bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Language teacher subjectivities in Japan’s diaspora strategies: Teaching my language as someone’s heritage language
Authors: Motobayashi Kyoko
Published: May 2024

This study demonstrates the ways in which discourses in a state-sponsored volunteer program incited transformations of individual subjectivities, focusing on a group of Japanese language teacher volunteers training in Japan to become teachers of Japanese as a heritage language for the country’s diaspora (Nikkei) population in South America. As teachers of heritage Japanese at Japanese language schools in these Nikkei communities, their work was central to Japan’s diaspora strategies, which reframe the Nikkei population as Japan’s “diplomatic assets” connected to Japan through their Nikkei identity. Focusing on these language teachers as important actors in Japan’s diaspora strategies, this study illustrates how their encounter with the institutional discourses resulted in the transformations of their subjectivities. Such transformations occurred during the volunteer training sessions hosted by Japan’s international cooperation agency to conceptualize their roles as teachers of Japanese as someone’s heritage language. By illustrating the ways in which these volunteer individuals’ transformations fit within state diaspora strategies, this article underscores the role of state actors in the process of subjectification, which has tended to be overlooked in previous studies of governmentality.
Aberration-corrected hybrid metalens for longwave infrared thermal imaging
Authors: Hu Tie , Wen Liqing , Li Haowei , Wang Shengqi , Xia Rui , Mei Zihan , Yang Zhenyu , Zhao Ming
Published: May 2024

Wide-angle metalenses in the longwave infrared have shown great advantages over the traditional refractive doublets or triplets, due to light weight, CMOS compatibility, and low cost. However, previous endeavors have been plagued by challenges including a narrow waveband, large F-number, distortion, and spherical aberration. To address these problems, this study introduces two dispersive metasurfaces, placed near the front focal plane and upon the rear plane of a plano-convex lens, to correct optical aberrations. Utilizing this methodology, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an aberration-corrected hybrid metalens for thermal imaging in the 8–12 μm waveband, featuring an FOV of 24°, F-number of 1.2, and diameter of 12.2 mm. The developed hybrid metalens rigorously evaluated, exhibits Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) values exceeding 0.2 at 20 Lp/mm across the full FOV, and features an average transmission of 48.7 %, a relative focusing efficiencies of up to 42.1 %, polarization insensitivity and broadband imaging capacity. These results emphasize the potential applications of our system in diverse fields, such as camera lenses, autonomous driving, healthcare, and environmental monitoring.
Quantitative measurement of spatial distribution of effective refractive index induced by local electron concentration at a nano slit
Authors: Kim Dae Hee , Park Young Ho , Park Jun Hyung , Nguyen Duy-Anh , Yoo Hongki , Kim Seungchel , Kim Young-Jin
Published: May 2024

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have found their key applications in high-sensitivity biomolecular detection and integrated photonic devices for optical communication via light manipulation at nanostructures. Despite their broad utility, SPPs are known to be accompanied by other complex near-field propagation modes, such as quasi-cylindrical waves (QCWs) and composite diffracted evanescent waves (CDEWs), whose electromagnetic and quantum propagation effects have not been comprehensively understood especially regarding their mutual interaction with SPPs. In this study, we addressed this complexity by employing a nano groove structure and a high-stability broadband femtosecond laser as a light source, the spatial phase distribution around the nano slit edge was measured with relative stability of a 4.6 × 10−11 at an averaging time of 0.01 s. Through this spatial phase spectrum, we precisely measured the nonlinear distribution of effective refractive index changes with an amplitude of 10−2 refractive index units at the edge of the nano slit–groove structure. These results reveal that the near-field effects on local electron concentration induced by nanostructure’s discontinuity can be quantitatively measured, which can contribute to a deeper understanding of SPP phenomena in nanostructures for the optimal design and utilization of the SPP effects in diverse nano-plasmonic applications.
Making Justice: Justin Martyr and a Curse From Amathous, Cyprus
Authors: Nasrallah Laura Salah
Published: May 2024

At the beginning of Justin’s Apology, an account of injustice, Justin calls upon the emperors as ϕύλακες δικαιοσύνης, “guardians of justice.”

Justin, 1 Apologia 2,2 (OECT, 80,13 Minns/Parvis).

