bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Team Reasoning and Intentional Cooperation for Mutual Benefit
Authors: Sugden Robert
Published: November 2014

This paper proposes a concept of intentional cooperation for mutual benefit. This concept uses a form of team reasoning in which team members aim to achieve common interests, rather than maximising a common utility function, and in which team reasoners can coordinate their behaviour by following pre-existing practices. I argue that a market transaction can express intentions for mutually beneficial cooperation even if, extensionally, participation in the transaction promotes each party’s self-interest.
Beyond Supervenience and Construction
Authors: Ruben David-Hillel
Published: November 2014

I assume that identity theories and reductive strategies generally about the relationship between both the physical and the mental and the non-social and the social fail and I remind the reader why this is so. The mind cannot be reduced to body and the social (and this includes social action) cannot be reduced to what goes on in the minds of individuals and to their non-social actions, even when physical environment is added to the allegedly reducing base. I canvass two alternatives: supervenience and constructivism. My discussion of supervenience is by way of a survey of the work of others. Supervenience turns out to be too ‘brute’ a relation to account for the mind-body or the nonsocial-social relationships (I explain the idea of ‘brute’ in the paper). Supervenience is essentially a co-variance relation and even if the social were to supervene on the nonsocial, or the mental on the physical, supervenience leaves that co-variance inexplicable and mysterious. I ask whether constructivist solutions could explain the co-variance between levels any better (I look specifically at the work of John Searle) and I raise some issues with regard to the ability of constructivism to explain these relationships. Searle sees the institutional and social world through the perspective of various levels, in ways similar to the way in which the reductionist and the supervenience theorists did. My main argument is to offer an analogue problem for constructivism that was raised for supervenience. I conclude that constructivism could escape the problem of ‘brute’ co-variation between levels only by adopting a thoroughgoing irrealist perspective on the institutional and social.
Human Persons as Social Entities
Authors: Baker Lynne Rudder
Published: November 2014

The aim of this article is to show that human persons belong, ontologically, in social ontology. After setting out my views on ontology, I turn to persons and argue that they have first-person perspectives in two stages (rudimentary and robust) essentially. Then I argue that the robust stage of the first-person persective is social, in that it requires a language, and languages require linguistic communities. Then I extend the argument to cover the rudimentary stage of the first-person perspective as well. I conclude by enumerating ways in which human persons differ from nonhuman animals.
Diet of serval (Leptailurus serval) on farmlands in the Drakensberg Midlands, South Africa
Authors: Ramesh Tharmalingam , Downs Colleen T.
Published: November 2014

The feeding ecology of a wetland specialist, the serval (
Pécs gazdasági és társadalmi helyzete az Erzsébet Tudományegyetem Pécsre költözése évtizedében
Authors: Kaposi Zoltán
Published: November 2014

In the period of the Austro-Hungarian Dualism (1876–1918), Pécs was one of the fastest developing cities in Hungary. The two determining factors in its development were the birth of the manufacturing industry and coal-mining which offered employment for a large number of workers. As a time of major technical innovations, this period also marks the birth of some of the world-famous private enterprises in Pécs (Zsolnay, Angster, etc.). However, following the outbreak of World War I, industrial development was arrested. During the war and the three-year-occupation of the city by Serbian troops, the economic and social structures of Pécs underwent an important change. Real income dropped, the city drained its reserves and Serbian troops ransacked the city after 1918. As a result of the great losses of resources, progress after August 1921, when the Serbian troops were withdrawn, proved to be rather ambiguous. Undoubtedly, the population of the city was rapidly growing because Pécs, offering greater possibilities, attracted many people from the wider region. At the same time, the decline of industry, together with the decrease in the demand for labour, posed a serious challenge. The production capacities of many factories had to be reduced, and there began a concentration of privately run former factories and their reorganization into shareholding companies. Until the end of 1926, coal mines owned by DGT, had to turn over most of its production to pay reparations to Yugoslavia. Between 1920 and 1930, there was a severe drop in the number of enterprises which had always played a significant role in the small-scale industries of Pécs. Although in the latter half of the 1920s there were already signs of recovery in the slow stabilization of the local economy, the private sector continued to stand on shaky legs. It was an interesting change, which coincided with the practice of other towns in the country, that in the 1920s the city took over the task of the stimulatation of economy. Pécs began to play a growing part in the functioning of local infrastructure (the supply of gas, water, and electricity; education and local transport), but it is also true that, because of these unavoidable developments, it accumulated debts in the latter half of the decade (see the Speyer Loan). The slow development of the city came to a grinding halt at the time of the global economic crisis that could be felt from the end of 1929 onwards; the rapid rise of unemployment and the loss of markets meant newer problems that were difficult to manage. 
(Translated by Gabriella Hartvig) 
Fotó: Fortepan / POTE
Idegen nyelvi lektorok működése az Erzsébet Tudományegyetemen (1918−1949)
Authors: Sztana-Kovács Adrienn
Published: November 2014

