bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Características da carcaça e composição tecidual da carne cordeiros confinados com o uso de dietas de alto grão
Authors: Bernardes Guilherme Meneghello Carvalho , Carvalho Sérgio , Venturini Rafael Sanches , Teixeira William Soares , Motta Juliano Henriques da , Borges Luiza Ilha , Rosa Juliene Da Silva , Pesamosca André Cocco , Mello Vagner Lopes , Moraes Matheus Lehnhart de
Published: December 2018

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using different high-grain diets on the carcass characteristics and tissue composition of the meat of feedlot-finished lambs. Thirty-two male castrated Texel lambs born from single births and weaned at approximately 50 days of age were allotted to treatments that consisted of different unprocessed grains, as follows: corn grain, white oat grain, black oat grain, or grain of rice in the husk. The animals were slaughtered upon reaching the pre-established slaughter weight of 32 kg, which corresponds to 60% of the mature weight of their mothers. Lambs fed the high-corn grain diet had higher weights and yields of hot and cold carcass and larger loin-eye areas than those finished in the feedlot receiving high-grain diets based on white oat, black oat, or rice in the husk. Additionally, they had a higher degree of fatness and a thicker subcutaneous fat layer at slaughter, which lead to decreased cooler shrink loss. The neck, shoulder, ribs, and leg cuts were heavier in lambs fed the high-corn grain diet. By contrast, these lambs had a lower proportion of leg, more rib, and higher meat fat content, which may be undesirable for the consumer market. The use of high-corn grain diets, in comparison with high-grain diets based on black oat, white oat, and rice in the husk, may be recommended for finishing lambs in the feedlot when they are slaughtered at similar weights.
Comparison between lambs and goat kids meat production of animals fed Caatinga vegetation enriched with buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) grass
Authors: Mota Nadjanara Souza Oliveira , Pereira Filho José Morais , Formiga Luiza Daiana Araújo da Silva , Silva Aderbal Marcos de Azevedo , Cézar Marcílio Fontes , Bakke Olaf Andreas , Borburema Jucileide Barboza , Oliveira Ronaldo Lopes , Bezerra Leilson Rocha
Published: December 2018

This study compared the performance and meat production of goat kids and lambs that were fed semi-arid Caatinga vegetation enriched with buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.). Twelve crossbred Boer × undefined breed goat kids and 12 Santa Inês lambs that had 20.7 kg of body weight (BW) were studied. Goat kids presented greater (P < 0.05) organic matter intake and digestibility, total gain, average daily gain (ADG) and perirrenal fat compared to lambs fed Caatinga vegetation enriched with buffel grass. However, the morphometric carcass measurements (external and leg length; chest and rump width; leg perimeter and chest circumference) were higher (P < 0.05) in lambs compared to those of goat kids. The crude protein and neutral detergent fiber intake and digestibility, cooling carcass loss, biological yield, empty body weight, hot carcass and cold carcass weights and yields, subcutaneous fat thickness, carcass compactness index and Longissimus dorsi area were similar (P > 0.05) between goat kids and lambs. Goat kids (crossbred Boer × undefined breed) more efficiently used Caatinga vegetation enriched with Cenchrus ciliaris L. than Santa Inês lambs; this vegetation improved nutrient intake, ADG and, consequently, feeding conversion. However, Santa Inês lambs presented higher carcass morphometric values.
Forma e tamanho de grãos de soja para diversos teores de água
Authors: Morais Wilker Alves , Resende Osvaldo , Cunha Fernando Nobre , Vidal Vitor Marques , Silva Nelmício Furtado da , Silva Lilian Dos Santos , Horschutz Ana Carolina Oliveira , Quintino Vera Lúcia
Published: December 2018

Physical properties of soybean grains present differences as a function of cultivars and moisture content, with the correlation between physical properties. This study aimed to determine the characteristics related to the physical properties of grains with different moisture contents of three soybean cultivars. The experimental design was completely randomized design in a 3 × 6 factorial scheme with three replications, consisting of three soybean cultivars (6266 RSF IPRO, BMX Potência RR, and 14403Z6001) and six grain moisture contents (11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21% wb). Soybean grains presented an initial moisture content of 11.0, 11.0, and 10.8% wb, respectively for 6266 RSF IPRO, BMX Potência RR, and 14403Z6001. The other moisture contents were obtained by soaking in a BOD chamber maintained at 25 °C and 93% of relative humidity. We assessed volume, roundness, sphericity, surface area, volumetric shrinkage, and volumetric shrinkage rate. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance by the F-test (p < 0.05) and when significant, regression analysis was performed for grain moisture contents and the means of cultivars were compared by the Tukey’s test. Pearson’s correlation analysis was also carried out to represent the linearity between grain physical properties. The cultivar BMX Potência RR obtained the highest results for volume, roundness, sphericity, and surface area. Volume and surface area increased as the moisture content of soybean grains increased; the opposite was observed for roundness and sphericity. A linear increase in volumetric shrinkage was observed as moisture content increased. The values of the correlation coefficients of the linear regression models can be used to describe the relationships between physical properties.
Mensuração ultrassonográfica dos ligamentos colaterais da articulação interfalangeana distal de equinos da raça Crioula
Authors: Góss Geórgia Camargo , Duarte Claudia Acosta , Mozzaquatro Fabricio Desconsi , Döwich Gabriela , Klaus Gustavo , Altermann Othon , Severo Eduarda Sacardi , Nunes Junior Onildo Gonçalves , Bataglin Caroline Frizzo
Published: December 2018