As part of a documentary and legal strategy, Justin’s Apology includes what he claims is an imperial rescript. This paper probes Justin’s Apology and its appended document(s) in relation to other contemporaneous strategies and materializations of seeking justice: appeals and imperial rescripts, on the one hand, and defixiones or “prayers for justice,” on the other. It argues that a cosmology of δαίμονες was activated not only by Justin, who awaits the imminent end of the world, but also by the curses of antiquity. These curses, and Justin’s own libellus or βιβλίδιον, must also be understood as paralegal materials reasonably intended to engage capricious and sometimes violent systems of justice.
Metabolic politics
Authors: Schaupp Simon
Published: May 2024

Work is at the centre of the social metabolism with nature. This means that industrial relations (IR) are always also environmental politics. This article reviews core contributions to IR literature, showing that they do not systematically address this role of nature and separate the politics of work from their ecological basis. Drawing on historical case studies of the processing of three core products of capitalist modernity (fossil fuels, meat and concrete), the article presents the heuristic of metabolic politics in which nonhuman nature is conceptualised as an autonomous force in IR rather than a mere context of it. This approach allows analysis to systematically take into account the effects of IR on nonhuman nature as well as nature’s own shaping of IR. Such an interdisciplinary approach is necessary to understand the entanglement of IR with climate change and the broader ecological crisis.
“No Foreign Workers, No Agriculture, No Region”: Thai Farmworkers in Israel in the Wake of War
Authors: Kaminer Matan
Published: May 2024

There is perhaps no more paradigmatically settler-colonial activity than agriculture, especially in the Palestinian/Israeli context. Zionist strategists perceived the takeover of farmland from indigenous cultivators as a primary goal of their colonising project, pursuing it eagerly through purchase until the war of 1948, and primarily through violence since then. More than an economic sector, agriculture has served a strategic role in consolidating control over broad stretches of frontier, as well as the ideological purpose of emblematising the Jewish people’s return to its land (Shafir, 1989; Neumann, 2011). However, pace the emergent orthodoxy in settler-colonial studies – which has recently been subjected to strident critiques, not least in the Palestinian/Israeli context  – Israeli agriculture has not, for the most part, been characterised by an “eliminationist” attitude towards indigenous labour or by a serious commitment to exclusively employing the labour of settlers.[1] In fact, Israeli agriculture, like other low-wage sectors of the economy, has nearly always depended on Palestinian labour. When the First Intifada of 1987 to 1991 convinced Israeli policymakers that this dependency was dangerous, their response was to replace it not with the more expensive labour of Israeli citizens, but with the similarly cheap and skilled labour of migrant workers. The farm sector would quickly come to recruit the bulk of its workforce from Thailand, while continuing to employ thousands of Palestinians.
Injai Choi Hyun's Academic Achievement and Its Practical Characteristics
Authors:   Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University, Park In-ho
Published: May 2024

When the Imjin War broke out, Choi Hyeon fought with several righteous soldiers and took care of the lives of local farmers as a land management official when the war devastated the local community. He served as a bureaucrat in the central government during the Gwanghaegun Dynasty, and he was well versed in the changing circumstances of the East Asian world at the time. In addition, in the midst of these changes, he tried to check and strengthen the defense posture of the southern and northern border areas.
In the period when Choi Hyun lived, internal problems accumulated after the founding of Joseon gradually emerged. In addition, Joseon exposed its incompetence in the face of an aggressive invasion of external forces that were making a fuss, and accordingly, various problems appeared. The general atmosphere of Yeongnam academia often chose to live in seclusion while hiding in their hometowns during this period of confusion. However, Choi Hyun was a reformist bureaucrat who only considered the country and the people. He was a practical figure who directly jumped into these social problems and sought solutions.
Choi Hyun tried to reduce social chaos through improvement measures for social problems. Although there was a difference from those who dreamed of a revolutionary social change in the future, it is not easy for Joseon society at that time to even present these improving policies. Choi Hyun was a person who suggested a new direction for moderate reform in the marginal situation faced by Joseon.
EPIDEMIC OF CRUELTY: THE STATE AND CATHOLIC CHURCH IN ITALY AGAINST BULLYING
Authors:   Institute of Europe, RAS, Yazkova Veronica
Published: May 2024

The article deals with bullying and cyberbullying. The serious consequences of traditional bullying and virtual bullying in social networks, which seriously harm the mental and physical health of children and adolescents, force them into suicide, make school bullying one of the most current social problems. The author set out to analyze the measures taken by the Italian State and the Catholic Church in Italy to prevent this phenomenon. Bullying manifests, the systemic crisis in secular societies. It was caused by a number of factors, including: dominance in the public consciousness of deviant cultural codes, stereotypes and norms that legalize the use of violence; atomization and secularization of society, failure of today’s educational tactics, uncontrolled digitization, aggressive models of «new humanism» and transhumanism, ethical relativism. Lay and Catholic pedagogues agree that the efforts of the family, educational institutions, ecclesiastical parishes and law enforcement should aim not only to eradicate bullying, but also to channel youth aggression in a creative direction. It is also necessary to stimulate a positive microclimate in school communities. However, the Italian State and the Catholic Church have different approaches to solving the problem: the State will give preference to repressive methods of education, while the Church – to preventive pedagogy.
EUROPEAN UNION – WESTERN BALKANS: DYNAMICS OF INTEGRATION
Authors:   MGIMO University, Shcherbak Igor
Published: May 2024

