bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The structural and motivational role of the unique lip‐flip movement in the gelada (Theropithecus gelada) facial display repertoire
Authors: Lazow Stefanie P. , Bergman Thore J.
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Human language represents an extreme form of communicative complexity. Primate facial display complexity, which depends upon facial mobility, can be used as a model for the study of the evolution of communicative complexity. The gelada (Theropithecus gelada) is the only primate that can produce a lip‐flip eversion. This study investigates the role of the lip‐flip relative to the bared‐teeth display to understand its role in generating communicative complexity.

Materials and methods

We reviewed videos of gelada social interactions. We utilized the facial action coding system (FACS) to define structural component action units (AUs) of each display. We inferred display motivation from the behaviors of the display sender.

Results

The lip‐flip was used only in combination with the essential AUs of the bared‐teeth display, serving as an optional structural element added to produce a structural variant. Both the bared‐teeth display with and without a lip‐flip occurred most frequently with nonaggressive, submissive behaviors. The lip‐flip was more frequently preceded by approach than the bared‐teeth display, especially in males. The lip‐flip was also present in the majority of structurally blended facial displays though the motivation of the non‐lip‐flip parent display often dominated.

Discussion

The lip‐flip may potentially function as an indicator of benign intent after an approach or as an intensifying component of nonaggressive intent. Adaptations to increase facial mobility in geladas via facilitating the lip‐flip may promote increased communicative complexity through increased conspicuousness and motivational signaling specification or intensification.
Cu‐Catalyzed Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Reactions of γ,γ‐Disubstituted Allyldiboron Compounds with Ketones
Authors: Zanghi Joseph M. , Meek Simon J.
Published: February 2020

A catalytic diastereo‐ and enantioselective method for the preparation of complex tertiary homoallylic alcohols containing a vicinal quaternary carbon stereogenic center and a versatile alkenylboronic ester is disclosed. Transformations are promoted by 5 mol % of a readily available copper catalyst bearing a bulky monodentate phosphoramidite ligand, which is essential for attaining both high dr and er. Reactions proceed with a wide variety of ketones and allylic 1,1‐diboronate reagents, which enables the efficient preparation of diverse array of molecular scaffolds.
Molecular Level Investigation of Oil Sludge at the Bottom of Oil Tank in Ratawi Oil Field by Atmospheric Pressure Photo Ionization Ultrahigh‐resolution Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Cho Yunju , Abed Hasanain Najm , Kim Sunghwan
Published: February 2020

The crude oil precipitate recovered from the bottom of oil tanks in the Ratawi oil field is analyzed by positive mode atmospheric pressure photoionization ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry (APPI UHR‐MS). The precipitate is fractionated into three fractions and according to the APPI UHR‐MS data, the mass spectrum of the top fraction is similar to that of the original oil while the middle fraction shows the lowest Mn and m/z distribution. The data obtained with APPI technique show that hydrocarbon molecules with aromatic rings and long alkyl chains are more abundant in the bottom fraction. In addition, vanadium is also found to be abundant in the bottom fraction. This study shows that aromatic compounds with long alkyl chains can be responsible for the solid deposits that are potentially harmful to oil processing equipment. Moreover, these results provide a basis for understanding the chemistry of the oil sludge formation.
Prognostic influence of acute decompensated heart failure in patients planned for transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Popovic Batric , Molho Antoine , Varlot Jeanne , Fay Renaud , Metzdorf Pierre A. , Elfarra Mazen , Maureira Pablo , Juillière Yves , Huttin Olivier , Camenzind Edoardo
Published: February 2020

Objective

The aim of our study was to evaluate the outcome of patients with severe aortic stenosis presenting with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and planned for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and to study the variables influencing their prognosis.

Methods

Our retrospective study included 801 patients planned for TAVI in our center. Seven hundred and fifty‐six underwent TAVI and were categorized according to ADHF as the initial clinical presentation into two groups: ADHF group (n = 261) and no‐ADHF group (n = 495).

Pre as well as periprocedural outcomes and 1 year mortality were analyzed.

Results

Among the patients planned for the TAVI procedure, 45 patients remained untreated: 35 patients died while waiting to undergo TAVI which represented 20% of all deaths in our study, ADHF was observed in 23 of 45 (51%) these untreated patients.

The 1‐year all‐cause mortality rate was significantly higher in the ADHF group versus the no‐ADHF group (27% vs. 15%, p < .0001). In multivariate analysis, male gender (odds ratio [OR] =2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37–4.57, p = .03), body mass index <25 kg/m2 (OR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.51–5.04, p = .0009), and logistic EuroSCORE II ≥20% (OR = 3.04, 95% CI: 1.56–5.94, p = .001) were associated with a higher 1‐year mortality in the ADHF group.

