bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND PLANT SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Cole Garry T. , Behnke H.‐D.
Published: April 2006

The various techniques of electron microscopy have contributed valuable information to systematics in general and have, in many instances, been instrumental in solving taxonomic problems which had arisen from the limitations of earlier, comparative morphological studies. This paper presents evidence for the general significance of electron‐microscopic data in plant systematics. Specific applications of thin‐sectioning (TEM), freeze‐etching (FE) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to the taxonomy of plant groups, and corresponding publications are tabulated. A more extensive analysis of applications of ultrastructure to conventional and experimental classifications of prokaryotes, fungi, eukaryotic algae, lichens, bryophytes, ferns and seed plants will be presented in a future communication.
TYPE SPECIMENS OF THE LINNAEAN SPECIES OF PICRIS L. (COMPOSITAE)
Authors: Lack H. Walter
Published: April 2006

Picris echioides L., P. hieracioides L., P. pyrenaica L. and P. asplenioides L. are typified. The first and second retain their current meaning, although P. echioides L. should be placed in the genus Helmintbotheca Zinn. P. pyrenaica L. has to be excluded from the genus Picris L.; the name P. asplenioides is for the first time fully clarified.
THE INTELLIGENT IGNORAMUS, AN EXPERIMENT IN NUMERICAL TAXONOMY
Authors: Sokal Robert R. , Rohlf F. James
Published: April 2006

The feasibility of using technicians untrained in taxonomy to collect data for use in numerical taxonomic studies was investigated. Two persons independently described twenty‐five species of bees (given 6 specimens of each species, 3 of each sex). The results of the analysis of their descriptions were compared with the data of Michener and Sokal (1957).

The data were processed using standard numerical taxonomic procedures (standardization of characters, computation of correlation and distance coefficients among species, cluster analysis, principal components analysis and 3‐D models). The 3‐D models revealed that the generic groupings were not nearly as distinct in the data obtained from the technicians as they were in the original data collected by Michener and Sokal, (M&S, used as a standard for comparison). When the data collected by both technicians were pooled, they yielded much better agreement with the M&S data than either one did by itself. A similar conclusion was derived from examination of the phenograms. While the phenograms made good sense overall, there were many discrepancies between those of the technicians and those of M&S

An analysis of the correlations among the 234 characters from both technicians as well as from M&S enabled a preliminary check for the matches asymptote hypothesis to be made. A cluster analysis of the character correlation matrix revealed that there were no characters which were obvious duplicates (no correlations equal to unity). The same morphological structures were examined but they were described in different ways. Rotation to an oblique simple structure of 17 factors obtained by factor analysis indicated that the character suites described in the three studies shared dimensions of variability. One of the technicians had not described characters loading highly on three of the factors and the M&S data lacked characters loading highly on one of the factors. An important feature of the data is the large number of unique characters (reflecting independent dimensions of variation). These ranged from 18% to 40%. We suspect that these unique characters indicate the presence of taxonomic “noise”.

The results of this study would seem to imply that characters defined by untrained technicians could lead to acceptable classifications if enough characters are considered. Consequently, we are encouraged about prospects for the eventual automation of the data gathering process in taxonomy.
TEMPO OF ADAPTIVE CHANGE DURING THE RAPID EVOLUTION OF CHROMOSOMAL ISOLATES
Authors: Small Ernest
Published: April 2006

Using the six diploid species of Clarkiacsection Myxocarpa as exemplifying rapidly‐evolved, chromosomally‐based reproductive isolates, the temporal relationships of adaptive and reproductive divergence are examined. Unlike the more familiar pattern, in which adaptive divergence is greater at the interspecific level than at the intraspecific level, two of the species consist of subspecies which have adaptively diverged to a greater extent than has any Myxocarpa species from its putative progenitor. This indicates that the tempo and degree of adaptive change are relatively independent of the establishment of reproductive isolation, and indeed that the establishment of reproductive isolation by rapid chromosomal reorganization may not be coincidental with much change in adaptive level. Evidence bearing on the tempo of adaptive change prior to, during, and subsequent to the evolution of chromosomal isolates is examined. It is speculated that increased adaptation may frequently evolve prior to the establishment of chromosomal reorganization, because chromosomal isolates usually evolve from populations which have survived for a period of time in an especially stressful environment. Occasionally, less‐adapted chromosomal isolates, generated through genetic drift, may temporarily compete succesfully against a better‐adapted progenitor because of the competitive exclusion which occurs between intersterile populations which readily form F1 hybrids. However, such isolates probably do not survive unless subsequent improvement in adaptation occurs.
TYPIFICATION OF EVOLVULUS NUMMULARIUS, E. CONVOLVULOIDES AND E. ALSINOIDES (CONVOLVULACEAE)
Authors: Stearn William T.
Published: April 2006

Three species of Evolvulus are typified on the basis of a critical study of the protologue.
THE DISAPPEARANCE
Authors: Isely Duane
Published: April 2006

Summary1

The role of taxonomists — in the total social structure as well as the academic subculture — is evidenced by their disappearance.
CHARACTER COMPATIBILITY AND PHYLETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN SEVERAL CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF CHENOPODIUM OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: La Duke John , Crawford Daniel J.
Published: April 2006

