bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notary as the Frontline of Money Laundering Prevention
Authors: Rezki Amaliah Rusli  , Masykur Hamidi , Laila Fathul
Published: February 2025

This research examines the implementation of Government Regulation Number 43 of 2015, especially Article 3, related to the obligation of notaries as reporting parties in preventing money laundering crimes. The research method used to answer the existing problems is Sociolegal Legal research or commonly used as empirical juridical research. The results show that in practice, notaries still face a number of obstacles in carrying out the obligation to report suspicious financial transactions. The legal dilemma that arises in relation to this reporting obligation is often a challenge for notaries. This study further explores the factors that cause these obstacles and their implications for the effectiveness of preventing money laundering crimes.
Analysis of the Liability of Capital Market Supporting Notaries for the Contents of the Deed of Corporate Action Backdoor Listing by Limited Liability Companies
Authors: Ayu Tirsa , Sihabudin Sihabudin , Dewantara Reka
Published: February 2025

Backdoor listing refers to a situation where an unlisted company obtains listed status indirectly through a listed company. Law Number 8 of 1995 concerning Capital Markets (UUPM) and its implementing regulations that have been enacted in Indonesia to accommodate activities in the capital market do not include detailed arrangements related to backdoor listing corporate actions, resulting in confusion about the practice of backdoor listing itself. This research aims to analyze the responsibility of the Capital Market Supporting Notary for the contents of the deed of backdoor listing corporate action by Limited Liability Companies. the research used in this research is normative legal research, with a research approach to the legislative approach and concept approach used to examine problems related to legal issues. Briefly, the result of the research is that the Notary plays an important role in backdoor listing by making the GMS deed. The main responsibility of the notary is to ensure the deed complies with the regulations. If there is a violation of the law, the notary can be summoned but must be with the permission of the Notary Honor Council.
Principles of Customer Due Diligence (CDD) in the Pattern of Channeling Financing Cooperation by Sharia Peer to Peer Lending Banks (BPRS) through Sharia Peer to Peer Lending.
Authors: Rosida Fitriatur , Susmayanti Riana , Dian Novitasari
Published: February 2025

Problems regarding the Customer Due Diligence (CDD) Principle in the Pattern of Financing Cooperation by Channeling by Sharia People's Economic Banks (BPRS) through Sharia Peer to Peer Lending. The problem is raised from the background of the development of Islamic economics or called sharia economics in Indonesia which is growing rapidly. The community is enthusiastic about the very high growth of Islamic economic practices, it can be seen that there are many establishments of financial institutions with sharia principles, one of which is the Sharia People's Economic Bank, hereinafter referred to as BPRS. Sharia BPR is one of the financial institutions which means that in this case carrying out business activities based on sharia principles has the function of collecting public funds (funding) and channeling public funds (lending / financing). The research method used is normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approach methods. using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials analyzed using grammatical and systematic interpretation of provisions relating to sharia peer to peer lending. The results of this study reveal that in the Islamic financing channeling scheme, there are two main types of interrelated agreements: a cooperation agreement between BPR Syariah and Islamic peer to peer lending based on a wakalah (power of attorney) contract, and a financing agreement between Islamic peer to peer lending and customers using a murabahah or musyarakah mutanaqisah contract.
The Impact of Systemic Bias in Media Literacy on Stunting Mitigation Efforts in Nias Barat
Authors: Azhar Anang Anas , Sakdiah Evi , Matondang Abdul Rahman
Published: February 2025

Stunting remains a critical public health issue in Indonesia, particularly in rural areas like Nias Barat, where limited access to resources and information exacerbates the problem. This study examines the systemic biases in media literacy and their impact on stunting prevention efforts in this underserved region. Using a Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) approach, the research integrates traditional communication channels such as local leaders and community meetings with media literacy initiatives to address cultural and infrastructural barriers. The mixed-methods methodology combines qualitative focus groups and interviews with quantitative surveys to assess changes in community awareness, health practices, and stunting prevalence. The findings highlight the need for culturally relevant and accessible health communication strategies, demonstrating that integrating media literacy with traditional channels enhances the reach and effectiveness of interventions. This study proposes an inclusive and sustainable framework for addressing stunting, offering valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners aiming to improve public health outcomes in marginalized regions
Integration of Media Literacy in Religious Counseling for Preventing Early Marriage in Nias Barat
Authors: Sampurna Ahmad , Ritonga Hasnun Jauhari , Matondang Abdul Rahman
Published: February 2025