The article was devoted to the analyses of the European Union’s integration strategy towards Western Balkans states. The author examines the reasons for transformation of the EUs’ policy from restrained attitude towards enlargement of the Union embracing western Balkans states to acceleration of this process on the background of aggravation of the geopolitical situation and armed conflict around Ukraine. The European Union’s priorities concerning its enlargement were also examined. They are oriented towards strengthening the EU’s role as important actor on global and regional scale and aimed on prevention of geopolitical competition in the region and resumption of crisis cycle in the region by means of stabilization of the region, by realization of profound social and economic as well as legal reforms in the Western Balkans states on the basis of the Copenhagen criteria. Assessment of the EU’ strategy on integration of the Western Balkans has been done on the basis of key documents of the EU’s organs and official statements of its leaders as well as results of the EU’s summits in Slovenia and Brussels (December 2023). Considerable attention was devoted to the key directions of perspective cooperation of the EU and the Western Balkans states in the areas of security and defense. The conclusion was made that the EU’s integration strategy towards Western Balkans is aimed at keeping those states in the realm of its political and economic influence and stabilization of the region in conditions of the new challenges to its stability and security.
GERMAN FEDERAL BUDGET: RESULTS OF 2022 AND BUDGET CRISIS OF 2023
Authors:   Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gracheva Maria
Published: May 2024

The article examines the budget crisis that occurred in Germany at the end of 2023. The results of the execution of the federal budget in terms of expenditures and net borrowings in 2022 are analyzed in comparison with the indicators of the five-year financial plan for 2022–2026, and the main deviations of the fact from the plan are identified. It is shown how the results of the 2022 budget led to an increase in the load on the 2023 budget from the point of view of the implementation of the purpose of renewing the debt brake set in the 2021–2025 Coalition Agreement. Further the events are presented that occurred during the crisis of 2023, which was caused by the decision of the Federal Constitutional Court on the incompetence of transferring net government borrowings from one year to other years (this transfer has been carried out by the ruling coalition in February 2022). Measures regarding the additional budget for 2023 and the new budget for 2024 are listed, that have been adopted by the government to implement the court verdict and return to the debt brake policy. The impact of the budget crisis on the accuracy of budget planning for 2024 is analyzed. The author comes to the conclusion: the results of 2024 will show an interruption in the barely begun post-pandemic restoration of the budget planning’s reliability.
THE WTO AGREEMENT ON FISHERIES SUBSIDIES AS AN ELEMENT OF GLOBAL FISHERIES GOVERNANCE
Authors:   Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kolomin Vyacheslav
Published: May 2024

The article examines the key provisions of the WTO Agreement on Fishing Subsidies, as well as the place of the Agreement in the context of global fisheries regulation. The bans on subsidies introduced within the framework of the WTO are based on existing and new enforcement mechanisms, which suggests an increase in the degree of institutionalization of global fisheries regulation. It is indicated that the WTO Agreement was the result not only of the evolution of the international level of fisheries management, but also of the penetration of the ideology of sustainable development. The latter is the basis for the prohibitions imposed under the Agreement on certain types of subsidies. The discussion around the provisions of the Agreement reflected in the article reflects the contradictions between developed and developing countries. If the former have largely completed adaptation to the declining global fishing opportunities, have restructured their support programs under the ideology of sustainable development, then the latter, developing, face political and social challenges and often themselves act as objects for expeditionary fishing. The agreement, as amended in 2022, appears to be a compromise. However, the proposed amendments to it may significantly limit the possibilities for subsidizing fishing, including for Russia, which sets goals for the modernization of its fishing fleet in the medium term.
THE PROBLEM OF GREENLANDIC AND FAROESE SEPARATISM IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK
Authors:   MGIMO University, Vorotnikov Vladislav , Zbirun Dmitry ,   MGIMO University
Published: May 2024

Over the recent decades the problem of Faroese and Greenland’s secessionism has become immensely pressing both for Denmark and the whole world, particularly in the face of growing geopolitical and military political instability. The authors intend to assess the probability of the dissolution of the Danish Commonwealth of the Realm and, as a consequence, to anticipate eventual international political scenarios. Firstly, the current legal statuses of the autonomous territories and their historical evolution were analyzed. Secondly, the phenomenon of metropolis’ transfers as an instrument of neocolonial policy was studied, demonstrating the relationship between the level of dependence of a self-governing territory on economic aid from the core and the desire and/or willingness to pursue independence. Thirdly, the economic and politico-military factors determining the rise of separatism in the islands were investigated. Despite the steps taken by Copenhagen to contain secession, the situation is developing in an evolutionary way, which allows authors to make a prediction about the modification of the Danish Commonwealth of the Realm into a «free association».
Interactions between Saccades and Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Marmosets
Authors: Pattadkal Jagruti J. , Barr Carrie , Priebe Nicholas J.
Published: May 2024

