bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systems Thinking for Public Health Professionals
Authors: Branscomb Jane , Dills James E. , Landers Glenn , Minyard Karen J. , Lich Kristen Hassmiller
Published: October 2023

Public health professionals understand that the causes of, and solutions to, the most stubborn—public health challenges are not confined neatly within a single sector or agency silo. This chapter describes systems thinking in public health: a mindset in which systems are bound not by where they fall organizationally but according to their results, which requires skill in accurately discerning and understanding the systematic drivers of certain results. Common tools and reminders for reflective thinking are presented, including: populations, not persons; patterns, not points; and the importance of acknowledging individual perspectives. The chapter concludes with four examples that describe applications of systems thinking in public health: shifting mindsets and policies through health impact assessment, causal loop mapping in developmental evaluation, cultivating systems thinking and informing policy through modeling, and focusing partnerships with system support maps.
Using Data to Guide Public Health Action and Societal Change
Authors: Slemp Catherine C.
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses how to use data strategically in public health and how to employ data-driven decision-making. Data can, and should, be used in combination with other strategic leadership skills. Data are a vital tool both for guiding public health agency practices and programs and for establishing societal policies and environments essential to individual and community health. Public health agencies should assume the role of data collectors and data interpreters for the public, and supporting public understanding of data collection and advancing data literacy are related goals. Data-driven decision-making skills help leaders navigate systems and advance change. These skills must be combined with, and must be used to support and complement, other strategic leadership skills in public health. By applying these skills together, leaders can most effectively and meaningfully shape the systems, policies, and environments—or even create and advance entire movements—that allow individuals, families, and communities to thrive, grow, and change.
Public Health Informatics, Big Data, Advanced Analytics, and Emerging Technology
Authors: Kassler William J.
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses the public health function that involves sifting through large amounts of raw data to glean information and synthesize that information into actionable knowledge for achieving program and policy goals. Today, public health practitioners use data that are large, messy, and often unstructured; arise from multiple, nontraditional sources; and often do not fit neatly into standard databases. This presents both opportunities and challenges to public health systems and to those who practice in those systems. This chapter defines big data and machine learning for public health and outlines strategies for developing public health policy to support societies’ transformation as AI transforms healthcare. In healthcare, AI sometimes is defined as “augmented intelligence,” to emphasize that achieving results from AI requires keeping humans in the loop. To do this, public health must invest in people to develop a modern, tech-savvy workforce.
Afterword
Authors: Levine Marissa J.
Published: October 2023

This final chapter concludes the discussion of the strategic skills and tools that form the mindset of a public health leader who is open to change and innovation. Such a mindset sees the opportunities presented by change and builds on strengths in a manner that inspires others to align and focus their efforts for equitable collective impact. The chapter outlines an aspirational future that works intentionally to promote aligned and focused collaboration of leaders from all sectors and at all levels of organization and community. Through effective engagement, grounded in a deeply held belief in embracing our diversity and inclusivity, public health practice and leadership can chart a course toward the collective vision of a world where all people have the opportunity to thrive and maximize their well-being.
A Little Throat-Clearing Before Dinner
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: October 2023

A very concise overview of main schools of thought within philosophical ethics is followed by an introduction to the philosophical method used throughout the book. In contrast to methods in applied ethics that try to persuade a reader of what to eat on the basis of a previously conceptualized ethical theory, the approach emphasizes inquiry—a manner of proceeding that remains open to novel results. Both persuasion and inquiry are contrasted with discourses of social control, which are both linguistic and extra-linguistic efforts to shape conduct, irrespective of rational belief. Yet attempts to do ethics without appreciating unavoidable aspects of social control often end badly. The upshot is that the author does not try to convince the reader what they should eat or what types of food they should buy.
The Ethics of Food Aid and Famine Relief
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: October 2023

Peter Singer’s 1972 article “Famine, Affluence and Morality” set the stage for philosophical debate over food security and international development policy for a half century. Paired with articles criticizing the impact of food aid programs, philosophy professors approached the problem in terms of whether better-off people have an obligation to give aid. Though initially focused on food aid, the trend has been to subsume Singer’s original focus on famine relief with a more general emphasis on ending poverty. These analyses ignore aspects of hunger that are ethically significant, as well as facts about the structure and operation of international assistance operations and their use of agricultural commodities. As argued in From Field to Fork, food aid can be damaging to local producers, who are often among the most vulnerable members of their respective societies. However, this does not subvert Singer’s original argument, which was focused on a food emergency, rather than poverty relief. Indeed, we should maintain Singer’s early focus on food, supporting food aid in response to both natural and human-caused emergencies. Programs to promote economic and social development are more complex and must be subjected to more extensive and empirically informed ethical analysis.
U.S. Expansion and the Development of a National Firearms Industry
Authors: Regele Lindsay Schakenbach
Published: October 2023

