bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unusual cause of lumbar pain in elite sports: 2 case reports of sacral stress fractures
Authors: Hoffmann F , Heinz L , Mouton C , Seil R , Nührenbörger C
Published: February 2022

Nonspecific lower back and buttock pain can significantly limit performance in athletes and can be of different origins. Sacral stress fractures are a rare and, in many cases, undiagnosed cause of lower back pain, which can lead to a substantial loss of time before a full return-to-sports is achieved with full athletic performance. The main risk factors of sacral stress fractures include repetitive full weight-bearing activities, short-term increases in exercise intensity or duration, and excessive energy deficit. Knowledge of the injury pattern, high clinical suspicion, and early MRI examination lead to a timely diagnosis. Therapeutically, load reduction with avoidance of high impact activities for at least 6 weeks is indicated initially, followed by dosed and progressive load increase. In parallel, supplementation with calcium and vitamin D is recommended. Athletes with recurrent stress fractures, regardless of region, should be evaluated for a “Female Athlete Triad” or its male counterpart, as well as endocrinologic risk factors. Preventive measures are possible for stress fractures but are not specific to sacral stress fractures. We describe two clinical case scenarios, one of a professional soccer player and one of an elite track and field athlete with sacral stress fractures as the cause of nonspecific lumbar pain. Key Words: Lower Back Pain, Sacrum, Football,Middle Distance Running
História da formação do professor que ensina matemática: etapas de constituição da matemática para ensinar
Authors: Valente Wagner Rodrigues
Published: February 2022

Este texto analisa aspectos da história da formação de professores que ensinam matemática. O estudo centra atenção nos saberes presentes nessa formação. Em especial analisa a matemática que integra a formação de professores para os primeiros anos escolares e as suas mudanças ao longo do tempo. Como referência teórico-metodológica ancora-se no campo da História Cultural. Mobiliza as categorias matemática a ensinar – objeto do trabalho docente - e matemática para ensinar, conceito que enfeixa as ferramentas que o futuro professor deverá manejar para o ensino, para o trabalho com uma matemática a ensinar. A partir de resultados de pesquisas já desenvolvidas, o texto norteia-se pela questão: Como foram sendo elaboradas, ao longo do tempo, as ferramentas para trabalho do futuro professor, isto é, que etapas foram percorridas na trajetória de constituição da matemática para ensinar? A resposta à questão aponta para a caracterização de diferentes matemáticas para ensinar.
Springboard to Successful Entrepreneurship
Authors: Sceulovs Denis , Ploegman Niek
Published: February 2022

The textbook describes the stages and challenges of a startup business model development using the “springboard” methodology developed by the authors. The book presents methods and suggestions for the development of a viable business model. The appendices of the electronic version of the book are of high quality allowing them to be used in practical classes, displayed on a large screen or printed in various formats up to the size of an A2 poster.
Uz Lean Canvas modeļa balstīta programmatūras testēšanas stratēģija
Authors: Nidagundi Padmaraj
Published: February 2022

Promocijas darbs veltīts programmatūras izstrādei un testēšanai. Programmatūras testēšanas procesā testēšanas stratēģija tiek dokumentēta, kā arī to ir iespējams vizualizēt, izmantojot Lean Canvas modeli. Promocijas darba pētījuma objekts ir programmatūras testēšanas stratēģijas vizualizācija, kas dot iespēju samazināt dokumentācijas izstrādei patērēto laiku. Promocijas darbs aptver pētījumus, kas saistīti ar dažādiem programmatūras izstrādes dzīves cikliem, dažādiem testēšanas veidiem un testēšanas stratēģijas vizualizāciju.
Optimal On‑Ramp Metering of Urban Freeway Network for the Coronavirus Disease Control
Authors: LIN Hongzhi
Published: February 2022

The outbreak of COVID-19 disrupted our everyday life. Many local authorities enforced a cordon sanitaire for the protection of sensitive areas. Travellers can only pass the cordon after tested. This paper aims to propose a method to design an on-ramp control scheme to maximise urban freeway network throughput with a predetermined queuing delay constraint at all off-ramps around cordon sanitaire. A bi-level programming model is formulated where the lower-level is a transportation system equilibrium to predict traffic flow, and the upper-level is onramp metering optimisation that is nonlinear programming. A stochastic queuing model is used to represent the waiting phenomenon at each off-ramp where testing is conducted, and a heuristic algorithm is designed to solve the proposed bi-level model where a method of successive averages (MSA) is adopted for the lower-level model; A genetic algorithm (GA) with elite strategy is adopted for the upper-level model. An experimental study is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and algorithm. The results show that the methods can find a good heuristic optimal solution. These methods are useful for freeway operators to determine the optimal on-ramp control for disease control and prevention.
Noise reduction and 3D image restoration of single photon counting LiDAR using adaptive gating
Authors: Chen Song-Mao , Su Xiu-Qin , Hao Wei , Zhang Zhen-Yang , Wang Shu-Chao , Zhu Wen-Hua , Wang Jie ,   Key Laboratory of Space Precision Measurement Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China,   Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Joint Laboratory of ocean observation and detection (Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics), Qingdao 266200, China,   University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,   Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
Published: February 2022

