bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conquering New Spaces
Authors: Romero Raul R
Published: November 2023

When the people of the Mantaro Valley established a “presence” in Lima the search for “cultural authenticity” confronted new challenges. In a first stage (1900-1950), the migrants from the Mantaro Valley, constrained in term of its meager demographics, joined forces with other Andean com munities in Lima. In a second phase (1950-present), they rediscovered their regional sovereignty and adopted new vehicles for cultural reproduction, such as the modern media.1 Still, their quest is mediated by forces that, however concealed in the valley itself, in the nation’s capital assume relevance, such as state policies and an extended interregional market. Within the processes that I will describe in this chapter, two facts are of special relevance. The first one is that music arises as the primary weapon for cultural resistance, since no other Andean artistic expression had retained the ability to propose an alternative cultural sensibility to that of the elite of Lima’s coastal population, among whom were and are the dominant, wealthier, and most powerful segments of the country (see chapter 5). Andean handicrafts made by Indian and mestizo artisans were “discovered” around the 1940s by urban art collectors and since then have been ubiquitous “ornamental” pieces, some of them highly expensive, in urban homes (Arguedas 1977:27).
Official, Popular, and Musical Memories
Authors: Romero Raul R
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters I have explored the realm of ritual, festival, and dance-dramas (chapter 2), the emergence of the orquesta tipica in the con text of the festival (chapter 3), and the Wanka presence in Lima (chapter 4). Throughout all of these spheres I have explained how the search for authenticity, the dispute over the past, and the role of modernity have been instrumental in shaping and building the regional culture of the Man taro Valley. In this last chapter, I will reflect on the ways in which the inhabitants of the Mantaro Valley-especially those of the younger generations-see themselves moving into the future in relation to the nation state and its hegemonic ideologies. In doing so I intend to first survey how the nation-state has rationalized Andean culture and identity. The distinct relation that Andean regional cultures have to the nation-state suggests an interesting example of how an alternative “nationalism” (understood as a “project of collective identity”; see Mallon 1995:3) to that of the established national elites may develop and how musical practices may play an influential part within this process.
Introduction
Authors: Rody Caroline
Published: November 2023

In a climactic moment of Julie Dash’s 1991 film Daughters of the Dust, the notyet-born girl who narrates this ancestral story runs in slow motion across the screen, amidst a shiny aura, straight into the big belly of her pregnant mother, who stands with arms outstretched to receive her daughter. In Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987) a murdered baby girl returns from death in passionate longing for the ex-slave mother who killed her, and in the ensuing drama nearly strangles her to death; when Morrison’s heroine discovers the identity of this “devil-child,” she says, “You came right on back. like a good girl, like a daughter” (261,203). These two instances of daughterly return, one of desire blissfully fulfilled and the other of grief turned lethal, both can be seen to allegorize the imaginative return of a late twentieth-century woman writer to her traumatic ancestral past.
Burning Down the House
Authors: Rody Caroline
Published: November 2023

Alive, in motion, torch in hand, nightmare-wakened, and steeled to the fiery purpose of her dream—thus we remember the figure of Antoinette/Bertha Cosway Mason Rochester at the end of Jean Rhys’s 1966 Wide Sargasso Sea. A short, stunning novel of spare, lyrical prose, Wide Sargasso Sea enacts a radical intertextual design, an “unprecedented and aggressive’; revision (Ellen Friedman 117) of Charlotte Brontë’s 1847 novel Jane Eyre from the standpoint of Rhys’s own West Indian Creole culture. In the past two decades Rhys’s reimagining of the life of Brontë’s Creole madwoman has received extensive critical attention, buoyed especially by Bertha Mason’s sudden feminist stardom in the title of Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar’s influential work The Madwoman in the Attic. Indeed, the intertextual pairing of Rhys’s revision and its canonical mother text has itself become canonical, has come to typify the late-century feminist relationship of legacy and resistance to traditions of women’s writing, as well as the postcolonial appropriation of canonical European texts.
The Challenge of Environmental Responsibility
Authors: Pierce Jessica , Jameton Andrew
Published: November 2023

The foundation of human health rests on healthy, stable ecosystems. Our biotic environment provides us with the fundamentals necessary for healthy lives-food, water, oxygen, warmth, light, and fuel. Earth’s ecosystems also supply the raw materials for our health-care services. The global fraying of ecosystems has grave implications for our health and our ability to treat illnesses, now and in the future. Although health around the world improved on average over the last half century, it is likely that these gains will be lost if the environmental foundation for health continues to deteriorate.
Linking Health and Environmental Change
Authors: Pierce Jessica , Jameton Andrew
Published: November 2023