Early marriage remains a significant social challenge in Nias Barat, driven by cultural norms, economic pressures, and limited access to education. Religious counseling has long been a key strategy in addressing this issue, leveraging the influence of religious leaders to raise awareness about its risks. However, traditional counseling methods often fail to engage younger generations effectively, particularly in the digital era. This study explores the integration of media literacy into religious counseling as a transformative approach to preventing early marriage. Using a qualitative descriptive method with elements of Community-Based Research (CBR), data was collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and participatory observation involving religious counselors, parents, youth, and community leaders. The findings reveal that while religious counseling holds significant potential, its impact is limited by infrastructural, generational, and cultural barriers. Integrating media literacy offers opportunities to modernize these efforts, enhancing their relevance and reach. Community-based strategies that actively involve stakeholders in creating and disseminating culturally sensitive media content emerged as a promising approach. Despite challenges such as limited digital infrastructure and financial constraints, this integration fosters collaboration and ensures sustainability. This study contributes to the academic discourse on early marriage prevention by highlighting the importance of combining traditional practices with modern innovations. The results offer practical recommendations for policymakers and practitioners, providing a scalable model for similar contexts in Indonesia and beyond.
The Role of Islamic Religious Education in Resolving Legal Conflicts Between Teachers and Students at MTs Darul Ihsan Hamparan Perak: A Perspective of the Child Protection Law
Authors: Ismi Fauziah  , Syahrul Sitorus  , Nona Kumala Sari  , Khairuddin YM  , Atika Ridvi Amelia Nasution
Published: February 2025

This study aims to explore the role of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) in resolving legal conflicts between teachers and students at MTs Darul Ihsan Hamparan Perak, particularly within the framework of the Child Protection Law No. 35 of 2014. Utilizing a descriptive qualitative approach through interviews, observations, and documentation, the study reveals that PAI plays a significant role in conflict resolution by instilling religious values such as consultation, compassion, and justice. PAI teachers act as mediators, promoting dialogue and education while adhering to child protection principles by avoiding physical or psychological violence and favoring persuasive approaches. Challenges include a lack of parental understanding regarding discipline based on religious values, addressed through socialization and education. This study emphasizes that synergy between PAI and the Child Protection Law can serve as an effective model for resolving legal conflicts in educational settings.
values Of Multicultural Islamic Education: Interaction Between Students And The Chinese Community In Lasem
Authors: Sholihuddin Moh , Shobirin Muhammad
Published: February 2025

Abstract: The multicultural insight possessed by citizens is a concrete example of how differences do not always trigger divisions or rifts, but can still live in harmony according to what is taught in Islam as well as the values of Pancasila and global development. In the field, there are many intolerance issues that occur, the objectives of this research are 1. Explain how to inculcate the values of multicultural Islamic education in the interaction of students with the Chinese community in Lasem. 2. Analyze the Islamic values of multicultural Islamic educators found in the interaction of students with the Chinese community in Lasem. The research method used is field research. In this study, researchers use a qualitative approach to describe and analyze events, social activities, phenomena, attitudes, perceptions, beliefs, and individual thoughts. In addition, qualitative research is usually in charge of describing and investigating and describing and explaining. In this study, seven multicultural Islamic values were obtained based on the process of observation, interviews, and documentation. The seven multicultural values are: mutual cooperation, friendliness and manners, caring for the surroundings, accepting differences or pluralism, harmony and peace, non-violence, and being adaptive to culture. Based on the discussion, it can be concluded that there are seven multicultural Islamic values consisting of mutual cooperation, friendliness and manners, caring for the surroundings, accepting differences or pluralism, harmony and peace, non-violence, and being adaptive to culture. The inculturation of multicultural Islamic values in students is embedded in various ways, in this case obtained from education inside the cottage and from outside the cottage. Among them are: (1) the model of exemplary kiyahi, (2) the model of adaptation, (3) the model of habituation, and (4) and the model of symbolic interaction in the Lasem community.
Legal Protection For Children After Divorce Through The Decision Of The Religious Court Of Medan City (Analysis Of Child Protection Law No. 23 Of 2002)
Authors: Nur'aini  , Khair Nispul , Harahap Yadi
Published: February 2025

This study aims to analyze in depth the protection of children after divorce through the decision of the Medan City Religious Court according to Law No. 23 of 2002. This type of research is a qualitative empirical study with a case study approach, laws and regulations in the KHI and conceptually. The data collection methods used are interviews, observations, and documentation. The subject of the study was the head of the Medan City Religious Court. The results of the study describe that (1) The regulation of legal protection for children after divorce in the Medan City Religious Court is based on seven legal bases as rules in deciding child custody cases in the Medan City Religious Court, (2) The application of the law to child custody after divorce in the Medan City Religious Court is in accordance with Law No. 23 of 2002 concerning child protection even though there are several obstacles and barriers. The solution to overcome all of this is the need for re-socialization of the application of Law No. 23 of 2002, (3) The judge's considerations in deciding child custody after divorce in the Medan City Religious Court are based on the principles of justice, legal certainty and a problematic, social, psychological approach in order to achieve a decision that satisfies both parties.
ROLE OF CURCUMA ZEDOARIA EXTRACT ON PLACENTAL GROWTH FACTOR (PLGF) IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY WHITE WISTAR RATS
Authors: Ong Gabriella Fransisca , Rusip Gusbakti , Chiuman Linda , Sulistijanto Eddy , Tarigan Elviyanti
Published: February 2025