Conclusion

The patients eligible for TAVI presenting with ADHF were associated with a higher mortality for both: while on the waiting list for TAVI as well as at 1‐year follow‐up and thus asking for clearer criteria to prioritize action in this high‐risk TAVI patients.
Corneal cross‐linking as a treatment for corneal dystrophy with secondary bacterial infection in a Friesian horse
Authors: Casola Christina , Pot Simon A. , Lavaud Arnold , Voelter Katrin
Published: February 2020

Corneal cross‐linking should be considered as treatment option in Friesian horses with infectious keratitis and corneal dystrophy. Optical coherence tomography, giving information of corneal structure, can help for diagnosis and monitoring.
Pharyngolaryngeal spasm‐induced dysphagia in an epileptic patient undergoing vagus nerve stimulation therapy
Authors: Castellani Luca , Chiesa Valentina , Maccari Alberto , Fuccillo Emanuela , Canevini Maria Paola , Felisati Giovanni , Saibene Alberto Maria
Published: February 2020

Vagus nerve stimulation for refractory epilepsy may induce laryngeal side effects such as dysphonia and dysphagia. Careful tuning of the stimulation parameters and collaboration between epileptologists and otolaryngologists can help significantly reduce side effects.
Molten‐Salt Media Synthesis of N‐Doped Carbon Tubes Containing Encapsulated Co Nanoparticles as a Bifunctional Air Cathode for Zinc‐Air Batteries
Authors: Dong Qing , Wang Hui , Ji Shan , Wang Xuyun , Mo Zaiyong , Linkov Vladimir , Wang Rongfang
Published: February 2020

Cost efficient bifunctional air cathodes possessing high electrocatalytic activity are of great importance for the development of secondary Zn‐air batteries. In this work, cobalt nanoparticles are encapsulated within a 3D N‐doped open network of carbon tubes (Co@N‐CNTs) by a molten‐salt synthesis procedure conducted at a high temperature. Physical characterization demonstrates that Co@N‐CNTs are comprised of Co particle inserted carbon tubes with mesoporous tube walls, providing significant active surface area for electrochemical reactions. High electrocatalytic activity of Co@N‐CNTs towards both oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions is due to its well‐developed active surface and a synergistic effect between N‐doped carbon and Co nanoparticles. Both primary and secondary Zn‐air battery cells assembled using Co@N‐CNTs as an air cathode show higher electrochemical performance than similar cells containing commercial Pt/C and Pt/C +RuO2, making the newly developed material a promising alternative to existing metal‐based air cathodes.
Hydride Transfer to Gold: Yes or No? Exploring the Unexpected Versatility of Au⋅⋅⋅H−M Bonding in Heterobimetallic Dihydrides
Authors: Rocchigiani Luca , Klooster Wim T. , Coles Simon J. , Hughes David L. , Hrobárik Peter , Bochmann Manfred
Published: February 2020

The potential for coordination and H‐transfer from Cp2MH2 (M=Zr, W) to gold(I) and gold(III) complexes was explored in a combined experimental and computational study. [(L)Au]+ cations react with Cp2WH2 giving [(L)Au(κ2‐H2WCp2)]+ (L=IPr (1), cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (2), PPh3 (3) and Dalphos‐Me (4) [IPr=1,3‐bis(diisopropylphenyl)imidazolylidene; Dalphos‐Me=di(1‐adamantyl)‐2‐(dimethylamino)phenyl‐phosphine], while [Au(DMAP)2]+ (DMAP=p‐dimethylaminopyridine) affords the C2‐symmetric [Au(κ‐H2WCp2)2]+ (5). The Dalphos complex 4 can be protonated to give the bicationic adduct 4 H, showing AuI⋅⋅⋅H+−N hydrogen bonding. The gold(III) Lewis acid [(C^N−CH)Au(C6F5)(OEt2)]+ binds Cp2WH2 to give an Au‐H‐W σ‐complex. By contrast, the pincer species [(C^N^C)Au]+ adds Cp2WH2 by a purely dative W→Au bond, without Au⋅⋅⋅H interaction. The biphenylyl‐based chelate [(C^C)Au]+ forms [(C^C)Au(μ‐H)2WCp2]+, with two 2‐electron‐3‐centre W−H⋅⋅⋅Au interactions and practically no Au−W donor acceptor contribution. In all these complexes, strong but polarized W−H bonds are maintained, without H‐transfer to gold. On the other hand, the reactions of Cp2ZrH2 with gold complexes led in all cases to rapid H‐transfer and formation of gold hydrides. Relativistic DFT calculations were used to rationalize the striking reactivity and bonding differences in these heterobimetallic hydride complexes along with an analysis of their characteristic NMR parameters and UV/Vis absorption properties.
Intensified Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Hybrid Microwave and Ultrasound Treatments: Consecutive and Concurrent Modes
Authors: Shibatani Atsuya , Kan Haruka , Asakuma Yusuke , Saptoro Agus
Published: February 2020

Bubble formation around nucleated particle is inevitable when quick heating of microwave is employed in nanoparticle synthesis. Since these bubbles may cause bumping behavior, the bubble growth must be possibly suppressed to ensure stable microwave‐assisted operation. In this study, sequential and simultaneous ultrasound treatment and microwave irradiations on nanoparticle synthesis are proposed and investigated to assess the benefit of ultrasound in preventing superheating behavior and producing finer particles. Experimental results indicate that the inclusions of ultrasound treatment result in finer particle sizes and suppression of bumping behavior. Particularly, consecutive ultrasound treatment and microwave irradiation are recommendable due to its practicality and generating smallest bubbles and final particle sizes. This technique can therefore be expected as an innovative way to enhance industrial applications of quick thermal response induced by microwave.
Identification of mixed linkage β‐glucan quantitative trait loci and evaluation of AsCslF6 homoeologs in hexaploid oat
Authors: Fogarty Melissa C. , Smith Scott M. , Sheridan Jaime L. , Hu Gongshe , Islamovic Emir , Reid Rob , Jackson Eric W. , Maughan Peter J. , Ames Nancy P. , Jellen Eric N. , Hsieh Tzung‐Fu
Published: February 2020

