitivity and correlation degree of various parameters to the martensite transformation process are evaluated by orthogonal test. This study lays an important theoretical foundation for effectively revealing and mastering the essence of martensite transformation law. It can find effective ways to influence the martensite transformation law, obtain optimal parameters, and improve the mechanical properties of materials.
Two‐parameter kinematic approach for complete shear behavior of deep FRC beams
Authors: Mihaylov Boyan , Liu Jian , Tvrznikova Karolina
Published: April 2019

While tests of deep fiber‐reinforced concrete (FRC) beams have shown that steel fibers enhance the crack control and shear strength, the modeling of these effects in a simple and rational manner remains a challenging problem. Because FRC features enhanced tension behavior, it is not well suited for the traditional strut‐and‐tie approach which neglects the tensile strength of the concrete. Therefore, this paper proposes an alternative approach which focuses on the displacements in the critical shear cracks. The displacements are described with a kinematic model with two degrees of freedom, and are used with appropriate constitutive relationships to estimate the shear contribution of the fibers. This kinematics‐based approach is validated with experimental data, and it is shown to capture adequately the complete pre‐ and postpeak behavior of deep FRC beams. It is also shown that the model predicts well the effect of beam aspect ratio, fiber volume ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and concrete strength on the shear strength of deep FRC beams.
Tension stiffening approach for deformation assessment of flexural reinforced concrete members under compressive axial load
Authors: Ng Pui‐Lam , Gribniak Viktor , Jakubovskis Ronaldas , Rimkus Arvydas
Published: April 2019

The deformation characteristics of cracked reinforced concrete beams are largely dependent on the tension stiffening effect. As one of the serviceability analysis approaches, the employment of a concrete tensile stress block that reflects the flexural tension stiffening behavior is useful for evaluation of beam deflections. In many practical applications, however, beams have to withstand a small degree of axial compression. There has been little research on axial load effects on tension stiffening, and tensile stress block for beams subject to compressive axial load has not been developed. In this study, finite element method is employed to analyze beams under different levels of compressive axial load. The numerical results reveal that the tensile stress block is considerably influenced by the presence of axial load. Using the tension stress fields obtained, values of stress block parameters under different levels of axial load are determined. Adequacy of the proposed model was verified using the test data reported in the literature.
Assessment of irrigation water quality by a Geographic Information System–Multicriteria Decision Analysis‐based model: A case study from Ankara, Turkey
Authors: Kavurmaci Murat , Apaydin Ahmet
Published: April 2019

In this study, the irrigation water quality of Eryaman region in Ankara (Turkey) has been investigated using a Geographic Information System–Multicriteria Decision Analysis (GIS‐MCDA)‐based model. Two different irrigation water quality indices (IWQI‐A and IWQI‐B) based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) have been developed to provide a single suitability score for all criteria of irrigation water quality. The irrigation water quality indices were composed of 3 main criteria and 11 sub‐criteria. Based on irrigation water quality indices, four suitability classes have been identified as (a) excellent, (b) good, (c) permissible, and (d) unsuitable. Irrigation water quality maps were created by using kriging method and the water quality index scores. The temporal variation of irrigation water quality was evaluated using the models created for July 2007, 2010, and 2015 years. The most suitable areas for irrigation water are concentrated in the eastern and western parts of the region where the IWQI‐B scores were >0.85. In recent years, the deterioration in irrigation water quality has increased in the southern parts of the basin. This research has demonstrated that the indices created by using DEA and AHP methods are reliable indicators to assess irrigation water quality.

Practitioner points

Water quality indices can be used to depict the overall water quality status in water management planning.

To avoid problems when modeling groundwater quality, the factors that have the most effect on water quality should be selected.

Analytic Hierarchy Process and Data Envelopment Analysis techniques are efficient and reliable methods to determine water quality.
Value-Oriented Articulation
Authors: Oppl Stefan , Stary Christian
Published: April 2019

In this chapter, business enablers and resources are at the center of interest, as they are required to generate valuable assets for the market. Looking at those elements beyond a requirements engineering perspective to deliver products and services, human-centric value chain and their analysis can help in apprehending how an enterprise creates valuable elements through a set of core and support activities. Both are assumed to contribute to the sustainable existence of the producing organization in competitive and continuously changing environments, based on products or services for which customers are creating revenues. Representational carriers of work knowledge are business processes, as functional activities of work force transform goods and information. Value creation resides in the context-rich design and execution of work processes rather than the processed or created assets. Although value created in this way has a tangible component, a second component, the intangible part, is of equal importance. Both need to be externalized and represented for (re-)design. In this chapter, various methodologically grounded instruments are introduced, ranging from individual to collective elicitation, and tackling tangible and intangible transactions among concerned stakeholders.
Platonic field theories
Authors: Zinati Riccardo Ben Alì , Codello Alessandro , Gori Giacomo
Published: April 2019

