bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repression: A mistaken impression?
Authors: LOFTUS ELIZABETH , JOSLYN SUSAN , POLAGE DANIELLE
Published: July 2002

How do clinical observations of repression
square with experimental evidence suggesting that emotionally arousing memories are especially
enduring? This discrepancy can be understood by examining three kinds of memory distortions
that give the impression in a clinical context, of repression. Potentially traumatic events such as
childhood sexual abuse (CSA) may be subject to ordinary forgetting. Recent research suggests
people who fail to understand the sexual nature of CSA report that they remember it less well. In
other words, the event occurred and it was forgotten, but not “repressed.” In
addition, people may be wrong about experiencing a period of forgetting, i.e. the event occurred
but was never forgotten. Finally, people may believe that a particular traumatic event occurred
and was repressed when, in fact, it did not happen in the first place. Under certain circumstances,
some combination of these distortions could lead to situations that are mistakenly interpreted as
repression.
Modulated two-dimensional patterns in
reaction–diffusion systems
Authors: KUSKE R. , MILEWSKI P.
Published: July 2002

New modulation equations for hexagonal patterns in reaction–diffusion systems are derived
for parameter régimes corresponding to the onset of patterns. These systems include additional
nonlinearities which are not present in Rayleigh–Bénard convection or Swift–Hohenberg type
models. The dynamics of hexagonal and roll patterns are studied using a combination
of analytical and computational approaches which exploit the hexagonal structure of the
modulation equations. The investigation demonstrates instabilities and new phenomena not
found in other systems, and is applied to patterns of flame fronts in a certain model of burner
stabilized flames.
Functional design and implementation of
graphical user interfaces for theorem provers
Authors: LÜTH C. , WOLFF B.
Published: July 2002

The design of theorem provers, especially in the LCF-prover family, has strongly profited
from functional programming. This paper attempts to develop a metaphor suited to visualize
the LCF-style prover design, and a methodology for the implementation of graphical user
interfaces for these provers and encapsulations of formal methods. In this problem domain,
particular attention has to be paid to the need to construct a variety of objects, keep track
of their interdependencies and provide support for their reconstruction as a consequence of
changes. We present a prototypical implementation of a generic and open interface system
architecture, and show how it can be instantiated to an interface for Isabelle, called IsaWin,
as well as to a tailored tool for transformational program development, called TAS.
Concordancing and comprehension: preliminary observations on using concordance output to predict
pitfalls
Authors: KENNING MARIE-MADELEINE
Published: July 2002

This paper presents an innovative application of concordancing to the study of comprehension
based on the hypothesis that the presence of noise in raw concordance data brings to light the existence
of strings liable to cause unsuspected comprehension problems to language learners. The paper explains how
the hypothesis was arrived at before proceeding to describe and discuss an experiment specially designed so
as to test its validity. In the course of this experiment eight post A-level students and two native
speakers/teachers of French were observed processing the raw output of a concordance of the string bien que.
Details of the concordance data are given, broken down in broad categories (concessive conjunction bien que,
resultative conjunction si bien que, adverb + completive, etc.). The findings are reported in
three stages corresponding to those of the experiment: a pilot study involving two of the students, a repeat
of the experiment with the two native speakers, and a second learner study with a larger, more representative
sample of six students. Between them the results are found to provide empirical evidence in support of the
hypothesis. The main outcome is that contrary to the native speakers, none of the post A-level students was
able to interpret all the citations correctly. Other significant results are that difficulties were spread
unevenly across citations and were more common among those with lower grades. The implications for language
pedagogy are then examined. The paper concludes that concordances can be helpful in predicting potential
pitfalls and ends with some suggestions for future research.
Interactive pronunciation training
Authors: MENZEL WOLFGANG , HERRON DANIEL , MORTON RACHEL , PEZZOTTA DARIO , BONAVENTURA PATRIZIA , HOWARTH PETER
Published: July 2002

Improving the feedback quality of a computer-based system for pronunciation
training requires rather detailed and precise knowledge about the place and the nature of actual
mispronunciations in a student’s utterance. To be able to provide this kind of information,
components for the automatic localisation and correction of pronunciation errors have been developed.
This work was part of a project aimed at integrating state-of-the-art speech recognition technology
into a pronunciation training environment for adult, intermediate level learners. Although the
technologies described here are in principle valid for any language pairs, the current system
focuses on Italian and German learners of English.
Measuring poststroke spasticity
Authors: Gregson J. M. , Sharma A. K.
Published: July 2002

What is spasticity?

