bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total Mobilization from Below: Hong Kong's Freedom Summer
Authors: Cheng Edmund W. , Lee Francis L. F. , Yuen Samson , Tang Gary
Published: March 2022

This article examines the origins and dynamics of an extraordinary wave of protests in Hong Kong in 2019–2020. Despite lacking visible political opportunities and organizational resources, the protest movement drew resilient, mass participation unparalleled in the city's history and much of the world. Drawing from original on-site surveys and online datasets, we conceptualize the Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement as a form of “total mobilization from below.” The totality of the mobilization depended on a set of interactive mechanisms: abeyant civil society networks concealed after the 2014 Umbrella Movement were activated by threats over extradition and institutional decay, whereas affective ties developed through conflicts and mutual assistance were amplified by digital communication. The movement's characteristics in terms of protest scale, mobilizing structure, use of alternative spaces, and group solidarity are examined. The spasmodic moments of mobilization are explained by a nexus of network building that took place in an unreceptive environment and at a critical juncture. The roles of threats and emotions in mass mobilizations are also analysed.
Exploring Blob Detection to Determine Atomic Column Positions and Intensities in Time-Resolved TEM Images with Ultra-Low Signal-to-Noise
Authors: Manzorro Ramon , Xu Yuchen , Vincent Joshua L , Rivera Roberto , Matteson David S , Crozier Peter A
Published: March 2022

Spatially resolved in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), equipped with direct electron detection systems, is a suitable technique to record information about the atom-scale dynamics with millisecond temporal resolution from materials. However, characterizing dynamics or fluxional behavior requires processing short time exposure images which usually have severely degraded signal-to-noise ratios. The poor signal-to-noise associated with high temporal resolution makes it challenging to determine the position and intensity of atomic columns in materials undergoing structural dynamics. To address this challenge, we propose a noise-robust, processing approach based on blob detection, which has been previously established for identifying objects in images in the community of computer vision. In particular, a blob detection algorithm has been tailored to deal with noisy TEM image series from nanoparticle systems. In the presence of high noise content, our blob detection approach is demonstrated to outperform the results of other algorithms, enabling the determination of atomic column position and its intensity with a higher degree of precision.
War and compassion: the plight of war orphans in East Asia, 1867–1945 and beyond
Authors: Tamanoi Mariko Asano
Published: March 2022

War and peace are the two incompatible notions. War and compassion are not: war often calls for human compassion to save not only friends but also enemies. As the technology of war has advanced since the nineteenth century, the targets of compassion in the form of philanthropy, social work, and humanitarianism have also expanded to include soldiers, civilians, and children. In this article, I explore the link between war and compassion in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by focusing on the plight of Japanese war orphans in Japan and Chinese war orphans in China. These sixty-seven Chinese war orphans were brought to Japan in 1939 by a member of the Japanese Imperial army stationed in occupied China. The founders of orphanages in Japan argued that war incited their compassion to save the young victims of war. Yet they were also forced to work under the watchful eyes of the State. How did Japan's power structures, which created misery in both Japan and China, change over time? How did the Japanese social structures, which tried to help alleviate misery among children, change? My goal is to relate these questions to each other for further understanding the link between war and compassion between 1867 and 1945 and in the early postwar era.
TAMING THE ‘ELSEWHERE’: ON EXPRESSIVITY OF TOPOLOGICAL LANGUAGES
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ-DUQUE DAVID
Published: March 2022

In topological modal logic, it is well known that the Cantor derivative is more expressive than the topological closure, and the ‘elsewhere’, or ‘difference’, operator is more expressive than the ‘somewhere’ operator. In 2014, Kudinov and Shehtman asked whether the combination of closure and elsewhere becomes strictly more expressive when adding the Cantor derivative. In this paper we give an affirmative answer: in fact, the Cantor derivative alone can define properties of topological spaces not expressible with closure and elsewhere. To prove this, we develop a novel theory of morphisms which preserve formulas with the elsewhere operator.
Ratio Between Over‐Satellite Electron Content and Plasma Density Measured by Swarm: A Proxy for Topside Scale Height
Authors: Park Jaeheung
Published: March 2022

In‐situ plasma density (Ne) and Over‐Satellite Electron Content (OSEC) measured at Low‐Earth‐Orbit (LEO) are basic parameters for analyzing ionospheric plasma. In this study, we calculate the ratio of OSEC to Ne (OSEC‐to‐Ne ratio; α) measured by Swarm in the daytime topside, which is analogous to the traditional slab thickness of the ionosphere. Dependence of the α on latitude, local time, season, and solar activity generally agrees with the known climatology of vertical scale height (VSH) of the topside ionosphere. Hence, the α can be deemed a proxy for the VSH. Calibrated Swarm‐A and Swarm‐B data at two different altitudes further demonstrate that lower‐altitude Ne and α can reasonably estimate higher‐altitude Ne. In addition, a new method is proposed to estimate effective ion mass from the α and electron/ion temperature measured by Swarm. The estimates are broadly consistent with recent reports on topside ion composition. All these results demonstrate the usefulness of the α in constraining vertical profiles and composition of the topside ionosphere. Caveats for using the α are given, and possible directions of future improvement are discussed.
An Overview of ARTMIP's Tier 2 Reanalysis Intercomparison: Uncertainty in the Detection of Atmospheric Rivers and Their Associated Precipitation
Authors: Collow A. B. Marquardt , Shields C. A. , Guan B. , Kim S. , Lora J. M. , McClenny E. E. , Nardi K. , Payne A. , Reid K. , Shearer E. J. , Tomé R. , Wille J. D. , Ramos A. M. , Gorodetskaya I. V. , Leung L. R. , O’Brien T. A. , Ralph F. M. , Rutz J. , Ullrich P. A. , Wehner M.
Published: March 2022

