bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental regulation of plant gene expression: An RT‐qPCR laboratory project for an upper‐level undergraduate biochemistry or molecular biology course
Authors: Eickelberg Garrett J. , Fisher Alison J.
Published: September 2013

We present a novel laboratory project employing “real‐time” RT‐qPCR to measure the effect of environment on the expression of the FLOWERING LOCUS C gene, a key regulator of floral timing in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. The project requires four 3‐hr laboratory sessions and is aimed at upper‐level undergraduate students in biochemistry or molecular biology courses. The project provides students with hands‐on experience with RT‐qPCR, the current “gold standard” for gene expression analysis, including detailed data analysis using the common
method. Moreover, it provides a convenient starting point for many inquiry‐driven projects addressing diverse questions concerning ecological biochemistry, naturally occurring genetic variation, developmental biology, and the regulation of gene expression in nature. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 41(5):325–333, 2013
Foundational concepts and underlying theories for majors in “biochemistry and molecular biology”
Authors: Tansey John T. , Baird Teaster , Cox Michael M. , Fox Kristin M. , Knight Jennifer , Sears Duane , Bell Ellis
Published: September 2013

Over the past two years, through an NSF RCN UBE grant, the ASBMB has held regional workshops for faculty members and science educators from around the country that focused on identifying: 1) core principles of biochemistry and molecular biology, 2) essential concepts and underlying theories from physics, chemistry, and mathematics, and 3) foundational skills that undergraduate majors in biochemistry and molecular biology must understand to complete their major coursework. Using information gained from these workshops, as well as from the ASBMB accreditation working group and the NSF Vision and Change report, the Core Concepts working group has developed a consensus list of learning outcomes and objectives based on five foundational concepts (evolution, matter and energy transformation, homeostasis, information flow, and macromolecular structure and function) that represent the expected conceptual knowledge base for undergraduate degrees in biochemistry and molecular biology. This consensus will aid biochemistry and molecular biology educators in the development of assessment tools for the new ASBMB recommended curriculum. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 41(5):289–296, 2013
What skills should students of undergraduate biochemistry and molecular biology programs have upon graduation?
Authors: White Harold B. , Benore Marilee A. , Sumter Takita F. , Caldwell Benjamin D. , Bell Ellis
Published: September 2013

Biochemistry and molecular biology (BMB) students should demonstrate proficiency in the foundational concepts of the discipline and possess the skills needed to practice as professionals. To ascertain the skills that should be required, groups of BMB educators met in several focused workshops to discuss the expectations with the ultimate goal of clearly articulating the skills required. The results of these discussions highlight the critical importance of experimental, mathematical, and interpersonal skills including collaboration, teamwork, safety, and ethics. The groups also found experimental design, data interpretation and analysiand the ability to communicate findings to diverse audience to be essential skills. To aid in the development of appropriate assessments these skills are grouped into three categories, 1) Process of Science, 2) Communication and Comprehension of Science, and 3) Community of Practice Aspects of Science. Finally, the groups worked to align these competencies with the best practices in both teaching and in skills assessment. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 41(5):297–301, 2013
Chemical fingerprint analysis and quantitative determination of steroidal compounds from Dioscorea villosa, Dioscorea species and dietary supplements using UHPLC‐ELSD
Authors: Avula Bharathi , Wang Yan‐Hong , Ali Zulfiqar , Smillie Troy J. , Khan Ikhlas A.
Published: September 2013

Ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with evaporative light scattering detection was used for the quantification of steroidal saponins and diosgenin from the rhizomes or tubers of various Dioscorea species and dietary supplements that were purported to contain Dioscorea. The analysis was performed on an Acquity UPLC™ system with an UPLC™ BEH Shield RP18 column using a gradient elution with water and acetonitrile. Owing to their low UV absorption, the steroidal saponins were observed by evaporative light scattering detection. The 12 compounds could be separated within 15 min using the developed UHPLC method with detection limits of 5–12 µg/mL with 2 μL injection volume. The analytical method was validated for linearity, repeatability, accuracy, limits of detection and limits of quantification. The relative standard deviations for intra‐ and inter‐day experiments were <3.1%, and the recovery efficiency was 97–101%. The total content of standard compounds was found to be in the ranges 0.01–14.5% and 0.9–28.6 mg daily intake for dry plant materials and solid commercial preparations, respectively. UHPLC–mass spectrometry with a quadrupole mass analyzer and ESI source was used only for confirmation of the identity of the various saponins. The developed method is simple, rapid and especially suitable for quality control analysis of commercial products. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The adverse effects of reduced cerebral perfusion on cognition and brain structure in older adults with cardiovascular disease
Authors: Alosco Michael L. , Gunstad John , Jerskey Beth A. , Xu Xiaomeng , Clark Uraina S. , Hassenstab Jason , Cote Denise M. , Walsh Edward G. , Labbe Donald R. , Hoge Richard , Cohen Ronald A. , Sweet Lawrence H.
Published: September 2013

Background

It is well established that aging and vascular processes interact to disrupt cerebral hemodynamics in older adults. However, the independent effects of cerebral perfusion on neurocognitive function among older adults remain poorly understood. We examined the associations among cerebral perfusion, cognitive function, and brain structure in older adults with varying degrees of vascular disease using perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) arterial spin labeling (ASL).

