bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microscopic Analysis of Severe Structural Rearrangements of the Plant Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Caused by Overexpression ofPoa semilatent virusMovement Protein
Authors: Solovyev Andrey G. , Schiemann Joachim , Morozov Sergey Y.
Published: January 2012

Cell-to-cell transport of plant viruses is mediated by virus-encoded movement proteins and occurs through plasmodesmata interconnecting neighboring cells in plant tissues. Three movement proteins coded by the “triple gene block” (TGB) and named TGBp1, TGBp2 and TGBp3 have distinct functions in viral transport. TGBp1 binds viral genomic RNAs to form ribonucleoprotein complexes representing the transport form of viral genome, while TGBp2 and TGBp3 are necessary for intracellular delivery of such complexes to plasmodesmata. Recently, it was revealed that overexpression ofPotato virus XTGBp3 triggers the unfolded protein response mitigating the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leading to cell death if this protein reaches high levels in the ER. Here we report microscopic studies of the influence of thePoa semilatent hordeivirusTGBp3 overexpressed inNicotiana benthamianaepidermal cells by particle bombardment on cell endomembranes and demonstrate that the protein C-terminal transmembrane segment contains a determinant responsible for vesiculation and coalescence of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi presumably accompanying the ER stress that can be induced upon high-level TGBp3 expression.
Nemesia Root Hair Response to Paper Pulp Substrate for Micropropagation
Authors: Labrousse Pascal , Delmail David , Decou Raphaël , Carlué Michel , Lhernould Sabine , Krausz Pierre
Published: January 2012

Agar substrates forin vitroculture are well adapted to plant micropropagation, but not to plant rooting and acclimatization. Conversely, paper-pulp-based substrates appear as potentially well adapted forin vitroculture and functional root production. To reinforce this hypothesis, this study comparesin vitrodevelopment of nemesia on several substrates. Strong differences between nemesia roots growing in agar or in paper-pulp substrates were evidenced through scanning electron microscopy. Roots developed in agar have shorter hairs, larger rhizodermal cells, and less organized root caps than those growing on paper pulp. In conclusion, it should be noted that in this study,in vitromicroporous substrates such as paper pulp lead to the production of similar root hairs to those found in greenhouse peat substrates. Consequently, if agar could be used for micropropagation, rooting, and plant acclimatization, enhancement could be achieved if rooting stage was performed on micro-porous substrates such as paper pulp.
Molecular tools and analytical approaches for the characterization of farm animal genetic diversity
Authors: Lenstra J. A. , Groeneveld L. F. , Eding H. , Kantanen J. , Williams J. L. , Taberlet P. , Nicolazzi E. L. , Sölkner J. , Simianer H. , Ciani E. , Garcia J. F. , Bruford M. W. , Ajmone‐Marsan P. , Weigend S.
Published: January 2012

Genetic studies of livestock populations focus on questions of domestication, within‐ and among‐breed diversity, breed history and adaptive variation. In this review, we describe the use of different molecular markers and methods for data analysis used to address these questions. There is a clear trend towards the use of single nucleotide polymorphisms and whole‐genome sequence information, the application ofBayesian orApproximateBayesian analysis and the use of adaptive next to neutral diversity to support decisions on conservation.
Allelic heterogeneity of Crooked Tail Syndrome: result of balancing selection?
Authors: Sartelet A. , Klingbeil P. , Franklin C. K. , Fasquelle C. , Géron S. , Isacke C. M. , Georges M. , Charlier C.
Published: January 2012

We report the identification of a second loss‐of‐function mutation (c.1906T>C) in the bovine MRC2 gene causing the Crooked Tail Syndrome in Belgian Blue Cattle. We demonstrate that the ensuing substitution of the highly conserved Cysteine 636 with Arginine causes illegitimate receptor oligomerization, which is predicted to impair function of the MRC2 encoded protein, Endo180. We propose that this second MRC2 mutation was selected by breeders as a result of its favourable effect on muscularity in heterozygotes.
Bond strength and morphology of resin materials applied to the occlusal surface of primary molars
Authors: LEMOS LETÍCIA VARGAS FREIRE MARTINS , FELIZARDO KLÍSSIA ROMERO , MYAKI SILVIO ISSAO , LOPES MURILO BAENA , MOURA SANDRA KISS
Published: January 2012

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 435–441

Background.  Hydrophilic adhesives may be used as pit and fissure sealants (sealants), but there is concern about the ability of self‐etching adhesives to bond sealants to enamel.

Aim.  To study the bond strength (BS) and morphology of adhesive systems used as sealants.

Design.  OptiBond FL, OptiBond All‐in‐One, combined OptiBond All‐in‐One + OptiBond FL adhesive, and Fluroshield were applied to the occlusal surfaces of 16 primary molars (n = 4). Teeth were stored in distilled water (24 h at 37°C) and sectioned through the interface to obtain sticks (0.8 mm2) tested under a tensile load (0.5 mm/min). Failure modes were observed. Data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (α = 5%). The morphology of 12 primary molars was examined in terms of the etching pattern and resin reproduction.

