bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Self-Monitoring Procedures With Low IQ Learning Disabled Students
Authors: Rooney Karen , Polloway Edward A. , Hallahan Daniel P.
Published: December 2008

Given the changes in the population served in programs for the learning-disabled, there is a continuing need to verify the effectiveness of teaching methods used with D students. This research investigated the efficacy of two cognitive behavior modification procedures—self-monitoring of attention and self-monitoring of academic accuracy—with a group of low functioning students in a LD self-contained class. Data are presented which indicate that the combination of both procedures was effective for all four students in improving attention-to-task and for three of the four children in percentage of accurate responses in an arithmetic task. The discussion highlights the importance of possible modification of CBM methods and training procedures in order to develop successsful intervention programs for LD students whose cognitive functioning levels are below average.
Theoretical Support for and Use of Original Drawings and Associative Cues in Vocabulary Acquisition by Children with Severe Reading Disorders
Authors: Kasner Joan F.
Published: December 2008

While visual and auditory deficits command our attention, for some children with severe reading disorders the real stumbling block is the elusive association of meaning with the printed word. In an effort to shed some light on the associative aspects of reading, the author explores the idiosyncratic evolutionary development of word measning as theorized by Bruner and Vygotsky and relates to this the oral language deficits manifested by many children with severe reading disorders. A clinically effective method, based on these theories is then presented. Added to Fernald's VAKT, original drawings and sentences, generated from the child, comprise the core of a method that is easy for both teacher and child to learn.
Computer—Aided Instruction And The Mainstreamed Learning Disabled Student
Authors: Isenberg Robert S.
Published: December 2008

The use of computer-aided instruction (CAI) within classrooms with mainstreamed LD students is examined. The current inability of CAI to directly address some of the goals of this mainstreaming can be overcome with the use of cooperative groups. The cooperative group structure addresses the social context of learning and has been shown to result in higher achievement than the individualistic or competitive models. Specific examples of implementation of this cooperative group model are given.
A Comparative Theory Test of Democratic Peace Arguments, 1946—2000
Authors: Lektzian David , Souva Mark
Published: December 2008

Multiple theories posit the existence of a dyadic democratic peace. The authors extend the logic of three theories of the democratic peace — informational, normative, and preferences — and find that they make different predictions with respect to the onset and escalation of disputes across the range of similar regime dyads. First, regarding dispute onset, the preferences argument, but not the normative and informational arguments, expects autocratic dyads of similar type to have less conflict onset than mixed dyads. Second, the normative argument expects democratic, but not non-democratic, dyads to be less likely to escalate their disputes, while the informational argument expects democracy to have little impact, after conflict onset has been taken into account. The preferences argument expects all dyads of similar regime type to be less likely to escalate their disputes. Critical tests of these expectations are conducted by estimating a censored choice model of conflict onset and escalation, using multiple measures of interstate conflict. The authors find little support for a broader regime-similarity peace, and their findings on democratic dispute escalation favor the informational argument over the normative argument.
The West and Contemporary Peace Operations
Authors: Bellamy Alex J. , Williams Paul D.
Published: December 2008

In recent years, senior UN officials have raised concerns about the decline of Western contributions to UN peace operations. Although this is a worrying trend for supporters of the UN, it does not mean that the West is playing a smaller role in peace operations per se. Instead, the West has increased its contribution to `hybrid' peace operations and missions that take place outside of the UN system. This article examines the West's contribution to both UN and non-UN peace operations since the Brahimi Report and assesses whether its contribution has markedly changed and what impact any changes have had on international peace and security. It proceeds in three sections. The first provides a historical overview of the West's ambivalent relationship with UN peace operations since 1948. The second analyses the West's contribution to UN, hybrid and non-UN peace operations. The final section explores what Western policies mean for international peace and security by assessing their impact on the UN's authority, the extent to which they save lives and their contribution to building stable peace. The article concludes that while in the short term the West's willingness to participate in hybrid operations displays a commitment to finding pragmatic solutions to some difficult problems, over the longer term this approach may weaken the UN's ability to maintain international peace and security.
Effect of Plasma Treatment on the Wood Flour for Wood Flour/PP Composites
Authors: Kim Byung-Sun , Chun Bae-Hyeock , Woo Il Lee  , Hwang Byung-Sun
Published: December 2008

Contact angles of various monomers are measured by goniometer to calculate surface energies in order to select the monomer with highest surface energy. The highest surface energy is obtained with hexamethyl-disiloxane and is used in plasma coating the wood flour to improve its bonding and dispersion with the polypropylene (PP). The mechanical test results and SEM inspections indicate the good dispersion and the good compatibility between the wood flour and the PP. Also, this method is considered as a nontoxic process as compared to other chemical bonding method.
Influence of the Polymer Surface Layer on the Adhesion of Polymer Matrix Composites
Authors: Benard Q. , Fois M. , Grisel M. , Laurens P. , Joubert F.
Published: December 2008

