bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construction professionals’ environmental perceptions of lumber, concrete and steel in Japan and China
Authors: Sasatani Daisuke , Eastin Ivan
Published: February 2014

As green building programs (GBPs) are introduced in Asian countries, the question of how GBPs evaluate the “greenness” of construction practice becomes one of the most critical uncertainties for the building material industry. To better understand construction professionals’ perception of greenness and the greenness of different building materials in Japan and China, surveys were conducted in both countries in 2009 and 2010. The surveys were designed to evaluate professionals’ perceptions of the relative importance of the major environmental attributes of resource efficiency. Chinese and Japanese professionals ranked the environmental attributes similarly even though their construction practices are very different. They perceive that saving energy and saving water are substantially more important environmental attributes than using renewable materials, having a low carbon footprint and using recycled materials. Second, the survey was designed to gain insights into the respondents’ perceptions of the relative environmental performance of the three major structural building materials (wood, concrete and steel). In both countries, construction professionals perceive lumber as having the best environmental performance relative to concrete and steel. However, Chinese and Japanese professionals have different perceptions of lumber in terms of its environmental friendliness. In Japan, energy efficiency of houses, the level of pollution generated during the manufacturing process, and CO2emissions contribute to the evaluation of the environmental friendliness of lumber. In China, the sustainability of the resource is the main factor perceived as promoting the environmental friendliness of lumber.
Carbon credits for cookstoves: Trade-offs in climate and health benefits
Authors: Freeman Olivia E. , Zerriffi Hisham
Published: February 2014

Cookstove projects have long been considered “win–win” development projects based on the multitude of benefits they can create. Carbon credits provide a new financing mechanism to fund such cookstove projects, but have been criticized as not always successfully meeting sustainable development goals. By drawing on previous literature this article critically looks at trade-offs between the maximization of climate and health benefits of cookstove projects in the context of carbon credits. It finds that carbon credits inherently account for climate benefits, but not for health. Therefore, clear objectives of cookstove interventions need to be defined prior to project implementation to insure the maximization of benefits in projects’ priority areas.
Carbon offsets and First Nations in British Columbia
Authors: Sparrow Lori
Published: February 2014

A comparison of pre-Treaty and post-Treaty land title and authority for First Nations pursuing carbon offsets in British Columbia will be filtered through three themes: property rights, shared decision-making and forest governance. The Indian Act (1876) has unclear jurisdiction for pursuing carbon offsets. The Haida Reconciliation Protocol-Kunst’aa guu-Kunst’aayah (2009), Coastal First Nations Reconciliation Protocol (2010) and Nanwakolas First Nations Reconciliation Protocol (2011) address this grey area and achieve protocols that provide certainty for carbon rights. Nisga’a, Tsawwassen, Maa-nulth and Sliammon treaties do not include carbon rights but have the power to instill a carbon project.
Litter-fall and decomposition in harvested and un-harvested boreal forests
Authors: Moroni M.T. , Zhu X.
Published: February 2014

Litter fall and litter decomposition were examined in harvested and unharvested western Newfoundland balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and black spruce (Picea mariana) forests. Rates of litterfall in mature 70-year-old forests were 2.4 to 3.5 Mg ha−1 year−1, which was reduced to 0.2 to 0.3 Mg ha−1 year−1 following harvesting. In contrast, rates of black spruce needle, balsam fir needle, fine (<2 mm diameter) root, and moss (dominated by feather moss) litter decomposition were not affected by forest harvesting at either site during 24 to 54 months of field incubation in litterbags. Mass loss of balsam fir needle, black spruce needle, and moss (dominated by feather moss) were not significantly different indicating that moss forms a labile litter type in a forested setting.
Porsild spruce in Canada
Authors: Savidge Rodney Arthur
Published: February 2014

The natural range of Porsild spruce (Picea glauca var. porsildii Raup), a white spruce variety distinguished by its smooth bark and resin blisters, has long been considered to be restricted to northwestern North America, but here it is noted that the same phenotype exists in wild stands in Ontario, Quebec, and Atlantic Canada. No record of Porsild spruce trees yet exists in the region between Alberta and western Ontario, or anywhere in the United States other than Alaska. The forestry community is requested to document any encounters with Porsild spruce in unmanaged stands, in order that its full range can be established. History and potential scientific importance of Porsild spruce are given consideration.
Research on hybrid poplars and willow species for fast-growing tree plantations: Its importance for growth and yield, silviculture, policy-making and commercial applications
Authors: Larocque G.R. , DesRochers A. , Larchevêque M. , Tremblay F. , Beaulieu J. , Mosseler A. , Major J.E. , Gaussiran S. , Thomas B.R. , Sidders D. , Périnet P. , Kort J. , Labrecque M. , Savoie P. , Masse S. , Bouman O.T. , Kamelchuk D. , Benomar L. , Mamashita T. , Gagné P.
Published: February 2014

