bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of gibberellic acid and AMO-1618 on the development of vegetative systems in generatively matured thalli of Chara vulgaris L.
Authors: Kwiatkowska Maria , Godlewski Mirosław
Published: February 2014

Effects of GA3 (10-11-10-4 M) and AMO-1618 (10-6-10-4 M) on the development of generatively matured thalli of Chara vulgaris were investigated during 21-day culture of plants in axenic conditions. It has been found that in the main bud the divisions of apical cells of the thalli are not stimulated by GA3, whereas in the lateral buds the cell divisions are stimulated by higher GA3 concentrations. Subsequent mitotic activity of the apical cells in the branches of the main axis is not stimulated by GA3, whereas the lateral buds of these branches are activated. The development of rhizoids in younger nodes is accelerated by high GA3 concentrations. The elongation of the polynuclear, internodal cells of the main axis and that of pleuridia are inhibited proportionally to the GA3 concentration. AMO-1618 stimulates the development of new nodes, elongation of internodes and delays the activation of lateral buds as well as the formation of rhizoids. These results suggest that the GA3-induced inhibition of elongation of the thalli and diminution of the apical domination is connected with a high level of endogenous gibberellins in the generatively matured thallus.
Photoperiodic and thermal requirements for the flowering of Bryo phyllum daigremontianum (Hamet. et Perr.) Berg. and Bryophyllum tubiflorum Harv.
Authors: Teske Elżbieta
Published: February 2014

Marked differences were found between the photoperiodic responses of Bryophyllum daigremontianum and Bryophyllum tubiflorum, both species being classified as long-short-day plants (LSDP). The flowering of B. daigremontianum was observed under several photoperiodic conditions, among others under continuous exposure to long day (LD) or after transferring plants from a short-day (SD) to a long-day exposure: both conditions were regarded previously as non-inductive. It is argued that the flowering of B. daigremontianum is conditioned by sufficiently long LD exposure followed by one of two factors: the shortening of the day or the lowering of the temperature. The flowering of B. tubiflorum was observed only under more specific photoperiadic conditions, it seems to be conditioned by several successive changes of the length of the photoperiod.
Influence of soil fungi community in selected mountain stands on the development of Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zins.) Scholt.
Authors: Kowalski Stefan
Published: February 2014

A trial based on the method of biotic series (M a ń k a, 1974) was undertaken in order to study the effect of the fungal communities isolated from the soil, rhizosphere, roots, and mycorhiza of silver fir self-seed on the development of a parasitic fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zins.) Scholt., which causes dying of fir seedlings in some mountain forests (K o w a l s k i, 1980a). It was found that on the plots where the self-regeneration of the fir (Abies alba Mil.) was good the resistance index of the investigated soil fungal community was about four times as high as in the plots where no self-seed of silver fir was observed.
Radiosensitivity of the moss Drepanocladus aduncus (Hedw.) Mnkm.
Authors: Sarosik Jan , Kamiński Ryszard , Szczerbiński Krzysztof
Published: February 2014

Radiosensitivity was determined in isolated fragments of Drepanocladus aduncus gametophytes cultured in vitro, on the basis of the growth reaction to acute gamma Co-60 radiation and postirradiation survival of the plants. A high resistivity of D. aduncus to this radiation was noted. At 12°C a 100 per cent LD was 120 kR and at 22°C it was 160 kR. The nuclear index of radiosensitivity (ICV - interphase chromosome volume) for various gametophyte cells has a value from 1.54 to 9.00 μm3. Drepanocladus aduncus plants exhibit postradiation developmental anomalies. In natural conditions they are characterised by an enhanced beta and gamma radiation activity. The plants contain Sr-90, Cs-137, much calcium, beryllium and lithium.
Alkaloids as taxonomic markers in some species of Magnolia L. and Liriodendron L.
Authors: Furmanowa Mirosław , Józefowicz Joanna
Published: February 2014

Some Magnoliaceae cultivated in Poland were investigated: Liriodendron tulipifera L. and 6 species of magnolia: Magnolia acuminata L., M. denudata Desr., M. kobus DC., M. obovata Thunb., M. salicifolia Maxim. and M. tripetala L. For alkaloid detection in the leaves thin-,layer chromatography was used. In Liriodendron tulipifera L. and in all the Magnolia species liriodenine which exhibits cytostatic activity was detected. The extract of Liriodendron tulipifera L. leaves showed, beside liriodenine other spots on the chromatogram than did the magnolias. Alkaloids can be utilized in the chemotaxonomy of Magnoliaceae as a diagnostic trait. The results of the investigations indicate a certain distinctiveness of M. acuminata L., in agreement with those obtained by way of numerical taxonomy. Most similar as regards alkaloid content in leaves are M. obovata Thunb. and M. tripetala L.
Petal venation of a few species of Malvaceae and its possible utility in tracing relationships
Authors: Datta P. C. , Chowdhury A.
Published: February 2014

Analysis of vein anastomosis of the petals of 13 species of Malvaceae shows that the species differ in respect of frequency and distribution pattern of venation types. Differences are statistically significant. The investigation suggests that the venation anastomosis types may be utilized as additional envidence of taxonomic delimitation.
Variations of total protein content and protein synthesis during microsporogenesis in Larix europaea L.
Authors: Chwirot Wiesława B. , Górska-Brylass Alicja
Published: February 2014

