bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dental attendance and dental status
Authors: Sheiham A. , Maizels J. , Cushing A. , Holmes J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract This article examines the relationship between differences in dental attendance patterns and variations in dental status. A sample of 336 dentate men and 110 dentate women were selected at random from employees of two industrial plants in N.W. England in 1980. They were given a dental examination and asked about visits to the dentist. Regression analysis showed that while the more frequent the dental visits, the lower the rate of tooth loss and the fewer the number of teeth with active decay, the higher, however, the average number of fillings. There were significant differences, moreover, between manual and non‐manual workers, the former being more likely to lose their teeth and the latter to have their teeth filled, at each given age and frequency of dental visit. Though the more frequent dental attenders had the advantage over the less frequent of having, on average, a higher number of functioning teeth, restored or otherwise sound, they also had the disadvantage of having higher levels of treated disease and thus of disease experience. The results suggest that while frequent dental visits help to postpone tooth loss and to maintain dental function, they do not apparently help to prevent the onset of further disease.
Influence of repression upon the measurement of dental anxiety
Authors: Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , Schuurs Albert H. B. , van Velzen Sijo K. Thoden , Verhage Frans , Makkes Peter C. , Eijkman Michiel A. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Using a non‐linear, multivariate analysis, the resistance against admitting to being dentally anxious was studied. Dental anxiety was found to be repressed by a subgroup, among them more men than women, of a sample, who also repressed the feeling of low self esteem about tooth loss. Based on the results, regular and irregular dental attenders can be separated almost perfectly. The relationship with other anxiety measurements, i.e. Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale and three components discernible in Weiner's Anticipation Anxiety Level Chart, was studied.
Periodontal status and total tooth extraction in a medium‐sized city in the Netherlands
Authors: Bouma Jelte , Schaub Rob M. H. , van de Poel Fons
Published: May 2006

Abstract A combined sociodental research project was started in the city of Groningen in 1982 aimed at gaining insight into the reasons for total tooth extraction. Patients showing up for total tooth extraction during 1982 participated in this study by filling out a questionnaire concerning the underlying reasons for their decision to have all their teeth extracted. The dentists in this city were asked to collect all the extracted teeth and to fill out a short questionnaire for each patient about the reason (diagnosis) for the total tooth extraction. The periodontal status of the extracted teeth was established afterwards by measuring the percentage of the loss of attachment (L.A.). It appeared that most surfaces in the molar region and the front teeth in the mandible were affected by periodontal disease. Advanced generalized periodontal disease was established in 17% of the patients, accounting for 64% of all teeth with an L.A. measurement of >50%.Periodontal disease could not be identified as the main clinical condition requiring tooth extraction: even in the group of 55 yr of age and older advanced periodontal disease was found in only one third of the extracted teeth. Finally, the contribution of regular dental attendance to periodontal health is discussed.
Epidemiologic oral health survey of Argentine children
Authors: de Muñniz Beatriz R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract An epidemiologic oral health survey of 2279 children aged 7–8 and 12–13 was carried out in eight different regions of Argentina using methods and criteria recommended by the WHO. The children examined lived in rural or urban areas and were of Caucasian or Amerindian extraction. Periodontal status showed that 75% of this population had soft deposits, while calculus and gingivitis increased with age. Calculus: 0.4 at 7 yr to 16.1 at 13: gingivitis: 2.7% at 7 yr to 27.2% at 13. At age 8, the mean number of DMF per child was 3.9. The percentage of caries‐free children with permanent dentition dropped from 60% at age 7 to 32% at age 13. In Amerindian children, all these parameters were higher. Both the mean DMF and DMF per child were substantially lower in natural fluoride areas than in non‐fluoride areas. Data from this first nationwide epidemiologic study in this country provide baseline data for further investigations. According to the data obtained in this study, Argentine regions may be classified as high, medium or low risk areas, although a lack of adequate dental care was found in all regions. With these risk priorities as a guideline, we propose an initial strategy consisting of a carefully planned and selective program of primary dental health care.
Malignant transformation rate in oral submucous fibrosis over a 17‐year period
Authors: Murti P.R. , Bhonsle R.B. , Pindborg J. J. , Daftary D.K. , Gupta P.C. , Mehta Fali S.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Sixty‐six patients with oral submucous fibrosis were followed‐up for a period of 17 yr (median observation 10 yr) in Ernakulam District, Kerala, India. Oral cancer developed in five (7.6%) patients. The malignant transformation rate in the same sample was 4.5% over a 15‐yr observation period (median 8 yr). These findings impart a high degree of malignant potential to this condition.
Evaluation of social inequality of use of dental services in Norway
Authors: Rise Jostein
Published: May 2006

