bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A survey on children's games projects in turkey between the years 2006-2018
Authors: Güleş Figen , Ünüvar Ayşenur , Demir Edanur , Etlioğlu Melike
Published: May 2021

Education through games is a way of teaching the children the traditions of the community in which they live. In recent years, a number of projects in this regard are carried out in Turkey. The aim of this study is to determine traditional children’s games in the projects carried out on children’s games in Turkey for the last 15 years and to examine the contents of these projects. In addition, the units such as institutions, organizations that organized these projects will also be examined. The data used in this study was collected between 01.11.2018 - 11.04.2019. In this regard, data collected via books, articles, magazines, newspapers, thesis studies, telephone interviews with institutions and organizations and e-mails are evaluated and the findings are presented in tables and graphs. In line with the results, some policy suggestions were made for trainers, institutions and organizations.
Nirxandina Helbestên Zarokan ên Kurdî li Gorî “Rastîya Zarokan” û “Îzafîyeta Zarokan”
Authors: SUBAŞI Kenan
Published: May 2021

Di vê gotarê de analîzeke edebî di çarçoveya du hêmanên sereke yên edebiyata zarokan de dê bê kirin. Ev hêman “rastiya zarokê” û “îzafiyeta zarokê” ne ku bingeha edebiyata zarokan a modern jî li ser wan saz dibe. Ji ber ku zarok xwedî kesayeteke cuda û xweser e, nivîskarê edebiyata zarokan di hunera xwe de mecbûr e vê cudabûn û xweseriya zarokan bigire ber çavan. Lewra muxatabê sereke yê vê edebiyatê zarok bixwe ye. Ji bilî van ji bo ku zarok bibe xwedî estetîk û arezûyeke edebî, dîsa divê berhemên edebî yên ku ji bo zarokan tên nivîsandin, li gorî van herdu hêmanan bên afirandin. Li gorî van esasan di vê xebatê de dê helbestên zarokan ên kurdî li gorî van herdu hêmanan bên nirxandin. Herwiha qesda me ji helbestên zarokan ên kurdî ew e ku ji destpêkê heya îro yanî ji helbestvanên weku Zêwer, Goran, Kakeyî Felah, Kamiran Elî Bedirxan, Letîf Helmet, Elî Ewnî Şewnem bigirin heya kesên weku Emîn Muhemed, Taha Bîlal, Elî Hemereşîd Berzincî, Osman Muhemed Hewramî, Konê Reş, Yehya Elewî Ferd û Mueyed Teyîb binirxînin û mînakên helbestên wan ên serkeftî û neserkeftî, digel egerên wan, parve bikin.
Mor Evgin ve Hristiyan Mistisizminin Tur Abdin Bölgesine Girişi
Authors: YAŞAR Şükran
Published: May 2021

Türkiye’nin Güney Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde, Mardin’in kuzey doğusunda Midyat merkezli dağlık bir alan olan, tarihsel ve dini açılardan taşıdığı değer nedeniyle Süryaniler tarafından adeta kutsal bölge olarak görülen “Tur Abdin”, manastırlarıyla meşhur bir coğrafyadır. Söz konusu manastırlara ya da bölgedeki monastik yaşamın başlangıcına dair anlatılarda IV. yüzyılda yaşadığı tahmin edilen Mor Evgin isimli Hristiyan bir münzevi öne çıkmaktadır. Zira Mor Evgin, Hristiyanlığın monastik yaşam tarzını Tur Abdin’e getiren kişi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Aslen Mısırlı olup rivayete göre zamanla burayı terk ederek 70 şakirdiyle birlikte Tur Abdin Bölgesi’ne gelmiş ve burada inzivaya çekilmiştir. Bölgenin ilk manastırı da muhtemelen Mor Evgin tarafından IV. yüzyılda kurulmuştur ve bugün de onun ismiyle tanımlanmaktadır. O, İzlo Dağı eteklerindeki bu manastırda yetiştirdiği rahiplerle kısa zaman zarfında bölgede ve civarında çok sayıda başka manastırın inşasına da öncülük etmiştir. Bu bağlamda denilebilir ki, Mor Evgin ve Mor Evgin Manastırı, adeta bir tarihin, bir devrin başlatıcısı olmuşlardır.
Gerek dini eğitimde, gerek dini kurumsal yapılanmada ve gerekse kitlelerin dinî yaşantısında manastırların fonksiyonel rolü anlaşılmadan Doğu Hristiyanlığını anlamak mümkün değildir. Katolik ve Batı Ortodoks (Bizans ve Balkan coğrafyası) dünyasında Kilise’nin itikadî ve amelî ilke ve uygulamaları Papalık / Patrikhane Sen-Sinodu’nda oluşurken, Doğu Hristiyanlığı’nın (Süryaniler, Keldaniler, Nasturiler, Marunîler, Kıptiler, Ermeniler…) itikadî ve amelî ilke ve uygulamalarının hayat bulduğu alan manastırlardır. Katolik ve Ortodoks dünyasında manastırlar, Kilise’nin kontrolündeki arka bahçeler iken, örneğin Süryani dünyasında dinî anlayışın ana merkezleridir. Buralar sadece dünyadan el-etek çekmiş keşişlerin münzevi yaşamsürdürdükleri yerler değildir. Bu manastırlar, tarih boyunca farklı itikadî düşüncelerin mücadelesinin verildiği aksiyon merkezleri olarak Doğu Hristiyanlığı tarihinde önemli fonksiyonlar üstlenmişlerdir. Söz gelimi itikadî ilkeler buralarda belirlenmiş, ihtilafları çözen sinodlar buralarda toplanmış, Kilise’nin idarî birimlerinde görev alan kadrolar buralardan yetişmiştir. Kilisenin dinî ve idarî kararlarının alındığı Sen-Sinod’un üyeleri çoğunlukla manastır reislerinden oluşmuştur. Dini eğitim buralarda verilmiş, Kilise’nin başı olan Patrik bu manastırlardan birinde ikamet etmiştir.
Bu makale, Süryani Hristiyanlığı özelinde Tur Abdin Bölgesi’nde başlayan ve gelişen monastik hayatı ana hatlarıyla anlatma ve bunun yanında bölgede monastik yaşamı tetikleyen bir yapı olarak Mor Evgin Manastırı hakkında tarihi ve mimari açılardan bilgi verme amacı taşımaktadır.
Osman Şahin’in “Beyaz Öküz” Adlı Hikâyesinde Aşk ve Namus İkilemi
Authors: ÇAKMAKCI Selami
Published: May 2021

