bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of the Handicap Assessment and Resource Tool (HART)
Authors: Vertesi Andrea , Darzins Peteris , Lowe Shari , McEvoy Esther , Edwards Mary
Published: March 2013

An important determinant of whether people can live in community settings is the absence of significant handicap. People with considerable disabilities can live without handicap if they have adequate supports. Handicap, rather than disability, limits peoples' residence options. Disability assessment tools are commonly used to guide where people can live - these assess neither the resources available nor the personal-care handicap present. The Handicap Assessment and Resource Tool (HART) was designed to provide information about the personal-care issues (clothing, hygiene, nutrition, mobility, safety, residence and supports) relevant to choice of residence.

The HART was tested by occupational therapists who are frequently expected to provide recommendations regarding disabled clients' residence options. It is a client-centred tool that addresses key occupational performance components of personal care. Pilot testing in hospital and community settings shows the HART is a comprehensive and practical tool that is acceptable to users and clients.
Handwriting: Current Trends in Occupational Therapy Practice
Authors: Feder Katya , Majnemer Annette , Synnes Anne
Published: March 2013

The objective of this survey was to describe assessment and treatment approaches commonly used by occupational therapists for children exhibiting handwriting and related fine motor difficulties. Secondarily, the application of weights as a treatment modality was also explored. Fifty experienced paediatric occupational therapists from Ontario (46%), Quebec (22%) and six other Canadian provinces, were surveyed by telephone. The majority of therapists indicated that they evaluated gross/fine motor and perceptual skills, motor planning, quality of movement and sensory functioning for this population, while psychosocial and environmental factors were often not formally evaluated. Evaluations most commonly utilized included the Beery, Bruininks-Oseretsky and Gardner Tests. Standardized handwriting assessments were rarely employed. All used an eclectic treatment approach with sensorimotor most frequently selected (90%). Work setting and years of experience did not influence the treatment approach favoured.
The Experience of Pet Ownership as a Meaningful Occupation
Authors: Allen Jessica M. , Kellegrew Diane Hammon , Jaffe Deborah
Published: March 2013

This qualitative study examined the experience of pet ownership in the everyday lives of seven men with human immuno-deficiency virus or acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Interviews and field observations were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. The findings demonstrate that the experience of pet ownership is both typical of any pet owner and yet profoundly impacted by the illness of the owners. The results of this preliminary study indicate pet ownership can be a highly valued occupation for some, and thus has implications for occupational therapy intervention.
Development of an assessment to identify play behaviours that discriminate between the play of typical preschoolers and preschoolers with pre-academic problems
Authors: Stagnitti Karen , Unsworth Carolyn , Rodger Sylvia
Published: March 2013

Occupational therapists regard play as the primary occupation of childhood. However, many authors of play assessments have viewed play either as a functional outcome of other skills or as an indication of the child's developmental level. While such views of play are valid, these approaches to play are broad and do not fully consider the cognitive value of play. A study was undertaken with 82 preschoolers to see if a new play assessment which considers cognitive play skills, called the Child-Initiated Pretend Play Assessment, (ChIPPA), possessed acceptable inter-rater reliability, and could discriminate between the play of typically developing preschoolers and preschoolers with pre-academic problems. This assessment evaluates preschoolers’ elaborate imaginative actions, number of imitative actions, and number of object substitutions. The ChIPPA was found to have excellent inter-rater reliability and did discriminate between children who were typically developing and children who experienced pre-academic problems. In particular, the elaborateness of a child's play actions and the child's ability to substitute objects were strong discriminators of preschoolers with and without pre-academic problems. Three play profiles which emerged from the research are discussed.
Client-Centred Practice: Body, Mind and Spirit Resurrected
Authors: Rebeiro Karen Lynn
Published: March 2013

All from the past is useful. All that was before us is now. For each of us, we had to have been there, to be here now. We are all things from the past and these we can use to guide us today and beyond. Every path taken before has led us to today. Have no regrets about the past, but instead, rejoice in all that was, all that is and all that can possibly be. Rejoice in the human spirit that endures - Anonymous
La pratique centrée sur le client: Résurgence de la trilogie du corps, de la pensée et de l'esprit
Authors: Rebeiro Karen Lynn
Published: March 2013

Tout ce qui vient du passé est utile. Tout ce qui existait avant nous existe toujours. Chacun d'entre nous doit faire partie du passé pour être ici, maintenant. Nous émanons d'un tout qui a constitué le passé et qui peut nous servir de guide aujourd'hui et demain. Tous les sentiers qui ont été foulés dans le passé ont dirigé nos pas vers aujourd'hui. Il ne faut avoir aucun regret face au passé; il faut plutôt se réjouir de ce qui a été, de ce qui est et de ce qui sera. Réjouissez-vous de l'esprit humain qui subsiste - Anonyme
Postmodernism and its Application to the Field of Occupational Therapy
Authors: Weinblatt Nurit , Avrech-Bar Michal
Published: March 2013