This work aims to point out the influence of the polymer surface layer on the adhesion of polymer matrix composites. To this end, correlations between surface parameters (chemistry, roughness, wettability, morphology, etc.) resulting from several surface treatments or preparations and single lap shear tests are performed. The results presented here show the usefulness of surface cleaning and the influence of the manufacturing process before the adhesion stage. Moreover, the use of peel ply surface treatment is also evidenced in terms of surface roughening and cleaning. Furthermore, most of the available surface treatments are limited by the cohesive failure occurring under the polymer surface layer at the fiber—polymer interface of the composite material. Hence, laser ablation is proposed as an alternative way to increase adhesion performance when compared to common surface treatments.
Caring for Undernourished Patients in an Orthopaedic Setting
Authors: Khalaf Atika , Berggren Vanja , Westergren Albert
Published: December 2008

This study elucidates the nursing of undernourished patients as experienced by eight registered clinical nurses and five nursing assistants by using content analysis. The participants' narratives describe the inner perspective of caring for undernourished patients, known in Sweden as `the thin ones'. Categories identified were: frustration in nursing, joy in nursing and that undernourishment is taboo. The taboo was narrated as feelings of guilt and shame. Frustration in nursing could be seen as feeling stressed, exposed, lonely, powerless, helpless, and being torn between demands and needs. Joy in nursing was experienced when creating a trusting relationship, promoting pleasure in the meal situation and working with respect for each individual's life-style and context of life. Understanding staff members' views is important when implementing guidelines as well as in the teaching situation in order to identify where staff stand with regard to knowledge and attitudes.
An Interface Model for a Three-Dimensional Curved Thin Piezoelectric Interphase between Two Piezoelectric Media
Authors: Benveniste Y.
Published: December 2008

An arbitrarily curved three-dimensional piezoelectric thin interphase between two piezoelectric solids is considered. In this study the thin interphase is modeled by a zero thickness interface which separates the two media that are adjacent to the interphase. The model is characterized by jump conditions for the mechanical and electrical fields across the interface. The derivation makes use of Taylor expansions of the fields, and is correct to O (h) where h is the constant thickness of the interphase which has been replaced.
Energy of a Prismatic Dislocation Loop in an Elastic Cylinder
Authors: Wei Cai  , Weinberger Christopher R.
Published: December 2008

The energy of a prismatic dislocation loop in an isotropic elastic cylinder is derived, resulting in semi-analytic expressions. Analytic expressions are obtained in two limits: when the radius of the dislocation loop approaches the cylinder radius and when the radius of the dislocation loop is much smaller than the cylinder radius. These expressions can be used to predict the critical condition for misfit dislocation formation in semiconducting nanowires.
Computational Modeling of Stress-Wave-Induced Martensitic Phase Transformations in NiTi
Authors: Yang S.-Y. , Escobar J. , Clifton R.J.
Published: December 2008

Computational simulations based on time-dependent Ginzburg—Landau equations are used to model martensitic phase transformations induced in pressure-shear plate impact experiments. Symmetric impact experiments on polycrystalline NiTi plates, and so-called “sandwich impact” experiments on thin polycrystalline NiTi foils sandwiched between two hard plates, are simulated by characterizing each grain as a three-dimensional finite element that can transform to twinned martensite involving twenty-four habit plane variants. The threshold stress at which the transformation occurs is obtained from the amplitude of the leading shear wave in the symmetric impact experiments. The kinetic coefficient in the Ginzburg—Landau equation is obtained by matching the risetime of the transverse particle velocity in the sandwich impact experiments. These simulations highlight the importance of including the effects of self-accommodation in which clusters of several habit plane variants nucleate and grow simultaneously to reduce the constraining effect of the surrounding material.
Rasch analysis of the Fatigue Severity Scale in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Mills RJ , Young CA , Nicholas RS , Pallant JF , Tennant A
Published: December 2008

Background

The 9-item, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS-9) has been widely used as an outcome measure in multiple sclerosis (MS). Modern psychometric theory, in the form of the Rasch measurement model, has set new quality standards for outcome measures by appraising a broad range of measurement properties in addition to the reliability and validity emphasized by classical test theory.

Objective

To appraise the FSS-9 by application of the Rasch model.

Method

The FSS-9 was posted to patients with clinically definite MS in two centers in the United Kingdom. Analysis was based on 416 records (55% response).

Results

The 9-item scale failed to meet Rasch model expectations. Two items had poor discrimination across the scale, and two further items showed bias for factors such as age. Removal of these four items provided a valid 5-item Rasch scale that satisfied strict tests of unidimensionality.

Conclusion

Summating the nine items of the FSS-9 is invalid. Five items (FSS-5), which seem to be measuring the social impact of fatigue, provide a strictly unidimensional Rasch scale. Studies using the FSS-9 may need to be re-evaluated using the FSS-5, preferably using the Rasch transformed scores.
Communities of clinical practice: the social organization of clinical learning
Authors: Egan Tony , Jaye Chrystal
Published: December 2008

The social organization of clinical learning is under-theorized in the sociological literature on the social organization of health care. Professional scopes of practice and jurisdictions are formally defined by professional principles and standards and reflected in legislation; however, these are mediated through the day-to-day clinical activities of social groupings of clinical teams. The activities of health service providers typically occur within communities of clinical practice. These are also major sites for clinical curriculum delivery, where clinical students learn not only clinical skills but also how to be health professionals. In this article, we apply Wenger's model of social learning within organizations to curriculum delivery within a health service setting. Here, social participation is the basis of learning. We suggest that it offers a powerful framework for recognizing and explaining paradox and incongruence in clinical teaching and learning, and also for recognizing opportunities, and devising means, to add value to students' learning experiences.
The organization of 'organized crime policing' and its international context
Authors: Harfield Clive
Published: December 2008

