bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II.—Note on the Pitchstones of Arran
Authors: Allport S.
Published: May 2009

In 1872 I published in the Geological Magazine (Vol. IX. p. 1), a brief account of the Arran Pitchstones, in which I figured and described the singularly beautiful groups of minute green crystals which are so characteristic of the rocks on the eastern shore of the island. I have since cut many additional thin slices, and have long been aware that my paper contains an error, which I will take the present opportunity to rectify. The groups of crystallites to which I refer are described on page 2 and illustrated, Plate I. Fig. 1, and contain the “long slender prisms of a green pyroxenic mineral” there mentioned. In the last paragraph, p. 9, these green prismsare again mentioned, and are said to be augite, instead of hornblende, as stated by Zirkel in his description of the same rock. The grounds for this conclusion were twofold, the absence of dichroism, and the presence of undoubted crystals of augite. After pointing out that the pale green crystals exhibit no trace of dichroism, I added, “Unless, therefore, it can be shown that some hornblende is not in the least dichroic. the mineral in question must, on this ground alone, be regarded as augite.” As regards the latter mineral, there can be no doubt whatever of its occurrence, for in addition to the crystal described in the paragraph just quoted, I may now add, that it is far from uncommon, perfectly characteristic examples having been observed by me in specimens from several different localities in the island.
IV.—On the Palæzoic Rocks of North Devon and West Somerset
Authors: Ussher W. A. E.
Published: May 2009

The Palæozoic rocks of North Devon and West Somerset, presenting so complete a change in stratigraphical sequence and læontological and lithological characters from those forming the Coal-basins of Somerset and South Wales and their environs, have long attracted the attention of geologists. The bibliography of the subject, which has since attained such formidable dimensions andembraces so many stars in the geological firmament, had been swelled by the contributions of early theorists; and ere the term Grauwacke had been obliterated from our text-books, the general succession of the rocks had been so admirably sketched by De la Beche in his Report that, although too little quoted as an authority on the stratigraphy of the subject, prevalent opinion has now endorsed the correctness of the succession given by him ; and that succession, having been endowed with a recognized nomenclature by subsequent observers, now forms the basis for the discussion of a wider correlation tending almost to sweep away the distinguishing epithets which had been locally applied to its divisions.
III.—Notes on the Faunal Succession in the Carboniferous Limestone of Westmoreland and Neighbouring Portions of Lancashire and Yorkshire
Authors: Garwood E. J.
Published: May 2009

In August last, at the meeting of the British Association at York, I gave a general account of the zonal succession of the Carboniferous Limestone as developed in Westmoreland and North Lancashire, and I instituted a comparison with beds of a similar age in the Ingleborough and North Pennine districts.
II.—On Convection Currents in the Earth's Interior
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

In this Magazine for November Mr. Mellard Reade referred to the difficulty of imagining the adequacy of any known force to accomplish such tremendous effects as to produce overthrusts like those which have been lately described as occurring in the North-West Highlands, and he consequently appears to be a little doubtful of the reality of the phenomenon. I think, however, that the conclusion of so many competent field geologists must be accepted, and that our theories of mountain-building must be made to fit the facts rather than the facts the theories.
VI.—The Mutual Interference of Artesian Wells
Authors: Beadnell H. J. Llewellyn
Published: May 2009

In the February and March issues of the Geological Magazine for 1908 I published a general account of the underground water-supply of the óasis of Kharga, in the Libyan Desert, and briefly referred to the influence of one bore on another.
III.—Fossil Representatives of the Lithodomous Worm Polydora
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

The borings of the Polychæt Annelid Polydora ciliata (Johnston) are familiar in limestone pebbles and the stouter mollusc-shells on our coasts, but shales and occasionally other rocks are not free from their attacks. They may be recognized by the double aperture, often loosely described as keyhole-shaped, leading to a U-shaped cylindrical tube. The union of the two apertures in a single depression, by the loss of the organically formed septum between them, produces a more slit-like opening, whereas if the surface of the pebble be further worn the two round holes are more clearly distinguished. The differences between the burrows of Polydora and those of other lithodomous Annelids, especially the associated Dodecaceria, were clearly stated by Dr. W. C. M'Intosh in a very full paper “On the Boring of certain Annelids” (1868, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [4], ii, pp. 276–95, pls. xviii–xx).
IV.—Coal Pebble in a Coal-seam
Authors: Gresley W. S.
Published: May 2009

Logan, in 1840, noted the occurrence of pebbles of cannel in the roof of a coal-bed in South Wales; also of pebbles of coal in the ‘Pennant’ rock (Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. iii, p. 276). De la Beche refers to coal pebbles in the Monmouth and Glamorganshire Coalfield, and H. K. Jordan to similar forms of coal in the base of the Pennant Series, and to a coal pebble the size of a hen's egg in the roof of the ‘Rock Fawr’ coal-seam near Bridgend (Q.J.G.S., vol. xxxiii, p. 932). In the roof of the ‘Nanaimo’ coal, in Vancouver Island, a coal pebble in a conglomerate was recorded in 1906. Several instances of water-worn lumps of coal have been mentional in the volumes of the second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania as having been found in the semi-bituminous and Pittsburg regions.
I.—Notes on the Geology of Mashonaland and Matabeleland
Authors: Chalmers J. A. , Hatch F. H.
Published: May 2009