Animals use a combination of eye movements to track moving objects. These different eye movements need to be coordinated for successful tracking, requiring interactions between the systems involved. Here, we study the interaction between the saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movement systems in marmosets. Using a single-target pursuit task, we show that saccades cause an enhancement in pursuit following a saccade. Using a two-target pursuit task, we show that this enhancement in pursuit is selective toward the motion of the target selected by the saccade, irrespective of any biases in pursuit prior to the saccade. These experiments highlight the similarities in the functioning of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movement systems across primates.
The Shared Feature Principle in Person Perception: Shared Features Lead to Assumptions About Other Features
Authors: Hughes Sean , Unkelbach Christian , Rougier Marine , De Houwer Jan
Published: May 2024

We apply the shared features principle to the domain of person perception: When one person (target) shares a feature with another person (source), people will make assumptions about various other features of the target. We tested this prediction by conducting three pre-registered studies (N = 695). Participants completed a training task wherein one target shared a bridge feature with a physically tall source person while another target shared a feature with a physically short source person. We then measured target perceptions along multiple dimensions (e.g., dominance, strength) using self-reported ratings and an indirect measure (Semantic Misattribution Procedure). We found evidence for feature transfer: participants’ perceptions of a target person’s height changed in accordance with the height of the source it shared a feature with. We also found evidence for feature transformation: participants perceived a target person who shared a feature with a tall source person as stronger, more masculine, a better leader, and more dominant relative to a target person who shared a feature with a short source person. We consider the conceptual implications of our findings, their relevance for different areas of psychological science, and future research directions.
Asian American Representation Within Psychology: Who Is Included? Who Is Left Out?
Authors: Vinluan A. Chyei , Remedios Jessica D.
Published: May 2024

As a racial group, Asians are incredibly diverse; however, psychology research may not capture heterogeneity within this social category. Recent findings suggest that U.S. perceivers consider East Asian (e.g., Chinese, Japanese) Americans as more prototypically Asian American than South (e.g., Indian, Pakistani) or Southeast Asian Americans (e.g., Filipino, Vietnamese; Goh & McCue, 2021). We investigated whether artifacts of this cultural default are present in research conducted by U.S.-based psychologists. We also examined non-U.S.-based research to understand the potential limits of this prototype and its influence on research, globally. We expected to observe that most participants in psychology research are of East Asian descent and that most stimuli used to represent Asian identity actually depict East Asian (versus South and Southeast Asian) identity. To test our hypotheses, we conducted a literature search of psychology publications that mentioned “Asian” in the abstract. In line with our hypothesis, researchers were more likely to include East Asian participants and to present East Asian stimuli than to include or present South or Southeast Asian participants and stimuli in their research – results we observed in research conducted both within and outside of the U.S. We draw on intersectionality theory to inform recommendations for how researchers may work toward greater diversity and inclusion in their research.
Quantitative Indicators of Goalkeeper Saves among High-Skilled Football Players in Competitive Environments
Authors:   Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture, Pertsukhov Andrii , Shalenko Victor ,   Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture, Sheludko Pavel ,   Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture
Published: May 2024

This study aims to establish quantitative indicators of the number of saves performed by high-skilled football players. Materials, participants, and methods: the research was conducted from January 2024 to April 2024. The registration of technical-tactical actions (goalkeeper saves) was based on games involving teams from the English Premier League (EPL) during the 2023/2024 season. Ten games from this tournament were registered and analyzed. The study applied the following methods: analysis of scientific-methodological literature, pedagogical observations, and mathematical statistics methods. Results: the results of the study indicate that in the games of the English championship season 2023/2024, when facing shots towards their own goal, the number of defenders positioned below the ball line at the moment of the shot ranged from 0 to 10, with a mean value of 4,7±0,2. The number of defenders positioned below the ball line and within the goal area at the moment of the shot ranged from 0 to 7, with a mean value of 2,1±0,1. The number of players who actively performed saves on goal ranged from 0 to 3, with a mean value of 1,0±0,1. Additionally, the study revealed a strong positive correlation between the number of players below the ball line at the moment of the shot and the number of players below the ball line and within the goal area. A moderate positive correlation was found between the number of players actively performing saves on goal, the number of players below the ball line and the number of players within the goal area. Conclusions: the study found that with an increase in shot distance, the number of defenders positioned below the ball line, within the goal area, and actively blocking shots on goal increases. It was established that with an increase in the number of players actively resisting shots on goal, the likelihood of blocking a shot significantly increases while the likelihood of conceding a goal in their net decreases. A strong positive correlation was found between the number of players below the ball line and the number of players within the goal area, and a moderate positive correlation was found between the number of players actively blocking shots on goal and the number of players below the ball line as well as the number of players within the goal area.
Indicators of Quantity and Performance Efficiency of Ball Reception by High-Quality Football Players in Competitive Conditions
Authors:   Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture, Pertsukhov Andrii
Published: May 2024

