bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Covid-19 crisis in Italy. Fundamental rights and freedoms: the price to pay for human health?
Authors: Cejas Romanelli Pablo Sebastián
Published: February 2021

The results of the appearance of the novel coronavirus meant for many States, the application of restrictive measures of constitutionally protected rights and freedoms, with the aim -preliminarily- of protecting the health and integrity of people. Thus, a real “emergency legal framework” was created, with restrictions on interpersonal contact, and other daily situations in the life of any society.

Italy stood out for being the first country where COVID-19 attacked with particular virulence. The first steps of the government at the end of January 2020 were aimed at preventing the entry of people from China, and soon after, put in place much more restrictive measures as the number of deceased patients increased. However, to some extent, all the imposed restrictions seemed to have been a price to be paid in order to protect human health.

 

Los resultados de la aparición del novel coronavirus significó para muchos Estados, la aplicación de medidas restrictivas de derechos y libertades constitucionalmente tutelados, con el objeto -preliminarmente- de proteger la salud e integridad de las personas. Así, se dio paso a la creación de un verdadero “sistema jurídico de emergencia”, con restricciones al contacto interpersonal, situaciones por demás cotidianas en la vida de cualquier sociedad.

Italia se destacó por ser el primer país donde el COVID-19 atacó con particular virulencia. Los primeros pasos del gobierno a finales de enero de 2020 tuvieron el objetivo de impedir el ingreso de personas provenientes de China, para poco después disponer medidas mucho más restrictivas a medida que el número de pacientes fallecidos aumentaba. Sin embargo, en algún punto, las restricciones impuestas se presentan como el precio que se debió pagar a cambio de la salud humana.
Resolución del Tribunal Constitucional Federal alemán sobre el art. 217 del Código penal alemán
Authors: Dell'Orsi Gonzalo
Published: February 2021

Con fecha 26 de febrero de 2020, la cámara segunda del Tribunal Constitucional Federal Alemán declaró la inconstitucionalidad y nulidad del art. 217 del Código Penal Alemán. Este artículo, en su redacción luego de ser modificado en el año 2015, amenaza en su primer inciso con pena privativa de la libertad a quien promoviera de manera comercial la asistencia al suicidio. En dicha oportunidad, los Magistrados entendieron y decidieron de manera conjunta sobre seis recursos de inconstitucionalidad, y concluyeron en que la norma atacada vulnera los siguientes derechos constitucionales: el derecho al libre desarrollo de la personalidad (art. 2. inc. 1 en conexión con el art. 1 inc. 1); el derecho a la libertad (art. 2 inc. 2 segunda oración en conexión con el art. 104 inc. 1); y el derecho a la libertad de trabajo (art. 12 inc. 1).

 

On 26 February 2020, the second chamber of the German Federal Constitutional Court declared section 217 of the German Criminal Code unconstitutional and void. This section, as amended in 2015, threatens in its first paragraph with prisión sentence for anyone who commercially promotes assisted suicide. On that occasion, the judges considered and decided jointly on six constitutional appeals, and concluded that the rule attacked violated the following constitutional rights: the right to free personality development (article 2, paragraph 1, in connection with article 1, paragraph 1); the right to liberty (article 2, paragraph 2, second sentence in reference to article 104, paragraph 1); and the right to freedom of work (article 12, paragraph 1).
El despido por enfermedad: ¿un despido justo o discriminatorio?
Authors: Vazquez Ignacio
Published: February 2021

Las ausencias laborales por enfermedad son consideradas, en algunos supuestos, una justa causa de despido laboral. El conflicto viene dado por el interés empresarial en combatir el absentismo laboral, por un lado, y los derechos fundamentales del trabajador, por el otro. Asimismo, recientes pronunciamientos judiciales a nivel europeo tienden a asimilar cada vez más a la enfermedad con la discapacidad, con la consiguiente nulidad de los despidos basados en este motivo por su carácter discriminatorio. La sentencia bajo análisis ofrece elementos interesantes para el debate en torno a los derechos laborales, el conflicto de derechos y la ponderación, así como la proporcionalidad de las medidas restrictivas de derechos.   Absence from work due to illness is considered, in some cases, a just cause for dismissal. The interest in fighting absenteeism usually clashes with the fundamental rights of the workers. In addition, recent judicial pronouncements at a European level tend to assimilate illness with disability, which leads to the subsequent nullity of dismissals based on this cause for its discriminatory character. The judgment hereby analyzed offers interesting elements for the debate about labor rights, conflict of rights and weighing, as well as the proportionality of legal measures restrictive of fundamental rights.
La gestión de los residuos sólidos urbanos y la salud: aportes desde el Derecho ambiental
Authors: Foradori María Laura
Published: February 2021

Este trabajo tiene por objetivo comentar la sentencia en los autos caratulados: “Complejo Ambiental de Tratamiento, Valoración y Disposición Final de Residuos Sólidos Urbanos de Córdoba y otros – Cuestión Ambiental” de la Cámara Contencioso Administrativa de 1° Nominación de la Provincia de Córdoba. El Tribunal, en dicho decisorio de diciembre de 2019, niega la instalación del “Complejo Ambiental” para la disposición final de los residuos de la ciudad de Córdoba y otros municipios y comunas, en el sito seleccionado por CORMECOR (Corporación Intercomunal para la Gestión Sustentable de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos del Área Metropolitana de Córdoba).