This article presents both the general concept of postmodernism and its reflection in a wide array of fields of interest. In particular, the paper reviews the postmodernist perspective as it appears in healthcare and medicine. This leads to a postmodernist analysis of the profession of occupational therapy, the main conclusion being that occupational therapy combines elements of modernism and postmodernism. This gives occupational therapy clinicians the luxury of enjoying the best of both worlds.
The Evolution of Our Occupational Perspective: The Journey from Diversion through Therapeutic Use to Enablement
Authors: Polatajko Helene
Published: March 2013

Occupational Therapy, in the broad sense of the term, has become the most serious problem before the statesmen of every nation in the world at the present time. All over the civilized globe, the widespread disease of unemployment (lack of occupation) is monopolizing the attention of national parliaments and world conferences. Everywhere the effort is being made to remedy human dissatisfaction and mental unrest by providing daily tasks so that minds may be occupied, bodies may be healthy, and the means of sustenance may be found (Howland, 1933, p. 4).
A Comparison of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure and the Health Assessment Questionnaire
Authors: Ripat Jacquie , Etcheverry Emily , Cooper Juliette , Tate Robert
Published: March 2013

The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) is receiving international attention as an important assessment for directing occupational therapy interventions and measuring client-centred outcomes. The COPM measures individuals' perceptions of disability by identifying those tasks that are important to them and difficult to perform. The Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) has been used extensively with persons with arthritis and measures individuals' perceived difficulty in performing predetermined tasks of daily living. The HAQ has been shown to correlate with actual performance and has reported concurrent validity with a number of similar scales. In this study, 13 participants diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis were assessed with the COPM and the disability dimension of the HAQ. Participants scored performance limitations on both the COPM and the HAQ; the correlation coefficient between the scores was not statistically significant. However, when the COPM and the HAQ scores for similar activities were compared, a statistically significant correlation was found. These findings support the use of the COPM as a valid measure of self-reported performance.
Effects of Cognitive Processes and Task Complexity on Acquisition, Retention, and Transfer of Motor Skills
Authors: Jarus Tal , Gutman Tzipi
Published: March 2013

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of cognitive problem-solving operations (termed contextual interference) and complexity of tasks on the acquisition retention and transfer of motor skills. Ninety-six children, ages 7.5–9.5 practised the task of throwing beanbags under either low contextual interference (blocked practice), high contextual interference (random practice) or medium contextual interference (combined practice). Half of the participants acquired a complex task and the other half a simple task. All participants performed 30 acquisition trials, 9 retention trials and 4 transfer trials. Results indicated that participants who practised in the blocked practice group did not differ in their performance whether they acquired complex or simple tasks. On the other hand, participants from the random and combined practice groups who acquired simple tasks performed better than those who acquired complex tasks. These findings support the hypothesis that there is a limit to the interference during practice that will benefit retention and transfer, thus creating the contextual interference effect. It seems that the complex-task condition combined with random or combined practice schedule increased the difficulty of acquisition, possibly impeding the cognitive processing during acquisition, thus impairing the learning process.
Literacy of Children with Physical Disabilities: A Literature Review
Authors: Browning Nadia
Published: March 2013

The ability to read and write can influence an individual's educational, communication, and vocational opportunities. Occupational therapists can assist children with physical disabilities to achieve literacy skills. By setting priorities and goals for each child, in conjunction with their parent(s), opportunities can be provided and technologies utilized to access literacy material and enhance the child's abilities to read and write. This extensive literature review provides clinicians with information on the factors that influence the development of literacy for children with physical disabilities. The expectations and priorities of parent(s) are critical determinants of whether opportunities will be provided for the child to learn to read and write. This article concludes with recommendations and strategies for the use of technology to help develop literacy skills, and future research questions for considerations.
Unawareness and/or Denial of Disability: Implications for Occupational Therapy Intervention
Authors: Katz Noomi , Fleming Jennifer , Keren Nava , Lightbody Sue , Hartman-Maeir Adina
Published: March 2013

