bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WTO Compatibility of Border Tax Adjustments as a Means for Promoting Environmental Protection
Authors: Krämer Rike U.
Published: October 2020

Even before the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen – also known as the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) – failed, a climate protection instrument other than a legally-binding international agreement had been discussed at regional and national level: border tax adjustments (hereafter BTA). Lacking an international agreement, BTAs have been regarded as another option for creating a level playing field between states with an ambitious climate protection regime and states without such regulations. Not only did drafts for a US climate law provide the opportunity for establishing BTAs (not yet enacted) such measures were also discussed within the European Union. Yet, some concerns have been recently expressed about BTAs. Apart from practical questions (e.g. measuring the carbon impact and the tax tariff) legal questions concerning BTAs have been raised, especially the legality of BTAs under World Trade Organisation (WTO) law. While not dealing with the specificities of the applicability of BTAs in greater detail, this article aims to provide a broad overview of the potential of BTAs to promote environmental protection and their compatibility with WTO law. In order to do so, the rationale behind BTAs and the mechanism of achieving a level playing field with this instrument are examined, a definition of BTAs is provided and the question of the legality of BTAs under WTO law is addressed in a general context.
Access to documents: Interaction and gaps in the REACH and Aarhus Convention systems
Authors: Buonsante Vito
Published: October 2020

Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) was published in the Official Journal on 30 December 2006 and came into force on 1 June 2007. Regulation (EC) 1367/2006 on the application of the provisions of the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters to Community Institutions and Bodies entered into force on 28 September 2006 and became applicable on 28 June 2007.
This article discusses the gaps in REACH in relation to the Aarhus Regulation, and the obligations for ECHA that derive from the application of REACH and from the fact that the EU is a party to the Aarhus Convention. The article also carries out a partial assessment of the work conducted by ECHA on access to and dissemination of environmental information.
Waving or drowning? : The legal impacts of the Cancun climate negotiations
Authors: Parihar Gita
Published: October 2020

Negotiators from all over the world gathered in the beach resort of Cancun in December 2010 in the hope of rescuing the international climate regime from the ignominy of the failures of the Conference in Copenhagen. Their mission has been widely lauded as a success - but was it?
This article examines the decisions taken in Cancun and considers their legal impacts. It considers the decision relating to the Kyoto Protocol and its implications, as well as the decision in the Long Term Cooperative Action (or LCA) track, which focuses on the “full, effective and sustained” implementation of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The discussion highlights the fact that many of the most contentious issues in the negotiations have been left for Durban. After touching on the question of whether agreement was reached at all, the article concludes that moving all significant progress in the negotiations into the LCA track whilst failing to conclude a second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol will result in a severe weakening of the international climate regime and must be resisted. It also highlights the large gap between the targets on the table and those demanded by science and equity as well as going on to consider the implications of this in practical terms.
Current Environmental Perspectives in Controlling, Handling and Management of Used and Waste Electricals and Electronics Equipment (WEEE) in Small Island States - A Review on Zanzibar
Authors: Jumbe Aboud S.
Published: October 2020

Never before in the history of the islands of Zanzibar has an issue of environmental concern evoked such a passionate debate and been of such controversy as the current problem of unregulated import and selling of Used and Waste Electricals and Electronics Equipment (also known as e-waste). Initially, for many decades since the economic liberalization of the country in 1984, “Second Hand Goods” were mainly understood to be garments, shoes, and the reconditioned Japanese vehicles imported into the country. However, the period between the late 1990s and the beginning of 21st Century saw a new trend of imports where almost all consumer products, particularly the domestic electrical and electronic appliances, were flooded into the local markets from the Far East (China). These mainly included Calculators, Battery Cells, Electronic and Electrical Toys, TV sets, Video Recorders, DVD/CD Players, Radio Sets, assembled desktop computers, etc.
The Zanzibar Chamber of Commerce believes that such imports of used products have improved the living standards of much of the impoverished population of the country, while the Department of Trade complains about its limited mandate in safeguarding the interests of the country’s vulnerable consumers. Who’s on the right side of the debate with respect to this issue? As the debate about how to approach this issue continues, so are the environmental impacts and concerns associated with the unregulated import, handling and final disposal of these products.
Patents on melon, ham and broccoli? Change of paradigm in patent law: From protection of inventions to control of genetic resources
Authors: Then Christoph , Tippe Ruth
Published: October 2020

In recent years, there have been an increasing number of patent applications on conventionally bred plants and animals. These patents no longer simply focus on a particular segment of farm and food production, such as the cultivation of genetically engineered seeds, but more on the resources of daily living in general. According to the authors’ research, there has been an ongoing steady increase in the number of such patent applications in this area. Patents are being filed on seeds and breeding material, plants and animals, processes for breeding and food derived thereof, such as oil, flour, tomatoes, melons, milk and eggs. While the technical innovation in most cases is only minor, the scope of the patents is extremely broad, covering the whole chain of food production, from farm to fork. Several such patents have already been granted. Modern patent law is in danger of being abused and losing control of resources and products needed for global food production. The authors of this report believe that patents on plants and animals as well as breeding materials should be excluded by law, and open source systems in plant and animal breeding should be promoted to support innovation in plant breeding, enhance biological diversity in agriculture and secure world food production.
Temporary nature: Is European nature conservation law ready for it?
Authors: Schoukens Hendrik
Published: October 2020