Single photon LiDAR is considered as one of the most important tools in acquiring target information with high accuracy under extreme imaging conditions, as it offers single photon sensitivity and picosecond timing resolution. However, such technique sense the scene with the photons reflected by the target, thus resulting in severe degradation of image in presence of strong noise. Range gating with high-speed electronics is an effective way to suppress the noise, unfortunately, such technique suffers from manually selecting the parameters and limited gating width. This paper presents a target information extracting and image restoration method under large observation window, which first obtain the depth distribution of the target and extract the information within the range by analyzing the model of signal and noise, then further improve the image quality by adopting advanced image restoration algorithm and henceforth shows better results than those denoising method that purely relying on hardware. In the experiment, photon-per-pixel (PPP) was as low as 3.020 and signal-to-background ratio (SBR) was as low as 0.106, the proposed method is able to improve SBR with a factor of 19.330. Compared to classical algorithm named cross correlation, the reconstruction signal to noise ratio (RSNR) increased 33.520dB by further cooperating with advanced image restoration algorithm, thus improved the ability of sensing accurate target information under extreme cases.
Venturi-effect rotating concentrators and nonreciprocity characteristics based on transformation hydrodynamics
Authors: Yao Neng-Zhi , Wang Hao , Wang Bin , Wang Xue-Sheng ,   School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
Published: February 2022

The development of hydrodynamics metamaterials and transformation hydrodynamics has enriched the methods of fluid flow control. In the proposed study, coupling flow rotation and amplification functions, hydrodynamic rotating concentrators with tensorized viscosity are designed based on transformation hydrodynamics. Through numerical simulations, we have demonstrated that the rotating concentrators can simultaneously magnify and rotate the velocity in creeping flows. In the central area of the rotating concentrators, the fluid velocity is amplified, exhibiting the venturi effect; in the external area of the rotating concentrators, the flow state is not interfered with due to the presence of the rotating concentrators, maintaining the original flow state. Additionally, we discover and explain the mechanisms of the rotational hysteresis phenomena that are caused by the nonreciprocity of spatial coordinate transformations. The proposed studies 1) extend and optimize the traditional flow concentrators, 2) raise new approaches for applications related to Venturi effects, and 3) shed light on the design of nonreciprocal coordinate transformations for metamaterials.
Getting closer to the clinic
Authors: Tanaka Toshiko , Ferrucci Luigi
Published: February 2022

Associations between plasma protein levels and DNA methylation patterns can be used to predict the onset of age-related chronic disease.
The Change in the Reflection of Gender Roles from Proto-Science Fiction to Science Fiction with the Rise of Feminism: Margaret Cavendish’s The Blazing World and Mary Robinette Kowal’s The Calculating Stars
Authors: Köseoğlu Berna
Published: February 2022

Before the rise of feminism, women were oppressed in the field of literature, particularly in science fiction. Despite this prejudice, Margaret Cavendish played a very important role in producing proto-science fiction with her utopian fiction, A Description of a New World Called the Blazing World, though gender problem can still be observed in the work. After the rise of feminism, with Mary Robinette Kowal’s science fiction, The Calculating Stars: A Lady Astronaut Novel, female characters, who are more active in science and technology, are depicted, even if these women still struggle with patriarchal values in a different context. Therefore, the aim of this article is to compare and contrast The Blazing World and The Calculating Stars by discussing the ways these two female writers try to achieve destroying the gender-based stereotypical roles in the field of science and technology. Consequently, what will be stressed is the change in the portrayal of gender roles within the transition period from proto-science fiction to science fiction, therefore it will be emphasized that proto-science fiction written before the feminist movement cannot overcome gender inequality in science and technology, whereas science fiction produced after feminism can break the gender-based barriers in these fields.
A Pragmatic Cultural Analysis of American English versus Vietnamese Use in Shop Signs
Authors: Ngoc Truong Pham Linh
Published: February 2022

Shop signs with English elements are becoming more and more frequent in Vietnam as a result of trade and globalization, requiring thorough investigations into various aspects of English and Vietnamese use in shop signs for further practice. Prior research mostly explores shop signs from the perspectives of linguistic landscape, linguistic transfer, and ADVERTISING discourse, in which the comparative culture and pragmatics are mentioned but remain insufficient to a large extent. This study tries to fill the gap by making a pragmatic cultural comparison of English and Vietnamese use in shop signs, applying the theoretical and analytical framework of cultural linguistics in relation to pragmatics by Sharifian (2017). More than 400 shop signs of each language have been randomly collected from many places in the US and Vietnam respectively for the contrastive analysis. The results show vast similarities in the knowledge of some situational contexts (pragmemes) underlying the same speech acts/events performed by the American English and Vietnamese shop signs associated with the pragmatic cultural schema of ADVERTISING. Many differences are highlighted in the pragmemes and practs (realizations of pragmemes) with the cultural conceptualizations relating to collective implications, signature objects, foreign elements, home-made origins, official origins, health commitment, establishment year, family references, and ethics. The study has finally made a positive contribution to the strategies of shop sign translation or creation with English (assumed from the American backgrounds) in monolingual, bilingual and hybrid contexts of Vietnam.
Covert Ideologies and Sign Manipulation: a Functional Semiotic Analysis of Western vs. Arabic News Coverage of New Zealand 2019 Mosque Carnage
Authors: Alsoufi Waleed , Albzour Naser N.
Published: February 2022

