bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UPCBLAS: a library for parallel matrix computations in Unified Parallel C
Authors: González‐Domínguez Jorge , Martín María J. , Taboada Guillermo L. , Touriño Juan , Doallo Ramón , Mallón Damián A. , Wibecan Brian
Published: January 2012

The popularity of Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) languages has increased during the last years thanks to their high programmability and performance through an efficient exploitation of data locality, especially on hierarchical architectures such as multicore clusters. This paper describes UPCBLAS, a parallel numerical library for dense matrix computations using the PGAS Unified Parallel C language. The routines developed in UPCBLAS are built on top of sequential basic linear algebra subprograms functions and exploit the particularities of the PGAS paradigm, taking into account data locality in order to achieve a good performance. Furthermore, the routines implement other optimization techniques, several of them by automatically taking into account the hardware characteristics of the underlying systems on which they are executed. The library has been experimentally evaluated on a multicore supercomputer and compared with a message‐passing‐based parallel numerical library, demonstrating good scalability and efficiency. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladium Nanoparticles Supported on Mixed‐Linker Metal–Organic Frameworks as Highly Active Catalysts for Heck Reactions
Authors: Huang Yuanbiao , Gao Shuiying , Liu Tianfu , Lü Jian , Lin Xi , Li Hongfang , Cao Rong
Published: January 2012

Well‐dispersed palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) supported on amine‐functionalized, mixed‐linker metal–organic frameworks (MIXMOFs) based on MIL‐53(Al) were prepared by using the ion‐exchange method. Pd NPs were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The mean diameter of Pd NPs is approximately 3.2 nm. It was found that the Pd NPs supported on amine‐functionalized MIXMOFs are stable at high temperature. The Pd NPs exhibit efficient catalytic activity for Heck reaction and can be easily recovered and reused.
Chiral Ammonium‐Capped Rhodium(0) Nanocatalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Advances in Asymmetric Hydrogenation in Neat Water
Authors: Guyonnet Bilé Elodie , Cortelazzo‐Polisini Elodie , Denicourt‐Nowicki Audrey , Sassine Rita , Launay Franck , Roucoux Alain
Published: January 2012

Optically active amphiphilic compounds derived from N‐methylephedrine, N‐methylprolinol, or cinchona derivatives possessing bromide or chiral lactate counterions were efficiently used as protective agents for rhodium(0) nanoparticles. The full characterization of these surfactants and the obtained nanocatalysts was performed by means of different techniques. These spherical nanoparticles, with sizes between 0.8–2.5 nm depending on the stabilizer, were evaluated in the hydrogenation of model substrates in neat water as a green solvent. The rhodium catalysts showed relevant kinetic properties, but modest enantiomeric excess values of up to 13 % in the hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate. They were also investigated in the hydrogenation of disubstituted arenes, such as m‐methylanisole, providing interesting catalytic activities and a preferential cis selectivity of around 80 %; however, no asymmetric induction was observed.
The unconditioned stimulus pre‐exposure effect in preweanling rats in taste aversion learning: Role of the training context and injection cues
Authors: Revillo D.A. , Arias C. , Spear N.E.
Published: January 2012

The unconditioned stimulus pre‐exposure effect (US‐PE) refers to the interference paradigm in which acquisition of the conditioned response is retarded due to prior experience with the US. Most studies analyzing the psychological mechanisms underlying this effect have been conducted with adult rats. The most widely accepted hypothesis explains this effect as a contextual blocking effect. Contextual cues associated with the US block the conditioned stimulus (CS)‐US association during conditioning. The modulatory role of a context devoid of distinctive olfactory attributes is not observable until approximately PD23 in rats, including modulation of interference paradigms such as latent inhibition or extinction. In this study, we analyzed US‐PE in preweanling rats along with the role of the training context in this effect in terms of conditioned taste aversion preparation. Pre‐exposure to LiCl before conditioning retarded the acquisition of taste aversion. The US‐PE was observed in preweanling rats when, during pre‐exposure, subjects were exposed to the conditioning context, and this effect was not attenuated either by the administration of the US in a familiar environment (Experiment 1a), or by the presence of an alternative, more salient context during pre‐exposure (Experiment 1b). Additionally, the US‐PE was still observed when the route by which the US was administered was changed between the pre‐exposure and conditioning phases (Experiment 2a) as well as when the injection cues were removed during conditioning (Experiment 2b). These experiments show a strong US‐PE in preweanling rats and fail to support the contextual blocking hypothesis, at least in this stage of ontogeny.

© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 193–204, 2013
Crank‐shaped and Y‐shaped through‐hole interconnections filled with Au‐Sn solder
Authors: Yamamoto Satoshi , Nukaga Osamu , Wakioka Hiroyuki , Suemasu Tatsuo , Hashimoto Hirokazu
Published: January 2012

Crank‐shaped and Y‐shaped through‐hole interconnections (THI) filled with Au‐Sn solder are demonstrated in this study. They are expected to realize a higher‐density wafer‐level package (WLP) for electrical devices including the fields of MEMS (Micro Electro‐Mechanical Systems) and MOEMS (Micro Optical Electro‐Mechanical Systems) compared with conventional WLP using THI consisting of straight through‐holes. In this paper, formation techniques for crank‐shaped and Y‐shaped THI are described. In order to make crank‐shaped and Y‐shaped through‐holes in a substrate, both femtosecond laser irradiation and wet chemical etching are used. Crank‐shaped through‐holes with an 80‐μm opening and 400 μm deep have also been achieved. Gold (Au)‐tin (Sn) solder was filled into the holes using the molten metal suction method (MMSM). Airtightness of the THI was examined using the helium leakage test, and the estimated leakage rate was less than 1.0 × 10−9 Pa·m3/s, which is sufficient for use in WLP applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(1): 54–62, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21134
Diagnosis of periodontal diseases by biomarkers
Authors: Kido Jun‐Ichi , Hino Mami , Bando Mika , Hiroshima Yuka
Published: January 2012