Atmospheric rivers, or long but narrow regions of enhanced water vapor transport, are an important component of the hydrologic cycle as they are responsible for much of the poleward transport of water vapor and result in precipitation, sometimes extreme in intensity. Despite their importance, much uncertainty remains in the detection of atmospheric rivers in large datasets such as reanalyses and century scale climate simulations. To understand this uncertainty, the Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP) developed tiered experiments, including the Tier 2 Reanalysis Intercomparison that is presented here. Eleven detection algorithms submitted hourly tags‐‐binary fields indicating the presence or absence of atmospheric rivers‐‐of detected atmospheric rivers in the Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA‐2) and European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts' Reanalysis Version 5 (ERA5) as well as six‐hourly tags in the Japanese 55‐year Reanalysis (JRA‐55). Due to a higher climatological mean for integrated water vapor transport in MERRA‐2, atmospheric rivers were detected more frequently relative to the other two reanalyses, particularly in algorithms that use a fixed threshold for water vapor transport. The finer horizontal resolution of ERA5 resulted in narrower atmospheric rivers and an ability to detect atmospheric rivers along resolved coastlines. The fraction of hemispheric area covered by ARs varies throughout the year in all three reanalyses, with different atmospheric river detection tools having different seasonal cycles.
Hepatic deficiency of selenoprotein S exacerbates hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance
Authors: Qiao Lu , Men Lili , Yu Shanshan , Yao Junjie , Li Yu , Wang Mingming , Yu Ying , Wang Ning , Ran Liyuan , Wu Yingjie , Du Jianling
Published: March 2022

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which are all complex metabolic disorders. Selenoprotein S (SelS) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident selenoprotein involved in regulating ER stress and has been found to participate in the occurrence and development of IR and T2DM. However, the potential role and mechanism of SelS in NAFLD remains unclear. Here, we analyzed SelS expression in the liver of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and obese T2DM model (db/db) mice and generated hepatocyte-specific SelS knockout (SelSH-KO) mice using the Cre-loxP system. We showed that hepatic SelS expression levels were significantly downregulated in HFD-fed mice and db/db mice. Hepatic SelS deficiency markedly increased ER stress markers in the liver and caused hepatic steatosis via increased fatty acid uptake and reduced fatty acid oxidation. Impaired insulin signaling was detected in the liver of SelSH-KO mice with decreased phosphorylation levels of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), which ultimately led to disturbed glucose homeostasis. Meanwhile, our results showed hepatic protein kinase Cɛ (PKCɛ) activation participated in the negative regulation of insulin signaling in SelSH-KO mice. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of SelS on hepatic steatosis and IR was confirmed by SelS overexpression in primary hepatocytes in vitro. Thus, we conclude that hepatic SelS plays a key role in regulating hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin action, suggesting that SelS may be a potential intervention target for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD and T2DM.
Arabian Sea Aerosol-Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall relationship and its modulation by El-Nino Southern Oscillation
Authors: Nandini Gopinath , Vinoj V. , Pandey Satyendra Kumar
Published: March 2022

The intensity of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) over Central India (CI) is known to be positively correlated with the dust aerosol loading over the Arabian Sea (AS) on short time scales of about a week. However, global oscillations such as the El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modulate both the rainfall over India and aerosol loading over the AS. This study uses long-term satellite-based aerosol and gridded rainfall datasets to explore the correlation between AS aerosol and CI rainfall and their relationship to ENSO. It is found that the highest correlation is during El-Nino (0.53), followed by Normal (0.44) and La-Nina (0.34) years, closely following the overall dust aerosol loading over the AS. Spatially, irrespective of the phase of ENSO, the high aerosol loading conditions are associated with increased winds over the AS, shifting eastward towards the Indian mainland and enhancing rainfall over CI and elsewhere across the Indian landmass. In contrast, the low aerosol loading conditions over the AS are associated with reduced winds, shifting westward away from the Indian mainland, suppressing rainfall over CI. In response to anthropogenic climate change, the El-Nino-like conditions are likely to increase in the future, making the dust aerosol-induced monsoon rainfall enhancement/modulation significant.
Artemisinin resistance in the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, originates from its initial transcriptional response
Authors: Zhu Lei , van der Pluijm Rob W. , Kucharski Michal , Nayak Sourav , Tripathi Jaishree , White Nicholas J. , Day Nicholas P. J. , Faiz Abul , Phyo Aung Pyae , Amaratunga Chanaki , Lek Dysoley , Ashley Elizabeth A. , Nosten François , Smithuis Frank , Ginsburg Hagai , von Seidlein Lorenz , Lin Khin , Imwong Mallika , Chotivanich Kesinee , Mayxay Mayfong , Dhorda Mehul , Nguyen Hoang Chau , Nguyen Thuy Nhien Thanh , Miotto Olivo , Newton Paul N. , Jittamala Podjanee , Tripura Rupam , Pukrittayakamee Sasithon , Peto Thomas J. , Hien Tran Tinh , Dondorp Arjen M. , Bozdech Zbynek
Published: March 2022