Occupational therapy focus on client-centred, occupational performance intervention may become complicated by the phenomena of self-awareness. The problem of awareness deficits in clients with neurological disorders may be attributed to neurological impairment of self-awareness and/or psychological denial of disability. These phenomena present themselves more commonly in combination than dichotomously and have implications for treatment outcomes. Individuals with impaired self-awareness or denial face difficulties with motivation and participation in therapy, and the adoption of compensatory strategies, which ultimately impacts on rehabilitation outcome. The extent of unawareness versus denial can be assessed by observation of a client's behavior and this information can be very useful in directing the treatment approach. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to discuss the phenomenon of unawareness and/or denial of disability and its importance to successful rehabilitation outcomes, current thinking and research conducted in different countries. Also, detailed case examples of three clients representing three major populations of traumatic brain injury, stroke and schizophrenia who may exhibit unawareness and/or denial of disability will be presented, including intervention strategies for both phenomena.
Reflections on Power and Justice in Enabling Occupation
Authors: Townsend Elizabeth , Galipeault J. Pierre , Gliddon Karen , Little Stephen , Moore Cathy , Klein Bonnie Sherr
Published: March 2013

Background. This descriptive paper offers reflections on power and justice associated with occupational therapy's client-centred practice, now described as the practice of enabling occupation. Framed as a contribution to the sociology of professions, the questions addressed are: How do power and justice work in occupational therapy today? What vision of power and justice guides the profession in implementing the client-centred practice of enabling occupation? Method. The paper opens with an overview of the analytic framework for reflections. Two sources for reflections are highlighted: the development of the Canadian guidelines and, client/consumer and occupational therapy perspectives. To illustrate the discussion of power and justice, two contrasting diagrams are presented, one on late 20th century power relations and the other on potential power relations. Results. Recommendations for research, education, practice, and guidelines development are offered prior to a conclusion that acknowledges the dissonance facing occupational therapists who struggle to focus on occupations in client-centred practice. Practice Implications. The paper offers insights and strategies for addressing power and justice as issues in implementing the client-centred practice of enabling occupation. The analysis may be used in raising awareness and guiding the strategic development of institutional change toward social inclusion and enabling occupation.
La recherche en ergothérapie: Développement de la formation des enseignants au Brésil
Authors: Emmel Maria Luisa Guillaumon , Lancman Selma
Published: March 2013

Description générale. Cet article analyse le processus de formation des ergo-thérapeutes brésiliens au niveau de la maîtrise et du doctorat. Il analyse égalemen t les interactions de ces formations avec la recherche, l'enseignement, l'activité clinique de l'ergothérapeute, ainsi que le profil de ces professionnels. Méthodologie. L'outil de mesure employé pour cette étude fut un questionnaire, envoyé à tous les enseignants en ergothérapie du Brésil. Ce questionnaire a permis d'obtenir des informations sur les choix faits par les ergothérapeutes inscrits à un programme universitaire. Résultats. On a pu ainsi identifier les raisons de ces choix, les attentes suscitées par cette formation chez les professionnels, les perspectives de la profession et les incidences de cette formation sur le profil de l'étudiant en ergothérapie ainsi que sur celui des futurs professionnels de cette spécialité. Conséquences pour la pratique. L'analyse des réponses devrait permettre de mettre en place un programme national de 3e cycle destiné aux ergothérapeutes.
An Occupational Therapy Perspective on Falls Prevention among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Woodland Jill E. , Hobson Sandra J.G.
Published: March 2013

Background. Prevention of falls among community-dwelling older adults is an important area of research because of the serious consequences that can result from falls for this population. The risk factors associated with falls tend to be categorized into two groups: intrinsic, or personal factors, such as fear of falling, age, gender, and extrinsic, or environmental factors, such as lighting or slippery surfaces. Method. The current falls prevention literature was reviewed using an occupational therapy perspective. Result. It revealed that there are only a few brief examples of the relationship between occupation and falls in the literature. The profession of occupational therapy appears to be underrepresented in the current falls prevention literature. The review highlights the important contributions that occupational therapists could make to this functional problem. Practice and Research Implications. For occupational therapy, important areas for consideration when attempting to prevent falls among older adults living in the community include using a client-centred approach, compliance, and follow up on recommendations. There is a need for more occupational therapy research specifically on occupation and falls, that explores their relationship and influence upon one another.
The Efficacy of Pre-Operative Home Visits for Total Hip Replacement Clients
Authors: Rivard Annette , Warren Sharon , Voaklander Don , Jones Allyson
Published: March 2013

Background. There is increasing realization among health care administrative decision makers and service providers that we must measure the true value of expensive services by demonstrating the achievement of identified goals. Purpose. The objective of this study was to determine whether clients who received the home-based intervention for a hip arthroplasty would result in a more timely discharge home from hospital. Method. Two hundred and eight clients receiving a total hip replacement at two acute care hospitals comprised the sample. One hospital included the more costly home-based pre-operative teaching by an occupational therapist as part of its protocol while the other provided comparative occupational therapy intervention within its hospital based pre-admission clinic. Discharge disposition and length of hospital stay were measured. Results. Though no significant difference in either of these outcomes was found, a number of issues were raised indicating the complexity of resource allocation to this client population and the importance of the qualitative dimensions of care. Practice Implications. The location for pre-operative teaching for total hip replacements was not found to impact the length of hospital stay nor whether clients are discharged directly home.
Knowledge Use among Occupational Therapists for Infant Feeding Assessments
Authors: Subramaniam Kala , Reid Denise
Published: March 2013

