bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of laser grain size analysis with pipette and sieve analysis: a solution for the underestimation of the clay fraction
Authors: KONERT MARTIN , VANDENBERGHE JEF
Published: November 2003

Classically, the grain size of soil and sediment samples is determined by the sieve method for the coarse fractions and by the pipette method, based on the ‘Stokes’ sedimentation rates, for the fine fractions. Results from the two methods are compared with results from laser diffraction size analysis, which is based on the forward scattering of monochromatic coherent light. From a point of view of laboratory efficiency, the laser sizing technique is far superior. Accuracy and reproducibility are shown by measurements on certified materials. It appears that laser grain size measurements of certified materials correspond very well with the certificated measurements. Tests were also done on a set of randomly selected sediments of fluvial, aeolian and lacustrine origin. Except for the (<2 μm) clay fraction, there is a coarsening of the mean diameter of one to two size classes (0.25 ɛ), caused by the non‐sphericity of the particles. The platy form of the clay particles induces considerable differences (eight size classes) between pipette and laser measurements: the <2 μm grain size, defined by the pipette method corresponds with a grain size of 8 μm defined by the Laser Particle Sizer for the studied sediments. Using a higher grain size level for the clay fraction, when laser analysis is applied, enables workers in the geological and environmental field to compare classical pipette analysis with a laser sizing technique.
The effects of source lithology, transport, deposition and sampling scale on the composition of southern California sand
Authors: CRITELLI SALVATORE , LE PERA EMILIA , INGERSOLL RAYMOND V.
Published: November 2003

The Transverse Ranges of southern California represent an uplifted and variably dissected Mesozoic magmatic arc, and Mesozoic to Holocene sedimentary and volcanic strata deposited in convergent and transform tectonic settings. Modern sand within part of the Western Transverse Ranges represents: first‐order sampling scale of the Santa Monica and the San Gabriel Mountains; second‐order sampling scale of the Santa Clara River draining both mountain ranges; and third‐order sampling scale of the beach system between the mouth of the Santa Clara River and the eastern Santa Monica Mountains, and turbidite sand of the Hueneme‐Mugu submarine fan.

Source lithology includes plutonic and metamorphic rocks of the San Gabriel Mountains, and sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Santa Monica Mountains. First‐order sands have large compositional variability. Sand from local coastal drainage of the Santa Monica Mountains ranges from basaltic feldspatholithic to quartzofeldspathic. Sand of the San Gabriel Mountains local drainages has three distinct petrofacies, ranging from metamorphiclastic feldspatholithic to mixed metamorphi/plutoniclastic and plutoniclastic quartzofeldspathic. Second‐order sand is represented by the main channel of the Santa Clara River; the sand has an abrupt downstream compositional change, from feldspathic to quartzofeldspathic. Third‐order sand (beaches and deep‐sea turbidite samples) of the Santa Monica Basin is quartzofeldspathic. Beach sand is more quartz‐rich than is Santa Clara river sand, whereas turbidite sand is more feldspar‐rich than is beach sand. Deep‐sea sand has intermediate composition with respect to second‐order samples of the Santa Clara River and third‐order samples of the beach system, suggesting that (1) the Santa Clara River is the main source of sediments to the marine environment; and (2) local entry points from canyons located near local drainages may generate turbidity currents during exceptional flood conditions. Petrologic data of modern sand of the study area are highly variable at first‐ and second‐order scale, whereas third‐order sand is homogenized. The homogenized composition of deep‐marine sand is similar to the composition of most ancient sandstone derived primarily from the Mesozoic dissected magmatic arc of southern California. This study of the Western Transverse Ranges illustrates the effects of source lithology, transport, depositional environment, and sampling scale on sand composition of a complex system, which provides insights regarding actualistic petrofacies models.
Lower Jurassic epicontinental carbonates and mudstones from England and Wales: chemostratigraphic signals and the early Toarcian anoxic event
Authors: JENKYNS HUGH C. , CLAYTON CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: November 2003

Sections through Lower Jurassic epicontinental carbonates from Southern Britain (Junction Bed and equivalent) show a positive carbon‐isotope excursion (δ13Ccarbonate), detectable in bulk rock, in the falciferum Zone of the lower Toarcian. Isotopic data from organic matter in more clay‐rich sections from Wales and north‐east England, together with determinations on belemnite calcite, indicate that highest δ13C values are localized in the upper exaratum Subzone of the falciferum Zone. Levels of particular enrichment in organic carbon were developed in the early to mid‐exaratum Subzone and hence pre‐date this δ13C maximum. These phenomena reflect the impact of the early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event in the British area. Similar isotopic trends have been recorded in other Toarcian sections from Tethyan Europe and are interpreted as reflecting the chemistry of sea water. On the assumption of isotopic correlation between the English and Tethyan sections, the δ13C maximum would be everywhere dated as latest exaratum Subzone in terms of the north European ammonite scheme.

