bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of secondary formation of formic acid: urban environment vs. oil and gas producing region
Authors: Yuan B. , Veres P. R. , Warneke C. , Roberts J. M. , Gilman J. B. , Koss A. , Edwards P. M. , Graus M. , Kuster W. C. , Li S.-M. , Wild R. J. , Brown S. S. , Dubé W. P. , Lerner B. M. , Williams E. J. , Johnson J. E. , Quinn P. K. , Bates T. S. , Lefer B. , Hayes P. L. , Jimenez J. L. , Weber R. J. , Zamora R. , Ervens B. , Millet D. B. , Rappenglück B. , de Gouw J. A.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Formic acid (HCOOH) is one of the most abundant carboxylic acids in the atmosphere. However, current photochemical models cannot fully explain observed concentrations and in particular secondary formation of formic acid across various environments. In this work, formic acid measurements made at an urban receptor site (Pasadena) in June–July 2010 during CalNex (California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change) and a site in an oil and gas producing region (Uintah Basin) in January–February 2013 during UBWOS 2013 (Uintah Basin Winter Ozone Studies) will be discussed. Although the VOC (volatile organic compounds) compositions differed dramatically at the two sites, measured formic acid concentrations were comparable: 2.3 ± 1.3 in UBWOS 2013 and 2.0 ± 1.0 ppb in CalNex. We determine that concentrations of formic acid at both sites were dominated by secondary formation (> 99%). A constrained box model using the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM v3.2) underestimates the measured formic acid concentrations drastically at both sites (by a factor of > 10). Compared to the original MCM model that includes only ozonolysis of unsaturated organic compounds and OH oxidation of acetylene, when we updated yields of ozonolysis of alkenes and included OH oxidation of isoprene, vinyl alcohol chemistry, reaction of formaldehyde with HO2, oxidation of aromatics, and reaction of CH3O2 with OH, the model predictions for formic acid were improved by a factor of 6.4 in UBWOS 2013 and 4.5 in CalNex, respectively. A comparison of measured and modeled HCOOH/acetone ratios is used to evaluate the model performance for formic acid. We conclude that the modified chemical mechanism can explain 19 and 45% of secondary formation of formic acid in UBWOS 2013 and CalNex, respectively. The contributions from aqueous reactions in aerosol and heterogeneous reactions on aerosol surface to formic acid are estimated to be 0–6 and 0–5% in UBWOS 2013 and CalNex, respectively. We observe that air–snow exchange processes and morning fog events may also contribute to ambient formic acid concentrations during UBWOS 2013 (~ 20% in total). In total, 53–59 in UBWOS 2013 and 50–55% in CalNex of secondary formation of formic acid remains unexplained. More work on formic acid formation pathways is needed to reduce the uncertainties in the sources and budget of formic acid and to narrow the gaps between measurements and model results.
Middle East versus Saharan dust extinction-to-backscatter ratios
Authors: Nisantzi A. , Mamouri R. E. , Ansmann A. , Schuster G. L. , Hadjimitsis D. G.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Four years (2010–2013) of observations with polarization lidar and sun/sky photometer at the combined European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) site of Limassol (34.7° N, 33° E), Cyprus, were used to compare extinction-to-backscatter ratios (lidar ratios) for desert dust from Middle East deserts and the Sahara. The complex data analysis scheme is presented. The quality of the retrieval is checked within a case study by comparing the results with respective Raman lidar solutions for particle backscatter, extinction, and lidar ratio. The applied combined lidar/photometer retrievals corroborate recent findings regarding the difference between Middle East and Saharan desert dust lidar ratios. We found values from 44–65 sr with a mean value of 52.7 sr for Saharan dust and from 35–46 sr with a mean value of 41.1 sr for Middle East dust. The presented data analysis, however, also demonstrates the difficulties in identifying the optical properties of dust even during outbreak situations in the presence of complex aerosol mixtures of desert dust, marine particles, fire smoke, and anthropogenic haze.
Eddy covariance methane flux measurements over a grazed pasture: effect of cows as moving point sources
Authors: Felber R. , Münger A. , Neftel A. , Ammann C.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Methane (CH4) from ruminants contributes one third to global agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. Eddy covariance (EC) technique has been extensively used at various flux sites to investigate carbon dioxide exchange of ecosystems. Since the development of fast CH4 analysers the instrumentation at many flux sites have been amended for these gases. However the application of EC over pastures is challenging due to the spatial and temporal uneven distribution of CH4 point sources induced by the grazing animals. We applied EC measurements during one grazing season over a pasture with 20 dairy cows (mean milk yield: 22.7 kg d−1) managed in a rotational grazing system. Individual cow positions were recorded by GPS trackers to attribute fluxes to animal emissions using a footprint model. Methane fluxes with cows in the footprint were up to two orders of magnitude higher than ecosystem fluxes without cows. Mean cow emissions of 423 ± 24 g CH4 head−1 d−1 (best guess of this study) correspond well to animal respiration chamber measurements reported in the literature. However a systematic effect of the distance between source and EC tower on cow emissions was found which is attributed to the analytical footprint model used. We show that the EC method allows to determine CH4 emissions of grazing cows if the data evaluation is adjusted for this purpose and if some cow distribution information is available.
Quantification of anthropogenic impact on groundwater-dependent terrestrial ecosystem using geochemical and isotope tools combined with 3-D flow and transport modelling
Authors: Zurek A. J. , Witczak S. , Dulinski M. , Wachniew P. , Rozanski K. , Kania J. , Postawa A. , Karczewski J. , Moscicki W. J.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) have important functions in all climatic zones as they contribute to biological and landscape diversity and provide important economic and social services. Steadily growing anthropogenic pressure on groundwater resources creates a conflict situation between nature and man which are competing for clean and safe sources of water. Such conflicts are particularly noticeable in GDEs located in densely populated regions. A dedicated study was launched in 2010 with the main aim to better understand the functioning of a groundwater-dependent terrestrial ecosystem (GDTE) located in southern Poland. The GDTE consists of a valuable forest stand (Niepolomice Forest) and associated wetland (Wielkie Błoto fen). It relies mostly on groundwater from the shallow Quaternary aquifer and possibly from the deeper Neogene (Bogucice Sands) aquifer. In July 2009 a cluster of new pumping wells abstracting water from the Neogene aquifer was set up 1 km to the northern border of the fen. A conceptual model of the Wielkie Błoto fen area for the natural, pre-exploitation state and for the envisaged future status resulting from intense abstraction of groundwater through the new well field was developed. The main aim of the reported study was to probe the validity of the conceptual model and to quantify the expected anthropogenic impact on the studied GDTE. A wide range of research tools was used. The results obtained through combined geologic, geophysical, geochemical, hydrometric and isotope investigations provide strong evidence for the existence of upward seepage of groundwater from the deeper Neogene aquifer to the shallow Quaternary aquifer supporting the studied GDTE. Simulations of the groundwater flow field in the study area with the aid of a 3-D flow and transport model developed for Bogucice Sands (Neogene) aquifer and calibrated using environmental tracer data and observations of hydraulic head in three different locations on the study area, allowed us to quantify the transient response of the aquifer to operation of the newly established Wola Batorska well field. The model runs reveal the presence of upward groundwater seepage to the shallow Quaternary aquifer of the order of 440 m3 d−1. By the end of the simulation period (2029), with continuous operation of the Wola Batorska well field at maximum permissible capacity (ca. 10 000 m3 d−1), the direction of groundwater seepage will change sign (total change of the order of 900 m3 d−1). The water table drawdown in the study area will reach ca. 30 cm. This may have significant adverse effects on functioning of the studied GDTE.
A coupled empirical approach for rainfall and land use correlation to landslide occurrence in the Esino river basin, central Italy
Authors: Gioia E. , Carone T. , Marincioni F.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. A coupled empirical approach for studying possible correlations among rainfall, vegetation segmentation and landslide occurrence is discussed. To reveal such links two important rainfall events, occurred over the Esino river basin in central Italy, in November 2013 and May 2014, were analysed. The correlation between rainfall and landslides was carried out applying an intensity–duration (ID) threshold method, whereas the correlation between vegetation segmentation and landslides was investigated using the Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA). This coupled approach represents an attempt to find both timing and location of landslide occurrence through an empirical (black box) analysis. Results showed that: (i) the ID minimum threshold proposed in a previous study (Gioia et al., 2015) was verified as an effective equation to assess the rainfall conditions likely to trigger landslides in the study area ("when"), and (ii) the Core areas and the fragmented vegetation structures defined by the MSPA were the most affected by slope failures ("where"). These encouraging findings prompt for additional testing and application of such coupled empirical approach to possibly achieve an integrated basis for landslide forecasting.
The impact of Saharan dust and black carbon on albedo and long-term glacier mass balance
Authors: Gabbi J. , Huss M. , Bauder A. , Cao F. , Schwikowski M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Light-absorbing impurities in snow and ice control glacier melt as shortwave radiation represents the main component of the surface energy balance. Here, we investigate the long-term effect of snow impurities, i.e. Saharan dust and black carbon (BC), on albedo and glacier mass balance. The analysis was performed over the period 1914–2014 for two sites on Claridenfirn, Swiss Alps, where an outstanding 100 year record of seasonal mass balance measurements is available. Information on atmospheric deposition of mineral dust and BC over the last century was retrieved from two firn/ice cores of high-alpine sites. A combined mass balance and snow/firn layer model was employed to assess the dust/BC-albedo feedback. Compared to pure snow conditions, the presence of Saharan dust and BC lowered the mean annual albedo by 0.04–0.06 and increased melt by 15–19% on average depending on the location on the glacier. BC clearly dominated absorption which is about three times higher than that of mineral dust. The upper site has experienced mainly positive mass balances and impurity layers were continuously buried whereas at the lower site, surface albedo was more strongly influenced by re-exposure of dust-enriched layers due to frequent years with negative mass balances.
Postcolonial Feminisms and Introducing Sociology in the Imperium
Authors: Puri Jyoti
Published: February 2015

