bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social modelling of health behaviours: Testing self‐affirmation as a conformity‐reduction strategy
Authors: Reid Allecia E. , Field Matt , Jones Andrew , DiLemma Lisa C. G. , Robinson Eric
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Social conformity negatively affects health. Exposure to peers who model unhealthy alcohol or food consumption increases personal consumption. Self‐affirmation alters processes related to the motivations underlying conformity. We therefore tested whether self‐affirmation reduces conformity to unhealthy behaviour and does so by reducing affiliation needs and/or increasing self‐regulation.

Design

In two studies, participants were randomized to one of four conditions in a 2 (low vs. high peer modelling) × 2 (self‐affirmed vs. not) design.

Methods

In Study 1 (N = 153), a confederate modelled low or high alcohol consumption. Participants’ alcohol consumption was recorded; mimicry of confederates’ sips was coded. In Study 2 (N = 122), written information indicated others’ snack food intake during the study. Participants’ food consumption was recorded. Affiliative interest was assessed in both studies. Inhibitory control and private self‐awareness were assessed in Studies 1 and 2, respectively.

Results

In Study 1, participants exposed to heavy drinking consumed significantly more alcohol and mimicked the confederate more frequently than participants exposed to the light drinking model. Self‐affirmation did not reduce this tendency, nor did it affect affiliative interest or inhibitory control. Exploratory analysis supported that mimicry mediated the peer modelling–consumption relationship. In Study 2, participants ate more when they believed others had eaten a lot, as opposed to little. Self‐affirmation did not reduce this tendency and did not affect affiliative interest. Self‐affirmed participants had higher private self‐awareness than those who were not self‐affirmed, but self‐awareness did not affect consumption.

Conclusion

Peer behaviour strongly influences personal consumption. Self‐affirmation did not reduce behavioural conformity.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Exposure to peers who engage in high consumption of alcohol and unhealthy foods is associated with increased personal consumption.

Few studies have examined strategies to reduce conformity to consumption behaviours.

What does this study add?

Across two studies, self‐affirmation did not reduce behavioural conformity, despite its’ positive effects on private self‐awareness.

Conformity in face‐to‐face interactions is largely driven by mimicry.
Associations of atopic dermatitis and asthma with child behaviour: Results from the PROBIT cohort
Authors: Ballardini Natalia , Kramer Michael S. , Oken Emily , Henderson Alexander John , Bogdanovich Natalia , Dahhou Mourad , Patel Rita , Thompson Jennifer , Vilchuck Konstantin , Yang Seungmi , Martin Richard M. , Flohr Carsten
Published: May 2019

Background

Conflicting findings from studies evaluating associations of allergic disease with child behaviour require longitudinal studies to resolve.

Objective

To estimate the magnitude of associations of atopic dermatitis (AD) in infancy, and symptoms of asthma and AD at 6.5 years, with child behaviour at 6.5 years.

Methods

Secondary cohort analysis of the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT). PROBIT enrolled 17 046 infants at birth and followed them up at 6.5 years (n = 13 889). Study paediatricians collected data on infantile AD at repeated follow‐up examinations during the first year of life. At 6.5 years, paediatricians performed skin prick tests and parents reported asthma and AD symptoms during the prior year. In addition, parents and teachers completed the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, which includes scales on hyperactivity/inattention, emotional problems, conduct problems, peer problems and prosocial behaviours.

Results

Physician‐diagnosed AD in the first year of life was not associated with increased risk for behavioural problems at 6.5 years. Emotional problems at 6.5 years were more common among children with AD symptoms (OR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.62‐3.12) and asthma symptoms (OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.07‐1.96) during the past year at 6.5 years and ORs for children with symptoms of more severe AD and asthma were also higher. AD in the past year was also associated with probable hyperactivity/inattention disorder at 6.5 years (OR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.09‐3.84). Other subscales of the SDQ were not related to asthma or AD symptoms during the past year.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Children with AD symptoms were at higher risk for concomitant hyperactivity/inattention and emotional disorder, and children with asthma symptoms were at higher risk of having concomitant emotional problems. However, AD during infancy did not predict childhood behaviours.
MicroRNA-466a-3p attenuates allergic nasal inflammation in mice by targeting GATA3
Authors: Chen Z , Deng Y , Li F , Xiao B , Zhou X , Tao Z
Published: May 2019

Allergic rhinitis is thought to be an allergic disease associated with immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated immune response, characterized by increased T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine production, elevated eosinophil levels in the nasal mucosa and induced nasal secretions. MicroRNA (miRNA) microarray data revealed that the expression level of miR-466a-3p was significantly decreased. Notably, GATA binding protein (GATA-3) was identified as one of its target genes through miRNA target prediction web tools. The expression levels of miR-466a-3p were altered by mimics and lentivirus both in vivo and in vitro, similar to those of GATA-3. Furthermore, the symptoms and histology of allergic rhinitis as well as the levels of serum IgE and interleukin (IL)-4 were examined in different groups of mice. Interestingly, the results for lentiviral miR-466a-3p-treated allergic rhinitis mice were relatively similar to normal mice, compared to allergic rhinitis mice without treatment. Also, miR-466a-3p negatively regulated GATA-3 expression in allergic rhinitis mice, indicating the participant of Th2-cell responses in allergic rhinitis. Taken together, our findings highlight a new perspective on the role of miR-466a-3p in allergic rhinitis. In addition, this study provides a theoretical framework and experimental reference for future research targeting microRNAs as therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers of allergic rhinitis.
Out of mind, out of sight? Investigating abnormal face scanning in autism spectrum disorder using gaze‐contingent paradigm
Authors: Wang Qiandong , Hoi Sio Pan , Wang Yuyin , Song Ci , Li Tianbi , Lam Cheuk Man , Fang Fang , Yi Li
Published: May 2019