This article reflects upon a decade of developments in the organization of organized crime policing, particularly within the international context. The review illustrates that the policing (in its widest sense) of organized crime is based on certain prerequisites. Other actors besides law enforcement agencies have key roles to play. The creation of an appropriate instrumental framework is equally as important as having competent and appropriate agencies in place. The multiplicity of interests beg questions about what is feasible in the co-ordination of organized crime policing, given that organized crime is a global phenomenon beyond the scope of any one agency or jurisdiction to deal with alone.
Pushing the frontiers of development
Authors: Bellaïche Yohanns , Munro Edwin
Published: December 2008

A joint meeting of the Japanese and French societies for Developmental Biology, entitled `Frontiers in Developmental Biology', was recently held in Giens, France. The organizers, Patrick Lemaire and Shinichi Aizawa, showcased some of the rapid progress in the field that has been made possible through the use of modern large-scale network analyses, and of an increasingly sophisticated array of tools and ideas from microscopy, mathematics and computer science.
Characteristic Fluorescence Behavior of Dialkynylpyrene Derivatives in Hydrophobic Cavity of Protein
Authors: Shinmori Hideyuki , Furukawa Hirotoshi , Fujimoto Kazuhisa , Shimizu Hisao , Inouye Masahiko , Takeuchi Toshifumi
Published: December 2008

Water-soluble fluorescent molecules consisting of dialkynylpyrene skeleton with an oxyethylene unit were designed and synthesized for interacting with hydrophobic cavities of proteins. In the presence of serum albumin, the fluorescent spectra of dialkynylpyrene derivatives were remarkably changed. These behavior can be explained by monomer–excimer emission switching and twisted intramolecular charge-transfer mechanism.
High-density lipoprotein: why all the fuss?
Authors: Mackness Bharti , Mackness Mike
Published: December 2008

The current search for new treatments to combat coronary heart disease (CHD) is centred on increasing HDL-cholesterol. The failure of the CETP inhibitor torcetrapib may force a rethink. This perspective briefly reviews the antiatherosclerotic properties of HDL and ways HDL-cholesterol concentration can be raised, but argues – in light of the fact that HDL-cholesterol concentration does not reflect the protective properties of HDL particles – that this approach is flawed and a different approach, targeting know antiatherosclerotic components of HDL, is required.
A trial of the validity of genital smears and cultures with gonococcal vaccine provocation in diagnosing genital gonorrhoea in women
Authors: Renton A , Filatova E , Ison C , Meheus A , Dmitriev G , Akovbian V , Taylor-Robinson D
Published: December 2008

In Russia the diagnosis of gonorrhoea in women relied on microscopy, justified by the hypothesis that sensitivity increases using ‘provocation’ techniques. The aim was to test the value of Gonovaccine as provocation in women who would have received it normally. Cervical specimens from 204 women were tested by culture and a ligase chain reaction (LCR) assay before the women were randomized to receive provocation or not. Further cervical specimens were obtained 24, 48 and 72 hours later for microscopy, culture and LCR tests. In both provocation and non-provocation arms, 24 women were positive for gonorrhoea by the LCR assay. Test-by-test, sensitivity of microscopy was 30% in the provocation arm and 13% in the control arm ( P = 0.0407, Fisher's exact test). Patient-by-patient, sensitivity of microscopy was 50% in the provocation arm, but only 25% in the control arm ( P = 0.0675, Fisher's exact test). The cost per case was greater ($214) using provocation with microscopy than culture and microscopy at the first visit ($150). Thus, although Gonovaccine provocation doubled the sensitivity of microscopy in detecting gonococci, the internationally recommended protocol of microscopy and culture at first visit should be adopted as routine practice in Russia. The findings raise questions about the pathogenesis and natural history of gonorrhoea.
Delay in the diagnosis of early syphilis among men who have sex with men: need for greater community and health provider education
Authors: Bissessor M , Fairley C K , De Guingand D , Bradshaw C S , Chen M Y
Published: December 2008

The objective of this study was to determine the duration between onset of symptoms of early symptomatic syphilis and diagnosis among men who have sex with men (MSM). A review of cases of primary and secondary syphilis among MSM presented to the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre between January 2003 and August 2007. The mean age of the 123 MSM included was 37 years. Fifty-two percent ( n = 64) presented with primary syphilis and 48% ( n = 59) with secondary syphilis. Twenty-five percent were HIV-positive. The median rapid plasma reagin titre was 1:32. Of the 34 men referred by general practitioners, referring practitioners did not consider the diagnosis of syphilis in 10 cases of primary syphilis and 20 cases of secondary syphilis. For primary and secondary cases combined, the median duration between onset of symptoms and diagnosis, and onset of symptoms and treatment, was 15 (3–56) and 20 (1–57) days, respectively. The respective durations for secondary syphilis (17 and 23 days) was longer than for primary syphilis (13 and 15 days) ( P < 0.05). The mean number of sex partners reported for the prior three months was 8.8 (range 1–15). If early detection and treatment of syphilis is to be optimized in order to improve syphilis control, greater awareness of its symptoms and signs of syphilis need to be promoted among both health-care providers and affected communities.
Reconstructing continuity of care in mental health services: A multilevel conceptual framework
Authors: Wierdsma André , Mulder Cornelis , De Vries Sanne , Sytema Sjoerd
Published: December 2008