Hexaploid oat (Avena sativa L.) is a commercially important cereal crop due in part to (1‐3,1‐4)‐β‐D‐glucan (β‐glucan), a hemicellulose important to human health. Cellulose synthase‐like (Csl) genes have been shown to contribute to β‐glucan production, with CslF6 likely being of major importance. Here, we report a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling β‐glucan production in oat. Three panels of elite accessions (Spring, Winter, and World Diversity) of oat were grown in multiple North American locations and genotyped using the Oat 6K Custom Infinium iSelect BeadChip. Independent GWAS were performed on each set of accessions and locations, with a meta‐analysis identifying 58 significantly associated markers. Synteny with the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genome identified four major regions of interest revealing the CslF and CslH gene families along with UGPase and AGPase as candidate genes. Subgenome‐specific expression of the A, C, and D AsCslF6 homoeologs revealed that AsCslF6_C is the least expressed in all tissue types and time points, with low‐β‐glucan varieties recording the highest proportion of AsCslF6_C expression. Linkage mapping of the homoeologs placed AsCslF6_D on consensus linkage group Mrg02 overlapping with QTL 2.2 and AsCslF6_A on Mrg12 flanked by markers associated with QTL 12.2. Many QTLs identified in this study were homoeologous, representing different gene copies duplicated in ancestral genomes, suggesting that multiple homoeologous copies of β‐glucan biosynthesis genes are contributing to the overall phenotype.
Molecular Organic Sensitizers for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Decavoli Cristina , Boldrini Chiara Liliana , Manfredi Norberto , Abbotto Alessandro
Published: February 2020

The photoelectrochemical approach to photoinduced water splitting is gaining increasing interest for solar fuels generation. Dye‐sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DS‐PEC) have been studied to improve the collection of the Vis range of solar radiation. Metal complexes have so far been the most investigated dyes but in recent years metal‐free organic dyes have emerged as a new frontier for the evolution of the sector. This Minireview systematically describes the use of organic sensitizers and has been organized in terms of dye‐sensitized photoactive electrode(s): photoanode; photocathode; tandem DS‐PEC with photoanode and photocathode. The main classes of dyes are introduced and described in their key properties, device performance, and water splitting data. Thanks to the increasing number of articles, this review highlights the growing importance of organic sensitizers and their molecular design for a more efficient solar generation of clean fuels.
Effect of Oligoethylene Chains on the Formation of Photoresponsive Nanotubes by Azobenzene Dyad
Authors: Saito Takuho , Yagai Shiki
Published: February 2020

Azobenzene dyad 1 possessing hydrophobic side chains has previously been reported to assemble into toroidal nanostructures, which can further stack to afford nanotubes in nonpolar media. In this study, amphiphilic dyad 2 was synthesized to obtain nanotubes with the hydrophilic interior. Dyad 2 directly assembled into nanotubes without forming isolatable toroidal nanostructures. UV light irradiation to the nanotubes resulted in monomerization by trans→cis photoisomerization, but following reconstruction by visible light irradiation afforded amorphous films, suggesting a kinetic trap of trans‐2 by residual cis‐2 through co‐aggregation.
Transcranial sonography imaging of brainstem raphe, substantia nigra and cerebral ventricles in patients with geriatric depression
Authors: Şenel Başak , Özel‐Kızıl Erguvan T. , Sorgun Mine H. , Tezcan‐Aydemir Sabiha , Kırıcı Sevinç
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Geriatric depression is a special condition associated with a chronic course, treatment resistance and vascular processes. However, its neurobiology has not been fully elucidated. There is no study in geriatric depression evaluating deep brain structures with transcranial sonography (TCS) which is a low‐cost, non‐invasive and practical tool. The present study aimed to evaluate the changes in the echogenicity of brainstem raphe (BR), substantia nigra (SN) and ventricular diameters by TCS in association with cognitive dysfunctions in patients with geriatric depression.

Methods

Echogenicity of BR and SN were assessed and transverse diameters of the third ventricle and frontal horns of the lateral ventricles were measured by TCS in 34 patients with DSM‐5 major depression and 31 healthy volunteers aged 60 and older. Cognitive functions were evaluated by using Mini Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Tool, Clock Drawing Test and Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire.

Results

Although depressed patients had more subjective memory complaints than controls, they had similar cognitive performances. Reduced echogenicity (interrupted/invisible echogenic line) of BR was found to be significantly higher and the ventricular diameters were larger in the depressed group. There was no difference between the groups in terms of SN echogenicity. There was no correlation between ventricular diameters and depression severity or cognitive functions.

Conclusions

Results of the present study are important in terms of pointing out neurobiological changes related to geriatric depression which are in parallel with the results of the studies in younger patients with depression. However, long‐term follow‐up studies are required for accurate differentiation of neurocognitive disorders.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma involving the maxillae: Factors affecting local recurrence and the value of salvage treatment for overall survival
Authors: Slieker Fons J. B. , de Bree Remco , Van Cann Ellen M.
Published: February 2020

Objective

To determine factors associated with local recurrence (LR) of oral squamous cell carcinoma involving the maxillae (MSCC) and overall survival (OS) after salvage treatment.