Abstract It is tempting to assume that the increase in use‐rates in Norway throughout the 1970's reflects a decrease in social inequality concerning use of dental services. In order to assess whether or not equalization has been achieved from 1973 to 1983, the application of a conservative and a radical standard led to different conclusions about equalization. Therefore, a formal model containing explicit assumptions was constructed and used to test the null hypothesis of no significant change in social inequality concerning regular use of dental services as well as no significant change in use‐rates from 1973 to 1983. The model corrects for the ceiling effect as the proportion of regular dental visitors from a social status group increases, by assuming that the dental visiting potential is normally distributed within each social status group. The empirical basis was formed by nationwide interview surveys in 1973 (n= 1630) and in 1983 (n= 1410). Level of income was selected as indicator of social status and grouped into seven categories. Regular visitor rates for each income group were transformed to standard normal deviates (z‐scores) and regressed upon level of income separately for 1973 and 1983. There was a net improvement of proportions of regular dental visitors from 1973 to 1983 as measured by a significant decrease of the intercept, but no equalization between social status groups as measured by no significant change of the slope.
Usefulness of two psychometric scales in Swedish patients with severe dental fear
Authors: Berggren Ulf , Carlsson Sven G.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Dental fears and other fears were assessed in 67 patients with dental fear with the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS), the Geer Fear Scale (GFS), and a behavioral dentist's rating scale (DR). Patients were selected because of extreme initial dental fear (n = 20), favorable response to treatment for dental fear (n = 24), or unfavorable response to treatment for dental fear (n = 23). CD AS change paralleled behavioral change (DR), supporting the usefulness of CDAS in assessing dental fear. GFS scores did not change in either group but were higher among patients who did not respond to treatment for dental fear; these findings are discussed in terms of treatment outcome prediction and treatment specificity.
Model for the study of the preeruptive effect of NaF tablets on caries in permanent teeth
Authors: Widenheim Jan , Lindgren Georg , Granath Lars , Birkhed Dowen
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to elaborate a model for estimating the caries‐reducing effect of a preventive measure with due consideration of background factors. The material comprised 50 children, who had consumed NaF tablets regularly during preschool age, and 76 comparable children who had never consumed NaF tablets. They were all examined at 12 and 13 yr of age. Information on caries and, as confounding factors, dietary habits, oral hygiene and microbiologic variables, was obtained on both occasions. Correlations between the parameters and caries, their discriminating effects and interaction between them were studied. The results showed that correction for confounding diminished the crude caries‐reducing effect of NaF tablets. Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli turned out to be the strongest confounders to discriminate well as single variables and to behave logically in analyses of interaction. Therefore, these factors are recommended in the first place for inclusion in a correction model. If the material is sufficiently large for a further breakdown, oral hygiene (represented by bleeding on probing) could be added. The model will be used in future studies of the preeruptive effect of NaF tablets on caries in permanent teeth in the same population.
Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and oral hygiene among older Americans
Authors: Burt Brian A. , Ismail Amid I. , Eklund Stephen A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Recent research has suggested that susceptibility to destructive periodontal disease may not be as universal as was previously thought. This report analyzes data from a representative national sample of 11 338 American adults aged 25–74, examined in a national survey in 1971–74. Results showed that 46.1% of those aged 65–74 were edentulous, but half of the dentate persons in that age group were diagnosed as free of destructive periodontal disease. Periodontal (PI) and oral hygiene (OHI‐S) index scores in this group were significantly better in those persons who had lost fewest teeth. When persons aged 65–74 who retained 25 or more teeth were compared with younger adults who also had 25 or more teeth, OHI‐S and CI scores were similar. H is hypothesized that maintenance of oral hygiene levels corresponding to OHI‐S scores of 0.3–0.6, and calculus levels corresponding to CI scores of 0.1–0.2, is sufficient to maintain a dentition free of periodontal disease throughout life. Slightly higher OHI‐S levels (0.7–1.3) and CI levels (0.3–0.6) might be compatible with acceptably low levels of periodontal disease.
Longitudinal study of dental caries in individuals in Jönköping, Sweden, aged 15 years in 1973 and 20 years in 1978
Authors: Hugoson Anders , Rylander Harald , Koch Göran
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of this investigation was to study caries development between the ages of 15 and 20 yr in the same individuals. Data concerning 100 adolescents constituted the basic material. Eighty subjects could be re‐examined 5 yr after the first examination. The moan number of teeth per subject was 27.) both in 1973 and in 1978. Four subjects (4%) in 1973 and three subjects (2.4%) in 1978 showed no decayed and/or filled proximal tooth surfaces. The prevalence of intact tooth regions was higher in the mandible than in the maxilla. Only one of the 73 subjects who were free from caries in the mandibular incisor/canine region at the basic examination developed new carious lesions in this region during the next 5‐yr period. Analysis of the frequency distribution of the different caries diagnostic groups revealed that 32 subjects (40%) showed no change during the 5‐yr period while 47 (58.7%) now belonged to a higher caries prevalence group. 3538 (80.7%) proximal surfaces were diagnosed as intact at the basic examination. The number of intact surfaces 5 yr later was 3107 (70.9%). In individuals with low and high numbers of decayed and/ or filled surfaces, respectively, there was a tendency towards a more pronounced individual caries progression in the group that showed the highest caries prevalence at the basic examination than in the group showing a low caries prevalence.
Prevalence vs. incidence of the mandibular pain dysfunction syndrome: implications for epidemiological research
Authors: Kent Gerry
Published: May 2006

