bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Implementation of Process Management
Authors: González-González Inés , Serradell-López Enric , Castillo-Merino David
Published: August 2012

People cannot deny the plausible evidence; globalization and internationalization has meant that the world is in an era of continuous changes in the companies that are unable to adapt rapidly to them, are evoked to extinction. Today, this has a significant impact in Western societies that has led companies to focus their attention not only in technological but also in finding new management tools capable of providing the company with: information about what happens in the organization to achieve customer satisfaction and increased results. For this reason it is vital to the management control and, in particular, as the authors will expose, process management. This work study is an empirical study about the positive effects of the implementation of process management to companies in Spain, specifically in efficiency.
Analyzing Research Activity Duration and Uncertainty in Business Doctorate Degrees
Authors: Strang Kenneth David , Symonds Robert J.
Published: August 2012

This study explains how to apply the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) from the project management discipline to quantify uncertainty for the research phase in a Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) degree. Doctorate programs are expensive and time consuming yet unfortunately they have high attrition rates (failure to complete). Although course work is very structured, the unpredictable nature, complexity and variability of research activities make a DBA program risky for students, supervisors, funding sources, and the university (due to high expectations and accreditation criteria). As the US Navy successfully applied PERT on their complex Fleet Ballistic Missile and Polaris Submarine Weapon projects, it is argued that this methodology could help quantify uncertainty and reduce risk in the doctorate research phase. Statistical techniques are utilized to test the hypothesis that PERT is a reliable task duration estimation and planning method for DBA research (based on a sample).
Flood Risk Awareness
Authors: Guzzo Tiziana , Ferri Fernando , Grifoni Patrizia , Firus Katja
Published: August 2012

Communication plays an essential role in risk awareness when the gap between the risk perception and the actual risk depends on correct knowledge. This study investigates public risk awareness and public participation, as part of the European project Integrative flood risk governance approach for improvement of risk awareness and increased public participation (IMRA). The focus is on perceptions of flood risk awareness in the river basin of Chiascio (Umbria-Italy). The survey method is used to analyze flood risk awareness perception before and after an experimental communication intervention with school students. First, the authors examine flood risk awareness of school student families and friends across the population sample region. Then the authors use a unique combination of exercises – a role play game, an exhibition, and a public competition – to improve risk awareness in school children and their families. Finally, the authors test the effectiveness of this intervention in terms of flood risk awareness with the families and friends of the school students.
The Use of Facebook as a Marketing Tool by Private Educational Institutions in Singapore
Authors: Leng H. K.
Published: August 2012

With social network sites growing in popularity, many organisations have started to use this platform to market themselves. However, marketing on social network sites is different from traditional marketing. Its value lies in engaging members of the social network and generating shared cultural meaning of the advertised brand rather than promoting awareness of the brand to a large number of people. This is not apparent to marketers and as such, many organizations are not leveraging on this media tool effectively. This paper examines the use of Facebook as a marketing tool by private educational institutions offering degree programmes in Singapore and investigates the extent that these educational institutions are leveraging on this new marketing communications tool. The findings suggest that marketing on social network sites remains in its infancy. Educational institutions in Singapore have started to use social network sites as a marketing communications tool. However, as the majority of visitors were using social network sites as an extension to existing mediums for seeking information, there is clearly the potential for the educational institutions to move to the next level in leveraging on social network sites to engage its members and generating a shared cultural meaning of their brands.
Using Social Network Sites for Higher Education Marketing and Recruitment
Authors: Rekhter Natalia
Published: August 2012

In this paper, the author examines how the rapid penetration of Social Network Sites (SNSs) into everyday life affects higher education marketing. Among unique features offered by SNSs are unprecedented trackability of students’ interests, immediacy in responses, targeted personalization of marketing efforts, and low institutional financial obligations. Growth in Internet Penetration Rates and strong international SNSs membership suggests further globalization of marketing strategies and inclusion of lower income countries into targeted markets. Concerns associated with the use of SNSs include dearth of fluency in the sites’ content and operation among admission personnel, lack in users’ privacy, and absence of control over the content. The skyrocketing evolution of SNSs surpasses the corresponding research as do applications of SNSs for higher education marketing. As the result, this qualitative study had to draw information from the variety of secondary sources including blogs, web reports, group discussions, comments, forums, videos, etc.
Higher Education Marketing
Authors: Constantinides Efthymios , Stagno Marc C. Zinck
Published: August 2012

The importance of the Internet as commercial platform is by now universally recognized, and businesses increasingly adopt online marketing channels at the cost of traditional ones. The social media, being second generation (Web 2.0) internet applications, allow interaction, one-to-one communication, customer engagement, and user generated content. The interest of higher education institutions in social media as part of the marketing toolkit is increasing, but little is known about the potential of these channels in higher education marketing strategies. Even less is known about the role of social media as influencers of future students in the choice of study and university. This article presents the results of a study identifying the role and importance of social media on the choice of future students for a study and university in comparison with the traditional university marketing channels in the Netherlands. The study identifies and describes three market segments among future students based on their use of the social media.
Experimental Validation of an Identification Procedure of Soil Profile Characteristics from Free Field Acceleration Records
Authors: Harichane Z. , Afra H. , Bahar R.
Published: August 2012