Diminished social motivation is hypothesized to explain abnormal face scanning pattern in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), especially reduced eye‐looking time in ASDs than typically developing (TD) people. Here, we tested an alternative explanation that children with ASD may use a compensatory strategy to avoid direct eye contact by processing the eyes through peripheral vision. We compared the face scanning patterns of children with and without ASD in two conditions: in the clear condition, the face was completely visible; in the blur condition, by using the gaze‐contingent paradigm, the whole face was blurred except for a small region being fixated at, thus children could not rely on the peripheral information to process the eyes. We found that children with ASD fixated less on the eyes than TD children in both conditions. Temporal‐course analyses further revealed the possible motivation‐based guidance of attention to process the eyes in the TD group but not in the ASD group. Additionally, we found that children with ASD scanned faces more randomly and less strategically than TD children. These results have ruled out the alternative hypothesis that the abnormal face scanning pattern in ASDs was due to their compensatory strategy to process eyes through peripheral vision, furthering our understanding of the mechanisms underlying their abnormal face scanning.
A review of the mechanism of action, metabolic profile and haemodynamic effects of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors
Authors: Brown Emily , Rajeev Surya P. , Cuthbertson Daniel J. , Wilding John P. H.
Published: May 2019

Inhibition of glucose transport in the kidney, to produce glucosuria and thus directly lower blood glucose seems a remarkably simple way to treat diabetes (type 1 or type 2). The development of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and their subsequent clinical development has on one hand shown this to be true, but at another level has helped reveal a complex web of interacting effects starting in the kidney and modulating multiple metabolic pathways in a variety of other organs. These underlie the now clear benefits of this class of drugs in the management of type 2 diabetes from glucose lowering, weight loss and blood pressure reduction through to the reductions in cardiovascular and renal complications observed in long‐term outcomes trials. They also explain some of the adverse effects that have emerged, including the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis. This review describes the effects of SGLT2 inhibition in relation to this complex physiology, and shows how this can favourably alter the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.
Switch costs in inhibitory control and voluntary behaviour: A computational study of the antisaccade task
Authors: Aponte Eduardo A. , Stephan Klaas E. , Heinzle Jakob
Published: May 2019

An integral aspect of human cognition is the ability to inhibit stimulus‐driven, habitual responses, in favour of complex, voluntary actions. In addition, humans can also alternate between different tasks. This comes at the cost of degraded performance when compared to repeating the same task, a phenomenon called the “task‐switch cost.” While task switching and inhibitory control have been studied extensively, the interaction between them has received relatively little attention. Here, we used the SERIA model, a computational model of antisaccade behaviour, to draw a bridge between them. We investigated task switching in two versions of the mixed antisaccade task, in which participants are cued to saccade either in the same or in the opposite direction to a peripheral stimulus. SERIA revealed that stopping a habitual action leads to increased inhibitory control that persists onto the next trial, independently of the upcoming trial type. Moreover, switching between tasks induces slower and less accurate voluntary responses compared to repeat trials. However, this only occurs when participants lack the time to prepare the correct response. Altogether, SERIA demonstrates that there is a reconfiguration cost associated with switching between voluntary actions. In addition, the enhanced inhibition that follows antisaccade but not prosaccade trials explains asymmetric switch costs. In conclusion, SERIA offers a novel model of task switching that unifies previous theoretical accounts by distinguishing between inhibitory control and voluntary action generation and could help explain similar phenomena in paradigms beyond the antisaccade task.
Helping Graduate Students Develop a Research Path
Authors: DeVaney Sharon A. , Wilmarth Melissa J. , Lee Young‐A , Delgadillo Lucy M. , Spangler Alice
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this article is to share suggestions for developing a research program or path for incoming or current graduate students. Students should inquire if any research opportunities will be available. The topic of a dissertation should be manageable in size and scope. The topic of a thesis or dissertation could lead to other projects so students should have a genuine interest in the topic. Students should become acquainted with faculty and their research before inviting a faculty member to be the student's adviser. When a thesis or dissertation is nearing completion, the student and adviser should work together to develop manuscripts based on the research.
Cognitive frailty in community‐dwelling older Japanese people: Prevalence and its association with falls
Authors: Kim Hunkyung , Awata Shuichi , Watanabe Yutaka , Kojima Narumi , Osuka Yosuke , Motokawa Keiko , Sakuma Naoko , Inagaki Hiroki , Edahiro Ayako , Hosoi Erika , Won Chang‐Won , Shinkai Shoji
Published: May 2019

Aim

To investigate the prevalence and associated factors of cognitive frailty and cognitive frailty‐related falls in community‐dwelling older people.