In Western European countries like Belgium and the Netherlands several 10.000 hectares of land lie unused every year, awaiting their residential, infrastructural or industrial purpose. Usually it takes a number of years before the spatial designation of such areas is finally implemented. In the meantime these areas exert a strong attraction on certain rare pioneer species, such as Natterjack Toads and Common Terns, which are benefited by human dynamics. However, to avoid the judicial restrictions which could be attached to the presence of such protected species, landowners and developers try to keep nature off their sites, by for instance intensive mowing or regular ploughing. The concept of temporary nature marks a shift in thinking about nature conservation. Instead of preventing the development of a valuable habitat or breeding site from the very beginning, the decision could also be taken to temporarily allow nature to develop on these parcels of ‘valuable’ land. In this article the author first highlights the results of the application of current nature conservation law on a situation of temporary nature conservation, building on earlier research. In addition, he analyses some recent national case law with respect to temporary nature. Also, some general remarks on the adaptability of nature conservation law for temporary nature are made. The focus mainly lies on the Belgian (Flemish) situation, but, as temporary nature is already being applied in the Netherlands, reference is also made to this practice, too. Given the fact that the applicable nature conservation law in both countries consists mainly in an implementation of the European Directives, the conclusions of this contribution can also serve as an example for other European countries.
The Commission proposal for a legislative review of the European Standardisation Policy – What’s in it for civil society?
Authors: Lottes Ralf
Published: October 2020

On 1st June 2011 the European Commission has published its legislative package for the review of the EU-framework for standardisation consisting of a proposal for a regulation COM(2011) 315/2 and a Commission communication COM(2011) 311/2. While dealing with issues such as enhancing standards for ICT and services and making the standardization process quicker the proposed European Commission (EC) Regulation also tackles the issue of transparency and stakeholder participation (specifically of representatives of SMEs and “societal stakeholders” including environmental NGOs) explicitly calling on the “European standardisation bodies [to] ensure an appropriate representation” of those representatives. The EC Communication promotes the increased use of standards to “address key societal challenges” including climate change and resource efficiency – something the environmental community sees with mixed feelings.
This article focuses on these two aspects. The communication published by the Commission is of immediate effect, although Parliament and Council usually comment it in a resolution or conclusions, respectively. It does not have a legally binding value but includes political action points for the EC (or other actors). The proposal for a regulation is undergoing a co-decision procedure and becomes directly applicable once it comes into force.
The Ukrainian regulation on hazardous waste in comparison with Basel Convention and the Directive 2008/98/EC
Authors: Raczyńska Viktoria
Published: October 2020

Ukraine ratified the Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous waste and their disposal (hereinafter - the Basel Convention) as well as the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Managemet. However, national legislation is more declarative than specific; it tends to copy basic general provisions of international documents in this field rather than creating concrete effective mechanisms for their implementation. The duplication and inconsistency of the provisions of Ukrainian legal acts in the field of hazardous waste management has attracted the attention of scholars. This article analyses the main provisions of Ukrainian legislation regulating hazardous waste management in terms of its compliance with the Basel Convention and the Directive 2008/98/EC.
Quality and speed of administrative decision-making proceedings: tension or balance? The case of Germany
Authors: Roller Gerhard
Published: October 2020

Measures have been taken to accelerate decision-making procedures in Germany since the beginning of the 1990s. The wellspring of these efforts was the need, on the one hand, to rapidly improve the infrastructure of the new German federal states (hereafter Länder) after reunification, and, on the other hand, to reduce what the government and industrial lobby groups considered the obstruction of administrative procedures to economic investment.
This article first of all deals with the ambiguous relationship between speed and quality. The measures taken in order to expedite procedures are also analysed. Two types of measures can be distinguished here (with two further sub-types): Firstly, there are measures of a general scope, which are not specific to a certain sector of environmental law, but which concern administrative procedures as such. In this category two types of rules need to be differentiated: the rules governing the administrative procedure before the administrative act is delivered by the competent authority are laid down in the Administrative Procedures act (Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz) and the rules governing the judicial review of these decisions before the courts are laid down in the German Administrative Courts Procedures Act (Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung). Secondly, measures have been taken to speed up infrastructure and licensing procedures in particular. They can generally be categorised as procedures under the German Federal Immission Control Act, which applies to industrial plants and procedures where a specific planning permit (Planfeststellung) is required. This is the case for all types of infrastructure projects such as airports, roads, landfills etc. Furthermore, this article deals with a complete shift of the “deregulation” paradigm in the year 2011. Finally, it addresses the impact on the quality of the decisions in terms of environmental protection and citizens’ rights.
Better Regulation’ with ‘Make it Work’: An assessment of the Make it Work’s Drafting Principles on Compliance Assurance
Authors: Squintani Lorenzo
Published: October 2020