As the condition of the natural environment deteriorates, humankind faces an increasingly intractable public health crisis. At present, up to one-third of the global burden of disease, measured in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), is related to environmental factors such as poor nutrition, contaminated water, indoor smoke, vector-borne disease, and unhygienic living conditions (Murray and Lopez 1996; United Nations Environment Programme 2002, 306). Children suffer a disproportionate share of the disease and death associated with the environment, and account for two-thirds of the total environmental disease burden (United Nations Environment Programme 2002, 307). The World Health Organization estimates that environmental hazards kill some three million children under the age of five each year (United Nations Environment Programme 2002, 307). Global public health will probably get worse before it gets better: advancing at a rapid pace, environmental decline is adding to the difficulties of dealing with preventable environmental health problems related to nutrition, water, and hygiene. More unsettling still is the emergence, over the past several decades, of a host of “modem” environmental problems--climate change, ozone depletion, acid rain, toxic pollution, loss of biodiversity-that exacerbate existing environmental health problems and add unique health threats.
Population and Consumption
Authors: Pierce Jessica , Jameton Andrew
Published: November 2023

The various stresses on earth’s ecosystems described in Chapter 2 result from the combined effects of global levels of population and consumption. Population growth has been widely discussed and debated, and institutionalized approaches to limiting population growth, albeit imperfect, are in place around the globe. The moral dimensions of population growth and limitation have also been considered, though bioethics itself has remained relatively quiet on the subject in recent years. The problems of consumption, on the other hand, have not been as widely recognized in the United States. Although many people are committing their time and ingenuity to the problems of overconsumption, institutions for change are not in place. Indeed, many of the dominant cultural institutions appear to be fundamentally committed to growth. At every level of public discourse, growth proponents attack alternative viewpoints with confidence, ideology, and propaganda (Proctor 1994). Similarly, little has been said about the ethics of consumption as it relates to human health, to health care, and to health-care ethics. In order to draw conclusions about this realm in health care, we need first to provide some background on why ethics should take very seriously the issue of limiting consumption in the First World.
Environmental Aspects of Health Care
Authors: Pierce Jessica , Jameton Andrew
Published: November 2023

A collection of fine early nineteenth-century prints by the German artist Karl Bodemer hangs along the brightly lit hallways of the Nebraska Health System’s eight-story north campus hospital. These images of Native Americans, elk, and Nebraska’s prairies not far in space or time from where the hospital now stands are an evocative contrast to the white coats, industrial glass and tile, and sharp fluorescent lights of the surrounding hospital. The people and animals depicted in the prints are mostly gone now, and the transformation of the Great Plains invites us to ask how long the seemingly sturdy structures of the medical center will continue to thrive. Our brief reflection in this chapter suggests that in its current form health-care is environmentally damaging and that its long-term viability is therefore uncertain.
September 10 The Scarlet Pimpernel
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The Scarlet Pimpernel originally opened to a scathing critical reception on November 9, 1997. “If it’s pulse-racing suspense and derring-do you’re after,” advised Ben Brantley in the New York Times, “you would be better off watching tourists crossing against the lights in Times Square.”
October 17 Dame Edna: The Royal Tour
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The big question, I suppose, was whether mainstream Broadway audiences were ready to flock to see a middle-aged man in a dress. This isn’t England, after all. That sort of thing is quite popular across the sea; there’s a whole tradition of men in gowns over there. Broadway audiences have become more and more accepting of attractions that blur the gender line over the last fifteen years or so. But Dame Edna: The Royal Tour wasn’t a serious problem play, wasn’t about an important social issue, and only briefly touched on sexual matters. It was simply a man playing a woman, in a dress. (And what a dress!)
October 29 Wise Guys
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

It is against all rules of civilized society to review Wise Guys, which was presented as a “special workshop” at the New York Theatre Workshop for three weeks in November 1999. This was a work in progress, presented with no scenery, no costumes, and a minimal band of three pieces. The full show was only barely presented; audiences attending the first week saw the first act; half of the second act was added sometime later; and the whole show — at least as much as was finished, in the preliminary sense of the word — was presented to the final audiences. Tickets were impossible to buy; that is, they were free. But they were offered solely to NYTW subscribers and were not available to the theatregoing public at large. Friends of the performers, friends of the staff, and a certain amount of press also managed to get in. I attended two performances, the first night— with only the first act— and a later showing that included some but not all of the second.
December 8 Minnelli On Minnelli
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The question in cases of this kind, I suppose, is does one encourage something that is not half bad? Or does one regret that it is only half good?Liza Minnelli has had her ups and she’s had her downs, and done so again and again to the point where I don’t suppose anyone could say, at any given moment, in which direction she’s heading. It’s no wonder, perhaps. She was born with an exceptional singing voice, clearly related to but distinctive from that of her mother. Her mother, one of the most famous performers of her time, began a self-destructive slide when Minnelli was about three. Liza saw Judy go through broken marriages; numerous career crises; devastating addictions and binges; suicide attempts; and who knows what else. Mom finally died at the age of forty-seven, when Minnelli was twenty-three and still a few years shy of superstardom. Minnelli has mirrored her mother’s life in such a way that it can be seen as a distinct victory that she has made it past her fifty-third birthday. “Gin and rum and destiny play funny tricks,” family friend Ira Gershwin wrote back in 1941 about a fictional gal called Jenny, but that in some ways pretty much describes the fate of both Judy and Liza.
December 16 Waiting In The Wings
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The Broadway debut of Noël Coward’s forty-year-old Waiting in the Wings was based on two assumptions. First, that there was a large and clamorous audience breathlessly awaiting a centennial celebration of Sir Noël; and second, that any tattered old Coward script would do as long as it had room for an “all-star” cast.
January 13 Wrong Mountain
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