Spasticity is a well-recognized and potentially important clinical syndrome comprising inappropriate and involuntary high muscle tone. It has been variably defined, with debate still ongoing. Currently, the most widely accepted definition is that of Lance, stating that spasticity is ‘a motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyper-excitability of the stretch reflex.’ Unfortunately, even this description does not fully encompass the multifactorial nature of spasticity, since resistance to movement, even in the normal state, is subject to varied contributors. These include patient volition, inertia, visco-elastic muscle forces and range of joint movement, as well as true muscle activation secondary to reflex action. In the real clinical world, it is often not possible to distinguish which of these features is/are dominant. Furthermore, spastic muscle undergoes physiopathological, rheologic change with stiffness, atrophy, fibrosis and finally contracture.
What can be done for the elderly patient who is incontinent of urine?
Authors: Wynne H , Carty S , Rees J
Published: July 2002

Urinary incontinence has been defined by the International Continence Society as 'the involuntary loss of urine which is a social and hygienic problem and can be objectively demonstrated'. This is a useful definition, although the subjective component leaves it open to variable interpretation, with consequent difficulty in establishing its prevalence. This is further contributed to by prevalence differences between populations and inconsistency of questions used. Thus, for example, studies have used such diverse questions as 'do you have difficulty in controlling your water?', 'do you have involuntary loss of urine on two or more occasions per month?', 'have you had involuntary loss of urine at any time in the previous year?' or 'have you ever suffered from bladder problems?'.
Normalization and the Yoneda embedding
Authors: ČUBRIĆ DJORDJE , DYBJER PETER , SCOTT PHILIP
Published: July 2002

We show how to solve the word problem for simply typed
λβη-calculus by using a few
well-known facts about categories of presheaves and the Yoneda embedding.
The formal
setting for these results is [Pscr ]-category theory, a version of ordinary

category theory where each hom-set is equipped with a partial equivalence
relation. The part of
[Pscr ]-category theory
we develop here is constructive and thus permits extraction of programs
from proofs. It is
important to stress that in our method we make no use of traditional proof-theoretic
or
rewriting techniques. To show the robustness of our method, we give an
extended treatment
for more general λ-theories in the Appendix.
Territorial Identity in Europe: the Political Processes of the Construction of Identities in Corsica, the Basque Country, Italy, Macedonia and the Swiss Jura
Authors: Voutat Bernard
Published: July 2002

Jean-Louis Briquet, La tradition en mouvement. Clientélisme et politique en Corse (Paris: Belin, 1997), 303 pp. ISBN 2–701–12079–9.

Barbara Loyer, Géopolitique du Pays basque. Nations et nationalismes en Espagne (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997), 416 pp. ISBN 2–738–45089–X.

Carl Levy, ed., Italian Regionalism. History, Identity and Politics (Oxford/Washington, DC: Berg, 1996), 197 pp. ISBN 1–859–73156–2.

Peter Mackridge and Eleni Yannakis, eds., Ourselves and Others. The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity since 1912 (Oxford/New York: Berg, 1997), 259 pp. ISBN 1–859–73138–4.

Claude Hauser, Aux origines intellectuelles de la Question jurassienne. Culture et politique entre la France et la Suisse romande (1910–1950) (Courrendelin: Editions communication jurassienne et européenne (CJE), 1997), 528 pp. ISBN 2–940–11204–5.

Any examination of political movements that claim a basis in territorial and cultural
identity tends to come up against a major obstacle, the problem of tracing the
reasons for their emergence. There are two competing approaches: the ’culturalist‘,
which considers cultural differences among communities as being themselves the
chief cause of conflict; and the ’instrumentalist‘, which holds that those differences
are exploited and manipulated by individuals or groups seeking to acquire or
maintain a position of power.
Vichy Specificities: Repositioning the French Past
Authors: Adler K. H.
Published: July 2002

Michèle and Jean-Paul Cointet, eds., Dictionnaire historique de la France sous l'Occupation (Paris: Tallandier, 2000), 732pp., FF 290, ISBN 2-235-02234-0. Hanna Diamond, Women and the Second World War in France 1939–1948: Choices and Constraints (Harlow: Longman, 1999), 231pp., £45.00 (hb), £14.99 (pb), ISBN 0-582-29909-8. Sarah Fishman, Laura Lee Downs, Ioannis Sinanoglou, Leonard V. Smith, Robert Zaretsky, eds., France at War: Vichy and the Historians (Oxford and New York: Berg, 2000), 336pp., £45.00, ISBN 1-859-73299-2. Bertram M. Gordon, ed., Historical Dictionary of World War II France: The Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938–1946 (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998), 433pp., £73.95, ISBN 0-313-29421-6. Miranda Pollard, Reign of Virtue: Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 285pp., £31.50 (hb), £14.00 (pb), ISBN 0-226-67349-9 and 0-226-67350-2. Lynne Taylor, Between Resistance and Collaboration: Popular Protest in Northern France, 1940–45 (Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000), 195pp., £40.00, ISBN 0-333-73640-0.
Collective Protest Actions by Licensed Health Professionals
Authors: REITEMEIER PAUL J.
Published: July 2002

Public opinion polls consistently reveal that U.S.
society wants three basic characteristics in its healthcare
system: (1) convenient access to skilled professionals
and quality services for everyone, including primary care
and specialty personnel and services especially for the
very seriously ill; (2) personal affordability at both
levels of service; and (3) happy health professionals.
Meeting these three goals simultaneously has proved to
be quite challenging. The goal of universal access to basic
and specialty services pulls against the goal of affordability.
Health professionals caught in the middle of this struggle
find that their satisfaction with work conditions suffers
as a result. If truth is the first casualty of war, worker
and consumer happiness appears to be the first casualty
of substantive healthcare reform in the United States.
Collective Actions by Physicians that Do Not Endanger Patients
Authors: BRAITHWAITE SUSAN S.
Published: July 2002

