bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rural and Agricultural Environments
Authors: Lee Barbara C. , Keifer Matthew C.
Published: July 2024

The farm environment presents unique challenges to the health and welfare of farm family children, children employed in agriculture, and children visiting farms. The farm is a combination of home, recreational area, and workplace, containing health benefits and risks associated with each of these settings. Farm children are at risk of exposure to all the occupational and environmental hazards inherent in farm operations. Beginning at 7–10 years, farm children start assisting in farm operations by performing a wide variety of work tasks. In these tasks, children are exposed to major injury, primarily from farm machinery and livestock, organic and inorganic dusts, pesticides, other toxic chemicals such as anhydrous ammonia, and noise from farm machinery and livestock. In addition, farm children are exposed to all the risks of rural living—increased risk of injury from on- and off-road vehicles, drowning, fires, the direct and indirect effects of interpersonal family violence, and often remote or inadequate access to acute and primary healthcare. US farm children are not protected against occupational hazards under the Fair Labor Standards Act, which provides protections to non-farm youth, including legally mandated limits on the number of hours worked and protection against hazardous working conditions. Farm children are at risk of exposure to their parents’ occupational stress. Added to these economic and organizational stresses are the long hours farm parents must work during planting and harvesting, during which children often accompany their parents into the fields.
Mold and Population Health
Authors: David Miller J.
Published: July 2024

Mold (fungus) is important in the outdoor, natural world, but indoor exposure to mold is not healthy. Indoor mold is ubiquitous. It becomes a hazard for children’s health when it is amplified by water intrusion or chronic dampness. Infants and children can develop fungal infections caused by mold. Immune-compromised children and children with chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis are at especially high risk for fungal infections. Children are also susceptible to irritant and toxic reactions caused by fungal mycotoxins, toxic metabolites that are released into indoor air by many molds, especially in damp or wet environments. Airborne mycotoxins can sensitize allergic children and trigger immune reactions, allergic rhinitis, and acute asthmatic attacks. Mycotoxins can also cause toxic inflammation of the airways in nonallergic children through direct irritation of the airways not mediated by the immune system. Diagnostic tools for assessment of inhalation exposure to mold are limited and not well validated. The only specific treatment for fungal-derived disorders is cessation of exposure, which typically requires remediation of the water intrusion or chronic dampness that amplifies mold growth. Evaluation and remediation of indoor mold requires expert assistance and oversight.
The Environment and Liver Disease in Children
Authors: Suchy Frederick J.
Published: July 2024

Injury to the liver caused by toxic chemicals in the environment can produce a wide spectrum of illness that includes asymptomatic elevation of liver function tests, fatty liver, hepatitis, liver cancer, and even fulminant hepatic failure. Some agents are well known to produce cellular injury and even necrosis in the liver following absorption into the body. Among infants and children, immaturity of metabolic pathways for biotransformation and gene polymorphisms may influence vulnerability of the liver to toxic chemicals in the environment. Toxic chemicals and other environmental factors such as stress, diet, behavior, and disease can cause epigenetic changes that influence susceptibility to liver injury by activating chemical switches such as DNA methylations and histone tail modifications that regulate gene expression. Recognition is increasing that exposures to certain toxic chemicals that have become widespread in the modern environment—chemical obesogens such as the organotins and plasticizers—are likely contributing to the global epidemic of obesity and to its complications such as diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Exposures to these compounds in early life may cause long-lasting metabolic disruption at low doses that do not produce acute signs of toxicity.
Public Policy and Clinical Practice of Environmental Pediatrics in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Laborde Amalia
Published: July 2024

In Latin America, both traditional and newer environmental risks to children’s health are present. The traditional environmental problems, such as indoor air pollution and contaminated drinking water, remain, while new risks such as outdoor air pollution, exposures to toxic pollutants, and climate change are emerging or increasing problems. In 2016, the WHO/PAHO estimated that 13% of premature deaths in high-income countries and 19% in low- and middle-income countries of the Americas were attributable to environmental risks. This proportion represents about 1,016,000 annual deaths. International exchanges and South–South collaboration lay the foundation for advancing the clinical practice of children’s environmental health in Latin American and Caribbean countries.
Public Policy on Children’s Environmental Health in the United States
Authors: Landrigan Philip J.
Published: July 2024

