bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protective Role for Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-4, a Novel Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-γ Target Gene, in Smooth Muscle in Deoxycorticosterone Acetate–Salt Hypertension
Authors: Ketsawatsomkron Pimonrat , Keen Henry L. , Davis Deborah R. , Lu Ko-Ting , Stump Madeliene , De Silva T. Michael , Hilzendeger Aline M. , Grobe Justin L. , Faraci Frank M. , Sigmund Curt D.
Published: November 2015

Loss of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) function causes hypertension, whereas its activation lowers blood pressure. Evidence suggests that these effects may be attributable to PPARγ activity in the vasculature. However, the specific transcriptional targets of PPARγ in vessels remain largely unidentified. In this study, we examined the role of smooth muscle PPARγ during salt-sensitive hypertension and investigated its transcriptional targets and functional effect. Transgenic mice expressing dominant-negative PPARγ (S-P467L) in smooth muscle cells were more prone to deoxycorticosterone acetate–salt–induced hypertension and mesenteric arterial dysfunction compared with nontransgenic controls. Despite similar morphometry at baseline, vascular remodeling in conduit and small arteries was enhanced in S-P467L after deoxycorticosterone acetate–salt treatment. Gene expression profiling in aorta and mesenteric arteries revealed significantly decreased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP-4) in S-P467L. Expression of TIMP-4 was increased by deoxycorticosterone acetate–salt treatment, but this increase was ablated in S-P467L. Interference with PPARγ activity either by treatment with a PPARγ inhibitor, GW9662, or by expressing P467L PPARγ markedly suppressed TIMP-4 in primary smooth muscle cells. PPARγ binds to a PPAR response element (PPRE) in chromatin close to the TIMP-4 gene in smooth muscle cells, suggesting that TIMP-4 is a novel target of PPARγ. The interference with PPARγ and decrease in TIMP-4 were accompanied by an increase in total matrix metalloproteinase activity. PPARγ-mediated loss of TIMP-4 increased, whereas overexpression of TIMP-4 decreased smooth muscle cell migration in a scratch assay. Our findings highlight a protective mechanism induced by PPARγ in deoxycorticosterone acetate–salt treatment, establishing a novel mechanistic link between PPARγ and TIMP-4.
Relation of Central Arterial Stiffness to Incident Heart Failure in the Community
Authors: Tsao Connie W. , Lyass Asya , Larson Martin G. , Levy Daniel , Hamburg Naomi M. , Vita Joseph A. , Benjamin Emelia J. , Mitchell Gary F. , Vasan Ramachandran S.
Published: November 2015

Background

Arterial stiffness, pressure pulsatility, and wave reflection are associated with cardiovascular disease. Left ventricular function is coupled to proximal aortic properties, but the association of central aortic stiffness and hemodynamics with incident clinical heart failure (
HF
) is not well described.

Methods and Results

Framingham Study participants without clinical
HF
(n=2539, mean age 64 years, 56% women) underwent applanation tonometry to measure carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (
CFPWV
), central pulse pressure, forward wave amplitude, and augmentation index.
CFPWV
was inverse‐transformed to reduce heteroscedasticity and multiplied by −1 to restore effect direction (
iCFPWV
). Over 10.1 (range 0.04–12.9) years, 170
HF
events developed. In multivariable‐adjusted analyses,
iCFPWV
was associated with incident
HF
in a continuous, graded fashion (hazards ratio [
HR
] per
SD
unit [
SDU
] 1.29, 95% confidence interval [
CI
] 1.02–1.64,
P
=0.037).
iCFPWV
was associated with
HF
with reduced ejection fraction (
HR
=1.69/
SDU
, 95%
CI
1.19–2.42,
P
=0.0037) in age‐ and sex‐adjusted models, which was attenuated in multivariable‐adjusted models (
P
=0.065). Central pulse pressure and forward wave amplitude were associated with
HF
in age‐ and sex‐adjusted models (per
SDU
,
HR
=1.20, 95%
CI
1.06–1.37,
P
=0.006, and
HR
=1.15, 95%
CI
1.01–1.31,
P
=0.036, respectively), but not in multivariable‐adjusted models (both
P
≥0.28). Augmentation index was not associated with
HF
risk (
P
≥0.19 in all models).

Conclusions

In our prospective investigation of a large community‐based sample of middle‐aged to elderly individuals, greater aortic stiffness (reflected by higher
iCFPWV
) was associated with increased risk of
HF
. Future studies may investigate the impact of modifying aortic stiffness in reducing the community burden of
HF
.
Periodic Forcing of Inhibition-Stabilized Networks: Nonlinear Resonances and Phase-Amplitude Coupling
Authors: Veltz Romain , Sejnowski Terrence J.
Published: November 2015

