bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Questionamentos em Aulas de Química: Um Estudo Comparativo da Prática Pedagógica em Diferentes Contextos Sociais
Authors: Da Silva Rivaldo Lopes , Souza Geovânia dos Santos Moreira , Santos Bruno Ferreira dos
Published: April 2018

Este trabalho apresenta e discute os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre o discurso em salas de aula de Química e que teve como objeto os questionamentos do professor e dos estudantes. Baseada no conceito de enquadramento oriundo da teoria sobre o discurso pedagógico de Basil Bernstein e nos tipos de iniciação de Hugh Mehan, a pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a influência dos contextos sociais sobre a prática pedagógica de professores de Química e sua manifestação sobre seus questionamentos em sala de aula. Por meio da análise, comparamos o posicionamento do professor durante os episódios de questionamento e os tipos de iniciação apresentados nas perguntas do docente e de seus estudantes. A metodologia da pesquisa foi baseada em um estudo de caso, e os dados foram coletados em duas escolas urbanas de Ensino Médio situadas em diferentes contextos socioeconômicos. Os resultados mostraram diferenças no posicionamento do professor tanto em relação às respostas dos alunos quanto em relação às suas perguntas em ambas as escolas e também diferenças no posicionamento do professor em relação às perguntas dos alunos entre as escolas. Também com base nos resultados de nossa análise, identificamos uma relação entre o tipo de iniciação e os graus de enquadramento da prática pedagógica. Atribuímos estes resultados à diferença no ritmo das práticas pedagógicas entre as escolas e ao modo de controle do professor frente aos alunos das duas escolas. Tais diferenças geraram diferentes cadeias de interação e perguntas com níveis conceituais distintos.
Kentsel Yıkımın Bosna ve Filistin Örnekleri Üzerinden Kentkırım Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Yılmaz Fırat Harun , Şahin Ali
Published: April 2018

Kentler insanlığın gelişim sürecinin temel tanığıdır.
Kentler ayrıca gelişim sürecinin beraberinde getirdiği savaş ve çatışmaların da
temel mekânıdır. Siyasi, toplumsal ve teknolojik alanda yaşanan değişimler
çatışmalarda yeni kentsel militarizm, düşük yoğunluklu çatışma, dördüncü nesil
savaş olarak nitelendirilen şiddet formlarının ortaya çıkmasına neden
olmaktadır. 20. Yüzyılın son çeyreğinde ortaya çıkan kentkırım bu şiddet
formlarından biridir. Kenti oluşturan temel değerlere fiziki yapı üzerinden
doğrudan yapılan saldırılar kentkırımdır. Kentin bizatihi hedef olması; yapılı
çevrede gerçekleşen yıkımların sistematik ve planlı olması; yıkım sonrası
yeniden yapılanma süreci ile kentsel yaşamın kontrol altına alınması kavramı
çatışmaların meydana getirdiği ikincil zararlardan ayırmaktadır. Çalışmada
öncelikle kentkırım kavramının mevcut teorik çerçevesi ve kavrama ilişkin
yaklaşımlar ortaya konulmaktadır. Ardından Bosna ve Filistin’de yapılan kentsel
yıkımlar kentkırım kapsamında ele alınarak yıkımın sonuçları
değerlendirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda sosyal, tarihsel hafızanın yok olması başta
olmak üzere insanların kentsel çevre ile olan medeni ilişkilerine yönelik
tahribat ve kentkırımın kültür mirasına olan etkileri ele alınmaktadır.
Dil Bilgisi Öğretirken Neden Sözlüklere Başvurmalıyız?
Authors: Baskın Sami
Published: April 2018

Dil
bilgisi, insanların kendilerini doğru ifade etmelerine ve başkalarını
anlamalarına yardım eden bir bilgi türüdür. Ev ortamında veya diğer farklı
sosyal platformlarda iletişim becerileri edinenlerin okuma, yazma, dinleme ve
konuşma yetenekleri okullarda geliştirilirken bu bilgi türünden yararlanılır.
Öğrencilerin düzeyleri arttıkça dil becerileri artar ve farklı dil bilgisel
bilgi türlerinin farkına varırlar. Ayrıca, okullarda gerçekleştirilen eğitim ve
öğretim faaliyetleri öğrencileri dil bilgisi hakkında araştırma yapmaya zorlar.
Bunun sonucunda öğrenciler dil bilgisi kitaplarına ya da sözlüklere bakmaya
yönelirler. Bu çalışma, sözlük-dil bilgisi ilişkisine odaklanmaktadır. Özellikle
Türkçede kullanılan zamirlerden hareketle öğrencilerin dil bilgisine ilişkin
bilgi edinmek için neden sözlüklere başvurmaları gerektiğini açıklamaktadır. Bu
amaçla, Türkçe Sözlük ve dil bilgisi kitaplarındaki zamirlerin sayısı
karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu karşılaştırma, sözlüklerin ayrıntılı dil bilgisel kurallar
içeren kitaplardan çok daha fazla bilgi içerdiğini örneklerle ortaya çıkarmış
ve öğrencilerin sadece kelimenin anlamı için değil, öğrenmeye çalıştıkları
dilin dil bilgisi kurallarını da görmeleri için sözlüklere başvurması
gerektiğini göstermiştir.
Muhafazakâr Kadınlarda Tüketici Davranışı Ve Marka Algısı Üzerine Bir Çalışma
Authors: Peker Ayşe Esra , Boyraz Ayşe
Published: April 2018