Many middle‐aged and elderly people suffer from periodontal diseases that mainly cause tooth loss and result in some systemic diseases. The prevention of periodontal diseases is very important for oral and systemic health, but the present diagnostic examination is not fully objective or suitable. To diagnose periodontal diseases exactly, some biomarkers that represent inflammation, tissue degradation, and bone resorption in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva are known. We demonstrated that the GCF levels of calprotectin, an inflammation‐related protein, and carboxy‐terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, a bone metabolism‐related protein, were associated with the clinical condition of periodontal diseases, and suggested that these proteins might be useful biomarkers for periodontal diseases. Recently, determinations of genes and proteins by using microdevices have been studied for the diagnosis of some diseases. We detected calprotectin protein by chemiluminescent immunoassay on a microchip and showed the possibility of specific and quantitative detection of calprotectin in a very small amount of GCF. The determination of multiple markers in GCF by using microdevices will contribute to the development of accurate and objective diagnostic systems for periodontal diseases. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(1): 40–45, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21150
A study of centralized voltage profile control of distribution network considering dynamics of distributed generator
Authors: Tsuji Takao , Tomura Kohsuke , Oyama Tsutomu , Hashiguchi Takuhei , Goda Tadahiro , Tange Seiji , Nomura Toshio
Published: January 2012

In a future distribution network, it will be difficult to maintain system voltage because a large number of distributed generators are introduced into the system. The authors have previously proposed a voltage profile control method using power factor control of distributed generators. When all information on the system is available, an ideal stationary solution of control orders to distributed generators is given by an optimization calculation. However, it is difficult to apply optimization control in real time because a long calculation time is required for the optimization. Therefore, it is possible that a voltage change may occur before the power factor control has finished. Thus, in this paper, we develop a new control method which can save the excessive voltage changes by taking into consideration the controlled response time of distributed generators. The proposed method was tested in a 24‐node distribution network model. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(1): 29–39, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21231
Proposal of evaluation test method for withstand performance under residual DC charge at GIS insulator
Authors: Kaneko Shuhei , Okabe Shigemitsu , Tsukao Shigeyuki , Kobayashi Takayuki , Nojima Kenichi , Takei Masafumi , Miyamoto Taketoshi
Published: January 2012

In recent years, compact gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS) has been developed by rationalization of specifications. All of the GIS have been checked for passage of the AC and lightning impulse (LI) withstand test, but DC stress that occurs on an AC GIS spacer when switching devices are operated has not been sufficiently investigated. Since the electrical field strength inside a GIS tank is stronger in compact GIS, it is increasingly necessary to evaluate the withstand performance of GIS spacers under residual DC voltage. Under DC stress, electrification strengthens the electrical field strength at the creepage surface (Et) and the withstand performance of GIS spacers depends on the maximum value of Et (Etmax). When the volume resistivity at the surface layer of spacer is uneven, Et strengthens at the uneven spots. In this paper, Etmax under DC stress with uneven volume resistivity at the surface layer of the spacer is investigated, and an evaluation test method for withstand performance under residual DC charge is constructed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(1): 21–28, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21233
A study of current chopping characteristics in metal–carbide composite contact materials
Authors: Yamamoto Atsushi , Kusano Takashi , Okutomi Tsutomu , Yokokura Kunio , Homma Mitsutaka
Published: January 2012

To clarify the effect of carbides on current chopping characteristics the chopping current was evaluated for various metal–carbide contact materials. It was found that the chopping current of metal–carbide contacts was related to the vapor pressure of the metals and the work function of the carbides. It was also found that the chopping current was reduced by heat treatment when the melting point of contacts was lower than the temperature of heat treatment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(1): 15–20, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21236
Synthesis, Structure and Conformation of Terphenylene‐Derived Oxacalixaromatics
Authors: Hu Wen‐Jing , Zhao Xiao‐Li , Ma Ming‐Liang , Guo Fang , Mi Xian‐Qiang , Jiang Biao , Wen Ke
Published: January 2012

Oxacalix[4]aromatics comprised of terphenylene units have been synthesized by cyclooligomerization of 5′‐tert‐butyl‐1,1′:3′,1″‐terphenyl‐4,4″‐diol (1) and electron‐deficient meta‐dihalogenated benzene and heterocycles. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis revealed that oxacalix[2]terphenylene[2]pyrazine 13 adopts a chair conformation, forming a molecular cavity to trap an ethyl acetate guest molecule in the solid state. 1,3‐Alternate conformations are adopted by other oxacalix[2]terphenylene[2]aromatics (11, 12 and 15), which form a narrow tweezer‐like molecular cavity that is incapable of encapsulating any guest molecules.
Atomic Force Microscopy and X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Lead(II) Membrane Electrode Based on Dithiodibenzoic Acid as Ionophore
Authors: Al‐Asousi Maryam F. , Bu‐Olayan Abdul Hadi , Shoukry Adel F.
Published: January 2012