This chapter tells the story of how government funding supported firearms development and manufacturing in the early American republic. Government contracts and increasing government supply needs helped give rise to private gun manufacturing and provided the assistance necessary to the early development of the industry. As the United States pushed westward expansion, firearms were increasingly sought as tools to subjugate, dominate, and defeat those living on the lands into which the country was expanding. Firearms became a staple of state power, and the government demand for guns aided both production and transformations in firearms technology.
“A Well-Regulated Militia”
Authors: Mosvick Nicholas
Published: October 2023

This chapter argues that the Second Amendment was understood throughout the nineteenth century as a federalism provision. During this time, the Second Amendment was understood to protect state sovereignty and the institution of the militia in light of historic concerns associated with a standing army and an unbounded federal government capable of nullifying traditional state institutions. The chapter traces early arguments that deployed the Second Amendment in discourse surrounding the struggle to maintain capable state militias and the prospect of a national draft. Those arguments centered the notion that the Amendment guaranteed federal support and protection for state militias which maintained the independence of the militias. The debates and early understanding show that Americans in the antebellum era viewed the Second Amendment’s preamble to contain both a mandate that states and their citizens maintain an active fighting force with federal support in the form of militias and a limitation on federal interference with these civic institutions.
Interlude: Into the 1880s
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

The United States entered the 1880s subtly, but fundamentally, transformed. The Panic of 1873 and ensuing recession had wreaked havoc on the country, but they also catalyzed American economic development, with important consequences for politics and the presidency. Bankruptcies throughout the railroad sector forced the industry to consolidate and mature. To recoup their losses, some rail investors created the first American industrial farms. Taking advantage of both these developments, the first modern manufacturing corporations emerged. Industrialization pulled people into the cities, which exploded in size and density. Much new economic activity was powered by steam, making coal the nation’s primary energy source. Together these advances constituted the first wave of modern mass production in America. Meanwhile, the railways, the telegraphs, and the new telephone were quickly knitting the economy into a nationwide market, bringing competition, threats, and opportunities where previously there had been none. In response, farmers and labor organized in new ways to defend their interests. These changes were reflected in new political parties and social movements. Democrats and Republicans flexed to accommodate them, while spoilsmen battled to retain their loosening hold on patronage and elections. Even public intellectuals and scholars began to rethink their ideas about political economy as individual firms acquired unprecedented monopoly power and economic inequality grew inexplicably. The presidents of the 1880s would respond differently to these pressures and opportunities: as victor and victim (Garfield), as shrinking bystander (Arthur), as strident conservative (Cleveland).
Chester Arthur and the Smoldering Depression of 1881–1885
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885) oversaw one of the most dismal economies of any American president. After he entered office, the country gradually sank into a now forgotten “smoldering” depression that dragged on for years. The federal government had the means by which to avoid the 1881–1885 depression and the financial panic it produced. The US Treasury was flush with cash at the time. And although countercyclical fiscal policy and the welfare state were considered eccentric concepts during the Gilded Age, other government solutions were available. The federal surplus could have been distributed to the state governments, used on infrastructure projects, spent to pay down state debts, offered as pensions to veterans, or ladled out as pork. Tariffs could have been cut. Even more potent would have been a decisive move on monetary policy. Each of these actions was well within the historical experience and political acceptability of the 1880s. In fact, Arthur himself suggested many of these ideas to Congress. But he did so only rarely. And he never followed up with any sort of action. Instead, he stood by as the economy toppled. As unemployment and business failures mounted, Arthur spent lavishly on himself and on transforming the White House into a fabulous social hub. At times he appeared to fall back into unseemly meddling in state and party machine politics. Where possible, he mostly just ignored the presidency. Hence, Arthur reveals that presidential inactivity during crisis can have dire consequences.
William McKinley and the Developmental State, 1897–1901
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