There is a growing interest in fast-growing hybrid poplar and willow plantations in Canada. This interest can be explained both by the rapid growth rate and high yield potential of this type of production system. However, their establishment and maintenance require considerable investments. Research efforts on productivity comparisons between different clones or species, breeding, physiology, nutrition, silviculture, pest management, harvesting methods, social and economic issues and industrial transformation contribute to maximizing fibre production and minimizing production costs. The objective of this paper is to briefly describe a number of current or recently completed research studies on fast-growing hybrid poplar and willow plantations and to discuss their utility and impacts for practical applications.
Vertical and lateral uprooting resistance of Salix matsudana Koidz in a riparian area
Authors: Liu Ying , Jia Zhiqing , Gu Lan , Gao Jiarong
Published: February 2014

Root morphological characteristics of Salix matsudana Koidz were studied using a complete excavation method. In-situ vertical and lateral uprooting tests were carried out on plants in a riparian zone to evaluate the soil-reinforcing ability of plant roots and flow resistance. Results show that the maximum uprooting force was positively correlated with stem basal diameter in both vertical and lateral uprooting tests. Resistance to uprooting was also significantly positively correlated with plant height, total number of roots, cross-sectional areas (CSA) of all roots at base and root mass. Unlike vertical uprooting, taproots made a larger contribution to lateral uprooting, which was positively correlated with the uprooting resistance.
Seasonal water use patterns of semi-arid plants in China
Authors: Jia Guodong , Yu Xinxiao , Deng Wenping
Published: February 2014

Water sources of woody plants in semi-arid or seasonally dry areas of China are little known. This study investigated the differences in water sources for plants due to seasonal changes (wet/transitional and dry seasons) in semi-arid areas. Stable isotope techniques were applied to determine plant water sources in different seasons. The results show that there is generally a switch of water sources from shallow depths in the rainy season to lower depths in the dry season. This study highlights how seasonal changes in climate in semi-arid China affect plant water uptake and suggests that further study with replicated systematic experiments are needed to better understand the responses in water use patterns to changes in environmental conditions in drought-prone areas.
Effects of precommercial thinning on the forest value chain in northwestern New Brunswick: Part 1 – Roundwood production and stumpage value
Authors: Pitt Doug G. , Lanteigne Len , Hoepting Michael K. , Plamondon Jean
Published: February 2014

The Green River precommercial thinning trials were established between 1959 and 1961 in naturally regenerating balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.)-dominated stands, an average of eight years after overstory removal. Three nominal spacings of 4 ft (1.2 m), 6 ft (1.8 m) and 8 ft (2.4 m) were compared to an unthinned control in six replicate blocks. In the fall of 2008, following completion of the ninth sequential evaluation of the study’s 48 permanent sample plots, three of the six replicates were clearcut harvested and data were collected on roundwood product recovery and value. These data were used to construct treatment-invariant (p ≥ 0.18) functions predicting product volume from tree diameter, allowing the volume of studwood, sawlogs and pulpwood to be predicted for the full Green River data set (all 6 replicates) through time. Mean annual increment of gross merchantable volume culminated in all treatments around stand age 45. Thinning to a nominal spacing of 6 ft, resulting in 1600 merchantable stems per ha by stand age 30, offered the best balance of individual tree and stand growth, producing 20% more gross merchantable volume and 26% more sawlog volume than unthinned stands, potentially increasing landowner stumpage revenues by 22% (p < 0.01). The sawlog volume produced in unthinned stands could be realized up to 15 years sooner in thinned stands, suggesting that PCT may offer substantive flexibility in balancing forest-level wood supply objectives.
Effects of precommercial thinning on the forest value chain in northwestern New Brunswick: Part 3 – Incidence of root and butt decay
Authors: Warren Gary , Baines Patricia , Plamondon Jean , Pitt Doug G.
Published: February 2014