The primary concern of this comparative study is to explore sign manipulation in front page photographs and headlines in both Western and Arabic news reports in a humble attempt to determine how visual and verbal signs are purposefully presented to the target audience. The researchers precisely try to scrutinize and analyze covert ideological biases of such news reports not only as expressed verbally but also visually. This study exclusively hinges on the event of the New Zealand Mosque Massacre which took place during Friday Prayers on 15 March 2019 in Christchurch City, where an Australian terrorist opened fire on innocent Muslim worshippers and brutally killed fifty of them. The heinous crime has left the world in a state of mourning and utter shock. Media coverage of this attack overwhelmed the Western and the Arab newspapers as well as social media worldwide. Unfortunately, the Christchurch massacre has not been headlined as a terrorist attack by several Western news reports unlike Arabic ones. The source of the data in question mainly relies on 10 popular newspapers: five Western newspapers and five Arabic ones: Daily Mirror, The New York Times, Daily Mail, The Guardian, The Sun, Addustour, Al-Jazirah, Al-Anba, Al-Quds Al-Arabi and AL-Sharq, respectively. The data represent a random sample, so the content does not necessarily represent attitudes or perspectives of all Western and Arabic newspapers. Following the Peircean semiotic triadic model, this study tries to unveil basic ideological features and manipulative strategies that clearly depict the Australian terrorist in some Western newspapers. In addition, it bluntly and objectively shows covert racial prejudice against Muslims in western newspapers. The findings show the significance of both verbal and visual signs in news story because they enable the reporters to express their perspectives towards major events such as New Zealand mosque carnage more effectively. As a result, the use of visual images in front page headlines does not merely serve to represent the reality of that horrible event in a visual form; rather, it is an essential tool of persuasion and tampering with the public opinion by means of insinuating some seriously embedded ideologies.
An Unusual Case of Rectal Bleed in an Section Adolescent: Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome Mimicking Rectosigmoid Malignancy
Authors: Rajeevan S , Shubha I , Premkumar K , Caroline S , Chezhian A
Published: February 2022

Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome (SRUS) is an uncommon rectal disorder. Severe rectal bleeding, anaemia and a mass on evaluation are a rare presentation of SRUS, and can pose as an endoscopic challenge in differentiating from other causes of rectal bleeding. The incidence of SRUS is 1 in 100,000 people per year. Hence, a high degree of suspicion and timely diagnosis is necessary. The present case case is about a 17-year-old female who presented with rectal bleeding. Physical evaluation revealed a large polypoidal rectal mass mimicking malignancy which later turned out to be SRUS. The patient improved with medical management. On outpatient follow-up, she had no complaints after a month and follow-up lower endoscopy and imaging later revealed complete healing within three months. Although uncommon, SRUS should be considered as a potential cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding after sinister causes have been ruled out.
Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in Placenta Previa: A Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Care Centre of Western India
Authors: Lad Shital Umesh , Shinde Mangala Ashok
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Placenta previa is a condition characterised by abnormal placental implantation and usually presented as painless vaginal bleeding in second or third trimester of pregnancy. Various studies have reported adverse outcomes in the cases of placenta previa. Aim: To find incidence, maternal and perinatal outcomes in placenta previa. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out during April-June 2021 at a Government Tertiary care centre in Maharashtra. Total 260 cases of placenta previa managed at the institute between 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2019 were included in study. Primary data from labour room and operation theatre was collected and detailed case papers were accessed from medical records section. Data was analysed using Microsoft Excel Windows 2013. Results: Incidence of placenta previa was 1.09%. Majority of cases were from age group of 26-30 years, booked, gravida 2-3, belonging to low socio-economic status and without any history of risk factors. In 81.15% cases Lower Segment Cesarean Section (LSCS) was required. Post Partem Haemorrhage (PPH) (32.30%) and need for blood transfusion (86.15%) were major complications. Maternal mortality in cases of placenta previa was 4.23%. In perinatal outcome, prematurity was reported 44.30% cases while 57.46% needed NICU admission. Perinatal mortality was 17.53%. Conclusion: There is need for regular Antenatal Care (ANC) check-up and timely referral to tertiary care obstetrical care centre with availability of Blood bank and NICU for better outcome.
Assessment of Bacterial Contamination in Drinking Water Sources in Khartoum/ Sudan
Authors: Abass Abeer M. , Muna E. A. , Sabiel Y. A. , Hind E. A. , Abeer A. M. , Alia O. A. , Abdelaziz Sana A. , Abdelnabi Ghada H.
Published: February 2022

Aim of the Study: To assess the bacterial contamination in drinking water sources in Khartoum/ Sudan.

Place of Study: Central Veterinary Research Laboratory/ Bacteriology Department.

Study Design: One hundred water samples were collected from the three localities of Khartoum state (Khartoum= 33, Omdurman= 34,   Khartoum north [Bahri] =25) and 8 from different companies of water supply.

Methodology: Fifty four Samples were collected from surface water and (38) from ground water [well]. These samples transported to bacteriology lab for microbiological analyses using filtration method and new technique Colilert and Pseudalert kits which used for the first time in Sudan.

Results: Filtration method revealed different bacterial species, they were: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogene Enterobacter sakazaki, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marinoruba, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella spp. Raoultella terrigena\planticola, Orchobacter anthrobi, Cronobater spp., Aeromonas salmonicida, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Pantoea agglomerans, Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas app were detected and most probable numbers (MPN) were counted using the previous kits according to manufacture instructions.