In the United States, no single law protects children against environmental threats to health; instead a series of laws have been enacted, each intended to protect against a particular class of hazard. Most establish legally enforceable standards that regulate the levels of toxic chemicals permitted in air, water, food, or consumer products. These environmental standards are generally based on quantitative risk assessments. Prior to the 1990s, virtually all risk assessment in the US focused on the “average adult,” with little attention paid to the unique risks of infants and children. In 1976, the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was passed in 1996 to regulate industrial and consumer chemicals. Mandatory testing of chemicals for potential toxicity was intended as the centerpiece of TSCA, but in the decades since its passage, only five chemicals have been banned and few chemicals have been evaluated. The passage of the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act in 2016 offers a path to resolution of the current crisis in US chemical policy.
Public Policy on Children’s Environmental Health in Europe
Authors: van den Hazel Peter
Published: July 2024

In Europe, strong public policies have been put in place to protect children’s environmental health. These policies can be credited in large part to the efforts of the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe and to the European Union’s commitment to environment and health and to reducing human exposures to harmful chemicals. In 2004, the WHO launched an evidence-based Children’s Environment and Health Action Plan for Europe (CEHAPE), which has been ratified by 52 European ministers. Soon after launching CEHAPE, the European Union established an environment and health strategy, a plan that gives strong emphasis to protection of vulnerable groups, including children. The EU has an ambitious legislative program on chemicals which will be very important for protecting the health of future generations of children. A centerpiece of this program is REACH, the European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use, that deals with the registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemical substances.
Orthodox Judaism
Authors: Topel Marta F.
Published: July 2024

Chapter 1 provides a historical discussion of the configuration of Orthodox Judaism resulting from the emancipation of European Jews in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Haskalah movement, and the fragmentation of Rabbinic Judaism. Different sociohistorical processes that led to the radicalization of Rabbinic Judaism are analyzed, considering both doctrine and ritual practice. The view of Rabbi Chatam Sofer, considered the architect of modern ultraorthodoxy, is compared to the view of the rabbis who defended a more lenient interpretation of the Halakhah, such as Rabbi Hirschensohn. In this chapter, the functions and characteristics of Halakhah are discussed, as well as its pivotal role in the daily life of observant Jews.
Integrating YPAR Into Comprehensive School Counseling Programs
Authors: Edirmanasinghe Natalie , Ieva Kara , Levy Ian P.
Published: July 2024

Chapter 2 describes the use of youth participatory action research (YPAR) as an approach for school counselors and youth to partner in the identification and challenging of systemic inequities in their schools and lives. The authors review how YPAR can be strategically integrated across comprehensive school counseling programs to support youth. Specifically, they detail how YPAR can be deployed by school counselors through tiered interventions to amplify youth voice, challenge systemic inequities, and spur youth development. A case study is offered to illuminate YPAR as a malleable process that can cater to the specific needs and contexts of individual schools. A reflective activity closes this chapter, offering readers an opportunity to consider how they may implement YPAR in their comprehensive school counseling programs.
Developing the Foundation for YPAR in K–12 Schools Through Counselor Education
Authors: Levy Ian P. , Ieva Kara , Edirmanasinghe Natalie
Published: July 2024

This chapter highlights the implementation and evaluation of a youth participatory action research (YPAR) training program for school counselors to address gaps in cultural sustainability and antiracism in traditional group counseling with adolescents. The authors describe the creation of a unique counselor education curriculum rooted in YPAR, exploring the value of experiential and immersive professional development for school counselors. Findings indicate how school counselors’ theoretical and practical knowledge for group work can be elevated through YPAR. Practical implications are drawn for both school counselors and school counselor educators. A reflective exercise is offered at the end of the chapter with the goal of aiding both school counselors and school counselor educators in building a foundation for YPAR work in their respective institutions.
Mural Making
Authors: Day Lillian , Sreekala Reshma
Published: July 2024

This chapter focuses on how school counselors can engage upper elementary students in youth participatory action research (YPAR). The authors identify various theoretical bases for incorporating YPAR into school counseling and then describe initial steps school counselors can engage in prior to implementation, including transformative social–emotional learning, multicultural and social justice counseling competencies (MSJCC), cultural humility, and adultism. The authors offer considerations that school counselors must take into account as the adult facilitators of YPAR at the upper elementary level. They illuminate the application of YPAR at the upper elementary level via the illustration of a case study. Finally, they highlight some challenges that school counselors might encounter during implementation and propose different ways schools could overcome these barriers.
Engaging Community for Meaningful Educational Reform
Authors: Hipolito-Delgado Carlos P. , Zion Shelley , Stickney Dane
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores how youth participatory action research can be used by school counselors to form authentic partnerships with the community. The authors explore how school counselors can implement community-based participatory action research (CBPR) to address issues of access and equity in school systems. To this end, they consider the school counselor’s role in engaging with community and the promise of CBPR as a tool for centering community expertise, intergenerational learning, youth mental health, and youth sociopolitical development. Next, they share a case of CBPR to highlight how such partnerships look in practice. The authors then end their chapter with recommendations on how the school counselor can implement CBPR in their schools.
Heartbreak and Outrage
Authors: Gorman Sara E.
Published: July 2024