The method of Character Compatibility, using both morphological and chemical characters, was employed to develop a phylogeny for several closely related diploid species of Chenopodium occurring in the western United States. The species include C. atrovirens, C. desiccatum, C. fremontii, C. hians, C. incanum (including two varieties in addition to the typical one), C. leptophyllum, and C. pratericola. The three similar phylogenies produced by using Character Compatibility were then compared to an hypothesis of phyletic relationships derived intuitively. The intuitive phylogeny in general agrees with those developed by Character Compatibility. Chenopodium fremontii is regarded as having the greatest number of primitive characters and thus is considered to be least modified from the hypothetical ancestral type. Two lines occur from this hypothetical ancestor, one which includes C. incanum and C. desiccatum and the other which contains the remaining four species. The intuitive phylogeny differs in one significant respect, namely, that C. desiccatum is viewed as more closely allied to C. pratericola than to C. incanum. The reason for this is that in the intuitive phylogeny leaf shape is employed as a primary character for producing the two basic phyletic lines. Character Compatibility used a greater number of compatible features for generating the phylogenies (eight as opposed to six in the intuitive phylogeny) but it did not use leaf shape in constructing the trees. It is suggested that several characters placing C. desiccatum and C. incanum together in the trees produced by Character Compatibility may be due to parallel evolution, and not the result of a direct phyletic relationship.
IRIDOIDS IN VERBENA
Authors: Damtoft S⊘ren , Jensen S⊘ren Rosendal , Nielsen Bent Juhl
Published: April 2006

Several species of Verbena were examined for iridoid glucosides. These were found in all species of subgenus Verbenaca investigated. In two of three species of the group Pachystachyae the iridoid glucoside griselinoside was detected, while all species from the group Leptostachyae contained mixtures of cornin and the closely related hastatoside. The species from subgenus Glandularia only occasionally contained iridoids, and in no case were the compounds from subgenus Verbenaca detected.
HISTORY OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENUS CAREX
Authors: Robertson Alexander
Published: April 2006

The history of the classification of the genus Carex from 370 B.C.‐1955 A.D., including a synopsis of the etymology of the generic name Carex, is reviewed. The refinement of descriptive terminology during the Middle Ages, caricology during the Renaissance period and the concepts of classification systems for Carex are also discussed.
THE IDENTITY OF CORNUS CITRIFOLIA WESTON
Authors: Hess William J. , Steam William T.
Published: April 2006

The name Rhamnus citrifolia (Weston) Hess & Steam, based on Cornus citrifolia Weston (1770), replaces Rhamnus davurica Pallas (1776) for a species widespread in northeastern Asia.
TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF THE TYPE SPECIES OF DUMONTIA LAMOUROUX (RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Abbott Isabella A.
Published: April 2006

Dumontia contorta (Gmelin) Ruprecht is the earliest available name for the widely distributed northern hemisphere red alga, D. incrassata (Müller) Lamouroux, which has also been incorrectly known as D. filiformis (Hornemann) Greville and D. filiformis (Lyngbye) J. Agardh.
EMBRYOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AND THE TAXONOMY OF THE STIPEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Authors: Barkworth Mary E.
Published: April 2006

Epiblast length and shape were examined in 39 species of the Stipeae, 29 of which are native to North America. In most species of Stipa examined the epiblast equalled or exceeded the coleoptile and was acute with or without a small V‐shaped notch at the apex. In contrast, in most species of Oryzopsis the epiblast extended no more than three‐quarters of the way up the coleoptile and was more or less truncate. Two other characters that tended to differ between Stipa and Oryzopsis were the overall shape of the embryo as seen in ventral view and the position of the tip of the coleorhiza. In Oryzopsis the embryo tended to be broader (length/width 1.0‐1.6) than in Stipa (length/width 1.5‐3.7) and the tip of the coleorhiza higher with respect to the base of the embryo.

Some taxonomically significant variation was seen within each genus. The species of Stipa sect. Hesperostipa are distinguished by a deep, parallel‐sided apical notch. The placement of S. webberi and S. hendersonii in Stipa rather than Oryzopsis was supported by the characters considered here. The two species of Nassella examined were stipoid in their epiblast characters, but their over‐all shape and the position of the coleorhiza were oryzopsoid. The only species of Piptochaetium examined, P. pringlei, was typically stipoid in the characters examined.
RECENT CHANGES IN THE FLORA OF THE JUAN FERNANDEZ ISLANDS, CHILE
Authors: Sanders Roger W. , Stuessy Tod F. , Marticorena Clodomiro
Published: April 2006

During the recent Universidad de Concepción–Ohio State University expeditions to the Juan Fernandez Islands, observations were made concerning recent changes in the composition and extent of the native flora. In comparison with the data of Skottsberg from 1916‐17, many of the endemic species have become much rarer, and some perhaps extinct. Several especially aggressive introduced species, e.g., Acaena argentea, Aristotelia chilensis, and Rubus ulmifolius, continue to invade and replace the native vegetation. Increasing areas of dry habitats and increasing proportions of xeromorphic or lithophilic plants now characterize the total vegetation. The total area of native vegetation is now restricted to the central ridges and cliffs. The major causes for the floristic degradation appear to be the introduced animals which have overgrazed and trampled the plants as well as compacted the soil. This has lead to erosion and further loss or degradation of the plant cover.
ON THE CORRECT NAME FOR PROTOPTERIDIUM (RELLIMIA) THOMSONII (FOSSIL)
Authors: Matten Lawrence C. , Schweitzer Hans‐Joachim
Published: April 2006

Protopteridium Krejčí (1880) is validly published and has priority over Milleria Lang (1926) and Rellimia Leclercq and Bonamo (1973). Ptilophyton thomsonii Dawson (1878) is not the type species of Ptilophyton and when synonymized with the plants described by Krejčí, Lang and Leclercq and Bonamo becomes Protopteridium thomsonii (Dawson) Kräusel and Weyland (1933).
CECROPIACEAE A NEW FAMILY OF THE URTICALES
Authors: Berg C.C.
Published: April 2006