The use of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquid [C4mim][PF6] as additive in a Pb(II) plastic membrane electrode increased significantly the selectivity of the sensor. Atomic force microscopy and depth profiling X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were applied to investigate the compositional and morphological changes of the surface and bulk of the membrane during the conditioning process of the electrode.
Quantifying the seismic response of structures with flexible diaphragms
Authors: Sadashiva Vinod K. , MacRae Gregory A. , Deam Bruce L. , Spooner Matthew S.
Published: January 2012

Floor diaphragm in‐plane stiffness affects building response to horizontal ground accelerations. This paper describes a series of elastic and inelastic time history analyses of symmetric structures with different deformation types, configurations and heights to quantify these effects. It is shown that displacements of single storey elastically responding structures tend to be most significantly affected by diaphragm flexibility. Analyses of these structures were cross‐verified by a closed‐form mechanics‐based formulation developed to describe the response. Simple relationships were proposed to allow designers to conservatively estimate the increase in peak in‐plane displacement resulting from diaphragm flexibility. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitotic recombination of chromosome arm 17q as a cause of loss of heterozygosity of NF1 in neurofibromatosis type 1‐associated glomus tumors
Authors: Stewart Douglas R. , Pemov Alexander , Van Loo Peter , Beert Eline , Brems Hilde , Sciot Raf , Claes Kathleen , Pak Evgenia , Dutra Amalia , Richard Lee Chyi‐Chia , Legius Eric
Published: January 2012

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common, autosomal dominant, tumor‐predisposition syndrome that arises secondary to mutations in NF1. Glomus tumors are painful benign tumors that originate from the glomus body in the fingers and toes due to biallelic inactivation of NF1. We karyotyped cultures from four previously reported and one new glomus tumor and hybridized tumor (and matching germline) DNA on Illumina HumanOmni1‐Quad SNP arrays (∼1 × 106 SNPs). Two tumors displayed evidence of copy‐neutral loss of heterozygosity of chromosome arm 17q not observed in the germline sample, consistent with a mitotic recombination event. One of these two tumors, NF1‐G12, featured extreme polyploidy (near‐tetraploidy, near‐hexaploidy, or near‐septaploidy) across all chromosomes. In the remaining four tumors, there were few cytogenetic abnormalities observed, and copy‐number analysis was consistent with diploidy in all chromosomes. This is the first study of glomus tumors cytogenetics, to our knowledge, and the first to report biallelic inactivation of NF1 secondary to mitotic recombination of chromosome arm 17q in multiple NF1‐associated glomus tumors. We have observed mitotic recombination in 22% of molecularly characterized NF1‐associated glomus tumors, suggesting that it is a not uncommon mechanism in the reduction to homozygosity of the NF1 germline mutation in these tumors. In tumor NF1‐G12, we hypothesize that mitotic recombination also “unmasked” (reduced to homozygosity) a hypomorphic germline allele in a gene on chromosome arm 17q associated with chromosomal instability, resulting in the extreme polyploidy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of the genetic background on the genome make‐up of tumor cells
Authors: Falck Eva , Behboudi Afrouz , Klinga‐Levan Karin
Published: January 2012

Endometrial adenocarcinoma (EAC) is the most common form of malignancy in the female genital tract, ranking as the fourth leading form of invasive tumors that affect women. The BDII inbred rat strain has been used as a powerful tumor model in studies of the genetic background of EAC. Females from the BDII strain are prone to develop tumors with an incidence of more than 90%. Development of EAC in BDII female rats has similarities in pathogenesis, histopathological, and molecular properties to that of human, and thus represents a unique model for analysis of EAC tumorigenesis and for comparative studies in human EACs. In a previous study, a set of rat EAC cell lines derived from tumors developed in female crossprogenies between BDII and nonsusceptible rat strains were analyzed by spectral karyotyping (SKY). Here we present an analysis with specific focus on the impact of different genetic backgrounds on the rate and occurrence of genetic aberrations in experimental tumors using data presented in the previous report. We could reveal that the ploidy state, and the abundance and type of structural as well as numerical change differed between the two genetic setups. We have also identified chromosomes harboring aberrations independent of genetic input from the nonsusceptible strains, which provide valuable information for the identification of the genes involved in the development of EAC in the BDII model as well as in human endometrial tumors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Suicidal thoughts and behaviors in older adults in rural China: a preliminary study
Authors: Chiu H. F. K. , Dai J. , Xiang Y. T. , Chan S. S. M. , Leung T. , Yu X. , Hou Z. J. , Ungvari G. S. , Caine E. D.
Published: January 2012

Background

One purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of conducting epidemiological survey on suicidal thoughts and behaviors (hereafter “suicidal thoughts/behaviors”; i.e., any suicidal ideation, serious ideation, planning, and attempts) among older adults in rural China. Another purpose was to investigate among older people in rural China the prevalence of suicidal thoughts/behaviors, as well as their sociodemographic and clinical correlates.

Methods

A randomly selected sample of 263 subjects, 50 years or older, was recruited in a remote rural area of Southwestern China (Mianyang Region, Sichuan Province) and interviewed using structured instruments. Basic sociodemographic and clinical data were collected.