Materials and methods

52 older adults underwent neuroimaging and were administered the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), and measures of attention/executive function. ASL and T1‐weighted MRI were used to quantify total brain perfusion, total brain volume (TBV), and cortical thickness.

Results

Regression analyses showed reduced total brain perfusion was associated with poorer performance on the MMSE, RBANS total index, immediate and delayed memory composites, and Trail Making Test B. Reduced frontal lobe perfusion was associated with worse executive and memory function. A similar pattern emerged between temporal lobe perfusion and immediate memory. Regression analyses revealed that decreased total brain perfusion was associated with smaller TBV and mean cortical thickness. Regional effects of reduced total cerebral perfusion were found on temporal and parietal lobe volumes and frontal and temporal cortical thickness.

Discussion

Reduced cerebral perfusion is independently associated with poorer cognition, smaller TBV, and reduced cortical thickness in older adults.

Conclusion

Prospective studies are needed to clarify patterns of cognitive decline and brain atrophy associated with cerebral hypoperfusion.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Forensic Neuropsychiatric Perspective
Authors: Wortzel Hal S. , Brenner Lisa A. , Arciniegas David B.
Published: September 2013

Recent scientific reports and popular press describing chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) collectively link this condition to a broad array of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including extremely rare and multi‐determined behaviors such as murder‐suicide. These reports are difficult to reconcile with several decades of research on the science of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its consequences, especially the natural history and prognosis of mild TBI. This article attempts to reconcile these sources by reviewing the state of the science on CTE, with particular attention to case definitions and neuropathological criteria for this diagnosis. The evidence for links between TBI, CTE, and catastrophic clinical events is explored, and the complexity of attributing rare frequency behavioral events to CTE is highlighted. The clinical and medicolegal implications of the best available evidence are discussed, concluding with a cautionary note against prematurely generalizing current findings on CTE to entire populations of persons with, or at risk for, concussion exposures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preimmunization of donor lymphocytes enhances antitumor immunity of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Suzuki Koji , Aida Kouichirou , Miyakawa Reina , Narumi Kenta , Udagawa Takeshi , Yoshida Teruhiko , Ohshima Yusei , Aoki Kazunori
Published: September 2013

Lymphopenia‐induced homeostatic proliferation (HP) of T cells following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) skews the T‐cell repertoire by engaging tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs), leading to an induction of antitumor immunity. Here, as the tumor‐reactive lymphocytes preferentially proliferate during the condition of HP, we examined whether the priming of a donor lymphocytes to TAAs could enhance HP‐induced antitumor immunity in autologous HSCT recipients. First, to examine whether the tumor‐bearing condition of donor influences the antitumor effect of HSCT, the lymphocytes isolated from CT26 tumor‐bearing mice were infused into lethally irradiated mice. The growth of tumors was substantially suppressed in the mice that received HSCT from a tumor‐bearing donor compared with a naïve donor, suggesting that a fraction of donor lymphocytes from tumor‐bearing mice are primed in response to TAAs and remain responsive upon transplantation. We previously reported that type I interferon (IFN) maturates the dendritic cells and promotes the priming of T cells. We then investigated whether the further priming of donor cells by IFN‐α can strengthen the antitumor effect of HSCT. The intratumoral IFN‐α gene transfer significantly increased the number of IFN‐γ‐positive lymphocytes in response to CT26 cells but not the syngeneic lymphocytes in donor mice. The infusion of primed donor lymphocytes markedly suppressed the tumor growth in recipient mice, and cured 64% of the treated mice. Autologous HSCT with the infusion of primed donor lymphocytes is a promising strategy to induce an effective antitumor immunity for solid cancers.
Mechanical Stress on Lysozyme Crystals during Dynamic Cross‐Flow Filtration
Authors: Cornehl B. , Grünke T. , Nirschl H.
Published: September 2013

The influence of mechanical stress on the crystal size distribution of lysozyme crystal slurries in a dynamic cross‐flow device is discussed. The reduction of crystal size may have an influence on mass and resistance of the fouling layer. A filter test device with a filter area of 130 cm2 is used for thickening. After thickening, a model impurity, namely bovine serum albumin, is washed out of the suspension. A reduction of crystal size due to stirring and a reduced fouling layer with increasing stirrer speed is observed. Furthermore, a higher stirring speed increases the specific filtrate flux. In the presence of the impurity, more crystal aggregates than single isometric crystals are formed and, hence, the decrease of crystal size due to shear forces is more pronounced than without impurity.
Study of Unsteady‐State Operation of Methanation by Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Güttel R.
Published: September 2013