This paper aims to identify some of the values held by
physicians in the United States that are relevant to physician
strikes and other collective actions, and to articulate a
position about collective actions that is consistent with
medical professionalism. The concept of medical professionalism
includes several elements to which physicians should aspire,
but the fundamental definition of professionalism is based on
just one of these elements, the virtue of altruism. As stated
by a committee project paper of the American Board of Internal
Medicine, “professionalism in medicine requires the
physician to serve the interests of the patient above his or
her self-interest.”
Physician Strikes and Trust
Authors: JACKSON RODGER L.
Published: July 2002

Physician strikes in the United States have been relatively
rare, although this has not been the case in other countries
nor with other members of the healthcare community, such as nurses.
This situation, however, could change. More physicians are either
joining unions or seriously discussing doing so. The National
Guild for Medical Providers, for example, is actively trying
to expand its membership of 11,000 doctors in Michigan,
Pennsylvania, and New Hampshire into Illinois, California,
New Jersey, Colorado, Texas, and South Carolina. The Federation
of Physicians and Dentists, with 2,500 members in Florida and
Connecticut, is trying to establish itself in Seattle, Las Vegas,
Tucson, and Philadelphia. Although unions are neither necessary nor
sufficient conditions for strikes, if physician unions do become
more prevalent, the potential for collective work actions, including
strikes, increases.
Ancestors, Computers, and Other Mixed Messages: Ambiguity
and Euthanasia in Japan
Authors: LONG SUSAN ORPETT
Published: July 2002

Ethical questions about end-of-life treatment present
themselves at two levels. In clinical situations, patients,
families, and healthcare workers sift through ambivalent
feelings and conflicting values as they try to resolve
questions in particular circumstances. In a very different
way, at the societal level, policy makers, lawyers, and
bioethicists attempt to determine the best policies and
laws to regulate practices about which there are a variety
of deeply held beliefs. In the United States we have tried
a number of ways to resolve the societal-level issues.
We have ignored them, argued to try to convince others
of our beliefs, voted to let the majority determine what
is right or wrong, and turned to the courts to decide,
as in the cases of Karen Ann Quinlan, Nancy Cruzan, and
Jack Kervorkian. Yet none of these approaches has yet left
us with comfortable, unambiguous cultural norms about issues
such as euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, which
are readily assumed by “ordinary people” as
they face individual and interpersonal dilemmas.
Autonomy's Limits: Living Donation and Health-Related Harm
Authors: SAUDER RYAN , PARKER LISA S.
Published: July 2002

In late December 1998, Renada Daniel-Patterson's
father offered to donate a kidney to his daughter and ignited
a controversy in the bioethics community. Renada had been born
with only one kidney, which began to fail early in her childhood.
At age 6, Renada had to receive dialysis three times a week.
She was unable to attend school or venture very far from home.
This pattern continued until Renada was 13, when Mr. Patterson
called from prison to offer her his kidney. Renada was surprised
to hear from her father, who was serving 12 years at California
State Prison for burglary and drug convictions. Mr. Patterson
was determined to be a compatible donor, and the family proceeded
with the transplant operation. As a result of this surgery,
Renada was able to live the life of a healthy girl for 2 years.
Because the medication to prevent rejection of the transplanted
organ made her feel ill and bloated and caused her to develop
a hump on her back, Renada gradually began to skip doses. As
a result, her donated kidney began to fail. It was under these
circumstances that David Patterson offered to donate his second
kidney to his daughter in 1998.
Validation and Regulatory Acceptance of Alternatives
Authors: HILL RICHARD N. , STOKES WILLIAM S.
Published: July 2002

For years there was no focus within the U.S. federal
government for alternatives to animal toxicity testing.
Questions coming to regulatory agencies fell upon individuals
to address in the best way they could. Given this void,
the ad hoc Interagency Regulatory Alternatives Group was
founded by staff in a number of federal agencies in the
late 1980s to coalesce efforts in the field. The group
sponsored two international workshops on eye irritation,
the first making proposals for change in the current test
method in rabbits, the second reviewing available data
on in vitro alternatives. The result has been that the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) is considering revision of the in vivo eye
irritation test guideline to incorporate a number of
the workshop deliberations. However, movement of the in
vitro eye irritation alternatives has been disappointing;
attempts to determine their practical testing significance
have thus far been unrewarding.
Science, Rhetoric, and Public Discourse in Genetic Research
Authors: LAGAY FAITH L.
Published: July 2002