Annak ellenére, hogy a magyar hallgatók idegennyelvtudásának a mindenkori kultúrpolitika irányítói a tárgyalt korszakban egyre növekvő jelentőséget tulajdonítottak, az egyetemtörténeti kutatások az egyes intézményekben működő lektorátusok történetével eddig csak érintőlegesen foglalkoztak.  
A megjelent tanulmányok főként a külföldi ösztöndíjak rendszerének kialakítását, a külföldi intézetek, tanszékek, Collegium Hungaricumok és a lektorátusok létrehozását tárgyalták. Tanulmányunkban az 1912-ben megalapított, és 1914-ben Pozsonyban működését megkezdő Erzsébet Tudományegyetemen folyó nyelvi képzés történetének összefoglalására teszünk kísérletet.
Az egyetemtörténet szerszámosládájába
Authors: Vörös Katalin
Published: November 2014

A Magyar Királyi Erzsébet Tudományegyetem Orvostudományi Kar tanácsülési jegyzőkönyveinek napirendi pontjai 1926–1951. Összeáll. Kovács Adrienn. (PTE Egyetemi Levéltár kiadványai 1.) Sorozatszerk. Lengvári István. Pécs, 2011. 466 oldal. 
 
A Magyar Királyi Erzsébet Tudományegyetem Bölcsészet-, Nyelv- és Történettudományi Kar tanácsülési jegyzőkönyveinek napirendi pontjai 1918–1940. Összeáll. Kovács Adrienn. (PTE Egyetemi Levéltár kiadványai 2.) Sorozatszerk. Lengvári István. Pécs, 2012. 214 oldal.
Rapid neurogenesis through transcriptional activation in human stem cells
Authors: Busskamp Volker , Lewis Nathan E , Guye Patrick , Ng Alex HM , Shipman Seth L , Byrne Susan M , Sanjana Neville E , Murn Jernej , Li Yinqing , Li Shangzhong , Stadler Michael , Weiss Ron , Church George M
Published: November 2014

Advances in cellular reprogramming and stem cell differentiation now enable ex vivo studies of human neuronal differentiation. However, it remains challenging to elucidate the underlying regulatory programs because differentiation protocols are laborious and often result in low neuron yields. Here, we overexpressed two Neurogenin transcription factors in human‐induced pluripotent stem cells and obtained neurons with bipolar morphology in 4 days, at greater than 90% purity. The high purity enabled mRNA and microRNA expression profiling during neurogenesis, thus revealing the genetic programs involved in the rapid transition from stem cell to neuron. The resulting cells exhibited transcriptional, morphological and functional signatures of differentiated neurons, with greatest transcriptional similarity to prenatal human brain samples. Our analysis revealed a network of key transcription factors and microRNAs that promoted loss of pluripotency and rapid neurogenesis via progenitor states. Perturbations of key transcription factors affected homogeneity and phenotypic properties of the resulting neurons, suggesting that a systems‐level view of the molecular biology of differentiation may guide subsequent manipulation of human stem cells to rapidly obtain diverse neuronal types.
Disability-Adjusted Life-Year Burden of Abusive Head Trauma at Ages 0–4
Authors: Miller Ted R. , Steinbeigle Ryan , Wicks Amy , Lawrence Bruce A. , Barr Marilyn , Barr Ronald G.
Published: November 2014

OBJECTIVE:

We estimated the disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) burden of abusive head trauma (AHT) at ages 0 to 4 years in the United States.

METHODS:

DALYs are computed by summing years of productive life that survivors lost to disability plus life-years lost to premature death. Surveying a convenience sample of 170 caregivers and pediatricians yielded health-related disability over time according to severity of AHT (measured with the Health Utilities Index, Mark 2). Incidence estimates for 2009 came from Vital Statistics for Mortality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Program Kids’ Inpatient Database for hospitalized survivors, and published ratios of 0.894 case treated and released and 0.340 case not diagnosed/treated while in the acute phase per survivor admitted. Survival probability over time after discharge came from published sources.

RESULTS:

An estimated 4824 AHT cases in 2009 included 334 fatalities within 30 days. DALYs per surviving child averaged 0.555 annually for severe AHT (95% confidence interval: 0.512–0.598) and 0.155 (95% confidence interval: 0.120–0.190) for other cases. Including life-years lost to premature mortality, estimated lifetime burden averaged 4.7 DALYs for mild AHT, 5.4 for moderate AHT, 24.1 for severe AHT, and 29.8 for deaths. On average, DALY loss per 30-day survivor included 7.6 years of lost life expectancy and 5.7 years lived with disability. Estimated burden of AHT incidents in 2009 was 69 925 DALYs or 0.017 DALYs per US live birth.

CONCLUSIONS:

AHT is extremely serious, often resulting in severe physical damage or death. The annual DALY burden several years after mild AHT exceeds the DALY burden of a severe burn.
Race, Otitis Media, and Antibiotic Selection
Authors: Fleming-Dutra Katherine E. , Shapiro Daniel J. , Hicks Lauri A. , Gerber Jeffrey S. , Hersh Adam L.
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Previous research suggests that physicians may be less likely to diagnose otitis media (OM) and to prescribe broad-spectrum antibiotics for black versus nonblack children. Our objective was to determine whether race is associated with differences in OM diagnosis and antibiotic prescribing nationally.

