bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
B

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Thurberiella

Control in Cotton, 1975
Authors: Watson T. F.
Published: March 2022

Four treatments were replicated 4 times in randomized blocks. Plots were 6 rows wide and 280 ft long. Applications were made with a high clearance ground sprayer using 40 psi and 3 nozzles per row at a speed of 5 mph and applying 8.6 gallons per acre. The initial treatment was applied when larvae averaged 0.5/leaf and was continued every 7 days for 8 applications. Sampling was done weekly and just prior to treatment. Yields were taken from the center 2 rows of each plot. Cotton fruiting was poor and variable throughout the test area.
Effects of Treatments of Small Grains with Systemic Insecticides on Control of Barley Yellow Dwarf, 1975
Authors: Reed H. E. , Chambers A. Y. , Lentz G. L.
Published: March 2022

In a field test at the West Tennessee Experiment Station, Jackson, Tennessee, 4 systemic insecticides were tested in 9 treatments for control of aphids which transmit barley yellow dwarf virus on oats, barley and wheat. Seeding date for all small grains was September 20, 1974. Four replications of each insecticide treatment were made on each cereal using a randomized complete-block design. Each small grain plot consisted of 5, 25 ft rows, 7.5 inches apart and with 2 ft between plots. The 1.0 lb rate treatment of each insecticide was applied just before seeding using a Gandy fertilizer applicator to spread and mix the insecticides into the upper 2 inches of soil. The 2.0 lb treatment of each insecticide was split, with 1.0 lb being applied and mixed into the upper 2 inches of soil just before seeding and the remaining 1.0 lb applied as top dressing 30 days later. Foliage data on severity of barley yellow dwarf were taken on May 8 and grain yields were obtained at harvest time on June 13, 1975.
Peanut Injury and Southern Corn Rootworm Chemical Control. Suffolk, 1975
Authors: Smith John C.
Published: March 2022

Peanuts ‘Va. 61R‘ planted May 21, 1975 received band applications of granular insecticides and foliar sprays at delayed pegging on July 22, 1975. Plots were 4 rows (36 inch spacing) by 20 ft length with 5 ft alleys between 4 replications in randomized blocks. Soil was classified as a Bertie Sandy Loam. The test area had been in continuous corn production for 10 or more years. Granular insecticides were applied as 14-inch bands with precalibrated, tractor-mounted, Ezee Flow, granular applicators driven by electric motors. Sprays were applied as 12-inch bands over the foliage with a CO2 pressure-regulated, knapsack sprayer calibrated to deliver 18 gal/acre at 50 psi. Treatments were not incorporated into the soil by cultivation due to excessive vine growth at the time of application. Insect damage evaluations were made September 15 to 19, 1975 by hand-digging 4 randomly selected plants from the 2 center rows of each plot. Mature and immature peanuts were pulled from the composite sample, washed and evaluated for rootworm feeding injury. Pods were separated into categories of mature and immature as an aid in evaluating residual efficacy of the chemicals. Weather patterns were unusually dry during August and likely affected efficacy of some insecticides. Rootworm injury on control plots was considered sufficient for good chemical evaluation.
Apple, Aphid Control, 1984
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied on 1 Aug to 7-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays, using a hand gun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi and 300 gal/acre. There were 2 single-tree replications in a randomized complete block design. Prior to treatment, 5 succulent terminal shoots were tagged around the periphery of each tree at a height of 1 to 2 m. Evaluation was based on a count of all live aphids on the distal 4 unfurled and 1 furled leaves and on each terminal stem included by these leaves. Aug was a dry warm month, and the maximum daily temperatures for 5 days following treatment ranged from 85° to 90°F.
Insect Control on Sweet Corn in Alabama, 1984
Authors: Kouskolekas C. A. , Harper J. D. , Hollingsworth M. H.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the Auburn University North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman, AL. Plots were 6 rows (44-inch centers) by 50 ft. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment was used. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer operating at 40 psi and delivering 41 gal/acre through three TX-18 hollow-cone nozzles, 1 over each row and 2 directed into the side of each row at the level of the ears. Applications were initiated on 18 Jul at initial silking and were continued every 2 days until 7 Aug (11 applications). On 8 Aug, 20 ears were randomly selected from the 2 middle rows of each plot. Ears were shucked, examined for larval damage and rated according to the following 1 to 6 scale: 1, clean; 2, slight silk or tip damage; 3, tip damage of < 1.5 inch; 4, tip damage of > 1.5 inch; 5, side damage; 6, tip and side damage. Ears rated as 4 or higher were considered unmarketable. The total number of CEW and FAW found in each sample of 20 ears was also recorded.
Efficacy and Yield Evaluations of Resmethrin Treatments on Cucumber, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A.
Published: March 2022