DModernleşme
sürecinin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan muhafazakârlık kavramı, modernleşme
ile olan karşıtlık bağlamında şekillenen ideolojik bir doktrin olarak kabul
edilmektedir. Ancak son dönemde muhafazakârlık kavramında değişim bu algının
biraz daha farklılaşmasına neden olmuştur. Bu iki kavram arasındaki kavram
kargaşasının temelinde modernite ile muhafazakâr kavramlarının bulunduğu konumların
farklı olması yatmaktadır. Türkiye’de muhafazakârlık algısının değişimi 1980’li
yıllara dayanmaktadır. Daha önceleri kültürel alanda eskiyi, geleneksel olanı
yaşama ve köklü değerler sistemini korumak temeline dayanan muhafazakârlık
kavramı, 1980 sonrası dönemde yerini “Yeni Muhafazakârlık” kavramına
bırakmıştır. Muhafazakârlık anlayışında oluşan bu değişim ile birlikte kültürel
ve sosyal etkinliklere, restoranlara, konserlere, sinemalara ve tatil köylerine
yeni muhafazakâr ideolojisini benimseyen kadınlarında yüksek oranda katılım
gösterdiği gözlemlenmiştir. Son dönemde moda sektöründe muhafazakâr kadınlara
yönelik yapılan tasarımların sayısının arttığı ve artık muhafazakâr kadınların
kendi giyim kalıplarına ait moda konusunda tercih yapabildiği bir pazarın
oluştuğu görülmektedir. Özellikle sosyal medya kullanımının artması ile
birlikte bu sürecin daha da hızlandığı ve yeni bir pazar haline geldiği
görülmektedir.

Bu
bağlamda çalışmada kişisel
bakım ürünleri  (eşarp, şal, ayakkabı ve
çanta) kategorisinde markaya önem veren ve tüketme eğiliminde olan muhafazakâr
kadınlar analiz edilerek çalışmanın örneklem çerçevesini oluşturmuşlardır. Bu
doğrultuda 155 muhafazakâr kadın ile internet üzerinden anket yapılmıştır.
Çalışmada kişisel bakım ürünleri kullanan muhafazakâr kadınların,  marka sadakatini “benimseme duygusu” ve
“satın alma niyeti” boyutlarıyla, öncül faktörler olan “marka algısı ve
memnuniyet hissi” arasındaki ilişkileri değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Çalışmanın temelini oluşturan marka algısı, memnuniyet hissi ve marka sadakati
konuları çalışılmış olmasına rağmen örneklemin muhafazakâr kadınlardan oluşması
çalışmayı özgün kılmaktadır. Çalışmanın gelecekteki çalışmalara ışık tutacağı
düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar
Kelime:
Muhafazakâr kadın, Tüketici davranışı, Marka Algısı, Memnuniyet Hissi,
Benimseme Duygusu
Parasitary Infestation In A Fox
Authors: ÖZKAN Burçak
Published: April 2018

Foxes are a member of Canidae family belonging to carnivora order. There are a lot of fox species all around the world. Human population growth, anthropogenic landscape changes, ameliorated vaccine protocols, laws against hunting, the increasing interest towards wildlife and wild animals resulted in augmented fox population and human-fox interaction. These all have important biologic consequences such as prevention and treatment of zoonotic diseases and endangered species protection. Both sarcoptic mange and coccidiois are two important parasitary diseases seen in foxes. In this case, a young female fox suffering sarcoptic mange and coccidiosis is presented. Haemogram and biochemistry measurements of the patient were between normal intervals except values pointing out a slight anemia. This anemia was thought to be due to parasitary infestations. A therapy schedule including ivermectin, trimetoprim/sulfa, vitamin-B was applied according to the literature and the treatment was judged as successful. Important conclusions gained from this report have been shared in the result of the case report.
Hypothermia in Newborn Calves
Authors: Kozat Süleyman
Published: April 2018

One of the most important losses in animal husbandry is yield loss of neonatal calves. The first hour of birth and life in newborn neonatal is very important for the survival of life. According to the results of the research, it is reported that the mortality rates of the calves are higher in the beginning of spring and in the winter season. Approximately 50 to 53% of calf defects in the neonatal period occur at birth or within two days of life. The most important cause of calf’s losses is the formation of hypothermia in newborns because of the temperature of the environment is much lower than body temperature of calf, the change of air temperature (cold air and strong wind), the calf wetness and the lack of thermoregulation. In this review, detailed information about causes of hypothermia, treatment and prevention of neonatal calf defects will be provided.
Terapia acuática en neurorrehabilitación
Authors: Moscoso Alvarado Fabiola
Published: April 2018

