bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The implementation of family‐focused practice in adult mental health services: A systematic review exploring the influence of practitioner and workplace factors
Authors: Gregg Lynsey , Adderley Hope , Calam Rachel , Wittkowski Anja
Published: April 2021

There is increased recognition of the need for greater and more appropriate support to be offered to families in which a parent experiences mental illness and has dependent children. One way of meeting this need is for adult mental health services to take a more family‐focused approach. However, there are recognized difficulties in facilitating family‐focused practice (FFP). The current review systematically synthesized quantitative and qualitative literature of practitioner perspectives and experiences of FFP in adult mental health settings to identify modifiable factors associated with its successful implementation. Five databases were searched systematically leading to the inclusion and quality assessment of 19 papers, ten of which were quantitative and nine qualitative. Analysis was guided by a narrative synthesis approach. Factors shown to influence FFP functioned at both practitioner and workplace levels and included personal attitudes, beliefs about job role, and perceptions of workplace support. Practitioners who felt that a family‐focussed approach was inappropriate or detrimental to service users or outside of their remit as mental health professionals were less likely to adopt this approach. For those who saw the potential benefits of FFP, lack of confidence in their ability to deliver such an approach and lack of training can be barriers, as can lack of support and resources within services. This review highlights the need for actions to boost the awareness of adult mental health practitioners working with parents and to increase their confidence. It also makes the case for broader organizational support if family‐focussed practice is to be implemented successfully.
Experiences, emotional responses, and coping skills of nursing students as auxiliary health workers during the peak COVID‐19 pandemic: A qualitative study
Authors: Roca Judith , Canet‐Vélez Olga , Cemeli Tània , Lavedán Ana , Masot Olga , Botigué Teresa
Published: April 2021

The COVID‐19 crisis in Spain has exacerbated the shortage of nursing staff to respond to increasing healthcare demands. For this reason, nursing students were requested to collaborate voluntarily as auxiliary health staff. This emergency has led to mental health problems in health professionals, hence the relevance of coping techniques. The objectives of this study were to explore the experiences and emotional responses of final‐year nursing students who volunteered to carry out healthcare relief tasks during the peak of the COVID‐19 pandemic, and to identify the coping strategies they adopted to deal with this situation. A qualitative study was conducted in the constructivist paradigm. Purposive sampling was used, and twenty‐two students participated in semi‐structured interviews, which were then content‐analysed. The study is reported using the COREQ checklist. Five themes emerged in the ‘Experiences and emotional response’ dimension (context, patients, emotions and feelings, risk of contagion, and personal satisfaction), and three themes emerged in the ‘Coping strategies’ dimension strategies in the work environment, in daily life and personal life. Although the students expressed negative emotions due to the highly complex context and lack of professional experience, they evaluated the experience positively in terms of learning and usefulness. Most notably, the students employed adaptive coping strategies to deal with the pandemic.
Electrical properties and temperature stability of SrTiO3‐modified (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3‐BaTiO3‐(K1/2Na1/2)NbO3 piezoceramics
Authors: Song Guanhua , Zhang Faqiang , Liu Feng , Liu Zhifu , Li Yongxiang
Published: April 2021

SrTiO3‐modified lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics, (0.93‐x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3‐xSrTiO3‐0.06BaTiO3‐0.01 K0.5Na0.5NbO3 [(BNT‐xST)‐BT‐KNN, x = 0‐0.06], were prepared using a conventional solid‐state reaction method. The XRD structure analysis and electric properties characteristics revealed the ST‐induced phase transformation from the ferroelectric phase to the relaxor phase and their coexistence state. Benefiting from the ST‐destructed ferroelectric long‐range orders, the high normalized strain value of 600 pm/V was obtained in the (BNT‐0.02ST)‐BT‐KNN ceramic at 5 kV/mm. The ST‐generated relaxor phase was found to have a constructive effect on improving the temperature stability and restraining the hysteresis of the electric‐field‐induced strain. The normalized strain of (BNT‐0.06ST)‐BT‐KNN ceramics could be kept at a high value ~337 pm/V at elevated temperature up to 120°C.
Effect of Eu‐doping and grain boundary plane on complexion transitions in MgAl2O4
Authors: Marvel Christopher J. , Krause Amanda R. , Harmer Martin P.
Published: April 2021

Eu‐doped MgAl2O4 has been used to evaluate the kinetics of equilibrium grain boundary transformations, otherwise known as complexion transitions, by monitoring abnormal grain growth induced the nucleation of highly mobile complexions. The assumption in prior works was that abnormal grain growth can be charted using time‐temperature‐transformation (TTT) diagrams to reflect the complexion transition nucleation and growth kinetics. A model depending on doping concentration, grain size, and abnormal area fraction has also been recently developed to estimate excess grain boundary coverage, and thereby predict complexion types depending on microstructural descriptors. While useful, the grain boundary excess model has not been validated using atomic‐resolution characterization. This work aimed to directly validate the grain boundary excess model and complexion TTT diagrams by applying aberration‐corrected electron microscopy to characterize grain boundary structures and compositions (i.e., complexions) in Eu‐doped MgAl2O4. Eu doping concentrations of 100 ppm and 500 ppm were produced and bulk samples were annealed at 1600°C for different times. Forty‐five distinct grain boundaries were characterized. Overall, at least five grain boundary complexion types were identified and the grain boundary excess model was validated. Interpretability of the grain boundary excess model and correlations between grain boundary structures and compositions are discussed.
HYOU1 facilitates proliferation, invasion and glycolysis of papillary thyroid cancer via stabilizing LDHB mRNA
Authors: Wang Jia‐Mei , Jiang Jing‐Yi , Zhang Da‐Lin , Du Xin , Wu Tong , Du Zhen‐Xian
Published: April 2021