The history of the Zambesian territories now known as “Rhodesia” is extremely meagre. Of the country prior to the advent of the Matabele in 1838, little is known, except from the few records, chiefly Portuguese, that have been preserved. It should be mentioned, however, that an interesting link between the Sofala and the Zimbabwi ruins near Victoria exists in certain gold tacks or rivets, possibly used in the manufacture of gold ornaments, which have been found in both these places, while we believe that at intervals along a route to the coast, ruins of towers have been found, that in all probability have been used as stations on the way.
III.—A Synopsis of the Remains of Ganoid Fishes from the Cambridge Greensand
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

The remains of fishes discovered in the Cambridge Greensand are all very fragmentary, and have not hitherto been subjected to the detailed comparison with other Cretaceous Ichthyolites which their interesting stratigraphical position renders desirable. Many specimens, however, are capable of at least generic determination, while many others are sufficiently characteristic fragments for the definition of the species. The present writer has thus been much interested during the past few years in studying collections of these fossils, and the following notes embody some of the results in reference to the ganoid fishes. The British Museum (Natural History) having recently acquired the collection made from the Cambridge Greensand by Mr. Thomas Jesson, F.G.S., nearly all the known species are now represented here; but the writer has also availed himself of the privilege of making use of the fine series in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, and the Philosophical Society's Museum, York, thanks to the kindness of Professor McKenny Hughes, Mr. Henry Woods, and Mr. H. M. Platnauer. Mr. James Carter, M.R.C.S., has also kindly lent some Pycnodont jaws from his private collection
I.—On the Geologic Conditions affecting the Coasts of England and Wales, with special reference to the Coast-line from Lynn to Wells (Norfolk) and from Yarmouth to Eastbourne (Suffolk, Essex, Kent, and Sussex)
Authors: Whitaker W.
Published: May 2009

In reprinting this article some slight chages and corrections have been made, but it remains substantially the same, perhaps with trifling improvements. [Any notable addition is included in brackets of this kind.]
VI.—Notes on the Graptolite-bearing Rocks of New Zealand
Authors: Isaacson E. Douglass
Published: May 2009

The series of beds containing graptolites in New Zealand occur in the Whakamarama district, which is situated in almost the extreme north-west of the South Island. They consist of intercalated bands of quartzite and carbonaceous argillites, with a north and south strike and dipping at a low angle to the west. As a result of the natural erosion of the land surface taking place more rapidly in the slaty layers than in the harder quartzites, the ridges and stream valleys exhibit a noticeable parallelism, those streams which enter the sea on the western coast usually taking a very sharp bend to the west, and with a somewhat gorgy channel to the sea. The valleys are for the most part densely clothed with forest trees, while the ridges of quartzite are barren, with the exception of a stunted growth of manuka (Leptospermum scoparium and L. ericoides), and in places a covering of peat to a depth of a few inches.
II.—Marine Beds in the Yorkshire Coal-measures above the Barnsley Coal
Authors: Culpin H.
Published: May 2009

In Green's “Geology of the Yorkshire Coalfield” (Mem. Geol Surv., 1878, p. 471) reference was made to the occurrence below the Ackworth rock of a band of black shale, which it was said “contains Aviculopecten in plenty, and shows that incursions of the sea continued to occur even up to these comparatively late portions of the Coal Measure period.”
IV.—A Revision of some Carboniferous Corals
Authors: Carruthers R. G.
Published: May 2009

There are several constants of value in the determination of this species. They are:—(1) The epithecal characters; (2) the spacing of the major septa (i.e. their number in a given diameter); (3) the thickening of stereoplasma in the lower and conical part; (4) the characters of the dumonti phase (PI. VI, Figs, 1b–1d and 2a–2d); (5) the nature of the dissepiments, and their restriction to the mature growth stages; (6) the nature of the tabulæ. Of these, (2), (4), and (6) are of particular importance.
III.—On Changes of Level and the Production of Raised Beaches
Authors: Jamieson T. F.
Published: May 2009

I have occasionally drawn attention to the effect produced on the relative level of sea and land by variations of pressure on the surface, such as would be occasioned, for example, by the increase or diminution of the loads of ice which existed during the Glacial period. I argued that the position of the surface must be always tending to an exact equilibrium between the upward and the downward pressure, and that any variation in the superincumbent load must result in some change, however small, in order to rectify the balance. For if the balance was not perfert, motion must necessarily ensue, either up or down as the case might require.
V.—On some recent Wells in Dorset
Authors: Hudleston W. H.
Published: May 2009

The requirements of towns, and even of camps, in the matter of water supply are so great nowadays that surface waters are avoided as likely to be contaminated, and there is consequently a great desire to rely on deeper sources. Quite an official literature has sprung up of late years, and important memoirs have been issued by the Geological Survey on the “underground sources” of several counties. So far as I am aware there has been no official memoir relating to the county of Dorset, and this probably arises from the circumstance that the artesian principle has not been made use of to any great extent until recently, although the Dorset syncline would seem to bo eminently suitable for artesian wells.
I.—Note on the Reconstruction of Iguanodon in the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

