bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consent, Dissent, and Patriotism. By Margaret Levi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 215p. $59.95 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: Tilly Charles
Published: November 2002

Through an opening epigraph from Norman Maclean, Mar-
garet Levi proposes a vivid analogy between the complexities
of conscription and of fire: In both cases many causes
intersect to produce particular events, yet the analyst's job is
to tease truth from complexity. Seeking to clarify costly
political consent in general, Levi astutely analyzes resistance
to and compliance with calls to military service, a quintessen-
tial case in which individuals face the choice of bearing large
costs on behalf of benefits they will share little or not at all
and to which their participation will make little difference. In
the process, without ever quite saying so, she batters the
postulate of universal self-interest that undergirds so much of
rational choice argument in political science.
Organizing Women in Contemporary Russia: Engendering Transition. By Valerie Sperling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 303p. $59.95 cloth, $22.95 paper.
Authors: Kay Rebecca
Published: November 2002

In the introduction, Valerie Sperling notes that "Russia's
transition from communism toward capitalism and a more
democratic political arrangement has been both good and
bad for women, presenting both obstacles and opportunities
for organizing" (p. 7). She goes on to produce an engaging
and thought-provoking analysis aimed at broadening the
scope and explanatory power of social movement theory,
which, she argues, has been developed by scholars who focus
primarily on social movements in the "contemporary core
democracies" (pp. 52-3). In contrast Sperling develops "a
cross-cultural model of social movement organizing and
development that explores five interrelated opportunity
structures: socio-cultural or attitudinal, political, economic,
political-historical, and international" (p. 53). In each subse-
quent chapter she tackles one of these opportunity structures
and offers a number of fascinating insights into the world of
post-Soviet social movements, based on the experience of her
sample of women's organizations.
The Friendly Liquidation of the Past: The Politics of Diversity in Latin America. By Donna Lee Van Cott. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000. 328p. $50.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.
Authors: Premo Daniel L.
Published: November 2002

This ambitious new book is a valuable contribution to a
growing literature that assumes political democracy cannot
be fully achieved in Latin America without recognizing and
acting on the region's ethnic and cultural diversity. Van Cott
explores the link between ethnic politics, particularly the
demands of indigenous peoples, and the constitutional re-
forms that have occurred in various countries in Latin
America over the past decade. Relying primarily on compre-
hensive analyses of constitutional reforms in Colombia
(1991) and Bolivia (1994), she develops the case for what she
terms a new "multicultural" model for the region.
To Agree or Not to Agree: Leadership, Bargaining, and Arms Control. By Lisa A. Baglione. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. 215p. $49.50. The Politics of Verification. By Nancy W. Gallagher. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. 311p. $45.00.
Authors: Knopf Jeffrey W.
Published: November 2002

When the Soviet Union disappeared, so did much of aca-
demic political science's interest in nuclear arms control. This
is unfortunate. First, the risk of nuclear war has not gone
away and may be increasing because of nuclear proliferation.
Second, U.S.-Soviet cooperation on arms control was in
many ways unexpected, and it remains a useful laboratory for
testing international relations theory.
Domestic Sources of International Environmental Policy: Industry, Environmentalists, and U.S. Power. By Elizabeth R. DeSombre. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000. 316p. $22.00 paper.
Authors: Mitchell Ronald B.
Published: November 2002

In two provocative new books, Elizabeth DeSombre and
Matthew Paterson attack two issues that call into question
common assumptions about international environmental pol-
itics (IEP). Paterson asks: Does our global environmental
predicament reflect unfortunate, but essentially unrelated,
secular trends or the influence of deeper, structural forces?
DeSombre asks: Does resolution of environmental problems,
whatever their sources, require broad support among many
countries, or can solutions arise from unilateral action by a
single powerful state? Paterson's answer involves a refreshing
critique of the IEP literature that shows how traditional
realist and liberal approaches systematically ignore the un-
derlying causes of global environmental change. DeSombre
provides a trenchant analysis of when, how, and why a
country will attempt, and succeed at, internalization of its
own domestic environmental regulations. Both books make
significant contributions to the growing IEP literature, ex-
tending it to important new areas of research.
War and Punishment; The Causes of War Termination and the First World War. By Hein E. Goemans. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. 355p. $49.50 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: Bennett D. Scott
Published: November 2002

Hein Goemans develops and tests a rationalist model of war
termination that incorporates domestic politics, focusing on
leader tenure and survival in expected postwar political
environments. The book is one of a growing number of works
that look beyond the initiation of conflict to its conclusion,
examine the dynamics of conflict over time, and incorporate
domestic political factors through a multimethod analysis.
Ruling the World: Power Politics and the Rise of Supranational Institutions. By Lloyd Gruber. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. 316p. $70.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.
Authors: Cafruny Alan
Published: November 2002

