bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bryofolios
Authors: Nakonechny Joanne , Ellis Shona
Published: February 2012

Throughout this chapter, the authors trace how the theoretical and practical understanding, interpretation, and interactions with e-portfolios and their implementation support, both individually and through group work, students’ abilities to engage in deeper structure learning, and their resulting growth as authentic science scholars. The bryofolio, an individual and group course e-portfolio, begins this online journey to facilitate deeper structure learning for 31 students in Biology 321, Bryophytes: Mosses, Hornworts and Liverworts. (“Bryfolio” is a contraction of “bryophytes” and “e-portfolio.”) Initially, the authors give a short introduction to science education and how constructivist learning theory can include the use of e-portfolios as a teaching method. Following this, e-portfolios are situated within the learning context by providing a definition, a condition, and discussion on the key e-portfolio element,of critical reflection. The authors continue by introducing the bryofolio, its major components, and our analysis of how the bryofolio encourages deep structure learning at both individual and group levels.
21st Century Teaching and Learning through E-Portfolios
Authors: Huang Yi-Ping
Published: February 2012

Forces of affluence, technological advancement and globalization brought about accelerated transitions in the 21st century (Pink, 2006; Naisbitt, 2006; Anderson, 2006). Along with accelerated changes in the economy, culture and polity have become increased demands for global competitiveness and increased urgency to re-envision notions of educational excellence. With the rising focus on accountability by policymakers, accreditation agencies, and the general public, greater expectations are no longer the aspiring ideals of a few educational leaders but the obligations people share for preparing new generations of teachers and learners with the knowledge, skills, and dispositions needed to meet the demands of the 21st century. These demands include expertise in the core subjects, as well as 21st century fluencies, including learning and innovation skills; information, media and technology skills; and life and career skills (Framework for 21st Century Learning, 2007).
Electronic Portfolios for Career Exploration
Authors: Alpírez Gabriela
Published: February 2012

For more than 50 years, an all-girls Catholic school located in Guatemala City, Guatemala has aimed to shape the intelligence and the heart of every girl so that they will fulfill their vocation and become strong, resilient women. In accordance with the school’s mission, in 2005 the forward-looking school counselors wanted to increase the students’ awareness of the importance of exploring and planning their professional careers, as it was recognized by many national and international organizations that women who received a formal education could have a greater impact on the economic, political, and social life of their communities. By starting to use electronic portfolios at an earlier age, students are better equipped to make more informed choices in terms of the direction they would like to take their careers.
Ideal Design and Content of Support Systems for Electronic Teaching Portfolios
Authors: Robertson Royce
Published: February 2012

Today, higher education institutions need to prepare for technology integration into even the most sacred of rituals: promotion and tenure for faculty members. A holistic approach is necessary to extract the practices and dispositions of the faculty and support providers. This chapter aims to define the Electronic Teaching Portfolio and to describe some conditions to satisfy before implementing a support system. Furthermore, the chapter describes the design and content of an ideal support system that is feasible to implement, given that the institution is willing to commit necessary resources.
Co-ordination and Specialisation of Semantics in a B2B Relation
Authors: van Blommestein Fred
Published: February 2012

To date, the B2B paradigm includes the publishing of rigid message and process standards by organisations such as GS1, BME, UBL, and UN/CEFACT. Businesses are expected to obey those standards, which may not reflect their commercial or business niche. In this chapter, a mechanism is described to simplify and formalise negotiations on bilateral information semantics and process definitions bilaterally, due to support by automated tools. The mechanism is based on ontology engineering and speech act theory. It results in XML schemas that may directly be implemented in B2B communication. Interfaces with back end systems are created on the fly. Work for this chapter was supported by the European Commission through the 7th FP project ADVANCE (http://www.advance-logistics.eu/) under grant No. 257398.
Unified Data Model for Large-Scale Multi-Schema Integration (ULMI)
Authors: Dietrich Michael , Lemcke Jens
Published: February 2012

Current approaches in schema mapping and matching focus on pair-wise comparison of schemas. This chapter gives an overview of how n-way comparison of schemas via a unified data model for large-scale multi-schema integration (ULMI) can benefit to schema matching and mapping processes. The approach integrates a set of input schemas into one comprehensive representation. Thus, a unified data model is constructed. The unified data model represents the closure of all integrated schemas. However, as the unified data model is too complex and too large, it is never revealed to the user. Therefore, the authors derive a canonical data model which represents the most common structure of all schemas. In a use case, the advantages of the canonical data model are demonstrated. Finally, challenges for further research are derived. This work is based on excerpts from realistic input schemas, and it provides a concrete, ideal canonical data model as a reference for further research.
Building Chemical Ontology for Semantic Web Using Substructures Created by Chem-BLAST
Authors: Bhat Talapady N.
Published: February 2012