The emergence and spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, first in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), and now in East Africa, is a major threat to global malaria elimination ambitions. To investigate the artemisinin resistance mechanism, transcriptome analysis was conducted of 577 P. falciparum isolates collected in the GMS between 2016–2018. A specific artemisinin resistance-associated transcriptional profile was identified that involves a broad but discrete set of biological functions related to proteotoxic stress, host cytoplasm remodelling, and REDOX metabolism. The artemisinin resistance-associated transcriptional profile evolved from initial transcriptional responses of susceptible parasites to artemisinin. The genetic basis for this adapted response is likely to be complex.
Dynamic forecasting of severe acute graft-versus-host disease after transplantation
Authors: Liu Xueou , Cao Yigeng , Guo Ye , Gong Xiaowen , Feng Yahui , Wang Yao , Wang Mingyang , Cui Mengxuan , Guo Wenwen , Zhang Luyang , Zhao Ningning , Song Xiaoqiang , Zheng Xuetong , Chen Xia , Shen Qiujin , Zhang Song , Song Zhen , Li Linfeng , Feng Sizhou , Han Mingzhe , Zhu Xiaofan , Jiang Erlie , Chen Junren
Published: March 2022

Forecasting of severe acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) after transplantation is a challenging ‘large p, small n’ problem that suffers from nonuniform data sampling. We propose a dynamic probabilistic algorithm, daGOAT, that accommodates sampling heterogeneity, integrates multidimensional clinical data and continuously updates the daily risk score for severe aGVHD onset within a two-week moving window. In the studied cohorts, the cross-validated area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) of daGOAT rose steadily after transplantation and peaked at ≥0.78 in both the adult and pediatric cohorts, outperforming the two-biomarker MAGIC score, three-biomarker Ann Arbor score, peri-transplantation features-based models and XGBoost. Simulation experiments indicated that the daGOAT algorithm is well suited for short time-series scenarios where the underlying process for event generation is smooth, multidimensional and where there are frequent and irregular data missing. daGOAT’s broader utility was demonstrated by performance testing on a remotely different task, that is, prediction of imminent human postural change based on smartphone inertial sensor time-series data.
Population dynamics of microbial native consortia efficient for textile wastewater degradation
Authors: Ceretta María Belén , Irazoqui José Matías , Pérsico María Marta , Nercessian Debora , Wolski Erika A.
Published: March 2022

A comprehensive study on the degradation of pure textile effluent by two native bacterial consortia was conducted. Consortia composition, structure and dynamics towards effluent biodegradation and toxicity analyses were conducted.
Hearing From You: Design Thinking in Audiological Research
Authors: Young Taegan , Pang Jermy , Ferguson Melanie
Published: March 2022

Purpose:

The purpose of this article is to describe the emerging use of design thinking methodologies in hearing health care research using a participatory action approach with a consumer and community involvement panel, audiologists, and adults with hearing loss.

Method:

Two connected hearing health care projects that adopted design thinking principles are presented here as case studies. Case 1 investigated the applicability and acceptability of smart voice assistant technology as post–hearing aid fitting support. Case 2 investigated the feasibility of providing support for new adult patients with hearing loss before they attend their hearing assessment appointment.

Discussion:

The design thinking process provided a flexible structure in which researchers were able to empathize with stakeholders, define their unmet needs, and ideate potential connected hearing health care solutions to develop and evaluate prototypes in clinical and home settings.

Conclusion:

Utilizing a needs-based, collaborative design thinking approach to conduct development in hearing health care research is a viable and novel option to produce innovative, relevant, and translational hearing health solutions that address stakeholder needs.
Examining Face Validity of Visual Stimuli Used in Preference Assessments for Older Adults With Communication Impairments
Authors: Burshnic-Neal Vanessa L. , Knollman-Porter Kelly , Topper Rachel H. , McConnell Eleanor S. , VanHaitsma Kimberly , Abbott Katherine M.
Published: March 2022

Purpose:

Preference assessment is integral to person-centered treatment planning for older adults with communication impairments. There is a need to validate photographs used in preference assessment for this population. Therefore, this study aimed to establish preliminary face validity of photographs selected to enhance comprehension of questions from the Preferences for Everyday Living Inventory–Nursing Home (PELI-NH) and describe themes in older adults' recommendations for revising photographic stimuli.