The salience of supranational structures of governance in-
creased dramatically during the last decade. The World
Trade Organization (WTO) and North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), for example, not only establish de-
tailed norms, rules, and decision-making procedures but also
endow supranational governing boards with sweeping powers
of enforcement. The European Monetary Union (EMU)
greatly constrains national sovereignty by eliminating na-
tional currencies and allowing the European Central Bank to
play a key role in national economic policymaking. In his
study of NAFTA and the European Monetary System
(EMS), Lloyd Gruber contends that international relations
scholars have had difficulty coming to grips with the trend
toward global governance because the dominant theoretical
approaches-neoliberalism and neorealism-tend to assume
incorrectly that international cooperation produces mutual
benefits for all contracting parties.
Principles of Global Security. By John D. Steinbruner. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000. 270p. $44.95 cloth, $18.95 paper.
Authors: Miller Lynn H.
Published: November 2002

Now that more than a decade and two American presidencies
have come and gone since the end of the Cold War, the
United States has articulated no new grand strategy to
address the novel security demands of the new age. There is
nothing remotely comparable to the Truman Doctrine and
the Marshall Plan that so radically reoriented U.S. strategic
policy at the start of the era now ended. No doubt, the
reasons for that absence have something to do with the
"if-it-ain't-broke" dictum. Confrontation and deterrence ev-
idently worked to win the Cold War and, by this logic, should
continue to serve the nation's security into the murky future.
Preliminary findings of a format-based foreign language teaching method for school children
in the Basque Country
Authors: AZPILLAGA BERONIKA , ARZAMENDI JESUS , ETXEBERRIA FELI , GARAGORRI XABIER , LINDSAY DIANA , JOARISTI LUIS
Published: November 2002

This article describes the preliminary findings in the Basque Country of a project shared by
four European countries to teach a second language or a foreign language to preschool and
school-age children. The method used to teach the foreign language – in this case, the third
language (English) – is based on the use of dramatized formats (Taeschner, 1992). Here,
we examine (1) the level of proficiency attained by the experimental groups (50 pupils) at the end
of the first year and at the end of the second year of working with the method and (2) the level of
proficiency attained by the experimental groups by the end of the second year compared to that
attained by the control groups (20 pupils) working with a different method. Other variables are
also considered: specific behavior types (disruptive, withdrawn), intelligence, sex, language
achievement, and sociocultural background. The pupils were tested at the beginning of the
project, at the end of the first year, and at the end of the second year. The linguistic data were
transcribed and analyzed with the CLAN programs of CHILDES (MacWhinney, 1995), and
various statistical analyses were carried out. The results indicate significant differences in
language proficiency in favor of the experimental group as well as some interesting information
about children with specific behaviors learning with this method.
Children's spelling of syllabic /r/ and letter-name vowels: Broadening the
study of spelling development
Authors: REECE CHARLES , TREIMAN REBECCA
Published: November 2002

Many previous studies of children's spelling have adopted a narrow approach,
examining one linguistic structure at a time and paying little attention to differences among
children or changes with development. We broadened the focus by examining two different, but
potentially related, patterns (stressed syllabic /r/ and letter-name vowels) and by tracking
changes in performance from fall to spring of first grade. The results show how children move
from using one letter for each phonological unit (e.g., SR for sir; KON for cone) to appreciating the function of “extra” letters (e.g., the vowel letters i of sir and e of cone). Errors such as SRE for sir may arise during this process, reflecting an overgeneralization of the silent e pattern. The results are generally consistent with the view that spelling becomes more “orthographic” with development. However, the course of development is not always as predicted by existing stage theories.
Context effects on sentence processing: A study based on the Competition Model
Authors: SU I-RU
Published: November 2002

Based on the Competition Model, the present study investigated how adult monolinguals and
bilinguals incorporate the context cue in assigning the agent role vis-à-vis intrasentential
cues (animacy and word order). The subjects were L1 and L2 speakers of Chinese and English.
The results show that both Chinese and English monolingual controls paid less attention to
context than to intrasentential cues that have been identified as determinants for Chinese and
English sentence processing. Nevertheless, context was found to play a bigger role in Chinese
than in English. As for L2 learners, the main effect of context was significant in all groups of
learners of Chinese and English. However, the Chinese EFL learners relied on context to a greater
extent than did the English CFL learners when processing their respective L2.
Conversational patterns in late talkers at age 3
Authors: RESCORLA LESLIE , BASCOME ARLITA , LAMPARD JARLETTE , FEENY NORAH
Published: November 2002

Topic choice, topic synchrony, and utterance function during mother–child play
sessions at age 3 were examined in 32 late talkers (identified at 24 to 31 months) and 21
comparison children, matched at intake on age, SES, and nonverbal ability. At age 3, late talkers
had significantly lower MLUs and IPSyn scores than comparison children. Late talkers and
comparison children did not differ in number of utterances, topic initiation, topic synchrony, use
of commands, reactions to commands, or conversational fillers. However, late talkers asked
significantly fewer questions, provided fewer answers to maternal questions, made fewer
declarative statements, and were less likely to elaborate on their own topic than comparison
children. Mothers of late talkers produced significantly more utterances and asked many more
questions, but otherwise they did not differ from mothers of comparison children. In both groups,
children and mothers were highly synchronous. When late talkers were divided into two groups
(children with continuing delay vs. “late bloomers” who were within the normal
range in MLU), the subgroups did not differ significantly from each other on any conversational
measure.
The acquisition of English dative constructions
Authors: CAMPBELL AIMEE L. , TOMASELLO MICHAEL
Published: November 2002

