bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome-Wide Association Study of Fiber Diameter in Alpacas
Authors: More Manuel , Veli Eudosio , Cruz Alan , Gutiérrez Juan Pablo , Gutiérrez Gustavo , Ponce de León F. Abel
Published: October 2023

The aim of this study was the identification of candidate genomic regions associated with fiber diameter in alpacas. DNA samples were collected from 1011 female Huacaya alpacas from two geographical Andean regions in Peru (Pasco and Puno), and three alpaca farms within each region. The samples were genotyped using an Affymetrix Custom Alpaca genotyping array containing 76,508 SNPs. After the quality controls, 960 samples and 51,742 SNPs were retained. Three association study methodologies were performed. The GWAS based on a linear model allowed us to identify 11 and 35 SNPs (−log10(p-values) > 4) using information on all alpacas and alpacas with extreme values of fiber diameter, respectively. The haplotype and marker analysis method allowed us to identify nine haplotypes with standardized haplotype heritability higher than six standard deviations. The selection signatures based on cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) allowed us to identify 180 SNPs with XP-EHH values greater than |3|. Four candidate regions with adjacent SNPs identified via two association methods of analysis are located on VPA6, VPA9, VPA29 and one chromosomally unassigned scaffold. This study represents the first analysis of alpaca whole genome association with fiber diameter, using a recently assembled alpaca SNP microarray.
Asymmetry Thresholds Reflecting the Visual Assessment of Forelimb Lameness on Circles on a Hard Surface
Authors: Macaire Claire , Hanne-Poujade Sandrine , De Azevedo Emeline , Denoix Jean-Marie , Coudry Virginie , Jacquet Sandrine , Bertoni Lélia , Tallaj Amélie , Audigié Fabrice , Hatrisse Chloé , Hébert Camille , Martin Pauline , Marin Frédéric , Chateau Henry
Published: October 2023

The assessment of lameness in horses can be aided by objective gait analysis tools. Despite their key role of evaluating a horse at trot on a circle, asymmetry thresholds have not been determined for differentiating between sound and lame gait during this exercise. These thresholds are essential to distinguish physiological asymmetry linked to the circle from pathological asymmetry linked to lameness. This study aims to determine the Asymmetry Indices (AIs) with the highest power to discriminate between a group of sound horses and a group of horses with consistent unilateral lameness across both circle directions, as categorized by visual lameness assessment conducted by specialist veterinarians. Then, thresholds were defined for the best performing AIs, based on the optimal sensitivity and specificity. AIs were calculated as the relative comparison between left and right minima, maxima, time between maxima and upward amplitudes of the vertical displacement of the head and the withers. Except the AI of maxima difference, the head AI showed the highest sensitivity (≥69%) and the highest specificity (≥81%) for inside forelimb lameness detection and the withers AI showed the highest sensitivity (≥72%) and the highest specificity (≥77%) for outside forelimb lameness detection on circles.
Deciphering the Role of Selenoprotein M
Authors: Nunes Lance G. A. , Cain Antavius , Comyns Cody , Hoffmann Peter R. , Krahn Natalie
Published: October 2023

Selenocysteine (Sec), the 21st amino acid, is structurally similar to cysteine but with a sulfur to selenium replacement. This single change retains many of the chemical properties of cysteine but often with enhanced catalytic and redox activity. Incorporation of Sec into proteins is unique, requiring additional translation factors and multiple steps to insert Sec at stop (UGA) codons. These Sec-containing proteins (selenoproteins) are found in all three domains of life where they often are involved in cellular homeostasis (e.g., reducing reactive oxygen species). The essential role of selenoproteins in humans requires us to maintain appropriate levels of selenium, the precursor for Sec, in our diet. Too much selenium is also problematic due to its toxic effects. Deciphering the role of Sec in selenoproteins is challenging for many reasons, one of which is due to their complicated biosynthesis pathway. However, clever strategies are surfacing to overcome this and facilitate production of selenoproteins. Here, we focus on one of the 25 human selenoproteins, selenoprotein M (SELENOM), which has wide-spread expression throughout our tissues. Its thioredoxin motif suggests oxidoreductase function; however, its mechanism and functional role(s) are still being uncovered. Furthermore, the connection of both high and low expression levels of SELENOM to separate diseases emphasizes the medical application for studying the role of Sec in this protein. In this review, we aim to decipher the role of SELENOM through detailing and connecting current evidence. With multiple proposed functions in diverse tissues, continued research is still necessary to fully unveil the role of SELENOM.
Natural Bio-Compounds from Ganoderma lucidum and Their Beneficial Biological Actions for Anticancer Application: A Review
Authors: Cadar Emin , Negreanu-Pirjol Ticuta , Pascale Carolina , Sirbu Rodica , Prasacu Irina , Negreanu-Pirjol Bogdan-Stefan , Tomescu Cezar Laurentiu , Ionescu Ana-Maria
Published: October 2023

