bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suppressor Cells and their Precursors in A/J Mice, Tolerant to Heterologous Gamma Globulin
Authors: NAKANO K. , CINADER B.
Published: June 2006

The role of suppressor cells and of their precursors was examined in A/J mice, immunized or tolerized‐immunized with rabbit gamma globulin. Antibody response and tolerance were assessed by antigen elimination, followed by an indirect plaque‐forming assay. Reconstitution experiments were performed to estimate loss of cooperative capacity in thymus and spleen cells. Infectious tolerance was examined by reconstitution with mixtures of spleen or thymus cells of normal and tolerant donors. Infectious tolerance could not be detected after neonatally induced tolerance. It could be detected when tolerance was induced 11–16 days after birth. Under these circumstances, loss of cooperative capacity and increased capacity for infectious tolerance occurred rapidly over the first 2 days and reached completion by the 10th–20th day after administration of tolerogen. Thymectomy, after tolerance induction, resulted in relative recovery of responsiveness of spleen cells and loss of capacity for infectious tolerance. Pretreatment with cyclophosphamide resulted in a less profound state of unresponsiveness and in the disappearance of the capacity for infectious tolerance. Simultaneous treatment with tolerogen and colchicine also resulted in a less profound state of tolerance. This effect of colchicine was more profound when a low dose of tolerogen was used or when animals were thymectomized before administration of tolerogen and colchicine.
The Fetus as an Allograft: a Longitudinal Study of Normal Human Pregnancies Studied with Mixed Lymphocyte Cultures between Mother‐Father and Mother‐Child
Authors: BIRKELAND S. A. , KRISTOFFERSEN K.
Published: June 2006

A longitudinal investigation of the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response during pregnancy between mother and father, between mother and child, and between the mother and an indifferent lymphocyte pool has been carried out, using starting values before pregnancy and a cryobiological freezing system that allows in vitro playback of the immunological course of pregnancy. Lymphocyte and serum samples from twenty‐two pregnant women taken before and during pregnancy, at delivery, and after delivery were used. The study shows that the mother reacts during the course of pregnancy with an increasing MLC response to the father, which is replaced at delivery by a decrease in response and a subsequent increase after delivery. It is also shown that the mother reacts to the child in a similar manner at about half the level of reaction to the father. The mother also reacts similarly to a pool of indifferent lymphocytes. The MLC reactions mentioned are affected by both non‐pregnant and pregnant serum, leading to a moderation of the MLC reaction in relation to that carried out in neutral AB serum. In addition, there seems to be cooperation between cellular and humoral factors, since the MLC reaction to the child curried out in relevant autologous serum seems to show a decreasing response during the course of pregnancy, in accordance with increasing tolerance of the fetal allograft.
Lymphocyte Transformation with Mitogens and Antigens during Normal Human Pregnancy: a Longitudinal Study
Authors: BIRKELAND S. A. , KRISTOFFERSEN K.
Published: June 2006

In a longitudinal analysis of immunological changes in normal human pregnancy, twenty‐two pregnant women were studied, with blood samples taken before pregnancy, during its course, at delivery, and 3–5 months after delivery. The blood samples were frozen successively, using a cryobiological freezing system, and were stored until the whole longitudinal series was obtained. The collected material for a longitudinal series was then thawed and tested in one seance. Lymphocyte transformation tests were performed with stimulation with the mitogens phytohae‐magglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), concanavalin A (Con A) and the specific antigens tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD), Candida albicans (CA), Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and streptokinase/streptodornase (SK/SD). No changes were found in PHA or in PWM responses, whereas there were significant changes in the Con A response, with lowest values in the middle of pregnancy. PPD, CA, SA and SK/SD responses all reached lowest values towards the end of pregnancy, with increases subsequently, after delivery. These findings seem to show that T suppressor function is increased and B‐lymphocyte function decreases during the course of pregnancy.
Antigen‐initiated B‐Lymphocyte Differentiation
Authors: HOWARD M. , BAKER J. , TEALE J. , SHORTMAN K.
Published: June 2006

We have analysed the transient unresponsiveness of B cells following specific antigen prepriming. The effect is restricted to adoptive‐transfer antibody‐forming cell (AFC) progenitors (that is, ‘pre‐progenitors’) and does not occur with the separate subset of cell culture AFC progenitors (‘direct progenitors’). The transient unresponsiveness is displayed by both primary and secondary ‘pre‐progenitor’ B cells. Mixing experiments and experiments with athymic mice indicate that the effect is not due to suppressor T cells or other inhibitory cells. Nor is the effect due to an impaired seeding ability of the activated or antigen‐binding cells, since after adoptive transfer the preprimed cells can be activated by an appropriate non‐specific stimulus. The most likely explanation involves direct interaction of specific antigen with the antigen receptors on ‘pre‐progenitor’ B cells, rendering these cells more prone to temporary or permanent ‘tolerance’ on further antigen contact or, alternatively, directing their differentiation away from IgM AFC production on day 8 after transfer.
Effect of Long‐term Corticosteroid Therapy on Monocyte Chemotaxis in Man
Authors: TANNER A. R. , HALLIDAY J. W. , POWELL L. W.
Published: June 2006