Diabetic retinopathy is damage to retinal capillaries in diabetics that can cause visual impairment, ranging from mild to permanent blindness. This study aims to analyze the effect of Curcuma zedoaria (temu putih) extract on placental growth factor (PLGF) levels in white Wistar rats with diabetic retinopathy. The research design used post-test only control group, involving six groups of wistar rats with five heads each. Data were analyzed using Oneway ANOVA and t-test. The results showed that the administration of Curcuma zedoaria extract at a dose of 500 mg/kgBB had the greatest effect on reducing PLGF in diabetic retinopathy rats. For reducing blood sugar levels (KGD), a dose of 7500 mg/kgBB proved to be the most effective. However, no significant relationship was found between PLGF levels and retinal histopathology results. Most of the rats had a retinal score of 0, which means no inflammatory cells were found in the retinal layer (0 cells/visual field). There were rats with a retinal score of 1, namely rats that received doses of 250 mg/kgBB and 500 mg/kgBB. In this score, inflammation was found in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). In addition, there were rats with a retinal score of 2 at a dose of 250 mg/kgBB, which also showed the distribution of inflammation in the OPL layer. In this study, Curcuma zedoaria extract can reduce PLGF and KGD in Wistar rats with diabetic retinopathy, although its effect on improving retinal histopathology is still limited.
An Analysis of Transportation Mode Choice in Bitung City Using Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Lefrandt Lucia Ingrid Regina , Punuhsingon Charles S. C.
Published: February 2025

Transportation is the foundation of daily life and is vital to a region's economic and social development. Transportation is a crucial aspect of human life, facilitating connections between locations. Mode choice is a critical consideration in transportation planning, influenced by cost, travel time, and comfort factors. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of travelers in Bitung City Regency and the factors influencing their choice of transportation modes in 2024. The research involved distributing an online questionnaire to 200 respondents and gathering data on various latent variables, including Travel Cost, Travel Time, Vehicle Condition, and Comfort Level. The analysis used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SPSS and AMOS software. The study revealed a significant gender disparity among the respondents, with men dominating the demographics at 60%. Most respondents were from the 26–35-year age group (40%), had a private status (35%), and had completed high school or vocational school (35%). Motorbikes were the most common regarding vehicle ownership, with 60% of respondents owning one. The SEM analysis revealed significant factors influencing transportation mode choice. Travel Time (WT) had a negative effect on Comfort Level (TK) and Vehicle Condition (KK), with t-values of -0.684 and -0.895, respectively, indicating that longer travel times reduce comfort and vehicle satisfaction. Vehicle Condition (KK) significantly influenced the preference for Online Transport (TO) and Conventional Ojek (OK) with t-values of 0.597 and 0.278, respectively. Comfort Level (TK) significantly impacted the preference for Public Transport (TU), Conventional Ojek (OK), and Online Transport (TO) with t-values of 0.728, 0.530, and 0.301, respectively. The findings of this research have practical implications, suggesting that enhancing travel time efficiency, vehicle conditions, and overall comfort can significantly influence mode choice preferences. These insights can engage and interest transportation planners, policymakers, and researchers, guiding future transportation planning and policymaking in Bitung City Regency.
Legal Analysis of Reappointing Land Deed Officials (PPAT) After Imprisonment for Minor Crimes
Authors: Parama Artha Krisna Adi , Noerdajasakti Setiawan
Published: February 2025

Land Deed Officials (PPATs) have an important role in ensuring the legality of land transactions, which demands high standards of integrity and public trust. However, Article 10 paragraphs (3) and (4) of Government Regulation Number 24 Year 2016 only regulates sanctions for PPATs who are sentenced to five years or more, while there is no clear regulation regarding sanctions for PPATs who are sentenced to minor criminal penalties under five years. This creates a legal vacuum that has the potential to undermine public confidence in the PPAT profession and the land law system in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the feasibility of PPATs who are sentenced to minor criminal penalties to return to office, as well as recommend revisions to regulations to fill the legal vacuum. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory and conceptual approach, and uses primary and secondary legal materials. The results show that PPATs who have criminal records, even if they are minor, find it difficult to regain public trust and potentially tarnish the integrity of the profession. Therefore, a revision of regulations is needed to establish strict sanctions and maintain morality standards and public trust in the PPAT profession.
The Relationship Between Debt, Default, and Receivables in Contract Law in Indonesia
Authors: Januar Inri , Santoso Budi , Sulistyarini Rachmi , Qurbani Indah Dwi
Published: February 2025