In this paper, a new approach for soil profile characterization is validated. The soil characteristics are calculated by fitting the theoretical amplification functions to those obtained experimentally. The identified characteristics have been observed to agree well with those obtained by in situ and laboratory tests. This new approach uses system identification theory and free field records. It is based on formulation of theoretical soil amplification function for two sites in terms of the different parameters of the soil profile layers (thickness, damping ratio, shear wave velocity and unit weight). The theoretical function is smoothed according to the experimental data (spectral ratios) by means of the least squares minimization technique. The function parameters are determined by solving, numerically, a non linear optimization problem. In this approach, soil profile characteristics of two sites can be identified simultaneously, from only a single soil acceleration record at free surface of each site without need of bedrock or outcropping acceleration records. Strong ground motions data recorded during the Boumerdes earthquake (Algeria) of May 21, 2003, are used for the validation.
Liquefaction and Dynamic Properties of Assemblies with Particles of Spherical and Ellipsoidal Shapes
Authors: Kumari S. D Anitha , Sitharam T. G.
Published: August 2012

Understanding liquefaction and dynamic response of granular soils from a grain scale level has obtained significant attention during the recent times. Discrete Element method has been adopted to understand the particulate nature, but most of the studies have focused on modeling assemblies with spherical particles. But recent researches have indicated that particle shape is significant in estimating the proper strength and dynamic properties of a soil mass. Hence in this study, a series of cyclic undrained tests are performed on three different assemblies consisting of particles with different aspect ratios. The influence of shape on the cyclic strength, dynamic properties like shear modulus, and damping ratio are investigated and presented. The results show that as the particle shape changes from spheres to ellipsoids, there is considerable change in the strength and the dynamic properties.
Liquefaction Hazard Scenario of Imphal City for 1869 Cachar and a Hypothetical Earthquake
Authors: Pallav Kumar , Raghukanth S. T. G. , Singh Konjengbam Darunkumar
Published: August 2012

In the present article liquefaction potential of Imphal city is reported in the form of two indices, i.e., LPI (Liquefaction Potential Index) and LSI (Liquefaction Severity Index), for 1869 Cachar earthquake (Mw 7.5) along the Kopili fault and probable future great earthquake (Mw 8.1) in the Indo-Burma subduction zone. The Factor of Safety (FS) against liquefaction has been computed by using modified procedure given by Idriss and Boulanger (2006) for all depths of 122 boreholes. The computed FS have been used as input parameters for evaluating LPI and LSI indices for Imphal City. Based on these LPI and LSI indices, liquefaction potential hazard contour maps of Imphal city is prepared. It is observed that over a large area of Imphal city is highly vulnerable to liquefaction failure in the events of the selected earthquake. The liquefaction hazard obtained at each site exhibits a good agreement with the damages documented for 1869 Cachar earthquake. This contour map can be served as a guideline for engineer and planner in site selection for upcoming projects and helps city administration in mitigating the city from future hazards.
Seismic Site Classifications and Site Amplifications for the Urban Centres in the Shallow Overburden Deposits
Authors: Anbazhagan P. , Sheikh M. Neaz
Published: August 2012

This paper presents seismic site classification practices for urban centres in Australia, China, and India with special emphasis on their suitability for shallow soil sites. The geotechnical aspects of seismic site classifications play a critical role in the development of site response spectra, which is the basis for the seismic design of new structures and seismic assessment of existing structures. Seismic site classifications have used weighted average shear wave velocity of top 30 m soil layers, following the recommendations of National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) or International Building Code (IBC) site classification system. The site classification system is based on the studies carried out in the United States where soil layer may extend up to several hundred meters before reaching any distinct soil-bedrock interface. Most of the urban centers in Australia, China, and India are located on distinct bedrocks within few meter depth of soil deposits. For such shallow depth soil sites, NEHRP or IBC site classification system is not suitable. A new site classification based on average soil thickness, shear wave velocity up to engineering bedrock is proposed. The study shows that spectral value and amplification ratio estimated from site response study considering top 30 m soil layers are different from those determined considering soil thickness up to engineering bedrock.
Awareness of Mobile Phone-Based Money Transfer Services in Agriculture by Smallholder Farmers in Kenya
Authors: Kirui Oliver K. , Okello Julius Juma , Nyikal Rose A.
Published: August 2012