The problem of the correct position of the Conocephaloideae, a subfamily of the Moraceae in Engler's system, but transferred to the Urticaceae by Corner (1962), can be satisfactorily solved by assigning the rank of family to this taxon, to be named Cecropiaceae. Diagnoses of and a key to the six genera constituting this family (Cecropia, Coussapoa, Musanga, Myrianthus, Poikilospermum, and Pourouma) are given. The classification of the Urticales and the relationship between the Cecropiaceae and both Moraceae and Urticaceae are discussed. A key to the families of the Urticales is given.
EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS OF SESQUITERPENE LACTONES IN VERNONIA (COMPOSITAE) AND MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES
Authors: Burnett William C. , Jones Samuel B. , Mabry Tom J.
Published: April 2006

Eastern cottontail rabbits, Syhilagus floridanus (Allen), were demonstrated to prefer feeding upon Vernonia flaccidifolia Small which lacks sesquiterpene lactones rather than V. gigantea (Walt.) Trel. ssp. gigantea which contains the bitter sesquiterpene lactone glaucolide‐A. The rabbits also essentially avoided V. flaccidifolia coated with a thin layer of glaucolide‐A. Whitetail deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann), were shown to prefer V. flaccidifolia over V. gigantea as well as V. flaccidifolia coated with glaucolide‐A. These experimentally determined feeding preferences supported field observations. Sesquiterpene lactones, in addition to functioning as insect feeding deterrents, also appear to defend Vernonia against browsing mammals. The wide distribution of sesquiterpene lactones in Compositae may be related to coevolution not only with insects but also with mammalian herbivores.
IPOMOEA CARNEA JACQ. VS. IPOMOEA FISTULOSA MART. EX CHOISY
Authors: Austin Daniel F.
Published: April 2006

The literature on Ipomoea carnea and I. fistulosa is briefly discussed. Original publications, illustrations, type specimens, distributions, and habitat preferences are reviewed, and the criteria used to separate these two names at the species level are found invalid. Modern interpretation of I. carnea has been based in part on a misconception of the original publication and on a complex population adapted for two habitats. Two subspecies are recognized: I. carnea ssp. carnea Jacq. and I. carnea ssp. fistulosa (Mart, ex Choisy) D. Austin.
4. IRIDOID GLUCOSIDES
Authors: Jensen S⊘ren Rosendal , Nielsen Bent Juhl
Published: April 2006

A chemical investigation of Aralidium pinnatifidum and four species of Griselinia has demonstrated that iridoid glucosides are present in the former and in the two New Zealand species of the latter. Ten species from the Araliaceae were also examined and found devoid of iridoids. The data suggest a placement of Aralidium within the Cornalian complex.
HETEROSTYLY AND INCOMPATIBILITY IN VILLARSIA CAPITATA (MENYANTHACEAE)
Authors: Ornduff Robert
Published: April 2006

Villarsia capitata, a diploid annual of Western Australia, has distylous flowers. Results of a crossing program indicate that its distyly is associated with an incompatibility system. Intramorph pollinations produced 0.4‐0.8 seeds per pollination; intermorph pollinations produced 10.2 seeds per pollination in pins and 3.3 in thrums. About sixty percent of pin ovules and twenty percent of thrum ovules mature to seed following intermorph pollinations. These differences may result from the smaller size of thrum stigmas, from greater difficulty in transferring pollen to thrum stigmas in artificial pollinations, or from unknown causes. Villarsia capitata is a highly specialized member of the genus in its capitate, bracteate inflorescences and its annual habit, yet it retains a breeding system that is primitive in the Menyanthaceae.
CHROMOSOME COUNT FOR HIPPEASTRUM IGUAZUANUM
Authors: Williams Margot , Dudley T. R.
Published: April 2006

A chromosome count for Hippeastrum iguazuanum was made, using the acetocarmine squash technique, and the species was found to have a somatic chromosome number of 2n = 24. New nomenclature was provided for the species to conform with the conserved generic name.
THE TYPE LOCALITY FOR MENZIES' COLLECTIONS OF PYROLA PICTA, P. DENTATA, AND P. APHYLLA FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Haber Erich
Published: April 2006

The type locality for the species Pyrola picta, P. dentata, and P. aphylla, collected by Menzies from the northwest coast of North America, has been considered to be Nootka Island, located on the northwest coast of Vancouver Island. A review of Menzies' journal of Vancouver's survey of the northwest coast during 1792 and other publications dealing with his voyage during the 1793 and 1794 seasons indicates that the type specimens could not have been collected at Nootka Island. Visits to the settlement at Nootka were made at the wrong times of the year for collecting flowering specimens. Menzies'journal for 1792 suggests that the probable collection site is Nipple Summit on West Redonda Island off the mainland coast of British Columbia. It is at the same latitude as Nootka, but about 150 km to the east.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF SPECIES NAMES OF RHODYMENIALES (RHODOPHYTA) FOR THE RED ALGAL FLORA OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND NORTHERN WASHINGTON
Authors: Hawkes Michael W.
Published: April 2006

While preparing a floristic treatment of the red algal order Rhodymeniales in British Columbia and northern Washington, several names were found to be lacking holotypes or were incorrectly typified. Lectotypes are designated here for the following names: Botryocladia psendodichotoma (Farlow) Kylin, Fauchea fryeana Setchell, Fauchea laciniata J. Agardh, Fryeella gardneri (Setchell) Kylin, Gastroclonium subarticulatum (Turner) Ktitzing [=Gastroclonium coulteri (Harvey) Kylin], Leptofauchea pacifica Dawson, Lomentaria hakodatensis Yendo.
A NOMENCLATURAL REVISION OF THE JAPANESE MAGNOLIA SPECIES (MAGNOLIACEAE) TOGETHER WITH TWO LONG‐CULTIVATED CHINESE SPECIES. I. M. HYPOLEUCA
Authors: Veda Kunihiko
Published: April 2006