Semi-bush type cucumber transplants were raised in a soilless media in the greenhouse facilities of VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA. After a whitefly infestation was established on the plants in the greenhouse, they were transplanted 14 and 15 Jun on black plastic in a lodi loam soil field on the VPI & SU Hortic. Res. Farm near Blacksburg. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Each replicate consisted of three 30-ft rows with 10 plants per row (3-ft plant spacing). Row placement was 7 ft with 5-ft alleys between replicates. Two rates of resmethrin 26% EC were applied on the following dates: 25 Jun, 3 Jul, 9 Jul, 16 Jul, 27 Jul, 2 Aug, 10 Aug, 17 Aug, and 31 Aug. A compressed air sprayer was used for placement of the insecticide over each treated row of plants. One Teejet 8003 fan-type nozzle, delivering 20 gal/acre at 30 psi, was used on 25 Jun and 3 Jul. Two Teejet 8004 fan-type nozzles (30-inch boom nozzle spacing), delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 psi, were used for all other application dates. Maintenance fungicide treatments were also applied, separately from the insecticide treatments, on each application date. They included: Bravo 500 g/1 at 2.75 pt/acre (25 Jun-31 Aug) and Bayleton 50 WP at 2.0 oz/acre (10 Aug-31 Aug).
Insecticide Efficacy Trial, 1983
Authors: Muruvanda Devaiah A. , Beardsley John W.
Published: March 2022

Eggplant seedlings were transplanted on 6 Jim, ’83 at the Waimanalo Experiment Station, Waimanalo, HI. Plots were 6.09 m long and 4.57 m wide arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates and 5 treatments. Each plot was 3 rows wide. Treatments were applied by hand using a Maruyama Power Sprayer, with a single nozzle which was operated at 100 psi to deliver 100 gal/acre. Sprays were applied 12 Sep and 10 Oct, ’83. Thrips and mite counts were made on leaves and fruits on 23 Aug, 19 Sep and 17 Oct, 83. Populations of thrips of mites were recorded by examining 6 randomly selected leaves (third fully expanded leaf from tip) per plot together with 6 young fruits (ca. 5 cm long). Prior to counting, thrips and mites were fixed in place by application of an aerosol hairspray over both surfaces of sampled leaves and all over the sampled fruits. Populations counts of thrips and mites were transformed Y + 0.5 before analysis. Data are presented in the original scale.
Apple, Standard Miticide Evaluations, 1984
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to mature York trees using single tree plots arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Treatments were applied 14 Jun, 27 Jun and 11 Jul. Mites and eggs were counted by randomly selecting 25 leaves/replicate, brushing onto glass plates with a modified Henderson-McBurnie brushing machine and counting all motile forms and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. A pre-treatment count on 12 Jun showed 5.25 mites/leaf and 27.84 eggs/leaf.
Effect of Various Soil and Foliar Applied Insecticides on Leafminers in Bell Peppers, 1984
Authors: Rover Tom A. , Edelson J. V. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

Pepper seeds were planted 15 Mar on a Willacy fine sandy loam into double-row beds (10 inch rows, 40 inch ceners) at the Texas A&M Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX. Plots were 45 ft long by 2 beds wide and bordered by 1 row of forage sorglium. Sixteen treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Soil treatments were injected as a side-dress application to each row on 15 May using gravity-fed soil injection equipment at a rate of 10 gal/ acre. Foliar treatments were applied weekly beginning 15 May through a CO2 powered, tractor-mounted spray boom at 5.5 gal/acre (4 mph, 45 psi, 2 TX4 hollow cone nozzles/bed). Monitor and Trithion were applied at 10 lb (AI)/acre during the first 4 sprays and at 1 lb (AI)/acre during the last 4 sprays. Spray dates were 1, 8, 15, 21 and 29 Jun and 6, 13 and 20 Jul. Efiicacy was evaluated using 4 methods. (1) Weekly leaf samples were collected from each plot 72 h post-spray (10 leaves/plot) and held in modified 1 pt ice cream cartons for adult emergence. (2) Weekly counts of larvae and pupae were collected from 3 styrofoam pupal trays/plot. (3) Counts of leaf abscission points (LAP) and remaining leaves (RL) were taken from 10 randomly selected plants/plot. Percent leaf drop (PDL) was calculated by the formula LAP/(LAF + RL) X 100. (4) Fruit was collected from 10 randomly selected plants/plot.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle with Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides, 1984
Authors: Baird Craig R. , Sandvol Larry
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 15 May ’84 in declo silt loam soil. Plots consisting of 8 treatments and 4 replications were 4 rows X 25 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design. “At-planting” treatments (*) were placed in the planting row. Late treatments (**) were side dressed 6 inches deep and 4 inches to the side of potato plants 7 wk after planting.
Foliar Spray for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Potatoes, 1984
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 12 Apr, ’84, in a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 20 ft long, 5 ft wide and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on each side of the row and 1 over the center calibrated to deliver 83 gal/acre at 2(X) psi. Treatments were applied on 20, 27, Jun, 10, 17 and 25 Jul. Plant % defoliation was recorded on 3, 13 and 30 Jul. Number of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larvae per 5 hills were recorded on 2 Jul. Number of European corn borer (ECB) damaged stems per 5 hills were recorded on 2 Jul. Yields (ewt/A) were recorded on 14 Aug. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.
Apple, Airblast Acaricide Evaluation Test, 1984
Authors: Hull L. A. , Breth D. I. , Beers E. H.
Published: March 2022