We analyzed the three main types of English dative constructions – the double-object
dative, the to dative, and the for dative – in the spontaneous speech
of seven children from the age of 1;6 to 5;0. The main findings were as follows. First, the
double-object dative was acquired by most of the children before either of the prepositional
datives; this was attributed to the greater frequency with which children heard this construction
with individual verbs. Second, the verbs children used with these constructions were not only the
adult prototypical ones, but also a number of the less prototypical ones; again, this was very likely
due to their frequency and saliency in the language children heard. Third, no support was found
for Ninio's (1999) analysis of the emergence of constructions in terms of a single
“pathbreaking” verb; rather, children began using the double-object dative with
many different verbs and did not follow the trajectory proposed by Ninio (i.e., a single verb is
used for some months before an “explosion” of new verbs is introduced in the
construction). Finally, most of the verbs initially used in the three dative constructions were first
used in other constructions (e.g., a simple transitive); this was even true for some obligatory
datives, such as give and show. The current results provide a starting point
for determining the underlying representations for the different kinds of dative constructions and
for explicating how children understand the interrelations among these and other constructions.
Can children with speech difficulties process an unfamiliar accent?
Authors: NATHAN LIZ , WELLS BILL
Published: November 2002

This study explores the hypothesis that children identified as having phonological processing
problems may have particular difficulty in processing a different accent. Children with speech
difficulties (n = 18) were compared with matched controls on four measures of auditory processing. First, an accent auditory lexical decision task was administered. In one condition, the children made lexical decisions about stimuli presented in their own accent (London). In the second condition, the stimuli were spoken in an unfamiliar accent (Glaswegian). The results showed that the children with speech difficulties had a specific deficit on the unfamiliar accent. Performance on the other auditory discrimination tasks revealed additional deficits at lower levels of input processing. The wider clinical implications of the findings are considered.
Phonological representation of novel morphemes in children with SLI and typically
developing children
Authors: CRIDDLE MEGAN J. , DURKIN KEVIN
Published: November 2002

This article addresses whether phonological representation is an area of weakness for children
with SLI and whether it contributes to their difficulty with grammatical morphemes. Bishop
(1997) proposed that children with SLI form phonological representations more slowly than
typically developing children. This hypothesis was investigated by exposing a group of children
with SLI and a group of typically developing children, matched for language ability, to novel
morphemes. Their ability to detect phonemic changes from the target morpheme was tested.
Children with SLI were less able than typically developing children to detect changes when the
morphemes were presented in nonfinal utterance positions. Hence, children with SLI were less
able to form fully specified phonological representations of morphemes in conditions of low
perceptual salience. The results are interpreted within a limited processing capacity framework.
Language death. David Crystal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. 208.
Authors: Thompson R. Bruce , Gleason Jean Berko
Published: November 2002

“On 4 November 1995 Kasabe existed; on 5 November it did not.” This brief
obituary in David Crystal's book (p. 1) does not refer to a creature. It refers to an African
language, known as Luo, that had been spoken in Cameroon; on the day in question, Bogon, the
last speaker of Kasabe, died, taking his language with him. According to Crystal, half of the
world's current languages are in danger of dying, and the situation is so grave that an
international and interdisciplinary effort must be mounted to rescue them. Crystal has written this
book to alert us to the peril and to suggest ways in which our linguistic diversity might be
maintained.
Linguistic genocide in education – Or worldwide diversity and human rights? Tove
Skutnabb-Kangas. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2000. Pp. 785.
Authors: Jacobson Erik
Published: November 2002

In the preface to this passionately argued text, the author makes the political aspects of the
work quite clear. She states that she hopes readers will “become angry, desperate,
frustrated, as well as reflective, optimistic and eager to join me and others in demanding,
suggesting, creating, and implementing change” (p. xv). This statement sets the tone for
the entire book: a mixture of self-professed utopian thinking (p. 600) and clear-sighted accounts
of actually existing conditions. Recognizing that a simple call for justice is not enough in a world
dominated by transnational capitalism and marked by institutionalized inequities in power, the
author admits that a human rights approach to linguistic issues will only work if there is also a
redistribution of the world's resources. The book is thus a call to action on a variety of
fronts.
Slips of the typewriter key
Authors: BERG THOMAS
Published: November 2002