The variations of the total protein content and protein synthesis were analyzed in successive stages of microsporogenesis in Larix europaea L. Pure fractions of microsporocytes containing the cells in successive phases of meiosis and fractions of the anther wall cells were used to perform the assays. It was revealed, that the protein content and the intensity of protein synthesis undergo considerable changes in the course of meiosis. It was proved also, by means of electrophoretic separation of protein fractions, that no new proteins are synthesised during differentiation of microsporocytes of larch, and that the microsporogenesis process is related rather to disappearance of some protein fractions.
Cytochemical study of the embryo sac of Nicotiana tabacum L.
Authors: Babbikova V. P. , Khvendynich O. A. , Serdyuk L. S.
Published: February 2014

The mitotic cycle in the egg cell and physico-chemical state of chromatin in the egg cell and central cell of the tobacco embryo sac were studied. It was revealed that during egg cell formation a change in the mitotic cycle kinetics takes place, it consists in prolongation of the S-period as compared with that of somatic cells and G1 - period as compared with that of male gametes. Egg cell and central cell nuclei differ in chromatin structure. Condensed chromatin dominates in the egg cell nucleus, diffuse chromatin in the central cell nucleus, but both show only weak metabolic activity.
Cytological differentiation of the embryo sac in Boraginaceae
Authors: Małecka Janina
Published: February 2014

In Lycopsis arvensis, Cerinthe minor, Lithospermum arvense and Echium vulgare the endosperm is divided into two parts: central and lateral. In Lithospermum and Echium, high podyploid single endosperm haustoria are formed and take part in nourishment of the embryo. In Lycopsis and Cerinthe, the lateral cells are lower ploid, while the polyploid synergids supply the embryo with nourishment.
Ultrastructure of the egg apparatus of Spinacia
Authors: Wilms H. J.
Published: February 2014

The egg apparatus of Spinacia was studied from the time the embryo sac reaches its maximal size to just before fertilization, i.e., until about 8-9 hours after pollination. At maturity each synergid has a large elongated nucleus and prominent chalazal vacuoles, Numerous mitochondria, plastids, dictyosomes, free ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and lipid bodies are present. The cell wall exists only around the micropylar half of the synergids and each cell has a distinct, striated filiform apparatus. In general, degeneration of one synergid starts after pollination. The egg cell has a spherical nucleus and nucleolus and a large micropylar vacuole. Numerous mitochondria, some plastids with starch grains, dictyosomes, free ribosomes, and HER are present. A continuous cell wall is absent around the chalazal end of the egg cell.
Megasporocyte formation in Pisum sativum L. against the back ground of bud development
Authors: Wojciechowska Wanda , Mackiewicz Teresa
Published: February 2014

Megasporocyte formation in Pisum sativum L. takes place at the stages of bud development, when the vexillum surpasses the lower androecium whorl slightly at the beginning, and markedly in further stages. Under the epidermis of an ovule, a multicellular archesporium is formed. Mitotic division of these cells gives rise to a two-layered parietal tissue and to a group of megaspore mother cells (MMCs). The tetrad is formed from one megasporocyte. In the bud development of Pisum sativum the carpel walls accrete to each other relatively early.
On double fertilization in plants with premitotic type of gametes fusion
Authors: Korobova Stanislava N.
Published: February 2014

This paper provide additional data to an earlier work (K o r o b o v a, 1978) on the behaviour of nuclear structures at the time of fusion of male and female sexual nuclei.
Viewpoints on apornictic and sexual reproduction in angiosperms
Authors: Asker Sven
Published: February 2014

Gametophytic apomixis implies different changes of the reproductive cycle of sexual plants. Each of these "elements of apomixis" occurs in sexual plants, which may even display functional diploid parthenogenesis. Thus, apomixis, like vegetative reproduction, is part of the reproductive behaviour of sexual plants, becoming important when sexual reproduction is impaired. The elements of apomixis are probably to a large extent under polygenic control.
Elementary apomictic processes in Rubus L.
Authors: Czapik Roman
Published: February 2014

Two elementary apomictic processe were found in the examined Rubus species: R. saxatilis developed diplosporous and aposporous embryo sacs, R. caesius - displosporous, apart from meiotic ones. These result; confirmed the wide occurrence of facultative apomixis and intraspecific differentiation of the mode of reproduction within the taxa of the investigated genus.
Micro- and megagametogenesis in Cichorium intybus L.: succes sive stages and some symptoms of apospory
Authors: Longly Beatice , Louant B. P.
Published: February 2014

In Cichorium intybus L., the mode of reproduction could be at the same time sexual and apomicbic. This could explain the contradictions existing in the interpretation of the heritaibidity of the characters in this species. In this particular case, the only way of describing facultative apospory, functional or not, is to proceed to a cytom-orphological study of the megagametogenesis. In the present study, symptoms of apospory have been observed and described.
Sporoderm infrastructural and cytochemical modifications in cytoplasmic male sterile broad-bean (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Audran Jean-Claude , Bouillot Jacky
Published: February 2014

A comparative study of mature sporoderms of sterile and fertile pollen grains was performed using electron microscopic techniques. In sterile pollen grains, intine is lacking; ectexine sculpture is reduced and tectum is overlaid by membranous systems. Infratectal texture is compact and a sporopollenin granulous mass is obturing the aperture central region. Endexine reacts with proteins and acidic carbohydrates tests.
Stigma-pollen recognition: a new look
Authors: Dumas C. , Gaude T.
Published: February 2014

