bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cylindrical and ring‐shaped tubulin assemblies as metallization templates explored by FESEM/EDX and SFM
Authors: Habicht Wilhelm , Behrens Silke , Unger Eberhard , Dinjus Eckhard
Published: March 2006

Tubulin self‐assembles in vitro in highly ordered polymorphic protein structures such as tubules or rings, which can be further utilized as a template to control the deposition of metal nanoparticles or for continuous metal coatings. Template‐directed alignment of particles or a continuous coverage is provided by metal salt incubation followed by a subsequent reduction procedure. We exploited field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with different electron detectors (inlens‐SE, BSE, TE) for morphological characterization, and an EDX unit for elemental analysis. Scanning force microscopy (SFM) in tapping mode (TM) was applied to image structural peculiarities and to measure the height of the biomolecular assemblies. We address tip‐surface interactions, the influence of fixation and cantilever types. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Film formation and characterization of anodic oxides on titanium for biomedical applications
Authors: Jaeggi Christian , Kern Philippe , Michler Johann , Patscheider Joerg , Tharian Joy , Munnik Frans
Published: March 2006

For a better understanding of the oxide growth and final film properties upon anodization of titanium in sulfuric and phosphoric acid containing electrolytes, the electrochemical behavior as studied by a.c. impedance was correlated to microstructural analysis (TEM, Raman). Chemical depth profiling of the films was performed with glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES), XPS and RBS. The fitted capacitances and resistances from a.c. impedance measurements were greatly influenced by the ongoing crystallization as well as by film porosity as a function of increasing anodization potential. GDOES revealed a small sulfur contamination (with its maximum before the oxide–metal interface) upon anodization in 1 M H2SO4 and a significant phosphorus content throughout the oxides for films grown in 1 M H3PO4, showing an accumulation at the surface. Small impurities of carbon in all films as well as an accumulation of hydrogen at/after the interface oxide–metal were also observed. Quantification of the hydrogen content by elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) indicated a peak concentration of 20–30 at%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid depth profiling of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films by pulsed glow‐discharge optical emission spectroscopy
Authors: Schwaller P. , Aeberhard M. , Nelis T. , Fischer A. , Thapliyal R. , Michler J.
Published: March 2006

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films have a large application potential in microelectronic devices, memory applications and microelectromechanical systems. Reactive sputtering of a single metallic target in a pulsed DC mode is a promising approach for a fast and cost‐efficient deposition of thin PZT films on an industrial scale. However, for efficient optimization of the process parameters, it is necessary to have access to a rapid tool for chemical depth profiling. We will show in this paper that glow‐discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD‐OES) is capable of yielding fast and reliable information about the PZT thin film composition. A novel pulsed mode of GD‐OES was applied to bulk PZT samples (for calibrations purposes) and to thin PZT coatings. The influence of different parameters on this pulsed mode will be discussed. Using pulsed GD‐OES we could successfully measure the composition of our PZT thin films and so optimize the deposition process. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First stages of growth of cerium oxide deposited on alumina and reduced titania surfaces
Authors: Mansilla C. , Yubero F. , Zier M. , Reiche R. , Oswald S. , Holgado J. P. , Espinós J. P. , González‐Elipe A. R.
Published: March 2006

We have studied the first nucleation steps and the chemical interactions of small amounts of cerium oxide deposited on two surfaces with different chemical nature, alumina and a partially reduced titania. Cerium oxide was deposited by electron bombardment of CeO2pellets in ultra‐high vacuum conditions. All experiments were donein situin order to avoid contamination related to exposure to air. The relative amounts of Ce3+and Ce4+species present at the successive deposition steps have been quantified. It is found that for initial steps of deposition, high amounts of Ce3+are stabilised at the CeOx/TiOxinterface, while an approximately even mixture of Ce3+and Ce4+species appear at the CeOx/Al2O3interface. Thicker deposits are characterised by the presence of only Ce4+species independently of the substrate. It is found that cerium oxide grows in the form of islands on both substrates. These islands are taller in the case of deposition on reduced titania than on alumina. This result is confirmed by both angle resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inelastic XPS peak shape analysis. The correlation between the growing microstructure and the chemical interaction at the interfaces is discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of the differential electron surface and volume excitation probability in Cu, CuO and Cu2O
Authors: Werner W. S. M. , Zemek J. , Jiricek P.
Published: March 2006

Reflection electron energy loss spectra (REELS) were measured for Cu and in situ‐grown Cu2O and CuO. The differential surface and volume inelastic excitation probability is extracted from the REELS using a rigorous procedure developed recently. The resulting surface and volume loss probabilities for Cu agree quantitatively with theoretical calculations based on optical data. The resulting loss distributions can be used for a rigorous line shape analysis of XPS and AES spectra of these materials. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple surface treatments to modify protein adsorption and cell attachment properties within a poly(dimethylsiloxane) micro‐bioreactor
Authors: Boxshall Keir , Wu Min‐Hsien , Cui Zheng , Cui Zhangfeng , Watts John F. , Baker Mark A.
Published: March 2006