The Green River precommercial thinning (PCT) trials were established between 1959 and 1961 in naturally regenerating balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.)-dominated stands an average of eight years after overstory removal. Three nominal spacings of 4 ft (1.2 m), 6 ft (1.8 m) and 8 ft (2.4 m) were compared to an unthinned control in six replicate blocks. In the fall of 2008, following completion of the ninth sequential evaluation of the study’s 48 permanent sample plots, three of the six replicates were clearcut harvested; butt rot data were collected immediately afterwards. To date, forest management research and goals have focused on the benefits of PCT, such as increased tree size and merchantable volume, shorter rotation ages, and better stem form and uniformity. Comparatively little attention has been placed on negative aspects of PCT, such as the incidence and development of root and butt rots, and their impact on fibre yields and wood product values. Results from the Green River study provide evidence that PCT may increase the incidence of butt rot in balsam fir, with incidence proportional to thinning intensity (p < 0.01). We also observed incidence and volume of butt rot to increase with stem diameter (p ≤ 0.05). The experiment suggests that factors such as stand age at time of thinning, and age at the time of harvest are important considerations when it comes to mitigating the impacts of butt rot through forest management.
Effects of precommercial thinning on the forest value chain in northwestern New Brunswick: Part 4 – Lumber production, quality and value
Authors: Duchesne Isabelle , Pitt Doug G. , Tanguay Francis
Published: February 2014

Forty-eight years after application, three nominal precommercial thinning (PCT) spacings of 4 ft (1.2 m), 6 ft (1.8 m) and 8 ft (2.4 m) were compared to an unthinned control in six replicate, balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.)-dominated stands. Within three of these replicates chosen for clearcut harvest in 2008, a total of 150 trees were bucked into 479 sawlogs that produced 10 829 board feet of lumber. PCT had a positive impact on Premium lumber grade recovery per tree, increasing it from an average of 9 foot board measure (fbm) in the unthinned control plots, to 22 fbm in plots nominally spaced to 8 ft (p = 0.02). No. 2 & Better grade yields increased from 42 to 76 fbm/tree in these same sets of plots (p < 0.01). PCT to 6 ft and 8 ft increased the production of 2×4 and 2×6 lumber over the control (p ≤ 0.04). Stand-level gross total product value increased between 11% and 23% in thinned stands (estimated at +$3000 to +$6600 per ha, p < 0.01). PCT had no appreciable effect on sawn lumber wood density (p ≥ 0.26) or lumber stiffness (MOE; ≤-6.2%, p ≥ 0.11), but had a negative effect on lumber strength (MOR; ≤ -13.4%, p ≤ 0.03) and wood basic density at stump height (≤- 7%; p < 0.01). MDF panel properties were generally good, regardless of spacing. We recommend thinning young balsam fir stands to a maximum nominal spacing of 6 ft (1.2 m) to maintain satisfactory lumber mechanical properties and maximize product value per hectare.
Near-infrared spectroscopy as a potential quality assurance tool for the wood preservation industry
Authors: Stirling Rod
Published: February 2014

Preservatives are used to extend the service life of wood used in situations where it is vulnerable to biodegradation. Wood preservation standards typically specify quality assurance procedures to differentiate heartwood and sapwood and to measure preservative loading and penetration. For spruce and hem–fir there are no reliable chemical spot tests to differentiate sapwood and heartwood. This makes it more difficult for these species to meet penetration requirements. For many of the recently introduced carbon-based preservatives, the only methods available to determine penetration involve detecting a surrogate in the formulation, or only some of the active ingredients. Multivariate models based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) have been used to predict a wide range of wood properties over the past 20 years. The present research evaluates the potential use of NIRS-based models as quality assurance tools for the wood preservation industry. Models were developed to differentiate hemlock and amabilis fir sapwood and heartwood. NIRS-based models were also able to differentiate untreated wood from wood treated with DDACarbonate and wood treated with tebuconazole. Models developed to predict DDACarbonate and tebuconazole retention were moderately accurate, but likely not precise enough to replace current quantitative assays.
A street tree survey for Canadian communities: Protocol and early results
Authors: Pedlar John H. , McKenney Daniel W. , Allen Darren , Lawrence Kevin , Lawrence Glenn , Campbell Kathy
Published: February 2014

This paper describes early results from a survey that was developed to allow rapid, yet reasonably accurate, estimates of street tree composition in Canadian communities. To carry out surveys, participants walk (or drive) a number of 0.5-km routes, identifying all trees within 10 m of the road edge. The number of survey routes in each community was determined such that tree densities could be estimated within reasonable error bounds: ±5 trees/km for common species and ±1 tree/km for uncommon species. Information from this initiative has already supported invasive species risk assessments and urban forest management activities. Full details are available at http://gmaps.nrcan.gc.ca/uts/index.php .
Wildfire’s resistance to control in mountain pine beetle-attacked lodgepole pine forests
Authors: Page Wesley G. , Alexander Martin E. , Jenkins Michael J.
Published: February 2014