Treaty law recognizes the terms debt and receivables, but in the legal regulations of agreements or beyond it, it turns out that what is meant by debt and receivables is very limited in its explanation. Likewise, default whose definition appears only limited to the opinions of experts. Regulation will be very important because debts, receivables and defaults have legal consequences for creditors or debtors. Thus, it is very necessary to include the definition of debt, receivables and defaults in laws and regulations to provide certainty and legal protection for the parties to the engagement, especially the law of agreements. The type of research used is normative juridical research using primary legal materials, namely laws and regulations, secondary, namely books by law scholars and tertiary materials in the form of dictionaries. The approach used is a conceptual approach and a legislative approach. From the results of the study, there is a void in norms regarding receivables. Receivables in general cannot arise without obligation, for certain conditions receivables may arise without prior obligation. Receivables are not only the opposite of the word debt. Receivables are the right to sue given by law. In this case, receivables can be interpreted as protection provided by the state to the subject in the law of the agreement. Default is not the same as debt and a defaulter cannot have receivables.
EFFECT OF Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC EXTRACT ON THE INCREASE OF BRAIN CELLS IN THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA OF WISTAR RATS THAT ARE ROTENONE-INDUCED
Authors: Hafizha Shalli , Halim Binarwan , Chiuman Linda
Published: February 2025

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder due to the decline of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, with motor and non-motor symptoms. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial damage play a role in its pathogenesis. andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC), rich in alkaloids and flavonoids, has potential as an antioxidant with neuroprotective effects. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of andaliman fruit extract (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) on the increase of brain cells in the substantia nigra of rotenone-induced Wistar rats as a Parkinson's model. This research uses an experimental quantitative study with a post-test control group design. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA with a significance level of p < 0.05. The results showed that 70% ethanol extract of andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) can reduce the number of necrosis cells in the brain. On the 29th day, the average number of necrosis cells in each group was 0.4±0.54 (K-), 4.8±0.83 (K+), 4.4±1.14 (P1), 3.4±0.54 (P2), and 1.2±0.44 (P3). The administration of extracts at doses of 150 mg/kgBB, 300 mg/kgBB, and 450 mg/kgBB can increase the regeneration of brain cells that experience necrosis. Histopathological observations showed that 70% ethanol extract of andaliman fruit improved the histological structure of brain cells in the substantia nigra area.
Effectiveness of Durian Fruit Seed Extract (Durio Zibethinus) on Kidney Function and Histopathology of Rats Induced by Wistar Streptozotocin
Authors: Virgoh Livia , Suyono Tan , Chiuman Linda , Nurlaela Lia , Kosasih Michaela , Lister Clarissa
Published: February 2025

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion or action. Diabetic nephropathy, a microvascular complication of type 2 DM, causes damage to kidney function due to progressive hyperglycemia. This study analyzed the potential of durian seed extract in reducing blood sugar levels (KGD) and improving kidney function and histopathological features in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Wistar rats. Rats were divided into six groups: normal, positive control (STZ + metformin), negative control (STZ), and three treatment groups with durian seed extract doses of 150, 300, and 450 mg/kgBB. The extract was given for 14 days, followed by examination of kidney function and histopathology. The results showed that a dose of 450 mg/kgBB was most effective in reducing KGD, equivalent to metformin, which could improve kidney function and histopathology. Durian seed extract 450 mg/kgBB has the potential as an effective antidiabetic in reducing kidney damage.
Building Bridges to Success: The Role of Teacher-Student Relationships in Academic Achievement
Authors: Tariq Ayesha , Mohyuddin Rabiah , Ismaeel Ghazala
Published: February 2025

The current descriptive study focused on the effects of the student-teacher relationship on academic achievement at public secondary schools. This study used a descriptive design. The survey design was used in the investigation to collect the data. The 1200 pupils enrolled in the 10th grade five public sector schools located in Multan region South Punjab Pakistan served as the study's population. Convenient sampling was utilised to select 250 samples to meet the study's requirements A questionnaire was utilised on a five-point Likert scale to collect data from the sample in the current investigation for analysis, and the gathered data was imported into SPSS. The descriptive statistics mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as t-tests were utilised to analyse data. According to the results, teacher-student connections have a positive impact on a range of student outcomes. Moreover, there is a significant correlation between teacher-student relationship and students' academic success.  These results may support bridging the education system to increase successful academic careers and offer them essential support services in educational institutions.
Сценарии церковной власти в неканонических православных юрисдикциях
Authors: Прилуцкий А.М.
Published: February 2025