Results

There was no refusal among approached subjects, and subjects were willing to answer questions on suicidal thoughts/behaviors. The lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation, serious ideation, planning, and attempt was 28.9% (23.4%–34.4%), 19.7% (14.9%–24.6%), 11.4% (7.5%–15.3%), and 5.3% (2.6%–8.1%), respectively. The corresponding 12‐month prevalence was 8.8% (5.3%–12.2%), 5.3% (2.6%–8.1%), 2.7% (0.7%–4.6%), and 0%, respectively. The 2‐week prevalence was 3.4% (1.2%–5.6%), 2.3% (0.5%–4.1%), 2.3% (0.5%–4.1%), and 0%, respectively. Correlates of suicidal thoughts/behaviors of this group are similar to findings from other community studies, such as female gender, unmarried status, major medical conditions, insomnia, financial difficulties and lower education, depressive symptoms, recent stressful life events, greater life dissatisfaction.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that larger scale epidemiological survey of suicidal thoughts/behaviors on older adults in rural China would be feasible. Suicidal thoughts/behaviors are common among older people in rural China, as seen in this preliminary study, which points to the need for further larger scale investigations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Method for the Production of Glycosphingolipids
Authors: Shimura Yumiko , Suzuki Junya , Kasuya Maria Carmelita Z. , Matsuoka Koji , Hatanaka Kenichi
Published: January 2012

Neolacto‐series ganglioside sialylparagloboside (SPG) is a ganglioside species present in various human tissues, and used in many important studies. In this study, four ganglioside analogs, GM3, GD3, SPG, and NeuAc‐Gal‐GlcNAc‐Gal‐GlcNAc‐Gal‐Glc‐Cer, were synthesized by the saccharide‐primer method using MDCK cells and β‐lactoside primer with different aglycons. As compared to former methods for producing SPG, the primer method was rapid and convenient. Moreover, the yield of SPG was much higher than that obtained by former methods. The production of gangliosides with an azido group in the aglycon moiety was also achieved by using MDCK cells.
Facile Synthesis, Single‐Crystal Structure, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Pyrazolo[5,1‐d][1,2,5]triazepin‐4‐ones
Authors: Zheng Liang‐Wen , Xuan Hong‐Zhuan , Liu Ying‐Rui , Zhao Bao‐Xiang , Liu Jin‐Ting , Miao Jun‐Ying
Published: January 2012

A facile ring‐enlargement reaction of 2,6‐diphenyl‐4H‐pyrazolo[5,1‐c][1,4]oxazin‐4‐one is described, generating the pyrazolo[5,1‐d][1,2,5]triazepin‐4‐ones in good yields. Structures of the prepared compounds were determined on the basis of IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, and HR‐MS data. Moreover, the molecular structure was confirmed by the X‐ray crystal‐structure analysis of one compound that was prone to crystallization. Preliminary biological evaluation showed that the compounds 2e–2h promote the viability and inhibit the apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells at low concentration.
Microwave‐Assisted Stereoselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of C,N‐Diarylnitrone (i.e., N‐(Arylmethylidene)benzenamine N‐Oxide) and Bis(arylmethylidene)acetone (=1,5‐Diarylpenta‐1,4‐dien‐3‐one): NMR and Crystal Analysis of Diastereoisomeric Bis(isoxazolidines)
Authors: Paul Nidhin , Kaladevi Selvam , Muthusubramanian Shanmugam
Published: January 2012

Microwave‐assisted stereoselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of C,N‐diarylnitrones (i.e., N‐(arylmethylidene)benzenamine N‐oxides) 2 to substituted bis(arylmethylidene)acetones (=1,5‐diarylpenta‐1,4‐dien‐3‐ones) 1 leading to diastereoisomer pairs of bis‐isoxazolidines 3 and 4 in good to excellent yield is described (Scheme 2 and Table 2). The configuration outcome of the reaction is discussed based on the NMR and X‐ray data of the products.
A Novel and Efficient Synthesis of Pyrido[1,2‐a]‐Fused 1,3‐Diazaheterocyclic Compounds via a One‐Pot Three‐Component Reaction
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Rezvanian Atieh
Published: January 2012

An efficient one‐pot synthesis of pyrido[1,2‐a]‐fused 1,3‐diazaheterocyclic compounds by three‐component reaction of diamine, nitroketene dithioacetal (=1,1‐bis(methylsulfanyl)‐2‐nitroethene), and electron‐poor itaconic anhydride (=2‐methylidenesuccinic anhydride=2‐methylidenebutanedioic anhydride) in aqueous EtOH is reported. This protocol has the advantages of easiness, higher yields, and shorter reaction times. The structures were corroborated spectroscopically (IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, and EI‐MS) and by elemental analyses. A plausible mechanism for this type of cyclization is proposed (Scheme 2).
New Quinic Acid Derivatives from Hepatoprotective Inula crithmoides Root Extract
Authors: Ela Maha A. Aboul , El‐Lakany Abdalla M. , Abdel‐Kader Maged S. , Alqasoumi Saleh I. , Shams‐El‐Din Safa M. , Hammoda Hala M.
Published: January 2012

Fractionation directed by hepatoprotective activity of Inula crithmoides L. root resulted in the isolation of two new quinic acid derivatives, 3,5‐di‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid 1‐methyl ether (I; caffeoyl=(E)‐3‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)prop‐2‐enoyl; quinic acid=1,3,4,5‐tetrahydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid) and 4,5‐di‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid 1‐methyl ether (II), in addition to the well‐known hepatoprotective compound, 1,5‐di‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid (III). The hepatoprotective effect was indicated by the significant decrease in the level of four measured serum biochemical parameters (SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and bilirubin) in experimental rats. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by analyses of 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopic data.
Synthesis and Characterization of Enantiomerically Pure cis‐ and trans‐3‐Fluoro‐2,4‐dioxa‐8‐aza‐3‐phosphadecalin 3‐Oxides as γ‐Homoacetylcholine Mimetics and Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Clerc Christian , Rüedi Peter
Published: January 2012