Criollo horses were used in the past only for field services, especially countryside work. However, currently, they have been used as sports animals in several modalities involving turns in legs and exercises on irregular terrain, predisposing them to injuries in the distal extremity. Among the alterations recognized as cause of lameness in this region are the conditions related to collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint (CL-DIPJ), which in horses are structures that help to maintain joint stability and suffer a high pressure due to the high body weight, especially when it is not equally distributed at the stance phase. Considering the importance of the ultrasound anatomical knowledge of this structure for the early diagnosis of locomotive affections in the digit of Criollo horses, this study aimed to standardize CL-DIPJ measurements in healthy horses of this breed. We used 25 adult Criollo horses not submitted to sports practice. For ultrasonographic evaluation, after a trichotomy of the region, an ultrasound Chison 8300VET and a 6.0 MHz linear probe were used with a standoff pad. This technique uses a cross-sectional view, in which CL-DIPJ is visualized in the distal concavity portion of the middle phalanx, being a standard for the measurements. For ligament measurements, the variables dorsopalmar diameter (DPD), latero-medial diameter (LMD), and cross-sectional area (CSA) of ligaments were used. Three measurements were performed for each variable and average values were obtained, which were compared to each other and did not present significant differences (p > 0.05). The average measurements of diameter and area of collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in Criollo horses were 9.04 mm for DPD, 7.55 mm for LMD, and 0.52 mm2 for CSA. This was the first study that standardized the size of this structure in this breed.
Caracterização espacial e identificação de abrigos de quirópteros e sua relação com os casos de raiva em animais de produção no semiárido, Brasil, de 2007 a 2015
Authors: Leite Ana Cláudia Caetano Pinheiro , Anjos Denize Monteiro dos , Simões Ewerton Medeiros , Alves José Romero Alexandre , Gomes Albério Antonio De Barros , Clemetino Inácio José , Azevedo Sérgio Santos de , Alves Clebert José
Published: December 2018

The rabies virus propagates through several epidemiological cycles, which makes it difficult to control and predict. Thus, this study was structured with the aim of establishing the geospatial characterization of bat shelters in different semi-arid mesoregions of the state of Paraíba, Northeastern region of Brazil. Data provided by the Secretaria de Estado do Desenvolvimento da Agropecuária e da Pesca da Paraíba (SEDAP-PB), from 2007 to 2015 and data from digital platforms were used. The geographic representation was produced using the software QGIS 2.16.0 - Nodebo. To verify virus circulation sites, buffers were plotted within a 10-km radius from the registered shelters and rabies incidence sites in the state. A registry of 93 shelters in the period between 2007 and 2015 were distributed in 22 municipalities and 15 microregions. All mesoregions were represented, though 47.31% of the bat shelters were located in Agreste Paraibano. Of the total registered shelters, 66 (71%) are classified as artificial, and 27 (29%) as natural. The underreporting of rabies occurrences reveals the need to improve the registration of hematophagous bat shelters, specifically those for the D. rotundus species.
Aspectos ambientais e infecciosos relacionados à imunossupressão em cetáceos: uma breve revisão
Authors: Koch Mariana Schechtel , Silva Victor De Pasquale da , Bracarense Ana Paula Frederico Rodrigues Loureiro , Domit Camila
Published: December 2018

The analysis of the health status of sentinel animals is a key element for the evaluation of ecosystem health conditions, since these animals respond to small and large scale changes in ecological factors and the quality of the environment. In the marine environment, the changes are systemic and accumulate impacts of coastal zones and oceanic activities, with aquatic mammals being species that reflect changes in biological and health parameters. For these animals several studies have reported an increase in the frequency and diversity of diseases, including infections by pathogens from the terrestrial environment. This increase may be related to impairment of the immune system activity of these organisms in response to potential synergistic factors. In cetaceans, immunosuppression may be caused by infection with viral agents, such as Morbillivirus, which induce severe lymphoid depletion and is responsible for several cases of mass mortality; chemical contamination, highlighting the organochlorines and trace elements (mainly mercury and cadmium); and even by chronic stress. Anthropic impacts are important stressors, and the consequences are more evident in animals of coastal habits, which leads to a constant release of glucocorticoid hormones and consequent lymphoid depletion, a mechanism similar to that occurring in terrestrial mammals. Immunosuppressed animals are susceptible to opportunistic diseases, some more severe and rare, with the risk of decline of populations. The objective of this review was to provide information on the aspects related to immunosuppression in cetaceans, associating etiological factors and pathological findings, and to highlight the relevance of the evaluation of the endocrine and immune system of marine animals as a reflection of the health status of marine ecosystems.
A desindustrialização no Brasil e a doença holandesa: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: Cusciano Dalton Tria
Published: December 2018