Efficient and user friendly ontologies are crucial for the effective use of chemical structural data on compounds. This paper describes an automated technique to create a structural ontology for compounds like ligands, co-factors and inhibitors of protein and DNA molecules using a technique developed from Perl scripts, which use a relational database for input and output, called Chem-BLAST (Chemical Block Layered Alignment of Substructure Technique). This technique recursively identifies substructures using rules that operate on the atomic connectivity of compounds. Substructures obtained from the compounds are compared to generate a data model expressed as triples. A chemical ontology of the substructures is made up of numerous interconnected ‘hubs-and-spokes’ is generated in the form of a data tree. This data-tree is used in a Web interface to allow users to zoom into compounds of interest by stepping through the hubs from the top to the bottom of the data-tree. The technique has been applied for (a) 2-D and 3-D structural data for AIDS1; (b) ~60,000 structures from the PDB 2,3. Recently, this technique has been applied to approximately 3,000,000 compounds from PubChem4,5,6. Plausible ways to use this data model for the Semantic Web are also discussed.
Open Educational Resources and the Impact of MERLOT on Transnational Education
Authors: Aaron Lynn , Franklin Laura , Sewell Jeanne P.
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the impact of Multimedia Educational Resources for Learning and Online Teaching (MERLOT) Open Educational Resources (OERs) on transnational education. MERLOT is a managed collection with links to learning materials and resources. MERLOT resources, as they relate to open educational resources, are described. OERs, or freely shared education resources with multiple users, are defined with a historical perspective. The chapter focuses on further defining OERs and comparing and contrasting OERs with proprietary software. The types of OERs and the significance of initiatives, such as MIT and MERLOT that make OERs available internationally are discussed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for the use of OERs in global learning are addressed. Solutions, recommendations, future directions, and conclusions are discussed.
Business Process Modeling
Authors: Chand Donald R. , Chircu Alina M.
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents a variety of business process modeling notations that range from programming logic flowcharts to the new standard, BPMN (Business Process Modeling Notation), as put forth by the Business Process Management Initiative (BPMI) (http://www.bpmi.org). Specifically, it discusses (1) the use of unstructured programming flowcharts in modeling business processes and their adaptation in process flow diagramming notation, (2) the UML activity diagram, and (3) BPMN, a comprehensive notation for documenting and modeling complex business processes. Using simple examples, this chapter brings out the inherent complexity of modeling business processes and the need for modeling tools that synchronize and align the mental models of business users, process analyst and information technology (IT) systems developers in order to correctly represent the intended process.
Building Semantic Business Process Space for Agile and Efficient Business Processes Management
Authors: Kim Gunwoo , Suh Yongmoo
Published: February 2012

Current practices of BPM suffer from the several fundamental problems, including difficulty with automatic discovery and the integration of business processes across organizations. Many studies uncovered that the main cause of these problems lies in insufficient semantics on business processes and suggested semantic business process management (SBPM) as a solution. Although building semantic business process space (SBPS) must be at the core of the SBPM approach to resolving the problems, most research on SBPM hardly deal with it seriously. Thus, this research shows how to build SBPS by incorporating semantics with business processes. The authors first illustrate the idea of building SBPS by defining a variety of generic and specific business process ontologies for the limited area of sales order process. They then explain how the SBPS satisfies the requirements for successful implementation of SBPM and demonstrate with a scenario how SBPM can be realized in the environment of SBPS for the agile and efficient BPM.
Enhancing E-Commerce Processes with Alerts for Credit Card Payment
Authors: Chiu Dickson K.W. , Yan Winnie N.Y. , Kafeza Eleanna , Farwick Matthias , Hung Patrick
Published: February 2012

With keen competition and the continuous quest for service improvement, e-commerce processes are becoming increasingly complex. Recent adoption of the Service-Oriented Architecture has further facilitated cross-organizational process enactment and enabled e-commerce enhancement. Despite a customer interacting with one website, multiple parties are actually involved at the backend such as logistics, services, and payment. As the payment process is indispensable for transactions, the authors choose this as the case study. To enhance the security of the payment process, credit card providers have already been using secure processing services to encrypt the credit card information. But if an unauthorized person knows the credit card information, they can still perform any payment illegally. To address this problem, the authors design a Notified Credit Card Payment System (NCCPS) to handle the notification and confirmation process enhancement. Through an Alert Management system component, the NCCPS systematically integrates the communication between merchants, banks or credit card service providers, and mobile service providers by the means of Web services and SMS technologies. The NCCPS also integrates with the customer service call center for the cancellation processes and exception handling. The authors demonstrate the effectiveness of the use of Web services and alerts in e-Commerce and process integration.
Model-based Validation of Business Processes
Authors: Pourshahid Alireza , Peyton Liam , Ghanavati Sepideh , Amyot Daniel , Chen Pengfei , Weiss Michael
Published: February 2012