Subjects and Methods

Retrospective study of MSCC operated between 2000 and 2015. Kaplan‐Meier survival and Cox regression were used for analysis of MSCC‐associated clinical and histopathological factors.

Results

Ninety‐five patients were included. LR occurred in 24% of patients. Vascular invasion significantly increased the risk of LR (hazard ratio 4.595, P = .003). Local salvage surgery, in the area of the original tumor, significantly prolonged OS, compared to palliative treatment (P = .001) and extensive salvage surgery (P = .013). Extensive salvage surgery, requiring resection of adjacent facial structures, did not prolong OS compared to palliative treatment (P = .186).

Conclusions

MSCC with vascular invasion has higher risk of LR. Salvage surgery may prolong OS in small recurrences but might have dubious value for larger recurrences infiltrating adjacent facial structures.
Doxorubicin‐loaded polyphosphate glass microspheres for transarterial chemoembolization
Authors: Nix Hayden P. , Momeni Arash , Chevrier Daniel M. , Whitman Catherine A. , Filiaggi Mark J.
Published: February 2020

The standard of care for intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma is transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Drug‐eluting bead TACE (DEB‐TACE) has emerged as a leading form of TACE, as it uses highly calibrated microspheres to deliver consistent embolization and controlled drug release to the tumor microenvironment. We report here on doxorubicin (DOX)‐loaded polyphosphate glass microspheres (PGM) as a novel resorbable, radiopaque, preloaded DEB‐TACE platform. Coacervate composed of polyphosphate chains complexed with Ba2+, Ca2+, and Cu2+ can be loaded with DOX prior to PGM synthesis, with PGM production achieved using a water‐in‐oil emulsion technique at room temperature yielding highly spherical particles in clinically relevant size fractions. In vitro, DOX release was found to be linear, pH dependent, and in accordance with Type II non‐Fickian transport. PGM degradation was characterized by an initial burst release of degradation products over 7 days, followed by a plateau in mass loss at approximately 75% over a period of several weeks. in vitro studies indicate that PGM degradation products, namely Cu2+, are cytotoxic and may interact with eluted DOX to impair its pharmacological activity. With additional compositional considerations, this approach may prove promising for DEB‐TACE applications.
Hyperparathyroidism in Patients With X-Linked Hypophosphatemia
Authors: Lecoq Anne-Lise , Chaumet-Riffaud Philippe , Blanchard Anne , Dupeux Margot , Rothenbuhler Anya , Lambert Benoit , Durand Emmanuel , Boros Erika , Briot Karine , Silve Caroline , Francou Bruno , Piketty Marie , Chanson Philippe , Brailly-Tabard Sylvie , Linglart Agnès , Kamenický Peter
Published: February 2020

X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is characterized by increased activity of circulating FGF23 resulting in renal phosphate wasting and abnormal bone mineralization. Hyperparathyroidism may develop in XLH patients; however, its prevalence, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation are not documented. This observational study (CNIL 171036 v 0) recruited XLH adult patients in a single tertiary referral center. Each patient was explored in standardized conditions and compared with two healthy volunteers, matched for sex, age, and 25-OH vitamin D concentrations. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with hyperparathyroidism. The secondary endpoints were the factors influencing serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations and the prevalence of hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism. Sixty-eight patients (51 women, 17 men) were enrolled and matched with 136 healthy volunteers. Patients had higher PTH concentrations compared with healthy controls (53.5 ng/L, interquartile range [IQR] 36.7–72.7 versus 36.0 ng/L, IQR 27.7–44.0, p < .0001). Hyperparathyroidism was observed in 17 patients of 68 (25%). In patients, a positive relationship between PTH and calcium concentrations and a negative relationship between PTH and phosphate concentrations were observed. Seven (10%) patients (3 premenopausal women, 1 postmenopausal woman, and 3 men) were diagnosed with hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism. All underwent parathyroid surgery, with consecutive normalization of calcium and PTH concentrations. Hyperparathyroidism is a frequent complication in XLH adult patients. Disruption of the physiological regulation of PTH secretion contributes to parathyroid disease. Early-onset hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism can be effectively and safely cured by surgical resection. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Relationship between pancreatic cancer‐associated diabetes and cachexia
Authors: Liao Wei‐Chih , Chen Peng‐Ruei , Huang Cheng‐Chieh , Chang Yen‐Tzu , Huang Bo‐Shih , Chang Chin‐Chen , Wu Ming‐Shiang , Chow Lu‐Ping
Published: February 2020

Background

Pancreatic cancer‐associated diabetes mellitus (PCDM) is a paraneoplastic phenomenon characterized by worsening hyperglycaemia and weight loss. Galectin‐3 and S100A9, mediators of PCDM, have pro‐inflammatory functions and might thereby induce systemic inflammation and cachexia. We aimed to examine whether PCDM directly mediates cachexia.

Methods

Consecutive pancreatic cancer (PC) patients with and without PCDM (n = 88 each) with complete information were included. Cachexia was defined as weight loss >5% within 6 months or weight loss >2% and body mass index <20 kg/m2 or sarcopenia. Skeletal muscle mass was measured with lumbar skeletal muscle index (SMI) using computed tomography images. Cachexia‐related parameters (prevalence of cachexia, weight loss, and SMI) were compared between patients with and without PCDM. Relations between cachexia‐related parameters and fasting blood glucose or serum levels of galectin‐3 and S100A9 were analysed by Spearman correlation and logistic regression analyses.

