bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Metropolitan Area Location Decisions of Wholesale Trade Firms
Authors: McHone W. Warren , Rungeling Brian
Published: March 2007

This study uses information from a survey of 536 wholesale trade firms to analyze the importance of the traditional industrial location factors in their choice of a metropolitan area location. The conclusion of this analysis is that the location decisions of many wholesale trade firms are affected by some of the same factors that influence the choice of manufacturing firms. While market considerations were the dominant factors in the location choice of the overwhelming majority of the firms surveyed, an area's business climate and resource cost considerations were also identified as important factors by a majority of the respondents. The importance of the regional location factors vary by the firm's market scope, search activity, company structure, and expansion plans but, with several exceptions, doesn't appear to vary by firm size.
Technology, Employment, and Regional Competitiveness
Authors: Malecki Edward J.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews recent writing on high-technology industry, job creation, and employment change. This work ranges from glowing assessments about the growth and effects of high technology and entrepreneurship to sober appraisals of America's lagging technological competitiveness. To a large degree, regional competitiveness is a product of the level and quality of information and knowledge possessed by local individuals and firms. This information and knowledge both creates a climate where entrepreneurship can be successful and softens technology's impacts on the labor force.
The Effectiveness of Economic Development Subsidies
Authors: Marlin Matthew R.
Published: March 2007

The lack of consistent multistate data describing the use of economic development subsidies has been a major factor contributing to the debate over their effectiveness in promoting local economic development. In the absence of such data, it has been difficult to generate empirical evidence to support either the pro or con position. This study makes use of data recently compiled by the Treasury to analyze the relationship between one such subsidy, Industrial Development Bonds, and Gross State Product during the years 1983 to 1986. The results provide evidence that those states that used the subsidy more intensively thaq others tended to have greater increases in GSP.
Microgeographic Decisions in an Industrial Plant Location: The Fort Wayne General Motors Case
Authors: Owen C. James
Published: March 2007

This article is a study of the microgeographic locational factors involved in a large industrialplant siting decision. The case studied in this instance is the General Motors truck assembly plant in Fort Wayne, Indiana. This plant, which became operational in 1986, produces 250 pick-up trucks daily in two shifts employing over 3, 500 workers. It is a key factor in the area's economic recovery after the closing of the International Harvester truck plant in 1983. The focus of this inquiry is the decisive and incisive factors that led to the locational decision in Fort Wayne. The decisive factors examined are the land-use features, transportation linkages, and utility connections that were required to make the Fort Wayne site a suitable location for a truck assembly plant. An incisive factor examined is the financial assistance package prepared by city, county, and state governments to close the deal.
City Jobs and Residents on a Collision Course: The Urban Underclass Dilemma
Authors: Kasarda John D.
Published: March 2007

As U.S. cities have transformed industrially from centers of goods processing to centers of information processing, the demand for poorly educated labor has declined markedly and the demand for labor with higher education has increased substantially. Urban blacks have been caught in this web of change. Despite improvements in their overall educational attainment, most still lack sufficient schooling to gain access to new urban growth industries which typically require education beyond high school. Whereas jobs requiring a high school degree or less have been rapidly increasing in the suburbs, poorly educated blacks remain residentially constrained in inner-city housing. These conditions, along with other economic, demographic, and social factors contributing to the rise of a residential subgroup known as the urban underclass, are discussed. Lessons to be learned from the relative economic success of recent Asian immigrants to America's transforming cities are considered. Strategies are then suggested to rekindle the social and spatial mobility of the black urban underclass.
Do Enterprise Zone Incentives Affect Business Location Decisions?
Authors: Dabney Dan Y.
Published: March 2007

The effect of enterprise zone incentives on business location decisions has been actively debated in academic, political, and program practitioner circles. This essay concludes that financial incentives, such as tax refunds, credits, and abatements, that are offered to new businesses through enterprise zone programs only marginally affect the firm's location decision and are not a major location factor Enterprise zones generally do not fare well in classical and nontraditional location factors causing enterprise zone incentives to be unable to offset the deficiencies of major location factors in zones. Whether the enterprise zone incentives can be a pivotal factor in the location decision is highly dependent on the percentage of the financial incentive to the initial investment of the new firm.
The Next Wave: Postfederal Local Economic Development Strategies
Authors: Clarke Susan E. , Gaile Gary L.
Published: March 2007