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been known for many centuries in Asian countries under different names, varying depending on the country. The objective of this review is to investigate the scientific research on the natural active bio-compounds in extracts obtained from G. lucidum with significant biological actions in the treatment of cancer. This review presents the classes of bio-compounds existing in G. lucidum that have been reported over time in the main databases and have shown important biological actions in the treatment of cancer. The results highlight the fact that G. lucidum possesses important bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids, sterols, proteins, nucleotides, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, which have been demonstrated to exhibit multiple anticancer effects, namely immunomodulatory, anti-proliferative, cytotoxic, and antioxidant action. The potential health benefits of G. lucidum are systematized based on biological actions. The findings present evidence regarding the lack of certainty about the effects of G. lucidum bio-compounds in treating different forms of cancer, which may be due to the use of different types of Ganoderma formulations, differences in the study populations, or due to drug–disease interactions. In the future, larger clinical trials are needed to clarify the potential benefits of pharmaceutical preparations of G. lucidum, standardized by the known active components in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
Enhancing 3D Lung Infection Segmentation with 2D U-Shaped Deep Learning Variants
Authors: Pravitasari Anindya , Asnawi Mohammad , Nugraha Farid , Darmawan Gumgum , Hendrawati Triyani
Published: October 2023

Accurate lung segmentation plays a vital role in generating 3D projections of lung infections, which contribute to the diagnosis and treatment planning of various lung diseases, including cases like COVID-19. This study capitalizes on the capabilities of deep learning techniques to reconstruct 3D lung projections from CT-scans. In this pursuit, we employ well-established 2D architectural frameworks like UNet, LinkNet, Attention UNet, UNet 3+, and TransUNet. The dataset used comprises 20 3D CT-scans from COVID-19 patients, resulting in over 2900 raw 2D slices. Following preprocessing, the dataset is refined to encompass 2560 2D slices tailored for modeling. Preprocessing procedures involve mask refinement, image resizing, contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE), and image augmentation to enhance the data quality and diversity. Evaluation metrics, including Intersection over Union (IoU) and dice scores, are used to assess the models’ performance. Among the models tested, Attention UNet stands out, demonstrating the highest performance. Its key trait of harnessing attention mechanisms enhances its ability to focus on crucial features. This translates to exceptional results, with an IoU score of 85.36% and dice score of 91.49%. These findings provide valuable insights into guiding the selection of an appropriate architecture tailored to specific requirements, considering factors such as segmentation accuracy and computational resources, in the context of 3D lung projection reconstruction.
LIF-M: A Manifold-Based Approach for 3D Robot Localization in Unstructured Environments
Authors: Zhang Shengkai , Liu Yuanji , Li Qingdu
Published: October 2023

Accurate localization of robots in unstructured environments poses challenges due to low localization accuracy and local trajectory oscillation caused by complex feature points when using Euclidean-based filtering methods. In this study, we propose a novel 3D robot localization method named LIF-M that leverages a manifold-based approach in conjunction with an unscented Kalman filter (UKF-M). Additionally, a relocalization algorithm is designed to ensure localization stability. The proposed method addresses the limitations of conventional Euclidean-based filtering methods by incorporating manifold-based techniques, providing a more comprehensive representation of the complex geometric features. We introduce the manifold concept, where the relevant definition is defined and utilized within the LIF-M framework. By combining left and right invariants, we effectively reduce noise uncertainty, resulting in improved localization accuracy. Moreover, we employ sigma points as a matrix representation of the state points’ space in order to seamlessly transition between the matrix space and the vector representation of the tangent space. Experimental tests and error calculations were conducted to evaluate the performance of various algorithm frameworks, and the results demonstrated the importance of the manifold-based approach for accurate attitude estimation. Compared to the standard UKF, the manifold space equips LIF-M with better robustness and stability in unstructured environments.
A Review of the Evolution Characteristics and Argillization of Clay Interbeds in Rockslides
Authors: Song Qi , Song Kun
Published: October 2023

Weak interlayers in rockslides often become the controlling factor for slope deformation due to their poor physical properties and tendency to undergo argillization. Achieving a comprehensive understanding of the weak interlayers will help us comprehend the mechanism of rock slope failure and protect people’s property. Some weak interlayers will develop into clay interbeds after tectonic activity and long-term groundwater action. A comprehensive review of clay interbeds includes a discussion on the formation conditions, the governing factors of the argillization process, and the investigation methods. The clay minerals in clay interbeds, illite, montmorillonite, and Kaolinite, play a major role in the acceleration of the argillization process. The argillization process can be observed through scanning technology and investigated using nonlinear dynamics, statistics, and numerical modeling methods, which may result in limitations for extracting parameters. It is necessary to conclude a unified evaluation standard to find the basic commonness during the argillization process of clay interbeds. It would be a future trend to establish the quantitative relationships among the mechanical strength, micro-structure and content of clay minerals of the clay interbeds during the argillization process.
Soil Heavy-Metal Pollution Prediction Methods Based on Two Improved Neural Network Models
Authors: Wang Zhangang , Zhang Wenshuai , He Yunshan
Published: October 2023