By the kind assistance of Monsieur E. Dupont, the Director of the Royal Museum of Natural History in Brussels, a coloured reproduction of the entire skeleton of Iguanodon Bernissartensis has lately been acquired for the British Museum (Natural History), and may now be seen admirably set up in the Reptile Gallery of the Geological Department.
II.—On the Mode of Occurence of Eozoon Canadense at Côte St. Pierre
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

The question of the origin of Eozoon Canadense has been recently revived in an important and most interesting paper on a similar structure in blocks of limestone ejected from Vesuvius. The writers, however, of that paper evidently found that more information existed as to the microscopic structure of the Canadian Eozoon than as to its mode of occurrence, so that a few notes on this subject may be of some use as a contribution to the discussion. I visited one of the most noted localities for Eozoon—Côte St. Pierre—in 1884, when I had the inestimable advantage of being conducted by Sir J. W. Dawson, to whose unwearied kindness and hospitality I was so often indebted during my stay in Canada. I made careful notes and rough sketches of what I saw, collected a fair suite of specimens, and paid especial attention to the relation of the structure to other parts of the rock-masses. Upon the question of the origin of Eozoon I do not purpose to enter: I shall restrict myself to stating facts of which, as it seems to me, account must be taken in all attempts to interpret this extraordinary structure.
VI.—Second Note on the Expansion Theory of Mountain Evolution
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

In a note published four years ago,1 I pointed out a fundamental objection to the principle of the expansion theory. That objection has been clearly expressed as follows by Prof. Leconte,2 who, like myself, considers it fatal to the theory: “Sedimentation cannot, of course, increase the sum of heat in the earth. Therefore the increased heat of the sediments by rise of isogeotherms, must be taken from somewhere else. Is it taken from below? Then the radius [or rather crust] below must contract as much as the sediments expand, and therefore there will be no elevation. Is it taken from the containing sides? Then the sides must lose as much as the sediments gain, and therefore must contract and make room for the lateral expansion, and therefore there would be no folding and no elevation.”
II.—Further Notes on the Stratigraphy and Fauna or the Trimmingham Chalk
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

This paper is primarily a record of observations made at Trimmingbam since those recorded in a pamphlet entitled “The Stratigraphy and Fauna of the Trimmingham Chalk.” But as the Polyzoa of the Trimmingham Chalk comprise a remarkably large number of species which appear to be at present undescribed and are very characteristic of this horizon, I have taken this opportunity of describing some of the most prominent of these forms, partly in the hope of directing the attention of other collectors to their range and partly to facilitate the classification of the very large quantity of material I have accumulated. I have also taken this opportunity of giving a list of species from the Chalk between Cromer and Weybourne.
VI.—Remarks on the Irregular Echinoids of the White Chalk of England as exhibited in the British Museum (Natural History)
Authors: Sherborn C. Davies
Published: May 2009

Having been asked by Dr. Smith Woodward and Dr. Bather to look over the collection of Irregular Echinoids from the English Chalk in the British Museum with a view to bringing the exhibition up to date, it appears a favourable opportunity to say a few words as to the nomenclature and distribution of these animals.
VII.—Lists of Wenlockian Fossils from Porthluney, Cornwall; Ludlowian Fossils from Porthalla; and Taunusian Fossils from Polyne Quarry, near Looe, Cornwall
Authors: Green Upfield , Sherborn C. Davies
Published: May 2009

In the Autumn of 1904 we had the good fortune to find in the “Slates with inclusionsrdquo; at Porthluney, near Gorran, Cornwall, a lenticle of limestone which has yielded a small but satisfactory series of forms allowing its reference to the Wenlockian beds.
II.—On a Collection of Fossil Corals from Eastern Egypt, Abu Roash, and Sinai
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The corals described in this report were collected by members of the Egyptian Geological Survey, and were sent to London in September, 1899. I then examined most of the specimens, and submitted a preliminary report to the effect that they belong to three horizons:—
V.—Machine-made Implements
Authors: Bennett F. J.
Published: May 2009

Attention has lately been called by M. Marcellin Boule to the production in cement-mills in the Commune of Guerville, near Mantes, of all the more characteristic forms of Eoliths, and of these he has given photographic reproductions. The evidence for the necessarily artificial shaping of Eoliths had for many years been questioned by him, because he had found chipped flints of this character in the midst of Oligocene or Miocene beds in Auvergne and in the Velay; and it seemed imprudent to infer the existence of man in those early stages of the Tertiary period in the absence of osteological evidence.
An Uncrowned King in Science
Authors: Henry Huxley Thomas
Published: May 2009

By the death of Professor Huxley another illustrious name must now be inscribed on the walls of our Valhalla, while the world of science mourns the loss of one of its most distinguished leaders, who shares with Owen and Darwin the reputation of having done more to advance the study of biology than any other of the naturalists who have appeared within the present century.
Notices of Memoirs
Authors: Hall Marshall
Published: May 2009

Since the appointment of the Sub-Committee upon Glacier Observations sufficient time has not yet elapsed for many exact data to have come to hand, with one very brilliant exception— that of New Zealand.
IV.—Notes from the Geological Laboratory of Birmingham University. On a Convenient and Simple Method of Making Geological Models
Authors: Wilson T. Stacey
Published: May 2009

Many ingenious methods and materials have been used for the making of geological models, to show the internal structure and outcrop of a stratified sequence, to furnish maps and lines of section, and to indicate the direction and effects of faults.