Osman Şahin, 1970’li yılların başından itibaren devam eden hikâye serüveni günümüzde devam eden bir yazardır. Hikâye, inceleme, roman, masal, derleme, deneme gibi edebiyatın birçok alanında kalem tecrübesine sahip yazar, toplumcu gerçekçi edebiyat anlayışına bağlıdır. Maupassant tarzı hikâye anlayışıyla yazan Şahin, hikâye alanında aldığı birçok ödülle ismini duyurur. Acı Duman adlı hikâye kitabındaki Beyaz Öküz hikâyesi de toplumcu gerçekçi sanat anlayışına göre şekillenir. Bu anlayışı, söz konusu hikâyede ezen-ezilen şablonu şeklinde kendini belli eder. Yazarın bu öyküsünde kendi yaşamının izleri görülür. Çocukluk yıllarından itibaren yaşadığı yoksulluğun iç dünyasında bıraktığı etkiyi bu hikâyesindeki yoksul insanların dünyasında görmek mümkündür. Halk kültürü üzerine çalışmaları da bulunan yazarın bu özelliğinin hikâyelerine yansıdığı görülür.
Aşk denilen coşku ve heyecan Osman Şahin’in Beyaz Öküz adlı hikâyesinin de temel konularından biridir. Yoğun bir içeriğe sahip bu hikâyede töre, ezilmişlik, korku, kıskançlık, batıl inanışlar, ağa-ırgat ilişkileri, aşk, ölüm, kin, nefret, pişmanlık gibi birçok unsurla karşılaşılır. Toroslardaki yoksul geçen çocukluğu ile görev yaptığı Doğu’daki gözlemlerinden izler taşıyan öyküde yazarın malzemesi toplumsal gerçeklerdir. Yazar, hikâyede insanları kendi çevreleri içinde ele alarak savunduğu ideolojiyi daha inandırıcı hale getirmek ister. Yüzlerce yıllık bir gelenekten; ağa-ırgat ilişkilerinden hareket eden yazar, yoksul insanların bu geleneğin altında ezildiğini göstermekle birlikte kırsal kesimde duyguları yok sayılan kadının hikâyesini metne taşır. Bu çalışmanın amacı da yüzyıllardır ağa baskısı altındaki insanların yaşadığı gerçekleri ve bu gerçeklerle mücadelesini vermektir.
İbn Haldûn’un Habitusu’na İbn Haldûncu Bir Ziyaret: Et-Ta‘rîf’teki Sosyal, Siyasî ve Fikrî Koşullar
Authors: GÖKDAĞ Kamuran
Published: May 2021

İbn Haldûn’un “insan alışkanlıklarının çocuğudur” ilkesi tek bir kavram halinde yeniden ifade edilirse eğer, muhtemelen bunun en güçlü adayı habitus kavramı olacaktır. Habitus, öznenin varoluşuna dâhil olan sosyal, siyasî, fikrî ve ekonomik arkaplanların pratik ilişkilerde belli bir yatkınlığa dönüşen toplamını tarif etmek için Pierre Bourdieu’nun kullandığı bir kavramdır. Bu kavrayış, İbn Haldûn’un, öznenin alışkanlıklarını, pratik ilişkilerin içinden geçen ama onları hem aşan hem de önceleyen kökleşmiş tarihsel yatkınlıklar bütünlüğü olarak geniş ve ilişkisel bir bağlamdaki kavrayışıyla büyük oranda örtüşür. Daha özet bir biçimde yeniden ifade edilirse, bu perspektiflerin ortak noktası, onların, özneye nesne payı nesneye de özne payı vermeleridir. Yine de bu bakışın sözkonusu kavram ve ilke aracılığıyla özellikle öne çıkarmak istediği pay, öznedeki nesne veya koşul payıdır. Peki, böyle bir kavrayışa sahip bir düşünür olarak İbn Haldûn’un bizatihî kendi yatkınlıklarındaki nesne veya koşul payı nedir? Onun pratik ve teorik yatkınlıklarındaki özne payı ile nesne payı arasındaki ilişkiler hangi ölçüde işlevseldir? İşte bu sorulara, özellikle de ilk soruya bir cevap arayışında olan bu makale, İbn Haldûn’un ait olduğu sosyal, siyasî ve fikrî koşulların, yani kökleşmiş tarihsel sermayelerin onun yatkınlıklarındaki payını araştırmaktadır. Bununla birlikte makale, daha ikincil bir kaygı olarak, ikinci soruya da bir cevap oluşturmaya çalışmaktadır. Böylece, bir taraftan daha çok et-Ta‘rîf’teki bilgiler aracılığıyla sözkonusu koşulların İbn Haldûn’un alışkanlıklarında veya habitusundaki izlerini ortaya çıkarmaya çalışırken, diğer taraftan onun bu şekilde açıklanan yatkınlıkları ile asabiyet, mülk, hasep, nesep ve kuşaklar gibi Mukaddime’de geliştirilen teoriler arasındaki ilişkiyi kaba haliyle görünür kılmaya çalışmaktadır.
Toxoplasma gondii 529 baz çifti büyüklüğünde tekrar bölgesine (RE) özgü hızlı döngü aracılı izotermal amplifikasyon testinin geliştirilmesi ve analitik hassasiyetinin belirlenmesi
Authors: KARAKAVUK Muhammet , CAN Hüseyin , KARAKAVUK Tuğba , GÜL Ceren , ERKUNT Sedef , GÜL Aytül , DEĞİRMENCİ DÖŞKAYA Aysu , ÜN Cemal , GÜRÜZ Adnan , DÖŞKAYA Mert
Published: May 2021