Absolute oxygen‐isotope values in carbonates probably reflect both early diagenetic cementation and later temperature‐related burial diagenesis, although a palaeotemperature maximum is tentatively identified as characterizing the early falciferum Zone. Subsequent climatic deterioration may have been triggered by drawdown of CO2, related to regional excess carbon burial during the oceanic anoxic event. Using the positive δ13C excursion as a correlative level in sections from different faunal provinces (Britain, Italy and Spain) implies that lower Toarcian zonal stratigraphy is diachronous between northern and southern Europe. There is evidence for partitioning of water masses between the north European shelf and the Tethyan continental margin during the Early Jurassic.
Oxfordian (Upper Jurassic) coral reefs in Western Europe: reef types and conceptual depositional model
Authors: INSALACO E. , HALLAM A. , ROSEN B.
Published: November 2003

Comparative sedimentology and palaeoecology of Oxfordian (Upper Jurassic) coral‐dominated reefs of England, France, Italy and Switzerland has been used to: (1) identify and characterize different types of Late Jurassic coral reefs with regard to their litho‐ and biofacies; and (2) develop a depositional model for these reefs relating different reef types to each other within a palaeoenvironmental framework. Eight generic reef types and one associated reef facies are recognized. These are: (I) biostromal units dominated by platy microsolenids developed within clean limestone facies; (II) biostromal units dominated by platy microsolenids developed within marly facies; (III) reefal thickets dominated by tall dense phaceloid colonies developed within pure carbonate muds; (IV) microbial‐coral reefs dominated by massive, branching ramose and phaceloid colonies; (V) large high diversity reefal units associated with large volumes of bioclastic material; (VI) small species‐poor reefs developed within mixed carbonate/siliciclastic facies; (VII) microbial‐coral reefs dominated by massive colonies; (VIII) reefal thickets dominated by branching ramose colonies with widely spaced branches developed amongst sand shoals and coral debris channels; and (IX) conglomerates rich in rounded coral fragments (the reef associated facies).

The development of these different constructional and compositional reef types is interpreted as being primarily a function of light intensity, hydrodynamic energy levels and sediment balance. A conceptual depositional model based on these parameters can be used to predict the spatial and temporal distribution of different reefal carbonates and highlight sedimentological and palaeoecological trends in reef development.
Physical compaction of vertic palaeosols: implications for burial diagenesis and palaeo‐precipitation estimates
Authors: CAUDILL MICHAEL R. , DRIESE STEVEN G. , MORA CLAUDIA I.
Published: November 2003

Burial compaction is one of several major obstacles to estimating palaeoprecipitation from depth to pedogenic carbonate in favourably preserved palaeosols. Palaeosols must be decompacted and the preburial depth to the pedogenic carbonate obtained. Vertic palaeosols may be particularly good candidates for palaeoprecipitation estimates, because of their increased likelihood of preserving clastic dykes, one of the best features for estimating burial compaction. Compaction estimates from clastic dykes and literature‐based depth of burial estimates suggest vertic palaeosols undergo significantly less burial compaction than may be commonly assumed. Late Carboniferous vertic palaeosols, buried to 2·5–3·0 km, compacted to 93% of their original thickness. In contrast, clastic dykes in a nonpedogenic shale directly underlying one of the Late Carboniferous palaeosols records compaction to 70% of original thickness. Similarly obtained burial compaction and burial depth estimates for Early Carboniferous, Ordovician, and Proterozoic vertic palaeosols were used to test a burial compaction curve and equation specific to vertic palaeosols. Results suggest this ‘vertic‐calibrated’curve and equation can be used to estimate burial compaction for vertic palaeosols lacking clastic dykes, but additional testing is needed. Naturally high bulk densities may have limited the compactibility of vertic palaeosols. Likewise, high initial bulk density and an abundance of swelling clays may have severely limited the transmissivity of some vertic palaeosols as they passed from pedogenic to burial environments. Upon burial these vertic palaeosols may have behaved as closed systems, which has implications for understanding their diagenetic modification. Additional efforts to understand burial compaction of vertic palaeosols also promises to improve our understanding of aquifer/aquiclude and hydrocarbon reservoir/seal relationships in sedimentary basins containing intercalated palaeosols.
Architecture of fluvial‐dominated valley‐fill deposits in the Cretaceous Fall River Formation
Authors: WILLIS BRIAN J.
Published: November 2003

The Fall River Formation is a 45 m thick layer of fluvial‐dominated valley‐fills and shore‐zone strata deposited on the stable cratonic margin of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. Fall River deposits in Red Canyon, in the south‐west corner of South Dakota (USA), expose a cross‐section of a 3.5 km wide valley‐fill sandstone and laterally adjacent marine deposits. The marine deposits comprise three 10 m thick upward‐shoaling sequences; each composed of multiple metres‐thick upward‐coarsening successions. The lower two of these sequences are laterally cut by the valley‐fill sandstone, and are capped by metres‐thick muddy palaeosols. The upper sequence spans the top of the valley‐fill sandstone, and is overlain by the Skull Creek Shale. The 30 m thick valley sandstone is partitioned into four distinct fills by major erosion surfaces, and each of these fills contain many metres‐thick channel‐form bodies. Deposits in the lower parts of these fills are sheet‐like, top‐truncated channel bodies, whereas deposits in the upper parts of fills are upward‐concave, laterally amalgamated channel bodies, more completely preserved heterolithic channel bodies, or wave‐deposited sheets. Each valley‐fill basal erosion surface records an episode of valley incision and relative sea‐level fall, and the gradual progression from fluvial to more estuarine deposits upwards within each fill records relative sea‐level rise. All fills are dominantly channel deposits and are capped by marine flooding surfaces. The dominance of channel deposits, the gradual change to more estuarine facies in the upper parts of fills, and the location of flooding surfaces at valley‐fill tops all suggest that sediment supply initially kept pace with relative sea‐level rise and valleys filled during late marine lowstand and transgression, not during subsequent highstands. Recently proposed facies models have focused on variations in the relative strength of tide, wave and river currents as controls on valley‐fill deposits. However, relative rates of sediment supply and basin accommodation change, and the shift in this ratio along the depositional profile during multiple‐scale cycles in relative sea‐level, are equally important controls on the style of valley‐fill deposits.
Mid‐cycle condensed shellbeds from mid‐Pleistocene cyclothems, New Zealand: implications for sequence architecture
Authors: ABBOTT STEPHEN T.
Published: November 2003