Validation should be done in the context of understanding how a business process is intended to contribute to the business strategies of an organization. Validation can take place along a variety of dimensions including legal compliance, financial cost, customer value, and service quality. A business process modeling tool cannot anticipate all the ways in which a business process might need to be validated. However, it can provide a framework for extending model elements to represent context for a business process. It can also support information exchange to facilitate validation with other tools and systems. This chapter demonstrates a model-based approach to validation using a hospital approval process for accessing patient data in a data warehouse. An extensible meta-model, a flexible data exchange layer, and linkage between business processes and enterprise context are shown to be the critical elements in model-based business process validation.
Specification and Performance Characteristics of Scientific Grid Workflows
Authors: Prodan Radu
Published: February 2012

Grid computing promises to enable a scalable, reliable, and easy-to-use computational infrastructure for e-Science. To materialize this promise, Grids need to provide full automation of the entire development and execution cycle starting with application modeling and specification, continuing with experiment design and management, and ending with the collection and analysis of results. Often, this automation relies on the execution of workflow processes. Not much is known much about Grid workflow characteristics, scalability, and workload, which hampers the development of new techniques and algorithms, and slows the tuning of existing ones. This chapter describes techniques developed in the ASKALON project for modeling and analyzing the executions of scientific workflows in Grid environments. The authors first outline the architecture, services, and tools developed by ASKALON and then introduce a new systematic scalability analysis technique to help scientists understand the most severe sources of performance losses that occur when executing scientific workflows in heterogeneous Grid environments. A method for analyzing workload traces is presented, focusing on the intrinsic and environment-related characteristics of scientific workflows. The authors illustrate concrete results that validate the methods for a variety of real-world applications modeled as scientific workflows and executed in the Austrian Grid environment.
The costs and benefits of nurse migration on families: A Lesotho experience
Authors: Ntlale Matsola E. , Duma Sinegugu E.
Published: February 2012