Los principales fundamentos del Tribunal para así decidir fueron: que no se respeta la distancia entre el predio para el enterramiento y el borde urbano de Villa Parque Santa Ana, conforme recomiendan estudios técnicos confirmados por las pericias oficiales; que no se llevó a cabo de manera adecuada el proceso de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental y su audiencia pública, como establece la ley de Política Ambiental Provincial N°10208.

Este fallo nos invita a reflexionar en torno a dos derechos humanos íntimamente relacionados: el derecho a la salud y el derecho a un ambiente sano. Con el foco en éste vínculo, y desde una perspectiva ambiental, se repasarán los puntos centrales del caso, exponiendo cuestiones conceptuales y normativas.

 

The objective of this work is to comment on the judgment in the proceedings entitled: "Environmental Complex for Treatment, Assessment and Final Disposal of Urban Solid Waste of Córdoba and others - Environmental Issue" of the Administrative Litigation Chamber of 1st Nomination of the Province of Córdoba. This Court, in said decision of December 2019, denies the installation of the "Environmental Complex" for the final disposal of waste from the city of Córdoba and other municipalities and communes, at the site selected by CORMECOR (Intercommunal Corporation for Sustainable Management Solid Urban Waste of the Córdoba Metropolitan Area).

The main grounds for the Court to decide this were: that the distance between the burial site and the urban edge of Villa Parque Santa Ana is not respected, as recommended by technical studies confirmed by official expertise; that the Environmental Impact Assessment process and its public hearing were not adequately carried out, as established by the Provincial Environmental Policy Law N° 10208.

This ruling invites us to reflect on two closely related human rights: the right to health and the right to a healthy environment. With the focus on this link, and from an environmental perspective, the central points of the case will be reviewed, exposing conceptual and normative issues.
Development Stimulation of Competitive Advantages of the Innovative Business through Benchmarking
Authors:   Orel State University of Economics and Trade, Simonova E. V.
Published: February 2021

The aim of the article is to identify the competitive advantages of small and big innovative businesses through the specific features of benchmarking. As a result of the study, the author identified key aspects for the selection of characteristic types of benchmarking for small and big innovative businesses, the process of periodization within the evolution of benchmarking generations is described, an author’s methodology for benchmarking models constructing for small and big innovative businesses in the context of increasing competitiveness of these economic entities is presented, this approach is based on the system approach to the management model. The author points that the constructed benchmarking system models in the context of increasing competitiveness of business entities on the basis of principles, processes and stages make it possible to determine the competitive position of an innovative company in the market using innovative proposals and best business practices. Also the author proposes to analyse the typology of benchmarking based on the priority of the development of small and big innovative businesses. In accordance with this, the key types of benchmarking for small innovative businesses include internal production, external competition, collective and individual. The author’s toolkit will allow identifying gaps in communication interaction with a focus on stimulating the development of competitive advantages of an innovative business through benchmarking.
Modeling of hydrogen bonds in molecular alanine crystals
Authors:   Ivanovo State University, Volkova Tatiana G. , Shajayewa Aygul N. ,   Ivanovo State University, Talanova Irina O. ,   Ivanovo State Medical Academy
Published: February 2021

The study of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) in biomolecules and living systems is currently one of the most urgent tasks. Changes in the structure of molecular crystals associated with h-bond instability may affect the state of drugs due to uncontrolled polymorphic transformations. Quantum chemical modeling is one of the methods for studying the nature and determining the strength of hydrogen bonds. The interaction energy in molecular alanine crystals and its decomposition were calculated using the Morokuma method (HF/6-31G (PC GAMESS)). The estimation of such energy components as electrostatic, repulsion exchange, polarization, charge transfer, and mixing is given. It is shown that for four model systems, the electrostatic component makes the main contribution to the interaction energy, and the trend of distribution of components  Е by values is the same for them. For the two model systems, there is a significant difference from the others both in the amount of interaction energy and in the distribution of individual energy components. The difference in the interaction energy and in the values of its components indicates a difference in the nature of hydrogen bonds in the studied associate. In four models, the H-bond system is the result of electrostatic interaction (Ees and Ect are respectively equal to -41.0 and -6.84 kcal/mol), and in two-the proportion of covalent interaction is significantly greater (Ees = -7.94 kcal/mol and Ect = -3.92 kcal/mol). The comparison of data allows us to conclude that there are three types of hydrogen bonds in the molecular crystal of alanine that differ from each other in energy characteristics.
Biological parameters of European hake from the coastline of Mostaganem (Northern West Algeria)
Authors: Kherraz Ali , Benghali Sofiane Mohamed El Amine , Kherraz Amel
Published: February 2021