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomers are widely used in biological laboratories to produce prototype micro‐bioreactors. The need was identified for a simple modification of the PDMS surface to prevent protein adsorption and cell attachment in certain areas and to increase the level of cell attachment where desirable. A study has been undertaken into the effect on protein adsorption and cell attachment of adsorbed surfactants and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) modification of the surface. The proteins are adsorbed from Dubecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM) supplemented with foetal calf serum, HEPES, antibiotics, and ascorbic acid, as will be used to maintain the cells in the micro‐bioreactor. Protein adsorption has been quantified by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the viable cell attachment by MTT assay. Protein and cell configuration were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and light microscopy (LM) respectively. A positive correlation is observed between the level of protein adsorption and cell attachment. The Pluronic® F68 surfactant treatment exhibited the greatest reduction in protein adsorption and cell attachment, followed by the Pluronic® F127, with Tween™ 20 being the least effective. The NaOH treatment showed a substantial increase in both protein adsorption and cell attachment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron microscopy of γ‐irradiated polyethylene
Authors: Bercia R. , Tirnovan M. , Bercia C. , Popescu‐Pogrion N.
Published: March 2006

In this paper, we have studied the structure and the phase transformations in thin films (obtained by evaporation from γ‐irradiated polyethylene bulks—ageing polymer) before and after laser irradiation. We made a comparison between the following samples: A—thin films obtained from γ‐irradiated polyethylene bulk and not subjected to laser irradiation; B—thin films obtained from γ‐irradiated polyethylene bulk and subjected to laser irradiation. We have revealed many modifications in the dielectric and structural properties of the thin films, depending on the dose, dose rate and the time of laser irradiation (in the case of samples B). The thickness of all deposited films was 90 nm. The samples (non‐irradiated or irradiated) were analysed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in combination with selected area electron diffraction (SAED). We have also presented the structure of non‐aged and non‐irradiated thin polyethylene films (control polyethylene film), in which we observed a particularly puzzling phase between an incipient spherulitic phase and a fine structure of the spherulitic phase (specifically for thin PE films structure). After γ‐ and laser irradiations, we observed a strong modification of the structure. The spherulitic phase was transformed. We observed large, amorphous, transparent crystals containing many defects, carbon precipitates, the beginning of crystallisation revealed by electron diffraction, treeing and breakdown figures (usually after laser irradiation). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fe3C nanopowder synthesized by laser pyrolysis and its annealing behaviour
Authors: David B. , Schneeweiss O. , Pizúrová N. , Klementová M. , Bezdička P. , Alexandrescu R. , Dumitrache F. , Morjan I.
Published: March 2006

We describe the Fe3C‐based nanopowder obtained through the laser‐induced pyrolysis of the gas mixture of Fe(CO)5 and C2H4. This ferromagnetic nanopowder was characterized by XRD, HRTEM and magnetic measurements. Aggregated core‐shell nanoparticles were identified in the nanopowder; Fe3C cores were coated with pyrolytic carbon. The mean coherence domain size estimated by the Scherrer formula was 18 nm. Basic magnetic characteristics were measured at 20 °C: HC = 42.0 kA m−1; σR = 31.2 A m2 kg−1; σS = 95.7 A m2 kg−1 (at 1200 kA m−1). The Curie temperature TC was 227 °C. Thermally induced phase transformations are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CONFIT: Mössbauer spectra fitting program
Authors: Žák Tomáš , Jirásková Yvonna
Published: March 2006

Program package CONFIT enables a complex processing of 57Fe and 119mSn Mössbauer spectra. The mouse drag‐and‐drop technique is used to set up the background and parameters of the individual spectral components according to the structural model supposed. An original method has been applied: a nonlinear least‐squares procedure with the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technique. A combination with improved matrix formalism can create various physical models to analyze the measured experimental data in a proper way. The hyperfine field distribution(s) and also quadrupole splitting distribution(s) with Gaussian profile can be applied, besides discrete components. The finite sample thickness can be included in terms of transmission integral and a dependence of the spectral line‐width on its position with respect to the spectrum center is described by an additional parameter. This fitting procedure is suitable for Mössbauer spectra taken in the transmission and in the back‐scattering geometry (including γ‐ray and conversion electrons) and it can be successfully applied for analyzing the emission Mössbauer spectra. The transmission Mössbauer spectra yield information concerning the bulk microstructure, the back‐scattering geometry is used for surface studies and the emission Mössbauer spectra yield information from grain boundaries or interface regions. The CONFIT is user friendly, fast and applicable for complicated Mössbauer spectra. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RBS and AFM study of Ag and Au diffusion into PET foils influenced by plasma treatment
Authors: Macková Anna , Švorčík Václav , Strýhal Zdeněk , Pavlík Jaroslav
Published: March 2006