Results.  Differences in the BS were found (P = 0.001), with OptiBond FL showing the highest (36.84 ± 5.7 MPa), Fluroshield (24.26 ± 2.13 MPa) and OptiBond All‐in‐One (17.12 ± 4.97 MPa) similar, and OptiBond All‐in‐One + OptiBond FL adhesive the lowest (9.8 ± 2.94 MPA). OptiBond FL showed the best results in terms of morphology.

Conclusion.  Under the conditions of this study, OptiBond FL was the best material to be used for sealing.
Uncertainty during perimenopause: perceptions of older first‐time mothers
Authors: Morgan Patricia , Merrell Joy , Rentschler Dorothy , Chadderton Hugh
Published: January 2012

morgan p., merrell j., rentschler d. & chadderton h. (2012) Uncertainty during perimenopause: perceptions of older first‐time mothers. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(10), 2299–2308.

Aim.  This article is a report of a study exploring older first‐time mothers’ perceptions of health during their transition to menopause.

Background.  Increasing numbers of women world‐wide are delaying motherhood, yet little is known about the unique phenomenon created when midlife motherhood is closely followed by the transition to menopause. A literature search revealed that the effect of these overlapping life transitions on women’s health was unknown.

Design.  A hermeneutic phenomenological approach utilizing Gadamer’s philosophical underpinnings guided the study.

Method.  A purposive sample of thirteen women aged 45–56 years who were mothering children aged 12 years or younger and experiencing symptoms of perimenopause was recruited. Two in‐depth interviews were conducted with each woman and meaning was mutually negotiated through participative dialogue with the women, ongoing construction and thematic analysis of data collected between 2004 and 2007.

Findings.  The key theme ‘Perimenopause as a State of Uncertainty’ is an interpretation of older first‐time mothers’ perceptions of health during perimenopause and is the focus of this article. Hermeneutic interpretation culminated in the construct ‘uncertainty’ as theoretical embodiment of the women’s lived experience. An uncertain temporality, projection of the lifespan and valuing health as precious enabled these women to transform uncertainty into opportunities for health promotion to ‘be there’ for their children.

Conclusion.  Nurses, nurse practitioners and midwives will increasingly be caring for midlife mothers and need to understand the unique issues of older mothers to offer education and health promotion that support healthy transitions to menopause.
Outcome of extralevator abdominoperineal excision compared with standard surgery: results from a single centre
Authors: Asplund D. , Haglind E. , Angenete E.
Published: January 2012

Aim  Extralevator abdominoperineal excision (APE) for low rectal tumours has been introduced to achieve improved local radicality. Fewer positive margins and intraoperative perforations have been reported compared with standard APE. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare short‐term complications and results of the two techniques in our institution.

Method  Consecutive patients with rectal cancer undergoing APE between 2004 and 2009 were included. They were divided into two groups of 79 patients in extralevator APE and 79 in standard APE. Patients with recurrence and those having a palliative procedure were excluded. Data were collected from hospital records and the colorectal cancer registry. Main endpoints were wound infection, perineal wound revision, oncological data and length of hospital stay.

Results  Circumferential resection margin positivity did not differ significantly between groups (17% extralevator APE; 20% standard APE). Intraoperative perforation (13%vs 10%) or local recurrence (seven in each group) were no different. Perineal wound infection was more common after extralevator APE (46%vs 28%, P < 0.05) as was perineal wound revision (22%vs 8%, P < 0.05). Hospital stay was longer after extralevator APE (median 12 vs 11 days, P < 0.05). Tumour height (median 4 cm) and pTNM classification did not differ.

Conclusion  The results do not show any advantage for extralevator APE. The oncological data were no better and postoperative morbidity was increased. Further studies are needed before extralevator APE is widely adopted in clinical practice.
Stratified studies about risk ratios in 2  × 2 tables with structural zero
Authors: Wang Shun‐Fang , Wang Xue‐Ren
Published: January 2012

Incomplete correlated 2  × 2 tables are common in some infectious disease studies and two‐step treatment studies in which one of the comparative measures of interest is the risk ratio (RR). This paper investigates the two‐stage tests of whether K RRs are homogeneous and whether the common RR equals a freewill constant. On the assumption that K RRs are equal, this paper proposes four asymptotic test statistics: the Wald‐type, the logarithmic‐transformation‐based, the score‐type and the likelihood ratio statistics to test whether the common RR equals a prespecified value. Sample size formulae based on hypothesis testing method and confidence interval method are proposed in the second stage of test. Simulation results show that sample sizes based on the score‐type test and the logarithmic‐transformation‐based test are more accurate to achieve the predesigned power than those based on the Wald‐type test. The score‐type test performs best of the four tests in terms of type I error rate. A real example is used to illustrate the proposed methods.
The House as a Stepping Stone to the Senate: Why Do So Few African American House Members Run?
Authors: Johnson Gbemende , Oppenheimer Bruce I. , Selin Jennifer L.
Published: January 2012