Abstract

We study renormalization group (RG) fixed points of scalar field theories endowed with the discrete symmetry groups of regular polytopes. We employ the functional perturbative renormalization group (FPRG) approach and the ϵ-expansion in d = d

c
− ϵ. The upper critical dimensions relevant to our analysis are

$$ {d}_c=6,4,\raisebox{1ex}{$10$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right.,3,\raisebox{1ex}{$14$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$5$}\right.,\raisebox{1ex}{$8$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right.,\raisebox{1ex}{$5$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.,\raisebox{1ex}{$12$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$5$}\right.; $$

d
c

=
6
,
4
,

10
3

,
3
,

14
5

,

8
3

,

5
2

,

12
5

; in order to get access to the corresponding RG beta functions, we derive general multicomponent beta functionals β

V
and β

Z
in the aforementioned upper critical dimensions, most of which are novel. The field theories we analyze have N = 2 (polygons), N = 3 (Platonic solids) and N = 4 (hyper-Platonic solids) field components. The main results of this analysis include a new candidate universality class in three physical dimensions based on the symmetry group

$$ {\mathbb{D}}_5 $$

D
5

of the Pentagon. Moreover we find new Icosahedron fixed points in d < 3, the fixed points of the 24-Cell, multi-critical O(N) and ϕ

n
-Cubic universality classes.
p-adic CFT is a holographic tensor network
Authors: Hung Ling-Yan , Li Wei , Melby-Thompson Charles M.
Published: April 2019

Abstract

The p-adic AdS/CFT correspondence relates a CFT living on the p-adic numbers to a system living on the Bruhat-Tits tree. Modifying our earlier proposal [1] for a tensor network realization of p-adic AdS/CFT, we prove that the path integral of a p-adic CFT is equivalent to a tensor network on the Bruhat-Tits tree, in the sense that the tensor network reproduces all correlation functions of the p-adic CFT. Our rules give an explicit tensor network for any p-adic CFT (as axiomatized by Melzer), and can be applied not only to the p-adic plane, but also to compute any correlation functions on higher genus p-adic curves. Finally, we apply them to define and study RG flows in p-adic CFTs, establishing in particular that any IR fixed point is itself a p-adic CFT.
The influence of physical ageing on the in-plane shear creep compliance of 5HS C/PPS
Authors: Pierik E. R. , Grouve W. J. B. , van Drongelen M. , Akkerman R.
Published: April 2019

Thermoplastic polymer-matrix composites, such as carbon woven fabric reinforced poly(phenylene sulphide) (C/PPS), are increasingly used in the aircraft industry. Primary structural applications, however, are limited due to uncertainty concerning the long-term behaviour. Recent work indicated a progressive creep response over time, which would render these materials unusable for such applications. However, the effect of physical ageing was neglected, which is well known to alleviate the creep behaviour and hence physical ageing is rigorously included in this study on the long-term creep response of C/PPS. Short-term tensile creep tests in the bias direction were performed at temperatures of 50, 60, 65, 70, 75 and 80$^{\circ}\mbox{C}$

C

∘

to obtain a master curve using the time–temperature superposition principle. Ordinary horizontal shifting failed to produce a smooth curve and therefore three alternative approaches were used and compared. The physical ageing rate was, however, characterised with horizontal shifting only at 50$^{\circ}\mbox{C}$

C

∘

and was implemented by means of the effective time theory (Struik, 1977) to correct the momentary master curves for the influence of physical ageing. The resulting predictions are more realistic and demonstrate that the structural changes in a material reduce the creep rate over time. Hence, the long-term creep compliance tends to increase asymptotically towards a finite value, in contrast to the unbounded momentary response.
Influences of Thermomechanical Treatment and Nb Micro-alloying on the Hardenability of Ultra-High Strength Steels
Authors: Esterl Raphael , Sonnleitner Markus , Schnitzer Ronald
Published: April 2019

For the construction of mobile crane booms, ultra-high strength steels produced via thermomechanical processing (TMP) have widely substituted steels fabricated through the conventional quenching and tempering (Q+T) route. A strong deformation of the austenite grain during hot rolling followed by direct quenching (DQ) offers benefits in terms of strength and toughness. To guarantee an optimal through-hardening, alloying elements retarding the γ to α transformation are used. To explore the influence of the processing route on the critical cooling rate and the hardenability, hot deformation tests were performed on a deformation dilatometer. Different cooling rates were applied after deformation corresponding to two different rolling cycles with varying finish rolling temperatures (FRTs). The obtained hardness values were compared to those received through conventional quenching after austenitization. These investigations conducted on three steels with varying micro-alloying contents showed that Nb in combination with TMP raises strength significantly, and promotes a bainitic and ferritic transformation in solid solution. When applying low FRTs and in combination with other micro-alloying elements, NbC coarsens and reduces the effect of precipitation hardening.
Effects of social media use on desire for cosmetic surgery among young women
Authors: Walker Candice E. , Krumhuber Eva G. , Dayan Steven , Furnham Adrian
Published: April 2019