Until recently names accepted by Rehder and Wilson (1913) for Magnolia species in Japan have commonly been followed. Magnolia obovata Thunb., which has been applied to the Japanese Umbrella Tree, is rejected as a superfluous, illegitimate name for M. denudata Desr. (=M. heptapeta) and M. liliiflora Desr. (=M. quinquepeta), and Magnolia hypoleuca Sieb. et Zucc. is accepted as the correct name.
SUBGENERIC CLASSIFICATION OF CHLORIS SW. (POACEAE)
Authors: Varadarajan G. S. , Gilmartin A. J.
Published: April 2006

World wide distribution of Chloris Sw. (Poaceae) consists of 56 species that are classified into two subgenera, viz., Phacelaria (43 species) and Chloris (13 species).
HISTORY OF GENERIC CONCEPTS IN THE COMPOSITAE
Authors: Cronquist Arthur
Published: April 2006

Generic delimitation in the Compositae is notoriously difficult, because a great many of the recognizable groups are connected by palpable intermediates. Neither lumping nor splitting leads consistently to well‐defined, conceptually useful genera, and the fruits of a determined pursuit of absolute monophylesis are equally poisonous. In order to have conceptually useful genera, we must accept the fact that many of them are inherently ill‐defined and unresponsive to efforts at precision.

The number of recognized genera of Compositae has increased from 90 in 1753 to about 1200 today. By 1838 the number had reached 889, and was still rapidly rising. In 1873 Bentham shook the number down to 766. He submerged most of the genera that had been proposed half a century earlier by Cassini, but even so he continued to accept nearly a hundred of them, and some others have subsequently been resuscitated. Much of the increase since Bentham's time reflects new discoveries, but there has also been some splitting and refinement of Bentham's genera. Recent proposals to divide such large genera as Eupatorium and Senecio into hordes of minigenera have provoked a vigorous counter‐reaction, and the issue remains in doubt.
CLADISTICS AND GENERIC CONCEPTS IN THE COMPOSITAE
Authors: Funk V. A.
Published: April 2006

Cladistic classifications seek to recognize monophyletic groups while changing the existing nomenclature as little as possible. When applied to the discussion of generic concepts this approach means that new descriptions and combinations are justifiable only when they are necessary for the delimitation of natural groups of species (monophyletic groups, sensu Hennig).
SENSITIVITY OF THE FOUR CYTODEMES OF ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM L. S. LAT. (POACEAE) TO PUCCINIA SARDONENSIS GÄUMANN (UREDINALES)
Authors: Felber F.
Published: April 2006

Attempts to infect the four cytodemes of Anthoxanthum odoratum L. s. lat. (Poaceae) with Puccinia sardonensis Gäumann (Uredinales) were successful with half the individuals of A. alpinum A. & D. Löve (diploid and tetraploid) but not with those of A. odoratum s. str. (diploid and tetraploid). For each cytodeme, the sensitivity to the parasite was not dependent on the origin of the material and no correlation was established between the distribution of the rust and that of susceptible individuals. Susceptibility and resistance to P. sardonensis would therefore probably be long‐established characteristics which originated at the time of differentiation of the two diploid taxa of A. odoratum s. str. and of A. alpinum but which preceded their respective polyploidization phases. Resistance to infection would have no adaptive value since resistant A. odoratum is not exposed to infection in nature and probably never has been. These results support the division of A. odoratum s. lat. into A. alpinum and A. odoratum.

Des essais d'infection des quatre cytodèmes d'Anthoxanthum odoratum L. s. lat. (Poaceae) par Puccinia sardonensis Gäumann (Urédinée) réussissent sur la moitié des individus d'A. alpinum A. & D. Löve (diploïde et tétraploïde) mais jamais sur ceux d'A. odoratum s. str. (diploïde et tétraploïde). Pour chaque cytodème, la sensibilité au parasite est indépendante de l'origine du matériel et aucune corrélation n'a été établie entre la distribution de la rouille et celle des individus sensibles. La susceptibilité et la résistance à P. sardonensis représenteraient done des caractères anciens dont l'apparition serait contemporaine de la différentiation des deux taxons diploïdes d'A odoratum s. str. et d'A alpinum mais antérieure à leurs phases respectives de polyploïdisation. La résistance à l'infection n'aurait pas de valeur adaptative puisque A. odoratum résistant n'est pas exposé à l'infection dans la nature et ne l'a vraisemblablement jamais été. Ces résultats témoignent de l'indépendance taxonomique d'A alpinum et d'A. odoratum.
A PHYLOGENETIC TREE FOR SOME MONOCOTYLEDONS AND GYMNOSPERMS DERIVED FROM PROTEIN SEQUENCES
Authors: Martin P. G. , Dowd J. M.
Published: April 2006

First‐40 amino acid sequences of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit are presented for six monocotyledons and two gymnosperms and are analysed together with previously published sequences of nine monocotyledons and two gymnosperms. In the resulting minimal phylogenetic tree, the gymnosperms are clearly separate from the monocotyledons with Ephedra closest to them. The families Poaceae, Commelinaceae, Arecaceae and Liliaceae (sensu lato) are separate although the last does not have a clearly defined origin. The two members of Alismatidae are closest to the origin of the monocotyledons. The majority of the tree agrees well with other taxonomies.
POLLEN MORPHOLOGY AND THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE CORYNOCARPACEAE
Authors: Nowicke Joan W. , Skvarla John J.
Published: April 2006