Such materials and methods as those of Mr. Sopwith, while most instructive and interesting, are powerless to deal with problems of curved strata, and no material has yet been found by which satisfactory stratigraphical models can be made of folded districts. Such a material must have several properties: —

1. It must be easily made into large plastic sheets of even thickness and of distinguishable colour.

2. It must bend readily and adapt itself sweetly to any surface to which it may be applied.

3. Successive layers must adhere together fairly quickly and quite firmly.

4. The material should set into a rigid but not brittle mass in the end, and yet not be too hard, so that it can be carved readily, or if necessary moulded into any required shape.

5. It would be an advantage if it was cheap.

Casting about for such a substance I have found one which satisfies a good many of these requirements. Not only does it allow of the building up of models out of definite stratigraphical elements in exact imitation of the natural geological structure, but it may possibly be of use in solving certain obscure structural problems. It is also likely to be of considerable use to teachers and students, as models can be built up by or before a class, and it may even have some applications outside geology itself.
VIII.—Note on the Marbela Manjak Mine, Trinidad
Authors: Lechmere Guppy R. J.
Published: May 2009

There is no essential difference between Nos. 1, 2, and 3, and No. 4: only differs in being harder, not liable to disintegration by water, and in containing more arenaceous and less argillaceous matter than the other samples. Calcareous matter in all the samples is from 15 to 20 per cent., and consists almost entirely of shells of Foraminifera. There is a considerable amount of sulphur, chiefly as pyrites, greatest perhaps in No. 3, and fragments of Manjak occur in No. 1.
VI.—The Descriptive Nomenclature of Ripple-Mark
Authors: Hunt A. R.
Published: May 2009

Over twenty years ago, in 1882, I ventured to controvert a doctrine which was at the time maintained with remarkable unanimity by all geologists, and which was taught in all the current textbooks. It was that the ordinary ripple-mark of the seashore was formed by continuous water-currents of some kind; the current of water taking the place and performing the office of the current of wind which ripples the surface of sand-dunes.
I. — The Genus Desorella
Authors: Woods Henry
Published: May 2009

The genus Desorella was founded by Cotteau in 1855 to include four species from the Corallian named D. icaunensis, D. Orbignyana, D. elata, and D. Drogiaca, and one from the Neocomian—D. incisa. The first and the last of these five species were subsequently shown to belong to the genus Pyrina, the second was placed by Etallon in a new genus, Pseudodesorella, whilst the fourth has been referred to Hyboclypeus. So that of the five species originally regarded as belonging to Desorella, one only, D. elata, is left in that genus. Another species, described in 1862 as Desorella Guerangeri, was afterwards shown to be a Pyrina. Cotteau accepted these modifications, and, in 1873, gave an emended diagnosis of the genus, naming as the type Desorella elata, and describing another species, D. Grasi. M. Jules Lambert is of the opinion that Pachyclypeus semiglobus (Goldftiss) should be placed in the genus Desorella.
IV.—Notes on Rhodesian Laterite
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

A number of communications dealing with the origin and composition of the material commonly known as laterite have appeared in the Geological Magazine during the past few years. That of Dr. Maclaren is an especially valuable contribution to the literature of the subject, and I think few workers in the Tropics will be disposed to question the substantial accuracy of his conclusions. I shall not attempt, therefore, to discuss the general problem presented by the widespread occurrence of laterite deposits in tropical regions. The object of the present brief communication is merely to place on record a few observations made in another area.
VIII.—The Flow of Antarctic Ice
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

In his interesting and excellent Voyage of the Discovery Captain R. F. Scott speculates on the former ice conditions of the Ross Sea and the adjacent ice formations. He regards the views he expresses on this subject as only speculations, so I trust that I shall not be considered ungenerous if I attempt to express what I understand to be his views, and then subject them to criticism. It may be that I have misunderstood Captain Scott. If this should be the case the method of treatment proposed will prevent confusion.
IV.—On the Skull of Tapinocephalus
Authors: Broom R.
Published: May 2009

In 1876 Owen described the tip of the snout of a large fossil reptile from South Africa under the name of Tapinocephalus atherstoni. Although a few vertebræ and other bones of the skeleton are known, as no further remains of the skull have been found we have been in complete ignorance of the affinities of this one of our largest Karroo reptiles.
V.—The Homotaxial Equivalents of the Culm of Western Germany
Authors: Hind W.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine, 1904, Dec. V, Vol. I, p. 403, I criticized the view put forward by Dr. Parkinson that the Culm beds in the neighbourhood of Marburg were of Lower Carboniferous or Tournaisian age. Last summer I had the advantage of being taken over the ground by Professor Kayser, of Marburg, and also of seeing his valuable and extensive collections from the Culm of various parts of Germany.
III.—Note on a Bryozoan Attached to Neptunea Found in One of the Mekran Nodules
Authors: Burrows Henry W.
Published: May 2009