Although a commonly recognized pathway to the U.S. Senate is through the U.S. House of Representatives, only four African American House members have run for the Senate since the passage of the 17th Amendment, and none have been elected. We examine why so few African American House members run for the Senate. Using an original dataset that includes all House members in the 102nd through the 110th Congresses, we explore the decision of House members, particularly African American House members, to run for the Senate. Despite the fact that so few African American House members have run for the Senate, our results raise doubts about the existence of direct race‐based explanations. Instead, we demonstrate with mediation analysis that contextual factors linked to race, such as state population, ability to raise campaign funds, and ideological extremity, play an intervening role in the strategic decision to run. These findings have normative implications for descriptive representation.
Short Sale Constraints and Dispersion of Opinion: Evidence from the Indian Equity Market
Authors: Giannikos Christos I. , Gousgounis Eleni
Published: January 2012

Short sale constraints can inflate market prices, as bearish investors cannot act on their market views. The paper uses data from the Indian equity market to test whether opinion dispersion leads to higher overpricing when short sales are prohibited. The Indian equity market provides a natural testing environment, as short sales were banned between 2001 and 2008. The empirical results offer supportive evidence of the relation between opinion dispersion and overpricing in a market with short sale constraints.
Academic environment in a newly established dental school with an enquiry‐based curriculum: perceptions of students from the inaugural cohorts
Authors: Ali K. , McHarg J. , Kay E. , Moles D. , Tredwin C. , Coombes L. , Heffernan E.
Published: January 2012

Introduction:  Established in 2007, Peninsula Dental School offers a highly innovative, enquiry‐based, student‐led, patient‐centred curriculum. It is one of the first dental schools in UK to be based exclusively in a primary care setting. This study was carried out to evaluate the academic environment at Peninsula Dental School and to identify differences between expectations of new entrants and perceptions of senior cohorts.

Methods:  This was a cross‐sectional survey utilising an online questionnaire based on Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM). The subjects were 234 dental students from all years in this enquiry‐based Bachelor of Dental Surgery programme.

Results:  The response rate to the questionnaire was 56.42% with an equal gender distribution of the participants. The overall mean DREEM score of the four cohorts was 143.58 (SD ± 20.84), and the mean score for individual items was 2.87 (SD ± 0.41). The reliability of the DREEM data as a whole was strong (α = 0.93). The difference in questionnaire means for the new entrants and the senior cohorts was not significant (P > 0.05). The ANOVA results showed that there were no significant effects of age, gender or ethnicity on the mean DREEM scores. The MANOVA results showed a significant effect of ethnicity with regard to perceptions of teachers and atmosphere.

Conclusions:  An enquiry‐based, student‐centred curriculum at the Peninsula Dental School provides a positive academic environment for the students.
Liquid‐crystalline membrane permeation ability for selected nitro hair dyes
Authors: Bialas Iwona , Arct Jacek , Mojski Miroslaw , Krus Stanislaw
Published: January 2012

Aim

A comparison of permeation ability of selected semi‐permanent hair dyes and an attempt to estimate the influence of fundamental physicochemical parameters on dyes’ epidermal penetration rate.

Methods

Dyes’ permeation ability through liposome membrane (as a model of stratum corneum) with side‐by‐side cells was assessed.

Results

It has been shown that the chosen dyes are capable of permeating the membrane. High penetration coefficients (Kp) were obtained for a simple nitrophenylenediamines and nitroaminophenols. Their N‐, O‐hydroxyalkyl substitution significantly limits penetration. H‐bonding capability has a major impact on the investigated dyes’ permeation ability. Substituents with H‐bonding properties can significantly limit dyes’ penetration, even in the case of lipophilic structures. Special attention should be placed into compounds with strong intramolecular H‐bonding properties, which improve transmembrane transport.

Conclusion

Substitution patterns have an influence on selected nitro dyes’ permeation through a model stratum corneum. Permeation is limited by dyes diffusive properties (mostly by its H‐bonding properties). Hydroxyalkylation results in hindered dyes permeation: purple, violet and blue nitrophenylenediamine or nitroaminophenol derivatives are less permeable than its not substituted analogues.
A comparative study of hair shafts in scalp psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis using atomic force microscopy
Authors: Kim Kyung Sook , Shin M. K. , Ahn J. J. , Haw C. R. , Park Hun‐Kuk
Published: January 2012

Background

As the inflammatory scalp conditions share similar clinical manifestations of scaling, inflammation, and pruritus, the differential diagnosis of these lesions; especially between scalp psoriasis (SP) and seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is sometimes difficult.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the differences on the hair surface in SP and SD for a clinical diagnosis, using atomic force microscopy (AFM).

Methods

The hair shafts of 14 patients and 28 patients with SP and SD respectively, were taken from the lesional region. Hairs from healthy adults not having any hair diseases were also examined in the same way for the controls. Surface characteristics of SP and SD‐affected hair shafts such as, pitting, scale thickness, and roughness, were observed on the AFM images.

Results

One hundred percentage and four percentage of the patients with SP and SD respectively had macropits on their hair shafts. In both the SP and SD‐affected hairs, the scale thickness was more than 4‐fold than that in the control hairs. The surface of SP‐affected hairs was rougher than that of SD‐affected and control hairs.