The present day migration of nurses from developing countries, to more developed countries,depletes these countries of this vital human resource, which is necessary to provide optimum quality nursing care to their populations. If nurse migration persists, the health systems of these countries face collapse.It is important that a nurse understands the costs and benefits of migration to their families, whom they leave behind. This is not only to curb the problems that may occur, but to help the migrant nurses to realise how migration affects their families, especially their children and spouses, before they decide to leave their home countries to work in foreign lands.The purpose of this study, which was exploratory, descriptive and qualitative, was to investigate and describe the experiences of family members, of migrant nurses, from the Maseru district of Lesotho, about the costs and benefits of nurse migration. The objectives were to explore and describe the disadvantageous costs and the benefits gained by the families of migrant nurses. These were explored through the research question ’What are the experiences of family members of migrating nurses with regard to the costs and benefits of nurse migration?’The target population of the study was families of migrant nurses from Lesotho. Using purposive sampling the families of two migrant nurses, who were colleagues of the researcher, were identified and approached to participate in the study. Snowball sampling was next utilised to recruit the remainder of the participants. In total, six families were identified and included in the study.The semi-structured interviews and field notes were the two data collection methods that were implemented. The Giorgi’s (1970) steps for data analysis, as outlined in (Burns & Grove 2001:610), were followed and seven themes were discovered as findings. The themes that relate to the costs of nurse migration are: emotional instability, weaker family connections and increased responsibility. The themes that relate to the benefits of nurse migration for their families are: better household income, improved quality of life, essential skills development and travelling opportunities.The use of communication technology is recommended to increase contact across borders in order to reduce the emotional costs of nurse migration on the families of migrant nurses. The article provides a balanced view of the costs and benefits of nurse migration on their families.
Assessing filtering of mountaintop CO2 mole fractions for application to inverse models of biosphere-atmosphere carbon exchange
Authors: Brooks B.-G. J. , Desai A. R. , Stephens B. B. , Bowling D. R. , Burns S. P. , Watt A. S. , Heck S. L. , Sweeney C.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. There is a widely recognized need to improve our understanding of biosphere-atmosphere carbon exchanges in areas of complex terrain including the United States Mountain West. CO2 fluxes over mountainous terrain are often difficult to measure due to unusual and complicated influences associated with atmospheric transport. Consequently, deriving regional fluxes in mountain regions with carbon cycle inversion of atmospheric CO2 mole fraction is sensitive to filtering of observations to those that can be represented at the transport model resolution. Using five years of CO2 mole fraction observations from the Regional Atmospheric Continuous CO2 Network in the Rocky Mountains (Rocky RACCOON), five statistical filters are used to investigate a range of approaches for identifying regionally representative CO2 mole fractions. Test results from three filters indicate that subsets based on short-term variance and local CO2 gradients across tower inlet heights retain nine-tenths of the total observations and are able to define representative diel variability and seasonal cycles even for difficult-to-model sites where the influence of local fluxes is much larger than regional mole fraction variations. Test results from two other filters that consider measurements from previous and following days using spline fitting or sliding windows are overly selective. Case study examples showed that these windowing-filters rejected measurements representing synoptic changes in CO2, which suggests that they are not well suited to filtering continental CO2 measurements. We present a novel CO2 lapse rate filter that uses CO2 differences between levels in the model atmosphere to select subsets of site measurements that are representative on model scales. Our new filtering techniques provide guidance for novel approaches to assimilating mountain-top CO2 mole fractions in carbon cycle inverse models.
Methanol-CO correlations in Mexico City pollution outflow from aircraft and satellite during MILAGRO
Authors: Xiao Y. , Cady-Pereira K. E. , Payne V. H. , Millet D. B. , Shephard M. W. , Luo M. , Alvarado M. , Wells K. C. , Apel E. C. , Campos T. L. , Singh H. B. , Sachse G. W.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. The correlation between methanol (CH3OH) and carbon monoxide (CO) is of particular interest for characterizing biogenic and anthropogenic emission sources of CH3OH and other chemical species. Here, the CH3OH/CO enhancement ratio (ΔCH3OH/ΔCO) in the lower to middle troposphere is examined using coincident CH3OH and CO observations from aircraft (NCAR C-130 and NASA DC-8) and from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) satellite during the MegaCity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO) in the Mexico City region in March 2006. ΔCH3OH/ΔCO ratios from the two in-situ aircraft measurements are far higher than previously reported CH3OH emission ratios relative to CO from US cities. This may reflect combustion of different fuel types in this area, and possibly photochemical production of CH3OH in Mexico City outflow. TES CH3OH and CO retrievals over the MILAGRO domain show relatively high sensitivity in the 600–800 hPa range, associated with Mexico City pollution outflow. The TES derived ΔCH3OH/ΔCO ratios during MILAGRO are 18–24 ppt ppb−1, which are similar to those observed from the DC-8 (26–39 ppt ppb−1), but lower than the C-130 observations (41–55 ppt ppb−1). Differences between the ΔCH3OH/ΔCO ratios measured aboard the two aircraft preclude an absolute validation of the TES-derived ratios for this dataset. The ΔCH3OH/ΔCO ratios observed from TES over this domain reflect bulk enhancements of CH3OH and CO in Mexico City outflow. Although the TES measurements are not expected to resolve small-scale variability in the ΔCH3OH/ΔCO ratio downwind of the strong source region of Mexico City, it is demonstrated that TES can clearly distinguish differences in the ΔCH3OH/ΔCO ratio due to different source categories of CH3OH. An example of this is shown by contrasting measurements over Mexico City (strong anthropogenic emissions) with those over the Amazon Basin (strong biogenic emissions). The results from this case study show the potential to gain insight into global sources of CH3OH and related species from satellite observations, especially for regions and time periods where no in situ measurements are available.
MIPAS detection of cloud and aerosol particle occurrence in the UTLS with comparison to HIRDLS and CALIOP
Authors: Sembhi H. , Remedios J. , Trent T. , Moore D. P. , Spang R. , Massie S. , Vernier J.-P.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. Satellite infra-red emission instruments require efficient systems that can separate and flag observations which are affected by clouds and aerosols. This paper investigates the identification of cloud and aerosols from infra-red, limb sounding spectra recorded by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), a high spectral resolution, Fourier transform spectrometer on ENVISAT. Specifically, the performance of an existing cloud and aerosol particle detection method is simulated, with a radiative transfer model, in order to establish for the first time limits to confident detection of particle effects in MIPAS data. The newly established thresholds improve confidence in the ability of MIPAS to detect particle injection events and plume transport in the UTLS as well as better characterised cloud distributions. The method also provides a fast front-end detection system for the MIPClouds processor, a processor designed for the retrieval of macro- and microphysical cloud properties from the MIPAS data. It is shown that across much of the stratosphere, the threshold for the standard cloud index in band A is 5 although values of greater than 6 occur in restricted regimes. Polar regions show a surprising degree of uncertainty at altitudes above 20 km due to potential high ClO formation and also poor signal-to-noise due to low atmosphere temperatures. The optimised thresholds of this study can be used for much of the time, but time/composition dependent thresholds are recommended for MIPAS data for the strongly perturbed polar stratosphere. In the UT, thresholds of 5 apply at 12 km and above but decrease rapidly at lower altitudes. The new thresholds are shown to allow much more sensitive detection of particle distributions in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), with extinction detection limits above 13 km often better than 10−4 km−1, with values approaching 10−5 km−1 in some cases. Comparisons of the new MIPAS results with data from HIRDLS and CALIOP, outside of the poles, establishes good agreement in distributions (cloud occurrence frequencies and clouds and aerosol top heights) with an offset between MIPAS and the other instruments of 0.5 km between 12 and 20 km. We conclude that current infra-red limb sounders provide a very consistent picture of particles in the UTLS, allowing detection limits which are consistent with the lidar observations. Investigations of the MIPAS data for the Kasatochi volcanic eruption and the Black Saturday fires in Australia are used to exemplify the usefulness of MIPAS limb sounding data for monitoring aerosol injections into the UTLS, and into the stratosphere, in particular over monthly timescales. It is shown that the new thresholds allow such events to be much more effectively monitored from MIPAS with detection limits for these case studies of 1 × 10−5 km−1 at 12 μm.
Effect of glacial-interglacial sea-level changes on the displacement and stress field in the forearc and along the plate interface of subduction zones
Authors: Li T. , Hampel A.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. Combined seismological, space-geodetic and numerical studies have shown that the seismicity at subduction zones may be modulated by tides and glacier fluctuations on timescales of 1–100 a, because these changes in loads on Earth's surface are able to alter the stress field in the upper plate and along the plate interface. Here we use a two-dimensional finite-element model of a subduction zone to investigate how glacial-interglacial sea-level changes affect the forearc region and the plate interface. The model results show that a sea-level fall by 125 m over 100 ka causes up to 0.7 m of vertical displacement, with the maximum uplift occurring between the trench and the coast. The uplift signal induced by the sea-level fall decreases to zero ~20 km landward of the coastline. A subsequent sea-level rise by 125 m over 20 ka causes subsidence, which is again most pronounced in the submarine part of the forearc. The sea-level changes cause horizontal displacements of up to 0.12 m, which are directed seaward during sea-level fall and landward during sea-level rise. With respect to the stress field, the sea-level changes lead to variations in the vertical stress and the shear stress of up to 1.23 MPa and 0.4 MPa, respectively. The shear stress variations are highest beneath the coast, i.e. in the area where the sea-level changes cause the strongest flexure. The resulting Coulomb stress changes on the plate interface are of the order of 0.2–0.5 MPa and indicate that earthquakes are promoted during sea-level fall and delayed during sea-level rise. Our findings imply that eustatic sea-level changes during glacial-interglacial periods may have induced displacements and stress changes that were large enough to affect the seismic cycle of subduction thrusts.
Molecular Hydrogels from Bolaform Amino Acid Derivatives: A Structure–Properties Study Based on the Thermodynamics of Gel Solubilization
Authors: Nebot Vicent J. , Armengol José , Smets Johan , Prieto Susana Fernández , Escuder Beatriu , Miravet Juan F.
Published: February 2012