Metallization of polymers is essential for their application in microelectronic elements and photonics devices. We performed a study of the diffusion of Ag and Au atoms in polyethyleneterephtalate (PET). Thin metal layers were deposited using the diode‐sputtering technique on polymer foils at room temperature. Simultaneous post‐deposition annealing and plasma treatment was used to induce metal/polymer intermixing. Concentration profiles of diffused metals were determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and diffusion coefficients were extracted. The influence of the plasma treatment on the surface morphology was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Ag atoms exhibit deeper penetration into polymer structures after Ar plasma treatment than after Ar + O2 plasma treatment. AFM measurements show more significant changes of surface roughness (increased roughness and porosity) of Ag on PET surfaces caused by the Ar + O2 plasma treatment compared to Au surfaces. In the case of very rough surfaces, a decrease of metal diffusivity is observed probably owing to a reduction of surface concentration. The metal mobility is strongly influenced by temperature, which is increased either by direct heating of the sample holder or indirectly by plasma discharge. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in austenitic steel surface induced by thermal and implantation treatments studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy
Authors: Jirásková Yvonna , Schneeweiss Oldřich , Blawert Carsten
Published: March 2006

The surface properties of austenitic (fcc) stainless steel samples in the as‐prepared and implanted states were studied. The surface modification was done by plasma immersion ion implantation in methane. This process, done at a temperature of 400 °C in a short time of 3 h, facilitates the enrichment of the steel surface by a higher carbon content. It reaches about 7 at% C in the top surface layers (∼500 nm) and decreases to the nominal value at approximately 10 µm.

The thermal annealing treatments of the as‐prepared and implanted samples, done at temperatures of 300–500 °C and in time steps of 2–4–8–16–32 h, yielded changes in the elemental distribution and phase composition, which could be followed in the top surface layers of approximately 300 nm using conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) and for a surface depth down to 30 µm, by γ‐ray Mössbauer spectroscopy in the scattering geometry (γ‐BMS). Complementary results were obtained from glancing‐angle X‐ray diffraction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of enamel ageing on mechanical properties and phase composition of the steel–enamel system
Authors: Barcova K. , Zboril R. , Mashlan M. , Jiraskova Y. , Filip J. , Lunacek J. , Hrabovska K.
Published: March 2006

An effect of the enamel ageing on the mechanical properties and composition of the steel‐enamel system was monitored by means of conversion electron and transmission Mössbauer spectroscopy, electron‐microprobe analysis, thermogravimetry and microhardness measurement. Two enamels differing in the time delay between their preparation and application on the steel surface (1 day vs 30 days) were used for this comparative study. After the enamelling procedure, the qualitative phase composition of both samples is similar, including α‐Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, α‐Fe2O3, Fe2SiO4 and the FeNi particles. Despite this similar qualitative phase composition of differently aged enamels, the mechanical properties of the samples are significantly different. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal clustering during depth profiling of thin films
Authors: Karpuzov D. , He A. , Xu S.
Published: March 2006

Thin metallic layers of Cu, Cr, or Ag were deposited on Si substrates and then sputtered as in a standard depth profiling mode. The etching was completed by using 1–5 keV Ar+ beam, scanned over the surface. The composition of the exposed etched surface was monitored by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). When the metal‐silicon interface was approached, the etching was stopped and the sample surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM). We observed clusters of metal on the Si substrate. Their characteristic sizes were 30–60 nm for Cu, 60–90 nm for Cr, and 100–200 nm for Ag. The patterns were sensitive to the ion energy—at 1 keV the Cu network was well defined, whereas at 3–5 keV energy the patterns become fuzzy without clear boundaries. The clustering of thin films near the interface can affect the depth profiles in surface analytical techniques, and can be used as a tool to create clusters in nanotechnology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An electron spectroscopy study of a‐C:H under thermal annealing
Authors: Calliari L. , Filippi M. , Gottardi G. , Laidani N. , Anderle M.
Published: March 2006

The structural changes brought about in hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a‐C:H) by thermal annealing are investigated by photon‐induced electron spectroscopy. The material is found to be stable up to T = 100 °C. From 100 to 400 °C, H effusion is associated with sp3 to sp2 conversion, as revealed by the evolution of the valence states. From 400 to 700 °C, the sp2 sites gather into clusters of increasing size, as revealed by the decreasing binding energy (BE) and increasing asymmetry of the C 1s spectrum. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental determination of the inelastic mean free path (IMFP) of electrons in selected oxide films applying surface excitation correction
Authors: Gurban S. , Gergely G. , Toth J. , Varga D. , Jablonski A. , Menyhard M.
Published: March 2006

The inelastic mean free path (IMFP) of electrons was determined using elastic peak electron spectroscopy (EPES) with Cu, Si, Ag, Ni and Au reference samples.