Method:

This qualitative, cognitive interviewing study included 21 participants with an average age of 75 years and no known cognitive or communication deficits. Photographic stimuli were randomized and evaluated across one to two interview sessions. Participants were asked to describe what the preference stimuli represented to them. Responses were scored to assess face validity. Participants were then shown the PELI-NH written prompt and asked to evaluate how well the photograph(s) represented the preference. A semideductive thematic analysis was conducted on interview transcripts to summarize themes in participant feedback.

Results:

Forty-six (64%) stimuli achieved face validity criteria without revisions. Six (8%) stimuli achieved face validity after one partial revision. Twenty (28%) stimuli required multiple revisions and reached feedback saturation, requiring team review for finalization. Thematic analysis revealed challenges interpreting stimuli (e.g., multiple meanings) and participant preferences for improving photographs (e.g., aesthetics).

Conclusions:

Cognitive interviewing was useful for improving face validity of stimuli pertaining to personal care topics. Abstract and subjective preferences (e.g., cultural traditions) may be more challenging to represent. This study provides a framework for further testing with older adults with cognitive, communication, and hearing impairments.
Prologue: Implementation Science in CSD and Starting Where You Are
Authors: Davidson Meghan M. , Alonzo Crystle N. , Barton-Hulsey Andrea , Binger Cathy , Bridges Mindy , Caron Jessica , Douglas Natalie F. , Feuerstein Julie L. , Olswang Lesley , Oshita Jennifer Y. , Schliep Megan E. , Quinn Emily , Morris Megan A.
Published: March 2022

In this prologue, we introduce readers to the Forum: Clinicians and Researchers Navigating Implementation Science in CSD.
Implementation science
(IS), or the study of the adoption of evidence-based practice in real-world settings, is a key area of development in communication sciences and disorders (CSD). The goal of this forum was to show by example how researchers and clinicians are collaborating to begin to apply IS in CSD. This goal culminated in a scoping review of IS in CSD, a tutorial on incorporating IS into clinical practice research, three articles on stakeholder engagement, and three examples of IS studies in CSD included in this forum. We hope this forum helps clinicians and researchers to begin wherever they are in their knowledge and understanding of IS in CSD.
Point cloud completion by dynamic transformer with adaptive neighbourhood feature fusion
Authors: Liu Xinpu , Xu Guoquan , Xu Ke , Wan Jianwei , Ma Yanxin
Published: March 2022

Point cloud completion aims to reconstruct detailed structures from partial observations. However, previous methods often suffered from inaccurate neighbourhood feature extraction and rough reconstruction of complex structures, which is difficult to complete detailed semantic shapes. To solve this problem, we present a method that applies dynamic transformers with adaptive neighbourhood feature fusion operations to resume complete point clouds. Firstly, we propose an adaptive neighbourhood feature extraction module, which contains a learnable global neighbourhood selection strategy and a traditional local k‐nearest neighbour strategy to dynamically select neighbourhood points according to the shape of different objects. Secondly, we observed that traditional point generation methods based on folding‐series operations limit their capacity of generating complex and faithful shapes. Inspired by cell division, we regard the process of reconstructing as point splitting and propose a genetic hierarchical point generation module, which means current points can inherit shape features from previous points and generate more detailed structures of their own. Extensive experiments of point cloud completion are carried out on PCN and Completion3D datasets to verify the effectiveness of our method. The average category chamfer distances of our method are 7.17(×10−3) in PCN and 7.96(×10−4) in Completion3D, which has better completion performance than other methods.
Euclid-Roman joint microlensing survey: Early mass measurement, free floating planets, and exomoons
Authors: Bachelet E. , Specht D. , Penny M. , Hundertmark M. , Awiphan S. , Beaulieu J.-P. , Dominik M. , Kerins E. , Maoz D. , Meade E. , Nucita A. A. , Poleski R. , Ranc C. , Rhodes J. , Robin A. C.
Published: March 2022

As the Kepler mission has done for hot exoplanets, the ESA Euclid and NASA Roman missions have the potential to create a breakthrough in our understanding of the demographics of cool exoplanets, including unbound, or free-floating, planets (FFPs). Roman will dedicate part of its core survey program to the detection of cool exoplanets via microlensing, while Euclid may undertake a microlensing program as an ancillary science goal. In this study, we demonstrate the complementarity of the two missions and propose two joint surveys to better constrain the mass and distance of microlensing events. We first demonstrate that an early brief Euclid survey (~7 h) of the Roman microlensing fields will allow the measurement of at least 30% of the events’ relative proper motions µrel and 42% of the lens magnitudes. This survey would place strong constraints on the mass and distance on thousands of microlensing events observed by Roman just after the first year of observation. Then, we study the potential of simultaneous observations by Roman and Euclid to enable the measurement of the microlensing parallax for the shortest microlensing events and, ultimately, obtain a direct measurement of the masses, distances, and transverse motions of FFPs. Using detailed simulations of the joint detection yield we show that within one year Roman-Euclid observations will be at least an order of magnitude more sensitive than current ground-based measurements. The recent tentative detection of an excess of short-duration events by the OGLE survey is consistent with a scenario of up to ten Earth-mass FFPs per Galactic star. For such a scenario a joint Roman-Euclid campaign should detect around 130 FFP events within a year, including 110 with measured parallax that strongly constrain the FFP mass, and around 30 FFP events with direct mass and distance measurements. The ability of the joint survey to completely break the microlens mass-distance-velocity degeneracy for a significant subset of events provides a unique opportunity to verify unambiguously the FFP hypothesis or else place abundance limits for FFPs between Earth and Jupiter masses that are up to two orders of magnitude stronger than provided by ground-based surveys. Finally, we study the capabilities of the joint survey to enhance the detection and characterization of exomoons, and find that it could lead to the detection of the first exomoon.
La formation universitaire des psychomotriciens
Authors: Vachez-Gatecel Anne
Published: March 2022