HYOU1 is upregulated in many kinds of cancer cells, and its high expression is associated with tumour invasiveness and poor prognosis. However, the role of HYOU1 in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) development and progression remains to be elucidated. Here, we reported that HYOU1 was highly expressed in human PTC and associated with poor prognosis. HYOU1 silencing suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of PTC cells. Mechanistic analyses showed that HYOU1 silencing promoted oxidative phosphorylation while inhibited aerobic glycolysis via downregulating LDHB at the posttranscriptional level. We further confirmed that the 3'UTR of LDHB mRNA is the indirect target of HYOU1 silencing and HYOU1 silencing increased miR‐375‐3p levels. While LDHB overexpression significantly suppressed the inhibitory effects of HYOU1 silencing on aerobic glycolysis, proliferation, migration and invasion in PTC cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that HYOU1 promotes glycolysis and malignant progression in PTC cells via upregulating LDHB expression, providing a potential target for developing novel anticancer agents.
Dysregulation of lncRNA‐CCRR contributes to brain metastasis of breast cancer by intercellular coupling via regulating connexin 43 expression
Authors: Li Deheng , Li Liangdong , Chen Xin , Zhou Changshuai , Hao Bin , Cao Yiqun
Published: April 2021

Cardiac conduction regulatory RNA (CCRR) is down‐regulated in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF), which accordingly suppresses cardiac conduction while promoting arrhythmogenicity. Meanwhile, CX43 was reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of metastatic breast cancer and melanoma brain colonization. In this study, we studied the role of long non‐coding RNA CCRR and its interaction with CX43 in brain metastasis of breast cancer. Breast cancer patients were grouped according to the metastasis status. Real‐time PCR and IHC assay were used to measure the expression of lncRNA‐CCRR and CX43 in patients. Western blot was conducted to observe the effect of lncRNA‐CCRR on the expression of CX43 in MDA‐MB‐231BR and BT‐474BR cells. Compared with the non‐metastasis group, the mRNA expression of tissue lncRNA‐CCRR, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lncRNA‐CCRR, tissue CX43 and tissue protein expression of CX43 were both evidently up‐regulated in metastasis patients, especially in patients with brain metastasis. The expression of lncRNA‐CCRR was positively correlated with the up‐regulated expression of CX43. Moreover, CX43 expression was significantly lower in MDA‐MB‐231WT cells compared with that in MDA‐MB‐231BR cells. Also, the overexpression of lncRNA‐CCRR evidently increased dye transfer rate from astrocytes to MDA‐MB‐231BR/BT‐474BR cells but reduced lncRNA‐CCRR expression and suppressed the transmigration of MDA‐MB‐231BR/BT‐474BR cells in a blood‐brain barrier (BBB) model. In this study, we demonstrated that the presence of lncRNA‐CCRR could up‐regulate the expression of CX43, which promoted gap junction formation in brain metastasis of breast cancer. Accordingly, the communication between breast cancer cells and astrocytes was also promoted.
Reducing the carbon footprint of ICT products through material efficiency strategies: A life cycle analysis of smartphones
Authors: Cordella Mauro , Alfieri Felice , Sanfelix Javier
Published: April 2021

With the support of a life cycle assessment model, this study estimates the carbon footprint (CF) of smartphones and life cycle costs (LCC) for consumers in scenarios where different material efficiency strategies are implemented in Europe. Results show that a major contribution to the CF of smartphones is due to extraction and processing of materials and following manufacturing of parts: 10.7 kg CO2,eq/year, when assuming a biennial replacement cycle. Printed wiring board, display assembly, and integrated circuits make 75% of the impacts from materials. The CF is increased by assembly (+2.7 kg CO2,eq/year), distribution (+1.9 kg CO2,eq/year), and recharging of the device (+1.9 kg CO2,eq/year) and decreased by the end of life recycling (−0.8 kg CO2,eq/year). However, the CF of smartphones can dramatically increase when the energy consumed in communication services is counted (+26.4 kg CO2,eq/year). LCC can vary significantly (235–622 EUR/year). The service contract can in particular be a decisive cost factor (up to 61–85% of the LCC). It was calculated that the 1:1 displacement of new smartphones by used devices could decrease the CF by 52–79% (excluding communication services) and the LCC by 5–16%. An extension of the replacement cycle from 2 to 3 years could decrease the CF by 23–30% and the LCC by 4–10%, depending on whether repair operations are required. Measures for implementing such material efficiency strategies are presented and results can help inform decision‐makers about how to reduce impacts associated with smartphones.
State of the science: A scoping review and gap analysis of adolescent insulin pump self‐management
Authors: Faulds Eileen R. , Karnes Lindsey , Colicchio Vanessa D. , Militello Lisa K. , Litchman Michelle
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Adolescent diabetes outcomes remain poor despite increased use of diabetes technologies such as insulin pump therapy. Meaningful research examining adolescent insulin pump self‐management has been done, however, a summary of these self‐management findings has not been published. The aim of this literature review is to map, evaluate, and summarize existing adolescent insulin pump self‐management research.