The influence of prednisolone on monocyte chemotactic activity in vitro at prednisolone concentrations comparable with those achieved in man following oral dosage has been investigated. Chemptactic activity of monocytes from each of sixteen normal subjects was suppressed by concentrations of prednisolone as low as 25 ng/ml (suppression of chemotaxis, 20%). Maximal suppression occurred at 100 ng/ml (suppression of chemotaxis, 48%) and no significant increase in suppression was produced by increasing the concentration to 200 ng/ml (suppression of chemotaxis, 53%). In contrast, monocytes isolated from ten patients receiving corticosteroid therapy showed no significant suppression of chemotactic activity when exposed to these concentrations of prednisolone, even though they exhibited a normal ability to respond to a chemotactic stimulus. The lack of suppression of monocyte chemotaxis in patients receiving corticosteroid therapy is unexplained, but may represent a change in the circulating monocyte or lymphocyte populations.
Distribution of ‘Free’ and HLA‐associated Human β2‐Microglobulin in Some Plasma Membranes and Biological Fluids
Authors: PLESNER T. , BJERRUM O. J.
Published: June 2006

The distribution of free and HLA‐associated human β2‐microglobulin (β2m)in serum, urine, spinal fluid, parotid duct saliva, seminal fluid, amniotic fluid and whey and in membranes from thrombocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and fat globules from milk was studied by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE). The hydrophobic domain of HLA was demonstrable in ‘charge‐shift CRIE’ and by binding to phenyl‐Sepharose in ‘hydrophobic‐interaction CRIE’. In ‘lectin‐affinity CRIE’ with concanavalin A and Lens culinaris lectin Sepharose the carbohydrate moiety present in HLA exhibited heterogeneity as judged by the appearance of two partly separated protein peaks. Except for isolated fat globule membranes, HLA‐associated β2m was present on all cells investigated. ‘Free’β2m did not contain a hydrophobic domain as assessed by charge‐shirt and hydrophobic‐interaction CRIE. All body fluids contained β2m in its ‘free’ form only. In serum, besides the free β2m, 2% was present is HLA‐associated β2m, which, however, did not contain a hydrophobic domain. A degradation product of ‘free’β2m, with α‐mobility, was observed in sera from patients with malignant disorders, rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus.
The Isopaque–Ficoll Method Re‐evaluated: Selective Loss of Autologous Rosette‐forming Lymphocytes during Isolation of Mononuclear Cells from Human Peripheral Blood
Authors: HOKLAND P. , HERON I.
Published: June 2006

A subpopulation of lymphocytes is defined, which—under conditions used for Isolating mono‐nuclear cells from peripheral blood by the Isopaque‐Ficoll gradient—is lost in the erythrocyte pellet because of rosette formation with the autologous erythrocytes in the gradient. Reapplication of the resuspended erythrocyte pellet on a new gradient with higher density could, however, recover the subpopulation. Lymphocyte surface marker analysis on such cell showed that they were enriched in T cell (judged by rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes) and in auto‐rosette‐forming cells. The importance of these findings is discussed in relation to the wide use of the Isopaque‐Ficoll method.
Effect of Fc‐Receptor Modulation on Mumps‐Virus‐dependent Lymphocyte‐mediated Cytotoxicity in Vitro
Authors: HÄRFAST B. , ANDERSSON T. , ALSHEIKHLY A. , PERLMANN P.
Published: June 2006

The natural cytotoxicity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal human donors to a variety of tissue culture target cells increases upon brief exposure of lymphocytes to mumps virus. The effector cells operative in this system have Fc receptors for IgG (FcR), since cytotoxicity was abolished when FcR + cells were removed by passage of the lymphocytes over immune‐complex columns. When PBL were treated with immune complexes for 16 h at 37°C, their FcR activity was sharply decreased (modulation), as indicated by a significantly reduced capacity of the treated cells to display antibody‐dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). Modulation had variable effects on natural cytotoxicity. In contrast, the virus‐dependent cytotoxicity above the natural cytotoxicity remained essentially unchanged, indicating that a functionally intact FcR is not required in this system for carrying out cytolysis.
Haemagglutination‐enhancing Factor Protein in Chicken Serum
Authors: NICOLAISEN E. M. , KOCH C.
Published: June 2006

The haemagglutinating activity of the lgG fraction of chicken alloantibodies is greatly enhanced In the addition of normal chicken serum. The effect is due to a macromolecular β‐globulin. which has been purified by sail precipitation, gel filtration, and ion‐exchange chromatography. Immunization of rabbits with the purified product gave a monospecific antiserum against the haemagglutination‐enhancing factor (HEF) protein. By means of this rabbit antiserum it is shown that HEF is CO‐precipitated with antigen antibody completes. This indicates that HEF exerts its effect by binding to chicken IgG antibody after the latter has reacted with antigen.
Indirect Haemagglutination for the Demonstration of Antibodies to Renal Antigens from Rats
Authors: IVERSEN B. M. , MATRE R. , TØNDER O.
Published: June 2006

An indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test using tanned sheep erythrocytes was developed to detect antibodies in sera from rabbits immunized with renal tubular epithelium (RTE) or with glomerular basement membrane (GBM) from rats. The RTK antigen preparation, called Fx1A, sensitized the erythrocytes directly, whereas the GBM preparation had to be treated with collagenase. The antisera to Fx1A gave titres up to 64,000, and the antisera to GBM up to several million. The sera were monospecific, since they gave no cross‐reaction in IHA, precipitation, or absorption tests using the IHA test, the quantitative aspects of experimental glomerulone‐phritis in rats can be studied. Preliminary results obtained in transfer experiments indicate a dose‐response relationship between the titra in IHA and the degree of proteinuria.
β2‐Microglobulin‐containing IgG Complexes in Sera and Synovial Fluids of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients
Authors: FALUS A. , MERÉTEY K. , GLIKMANN G. , SVEHAG S.‐E. , FÁBIÁN F. , BÖHM U. , BOZSÓKY S.
Published: June 2006