A large body of research has documented the influence of traditional media formats (e.g. television programs, adverts) on young women’s consideration of cosmetic surgery. However, less is known about how newer forms of media such as social networking sites impact desire for cosmetic surgery. The present study aimed to examine whether exposure to images depicting facial cosmetic enhancements increases the desire for cosmetic surgery among young women. One-hundred and eighteen women, aged 18–29 years, indicated their social media use. This was followed by a task in which they viewed either images of facial cosmetic enhancements (N = 59) or images of travel (N = 59). Participants then indicated their satisfaction with their appearance, their mood and desire to undergo cosmetic enhancement. The results showed that viewing images of females who have undergone cosmetic enhancements affected young women’s desire for cosmetic surgery, especially if they spent a significant amount of time on social media, followed many accounts, and were less satisfied with their appearance. These findings have implications for parents, clinicians, and policy makers for understanding how internet habits, particularly the use of social media, influence the desire for cosmetic surgery, including the psychosocial motivations underlying those intentions.
Sex‐specific incident dementia in patients with central nervous system trauma
Authors: Mollayeva Tatyana , Hurst Mackenzie , Escobar Michael , Colantonio Angela
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Despite evidence that central nervous system (CNS) trauma, including traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, can cause sustained neurocognitive impairment, it remains unclear whether trauma‐related variables are associated with incident dementia independently of other known risk factors.

Methods

All adults without dementia entering the health‐care system with diagnoses of CNS trauma were examined for occurrence of dementia. All trauma‐related variables were examined as predictors in sex‐specific Cox regression models, controlling for other known risk factors.

Results

Over a median follow‐up of 52 months, 32,834 of 712,708 patients (4.6%) developed dementia. Traumatic brain injury severity and spinal cord injury interacted with age to influence dementia onset; women were at a greater risk of developing dementia earlier than men, all other factors being equal.

Discussion

Risk stratification of patients with CNS trauma by sex is vital in identifying those most likely to develop dementia and in understanding the course and modifying factors.
Investigation of the performance of a pilot-scale barrel atmospheric plasma system for plasma activation of polymer particles
Authors: Abourayana Hisham M. , Dobbyn Peter J. , Whyte Pat , Dowling Denis P.
Published: April 2019

This study reports the development and performance of a pilot-scale barrel atmospheric plasma reactor for the atmospheric plasma activation treatment of polymer particles. The polymer particles treated included acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polypropylene (PP). These particles had diameters in the range of 3–5 mm. The initial studies were carried out using a laboratory-scale barrel reactor designed to treat polymer particle batch sizes of 20 g. A pilot-scale reactor that could treat 500 g particle batch sizes was then developed to facilitate pre-industrial-scale treatments. The effect of operating pulse density modulation (PDM) in the range 10%–100% and plasma treatment time on the level of activation of the treated polymers were then investigated. ABS revealed a larger decrease in water contact angle compared with PP after plasma treatment under the same conditions. The optimal treatment time of ABS (400 g of polymer particles) in the pilot-scale reactor was 15 min. The plasma-activated polymer particles were used to fabricate dog-bone polymer parts through injection molding. Mechanical testing of the resulting dog-bone polymer parts revealed a 10.5% increase in tensile strength compared with those fabricated using non-activated polymer particles.
Tailoring metallic surface properties induced by laser surface processing for industrial applications
Authors: Hu Guoqing , Song Yang , Guan Yingchun
Published: April 2019

As a simple, reproducible, and pollution-free technique with the potential of integration and automation, laser processing has attracted increasing attention. Laser processing, which includes laser polishing, laser cleaning, and fabrication of laser-induced micro-/nano-structures, has been demonstrated to yield smooth, clean, functional surfaces and effective joining. Laser polishing is an advanced, highly efficient, and ecofriendly polishing technology. This study demonstrated the laser polishing of a selective laser-melted Inconel 718 (IN718) superalloy and a titanium alloy sample. The surface roughnesses Ra and Rz of the IN718 superalloy were respectively reduced from 8 and 33 μm to 0.2 and 0.8 μm, and the Ra of the titanium alloy was reduced from 9.8 μm to 0.2 μm. Moreover, the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the IN718 were apparently improved. As another surface-related processing method, laser cleaning was used to clean terminal blocks. Almost all the contaminants were removed, as verified by the absence of their chemical compositions and the decreased surface roughness. In addition, a superhydrophobic surface with a contact angle of over 160° and sliding angle of <8° on stainless steel was obtained by laser texturing treatment. These results demonstrate the high potential of laser processing in the scientific, technological, and industrial fields.
Characterization of machine tools and measurement system for micromilling
Authors: Abeni Andrea , Lancini Matteo , Attanasio Aldo
Published: April 2019