An experimental acaricide in various concentrations was applied at various times in the season to single 0.15 acre plots in a randomized block design consisting of 4 replicates of York Imperial and Golden Delicious trees (6 yr old). All treatments except the last were applied on alternate sides with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated at 50 gpa, 2 mph, 320 psi. Sprays for the last treatment were applied to both sides of trees with a dilute handgun. Dates of application were as follows: 26 Apr (Sunspray 6E oil only) 2 May (all treatments except Oil both sides), 30 Jul (all treatments except Oil, 1 side). The combination of NC-21314 and Carzol was applied on 30 Jul to 1 side of trees. During the season, general maintenance sprays of fungicides (Bravo, Bayleton, Benlate, Captan, and Zineb), insecticides (Lorsban, Dipel, Guthion, Penncap M) as well as calcium chloride were applied with a Friend Airmaster calibrated at 50 gpa and driven 2.3 mph. Average temperatures were: May 58.5° F, Jun 70.3° F, Jul 71.3° F, and Aug 72.6° F. Rainfall in inches totaled: May 4.51, Jun 4.42, Jul 5.86, and Aug 7.33. Effect of treatments on ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment (York Imperial only). S. punctum was observed by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees (York Imperial only). Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Wireworm Control on Potato, Hermiston, Or, 1983
Authors: Toba H. H.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes to evaluate the effectiveness of different formulations and rates of chemicals applied by different methods in reducing wireworm damage. The soil type was Adkins fine sandy loam (Xerollic Camborthid) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 0.5-1%. On 8 Mar, eight wireworms were found in 50 soil samples obtained in the test area with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. On 14 Apr, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of granules were made with a hand-operated Ortho Whirlybird spreader, and the plots rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 h after application. On 25-26 Apr, at-plant sidedress (APSD) applications were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by placing the granules in 1-inch bands shanked 3-4 inches to each side and level with the seed pieces. Similarly, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications were made by placing granules in 1-inch bands in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 24 May, posteinergence sidedress (PESD) applications were made with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators in a manner similar to APSD. On the same day, posteinergence topical incorporated (PETI) applications were made by allowing granules to fall over the plants from the end of the delivery tube to which a spreader was attached, and all plots were similarly treated with Temik 15G (3 lb (AI)/ acre) for aphid control. Plots were then hilled with a Lilliston cultivator immediately after treatment. Each plot measured 38 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. On 4-5 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as percentages of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.
Potato, Wireworm Control, Moxee, Wa, 1983
Authors: Toba H. H. , Powell D. M.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes to evaluate the effectiveness of different formulations and rates of chemicals applied by different methods in reducing wireworm damage. The soil type was Cleman very fine sandy loam (Aridic Haploxeroll) with a pH 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 1-2%. On 25 Mar, seven wireworms were found in 50 soil samples obtained in the test area with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. On 18 Apr, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of granules were made with a hand-operated Ortho Whirlyhird spreader, and the plots rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 h after application. On 27-28 Apr, at-plant sidedress (APSD) applications were made with Candy applicators mounted on the planter by placing the granules in 1-inch bands shanked 3-4 inches to each side and level with the seed pieces. Similarly, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications were made by placing granules in 1-inch bands in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 31 May, postemergence sidedress (PESD) applications were made with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators in a manner similar to APSD. On the same day, postemergence topical incorporated (PETI) applications were made by allowing granules to fall over the plants from the end of the delivery tube to which a spreader was attached, and all plots were similarly treated with Temik 15G (3 lb (AI)/ acre) for aphid control, except those in Test 3 plots were then hilled with a Lilliston cultivator immediately after treatment. Each plot measured 37 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times (3 times in Test 2) in a randomized complete block design. On 12-14 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as % of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.
Relative Toxicities of Insecticides to Entomophagous Species and Colorado Potato Beetle Larvae, 1983
Authors: Wilkinson J. D. , Puttier B. , Biever K. D.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted with 12 inch (30.48 cm) spacing in 50 ft (15.38 m) rows 36 inch (0.914 meters) apart on 25 Apr near Prairie Home, MO. Insecticides were applied to 12 ft (3.66 meters) sections of rows replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, with the 5 treatments applied to alternate rows with an untreated row as a butter between each treatment row. The sprays were applied on 16 Jun with a 2 gal (7.57 liter) hand held compressed-air sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gal/acre (935.27 1/ha) 30 psi (2109 g/cm2). Just prior to spray application, 1 laboratory reared Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB) egg mass was stapled to the underside of the first large leaf down from the terminal of 2 plants in each replicate. Ten adult E. puttleri for 3rd instar P. maculventris were released on the plant to which the CPB eggs had been attached in each replicate ca. 3 h post application. The released CBP eggs were recovered 2 days post spray to assess effects of the compounds tested on predation, and/or host feeding and parasitization by E. puttleri. Evaluation criteria were direct counts of CPB larvae and entomophagous species/8 plants, parasitization and host feeding by E. puttleri parasitization and predation of the CPB egg masses recovered, and observed instances of predation.
Tomato Fruitworm Control on Tomatoes, 1984
Authors: McLeod Paul , Motes D. R. , Eaton S. E.
Published: March 2022

