bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and age‐related changes in blood parasite prevalence in dark‐eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis, Aves, Passeriformes)
Authors: Deviche Pierre , Greiner Ellis C. , Manteca Xavier
Published: September 2002

We determined seasonal changes in blood parasite infections in a free‐living population of Dark‐eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) breeding in interior Alaska (65 °N; 148 °W). The common parasites found in blood smears were Leucocytozoon fringillinarum (56%), Trypanosoma avium (33%), and Haemoproteus fringillae (9%). In males, parasite prevalences were relatively high at arrival on breeding grounds and increased during the breeding season. Intensity of infection with Leucocytozoon also increased between spring and summer, and then decreased at the time of migration (September). This decrease did not occur in adult females. Elevated prevalences during the breeding season probably reflected the addition of new cases via vector activity to positive status resulting from spring relapse. We observed neither an association between parasite species nor a consistent relationship between parasite intensity and body condition. To further study relationships between reproductive system activity and parasite infections, we compared prevalences in adult males that were undergoing their first cycle of gonadal development and regression (males in their second calendar year, or SY) with those of older males (males in their third or more calendar year, i.e., after‐second‐year males or ASY). Circulating testosterone concentrations declined in both groups between arrival on breeding grounds (end of April‐early May) and the end of the reproductive period (July), and they were higher in May in ASY than in SY males. At the peak of the breeding season (June), ASY males also had a higher parasite prevalence than SY males. This difference may have resulted from immunosuppressive effects of gonadal hormones and/or from behavioral differences between SY and ASY males such that older males were exposed to more insect vectors than younger males. J. Exp. Zool. 289:456–466, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spillover effects of foreign direct investments on Turkish manufacturing industry
Authors: Aslanoğlu Erhan
Published: September 2002

In this article, spillover effects of foreign direct investments on Turkish manufacturing industry have been examined by five single equation econometric models. All models are constructed in line with the recent spillover models both for developed and developing economies. The first two models aimed to estimate the spillover effects of the presence of foreign firms on the productivity and competitiveness of domestic firms. Estimation results suggest that while the presence of foreign firms increases competition in domestic industries, there is no significant contribution on the productivity of domestic firms. Two of the remaining three models basically tested the impact of technology gap between domestic and foreign firms on the productivity and market growth of domestic firms. However, no significant relation is found between those variables. The final model estimated the impact of the initial technology gap on the change in technology gap in the course of time. In the final model, a significant correlation is found. Those results and some accommodating data on the performances of multinational firms led us to conclude that Turkey is at the crossroad. If locational advantages of the country are developed by proper policies, spillover effects on the domestic industries could be materialized with the rising competition, which has already brought into by the presence of foreign firms. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetically modified organisms: major issues and policy responses for developing countries
Authors: Kydd Jonathan , Haddock Janet , Mansfield John , Ainsworth Charles , Buckwell Allan
Published: September 2002

Genetic modification (GM) is a radical new technology that could potentially change and challenge world agriculture, economic and regulatory systems. This paper looks at such issues, with particular respect to their impact in developing countries, and provides some policy recommendations to help ensure that GM technology helps rather than hinders economic development and welfare in the developing world. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postparietal and prehatching ontogeny of the supraoccipital in Alligator mississippiensis (Archosauria, Crocodylia)
Authors: Klembara Jozef
Published: September 2002

The first record of the postparietal bone of Alligator mississippiensis, documented by transverse histological sections, is presented. It is the first evidence of the presence of this bone within Recent reptiles. The postparietal is present in a specimen with a head length of 32.3 mm. The bone is a small dermal plate lying ventrally and posteriorly to the posterior margin of the parietal and dorsally to the trabecular bone, forming a dorsal surface of the supraoccipital portion of the neural endocranium. The trabecular bone develops perichondrally from the dorsal surface of the tectal cartilaginous bridge spanning between the dorsal portions of the otic capsules and occipital pilae. The bridge probably represents the fused tectum synoticum posterior plus tectum posterius. Later in ontogeny, the bridge ossifies endochondrally. The endochondrally ossifying bridge together with its perichondrally ossifying trabecular bone form the future supraoccipital. The trabecular bone is the integral part of the cranial endoskeleton and ontogenetically distinct from the dermal postparietal bone. J. Morphol. 249:147–153, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semiquantitative detection of JCV‐DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes from HIV‐1‐infected patients with or without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Andréoletti Laurent , Lescieux Alexandre , Lambert Valérie , Si‐Mohamed Ali , Matta Mathieu , Wattré Pierre , Bélec Laurent
Published: September 2002