This article addresses the limits of teaching sociology as a Eurocentric modernist discipline in the context of the postcolonial present. Living in a transnational and globalized world makes the most basic and fundamental sociological concepts woefully delimiting, since they are ahistoricized and universalized terms rooted in a very specific modernist life-world. Words such as ‘individual,’ ‘self,’ ‘society,’ and ‘social’ are used routinely in everyday parlance as if their meanings are self-evident. This is not surprising given that scholarship and undergraduate teaching in the United States have also rendered them as generic, self-evident words without unraveling them reflectively as concepts, much like the ways in which ‘nation,’ ‘state,’ ‘gender,’ ‘race,’ ‘ethnicity,’ ‘sexuality,’ ‘citizen,’ ‘immigrant,’ ‘migrant,’ and ‘other,’ have been shown to reflect particular modern, liberal understandings. What scholarly, disciplinary and pedagogical challenges are faced when notions such as the ‘individual’ and ‘self’ are interrogated in the classroom from transnational and postcolonial perspectives? Writing from the standpoint of an immigrant feminist sociologist teaching in liberal arts colleges in northeast United States, I reflect on strategies that draw students toward a critical engagement with sociology while coming to grips with subject positions and political and cultural histories that shape such engagements.
Critical Thinking for the Modern Muslim Woman Psychology Student: A Summer in Islamabad
Authors: Podur Justin
Published: February 2015