For other references and synonyms, see Miss E. C. Jelly's “A Synonymic Catalogue of the Recent Marine Bryozoa, including Fossil Synonyms,” 1889, pp. 162–164.
IV.—Note on a Fossil Crab and a Group of Balani Discovered in Concretions on the Beach at Ormara Headland, Mekran Coast
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Having been desired by my friend Miss Caroline Birley to examine two Crustaceans in nodules from the Mekran Coast— part of a much larger series, mostly enclosing fossil shells, described by Mr. R. B. Newton, F.G.S. (see ante, pp. 293–303)—I gladly comply with the request to add a note thereon to his paper.

The first concretion, when broken open, displays the dorsal aspect in impression and counterpart of a small crab, 5½ cm. broad by 3 cm. deep, having one long, slender, forcipated chela, imperfectly preserved, measuring nearly 5 cm. in length; and part of one of the fifth posterior pair of feet, adapted for swimming, showing it to have been near to the family Portunidæ, to which our common shore-crabs of the genus Portunus belong. None of these, however, can be satisfactorily compared with the fossil crab from Ormara, which is certainly referable to another genus.
IV.—The Rhodesian Banket Beds
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

What are popularly termed the Banket Beds of Johannesburg have for years past been justly celebrated for their extraordinarily large and steady gold production. Their literature has already assumed formidable dimensions, so it is unnecessary for my present purpose to give a detailed account of the features they present. They form part of what is generally known as the Witwatersrand Series, which consists of highly altered sandstones and conglomerates almost certainly of Archæan age. They unconformably overlie the banded rocks known as the Hospital Hill Beds, and are overlain by the Dolomite, often termed the ‘Olifants Klip’ or ‘Elephant Rock.’
V.—Contributions to the Geology of Ceylon: 4. Intrusive Pyroxenites, Mica-Pyroxenites, and Mica-Rocks in the Charnookite Series or Granulites in Ceylon
Authors: Coomáraswámy Ananda K.
Published: May 2009

The object of the present paper is to provide a short account of a group of rocks to which the general name of pyroxenite may be given, inasmuch as they are essentially non-felspathic plutonic rocks, free from olivine, and of igneous origin, and with a nearly colourless monoclinic pyroxene as the chief or only constituent of many of the most conspicuous varieties. The exposures are widely distributed in the Central, Ova, and Sabaragamuwa provinces, and probably throughout Ceylon, but are individually of very small extent. The rocks are composed of the minerals diopside, amphibole, phlogopite (or biotite), scapolite, pyrite, sphene, and sometimes felspar, calcite, and spinel; the dominant mineral is the pale green or grey granular diopside, colourless in thin sections: the rocks are often entirely, or almost entirely, composed of this mineral; next in importance are green amphibole (dark in hand-specimens, but very pale in thin sections), and a pale golden-brown phlogopite, which sometimes forms a large proportion of the rock, and in extreme cases the whole bulk of sills or dykes several feet in thickness.
VI.—Gold at Knysna and Prince Albert, Cape Colony
Authors: Schwarz Ernest H. L.
Published: May 2009

In 1895 the author visited the Prince Albert Goldfields, and later the Millwood Goldfields in Knysna, and has had the subject constantly before him till quite recently, when, in reviewing the whole question in connection with the geology of the region, which he has now worked out under the auspices of the Geological Commission of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, he was able to come to some definite conclusions. The gradual building up of convictions on a subject like this, as facts became clearer with increased knowledge derived from the reports of prospectors, the progress of the Survey, and the access to literature bearing on kindred questions, led to the acceptance of certain general principles, which the author has thought worth while to state in definite form for criticism. The peculiar points in the occurrence of the precious metal in these localities cause them to rank high as fields for research, if not for general enrichment of the inhabitants of the Cape Colony.
VII.—The Old Granites of the Transvaal and of South and Central Africa
Authors: Horwood Cuthbert Baring , Wade Arthur
Published: May 2009

Mr. J. Hays Hammond in his paper, “Gold-mining in the Transvaal, South Africa,” read at the Richmond meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in February, 1901, referring to this Old Granite, states: “There are at places intrusions from this enveloping granitic mass into the younger formations.”
IX.—On River Development in Mid-South Wales
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

The Lower Severn Valley has been classic ground to students of river-development ever since Professor W. M. Davis visited and applied those principles of river-development which he had found so illuminating in his own country. Recorded in print, and developed by Mr. S. S. Buckman and others, these views have met with much support, and certainly have the advantage of explaining many otherwise unintelligible phenomena.
II.—On upright Equisetites Stems in the Oolitic Sandstone in Yorkshire
Authors: Halle T. G.
Published: May 2009