Insight is provided into the aggregation thermodynamics associated to hydrogel formation by molecular gelators derived from L‐valine and L‐isoleucine. Solubility data from NMR measurements are used to extract thermodynamic parameters for the aggregation in water. It is concluded that at room temperature and up to 55 °C, these systems form self‐assembled fibrillar networks in water with quite low or zero enthalpic component, whereas the entropy of the aggregation is favorable. These results are explained by considering that the hydrophobic effect is dominant in the self‐assembly. However, studies by NMR and IR spectroscopy reveal that intermolecular hydrogen bonding is also a key issue in the aggregation process of these molecules in water. The low enthalpy values measured for the self‐assembly process are ascribed to the result of a compensation of the favorable intermolecular hydrogen‐bond formation and the unfavorable enthalpy component of the hydrophobic effect. Additionally, it is shown that by using the hydrophobic character as a design parameter, enthalpy‐controlled hydrogel formation, as opposed to entropy‐controlled hydrogel formation, can be achieved in water if the gelator is polar enough. It is noteworthy that these two types of hydrogels, enthalpy‐versus entropy‐driven hydrogels, present quite different response to temperature changes in properties such as the minimum gelator concentration (mgc) or the rheological moduli. Finally, the presence of a polymorphic transition in a hydrogel upon heating above 70 °C is reported and ascribed to the weakening of the hydrophobic effect upon heating. The new soft polymorphic materials present dramatically different solubility and rheological properties. Altogether these results are aimed to contribute to the rational design of molecular hydrogelators, which could be used for the tailored preparation of this type of soft materials. The reported results could also provide ground for the rationale of different self‐assembly processes in aqueous media.
Increased risk of histologically defined cancer subtypes in human immunodeficiency virus–infected individuals
Authors: Shiels Meredith S. , Engels Eric A.
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND:

Malignancies that occur in excess among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected individuals may be caused by immunosuppression or infections. Because histologically defined cancer subtypes have not been systematically evaluated, their risk was assessed among people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

METHODS:

Analyses included 569,268 people with AIDS from the HIV/AIDS Cancer Match Study, a linkage of 15 US population‐based HIV/AIDS and cancer registries during 1980 to 2007. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were estimated to compare cancer risk in people with AIDS to the general population overall, and stratified by age, calendar period (a proxy of changing HIV therapies), and time since onset of AIDS (a proxy of immunosuppression).