La terapia acuática es muy útil para mejorar la función de las personas en inmersión,porque en el agua los pacientes flotan fácilmente, propiciando mejor movimiento con menor esfuerzo, la resistencia causada por la viscosidad del agua,le ayuda al fortalecimiento muscular ; la presión que el fluido ejerce simultáneamente ante todo en todo el cuerpo inmerso (presión hidrostática) disminuye el edema, incrementa el gasto cardiaco, aumenta la presión intratoráxica, durante el ejercicio. El agua tibia, aumenta la temperatura del tejido superficial creando un efecto sedativo, reduce la tensión muscular secundaria, favorece el flujo sanguíneo, restaura la oxigenación de los tejijos, y remueve los desechos mejora la nutrición disminuye la rigidez y el dolor inducido por la eisquemia. Además, acelera las funciones metabólicas de las célular, la circularción de la sangre y la linfa. Por esta razón un trabajo efectivo debe incluir actividades que permitan vivenciar los principios físicos de la mecánica de fluidos y técnicas de tratamiento fisioterapéutico.
Diffusion and Adoption of Credit Cards in Indian Banking Sector
Authors: Kaur Dr. Mandeep , Kaur Dr.Kamalpreet
Published: April 2018

The study emphasizes on the identification of factors, which may have influenced the banks to adopt credit cards along with their traditional banking services. Bank specific variables were investigated to deepen the understanding on the diffusion and adoption of credit cards. The data relating to sampled banks’ characteristics have been collected from database of Reserve Bank of India. To know about the status of the bank regarding its adoption of credit card, the websites and annual reports of the banks were explored during different intervals of time period of the study. The study considers the dependent variable i.e. adoption of credit cards as dichotomous variable, whether or not a bank renders the credit card services, denoting 1 if the bank has adopted credit card otherwise 0. The logistic regression has thus been applied to get the valid and reliable results. The empirical findings reveal that, size, non-interest income, non performing assets, profitability, age and market share of the bank are the variables which have contributed significantly in the diffusion and adoption of credit cards.
Growth of Mutual Fund Industry in India
Authors: Chandra Mehta Dr.Mukund , Kaur Prof Harmeet
Published: April 2018

Mutual funds are defined as a vehicle that pools the savings from number of small investors having predetermined investment objective and make large corpus of these savings and invest the same in a diversified portfolio. The income earned or the appreciation in the capital is then shared among the unit holders in proportion of their contribution in the corpus.Hence it is the most suitable investment option for small investors who do not have sufficient capital, as it enables them to invest in blue chip companies. Over the years SEBI has taken various measures to re-energize the growth of mutual fund industry. This paper attempts to analyze the growth pattern of mutual fund industries in India. Moreover it endeavors to study the response of investors to the wide variety of mutual fund schemes
Tourism and Development: De/Constructing Discourse
Authors: Thapa Roshan
Published: April 2018

This article is an outgrowth of an odyssey of more than a decade to the very popular touristic destinations of Nepal, namely Ghale Gaon, Sirubari and Bandipur, and disciplinarily synergetic in my act of knowing and representing- the objectivities and the subjectivities emerging in tourist-host interaction, the public discourses, and the ways these have shaped these destinations today- my primary concern in this article. Today, these destinations, which would perhaps remain virgin, development and otherwise, are at threshold, vividly manifesting array of changes in every spheres of living in with their adherence to village tourism in the name of development per se modernization, the camelian evolution if not reinstate on time with pragmatic tourism paradigm to my anticipation these destination will not thrive to attack tourists as of today and consequently thwart development in true sense With this conscientization, by focusing on the effects of tourism and new ways of sensing tourism and development this article proposes an alternative episteme in tourism and development analysis with special reference of these destinations In my attempt to do justice to the era to which I belong, as a devotee of post-modernism centripetal to undertaking this task were the postulates of social constructivism and “(N)One Paradigmatic Research Design”, at my disposal. I am hopeful that this paper contributes to the deficit of knowledge in relating concepts and theories to what I termed as anthropic development.The Gaze: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Vol.9 2018 p.1-22
Tourism Destination Marketing: A Case Study of Lumbini Nepal
Authors: Khatri Ishwari
Published: April 2018

The paper is essentially related with the study of marketing of a destination. A destination which includes every provision for the visitors attracts continuous flow of visitors. Being a foremost religious site of the Buddhism, the study of Lumbini is always been a subject of choice. In the context of tourism destination marketing, the author engages in a field survey with 184 visitors to gather information on attractiveness and positioning of destination Lumbini; and evaluates the effects with the use of different data analysis methods and statistical tools so as to come to the prospects, challenges and future policy suggestions.The Gaze: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Vol.9 2018 p.69-82
Efficacy and Safety of Sublingual versus Vaginal Misoprostol for Pre-induction Cervical Ripening among Primigravida
Authors: Acharya Indira , Thapa Sumana , Chaudhary Pushpa
Published: April 2018