Technological progress has led to increased demand for small components with tiny features, which cannot be achieved through conventional machining. Industrial application of processes based on microcutting is limited by some issues concerning the geometrical scale. The process performance is significantly affected by milling machine, tool holder, tool, workpiece material microstructure, workpiece fixtures, and process parameters. At present, an ultimate micromachining assessment procedure is not available. This study aims to propose and conduct an experiment on a testing procedure for micromilling. The set up to be implemented and the output to be considered are defined and described. Three major stages are identified: estimation of the effective bandwidth of the load cell–tool holder system, the milling machine natural frequency measurement, and micromilling test execution. The entire procedure is performed, and its robustness is demonstrated.
Dynamic Optimization of Nitrogen in Plateau Cotton Yield Functions with Nitrogen Carryover Considerations
Authors: Dhakal Chandra , Lange Kelly , Parajulee Megha N. , Segarra Eduardo
Published: April 2019

This study utilizes a dynamic programming decision model, considering an intertemporal nitrogen carryover function, combined with both linear stochastic and deterministic plateau response functions to evaluate optimal nitrogen fertilizer decision rules and net present values (NPVs) in Texas High Plains cotton production. Nitrogen recommendations and NPVs are influenced by response function choice and nitrogen-to-cotton price ratios. Results indicate the stochastic plateau function better describes the data; the optimum nitrogen recommendation is to apply approximately 40 lb. of nitrogen for each bale of cotton production when considering nitrogen carryover information.
Dukha Mobility in a Constructed Environment: Past Camp Use Predicts Future Use in the Mongolian Taiga
Authors: Haas Randall , Surovell Todd A. , O'Brien Matthew J.
Published: April 2019

Diverse theoretical perspectives suggest that place plays an important role in human behavior. One recent perspective proposes that habitual and recursive use of places among humans may be an emergent property of obligate tool use by our species. In this view, the costs of tool use are reduced by preferential occupation of previously occupied places where cultural materials have been discarded. Here we use the model to generate five predictions for ethnographic mobility patterns. We then test the predictions against observations made during one month of coresidence with a residentially mobile Dukha family in the Mongolian Taiga. We show that (1) there is a strong tendency to occupy previously used camps, (2) previously deposited materials are habitually recycled, (3) reoccupation of places transcends kinship, (4) occupational hiatuses can span decades or longer, and (5) the distribution of occupation intensity among camps is highly skewed such that most camps are not intensively reoccupied whereas a few camps experience extremely high reoccupation intensity. These findings complement previous archaeological findings and support the conclusion that the constructed dimensions of human habitats exert a strong influence on mobility patterns in mobile societies.
Lay Participation in Taiwan: Observations from Mock Trials
Authors: CHIN Mong-Hwa
Published: April 2019

This article introduces the designs and the potential problems of the new lay judge system in Taiwan. This article first describes the background of the development of lay participation in Taiwan, and the 2012 Observer Jury System and the 2018 Lay Judge System drafted by the judiciary. The core of this paper is a qualitative study of four mock trials conducted by four district courts in Taiwan. Through observations and interviews with mock trial lay judges, this article addresses three main problems of the new system, including professional judges’ domination in deliberations, the comprehensibility of law, and lack of evidence rules. It also provides a discussion of the possible solutions to the problems observed. This article urges that training sessions should be provided to both lay judges and legal professionals, adjust the discovery rule, provide guidance on sentencing, and create evidentiary rules.
Legacy, leadership, and a leadership legacy
Authors: Kan Melanie M
Published: April 2019

The nexus of legacy and leadership is an understudied area. Drawing on the legacy of leadership researcher, Professor Ken Parry, and incorporating several well supported themes of the phenomenon of leadership, the similarities between legacy and leadership are explored. Key themes include followership, sensemaking, change, context, the social influence process, and leadership as artifact.
The post-common-envelope X-ray binary nucleus of the planetary nebula NGC 2392
Authors: Miszalski Brent , Manick Rajeev , Van Winckel Hans , Escorza Ana
Published: April 2019

The Chandra X-ray Observatory has detected relatively hard X-ray emission from the central stars of several planetary nebulae (PNe). A subset has no known late-type companions, making it very difficult to isolate which of several competing mechanisms may be producing the X-ray emission. The central star of NGC 2392 is one of the most vexing members, with substantial indirect evidence for a hot white dwarf (WD) companion. Here we report on the results of a radial velocity (RV) monitoring campaign of its central star with the HERMES échelle spectrograph of the Flemish 1.2 m Mercator telescope. We discover a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 1.902208 ± 0.000013 d and an RV semi-amplitude of 9.96 ± 0.13 km s−1. The high degree of nebula ionisation requires a WD companion (M ≳ 0.6M⊙), which the mass-function supports at orbital inclinations ≲ 7°, in agreement with the nebula orientation of 9°. The hard component of the X-ray spectrum may be explained by the companion accreting mass from the wind of the Roche lobe filling primary, while the softer component may be due to colliding winds. A companion with a stronger wind than the primary could produce the latter and would be consistent with models of the observed diffuse X-ray emission detected in the nebula. The diffuse X-rays may also be powered by the jets of up to 180 km s−1, and active accretion would imply that they may be the first active jets of a post-common-envelope PN, potentially making NGC 2392 an invaluable laboratory to study jet formation physics. The 1.9 d orbital period rules out a double-degenerate merger leading to a Type Ia supernova, and the weak wind of the primary likely also precludes a single-degenerate scenario. We suggest that a hard X-ray spectrum, in the absence of a late-type companion, could be a powerful tool to identify accreting WD companions.
Treatment with etamsylate reduces haemolactia in lactating dairy cows.
Authors: Fraile Lorenzo , Arcas Antonio , Jiménez Luis M. , Mallo Josep , Armengol Ramon
Published: April 2019