During the last two decades, there have been several conceptual developments in our understanding of pollen-stigma recognition and molecular mechanisms involved. The main models proposed are compared. Based on additional data a hypothesis to complete these models especially for pollen hydration and adhesion is proposed. After attachment of the pollen to the stigma surface a close interaction exists involving lipoproteic membrane-like compounds (pollenkitt and stigma pellicle) and pollen agglutinating ability.
Phylogenic points of view on the sexuality of cormophytes
Authors: Favre-Duchartre Michael
Published: February 2014

1) Unisexuality is spreading from gametes, through gametophytes, to sporangia and sporaphytes, individual hermaphradite plants finally becoming the ground for sex separation with cross fertilization processes; 2) male and female gametogeneses are abbreviated down to the production of 3- and 4-cell gametophytes respectively; 3) inter-archegonial double fertilizations are found elsewhere than in angiosperms; 4) in the embryo sacs of the latter the disparity of female structures linked with disyncihronic post-fertilization developments might explain the differences between the endosiperm and the embryo.
Unequal plastid distribution during the development of the male gametophyte of angiosperms
Authors: Hagemann R.
Published: February 2014

The difference between the uniparental maternal and biparental type of plastid inheritance is based upon a relatively simple mechanism. In the uniparental type plastids are excluded from the generative or siperm cells during the firts pollen mitosis or during pollen development. In some angiosperms this exclusion is completely lacking or carried out partially.
Storage products and tissue interaction in the ovule of Pinus silvestris (L.)
Authors: Engels F. M.
Published: February 2014

The organel-sequence in ovular cells of Pinus silvestris was investigated by light- and electronmicroscopy during the post-pollination and pre-fertilization period. Changes in starch and lipid storage suppose starch to be a pool for lipid synthesis and a reserve for ovule development. The base nucellus plays an important role in the distribution of metabolites all over the ovular tissues. Lipid, starch and callose are of interest for the cells to protect them against low temperatures by means of isolation, antifreeze and plug formation respectively.
Light and electron microscopic observations in connection with the developing pistil and seed-appendix (caruncle) of Ricinus communis L.
Authors: Liszt Katherine , Sárkány S. , Kadej F. , Kovács Ann
Published: February 2014

The development of the particularly organized stigma and obturator, their fine structure, their function as well as the histological differentiation and the role of the seed-appendix i.e. the caruncle of Ricinus communis L. have been investigated in several developmental phases from the so called "gynoecial primordium" state to the ripe state, 'using the terminology introduced by S a t t 1 e r (1974). The stigma cells are characterized by dens cytoplasm, numerous vesicles mostly of ER origin, ribosomes and negatively stained mitochondria. Dilatation of ER, the appearance of electron opaque substances in it and between the plasmamembran and cell wall are frequent. The degenerating process of some stigma cells will start before the pollination because of autolysis. In the cells of the obturator and young caruncle however dictyosomes can be found more frequently than in stigma cells and the starch content of the ;plastids is remarkable. The thickening of the cell wall is connected with the function of these tissues.
DNA and heterochromatin cycles in male gamete development of Oedogonium
Authors: Shpilevaya S. P.
Published: February 2014

In antheridial nuclei of Oedogonium cardiacum (Hass.) Wittr. during male gamete formation, the DNA presynthetic period is shortened, the synthetic and postsynthetic periods are lengthened (G1 - 15%, S - 58%, G2 - 29%) as compared with those in vegetative cells (G1 - 31%, S - 44%, G2 - 25%). Differences in the ratio of the relative amounts of eu- and heterochromatin in the antheridial mother cell (AMC) nucleus and antheridial cell nucleus were determined. Hydrolysis curves revealed two peaks of higher optical density (3.5 and 8.5 h hydrolysis with 5N HCl at 23°C), corresponding to eu- and heterochromatin. Heterochromatin in antheridial cell nuclei was characterized by a greater optical density than that of heterochromatin in AMC nuclei. The presence of two local optimal density maxima is considered as facultative and constitutive increasing of chromatin condensation in the process of male cell development.
Plant regeneration from excised bulb scale segments of Zephyranthes robusta Baker
Authors: Furmanowa Mirosława , Olędzka Halina
Published: February 2014

Zephyranthes robusta Baker excised bulb scale segments with the basal plate were grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium in four modifications. The cultures were kept at 25°C in darkness. The best results (bulbing, leaf development and rooting) were obtained on MS medium with 1 mg/l IBA, 2-6 bulblets being developed from one explant. After 6 weeks the plantlets (4-6 cm high) were transferred to pots filled with sterilized soil mixes. After two months the leaves of the plants reached a length of 20 cm.
The effect of ammonium ions on the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in Cucumis sativus L. seedlings
Authors: Kubiak-Dobosz Genowefa
Published: February 2014

Changes in the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), alanine aminotransferase (GPT) and aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) were studied in various organs of Cucumis sativus L. seedlings in relation to the uptake of mineral nitrogen (in form of N03- or NH4+ ) from the medium. Activity of GDH, GPT, and GOT was higher in young leaves and roots of cucumber seedlings if the plants developed- in an ammonium medium. No similar changes of aminotransferases activity were noted in the cotyledons. Factors affecting varying effect of ammonium ions upon GPT and GOT activity are discussed for particular organs of cucumber seedlings.
Aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes in cucumber roots as depending upon the mineral composition of the medium
Authors: Kubik-Dobosz Genowefa
Published: February 2014

Aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) isoenzymes separated by means of electrophoresis on cellulose acetate gel were examined. Five GOT isoenzymes were discovered in cucumber roots after several days of their growth. The activity of these isoenzymes was dependent upon the mineral composition of the medium. If the medium did not contain nitrogen, isoenzymes 1, 3, and 4 showed only slight activity. Activity of all of the isoenzymes in the roots of seedlings assimilating NH4+ ions was higher than in the roots of seedlings assimilating N03- ions. Higher activity was observed in all of the isoemzymes in the nitrate or ammonium medium lacking calcium, while only some showed higher activity at the lack of potassium.
Geographic and climatic differentiation of electrophoretic forms of esterase, glutamate dehydrogenase and peroxidase in Scots pine tissues
Authors: Kieliszewska-Rokicka Barbara
Published: February 2014

The enzymatic systems have been investigated in individual trees derived from 17 distant localities in Europe and Asia. Esterase and glutamate dehydrogenase polymorphism was determined in extracts from mixture of 50 macrogametophytes, iperoxidase polymorphism was investigated in needle extracts from 3-month-old seedlings. While testing by disc electrophoresis needle extracts of Scots pine deriving from specimens of different geographic ranges it was found that those from the South displayed mare isoperoxidases than those from the North. Most pronounced differences in number and relative activity of esterase and glutamate dehydrogenase isozymes were found in the specimens originating from isolated stands. It is suggested that hight temperatures and dry summer periods could influence the number and activity of the isozymes.
Effect of methotrexate on the ultrastructure of Alliurn ceps L. and Haemanthus albiflos Jacq. roots cultured under anaerobic conditions
Authors: Podbielkowska Maria
Published: February 2014

Changes were found in the cell structure of the root meristems of Haemanthus albiflos and Allium cepa treated with methotrexate, an oncostatic preparation of the antimetabolite group. Root culture was conducted under anaerorbic conditions to induce In this way glycolysis typical for neoplastic cells. In Haemanthus, where the glycolytilc process runs normally, hypertrophy of the rough ER membranes noted correlated with the presence of numerous mitochondria and dictyasames with changed Structure. In Allium cells, where the glycalytic process runs with the participation of alliin, methotrexate did not evoke development of ER membranes. The structure of mitochondria and dictyosomes was similar as that in the root meristem of Haemanthus. In both studied objects thickening of the cell wall was noted.
Influence of methotrexate on respiration and ultrastructure of meristematic cells from Allium cepa L. roots
Authors: Podbielkowska Maria , Wałęza Maria , Zobel Alicja
Published: February 2014

It has been demonstrated that methotrexate (an oncostatic preparation) inhibits cellular respiration and reduces the permeability of plasmalemma and tonoplast in cells ofAllium cepa roots. Changes were also found in the ultrastructure of meristematic cells, consisting presence of numerous mitochondria with a dense matrix, a highly developed system of cristae arid an increased number of vacuoles frequently derived from the ER.
Genetical and anatomical analysis of brittlenses of stems in rye (Secale cereale L.)
Authors: Kubicka Helena , Kubicki Bogusław
Published: February 2014

Brittlenes of thie stem was found to be one of the more frequently segregating traits in inbred rye lines. In dependenece on the outset cultivated variety this trait appears in the S2 generation in 4.0-0.6 per cent of the inbred lines. Genetical analysis demonstrated that the trait of brttlenes is determined by one recessive gene denoted by the symbol bs (brittlee stem). The bs gene exerts a strong pleliotropic effect on the whole plant, beside brittleness of the stem it causes fragility of the roots, heads and leaves and depresses the general viability of the plants. Anatomilcal observations of thie stem and root sholwed that the bs gene causes disturbances in the norirmal lignifcation of the sclerenichyma cells both in shoots and roots, so that these cells are th1i-walled. The tickness of the sclerenchyma layers and the number and size of the vasclcuar in the brittle forms are significantly smaller than in the normal ones. It was found that these changes appear in the bittle forms at the phase of heading of the plants.
Relations between ultrastructure of mitotic spindle and chromosome translocation
Authors: Tarkowska Jadwiga A.
Published: February 2014

Dividing endosperm cells of Haemanthus katherinae Bak. treated with an 0.25 per cent mixture of water-soluble glycosides from Nerium oleander were insepected in a light microscope (LM) and severe disturbances were found in all phases of mitosis. The same cells were observed in the electron microscope (EM) and relations were noted and analysed between the chromosome arrangement and the submicroscopic structure of the mitotuc spindle. The successive steps in the disintegration of the formed spindle are described: fragmentatiun of all microtubules (MTs) starting from the poles, disappearance of non-kinetachore MTs and further the external MTs of the kineto,chore bundle. The central (internal) parallel ones remain the longest at the kinerf,ochares. Oleander glycosides cause disintegration of the existing MTs and prevent formation of new ones. The causes of restitution transformations in the successive phases of mitosis are discussed.
Alkylresorcinols in rye (Secale cereale L.) grains. VI. Colorimetric micromethod for the determination of alkylresorcinols with the use of diazonium salt, Fast Blue B
Authors: Tłuścik Franciszek , Kazubek Arkadiusz , Mejbaum-Katzenellenbogen Wanda
Published: February 2014