The aim of this study is to establish indicators of the quantity and effectiveness of various ball reception techniques by high-quality football players. Material, participants and methods: the research was conducted from December 2023 to February 2024. Technical-tactical actions (ball receptions) were recorded during games of English Premier League (EPL) teams in the 2023/2024 season. A total of 10 games were registered and analyzed for this study. The methods employed included analysis of scientific and methodological literature, video analysis of matches, and mathematical statistical methods. Results: the study revealed that football players from English Premier League teams in the 2023/2024 season, on average, executed 370,9±35,3 ball receptions per game. This consisted of 337,4±34,2 rolling ball receptions and 33,5±1,8 airborne ball receptions. Additionally, players performed, on average, 280,8±27,3 ball receptions with the inside of the foot, 40,1±5,1 with the sole, 31,8±3,2 with the outside of the foot, 8,1±0,9 with the chest, 3,9±0,5 with the thigh, 3,8±0,5 with the middle part of the shin, 1,5±0,2 with the abdomen, and 1,1±0,2 with the head. The most effective method of ball reception in the recorded games was using the sole (99,1±0,4%), while the least effective was with the head (59,7±12,0%). Conclusions: the study established indicators for the quantity and effectiveness of ball reception techniques by high-quality football players. Statistical differences were found in both quantitative and qualitative aspects of various ball reception techniques among EPL teams in the 2023/2024 season. It was established that the most popular way of receiving the ball is receiving the ball with the inner side of the foot, and the least popular is receiving the ball with the stomach and head. It was also established, the effectiveness of ball reception by football players depends on the technique used and the trajectory of the ball.
THE METABOLIC EFFECT OF CELLULAR PROTEIN KINASES BLOCKADE ON THE EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES
Authors:   Bogomoletz National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine, Ziablitzev S.V. , Usenko K.O. ,   Bogomoletz National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine, Dobrovinska O.V. ,   V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine, Perepelytsa Yu.V. ,   Bogomoletz National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine, Andrushchenko V.A. ,   Bogomoletz National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: May 2024

Prospective use of receptor protein kinase inhibitors (PKI) for the prevention and/or treatment of diabetic complications necessitates the study of their effect on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism in experimental models of type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2) diabetes. DM1 was modeled in male Wistar rats with streptozotocin administration (50 mg/ kg), DM2 – by long-term (180 days) maintenance on a highcalorie fat diet (HFD; 56,7% fat) with the introduction of a lower dose of streptozotocin (25 mg/kg). For the treatment, we used insulin (“Actrapid Novo Nordisk”, Denmark) and a PKI inhibitor Sorafenib (“Cipla”, India), added orally in sachet form (150 mg/kg). Regardless of the diet type, the streptozotocin administration led to hyperglycemia, weight loss, glucose- and ketonuria, polyuria, and polydipsia. The severity of these manifestations was heightened in HFD rats, with a mortality rate of 53.3% observed (when modeling DM1 – 12%), likely attributed to the onset of liver failure. In HFD rats, slight hyperglycemia was noted only on the 150th day. All the diabetes models used were accompanied by significant hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia. The addition of glucose to HFD rats increased the cholesterol content. HFD caused hypoproteinemia, metabolism suppression and increased transaminases activity. The established violations were largely restored with the use of PKI: glycemia level, body weight loss, the content of triglycerides and very low-density lipoproteins decreased; an increase in high-density lipoproteins and the normalization of pigment metabolism were observed.
Розвиток безпекових студій як необхідна умова подолання кризового стану українського соціуму
Authors: Верменич Ярослава Володимирівна
Published: May 2024

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Науковий комітет і його роль у формуванні державної політики розвитку наукової сфери
Authors: Антонюк Олександра Вікторівна
Published: May 2024

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Нові підходи до радіаційного моніторингу забруднених територій на базі БПЛА
Authors: Попов Олександр Олександрович
Published: May 2024

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Technostress Construct Validity Test with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) Method
Authors: Subchi Imam , Muhammadiyah Hilmi , Dewi Putri Aisyiyah Rachma , Nawar Moh. Khoerul , Naim Juanda , Syukrilla Wara Alfa
Published: May 2024