This Research Communication describes the efficacy of etamsylate to reduce haemolactia in dairy cows. A dairy cow with haemolactia produces milk that is reddish or pinkish due to the presence of blood. Haemolactia causes economic loss because bloody milk is rejected by the industry and the consumers. A total of 58 dairy cows with haemolactia were included in the study and randomly divided into treated (n = 31) and control (n = 27) groups. Treatment consisted of three consecutive daily doses of etamsylate at 15 mg/kg, delivered intramuscularly. Milk production was recorded daily for 7 d, whether or not blood was detected in milk. The mean number of days with the presence of blood in milk in the treatment group was significantly lower (3·4 d) than in the control group (4·9 d). Treatment with etamsylate did not significantly affect milk yield. In conclusion, treatment with etamsylate reduces the number of days blood is observed in milk and it does not have any negative effect on milk production.
John Glas and the Development of Religious Pluralism in Eighteenth-Century Scotland
Authors: RAFFE ALASDAIR
Published: April 2019

This article discusses John Glas, a minister deposed by the Church of Scotland in 1728, in order to examine the growth of religious pluralism in Scotland. The article begins by considering why Glas abandoned Presbyterian principles of Church government, adopting Congregationalist views instead. Glas's case helped to change the Scottish church courts’ conception of deposed ministers, reflecting a reappraisal of Nonconformity. Moreover, Glas's experiences allow us to distinguish between church parties formed to conduct business, and those representing theological attitudes. Finally, Glas's case calls into question the broadest definitions of the ‘Scottish Enlightenment’, drawing attention to the emergence of pluralism.
From Convergence to Divergence: Portuguese Economic Growth, 1527–1850
Authors: Palma Nuno , Reis Jaime
Published: April 2019

We construct the first time-series for Portugal’s per capita GDP for 1527–1850, drawing on a new database. Starting in the early 1630s there was a highly persistent upward trend which accelerated after 1710 and peaked 40 years later. At that point, per capita income was high by European standards, though behind the most advanced Western European economies. But as the second half of the eighteenth century unfolded, a phase of economic decline was initiated. This continued into the nineteenth century, and by 1850 per capita incomes were not different from what they had been in the early 1530s.
Escaping Local Risk by Entering Indentureship: Evidence from Nineteenth-Century Indian Migration
Authors: Persaud Alexander
Published: April 2019

Of the millions of Indians who migrated internationally in the long nineteenth century, over one million went as indentured servants in a massive South-South migration. I test how price volatility in origin markets in India affected out-migration under indentureship contracts from 1873–1916 to four major destinations around the world. Using new, unique district-level flows calculated from roughly 250,000 individual records, I show that indentureship take-up is consistent with migrating to escape local price volatility.
A local safety standard for invasive procedures for out-patient endonasal procedures performed under local anaesthetic: a template from Newcastle upon Tyne hospitals
Authors: Coates M L , Carrie S
Published: April 2019

Background

In November 2017, a working feasibility analysis commenced of a local anaesthetic endonasal procedures out-patient clinic service at Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne. Fundamental to introducing an innovative ambulatory out-patient practice is the development of a novel local safety standard for invasive procedures to support this service.

Objective

This paper presents the new safety standard developed for this purpose and implemented in our institution.

Conclusion

Increasingly, there is a shift toward ambulatory services, directed by patient choice, technological advances and the opportunity for cost savings. It is hoped that this local safety standard for invasive procedures will provide a useful template for those considering implementing ambulatory endonasal services, or other novel procedures, within the specialty of ENT.
Critical evaluation of ‘ageing in place’ in redeveloped public rental housing estates in Hong Kong
Authors: Wadu Mesthrige Jayantha , Cheung Siu Leung
Published: April 2019