Introduction: Induction of labor is an intervention intended to artificially initiate uterine contractions resulting in progressive effacement and dilatation of the cervix. This is a common intervention during pregnancy in both industrialized and non-industrialized countries.Misoprostol is the commonly used induction agent. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of sublingual route of misoprostol with that of vaginal for pre-induction cervical ripening at term among Primigravida.Methods: This study was a hospital based cross sectional comparative study, conducted at a tertiary center, Kathmandu over a period of 6 months extending from July 2010 to December 2010. Primigravida at 40-42 weeks of gestation who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study and were randomly enrolled for sublingual misoprostol and vaginal misoprostol.Results: More women in the vaginal misoprostol group had Bishop score more than six after 8 hours of insertion of first dose (80%) compared to those who received sublingual misoprostol (48%). The mean induction to   delivery interval was shorter in the vaginal misoprostol group (12.12 hours) compared to (12.96) in sublingual group. Use of oxytocin for augmentation of labour was required more in the sublingual group but the difference was not significant statistically.Conclusion: Both sublingual and vaginal routes of misoprostol administration were equally effective and appeared safe for pre-induction cervical ripening at term.
Horseshoe Kidney: A Fusion Anomaly
Authors: Pokhrel Rishi , Kunwar Ajaya Jang , Thapa Isabela , Singh Poonam , Sapkota Samrat , Adhikari Shailesh , Thapa Trilok Pati
Published: April 2018

A horseshoe shaped kidney was found in an approximately 35 years old female cadaver during routine dissection at anatomy lab of our department. Further careful dissection was done in situ and ureter and related blood vessels were identified and painted for identification. The isthmus connecting the inferior poles of the kidneys was ventral to the great abdominal vessels. There were multiple vessels supplying the horseshoe kidney on either side, the ureteric drainage pattern was also not symmetrical. Horseshoe kidney is the commonest renal fusion anomaly found in 1 in 400-600 individuals, it is twice common in males than females. It occurs when kidneys are pushed too close to each other during their relative ascent through arterial fork of umbilical arteries in fetal life. Horseshoe kidney is associated with increased risk of renal calculus. Surgical division of the isthmus improves the renal function even in the absence of any pathology. Due to vascular variations, Angiographyor CT scanning with vascular reconstruction is very helpful when planning surgery on horseshoe kidney.
Towards Marxian Internet Studies
Authors: Fuchs Christian
Published: April 2018

This article gives an overview of example approaches of Critical Internet Studies and points out key concepts of this field. Critical Cyberculture Studies and Critical Political Economy/Critical Theory of the Internet are identified as two approaches in Critical Internet Studies. The paper also discusses the role of 11 Marxian concepts for Critical Internet Studies. Marxian concepts that have been reflected in Critical Internet Studies include: dialectics, capitalism, commodification, surplus value/exploitation/alienation/class, globalization, ideology, class struggle, commons, public sphere, communism, and aesthetics. The paper points out the importance of explicitly acknowledging the importance of Karl Marx’s thinking in Critical Internet Studies. Marx’s concepts are today frequently used implicitly, without acknowledging and engaging with their roots. A critique of the approach of “Critical” Cyberculture Studies is advanced. This approach is compared to the approaches of Critical Theory and Critical Political Economy of the Internet. The difference between these two approaches reflects the debate about class exploitation and non-class domination between Cultural Studies and Critical Political Economy in Media and Communication Studies.
There is No Alternative: The Critical Potential of Alternative Media in the Face of Neoliberalism.
Authors: Andersson Linus
Published: April 2018

The article discusses the concept of “the alternative” and the media through four sections. The first section discusses neoliberalism and the connection between neoliberal doctrine and mainstream media. This connection is described as promoting “public amnesia”, financialization and economization of news journalism, and social divide. The second section discusses alternative media from the perspective of new social movements and symbolic resistance, claiming that the symbolic resistance framework undermines the critical potential of alternative media. The third section comments on some recent critical literature on neoliberalism and capitalism. The fourth section takes examples from artistic explorations of capitalism and television to propose how a media of the alternative might learn from art practices.
Systemic Propaganda as Ideology and Productive Exchange
Authors: Sussman Gerald
Published: April 2018

Abstract: Informed by the works of Marx and his progeny (Lukács, Gramsci, Althusser) as well as more recent marxian scholarship, the purpose of this paper is to explore the role of ideology and propaganda in the production and circulation of commodities and in the informalization of the contemporary workplace, particularly in the context of the promotional economy, politics, and culture of the United States.  The heightened functions of media and communication technologies  mark the pinnacle expression of late capitalism—the  production, reproduction and colonization of the sphere of consciousness as a necessary condition for the maintenance of the corporate state as it faces its most profound contradictions in production and governance. The central question is whether the present dialectic is leading to a more liberated commons or to a society of exploited prosumers in what Italian Autonomistas call the “social factory.”
Communication and Symbolic Capitalism. Rethinking Marxist Communication Theory in the Light of the Information Society
Authors: Pleios George
Published: April 2018