Abstract Conclusions about the aetiology and maintenance of the Mandibular Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPDS) are largely based on clinic populations, but there are indications that sufferers who seek help about their symptoms are not typical of the general population of sufferers. This raises important problems in extrapolating findings from the patient population to the general one. This paper argues that future epidemiological studies should take the various influences on the decision to seek advice into account so that conclusions about MPDS can be reached. Specific additions to research designs are noted.
Report on caries reduction in French schoolchildren 3 years after the introduction of a preventive program
Authors: Kerebel Lise‐Marie , Le Cabellec Marie‐Thérèse , Daculsi Guy , Kerebel Bertrand
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A combination of preventive methods have been used to reduce dental caries in children aged 7–8 at baseline, living in a non‐fluoridated area in the West of France. The preventive program involved a daily supervised toothbrushing at school with 180 mg of fluoridated toothpaste, professional prophylaxis every 2 months with topical application of fluoride gel and reinforced motivation. The oral hygiene level was measured using the Silness‐Löe plaque index and caries were recorded using the def and DMF surface indices, including incipient lesions. The 3‐yr results showed a signiflcant 52% plaque reduction in the test group compared with the control group. Caries reduction was signiflcant at the 0.01% level: 44% for primary teeth and 60% for permanent teeth.
The ‘spread of effect’ of a school based dental health education project
Authors: Croucher R. , Rodgers A. I. , Humpherson W. A. , Crush L.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of a school based dental health education programme (‘Natural Nashers’) upon the families of adolescents receiving the programme. Interviews with 73 randomly selected parents were con‐ducted. One group (n=35) had a child who had recently received the programme, the other (n=38) had not. During the interview they were asked if they or other family members (apart from the programme recipient) had changed their dental behaviour or received any new dental information in the previous 2 months. Changes in behaviour were reported from 12 parents in the study group compared with seven in the control. Twenty two parents from the study group reported receiving new dental information in the family compared with four in the control group. The information and reported changes in behaviour related primarily to aspects of disclosing. In 80% of these cases of change or new information in the study group the source was an adolescent who had recently been taught ‘Natural Nashers’
Comparison of dental prophylaxis and toothbrushing prior to topical APF applications
Authors: Bijella Maria Francisca Thereza Borro , Bijella Vitoriano Truvijo , Lopes Eymar Sampaio , Bastos José Roberto de Magalhäes
Published: May 2006