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe and fatal demyelinating disease that occurs especially in HIV‐infected patients. It has been suggested that JC virus (JCV) migrates in peripheral blood leukocytes from the kidney to the central nervous system where it initiates demyelination. To investigate the physiopathological role of the peripheral blood virus in the development of PML, the prevalence of JCV infection and the levels of JCV DNA load were evaluated in peripheral blood leukocytes or mononuclear cells of 10 AIDS patients at the time of onset of PML symptoms, and in 150 non‐PML HIV‐1‐infected patients using a semiquantitative PCR and ELISA‐hybridization assay. In PML‐AIDS patients, 60% (6/10) were positive for JCV‐DNA detection in peripheral blood cells compared with 26% (13/50) and 18% (18/100) positive for non‐PML HIV‐infected control patients with CD4+ T lymphocyte counts below and above 200.106 /l, respectively (60 vs. 26%, P = 0.06; 60 vs. 18%; P = 0.007). The prevalence of JCV infection in the peripheral blood cells taken from controls appeared to be independent of the CDC stage of infection and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts. The predictive positive value of a positive JCV DNA PCR in peripheral blood cells for the diagnosis of PML in an HIV‐infected patient was 16% whereas the predictive negative value was 96%. The levels of circulating JCV DNA load, ranging from 1.69 to 2.53 log of copies per 106 cells, did not differ between patients at time of PML symptoms onset and controls, and appeared to be independent of the clinical and the biological status in control patients. The findings do not indicate any significant JCV genomic replication activity in peripheral blood cells at the onset of PML disease, and suggest that JCV replication markers in the systemic compartment would not be valuable for predicting the development of PML in AIDS patients. J. Med. Virol. 66:1–7, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The predictive and interactive effects of equity sensitivity in teamwork‐oriented organizations
Authors: Bing Mark N. , Burroughs Susan M.
Published: September 2002

Many studies have investigated the relationship between equity sensitivity and other variables of organizational importance. Although theoretical grounds support a link between equity sensitivity and job performance, to date no studies have found equity sensitivity to be a valid predictor of non self‐reported job performance in field research. The two field studies reported here empirically support this link and demonstrate that equity sensitivity may also interact with personality traits in predicting job performance. Limitations of the current investigations and future research are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of affective traits and affective states in disputants' motivation and behavior during episodes of organizational conflict
Authors: Rhoades Jonathan A. , Arnold Josh , Jay Clifford
Published: September 2002

This study investigated the effects of individuals' affective traits (i.e., affect intensity and affect disposition) and affective states (i.e., positive and negative mood) on their motivations and behavior during episodes of organizational conflict. Two hundred and twenty‐three student employees from a variety of jobs and organizations kept daily records, for a three day period, of their conflict experiences at work. The results of hierarchical linear modelling indicated that employees' affective traits and affective states had parallel effects on the conflict management process. Subsequent analyses revealed the source of this parallelism: employees' moods on the day of the conflict fully mediated the effects of their affective disposition on the conflict process variables. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical significance and practical implications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 40 year objective climatology of surface cyclones in the Mediterranean region: spatial and temporal distribution
Authors: Maheras P. , Flocas H.A. , Patrikas I. , Anagnostopoulou Chr.
Published: September 2002

A climatological analysis of the synoptic scale cyclones that occur in the Mediterranean region is carried out for an extended period of 40 years (1958–1997). The cyclones are identified with the aid of an objective method based on grid point values, available every 6 h. The study of the seasonal and diurnal variations of the frequency of cyclonic occurrences, with respect to the value of the central pressure, revealed that the major cyclonic centres appear to be different in frequency and location, reflecting the different triggering mechanisms. In the western Mediterranean region, the frequency of occurrence is higher in winter, more so for the intense cyclones, with no substantial diurnal difference in the Gulf of Genoa, and with a preference during the night in southern Italy. The Cyprus centre reveals diurnal variability in location, especially in the cold period, in accordance with the triggering mechanism, being associated principally with weak and moderate cyclones. In northwestern Africa, there appears to be two marked regions of high cyclonic frequency, not only in spring, but also in summer and autumn. The extremely high frequency of cyclonic occurrences in summer in the Mediterranean basin is attributed mainly to the generation of weak thermal lows. The number of rapidly deepening cyclones within 12 h and 24 h increases from the south to the north part of Mediterranean, being mostly favoured near the lee of Alps and the Gulf of Venice, occurring mainly after 06:00 co‐ordinated universal time (UTC). Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering of xanthopterin adsorbed on colloidal silver
Authors: Feng Zhaochi , Liang Changhai , Li Meijun , Chen Jun , Li Can
Published: September 2002

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of xanthopterin adsorbed on colloidal silver was measured and the Raman spectrum calculated by the density functional theory method was also obtained. Xanthopterin can be detected down to 5 × 10−9 M and the enhancement of the scattering intensity is at least 105‐fold. Xanthopterin molecules are adsorbed flatly on the surface of the Ag particles. This study shows that SERS could be another prospective method for the detection of pterines. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature dependent Raman scattering studies in CsLiSO4 and RbxCs1−xLiSO4 (x = 0.35)
Authors: Lima R. J. C. , Freire P. T. C. , Sasaki J. M. , Ayala A. P. , Melo F. E. A. , Filho J. Mendes , Hernandes A. C.
Published: September 2002

Polarized Raman spectra of CsLiSO4 and RbxCs1−xLiSO4 (x = 0.35) were obtained for temperatures in the range 7–295 K. Several features observed in the spectra were interpreted in terms of the occurrence of phase transitions. Careful investigation of the x‐ray and Raman spectra and a group theory analysis showed that although both crystals have the same room‐temperature structure, the low‐temperature phases adopted by CsLiSO4 and Rb0.35Cs0.65LiSO4 are very different. Data from Raman measurements taken at 295 and 7 K were used to propose an assignment of the fundamental modes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and vibrational spectra of double diphosphates TlLnP2O7 (Ln = Dy, Ho, Y, Er, Yb)
Authors: Khay N. , Ennaciri A. , Rulmont A.
Published: September 2002