Methanation of CO under unsteady‐state operation conditions was studied systematically based on a simplified mathematical model for an integral reactor using steady‐state kinetics available in the literature. The inlet composition of CO and H2 was changed stepwise and the step response of the system was monitored in order to study the dynamic behavior of the reactor. Furthermore, periodic changes were applied with different cycling times. It was observed that the time average reaction rate could not be improved by cycling the feed composition. Moreover, the reactor appears to be self‐stabilizing, since the amplitude at the outlet is reduced, leading to a steady state for high cycling frequencies. The results allow conclusions on principles to design a methanation reactor for unsteady‐state operation. However, it also becomes obvious that unsteady‐state kinetics is mandatory in order to describe the experimental results obtained under dynamic conditions.
Size and Shape of Calcium Alginate Beads Produced by Extrusion Dripping
Authors: Lee B.‐B. , Ravindra P. , Chan E.‐S.
Published: September 2013

Alginate hydrogel beads are widely used as an encapsulation medium for biomedical, bioprocessing, and pharmaceutical applications. The size and shape of the beads are often critically controlled since in many usages the beads are monodisperse in size and spherical in shape. Extrusion dripping is a well‐known method to produce alginate beads. Nevertheless, the production of beads of desired size and spherical shape is often achieved based on one's experience or trial and error. An overview is provided on alginate properties, formulation and preparation of alginate and gelling solutions, production conditions, and post‐production treatment that may influence the bead size and shape. Various methods of bead size and shape measurement are also discussed.
Influence of Co‐Solvent Concentration on the Properties of Dope Solution and Performance of Polyethersulfone Membranes
Authors: Ahmed I. , Idris A. , Hussain A. , Yusof Z. A. M. , Saad Khan M.
Published: September 2013

Polyethersulfone (PES) dope solutions were prepared from mixtures of two solvents containing N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as core solvent and acetone as co‐solvent (CS) in a closed heating system. PES asymmetric membranes were cast by a dry/wet phase inversion process. Complete miscibility of PES with the fixed mixture of acetone and DMF under atmospheric pressure could be achieved. The kinetic and thermodynamic properties indicated that interaction of DMF and acetone is strongest when their mole ratio is unity, pointing to the phenomenon of true co‐solvency for PES dissolution. These results were supported by determination of the water uptake, contact angle measurement, and SEM analyses. Membrane performance, pore volume, and total pore volume on the membrane surface were also investigated.
Continuous Transesterification with Acidic Ionic Liquids as Homogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Kuschnerow J. C. , Titze‐Frech K. , Schulz P. S. , Wasserscheid P. , Scholl S.
Published: September 2013

Ionic liquids (ILs) are recyclable acid catalysts for transesterification reactions. In the present study, different acidic ILs were examined in this reaction, with special focus on their recyclability. Furthermore, the IL‐catalyzed transesterification reaction was realized in continuous operation. A miniplant reactor with technically representative design and operating characteristics was used for this study. The applied rig has a volume of 5 L and an external thermosyphon reboiler. The miniplant reactor can be operated in batch and in continuous mode. ILs functionalized with a sulfonic acid group were found to be the most suitable IL catalysts for the transesterification reactions under investigation. Using these ILs, reaction rates as high as for H2SO4 could be realized. Moreover, the IL catalyst was demonstrated to be active for at least 1000 h of operation time.
Adsorption and crystal growth
Authors: Mutaftschiev Boyan
Published: September 2013

It is shown all along this chapter that in the case of crystal growth governed by surface kinetics, foreign adsorption on the interface may intervene to a large extent in the overall process. Moreover, the mechanism of subsequent overgrowth can be gathered from the shape of the adsorption isotherms. The growth mode in a pure system depends of the thermal roughness which can be treated as self‐adsorption of molecules and molecular vacancies. Finally, foreign adsorption on a rough surface, just as strain due to structural misfit, may result in the formation of surface alloys.
Unstructured deadlock detection technique with scalability and complexity‐efficiency in clouds
Authors: Lim JongBeom , Suh Taeweon , Yu Heonchang
Published: September 2013

To detect deadlock in distributed systems, the initiator should construct an efficient explicit or implicit global wait‐for graph. In this paper, we present an unstructured deadlock detection algorithm using a gossip protocol in cloud computing environments, where constituting nodes may join and leave at any time. Because of the inherit properties of a gossip protocol, we argue that our proposed deadlock detection algorithm is scalable, fault‐tolerant, and efficient, retaining safety and liveness properties. The correctness proof of the algorithm is also provided. The message complexity of our proposed algorithm is O(n), where n is the number of nodes. Our performance evaluation with scalable settings shows that our approach has a significant advantage over previous deadlock detection algorithms in terms of solving scalability, fault‐tolerance, and complexity–efficiency issues. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of harvesting on spatial and temporal diversity of carbon stocks in a boreal forest landscape
Authors: Ter‐Mikaelian Michael T. , Colombo Stephen J. , Chen Jiaxin
Published: September 2013