Richly fossiliferous and disconformity‐bounded facies successions, termed Mid‐Cycle Condensed Shellbeds (MCS), occupy a mid‐cycle position within depositional sequences in the Castlecliff section (mid‐Pleistocene, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand). These shell‐rich intervals (0.1–4.5 m thick) comprise the upper of two loci of shell accumulation in Castlecliff sequences. The lower disconformable contacts are sharp and variably burrowed, and are interpreted as submarine transgressive surfaces formed by storm or tidal current erosion at the feather‐edge of contemporary transgressive systems tracts. Above (i.e. seaward) of this erosion surface, macrofossil remains (mainly bivalves and gastropods) accumulated, with little reworking, on the inner‐shelf under conditions of reduced terrigenous sediment supply. The upper contacts are sharp transitions from shell‐rich to relatively shell‐poor lithofacies; parautochthonous shell accumulation was ‘quenched’by downlapping highstand systems tract shelf siltstones and muddy fine sandstones. Castlecliff MCS, together with the basal shell‐rich part of overlying highstand systems tracts, occupy a stratigraphic position which corresponds to the condensed section that forms at the transgressive/highstand systems tract boundary in the sequence model of Haq et al. (1987). Palaeoenvironmental analysis indicates that Castlecliff MCS are substantially, if not entirely, transgressive deposits. This study therefore shows that the ‘condensation maximum’within a depositional sequence does not necessarily bracket the transgressive systems tract/highstand systems tract boundary.
Lithofacies and sequence development on an Upper Devonian mixed carbonate‐siliciclastic fore‐reef slope, Canning Basin, Western Australia
Authors: GEORGE ANNETTE D. , PLAYFORD PHILLIP E. , POWELL C. McA. , TORNATORA P. M.
Published: November 2003

Detailed sedimentological and stratigraphical analysis coupled with conodont biostratigraphy of a fore‐reef slope succession in the Napier Range (Napier Formation) is used to develop a depositional model and relative sea‐level history for late Frasnian to late Famennian reef evolution in the Canning Basin of north‐western Australia. Changes in sedimentary style on the slope, reflecting differing rates of carbonate production on the platform, are linked to third‐ and higher order relative sea‐level fluctuations.

Overlapping slope aprons accumulated along the base of a steep‐walled platform margin. Coarse carbonate debris was deposited adjacent to the margin as talus breccias (via rockfall) and debris‐flow breccias. Depositional slopes up to 45°, and locally steeper, are demonstrated using rotated geopetal cavity fills. The predominance of channel‐filling lithofacies throughout the slope succession indicates the highly channelized nature of the aprons. The middle slope is dominated by sandy oolitic‐peloidal turbiditic grainstones interpreted as sediment exported from an active platform. The turbidites and associated debris‐flow breccias contrast with condensed carbonate intervals and deep‐water, non‐fenestral stromatolites that record times of very low platform production. Lower slope turbidites and associated intraclastic breccias indicate widespread redeposition of sediment eroded from lithified and semi‐lithified limestones higher up the slope.

Several third‐order sequences are recognized in the fore‐reef succession and these are composed primarily of transgressive and highstand deposits. Carbonate production was severely restricted in the early Famennian coinciding with development of onlapping siliciclastic aprons during a relative sea‐level lowstand. Evidence for a subaerial exposure event is also preserved within the siliciclastic strata. Controls on sequence development are difficult to constrain. Although two sequence boundaries can be correlated with falls on the global sea‐level curve, the reef complexes evolved in an active extensional regime and it is highly likely that tectonism, in conjunction with eustasy, controlled accommodation on the platform and therefore carbonate productivity.
Impact‐related clastic injections in the marine Ordovician Lockne impact structure, Central Sweden
Authors: STURKELL ERIK F. F. , ORMÖ JENS
Published: November 2003

Clastic injections generated in connection with the formation of impact craters show many similarities to injections created by other geological processes. However, circumstances such as their position relative to the impact structure and the evidence of forceful processes indicate an impact origin. The Ordovician Lockne impact structure was formed in a marine environment with both sedimentary (Cambrian and Ordovician) and underlying crystalline (Proterozoic) target rocks. Sea water played a substantial part in the cratering process, especially in the modification of the newly formed crater as the water surged back into the structure.