The pollen of seven collections representing three of the four species of Corynocarpus (the only genus in the family) has been examined in LM and SEM, and one species examined in TEM. If the colpi are meridionally oriented, then the pollen of Corynocarpaceae is weakly heteropolar, 2‐colporate, with a mostly psilate exine, and an unstratified or poorly differentiated exine structure. This highly distinctive pollen has no known counterpart in either the Celastrales or Ranunculales, two orders to which the family has been assigned. Corynocarpus pollen is similar to that of the saxifragaceous genus Itea, which is also illustrated in SEM and TEM.
UPTAKE OF NICKEL BY SPECIES OF ALYSSUM, BORNMUELLERA, AND OTHER GENERA OF OLD WORLD TRIBUS ALYSSEAE
Authors: Reeves Roger D. , Brooks Robert R. , Dudley Theodore R.
Published: April 2006

It has been shown previously that 45 species of Alyssum (Cruciferae), found on serpentine soils, can accumulate nickel to levels above 1000 μg/g (on a dry mass basis). An investigation of most species of the Old World genera of Tribus Alysseae has now demonstrated that this remarkable nickel accumulation is exhibited by five additional serpentine taxa from Turkey and the Balkans: Alyssum peltarioides subsp. virgatiforme, Bornmuellera glabrescens, B. baldaccii, B. tymphaea, and the hybrid B. × petri. All of these taxa had maximum nickel concentrations in the range 1.0‐3.1%. Additional data are presented for Alyssum species, including some for taxa not previously reported.

Although adaptation by plant species to unfavourable edaphic factors may take place in a relatively short time, it is noteworthy that all species so far recognised as nickel accumulators are from regions that were beyond the maximum advance of the Pleistocene ice‐caps. These plants may therefore represent a type of behaviour which started to evolve prior to the most recent glacial episodes. Possible reasons for the endemism of many of the nickel accumulators are outlined.
TROPHOPOD, A COMMONLY OVERLOOKED STORAGE STRUCTURE OF POTENTIAL SYSTEMATIC VALUE IN FERNS
Authors: Wagner W. H. , Johnson D. M.
Published: April 2006

A food storage organ, the trophopod, is described from a number of North American ferns. It consists of the enlarged and modified leaf base filled with starch storage tissue.
HEMOLYSIS, A SYNAPOMORPHIC DISCRIMINATOR OF AN EXPANDED GENUS MEDICAGO (LEGUMINOSAE)
Authors: Jurzysta Marian , Small Ernest , Nozzolillo Constance
Published: April 2006

Hemolysis is a traditional test for the presence of certain saponins in plant tissues. The hemolytic capacities of Medicago and allied genera were examined. It was found that leaves of Medicago species are hemolytic, although there are considerable differences in strength of reaction among species and populations of species. The leaves of species of six related genera consistently proved not to be hemolytic. Thus hemolysis by leaves is a synapomorphic discriminator, and supports a recent, controversial expanded circumscription of Medicago. The hemolytic capacities of seeds of Medicago and its closest allies, Trigonella and Melilotus, were also examined. Only about a third of Medicago species had hemolytic seeds, and the distribution of these is more or less characteristic of certain infrageneric groups. Three interrelated species of Trigonella proved to be the only species of genera other than those of Medicago with hemolytic seeds. In Medicago, hemolysis is caused by glycosides of the saponin medicagenic acid; different but as yet unidentified hemolytic agents are present in the seeds of the three hemolytic species of Trigonella.
MEASUREMENT OF BIOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL INFLUENCES ON PLANT CLASSIFICATIONS
Authors: Cronk Q. C. B.
Published: April 2006

Plant classifications have a frequency distribution of taxon sizes which is very skewed (the celebrated “hollow curve” of Willis). In the first part of this paper I suggest that the best general measure of the hollow curve is the variance of the fitted lognormal distribution. By this means we can compare classifications, such as Linnaean classifications with modern ones; the Linnaean classification of the Gramineae is more “lumped” but more “even” than the modern one.

In the second part I use phenetic automatic classifications as a model for the classification process to show that (as Walters (1961) has predicted) classifications are heavily influenced by the method used (amount of chaining), but that the biological patterns of character state distribution among organisms also contribute to the hollowness of the curve. Although classifications are influenced by historical factors, underlying biological patterns are still evident in the relative sizes of genera. The model indicates that artificial and “real” components are present in classifications in roughly equal proportions. It seems that Clayton's (1983) phylogenetic “optimism” and Walters' (1986) psycho‐historical “realism” both need modification.

Monotypic taxa, in particular, may have a biological meaning. Willis interpreted monotypic genera as nascent and big genera as old. Walters interpreted monotypic genera as young historically and big genera as old historically. I suggest, from relict theory, that monotypic taxa tend to be ancient relicts and large genera tend to represent blooms of recent evolution, and that extinction, not evolution, tends to delimit taxa.
MATISIA AND QUARARIBEA (BOMBACACEAE) SHOULD BE RETAINED AS SEPARATE GENERA
Authors: Alverson William S.
Published: April 2006

The genera Quararibea Aublet and Matisia Humboldt & Bonpland were described 214 and 184 years ago, respectively, and have been variously combined and separated during their history. This study indicates that Quararibea differs completely from Matisia by its reduced ovarian locule number (2 to 4, versus 5 in Matisia), and, less definitively, by its short (to 4 mm), radially‐symmetrical staminal lobes. In keeping with the original generic concepts, these genera are easily distinguished and should be maintained as separate. An examination of the variability of macromorphological and pollen characters suggests that Quararibea is a relatively uniform derivative of a Matisia‐like ancestor. The presence or absence of a spicy odor in dried leaves is not a reliable indicator of generic identity, despite previous claims that the odor was a practical means by which to distinguish the two genera.
Typification of names of South American Cissus (Vitaceae)
Authors: Lombardi Julio Antonio
Published: April 2006