Teaching critical thinking at the International Islamic University - Islamabad (IIU-I) in 2008 gave me a chance to reflect on religion and politics, leftism and anti-imperialism, and to learn more about the region. Some reflections for radical teachers.
News for Educational Workers
Authors: Vogt Leonard
Published: February 2015

None
Teaching Note: Mad at History
Authors: Spencer Robyn C.
Published: February 2015

None
Introduction: Teaching Across Borders
Authors: Dittmar Linda , Maher Frinde
Published: February 2015

Introduction to the Teaching Across Borders Issue
Abdominal aortic aneurysm screening for high-risk cardiac patients in the emergency department
Authors: Diffenderfer Laura E. , Shah Payal , Bahl Amit
Published: February 2015

Background: The prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is 1-2 percent in the general population, and is as high as 6 percent in groups with risk factors. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of AAA amongst high-risk cardiac patients in the emergency department (ED). Methods: A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of AAA in a high-risk population presenting to the ED. Inclusion criteria included male gender, Caucasian race, age over 50 years, history of smoking, and presentation to the ED with chest pain requiring admission. Patients enrolled in the study were screened for AAA by ultrasound (US) scan. Study subjects were excluded if there was inadequate imaging. Results: One hundred and nine patients were recruited into the study. Nineteen patients were excluded by the ED US Director secondary to inadequate imaging. Of the remaining 90 patients, eight patients were found to have AAA (n = 8; 8.9%; CI 3.9 - 16.8%). Of the eight patients with an AAA, four had diagnosed cardiovascular disease during their hospital admission. There was no statistically significant difference in secondary risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia or previous history of coronary artery disease between those with AAA and those without AAA. Conclusions: This study found that in a single ED, the prevalence of AAA in high-risk cardiac patients admitted to rule out acute coronary syndrome who could be adequately visualized with ultrasound was over 8 percent. With such a high prevalence, this population could be a potential screening group.
Wordt Houdini-act een toekomstig Alcatraz?
Authors: Struijlaart Robin , Alipour Mahboebeh
Published: February 2015

Wordt Houdini-act een toekomstig Alcatraz?

Het Gerecht vernietigt in deze uitspraak integraal het boetebesluit van de Commissie gericht aan Soliver, actief op de markt voor autoglas. Het Gerecht is van oordeel dat de Commissie onterecht heeft geconcludeerd dat Soliver, hoewel zij wel heeft deelgenomen aan enkele mededingingsverstorende gedragingen, heeft deelgenomen aan de enkele doorlopende inbreuk van het autoglaskartel. Daartoe dient (onder meer) sprake te zijn van wilsovereenstemming en een gezamenlijk plan. De algemene doelstellingen van het kartel dienen bekend te zijn bij alle karteldeelnemers. Ten aanzien van Soliver heeft de Commissie niet voldoende aangetoond dat zij met de karteldoelstellingen. bekend was.
Van A tot Z; de uitspraken van het Hof van Justitie betreffende homoseksuele asielzoekers.
Authors: Zwaan K.
Published: February 2015

In de zaken X, Y en Z (C-199/12, C-200/12 en C- 201/12) oordeelde het Hof van Justitie op 7 november 2013 dat homoseksuelen een bijzondere sociale groep vormen, van homoseksuele asielzoekers niet kan worden verlangd dat zij discretie betrachten en dat de enkele strafbaarstelling van homoseksualiteit onvoldoende is om gegronde vrees voor vervolging aannemelijk te achten.

Op 2 december 2014 beantwoordde het Hof van Justitie de vraag over de toets van de geloofwaardigheid van asielrelazen van homoseksuele asielzoekers in de zaken A, B en C (C-148/13, C-149/13 en C-150/13).

Het Hof van Justitie heeft in deze uitspraak een beperkt aantal problematische onderzoeksmethodes ter vaststelling van de geloofwaardigheid van homoseksualiteit verboden. De vraag naar de rechtmatigheid van een aantal andere methodes blijft bestaan. Het Hof van Justitie laat deze toets aan de nationale rechter, en oordeelt dat bij deze toets de eerbiediging van artikel 1 EU Grondrechtenhandvest (menselijke waardigheid) richtinggevend is.