David Hirson’s first play, the very strange La Bête, was a Molière-esque satirical comedy written entirely in rhymed couplets and— well, very strange. It opened on Broadway in January 1991, attracted howlingly negative reviews, and closed after twenty-four performances. The loss was $2 million, a record for a nonmusical in a day when you could comfortably produce a play for far less than half of that. (As I write this in the year 2000, a small play can still squeeze by on a million. Wrong Mountain, ultimately, dropped about $1,500,000.)
February 17 Saturday Night
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The vast majority of plays and musicals written for Broadway, it goes without saying, never make it from page to stage. Although this has surely resulted in shattered hopes and blasted careers for numerous talented people, it is nevertheless safe to generalize that most of these scripts are— at the least— nonstageable. So are some of the shows that actually make it to Broadway, but that’s another discussion.

Very few of these scripts have any chance whatsoever. A vast minority make it into a producer’s office; a fraction of these are actually read; and a mere fraction of a fraction attract attention. An infinitesimal number are officially optioned, which is to say that the authors grant a producer the exclusive production rights in exchange for a few bucks. And then the producers have to raise the money, which more often than not ends in futile frustration.
February 29 Squonk
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

How do you get to Broadway with an unconventional, indecipherable, non-star-driven piece of modernistically esoteric theatre? Assuming you don’t have a rich uncle who owns a theatre chain, or who has a corporation that owns a theatre chain. One way is to mount said esoterica in some off-off-Broadway matchbox and hope that somebody bothers to attend, loves the show, and turns out to be the firststring critic of the Times. This is what is commonly referred to as a long shot; yet it happens once in a very long while along the fabled street of dreams. And thus it was that Squonk journeyed to Forty-fourth Street, courtesy of and just west of the New York Times.

The eyes of the creators of Squonk were not set on Broadway, as it happens. Their limited engagement in August 1999, at P.S. 122 on lower First Avenue— an experimental performance space, not a public school— garnered great acclaim and producers eager to transfer it; but they were looking for an off-Broadway venue. Blue Man Group, Stomp, and De La Guarda have demonstrated that there is a definite audience for these nonverbal, nonlinear pieces of nontraditional theatrical nonsense down around the fringes of Union Square and Astor Place.
March 7 Porgy And Bess
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

George Gershwin’s folk opera Porgy and Bess is surely the finest twentieth-century work of its kind; it is also, perhaps, the only work of its kind. The majority of people walking into a modern-day opera house production of Porgy, I would guess, have a vague familiarity with— and ingrown fondness for— the piece. They don’t know it backward and forward, as theatre aficionados and Gershwin fans might; but they can be sure of a familiar story in a familiar language, and they are sure to at least recognize some of the tunes.

For such an audience, any reasonably professional production of Porgy is a treat. As was this one. Due to the large complement of singers and musicians necessary, full-scale mountings are few and far between. Judged on the question of general worth, City Opera’s Porgy merits appreciative praise. One could find considerable fault with it as a piece of theatre, which— given the nature of this book— I am bound to do. But keep in mind that this production was certainly acceptable and most welcome, and I was glad to see it.
March 9 True West
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Readers of the major overnight reviews on the morning of March 10 were greeted with the unexpected sight of six outright raves for Sam Shepard’s True West. Not simply good reviews; ecstatic, all in all. While a couple of less overwhelming opinions eventually surfaced, the reception of the revival of Shepard’s 1980 comedy was staggeringly enthusiastic, and easily the best reviews for a Broadway play since the revival of Arthur Miller’s The Price opened four months earlier. True West got off to a quick start, as opposed to the Miller play. This is easily explainable, perhaps, by comparing the action-packed, laugh-filled Shepard play to Miller’s static, laugh-filled talkfest. Although they were first produced only a decade apart, Shepard wrote with the voice of a thirty-six-year-old rebel. (Miller, at the time of The Price, was a fifty-seven-year-old rebel with a different cause.) In 1999 – 2000, Shepard is understandably the more relevant playwright. Except that Miller’s truly ancient play Death of a Salesman, from way back in 1949, was the artistic and commercial hit of the 1998 – 1999
March 16 Riverdance on Broadway
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