In the absence of significant federal economic development resources, local officials face complex choices about both the level and the orientations of their policy efforts. A national study of local economic development officials indicates that cities in this post federal period are characterized by increased local economic development activities even when relying on own-source revenues, by risk-taking rather than risk-aversive approaches, and by more diverse policy orientations emphasizing indigenous growth and job creation strategies. Cities using more entrepreneurial tools that demand active city roles appear to be more likely to have higher average job and firm growth rates than cities never using these tools.
The Role of the American States in Promoting Trade Relations with Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union
Authors: Jenswold Joel , Parle William
Published: March 2007

This research examines the responses of the American States to new trade opportunities created by recent political and economic reforms in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Specifically, the research focuses on the level of business interest in these potential new markets and on the type and amount of assistance that states are providing to firms seeking trade opportunities in this region. The analysis suggests that interest on the part of domestic firms is high and that states are responding by providing business firms with a variety of different types and levels of assistance.
Income Inequality and Economic Development
Authors: Leigh Nancey Green
Published: March 2007

This review essay examines the economic development field's approach to the issue of income inequality—an issue that is one of the field's greatest and most enduring challenges. Only academic (or policy and research) circles pay much attention to the measurement of income inequality, and this essay reviews four recent book-length treatments of the subject. These books demonstrate that this attention tends to be greatest at the national level and rare at the local level. There is a need to instill a general concern over the issue of inequality at the local and practitioner levels of economic development as the trends of recent decades reviewed here document increasing income inequality.
Regulation of Leaking Underground Storage Tanks: Policy Enforcement and Unintended Consequences
Authors: Sementelli Arthur , Simons Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Public and private developers and planners often encounter environmental contamination caused by leaking underground storage tanks (LUSTs) when redeveloping previously used urban lands (brownfields). This article addresses the process by which underground storage tanks (USTs) are regulated, how leaks are discovered, and the proportion of serious leak incidents with groundwater contamination. Empirical case-study evidence of 429 leaking tank sites in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, describes the severity of leaks, how they were discovered, and the effect of a No Further Action status, which was minimal. Programmatic failure of the state regulatory agency may be partly responsible for this lower transaction rate and may partially contribute to many closed tank locations and inadvertent loss of jobs. Trends in liability reduction for USTs may change this in the near future.
From Mission to Commercial Orientation: Perils and Possibilities for Federal Industrial Technology Policy
Authors: Kelley Maryellen R.
Published: March 2007

During the 1990s, the federal government developed a new post-Cold War commercial orientation in some of its technology policies. These initiatives signify a change in direction from the strictly military-led, mission-driven approach of the past. Their shared goal is to assist industry in achieving technical advances that provide private returns to the innovating (or technology-using)firms that also yield broad social and economic benefits to the nation as a whole. This new direction in policy is not without its perils. Government agencies have to define and manage new roles and relationships with industry in carrying out these policies. Because of the uncertainties involved in any effort (private or public) to advance new technologies, there will inevitably be some failures. In this transition to a new post-Cold War policy era, these provide important learning opportunities for policy makers and program administrators in designing future programs.
Rural Networks in the United States: Lessons from Three Experiments
Authors: Sommers Paul
Published: March 2007

A number of states and countries have begun to encourage formation of flexible manufacturing networks among small manufacturing and other firms to respond effectively to local economic crises or to enable smaller firms to compete more effectively in the global economy. A variety of strategic approaches have been employed, including funding organizations with a mandate to organize and support networks, and offering challenge grants to groups of firms to interest them in experimenting with a new organizational approach. This article examines several experiments with network stimulation among rural manufacturing firms in Minnesota, Oregon, and Washington, including results from surveys and other evaluation studies. No clearly superior strategic approach to network stimulation emerges from this review, but preliminary evaluation results suggest that the most productive approach may involve combining the capacity-building, soft network strategy with efforts to build collaborative manufacturing structures aimed at concrete, bottom-line business results.
Applying Industrial Ecology to Industrial Parks: An Economic and Environmental Analysis
Authors: Martin Sheila A. , Cushman Robert A. , Weitz Keith A. , Sharma Aarti , Lindrooth Richard C.
Published: March 2007

Industrial ecology (IE) is an emerging framework for characterizing relationships between businesses and analyzing their economic and environmental performance. By applying the principles of IE, members of eco-industrial parks (EIPs) pursue improvements in their economic efficiency while reducing the environmental burden of their production activities. This article discusses the potential of EIPs for improving economic and environmental performance and presents a methodology for developing and analyzing potential EIPs. The methodology is applied to a prototype EIP based on companies in Brownsville, Texas, and Matamoros, Mexico. The potential for improved economic performance can be an important draw for public and private developers trying to populate an EIF, and this study shows that these benefits are attainable. We conclude with a discussion of the conditions necessary for successful EIPs in the United States.
Remanufacturing: The Emergence of an Urban Industry
Authors: Slowinski Gene
Published: March 2007