Smallholder farmer access to agricultural finance has been a major constraint to agricultural commercialization in developing countries. The ICT revolution in Africa has however brought an opportunity to ease this constraint. The mobile phone-based money transfer services that started in Kenya urban centres have spread to rural areas and even other countries. Using these services farmers could receive funds to invest in agricultural financial transactions. This study examines the awareness of mobile phone-based money transfer services (MMT) among rural farmers in Kenya and examines the various uses of money transferred through such services. The study employs descriptive analysis and found a very high awareness of mobile phone-based money transfer services among the smallholder farmers and found predominant use of remitted funds for agricultural related purposes (purchase of seed, fertilizer for planting and topdressing, farm equipment/implements, leasing of land for farming, wages for labour). The study concludes that there is need to expand the coverage of MMT services in rural areas since it resolves an idiosyncratic market failure that farmers face namely access to financial services. It discusses the implications of these findings for policy and practice.
Transformative Potential of Agricultural Mobile Market Information System in Tamilnadu, India
Authors: Priya P. Senthil , Mathiyalagan N.
Published: August 2012

The agricultural sector is the largest and most critical economic sector and a developing country like India, with its economic backbone as agriculture, is highly dependent to sustain its population. To compete with other agricultural economies, a need exists to create effective linkage between the seat of agricultural production and market forces involved in the provision of goods to the consumers within India. A strong network communication must be established between the various stakeholders of agricultural trade to facilitate a balance between demand and supply. With the advent of mobile phones, internet, and other Information and Communication Technologies, new possibilities and multi-dimensional factors that create instant communication between the target groups have emerged and these ICT tools could be used as a source of agricultural information dissemination to the farmers. This paper analyses mobile based agricultural Market Information Services (MIS) that deliver critical market price information to farmers in Tamilnadu, India. The study also provides an overview of the ICT based mobile market linkage systems and analyses the operability of such projects. The study also assesses the benefits of such projects in providing relevant information to the farmers and the emerging opportunities for rural farmers to make constructive use of the e-agriculture projects.
Agro-Research and Extension Personnel’s Knowledge of ICT Applications for Agricultural Development in Southwest-Nigeria
Authors: Lawal-Adebowale O.A. , Omotayo A.M.
Published: August 2012

ICT integration in agriculture is changing the tempo of the sector globally. Successful application of ICT for agricultural development however depends on the agricultural workers’
knowledge of the information-driven technologies applications. Assessment of the Nigerian agricultural researchers and extension agents’ knowledge of the ICT applications showed that
92.9% of the researchers and 51.6% of the extension agents had knowledge of the ICT applications. The chi-square analytical test showed that the agricultural researchers’ knowledge of
ICT applications was significantly related to their level of education (x2 = 52.33, p = 0.017), work experience (x2 = 26.37, p = 0.04), IT
training (x2= 26.19, p = 0.036) at p < 0.05 level. The extension agents’ knowledge of ICT utilities was significantly related to their
education (x2 = 47.39, p = 0.047) at p < 0.05 levels. T-test of difference between the researchers and extension agents’ knowledge of ICT applications was found
significant. It was concluded that the respondents’ knowledge of the ICT applications was influenced by their level of education; and was recommended that the agricultural researchers and
extension agents should train anytime the organisational ICT devices are scaled up for new applications in agriculture.
Marine Mammal Behavioral Response Studies in Southern California: Advances in Technology and Experimental Methods
Authors: Southall Brandon L. , Moretti David , Abraham Bruce , Calambokidis John , DeRuiter Stacy L. , Tyack Peter L.
Published: August 2012

AbstractBehavioral response studies (BRS) are increasingly being conducted to better understand basic behavioral patterns in marine animals and how underwater sounds, including from human sources, can affect them. These studies are being enabled and enhanced by advances in
both acoustic sensing and transmission technologies. In the design of a 5-year project in southern California (“SOCAL-BRS”), the development of a compact, hand-deployable, ship-powered, 15-element vertical line array sound source enabled a fundamental change in overall project
configuration from earlier efforts. The reduced size and power requirements of the sound source, which achieved relatively high output levels and directivity characteristics specified in the experimental design, enabled the use of substantially smaller research vessels. This size reduction
favored a decentralization of field effort, with greater emphasis on mobile small boat operations capable of covering large areas to locate and tag marine mammals. These changes in configuration directly contributed to significant increases in tagging focal animals and conducting sound exposure
experiments. During field experiments, received sound levels on tagged animals of several different species were within specified target ranges, demonstrating the efficacy of these new solutions to challenging field research problems.
Multiplatform Ocean Exploration: Insights From the NEEMO Space Analog Mission
Authors: Trembanis Arthur C. , Forrest Alex L. , Miller Douglas C. , Lim Darlene S. S. , Gernhardt Michael L. , Todd William L.
Published: August 2012