You had only to look around you at the goings-on before the curtain rose on Riverdance on Broadway to realize that there was no question in anybody’s mind — this was a hit, and a big one. The lobby was littered with souvenir stands. You could tell that they were souvenir stands because there were large, typeset signs that said “Official Riverdance Merchandise.” (No unofficial Riverdance merchandise was in sight.) The two rotundas of the Gershwin Theatre— engraved with the names of the members of the so-called Broadway Hall of Fame — contained display cases containing the “Rd by design” collection of innovative jewelry. The literature explained that these “limited edition pieces capture the essence of Irish creativity from its ancient roots to modern times.” The five pieces on sale —”hand-crafted by skilled crafts people in Ireland”— were based on the actual jewelry worn in the show, although I have a sneaking suspicion that the actual jewelry worn in the show was based on the stuff sold in the lobby. Elsewhere, there were multimedia, multiscreen exhibits like “Ireland — The Land, The People, The Music”; “Irish Music— Its Roots, from 500 BC to Riverdance”; and “Instruments at the Heart of Irish Traditional Music.” Inside the theatre proper, peddlers of programs and posters roamed the aisle like beer barkers at Yankee Stadium.
March 23 Tenderloin
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

In a program note, City Center Encores! artistic director Kathleen Marshall termed the 2000 presentation of the 1960 musical Tenderloin a happy reunion. Fiorello!— the Pulitzer Prize– winning 1959 musical by the same quartet of authors — was the inaugural production of Encores!, back in 1994. Tenderloin also reunited former Encores! artistic director Walter Bobbie, who was swept away to fame and fortune by Chicago, and John Weidman, who once again adapted a script coauthored by his father.

The original Tenderloin was, too, a reunion of Fiorello! folk. Not only songwriters Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick and librettists George Abbott and Jerome Weidman, but also producers Bobby Griffith and Hal Prince, director Abbott, and orchestrator Irwin Kostal. Tenderloin went into rehearsal barely nine months after the opening of Fiorello! In interviews over the years, various participants agreed that reuniting the team was in itself a major problem. As Prince wrote, “We had such a good time doing Fiorello! that we could not bear splitting up after it opened.
April 16 Jesus Christ Superstar
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Jesus Christ Superstar was the first of the big British pop music spectacles that overtook Broadway in the last three decades of the twentieth century. An invasion which, as I write this, seems to have ended. Cats, by far the most successful of the shows, finally packed up its litter and departed after nearly eighteen years; and by the time this book appears in print, Miss Saigon — the 1991 musical that was the weakest of the big four— will have dismantled its helicopter and evacuated the Broadway. Les Misérables and Phantom of the Opera still have legs, but all the rest of the Andrew Lloyd Webber and/or Cameron Mackintosh London blockbusters have met failure stateside: Starlight Express, Aspects of Love, Five Guys Named Moe, Sunset Boulevard, Putting It Together, and— closing during pre-Broadway tryouts—Whistle Down the Wind and Martin Guerre.

Superstar began the parade, although one wonders if it should even be considered a British musical. Yes, it was written by two Englishmen (Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber) and presented by a third (Robert Stigwood); but it was initially produced, to great success, in America, with an American director, American designers, an American musical director, and American actors.
May 4 Wonderful Town
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Encores ended their seventh season with one of their very happiest offerings. This was one of those occasions when everything simply seemed to come together. The score, the book, the staging, and the casting all melded to make for a pretty wonderful Wonderful Town.
Quantum Dynamics
Authors: Zwanzig Robert
Published: November 2023

For present purposes, the first thing to recall about quantum mechanics is that all dynamical quantities, instead of being functions of the location of a system in phase space as in classical mechanics, are now represented by operators in a Hilbert space of quantum states. In particular, the quantum analog of the classical phase space distribution function is the quantum mechanical density matrix. Since this is seldom discussed in introductory texts on either quantum mechanics or statistical mechanics, it may be helpful to summarize some of its basic properties.
Nonlinear Problems
Authors: Zwanzig Robert
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with nonlinear Langevin equations and related topics. The first topic is mode-coupling theory. Mode-coupling theory refers to a family of techniques that were invented to explain anomalous properties of certain transport coefficients. This chapter presents one particular version of the theory, due to L. Kadanoff and J. Swift (1968). Another version is discussed in the following sections.
Aesthetic Relevance
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder
Published: November 2023