Este trabalho apresenta um panorama teórico-conceitual que correlaciona as variáveis desindustrialização e re-primarização da pauta exportadora com a ducht disease. A metodologia utilizada foi à revisão sistemática identificando e avaliando os estudos integrantes das bases de dados da Scientific Electronic Library Online e do Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior do Ministério da Educação, constantes nos sistemas até 30 de setembro de 2017, tendo-se utilizado como critério selecionador, o termo “doença holandesa” e a revisão por pares. Os dados coletados identificaram argumentos favoráveis e contrários à presença da doença holandesa na economia brasileira. Apesar disso os resultados revelam que as bases de dados utilizadas pelas correntes são distintas, o que não permite afirmar se existe ou inexiste doença holandesa no Brasil. Dentre os argumentos favoráveis à presença da doença holandesa, encontram-se linhas teóricas que vinculam a persistente apreciação da moeda nacional com a reprimarização da pauta de exportações, o que desencadearia a desindustrialização da economia. Já os argumentos contrários à existência da doença no Brasil indicam que os postos de trabalho no ramo industrial permaneceram estáveis, que a pauta de exportações não sofreu alterações significativas recentemente, que a indústria de transformação manteve um nível de participação média anual no Produto Interno Bruto e que os setores de elevada e média-elevada tecnologia tiveram significativo crescimento.
IT Tools Used to Reduce the VAT Loophole– JPK_VAT, STIR, Split Payment Mechanism.
Authors: Żabka Adam , Hoza Beata
Published: December 2018

Tax leakage is a challenge for fiscal organs in many countries which make use of the Value Added Tax (VAT) in their tax system. It is a widespread phenomenon also in Poland. In order to reduce the so called tax loopholes or gaps it is necessary to implement changes in the legal system which will allow to conduct data analysis through information technologies using control algorithms. When it comes to Poland, such analyses can be conducted thanks to the following tools: VAT Standard Audit File for Tax (SAF-T) – in Poland referred to as JPK_VAT file, STIR - the teleinformation system of KIR – the key entity of the Polish payment infrastructure, and the VAT split payment mechanism. The aim of the paper is to present the estimated value of the VAT loophole in Poland and other EU member states in the period 2015–2016, and to point to steps which aim at reducing the size of the gap through application of IT tools.
Supporting English Learners in the Math Classroom: Five Useful Tools
Authors: Zhao Manqian , Lapuk Karen
Published: December 2018

These five ideas can help mathematics teachers implement teaching strategies for EL students.
Looking For and Using Structural Reasoning
Authors: Hawthorne Casey , Druken Bridget K.
Published: December 2018

Examples of solving equations and inequalities, analyzing quadratic expressions, and reasoning with functions show three ways to engage students in this mathematical practice.
Improving Mathematics Discourse through Action Research
Authors: Parrish Christopher W. , Ellis Ruby L. , Martin W. Gary
Published: December 2018

NCTM identified eight Mathematics Teaching Practices within its reform-oriented text, Principles to Actions: Ensuring Mathematical Success for All (2014). These practices include research-informed, high-leverage processes that support the in-depth learning of mathematics by all students. Discourse within the mathematics classroom is a central element in these practices. The goal of implementing the practice facilitate meaningful discourse is to give students the opportunity to “share ideas and clarify understandings, construct convincing arguments regarding why and how things work, develop a language for expressing mathematical ideas, and learn to see things from other perspectives” (NCTM 2014, p. 29). To further support implementing meaningful discourse, mathematics educators must become adept at posing questions that require student explanation and reflection, hence, pose purposeful questions, which is another of the eight practices. Posing purposeful questions allows “teachers to discern what students know and adapt lessons to meet varied levels of understanding, help students make important mathematical connections, and support students in posing their own questions” (NCTM 2014, pp. 35-36).
Lines as “Foci” for Conic Sections
Authors: Nirode Wayne
Published: December 2018

One of my goals, as a geometry teacher, is for my students to develop a deep and flexible understanding of the written definition of a geometric object and the corresponding prototypical diagram. Providing students with opportunities to explore analogous problems is an ideal way to help foster this understanding. Two ways to do this is either to change the surface from a plane to a sphere or change the metric from Pythagorean distance to taxicab distance (where distance is defined as the sum of the horizontal and vertical components between two points). Using a different surface or metric can have dramatic effects on the appearance of geometric objects. For example, in spherical geometry, triangles that are impossible in plane geometry (such as triangles with three right or three obtuse angles) are now possible. In taxicab geometry, a circle now looks like a Euclidean square that has been rotated 45 degrees.
Attitudes des intervenants en santé mentale envers l’euthanasie et le suicide assisté : une synthèse des connaissances scientifiques
Authors: Kaur12 Jaskiran , Marcoux Isabelle
Published: December 2018