Conclusion

The differences in hair shafts between SP and SD were investigated noninvasively using AFM. The presence of macropits could be helpful in the differentiation between SP and SD.
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy: known and novel aspects of the syndrome
Authors: Kisand Kai , Peterson Pärt
Published: January 2012

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is a monogenic autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene and, as a syndrome, is characterized by chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and the presentation of various autoimmune diseases. During the last decade, research on APECED and AIRE has provided immunologists with several invaluable lessons regarding tolerance and autoimmunity. This review describes the clinical and immunological features of APECED and discusses emerging alternative models to explain the pathogenesis of the disease.
Religion and Media
Authors: Mahan Jeffrey H.
Published: January 2012

This essay describes the emerging field of religion and media and outlines key issues at play in the field. The field focuses both on the media and their content and on the reception of media among various publics as ways to examine the location of religion, the nature of religious practice and the complexity of religious identity and authority. On the one hand, studies reveal how religious institutions and leaders use traditional and new media, and command of emerging media grants some institutions and leaders increased voice and authority. On the other, we find evidence that in the emerging media culture, authority shifts from traditional locations such as sacred writings, traditions and religious authorities to the individual internal authority of religious consumers involved in religious self‐construction. Those in the field typically argue that religion has always been mediated and that studying the mediation of religion is necessary to the understanding of religion.
Evaluations of Hospitalizations Associated With Thiazide‐Associated Hyponatremia
Authors: Rastogi Divaker , Pelter Mitchell A. , Deamer Robert L.
Published: January 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:158–164. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The prevalence of hypertension in the United States has grown dramatically in recent years. Thiazide diuretics have played a major role in the rising rate of blood pressure (BP) control. Accompanying this has been the appearance of adverse drug events, including hospitalizations associated with thiazide‐associated hyponatremia (HTAH). Hyponatremia is a common yet often overlooked side effect of this drug class. Identification of HTAH risk factors may aid in creating strategies to prevent hospitalizations. This is a retrospective, case‐controlled study of 10,805 patients (1802 cases, 9003 controls) examining HTAH risk factors within a group‐model integrated‐care organization. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (odds ratio [OR], 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58–1.93), angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor use (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.16–2.00), and hypokalemia (OR, 40.94; 95% CI, 26.46–66.33) were most associated with HTAH. Urinary tract infection (UTI), type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) were also found to be HTAH risk factors. Potassium supplements (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.44–0.83) and weight (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.88–0.93) had protective effects. A predictive model was developed to determine overall HTAH risk given the presence of individual risk factors. Age, weight, hypokalemia, GERD, type 2 diabetes, UTI, and ACE inhibitor use independently correlated with an increased risk of HTAH. This model may be applied in clinical practice to guide thiazide prescribing.
Proteome analysis of Paenibacillus larvae reveals the existence of a putative S‐layer protein
Authors: Fünfhaus Anne , Genersch Elke
Published: January 2012

Honey bee pathology has attracted much interest recently due to the problems with honey bee declines in many regions of the world. American Foulbrood (AFB) caused by Paenibacillus larvae is the most devastating bacterial brood disease of the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) causing considerable economic losses to beekeepers worldwide. AFB outbreaks are mainly caused by two differentially virulent genotypes of P. larvae, P. larvae ERIC I and ERIC II. To better understand AFB pathogenesis and to complement already existing data from the genetic level we aimed at obtaining expression data from the protein level. We successfully developed a protocol for two‐dimensional proteome analysis of P. larvae with subsequent mass‐spectrometry based protein sequencing. Based on the obtained master protein maps of P. larvae genotypes ERIC I and II we identified the dominantly expressed cytosolic proteins of both genotypes, some of them presumably linked to pathogenesis and virulence. Comparing the master maps of both genotypes revealed differentially expressed proteins, i.e. a putative S‐layer protein which is expressed by P. larvae ERIC II but absent from the proteome of P. larvae ERIC I. The implications of our findings for pathogenesis of AFB and virulence of P. larvae will be discussed.
Evaluation of Matrix Square Root Operations for UKF within a UAV GPS/INS Sensor Fusion Application
Authors: Rhudy Matthew , Gu Yu , Gross Jason , Napolitano Marcello R.
Published: January 2012

Using an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) as the nonlinear estimator within a Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System (GPS/INS) sensor fusion algorithm for attitude estimation, various methods of calculating the matrix square root were discussed and compared. Specifically, the diagonalization method, Schur method, Cholesky method, and five different iterative methods were compared. Additionally, a different method of handling the matrix square root requirement, the square-root UKF (SR-UKF), was evaluated. The different matrix square root calculations were compared based on computational requirements and the sensor fusion attitude estimation performance, which was evaluated using flight data from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The roll and pitch angle estimates were compared with independently measured values from a high quality mechanical vertical gyroscope. This manuscript represents the first comprehensive analysis of the matrix square root calculations in the context of UKF. From this analysis, it was determined that the best overall matrix square root calculation for UKF applications in terms of performance and execution time is the Cholesky method.
GABA Signaling Promotes Synapse Elimination and Axon Pruning in Developing Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons
Authors: Wu Xiaoyun , Fu Yu , Knott Graham , Lu Jiangteng , Di Cristo Graziella , Huang Z. Josh
Published: January 2012