Demanufacturing is the disassembly and recycling of obsolete consumer products such as TV sets, personal computers, refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners. The basic argument of this article is that demanufacturing is an industry that will thrive in urban areas, because inner cities have a unique set of resources that provide competitive advantage to demanufacturing companies. This article also argues that demanufacturing can have a significant impact on economic development in our urban centers by creating large numbers of jobs for unskilled and semiskilled workers. A model is suggested for the development of this industry and identifies some of the challenges the industry faces, as well as solutions that can be implemented by state, local, and federal officials.
Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Normative Perspective
Authors: Buss Terry F. , Yancer Laura C.
Published: March 2007

Policy makers rely on cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to help them select the best policies and projects to alleviate poverty. But CBA, as practiced in the United States, not only fails to inform policy makers about the best use of scarce resources but helps make poverty worse for many people. International donor organizations—the United Nations, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and World Bank—have sophisticated CBA methods that could better serve policy makers in deciding how to help poor people. The authors look at the results of CBA in four economic development venues—enterprise zones, military base redevelopment, sports stadiums, and business incentives—for developing a critique of cost-benefit practices. A brief program is offered to correct cost-benefit practice, but it is concluded that reform must come not from policy makers and policy analysts who now use CBA but from outsiders who want to influence political systems on behalf of poor people.
What are “Third-Wave” State Economic Development Efforts? From Incentives to Industrial Policy
Authors: Bradshaw Ted K. , Blakely Edward J.
Published: March 2007

“Third-wave” state economic development strategies have been widely acknowledged to reduce high-stakes incentives and promotions and have shifted emphasis from firm-based programs to broader regional programs. Although the change is well documented, less consensus has emerged about what has taken their place. Based on analysis of economic development programs in 16 states competing for high-technology industry, the study documented that the emerging third-wave economic development efforts—especially leadership, information, and brokering—are the essential tools by which states can establish their industrial policies. These policies are based on extensive strategic planning, public-private partnerships, foundations of technology, human resources and capital, and the development of strategic industrial clusters. The report concludes that the third wave is a state policy direction that focuses rather than replaces earlier strategies and that downplays expensive programs by mobilizing many established state programs to build strategic advantages in industry clusters that will stimulate the entire state economy.
MATERNALISM REDEFINED
Authors: ZYLAN YVONNE
Published: March 2007

At the end of World War II, Congress terminated the only national day care policy ever enacted to that point in the United States. It was nearly 20 years later, with the 1962 Public Welfare Amendments, that the American state launched the next national experiment in day care. This policy was constructed not in response to the needs of working women but rather to address rising concerns over the Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) program. In this article, the author examines archival data from the U.S. Women's Bureau, the U.S. Children's Bureau, and other agencies to explain the transformation of day care from an employment policy to an adjunct of ADC. She argues that maternalists within the state were able to redefine the content of maternalist ideology to occupy the discursive space produced by the emergent political crisis in the ADC program. This new maternalism provided the grounds for a new national commitment to day care provision but also created the institutional structures of its marginalization.
INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS FROM A MICROSTRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVE:
Authors: RISMAN BARBARA J.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that individuals paradigms have predominated social scientific explanations for gendered behavior in intimate relationships but that a microstructural paradigm adds necessary additional information. The results of a study designed to test the relative strengths of individualist and microstructural explanations for “mothering behavior” are presented. The microstructural hypothesis is that single fathers will adopt parental behavior that more closely resembles that of women who mother than that of married fathers. Parenting behaviors of single fathers, single mothers, married parents with mothers at home, and married two-paycheck couples are compared. Overall, the hypothesis is supported. The article ends with a discussion of the implications of the microstructural perspective for social change in a feminist direction.
CHANGING EMOTION NORMS IN MARRIAGE:
Authors: CANCIAN FRANCESCA M. , GORDON STEVEN L.
Published: March 2007

Throughout the twentieth century, women's magazines in the United States have socialized their readers to the “proper” expression of love and anger in marriage. Our analysis of a random sample of marital advice articles from 1900 to 1979 examines this cultural convergence of gender, marriage, and emotion. A qualitative analysis identifies techniques for socializing readers to the emotional culture of marriage and shows a historical change toward equating love with self-fulfillment and advocating the expression of anger. A quantitative analysis then specifies the timing of changes in emotion norms and showed an oscillation between modern and traditional norms that is related to waves of political liberation versus oppression. We discuss the relation between emotion norms and behavior and explore the effect of group conflict on the production of emotional culture. Emotion norms have become less rigid and more tolerant of diversity; but gender differences persist, and women are still responsible for maintaining intimate relationships. Historical trends in love and anger norms are nonlinear, not a continuous shift toward individualism, self-development, and free expression, as suggested by recent cultural theories.
PUT UP AND SHUT UP:
Authors: SCHNEIDER BETH E.
Published: March 2007