Continuity of mental health care is a key issue in the organization and evaluation of services for patients with disabling chronic conditions. Over many years, health services researchers have been exploring the conceptual boundaries between continuity of care and other service characteristics. On the basis of papers published over the past decade, we argue that while conceptual consensus is growing, there is room to improve continuity measures, and the development of practical interventions is still at an early stage.

There is growing consensus that continuity of care is a multidimensional concept. We identified four core elements: continuous care; care of an individual patient; cross-boundary care; and care recorded objectively. These elements help clarify conceptual boundaries, and incorporate measurement guidelines. With reference to these core elements, we define types of continuity of care, including informational continuity, management continuity, relational continuity and contact continuity. In order to improve continuity of care, better understanding is needed of the complex inter-relationship of core elements and types of continuity. A multilevel perspective on continuity of care can guide research to develop and evaluate new interventions. Achieving continuity of care is hindered by the lack of standard measures and administrative data appropriate to assessing continuity. Account should be taken not only of the nature of the patient population, but also of local conditions. To address these topics and identify best practices, research should be multidisciplinary and take a comparative, naturalistic form.
Shunting of Passenger Train Units: An Integrated Approach
Authors: Kroon Leo G. , Lentink Ramon M. , Schrijver Alexander
Published: December 2008

In this paper we describe a new model for the train unit shunting problem. This model is able to solve the matching and the parking subproblem in an integrated manner, usually requiring a reasonable amount of computation time for generating acceptable solutions. Furthermore, the model incorporates complicating details from practice, such as trains composed of several train units and shunt tracks that can be approached from two sides. Computation times are reduced by introducing the concept of virtual shunt tracks. Computational results are presented for real-life cases of NS Reizigers, the main Dutch passenger railway operator.
Students With Severe Challenging Behaviour in Regular Classrooms: Support and Impacts
Authors: Carter Mark , Stephenson Jennifer , Clayton Mark
Published: December 2008

This article reports on part of a commissioned research study into students with severe challenging behaviour in primary schools serviced by the Catholic Education Office (Parramatta Diocese) in western Sydney. The data reported in this study relates to support services accessed by schools and their perceived efficacy as well as impacts of dealing with challenging behaviour on the school community. A total of 51 students were identified as having severe challenging behaviour using very conservative criteria. In-school supports were most frequently used and rated as most efficacious. External supports services tended to be used less frequently and were rated as less efficacious. Parental support was seen as limited and a range of family factors was viewed to both facilitate and hinder support of students. A range of significant impacts on the school community was documented. The support of students with severe challenging behaviour in regular school settings will clearly present an ongoing issue and several suggestions arising from the present research are offered.
A One-Size Relationship Stance Does Not Fit All: Customisation of the Counselling Relationship
Authors: Hatchett Gregory T.
Published: December 2008

Many counsellor education programs require students to undergo intensive training in basic interpersonal skills, such as reflection and summarisation. Not only has research failed to demonstrate the value of such skills in improving client outcomes, but the nondirective counselling philosophy upon which many of the programs are based may be incompatible with the needs and expectations of many clients. This article reviews the research evidence underlying these training programs and then provides both counsellors and counsellor educators with alternative ideas about developing productive relationships with a diverse clientele.
Causes, consequences, detection, and prevention of identification errors in laboratory diagnostics
Authors: Lippi Giuseppe , Blanckaert Norbert , Bonini Pierangelo , Green Sol , Kitchen Steve , Palicka Vladimir , Vassault Anne J. , Mattiuzzi Camilla , Plebani Mario
Published: December 2008

Laboratory diagnostics, a pivotal part of clinical decision making, is no safer than other areas of healthcare, with most errors occurring in the manually intensive preanalytical process. Patient misidentification errors are potentially associated with the worst clinical outcome due to the potential for misdiagnosis and inappropriate therapy. While it is misleadingly assumed that identification errors occur at a low frequency in clinical laboratories, misidentification of general laboratory specimens is around 1% and can produce serious harm to patients, when not promptly detected. This article focuses on this challenging issue, providing an overview on the prevalence and leading causes of identification errors, analyzing the potential adverse consequences, and providing tentative guidelines for detection and prevention based on direct-positive identification, the use of information technology for data entry, automated systems for patient identification and specimen labeling, two or more identifiers during sample collection and delta check technology to identify significant variance of results from historical values. Once misidentification is detected, rejection and recollection is the most suitable approach to manage the specimen.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:143–53.
Written Ballot, Secret Ballot and the iudicia publica. A note on the leges tabellariae (Cicero, De legibus 3.3339)
Authors: Feig Vishnia Rachel
Published: December 2008