Systematic differences occurred between the experimental and calculated (TPP‐2M) (Tanuma, Powell, Penn) IMFPs, which can be ascribed partly to surface losses. The experimental IMFP was deduced from the integrated elastic peak ratio of the sample and the reference. Experiments were made with the ESA 31 (ATOMKI) and DESA 100 (Staib) electron spectrometers, and covered the E = 0.2–2 keV energy range. The results were evaluated applying Monte Carlo (MC) simulation based on the NIST SRD 64/3.1 database and using the EPESWIN software of Jablonski. The surface excitation correction (surface excitation parameter (SEP)) for SiO2, MgO and Al2O3 was determined using our new procedure applying the model of Chen and Tanuma. This correction reduced the difference between uncorrected, experimentally determined and calculated IMFPs by nearly 50%, which proves the importance of the contribution of surface excitation. The oxide layers studied are insulators. Their surface potential was determined by the energy of the Auger peak. We observed an energy shift of 1–3 eV of the Auger peak positions due to charging. The SEP material parameter resulted in ach = 1.2 for SiO2 and ach = 4 for MgO and Al2O3. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrogen depth profiling in thin oxynitride layers on silicon
Authors: Budrevich A. , Gladkikh A. , Kaganer E. , Sokolovsky M.
Published: March 2006

This paper describes the results of nitrogen depth profiling in nanometer oxynitride layers on silicon, employing dynamic SIMS and time‐of‐flight SIMS. The surface transient effect was studied using surface encapsulation method, and the attractive possibility of time‐of‐flight SIMS profiling with low energy Cs sputtering was demonstrated. Quantification of the nitrogen profiles was performed after a detailed study of the matrix effect in order to correct for the ion yield difference at the oxynitride/silicon interface. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of surface preparation on the evolution of the passive films formed on AISI 304L
Authors: Abreu C. M. , Cristóbal M. J. , Losada R. , Nóvoa X. R. , Pena G. , Pérez M. C.
Published: March 2006

In this work, an insight into the effect of surface roughness in the composition and evolution of the oxide film electrogenerated on an austenitic stainless steel substrate is presented. The obtained results point out the importance of Ni on the oxide layers formed in alkaline media, which can condition their resistance to chloride attack. Polished samples show better corrosion performance than abraded ones owing to Ni enrichment at the metal‐oxide interface. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterisation of metal oxide films deposited by non‐hydrolytic ALD
Authors: Evans P. J. , Mutin P. H. , Triani G. , Prince K. E. , Bartlett J. R.
Published: March 2006

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has become an established technique for producing thin films of a wide range of materials. Of particular note is the extensive research on the use of ALD metal oxide films as the replacement for the high‐k SiO2 dielectric layer in future semiconductor devices. In much of this work, metal halides or metallorganics combined with water, peroxide or ozone have served as precursors for the sequential deposition process that forms the basis of ALD. Alternative reaction schemes, such as those in which metal halides are reacted with metal alkoxides, have also been investigated with some success though higher temperatures are often required for film deposition. However, the effect of alternative oxidising species in ALD has not been extensively studied in terms of both their efficacy and their influence on the film growth process. Here we describe recent work on the use of t‐butyl alcohol (tBA) and di‐isopropyl ether (DIPE) for the ALD of titania films from titanium tetrachloride. A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was used to monitor film growth in real time. Films were also grown on silicon wafers for post‐deposition analysis. Spectroscopic ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) were used for this purpose. The results obtained from this combination of surface analytical techniques will be discussed in detail in order to illustrate the strength of this approach for the elucidation of ALD film growth by means of non‐hydrolytic reactions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XRD, AFM and IR investigations of ordered AlGaAs2 phase in epitaxial AlxGa1–xAs/GaAs (100) heterostructures
Authors: Domashevskaya E. P. , Seredin P. V. , Lukin A. N. , Bityutskaya L. A. , Grechkina M. V. , Arsentyev I. N. , Vinokurov D. A. , Tarasov I. S.
Published: March 2006

The lattice constant of AlxGa1−xAs epitaxial alloys with various Al‐As(x) content is determined for AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs (100) heterostructures grown by MOVPE epitaxy using X‐ray diffractometry and X‐ray back‐reflections method. An ordered AlGaAs2 (superstructural) phase was found in epitaxial heterostructures for x ∼ 0.50. The lattice constant of this phase along c axis is smaller than the double lattice constants of an Al0.50Ga0.50As alloy. Infrared (IR) reflection spectra of lattice vibrations were investigated in epitaxial heterostructures of AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs (100) with different concentrations of Al in cation sublattice. In the sample with x ∼ 0.50, besides two main vibration modes some additional ones were found that correspond to superstructure ordered phase AlGaAs2. Atomic‐force microscopy (AFM) of the sample surface with x ∼ 0.50 demonstrated the presence of areas with ordered nano‐relief having period of ∼115 nm that can be related with superstructure phase of AlGaAs2. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TEM and XANES investigations and optical properties of SnO nanolayers
Authors: Domashevskaya E. P. , Chuvenkova O. A. , Kashkarov V. M. , Kushev S. B. , Ryabtsev S. V. , Turishchev S. Yu. , Yurakov Yu. A.
Published: March 2006

TEM, XANES and optical investigations show that tin film oxidation starts with the formation of tetragonal tin monoxide, which is converted to unstable orthorhombic tin dioxide with the increase of annealing temperature, transferring, in its turn, into stable tetragonal tin dioxide. In our experimental conditions, no complete transition of the orthorhombic dioxide phase into the tetragonal one is observed up to a temperature of 750 °C.