Decisions concerning use of gene therapy will probably
not be made within the privacy of what was once a dyadic
doctor–patient relationship. More likely, some overarching
guidelines will emerge directing or limiting the practice.
Debate and position-taking over the myriad scientific,
social, ethical, legal, and political implications of research
into and manipulation of the human genome has intensified
since the U.S. government officially launched the Human
Genome Project in 1988 by appropriating funds to the Department
of Energy and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for
genome research. The discourse this costly research endeavor
has generated in the scientific and bioethics literature
and even in the popular press outlines a host of issues
likely to evoke attempts at line drawing and policymaking.
Many of these issues lend themselves easily to the shorthand
of dualistic opposition: somatic cell therapy (insertion
of genes into patients' nonreproductive cells or tissue
to accomplish the work of defective or missing genes) versus
germ line therapy or engineering (manipulation of a patient's
reproductive [germ] cells and the undifferentiated
cells of early embryos); correction of defects and disease
only versus enhancement of conditions not considered
defects or diseases; intervening on the basis of phenotype
only (physically expressed genetic traits or symptoms)
versus intervening on the basis of genotype also (the biochemical
composition of an individual's genome).
A Poisson * Geometric Convolution Law for the
Number of Components in Unlabelled
Combinatorial Structures
Authors: HWANG HSIEN-KUEI
Published: July 2002

Given a class of combinatorial structures
[Cscr ], we consider the quantity N(n,
m), the number of multiset constructions
[Pscr ] (of [Cscr ]) of size n having exactly m
[Cscr ]-components. Under general
analytic conditions on the generating function of
[Cscr ], we derive precise asymptotic estimates
for N(n, m), as
n→∞ and m varies through all
possible values (in general 1[les ]m[les ]n).
In particular, we show that the number of
[Cscr ]-components in a random (assuming a
uniform probability measure)
[Pscr ]-structure of size n obeys asymptotically a
convolution law of the Poisson and the geometric distributions.
Applications of the results include
random mapping patterns, polynomials in finite fields,
parameters in additive arithmetical
semigroups, etc. This work develops the ‘additive’
counterpart of our previous work on the
distribution of the number of prime factors of an
integer [20].
Research in urban history: a review of recent theses
Authors: Doyle Barry M.
Published: July 2002

This year's review is slightly shorter than usual, but does provide a broad overview of the types of current research being undertaken in the field of urban history by doctoral students in Great Britain and North America. As in previous years, the survey employs a wide interpretation of ‘urban history’ which includes both the history of, and history in, urban areas. Providing brief summaries of a selection of abstracts published in the Aslib Index to Theses [ASLIB] and Dissertations Abstracts International [DAI] of theses completed mostly in 1998 and 1999, it attempts to highlight both the novel and traditional in current research.
Genital herpes infection in pregnancy
Authors: Brocklehurst Peter
Published: July 2002

Genital herpes infection remains a difficult problem to manage during pregnancy. The natural history of the infection during pregnancy is not well understood and potential management strategies remain unevaluated. For example the risk of mother-to-child transmission in women with recurrent genital herpes lesions at the time of vaginal delivery is still unknown. We do not know whether delivery by caesarean section decreases this risk and yet it is the most widely used intervention in this situation. We are only just beginning to understand the epidemiology of asymptomatic infection and the risk that asymptomatic viral shedding may pose to the newborn. In addition, new methods of diagnosis and new strategies for management are regularly being proposed with little formal evaluation of their effectiveness in the clinical setting.

This article aims to review current knowledge applicable to the clinical situation and suggest how our knowledge and management of this problem may be improved in the future.
Cell adhesion molecules: their role in pregnancy
Authors: Lyall Fiona
Published: July 2002

The adhesion of cells to each other, to other cell types and to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a crucial part of development and relies on the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and their ligands. For example, at implantation, the trophoectoderm attaches to the uterine epithelial surface and CAMs play a major role in this process. Following attachment, interstitial and intravascular invasion of maternal tissue by trophoblast is required to develop the maternal-placental-fetal circulation and this too requires a new repertoire of CAM expression. Understanding the part played by adhesion molecules in pregnancy is paramount because several pregnancy associated disorders including pre-eclampsia, fetal growth retardation, miscarriage and infertility problems have been linked to abnormalities in expression of particular CAMs and/or their ligands. The aim of this article is to review the major CAM families and their role in human pregnancy. Excellent reviews which include reference to animal studies can be found elsewhere.
Control of duration of the first two mitoses in a mouse embryo
Authors: Ciemerych Maria A. , Maro Bernard , Kubiak Jacek Z.
Published: July 2002

The duration of M-phase is largely determined by the time necessary for the formation of a functional metaphase spindle and the correct alignment of all chromosomes on the metaphase plate. The spindle assembly checkpoint prevents the exit from M-phase before the proper alignment of all chromosomes on a metaphase plate in many cell types. In the present paper we show that the first mitotic M-phase of the mouse embryo lasts about 119 min, while the second embryonic M-phase lasts only about 70 min. Histone H1 kinase is activated rapidly during nuclear envelope breakdown in both mitoses. Its maximum, however, is followed by a plateau only during the first mitosis. In the second mitosis, the inactivation of histone H1 kinase activity follows its maximum directly. Histone H1 kinase is more stable in the cytoplasts obtained from mouse embryos during the first embryonic M-phase than during the second one. The stability of histone H1 kinase is greatly increased by the presence of the mitotic apparatus in both M-phases. The mitotic spindle assembly during the first and the second mitoses differs and the first metaphase spindle is stabilised during the period of maximum histone H1 kinase activity. These data show that an unknown developmentally regulated mechanism controls the duration of the two first mitoses in the mouse embryo.
THE REWORKING OF WORK
Authors: Dart Gregory
Published: July 2002