IN THE first chapter I proposed a very inclusive view of art. Such a broad view of what counts as art is not unrelated, of course, to an equally broad view of what counts as “doing things with art.” Anything people do, I believe, can be done using art. (One need only think of the elaborate commodes that bedecked royalresidences!) An equally broad, and simple, answer to the question “Why do people use art?” is also called for: because art shapes and enriches all forms of human activity. This, I have also argued, is consistent with a view of aesthetic response or activity as “socially constructed.” People learn how to use and respond to art, the uses and responses are culturally bound and determined, and because art plays many important roles that satisfy a community’s needs, the uses of and responses to art are prescribed and proscribed.
The Nature of Aesthetic Properties
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder
Published: November 2023

IN THE attempt to explain the nature of aesthetic properties, philosophers have used a variety of distinctions borrowed from metaphysics and epistemology, for example, primary-secondary, objective-subjective emergent-nonemergent, intrinsic-extrinsic, descriptive-evaluative, physical-mental, rational-irrational, relative-absolute, and supervenient-nonsupervenient.1 It would be very unfair to accuse aestheticians of muddling or muddying these distinctions, for they were muddy and muddled long before aestheticians got their hands on them. But aestheticians have added to the confusion. I cannot hope to clear up all of the distinctions and explain how they apply or do not apply to relations of aesthetic and ethical value. But because I use ‘intrinsic’ and ‘extrinsic’ so centrally in my characterization of ‘aesthetic’, it behooves me to say more about it than I have. And because contemporary discussions of this distinction in aesthetics often connect this distinction to that between supervenience and nonsupervenience, I shall relate the intrinsic-extrinsic pair to this one. Briefly stated, I believe that aesthetic properties are real and intrinsic but that they are not supervenient.
Aesthetic Justification
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder
Published: November 2023

ONE OF the central questions in aesthetics is whether aesthetic descriptions and evaluations can be rationally justified. A number of people, both inside and outside of philosophy, believe that aesthetic remarks are “subjective” in the sense that they are simply reports of individual preferences. But if this were true, there would be no more point to saying that a work of art is good or bad than there would be to saying that one does or does not like liver. Immanuel Kant is justifiably famous for his attempt to reconcile two conflicting intuitions: aesthetic statements, on the one hand, are expressions of the individual pleasure or pain a person feels with respect to something, and on the other hand these statements imply something about how others will react to the same objects. Indeed, he argued, though aesthetic judgments are statements about individual pleasure, they are also universal, for when one says, for instance, “That rose is beautiful;’ one implies that everyone ought to find it so1.
Serious Problems, Serious Values Aesthetic Dilemmas
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder
Published: November 2023

AESTHETIC formalists, I have said, are motivated by a desire to give the aesthetic its proper due. One cannot help sympathizing with them. D. Z. Philips’s attitude that whoever cares a whit about morality will always put it first is not at all uncommon. Too often we are told that aesthetic considerations are “extras”—luxuries to be indulged in after real concerns have been taken care of. Classes in the arts are often the first to be cut when retrenchment strikes schools systems. Bands and ceramics courses are “frills;’ compared with language and mathematics skills, it is assumed. I believe that separatists both in ethics and in aesthetics have reinforced these attitudes—in spite of the fact that the latter are usually so intent on doing just the opposite. Showing the connections between ethics and aesthetics will go some way toward remedying the situation, I think. I will say much more about this later. But first there is another strategy for showing that aesthetic values are really important, serious values.
Sentimental Art and Sentimental People
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder
Published: November 2023

OSCAR Wilde is reported to have said that “one must have a heart of stone to read the death of Little Nell without laughing.” Wilde’s aphorisms often contain an element of surprise: as with many jokes, we expect one thing but get just the opposite. Here he bursts our complacent bubble of belief that sensitive people cannot keep from crying at such sorrowful events as the death of poor Little Nell. But appreciation of Wilde’s claim does not entail a complete reversal of belief. That is, we do not suddenly come to believe that genuinely sensitive people will find Little Nell’s death funny. Part of what makes Wilde’s remark “work” is that there is something funny andtragic about this death. We realize that in some ways it is appropriate even for people without hearts of stone to laugh at the death of an impossibly good child. At the same time, we still find something odd about such laughter.
Art’s Moral Lessons
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder
Published: November 2023

I AM by no means alone in thinking that there is a closer relation between aesthetic and ethical values than has often been asserted. Colin McGinn, for instance, criticizes analytic moral philosophers for their failure, in investigating the nature of moral language, to focus on a sufficiently broad range of discourses. Rather than looking simply at individual moral statements or simplified moral arguments that lend themselves to uncomplicated syllogistic form, more attention should be given, he suggests, to larger texts—to parables, short stories, novels, and films, for instance. Stories and films such as that about Frankenstein’s monster (which McGinn himself analyzes) help to sharpen and clarify ethical issues. At the same time, narrative artists must structure their creations according to aesthetic criteria1. McGinnis one of a growing number of philosophers who share this attitude about the importance of thinking of ethics broadly enough to attend to aesthetic as well as moral features and values.
Aesthetics and Ethics in Communities
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder
Published: November 2023