Concerns about the impacts of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins)-caused tree mortality on wildfire potential in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) forests have to date largely focused on the potential for extreme fire behaviour, including the development and spread of crown fires. Given that the wildland fire environment in which fire managers and firefighters work is composed of many interacting physical and human factors, viewing crown fire behaviour as the only or even the most important outcome of the tree mortality associated with a mountain pine beetle outbreak is questionable. Proper assessment of wildfire potential entails a broader approach, which requires expanding the concept of wildfire resistance to control to include an analysis of all relevant factors and their interactions. In this paper we describe a holistic concept of analyzing the impacts of mountain pine beetle-caused tree mortality on wildfire potential in lodgepole pine forests on the basis of fire behaviour characteristics, fire suppression operations, and firefighter safety considerations within the framework of three recognizable stages of the approximate time since the initiation of an outbreak (i.e., “red” ∼1 to 5 years, “gray” ∼5 to 15 years, and post-epidemic ∼15+ years).
Spruce and birch growth in pure and mixed stands in Sweden
Authors: Lundqvist Lars , Mörling Tommy , Valinger Erik
Published: February 2014

An experiment was established in a 38-year-old, mixed species stand with a 14.5-m birch overstory (Betula species) and a 3-m spruce understory (Picea abies). Treatments were birch shelterwood with 300 or 600 stems/ha and spruce understory with 1500 stems/ha, grown separately or mixed on 14 plots. Height growth of spruce was not significantly affected by birch shelterwood during a 36-year observation period, but spruce trees under birch shelter were more slender. Volume growth of spruce was slightly reduced by birch shelter, and volume growth of birch significantly reduced by a spruce understory. Total growth was higher for mixed than for single-species plots.
Detecting regional differences in within-wildfire burn patterns in western boreal Canada
Authors: Andison David W. , McCleary Kris
Published: February 2014

Under the auspices of ecosystem-based management (EBM), using historical range of variation (HRV) knowledge to help guide forest management decision-making is becoming commonplace. In support of this evolution, we hypothesized that historical fire-scale wildfire burn patterns in western boreal Canada could be differentiated by major ecological zones. We tested 10 fine-scale burn pattern metrics for 129 natural wildfires across more than 100 million ha of western boreal Canada against existing Canadian and provincial ecological classification schemes. The results showed some evidence of two historic disturbance regimes. Fires in the Foothills and Rocky Mountain ecoregions tended to have more disturbed patches, a smaller dominant disturbed patch, and less area in partially disturbed island remnants relative to fires in the Boreal Forest and Boreal Shield. However, several key metrics such as event shape and total remnant area were zone-invariant. Fire regime parameters such as fire size and frequency may not be linked to more detailed fire behaviour parameters such as remnant patterns. The moderate, yet highly variable levels of remnant pattern variation we found across the study area represents a natural, and potentially universal source of structural and compositional diversity for the boreal that may be critical to its sustainability.
THE FORESTS OF NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Robertson W. M.
Published: February 2014

This report covers a brief reconnaissance of the forest conditions in Newfoundland.Timbered lands cover some 10,000 square miles. Six site-types occur, only four of which bear timber of commercial importance. The two highest types contain agricultural soil. Sixty per cent of the stands have not yet been disturbed and consequently are producing no net increment.The climate is moderate, cool summers, mild winters; precipitation is over 40 inches per year, uniformly distributed. Humidity is high, conditions favourable to tree growth. The growth rate on the disturbed stands may be 38 cubic feet per year, or over all timbered lands 15 cubic feet per year, which, on a rotation of 80 years, amounts to 12 cords per acre. On the disturbed stands, however, it varies from 8 to 48 cords, depending on site-type.Fir regeneration follows cutting, spruce follows fire. The explanation is to be found in seeding characteristics of the two species.Silvicultural research, already commenced, should include studies of harvest and intermediate cutting methods and regeneration problems.The labour situation is temporarily unsettled as a result of the war. The interior should he opened by roads. Agriculture should be encouraged. Possibilities of practising fishing and forestry, or farming and forestry, on a communal basis, should be investigated.
THE PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT OF A WEST AFRICAN FOREST OPERATION
Authors: Wellwood R. W.
Published: February 2014

The current world shortage of lumber has directed attention toward areas at present relatively untouched. Vast areas of unexplored and unexploited hardwood timber-lands lie in the tropics. Extraction costs are frequently high, and there is no ready answer to many silvicultural problems. Management of tropical sustained yield units will test foresters' ability. The present article concerns the preliminary development of such a unit in British West Africa.
FOREST SITES — A DISCUSSION
Authors: Rowe J. S.
Published: February 2014