The ‘better regulation’ agenda developed as a follow-up to the 2000 Lisbon Strategy. Especially after the 2002 ‘Better Law-Making’ Communication, the subsequent initiatives on ‘better’ and ‘smart’ regulation have added to simplification a fairly strong emphasis on reducing administrative burdens. In the context of EU law, environmental legislation is considered one of the sectors that is suitable for simplification and a reduction of administrative burdens. While mainly focusing on the European Environmental acquis, the Better Regulation programme has highlighted on several occasions that the lack of simplification and the presence of burdens may actually derive from national (environmental) law. Led by the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Germany, a group of about 14 member states created the so-called Make it Work (MiW) Project. This project is a form of international cooperation between states, but, at the same time, it aims at influencing the functioning of the European Union. Indeed, this network of states “wants to open an ongoing debate on how the clarity, coherence and structure of EU environmental legislation can be improved, making it simpler for Member States to implement and easier for businesses and others to comply.” The MiW Project works on the basis of topics, which are discussed in meetings presided by civil servants at ministerial level with expertise on the subject matter of the discussion. The main output of these meetings is the drafting principles on making EU environmental legislation smarter, both generally and for specific policies, tools and procedures. Given the limited space available for this article, only a selection of drafting principles is discussed in this article. In order to provide a context to this selection, an overall description of the MiW Guiding Principles of Compliance Assurance is given.
The circular economy concept needs to be geared to a resource-saving economic model to avoid running in circles (Statement)
Authors: Fiala Franz , Vuerich Michela
Published: October 2020

In ‘The 30-year update’ of their Report to the Club of Rome concerning ‘The Limits to Growth’ (first published in 1972), the authors recalled in the preface the fundamental finding of the original report, namely that global ecological constraints related to resource use and emissions will have a significant influence on global developments in the twenty-first century. Resource constraints and the finite capacity of the Earth to absorb pollutants will – as a result of the necessary additional expenses to cope with these constraints – eventually lead to a (not necessarily abrupt) decline of the world economy. The authors initially “hoped that such deliberation would lead society to take corrective actions to reduce the possibilities of collapse”. However, despite all positive developments, the required course correction has not taken place and the global environmental status has become even worse. Some have dismissed the conclusions of a study conducted by a team of researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) headed by Dennis Meadows, as an overly pessimistic doomsday scenario disregarding the ability of the current economic system to adapt. The important issue is that the resources are finite and, sooner or later, the limits to further growth of material and energy flows will be reached. What matters much more in this context is the missed opportunity to initiate a fundamental change with a view to preventing the overshoot by driving the system in a sustainable direction. These are thoughts that also come to mind when examining the Commission communication, ‘Closing the loop - An EU action plan for the Circular Economy’, published in December 2015. It is rather difficult to see how this action plan could contribute to the desperately needed fundamental change of direction associated with significantly reduced resource use, as opposed to the concept of infinite growth enriched with circular flows. In this contribution the authors articulate ANEC’s perspective on the circular economy concept presented by the European Commission in December 2015.
Report of Case C-673/13 Commission v. Greenpeace and PAN Europe
Authors: Kloostra Bondine
Published: October 2020

This paper is a report of Case C-673/13 Commission v. Greenpeace and PAN Europe. In its Judgment of 23 November 2016, the CJEU rules that the concept of ‘emissions into the environment’ is not limited to emissions from industrial installations. Rather it includes the release into the environment of substances such as pesticides and biocides. This landmark decision will most likely influence future access to information practice – not limited to the context of pesticides.
The Implications of Brexit for Future EU Environmental Law and Policy
Authors: Charveriat Céline , Farmer Andrew
Published: October 2020

Brexit is an unprecedented event for the EU. No Member State has ever left the Union previously. At most, overseas territories with small populations have changed status, such as Greenland (Denmark) in 1985 and the Outermost Region Saint Barthélemy (France), which became an Overseas Country and Territory (OCT) in 2012. These cases may have limited lessons for the UK adapting its legislation post-Brexit, as they did not impact EU decision making and law and, therefore, are not precedents for the subject of this paper.
There has been quite a lot of analysis on the possible consequences of Brexit for the future of UK environmental law. However, less attention has been given to the implications Brexit may have for the future of EU environmental law and policy. This paper presents some thoughts on this subject. It begins with a consideration of the impact of Brexit on the general political and economic atmosphere of EU environmental policy making. The paper then considers the issues of trade and the external border. Some specific policy areas are examined, including chemicals, climate policy and agriculture. The paper ends by considering the implications of a possible future dispute mechanism with the UK.
“Environmental Crime in Europe” by Andrew Farmer, Michael Faure and Grazia Maria Vagliasindi (eds.)
Authors: Below Nicola
Published: October 2020

The book “Environmental Crime in Europe” by the editors Andrew Farmer, Michael Faure and Grazia Maria Vagliasindi is the second edited volume of the the EU-project “European Union Action to Fight
Environmental Crime" (EFFACE). The book is a follow-up to the results of the research strand of EFFACE dealing with actors, instruments and institutions involved in the fight against environmental crime and goes beyond a mere technical implementation study. The aim of this collection is to explore how environmental crime is controlled and environmental criminal law is shaped and implemented within the European Union and its Member States, from a technical and practical point of view. This article reviews the book.
Substitution requires all possible support
Authors: Reihlen Antonia , Fammler Heidrun , Jamtrot Arne , Futter Martyn , Simanovska Jana
Published: October 2020

