bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formação de Palavras com Adjetivos de Origem Tupi no Português Amazônico
Authors: Margotti Felício Wessling , Da Silva Azevedo Orlando , Ferreira dos Santos Ilna Kelly
Published: December 2020

Este artigo aborda a formação de palavras com os adjetivos de origem tupi, açu e mirim, no português amazônico. O corpus para a análise foi constituído a partir da leitura de livros e dicionários, nos quais constam as formações por composição com esses adjetivos. Para os propósitos da pesquisa, a fundamentação teórica é baseada no modelo da Morfologia Gerativa (ARONOFF, 1976; BASÍLIO, 2009; ROCHA, 2008; SPENCER, 1991) a fim de que fosse possível a construção de regras aplicáveis às bases que esses adjetivos selecionam. Os resultados mostram a existência de formações por composição, principalmente, e a aplicação da Regra de Análise Estrutural (RAE) e da Regra de Formação de Palavra (RFP). Algumas construções não possuem entradas em dicionários e outras não caracterizam o processo de formação por composição. Conclui-se que se existe uma extensa lista de palavras formadas com -açu e com mirim incorporadas ao português brasileiro, demonstrando-se que étimos bastante produtivos na formação de palavras compostas e, por vezes, na formação de palavras por derivação.
Negativas Sentenciais Pós-Verbais no Paraná
Authors: Cavalcante de Araújo Rerisson
Published: December 2020

O trabalho descreve as negativas sentenciais pós-verbais no português do estado do Paraná, a partir de dados do Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil (ALiB), como parte de um esforço mais amplo para o mapeamento da negação sentencial em dialetos da região Sul do Brasil (e, posteriormente, das regiões Centro-Oeste e Norte) em comparação com o Nordeste e com o português europeu (PE). O trabalho se justifica pelos indícios de que tais negativas têm presença muito mais restrita nos dialetos sulistas, sendo possivelmente variantes muito mais recentes nesses dialetos do que no Nordeste e (partes do) Sudeste do país. Os resultados mostram uma distribuição geográfica assimétrica de [neg VP neg] e de [VP neg] no Paraná, com [VP neg] estando ausente em vários dialetos em que [neg VP neg] já se manifesta. Quanto ao status gramatical dessas variantes, os resultados mostram que, apesar da pouca produtividade, elas se aproximam mais das propriedades das negativas pós-verbais no Nordeste do que das do PE, por estarem disponíveis em contextos interrogativos (polares) e completivos ao invés de restritas a declarativas matrizes.
Práticas Discursivas Orais Envolvendo Materiais Impressos e Narrativas Ficcionais
Authors: Vanderlei Kariny Amorim , Calil Eduardo
Published: December 2020

Resumo:Inspirados por estudos sobre letramento emergente, que indicam a importância de processosinteracionais e práticas discursivas na constituição do sujeito dito letrado, neste artigopropomos uma discussão acerca de práticas discursivas orais envolvendo situaçõesinteracionais entre uma criança brasileira e seus diferentes interlocutores. Nesta perspectiva,evidenciamos as práticas em que há a presença de materiais impressos contendo narrativasficcionais mediando as interações. O conjunto de dados considerado no estudo insere-seem uma proposta de pesquisa mais ampla, envolvendo o “percurso narrativo” dessa criança,‘E’. O material coletado tem caráter longitudinal e naturalístico, sendo composto porfilmagens cotidianas feitas pelos pais. Entre os dados, separamos registros correspondentesao segundo ano de vida de ‘E’. Nossas análises preliminares destacam uma predominânciade situações interacionais e práticas discursivas orais envolvendo livros de histórias infantise textos da literatura clássica infantil lidos para ‘E’ principalmente pela mãe. A partir dosreferenciais teóricos aos quais nos filiamos, entendemos que o estabelecimento dessas práticasé capital para a “captura” (LEMOS, 2002) da criança por esse universo simbólico e para suaentrada no funcionamento da língua, marcada tanto por seus gestos, suas vocalizações efalas, quanto pela interpretação do adulto e sua relação com a história narrada. Abstract:Inspired by studies on emerging literacy, which indicate the importance of interactionalprocesses and discursive practices in the constitution of the literate subject, in this article,we propose a discussion about oral discursive practices involving interactional situationsbetween a Brazilian child and its different interlocutors. In this perspective, we highlight thepractices in which there is the presence of printed materials containing fictional narrativesmediating the interactions. The set of data considered in the study is part of a broaderresearch proposal, involving the “narrative path” of ‘E’, this child. The collected materialhas a longitudinal and naturalistic character, being composed of daily filming done by theparents. Among the data, we separate records corresponding to the second year of life of‘E’. Our preliminary analyzes highlight a predominance of interactional situations and oraldiscursive practices involving children’s storybooks and classic children’s literature textsread to ‘E’, mainly by the mother. From the theoretical references to which we are affiliated,we understand that the establishment of these practices is the key to the child’s “capture”(LEMOS, 2002) for this symbolic universe and for their entry into the functioning of thelanguage, marked both by their gestures, vocalizations, and speech, as well as the adult’sinterpretation and their relation to the narrated history.
Koronawirusy – niewidzialne zagrożenie o globalnym zasięgu
Authors: Stobnicka Agata , Górny Jacek
Published: December 2020