Seedlings in 2.25-inch peat cups were transplanted 16 Apr at the University of Arkansas Vegetable Substation, Kibler. Plots consisted of a single row of 11 plants spaced at 2-ft intervals. Rows were spaced at 10-ft intervals and 4-ft alleys separated plots within the same row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 treatments replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied to each side of each row with a hand-held CO2 sprayer. Early season sprays (plants under 3 ft) were applied with 4 nozzles/row. As plant height increased, 6 nozzles were used. Final spray volume throughout the study was 62 gal/acre. Treatment dates were 11, 18, 25 Jun, 9, 17, 24 Jul. Insecticide effectiveness was compared 18 Jul and 1 Aug (last harvest date) by comparing the accumulated % of fruitworm damaged fruit.
Potato Leafhopper and Pea Aphid Control on Alfalfa, 1984
Authors: Flessel John K.
Published: March 2022

A 4-year stand of Saranac AR at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center at Wooster, OH was used for this study. Treatments were applied using a tractor-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer, calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 20 psi. Plots were 30 x 60 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The alfalfa was 12 inches tall at treatment (30 Jul) and 27 inches tall at the completion of the study. The weather was normal, with 3 inches of precipitation falling during the study. Cygon was the standard.
Alfalfa Insect Control, Minnesota, 1983
Authors: Stucker D. S. , Watrin C. G. , Radcliffe E. B.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment station on the third regrowth of second year ‘Pacer’ alfalfa. Plots were 52 ft X 52 ft in size replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray treatments were applied with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer on 31 Aug in 30 gal water/acre at 1(K) psi. Samples were taken 1 day posttreatment, 7 days posttreatment, 14 days posttreatment, and 21 days posttreatment using a vacuum sampler with a 20 cm diameter hose mouth. Plots were sampled by holding the hose mouth near ground level for 2-3 s, then moving to another site until 15 sites had been sampled. The total area sampled per plot was approximately 0.47 m.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Seedcorn Maggot on Navy Beans, 1984
Authors: Higley Leon G. , Pedigo L. P. , Buntin G. D. , Bailey W. C. , Hutchins S. H.
Published: March 2022

Plots measuring 25 ft by 4 rows (30-inch centers) were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Before planting, meat and bonemeal (1 liter/25 row-ft) was applied over the rows to enhance seedcorn maggot (SCM) oviposition. Plots were planted near Ames, IA, and all treatments included a seed treatment of Captan 400 at 3.0 oz/cwt to prevent fungal development. Two 1 row-m sections were chosen from each plot on 14 Jun to evaluate SCM and bean leaf beetle (BLB) damage. Plant density (maggots destroyed seeds) was used as a measure of SCM damage. Percentage of leaflets with >25% defoliation was used as a measure of BLB damage.
Field Corn, Stalk Borer Control, 1983
Authors: Bailey W. C. , Pedigo L.P. , Higley L. G.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots located in Ames, Story County, Iowa measured 25 ft by 6 rows (30-in centers) in continuous corn. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Seed treatments and band applications were applied at planting (6 Jun ’84). Foliar compounds were conventionally applied to 2-leaf stage corn on 20 Jun using a 2-row, CO2-charged (35 psi) bicycle-wheel sprayer equipped with Delevan BC 10-70 No. 6 hollow-cone sprayer nozzles and delivering 15.1 gal/acre. Feral second and third instar stalk borer larvae were collected from infested corn and individually introduced at dusk on 22 Jun into whorls of 15 plants within each plot. Damage was assessed 5 days postinfestation using the following criteria: no plant damage, leaf feeding, and “dead-heart.” The number of live larvae recovered from each plot was recorded.
Chemigation with High Versus Low Pressure Sprinklers for Corn Borer Control, 1984
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Lamm F. R.
Published: March 2022

Research was conducted at the Colby Branch Experiment Station in Thomas County, Kansas, with a 3-tower (12.3 acre) center pivot system. The sprinkler system was modified to function at high pressure (60 psi) with Senninger (7012 #16-14) impact sprinklers or at low pressure (20 psi) with Senninger (ER-15MF) pressure regulators and Senninger (360SN #16) nozzles on drops extending to within 7 ft of the ground. Treatments were applied to 6 wedges in the half circle of corn. Two low pressure nozzles were shut off to provide an untreated check. The insecticide, Pydrin, was diluted with water and injected at the pivot at 0.15 lb (AI)/ acre using a Pulsafeeder Hydracone Rl diaphram metering pump. The insecticide was applied when 43% of the corn plants were infested with second generation European corn borer (ECB) egg masses (50% hatched). The movement of water through the canopy was measured for 2 replications; stemllow on 20 plants, throughfall between the rows at 4 locations and total application with 5 gauges in an alleyway. The rate of water application was measured (1 replication) outside the treatment area. Corn borer evaluations were made by dissecting 20 plants in each treatment area (5 consecutive plants in 4 spots).
First Generation European Corn Borer Chemigation Trial, Wray, Colorado, 1984
Authors: Peairs Frank B. , Pilcher Stanley D.
Published: March 2022

Plots were 10-acre sectors. Treatments were injected into a Giflbrd Hill sprinkler equipped with 30-degree high pressure Rainbird nozzles, using an Agri-Inject system (Pulsa-Feeder R-1 Hydracone metering pump). The sprinkler was set to run at 80% and delivered 0.3 inches of water/acre. Oil treatments were mixed with once-refined cottonseed oil. 25% of 275 plants in the precount had shot holes and live larvae. Treatments were applied on 6 Jul and 7 Jul and evaluated on 26 Jul.
In-Whorl Treatments for Fall Armyworm and Second Brood European Corn Borer, 1984
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Pless C. D.
Published: March 2022