La formation des psychomotriciens n’a cessé d’évoluer depuis sa création en 1961. Elle a gagné en pertinence dans sa réflexivité et transversalité et permet au psychomotricien clinicien d’avoir une expertise dans ses interventions tant au niveau du soin psychomoteur que de l’éducation ou de la prévention. Le triptyque universitaire formation-clinique et recherche est le gage d’une formation dynamique qui sait répondre au mieux aux besoins de santé.
Comparison Between Sonography-Based and Surgical Evaluation of Endometriotic Lesions Using the #Enzian Classification – A Retrospective Data Analysis
Authors: Di Giovanni Alessandra , Montanari Eliana , Hudelist Gernot , Malzoni Mario , Keckstein Joerg
Published: March 2022

Purpose To compare the location and sizes of deep endometriosis (DE) lesions evaluated by preoperative transvaginal sonography (TVS) in different #Enzian compartments with intraoperatively assessed DE location and size.

Materials and Methods Retrospective data analysis of 93 women undergoing TVS and surgery for DE in 2019 at a tertiary referral center for endometriosis.

Results #Enzian compartment C (rectum) showed the highest rate of exact concordance with 74% of cases, which increased to 87% when a tolerance margin of a maximum of 3mm for TVS measurements was taken into account. For compartment B (uterosacral ligaments, parametria) and compartment A (vagina, rectovaginal space), the rates of exact concordance were slightly lower. In compartment O (ovary), high exact concordance rates similar to those observed for compartment C were observed. In compartment T (tubo-ovarian unit), most reliable estimations were seen for slight (TVS T1) and severe adhesions (TVS T3). There were only a few cases of missed lesions as well as false positives on TVS: Sensitivity was 100% for all compartments except for A and B left (97%) and FB (urinary bladder, 86%); specificity was 100% for FB, FI (other intestinal locations), FU (ureters) and O right, 86%-98% for A, B right, C, O left and FO (other extragenital lesions) and 70% for B left.

Conclusion The preoperative evaluation of the location and size of DE lesions by TVS in different #Enzian compartments is accurate, providing a detailed presurgical description of the extent of ovarian and deep endometriosis and associated minor or severe adhesions.
Impfpflicht light
Authors: Roßius Sabrina
Published: March 2022

Über die einrichtungsbezogene Impfpflicht ist viel diskutiert worden. Zum 15. März tritt sie nun – in einer soften Version – in Kraft. Es stellt sich wieder einmal heraus: Nichts wird so heiß gegessen, wie es gekocht wird!
Effect of Tele-Guided Imagery on Stress among Caregivers of Chronic Neurological Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Gupta Minakshi , Chakraverty Sneha
Published: March 2022

Background and Objectives Chronic neurological conditions impose a burden on caregivers as they are a major contributor for disability-adjusted life years of patients. Stress is the common psychological concern of caregivers. This randomized controlled study examined the effect of tele-guided imagery on stress among caregivers of these neurological patients.

Methods Thirty caregivers were selected for participation in study as per the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Initial caregivers' mental health screening was performed with the mini-mental state examination tool. For outcome measure, perceived stress scale (PSS) score tool was utilized and both pre- and postintervention scores were noted. Effect of tele-guided intervention was compared with the control group.

Results Significant difference was noted in the PSS scores among the caregivers receiving tele-guided imagery when compared with controlled group caregivers.

Conclusion Tele-guided imagery is an effective tool for stress management among caregivers. Also, it improves the individual's mental health aspect.
Complex Neurovascular Syndromes: Is the Compressing Vessel Alone the Culprit?
Authors: Kulkarni Aniruddh
Published: March 2022

Objective To describe and correlate the clinical, radiological, and intraoperative findings in patients with refractory neurovascular syndromes (NVS) not responding to conventional medical management and to determine the surgical outcome of the microvascular decompression (MVD) procedure.

Methods Medical records of 17 patients with NVS (trigeminal neuralgia [TN] = 14 and hemifacial spasm = 3) who underwent surgery for symptom relief from January 2018 to July 2021 with follow-up data (1–36 months) were retrospectively analyzed. Patient demographics (age, sex), clinical features (site, duration of symptoms, distribution), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, micro-neurosurgical details (type of surgery, obstructive vessel), and postoperative outcome and complications were recorded.

Statistical Analysis Descriptive analysis was performed. Variables were presented as either mean and standard deviation or frequency and percentages.