Method

A scoping review of three databases was conducted to comprehensively report and synthesize relevant literature published before September 2019.

Results

Of the 1295 titles identified, 18 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this scoping review. Key insulin pump self‐management behaviors were featured in the literature, most notably self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and bolus frequency. Several factors were found to influence pump self‐management including psychological factors, parental support and self‐management transition, insulin pump education and knowledge acquisition, and environmental factors. We uncovered five gaps in the literature including: an unclear delineation of adolescent age; limited minority representation; variability in the definitions and reporting of self‐management behaviors; the role of data sharing and remote monitoring was not addressed; and there remains limited inquiry into diabetes burden and distress associated with insulin pump self‐management.

Practice Implications

There exists a consensus that well‐established behaviors, such as bolus and SMBG frequency, influence glycemic outcomes for adolescent insulin pump users, however, full insulin pump utilization and self‐management is poorly understood. Diabetes clinicians should work to support adolescent insulin pump self‐management practices by reinforcing bedrock behaviors while fostering supportive factors found to influence pump self‐management.
Ubiquitin signalling: controlling the message of surface immune receptors
Authors: Trujillo Marco
Published: April 2021

Microbial attack is first detected by immune receptors located at the plasma membrane. Their activation triggers a plethora of signalling cascades that culminate in the immune response. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin‐like protein modifiers play key roles in controlling signalling amplitude and intensity, as well as in buffering proteome imbalances caused by pathogen attack. Here I highlight some of the important advances in the field, which are starting to reveal an intertwined and complex signalling circuitry, which regulates cellular dynamics and protein degradation to maintain homeostasis.
Host‐generalist fungal pathogens of seedlings may maintain forest diversity via host‐specific impacts and differential susceptibility among tree species
Authors: Spear Erin R. , Broders Kirk D.
Published: April 2021

Host‐specialized pathogens are credited with the maintenance of tropical forest diversity under the Janzen–Connell hypothesis. Yet, in diverse forests, selection may favor pathogens with broad host ranges, given their passive dispersal and the relative rarity of tree species.

We surveyed the host associations of potential pathogens isolated from symptomatic seedlings in forests in Panama and used inoculations to assess the pathogenicity and host ranges of 27 fungal isolates, and differences among tree species in susceptibility.

Thirty‐one of the 33 nonsingleton operational taxonomic units (OTUs) isolated from seedlings are multi‐host. All 31 multi‐host OTUs exhibit low to moderate specialization, and we observed phylogenetically overdispersed host use for 19 OTUs. The pathogenicity of 10 isolates was experimentally confirmed; nine caused disease in seedlings in multiple families. However, the outcome of infection differs among tree species susceptible to a given multi‐host pathogen. Furthermore, some tree species were seemingly resistant to all fungi tested, while others were susceptible to multiple fungi. Tree species adapted to environments with lower disease pressure were most likely to exhibit disease.

Our results suggest that generalist pathogens contribute to the maintenance of local and regional forest diversity via host‐specific impacts and the exclusion of disease‐sensitive trees from disease‐prone habitats.
Adolescent School Bullying Victimization and Later Life Outcomes
Authors: Gorman Emma , Harmon Colm , Mendolia Silvia , Staneva Anita , Walker Ian
Published: April 2021

We analyse the consequences of experiencing bullying victimization in junior high school, using data on a cohort of English adolescents. The data contain self‐reports of five types of bullying and their frequency, for three waves, when the pupils were aged 13–16 years. We assess the effects of bullying victimization on short‐ and long‐term outcomes, including educational achievements, income and mental ill‐health at age 25 years using a variety of estimation strategies – least squares, matching and inverse probability weighting. The detailed longitudinal data, linked to administrative records, allows us to control for many of the determinants of child outcomes that have been explored in previous literature, and we employ comprehensive sensitivity analyses to assess the potential role of unobserved variables. The pattern of results suggests that there are quantitatively important detrimental effects on victims. We find that both type of bullying and its intensity matter for high‐stakes outcomes at 16 years, and for long‐term outcomes at 25 such as mental health and income.
Adjusting for Population Differences Using Machine Learning Methods
Authors: Cappiello Lauren , Zhang Zhiwei , Shen Changyu , Butala Neel M. , Cui Xinping , Yeh Robert W.
Published: April 2021

The use of real-world data for medical treatment evaluation frequently requires adjusting for population differences. We consider this problem in the context of estimating mean outcomes and treatment differences in a well-defined target population, using clinical data from a study population that overlaps with but differs from the target population in terms of patient characteristics. The current literature on this subject includes a variety of statistical methods, which generally require correct specification of at least one parametric regression model. In this article, we propose to use machine learning methods to estimate nuisance functions and incorporate the machine learning estimates into existing doubly robust estimators. This leads to nonparametric estimators that are n-consistent, asymptotically normal and asymptotically efficient under general conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed methods perform reasonably well in realistic settings. The methods are illustrated with a cardiology example concerning aortic stenosis.
Acylation of non‐specific phospholipase C4 determines its function in plant response to phosphate deficiency
Authors: Yang Bao , Zhang Ke , Jin Xiong , Yan Jiayu , Lu Shaoping , Shen Qingwen , Guo Lei , Hong Yueyun , Wang Xuemin , Guo Liang
Published: April 2021