The new thallium double diphosphates TlLnP2O7 (Ln = Dy, Ho, Y, Er, Yb) were synthesized via solid‐state reaction and investigated by x‐ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy. The x‐ray diffraction patterns of these compounds were indexed in the monoclinic system and their unit cell parameters were determined. The infrared and Raman spectra of these compounds were measured and interpreted using factor group analysis. The non‐coincidences observed between most infrared and Raman bands are consistent with a centrosymmetric structure for these compounds. The vibrational spectra point to a bent POP bridge angle in all these materials and their values were estimated. The slight shift of the wavenumbers of νasPOP and νsPOP in the vibrational spectra is due to the influence of Ln3+ on the POP bridge. The spectroscopic results were used to calculate the main characteristics of the P—O bonds (force constants, bond orders and interatomic distances). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commercial development and competitive environments: the museum sector in scotland
Authors: Lennon J John , Graham Margaret
Published: September 2002

The Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) warn local authorities that fail to value the potential role of culture in socio‐economic development do so at their peril. The development of a destination's cultural credentials to facilitate economic progress is central to policy geared to regenerate communities in decline and to revitalise financially strapped museums. Within this argument more scrutiny is placed on the skills accountability of the museum profession and their ability to compete in the visitor attraction sector and generate their own sources of income.

This paper considers the competitive position of museums as tourism visitor attractions within a framework of commercial development. The strengths of this paper lean towards qualitative primary sources gathered by the authors during a number of recent heritage development projects. This has influenced the analysis of statistical data gathered in 1999 by the Moffat Centre on behalf of the Scottish Tourist Board's Visitor Attraction Monitor. Concluding paragraphs stress the development of appropriate quality schemes that are flexible enough to accommodate the distinctive Scottish Museum experience as critical. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micellar catalysis on the redox reaction of glycolic acid with chromium(VI)
Authors: Kabir‐ud‐Din  , Hartani Khaled , Khan Zaheer
Published: September 2002

Chromium(VI) oxidation of glycolic acid in the absence and presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) followed the same mechanism as shown by kinetic study. The reaction followed second‐order kinetics, first‐order in each reactant. The oxidation is strongly catalyzed by manganese(II) and cationic micelles of CTAB or CPB. The catalytic effect of micelles can be fitted to a model in which the reaction rate depends upon the concentration of both reactants in the micellar pseudophase. Some added inorganic salts (NaCl, NaBr, NaNO3, and Na2SO4) reduce the micellar catalysis by excluding glycolic acid from the reaction site. The reactivity of glycolic acid towards chromium(VI) has been discussed and also compared with those obtained previously for the reaction between chromium(VI) and the reductants oxalic and lactic acids. On the basis of the observed results, probable mechanisms have been proposed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 377–386, 2001
Gas‐phase reactivity study of O(3P) atoms with trans‐CHClCHCl and CHClCCl2 at 298 K: Comparison to reactions with some other substituted ethenes
Authors: Teruel Mariano A. , Taccone Raúl A. , Lane Silvia I.
Published: September 2002

Absolute rate coefficients for the gas‐phase reactions of trans‐dichloroethene and trichloroethene with O(3P) atoms have been measured at 298 K using a discharge flow tube coupled to a chemiluminescence detection system. The observed rate constant values are (2.2 ± 0.4) × 10−13 and (1.4 ± 0.2) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively. The experiments were carried out under pseudo‐first‐order conditions with [O(3P)]o ≪ [alkene]o. These results are compared to those of O atom reactions with other chloroethenes and with different electrophiles, such as OH and NO3. Different factors that affect the rate of addition to the double bond are considered. The rate constants for these reactions do not correlate in a simple manner with the experimental ionization potential, as is the case in the alkene and methyl‐substituted alkene reactions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 415–421, 2001
FT‐IR kinetic and product study of the OH radical and Cl‐atom–initiated oxidation of dibasic esters
Authors: Cavalli Fabrizia , Barnes Ian , Becker Karl Heinz
Published: September 2002