Koronawirusy są przyczyną wielu chorób ludzi i zwierząt. Od momentu pierwszych obserwacji Beaudette’a i Hudsona w 1933 r., opisujących „zadyszkę kurczaków” jako śmiertelną chorobę układu oddechowego (Beaudette, Hudson 1933; 1937), aż po czasy współczesne zdominowane informacjami o światowej pandemii COVID-19, znaczenie tej grupy drobnoustrojów dla zdrowia i bezpieczeństwa zarówno populacji generalnej, jak i pracujących nabiera coraz większego znaczenia. Stosowane dziś nowoczesne metody analizy molekularnej oraz coraz bardziej precyzyjne rozpoznanie reakcji immunologicznych związanych z działaniem patogenów z tej grupy pozwala nie tylko na pełniejsze zrozumienie biologii koronawirusów, ale i na poznanie patogenezy wywoływanych przez nie chorób. W artykule opisano systematykę rodziny Coronaviridae, scharakteryzowano budowę wirionu i sposoby jego namnażania się, przedstawiono metodykę badań próbek klinicznych i środowiskowych na obecność w nich koronawirusów oraz opisano patogenność tej grupy drobnoustrojów wraz z krótką charakterystyką największych epidemii, których przyczyną były wirusy SARS i MERS. W artykule szczególną uwagę poświęcono wirusowi SARS-CoV-2, który jest odpowiedzialny za mającą obecnie miejsce światową pandemię, zapoznając czytelnika nie tylko ze skutkami zdrowotnymi zakażenia wywołanego przez ten koronawirus, ale i opisując działania stosowane w profilaktyce przeciwwirusowej, przedstawiając prace związane z opracowywaniem szczepionek przeciw temu koronawirusowi i charakteryzując zagrożenia wywołane jego obecnością w najbardziej narażonych sektorach gospodarki.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND FUNCTIONAL FITNESS AS WELL AS LEVEL OF DEPRESSION IN SENIORS
Authors: Mikołajczyk Edyta , Gałązka Alicja
Published: December 2020

Aim. The aim of the study was to determine the level of motor activity, functional and motion fitness of seniors above the age of 60 as well as to examine the relationship between physical activity and the level of depression in this group of people.
Material and methods. The study covered a group of 50 participants above the age of 60. The Seven-day Physical Activity Recall, ADL, IADL and GDS scales, as well as the Tinetti test and the authors’ specially designed questionnaire were used.
Results. Analysis of the results showed a relationship between age, education as well as chronic diseases and the level of undertaken physical activity. A significant relationship was found between the level of activity and functional and motion performance as well as the emotional state of the elderly. There was no relationship between gender, place of residence and self-assessment of health state and the level of physical activity. The most important motivating factor for performing physical activity in seems to be the improvement of well-being, and the most frequently indicated barrier, is state of health.
Conclusions. The level of physical activity is related to functional and locomotor fitness and the emotional state of the elderly. There is a correlation between age, education and the occurrence of chronic diseases and the level of physical activity. The most important motivating factor for undertaking activity seems to be the improvement of well-being, the most frequently indicated barrier is state of health.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE
ON THE FRICTION RESISTANCE OF A METAL-POLYMER
SLIDING PAIR
Authors: Opałka Mariusz , Kowalewski Piotr , Ptak Anita
Published: December 2020

The paper presents numerical calculations of polymer sliding bearings during their operation at low
temperatures. Calculations of the frictional moment and the contact area were performed for bearing pans
made of PA and PEEK. In the numerical model, the influence of temperature on the mechanical properties
(modulus of longitudinal elasticity) and tribological properties (coefficient of friction) were taken into account.
The diversified influence of the temperature and thickness of the polymer bearing pans was demonstrated with
regards to elements made of different polymer materials. At low temperatures (up to T = -50°C), a different
(depending on the used polymer) influence of mechanical and tribological properties on the resistance to
motion was found. The ABAQUS calculation package and the finite element method (FEM) were used in the
calculations.
ANALYSIS OF THE TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF Cu-aTiO2
COMPOSITE COATINGS APPLIED BY THE COLD SPRAY METHOD
Authors: Rutkowska-Gorczyca Małgorzata , Ptak Anita , Winnicki Marcin
Published: December 2020