RESULTS:

Sixteen individual cancer histologies or histology groupings manifested significantly elevated SIRs. Risks were most elevated for adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (SIR = 11.3), neoplasms of histiocytes and accessory lymphoid cells (SIR = 10.7), giant cell carcinoma (SIR = 7.51), and leukemia not otherwise specified (SIR = 6.69). SIRs ranged from 1.4 to 4.6 for spindle cell carcinoma, bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma, adnexal and skin appendage neoplasms, sarcoma not otherwise specified, spindle cell sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, mesothelioma, germ cell tumors, plasma cell tumors, immunoproliferative diseases, acute lymphocytic leukemia, and myeloid leukemias. For several of these cancer subtypes, significant declines in SIRs were observed across calendar periods (consistent with decreasing risk with improved HIV therapies) or increase in SIRs with time since onset of AIDS (ie, prolonged immunosuppression).

CONCLUSIONS:

The elevated risk of certain cancer subtypes in people with AIDS may point to an etiologic role of immunosuppression or infection. Future studies are needed to further investigate these associations and evaluate candidate infectious agents. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Improvement of Abnormality Detection System for Bathers Using Ultrasonic Sensors
Authors: Dobashi Hiroki , Tajima Takuya , Abe Takehiko , Nambo Hidetaka , Kimura Haruhiko
Published: February 2012

This paper proposes a new method for improving an existing abnormality detection system for a person who soaks in a bathtub. As the number of aged people increases year by year in Japan, bathing accidents among the aged are growing at a rapid rate, especially in‐bathtub drowning accidents. Therefore, prompt detection of a bather's abnormality, such as dizziness and fainting, is important to prevent in‐bathtub drowning. In order to detect a bather's abnormality promptly, an abnormality detection system using seven ultrasonic sensors has been proposed. The system uses two methods—posture detection and motion detection—to detect a difference in a bather's state compared to normal before an accident occurs, and improves the delay in detection considered heretofore to be a serious problem. There was, however, plenty of room for improvement. In order to improve the detection rate of the system, we propose a new detection method in this paper. The method uses two ultrasonic sensors to scan a bather's head and neck, and detects the head height and swing speed of the head. Experimental results are superior to the accuracy of the existing system, which enables us to detect an abnormality in a bather more precisely. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(3): 57–67, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21133
Development of SF6 Gas‐Insulated Disconnecting Switch with Spiral Electrodes Using Motor Operating Mechanism
Authors: Kato Tatsuro , Rokunohe Toshiaki , Yamane Yuichiro , Yamamoto Naoyuki
Published: February 2012

Gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS) requires reliability and economic efficiency. Circuit breakers, disconnecting switches (DS), and earthing switches have been designed to be more compact. DS requires performance in terms of insulation and current interruption. The bus‐transfer current is the highest among all current interruption requirements for the DS. To develop an alternating current DS driven at a lower speed, it is necessary to reduce the electrode damage. This paper describes the fundamental characteristics of current interruption in a magnetically driven arc using a spiral electrode. Since the arc is rotated by magnetically driven force, the arcing time in the spiral electrode is shortened to about one‐third compared with that of a plain breaker electrode. The DS using a magnetically driven arc was confirmed to comply with the bus‐transfer current switching requirements in the JEC standard. Moreover, a physical model of the magnetic driven arc was constructed, and the behavior of the arc was evaluated quantitatively. As a result, performance of current interruption could be predicted. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(3): 31–39, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21147
A Service Business Model for Saving Energy and Reduction of CO2 Emissions Using Inverters
Authors: Kosaka Michitaka , Yabutani Takashi
Published: February 2012

This paper considers the effectiveness of the service business approach for reducing CO2 emissions. “HDRIVE” is a service business using inverters to reduce the energy consumption of motor drive. The business model of this service is changed to find new opportunities of CO2 emission reduction by combining various factors such as financial services or long‐term service contracts. Risk analysis of this business model is very important for providing stable services to users over the long term. The HDRIVE business model is found to be suitable for this objective. This service can be applied effectively to industries such as chemicals or steel, where CO2 emissions are very large, and has the possibility of creating new business considering CDM or trading CO2 emission rights. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through several examples in real business. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(3): 40–48, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21242
Cached SLM to reduce the PAPR of OFDM signal
Authors: Yang Lin , Siu Yun‐Ming , Soo Kwok‐Kai , Li Shaoqian
Published: February 2012

Selected mapping (SLM) is one of the most well‐known peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques proposed for the orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The main drawback of the conventional SLM scheme is high computational complexity because of numerous inverse fast fourier transform (IFFT) operations when transmitting one OFDM signal, which may hinder its wide application in certain systems. The aim of this paper is to propose a post‐IFFT PAPR reduction scheme based on a cache structure. in the proposed scheme, several candidates are created through combining two of time‐domain signal vectors in cache and the one with the lowest PAPR is transmitted. Because the generation of candidates is implemented after the IFFT, one OFDM signal only requires one complex IFFT operation when using the proposed cache scheme. simulation results show that the new proposed scheme has promising PAPR performance while it decreases the complexity compared with the conventional SLM scheme. In addition, the cache scheme has the ability to be combined with other scheme such as SLM to further reduce the PAPR at the cost of a moderate increase of the complexity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Where now for CCS in the UK?
Authors: Warren Luke
Published: February 2012