The tremendous growth in the ageing population over the past two decades has compelled the Hong Kong government to reformulate its housing policy by redeveloping and incorporating certain age-friendly housing design elements and facilities into the public housing schemes built in the post-war period. This research investigates whether these introduced design elements and facilities satisfy the numerous special needs of the seniors in line with the concept of ‘ageing in place’. Data were collected from 224 seniors through a comprehensive questionnaire survey in four large-scale redeveloped public rental housing estates. Using three designated built environment dimensions, namely micro, meso and macro, the results revealed that senior tenants were generally satisfied with the present living environments (in all the three scales) in the estates. At the micro-scale, seniors were satisfied with the level of privacy and sense of autonomy derived from the present design features in their homes. For the meso-scale, the study revealed that the seniors were particularly satisfied with the design elements such as convenient transportation and accessibility, including convenient walkways. At the macro-scale, the community care service is deemed important for seniors’ wellbeing. However, more attention is needed on safety measures in interior and shower areas, public seating in common areas and provision of sufficient community care services. This study provides insights for policy makers and development authorities on elderly housing provision.
EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY AND ITS DETERMINANTS: EVIDENCE FOR WOMEN IN NINE LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 1950s-1990s
Authors: Teng Yue
Published: April 2019

This paper examines educational inequality in nine Latin American countries at the sub-country level from the 1950s to the 1990s. Educational inequality is measured by the difference in schooling years between the taller and the shorter half of the female population. Schooling years significantly increased across birth cohorts, especially before the 1980s, regardless of socio-economic stratum, region or country. However, educational inequality persisted. This finding reflects the achievement of the import substitution industrialisation era in educational development and its failure in mitigating the unequal distribution of education rooted in Latin America's social structure. Trade liberalisation and educational expansion are found to reduce educational inequality in capital and urban regions, whereas democracy and tax reform increased it. By contrast, educational inequality in rural regions was hardly influenced by policy changes. This finding urges future explorations into whether the persistence of educational inequality in rural regions is due to endemic social structure.
« Je suis une Africaine… j'ai vingt ans »: Écrits féminins et modernité en Afrique occidentale française (c. 1940-c. 1950)
Authors: Barthélémy Pascale
Published: April 2019

À travers l’analyse des premiers textes produits par des Africaines en Afrique occidentale française dans les années 1940 et 1950, cet article explore les conditions et les usages de l’écriture par les femmes en situation coloniale ainsi que les rapports entre écrit et modernité. L’étude de manuscrits scolaires, de correspondances, d’articles de presse signés par une minorité de femmes diplômées de la section sages-femmes de l’École de médecine et de l’École normale de jeunes filles de Rufisque, permet de montrer l’émergence d’une culture de l’écrit partagée, fondée sur des réseaux tissés pendant les années d’études. Bien qu’elle soit le plus souvent suscitée par les autorités coloniales, la prise d’écriture féminine n’en comporte pas moins une dimension autonome et participe d’une subjectivité en construction.
Francite et situation coloniale
Authors: Vidal Cécile
Published: April 2019

À partir du cas louisianais, cet article cherche à démontrer que la formation de sociétés coloniales nouvelles aux Amériques, reposant sur l’esclavage ou le travail forcé, la constitution d’empires multiethniques et multiraciaux et les rivalités impériales qui ont accompagné ces phénomènes, ont contribué à faire de la nation un problème et une question. D’une part, le nombre de personnes pour lesquelles le fait d’avoir une identité nationale est devenu significatif s’en est trouvé accru. D’autre part, la définition donnée à la nation française, en opposition aux autres nations et en relation avec les différents groupes la composant, en a été modifiée. En questionnant les concepts d’empire colonial, de nation et d’identité, et en analysant les significations particulières que la francité prit dans le contexte louisianais, il s’agit de suggérer qu’il paraît difficile de continuer à penser la nation au XVIIIesiècle sans tenir compte des rapports complexes entre nation, empire et race.
Figures du samouraï dans l’histoire japonaise Depuis Le Dit des Heiké jusqu’au Bushidô
Authors: Shin’ichi Saeki
Published: April 2019

Comment l’idée de Voie du guerrier s’est-elle peu à peu fabriquée au cours de l’histoire japonaise ? Comment et pourquoi les guerriers médiévaux se sont-ils construits un univers culturel en rupture avec celui de la cour impériale de Kyôto ? Dans Le Dit des Heiké, composé dans la première moitié du XIIIe siècle, ce qu’on désigne alors comme la Voie de l’Arc et du Cheval suscite des réactions diverses, depuis la répulsion jusqu’à la sympathie. Cette tension donne peu à peu naissance aux grandes oeuvres de la littérature médiévale japonaise dite guerrière. Avec la paix de l’époque Tokugawa, le bushidô est rejeté par les élites samouraïs. Mais en même temps se recrée une éthique guerrière dans un monde désormais sans combats. C’est de cette contradiction que naît le bushidô moderne qui devient, à partir du XIXe siècle, l’une des pièces du discours nationaliste. Les samouraïs deviennent les chevaliers du Japon d’autrefois et le bushidô une forme de code chevaleresque. Mais il s’agit d’une reconstruction complète, d’une réinvention du passé, au service des objectifs du nouvel État-nation.
Les économies morales revisitées
Authors: Fassin Didier
Published: April 2019