L’objectif de cette synthèse des connaissances est de donner un aperçu des études scientifiques publiées sur les attitudes des intervenants en santé mentale envers l’euthanasie et le suicide assisté. Une recherche a été menée dans les bases de données Medline, PsycInfo et Embase ; onze articles répondant aux critères d’inclusion ont été sélectionnés. Les résultats montrent que les intervenants en santé mentale ont généralement des attitudes positives envers l’euthanasie et le suicide assisté, avec des attitudes un peu plus favorables envers ce dernier que pour l’euthanasie. Plusieurs études ont montré une corrélation négative entre l’importance de la religion et leurs attitudes ainsi qu’avec l’expérience professionnelle. Le lien entre les attitudes et d’autres caractéristiques personnelles (par ex. : le genre, l’âge, le niveau d’éducation) n’est toutefois pas constant d’une étude à l’autre. Des enjeux particuliers sur le plan de la méthodologie doivent être considérés dans l’interprétation des résultats, dont des différences dans les définitions et la terminologie utilisée, ainsi que dans la formulation des questions. Le lien entre les expériences personnelles et les attitudes envers l’euthanasie ou le suicide assisté devrait faire l’objet de recherches futures.
Vulnérabilité suicidaire des contrevenants en centre de réadaptation : présentation d’un modèle explicatif
Authors: St-Pierre1 Laurie , Laurier Catherine
Published: December 2018

Les jeunes contrevenants sont une population particulièrement à risque d’idéations suicidaires, de tentatives de suicide et de suicides complétés. Le modèleCry of Paina été conçu par Williams (2001) pour expliquer la trajectoire suicidaire auprès de la population générale. Le modèle interpersonnel du suicide de Joiner (2005) a, pour sa part, été conçu pour prédire les suicides complétés. Le premier propose que les idées et comportements suicidaires résultent d’un processus qui comprend trois composantes : un sentiment de défaite, la perception d’être pris au piège et le désespoir. Le second avance plutôt que le suicide résulte de l’addition de trois facteurs : un faible sentiment d’appartenance, un sentiment de lourdeur relationnelle et une aptitude au suicide. Une recension des écrits récents a été menée, puis les facteurs de risque personnels et institutionnels soulevés ont été utilisés pour vérifier lequel des deux modèles s’applique le mieux à la population d’intérêt. Il est proposé que la situation de mise sous garde en centre de réadaptation aurait le potentiel d’enclencher la trajectoire du modèleCry of Painchez le jeune contrevenant. Les implications pour l’intervention et la recherche sont discutées.
Anchor Box Parameters and Bounding Box Overlap Ratios for the Faster R-CNN Detector in Detecting a Single Object by the Masking Background
Authors: Romanuke Vadim
Published: December 2018

Anchor box parameters and bounding box overlap ratios are studied in order to set them appropriately for the Faster R-CNN detector. The benchmark detection is based on monochrome images whose background may mask a small dark object. Three object detection tasks are generated, where every image either contains a small black square/rectangle or does not contain the object, representing thus class “background”. The ratios are recommended to be tried at 0.7 if this class is represented. The ratio for positive training samples is tried at a less value but greater than 0.4 for the task every image of which contains an object. The minimum anchor box size is better to try at a lesser value from a range of object sizes. The anchor box pyramid scale factor and the number of levels are better to try at 2 and 8, respectively. Subsequently, these parameters may be corrected as their influence is fuzzier than that of the ratios.
2D-Neo-Fuzzy Neuron and Its Adaptive Learning
Authors: Bodyanskiy Yevgeniy , Vynokurova Olena , Volkova Valentyna , Boiko Olena
Published: December 2018

In the paper 2D-neo-fuzzy neuron is presented. It is a generalization of the traditional NFN for data in matrix form. 2D-NFN is based on the matrix adaptive bilinear model with an additional fuzzification layer. It reduces the number of adjustable synaptic weights in comparison with traditional systems. For its learning, optimized adaptive procedures with filtering and tracking properties are proposed. 2D-NFN can be effectively used for image processing, data reduction, and restoration of non-stationary signals, presented as 2D-sequences.
Quality metrics in Agile Software Development Projects
Authors: Kārkliņa Kristīne , Pirta Rūta
Published: December 2018

Nowadays, IT projects are becoming more complex and larger in scale. Stakeholders often experience difficulties assessing project quality attributes, such as progress, budget. Specifically adapted project metrics based on their descriptive features are beneficial tools for acquiring important information. The paper discusses metrics as an important project quality assessment method. It proposes using GQM method for selecting the most appropriate Agile project quality metrics. For metrics monitoring it explores popular cloud-based project management systems. An illustration of the approach is provided by two case studies with Agile projects in the public sector.
Analytical Solution of Safety Stock Determination in Case of Uncertain Unimodal Lead-Time Demand
Authors: Janssens Gerrit Karel , Verdonck Lotte , Ramaekers Katrien
Published: December 2018

As companies state that a delivery service is important to their customers, an out-of-stock is considered harmful and therefore they keep safety stock in case of uncertain demand. For decision making on the level of safety stock a complete formulation of the distributional form of the demand during lead time is required. In practice, this information may not be available. In such a case, only partial information on the distribution might be available, such as the range, the mode, the mean or the variance. Given a value for a service performance measure, the decision maker, in this case, is not confronted with a single value for the safety stock but rather with an interval. The present research shows how upper and lower bounds of the safety stock are obtained in an analytical way, given a pre-specified service level using a service performance measure, called ‘expected number of units short’. The technique is also illustrated and compared within the framework of the research.
Integrated Network Approach to Protein Function Prediction
Authors: Novoselova Natalia , Tom Igar
Published: December 2018