The occurrence and composition of complexed β2‐microglobulin (β2m) In sera and synovial fluids of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patients and control persons was investigated. β2m‐containing complexes were detected In immune complex (IC)‐enriched fractions isolated by precipitation with 3% polyethylene glycol 6000, In the macromolecular peaks after Sephadex G‐200 gel filtration, and in IC desorbed from solid‐phase Clq. β2m complexes were demonstrated also after precipitation of redissolved PEG‐insoluble material by anti‐human β2m serum or isolation of the complexes by use of Sephadex‐anti‐β2m. IgG was co‐isolated with with β2m on Sephadex‐anti‐β2m, and free β2m inhibited the binding of IgG to Sephadex anti‐β2m, Indicating that IgG was present in the complexed β2m. Analysis by SDS–polyacrylamide gradient electrophoresis under reducing conditions indicated that the purified β2m complexes contained IgG and β2m.
Thymus Cells Suppress the in Vitro Cytotoxic Response against Trinitrophenyl (TNP) Modified Syngeneic Cells
Authors: HURME M. , BANG B. E.
Published: June 2006

The regulatory role of adult thymocytes in the in vitro cytotoxic cell formation against TNP‐coupled syngeneic spleen cells was studied. Thymocytes are known to amplify the cytotoxic response of lymph node cells against allogeneic cells. This kind of synergism was nut found in the response against TNP‐coupled cells: on the contrary, thymocytes had a clear suppressive effect. Thymocytes inducing this suppression must be present already at the beginning of the In vitro response. Mitotically blocked (mitomycin‐C treated) thymocytes but not heat killed or lysed cells were also capable to suppress anti‐TNP cytotoxicity.
Allogeneic H‐2 does not Cross‐react, at the Helper T‐Cell Level, with Hapten‐modified Self
Authors: MARTINEZ C. , COUTINHO A. , BERNABÉ R. R
Published: June 2006

Helper T cell raised in CBA mice and enriched in vitro with specificity for trinitrophenylmodified syngeneic spleen cells can activate hapten‐modified B cells bearing Ik. These helper cells fail to activate B cells expressing any of six independent I‐region haplotypes, indicating lack of cross‐reactivity between hapten‐self and allogeneic I‐region products, Furthermore, hapten‐derivatized allogeneic B sells are also not activated, demonstrating that the elements restricting T‐cell function are poorly, if at all, cross‐reactive.
Human Membrane‐bound C3 Receptors I. Serological and Immunohistological Demonstration of C3 Receptors
Authors: STEIN H. , GERDES J. , TOLKSDORF G. , KLATT U.
Published: June 2006

The aim of the present study was to present further evidence of the specific reactivity of an anti‐C3 receptor serum (AC3RS), to demonstrate membrane‐bound C3 receptors by using this AC3RS in different serological and immunohistological methods, and to investigate the relationship between membrane‐bound C3 receptor and α1‐antitrypsin. The AC3RS, or F(ab)2 fragments of the IgG fraction of this antiserum, stained a percentage on various viable cell populations roughly equivalent to the number of cells that bound EAC3b and or EAC3d; C3 receptor‐negative T cells and thymocytes were not stained. On frozen sections of tonsils and kidneys it was found that the AC3RS stained the area to which EAC3b adhered. After absorption with neutrophils or Ehu, the AC3RS Inhibited the agglutination of EAC3d with tonsil cells, not the agglutination of tonsil cells or neutrophils with EAC3b; this absorbed AC3RS still stained tonsil cells but not neutrophils, in frozen tonsil sections it Stained only those areas to which AC3d adhered. The absorbed AC3RS did not stain glomeruli. Antisera to α1‐antitrypsin failed to in‐hibit EAC agglutination with C3 receptor‐bearing cells or to stain C3 receptor‐positive cells either in suspension or in frozen sections. Absorption of the AC3RS with purified α1‐antitrypsin did not affect its specific reactivity.
Human Membrane‐bound C3 Receptors
Authors: GERDES J. , STEIN H.
Published: June 2006

The aim of the present study was to define the physicochemical structure of C3b and C3d receptors of lymphoid cells, C3b and C3b receptors were isolated from KBr lysates of the 20,000 g fraction of human tonsil homogenates by immunoprecipitation with an anti‐C3 receptor serum (AC3RS). Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of unreduced immunoprecipitates revealed a highly predominant component with an apparent molecular weight (mol.wt.) greater than 1 × 104 and a small component with a mol.wt. of 80,000. After reduction, the SDS‐PAGE profile was made up of a constant major 38,000 mol.wt. component and an inconstant smaller 18,000 mol.wt. component. The 38,000 (and also the 18,000) component could he isolated only from C3 receptor‐active lysates, and not from C3 receptor‐negative lysates. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that the active C3 receptor molecule of tonsil cells is a lipoprotein complex with a mol.wt. greater than 1 × 104; its protein moiety consists predominantly of disulphide‐bridged polypeptide chains with a mol.wt, of 38,000; C3b and C3d receptors are composed of equal‐sized polypeptide chains, but the specific binding sites for C3b and C3d are located on different molecules.
Monitoring of Human Renal Allograft Rejection with Fine‐needle Aspiration Cytology
Authors: HÄYRY P. , VON WILLEBRAND E.
Published: June 2006

We have performed serial fine‐needle aspiration biopsies from human renal allografts undergoing acute rejection episodes. After subtraction of blood background, the method enables a numerical evaluation of the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate. In all rejection, T lymphoblasts and especially B plasmablasts were prominent at the beginning, whereafter the blast cell response subsided if only traces of Other inflammatory cell types were seen in the aspirates, the rejections were clinically mild, usually lasting less than 5 days. If the blast response was accompanied by a considerable influx of lymphocytes but only few mononuclear phagocytes, the clinical course was intermediately intensive, although these rejections were usually reversible. If, however, the blast cells and lymphocyte were accompanied by large numbers of monocytes, and if the maturation of blood‐borne monocytes into tissue macrophages was evident, the rejections were severe and usually irreversible. Thus the appearance of large numbers of macrophages in the aspirates is a bad prognostic sign, indicating an unfavourable course and irreversible rejection.
Comparison between the Specificity of Primary and Secondary Killer Cells against Alloantigens and Hapten‐modified Syngeneic Lymphoid Cells
Authors: MÖLLER E. , RAMOS T.
Published: June 2006