В статье анализируются особенности организации церковной власти, характерные для неканонических православных юрисдикций. Реализуемые сценарии церковной власти, в той степени, в которой они не затрагивают вопросы, регулируемые канонами, достаточно вариативны, часто они связаны с конкретными юрисдикциями. Как правило, реализуемые неканоническими обществами сценарии церковной власти определяются социальными и культурными условиями, в которых они существуют, прагматическими и конъюнктурными задачами. В статье рассмотрены следующие сценарии церковной власти: подражание церковной традиции канонического православия, апелляция к каноническому строю дореволюционной, т. н. синодальной Церкви, референции к эсхатологическим ожиданиям. Проведенное исследование позволяет сделать вывод о том, что реализуемые сценарии церковной власти в маргинальных православных юрисдикциях выполняют ряд прагматических функций, как в области апологетики, так и, в некоторых весьма ограниченных ситуациях, — рекламы соответствующей юрисдикции. Выбор конкретных стратегий задается как индивидуальными предпочтениями лидеров, так и теми условиями, в которых действует та или иная «альтернативная церковь».

The article analyzes peculiarities of the church authority structure, which are characteristic of non-canonical Orthodox jurisdictions. The church authority scenarios implemented — to the extent that they do not affect issues regulated by the canons — are quite variable, and are often associated with specific jurisdictions. As a rule, scenarios of ecclesiastic authority implemented by non-canonical so-cieties are determined by the social and cultural conditions in which they exist, by pragmatic and opportunistic tasks. The article considers the following scenarios of ecclesiastic authority: imitation of the church tradition of canonical Orthodoxy, an appeal to the canonical order of the pre-revolutionary, so-called “Synodal Church”, references to eschatological expectations. The study makes it possible to conclude that the scenarios of ecclesiastical authority implemented in marginal-ized Orthodox jurisdictions perform a number of pragmatic functions both in the field of apologetics and, in some very limited situations, that of advertising of the jurisdiction concerned. The choice of specific strategies is determined by both individual preferences of the leaders and conditions in which this or that “alternative church” operates.
Норма в теологии
Authors: Польсков К.О.
Published: February 2025

Идея «богословской симфонии», предложенная прот. Дж. Бэром как развитие неопатристического синтеза прот. Г. Флоровского, выводит автора статьи на проблему определения теологической нормы. Итогом практического поворота в философии науки в прошлом веке стало убеждение, что норма больше не должна пониматься как единое свойство предмета. Ее нужно рассматривать в различных срезах познавательной деятельности (онтологическом, методологическом, аксиологическом). Норму также можно представлять как нечто статичное, то есть описывающую сущее, или как нечто динамическое, то есть как указание на должное. В первом значении она близка к понятию «эталон», «правило для подражания». А во втором представляет собой ценность, к которой нужно стремиться. На основе этого представления в статье предлагается различать общую теологическую Норму и локальные нормы. Вводится их разграничение по принципу родо-видовой соотнесенности. Говорится об аксиологических принципах теологических норм и их инструментальном понимании.

The idea of “theological symphony”, advanced by Rev. Jh. Behr as a development of the concept of neopatristic synthesis of prot. G. Florovsky put forward a problem of determining theological normativity. One of the consequences of a “practical turn” in philosophy of science in the last century was the conviction that normativity is a multifaceted phenomenon and must not no longer be understood as a single phenomenon. Rather, it should be regarded from different points of view (ontological, methodological, axiological). A norm can also be represented as something static, i. e. describing what exists, or as a dynamic indication of what should be. In the first meaning, it is close to the concept of a standard, a rule to follow. And in the second, it represents a certain value for which one should strive. The paper analyzes what it means for theology to be normative. Distinguishing between the general theological Norm and local norms gives rise to a nuanced view of how the concept of normativity can be applied in theological research. The axiological principles of theological normativity and their instrumental understanding are also discussed in the paper.
«Наука церковного права неизбежно будет иметь дело с правосознанием в Церкви…»: обзор круглого стола Барсовского общества «Церковное правосознание: состояние, проблемы и подходы»
Authors: Хохлов А.А.
Published: February 2025

В статье приводятся данные о работе круглого стола «Церковное правосознание: состояние, проблемы и подходы», который был организован Обществом изучения церковного права им. Т. В. Барсова (Барсовским обществом) Санкт-Петербургской Духовной Академии Русской Православной Церкви. Полностью представлен установочный доклад А. А. Хохлова, затем — отдельные положения дискуссии участников круглого стола, по итогам которой был сформулирован ряд предварительных выводов: 1) в настоящее время ключевое значение приобретает правосознание епископата; 2) роль государства в процессе формирования и развития церковного правосознания является предметом длящейся дискуссии; 3) следует говорить не о церковном правосознании, а о церковных правосознаниях; 4) при изучении церковного правосознания важно учитывать состояние культуры общества; 5) в Церкви прописные правовые нормы уступают место примату морали над канонами и церковными законами; 6) санкции в церковной традиции предстают в морально-нравственных (духовных) категориях, определяющих фон всей правовой культуры Церкви. В заключении отмечается, что в перспективе наука церковного права неизбежно будет иметь дело с правосознанием в Церкви.