‘FFR 788C’ corn was planted on 27 Jun and 5 Jul at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield, TN. Twelve treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 20 ft x 3 rows with 5-ft alleys between blocks. Rows were spaced 40 inches apart. Corn was thinned to 22 plants/20 row ft. The middle row was evaluated for whorl damage and harvested for ensilage yields. Treatments were applied with 2.5-gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 30 psi and 30 gal/ acre. In the first planting, the first insecticide application was made on 17 Jul when all plants were infested. Additional insecticide applications were made on 24 Jul and 1 Aug. In the second planting, the first insecticide application was made on 24 Jul followed by additional applications on 1 Aug and 8 Aug.Newly damaged whorls were counted 1 wk after each application. Stalk feeding counts (average number of tunnels/22 stalks) and ensilage yields were determined on 9 Oct at 65.37% moisture.
Laboratory Evaluation of Permithrin in the Nomate Attract N‘ Kill Formulation for Pink Bollworm Control, 1983
Authors: Miller Ernie , Staten R. T. , Jones Elba
Published: March 2022

Permithrin used as the killing agent in the Nomate Attract n‘ Kill formulation was tested at the recommended field rate of 4.45 g (AI)/ha and at 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 8 times the recommended field rate for pink bollworm control. Tests were conducted in 2 plexiglass wind tunnels 61 x 61 cm x 244 cm long. Forty cotton terminals were cut from potted plants maintained in a greenhouse. The stem of each terminal was placed in a 19 X 70 mm glass vial filled with a nutrient solution. Twenty of the vialed terminals were placed in a 4 X 5 grid on the upwind end of each tunnel. The plant grid covered approximately 1 square m on each tunnel floor. Two plant terminals in each tunnel were randomly selected, and a leaf on each was treated with .03 g of Biotac 3 or a Biotac 3:Biotac 19 combination mixed with one of the 6 Permithrin rates tested. The 2 highest rates were mixed with blends of Biotac 3 and 19 to maintain a viscosity similar to the commercial product. An 8 mil Nomate fiber was attached to each treatment site. Controls were identical except no Permithrin was added to the Biotac.
Effect of Selected Insecticides on Beneficial Insects and Spiders in Cotton, 1983
Authors: Price J. R. , Slosser J. E. , Puterka G. J.
Published: March 2022

‘Lockett 77’ was planted on 3 Jun at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Chillicothe, Texas in Portales clay loam soil that had been treated with Treflan. Seeding rate was 17.9 kg/ha in excellent soil moisture. A side dressing of nitrogen at 56.0 kg/ha was applied on 8 Jul. Furrow irrigations were made on 28 Jul and 11 Aug. Six insecticide treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 12 rows wide and 24.4 m long, and there was 102 cm between rows. Alleys separating replications were 7.6 m wide. Treatments were applied on 29 Aug with a John Deere 6000 Hi-Cycle ground sprayer with drop nozzles added which gave 3 Teejet TX12 nozzles per row. Ground speed was 4.9 km/h delivering 76.7 liters/ha total solution at 275 kPa. Rainfall from planting to end of sampling was 89.9 mm, 52.1 mm, 6.9 mm and 0.0 mm for Jun, Jul, Aug, and Sep, respectively. Beneficial insects were collected utilizing a standard insect sweep net with 50 sweeps being taken in each plot. Beneficials were bagged, taken to the laboratory and counted.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1984
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Mayes Ralph L.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of DPX-Y5893 was evaluated at 2 rates. Each treatment was replicated 4 times (1 tree per replicate) in a completely randomized design. Treatments were applied on 14 Jun, with a 5 hp hydraulic sprayer set at 350 psi. A handgun with a No. 4 disc was used to apply 2.7 gal of spray per tree to runoff (420GPA).
Bean Leaf Beetle Control in Soybeans, 1984
Authors: Ragsdale David W. , Loughran James C.
Published: March 2022

‘Hodgson 78’ soybeans were planted 28 May in 30 inch rows at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Plots were 6 rows by 40 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Applications were made 31 Aug using a 2-row CO2 powered backpack sprayer, delivering 23 gal/acre at 30 psi. Plants were in the R-6 growth stage and were lodged. Plots were evaluated using a 15-inch dia sweep net taking 25 sweeps/plot from the middle 4 rows. Sweep net samples were bagged in the field and examined in the laboratory.
Sugarcane Borer Control, 1984
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Flynn J. L. , Ali A. D. , Reagan T. E.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied at 3-wk intervals in a sugarcane field located on the St. Gabriel Experiment Station near Baton Rouge to determine their efficacy for controlling SCB larvae. A randomized complete block experimental design was employed with treatments replicated 4 times. Plots consisted of 3 rows spaced 1.8 m apart x 7.31 m (0.02 ha). Treatments were initiated when SCB infestation levels first exceeded 5% plants with live larvae in leafsheaths on 15 Aug. The applications (20 Aug, 11 Sep) utilizing backpack sprayers were made 20 psi delivering 125 liters/ha of formulated material for each treatment. Percent SCB bored internodes were determined on 5 Oct by examining 25 stalks randomly selected from each plot for SCB entrance or exit holes.
Sugarcane Delphacid (Sd) Control, Small Plot Insecticide Test, 1984
Authors: Hall D. G.
Published: March 2022