Carbon stocks in managed forests of Ontario, Canada, and in harvested wood products originated from these forests were estimated for 2010–2100. Simulations included four future forest harvesting scenarios based on historical harvesting levels (low, average, high, and maximum available) and a no‐harvest scenario. In four harvesting scenarios, forest carbon stocks in Ontario's managed forest were estimated to range from 6202 to 6227 Mt C (millions of tons of carbon) in 2010, and from 6121 to 6428 Mt C by 2100. Inclusion of carbon stored in harvested wood products in use and in landfills changed the projected range in 2100 to 6710–6742 Mt C. For the no‐harvest scenario, forest carbon stocks were projected to change from 6246 Mt C in 2010 to 6680 Mt C in 2100. Spatial variation in projected forest carbon stocks was strongly related to changes in forest age (r = 0.603), but had weak correlation with harvesting rates. For all managed forests in Ontario combined, projected carbon stocks in combined forest and harvested wood products converged to within 2% difference by 2100. The results suggest that harvesting in the boreal forest, if applied within limits of sustainable forest management, will eventually have a relatively small effect on long‐term combined forest and wood products carbon stocks. However, there was a large time lag to approach carbon equality, with more than 90 years with a net reduction in stored carbon in harvested forests plus wood products compared to nonharvested boreal forest which also has low rates of natural disturbance. The eventual near equivalency of carbon stocks in nonharvested forest and forest that is harvested and protected from natural disturbance reflects both the accumulation of carbon in harvested wood products and the relatively young age at which boreal forest stands undergo natural succession in the absence of disturbance.
Spanish juniper gain expansion opportunities by counting on a functionally diverse dispersal assemblage community
Authors: Escribano‐Ávila Gema , Pías Beatriz , Sanz‐Pérez Virginia , Virgós Emilio , Escudero Adrián , Valladares Fernando
Published: September 2013

Seed dispersal is typically performed by a diverse array of species assemblages with different behavioral and morphological traits which determine dispersal quality (DQ, defined as the probability of recruitment of a dispersed seed). Fate of ecosystems to ongoing environmental changes is critically dependent on dispersal and mainly on DQ in novel scenarios. We assess here the DQ, thus the multiplicative effect of germination and survival probability to the first 3 years of life, for seeds dispersed by several bird species (Turdus spp.) and carnivores (Vulpes vulpes, Martes foina) in mature woodland remnants of Spanish juniper (Juniperus thurifera) and old fields which are being colonized by this species. Results showed that DQ was similar in mature woodlands and old fields. Germination rate for seeds dispersed by carnivores (11.5%) and thrushes (9.12%) was similar, however, interacted with microhabitat suitability. Seeds dispersed by carnivores reach the maximum germination rate on shrubs (16%), whereas seeds dispersed by thrushes did on female juniper canopies (15.5) indicating that each group of dispersers performed a directed dispersal. This directional effect was diluted when survival probability was considered: thrushes selected smaller seeds which had higher mortality in the seedling stage (70%) in relation to seedlings dispersed by carnivores (40%). Overall, thrushes resulted low‐quality dispersers which provided a probability or recruitment of 2.5%, while a seed dispersed by carnivores had a probability of recruitment of 6.5%. Our findings show that generalist dispersers (i.e., carnivores) can provide a higher probability of recruitment than specialized dispersers (i.e., Turdus spp.). However, generalist species are usually opportunistic dispersers as their role as seed dispersers is dependent on the availability of trophic resources and species feeding preferences. As a result, J. thurifera dispersal community is composed by two functional groups of dispersers: specialized low‐quality but trustworthy dispersers and generalist high‐quality but opportunistic dispersers. The maintenance of both, generalist and specialist dispersers, in the dispersal assemblage community assures the dispersal services and increases the opportunities for regeneration and colonization of degraded areas under a land‐use change scenario.
Epigenetic patterns newly established after interspecific hybridization in natural populations of Solanum
Authors: Cara Nicolás , Marfil Carlos F. , Masuelli Ricardo W.
Published: September 2013