This article presents an analysis of 500 submorphemic slips of the typewriter key that escaped the notice of authors and other proofreaders and thereby made their way into the published records of scientific research. Despite this high selectivity, the corpus is not found to differ in major ways from other collections of keying slips. The main characteristics of this error type include a predominance of within-word slips, an elevated rate of noncontextual slips, a heightened incidence of omissions (in particular, masking errors), a high number of adjacent switches, and an uncommonness of these slips in word edges. In all these respects, slips of the key resemble slips of the pen, although not slips of the tongue. It is argued that speech errors are shaped by a fully deployed structural representation, whereas key slips arise under the influence of a weak structural representation. By implication, speaking is characterized by a hierarchical strategy of activation while typewriting is subject to the so-called staircase strategy of serialization in which activation is a function of linear distance. These disparate strategies may be understood as a response of the processing system to disparate requirements, such as varying speed of execution.
The contribution of oral language skills to the development of phonological awareness
Authors: COOPER DAVID H. , ROTH FROMA P. , SPEECE DEBORAH L. , SCHATSCHNEIDER CHRISTOPHER
Published: November 2002

Phonological awareness skills are prerequisite to early reading, yet the development of phonological awareness is an understudied phenomenon. To identify factors that contribute to the development of phonological awareness, we investigated the longitudinal relationships among child background factors, structural oral language, and phonological awareness in a sample of 52 children from kindergarten to second grade and a subsample of this group who were nonreaders in kindergarten. Background measures were IQ, family literacy, socioeconomic status, and child's primary language; oral language measures were receptive and expressive semantics, syntax, and morphology; phonological awareness was measured by segmentation and blending. Principal component analysis of the structural language measures yielded a general oral language factor score. Regression analyses indicated that the background variables were unique predictors of kindergarten general oral language skill but did not predict phonological awareness skills. General oral language accounted for significant and substantial unique variance in phonological awareness each year for both the full sample and the subsample of nonreaders, controlling for reading ability. These findings suggest general oral language may contribute to the development of early reading through its significant influence on the development of phonological awareness.
ON STATIONARITY IN THE ARCH(∞) MODEL
Authors: Kazakevičius Vytautas , Leipus Remigijus
Published: November 2002

We continue investigation of the ARCH(∞) model begun in Giraitis, Kokoszka, and Leipus
(2000, Econometric Theory 16, 3–22). Nonrestrictive
conditions for the existence of a strictly stationary solution
are established. The paper generalizes the results of Nelson
(1990, Econometric Theory 6, 318–334) and Bougerol
and Picard (1992, Journal of Econometrics 52,
115–127) to the ARCH(∞) model.
THE INVARIANCE PRINCIPLE FOR LINEAR PROCESSES WITH APPLICATIONS
Authors: Wang Qiying , Lin Yan-Xia , Gulati Chandra M.
Published: November 2002

Let Xt be a linear process defined by
Xt = [sum ]k=0∞
ψkεt−k, where
{ψk, k ≥ 0} is a sequence of real
numbers and {εk, k = 0,±1,±2,...} is a
sequence of random variables. Two basic results, on the invariance
principle of the partial sum process of the Xt
converging to a standard Wiener process on [0,1], are presented
in this paper. In the first result, we assume that the innovations
εk are independent and identically distributed
random variables but do not restrict [sum ]k=0∞
|ψk| < ∞. We note that, for
the partial sum process of the Xt converging to a
standard Wiener process, the condition [sum ]k=0∞
|ψk| < ∞ or stronger conditions are
commonly used in previous research. The second result is for the situation
where the innovations εk form a martingale difference
sequence. For this result, the commonly used assumption of equal variance of
the innovations εk is weakened. We apply these general
results to unit root testing. It turns out that the limit distributions of the
Dickey–Fuller test statistic and Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt, and
Shin (KPSS) test statistic still hold for the more general models under very
weak conditions.
OPTIMAL INFERENCE WITH MANY INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Hahn Jinyong
Published: November 2002

In this paper, I derive the efficiency bound of the structural
parameter in a linear simultaneous equations model with many
instruments. The bound is derived by applying a convolution
theorem to Bekker's (1994, Econometrica 62,
657–681) asymptotic approximation, where the number of
instruments grows to infinity at the same rate as the sample
size. Usual instrumental variables estimators with a small number
of instruments are heuristically argued to be efficient estimators
in the sense that their asymptotic distribution is minimal.
Bayesian estimators based on parameter orthogonalization are
heuristically argued to be inefficient.
The 2002 Econometric Theory Awards
Authors: Phillips Peter C. B.
Published: November 2002

I am delighted to announce the following Econometric
Theory Awards for 2002.