One of the main problems in functional genomics is the prediction of the unknown gene/protein functions. With the rapid increase of high-throughput technologies, the vast amount of biological data describing different aspects of cellular functioning became available and made it possible to use them as the additional information sources for function prediction and to improve their accuracy.In our research, we have described an approach to protein function prediction on the basis of integration of several biological datasets. Initially, each dataset is presented in the form of a graph (or network), where the nodes represent genes or their products and the edges represent physical, functional or chemical relationships between nodes. The integration process makes it possible to estimate the network importance for the prediction of a particular function taking into account the imbalance between the functional annotations, notably the disproportion between positively and negatively annotated proteins. The protein function prediction consists in applying the label propagation algorithm to the integrated biological network in order to annotate the unknown proteins or determine the new function to already known proteins. The comparative analysis of the prediction efficiency with several integration schemes shows the positive effect in terms of several performance measures.
Becoming Fluent
Authors: Roberts Richard , Kreuz Roger
Published: December 2018

How adult learners can draw upon skills and knowledge honed over a lifetime to master a foreign language.

Adults who want to learn a foreign language are often discouraged because they believe they cannot acquire a language as easily as children. Once they begin to learn a language, adults may be further discouraged when they find the methods used to teach children don't seem to work for them. What is an adult language learner to do? In this book, Richard Roberts and Roger Kreuz draw on insights from psychology and cognitive science to show that adults can master a foreign language if they bring to bear the skills and knowledge they have honed over a lifetime. Adults shouldn't try to learn as children do; they should learn like adults.

Roberts and Kreuz report evidence that adults can learn new languages even more easily than children. Children appear to have only two advantages over adults in learning a language: they acquire a native accent more easily, and they do not suffer from self-defeating anxiety about learning a language. Adults, on the other hand, have the greater advantages—gained from experience—of an understanding of their own mental processes and knowing how to use language to do things. Adults have an especially advantageous grasp of pragmatics, the social use of language, and Roberts and Kreuz show how to leverage this metalinguistic ability in learning a new language.

Learning a language takes effort. But if adult learners apply the tools acquired over a lifetime, it can be enjoyable and rewarding.
Machineries of Oil
Authors: Shafiee Katayoun
Published: December 2018

The emergence of the international oil corporation as a political actor in the twentieth century, seen in BP's infrastructure and information arrangements in Iran.

In the early twentieth century, international oil corporations emerged as a new kind of political actor. The development of the world oil industry, argues Katayoun Shafiee, was one of the era's largest political projects of techno-economic development. In this book, Shafiee maps the machinery of oil operations in the Anglo-Iranian oil industry between 1901 and 1954, tracking the organizational work involved in moving oil through a variety of technical, legal, scientific, and administrative networks. She shows that, in a series of disagreements, the British-controlled Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC, which later became BP) relied on various forms of information management to transform political disputes into techno-economic calculation, guaranteeing the company complete control over profits, labor, and production regimes. She argues that the building of alliances and connections that constituted Anglo-Iranian oil's infrastructure reconfigured local politics of oil regions and examines how these arrangements in turn shaped the emergence of both nation-state and transnational oil corporation.

Drawing on her extensive archival and field research in Iran, Shafiee investigates the surprising ways in which nature, technology, and politics came together in battles over mineral rights; standardizing petroleum expertise; formulas for calculating profits, production rates, and labor; the “Persianization” of employees; nationalism and oil nationalization; and the long-distance machinery of an international corporation. Her account shows that the politics of oil cannot be understood in isolation from its technical dimensions.

The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Knowledge Unlatched.
miR-34a is a microRNA safeguard for Citrobacter-induced inflammatory colon oncogenesis
Authors: Wang Lihua , Wang Ergang , Wang Yi , Mines Robert , Xiang Kun , Sun Zhiguo , Zhou Gaiting , Chen Kai-Yuan , Rakhilin Nikolai , Chao Shanshan , Ye Gaoqi , Wu Zhenzhen , Yan Huiwen , Shen Hong , Everitt Jeffrey , Bu Pengcheng , Shen Xiling
Published: December 2018

Inflammation often induces regeneration to repair the tissue damage. However, chronic inflammation can transform temporary hyperplasia into a fertile ground for tumorigenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the microRNA miR-34a acts as a central safeguard to protect the inflammatory stem cell niche and reparative regeneration. Although playing little role in regular homeostasis, miR-34a deficiency leads to colon tumorigenesis after Citrobacter rodentium infection. miR-34a targets both immune and epithelial cells to restrain inflammation-induced stem cell proliferation. miR-34a targets Interleukin six receptor (IL-6R) and Interleukin 23 receptor (IL-23R) to suppress T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation and expansion, targets chemokine CCL22 to hinder Th17 cell recruitment to the colon epithelium, and targets an orphan receptor Interleukin 17 receptor D (IL-17RD) to inhibit IL-17-induced stem cell proliferation. Our study highlights the importance of microRNAs in protecting the stem cell niche during inflammation despite their lack of function in regular tissue homeostasis.
Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar e agricultura familiar no Vale do Ribeira
Authors: Miranda Dayana Lilian Rosa , Gomes Bruno Martins Augusto , Rover Oscar José
Published: December 2018