The properties of copper have been known and used for a very long time, and research has also been carried
out for a long time to expand the applications of this material. One of the methods increasing the bactericidal
and bacteriostatic effect of copper is modification by means of the TiO2 phase. The research was conducted
in order to determine the impact of modification of copper coatings with TiO2 titanium dioxide on their
tribological properties. The paper presents the results of studies on tribological wear of composite coatings
applied on steel using the method of low-pressure cold gas spraying (LPCS). The tests of resistance to abrasive
wear were carried out in a ball-disc combination in reciprocating motion. The analysis of the resistance to
abrasive wear of the tested coatings included the determination of the impact of the pressure force on the
intensity of wear and the kinetic friction coefficient of the tested friction pairs. It was found that the samples
covered only with copper coatings were characterized by a higher value of friction coefficient in relation to
the substrate made of AISI 316l steel. The modification of copper with the submicron particles TiO2 fraction
does not increase the value of friction coefficient. The value of this parameter is maintained at a similar level
regardless of the applied counterspecimen.
Hva ligger i uttrykket «særskilt gransking»? Innsamling av data, forskning og finansiering i henhold til kulturminneloven § 10
Authors: Terje Brattli , Ystgaard Ingrid
Published: December 2020

What do we mean by the term “special investigation”? Collection of data, research and funding in accordancewith the Cultural Heritage Act, § 10.Section 10 of the Cultural Heritage Act stipulates that expenses for special investigation of protected culturalmonuments shall be covered by the developer. In today’s practice, the term "special investigation" includes collectionof archaeological data, but not further research related to the same data. Expenses for data collection will thusbe paid for by the developer, while expenses for further research will be covered by the institution responsible forthe “special investigation”: The University and Maritime Museums and The Norwegian Institute for Cultural heritageResearch (NIKU). This implies a notion that collecting data qualitatively differs from research.However, it is not possible to see data collection as detached from the research process. In this paper, we arguethat this was not the intention behind the term “special investigation” in the first place. The epistemological dividebetween collection of data and research emerged as a result of a politically initiated, functional divide between culturalheritage management on one hand, and archaeological research on the other.We argue that “special investigation” can and should be re-interpreted in order to establish a practice recognizingcollection of data as a natural and inextricably integrated part of the research process. We believe that this does notnecessarily have to be very expensive. At the same time, it opens for a significant potential for future archaeologicalknowledge production.
Nidarneset før Nidaros
Authors: Cadamarteri Julian P. , McLees, Christopher , Petersén Anna , Reed Ian
Published: December 2020

This article presents and discusses the range of prehistoric archaeological material derived from excavations in the medieval town of Trondheim. The town grew up on Nidarneset, a low-lying peninsula located at the point where the River Nid enters Trondheim Fjord. It became the site of Nidaros kaupang during the 10th century, but recent archaeological finds document the presence of an agrarian settlement since the early Pre-Roman Iron Age at c. 1500 BC. The Iron Age population lived in a natural environment created by combined formation processes throughout the period, including isostatic recovery, alluvial deposition and a landslide which covered part of the peninsula with a thick body of clay. The archaeological material is presented in the context of this dynamic process, demonstrating the close interaction of natural processes and human actors in the formation and use of the landscape. The settlement history is discussed in the wider context of local and regional developments during the Iron Age. The article’s chief aim is to provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of the settlement history of Nidarneset throughout the Iron Age, and to offer some tentative suggestions regarding how this may have contributed to the context in which the urban centre emerged.
Joakim Goldhahn 2019: Birds in the Bronze Age. A North European Perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 417 p. ISBN 978-1-108-49909-5.
Authors: Oma Kristin
Published: December 2020

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Ingrid Ystgaard (ed.) 2019: Environment and Settlement: Ørland 600 BC - AD 1250. Archaeological Excavations at Vik, Ørland Main Air Base. Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP, Oslo. 426 p. ISBN: 9788202595319.
Authors: Ljungkvist John
Published: December 2020

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Authors: Glørstad Håkon
Published: December 2020

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Assessment of Body Composition, Fat Mass, Fat-Free
Mass and Percent of Body Fat among Rural School
Children of Northeastern India
Authors: Dutta Dali , Sengupta Sarthak
Published: December 2020

Recently recognized important indicators of body composition are fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and percent body fat (PBF). The aim of this cross-sectional study is to determine body composition of the pre-adolescent children by using FM, FFM, and PBF. This study was performed using data from 584 children (281 boys and 303 girls) aged 6–10 years of Ahom descent from upper Assam state, Northeast India. Four anthropometric measurements i.e. height, weight, skinfold at triceps (TSF) and sub-scapular (SSF) were taken to calculate FM, FFM, FMI, FFMI, PBF, PBF for age (PBFZ), body mass index(BMI). Age-specific mean values of FM ranged from 2.12–4.00 kg (boys) and 2.16–4.40 kg (girls) and the agespecific mean values of FFM ranged from 14.45–23.93 kg (boys) and 14.01–23.03 kg (girls). The highest PBF value was observed at the age of 6 years for both groups of the children while the lowest value was observed at the age of 10 years and 9 years for boys and girls respectively. Sex-specific mean differences between sexes were statistically significant in SSF, PBF, FM, and FMI. For future investigations in clinical and epidemiological studies, these results are very important as they can be used to identify the risk of lower or higher adiposity and body composition using PBF, FM, and FFM.
Telemedicine for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening in Croatia
Authors: Tomić Martina , Rahelić Dario , Poljičanin Tamara , Vrabec Romano , Raštegorac Petar
Published: December 2020