In the deviance literature, sexual assaults at work have not been given the sustained attention that harm to property or violation of production guidelines has received. This omission suggests that sexual harassment is considered normative and that when women fail to accommodate this reality, it is the survivor rather than the perpetrator who is considered deviant. This article reports on 64 cases of attempted or completed rape in a sample of heterosexual and lesbian women workers in a wide range of occupations. Two atypical responses, quitting the job or filing a complaint as a result of a workplace sexual assault, highlight the process by which informal deviance defining occurs in everyday interactions at work.
GENDER AND MEDICAL INSURANCE:
Authors: SECCOMBE KAREN , BEEGHLEY LEONARD
Published: March 2007

This research investigates gender differences in employer-sponsored medical insurance coverage among full-time male and female workers in the United States and assesses the relevance of human capital theory and its compensating differentials corollary in predicting coverage. Data are analyzed from a subsample of the Quality of Employment Survey, a national probability sample of workers in the United States. Results indicate that men were more likely to have medical insurance coverage from their employers than were women; however, gender differences were minimized in a multivariate context when human capital and structural variables were controlled. Furthermore, human capital variables are, overall, weak predictors of whether both women and men received coverage. More generally, the data suggest that structural conditions of the occupation, rather than individual human capital, may be most relevant for future research.
THE MEDICALIZATION OF IMPOTENCE
Authors: TIEFER LEONORE
Published: March 2007

Today, phallocentrism is perpetuated by a flourishing medical construction that focuses exclusively on penile erections as the essence of men's sexual function and satisfaction. This article describes how this medicalization is promoted by urologists, medical industries, mass media, and various entrepreneurs. Many men and women provide a ready audience for this construction because of masculine ideology and gender socialization. While there may be some advantages to this construction, there are major disadvantages to men in terms of the inevitable failure of the promised perfectible erection and the perpetuation of a falsely universalized and biologized vision of sexual experience. Any sexual interests of women in other than phallocentric sexual scripting are denied.
STANDING AT THE CROSSROADS OF MODERNIST THOUGHT
Authors: MANN SUSAN A. , KELLEY LORI R.
Published: March 2007

Recent debates between modernists and postmodernists have shaken the foundations of modern social science. The epistemological assumptions of long-established procedures for constructing and validating knowledge claims have been called into question. This article discusses how two major contributors to the “new feminist epistemologies”—Dorothy Smith and Patricia Hill Collins—selectively integrate premises of modernist and postmodernist thought into their standpoint approaches. However, the particular premises they select result in significant ontological and epistemological differences between their works. These differences reflect major controversies over materialism versus idealism, as well as essentialism versus diversity. As such, these different standpoints have important implications for feminist scholarship and political practice.
REVISITING THE CRITIQUE OF MEDICALIZED CHILDBIRTH
Authors: FOX BONNIE , WORTS DIANA
Published: March 2007

Based on interviews with 40 first-time mothers, the authors develop an argument that supplements the critique of medicalized childbirth by focusing on the social context in which women give birth. Particularly important about that context is women's privatized responsibility for babies' well-being, and a dearth of social supports for mothering, including the sharing of that responsibility by fathers. Contextualizing childbirth in this way makes clearer not only why many women are favorable toward medical intervention but also the decisions women make during hospital births. The women we interviewed displayed widely ranging reactions to giving birth in the hospital. Describing their experiences, these women often emphasized pain and anxiety. Both conditions appear to have been relieved as effectively by social support as by medical assistance. Furthermore, women who had generally supportive partners were less likely to receive medical intervention during the birth and less likely to suffer postpartum depression.
Caregivers' Judgments of the Functional Abilities of the Alzheimer's Disease Patient: Impact of Caregivers' Depression and Perceived Burden
Authors: Argüelles Soledad , Loewenstein David A. , Eisdorfer Carl , Argüelles Trinidad
Published: March 2007