Cicero, who is our main source for the leges tabellariae (De legibus 3.3339), which were gradually introduced into all comitial voting between 139107 BCE, claims that the written ballot, by allowing the voters to hide their choice, decreased the power of the ruling elite, but provides meager information as to their background or implications. Modern scholars have long debated about the significance of these laws. Many believe that the laws, which have supposedly introduced the secret ballot, increased the power of the people during the late Republic. Others stress the fact that the laws did not bring about any evident change in the patterns of politics or office-holding, and therefore doubt whether they have indeed strengthened the ,democratic' element in Roman politics. Viewed from this angle, it is impossible to determine unequivocally whether the laws were ‘democratic’ or ‘conservative’. This paper offers a different reading of Cicero′s text. Arguing that ‘written ballot’ is not necessarily equivalent to ‘secret ballot’, it takes its cue from the fact that Cicero, although relating to all comitial laws, speaks in fact only of judicial matters, which were, in his days, handled by the permanent law-courts. Since the law-courts seem to have been abolished in favor of the old iudicia populi in the De legibus, this paper attempts to investigate whether it is possible that Cicero was in fact attacking, by transference, the voting procedures in the law-courts, the only voting body in Rome where secrecy was strictly enforced.
Herodes der Große als Antiochus redivivus in apokrypher und josephischer Deutung. Mit einem Ausblick auf eine konstruktivistische Herodesforschung.
Authors: Eckhardt Benedikt
Published: December 2008

Die Herodeserzählungen des Josephus enthalten Stilisierungen der Gegner des Königs als Märtyrer, die eine bestimmte Deutung des Königs nahe legen: Herodes erscheint als Fremdherrscher im eigenen Land, als Antiochus redivivus. Die Vorbilder für eine solche Darstellung sind nicht in einem konkreten Text, etwa dem zweiten Makkabäerbuch oder der Assumptio Mosis, zu finden; dennoch lassen sich zwei Schichten der Deutung unterscheiden: Zuerst die in apokryphen Schriften nachweisbare Deutung des Herodes als Endtyrann, die bereits in Anlehnung an eine um Antiochos IV. entstandene Erinnerungskultur zur Darstellung gebracht wird, dann die Deutung des Josephus, der die Reminiszenzen an die antiochische Verfolgung übernimmt und durch klassische Tyrannentopoi ergänzt. So entfällt der eschatologische Gehalt, Herodes wird zum Tyrannen nach griechischem und jüdischem Maßstab. Zukünftige Forschungsmöglichkeiten wurden in der Analyse von Strategien der Legitimation und Delegitimation der Herrschaft des Herodes gesehen, die besonders im Bericht der Antiquitates nebeneinander stehen. Da in den meisten Fällen nicht entschieden werden kann, ob bestimmte Deutungen Josephus oder seinen unbekannten Quellen zuzuschreiben sind, erscheint ein anderer Zugang notwendig: Es gilt, das Funktionieren der Strategien zu analysieren  und auf dieser Ebene das Herodesbild des Josephusberichts zu erklären.
Provvedimenti imperiali per comunita` colpite da terremoti nel III sec. d. C.
Authors: Conti Stefano
Published: December 2008

Riassunto

Il presente studio analizza le forme d′intervento messe in atto in seguito ai terremoti dagli imperatori di I e II sec., da Augusto fino a Comodo, per aiutare le popolazioni colpite: in particolare fornirono aiuti economici e tecnici per la ricostruzione ed esentarono municipia e coloniae dal pagamento delle imposte.

Da parte loro le comunità ricambiarono gli aiuti omaggiando il regnante di turno con statue e iscrizioni: volevano così dare risalto a quello che il potere centrale aveva fatto per loro.

Nella ricerca sui provvedimenti seguiti ai terremoti, si evidenzia pertanto la volontà dell′imperatore di mostrarsi come un governante generoso e pronto a soccorrere le città provinciali.
Derecho de asilo en época de Valeriano?
Authors: Mentxaka Rosa
Published: December 2008

EL artículo tiene por objeto analizar el primer edicto de Valeriano contra los cristianos (Acta Cypriani 1,3ss. y Eus., HE VII,11,10) y estudiar las razones que llevaron a la autoridad imperial a impedir las asambleas conciliares y la entrada en los cementerios. Tras cuestionar la propuesta interpretativa efectuada por Buenacasa, según la cual a mediados del siglo III p. C. los cementerios serían lugares de asilo, se sugieren otras hipótesis: a. la existencia de una jerarquía eclesiástica organizada y con un importante patrimonio pudo conducir al emperador a dirigirse contra la Iglesia como estructura y por ello fueron prohibidas las asambleas deliberativas de la jerarquía eclesiástica y b. al impedir el ejercicio del derecho de reunión del clero con los fieles se desearía evitar la difusión de una cierta apología del martirio y de la resistencia al cumplimiento de la ley.
Das Königtum der Sasaniden  Strukturen und Probleme. Bemerkungen aus althistorischer Sicht
Authors: Börm Henning
Published: December 2008

Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist ein Überblick über die spätantike persische Monarchie. Die sasanidischen Könige waren die bedeutendsten Gegenspieler der römischen Kaiser; doch aufgrund der schwierigen Quellenlage fällt es schwer, zu gesicherten Erkenntnissen über ihre Position gegenüber den Priestern und den Adel, die Modalitäten der Thronfolge und die Formen der Herrschaftslegitimation zu gelangen. Angesichts des Umstandes, daß die Großkönige ihre Macht mehr als 400 Jahre lang behaupten konnten, kann die sasanidische Monarchie allerdings insgesamt als ein Erfolgsmodell gelten, das auch das spätrömische Kaisertum beeinflußt haben könnte.
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection of Mycobacterium shottsii and M. pseudoshottsii in Striped Bass
Authors: Gauthier D. T. , Vogelbein W. K. , Rhodes M. W. , Reece K. S.
Published: December 2008

Wild striped bass Morone saxatilis in Chesapeake Bay are experiencing a high prevalence of mycobacteriosis, which produces granulomatous lesions of the skin and visceral organs. Culture based studies have indicated that the newly described species Mycobacterium shottsii and M. pseudoshottsii are the dominant isolates from diseased fish. The classical fish pathogen M. marinum is also found, albeit at much lower frequencies. Both M. shottsii and M. pseudoshottsii are extremely slow growing on standard selective media, and up to 12 months may be required for isolation and characterization. Epidemiological studies of mycobacteriosis in Chesapeake Bay would therefore benefit from rapid molecular assays with which to detect these species in fish. In this paper, we describe the development of polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) assays capable of detecting M. shottsii, M. pseudoshottsii, and, in most instances, coinfections thereof in striped bass tissues. In addition, PCR–RFLP assays were designed to detect M. marinum and other as yet undescribed Mycobacterium spp. present in Chesapeake Bay striped bass. Comparison of these molecular assays with culture based techniques using splenic tissue from wild striped bass yielded generally concordant results and demonstrated the applicability of these techniques to the study of wild fish.
Gestão participativa como istrumento de inclusão democrática: o caso dos Comitês Gestores de Bairro do Programa Nova Baixada
Authors: Guaraná Juliana , Fleury Sonia
Published: December 2008

Este artigo aborda a experiência dos Comitês Gestores de Bairro, canais de gestão participativa introduzidos na Baixada Fluminense pelo Governo Estadual do Rio de Janeiro para garantir a participação de moradores nas discussões referentes à implementação do Programa Nova Baixada. Para averiguar as potencialidades e os obstáculos encontrados por estes canais de participação nas decisões políticas locais e verificar se funcionaram efetivamente como instrumentos de inclusão democrática, utilizaram-se dados de uma pesquisa de campo realizada pela Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro em 2005, que entrevistou moradores das áreas beneficiadas pelo Programa, membros dos Comitês e gestores do programa. Os resultados revelaram a hierarquização no processo decisório e a baixa participação da maioria da população nas deliberações, restringindo o funcionamento dos Comitês como instâncias participativas.
Utility of Multispectral Imagery for Soybean and Weed Species Differentiation
Authors: Gray Cody J. , Shaw David R. , Gerard Patrick D. , Bruce Lori M.
Published: December 2008

An experiment was conducted to determine the utility of multispectral imagery for identifying soybean, bare soil, and six weed species commonly found in Mississippi. Weed species evaluated were hemp sesbania, palmleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, sicklepod, and smallflower morningglory. Multispectral imagery was analyzed using supervised classification techniques based upon 2-class, 3-class, and 8-class systems. The 2-class system was designed to differentiate bare soil and vegetation. The 3-class system was used to differentiate bare soil, soybean, and weed species. Finally, the 8-class system was designed to differentiate bare soil, soybean, and all weed species independently. Soybean classification accuracies classified as vegetation for the 2-class system were greater than 95%, and bare soil classification accuracies were greater than 90%. In the 3-class system, soybean classification accuracies were 70% or greater. Classification of soybean decreased slightly in the 3-class system when compared to the 2-class system because of the 3-class system separating soybean plots from the weed plots, which was not done in the 2-class system. Weed classification accuracies increased as weed density or weeks after emergence (WAE) increased. The greatest weed classification accuracies were obtained once weed species were allowed to grow for 10 wk. Palmleaf morningglory and pitted morningglory classification accuracies were greater than 90% for 10 WAE using the 3-class system. Palmleaf morningglory and pitted morningglory at the highest densities of 6 plants/m2produced the highest classification accuracies for the 8-class system once allowed to grow for 10 wk. All other weed species generally produced classification accuracies less than 50%, regardless of planting density. Thus, multispectral imagery has the potential for weed detection, especially when being used in a management system when individual weed species differentiation is not essential, as in the 2-class or 3-class system. However, weed detection was not obtained until 8 to 10 WAE, which is unacceptable in production agriculture. Therefore, more refined imagery acquisition with higher spatial and/or spectral resolution and more sophisticated analyses need to be further explored for this technology to be used early-season when it would be most valuable.
Interspecific Differences in Weed Susceptibility to Steam Injury
Authors: Leon Ramon G. , Ferreira Dylan T.
Published: December 2008