Interspecific hybridization is known for triggering genetic and epigenetic changes, such as modifications on DNA methylation patterns and impact on phenotypic plasticity and ecological adaptation. Wild potatoes (Solanum, section Petota) are adapted to multiple habitats along the Andes, and natural hybridizations have proven to be a common feature among species of this group. Solanum × rechei, a recently formed hybrid that grows sympatrically with the parental species S. kurtzianum and S. microdontum, represents an ideal model for studying the ecologically and evolutionary importance of hybridization in generating of epigenetic variability. Genetic and epigenetic variability and their correlation with morphological variation were investigated in wild and ex situ conserved populations of these three wild potato species using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and methylation‐sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) techniques. We observed that novel methylation patterns doubled the number of novel genetic patterns in the hybrid and that the morphological variability measured on 30 characters had a higher correlation with the epigenetic than with the genetic variability. Statistical comparison of methylation levels suggested that the interspecific hybridization induces genome demethylation in the hybrids. A Bayesian analysis of the genetic data reveled the hybrid nature of S. × rechei, with genotypes displaying high levels of admixture with the parental species, while the epigenetic information assigned S. × rechei to its own cluster with low admixture. These findings suggested that after the hybridization event, a novel epigenetic pattern was rapidly established, which might influence the phenotypic plasticity and adaptation of the hybrid to new environments.
Perceived relevance of honesty and agreeableness to situations with non‐correspondent and correspondent outcomes: An interdependence perspective
Authors: Cooley Erin , Rea Andrew J. , Insko Chester A. , Payne B. Keith
Published: September 2013

According to interdependence theory, interpersonal situations that vary in their surface characteristics can be united by similarities in their underlying structure. Likewise, factor analytic approaches to personality combine many traits into a small number of factors. In the current research, we use interdependence theory and existing factor analyses of personality traits to measure people's lay theories about the ways traits and situations interact. We predict that traits representative of honesty–humility/virtue will be rated as more relevant to situations with non‐correspondent outcomes (a gain in one person's outcomes is associated with a loss in the other person's outcomes) than to situations with correspondent outcomes (a gain in one person's outcomes is associated with a gain in the other person's outcomes). Conversely, we predict that traits representative of agreeableness will be rated as more relevant to situations with correspondent outcomes than to situations with non‐correspondent outcomes. An experiment found the expected trait X situation interaction revealing that subjects expect certain types of traits to be most relevant to specific types of situations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐step salting‐out extraction of 1,3‐propanediol and lactic acid from the fermentation broth of Klebsiella pneumoniae on biodiesel‐derived crude glycerol
Authors: Song Zhiyuan , Sun Yaqin , Wei Bochao , Xiu Zhilong
Published: September 2013

Crude glycerol is a primary by‐product in the biodiesel production process and its large surplus blocks the development of the biodiesel industry. In this study, crude glycerol was used as a substrate to co‐produce 1,3‐propanediol (1,3‐PD) and lactic acid through fermentation of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The final concentrations of 1,3‐PD and lactic acid were 62.6 and 33.4 g/L, respectively, and the total mass conversion yield was 55.7%. The two‐step salting‐out extraction method was adopted for the separation of 1,3‐PD and lactic acid from the fermentation broth. In the first step of extraction, the maximal partition coefficient and recovery of 1,3‐PD reached 9.81 and 92.4% under the optimal conditions of 30% isopropanol and 30% potassium carbonate. Subsequently, 28% ethanol was added into the salt phase to perform the second salting‐out extraction at pH 6.5. The partition coefficient and recovery of lactic acid reached 1.27 and 73.8%, respectively. All cells and most of the proteins (98.5%) were finally removed. The results suggest that crude glycerol can be used as a promising feedstock to co‐produce 1,3‐PD and lactic acid from fermentation broths, and this could not only reduce the production cost but also promote the further development of the biodiesel industry.
Carbonic anhydrase: Its biocatalytic mechanisms and functional properties for efficient CO2 capture process development
Authors: Kanth Bashistha Kumar , Lee Jinwon , Pack Seung Pil
Published: September 2013

The accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main cause of global climate change and it is very important to develop technologies that can reduce atmospheric CO2 level. Although several physical or chemical CO2 capture processes are being developed, the efficiency of capture/sequestrationshould be increased. Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1), a metalloenzyme, has been considered as an important biocatalyst for CO2 capture system development because CA has the highest efficiency of CO2 conversion via hydration (CO2 + H2O ↔ HCO3− + H+, kcat: ∼106 s−1). In this review, biocatalytic mechanism and functional properties of CA are reviewed in terms of its distinctive CO2 converting ability. In addition, recent applications of several CAs are presented in CO2 capture process development. This review would present guidelines for scientists and researchers to understand CA functions and develop interest in the practical applications of CA, in particular, as biocatalytic agent for more efficient CO2 capture process development.
Content of Children's Loss of Control Eating Episodes Assessed by Self‐Report and Laboratory Test Meal
Authors: Theim Kelly R. , Wilfley Denise E. , Beach Elizabeth , Tanofsky‐Kraff Marian , Goldschmidt Andrea B.
Published: September 2013