METHODS:

We examined OM visit rates during 2008 to 2010 for children ≤14 years old using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. We compared OM visits between black and nonblack children, as percentages of all outpatient visits and visit rates per 1000. We compared antibiotic prescribing by race as the percentage of OM visits receiving narrow-spectrum (eg, amoxicillin) versus broader-spectrum antibiotics. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine whether race was independently associated with antibiotic selection for OM.

RESULTS:

The percentage of all visits resulting in OM diagnosis was 30% lower in black children compared with others (7% vs 10%, P = .004). However, OM visits per 1000 population were not different between black and nonblack children (253 vs 321, P = .12). When diagnosed with OM during visits in which antibiotics were prescribed, black children were less likely to receive broad-spectrum antibiotics than nonblack children (42% vs 52%, P = .01). In multivariable analysis, black race was negatively associated with broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing (adjusted odds ratio 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.40–0.86).

CONCLUSIONS:

Differences in treatment choice for black children with OM may indicate race-based differences in physician practice patterns and parental preferences for children with OM.
Pull-out capacity of tree root inspired anchors in shallow granular soils
Authors: Dyson A. S. , Rognon P. G.
Published: November 2014

The pull-out capacity of anchors inspired by tree roots was evaluated using model tests to investigate the effect of anchor geometry on pull-out capacity. Experimental pull-out tests were performed on anchors with fractal geometries buried at shallow depths in a model granular medium. The results show that an existing pull-out model for plain shape anchors can be extended to fractal shape anchors by introducing an additional shape factor. The values of this shape factor reveal that fractal anchors can achieve the same pull-out capacity as plain shape anchors but the amount of material needed for their construction is much less. As a consequence, the use of fractal shape anchors may be a cost-effective solution in a number of geotechnical applications.
Over 75 years of zooplankton data from Australia
Authors: Davies Claire H. , Armstrong Amelia J. , Baird Mark , Coman Frank , Edgar Steven , Gaughan Daniel , Greenwood Jack , Gusmão Felipe , Henschke Natasha , Koslow J. Anthony , Leterme Sophie C. , McKinnon A. David , Miller Margaret , Pausina Sarah , Palomino Julian Uribe , Roennfeldt Ruben-Lee , Rothlisberg Peter , Slotwinski Anita , Strzelecki Joanna , Suthers Iain M. , Swadling Kerrie M. , Talbot Sam , Tonks Mark , Tranter David H. , Young Jock W. , Richardson Anthony J.
Published: November 2014

Zooplankton are the key trophic link between primary producers and fish in pelagic ecosystems. Historically, there are few zooplankton time series in Australia, with no data sets longer than two years prior to 2008. Here we compile 98 676 abundance records of more than 1000 zooplankton taxa from unpublished research cruises, student projects, published literature, and the recent Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS). This data set covers the entire coastal and shelf region of Australia and dates back to 1938. Most records are for copepods, but there are also data for other taxa such as decapods, chaetognaths, thaliaceans, appendicularians, and cladocerans. Metadata are provided for each record, including dates, coordinates, and information on mesh size and sampling methods. To facilitate analysis across the multiple data sets, we have updated the species names according to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) and converted units to abundance per cubic meter. These data will be valuable for studies of biodiversity, biogeography, impacts of climate change, and ecosystem health. We encourage researchers holding additional Australian zooplankton data to contact us and contribute their data to the data set so we can periodically publish updates.
Retention of pharmaceutical residues and microorganisms at the Altendorf retention soil filter
Authors: Christoffels E. , Mertens F. M. , Kistemann T. , Schreiber C.
Published: November 2014

A study has been conducted on a retention soil filter (RSF) to test its effectiveness in removing pharmaceutical residues and microorganisms from combined sewer overflows (CSOs). Efficient removal of solids, nutrients and heavy metals has already been proven. The possibility that organic micropollutants and microorganisms are also retained by the use of RSFs has been identified, but data are lacking. Results obtained in this study, in which testing for removal by a RSF of numerous micropollutant substances was performed, are most promising. The pharmaceuticals diclofenac and ibuprofen are presented in detail as examples of such micropollutants. Both showed a reduction in positive samples of more than 55% as well as a significant reduction in median and maximum concentrations. For microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, coliphages and Giardia lamblia (cysts), an average reduction in concentrations by three logarithmic steps (99.9%) was achieved. These results add to the evidence that using a RSF in the advanced treatment of wastewater from CSOs reduces the exposure of watercourses to pharmaceutical residues and microbial contamination.
Should activated sludge models consider influent seeding of nitrifiers? Field characterization of nitrifying bacteria
Authors: Jauffur Shameem , Isazadeh Siavash , Frigon Dominic
Published: November 2014

This study revealed the presence of nitrifying bacteria in influent municipal wastewaters reaching full-scale biological wastewater treatment plants. Respirometric assays showed that the influent nitrifiers were active following a 5- to 8-hour period of metabolic induction. Diversity analyses by pyrosequencing of functional gene PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplicon suggested that the nitrifiers in the influent stream likely seeded activated sludge bioreactors since the most abundant operational taxonomic units in the influent and mixed liquor were the same. Based on the estimated seeding intensity of 0.3 g of nitrifiers per day per gram of nitrifiers already present, the absolute minimum solids retention time (SRT) was reduced by approximately 56% at 5 °C as compared to non-seeding conditions. This can have important repercussions on the design and sizing of bioreactors operating in cold climates and calls for a need to fine-tune process modelling by considering the contribution of autotrophic nitrifying biomass from municipal influent streams.
A Structured Approach for Optimizing 4-Bit Carry-Lookahead Adder
Authors: Cheng Wei , Hu jianping
Published: November 2014