Backround. Canadian occupational therapists practice in a variety of clinical settings and use different assessment approaches. To understand best practice, this study explored therapists' knowledge use for infant feeding assessments. This was chosen as one specific area of practice to study knowledge use. Purpose. The purpose of this qualtitative study was to investigate what therapists assess and what procedures they use to carry out their assessments. Method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 therapists with experience evaluating infant feeding. A constant comparative method of data analysis was used to identify common themes. Results. Three themes emerged: the value of medical information, the importance of doing by observing and the need for an adaptive trial and error approach. Practice Implications. These findings suggest therapists' experiential knowledge shape their best practice. This study informs us about the everyday knowledge used by therapists working with infants on feeding issues and helps us to understand why assessment practices may vary amongst therapists and across clinical settings.
The Effects of Family-Centred Functional Therapy on the Occupational Performance of Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Lammi Brenda McGibbon , Law Mary
Published: March 2013

Background. Family-Centred Functional Therapy (FCFT) is a comprehensive approach to paediatric occupational therapy that considers and addresses the skills of the child, the requirements of functional tasks and the elements within the tasks environment, including family goals and preferences. Purpose. The purpose of the present study was to determine if interventions based on FCFT, but limited to addressing elements of the task and environment, would improve task performance. Method. A single subject, multiple baseline design was applied to three children, for three tasks each. Tasks were selected by parents and measured during baseline and intervention phases. Results. Results indicate that for each child at least one of the two tasks for which intervention was provided demonstrated improved performance. Parents reported a clinically significant improvement in satisfaction with their children's performance in the tasks that were addressed. Practice Implications. This study provides preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of the FCFT approach.
Supported Employment: Evidence for a Best Practice Model in Psychosocial Rehabilitation
Authors: Moll Sandra , Huff James , Detwiler Lisa
Published: March 2013

Background. Traditional approaches to vocational rehabilitation in mental health settings have had only limited effectiveness in enabling clients to meet their employment goals. Within the last decade the Individual Placement and Support Model (IPS) has emerged as an alternate, evidence-based approach to providing vocational services with individuals who have severe and persistent mental illness. Method and Scope. This review of the literature critically examines research regarding the IPS model of supported employment then discusses implications of this research for occupational therapists. Practice Implications. In order to enable clients to achieve their competitive employment goals, it is imperative that occupational therapists incorporate best practice models of supported employment. IPS is one model that appears to hold significant promise for occupational therapists and their clients.
The Promise of Occupational Science: A Developmental Assessment of an Emerging Academic Discipline
Authors: Molke Daniel K. , Laliberte-Rudman Deborah , Polatajko Helene J.
Published: March 2013

Background. In the late 1980s, occupational science was introduced as a basic discipline that would provide a foundation for occupational therapy. As occupational science grows and develops, some question its relationship to occupational therapy and criticize the direction and extent of its growth and development. Purpose. This study was designed to describe and critically analyze the growth and development of occupational science and characterize how this has shaped its current status and relationship to occupational therapy. Method. Using a mixed methods design, 54 occupational science documents published in the years 1990 and 2000 were critically analyzed to describe changes in the discipline between two points in time. Data describing a range of variables related to authorship, publication source, stated goals for occupational science and type of research were collected. Results. Descriptive statistics, themes and future directions are presented and discussed. Practice Implications. Through the support of a discipline that is dedicated to the pursuit of a full understanding of occupation, occupational therapy will help to create a new and complex body of knowledge concerning occupation. However, occupational therapy must continue to make decisions about how knowledge produced within occupational science and other disciplines can be best used in practice.
Exploring Recruitment Strategies to Hire Occupational Therapists
Authors: Mulholland Susan , Derdall Michele
Published: March 2013

Background. Recruitment issues in occupational therapy have been a long-standing concern for the profession. Purpose. This descriptive study explored the strategies currently being used by employers to recruit occupational therapists for employment purposes. Method. An 18-item survey was mailed to 251 sites where occupational therapists work in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Results. There was a 64% response rate and data from 130 surveys were analyzed. The results indicate that employers continue to rely on a wide variety of strategies for advertising and recruiting, the most prevalent being word of mouth, postings at universities, and providing student fieldwork placements. In turn, the most effective recruitment strategies were listed as word of mouth, advertising in the general media, and providing student fieldwork placements. Various examples of financial incentives offered by employers were also listed. Many participants identified recent changes in recruitment strategies such as making a move towards web site job postings. Practice Implications. The results suggest strategies for employers to target for recruiting occupational therapists and illustrate to both employers and students the importance of fieldwork in recruitment and hiring.
The Recovery Paradigm: Should Occupational Therapists be Interested?
Authors: Gruhl Karen L. Rebeiro
Published: March 2013