A portion of a commercial block of plant cane (planted 24 Sep in Palm Beach Co. near Clewiston, FL) was divided into 24 plots, each consisting of 8 rows spaced 5 ft apart x 44 ft (a 20-ft buffer strip was left untreated between plots). Treatments were assigned to plots according to a randomized complete block design consisting of 4 replications. 11 Nov, 3 days prior to treatment applications, 48 shoots/plot (uniformly spaced within the center 4 rows) were examined to determine the number of adult and nymph SD/ shoot. Insecticide treatments were applied on 13 Nov using a pressurized, tractor-mounted sprayer in about 23 gal H2O/acre. A broadcast spray was used and shoots were thoroughly wetted. On 16 Nov, 3 days after treatments, plots were resampled for SD adults and nymphs. On 24 Nov, 2 wk after treatments, plots from 3 replications were resampled for SD adults and nymphs. For each sample date, data were analyzed using a statistical model with terms for variation due to treatment (5 d.f.), replication (3 d.f. for first 2 sample dates, 2 d.f. for third sample date), and treatment-replication interaction (sampling error) (15 ft d.f. for the first 2 sample dates, 10 d.f. for the third sample date); the error mean square associated with the interaction term was used in Duncan’s multiple range test to determine significant differences (P = 0.05) among treatments. The raw data were first analyzed and then log10-transformed data were analyzed.
Control of Tobacco Wireworms and Flea Beetles with Soil and Foliar Insecticides, 1984
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Southern P. S.
Published: March 2022

On 15 May an area within a Rion loamy sand field at the Upper Piedmont Research Station, Reidsville, NC, was staked out for a test containing 56 plots. Treatments were then randomly assigned to plots 40 ft (22 plants) by 15 ft (4 rows, 42 inches on center) to form a randomized complete block design with 4 reps and 14 treatments. Pretransplant materials (BC-PPI) were applied on 16 May and immediately incorporated with a tandem disc. These materials were applied using a Gandy type broadcast granular applicator mounted on a Kubota 245 tractor. Due to shortage of material, the 6-lb (AI)/acre rate of UC-70480 was applied with a Cyclone Heavy Duty Broadcast Seed and Fertilizer Sower, on 17 May. This material was incorporated immediately after application as described. Tobacco was transplanted on 25 May. Transplants were set with a single row setter delivering approximately 145 gal of water/acre. Transplant water treatments (TPW) were transplanted last. After all transplanting was completed, over-the-top broadcast materials (BC) were applied using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3 TGI nozzles on a standard sucker control rig. Pressure was set at 60 psi and travel speed adjusted to deliver approximately 25 gal of finished spray/acre. All 4 rows in each plot were treated. Missing plants were not replaced after the treatments were applied. Flea beetle adults and flea beetle holes were counted 1, 2, and 3 wk after transplanting. Counts were made on 5 consecutive plants from each of the 2 center rows in a plot. Wireworm larval feeding was evaluated 3 wk after transplanting (18 Jun) in all but the Pydrin treatments. Five consecutive plants from each of the 2 center rows in each plot were carefully pulled and rated for damage.
Aphid Control in Irrigated Spring Wheat, Washington, 1984
Authors: Pike Keith S.
Published: March 2022

Eight insecticides were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling grain aphids. Insecticides were applied 9 Jul ‘84 to wheat (early dough stage of growth) grown on the Washington State University, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Prosser, WA. Pretreatment aphid count averaged 31.1/plant, 9 Jul ‘84. Treatments were applied with a hand-held sprayer calibrated to deliver 43 gpa at 40 psi. Plots were 3 x 25 ft, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were evaluated on the total aphids present per 5 randomly selected wheat heads from each plot at several posttreatment intervals.
Apple, Early NC21314 Trial, 1984
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. F. , Varn M. , Boucher J.
Published: March 2022

NC21314 was compared with Carzol and an untreated control against mites in an apple block in Fairfield. Ca. 0.4 acre per treatment was sprayed with a truck-mounted Swanson airblast sprayer. NC21314 was sprayed on 17 Apr (open cluster) and Carzol was applied on 17 Apr and 14 May (petal fall). Mites were sampled from 4 trees in the middle of each plot using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per tree. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design.
Spruce Spider Mite Control, 1980
Authors: Nappen Paul B. , Hain Fred P.
Published: March 2022