Cytotoxic responses of lymphoid cells from different mouse strains against syngeneic cells modified with the haptens fluorescein isothiocyanate and trinitrophenyl were investigated. Mice of the H‐2k strain demonstrated strong primary in vitro hapten‐specific cytotoxicity reactions, which were H‐2 restricted and involved the Kk specificity. However, cells from H‐2d and H‐2b mice developed hapten‐specific cytotoxic reactions that showed H‐2 cross‐reactivity. This cross‐reactivity, with regard to the restriction element, was particularly evident with cells from mice that had been immunized in vivo. No cross‐reaction was observed between the two haptens, however. Genetic mapping experiments demonstrated that cross‐reactions existed between Db and Dd target cell antigens. Similar cross‐reactions were demonstrated in in vitro experiments in which secondary in vitro responses were induced by stimulation with cross‐reacting H‐2 antigens. This finding was also investigated in allogeneic cytotoxicity. In vitro induced responses resulting in relatively weak specific cell‐mediated lympholysis reactions were H‐2 specific, whereas secondary in vitro responses demonstrated cross‐reactivity between Dd and Db antigens. In these test systems, cross‐stimulation was also demonstrated in secondary in vitro responses. These results are discussed in terms of similarities of T cell recognition of hapten‐modified self antigens and of alloantigens.
Antigenic Analysis of Treponema pallidum: Cross‐reactions between Individual Antigens of T. pallidum and T. Reiter
Authors: PEDERSEN N. STRANDBERG , AXELSEN N. H. , PETERSEN C. SAND
Published: June 2006

Seven antigens were demonstrated in the Nichols pathogenic strain of Treponema pallidum when tested by crossed immunoelectrophoresis against rabbit antibodies raised by immunization with T. pallidum sonicate. Indirect evidence was obtained for the presence of two more T. pallidum antigen of the nine antigens six reacted with antibodies in a human syphilitic serum pool. Cross‐reactions between individual T. Reiter antigens and the seven directly demonstrated T. pallidum antigens were studied by different immunoelectrophoretic techniques. using rabbit anti‐T. Reiter Ig, rabbit anti‐T. pallidum Ig, and human syphilitic serum pool. of the seven T. pallidum antigens three were not found in T. Reiter, three had epitopes identical to corresponding antigens in T. Reiter, and one had both cross‐reacting and T. pallidum‐specific epitopes. Human syphilitic serum had antibodies against two of the T. pallidum‐specific antigen and against four T. pallidum antigen cross‐reacting with antigen of T. Reiter.
On the Biochemical Nature of the ‘Sm’ Nucleoplasmic Antigen
Authors: JONSSON J. , SCHILLING W. , NORBERG R.
Published: June 2006

The nucleoplasmic autoantigen RNP and Sm are of particular interest because of their association with cerium symptoms of mixed connective tissue disease and systemic lupas erythematosus. The RNP is generally thought to be a ribonucleoprotein and there is evidence that its RNA may be single‐Stranded Experiments presented in this report are in support of the concept that the Sm‐antigen may also be an RNA protein. Purified Sm anti‐Sm precipitates were shown to have high RNA contents and treatment Of Sm‐antigen with RNAse in a hypotonic medium strongly reduced its antigenicity. The latter effect indicates that the Sm‐antigen may in contrast to the RNP contain double‐stranded RNA, a possibility also suggested by the finding that the Sm‐antigen in soluble in 2mLiCl. The Sm‐antigen was found further to differ from RNP in being selectively absorbent on BD‐Sephadex, while RNP remained active in the supernatant. Cytochemical studies Involving stimulation and Inhibition experiments with lectins and RNA polymerase inhibitors showed that the Sm‐antigen was, in distinction to RNP, sensitive to rifampicin but not to α‐amanitine. Tins suggests that the RNAs of the nucleoplasmic antigens may be synthesized by different RNA polymerases.
Interaction between the Labile Binding Site of Human C4 and Methylamine
Authors: LUNDWALL Å. , MALMHEDEN I. , HELLMAN U. , SJÖQUIST J.
Published: June 2006

Human Complement component C4 was irreversibly inactivated by low concentrations of methylamine at slightly alkaline pH. The inactivated C4 molecules lost the ability to bind to FACT cells but retained the capacity to participate in the formation of classical pathway C3 convertase in the fluid phase. 14C‐methylamine was incorporated into the α‐chain at a ratio of 1 mol methylamine per mol C4.
Immunoprecipitation of the Solubilized Membrane Receptor for IgE of Human Cultured Lymphoblastoid Cells
Authors: FRITSCHE R. , MEINKE G. C. , SPIEGELBERG H. L.
Published: June 2006