The title compounds, the P(3)‐axially and P(3)‐equatorially substituted cis‐ and trans‐configured 8‐benzyl‐3‐fluoro‐2,4‐dioxa‐8‐aza‐3‐phosphadecalin 3‐oxides (=8‐benzyl‐3‐fluoro‐2,4‐dioxa‐8‐aza‐3‐phosphabicyclo[4.4.0]decane 3‐oxides=2‐fluorohexahydro‐6‐(phenylmethyl)‐4H‐1,3,2‐dioxaphosphorino[5,4‐c]pyridine 2‐oxides) were prepared (ee>98%) and fully characterized (Schemes 2 and 3). The absolute configurations were established from that of their precursors, the enantiomerically pure cis‐ and trans‐1‐benzyl‐4‐hydroxypiperidine‐3‐methanols which were unambiguously assigned. Being configuratively fixed and conformationally constrained phosphorus analogues of acetyl γ‐homocholine (=3‐(acetyloxy)‐N,N,N‐trimethylpropan‐1‐aminium), they are suitable probes for the investigation of molecular interactions with acetylcholinesterase. As determined by kinetic methods, all of the compounds are weak inhibitors of the enzyme.
Synthesis of a C‐Iminoribofuranoside Analog of the Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) Inhibitor FK866
Authors: Gillig Annabelle , Majjigapu Somi Reddy , Sordat Bernard , Vogel Pierre
Published: January 2012

FK866 (also named APO866 or WK175) is a potent NAMPT inhibitor being evaluated (Phase II) as a potential anticancer drug. The preparation of the C‐iminoribofuranoside analog (2E)‐N‐[4‐(1‐benzoylpiperidin‐4‐yl)butyl]‐3‐{3‐[(2S,3S,4R,5R)‐3,4‐dihydroxy‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin‐2‐yl]phenyl}prop‐2‐enamide ((−)‐1) is reported.
Effects of aspect ratio on mixed convection in a horizontal rectangular duct with heated and cooled side walls
Authors: Toriyama Koji , Ichimiya Koichi , Kaneko Masakazu
Published: January 2012

This paper describes the effect of aspect ratio on mixed convection in a horizontal rectangular duct with heated and cooled side walls numerically and experimentally. In the numerical analysis, fluid flow and temperature distributions for Ri=1.61, Pr=6.99, Re=100 and aspect ratio, Ar=0.2–10, were obtained by solving dimensionless governing equations using the SIMPLE procedure. The QUICK scheme was applied to the convective term of these equations. In the experimental analysis, the flow behavior for Ar=0.5–2 was visualized by the dye‐injection method. Numerical results showed that the swirl flow was generated along the flow direction, and its pitch length was influenced by Ar. The pitch length was the shortest when Ar=0.5–1, and this tendency was the same in numerical results and experimental results. The heat transfer behavior was also discussed corresponding to the flow, and the heat transfer ratio was highest at Ar=1 in 0.2 ≤ Ar ≤ 10. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20391
Thermal analysis on a groove‐enhanced minichannel application
Authors: Chen Wei
Published: January 2012

A grooved surface feature is considered as a thermal enhancement for electronics cooling with single‐phase flow in minichannels. The influence of the groove structure and groove depth‐to‐width ratio on the flow and heat transfer in the minichannels has been numerically investigated. A two‐dimensional turbulent flow model was employed to optimize the groove structure in the minichannel. The effect of the groove geometric shape on the heat transfer performance in the minichannel was analyzed by evaluating the fluid thermophysical parameter and Nusselt number. It is found that the average Nusselt number ratio ($Nu_{avg}^{*}$) changes with an increase in groove depth‐to‐width ratios from d/W = 0.1 to d/W = 0.5. The groove heat transfer unit number (NTU) integrating heat transfer area (A) and heat transfer coefficient (h) were defined. The change of the NTU* for the minichannel with a triangular groove is different from that of the minichannel with a cylindrical groove while the groove depth‐to‐width ratio varies from d/W = 0.1 to d/W = 0.5. In addition, the flow pressure loss across the groove and the effects of the Reynolds number in the minichannels were also investigated. All the results should be taken into account for a better design of a minichannel with groove. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20413
Cyr61 increases matrix metalloproteinase‐3 expression and cell motility in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
Authors: Chuang Jing‐Yuan , Yu Nuo‐Yi , Chiang I‐Ping , Lai Chih‐Ho , Lin Chia‐Der , Tang Chih‐Hsin
Published: January 2012