Thermal weed control methods have been incorporated into weed control programs in organic and conventional production systems. Flaming is commonly used, but steaming has been proposed to increase efficiency of heat transfer to weeds and reduce the risk of fire. The objective of this research was to measure injury to leaves of plant species that differ in leaf morphology and to measure injury to plants at different stages of plant development. The study was conducted in a glasshouse and plants were exposed to steaming at 400 C for 0.36 s—equivalent to a steaming speed of 2 km/h. Overall, leaf thickness was the best morphological characteristic to predict injury (r2 = 0.51), with greater thickness resulting in less injury. For broadleaf species only, species with wider leaves were injured more than species with narrower leaves (r2 = 0.64). Injury was greatest when plants had fewer than six true leaves and when their shoots were less than 10 cm long. There was a wide range of injury across species, and the grass species bermudagrass and perennial ryegrass were injured (68 to 81%) more than other species such as common purslane and English daisy (23 to 34%). Biomass of all species tested was reduced by approximately 40%, indicating that leaf injury was not the sole effect of steaming on plant growth. These results indicated that considering both visual estimates of injury and morphological characteristics is important to properly assess thermal weed control effectiveness.
A Comparison of Threshold Strategies in Tomatoes and Soybean
Authors: Mayén Carlos D. , Gibson Kevin D. , Weller Stephen C.
Published: December 2008

Weed control strategies based on conserving crop yields rather than preventing weed seed production may result in increased weed densities and management costs over the long-term, particularly in less competitive crops such as tomatoes. The effect of crop, tillage, and duration of weed control on weed seed bank size and composition was examined from spring 2001 to spring 2003 near Lafayette, IN. Main plots in 2001 and 2002 contained soybean or tomato planted in rotation (soybean-tomato, tomato-soybean). Subplots were managed with either conventional or no-till practices. Sub-subplots contrasted threshold strategies in which weeds were either controlled for four to six weeks (period threshold, PT) or throughout the growing season (no-seed-threshold, NST). Seed banks were sampled annually in the spring. Emergent weeds were counted` at four and twelve weeks after planting (WAP) in 2001 and 2002. Weed seed banks did not significantly change in the NST plots in any year. However, seed bank densities increased substantially following tomatoes in PT plots. In contrast, weed seed bank densities decreased following soybeans in PT plots. The difference in seed banks and emergent weeds between soybean and tomatoes could be attributed primarily to greater suppression of giant foxtail by the soybean canopy. Giant foxtail control was greater in PT soybeans than in PT tomatoes in both years and giant foxtail comprised most of the PT tomato seed bank in 2002 and 2003. Tillage did not affect weed seed banks in any year. This study highlights the need to control later emerging weeds in tomatoes to prevent large increases in the weed seed bank.
Metribuzin-Resistant Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) in Bermudagrass Turf
Authors: Brosnan James T. , Nishimoto Roy K. , DeFrank Joseph
Published: December 2008

Applications of metribuzin plus MSMA have been used to control goosegrass in bermudagrass turf for over 20 yr. In 2003, two goosegrass biotypes on the island of Kauai, Hawaii were found to be resistant to applications of metribuzin plus MSMA. Metribuzin plus MSMA applied at rates of 0.28 kg ai/ha plus 2.2 kg/ha, respectively, followed by MSMA at 2.2 kg/ha 7 d later, provided 100% control of two susceptible goosegrass biotypes, but no control of two resistant biotypes. At the flowering growth stage, metribuzin applied at a rate of 0.28 kg/ha controlled both susceptible biotypes (> 92%), but did not control the two resistant biotypes. Two applications of MSMA applied at a rate of 2.2 kg/ha (7 d apart) did not control any of the four biotypes at the flowering growth stage. The two resistant biotypes were approximately 100 to 200 times less sensitive to increasing rates of metribuzin than the two susceptible biotypes. The two biotypes that were resistant to metribuzin plus MSMA were also resistant to applications of simazine plus MSMA. However, all four biotypes were susceptible to applications of glyphosate and foramsulfuron.
Planting Date, Mulch, and Herbicide Rate Effects on the Growth, Yield, and Physicochemical Properties of Menthol Mint (Mentha Arvensis)
Authors: Singh Manoj K. , Saini Swaran S.
Published: December 2008

Field experiments were conducted in 2001 and 2002 to study the effect of date of planting, herbicide, and straw mulch on menthol mint yield and oil quality in northwest India. Menthol mint was planted at three dates (December 10, December 30, and January 20). Diuron was applied prior to emergence at rates of 0.0, 0.4, and 0.6 kg ai/ha, with and without rice straw mulch (6 t/ha). Menthol mint planted on December 30 and January 20 produced more plantlets and dry matter than the December 10 planting. Menthol mint planted on December 10 had higher weed density and weed biomass, and lower menthol mint herbage and oil yield than the later planting dates. Straw mulch application reduced weed density and weed biomass, and increased plantlet population, menthol mint dry matter accumulation, fresh herbage, and menthol mint oil yield. Preemergence (PRE) applications of diuron at 0.4 and 0.6 kg ai/ha increased menthol mint population and crop dry matter accumulation, and decreased weed density and weed biomass compared to the weedy check. Diuron at 0.6 kg/ha increased fresh herbage and menthol mint oil yield over the untreated weedy check, but there were no other differences between the two rates of diuron. Physicochemical properties of menthol mint oil were not affected by any of the three tested factors.
Efficacy and Tolerance to HPPD-Inhibiting Herbicides in Sweet Corn
Authors: Bollman Joseph D. , Boerboom Chris M. , Becker Roger L. , Fritz Vince A.
Published: December 2008