Amaç: Toxoplasma gondii insan ve sıcakkanlı hayvanlarda hastalıklara neden olan bir protozoondur. Bu çalışmanın amacı toksoplazmozis tanısı için T. gondii tekrar bölgesine (RE) özgü primerlerin tasarlanması ile geliştirilen floresans esaslı hızlı Döngü Aracılı İzotermal Amplifikasyon (LAMP) testinin analitik hassasiyetini belirlemektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PZR) ile elde edilen T. gondii RE, pCR2.1-TOPO vektörüne klonlanmıştır. Spesifik primerler kullanılarak geliştirilen LAMP testinin analitik hassasiyeti pCR2.1-RE vektörünün seri seyreltmeleri ile belirlenmiştir.
Bulgular: T. gondii RE genine özgü tasarlanan primerler ile geliştirilen LAMP testinin analitik hassasiyetinin ≤10 plazmit/reaksiyon olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: RE bölgesi T. gondii geni içinde 200-300 kere tekrar ettiğinden dolayı geliştirilen testin 0,05 takizoit/reaksiyon saptama limitine sahip olduğu hesaplanmıştır. LAMP testinin kolay, ucuz, hızlı ve saha koşullarına uygun olması ve diğer moleküler testlerden daha hassas olması nedeniyle umut verici olduğu öngörülmektedir
Public service interpreting: een globaal en lokaal overzicht van de recente ontwikkelingen
Authors: Homola Michal
Published: May 2021

This article deals with the topic of public service interpreting (PSI) in a global, but also local context. Research on PSI is a rapidly developing and significant subdiscipline of translation and interpreting studies, which is attracting more attention due to the recent global migration situation and discussions about the human rights of refugees and minority communities. The first part of the article briefly introduces and defines the term PSI as well as analyses some distinctive features of this field of translatology. The following section describes, in short, the historical development in public service interpreting (PSI) research and mentions some current trends and the most frequent topics and contexts of the applied research. The last part presents the author’s own research, focusing on the situation in PSIT in Slovakia and on systematic problems in this area.
Moet het nou zo direct? De Poolse en Nederlandse kijk op directheid als communicatief struikelblok
Authors: Wiercińska Katarzyna
Published: May 2021

In this contribution, we research what the term directness means to individual native speakers of Polish and Dutch. Within the framework of a larger pilot study on politeness standards in Poland and in the Netherlands, the participants from both countries have been asked to define directness in their own words. We analyze the underlying values (such as social hierarchy or honesty) the respondents wrote about and we seek differences which may lead to misunderstandings in Polish-Dutch communication. The results of this pilot study show that the participants have quite a different view on directness, which is related to social hierarchy and distance.
“Helaas hebben wij het boek niet kunnen plaatsen”. De wondere wegen van het literair agentschap DILIA
Authors: Engelbrecht Wilken
Published: May 2021

During the forty years of the Communist régime in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989), the literary agency DILIA formed the official link between Czech and Slovak authors and foreign publishers. DILIA ensured contracts for Czech translations of foreign literary works. As the archives of DILIA were destroyed by a fire in 1986, very little is known about how DILIA functioned. Thanks to the contracts with Dutch publishers preserved in the archives of the Literatuur museum in The Hague, a partial reconstruction is possible.
Roem tegen wil en dank. De vroege receptie van Imre Kertész in Nederland
Authors: Faber Jakob
Published: May 2021

This paper aims to analyse and contextualise the early literary reception in the Netherlands of Hungarian-Jewish Nobel laureate Imre Kertész (1929–2016). Born into a Jewish family in Budapest, Kertész was deported to Buchenwald and Auschwitz and later faced censorship and a general lack of interest when he tried to publish his novelised Holocaust experiences. This makes Kertész a special case in the international republic of letters — he seems to have enjoyed more popularity and literary praise in other countries than in his native Hungary, even after having been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. This paper focuses on the literary reception Kertész’s works received in the Netherlands prior to winning the Nobel Prize in 2002: did this reception already show signs of the great reputation Kertész would later enjoy? What aspects of his work were taken into consideration and what position was Kertész given in the Dutch literary system?
Hanneke van Asperen, Adriaan Duiveman, Marieke van Egeraat, Fons Meijer, Lilian Nijhuis, Omgaan met rampen in Nederland door de eeuwen heen: de rol van culturele media bij gemeenschapsvorming
Authors: Jensen Lotte , Van Asperen Hanneke , Duiveman Adriaan , Van Egeraat Marieke , Meijer Fons , Nijhuis Lilian
Published: May 2021