Non‐specific phospholipase C (NPC) is involved in plant growth, development and stress responses. To elucidate the mechanism by which NPCs mediate cellular functions, here we show that NPC4 is S‐acylated at the C terminus and that acylation determines its plasma membrane (PM) association and function. The acylation of NPC4 was detected using NPC4 isolated from Arabidopsis and reconstituted in vitro. The C‐terminal Cys‐533 was identified as the S‐acylation residue, and the mutation of Cys‐533 to Ala‐533 in NPC4 (NPC4C533A) led to the loss of S‐acylation and membrane association of NPC4. The knockout of NPC4 impeded the phosphate deficiency‐induced decrease of the phosphosphingolipid glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramide (GIPC), but introducing NPC4C533A to npc4‐1 failed to complement this defect, thereby supporting the hypothesis that the non‐acylated NPC4C533A fails to hydrolyze GIPC during phosphate deprivation. Moreover, NPC4C533A failed to complement the primary root growth in npc4‐1 under stress. In addition, NPC4 in Brassica napus was S‐acylated and mutation of the S‐acylating cysteine residue of BnaC01.NPC4 led to the loss of S‐acylation and its membrane association. Together, our results reveal that S‐acylation of NPC4 in the C terminus is conserved and required for its membrane association, phosphosphingolipid hydrolysis and function in plant stress responses.
A Probabilistic Approach for Contact Stability and Contact Safety Analysis of Robotic Intracardiac Catheter
Authors: Hao Ran , Çavuşoğlu M. Cenk
Published: April 2021

The disturbances caused by the blood flow and tissue surface motions are major concerns during the motion planning of an intracardiac robotic catheter. Maintaining a stable and safe contact on the desired ablation point is essential for achieving effective lesions during the ablation procedure. In this paper, a probabilistic formulation of the contact stability and the contact safety for intravascular cardiac catheters under the blood flow and surface motion disturbances is presented. Probabilistic contact stability and contact safety metrics, employing a sample-based representation of the blood flow velocity distribution and the heart motion trajectory, are introduced. Finally, the contact stability and safety for an magnetic resonance imaging-actuated robotic catheter under main pulmonary artery blood flow disturbances and left ventricle surface motion disturbances are analyzed in simulation as example scenarios.
Evolution of the Laser-Induced Spallation Technique in Film Adhesion Measurement
Authors: Ehsani Hassan , Boyd James D. , Wang Junlan , Grady Martha E.
Published: April 2021

Laser-induced spallation is a process in which a stress wave generated from a rapid, high-energy laser pulse initiates the ejection of surface material opposite the surface of laser impingement. Through knowledge of the stress-wave amplitude that causes film separation, the adhesion and interfacial properties of a film-on-substrate system are determined. Some advantages of the laser spallation technique are the noncontact loading, development of large stresses (on the order of GPa), and high strain rates, up to 108/s. The applicability to both relatively thick films, tens of microns, and thin films, tens of nm, make it a unique technique for a wide range of materials and applications. This review combines the available knowledge and experience in laser spallation, as a state-of-the-art measurement tool, in a comprehensive pedagogical publication for the first time. An historical review of adhesion measurement by the laser-induced spallation technique, from its inception in the 1970s through the present day, is provided. An overview of the technique together with the physics governing the laser-induced spallation process, including functions of the absorbing and confining materials, are also discussed. Special attention is given to applications of laser spallation as an adhesion quantification technique in metals, polymers, composites, ceramics, and biological films. A compendium of available experimental parameters is provided that summarizes key laser spallation experiments across these thin-film materials. This review concludes with a future outlook for the laser spallation technique, which approaches its semicentennial anniversary.
A Novel Test Design for Large Strain Uniaxial Reverse Loading of AZ31B Sheet Out of the Rolling Plane
Authors: Yazdanmehr Amir , Roostaei Ali A. , Jahed Hamid
Published: April 2021

Understanding a magnesium alloy sheet's response to load reversals is important to accurately simulate and optimize a component's manufacturing process. Through this research, the room temperature compression-tension and tension-compression experiments with strains up to ∼12% are performed on AZ31B-H24 sheet specimens along the normal direction of a 6.35 mm-thick sheet. Miniature specimens machined through thickness are tested using a novel setup designed for large strain reverse loading data generation where specimen size is limited. The reliability of the devised setup is verified by finite element simulation and by reproducing in-plane curves obtained via an anti-buckling fixture. A shot peening process involving prevailing through-thickness deformation is modeled and numerical results indicate that employing only in-plane properties of magnesium sheets for simulating such processes can lead to inaccurate predictions.
Gasoline Compression Ignition on a Light-Duty Multi-Cylinder Engine Using a Wide Range of Fuel Reactivities and Heavy Fuel Stratification
Authors: Dempsey Adam B. , Curran Scott , Wagner Robert , Cannella William , Ickes Andrew
Published: April 2021