In the Lockne area clastic dykes and sills have long been known and have earlier been interpreted as neptunian dykes and conglomerates. So far seven cases of dykes and sills are known in the area. In this work these are interpreted as clastic injections formed in connection with the Lockne impact. The clastic injections occur in the crystalline basement and the sedimentary sequence. The material in the injections comes from all local lithologies (both sedimentary and crystalline) but the sedimentary sequence dominates as a source. The dykes and sills were injected simultaneously with the fracturing and dilation of the host rock in the cratering process, and occur at different stratigraphic levels. In some dykes, clasts from the host rock wall can be fitted back to their original position; the clasts are slightly rotated and surrounded by exotic material. Quartz grains with planar deformation features were observed in the injected material. Most of the sills within the bedded Ordovician limestone are restricted to marly beds, except for the feeder dykes which cut through the overlying beds. This circumstance demonstrates how the decompression has opened the strata along weaker layers and that the underpressure created subsequently sucked the material down. Laminar flow is a conspicuous internal structure in the dykes and sills and indicates viscous flow of injected material. The lamination in the injected material is parallel to the walls in each case. The material was lithified prior to the event and was crushed, mobilized in a water/sediment slurry and injected as dykes and sills.
Distribution of sedimentary organic matter in a mixed carbonate‐siliciclastic platform environment: Oxfordian of the Swiss Jura Mountains
Authors: PITTET BERNARD , GORIN GEORGES E.
Published: November 2003

Outcrop sections from the Swiss Jura, consisting of carbonate‐siliciclastic deposits spanning the Middle‐Late Oxfordian boundary, provide a palaeogeographical cross‐section ranging from coastal to shallow platform and intra‐platform basin environments. Using a sedimentological and a 3rd order sequence stratigraphic framework based on those sections, the distribution of sedimentary organic matter (palynofacies) has been spatially studied in relation to sequence stratigraphy.

The main factors influencing the spatial variations of sedimentary organic matter are the proximity of land, organic productivity, level of biodegradation and hydrodynamic conditions of the palaeoenvironment. These factors determine the distribution of the land‐derived, relatively allochthonous organic constituents (phytoclasts, pollen and spores), and marine, relatively autochthonous constituents (phytoplankton and foraminifera linings).

Five main palynofacies parameters appear as good indicators of proximal‐distal trends: the relative proportion of total phytoclasts; the proportion of fresh, translucent fragments among these phytoclasts; the ratio of marine to continental palynomorphs; and the relative amount and species diversity of dinoflagellate cysts. In lowstand deposits, high‐energy hydrodynamic conditions may affect these trends on the shallow platform, where storms tend to increase the proportion of the marine organic fraction landwards. These five palynofacies parameters are largely related to water depth. Therefore, when compared with the established 3rd order sequence stratigraphic framework, their stratigraphic variations indicate relative sea‐level changes or, alternatively, proximality changes. Parameters indicative of more distal conditions increase in the transgressive and early highstand, and decrease in the late highstand. The opposite occurs for parameters indicative of more proximal conditions. Foraminifera linings seem to be particularly concentrated near the shelf edge and on the slope. Finally, bisaccate pollen may display cyclicity associated with alternating humid and dry periods. This palaeoclimatic signature may be related to orbital cyclicity.
Platform‐to‐basin correlation by high‐resolution sequence stratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy (Berriasian, Switzerland and France)
Authors: PASQUIER JEAN‐BRUNO , STRASSER ANDRÉ
Published: November 2003

Based on detailed analyses of facies evolution and stacking pattern of Berriasian carbonate‐dominated sections in the Swiss Jura Mountains, the Swiss Ultrahelvetic and the French Vocontian Trough, a high‐resolution platform‐to‐basin correlation is proposed. Biostratigraphical tie points are furnished by ammonites, dinoflagellates, calpionellids, and ostracod‐charophyte assemblages. The hierarchical stacking of small‐scale depositional sequences reflects Milankovitch cyclicity: sequences corresponding to the 20‐, 100‐, and, locally, 400‐ka orbital cycles can be identified. Elementary (20 ka) sequences on the platform generally consist of one bed of shallow subtidal to intertidal, high‐ or low‐energy carbonate facies, whereas on the slope and in the basin they are commonly developed as limestone‐marl couplets. These elementary sequences group into small‐scale composite sequences reflecting the first orbital eccentricity cycle (100 ka), which in turn build up large‐scale (3rd‐order) composite sequences. One 3rd‐order sequence has been analysed in detail: according to the cyclostratigraphic interpretation, it took ≃2 Myr to form, which is in accordance with the duration of the corresponding ammonite subzones. Sequence‐stratigraphic and cyclostratigraphic platform‐to‐basin correlation shows that for about 900 ka the platform was exposed or only partly flooded, whereas on the slope and in the basin, lowstand deposits with channel fills and slumps accumulated. With rising sea level, accommodation space gradually increased on the platform and a thickening‐upward sequential pattern with transgressive facies developed, while in the basin the facies still had lowstand characteristics with thick and nodular limestone beds. This situation lasted about 700 ka. The following 300 ka were characterized by sediment starvation and increased bioturbation on the platform, and by more marly, transgressive sediments on the slope and in the basin. The maximum‐flooding phase is more or less isochronous on the platform and in the basin, although the surface with the best‐developed maximum‐flooding features may be displaced by one or two small‐scale composite sequences because of superimposed high‐frequency sea‐level fluctuations, and/or local variations in substrate morphology and sediment distribution. Third‐order highstand conditions prevailed for only about 100 ka. The combination of cyclostratigraphy and high‐resolution sequence stratigraphy, constrained by good biostratigraphy, is thus a powerful tool for detailed stratigraphical correlation over long distances and from one sedimentary environment to another.
Tsunami sedimentary facies deposited by the Storegga tsunami in shallow marine basins and coastal lakes, western Norway
Authors: BONDEVIK STEIN , SVENDSEN JOHN INGE , MANGERUD JAN
Published: November 2003