Current soil pollution prediction methods need improvement, especially with regard to accuracy in supplementing missing heavy-metal values in soil, and the accuracy and slow convergence speed of methods for predicting heavy-metal content at unknown points. To reduce costs and improve prediction accuracy, this study used two neural network models (SA-FOA-BP and SE-GCN) to supplement missing heavy-metal values and efficiently predict heavy-metal content in soil. The SA-FOA-BP model combines simulated annealing and fruit fly algorithms to optimize the parameter search method in traditional BP neural networks and improve prediction of missing heavy-metal values in soil. A spatial information fusion graph convolutional network prediction model (SE-GCN) constructs a spatial information encoder that can perceive spatial context information, and embeds it with spatial autocorrelation used for auxiliary learning to predict the heavy-metal content in soil. From the experimental results, the SE-GCN model demonstrates improved performance in terms of evaluation indicators compared with other models. Application analysis of the two improved neural network models was conducted; application scenarios and suitability were analyzed, showing that these models have practical application value for soil pollution prediction.
Study on the Influence of Gas Desorption Characteristics of Different Coal Bodies under Hydraulic Permeability Enhancement
Authors: Ma Shuyin , Zhang Qinghua , Cao Jianjun , Xue Sheng
Published: October 2023

To investigate the influence of hydraulic permeability enhancement on the gas desorption and accumulation characteristics of water-bearing coal bodies and deeply implement hydraulic fracturing measures to prevent and control gas disasters in coal seams, isothermal adsorption/desorption tests, low-pressure CO2 adsorption tests, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests were performed on anthracite from Anbao Coal Mine in Guizhou and bituminous coal from Huainan Pan’er Coal Mine. The study results showed that the gas desorption by kinds of water-bearing coal samples (anthracite) and bituminous coal (PE) was evidently promoted by stress. After each stress path, differences were observed between coal samples in gas desorption, which, however, presented similar variation trends. The gas desorption of the AB coal samples was greater than that of PE coal samples, and the increment of the limiting gas desorption by the AB coal samples was greater than that by the PE coal samples. The specific surface area of the AB coal samples was larger than that of the PE coal samples, and they both contained hydrophilic minerals and moisture. It was found through field observation that after hydraulic permeability enhancement acted upon water-bearing coal, the desorbed gas passively migrated under the stress action. When the coal body was free from the hydraulic stress action, gas started flowing back. The study results reveal the influence of hydraulic permeability enhancement on the accumulated gas desorption characteristics of water-bearing coal, and will be of theoretical and practical engineering significance for the prevention and control of gas disasters in coal seams using hydraulic measures.
Creep Analysis of Rotating Thick Cylinders Subjected to External and Internal Pressure: Analytical and Numerical Approach
Authors: Es-Saheb Mahir H. , Fouad Yasser
Published: October 2023

Creep analysis is crucial when dealing with thick rotating cylinders exposed to a steady load or stress at a higher temperature. These cylinders present a fundamental constituent in a variety of dynamic engineering applications, such as pressure vessels, hydraulic cylinders, gun barrels, boilers, fuel tanks, aerospace technologies, nuclear reactors, and military equipment. Thus, severe mechanical and thermal loads cause significant creep and reduce service life. Hence, the prediction of creep in such axisymmetric components, including pressure vessels, subjected to steady load at elevated temperatures is extremely important and quite a complex task. Thus, in this study, the creep behavior in a rotating thick-walled cylinder made of Al-SiCp composite subjected to constant load as well as internal and external pressures is investigated, both analytically and numerically, using FEM. A wide range of rotational speeds effect on the process is also included. The creep behavior is assumed to follow the Norton constitutive model, and for stress failure analysis, von Mises yield criteria are adopted. The effect of internal and external pressures, as well as the rotational speed on the stresses, strains, and strain rates in the cylinder, is studied and presented. Both finite element analysis (FEA) and Lame’s theory were used to determine the radial, tangential, and longitudinal displacements and corresponding stresses, as well as the equivalent Von Mises stresses and strain rate distributions in the cylinder revolving about its own axis. It is observed that with the increase of the internal pressure in the cylinder, the strain rate increases. Meanwhile, when subjecting the cylinder to both external and internal pressures, the strain rates tend to decrease. For instance, it was also found that stress and strain rates were higher for the 1000 rad/sec rotational speed of thick cylinder in comparison with lower rotational speeds of 300 and 500 rad/sec. Also, it is noticed that the variation in these values at the inner radius was more than those found at the outer radius. All results of the stresses, strains, and strain rate distributions obtained are found to be in full agreement with the published data. Furthermore, all plotted results of the stresses, strains, and strain rate distributions obtained through the analytical approach were found to be in exceptional compliance with those solutions obtained using finite element analysis (FEA).
Numerical Investigation of the Pile–Soil Interaction Problem under Dynamic Loads
Authors: Bildik Selçuk , Tanrıöver Haluk
Published: October 2023