Communication is examined in the realm of Marxist theory not as an autonomous social field, but as a component in the total social structure. It is argued that there was a shift from the initial Marxist idea of forms of communication as relations of production to communication as part of the superstructure, and that this view has prevailed in Marxist theory for a long period of time. In the work of later Marxists, we can spot a re-connection of communication with the capitalist mode of production, but not with the process of structuration and changing of relations of  production. In my view, first we must connect these modifications in Marxist theory with the changes in the capitalist mode of production itself and secondly we must seek the role of communication primarily in the production process.  We stress that at the end of the 19th century there was a shift from extensive to intensive forms of surplus value which was tightly interconnected with the mass (enlarged) consumption of symbolic commodities and commodities – symbols as stimulus for the intensive production. In this way capitalism was transformed to symbolic capitalism. In the ‘60s, the symbolic logic of enlarged consumption led to the need for diverse and flexible production and therefore to the deep information – symbolic changes in technology and social organization of the labour. Thus the logic of consumption became logic of production. This made possible on one hand the shrinkage of the enlarged consumption and on the other the high productivity of the economic systems. This was the rise of a new, deep symbolic capitalism, which made possible the social change without seizing the power. Therefore, the recent developments in the capitalist mode of production takes us back to the primary Marxist notion of communication forms as relations of production and make possible to change the laters by changing the first.
What Is Digital Labour? What Is Digital Work? What’s their Difference? And Why Do These Questions Matter for Understanding Social Media?
Authors: Fuchs Christian , Sevignani Sebastian
Published: April 2018

This paper deals with the questions: What is digital labour? What is digital work? Based on Marx’s theory, we distinguish between work and labour as anthropological and historical forms of human activity. The notion of alienated labour is grounded in a general model of the work process that is conceptualized based on a dialectic of subject and object in the economy that we present in the form of a model, the Hegelian-Marxist dialectical triangle of the work process. Various aspects of a Marxist theory of work and labour, such as the notions of abstract and concrete labour, double-free labour, productive labour, the collective worker and general work are presented. Labour is based on a fourfold alienation of the human being. After these concepts are introduced, they are used for discussing the notions of digital labour and digital work. The presentation is on the one hand general and on the other hand uses Facebook as a concrete case for explaining how digital labour functions. Digital work is the organisation of human experiences with the help of the human brain, digital media and speech in such a way that new products are created. Digital labour is the valorisation dimension of digital work. We conclude that we require the transformation of digital labour into digital work, a true social media revolution that makes “social media” truly and fully social. We also argue why in our view work is not the same as labour by discussing the concept of playful work and pointing out limits of concepts such as antiwork, postwork and zerowork.
For the Lulz: Anonymous, Aesthetics and Affect
Authors: Stoehrel Rodrigo Ferrada , Lindgren Simon
Published: April 2018

The focus of this paper is on different but connected areas of power – relating to things such as economic globalisation, surveillance, censorship/freedom, ‘terrorism’ and/or specific military activity – visually represented through online media, and intentionally produced to inform a wide spectrum of individuals and interest groups about global and local social injustices. Or, more importantly, produced and distributed with the purpose of providing users with possibilities to engage, bodily and emotionally, in diverse ways: may it be through physical antiwar/anti-wall street protests or hacktivist tactics (e.g. DDoS attacks). We examine a sample of videos, photographs and propaganda posters produced, and digitally distributed (2008-2013), by the fragmented body of activists united globally under the generic name of Anonymous. Analytically, we will draw upon Mouffe’s thoughts on ‘antagonism’ and ‘passion,’ Foucault’s ideas on international citizenship and the (ethical) ‘right to intervene’ (beyond governmentality), together with Sontag’s notion of institutional political inertia and the Deleuzian/Spinozian perspective on affect as a capacity for action. The goal is to analyse the ways in which Anonymous systematically inspire (not only) the radical and social imaginary but also other direct forms of action that have potential societal effects.
Visual Memes as Neutralizers of Political Dissent
Authors: Hristova Stefka
Published: April 2018

A meme, conceived as the cultural equivalent of the biological gene by Richard Dawkins, spread through culture like a virus – quickly and widely. Its viral power is in turn understood as product of nature, rather than culture – or rather as threatening to subvert culture into a condition of nature. Firing up over night, and disappearing just as quickly, memes are often allowed to run their course and fade into oblivion, only to return again.  They emerge at moments of contestation of dominant narratives and through their participatory structure of imitation and mutation allow for the dissolution of points of ideological conflict and the reestablishment of a normative narrative. If not too threatening to the health of the state body, these cultural viruses are left unchecked as they build the immunity, and further, in Derrida’s terms, the “autoimmunity” of the nation-state. In this project, I explore the role of visual Internet memes as neutralizers of contested past and present narratives of occupation and dissent by focusing the digital visual memes associated with the Occupy Movement in the United States. More specifically, I examine the emergence of the term “occupy” as an visual Internet meme in and of itself – Occupy Wall Street spurred Occupy Chicago, Oakland and even Sesame Street and the North Pole, as well as a marker of a revolution - revolving viral civil and political dissent. I argue that there is a notable distinction between physical participation the Occupy Movement and virtual participation through the reworking of Occupy’s memes, where as the first modality serves as an active disruptor of the political normative imaginary, the second works in precisely the opposite fashion  - in its reconstitution of a common-sense dominant image of the political.
Concepts of Digital Labour: Schelling's Naturphilosophie
Authors: Mitchell Kevin Michael
Published: April 2018