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of preventable blindness in working-age adults associated with devastating personal and socioeconomic consequences. The increasing use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents over the past decade and telemedicine implementation in systematic DR screening resulted in a decliningtrend of new blindness due to diabetes in several countries. Telemedicine is the remote delivery of healthcare services over the telecommunications infrastructure. It allows healthcare providers to evaluate, diagnose, and treat patients without the need for an in-person visit. Teleophthalmology is a telemedicine branch, mostly focused on diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. Screening for DR in Croatia is commonly performed annually, only by ophthalmologists using dilated slit-lamp biomicroscopic fundus examination. Due to the insufficient number of ophthalmologists and the lack of a formal call system, many diabetic patients do not perform annual screening. In an ideal DR screening model in Croatia, each diabetes center in university or general hospitals throughout Croatia (17 centers) would have one small digital fundus camera and an educated nurse who would perform dilated fundus photography. Electronic images from diabetes centers would be transferred for remote grading to the same hospitals’ ophthalmology departments or a central grading center for DR screening in Croatia. Grading for DR would be performed by an ophthalmologist, medical retina specialist. Patients would be annually invited by mail from the National Diabetes Registry to come to the nearest diabetes center for a fundus photographing and DR screening. Each patient with a positive result would be promptly referred to the medical retina specialist at the closest ophthalmology department for further examination and treatment.
Review of "Forensic Anthropology and the United States Judicial System"
Authors: Bytheway Joan
Published: December 2020

REFERENCE: Laura C. Fulginiti, Kristen Hartnett-McCann, Alison Galloway, eds. Forensic Anthropology and the United States Judicial System. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2019. 256 pp.
ADJECTIVE SEQUENCING IN GA
Authors: Ollennu Yvonne Akwele Amankwaa
Published: December 2020

The use of multiple words to describe nouns is a common phenomenon in language and languages that have adjectives employ this word class.Ga, a Kwa language of the Niger Congo, branch is no exception, whereas languages without adjectives may use other lexical categories like nouns and verbs which play the adjectival role. Ga has adjectives and employs them as attributives for nouns. The paper examines the syntactic rule governing the occurence of several adjectives serving as attibtutes of a single head noun. In this paper the noun is considered as the head of the Ga Nominal Phrase. The order of these adjectives has not received scholarly attention in Ga and this is to fill that gap in the literature. I argued that the order of adjectives is not haphazardly arranged but follows a laid down syntactc prescription. For instance the data showed that Dimension adjectives normall occur in first position, whereas colour adjectives occur further from the head noun. It was also revealed that in the ordering of adjectives in which Value adjectives is included, the Age adjective occurs in last position and Value adjective occurs first or last when included in the ordering of adjectives for a noun. Consequently, it is opined that defying the arrangement in the ordering of the adjectives resulted in unacceptable forms.The adjectives are grouped according to  Dixon semantic classes. Data is gathered from native speakers of Ga. The findings contribute to the existing literature on adjective sequencing in Ghanaian languages.
THE LINGUISTIC REGISTER OF BRITISH PREPARATORY SCHOOLS IN ANTHONY BUCKERIDGE’S JENNINGS GOES TO SCHOOL
Authors: Davis Graeme
Published: December 2020

The unique language employed in many British Public Schools has long been noted; that of the Preparatory Schools from which the Public Schools mostly draw their pupils has generally been neglected.[1] Public School English is a feature of such popular sources as the novel Tom Brown’s Schooldays (1857) and has had formal analysis at least since 1900, the year of publication of Farmer’s Public School Word Book. By contrast, there are far fewer sources for the language of the Preparatory Schools. In Jennings Goes to School, novelist Anthony Buckeridge provides a surprisingly rich overview of this English linguistic Register as it was in the late 1940s. The Jennings Register is explored here through a Jennings word-list as an appendix to this article, and through discussion within this article of the Register in action. The Jennings Register looks in two directions. It is the primary source of Public School English and therefore of the dialect of British English associated with the Upper and Upper-Middle Classes. However, the Jennings Register surprises in that its sources are primarily Working Class and from popular culture, and in this respect it is a dialect of the Working Class. Preparatory School English therefore appears to provide a bridge between various class-based dialects of British English. It may be regarded as a linguistic and cultural unifier for Britain in the twentieth century.The structure of British Schools should perhaps be clarified. Public Schools are fee-charging schools, in contrast with State Schools which charge no fees. Public Schools include many of the most famous schools in Britain, perhaps in the world, for example Charterhouse, Eton, Harrow, Merchant Taylors’, Rugby, St Paul’s, Shrewsbury, Westminster and Winchester. Most are boarding schools, most were for boys only, and most provide education for ages 13-18. Fee-charging schools for the age range of (typically) 8-13 are called Preparatory Schools, and these are schools which prepare pupils for entry to the Public Schools.
Caesars and Misopogon: A linguistic approach of Flavius Claudius Julianus’ political satires
Authors: Alexandropoulos George
Published: December 2020