Inhibition-stabilized networks (ISNs) are neural architectures with strong positive feedback among pyramidal neurons balanced by strong negative feedback from inhibitory interneurons, a circuit element found in the hippocampus and the primary visual cortex. In their working regime, ISNs produce damped oscillations in the [Formula: see text]-range in response to inputs to the inhibitory population. In order to understand the properties of interconnected ISNs, we investigated periodic forcing of ISNs. We show that ISNs can be excited over a range of frequencies and derive properties of the resonance peaks. In particular, we studied the phase-locked solutions, the torus solutions, and the resonance peaks. Periodically forced ISNs respond with (possibly multistable) phase-locked activity, whereas networks with sustained intrinsic oscillations respond more dynamically to periodic inputs with tori. Hence, the dynamics are surprisingly rich, and phase effects alone do not adequately describe the network response. This strengthens the importance of phase-amplitude coupling as opposed to phase-phase coupling in providing multiple frequencies for multiplexing and routing information.
A Sparse Reformulation of the Green’s Function Formalism Allows Efficient Simulations of Morphological Neuron Models
Authors: Wybo Willem A. M. , Boccalini Daniele , Torben-Nielsen Benjamin , Gewaltig Marc-Oliver
Published: November 2015

We prove that when a class of partial differential equations, generalized from the cable equation, is defined on tree graphs and the inputs are restricted to a spatially discrete, well chosen set of points, the Green’s function (GF) formalism can be rewritten to scale as [Formula: see text] with the number n of inputs locations, contrary to the previously reported [Formula: see text] scaling. We show that the linear scaling can be combined with an expansion of the remaining kernels as sums of exponentials to allow efficient simulations of equations from the aforementioned class. We furthermore validate this simulation paradigm on models of nerve cells and explore its relation with more traditional finite difference approaches. Situations in which a gain in computational performance is expected are discussed.
The Volo Command in Roman Comedy
Authors: Barrios-Lech Peter G.
Published: November 2015

The contribution aims to show how commands and requests withvolo(andnolo), e.g.volo te facere, “I want you to do [this]”, are constrained by social variables, specifically the relationship of hearer to speaker. There are 181 relevant tokens gathered from the corpus of extant Roman comedy. First, three kinds ofvolocommand are distinguished and discussed:volo+bald infinitive,volo+accusativus cum infinitivo, andvolo+finite clause with subjunctive. Second, the following are demonstrated: (1.)volo+AcI andvolo+subjunctive typically convey peremptory commands; (2.)volo+bald infinitive “prefers” requests compared to the former two expressions; (3.) all three expressions tend to be used in contexts where the speaker enjoys greater authority than the hearer. To conclude, it is suggested that Plautus may use the form to support the authoritative stance of characters in Amphitruo, Casina and Captivi.
A TaqMan real-time PCR assay for detection of Meloidogyne hapla in root galls and in soil
Authors: Sapkota Rumakanta , Skantar Andrea M. , Nicolaisen Mogens
Published: November 2015

Early detection and quantification of Meloidogyne hapla in soil is essential for effective disease management. The purpose of this study was to develop a real-time PCR assay for detection of M. hapla in soil. Primers and a TaqMan probe were designed for M. hapla detection. The assay detected M. hapla and showed no significant amplification of DNA from non-target nematodes. The assay was able to detect M. hapla in a background of plant and soil DNA. A dilution series of M. hapla eggs in soil showed a high correlation (, ) with Ct values. The assay could predict root-knot development in carrots by testing soils before planting. The assay could be useful for management decisions in carrot cultivation.
Towards an International Institutional Law of Information
Authors: Riegner Michael
Published: November 2015

How does international institutional law shape the way in which international institutions govern information and exercise cognitive authority? Drawing from the existing literature on indicators, data collection and transparency in international institutions such as the World Bank and the un, this paper argues that existing legal norms can be reconstructed as an overarching framework that legally structures global information governance. Indicators thus do not, as is often assumed, “escape” legal regulation; law rather co-constitutes the lens through which information about the world is generated. The paper analyses the institutional architecture and the modalities of informational action as well as the sources and regulatory modus of the existing legal framework. It exemplifies rules on institutional powers, participation, review and transparency and discusses general principles that structure the field. Taken together, these rules and principles circumscribe the emerging contours of an “international institutional law of information” that normatively frames the informational relationships between international institutions, states and individuals.
Two new species of Chiropterotriton (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from northern Mexico
Authors: ROVITO SEAN M. , PARRA-OLEA GABRIELA
Published: November 2015

Species of the genus Chiropterotriton are distributed through much of northern and eastern Mexico. The genus has presented taxonomic difficulties, with a number of species waiting to be described. We describe two new species, Chiropterotriton cieloensis sp. nov. and Chiropterotriton infernalis sp. nov., from the Mexican state of Tamaulipas based on both molecular and morphological data. We present a phylogenetic hypothesis for the group, with emphasis on the taxa from northern Mexico, based on mitochondrial DNA, and discuss the other species of northern Mexico, especially the wider-ranging C. multidentatus, to which the new species were formerly assigned.
A reappraisal of the rhacophorid bush frog Raorchestes flaviventris (Boulenger, 1882), with an evaluation of the taxonomic status of R. emeraldi Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu and Shankar, 2014
Authors: ABRAHAM ROBIN KURIAN , ZACHARIAH ANIL , CYRIAC VIVEK PHILIP
Published: November 2015