Stems of Ecquisetites columnaris (Brong.) have long been known to occur in a vertical position in the sandstones of the Inferior Oolite on the Yorkshire coast. This mode of occurrence has commonly been held as proving that the stems are preserved in the position in which they once grew, having been buried in situ beneath the layers of sand that accumulated on the spot. On the other hand, it has been argued that the upright position need not be primary; it might be as readily explained if the stems are regarded as drifted and secondarily deposited on the spots where they are now found. It is well known and has been pointed out, particularly in the discussions of the upright stems in the Coal-measures, that a drifting tree often has a tendency to sink in a vertical position, the root-end being heavier because of adhering mineral matter or from some other reason. Phillips describes, in his Geology of the Yorkshire Coast, a locality at High Whitby where upright stems of Equisetites columnaris occur in the sandstone. He continues: “They … are broken off or imperfect above, and seldom reach to the upper surface of the bed; they are also broken off below, but commonly pass to the lower surface; and some of the lower joints nearest the roots are found in the subjacent bed of shale.”
II.—The proposed Recognition of Two Stages in the Upper Chalk
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for July and August last Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne made a proposal for the recognition in England, France, and Germany of a boundary-line between two corresponding stages in the middle of the old zone of Actinocamax quadratus. The reception to be given to this proposal so far as it concerns France and Germany must be a matter for the geologists of those countries, and I am concerning myself chiefly with the proposal as it affects the English Chalk. Inasmuch as I sympathize with the proposal, and my own work is partly relied upon, it may seem ungracious in me to criticize it, but there are several points on which criticism seems desirable if only to afford Mr. Jukes-Browne an opportunity of replying while the subject is still fresh.
IV.—On the General Geological Structure of Western Cornwall, with a Note on the Porthluney–Dodman Section
Authors: Green Upfield , Sherborn C. Davies
Published: May 2009

In attempting an explanation of the structure of Western Cornwall it seems fairly evident that the first step should be a study of the coast sections, for the interior of the country is so folded and buckled that it is quite bewildering in its complexity. The natural sections most useful for this purpose are those of Black Head to Gorran Haven, St. Michael Carhayes to the Dodman, Falmouth to the Manacles, and Trewavas to Mullion, since all these sections cross the lines of strike more or less at right angles. It soon becomes abundantly clear that the complexity of folding exhibited by the rocks is but the detail of greater movements and need not seriously detain us. In 1908 Upfield Green expressed our views on those greater movements in the ninety-fifth report of the Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, and endeavoured to show that the great Hercynian movements had involved Cornwall, throwing the country into three east and west anticlinals with sinuous outcrops, which anticlinals had gradually been forced over to the north into overfolds. These folds have been further complicated, distorted, and confused by local minor bucklings shown by the strata on every side.
III.—The Raised Beach of North Devon: its relation to others and to Palæolithic Man
Authors: Dewey Henry
Published: May 2009

While mapping the Upper Devonian and Carboniferous Rocks in North Devon I took the opportunity of examining the raised beach of Barnstaple Bay and the deposits resting upon it. As a result of my observations I found that the sequence of these deposits is identical bed for bed with that of Cornwall, South Wales, and Southern Ireland, except that in place of the Boulder-clay there is in North Devon a bed of clay with striated stones which may not be of glacial origin. The position of the Boulder-clay over the ancient head, however, corresponds with the position of the bed of glaciated stones and indicates the infra-Glacial age of the ‘head’. The fact that the ‘head’ is contemporaneous with ‘Coombe Rock’ has been held by all geologists familiar with the subject. It is a fact of first-class importance with regard to the relationship of man to the Glacial period, for it proves that man existed before these Boulder-clays were deposited. The evidence is inferential and supplied by the occurrence of Palæolithic implements of Le Moustier type in the Coombe Rock of Southern England and France. Granting, then, that the Le Moustier period is infra-Glacial, it remains to be seen to what Palæolithic period the raised beach belongs. We will proceed to consider the evidence available up to date, commencing with a brief account of the raised beach of North Devon.
I.—On Some Bird Remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Transsylvania
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

So long ago as 1897 Baron Franz recorded the discovery of numerous bones of Dinosaurs and Chelonians in fresh water deposits of Upper Cretaceous age at Szentpeterfalva in Transsylvania. Since that time he has made extensive collections of bones from the same locality and has published various papers concerning them. In his last collection, now in the British Museum (Natural History), there occur some fragments of limb-bones which he does not consider to be reptilian but rather of avian origin. These specimens he has kindly submitted to me for determination and description, and they form the subject of the present paper.
V.—Helminthochiton æqvivoca, n.sp., Lowre Ordovician, Bohemia
Authors: Robson Guy C.
Published: May 2009

The species described in this paper is based on specimens acquired for the Geological Department of the British Museum in 1912 from Professor C. Klouček, of Prague, who collected them from the upper portion of D γ (=Arenigian) at Šárka and Malé Prilepy. The fossil was referred in the first instance by Professor Klouček to “Chiton sp. ?” and the result of the present investigation has been to uphold the reference to the Polyplacophora, though the precise generic status must remain vague.
VI.—More about Septarian Structure
Authors: Todd J. E.
Published: May 2009