In the last two decades, cultural and historical approaches have gained more attention in the field of disaster studies. The underlying premise is that disasters are as much cultural events as natural ones, and that cultural discourses are key to understanding the social impact of disasters. In this article, we focus on three types of cultural media: news media, occasional poetry and visual sources. We argue that authors and visual artists appropriated disasters and mediated information according to their political, religious and moral convictions. In doing so, they contributed not only to local and national community building, but also to setting and demarcating borders within the larger community.
Esthetische verschuivingen in contemporaine literatuur en hun methodologische principes
Authors: Krýsová Anna
Published: May 2021

This article maps out the prevalent trends in publications about contemporary literature and culture with regard to their methodological grounding. It distinguishes three methodological principles (periodisation, heuristics and contextualisation) available to contemporary literary theorists who are trying to come to terms with the cultural shift they are a part of and are influenced by. A large number of publications examined for this article uses periodisation as an underlying methodological principle. The article discusses the consequences that this has for the idea and image of contemporary literature presented in these publications. Attention is paid to the critique of the use of periodisation as well as to two specific concepts proposed for the analysis of contemporary literature. Both these concepts (poetics of politics and affective dominant) are rooted in contextualisation, especially with regard to politics, but they differ in their use of the periodising framework.
The standards of tortious liability in the West Galician Code and its influence on ABGB in light of modern Polish tort law
Authors: Bokwa Krzysztof , Jarosz Iwo
Published: May 2021

The aim of the article is to describe the general outline of the provisions of the West Galician Code of 1797 regarding standards of tortious liability. To this end, the genesis of this codification and its significance for the development of law in Central Europe is shown. Chosen provi-sions of Chapter XIII of Part Three of the Code are then discussed and compared, especially those incorporating specific or original regulations, taking into account the relevant provisions in ABGB and the Polish Civil Code. The utilization of comparative, legal-historical and dogmatic methods shall enable showing the evolution and timelessness of certain contract law problems over the last two centuries.
Exempt offerings in the EU and the US: A comparative perspective
Authors: Chyla Łukasz
Published: May 2021

The prospectus — exempted offering framework plays a crucial role in the process of creating more issuers — friendly capital markets by minimizing the “barriers to entry” (such as burdensome prospectus obligations and ongoing disclosure thereafter). Thanks to certain prospectus exemptions, SMEs have better opportunities to access critical funds in order to grow and scale. In recognition of the above, prospectus law in the European Union and the United States has lately been subject to dynamic reforms, aimed at expanding the exempt offerings frameworks. In the EU, a landmark reform, followed by multiple changes on a national level, has been introduced by the Prospectus Regulation (EU) 2017/1129. In the US, for many years now, we have been observing major exempt offerings reforms, such as the “JOBS Act”, the “FAST Act” and the “Economic Growth Act”, followed by the SEC rules. The main objective of this article is to analyze and evaluate, from a comparative perspective, the EU and the US legal frameworks for offers exempted from prospectus obligations — especially in light of the latest reforms. The article is based mostly on scrutinizing sources of law, academic literature, reports and data published by market authorities.
Regulating the unregulatable: EU law an d Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Daćków Marta
Published: May 2021

The article reflects on the possibility of and need for regulating artificial intelligence. First, the author presents the genesis of artificial intelligence regulations, indicating their rootedness in science-fiction literature. She also presents types of artificial intelligence in the context of possible threats. In the next part, she analyzes the existing activities within the European Union, which define the directions to unify the European market, creating a legal framework that defines the ethical principles and legal obligations that should be observed during developing, implementing, and using artificial intelligence, robotics, and related technologies. The above activities have been compared with the current state of legal regulations in China and the USA. On this basis, the author indicates the desired legal actions in the field of artificial intelligence.
Wage inequalities in Poland — section approach
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Kamil
Published: May 2021

The aim of the paper was to determine wage inequalities between the PKD sections in Poland. The research was based on the data on average wages published by Polish Central Statistical Office in 2009 and 2018. Descriptive statistics were used as well as statistical significance tests to compare the data. All hypotheses were verified positively. Wage inequalities occurred between all the PKD sections. In 2018 they were lower than in 2009. At the same time the phenomenon was changeable. Furthermore, with the use of the Wilcoxon signed-ranked, it was concluded that wage inequalities in 2009 and 2018 were similar.
The European Social Fund on the labor market in Poland — the example of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Authors: Godek Katarzyna
Published: May 2021