Abstract— This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dental prophylaxis prior to the topical application of acidulated phosphate fluoride solution applied twice a year in schoolchildren. Experimental groups were: Group I ‐ control group, had no treatment. Group II ‐ twice yearly topical application of acidulated phosphate fluoride solution with prior professional prophylaxis with rubber cup and non fluoride paste. Group III ‐ twice yearly topical application of acidulated phosphate fluoride solution with prior toothbrushing with a non‐fluoridated prophy paste. After 18 months analysis of 160 children in each study group led to the following conclusions: 1. Acidulated phosphate fluoride topical applications are effective in the prevention of dental caries. 2. The omission of a professional prophylaxis prior to topical fluoride application does not affect signiflcantly the caries preventive effect.
Sociodemographic correlates of dental anxiety
Authors: Schuurs Albert H. B. , Duivenvoorden Hugo‐J. , van Velzen Sljo K. Thoden , Verhage Frans , Eijkman Mlchiel A. J. , Makkes Peter C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— In a survey comprising 620 30–40‐yr‐old inhabitants of a Dutch town. dental anxiety was measured along with some sociodemographic variables. The data were analyzed in an attempt to reveal associations between sociodemographically determined groups of respondents and their scores on the different measurements of dental anxiety. Women reported higher dental anxiety levels than men. with the exception of body damage anticipation anxiety. The rank order of birth seemed to have no Iniluence. Divorced tiien and women reported a higher anxiety level tin two ofthe anxiety measurements, but the association appeared to be weak. A lower level of education, irregular dental attendance, and edentulousness appeared to be associated with a higher level of dental anxiety.
Inconsistencies in a nationwide caries recording system
Authors: Heidmann J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The Danish nationwide oral health registration system is a system where information is collected by many observers. As the registration system has been the basis for several papers, an estimation of the consistency of its information seems relevant. The present study attempted to determine types and frequencies of incon‐sistencies in the caries recordings of the system, expressed as reversals in tooth or surface status. Recordings from two subsequent registrations of a random sample of 2189 individuals were compared surface by surface, in all, 209791 surfaces. The overall frequency of impossible changes in tooth status for permanent teeth was 0.9%, varying from 0.3% for molars to 2.8% for premolars. The frequency of impossible changes in surface score from first to second recording were 5.8% for the primary and 5.9% for the permanent dentition. The frequency varied with both tooth surface and score at first examination.
Validity of a dietary interviewing method for use in caries prevention
Authors: Hölund Ulla , Thellade Else , Poutsen Sven
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A suitable method for determining the usual diet of an individual is a prerequisite for dietary counseling in caries prevention. The purpose ol' this study was lo develop a method that was able to obtain relevant information on the dietary habits of an individual and to test the validity of this method. During a series of interviews a dietary history interview was therefore developed with special emphasis on dietary factors known to be important in caries etiology, such as frequency of eating and frequency and duration of sugar intake at meals and in‐between meals. The validity of the method with regard to caries‐related factors was tested by interviewing 49 caries‐active and 55 caries‐inactive 14‐yr‐old Danish schoolchildren. It was possible to detect a higher frequency of food intake and a more frequent and long‐lasting use of sugar in the caries‐active group. No difference was found in the consumption of sticky sugars between the two groups. Wilh the present method it should be possible to pinpoint dietary problems in caries‐active persons, so that dietary advice can be given in quantitative terms.
Caries prevalence of preschoolchildren in Baja, Hungary, in 1975 and 1982: effect of a supervised monthly NaF mouthrinsing program
Authors: Hanzély B. , Bánóczy Jolán , Hadas Éva , Esztái I. , Nemes Julia , Albrecht Mária , Valkovics Marianna
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The aim of the study was 1) to compare the caries prevalence of preschoolchildren in Baja with data from 1975 and 2) to evaluate the effect of 0.2% sodium‐fluoride mouthrinsings practiced during the last 4 yr. In 20 kindergartens of Baja 1462 children between 3 and 6 yr of age were investigated. All the children were participants in an oral hygiene motivation program and fluoride rinsings, performed generally monthly, but at least 10 times in a year. The dental investigations of the primary teeth were carried oul by the same team as in 1975. The frequency of caries‐free children increased from 18.8% in 1975 to 24.8% in 1982. The dmft mean values decreased only in the 5‐ and 6‐yr‐old children.
Incidence ot pain conditions in dental practice in a Danisin county
Authors: Sindet‐Pedersen Steen , Petersen Jens Kölsen , Götzsche Peter C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— From September 1981 to February 1982, an epidemiologic study was carried out on the incidence of pain conditions among patients between 18 and 70 yr of age in 30 dental practices in Ribe County, Denmark. A total of 35464 patients consulted the 50 participating dentists during the study period. 823 patients con‐sulted the dentist due to pain. The most frequent cause of pain was caries sequelae (pulpitis (35%) and acute apical periodontitis (31%)). There was a significant difference in the distribution of the diagnoses between patients with regular and non‐regular dental care. Although the data in the present study may not be representative for the entire Danish population, it seems reasonable to assume that in Denmark there are at least 70000 annual consultations to a dentist due to pain. Furthermore, a minimum of 4000 patients can be expected to be absent from work annually, due to illness caused by dental pain.
Past association of fluoride vehicles with caries severity in Australian adolescents
Authors: Spencer A. John
Published: May 2006

Abstract Clarification of future changes in caries severity depends upon the identification and quantification of factors associated with past changes in caries severity. The present study quantified the association of three fluoride vehicles with caries severity in Australian adolescents between 1965 and 1978. The three fluoride vehicles were fluoridated water supplies, fluoride supplements and fluoride containing dentifrice. All three fluoride vehicles were significantly associated with caries severity over the period 1965 to 1978. The direction of the associations were all negative, while the magnitude of the regression coefficients indicated that the most important association was with fluoridated water supplies, followed by fluoride supplements, then fluoride containing dentifrice.
Contribution of fluoride vehicles to change in caries seventy in Australian adolescents
Authors: Spencer A. John
Published: May 2006

Abstract The contribution of a fluoride vehicle to change in caries seventy in a population depends on the importance of its association with caries severity and the population's exposure to the vehicle. The present study aimed to quantify population trends in Australian adolescents’exposure to fluoridated water supplies, fluoride supplements and fluoride‐containing dentifrice between 1965 and 1978, and conditionally up to 1990; to predict changes in caries severity; and to indicate the change attributable to each fluoride vehicle. At a population level, proportion of lifetime exposure to fluoridated water supplies and market‐share held by fluoride‐containing dentifrice increased over the period 1965 to 1990. Regular use of fluoride supplements first increased, then decreased over the period. Caries severity was predicted to have decreased markedly for Australian adolescents over the period 1965 to 1990, with the rate of change over the period varying by age. Fluoridated water supplies, followed by fluoride‐containing dentifrice contributed most to the change in caries severity.
Oral hygiene and toothbrushing habits of 12‐year‐old children in Hong Kong
Authors: King Nigel M. , Ng Beatrice V. , Ling John Y. K.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Randomly selected groups of 486 Southern Chinese and 129 non‐Chinese 12–yr‐old Hong Kong children were examined for calculus and oral debris. The non‐Chinese children had less plaque and calculus than the Chinese children (P < 0.001). The girls had lower plaque scores than the boys in both ethnic groups. The higher frequency of toothbrushing by the girls possibly reflects their greater awareness of personal appearance. There is a need to increase the standard of oral hygiene and the level of dental awareness amongst Chinese children living in Hong Kong.
Assessing the dental treatment needs of an adult Israeli military population
Authors: Gordon Moshe , Kusner Willred , Shifman Arie , Ronen Eli , Newbrun Ernest
Published: May 2006