This chapter takes on a particularly difficult event that greatly affected many American citizens’ trust in the healthcare system: the COVID-19 pandemic. This chapter takes a wide view of some of the communication missteps by the government, especially in the early days of the pandemic, as well as some of the particular idiosyncrasies of the American federalist system that led to a problematic response. Through dozens of interviews with dozens of people with flagging trust in the healthcare system, the author traces the particular ways in which people have lost their faith over years of flawed pandemic response. She outlines the ways in which this particular process and widespread loss of trust should change the approach to restoring that trust. The author also argues that particular aspects of the poor communication and response to the pandemic are potential symptoms of a failing democracy.
How to Focus to Play Your Best
Authors: Gebrian Molly
Published: July 2024

Focusing on something outside the body—on the instrument itself or on the effect of our actions —results in a higher level of performance than focusing on the body itself. A focus on the body is known as an internal focus, and causes conscious control to impede the more effective, automatic processes of muscle memory. A focus outside the body, an external focus, releases the body to self-coordinate, resulting in a higher level of skill. This chapter presents evidence for the benefits of an external focus in both beginners and more experienced players and offers specific suggestions for teachers and players to implement this idea.
Beers and brewing ingredients
Authors: Paulette Tate
Published: July 2024

The chapter “Beers and Brewing Ingredients” explores the basic building blocks of Mesopotamian beer and the different types of beer that were produced. It begins with a look at some of the earliest written documents in human history. Written in the ancient city of Uruk, these so-called archaic texts document the ingredients used to brew several different types of beer and the distribution of beer to consumers. The chapter then provides a detailed look at each of the main brewing ingredients: malted barley, bappir, other grains and grain products, date syrup, aromatics, and yeast. The chapter concludes with an account of the specific types of beer that were brewed in Mesopotamia and how these beer types evolved over time.
Brewing technologies and techniques
Authors: Paulette Tate
Published: July 2024

The chapter “Brewing Technologies and Techniques” explores the technologies and techniques that allowed the brewers of ancient Mesopotamia to transform a few basic ingredients into beers that could inspire poetry, song, and celebration. The chapter begins with the most famous of these poems: the Hymn to Ninkasi, goddess of beer. The poem depicts Ninkasi at work, performing the tasks of the brewer step by step, from the preparation of ingredients through the brewing and serving of beer. An associated drinking song probably celebrates the opening of a new tavern. The chapter complicates our understanding of these two key texts by comparing them to more recent drinking songs. It also considers two seductive traps––the terminological trap and the minimalist trap––that have impacted efforts to reconstruct the brewing process in Mesopotamia. The chapter then discusses several of these efforts, before turning to the archaeological and written evidence for brewing equipment.
The beer-drinking experience
Authors: Paulette Tate
Published: July 2024

The chapter “The Beer-Drinking Experience” explores the diverse occasions of beer consumption in ancient Mesopotamia and the effects of beer consumption. It begins with the tale of Inana and Enki, two deities who found themselves in a high-stakes, beer-fueled competition. This story demonstrates two points about how the people of Mesopotamia understood beer consumption. First, it could lead to inebriation. Second, it could have consequences that went beyond the individual imbiber. The drinking of beer was celebrated, but it was also recognized to be a risky proposition. The motivations for drinking this potent and complicated beverage were just as varied and conflicted as today. This chapter uses a series of semi-fictional vignettes to explore four different occasions of beer consumption––in the home, at funerary feasts, on the job, and in the tavern––and then uses written evidence to uncover a distinctly Mesopotamian perspective on the effects of beer consumption.
Epilogue: Reviving an ancient art
Authors: Paulette Tate
Published: July 2024

The Epilogue brings the discussion of Mesopotamian beer into the present world with a look at the craft of re-creating ancient beverages. It begins with a beer tasting event at Great Lakes Brewing Co. in Cleveland, the result of a collaboration with scholars from the Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures at the University of Chicago. The chapter then steps back to consider the re-creation of ancient beverages as both experimental archaeology and experiential archaeology. It then recounts three different efforts to recreate the beers of ancient Mesopotamia. Particular attention is devoted to third of these––the same one that began the chapter––during which the author and a team of collaborators sought to re-create Mesopotamian beer using authentic ingredients, equipment, and brewing techniques. The book ends by describing the experimental beers, Gilgamash and Enkibru––named after Gilgamesh and Enkidu––and offering a toast to Ninkasi, goddess of beer.
Rural China: Reform and Resistance
Authors: Kennedy John James
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses local governance in rural China as well as social and political changes over the last forty years. This includes rural administration that comprises counties and town governments. Village committees and the party branch are grassroots organizations. The chapter focuses on the concerns of villagers and village cadres, such as land management, local economy, taxes, and environmental protection and social welfare. This includes the change in cadre-villager relations from the 1980s to the present. A critical area of research at the grassroots level is the development of village elections and as well as the uneven implementation of the law including the recent regulations (2018–2022) to limit competitive elections. Another area of focus is on resistance and protest is associated with the uneven implementation of rural political reforms. The final section of this chapter addresses the prospects of future political reform in rural China.
Introduction
Authors: Kirasirova Masha
Published: July 2024