Lombardi, J. A.: Typification of names of South American Cissus (Vitaceae). – Taxon 44: 193‐206. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Typifications are provided for names referring to Cissus taxa, or published in Cissus, based on South American material. Four new combinations are proposed.
Report of the Committee for Fungi and Lichens: new series, 2
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Gams Walter
Published: April 2006

Gams, W.: Report of the Committee for Fungi and Lichens: new series, 2. ‐ Taxon 41: 99–108. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The Committee for Fungi and Lichens reports its decisions on 45 proposals to conserve/reject names, recommending 21.
The gender of the generic name Onosma (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Stearn William T.
Published: April 2006

Stearn, W. T.: The gender of the generic name Onosma (Boraginaceae). – Taxon 42: 679–681. 1993.‐ISSN 0040‐0262.

Generic names ending in ‐osma, a transcription of Greek osmê (smell), have been treated as of feminine gender except Onosma which had a neuter gender. It is proposed that for uniformity and simplicity Onosma should be treated as feminine.
Taxa described by Steudel from the Labrador plants collected by the Moravian missionary Albrecht and distributed by Hohenacker
Authors: Cayouette Jacques , Darbyshire Stephen J.
Published: April 2006

Cayouette, J. & Darbyshire, S. J.: Taxa described by Steudel from the Labrador plants collected by the Moravian missionary Albrecht and distributed by Hohenacker. — Taxon 43: 169‐180. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Types of names of seven taxa described by Steudel in his Synopsis plantarum glumacearum from the Labrador collections of the Moravian missionary Albrecht were examined. Information compiled from the specimen labels as well as biographic and bibliographic sources suggest this material was collected at Hopedale between 1846 and 1848. Samples of the handwriting of Albrecht, Steudel, and possibly Hohenacker are presented. Reinterpretation of the types is provided and a lectotype of Calamagrostis hirtigluma is designated. Biographical information on C. G. Albrecht, as well as several poorly known Moravian missionaries, is presented.
The classification of the Commelinaceae
Authors: Faden Robert B. , Hunt D. R.
Published: April 2006

Faden, R. B. & Hunt, D. R.: The classification of the Commelinaceae. ‐ Taxon 40: 19–31. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

A new classification of the Commelinaceae above the generic level is presented. Two subfamilies are recognized, the Cartonemaloideae, comprising two unigeneric tribes, Cartonemateae and Triceratelleae, and the Commelinoideae, containing the remaining 38 genera. Subfamily Commelinoideae is divided into two tribes, Tradescantieae, which is split into seven subtribes, each confined to either the Old or the New World, and Commelineae, which is not divided into subtribes.
Confidence limits in phylogenies: An example from the African Restionaceae
Authors: Linder H. P.
Published: April 2006

Linder, H. P.: Confidence limits in phylogenies: An example from the African Restionaceae. ‐ Taxon 40: 253–266. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The four ways of assessing the confidence limits in the nodes of a cladogram (character homologies, character numbers per node, bootstrap percentiles and the monophyly index) are reviewed. The methods are applied to a cladogram of the genera of the African Restionaceae, and the confidence limits of each node are discussed. It is shown that there is a great variation in the confidence limits of the various nodes. By combining the various methods it is possible to assess which nodes are not likely to change with the addition of new data, and which may change in the future. It is suggested that this method be employed in making decisions about the establishment of formal classifications, thus avoiding unnecessary changes in the formal taxonomy when further data result in small changes in the cladogram topologies.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF THYRASPERMA N. E. Br. (MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE)
Authors: Gerbaulet M. , Ihlenfeldt H.‐D.
Published: April 2006

The nomenclatural problems of three genera of Mesembryanthemaceae, Hymenogyne Haw., Thyrasperma N. E. Br., and Apatesia N. E. Br. are due to the fact that the herbarium sheets on which the description of the genus Thyrasperma was based involve specimens belonging to the other two genera. The names Hymenogyne and Apatesia are determined to be correct; after lectotypification, Thyrasperma is a younger synonym of Hymenogyne.
NOTES ON THE TYPIFICATION OF FOURTEEN LINNAEAN NAMES FOR EUROPEAN SPECIES OF ERICA, CALLUNA, AND ANDROMEDA (ERICACEAE)
Authors: Jarvis C. E. , McClintock D.
Published: April 2006

The typification of 14 Linnaean names for European species of the Ericaceae is discussed. The names discussed all appeared first in the genus Erica L., with the exception of Andromeda polifolia L.
LOS NOMBRES CIENTÍFICOS CORRECTOS DE DOS OREGANOS HIBRIDOS (LAMIACEAE)
Authors: Carmen Xifreda Cecilia
Published: April 2006

The nomenclature of two hybrid origans is discussed: Origanum × applii (Domin) Boros nothosubsp. applii is supported for the hybrid formula Origanum majorana L. × Origanum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare, and the new combination Origanum × applii (Domin) Boros nothosubsp. majoricum (Cambess.) Xifreda, stat. nov. is applied to the hybrid formula Origanum majorana L. × Origanum vulgare L. ssp. virens (Hoffsgg. & Link) Ietsw. A brief account of morphological differences of both nothotaxa is given.