According to XANES, data oxidation in the air of tin film surfaces starts at room temperature with the formation of an amorphous Sn‐O layer. Probably, this surface layer corresponds to an amorphous membrane, which is formed at the initial stage of interaction at the phase boundaries. After 1 h annealing at temperature intervals of 170–240 °C this surface layer (∼ 5 nm) mainly consists of monoxide phase. Annealing at 450–750 °C leads to only tin dioxide formation in the surface layer.

At least two edges can be observed at the fundamental absorption region of oxide film obtained under annealing at a temperature below 600 °C, which corresponds to two values of band gaps: Eg1 = 2.5–2.7 eV and Eg2 ∼ 3.4 eV. With an increase of the annealing temperature up to 600 °C, only one absorption edge can be observed with a greater band gap of Eg2 ∼ 3.4 eV. This absorption edge corresponds to that of tin dioxide with a composition of SnO2 for both modifications observed in our experiments. The second edge with the narrower band gap corresponds to tin monoxide, SnO, and is observed at a temperature below 550 °C. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication and characteristics of TiO2 films by a microwave drying technique
Authors: Jaroenworaluck Angkhana , Panyathanmaporn Thammarat , Soontornworajit Boonchoy , Supothina Sitthisuntorn
Published: March 2006

Preparation of TiO2 film coatings on various substrates for photocatalysis applications has been studied. A non‐aqueous sol was prepared using tetra‐propylorthotitanate (Ti(OPr)4) and 1,2 butadiol (Bu(OH)2) as starting chemicals, for casting onto a glass substrate. From this synthesis method, nanosized TiO2 consisting of pure anatase phase could be prepared, and was characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To apply the synthesis process for fabrication of TiO2 film coatings, commercial nanosized TiO2 powder, Degussa P‐25, was added and intimately mixed into the as‐prepared sol as a source of TiO2 nanoparticles. The surface of the glass substrate used in this study was cleaned, polished, and chemically etched before coating. To control film thickness, multi‐casting of the sol onto the substrate before the gelatinization process was applied. Prior to calcination, the gel film was dried by means of a domestic microwave oven, heating at 800 W for 2 min. The resulting TiO2 films were then characterized by optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), and UV/VIS/NIR spectrometry, to identify the film characteristics. The phases present in the films were identified by XRD. From this coating technique, continuous TiO2 films could be prepared. No cracks were observed on these films. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface and interface analysis of complex polymeric paint formulations
Authors: Hinder Steven J. , Watts John F. , Lowe Chris
Published: March 2006

Complex model formulations of coil coatings have been investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), angle resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). High‐resolution monochromated XPS C 1s spectra have been peak fitted and can account for all the carbon functionalities of the components included in these complex paint formulations.

The addition of small quantities of additives such as flow agents is shown to induce significant changes in the surface composition of these coatings, and ARXPS reveals the additive outer layer to be 1–2 nm thick. Furthermore, in our investigation of a poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVdF)‐based topcoat, analysis of the high binding energy background of the XPS F 1s peak indicates that the PVdF component of the topcoat formulation is to be found below a surface segregated flow agent layer. Use of a silicone‐based flow agent in a polyurethane (PU)‐based primer formulation is shown to result in the migration of the flow agent into and through the PVdF topcoat. The silicone‐based flow agent is ultimately observed at the PVdF topcoat's air‐coating surface.

XPS analysis of a PVdF topcoat–PU primer interface buried 20 µm below the topcoat's air‐coating surface, exposed by ultra‐low‐angle microtomy (ULAM), suggests diffusion of fluorine‐bearing materials from the topcoat into the top few nanometres of the underlying PU primer. Imaging ToF‐SIMS analysis of a PVdF–PU interface exposed by ULAM reveals that a substantial fraction of an acrylic co‐polymer included in the topcoat formulation segregates to the topcoat–primer interface where it enhances the adhesive properties exhibited by the PVdF topcoat towards the PU primer. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coating of Ti–6Al–4V alloy with pure titanium film by sputter‐deposition for improving biocompatibility
Authors: Sonoda T. , Saito T. , Watazu A. , Katou K. , Asahina T.
Published: March 2006

Coating of Ti–6Al–4V alloy substrates with pure titanium film by magnetron d.c sputtering in Ar gas was examined in order to improve the biocompatibility of the alloy, because a pure titanium barrier layer prevents harmful substances such as aluminum or vanadium from leaching into biological tissues. The effects of the pure titanium barrier layer on the cytocompatibility of the titanium alloy were investigated. Under visual observation, the pure titanium film appeared to be uniform and adhesive. Under SEM, the surface of the deposited pure titanium film was observed to consist of fine accumulating and aggregating particles. According to the Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) depth‐profiles of Ti and Al for the deposited titanium film and Ti–6Al–4V alloy substrate, it was confirmed that no aluminum atoms diffused to the film surface from the alloy substrate. Thus, it was expected that the obtained titanium film could improve the biocompatibility of the alloy as a barrier layer, which prevents aluminum atoms from leaching into biological tissues. On the basis of the results of the in vitro cytotoxicity test, it was found that the viability, i.e. the ratio of living cells to the sum of living cells and dead cells, was higher for the titanium film than for the alloy. Therefore, the deposited titanium film exhibited better cytocompatibility than the Ti–6Al–4V alloy, leading to the conclusion that the cytocompatibility of the alloy was improved by coating it with the titanium film. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detailed screening for fetal anomalies and cardiac defects at the 11–13‐week scan
Authors: Becker R. , Wegner R.‐D.
Published: March 2006