Methods

A total of 25 out of 1192 community‐dwelling older people aged >70 years with cognitive frailty participated in the present cross‐sectional study. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini‐Mental State Examination. Physical function measures included calf circumference, Timed Up and Go (TUG) and usual walking speed. Interviews were carried out to assess Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ); chronic diseases including hypertension, diabetes and falls; as well as physical frailty, defined as having three of five criteria: muscle weakness, slowness, exhaustion, low activity and weight loss.

Results

The prevalence of cognitive frailty was 2.1%. Participants with cognitive frailty had significantly reduced Mini‐Mental State Examination and calf circumference; and higher instrumental activities of daily living disability and falls. Old age (OR 1.151, 95% CI 1.053–1.257), fall history (OR 3.577, 95% CI 1.381–9.263), having four or more chronic diseases (OR 7.419, 95% CI 2.117–26.005) and slower TUG (OR 1.234, 95% CI 1.041–1.462) were significantly associated with cognitive frailty, whereas greater calf circumference (OR 0.748, 95% CI 0.625–0.895) and CNAQ (OR 0.736, 95% CI 0.628–0.8631) had protective effects. Old age (OR 1.132, 95% CI 1.002–1.280), hospitalization (OR 10.090, 95% CI 2.554–39.854), having four or more chronic diseases (OR 5.120, 95% CI 1.113–23.557) and slower TUG (OR 1.394, 95% CI 1.167–1.665) were significantly associated with cognitive frailty‐related falls, whereas CNAQ (OR 0.704, 0.571–0.868) had protective effects.

Conclusions

Age, chronic disease, TUG and CNAQ were significantly associated with cognitive frailty and cognitive frailty‐related falls. The TUG and CNAQ have the greatest potential for improvement by intervention or lifestyle change. Further research is necessary to determine the efficacy of positive changes in these factors for symptomatic improvements. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 647–653.
The Plague Doctor of Venice
Authors: Mussap Christian J.
Published: May 2019

There is a distinctive Venetian carnival mask with sinister overtones and historical significance to physicians because it belongs to the ‘Doctor of the Plague’. The costume features a beaked white mask, black hat and waxed gown. This was worn by mediaeval Plague Doctors as protection according to the Miasma Theory of disease propagation. The plague (or Black Death), ravaged Europe over several centuries with each pandemic leaving millions of people dead. The cause of the contagion was not known, nor was there a cure, which added to the widespread desperation and fear. Venice was a major seaport, and each visitation of the plague (beginning in 1348) devastated the local population. In response, Venetians were among the first to establish the principles of quarantine and ‘Lazarets’ which we still use today. Plague outbreaks have occurred in Australia, notably in Sydney (1900–1925), and continue to flare up in poorer communities, most recently in Madagascar (2017). Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment, but there are concerns regarding the emergence of resistant pathogenic strains ofYersinia pestis,and their potential use in bio‐terrorism.
Effectiveness of 1‐day trauma‐informed care training programme on attitudes in psychiatric hospitals: A pre–post study
Authors: Niimura Junko , Nakanishi Miharu , Okumura Yasuyuki , Kawano Masashi , Nishida Atsushi
Published: May 2019

Many patients in mental health settings are likely to have histories of interpersonal traumatic experiences. Mental health providers are recommended to adopt trauma‐informed care (TIC) to ensure sensitivity and responsiveness to the impact of trauma on patients. However, few studies have examined the effectiveness of a TIC training programme using standardized measures with follow‐up assessments. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a TIC training programme on attitudes towards TIC in mental health professionals. The study involved a pre–post design with 3‐month follow‐up assessments conducted between March and June 2018. In total, 65 mental health professionals from 29 psychiatric hospitals in Tokyo and its suburban prefectures participated in the study. Mental health professionals participated in a 1‐day programme consisting of a 3.5‐hour lecture and 1‐hour group discussion. Development of favourable attitudes towards TIC was the primary outcome, as assessed by using the Attitude Related Trauma‐Informed Care scale. The majority of participants were women (86%), and the mean age was 42.2 years. The mean score of the Attitude Related Trauma‐Informed Care scale scores increased significantly from 5.1 during pre‐training to 5.5 immediately after training (mean difference: 0.4; 95% confidence interval: 0.3–0.5) and 5.4 after 3 months (mean difference: 0.3; 95% confidence interval: 0.2–0.4). Furthermore, half of the participants claimed to have implemented TIC practice in daily clinical settings at the 3‐month follow‐up. These results suggested that this brief TIC training programme improved attitudes towards TIC practice significantly.
Documenting neotropical diversity of phoronids with DNA barcoding of planktonic larvae
Authors: Collin Rachel , Venera‐Pontón Dagoberto E. , Driskell Amy C. , Macdonald Kenneth S. , Chan Kit‐Yu Karen , Boyle Michael J.
Published: May 2019