Os estudos sobre desenvolvimento rural e agricultura familiar no Brasil estão vinculados a emancipação, participação e mudança social. Partindo da importância das políticas públicas para a agricultura familiar, este artigo objetiva analisar a implementação do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar – PNAE, a partir de um estudo de caso realizado nos municípios paranaenses de Rio Branco do Sul e Itaperuçu, no do Vale do Ribeira. Após uma fundamentação teórica sobre políticas públicas agrícolas pós-década de 1990 no Brasil, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa na qual foram entrevistados agentes ligados ao PNAE. Constatou-se que a abrangência do programa nos municípios pesquisados vincula-se apenas ao cumprimento da legislação vigente. Por exemplo, apenas 30% dos alimentos entregues têm origem na agricultura familiar local e regional. Conclui-se que são necessárias mudanças na referida política pública para que esta promova de fato o desenvolvimento rural na região.
Managing Uncertainty in Work Organizations
Authors: Grote Gudela
Published: December 2018

Managing uncertainty is a crucial task for organizations. This essay argues that uncertainty management should not only be understood in terms of reducing externally generated uncertainty, as previous research has predominantly done, but should also consider internal uncertainty creation. Evidence from extant research illustrates how this expanded perspective is better able to capture the paradoxical tensions inherent in uncertainty management. A multilevel approach is proposed as processes of reducing and creating uncertainty simultaneously happen and create complementarities across levels of analysis. Major theoretical frameworks, such as self‐regulation, decision‐making under uncertainty, contingency theory, and organizational control, will benefit from adopting such an expanded perspective because their explanatory power is currently limited due to the one‐sided view of uncertainty as an external threat to individual, team, and organizational goal‐striving.
The Process of Racial Resegregation in Housing and Schools: The Sociology of Reputation
Authors: Wells Amy Stuart
Published: December 2018

The United States has a long history of racial and ethnic segregation in housing patterns and public school enrollment as well as efforts to dismantle this segregation. This essay discusses what we have learned in the United States about how difficult it is to halt the patterns of housing and school segregation even as our nation becomes more diverse, racial attitudes are reportedly improving, and the twentieth century urban‐suburban racial distinctions disappear. To explain the process of resegregation that occurs repeatedly, the author developed a new interdisciplinary framework to foster a deeper understanding of how racialized perceptions of places or neighborhoods and the schools embedded within them perpetuates segregation despite changing demographics, attitudes and metro migrations across urban‐suburban lines. The sociology of reputation, the bias of crowds, and the choices of home buyers with the most capital amid the existing separate and unequal structures are the bodies of research the author draws upon to help us see familiar segregation patterns anew.
Effect of Different Atomization Gases on the Properties of Cylinder Bore Coatings
Authors: Bobzin Kirsten , Öte Mehmet , Königstein Tim
Published: December 2018

Oxidation during coating deposition by means of thermal spraying is a widely investigated and discussed topic. Most of the studies dealing with this subject report negative influences of oxidation on the coating properties, especially with respect to corrosion behavior. On the other hand, positive effects are reported as well, especially with regard to tribological behavior. Within this study, the oxidation phenomena in Plasma Transferred Wire Arc (PTWA) spraying process is investigated in detail. This technology is primarily used to apply coatings on the inner surface of cylinder bores in combustion engines. It is shown that the oxidation can be suppressed effectively by utilizing an alternative atomization gas like nitrogen instead of compressed air without the need of any additional torch modification. Besides the oxidation behavior, further effects depending on the used atomization gas are observed, which influence the properties of the coatings. Significantly higher hardness values are measured for the coatings deposited with nitrogen. This is traced back to different impact and cooling conditions as well as chemical interactions of the in‐flight particles with the ambient atmosphere.
Polyoxometalate‐Derived Hexagonal Molybdenum Nitrides (MXenes) Supported by Boron, Nitrogen Codoped Carbon Nanotubes for Efficient Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution from Seawater
Authors: Miao Jun , Lang Zhongling , Zhang Xinyu , Kong Weiguang , Peng Ouwen , Yang Ye , Wang Shuangpeng , Cheng Jiaji , He Tingchao , Amini Abbas , Wu Qingyin , Zheng Zhiping , Tang Zikang , Cheng Chun
Published: December 2018