Multa Scripsit: Marcus Chambers, Peter M. Robinson,
Zhijie Xiao

Plura Scripsit: Karim M. Abadir, John L. Knight,
Oliver Linton, Seiji Nabeya, Whitney Newey, Jeffrey M. Wooldridge

Plurima Scripsit: Pentti Saikkonen

There are presently three levels of the Econometric Theory
Award: Multa Scripsit, Plura Scripsit, and Plurima Scripsit. The awards
are made annually using an automated point system based on an author's
cumulative publications in ET. A description of the award system
and a copy of the ET Award Certificate are given in the Vol. 13,
No. 2 issue of ET and may be viewed on the journal's web site
at http://korora.econ.yale.edu/et.htm.
MODELING CYCLICAL BEHAVIOR WITH DIFFERENTIAL-DIFFERENCE
EQUATIONS IN AN UNOBSERVED COMPONENTS FRAMEWORK
Authors: Chambers Marcus J. , McGarry Joanne S.
Published: November 2002

This paper considers a continuous time unobserved components
model in which the cyclical component follows a
differential-difference equation whereas the trend and seasonal
components follow more standard differential equations. Estimation
of the parameters of the model with either a stock or a flow
variable is analyzed using a frequency domain Gaussian estimator
whose asymptotic properties are derived paying particular attention
to the role of a truncation parameter that arises in the practical
computation of the spectral density function. The results of
a simulation exercise, which assesses the finite sample performance
of the estimator, are also provided.
SELECTING THE RANK OF THE COINTEGRATION SPACE AND THE FORM
OF THE INTERCEPT USING AN INFORMATION CRITERION
Authors: Aznar Antonio , Salvador Manuel
Published: November 2002

In this paper we consider a family of penalized likelihood
criteria for determining the rank of the cointegration space,
the number of lags, and the form of the intercept in vector
autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. The paper
provides a general consistency result for a class of model
determination procedures in which the penalty depends on a simple
parameter count only.
ON THE NUMBER OF BOOTSTRAP REPETITIONS FOR BCa CONFIDENCE INTERVALS
Authors: Andrews Donald W.K. , Buchinsky Moshe
Published: November 2002

This paper considers the problem of choosing the number of
bootstrap repetitions B to use with the
BCa bootstrap confidence intervals
introduced by Efron (1987, Journal of the American Statistical
Association 82, 171–200). Because the simulated random
variables are ancillary, we seek a choice of B that
yields a confidence interval that is close to the ideal bootstrap
confidence interval for which B = ∞. We specify a
three-step method of choosing B that ensures that the
lower and upper lengths of the confidence interval deviate from
those of the ideal bootstrap confidence interval by at most a small
percentage with high probability.
PMSE PERFORMANCE OF THE BIASED ESTIMATORS IN A LINEAR REGRESSION
MODEL WHEN RELEVANT REGRESSORS ARE OMITTED
Authors: Namba Akio
Published: November 2002

In this paper, we consider a linear regression model when relevant
regressors are omitted. We derive the explicit formulae for
the predictive mean squared errors (PMSEs) of the Stein-rule
(SR) estimator, the positive-part Stein-rule (PSR) estimator,
the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimator, and the adjusted
minimum mean squared error (AMMSE) estimator. It is shown
analytically that the PSR estimator dominates the SR estimator
in terms of PMSE even when there are omitted relevant regressors.
Also, our numerical results show that the PSR estimator and
the AMMSE estimator have much smaller PMSEs than the ordinary
least squares estimator even when the relevant regressors are
omitted.
RANK ESTIMATORS FOR A TRANSFORMATION MODEL
Authors: Asparouhova Elena , Golanski Robert , Kasprzyk Krzysztof , Sherman Robert P. , Asparouhov Tihomir
Published: November 2002

We establish [square root]n-consistency and asymptotic normality
of Han's (1987a, Journal of Econometrics 35, 191–209)
estimator of the parameters characterizing the transformation
function in a semiparametric transformation model. We verify
a Vapnik–Cervonenkis (VC) condition for the parameterizations
of Box and Cox (1964, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,
Series B 34, 187–200) and Bickel and Doksum (1981,
Journal of the American Statistical Association 76,
296–311). The verification establishes the VC property
for a class of sets generated by a nonlinear function of the
transformation parameters. We also introduce a new class of
rank estimators for these parameters. These estimators require
only O(n2 logn) computations
to evaluate the criterion function, compared to
O(n4) computations
for Han's estimator. We prove that these estimators are
also [square root]n-consistent and asymptotically normal.
A simulation study compares two of the new estimators to Han's
estimator, the fully parametric estimator of Bickel and Doksum (1981),
and the nonlinear two-stage least squares estimator of Amemiya
and Powell (1981, Journal of Econometrics 17, 351–381).
OPTIMAL MINIMAX RATES FOR NONPARAMETRIC SPECIFICATION TESTING
IN REGRESSION MODELS
Authors: Guerre Emmanuel , Lavergne Pascal
Published: November 2002

In the context of testing the specification of a nonlinear
parametric regression function, we adopt a nonparametric minimax
approach to determine the maximum rate at which a set of smooth
alternatives can approach the null hypothesis while ensuring
that a test can uniformly detect any alternative in this set
with some predetermined power. We show that a smooth nonparametric
test has optimal asymptotic minimax properties for regular
alternatives. As a by-product, we obtain the rate of the smoothing
parameter that ensures rate-optimality of the test. We show
that, in contrast, a class of nonsmooth tests, which includes
the integrated conditional moment test of Bierens (1982,
Journal of Econometrics 20, 105–134), has suboptimal
asymptotic minimax properties.
THE LIMITING PROPERTIES OF THE CANOVA AND HANSEN TEST UNDER
LOCAL ALTERNATIVES
Authors: Kurozumi Eiji
Published: November 2002