The putative Fc receptor for IgE (Fcε) of cultured human lymphoblastoid cells was characterized by using a goat anti‐receptor antiserum. The antiserum was prepared against NP‐40‐solubilized cell components of Wil‐2WT cells which bound to an IgE‐Sepharose‐4B immunoabsorbent column. The antiserum specifically inhibited binding of 125I‐labelled IgE to Fcε+positive RPMI‐8866 lymphoblastoid cells. Absorption of the antiserum with Fcε‐negative Raji and Molt‐4 cells and with IgE and IgG did not changes this inhibitory activity. Antiserum extensively absorbed with Raji and Molt‐4 cells precipated 7% of the radioactivity of lysis of 125I‐lactoperoxidase‐labelled RPMI‐8866 cells but only 0.5–1.8% of that Raji and Molt cells. Autoradiography of SDS‐PAGE analysis demonstrated two major labeled peptides of 86,000 and 47,000 mol. wt. in reduced immunoprecipitates from RPMI‐8866 but not from Raji or Molt‐4 cell lysates. As determined by Sepharose‐6B gel filtration, the approximate molecular weight of the solubilized radiolabelled membrane component that reacted with the antiserum was 250,000 solubilized in NP‐40 and 125,000 in NP‐40‐4 m urea. Both the 250,000 and 125,000 mol.wt. material consisted of the 86,000 and 47,000 peptides. The data demonstrative that the anti‐receptor antiserum inhibited binding of 125I‐labelled IgE to Fcε‐receptor‐positive lymphoblastoid cells and suggest that the receptor may consist of two non‐covalently linked polypeptides that remain associated in NP‐40 and NP‐40‐4 m urea.
The Specificity of a Nickel Sulphate Reaction in Vitro: a Family Study and a Study of Chromium‐allergic Subjects
Authors: SILVENNOINEN‐KASSINEN S.
Published: June 2006

In vitro PPD and nickel sulphate lymphocyte blast transformation reactions were performed in ten families with one or more allergic nickel contact dermatitis patients. The healthy family members did not have an inherited ability to react to nickel in vitro. Their nickel stimulation response was significantly lower (P < 0.005) than that among the allergic subjects. In the families studied, atopic members did not have higher nickel reactions than nonatopic subjects. Thus, the in vitro nickel reaction is not connected to atopy. This is further confirmed by the fact that the percentage of atopic subjects (19%) in these families is not higher than the percentage in the general population. In addition, six unrelated chromium‐allergic patients were tested, and their lymphocytes did not cross‐react with nickel sulphate in vitro. These results indicate that the in vitro nickel blast transformation reaction is specific to clinical nickel allergy in about 90% of nickel dermatitis patients.
Binding of β2‐Microglobulin by Heterologous Sera
Authors: LÖGDBERG L. , CIGÆN R. , BJÖRCK L.
Published: June 2006

Purified human, rat or guinea‐pig β2‐microglobulin (β2m) was mixed with sera from guinea‐pig, rat, mouse rabbit, horse, goat, cow, rhesus monkey or man. The mixtures were incubated at.37°C for various lengths of time. When the sera were separated by gel‐chromatography on Sephadex G‐200, β2m was traced not only in ‘free’ form but also in fractions with higher molecular weights. Evidence is presented suggesting that heterologous β2m binds to β2m‐containing molecules in sera by exchange with the homologous counterpart.
T‐Cell Subpopulations in the Bone Marrow and Spleen from Thymectomized, Irradiated Mice Reconstituted with Normal or Nude Bone Marrow Cells
Authors: RÖPKE C.
Published: June 2006

Adult thymectomized and lethally irradiated (AtxXB) BALB/c mice, reconstituted with either nude or normal bone marrow (BM) cells, have been studied to evaluate numbers and mitogen responsiveness of T cells and T‐cell progenitors in the BM and the spleen. Although mice reconstituted with nu/nu cells contained significant higher numbers of Thy 1.2‐positive cells in the BM than mice reconstituted with normal BM cells, smaller in vitro mitogen responses were generally given by the former mice. However, spleen and BM cells of both groups responded to phytohaemagglutinin and to concanavalin A. On the basis of comparisons with responses of BM and spleen cells from normal and ATx mice, anti‐Thy 1.2 treatment of cells, and 1 g velocity sedimentation experiments, it is suggested that most mitogen responders in the BM of ATxXB mice are Thy 1.2‐negative, pre‐thymic T‐cell precursors and, accordingly, that these cells are able to differentiate to some extent in the absence of the thymus.
Interferon‐induced Augmentation of Cytotoxic Killer Cell Generation in Mixed Lymphocyte Cultures: Analysis of the Effector Cell Product
Authors: AUSIELLO C. , HOKLAND P. , HERON I.
Published: June 2006

Alloreactive cytotoxic lymphocytes were generated during mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). Human leucocyte interferon added during MLC gave rise to a moderate inhibition of thymidine uptake, yet augmentation of the allospecific cytotoxic product generated was found. Effector cell activities after MLC in the presence and absence of interferon against autologous cells were negligible, whereas NK‐sensitive targets and antibody‐coated target cells were killed to a higher extent, comparably, by cells generated during MLC in the absence of interferon. Cell separation experiments and cold target inhibition experiments were performed and showed that the effector cells generated with and without interferon had similar characteristics and were distributed among the same lymphocyte subpopulations. The key conclusion was that the augmented cytotoxicity was caused by alloreactive T cells, most of which were F(c)γ receptor‐negative, and was not due to enhanced ‘NK‐like’ or antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxic activity induced by interferon.
Tuberculous Meningitis: Immune Reactions within the Central Nervous System
Authors: KINNMAN J. , FRYDÉN A. , ERIKSSON S. , MÖLLER E. , LINK H.
Published: June 2006