Research has demonstrated that caregivers of cognitively impaired patients may misjudge aspects of the patient's functional capacities. The nature and directions of these relationships are not well understood, however. Further, the effects that depression and perceived caregiver burden have on the caregivers' ability to render accurate judg ments of patient's functional abilities have not been addressed. In this study, the primary caregivers of 128 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) were administered a questionnaire regarding the patients' functional capacities. These judgments were subsequently compared to actual functional performance ofAD patients on an extended ver sion of the Direct Assessment of Functional Status scale administered in the patients' home environment. A significant proportion of caregivers overestimated AD patients' functional performance in telling time, counting currency, making change for a purchase, brushing teeth, and using eating utensils. Further analyses revealed that self- reported depression, but not perceived burden, was related to the type of caregiver bias errors observed. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:91-98).
Relationship between Alcohol Consumption and Folstein Mini-Mental Status Examination Scores among Older Cognitively Impaired Adults
Authors: Reid M. Carrington , Maciejewski Paul K. , Hawkins Keith A. , Bogardus Sidney T.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine whether older cognitively impaired adults with significant current or past alcohol histories manifest distinctive cognitive profiles as determined by a widely used cognitive screen, the Folstein Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) test, when compared with older persons without significant alcohol histories. Study participants included 801 consecutive patients, ages 65 years or above, who underwent comprehensive geriatric assessments. Proxy-reported current alcohol intake was classified as none, former, light (<1 drink/week), moderate (≥ 1 but < 14 drinks/week), and heavy (≥ 14 drinks/week), and the presence of an alcohol abuse/dependence disorder was determined by medical record review. Potential exposure-outcome associations were assessed for patients (n = 470) with established cognitive impairment, defined as an MMSE score < 24, and for individuals with MMSE scores ≥ 24 (n = 331). Among participants with established cognitive impairment, mean (total) MMSE scores were not significantly different (17.2 vs 16.4 vs 18.5 vs 18.5 vs 17.4) across the categories of current alcohol exposure (none, former, light, moderate, and heavy). Mini-Mental State Examination subscores also did not vary as a function of current alcohol consumption, and a history of alcohol abuse/dependence was not associated with differences in total scores or individual MMSE subscores in this patient group. Among participants with MMSE scores ≥ 24, increased current use of alcohol or a history of alcohol abuse/dependence was not associated with lower total MMSE scores or individual MMSE subscores. Despite these negative findings, prospective investigations of older populations that incorporate more comprehensive cognitive measures are warranted because (1) the Folstein is a brief cognitive screen that does not assess all cognitive domains, and (2) alcohol is a demonstrated risk factor for adverse cognitive outcomes in middle-aged adults and is potentially modifiable. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:31-37).
Methodologic Issues Regarding Outcome Measures for Clinical Drug Trials of Psychiatric Complications in Dementia
Authors: Teri Linda , Logsdon Rebecca G.
Published: March 2007

Selecting outcome measures that are both psychometrically sound and sensitive to change is a very important aspect of clinical outcome research. A variety of measures have been introduced in recent years to assess behavioral complications in dementia, but few have been adequately tested in clinical trials. This article provides a discussion of factors to consider in selecting measures, including psychometrics, item content, assessment source, and sensitivity to change. A review of behavioral and psychiatric measures for dementia patients is provided, including measures of general behavioral disturbance, and measures specifically developed for agitation and depression. Each measure's psychometric characteristics, prior use with demented patients, and strengths and weaknesses with regard to treatment outcome research is summarized. The importance of linking measures to the investigators' hypotheses is discussed, along with recommendations for evaluating and selecting outcome measures depending on the needs of the specific investigation. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1995; 8(suppl 1):S8-S17).
Resistance Welding of Graphite Polyetheretherketone Composites: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Eveno Eric C. , Gillespie John W.
Published: March 2007

Resistance welding of preconsolidated unidirectional graphite (AS4) rein forced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite laminates (I.C.I. APC-2) is investigated experimentally. An apparatus is developed to conduct experiments to identify important process variables governing the efficiency of the welding process. Experiments were con ducted under displacement control and prescribed initial consolidation pressure. Heating elements consisted of a single ply of APC-2 with adjacent layers of neat film to minimize current leakage into the laminates to be welded. Temperature at the weld interface and consolidation pressure versus time were monitored and provided insight into the welding process. A strong correlation between the extent of welded surface area and process parameters such as power, energy and time in the melt were demonstrated. The quality and extent of the welded surface is quantified using ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation techniques. Experimental results indicate that superior welds exhibiting greater repro ducibility are obtained at lower power levels that promote more homogeneous temperature distributions.
Heating of Thermoplastic-Based Unidirectional Composite Prepregs
Authors: Wang X. , Weber M.E. , Charrier J.-M.
Published: March 2007