Background. The mental health literature attests to a paradigm shift from an emphasis on treatment towards a focus on fostering recovery. This paradigm emphasizes many constructs familiar to occupational therapists, including quality of life, empowerment, hope, meaningful activities and work. Occupational therapists are not only familiar with these terms, but have addressed recovery-related constructs in both research and practice. Method and Purpose. Literature on the recovery paradigm, mental health and occupational therapy was reviewed to gain an understanding of this paradigm and its relationship to occupational therapy in mental health. Result. Core occupational therapy beliefs and assumptions are strikingly similar to those purported to be important to fostering recovery. Implications. Occupational therapists should consider taking a keen interest in the construct of recovery. By virtue of professional beliefs and assumptions, occupational therapists are uniquely positioned to assume a leadership role in the area of recovery—related research and practice.
It's the Activity that Counts: What Clients Value in Psycho-Educational Groups
Authors: Cowls Jocelyn , Hale Sandra
Published: March 2013

Background. This qualitative pilot research study provides client-centred outcomes by evaluating psycho-educational groups from the clients' perspective. Purpose. This study was designed to determine what clients value in three psycho-educational groups offered in an acute inpatient psychiatric setting. Methods. Interviews lasting 30 to 60 minutes relating to the 8 participants group experiences were recorded and transcribed verbatim. A constant comparative approach was used to analyze data allowing for both expected and emergent themes to be integrated into later interviews. Results. Identified themes were group structure, readiness to attend groups and process information, and group milieu. Participants valued voluntary attendance and supportive milieu of groups. Insertion of relevant activity into groups to promote interaction, learning and information retention was also valued. Practice Implications. Occupational therapists offering mental health groups should consider a number of factors. These include the importance of transitioning clients from activity groups to psycho-educational groups, as well as the value clients place in determining their readiness to attend a group and having a supportive milieu with limits to emotional disclosure.
Canadian Occupational Therapists' Contributions to Prisoners of War in World War II
Authors: Cockburn Lynn
Published: March 2013

Background. A small number of Canadian occupational therapists provided materials to prisoners of war who were experiencing occupational deprivation in German camps during World War II. Although the occupational therapy contribution was relatively minor relative to the overall efforts of assistance to prisoners of war, it represented dedication, commitment and further sacrifice at a time when occupational therapists faced difficult choices. Method. An historical research method approach was employed to gather information from primary sources found in the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapy archives. Secondary sources were also consulted to provide additional background information. This paper outlines the need and context for the response, method of organization, materials sent, challenges experienced, and impact that this effort had on both POWs and the occupational therapists themselves. Practice Implications. This account may inform and inspire current day occupational therapists who are considering the implications of occupational deprivation within frameworks of social and occupational justice.
La perception d'efficacité personnelle comme facteur associé à la participation sociale des adultes ayant subi un traumatisme cranio-cérébral
Authors: Dumont Claire , Gervais Marie , Fougeyrollas Patrick , Bertrand Richard
Published: March 2013

Problématique. L'identification des facteurs qui peuvent favoriser la participation sociale des adultes qui ont subi un traumatisme cranio-cérébral peut aider l'ergothérapeute à orienter ses interventions. Sur ce plan, les études antérieures se sont surtout centrées sur l'identification des caractéristiques sociodémographiques et des incapacités associées à la participation sociale. Objectif. Cette étude visait à vérifier l'association entre la perception d'efficacité personnelle, un concept positif issu de la théorie sociale cognitive, et la participation sociale. Méthode. Un dispositif de recherche transversal et corrélationnel a été suivi auprès de 53 adultes qui ont subi un traumatisme cranio-cérébral entre les années 1995 et 2000 et qui vivent dans leur milieu naturel. Deux instruments de mesure ont été utilisés: un questionnaire autoadministré évaluant la perception d'efficacité personnelle et un questionnaire évaluant la participation sociale administré par un examinateur lors d'une entrevue face-à-face. Résultats. Les résultats démontrent que la perception d'efficacité personnelle explique 40% de la variance de la participation sociale. Implications pour la pratique. Cette association suggère que la théorie sociale cognitive peut constituer un modèle de référence pour l'ergothérapeute oeuvrant auprès de cette clientèle.
The Process of Change: Listening to Transformation in Meaning Perspectives of Adults in Arthritis Health Education Groups
Authors: Ashe Brenda , Taylor Maurice , Dubouloz Claire-Jehanne
Published: March 2013