This paper uses F.W.J. Schelling’s Naturphilsophie as a point of departure to theorize the concept of digital labour. Beginning with Marx’s distinction between fulfilling and unfulfilling labour, it is argued that the former is labour that is immanent to, and in line with, the Schellingian notion of Nature as process and ungrounded ground, while the unfulfilling variant externalizes Nature and attempts to use it against itself in the service of capital, and the establishment of what I call a state-of-power. Schelling’s The Ages of the World is re-interpreted by exchanging his version of immaterial spirituality for digital virtuality, and as a result, digital labour is viewed as a consequence of previous forms of world historical developments. While digital virtuality is in fact materialist in terms of both the labour that activates it, and the substrate that sustains it, the materiality of the digital is often overlooked in favour of an anti-materialist stance that works to disconnect the digital labourer from their online activity, and preclude the critical self-awareness necessary for the acknowledgement of their online “playful” activity as work. It ends with an analysis of Mark Zuckerberg’s ideational attempt to “re-wire” the world via Facebook’s digital infrastructure, which begins to set the conditions of possibility for inter-personal interaction, and explores the possibilities for resistance available in Foucault’s notion of the care of the self.
Alienation and Digital Labour—A Depth-Hermeneutic Inquiry into Online Commodification and the Unconscious
Authors: Krüger Steffen , Johanssen Jacob
Published: April 2018

At the core of this paper is a psychosocial inquiry into the Marxist concept of alienation and its applications to the field of digital labour. Following a brief review of different theoretical works on alienation, it looks into its recent conceptualisations and applications to the study of online social networking sites. Finally, the authors offer suggestions on how to extend and render more complex these recent approaches through in-depth analyses of Facebook posts that exemplify how alienation is experienced, articulated, and expressed online. For this perspective, the article draws on Rahel Jaeggi’s (2005) reassessment of alienation, as well as the depth-hermeneutic method of “scenic understanding” developed by Alfred Lorenzer (e.g. 1970; 1986).
Introduction: Philosophers of the World Unite! Theorising Digital Labour and Virtual Work—Definitions, Dimensions, and Forms
Authors: Sandoval Marisol , Fuchs Christian , Prodnik Jernej A. , Sevignani Sebastian , Allmer Thomas
Published: April 2018

In 1845, Karl Marx (1845, 571) formulated the 11th Feuerbach Thesis: “The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it.” Today, interpreting the world has become an important form of labour that is expressed on and with the help of digital media. In this context it has become common to talk about digital labour and virtual work. Yet the changes that digital, social, and mobile media bring about in the world of labour and work have thus far only been little theoretically interpreted. In order to change the information society for the better, we first have to interpret digital labour with the help of critical theories. Social theorists of the world from different fields, backgrounds, interdisciplines, transdisciplines, and disciplines have to unite for this collective philosophical task. This special issue of tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique aims to contribute to building a theoretical framework for the critical analysis of digital labour, virtual work, and related concepts that can initiate further debates, inform empirical studies, and inspire social struggles connected to work and labour in and beyond digital capitalism. The papers collected in this special issue (a) provide systematic definitions of digital labour, (b) analyse its specific dimension, and (c) discuss different forms of digital labour.
Media and Cultural Industries Internships: A Thematic Review and Digital Labor Parallels
Authors: Corrigan Thomas
Published: April 2018

This article reviews existing research on the motivations and experiences of interns in media and cultural industries. Digital labour theories are used to organize and make sense of the existing internship literature. Throughout the article, parallels are also drawn between the experiences of interns and those of digital creative labourers—both professionals and peer producers. Three key themes are identified within the internship literature: 1) interns derive satisfaction from work they con- sider meaningful, particularly hands-on work executed under the training and trust of effective supervisors; 2) interns see their work as future-oriented investments in their skills, professional networks, and personal brands; and 3) the ambiguity and professional necessity of media and cultural industries internships make them fertile ground for exploitation and self-exploitation. In conclusion, I argue that attentiveness to meaning, temporality, and ambiguity will be essential to future critical investigations of internships.
Interrogating Course-Related Public Interest Internships in Communications
Authors: Smeltzer Sandra
Published: April 2018

This article examines the benefits and drawbacks of for-credit, unpaid internships geared towards the public good. Attention is focused specifically on communication internships with non- governmental, non-profit, and community-based organizations. Drawing on a series of semi-structured interviews with students, staff, faculty, and host organizations, the author advances a critical model of service learning that more fully recognizes the labour of community partners and encourages students to consider what role they can and should play in advancing the public good. The article also highlights two key issues vis-à-vis public interest internships that are of particular relevance to the field of communications. The first is a disconnect between, on the one hand, communications as a theoretical field of study and, on the other hand, the skills communication students are typically expected to bring with them into their placements. The second is a growing tension between what different members of the university community expect out of public interest internships: politically safe forms of community engagement palatable to university administrations versus more activist-oriented placements with organizations and movements that contest structures of control both on and off campus. The author contends that communication programs must critically reflect upon how politically benign and/or contentious internships support their pedagogical goals and what resources need to be in place to meet the- se objectives.
The Real World of the Decentralized Autonomous Society
Authors: Garrod J.Z.
Published: April 2018