AbstractSince the beginning of space exploration, methods and protocols of exploration have been developed using space analogs on Earth to reduce research costs, develop safe deployment/retrieval protocols, and ready astronauts for hostile environments in less threatening
settings. Space analogs are required as much as ever today as astronauts and scientists develop new tools and techniques for exploration, while working to address evolving mission objectives from low-earth orbit to deep-space exploration. This study examines coordinated human and robotic exploration
at the Aquarius Underwater Habitat off of the coast of Key Largo, Florida, in support of the NEEMO 15 (NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations) program. The exploration scheme presented in this work fuses (1) robotic precursor missions as a means of remote sensing data collection; (2)
crowdsourcing to process immense amounts of data to identify key targets of interest that might be missed in the tight cycle of mission operations; and (3) human exploration to examine locations directly up close and collect physical samples that require involved sampling techniques. Autonomous
underwater vehicles (AUVs) and single-person submersibles, called DeepWorkers™, were used as underwater analogs of robotic systems currently being used and human-operated vehicles (HOVs) proposed for use on a Near Earth Asteroid (NEA), the Moon, or Mars. In addition to operational lessons
learned for space exploration that are directly applicable to ocean exploration, ocean floor mapping provides new levels of detail of benthic habitat critical for coral reef monitoring and management. Opportunistic (onsite adaptive) data sampling also took place by placing self-recording instrumentation
onto each of the DeepWorkers, increasing the collection of scientific information during the submersible missions and contributing to mission planning for optimal and efficient use of expensive assets.
A New System for Three-Dimensional High-Resolution Geophysical Surveys
Authors: Sack Peter , Haugland Tor , Stock Graeme
Published: August 2012

AbstractHigh-resolution geophysical surveys have been used for some time to reduce risk from the installation of fixed platforms offshore. They have been used primarily in relatively shallow water for the placement of fixed, freestanding oil and gas platforms. However, their
relevance has changed with the advent of offshore wind farms and the need to understand the underlying geology. Furthermore, the Deepwater Horizon accident has shown that these data are essential to any structure attached to the seabed, not just those that are rigidly fixed. The development
of accurate acquisition techniques reduces the uncertainty and increases the effectiveness of these surveys (RenewableUK, 2011). Adapting conventional exploration survey acquisition techniques to high-resolution surveys allows the use of precise positioning systems and robust operational equipment.
The result is a three-dimensional (3D) high-resolution (HR3D) survey similar in the visualization offered by conventional seismic surveys but with much higher spatial resolution. The HR3D technique presents some physical challenges in the design of the acquisition system. However, the same
technique offers some advantages that simplify engineering. Engineering and adaptation of larger-scale geophysical equipment is straightforward. Furthermore, some methods not viable for use in the exploration survey industry have a use in this application. A series of trials in late 2010 and
early 2011 allowed the development of the system with individual focuses on the physical, navigation, and geophysical aspects of the system. A production survey was acquired in June 2011. Results from this survey show the advantages of this technique.
A Tribute to Professor Reńe H. Miller: A Pioneer in Aeromechanics and Rotary Wing Flight Transportation
Authors: Friedmann Peretz P. , Johnson Wayne , Scully Michael P.
Published: August 2012

Reńe H. Miller (May 19, 1916–January 28, 2003), Emeritus H. N. Slater Professor of Flight Transportation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was one of the most influential pioneers in rotary wing aeromechanics as well as a visionary whose dream was the development
of a tilt-wing/tilt-rotor–based, short-haul air transportation system. This paper pays a long overdue tribute to his memory and to his extraordinary contributions.
Die invloed van nate op die loop van die Oranjerivier in die omgewing van die Augrabieswaterval Nasionale Park
Authors: Slabbert M. J , Malherbe S. J
Published: August 2012

wee duidelike, bykans vertikale noord- en ooswaarts-

neigende naatstelsels is goed ontwikkel dwarsdeur die Augrabieswaterval Nasionale Park. Die twee hoofvloeirigtings van die rivier stem ooreen met die orientasie van die naatstelsels. Die tralievormige vioeipatroon van die rivier kan hiervolgens verklaar word. Hierdie nate tesame met ondergeskikte nate en verskuiwings kan ook sekere geomorfologiese verskynsels in die park verklaar.

Two distinct, near-vertical, north- and east-trending joint sets are well developed throughout the Augrabies Falls National Park. The two main flow directions of the river are in accordance to the orientation of these joints. The lattice-type flow pattern of the river can therefore be explained by their influence. These joints together with subordinate joints and faults could explain some of the geomorphological features within the park.
Landscapes of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Gertenbach W. P. D
Published: August 2012

Knowledge on the abiotic and biotic components of the Kruger National Park (KNP) system has increased to such an extent, that it was possible to zonate the KNP into landscapes. A landscape was defined as an area with a specific geomorphology, climate, soil and vegetation pattern together with the associated fauna. On this basis 35 landscapes were identified and described in terms of the components mentioned in the definition. The objective of classification is that future management should be based on these landscapes. Relevant management considerations may change, but the landscape a@ a basic functional unit should not be negotiable.
Feeding habits of the Cape Mountain Zebra Equus zebra zebra LINN. 1758
Authors: Grobler J.H
Published: August 2012