A simple and precise method for alkylresorcinols determination was elaborated. The method a based on coupling of alkylresorcinals with diazotized Fast Blue B, in acidified propaaiol. The method is highly specific for 5-n-alkyl derivatives of resorcinols. In case of rye and wheat 98.1% and 96.2% respectively of total extinction value were due to 5-n-alkylresorcinols.
Mitotic activity, submicroscopic organization and respiration of meristematic cells of root tips of Allium cepa L. treated with dacarbazine (DTIC)
Authors: Podbielkowska Maria , Śluborska Anna , Wałęza Maria
Published: February 2014

Studies were carried out on the effect of dacarbazine (DTIC) on meristematic cells of root tips of Allium cepa L. Noticeable mitodepression was observed. It depended upon time of exposure and DTIC concentration. Mitodepression was caused by an inhibition of DNA synthesis and blocking of the G2 phase. DTIC caused also disturbances of the karyokinesis and cytokinesis, similar as in case of colchicine effect. In the experimental conditions inhibition of cell respiration was noted, as also changes in the tissue ultrastructure. These changes were typical of the effect of respiratory inhibitors.
Effect of morphactin (chlorfluorenol IT 3456) on the mitotic activity and cell growth in roots of Pisum sativum L.
Authors: Gabara Barbara
Published: February 2014

Morphactin in a concentration of 100 ppm does not retard pea root growth, however, it reduced the frequency of cell division and shifted the main wave of mitoses in the 24 h period from 1 to 2 mm of root segment. The mean cell cycle duration is prolonged from 14 h in the control to 22 h in morphactin-treated roots. In the presence of morphactin the decrease of 3H-thymidine incorporation and diminution of labelling index is accompanied by reduction of the nuclear surface area. The described changes are not accompanied by shortening of cell length. The results obtained suggest that morphactin disturbs the mechanisms regulating the initiation of S phase and its regular course. Moreover, it inhibits the endomitotic replication of DNA.
Influence of night-breaks on flowering and phytohormones content in Hyoscyamus niger L.
Authors: Kopcewicz Jan , Centkowska Gabriela
Published: February 2014

Night-breaks caused both stimulated shoot growth and caused formation of flowers as well as a general increase in the content of phytohormones in leaves of the long-day plant Hyoscyamus niger L. At the time of flower formation in night-break treated plants, new gibberellin-like substances also appear. The results show that night-breaks cause similar changes in the phytohormones content as a long inductive photoperiod. It may be assumed that independently of the way of induction, the generative differentiation of long-day plants is always accompanied by a general increase in the amount of endogenous hormones and the appearance of new gibberellins. These results suggest the possibility of a morphogenetic role of hormones, especially gibberellins, in the phenomena of flower formation and differentiation.
The biology of Mercurialis perennis L. polycormones
Authors: Falińska Krystyna
Published: February 2014

The developmental cycle of Mercurialis perennis L. polycormones lasts about 6 years. Under natural conditions polycormones arise by way of vegetative propagation. Their development and growth depend on the age, size and developmental state of the part of the plant from which the new individual arises. Development of the polycormone is most intensive in the first three years. During that time the young individuals increase their number of above-ground and underground shoots according to geometrical progression. A certain stabilization in growth and spread was observed in the 4th and 5th year of life. At that time the polycormones are of spherical or oval shape and their structure is mono- and polycentric. Their surface area is 0.51-2.0 m2 and the number of above-ground shoots amounts to 80-200. In the following years the intensity of regeneration decreases. Polycormones developing in garden culture reach their senile phase in the 3rd and 4th year of life, whereas in natural conditions in the 5th and 6th year. Then gradual dying of the oldest parts of the polycormone starts its division into several independent units. The rapid increase of the area occupied by the newly arising individuals leads to obliteration of the boundaries between them. The development of the aggregation-field distribution specific for this species is preceded by random and aggregation-random distribution of the polycormones in the Tilio-Carpinetum herb layer. It is evaluated that compact one-species patches of Mercurialis parennis L. form in forest communities in about 10 years.
Regeneration of whole plants of geranium from petioles cultured in vitro
Authors: Stefaniak Barbara , Zenkteler Maciej
Published: February 2014

Studies were made on the morphogenetic potential of petioles of Pelargonium hortorum (1 variety, 2 clones) and Pelargonium peltatum (1 variety, 1 clone) grown on the medium of Murashige and Skoog (MS) supplemented with auxins (IAA, IBA, NAA) and cytokinins (KIN, BAP, zeatin). The most intensive growth of callus of both species was observed on medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l NAA and 10 mg/l KIN, both under constant illumination and in darkness. Differentiation of callus and regeneration of plants occurred in P. peltatum variety "PAC Dresdner Amethyst" and in P. hortorum clone 3766/4 on medium containing 1 mg/l BAP, 1 mg/l IAA and exposed to a photoperiod (L:D = 16:8).
Effects of soaking period on the growth and carbohydrate content of young corn seedlings
Authors: Hatata Mohammad , Farah Michel
Published: February 2014

The effects of 12-, 24- and 36-hour soaking periods on the growth and carbohydrate content of corn seedlings grown either in distilled water or in nutrient solution have been studied. The soaking period of the seeds was found to affect the regularity of the growth rate, the extent of root elongation, fresh and oven-dry weight and carbohydrate content of different parts of corn seedlings. A period of 24 hours soaking was most suitable to obtain regular growth of corn seedlings whether in distilled water or in nutrient solution.
Specific effects of certain salts on nitrogen metabolism of young corn seedlings
Authors: Hatata Mohammad
Published: February 2014