Conclusion: The water must be tested before using and quality control technique must be achievable to ensure continuously supply of pure drinking water.
Addressing Mental and Social Health in Workers' Compensation
Authors: Ring David
Published: February 2022

Humans interpret and react to symptoms. We only seek care for a symptom when it becomes a concern.1 Variation in symptom intensity and magnitude of capability relates more to unhelpful thoughts, feelings of worry and despair regarding symptoms, and feelings of insecurity around role and livelihood (mental and social health opportunities) than pathophysiology.2 Work claims are meant to address pathology that results from injury. Injuries have predictable recovery trajectories. When the recovery trajectory seems off track, consider pre-existing non-trauma pathology and mental and social health opportunities. Appropriate management of new pathology under the work claim and pre-existing pathology and mental and social health opportunities outside the work claim, along with a supportive environment that anticipates these aspects of normal human illness behavior, can help people get and stay healthy in the context of workers' compensation.
Mars entry navigation under biases based on adaptive Huber divided difference filter
Authors: Xia Yuanqing , Zhu Cui , Cui Pingyuan , Xing Zirui , Dai Li , Wang Liansheng
Published: February 2022

To address the problems of unknown disturbances and measurement outliers at Mars entry phase, three integrated navigation schemes are proposed in this study by complying with divided difference filters, that is, integrated navigation schemes based on the Huber first‐order divided difference filter (HDDF1), adaptive Huber first‐order divided difference filter (AHDDF1), and adaptive Huber second‐order divided difference filter (AHDDF2). The novel versions of predictive state estimation error covariance (PSEEC) and measurement noise covariance (MNC) are deduced by adopting the function of the Huber case to modify the cost function of the standard Kalman filter. To be specific, the HDDF1 is derived by embedding the novel PSEEC and MNC in the general first‐order divided difference filter. To more specifically enhance the performance of the filter under significant biases, an adaptive forgetting factor is introduced in the HDDF1. On that basis, the AHDDF1 is derived. Likewise, the AHDDF2 is yielded. The numerical simulations are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed navigation schemes.
k‐Means Clustering for Prediction of Tensile Properties in Carbon Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites
Authors: Kurita Hiroki , Suganuma Masanori , Wang Yinli , Narita Fumio
Published: February 2022

The application of computer algorithms to identify patterns in data is referred to as machine learning. The algorithms are used to learn complex relationships and build models for various predictions. Herein, thek‐means method is used, one of the unsupervised learning methods in machine learning, to predict Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of carbon‐fiber‐reinforced polymers (CFRPs), and their experimental Young's modulus and UTS values are compared. Thek‐means method categorizes CFRP into four colors: carbon fiber, epoxy resin matrix, defects, and contamination. The prediction of Young's modulus and UTS of CFRP with different porosities and carbon fiber orientation demonstrates the effectiveness of thek‐means method. Furthermore, the experimental values of Young's modulus and UTS of commercial CFRP plate are closer to the predicted values than the catalog values. These results suggest that thek‐means method can predict Young's modulus and UTS of CFRP accurately, instantly, and automatically. Thek‐means method is promising as a new technique to accurately and instantly understand the mechanical and physical properties of CFRPs without any material test.
A Wearable All‐Gel Multimodal Cutaneous Sensor Enabling Simultaneous Single‐Site Monitoring of Cardiac‐Related Biophysical Signals
Authors: Chun Kyoung‐Yong , Seo Seunghwan , Han Chang‐Soo
Published: February 2022

The human cutaneous sensory organ is a highly evolved biosensor that is efficient, sensitive, selective, and adaptable. Recently, with the development of various materials and structures inspired by sensory organs, artificial cutaneous sensors have been widely studied. In this study, the acquisition of biophysical signals is demonstrated at one point on the body using a wearable all‐gel‐integrated multimodal sensor composed of four element sensors, inspired by the slow/rapid adapting functions of the skin sensory receptors. The gel‐type sensors ensure flexibility, compactness, portability, adherence, and integrity. The wearable all‐gel multimodal sensor is easily attached to the wrist and simultaneously gathers blood pressure (BP), electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), and mechanomyogram (MMG) signals related to cardiac and muscle health. Human activity causes muscle contraction, which affects blood flow; therefore, the relationship between the muscle and heart is crucial for screening and predicting heart health. Cardiac health is monitored by obtaining the two types of phase time differences (i.e., Δtbe: BP and ECG, Δtem: ECG and MMG) generated during muscle movement. The suggested multimodal sensor has potential applicability in monitoring biophysical conditions and diagnosing cardiac‐related health problems.
WET‐Induced Layered Organohydrogel as Bioinspired “Sticky−Slippy Skin” for Robust Underwater Oil‐Repellency
Authors: Wan Xizi , Jia Lanxin , Liu Xi , Dai Bing , Jiang Lei , Wang Shutao
Published: February 2022