Many research studies have focused on utilizing gasoline in modern compression ignition engines to reduce emissions and improve efficiency. Collectively, this combustion mode has become kn+own as gasoline compression ignition (GCI). One of the biggest challenges with GCI operation is maintaining control over the combustion process through the fuel injection strategy, such that the engine can be controlled on a cycle-by-cycle basis. Research studies have investigated a wide variety of GCI injection strategies (i.e., fuel stratification levels) to maintain control over the heat release rate while achieving low-temperature combustion (LTC). This work shows that at loads relevant to light-duty engines, partial fuel stratification (PFS) with gasoline provides very little controllability over the timing of combustion. On the contrary, heavy fuel stratification (HFS) provides very linear and pronounced control over the timing of combustion. However, the HFS strategy has challenges achieving LTC operation due to the air handling burdens associated with the high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates that are required to reduce NOx emissions to near zero levels. In this work, a wide variety of gasoline fuel reactivities (octane numbers ranging from <40 to 87) were investigated to understand the engine performance and emissions of HFS-GCI operation on a multi-cylinder light-duty engine. The results indicate that over an EGR sweep at 4 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), the gasoline fuels can achieve LTC operation with ultra-low NOx and soot emissions, while conventional diesel combustion (CDC) is unable to simultaneously achieve low NOx and soot. At 10 bar BMEP, all the gasoline fuels were compared to diesel, but using mixing controlled combustion and not LTC.
Bayesian Optimization of Equilibrium States in Elastomeric Beams
Authors: Yoo David , Hertlein Nathan , Chen Vincent W. , Willey Carson L. , Gillman Andrew , Juhl Abigail , Anand Sam , Vemaganti Kumar , Buskohl Philip R.
Published: April 2021

Architected elastomeric beam networks have great potential for energy absorption, multi-resonant vibration isolation, and multi-bandgap elastic wave control, due to the reconfigurability and programmability of their mechanical buckling instabilities. However, navigating this design space is challenging due to bifurcations between mono- and bistable beam designs, inherent geometric nonlinearities, and the strong dependence of buckling properties on beam geometry. To investigate these challenges, we developed a Bayesian optimization framework to control the equilibrium states of an inclined elastomeric beam, while also tuning the energy to transition between these configurations. Leveraging symmetry to reduce the design space, the beam shape is parameterized using a Fourier series representation. A penalty method is developed to include monostable designs in objective functions with dependencies on bistable features, enabling monostable results to still be incorporated in the Gaussian process surrogate and contribute to the optimization process. Two objectives are optimized in this study, including the position of the second stable equilibrium configuration and the ratio of output to input energy between the two stable states. A scalarized multi-objective optimization is also carried out to study the trade-off between equilibrium position and the energetics of transition between the stable states. The predicted designs are qualitatively verified through experimental testing. Collectively, the study explores a new parameter space for beam buckling, introduces a penalty method to regularize between mono- and bistable domains, and provides a library of beams as building blocks to assemble and analyze in future studies.
A New Methodology for Multistage Multispeed Planetary Transmission Design Based on Geometry
Authors: Chen Hong , Chen Xiaoan
Published: April 2021

In the planetary automatic transmission design, efficiency is one of the primary performance indicators determining the final selection from multiple candidates. However, efficiency evaluation is the last step of conceptual design, thereby causing the trial result is often known at the end of the design. A new methodology based on geometry is presented for multistage planetary automatic transmission design, ranging from clutching sequence synthesis to efficiency evaluation. The emphasis is placed on a unified model for design steps with different analysis principles to predict power transfer characteristics earlier. Some new results and improvements are also presented, such as general speed ratio (SR) change law, simultaneous traversal of different shift types, and the efficiency formula. An example is provided to illustrate the applicability to a 3-DOF planetary automatic transmission and shows that early identification of power transfer characteristics can lock in necessary subsequent calculations, thereby eliminating unnecessary analysis and speeding up the design process.
Segmentation-Based Wireframe Generation for Parametric Modeling of Human Body Shapes
Authors: Huang Jida , Kwok Tsz-Ho
Published: April 2021

Wireframes have been proved useful as an intermediate layer of the neural network to learn the relationship between the human body and semantic parameters. However, the definition of the wireframe needs to have anthropological meaning and is highly dependent on experts’ experience. Hence, it is usually not easy to obtain a well-defined wireframe for a new set of shapes in available databases. An automated wireframe generation method would help relieve the need for the manual anthropometric definition to overcome such difficulty. One way to find such an automated wireframe generation method is to apply segmentation to divide the models into small mesh patches. Nevertheless, different segmentation approaches could have various segmented patches, thus resulting in diversified wireframes. How do these different sets of wireframes affect learning performance? In this paper, we attempt to answer this research question by defining several critical quantitative estimators to evaluate different wireframes’ learning performance. To find how such estimators influence wireframe-assisted learning accuracy, we conduct experiments by comparing different segmentation methods on human body shapes. We summarized several meaningful design guidelines for developing an automatic wireframe-aware segmentation method for human body learning with such verification.
Three-Dimensional Printing of Hydrogel Filters Containing Algae Cells for Copper Removal From Contaminated Water
Authors: Thakare Ketan , Jerpseth Laura , Pei Zhijian , Tomlin Bryan , Qin Hongmin
Published: April 2021