One of the most important problems of geotechnical engineering is the design of pile foundations. Piles are generally designed for vertical and horizontal static loads. However, it is important to design piles against dynamic loads in regions with high seismicity. This study verified a centrifuge experiment obtained from the literature with a finite element program. With the kinematic interaction analyses performed for this purpose, the effect of parameters such as layered soil, groundwater, pile stiffness, and earthquake acceleration were investigated numerically. According to the results obtained, it was understood that the earthquake magnitude is the most important parameter in kinematic interaction analyses. In addition, in layered soil conditions, the fact that 75% of the pile length is in the weak soil creates the most unfavorable situation. It was observed that pile stiffness and groundwater level also have certain effects on the kinematic interaction.
Effects of Hydrolysates from Silkworms Fed Cudrania tricuspidata Leaves on Improvement of Memory in Rats with Impaired Memory Induced by Scopolamine
Authors: An Gyu-Mi , Jung Tae-Hwan , Yun Sung-Seob , Choi Jae-Hwan , Nam Min-Ji , Han Kyoung-Sik
Published: October 2023

This study investigated the memory-improving effects and mechanisms of action of hydrolysate from silkworm fed Cudrania tricuspidata leaves (HSCT) in rats with scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Thirty-two rats were categorized into 4 groups and the experiment was conducted for 6 weeks. The experimental diet groups are as follows: control, control diet; scopolamine, control diet + scopolamine (0.7 mg/kg); HSCT, HSCT diet + scopolamine (0.7 mg/kg); and donepezil, control diet + scopolamine (0.7 mg/kg) + donepezil (1.0 mg/kg). Except for the control group, the experimental groups received scopolamine 0.7 mg/kg intraperitoneally to induce decline in memory. Animal behavioral tests such as the Barnes maze, novel object recognition test, and Y-maze were performed to investigate the effects of HSCT on memory improvement. In addition, brain acetylcholine (ACh) concentration and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were assessed to investigate the mechanism of memory improvement. Results of the animal behavior test suggested that the rats administered HSCT displayed improved memory behavior compared to those administered scopolamine (p < 0.05). The concentration of Ach was increased in the HSCT group compared to the scopolamine group (p < 0.05), and the activity of AChE was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). These results suggest that HSCT effectively improves memory by reducing AChE activity and increasing ACh content in the brains of rats with scopolamine-induced memory impairment. As a natural compound, HSCT has the potential to be used as a material to improve memory.
Artificial Intelligence in Aviation: New Professionals for New Technologies
Authors: Kabashkin Igor , Misnevs Boriss , Zervina Olga
Published: October 2023

Major aviation organizations have highlighted the need to adopt artificial intelligence (AI) to transform operations and improve efficiency and safety. However, the aviation industry requires qualified graduates with relevant AI competencies to meet this demand. This study analyzed aviation engineering bachelor’s programs at European universities to determine if they are preparing students for AI integration in aviation by incorporating AI-related topics. The analysis focused on program descriptions and syllabi using semantic annotation. The results showed a limited focus on AI and machine learning competencies, with more emphasis on foundational digital skills. Reasons include the newness of aviation AI, its specialized nature, and implementation challenges. As the industry evolves, dedicated AI programs may emerge. But currently, curricula appear misaligned with stated industry goals for AI adoption. The study provides an analytical methodology and competency framework to help educators address this gap. Producing graduates equipped with AI literacy and collaboration skills will be key to aviation’s intelligent future.
Nonextraction Orthodontic Treatment of Severely Impacted Maxillary Canines through Transalveolar Transplantation in a 10-Year-Old Patient: A Case Report with a 6-Year Follow-Up Period
Authors: Park Jae Hyun , Oh Jiyoung , Lim Kooyoung , Chou Alex Hung Kuo , Kook Yoon-Ah , Han Seong Ho
Published: October 2023

Objective: This case report describes the interdisciplinary treatment of a 10-year-old girl with asymmetric Class III malocclusion, severe maxillary crowding, and bilaterally impacted maxillary canines. Clinical considerations: The clinical decision-making factors regarding treatment alternatives and the final treatment plan are discussed. A two-phase nonextraction therapy was implemented to relieve severe crowding, eliminate the maxillary canine impactions, and compensate for skeletal Class III malocclusion. The first treatment phase involved aligning the left canine through conventional orthodontic traction, while the more deeply horizontally impacted right canine was corrected through transalveolar transplantation. In the second phase, the Class III dental relationship was corrected through mandibular molar retraction. The effective use of various temporary skeletal anchorage devices such as modified c-palatal plates and mini-implants was illustrated. Conclusions: At the end of the treatment, esthetic dental alignment was achieved, along with improved facial balance. The transplanted maxillary right canine showed good health and a favorable long-term prognosis over six years after the procedure.
Drilling Parameters Multi-Objective Optimization Method Based on PSO-Bi-LSTM
Authors: Wang Jianhua , Yan Zhi , Pan Tao , Zhu Zhaopeng , Song Xianzhi , Yang Donghan
Published: October 2023