Sedimentary successions in small coastal lakes situated from 0 to 11 m above the 7000 year BP shoreline along the western coast of Norway, contain a distinctive deposit, very different from the sediments above and below. The deposit is interpreted to be the result of a tsunami inundating the coastal lakes. An erosional unconformity underlies the tsunami facies and is traced throughout the basins, with most erosion found at the seaward portion of the lakes. The lowermost tsunami facies is a graded or massive sand that locally contains marine fossils. The sand thins and decreases in grain size in a landward direction. Above follows coarse organic detritus with rip‐up clasts, here termed ‘organic conglomerate’, and finer organic detritus. The tsunami unit generally fines and thins upwards. The higher basins (6–11 m above the 7000 year shoreline) show one sand bed, whereas basins closer to the sea level 7000 years ago, may show several sand beds separated by organic detritus. These alternations in the lower basins may reflect repeated waves of sea water entering the lakes. In basins that were some few metres below sea level at 7000 years BP, the tsunami deposit is more minerogenic and commonly present as graded sand beds, but also in some of these shallow marine basins organic‐rich facies occur between the sand beds. The total thickness of the tsunami deposit is 20–100 cm in most studied sites. An erosional and depositional model of the tsunami facies is developed.
Determining aphid taxonomic affinities and life cycles with molecular data: a case study of the tribe Cerataphidini (Hormaphididae:Aphidoidea: Hemiptera)
Authors: STERN DAVID , AOKI SHIGEYUKI , KUROSU SHIGEYUKI
Published: November 2003

Aphid taxonomy is often frustrated by the host alternation and extensive polyphenism displayed by many species. Here we examine the utility of using molecular data to assist in life cycle and taxonomic determination. We found that a relatively small amount of DNA sequence data can greatly assist in these tasks. Molecular data have identified the synonymy of five species: Tuberaphis plicator (Noordam) is a junior synonym of T.takenouchii (Takahashi), T.taiwana (Takahashi) is a junior synonym of T.coreana Takahashi, Hamiltonaphis styraci (Matsumura) is transferred to Tuberaphis Takahashi, Astegopteryx roepkei Hille Ris Lambers is transferred to Ceratoglyphina van der Goot, and A.vandermeermohri Hille Ris Lambers is transferred to Cerataphis Lichtenstein. We have elucidated the complete life cycles of five species: A.basalis (van der Goot) alternates between Styrax benzoin and bamboos, Ceratoglyphina bambusae van der Goot alternates between S.benzoin and bamboos, Pseudoregma sundanica (van der Goot) alternates between S.paralleloneura and Zingiberaceae, T.coreana alternates between S.formosana and Loranthaceae, and T.takenouchii alternates between S.japonica and Loranthaceae. In all cases the molecular data agreed with available morphological data. This analysis demonstrates the utility of DNA sequence comparisons for elucidating complex life cycles and the taxonomy of difficult insect groups.
A new whitefly parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae: Eunotinae), with comments on its placement, and implications for classification of Chalcidoidea with particular reference to the Eriaporinae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Authors: LASALLE JOHN , POLASZEK ANDREW , NOYES JOHN , ZOLNEROWICH GREGORY
Published: November 2003

Idioporus affinis
gen.n., sp.n. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae: Eunotinae) is described from Central America, and the new tribe, Idioporini, is created for it. Reasons for its placement in the Eunotinae are discussed, as well as implications for higher classification within the Chalcidoidea, particularly with regard to the Eriaporinae (currently placed in the Aphelinidae). Idioporus affinis is a parasitoid of the giant whitefly Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), and is a potential biological control agent of this whitefly which is a recently introduced pest in California, Louisiana and Texas.
Systematics of Chimarrita, a new subgenus of Chimarra (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae)
Authors: BLAHNIK ROGER
Published: November 2003

The subgenus Chimarrita of the genus Chimarra is erected to include three described species, formerly placed in the subgenus Chimarra, and fifteen new species, all with distributions in the Greater Antilles or South America. A phylogeny for the species in the subgenus, and characters supporting monophyly of the subgenus Chimarrita, are proposed, as well as evidence for the monophyly of the subgenera Chimarra and Curgia. Keys are provided for the males and known females of the subgenus. Described species transferred to this subgenus are Chimarra simpliciforma Flint, Chimarra rosalesi Flint, and Chimarra maldonadoi Flint. Chimarra simpliciforma is designated the type species for the subgenus. New species in Chimarra (Chimarrita) described in this paper include: Chimarra akantha (Brazil), C.camella (Brazil), C.camura (Brazil), C.chela (Venezuela), C.forcipata (Venezuela), C.heligma (Brazil), C.heppneri (Peru), C.kontilos (Brazil), C.majuscula (Brazil), C.merengue (Dominican Republic), C.neblina (Venezuela), C.prolata (Ecuador), C.pusilla (Venezuela), C.tortuosa (Brazil), and C.xingu (Brazil).
A phylogenetic study on genera of Cidariini from the Holarctic and the Indo‐Australian areas (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae)
Authors: CHOI SEI‐WOONG
Published: November 2003