HvJ 2 december 2014, gevoegde zaken C-148/13, C-149/13 en C-150/13, A, B en C, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2406

HvJ 7 november 2013, gevoegde zaken C-199/12, C-200/12 en C- 201/12, X, Y en Z, ECLI:EU:C:2013:720
Advies 2/13 van het Hof van Justitie: flinke stap terug voor toetreding Europese Unie tot Europees Verdrag tot bescherming van de rechten van de mens
Authors: Van de Heyning C.J.
Published: February 2015

In Advies 2/13 oordeelt het Hof van Justitie dat het Ontwerpakkoord aangaande de toetreding van de Europese Unie tot het EVRM niet in overeenstemming is met de Verdragen. Het Hof van Justitie meent dat het Ontwerpakkoord op elf punten in strijd is met de autonomie en eigenheid van het Unierecht (de eenheid, voorrang en effectiviteit van het Unierecht) en de positie van het Hof van Justitie als ultieme rechter over de interpretatie van het Unierecht in gevaar brengt. Dit Advies werd ontvangen als een grote verrassing. Deze annotatie bespreekt het Advies en besluit dat het Hof van Justitie hiermee de toetreding zeer moeilijk zo niet onmogelijk maakt.

HvJ 18 december 2014, Advies 2/13, Advies aangaande artikel 218, paragraaf 11 VWEU, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2475, n.n.g.
Sustainability Principles and Regulatory Development
Authors: Development Sustainability Principles and Regulatory , Bellamy William D. , Swaim Paul D. , Curl Jason M. , Carpenter Adam , Roberson J. Alan
Published: February 2015

Using a holistic approach to evaluate proposed drinking water regulations would address environmental, economic, and societal concerns; a study was conducted by AWWA and CH2M HILL to demonstrate that such an approach is possible.
Do No Harm: Perverse Consequences of Misjudging Public Response
Authors: Goetz Melanie K.
Published: February 2015

If you want customers to change their water‐use behaviors for the better, paying attention to two powerful social norms ‐ and making sure they work harmoniously in your campaigns ‐ will improve your chances of success.
Achieving Reliability in Potable Reuse: The Four Rs
Authors: Pecson Brian M. , Trussell R. Shane , Pisarenko Aleks N. , Trussell R. Rhodes
Published: February 2015

The four Rs ‐ reliability, redundancy, robustness, and resilience ‐ provide a framework for developing potable reuse systems to address increasing needs for sustainable water resources and to maintain consistent protection of public health.
Synthesis, Characterization, In-Vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2 Complexes of 3-(2-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazono)indolin-2-one
Authors: Zahid Khan  , Zahida T. Maqsood  , Muhammad Asad K. Tanoli  , Khalid M. Khan  , Lubna Iqbal  , Mehreen Lateef
Published: February 2015

Four novel complexes of “3-(2-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazono)indolin-2-one” have been synthesized with Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2. Physical and analytical techniques including CHN, IR, UV-Vis, AAS, molar conductivity values and magnetic susceptibility data were used to characterize all complexes. The bis Schiff base ligand i.e. 3-(2-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazono)indolin-2-one, acted as a tridentate ligand and coordinated through phenolic oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and carbonyl group. Low values of molar conductance suggested the non-electrolyte nature of all complexes. Elemental analysis of complexes indicated the 1:1 metal to ligand mole ratios for [Cu(Inh)(OAc)] and [Zn(Inh)(OAc)] metal complexes and 1:2 metal to ligand mole ratios for [Co(Inh)2] and [Ni(Inh)2] metal complexes. Square planner geometry is proposed for [Cu(Inh)(OAc)] and distorted tetrahedral geometry is proposed for [Zn(Inh)(OAc)] while octahedral geometries are proposed for [Co(Inh)2] and [Ni(Inh)2] metal complexes. Antimicrobial and antioxidant studies were performed for all compounds and it was discovered that the complexes are more potent antibacterial and antifungal agents while the ligand exhibited comparatively more DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil) radical scavenging activity than the complexes.
EDITORIAL: Too much Sitting: A Potential Health Hazard and a Global Call to Action
Authors: Sandeep Kumar Vashist
Published: February 2015

Editorial
The Golden Age of the Company: (Three Colors of Company's Time)
Authors: Brusov Peter N. , Filatova Tatiana , Orehova Natali , Kulik Veniamin
Published: February 2015

In this paper we investigate the dependence of attracting capital cost on the time of life of company n at various leverage levels, at various values of capital costs with the aim of define of minimum cost of attracting capital. All calculations have been done within modern theory of capital cost and capital structure by Brusov - Filatova - Orekhova (Brusov et al. 2011a,b,c,d,e; 2012 a,b; 2013 a,b,c; 2014 a,b; Filatova et al. 2008).
It is shown for the first time that valuation of WACC in the Modigliani - Miller theory (Modigliani et al. 1958; 1963; 1966) is not minimal and valuation of the company capitalization is not maximal, as all financiers supposed up to now: at some age of the company its WACC value turns out to be lower, than in Modigliani - Miller theory and company capitalization V turns out to be greater, than V in Modigliani - Miller theory.
It is shown that, from the point of view of cost of attracting capital there are two types of dependences of weighted average cost of capital, WACC, on the time of life of company n: monotonic descending with n and descending with passage through minimum, followed by a limited growth. The first type takes place for the companies with low capital costs of the company, characteristic for the western companies. The second type takes place for higher capital costs of the company, characteristic for the Russian companies as well as for companies from other developing countries. This means that latter companies, in contrast to the western ones, can take advantage of the benefits, given at a certain stage of development of company by discovered effect. Moreover, since the "golden age" of company depends on the company's capital costs, by controlling them (for example, by modifying the value of dividend payments, that reflect the equity cost), company may extend the "golden age" of the company, when the cost to attract capital becomes a minimal (less than perpetuity limit), and capitalization of companies becomes maximal (above than perpetuity assessment) up to a specified time interval.
Concluded that existed up to the present conclusions of the results of the theory of Modigliani-Miller (Modigliani et al. 1958; 1963; 1966) in these aspects are incorrect. We discuss the use of opened effects in developing economics (Brusov et al. 2015).
Synaptotagmin 1 directs repetitive release by coupling vesicle exocytosis to the Rab3 cycle
Authors: Cheng Yunsheng , Wang Jiaming , Wang Yu , Ding Mei
Published: February 2015