In its Art. 57, the EU chemicals regulation REACH lists specific hazardous properties that are of particular concern for human health and/or the environment. Substances which have been demonstrated by Member State authorities or by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) to fulfil these criteria are identified as substances of very high concern (SVHCs). These substances are included on the list of candidates for authorisation under REACH, the ultimate aim of which is their eventual phase-out where technically and economically feasible. Although the awareness of chemical risks has increased in general and authorities have intensified their support to companies, the rate of substitution of hazardous substances is still criticised as too slow.
In October 2018 an international seminar was jointly organised by three EU projects dealing with the reduction of risks from hazardous chemicals: “LIFE Fit for REACH” provides specific support on substitution to Baltic companies; the “NonHazCity” InterReg project identifies emission sources of hazardous substances, builds awareness and capacity in chemicals in cities and leads to emission reductions from small scale sources. The third project “LIFE AskREACH” aims at developing a smartphone app to improve communication of information on SVHCs in articles under REACH to consumers and improving related supply chain communication and awareness. At the seminar, opportunities to support substitution and overcome current barriers were discussed by experts from the EC, ECHA, Member States and different organisations, including academia, NGOs and the industry. This article describes the background of the discussions and the conclusions from the activities in the three projects, including the aforementioned joint seminar. It also contributes to the discussions on options to foster substitution in general.
Remedying Failures to Conduct Environmental Impact Assessment, Should Not Result in a Game of Snakes and Ladders. Comment on Court of Justice Case C-261/18 of 12 November 2019
Authors: Bhroin Attracta Uí
Published: October 2020

The author of this article comments on a November 2019 CJEU ruling following the ‘Derrybrien case’ concerning EIA in Ireland. According to the author, the judgement has profound implications for several legal questions concerning, i.a., obligations to remedy and state liability.
International Conference on Green Chemistry on 5th /6th November 2018 in Vienna
Authors: Wimmer Martin
Published: October 2020

Under the Austrian EU presidency, the Austrian Ministry for Sustainability and Tourism (BMNT) organised a conference on Green Chemistry on 5th/6th November 2018 in Vienna. This article outlines key findings of the conference. The conference aimed to gather chemical as well as policy experts, stakeholders and various practitioners of green chemistry to discuss the current scientific status in this field, but also the need and opportunities for integrating the principles of green chemistry in European chemicals legislation. The event discussed perspectives how to foster and better integrate into the legal frameworks the principles of ‘Green Chemistry’, which guide the design of chemical substances, products and processes to avoid hazards and reduce resource use – thus offering potentials for industries to ensure their compliance and also for ‘Circular Economies’.
Highest Austrian court abolishes EIA permit - but EIA appeal proceeding with regard to transport projects appears ineffective
Authors: Alge Thomas , Altenburger Dieter
Published: October 2020

This article demonstrates structural flaws in the Austrian EIA permit proceedings on federal motorway projects, based on recent proceedings and court decisions as well as on the results of Justice and Environment studies that were published in December 2006. The EIA proceedings discussed here are part of a large-scale motorway investment programme in the Vienna region. The legal position and practice on public participation and access to justice have led to the situation in which a project cannot be halted, although public-concerned court appeals were successful.
Sulphoraphane Supplementation Ameliorates Behavioural Impairments and Hippocampal Neurodegeneration Induced by Lead Exposure in Adult Wistar Rats
Authors:   Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, Ogunlade Babatunde , Afolayan Olasumbo ,   Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria, Adelakun Sunday ,   Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria;
Published: October 2020

Lead (Pb) exposure induces oxidative stress causing imbalance in antioxidant enzymes, cognitive impairments and neurodegeneration. This study investigated the neuroprotective and antioxidant properties of sulphoraphane (SFN) on Pb-induced neurotoxicity of adult Wistar rats. Forty animals (150 ± 20 g) were divided into four groups (n=10): Group A received normal saline as placebo; Group B received 50 mg/kg body weight (bw) of Lead only; Group C received a combination of 50 mg/kg bw of Lead and 50 mg/kg bw of SFN; Group D received 50 mg/kg bw of SFN only. All administration was through oral gavages for 28 days; animals underwent behavioural tests (Morris water and Y- mazes); and thereafter sacrificed and brains extracted. Biochemical estimations of antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and catalase), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide), neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) and hippocampal histology were done. The results showed significant increase in escape latency, norepinephrine and oxidative stress markers with concomitant decrease percentage correct alternation, serotonin, dopamine and antioxidant enzymes in Pb exposed rats compared with the control. However, the co-administration of SFN and Pb significantly attenuated Pb neurotoxicity. Sulphoraphane is capable of ameliorating oxidative stress induced neurobehavioural deficits and hippocampal neurochemistry caused by Pb exposure in Alzheimer’s type animal model of neurodegenerative disorder.
Determinant of Indonesian Islamic Banks Liquidity Risk
Authors: Arfiyanti Dwi , Pertiwi Imanda Firmantyas Putri
Published: October 2020

An assessment of the liquidity of a bank is one way to determine whether the bank is in good health, fairly healthy, and unhealthy. This study aims to analyze the influence of the company's internal factors consisting of Return on Assets, Capital Adequacy Ratio and Bank Size on the liquidity ratio as measured by using two proxies, namely Liquid Asset to Total Asset (LATA and Financing Deposi Ratio (FDR).