Se aclara la nomenclatura de dos oréganos híbridos: Origanum × applii (Domin) Boros nothosubsp. applii permanece para la fórmula híbrida Origanum majorana L. × Origanum vulgare L. ssp. vulgare y la nueva combinación Origanum × applii (Domin) Boros nothosubsp. majoricum (Cambess.) Xifreda stat. nov. se aplica a la fórmula híbrida Origanum majorana L. × Origanum vulgare L. ssp. virens (Hoffsgg. et Link) letsw. Se hace una breve referencia a las diferencias morfológicas entre ambos nototaxones.
TEUCRIUM BICOLOREUM, THE CORRECT NAME FOR TEUCRIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM (LAMIACEAE)
Authors: Navarro T. , Rosúa J. L.
Published: April 2006

Teucrium bicoloreum Pau ex Vicioso is the correct name for T. angustifolium (Willk.) Peris et al. (1989). Teucrium bicoloreum is the oldest species name for this taxon and the combination T. angustifolium is a synonym (see below).
STUDIES IN ANNONACEAE. XIII. THE ROLE OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN SUBSEQUENT CLASSIFICATIONS OF ANNONACEAE: A COMPARATIVE SURVEY
Authors: Koek‐Noorman J. , Westra L. Y. Th. , Maas P. J. M.
Published: April 2006

A comparative survey of several historical classifications of Annonaceae down to the subtribal level is given. The role of various key characters is briefly discussed. The present paper at the same time may be considered as an introductory paper to forthcoming publications of general studies on flower and fruit characters now being conducted at Utrecht.
Hagenbachia (Liliaceae): Reexamination of its familial placement, its authors, the lectotype, and other collections
Authors: Cruden Robert William , Maas Paul J. M. , Maas‐van de Kamer Hiltje
Published: April 2006

Cruden, R. W., Maas, P. J. M. & Maas‐van de Kamer, H.: Hagenbachia (Liliaceae): Reexamination of its familial placement, its authors, the lectotype, and other collections. ‐ Taxon 40: 445–452. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The inclusion of Hagenbachia in Liliaceae s.l. is reviewed and supported. The description and illustration of H. brasiliensis provided by Nees & Martius accurately fit the lectotype (at BR) and include a number of characters that are either rare or do not occur in Haemodoraceae, where it was originally placed. These characters, e.g., flowers in fascicles, jointed pedicels, glabrous tepals and inflorescences, and bifacial leaves are typical of Hagenbachia and related genera in Liliaceae. The type species name is correctly cited as H. brasiliensis Nees & Martius in Schultes. The type locality is in Bahia (Brazil), near to or along the Rio dos Ilhéus upriver from Ilhéus.
To which species of Scenedesmus should the name S. quadricauda apply? Quadricaudate ecomorphs of spiny species
Authors: Trainor F. R.
Published: April 2006

Trainor, F. R.: To which species of Scenedesmus should the name S. quadricauda apply? Quadricaudate ecomorphs of spiny species. ‐ Taxon 40: 453–457. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The name Scenedesmus quadricauda is frequently used for identification of a commonly observed freshwater green alga. Many phycologists agree that the name has been misapplied very often in the last 75 years. Until recently we have not realized that one reason for this confusion is that there is no stable quadricaudate taxon, but rather quadricaudate ecomorphs of several spiny species. It is postulated that every spiny species may have this ecomorph, as does S. communis on which experimental data are here presented.
Arbutus xandrosterilis, a new interspecific hybrid between A. canadensis and A. unedo from the Canary Islands
Authors: Pascual M. Salas , Ginovés J. R. Acebes , del Arco Aguilar M.
Published: April 2006

Salas Pascual, M., Acebes Ginovés, J. R. & Arco Aguilar, M. del: Arbutus ×androsterilis, a new interspecific hybrid between A. canariensis and A. unedo from the Canary Islands. – Taxon 42: 789‐792. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Arbutus ×androsterilis, nothosp. nov., results from the hybridization between A. canariensis, a Canary Islands endemic, and A. unedo, a Mediterranean species locally naturalized in Tenerife. The name A. canariensis is typified.
Chromosome numbers in Sonneratia and Duabanga (Lythraceae s.l.) and their systematic significance.
Authors: Graham Shirley A. , Oginuma Kazuo , Raven Peter H. , Tobe Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

Graham, S. A., Oginuma, K., Raven, P. H. & Tobe, H.: Chromosome numbers in Sonneratia and Duabanga (Lythraceae s.l.) and their systematic significance. ‐ Taxon 42: 35‐41. 1993. ‐ISSN 0040‐0262.

Published chromosome numbers in Sonneratia and Duabanga are inconsistent and indicate the basic numbers of the two genera are x = 9 or 11 and x = 12, respectively. Chromosome number counts made in this study for three species of Sonneratia indicate 2n = 24, and for two species of Duabanga, 2n = 48. The base is established as x = 12 in both genera. Although the genera have accumulated numerous autapomorphies that lead them to be regarded in separate subfamilies Sonneratioideae and Duabangoideae of the Lythraceae s.l., they share karyologically similar chromosomes and a unique basic number for the family, which is x = 8 in the remaining subfamilies Punicoideae and Lythroideae. Sonneratia and Duabanga are regarded as among the most primitive genera of the Lythraceae s.l. A number of other myrtalean higher taxa also have x = 12. This base number is most likely the ancestral number for the order.
Desktop computer mapping at the National Herbarium of Canada
Authors: Haber Erich
Published: April 2006

Haber, E.: Desktop computer mapping at the National Herbarium of Canada. ‐ Taxon 42: 63‐70. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

A versatile and relatively inexpensive PC mapping system in use at the National Herbarium of Canada is described and examples of its capabilities and use are given. Sources of place name databases with coordinates for Canada and the U.S.A. are also mentioned, and a simple method of creating color slides from the computer monitor is described.
THE USE OF RATIO VARIABLES IN SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Frampton C. M. , Ward J. M.
Published: April 2006