Phoronid larvae, actinotrochs, are beautiful and complicated organisms which have attracted as much, if not more, attention than their adult forms. We collected actinotrochs from the waters of the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Panama, and used DNA barcoding of mtCOI, as well as 16S and 18S sequences, to estimate the diversity of phoronids in the region. We discovered three operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the Bay of Panama on the Pacific coast and four OTUs in Bocas del Toro on the Caribbean coast. Not only did all OTUs differ from each other by >10% pairwise distance in COI, but they also differed from all phoronid sequences in GenBank, including the four species for which adults have been reported for the Pacific of Panama, Phoronopsis harmeri, Phoronis psammophila, Phoronis muelleri, and Phoronis hippocrepia. In each ocean region, one common OTU was more abundant and occurred more frequently than other OTUs in our samples. The other five OTUs were relatively rare, with only one to three individuals collected during the entire project. Species accumulation curves were relatively flat but suggest that at least one more species is likely to be present at each site. Actinotrochs from the seven sequenced OTUs had morphologies typical of species with non‐brooded planktotrophic development and, in some cases, may be distinguished by differences in pigmentation and the arrangement of blood masses. We found one larva with morphology typical of brooded planktotrophic larvae for which sequencing failed, bringing the total number of potential species detected to eight and representing >50% of the adult species currently recognized globally.
Effects of body size, sex, parental care and moult strategies on auk diving behaviour outside the breeding season
Authors: Dunn Ruth E. , Wanless Sarah , Green Jonathan A. , Harris Michael P. , Daunt Francis
Published: May 2019

Information on seabird foraging behaviour outside the breeding season is currently limited. This knowledge gap is critical as this period is energetically demanding due to post‐fledging parental care, feather moult and changing environmental conditions. Based on species’ body size, post‐fledging parental strategy and primary moult schedule we tested predictions for key aspects of foraging behaviour (maximum dive depth (MDD), daily time submerged (DTS) and diurnal dive activity (DDA)) using dive depth data collected from three seabird species (common guillemot Uria aalge, razorbill Alca torda and Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica) from the end of the breeding season (July) to mid‐winter (January). We found partial support for predictions associated with body size; guillemots had greater MDD than razorbills but MDD did not differ between razorbills and puffins, despite the former being 35% heavier. In accordance with sexual monomorphism in all three species, MDD did not differ overall between the sexes. However, in guillemots and razorbills there were sex‐specific differences, such that male guillemots made deeper dives than females, and males of both species had higher DTS. In contrast, there were no marked sex differences in dive behaviour of puffins in July and August in accordance with their lack of post‐fledging parental care and variable moult schedule. We found support for the prediction that diving effort would be greater in mid‐winter compared to the period after the breeding season. Despite reduced daylight in mid‐winter, this increase in DTS occurred predominantly during the day and only guillemots appeared to dive nocturnally to any great extent. In comparison to diving behaviour of these species recorded during the breeding season, MDD was shallower and DTS was greater during the non‐breeding period. Such differences in diving behaviour during the post‐breeding period are relevant when identifying potential energetic bottlenecks, known to be key drivers of seabird population dynamics.
Trait Mindfulness and Anger in the Family: A Dyadic Analysis of Male Service Members and their Female Partners
Authors: Zhang Na , Piehler Timothy F. , Gewirtz Abigail H. , Zamir Osnat , Snyder James J.
Published: May 2019

Anger‐related problems have been documented among post‐deployed service members who returned home, posing risks to their well‐being and increasing distress in their families. Trait mindfulness (acting with awareness, nonjudging, and nonreactivity) has been associated with lower self‐reported anger. Using actor–partner interdependence models, we tested the association between trait mindfulness and parental anger observed in parent–child and couple interactions. The sample consisted of 155 dyads of male National Guard/Reserve members who had been recently deployed and returned, and their female non‐deployed partners. Results showed that fathers’ and mothers’ nonreactivity was negatively associated with their own observed anger, indicating that parents who reported higher nonreactivity exhibited lower anger. Mothers’ nonreactivity was also negatively associated with observed fathers’ anger in the same family such that fathers exhibited lower anger when their female partner reported higher nonreactivity. Nonreactivity facilitates emotion regulation and its cultivation may reduce anger in post‐deployed military families.
The Dividend Disconnect
Authors: HARTZMARK SAMUEL M. , SOLOMON DAVID H.
Published: May 2019

Many individual investors, mutual funds, and institutions trade as if dividends and capital gains are disconnected attributes, not fully appreciating that dividends result in price decreases. Behavioral trading patterns (e.g., the disposition effect) are driven by price changes instead of total returns. Investors rarely reinvest dividends, and trade as if dividends are a separate, stable income stream. Analysts fail to account for the effect of dividends on price, leading to optimistic price forecasts for dividend‐paying stocks. Demand for dividends is systematically higher in periods of low interest rates and poor market performance, leading to lower returns for dividend‐paying stocks.
Physicochemical, rheological, and molecular characterization of colloidal gelatin produced from Common carp by‐products using microwave and ultrasound‐assisted extraction
Authors: Mirzapour‐Kouhdasht Armin , Sabzipour Forouzan , Taghizadeh Mohammad Sadegh , Moosavi‐Nasab Marzieh
Published: May 2019