Underwater superoleophobic surfaces featuring anti‐oil‐fouling properties are of great significance in widespread fields. However, their complicated engineering process and weak interfacial adhesion strength with underlying substrates severely hamper these ideal surfaces toward practical applications. Here, a moss‐inspired sticky−slippy skin composed of layered organohydrogel is reported through a one‐step wetting‐enabled‐transfer (WET) strategy, which unprecedentedly integrates robust inherent adhesion with durable anti‐oil‐fouling properties. The sticky organogel layer can be simply attached to various substrates, from metals and plastics to glass, independent of any surface pretreatment. The slippy hydrogel layer enables stable underwater superoleophobicity and ultralow oil adhesion for diverse kinds of oils. The sticky−slippy skin features outstanding comprehensive properties including easy‐pasting, anti‐swelling/anti‐bending, compatibility with commercial adhesives, acid/alkali resistance, environmental friendliness, and substrate universality. The design strategy with integrated functions provides a clue to accelerate the development of bioinspired multifunctional interfacial materials toward real‐world applications.
Stable and Solution‐Processable Cumulenic sp‐Carbon Wires: A New Paradigm for Organic Electronics
Authors: Pecorario Stefano , Scaccabarozzi Alberto D. , Fazzi Daniele , Gutiérrez‐Fernández Edgar , Vurro Vito , Maserati Lorenzo , Jiang Mengting , Losi Tommaso , Sun Bozheng , Tykwinski Rik R. , Casari Carlo S. , Caironi Mario
Published: February 2022

Solution‐processed, large‐area, and flexible electronics largely relies on the excellent electronic properties of sp2‐hybridized carbon molecules, either in the form of π‐conjugated small molecules and polymers or graphene and carbon nanotubes. Carbon with sp‐hybridization, the foundation of the elusive allotrope carbyne, offers vast opportunities for functionalized molecules in the form of linear carbon atomic wires (CAWs), with intriguing and even superior predicted electronic properties. While CAWs represent a vibrant field of research, to date, they have only been applied sparingly to molecular devices. The recent observation of the field‐effect in microcrystalline cumulenes suggests their potential applications in solution‐processed thin‐film transistors but concerns surrounding the stability and electronic performance have precluded developments in this direction. In the present study, ideal field‐effect characteristics are demonstrated for solution‐processed thin films of tetraphenyl[3]cumulene, the shortest semiconducting CAW. Films are deposited through a scalable, large‐area, meniscus‐coating technique, providing transistors with hole mobilities in excess of 0.1 cm2 V−1 s−1, as well as promising operational stability under dark conditions. These results offer a solid foundation for the exploitation of a vast class of molecular semiconductors for organic electronics based on sp‐hybridized carbon systems and create a previously unexplored paradigm.
Spatial Separation of Cocatalysts on Z‐Scheme Organic/Inorganic Heterostructure Hollow Spheres for Enhanced Photocatalytic H2 Evolution and In‐Depth Analysis of the Charge‐Transfer Mechanism
Authors: Moon Hyun Sik , Hsiao Kai‐Chi , Wu Ming‐Chung , Yun Yongju , Hsu Yung‐Jung , Yong Kijung
Published: February 2022

A Z‐scheme heterojunction with spatially separated cocatalysts is proposed for overcoming fundamental issues in photocatalytic water splitting, such as inefficient light absorption, charge recombination, and sluggish reaction kinetics. For efficient light absorption and interfacial charge separation, Z‐scheme organic/inorganic heterojunction photocatalysts are synthesized by firmly immobilizing ultrathin g‐C3N4 on the surface of TiO2 hollow spheres via electrostatic interactions. Additionally, two cocatalysts, Pt and IrOx, are spatially separated along the Z‐scheme charge‐transfer pathway to enhance surface charge separation and reaction kinetics. The as‐prepared Pt/g‐C3N4/TiO2/IrOx (PCTI) hollow sphere photocatalyst exhibits an exceptional H2 evolution rate of 8.15 mmol h−1 g−1 and a remarkable apparent quantum yield of 24.3% at 330 nm in the presence of 0.5 wt% Pt and 1.2 wt% IrOx cocatalysts on g‐C3N4 and TiO2, respectively. Photoassisted Kelvin probe force microscopy is used to systematically analyze the Z‐scheme charge‐transfer mechanism within PCTI. Furthermore, the benefits of spatially separating cocatalysts in the PCTI system are methodically investigated in comparison to randomly depositing them. This work adequately demonstrates that the combination of a Z‐scheme heterojunction and spatially separated cocatalysts can be a promising strategy for designing high‐performance photocatalytic platforms for solar fuel production.
A Nanostructured Moisture‐Absorbing Gel for Fast and Large‐Scale Passive Dehumidification
Authors: Dai Ming , Zhao Fei , Fan Juanjuan , Li Qing , Yang Ya , Fan Zhuangjun , Ling Shengjie , Yu Haipeng , Liu Shouxin , Li Jian , Chen Wenshuai , Yu Guihua
Published: February 2022

Dehumidification is significant for environmental sustainability and human health. Traditional dehumidification methods involve significant energy consumption and have negative impact on the environment. The core challenge is to expose hygroscopic surfaces to the air, and appropriately store the captured water and avoid surface inactivation. Here, a nanostructured moisture‐absorbing gel (N‐MAG) for passive dehumidification, which consists of a hydrophilic nanocellulose network functionalized by hygroscopic lithium chloride, is reported. The interconnected nanocellulose can transfer the captured water to the internal space of the bulky N‐MAG, eliminating water accumulation near the surfaces and hence enabling high‐rate moisture absorption. The N‐MAG can reduce the relative humidity from 96.7% to 28.7% in 6 h, even if the space is over 2 × 104 times of its own volume. The condensed water can be completely confined in the N‐MAG, overcoming the problem of environmental pollution. This research brings a new perspective for sustainable humidity management without energy consumption and with positive environmental footprint.
3D Nonlinear Localized Gap Modes in Bose‐Einstein Condensates Trapped by Optical Lattices and Space‐Periodic Nonlinear Potentials
Authors: Li Jiawei , Zhang Yanpeng , Zeng Jianhua
Published: February 2022