The effect of sodium and magnesium chlorides and sulphates on nitrogen metabolism of corn seedlings and their constituent parts have been studied. Treatment with all salts led to a decrease in the nitrogen content of the seedling as a whole, and the decrease became more pronounced with the increase of salt concentration, though these concentrations were too low to induce any osmotic action. The same trend of changes was noticed as regards nonprotein-N, whereas the opposite was recorded in reference to the changes; of protein-N. Higher concentrations of the salt solutions led to leaching out of more nonprotein-N than did lower concentrations. The study of the distribution of nitrogenous constituents among the different organs of the seedling showed that while the total-N content of the whole seedling decreased with the increase of salt concentration, the total-N content of the roots decreased markedly, and the total-N content of the tops decreased also but less whereas, the total-N content of the grains increased with the increase of salt concentration as compared with that in the control. As a result of disturbances of nitrogen metabolism under salinization, more ammonia and amides were accumulated in all seedling organs.
Ground water as the main factor differentiating the natural vegetion in a landscape phytocomplex ("Grabowy" range in the Kampinos Forest Complex)
Authors: Matuszkiewicz Jan M.
Published: February 2014

In the period 1973-1975 the depth of the ground water level and the moisture of the surface soil layer were investigated in various plant communities of the "Grabowy" range in the Kampinos Forest Complex (central Poland). The studies included a fragment of a landscape phytocomplex within which eight types of forest plant communities were distinguished. It was found that the plant communities change parallelly to the differences in the soil-water conditions (ground water level, physical properties and moisture of soils) in space.
Relation between the size of the above-ground and the underground phytomass of plant communities in the region of Gurwan-Turuu in Central Mongolia
Authors: Matuszkiewicz Jan M. , Roo-Zielińska Ewa M. , Solon Jerzy
Published: February 2014

Results are presented of measurement of the above-ground and underground phytomass in six different plant communities on the area of the dry steppes of Central Mongolia. The relation was calculated between the above-ground and underground phytomass. This relation was found to be mostly constant under the local conditions (1 :34). This allows to adopt the "top/roots ratio" as a synthetic index of the vegetation structure in the aspect of zonal differentiation.
Ultrastructure of pollen grain sculpturing in several species of the Rosaceae family
Authors: Kocoń Józef , Muszyński Stanisław
Published: February 2014

The sculpturing patterns of pollen grains in some species of the Rosaceae family were analyzed by SEM. Three patterns are described, typical for Prunus spinosa, Pyrus elengrifolia and Crataegus sp. The role of SEM analysis of sculpturing patterns in taxonomy can be compared to the "finger print" method in chemical plant taxonomy.
Influence of lead on the development of lupin seedlings and ultrastructural localization of this metal in the roots
Authors: Woźny Adam , Zatorska Benigna , Młodzianowski Fortunat
Published: February 2014

The effect of lead on the early phases of development of yellow lupin seedlings was investigated. In the presence of this metal the number of germinating seeds was found to diminish distinctly, the hypocotyls and roots were shorter and the fresh weight and anthocyanin content in the cotyledones were markedly decreased. In the root cap cells lead was present in the vacuoles, ER, dictyosomes, the nuclear envelope and cell walls.
Callose and osmiophilic material deposition into walls of developing megagametophyte in Stellaria
Authors: Rodkiewicz Bohdan , Kubicka Krystyna , Kuraś Mieczysław
Published: February 2014

Extensive rough ER cisternae are developing and disappearing during each of intermitotic periods in two and four nucleate embryo sac and synergids. The synergid cisternae are transformed into vesicles. Some long cisternae come in close contact with the embryo sac and the synergid walls. Numerous osmiophilic droplets from the cytoplasm seem to be incorporated into the walls during the period of wall-cisternae relation.
Longitudinal arrangement of leaf traces and compound vascular bundles in the stem of Aristolochia clematitis L.
Authors: Puławska Zofia
Published: February 2014

The compound vascular bundles in the Aristolochia clematitis stems are entirely composed of leaf traces. At the stage of protoxylem differentiation there is not one vessel in the compound vascular bundle which would belong solely to the stem. In a mature compound vascular bundle less xylem belongs to traces of higher lying leaves than to these of the lower situated ones. The lower ends of the particular traces, components of the compound vascular bundle, gradually become thinner. The traces of the upper leaves are represented in the xylem of the compound vascular bundle in the lower parts of the stem by several or even by only one metaxylem vessel. The latter constitutes a „trace" of the participation of the given leaf in the development of the compound vascular bundle. There are two categories of compound bundles in the stem. One part of these bundles does not reach to the stem apex and they develop on one side. They consist of halves (right and left) of traces of median lower leaves from one orthostichy. The others run uninterruptedly from the base to the stem tip and develop from the middle. They consist, namely, of the median traces (left or right) of lower leaves from the orthostichy and lateral leaf traces (left or right) from the second orthostichy.
Development of Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl. fruit
Authors: Marek Stanisław , Kołkiewicz Janina
Published: February 2014

The ovule and ovary development was investigated with the aim to establish from what is the scleroid cover of the Cladium mariscus fruit derived. It was proved, that like in other members of the Cyperaceae family, it derives from the ovary.
Geometry of shoot apical dome and distribution of growth rates
Authors: Nakielski Jerzy
Published: February 2014