William McKinley was one of the most economically successful presidents of any era. Elected amid the Great Depression of 1893–1897, he ushered in a period of fantastic growth and recovery. His solution was to embrace what political economists today call the “developmental state”: export-led industrialization shielded behind a protectionist wall and supported by strategic government intervention in finance and exchange rates. He got to work soon after election day rather than await inauguration. And within a year he had actively coordinated with Republicans in Congress to increase tariffs so as to repair federal revenues. McKinley then deftly maneuvered the United States onto the gold standard, thereby fixing the dollar’s value and reassuring investors in American assets. Meanwhile, his administration held back on antitrust enforcement. This enabled a massive wave of industrial combinations that brought incredible economies of scale and scope, as well as widespread technological change. The dislocations for labor were significant, but nationwide unemployment fell, wages gradually rose, and inequality dropped to its lowest levels in fifteen years. All the while, McKinley led a campaign of education and consensus-building. He thereby renewed trust in the country’s major political-economic institutions, including the presidency. McKinley’s muscular foreign policy further enhanced America’s economic position. It increased confidence in the United States, both at home and abroad, as a rising military power, well capable of defending its economic interests.
Conclusions
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

How does the evidence presented in this book square with existing debates over presidential performance? And what new hypotheses, if any, are generated by the preceding case studies? This chapter attempts to tackle these questions. It begins with some important caveats and a brief review of the conventional wisdom. It then argues that presidents do matter for the nation’s economic performance. Most clearly, presidential (in)action during economic crises appears to matter most. Otherwise, a president’s effectiveness as an economic leader flows from three less obvious sources. First, the president’s vision for the country, for the federal government, and for the presidency itself are far more important than other factors, even his policy agenda. Second, political skill and enthusiasm matter, for leadership success is partly a function of a president’s willingness and ability to forge and leverage coalitions with other important political-economic actors, including the American people. Thus, the president’s role as an educator is a significant component of his leadership ability. Finally, trust is all-important. As economic actors, we value the predictability and reliability of others in the economy as well as that of the major political-economic institutions upon which our economic activities rely. Hence a president’s ability to build or maintain trust in institutions such as the financial system, the American currency, the federal government, even the presidency itself is crucial. In sum, not only do presidents matter for the nation’s economic performance, but they matter in subtle and unexpected ways.
Mental Imagery in Philosophy
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

The concept of mental imagery is a technical concept, so we should use it in a way that maximizes explanatory power. It is not a concept in our ordinary language and introspection is not a good guide to figuring out its features.
Unconscious Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Mental imagery may be conscious or unconscious. There are three reasons why we should posit unconscious mental imagery, the most important of which is that this provides the best explanation for a number of experimental results from various experimental paradigms.
Multimodal Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Mental imagery in one sense modality (say, audition) is often triggered by sensory input in another sense modality (say, vision). This is what happens, for example, when we watch the TV muted. This is called multimodal mental imagery and its prevalence in everyday perception provides an additional reason why what we pre-theoretically take to be perception is in fact a mixture of sensory stimulation-driven perception and mental imagery.
Sense Modalities in Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

The senses (vision, smell, touch, audition, etc.) are very different from one another. And the mental imagery in different sense modalities also has very different features. This chapter talks both about some peculiarities of mental imagery in some sense modalities (for example, olfactory mental imagery) and also the relation between them.
Object Files
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Object files are representations that sustain reference to external objects and keep track of the properties of these objects. This chapter goes through the experimental paradigms that necessitate the positing of object files and argues that all the explanatory work that is supposed to be done by object files can be done by mental imagery.
Memory
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Episodic memory is a form of mental imagery. As is trans-saccadic memory. This chapter considers two other forms of memory and argues that they also count as mental imagery: visual working memory and whatever form of memory is involved in the Sperling experiments
Boundary Extension
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

When we remember a scene, we remember more than what we saw. Literally more: the scene’s boundaries are wider than the boundaries of the scene we saw. This phenomenon is called boundary extension and it is one of the most important sets of findings about the ways in which memory is constructed. This chapter argues that mental imagery plays a key role in boundary extension.
Emotion
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

A wide variety of empirical results show that our emotions can influence our mental imagery and vice versa: mental imagery can trigger emotions. One way in which these results can be explained is by taking mental imagery to be emotionally charged or valenced. This can also help us to make progress in some grand debates in the philosophy of emotions.
Knowledge
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Perception can lead to knowledge. But can mental imagery lead to knowledge? Even more importantly, if perception, as we pre-theoretically think of it, is a mixture between sensory stimulation-driven perception and mental imagery, does this involvement of mental imagery diminish the epistemic cachet of perception? This chapter argues that it does not, but to see this, we need to pay thorough attention to the empirical details of how perception and mental imagery work—we need a form of naturalized epistemology.
EU Procedural Law
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz
Published: October 2023