Hake is an important species of economic interest and thus the subject of a large literature, but its biology parameters which are essential for stock assessment and management remains insufficiently known. The aim of this paper was, therefore, to describe the growth, lengthË—weight relationship and reproduction of Merluccius merluccius in the Algerian western coast. Consequently, we studied growth and estimated age, using the lengthË—weight relationship was determined according to the allometric equation (Sparre et al., 1989) and the growth of M. merluccius was estimated computing the Von Bertalanffy growth equation (VBGF) (Beverton et Holt, 1957).The gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated monthly by the equation: GSI = (gonad weight/fish weight without gonad)*100. Size at maturity (L50) was defined as the size at which 50% of individuals were mature. The femaleË—male ratio was 1.14: 0.88. The total length and weight of females ranged from 24 cm to 33.7 cm and 104.94 g to 270.29 g respectively and for males was 23.7 cm to 34.8 cm and 95.4 g to 292.07 g. The growth parameters for males were cal-culated as L∞=34.80 cm k= 0.470 year-1, t0= -1.49 year and for females L∞= 35.70 cm, k= 0.360 year-1, t0= -2.76 year. The length–weight relationship was W= 0.024*L2.648for female and W= 0.012*L2.828 for Male. Monthly values of the gonadosomatic index indicated that spawning occurred mainly in December, January and February. The result of the present work will be a step forward to the improvement of the fisheries assessment and management of M. merluccius in this area.
Impact of Biological Fertilizer Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Conventional Fertilizers Mobilization on Growth, Yield, Nutrients Uptake, Quercetin and Allin Contents in Allium Crops Cultivation Under Field Conditions in Semi-Arid Region of India
Authors: Prasad Kamal
Published: February 2021

Field experiment was conducted at farmer field Lasalgaon in the state of Maharashtra, India to determine the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to reduce the doses of chemical fertilizer used in major allium crops (red onion, white onion and garlic) during winter cultivation. AMF inoc-ulated and uninoculated onion and garlic seedlings/cloves were grown with recommended dose of fertilizer (100% RDF) and Mycorrhiza +75% RDF. AMF inoculated onion and garlic plant showed significant increase in plant growth parameters like plant height, total biomass, neck thickness, bulb diameters and bulb weight. AMF + 75% RDF treatments resulted into greater plant morphological characters, highest yield, height, TSS, quercetin and allin contents and AMF root colonization as compared to uninoculated control (100% RDF). The results reveal that AMF contribute to growth and development of onion and garlic plant under field conditions. In the present study, it can be concluded that AMF could reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers to enhancing overall performance of onion and garlic and provide a sustainable and environmentally safer option for cultivation.
Neuroprotective Activity of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) Extract on H2O2-Induced Damage in IMR32 and SHSY5Y Cell Lines
Authors: Gopalan Madhavan , Jadhav Anita S
Published: February 2021

In several ailments, oxidative stress intercedes cell damage, including neuro-degenerative conditions. This study aims to ascertain the protective ability of methanol extract of beetroot (Beta vulgaris) as a neuroprotective agent, through the biochemical perspective of neuroprotection. Oxidative stress was induced using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in neuroblastoma IMR32 and SHSY5Y cell line. MTT assay was performed to assess cell viability. IMR32 and SHSY5Y cell-line were pre and post-treated with four doses of beetroot extract. It was observed that cells recovered in a dose-dependent manner. This indicated that beetroot treatment facilitate the cells to recover from hydrogen peroxide insult. The result for LDH indicated that with increase in time at higher concentration SHSY5Y cell gets stressed and releases the LDH. Catalase activity in IMR32 and SHSY5Y cells decreases at higher concentrations and increases with a decrease in concentration. IMR32 and SHSY5Y cell lysate showed no activity of acetylcholinesterase. However, the media in which the cells were grown showed the activity of acetylcholinesterase. The biochemical assay showed that beetroot extract mitigates the cells from oxidative insult. Our study suggests that beetroot extract helps in the proliferation and neuroprotection of IMR 32 and SHSY5Y cells. IMR32 and SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines were used to assess neuroprotective efficacy of beetroot extract when the cells were subjected to oxidative insult. In the current study, MTT assay was used to determine the cell viability after the treatments. Biochemical assays viz. LDH, Catalase and specific activity acetylcholine esterase were performed to define neuroprotective property of beetroot extract. Results from cell viability assay confirmed the ability of beetroot extract to enable cell proliferation. Biochemical assays also showed a striking result that beetroot extract protected the cells from oxidative insult.
Comparative antimicrobial analysis of four species of family Asteraceae in Southern Rajasthan, India
Authors: Keer N. R. , Meena K. L.
Published: February 2021