Accumulating evidence indicates that GABA acts beyond inhibitory synaptic transmission and regulates the development of inhibitory synapses in the vertebrate brain, but the underlying cellular mechanism is not well understood. We have combined live imaging of cortical GABAergic axons across time scales from minutes to days with single-cell genetic manipulation of GABA release to examine its role in distinct steps of inhibitory synapse formation in the mouse neocortex. We have shown previously, by genetic knockdown of GABA synthesis in developing interneurons, that GABA signaling promotes the maturation of inhibitory synapses and axons. Here we found that a complete blockade of GABA release in basket interneurons resulted in an opposite effect, a cell-autonomous increase in axon and bouton density with apparently normal synapse structures. These results not only demonstrate that GABA is unnecessary for synapse formation per se but also uncover a novel facet of GABA in regulating synapse elimination and axon pruning. Live imaging revealed that developing GABAergic axons form a large number of transient boutons, but only a subset was stabilized. Release blockade led to significantly increased bouton stability and filopodia density, increased axon branch extension, and decreased branch retraction. Our results suggest that a major component of GABA function in synapse development is transmission-mediated elimination of subsets of nascent contacts. Therefore, GABA may regulate activity-dependent inhibitory synapse formation by coordinately eliminating certain nascent contacts while promoting the maturation of other nascent synapses.
Endogenous Rho-Kinase Signaling Maintains Synaptic Strength by Stabilizing the Size of the Readily Releasable Pool of Synaptic Vesicles
Authors: González-Forero David , Montero Fernando , García-Morales Victoria , Domínguez Germán , Gómez-Pérez Laura , García-Verdugo José Manuel , Moreno-López Bernardo
Published: January 2012

Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) regulates neural cell migration, proliferation and survival, dendritic spine morphology, and axon guidance and regeneration. There is, however, little information about whether ROCK modulates the electrical activity and information processing of neuronal circuits. At neonatal stage, ROCKα is expressed in hypoglossal motoneurons (HMNs) and in their afferent inputs, whereas ROCKβ is found in synaptic terminals on HMNs, but not in their somata. Inhibition of endogenous ROCK activity in neonatal rat brainstem slices failed to modulate intrinsic excitability of HMNs, but strongly attenuated the strength of their glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic inputs. The mechanism acts presynaptically to reduce evoked neurotransmitter release. ROCK inhibition increased myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, which is known to trigger actomyosin contraction, and reduced the number of synaptic vesicles docked to active zones in excitatory boutons. Functional and ultrastructural changes induced by ROCK inhibition were fully prevented/reverted by MLC kinase (MLCK) inhibition. Furthermore, ROCK inhibition drastically reduced the phosphorylated form of p21-associated kinase (PAK), which directly inhibits MLCK. We conclude that endogenous ROCK activity is necessary for the normal performance of motor output commands, because it maintains afferent synaptic strength, by stabilizing the size of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles. The mechanism of action involves a tonic inhibition of MLCK, presumably through PAK phosphorylation. This mechanism might be present in adults since unilateral microinjection of ROCK or MLCK inhibitors into the hypoglossal nucleus reduced or increased, respectively, whole XIIth nerve activity.
Cytokine Dermatitis and Febrile Seizure From Imiquimod
Authors: Mosher J. Suzanne , Lio Peter
Published: January 2012

Cytokine dermatitis is a well-known and common clinical adverse effect of imiquimod 5% cream (Aldara, 3M). Data from initial Phase III clinical trials reveal a minority of study drug patients experience systemic adverse effects, including fever, arthralgia, headache, myalgia, and lymphadenopathy. These adverse effects are caused, presumably, from increased absorption of study drug over the area of dermatitis, leading to systemic cytokine release. Furthermore, the incidence of systemic reactions was rarely statistically increased above control patients. We describe herein a case of severe cytokine dermatitis in a 2-year-old female patient treated with daily imiquimod for molluscum contagiosum who subsequently developed febrile seizure. We believe this to be the first reported case of seizure associated with imiquimod 5% cream (Aldara, 3M) in a pediatric setting.
Analyses biostratigraphiques dans le Lias de la bordure sud de la Téthys méditerranéenne: l’exemple de la frange méridionale du Haut-Atlas central (Maroc)
Authors: Ettaki Mohammed , Ouahhabi Benali , Dommergues Jean-Louis , Meister Christian , Chellaï El Hassane
Published: January 2012

D’abondantes faunes d’ammonites, récoltées dans une dizaine de coupes levées dans les séries liasiques de la bordure méridionale du Haut-Atlas central (Todrha-Dadès), ont permis d’élaborer une échelle biostratigraphique assez précise et de suivre l’évolution paléogéographique de cette région de la bordure sud de la Téthys méditerranéenne. La faune d’ammonites recueillie dans le Haut-Atlas de Todrha-Dadès compte une quarantaine de taxons spécifiques appartenant tous à l’ordre des Psiloceratida et plus particulièrement aux superfamilles des Lytoceratoidea, des Eoderoceratoidea et des Hildoceratoidea. L’inventaire de ces ammonites permet de définir 8 biozones, 6 sous-biozones et 12 biohorizons se succédant du Pliensbachien inférieur au Toarcien moyen. Les Phylloceratina et les Lytoceratoidea, qui sont habituellement abondants dans la Téthys méditerranéenne, sont rares voire absents dans notre région.