This book, now in its second edition, provides a rigorously structured and comprehensive analysis of the system of judicial protection in the European Union and the procedure before the Union Courts. It examines the role and the competences of the Union Courts and the types of proceedings brought before them, such as the actions for infringement, annulment, and failure to act, along with special forms of procedure, for example, interim relief, appeals, staff cases, and intellectual property disputes. In doing so, special attention is paid to the fields of EU competition law, State aid, anti-dumping, banking union, public procurement, and access to documents. This book also evaluates the relationship between the Court of Justice and the national courts through the preliminary ruling procedure and the interplay between Union law and the national procedural and remedial frameworks generally. Throughout, this book takes account of important jurisprudential and institutional developments, encompassing not only recent case-law, but also the restructuring of the EU judicial system and reforms in the procedure of the Union Courts. Differences from the first edition include: extensive footnotes replaced with ‘choice’ references to key case-law of the Court of Justice and the General Court, and certain chapters streamlined to centralize the procedural themes and to facilitate quick reference to particular topics.
Introduction
Authors: Pettigrew William A.
Published: October 2023

This Introduction establishes how seventeenth-century English trading corporations justified their restrictions on trade with reference to the need to intimidate the non-European peoples they proposed to trade with. The chapter highlights the irony that arguments in favour of free trade often derived from the global settings that companies continually designated as requiring monopolies. The chapter establishes the ways in which the book will treat the operations of the trading companies overseas: with special emphasis on their responsiveness to free agents (whether wayward employees or interlopers, or the non-Europeans trading with them). It details the various historiographical terrains the argument of the book engages with: global history, legal history, and the history of trading corporations, before summarising the content of each chapter.
The Way the Money Goes
Authors: Hood Christopher , King Maia , McLean Iain , Piotrowska Barbara Maria
Published: October 2023

Based on documents and some 130 in-depth interviews with civil servants and ministers, this book explores what happened to the UK’s fiscal constitution—the framework for planning and controlling public spending—under three different governments from the early 1990s to the mid-2010s. The book combines analysis of developments in the fiscal constitution under each government with vignettes that range from the funding of a new Treasury building to efforts to ‘crowdsource’ ideas for spending cuts. The book also includes chapters devoted to different aspects of spending control, namely, capital spending, spending by subnational governments, running cost expenditure, fiscal forecasting for expenditure planning, and the development of new accounting metrics intended to promote better use of public spending and public assets. The book shows that: many of the underlying features of the UK’s fiscal constitution persisted over the period, including arrangements for formula funding of the different countries within the union that had been originally intended as a short-term fix in the 1970s; much was made of formal rules and formulae for planning and controlling public spending, but the application of those rules was variable in practice; and classificatory dexterity was a key element in shaping public spending developments over the period. A comparative chapter puts the UK story into cross-national perspective, and the book concludes by exploring four possible scenarios for the future of its fiscal constitution in the light of recent political upheavals and other possible political eruptions to come.
Latin Scientific Literature, 1450-1850
Authors: Korenjak Martin
Published: October 2023

This book provides the first overview of the vast natural scientific literature written and published in Latin in the early modern era. During this period, the emergence of what ultimately became modern science took place mainly in Latin, the international language of educated discourse. Hundreds of thousands of scientific texts were published in Latin from the invention of print to the demise of Latin as a language of science (c.1450–1850). Despite its importance, our knowledge of this literature is very limited at present. The book, which aims to rectify this situation, approaches the field, not from the perspective of a natural scientist or a historian of science, but from that of a literary scholar. Instead of the scientific content or methodology of the works under consideration, it is the genres of scientific literature and their communicative functions which are the focus of attention. The book falls into two main parts: Part I (‘Contexts’) introduces four aspects of early modern intellectual culture which are crucial for an understanding of the scientific literature of the time in as many chapters: the development of science, the role of Latin, the notion of literature, and the rise of print. Part II (‘Texts’) offers a detailed review of Neo-Latin scientific literature. In five chapters defined by the communicative functions of the texts under discussion—making sources accessible, presenting facts, arguing for certain positions, summarizing knowledge, and publicizing science—twenty pertinent genres are presented and analysed.
Arguing
Authors: Korenjak Martin
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses three genres concerned with argumentative advocacy of or against certain positions. The dialogue, a genre with deep ancient roots, was by its very nature suitable for the discussion of controversial subjects. The dissertation, an extremely prolific genre in Central and Northern Europe, was originally the basis of a disputatio, an academic exercise in scholarly argumentation; from the eighteenth century, it began to evolve into the proof of a candidate’s scientific capacity which it is today. Dissertations were avidly collected by some because of the novelty of their contents. Innovativeness was also a hallmark of the monograph, the focused treatment of a single, coherent topic, which rose to new prominence in early modern times. Medium-sized, neatly structured, and thoroughly argued, this type of book was particularly well suited to the presentation of new insights and theories.
Conclusion
Authors: Korenjak Martin
Published: October 2023