This study examines the linguistic practice of two political satires(Misopogon or Beard - Hater and Caesars) written by Flavius Claudius Julianthe Emperor. Its purpose is to describe the way that Julian organizes the coherence and intertextuality of his texts and to draw conclusions about the text, the context of the satires and Julian’s political character.
The Critical Discourse Analysis Of Esl Texts
Authors: Case Rod E , Xu Wei , Righettini Marielena
Published: December 2020

Despite the recognized role that race and class play in second language acquisition (SLA) and instruction, little attention is paid to how to evaluate and analyze these issues in ESL texts. Drawing on examples from two adult ESL texts, this article presents a text evaluation method based upon the concept of critical language awareness which allows curriculum developers and teachers to examine issues of race and class.
Bilingual Education Programmes In The United States: Reflections And Difficulties Of A Bilingual Teacher (Spanish-English) In New México
Authors: Lirola Maria Martinez
Published: December 2020

Bilingual Education Programmes in the United States are developed due to the special needs that immigrants moving to the USA have in education. In this article, I intend to point out the main characteristics and objectives of these programmes based on my experience working as a bilingual teacher at Deming High School, New Mexico (USA) for a year. I taught Bilingual Language Arts to grades 10, 11 and 12. I will also pay attention to the main linguistic problems students had with English as a second language. I will concentrate on the main errors found in students’ essays, such as, interlingual transfer, intralingual transfer, register and appropriacy, word order and syntax, spelling, omission of particles, and the lack of motivation as a problem affecting the whole educational system.
Concerns With Content-Based Instruction (Cbi) In Asian Efl Contexts
Authors: Warrington Stuart D
Published: December 2020

With the considerable amount of interest in content-based instruction (CBI) over the past decade, inevitably, CBI has found its way into Asian EFL contexts. This is largely due in part to its ‘success’ in ESL environments and its global attraction as a mode of language education for the world. Yet, in Asia, a number of significant concerns with CBI have repeatedly failed to attract much attention. These primarily relate to EFL students, EFL teachers, concept learning, and the research ‘supporting’ content-based instruction as it pertains to the negative implications of downplaying the importance of conventional language teaching. Consequently, this paper looks to examine these issues in the hopes of raising awareness of the disadvantages of using CBI in Asian EFL environments, and how it can inevitably prove problematic in such contexts.
Two Types of Temporal When Clauses in Hausa
Authors: Abdoulaye Mahamane
Published: December 2020

Hausa has simple temporal clauses, introduced by the conjunction dà ‘when’, that many researchers derive from temporal relative clauses introduced by lookàcin dà ‘time that’, through the deletion of the pseudo head word lookàcii ‘time’. This paper shows that this analysis, however natural it may appear, is inadequate. Indeed, the two temporal clauses have different uses, which would not be surprising if simple temporal clauses are derivationally independent from temporal relative clauses, as proposed in this paper
Reduplicated Expressives in Lepcha
Authors: Dattamajumdar Satarupa
Published: December 2020

Reduplication is defined as repetition or copying of a word or a syllable either exactly or partially in order to bring modification in the semantic interpretation or to convey some special meaning. As observed in Lepcha, (a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West Bengal) reduplicated expressives (structures which represent sounds or senses) may belong to the category of full reduplication as well as partial reduplication. Being an important structural phenomenon of the South Asian languages reduplicated expressives play a vital role in the system of communication and so demands a vivid description of its form and function with reference to the semantic interpretation. The data of the present paper has been collected from field investigation conducted in Kalimpong subdivision of Darjeeling district of West Bengal.
Are Self-Efficacy, Language Learning Strategies, and Foreign Language Ability Interrelated?
Authors: Gahunga Olive
Published: December 2020

This study investigated the interrelationships among three variables: self-efficacy, language learning strategies, and language ability. The study participants were thirty-seven college students studying French at a midwestern, medium-size, university located a large metropolitan area. All the students were at the intermediate level of proficiency in French. The students’ self-efficacy was measured through a forty-item questionnaire in which they expressed their levels of certainty that they could perform learning tasks at desired levels of proficiency. Their use of language learning strategies was also measured through a forty-item questionnaire that was an adaptation of Oxford’s (1990) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL). Their language ability in French was measured through a sixty-item cloze test. The results of the study revealed the existence of positive and statistically significant relationships among the three variables. Recommendations for second language students, programs, and instructors were suggested to help students achieve higher communicative competence.
ASSESSING PUPILS’ LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY IN A BILINGUAL EDUCATION PROGRAMME: INSIGHTS FROM TWO PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN MALAWI
Authors: Chimpololo Andrew
Published: December 2020