Abstract The dental treatment needs of an adult population career army personnel, Israeli Defence Forces, aged 20 to 46) were determined. A method is described for quantitating total restorative, endodontic, oral surgical, periodontal, and prosthetic treatment needs. The amount, and in some categories the complexity, of treatment required per person increased in proportion to age. The estimated time required per adult (all ages) to complete all dental treatments was approximately 10.5 h, including 1 h for dental hygiene therapy. These data permit calculation of cost and professional personnel needed to treat this population.
Periodontal treatment needs in 12–16‐yr‐old children from Santo Domingo
Authors: Garcia‐Godoy Franklin , Cordero Damaris A. , Sanchez Carmen Milagros , Batista Juliana
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the periodontal treatment needs, using the CPITN, in 12–16 yr‐old children from private and public schools from Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. A total of 1080 children was studied (540 in private schools and 540 in public schools). More children from private schools were seen without signs of periodontal disease than in public schools. More children from private schools showed no need for treatment. There was no statistical difference between children from private and public schools regarding the treatment need categories I and 111. However, for the treatment need II category (oral hygiene‐scaling), the children from public schools showed a slight increase in need over the private schoolchildren. Combining private and public schools, 12.9% of the 1080 children examined needed no treatment, 5.9% needed treatment I, 80.8% needed treatment II, and 0.4% needed treatment III.
Comparison of dental information obtained from self‐examination and clinical examination
Authors: Könönen Mauno , Lipasti Juhani , Murtomaa Heikki
Published: May 2006

Abstract The validity of self‐examination information regarding the number and distribution of remaining teeth, the presence of dentures and the validity of molar support construed professionally from the self‐examination data was assessed from 93 persons. This was done by comparing self‐examination information with data from clinical and radiographical examinations. Agreement between self‐examination and clinical examination was found to be fairly good regarding the number of remaining teeth and the presence of removable dentures. Regarding the distribution of remaining teeth there was an average of 2.1 misdiagnosed teeth per person. In conclusion, self‐examination method makes possible the collection of accurate data for screening and planning purposes in assessing oral health status regarding the number of remaining teeth and presence of removable dentures.
Radiographic diagnoses and treatment decisions on approximal caries
Authors: Espelid Ivar
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the study was to examine the quality of radiographic caries diagnosis by dentists; the frequency of operative treatment decisions; and the frequency and pattern of proposals to fill sound surfaces. Radiographs of 68 approximal surfaces of extracted teeth were duplicated and examined by 243 dentists. A “true” diagnosis was established by direct inspection and probing. Great variation existed in diagnostic quality between dentists. Restoration therapy made up 15.6 of surfaces on average (SD = 6.5, range 0–66). Fillings were proposed for about 5% of the sound surfaces. About 25% of the dentists accounted for more than 80% of the treatment proposed for sound surfaces.
Caries and fillings in the permanent dentition of cohorts of schoolchildredn in Espoo, Finland
Authors: Nordblad Anne , Larmas Markku A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the study was to analyze longitudinally the timing of enamel caries and, thereafter, fillings in occlusal, proximal and smooth surfaces of the permanent dentition of cohorts of schoolchildren initially 7, 10, 13, and 15 yield. Altogether 228 children were examined annually during a 3‐year period. Enamel and dentin caries affected on an average less than 15% of the occlusal surfaces in the first molars and at most 4% of the premolars; fillings proved to be the main determinant of the DF‐scores for occlusal surfaces. On the other hand, decay was the main determinant of DF‐scores on the proximal surfaces of the molars for at least 6 yr after eruption. The results indicate that in the 1970s some overtreatment of occlusal caries may have occurred, whereas indications for fillings on proximal surfaces were more accurate. The reduction in the number of extractions and fillings during the late 1970s resulted in a considerable decrease in the DMF scores. The decrease on DMF scores appears to have been due only to a minor extent to the decrease in caries. Thus, there was a decline in DMF scores rather than a decline in the prevalence of caries during this period.
Caries prevalence of 35‐year‐old Oslo citizens in 1973 and 1984
Authors: Bjertness Espen , Eriksen Harald M. , Hansen Bjorn Frode
Published: May 2006