Site is not a simple concept. When studied in relation to forest growth it is found to be more than climate and topography and soil. It includes not only these and other environmental features, but also communities of plants and animals. More accurately it is found to be the dynamic and complex interrelation and interaction of all features, inorganic and organic, past and present, which have resulted in the given forest stand. The natural unit of biological study is site interpreted in this largest sense—corresponding to the "ecosystem" of ecologists—and the goal of the study is the understanding of relationships.The role of physiography in the site complex is perhaps better appreciated than the role of historical circumstances, such as fire, or of vegetation itself, in conditioning the development of plant communities.Examples of the effect of severity of fire on the genesis and development of mixedwood stands are given. The influence of vegetation on itself and on soil is discussed, particular attention being given to the phenomenon of frozen layers in the soil. A plan found useful in the field for collecting ecological data relevant to forest site studies is outlined.
VIABILITY AND GERMINATION IN YELLOW BIRCH
Authors: Redmond D. R. , Robinson Robena C.
Published: February 2014

Yellow birch seeds were found to vary in size directly as the strobilus on which they are borne and to increase in size within the strobilus directly as their point of origin is removed from either end. Viability was found to vary from 0% to 34% of the seeds on an individual tree. The best method of determining viability is examination of the embryo following dissection of the seed. A valid test of viability is given by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, but this is not recommended because of the small size of the embryos. It is shown that the seed coats contain a water soluble substance that inhibits growth of the embryos. This substance loses its inhibiting properties when exposed to extended periods of light, but the injury to the embryo is permanent. It is suggested that trees producing few viable seeds in a seed crop may do so because this species is not functionally monoecious and that pollination difficulties would account for a small number of viable seeds on partly isolated trees.
THE INFLUENCE OF STAND COMPOSITION ON THE MORTALITY OF VARIOUS CONIFERS, CAUSED BY DEFOLIATION BY THE WESTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER ON VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Kinghorn J. M.
Published: February 2014

Western hemlock looper outbreaks periodically occur in British Columbia. A guide for estimating losses that accrue from looper feeding has not been available in the past. This report describes the influence of various tree and stand characteristics on the mortality of forests damaged during the last looper out-break from 1944 to 1946.Tree death commenced one year following the collapse of the outbreak and continued for another three years. The cumulative mortality up to 1950 was taken as the total loss directly attributable to the insect damage. Tabular analyses of this mortality total with various factors showed that percentage defoliation and tree size were most consistently associated with tree death. Three major forest types were recognized. The basal area mortality of the types was related to the pre-outbreak basal area and to defoliation by multiple linear regression. These analyses arrived at parameters on which future damage surveys in similar forest types can be based.
ADVANTAGES OF THE PARABOLIC EXPRESSION OF HEIGHT-DIAMETER RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Ker J. W. , Smith J. H. G.
Published: February 2014

Six methods of determining parabolic expressions of height-diameter relationships have been compared with two other mathematical methods of curve-fitting. It has been shown that short-cut approximations of the least-squares solution of the parabola are accurate; they are useful because of their ease of application and good conformance with the true height-diameter relationship. In this example the short-cut approximation methods have provided more desirable solutions than those secured using Henricksen's semi-logarithmic method, Stoffel's log-log method, H. A. Meyer's exponential solution of the parabola, and Staebler's precise least-squares solution of the parabolic equation with "a" variable. Three short-cut methods for calculating parabolic curves have been illustrated with data from the Campus Forest of the University of British Columbia. Special uses of the parabolic relationship have been described. Construction of site-class volume tables has been demonstrated with data for a number of commercial tree species in the Arrow Lakes District of British Columbia. The short-cut methods of determining parabolic height-diameter relationships have so many advantages that they are recommended for general use in forest inventory and for permanent plot studies.
THE FUTURE OF BIRCH FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF DISEASES AND INSECTS
Authors: Redmond D. R.
Published: February 2014

Yellow birch was once the most important species of hardwood in Eastern Canada. During the last 20 to 25 years, "birch dieback" has caused losses in the three Maritime Provinces estimated at 2,400 million cu. ft. A considerable number of species of insects feed normally on birch foliage, but none was found responsible for the disease. The bronze birch borer played a very important role in that its presence may have determined whether a tree succumbed to or recovered from decline. No fungi or bacteria found on twigs, leaves or roots were virulent enough to be considered the cause. No permanent or temporary stoppages were found in water-conducting tissues and occurrence of dieback has not been related to drought. Slight increases in soil temperature caused mortality of rootlets, which resulted in bare twigs, and small, slightly curled and chlorotic foliage. Several symptoms characteristic of virus diseases are being investigated. It is predicted that birch will form a substantial component of future forest stands, but high-grade products will be obtained only through application of intensive silviculture. Some recommended treatments are given.
IS THERE A CONNECTION BETWEEN THE BIRCH DIEBACK AND THE MARCH THAW OF 1936?
Authors: Braathe Peder
Published: February 2014