Structural policy, also referred to as regional structural policy, aims at preserving both social and economic consistency in the development of EU member states with economic and social sustainable development as its main objective. The aim of the presented paper is the analysis of using the European Social Fund on the labor market via the example of Poland, especially the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Undoubtedly, the status of the use of the ESF means in Poland, that it allows to start the research which aims at providing answers to vital questions bothering nearly all institutions and persons directly or indirectly engaged in distribution of EU funds. What is the scope of European Social Fund intervention? What is the impact of the EFS on local and regional labor markets? How is the effectiveness of spending such funds measured? The author of the paper attempts to answer some of these questions. It seems that the answers should become the basis and starting point for a wider analysis, which would enable one to apply suitable solutions controlling the process of implementing EU aid in the coming programming period, which is after 2020.
Chrześcijaństwo: powstanie i upadek mitu. Na marginesie książki Tomasza Polaka System kościelny
Authors: Ziemiński Ireneusz
Published: May 2021

The paper is a discussion of Tomasz Polak’s book System kościelny, czyli przewagi pana K. [The Church System, or the Dominance of Mr. K.]. The author emphasizes the signiﬁcance of Polak’s book not only for religious studies, given especially his original thesis about Christianity’s atheistic core, but also for other ﬁelds within humanities, dealing with the origins, development and fall of non-religious myths, social or national.
Cooperation of the censorship apparatus with the security service in Poland in the years 1945–1989 — selected issues
Authors: Kamińska-Chełminiak Kamila
Published: May 2021

The assumption of the article is to give the sense of the scope and forms of cooperation of the censorship apparatus (at the central and district level) with the Security Service in Poland in the years 1945–1989. This article has been based on archival material collected in the Archives of New Files, the Institute of National Remembrance, Archives of the Literature Institute “Culture” in Maisons-Laffitte, and Archives of the “Karta” Center in Warsaw. Also, the article consists of the memoirs of Tomasz Strzyżewski, a former employee of the Krakow delegation of GUKPPiW, obtained by the author of the text, and a censor from GUKPPiW and the office in Opole.
Perpetual usufruct as an instrument for strengthening socialist state property and contemporary legal effects in property law
Authors: Kozińska Joanna
Published: May 2021

The first part of this study presents historical reasons for introducing perpetual usufruct by the Management of Urban Areas Act 1961 and the Civil Code 1964. It begins with the general analysis that focuses on the changes of laws from the initial introducing development right and perpetual lease to ownership divided into periods and then usufruct of the state residential property. The author explains the mechanism of influence of the factors arising from communist ideology (Marxism-Leninism) on the proposed legal solutions particularly attributing a prominent role to socialist state property in the People’s Republic of Poland. Next, the official version of the perpetual usufruct’s role is also presented. The perpetual usufruct was introduced as a new real right which was to be attractive for citizens and enabled the state to administer areas in towns and settlements in accordance with a legal town development plan. The aim of the study is the explanation of the real function of the perpetual usufruct of residential lands in towns. The construction of perpetual usufruct was a result of referring to models of Soviet law. It was an instrument which was to protect socialist state property as well as to counteract a depletion of the accumulated state lands through a transfer of those lands for private persons. The perpetual usufruct also was to enable the socialist state to control how urban land was used. The perpetual usufruct was a result of the ideological and political principles of the socialist system in the People’s Republic of Poland, particularly strengthening socialist state property of lands. The perpetual usufruct was really a semblance of ownership of land. This was indirectly explained in the resolutions of the Supreme Court of 1968 and 1969. Therefore, in our times there are difficult legal problems also connected with the issue of granting property rights to perpetual usufructuary. The legal proposals of replacing perpetual usufruct with different rights still haven’t been introduced. The last part of this study expresses in a concise way the contemporary legal acts which were aimed at reducing the accumulation of lands which were let on a perpetual usufruct. Nevertheless, these acts weren’t always effective. The Act of 2018 on Transformation Perpetual Usufruct of Built-up Residential Lands into Ownership of those Lands is the last legal act concerning the discussed issues. In principle this act introduced the enfranchisement in accordance with the law for every perpetual usufructuary of built-up residential land. However, it didn’t eliminate the perpetual usufruct in Polish property law. The analysis in this paper proposes the thesis that the perpetual usufruct of residential lands (on a large scale) was never justified in an economy, but was only determined by ideological and political reasons in the People’s Republic of Poland.
Bolshevism in the political thought of Adolf Kliszewicz
Authors: Marszał Maciej
Published: May 2021

Adolf Kliszewicz (born 1879) was one of the leading publicists of the Second Polish Republic connected with the Christian-conservative trend. He was a publicist for many conservative magazines, including Przegląd Powszechny, Nasza Przyszłość or Ateneum Kapłańskie. The article concerns views of Adolf Kliszewicz on the doctrine and political system of Bolshevism. It should be noted that Kliszewicz based his analysis of Russian communist thought on the background of political tendencies that began to dominate in Europe. For him, Italian fascism and German national socialism were the reference point for reflections on Bolshevism. Additionally, the Polish journalist saw in the Russian communist doctrine the great danger of national and state existence. Radical socialism, as he treated Bolshevism, was an expression of the perversion of man and his enslavement by materialistic ideology.
The legal category of the symbol within the meaning of the act on the prohibition of the promotion of communism or other totalitarian system by the names of organizational units, municipality auxiliary entities, buildings and public utility facilities, an
Authors: Tabernacka Magdalena
Published: May 2021