The distribution of the relative elementary rate of growth (RERG) in apical domes of various shapes and patterns of displacement lines can be analytically examined. The geometry of these domes may be described by parabolas of n-th order, the variant of the distribution of linear growth rate should be established along any displacement line (e.g. along the axis) and then the RERG can be studied as the function depending on the position coordinates and the parameter n. Such investigations of several aplical domes of various shapes have been performed. The results confirm the occurrence of the minimum of relative, elementary growth rate (in volume) in the subapical region of the dome independently of the type of geometry (n parabola order).
An interesting chemical polymorphism in Pinus sylvestris L.
Authors: Szweykowski Jerzy , Urbaniak Lech
Published: February 2014

Intra- and interpopulational polymorphism in the production of phenolic compounds is described in Polish populations of Pinus sylvestris L. Two mutually exclusive forms of pine trees are present in changing proportions in all populations studied. This allows three groups of populations to be distinguished. The character of this differentiation is discussed.
Bulbochaete augustowiensis Szym. sp. nova (Oedogoniales, Chlorophyta) found in Poland
Authors: Szymańska Hanna
Published: February 2014

A new species of Chlorophyta-Bulbochaete augustowiensis was found in Poland. This species differs from Bulbochaete echinospora Lacerda by the size oogonia, and slightly by the size of the reduced male filaments and vegetative cells. The oospore is covered with irregular papillae on the central wall. The oogonium is covered with spines.
Investigations on the ultrastructure of the callus tissue of Liriodendron tulipifera L. developed in vitro
Authors: Stefaniak Barbara , Woźny Adam
Published: February 2014

Fragments of internodes, petioles and fragments of leaves of Liriodendron tulipifera L. were cultured in vitro in order to induce them to regeneration. Abundant callus tissue was only produced by unlignified internodes and petioles. Application of various combinations of media was not successful in inducing callus organogenesis. The callus did not survive long and cytological analysis of its cells revealed the presence of severe abnormalities.
Sesquiterpene lactones. XXIII. Isolation of sesquiterpene lactones from Centaurea L. species
Authors: Geppert Barbara , Drożdż Bohdan , Kiełczewski Michał , Holub Mirosław
Published: February 2014

Sesquiterpene lactones were isolated from 18 species or subspecies of the genus Centaurea L.: salonitenolide (I) was found in C. crithmifolia Vis., C. friderici Vis., C, paniculata L., C. calcitrapa L., C. pontica Prodan et E. L' Nyarady, C. eriophora L., C. alba L. subsp. deusta (Ten.) Nyman, C. alba L. subsp. caliacrae (Prodan) Dostal and C. weldeniana Reichenb.; cnicin (II) was found in: C. vallesiaca (DC). Jordan, C. calcitrapa L., C. aspera L. subsp. aspera, C. sphaerocephala L. subsp. lusitanica (Boiss. et Reuter) Nyman, C. sulphurea Willd., C. eriophora L. and C. rocheliana (Heuffel) Dostal; cynaropicrin (III) was detected in C. debeauxii Gren. et Gordon subsp. thuillieri Dostal; acroptillin (V), repin (VI) and janerin (VII) in C. bella Trautv. Other unidentified sesquiterpene lactones were also found to be present in the examined plants.
Diversity in the seeds of Trigonella occulta Defile
Authors: Bhatia Ramesh C.
Published: February 2014

Dimorphism in the seeds of Trigonella occulta Delile of 4 studied seed provenances has been observed. The seeds of various origin show also diversity in their germination and imbibition behaviour, however low temperature of nearly 10°C is essential for germination in all cases. There is the correlation between morphological and physiological characteristics of some seed lots.
Effect of winter wheat (cv. Jana) seed ageing on its viability and vigour
Authors: Sójka Eugeniusz , Zaidan Riad
Published: February 2014

Viability and vigour of freshly collected 1, 2 and 3 years old seeds of the winter wheat cv. Jana were determined, on the base of the rate of germination, germinative capacity and the mean germination time, as well as the length of the shoot after 4, 7 and 10 days of the germination test. The intensity of respiration of whole caryopses, of isolated embryos and of the mitochondria was also measured. It was shown that the seed vigour and viability decreases with ageing. In seeds stored over longer periods the respiratory activity decreases as consequence of disturbance of the biogenesis of mitochondria, decline of oxidative phosphorylation and a decrease of the ability to oxidize the respiratory substrate.
Nitrate reductase and acid phosphatase activities as affected by inorganic phosphate in corn roots
Authors: Kummerova Marie , Buczek Józef
Published: February 2014

The deficieny of inorganic phosphate in nutrient solution reduces by about 50 per cent NO3- absorption in corn seedlings, it decreases both in vitro and in vivo nitrate reductase (NR) activity, as well the potential and actual NR level and has a very weak effect on NR induction. Acid phosphatases activities increase in corn roots when the plants are grown in nutrient solution without phosphorus. We suggest that inorganic phosphate is required mainly for maintenance of NR activity rather, than for induction in vivo of nitrate reductase. It is not excluded that deficiency of inorganic phosphate in root tissue may be partly supplemented as the result of enhanced acid phosphatase activity.
Chloroplast ultrastructure in leaves of Cucumis sativus chlorophyll mutant
Authors: Palczewska Irena , Gabara Barbara , Mikulska Eugienia , Kubicki Bogusław
Published: February 2014