The introduction outlines the book’s approaches to the Eastern International as a quasi-imperial formation at the intersection of global geopolitics, intellectual history, and the everyday experiences of people who shaped, and whose lives were shaped by, the “Eastern” institutions of the revolutionary party-state. It introduces key themes of the book: vestiges of Russian imperial power in Soviet history such as the use of European and Asiatic territorial-administrative categories, Central Asia’s special status for Soviet legitimacy as an anticolonial state, and the relationship between domestic and foreign Easts; the agency of intermediaries responsible for protecting the narrative of the Soviet Union as an anticolonial and anti-imperial state; and the silence on anything related to Russia and the socialist world in postcolonial theory.
Anticolonial Dreams and the Territorialization of Soviet Power
Authors: Kirasirova Masha
Published: July 2024

The Eastern International as a blueprint for anticolonial and anti-imperialist revolution in the East was imagined in 1918 by the assimilated Jewish Bolshevik activist Konstantin Troianovskii, who became the first head the Comintern’s Near East Section in the early 1920s. Endorsed by Lenin and Stalin, this plan represented the Bolsheviks’ response to the reconfiguration of the world order at the end of World War I. Drawing upon European geographers and theorists of geopolitics, Troianovskii worked to “territorialize” his vision by helping to build a revolutionary network linking Moscow with “the Near East” (meaning Turkey, Iran, and the Arab world) through key outposts in Tashkent, Bukhara, and the seaports of Odessa and Batumi (in Georgia).
Decolonization and the Thaw
Authors: Kirasirova Masha
Published: July 2024