The increasing exploration and development of complex oil and gas fields pose challenges to drilling efficiency and safety due to the presence of formations with varying hardness, abrasiveness, and rigidity. Consequently, there is a growing demand for drilling parameter optimization and speed-up technologies. However, existing models based on expert experience can only achieve single-objective optimization with limited accuracy, making real-time adaptation to changing drilling conditions and formation environments challenging. The emergence of artificial intelligence provides a new approach for optimizing drilling parameters. In this study, we introduce the Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) deep learning algorithm with the attention mechanism to predict the rate of penetration (ROP). This algorithm improves the ROP prediction accuracy to 98.33%, ensuring reliable subsequent optimization results. Additionally, we propose a coupling optimization algorithm that combines Bi-LSTM with the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) to enhance drilling efficiency through parameter optimization. Our approach aims to maximize drilling footage while maintaining the highest ROP. The optimal solutions obtained are verified through multi-parameter cloud image analysis, yielding consistent results. The application of our approach demonstrates an 81% increase in drilling speed and a 28% reduction in drill bit energy losses. Moreover, the real-time optimization results effectively guide field operations.
Deep Neural Networks in Medical Imaging: Privacy Preservation, Image Generation and Applications
Authors: Stoian Diana Ioana , Leonte Horia Andrei , Vizitiu Anamaria , Suciu Constantin , Itu Lucian Mihai
Published: October 2023

Medical Imaging plays a key role in disease management, starting from baseline risk assessment, diagnosis, staging, therapy planning, therapy delivery, and follow-up [...]
Linear Plasma Device for the Study of Plasma–Surface Interactions
Authors: Rakhadilov Bauyrzhan , Satbayeva Zarina , Kusainov Arystanbek , Naimankumaruly Erasyl , Abylkalykova Riza , Sulyubayeva Laila
Published: October 2023

At the research and production company “PlasmaScience” (Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan), a linear plasma generator installation, KAZ-PSI (Kazakhstan Plasma Generator for Plasma Surface Interactions), has been developed and constructed for the study of the interaction of plasma and materials. This article outlines some features of the developed experimental installation designed for the investigation of surface–plasma interactions. The primary components of the linear plasma installation include an electron-beam gun with a LaB6 cathode, a plasma-beam discharge chamber, an interaction chamber, a target device, and an electromagnetic system comprising electromagnetic coils. The KAZ-PSI unit enables continuous plasma generation using hydrogen, deuterium, helium, argon, and nitrogen. The electron density of the plasma is in the range of about 1017–1018 m−3 and the electron temperature is in the range of 1 to 20 eV. The incident ion energy is regulated by applying a negative potential of up to 2 kV to the target. Experiments on the irradiation of tungsten with helium plasma were carried out using the KAZ-PSI installation for the first time. This article presents the research findings on the structure and properties of tungsten relative to the temperature of helium plasma irradiation. Alterations in roughness, microstructure, hardness, modulus of elasticity, and erosion of the tungsten’s surface following helium plasma irradiation at varying temperatures were examined. The study’s results indicate that helium plasma irradiation induces changes in the morphology of the tungsten’s surface, creating surface relief due to sputtering by helium ions, as well as the formation of blisters. Mechanical testing revealed that after irradiation at T = 500 °C, there was an increase in hardness of up to 10%, and a slight decrease in modulus of elasticity. And after irradiation at T = 900 °C and T = 1300 °C, both hardness and elastic modulus decreased with rising temperature. The tungsten surface erosion evaluation results showed that the degrees of surface erosion increase with increasing target temperature.
Examining the Efficiency of Electric-Assisted Mountain Biking across Different Types of Terrain
Authors: Rauter Samo , Supej Matej , Vodičar Janez
Published: October 2023

Mountain bikes with electric assistance (e-bikes) have gained popularity recently by allowing riders to increase their pedaling power through an electric motor. This innovation has raised questions about how e-bikes compare to traditional mountain bikes regarding physical effort, speed, and physiological demands. By examining these factors, the study aims to compare and characterize differences in performance-related parameters when using an electric-assisted mountain bike compared to a conventional mountain bike on different types of terrain (uphill, downhill, flat section, technically demanding terrain) concerning power output, velocity, cardiorespiratory parameters, and energy expenditure. Six experienced mountain bikers (mean age: 44.6 ± 6.4 years, mean body height: 173.3 ± 5.6 cm, mean body weight: 70.6 ± 4.9 kg) cycled 4.5 km on varying off-road terrain at their own race pace, once with and once without electrical assistance, in randomized order. The results of the study indicate significantly faster (24.3 ± 1.85 to 17.2 ± 1.22 km/h (p < 0.001)) cycling on an electric-assisted mountain bike, which reduces cardiorespiratory parameters and metabolic effort as well as results in less demanding workload (138.5 ± 31.8 W) during the cycling with an electric-assisted mountain bike in comparison to a conventional mountain bike (217.5 ± 24.3 W (p < 0.001)). The results indicate significant differences especially when riding uphill. The performance advantage of an electrically assisted mountain bike diminishes compared to a conventional mountain bike on downhill, flat, or technically challenging terrain. The highlighted advantages of electric-assisted mountain bikes could represent a novel strategy for cycling in different terrains to optimize efficiency.
Deadbeat Predictive Current Control for Surface-Mounted Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Weakened Integral Sliding Mode Compensation
Authors: Zhang Yongkang , Ji Chengsheng , You Qianliang , Sun Dexin , Xie Yuee
Published: October 2023