The feeding habits of the Cape mountain zebra Equus zebra zebra Linn. 1758, were studied in the Mountain Zebra National Park. They were highly selective utilising only seven of 17 available grass species at feeding sites and 26 of plants available. These zebra fed at 40 mm to 80 mm above the ground except when eating seed heads of certain grass species. Protein levels of grasses eaten were above 4 and seasonal movements were associated with mean food quality @ there were thus summer grazing and winter grazing areas. Mean crude protein in the faeces fluctuated seasonally.
Preliminary list of the Grasshoppers (Acridoidea) found in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Barker John F
Published: August 2012

A preliminary list of Acridoidea of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park comprising 35 species is provided.
Mortality of Blow-Fly Larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the digestive tract of Vultures
Authors: Braack L.E.O
Published: August 2012

The blow-flies Chrysomyia albiceps and C marginalis are abundant in the Kruger National Park and depend on carrion as a food-source during their larval stages. Vultures occasionally consume maggot-infested meat and the question arises whether such larvae survive passage through the digestive tract and so contribute to the population of blow-flies in that area. Three vultures were fed baboon meat inoculated with blow- fly larvae, and none of the larvae were found to survive.
"Epidermal Streaming" and associated phenomena displayed by Larvae of Chrysomyia marginalis (Wd.) (Diptera: CALLIPHORIDAE) at carcasses
Authors: Braack L.E.O
Published: August 2012

Competition with vertebrate scavengers for carrion necessitates blow-fly larvae to make rapid and effective use of dead animals. Blow-fly eggs are deposited in shaded, concealed positions at a carcass, and the larvae need to enter the body to feed on muscle and other soft tissues as soon as possible after eclosion. They do so by digesting away the skin with enzymes, but this is often preceded by an exploratory phase in which larvae migrate over the carcass to find wounds by which they are able to gain more rapid entry into the body. Epidermal streaming is one method of performing this exploratory phase, and involves movement by small larvae below the superficial outermost layer of skin. Several possible benefits of this behaviour are discussed.
A preliminary investigation of the Marine Ichthyofauna in the Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park
Authors: Buxton C.D , Smale M.J
Published: August 2012

Sixty-five species representing 29 families were re-

corded in a survey of the marine ichthyofauna of the Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park. Visual assessments of the composition of the fish communities at three inshore reef types indicated differences in the species composition and size of fishes present. Areas which are closed to fishing protect many species important to the South African linefishery whereas a recent seaward extension of the park boundary in 1983 will also include areas inhabited by species important to the demersal trawl fishery.
Additions to the checklist of birds of the Addo Elephant National Park
Authors: GRobler J.H , Braack H.H
Published: August 2012

Since the original checklist of the birds of the Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) was published in 1965 by Liversidge, further species were added by Penzhorn & Morris (1969) and Penzhorn & Van Straaten (1976).
History of the Blue Duiker Cephalophus monticola population in the Tsitsikamma forests, Republic of South Africa
Authors: Crawford R.J.M , Robinson G.A
Published: August 2012

Blue duiker Cephalophus monticola appear to have been historically plentiful in indigenous forests of the southern Cape, Republic of South Africa. There was a marked decline in their abundance during the late 1940's, a prolonged dry period in which caracal Felis caracal became more frequently observed. Numbers of blue duiker remained low throughout the 1950's and 1960's in spite of an apparent reduction in numbers of caracal. Following the proclamation of the Tsitsikamma National Parks in 1964 and strict control of poaching and access by dogs, numbers of blue duiker increased markedly from the mid 1970's. Only four sightings of blue duiker were recorded during a two-year period in the mid 1960's, whereas for an equivalent time interval in the early 1980's there were 651 sightings representing at @ least 49 individuals.
Sex and age data from cropping of Buffalo Syncerus caffer in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Mason D.R , Van der Walt P.A
Published: August 2012

Sex and age classifications of buffalo cropped in the Kruger National Park suggest that cropping is biased towards females, and prime breeding individuals of both sexes are apparently under-represented. The implications are discussed in relation to buffalo social organisation and comparative data on population structure.
Dentition and age determination of the Warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus in Zululand, South Africa
Authors: Mason D.R
Published: August 2012

Age-specific stages of tooth replacement, eruption and attrition are described for warthogs shot during population control in Zululand. Patterns of tooth replacement and eruption allowed reasonably accurate age determination up to 24 months, whereafter 2-3 year old warthogs could generally be distinguished from older individuals by the relative growth of their third molars. Although stages of wear and loss of the teeth, especially the three molars, were associated with broad age classes, age of adult warthogs may be determined more precisely by counting cementum annuli in sectioned incisor teeth. However, cementum annuli were insufficiently distinctive to permit age estimation in approximately 33 of sections, reflecting particularly variation in intensity and clarity of staining and splitting and merging of rest lines. The use of eye lens dry mass and tusk length: snout width ratios as indices of age was also evaluated. Eye lens dry mass became increasingly unreliable for predicting age beyond 24 months. Considering males and females separately, tusk length: snout width ratios for yearling, 2-3 year old and 3-4 year old warthogs were reasonably distinctive, but subsequent overlap was apparently unfavourable for reliable differentiation of year classes among older warthogs. Body size and tusk * development criteria for distinguishing between three age classes ofwarthogs in the field are presented.
ŉ Vergelyking van die voedingsgewoontes van die Rooikat Felis caracal binne en buite die Bergkwagga Nasionale Park
Authors: Moolman L.C
Published: August 2012