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytes from two patients with tuberculous meningitis proliferated stronger than the corresponding peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) when stimulated with tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) in the lymphocyte transformation test after 3 days of culture. This might indicate an accumulation of specifically primed lymphocytes within the central nervous system. CSF lymphocytes and PBL from nine of ten patients with acute aseptic meningitis investigated as controls showed no or low responses when stimulated with. PPD, whereas the remaining patient displayed a significant proliferation of CSF lymphocytes, which was more pronounced than that of PBL. Stimulation with the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen gave lower proliferation of CSF lymphocytes compared with PBL in tuberculous and aseptic meningitis. Evaluation of the proliferative response of CSF lymphocytes compared with PBL on stimulation with PPD might be a useful complement in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis.
Interleukin 2 Production by Both Ly2+ and Ly2− T‐Cell Subsets
Authors: ANDRUS L. , PROWSE S. J. , LAFFERTY K. J.
Published: June 2006

Homogeneous T‐Cell populations produced by activating lymphocytes to I‐. K‐, or K+D‐region‐encoded determinants of the mouse H‐2 complex release interleukin 2 when restimulated by concanavalin A. Contrary to earlier reports on the cellular origin of the lymphokine, we find that interleukin 2 production can be either Ly2+ or Ly2− T‐cell‐dependent.
Specific Inhibition of Anti‐Self Reactivity following Exposure of Neonatal Rats to Lymphocytes with Anti‐Neural Activity
Authors: CUNNINGHAM J. , McCULLAGH P.
Published: June 2006

Not only did newborn rats prove to be resistant to the adoptive transfer of responses against central nervous system tissues following the injection of lymphocytes from rats sensitized against syngeneic spinal cord, but such recipients were also subsequently resistant as adults to the active induction of an immune response following challenge with syngeneic cord. This resistance to active immunization against syngeneic spinal cord as adults was associated with the absence of lymphocytes with anti‐neural activity and with the appearance of cells able to suppress such activity, after challenge. Interference by the lymphocytes of resistant rats with anti‐neural responses was restricted to those responses directed against syngeneic neural cells.
Migration of Lymphocytes Sensitized against Syngeneic and Allogeneic Spinal Cord after Infusion into Susceptible and Resistant Syngeneic and Semi‐Allogeneic Hosts
Authors: CUNNINGHAM J. , McCULLAGH P.
Published: June 2006

Lymphocytes from rats that had been sensitized against spinal cord were infused into unsensitized hosts, and the ability of cells subsequently recovered from the thoracic duct lymph of these recipients to mount anti‐neural responses was tested. Lymph from normal recipients frequently contained reactive lymphocytes during the 4 days following infusion of sensitized cells, whereas cells that had been recovered from transfused rats, resistant to encephalomyelitis as a result of neonatal treatment, were almost invariably bereft of activity. If lymphocytes reactive against allogeneic neural cells were passaged through F1 hybrids of the lymphocyte and sensitizing allogeneic tissue strains, loss or retention of their ability to attack allogeneic neural cells was determined by the method of sensitization of the original lymphocyte donor.
Comparison of Mechanisms of Interaction between Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus and Human Monoclonal IgG, IgA and IgM in Relation to the Classical Fcγ and the Alternative F(ab')2γ Protein A Interactions
Authors: INGANÄS M.
Published: June 2006

Four purified human monoclonal IgG, IgA and IgM proteins were tested for their Inhibitor; effect on the binding of protein‐A‐reactive 125I‐IgE and 125I‐Fcγ. respectively, to protein‐A‐Sepharose. Only IgG myeloma proteins significantly inhibited the binding of 125I‐Fcγ to protein‐A‐Sepharose, whereas most, but not all, myeloma proteins, irrespective of their immunoglobulin class and with varying efficiency, inhibited the binding of protein‐A‐reactive 125I‐IgE to protein‐A‐Sepharose. The inhibitory effect of IgG and IgA proteins on the binding of protein‐A‐reactive 125I‐IgE was retained in the respective F(ab')2 fragments, whereas the Inhibitory effect of IgG proteins on the binding of 125I‐Fcγ to protein‐A Sepharose was exclusively expressed in the Fey fragment. In addition to the classical Fcγ‐protein A interaction, the results indicate the existence of a common and variably expressed protein A reactivity in at least four of five human immunoglobulins, The data suggest that an interaction with protein A cannot be used as a criterion for subclass differentiation of IgA and IgM.
Effect of Histamine Receptor Blocking on Human Antibody‐dependent Cell‐mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: LÁNG I. , TÖRÖK K. , GERGELY P. , NÉKÁM K. , PETRÁNYI GY.
Published: June 2006

The effect of H1 and H2 receptor‐blocking agents on antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was studied. The H1 receptor blocker clemastinum and the H2 receptor blocker cimetidine dose‐dependently inhibited the antibody‐dependent cytotoxic activity of normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells on chicken erythrocytes. The inhibition cannot be explained either by a direct toxic effect on effector cells or by blocking of Fc receptors. The possible involvement of histamine receptor‐bearing effector cells in human ADCC is suggested.
Con A‐induced Suppressor Cell Activity and T‐lymphocyte Subpopulations in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: DOBLOUG J. H. , CHATTOPADHYAY C. , FØRRE Ø. , HØYERAAL H. M. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

Suppressor cell activity was investigated in peripheral blood lymphocytes from twenty patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and twenty patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) using a concanavalin A/mixed lymphocyte culture assay. The mean suppression in the RA patients was slightly reduced compared with the suppressor cell activity in adult controls (25±5% suppression compared with 37±5%; P>0.05, Student's t test), whereas the JRA patients had normal suppressor cell activity (mean 46±5% versus 43±5% in healthy children matched for age and sex). The RA patients had normal proportions of T‐cell subpopulations, 13.3% Tγ cells and 49.8% Tμ cells, compared with 13.8% and 58.0% in controls. The JRA patients, however, had a significantly reduced mean percentage of Tγ cells, 6.6%, compared with 13.8% in healthy children (P<0.05, Mann‐Whitney U‐test). The mean percentage of Tμ cells was 53.7%, versus 56.2% in the controls. The relation between suppressor cell activity and suppressor cells enumerated by membrane markers is discussed.
Selective Enhancement of Human Mononuclear Leucocyte Cytotoxic Function by Interferon
Authors: KIMBER I. , MOORE M.
Published: June 2006