Deadbeat predictive current control (DPCC) has excellent dynamics and can achieve current control with less computational effort. However, its control performance relies on the precision of the parameters of the motor. Current static error will be generated and control performance will be decreased when the predictive model parameters do not correspond to the practical parameters of the motor. In this article, a weakened integral sliding mode compensation method is proposed which converts the current error into a voltage compensation term and adds it to the prediction control output to effectively compensate for the steady-state error. In addition, a boundary layer is introduced to weaken the integral so as to solve the problems of integral saturation and overshoot caused by the introduction of the integral term when the error is large. Moreover, weight factors are introduced to optimize the feedback current, which enhances the robustness of the system. In the end, the effectiveness of this method is verified via simulation and experimental results.
On the Spatiotemporal Pattern Formation in Nonlinear Coupled Reaction–Diffusion Systems
Authors: Singh Satyvir , Msmali Ahmed Hussein
Published: October 2023

Nonlinear coupled reaction–diffusion (NCRD) systems have played a crucial role in the emergence of spatiotemporal patterns across various scientific and engineering domains. The NCRD systems considered in this study encompass various models, such as linear, Gray–Scott, Brusselator, isothermal chemical, and Schnakenberg, with the aim of capturing the spatiotemporal patterns they generate. These models cover a diverse range of intricate spatiotemporal patterns found in nature, including spots, spot replication, stripes, hexagons, and more. A mixed-type modal discontinuous Galerkin approach is employed for solving one- and two-dimensional NCRD systems. This approach introduces a mathematical formulation to handle the occurrence of second-order derivatives in diffusion terms. For spatial discretization, hierarchical modal basis functions premised on orthogonal scaled Legendre polynomials are used. Moreover, a novel reaction term treatment is proposed for the NCRD systems, demonstrating an intrinsic feature of the new DG scheme and preventing erroneous solutions due to extremely nonlinear reaction terms. The proposed approach reduces the NCRD systems into a framework of ordinary differential equations in time, which are addressed by an explicit third-order TVD Runge–Kutta algorithm. The spatiotemporal patterns generated with the present approach are comparable to those found in the literature. This approach can readily be expanded to handle large multi-dimensional problems that appear as model equations in developed biological and chemical applications.
Deciphering Electrolyte Degradation in Sodium-Based Batteries: The Role of Conductive Salt Source, Additives, and Storage Condition
Authors: Hashimov Mahir , Hofmann Andreas
Published: October 2023

This work investigates the stability of electrolyte systems used in sodium-ion-based batteries. The electrolytes consist of a 1:1 (v:v) mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC), a sodium-conducting salt (either NaPF6 or NaTFSI), and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), respectively, sodium difluoro(oxalato) borate (NaDFOB), as additives. Through systematic evaluation using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we analyze the formation of degradation products under different conditions including variations in temperature, vial material, and the presence or absence of sodium metal. Our results reveal the significant influence of the conductive salt’s source on degradation. Furthermore, we observe that FEC’s stability is affected by the storage temperature, vial material, and presence of sodium metal, suggesting its active involvement in the degradation process. Additionally, our results highlight the role of NaDFOB as an additive in mitigating degradation. The study provides crucial insights into the complex network of degradation reactions occurring within the electrolyte, thus informing strategies for improved electrolyte systems in sodium-based batteries. Since the production, material selection and storage of electrolytes are often insufficiently described, we provide here an insight into the different behavior of electrolytes for Na-ion batteries.
PEI/Super P Cathode Coating: A Pathway to Superior Lithium–Sulfur Battery Performance
Authors: Heo Junhee , Min Gyeonguk , Lee Jae Bin , Kim Patrick Joohyun , Shin Kyuchul , Cheong In Woo , Kang Hyunchul , Yoon Songhun , Lim Won-Gwang , Lee Jinwoo , Joo Jin
Published: October 2023

Lithium–sulfur batteries exhibit a high energy density of 2500–2600 Wh/kg with affordability and environmental advantages, positioning them as a promising next-generation energy source. However, the insulating nature of sulfur/Li2S and the rapid capacity fading due to the shuttle effect have hindered their commercialization. In this study, we propose a method to boost the performance of lithium–sulfur batteries by modifying the sulfur cathode with a coating layer composed of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and Super P conductive carbon. The PEI/Super P-modified electrode retained 73% of its discharge capacity after 300 cycles at the 2 C scan rate. The PEI/Super P coated layer effectively adsorbs lithium polysulfides, suppressing the shuttle effect and acting as an auxiliary electrode to facilitate the electrochemical reactions of sulfur/Li2S. We analyzed the PEI/Super P-modified electrodes using symmetric cells, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The battery manufacturing method presented here is not only cost-effective but also industrially viable due to its compatibility with the roll-to-roll process.
A Glutaraldehyde-Free Crosslinking Method for the Treatment of Collagen-Based Biomaterials for Clinical Application
Authors: Steitz Marvin , Zouhair Sabra , Khan Mahamuda Badhon , Breitenstein-Attach Alexander , Fritsch Katharina , Tuladhar Sugat Ratna , Wulsten Dag , Wolkers Willem-Frederik , Sun Xiaolin , Hao Yimeng , Emeis Jasper , Lange Hans-E. , Berger Felix , Schmitt Boris
Published: October 2023