Eenhonderd rooikatmismonsters uit die Berg-kwagga Nasionale Park is ontleed. In 94,9 het reste van soog- diere, in 4,3 reste van voels en in 0,8 reste van reptiele voorgekom. Van die soogdierreste was 52,5 reste van die klipdassie Procavia capensis. Vyf-en- tagtig mismonsters is van buite die Bergkwagga Nasionale Park ontleed. Hierin het 96,9 soogdier- reste, 2,1 voelreste en 1,0 reptielreste voorgekom, met die klipdassie Procavia capensis weer die volopste soogdierprooi (30,3). Knaagdiere en kleinvee het onderskeidelik 24 en 22,9 verteenwoordig. One hundred caracal scats collected in the Mountain Zebra National Park were analysed. Undigested remains of mammals were found in 94,9, 4,3 birds and 0,8 reptiles. Dassie Procavia capensis remains occurred most frequently, i.e. in 52,5 of the scats. From outside the Mountain Zebra National Park, 85 caracal scats were analysed. Here 96,9 contained the remains of mammals, 2,1 that of birds and 1,0 of reptiles. Again the remains of the dassie Procavia capensis were the most common, occurring in 30,3 of the scats, followed by rodents 24 and domestic stock 22,9.
Breeding of the Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Daneel A.B
Published: August 2012

Mundy (1982, The comparative biology of southern African Vultures, Vulture Study Group, Johannesburg.) states that records exist for only 22 nests of the Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus in Rhodesia, of which he visited 15, while in only three nests were the eggs measured. He makes no specific mention of egg measurements from nests south of the Limpopo River, although the average of 10 "Southern African" eggs is given as 74,72 (Range 68,7 - 78,1) by 55,89 (Range 54,0 - 57,8) mm. Nevertheless, five South African breeding records exist, all from the Kruger.
Male rock Hyraxes Procavia capensis return to former home ranges after translocation
Authors: Crawford R.J.M
Published: August 2012

Feeding of rock hyraxes by tourists at the Storms River Mouth rest camp in the Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park, Republic of South Africa, has led to taming of the hyraxes, soliciting of food from tourists and occasionally to aggression resulting in tourists being bitten. As a result it was decided to capture and translocate a number of the tamer hyraxes during 1981. At the rest camp the hyraxes occur in well defined groupings (Fairall & Crawford 1983, S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 13: 25-26). All the animals caught were from the Sandbay - office group.
Prof. DR. F. C. Eloff - An appreciation
Authors: De Graaff G
Published: August 2012

I have been requested to write an appreciation of the man to whom these proceedings of a symposium on the Kalahari Ecosystem are dedicated @ Prof. Dr. F. C. Eloff, or Fritz as he is popularly referred to. I undertook the task with some trepidation and the only claim to the honour to write this article may be the fact that I have known Professor Eloff since 1949 when I was a green-shanked first year veterinary student at the University of Pretoria where he lectured in zoology to the new students.
The Kalahari Ecosystem
Authors: Eloff F. C
Published: August 2012

Our present knowledge of the functional processes within the Kalahari ecosystem is insufficient to provide a total understanding of the system. In this paper the uniqueness of the Kalahari ecosystem is discussed, with special emphasis on its faunal and floristic components as well as the remarkable micro-ecosystems which are encountered.
The Kalahari Gemsbok National Park : 1931-1981
Authors: Van Wyk P , Le Riche E. A. N
Published: August 2012

The history and development of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park is inseparable from the well-known Le Riche family, although they were not directly in- volved in the establishment of the park. For this reason their history must form an integral part of this document. At about 1880, Christoffel, a son of the ancestor (Louis), trekked in a northwesterly direction with his three transport wagons, his young wife, three small children and a number of servants.
The response of ungulates to rainfall along the riverbeds of the Southern Kalahari
Authors: Mills M. G. L , Retief P. F
Published: August 2012

The responses of springbok Antidorcas marsupialis, gemsbok Oryx gazella, blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus to rainfall along the riverbeds of the southern Kalahari are analysed. Springbok reacted most rapidly to rainfall along the riverbeds and, by browsing in dry times, maintained a fairly stable presence throughout the year, although the actual number present in any one year was dependent on annual rainfall. Gemsbok responded more slowly to rainfall and reached their highest numbers in years of high rainfall when the grasses were tall and mature, after which they rapidly departed from the riverbeds. Red hartebeest also reached their highest numbers during the rainy season, but departed slightly more slowly than gemsbok. In dry years, they too, failed to come into the riverbeds. Blue wildebeest in the vicinity of the riverbeds tended to be more sedentary than the other species. The presence of potable artificial water appeared to be more important for wildebeest than for the other species and, although rainfall was undoubtedly an important factor in regulating their numbers along the riverbeds, they depended to a greater extent on breeding success and mortality factors, than on emigration and immigration. The overall seasonal pattern of ungulate abundance along the riverbeds in the southern Kalahari was one of wet season concentrations and dry season dispersion.
Preliminary results of in vitro digestion of some plants utilized by Kalahari ungulates
Authors: Van Hoven W , Boomker Elizabeth A , De Beer G. C.
Published: August 2012