Plants are good source of antimicrobial agents and may be used for alternative drug formation in future. In the present study, comparative antimicrobial analysis of four species of family Asteraceae in southern Rajasthan has been investigated. Acanthospermum hispidum, Pentanema indicum, Sphaeranthus indicus, and Tridax procumbens of family Asteraceae were collected from southern Rajasthan. Antimicrobial activity was carried out of dried leaves extract in methanol and ethyl acetate against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptomyces griseus bacteria and Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Fusarium oxysporium and Trichoderma reesei fungi. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of all four species were measured in the form of zone of inhibition.The highest zone of inhibi-tion was observed on E. coli in S. indicus i.e. 26.00±0.59 mm in ethyl acetate extract and lowest zone of inhibition was observed on B. subtilis in T. pro-cumbens i.e. 5.00±0.21 mm in methanol extract. While the highest zone of inhibition was observed on S. griseus in A. hispidium i.e. 30.00±0.50 mm in ethyl acetate extract and lowest zone of inhibition was observed on C. albicans in A. hispidum i.e. 10.00±0.49 mm in methanol extract. The results of the present study suggest the use of natural antimicrobial agent against studied microorganism.
Antifungal Basidiomycete Extracts with Phytosanitary Potential
Authors: Hamadouche Yasmine Ait , Dib Soulef , Fortas Zohra
Published: February 2021

Excessive use of chemical fungicides continues to drive research towards biological alternatives, as natural products are enjoying increasing interest in many areas and have the potential to control biological agents that cause various diseases in agricultural crops. On the other hand, the biodiversity of Basidiomycetes fungi is well recognized as an untapped source of potential bioactive of natural origin, with original chemical and biological characteristics, having prospective activities of medical and biological interest. These macro-fungi are among the main biological agents used to fight against phy-topathogenic fungi. The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-fungal activity of ethyle acetate extracts of 16 edible and no edible basidiomycetes. These mushrooms are: Lactarius zonarioides, Amanita proxima, A.virosa, Agaricus bisporus, Suillus mediterraneensis, Coprinus atramentari-us, Pleurotus pulmonarius, P. eryngi, P. dryinus, P. ostreatus, Lepiota sp., Cortinarius orellanus, Boletus sp., Xerocomus sp., Armillaria mellea, and Trametes quercina. Their phytosanitary potential was tested against three phytopathogenic fungi: Aspergillus niger; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis and Verticillium dahliae Kleb. The chemical extraction by the apparatus Soxhlet was used to obtain ethyl acetate extracts from different basidiocarps, and the disc diffusion method was done in order to achieve antifungal activity. The results showed that; among the studied extracts; those of A. proxima, A. virosa, Xerocomus sp. and Trametes quercina have a potential antifungal activity compared with standard Fluconazol. These results clearly indicated that basidiomycete extracts are a reservoir of bioactive components of antimicrobial fungal metabolites, which could be used for the devel-opment of new agents against phytopathogenic fungi.
Correction to the Photometric Magnitudes of the Gaia Early Data Release 3
Authors: Yang Lin , Yuan Haibo , Zhang Ruoyi , Niu Zexi , Huang Yang , Duan Fuqing , Fang Yi
Published: February 2021

In this Letter, we have carried out an independent validation of the Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) photometry using approximately 10,000 Landolt standard stars from Clem & Landolt (2013). Using a machine-learning technique, the UBVRI magnitudes are converted into the Gaia magnitudes and colors and then compared to those in the EDR3, with the effect of metallicity incorporated. Our result confirms the significant improvements in the calibration process of the Gaia EDR3. However, modest trends up to 10 mmag with the G magnitude are found for all magnitudes and colors in the 10 < G < 19 mag range, particularly for the bright and faint ends. With the aid of synthetic magnitudes computed on the CALSPEC spectra with the Gaia EDR3 passbands, absolute corrections are further obtained, paving the way for optimal usage of the Gaia EDR3 photometry in high-accuracy investigations.
Eclipsing the X-Ray Emitting Region in the Active Galaxy NGC 6814
Authors: Gallo Luigi C. , Gonzalez Adam G. , Miller Jon M.
Published: February 2021

We report the detection of a rapid occultation event in the nearby Seyfert galaxy NGC 6814, simultaneously captured in a transient light curve and spectral variability. The intensity and hardness ratio curves capture distinct ingress and egress periods that are symmetric in duration. Independent of the selected continuum model, the changes can be simply described by varying the fraction of the central engine that is covered by transiting obscuring gas. Together, the spectral and timing analyses self-consistently reveal the properties of the obscuring gas, its location to be in the broad-line region, and the size of the X-ray source to be ∼ 25 r
g. Our results demonstrate that obscuration close to massive black holes can shape their appearance, and can be harnessed to measure the active region that surrounds the event horizon.
GW170817 and GW190814: Tension on the Maximum Mass
Authors: Nathanail Antonios , Most Elias R. , Rezzolla Luciano
Published: February 2021