Assessment in bilingual education is fundamental as far as cognitive academic language competence (CALP) is concerned. Teachers have to continuously evaluate the level of their pupils’ linguistic competence to accordingly tailor instruction towards the attainment of CALP (Cloud, Genesee and Hamayan 2000). This paper presents the findings of a study that investigated the assessment techniques used by teachers at two primary schools in Malawi’s transitional bilingual education programme. The results indicate a monotonous use of standardized assessment tools such as written exercises, oral assignments and end-of-term tests. The teachers seem not to realize that performance evaluation is an on-going process that constantly provides important feedback on pupils’ academic language proficiency. The teachers also ignore the focus on high-level cognitive abilities in their assessment. Furthermore, there is little variety in their choice of assessment methods to accurately measure different aspects of the pupils’ linguistic competence. To the contrary, research advocates that varied and continuous assessment techniques are the best ways of evaluating pupils’ academic performance in bilingual education programmes.
JORDANIAN STUDENTS LEARNING ENGLISH: STRATEGY DEPLOYMENT
Authors: Al-Shabou Yousef M , Asassfeh Sahail M , Alshboul Sabri S
Published: December 2020

Gender and language proficiency are among the key factors that may impact learning strategy use. Thus, this study explored the impact of gender, perceived language proficiency, and academic level on learning strategy use by 111 English-major EFL students whose native language is Arabic. Using Oxford’s Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL), the study revealed that females opt to use strategies more frequently than do males. The results also showed that the higher the proficiency level of the students was, the more frequent strategy use was. The most prevalent among the different strategy types was metacognitive ones when the least was memory. These findings are discussed and implications are set accordingly.
An investigation of Jordanian EFL teachers’ assessment practices
Authors: Sharah Nayel
Published: December 2020

The study aimed at investigating Jordanian EFL teachers’ assessment practices relating to the test construction through self-reported frequencies of using the procedures of preparing, correcting, analyzing, interpreting an achievement test, and discussing its results with students. To achieve this, a 31-item questionnaire was used. The questionnaire was administered to 118 basic stage EFL teachers after establishing its validity and reliability.                 The results showed that EFL teachers claimed to always or usually  practice appropriate procedures of preparing the test, discussing the results with students and evaluating and assessing short-answer tests. However, they were found to sometimes practice appropriate  procedures for analyzing test results and evaluating and assessing open-ended questions.                       In light of the findings, it is recommended that educational institutions should pay more attention to educating teachers to analyze and interpret test results, and evaluate and score open-answer questions.
A Study of Evidential Particles in Cantonese: the case of wo3 & wo5
Authors: Leung Wai Mun
Published: December 2020

The study of evidentiality, which has become an indispensable part of linguistic studies, has had a rapid development in the past few decades. However, studies of evidentiality in Cantonese, one of the major dialects spoken by some 70 million people in Hong Kong, Macau and most of the Guangdong province of China, are relatively few. This paper will firstly introduce evidentiality and its derived concept, mirativity, and subjectivity. Then the features of the Cantonese evidential particles wo3 (mid-level tone), which indicates unexpectedness and noteworthiness, and wo5 (low rising tone), which expresses hearsay information, will be analyzed, and a discussion on how a speaker expresses his or her understanding of the objective world through language will be given.
The Correlation between Aspect and Transitivity Alternation in Dagbani
Authors: Issah Samuel alhasaan
Published: December 2020

This paper attempts to describe and analyze the relation between aspect and transitivity in Dagbani, a Gur language spoken in the Northern Region of Ghana by the Dagbamba.  The author does this by focusing on the fact that there are different (perfective and imperfective) aspectual markers that correlate with the presence or absence of NP objects or adjunct phrases, such as adverbs. I conclude that pronouncing any syntactic element after a Dagbani verbal phrase or otherwise is determined by the aspectual suffixes of that verbal phrase.In an attempt to find explanations to this transitivity alternations, I make two hypothesises; the incorporated pronouns hypothesis and the focus hypothesis. None of these however, seems to adequately address the problem and I leave the working out of this to future research. It is shown that the correlation between aspect and transitivity in Dagbani sounds (at least superficially), very similar to the so-called “conjoint/disjoint” or “short/long” verb phenomenon that is found in a number of Bantu languages.
Syntactic aspects of Poetry: A Pragmatic Perspective
Authors: Hassan Nofal Khalil
Published: December 2020

This paper is meant to review some studies and analyses that deal with the language of poetry as it is different from the language of other literary genres.  Poetry consists of language that produces effects ordinary language does not produce. So poetry is a language differently ordered or arranged. Levin (1969) pointed out that linguistic analysis, when applied to poetry, would result in a grammar that is different from the grammar that a linguistic analysis of ordinary language would produce (11).The language of poetry differs drastically from ordinary discourse. Many of these differences derive from certain literary conventions. In other words, many features distinguishing poetry from ordinary discourse result from the mere fact that a writer addresses himself to writing a poem.  This fact entails a considerable number and variety of linguistic particularities. The conventions of the poetic form entail features like rhyme, alliteration, meter and so on (Levin 59).
SOME PECULIARITIES IN THE USAGE OF KAZAKH, ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS: PROVERBS, SAYINGS AND IDIOMS
Authors: Alipova A T , Bekkozhanova G H
Published: December 2020