In response to Ca2+ influx, a synapse needs to release neurotransmitters quickly while immediately preparing for repeat firing. How this harmonization is achieved is not known. In this study, we found that the Ca2+ sensor synaptotagmin 1 orchestrates the membrane association/disassociation cycle of Rab3, which functions in activity-dependent recruitment of synaptic vesicles. In the absence of Ca2+, synaptotagmin 1 binds to Rab3 GTPase activating protein (GAP) and inhibits the GTP hydrolysis of Rab3 protein. Rab3 GAP resides on synaptic vesicles, and synaptotagmin 1 is essential for the synaptic localization of Rab3 GAP. In the presence of Ca2+, synaptotagmin 1 releases Rab3 GAP and promotes membrane disassociation of Rab3. Without synaptotagmin 1, the tight coupling between vesicle exocytosis and Rab3 membrane disassociation is disrupted. We uncovered the long-sought molecular apparatus linking vesicle exocytosis to Rab3 cycling and we also revealed the important function of synaptotagmin 1 in repetitive synaptic vesicle release.
Cellular interpretation of the long-range gradient of Four-jointed activity in the Drosophila wing
Authors: Hale Rosalind , Brittle Amy L , Fisher Katherine H , Monk Nicholas A M , Strutt David
Published: February 2015

To understand how long-range patterning gradients are interpreted at the cellular level, we investigate how a gradient of expression of the Four-jointed kinase specifies planar polarised distributions of the cadherins Fat and Dachsous in the Drosophila wing. We use computational modelling to test different scenarios for how Four-jointed might act and test the model predictions by employing fluorescence recovery after photobleaching as an in vivo assay to measure the influence of Four-jointed on Fat-Dachsous binding. We demonstrate that in vivo, Four-jointed acts both on Fat to promote its binding to Dachsous and on Dachsous to inhibit its binding to Fat, with a bias towards a stronger effect on Fat. Overall, we show that opposing gradients of Fat and Dachsous phosphorylation are sufficient to explain the observed pattern of Fat–Dachsous binding and planar polarisation across the wing, and thus demonstrate the mechanism by which a long-range gradient is interpreted.
Spatial fingerprint and magnitude of changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during marine isotope stage 3
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Prange Matthias , Merkel Ute , Schulz Michael
Published: February 2015

Pronounced millennial‐scale climate variability during marine isotope stage 3 (MIS3) is considered to be linked to changes in the state of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), i.e., a warm interstadial/cold stadial state corresponds to a strong/weak AMOC. Based on a series of freshwater hosing/extraction experiments with the state‐of‐the‐art Community Climate System Model version 3, we construct a global spatial fingerprint of oceanic temperature anomalies in response to AMOC changes under MIS3 boundary conditions. Highest sensitivity to AMOC changes, especially in summer, is found in northeastern North Atlantic sea surface temperature, but a characteristic temperature fingerprint is also found at subsurface levels. After testing significance of the linear sea surface temperature (SST)‐AMOC regressions, the model results are combined with paleo‐SST records to estimate the magnitude of millennial‐scale Dansgaard‐Oeschger AMOC variations during MIS3. The results suggest a mean difference in AMOC strength between interstadial and (non‐Heinrich) stadial states of 9.2 ± 1.2 Sv (1σ).
Evolution of the lower hybrid drift instability at reconnection jet front
Authors: Divin A. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Vaivads A. , André M. , Markidis S. , Lapenta G.
Published: February 2015

We investigate current‐driven modes developing at jet fronts during collisionless reconnection. Initial evolution of the reconnection is simulated using conventional 2‐D setup starting from the Harris equilibrium. Three‐dimensional PIC calculations are implemented at later stages, when fronts are fully formed. Intense currents and enhanced wave activity are generated at the fronts because of the interaction of the fast flow plasma and denser ambient current sheet plasma. The study reveals that the lower hybrid drift instability develops quickly in the 3‐D simulation. The instability produces strong localized perpendicular electric fields, which are several times larger than the convective electric field at the front, in agreement with Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms observations. The instability generates waves, which escape the front edge and propagate into the undisturbed plasma ahead of the front. The parallel electron pressure is substantially larger in the 3‐D simulation compared to that of the 2‐D. In a time , the instability forms a layer, which contains a mixture of the jet plasma and current sheet plasma. The results confirm that the lower hybrid drift instability is important for the front evolution and electron energization.
A total ozone‐dependent ozone profile climatology based on ozonesondes and Aura MLS data
Authors: Labow Gordon J. , Ziemke Jerald R. , McPeters Richard D. , Haffner David P. , Bhartia Pawan K.
Published: February 2015