Biological bioprostheses such as grafts, patches, and heart valves are often derived from biological tissue like the pericardium. These bioprostheses can be of xenogenic, allogeneic, or autologous origin. Irrespective of their origin, all types are pre-treated via crosslinking to render the tissue non-antigenic and mechanically strong or to minimize degradation. The most widely used crosslinking agent is glutaraldehyde. However, glutaraldehyde-treated tissue is prone to calcification, inflammatory degradation, and mechanical injury, and it is incapable of matrix regeneration, leading to structural degeneration over time. In this work, we are investigating an alternative crosslinking method for an intraoperative application. The treated tissue‘s crosslinking degree was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. To confirm the findings, a collagenase assay was conducted. Uniaxial tensile testing was used to assess the tissue’s mechanical properties. To support the findings, the treated tissue was visualized using two-photon microscopy. Additionally, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed to study the overall protein secondary structure. Finally, a crosslinking procedure was identified for intraoperative processing. The samples showed a significant increase in thermal and enzymatic stability after treatment compared to the control, with a difference of up to 22.2 °C and 100%, respectively. Also, the tissue showed similar biomechanics to glutaraldehyde-treated tissue, showing greater extensibility, a higher failure strain, and a lower ultimate tensile strength than the control. The significant difference in the structure band ratio after treatment is proof of the introduction of additional crosslinks compared to the untreated control with regard to differences in the amide-I region. The microscopic images support these findings, showing an alteration of the fiber orientation after treatment. For collagen-based biomaterials, such as pericardial tissue, the novel phenolic crosslinking agent proved to be an equivalent alternative to glutaraldehyde regarding tissue characteristics. Although long-term studies must be performed to investigate superiority in terms of longevity and calcification, our novel crosslinking agent can be applied in concentrations of 1.5% or 2.0% for the treatment of biomaterials.
Long-Term Tetrabromobisphenol A Exposure Induces Gut Microbiota Imbalance and Metabolic Disorders via the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Signaling Pathway in the Regenerated Gut of Apostichopus japonicus
Authors: Song Xiaojun , Lin Ying , Zhang Yinfeng , Wang Zi , Li Xiaohan , Liu Jixiang , Jiang Wenwen , Chen Jianing , Wu Linxuan , Rong Junjie , Xu Kefeng , Wang Guodong
Published: October 2023

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a commonly utilized brominated flame retardant, is found in many types of abiotic and biotic matrices. TBBPA can increase oxidative stress, disrupt the endocrine system, cause neurodevelopmental disorders and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors to modulate lipid deposits in aquatic animals. However, the toxic mechanism of TBBPA on the gut microbiota and intestinal health remains unclear. Apostichopus japonicus is an ideal model for studying the relationship between environmental contaminants and intestinal health due to its unique capacity for evisceration and quickly regenerated intestine. In the present study, we investigated the toxic mechanism of TBBPA on the gut microbiota and intestinal health in the regenerated intestine of A. japonicus. The results show that TBBPA exposure decreased the health of the regenerated intestine and the enzymatic activities, alpha diversity indices, and the relative abundance of the gut microbiota. Transcriptome analysis shows that TBBPA exposure affected lipid metabolism via the PPAR signaling pathway during the process of intestinal regeneration in A. japonicus, suggesting that TBBPA exposure can affect the composition and function of the gut microbiota and intestinal health in the regenerated intestine of A. japonicus. These results provide a basis for further research on the potential toxicity of TBBPA to the intestinal health in animals.
SLC31A1 Identifying a Novel Biomarker with Potential Prognostic and Immunotherapeutic Potential in Pan-Cancer
Authors: Zhang Pei , Yang Heqi , Zhu Kaiguo , Chang Chen , Lv Wanrui , Li Ruizhen , Li Xiaoying , Ye Tinghong , Cao Dan
Published: October 2023