Copper contamination of drinking water and marine areas is detrimental to human health and the environment. Physical and chemical approaches currently used for copper removal from water tend to be expensive and may introduce chemicals to the water. Using suspended algae to remove copper is a biological approach. Its cost is relatively low, and algae can be used for other purposes after being used for copper removal. However, this approach using algae is currently limited in its usefulness due to technological barriers. For example, chemical agents used to remove suspended algae from water after copper is absorbed can cause secondary contamination. Using immobilized algae instead of suspended algae can overcome these problems. In this preliminary study, hydrogel filters containing algae cells and those containing no algae cells are printed on an extrusion-based 3D printer. They were used in a custom-build filtration setup for copper removal. Experimental results show that hydrogel filters containing algae cells reduced copper concentration in the test solution by about 83% (from 3 to 0.5 ppm) after 1 h of filtration, while hydrogel filters containing no algae cells reduced copper concentration in the test solution by about 50% (from 3 to 1.5 ppm) after 1 h of filtration.
Differences in perceptual assimilation following training
Authors: Kabakoff Heather , Kharlamenko Julia , Levy Erika S. , Levi Susannah V.
Published: April 2021

Learning to perceive non-native speech sounds is difficult for adults. One method to improve perception of non-native contrasts is through a distributional learning paradigm. Three groups of native-English listeners completed a perceptual assimilation task in which they mapped French vowels onto English vowel categories: Two groups (bimodal, unimodal distribution) completed a perceptual learning task for the French /œ/-/o/ contrast and a third completed no training. Both trained groups differed from the untrained group, but participants in the bimodal group showed a different perceptual mapping for the targeted /œ/ vowel, suggesting that the bimodal condition may maximize perception of non-native contrasts.
REVIEWS OF ACOUSTICAL PATENTS
Authors: Fulop Sean A.
Published: April 2021

The purpose of these acoustical patent reviews is to provide enough information for a Journal reader to decide whether to seek more information from the patent itself. Any opinions expressed here are those of the reviewers as individuals and are not legal opinions. Patents are available via the internet at the USPTO website.
Underwater ultra-low frequency seismic source
Authors: Morozov Andrey K.
Published: April 2021

The ultra-low frequency band (2–8 Hz) is of interest for geophysical research due to advances in the field of full waveform inversion and elastic impedance measurements. Generating sound in the ultra-low frequency range is a difficult task. A powerful source with an ultra-low frequency should be able to displace hundreds of liters of water per cycle. The amplitude of internal pressure fluctuations is comparable to the difference in buoyancy forces on the radiation aperture, and acoustic-gravitational effects are part of its hydrodynamics. The source described in this article has a pneumatically driven bubble resonator and provides a volume displacement and radiation area that are larger than other known prototypes. The article examines the acoustic physics of a large underwater bubble resonator and a seismic bubble source with an internal Helmholtz resonator. A finite element analysis of the transition of near-field hydrodynamics to a pressure wave is included, as well as a treatment of transition loss and broadband radiation methods. The study concludes with the creation and testing of an ultra-low frequency seismic source. Experiments carried out at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution showed that the prototype has a source level high enough for full waveform inversion in geophysical surveys.
China's scientific treasures tempt foreign collaborators
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: April 2021

Outside researchers are offered telescope time and access to Moon rocks, but some are uneasy about the relationship.
Optical frequency combs: Coherently uniting the electromagnetic spectrum
Authors: Diddams Scott A. , Vahala Kerry , Udem Thomas
Published: April 2021

An optical timekeeper

Optical clocks, based on optical transitions of atoms, operate at much higher frequency than the microwave atomic clocks currently used as our timing standards. They have been shown to exhibit better stability and are poised to redefine the second. The development of stable, self-referenced optical frequency combs that span the microwave to optical wavelengths has been key to these efforts. Diddams
et al.
reviewed developments and refinements of these optical combs over the past 20 years and provide an overview of where they are finding application, from precision timing to high-resolution spectroscopy and imaging, ranging, and navigation.

Science
this issue p.
eaay3676
Autoreactivity in naïve human fetal B cells is associated with commensal bacteria recognition
Authors: Chen Jeff W. , Rice Tyler A. , Bannock Jason M. , Bielecka Agata A. , Strauss Juliet D. , Catanzaro Jason R. , Wang Haowei , Menard Laurence C. , Anolik Jennifer H. , Palm Noah W. , Meffre Eric
Published: April 2021

Prenatal antibodies are polyreactive

Extensive immunoglobulin gene rearrangements allow humans to recognize a diversity of potential pathogens. This antibody repertoire is more restricted during early life to prevent the generation of autoreactive B cells, though tolerance does not appear to be complete. Chen
et al.
examined the reactivities of antibodies cloned from individual human fetal B cells residing in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen. They observed the accumulation of autoreactive and polyreactive B cells, which were frequently cross-reactive to commensals in the absence of any somatic hypermutation. The generation of these reactive B cells before they are ever exposed to microbes may promote later beneficial commensal- host interactions and/or augmented host defense during the first weeks of life.