Pediatric loss of control (LOC) eating heightens risk for excessive weight gain and further disordered eating. Assessment of LOC typically involves self‐report interview or laboratory test meal, although no study has concurrently examined data from both methods. We gathered eating episode data via interview (Child Eating Disorder Examination; ChEDE) and a laboratory test meal, among 22 overweight girls (aged 7–12 years) reporting LOC eating. Children consumed more energy during ChEDE episodes, although ChEDE and test meal episodes did not differ in macronutrient content. Episodes' correlation for amount consumed (grams) did not reach significance, p = .076. In exploratory analyses among the seven children reporting LOC during the test meal, episodes were significantly correlated for grams consumed. Findings provide preliminary data to suggest that semi‐structured interviews accurately capture children's LOC episode quantity. Episodes did not qualitatively differ, although children reported consuming more energy during self‐reported episodes. Replication is warranted in larger studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Histological specificity of alterations and expression of KIT and KITLG in non‐small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Salomonsson Annette , Jönsson Mats , Isaksson Sofi , Karlsson Anna , Jönsson Per , Gaber Alexander , Bendahl Pär‐Ola , Johansson Leif , Brunnström Hans , Jirström Karin , Borg Åke , Staaf Johan , Planck Maria
Published: September 2013

Characterization of molecules within important oncogenetic pathways may have future implications for development of therapies and biomarkers in lung cancer. One such target is the tyrosine kinase receptor KIT (c‐KIT). We evaluated alterations and expression of KIT and its ligand, KITLG (also known as SCF), in 72 clinical lung tumor specimens of different histologies. Gene copy number, mRNA expression levels, and protein expression were assayed using array‐based comparative genomic hybridization, real‐time quantitative reverse transcription PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. For validation, we investigated copy number alterations and mRNA expression in external microarray data sets of 1,600 and 555 primary lung tumors, respectively. Positivity for KIT staining was most common in large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) which also showed the highest KIT mRNA expression levels whereas expression was lowest in squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC). KIT mRNA expression levels were higher in KIT immunopositive samples, but expression was not affected by KIT copy numbers. Copy number gains of KIT were significantly more frequent in SqCC compared with adenocarcinoma in our own series and in the 1,600‐sample data set. Immunopositivity for both KIT and KITLG in the same tumor was rare except in LCNEC. Our results highlight an increased KIT mRNA expression and frequent KIT immunopositivity in LCNEC but point out a poor correlation between KIT copy numbers and expression in SqCC, perhaps reflecting the existence of a protective mechanism against KIT alterations in this subgroup. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“A Long Road Home” — Working with Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse From a Systemic Perspective
Authors: Sanders Catherine
Published: September 2013

Working with adults who have been sexually abused in childhood can be a daunting task. The material disclosed is often overwhelming in its detail and horror and the consequences for the client are alarming. The folio wing paper offers a method for approaching the individual adult client who presents such abuse as part of their history. It provides a comprehensive set of guidelines for the practitioner both to explore and face the reality of abuse while not becoming immobilised by horror and impotence. Case examples are used to illustrate the application of the method.
A Quasi‐Experimental Evaluation of the Premarital Assessment Program for Premarital Counselling
Authors: Parish Wm. Eddie
Published: September 2013

The Premarital Assessment Program for premarital counselling (Buckner & Salts, 1985) was implemented to evaluate its potential for enhancing positive growth with premarital individuals. Twenty‐one engaged couples were assigned to one of three groups, an experimental group that received the Premarital Assessment Program (PAP), an experimental group that received segments of the Couples Communication Program combined with a modified Premarital Assessment Program (CCPAP), or to a control group that received no treatment. Prior to the treatment period all individuals were administered a pretest which contained demographic questions, the Marital Communication Inventory (MCI), and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). Following the treatment, all individuals were administered a post‐test containing the MCI, DAS, and an open‐ended question pertaining to their treatment experience. Both treatment groups showed improvement on the DAS total score and one of its subscales compared to the control group, although this change only reached statistical significance between the CCPAP group and the control groups. Further assessment is needed of the value of communication training in premarital counselling.
Family Therapy … What's in a Name?*
Authors: Crawley Jim
Published: September 2013

The 2nd Australian and New Zealand Family Therapy Conference, held in Melbourne in July 1992, invited those making presentations to address the Conference theme Family Therapy … what's in a name? In a closing address to a plenary session of the Conference, I used the metaphor of first names (family) and surnames (therapy) to suggest that names are central to issues of identity. Our first name of “family” differentiates us within the larger group who share the surname “therapy”; but what does it mean to belong to the larger group sharing the name “therapy”? Historically, much of family therapy's energy has gone into issues concerned with establishing difference — difference within family therapy in terms of models and approaches, and difference from other approaches to therapy. Yet now perhaps family therapy would benefit from exploring what it shares in common with others who hold the same surname of “therapy”, with the possibility such dialogue could lead to mutual enrichment.
Systemic Approaches to Psychosis Part I — The Systemic Context
Authors: Ingamells David
Published: September 2013

The context in which psychosis emerges is explored in relation to current theory and research. The family, social and cultural context is found to be highly significant in regard to the likelihood of psychosis emerging, the focus of therapeutic endeavour and treatment outcome. In particular, the ideas, beliefs and expectations of caregivers appear to exert a profound effect on outcome. Although belief is to the contrary, current research in relation to schizophrenia indicates that a typical course involves a long period (years) of relative incapacity followed by recovery.
A Great Leap Forward?
Authors: Jones Sarah
Published: September 2013