This paper investigates the limiting properties of the Canova
and Hansen test, testing for the null hypothesis of no unit
root against seasonal unit roots, under a sequence of local
alternatives with the model extended to have seasonal dummies
and trends or no deterministic term and also only seasonal dummies.
We derive the limiting distribution of the test statistic and
its characteristic function under local alternatives. We find
that the local limiting power is an inverse function of the
spectral density at frequency π (π/2) when we test
against a negative unit root (annual unit roots). We also
theoretically show that the local limiting power of the Canova
and Hansen test against a negative unit root (annual unit roots)
does not increase when the true process has annual unit roots
(a negative unit root) but not a negative unit root (annual unit
roots), which has been observed in Monte Carlo simulations in such
research as Caner (1998, Journal of Business and Economic
Statistics 16, 349–356), Canova and Hansen (1995,
Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 13, 237–252),
and Hylleberg (1995, Journal of Econometrics 69, 5–25).
Special Issue: Human–computer interaction in engineering
contexts
Authors: PARMEE I.C. , SMITH IAN F.C.
Published: November 2002

Although the human–computer interaction (HCI) community
has been active for several years, very little attention has
been devoted to supporting engineers. Engineers are unique computer
users with particular needs. They are familiar with fields such
as applied mathematics, applied sciences, simulation, project
management, technical drawing, and design, as well as engineering
law and economics. The nature of the engineering design process
means that engineers usually operate within changing environments.
Uncertainty relating to incomplete information adds to the
complexity of the process especially since the engineer is legally
responsible for decisions.
Sharing design perspectives through storytelling
Authors: GARCIA ANA CRISTINA BICHARRA , CARRETTI CARLOS EDUARDO , FERRAZ INHAÜMA NEVES , BENTES CRISTIANA
Published: November 2002

Design consists of analyzing scenarios and proposing artifacts, obeying the initial set of requirements that lead from initial to goal state. Finding or creating alternative solutions, analyzing them, and selecting the best one are expected steps in the designer’s decision making process. Very often, not a sole designer, but a team of them is engaged in the design process, sharing their expertise and responsibility to achieve optimum projects. In a design team, most conflicts
occur due to misunderstanding of one’s assessment of specifications and contexts. Decision explanations play a key
role in teamwork success. Designers are rational agents trained to follow rational methods. Acceptable justifications
include value function, requirements, constraints, and criteria. Generally, explanations are delivered in a multimedia
fashion, composed of text, graphics and gestures, to provide the audience the ability to perceive what was contextually
imagined. The more spatial the reasoning is, the richer the explanation channel should be. This paper presents CineADD,
a design explanation generation model based on cinema techniques such as animation, scripting, editing, and camera
movements. The idea is to provide designers with a tool for describing the way their projects should be visually
explained, as in a movie. Designers develop their projects in an active design document environment. Rationale is
captured as a design model, so explanations can be generated instead of retrieved. The captured design model serves as
a base to visually reconstruct design, giving emphasis and guidance by using movie storytelling techniques. CineADD
was implemented for the domain of oil pipeline layout showing the feasibility of this approach. We expect CineADD
to become a commodity attachable to any intelligent CAD system.
The interactive effects of infant activity level and fear on growth trajectories of early
childhood behavior problems
Authors: COLDER CRAIG R. , MOTT JOSHUA A. , BERMAN ARIELLE S.
Published: November 2002

The current study examined the interactive effects of infant activity level and fear on growth
trajectories of behavior problems in early childhood (age 4 to 8 years) using maternal ratings. The
sample was drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and included children
who were between 1 and 11 months in 1986. Findings suggested that boys characterized by high
activity level and low levels of fear in infancy escalated in both externalizing and internalizing
symptoms. Also, boys characterized by high fear and low activity level increased in internalizing
symptoms and these effects seemed to be specific to depression rather than anxiety. Temperament
did not predict escalation in externalizing symptomatology for girls, but low levels of fear
predicted increases in internalizing symptoms. There was also evidence for a decline in depression
specific symptoms for girls characterized by high fear and low activity in infancy. These findings
suggest the importance of examining interactive models of temperament risk and considering
gender specific pathways to behavior problems.
Spatial but not verbal cognitive deficits at age 3 years in persistently antisocial individuals
Authors: RAINE ADRIAN , YARALIAN PAULINE S. , REYNOLDS CHANDRA , VENABLES PETER H. , MEDNICK SARNOFF A.
Published: November 2002