MANY claims have been made about the power of the arts. As the title of this chapter suggests, one of the things I believe aesthetic activity can do is con tribute to conditions required for the sustainability of communities. But I also want to alert the reader to some limits of making this and other claims about the power of art. In an age of hyperbole, more measured avowals are called for. For this reason, I have chosen to begin by considering a speech made by Evan Mauer, the director of the Minneapolis Institute for the Arts, early in 1998. It was a clearly writ ten, heart-felt articulation of many of the claims that are generally made for the power of the arts. The occasion—a Minneapolis mayoral inauguration—made it natural for the speaker to stress the role of the arts in community building, as well as particularly useful for the purpose of this discussion.
Aesthetics and Ethics in Education
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder
Published: November 2023

QUESTIONS concerning aesthetic value become particularly daunting when one considers the extent to which the world daily grows not only more un aesthetic—( ugly, graceless, even repulsive) but also more an aesthetic—(dulling, numbing, alienating). Cities are falling apart and being bombed, and what appears to stand most securely are temples to efficiency and economy that so distress the eye that we train ourselves to shut them out whenever possible. Our streams are visibly polluted, and our beaches, forests, landscapes, and roadways so mutilated by human and industrial misuse and refuse that pilgrimages undertaken for aesthetic inspiration increasingly depress rather than uplift. So we turn ourselves off by turning on our TVs and Walk mans, often with no intention of giving what we see or hear serious or sustained attention.
Chapter 4
Authors: Bosco Ronald A , Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

As I read these yellowing letters of M. M. E I doubt if the interior & spiritual history of New England could be truelier told than through the exhibition of family history such as this, the picture of this group of M. M. E. & the boys, mainly Charles. The genius of that woman, the key to her life, is in the conflict of the new & the old ideas in New England. The heir of whatever was rich & profound & efficient in thought & emotion in the old religion which planted & peopled this land, she strangely united to this passionate piety the fatal gift of penetration, a love of philosophy, an impatience of words, and was thus a religious skeptic. She held on with both hands to the faith of the past generation as to the palladium of all that was good & hopeful in the physical & metephysical worlds, and in all companies, & on all occasions, & especially with these darling nephews of her hope & pride, extolled & poetised this beloved Calvinism. Yet all the time she doubted & denied it, & could not tell whether to be more glad or sorry to find that these boys were irremediably born to the adoption & furtherance of the new ideas. . . . Milton & Young were the poets endeared to the generation she represented. Of Milton they were proud, but I fancy their religion has never found so faithful a picture as in “Night Thoughts.”
Physical Puritanism: Hygeiotherapy
Authors: Whorton James C
Published: November 2023

In the early 1850s Catharine Beecher, the sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe and a well-known promoter of exercise for women, was initiated into hydropathy, or the water-cure, a system of therapy recently arrived from Europe. “At four in the morning,” she recorded, she was “packed in a wet sheet” and “kept in it from two to three hours.” She was next taken “in a reeking perspiration” to be “immersed in the coldest plunge-bath. Then a walk as far as strength would allow, and drink five or six tumblers of the coldest water. At eleven a.m. stand under a douche of the coldest water falling eighteen feet, for ten minutes. Then walk, and drink three or four tumblers of water. At three p.m. sit half an hour in a sitz-bath of the coldest water. Then walk and drink again. At nine p.m. sit half an hour with the feet in the coldest water, then rub them till warm. Then cover the weak limb and a third of the body in wet bandages and retire to rest. This same wet bandage to be worn all day, and kept constantly wet.”
Magnetism and Mind: From Mesmerism to Christian Science
Authors: Whorton James C
Published: November 2023

The power which a man’s imagination has over his body to heal it or make it sick,” Mark Twain remarked, “is a force which none of us is born without.” Yet if left to his own devices, he believed, “a man is most likely to use only the mischievous half of the force—the half which invents imaginary ailments for him and cultivates them”—and is “quite likely to scoff at the beneficent half of the force and deny its existence.” To help such a person, then, “two imaginations are required: his own and some out-sider’s. The outsider, B, must imagine that his incantations are the healing-power that is curing A, and A must imagine that this is so” as well, when in fact the outsider is doing no more than the engineer who drives a locomotive. He “turns on the steam,” but “the actual power is lodged exclusively in the engine f the engine were left alone it would never start of itself.”
Coma and Other States of Altered Awareness
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Critically ill patients are hardly ever sharp, and their attention tends to fade away. These very sick patients must deal with the continuing deterioration in organ functions and struggle to beat fatigue. This precarious wakefulness becomes even more fragile in patients blanketed by sedative drugs or antipsychotic agents.
Neurologic Manifestations of Acute Hepatic Failure
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