Optical lattices and Feshbach resonance management are two mighty and widely used techniques for studying, both experimentally and theoretically, various physical issues and the underlying nonlinear dynamics of Bose−Einstein condensates. Both techniques show great power for studying solitons of different types, and particularly, the former technique realizes the creation of 1D bright matter‐wave gap solitons, whose formation and properties in multidimensional systems, however, are much less known. Herein, both techniques and study are combined, theoretically and numerically, the formation and dynamics of 3D nonlinear localized gap modes, including fundamental gap solitons and their higher‐order ones as soliton clusters, as well as gap vortices with topological charge s = 1. The stability regions of all the localized gap modes are identified by means of direct perturbed numerical simulations, revealing important insights into soliton physics in multidimensional space.
Targeting TFAP2C/PDCD6 Pathway by lncRNA PP7080 Expedites Tumorigenesis and Contributes to an Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment in Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Zhuo Yue , Hu Wei , Liao Mei‐Juan , Chen Jia‐Hao , Zhang Jian , Wang Juan , Zhang Yu , Zhang Fa‐Xue , Shi Yu‐Fan , Qian Hui‐Ling , Li Shu‐Jun , Sun Cheng‐Cao
Published: February 2022

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play essential roles in various biological processes. Nevertheless, advance exploration is warranted to elaborate the therapeutic implications and detailed mechanisms of lncRNAs in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the present study, lncRNA PP7080 is found highly expressed and correlated with a poorer prognosis for NSCLC. Knockout of PP7080 diminishes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, but accelerates cell apoptosis in vitro, and impeded tumor growth in vivo. While elevated PP7080 facilitates cell proliferation, migration and invasion, repressed cell apoptosis in vitro, and accelerated xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Additionally, downregulated DNMT1 is found contributing the higher PP7080 expression via regulation of DNA methylation at PP7080 promoter‐regions in NSCLC. Furthermore, PP7080 directly bound with TFAP2C and facilitated TFAP2C phosphorylation at Ser434 site, and then upregulated PDCD6 expression through binding with its promoters. Furthermore, highly expressed PP7080/PDCD6 correlated with immune‐suppressing tumor microenvironment (TME) in NSCLC. Collectively, the results identified PP7080 mainly localized in the nucleus and functioned its oncogenic role via regulating NSCLC initiation, advancement, and contributing to an immune‐resistant TME through TFAP2C/PP7080/PDCD6 axis, implying PP7080 as a novel therapeutic target for NSCLC.
Older adults and the food security infrastructure
Authors: Balistreri Kelly Stamper
Published: February 2022

This project explores the correlates of state variation in food security using data from the 2008 to 2018 Current Population Survey's Food Security Supplements. The focus is on the relationship between state‐level availability and accessibility of congregate and home‐delivered meal programs, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, the Senior Farmer's Market Nutrition Program, and the Commodity Supplemental Food Program on food security among lower‐income households headed by older adults (ages 60 and up). Results show evidence that a senior‐specific state‐level food security infrastructure plays a role in the food security status of households headed by older adults.
Cereal rye cover crop terminated at crop planting reduces early‐season weed density and biomass in Wisconsin corn–soybean production
Authors: Grint Kolby R. , Arneson Nicholas J. , Oliveira Maxwel Coura , Smith Daniel H. , Werle Rodrigo
Published: February 2022

A fall‐established cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop has potential to provide weed suppression in fields that will be planted with corn (Zea mays L.) and/or soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], reducing the selection pressure for herbicide resistance as part of an integrated weed management approach. However, biomass from an overwintering cover crop can be limited in areas with prolonged cool‐spring growing conditions, like in the Upper Midwest region of the United States. This study was conducted to determine if a cereal rye cover crop grown in Wisconsin and terminated at the time of crop planting could provide effective levels of early‐season weed suppression in corn–soybean systems practicing no‐till soil management. Cover crop biomass, weed biomass, and weed density were assessed at two Wisconsin locations (eight site‐crop‐years total; four site‐years of each corn and soybean) in 2019 and 2020. Cereal rye biomass production at the time of crop planting ranged from 290–1,480 kg ha–1. Overall, no‐till management with a cover crop reduced weed density by 31% and reduced weed biomass by 61% compared with no‐till without a cover crop. These results indicate that the use of a cereal rye cover crop in the Upper Midwest has potential to reduce the exclusive reliance on spring burndown herbicides in no‐till, but limited spring cover crop biomass in this region may diminish the weed‐suppressive effects from this management practice compared with other parts of the United States where higher amounts of cover crop biomass can be achieved at crop planting time.
A Chemical Pump that Generates High‐Pressure Gas by Transmitting Liquid Fuel against Pressure Gradient
Authors: Kim Junsoo , Luo Kai , Suo Zhigang
Published: February 2022