Using a relative kinetic technique, rate coefficients have been measured, at 296 ± 2 K and 740 Torr total pressure of synthetic air, for the gas‐phase reaction of OH radicals with the dibasic esters dimethyl succinate [CH3OC(O)CH2CH2C(O)OCH3], dimethyl glutarate [CH3OC(O)CH2CH2CH2C(O)OCH3], and dimethyl adipate [CH3OC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)OCH3]. The rate coefficients obtained were (in units of cm3 molecule−1 s−1): dimethyl succinate (1.89 ± 0.26) × 10−12; dimethyl glutarate (2.13 ± 0.28) × 10−12; and dimethyl adipate (3.64 ± 0.66) × 10−12. Rate coefficients have been also measured for the reaction of chlorine atoms with the three dibasic esters; the rate coefficients obtained were (in units of cm3 molecule−1 s−1): dimethyl succinate (6.79 ± 0.93) × 10−12; dimethyl glutarate (1.90 ± 0.33) × 10−11; and dimethyl adipate (6.08 ± 0.86) × 10−11. Dibasic esters are industrial solvents, and their increased use will lead to their possible release into the atmosphere, where they may contribute to the formation of photochemical air pollution in urban and regional areas. Consequently, the products formed from the oxidation of dimethyl succinate have been investigated in a 405‐L Pyrex glass reactor using Cl‐atom–initiated oxidation as a surrogate for the OH radical. The products observed using in situ Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) absorption spectroscopy and their fractional molar yields were: succinic formic anhydride (0.341 ± 0.068), monomethyl succinate (0.447 ± 0.111), carbon monoxide (0.307 ± 0.061), dimethyl oxaloacetate (0.176 ± 0.044), and methoxy formylperoxynitrate (0.032–0.084). These products account for 82.4 ± 16.4% C of the total reaction products. Although there are large uncertainties in the quantification of monomethyl succinate and dimethyl oxaloacetate, the product study allows the elucidation of an oxidation mechanism for dimethyl succinate. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 431–439, 2001
Deception in marketing research: Ethical, methodological, and disciplinary implications
Authors: Kimmel Allan J. , Smith N. Craig
Published: September 2002

Although marketing researchers often find it necessary to deceive their research participants, little attention has been given within marketing to the ethical issues underlying the use of deception or to the potential consequences of deceptive research practices. This article provides a conceptual starting point for developing a more complete understanding of deception in marketing research, including an ethical analysis from the viewpoint of consequentialist and deontological theories of moral reasoning. A research agenda is outlined that draws on the extensive behavioral science literature on this topic and includes empirical questions relevant to the ethical, methodological, and disciplinary implications of using deceptive practices in marketing research. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2,4,4′‐trichlorobiphenyl increases STAT5 transcriptional activity
Authors: Oakley Greg G. , Roe Amy L. , Blouin Robert A. , Twaroski Timothy P. , Ganguly Tanmoy C. , Vore Mary , Lehmler Hans‐Joachim , Robertson Larry W.
Published: September 2002

The promoting effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been studied extensively in a variety of two‐stage carcinogenesis models. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the promotion effects of PCBs have not been elucidated. We measured the effect of PCBs on DNA‐binding proteins involved in cell proliferation and transformation. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with mono‐, di‐, tri‐, tetra‐, or hexachlorobiphenyls (300 μmol/kg/d) each day for 4 d and killed 4 h after the last injection. To detect alterations in nuclear proteins that could explain the tumor‐promoter activity of PCBs, liver nuclear extracts were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)–binding activity to a consensus γ‐interferon–activated sequence (GAS) element was compared in liver nuclear extracts from treated rats. STAT‐binding activity was eightfold to tenfold higher in nuclear extracts from animals treated with 2,4,4′‐trichloro‐ (PCB 28) and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′‐hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153). Analysis of the protein complex binding to the GAS element, with antibodies specific for STAT3, STAT5, and STAT6, indicated that the protein complex was made up of STAT5 and STAT6 proteins. HepG2 cells transiently transfected with a luciferase reporter gene construct containing many STAT5 binding sites were treated with PCB 28 and PCB 153. PCB 28 stimulated a greater than 25‐fold increase in luciferase activity at the highest concentration tested, 1.0 μg/mL. However, enhanced luciferase activity did not occur with PCB 153 treatment. 4‐Chlorobiphenyl (PCB 3), PCB 28, and PCB 153 treatment of Sprague‐Dawley rats resulted in a large increase in protein binding to a consensus activated protein‐1 (AP‐1) element. However, 3,4‐dichlorobiphenyl (PCB 12) and 3,3′,4,4′‐tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77) treatments did not increase AP‐1 transcription activity. Further analysis of the proteins binding to the AP‐1 consensus sequence with antibodies specific for c‐fos, junD, and junB indicated that the protein composition consists of junD proteins. These data showed functional differences between noncoplanar and coplanar PCBs with respect to STAT activation and AP‐1–DNA binding. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biofluiddynamics of lubricating bacteria
Authors: Cohen I. , Golding I. , Ron I. G. , Ben‐Jacob E.
Published: September 2002

Various bacterial strains exhibit colonial branching patterns during growth on thin poor substrates. The growth can be either diffusion‐limited or kinetic‐limited, according to the imposed growth conditions. We present experimental observations of patterns exhibited by the bacterial strains Paenibacillus dendritiformis and Paenibacillus vortex. All manners of branching patterns are observed, the three main being: (1) basic branching; (2) chiral branching; (3) vortex branching. We show that the following biological features can explain the spectrum of observed patterns: (1) Formation of a lubricating fluid. (2) Food chemotactic. (3) Attractive and repulsive chemotactic signaling. (4) Flagella handedness. (5) Transition into pre‐spore state. In the theoretical studies we employ knowledge drawn from branching patterning in non‐living systems and the mathematical properties of reaction–diffusion models and atomistic models. The above can be used not just to describe existing biological understanding, but also to derive new understanding. For example, reaction–diffusion models that include bacterial density and nutrient concentration, can exhibit branching dynamics if the growth term is a meta‐stable fixed point or if the diffusion is state dependent. We show that biologically the growth term has to be an unstable fixed point, but that state‐dependent diffusion can represent the lubrication fluid excreted by the bacteria. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbiological fluid mechanics: a tribute to Sir James Lighthill
Authors: Blake John R.
Published: September 2002