Raorchestes flaviventris, a species of rhacophorid bush frog described from the Western Ghats by George Albert Boulenger in 1882, has never been reported from the region since its description. However, we herewith report a record of the species after almost 132 years and redescribe the species and also clarify confusions that prevailed over the taxonomic status of the species and its closely-related congeners, along with shedding light on literature regarding its distribution. Also, the recently described R. emeraldi Vijayakumar et al., 2014, which we suggest to be the same species, becomes a junior subjective synonym of R. flaviventris.
A novel third species of the Western Ghats endemic genus Ghatixalus (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of its tadpole
Authors: ABRAHAM ROBIN KURIAN , MATHEW JOBIN K. , CYRIAC VIVEK PHILIP , ZACHARIAH ARUN , RAJU DAVID V. , ZACHARIAH ANIL
Published: November 2015

The Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot is a recognized center of rhacophorid diversity as demonstrated by several recent studies. The endemic genus Ghatixalus is represented by two species from two separate high-elevation regions within the Ghats. Here, we describe a third species that can be distinguished by morphological and larval characters, as well as by its phylogenetic placement.
Labrorostratus caribensis, a new oenonid polychaete from the Grand Caribbean living in the body cavity of a nereidid, with emendation of the genus
Authors: HERNÁNDEZ-ALCÁNTARA PABLO , CRUZ-PÉREZ ISMAEL NARCISO , SOLÍS-WEISS VIVIANNE
Published: November 2015

Endoparasitic relationships among polychaetes are uncommon and mostly restricted to about 20 species of the family Oenonidae. We herein describe Labrorostratus caribensis, a new oenonid species living in the body cavity of a nereidid polychaete in Chinchorro Bank (Mexican Caribbean). This is the first report of a parasitic relationship between oenonids and nereidids in the Grand Caribbean region. The new species is diagnosed by the jaw apparatus reduced to only maxillary carriers fused, one simple modified ventral chaeta from midbody and lack of acicular spines. The generic diagnosis is emended to include species without maxillary plates. A synopsis of parasitism among polychaetes worldwide is presented.
Mexican species of the genus Exenterus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Tryphoninae) reared from diprionid hosts
Authors: RUÍZ-CANCINO ENRIQUE , KHALAIM ANDREY I.
Published: November 2015

Two new species of the tryphonine genus Exenterus from Mexico, E. durangensis Khalaim & Ruíz-Cancino, sp. nov. and E. sehuerachicus Khalaim & Ruíz-Cancino, sp. nov., are described. Both species belong to the group of Exenterus species characterized by the unusually short, depressed tarsi. Exenterus durangensis was reared from the sawfly Zadiprion falsus Smith and E. sehuerachicus from Neodiprion autumnalis Smith (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). This is the first record of the genus Exenterus as a parasitoid of these hosts. An identification key to separate the two Mexican species of Exenterus is provided.
The tadpoles of two species of the Bokermannohyla circumdata group (Hylidae, Cophomantini)
Authors: PEZZUTI TIAGO LEITE , SANTOS MARCUS THADEU TEIXEIRA , MARTINS SOFIA VELASQUEZ , LEITE FELIPE SÁ FORTES , GARCIA PAULO CHRISTIANO ANCHIETTA , FAIVOVICH JULIÁN
Published: November 2015

We describe the external morphology and oral cavity of the tadpoles of Bokermannohyla caramaschii and B. diamantina respectively from the states of Espírito Santo and Bahia, Brazil. Larvae of both species are distinguished from each other by external characters such as body shape, labial tooth-row formula, number of marginal papillae, coloration and internal oral anatomy features. Some of the character states of the tadpoles of B. caramaschii and B. diamantina that are shared with all other described tadpoles of the Bokermannohyla circumdata group, such as the absence/reduction of small flaps with accessory labial teeth laterally in the oral disc, and the absence/reduction of submarginal papillae, may represent morphological synapomorphies of this species group, or at least of some internal clade. The general pattern of brownish coloration with longitudinal stripes on the caudal muscle is also common to most species of the group. We did not find character states of the oral cavity that are exclusively shared by species of the B. circumdata group, or by other groups of Bokermannohyla.
A new species of limestone karst inhabiting forest frog, genus Platymantis (Amphibia: Anura: Ceratobatrachidae: subgenus Lupacolus) from southern Luzon Island, Philippines
Authors: BROWN RAFE M. , LAYOLA LOUISE ABIGAIL DE , LORENZO ANTONIO II , DIESMOS MAE LOWE L. , DIESMOS ARVIN C.
Published: November 2015

We describe a new species of limestone karst dwelling forest frog of the genus Platymantis from the Quezon Protected Landscape in southeastern Luzon Island, Philippines. We assign Platymantis quezoni, sp. nov., to the diverse assemblage of terrestrial species in the Platymantis dorsalis Group, subgenus Lupacolus on the basis of its body size and proportions, only slightly expanded terminal discs of the fingers and toes, and its terrestrial microhabitat. The new species is distinguished from these and all other Philippine congeners by features of its external morphology, its restriction to a distinctive limestone karst microhabitat, and its advertisement call, which is unique among frogs of the family Ceratobatrachidae. Several distinguishing morphological characters include its moderate body size (22.1–33.9 mm SVL for 16 adult males and 32.4–39.7 mm SVL for five adult females), slightly expanded terminal discs of the fingers and toes, smooth skin with limited dermal tuberculation, and a dorsal color pattern of mottled tan to dark brown with black blotches. The new species is the sixth Philippine Platymantis known to occur exclusively on limestone karst substrates (previously known karst-obligate species include: P. bayani, P. biak, P. insulatus, P. paengi, and P. speleaus). Recently accelerated discovery of limestone karst anurans across the Philippines suggests that numerous additional species may await discovery on the hundreds of scattered karst formations throughout the archipelago. This possibility suggests that a major conservation priority in coming years will be to study, characterize, describe, and preserve the endemic species supported by this patchy, unique and imperiled type of forest ecosystem in the Philippines.
Systematic revision of the Malagasy chameleons Calumma boettgeri and
C. linotum (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)
Authors: PRÖTZEL DAVID , RUTHENSTEINER BERNHARD , SCHERZ MARK D. , GLAW FRANK
Published: November 2015

We revise the taxonomic status of two species of Madagascan chameleons in light of a recent molecular phylogenetic study on the Calumma nasutum group. The investigation of morphological and osteological characters led to a clear delineation between two species within the C. boettgeri complex, C. boettgeri and C. linotum. Calumma linotum has been considered either a synonym of C. boettgeri or a dubious, poorly defined taxon. So far it has only been known from the male holotype with the imprecise locality ‘Madagascar’. Based on pholidosis, morphological measurements and characters of the skull that were analyzed using micro-X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) scans, we ascribe the population of chameleons from Montagne d’Ambre, formerly assigned to C. boettgeri, to C. linotum. Calumma linotum differs from C. boettgeri in the larger size of tubercle scales on the extremities and rostral appendage, the larger diameter of the extremities relative to the body size, the presence of a parietal crest as well as the form of the nasal bones and the anterior tip of the frontal. The life colouration of the males is also characteristic, with a blue rostral appendage and greenish turquoise extremities. The body and rostral appendage of C. boettgeri in contrast are inconspicuously yellowish brown coloured. All confirmed distribution records of C. boettgeri are confined to the biogeographic Sambirano region whereas C. linotum is only known from Montagne d’Ambre and a locality at the base of the Tsaratanana massif. Additional literature records of C. boettgeri and C. linotum from northeastern Madagascar are in need of confirmation. We also confirm the synonymy of Chamaeleo macrorhinus (described from a female holotype with an unknown locality) with Calumma boettgeri. The use of micro-CT exposed further characteristics for species delimitation in an integrative taxonomic approach. In addition to the skull, we also micro-CT scanned the hemipenes of C. boettgeri and C. linotum, using an iodine-based tissue stain, and provide 3D PDF models of these organs. This method enables detailed illustration and the detection of variation in particular characters, and might be an important tool in further taxonomic studies on the C. nasutum group and other squamate reptiles.
Neocaeculus orientalis sp. nov. (Acari, Trombidiformes, Caeculidae) from Thailand
Authors: FUANGARWORN MARUT , BUTCHER BUNTIKA AREEKUL
Published: November 2015

A new species of the predatory mite family Caeculidae, N. orientalis sp. nov., is described and illustrated, based on adult and all active immature instars from moss and forest litter of various localities in Thailand. Neocaeculus orientalis sp. nov. differs from its congeners in uniquely having the adult femur I divided but femora II–IV entire, adult coxal setation of 5-1-2-1 (4a excluded), and heterogeneous coxal setae. It is the first Neocaeculus species known to have no seta vi (= po) in all stages. A comparison of the diagnostic characters of known Neocaeculus species is given.
Chromosomal and morphological taxonomy of a new species of black fly in the genus Metacnephia (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Western Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: ŞIRIN UMIT D. , ADLER PETER H.
Published: November 2015

A new species of black fly collected in April from streams 950–1000 m above sea level in Western Anatolia, Turkey, is described on the basis of females, males, pupae, larvae, and polytene chromosomes. Metacnephia phrygiensis new species is structurally and chromosomally distinct from all other known species of the genus, particularly in having unique fixed inversions in chromosomal arms IL and IIIL and a fenestrated cocoon.
The identity and distribution of Fiorinia phantasma (Cockerell & Robinson) Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae), with a new synonym
Authors: WATSON GILLIAN W. , WILLIAMS DOUGLAS J. , MILLER DOUGLASS R.
Published: November 2015

The morphologies of Fiorinia phantasma (Cockerell & Robinson) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) and F. coronata Williams & Watson are reviewed, and the name F. coronata is placed as a junior synonym of the name F. phantasma syn. n. The known geographical distribution and host range of F. phantasma is documented and discussed. An identification key to 12 of the 16 species of Fiorinia known from the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions is provided.
A Method for Calculating the Height of Overshooting Convective Cloud Tops Using Satellite-Based IR Imager and CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar Observations
Authors: Griffin Sarah M. , Bedka Kristopher M. , Velden Christopher S.
Published: November 2015

Assigning accurate heights to convective cloud tops that penetrate into the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) region using infrared (IR) satellite imagery has been an unresolved issue for the satellite research community. The height assignment for the tops of optically thick clouds is typically accomplished by matching the observed IR brightness temperature (BT) with a collocated rawinsonde or numerical weather prediction (NWP) profile. However, “overshooting tops” (OTs) are typically colder (in BT) than any vertical level in the associated profile, leaving the height of these tops undetermined using this standard approach. A new method is described here for calculating the heights of convectively driven OTs using the characteristic temperature lapse rate of the cloud top as it ascends into the UTLS region. Using 108 MODIS-identified OT events that are directly observed by the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), the MODIS-derived brightness temperature difference (BTD) between the OT and anvil regions can be defined. This BTD is combined with the CPR- and NWP-derived height difference between these two regions to determine the mean lapse rate, −7.34 K km−1, for the 108 events. The anvil height is typically well known, and an automated OT detection algorithm is used to derive BTD, so the lapse rate allows a height to be calculated for any detected OT. An empirical fit between MODIS and geostationary imager IR BT for OTs and anvil regions was performed to enable application of this method to coarser-spatial-resolution geostationary data. Validation indicates that ~75% (65%) of MODIS (geostationary) OT heights are within ±500 m of the coincident CPR-estimated heights.
Tropical Cyclone–Relative Environmental Helicity and the Pathways to Intensification in Shear
Authors: Onderlinde Matthew J. , Nolan David S.
Published: November 2015

Tropical cyclone–relative environmental helicity (TCREH) is a measure of how the wind vector changes direction with height, and it has been shown to modulate the rate at which tropical cyclones (TCs) develop both in idealized simulations and in reanalysis data. The channels through which this modulation occurs remain less clear. This study aims to identify the mechanisms that lead to the observed variations in intensification rate. Results suggest that the difference in intensification rate between TCs embedded in positive versus negative TCREH primarily results from the position of convection and associated latent heat fluxes relative to the wind shear vector. When TCREH is positive, convection is more readily advected upshear and air parcels that experience larger fluxes are more frequently ingested into the TC core. Trajectories computed from high-resolution simulations demonstrate the recovery of equivalent potential temperature downwind of convection, latent heat flux near the TC core, and parcel routes through updrafts in convection. Differences in trajectory characteristics between TCs embedded in positive versus negative TCREH are presented. Contoured frequency-by-altitude diagrams (CFADs) show that convection is distributed differently around TCs embedded in environments characterized by positive versus negative TCREH. They also show that the nature of the most intense convection differs only slightly between cases of positive and negative TCREH. The results of this study emphasize the fact that significant variability in TC-intensification rate results from vertical variations in the environmental wind direction, even when the 850–200-hPa wind shear vector remains unchanged.
Relationships among Four-Dimensional Hybrid Ensemble–Variational Data Assimilation Algorithms with Full and Approximate Ensemble Covariance Localization
Authors: Liu Chengsi , Xue Ming
Published: November 2015

Ensemble–variational data assimilation algorithms that can incorporate the time dimension (four-dimensional or 4D) and combine static and ensemble-derived background error covariances (hybrid) are formulated in general forms based on the extended control variable and the observation-space-perturbation approaches. The properties and relationships of these algorithms and their approximated formulations are discussed. The main algorithms discussed include the following: 1) the standard ensemble 4DVar (En4DVar) algorithm incorporating ensemble-derived background error covariance through the extended control variable approach, 2) the 4DEnVar neglecting the time propagation of the extended control variable (4DEnVar-NPC), 3) the 4D ensemble–variational algorithm based on observation space perturbation (4DEnVar), and 4) the 4DEnVar with no propagation of covariance localization (4DEnVar-NPL). Without the static background error covariance term, none of the algorithms requires the adjoint model except for En4DVar. Costly applications of the tangent linear model to localized ensemble perturbations can be avoided by making the NPC and NPL approximations. It is proven that En4DVar and 4DEnVar are mathematically equivalent, while 4DEnVar-NPC and 4DEnVar-NPL are mathematically equivalent. Such equivalences are also demonstrated by single-observation assimilation experiments with a 1D linear advection model. The effects of the non-flow-following or stationary localization approximations are also examined through the experiments.

All of the above algorithms can include the static background error covariance term to establish a hybrid formulation. When the static term is included, all algorithms will require a tangent linear model and an adjoint model. The first guess at appropriate time (FGAT) approximation is proposed to avoid the tangent linear and adjoint models. Computational costs of the algorithms are also discussed.
Ahoy, Marine Sociology
Authors: Cameron Clark
Published: November 2015

There are new aquatic vistas for sociology in the unsurveyed lives of mariners, fishermen, and skindivers. Why do some societies send their people down to the sea while others do not? Why are some cultures content to fish, while others range afar for commerce and conquest? If marine agriculture is to counter the population explosion, what social skills and forces will bring it about? Clark Cameron, a long-time sailor and student of the Far East, is with Opinion Research Corporation of Princeton. He has organized a new Institute for International Marine Research which, hopefully, will lead to some of the consequences outlined in this futuristic article.
Research Philosophy
Authors:   Center for International Studies, M.I.T.
Published: November 2015

The rich, we know, pass into heaven only with great difficulty. M.I.T. and its component parts are well-endowed, receive solicitous attention from the richest foundations, and capitalize on the magic of the hardware sciences. Moreover, academic research organizations that claim a rationale beyond mere housekeeping must be viewed suspiciously; their rationalization comes glibly. Withal, the Center for International Studies of M.I.T. has risen above these conditions over the years. The pragmatic theory of making meaning out of process and shaping process from meaning is manifest in this statement of the Center's philosophy, from its Eighth Annual Report.
A History of Measures
Authors: Stecchini Livio C.
Published: November 2015

Dr. Stecchini, who related the original alphabet to a prior numerical divining system in the February issue of ABS, here summarizes the results of research on the origins of measures. The world's measuring systems probably have a common root in ancient Mesopotamia. In some cultures they were endowed with a religious aura; in Greece they gave rise to the dispute between Protagoras, that “Man is the measure of all things,” and Plato, that “God is the measure of all things.” In the modern world, a number of theoretical misconceptions arise because scientists and humanists have forgotten the true nature of measure.
Some Non-programmatic Dimensions of Parties
Authors: Kessel John H.
Published: November 2015

The author's role as an activist in the recent Presidential campaign leads him to suggest some factors which, though they may have little to do with policy, seriously affect party leaders' decisions. Mr. Kessel teaches in the Deparment of Political Science at Amherst College.
The Humanities and the Social Sciences
Authors: Homans George Casper
Published: November 2015

Scientific behavior is as common to the humanities as it is to the social sciences—in fact, many of the humanities are social sciences, a condition that should shame neither party. Though there is a clear intellectual line beween the arts and the sciences, no such line can be drawn between the humanistic social sciences and the “social” social sciences. There is a difference in perceived social status, which could be reduced by a better understanding of the common ground on which the humanist and the social scientist stand, Professor Homans, of Harvard, states as his qualifications “that I took my bachelor's degree in English literature, I am a professor of sociology, and I write history.” This article was prepared for the American Council of Learned Societies and is published with its kind permission.
Patterns of Consensus in Developing Countries
Authors: Ashford Douglas E.
Published: November 2015

Consensus is a vague, but widely used concept in the study of political systems. It probably takes different forms in developed and newly-established countries. This study of local party officials in Morocco devises a quantitative index and shows that consensus decreases as the frame of reference becomes more immediate; national unity gets high agreement, party questions low: Do developed nations show less of a decrease on party questions? The author, who is with the Indiana University Department of Government, plans further research in North Africa and Pakistan on consensus, and invites comments aimed at improving this complicated area of comparative government studies. He thanks Karl Schuessler and Melvin De Fleur for their advice.
Raising the Sights of Research on Peace
Authors: Singer J. David
Published: November 2015

The author, Associate Research Political Scientist at the University of Michigan, asks some questions of international study, growing out of his conviction that the psychologically-oriented behavioral scientists have not attended to the solution of the big problems of war, peace, and world order.
Has the Public Official an Obligation to Restrict His Friendships?: The Right to Privacy vs. the Public Interest
Authors: Dexter Lewis A.
Published: November 2015

The public interest and tactical considerations require (and should require) a public official to control his friendships, though friendship as well as merit can and perhaps should be taken into consideration in political appointment. In general, the person in public life may find that he hears only one point of view from his friends; if he wishes to appear unbiased and be less biased he should deliberately include persons of divergent viewpoints among his acquaintances. The author finds a limited meaning in “guilt by association” and states his preferences. Dr. Dexter is an independent consultant and researcher in political science who has worked for both Republican and Democratic candidates; his address is 536 Pleasant St., Belmont, Mass.
The Annals of Research: A Case of Collaboration in Comparative Study of Legislative Behavior
Authors: Wahlke John C. , Eulau Heinz , Buchanan William , Ferguson Leroy C.
Published: November 2015

This recounting of the experience of the State Legislative Research Project demonstrates that it is possible to weld together a research team whose individual members come to the common task with different theoretical orientations, different substantive concerns, different approaches, and without even prior mutual acquaintance. It points to the benefits accruing from joint effort, and suggests some of the difficulties and costs of collaborative research. It also offers strong evidence that direct interviews with the total populations of many institutionalized political groups are not only feasible but promise to be a powerful weapon in the arsenal of social research. The authors are presently associated, respectively, with Vanderbilt University, Stanford University, the University of Southern California, and Michigan State University.
Elements of Automated Teaching
Authors: Baker Anthony
Published: November 2015

The director of the automated teaching projects for the Autometric Corporation (NYC) concisely outlines the values and drawbacks of the new programmed learning methods. The evidence indicates that, given adequate programming, learning can be faster and better. The methods are still plagued by mechanical bugs, and materials often must be presented in rather uninteresting fashion. Nevertheless, automated teaching has marvellous potential for diffusing the world's pool of fundamental data and information among greater and greater numbers of people.
Tunis Connections: Concatenations and Missed Opportunities, Bond, Fanon, Foucault
Authors: Gibson Nigel C.
Published: November 2015

Reflecting on Contested Terrains and Constructed Categories: Contemporary Africa in Focus, a book George Bond and I edited during our work at the Institute of African Studies at Columbia University in the late 1990s, this paper considers the notion of contested terrains, that for George Bond was played out in the scholarship of African studies, in the daily encounters which he had with his colleagues, and in his Zambian research. Bond understood these contestations as continuously operating on and across and often taking place below the surface or at the margins of insititutions. This paper emerged in response to Bond’s invitation to speak about Fanon’s psychiatry writings and Fanon’s critique of sociotherapy on a panel he was organizing at the American Anthropological Association in 2014 (AAA). After he died, the focus shifted to include Bond alongside Fanon and Foucault underscoring the continued need for dialog on the work of three intellectuals—African-American, African Caribbean, and French. The connections and misconnections between Fanon and Foucault is in part the discussion about contested terrains and the willfulness of constructed categories. Indeed, intellectual genealogies, the unknown connections as well as dividing lines was something that interested Bond, the anthrolopologist of the politics of knowledge.
Roles of Proton-Sensing Receptors in the Transition from Acute to Chronic Pain
Authors: Sun W.H. , Chen C.C.
Published: November 2015

Chronic pain, when not effectively treated, is a leading health and socioeconomic problem and has a harmful effect on all aspects of health-related quality of life. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of how pain transitions from the acute to chronic phase is essential for developing effective novel analgesics. Accumulated evidence has shown that the transition from acute to chronic pain is determined by a cellular signaling switch called hyperalgesic priming, which occurs in primary nociceptive afferents. The hyperalgesic priming is triggered by inflammatory mediators and is involved in a signal switch from protein kinase A (PKA) to protein kinase Cε (PKCε) located in both isolectin B4 (IB4)–positive (nonpeptidergic) and IB4-negative (peptidergic) nociceptors. Acidosis may be the decisive factor regulating the PKA-to-PKCε signal switch in a proton-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor-dependent manner. Protons can also induce the hyperalgesic priming in IB4-negative muscle nociceptors in a PKCε-independent manner. Acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) and transient receptor potential/vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (TRPV1) are 2 major acid sensors involved in the proton-induced hyperalgesic priming. The proton-induced hyperalgesic priming in muscle afferents can be prevented by a substance P–mediated signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize the factors that modulate hyperalgesic priming in both IB4-positive and IB4-negative nociceptors and discuss the role of acid signaling in inflammatory and noninflammatory pain as well as orofacial muscle pain.
On the Value Integration of Successfully Reformed Ex-Convicts: A Comparison With Moral Exemplars
Authors: Wright Jennifer Cole , Hoffmann Heath , Coen Olivia
Published: November 2015

The issue of successfully reintegrating ex-prisoners into society is a critical one. To assess the process of successful reintegration, we interviewed five male ex-convicts about their past versus present lives. Their responses were coded for self-oriented (agency) and community-oriented values. We found a shift away from “unmitigated” agency, toward community values from past to present, and also an integration of agency with community similar to that found in moral exemplars. This increase in integration was not found in a demographically matched control group. The transitions exemplified in these ex-convicts’ narratives help define potential paths for successful reintegration into society.
Bringing Curriculum to Life
Authors: Tobias Evan S. , Campbell Mark Robin , Greco Phillip
Published: November 2015

At its core, project-based learning is based on the idea that real-life problems capture student interest, provoke critical thinking, and develop skills as they engage in and complete complex undertakings that typically result in a realistic product, event, or presentation to an audience. This article offers a starting point for music teachers who might be interested in using project-based learning as a teaching strategy and also interested in “building” student competency and “bringing to life” student engagement in the music curriculum. To help music educators enact project-based learning in their classes and ensembles, we outline a process for designing and facilitating projects, provide vignettes that situate theory in practice, and discuss projects in relation to curriculum, standards, assessment, and teacher evaluation.
Music Education for All through Participatory Ensembles
Authors: Thibeault Matthew D.
Published: November 2015

This article explores how the participatory field can complement and enhance even successful music education programs. The participatory field, part of Thomas Turino’s four-field framework, conceptualizes the musical values and practices of societies where musical participation is nearly universal. The participatory field contrasts with the specialist-oriented presentational field found in most music programs in U.S. schools. Three examples, a samba academy and two ukulele groups, show how the participatory field has been implemented in public schools in the United States. These examples highlight the participatory field’s ability to allow simultaneous participation across the age and ability spectrum, with all participants’ contributions equally valued. The values and practices of the participatory field also make clear the tension in music education between specialization (that causes fewer students to participate) and the broad participation that flows naturally from participatory music.
Mini-Concerts
Authors: Gifford Cody , Johnson Erik
Published: November 2015