FOR THE EXHIBITION of his collected works at the Burleigh Gallery in London during the spring of 1865, Ford Madox Brown supplied a lengthy descriptive catalogue which gave highly detailed accounts of many of the paintings on display. Rarely before had a painter offered such an insight into his artistic methods and intentions, and the reviewers of the day were suitably impressed; the Pre-Raphaelite critic William Michael Rossetti even went so far as to remark that if others were to follow Brown’s practice, “it would enable the spectator to know for certain exactly what the artist meant, and what his work means, and would thus cut short a deal of silly and often perverse guess-work” (Rossetti, 1970: 181).The centerpiece of the show was a highly detailed canvas called Work (Figure 8) which had taken the artist over ten years to complete. In his review for Fraser’s Magazine Rossetti commented that the artist’s account of this painting was particularly valuable, since it enabled one “to follow out the whole scheme of thought into its details with certainty instead of by guess,” so that one gradually came to realise that “not a corner of the picture, a figure, or an action, is without its close yet varied relation to the central idea” (1970: 182). And indeed, Brown’s catalogue description did give a remarkably full account of its development, recording its transformation from a comparatively modest genre painting into a large-scale celebration of modern labor:
“PERMANENTLY BLACKED”: JULIA FRANKAU’S JEWISH RACE
Authors: Galchinsky Michael
Published: July 2002

IF THERE IS to be a challenge to the increasingly prevalent impulse to recover Anglo-Jewish texts from the silences of the archives, the challenge will undoubtedly arise in relation to the novels of Julia Frankau.1 Frankau’s late Victorian novels on Jewish subjects, Dr. Phillips: A Maida Vale Idyll (1887) and Pigs in Clover (1903), explore and authorize a particular set of attitudes known as “Jewish self-hatred,” and, I will argue, legitimate these attitudes by recourse to an idiosyncratic form of scientific racism. Moreover, as I will demonstrate, these texts have served as spurs to the production of racial anti-Semitism. In such a case, what does it mean to recover the text? For what purposes does one revive interest in a self-hating work that has a history of generating dangerous consequences?
Regular expressions for language engineering
Authors: KARTTUNEN L. , CHANOD J-P. , GREFENSTETTE G. , SCHILLE A.
Published: July 2002

Many of the processing steps in natural language engineering can
be performed using finite
state transducers. An optimal way to create such transducers is to
compile them from regular
expressions. This paper is an introduction to the regular expression
calculus, extended with
certain operators that have proved very useful in natural language
applications ranging from
tokenization to light parsing. The examples in the paper illustrate
in concrete detail some of these applications.
Alcoholics' initial organizational and problem-solving
skills predict learning and memory performance on the Rey–Osterrieth
Complex Figure
Authors: DAWSON LAUREN KWON , GRANT IGOR
Published: July 2002

This study was undertaken to investigate whether
alcoholics differ qualitatively from controls in their
organizational approach to the Rey–Osterrieth Complex
Figure (ROCF) and to examine the effects of problem-solving
and organizational ability on learning and retention. Data
were collected on 3 groups of neuromedically healthy, middle-aged
men: 29 recently detoxified alcoholics (RDA) abstinent
at least 2 weeks, 29 long-term abstinent alcoholics (LTA)
abstinent at least 18 months, and 29 nonalcoholic controls
(NAC). Groups were comparable in age, education, WAIS–R
Vocabulary score, and ANART IQ. Three indices of problem-solving
approach were used to score how participants produce
the ROCF during the copy condition: perceptual clustering,
organization, and constructional accuracy. Learning and
retention were measured by immediate recall, 20-min delayed
recall, and recognition performance. RDAs had significantly
impaired immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition
scores compared to NACs. RDAs also had significantly lower
perceptual clustering, organization, and constructional
accuracy scores than their long-term abstinent and nonalcoholic
counterparts. Multiple regression analyses revealed that
problem-solving ability at copy accounted for a significant
proportion of the variance in immediate recall, delayed
recall, and recognition. Further investigation of memory
performance using a repeated measures design revealed that
across the 3 groups, little forgetting occurred between
immediate and delayed recall, while performance improved
significantly on the recognition trial. Use of less efficient
problem-solving strategies appears to affect RDAs'
ability to learn and retrieve complex figural information.
(JINS, 2000, 6, 12–19.)
Personality change disorder in children and adolescents
following traumatic brain injury
Authors: MAX JEFFREY E. , KOELE SHARON L. , CASTILLO CARLOS C. , LINDGREN SCOTT D. , ARNDT STEPHAN , BOKURA HIROKAZU , ROBIN DONALD A. , SMITH WILBUR L. , SATO YUTAKA
Published: July 2002