The choice of title of this presentation comes from two papers that James Lighthill published in the issue of Journal of Engineering Mathematics commemorating H. A. Lorentz's famous 1896 paper on fluid mechanics [1]. This paper will discuss Lighthill's significant contribution to microbiologicalfluid mechanics, both through his own work and his postgraduate and postdoctoral students, of whichthis author is one! The paper introduces the wide range of interests that Lighthill had in biofluid‐dynamics and then moves to concentrate on contributions to microbiological fluid mechanics. Thepresentation successively considers eukaryotic flagellar propulsion, prokaryotic flagellar propulsion, filter feeding and ciliary propulsion. In the Spirit of Lighthill, the paper concludes with a list of topicsof research in the area that have been identified for further study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
One‐dimensional approximations of the eigenvalue problem of curved rods
Authors: Tambača Josip
Published: September 2002

In this work we analyse the asymptotic behaviour of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the linearized elasticity eigenvalue problem of curved rod‐like bodies with respect to the small thickness ϵ of the rod. We show that the eigenfunctions and scaled eigenvalues converge, as ϵ tends to zero, toward eigenpairs of the eigenvalue problem associated to the one‐dimensional curved rod model which is posed on the middle curve of the rod. Because of the auxiliary function appearing in the model, describing the rotation angle of the cross‐sections, the limit eigenvalue problem is non‐classical. This problem is transformed into a classical eigenvalue problem with eigenfunctions being inextensible displacements, but the corresponding linear operator is not a differential operator. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcome of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children with AL90 regimen: Impact of response to treatment and sex difference on prognostic factors
Authors: Ishii Eiichi , Eguchi Haruhiko , Matsuzaki Akinobu , Koga Hiroyuki , Yanai Fumio , Kuroda Hiroshi , Kawakami Kiyoshi , Ayukawa Hiroshi , Akiyoshi Kensuke , Kamizono Junji , Tamai Yuji , Kinukawa Naoko , Okamura Jun
Published: September 2002

Background

In our previous studies, the outcome of high‐risk ALL was still poor. In the present study, all children with ALL were classified into three groups and treated with a new regimen (AL90).

Patients and Methods

Between 1990 and 1996, 220 children with ALL, treated with the AL90 regimen, were classified into three risk groups: low, intermediate, and high: LR, IR, and HR, respectively. The protocol consisted of three‐ to five‐drug induction, consolidation with intermediate‐dose methotrexate and/or cytarabine, mercaptopurine and cyclophosphamide, four‐drug intensification, and sequential maintenance therapies. Only intrathecal chemotherapy was used for CNS prophylaris in the LR group, whereas cranial irradiation was added for the IR and HR groups.

Results

The number of eligible patients was 91: LR group, 71: IR group, and 58: HR group. Complete remission (CR) was obtained in > 98% of the LR and IR groups, while only 88% achieved CR in the HR group. The 5‐year event‐free survival (EFS) rate was 67.4% in all patients: 70.4% in the LR group, 71.7% in the IR group, and 57.5% in the HR group. With respect to the previous study, EFS in the HR group who showed positive residual leukemia at 14 days was improved, whereas EFS in boys versus girls was significantly lower (48.8% : 85.7%, P = 0.02).

Conclusions

In high‐risk ALL, the rate of induction failure was high and boys had a worse outcome, calling for improvements in induction therapy and a specific approach for boys. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 37:10–19, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clean adiabatic TOCSYs
Authors: Kupče Ē. , Hiller W.
Published: September 2002

Various adiabatic mixing schemes are explored using numerical simulations with the aim of finding suitable mixing sequences for fast rotating samples with relatively wide resonances and poorly resolved J‐couplings, such as proteins or resin‐bound products of solid‐phase synthesis. It is shown both experimentally and by simulations that WURST‐2 mixing scheme provides the best sensitivity and the lowest interference from cross‐relaxation effects in the spin diffusion limit. For medium‐sized molecules, WURST‐1, constant adiabaticity Gaussian and hyperbolic secant are the possible alternatives. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of solution conformation of allergenically active pentasaccharitol obtained from sea squirt antigen
Authors: Kato Yuko , Ohta Masaya , Munakata Tatsuo , Fujiwara Masako , Fujii Naoyuki , Shigeta Seiko , Matsuura Fumito
Published: September 2002

Pentasaccharitol, GalNAcβ1–4(GalNAcα1–2Fucα1–3)GlcNAcβ1–3GalNAc‐ol, termed HPG‐β2‐N5a, is an allergenically active O‐linked oligosaccharitol derived from a sea squirt H‐antigen. Concerning the interaction between the allergen and specific IgE, an analysis of the solution conformation of the saccharitol was carried out. 1H and 13C NMR assignments for the pentasaccharitol were obtained using 1D‐HOHAHA, TOCSY, DEPT135, HSQC and HMBC techniques. The solution conformation was determined using a combination of 2D‐NMR ROESY data and distance geometry (DG) calculations in dihedral angle space with the DADAS 90 program. Two conformers, family A (FamA) and family B (FamB), that satisfied almost all the NOE constraints were obtained, and supplemental MD calculations revealed that FamA was in conformational equilibrium whereas FamB was rather flexible. The molecule of HPG‐β2‐N5a had a layered and not a linear conformation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast measurement of heteronuclear relaxation: frequency‐domain analysis of NMR accordion spectroscopy
Authors: Rabier Patricia , Kieffer Bruno , Koehl Patrice , Lefèvre Jean‐François
Published: September 2002