The word-stock of a language is usually enriched by units of language such as: words, word-groups and/or by phraseological units. The main difference between words and phrases lies in their form and meaning. A word is a smaller unit than a phrase. Phrases appear in languages describing the nation’s character, traditions and customs. As every nation has its own history, customs and traditions, the common history of humanity connects common things and phenomena such as: nature, war, animals, food, plants etc. Proverbs have mostly been formulated and coined on the basis of these topics. Idioms, proverbs and sayings are used to make a language colourful and fascinating; they are commonly used in all types of language: formal, informal, spoken or written. It is difficult to understand the meaning of the idioms from the words it consists of. If someone does not know that or another idiom they will not understand the whole text or speech. In our research work we would like to reveal the structural, semantic and cognitive peculiarities in the usage and development of phraseological units, mainly the most useful and colourful, ready-made parts, such as proverbs and sayings.
Polish: An Essential Grammar,
Authors: Bernhardt Karl
Published: December 2020

Polish: An Essential Grammar, 2nd edition (Routledge Essential Grammars) by Dana Bielec, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2012. pp. 432 (ISBN 978-0-415-59559-9).
Darkness in Conrad's Heart of Darkness : A Linguistic and Stylistic Analysis
Authors: Hasan Nofal Khalil
Published: December 2020

This paper is intended to discuss the concept of "darkness" in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. It incorporates a fairly detailed linguistic and stylistic analysis of the novel in terms of setting, lexical choices and grammatical choices which all indicate mystery, obscurity, murkiness and then darkness.   A linguistic and stylistic analysis of the novel is used to illustrate the literary value of the book. Most specifically all linguistic and stylistic devices used can not only provide a more detailed descriptive basis for widely accepted interpretation of the novel , but also identify the significant linguistic features which may not noticed by critics.
THE MORPHOPHONOLOGY OF THE AKAN REDUPLICATED VERB-FORM
Authors: Marfo Charles Ofosu
Published: December 2020

This paper discusses the interaction between constituent formation and alteration of sounds (i.e., morphophonology) in Akan reduplicated verb-forms. Specifically, we strive to look into two issues; the morphology of reduplicated verb stems and how the morphological manifestation(s) affect certain target sounds. With its morphology, we observe that reduplication of the Akan verb-stem is generally total and, through the Morphological Doubling Theory (Inkelas 2005; Inkelas and Zoll 2005), reduplication of Akan verb-stems is viewed as the double (or multiple) occurrence of a morphological constituent meeting a particular morpho-semantic description. That is to say, while there could be differences in structure between the reduplicant and the base, they are subject to a common phonology that determines a resulting shape of an output. With morphophonology, we observe that three issues are relevant in the discussion of the phonology of the reduplicated verbs in Akan. These are the application of vowel harmony, vowel shift in terms of height, and the realization of tonal semblance. Through thorough discussions, the paper finally explains that reduplication of verb-stems in Akan is morphophonologically driven.
COMBINING METONYMY AND SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR AS AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POETRY
Authors: Chan Cleo
Published: December 2020

The challenges faced by readers in their understanding of literary texts lies in the nature of the language resources that have been employed by their writers. Sometimes, this results in a gap between the reader’s expectations—being a result of the relationship between the wordings and their graphological realisations—and the writer’s intentions. What happens then?I have analysed the first 16 lines of a 40-line poem using Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistic framework to achieve functional groupings of the writer’s linguistic choices. Thereafter each functional grouping is analysed for the cognitive processes, specifically the Idealised Cognitive Models that the writer’s choices may work within With such a combination of the two linguistic sub-fields, an internally consistent interpretation and possible deep meanings of the literary texts are uncovered. This could become the basis for future pedagogical studies, teaching students to reach a consistent deep meaning of a literary text that may or may not include the array of literary techniques available to them.
ELLIPSIS IN THE QURANIC STORY OF JOSEPH: A TEXTUAL VIEW
Authors: Alamiri Zaid , Mickan Peter
Published: December 2020

This paper describes the phenomenon of ellipsis in the story of Joseph, analysing the original Arabic text, at the structural level from a textual viewpoint. It is limited to an examination of the role of the ellipsis as a grammatical cohesive element. The textual approach to ellipsis is new to Arabic linguistic scholarship whose focus was exclusively on the formal relations, dictated by the syntactic rules, between the elements of the sentence. Ellipsis in Arabic is a multi-faceted topic elaborated under, and diffused through, different categories of grammar and rhetoric. As to the Qur’an it has been described by both grammarians & rhetoricians. Theoretical and applied considerations of the ellipsis topic are, therefore, highly interwoven. The results show that this story made use of ellipsis, as well as other devices, in particular the concealed subject pronouns and the narrative techniques, in building up cohesiveness. Further studies, both of this story and other stories, are required to shed more light on other elements involved in the text making.
ON THE EMERGENCE OF A GULF ENGLISH VARIETY: A SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH
Authors: Nuha Suleiman Daoud Alshurafa
Published: December 2020