The article presents data on the work of the round table “Church legal consciousness: status, problems and approaches’, which was organized by the Society for the Study of Canon Law named after T. V. Barsov (Barsov Society) of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy of the Russian Orthodox Church. The introductory report of A. A. Khokhlov is presented in full, followed by individual provisions of the discussion of the round table participants, based on the results of which a number of preliminary conclusions were formulated: 1) at present, legal consciousness of the episcopate is of key importance; 2) the role of the state in the process of formation and development of church legal consciousness is the subject of an ongoing discussion; 3) we should talk not about church legal consciousness, but about church legal consciousnesses; 4) when studying church legal consciousness, it is important to take into account the state of culture of society; 5) in the Church, statutory legal norms give way to the primacy of morality over canons and church laws; 6) sanctions in the church tradition appear in moral and ethical (spiritual) categories that determine the background of the entire legal culture of the Church. In conclusion, it is noted that in the future, the science of church law will inevitably deal with legal consciousness in the Church.
«Мышкино усилие», или Исторический материализм и христианский провиденциализм в философии истории
Authors: Гусев Д.А.
Published: February 2025

В историческом материализме история «задается» материальными потребностями и интересами людей, а в христианском провиденциализме, как обычно считается, в основе истории лежит неведомая для человека воля Бога. Поэтому в первом случае человек может быть творцом истории, а во втором случае он пассивно принимает происходящее как неизбежное. В статье предпринимается попытка показать, что эти две концепции не только не исключают друг друга, но провиденциальное понимание истории, как ни удивительно, можно представить в качестве расширенного варианта материалистического ее объяснения: события глобальной истории действительно складываются из множества человеческих потребностей, за которыми всегда стоит некий мотив, задающийся, в свою очередь, общим духовным состоянием человека. Поэтому происходящее с конкретным человеческим обществом и в целом с человечеством есть результат духовного состояния того и другого, что не противоречит провиденциальному воззрению, где воля Бога не исключает, а предполагает свободную волю человека, наличие которой означает как осознание им своего духовного состояния, так и возможность изменения и преображения его. Получается, что добровольные попытки личности по изменению своего духовного состояния являются тем самым малым «мышкиным усилием», с которого могут начаться масштабные общественные и исторические преобразования, а действительный путь к возможному будущему социальному устроению — не революционный героизм или интеллектуальное реформаторство, а религиозное подвижничество.

In historical materialism, history is “set” by the material needs and interests of people, and in Christian providentialism, as it is usually believed, history is based on God’s will unknown to man. Therefore, in the first case, a person can be a creator of history, and in the second case, he passively accepts what is happening as inevitable. The article attempts to show that not only are the two concepts not mutually exclusive, but surprisingly enough, the providential understanding of history can be presented as an expanded version of its materialistic explanation: the events of global history are really made up of a multitude of human needs, behind which there is always a certain motive, which, in its turn, is determined by the general spiritual state of a person. That is why, what is happening to a particular human society and to humanity as a whole results from the spiritual state of both of them, and this does not contradict the providential view that the will of God does not exclude but presupposes the free will of a person, and having it means that the person is aware both of his own spiritual state and the possibility of its changing and transfiguration. It turns out that the voluntary attempts of a person to change his spiritual state are the very “mouse effort”, small, that can trigger large-scale social and historical transformations, and in fact, the real path to a possible future social order is not that of revolutionary heroism or intellectual reformation, but the one of religious asceticism.
Кавказская одиссея Льва III (717–741) и ее значение для политической биографии императора
Authors: Митрофанов А.Ю.
Published: February 2025

В статье исследуется история путешествия императорского спафария Льва Исавра, будущего императора Льва III, на Кавказ, которая сохранилась в составе «Хронографии» Феофана. Автор опирается на гипотезу Д. Е. Афиногенова, исходя из которой история одиссеи Льва Исавра представляет собой фрагмент военных мемуаров будущего императора или кого-то из офицеров его штаба. Автор исследует военно-политический контекст путешествия и приходит к выводу о его военно-дипломатическом значении для организации борьбы империи против Арабского халифата. В статье делаются важные выводы о развитии византийского военно-морского флота в период VIII–X вв.