The uniformity of birch dieback over the large area affected makes it unlikely that a general change of temperature or a moisture deficiency can be the explanation. However, damage caused by abnormal winter temperatures can strike with great uniformity. Such an abnormal condition occurred in the March 1936 thaw with a striking correlation between the area of the dieback and that of the thaw. It is suggested that a critical study of fact may be useful in arriving at an explanation of the cause of the dieback.Dr. Peder Braathe, of the Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Vollebekk, Norway, spent the year 1955-56 as National Research Council Fellow at the University of New Brunswick. In his travels over the northeastern part of the continent he was struck by the extent and uniformity of birch dieback damage and this led to his investigation and suggestion on this matter.
DECAY OF SPRUCE IN THE MARITIME PROVINCES
Authors: Davidson A. G. , Redmond D. R.
Published: February 2014

Information on decay in 409 white, 653 red, and 51 black spruce was obtained at locations in the Maritime Provinces. Since the number of black spruce examined was small, this paper deals mainly with decay in white and red spruce. Gross and net volume tables are presented for white and red spruce in cubic feet and in board feet by age and diameter. The volume of decay in red spruce was less than in white spruce but, in both species, it was apparently not great enough to influence the selection of rotation ages based on the growth increments of individual trees. Butt decays were found to be more important than trunk decays in causing losses in both white and red spruce. The fungi producing white rots were the most important causes of both types of decay. Butt-decay fungi entered the trees mainly through the roots. Branch stubs were the most important infection courts for trunk-decaying fungi in white spruce, while in red spruce, wounds were as important as branch stubs. A list of the fungi associated with decays in spruce is presented.
EFFECTS OF DEFOLIATION BY SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEM.) ON RADIAL GROWTH AT BREAST HEIGHT OF BALSAM FIR (ABIES BALSAMEA (L.) MILL.) AND WHITE SPRUCE (PICEA GLAUCA (MOENCH) VOSS.)
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: February 2014

The relationship between spruce budworm defoliation and radial growth at breast height for balsam fir and white spruce trees of merchantable size was studied in various stands in northwestern Ontario. Defoliation was recorded yearly for these stands from the beginning of the infestation, and radial growth measurements were obtained from increment cores. The first year of radial growth suppression was calculated by comparing the growth of the affected species with that of jack pine and red pine trees by means of a growth-ratio technique. Apparent suppression in balsam fir and white spruce varied between stands, and, generally, occurred at the earliest in the second year and at the latest in the fourth year of severe defoliation. A wide ring at the base of the tree coinciding with the first year of suppression as reported by Craighead was non-existent.
THE POINT CONTACT METHOD AS A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MEASURE OF GROUND VEGETATION
Authors: Fayle D. C. F.
Published: February 2014

A measure of the quantity of vegetation competing with yellow birch seedlings on quarter-milacre study plots was needed to provide a comprehensive picture of seedling development. The point-contact method of sampling vegetation was chosen because, with modifications to the technique, the structure, distribution and composition could be measured to provide data on the competing vegetation. Basically, the method involves dropping a rod (point) vertically through the vegetation and recording the plants touched (contacts) by the rod at a large number of these points. Features of the method, considerations in application, and the technique developed for this particular study are discussed.
RAPID GERMINATION OF WHITE PINE SEED
Authors: Fowler D. P.
Published: February 2014

This paper reports the results of some work done to develop a rapid germination technique suitable for small quantities of valuable white pine seed.It was found that by removing the seed coat from fresh seed, germination was more rapid and yielded a higher per cent germination than seed stratified for 20 days at 40 °F. Three types of soaking (aerated water, changed water, and unchanged water) and three durations of soaking (3, 7 and 10 days) were tested. Soaking seed in aerated water for three, seven or ten days was almost as good as 20 days stratification. Aerated water was superior for soaking treatments than water which had been changed twice daily, which in turn was better than water which was not changed. Seed germination decreased as the length of soaking period increased except for seeds which had been soaked in aerated water.Attempts to germinate seed directly from cones which had not been allowed to dry were not successful. Apparently embryos in these seeds were not fully developed.The implications of the results are discussed briefly.
NATURAL ROOT GRAFTS IN RED PINE (PINUS RESINOSA AIT.)
Authors: Armson K. A. , Driessche R. Van Den
Published: February 2014