Ozone profiles measured with the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and ozonesondes are used to create a new ozone climatology that can be used for satellite retrievals and radiative transfer studies. The climatology is binned according to total column ozone amount and latitude rather than with season. Because of high correlation between ozone profile shape and total ozone, the ozone profiles in this climatology capture ozone variations well, especially near the tropopause. This climatology has been constructed from nearly a million individual MLS ozone profile measurements taken between 2004 and 2013 as well as over 55,000 ozonesonde measurements from 1988 to 2011. The MLS profiles were sorted by total column ozone as measured by Ozone Monitoring Instrument in observations that were coincident with the MLS measurements. The data from the sondes were used in the troposphere and lower stratosphere and MLS in the middle and upper stratosphere. These two data sets were blended together between 13 and 17 km (~159–88 hPa). This climatology consists of average ozone profiles as a function of total ozone for six 30° latitude bands covering altitudes between 0 and 75 km (in Z* pressure altitude coordinates) as well as the corresponding standard deviations for each layer. There is no seasonal component. This new climatology shows some remarkable and somewhat unexpected correlations between the total column ozone and the ozone amount at some layers, particularly in the lower and middle troposphere in some latitude bands.
The effect of aerosols and sea surface temperature on China's climate in the late twentieth century from ensembles of global climate simulations
Authors: Folini D. , Wild M.
Published: February 2015

Over the late twentieth century, China has seen a strong increase in aerosol emissions, whose quantitative role for observed changes in surface solar radiation (SSR), surface air temperature (SAT), and precipitation remains debated. We use ensembles of transient sensitivity experiments with the global climate model ECHAM5 from the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany, combined with the Hamburg Aerosol Module to examine the effect of aerosols and prescribed, observation‐based sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on the above variables. Observations and control experiments agree reasonably well in eastern China in terms of SSR dimming (−6 ± 2 W/m2/decade, 1960–2000; stronger than in models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5, CMIP5), statistically nonsignificant summer SAT trend (1950–2005), and drying in summer from 1950 to 1990 (−2.5% to −3.5% per decade, essentially via reduction of convective precipitation). Other observed features are not reproduced by the model, e.g., precipitation increase in the 1990s in the Yangtze River valley or, from the 1960s onward, the strong winter warming in northern China and Mongolia and SSR dimming in western China. Aerosol effects are stronger for sulfur dioxide than for black and organic carbon and are more pronounced at lower model resolution. Transient SSTs are crucial for decadal‐scale SAT variability over land, especially the strong warming in the 1990s, and, via SST forced reduction of cloud cover, for the ceasing of SSR dimming around the year 2000. Unforced cloud variability leads to relevant scatter (up to ±2 W/m2/decade) of modeled SSR trends at individual observation sites.
Optical properties and CCN activity of aerosols in a high‐altitude Himalayan environment: Results from RAWEX‐GVAX
Authors: Gogoi Mukunda M. , Babu S. Suresh , Jayachandran V. , Moorthy K. Krishna , Satheesh S. K. , Naja Manish , Kotamarthi V. R.
Published: February 2015

The seasonality and mutual dependence of aerosol optical properties and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity under varying meteorological conditions at the high‐altitude Nainital site (~2 km) in the Indo‐Gangetic Plains were examined using nearly year‐round measurements (June 2011 to March 2012) at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement mobile facility as part of the Regional Aerosol Warming Experiment–Ganges Valley Aerosol Experiment of the Indian Space Research Organization and the U.S. Department of Energy. The results from collocated measurements provided enhanced aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients, CCN concentrations, and total condensation nuclei concentrations during the dry autumn and winter months. The CCN concentration (at a supersaturation of 0.46) was higher during the periods of high aerosol absorption (single scattering albedo (SSA) < 0.80) than during the periods of high aerosol scattering (SSA > 0.85), indicating that the aerosol composition seasonally changes and influences the CCN activity. The monthly mean CCN activation ratio (at a supersaturation of 0.46) was highest (>0.7) in late autumn (November); this finding is attributed to the contribution of biomass‐burning aerosols to CCN formation at high supersaturation conditions.
Energetic electron injections deep into the inner magnetosphere associated with substorm activity
Authors: Turner D. L. , Claudepierre S. G. , Fennell J. F. , O'Brien T. P. , Blake J. B. , Lemon C. , Gkioulidou M. , Takahashi K. , Reeves G. D. , Thaller S. , Breneman A. , Wygant J. R. , Li W. , Runov A. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: February 2015