The acceleration of political decolonization in the 1950s prompted Nikita Khrushchev to acknowledge Stalin’s mistake in forsaking the East, which once again seemed to have world-historical political importance. As this chapter discusses, the expansion of Khrushchev-era investments in the Eastern Mediterranean still drew on Stalin’s logics of differentiating and also connecting the two Easts despite widespread de-Stalinization. The notion that the domestic East could serve as a magnet and model for foreign Easterners was underscored by the role of Uzbek politician Nuriddin Mukhitdinov, who assumed many responsibilities for promoting Khrushchev’s “East politics” at home and abroad. Part of this delegation of authority meant that Mukhitdinov and other Soviet Central Asians were able to leverage Moscow’s concerns about the Afro-Asian world and Central Asia’s historical connections to neighboring Turkic, Persian, and Arabic-speaking regions, including the tradition of early childhood education in Arabic, to direct resources to develop Soviet Central Asia.
The Errors of Yesterday and the Dark Matter of Today
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 1 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research traces the history of measurement in mental health to its origin in physics. In physics, the theory of errors informed the development of physical laws such as that of gravity. In mental health, this theory informed the development of measurement principles. These principles treat individual data points as only having value when they converge with other estimates; those that do not converge (i.e., discrepant results) have no value. Yet, an emerging body of work indicates that discrepant results often contain valuable information about mental health. This chapter articulates the book’s central thesis. Capitalizing on the data contained in discrepant results requires updating the relationship between physics and measurement in mental health by identifying concepts other than the theory of errors to interpret these measurements.
Why Theories About Rater Biases Fail to Explain Discrepant Results
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 6 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research provides an overview of the theory that has been used historically to interpret discrepant results—the depression→distortion hypothesis. This theory posits that a negative mood state compels an informant (e.g., parent) to attend to, encode, recall, and rate more negative behaviors in the person undergoing evaluation (e.g., parent’s child), relative to informants who do not experience such mood states (e.g., teacher). This hypothesis frames all discrepant results in this way. Accordingly, work informed by this hypothesis treats all aspects of negative mood states as sources of rater bias. This chapter describes the lack of empirical support for this hypothesis as well as methodological problems inherent in prior studies informed by this hypothesis. In so doing, the chapter briefly reviews research that indicates that discrepant results contain valid data.
The Operations Triad Model
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 7 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research describes contemporary concepts for interpreting discrepant results, namely those that comprise the operations triad model. This framework extends the concept of converging operations, which articulates how to identify valid results when they converge with one another or yield the same conclusions. In particular, the operations triad model includes concepts that allow for distinguishing discrepant results that contain valid data (diverging operations) from those that reflect measurement confounds (compensating operations). The chapter provides empirical examples for each of the operations triad model’s constituent concepts. It also provides an overview of the various literatures that have applied the framework to interpret discrepant results.
Study Design and Measurement Validation Battery
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 12 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research consists of a critical review of “best practices” when assessing adolescent social anxiety, namely relying on parents and adolescents as data sources. The chapter highlights limitations with relying on only these sources to assess and understand adolescent social anxiety. In doing so, the chapter describes study design features of Project CONTEXT—a study first described in Chapter 11 that was designed to test innovative strategies for interpreting discrepant results when assessing adolescent social anxiety. Specifically, the chapter covers Project CONTEXT’s sampling strategy, instrumentation, data sources, and validity criteria. The chapter articulates how these study design features address the limitations of traditional approaches to assessing adolescent social anxiety.
The Ubiquity of Discrepant Results in the Clinic
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 17 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research describes research on discrepant results that mental health professionals encounter when administering assessments to individual clients. The chapter begins with a discussion on research about the ways in which mental health professionals tend to interpret the value of data from multiple informants as well as barriers to collecting multi-informant data. The chapter then describes research on the rates of discrepant results observed in assessments with individual clients. The emphasis here is on discrepancies in perceived goals or targets of mental health services. The high rates of discrepant results have led to a body of work focused on the clinical decisions that mental health professionals make when they confront discrepant results in their assessments of clients, as well as the implications of discrepant results for the outcomes of mental health services.
Instrumentation
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 20 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research outlines directions for future research on instrumentation in mental health research. In particular, the chapter is devoted to posing questions about traditional approaches to constructing instruments and in ways that suggest new approaches to instrument construction. Researchers who have studied discrepant results were forced to use instrumentation that was ill-prepared to index these discrepancies. Yet, this did not stop researchers from building the body of theoretical and empirical work discussed throughout this book. This signals that refining instrumentation so that it can precisely and accurately index discrepant results might boost the explanatory power of instrumentation in mental health. Along these lines, the chapter details how researchers might approach constructing instruments to accurately estimate discrepant results and how to test whether these instruments outperform those constructed using traditional approaches.
Approaches to Reading Miscellanistic Aesthetics from Late Antiquity to Today
Authors: DiGiulio Scott J.
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the legacy of Aulus Gellius’ Noctes Atticae as a model of miscellany. If his approach was novel in its imperial context, he nevertheless anticipated aesthetic developments in later Latin literature, as evidenced in Augustine, Macrobius, and others. Further, his miscellany was central to the development of Renaissance scholarly endeavors: Angelo Poliziano’s Miscellanea are especially indebted, as he embedded the NA’s ways of reading ancient literature into his own collection. Gellius similarly influenced other traditions that privileged variety and utilized reading as a proxy for accessing the inner lives of their authors, including Michel de Montaigne, Robert Burton, and Isaac D’Israeli. By way of concluding, this chapter looks to the Gellian legacy as presented in the works of Jorge Luis Borges, including his personal copy of the NA and his references to the miscellany in his own writings.
Second-Class Saints
Authors: Harris Matthew L.
Published: July 2024

This book provides a detailed look at how the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints lifted its long-standing ban barring Black men from the priesthood and Black families from access to Mormon temples. Adapting a Protestant teaching that Black people bore a divine curse, and reinforced by a unique Latter-day teaching that Black people were “less valiant” in a pre-earth existence, these twin teachings became the fulcrum that underpinned the church’s priesthood and temple ban. The book discusses how the ban began in 1852 under the church’s second prophet-president, Brigham Young, and ended in 1978 under the church’s twelfth prophet-president, Spencer W. Kimball. The book further highlights how the ban collided with efforts to globalize the church following the Second World War, why it forced LDS church leaders to resist the civil rights movement, why it prompted dozens of universities to boycott Brigham Young University athletic competitions, and, finally, why it led federal authorities to investigate BYU for alleged violations of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The book also details how perceived threats from the Jimmy Carter administration to revoke the church’s tax exemption status provoked a swift backlash from critics who claimed that the church lifted the ban out of political expedience. The final third of the book probes how public pressure led church leaders to repudiate Mormon racial teachings in a seminal essay called “Race and the Priesthood.”
Lifting the Ban, 1973–1978
Authors: Harris Matthew L.
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores how church president Spencer W. Kimball lifted the priesthood and temple ban and also discusses which church apostles opposed him. It highlights the central role that the Brazil Temple played in lifting the ban, as well as Kimball’s universalist vision to spread Mormonism throughout the world. This chapter underscores Kimball’s management techniques to get the church apostles to lift the ban; he met with them individually and collectively over a period of several months in 1978, in special meetings in the Salt Lake Temple to get them to change their views. Kimball relied on senior apostle Bruce R. McConkie to convince his colleagues that it was in the best interests of the church to end the exclusionary ban.
Convaluation
Authors: Aspers Patrik
Published: July 2024