Thermoplastic-based prepregs offer a potential for faster manufacture of composite products than with thermoset-based prepregs. The winding or controlled place ment of thermoplastic-based prepreg tapes requires the rapid heating of the moving tape, just prior to its contact with the substrate on the mandrel. In the case of complex shapes, geometrical constraints and significant variations in tape speeds in the course of manufac ture, make it particularly desirable to be able to model the heating process A mathe matical model and its experimental verification for convection/conduction heat transfer to and through either a homogeneous thermoplastic material, or thermoplastic-based uni directional composites featuring glass, aramid and carbon fibers, is discussed.
Elevated-Temperature Creep Buckling of Thermoplastic-Matrix Fiber Composites under Biaxial Loading
Authors: Nakajo Y. , Wang S.S.
Published: March 2007

An analytical study has been conducted to investigate the elevated- temperature creep buckling behavior of thermoplastic-matrix composite laminates sub jected to multiaxial loading. Anisotropic time-temperature dependent viscoelastic consti tutive equations of the composite are constructed first, using the experimental results and the modified Prony series expansion solution. Creep buckling loads and associated creep failure times are determined by a time-dependent bifurcation buckling analysis of the ther moplastic composite laminates under general loading in an elevated-temperature environ ment. Detailed solutions for high-temperature creep buckling and associated failure mode shapes of the AS4/J1 thermoplastic composite laminates with various fiber orientations are obtained. The creep buckling mode shape changes and the accompanying failure loads are studied for three commonly encountered loading modes: (1) pure shear, (2) biaxial compression with any arbitrary stress biaxiality ratios, and (3) combined axial compres sion and shear loading.
The Effect of Processing Conditions on the Properties of Carbon Fiber-LaRC TPI Composites Made by Suspension Prepregging
Authors: Yu T.H. , Davis R.M.
Published: March 2007

Unidirectional carbon fiber-LaRC TPI composites were made by prepreg ging carbon fiber tow with particles of LaRC TPI suspended in aqueous solutions of the ammonium salt of LaRC TPI polyamic acid. The prepregging was followed by drying and consolidation steps designed to facilitate water removal. The effects of processing condi tions on composite properties were investigated. The processing conditions included the degree of overlap of the fiber bundle in the prepreg, the fiber tension during prepregging, and the use of vacuum during the consolidation step. It was found that fiber volume % in creased with increasing fiber tension and that consolidation under vacuum resulted in composites with void content as low as 0.14 volume %. Fourier transform infrared spec troscopy and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectroscopy established that most of the water was removed from the prepreg and most of the polyamic acid was con verted to polyimide prior to consolidation. The properties of the resulting unidirectional laminates were quite reproducible. Shear moduli were comparable to those for graphite fiber/epoxy and graphite-fiber/PEEK laminates.
Damage Progression in the Vicinity of a Hole
Authors: Joshi S.P. , Huang Y.W.
Published: March 2007

Numerical simulations of damage progression in laminated composites with a hole are presented. The finite element procedure which incorporates two-phase continuum damage constitutive relations is utilized for the numerical predictions. The pre dictions from the numerical simulations are compared with the experimental results. The similarities and contradictions between predictions and experimental observations are dis cussed. Overall, the predictions are qualitatively close to experimental observations. The qualitative difference between predictions and experimental observations is obvious in laminates where delamination and edge stresses play a significant role in damage evolution up to ultimate failure. The discrepancy in results in these cases is due to limitation of the failure modes incorporated in the model and the damage induced by the out-of-plane stresses.
CEO Presentations in Conjunction with Earnings Announcements
Authors: Rogers Priscilla S.
Published: March 2007

This study extends genre analysis beyond analysis of text to context and audience response, thus exploring the relevance of user-based analytical tools. Competing values profiling and user information needs analyses were performed on a small sample of CEO presentations delivered at the New York Society of Security Analysts. Analysis produced a typified presentation profile that was highly informational and secondarily relational; none were highly promotional or transformational. User content needs were met to some extent, whereas off-balance sheet information was largely ignored. For research, these analyses suggest the value of studying organizational genre from the perspective of audience response; for management, they provide preliminary data that may facilitate communication planning.
Seeking Emotional Labor
Authors: Shuler Sherianne , Sypher Beverly Davenport
Published: March 2007

Although both scholars and practitioners continue to privilege the “rational” aspects of organization, this article demonstrates the centrality of emotion in the organizing process. The case study method combines observation at a 911 center, interviews with dispatchers, and analysis of selected calls. Departing from most treatments of emotional labor, this article features workers who not only suffer through, cope with, and resist emotional labor but sometimes also seek it out. For these 911 dispatchers, emotional labor is a fun, exciting, and rewarding part of their work. In addition to providing a description of these neglected positive functions of emotional labor, this article speaks to a broader issue: the role of emotional labor in the construction of organizational community.
The Experience of Emotion in the Workplace
Authors: Miller Katherine
Published: March 2007