This paper presents a comparative research of low-power and high-speed 4-bit full adder circuits. The representative
adders used are a ripple carry adder (RCA) and a carry-lookahead adder (CLA). We also design a proposed carrylookahead
adder (PCLA) using a new method that uses NAND gate for modification which helps in reducing the powerdelay
product (PDP) for high performance applications. To yield more realistic rise and fall times in the simulations, layouts
have been made in a 0.13 􀀁m process for the RCA circuit, CLA circuit and PCLA circuit. The layouts designed were
simulated by HSPICE based on 130 nm CMOS technology at 1.2 V supply voltages. Four sets of frequencies were operated:
10 MHz, 50 MHz, 100 MHz and 500 MHz with 50% duty cycle in different technology corner models. A comprehensive
comparison and analysis were also carried out to test the performance of the adders. The three adders also yield
different performances in terms of power consumption, PDP, and area. The simulation results of this research are expected
to help designers to select the appropriate 4-bit adder cell that meets their specific applications.
Preface: COLLECTION OF PAPERS FROM 1ST FIMM: FRENCH-ITALIAN MEETING ON MASONRY, MARSEILLE (FR), 24-25 OCTOBER 2013
Authors: Milani Gabriele
Published: November 2014

The present Special Issue of The Open Civil Engineering Journal collects a selection of extended, reviewed and revised papers presented at the 1st FIMM French-Italian Meeting on Masonry, held in Marseille, France, from 24 to 25 October 2013.
The organizers of the meeting were Prof. F. Lebon, Université d'Aix-Marseille Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique (FR), and Prof E. Sacco, Università di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale (IT). The main aim was to exchange new ideas and show the state of the art of different research groups active in France and Italy, two countries at the top of the world for the research on masonry. Universities involved were: Université d'Aix-Marseille (FR), Université de Montpellier 2 (FR), Université de Limoges (FR), Politecnico di Milano (IT), Università di Roma la Sapienza (IT), Università di Ferrara (IT), Università di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale (IT).
A Scopus enquire with keyword “masonry” ordered by country shows 1609 records for Italy and 274 for France, with a percentage contribution respectively of 12.5% and 2.1% on the global scientific production, putting thus in evidence the importance of a tight interaction between French and Italian research groups.
After the success of the first edition, the 2nd FIMM French-Italian Meeting on Masonry, will take place in Milan, Italy, from 30 to 31 October 2014.
The special issue collects three papers. Fouchal et al. [1] present an evolution of the interface model originally presented by Rekik and Lebon, including cracks and roughness, with a comparison with experimental data on specimens subjected to shear tests. In the second paper, Tralli et al. [2] report a comprehensive state of the art on the cutting edge numerical research devoted to masonry vaults. Finally, Addessi et al. [3] review some advanced homogenization, micro- and macro-modelling strategies suitable for the analysis of masonry in the inelastic range.
I wish to thank all the authors for their valuable contributions. All manuscripts underwent technical peer review. I therefore also wish to thank all the reviewers for their critical comments which undoubtedly improved the original technical value of all contributions.
Analysis and Monitoring of the Traffic Suburban Road Accidents Using Data Mining Techniques; A Case Study of Isfahan Province in Iran
Authors: Mansouri Mehdi , Javad Kargar Mohammad
Published: November 2014

Driving accidents have been always counted as one of the most ostensible causes of deaths in the societies
today. Statistics and reports indicate that the road accidents in Iran rank several times more than the ones in the developed
countries. In the current paper, the rules and factors influencing the traffic road accidents of Iran have been extracted
along with extracting a local data model after collecting the data from a variety of sources followed by data aggregation
and combination, data cleaning, and separating the inappropriate data. This was done by employing appropriate data
mining methods, such as clustering and decision tree. The utilized data was based on 10000 accidents during 2011 to 2013
in Isfahan Province, Iran.

The experimental results have revealed that of the Decision Tree approaches, C5.0 algorithm outperforms the other
algorithms with a lower error rate and a higher accuracy rate. Our research analysis also shows that in determining the
accident type, three most important attributes include the type of the faulty vehicle, type of the vehicle hit, and the
accident reason. The results and findings obtained in this study are significant and interesting which can provide the
authorities with invaluable information on reducing the road accidents.
Carduelini New Sistematics: Crimson-winged Finch (Rhodopechys sanguineus) is Included in “Arid-Zone” Carduelini Finches by Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny
Authors: Arnaiz-Villena A. , Ruiz-del-Valle V. , Gomez-Prieto P. , Rey D. , Enriquez-de-Salamanca M. , Marco J. , Muñiz E. , Martín-Villa M. , Areces C.
Published: November 2014