The effects of ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) methods on molecular and physicochemical characteristics of the resultant gelatin were examined. Before extraction procedure, we investigated the optimum pH for swelling of Common carp by‐products, which is an important pretreatment for gelatin production. The highest swelling yield was achieved at pH 13 among pH 1–14 with unit intervals. Results indicated that the UAE gelatin has a higher gel strength, viscosity, melting point, and gelling point. The power and time of sonication showed a reverse relation with these characteristics. In addition, as the time of microwave heating was raised, the gel strength, viscosity, melting point, and gelling point were decreased. The FT‐IR spectra showed similar peaks but the Amide B in UAE gelatin slightly vanished. The electrophoretic pattern also revealed the higher gel strength and viscosity of UAE gelatin due to the higher intensity of α and β chains compared to MAE gelatin. It can be concluded from all of the results of this study that the produced gelatin using these procedures can be a good source of gelatin in food and drug industries.
Snf2 controls pulcherriminic acid biosynthesis and antifungal activity of the biocontrol yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima
Authors: Gore‐Lloyd Deborah , Sumann Inés , Brachmann Alexander O. , Schneeberger Kerstin , Ortiz‐Merino Raúl A. , Moreno‐Beltrán Mauro , Schläfli Michael , Kirner Pascal , Santos Kron Amanda , Rueda‐Mejia Maria Paula , Somerville Vincent , Wolfe Kenneth H. , Piel Jörn , Ahrens Christian H. , Henk Daniel , Freimoser Florian M.
Published: May 2019

Metschnikowia pulcherrima synthesises the pigment pulcherrimin, from cyclodileucine (cyclo(Leu‐Leu)) as a precursor, and exhibits strong antifungal activity against notorious plant pathogenic fungi. This yeast therefore has great potential for biocontrol applications against fungal diseases; particularly in the phyllosphere where this species is frequently found. To elucidate the molecular basis of the antifungal activity of M. pulcherrima, we compared a wild‐type strain with a spontaneously occurring, pigmentless, weakly antagonistic mutant derivative. Whole genome sequencing of the wild‐type and mutant strains identified a point mutation that creates a premature stop codon in the transcriptional regulator gene SNF2 in the mutant. Complementation of the mutant strain with the wild‐type SNF2 gene restored pigmentation and recovered the strong antifungal activity. Mass spectrometry (UPLC HR HESI‐MS) proved the presence of the pulcherrimin precursors cyclo(Leu‐Leu) and pulcherriminic acid and identified new precursor and degradation products of pulcherriminic acid and/or pulcherrimin. All of these compounds were identified in the wild‐type and complemented strain, but were undetectable in the pigmentless snf2 mutant strain. These results thus identify Snf2 as a regulator of antifungal activity and pulcherriminic acid biosynthesis in M. pulcherrima and provide a starting point for deciphering the molecular functions underlying the antagonistic activity of this yeast.
A role for SPEECHLESS in the integration of leaf stomatal patterning with the growth vs disease trade‐off in poplar
Authors: McKown Athena D. , Klápště Jaroslav , Guy Robert D. , Corea Oliver R. A. , Fritsche Steffi , Ehlting Jürgen , El‐Kassaby Yousry A. , Mansfield Shawn D.
Published: May 2019

Occurrence of stomata on both leaf surfaces (amphistomaty) promotes higher stomatal conductance and photosynthesis while simultaneously increasing exposure to potential disease agents in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa).

A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) with 2.2M single nucleotide polymorphisms generated through whole‐genome sequencing found 280 loci associated with variation in adaxial stomatal traits, implicating genes regulating stomatal development and behavior. Strikingly, numerous loci regulating plant growth and response to biotic and abiotic stresses were also identified.

The most significant locus was a poplar homologue of SPEECHLESS (PtSPCH1). Individuals possessing PtSPCH1 alleles associated with greater adaxial stomatal density originated primarily from environments with shorter growing seasons (e.g. northern latitudes, high elevations) or with less precipitation. PtSPCH1 was expressed in developing leaves but not developing stem xylem. In developing leaves, RNA sequencing showed patterns of coordinated expression between PtSPCH1 and other GWAS‐identified genes.