The detection of the binary events GW170817 and GW190814 has provided invaluable constraints on the maximum mass of nonrotating configurations of neutron stars, M
TOV. However, the large differences in the neutron-star masses measured in GW170817 and GW190814 has also lead to significant tension between the predictions for such maximum masses, with GW170817 suggesting that M
TOV ≲ 2.3 M
⊙, and GW190814 requiring M
TOV ≳ 2.5 M
⊙ if the secondary was a (non- or slowly rotating) neutron star at merger. Using a genetic algorithm, we sample the multidimensional space of parameters spanned by gravitational-wave and astronomical observations associated with GW170817. Consistent with previous estimates, we find that all of the physical quantities are in agreement with the observations if the maximum mass is in the range of

within a 2σ confidence level. By contrast, maximum masses with M
TOV ≳ 2.5 M
⊙, not only require efficiencies in the gravitational-wave emission that are well above the numerical-relativity estimates, but they also lead to a significant underproduction of the ejected mass. Hence, the tension can be released by assuming that the secondary in GW190814 was a black hole at merger, although it could have been a rotating neutron star before.
The Nature of the Absorbed Soft X-Ray Variations in Compton-thin Type-II Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Ghosh Ritesh
Published: February 2021

The absorbed soft X-ray (<1 keV) emission from Compton thin type-II active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with neutral absorption columns in the range N
H = 1021−23 cm−2 may contain emission from star formation or scattered photons from the primary X-ray emission in Compton-thin circumnuclear gas extending out to ∼1  kpc, or leaky-absorbers along the line of sight allowing a part of the primary AGN emission to manifest in the soft X-rays. In a recent sample study of 20 Compton thin type-II AGN, Laha et al. detected variability in the soft X-ray spectra in 5 sources with timescales <20 years, indicating possibly that the primary AGN emission has leaked through the absorption column. I found that the sources with soft X-ray variability exhibit the lowest absorption column densities (N
H ∼ 0.7–1.3 × 1022 cm−2) in the sample.
À propos d’un malentendu : autisme et psychose
Authors: Lucchelli Juan Pablo
Published: February 2021

Pendant des décennies on a classé l’autisme parmi les psychoses infantiles. On extrapolait ainsi la clinique psychiatrique de l’adulte aux phénomènes pathologiques chez l’enfant. Si la psychanalyse a suivi cette voie, c’est bien parce qu’elle suivait à son tour celle de la psychiatrie européenne, réduisant les observations à des catégories bien délimitées. L’expérience montre que beaucoup de phénomènes et de tableaux cliniques ne se laissent pas réduire à des cases préétablies, et c’est le cas de l’autisme. Dans ce texte nous allons nous intéresser à Margaret Mahler et à l’interprétation d’un de ces cas les plus célèbres par un psychanalyste contemporain.
Quel est impact des contextes décisionnels ambivalents sur la force de l’attitude chez le consommateur lors de l’expérience d’achat ?
Authors: Turki Hager , Belaid Samy , Sayadi Feriel , Ben Dahmane Mouelhi Norchène
Published: February 2021

Cette recherche a pour objectif d’étudier l’effet des contextes de choix caractérisés par l’ambivalence sur la force de l’attitude envers les produits et les marques. Afin de répondre à cet objectif, nous avons réalisé une expérimentation auprès de 295 étudiants. Une modélisation par les équations structurelles a permis de mettre en évidence l’effet significatif de l’ambivalence sur les dimensions caractéristiques de la force de l’attitude retenues. Cette recherche présente des implications managériales pour les entreprises dont le produit ou la marque s’inscrivent dans un contexte de choix fortement concurrentiel et ambivalent.
South West Devon Island
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

"The Glacier Atlas of Canada is a collection of maps produced as part of the Canadian Glacier Inventory Project. This project was initiated as part of Canada's contribution to the International Hydrological Decade (1965 to 1974). Although publication of this map
series was suspended in the mid-seventies and gaps remain to be filled for some coverage areas, what has been created for this series thus far should prove useful in some aspects of glacier research. These map plates display glaciers and glacier regions. Glaciers are denoted by a numbering system,
which is keyed to Canadian glacier inventory data. Perennial ice and snow, hydrological units and major drainage divides are also denoted."
Axel Heiberg Island - Eastern and Northern
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

"The Glacier Atlas of Canada is a collection of maps produced as part of the Canadian Glacier Inventory Project. This project was initiated as part of Canada's contribution to the International Hydrological Decade (1965 to 1974). Although publication of this map
series was suspended in the mid-seventies and gaps remain to be filled for some coverage areas, what has been created for this series thus far should prove useful in some aspects of glacier research. These map plates display glaciers and glacier regions. Glaciers are denoted by a numbering system,
which is keyed to Canadian glacier inventory data. Perennial ice and snow, hydrological units and major drainage divides are also denoted."
Blunt Peninsula
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