Results

One hundred two (58.0%) patients had cachexia at diagnosis. No significant differences existed between patients with and without PCDM in prevalence of cachexia (64.8% vs. 51.1%, P = 0.093), percentage of weight loss (median 6.8 vs. 4.0, P = 0.085), and SMI (median 45.8 vs. 45.3 cm2/m2 in men, P = 0.119; 34.9 vs. 36.3 cm2/m2 in women, P = 0.418). In patients with cachexia, the percentage of weight loss and SMI were also similar between patients with and without PCDM. In patients with PCDM, fasting blood glucose was comparable between patients with and without cachexia (P = 0.458) and did not correlate with the percentage of weight loss (P = 0.085) or SMI (P = 0.797 in men and 0.679 in women). Serum S100A9 level correlated with fasting blood glucose (correlation coefficient 0.213, P = 0.047) but not with the percentage of weight loss (P = 0.977) or SMI (P = 0.247 in men and 0.458 in women). Serum galectin‐3 level also did not correlate with the percentage of weight loss (P = 0.226) and SMI (P = 0.201 in men and 0.826 in women). Primary tumour size was associated with cachexia (adjusted odds ratio per 1 cm increase 1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.60, P = 0.034), whereas PCDM, fasting blood glucose, and levels of galectin‐3 and S100A9 were not predictors of cachexia.

Conclusions

Neither fasting blood glucose nor levels of galectin‐3 and S100A9 were associated with cachexia‐related parameters. Mediators of PCDM and hyperglycaemia do not directly mediate PC‐induced cachexia.
Detection of TERT promoter mutation in serum cell‐free DNA using wild‐type blocking PCR combined with Sanger sequencing in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Akuta Norio , Suzuki Fumitaka , Kobayashi Mariko , Fujiyama Shunichiro , Kawamura Yusuke , Sezaki Hitomi , Hosaka Tetsuya , Kobayashi Masahiro , Saitoh Satoshi , Arase Yasuji , Ikeda Kenji , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: February 2020

Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation is the most frequent genetic alteration in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there is currently no suitable highly sensitive method that can detect such mutation using serum cell‐free DNA (cfDNA). We analyzed somatic point mutations that substitute cytosine for thymidine at position 228 (C228T), as one of the hotspots of TERT promoter mutations, in serum cfDNA using a highly sensitive detection method of wild‐type blocking polymerase chain reaction (WTB‐PCR) combined with Sanger sequencing. In TERT promoter mutation sensitivity study, synthetic oligonucleotides were prepared to determine the lowest detection limit of the WTB‐PCR, using serial dilutions of mutant‐type (MT) DNA in the background of wild‐type (WT) DNA. Using this technique, we conducted a longitudinal study in one patient who developed HCC during the follow‐up and determined the relationship between HCC and TERT C228T in serum cfDNA. In the sensitivity study, the mutant peak at position 228 was detected at 0.7% or higher but was not detected at 0.6%. Thus, sequencing analysis of WTB‐PCR product demonstrated the limit of detection in excess of 0.7% MT DNA in the background of WT DNA. One male patient with HCV‐related cirrhosis developed HCC during the follow‐up. TERT C228T was negative before the diagnosis of HCC, positive at the diagnosis of HCC and did not increase with advancement of malignancy. We developed a highly sensitive method for detection of TERT promoter mutation using WTB‐PCR combined with Sanger sequencing and demonstrated its clinical usefulness in the measurement of TERT C228T in serum cfDNA. Larger studies are needed to confirm these results and establish the clinical utility of this new method.
Identification of Icelandic tephras from the last two millennia in the White Sea region (Vodoprovodnoe peat bog, northwestern Russia)
Authors: Vakhrameeva Polina , Portnyagin Maxim , Ponomareva Vera , Abbott Peter M. , Repkina Tatiana , Novikova Anna , Koutsodendris Andreas , Pross Jörg
Published: February 2020

The generation of reliable age models for palaeoenvironmental and archaeological records in the Eurasian Arctic is often problematic when using conventional dating techniques. Tephrochronology can potentially improve the chronologies of such records and synchronise disparate sedimentary archives. However, to date, systematic tephra studies are lacking for this region. This paper presents the first cryptotephra data from the White Sea region (northwestern Russia) based on a peat core spanning the past ~1800 years. We identify seven geochemical glass populations that derive from six Icelandic volcanoes and correlate four of them to north European tephra isochrons; these include Askja ad 1875, the basaltic component of the ad 877 Landnám tephra, and tephras BTD‐15 (c. ad 1750–1650) and SL‐2/SB‐2 (ad 803–767) from unknown eruptions of Katla and Snæfellsjökull, respectively. The remaining three populations originate from Grímsvötn, Hekla and Katla; however, their attribution to individual eruptions remains ambiguous. These findings highlight the potential to extend the Late Holocene tephrochronological framework of northern Europe to the west Eurasian Arctic. The detection of at least three basaltic tephras in the core suggests that basaltic shards can be transported over larger distances than previously known and that peatlands are well suited to preserve such components.
Effect of endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery on snoring
Authors: Kim Do Hyun , Lee Min Hyeong , Lee Jaeyoon , Kim Sung Won
Published: February 2020

Background

As the number of endoscopic skull base surgeries has increased, postoperative changes in quality of life require attention, including evaluation of whether snoring symptoms change.