The occurrence of root grafts in nine plantations which varied in age from 5-45 years was investigated. The spacing of the trees in all these plantations was approximately 6 feet by 6 feet at time of planting. The youngest plantation in which grafts between different trees were found was 15 years old. In all stands which were this age or older, grafting could be considered as a common occurrence. The majority of the grafts were found 4 to 14 inches below the soil surface. Although the number of sample pits was small, it appeared that the incidence of grafting was greater in thinned as opposed to unthinned stands of the same age. There was little evidence that numbers of grafts increased with age of stand. It was also concluded that when two roots graft, the root of smaller diameter and/or having the greater length between graft and tree receives a net increase in its food supply at the graft.
NINE YEARS OF DEVELOPMENTS IN A MATURE MIXEDWOOD STAND, GREEN RIVER NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Hughes E. L.
Published: February 2014

Growth data collected on three permanent one-acre sample plots, established in a mixedwood stand in northwestern New Brunswick in 1947 and remeasured in 1956, indicate (1) growth capacity of the site may be as high as 79 cubic feet per acre per year, (2) birch trees weakened by dieback do not provide much competition to softwoods and (3) because of the mortality of birch attributed to birch dieback, the stand is evolving from a mature mixedwood towards an irregularly-aged softwood stand.
THE ROOT DEVELOPMENT OF RED PINE (PINUS RESINOSA AIT.) SEEDLINGS IN RELATION TO VARIOUS SOIL CONDITIONS
Authors: Armson K. A. , Williams J. R. M.
Published: February 2014

Red pine seedlings were grown in calcareous and non-calcareous, weathered and non-weathered, compacted and loose soils for approximately three months. The root development of the seedlings at the end of this period was found to be reduced only by the compacted soil treatment, no other treatment had any significant effects.The calcium concentration of the tops of those seedlings grown in calcareous soil was approximately double the concentration of those grown in non-calcareous soils.
THE ORIGIN OF BASAL SCARS IN THE BRITISH COLUMBIA INTERIOR WHITE PINE TYPE
Authors: Molnar A. C. , McMinn R. G.
Published: February 2014

Basal scarring, a conspicuous abnormality of western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) and its associated species in the Interior region of British Columbia, was found to be chiefly attributable to injury by bears, infections of Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Quél., fire, mechanical wounding, and the pole blight disease. Diagnostic characteristics, which facilitated classification of scars, even those of advanced age, were found and described. The implications of the various types of scarring are considered.
A HISTORY OF RECENT INFESTATIONS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM IN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO, AND AN ESTIMATE OF RESULTANT TIMBER LOSSES
Authors: Elliott Ken R.
Published: February 2014

The build-up and course of severe infestations of the spruce budworm in the Lac Seul and Lake Nipigon regions of northwestern Ontario is traced from recorded data between 1937 and 1955; the forest cover of the areas is described in general terms; and it is estimated that some 17 million cords of pulpwood were destroyed. The methods employed in this study allow deductions to be made which indicate that the first severe defoliation within the epicenters of the infestations probably occurred in 1939 in the Lac Seul region and in 1937 or 1938 in the Lake Nipigon region; that expansion beyond the epicenters did not occur until the mortality of balsam fir had commenced; and that the increase of the budworm population to the infestation level occurred abruptly. It is also shown that the relatively small and scattered representation of the primary hosts gave no protection from severe damage, and that the potential for future losses within the areas affected by 1955 is almost double the amount destroyed.
A RAPID METHOD OF LAYING OUT CIRCULAR PLOTS
Authors: Kendall R. H. , Sayn-Wittgenstein L.
Published: February 2014

The average saving in time achieved by using the Spiegel Relascope to lay out circular sample plots was 1.02 minutes for 0.1-acre plots, and 1.85 minutes for 0.2-acre plots. The more difficult the cruising conditions, the greater the saving in time.
A REVIEW OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Carroll W. J. , Bryant D. G.
Published: February 2014

The balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), first recorded in Newfoundland in 1949, is now the most serious forest insect pest in the Province, having spread over an area of more than 1,600 square miles. Its host is balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. There are three separate infestations, the largest and most important being in southwestern Newfoundland. The aphid has two generations a year. A biological control program was initiated in 1952 and seven species of predators have been released, three of which are established. Silvicultural and climatic control factors are discussed and the possibilities for the extension of outbreaks are considered.
NOTES ON A SPRUCE BUDWORM INFESTATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Silver G. T.
Published: February 2014

An outbreak of the one-year cycle spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), on Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, which lasted six years before collapsing, is described. Population trends and seasonal development, effect of defoliation on the host trees and parasites of the insect are discussed.
SPRUCE BUDWORM OUTBREAKS IN THE LOWER ST. LAWRENCE AND GASPE REGIONS
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: February 2014