"The Glacier Atlas of Canada is a collection of maps produced as part of the Canadian Glacier Inventory Project. This project was initiated as part of Canada's contribution to the International Hydrological Decade (1965 to 1974). Although publication of this map
series was suspended in the mid-seventies and gaps remain to be filled for some coverage areas, what has been created for this series thus far should prove useful in some aspects of glacier research. These map plates display glaciers and glacier regions. Glaciers are denoted by a numbering system,
which is keyed to Canadian glacier inventory data. Perennial ice and snow, hydrological units and major drainage divides are also denoted."
Meta Incognita Peninsula
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

"The Glacier Atlas of Canada is a collection of maps produced as part of the Canadian Glacier Inventory Project. This project was initiated as part of Canada's contribution to the International Hydrological Decade (1965 to 1974). Although publication of this map
series was suspended in the mid-seventies and gaps remain to be filled for some coverage areas, what has been created for this series thus far should prove useful in some aspects of glacier research. These map plates display glaciers and glacier regions. Glaciers are denoted by a numbering system,
which is keyed to Canadian glacier inventory data. Perennial ice and snow, hydrological units and major drainage divides are also denoted."
Milne Inlet
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

"The Glacier Atlas of Canada is a collection of maps produced as part of the Canadian Glacier Inventory Project. This project was initiated as part of Canada's contribution to the International Hydrological Decade (1965 to 1974). Although publication of this map
series was suspended in the mid-seventies and gaps remain to be filled for some coverage areas, what has been created for this series thus far should prove useful in some aspects of glacier research. These map plates display glaciers and glacier regions. Glaciers are denoted by a numbering system,
which is keyed to Canadian glacier inventory data. Perennial ice and snow, hydrological units and major drainage divides are also denoted."
Tay Sound
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

"The Glacier Atlas of Canada is a collection of maps produced as part of the Canadian Glacier Inventory Project. This project was initiated as part of Canada's contribution to the International Hydrological Decade (1965 to 1974). Although publication of this map
series was suspended in the mid-seventies and gaps remain to be filled for some coverage areas, what has been created for this series thus far should prove useful in some aspects of glacier research. These map plates display glaciers and glacier regions. Glaciers are denoted by a numbering system,
which is keyed to Canadian glacier inventory data. Perennial ice and snow, hydrological units and major drainage divides are also denoted."
Cambridge Fiord
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

"The Glacier Atlas of Canada is a collection of maps produced as part of the Canadian Glacier Inventory Project. This project was initiated as part of Canada's contribution to the International Hydrological Decade (1965 to 1974). Although publication of this map
series was suspended in the mid-seventies and gaps remain to be filled for some coverage areas, what has been created for this series thus far should prove useful in some aspects of glacier research. These map plates display glaciers and glacier regions. Glaciers are denoted by a numbering system,
which is keyed to Canadian glacier inventory data. Perennial ice and snow, hydrological units and major drainage divides are also denoted."
Snow cover measurement networks
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

The map shows the location of the snow course stations and the agencies that operate them. Most Canadian snow courses are operated by the federal Department of Fisheries and the Environment and the provincial government departments concerned with water resources.
Though the principles of snow surveying were largely developed in the United States, the Canadian experience has been lengthy, with courses established and continuously operated in British Columbia, the Bow River basin of Alberta, and the Shawinigan River basin in Quebec and in Newfoundland from the
early years of the 20th century. Other agencies became involved in the thirties and forties. National Research Council supported important studies across the country on the physical properties of snow. Recent network growth may be attributed generally to an increasing government role in planning
resource development. The disastrous Red River flood of 1951 encouraged the Manitoba Department of Mines and Natural Resources to develop an extensive r
Depth, duration, and frequency of point rainfall - 10-minute rainfall for 2-year, 5-year, 10-year and 25-year return periods.
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

The plate contains four maps of 10 minute rainfalls (in millimetres) for a 2 year return period, a 5 year return period, a 10 year return period and a 25 year return period. Each map has a detailed inset of the Vancouver area. These four maps were not analyzed
for the mountainous parts of Canada in British Columbia and the Yukon because of the limited number of stations, the non-representative nature of the valley stations and the variability of precipitation owing to the orographic effects. From the incomplete data, it is impossible to draw accurate
isolines of short duration rainfall amounts on maps of national scale. Point values for all stations west of the Rocky Mountain range and in the Yukon have been plotted for durations of less than 24 hours. For the Vancouver metropolitan area, recording rain gauges have been in operation for several
years. For some of these stations point rainfall data have been plotted on inset maps. The density of climatological stations varies widely as does populatio
Depth, duration and frequency of point rainfall - 60 minute rainfall for 2-year, 5-year, 10 year and 25-year return periods
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