This study uses Islamic banks as the object of research in the 2014-2018 period. The results of data analysis using panel data regression showed that ROA and CAR had no effect on liquidity risk. Meanwhile, bank size has a significant negative effect on the liquidity ratio using LATA and FDR
Measuring Islamic Bank's Performance Using CAMELS And RGEC Method Based On Indonesian Financial Services Authority Circular
Authors: Abdullah Agung
Published: October 2020

This paper aims to determine the differences bank performance of Muamalat BankBank Sinarmas Bank, and BPRS Bhakti Sumekar measured by CAMELS (Capital, Asset, Management, Earning, Liquidity, Sensitivity to Market Risk) method and the RGEC (Risk profile, Good governance, Earning, Capital) method in 2018. The authors used quantitative methods with a descriptive approach. The sample taken in this study is a representation of Islamic commercial banks (Bank Muamalat), Islamic business unit banks (Bank Sinarmas Syariah), and Islamic microfinance banks (BPRS Bhakti Sumekar). The data used in this study are secondary data from the company's published financial report website and annual report. The Analysis techniques used are : 1) Bank Performance analysis using the CAMELS and RGEC methods. 2) Describe the differences in the measurement using the CAMELS and RGEC methods. Finding in this study is the RGEC is a more comprehensive method to measure Islamic bank performance than Camel. This study has limitation, the period used in this study is only 1 (one) year, for more valid results  it is necessary to add the sample over several years.
The Benefit of Utilizing E-Government Based Public Services
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad , Ivanna Julia , Hadiningrum Sri
Published: October 2020

The aim of this article to research government efforts in the implementation of bureaucracy reform as stipulated in the law No. 25 of 2009 about public services related to the service to its residents with quality service standards, fast, easy, affordable and be measured. It is in accordance with Presidential Instruction No. 3 of 2003 about national policy on e- Government development. In its development, e-Government is still far from expectations, government institutions both in the center and the region do not yet consider the important e-Government. E-Government is considered a project and a one of the sub-districts in Medan that has been conducting bureaucracy reform by providing public services based on electronic (e-kecamatan) in managing Administration and Increase Community participation. This study uses qualitative research methods with the type of descriptive research. The results showed the success of public services electronic-based public services in Kecamatan Medan Barat had a prerequisite, namely (1) the support from the District Leadership (Camat), (2) availability of Financial Resources and Human Resources (3) Transparency In the public service process with application system. In addition, e-kecamatan based momentarily trend. Kecamatan Medan barat where the research will be done services facilitate the residents to obtain information and manage various purposes in the form of administrative services products.
Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors:   Institute/Organization: University of Nizwa, Oman, Al-Shukaili Dr. Ahmed
Published: October 2020

In December 2019 a new type of coronaviruses appeared in China and named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the disease associated with this virus is called Coronavirus Disease 2019 or COVID-19. Currently, COVID19 is the main global health threat. In this review, we focus in the current knowledge of immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Dysregulation of immune system, such as elevation levels of proinflammatory mediators and their roles in disease progression and pathogenesis as well as imbalance between innate and adaptive immune cells, are discussed in this review.
Frequency of Dengue Virus Serotype 1 in Lahore by In-house assay
Authors: Hajra Farooq  , Waheed Uz Zaman Tariq  , Sadia Bano  , Ali Raza  , Omar Rasheed Chughtai  , Muhammad Zaheer Iqbal
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Dengue is an important systemic viral infection that is caused by the dengue virus. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) from dengue NS1 positive samples, collected randomly during dengue epidemic from October 2016 to October 2017 at Chugtai Lab, was extracted for nucleic acid. Both the detection and serotyping of dengue samples were performed using real-time PCR on Rotor Gene Q. From the 70 NS1 positive samples, 57 (81.4%) samples were confirmed to be positive for dengue virus RNA, while the remaining 13 (18.6%) were negative. Serotype 1 (DEN-1) were verified among all samples by in-house assay and using commercial kit FTD (Fast Track Diagnostics) dengue differentiation; it was concluded that our in-house assay is in 100% concordance with commercial kit. Serotype 2 (DEN-2) and serotype 3 (DEN-3) have been documented in Pakistan since 1994. Continuous...
TRAJETÓRIA DE UM SUJEITO TRANSGÊNERO NO CONTEXTO UNIVERSITÁRIO
Authors: Bueno Alexandre Marcelo , Silva Felipe Santos da
Published: October 2020