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has a striking tendency to migrate and metastasize. Cysteine‐rich 61 (Cyr61), from the CCN gene family, is a secreted and matrix‐associated protein, which is involved in many cellular activities such as growth and differentiation. However, the effects of Cyr61 on human OSCC cells are largely unknown. In this study, we found that Cyr61 increased the migration and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases‐3 (MMP)‐3 in human OSCC cells. αvβ5 or α6β1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor, and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitors (PD98059 and U0126) inhibited the Cyr61‐induced increase of the migration and MMP‐3 up‐regulation of OSCC cells. Cyr61 stimulation increased the phosphorylation of FAK, MEK, and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK). In addition, NF‐κB inhibitors suppressed the cell migration and MMP‐3 expression enhanced by Cyr61. Moreover, Cyr61 increased NF‐κB luciferase activity and binding of p65 to the NF‐κB element on the MMP‐3 promoter. Taken together, our results indicate that Cyr61 enhances the migration of OSCC cells by increasing MMP‐3 expression through the αvβ3 or α6β1 integrin receptor, FAK, MEK, ERK, and NF‐κB signal transduction pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1977–1986, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The cytoprotective effect of butin against oxidative stress is mediated by the up‐regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase expression through a PI3K/Akt/Nrf2‐dependent pathway
Authors: Zhang Rui , Chae Sungwook , Lee Jun Hwa , Hyun Jin Won
Published: January 2012

Butin (7,3′,4′‐trihydroxydihydroflavone), a flavonoid with antioxidant activity, was recently reported to protect cells against H2O2‐induced apoptosis, oxidative DNA damage and oxidative mitochondrial dysfunction. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism by which butin protects mitochondria. The antioxidant function of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD) is important in preventing oxidative stress. While exposure to H2O2 reduced the expression of Mn SOD in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79‐4), the addition of butin restored Mn SOD expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, resulting in increased Mn SOD activity. The transcription factor NF‐E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates Mn SOD gene expression by binding to the antioxidant responsive element (ARE). Butin enhanced the nuclear translocation and ARE‐binding activity of Nrf2, which was decreased by H2O2. The siRNA‐mediated knockdown of Nrf2 attenuated butin‐induced Mn SOD expression and activity. Further, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB, Akt) contributed to the ARE‐driven Mn SOD expression. Butin activated PI3K/Akt and exposure to either LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor), Akt inhibitor IV (an Akt‐specific inhibitor), or Akt siRNA suppressed the butin‐induced activation of Nrf2, resulting in decreased Mn SOD expression and activity. Finally, the cytoprotective effect of butin against H2O2‐induced cell damage was suppressed by the siRNA‐mediated knockdown of Mn SOD. These studies demonstrate that butin attenuates oxidative stress by activating Nrf2‐mediated Mn SOD induction via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1987–1997, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arachidonate 5 lipoxygenase expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma promotes invasion via MMP‐9 induction
Authors: Kummer Nicolas T. , Nowicki Theodore S. , Azzi Jean P. , Reyes Ismael , Iacob Codrin , Xie Suqing , Swati Ismatun , Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew , Gotlinger Katherine H. , Suslina Nina , Schantz Stimson , Tiwari Raj K. , Geliebter Jan
Published: January 2012

Arachidonate 5‐lipoxygenase (ALOX5) expression and activity has been implicated in tumor pathogenesis, yet its role in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has not been characterized. ALOX5 protein and mRNA were upregulated in PTC compared to matched, normal thyroid tissue, and ALOX5 expression correlated with invasive tumor histopathology. Evidence suggests that PTC invasion is mediated through the induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that can degrade and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM). A correlation between MMP‐9 and ALOX5 protein expression was established by immunohistochemical analysis of PTC and normal thyroid tissues using a tissue array. Transfection of ALOX5 into a PTC cell line (BCPAP) increased MMP‐9 secretion and cell invasion across an ECM barrier. The ALOX5 product, 5(S)‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid also increased MMP‐9 protein expression by BCPAP in a dose‐dependent manner. Inhibitors of MMP‐9 and ALOX5 reversed ALOX5‐enhanced invasion. Here we describe a new role for ALOX5 as a mediator of invasion via MMP‐9 induction; this ALOX5/MMP9 pathway represents a new avenue in the search for functional biomarkers and/or potential therapeutic targets for aggressive PTC. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1998–2008, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Osteoclastogenesis is negatively regulated by D‐serine produced by osteoblasts
Authors: Takarada Takeshi , Takarada‐Iemata Mika , Takahata Yoshifumi , Yamada Daisuke , Yamamoto Tomomi , Nakamura Yukari , Hinoi Eiichi , Yoneda Yukio
Published: January 2012

We have shown the functional expression by chondrocytes of serine racemase (SR) which is responsible for the synthesis of D‐serine (Ser) from L‐Ser in cartilage. In this study, we evaluated the possible functional expression of SR by bone‐forming osteoblasts and bone‐resorbing osteoclasts. Expression of SR mRNA was seen in osteoblasts localized at the cancellous bone surface in neonatal rat tibial sections and in cultured rat calvarial osteoblasts endowed to release D‐Ser into extracellular medium, but not in cultured osteoclasts differentiated from murine bone marrow progenitor cells. Sustained exposure to D‐Ser failed to significantly affect alkaline phosphatase activity and Ca2+ accumulation in cultured osteoblasts, but significantly inhibited differentiation and maturation in a concentration‐dependent manner at a concentration range of 0.1–1 mM without affecting cellular survival in cultured osteoclasts. By contrast, L‐Ser promoted osteoclastic differentiation in a manner sensitive to the inhibition by D‐Ser. Matured osteoclasts expressed mRNA for the amino acid transporter B0,+ (ATB0,+) and the system alanine, serine, and cysteine amino acid transporter‐2 (ASCT2), which are individually capable of similarly incorporating extracellular L‐ and D‐Ser. Knockdown of these transporters by siRNA prevented both the promotion by L‐Ser and the inhibition by D‐Ser of osteoclastic differentiation in pre‐osteoclastic RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that D‐Ser may play a pivotal role in osteoclastogenesis through a mechanism related to the incorporation mediated by both ATB0,+ and ASCT2 of serine enantiomers in osteoclasts after the synthesis and subsequent release from adjacent osteoblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3477–3487, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biological effects of the plant‐derived polyphenol resveratrol in human articular cartilage and chondrosarcoma cells
Authors: Im Hee‐Jeong , Li Xin , Chen Di , Yan Dongyao , Kim Jaesung , Ellman Michael B. , Stein Gary S. , Cole Brian , KC Ranjan , Cs‐Szabo Gabriella , van Wijnen Andre J.
Published: January 2012