Objective

To investigate the effect of endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery on snoring and nasal symptom scores.

Methods

Between February 2009 and September 2018, 510 patients underwent skull base tumor resection via an endoscopic endonasal approach and were included in this study. Nasal symptoms were scored using the Nasal Obstruction Symptoms Evaluation (NOSE) scale and snoring symptoms were subjectively scored from 0 to 10 by partners using a visual analog scale (VAS). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed for pilot patient analysis.

Results

A pituitary adenoma was the most common surgical pathology encountered over the past 10 years (81.6% of all tumors). The NOSE scores increased significantly after surgery (pre‐surgery, 3.28 ± 3.18; post‐surgery, 4.09 ± 3.61; P < .001). The snoring VAS score decreased significantly postoperatively (pre‐surgery, 2.91 ± 2.74; post‐surgery, 2.43 ± 2.45; P < .001). A positive correlation was apparent between the NOSE and snoring score changes (r = 0.374; P < .001).

Conclusions

Snoring improved after endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery, associated with changes in nasal symptoms.

Level of Evidence

4.
Expanding the spectrum of SMAD3‐related phenotypes to agnathia‐otocephaly
Authors: Meier Nicole , Bruder Elisabeth , Miny Peter , Tercanli Sevgi , Filges Isabel
Published: February 2020

Background

Agnathia‐otocephaly is a rare and lethal anomaly affecting craniofacial structures derived from the first pharyngeal arch. It is characterized by agnathia, microstomia, aglossia, and abnormally positioned auricles with or without associated anomalies. Variants affecting function of OTX2 and PRRX1, which together regulate the neural crest cells and the patterning of the first pharyngeal arch as well as skeletal and limb development, were identified to be causal for the anomaly in a few patients.

Methods

Family‐based exome sequencing (ES) on a fetus with severe agnathia‐otocephaly, cheilognathopalatoschisis, laryngeal hypoplasia, fused lung lobes and other organ abnormalities and mRNA expression analysis were performed.

Results

Exome sequencing detected a de novo SMAD3 missense variant in exon 6 (c.860G>A) associated with decreased mRNA expression. Variants in SMAD3 cause Loeys–Dietz syndrome 3 presenting with craniofacial anomalies such as mandibular hypoplasia, micro‐ or retro‐gnathia, bifid uvula and cleft palate as well as skeletal anomalies and arterial tortuosity.

The SMAD3 protein acts as a transcriptional regulator in the transforming growth factor β (TGFB) and bone morphogenetic (BMP) signaling pathways, which play a key role in the development of craniofacial structures originating from the pharyngeal arches.

Conclusion

Agnathia‐otocephaly with or without associated anomalies may represent the severe end of a phenotypic spectrum related to variants in genes in the interacting SMAD/TGFB/BMP/SHH/FGF developmental pathways.
Relational Galois connections between transitive fuzzy digraphs
Authors: Cabrera Inma P. , Cordero Pablo , Muñoz‐Velasco Emilio , Ojeda‐Aciego Manuel , De Baets Bernard
Published: February 2020

Fuzzy‐directed graphs are often chosen as the data structure to model and implement solutions to several problems in the applied sciences. Galois connections have also shown to be useful both in theoretical and in practical problems.

In this paper, the notion of relational Galois connection is extended to be applied between transitive fuzzy directed graphs. In this framework, the components of the connection are crisp relations satisfying certain reasonable properties given in terms of the so‐called full powering.
Objective measurement of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms outside the clinic using the QbCheck: Reliability and validity
Authors: Ulberstad Fredrik , Boström Hans , Chavanon Mira‐Lynn , Knollmann Martin , Wiley James , Christiansen Hanna , Thorell Lisa B.
Published: February 2020

Objective measurements of ADHD symptom levels can be a highly valuable complement to ratings. However, sometimes it is not feasible to bring patients into the clinic/lab for assessment. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the psychometric properties of the QbCheck, an online computerized test that measures errors and reaction time as well as activity during testing using the computer's built‐in web camera. Study I (n = 27 adolescents/adults) investigated test–retest reliability and concurrent validity of the QbCheck. Study II included 142 adolescents/adults (69 with ADHD/73 controls) and investigated convergent and diagnostic validity, as well as usability, of the QbCheck. In Study I, the QbCheck showed high test–retest reliability and high concurrent validity. In Study II, high convergent validity was observed when studying associations between the QbCheck performed in the home and the QbTest performed at the clinic. In addition, the QbCheck discriminated well between patients with ADHD and controls, with a sensitivity of 82.6 and a specificity of 79.5. The QbCheck appears to be a valuable test with good psychometric properties and will thereby enable assessment of ADHD symptom levels in adolescents and adults outside the clinic in the home setting.
Solubilization of silica nanoparticles in alkanes and poly(α‐olefin)s by functionalized polyisobutylene oligomers
Authors: Rosenfeld Neil , Chao Chih‐Gang , Watson Christopher B. , Kumar Manyam P. , Madrahimov Sherzod T. , Bergbreiter David E.
Published: February 2020