For the most part, acute hepatic failure in critically ill patients occurs in the course of multiorgan failure. Acute hepatic failure as a primary presenting disorder is notably uncommon in medical intensive care units, and its cause may vary geographically. Acute hepatic failure is mostly encountered in patients with long-standing cirrhosis. These patients may be admitted with sudden onset of hepatic encephalopathy from acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage that causes rapid nitrogenous overload.
Introduction
Authors: Sperber Dan
Published: November 2023

Cognitive systems are characterized by their ability to construct and pro cess mental representations. Cognitive systems capable of communicating also produce and interpret public representations. Representations, whether mental or public, are themselves objects in the world; they are found inside cognizers and in the vicinity of communicators; they are potential objects of second-order representations or “metarepresenta tions.” While the term “metarepresentation” gained currency only in the late 1980s (early uses are found for instance in Pylyshyn, 1978; Sperber, 1985a; Leslie, 1987), the general idea is much older. Under a variety of other names, philosophers, psychologists, linguists, logicians, semioticians, literary theorists, theologians, and anthropologists have been interested in different types of metarepresentations. To give but one ex ample, the seventeenth-century Port-Royal Logic devotes a chapter to the distinction between “ideas of things” and “ideas of signs,” the latter being mental representations of public representations.
Meaning, Exemplarization and Metarepresentation
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: November 2023

The mind is essentially a metamind, or so I have argued (Lehrer, 1990a, 1990b). There are first-level states of representation and belief that are evaluated and either accepted or rejected at a metalevel Jhrough meta mental ascent. They become the states of the metamind. The advantages of metamental ascent are those of representational transparency and mental plasticity. Without metarepresentation, we should be ignorant of what occurs at the first level, of our first-order representations and be liefs. Moreover, conflict at the first level is unavoidable for any complex representational system. Metamental ascent is required to represent that conflict and, therefore, to find a resolution of it.
Social Externalism and Deference
Authors: Davis Steven
Published: November 2023

Consider the de dicta intentional states of Ruth’s believing arthritis is a painful disease and her believing that psoriasis is a painful disease. Whatever we take these intentional states to be they are distinct. One way of marking the difference is to take them to have different intentional contents and the contents to have different constituents. The former has as its content that arthritis is a painful disease, while the latter has as its content that psoriasis is a painful disease. Furthermore, the content that arthritis is a painful disease contains the concepts arthritis, being painful and disease, while the content that psoriasis is a painful dis ease contains the same concepts, except that the concept arthritis is re placed with the concept psoriasis. We can regard the concepts that a con tent contains as playing a role in individuating that content. Hence, what marks the difference between the two contents and the intentional states that have them is that the former has the concept arthritis, while the latter has the concept psoriasis.
Geology and Geological History
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

Northern Melanesia’s avifauna has been molded by the physical and biological environment in which it has evolved. Part I introduces that environment, beginning in this chapter with a brief account of Northern Melanesia’s geology; Chapters 2-4 describe in turn its climate, its habitats and vegetation, and its terrestrial vertebrates other than birds. To understand how birds reached and evolved on Northern Melanesian islands, we need first to understand how and when the islands formed, whether their configurations and locations in the past differed from those at present, and whether the islands have ever been joined to continents or to each other. Hence this chapter will summarize aspects of Northern Melanesian geology important for interpreting the avifauna—especially plate tectonic history, volcanism and rocks, and recent land bridges.
Habitats and Vegetation
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we introduce Northern Melanesia’s major habitat types and the taxonomic composition of its vegetation. Northern Melanesian vegetation is discussed in de tail by Whitmore (1966, 1969a, 1974, 1981, 1984), Scott et al. (1967), Percival and Womersley (1975), Cain and Galbraith (1956), Schodde (1977), and Lees et al. (1991), from whom the following account is derived. The climax vegetation in most of Northern Melanesia is rainforest. There is no natural savanna like that in South New Guinea, and no extensive areas of natural grassland, which is confined to small marshes, edges of streams and lakes, and (on New Britain and Guadalcanal) rain shadow areas. However, even under natural conditions much of the forest is in a subclimax state because of frequent deforestation by earthquakes, landslides, volcanism, and, especially in the Solomons, cyclones.
Distributional Ecology
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we analyze two distributional characteristics of each Northern Melanesian bird species in terms of the four ecological and evolutionary characteristics introduced in the two preceding chapters. The distributional characteristics analyzed are the total number of Northern Melanesian islands that each species occupies, and the range of areas or species richnesses of the islands that each species occupies. Both characteristics vary greatly among species. The number of tabulated Northern Melanesian islands (i.e., those tabulated in appendix 1) that each species occupies, which we abbreviate as i, ranges from 1 to 69 islands. The value of i is 1 for the 26 species confined in Northern Melanesia to a single island. i is 64-69 for the most widely distributed species, the pigeon Caloenas nicobarica, the heron Egretta sacra, and the mound-builder Megapodius freycinet, occurring in Northern Melanesia on 64, 67, and 69 islands, respectively. How can we account for this great variation in i (listed for each species in appendix 5)? This variation is related especially to variation in habitat preference and vagility, and also to variation in level of endemism. Let us begin with the relation between i and habitat.
Completed Speciation
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