Purpose. This study explored client experiences in two different arthritis education groups to develop an understanding of meaningful group experiences in the process of change leading to desired health outcomes. Method. A qualitative framework with an inductive, descriptive, phenomenological method guided the study. Ten participants with rheumatoid or inflammatory arthritis were recruited. Individual and focus group interviews provided descriptions of experiences. Results. Arthritis education group experiences led to improved client perceptions of ability to cope with chronic disease through a process of change in feelings, values and beliefs known as meaning perspectives. The change in meaning perspectives occurred through perceptions about disease, self and illness. Practice Implications. This study provides important insights into the client's process of change in meaning perspectives that can lead to health behaviors and desired health outcomes. The study demonstrates the use of the group context as a tool to enable the process of change.
Targeted Applications of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure
Authors: McColl Mary Ann , Law Mary , Baptiste Sue , Pollock Nancy , Carswell Anne , Polatajko Helene J.
Published: March 2013

Background. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) is an outcome measure designed to assess performance and satisfaction with occupation. It was developed to coincide with the occupation-focused, client-centred Canadian Model of Occupational Performance. Purpose. The COPM has been a feature of the occupational therapy landscape for approximately 15 years and has pervaded the consciousness of occupational therapists around the world. In this paper, we examine issues associated with application of the COPM in targeted clinical and non-clinical situations. Results. The paper suggests considerations required to ensure that the highest quality of information is derived from the COPM in all situations. Practice Implications. Although the paper emphasizes the centrality of the client-centred approach, it also demonstrates the flexibility and adaptability of the COPM to different situations, clients, settings and purposes.
Étude de fidélité test-retest de L'Évaluation des Capacités Physiques reliées au Travail
Authors: Brassard Bruno , Durand Marie-José , Loisel Patrick , Lemaire Jacques
Published: March 2013

Description. L'évaluation des capacités de travail permet de quantifier et de qualifier les habiletés physiques d'un individu concernant les exigences physiques d'un travail. Le constat majeur relié aux évaluations des capacités de travail est le manque de données probantes quant à leurs qualités métrologiques. But. Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude de fidélité test-retest d'un outil d'évaluation des capacités de travail: L'Évaluation des Capacités Physiques reliées au Travail (ÉCPT). L'ÉCPT est un outil de mesure pour évaluer les capacités physiques de travail de personnes ayant des restrictions physiques en raison d'un problème de santé. Méthodologie. L'ÉCPT a été administrée à deux reprises à un échantillon de convenance de 30 travailleurs en bonne santé. Résultats. Les tâches de la section «force dynamique» obtiennent une bonne fidélité test-retest (0,79<CCI<0,91). Les trois sections et le score global de L'ÉCPT obtiennent une stabilité modérée (0,43<κ>0,52). Conséquences pour la pratique. Le score de L'ÉCPT devrait être interprété avec prudence et d'autres études sur les qualités métrologiques de L'ÉCPT seront nécessaires pour préciser son utilisation clinique.
Exploring the impact of multiple sclerosis on couples: A pilot study
Authors: Blank Carolyn Wilkens , Finlayson Marcia
Published: March 2013

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that affects the everyday lives of people with MS and their partners.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of MS on the lives of two couples living with this disease and their coping strategies.

Methods

Three semi-structured interviews with each couple were completed. Partners were interviewed together as a couple and separately.

Results

Two major themes emerged from the analysis: increasing awareness of change and use of coping strategies. Participants expressed concerns stemming from the progression of MS and changes related to this progression over time. They discussed several coping strategies.

Practice Implications

These findings offer occupational therapists guidance with their treatment focus in clinical practice and suggest topics for further qualitative research on couples living with MS.
An Early Fieldwork Experience: Student and Preceptor Perspectives
Authors: Mulholland Susan , Derdall Michele
Published: March 2013

Background. Fieldwork at the University of Alberta traditionally occurred at the end of the academic year after substantial coursework. This model for fieldwork was challenged when the University of Alberta instituted a new curriculum in 2001 which included a four week, full-time Level 1 fieldwork placement early in the first semester. Purpose. The focus of this study was to evaluate an early placement by gathering feedback from the primary stakeholders. Methods. A mail survey comprised of open-ended and closed questions was conducted. Results. Sixty-four student and 82 preceptor surveys were returned. Overall, the feedback from students and preceptors was positive about the value and quality of the placement. However, responses varied regarding the timing and duration of the experience. Both students and preceptors gave suggestions for improvements to these placements. Practice Implications. The results of this study will provide useful information for curriculum planning and for student and preceptor preparation for fieldwork.
Extremity Movements Help Occupational Therapists Identify Stress Responses in Preterm Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review
Authors: Holsti Liisa , Grunau Ruth E.
Published: March 2013