O discurso sobre identidade de gênero revela, em suas nuances, uma trajetória transformadora quando bem sucedida. Contudo, tal empreitada não é feita por um percurso linear, sem obstáculos e dramas a serem superados. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os efeitos de sentido presentes no discurso de um sujeito transgênero e as repercussões sociais, positivas e negativas, que o ser trans vivencia no contexto universitário. A análise incide sobre o recorte de uma pesquisa com um número maior de participantes LGBTTQI+, acadêmicos de uma universidade local, que foram entrevistados ao longo de 2018. O método consistiu em uma análise semiótica dos relatos apresentados nessa investigação, inter-relacionando o campo de estudos de gênero e a transexualidade. Os resultados apontaram um cruzamento temático com o predomínio do preconceito, da intolerância e da estigmatização da comunidade trans, dentro e fora do contexto universitário. Ao mesmo tempo, observamos temas relacionados à descoberta identitária, sua busca por reconhecimento e respeito. A possibilidade de examinar os discursos de vivências desses sujeitos propicia a visibilidade de uma classe identitária que permanece segregada e excluída.
O CORPO MONSTRUOSO NA HETEROTOPIA DA WEB
Authors: Oliveira Dayane
Published: October 2020

A web torna-se, por seu modo de funcionamento específico, um espaço propício não apenas para se fazer ver, mas como também para fazer ver o outro. É nesse cenário onde se encontram os corpos monstruosos, objeto deste artigo, os presos que ficaram famosos na internet através da plataforma YouTube. Nossos objetivos são: investigar como o corpo monstruoso é espetacularizado no espaço heterotópico da web; e analisar os conflitos morais e éticos que são provocados pelo processo de hipervisibilidade desses sujeitos criminosos no YouTube. Para alcançarmos tais objetivos, buscamos suporte nos estudos de Michel Foucault sobre sujeito e poder, dentro das suas contribuições para a Análise do Discurso, mobilizando discussões acerca das relações de saber/poder que constituem os sujeitos, bem como reflexões sobre verdade, moralidade e corpo na sociedade ocidental. Dentro de uma dispersão, selecionamos, por sua singularidade, o vídeo “Morre diabo – Mata a mãe e xinga imprensa”. Esse acontecimento reverberou na web de diversas formas (memes, remixes, performances etc.), das quais optamos pelo gênero comentário. Foi possível, assim, verificar uma mutabilidade da identidade do sujeito criminoso na web, o que produz discussões importantes acerca da moral e da ética dos participantes da cibercultura e, consequentemente, da sociedade como um todo.

Palavras-chave: Análise do Discurso. Corpo Monstruoso. Sujeito. Identidade.
O EMBATE NA CONSTRUÇÃO IDENTITÁRIA DO PERSONAGEM ERIC EFFIONG NA SÉRIE SEX EDUCATION
Authors: Heloise Leila , Faria Marília
Published: October 2020

A série britânica Sex Education alavancou a discussão sobre sexualidade, principalmente no que diz respeito às questões que envolvem a homossexualidade e os desafios da comunidade LGBTQIA+ ao enfrentar um mundo majoritariamente heteronormativo. Em meio às forças que agem sobre os personagens da série, levando-os e trazendo-os ao centro, deparamo-nos com as que agem sobre Eric Effiong, adolescente negro, afeminado, filho de pais protestantes, que passa por mudanças significativas em seu comportamento após um trauma resultante do preconceito por parte da sociedade. Pensando nisso, objetivamos, neste artigo, discutir a construção identitária de Eric Effiong, a partir da visão do personagem sobre si, assim como da visão daqueles que estão no seu entorno. Para isso, situamos o nosso trabalho no âmbito da Linguística Aplicada, ancorados nos postulados do Círculo de Bakhtin (2011, 2015), de Butler (2003), de Louro (2000) e de Hall (2006), para que possamos discutir as forças centrífugas e centrípetas, o corpo, a sexualidade e a identidade. A partir de um estudo qualitativo de cunho interpretativista, utilizaremos como corpus de análise enunciados do personagem em questão e daqueles que interagem com ele em momentos específicos. Os resultados preliminares apontam para uma multiplicidade de identidades do personagem Eric Effiong.
INFLUÊNCIA ESPAÇO-TEMPORAL NAS PESQUISAS CIENTÍFICAS DA REVISTA LINGUAGEM E ENSINO
Authors: SOUZA ALBANYRA DOS SANTOS
Published: October 2020

A lógica virtual universalizada e materializada na realidade não concreta, têm produzido significativas transformações na dialética da relação do sujeito com o mundo, revolucionando todas as dimensões da vida humana, inclusive as práticas sociais de interação em espaços educacionais. É pensando nas interações sociais que ocorrem nesses espaços e em como as práticas de leitura e escrita são influenciadas pelo uso das tecnologias na contemporaneidade, que este estudo objetiva compreender a constituição espaço-temporal das pesquisas que tratam da relação tecnologia, linguagem e ensino, publicadas na Revista Linguagem e Ensino, nos últimos 10 anos. Adotamos como base teórica estudos sobre cronotopia (BAKHTIN, 2011, 2014; BEMONG, et al, 2015; MACHADO, 2010) e estudos sobre o universo virtual (LEVY, 2010, 2011; LEMOS, 2003; LIPOVETSKY; CHARLES, 2004; ROJO; BARBOSA, 2015). Durante o período de 2008 a 2017, destacamos 38 publicações sobre o uso das tecnologias nas aulas de línguas e analisamos quais os espaços educacionais influenciaram na constituição dos objetos de estudo. Dos resultados, ressaltamos que os tempos hipermodernos se manifestam nos espaços educacionais, sejam eles os espaços escolares, acadêmicos, ciberespaço, ciberescola ou ciberacadêmico, e ainda que esses estudos trazem contribuições relevantes para pensarmos as práticas de leitura e escrita na contemporaneidade.
“O CORPO COMO ARMADURA DE RESISTÊNCIA”: CORPOS TRANS* NA CENOGRAFIA DE DIÁRIO EM PROSA E EM POESIA
Authors: Cossetti Rafael , Vargas Nascimento Jarbas
Published: October 2020