The ultimate step in the process of geographic speciation consists of one allospecies invading the range of a sister allospecies. The result is geographical overlap (sympatry) of two species, both of which descended directly from the same ancestral species. We can identify 19 Northern Melanesian species pairs that appear to exemplify stages in this process. Collectively, these and other species pairs constitute a series of snapshots permitting one to reconstruct the completion of speciation. The series begins with the 35 superspecies, already discussed in the preceding chapter, that are represented in Northern Melanesia by two or more morphologically similar allospecies with completely allopatric distributions. The next stage consists of pairs of two former allospecies whose ranges are still largely allopatric but which now overlap in a small zone of sympatry. In further stages, the zone of sympatry becomes extensive, although each species still retains some zone of allopatry. In the final stage, the geographic range of one species has been completely overrun by its sister species, so that the former no longer retains any zone of allopatry. This progression from allopatric to sympatric distributions is accompanied by evolution of progressively greater morphological differences between the sister species.
Pairwise Differentiation Index
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

The endemism index discussed in chapter 25 analyzes the entire avifauna of a particular island. In effect, it compares that avifauna with the avifaunas of all other islands. The endemism level for a particular species population on the given island is taken as the lowest level of differentiation found when the population is compared to related populations on any other island. That is, if for a certain species on island A there is a population on some other island B that is differentiated only at the level of weak subspecies from the population on island A, the endemism level of that species on island A is taken as only that of a weak subspecies, even if the population on island A differs at the level of megasubspecies or allospecies from related populations on all other islands. The pairwise differentiation index considered in this chapter differs in two respects from the endemism index considered in chapter 25. First, the analysis in the present chapter is confined to a particular pair of islands. If some species X is represented by different megasubspecies on two islands, then the differentiation level for that species is taken as megasubspecies, even though the populations of each island in turn may be subspecifically identical to the populations on some other islands. Second, the analysis is confined to those species (zoogeographic species, including superspecies) actually shared between the two islands and ignores species. absent from one of the islands. For those shared species (not the entire avifauna), we calculated the average level of differentiation by the same formula used to calculate the endemism index (eq. 25.1).
lnterarchipelagal Barriers
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

Until now, we have assumed that Northern Melanesia is a zoogeographic region distinct from the New Guinea region to the west and from the Santa Cruz and New Hebrides archipelagoes to the east. We have also assumed that the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Archipelago constitute distinct zoogeographic subregions of Northern Melanesia. In the present chapter we evaluate the barriers that divide these archipelagoes and that justify these zoogeographic definitions. We begin by comparing the Northern Melanesian avifauna as a whole with the avifauna of the adjacent part of New Guinea, Northeast New Guinea. We already compared the family compositions of these two avifaunas in chapter 8. The gap separating Northeast New Guinea from Northern Melanesia is about 48 km to the nearest Bismarck islands (Umboi and Long) and 636 km to the nearest Solomon island (Bougainville).
Differential Extinction and Species Occurrences on Fragmented Pleistocene Islands
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapter considered the development of geographic variation on modern islands derived by fragmentation of a former single Pleistocene island. In this chapter we ask, how uniform are such modern fragments of a single Pleistocene island in their species composition? For flightless mammals, it is obvious that answers to that question yield insights into differential extinction resulting from habitat fragmentation. For example, the large islands of the Sunda Shelf (Borneo, Sumatra, and Java) support not only volant birds and bats, and rodents easily carried overwater by rafting, but also large, flightless mammals such as rhinoceroses, tigers, orangutans, and gibbons. Alfred Russel Wallace (1892) recognized that those large mammals had walked out to the Greater Sunda Islands at Pleistocene times of low sea level, when the islands were part of the Asian mainland. Today, those mammals are nonuni- formly distributed on the Greater Sunda Islands. For instance, orang-utans occur on Sumatra and Borneo but not on Java, while tigers occur on Java and Sumatra but not on Borneo. However, fossil evidence proves that most of the modern distributional gaps were filled in the Pleistocene (e.g., orang-utans formerly occurred on Java, and tigers on Borneo; Hoojier in Terborgh 1974). That is, the modern patchy distributions result from differential extinction, not from patchy overwater colonization. The primary determinant of long-term survival for Greater Sundan mammals was population size: populations on small islands and populations of species living at low density were especially prone to extinction (Terborgh 1974, Diamond 1984f).