Le concept d’économies morales, proposé par E.P. Thompson il y a quarante ans, a connu depuis lors un succès non démenti mais pourtant ambigu. D’abord, dans les années 1970 et 1980, repris par le politiste James Scott, il a nourri un ensemble important de travaux, surtout anthropologiques, sur les formes de résistance et de rébellion des paysanneries du tiers-monde. Ensuite, dans les années 1990 et 2000, à la suite de l’historienne Lorraine Daston, il a servi à interpréter les réseaux de valeurs et d’affects incorporés dans le travail scientifique et au-delà dans divers mondes sociaux. Après avoir fait un retour sur les analysesprincepsde l’inventeur du concept pour en montrer les tensions et les paradoxes, j’examine les continuités et les ruptures dans ses multiples descendances en prêtant notamment attention aux enrichissements mais aussi aux abandons théoriques de la période récente. J’avance alors une définition plus ouverte que celle initialement donnée (en ne limitant pas le concept aux groupes dominés et en ne le restreignant pas au domaine économique) et plus critique que celle secondairement adoptée (en restituant la dimension politique des économies morales) et j’en propose quelques illustrations à partir de mes travaux empiriques autour de l’immigration et de la violence dans différents contextes historiques pour en montrer le potentiel heuristique.
La question raciale et le «sol libre de France»: l’affaire Furcy
Authors: Peabody Sue
Published: April 2019

À partir d’un cas singulier duXIXesiècle, cet article examine la loi française au regard du principe du sol libre français et de la loi raciale. Un homme de l’Île Bourbon, Furcy, cherche à faire établir qu’il est un homme libre, face aux prétentions de son prétendu maître, Joseph Lory, dans une affaire qui dure de 1817 à 1843. Ses avocats et les procureurs fondent sa demande sur le fait que sa mère était indienne et non pas noire et sur son séjour en France de 1771 à 1773, avant d’accompagner des colons à l’Île Bourbon, où elle accoucha de Furcy en 1786. À la différence du fameux cas de Dred Scott aux États-Unis, les cours de justice parisiennes rejetèrent l’argument racial en faveur du principe du sol libre de France. Cet article est la première tentative pour retracer l’évolution de ces deux justifications légales de l’émancipation de l’Ancien Régime jusqu’au XIXesiècle.
Comment devient-on aborigène? Trajectoires familiales dans le Sud-Est de l’Australie
Authors: Bosa Bastien
Published: April 2019

La trajectoire d’Albert Widders, Aborigène australien, permet d’historiciser le modèle ségrégatif qui a dominé le Sud-Est de l’Australie au XXesiècle. Sa vie semble en effet avoir été coupée en deux par l’apparition d’un ordre ségrégatif. Né dans les années 1840, Albert était, dans la première partie de sa vie, assez bien intégré au monde des colons blancs, au point d’épouser une femme européenne. Suite à l’effondrement de son mariage, il a cependant quitté la région et formé une nouvelle famille, cette fois avec une femme aborigène. De ces deux mariages sont issues deux « branches » d’une famille – l’une dans le monde aborigène, l’autre dans le monde « européen » – dont les destins sociaux contrastés permettent d’appréhender avec un regard nouveau les transformations des relations raciales en Australie du Sud-Est, marquées par l’avènement, au XXesiècle, d’une dichotomie rigide séparant « Noirs » et « Blancs ».
Présences d’État. Police et société à Paris (1854-1880)
Authors: Deluermoz Quentin
Published: April 2019

L’article s’intéresse à ce que peut apporter l’étude des relations ordinaires entre les sergents de ville et les Parisiens à la compréhension de la construction de l’État auXIXesiècle. À partir de 1854, en effet, la capitale importe le modèle londonien de police instituant une présence visible des agents et un contact permanent avec la population parisienne. L’étude de ces interactions, inspirée d’une approche située des travaux d’Erving Goffman et attentive aux cadres sociaux, politiques ou culturels dans lesquels elles se déploient, montre la mise en place heurtée d’un ordre partagé et négocié. L’inscription de cet échange dans un temps long, par-delà le moment communard, permet d’approcher, par le bas, l’élaboration de nouvelles formes d’ordre public, où se croisent à la fois développement de l’État, types de police, transformations des normes sociales et mutations des sociétés métropolitaines.
Les doutes de l’Inquisiteur. Philosophie naturelle, censure et théologie à l’époque moderne
Authors: Donato Maria Pia
Published: April 2019

Depuis l’ouverture des archives de la Congrégation pour la Doctrine de la Foi en 1998, de nombreuses études sont en passe de renouveler la perception de l’action du Saint-Office et de l’Index. Cependant, les recherches sur la censure de la philosophie naturelle privilégient encore en grande partie la relation entre auteurs et institution. L’on peut désormais préciser la dimension doctrinale de la censure grâce à des sources nouvelles en quantité et en qualité, mais cela ne semble pas pouvoir en englober tous les aspects et risque d’avoir pour conséquence d’accentuer la cohérence intellectuelle de l’Inquisition; au contraire, les sources montrent plutôt les glissements continus, dans l’action du Saint-Office et de l’Index, entre définitions dogmatiques, questions philosophiques et police idéologique.