Rhodopechys sangineus phylogeny together with a group of Carduelini finches has been analyzed. Mitochondrial
cyt b molecule has been used for species comparison and maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods have been employed
in order to obtain a solid phylogeny. Compared Carduelini finches groups include: Greenfinches, “Arid-Zone”
finches and Genera Rhodopechys and Pyrrhula species. Our results lead to conclude: 1) Genus Rhodopechys included
species should need a new taxonomic classification; 2) Genus Pyrrhula shares a common ancestor with “Arid-Zone”
finches group; the latter is phylogenetically a separate clade, including species from Carpodacus, Rhodopechys and Leucosticte
Genera, and 3) Pinicola enucleator belongs to Genus Pyrrhula and seems to be ancestral. Results show that a sistematics
revision of Carduelini tribe bird species is required.
Evaluation Criterion for Quality Assessment of E-Learning Content
Authors: Al-Alwani Abdulkareem
Published: November 2014

Research trends related to e-learning systems are oriented towards increasing the efficiency and capacity of the systems, thus they reflect a large variance in performance when considering content conformity and quality standards. The Framework related to standardisation of digital content for e-learning systems is likely to play a significant role in the coming years. Specifically in formal e-learning systems, delivery of technically apt and qualified content is of utmost importance and must undergo scrutiny from experts in the related fields. In this research, a framework is proposed in the form of an instrument survey to evaluate the quality of digital content and its performance in an e-learning platform. Evaluation is made under seven primary criteria with multiple item questions to assess the performance of subject e-content in an e-learning environment. The survey is primarily designed to be incorporated to assess the quality of electronic education in higher education courses in Saudi Arabia. The evaluation framework is developed using an expert-oriented approach using reviews from a panel of 42 experts in the higher education field. This instrument survey presents a basic structure for evaluating and assessing potential of an e-learning digital course. This structure will facilitate standardisation and classification of e-content.
Intended Course Objectives and Perception of Teaching Effectiveness
Authors: Stehle Sebastian , Spinath Birgit
Published: November 2014

In this study the relationship between intended course objectives and teaching effectiveness was investigated. Teaching effectiveness was indexed through student evaluations of teaching (SETs) and lecturer self-evaluations (LSEs), with a focus on course evaluation. Rated learning of intended course objectives was derived by two parallel questionnaires administered to 1647 students and 84 lecturers in 84 psychology courses. In particular, lecturers rated the importance of 11 course objectives for their course, while students rated their perceived achievement throughout the course according to the same 11 course objectives. Corresponding importance and achievement ratings were used to calculate separate measures of students' achievement of intended and unintended course objectives. Results show that students' perceived achievement of intended course objectives was associated with better SETs and LSEs. No association with SETs or LSEs were found for students' perceived achievement of unintended course objectives. These findings support the importance of having clear course objectives for effective student learning.
Learning to Teach Reading: A Theory-Practice Approach to Psychology Teaching in University Teacher Education
Authors: Drechsel Barbara , Breunig Katharina , Thurn Daniela , Basten JOhanna
Published: November 2014

The report portrays a theory-practice psychology course on reading education in a German teacher education programme. Having completed a theoretical course phase that is largely based on knowledge from cognitive and educational psychology, pre-service student-teachers applied their acquired knowledge by working with a fifth-grader in five individual reading lessons. During the sessions, students were supported by a mentor and received individual video feedback as well as peer feedback. The students also kept a learning journal to document and reflect on their practical experiences. The results from a small-scale evaluation study suggest that the course format bears a high potential for meaningful learning experiences regarding both general teaching practice and reading instruction.
Multicultural Grand Rounds: Competency-Based Training Model for Clinical Psychology Graduate Students
Authors: Stites Shana D. , Warholic Christina L.
Published: November 2014

Preparing students to enter the field of psychology as competent professionals requires that multicultural practices be infused into all areas of training. This article describes how the Grand Rounds model was adapted to a graduate clinical psychology training program to foster applied learning in multicultural competence. This extension of Grand Rounds as A? student-driven program to enhance multiculturalism may help others in doctoral psychology training programs develop experiential learning opportunities to further enhance professional competence.
Maxillary buccal cortical plate inclination at mini-screw insertion sites
Authors: Tozlu Murat , Germeç Cakan Derya , Ulkur Feyza , Ozdemir Fulya
Published: November 2014

Objective: 

To evaluate whether buccal cortical bone inclination varies for the maxillary alveolar processes of adult patients with decreased, normal, and increased facial heights.

Materials and Methods: 

Cone-beam computed tomography images of 135 adult patients, including 49 hypodivergent subjects (26 women, 23 men), 40 hyperdivergent subjects (24 women, 16 men), and 46 normodivergent (25 women, 21 men) were analyzed. Cortical bone inclination measurements were made relative to the occlusal plane. Cross-sectional slices of the maxilla were taken at interdental sites from the distal aspect of maxillary canine to the mesial aspect of maxillary second molar.

Results: 

Analysis of variance indicated significant differences (P < .05) between the angles formed by the line tangent to the cortical bone and the occlusal plane among the vertical facial types for the regions between canine and first premolar and between second premolar and first molar at miniscrew insertion sites.