Previous studies have repeatedly shown verbal intelligence deficits in adolescent antisocial
individuals, but it is not known whether these deficits are in place prior to kindergarten or,
alternatively, whether they are acquired throughout childhood. This study assesses whether
cognitive deficits occur as early as age 3 years and whether they are specific to persistently
antisocial individuals. Verbal and spatial abilities were assessed at ages 3 and 11 years in 330 male
and female children, while antisocial behavior was assessed at ages 8 and 17 years. Persistently
antisocial individuals (N = 47) had spatial deficits in the absence of verbal deficits at
age 3 years compared to comparisons (N = 133), and also spatial and verbal deficits at
age 11 years. Age 3 spatial deficits were independent of social adversity, early hyperactivity, poor
test motivation, poor test comprehension, and social discomfort during testing, and they were
found in females as well as males. Findings suggest that early spatial deficits contribute to
persistent antisocial behavior whereas verbal deficits are developmentally acquired. An
early-starter model is proposed whereby early spatial impairments interfere with early bonding and
attachment, reflect disrupted right hemisphere affect regulation and expression, and predispose to
later persistent antisocial behavior.
Parent alcoholism and the leaving home transition
Authors: HUSSONG ANDREA M. , CHASSIN LAURIE
Published: November 2002

Although they have received little empirical attention, departures from the parental home play
a significant role in demarcating the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. The current
study examined the extent to which various features of young adults' experiences of leaving
home differed for children of alcoholic (COAs) versus nonalcoholic parents, what adolescent
precursors might account for noted differences and what indicators of young adult adjustment are
related to the leaving home experience. A total of 227 young adults drawn from a high-risk,
community sample of COAs and matched controls were interviewed at ages 18–23 years
regarding their prior leaving home experiences. COAs showed greater difficulties in negotiating
this transition, fewer positive feelings about the transition, and different reasons for leaving home
as compared to participants without an alcoholic parent. Moreover, adolescent risk behaviors,
family conflict, and family disorganization (assessed prior to this transition) each partly accounted
for COAs' risk for difficulty in the leaving home transition. Although certain aspects of the
leaving home transition were uniquely related to young adult adjustment, future research is still
needed to more comprehensively understand the implications for young adult development
associated with such individual differences in the leaving home transition.
Males on the life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: Follow-up
at age 26 years
Authors: MOFFITT TERRIE E. , CASPI AVSHALOM , HARRINGTON HONALEE , MILNE BARRY J.
Published: November 2002

This article reports a comparison on outcomes of 26-year-old males who were defined several
years ago in the Dunedin longitudinal study as exhibiting childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset
antisocial behavior and who were indistinguishable on delinquent offending in adolescence.
Previous studies of these groups in childhood and adolescence showed that childhood-onset
delinquents had inadequate parenting, neurocognitive problems, undercontrolled temperament,
severe hyperactivity, psychopathic personality traits, and violent behavior. Adolescent-onset
delinquents were not distinguished by these features. Here followed to age 26 years, the
childhood-onset delinquents were the most elevated on psychopathic personality traits,
mental-health problems, substance dependence, numbers of children, financial problems, work
problems, and drug-related and violent crime, including violence against women and children. The
adolescent-onset delinquents at 26 years were less extreme but elevated on impulsive personality
traits, mental-health problems, substance dependence, financial problems, and property offenses.
A third group of men who had been aggressive as children but not very delinquent as adolescents
emerged as low-level chronic offenders who were anxious, depressed, socially isolated, and had
financial and work problems. These findings support the theory of life-course-persistent and
adolescence-limited antisocial behavior but also extend it. Findings recommend intervention with
all aggressive children and with all delinquent adolescents, to prevent a variety of maladjustments
in adult life.
Joint attention and disorganized attachment status in infants at risk
Authors: CLAUSSEN ANGELIKA H. , MUNDY PETER C. , MALLIK SANGEETA A. , WILLOUGHBY JENNIFER C.
Published: November 2002

The development of joint attention skills is a major milestone of infancy. Recent research suggests that the development of these skills may be affected by disorganized (D) attachment. This hypothesis was examined in a longitudinal study of attachment and joint attention skill development in a sample of infants at risk for developmental–behavioral morbidity. The results revealed that toddlers with D classifications initiated joint attention with an experimenter significantly less often than did secure, or even other insecure, toddlers. However, no group differences in the capacity to respond to the joint attention bids of others were observed in this study. These data suggest that a disturbance in the tendency to initiate episodes of joint attention with others may be indicative of early social–cognitive and social–emotional disturbance among infants affected by disorganized attachment status. Theory and research is reviewed to suggest that an early impairment in joint attention facility may make a significant contribution to risk for negative cognitive and emotional outcomes among these infants.
One measure, one meaning: Multiple measures, clearer meaning
Authors: KAGAN JEROME , SNIDMAN NANCY , MCMANIS MARK , WOODWARD SUE , HARDWAY CHRISTINA
Published: November 2002