Objective

To assess the diagnostic efficacy of the first‐trimester anomaly scan including first‐trimester fetal echocardiography as a screening procedure in a ‘medium‐risk’ population.

Methods

In a prospective study, we evaluated 3094 consecutive fetuses with a crown–rump length (CRL) of 45–84 mm and gestational age between 11 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks, using transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography. The majority of patients were referred without prior abnormal scan or increased nuchal translucency (NT) thickness, the median maternal age was, however, 35 (range, 15–46) years, and 53.8% of the mothers (1580/2936) were 35 years or older. This was therefore a self‐selected population reflecting an increased percentage of older mothers opting for prenatal diagnosis. The follow‐up rate was 92.7% (3117/3363).

Results

The prevalence of major abnormalities in 3094 fetuses was 2.8% (86/3094). The detection rate of major anomalies at the 11 + 0 to 13 + 6‐week scan was 83.7% (72/86), 51.9% (14/27) for NT < 2.5 mm and 98.3% (58/59) for NT ≥ 2.5 mm. The prevalence of major congenital heart defects (CHD) was 1.2% (38/3094). The detection rate of major CHD at the 11 to 13 + 6‐week scan was 84.2% (32/38), 37.5% (3/8) for NT < 2.5 mm and 96.7% (29/30) for NT ≥ 2.5 mm.

Conclusion

The overall detection rate of fetal anomalies including fetal cardiac defects following a specialist scan at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation is about 84% and is increased when NT ≥ 2.5 mm. This extends the possibilities of a first‐trimester scan beyond risk assessment for fetal chromosomal defects. In experienced hands with adequate equipment, the majority of severe malformations as well as major CHD may be detected at the end of the first trimester, which offers parents the option of deciding early in pregnancy how to deal with fetuses affected by genetic or structural abnormalities without pressure of time. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
French fetal biometry: reference equations and comparison with other charts
Authors: Salomon L. J. , Duyme M. , Crequat J. , Brodaty G. , Talmant C. , Fries N. , Althuser M.
Published: March 2006

Objectives

To construct new reference charts and equations for fetal biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL), using a large sample of fetuses examined at 15–40 weeks in France, and to compare them with previous references.

Methods

The study data were obtained over a continuous 1‐year period from a population of pregnant women undergoing ultrasound examination. Excluded were those with a known abnormal karyotype or congenital malformation, multiple pregnancies, and those with no first‐trimester dating based on crown–rump length. No fetuses were excluded on the basis of abnormal biometry or birth weight. For each measurement, separate regression models were fitted to estimate both the mean and the SD at each gestational age.

Results

Full biometric measurements were obtained for 19 647 fetuses. New charts and reference equations are reported for BPD, HC, AC and FL. Prediction intervals for the new reference charts were similar to those of previous ones, whereas there were some differences in predicted centiles.

Conclusion

We present new French reference charts and equations for fetal biometry. They can be used easily to compute centiles and Z‐scores to control the quality of biometric assessments and to evaluate their performance relative to other references. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antenatal umbilical coiling index and Doppler flow characteristics
Authors: Predanic M. , Perni S. C. , Chervenak F. A.
Published: March 2006

Objective

To evaluate whether a relationship exists between the antenatal umbilical coiling index (UCI) and umbilical cord Doppler flow characteristics.

Methods

During the fetal anatomical survey in 200 consecutive pregnant patients at 18–23 weeks' gestation, we recorded umbilical coiling patterns and blood flow characteristics. The antenatal UCI, calculated as a reciprocal value of the distance between a pair of umbilical cord coils, was compared with Doppler parameters including umbilical vein blood flow volume (in mL/min/kg), and mean resistance index (RI) and peak systolic velocity (PSV in cm/s) averaged from both umbilical arteries.

Results

A total of 154 patients met the inclusion criteria of singleton pregnancy and having adequate sonographic umbilical cord images, Doppler flow indices, and all demographic, antenatal and labor data. The mean antenatal UCI was 0.40, with 10th and 90th centiles of 0.20 and 0.60, respectively. The mean ± SD umbilical artery RI and PSV and umbilical vein blood flow volume were 0.74 ± 0.07, 25.1 ± 6.4 cm/s, and 264 ± 106 mL/min/kg, respectively. All Doppler variables correlated significantly with antenatal UCI, with lower RI and higher PSV and umbilical vein blood flow volume values being associated with higher antenatal UCI (P = 0.016, P < 0.001, and P = 0.032, respectively). However, when stratified by antenatal UCI into hyper‐ (above 90th centile), normo‐ (10th–90th centile), and hypocoiled (below 10th centile) umbilical cord groups, a significant difference was observed for PSV only (P = 0.016).