The occurrence of personality change due to traumatic
brain injury (PC), and its clinical and neuroimaging correlates
were investigated. Ninety-four children, ages 5 through
14 at the time of hospitalization following traumatic brain
injury (TBI; severe TBI N = 37;
mild–moderate TBI N = 57),
were assessed. Standardized psychiatric, adaptive functioning,
cognitive functioning, family functioning, family psychiatric
history, severity of injury, and neuroimaging assessments
were conducted. The Neuropsychiatric Rating Schedule (NPRS)
was used to establish a diagnosis of PC. Approximately 40%
of consecutively hospitalized severe TBI participants had
ongoing persistent PC an average of 2 years postinjury.
An additional approximately 20% had a history of a remitted
and more transient PC. PC occurred in 5% of mild–moderate
TBI but was always transient. Interrater reliability for the
diagnosis of PC was good (Kappa = .70). In severe TBI
participants, persistent PC was significantly associated
with severity of injury, particularly impaired consciousness
over 100 hr, adaptive and intellectual functioning decrements,
and concurrent diagnosis of secondary attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder, but was not significantly related to
any psychosocial adversity variables. These findings suggest
that PC is a frequent diagnosis following severe TBI in
children and adolescents, but is much less common following
mild–moderate TBI. (JINS, 2000, 6,
279–289.)
Contingent valuation of a Taiwanese wetland
Authors: Hammitt James K. , Liu Jin-Tan , Liu Jin-Long
Published: July 2002

Wetlands provide a variety of important environmental services including flood control, wildlife habitat, waste treatment, and recreational opportunities. Because most of these services are public goods, the value of wetland preservation cannot be directly obtained from market prices but may be estimated using revealed-preference or stated-preference methods. We estimate the value to local residents of protecting the Kuantu wetland in Taiwan using contingent valuation. Estimates are sensitive to question format, with estimates using a double-bounded dichotomous-choice format about three times larger than estimates using a single open-ended question. Using the open-ended format, the estimated annual mean household willingness to pay to preserve
the Kuantu wetland is about US$21. Using the dichotomous-choice questions, the
value is about US$65. These estimates suggest the total present-value willingness to pay to preserve Kuantu wetland is about US$200 million to US$1.2 billion (discounted at 5–10%).
Gesture control of musical processes: a MAX environment for Buchla's ‘Lightning’
Authors: CERANA CARLOS
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a software package developed in MAX for using the gestures of a performer as control factors
for music, via Buchla's ‘Lightning’. The software not only tracks the x and y coordinates of each transmitter, but also
calculates the direction, speed and acceleration of their movements in the whole space and relative to each other. The
program is very configurable, allowing calibration of the data evaluation and adjustment of the sampling rate of the
values sent by the Lightning. These features have been applied to composition in two different areas: an interactive
choreographic environment, and a performing interface for musicians.
An echo from closed doors
Authors: Hirst David
Published: July 2002

On 31 December 1999 the La Trobe University Music Department closed its doors. From the outset, La Trobe Music saw itself as providing an alternative tertiary music education to the predominant paradigms of the time by fostering creativity through composition, technology, improvisation and other types of alternative performance practices. The philosophy of teaching electroacoustic music at La Trobe was to encourage students to find their own compositional voice rather than preach a particular style of electroacoustic music. The Department's research areas were in improvisation and technology, signal processing, gestural control devices, computer-assisted composition, analysis of electroacoustic music, realtime DSP, live electronics and installations. La Trobe's excellence in electroacoustic music was recognised by its inclusion in a survey of the world's top twenty-three computer music institutions by the Japanese journal Intercommunication 6. La Trobe staff and postgraduate students contributed papers and compositions to international and national computer music conferences and La Trobe was very much a part of the international community for over twenty-five years. The challenge now is for other Victorian institutions to meet the needs of today's students and to provide the deep research foundation in electroacoustic music that informs teaching and generates new music directions in the community.
Assessing Language Skills in Preschool Children
Authors: Dockrell Julie E.
Published: July 2002

This review outlines some of the difficulties involved in assessing
preschool children's language development. Language is a sensitive
indicator of a range of developmental difficulties yet the accurate
identification of children who are experiencing delays or disorders is
problematic. A range of different approaches are used to identify and
assess language problems including norm-referenced assessments,
questionnaires and language samples. Each of these is critically evaluated.
In particular the reliability and validity of the measures and their ability to
discriminate atypical patterns of development is considered. It is concluded
that there are no simple assessment tools that identify and assess language
development. Moreover, the use of single measures is considered
inadequate for determining whether a child at any age has typical or
delayed language. Ways to circumvent the limitations of the assessment
tools are considered.
GARP, SEPARABILITY, AND THE REPRESENTATIVE AGENT
Authors: Fleissig Adrian R. , Hall Alastair R. , Seater John J.
Published: July 2002