The natural phytoestrogen resveratrol (RSV) may have therapeutic potential for arthritic conditions. RSV is chondroprotective for articular cartilage in rabbit models for arthritis, but its biological effects on human articular cartilage and chondrosarcoma cells are unknown. Effects of RSV on human articular cartilage homeostasis were studied by assessing production of matrix‐degrading enzymes (MMP‐13, ADAMTS4, and ADAMTS5), as well as proteoglycan production and synthesis. The counteractions of RSV against catabolic factors (e.g., FGF‐2 or IL‐1β) were examined by in vitro and ex vivo using monolayer, three‐dimensional alginate beads and cartilage explants cultures, respectively. RSV improves cell viability of articular chondrocytes and effectively antagonizes cartilage‐degrading protease production that was initiated by catabolic and/or anti‐anabolic cytokines in human articular chondrocytes. RSV significantly also enhances BMP7‐promoted proteoglycan synthesis as assessed by 35S‐sulfate incorporation. Protein–DNA interaction arrays suggest that RSV inhibits the activation of transcription factors involved in inflammation and cartilage catabolic signaling pathways, including direct downstream regulators of MAPK (e.g., AP‐1, PEA3) and NFκB. RSV selectively compromises survival of human chondrosarcoma cells, but not primary articular chondrocytes, revealing cell‐specific activity of RSV on non‐tumorigenic versus tumor‐derived cells. We propose that RSV exerts its chondroprotective functions, in part, by deactivating p53‐induced apoptosis in human primary chondrocytes, but not human chondrosarcoma. Our findings suggest that RSV has potential as a unique biologic treatment for both prevention and treatment of cartilage degenerative diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3488–3497, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The morphological findings of malleus and incus in a case of Marfan's syndrome
Authors: Evcimik Muhammed Fatih , Ozkurt Fazil Emre , Karavus Ahmet , Sapci Tarik
Published: January 2012

In Marfan's syndrome, which is a connective tissue disorder of hereditary origin, collagenous tissue development and bone synthesis are generally altered in addition to the occurrence of many systemic deformities. External ear, stapes, and vestibular aqueduct pathologies are reported as some of the otological deformities. However, the malleus and incus pathologies of the ear are not reported in any study. In the morphometric measurements carried out, the distance between the malleus head and manubrium was found to be 9.8 mm. When similar measurements were carried out for the incus, the distance between the upper part of the incus body and tip of the long process was found to be 6.9 mm. All of these measurements were detected to be greater than in normal people. It can be concluded from this study that in Marfan's syndrome, in addition to the musculoskeletal alterations particularly in bone synthesis, the ossicular chain in the middle ear is also affected.
Radiological pitfalls with laryngopharyngeal injectables
Authors: Shuaib Stefan W. , Potter Andrew A. , Ginsberg Lawrence E. , Kupferman Michael E.
Published: January 2012

The aim of this report was to describe the computed tomography features of injected carboxymethylcellulose and how it can be mistaken for tumor recurrence. Carboxymethylcellulose is a low‐density injectable indicated for short‐term vocal fold augmentation. When used in patients with head and neck cancer, differentiating this agent from a neoplastic recurrence can be difficult on imaging. The imaging findings of five patients who received carboxymethylcellulose augmentation are presented to illustrate a potential pitfall of image interpretation. When injectable carboxymethylcellulose is used in cancer patients, knowledge of the injection sites, material used, and procedural history can avoid misinterpretation of monitory imaging.
Genetic characterization of vocal fold lesions: Leukoplakia and Carcinoma
Authors: Bartlett Rebecca S. , Heckman W. Wesley , Isenberg Jason , Thibeault Susan L. , Dailey Seth H.
Published: January 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Malignant transformation of laryngeal keratosis has been reported in a substantial subset of patients, yet reliable criteria for predicting patients most at risk have yet to be determined. Current methods for determining dysplasia ratings are susceptible to errors in biopsy sampling and interpretation. An understanding of the genetic underpinnings of the progression of vocal fold tumorigenesis may contribute to the creation of reliable and predictive diagnostic criteria. We hypothesized that genetic expression markers distinguish patients with keratotic noncancerous vocal fold lesions from invasive carcinoma.

Study Design:

Observational cross‐sectional study.

Methods:

Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was used to compare expression of 84 cancer pathway genes of patients following histologic diagnosis of nondysplastic keratotic epithelium (ND) (n = 7), dysplastic keratotic epithelium (DYS) (n = 3), and invasive carcinoma (CA) (n = 7). All patients had a clinical diagnosis of leukoplakia, and biopsies were obtained from true vocal fold tissue.