Les corrélations sont aisées aussi bien avec le Haut-Atlas de Béni-Mellal, de Rich et de Midelt, qu’avec le Maroc nord-oriental et elles sont moins faciles, mais restent cependant envisageables avec l’échelle standard des provinces sud-ouest et nord-ouest européennes. L’absence des Amaltheidae dans notre région est un argument prouvant l’absence de communications avec le domaine euro-boréal et confirme l’ouverture du Haut-Atlas vers l’Est, sur la Téthys.
Development of a thermostable β‐glucuronidase‐based reporter system for monitoring gene expression in hyperthermophiles
Authors: Honarbakhsh Maryam , Villafane Aramis A. , Ruhl Ilona , Sannino David , Bini Elisabetta
Published: January 2012

Mesophilic glucuronidases are the most widely used reporters of gene expression in plants, but unsuitable as reporters in (hyper‐)thermophiles due their insufficient thermal stability. Here we present the native 66.8 kDa thermostable β‐glucuronidase of Sulfolobus solfataricus. The enzyme activity is characterized in a wide temperature range ideal for, but not limited to, in vivo genetic study of hyperthermophiles. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate its use as a reporter of gene expression in Sulfolobus, by monitoring a promoter fusion created with the β‐glucuronidase coding gene gusB and a copper‐responsive promoter. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1881–1886. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Syntheses, Properties, and Photoreactions of the Hybrid Molecules Consisting of a CoII Mononuclear Complex and Porphyrins
Authors: Kon Hiroki , Nagata Toshi
Published: January 2012

New hybrid molecules consisting of mononuclear CoII complexes and porphyrin moieties were synthesized and their new photoreactions were examined. Three porphyrins with different meso‐substituents (2,6‐dimethoxyphenyl, 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl, and 2,6‐difluorophenyl groups) were used to change the redox potentials of the hybrid compounds. The hybrid molecules were prepared by the stepwise condensation of amide bonds. The cyclic voltammograms of these hybrid molecules showed the redox processes of both the cobalt and porphyrin moieties. The redox potentials of the porphyrins showed a systematic change that was consistent with the electronic effects of the meso‐substituents. The emission spectra only showed fluorescence of the porphyrins with slightly decreased intensities. When a solution of the hybrid molecule, durohydroquinone, and N,N‐diisopropylethylamine in CHCl3/MeCN was irradiated with visible light (>580 nm), durohydroquinone was converted into duroquinone with the concurrent formation of the reduced product of CHCl3. The hydroquinone was employed as an electron donor capable of reversible redox reactions, which is in contrast to conventional sacrificial reagents such as EDTA. The course of the photoreaction was followed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and the amount of produced duroquinone was between 50–60 % after 600 min. We propose that the photoreaction involves a photoinduced electron transfer from the hydroquinone to the excited porphyrin, followed by the formation of a CoI intermediate by charge shift, thus leading to the reaction with CHCl3.
Synthesis of the Indolic Pentacyclic Core of Manadomanzamine A Following Biogenetically Based Strategies
Authors: Yan Lok‐Hang , Nuhant Philippe , Sinigaglia Isabelle , Fromentin Yann , Marazano Christian , Delpech Bernard , Poupon Erwan
Published: January 2012

Manadomanzamine A is a complex alkaloid isolated from a marine sponge that shows promising biological activities. A biosynthetic hypothesis is proposed and is used as a guideline for biomimetic approaches to the pentacyclic indole nucleus of manadomanzamine A. The rich chemistry of reactive C5 units such as glutaconaldehydes or aminopentadienals was exploited towards this end.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Indolylnitroalkenes
Authors: Xing Junwei , Chen Guihua , Cao Peng , Liao Jian
Published: January 2012

Indolylnitroethanes and their derivatives are key intermediates to many bioactive structures. Most approaches to access chiral indolylnitroethanes involve organocatalyzed or metal‐catalyzed asymmetric Friedel–Crafts reaction of indoles with nitroalkenes. We have developed an efficient approach to optically pure α‐aryl‐3‐indolylnitroethanes through rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric 1,4‐addition of arylboronic acids to indolylnitroalkenes. Excellent yields (up to 99 %) and enantiomeric excesses (up to 99 % ee) of chiral indolylnitroethanes were achieved under mild conditions.
Nitric Oxide Synthase Encapsulation in Liposomes: a Potential Delivery Platform to (Nitric Oxide)‐Deficient Targets
Authors: Perera Reshani H. , Peiris Pubudu M. , Peteu Serban F. , Bayachou Mekki
Published: January 2012