The breadth of our GWAS results suggests that the evolution of amphistomaty is part of a larger, complex response in plants. Suites of genes underpin this response, retrieved through genetic association to adaxial stomata, and show coordinated expression during development. We propose that the occurrence of amphistomaty in P. trichocarpa involves PtSPCH1 and reflects selection for supporting rapid growth over investment in immunity.
Prevention of orthodontic enamel demineralization: A systematic review with meta‐analyses
Authors: Tasios Thomas , Papageorgiou Spyridon N. , Papadopoulos Moschos A. , Tsapas Apostolos , Haidich Anna‐Bettina
Published: May 2019

Aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of preventive interventions against the development of white spot lesions (WSLs) during fixed appliance orthodontic treatment. Nine databases were searched without limitations in September 2018 for randomized trials. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were done independently in duplicate. Random‐effects meta‐analyses of mean differences (MDs) or relative risks (RRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were conducted, followed by sensitivity analyses, and the GRADE analysis of the evidence quality. A total of 24 papers (23 trials) were included, assessing preventive measures applied either around orthodontic brackets (21 trials; 1427 patients; mean age 14.4 years) or molar bands (2 trials; 46 patients; age/sex not reported). Active patient reminders were associated with reduced WSL incidence on patient level compared to no reminder (3 trials; 190 patients; RR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.31‐0.64; Number Needed to Treat [NNT]: 3 patients), flat surface sealants were associated with reduced WSL incidence on tooth level than no sealant (5 trials; 2784 teeth; RR: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.63‐0.95; NNT: 33 teeth), and fluoride varnish was associated with reduced WSL severity on tooth level (2 trials; 1160 teeth; MD: −0.32 points; 95% CI: −0.44 to −0.21 points). However, the quality of evidence was low according to GRADE, due to risk of bias. Some evidence indicates that active patient reminders and flat surface sealants or fluoride varnish around orthodontic brackets might be associated with reduced WSL burden, but further research is needed.
Variability in donor selection among pediatric heart transplant providers: Results from an international survey
Authors: Godown Justin , Kirk Richard , Joong Anna , Lal Ashwin K. , McCulloch Michael , Peng David M. , Scheel Janet , Davies Ryan R. , Dipchand Anne I. , Miera Oliver , Gossett Jeffrey G.
Published: May 2019

There is considerable variability in donor acceptance practices among adult heart transplant providers; however, pediatric data are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess donor acceptance practices among pediatric heart transplant professionals. The authors generated a survey to investigate clinicians’ donor acceptance practices. This survey was distributed to all members of the ISHLT Pediatric Council in April 2018. A total of 130 providers responded from 17 different countries. There was a wide range of acceptable criteria for potential donors. These included optimal donor‐to‐recipient weight ratio (lower limit: 50%‐150%, upper limit: 120%‐350%), maximum donor age (25‐75 years), and minimum acceptable left ventricular EF (30%‐60%). Non‐US centers demonstrated less restrictive donor selection criteria and were willing to accept older donors (50 vs 35 years, P < 0.001), greater size discrepancy (upper limit weight ratio 250% vs 200%, P = 0.009), and donors with a lower EF (45% vs 50%, P < 0.001). Recipient factors were most influential in the decision to accept marginal donors including recipients requiring ECMO support, ventilator support, and highly sensitized patients with a negative XM. However, programmatic factors impacted the decision to decline marginal donors including recent programmatic mortalities and concerns for programmatic restrictions from regulatory bodies. There is significant variation in donor acceptance practices among pediatric heart transplant professionals. Standardization of donor acceptance practices through the development of a consensus statement may help to improve donor utilization and reduce waitlist mortality.
Longitudinal evaluation of liver stiffness in three pediatric patients with veno‐occlusive disease
Authors: Zama Daniele , Bossù Gianluca , Ravaioli Federico , Masetti Riccardo , Prete Arcangelo , Festi Davide , Pession Andrea
Published: May 2019

Liver stiffness measurement by transient elastography is a non‐invasive ultrasound‐based technique used mainly for the evaluation of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver diseases. Some authors have suggested that it could be useful in the assessment of hepatic complications during hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), especially veno‐occlusive disease (VOD) or sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (SOS). Here, we present the evaluation of liver stiffness in three patients who developed severe hepatic VOD/SOS after HSCT. Liver stiffness measurement values were normal before transplant and afterward until the diagnosis of VOD/SOS when a dramatic increase was observed. After the VOD/SOS specific treatment, the values of stiffness showed a similar pattern of progressive reduction in all the three patients, with normalization after two weeks. In this report, we discuss the role of LSM in the management of patients after the diagnosis of VOD/SOS.
Method for Visible Light‐Induced Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylparaben in Water Using Nanostructured Ag/AgBr@m‐WO3
Authors: Suliman Mohammed A. , Gondal Mohammed A. , Dastageer Mohamed A. , Chuah Gaik‐Khuan , Basheer Chanbasha
Published: May 2019

An efficient method of photocatalytic degradation of methylparaben in water using Ag nanoparticles (NPs) loaded AgBr‐mesoporous‐WO3 composite photocatalyst (Ag/AgBr@m‐WO3), under visible light is presented. In this process, quantification of methylparaben in water was carried out by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the HPLC results showed a significant reduction of methylparaben in water due to the enhanced of photocatalytic degradation efficiency of Ag/AgBr@m‐WO3. For the material synthesis, highly ordered mesoporous‐WO3 (m‐WO3) was initially synthesized by sol–gel method and AgBr nanoparticles (NPs) were subsequently introduced in the pores of m‐WO3, and finally, the Ag nanoparticles were introduced by light irradiation. The enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylparaben in water is attributed to the formation of surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) due to the introduction of Ag NPs on the surface of the catalyst. Also, the formation of heterojunction between AgBr and mesoporous‐WO3 in Ag/AgBr@m‐WO3 significantly inhibited the recombination of light‐induced electron‐hole pairs in the semiconductor composite. The morphological and optical characterizations of the synthesized photocatalysts (Ag/AgBr@m‐WO3) were carried out using SEM, TEM, XDR, N2 adsorption–desorption, UV‐VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Also, the photocatalytic studies using radical scavengers were carried out and the results indicated that is the main reactive species.
Nasal high‐flow therapy compared with non‐invasive ventilation in COPD patients with chronic respiratory failure: A randomized controlled cross‐over trial
Authors: McKinstry Steven , Singer Joseph , Baarsma Jan Pieter , Weatherall Mark , Beasley Richard , Fingleton James
Published: May 2019