Este artigo investiga a produção discursivo-literária de sujeitos trans* desenvolvida em uma cenografia de diário em prosa e em poesia. Fundamentamo-nos no aporte teórico-metodológico da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa (AD), de modo particular, na perspectiva enunciativo-discursiva proposta por Dominique Maingueneau. Para o autor, a paratopia é o caráter paradoxal dos discursos constituintes, como os discursos filosófico, científico, religioso e literário, os quais se comportam como discursos fundadores que validam a si próprios por meio de suas cenas de enunciação. Nosso objetivo é examinar a constituição da paratopia em um corpus de três discursos literários da coletânea Nós, trans: escrevivências de resistência do Grupo Transcritas Coletivas. Nessa perspectiva, analisamos, a princípio, sua rede interdiscursiva e, a partir dela, concentramo-nos nas três dimensões sobre as quais incide a paratopia: a cenografia, o ethos discursivo e o código linguageiro. Além de constituir-se de forma paratópica nas dimensões analisadas, os resultados da análise indicam que essa produção discursivo-literária de sujeitos trans* busca criar um lugar social para esses sujeitos e seus corpos e fazem-no em resistência à cisgeneridade compulsória.
CORPO SILENCIADO, VOZ SILENCIADA:
Authors: Farias de Moura Jonathan Ribeiro , Valentim da Silva Bruna
Published: October 2020

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o discurso de dois homens trans que passaram pelo atendimento do Sistema Único de Saúde. As entrevistas foram realizadas para que eles relatassem suas experiências. Para tanto, iremos utilizar os pressupostos da Análise Materialista do Discurso que teve como um dos precursores Michel Pêcheux, na França, e Eni Orlandi, no Brasil. Trabalharemos o conceito de Silêncio, Discurso, identificação e contra identificação. Ao fim, perceberemos que há ainda muito o que se consolidar na inserção da comunidade transexual para ter um atendimento pleno e respeitoso nas unidades de atendimento do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro.
TALKEY SHOWS E IMPRENSA: UMA LEITURA BASEADA NA ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DO DISCURSO
Authors: Galvão Santos Maria Stella
Published: October 2020

O objeto desta comunicação é analisar os pronunciamentos do presidente Jair Bolsonaro no contato diário mantido com repórteres, na saída do Palácio da Alvorada, em Brasília, batizados por seus assessores de “Talkey shows”. Destacaremos dois episódios que explicitam o grau de esgarçamento da relação entre jornalistas e o chefe do Executivo nacional. O do “furo” dirigido à jornalista Patrícia Campos Melo, da Folha de S. Paulo, e o das bananas oferecidas aos repórteres por um humorista durante um “talkey show”, respectivamente nos meses de fevereiro e março deste ano. Utilizaremos as ferramentas teóricas da Análise Crítica do Discurso, vertente teórica que postula o uso social da linguagem em interações nas quais se estabelecem relações de poder e dominação por grupos econômicos e políticos que utilizam a linguagem como forma de controle social, por meio de várias formas de práticas discursivas. Inclusive a chacota e a demonização da imprensa, no caso em exame. Utilizamos como referencial teórico Van Dijk (1990, 2003, 2009), Fairclough (2003), Charaudeau (2003, 2015) e Sodré (2017), entre outros, recorrendo às ferramentas de viés linguístico para analisar as relações entre linguagem, poder e controle social.
MATÉRIA EM EVIDÊNCIA
Authors: Sousa Di Lauro Laís
Published: October 2020

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma breve discussão acerca do culto ao corpo na era da tecnologia, em especial no universo do online. Em um cenário repleto de aparatos tecnológicos e redes sociais, que facilitam a disseminação de imagens e propiciam a exibição corporal, este torna-se uma vitrine que, muitas vezes, reflete uma preocupação excessiva com a estética corporal, podendo, portanto, gerar graves consequências para a vida das mulheres. Deste modo, tornam-se cada vez mais necessárias as discussões acerca dos corpos, em especial dos corpos femininos que estão constantemente em exposição nos espaços virtuais, e dos discursos que os compõem e afetam. Assim, com intuito de compreender esse fenômeno na prática, utilizamos Foucault (2014), para realizar uma análise da rede de enunciações produzidas acerca do corpo a partir de uma foto publicada em dezembro de 2019 pela atriz e cantora Cleo Pires, no seu perfil do Instagram, usando um biquini que mostrava parcialmente seu corpo, o que gerou grande repercussão e inúmeras críticas. A publicação teve mais de um milhão de curtidas e cerca de 24 mil comentários. Ademais, recorremos a conceitos de autores como Novaes (2006), Goldenberg (2002) e Ortega (2008) para compor o referencial utilizado aqui.
GESTUALIDADE EM PERSPECTIVA DIALÓGICA:
Authors: Silva Michel Pratini Bernardo da , Francelino Pedro Farias
Published: October 2020