The plate contains four maps of 60 minute rainfalls (in millimetres) for a 2 year return period, a 5 year return period, a 10 year return period and a 25 year return period. Each map has a detailed inset of the Vancouver area. These four maps were not analyzed
for the mountainous parts of Canada in British Columbia and the Yukon because of the limited number of stations, the non-representative nature of the valley stations and the variability of precipitation owing to the orographic effects. From the incomplete data, it is impossible to draw accurate
isolines of short duration rainfall amounts on maps of national scale. Point values for all stations west of the Rocky Mountain range and in the Yukon have been plotted for durations of less than 24 hours. For the Vancouver metropolitan area, recording rain gauges have been in operation for several
years. For some of these stations point rainfall data have been plotted on inset maps. The density of climatological stations varies widely as does populatio
Mean maximum depth of snow and time of occurrence
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

The map shows the mean maximum depth of snow in centimetres, the standard deviation of the mean maximum depth of snow, and the mean date of mean maximum depth of snow. The information shown on the map is compiled from 1961 1970 snow course data in conjunction
with 1955 1972 snow depth data. An appreciation of the quantity of snow in storage within a drainage basin during late winter is critical to spring flood forecasting. As well, decisions regarding overland transport and wildlife control can be rationally taken. Snow courses have been established to
estimate regional snow depth and water equivalent, but the cover is also measured by all principal meteorological stations and by many climatological stations. The depth is measured either by inserting a graduated probe in a relatively drift-free area or by recording the height of the snow indicated
by a stationary object such as a stake positioned in the ground prior to snow accumulation. Since the snow surface is irregular in most areas because o
Mean January daily temperature
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

The map shows the mean January daily temperature based on the 30-year period 1941-1970. The lowest mean January daily temperatures are below -35 degrees Celsius and are located on Ellesmere Island and on Axel Heiberg Island and south of the Boothia Peninsula in
Nunavut. The highest mean January daily temperatures are above 0 degrees Celsius and are located on the west coast of British Columbia. Generally, the mean increases from north to south, from -35 to -2.5 degrees Celsius. In Canada temperature regimes change drastically from season to season, and
even within a season there are often marked changes which affect the whole nature and character of outside activities. The major factors that affect temperature are latitude and thus the length of daylight; elevation; distribution of land and water; and prevailing winds and storm tracks. Although
the least direct and the least intense incoming solar radiation occurs in December, there is a lag in the cooling of the Earths surface. As a result, the col
Freeze-up and break-up of rivers and lakes
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

The plate contains four maps showing the mean river freeze-over date, the mean lake freeze-over date, the mean river ice-free date and the mean lake ice free date. The four maps depict, in a general way, the average dates on which freshwater bodies in Canada
become completely ice-covered in the fall, and become completely ice-free in the spring. The formation of an ice cover on a water body is called freeze-up; and the melting and dissipation of this ice cover is called break-up. Freeze-up begins when surface water is cooled to 0 degrees Celsius and ice
crystals begin to form; it ends when the water body has attained its maximum ice coverage. Most lakes freeze over completely; rivers may or may not, depending on their location, size, and flow characteristics. The final stage of the freeze-up process may be termed freeze-over. Break-up normally
begins when air temperatures rise above 0 degrees Celsius, and when surface and internal melting of the ice sheet begins. The process is aided by the action
Streamflow gauging stations
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

The map shows the location and the number of years of recorded data for the Water Survey of Canada streamflow gauging stations and the Quebec Department of Natural Resources stations. Almost 9 per cent of all the world's river water which flows to the oceans has
its source within Canada's boundaries. Because water is an extremely valuable natural resource, it is vital to monitor Canada's rivers for a continuous assessment of streamflow distribution and its variability. The stations depicted on the map represent points where water level measurements are made
and converted to streamflow discharge (in cubic feet per second or cubic metres per second). Water levels, called stage, are translated to discharge by means of a stage-discharge curve or rating curve, which is established by measuring discharges for various stages as they occur throughout the year.
The individual discharge measurements are made by determining the velocity profile or mean velocity for incremental portions of the total river cross
Variation of monthly river flows
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

The plate shows a graph of the maximum and minimum monthly mean flow and mean monthly river flow for 36 selected river gauging stations. Thirty-six gauging stations across Canada were selected to represent a cross section of river types and sizes. Most of the
rivers are natural flow; however, minor regulation does occur on some for various reasons, such as hydro development, storage for dry periods, irrigation, and flood prevention. The shape of each plot shown on the map depends to a large extent on the amount of storage in each basin. For example, the
Saskatchewan River basin has comparatively little storage and a sharp peak and dip, while the Churchill River basin has a large amount of natural lake storage and a smoother curve. The large storage tends to level out flows and reduce the predominance of the peak flow in the river. A good example of
this effect is the St. Lawrence River where, because of the very large storage of the Great Lakes, little variation is evident.
The hydrologic cycle
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