The conclusion initially summarizes the marked differences between early modern scientific literature and its modern counterpart. For the rest, it falls into two parts. First, some early modern tendencies foreshadowing the later development of scientific literature are discussed: structural standardization, stylistic simplification, and the replacement of complex syntax by layout, non-text, and technical terminology. Secondly, a number of research desiderata are named: modern editions, including translations and commentaries, of exemplary texts; in-depth examinations, in article or monograph format, of all genres discussed in the book as well as of many discussed only incidentally or not at all; studies on vernacular scientific literature and its interaction with its Latin counterpart; overviews of the literary side of other fields of early modern learning (e.g. theology, law, philology); and finally, the combination of the currently dominant cultural-historical approach with a philological approach in the study of early modern science.
It’s Cells All the Way Down
Authors: Reber Arthur S. , Baluška František , Miller William B.
Published: October 2023

This chapter presents an overview of the evidence to support the Cellular Basis of Consciousness theory. It reviews the large, indeed enormous, literature for sentience, awareness, subjectivity, cognitive functions, feelings, motivational states, learning, memory formation, decision-making, and communication in a large number of single-cell species. As noted in Chapter 1, these behaviours are ones routinely cited as evidence for sentience, cognition. However, within the standard approaches to what’s been dubbed ‘consciousness science’, they are treated as though they are not reflective of an existential sentience, but as ‘dumb’ routines carried out independently of any internal experiences, feelings, or valenced sensations. The material, however, makes clear that this ‘competence without comprehension’ stance is, quite simply, wrong.
The Biophysical Basis of Cellular Sentience
Authors: Reber Arthur S. , Baluška František , Miller William B.
Published: October 2023

Cellular sentience is essential for cellular evolution, coterminous with the origin of life. Placing evolution into a framework of cellular sentience grants a contextual understanding of the full range of challenges to which cells are continually exposed and better explains how relevant adaptive responses are achieved at all levels of cellular complexity. Within that sentient framework, the major adaptive role is played by the excitable plasma membrane providing a smart border governing the inside–outside dichotomy. The intelligent plasma membrane acts as a vesicle-generating system, contributing extracellular vesicles that participate in productive manipulation of the extracellular space as well as critically serving in cell–cell communication. Within the cell interior, the plasma membrane generates intracellular endosomal vesicles which internalize small parts of the extracellular space, allowing cells to probe their extracellular environment, helping to satisfy their nutritive needs. The plasma membrane provides the bioelectric boundary of the cellular self, populated by numerous receptors, sensors, transporters, and channels. These combine through ionic flows and signalling cascades, ultimately assembling bioelectromagnetic fields as cellular senomes. These senomic fields permeate the cellular internal space and also radiate externally. Senomic fields are hierarchically organized, starting with the smallest vesicular senomes extending up to the supracellular N-space Episenomes of multicellular organisms. The biophysical basis of cellular sentience was initiated by ancient rotary ATP-ases that were functional participants within the cell’s limiting membranes, providing the energetic basis of the cellular senome and electrome.
Liberating Science: The Early Universe, Evolution and the Public Voice of Science
Authors: Steane Andrew
Published: October 2023

This book is a presentation of science for the general reader, with an emphasis on correcting widely held misconceptions, and a call to liberate science from ‘private ownership’ in cultural terms. The heart of the book is about offering to the next generation a balanced and liberating view of their own moral stature. Quantum fields and the physics of the early universe are described in non-technical language, showing what science can and cannot say about origins. Darwinian evolution is then discussed, giving due weight both to variation and to the constraints which shape the possible outcomes. It is argued that there is no good reason to think that human judgements about ethics are driven largely by instinct. The capacities of living things, including reason and moral and aesthetic judgement in humans, are not mere instincts dictated by reproductive success, but rather abilities to perceive what is so. The other liberation the book seeks, or offers, is towards saying that science is a universal, a part of our common inheritance, and not the property of just one world-view calling itself ‘scientific’. Any world-view has, built into its character, a set of values, and these cannot be derived from science but rather underpin it. The scientific community can and should make clear, in particular, that Darwinian evolution does not overturn what lies at the root of a religious response to the world.
The Making and Unmaking of Colonial Cities
Authors: Obert Julia C.
Published: October 2023