Results The mean (standard deviation) age of patients in our study cohort was 52.6 (12.2) years. TN was common in females (64.3%). The mean duration of symptoms was longer in patients with hemifacial spasms than in patients with TN (3.3 vs. 2.7 years). While the right side was commonly affected in TN (64.3%), the left side was common in hemifacial spasm (66.7%). Most common neuralgia symptoms were distributed along the V2V3 (maxillary and mandibular division) branches (42.9%). MRI revealed neurovascular conflict in nine patients, epidermoid tumor in three patients, classical vestibular schwannoma in two patients, and short cisternal segments in three patients. Intraoperatively, superior cerebellar artery was the main offending vessel in TN followed by anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) and venous compression, while tortuous vertebral artery and AICA along with thickened entangled arachnoid were seen in hemifacial spasms. Almost all patients (88.2%) reported immediate postoperative complete pain relief. One patient died secondary to chest infection after a month.

Conclusion Arachnoid entanglement around the neurovascular bundle along with vascular compression over the cranial nerves is the main cause of NVS. Advanced micro-neurosurgical techniques used in MVD achieve excellent outcomes with improved quality of life. However, identifying the refractory NVS not responding to conventional medical management and early surgical management are paramount.
Air-photonics terahertz platform with versatile micro-controller based interface and data acquisition
Authors: Prost E. , Loriot V. , Constant E. , Compagnon I. , Bergé L. , Lépine F. , Skupin S.
Published: March 2022

We present a terahertz (THz) platform employing air plasma produced by an ultrashort two-color laser pulse as a broadband THz source and air biased coherent detection (ABCD) of the THz field. In contrast to previous studies, a simple peak detector connected to a micro-controller board acquires the ABCD-signal coming from the avalanche photodiode. Numerical simulations of the whole setup yield temporal and spectral profiles of the terahertz electric field in both source and detection area. The latter ones are in excellent agreement with our measurements, confirming THz electric fields with peak amplitude in the MV/cm range. We further illustrate the capabilities of the platform by performing THz spectroscopy of water vapor and a polystyrene reference sample.
Data driven adaptive Gaussian mixture model for solving Fokker–Planck equation
Authors: Sun Wenqing , Feng Jinqian , Su Jin , Liang Yunyun
Published: March 2022

The Fokker–Planck (FP) equation provides a powerful tool for describing the state transition probability density function of complex dynamical systems governed by stochastic differential equations (SDEs). Unfortunately, the analytical solution of the FP equation can be found in very few special cases. Therefore, it has become an interest to find a numerical approximation method of the FP equation suitable for a wider range of nonlinear systems. In this paper, a machine learning method based on an adaptive Gaussian mixture model (AGMM) is proposed to deal with the general FP equations. Compared with previous numerical discretization methods, the proposed method seamlessly integrates data and mathematical models. The prior knowledge generated by the assumed mathematical model can improve the performance of the learning algorithm. Also, it yields more interpretability for machine learning methods. Numerical examples for one-dimensional and two-dimensional SDEs with one and/or two noises are given. The simulation results show the effectiveness and robustness of the AGMM technique for solving the FP equation. In addition, the computational complexity and the optimization algorithm of the model are also discussed.
Numerical investigation of 2D double-diffusive convection in rectangular cavities with different aspect ratios: Heat and mass transfer and flow characteristics
Authors: Zhao Bing-Xin , Yang Jian-Qing
Published: March 2022

In this paper, the dynamical behavior of two-dimensional double-diffusive convection is numerically investigated using a high-accuracy numerical method. The process of flow transition in the presence of buoyancy is studied in detail, and the effects of the fluid properties and geometric parameters on the flow characteristics and heat and mass transfer are discussed. The results show that, as the buoyancy ratio increases from 0 to 2, the flow undergoes a complex series of transitions, from a steady, temperature-dominated state to periodic motion, then chaotic motion, back to periodic motion, and finally back to a steady, concentration-dominated state. At a fixed buoyancy ratio, when the Prandtl number Pr is less than 1, the flow changes from periodic or chaotic to steady with increasing Pr, and the heat and mass transfer efficiencies oscillate with an increasing trend. When Pr≥1, the flow is steady, and the heat and mass transfer remain nearly constant. For low Rayleigh numbers, the heat and mass transfer efficiencies increase monotonically with increasing Lewis number, but the flow is always in a steady state. For high Rayleigh numbers, the flow transitions from steady to periodic or chaotic via a supercritical Hopf bifurcation with increasing Lewis number, and the heat and mass transfer efficiencies oscillate with an increasing trend. In the range of aspect ratios considered in this study, the heat and mass transfer efficiencies exhibit an overall decay with increasing aspect ratio.
Microscopic origins of anisotropy for the epitaxial growth of 3C-SiC (0001) vicinal surface: A kinetic Monte Carlo study
Authors: Ai Wensen , Chen Xuejiang , Feng Jianmei
Published: March 2022