The UK considers itself to be one of the global leaders in carbon capture and storage (CCS). In early 2011, with financial support from the government ring fenced for demonstration‐scale CCS projects, and a demonstration‐scale project on the near horizon, the future for CCS in the UK looked promising. Luke Warren from the UK Carbon Capture and Storage Association (CCSA) reflects on some major changes that have happened in the last year and considers where the UK is heading with CCS in 2012 and beyond.
Synthesis of pyrazolo[1,3,2]diazaphosphinin‐4‐ones
Authors: Marchenko Anatoliy P. , Koidan Georgiy N. , Huryeva Anastasiya S. , Smaliy Radomyr V. , Yurchenko Aleksandr A. , Kostyk Aleksandr N.
Published: February 2012

It was found that phosphinimidic isocyanates based on 3‐, 4‐, and 5‐aminopyrazoles could undergo intramolecular heterocyclization to yield previously unknown pyrazolo[1,3,2]diazaphosphorin‐4‐ones containing an endocyclic PN double bond. It was shown that phosphinimidic isocyanate based on 4‐aminopyrazole, in which there are two positions (3 and 5) available for the cyclization, reacts exclusively at the 5‐carbon atom. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:210–215, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21005
BOOK AND ARTICLE REVIEW SECTION
Authors: Newton Dorothy
Published: February 2012

Book reviewed in this article:

Crites, John O. “Measurement of Vocational Maturity in Adolescence: Attitude Test of the Vocational Development Inventory,” Psychological Monographs.

McCall, John N. and Moore, Gilbert D., “Do Interest Inventories Measure Estimated Abilities,” The Personnel and Guidance Journal.
A Group Approach Used for Counseling Perpetrators of Sexual Crimes in a Prison Setting
Authors: INGERSOLL SANDRA , FARRUGIA DAVID
Published: February 2012

This article describes a group approach for working with incarcerated male perpetrators of incest or incest‐like crimes. The article is based on a program currently being pilot tested in the New York State prison system at Collins Correctional Facility. Suggestions for interviewing group members are given, an approach for treatment is described, and termination guidelines are discussed.
Occupations Included in the Defense Vocational Training Program
Authors: PRICE D. GEORGE
Published: February 2012

The collaboration of the U. S. Office of Education and the Employment Service in preparing a list of occupations for defense training courses is described here. The author also points out the effects of this program on youth's choice of an occupation and the counselor's responsibility in helping him to choose from the bewildering number of courses offered.
The Chicago Occupational Research Program
Authors: SCHLOERB LESTER J.
Published: February 2012

Just what does a Bureau of Occupational Research contribute to the school program? Here is a description of the Chicago Bureau—how it operates, what it plans for the future. Accounts of the adjustment service and the coordinated placement activities of the city's school system have previously appeared in the Magazine.
Community Surveys in Vermont
Authors: CRANE MARGARET
Published: February 2012

This vocational study of selected communities made by the Vermont Chapter of the American Association of University Women illustrates a project that may well be undertaken by other associations and service clubs. Such a study not only reveals job opportunities for local youth, but also may pave the way for further efforts in community planning which may be state‐wide or even national in scope.
CBF measurements using multidelay pseudocontinuous and velocity‐selective arterial spin labeling in patients with long arterial transit delays: Comparison with xenon CT CBF
Authors: Qiu Deqiang , Straka Matus , Zun Zungho , Bammer Roland , Moseley Michael E. , Zaharchuk Greg
Published: February 2012

Purpose:

To test the theory that velocity‐selective arterial spin labeling (VSASL) is insensitive to transit delay.

Materials and Methods:

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in ten Moyamoya disease patients using xenon computed tomography (xeCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which included multiple pseudo‐continuous ASL (pcASL) with different postlabel delays, VSASL, and dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) imaging. Correlation coefficient, root‐mean‐square difference, mean CBF error between ASL, and gold‐standard xeCT CBF measurements as well the dependence of this error on transit delay (TD) as estimated by DSC time‐to‐peak of the residue function (Tmax) were determined.

Results:

For pcASL with different postlabel delay time (PLD), CBF measurement with short PLD (1.5–2 sec) had the strongest correlations with xeCT; VSASL had a lower but still significant correlation with a mean coefficient of 0.55. We noted the theoretically predicted dependence of CBF error on Tmax and on PLD for pcASL; VSASL CBF measurements had the least dependence of the error on TD. We also noted effects suggesting that the location of the label decay (blood vs. tissue) impacted the measurement, which was worse for pcASL than for VSASL.