Covalent and noncovalent chemical methods that use oligomeric lipophilic agents to solubilize silica nanoparticles in heptane and poly(α‐olefin) (EPAO) solvents are described. While only modest solubilization efficiencies are seen with an octadecyl group, a variety of terminally functionalized polyisobutylene (PIB) derivatives are more efficient. Both covalent and noncovalent chemistry was found to be effective. Covalent modification solubilized up to 34 wt% of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) as stable solutions in heptane or PAOs. Noncovalent modification was however more effective, solubilizing up to 70% of SiNPs in heptane or PAOs. The most successful covalent approach used PIB oligomers containing terminal triethoxysilane groups to covalently modify SiNPs. Alternatively, SiNPs that were first functionalized with amine groups could be solubilized in heptane or PAOs with polyisobutylene containing sulfonic acid groups using acid–base chemistry. Studies of these and other solubilization chemistry was also carried out using fluorescent labels, studies that confirmed the gravimetric analyses of the heptane‐solubilized SiNPs. Transmission electron microscopy of a PAO solution of these solutions showed that these SiNPs were present as small aggregates dispersed in the PAOs.
Synthesis of partially bio‐based triepoxides from naturally occurring myo‐inositol and their polyadditions
Authors: Shimokawaji Tomohiro , Sudo Atsushi
Published: February 2020

Partially bio‐based triepoxides, 1,3,5‐tri‐O‐methyl‐2,4,6‐tri‐O‐(oxiran‐2‐yl‐methyl)‐myo‐inositol (4) and 2,4,6‐tri‐O‐(oxiran‐2‐yl‐methyl)‐myo‐inositol 1,3,5‐orthoacetate (5), were synthesized from naturally occurring myo‐inositol. These two triepoxides differ from each other in terms of rigidity of the core structure; while the former triepoxide has a more flexible cyclohexane core, the latter has a highly rigid adamantane‐like orthoester core. Triepoxide 5 readily reacted with nucleophilic monomers such as diamines, dithiol, and trithiol to yield networked polymers. The glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of these polymers were higher than those of comparable networked polymers obtained by the polyaddition of triepoxide 4 with the same nucleophilic monomers, implying that the rigidity of the orthoester moiety contributed to the efficient restriction of the polymer chain in the synthesized networked polymers.
Preparation of Azido Polycarbonates via Bulk Polymerization of Halogenated Diols
Authors: St‐Charles Jean‐Christophe , Dubois Charles
Published: February 2020

Azido polymers find use as energetic binders in a variety of composite explosive and propellant applications, but few azido polyesters have previously been reported: a method is introduced for the preparation of two azido polycarbonates, poly(2,2’‐bisazidomethyl‐1,3‐propyl carbonate) and poly(3‐azido‐1,2‐propyl carbonate), possible binder candidates for energetics applications. The preparation method for these polymers involves a two‐step synthesis starting from the bulk polymerization of the commercially sourced diols with diphenyl carbonate in the presence of lanthanum (III) acetylacetonate as a neutral catalyst, and subsequent azidation in cyclohexanone. The physical and thermal characteristics of each are reported, indicating properties similar to other azido‐polymers. The thermal and mechanical properties of cured azido polyester resin mixtures are the subject of ongoing research.
p‐Synephrine, ephedrine, p‐octopamine and m‐synephrine: Comparative mechanistic, physiological and pharmacological properties
Authors: Stohs Sidney J. , Shara Mohd , Ray Sidhartha D.
Published: February 2020

Confusion and misunderstanding exist regarding the lack of cardiovascular and other adverse health effects of p‐synephrine and p‐octopamine relative to ephedrine and m‐synephrine (phenylephrine) which are known for their effects on the cardiovascular system. These four molecules have some structural similarities. However, the structural and stereochemical differences of p‐synephrine and p‐octopamine as related to ephedrine and m‐synephrine result in markedly different adrenergic receptor binding characteristics as well as other mechanistic differences which are reviewed. p‐Synephrine and p‐octopamine exhibit little binding to α‐1, α‐2, β‐1 and β‐2 adrenergic receptors, nor are they known to exhibit indirect actions leading to an increase in available levels of endogenous norepinephrine and epinephrine at commonly used doses. The relative absence of these mechanistic actions provides an explanation for their lack of production of cardiovascular effects at commonly used oral doses as compared to ephedrine and m‐synephrine. As a consequence, the effects of ephedrine and m‐synephrine cannot be directly extrapolated to p‐synephrine and p‐octopamine which exhibit significantly different pharmacokinetic, and physiological/pharmacological properties. These conclusions are supported by human, animal and in vitro studies that are discussed.
Assimilating polarimetric radar data with an ensemble Kalman filter: OSSEs with a tornadic supercell storm simulated with a two‐moment microphysics scheme
Authors: Zhu Kefeng , Xue Ming , Ouyang Kun , Jung Youngsun
Published: February 2020