Conclusion

It appears that umbilical cord coiling modulates noticeably blood flow through the umbilical cord. We speculate that more prominent umbilical coiling (higher antenatal UCI values) has a protective effect on blood flow in terms of decreased arterial resistance and higher blood flow velocities, as well as increased venous blood flow. However, due to lack of significant differences between Doppler characteristics when stratified by antenatal UCI into hypo‐, normo‐, and hypercoiled groups, the clinical implications of this observation are uncertain. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Action Refinement Applied to Late Decisions
Authors: Fecher H. , Majster-Cederbaum M.
Published: March 2006

In modular approaches to specify concurrent systems a system is built up from components using various operators as e.g. the sequential, the parallel, or the choice (+) operator. Usually the choice between two components, i.e.
P
1
+
P
2
, is taken in favor of that component that is first to
start
an action. We follow here the alternative view that a choice is taken in favor of that component that is the first to
terminate
an action (end-based choice). This alternative has various applications and interesting implications. In particular the different points of view lead to different action refinement operators. The contribution of this paper is to present here an action refinement operator for the end-based view in a suitable true concurrency setting and to establish two equivalences that are the coarsest congruences for this refinement operator with respect to trace (respectively bisimulation) equivalence.
Clinical Characteristics and Survival for Major Salivary Gland Malignancies in Children
Authors: Shapiro Nina L. , Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVE

Determine presentation and survival rates for malignant pediatric salivary gland neoplasms.

METHODS

All cases of malignant neoplasms involving the parotid or submandibular gland in patients ages birth to 18 years were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1988–2001). Variables included age, gender, tumor histology, size, follow‐up time, and vital status. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were constructed.

RESULTS

113 primary salivary gland malignancies (103 parotid, 10 submandibular) were identified. Mean age at presentation was 13.2 years. Female:male ratio of 5:4. Mean tumor size was 2.5 cm. Among parotid tumors, there were 44 (43%) mucoepidermoid carcinomas and 35 (34%) acinic cell carcinomas. At a mean follow‐up of 69.4 months, 6 (5.8%) patients with parotid malignancy were deceased; none of the submandibular malignancies were fatal. Mean Kaplan‐Meier survival for parotid gland lesions was 153 months, with rhabdomyosarcomas exhibiting significantly worse survivals as compared to other malignancies (P < 0.001, log‐rank test).

CONCLUSIONS

Both epithelial and mesenchymal tumors present in the pediatric salivary gland. Survival for both parotid and submandibular gland malignancies is good in children.
Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Otosclerosis
Authors: de Oliveira Vicente Andy , Yamashita Hélio K. , Manguabeira Albernaz Pedro Luiz , de Oliveira Penido Norma
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVES

To identify the main tomographic findings of otosclerosis and to evaluate the usefulness of high‐resolution computed tomography as a diagnostic method for this osteodystrophy.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

A prospective and multi‐center study consisting of computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone was conducted on 54 patients with a clinical and surgical diagnosis of otosclerosis. Twenty‐two patients were included in the control group.

RESULTS

The CT scan was positive in 87% of the patients. The tomographic findings were mainly bilateral and fenestral foci were more prevalent.

CONCLUSIONS

CT showed a high rate of positivity, mainly for fenestral lesions. Foci anterior to the oval window were the most prevalent in this population.

SIGNIFICANCE

CT is useful as a diagnostic method and therapeutic indicator of otosclerosis.
Initial U.S. Pilot Study: Palatal Implants for the Treatment of Snoring
Authors: Romanow John H. , Catalano Peter J.
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVE

To assess efficacy of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) implants in the soft palate for the treatment of socially significant snoring.

DESIGN

A prospective, interventional case series.

SETTING

Hospital‐based multi‐specialty clinic.

PATIENTS

Twenty‐five consecutive patients with socially significant snoring without history of obstructive sleep apnea.

INTERVENTION

Three PET implants were inserted into the soft palate of each patient (Pillar procedure, Restore Medical, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

Change in snoring severity measured by the bed partner using a 10‐centimeter visual analog scale (VAS) where 0 = “no snoring noise” and 10 = “extreme snoring noise causing (the bed partner) to leave the bedroom.”

RESULTS

Ninety‐day follow‐up data was collected for 21 patients. Four patients had incomplete follow‐up. Snoring VAS rated by the bed partner had a baseline mean value of 8.5 ± 1.4, which decreased to 5.0 ± 2.1 at 30 days and to 4.4 ± 2.5 at 90 days (P < 0.001). All patients tolerated the procedure well and no procedure‐related complications were observed. Two implants partially extruded in 1 patient within the 90‐day follow‐up period, for an implant partial extrusion rate of 2.7% (2/75 implants) and patient partial extrusion rate of 4% (1/25 patients). At 90 days, 75% of patients and 90% of their bed partners recommended the procedure.