Background. Accurate assessment and treatment of pain and stress in preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) is vital because pain and stress responses have been linked to long-term alterations in development in this population. Purpose. To review the evidence of specific extremity movements in preterm infants as observed during stressful procedures. Methods. Five on-line databases were searched for relevant studies. For each study, levels of evidence were determined and effect size estimates were calculated. Each study was also evaluated for specific factors that presented potential threats to its validity. Results. Eighteen studies were identified and seven comprised the review. The combined sample included 359 preterm infants. Six specific movements were associated with painful and intrusive procedures. Clinical Implications. A set of specific extremity movements, when combined with other reliable biobehavioural measures of pain and stress, can form the basis for future research and development of a clinical stress scale for preterm infants.
Validating the Potential of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to Identify Barriers to and Facilitators of Consumer Participation
Authors: Shaw Lynn , Leyshon Rhysa , Liu Margaret
Published: March 2013

Background. Occupational therapists need tools to identify barriers and facilitators to participation in societal roles. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) two-level classification for use in occupational therapy. Methods. A secondary analysis of an existing dataset was conducted to identify participation barriers and facilitators that mapped to the ICF and those that did not. Results. A broad range of factors was captured across the components of the ICF. Findings also revealed enabling and disabling factors that were not evident in the ICF. Practice Implications. The ICF can support the identification of a broad range of external barriers and facilitators relevant to participation and of interest to occupational therapy. However, therapists must use other strategies to gain a comprehensive understanding of the nature, extent and consequences of barriers and facilitators that may exist in a given context.
Through the Eyes of Students: Ethical Tensions in Occupational Therapy Practice
Authors: Kinsella Elizabeth Anne , Park Anna Ji-Sun , Appiagyei Josephine , Chang Emmeline , Chow Donald
Published: March 2013

Background. Many researchers have expressed concerns about ethical tensions in occupational therapy practice; yet little research has considered this topic from the perspective of students. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of ethical tensions witnessed or experienced by occupational therapy students during practice education. Method. A phenomenological approach was used, and in-depth interviews were conducted at a Canadian university with 25 occupational therapy students. Findings. Four major themes emerged from analysis of the data. These include systemic constraints, conflicting values, witnessing questionable behaviour, and failure to speak up. Implications. The findings of this study raise awareness about ethical tensions in occupational therapy practice witnessed or experienced by students. Critical reflection on the findings highlights implications for professional practice and education and points to the need for further research, particularly in the area of policy and practice.
Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Descriptive Profile of Adaptive Function
Authors: Jirikowic Tracy , Kartin Deborah , Olson Heather Carmichael
Published: March 2013

Background. Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) demonstrate neurobehavioral impairments that affect function and participation. Adaptive behavior deficits have been documented; however, specific functional profiles are less well described. Purpose. This study compared caregiver-reported adaptive and maladaptive behaviors between a clinic-referred sample of 25 five- through eight-year-old children with FASD and a sample of 23 children with typical development. Findings. Children with FASD were rated significantly lower on the Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised in social interaction and communication, personal-living skills, and community-living skills and significantly higher on maladaptive behavior scales. Exploratory contrasts revealed strengths and needs within specific functional domains, along with the need for more support and supervision than peers with typical development to perform day-to-day adaptive skills and manage behavior. Implications. Children with FASD and their caregivers need support for daily activities involving personal and social performance. Awareness of specific strengths and needs can guide interventions that promote function and participation.
Agency and Engagement: Older Adults' Experiences of Participation in Occupation during Home-Based Rehabilitation
Authors: Vik Kjersti , Nygård Louise , Borell Lena , Josephsson Staffan
Published: March 2013

Background. Participation is considered the main goal of rehabilitation and occupational therapy intervention. This study focuses on older adults' participation in occupations in daily life when receiving home-based rehabilitation.Purpose. To explore how older adults with disabilities participate in daily life subsequent to hospitalization.Methods. A prospective case-orientated design was used, with repeated interviews with three older adults and a constant comparative method of analysis.Findings. Two main categories emerged as the participants' experience of participation: “Continuing to be an agent in daily life” captured the participants' decision making, choosing, and acting in daily life. “Life itself is the agent” identified how the participants, despite their strong wishes to be agents, also could let their participation be directed by their engagement in ongoing daily life.Implications. The findings identified participation as a dynamic engagement ranging from individual agency, including decision-making, choosing, and acting in daily life, to letting life itself be the agent. The emphasis on agency in the participants' experiences challenges rehabilitation professionals to find further means of facilitating the clients' possibilities of being agents in their daily lives.
Considération des activités de loisirs par des ergothérapeutes suisses dans la réadaptation de personnes présentant une hémiplégie
Authors: Métral Marlène , Wassmer Laurence , Bertrand Martine
Published: March 2013