It is unusual for family therapists to employ a dance framework as part of the therapeutic process. What happens when you do? This article describes the work of a therapist interested in dance as a way to psychic discovery.
Systems in Settings: The Therapist as Power Broker*
Authors: MacKinnon Laurie
Published: September 2013

Family therapy discourse has given little recognition to either the specificities of the settings in which family therapy is employed or to the specificites of our clients. Clients are frequently constituted into the culturally subordinate position of ‘other’ to the therapist. This paper examines the ethical imperatives of the position therapists occupy in relation to their others.
Statutory Family Therapy A Family Therapy Team Approach in Child Protection Practice
Authors: Flecknoe‐Brown Jacquie
Published: September 2013

This article outlines a team approach that has been created by the author to work therapeutically with families under statutory investigation for intrafamilial child abuse. It was devised for use by protective workers responsible for intervention with adolescents at risk and their families. This approach has been used successfully to combine the dual roles of child protection and family support in the context of statutory intervention.
Child Behaviour Management Programs Avoiding Parental Drop‐Out
Authors: Boland Carol
Published: September 2013

Maintaining parental commitment to home‐based child behaviour modification programs is difficult when parents are convinced their child's ‘misbehaviour’ is evidence of personal rejection. This paper suggests an approach which combines behaviour modification techniques with systemic ideas to overcome this potential cause of parental drop‐out.
Ambivalence; Will I? Should I? Can I? Do I want to?†
Authors: Webster Michelle
Published: September 2013

In all intimate relationships where difficulties are being experienced, one or both parties can feel ambivalent. Some individuals and couples resolve their ambivalence, discover lost aspects of themselves and new ways of relating, while others either remain together regardless of a satisfactory resolution, or decide to separate.

In this paper I will address the nature of ambivalence and its influence and effect on individuals and couples. Understanding and working with ambivalence requires us as therapists to consider both the emotional patterns in relationships and the influence of early childhood experiences. Methods of assessing and working with ambivalence will be outlined and contra‐indications for individual and joint sessions discussed.
Assimilation or Acculturation Problems of Aboriginal Families
Authors: O'Shane Pat
Published: September 2013

Policies of colonisation and assimilation have had devastating consequences for Aboriginal people. Emphasis must be given to strategies far more diverse than economic development.
Therapeutic Alliance; A View Constructed by a Family Therapy Team
Authors: Martin Graham , Allison Stephen
Published: September 2013

Therapeutic Alliance is a construct which may have value for a family therapy team and influence its day to day practice. This paper discusses whether family therapeutic alliance can be observed, described and measured, and gives an account of the development of the Family Therapeutic Alliance Scale (FTAS) by a brief strategic family therapy team. Our focus is on the use of statistical technique as a means of clarifying the team's construct of therapeutic alliance, informing the team process without being the final arbiter in development of the scale. The second stage outlines the investigation of the usefulness of the construct with a wider group of family therapists. In individual psychotherapies measures of therapeutic alliance have been shown to predict outcome. Our early work suggests this is also true for family therapies and the FTAS may be a predictor for outcome in family work.
Expertosis: Is it Catching?
Authors: Smart Rosemary
Published: September 2013

In this plenary address a therapist talks about her experiences of culture, gender, the loss of her daughter, and the impact this has had on her values and beliefs which are reflected in both her personal and professional life. Her paper challenges dominant discourses and the tyranny of expert knowledge.
Time in the Therapeutic Domain
Authors: Gibney Paul
Published: September 2013

This paper sets out to examine theoretically the role that “time” plays in therapy. It proceeds by investigating the appearance of “time” in the therapeutic literature: specifically, research regarding the efficacy of brief therapy and attendance of clients in therapy, psychoanalytic concepts of “time”, family therapy's recent emphasis on the future and conceptualisations available about “time” and its role in problem formation and resolution. A summary of these findings precedes a discussion emphasising the problems of crisis, irreversibility and chronicity. The conclusion re‐emphasises the need for a multi‐modal approach to any future theorising on “time” in the therapeutic domain.
Experimenting with Change: An Exercise in Team Consultation
Authors: Mason Barry
Published: September 2013

This article introduces a practical contribution to consultancy with teams experiencing difficulties in maintaining group cohesion. Taking the position that options for change are reduced as teams feel more and more en trenched, the author outlines a way in which one particular exercise can help team members experiment with creating different and more useful perspectives.
100% Mabo†: De‐Colonising People with Mental Illness and their Families
Authors: Rosen Alan
Published: September 2013

Pointing the name “Mentally Ill” at people in our midst has led to some unfairly dire consequences for their lives and their families. These include: forced extrusion, separation and disconnection from their families; incarceration in remote gulags, where they may be vulnerable to physical, emotional or sexual abuse; being stigmatised and sequestered as unmarriageable moral lepers; and being dispossessed of their full humanity, through loss of their identities as people, their everyday human rights and their entitlement to full membership of their own local communities. We mental health professionals have colluded in the systematic colonising of the “mentally ill” by becoming their politically anointed custodians or foster families “for their own good”. In the process, we have inadvertently broken their spirits, disempowered them and their families, and deskilled the community from knowing how to look after their own. Aboriginal and Maori people have had to contend with this on more than one front; not only have they been dispossessed by white society but also they have often been dispossessed of appropriate and effective mental health care. It is time that all service users reclaimed title to their own mental health territory.