Conclusion: 

The results of this study indicate that vertical facial pattern should be taken into consideration when adjusting the insertion angle of miniscrews at the maxillary buccal region.
Study of structural, morphological and optical properties of S and Cu co-doped SnO2 nanostructured thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis
Authors: Bagheri-Mohagheghi M. M. , Adelifard M. , Namavar S.
Published: November 2014

We have established the effect of copper dopant concentration (Cu/Sn = 0–30 at.%) on the structural, morphological and optical properties of SnO2 : S films grown on glass substrate using a spray pyrolysis technique. According to the experimental evidence and data analysis, we found that the polycrystalline layers in undoped condition mainly consist of mixed phases such as SnS2 and SnO2, whilst in doped ones, Cu2SnS3 and Cu4SnS4 phases are dominant. With increasing Cu concentration, a decrease in the grain size with a change in the shape of the grains is observed. Optical measurement analysis showed that these films have a direct band gap energy of about 2.98–3.59 eV.
Performance of the Midwest Guardrail System with Rectangular Wood Posts
Authors: Bielenberg Robert W. , Reid John D. , Faller Ronald K. , Rosenbaugh Scott K. , Lechtenberg Karla A.
Published: November 2014

Strong-post W-beam is one of the most enduring and prolific safety barriers in the world. Over the years, it has been modified and updated to improve performance. Throughout these changes, two types of guardrail posts have been used to support the rail element: W6 × 8.5 steel posts and 6-in.-wide × 8-in.-deep wood posts. Recent updates to roadside safety hardware evaluation criteria and concerns with the performance of the G4 (1S) and G4 (2W) strong-post W-beam systems have led to the need for enhanced strong-post guardrail designs. The Midwest Guardrail System (MGS) was developed to address this need and provides improved performance over previous strong-post W-beam systems. The MGS was developed and tested with steel support posts, and it was believed that the use of wood posts in the system would provide similar barrier performance. However, the effect of wood posts in the MGS was never quantified through full-scale crash testing. The objective of this study was to investigate and evaluate the performance of the MGS with rectangular posts made of southern yellow pine. This effort included a review of the performance of wood and steel guardrail posts as it pertained to the MGS, the completion of two full-scale crash tests according to the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) safety requirements, and a comparison of the full-scale test results with MASH safety criteria and previous steel-post and alternative species wood-post MGS tests. Finally, recommendations were developed to implement the wood-post MGS and wood posts in MGS special applications.
Writing Amélie-the-Writer: Nothomb's Autofictional Quest for Jouissance
Authors: Hall Elizabeth Berglund
Published: November 2014

In many of Amélie Nothomb's autofictional novels, the final step toward regaining the jouissance of her lost childhood is the development of the character Amélie-the-writer. Nothomb depicts in multiple accounts her character Amélie's coming to writing, a process that mirrors her nostalgia for the tube-like identity of her prelinguistic self and her perceived divinity during her childhood in Japan, as well as her desire to return to the womb. This article considers first the characteristics that are associated with Amélie's childhood, her sense of a divine and mythic self, secondly the various scenes in Nothomb's autofictional novels in which the narrator Amélie experiences a moment of death and rebirth through violence at sea, and, finally, how the character Amélie achieves, to some extent, the desired return to the ideal of childhood through the creation of a fictional self in her writing.
Continuous-Wave Molecular Modulation Using a High-Finesse Cavity
Authors: Gold David , Weber Joshua , Yavuz Deniz
Published: November 2014

We demonstrate an optical modulator at a frequency of 90 THz that has the capability to modulate any laser beam in the optical region of the spectrum. The modulator is constructed by placing deuterium molecules inside a high-finesse cavity and driving a vibrational transition with two continuous-wave laser beams. The two beams, the pump and the Stokes, are resonant with the cavity. The high intra-cavity intensities that build up drive the molecules to a coherent state. This molecular coherence can then be used to modulate an independent laser beam, to produce frequency up-shifted and down-shifted sidebands. The beam to be modulated is not resonant with the cavity and thus the sidebands are produced in a single pass.
Proteasome Subtypes and Regulators in the Processing of Antigenic Peptides Presented by Class I Molecules of the Major Histocompatibility Complex
Authors: Vigneron Nathalie , Van den Eynde Benoît
Published: November 2014

The proteasome is responsible for the breakdown of cellular proteins. Proteins targeted for degradation are allowed inside the proteasome particle, where they are cleaved into small peptides and released in the cytosol to be degraded into amino acids. In vertebrates, some of these peptides escape degradation in the cytosol, are loaded onto class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and displayed at the cell surface for scrutiny by the immune system. The proteasome therefore plays a key role for the immune system: it provides a continued sampling of intracellular proteins, so that CD8-positive T-lymphocytes can kill cells expressing viral or tumoral proteins. Consequently, the repertoire of peptides displayed by MHC class I molecules at the cell surface depends on proteasome activity, which may vary according to the presence of proteasome subtypes and regulators. Besides standard proteasomes, cells may contain immunoproteasomes, intermediate proteasomes and thymoproteasomes. Cells may also contain regulators of proteasome activity, such as the 19S, PA28 and PA200 regulators. Here, we review the effects of these proteasome subtypes and regulators on the production of antigenic peptides. We also discuss an unexpected function of the proteasome discovered through the study of antigenic peptides: its ability to splice peptides.
A Recursive Solution for Power-Transmission Loss in DC-Powered Networks
Authors: Kim Sehwan , Chou Pai
Published: November 2014