NMR relaxation parameters are usually derived from series of 2D experiments. The whole procedure can be very time consuming, especially for the study of the relaxation of nuclei at natural abundance. Palmer and Mandel have proposed the use of accordion spectroscopy to determine one relaxation parameter using two experiments only. In this paper, we show that the experimental time can be further reduced, by recording only three experiments for the determination of both the longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates. The analysis of the experiments is performed in the frequency domain, the relaxation rates being deduced from the linewidth of the peaks of interest. A detailed statistical analysis of errors introduced by the line fitting procedure on derived relaxation parameters was used to derive guidelines for the choice of experimental parameters. This procedure was applied to the study of the Cα relaxation parameters of a six‐residue unlabeled peptide. The results were compared with those obtained by classical accordion spectroscopy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deuterium isotope effects on 13C NMR chemical shifts of some α‐(2‐hydroxyaryl)‐N‐phenylnitrones (Schiff base N‐oxides)
Authors: Dziembowska T. , Rozwadowski Z. , Majewski E. , Ambroziak K.
Published: September 2002

The deuterium isotope effect on the 13C NMR chemical shifts of some α‐2‐hydroxyaryl‐N‐phenylnitrones (Schiff base N‐oxides) was studied. The existence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the proton localized on the phenolic oxygen atom was evidenced. Exceptionally large isotope effects ΔC‐2(D) and ΔC‐α(D) suggest that the substitution of the proton of the OH group by deuterium leads to a weakening of the hydrogen bond and some conformational changes in the molecule. This conclusion was drawn on the basis of a comparison of the deuterium isotope effects of Schiff base N‐oxides and parent Schiff bases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary structure and developmental expression of Dp ZP2, a vitelline envelope glycoprotein homolog of mouse ZP2, in Discoglossus pictus, one of the oldest living Anuran species
Authors: Vaccaro M.C. , Santo M.G. De , Caputo M. , Just M. , Tian J.D. , Gong H. , Lennarz W.J. , Campanella C.
Published: September 2002

A glycoprotein of the Xenopus vitelline envelope, gp 69/64, which mediates sperm binding, is closely related to the components of ZPA family, such as the mouse zona pellucida ZP2. To test the generality of these findings, we studied Discoglossus pictus, a species evolutionary distant from Xenopus and identified as a protein of 63 kDa in the vitelline envelope. Preliminary studies suggest that this protein may bind sperm at fertilization. We found that the 63‐kDa protein is glycosylated and contains both N‐ and O‐linked chains. We have cloned the cDNA encoding the Discoglossus protein of 63 kDa (Dp ZP2) by screening a Discoglossus cDNA library using Xenopus gp 69/64 cDNA as a probe. Analysis of the deduced sequence of Discoglossus protein revealed 48% identity with Xenopus gp 69/64 and 37–40% identity with mouse ZP2. The sequence conservation included a ZP domain, a potential furin cleavage site and a putative transmembrane domain. The N‐terminus region of Dp ZP2 was 40% identical to the corresponding region of Xenopus gp 69/64 which has been shown to be essential for sperm binding to the VE. Although, as of yet, there is no evidence for sperm binding at the Dp ZP2 N‐terminus, it is interesting that in this region three potential O‐glycosylation sites are conserved in both species, in contrast to N‐glycosylation sites. It was found that the Dp ZP2 mRNA is expressed in stage 1 oocytes and in the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte. Similarly, in Xenopus oocytes, the gp 69/64m RNA, was found in the oocytes, as well as in the somatic cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:133–143, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Germinal vesicle materials are not required for the activation of MAP kinase in porcine oocyte maturation
Authors: Sugiura K. , Naito K. , Iwamori N. , Kagii H. , Goto S. , Ohashi S. , Yamanouchi K. , Tojo H.
Published: September 2002

The requirement of the germinal vesicle (GV) for the normal kinetics of mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase activity during porcine oocyte maturation was investigated. Porcine follicular oocytes were enucleated, and the locations of their extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), major MAP kinases in maturating porcine oocytes, were detected by indirect immunofluorescent microscopy. The MAP kinase activity was assayed as myelin basic protein (MBP) kinase activity, and the phosphorylation states of ERK1/2 were detected by immunoblotting analyses. Translocation of MAP kinase into the GV and association with the spindle were observed in intact oocytes, while MAP kinase in enucleated oocytes was distributed almost uniformly in cytoplasm throughout the culturing period. The phosphorylation and the activation of MAP kinase were induced, and the activity was comparable with that of control denuded oocytes. The high level of activity was maintained through maturation, even in the absence of spindle formation. These results indicate that the presence of nuclear material and translocation into the GV are dispensable for the activation of MAP kinase and that associating with the spindle is not required for maintenance of its activity though porcine oocyte maturation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:215–220, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Porcine oocyte activation: Differing roles of calcium and pH
Authors: Ruddock Nancy T. , Macháty Zoltán , Cabot Ryan A. , Prather Randall S.
Published: September 2002