Five species of ungulates are compared with respect to digestibility and energy production of some plants found in their diet. Blue wildebeest prefer Stipagrostis obtusa which is well digested and produces little methane in autumn. However, Schmidtia kalahariensis is a better source of energy for wildebeest during the winter. Stipagrostis obtusa is also well digested by gemsbok, but is not a good energy source for eland. The relationship between volatile fatty acid energy gain and methane energy lost is typical for each ungulate species. Only during spring was a correlation found between the percentage digestibility and percentage protein in the plants and then only for eland and springbok.
A Note on the invertebrates of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (excluding insects)
Authors: De Graaff G
Published: August 2012

Invertebrates are conservatively estimated to comprise about three quarters of all living species (Wells, Pyle & Collins 1983, The IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book, Gland : IUCN). Approximately 1 400 000 species of invertebrates have been described compared with 250 000 species of flowering plants and only some 46 000 species of vertebrates. According to Wells et al., some 800 000 known invertebrate species are insects and constant new discoveries indicate that this may be only a fraction of the global total.
Avian adaptations to the Kalahari environment: A typical continental semidesert
Authors: Maclean G. L
Published: August 2012

Bird species adapted to the Kalahari are generally either (a) sedentary, insectivorous (or carnivorous) and non-gregarious, or (b) nomadic, granivorous and gregarious even when breeding. Ground-dwelling birds predominate numerically and are cryptically coloured to avoid predation. Many species have nasal glands which secrete hypertonic solutions in response to the intake of fluids with high solute concentrations, as an adaptation to water conservation. Thermoregulation is discussed especially in relation to high ambient temperatures. Breeding is initiated in most species by rainfall or associated ecological effects, correlated with improved body condition of the females; lag periods between rain and egglaying are related to diet and time of year. Nest orientation is also related to season and capitalizes on maximal shade in summer. Parental care in sandgrouse is discussed.
The comparative behavioural ecology of the Brown Hyaena Hyaena brunnea and the Spotted Hyaena Crocuta crocuta in the Southern Kalahari
Authors: Mills M. G. L
Published: August 2012

The diet, foraging behaviour, social organisation and social behaviour of the brown hyaena Hyaena brunnea and the spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta, and the interactions between these two species in the southern Kalahari are discussed. The brown hyaena is a scavenger of a wide variety of vertebrate remains, supplementing its diet with wild fruits and insects and is well adapted to this arid region. The spotted hyaena is a hunter-scavenger of large and medium-sized mammals and is not found in such numbers in the southern Kalahari as is the brown hyaena. These differences in diet have led to the evolution of large differences in foraging behaviour, social organisation, denning behaviour and communication patterns in the two species; spotted hyaenas having a more highly developed social system and living in far larger territories than brown hyaenas. Spotted hyaenas are dominant to brown hyaenas, but because of their low density in the southern Kalahari, have little effect on the brown hyaena population there.
Food ecology of the Kalahari Lion Panthera leo vernayi
Authors: Eloff F. C
Published: August 2012

Aspects of the food ecology of the lion were researched in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. A survey based on 195 periods of 24 hours each, indicated that porcupines represented 32,3 and gemsbok 25 of lion kills. Because so many small or young mammals are being caught, a single Kalahari lion probably makes as many as 50 kills per year @ considerably more than anywhere else in Africa. The Kalahari lion covers a distance, on average, of 11,8 km per night in search of food. The hunting success of the Kalahari lion, the ecological division of predators, and the effect of food on mortality is discussed. Predation by lions seems to play an insignificant role in the regulation of prey population numbers.
Publications relevant to the Kalahari Ecosystem
Authors: Van Rensburg D. J , De Graaff G
Published: August 2012

While compiling the proceedings of a symposium on the ecology of the Kalahari Ecosystem (October 1983), the authors became aware of a diversity of publications which exist pertaining to the "Kalahari" (sensu lato) as an ecosystem. It is assumed that a provisional compilation of the available data serves a useful purpose and is therefore included in these proceedings.
Symposium on the Kalahari Ecosystem summary and conclusions
Authors: Hall-Martin A. J
Published: August 2012

This symposium has dealt largely with the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (KGNP), an area which has been under the control of the National Parks Board of Trustees since 1931. The park, which covers some 9 600 km2 is part of an international conservation area which includes the adjoining 26 600 km2 Gemsbok National Park in Botswana and adjoining wildlife management areas.
Voerbeskikbaarheid en voedingswaarde van die belangrikste voedselplante van die Kameelperd Giraffa camelopardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) in die Willem Pretoriuswildtuin, Oranje-Vrystaat
Authors: Kok O.B. , Opperman D.P.J.
Published: August 2012