This chapter addresses value uncertainty. It focuses on mutual adjustment processes occurring in forms, by which uncertainty is addressed when there are no principles against which the outcomes can be determined. These forms are called ‘convaluations’. This notion refers to actors who come together and produce value as an outcome. The outcomes of the forms however are an unintended consequence of actors who mutually adjust to one another. The actors, typically, pursue their own different ends, which nonetheless leads to outcomes. Markets are instances of economic convaluations, which address economic values. But not all convaluations are economic. In practice, economic and non-economic convaluations are interrelated. This chapter uses the notion of convaluation to analyse in more detail how uncertainty is reduced within the field of so-called ‘performance art’, and how the economic convaluation of markets reduces uncertainty by establishing order and stability.
The Good, Virtue, and the Natural Law
Authors: Svensson Manfred
Published: July 2024

This chapter turns to some of the material content of Aristotle’s practical philosophy. The focus lies on the idea of the good, the concept of virtue, and the natural law, topics covered by Aristotle in books I, II, and V of the Ethics. The first of these topics, the idea of the good, opens a window onto the different commentators’ relation to Plato. Its discussion thus reminds us that commentators are seldom mere reporters and that the tradition we label “Aristotelian” was also an eclectic tradition. The second topic, virtue, will by contrast give us an opportunity to consider these authors as “mere” commentators as they confront a standard piece of Aristotelian teaching. The final section, on natural law, shows how the commentators dealt with Aristotle’s difficult passage on things that are right by nature, a passage that despite its obscurity became a classical source for reflection on natural law.
Introduction
Authors: Gillet Valérie
Published: July 2024

The introduction first explores the notion of minor dynasties and the definition of their territory in the Tamil-speaking South of the first millennium. Having set this theoretical frame, it then delves more specifically into the family of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyars, considered here as a minor dynasty; their little kingdom; and the significant role the Brahmanical temples—which will constitute the core of this book—may have played in the fabric of this society. It ends with a brief presentation of the corpus upon which this study is built, that is a corpus of four Śaiva temples and 136 Tamil epigraphs, all edited and translated at the end of the volume.
A tentative biography of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyars
Authors: Gillet Valérie
Published: July 2024

The first chapter endeavours to outline the contours of the minor dynasty of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyars, whom we know mostly from the site of Paḻuvūr: their origin as warriors/hunters (maṟavars) who transformed into little kings, probably originally coming from Kerala; their link with the Cōḻa sovereigns—whose authority they theoretically recognized by dating their own inscriptions with Cōḻa king’s regnal years—and their involvement in the imperial military campaigns, leading a seemingly large army, which may have led to their ruling over a small territory; their highly tentative chronology; and the role of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyar women, whether daughters of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyars and married into another dynasty, such as the Cōḻas or the Irukkuvēḷs, or wives of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyar little kings.
The Avanigandharva/Avaṉikantarpa Īśvaragṛhattu Mahādeva temple complex (AIM) of Avaṉikantarpapuram
Authors: Gillet Valérie
Published: July 2024

The second chapter focuses on the Avaṉikantarpa Īśvaragṛhattu Mahādeva temple (AIM). This temple is located in the eastern quarters of Mēlappaḻuvūr, today known by the name of Kīḻaiyūr. Locally called the Twin Temples, because it comprises two shrines side by side, it is made of bare stone. The temple appears to be closely related to the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyars by the end of the 9th century: they supervise donations, order regulation of taxes, and pronounce other kinds of official commands. This study also revealed a few aspects of this temple hitherto unknown: a significant link between this temple and the merchant communities, consequently pointing to a specific connection between little kings and merchants; the pervasiveness of the community of the tēvaṉar makaḷs (daughters of god, who are temple servants and often dancers); and a unique structure of temple organization, made of a board of seven priests.
Urban Lives
Authors: Dribe Martin , Nilsson Therese , Tegunimataka Anna
Published: July 2024