Although it is still in early stages, many commentators have been quick to note the revolutionary potential of next-generation or Bitcoin 2.0 technology. While some have expressed fear that the widespread application of these technologies may engender the rise of a Terminator-style Skynet, others believe that it represents the coming of a decentralized autonomous society (DAS) in which humans are freed from centralized forms of power through the proliferation of distributed autonomous organizations or DAOs. Influenced by neoliberal theory that stresses privatization, open markets, and deregulation, Bitcoin 2.0 technologies are implicitly working on the assumption that 'freedom' means freedom from the state. This neglects, however, that within capitalist societies, the state can also provide freedom from the vagaries of the market by protecting certain things from commodification. Through an analysis of (1) class and the role of the state; (2) the concentration and centralization of capital; and (3) the role of automation, I argue that the vision of freedom that underpins Bitcoin 2.0 tech is one that neglects the power that capital holds over us in both organizing the structure of our lives, and informing our idea of what it means to be human. In neglecting these other forms of power, I claim that the DAS might be a far more dystopian development than its supporters comprehend, making possible societies that are commodities all the way down.
Reflections on Phishing for Phools – The Economics of Manipulation and Deception
Authors: Klikauer Thomas
Published: April 2018

Abstract: Nobel Prize winning economists Akerlof and Shiller’s phishing for phools explains the economics behind mass deception and manipulation in market economies. While “phishing” is commonly known as a form of internet fraught, their book ‘takes a new, broader meaning, i.e. getting people to do things that are in the interest of the phisherman, but not in the interest of the target. A phool is someone who, for whatever reason, is successfully phished. These are emotional phools (feelings override common sense) and information phools (people act on information that is intentionally crafted to mislead them). Divided into “unpaid bills and financial crash”, “phishing in many contexts”, and “general lessons”, the book uses rafts of examples from economics, the media, and advertising to substantiate their claim. While it avoids linking their findings to capitalism, the book contains a few helpful hints when seeking to avoid being “phished as a phool”. In the end, and despite the economic analysis of the two Nobel Prize winners, the more illuminating book on the subject remains Lindstrom’s “Buyology”.
Cloud & Crowd: New Challenges for Labour in the Digital Society
Authors: Boes Andreas , Kämpf Tobias , Lühr Thomas , Langes Barbara , Ziegler Alexander
Published: April 2018

Cloudworking and crowdsourcing are currently often seen as the epitome of a “revolution in the world of work” (Dettmer and Dohmen 2012). The paper deals with these developments and their relevance for work and society. The emergence of a global “information space” (Baukrowitz and Boes 1996) enables companies to expand the scope of their value production far beyond their formal boundaries, integrating forms of work that have been non-capitalist in character up to now. The result is a new stage of capitalist “Landnahme”. The novelty of such colonization strategies in the information space is that they endeavour to make work within and without the formal boundaries of the company mutually exchangeable, on the basis of informatized and industrialized production structures, and to capitalize on this interplay between inside and outside. This development entails great challenges in society. The social system of labour undergoes a reconstitution process which infringes on the foundations of our present labour regulation system, both upon the society and the company level.
Reflections on Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri’s Book “Assembly”
Authors: Fuchs Christian
Published: April 2018

This contribution presents reflections on Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri’s book “Assembly” (2017, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0190677961).Keywords: assembly, Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, multitude, common, entrepreneurship of the multitude, the new Prince, digital capitalism, digital assemblage, neoliberalism, finance
Professing Contradictions: Knowledge Work and the Neoliberal Condition of Academic Workers
Authors: Briziarelli Marco , Flores Joseph L.
Published: April 2018

In this paper, we will provide an interpretation of the condition of academic labor, which is understood as a particular kind of knowledge work and labor. Our objective is to explore the contradictory condition of academics in terms of class position, production of value and subjectivity, showing both its idiosyncrasies as well as its alignment with the broader experience of working in current post-Fordist capitalism. First, paying particular attention to the US media and communication departments that develop critical cultural scholarship, we reflect on the unresolved impasse deriving from the distinction of mental and manual labor. Second, we describe this profession as being characterized by a contradictory class location and a valorization that relies on a continuous negotiation for better exchange rate between intellectual and financial capital. Third, we consider how such a context subjectively translates in an ever-resolved condition of ‘employability,’ which comprises vocational aspects and the necessity dictated by the hope to reach stability and recognition.
Social Media for Digital and Social Inclusion: Challenges for Information Society 2.0 Research & Policies
Authors: Verdegem Pieter
Published: April 2018