In order to investigate the microscopic evolution of the step flow growth process and reveal the microscopic origins of crystalline anisotropy during the epitaxial growth of 3C-SiC (0001) vicinal surface, a three-dimensional Kinetic Monte Carlo model is established, in which Si and C are considered individually. The helicoidal boundary condition is applied to the direction perpendicular to the step, and the periodic boundary condition is used in the direction along the step. Then, the effects of crystalline anisotropy on lateral growth rate, morphologies of step patterns, and growth mode are studied. The results show that the lateral growth rate in [1−210] is larger than that in ⟨1−100⟩, and the zigzag and meandering patterns of step are constructed in [1−210] and ⟨1−100⟩ directions, respectively, which is consistent with the experimental observations. Two possible origins of anisotropy are also revealed: one is the higher concentration of the edge sites of the step and the larger bonding energy in the [1−210] direction and another is the adatom diffusion along the edge of the step. Finally, a larger area of pure step flow growth mode is obtained in the [1−210] direction, which is good for lowering the cost for 3C-SiC epitaxial layers.
Approximate solutions of the advection–diffusion equation for spatially variable flows
Authors: Sun Yubiao , Jayaraman Amitesh S. , Chirikjian Gregory S.
Published: March 2022

The advection–diffusion equation (ADE) describes many important processes in hydrogeology, mechanics, geology, and biology. The equations model the transport of a passive scalar quantity in a flow. In this paper, we have developed a new approach to solve incompressible advection–diffusion equations (ADEs) with variable convective terms, which are essential to study species transport in various flow scenarios. We first reinterpret advection diffusion equations on a microscopic level and obtain stochastic differential equations governing the behavior of individual particles of the species transported by the flow. Then, simplified versions of ADEs are derived to approximate the original ADEs governing concentration evolution of species. The approximation is effectively a linearization of the spatially varying coefficient of the advective term. These simplified equations are solved analytically using the Fourier transform. We have validated this new method by comparing our results to solutions obtained from the canonical stochastic sampling method and the finite element method. This mesh-free algorithm achieves comparable accuracy to the results from discrete stochastic simulation of spatially resolved species transport in a Lagrangian frame of reference. The good consistency shows that our proposed method is efficient in simulating chemical transport in a convective flow. The proposed method is computationally efficient and quantitatively reliable, providing an alternative technique to investigate various advection–diffusion processes.
Origin invariant electronic circular dichroism in the length dipole gauge without London atomic orbitals
Authors: Niemeyer Niklas , Caricato Marco , Neugebauer Johannes
Published: March 2022

We present a method for obtaining origin-independent electronic circular dichroism (ECD) in the length-gauge representation LG(OI) without the usage of London atomic orbitals. This approach builds upon the work by Caricato [J. Chem. Phys. 153, 151101 (2020)] and is applied to rotatory strengths and ECD spectra from damped response theory. Numerical results are presented for time-dependent Hartree–Fock and density-functional theory, the second-order algebraic diagrammatic construction method, and linear-response coupled-cluster theory with singles and approximate doubles. We can support the finding that the common choice of placing the gauge origin in the center of mass of a molecule in conventional length-gauge calculations involving chiroptical properties might not be optimal and show that LG(OI) is a valuable alternative for the origin-independent calculation of ECD spectra. We show that, for a limited test set, the convergence of the rotatory strengths calculated with the LG(OI) approach toward the basis-set limit tends to be faster than for the established velocity gauge representation. Relationships between the sum-over-states expression of the optical rotation in the LG(OI) framework and its representation in terms of response functions are analyzed.
Analysis of biodiversity data suggests that mammal species are hidden in predictable places
Authors: Parsons Danielle J. , Pelletier Tara A. , Wieringa Jamin G. , Duckett Drew J. , Carstens Bryan C.
Published: March 2022

Significance

Only an estimated 1 to 10% of Earth’s species have been formally described. This discrepancy between the number of species with a formal taxonomic description and actual number of species (i.e., the Linnean shortfall) hampers research across the biological sciences. To explore whether the Linnean shortfall results from poor taxonomic practice or not enough taxonomic effort, we applied machine-learning techniques to build a predictive model to identify named species that are likely to contain hidden diversity. Results indicate that small-bodied species with large, climatically variable ranges are most likely to contain hidden species. These attributes generally match those identified in the taxonomic literature, indicating that the Linnean shortfall is caused by societal underinvestment in taxonomy rather than poor taxonomic practice.
Solid organic-coated ammonium sulfate particles at high relative humidity in the summertime Arctic atmosphere
Authors: Kirpes Rachel M. , Lei Ziying , Fraund Matthew , Gunsch Matthew J. , May Nathaniel W. , Barrett Tate E. , Moffett Claire E. , Schauer Andrew J. , Alexander Becky , Upchurch Lucia M. , China Swarup , Quinn Patricia K. , Moffet Ryan C. , Laskin Alexander , Sheesley Rebecca J. , Pratt Kerri A. , Ault Andrew P.
Published: March 2022