Background and objective

Non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) is part of the standard of care for hypercapnic respiratory failure secondary to COPD, but may be poorly tolerated. Preliminary evidence suggests nasal high‐flow (NHF) therapy may improve hypercapnia in COPD and be well tolerated. We compared NHF and NIV in people with COPD and chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure.

Methods

Single‐blind randomized controlled two‐way cross‐over single‐centre trial was conducted in New Zealand. Twenty‐four participants with stable hypercapnic COPD received: NHF at 45 L/min and NIV at 15/4 cm H2O, each for 60 min with a 15‐min washout in between. The primary outcome was transcutaneous partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PtCO2) at 60 min, adjusted for baseline.

Results

NIV reduced the PtCO2 more than NHF (mean (SD) at 60 min by −5.3 (5.0) vs −2.5 (3.5) mm Hg; difference: −2.8 (−5.0 to −0.5) P = 0.021). Difference across all time points was −2.5 mm Hg (95% CI −4.5 to −0.5, P = 0.016). There was no significant difference in the proportion of participants with a reduction of PtCO2 ≥ 4 or ≥ 8 mm Hg. Participants rated NHF significantly better for ease of application, comfort and fit.

Conclusion

In stable COPD patients with chronic hypercapnia, NIV resulted in a greater reduction in PtCO2 compared with NHF, which was of uncertain clinical significance. NHF was better tolerated than NIV and may be a therapeutic option for some people with hypercapnic respiratory failure.Clinical Trial Registration: ACTRN12616001701415 at www.anzctr.org.au
Characterization of the novel HLA‐DQB1*03:02:01:08 allele by sequencing‐based typing
Authors: Ralazamahaleo Mamy , Elsermans Vincent , Top Isabelle , Guidicelli Gwendaline , Visentin Jonathan
Published: May 2019

HLA‐DQB1*03:02:01:08 differs from HLA‐DQB1*03:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 230 in pseudoexon 5.
Symbiont-Mediated Defense against Legionella pneumophila in Amoebae
Authors: König Lena , Wentrup Cecilia , Schulz Frederik , Wascher Florian , Escola Sarah , Swanson Michele S. , Buchrieser Carmen , Horn Matthias
Published: May 2019

Bacterial pathogens are generally investigated in the context of disease. To prevent outbreaks, it is essential to understand their lifestyle and interactions with other microbes in their natural environment.
Legionella pneumophila
is an important human respiratory pathogen that survives and multiplies in biofilms or intracellularly within protists, such as amoebae. Importantly, transmission to humans occurs from these environmental sources.
Legionella
infection generally leads to rapid host cell lysis. It was therefore surprising to observe that amoebae, including fresh environmental isolates, were well protected during
Legionella
infection when the bacterial symbiont
Protochlamydia amoebophila
was also present.
Legionella
was not prevented from invading amoebae but was impeded in its ability to develop fully virulent progeny and were ultimately cleared in the presence of the symbiont. This study highlights how ecology and virulence of an important human pathogen is affected by a defensive amoeba symbiont, with possibly major consequences for public health.
Resistance Gene-Directed Genome Mining of 50
Aspergillus
Species
Authors: Kjærbølling Inge , Vesth Tammi , Andersen Mikael R.
Published: May 2019

Species belonging to the
Aspergillus
genus are known to produce a large number of secondary metabolites; some of these compounds are used as pharmaceuticals, such as penicillin, cyclosporine, and statin. With whole-genome sequencing, it became apparent that the genetic potential for secondary metabolite production is much larger than expected. As an increasing number of species are whole-genome sequenced, thousands of secondary metabolite genes are predicted, and the question of how to selectively identify novel bioactive compounds from this information arises. To address this question, we have created a pipeline to predict genes involved in the production of bioactive compounds based on a resistance gene hypothesis approach.
A Simple Microbiome in the European Common Cuttlefish,
Sepia officinalis
Authors: Lutz Holly L. , Ramírez-Puebla S. Tabita , Abbo Lisa , Durand Amber , Schlundt Cathleen , Gottel Neil R. , Sjaarda Alexandra K. , Hanlon Roger T. , Gilbert Jack A. , Mark Welch Jessica L.
Published: May 2019