The influence of type I interferon (1FN) on leucocyte‐mediated antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been examined in a system in which differential alloantibody sensitization of human erythrocyte target cells allows discrimination between lymphocyte and monocyte effector function. ADCC mediated by unfractionated mononuclear leucocyte populations was regularly enhanced by interferon pretreatment over a range of concentrations of the sensitizing antibody. The capacity for IFN‐augmented reactivity was, however, removed with adherent cell depletion, suggesting that lymphocyte (K‐cell)effectors are not modulated by IFN, even though such population demonstrate IFN‐potentiated natural killer (NK) reactivity against K562. These results suggest that monocyte and NK cell function but not K‐cell activity arc influenced by interferon.
Immunosuppressive Properties of α1‐Microglobulin
Authors: LöGDBERG L. , ÅKERSTRöM B.
Published: June 2006

α1‐Microglobulin (α1m), a serum glycoprotein (26,000 d). was found to impede the proliferative response of human lymphocytes to purified protein derivative (PPD) and tetanus toxoid. The data suggest that, α1m operates through an unstable suppressor mechanism, which no longer can function after 24 h of preculturing. This effect of α1m on antigen stimulation did not seem to be due to binding of α1m to PPD or cells, to altered kinetics of the PPD response, or to non‐specific cytotoxicity. In contrast, PPD‐induced leucocyte migration inhibition was not reversed by α1m. α1m did not cause significant inhibition in experiments in which lymphocytes were stimulated by the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin or concanavalin A. Finally, α1m had its own leucocyte migration inhibitory effect.
Colony Formation by Subpopulations of Human T Lymphocytes
Authors: CLAËSSON M. H. , SØNDERSTRUP‐HANSEN G. , POULSEN P. BRIX
Published: June 2006

Phytohaemagglutinin‐induced human T‐lymphocyte colony formation in semisolid agar culture is the properly of erythrocyte rosette‐forming cells (E‐RFC) negative for the 7S IgG receptor (FcR−). E‐RFC positive for the 7S IgG receptor (FcR+), on the other hand, exhibit a limited capacity for colony formation and suppress colonies formed by FcR− E‐RFC. T colonies are composed of small lymphocytes and lymphoblasts, the vast majority being negative for the Fc receptor. Most colony cells (86%) carry the Leu 3a antigen, suggesting that they belong to the inducer/helper T‐cell subset, FcR+ colony suppressor cells are small, slowly sedimenting cells (sedimentation velocity < 3.8 mm/h) and are strongly adherent to plastic, and their activity depends on the ability to synthesize DNA.
Induction of Natural Killer Cell Activity and Allocytotoxicity in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes after Mixed Lymphocyte Culture
Authors: BOLHUIS R. L. H. , SCHELLEKENS H.
Published: June 2006

The k‐562 tumour cell is a highly susceptible target for natural killer (NK) cell lysis by lymphocytes of human peripheral blood. We have studied the antigenic relationship between the recognition sites for lysis or lymphoid and various tumour target cell by cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) and NK cells induced in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). The characteristics of these two effector cell types have also been investigated. It was demonstrated that fresh NK cells lose their NK lytic activity when cultured alone. Cell lines not susceptible to lysis by fresh NK cells are lysed by MLC‐induced NK cells. There is no antigenic relationship between the recognition sites for the alloreactive T lymphocytes and MLC‐generated NK cells expressed on the lymphoid target cells and the tumour target cells, respectively. The MLC‐generated alloreactive T cells and NK cells are not identical. The MLC‐generated NK cells arc different from the fresh NK cells present in the peripheral blood.
Monoclonal Anti‐Azobenzenearsonate Antibodies Expressing the Cross‐reactive Idiotype: Immunochemical Studies Show that All Idiotypic Determinants Reside on a Single Molecule
Authors: WALKER I. D. , MORAHAN G.
Published: June 2006

Cell lines that secreted antibodies to the hapten azobenzenearsonate (ABA) were established by hybridization of immune A/J spleen cells to the non‐secreting myeloma, NS‐I. Solid‐phase radioimmunoassays (RIA) were developed for rapid screening of hybridoma supernatants to detect antibodies to ABA and lo detect antibodies bearing the ABA cross‐reactive idiotype (CRI). Hybrid clones secreting both CRI+ and CRI− anti‐ABA antibodies were obtained. The supernatant from one clone (7‐1‐3) strongly inhibited binding of iodinated anti‐idiotype serum in a competitive RIA. This clone expressing the CRI produced immunoglobulin of the IgG2a subclass. Solid‐phase absorption of anti‐idiotype serum followed by competitive radioimmunoassay analyses revealed that all the idiotypic determinants recognized by anti‐idiotype scrum reside on this monoclonal antibody.
The Detection of Antigens in Immune Complexes
Authors: HEIMER R. , GLICK D. L. , ABRUZZO J. L.
Published: June 2006

A procedure is described for the purification of soluble immune complexes (IC) from biologica fluids and for the detection of antibody‐bound antigen. A model IC, prepared with various amounts of human serum albumin (HSA) and constant amounts of anti‐HSA, gave a 44%, recovery after gel filtration on Sephacryl S‐300, affinity chromatography on protein A‐Sepharose, and concentration of eluates therefrom before analysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacryl‐amide gel electrophoresis. It was calculated that 20 ng of antibody‐bound HSA should be detectable when polyacrylamide gets are subjected to a direct radioimmunoassay involving of the use of rabbit anti‐HSA. 125I‐protein A. and autoradiography. Thus defining the sensitivity of the procedure for detecting IC‐bound antigen in a model system. The procedure has direct relevance to the examination of IC of unknown composition present in sera of individuals with various diseases.
Cellular Expression of the Non‐HLA‐DR B‐Cell Antigen 7420: Studies on Non‐lymphoid Cells and on Lymphocytes from Different Species
Authors: BERNTORP E. , TURESSON I. , ZETTERVALL O.
Published: June 2006