Emotion in the workplace has increasingly become an issue of importance to organizational and management scholars. This article takes a very personal look at emotion in the workplace. Using autoethnographic and interview methods, the experience of teaching in the days following the Texas A&M University “bonfire” collapse in November of 1999 is examined. The lens of emotional labor is placed on this event by considering the intense experience of emotions and the struggle to balance emotional needs of students with the need to cover course material. Scholarship in the areas of emotion, identification, and community are drawn on in the consideration of lessons learned from this experience.
Communication Rules for the Display of Emotions in Organizational Settings
Authors: Kramer Michael W. , Hess Jon A.
Published: March 2007

Using a sample of employees from a wide range of occupations, this research examines the general communication rules that govern emotion management in all aspects of organizational involvement— with coworkers and not just customers. Through content analysis of examples of both appropriate and inappropriate displays or masking of positive and negative emotions, results showed that (a) maintaining “professionalism” is central to appropriate emotion management, (b) positive emotions, not just negative emotions, need to be displayed in appropriate ways, and (c) the appropriate display of negative emotions typically means masking those emotions. This leads to a broader view of the role of emotions in organizational communication, one that is frequently overlooked in the rational paradigm that permeates organizational research.
The Types and Styles of Managerial Information Scanning
Authors: Martin Vicky Gordon , Martin Donald R.
Published: March 2007

Information scanning refers to any verbal, nonverbal or written request for information. Engaging in information scanning is essential to effective participation in organizational decision-making and problem-solving activities. This qualitative investigation of information-scanning behavior in organizations identifies the types of executive information scanning and distinguishes individual verbal and nonverbal scanning styles.
A Comparison of Two Methods of Managerial Selection
Authors: Papa Michael J.
Published: March 2007

This study compared employment interviews with communication-based assessment centers as managerial selection tools. During a three-year period all job applicant finalists for midlevel management positions in a large corporation were placed in one of two selection settings, employment interviews or assessment centers. In the employment interview setting applicant finalists (N = 174) interviewed with one personnel representative and two managers. In the assessment center setting applicant finalists (N = 174) performed in simulations that were judged by trained assessors. In all, 29 midlevel managers were selected on the basis of interview performance; 27 as a result of assessment center performance. After one year of employment the midlevel managers were evaluated by their superiors and subordinates using standardized job performance scales. The managers selected by communication-based assessment centers received higher interpersonal, productivity, and problem-solving ratings than did managers selected by the interview method.
Organizational Climate and Communication Climate
Authors: Guzley Ruth M.
Published: March 2007

Employees of a large service organization based in the Southwest were surveyed to determine if individual levels of organizational commitment were related positively to perceptions of organizational climate and of communication climate. The results of the study suggest that employees' perceptions of organizational climate and communication climate were correlated positively with the level of employees' organizational commitment. Specifically, multiple regression analysis indicated that organizational clarity, participation, and superior-subordinate communication accounted for 41% of the variance in organizational commitment, with participation and organizational clarity emerging as significant predictors of commitment. Tenure was included in the study as a moderating variable, using Buchanan's conceptualization of tenure stages: Stage 1 representing the first year of employment, Stage 2 representing Years 2 through 4, and Stage 3 representing Year 5 and beyond. Results varied by tenure stage.
Beyond Two Dimensions
Authors: Nicotera Anne Maydan
Published: March 2007

A descriptive model of conflict-handling behavior was developed in an inductive investigation aimed at overcoming problems of assuming two dimensions of conflict behavior. The model delineates and defines strategy categories based on actor-salient aspects of specific behavior in specific situations. Ninety full-time employees of different organizations provided written accounts of recent conflicts in which they were involved at work. Using a grounded theory approach, strategy descriptions were subjected to constant comparison analysis. The emergent categories were then expanded into a three-dimensional taxonomic model of conflict-handling behavior. Further development of the model is addressed and advocated. Finally, implications for theory and research are discussed.
A De Facto Definition and Focus of Management Communication
Authors: Smeltzer Larry R.
Published: March 2007

The focus of Management Communication Quarterly (MCQ) during its first six years is reviewed with the question in mind, Has a theme emerged that could be a de facto definition of management communication? The founding editors initially stated that the journal would be interdisciplinary and this theme has been maintained during the first six issues. The founding editors also intended the journal to focus on managerial application. This focus has been implemented by means of publishing a majority of articles that report field research with managers and professionals as subjects and make references to management application. However, a clear definition of management communication has not emerged but it will continue to develop with subsequent issues of MCQ.
What is the Relevance of the Gmat Analytical Writing Assessment for Management Education?
Authors: Rogers Priscilla S. , Rymer Jone
Published: March 2007