This paper tries to make three points. First, current constructs in personality and psychopathology are based on the restrictive evidence contained in self-reports. As a result, heterogeneous categories of individuals are assigned to the same category. Second, it is suggested that when different sources of evidence are included, theoretically distinct groups will be detected within the prior heterogeneous category. Third, the authors argue that physiological information has the potential to parse individuals with similar phenotypes on self-report data into distinct groups that reveal the temperamental origins of their phenotype.
An integrative, multidisciplinary approach to the study of brain–behavior relations in the context of typical and atypical development
Authors: NELSON CHARLES A. , BLOOM FLOYD E. , CAMERON JUDY L. , AMARAL DAVID , DAHL RONALD E. , PINE DANIEL
Published: November 2002

The study of brain development and that of behavioral development have historically proceeded independently of one another. This is an unfortunate set of circumstances, given that the disciplines concerned with development—for example, developmental psychology, pediatrics, psychiatry, clinical psychology, and the neurosciences—have much to learn from each other. Drawing on recent advances in the developmental brain and behavioral sciences, we illustrate the transdisciplinary approach our group has adopted in the service of uniting the research on brain and behavior in the context of development. We specifically report on our nonhuman primate and human studies that collectively illustrate our “genes to behavior” approach to the study of development. Our goal in summarizing our research in this fashion is to promote discussion about promising templates for how research on brain, behavior, and development might proceed into the 21st century.
Levels of analysis in etiological research on schizophrenia
Authors: CANNON TYRONE D. , ROSSO ISABELLE M.
Published: November 2002

Etiological research spanning domains of inquiry as diverse as social psychology and molecular genetics has identified a number of potential factors that likely contribute to the development and clinical manifestation of schizophrenia. In this article, we first highlight the challenges inherent in developing cogent etiological models that represent both the diversity of suspected causal influences and their mechanisms of action. Then, using our own research program as a heuristic context, we present a general analytical framework for identifying and integrating multiple types of etiologic factors across different levels of analysis in the prediction of schizophrenia. In recognition of the myriad complexities of multifactorial causation, we argue that a multilevel causal perspective is required for the development and advancement of a fully nuanced theory of schizophrenia etiology and pathophysiology.
Patient Productivity as a Value and a Variable in Geriatric
Healthcare Allocation
Authors: BRAMSTEDT KATRINA A.
Published: November 2002

Admittedly, productivity is valued in American society. For jobs
that involve manufacturing, each minute of production is calculated
in formats of cost and profit. Management sets goals for individual
and team performance that foster competition and an ever-fervent
culture of output. Industry and academia have gone to great lengths
to develop tools that measure productivity as a variable, and
certainly, in the manufacturing setting, productivity is a value
because it promotes competition (thus more output) and efficiency
(less waste). But is it ethically appropriate for productivity-based
values and goals to cross over to healthcare allocation? Can other
constructions of productivity be valued in terms of healthcare
allocation or is the American work ethic (benefiting people in the
prime of their productive years) an ethically appropriate route?
Genetic Dilemmas: Reproductive Technology, Parental Choices,
and Children's Futures, by Dena Davis. London: Routledge,
2000. 224 pp. $22.95.
Authors: Botkin Jeffrey R.
Published: November 2002

Imagine a genetic counselor working with a young couple
pregnant with their first child. The explosion of genetic knowledge
and technology in recent years is complicating this professional
relationship as a host of new choices brings a few clients with
atypical needs. This couple is deaf. They seek not to avoid
a child with their disability but rather to assure that the
child too will be deaf—a child to share their culture
and perspectives on the world. If prenatal diagnosis indicates
that the prospective child would be hearing, they intend to
terminate the pregnancy and try again. So, how should the counselor
respond to this request for services? Does a traditional deference
to parental autonomy in reproductive matters require that we
respect such decisions by informed couples? More broadly, what
are the concepts by which society will guide policy in this
new and sensitive domain?
Anatomy of Anatomy, by Meryl Levin. New York: Third
Rail Press, 2000. 133 pp.
Authors: Coulehan Jack
Published: November 2002

Camaraderie is what I remember most about my anatomy course
in medical school. There were six of us to the cadaver; six
strangers who, during the course of endless hours of dissection
and study, formed unique bonds. As time went on, we developed
closer friendships with others, but none of these included that
special sense of having been together at the beginning. We named
our cadaver Ernest so we could kid about telling our parents
that we were working in dead earnest. I can still visualize
the man's sharp, rough face, gray and emaciated. I see
his ravaged black lungs. As I write this review, the trenchant
odor of formaldehyde reaches out from 36 years in the past and
makes my eyes water. Nowadays, I could no more list the skull's
foramina than I could speak Sanskrit, but I haven't forgotten
most of the lessons that Ernest taught me.
CQ Interview
Authors: KUSHNER THOMASINE
Published: November 2002

Chris Shaw is the Chair of Biotechnology and Head of
the Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Group at the University
of Ulster in Northern Ireland. His concern for the unequal
distribution of benefits has prompted him to take a leading
role in developing partnership models for scientists doing research
in underdeveloped countries.