From a survey of the first nightside season of NASA's Van Allen Probes mission (December 2012 to September 2013), 47 energetic (tens to hundreds of keV) electron injection events were found at L shells ≤ 4, all of which are deeper than any previously reported substorm‐related injections. Preliminary details from these events are presented, including how all occurred shortly after dipolarization signatures and injections were observed at higher L shells, how the deepest observed injection was at L ~ 2.5, and, surprisingly, how L ≤ 4 injections are limited in energy to ≤250 keV. We present a detailed case study of one example event revealing that the injection of electrons down to L ~ 3.5 was different from injections observed at higher L and likely resulted from electrons interacting with a fast magnetosonic wave in the Pi2 frequency range inside the plasmasphere. These observations demonstrate that injections occur at very low L shells and may play an important role for inner zone electrons.
Urbanization causes increased cloud base height and decreased fog in coastal Southern California
Authors: Williams A. Park , Schwartz Rachel E. , Iacobellis Sam , Seager Richard , Cook Benjamin I. , Still Christopher J. , Husak Gregory , Michaelsen Joel
Published: February 2015

Subtropical marine stratus clouds regulate coastal and global climate, but future trends in these clouds are uncertain. In coastal Southern California (CSCA), interannual variations in summer stratus cloud occurrence are spatially coherent across 24 airfields and dictated by positive relationships with stability above the marine boundary layer (MBL) and MBL height. Trends, however, have been spatially variable since records began in the mid‐1900s due to differences in nighttime warming. Among CSCA airfields, differences in nighttime warming, but not daytime warming, are strongly and positively related to fraction of nearby urban cover, consistent with an urban heat island effect. Nighttime warming raises the near‐surface dew point depression, which lifts the altitude of condensation and cloud base height, thereby reducing fog frequency. Continued urban warming, rising cloud base heights, and associated effects on energy and water balance would profoundly impact ecological and human systems in highly populated and ecologically diverse CSCA.
Novel Two‐Step Topotactic Transformation Synthetic Route Towards Monodisperse LnOF:Re,3+ (Ln = Y, Pr–Lu) Nanocrystals with Down/Upconversion Luminescence Properties
Authors: Shao Baiqi , Zhao Qi , Lv Wenzhen , Jiao Mengmeng , Lü Wei , You Hongpeng
Published: February 2015

A novel two‐step topotactic transformation (TT) synthetic route, Y2(OH)5NO3•nH2O (LYH)→Y(OH)2.02F0.98→YOF, is first developed for the monodisperse YOF:Re3+ (Re = Eu, Tb, Yb/Er, and Yb/Tm) nanostructure with bundle, tube, and atomically thick sheet morphologies. The intermediate Y(OH)2.02F0.98 precursor is synthesized from the starting point of the {0001} plane, which forms by a novel type of ion‐exchange from the brucite‐like LYH due to the structural similarity between the [Y2(OH)5(H2O)n]+ unit layer and the Y(OH)2.02F0.98 {0001} plane. Such ion‐exchange behavior is different from the traditional case for LYH exchanging the intercalated anions. The detailed structural characterization reveals that the formation of YOF is attributed to an in situ TT with the structural matching of [0001]Y(OH)2.02F0.98//[110]YOF. Moreover, this novel synthetic route can be also extended to other lanthanides oxyfluorides series (LnOF, Ln = Pr–Lu), and the as‐prepared YOF:Re3+ products exhibit intense characteristic down/upconversion luminescence. Our synthetic strategy dovetails well with the green concept in the current nanoscience and nanotechnology, which may bring new opportunity to LRHs and open a new avenue in the synthetic methodology for micro/nanomaterials.
Female participation in collective group defense in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra)
Authors: Van Belle Sarie
Published: February 2015

Many group‐living animals actively defend a home range against neighboring groups. In many of these societies, males are the primary participants during group defense, while female participation ranges from seldom to frequent. Among howler monkeys (Alouattaspp.), loud calls (i.e., howling) are often used in the context of intergroup spacing as a form of cooperative group defense. Males initiate and lead these howling bouts, but females occasionally participate as well. During a 28‐month study, I examined social and ecological factors influencing the participation of adult females in naturally occurring howling bouts of five multimale–multifemale groups of black howler monkeys (A. pigra) at Palenque National Park, Mexico. I calculated the percentage of time each female participated during howling bouts for which the participation of all resident females could be recorded ≥80% of the time (N = 287). At least one female was observed to participate in 53% of the vocal displays. Female participation was significantly greater during howling bouts that were part of visual intergroup encounters compared to spontaneous calls or calls in response to nearby calls when there was no visual contact with rival groups. Female calling behavior was not influenced by the presence of infants vulnerable to infanticide or by the proximity to food resources. Nonetheless, in four of the five study groups, one female called significantly more than the other resident female(s), suggesting that these females played a special role within the group's social dynamics, not previously recognized for this species. Am. J. Primatol. 77:595–604, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Primate Kinship: Contributions from Cayo Santiago
Authors: Berman Carol M.
Published: February 2015