This article presents a recursive solution to the power-transmission loss in DC-powered networks. In such a network, the load cannot be modeled as a fixed equivalent resistance value, since the switching regulator may draw more or less current based on the actual supply voltage to meet the power demand. Although the power-transmission loss itself is simply I2 RL, I, in turn, depends on the load’s supply voltage, which, in turn, depends on I, making it impossible to derive a closed-form solution by classical resistive network analysis in general. The proposed approach is to first derive a closed-form solution to I in the one-node topology using the quadratic formula. Next, we extend our solution to a locally daisy-chained (LDC) network, where the network is readily decomposable into stages, such that the solution combines the closed-form formula for the current stage with the recursive solution for the subsequent stages. We then generalize the LDC topology to trees. In practice, the solution converges quickly after a small number of iterations. It has been validated on real-life networks, such as power over controller area network (PoCAN).
Numerical Study on Heat Transfer Deterioration of Supercritical n-Decane in Horizontal Circular Tubes
Authors: Wang Yanhong , Li Sufen , Dong Ming
Published: November 2014

In order to obtain a deeper understanding of the regenerative cooling process of scramjet engines, in this paper, a numerical investigation on the supercritical convective heat transfer of n-decane in horizontal circular tubes was conducted, based on a complete set of conservation equations and the Renormalization group (RNG) k–ε turbulence model with enhanced wall treatment. The present study mainly focuses on the heat transfer deterioration (HTD) phenomenon, including the mechanism and critical conditions for the onset of HTD. Moreover, the applicability of some conventional heat transfer empirical correlations was analyzed and compared, thus providing guidance for the Nusselt number predictions in the cooling channels. Results indicate that under the compositive conditions of low pressure and high heat flux, two types of HTD phenomena could occur when the wall and bulk fluid temperatures are near the pseudo-critical temperature, owing to the abnormal distributions of near-wall turbulent kinetic energy and radial velocity, respectively. Increasing the pressure would effectively alleviate and eliminate the HTD. A comparison of numerical results with those obtained with different empirical expressions shows that the Bae-Kim expression provides the best agreement, especially when HTD occurs. Furthermore, a new correction for critical heat flux of HTD has been successfully developed.
Influence of Time since Fire and Micro-Habitat Availability on Terricolous Lichen Communities in Black Spruce (Picea mariana) Boreal Forests
Authors: Zouaoui Saliha , Boudreault Catherine , Drapeau Pierre , Bergeron Yves
Published: November 2014

Terricolous lichens are an important component of boreal forest ecosystems, both in terms of function and diversity. In this study, we examined the relative contribution of microhabitat characteristics and time elapsed since the last fire in shaping terricolous lichen assemblages in boreal forests that are frequently affected by severe stand-replacing fires. We sampled 12 stands distributed across five age classes (from 43 to >200 years). In each stand, species cover (%) of all terricolous lichen species and species richness were evaluated within 30 microplots of 1 m2. Our results show that time elapsed since the last fire was the factor that contributed the most to explaining terricolous lichen abundance and species composition, and that lichen cover showed a quadratic relationship with stand age. Habitat variables such as soil characteristics were also important in explaining lichen richness. These results suggest that the presence of suitable substrates is not sufficient for the conservation of late-successional terricolous lichen communities in this ecosystem, and that they also need relatively long periods of times for species dispersal and establishment.
Mouth-Level Intake of Benzo[a]pyrene from Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes
Authors: Ding Yan , Ward Jennye , Hammond David , Watson Clifford
Published: November 2014

Cigarette smoke is a known source of exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Exposure to BaP in cigarette smoke is influenced by how a person smokes and factors, such as tobacco blend. To determine whether sustained use of reduced-nicotine cigarettes is associated with changes in exposure to nicotine and BaP, levels of BaP in spent cigarette filter butts were correlated with levels of BaP in cigarette smoke to estimate mouth-level intake (MLI) of BaP for 72 daily smokers given three progressively reduced nicotine content cigarettes. Urinary cotinine, a marker of nicotine exposure, and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP), a marker of PAH exposure, were measured throughout the study. Median daily BaP MLI and urine cotinine decreased in a similar manner as smokers switched to progressively lower nicotine cigarettes, despite relatively constant daily cigarette consumption. 1-HOP levels were less responsive to the use of reduced nicotine content cigarettes. We demonstrate that spent cigarette filter butt analysis is a promising tool to estimate MLI of harmful chemicals on a per cigarette or per-day basis, which partially addresses the concerns of the temporal influence of smoking behavior or differences in cigarette design on exposure.
Surveillance of Hospital Contacts among Danish Seafarers and Fishermen with Focus on Skin and Infectious Diseases—A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Kaerlev Linda , Jensen Anker , Hannerz Harald
Published: November 2014