Intracellular pH has recently been shown to increase during parthenogenetic activation of the porcine oocyte. In the following set of experiments, intracellular pH was monitored during activation and pronuclear development was assessed following activation treatments with calcium, in the absence of calcium, and in oocytes loaded with the calcium chelator BAPTA‐AM in calcium‐free medium. Intracellular pH increase was not different among groups when treating with 7% ethanol or 50 μM calcium ionophore, or during treatment with thimerosal for 12 or 25 min. Activation with thimerosal (200 μM, 12 min) followed by 8 mM dithiothreitol (DTT, 30 min) resulted in a decreased pronuclear development in calcium‐free medium with or without BAPTA‐AM loaded oocytes as compared to controls. Activation with 50 μM calcium ionophore resulted in pronuclear development that was different between the calcium‐free and BAPTA‐AM loaded oocytes in calcium‐free medium. Similar incidences of pronuclear formation were observed in all ethanol treatment groups. It was concluded that external calcium as well as large changes in intracellular free calcium are not necessary for the increase in intracellular pH, but normal intracellular calcium signaling is critical for normal levels of pronuclear development. Finally, oocytes were measured for intracellular pH changes for 30 min following subzonal sperm injection. Intracellular pH did not increase, although pronuclear formation was observed 6 hr post SUZI. This suggested that major differences were still present between sperm‐induced and parthenogenetic activation of the porcine oocyte. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:227–234, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multishot diffusion‐weighted FSE using PROPELLER MRI
Authors: Pipe James G. , Farthing Victoria G. , Forbes Kirsten P.
Published: September 2002

A method for obtaining diffusion‐weighted images that are free from the artifacts associated with echo‐planar acquisitions, such as signal pile‐up and geometric warping, is introduced. It uses an ungated, multishot fast spin‐echo (FSE) acquisition that is self‐navigated. The phase of the refocusing pulses is alternated to minimize non‐Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG) artifacts. Several reconstruction methods are combined to make this method robust against motion artifacts. Examples are shown of clinical diffusion‐weighted imaging and high‐resolution diffusion tensor imaging. Magn Reson Med 47:42–52, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracellular acidification and volume increases explain R2 decreases in exercising muscle
Authors: Damon Bruce M. , Gregory Carl D. , Hall Kristen L. , Stark Heather J. , Gulani Vikas , Dawson M. Joan
Published: September 2002

Exercise‐induced decreases in the 1H transverse relaxation rate (R2) of muscle have been well documented, but the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the hypothesis was tested that R2 decreases could be explained by pH decreases and apparent intracellular volume (Vi′) increases. 31P and 1H spectroscopy, biexponential R2 analysis, and imaging were performed prior to and following fatiguing exercise in iodoacetate‐treated (IAA, to inhibit glycolysis), NaCN‐treated (to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation), and untreated frog gastrocnemii. In all exercised muscles, the apparent intracellular R2 (R2i′) and pH decreased, while intracellular osmolytes and Vi′ increased. These effects were larger in NaCN‐treated and untreated muscles than in IAA‐treated muscles. Multiple regression analysis showed that pH and Vi′ changes explain 70% of the R2i′ variance. Separate experiments in unexercised muscles demonstrated causal relationships between pH and R2i′ and between Vi′ and R2i′. These data indicate that the R2 change of exercise is primarily an intracellular phenomenon caused by the accumulation of the end‐products of anaerobic metabolism. In the NaCN‐treated and untreated muscles, the R2i′ change increased as field strength increased, suggesting a role for pH‐modulated chemical exchange. Magn Reson Med 47:14–23, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CPMG measurements and ultrafast imaging in human lungs with hyperpolarized helium‐3 at low field (0.1 T)
Authors: Durand E. , Guillot G. , Darrasse L. , Tastevin G. , Nacher P.J. , Vignaud A. , Vattolo D. , Bittoun J.
Published: September 2002

This work reports the use of single‐shot spin echo sequences to achieve in vivo diffusion gas measurements and ultrafast imaging of human lungs, in vivo, with hyperpolarized3He at 0.1 T. The observed transverse relaxation time of3He lasted up to 10 s, which made it possible to use long Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill echo trains. Preliminary NMR studies showed that the resolution of lung images acquired with hyperpolarized3He and single‐shot sequences is limited to about 6 mm because of the diffusion of the gas in applied field gradients. Ultrafast images of human lungs in normal subjects, achieved in less than 0.4 s with the equivalent of only 130 μmol of fully polarized3He, are presented. Comparison with other studies shows that there is no SNR penalty by using low fields in the hyperpolarized case. Advantage was taken of the self diffusion‐weighting of the rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) sequence to acquire apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) images of the lungs. Time scales of seconds could be explored for the first time because there is no hindrance fromTas with the usual approaches. At 0.1 T, 180° RF pulses can be repeated every 10 ms without exceeding specific absorption rate limits, which would not be the case for higher fields. Moreover, at low field, susceptibility‐induced phenomena are expected to be milder. This supports the idea that low‐field imagers can be used for hyperpolarized noble gas MRI of lungs and may be preferred for ADC measurements. Magn Reson Med 47:75–81, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of a rapid clearance blood pool MR contrast medium (P792) for assays of microvascular characteristics in experimental breast tumors with correlations to histopathology
Authors: Turetschek Karl , Floyd Eugenia , Shames David M. , Roberts Timothy P.L. , Preda Anda , Novikov Viktor , Corot Claire , Carter Wayne O. , Brasch Robert C.
Published: September 2002