Chemiese analises is op die belangrikste oedselitems van die kameelperd Giraffa camelopardalis in die Willem Pretoriuswildtuin, Oranje-Vrystaat, uitgevoer. Die ruproteieninhoud en verteerbare organiese materiaal van blare van veral bladwisselende plantsoorte toon 'n styging gedurende die voorsomer waarna 'n geleidelike afname tot met die wintermaande plaasvind. Dit wil voorkom asof die teenoorgestelde tendens vir die suurverteerbare veselfraksie geld. Geen statisties-betekenisvolle verband kon tussen enige van die voedingsfraksies en die benuttingsfrekwensie van individuele plantsoorte aangetoon word nie. Aanduidings bestaan dat voedselseleksie hoofsaaklik deur die beskikbaarheid van voedselplante beinvloed word. Droemateriaalopbrengs van geselekteerde houtagtige voedselplante toon 'n duidelike verwantskap met buitebosoppervlakte en bosvolume. Geoordeel aan die hoeveelheid voer wat gedurende die kritieke wintertydperk beskikbaar is, kan 'n absolute maksimum van 43 kameelperde op 'n permanente basis in die wildtuin onderhou word. Chemical analyses of the most important food items of the giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis in the Willem Pretorius Game Reserve, Orange Free State, were carried out. The crude protein content and digestible organic material of leaves, especially from deciduous plant species, show an increase during early summer after which a gradual decrease takes place till winter. It seems as if the opposite trend applies to the acid digestible fibre fraction. No statistically significant relationship between any of the feeding fractions and utilization frequency of individual plant species could be demonstrated. Indications are that the selection of food is influenced mainly by the availability of food plants. The yield of dry material of selected woody food plants shows a distinct relationship with outer bush surface and bush volume. Based on the amount of browse available during the critical winter period, an absolute maximum of 43 giraffe can be supported in the game reserve on a permanent basis.
A Re-appraisal of the Rock Scorpions (Scorpionidae: Hadogenes)
Authors: Newlands G. , Cantrell A.C.
Published: August 2012

The morphological similarity between species of the rock scorpion genus Hadogenes has given rise to a great deal of controversy amongst taxonomists over the last eighty years. To resolve these difficulties, species of the genus were re-appraised in terms of their chromosome number and an electrophoretic analysis of venom proteins. The relationships arising from these data were integrated with morphological characteristics in order to get a more realistic appreciation of the genus. It emerges that the genus consists of 14 recognised species, some of which represent as yet unnamed species complexes. Taxonomic changes proposed are H. lawrencei sp. res., H. zuluanus stat. nov, H. gracilis fluvianus and H. gracilis namaquensis = H. phyllodes syn. n. A new key to the species is provided.
Ekologiese waarnemings van 'n Bergskilpadpopulasie, Geochelone pardalis Bell, 1828, soos aangeteken in die Soetdoring-Natuurreser-vaat in die Oranje-Vrystaat
Authors: Rall M.
Published: August 2012

Hierdie studie poog om vas te stel of die bergskilpad Geochelone pardalis Bell, 1828, habitatsvoorkeure asook territoriale neigings toon. Geen territorialiteit bestaan nie maar wel loopgebiede waarbinne die skilpad meeste van sy aktiwiteite bedryf. Bewegingspatrone van 'n aantal individuele skilpaaie word bespreek. This study ascertains whether the mountain tortoise Geochelone pardalis Bell, 1828, shows habitat preferences and territorial tendencies. No territorialism was found but most activities took place within a certain range. Movement patterns of a number of individual tortoises are described.
A new technique for the efficient use of Macro-Mistnets
Authors: Rautenbach I.L.
Published: August 2012

A cheap and simple method of adapting yacht masts to allow quick and efficient stringing and versatile manipulation of a 6,0 x 30,0 metre macro-mistnet, is described.
The relationships between evaporation and certain physical parameters of circular pans and rectangular troughs
Authors: Zambatis N.
Published: August 2012

The relationships between evaporation and certain physical parameters of circular pans and rectangular troughs are compared. These relationships have a direct influence on the economics of artificial water provision, both in terms of finances and groundwater resources utilized in providing drinking water. Rectangular troughs are more economical than circular pans.
Body measurements of a female Serval Felis serval Schreber, 1776, from the Eastern Transvaal
Authors: Zambatis N.
Published: August 2012

Nomeasurements of serval in the Transvaal Museum collection are availiable.
An Overview of the Soutpansberg Sedimentary and Volcanic Rocks
Authors: Bristow J.W.
Published: August 2012

Volcanic and sedimentary rocks occupy a faulted graben within the previously uplifted and eroded high-grade gneiss terrain of the Limpopo Mobile Belt. The rocks comprise the Soutpansberg Group and represent an important sequence of Proterozoic rocks. Their general geology and volcanology is summarised in this paper.