Hydrology is the science concerned with the occurrence and distribution of water on and under the earth. Meteorology is the science dealing with the atmosphere and the movement of water, both as vapour and as liquid, in the air. Both sciences are concerned with
the hydrologic cycle - the circulation of water from oceans through the atmosphere back to the oceans or to the land and thence to the oceans by overland and subterranean routes. Water is constantly on the move. Evaporation takes place from a multitude of surfaces ranging from a free water surface
on the ocean to the moisture on a leaf. Precipitation falls in various forms - snow, rain, hail. Also, moisture is deposited on the surface of the earth by the formation of dew and frost. Water is stored for varying lengths of time in a number of forms including atmospheric moisture, water in swamps
and lakes, soil moisture, groundwater, ice in glaciers, and snow on the ground. Water is transferred from one environment to another by surface runoff,
Dates of formation and loss of snow cover
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

The map shows isolines on four different dates: 1) the day of the year when there are less than or equal to 2.5 centimetres of snow that occurs and remain absent for 7 or more days; 2) the standard deviation of the mean date of snow cover loss; 3) the day of year
when greater than or equal to 2.5 centimetres of snow occur and remain for more than 7 days; and 4) the standard deviation of the mean date of snow cover formation. The beginning and end of the winter season in Canada is usually identified with the formation and disappearance of snow cover in autumn
and spring respectively. The duration of snow cover varies considerably from year to year in the southern fringes of the country and adjacent to the east and west coasts. However, even in northern continental areas early and late snowfalls which leave an ephemeral snow cover are common. The
beginning and end of the Canadian snow season is the earliest and latest dates when 2.5 centimetres or more snow was measured. However, this definition is di
Suspended sediment concentration
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

The map shows the concentration (annual load) of suspended sediments into rivers (in milligrams per litre). The load of sediment is lower in the Canadian Shield area and on the Arctic Islands. The greatest loads appear in the Prairie Provinces and in the
Cordillera. The map also shows histograms of the mean monthly suspended sediment load in metric tons per day per square kilometre times 10-3 for ten rivers across Canada. Data are compiled from 1961 to 1970. Every year, about 300 million metric tons of sediment is carried by Canadian rivers to the
oceans or across national boundaries. To appreciate the volumes involved consider that if the suspended sediment reaching the mouth of the Fraser River over a period of 1 year could be massed in a conical pile with 45-degree slopes, it would reach a height equivalent to a 100-story building (almost
300 metres). Transportation of soil particles from the land surface begins with the action of precipitation. The precipitation dislodges soil particles; the d
Precipitation networks
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

The Atmospheric Environment Service has no network density limitations for stations reporting precipitation. As general guidance it is suggested that gauge separations should be about 15 miles (24 kilometres) in rural areas; a higher density is desirable in more
heavily populated areas, and in areas with marked orographic influences. For watershed studies and management, the density of stations should be based on a study of the requirements of each project. In areas of marked variation such as occur in mountainous regions, and coastlines, it is desirable to
have long-term stations with exposure representative of the main physiographic features, for example slopes and valley bottoms. Other special networks of precipitation stations are established from time to time, perhaps for research projects or cooperative studies. They are usually operated for
short periods in collaboration with universities, government agencies or industrial concerns. The map shows the distribution of precipitation stations in
Annual precipitation
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

Precipitation is derived from water vapour in the air, and it includes all forms of moisture falling on the earth's surface. Condensed water vapour accumulates in clouds, and precipitation occurs when the constituent ice crystals or water droplets grow too large
to resist gravitational attraction to earth. The atmospheric moisture lost through precipitation is replenished by transpiration from vegetation, and by evaporation from the soil and from water bodies. The oceans, which cover 71 per cent of the earth's surface, are the primary source, though large
fresh water bodies may be important locally, particularly in more southern latitudes. The map shows the annual precipitation (in millimetres) based on the 30-year period 1941 1970. The map was prepared from measurements at stations in the national precipitation network. In 1974 this network
consisted of about 2700 stations, however, many have been in existence for only short periods. For statistical analysis a long series of data is required. To b
Air temperature measurement network
Authors:   Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch
Published: February 2021

The map shows the location of the air temperature measurement stations. Fragmentary meteorological reports were prepared and published by European explorers in the North American Arctic during the late 16th and 17th centuries. Many employees of the Hudson's Bay
Company kept careful observations of weather in Western Canada in the 18th and 19th centuries, and their records are still kept in the archives of the Hudson's Bay Company. Regular detailed weather observations were made for Quebec City, between April 1, 1765 and April 30, 1766. Long-term weather
observations in Canada involved daily readings of a thermometer and barometer for the years 1768 and 1769 at Fort Prince of Wales on Hudson Bay. During the years 1788 to 1822, forts and fur trading post were built across the western plains where thermometers, wind vanes, and barometers have been set
up. The first official meteorological observations were taken at Toronto Magnetic Observatory on Christmas Day, 1839, and continuous daily temperature re