We recently reported on a heterologous antiserum (antiserum 7420), raised against chronic lymphocytic leukaemic lymphocytes, that reacts with B‐lymphocyte antigen(s) different from known B‐cell markers such as HLA‐DK (la‐like) antigens, surface immunoglobulin, and the Fc receptor. This antiserum is now shown to react also with a C3‐rcceptor‐positive population of lymphocytes from the dog, monkey, ox and sheep but not from rodents and avians. The anti‐serum does not react with the non‐lymphoid human cells mature granulocytes, thrombocytes, erythrocytes, or spermatozoa, nor with the cultured cell lines tested, i.e. fibroblasts, melanoma cells. HeLa cells and green monkey kidney cells. This reactivity pattern differs somewhat from that reported for HLA‐DR antiserum. The antigen(s) defined by the 7420 antiserum and the C3 receptor are different, since they redistribute independently on the lymphocyte surface.
Dynamics of the Interaction between Entamoeba histolytica and Components of the Immune Response
Authors: AUST‐KETTIS A. , THORSTENSSON R. , SUNDQVIST K‐G.
Published: June 2006

Binding to the surface of living E. histolytica trophozoites of 125I‐labelled anti‐amoeba antibodies or of such antibodies and antiglobulin resulted in a rapid disappearance of the antibody into the medium. This disappearance consisted of a rapid temperature‐independent and a subsequent slow temperature‐dependent phase. The disappearance of antibody from fixed trophozoites merely consisted of a temperature‐independent rapid phase whereas no slow phase was observed. The magnitude of the rapid phase of antibody disappearance was virtually the same in living and fixed cells. During culture of living trophozoites for 4 h the amount of iodine‐labelled material sedimenting lighter than monomeric IgG increased from 2% to 14% of all labelled material in the case of the single antibody layer. The corresponding values for the double layer were 2% and 32%. Of the material lighter than IgG, 10% of that in the single layer and 26% of that in the double layer were detected in the medium. Thus, during the 4‐h culture period 25% of the originally amoeba‐bound single layer of antibody probably disappeared from the cells not complexed with antigen, 27% disappeared as complexes heavier than IgG, 10% disappeared as material lighter than IgGm and 38% persisted on or within the cells. The corresponding values for the double layer of antibody were 10%, 30%, 26% and 34%.
Concanavalin‐A‐induced Suppressor Lymphocytes in Normal Individuals
Authors: SMITH C. I. , SVEJGAARD A.
Published: June 2006

Suppressor lymphocytes are now known to play an important role in the control of immune responses. It has been demonstrated that lymphocytes stimulated by the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) have the ability to suppress the normal lymphocyte response to antigens. It has further been shown that this suppressive action is reduced when the suppressing lymphocytes are derived from patients with disorders (e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus) in which it has been suggested that suppressor cell function is abnormal. In this study we have examined several aspects of the Con A‐induced suppression. The induction of suppression required viable cells, and both the induction and the action of the suppressor cells were radio‐resistant. The induction of suppressor tells by Con A was independent of DNA synthesis but not of protein synthesis. The action of these suppressor cells was enhanced by the addition of prednisolone to the cultures. This latter observation is of interest in view of the action of steroids in diseases in which a defect of suppressor cells is suggested to be present and lends support to the importance of suppressor cells in the aetiology of these disorders.
Anti‐Idiotypic Antibodies against the Receptor Antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: LEFVERT A. K.
Published: June 2006

Anti‐idiotypic antibodies were prepared against purified acetylcholine receptor antibodies from two patients with myasthenia gravis. The purified idiotypes did not crow‐react. Reaction with idiotypic from other patients were found in 8% and 37%, respectively, which suggest that shared idiotypic specificities occur. The anti‐idiotypic gm fractions had no receptor‐like activity and did not bind cholinergic ligands. Receptor antibodies from two mothers and their newborn children with neonatel myasthenia gravis showed marked differences in the reactions with an anti‐idiotypic antibody. This suggests that not passive transfer of maternal antibodies but a transient synthesis of a receptor antibody with a different specificity is an important factor in the pathogenesis of neonatal myasthenia gravis.
Human Post‐thymic Precursor Cells in Health and Disease
Authors: PALACIOS R. , ALARCÓN‐SEGOVIA D.
Published: June 2006

Adult peripheral blood T lymphocytes activated in autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions (AMLR) exerted cytotoxicity on both phytohaemagglutinin‐stimulated cells and Epstein‐Barr virus‐transformed cells. When autologous rosette‐forming T cells were removed from total T lymphocytes, there was no generation of cytotoxicity. Re‐addition of autologous rosette‐forming T cells (Tar cells) to a population of T cells depleted of Tar cells restored the cytotoxic activity. T Treatment of Tar cells with mitomycin C before their activation in AMLR caused loss of their capacity to give rise to killer cells. Furthermore, resting Tar cells did not show any cytotoxic activity as determined in the two different types of target cells used. Since Tar cells are able to differentiate into T gamma cells and since T gamma cells possess spontaneous cytotoxic activity, it is likely that Tar cells participate in the generation of spontaneous killer cells in AMLR as precursors of cytotoxic effector cells.