A pneumatic soft robot can be made autonomous by carrying a liquid chemical fuel. In the existing design, to transmit the fuel, the pressure of the fuel tank must exceed that of the actuator. Consequently, the fuel tank must be sufficiently stiff, which hardens the robot. Herein, inspired by pit membranes in trees, a chemical pump is developed, which is consisting of a nanoporous membrane between the fuel tank and the actuator, and coated with a catalyst on the side of the actuator. The fuel in the fuel tank migrates across the membrane and, on meeting the catalyst, decomposes into a pressurized gas and inflates the actuator. The chemical pump is driven by the free energy of reaction, against the difference in pressure. The pores in the membrane are large enough for the fuel molecules to migrate through, but small enough to block the pressurized gas to tunnel back. In a demonstration, the fuel tank has ambient pressure, and the actuator has a pressure of 350 kPa, comparable to the pressure in a car tire. The chemical pump enables pneumatic robots to be autonomous, powerful, and soft.
Genetic Architecture of Stroke of Undetermined Source: Overlap with Known Stroke Etiologies and Associations with Modifiable Risk Factors
Authors: Georgakis Marios K. , Parodi Livia , Frerich Simon , Mayerhofer Ernst , Tsivgoulis Georgios , Pirruccello James P. , Slowik Agnieszka , Rundek Tatjana , Malik Rainer , Dichgans Martin , Rosand Jonathan , Anderson Christopher D. ,   NINDS Stroke Genetics Network (SiGN)
Published: February 2022

Objective

Ischemic stroke etiology remains undetermined in 30% of cases. We explored the genetic architecture of stroke classified as undetermined to test if mechanisms and risk factors underlying large‐artery atherosclerotic (LAAS), cardioembolic (CES), and small‐vessel stroke (SVS) contribute to its pathogenesis.

Methods

We analyzed genome‐wide data from 16,851 ischemic stroke cases and 32,473 controls. Using polygenic risk scores for LAAS, CES, and SVS, we assessed the genetic overlap with stroke of undetermined source and used pairwise genomewide association study (GWAS‐PW) to search for shared loci. We then applied Mendelian randomization (MR) to identify potentially causal risk factors of stroke of undetermined source.

Results

Genetic risk for LAS, CES, and SVS was associated with stroke of undetermined source pointing to overlap in their genetic architecture. Pairwise analyses revealed 19 shared loci with LAAS, 2 with CES, and 5 with SVS that have been implicated in atherosclerosis‐related phenotypes. Genetic liability to both carotid atherosclerosis and atrial fibrillation was associated with stroke of undetermined source, but the association with atrial fibrillation was attenuated after excluding cases with incomplete diagnostic workup. MR analyses showed effects of genetically determinants of blood pressure, diabetes, waist‐to‐hip ratio, inflammatory pathways (IL‐6 signaling, MCP‐1/CCL2 levels), and factor XI levels on stroke of undetermined source.

Interpretation

Stroke of undetermined source shares genetic and vascular risk factors with other stroke subtypes, especially LAAS, thus highlighting the diagnostic limitations of current subtyping approaches. The potentially causal associations with carotid atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic risk factors might have implications for prevention strategies targeting these mechanisms. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:640–651
Ein dual‐responsives pH‐ und lichtschaltbares Tensid mit einer Spiropyran‐Einheit: Untersuchungen zum Schaltmechanismus und Anwendung zur Steuerung von Emulsionsstabilitäten
Authors: Reifarth Martin , Bekir Marek , Bapolisi Alain M. , Titov Evgenii , Nußhardt Fabian , Nowaczyk Julius , Grigoriev Dmitry , Sharma Anjali , Saalfrank Peter , Santer Svetlana , Hartlieb Matthias , Böker Alexander
Published: February 2022

Ein kationisches Tensid mit einer Spiropyran‐Einheit wurde hergestellt, dessen oberflächenaktives Verhalten in dual‐responsiver Weise einstellbar ist. Der Schaltmechanismus des Tensids beruht auf der umkehrbaren Umwandlung des nichtionischen Spiropyrans (SP) zu einer ionischen Merocyaninform (MC/H+), die über eine Änderung des pH‐Wertes der Lösung oder durch Einstrahlung von Licht mit passender Wellenlänge ausgelöst werden kann. Das entsprechende pH‐abhängige photoaktive Verhalten lässt sich so zusammenfassen, dass im Sauren ein ausgeprägter Unterschied zwischen der Oberflächenaktivität beider Formen des Tensids besteht, während dieses Verhalten im neutralen pH‐Bereich unterdrückt ist. Die zugrundeliegenden Prozesse werden vertieft untersucht und eine thermodynamische Erklärung, der eine Verknüpfung aus theoretischen Betrachtungen und experimentellen Ergebnissen zu Grunde liegt, wird gegeben. Das komplexe stimuli‐responsive Verhalten ermöglicht einen gesteuerten Eingriff in kolloidale Systeme. Mithin wird der pH‐abhängige Manipulation einer durch das Tensid stabilisierten Öl‐in‐Wasser‐Emulsion gezeigt, die die vorliegende Studie um eine Anwendung ergänzt.
Rhodaelektro‐katalysierte peri‐selektive direkte Alkenylierungen mit schwacher O‐Koordination ermöglicht durch die Wasserstoffbildungsreaktion (HER)
Authors: Sadowski Bartłomiej , Yuan Binbin , Lin Zhipeng , Ackermann Lutz
Published: February 2022