The Making and Unmaking of Colonial Cities is a comparative study of architectural space in four (post)colonial capitals: Belfast, Northern Ireland; Windhoek, Namibia; Bridgetown, Barbados; and Hanoi, Vietnam. Each chapter takes up one of these cities, outlining its history of building and urban planning under colonial rule and linking that history to its contemporary shape and scope. This genealogical information is drawn from primary source documents and archival materials. The chapters then look to local literary texts to better understand the lingering impact of colonial building practices on individuals living in (post)colonial cities today. These texts often foreground the difficulty of moving through a city that can never feel comfortably one’s own; legacies of racial segregation, buildings that disregard indigenous resources, and street names that serve as constant reminders of a history of oppression, for example, can produce feelings of anxiety, even of unbelonging, for native subjects. However, the literature also highlights ways in which the subversive wanderings of particular pedestrians—taking shortcuts, trespassing in forbidden places, diverting spaces from their intended uses—can contest “official” topography. Bodies can therefore move against the power of a repressive regime, at least to some degree, even when that power is literally set in stone. The book argues for the significance of these small gestures of reclamation, suggesting that we must counterpose the potential flexibility of lived space to the prohibitions of the map in order to more fully understand (post)colonial power relations.
The Kannada Intellectual Tradition
Authors: Chakravarthy N. Manu
Published: October 2023

The essay attempts to trace the multiple trajectories of the Kannada intellectual tradition. One of the main arguments of the essay is that the Kannada intellectual tradition does not operate with exclusivist notions. What is being suggested through this is the point that the Kannada tradition borrowed freely from Pali, Prakrit, Sanskrit, Telugu, and Tamil while shaping its various epistemological dimensions. It is also necessary to recognize the fact that the Kannada language did not try to resist linguistic registers belonging to other languages, especially Sanskrit. At the same time, the Kannada language, and, consequently, Kannada culture, drew from diverse oral traditions eliminating hierarchies between the oral and the written traditions. One can see the idea of ‘Communities of Commons’ (as far as thought, experience, and expression went) guiding the Kannada intellectual tradition. The deep understanding of a society of ‘Commons’ gave the Kannada intellectual tradition a strong democratic temper that resisted all forms of intellectual authority and power and, more significantly, gave it the energy to reject the powerful ruling notion that knowledge emanated from a single source. Locating the multiple origins of epistemology has always been central to the enquiring spirit of the Kannada tradition. It is for this reason that the essay, through references to various scholars, maintains that the vital concern of the Kannada intellectual tradition lies in its search for ‘anarchist alternatives’.
The British Miner in the Age of De-Industrialization
Authors: Arnold Jörg
Published: October 2023

Drawing on the theorizing of Raymond Williams and Reinhart Koselleck, the study makes use of previously inaccessible records to offer a new account of the British miner in the age of de-industrialization. The book reinserts the industry’s ‘new dawn’ of the 1970s into the story of coal. It argues that Britain’s miners went through a cyclical movement—from loser to winner and back again—as Britain underwent a de-industrial revolution in the final decades of the twentieth century. The industry’s reversal of fortunes proved short-lived. It was significant all the same. Its significance, the book argues, did not lie in affecting the long-term trajectory of the industry. Rather, the ‘new dawn’ was important in raising the political and cultural stakes. The figure of the coal miner became invested with sharply contrasting characteristics: proletarian traditionalist and standard bearer of socialist advance, hero and villain, underdog and enemy. The miners were no mere spectators in this process. They were agents, thought to be uniquely powerful by their numerous opponents, and half-believing in this power themselves. The miners’ special nature, however, jarred with the aspiration to lead an ordinary life, producing tensions that were most cruelly exposed in the year-long strike of 1984/5. As the industry’s reconstruction intensified in the aftermath of the strike, mineworkers were transformed from awe-inspiring agents wielding collective power into admirable but pitiful symbols of the changes wrought by de-industrialization itself, as the study shows.
Beyond Quick Fixes
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: October 2023

Beyond Quick Fixes steps back from business as usual to rethink how we can approach the complex challenges of contemporary society—health, education, energy, and social media. Rouse retreats, initially, into the principles of design thinking rather than policymaking; he rigorously reconsiders our typical modes of operation and explores alternative ways of thinking about complex problems and potential solutions. The result is an integrated approach to addressing complexity to assist leaders and advisors responsible for addressing these challenges. He shows that this approach is economically feasible and attractive, and provides guidance on likely challenges from the perspective of organizational and individual change.
Introduction
Authors: Mohan Rajat
Published: October 2023