We examine whether annual,
quarterly, and monthly U.S. aggregate
consumption data could have been
generated by a utility-maximizing
representative agent with
intertemporally separable utility. The
model appears inapplicable over the full
time periods covered by the NIPA data,
which are the sample periods often used
in the literature. The model does
appear applicable, however, over long
subsamples. The data also are
inconsistent with separability
assumptions routinely made in the
literature. In particular, the main
categories of consumption (nondurables,
services, and durables) are not mutually
separable. We consider the implications
of our results for inference about
consumption based on the
representative-agent model.
A NEW LOOK AT THE DIAMOND SEARCH MODEL: STOCHASTIC CYCLES AND
EQUILIBRIUM SELECTION IN SEARCH EQUILIBRIUM
Authors: Aoki Masanao , Shirai Yoshimasa
Published: July 2002

We recast Diamond's search equilibrium model into that with a finite
number of agents. The state of the model is described by a
jump-Markov process, the transition rates of which are functions of
the reservation cost, which are endogenously determined by value
maximization by rational agents. The existence of stochastic
fluctuations causes the fraction of the employed to move from one
basin of attraction to the other with positive probabilities when the
dynamics have multiple equilibria. Stochastic asymmetric cycles that
arise are quite different from the cycles of the set of
Diamond–Fudenberg nonlinear
deterministic differential equations. By taking the number of agents to infinity, we get a
limiting probability distribution over the stationary state
equilibria. This provides a natural basis for equilibrium selection
in models with multiple equilibria, which is new in the economic
literature.
Processing cost associated with inflectional morphology in bilingual speakers
Authors: Portin Marja , Laine Matti
Published: July 2002

In this study the visual recognition of inflected, derived and monomorphemic Swedish nouns in monolingual Swedish and bilingual Finnish–Swedish speakers was investigated. While bilinguals were slower overall, the inflected items yielded disproportionately longer reaction times in the bilingual group. The derived items, on the other hand, elicited fastest reaction times in both groups. The observed processing cost associated with inflectional morphology indicates that bilingual language background can affect the recognition process for inflected words, possibly by leading to morpheme-based recognition which is slower than full-form recognition. Further studies are needed to examine whether this effect is specific to the language background of our bilinguals (including Finnish which is a morphologically very rich language) or whether it could be a more general processing feature in bilingual speakers faced with regular inflected forms.
Viability of the southern elephant seal population of the Falkland Islands
Authors: Galimberti F. , Sanvito S. , Boitani L. , Fabiani A.
Published: July 2002

Accurate long‐term series of demographic data are available for most populations of southern elephant seals. However, research on the elephant seals of the Falkland Islands began only recently, and information for an accurate forecasting of the future of this population is lacking. In this paper we present data on the current status of the population and its trend in size during the last 11 years. We built an age‐structured model of the population and analyzed the effect of variation in demographic parameters on population growth. Elasticity analysis demonstrated that variation in mortality has a more pronounced effect on instantaneous growth rate than an equivalent variation in fecundity. We examined the effects of environmental variability, inbreeding and catastrophes on population viability by a computer simulation using the VORTEX PVA programme. In the stochastic model, the most important factor affecting extinction risk was variability in mortality rates, in particular of the adult classes. We concluded that, although the population does not appear to be at immediate risk of extinction, its small size and isolation make it necessary to accurately monitor the population trends and to acquire additional information on life history and feeding strategies.
Traumatized Political Cultures: The After Effects of Totalitarianism in China and Russia
Authors: Pye Lucian W.
Published: July 2002

Developments in both China and Russia are a challenge to political science, and more particularly to theories of political culture. Both countries are engaged in profound processes of transition involving the abandonment of totalitarianism and the adoption of market-based economies. It is, however, far from clear what form their political systems will eventually take. They are currently following strikingly different paths. Are the differences a reflection of their distinctive cultures? Or, are the differences more structural, a manifestation of their respective stages of economic and social development? Or, are they merely the consequences of the idiosyncratic choices and policy decisions of the two leaderships?
Unphosphorylatable mutants of Cdc6 disrupt its nuclear export but still support DNA replication once per cell cycle
Authors: Pelizon Cristina , Madine Mark A. , Romanowski Piotr , Laskey Ronald A.
Published: July 2002

Cdc6 is essential for eukaryotic DNA replication. We have mutated highly conserved CDK phosphorylation sites in Cdc6. Contrary to their reported phenotypes in human cells, unphosphorylatable ΔCDK mutants fully support DNA replication in Xenopus eggs. WtCdc6 is actively exported from the nucleus, which could explain why nuclear permeabilization is required for reinitiation within one cell cycle. However, ΔCDK mutants are retained in the nucleus, yet surprisingly they still support only one round of replication. As these highly conserved CDK sites are unnecessary for replication once per cell cycle, an alternative checkpoint role for monitoring completion of the S phase is suggested.
Nuclear organization of DNA replication in primary mammalian cells
Authors: Kennedy Brian K. , Barbie David A. , Classon Marie , Dyson Nicholas , Harlow Ed
Published: July 2002