Conclusion:

We conclude that VSASL is less sensitive to TD than conventional ASL techniques and holds promise for CBF measurements in cerebrovascular diseases with slow flow. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:110–119. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The changing ecology of teams: New directions for teams research
Authors: Wageman Ruth , Gardner Heidi , Mortensen Mark
Published: February 2012

The nature of collaboration has been changing at an accelerating pace, particularly in the last decade. Much of the published work in teams research, however, is still focused on the archetypal team that has well‐defined membership, purposes, leadership, and standards of effectiveness—all characteristics that are being altered by changes in the larger context of collaboration. Each of these features is worth attention as a dynamic construct in its own right. This article explores what the teams research community has to gain by researching, theorizing, and understanding the many new forms of contemporary collaboration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiscale Characterization of the Work Hardening Mechanisms in Fe–Mn Based TWIP Steels
Authors: Renard Krystel , Idrissi Hosni , Schryvers Dominique , Jacques Pascal J.
Published: February 2012

When strained in tension, high‐manganese austenitic twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels achieve very high strength and elongation before necking. The main hypotheses available in the literature about the origin of their excellent work hardening include deformation twinning and dynamic strain ageing. In order to provide some answers, various experiments at different scales were conducted on Fe–Mn–C steels and the Fe–28 wt%Mn–3.5 wt%Al–2.8 wt%Si alloy. At a macroscopic scale, tensile tests were performed on all the studied grades. It was shown that, though the Fe–Mn–Al–Si based alloy retains very high elongation, the Fe–Mn–C steels properties are even more extraordinary. Tensile tests at different strain rates with the help of digital image correlation were also performed on the Fe–20 wt%Mn–1.2 wt%C steel to study the PLC effect occurring in this type of steel. It is suggested that supplementary hardening could come from reorientation of Mn–C pairs in the cores of the dislocations. At a microscopic scale, the Fe–20 wt%Mn–1.2 wt%C TWIP steel and the Fe–Mn–Al–Si grade were thoroughly investigated by means of in situ TEM analysis. In the Fe–Mn–C steel, the formed twins could also lead to a composite effect, since they contain plenty of sessile dislocations. In the Fe–Mn–Al–Si alloy, mechanical twins are thicker and contain fewer defects, leading to a lower work hardening than the other grade.
Carbon dioxide insufflation during withdrawal of the colonoscope improved postprocedure discomfort: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Hsu Wen‐Hsin , Sun Meng‐Shun , Lo Hoi‐Wan , Tsai Ching‐Yang , Tsai Yu‐Jou
Published: February 2012

In colonoscopy, the question of when and how to use carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation remains uncertain. Inspection for the pathological changes during colonoscopy takes place during the withdrawal of the scope. This study aimed to determine whether CO2 insufflation only at the withdrawal of the colonoscope has an effect comparable to that of CO2 usage throughout the course of the procedure. Symptomatic patients were randomized in three groups: (1) patients given air insufflation (A; n = 33); (2) patients given CO2 insufflation only at the time of scope withdrawal (CW; n = 33); and (3) patients given the CO2 insufflation (C; n = 34) for the whole course of the colonoscopy. Patients were requested to answer questionnaires about their pain score during, at the end, and 1 h after the colonoscopy by using a pain numerical scale ranging from 0 to 10. The disparities of the pain score were noted at the end of the procedure and 1 h after the procedure (p = 0.026 and p < 0.001, respectively). We further analyzed the scores between two of the three groups. Both CW (vs. A; procedure end: p = 0.012, 1 h after: p = 0.001) and C (vs. A; procedure end: p = 0.072, 1 h after: p < 0.001) showed less postprocedure pain when compared with the group A. The pain score between CW and C were similar at each time segment (procedure end: p = 0.555, 1 h after: p = 0.491). CO2 insufflation merely at the withdrawal of the colonoscope improved postprocedural abdominal discomfort and the effect was not inferior to that of full course CO2 insufflation.
Bayesian models with dominance effects for genomic evaluation of quantitative traits
Authors: WELLMANN ROBIN , BENNEWITZ JÖRN
Published: February 2012

Genomic selection refers to the use of dense, genome-wide markers for the prediction of breeding values (BV) and subsequent selection of breeding individuals. It has become a standard tool in livestock and plant breeding for accelerating genetic gain. The core of genomic selection is the prediction of a large number of marker effects from a limited number of observations. Various Bayesian methods that successfully cope with this challenge are known. Until now, the main research emphasis has been on additive genetic effects. Dominance coefficients of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), however, can also be large, even if dominance variance and inbreeding depression are relatively small. Considering dominance might contribute to the accuracy of genomic selection and serve as a guide for choosing mating pairs with good combining abilities. A general hierarchical Bayesian model for genomic selection that can realistically account for dominance is introduced. Several submodels are proposed and compared with respect to their ability to predict genomic BV, dominance deviations and genotypic values (GV) by stochastic simulation. These submodels differ in the way the dependency between additive and dominance effects is modelled. Depending on the marker panel, the inclusion of dominance effects increased the accuracy of GV by about 17% and the accuracy of genomic BV by 2% in the offspring. Furthermore, it slowed down the decrease of the accuracies in subsequent generations. It was possible to obtain accurate estimates of GV, which enables mate selection programmes.