This study aims to test the construct validity of the technostress instrument using an instrument developed by Ragu-Nathan et al. (2008) contained 20 modified items using the Indonesian language. The research data was obtained from middle adult teaching staff, namely teachers and lecturers aged 35-60 who taught online learning during Covid-19. 212 respondents participated in this study. The test used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with first-order per-dimensional, first-order unidimensional, and second-order models. The analysis was done in MPLUS. Based on CFA first-order unidimensional results, the model fits the data with one item discarded (Item 17). The CFA second-order model is also fit according to the goodness criteria with all items being valid except item 6. According to CFA first-order per-dimensional testing, results show that items for three dimensions (techno-overload, techno-complexity, and techno-insecurity) are valid, while the other two dimensions (techno-uncertainty and techno-invasion) are not fit because the number of items is too small. The instrument can be used to measure technostress and is considered to be unidimensional measuring technostress.
The Axial Age and the Curious Modernity of Islam
Authors: Turner Bryan S
Published: May 2024

The article examines the importance of the idea of the Axial Age (800–200 bc) and the rise of the great world religions and philosophies that have influenced world history. The origins of the idea can be traced back to Max Weber’s sociology of world religions and to his disciple Karl Jaspers, who promoted the idea as a critical response to the racial ideas of Nazi Germany. In contemporary approaches, the theme of the Axial Age has been embraced in sociology by Robert Bellah and Hans Joas who emphasise the Axial idea of transcendence. A major problem with the debate is that two world religions—Christianity and Islam—came after the formative axial period. This problem was especially acute in Hegel’s philosophy of history. The modernity and global influence of Islam have been recognised by Ernest Gellner and Marshall G. S. Hodgson.
The Question of Origin and Beginning of Sufism
Authors: Milani Milad
Published: May 2024

The question of origin and beginning of Sufism is problematical because the beginning obscures the origin. This statement, which draws on Heidegger’s philosophy of history, underpins the basis of the argument made in this article. We can say that Sufism began with Islam, since Sufi beliefs and practices developed from an initially ascetic and then gradually contemplative praxis that interpreted the Islamic canon in that light. Sufism is therefore not pre- Islamic and emerges for the first time within the Islamic world; its adherents have practised and lived the Sufi way as interpreted through the message of the Qur’an and the example of the Prophet. However, a question mark hangs over the origin of Sufism because its praxis is not always deemed to be aligned with Islamic orthopraxy, and upon closer analysis certain peculiarities are exposed that raise concern about external influence. As such, how do we understand the anomaly as part of Sufism? To pose the hypothesis, the beginning of Sufism is Islamic, but its origin is foreign.
Pastor or Psychoanalyst: Transformation of Religious Leadership in the Early 20th Century
Authors: Elizaveta Reshchikova
Published: May 2024

The article will look at the transformation of the sphere of religious leadership, which occurred under the influence of psychoanalytic theory and practice, as reflected in the texts of a Protestant pastor Oskar Pfister and a Jesuit professor Josef Donat – participants of the theological discussion about psychoanalysis in the 1930s. The relevance of the article mirrors the significance of the polemics around psychoanalytic theories within the major transformation of ideas about religious leadership that took place in the New Age. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, a materialist view of human nature began to dominate public perception, principles of physiology were used to explain psychological processes, chemical and physical laws were applied to describe the “workings of the soul”. In this context, psychoanalysis, which explores the soul by “scientific” and heals it by “medical” methods, acquired great popularity. Christian pastoral care came to be criticized: a clergyman inspires awe by his very office, his activities are limited to the sphere of morality and religion, his answers are predictable and do not help to solve the problems that lie within the realm of the psyche. To turn to a doctor or a psychoanalyst, as one of the participants in this discussion writes, is “much less humiliating”: he is neutral, impartial, more natural, and humane. The psychoanalyst also seems to be more effective in dealing with issues that have traditionally been the responsibility of the clergy. This situation calls for a re-actualisation of Christian pastoral care and makes it necessary to form a certain attitude towards psychoanalysis - hence the emergence of a range of theological reactions to the psychoanalytic theory and method. The article aims to show how the field claimed by religious leadership is changing in the course of the theological debate on, and under the influence of, psychoanalysis. Oskar Pfister's work is an example of the reception of psychoanalysis, Josef Donat's book is an example of its critical interpretation, but both recognize the new anthropology (defined by Freud in a broad sense) and are forced to take pastoral care beyond the narrowly set boundaries of the religious and the moral.
Urgensi Asas Ketuhanan Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 Tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan
Authors: Musleh  , Nur Rosyidah Amilia Rizqi , Faruq Umar , M. Saedi
Published: May 2024