Direkte C−H‐Funktionalisierungen durch Elektrokatalyse werden dominiert durch die Verwendung stark koordinierender N(sp2)‐dirigierender Gruppen. Im Gegensatz dazu sind direkte elektrokatalytische Transformationen schwach koordinierender Phenole weitgehend unbekannt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden elektrooxidative peri‐C−H‐Alkenylierungen anspruchsvoller 1‐Naphthole durch die vielseitige Rhodium(III)‐Katalyse mit nutzerfreundlicher galvanostatischer Elektrolyse erreicht. Für die Rhodaelektrokatalyse wurden leicht verfügbare Alkene und ein protisches Reaktionsmedium verwendet. Die Methode zeichnet sich durch eine große Anwendungsbreite, eine gute Toleranz gegenüber funktionellen Gruppen und eine hohe Positions‐ und Stereoselektivität aus. Die Strategie wurde erfolgreich auf hochwertige, stickstoffhaltige Heterocyclen angewandt, wodurch ein direkter Zugang zu ungewöhnlichen heterocyclischen Motiven auf der Grundlage des Dihydropyranochinolingerüsts geschaffen wurde.
Out‐of‐Equilibrium Self‐Replication Allows Selection for Dynamic Kinetic Stability in a System of Competing Replicators
Authors: Liu Bin , Wu Juntian , Geerts Marc , Markovitch Omer , Pappas Charalampos G. , Liu Kai , Otto Sijbren
Published: February 2022

Among the key characteristics of living systems are their ability to self‐replicate and the fact that they exist in an open system away from equilibrium. Herein, we show how the outcome of the competition between two self‐replicators, differing in size and building block composition, is different depending on whether the experiments are conducted in a closed vial or in an open and out‐of‐equilibrium replication–destruction regime. In the closed system, the slower replicator eventually prevails over the faster competitor. In a replication‐destruction regime, implemented through a flow system, the outcome of the competition is reversed and the faster replicator dominates. The interpretation of the experimental observations is supported by a mass‐action‐kinetics model. These results represent one of the few experimental manifestations of selection among competing self‐replicators based on dynamic kinetic stability and pave the way towards Darwinian evolution of abiotic systems.
Sulfamide: A Promising Deep‐Ultraviolet Nonlinear Optical Crystal Assembled from Polar Covalent [SO2(NH2)2] Tetrahedra
Authors: Tian Haotian , Ye Ning , Luo Min
Published: February 2022

For the first time, the polar covalent tetrahedron [SO2(NH2)2] is revealed as a new deep‐ultraviolet (DUV) nonlinear optical (NLO)‐active unit according to theoretical calculations. Furthermore, sulfamide consisting of polar [SO2(NH2)2] units was confirmed as an excellent candidate as a DUV NLO crystal. Sulfamide provides the optimal balance between composition, structure, and properties, in addition to a very short absorption of 160 nm. It achieves multiple optical performance records for non‐π‐conjugated DUV NLO materials, including the strongest second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency (about 4 times that of KDP), the largest birefringence (obv.: 0.07@589.3 nm) and the shortest SHG wavelength predicted as 188 nm.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Regiodivergent and Enantioselective Hydroalkynylation of Unactivated 1,1‐Disubstituted Alkenes
Authors: Wang Zi‐Xuan , Li Bi‐Jie
Published: February 2022

Catalytic enantioselective functionalization of unactivated 1,1‐disubstituted alkenes is challenging due to the difficulty to discriminate the enantiotopic faces. Enantioselective hydrofunctionalization of unactivated 1,1‐disubstituted alkenes with tunable Markovnikov and anti‐Markovnikov selectivity remains elusive. We report here an amide‐directed, regiodivergent and enantioselective hydroalkynylation of unactivated alkenes. The regioselectivity can be readily tuned by the choice of a proper ligand. Catalytic alkynylations occurred with tunable Markovnikov and anti‐Markovnikov selectivity to afford products containing acyclic tertiary or quaternary stereocenters β to an amide. Combining a sequence of alkene isomerization and regioselective hydroalkynylation, we further realized an iridium‐catalyzed formal asymmetric conjugated alkynylation of β,β‐disubstituted α,β‐unsaturated amides. Computational studies suggest that the regioselectivity is dictated by the ligand structures.
Diversifying Nanoparticle Superstructures and Functions Enabled by Translative Templating from Supramolecular Polymerization
Authors: Liu Jiaming , Liu Rongjuan , Li Hui , Zhang Fenghua , Yao Qingyuan , Wei Jingjing , Yang Zhijie
Published: February 2022

Biology exploits a transcription–translation approach to deliver structural information from DNA to the protein‐building machines with high precision. Here, we show how the structural information of small synthetic molecules could be used to guide the assembly of inorganic nanoparticles into diversified yet long‐range ordered superstructures, enabling the information transfer across four or five orders of magnitude in length scale. We designed three perylene diimide (PDI) based isomers differing by their site‐specific substitutions of the methyl group, which were able to supramolecularly polymerize into diverse structures. Importantly, coassembly of these PDI isomers with nanoparticles (NPs) could produce diverse long‐range ordered nanoparticle superstructures, including one‐dimensional NPs chains, double helical NPs assemblies and two‐dimensional NPs superlattices. Equally important, we demonstrate that the information originated from small molecules could diversify the functions of the self‐assembled nanocomposites.