MXenes and doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have entered into research arenas for high‐rate energy storage and conversion. Herein, a method of postsynthesis of MXenes in boron, nitrogen codoped CNTs (BNCNTs) is reported with their electrocatalytical hydrogen evolution performance. The encapsulation of hexagonal molybdenum nitrate nanoparticles (h‐MoN NPs) into BNCNTs protects h‐MoN NPs from agglomeration and poisoning in the complex environment. In principle, the synergism of B and N dopants on the doped CNTs and confined h‐MoN NPs produces extremely active sites for electrochemical hydrogen evolution. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the active sites for hydrogen evolution originate from the synergistic effect of h‐MoN(001)/CN (graphitic N doping) and h‐MoN(001)/BNC. The h‐MoN@BNCNT electrocatalyst exhibits a small overpotential of 78 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope of 46 mV per decade, which are dramatically improved over all reported MoN‐based materials and doped CNTs. Additionally, it also exhibits outstanding electrochemical stability in environments with various pH values and seawater media from South China Sea.
Electrolyte‐Regulated Solid‐Electrolyte Interphase Enables Long Cycle Life Performance in Organic Cathodes for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Benfang , Zhao Jin , Zhang Zihe , Zhao Chen , Sun Pengfei , Bai Panxing , Yang Jixing , Zhou Zhen , Xu Yunhua
Published: December 2018

Organic cathode materials as economical and environment‐friendly alternatives to inorganic cathode materials have attracted comprehensive attention in potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs). Nonetheless, active material dissolution and mismatched electrolytes result in insufficient cycle life that definitely hinders their practical applications. Here, a significantly improved cycle life of 1000 cycles (80% capacity retention) on a practically insoluble organic cathode material, anthraquinone‐1,5‐disulfonic acid sodium salt, is realized, in KIBs through a solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) regulation strategy by ether‐based electrolytes. Such an excellent performance is attributed to the robust SEI film and fast reaction kinetics. More importantly, the ether‐electrolyte‐derived SEI film has a protective inorganic‐rich inner layer arising from the prior decomposition of potassium salts to solvents, as revealed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and computational studies on molecular orbital energy levels. The findings shed light on the critical roles of electrolytes and the corresponding SEI films in enhancing performance of organic cathodes in KIBs.
Strategies of Combination Drug Delivery for Immune Checkpoint Blockades
Authors: Ruan Huitong , Bu Linlin , Hu Quanyin , Cheng Hao , Lu Weiyue , Gu Zhen
Published: December 2018

The past few years have witnessed vast clinical accomplishments of immune checkpoint blockades (ICB), which block the regulatory receptor expressed on immune cells or tumor cells to prevent the suppression of antitumor cytotoxic T‐cell responses. Despite this, limitations still exist, such as low objective response rate (ORR) and the risk of immune‐related side effects. To address these issues, combination treatment strategies are vastly explored and recommended. This review summarizes recent advances in combination of ICB with therapies that participate in different stages of cancer immune cycle, including tumor antigen release, tumor antigen presentation, T‐cell activation, recognition of cancer cells by T‐cells, and tumor‐killing activity. Challenges and potential opportunities of combination approaches in this field are also discussed.
The Semiconductor/Conductor Interface Piezoresistive Effect in an Organic Transistor for Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensors
Authors: Wang Zhongwu , Guo Shujing , Li Hongwei , Wang Bin , Sun Yongtao , Xu Zeyang , Chen Xiaosong , Wu Kunjie , Zhang Xiaotao , Xing Feifei , Li Liqiang , Hu Wenping
Published: December 2018

The piezoresistive pressure sensor, a kind of widely investigated artificial device to transfer force stimuli to electrical signals, generally consists of one or more kinds of conducting materials. Here, a highly sensitive pressure sensor based on the semiconductor/conductor interface piezoresistive effect is successfully demonstrated by using organic transistor geometry. Because of the efficient combination of the piezoresistive effect and field‐effect modulation in a single sensor, this pressure sensor shows excellent performance, such as high sensitivity (514 kPa−1), low limit of detection, short response and recovery time, and robust stability. More importantly, the unique gate modulation effect in the transistor endows the sensor with an unparalleled ability—tunable sensitivity via bias conditions in a single sensor, which is of great significance for applications in complex pressure environments. The novel working principle and high performance represent significant progress in the field of pressure sensors.
Quantitative Principles for Precise Engineering of Sensitivity in Graphene Electrochemical Sensors
Authors: Wu Ting , Alharbi Abdullah , Kiani Roozbeh , Shahrjerdi Davood
Published: December 2018

A major difficulty in implementing carbon‐based electrode arrays with high device‐packing density is to ensure homogeneous and high sensitivities across the array. Overcoming this obstacle requires quantitative microscopic models that can accurately predict electrode sensitivity from its material structure. Such models are currently lacking. Here, it is shown that the sensitivity of graphene electrodes to dopamine and serotonin neurochemicals in fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry measurements is strongly linked to point defects, whereas it is unaffected by line defects. Using the physics of point defects in graphene, a microscopic model is introduced that explains how point defects determine sensitivity. The predictions of this model match the empirical observation that sensitivity linearly increases with the density of point defects. This model is used to guide the nanoengineering of graphene structures for optimum sensitivity. This approach achieves reproducible fabrication of miniaturized sensors with extraordinarily higher sensitivity than conventional materials. These results lay the foundation for new integrated electrochemical sensor arrays based on nanoengineered graphene.
Liquid Metal Based Soft Robotics: Materials, Designs, and Applications
Authors: Wang Xuelin , Guo Rui , Liu Jing
Published: December 2018