The world is now richer, healthier, and more literate than it was just a generation ago. These are all very significant, if not dramatic, achievements and there is much to celebrate. However, many around the world still suffer from significant deprivations. Many countries suffer from the ills of higher and indeed growing inequalities. Here is a hypothetical place that would represent such a place where governance is poor and corruption is rife. Justice and basic freedoms are denied to many by capricious rulers. Discrimination based on faith, race, ethnicity, or gender orientation is common. Denmark is another hypothetical place where the opposite holds true. Poor governance is a root cause of the many ills that people here suffer. Improving governance needs good, strong institutions. Institutions are both the formal and informal rules with which a society conducts itself. Time, history, culture, leadership and yes, luck all play a role in building institutions and will obviously vary from country to country. There is no easy road map for the journey from Here to Denmark. Each society will have to find its own way. But the experiences of several countries point to a common lesson: the overriding importance of human capital and an empowered citizenry which can actively participate in the affairs of their society in building strong institutions.
Better Understanding, Better Interventions
Authors: Mohan Rajat
Published: October 2023

Basing public policy choices and institutional designs on neoclassical assumptions of unbounded rationality can be misleading. A better understanding of how humans think and act will lead to better interventions. Social contexts matter. Thus, policy and institutional prescriptions need to be context-specific and cannot be simply transplanted as ‘best practice’ from elsewhere. The relentless grind of poverty imposes a disproportionately unfair cognitive tax on the poor. It narrows the frame of choices they believe are open to them, and so they often choose inferior options. Encouragingly, better choices result from institutional interventions which alleviate such stresses. Research in psychological and behavioural sciences shows that ‘bounded’ humans could sometimes use help in their complex decision-making process, a nudge. By the very nature of their evolution, norms and mental models have long staying power. They can have the positive effects of the collective knowledge and wisdom of the ancestors being bequeathed to successive generations. But they can also outlive their relevance and become counterproductive. Changing norms need collective actions. Participatory deliberations, empowering the affected people, raising social awareness, or offering a counter norm to anchor the change are some such possible actions. Actions by the government and the deployment of a law can also shift norms. Changing mental models are usually more difficult since they are self-enforced. However, with better understanding of these behavioural aspects, societies can devise better institutional interventions, hopefully leading to a better world.
Spanish in Chicago
Authors: Potowski Kim , Torres Lourdes
Published: October 2023

This is the first book-length study of Spanish in Chicago, a site where Spanish is a minority language in contact with dominant English. The book’s goal is to describe the oral Spanish of Chicago-based Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and MexiRicans across three generations, identify patterns of change, and propose explanations for them. It describes what happens when speakers who use different varieties of Spanish come into contact with one another in Chicago. The study contributes to discussions of possible language or dialect contact outcomes such as linguistic convergence, dialect leveling, accommodation, and language loss. The book starts with an introduction to the history of the Puerto Rican and Mexican communities in Chicago, including histories of settlement, shifting demographics, contact and engagement, and mutual social and linguistic attitudes. It features an analysis of five linguistic features: lexical familiarity, proportional use of so versus entonces, number of codeswitches and percentage of English use, production of subjunctive morphology in obligatory and variable contexts, and two phonological features, the weakening of coda /s/ and the velarization of /r̄/. The analyses consider the role of proficiency and generation in the production of all five of these features. The book then offers an extensive discussion of the factors that underlie the development of diverse Spanish proficiency levels within Latino Chicago and offers suggestions for how to promote Spanish language vitality across generations in the future. The book’s findings are compared to other foundational studies of Spanish in the U.S.
The complex case of the calcareous sponge Leucosolenia complicata (Porifera: Calcarea): hidden diversity in Boreal and Arctic regions with description of a new species
Authors: Lavrov Andrey , Ekimova Irina , Schepetov Dimitry , Koinova Alexandra , Ereskovsky Alexander
Published: October 2023