The use of POST herbicides has been limited in sweet corn because of the narrow spectrum of weed control or potential crop injury. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides mesotrione, tembotrione, and topramezone applied POST in sweet corn at three locations. Efficacy of mesotrione, tembotrione, and topramezone applied alone or mixed with atrazine was compared to other labeled POST herbicides following PRE S-metolachlor. Giant foxtail control was greater with tembotrione or topramezone than mesotrione alone or mixed with atrazine. Common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, and common ragweed were controlled 98% or greater with the HPPD-inhibiting herbicides when mixed with atrazine. Tolerance of six sweet corn hybrids was determined in the field when treated with 1× and 2× rates of these herbicides mixed with atrazine. Tolerance of six sweet corn hybrids to these herbicides was determined in the greenhouse when treated with 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 times the labeled rate. Differential hybrid tolerance to each herbicide was observed in both the field and greenhouse evaluations. Tembotrione killed ‘Merit’ in both evaluations. Excluding Merit, hybrids generally had good tolerance to tembotrione and topramezone in the field, but had differential tolerance to mesotrione. With the exception of Merit, hybrids generally had greater tolerance to tembotrione than topramezone and less tolerance to mesotrione in the greenhouse. These HPPD-inhibiting herbicides provide POST weed control, but the potential for sweet corn injury varies among the herbicides and hybrids and warrants further characterization.
Atrazine Accentuates Carryover Injury from Mesotrione in Vegetable Crops
Authors: Robinson Darren E.
Published: December 2008

Trials were established in 2003, 2004, and 2005 in Ontario to determine the effects of residues of mesotrione, atrazine, and mesotrione plus atrazine 1 and 2 yr after application on broccoli, carrot, cucumber, onion, and potato. One yr after mesotrione application, injury was 43, 37, 18, 24, and 0% in broccoli, carrot, cucumber, onion, and potato, respectively. The addition of atrazine to mesotrione in the year before planting increased injury to 55, 53, 30, 42, and 3% in broccoli, carrot, cucumber, onion, and potato, respectively. Plant dry weight and yield were also decreased by mesotrione residues the year after application in all crops except potato. The addition of atrazine to mesotrione accentuated the reduction in dry weight and yield in broccoli, carrot, cucumber, and onion. There was no injury, or reductions in dry weight or yield in any crop planted 2 yr after application of mesotrione alone or in tank mix with atrazine. A recropping interval of 2 yr is recommended following applications of mesotrione or mesotrione plus atrazine for broccoli, carrot, cucumber, and onion. Potato can be safely planted the year following application of mesotrione plus atrazine.
Synergism of Dicamba with Diflufenzopyr with Respect to Turfgrass Weed Control
Authors: Wehtje Glenn
Published: December 2008

Diflufenzopyr is an auxin-transport inhibitor that can increase the phytotoxicity of certain auxin-mimicking herbicides such as dicamba on broadleaf species. Dicamba is commonly used alone and in combination with other auxin herbicides for broadleaf weed control in various species of turfgrass. Dicamba efficacy applied over a series of rates either alone or as an admixture with either 20 or 40% by weight of diflufenzopyr relative to the weight of dicamba was evaluated on purple cudweed and common lespedeza. The 20% admixture reduced the LD50of dicamba on purple cudweed from 23 to 20 g/ha. Similarly, LD50on common lespedeza was reduced from 36 and 27 g/ha. The 20% admixture was 13 and 25% more active than dicamba alone for these two weed species, respectively. However, the synergistic benefit was limited to a relatively narrow range of rates that are below the minimal registered rate of dicamba. Turfgrass injury, as expressed by the suppression of foliage growth, was similar whether dicamba was applied alone or with diflufenzopyr for all species evaluated except St. Augustinegrass. The admixture was less injurious than dicamba alone in St. Augustinegrass. The synergistic benefit with respect to weed control was obtained without a corresponding increase in injury on the turfgrasses.
Weed Seedling Emergence and Survival as Affected by Crop Canopy
Authors: Anderson Randy L.
Published: December 2008

This study measured impact of cool-season crops on seedling emergence, survival, and seed production of weeds common in corn and soybean. Weed dynamics were monitored in permanently marked quadrats in winter wheat, spring wheat, and canola. Three species, green foxtail, yellow foxtail, and common lambsquarters, comprised more than 80% of the weeds observed in the study. Seedling emergence was reduced by winter wheat, but not by spring wheat or canola, when compared with adjacent quadrats without a crop canopy. Approximately 10% of seedlings in spring wheat and canola developed into seed-bearing plants, but no seed-bearing plants were present in winter wheat at harvest. Common lambsquarters produced more than 1,100 seeds/plant, whereas a foxtail plant produced 85 seeds, averaged across spring wheat and canola. At harvest, new seedlings were present in all crops; thus, control after harvest will be required to prevent seed production in the fall. Winter wheat may provide an opportunity to disrupt population dynamics of weeds common in corn and soybean without requiring herbicides.