Eight ratio variables measured on 85 OTUs from Raoulia subg. Raoulia were studied to explore their distributional properties and discriminating abilities. The ratios are shown to be generally less normal than their constituents, a property that can (to varying degrees) be alleviated by the choice of the numerator as the constituent with the largest coefficient of variation. The discriminating properties of the ratios are shown to be as good as their constituents individually, implying that the ratios are potentially useful variables with unique properties. The problem of redundant variability as a product of including a ratio variable and its two constituents in a data set is also addressed. Given that the deletion of one of these variables is a solution to this, it is shown that removing the ratio does not necessarily optimise the amount of retained variability. Thus, the use of ratio variables is seen to be an empirical a posteriori decision that can be made on the basis of objective criteria.
Transfer of the southern African species of Lightfootia, nom. illeg., to Wahlenbergia (Campanulaceae, Campanuloideae)
Authors: Lammers Thomas G.
Published: April 2006

Lammers, T. G.: Transfer of the southern African species of Lightfootia, nom. illeg., to Wahlenbergia (Campanulaceae, Campanuloideae). – Taxon 44: 333‐339. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Lightfootia L'Hér., validly published in January 1789, is illegitimate, being antedated by Lightfootia Sw. (June‐July 1788), and is furthermore a later synonym of Wahlenbergia as presently circumscribed. Whereas the tropical African and Madagascan species formerly assigned to Lightfootia have already been named in Wahlenbergia, the 39 southern African species currently recognized have not. New combinations or substitute names are published here to rectify this situation. Two names, Campanula sect. Campanopsis R. Br. and Lightfootia macrostachys A. DC., are typified.
The species concept in Clavatoraceae (fossil Charophyta) reviewed
Authors: Feist Monique , Wang Zhen
Published: April 2006

Feist, M. & Wang, Z.: The species concept in Clavatoraceae (fossil Charophyta) reviewed. – Taxon 44: 351‐361.1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

In a cladistic analysis, phylogenetic lineages of the Mesozoic charophyte family Clavatoraceae have recently been interpreted as evolutionary species. However, a reappraisal of the Perimneste‐Atopochara lineage shows the existence of several evolutionary divergences which in our opinion are incompatible with monophyly as postulated under the evolutionary species concept. The revolution of classification brought about by application of that concept causes confusion and error, and the transfer of validly named species to subspecific rank causes instability and detracts from their usefulness as stratigraphic markers. The species that we accept are listed in an overall classification of the Clavatoraceae. A new combination, Globator steinhauseri (G. maillardi subsp. steinhauseri Mojon) is proposed.
Steps along the road to a harmonized bionomenclature
Authors: Hawksworth David L.
Published: April 2006

Hawksworth, D. L.: Steps along the road to a harmonized bionomenclature. – Taxon 44: 447‐456 1995.–ISSN 0040‐0262.

Steps taken towards an increasingly harmonized approach to the nomenclature of organisms in all groups since 1985 are identified. The key conclusions of an Exploratory Meeting on Harmonization held in 1994 are presented, along with the report of the first meeting of the Interim Commission on Bionomenclature held in 1995. The latter meeting made proposals on the harmonization of terms between the five existing Codes, and also prepared a first draft International code of bionomenclature to deal with names published after (provisionally) 1 January 2000.
Growth‐form and taxonomy in Arenaria sect. Plinthine (Caryophyllaceae)
Authors: Feliner Gonzalo Nieto
Published: April 2006

Nieto Feliner, G.: Growth‐form and taxonomy in Arenaria sect. Plinthine (Caryophyllaceae). – Taxon 43: 45‐50. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A study of the growth‐forms in Arenaria sect. Plinthine is presented, describing and interpreting two different, systematically relevant, patterns that are defined by the position of the innovation buds. The first, apparently the more evolved one, probably constitutes a good synapomorphy for the 7 taxa exhibiting it: innovation buds arise on short, vegetative lateral shoots arising below the starting point of the season's growth of the fertile axis. In the second case innovation buds arise in leaf‐axils along the whole length of the season's growth of the flowering shoots, extending to well above the first nodes and up to the base of the inflorescence. Recognition of these two growth‐forms helps to solve the old problem of the correct taxonomic placement of the population from Mont Ventoux (S. France), which must be included in A. aggregata not A. erinacea.
Molecular systematics: assembling and using the Tree of Life
Authors: Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E.
Published: April 2006

Soltis, P. S. & Soltis, D. E. Molecular systematics: assembling and using the Tree of Life. ‐Taxon 50: 663–677. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The Tree of Life represents the fundamental framework for ordering biological information. In this paper, we argue for concerted efforts to reconstruct the green plant clade of the Tree of Life, as well as the rest of the Tree, and suggest ways in which the Tree can be used further for inferring and testing hypotheses of evolution. We suggest characters, from DNA sequences to genomic characters, for use in reconstructing the phylogeny of plants. Challenges in data analysis must also be met, if we are to reconstruct the phylogeny of nearly half a billion species of green plants. Phyloinformatics, the storage, retrieval, and use of phylogenetic data and phylogenetic trees, must play an increasingly important role in plant systematics and the systematics community as a whole. Both functional and comparative genomics will benefit from integration with phylogenetic information, and these fields may provide new characters for phylogeny reconstruction. A synthetic view of plant phylogeny requires the incorporation of fossils; a major challenge facing paleo‐botanists and plant systematists is the integration of these disciplines. In sum, molecular systematics, through interfaces with many other fields, from genomics to computer science to paleobotany, will long remain an “unending synthesis”.