Dans cet article, j’essaierai de croiser deux perspectives différentes: la première se concentre sur la définition de l’« erreur », qui déplace d’époque en époque les frontières entre dogme et spéculation d’une part, et entre théologie et philosophie de l’autre; la seconde replace la censure au cœur de l’institution, mais pour analyser davantage celle-ci dans sa complexité politique et culturelle et dans ses évolutions. L’article analyse donc d’abord le renouveau historiographique, puis il se concentre sur le dossier de l’atomisme auXVIIesiècle, qu’il est maintenant possible de reconstruire avec précision. L’enjeu d’une analyse plus rapprochée n’est pas seulement celui d’observer comment la censure participe de la configuration des savoirs, mais d’élargir le regard sur des interactions plus vastes, à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur des congrégations. Enfin, il esquissera l’évolution de la censure philosophique auXVIIIesiècle.
Un cinéma d’après-guerre: le néoréalisme italien et la transition démocratique
Authors: Ben-Ghiat Ruth
Published: April 2019

Cet article examine le cinéma italien dans les années de transition du fascisme à la démocratie. Le cinéma offre une source privilégiée pour comprendre les expérience de perte, de crise et de privation qui ne trouvaient pas de place dans les récits traditionnels de la reconstruction de l’Italie. Les films néoréalistes en particulier cherchaient à exprimer la conscience diffuse de vivre un moment de transition. À travers une analyse du film d’Alberto Lattuada,Il bandito(1946), cet article montre que ce film, ainsi que d’autres réalisations du néoréalisme, composent une historiographie alternative de cette transition. Le pouvoir des films néoréalistes réside moins dans la reconstruction d’une réalité historique documentée que dans leur capacité à transmettre des ensemble d’émotions et de perceptions qui témoignent de la difficulté à se débarrasser de l’héritage du fascisme et de la guerre.
La construction d’une marchandise: le cas des semences
Authors: Tordjman Hélène
Published: April 2019

L’objet de cet article est de mettre en lumière les processus (économiques, juridiques et politiques) à l’œuvre dans la transformation en marchandise de quelque chose qui ne l’était pas auparavant. En effet, contrairement à ce qu’affirme la théorie économique standard, les marchandises ne préexistent pas au marché, mais résultent d’une construction institutionnelle complexe. Ainsi, les semences sont passées, en un peu plus d’un siècle, du statut de bien plus ou moins commun à celui de bien privé marchand. L’histoire récente permet d’isoler deux processus fondamentaux dans leur constitution en marchandise. Le premier est un processus de normalisation aboutissant à définir la variété végétale comme un objet technique, aux contours bien identifiés, ce qui permet d’une part la coordination d’un nombre de métiers de plus en plus grand, et d’autre part la définition d’un système de droits de propriété. La privatisation des semences est en effet le deuxième processus à l’œuvre dans leur transformation en marchandise et l’échange marchand ne peut exister sans propriété privée.
Bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer using mitomycin C-mediated chemical oocyte enucleation
Authors: Moura M.T. , Sousa R.V. , Lucci C.M. , Rumpf R.
Published: April 2019

Chemical oocyte enucleation holds the potential to ease somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), although high enucleation rates remain limited to micromanipulation-based approaches. Therefore, this study aimed to test mitomycin C (MMC) for use in bovine functional chemical oocyte enucleation. Incubation of denuded eggs in 10 µg ml−1MMC for different periods did not affect most maturation rates (0.5 h: 85.78%A, 1.0 h: 72.77%B, 1.5 h: 83.87%A, and 2.0 h: 82.05%A) in comparison with non-treated controls (CTL; 85.77%A). Parthenogenetic development arrest by MMC was efficient at cleavage (CTL: 72.93%A, 0.5 h: 64.92%A,B, 1.0 h: 60.39%B,C, 1.5 h: 66.35%A,B, and 2.0 h: 53.84%C) and blastocyst stages (CTL: 33.94%A, 0.5 h: 7.58%B, 1.0 h: 2.47%C, 1.5 h: 0.46%C, and 2.0 h: 0.51%C). Blastocysts were obtained after nuclear transfer (NT) using MMC enucleation [NT(MMC): 4.54%B] but at lower rates than for the SCNT control [NT(CTL): 26.31%A]. The removal of the meiotic spindle after MMC incubation fully restored SCNT blastocyst development [NT(MMC+SR): 24.74%A]. Early pregnancies were obtained by the transfer of NT(MMC) and NT(MMC+SR) blastocysts to synchronized recipients. In conclusion, MMC leads to functional chemical oocyte enucleation during SCNT and further suggests its potential for application towards technical improvements.