The paper discusses the question of Linguistic identity in the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (henceforth CCASG). The notion of identity is analysed with reference to linguistic practices as a sociocultural means of communication. The existing register is a natural outcome on which the vast and fast process of modernization is reflected. The paper discusses a corpus of the Gulf register to seek an answer for the question of how the Arabic Gulf native identity impacts the English linguistic practice, as an interdisciplinary and integrative part in the sociocultural approach. Arabic meets with English as a global non-native variety of English and results in the new Gulf code. The result of the examination of linguistic practices confirm that identity in the Gulf reflects a cultural transformation and does not resist the new linguistic and sociocultural system. The selected theoretical framework for the analysis is drawn from a variety of linguistic sub-disciplines and research traditions. The sociocultural approach is selected for this study as it is the most applicable.
STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE DEEP STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTHEASTERN YANA-KOLYMA FOLD SYSTEM FROM COMPLEX GEOPHYSICAL DATA
Authors: Gayday N. K. , Goryachev N. A. , Khasanov I. M. , Goshko E. Yu.
Published: December 2020

Ore deposits of the Magadan region are now in the focus of comprehensive studies as information on their deep structure is needed for both subsoil prospecting and regional development planning. This article presents the research results for the southeastern flank of the Yana-Kolyma orogenic belt. This area located at the junction with the Okhotsk-Koryak orogenic belt was investigated using the northeastern segment of the regional geophysical profile 3-DV. We analyzed the frequency-energy sections of the crust along the profile, 3D crustal density model of the entire study area, and magnetic, geoelectric and gravimagnetic characteristics of the crust. Complex data interpretation allowed tracing the crustal fault zones, areas wherein the crust material was strongly reworked, and zones of quasi-horizontal stratification. Considering the revealed features of the physical parameters of the crust material, we conclude that the currently accepted boundaries of individual tectonic blocks in the study area need to be adjusted. The northern boundary of the Balygychan uplift should be mapped along the Pautov fault. The Srednekansky branch of the Inyali-Debinsky synclinorium should be considered a transitional block that belongs to the Sugoi synclinorium, and its name should be changed to the Orotukan block.
Effect of Aromatherapy with Damask Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) on Anxiety in the Elderly: Open-Labeled Quasi-Experimental Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Bastani Farideh , Samady Kia Parvaneh , Haghani Hamid
Published: December 2020

Background: Anxiety in orthopedic surgeries, especially knee replacement, is one of the most common complaints of the elderly. Aromatherapy with Damask Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) can be one of the non-pharmacological methods in complementary medicine to control anxiety. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the effect of aromatherapy with R. damascena on elderly anxiety after knee replacement surgery. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 80 elderly patients (60 to 90 years old) undergoing knee replacement surgery according to inclusion criteria were selected by convenience sampling method randomly from Moheb Mehr and Shafa Yahyaian hospitals of Tehran, Iran, and were divided into two groups of case and control. The case group was exposed to aromatherapy intervention at four intervals of 30 minutes. The instrument for measuring anxiety was the Visual Analogue scale for anxiety (VAS-A). Results: The results showed that the study elderly were homogeneous in terms of demographic variables in both case and control groups, except for two variables of education level and consumption of analgesics, which were also determined by two-way ANOVA. These parameters (education level, P = 0.54, and consumption of analgesics, P = 0.661) were not confounding variables. Significant differences were observed in the anxiety of the case group before and after the intervention (P < 0.001), while this difference was not significant in the control group (P = 0.304). Moreover, the difference in anxiety scores was significantly decreased after the intervention compared to before intervention in both case and control groups (P < 0.001). Probably Damask Rose aroma molecules produce and secrete neurotransmitters such as endorphins and encephalin, thereby reducing pain and anxiety. Conclusions: According to the findings of the study, the aromatherapy with R. damascena seems to be effective in reducing postoperative anxiety in these elderly patients.
Hepatoprotective Effects of Black Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel Extract on Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats
Authors: Raesi Vanani Atefeh , Heidari Ali , Kalantari Heibatollah , Mansouri Esrafil , Mahdavinia Masoud
Published: December 2020

Background: Black pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a native plant of East Asia, which traditionally has been used as a folk medicine to treat many diseases. Objectives: This research investigated the possible protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of black pomegranate peel extract (BPPE) on oxidative hepatotoxicity induced by tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (t-BHP) in Wistar rats. Methods: The research was carried out on animals randomly assigned to five groups. In the negative control group, 5 mL/kg of normal saline was given orally. In the positive control group, the same amount of normal saline was administered orally for 5 days, and a single dose of t-BHP was injected on the 6th day. In the test groups, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of BPPE was administered orally for 5 days, and then rats were injected with a single dose of t-BHP on the 6th day. The rats were euthanized 24 hours after the last injection. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined from blood samples. Liver tissue was sampled to measure the level of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT). Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining and histological examination were performed on partial liver samples preserved in 10% formalin. Results: Pretreatment with BPPE at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly (P < 0.05) reduced ALT, AST, ALP, and MDA levels and increased GSH level and CAT activity. Histopathology examinations revealed that BPPE significantly improved the histological changes in comparison to the positive control group. Conclusions: The results of this research demonstrate the capability of supplemented BPPE to reduce the oxidative hepatotoxicity induced by t-BHP.