Results:

Four genes (IGF‐1, EPDR1, MMP‐2, S100A4) were significantly upregulated in DYS over the ND group. Seven genes were significantly upregulated in CA over the DYS group, and 31 genes were significantly upregulated in CA over the ND group (P < .02). The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐9) was found to statistically differentiate the groups (P < .02) and suggested disease progression associated with extracellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis promotion.

Conclusions:

With these preliminary array data, we demonstrate the feasibility of using RT‐PCR to identify distinct genetic expression between diagnostic groups. Characterization of genetic changes marking the progression of vocal fold tumorigenesis may lead to robust diagnostic criteria in the future.
Protecting the oral mucosa in patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma treated postoperatively with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy: A randomized study
Authors: Wang Zhong‐He , Zhang Shi‐Zhou , Zhang Zhi‐Yuan , Zhang Chen‐Ping , Hu Hai‐Sheng , Tu Wen‐Yong , Kirwan Jessica , Mendenhall William M.
Published: January 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Is the severity of acute oral mucositis in patients who receive postoperative intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (PO‐IMRT) for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) reduced by sparing the oral mucosa outside of the planning target volume (PTV)?

Study Design:

Prospective, randomized trial.

Methods:

Forty‐eight patients with oral tongue SCC who received PO‐IMRT at our institution were randomized to two groups: the oral‐sparing (OR‐SP) group and oral‐unsparing (OR‐USP) group. For the OR‐SP group (n = 24), the oral mucosa outside of the PTV was spared. Furthermore, the mucosa including the bilateral cheeks, upper lip, and lower lip was defined as the united site and given <32 Gy. For the OR‐USP group (n = 24), none of the oral mucosa was protected. The severity of clinical acute mucositis in each patient was assessed weekly during PO‐IMRT until completely healed. Oral mucositis was graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0. Dosimetry and therapeutic measures related to acute mucositis between the two groups were compared.

Results:

During PO‐IMRT, no patient experienced grade 4+ acute mucositis in any oral site. Compared to the OR‐USP group, there was less grade 2 and 3 mucositis in the united site of the OR‐SP group (0% and 25% vs. 45.8% and 54.2%, respectively; P = .000). Also, the mean dose to the united site was significantly lower with OR‐SP compared to OR‐USP (41.8 ± 7.4 Gy vs. 58.8 ± 2.2 Gy; P = .000). The OR‐SP group was associated with significant reductions in the use of analgesics (P = .043) and intravenous antibiotics (P = .039). No recurrences were detected in the vicinity of the spared oral mucosa (the united site) during a median follow‐up time of 30 months.

Conclusions:

OR‐SP PO‐IMRT for patients with oral tongue SCC resulted in a significant decrease in the severity of acute mucositis and improved quality of life. The sparing of the oral mucosa outside of the PTV is safe and does not compromise oncologic outcomes.
Relaxation‐corrected bootstrap algebraic multigrid (rBAMG)
Authors: Brezina M. , Ketelsen C. , Manteuffel T. , McCormick S. , Park M. , Ruge J.
Published: January 2012

Bootstrap algebraic multigrid (BAMG) is a multigrid‐based solver for matrix equations of the form Ax = b. Its aim is to automatically determine the interpolation weights used in algebraic multigrid by locally fitting a set of test vectors that have been relaxed as solutions to the corresponding homogeneous equation, Ax = 0. This paper studies an improved form of BAMG, called relaxation‐corrected bootstrap algebraic multigrid (rBAMG), that involves adding scaled residuals of the test vectors to the least‐squares equations.

The basic rBAMG scheme was introduced in an earlier paper [1] and analyzed on a simple model problem. The purpose of the current paper is to further develop this algorithm by incorporating several new critical components and to systematically study its performance on an interesting model problem from quantum chromodynamics. Whereas the earlier paper introduced a new least‐squares principle involving the residuals of the test vectors, a simple extrapolation scheme is developed here to accurately estimate the convergence factors of the evolving algebraic multigrid solver. Such a capability is essential to the effective development of a fast solver, and the approach introduced here is shown numerically to be much more effective than the conventional approach of just observing successive error reduction factors. Another component of the setup process developed here is an adaptive cycling process. This component assesses the effectiveness of the V‐cycle constructed in the initial rBAMG phase by applying it to the homogeneous equation. When poor convergence is observed, the set of test vectors is enhanced with the resulting error, enabling the subsequent least‐squares fit of interpolation to produce an improved V‐cycle. A related component is the scaling and recombination Ritz process that targets the so‐called weak approximation property in an attempt to reveal the important elements of these evolving error and test vector spaces.

The aim of the numerical study documented here is to provide insight into the various design choices that arise in the development of an rBAMG algorithm. With this in mind, the results for quantum chromodynamics focus on the behavior of rBAMG in terms of the number of initial test vectors used, the number of relaxation sweeps applied to them, and the size of the target matrices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Degradation of dichloromethane by bispidine
Authors: Cui Huiling , Goddard Richard , Pörschke Klaus‐Richard
Published: January 2012

An effective degradation reaction of CH2Cl2 by bispidine (3,7‐diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, C7H12(NH)2, 1) is reported. The reaction starts as low as −20 °C and is quantitative with respect to 1. The overall reaction implies nucleophilic substitution of chloride, followed by a series of cascading acid–base reactions, ending with the formation of two easily separable products, one being soluble and the other insoluble. The starting 1, the intermediates, and the products show a variety of interesting solid‐state structures, associated with plasticity, N–H⋯N and N–H⋯Cl⋯H–N hydrogen bonding, and polymorphism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.