In this study, we present the first integrative revision of the Boreal and Arctic calcareous sponges of the genus Leucosolenia with a specific focus on its biodiversity in the White Sea. The material for this work included a combination of newly collected specimens from different regions of the North-East Atlantic and the White Sea and historical museum collections. An integrative analysis was implemented based on vast morphological data (light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy), microbiome observations, ecological data, accompanied by molecular phylogenetic and species’ delimitation analyses based on three nuclear markers (28S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and histone 3). We demonstrate that Leucosolenia complicata, previously reported from Arctic waters, is restricted to the North-East Atlantic, while in the Arctic, Leucosolenia diversity is represented by at least four species: Leucosolenia corallorrhiza, Leucosolenia variabilis, and two new species, one of which is described herein under the name Leucosolenia creepae sp. nov.. The molecular phylogeny analysis supports the species identity of these species. In addition to conventional morphological characters, new informative fine morphological characters (skeleton and oscular crown organization; cytological structure, including morphotypes of symbiotic bacteria) were found, providing a baseline for further revision of this group in other regions.
The novel peptide DR4penA attenuates the bleomycin‐ and paraquat‐induced pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing the TGF‐β/Smad signaling pathway
Authors: Wang Dan , Deng Bochuan , Cheng Lu , Li Jieru , Guo Xiaomin , Zhang Jiao , Zhang Xiang , Su Ping , Li Guofeng , Miao Xiaokang , Yang Wenle , Xie Junqiu , Wang Rui
Published: October 2023

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF), which is caused by continuous alveolar epithelial cell injury and abnormal repair, is referred to as a difficult disease of the lung system by the World Health Organization due to its rapid progression, poor prognosis, and high mortality rate. However, there is still a lack of ideal therapeutic strategies. The peptide DR8 (DHNNPQIR‐NH2), which is derived from rapeseed, exerted antifibrotic activity in the lung, liver, and kidney in our previous studies. By studying the structure–activity relationship and rational design, we introduced an unnatural hydrophobic amino acid (α‐(4‐pentenyl)‐Ala) into DR8 and screened the novel peptide DR4penA (DHNα‐(4‐pentenyl)‐APQIR‐NH2), which had higher anti‐PF activity, higher antioxidant activity and a longer half‐life than DR8. Notably, DR4penA attenuated bleomycin‐ and paraquat‐induced PF, and the anti‐PF activity of DR4penA was equivalent to that of pirfenidone. Additionally, DR4penA suppressed the TGF‐β/Smad pathway in TGF‐β1‐induced A549 cells and paraquat‐induced rats. This study demonstrates that the novel peptide DR4penA is a potential candidate compound for PF therapy, and its antifibrotic activity in different preclinical models of PF provides a theoretical basis for further study.
Early Albumin Infusion Is Associated With Greater Survival to Discharge Among Patients With Sepsis/Septic Shock Who Develop Severe Acute Kidney Injury Among Patients With Sepsis/Septic Shock Who Develop Severe Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Raghunathan Karthik , Kempker Jordan A. , Davis E. Anne , Sindhwani Navreet S. , Telang Santosh , Lodaya Kunal , Martin Greg S.
Published: October 2023

Importance:

Adults hospitalized with sepsis/septic shock commonly develop acute kidney injury (AKI) which imposes a significant burden on the healthcare system. The administration of early human albumin in this patient population may yield more efficient healthcare resource utilization.

Objectives:

To examine the association between early use of albumin and time to discharge in adults who develop severe AKI while hospitalized with sepsis/septic shock.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study using de-identified electronic health records from a national database (Cerner Health Facts; Cerner Corp., Kansas City, MO).

Setting and Participants:

Patients (n = 2,829) hospitalized between January 2013 and April 2018 with a diagnosis of sepsis/septic shock (identified using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision and 10th Revision codes) who developed severe AKI (stage 3 according to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria) during hospitalization (n = 2,845 unique encounters).

Main Outcomes and Measures:

Patients were grouped according to timing of albumin exposure: within less than or equal to 24 hours of admission (“early albumin”) or unexposed/exposed late (“nonearly albumin”). A cause-specific hazard model, censoring for death/discharge to hospice, was used to examine the association between “early albumin” and the rate of hospital discharge with clinical stability.

Results:

Albumin was administered early in 8.6% of cases. Cases with early albumin administration had a median time to discharge of 13.2 days compared with 17.0 in the nonearly group (Log-rank p < 0.0001). An adjusted analysis showed that the rate of hospital discharge with clinical stability increased by 83% in the early albumin group compared with the nonearly group (hazard ratio, 1.832; 95% CI, 1.564–2.146; p < 0.001 nonearly group.

Conclusions and Relevance:

The use of albumin within 24 hours of hospital admission was associated with a shorter time to discharge and a higher rate of discharge with clinical stability, suggesting an improvement in healthcare resource utilization among patients with sepsis/septic shock who developed stage 3 AKI during hospitalization.