Abstract DMF teeth and surfaces were recorded in a random sample of 35‐yr‐old Oslo citizens (born 1949). The index values were related to selected independent variables: sex, years at school, oral hygiene status (OHI‐S), periodontal conditions (PI), use of interdental cleaning devices and dental visiting habits. Data from the present investigation were analysed together with data from a similar study on 35‐yr‐olds in 1973 in order to detect possible changes over time. The mean DMFS‐score in the present investigation was 85, indicating a high caries experience, mainly due to a high F‐component. A statistically significant increase in the number of decayed surfaces was demonstrated concomitant with an increase in PI‐ and OHI‐S scores. There were more carious surfaces among irregular dental visitors than among the regular visitors. No statistically significant differences in DMF‐scores from 1973 to 1984 were detected, but there was a statistically significant reduction in the prevalence of untreated caries during this period. Furthermore, an increase in the number of filled surfaces from 1973 to 1984 and a reduction in the number of missing surfaces were registered. This may indicate a tendency towards restoring instead of extracting carious teeth during the last decade.
Gingival recession in schoolchildren at 7,12 and 17 years of age in Espoo, Finland
Authors: Ainamo Jukka , Paloheimo Leena , Nordblad Anne , Murtomaa Heikki
Published: May 2006

Abstract The present study was undertaken in response to a growing concern among clinicians about an increase in gingival recession among children and adolescents. Groups of 50 boys and 50 girls aged respectively 7, 12, and 17 yr were examined at Espoo Health Centre in 1983. Gingival recession was measured on the facial and lingual aspects of all permanent teeth. Whenever the gingival margin was located on root cementum, the distance from the gingival margin to the enamel border was measured to the nearest 0.5 mm. Recession was categorized as “slight” (0.5 or 1 mm) or “extensive” (1.5–3.5 mm). The prevalence of gingival recession was 5% at 7 yr, 39% at 12 yr, and 74% at 17 yr of age. More girls than boys had recession in the two youngest age groups. At 17 yr recession was equally common in both sexes and both “slight” and “extensive” recession was most often recorded on facial surfaces of first molars, premolars and canines. The alarmingly high prevalence of gingival recession at young age warrants further study of both the reasons and the consequences of early cementum exposure.
Dental health promotion in a group of children at high risk to dental disease
Authors: Olsen C. B. , Brown D. F. , Wright F. A. C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Three hundred and ten children from three schools were examined before and after a dental health promotion program targeted at one of the schools. Parents of subjects at the experimental school were visited at home by a community health worker who provided individualized information on dental services and preventive strategies. Parents of subjects at the control school were provided with similar information by way of general written documentation, not tailored to specific needs, and distributed as part of the traditional school take home system. The experimental hypothesis proposed that, at re‐examination, subjects from the experimental school would show a measurable improvement in caries increment, and a reduced plaque index over subjects from the control schools. Although the individualized social intervention strategy did not demonstrate a major shift in use of dental services or improvement in health status some improvement in caries experience was obtained in the target group. The multifactorial nature of dental disease and the limited contact of the health worker with the families involved would account for the low success rate of this strategy.
Periodontal conditions in adults, 35–44 years of age: an overview of CPITN data in the WHO Global Oral Data Bank
Authors: Pilot T. , Barmes D. E. , Leclercq M. H. , McCombie B. J. , Infirri J. Sardo
Published: May 2006

Abstract Results of 28 CPITN surveys in 24 countries for the age group 35–44 years, stored in the WHO Global Oral Data Bank as of 1 July 1986 are assembled in an overview presenting: percentages of persons according to the highest score for each person, the estimated national percentages of edentulousness and the mean numbers of sextants affected per person. It is concluded that for a large majority in most of the populations observed, the progress of periodontal disease has been slow and seems to be compatible with retention of a natural dentition until at least the age of 50.
Quality assessment of dental restorations: a comparison by dentists and patients
Authors: Abrams Richard A. , Ayers Curt S. , Petterson Mary Vogt
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the patient's and dentist's perception of quality. A group of 117 patients completed a questionnaire which rated their perceptions of the quality of their prior dental treatment. Each patient was given a thorough denial examination, and all restorations were evaluated for 14 criteria of quality. A dental quality index was calculated for each patient, and this was correlated with the patient's overall satisfaction and also with the patient's perception of quality of treatment. Both correlations indicated that no relationship existed between these two perceptions of quality. It was concluded that patients and dentists were looking at different criteria when judging quality of dental care.
Dentist and patient appraisal of complete dentures in a Dutch elderly population
Authors: Heyink Joost , Heezen Joop , Schaub Rob
Published: May 2006

Abstract The majority of the Dutch elderly population wears full dentures. According to clinical standards these dentures are often of a poor quality. The treatment demand, however, is small. The purpose of the present study is to describe the quality of dentures by means of clinical criteria on the one hand and judgments of the patients on the other. 131 denture‐wearing individuals, with a mean age of 71, participated. A “denture quality” scale was constructed, consisting of five clinical parameters. The judgments of the respondents were recorded in terms of complaints and satisfaction with the dentures. The results show weak or non significant correlations between the denture quality and the subjective measures. After dichotomizing the denture quality score (treatment need vs no treatment need), however, the poorer dentures appeared to be related to more complaints. It was concluded that for planning purposes it seems valid to use clinical figures. On the individual level the prediction of the subjective appraisal of full dentures on the basis of a clinical appreciation appears not to be adequate.
Comparison of tests for dysfunction of the stomatognathic system
Authors: Duinkerke Adriaan S. H. , Luteijn Frans , Bouman Theo K. , Pieter de Jong Hans
Published: May 2006