Pasal 6 Undang-undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang pembentukan Peraturan perundang-undangan menyatakan bahwa setiap materi yang ada dalam peraturan.perundang-undangan harus memuat dan mencerminkan asas pengayoman, kemanusiaan, bhineka tunggal ika dan seterusnya, akan tetapi jika selain asas yang ada dalam pasal 6 ayat (1) tersebut maka bisa berisi dengan asas yang lainnya sesuai dengan kebutuhan hukum yang diperlukan pada Pasal 6 ayat (1) tidak ada “Asas Ketuhanan”. Padahal nilai ketuhanan menempati urutan pertama dan menjadi rujukan utama dari dasar nilai-nilai yang ada dalam Negara Indonesia.  Tidak adanya asas ketuhanan dalam.Pasal .6 ayat (1) Undang-undang. Nomor. 12 Tahun.2011 menjadi salah satu problem. Sehingga memunculkan pertanyaan, bagaimana urgensi dari asas ketuhanan dalam undang-undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011, serta bagaimana implikasi dari asas ketuhanan dalam undang-undang nomor 12 tahun 2011 tersebut dalam perspektif hukum di Indonesia, penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif dan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Pencantuman asas Ketuhanan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 adalah sebuah usaha untuk menjaga dan mempertahankan eksistensi nilai-nilai yang terdapat dalam Pancasila dan UUD 1945 agar tetap terimplementasikan dalam berbagai produk peraturan perundang-undangan, Fakta kekosongan UU No. 12 Tahun 2011 dari asas Ketuhanan sangat potensial menumbuhkan beragam faham yang yang bebas dari nilai Ketuhanan baik sektarianisme maupun fundamentalisme yang sangat mengancam eksistensi Pancasila sebagai dasar Negara. Negara mengakui peran agama dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara karena agama diakui telah memberikan kontribusinya yang besar dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan.
Coupled cycling of metals with nitrogen and carbon in marine sediments
Authors:   ,   Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Karolewski Jennifer S. ,   Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Published: May 2024

Cross element processes are complex and often understudied components within biogeochemical cycles. In this thesis, I use stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen as the primary tools to interrogates these complex reactions. First, I report abiotic oxidation of nitrite to nitrate by manganese(III)-pyrophosphate. This reaction can occur even in the absence of oxygen, unlike biological nitrite oxidation. Reaction rates were measured at a range of environmentally relevant pH values (5-8) with the reaction proceeding more quickly at lower pH. Reaction order was second order with respect to manganese(III) and first order with respect to nitrous acid. No reversibility of reaction was observed upon addition of isotopically distinct nitrate. An inverse kinetic isotope effect of +19.9 ± 0.7‰ was calculated, which was comparable in magnitude and direction to that of biological nitrite oxidation. In natural waters, such as estuaries, this reaction could potentially play an important role in the nitrogen cycle. Next, I report an abiotic reaction between hydroxylamine and manganese(III)-pyrophosphate which forms nitrous oxide, nitrite, and likely dinitrogen gas. In artificial seawater (pH = 8), this reaction proceeds rapidly, with the ratio of products highly dependent on the reactant ratio. Nitrous oxide site preference (SP) of +35.5 ± 0.6‰ was observed, consistent with the isotopic signatures of several marine nitrifying organisms. This suggests that “leakage” of intermediate hydroxylamine from nitrifier cells could potentially react with manganese(III) in a mixed biotic-abiotic process without previously being noticed. Finally, I performed experiments using carbon-13 labelling to measure rates of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in cold seep sediments collected at Cascadia Margin. Four forms of oxidized manganese and four forms of oxidized iron were added to treatments in order to evaluate how these altered rates of AOM. In contrast to previous work, addition of metals did not overall increase rates of AOM above those of an unamended control and some treatments in fact reduced it. However, energy yields from microbes using metal as an electron acceptor are higher per mole of methane reduced than that of using sulfate so even with these lower rates, energy yields would have exceeded those of controls. Additionally, doubling times for the archaea performing AOM are long enough that the microbial community may not have been able to adapt on the timescale of the experiment. Overall, the results of this thesis illuminate the need for further study of abiotic and coupled cycling reactions when considering biogeochemical cycles.
Genomic and physiological adaptation to temperature in the invasive golden star runicate (Botryllus schlosseri)
Authors:   ,   Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tobias Zachary J. C. ,   Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Published: May 2024