Using methods that conserve nuclear architecture, we have reanalyzed the spatial organization of the initiation of mammalian DNA synthesis. Contrary to the commonly held view that replication begins at hundreds of dispersed nuclear sites, primary fibroblasts initiate synthesis in a limited number of foci that contain replication proteins, surround the nucleolus, and overlap with previously identified internal lamin A/C structures. These foci are established in early G1-phase and also contain members of the retinoblastoma protein family. Later, in S-phase, DNA replication sites distribute to regions located throughout the nucleus. As this progression occurs, association with the lamin structure and pRB family members is lost. A similar temporal progression is found in all the primary cells we have examined but not in most established cell lines, indicating that the immortalization process modifies spatial control of DNA replication. These findings indicate that in normal mammalian cells, the onset of DNA synthesis is coordinately regulated at a small number of previously unrecognized perinucleolar sites that are selected in early G1-phase.
Inhibition of early apoptotic events by Akt/PKB is dependent on the first committed step of glycolysis and mitochondrial hexokinase
Authors: Gottlob Kathrin , Majewski Nathan , Kennedy Scott , Kandel Eugene , Robey R. Brooks , Hay Nissim
Published: July 2002

The serine/threonine kinase Akt/PKB is a major downstream effector of growth factor–mediated cell survival. Activated Akt, like Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, prevents closure of a PT pore component, the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC); intracellular acidification; mitochondrial hyperpolarization; and the decline in oxidative phosphorylation that precedes cytochrome c release. However, unlike Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, the ability of activated Akt to preserve mitochondrial integrity, and thereby inhibit apoptosis, requires glucose availability and is coupled to its metabolism. Hexokinases are known to bind to VDAC and directly couple intramitochondrial ATP synthesis to glucose metabolism. We provide evidence that such coupling serves as a downstream effector function for Akt. First, Akt increases mitochondria-associated hexokinase activity. Second, the antiapoptotic activity of Akt requires only the first committed step of glucose metabolism catalyzed by hexokinase. Finally, ectopic hexokinase expression mimics the ability of Akt to inhibit cytochrome c release and apoptosis. We therefore propose that Akt increases coupling of glucose metabolism to oxidative phosphorylation and regulates PT pore opening via the promotion of hexokinase-VDAC interaction at the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Regulation of cyclin D2 gene expression by the Myc/Max/Mad network: Myc-dependent TRRAP recruitment and histone acetylation at the cyclin D2 promoter
Authors: Bouchard Caroline , Dittrich Oliver , Kiermaier Astrid , Dohmann Karen , Menkel Annette , Eilers Martin , Lüscher Bernhard
Published: July 2002

Myc oncoproteins promote cell cycle progression in part through the transcriptional up-regulation of the cyclin D2 gene. We now show that Myc is bound to the cyclin D2 promoter in vivo. Binding of Myc induces cyclin D2 expression and histone acetylation at a single nucleosome in a MycBoxII/TRRAP-dependent manner. Down-regulation of cyclin D2 mRNA expression in differentiating HL60 cells is preceded by a switch of promoter occupancy from Myc/Max to Mad/Max complexes, loss of TRRAP binding, increased HDAC1 binding, and histone deacetylation. Thus, recruitment of TRRAP and regulation of histone acetylation are critical for transcriptional activation by Myc.
Parking Strategies for Genome Sequencing
Authors: Roach Jared C. , Thorsson Vesteinn , Siegel Andrew F.
Published: July 2002

The parking strategy is an iterative approach to DNA sequencing. Each iteration consists of sequencing a novel portion of target DNA that does not overlap any previously sequenced region. Subject to the constraint of no overlap, each new region is chosen randomly. A parking strategy is often ideal in the early stages of a project for rapidly generating unique data. As a project progresses, parking becomes progressively more expensive and eventually prohibitive. We present a mathematical model with a generalization to allow for overlaps. This model predicts multiple parameters, including progress, costs, and the distribution of gap sizes left by a parking strategy. The highly fragmented nature of the gaps left after an initial parking strategy may make it difficult to finish a project efficiently. Therefore, in addition to our parking model, we model gap closing by walking. Our gap-closing model is generalizable to many other strategies. Our discussion includes modified parking strategies and hybrids with other strategies. A hybrid parking strategy has been employed for portions of the Human Genome Project.
Simple and Associative Recognition Memory in the Hippocampal Region
Authors: Stark Craig E.L. , Squire Larry R.
Published: July 2002

Although it is well established that the hippocampal region is involved in the formation of declarative memory, the exact nature of its involvement is unclear. One view is that the hippocampal region is involved only in tasks that require the formation or use of associations. According to this view, the hippocampal region is not involved in traditional tests of recognition memory. An alternative view is that the hippocampal region combines and extends the processing carried out by structures in the parahippocampal gyrus and that it is involved in all forms of declarative memory, including recognition memory. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we observed hippocampal activity during both traditional and associative recognition memory tasks. Critically, the hippocampal region was no more active in the associative recognition task than in the traditional recognition task.