The impact of assimilating differential reflectivity ZDR in addition to reflectivity (ZH) and radial velocity (Vr) from a polarimetric radar on the analysis of a tornadic supercell storm using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is studied in an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) framework assuming a perfect forecast model. A double‐moment microphysics scheme is used to allow for proper simulation of polarimetric signatures. Root‐mean‐square errors of analysed state variables are calculated and the structure and intensity of analysed fields and derived quantities are examined. Compared to the baseline experiment assimilating radial velocity and reflectivity only, the assimilation of additional ZDR further reduces the errors of all state variables. The analysed hydrometeor fields are improved in both pattern and intensity distributions. Polarimetric signatures including ZDR and KDP columns, and ZDR arc in the supercell, are much better reproduced. Sensitivity experiments are performed that exclude the updating of hydrometeor number concentrations by ZDR or of state variables not directly linked to ZDR via observation operators. The results show that if number concentrations are not updated together with the mixing ratios, most of the benefit of assimilating ZDR is lost. Among other state variables, the updating of water vapour mixing ratio qv has the largest positive impact while the impact of updating vertical wind w comes in second. The updating of horizontal wind components or temperature has a much smaller but still noticeable impact. Reliable flow‐dependent cross‐covariances among the state variables and observation prior as derived from the forecast ensemble and used in EnKF are clearly very beneficial.
Advances in Rational Design and Materials of High‐Performance Stretchable Electromechanical Sensors
Authors: Dinh Toan , Nguyen Thanh , Phan Hoang‐Phuong , Nguyen Tuan‐Khoa , Dau Van Thanh , Nguyen Nam‐Trung , Dao Dzung Viet
Published: February 2020

Stretchable and wearable sensor technology has attracted significant interests and created high technological impact on portable healthcare and smart human–machine interfaces. Wearable electromechanical systems are an important part of this technology that has recently witnessed tremendous progress toward high‐performance devices for commercialization. Over the past few years, great attention has been paid to simultaneously enhance the sensitivity and stretchability of the electromechanical sensors toward high sensitivity, ultra‐stretchability, low power consumption or self‐power functionalities, miniaturisation as well as simplicity in design and fabrication. This work presents state‐of‐the‐art advanced materials and rational designs of electromechanical sensors for wearable applications. Advances in various sensing concepts and structural designs for intrinsic stretchable conductive materials as well as advanced rational platforms are discussed. In addition, the practical applications and challenges in the development of stretchable electromechanical sensors are briefly mentioned and highlighted.
Optimizing computational resource management for the scientific gateways ecosystems based on the service‐oriented paradigm
Authors: Martins de Oliveira Edvard , Estrella Júlio Cézar , Botazzo Delbem Alexandre Claudio , Souza Pardo Mário Henrique , Guzzo da Costa Fausto , Defelicibus Alexandre , Reiff‐Marganiec Stephan
Published: February 2020

Science Gateways provide portals for experiments execution, regardless of the users' computational background. Nowadays its construction and performance need enhancement in terms of resource provision and task scheduling. We present the Modular Distributed Architecture to support the Protein Structure Prediction (MDAPSP), a Service‐Oriented Architecture for management and construction of Science Gateways, with resource provisioning on a heterogeneous environment. The Decision Maker, central module of MDAPSP, defines the best computational environment according to experiment parameters. The proof of concept for MDAPSP is presented in WorkflowSim, with two novel schedulers. Our results demonstrate good Quality of Service (QoS), capable of correctly distributing the workload, fair response times, providing load balance, and overall system improvement. The study case relies on PSP algorithms and the Galaxy framework, with monitoring experiments to show the bottlenecks and critical aspects.
Morphology and Physicochemical Properties of Starch from Waxy and Non‐Waxy Barley
Authors: Chen Xinyu , Shao Shanshan , Chen Mingxin , Hou Chunpu , Yu Xurun , Xiong Fei
Published: February 2020

Barley flour is widely utilized in food and nonfood industries. Morphological, structural, and functional properties of starches extracted from waxy and non‐waxy barley are investigated and compared in this work. The morphology of starch granules in waxy and non‐waxy barley is similar while waxy barley has a higher proportion of A‐type starch granules and a lower proportion of B‐type starch granules than those of non‐waxy barley. Compared with non‐waxy barley starch, waxy barley starch shows higher amylopectin content with higher levels of amylopectin short and long branch‐chains; better ordered structures with higher relative crystallinity, IR ratio of 1045/1022 cm−1, and a double helical component, a lower amorphous and V‐type single helix components. The gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of waxy barley starch are higher than those of non‐waxy barley starch. Meanwhile, waxy barley starch presents higher swelling power, solubility, pasting viscosities, breakdown value, and lower setback value than those of non‐waxy barley starch. Furthermore, waxy barley starch is more susceptible to acid and enzymatic hydrolysis than non‐waxy barley starch. Results indicate that waxy and non‐waxy barley starches differ in physicochemical properties, and waxy barley may have a better mouthfeel and edible quality.
Nete Bridge in Lier – Long‐term experience with galvanized bridge components
Authors: Pinger Thomas
Published: February 2020

In Europe, hot‐dip galvanizing has hitherto had no appreciable application in bridge construction, which, despite decades of positive practical experience in building construction, is partly due to a lack of knowledge and regulations regarding the influence of galvanizing on the fatigue behaviour. By contrast, diverse examples from non‐European countries already confirm the technical and economic significance of galvanized bridge structures. Based on recent research and a guideline, the basics for wider application have been laid in the recent past. Nete Bridge in the Belgian city of Lier is one of the few road bridges with a fully galvanized steel support structure. The current state of the bridge, after more than 20 years in use, is described below – and a positive interim conclusion is drawn. Nete Bridge is in a good technical condition in terms of corrosion protection; no significant maintenance or repair measures have been required in this regard and are not expected in the future either. The example presented illustrates the feasibility of galvanizing bridge components as an alternative to the organic coating systems previously established. This also offers the bridge management authorities responsible economic benefits due to the very high durability and the associated very low maintenance costs.