Microbes can play critical roles in the physiology of their animal hosts, as evidenced in cephalopods by the role of
Vibrio
(
Aliivibrio
)
fischeri
in the light organ of the bobtail squid and the role of
Alpha
- and
Gammaproteobacteria
in the reproductive system and egg defense in a variety of cephalopods. We sampled the cuttlefish microbiome throughout the digestive tract, gills, and skin and found dense colonization of an unexpected site, the esophagus, by a microbe of the genus
Vibrio
, as well as colonization of gills by
Piscirickettsiaceae
. This finding expands the range of organisms and body sites known to be associated with
Vibrio
and is of potential significance for understanding host-symbiont associations, as well as for understanding and maintaining the health of cephalopods in mariculture.
Assessment of a seismo-neotectonic origin for the New Liskeard–Thornloe scarp, Timiskaming graben, northeastern Ontario
Authors: Brooks Gregory R. , Pugin André J.-M.
Published: May 2019

To test an inference that the New Liskeard–Thornloe scarp (NLTS), Timiskaming graben, Ontario, is a deglacial–postglacial seismo-neotectonic fault, we collected shallow geophysical data along lines 7.2, 0.28, and 0.52 km long, located on three roads crossing the middle portion of the scarp. Data revealed a valley subsurface composed of bedrock (seismic unit a), glaciolacustrine–lacustrine deposits (units b to f), mass movement deposits (units ls 1 to ls 3), wave-worked sediments, mass wasting deposits and (or) artificial fill (unit g), and a minor occurrence of roadfill (unit h). The bedrock surface exhibits only minor undulations in the area underlying the scarp, indicating that the scarp morphology is unrelated to the underlying bedrock topography. Parallel reflectors in glaciolacustrine seismic units b and c conformably overlie the minor bedrock undulations and there is an absence of disturbed or offset zones within the reflectors underlying the scarp. This lack of disturbance or offset provides strong evidence that the scarp is not the product of deglacial–postglacial seismo-neotectonic faulting. The erosive truncation of glaciolacustrine seismic units d and e indicate that the scarp is an erosive feature cut into the glaciolacustrine deposits. It is likely a bluff formed by shoreline erosion, as is consistent with a geomorphic setting previously inundated by a large glacial lake and subsequent recessional lake stages. The non-fault origin for the NLTS limits the northern extent of the hypothesized Timiskaming East Shore Fault to within the Lake Timiskaming basin and, hence, constrains estimates of maximum rupture length.
Research on dynamic characteristics of gas film of spherical hybrid gas bearings based on computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Jia Chenhui , Cui Zhiwu , Guo Shijun , Ma Wensuo
Published: May 2019

A realizable k–ε turbulence model for spherical spiral groove hybrid gas bearing films was established based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A six degrees of freedom passive grid was used to calculate the gas film pressure distribution, bearing capacity, and dynamic characteristic coefficients numerically. The gas flow field dynamic and static pressure coupling mechanism was studied. The effects of the rotation speed, gas film thickness eccentricity ratio, and gas supply pressure on the dynamic and static pressure bearing capacity, and dynamic characteristic coefficients during operation were analyzed as a method of research into the mechanical mechanisms of gas bearing stability. The CFD calculation analysis can simulate the complex gas flow in the transient flow field of the gas film and determine reasonable operation parameters to optimize the dynamic and static pressure coupling effects, which can improve the gas film bearing capacity, dynamic characteristics, and operational stability of gas bearings.
Rota–Baxter operators on a sum of fields
Authors: Gubarev V.
Published: May 2019

We count the number of all Rota–Baxter operators (RB-operators) on a finite direct sum [Formula: see text] of fields and count all of them up to conjugation with an automorphism. We also study RB-operators on [Formula: see text] corresponding to a decomposition of [Formula: see text] into a direct vector space sum of two subalgebras. We show that every algebra structure induced on [Formula: see text] by a RB-operator of nonzero weight is isomorphic to [Formula: see text].
Experimental Investigation of the Seismic Performance of a Novel Bolt-Assembled Precast Panel Building Structure
Authors: Chen W. , Xiong F. , Lu Y. , Chen J. , Feng B. , Zhao P. , Malla P.
Published: May 2019

In this study, the authors investigated the behavior of the proposed bolt-assembled precast panel building (BPPB) system under the simulated seismic loading through a large experimental campaign. A pseudo-static test was carried out on a two-story half-scale building specimen constructed by many individual precast components which were properly joined together with bolted connections. The results show that the building specimen had the good seismic performance with high bearing capacity, comparable energy dissipation capacity and perfect structural integrity. The crack pattern and failure mode of the building specimen are different from those of traditional cast-in-situ concrete structures and equivalent cast-in-situ precast concrete structures. The final damage was concentrated in the bolted joint zones, a shear failure occurred in the edge of concrete panel near the bolt holes. It results in that the traditional design approaches of concrete shear wall cannot be applied to this new system. Therefore, the design philosophy and design formulas were proposed for the bolt-connected precast concrete panels to ensure the ductility of the panels and further improving the seismic performance of the BPPB system. The design theory of the bolt-connected precast concrete panels was validated by the successful prediction of the building specimen’s flexural capacity.