A study was conducted in September, 1980 to determine the efficacy of Safer’s Insecticidal Soap for Spruce Mite control at 2 application rates and 2 application modes. Part of a Christmas tree plantation in Ashe County, North Carolina was divided into 5 blocks with 5 Fraser fir trees per block. Block 1 was an untreated control. Blocks 2 and 3 were treated with 1.5 oz/gal of soap. Plot 2 was applied with a Solo backpack mist blower (BP) while plot 3 was applied with a hydraulic (Hyd) sprayer. Blocks 4 and 5 were treated with the 3 oz/gal of soap. Block 4 was applied with the hydraulic sprayer while block 5 was applied with the backpack mist blower. Treatments were analyzed before and immediately after spraying and 2 and 4 wk later by selecting two, 5-cm twigs from each of the 5 trees. Twigs were observed for all life stages of the Spruce Spider Mite.
European White Birch, Bronze Birch Borer Control, Massillon-Canton, Oh, 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Birk C. A. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Mauget’s Inject-A-Cide B (Bidrin) was used in several treatment strategies in an effort to control bronze birch borer in landscape trees. Sixty heavily infested trees with not more than 50% top dieback were selected for evaluation. A skilled technician did all injections, following directions in Mauget’s field manual. The first group of trees was injected 20 May in an effort to kill overwintered larvae before pupation or adults during emergence. Ten trees in this group were treated with capsules containing 2 ml of technical Bidrin, the other 10 received capsules with 1 ml. At the time of injection, all old emergence holes were circled with red wax pencil. Trees were felled at the end of June; new emergence holes were counted in mid-July after seasonal emergence was complete. A second group of 10 trees was injected with 1 ml capsules on 1 Jul to prevent establishment of newly hatched larvae. On 9 Aug, 2 groups of 10 trees were injected with 1 or 2 ml capsules to kill established larvae. Trees injected in Jul or Aug and 10 previously selected, untreated, infested birches were felled during 7-22 Sep. Treatment effectiveness was determined by counting the number of live larvae beneath 3 sections of bark (30 cm wide x tree circumference) from each tree.
Birch, Evaluating Soil-Applied Systemic Insecticides for Control of Birch Leafminer, Wayne Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of Standak and Di-Syston was evaluated against birch leafminer on 3- to 4-m-tall birch trees growing in an experimental planting at The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center near Wooster. Standak was applied with a watering can at the rate of 545 ml/m2 of soil surface beneath the entire dripline of 4, single-tree replicates. Di-Syston was applied salt shaker fashion and watered-in at the same rate. Soil beneath all trees was cultivated prior to and immediately following application. Treatments were applied 7 May under cloudy skies at 18°C with a breeze of 8-15 kph. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 18 June by removing 10 leaves at random from 1 dominant lateral twig per tree and counting the number of mined leaves.
Efficacy of Insecticides on Japanese Beetle Grubs, Massachusetts, Spring, 1984
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were tested at 2 or 3 rates for efficacy against Japanese beetle grubs on a golf course rough in Sutton, MA. Granular materials were applied by hand-shaking from a glass jar with a perforated lid. Liquid materials were applied in 3 liters water from a 12-liter capacity watering can. All applications were made in 2 (perpendicular) directions within each 2.5-m by 2.5-m plot. All tests were replicated 5 times in a RCB design. Plots were watered with 1.5 cm irrigation (pH 6.5) 2 h after replication. All insecticides were applied 25 May and sampled 28 Jun. Two 0.093 m2 sections of sod, 7.5 cm deep, were removed from the center meter of each plot, inspected on the spot, and the number of healthy grubs recorded.
Control of Cottonwood Blackmine Beetle in Cottonwood, Ft. Collins, Co, 1984
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Liewehr David J.
Published: March 2022

Shelterbelt cottonwood trees were sprayed 28 Jul following observance of early mining by the leaf mining beetle Z. scutellaris. Applications were made using a CO2 compressed air sprayer, covering the lower 12 ft of foliage until point of run-off. Plots were single trees, separated by border trees, arranged in RCB with 4 replications. Plots were evaluated 14 Aug by counting all mines greater than 0.25 inch diameter in leaves in the lower 8 ft of the tree.
Elm Bark Beetle Control on American Elm, 1979, 1980
Authors: Barger Jack H.
Published: March 2022

American elms were sprayed hydraulically with methoxychlor to determine efficacy against twig-crotch feeding by the smaller European elm bark beetle, a vector of Dutch elm disease (DED). Experiments were conducted in each of 3 cities (Denver, CO; Warren, MI; Shaker Heights, OH). Treatment factors, replicated 3 times, were concentration (1, 2, 4%), sticker (Nu-Film-17, Vapor Gard, Rhoplex Ac-33, none), and season sprayed (fall, spring). Spray equipment and conditions were John Bean 785 gun, no. 14 disc, 39 kg/cm2 pressure,ca. 150 liters/tree, temperature 4.4° to 10°C, wind 0 to 12 km/hr, stickers at 1:800 final mix, and trees dormant. Forty twigs were collected at each tree level (top, middle, bottom) for bioassay. Fall-sprayed trees were sampled at 14 days postspray and at 12 months postspray. Spring-sprayed trees were sampled at 14 days postspray and at 6 months postspray. Beetles were caged in small cylinders on twig crotches and allowed to feed for 24 h at 30 ± 1°C and 88 ± 2% RH. Percentage of beetles that failed to feed to the xylem of twigs was used to measure effects of the treatments.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in State College, Pa, 1984
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted of Chewings fescue (10096). Treatment plots were 5 by 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated three times. Liquid formulations were applied 11 Aug by using a compressed air sprayer with four 6504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 25 psi with a 3 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 80°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 72°F; soil temp at 2-inch depth, 72°F; soil type, silty-clay-loam; soil pH, 6.6; % organic matter, 3.0; soil condition, moist; amount of thatch, 0.5 inches; and partly cloudy skies. After all treatments were completed, the entire area was lightly syringed with water. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days later (18 Aug). Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch diam open ended steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10-min period. Three flotation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Balsam Fir, Control of Balsam Twig Aphid, 1984
Authors: Bradbury R. L. , Osgood E. A.
Published: March 2022