CONCLUSIONS

In this case series, PET implants into the soft palate significantly reduced snoring with few extrusions and no complications. Controlled studies are needed to confirm effectiveness and to refine patient selection criteria.
Denervated or Innervated Flaps for the Lower Lip Reconstruction? Are They Really Different to Get a Good Result?
Authors: Civelek Birol , Celebioglu Selim , Unlu Ece , Civelek Senol , Inal Ibrahim , Velidedeoglu Hifzi V.
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVE

This study compares innervated and denervated flaps for the lower lip reconstruction in terms of oral sphincter function and sensation.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

A prospective trial.

METHODS

This study was carried out on 31 patients with lower lip carcinoma. They were divided in 2 groups: 18 patients with denervated local flaps and 13 patients with innervated flaps. During the follow‐up period, all patients were evaluated by electromyography tests and an assessment of the sensation on the lower lip and sphincter function was undertaken by clinical parameters.

RESULTS

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) was obtained in all patients. The amplitudes of CMAP were below normal and the values for distal motor latency (DML) were slightly longer than normal values. Interference patterns were observed on whistling in all cases. There were no differences in terms of sphincteric function in each group.

CONCLUSIONS

The denervated random local flaps used for the lower lip reconstruction have no functional inferiority when compared to the innervated‐pedicled local flaps.

SIGNIFICANCE

This study demonstrates that denervated flaps can be employed for a functional lip reconstruction.

EBM rating

B‐2b
Comparison of the Incidences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea‐Hypopnea Syndrome in African‐Americans versus Caucasian‐Americans
Authors: Friedman Michael , Bliznikas Darius , Klein Michaela , Duggal Praveen , Somenek M. , Joseph Ninos J.
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVE

To determine the relative incidence of obstructive sleep apnea‐hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in African‐Americans compared to a cohort of Caucasian‐Americans.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

A prospective study of 2 groups of subjects (287 African‐Americans and 236 Caucasian‐Americans) to evaluate OSAHS severity based on subjective symptoms and anatomic findings. Subjects were from a public health and fitness fair attended by approximately 80,000 people where attendees were invited for an ENT screening.

RESULTS

Using OSAHS scores based on subjective symptoms and anatomic findings, the African‐American group had a significantly higher incidence of “probable” OSAHS. In addition to symptoms of OSAHS, the questionnaire ascertained that African‐American bed partners are more likely to accept loud snoring as compared to Caucasian‐American bed partners.

CONCLUSIONS

OSAHS may be more common in African‐Americans, but African‐American bed partners are more likely to accept snoring. The medical community should strive to increase awareness and education about OSAHS in the African‐American community.
Perceptual Voice Characteristics in Pediatric Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis
Authors: Shah Rahul K. , Harvey‐Woodnorth Geralyn , Glynn Amy , Nuss Roger C.
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVE

To describe the voice characteristics of pediatric unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP).

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Retrospective series from a children's hospital, 1996 to present.

RESULTS

Forty‐two patients with a mean age of 7.1 years were diagnosed with UVFP in our voice clinic (prevalence = 5.4%). Paralysis was left sided in 88%, and was most commonly seen after cardiac surgery (28.5%) and prolonged intubation/prematurity (16.7%). Voice analysis showed a moderate degree of breathiness, mild‐to‐moderate hoarseness and straining, mild muscle tension, and soft loudness. Twenty‐six percent of patients required surgical intervention, including injection into the paralyzed fold (7 patients) and medialization thyroplasty (4 patients). Pre‐operatively, breathiness was worse (P <. 05) in patients undergoing surgical intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

Voice characteristics of pediatric UVFP include increased breathiness, hoarseness, straining, muscle tension, and soft loudness. One‐fourth of patients underwent surgical intervention; breathiness was the predominant abnormal voice characteristic in the operative cohort.

SIGNIFICANCE

The voice characteristics of pediatric patients with UVFP are described.

EBM rating

C‐4
FERTILITY INTENTIONS: ARE THE UNDECIDED MORE LIKE THOSE WHO WANT MORE OR WANT NO MORE CHILDREN?
Authors: BECKER STAN , SUTRADHAR SANTOSH C.
Published: March 2006

In fertility surveys often women (and sometimes men) are asked their fertility desires, i.e. whether they want a/nother birth or not. Some respond that they are undecided. This study examines whether these persons are more like those who say they want more births or like those who say they want no more births. Data on married men and women in 29 Demographic and Health Surveys with sample sizes ranging from 300 to 3000 are used. A logistic regression equation is estimated within each country for those with known desires and then used to classify each person who was undecided. In all sub-Saharan African countries (n=20) and for both sexes, 50% or more of the undecided persons are classified as wanting more children (with one exception of wives in Kenya). By contrast in all five Latin American countries for both sexes less than 50% of the undecided were classified in the ‘want more’ group (with an exception of husbands in the Dominican Republic). Generally, the undecided tend to be classified the same as the majority among those in the survey with stated desires.