The exercise of competence in the field of adapting street names and public venues to the standards set out in the provisions of the Act of April 1, 2016 on the prohibition of promoting communism or other totalitarian system by the names of organisational units, commune auxiliary units, buildings, public utility facilities and devices and monuments requires assessment of the facts and subsumption made in the context of the interpretation of certain facts from the point of view of their symbolic meaning. Therefore, it can be concluded that public administration bodies take into account the category of a symbol, which in the context of the provisions on street renaming is a specific legal category. It is a category that determines the legality of actions taken both by the authority responsible for assigning a given name and by the authority supervising the application of these regulations. The provisions of the act also apply to the visual impact on public space and spaces with the status of public accessibility of monuments, or more precisely, the content of which these monuments are personified. The analysis of the jurisprudence issued on the exercise of competences regulated by this Act leads to the identification of a number of contexts of the referent of the symbol in the case of assessing whether the name of the street or the values embodied by the monument symbolise communism or other totalitarian system. Thus, we can distinguish: the context of social awareness of the existence of the designate, the context of the date, the context of the person and the context of historical facts, as regards the designations of symbols of communism or other totalitarian system, which should be taken into account as premises for assessing the legality of the actions of administrative bodies in the context of their assessment facts, subsumption and imperative actions. Both the authorities exercising the competence to name streets and assessing the symbolism carried by monuments, as well as the authorities exercising the competence to assess the legality of the actions of the deciding authorities in this subject, should take into account the context-criteria indicated here as determinants of whether a given name or monument actually symbolises communism or other totalitarian regime.An important issue is the “range” of influence coupled with the issue of symbol awareness. Thus, we can distinguish symbols identified in a broad social context and exclusive symbols — legible only to a narrow group of people. On the other hand, regardless of the territorial (local or universal) impact of a symbol as a phenomenon in the public space — there must be general agreement as to its symbolic meaning, or even universal awareness of this fact.
Denunciation in procedures before the special court in Katowice (1939–1945)
Authors: Graczyk Konrad
Published: May 2021

The study was devoted to the issue of reporting in criminal proceedings conducted by the Sondergericht Kattowitz, i.e., the Special Court in Katowice. The Sondergericht was a German crim-inal court operating in Upper Silesia incorporated into the Reich during World War II. The study attempts to answer questions about the nature and extent of reporting in criminal proceedings before the title special court, as well as the motivations of denunciators. The study adopts the understanding of denunciations as a report on someone for personal, low motives, and characterizes its scope and size during the Third Reich. Using the statistical method, the basis for initiating the proceed-ings selected on the basis of proportionality constituted 10% of the total legacy of Sondergericht Kattowitz (240 cases out of 2394 were examined) were analyzed. Reports constituted the basis for initiating 20% of proceedings. This percentage is lower than in the case of other special courts, which resulted from the predominance of criminal acts among the cases heard by the Sondergericht Kattowitz. Reports in the overwhelming majority of cases were personal, and less frequently anonymous. 64% of reports concerned acts of a political nature (usually so-called antistate statements), 27.5% — criminal, and 8.5% — economic. Then, the focus was on the analysis of identified denunciations. As far as possible, attempts were made to characterize their authors and the circumstances of their preparation. The principles and attempts to bring criminal denunciators to criminal liability were also discussed. As a result of the circumstances of individual cases and evidentiary difficulties, no alleged denunciator during the occupation was sentenced in any of the identified cases.
Intricacies of German martial law on marriage
Authors: Bernfeld Barbara , Mazurkiewicz Jacek
Published: May 2021

In the majority, young men participated in World War II, so German authorities were compelled to change some provisions of marriage law. First, some formal requirements for getting married were limited. Then the possibility of entering into a proxy marriage was introduced, when the groom was a soldier. Marriages with dead soldiers were also allowed. Divorces issued after the death of a spouse were allowed, not only in relation to marriages with soldiers. In the Federal Republic of Germany legal effects of announcing the conclusion of a post mortem marriage were regulated, giving a woman and a child born after concluding such a marriage certain rights.These legal transformations show that “in service” of demographic, social, ideological, polit-ical and moral reasons, the legislator is able to make surprising and abrupt normative changes, which sometimes, prima facie, seem to be risky, but not always deserving of condemnation.
Gênero e raça em casa-grande & senzala e “democracia racial” no Brasil contemporâneo
Authors: Segura-Ramírez Héctor Fernando
Published: May 2021

O trabalho focaliza a obra Casa-grande & Senzala de Gilberto Freyre (1933) e determina as formas como são apresentadas no discurso do autor as inter-relações entre sexo/gênero, raça e classe nos processos de construção dos indivíduos e dos grupos sociais. Noutros termos, evidenciamos como esse autor constrói de uma forma hierárquica, racializante e sexualizada, as diferenças entre os três grupos sociais, brancos, negros e indígenas, que estão na gênese da sociedade brasileira. Isto é, primeiro, como são construídos discursivamente por Freyre, homens e mulheres nesses grupos; segundo, como são construídas de forma hierárquica e contrastiva as masculinidades dos homens negros, brancos e indígenas; terceiro, como ele vê as relações de gênero e raça entre os membros desses grupos: homem branco/mulher branca, negra e indígena; homem negro/mulher branca, negra e indígena; homem indígena /mulher branca, negra, indígena; e, porúltimo, como na construção dessas identidades raciais e sexuais são incorporados os estereótipos negativos a respeito dos grupos historicamente subordinados.Dividido em três partes, o artigo focaliza na primeira delas, as relações raciais no mito das três raças presente em CGS, enquanto peça fundamental da memória coletiva nacional que não é outra que a memória coletiva do grupo branco dominante imposta como a memória coletiva oficial da nação. Na segunda parte intitulada: Hierarquias, racialização dos sexos e sexualização das raças, é focalizada a questão da construção discursiva realizada por Freyre dos grupos humanos que estão na gênese da nação a partir das categorias sexo/gênero, raças e classe. Também abordamos a questão dos “papéis” e do status sociais atribuídos aos grupos construídos pela pena do autor. Na terceira parte abordamos o anti-racismo freyriano, o seu conteúdo e as suas características. Por último, nas considerações finais articularmos nossa análise à defesa atual feita da democracia racial por acadêmicos das relações raciais para indagar: afinal de contas quais são os interesses materiais e simbólicos implicados nessa defesa ferrenha no mito das três raças como a essência da identidade nacional brasileira?
A nova agenda hemisférica de defesa
Authors: Fuccille Luís Alexandre
Published: May 2021