This chapter introduces the research presented in the volume. It starts by highlighting the importance of an individual-level perspective to understand how long-term economic and societal changes connected with industrialization and post-industrialization have affected individuals and families during the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century as these changes pertain to social class, living conditions, and socioeconomic status. The authors discuss a detailed periodization, linking the developments in Landskrona to broader economic and societal developments in Sweden and internationally. The chapter also describes the study area and the Scanian Economic-Demographic Database and discusses the core concepts, variables, and methods used in the different chapters of this volume.
Climate Obstruction in Spain
Authors: Moreno Jose A. , Almiron Núria
Published: July 2024

In Spain, efforts to obstruct climate action have tracked with shifts in politics. Historically, opposing regulation of the energy sector has been a main focus for obstructionist stakeholders, composed in this country mainly of industry lobbyists, political parties, news media, and neoliberal think tanks. In recent years, the ethics and climate impact of animal foods and exploitation have also become topics of public debate, showing the emergence of culture wars around environmental action. As in other contexts, communication strategies, public relations campaigns, and the selective dissemination of knowledge by special interests have characterized climate obstruction in Spain. To exemplify the particular discourses of climate obstruction there, this chapter provides two case studies. One identifies the role of think tanks, which oppose climate change mitigation and are networked with other international organizations. The other examines the efforts of animal agriculture industrial lobbies to slow progress in supporting compassion for nonhuman animals.
Subversion 2.0
Authors: Whyte Christopher
Published: July 2024

What explains the meteoric rise in visibility of fringe elements in mainstream societal discourse during the first decades of the 21st century? Events like the Capitol Insurrection of January 6, 2021, and developments like the surge of medical skepticism during the global pandemic have produced great scrutiny on the challenge of extreme rhetoric in global society, with great attention paid to enabling role of the internet. But what is it exactly that the internet has enabled? This book describes the emergence of a condition of “leaderlessness” as the default format of subversive activity in digital age. “Leaderlessness” is a phenomenon brought about by the rise of Web 2.0 and is characterized by an evolving and uneven feedback loop that links fringe spaces to mainstream elite rhetoric and popular discourse. Cult-like conditions in conspiratorial, restrictive virtual spaces simplify, standardize, and amplify extreme narratives. These narratives are then rapidly filtered into mainstream settings thanks to a series of sociotechnological conditions present in the Web 2.0 era. Fringe narratives and symbols thus often become the lens through which social and political elites interpret information and find meaning, which they then spread through public speech. This public speech is projected back to subversive spaces and communities. Unfortunately, elites are limited in their ability to impact subversive narratives and control fringe advocacy in turn. The result is stark: a global information ecosystem in which actors and issues in society are given meaning by fringe discourse and used to activate dispersed and disaggregated populations.
Fringe 2.0
Authors: Whyte Christopher
Published: July 2024

Chapter 5 focuses on fringe advocacy and antagonism in the age of widespread socialization of web technologies. In looking at cases of social groups and fringe organizations characterized by racial supremacist and misogynistic beliefs, antigovernmental tendencies, and medical skepticism, the chapter examines the dynamics of virtual spaces utilized to amplify the efforts of countercultural fringe causes. Specifically, the chapter studies the conditions of community spaces that allow the supporters of subversive causes to manipulate informational conditions. Fringe actors manipulate narratives, “poison” civil society discourse online, and more. New opportunities for self-restriction in subversive online communities—as well as the cult-like characteristics they adopt to capture, inculcate, and redirect audiences—and for nonviolent disruption reinforce and sustain a dynamic akin to leaderless resistance wherein antagonism emerges from socially constructed triggers coded into susceptible audiences by the deft control and manipulation of information.
Leaderlessness, Subversion, and the Fringe 3.0
Authors: Whyte Christopher
Published: July 2024

This chapter concludes the book by using the theory offered to contextualize the events both preceding and following the January 6, 2021, attempted insurrection in the United States and similar events. It draws out implications for the practice of national security, for technology development, and for the function of democracy in evolving digital contexts. It offers a range of implications and discusses the future of leaderlessness at the fringes of global society, contextualized around the predictors and stressors of fringe antagonism laid out in the preceding chapters.
Fixing Gender
Authors: Holvikivi Aiko
Published: July 2024