In his article on septarian structure in the March number of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE Dr. A. Morley Davies seems to call for further light upon the subject, hence the following is offered. The writer became convinced of the fallacy of the current teaching concerning the formation of concretions with cracked interiors and of septaria more than thirty years ago, and has so taught in his classes ever since. In 1902 he published a paper on “Concretions and their Geological Effects”, which presented facts which virtually demonstrate that the cracking is due to the expansion of the exterior rather than by a contraction of the interior, as Dr. Davies has also concluded.
I.—The Origin of Mountains
Authors: Burrard S. G.
Published: May 2009

1. The reply by the Rev. O. Fisher (Geological Magazine, June, 1913, p. 250) to Sir Thomas Holland's note leads me to ask permission to place the geodetic case before your geological readers. I ask geologists to give a hearing to a geodetic computer.
II.—The Beaufort Beds of the Karroo System of South Africa
Authors: Watson D. M. S.
Published: May 2009

The great Karroo System of South Africa was divided by its discoverer, Andrew Geddes Bain, into four formations on lithological characters. They are—

The Stormberg Series.

The Beaufort Beds.

The Ecca Beds.

The Dwyka Series.

It has long been recognized that the Dwyka conglomerate, which forms a large part of the lowest series, is of glacial origin, and the common occurrence of smoothed and striated pavements below it all along its northern exposure seems to show that it is the product of a great continental ice-sheet.
V.—Notes on the Geology of the Bermuda Islands
Authors: Peile A. J.
Published: May 2009

In a very interesting article on the Geology of Bermuda, published in this Magazine for September and October, 1911 (pp. 385–95 and 433–42, Pls. XVIII–XXIII), the late Rev. R. Ashington Bullen states, on p. 390, that Admiral's Cave at Spanish Point is in the Walsingham Formation. This statement is evidently due to a slip in map-reading, Admiralty Cove being the boat harbour of Admiralty House near Spanish Point, whereas the Admiral's Cave, whencethe Pœcilozonites nelsoni in the British Museum were derived, is the “cave near the calabash-tree” mentioned on p. 439. This cave owes its name to the visit of Admiral Milne, and the base of his stalagmite is still in evidence, bearing his tool marks. It is one of the largest and most remarkable of the many caves between Bailey's Bay and Tuckerstown.
III.—On the Important Part played by Calcareous Algæ at certain Geological Horizons, with Special Reference to the Palæozoic Rocks
Authors: Garwood E. J.
Published: May 2009

It is now time to turn to the consideration of the part played by these organisms in the formation of sedimentary rocks through the successive geological periods.
I.—On a New Specimen of the Cretaceous Fish Portheus Molossus, Cope
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

Several nearly complete skeletons of the primitive teleostean fish Portheus molossus are now known from the Chalk of Kansas; but none is better preserved than a remarkable trunk, nearly 12 feet in total length, lately obtained for the British Museum by Mr. Charles H. Sternberg. The specimen is shown, of about of the natural size, in the accompanying Plate XVIII, where it is seen mounted with the head of another fish of the same proportions. All the bones remain embedded in the matrix exactly as they were found, and there is no restoration beyond slight repairs.
V.—The Sub-crag Flints
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: May 2009

At the meeting of the British Association held at Birmingham last September, Professor W. J. Sollas, F.R.S., read a paper in which the Sub-crag flints I have discovered were rejected as not being of human workmanship. Professor Sollas mainly based his arguments upon certain flints found upon the seashore at Selsey Bill, Sussex, many of which have been collected by Mr. E. Heron Allen of that place. In August of this year I paid a visit to Selsey and, owing to the kindness of Mr. Heron Allen, was enabled to carefully examine his collection of flints and the exact places on the shore from which they were derived.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Dawkins William Boyd
Published: May 2009

William Boyd Dawkins, who has recently resigned the Professorship of Geology and Palæontology at the Manchester University, belongs to the comparatively rare, and now dwindling, group of naturalists who have extended their energies across the borderlands of their main subjects, and have become recognized as authorities also in neighbouring territories. If Boyd Dawkins had not been famous in the realm of Geology, he would still have been a prominent figure among anthropologists and archæologists; and if he had not established for himself a name among those whose researches have enriched the data and philosophy of science, he would still have been prominent as a teacher, an organizer, and a public-spirited citizen. Forty years ago, when there were two small collections of natural-history objects in Manchester, the late Professor Huxley nominated young Dawkins as the man with the requisite amount of energy, business capacity, and scientific knowledge to organize a central institution, which, now, under the control of the new University of Manchester, is an institution of importance as much to the student who requires reference materials as to the general public. Although the Manchester Museum has now attained dimensions requiring the superintendence by specialists in the three main branches of Natural History, the organization is the direct outcome of its first Curator, through whose influence mainly the money required for buildings has been obtained, and through whose attraction unique collections of materials have been secured.
III.—Post-Glacial Time and Ancient Egypt
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

Perplexing as are all problems connected with geological time, there has naturally appeared much more hope of determining the length of the period that has elapsed since the close of the great Glacial episode in the Northern Hemisphere, the period in which, indeed, we may be said to live, seeing that many processes that can be observed in action may be supposed to have gone on without interruption from the disappearance of the ice to the present day. It has proved, however, scarcely less difficult than the other problems of geological chronology. Many methods have been applied, and the results reached have been hardly less varied than the methods.
V.—On some Middle and Upper-Lias Sections near Batcombe, Somerset
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