O artigo discute o tratamento da questão das drogas, envolvendo Estados Unidos e América Latina, do ponto de vista das relações internacionais e da militarização. Atenção especial é dada, entretanto, ao Plano Colômbia.
A Study of Japanese Campus Girl Animation Characters
Authors: Li Zijia
Published: May 2021

As one of the most popular types of animation, the success of Japanese campus girl animation is closely related to the character setting that meets the aesthetic needs of the audience. The closed character of the core character is the general feature of Japanese campus girl animation works in character design. The specific expression of the closed character changes with the development of the times. This kind of works can be roughly divided into salvation of each other's relationship between classmates, friendship between teachers and students, and family relations to be remedied. It reflects the ideal psychological needs of girls in seeking pure friendship, yearning for good love, pursuing women's rights, longing for equality between teachers and students, and hoping for family love. There are also some shortcomings in Japanese campus girl animation works, such as paying too much attention to the hero's emotional development, ignoring the pressure of their entrance to school or employment, and so on. It is necessary to further analyze and summarize the rules, so as to learn from and innovate in the creation of Chinese girl animation works.
The Effect of cAMP and the Role of Epac2A During Activation, Activity, and Deactivation of Beta Cell Networks
Authors: Skelin Klemen Maša , Dolenšek Jurij , Križančić Bombek Lidija , Pohorec Viljem , Gosak Marko , Slak Rupnik Marjan , Stožer Andraž
Published: May 2021

Beta cells couple stimulation by glucose with insulin secretion and impairments in this coupling play a central role in diabetes mellitus. To clarify the effect of cAMP and the role of Epac2A in intracellular calcium signals and intercellular coupling, we performed functional multicellular calcium imaging in beta cells in mouse pancreas tissue slices after stimulation with glucose and forskolin in wild-type and Epac2A knock-out mice. Increased cAMP evoked calcium signals in otherwise sub-stimulatory glucose and beta cells from Epac2A knock-out mice displayed a faster activation. During the plateau phase, beta cells from Epac2A knock-out mice displayed a slightly higher active time in response to glucose compared with wild-type littermates, and increased cAMP increased the active time via a large increase in oscillation frequency and small decrease in oscillation duration in both Epac2A knock-out and wild-type mice. Functional network properties during stimulation with glucose did not differ in Epac2A knock-out mice, but the presence of Epac2A was crucial for the protective effect of increased cAMP in preventing a decline in beta cell functional connectivity with time. Finally, increased cAMP prolonged beta cell activity during deactivation in an Epac2A-independent manner.
Modulation of Endocannabinoids by Caloric Restriction is Conserved in Mice but is not Required for the Protection from Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Hoyer-Allo K. Johanna R. , Späth Martin Richard , Hanssen Ruth , Johnsen Marc , Brodesser Susanne , Kaufmann Kathrin , Kiefer Katharina , Koehler Felix C. , Göbel Heike , Kubacki Torsten , Grundmann Franziska , Schermer Bernhard , Brüning Jens , Benzing Thomas , Burst Volker , Müller Roman-Ulrich
Published: May 2021

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent and critical complication in the clinical setting. In rodents AKI can be prevented effectively through caloric restriction (CR), which has also been shown to increase lifespan in many species. In Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) longevity studies revealed that a marked CR-induced reduction of endocannabinoids may be a key mechanism. Thus, we hypothesized that regulation of endocannabinoids, in particular arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA), might also play a role in CR-mediated protection from renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in mammals including humans. In male C57Bl6J mice, CR significantly reduced renal IRI and led to a significant decrease of AEA. Supplementation of AEA to near-normal serum concentrations by repetitive intraperitoneal administration in CR mice, however, did not abrogate the protective effect of CR. We also analyzed serum samples taken before and after CR from patients of three different pilot trials of dietary interventions. In contrast to mice and C. elegans, we detected an increase of AEA. We conclude that endocannabinoid levels in mice are modulated by CR, but CR-mediated renal protection does not depend on this effect. Moreover, our results indicate that modulation of endocannabinoids by CR in humans may differ fundamentally from the effects in animal models.
Heart Rate Variability for Psychologists: A Review of HRV Indices and an Analysis Tutorial
Authors: Pham Tam , Lau Zen Juen , Chen Annabel , Makowski Dominique
Published: May 2021