Research on Cayo Santiago and Japan deserves credit for launching the study of primate kinship and for continuing to help shape it in important ways. This review describes the origins of kinship research on Cayo Santiago, beginning with Donald Sade's pioneering work establishing the concepts of kin preferences, matrilineal dominance systems and incest avoidance. It then reviews subsequent research by later Cayo Santiago researchers and alumni, focusing primarily on maternal kinship. Together these researchers have greatly expanded our knowledge of kin preferences in rhesus in terms of (i) what age‐sex classes, behaviors and types of kin show them, (ii) the ways in which kinship interfaces with rank, sex, age, and dispersal patterns, and (iii) the graded and variably limited nature of kin preferences in terms of degree of relatedness. Second, the argument for kin selection at least for some types of behavior has survived challenges posed by several alternative explanations, and has been both strengthened by recent findings of paternal kin preferences and narrowed by studies showing that unilateral altruism may extend only to very close kin. Third, work on Cayo Santiago has contributed to an appreciation that both current conditions and inherent social characteristics may influence the strength of kin preferences, and fourth, it has contributed to an understanding of the possible origins of our own species’ family systems. Cayo Santiago became a leader in kinship research in large part because of management practices that produce known extended lineages. These lineages have promoted and accelerated research on kinship, prompting other researchers to investigate its importance in other groups and species, where its effects only then became clear. The extended lineages remain valuable tools for research on a species that lives in a broad range of environments in the wild, including those with key parallels to Cayo Santiago. Am. J. Primatol. 78:63–77, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterizing Elements of Urban Planning in Magna Graecia Using Geophysical Techniques: the Case of Tirena (Southern Italy)
Authors: Cella F. , Paoletti V. , Florio G. , Fedi M.
Published: February 2015

We present the results of a geophysical study at the site of Pian della Tirena, near the town of Nocera Terinese (Calabria, Italy). Geophysical imaging is a recent technique providing a reliable mapping of the three‐dimensional magnetization distribution below the ground and, thus, effectively estimating the depth of buried structures. The site studied gained archaeological interest following the hypothesis of the presence of two adjacent, but distinct, settlements. The first one of Hellenic/Hellenistic age (the Temesa of Brettian age), the second (called Tempsa) of Roman age. Even though the site was recently excavated, extensive investigation was not possible due to the broadness of the area and the scarceness of traces at the surface, making it difficult to plan a targeted survey. Two detailed geophysical (magnetic and electromagnetic) surveys were performed in 2006 and 2013 to provide the archaeologists with precise information about the type and position of the buried structures, and increase the efficiency of the investigation. The survey aimed to: (i) confirm and outline the existence of a true urban settlement instead of isolated dwellings; (ii) locate centres of manufacturing activities (local pottery and metal handicrafts); (iii) verify the existence of a boundary wall or road around the settlement. Our three‐dimensional analysis and interpretation detected several anomaly trends, most of which show a rather regular shape and orientation. This allowed us to infer the possible existence of a well‐developed urban network. The final results provided an archaeological interpretation, building upon the urban network and different use‐zones within the town. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioanalysis of acetylcarnitine in cerebrospinal fluid by HILIC–mass spectrometry
Authors: Holder Brian R. , McNaney Colleen A. , Luchetti David , Schaeffer Eric , Drexler Dieter M.
Published: February 2015

Acetyl‐l‐carnitine (ALCAR) is a potential biomarker for the modulation of brain neurotransmitter activity, but is also present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Recent studies have utilized hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC‐MS/MS) based assays to detect and quantify ALCAR within biofluids such as urine, plasma and serum, using various sample pretreatment procedures. In order to address the need to quantify ALCAR in CSF on a high‐throughput scale, a new and simple HILIC‐MS/MS assay has been successfully developed and validated. For rapid analysis, CSF sample pretreatment was performed via ‘dilute and shoot’ directly onto an advanced HILIC column prior to MS/MS detection. This newly developed HILIC‐MS/MS assay shows good recoveries of ALCAR without the need for chemical derivatization and multistep sample extraction procedures. The employment of this assay is suitable for the high‐throughput bioanalysis and quantification of ALCAR within the CSF of various animal models and human clinical studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Restoration of Firearm Rights in New York
Authors: Fisher Carl E. , Cohen Ziv E. , Hoge Steven K. , Appelbaum Paul S.
Published: February 2015

The National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) Improvement Amendments Act of 2007 encouraged states to create processes by which individuals who have lost their rights to firearm possession for mental‐illness‐related reasons could receive relief from restrictions. Over 20 states have created relief processes for this sub‐group, but there still exists considerable state‐by‐state heterogeneity. The spectrum ranges from states that require a physician's opinion regarding appropriateness for restoration to those that rely solely on judicial proceedings without input from psychiatrists or other mental health professionals. This article reviews the restoration process in New York State, a model in which psychiatrists participate in the process of assessing whether an individual's firearm rights can be restored. It discusses the legislative background of these regulations, the specific policies and procedures governing the restoration process, and clinical considerations for the forensic evaluation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D CFD modelling and optimization of single‐phase flow in rotating packed beds
Authors: Yang Yucheng , Xiang Yang , Li Yingang , Chu Guangwen , Zou Haikui , Arowo Moses , Chen Jianfeng
Published: February 2015

Rotating Packed Beds (RPBs) are novel reactors used for intensification of mass transfer and mixing since they provide adjustable centrifugal force to simulate high gravity. In this work, in order to analyze and optimize fluid flow in RPBs, a three‐dimensional single‐phase flow was simulated and validated with previous experimental data. The results show that pressure drop increases with an increasing gas flow rate and rotation speed, and reveal the distribution of total pressure and velocity magnitude. A RPB with radial gas inlet, one of the generic types of RPBs, which is widely applied in the chemical industry but has poor gas distribution on the surface of packing, was optimized using various baffles. The width, distance, shape, and opening porosity of the baffles were examined by adopting a criterion, and their effect on gas distribution was illustrated. Finally, a possible optimum structure of the RPB was formulated under optimal operational conditions.