Science
this issue p.
320
Transient rest restores functionality in exhausted CAR-T cells through epigenetic remodeling
Authors: Weber Evan W. , Parker Kevin R. , Sotillo Elena , Lynn Rachel C. , Anbunathan Hima , Lattin John , Good Zinaida , Belk Julia A. , Daniel Bence , Klysz Dorota , Malipatlolla Meena , Xu Peng , Bashti Malek , Heitzeneder Sabine , Labanieh Louai , Vandris Panayiotis , Majzner Robbie G. , Qi Yanyan , Sandor Katalin , Chen Ling-Chun , Prabhu Snehit , Gentles Andrew J. , Wandless Thomas J. , Satpathy Ansuman T. , Chang Howard Y. , Mackall Crystal L.
Published: April 2021

CAR-T cells rest to get back in the race

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–T cells, which are engineered to target specific tumor antigens, are increasingly used as an immunotherapy. CAR-T cells have shown promising results in patients, particularly in hematologic cancers, but their anticancer activity can be limited by the onset of exhaustion and the loss of effectiveness. Weber
et al.
characterized the phenotypic and epigenomic changes associated with CAR-T cell exhaustion caused by continuous activity and the beneficial effects of transient rest periods (see the Perspective by Mamonkin and Brenner). The authors tested different approaches for providing these rest periods, such as using the drug dasatinib to temporarily suppress T cell activity, which helped to prevent exhaustion and improved antitumor activity in mouse models.

Science
, this issue p.
eaba1786
; see also p.
34
Population genetics of the coral
Acropora millepora
: Toward genomic prediction of bleaching
Authors: Fuller Zachary L. , Mocellin Veronique J. L. , Morris Luke A. , Cantin Neal , Shepherd Jihanne , Sarre Luke , Peng Julie , Liao Yi , Pickrell Joseph , Andolfatto Peter , Matz Mikhail , Bay Line K. , Przeworski Molly
Published: April 2021

Conservation help from genomics

Corals worldwide are under threat from rising sea temperatures and pollution. One response to heat stress is coral bleaching—the loss of photosynthetic endosymbionts that provide energy for the coral. Fuller
et al.
present a high-resolution genome of the coral
Acropora millepora
(see the Perspective by Bay and Guerrero). They were able to perform population genetic analyses with samples sequenced at lower coverage and conduct genome-wide association studies. These data were combined to generate a polygenic risk score for bleaching that can be used in coral conservation.

Science
this issue p.
eaba4674
; see also p.
249
Structural insights into preinitiation complex assembly on core promoters
Authors: Chen Xizi , Qi Yilun , Wu Zihan , Wang Xinxin , Li Jiabei , Zhao Dan , Hou Haifeng , Li Yan , Yu Zishuo , Liu Weida , Wang Mo , Ren Yulei , Li Ze , Yang Huirong , Xu Yanhui
Published: April 2021

Assembling for transcription initiation

Eukaryotic transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) requires the assembly of a preinitiation complex (PIC) on core promoters. The binding of TATA box–binding protein (TBP) to the TATA box promoter has been thought to be a general rule in PIC assembly and transcription initiation. However, most coding genes lack a TATA box, and nearly all Pol II–mediated gene transcription requires the TBP-containing multisubunit complex transcription factor IID (TFIID). Chen
et al.
determined the structures of human TFIID-based PIC in sequential assembly states and revealed that TFIID supports distinct PIC assembly on TATA-containing and TATA-lacking promoters. The finding resolves the long-standing mystery of how one set of general transcription machinery initiates transcription on diverse promoters.

Science
, this issue p.
eaba8490
N
-Aryl–linked spirocyclic polymers for membrane separations of complex hydrocarbon mixtures
Authors: Thompson Kirstie A. , Mathias Ronita , Kim Daeok , Kim Jihoon , Rangnekar Neel , Johnson J. R. , Hoy Scott J. , Bechis Irene , Tarzia Andrew , Jelfs Kim E. , McCool Benjamin A. , Livingston Andrew G. , Lively Ryan P. , Finn M. G.
Published: April 2021

Separating organics without distillation

Hydrocarbon distillation is a widespread and energy-intensive process. Membranes might offer an alternative approach, but few can survive immersion in organic solvents nor are they able to extract relatively small molecules. Thompson
et al.
developed a series of polymers of intrinsic microporosity that they used for membrane-based separations of organic compounds in an organic solvent (see the Perspective by Brennecke and Freeman). The new membrane has a molecular weight cutoff of 253 daltons, far lower than existing ones closer to 600 daltons. The polymers were used to separate light shale crude oil and succeeded in fractionation of molecular weights of about 170 daltons.

Science
this issue p.
310
; see also p.
254
Overseeing innovation
Science—The Endless Frontier
Vannevar Bush
1945.
Authors: Gibson Emily K.
Published: April 2021

75 years after Vannevar Bush's impactful report, debate continues about directing science
Incorporation of a nucleoside analog maps genome repair sites in postmitotic human neurons
Authors: Reid Dylan A. , Reed Patrick J. , Schlachetzki Johannes C. M. , Nitulescu Ioana I. , Chou Grace , Tsui Enoch C. , Jones Jeffrey R. , Chandran Sahaana , Lu Ake T. , McClain Claire A. , Ooi Jean H. , Wang Tzu-Wen , Lana Addison J. , Linker Sara B. , Ricciardulli Anthony S. , Lau Shong , Schafer Simon T. , Horvath Steve , Dixon Jesse R. , Hah Nasun , Glass Christopher K. , Gage Fred H.
Published: April 2021

DNA repair within neurons

Humans have only a limited capacity to generate new neurons. These cells thus need to repair errors in the genome. To better understand this process, Reid
et al.
developed Repair-seq, a method to locate DNA repair within the genome of stem cell–derived neurons. DNA repair hotspots (DRHs) were more likely to occur within specific genomic features such as gene bodies as well as in genomic formations, open chromatin, and active regulatory regions. This method showed that repair was enriched at sites involved in neuronal function and identity. Furthermore, proteomic data indicated that genes in DRHs are enriched in Alzheimer's disease and that DRHs are more active in aging. These observations link neuronal DNA repair to aging and neurodegeneration.