RESUMO: O presente artigo objetivou refletir acerca dos principais apontamentos teóricos sobre gestualidade desenvolvidos por Volóchinov em dois de seus textos da primeira metade do século XX: A palavra na vida e a palavra na poesia: para uma poética sociológica (1926) e A construção do enunciado (1930). Como aporte teórico, utilizamos os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos do Círculo de Bakhtin, especialmente as considerações de Valentin Volóchinov. Utilizamos a metodologia da pesquisa bibliográfica, uma vez que nos apoiamos nos referidos ensaios já publicados para sistematizar ideias teóricas e desenvolver reflexões acerca da temática da gestualidade. Salientamos que, no decurso das nossas reflexões, fizemos uso de algumas charges que nos auxiliaram no processo de construção da nossa argumentação. Os resultados revelaram que, ao construir os ensaios, Volóchinov aborda, mesmo que brevemente, questões sobre a gestualidade. Em A palavra na vida e a palavra na poesia: para uma poética sociológica, verificamos que a gestualidade está diretamente ligada à noção de extraverbal, bem como ao caráter compartilhado e subentendido das avaliações de um dado grupo social e à personificação do terceiro participante. Já em A construção do enunciado, observamos que a gestualidade se relaciona à noção de réplica (resposta) e à ideia de orientação social do enunciado.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Gestualidade. Volóchinov. Ensaios de 1926 e 1930. Enunciado.
JOHNNY BRAVO EM: JOHNNY BRAVO E O HOMEM CARNAVALIZADO
Authors: Paula Luciane de , Tregues Diniz Marana Luísa , Prates de Almeida Juliana Beatriz
Published: October 2020

O presente artigo se propõe a analisar, fundamentado na Análise Dialógica do Discurso (ADD), a personagem da série televisiva de animação Johnny Bravo como signo ideológico carnavalizado de representações masculinas. Para o embasamento desta proposta, perscrutar-se-á a noção de signo como reflexo e refração do meio social que o cria, e ideologia, como conjunto cultural, econômico e social que pode referir-se tanto à classe dominante (oficial) quanto à oprimida (não-oficial), sendo a dialogia o mecanismo da carnavalização. Os objetos de análise se referem aos 13 episódios da primeira temporada da animação. O critério metodológico foi, tanto a reiteração de traços definidores da identidade do protagonista, constituída na interação com outros sujeitos, quanto o diálogo com enunciados recorrentes na sociedade que reverberam as vozes sociais da personagem da animação. Nesse sentido, o cotejo como procedimento metodológico impulsionou a reflexão desta escrita e foi feito a partir de publicações de homens e para homens, nas mídias (revistas e Facebook, de 2010 a 2020). A justificativa da análise decorre da relevância da arte e da mídia como críticas, em movimento dialético-dialógico. O resultado se volta à crítica pela ridicularização acerca de determinadas representações de masculinidade que reforçam estereótipos tóxicos e corroboram o machismo.
Nanoparticle-Based Therapeutics for the Treatment of Stroke
Authors: Basu Sayani
Published: October 2020

The highly effective drug delivery system and the therapeutic benefits of nanoparticles make them a promising tool for diagnosis and treatment of acute ischaemic stroke
Synthesis of Carbon Nano Materials from Carbohydrate Rich Biogenic Precursors using Chemical Vapor Deposition Method and Optimization of Parameters by Taguchi Optimization Method
Authors: Kumar Rohit
Published: October 2020

Carbon Nano Materials (CNM) from biogenic carbohydrate rich non-edible precursors such as Syzygium cumini (Jamun), Tamarindus indica (Imli) and Litchi chinensis (Imli) seeds were synthesized by chemical vapour deposition method (CVD). Parameters were optimized by Taguchi optimization method, four parameters such as precursor, temperature, carrier gas and duration and three levels S. cumini, T. indica and L. chinensis as a precursor, Argon (Ar), Nitrogen (N2) and Hydrogen (H2) as a carrier gas, 1 hour (hr), 2 hours and 3 hours (hrs) for duration of pyrolysis, 800oC, 900oC and 1000oC for temperature were selected. In the present work, impact of precursor is 35.84% which is the most effective factor than temperature (29.59%) and other parameters such as duration (19.50%) and the least effective factor is carrier gas (15.07%). Impact of parameter on the yield which described by the deviation of signal to noise (S/N) ratio. The result of deviation of S/N ratio shows T. indica seed (precursor), 9000C (temperature), 2 hr (duration) and Ar (carrier gas) are the best parameters. The morphology of CNM is studied by SEM characterization and the nature of synthesized CNM by RAMAN spectroscopy.