Because non-indigenous species (NIS) often encounter novel environments during colonization and expansion, species invasions present useful opportunities to investigate the mode and pace of adaptive change in natural populations. In this dissertation, I use the range expansion of the invasive golden star tunicate, Botryllus schlosseri, as a natural experiment to study how a pernicious NIS adapts its thermal physiology on contemporary time scales. In Chapter 2, I applied low-coverage whole genome sequencing (lcWGS) to investigate patterns of population genetic structure and signatures of local adaptation to temperature. In addition to illustrating the potential for rapid adaptation of thermal tolerance at the genomic level, this chapter demonstrated that the molecular basis of thermal adaptation on either coast is distinct, providing valuable evidence for parallel adaptation being driven by divergent molecular means. In Chapter 3, I performed a physiological study to investigate differentiation of post-larval heat tolerance across five populations across a major biogeographic break on the east coast of North America. I found that northern populations are more susceptible to heat stress than their southern, warm-exposed counterparts, providing evidence for adaptive shifts of thermal tolerance. Further, by taking advantage of natural temporal variability in temperature, I demonstrated that temperature during development positively affects heat tolerance at later life stages, establishing developmental plasticity of thermal tolerance. In Chapter 4, I extended my physiological investigation to the west coast of North America, comparing post-larval heat tolerance across three populations spanning a 24.3° latitudinal gradient while expanding to include differentiation of cold tolerance in adults. Similar to the east coast, I observed that the two northern populations were more susceptible to heat stress than their southern counterpart. For cold tolerance, I observed a pattern of countergradient variation whereby northern populations were better able to maintain cardiac function in the cold than southern populations. This suggests compensatory genetic adaptation to the colder water temperatures at higher latitudes. Overall, my work furthers our understanding of how NIS are able to rapidly shift their thermal physiology in response to novel environments, shedding light on the potential of species more generally to adapt to environmental change on contemporary timescales.
“Places of Memory” as the Historical and Spiritual Values of the Kazakh Culture Regeneration
Authors: Mussatayeva Farida , Malgarayeva Zaure , Issayeva Meruyert
Published: May 2024

Abstract: The Kazakh national memory faced suppression during the 70 years of Soviet rule, leading to a risk of partial loss of national cultural heritage. In this period, Soviet policies often discouraged practices, such as visiting sacred places, a tradition integral to honoring ancestors and perpetuating national memory. Prior to this, during the Russian colonial period, similar policies served as a deterrent to these cultural expressions. It is important to differentiate between the Russian colonial policies pre-Soviet rule and the Soviet policies thereafter, although both had an impact on Kazakh national traditions. When Kazakhstan became independent, the lost historical memory was restored by space ideology formation and was a spontaneous “national canonization”. The initiators of the memory place renovation in the country, including sacred sites, were the holy ancestors’ and patriotic citizens’ descendants. In 2017, the state adopted the Rukhani Zhangyru program aimed at the restoration of historical places, which have the potential to national consciousness growth and national unification around living history. In this regard, the main scope of this work is to study the growth points of a new space ideology in Kazakhstan’s cultural landscape. The authors propose a classification of sacred place types, which shall contribute to the unification of all national identification layers into a single whole.
Examining traditional Chinese culture and Marxist theory compatibility
Authors: Shu Kunyao
Published: May 2024

Abstract: In the long-term development process, traditional Chinese culture has gradually formed its own characteristics, and is known for its extensive and long history, which, to a certain extent, provides a good environment for the Chinese people’s survival and reproduction. Introducing Marxist philosophy into China has played an important role in the practical work of China’s revolutionary construction. At the same time, the theoretical community is constantly exploring the common ground between Marxist philosophy and traditional Chinese culture. In the new era of socialist construction, it is necessary to have a profound understanding of traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, in order to prompt China to realize the Chinese dream as soon as possible and the Chinese nation’s great renaissance, this paper focused on the integration of traditional Chinese culture and Marxist philosophy, and explored the new evolution of the sinicization of Marxist philosophy in the new historical period.
Urban design and Chinese culture spirit: the symbolic significance of mountain factors in shaping cultural park
Authors: Xia Xiumin , Zhou Jingjing
Published: May 2024

Abstract: An urban cultural park is a symbol of regional urban culture, and it also reflects the accumulation of human culture. It can become an important way to inherit regional historical and cultural heritage and promote the excellent traditional Chinese cultural spirit. The cultural role, played by the cultural parks, is, however, rather unsatisfactory and remains to be improved. It is extremely important to solve these problems and promote the design of urban cultural parks to better showcase their cultural ideas and meet the needs of cultural dissemination and development. Therefore, this article introduced mountain factors and analyzed the symbolic significance of mountain factors in the design of urban cultural parks. This research attempted to interpret the ideas, contained in modern urban cultural parks, from the perspectives of urban cultural parks and mountain factors, and elaborated on the design strategies, expression methods, expression techniques and exchange of ideas of urban cultural parks. Research has found that introducing mountain factors into the design of cultural parks can make them more aesthetically pleasing, with more complex shapes, and better highlight the theme ideas for regional cultural interpretation and expression. This research provides more design schemes and elements for the design of urban cultural parks by studying mountain factors, enriching the ideological meaning and expression of urban cultural parks, helping to promote the inheritance and development of culture, and providing more theoretical basis for landscape design.