Emerging classes of soft robotics with flexible actuation, intelligent sensibility, and biomimetic functionality are driving significant advances in academic researches and commercial applications. Such new generation robotics relies heavily on important breakthroughs in soft matter engineering and flexible actuation systems. Unlike conventional rigid robots, soft robots generally have unique sporting styles and manufacturing strategies. Recently, a series of newly developed soft materials—gallium‐based liquid metals (LMs) are found to display dramatical roles in making soft machines and robotics with their unusual properties in soft robotic actuation and self‐driven field. With superior merits of both high stretchability and electroconductivity over conventional soft materials, LM is increasingly innovated as flexible sensors and actuators in constructing intelligent soft robots. Typical advances in LM enabled soft machines and robotics are summarized and interpreted, herein, with special focus on the driving principles of the LM objects, the preparation methods of LM flexible electronics for making soft robots, and the applications of LM in biomedicines and intelligent robots, together with the consideration of key challenges facing LM‐based soft robotics and its future prospects.
Model Calculation of the Piezoelectric Coefficient of Hexagonal 2D Materials
Authors: Lew Yan Voon Lok C. , Willatzen Morten , Wang Zhong‐Lin
Published: December 2018

A quantum‐mechanical microscopic model of the piezoelectric effect in 2D materials is developed. The piezoelectric coefficient requires the calculation of an internal atomic displacement and an effective piezoelectric charge. The internal displacement is obtained from minimizing the strain energy given by a Keating‐like model, while the effective charge takes into account the atomic displacements and also a redistribution of the electronic charge; a bond‐orbital model is used to compute the latter. The final theory only requires atomic energies and the elasticity constants of the materials as input parameters. The piezoelectric coefficients of a number of II‐VI, III‐V and IV‐IV materials that could stably form in the planar hexagonal structure are computed; results for the IV‐IV materials are obtained for the first time.
Electrically Robust Single‐Crystalline WTe2 Nanobelts for Nanoscale Electrical Interconnects
Authors: Song Seunguk , Kim Se‐Yang , Kwak Jinsung , Jo Yongsu , Kim Jung Hwa , Lee Jong Hwa , Lee Jae‐Ung , Kim Jong Uk , Yun Hyung Duk , Sim Yeoseon , Wang Jaewon , Lee Do Hee , Seok Shi‐Hyun , Kim Tae‐il , Cheong Hyeonsik , Lee Zonghoon , Kwon Soon‐Yong
Published: December 2018

As the elements of integrated circuits are downsized to the nanoscale, the current Cu‐based interconnects are facing limitations due to increased resistivity and decreased current‐carrying capacity because of scaling. Here, the bottom‐up synthesis of single‐crystalline WTe2 nanobelts and low‐ and high‐field electrical characterization of nanoscale interconnect test structures in various ambient conditions are reported. Unlike exfoliated flakes obtained by the top‐down approach, the bottom‐up growth mode of WTe2 nanobelts allows systemic characterization of the electrical properties of WTe2 single crystals as a function of channel dimensions. Using a 1D heat transport model and a power law, it is determined that the breakdown of WTe2 devices under vacuum and with AlO
x
capping layer follows an ideal pattern for Joule heating, far from edge scattering. High‐field electrical measurements and self‐heating modeling demonstrate that the WTe2 nanobelts have a breakdown current density approaching ≈100 MA cm−2, remarkably higher than those of conventional metals and other transition‐metal chalcogenides, and sustain the highest electrical power per channel length (≈16.4 W cm−1) among the interconnect candidates. The results suggest superior robustness of WTe2 against high‐bias sweep and its possible applicability in future nanoelectronics.
Adaptations of the Marsupial Newborn: Birth as an Extreme Environment
Authors: Smith Kathleen K. , Keyte Anna L.
Published: December 2018

At birth a mammalian neonate enters an extreme environment compared to the intrauterine environment in which it has grown. This transition may be particularly extreme in marsupials because they are born at an exceedingly altricial state, after an exceptionally short gestation. Their stage of development must be considered embryonic by almost any criteria. Yet at this very early stage of development marsupials must travel to the teat, attach and suckle, and have basic functioning of all major physiological systems. In this article, we review the adaptations of the marsupial neonate for survival at an embryonic state, showing that the neonate exhibits a mosaic of accelerations and delays of various tissues and organs as well as several special adaptations to produce the functioning newborn. We then discuss the development of the craniofacial region, the body axis and limbs in order to detail some of the major changes to development leading to this uniquely configured neonate. We show that marsupial development arises out of a variety of heterochronies (changes in relative timing of events) and heterotopies (changes in location of specific developmental events) at the genetic, cellular and organ level. We argue that these data support hypotheses that many of the specific patterns seen in marsupial development arise from the basic constraint of embryonic energetic and tissue resources. Finally ideas on the evolutionary context of the marsupial developmental strategy are briefly reviewed. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 303:235–249, 2020. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy