bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Optimal Experimental Design for Race Tracking in Resin Transfer Moulding
Authors: Wright Nicholas , Kelly Piaras , Maclaren Oliver , Nicholson Ruanui , Advani Suresh
Published: October 2023

A Bayesian inference formulation is applied to the Resin Transfer Moulding process to estimate bulk permeability and race-tracking effects using measured values of pressure at discrete sensor locations throughout a preform. The algorithm quantifies uncertainty in both the permeability and race-tracking effects, which decreases when more sensors are used or the preform geometry is less complex. We show that this approach becomes less reliable with a smaller resin exit vent. Numerical experiments show that the formulation can accurately predict race-tracking effects with few measurements. A Bayesian A-optimality formulation is used to develop a method for producing optimal sensor locations that reduce the uncertainty in the permeability and race-tracking estimates the most. This method is applied to two numerical examples which show that optimal designs reduce uncertainty by up to an order of magnitude compared to a random design.
Damage-Based Assessment of the Risk of Cut-Out in Trochanteric Fractures for Different Proximal Femoral Nail Anti-Rotation (PFNA) Blade Positions
Authors: Rebelo de Andrade Francisco , Quental Carlos , Folgado João , Guerra-Pinto Francisco
Published: October 2023

Cut-out of the hip blade of fracture fixation implants, defined as the perforation of the femoral head by the blade due to the collapse of the neck-shaft angle into varus, is the most relevant mechanical complication in the treatment of trochanteric fractures. Among the factors that contribute to cut-out, the blade positioning in the femoral head is reported as one of the most relevant. Since the optimal blade position in the superior–inferior and medial–lateral directions is unknown, the goal of this work was to investigate the impact of blade positioning in these directions, using three-dimensional finite element models of two femora with an unstable trochanteric fracture (31-A2.2 in the Müller AO classification system with an intrusion distance of 95% of the fracture line length). The finite element models developed were coupled with a stiffness-adaptive damage model for the evaluation of the risk of cut-out. The Proximal Femoral Nail Anti-rotation (PFNA) blade was placed in each model at four discrete distances from the femoral head surface in central and inferior positions. The damage distribution in bone resulting from a gait loading condition was visually and quantitatively assessed to compare the performance of the eight positions and predict the relative risk of cut-out for each. The results suggest that the closer the tip of the blade to the femoral head surface, the lower the risk of cut-out. In the superior–inferior direction, contradicting findings were obtained for the modelled femora. The depth of placement of the blade in the medial–lateral direction and its superior–inferior position were shown to have great influence in the risk of cut-out, with the medial–lateral position being the most relevant predictor. The optimal blade positioning may be subject-specific, depending on bone geometry and density distribution.
New Approach for Process Capability Analysis Using Multivariate Quality Characteristics
Authors: Alatefi Moath , Al-Ahmari Abdulrahman M. , AlFaify Abdullah Yahia
Published: October 2023

The evaluation of manufacturing processes aims to ensure that the processes meet the desired requirements. Therefore, process capability indexes are used to measure the capability of a process to meet customer requirements and/or engineering specifications. However, most of the manufacturing products have more than one quality characteristic (QC), in which case, the multivariate QCs should be evaluated together using a single capability index. The research in this article proposes a methodology for estimating the multivariate process capability index (PCI). First, the dimensions of the multivariate QCs are reduced into a new single variable using the proportion of the process specification region, by comparing each variable datapoint to its specification limits. Moreover, nonnormal data are transformed to normality using a root transformation algorithm. Then, a large data sample is generated using the parameters of the new variable. The generated data are compared to the specification limits to estimate the percent of nonconforming (PNC). Finally, the capability index of a given process datapoints is estimated using the PNC. Accordingly, managerial insights for the implementation of the proposed methodology in real industry are presented. The methodology was assessed by well-known multivariate samples from four different distributions, in which an algorithm was developed for generating these samples with their given correlations. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for estimating multivariate PCIs. Also, the results from this research outperform the previous published results in most cases.
4-Hexylresorcinol and Its Effects on Circumvallate Papillae Taste Buds in Diabetic and Healthy Rats: An Initial Investigation
Authors: Gaida Dhouha , Park Young-Wook , Kim Seong-Gon
Published: October 2023

Taste perception plays a crucial role in health and well-being but can be compromised by conditions such as diabetes mellitus (DM). This study delved into the efficacy of 4-hexylresorcinol (4-HR) in mitigating taste bud apoptosis, particularly in relation to DM-induced taste issues. Two primary rat groups were investigated: healthy rats and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Each group was further divided into control and experimental subsets, with the experimental group receiving 4-HR injections. A histological analysis of the circumvallate papillae (CVP) highlighted significant taste bud deterioration in the STZ subgroup, including loss of cellular content and a deviation from their typical morphology. Quantitatively, the control group had a mean of 39.6 ± 14.3 taste bud pores/mm2, contrasting with the 4HR, STZ, and STZ/4HR groups, which had means of 33.7 ± 14.2, 20.3 ± 6.1, and 28.0 ± 8.3, respectively. Additionally, a TUNEL assay and IHC staining for c-caspase-3 both identified increased apoptotic cells in the STZ subgroup, with the mean number of apoptotic cells per taste bud profile being notably higher in the STZ group at 3.2 ± 1.6. This study underscores the profound impact of diabetes on taste bud physiology and the potential therapeutic benefits of 4-HR. Further research is essential to delve deeper into its mechanisms and to ascertain optimal dosages, with the aim of enhancing the quality of life of diabetic patients.
Genetic Structure and Diversity Analysis of Tunisian Orobanche spp. and Phelipanche spp. Using Molecular Markers
Authors: Khamassi Khalil , Abbes Zouhaier , Tani Eleni , Katsileros Anastasios , Guenni Karim , Rouissi Mustapha , Khoufi Sahari , Chaabane Ramzi , Chachalis Demosthenis , Kharrat Mohamed
Published: October 2023

Broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) are non-achlorophyllous parasitic plants belonging to the Orobanchaceae family, with some species evolving to infest agricultural crops, causing substantial economic losses. This study focuses on Orobanche and Phelipenche species prevalent in Tunisia, particularly Orobanche crenata, Orobanche foetida and Phelipanche ramosa, which pose a significant threat to legume crops and other agronomically important plants. These parasitic species cause severe damage before their aboveground appearance, making early detection and management crucial. Successful breeding programs targeting their hosts necessitate a comprehensive understanding of the genetic variability within different broomrape populations. A plethora of molecular markers, including RAPD, ISSR, AFLP, SSR and SNPs, were employed to evaluate the genetic diversity of Orobanche spp., mainly in Mediterranean countries. This research seeks to analyze the genetic variability and structure of thirty-four (34) Tunisian Orobanche and Phelipanche populations infesting various crops and wild plants. The results demonstrated a higher genetic differentiation within populations rather than between populations and no clear differentiation based on the geographic origins of the populations. By measuring the genetic diversity of a large number of broomrape populations that affect both wild species and crops, this study aims to support efforts toward establishing effective management approaches.
Semi-Supervised Seizure Prediction Model Combining Generative Adversarial Networks and Long Short-Term Memory Networks
Authors: Yang Xiaoli , Liu Lipei , Li Zhenwei , Xia Yuxin , Fan Zhipeng , Zhou Jiayi
Published: October 2023

In recent years, significant progress has been made in seizure prediction using machine learning methods. However, fully supervised learning methods often rely on a large amount of labeled data, which can be costly and time-consuming. Unsupervised learning overcomes these drawbacks but can suffer from issues such as unstable training and reduced prediction accuracy. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised seizure prediction model called WGAN-GP-Bi-LSTM. Specifically, we utilize the Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network with Gradient Penalty (WGAN-GP) as the feature learning model, using the Earth Mover’s distance and gradient penalty to guide the unsupervised training process and train a high-order feature extractor. Meanwhile, we built a prediction model based on the Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Network (Bi-LSTM), which enhances seizure prediction performance by incorporating the high-order time-frequency features of the brain signals. An independent, publicly available dataset, CHB-MIT, was applied to train and validate the model’s performance. The results showed that the model achieved an average AUC of 90.08%, an average sensitivity of 82.84%, and an average specificity of 85.97%. A comparison with previous research demonstrates that our proposed method outperforms traditional adversarial network models and optimizes unsupervised feature extraction for seizure prediction.
A Novel Battery State of Charge Estimation Based on Voltage Relaxation Curve
Authors: Lee Suhyeon , Lee Dongho
Published: October 2023

Lithium-ion batteries, known for their high efficiency and high energy output, have gained significant attention as energy storage devices. Monitoring the state of charge through battery management systems plays a crucial role in enhancing the safety and extending the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, we propose a state-of-charge estimation method to overcome the limitations of the traditional open-circuit voltage method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We verified changes in the shape of the voltage relaxation curve based on battery impedance through simulations and analyzed the impact of individual impedance on the voltage relaxation curve using differential equations. Based on this relationship, we estimated the impedance from the battery’s voltage relaxation curve through curve fitting and subsequently estimated the state of charge using a pre-established lookup table. In addition, we introduced a partial curve-fitting method to reduce the estimation time compared to the existing open-circuit voltage method and confirmed the trade-off relationship between the estimation time and estimation error.
Three-Dimensional Bioprinting in Soft Tissue Engineering for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Bülow Astrid , Schäfer Benedikt , Beier Justus P.
Published: October 2023

Skeletal muscle tissue engineering (TE) and adipose tissue engineering have undergone significant progress in recent years. This review focuses on the key findings in these areas, particularly highlighting the integration of 3D bioprinting techniques to overcome challenges and enhance tissue regeneration. In skeletal muscle TE, 3D bioprinting enables the precise replication of muscle architecture. This addresses the need for the parallel alignment of cells and proper innervation. Satellite cells (SCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been utilized, along with co-cultivation strategies for vascularization and innervation. Therefore, various printing methods and materials, including decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), have been explored. Similarly, in adipose tissue engineering, 3D bioprinting has been employed to overcome the challenge of vascularization; addressing this challenge is vital for graft survival. Decellularized adipose tissue and biomimetic scaffolds have been used as biological inks, along with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), to enhance graft survival. The integration of dECM and alginate bioinks has demonstrated improved adipocyte maturation and differentiation. These findings highlight the potential of 3D bioprinting techniques in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue engineering. By integrating specific cell types, biomaterials, and printing methods, significant progress has been made in tissue regeneration. However, challenges such as fabricating larger constructs, translating findings to human models, and obtaining regulatory approvals for cellular therapies remain to be addressed. Nonetheless, these advancements underscore the transformative impact of 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering research and its potential for future clinical applications.
An Integrated Multi-Channel Deep Neural Network for Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Identification Using Multi-Modal Medical Data
Authors: Qu Ruowei , Ji Xuan , Wang Shifeng , Wang Zhaonan , Wang Le , Yang Xinsheng , Yin Shaoya , Gu Junhua , Wang Alan , Xu Guizhi
Published: October 2023

Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease with recurrent seizures. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most common pathological cause of epilepsy. With the development of computer-aided diagnosis technology, there are many auxiliary diagnostic approaches based on deep learning algorithms. However, the causes of epilepsy are complex, and distinguishing different types of epilepsy accurately is challenging with a single mode of examination. In this study, our aim is to assess the combination of multi-modal epilepsy medical information from structural MRI, PET image, typical clinical symptoms and personal demographic and cognitive data (PDC) by adopting a multi-channel 3D deep convolutional neural network and pre-training PET images. The results show better diagnosis accuracy than using one single type of medical data alone. These findings reveal the potential of a deep neural network in multi-modal medical data fusion.
Near-Infrared Transillumination for Macroscopic Functional Imaging of Animal Bodies
Authors: Shimizu Koichi
Published: October 2023

The classical transillumination technique has been revitalized through recent advancements in optical technology, enhancing its applicability in the realm of biomedical research. With a new perspective on near-axis scattered light, we have harnessed near-infrared (NIR) light to visualize intricate internal light-absorbing structures within animal bodies. By leveraging the principle of differentiation, we have extended the applicability of the Beer–Lambert law even in cases of scattering-dominant media, such as animal body tissues. This approach facilitates the visualization of dynamic physiological changes occurring within animal bodies, thereby enabling noninvasive, real-time imaging of macroscopic functionality in vivo. An important challenge inherent to transillumination imaging lies in the image blur caused by pronounced light scattering within body tissues. By extracting near-axis scattered components from the predominant diffusely scattered light, we have achieved cross-sectional imaging of animal bodies. Furthermore, we have introduced software-based techniques encompassing deconvolution using the point spread function and the application of deep learning principles to counteract the scattering effect. Finally, transillumination imaging has been elevated from two-dimensional to three-dimensional imaging. The effectiveness and applicability of these proposed techniques have been validated through comprehensive simulations and experiments involving human and animal subjects. As demonstrated through these studies, transillumination imaging coupled with emerging technologies offers a promising avenue for future biomedical applications.
Analysis of Structural Changes in the Protein near the Phosphorylation Site
Authors: Nikolsky Kirill S. , Kulikova Liudmila I. , Petrovskiy Denis V. , Rudnev Vladimir R. , Malsagova Kristina A. , Kaysheva Anna L.
Published: October 2023

Modification of the protein after synthesis (PTM) often affects protein function as supported by numerous studies. However, there is no consensus about the degree of structural protein changes after modification. For phosphorylation of serine, threonine, and tyrosine, which is a common PTM in the biology of living organisms, we consider topical issues related to changes in the geometric parameters of a protein (Rg, RMSD, Cα displacement, SASA). The effect of phosphorylation on protein geometry was studied both for the whole protein and at the local level (i.e., in different neighborhoods of the modification site). Heterogeneity in the degree of protein structural changes after phosphorylation was revealed, which allowed for us to isolate a group of proteins having pronounced local structural changes in the neighborhoods of up to 15 amino acid residues from the modification site. This is a comparative study of protein structural changes in neighborhoods of 3–15 amino acid residues from the modified site. Amino acid phosphorylation in proteins with pronounced local changes caused switching from the inactive functional state to the active one.
Optical Genome Mapping for the Molecular Diagnosis of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy: Advancement and Challenges
Authors: Efthymiou Stephanie , Lemmers Richard J. L. F. , Vishnu Venugopalan Y. , Dominik Natalia , Perrone Benedetta , Facchini Stefano , Vegezzi Elisa , Ravaglia Sabrina , Wilson Lindsay , van der Vliet Patrick J. , Mishra Rinkle , Reyaz Alisha , Ahmad Tanveer , Bhatia Rohit , Polke James M. , Srivastava Mv Padma , Cortese Andrea , Houlden Henry , van der Maarel Silvère M. , Hanna Michael G. , Bugiardini Enrico
Published: October 2023

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is the second most common muscular dystrophy in adults, and it is associated with local D4Z4 chromatin relaxation, mostly via the contraction of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat array on chromosome 4q35. In this study, we aimed to investigate the use of Optical Genome Mapping (OGM) as a diagnostic tool for testing FSHD cases from the UK and India and to compare OGM performance with that of traditional techniques such as linear gel (LGE) and Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) Southern blotting (SB). A total of 6 confirmed and 19 suspected FSHD samples were processed with LGE and PFGE, respectively. The same samples were run using a Saphyr Genome-Imaging Instrument (1-color), and the data were analysed using custom EnFocus FSHD analysis. OGM was able to confirm the diagnosis of FSHD1 in all FSHD1 cases positive for SB (n = 17), and D4Z4 sizing highly correlated with PFGE-SB (p < 0.001). OGM correctly identified cases with mosaicism for the repeat array contraction (n = 2) and with a duplication of the D4Z4 repeat array. OGM is a promising new technology able to unravel structural variants in the genome and seems to be a valid tool for diagnosing FSHD1.
APE1/Ref-1 as a Therapeutic Target for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Sahakian Lauren , Robinson Ainsley M. , Sahakian Linda , Stavely Rhian , Kelley Mark R. , Nurgali Kulmira
Published: October 2023

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of IBD is increasing with approximately 4.9 million cases reported worldwide. Current therapies are limited due to the severity of side effects and long-term toxicity, therefore, the development of novel IBD treatments is necessitated. Recent findings support apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/reduction-oxidation factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) as a target in many pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases, where APE1/Ref-1 regulation of crucial transcription factors impacts significant pathways. Thus, a potential target for a novel IBD therapy is the redox activity of the multifunctional protein APE1/Ref-1. This review elaborates on the status of conventional IBD treatments, the role of an APE1/Ref-1 in intestinal inflammation, and the potential of a small molecule inhibitor of APE1/Ref-1 redox activity to modulate inflammation, oxidative stress response, and enteric neuronal damage in IBD.
Graphene-Based Composites for Biomedical Applications: Surface Modification for Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity and Biocompatibility
Authors: Teixeira-Santos Rita , Belo Samuel , Vieira Rita , Mergulhão Filipe J. M. , Gomes Luciana C.
Published: October 2023

The application of graphene-based materials in medicine has led to significant technological breakthroughs. The remarkable properties of these carbon materials and their potential for functionalization with various molecules and compounds make them highly attractive for numerous medical applications. To enhance their functionality and applicability, extensive research has been conducted on surface modification of graphene (GN) and its derivatives, including modifications with antimicrobials, metals, polymers, and natural compounds. This review aims to discuss recent and relevant studies related to advancements in the formulation of graphene composites, addressing their antimicrobial and/or antibiofilm properties and evaluating their biocompatibility, with a primary focus on their biomedical applications. It was concluded that GN surface modification, particularly with compounds intrinsically active against bacteria (e.g., antimicrobial peptides, silver and copper nanomaterials, and chitosan), has resulted in biomaterials with improved antimicrobial performance. Furthermore, the association of GN materials with non-natural polymers provides composites with increased biocompatibility when interfaced with human tissues, although with slightly lower antimicrobial efficacy. However, it is crucial to highlight that while modified GN materials hold huge potential, their widespread use in the medical field is still undergoing research and development. Comprehensive studies on safety, long-term effects, and stability are essential before their adoption in real-world medical scenarios.
Hygrothermal Performance of Bio-Based Exterior Wall Constructions and Their Resilience under Air Leakage and Moisture Load
Authors: Fischer Henriette , Korjenic Azra
Published: October 2023

The use of renewable building materials in construction is crucial to minimising the environmental impact of new buildings. Bio-based building materials have a wide range of positive properties, many of which are due to their hygroscopic behaviour. The purpose of this study is to investigate the hygrothermal performance of chopped straw, sheep’s wool, and cellulose insulated timber frame external wall assemblies in the presence of air leakage and high indoor relative humidity. For this purpose, tests with different moisture contents, overpressures, and defects in the airtight layer were carried out in an outdoor test stand over a period of 18 months. The results were compared with a conventional mineral wool insulated construction. Both sheep’s wool and cellulose are particularly fault-tolerant insulation materials in combination with timber frame constructions. All three bio-based insulations, despite defects in the airtight layer, showed no mould-prone moisture content. An installation level insulated with sheep’s wool can increase the fault tolerance of constructions with insulation made of hygric and more sensitive building materials. For chopped straw and cellulose, the measured U-value was lower than expected. Further in situ measurements of bio-based structures are important to gain confidence in their hygrothermal behaviour and to increase their use in multi-storey construction.
Impact of Solar Radiation on Luminaires and Energy Efficiency in Isolated Residential Photovoltaic Systems
Authors: Jalomo-Cuevas Jaime , Colmenero Fonseca Fabiola , Cárcel-Carrasco Javier , Pérez Sergio Sandoval , Gudiño-Ochoa Alberto
Published: October 2023

This research centers on the implementation of photovoltaic systems in residential applications, coupled with battery-based energy storage, and evaluates their efficiency in generating energy, specifically for lighting in buildings. The methodology hinges on detecting interharmonic signals to characterize potentially disruptive frequencies and identify the origins of various failures. Multiple case studies are presented to validate the method’s efficacy, including one involving fluorescent lamp circuits and another examining variations in solar radiation during the summer season. Real-world experiments are conducted in a residential setting, and the results are thoroughly analyzed. Various types of interharmonic generation behaviors are demonstrated, which are influenced by fluctuations in solar radiation and the appropriate installation of solar panels. The findings reveal that the absence of solar radiation below 300 W/m2 in a photovoltaic system relying on energy storage adversely affects interharmonics in luminaires installed within a residential space.
Waterproofing Performance Evaluation and Grading Methods for Lowest Level Floor Slabs and Positive-Side Walls of Residential Underground Structures
Authors: An Ki-won , Kim Byoungil
Published: October 2023

In Korea, large-scale apartment projects often give rise to disputes among residents, which have prompted implementation of the “Apartment Performance Rating System” by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport. In addition, disputes related to leakage defects in apartment structures are increasing, especially in underground spaces of joint residential complexes. This study aims to identify waterproofing materials and methods for specific underground structure components through experimental evaluations and to assign waterproofing performance ratings similar to existing apartment house grades. These performance ratings will serve as foundational data to prevent leakage in joint residential complexes. This study proposes composite and self-adhesive sheet waterproofing as effective methods, emphasizing the significance of sheet waterproofing materials for excellent performance. The need for improved waterproofing materials to address long-term permeability issues is also highlighted. This research provides essential data for future waterproofing performance ratings; therefore, contributing to construction quality and safety in joint residential complexes.
Optimizing Polymer-Stabilized Raw Earth Composites with Plant Fibers Reinforcement for Historic Building Rehabilitation
Authors: Menadi Souad , Hadidane Yazid , Benzerara Mohammed , Saidani Messaoud , Khorami Morteza , Belouettar Redjem , Slimani Fayçal , Gouider Nadia , Rehab-Bekkouche Souhila
Published: October 2023

This research focuses on the optimization of formulation, characterization, and damage analysis of plant fiber-reinforced polyester resin composites (jute and date palm). To better understand the characteristics and mechanical behavior of these materials, this study investigates the influence of resin content and plant fibers on the physico-mechanical behavior of the resin composites. Resinous composites consisting of polyester resin and raw earth were studied using a novel formulation based on an empirical method that follows the principle of earth saturation with polyester resin. Saturation was achieved with a 28% content of polyester resin, which appeared to be an optimal blend for the earth–resin composite. Plant fibers were randomly incorporated as reinforcement in the composites at various percentages (1%, 2%, and 3%) and lengths (0.5 cm, 1 cm, and 1.5 cm). Mechanical tests including bending, compression, and indentation were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the composites. Analysis of fracture morphology revealed that the deformation and rupture mechanisms in bending, compression, and indentation of these composites differ from those of traditional concrete and cement mortar. The obtained results indicate that the composites exhibit acceptable performance and could be favorably employed in the rehabilitation of historic buildings.
Customised Microporous Carbon 3D Structures with Good Mechanical Properties and High Nitrogen Content Obtained from Whey Powders
Authors: Llamas-Unzueta Raúl , Ramírez-Montoya Luis A. , Menéndez J. Angel , Montes-Morán Miguel A.
Published: October 2023

Novel customised carbon monoliths with a high specific surface area were synthesised by carbonisation plus activation of dehydrated whey powders, a biomass byproduct of the dairy industry. The whey powders were casted directly by pouring them into a desired mould. After a pseudo-sintering process promoted by the self-reaction of the whey components (mostly lactose and whey proteins) at moderate temperatures (ca. 250 °C), 3D porous carbons were obtained. The process did not require any binder or external overpressure to prepare the 3D porous carbons. Upon thermal activation with CO2 or chemical activation with H3PO4 and KOH, the shape of the monolithic structure was preserved after the development of a microporous network (SBET up to 2400 m2/g). Both thermal and chemical activation had little effect on the macroporosity of the monoliths. Activation of these 3D carbons had to be performed with care to avoid heterogeneous skin/core activation and/or overactivation. Highly porous monoliths (SBET of 980 m2/g; open porosity of 70%) with outstanding compressive strength (10 MPa) could be obtained by thermal activation (CO2) of whey monoliths at 850 °C for 1.5 h. Additionally, the use of whey as a precursor provided the carbon monolith with a relatively high nitrogen content (ca. 3 wt.%).
The Evolution of Hexagonal Cobalt Nanosheets for CO2 Electrochemical Reduction Reaction
Authors: Li Qingyu , Hou Yichao , Yin Jie , Xi Pinxian
Published: October 2023

The CO2 electrochemical reduction reaction (CO2RR) is one of the most promising methods to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and store energy. At the same time, the pathways of CO2 reduction reaction are diverse and the products are abundant. Converting carbon dioxide to C2+ products, a critical feedstock, requires a C–C coupling step with the transfer of more than 10 electrons per molecule and, hence, is kinetically sluggish. The production of some key adsorptions is conducive to the formation of C2+ products. In this work, we used in situ techniques to figure out the reason why hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) Co nanosheets (NSs) have high activity in CO2RR to ethanal. According to the in situ Raman spectra, the high local pH environment on the catalyst surface is favorable for CO2RR. The high pH at low potentials not only suppresses the competing hydrogen evolution reaction but also stimulates the production of COCO* intermediate. The isotopic labeling experiment in differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) provides a possible sequence of the products. The 13CO is generated when we replace 12CO2 with 13CO2, which identifies the origin of the products. Besides, in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows that the hcp Co at −0.4 V vs. RHE boosts the H2O dissociation and proton transfer, feeding sufficient H* for CO2 to *COOH. In the end, by analyzing the transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), we find that the Co (002) plane may be beneficial to the conversion of CO2 and the adsorption of intermediates.
Carbon Electrode Modified with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Development of Electrochemical Sensor: Application to Pharmacy, Food Safety, Environmental Monitoring, and Biomedical Analysis
Authors: Bou-Maroun Elias
Published: October 2023

This review aims to elucidate recent developments in electrochemical sensors that use functionalized carbon electrodes with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the selective detection of organic compounds in diverse fields including pharmacy, food safety, environmental monitoring of pollutants, and biomedical analysis. The main targets include explosive compounds, dyes, antioxidants, disease biomarkers, pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, allergens, pesticides, and viruses. Following a brief overview of the molecular imprinting principle, the most significant applications are explored. The selection of the functional monomer is subsequently discussed. Notably, various types of carbon electrodes are presented, with a particular emphasis on screen-printed carbon electrodes. The most commonly employed techniques for MIP deposition such as electropolymerization, drop casting, and chemical grafting are introduced and discussed. Electrochemical transduction techniques like cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are presented. Lastly, the review concludes by examining potential future directions and primary limitations concerning carbon electrodes modified with MIPs.
Care Issues in Patients with Rett Syndrome: A Parental Perspective
Authors: Cherchi Claudio , Chiappini Elena , Chiarini Testa Maria Beatrice , Banfi Paolo , Veneselli Edvige , Cutrera Renato
Published: October 2023

Background: The purpose of this study is to better understand the way caregivers of patients with Rett syndrome perceive the quality of the health care services they receive and identify its main shortcomings. Methods: A survey was distributed to all caregivers who are part of AIRETT (the Italian Association of Relatives of Patients with RS). The survey gathered information on the management of relatives of patients with Rett syndrome. Results: The data refers to 52 patients, all females, with a median age of 15 years at the time of the survey. Concerning RS specificity, our data confirm the high complexity of this chronic, multifaceted condition, mainly characterized by the presence of epilepsy, apnea, severe scoliosis, and gastrointestinal symptoms. The specialists more frequently involved in the care of patients were general practitioners or family pediatricians (98%) and neurologists (92%), and more rarely physiatrists (71%). Only 15% of patients were followed by a pulmonologist, despite the fact that respiratory problems were frequent (apneas were present in 81% of patients, and 2% had a tracheostomy). Although 63.5% of patients presented with gastrointestinal symptoms and 2% had a gastrostomy, only 33% were followed by a gastroenterologist. Moreover, although orthopedic issues were present in 78.8% of patients, including severe scoliosis in 22% of them, only 25% were followed by an orthopedist. Furthermore, despite the fact that RS patients are fragile, about one quarter of them were not vaccinated. As far as organizational issues are concerned, several specialized centers are located in various regions throughout the country. As a consequence, the high mobility rate from one center to another resulted in non-homogeneous assistance. Conclusions: The study shows that caregivers of RS patients take over most obligations and burdens by increasing their perceived level of stress. For the majority of patients, the most frequent complications were not followed by the reference subspecialist, with the only exception of epilepsy. Moreover, improving vaccination strategies for these patients is necessary.
Functional Roles of DYRK2 as a Tumor Regulator
Authors: Mochimaru Yuta , Yoshida Kiyotsugu
Published: October 2023

The dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2 (DYRK2) regulates the induction of apoptosis and DNA repair, metastasis inhibition, cell cycle G1/S transition, protein scaffold stability for E3 ligase complexes, and embryogenesis. Owing to these functions, DYRK2 is thought to regulate tumorigenesis, and its function in cancer has been investigated. Notably, DYRK2 has been reported to function as a tumor suppressor; however, it has also been reported to act as an oncogene in some cancers. This discrepancy makes it difficult to elucidate the conserved functions of DYRK2 in cancer. Here, we reviewed the functions of DYRK2 in various cancers. Patient tissue samples were evaluated for each cancer type. Although some studies have used cell lines and/or xenografts to elucidate the mechanism of DYRK2 function, these studies are not sufficient to understand the role of DYRK2 in cancers. In particular, studies using genetically modified mice would help us to understand the reported functional duality of DYRK2 in cancer.
Effects of Vortioxetine on Sleep Architecture of Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Mlyncekova Zuzana , Hutka Peter , Visnovcova Zuzana , Ferencova Nikola , Kovacova Veronika , Macejova Andrea , Tonhajzerova Ingrid , Ondrejka Igor
Published: October 2023

The relationship between depression and insomnia is bidirectional and both conditions need to be treated adequately, especially in a vulnerable neurodevelopmental stage of adolescence. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of antidepressant treatment using vortioxetine (VOR) on the sleep architecture of depressed adolescents by using video-polysomnography (v-PSG), which has not been researched before. The v-PSG was performed on 30 adolescent in-patients (mean age of 15.0 years ± 1.5 SD, 21 girls) treated with VOR (dosage of 10/15/20 mg/day) administered orally once a day, before and after VOR treatment. The evaluated parameters were conventional sleep parameters, sleep fragmentation parameters, and selected spectral power indices. Symptoms of depression and insomnia before and after the treatment period were evaluated using valid and reliable questionnaires (the Children´s Depression Inventory and the Athens Insomnia Scale). Depressed adolescents showed higher REM latency and decreased REM sleep percentage after treatment than before the treatment period (p = 0.005, p = 0.009, respectively). Our study revealed REM suppression (increased REM latency and reduced REM sleep percentage), indicating altered sleep architecture as a potential result of VOR treatment, which seems to be dose-dependent.
Bioavailability Assessment of Metals from the Coastal Sediments of Tropical Estuaries Based on Acid-Volatile Sulfide and Simultaneously Extracted Metals
Authors: Rodrigues Ana Paula de Castro , Pereira Matheus Marinho , Campos Aline , da Silva Quaresma Tássia Lins , Pova Rodrigo , Vieira Thatianne Castro , Diaz Rút Amélia , Moreira Manuel , Araripe Denise , Monte Christiane do Nascimento , Machado Wilson
Published: October 2023

Bioavailability assessment is important for evaluating the risks to the local biota, and the combined use of several ecological risk indices in eutrophic environments allows the best analysis of the local reality for decision-making. The relationship between acid volatile sulfide (AVS) concentrations and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) allows us to infer the metal holding capacity of sediment, with the objective of evaluating the potential bioavailability of trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) using ecological risk indices, such as the ΣSEM/AVS model and Adverse Effect Index (AEI), in surface sediments from Guanabara Bay and Sepetiba Bay, Brazil. AVS was determined using a colorimetric method and SEM with ICP-OES. In general, almost all sampling in Sepetiba Bay showed ΣSEM/AVS ratio values above 1. However, all results for the ΣSEM/AVS ratio found for the Guanabara Bay sediments were <1 for both estuaries. After normalization by organic carbon content, a possible toxicity risk for biota was found in Sepetiba Bay. However, the AEI in Guanabara Bay was above 1 for all metals in most samples, also indicating a risk to the biota.
Enhancing the Tunable Sensitivity of a Near-Ultraviolet to Visible to Near-Infrared Photo Irradiance Sensor Using an Indium Tin Oxide-Aluminum Oxide-Zirconia Aluminum Oxide-Silicon
Authors: Hsieh Wen-Ching , Chen Bing-Mau , Wang Mu-Chun , Lee Yih-Shing , Tsai Chien-Chung
Published: October 2023

This study focuses on enhancing the tunable sensitivity of a photo irradiance sensor (PIS) operating in the near-ultraviolet to visible to near-infrared (NUV-VIS-NIR) spectrum using an indium tin oxide-aluminum oxide-zirconia aluminum oxide-silicon oxide-silicon capacitor (hereafter IAZAOS). Unlike other PIS designs such as reverse-biased metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) and tunneling MIS, the IAZAOS PIS measures changes in inversion capacitance under strong forward bias with light irradiation. The IAZAOS PIS offers several key advantages over alternative designs. It exhibits high sensitivity, weak bias dependence, low dark current, tunable sensitivity, low power consumption, CMOS process compatibility, simple low-cost manufacturing, and good gate oxide reliability. Under 1 mW/cm2 irradiation at 1 kHz, the inversion carrier concentration reaches approximately 70% saturation. The resolution achieved is 10 nW/cm2 at 1 kHz, with a sensing range spanning from 10 nW/cm2 to 1 W/cm2 across frequencies from 1 kHz to 100 kHz. These performance characteristics surpass those reported for other PIS technologies. Furthermore, the IAZAOS PIS demonstrates a quantum efficiency of about 60% at 405 nm, which surpasses the quantum efficiency of general silicon-based p(i)n diodes. Post-deposition annealing techniques are employed to enhance the sensor’s performance. Dielectric annealing improves the ZrAlOx interface trap and permittivity properties, while conducting oxide annealing enhances indium tin oxide transmission and resistivity. The combination of these treatments results in a high-speed, high-sensitivity, high-resolution, and reliable NUV-VIS-NIR sensing capability for the IAZAOS capacitor-based PIS.
Repositioning Oxybutynin Hydrochloride: State of the Art in Synthesis, Mode of Action, Metabolism, and Formulations
Authors: Vanden Eynde Jean Jacques
Published: October 2023

For decades, oxybutynin hydrochloride has been prescribed to improve bladder control in cases of incontinence and excessive urination frequency. This review summarizes synthetic methods enabling the preparation of the racemic drug and, in a detailed manner, preparation of (S)-2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid, a key intermediate in the synthesis of (S)-oxybutynin. The mode of action and metabolism are briefly addressed in order to explain the main adverse effects associated with its use and to justify the evolution observed in the diverse commercial formulations. Repositioning opportunities are discussed in terms of clinical trials for the management of hyperhidrosis, hot flashes, and obstructive sleep apnea.
Drone-Based Vertical Atmospheric Temperature Profiling in Urban Environments
Authors: Laukys Jokūbas , Maršalka Bernardas , Daugėla Ignas , Stankūnavičius Gintautas
Published: October 2023

The accurate and detailed measurement of the vertical temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind profiles of the atmosphere is pivotal for high-resolution numerical weather prediction, the determination of atmospheric stability, as well as investigation of small-scale phenomena such as urban heat islands. Traditional approaches, such as weather balloons, have been indispensable but are constrained by cost, environmental impact, and data sparsity. In this article, we investigate uncrewed aerial systems (UASs) as an innovative platform for in situ atmospheric probing. By comparing data from a drone-mounted semiconductor temperature sensor (TMP117) with traditional radiosonde measurements, we spotlight the UAS-collected atmospheric data’s accuracy and such system suitability for atmospheric surface layer measurement. Our research encountered challenges linked with the inherent delays in achieving ambient temperature readings. However, by applying specific data processing techniques, including smoothing methodologies like the Savitzky–Golay filter, iterative smoothing, time shift, and Newton’s law of cooling, we have improved the data accuracy and consistency. In this article, 28 flights were examined and certain patterns between different methodologies and sensors were observed. Temperature differentials were assessed over a range of 100 m. The article highlights a notable accuracy achievement of 0.16 ± 0.014 °C with 95% confidence when applying Newton’s law of cooling in comparison to a radiosonde RS41’s data. Our findings demonstrate the potential of UASs in capturing accurate high-resolution vertical temperature profiles. This work posits that UASs, with further refinements, could revolutionize atmospheric data collection.
Does Distributed Leadership Deliver on Its Promises in Schools? Implications for Teachers’ Work Satisfaction and Self-Efficacy
Authors: Tucaliuc Mihai , Curșeu Petru Lucian , Muntean Arcadius Florin
Published: October 2023

Although surrounded by theoretical confusion and methodological ambiguity, distributed leadership has been acclaimed as beneficial for teacher performance and student achievement. We set out to explore organizational identification and empowerment as two mechanisms that explain the positive and negative association between distributed leadership and teacher work-related outcomes. We build on social identity, social interdependence and cognitive schema theories to argue that teachers’ cognitive dysfunctional schema of distrust and dependence moderate the association between distributed leadership on the one hand and organizational identification and empowerment on the other hand. We used multilevel mediation analyses to test our hypotheses in a sample of 3528 teachers, nested in 329 Romanian schools and our overall results reveal a negative association between distributed leadership and empowerment as well as organizational identification. Distrust cognitive schema accentuate the negative association between distributed leadership and empowerment, while dependence schema accentuate the negative association between distributed leadership and organizational identification. Finally, organizational identification mediates the association between distributed leadership and teachers’ work self-efficacy as well as satisfaction, while empowerment only mediates the association between distributed leadership and work satisfaction.
The Past, the Present, and the Future of the Evolution of Mixed Reality in Teacher Education
Authors: Dieker Lisa , Hughes Charles , Hynes Michael
Published: October 2023

The authors in this article provide a historical view (past) on the development of mixed reality (MR) simulation in teacher education as well as a brief history of simulation from other fields along with foundational knowledge on the evolution of simulation. The authors provide a systematic review of the current state (present) of the research in MR for teacher education within the past 5 years aligned with the research question “What are the uses, practices, and outcomes of MR simulation in teacher preparation?”. Three themes were identified, i.e., simulation to this point is designed by teacher educators, feedback matters in impacting outcomes, and practice is safe and reflective for those who prepare teachers in these environments. A summary is provided of these key articles and the findings. The authors conclude the article by sharing the potential evolution (future) of aspects of the model of MR, focusing on the use of AI agents and multi-modal data collection, including biometric signals, providing insights into simulation in teacher education.