In this paper we reflect on how research and policies can and/or should help in the development of a sustainable participatory information society for all. More specifically, we aim to investigate critically how social media can entail both potential and pitfalls, especially with regard to the difficult relationship between digital and social inclusion. First of all, traditional information society policies are scrutinized. Furthermore, we point at the existence of digital inequalities and we reflect briefly on policy intervention on e-inclusion. In addition, we also evaluate the raise of social media. Finally, attention is given to the challenge of how research can contribute to the participation of all in the information society.
Abduction as Incomplete Parameter Estimation
Authors: Kamiura Moto
Published: April 2018

Abduction is a kind of logical inference, and has been studied in computer science and artificial intelligence (Fin- lay and Dix 1996). Recently, Sawa and Gunji (2010) introduced a diagram to represent three types of inference: i.e. deduc- tion, induction, and abduction, which are articulated by C.S.Peirce. Sawa-Gunji’s representation provides a new approach to a numerical aspect of abduction. In the present paper, we show that Sawa-Gunji's representation of abduction is consistent with Finlay-Dix's one, and integrate the two representations. Both parameter estimation and abduction occupy a similar position on the integrated representation, although they are not completely corresponding. We present "incomplete" pa- rameter estimation as a sort of "simulated abduction", which is a numerical aspect of abduction. It is applied to a first-order autoregressive (AR(1)) model. As a result of numerical analyses on AR(1), the incompletely estimated parameter (IEP) follows a Cauchy distribution, which has a power law of the slope -2 in the tail, although conventionally estimated parameter is normally distributed. It is shown that the Cauchy distribution of the IEP is based on structure of ratio distribution of normal random variables generated from the AR(1). This research suggests that the distribution of the IEP is not based on a mech- anism of system itself, but on relationship between data structure on the given system (i.e. the given AR(1) process) and one on the system observer (i.e. the estimator of the AR(1) parameter).
A Critique of the Political Economy of Algorithms: A Brief History of Google’s Technological Rationality
Authors: Bilić Paško
Published: April 2018

In this article, I argue that the debate about the irrational consequences of rationality, discussed within the tradition of the Frankfurt School, and applied to technology and machinery in the concept of technological rationality (Marcuse 1941; 1960; 2007/1964; 2009/1965), can help us better understand and criticise contemporary algorithmic capitalism. In particular, the dialectical relation between technics and technology proposed by Marcuse (1941) can help us better understand the contexts of building digital technologies as tools for control and dominance. I analyse Alphabet Inc.’s (Google) documents, such as the Securities and Exchange Filing (SEC) Form 10-Ks in the period between 2004 and 2016, as well as Search Quality Rating Guidelines (SQRG) between 2016 and 2017. Based on recorded corporate growth, I argue that the company developed on the foundation of three interconnected technological rationalities: organisational rationality of flexible management values and labour utilisation; informational rationality of generating value from advertising and audience labour; and rationality of surplus value accumulation based on reification of labour and consciousness. The company produces two main types of commodities: audience commodity and algorithmic commodity, each solidifying the company’s control and dominance over Internet usage habits.
The Mexican Third Sector of the Media: The Long Run to Democratise the Mexican Communication System
Authors: Gomez Rodrigo
Published: April 2018

This article addresses the structural historical conditions of the Mexican communication system (MCS) in relation to the process of its democratisation. In order to analyse this process of democratisation, the research focused on the struggles of the third sector of the media – citizen/community/popular/free/alternative/radical/indigenous – to find room in that communication system. The aim was to highlight the structural inequality faced by this sector when compared with the hegemony of the private/commercial – or first – sector. From a normative perspective, a democratic and pluralistic communication system must have fair and equitable conditions among the three media sectors – private, public and citizen – with the aim of generating horizontal public spheres as a plural network of spaces for public conversation and deliberation on common issues.
The Role of Extrusion Conditions on the Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Protein
Authors: Verbeek C. J. R. , Izuchukwu S. C. P. , Bier J. M.
Published: April 2018

Mechanical properties of Novatein thermoplastic protein compounded at different extrusion temperatures and processing water contents have been examined in a factorial experiment. Thermoplastic proteins are moisture sensitive and can be prone to thermal degradation during processing. Processing water was varied between 30 and 45 parts per hundred parts bloodmeal while the extrusion temperature was varied between 120 and 150 °C to identify a processing window suitable for process scale up. To resolve any effects processing water had on protein-protein interactions from its plasticising effect, injection molded specimens were mechanically tested both as molded and after conditioning at controlled temperature and humidity. Despite all conditioned samples having approximately the same moisture content, mechanical properties were different. Tensile strength and modulus decreased with increasing processing water at the same equilibrium moisture content. DMA and WAXS suggested this was due to changes in chain mobility within the amorphous phase of the material, rather than conformational change towards a more ordered state. Properties of unconditioned specimens were mostly dependent on the plasticising effect of different amounts of processing water remaining in the material after injection molding. Extrusion temperature had very little effect on mechanical properties, suggesting that Novatein is robust enough to handle some temperature variations during processes such as injection molding.