The diagnostic potential of a new rapid clearance blood pool contrast medium (P792; MW = 6.47 kDa) for the MR assessment of microvessel characteristics was assessed in 42 chemically‐induced breast tumors, with comparisons to albumin‐(Gd‐DTPA). Microvessel characteristics, including the transendothelial permeability (KPS) and the fractional blood volume (fPV), were estimated by using dynamic MR data fit to a bidirectional two‐compartment model. The MR‐derived estimates for KPS and fPV using each contrast agent were compared, and assays using each contrast agent were correlated to the histologic tumor grade (SBR score) and the microvascular density (MVD) counts. Using P792‐enhanced data, neither KPS nor fPV showed a statistically significant correlation with the tumor grade or the MVD (P > .05). Conversely, using albumin‐(GdDTPA)30, KPS values correlated significantly with the histologic tumor grade (r = .55; P < .0005) and the MVD (r = .34, P < .05), whereas no correlation was established for fPV. In conclusion, based on P792 data no correlation between tumor microvascular characteristics and histologic markers (SBR score or MVD) was found in this breast tumor model. Our analysis suggests that contrast media of relatively large (on the order of 90 kDa) molecular size, such as albumin‐(GdDTPA)30, are more accurate for the characterization of tumor microvessels. Magn Reson Med 45:880–886, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple linear formulation for magnetostimulation specific to MRI gradient coils
Authors: Chronik Blaine A. , Rutt Brian K.
Published: September 2002

A simple linear formulation for magnetostimulation thresholds specific to MRI gradient coils is derived based on established hyperbolic electrostimulation strength vs. duration relations. Thresholds are derived in terms of the gradient excursion required to cause stimulation, and it is demonstrated that the threshold curve is a linear function of the gradient switching time. A parameter β is introduced as being fundamental in the evaluation of gradient coil stimulation. β is a map of the induced electric field per unit gradient slew rate, and can be calculated directly from the gradient coil wire pattern. Consideration of β alone is sufficient to compare stimulation thresholds between different gradient coil designs, as well as to evaluate the expected dependency of stimulation threshold on position within the gradient coil. The linear gradient threshold curve is characterized by two parameters: SRmin and ΔGmin. SRmin is the slope of the threshold curve and represents the minimum slew rate required to cause stimulation in the limit of infinite gradient strength. ΔGmin is the vertical axis intercept of the curve and represents the minimum gradient excursion required to cause stimulation in the limit of infinite slew rate. Both SRmin and ΔGmin are functions of both β and the standard tissue parameters Er (rheobase) and τc (chronaxie time). The ease with which both the gradient system performance and the stimulation thresholds can be plotted on the same axes is noted and is used to introduce the concept of a piece‐wise linear operational limit curve for a gradient system. Magn Reson Med 45:916–919, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of the effect of 2‐chloroadenosine in normal rat brain using spin‐labeled MRI measurement of perfusion
Authors: Kochanek Patrick M. , Hendrich Kristy S. , Robertson Courtney L. , Williams Donald S. , Melick John A. , Ho Chien , Marion Donald W. , Jackson Edwin K.
Published: September 2002

Adenosine analogs such as 2‐chloroadenosine are potent cerebrovasodilators. Spin‐labeled MRI was used to investigate the spatial distribution, dose‐response, and timing of the effect of 2‐chloroadenosine on cerebral blood flow (CBF) after intraparenchymal injection into rat brain. Sprague‐Dawley rats (N = 10) were injected with 2‐chloroadenosine at doses of 0.3, 6.0, or 12 nmoles, or saline vehicle (2–4 μL). CBF was serially quantified in a slice through the injection site in a circular (3.6 mm diameter) region of interest (ROI) around the injection and in ipsilateral hemispheric ROIs at ∼90 min and ∼180 min. Marked 3.77‐ and 3.93‐fold increases in CBF (vs. vehicle) were seen in the circular ROI at ∼90 min and ∼180 min after 12‐nmol injection, respectively. Similarly, 2.92‐ and 2.78‐fold increases in hemispheric CBF were observed at ∼90 min and ∼180 min, respectively, after injection of 12 nmoles. Linear dose‐response relationships were observed at both times after injection in both ROIs (all P < 0.01). Spin‐labeling MRI assessment revealed that parenchymal injection of 2‐chloroadenosine produces potent, dose‐dependent, and sustained vasodilation over large areas of brain. This treatment and imaging paradigm should facilitate investigation of the effect of CBF promotion in models of traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Magn Reson Med 45:924–929, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.