The use of heart rate variability (HRV) in research has been greatly popularized over the past decades due to the ease and affordability of HRV collection, coupled with its clinical relevance and significant relationships with psychophysiological constructs and psychopathological disorders. Despite the wide use of electrocardiogram (ECG) in research and advancement in sensors technology, the analytical approach and steps applied to obtain HRV measures can be seen as complex. Thus, posing a challenge to users who may not have the adequate background knowledge to obtain the HRV indices reliably. To maximize the impact of HRV-related research and its reproducibility, parallel advances in users’ understanding of the indices and the standardization of analysis pipelines in its utility will be crucial. This paper addresses this gap and aims to provide an overview of the most up-to-date and commonly used HRV indices, as well as common research areas that these indices have shown to be very useful, particularly in psychology. In addition, we also provide a step-by-step guide on how to perform HRV analysis using an integrative neurophysiological toolkit, NeuroKit2.
A Municipality-Based Pressure Index Developed in the Campania Region as a Geo-Stratification Tool for Human and Environmental Monitoring Studies
Authors: Pizzolante Antonio , Nicodemo Federico , Pierri Andrea , Ferro Amedeo , Ferro Amedeo , Buonerba Carlo , Beccaloni Eleonora , Albanese Stefano , Basso Bruno , Cerino Pellegrino
Published: May 2021

In response to the complex social, environmental and economic situation caused by the "Terra dei Fuochi" phenomenon, the IZSM collaborated closely with the Terra dei Fuochi working group, carrying out additional monitoring surveys both on food (QR Code Campania project[30]), and on the environment (Campania Trasparente project[31]). This model was developed in the context of the experience accumulated in the field of environmental and food monitoring, and represents an innovative tool aimed at increasing knowledge of the environmental context of the Campania Region through an objective, integrated and organic synthesis of complex environmental phe-nomena and territorial dynamics. The model proposed here is useful for the global and synthetic assessment of environmental pressure on a municipal basis. As shown, it can also be applied to aggregations of municipalities. Furthermore, it can be used in the context of institutional actions for the planning and monitoring of improvements on a local or regional scale. Finally, the pro-posed municipality-based environmental pressure index represents the basis for geo-stratification of the sample in the context of population biomonitoring studies on a regional scale, as in the described biomonitoring study design applicable to the Campania Region.
Before the storm, the apparent calm: gender and sexuality in the humanities teacher education curriculums at UFS
Authors: Guarany Ann Letícia Aragão , Cardoso Lívia de Rezende
Published: May 2021

In this paper, we analyze the place of gender and sexuality issues in the Pedagogical Course Projects (PPC) of ten teacher education courses at UFS, located at the Center for Human Sciences and Education (CECH), and in the specific National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN in portuguese) that are based on. We argue that the specific DCN in the humanities area, crossed by discourses of modern science and education, promoted investments in scenarios, neutral and normalizing regarding gender and sexuality in these curriculums. Not discussing gender sexuality relations, nor how to consider, directs the curriculums to materialize the norms prescribed for each biological sex, defining the appropriate and inconsiderable bodies in curricular concerns. The moment of production of the curriculum documents seems to be of light winds, of an apparent cultural calm, while different temporal pressures have already announced the arrival of the storms that moved from the margins.
Digit Survival After Prolonged Digital Tourniquet Application Associated with Severe Venous Congestion
Authors: Senehi Rebecca , Walsh John
Published: May 2021

Case:

A 22-year-old roofer presented to the emergency department with partial amputation of the left middle finger. He was treated with revision amputation using a glove tourniquet. He followed up 14 days later demonstrating a retained tourniquet with severe ischemic changes. The patient was managed conservatively with aspirin, smoking cessation, and observation.

Conclusion:

At 2-year follow-up, he had normal sensation and function and returned to work. A finger with severe, but incomplete arterial occlusion and profound venous congestion can be salvaged with conservative management of observation and anticoagulation with aspirin therapy after prolonged ischemia of 14 days.
Fluoroscopy of the Elbow
Authors: Müller Sebastian A. , Adolfsson Lars , Baum Cornelia , Müller-Gerbl Magdalena , Müller Andreas M. , Rikli Daniel
Published: May 2021

Background:

Despite new 3-dimensional imaging modalities, 2-dimensional fluoroscopy remains the standard intraoperative imaging modality. The elbow has complex anatomy, and defined standard fluoroscopic projections are lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to define standard projections of the elbow for intraoperative fluoroscopy.

Methods:

This study consisted of 2 parts. In part I, dissected cadaveric elbows were examined under fluoroscopy, and their radiographic anatomical features were assessed, with focus on projections showing defined anatomical landmarks. In part II, projections from part I were verified on entire cadavers to simulate intraoperative imaging. Standard projections for anteroposterior (AP) and lateral views as well as oblique and axial views were recorded.

Results:

Eight standardized projections could be defined and included 3 AP, 1 lateral, 2 oblique, and 2 axial views. By applying these specific projections, we could visualize the epicondyles, the trochlea with its medial and lateral borders, the capitellum, the olecranon, the greater sigmoid notch, the coronoid process including its anteromedial facet, the proximal radioulnar joint with the radial tuberosity, and the anterior and posterior joint lines of the distal part of the humerus. These standard projections were reliably obtained using a specific sequence.

Conclusions:

Knowledge about radiographic anatomy and standard projections is essential for visualizing important landmarks. With the presented standard projections of the elbow, important anatomical landmarks can be clearly examined. Thus, fluoroscopic visualization of anatomical fracture reduction and correct implant placement should be facilitated.

Clinical Relevance:

This basic science cadaveric study defines fluoroscopic standard projections of the elbow essential for visualization of anatomical landmarks during surgery.