Significance

Physical and chemical properties of individual atmospheric particles determine their climate impacts. Hygroscopic inorganic salt particles mixed with trace amounts of organic material are predicted to be liquid under typical tropospheric conditions in the summertime Arctic. Yet, we unexpectedly observed a significant concentration of solid particles composed of ammonium sulfate with an organic coating under conditions of high relative humidity and low temperature. These particle properties are consistent with marine biogenic-derived new particle formation and growth, with particle collision hypothesized to result in the solid phase. This particle source is predicted to have increasing relevance in the context of declining Arctic sea ice and increasing open water, with impacts on clouds, and therefore climate.
Protein cost minimization promotes the emergence of coenzyme redundancy
Authors: Goldford Joshua E. , George Ashish B. , Flamholz Avi I. , Segrè Daniel
Published: March 2022

Significance

Metabolism relies on a small class of molecules (coenzymes) that serve as universal donors and acceptors of key chemical groups and electrons. Although metabolic networks crucially depend on structurally redundant coenzymes [e.g., NAD(H) and NADP(H)] associated with different enzymes, the criteria that led to the emergence of this redundancy remain poorly understood. Our combination of modeling and structural and sequence analysis indicates that coenzyme redundancy may not be essential for metabolism but could rather constitute an evolved strategy promoting efficient usage of enzymes when biochemical reactions are near equilibrium. Our work suggests that early metabolism may have operated with fewer coenzymes and that adaptation for metabolic efficiency may have driven the rise of coenzyme diversity in living systems.
A carlactonoic acid methyltransferase that contributes to the inhibition of shoot branching in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Mashiguchi Kiyoshi , Seto Yoshiya , Onozuka Yuta , Suzuki Sarina , Takemoto Kiyoko , Wang Yanting , Dong Lemeng , Asami Kei , Noda Ryota , Kisugi Takaya , Kitaoka Naoki , Akiyama Kohki , Bouwmeester Harro , Yamaguchi Shinjiro
Published: March 2022

Significance

Strigolactones (SLs) are a group of apocarotenoid hormones, which regulates shoot branching and other diverse developmental processes in plants. The major bioactive form(s) of SLs as endogenous hormones has not yet been clarified. Here, we identify an
Arabidopsis
methyltransferase, CLAMT, responsible for the conversion of an inactive precursor to a biologically active SL that can interact with the SL receptor in vitro. Reverse genetic analysis showed that this enzyme plays an essential role in inhibiting shoot branching. This mutant also contributed to specifying the SL-related metabolites that could move from root to shoot in grafting experiments. Our work has identified a key enzyme necessary for the production of the bioactive form(s) of SLs.
Pathogen-mediated natural and manipulated population collapse in an invasive social insect
Authors: LeBrun Edward G. , Jones Melissa , Plowes Robert M. , Gilbert Lawrence E.
Published: March 2022

Significance

Invasive social insects are among the most damaging of invasive organisms and have proved universally intractable to biological control. Despite this, populations of some invasive social insects collapse from unknown causes. We report long-term studies demonstrating that infection by a microsporidian pathogen causes populations of a globally significant invasive ant to collapse to local extinction, providing a mechanistic understanding of a pervasive phenomenon in biological invasions: the collapse of established populations from endogenous factors. We apply this knowledge and successfully eliminate two large, introduced populations of these ants. More broadly, microsporidian pathogens should be evaluated for control of other supercolonial invasive social insects. Diagnosing the cause of unanticipated population collapse in invasive organisms can lead to applied solutions.
Genome-wide CRISPR screen reveals CLPTM1L as a lipid scramblase required for efficient glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis
Authors: Wang Yicheng , Menon Anant K. , Maki Yuta , Liu Yi-Shi , Iwasaki Yugo , Fujita Morihisa , Guerrero Paula A. , Silva Daniel Varó’n , Seeberger Peter H. , Murakami Yoshiko , Kinoshita Taroh
Published: March 2022

Significance

Scramblases translocate lipids across the lipid bilayer without consumption of ATP, thereby regulating lipid distributions in cellular membranes. Cytosol-to-lumen translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane is a common process among lipid glycoconjugates involved in posttranslational protein modifications in eukaryotes. These translocations are thought to be mediated by specific ER-resident scramblases, but the identity of these proteins and the underlying molecular mechanisms have been elusive. Here, we show that CLPTM1L, an integral membrane protein with eight putative transmembrane domains, is the major lipid scramblase involved in efficient glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis in the ER membrane. Our results validate the long-standing hypothesis that lipid scramblases ensure the efficient translocations of lipid glycoconjugates across the ER membrane for protein glycosylation pathways.
Protest movements involving limited violence can sometimes be effective: Evidence from the 2020 BlackLivesMatter protests
Authors: Shuman Eric , Hasan-Aslih Siwar , van Zomeren Martijn , Saguy Tamar , Halperin Eran
Published: March 2022

Significance

The effects of recent protests for racial equality, particularly when they included violence, are currently of public and academic interest. To better understand these effects, we combine a dataset of all 2020 BlackLivesMatter protests with survey data containing measures of prejudice and support for police reform. Protests were not associated with reductions in prejudice, but were associated with increases in support for police reform. Specifically, a mix of nonviolent and violent protests was associated with an increase in police-reform support among conservatives living in liberal areas. This study highlights the importance of considering multiple measures of protest effectiveness and suggests that mass protest (including when it mixes nonviolence and violence) can be effective at advancing the movement’s goals.