A cladistic analysis of forty‐one species, belonging to ten genera, of the Cidariini sensu Herbulot from the Holarctic and the Indo‐Australian areas, was performed using seventy‐seven characters including larval and pupal data. Eight most parsimonious cladograms were found (length 398, CI 0.30, RI 0.70). The monophyly of the Cidariini is demonstrated, using selected species of Xanthorhoini sensu Herbulot as the outgroup. The relationships among the genera are as follows: (Ecliptopera (Eulithis (Cidaria ((Plemyria (Chloroclysta, Dysstroma))((Thera, Pennithera) (Heterothera))))). This result suggests some taxonomic changes: Dysstroma Hübner, stat. rev. and Chloroclysta Hübner stat. rev. are sister taxa;Heterothera Inoue stat. rev. includes Viidaleppia Inoue, syn.n., Heterothera firmata (Hübner) comb.n. is transferred from Pennithera Viidalepp to Heterothera sensu lato. The results of confirmation and incongruence tests suggest that the characters from adult and immature stages exhibit the same evolutionary pattern. Thus the phylogeny derived from the combined data matrix does not give a misleading conclusion, even though there are many missing states in the larval data set.
13C/12C ratio double cyclicity in a Miocene browncoal: isotopic signals and orbital forcing
Authors: Jones Timothy P. , Fortier Steven M. , Mosbrugger Volker , Roessler Jochen , Utescher Thorsen , Ashraf Abdul R.
Published: November 2003

A detailed stable carbon isotopic profile of a late Miocene browncoal seam from the Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany, reveals two clear separate cycles of different frequency: this is the first instance of this type of isotopic signature being recognized within coals. The ratio of the two frequencies suggests this isotopic signal possibly resulted from climatic or vegetational responses to orbital forcing. The cyclicity has been enhanced by the application of conventional filtering methods on the data set. An analysis of the seam’s palynology indicates a correlation between heavier isotopic compositions and the presence of Sequoiapollenites polyformosus, whose parent plant is believed to have favoured moist climates and higher groundwater tables.
Submarine mass‐wasting deposits as an indicator of the onset of foreland thrust loading—Late Permian Bowen Basin, Queensland, Australia
Authors: Fielding Christopher R. , Stephens Christopher J. , Holcombe Rodney J.
Published: November 2003

In the eastern part of the Permo‐Triassic Bowen Basin of Queensland, Australia, a transition from passive, thermal subsidence to flexural (foreland basin) subsidence is recorded within the Upper Permian stratigraphy. Two coarse‐grained intervals containing deposits of mass‐wasting processes occur within an otherwise siltstone‐dominated succession over 1500 m thick (the Moah Creek Beds and equivalents). These intervals can be traced over at least 350 km north–south, along the structural eastern margin of the basin. The lower of the coarse‐grained intervals is spectacularly exposed in the banks of the Fitzroy River, west of Rockhampton. Here, interbedded sandstones and siltstones of marine shelf origin are abruptly truncated by a mudrock succession containing evidence of slumping and contemporaneous magmatic activity. This unit passes up‐section into packages of mass‐flow conglomerates and diamictites, interpreted to have formed on an unstable submarine slope. The character of the mass‐flow deposits, their stratigraphic position and lateral extent are interpreted in terms of destabilization of a sloping marine surface by pulsed, subsurface thrust propagation.
Anthropogenic CO2 in Southern Ocean surface waters: evidence from stable organic carbon isotopes
Authors: Fischer G. , Schneider R. , Müller P. J. , Wefer G.
Published: November 2003

We present an approach for tracing the fate of anthropogenic CO2, compiling a large data set of stable organic carbon isotope ratios from surface sediments, plankton, and sinking matter in the Atlantic Ocean. The δ13C values of sinking matter are generally lower by 0.5–4.6‰ compared to the surface sediments. This difference increases with increasing latitude, which is explained by a stronger modern increase in surface water [CO2 (aq)] in the Southern Ocean relative to the Tropical/Subtropical Ocean. Preindustrial dissolved CO2 concentrations in Atlantic surface waters, estimated from the δ13Corg of surface sediments, are compared to recently measured surface water [CO2 (aq)] values taken from literature. We obtain only a slight increase in [CO2 (aq)] at lower latitudes but a significant change of about 7 ± 2 μm in high latitudinal surface waters which we attribute to anthropogenic perturbation. Our results suggest that CO2 released by human activities has been stored in Southern Ocean surface waters.
Petrology, volcanology and metallogeny of Palaeogene collision‐related volcanism of the Eastern Rhodopes (Bulgaria)
Authors: Yanev Yotzo , Bardintzeff Jacques‐Marie
Published: November 2003

Tertiary collision‐related volcanic rocks of the Eastern Rhodopes (37–25.5 Ma) display calc‐alkaline and shoshonitic affinities, with (A) intermediate to basic and (B) acid compositions. (A) Latites, andesites, also shoshonites and basaltic andesites and scarce basalts, absarokites and ultrapotassic latites were emitted through different eruptive styles: lava flows often autobrecciated, domes, ash and scarce pumice falls and flows. Lahars are frequent. K2O contents of intermediate volcanics decrease from North to South towards the collision suture. (B) Rhyolites, trachyrhyolites and trachydacites show explosivity progressively decreasing with time. Several eruptive types can be distinguished: pyroclastic flows (weakly and strongly welded ignimbrite deposits), ash and lapilli falls, domes and lava flows. The large (30×10 km) Borovitza caldera is the result of a paroxysmic explosive phase.