Objectives: A systematic overview of time trends in hospital contacts among Danish seafarers and fishermen by job title and analyses on skin and infectious diseases. Methods: Occupational cohorts with hospital contacts 1994–1998 and 1999–2003. Standardized hospital contact ratios (SHCR) were estimated using national rates and ranked by SHCR size. Results: For non-officers in 1994–1998, infectious diseases had the highest SHCR, followed by neoplastic and endocrinal diseases; in 1999–2003 skin diseases were followed by endocrinal and gastrointestinal diseases. For fishermen in 1994–1998, nervous system, gastrointestinal, and skin diseases had the highest SHCRs; in 1999–2003 it was nervous system, skin, and lymphohematopoietic diseases. As for skin diseases, male fishermen and non-officer seamen generally had increased SHCRs, but engine room personnel specifically had a low SHCR for eczema (eight cases). Fishermen had high SHCRs for tuberculosis in both time periods (six and nine cases, respectively). Non-officer seamen on cargo ships had increased SHCRs for HIV in both time periods and for hepatitis in 1994–1999. Extending the follow-up until 2000 or 2005 showed similar results. Conclusions: Surveillance of seamen’s health gives useful information. The elevated SHCR for HIV infection among non-officers has not declined despite preventive information campaigns. Tuberculosis among fishermen may be due to infection on shore. Skin diseases had very high SHCRs, not due to cutaneous oil exposure.
Effects of the Oxygen-Carrying Solution OxyVita C on the Cerebral Microcirculation and Systemic Blood Pressures in Healthy Rats
Authors: Abutarboush Rania , Aligbe Chioma , Pappas Georgina , Saha Biswajit , Arnaud Francoise , Haque Ashraful , Auker Charles , McCarron Richard , Scultetus Anke , Moon-Massat Paula
Published: November 2014

The use of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) as oxygen delivering therapies during hypoxic states has been hindered by vasoconstrictive side effects caused by depletion of nitric oxide (NO). OxyVita C is a promising oxygen-carrying solution that consists of a zero-linked hemoglobin polymer with a high molecular weight (~17 MDa). The large molecular weight is believed to prevent extravasation and limit NO scavenging and vasoconstriction. The aim of this study was to assess vasoactive effects of OxyVita C on systemic blood pressures and cerebral pial arteriole diameters. Anesthetized healthy rats received four intravenous (IV) infusions of an increasing dose of OxyVita C (2, 25, 50, 100 mg/kg) and hemodynamic parameters and pial arteriolar diameters were measured pre- and post-infusion. Normal saline was used as a volume-matched control. Systemic blood pressures increased (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing doses of OxyVita C, but not with saline. There was no vasoconstriction in small (<50 µm) and medium-sized (50–100 µm) pial arterioles in the OxyVita C group. In contrast, small and medium-sized pial arterioles vasoconstricted in the control group. Compared to saline, OxyVita C showed no cerebral vasoconstriction after any of the four doses evaluated in this rat model despite increases in blood pressure.
Development and Validation of a Wear Model to Predict Polyethylene Wear in a Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Innocenti Bernardo , Labey Luc , Kamali Amir , Pascale Walter , Pianigiani Silvia
Published: November 2014

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) components is one of the main reasons of the failure of implants and the consequent necessity of a revision procedure. Experimental wear tests are commonly used to quantify polyethylene wear in an implant, but these procedures are quite expensive and time consuming. On the other hand, numerical models could be used to predict the results of a wear test in less time with less cost. This requires, however, that such a model is not only available, but also validated. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop and validate a finite element methodology to be used for predicting polyethylene wear in TKAs. Initially, the wear model was calibrated using the results of an experimental roll-on-plane wear test. Afterwards, the developed wear model was applied to predict patello-femoral wear. Finally, the numerical model was validated by comparing the numerically-predicted wear, with experimental results achieving good agreement.
Method Development and Validation for Pharmacokinetic and Tissue Distributions of Ellagic Acid Using Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)
Authors: Yan Linlin , Yin Peipei , Ma Chao , Liu Yujun
Published: November 2014

Ellagic acid is a dietary polyphenol found in numerous fruits and vegetables, possessing several health benefits such as antioxidant, anticancer and anti-atherosclerotic biological properties. The purpose of this study was to explore the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of ellagic acid in rats. A simple, rapid, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method to determine the ellagic acid in plasma and tissue samples was developed and validated. The separation was achieved using reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), and the mass spectrometric detection was achieved using heated electrospray ionization (negative mode) and multiple ion monitoring (m/z 301/229). A sample cleanup with a solid phase extraction (SPE) step prior to the UPLC-MS/MS analysis was also developed. The SPE and UPLC-MS/MS method established here was successfully applied to reveal the pharmacokinetic profiles and tissue distribution of ellagic acid. After oral administration dosing at 50 mg/kg, plasma levels of ellagic acid peaked at about 0.5 h, with Cmax value of 93.6 ng/mL, and the results showed that the ellagic acid was poorly absorbed after oral administration. The pharmacokinetic profile of ellagic acid fitted to a two-compartment model with t1/2α 0.25 h and t1/2β 6.86 h, respectively. Following oral administration, ellagic acid was detected in all examined tissues including kidney, liver, heart, lung and brain et al., and the highest levels were found in kidney and liver.