Solute carrier family 31 member 1 (SLC31A1) encodes a protein that functions as a homotrimer for the uptake of dietary copper. As a vital member of the cuproptosis gene family, it plays an essential role in both normal tissues and tumors. In this study, we analyzed SLC31A1 across human cancer types to gain a better understanding of SLC31A1’s role in cancer development. We searched for information using online databases to analyze, systematically and comprehensively, the role of SLC31A1 in tumors. Amongst nine cancer types, the expression of SLC31A1 was significantly different between tumors and normal tissues. According to further analysis, pancreatic cancer had the highest mutation rate of the SLC31A1 gene, and the methylation levels of the gene were significantly reduced in seven tumors. The expression of SLC31A1 is also linked to the infiltration of tumors by immune cells, the expression of immune checkpoint genes, and immunotherapy markers (TMB and MSI), suggesting that SLC31A1 may be of particular relevance in immunotherapy. This thorough analysis of SLC31A1 across different types of cancer gives us a clear and comprehensive insight into its role in causing cancer on a systemic level.
Active Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) Versus Total MMP-8 in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Disease Point-of-Care Diagnostics
Authors: Räisänen Ismo T. , Aji Nur Rahman Ahmad Seno , Sakellari Dimitra , Grigoriadis Andreas , Rantala Iina , Pätilä Tommi , Heikkilä Pia , Gupta Shipra , Sorsa Timo
Published: October 2023

Active matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) is a promising biomarker candidate for the modern periodontal and peri-implant disease diagnostics utilizing the chairside/point-of-care oral fluid technologies. These rapid biomarker analysis technologies utilize gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF), or mouth rinse as the oral fluid matrices that can be collected patient-friendly and non-invasively without causing bacteremia. aMMP-8, but not total or latent proMMP-8, has been shown to be a relevant biomarker to be implemented to the latest 2017 classification system of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Thus, aMMP-8 point-of-care-testing (POCT)—but not total or latent proMMP-8—can be conveniently used as an adjunctive and preventive diagnostic tool to identify and screen the developing and ongoing periodontal and peri-implant breakdown and disease as well as predict its episodic progression. Similarly, aMMP-8 POCT provides an important tool to monitor the treatment effect of these diseases, but also other diseases such as head and neck cancer, where it can identify and predict the rapid tissue destructive oral side-effects during and after the radiotherapy. Additionally, recent studies support aMMP-8 POCT benefitting the identification of periodontitis and diabetes as the escalating risk diseases for COVID-19 infection. Overall, aMMP-8 POCT has launched a new clinical field in oral medicine and dentistry, i.e., oral clinical chemistry.
Identification of Mispairing Omic Signatures in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells Producing a Tri-Specific Antibody
Authors: Sebastião Maria João , Hoffman Michael , Escandell José , Tousi Fatemeh , Zhang Jin , Figueroa Bruno , DeMaria Christine , Gomes-Alves Patrícia
Published: October 2023

Monoclonal antibody-based therapy has shown efficacy against cancer, autoimmune, infectious, and inflammatory diseases. Multispecific antibodies (MsAbs), including trispecifics (tsAbs), offer enhanced therapeutic potential by targeting different epitopes. However, when co-expressed from three or more different polypeptide chains, MsAb production can lead to incorrect chain assembly and co-production of mispaired species with impaired biological activity. Moreover, mispairing carries significant challenges for downstream purification, decreasing yields and increasing the cost of bioprocess development. In this study, quantitative transcriptomics and proteomics analyses were employed to investigate which signaling pathways correlated with low and high mispairing clone signatures. Gene and protein expression profiles of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) clones producing an tsAb were analyzed in the exponential growth and stationary (tsAb production) phase of fed-batch culture. Functional analysis revealed activated endoplasmic reticulum stress in high mispairing clones in both culture phases, while low mispairing clones exhibited expression profiles indicative of activated protein translation, as well as higher endocytosis and target protein degradation, suggesting the clearance of unfolded proteins through ubiquitin-mediated mechanisms. In addition, through transcriptomic profiling, we identified a group of genes that have the potential to be used as a biomarker panel tool for identifying high mispairing levels in the early stages of bioprocess development.
Synthetic Receptors for Early Detection and Treatment of Cancer
Authors: Davis Frank , Higson Séamus P. J.
Published: October 2023

Over recent decades, synthetic macrocyclic compounds have attracted interest from the scientific community due to their ability to selectively and reversibly form complexes with a huge variety of guest moieties. These molecules have been studied within a wide range of sensing and other fields. Within this review, we will give an overview of the most common synthetic macrocyclic compounds including cyclodextrins, calixarenes, calixresorcinarenes, pillarenes and cucurbiturils. These species all display the ability to form a wide range of complexes. This makes these compounds suitable in the field of cancer detection since they can bind to either cancer cell surfaces or indeed to marker compounds for a wide variety of cancers. The formation of such complexes allows sensitive and selective detection and quantification of such guests. Many of these compounds also show potential for the detection and encapsulation of environmental carcinogens. Furthermore, many anti-cancer drugs, although effective in in vitro tests, are not suitable for use directly for cancer treatment due to low solubility, inherent instability in in vivo environments or an inability to be adsorbed by or transported to the required sites for treatment. The reversible encapsulation of these species in a macrocyclic compound can greatly improve their solubility, stability and transport to required sites where they can be released for maximum therapeutic effect. Within this review, we intend to present the use of these species both in cancer sensing and treatment. The various macrocyclic compound families will be described, along with brief descriptions of their synthesis and properties, with an outline of their use in cancer detection and usage as therapeutic agents. Their use in the sensing of environmental carcinogens as well as their potential utilisation in the clean-up of some of these species will also be discussed.