Fixing Gender is a book about the epistemic life of the term ‘gender’ and the political work that this lively concept does. In recent years, gender training has become the go-to solution for any number of institutional issues. Among others, it has become a requirement for soldiers and police officers deploying overseas as peacekeepers. Through such training, ‘gender’—a term with critical feminist lineage—is taken up by martial institutions shaped by hegemonic masculinity. This conceptual travel poses important questions for feminist theorizing and political advocacy: What epistemic and political work does ‘gender’ come to do in these spaces? Fixing Gender sets out to explore what meaning the term is imbued with in this practice and, consequently, what political work gender training does. Drawing on extensive textual analysis of training materials and participant observation across varied geographic regions, this book follows the concept into institutions of state power, investigating how gender is framed as an analytical category and operational problem. It explores how knowledge about gender is produced in gender training settings, and what dynamics of translation, negotiation, and resistance are involved. This inquiry sheds new insight into the political potential and dangers associated with travelling concepts. Drawing on queer and postcolonial feminist thought, Fixing Gender argues for attending to contradiction and complexity in endeavours such as gender training, highlighting the urgent need to develop feminist conceptual vocabulary to contend with paradoxical politics.
Germany
Authors: Schefold Dian
Published: July 2024

In Germany, the guarantees of fundamental rights and the principle of the rule of law include the necessity of laws for the powers of administration and for the limitation of rights. Furthermore, these include the protection of this position by the courts. The general regulation of administrative procedure, not required by the constitution, is a practical concretization, existing for the federal and the Länder level. These laws include procedural guarantees. For the planning of certain public enterprises and for urbanistic planning, there are special procedures with consultations of a larger public. A general duty for consultations before new administrative rules does not exist.
Romania
Authors: Dragoș Dacian-Cosmin
Published: July 2024

In Romania, considering the significant normative inflation (with an average of three laws adopted per day) and the instability of regulations, the codification of administrative procedure would be an appropriate measure to address these challenges. However, despite the efforts of scholarship, Romania is one of the few remaining European countries without a true Code of Administrative Procedure, but having instead an Administrative Code. Consequently, current administrative procedures are regulated inconsistently through special legislative instruments that are often uncoordinated with other acts regulating related areas of law. In this context, the principles and process rights applicable to administrative proceedings in Romanian law are scattered over different regulations—the lack of an Administrative Procedure Law or Code means most of them are general rights of procedure provided by the general legislation on judicial review. The case studies are assessed based on such scattered principles deriving from different pieces of legislation.
About the Way General Principles Combine with Sector-Specific Rules in Administrative Procedural Law
Authors: Auby Jean-Bernard
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this chapter is to propose some elements of reflection concerning how general principles of procedure are combined with procedural rules laid down by specific legislation in the various administrative laws. Following some remarks on the concept, the categories, and the functions of general principles, the chapter then focuses on the original orientations of these in the field of administrative law. It stresses the difference between administrative laws in which general principles emerge from case law and those in which they rather derive from written legislation—or the Constitution. Then it concentrates on how general principles combine with sector-specific rules in situations where they coincide: normally, either the general principle or the sector-specific rule prevails, it happens, though, that they apply cumulatively.
Same Problems, Same Solutions?
Authors: della Cananea Giacinto
Published: July 2024

This final chapter discusses the research’s findings with a view to the nature and extent of the common core of European administrative laws. It observes that national reports show, first of all, that there are unexpected areas of agreement between the European legal systems included in our comparative research, concerning the right to be heard (expressed by the maxim audi alteram partem) and the duty to give reasons. Secondly, it shows there are (partially unexpected) areas of disagreement, for example, as far as the right to remain silent vis-à-vis the administration (that is, nemo tenetur se detegere) is concerned.
Book 19
Authors: Ormand Kirk
Published: July 2024

Book 19 begins with Achilles receiving the armor made by Hephaestus, described at length in book 18. Achilles is eager to return to the fight, but before he does so, the Greeks hold an assembly. The hero formally renounces his anger against Agamemnon; Agamemnon offers an awkward apology and, prompted by Odysseus, promises to make good the offer originally proffered in book 9. Briseis appears and leads a lament for the dead Patroclus. In the last scene of the book, Achilles tries on his armor, after which his immortal horse Xanthus prophesies his death. This chapter discusses the following themes: the feud between Achilles and Agamemnon, Achilles’s anger, Achilles’s mortality, and women’s laments. It discusses the following poetic techniques: characterization through direct speech, similes in character speech, and type scenes.
Book 23
Authors: Gazis George Alexander
Published: July 2024

Iliad 23 has fascinated readers and scholars as much as it has been neglected by them. Entering the narrative after the most anticipated and pivotal event of the Iliad, Achilles’s duel with Hector, book 23 emanates the aura of a much-needed pause in the action, the need to take in the rapid events of the last, action-packed, six books, and allow space for the heroes and the audience to recuperate before moving to the close of the Iliad. Iliad 23 offers a view of the Achaean army inaccessible elsewhere, free of the fear of death but simultaneously familiar to the reader, as issues related to kleos, timē, and heroic standing in Homeric society are evoked within the microcosm of the funeral games.