Science
, this issue p.
91
Second critical point in two realistic models of water
Authors: Debenedetti Pablo G. , Sciortino Francesco , Zerze Gül H.
Published: April 2021

Liquid-liquid critical point of water

Despite a broad range of experimental observations that indirectly point out the possible existence of a liquid-liquid phase transition in deeply supercooled water, no unambiguous experiment has shown this yet. The challenges of performing experiments under such conditions are associated with the inevitable rapid crystallization of the metastable liquid state, and therefore computational simulations become a crucial alternative. Using two accurate classical models of water and long (more than 40 microseconds) isobaricisothermal molecular dynamics simulations, Debenedetti
et al.
provide strong computational evidence of the presence of a second metastable liquid-liquid critical point in the deeply supercooled region that has critical behavior consistent with the three-dimensional Ising universality class.

Science
this issue p.
289
Designed proteins assemble antibodies into modular nanocages
Authors: Divine Robby , Dang Ha V. , Ueda George , Fallas Jorge A. , Vulovic Ivan , Sheffler William , Saini Shally , Zhao Yan Ting , Raj Infencia Xavier , Morawski Peter A. , Jennewein Madeleine F. , Homad Leah J. , Wan Yu-Hsin , Tooley Marti R. , Seeger Franziska , Etemadi Ali , Fahning Mitchell L. , Lazarovits James , Roederer Alex , Walls Alexandra C. , Stewart Lance , Mazloomi Mohammadali , King Neil P. , Campbell Daniel J. , McGuire Andrew T. , Stamatatos Leonidas , Ruohola-Baker Hannele , Mathieu Julie , Veesler David , Baker David
Published: April 2021

Integrating form and function for design

Antibodies are broadly used in therapies and as research tools because they can be generated against a wide range of targets. Efficacy can often be increased by clustering antibodies in multivalent assemblies. Divine
et al.
designed antibody nanocages from two components: One is an antibody-binding homo-oligomic protein and the other is the antibody itself. Computationally designed proteins drive the assembly of antibody nanocages in a range of architectures, allowing control of the symmetry and the antibody valency. The multivalent display enhances antibody-dependent signaling, and nanocages displaying antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein effectively neutralize pseudovirus.

Science
, this issue p.
eabd9994
Nonlinear tuning of PT symmetry and non-Hermitian topological states
Authors: Xia Shiqi , Kaltsas Dimitrios , Song Daohong , Komis Ioannis , Xu Jingjun , Szameit Alexander , Buljan Hrvoje , Makris Konstantinos G. , Chen Zhigang
Published: April 2021

Nonlinear control of topology

Controlling the topological properties of physical systems provides a platform for developing devices and technology that are robust to defects. Xia
et al.
present a photonic platform in which the underlying dynamics are driven and tuned by the interplay among topology, non-Hermiticity, and nonlinearity (see the Perspective by Roztocki and Morandotti). Using photonic lattices consisting of laser-written waveguides that are continuous (“gain”) and sectioned (“loss”) and coupled to an interface defect, they demonstrate the nonlinear control of parity-time symmetry and nonlinearity-induced restoration and/or destruction of non-Hermitian topological states. Such concepts are applicable to a broad spectrum of non-Hermitian systems that have intensity-dependent gain or loss and may enable new approaches for light manipulation.

Science
, this issue p.
72
; see also p.
32
New Insight into Vitamins E and K
1
as Anti-Quorum-Sensing Agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Soltani Sadaf , Fazly Bazzaz Bibi Sedigheh , Hadizadeh Farzin , Roodbari Fatemeh , Soheili Vahid
Published: April 2021

Today, antivirulence compounds that attenuate bacterial pathogenicity and have no interference with bacterial viability or growth are introduced as the next generation of antibacterial agents. However, the development of such compounds that can be used by humans is restricted by various factors, including the need for extensive economic investments, the inability of many molecules to penetrate the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and unfavorable pharmacological properties and cytotoxicity.
Antiviral Peptides Targeting the Helicase Activity of Enterovirus Nonstructural Protein 2C
Authors: Fang Yuan , Wang Chang , Wang Chong , Yang Ruyi , Bai Peng , Zhang Xue-Yi , Kong Jing , Yin Lei , Qiu Yang , Zhou Xi
Published: April 2021

Enteroviruses are a large group of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses and include numerous human pathogens, such as enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses. However, no approved EV antiviral drugs are available.
Supplemental Material: A new K-Ar illite dating application to constrain the timing of subduction in West Sarawak, Borneo
Authors: Zhao Qi , Yan Yi
Published: April 2021

Observed XRD patterns (black) and best matches (gray) generated by the program WILDFIRE for size fractions of our samples.