Mini-concerts are regularly occurring, low-stakes curricular events in the classroom where students perform music of their choice for their peers. An idea generated by music educators in domestic and international K–12 schools who strive to meet the needs of diverse student populations, mini-concerts have helped generate student excitement and cultural awareness in general music, bands, orchestras, and choirs in large and small programs alike. By creating a curricular space for students to share school-appropriate music that interests them in an informal and fun environment, mini-concerts can also help build student confidence through the active support of peers. This article includes resources and weekly schedules and describes ways that mini-concerts offer a platform for developing performance skill, music literacy, audience etiquette, and innovative thinking.
Understanding Copyright and Fair Use in the Music Classroom
Authors: Drummond Tim
Published: November 2015

Many music educators do not sufficiently understand the complicated system of U.S. copyright law or what constitutes “fair use,” resulting in both illegal and overly conservative practices. Increasingly accessible recording and distribution technology has also led to common practices such as posting performances on YouTube, creating rehearsal tracks, and student arranging projects for performance. Though current laws are not designed to address these practices, musicians and copyright holders alike seem to have moved on without legislation. This article offers a brief summary of copyright law as it pertains to music teachers, including discussions of fair use and the public domain and some legal alternatives to copyright infringement.
Assessing Vocational Rehabilitation Professionals’ Competencies in Taiwan
Authors: Dutta Alo , Kundu Madan M. , Chan Fong , Wang Ming Hung , Huang I-Chun , Fleming Kayla , Bezyak Jill
Published: November 2015

Rehabilitation counselor skills, knowledge, and training are significant predictors of quality of employment outcome. In the past decade, vocational rehabilitation (VR) and placement-related work settings in Taiwan have gone through a tremendous amount of change to reflect changing policies, types of disabilities, and global factors. VR professionals’ competencies also need to be addressed to keep pace with this transformation. The purpose of this study was to validate the Taiwanese version of the Systems Approach to Placement: Self-Assessment for Students and Counselors (SAP-SASC), designed to identify critical areas of knowledge, skills, and competencies possessed by practicing VR professionals. A total of 116 participants completed the instrument. The participants represent (a) rehabilitation counseling master’s students from National Changhua University of Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, and National Taiwan Normal University and (b) job coaches, VR case managers, and other VR professionals from the Council of Labor Affairs in Taichung, Changhua, Nantou, and Taipei counties. Multi-trait scaling analysis revealed eight components of VR professionals’ competence (client, health, education, family, social, employer, placement, and funding). The respondents expressed the highest level of competence in providing job seeking and social skills training, addressing job modification needs, performing job analysis, and referring clients of community-based support services.
How to remember: War, Armistice and memory in post-1918 British fiction
Authors: Smith Angela K.
Published: November 2015

Post-1918 literature has played a major part in determining the way the First World War has been remembered in the British national consciousness. The post-war literary boom in the late 1920s and early 1930s has shaped many impressions of the war, allowing images of the Western Front to dominate memory. This article, however, explores alternative ways that post-war literature has commemorated the war, beginning with the Armistice, to track the significance of memory in Britain in the immediate post-war decades. My concern here is the focus on memory in non-war fiction and some memoir: those stories written in the inter-war decades that do not look backwards, but instead deal with the aftermath, By considering the fiction of writers such as Irene Rathbone, Virginia Woolf, Dorothy L. Sayers and Winifred Holtby as they engage with the complex issues surrounding how to remember, I will examine whether these writers, as women, endorsed the culture of disillusionment or offered alternative modes of remembrance.
Growth trajectories of Mexican-origin adolescent mothers’ educational expectations
Authors: Bravo Diamond Y. , Toomey Russell B. , Umaña-Taylor Adriana J. , Updegraff Kimberly A. , Jahromi Lauden B.
Published: November 2015

Pregnant and parenting adolescents are at significant risk for educational underachievement. Educational expectations play a critical role for understanding subsequent educational attainment; yet, limited empirical attention has been given to changes in educational expectations across the transition to parenthood among adolescent mothers. This longitudinal study explored stability and change in educational expectations across the transition to parenthood among 191 first-time pregnant Mexican-origin adolescents ( Mage = 16.76, SD = .98). The current study also examined how several contextually relevant risk and protective factors were associated with differential patterns of educational trajectories across this transition and subsequent educational attainment. Latent class growth analyses revealed three educational expectation trajectories: low and stable (< high-school degree), moderate and increasing (≈ associate degree), and high and increasing (≈ bachelor’s degree). Adolescent mothers in the low and stable group encountered several educational risk factors that partially explained their probability of membership in this trajectory and subsequent lower attainment. Conversely, probability of membership in the high and increasing expectations class was partially explained by adolescents’ on-track school status at the time of pregnancy and their mother figures’ educational expectations for their pregnant daughters. These findings have implications for understanding the malleable factors that help to explain why some adolescent mothers describe consistently high educational expectations and subsequent higher attainment, while others do not.