This commentary is the first of two articles on the Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA), a new component in the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT). Here, we examine the AWA's historical significance and address questions regarding the relevance of the new writing test for management education. A comparison of what the AWA measures with GMAC's claims and business schools' expressed needs suggests that the AWA furnishes new information indicating MBA applicant's academic abilities, especially critical thinking and analytical writing abilities. However, as a writing test the AWA predicts students' performance in only one mode of writing required by MBA studies, and it is of little relevance to management writing in the workplace. Overall, we find the AWA to be a limited academic writing assessment that will meet only some of the expectations of management educators.
Communication During Employee Dismissals:
Authors: Cox Stephen A. , Kramer Michael W.
Published: March 2007

Social exchange theory is used as a basis for examining the process by which employees are dismissed from organizations. Interview data from an exploratory study of retail outlet managers suggest that managers are influenced by information from group members as they calculate a cost-benefit ratio for the employer-employee relationship. This calculation takes into account past, present, and future exchanges, as well as the comparison level for alternatives. Results indicate a progression of communication events that lead to a termination meeting, followed by postdismissal communication to other employees. Results also indicate a type of encouraged or induced turnover that fails to fit the typical voluntary-involuntary dichotomy of employee exit studies. A model for employee dismissals is proposed based on these results.
Communication-Related Sense-Making and Adjustment during Job Transfers
Authors: Jablin Fredric M. , Kramer Michael W.
Published: March 2007

Sense-making research has generally focused on how newcomers adjust to organizations. This study examined how sense-making facilitates employee adjustment when employees experience geographic transfers, a form of nonentry transition. Based on a longitudinal study of 91 transferees, the authors found that transferees did experience unmet expectations during their transitions. In particular, their unmet expectations for organizational support and community were associated with negative adjustment beyond that explained by their initial expectations and background characteristics. However, employees who were better able to make sense (develop knowledge) of appropriate forms of task communication in their new environments tended to experience more positive adjustment than did those who developed less knowledge.
The Tarnished Star
Authors: Brinson Susan L. , Benoit William L.
Published: March 2007

When a secret tape of an executive meeting surfaced, Texaco was accused of racism. A memorable sound bite referred to African Americans as “black jelly beans” who were “glued to the bottom of the jar”. This study examines management’s response to this image crisis. Peter Bijur, chair of Texaco, disseminated six messages enacting four image restoration strategies: bolstering, corrective action, mortification, and shifting the blame. However, the blame was not transferred to an external entity but to a subgroup of the accused (a small group of employees characterized as “bad apples”). For this strategy to be effective, the target group must be identified and clearly distanced (separated) from the rhetor engaging in image repair.
The Overview Effect: The Impact of Space Exploration on the Evolution of Nursing Science
Authors: Butcher Howard K. , Forchuk Cheryl
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to explore the overview effect, an experience evoked by space travel that has the capacity to transform all patterns of human existence and evolution toward greater potentials in human diversity and creativity. As nurses migrate with humanity into the solar system and beyond, they will experience the overview effect. The core components of the effect include changed perceptions of space, time, sound, and weight which have the potential to transform the evolution of nursing science. Nursing paradigms will encompass a view of humanity as integral with an infinite evolutionary universe. After generations of living in space in a diversity of new environments, the physical body will undergo radical changes, and the meaning of health will be transformed. The article concludes with a discussion on the parallels between Rogers' science of unitary human beings and the overview effect.
Unitary Knowing in Nursing Practice
Authors: Cowling W. Richard
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to elaborate the unitary knowing perspective which was derived from using the science of unitary human beings in practice and considering phenomena within a unitary picture of reality. The systems perspective and the unitary perspective are contrasted as structures for understanding human phenomena in the realm of practice. A model of practice is offered which encompasses the use of experience, perceptions, and expressions as the source of pattern information. The features of unitary knowing involving construction and derivation are presented within the context of unitary pattern nursing.
Laughing and Health: A Study Using Parse's Research Method
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to uncover a structure of the lived experience of laughing and health using Parse's research method. Twenty men and women over 65 years of age volunteered to participate in the study. The structure of the lived experience of laughing and health was found to be a potent buoyant vitality sparked through mirthful engagements, prompting an unburdening delight deflecting disheartenments while emerging with blissful contentment. Recommendations for further research and practice are suggested.