Contexte. La participation aux activités de loisirs des personnes présentant une hémiplégie est fortement réduite. Il existe peu d'informations concernant la considération de cette participation dans la pratique actuelle de l'ergothérapie.Objectif. Cette étude a pour objectif d'examiner la manière dont les ergothérapeutes travaillant dans les Centres médico-sociaux (CMS) vaudois considèrent les loisirs auprès de personnes présentant une hémiplégie.Méthodologie. Une enquête par correspondance a été menée auprès d'ergothérapeutes travaillant dans les CMS. Sur 54 questionnaires envoyés, 31 ont été retenus pour analyse.Résultats. La majorité (87%) des ergothérapeutes participants explore le domaine des loisirs. Pour 55% des clients, des objectifs reliés à ce domaine sont fixés. Diverses interventions sont privilégiées pour les atteindre.Conclusion. Les ergothérapeutes semblent aborder fréquemment les activités de loisirs avec leurs clients. Toutefois, ils posent des objectifs auprès d'un pourcentage limité de leurs clients et utilisent peu les ressources du milieu pour les atteindre.
Sacred Texts: A Sceptical Exploration of the Assumptions Underpinning Theories of Occupation
Authors: Hammell Karen Whalley
Published: March 2013

Background. Occupational therapists share some basic assumptions about occupation that are rarely challenged and are held to be true. These assumptions underpin our theories of human occupation. Purpose. To probe some of the core assumptions that inform current occupational therapy theory and to determine whether these are culturally specific or have supporting evidence. Key issues. Evidence suggests that some of occupational therapy's entrenched assumptions reflect specific rather than universal perspectives; that many meaningful occupations cannot be categorized as self-care, productivity or leisure; that the concept of leisure is an ableist, class-bound, and culturally specific concept; that current models of occupation overlook activities motivated by connections to others; that productivity is not universally perceived to be central to life's meaning nor universally experienced as a positive contributor to health; and that independence is not universally prized. Implications. Occupational therapy's theories of occupation would benefit from a sound evidence base derived from diverse cultural perspectives.
Les textes sacrés: Un examen sceptique des hypothèses qui sous-tendent les théories sur l'occupation
Authors: Hammell Karen Whalley
Published: March 2013

Description. Les ergothérapeutes ont des hypothèses de base sur l'occupation qui sont rarement contestées et qui sont tenues pour vraies. Ces suppositions sous-tendent nos théories sur l'occupation humaine. But. Examiner certaines des hypothèses de base qui éclairent la théorie actuelle en ergothérapie et déterminer si ces hypothèses sont associées à des cultures spécifiques ou si elles sont appuyées par des données probantes. Questions clés. Des faits scientifiques suggèrent que certaines hypothèses fermement ancrées en ergothérapie sont le reflet de perspectives spécifiques plutôt que de perspectives universelles; qu'un grand nombre d'occupations significatives ne peuvent être mises en correspondance avec les catégories d'occupations associées aux soins personnels, à la productivité ou aux loisirs; que le concept du loisir est un concept capacitiste, associé à certaines classes et cultures spécifiques; que les modèles actuels sur l'occupation ne tiennent pas compte des activités motivées par nos liens avec les autres; que la productivité n'est pas considérée universellement comme étant fondamentale pour trouver un sens à la vie et qu'elle n'est pas universellement perçue comme un déterminant positif de la santé; et que l'indépendance ou l'autonomie n'est pas valorisée universellement. Conséquences. Les théories sur l'occupation en ergothérapie gagneraient à être appuyées par une base de données solides émanant de diverses perspectives culturelles.
Exploring a Cognitive Intervention for Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder
Authors: Phelan Shanon , Steinke Laura , Mandich Angela
Published: March 2013

Background. Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) affect approximately 3–4% of the childhood population. PDD pervades every aspect of a child's life, having significant adverse effects on occupational performance. Purpose. This study investigates a new treatment approach to treating children with PDD, the Cognitive Orientation to Occupational Performance (CO-OP). CO-OP emphasizes problem-solving strategies and guided discovery of child- and task-specific strategies. Method. Three goals were established in collaboration with the parents and the child. Pre- and post-measures of parents' perceptions of child performance were identified using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Repeated measures were taken using clinical observations, video analysis, and the Performance Quality Rating Scale (PQRS). Findings. Improved COPM ratings of performance and satisfaction were observed, and these results were paralleled by improved PQRS scores. Practice Implications. Self-report and observer report together provide preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of the CO-OP approach with children who have PDD supporting the use of CO-OP and suggesting further investigation.