Nitric oxide (NO) is a freely diffusible, gaseous free radical, associated with many physiological and pathological processes: such as neuronal signaling, immune response and inflammatory response. In mammalian organisms, NO is produced from L‐arginine in an NADPH‐dependent reaction catalyzed by a family of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. Typically, large NO fluctuations in biological systems under/over a critical limit is associated with problems that range from transient dysfunctions to severe chronic disease states. In this regard, we explore the development of a potential delivery and release method of nitric oxide to NO‐deficient sites using liposomes as vehicles. Liposomes have already been used as effective nano‐carriers. In this short communication, we report on the preparation and characterization of liposomes carrying a recombinant NOS enzyme. We report on the efficacy of using liposomes to carry NOS enzymes, and on the extent of preservation of native NOS structure and function. In addition to the characterization of liposome stability and recovery of enzymatic activity after encapsulation in liposomes, we also measured the NO production upon NOS stimulation. The NO release was monitored with a nitric oxide ultrasensitive electrochemical microsensor placed near NOS‐carrying liposomes. This method of NOS‐carrying liposomes shows the promise of potential development as a platform for targeted NO‐delivery.
Nonlinear seismic behaviour of wall‐frame dual systems accounting for soil–structure interaction
Authors: Carbonari Sandro , Dezi Francesca , Leoni Graziano
Published: January 2012

The aim of this paper is to study the effects of soil–structure interaction on the seismic response of coupled wall‐frame structures on pile foundations designed according to modern seismic provisions. The analysis methodology based on the substructure method is recalled focusing on the modelling of pile group foundations. The nonlinear inertial interaction analysis is performed in the time domain by using a finite element model of the superstructure. Suitable lumped parameter models are implemented to reproduce the frequency‐dependent compliance of the soil‐foundation systems. The effects of soil–structure interaction are evaluated by considering a realistic case study consisting of a 6‐storey 4‐bay wall‐frame structure founded on piles. Different two‐layered soil deposits are investigated by varying the layer thicknesses and properties. Artificial earthquakes are employed to simulate the earthquake input. Comparisons of the results obtained considering compliant base and fixed base models are presented by addressing the effects of soil–structure interaction on displacements, base shears, and ductility demand. The evolution of dissipative mechanisms and the relevant redistribution of shear between the wall and the frame are investigated by considering earthquakes with increasing intensity. Effects on the foundations are also shown by pointing out the importance of both kinematic and inertial interaction. Finally, the response of the structure to some real near‐fault records is studied. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tyrosine phosphorylation and liver regeneration: A glance at intracellular transducers
Authors: Pagano Mario Angelo , Tibaldi Elena , Gringeri Enrico , Maria Brunati Anna
Published: January 2012

Liver regeneration (LR) is a compensatory growth that occurs in response to resection or injury of the liver aimed at restoring the liver mass and maintaining body homeostasis. The activation of intracellular signaling pathways due to extracellular stimuli mainly reflects a highly coordinated spatial and temporal organization of phosphotyrosine‐based signals generated by the concerted action of three basic functional modules, namely protein tyrosine kinases, protein tyrosine phosphatases, and the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. In this review, we have selected a set of signaling proteins downstream of activated cytokine and growth factor receptors that highlight the multifaceted aspects of tyrosine phosphorylation with their impact on the course of LR. Besides being a process of remarkable biological interest, LR has recently emerged as a model for dissecting molecular mechanisms underlying diverse pathophysiological states, offering new perspectives in primarily, but not only, managing life‐threatening liver diseases. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 2011
Using the Inverted Pyramid Heuristic in Counselor Education and Supervision
Authors: SCHWITZER ALAN M.
Published: January 2012

This article describes a method that was used as a supervision and teaching tool to assist student counselors in developing client conceptualization skills.
Women in Science
Authors: Roe Anne
Published: January 2012

Eminent research scientists were questioned about their opinion of women graduate students. Their reactions suggest that women are to some extent disadvantaged in all scientific fields.
Self‐Ideal Congruence Among Engineering Managers
Authors: Hay John E.
Published: January 2012

62 engineering managers described their actual and ideal job selves using Q sorts. Self‐ideal congruence scores (Z scores) from the Q sorts were correlated with personality test scores, measures of job performance, and other variables. A significant positive relationship was found between self‐ideal congruence and management effectiveness. The concept of self‐ideal congruence, utilized by client‐centered counselors to measure progress of counseling, also has meaning in an industrial context with “normal” persons. Since managers with high self‐ideal congruence received higher job performance ratings, the self‐ideal congruence score can possibly be considered as an index of job adjustment or measure of self‐in‐job actualization.
Comparative Effectiveness of Student and Professional Counselors
Authors: Zunker Vernon G. , Brown William F.
Published: January 2012

A sample of 160 beginning freshmen, half males and half females, received six and one‐half hours of academic adjustment guidance from same‐sex professional counselors. Upperclassman student counselors gave equivalent guidance to all other beginning freshmen at Southwest Texas State College. A matching sample of 80 men and 80 women was subsequently drawn from the 316 freshmen receiving student‐to‐student counseling. Age, sex, measured scholastic ability, measured study orientation, and high school academic achievement were employed as matching variables. The four professional and eight student counselors completed 50 clock hours of identical pre‐counseling training, used identical guidance materials, and followed identical counseling activity sequences. Equivalent counseling facilities were provided for all counselors. Test, questionnaire, and scholarship data were employed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and acceptability of counseling given the professional counseled and the student counseled groups. Student counselors were found to be as effective as professional counselors on all criteria of counseling effectiveness. Furthermore, freshmen counseled by student counselors made significantly greater use of the information received during counseling, as reflected by first‐semester grades and residual study problems. It was concluded that carefully selected, trained, and supervised student counselors provide a practical and productive addition to the college's guidance program.
A University Is a Many‐Faceted Thing
Authors: Berdie Ralph F.
Published: January 2012