The article studies the history of the journey of the imperial spatharius Leo Isaurus, the future Em-peror Leo III, to the Caucasus. The story survived as part of the “Chronography” of Theophanes. D. E. Afinogenov’s hypothesis is used as the basis for the story of the Leo Isaurus’ odyssey that is to be treated as a fragment of the military memoirs of the future emperor or some officer of his staff. The military-political context of the trip is analyzed and the conclusion is made that the trip was of mili-tary-diplomatic significance for the organization of the Empire’s struggle against the Arab Caliphate. Important conclusions are made regarding the development of the Byzantine navy in the 8th–10th centuries.
Церковные сборы на нужды Святой Земли и православных паломников в Палестине в середине XIX — начале ХХ вв.
Authors: Цысь В.В. , Цысь О.П.
Published: February 2025

В статье рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с организацией и проведением в России в сер. XIX — нач. ХХ вв. кружечных и тарелочных сборов на нужды Святой Земли и православных паломников в Палестине. Выделено четыре таких сбора: «в пользу Гроба Господня» (с 1834 г.), «на улучшение быта православных Русских поклонников в Палестине» (с 1858 г.), Вербный (с 1886 г.), кружечный Императорского Православного Палестинского общества (с нач. 1890‑х гг.). Указаны размеры пожертвований на указанные цели в различные периоды, а также их общая сумма, составившая более 7,1 млн руб. Отмечена ключевая роль в инициировании сборов представителей царской семьи (вел. кн. Константин Николаевич, вел. кн. Сергей Александрович) и чиновной бюрократии (Б. П. Мансуров, В. Н. Хитрово). Делается вывод, что если в 1850–1860‑х гг. в организации сборов решающую роль играло государство, то в конце столетия все большее значение имела общественная инициатива, хотя изначально импульс исходил опять же от высшей власти.

The article discusses issues related to “in mugs and plates” fundraisings for the needs of the Holy Land and Orthodox pilgrims in Palestine, which were organized and held in Russia in the mid‑19th — early 20th centuries. Four of such collections were singled out: “for the benefit of the Holy Sepulcher” (since 1834), “to improve the life of Orthodox Russian worshipers in Palestine” (since 1858), the Palm one (since 1886) and “in mugs” fundraising by the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (since early 1890s). The amounts of donations for these purposes in various periods are shown, their total amount being more than 7.1 million rubles. The key role of individual representatives of the royal family (Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich) and office bureaucracy (B. P. Mansurov, V. N. Khitrovo) in initiating fundraisings is noted. The conclusion is made that if in the 1850s and 1860s the state played a decisive role in organizing fundraisings, at the end of the century public initiative was of increasing importance, although the highest authorities were still the first to launch the process.
Кафедральный собор г. Верный с 1871 года по настоящее время
Authors: Иванов Е.Г.
Published: February 2025

В статье предпринята попытка изложить достоверную историю кафедрального собора Туркестанской епархии в городе Верный. Внимание автора привлек факт путаницы относительно дат и мест строительства нескольких одноименных храмов на территории центрального казачьего поселения — крепости Верный. Вокруг укрепления сначала обустроилась казачья станица, а затем поселение получило статус города и с 1872 г. стало фактическим местом пребывания епископа Ташкентского и Туркестанского на более чем 45 лет. За это время храм несколько раз перестраивался, кроме того, в окрестностях было распространено посвящение храмов святым Софии, Вере, Надежде и Любови так как крепость Верный освящена в день их памяти — 17 сентября (по ст. ст.). Таким образом, в исторических документах, различных исследованиях и на общественных площадках наблюдается путаница относительно истории Софийского кафедрального собора: спорными представляются даты строительства, местоположение, назначение одноименных храмов. Положение усугубляется малой разработанностью темы истории православия в Казахстане в общем, а также трудностью доступа к местным архивам. На основе сопоставления доступных архивных данных, в том числе фотографических, и разрозненных свидетельств исследователей автор излагает наиболее вероятную историю кафедрального Верненского собора.

The article attempts to clearly present the authentic history of the cathedral of Turkestan diocese in the city of Verny. The interest was raised by the fact of confusion of the dates and places of the construction of several churches under the same name in the territory of the central Cossack settle-ment — the Verny Fortress. At first, the settlement established around the fortification was a Cos-sack village, which later received the status of a city, and was the actual residence of the bishop of Tashkent and Turkestan since 1872 for more than forty five years. During this time, the church was rebuilt several times, and in addition, churches were often consecrated in hohour of Sts. Sofia, Vera (Faith), Nadezhda (Hope) and Lubov (Love) in its vicinity, because the Verny Fortress was blessed on September 17th (old style), these saints’ remembrance day. Thus, in historical documents, various studies and on public sites, there is some confusion about the history of St. Sophia Cathedral: the construction dates, location and purpose of the churches with the same name are controversial. The situation is aggravated because of the poor historical studies of Orthodoxy in Kazakhstan in general, as well as by the difficulties of access to local archives. Drawing on comparison of available archival data (including photographic ones) and scattered accounts of researchers, the article presents the most probable version of the history of the Cathedral in Verny.
К истории создания описаний псковских монастырей митрополитом Евгением (Болховитиновым)
Authors: Иванов М.В.
Published: February 2025