A Christmas tree plantation in Dover, Maine was used for the insecticide evaluations. Insecticides were applied to 0.125 acre blocks on 11 May using a Stihl SG 17 mistblower at a rate of 5 gal finished spray/acre. Five trees were treated on 11 May with an additional treatment of Safer’s Insecticidal Soap (1:85) applied to runoff with a 2.5-gal Hudson compressed air sprayer. Aphids were in the first instar. Temperature at the time of application was 40-45°F and rain fell approximately 12 h after treatment. Prespray samples consisting of one 12-cm branch tip from each of 20 trees/0.125 acre block were collected on 10 May and postspray samples were collected 3 days after treatment. Damage was assessed on 18 Jun by counting all damaged and undamaged current shoots on 2 branches from each of 20 trees/0.125 acre block and on each of the 5 trees where Safer’s soap was applied with the compressed air sprayer.
Control of Bagworms on Chinese Juniper, 1984
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , King Ed , Freeman Richard
Published: March 2022

Bagworm control was evaluated on Chinese junipers that were located at a nursing home in Stillwater, OK. The plants were 4-6 feet high and 10-15 feet wide. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Plants were sprayed until runoff with a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.5 gal/min at 150 psi. The junipers were treated on 14 Jun when the temperature was 85°F and the wind velocity was 10–20 mph. Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each replication at 1, 4, 7, and 14 days after treatment.
Gypsy Moth Larval Control Using Carbaryl with Different Sprayers and a Spreader Sticker, Pa, 1983
Authors: Shetlar David J. , Dripps James E. , Heller Paul R.
Published: March 2022

White oak trees (7-10 m tall) intermixed with red oaks were selected in Centre Co., PA on Jun 3 after inspection revealed a moderate population of hatching gypsy with egg masses. On 8 Jun two formulations of carbaryl with and without a spreader-sticker (Nufilm 17) were applied using a hydraulic sprayer or a Solo backpack sprayer. The 16 pesticide treatments plus 2 controls (mist and hydraulic sprayer with water) were replicated 3 times in a RCB design. Larval assessment was made using a one-minute visual count of larvae performed by 1 observer. The pesticides were applied between 08:00 and 11:30 when the wind was 1-3 mph and temperature was 72-83°F.
Test for Plant Growth Responses Using Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) as Soil Drench, 1984
Authors: Larew H. G. , Knodel-Montz J. J.
Published: March 2022

Crude neem seed extract and an experimental formulation of neem, Margosan-O (Vikwood Ltd., Sheboygan, WI) were evaluated as soil drenches for plant growth effects in a commercial greenhouse in Perry Hall, MD. Bed-grown, disbudded chrysanthemums were treated and sampled (4 plants/plot) biweekly, 5 times during the cropping cycle (19 Mar-13 Jun). Each treatment plot (2.3 m x 1 m) contained 150 plants, and plots were arranged randomly along the length of the bed.Each plot was drenched with 15.6 liters of specified solution on each treatment date. Bed (23 m X 1 m) soil consisted of topsoil to which a bale of peat had been added. Plants were fertilized daily with a solution of 20N:20P:20K. Greenhouse temperatures averaged 27°C (day) and 16°C (night). Plants were grown under a long day photoperiod from 19 Mar-10 Apr, then under a short day photoperiod from 11 Apr-13 Jun.
Phytotoxicity Tests with Synthetic Pyrethroids on Greenhouse Geraniums, Massachusetts, 1982
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A. S.
Published: March 2022

“Bright Eyes” geraniums were treated on 14 Jun and again on 30 Jun with 3 synthetic pyrethroids, with and without piperonyl butoxide. Three plants were treated with each combination. Plants were sprayed to run-off from a 2-qt capacity hand pump sprayer. Plants were in 4-inch pots and blooming (50-70%) when treated. Plants were rated for foliage and blossom damage 3, 9, 15, 22, and 32 days after first treatment.
Bedding Plant Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, Spring, 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Wada R. , Parrella M. P. , Amer.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials on bedding plants, Los Angeles Co, CA, evaluated the effects of 1 x , 2 x and 4 x rates of FMC 54800 10WP and FMC 54800 2E (1 x = 0.125 lb AI/100 gal and Zectran 2E (1 x = 0.25 lb All 100 gal). Two flats, each containing 9 pony paks with 6 plants, were evaluated per treatment for each species. The materials were applied to runoff with a 2.5 gpm piston pump hand sprayer with a 5003 Spraying Systems Nozzle at 150 psi on 2 Mar and 12 Mar, 24-25°C and 22-24°C, respectively. Phytotoxicity readings were compared to a water check 7 and 10 days after the first application and 7 days after the second application.
White Pine Weevil Control in Howard, Pa, 1983
Authors: Shetlar David J.
Published: March 2022

White pine trees (2-2.5-m tall) were selected on 17 May near Howard, PA in Centre Co. if they contained 1-3 active weevils on the leaders. Seven treatments (replicated 4 times in a RCB design) were applied on 19 May using a 1.5-gal stainless steel hand-pump compression sprayer. The leaders and first whorl of branches were wet until runoff. Post-spray counts of adult weevils were made 3 days after treatment. Larval success was evaluated by cutting off damaged leaders, stripping off the bark and counting large larvae, pupae or pupal chambers.