 All rocks are characterized by high contents of Rb, Th and Y. Conversely, negative Ba and Ta–Nb anomalies are typical of collision‐related magmatism.

 Intense hydrothermal episodes, contemporaneous with the volcanic activity, have converted large amounts of explosive products into bentonite and zeolites deposits. Typical metallogeny is associated with this collision‐related volcanism: large Pb, Zn with Cu and Ag deposits and small U or Au deposits are exposed.
Estimating the depth of underground coal fires using data integration techniques
Authors: Peng W. X. , Van Genderen J. L. , Kang G. F. , Guan H. Y. , Tan Y. J.
Published: November 2003

Underground coal fires in China cause serious environmental problems, in addition to the loss of valuable coal resources. The present study aims at developing a quick and practical method to estimate the depth of coal fires using data integration techniques.

 In coal fields which have underground coal fires, the subsurface fires are associated with surface thermal anomalies. Airborne thermal infrared scanner data and colour infrared photographs were used in this study to depict the coal fire front and the outcrop of coal seams, respectively. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area was produced from topographic maps at 1:25 000 scale. Finally, taking into account the spreading direction of the coal fires and the relationships between thermal anomalies, relief factors and the occurrence of coal seams, the depths of the coal fires were obtained automatically by means of integration of remote sensing data and GIS techniques. This helped to target the fire fighting operations and made them more cost effective.
Compression melting in subduction zones
Authors: Iwamori Hikaru
Published: November 2003

Magmatism at convergent plate boundaries is related to processes associated with subduction, where H2O brought into the mantle is thought to play an essential role in producing the melts. One of the important aspects of the melting of hydrous systems is that the rock packet can melt during compression corresponding to a gentle or negative dT/dP slope of the solidus curve at relatively low temperatures. Here, the effects of compression on batch and fractional melting of hydrous peridotites in the mantle wedge of subduction zones are estimated, taking account of the flow pattern, energy balance and phase equilibrium constraints. The results show that a significant amount of melt, comparable to the eruption rate on volcanic arcs, can be produced in the downward flow along the plate. Further studies on distribution and transportation of H2O in the mantle wedge and melt segregation processes are required to estimate the importance of compression melting.
Seasonal changes in bathyal foraminiferal populations in response to the flux of organic matter (Sagami Bay, Japan)
Authors: Ohga T. , Kitazato H.
Published: November 2003

Benthic foraminiferal populations through 1991–94 were investigated by taking cores and in situ observations from the submersible Shinkai 2000 in Sagami Bay, Japan (1450 m water depth). At this location, a strong spring bloom causes seasonal deposition of phytodetrital material to the sea floor. The population size of benthic foraminifera is mainly controlled by this seasonal flux of organic matter, which triggers rapid, opportunistic reproduction of the shallow infaunal taxa Bolivia pacifica and Textularia kattegatensis. We propose that these species have a one‐year life cycle. The deep infaunal taxa Globobulimina affinis and Chilostomella ovoidea show less pronounced seasonal fluctuations in population size, and seem to have a life cycle longer than two years. The foraminifera migrate vertically through the sediment, down to the maximum depth to which the sediment is oxygenated. The seasonal flux of organic matter thus is the most important determinant of population size, microhabitats, and reproduction in Sagami Bay. Such foraminifera are extremely relevant in the functioning of the global carbon cycle, especially at the interface of the hydrosphere and lithosphere.
The Ph2 pairing homoeologous locus of wheat (Triticum aestivum): identification of candidate meiotic genes using a comparative genetics approach
Authors: Sutton Tim , Whitford Ryan , Baumann Ute , Dong Chongmei , Able Jason A. , Langridge Peter
Published: November 2003

Colinearity in gene content and order between rice and closely related grass species has emerged as a powerful tool for gene identification. Using a comparative genetics approach, we have identified the rice genomic region syntenous to the region deleted in the wheat chromosome pairing mutant ph2a, with a view to identifying genes at the Ph2 locus that control meiotic processes. Utilising markers known to reside within the region deleted in ph2a, and data from wheat, barley and rice genetic maps, markers delimiting the region deleted on wheat chromosome 3DS in the ph2a mutant were used to locate the syntenous region on the short arm of rice chromosome 1. A contig of rice genomic sequence was identified from publicly available sequence information and used in blast searches to identify wheat expressed sequence tags (ESTs) exhibiting significant similarity. Southern analysis using a subset of identified wheat ESTs confirmed a syntenous relationship between the rice and wheat genomic regions and defined precisely the extent of the deleted segment in the ph2a mutant. A 6.58‐Mb rice contig generated from 60 overlapping rice chromosome 1 P1 artificial chromosome (PAC) clones spanning the syntenous rice region has enabled identification of 218 wheat ESTs putatively located in the region deleted in ph2a. What seems to be a terminal deletion on chromosome 3DS is estimated to be 80 Mb in length. Putative candidate genes that may contribute to the altered meiotic phenotype of ph2a are discussed.
The calcium sensor CBL1 integrates plant responses to abiotic stresses
Authors: Albrecht Verónica , Weinl Stefan , Blazevic Dragica , D'Angelo Cecilia , Batistic Oliver , Kolukisaoglu Üner , Bock Ralph , Schulz Burkhard , Harter Klaus , Kudla Jörg
Published: November 2003