The College and University Environment Scales were given to all freshmen entering the University of Minnesota in 1964 and to other groups of students and staff members in order to determine the homogeneity of college perception and expectation in a complex university. On each of the five CUES scales statistically significant differences were found among the colleges within the University, and on three of the scales significant sex differences were identified. The scores of upperclassmen and staff members differed from those of entering freshmen. In spite of these differences in mean scores, the shapes of the profiles were similar for all groups, and on 15 of the 150 CUES items 90 per cent or more of the freshmen concurred. CUES can be used to generalize about parts of the University but only to a lesser extent to generalize about the entire institution.
Innovation in Guidance: Implications of Flexible‐Modular Scheduling
Authors: Dunlop Richard S. , Hintergardt Ben C.
Published: January 2012

Numerous American high schools are turning to flexible‐modular scheduling as one means of freeing educational programs from the rigid demands of traditional programs. Advantages include far more student contacts, greater availability of counselees, increased drop‐in traffic, improved team relationships with teachers, and greater accessibility of guidance library materials to students. Among disadvantages are a greatly increased workload, student truancies, necessity for counselor involvement in supervisory activities, excessive professional time devoted to clerical tasks, and initially negative lay reactions.
Personality Characteristics of Students Who Transfer Out of Engineering
Authors: Elton Charles F. , Rose Harriett A.
Published: January 2012

Male students transferring from a College of Engineering to Arts and Sciences or Commerce colleges were contrasted on measures of aptitude and personality. Findings indicated that significant personality differences exist between those who stay in engineering and those who transfer to another college, and that the college to which the transfers were made could be identified by those differences.
Do remedial programs really work?
Authors: LOSAK JOHN
Published: January 2012

The results of an evaluative study demonstrate that the remedial reading‐writing program at a large urban community junior college did not produce any meaningful differences in student withdrawals from college or in grade point averages during the second semester of college; did not improve achievement in social science, humanities, or English courses; and did not result in higher scores on writing and reading tests for those students in the remedial program than for those in a randomly selected control group who did not participate in the program.
The short, unhappy life of student dissent
Authors: MORGAN LEWIS B. , WICAS EDWARD A.
Published: January 2012

Student dissent was a short‐lived phenomenon of the late 1960's. After a brief run at hope and glory, it was buried, circa 1970, by the combined efforts of high school faculties and lay populations served by them. The cause of death was antipathy on the part of these influential adults, and the killing blow was delivered by innumerable tradition‐bound professional educators—especially administrators—who didn't want the disease to spread. In this article the authors look at change and dissent prior to the funeral and suggest that counselors, at least, might do well to consider exhuming the body.
The elementary school: training ground for sex role stereotypes
Authors: BERNSTEIN JEAN
Published: January 2012

“Sexism starts with kindergarten activities in which little girls are directed fo the housekeeping corner, while boys are steered toward blocks and trucks.”
For God's sake, what do those women want?
Authors: SMITH JOYCE A.
Published: January 2012

“Of course, you were just trying to make sure she was being 'realistic' in her choice—this was what she really wanted to do—but she got the message.“
A framework for counseling women
Authors: SCHLOSSBERG NANCY K.
Published: January 2012

“The goal is to develop human beings who are free to act in ways that are appropriate to their interests and their values—not their sex.“
Counselors and women: finding each other
Authors: LEWIS JUDITH A.
Published: January 2012

“We are learning that we can walk into a room filled with women and feel proud to be there.“
Use of the encouragement process in Adlerian counseling
Authors: DINKMEYER DON C.
Published: January 2012

Encouragement in all facets of the counseling interview is a critical ingredient in the counseling process. This article sets forth the theory and specific applications of the encouragement process in counseling, as viewed in the socio‐teleological model.
Gestalt therapy interventions for group counseling
Authors: PASSONS WILLIAM R.
Published: January 2012

Much interest has been focused on Gestalt therapy in recent years. Many counselors, however, are unfamiliar with this style of therapeutic intervention. The author offers a brief introduction to some of the basic tenets of Gestalt therapy, noting goals that are similar to those in counseling theories. He also suggests several interventions from Gestalt therapy to be considered for group counseling and discusses their applications.
All‐women's groups: a view from inside
Authors: HALAS CELIA
Published: January 2012

All‐women's counseling groups are the subject of controversy among counselors. In this article the author presents a rationale for such groups, discussing several ways in which women find them more therapeutically helpful than mixed groups. She deals with the dynamics of different kinds of groups, and she urges counselors to seriously consider using all‐women's groups in their work.
The counselor and individualized instruction
Authors: EISELE JAMES E.
Published: January 2012

This article describes some ways counselors can use their skills to help teachers individualize instruction. The author describes the four basic components of most programs of individualized instruction, suggesting tasks counselors could perform relating to each component. The author concludes that the interested counselor is able to contribute greatly toward the improvement of instruction and in so doing become substantially involved in helping pupils to meet their needs.