Abstract As part of a validating process, tests and indices for dysfunction of the temporomandibular joints and masticatory muscles were compared and correlated in 211 persons with an almost complete or complete natural dentition. Helkimo's Clinical Dysfunction Index (GDI), the Mandibular Dysfunction Symptoms (MDS) scale from the “Erweiterter Giessener Beschwerdebogen”, the Modified Half‐Minute (MHM) test and the palpation test for the stomatognathic system (PALP‐test) were compared. The PALP‐test had the highest internal consistency (coefficient alpha = 0.92) and the highest intercorrelation with the GDI. Furthermore, it was found that the PALP‐test and the GDI probably yield the most realistic distribution of persons in the three classes no symptoms, mild to moderate and severe, and also show the highest percentage of absolute correspondence. The MDS‐scale and MHM‐test scores showed little dispersion and probably indicated too much or too little pathology. The correspondence between the last two measures is mainly due to an over representation of the middle scoring class (mild to moderate indication of dysfunction of the temporomandibular joints and masticatory muscles). In screening procedures this can easily result in an overrepresentation of people with supposed pathology.
Oral health status among teenage schoolchildren in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Kerosuo Eero , Kerosuo Heidi , Kallio Pekka , Nyandini Ursuline
Published: May 2006

Abstract In the developing countries, the main dental problem has traditionally been periodontal disease, but recently dental caries has been reported to be increasing. There are some findings showing the same pattern in Tanzania. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence of caries and the periodontal status among schoolchildren in Dar es Salaam. The series consisted of pupils of classes 6 and 7 in Five primary schools (n= 640, ages 12–18 yr). Two‐thirds of the children examined were caries‐free. Boys had significantly lower DMF scores than girls, 0.7 and 1.2, respectively. Almost all the children showed early signs of gingivitis and assessment by the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) showed that in over 50% all sextants of the mouth were affected. In the older age group (15–18 yr) girls had a significantly higher number of periodontally healthy sextants than boys. The results confirm the high prevalence of periodontal problems but show a very low prevalence of caries. Thus, there are no signs of an alarming caries problem in Dar es Salaam, but oral hygiene education should be promoted.
Caries status at the moment of total tooth extraction in a rural and an urban area in the Netherlands
Authors: Bouma Jelte , Schaub Rob M. H. , van De Poel Fons
Published: May 2006

Abstract Edentulousness varies with the availability and accessibility of dental care. Comparing the dental status of groups of patients getting full dentures might give insight into the effect of different levels of supply of dental care on the dental condition. Therefore a research project has been started in the Netherlands in an urban and a rural area, having dentist‐patient ratios of 1:2,500 and 1:5,700 respectively. In the urban and rural area an equal proportion had partial dentures prior to losing the last of their teeth. However, in the urban area 33% of the patients wearing partial dentures had full maxillary or mandibular dentures; in the rural area this figure was 73%. In the rural area a larger proportion had lost 21 or more teeth at the moment of total extraction. Therefore, it was concluded that in the urban area more effort was spent in maintaining the natural dentition. Looking at DMF‐T figures and separate components of DMF‐T, no differences could be established between people living in areas with a high and a low dentist‐patient ratio.
Anterior dental trauma treated after‐hours in Newcastle, Australia
Authors: Liew Vincent P. , Daly Christopher G.
Published: May 2006

Abstract This study investigated the occurrence, causes and types of anterior dental trauma treated outside normal clinic and practice hours in Newcastle, Australia. During a 2 1/2‐yr period, 233 patients presented for treatment of traumatic injuries to anterior teeth on week nights, weekends and public holidays. The highest occurrence of trauma was in the 18 to 23 yr group (24.9%), followed by the 6 to 11 (23.6%) and the 12 to 17 (22.3%) yr groups. Men sustained injuries more frequently than women in all age groups. The male/female ratio was 2.6:1. The four main causes of trauma were falls (26.6%), sports (18.0%), bicycle accidents (14.2%) and assaults or fights (13.3%). The 233 patients sustained 488 injuries to 95 primary and 373 permanent teeth (n= 468). Maxillary central incisors were the most frequently injured teeth. The mean number of teeth injured per patient was 2.01. Luxation (46.9%) was the most common injury in the primary dentition. In the permanent dentition, crown fractures without pulp exposures (25.0%), followed by luxation (23.5%), were the most common injuries. Avulsion represented 11.5% of all injuries. The findings of this study indicate that anterior dental trauma treated after‐hours may be more severe, involve more teeth and affect predominantly older age groups than traumatic injuries treated during normal hours.
Tobacco smoking: a major risk factor for loss of teeth in three 70‐year‐old cohorts *
Authors: Österberg Tor , Mellström Dan
Published: May 2006