Well, here is the news:

Firstly, the consumers are coming, they are after us, and so are their families. They are challenging our descriptions, our practices and our presumptuous ownership of their lives, and settling out of court with us for joint custody will soon be unacceptable to them.

Secondly, evidence is emerging that many traditional cultural dimensions of healing may well contribute to better outcomes for those with the most severe psychiatric careers or disabilities, and their families.

Thirdly, these political and cultural developments are compatible with converging evidence of the best clinical practice in comprehensive local mental health services.

So there is no need for professional defensiveness, or for war to be declared between idealised notions of traditional culture and modern technology. The bottom line here is that we need both to talk to each other, to synergise the effects of the best of both, just as we need service users, families providers, health management, and local communities to engage each other in “seeking common ground”. De‐colonising of the mentally ill, like the dismantling of apartheid, is not without its dangers of backlash. But with an orderly transition of power it could be mutually rewarding, and may well signal a renewal and rebirth of the more caring community.
A Philosophic Stance, Ethics and Therapy An Interview with Harlene Anderson
Authors: Holmes Sophie
Published: September 2013

Harlene Anderson is director of the Houston Galveston Institute. With her late colleague Harry Goolishian she challenged family therapy theory, proposing that as therapists we consider theoretical metaphors based on language and social constructionism, and in effect has moved family therapy in a new direction.

The physical and conversational context of interview was the Lofoten Islands, 300 km inside the Arctic circle, Far Northern Norway on the night after Mid Summer's Night, 24th June 1993. Tom Andersen was the host for several days to a gathering called Constructed Realities; Therapy Theory and Research. The aim of the gathering was to explore the concept of Knowledge in the fields of psychiatry, psychology, teaching and social work. The focus was to provide a bridge between the ‘practical’ and the ‘theoretical’ discourses around knowledge and the creation of the knowledge. There were eight main issues around which the conversations revolved — 1) Knowledge: One or Many? 2) Multiple Realities and the Therapeutic Process 3) Human Understanding 4) Language and the Construction of Self 5) Research Alternatives 6) Qualitative Research in Clinical Work 7) Feminist Issues in Theory and Research 8) Power, Ethics and Practice. Harlene Andersen has written extensively on many of these subjects taking a constructivist position and was central to the numerous conversations. She was also one of the prime movers in putting together such a challenging and multi‐disciplinary conversation.

In conjunction with Harry Goolishian, Harlene Andersen has proposed that what we call ‘problems' are created in language and are dissolved in language. Her interests are in the multiple realities that come to an intersection in a therapeutic conversation and how a therapist can engage with a client to open the possibility for the client to create and find some changes in his/her life. She takes the position that in order for a therapist to be helpful to his/her client, conversational space needs to be created that makes room for the exploration of the client's beliefs and realities. An essential element in this process of creating conversational space is the therapist taking a position of not knowing, of uncertainty, of exploring and making room for the client to talk about what is important for him/her to talk about and not for the therapist to lead from a position of knowing what is best for the client.

Harlene Andersen is regarded as a leading theorist and clinician in the therapeutic community who is exploring the broad concept of therapy as a collaborative process at many levels. She is one of the major presenters at the forthcoming New Voices in Human Systems conference hosted by Lynn Hoffman in Northampton, Massachusetts in October 1994.
Do we need a psychology of gender difference?
Authors: Quadrio Carolyn
Published: September 2013

In suggesting a psychology of gender difference I am obliged to weave my way very delicately between the social constructivists and post‐modernists on the one hand, and the essentialists or maternalists and French psychoanalytic feminists on the other — keeping my head low as well to avoid being spotted by the sociobiologists. This review is intended to provide an update of contemporary perspectives on the contentious issue of gender difference.
Exploring the Therapeutic Relationship A Case Study
Authors: Flaskas Carmel
Published: September 2013

This paper is focused on the topic of the therapeutic relationship in systemic therapy. It is structured around the discussion of my experience of work with a particular family where the engagement issues were complex, and where there was the potential for a negative therapy sequence. The psychoanalytic concepts of transference, countertransference and projective identification are chosen to discuss my dilemmas — however, the differences between the analytic and systemic contexts of work are noted. Through the discussion of this case study, the potential benefits of using these analytic ideas to understand the therapeutic relationship in specific situations in systemic therapy are identified.