Calcium ions represent both an integrative signal and an important convergence point of many disparate signaling pathways. Calcium‐binding proteins, like calcineurin B‐like (CBL) proteins, have been implicated as important relays in calcium signaling. Here, we report the in vivo study of CBL1 function in Arabidopsis. Analyses of loss‐of‐function as well as CBL1‐overexpressing lines indicate a crucial function of this calcium sensor protein in abiotic stress responses. Mutation of CBL1 impairs plant responses to drought and salt stresses and affects gene expression of cold‐regulated genes, but does not affect abscisic acid (ABA) responsiveness. Conversely, overexpression of CBL1 reduces transpirational water loss and induces the expression of early stress‐responsive transcription factors and stress adaptation genes in non‐stressed plants. Together, our data indicate that the calcium sensor protein CBL1 may constitute an integrative node in plant responses to abiotic stimuli and contributes to the regulation of early stress‐related transcription factors of the C‐Repeat‐Binding Factor/dehydration‐responsive element (CBF/DREB) type.
The genetic control of plant mitochondrial morphology and dynamics
Authors: Logan David C. , Scott Iain , Tobin Alyson K.
Published: November 2003

Little is known about the genetic control of mitochondrial morphology and dynamics in higher plants. We used a genetic screen involving fluorescence microscopic analysis of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS)‐mutated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings expressing GFP targeted to mitochondria to isolate eight mutants displaying distinct perturbations of the normal mitochondrial morphology or distribution. We describe five mutants with distinct and unique mitochondrial phenotypes, which map to five different loci, not previously implicated in mitochondrial behaviour in plants. We have used a combination of forward and reverse genetics to identify one of the genes, friendly mitochondria (FMT), a homologue of the CluA gene of Dictyostelium discoideum, which is involved in the correct distribution of mitochondria in the cell. The five mutants constitute a powerful resource to aid our understanding of mitochondrial dynamics in higher plants.
Insertion of an En/Spm‐related transposable element into a floral homeotic gene DUPLICATED causes a double flower phenotype in the Japanese morning glory
Authors: Nitasaka Eiji
Published: November 2003

Mutations in a floral homeotic gene DUPLICATED (DP) in the Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil) cause a substitution of reproductive organs to perianth organs (petals and sepals). This phenotype is similar to loss‐of‐function phenotypes of the C‐function MCM1, AGAMOUS, DEFICIENS and SRF (MADS)‐box gene family of transcription factors. DP was isolated using the consensus sequence of C‐function MADS‐box genes. Its intron–exon structure was well conserved beyond species, and it belongs to the FARINELLI (FAR)‐pMADS3 subclass of C‐function MADS‐box genes. In a dp mutant, an Enhancer/Suppressor‐mutator (En/Spm)‐related transposable element, transposable element of Pharbitis nil (Tpn)‐botan, was inserted in the second intron of DP gene, and the subsequent excision event led to a deletion of a substantial part of the original Tpn element and DP genome. A segment of Tpn1‐related transposable element was identified at the recent insertion site of the wild‐type DP genome. This transposable element sequence was present in all Ipomoea species tested. This finding suggests that the insertion event originated in an ancestral species of genus Ipomoea.
Transcriptional activation mediated by binding of a plant GATA‐type zinc finger protein AGP1 to the AG‐motif (AGATCCAA) of the wound‐inducible Myb gene NtMyb2
Authors: Sugimoto Kazuhiko , Takeda Shin , Hirochika Hirohiko
Published: November 2003

NtMyb2 is a regulator of the tobacco retrotransposon Tto1 and the defense‐related gene phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), which are induced by various stress stimuli such as wounding or elicitor treatment. NtMyb2 is also induced by wounding or elicitor treatment and is regulated at the transcriptional level. In this study, mutational analysis of the promoter of NtMyb2 and gain‐of‐function analysis in vivo showed that the sequence AGATCCAA, named the AG‐motif, is a cis‐element sufficient to confer responsiveness to wounding and elicitor treatment. Furthermore, by using the south‐western method, we cloned cDNAs encoding a GATA‐type zinc finger protein, which can specifically bind to the AG‐motif, named AG‐motif binding Protein (AGP1). Domain analysis revealed that not only the GATA‐type zinc finger region but also the downstream His2 motif of AGP1 is required for binding activity, showing that the AGP has a novel GATA‐type zinc finger domain. AGP1 can activate expression from promoters containing the AG‐motif in tobacco protoplasts, indicating that AGP1 is a positive regulator of NtMyb2. We also found that the AGP1 binding activity is highly enhanced by adenine methylation of the AG‐motif by bacterial dam methylase.