The developing and young leaves of Cucumis sativus chlorophyll mutants are yellow, when mature they become green and do not differ in their colour from those of control plants. The mesophyll of yellow leaves contains a diversiform plastid population with a varying degree of defectiveness, which is mainly manifested in the reduction or disorganization of the typical thylakoid system. DNA areas, ribosome-like particles and aggregates of electron-dense material are preserved in the stroma of mutated plastids. Starch grains are deficient. Apart from mutated plastids, chloroplasts with a normal structure, as in control plants, were also observed.The leaf greening process is accompanied by a reconstruction and rearrangement of the inner chloroplast lamellar system and an ability to accumulate starch. However, in the mutant chloroplasts as compared with control-plant ones, an irregular arrangement of grana and reduced number of inter-grana thylakoids can be seen. An osmiophilic substance stored in the stroma of mutated plastids and the vesicles formed from an internal plastid membrane take part in restoration of the membrane system.
Influence of growth regulators and respiration inhibitors on dark transformation of phytochrome in coleoptiles of oat seedlings
Authors: Kopcewicz Jan , Cymerski Mariusz , Madela Kazimierz
Published: February 2014

Irradiation with red light leads to the formation of an unstable, undergoing gradual destruction, physiologically active PFR form of phytochrome in the coleoptiles of oat seedlings. Growth substances: IAA, GA3, kinetin, ABA, ethrel as well acetylcholine do not influence the nature and rate of phytochrome dark transformation. Inhibitors of energy-producing processes such as KCN, 2,4-DNP, DCCD and antimycin A inhibit the process of dark destruction of the PFR form of phytochrome.
Ultrastructural aspects of chromatin elimination in hybrid embryos of Hordeum
Authors: Idzikowska Krystyna , Młodzianowski Fortunat
Published: February 2014

Chromatin elimination was observed in hybrid embryos of Hordeum as incorporation of single chromosomes into tiny vacuoles-lysomes and as fragmentation of interphase nuclei: The latter process led mostly to the formation of micronuclei which underwent gradual degradation.
The intracellular location of nitrogen metabolism enzymes in Pisum arvense L. roots
Authors: Kłobus Grażyna , Kłobus-Dobosz Genowefa , Buczek Józef
Published: February 2014

The time course changes of nitrate assimilation enzymes and their distribution has been studied in Pisum arvense roots. The results indicate that nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.2) and glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) are present in the soluble fraction, and nitrite reductase (EC 1.6.6.4) and glutamate synthase (EC 2.6.1.53) are localised in the plastids. The results show that the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase system is the major pathway of ammonium incorporation in NO3-supplied Pisum arvense roots and glutamate dehydrogenase plays a lesser role.
Influence of lead on auxin-induced cell elongation
Authors: Burzyński Marek , Jakób Małgorzata
Published: February 2014

The influence of lead chloride on plant tissue growth is described. Lead reduced elongation of etiolated wheat coleoptile segments, green pea epicotyl fragments and etiolated and green sunflower hypocotyls. Green tissues were more susceptible to lead than etiolated ones. PbCl2 in a 10-4 M concentration significantly reduced plastic and elastic extensibility of the wheat coleoptile cell walls and diminished the hydration of sunflower hypocotyl segments. Auxin (indolyl-3-acetic acid - IAA) applied in concentration optimal for growth of the particular tissues partly attenuated the inhibitory action of lead on elongation, plastic and elastic extensibility and water absorption. Auxin applied in supraoptimal concentrations did not abolish the inhibitory action of lead on tissue growth.
Effect of ammonium nutrition on the nitrate utilization, nitrate reductase actvity and growth of Spirodela polyrrhiza
Authors: Tatkowska Ewa , Buczek Józef
Published: February 2014

The influence of NH4+ ions on nitrate assimilation and growth of sterile Spirodela polyrrhiza cultures was investigated. S. polyrrhiza utilises both the nitrate and the ammonium form of nitrogen, it prefers, however, NH4+. Ammonium ions present in the nitrate medium inhibit the activity of nitrate reductase (NR), but they do not affect enzyme 'induction and only slightly reduce N03- uptake. These results sugest that the inhibitory effect of NH4+ on the NR activity is the main cause of the decrease in N03- assimilation by S. polyrrhiza cultures growing in nitrate-ammonium medium.
Hydroxyproline and proline inhibit α-amylase from isolated barley aleurone layers
Authors: Freudenrich Craig C. , Dashek William V.
Published: February 2014

Previously, we reported that 1 mM hydroxyproline appeared to inhibit the gibberellic acid-induced release of α-amylase from isolated Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya aleurone layers into an incubation medium. Here, we report our attempts to determine the mechanism(s) for this inhibition and whether this inhibition can be caused by other proline analogues. Both 1 mM hydroxyproline and proline inhibited extracellular a-amylase activity without affecting its intracellular activity. This suggested that neither hydroxyproline nor proline impaired the release of a-amylase. Lineweaver-Burk plots revealed that both hydroxyproline and proline uncompetitively inhibited α-amy-lase. Thus, the inhibition is probably an assay artifact resulting from the formation of an enzyme-substrate-hydroxyproline or -proline complex. Because azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, glutamic acid and pipecolic acid did not inhibit extracellular α-amylase activity, the uncompetitive inhibition of a-amylase must be unique to imino aicids as well as their precursors and derivatives which possess a five membered ring.