Важным этапом деятельности известного церковного иерарха и историка XIX в. митр. Евгения (Болховитинова) на Псковской земле является подготовка и издание ряда описаний псковских монашеских обителей. При подготовке данных изданий митр. Евгений привлек к научной работе ряд настоятелей и насельников монашеских обителей епархии. Переписка правящего архиерея с подчиненными по данному вопросу фактически была кратким учебным курсом подготовки церковных историков, который был высоко оценен некоторыми монашествующими. В частности, иером. Израилем, насельником Псково-Печерского монастыря. Проведенная работа принесла свои результаты, которые отчасти известны нам в виде опубликованных описаний. Вместе с тем в материалах Государственного архива Псковской области удалось обнаружить ряд сведений и описаний монашеских обителей, ранее не известных исследователям. Настоящая статья посвящена церковно-историческим трудам митр. Евгения (Болховитинова) в 1820–1821 гг. по истории Псковской епархии и ее монастырей, совершённым в тесном взаимодействии с епархиальным монашеским сообществом.

An important period in activities of Metropolitan Eugene (Bolkhovitinov), an ecclesiastical hierarch and historian of the 19th century in the Pskov province, was preparation and publication of a number of descriptions of Pskov monastic cloisters. Preparing these publications, the church historian engaged several father superiors and residents of the diocesan monastic cloisters in this scholarly work. The correspondence between the ruling bishop and his subordinates was essentially a brief educational course of training specialists in Church history, which was appreciated by some of the monastics, Hieromonk Israel, a resident of the Pskov-Pechersk Monastery, being among them. The work undertaken yielded results, some of which are known to us from the descriptions published. In addition, some previously unknown data and descriptions of monastic institutions were found out in the materials of the State Archive of the Pskov Region. The article studies the ecclesiastical historical works by Metropolitan Eugene (Bolkhovitinov) on the history of Pskov diocese and its monasteries, which he written during 1820–1821 in close collaboration with the diocesan monastic community.
«Статистические сведения о числе приговоренных к наказаниям священнослужителей за десятилетие с 1893 по 1902 гг.»: информационный потенциал источника и возможности его использования при исследовании истории православного духовенства конца XIX — начала XX вв.
Authors: Борисов Н.Ю.
Published: February 2025

В данной статье производится анализ архивного документа, который ранее привлекался исследователями истории Русской Церкви позднесинодального периода при рассмотрении вопроса о церковном судопроизводстве и девиантном поведении священнослужителей. Речь идет о статистических таблицах, составленных Н. Перетерским. При составлении данного документа была сделана попытка отразить данные о количестве присужденных к наказаниям священнослужителей за 10 лет: с 1893 по 1902 гг. То есть составители поставили цель отобразить криминогенную картину в среде духовенства в узком смысле слова в виде статистических таблиц. В данном случае встает вопрос о том, насколько достоверны приводимые в них сведения, какой круг преступлений охватывает анализируемый документ, какой у него информационный потенциал. Для ответа на поставленные вопросы производится верификация данных, полученных на основании анализа вышеуказанного источника, с помощью другой группы источников — рапортов секретарей Черниговской духовной консистории о присужденных к наказаниям священнослужителях за период с 1893 по 1902 гг. На основании сравнения сведений о преступлениях духовенства Черниговской епархии в двух видах источников определяется степень доверия к «Статистическим сведениям…» Н. Перетерского, а также возможность использования этих статистических таблиц при изучении истории церковного судопроизводства и духовенства Русской Православной Церкви в кон. XIX — нач. XX вв.

The article analyzes the archival document previously used by researchers of the Russian Church history of the late Synodal period when considering the issue of church proceedings and deviant behavior of clergy. This document is statistical tables compiled by N. Peretersky. When compiling this document, an attempt was made to show the number of clergy sentenced to punishment in the decade from 1893 to 1902. That is, the compilers set the goal to show the criminal atmosphere among the clergy, in the narrow sense, presenting it in the form of statistical tables. In this case, the following questions arise: how reliable are the data provided in them? What range of crimes does the document under analysis cover? What information potential does it have? To answer the questions above, the data obtained from the analysis of the document discussed are verified by means of another group of sources — reports on the clergy sentenced to punishment in 1893–1902, which were submitted by the secretaries of the Chernigov Clerical Consistory. Based on the comparison of the information on crimes of the clergy of Chernigov diocese in both types of sources, the degree of reliability of “Statistical data…” by N. Peretersky is determined, as well as the possibility of using these statistical tables in studying the history of church proceedings and clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church in the late 19th — early 20th centuries.