In the neighbourhood of Batcombe the Marlstone of the Middle Lias is typically developed, and is succeeded by thin alternating layers of clay and limestone, which are in turn followed by pale-Yellow fine-grained sands—near Bruton, of considerable thickness.
VIII.—Calc-Silicate Limestones of Donegal
Authors: Zealley Arthur E. V.
Published: May 2009

During the summer of 1908 I examined in the field the contact metamorphosed limestones of the county Donegal, my attention being mainly confined to those masses of limestone occurring as xenoliths in the granite. These strongly metamorphosed limestones frequently contain the interesting rock named by Dr. B. H. Scott ‘Sphene-rock’, which (“Granitic Rocks of Donegal”: Journal of the Geological Society of Dublin, 1861, vol. ix, p. 288) he describes as “occurring in actual contact with garnet limestones wherever we find these rocks”. This Sphene-rock consists of allotriomorphic and hypidiomorphic felspars, with quartz, idiomorphic diopside and sphene, and in some localities zoisite, scapolite, etc.
I—Notes on the Geological Horizon and Palæontology of the ‘Soapstone Bed,’ in the Lower Coal-Measures, Near Colne, Lancashire
Authors: Bolton Hebbert
Published: May 2009

The ‘Soapstone bed,’ which has yielded the specimens about to be described by Dr. Henry Woodward, was so named by the late George Wild. It is a thin band of light-grey shale lying from 4 to 7 feet above the ‘Mountain Four Feet’ mine in the neighbourhood of Colne and Trawden.

The shale contains an abundance of small flattened nodules, varying in size from half an inch to six inches in length, and from half an inch to two and a half inches in breadth. The vertical thickness rarely exceeds an inch and a half. The shale readily breaks down into a soft unctuous clay on weathering, whilst the outer surface of the nodules undergoes oxidation and breaks away in thin coats. The nodules consist of earthy carbonate of iron, and it is to the oxidation of the latter that breaking up takes place by a process of concentric scaling.

Between the ‘Soapstone bed’ and the ‘Mountain Four Feet’ mine are black shales with dark ironstone nodules often full of Gonialites, Fterinopecten, etc. The horizon from the top of the coal-seam to the ‘Soapstone bed’ is the most prolific in organic remains in the Lower Coal-measures, in whatever locality it may be met with.

Whilst the horizon of the Soapstone nodule bed is constant over a large area, the beds immediately subjacent to it are not. The Mountain Four Feet mine, upon which it rests under and around the whole of the Burnley coalfield, is seen when traced southwards to be formed by the union of two coal-seams, the ‘Gannister mine’ and the ‘Bullion mine’ respectively.
II.—Notes on some Crustaceans and two Myriopods from the Lower Coal-Measures near Colne, Lancashire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

By the courtesy of my friend Mr. Herbert Bolton, the Curator and Secretary of the Bristol Museum, several specimens have been placed in my hands for examination. They were collected by Mr. Peter Whalley from the ‘Soapstone bed,’ a little distance above the ‘Bullion Mine’ (or ‘Mountain Four Feet’) on the hill near Colne, Lancashire, and he permits me to figure and describe them.

All the specimens are enclosed in small, elliptical nodules of clayironstone, evidently formed around the organisms by a process of concretionary action at the time of their embedment in the sediment forming the layer in which the nodules occur, the fossils being, as usual in such cases, exposed by splitting the concretions open along their periphery
IV.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic. Part III: the Western Part of the Sea, the Sound, and the Belts
Authors: Howorth H. H.
Published: May 2009

Proceeding westward, the fauna again increases in richness. The molluscan fauna of the Gulf of Kiel has been elaborately described by Meyer and Möbius in their well-known work entitled “Fauna der Kieler Bucht.” They thus enumerate the shells found there:—
II.—The Mount Torlesse Annelid
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

Among the geological specimens obtained by Mr. H. T. Ferrar, while the “Discovery” was visiting New Zealand, are seven rock-fragments containing tubular shells, and an eighth with some obscure markings. They are labelled as follows:—
III.—On the Probable Pelean Origin of the Felsitic Slates of Snowdon, and their Metamorphism
Authors: Dakyns J. R. , Greenly Edward , Dakyns J. R.
Published: May 2009

There are several kinds of acid volcanic rocks in Wales. In the X neighbourhood of Snowdon there are at least five kinds, as follows:

1. There are undoubted lavas, showing lines of viscous flow and sometimes vesicular, and weathering into cubical blocks. Such may be seen on Crib Goch and on Crib Yddysgl, on Cerrig Cochion, and elsewhere. These rocks are rarely cleaved.

2. There are rocks like the last as to fracture and mode of weathering, but which are neither viscous nor vesicular. They are probably masses of felsitic dust or mud. Such may be seen in Cwm Llan.

3. There are also massive felstones, rudely cleaved, such as form Moel Meirch. and Clogwyn Llwyd.

4. There are the so-called ashes of various kinds, usually wellbedded and often highly cleaved.

5. Lastly, there are highly cleaved felsitic rocks, which show no lines of viscous flow, are generally unbedded, and which are in many places fragmentary.