AbstractOral health was examined in a random sample of 1377 people in three 70‐yr‐old cohorts studied within 5‐yr intervals. During the studied period 1971–1983 the prevalence of toothlessness decreased from 52 to 34%. Toothlessness in men was more common in smokers, 48%, and ex‐smokers, 32%, than in non‐smokers, 20%. Eichner's index was used as a measurement of dental invalidity. This index showed a worse dental state among smokers and ex‐smokers compared to non‐smokers. Multivariate analyses indicated that tobacco smoking was a major independent risk factor for tooth loss in elderly men.
An attempt to motivate improved sugar discipline in a 12‐year‐old high caries‐risk group
Authors: Wikner Sune
Published: May 2006

Abstract Twelve‐yr‐old high caries‐risk children were identified by a low buffer capacity and high lactobacillus counts in stimulated saliva. A defined and standardized counselling technic was used, by which the children were recommended to reduce their sugar consumption. Seven weeks later the lactobacillus count in saliva was reduced to an acceptable level in 79%. The caries increment decreased by 66% over 1 yr.
Use of panoramic radiographs in general dental practice in England
Authors: Osman Fahema , Scully Crispian , Dowell Tom B. , Davies Robin M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The rapid growth in the use of panoramic radiographs provoked this survey of the reasons why general dental practitioners in Avon take such views. Of the 193 dentists who responded, 42 (22%) took one or more panoramic radiographs during a specified week. A total of 195 patients, 8% of those x‐rayed, had a panoramic radiograph taken either alone or in combination with other views. Panoramic radiographs were stated to have been taken primarily for the diagnosis of caries (48%) and surgical (24%), periodontal (20%), orthodontic (20%) and endodontic/apical assessment. These findings are discussed with respect to published guidelines on the use of panoramic radiographs and the teaching of radiology in dental schools.
A longitudinal study of dental health and treatment need in Swedish teenagers
Authors: Crossner Claes‐Göran , Unell Lennart
Published: May 2006

Abstract Ninety‐seven teenagers were followed from the age of 14 1/2 to 19 yr. During that time they were given regular dental care by the Public Dental Service. Data concerning dental caries, gingival status, probing pocket depths, sub gingival calculus, defective fillings, loss of attachment and additional preventive care were recorded. The prevalence and increment of caries were low and at 19 one‐third of the subjects had still needed no proximal restorative care at all. However, in 26% of the 19‐yr‐olds sub gingival calculus was diagnosed radio graphically and during the study period gingival inflammation changed from being merely a result of poor oral hygiene to an indication of initial periodontal disease. There was a sex difference in dental health, which increased with age and was of clinical importance at 19. In spite of a good caries situation, most of the subjects were in need of individual care due to an initial periodontal problem. Furthermore, the change to a treatment strategy based on prevention requires regular check‐ups, and an extension of intervals between dental examinations could not be justified in this study, especially as it seemed to be difficult for the regular dentist to predict future disease on a clinical basis.
Needs and implementation of preventive dentistry in China
Authors: Wei Stephen H. Y. , Shi Yang , Barmes David E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Based on a literature review and recent surveys, the needs and implementation of preventive dentistry in China have been estimated. The average DMFT of 12‐ and 15‐yr‐old schoolchildren in Beijing were 1.61 and 2.11 respectively. The caries prevalence was higher in the coastal cities in the south. The caries rate was also higher in urban areas than in rural areas. There were some controversies in the results of fluoridation studies with one study reporting as high as 47.2% of the children to be afflicted with enamel fluorosis. The community periodontal disease status and treatment needs index (CPTNI) showed that 93% of the 12‐yr‐olds had bleeding, 98% had calculus and 15% had shallow pockets, with 100% of the children needing prophylaxis. There was a high prevalence of dental malocclusion with 54% of schoolchildren with dental anomalies, of whom 36% needed treatment. Much emphasis had been placed on oral pathology, oral medicine and maxillofacial surgery in the curriculum of Stomatology in Chinese dental schools.
Dental study of handicapped children attending special schools in Birmingham, UK
Authors: Shaw Linda , Maclaurin Elizabeth T. , Foster T. Donald
Published: May 2006

Abstract The prevalence of dental caries, the levels of oral hygiene and the periodontal treatment requirements were assessed in 3562 handicapped children and 1344 randomly selected normal children attending schools in Birmingham, UK. The effect of different types of handicapping condition on these parameters was also evaluated. This investigation showed that there were few differences in caries prevalence when comparing handicapped children with children attending normal schools. However, the provision of dental care showed significant differences, with the handicapped children receiving less restorative treatment. There were also significantly poorer levels of oral hygiene and a greater prevalence of periodontal disease in the handicapped children attending special schools. The type of handicapping condition had a significant effect on the periodontal problems observed; those children with mental retardation having the poorest levels of oral hygiene and the greatest periodontal treatment requirements.