Evidence of past spruce budworm outbreaks in the lower St. Lawrence and Gaspé regions was obtained through radial-growth studies of balsam fir and white spruce. Outbreaks of this insect were known to have taken place in the Lower St. Lawrence in 1878 and 1912; this was confirmed by the present investigations. However, the data indicate that the 1912 infestation was of greater severity and duration than previously supposed. Forests in the Gaspé were thought to have escaped these past outbreaks. Although no trace was found of the 1878 infestation in the Gaspé, the present study clearly shows that the infestation of 1912 covered close to 9,000 square miles in this region.The recent outbreak of 1950 which affected both regions was generally more severe than that of 1912, especially in the Gaspé. Changes in forest composition appear to be responsible for this situation. Balsam fir, the preferred host of the spruce budworm comprised 46 per cent by volume of the Gaspé forests 30 years ago, but this has since increased to 80 per cent as a result of the destruction of large quantities of white spruce and birch through the respective action of the European spruce sawfly and the birch dieback. The history of past spruce budworm outbreaks indicates that conditions for the development and maintenance of such outbreaks are less favourable in the Gaspé than in the Lower St. Lawrence. This situation appears to be the result of the prevailing cool, moist climate of the Gaspé.
THE RELATIVE GROWTH RATES OF WHITE SPRUCE AND BALSAM FIR TREES IN THE PORT ARTHUR DISTRICT OF ONTARIO
Authors: Burgar R. J.
Published: February 2014

Height, diameter and age relationships of 482 white spruce and 692 balsam fir in the mixed wood cover type of the boreal forest in the Port Arthur District, Ontario, were examined to ascertain which of the two species produces the most wood volume in individual trees in a given period of time.The study established that the merchantable wood volume production of the average white spruce tree is approximately 35% more at age 25, 40% more at age 60, and 110% more at age 90 than that of the average balsam fir at the same ages.
THE INFLUENCE OF LOGGING ON DOUGLAS FIR BEETLE POPULATIONS
Authors: Lejeune R. R. , McMullen L. H. , Atkins M. D.
Published: February 2014

All species of bark beetles of economic importance prefer to attack freshly-killed host material. Logging slash, wind-throw, and fire-killed timber provide ideal breeding grounds for bark beetles. A few species, mostly in the Dendroctonus group, are able to attack and kill living trees. When beetles in this group, raised in preferred host material, cannot find any or enough freshly-killed trees, logs, or slash to enter, they may attack living trees. In the interior of British Columbia, infestations of the Douglas fir beetle can often be traced to logging disturbance.The regulation or control of bark beetle populations involves several generally accepted principles:(a) The removal or destruction of beetle broods in infested material in time to prevent the new adult beetles from emerging to attack fresh material.(b) Continuous logging in time and area will tend to keep the beetles in the slash.(c) Keep suitable breeding material to a minimum.(d) The use of trap trees or trap logs for remedial action in trouble areas.
HISTORY OF THE DUTCH ELM DISEASE IN THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC, CANADA
Authors: Pomerleau Rene
Published: February 2014

The first cases of the Dutch elm disease in Canada were recorded in 1944 in the Province of Quebec, but there is evidence that the causal organism was introduced around Sorel before 1940. In 20 years the disease has extended over more than half the range of the white elm in the Province, or about 25,000 square miles, with an average rate of spread of some 1,200 square miles per year. Observations in 6 one-square-mile areas during a 13-year period indicate that between 5 and 30 per cent, or an average of 16 per cent, of the elm trees were killed by this disease. On this basis the Dutch elm disease has killed at least 600,000 trees during its 20-year history in Quebec. The relative density of elm trees appears to be the main factor which has determined the intensity and pattern of attack.
FOREIGN TRADE IN FOREST PRODUCTS FROM A POINT OF VIEW OF AN EXPORTING COUNTRY—CANADA
Authors: Babcock Harold M.
Published: February 2014

Although Canada has been blessed with an abundant store house of natural resources and enjoys a significant measure of economic and political influence throughout the world, she has a relatively small and widely scattered population. The Canadian economy is largely based on resource industries of which those producing forest products are outstanding, and the very economic existence of Canada is dependent upon her ability to export goods and services.Some of the more critical export problem areas include non-resident ownership, the wage-cost spiral, the loss of traditional markets in forest products and finally the problems associated with researching markets in foreign countries.A matter of concern to many is the lack of investment in Canada's forests although the forest resource is capable of sustaining several times present production. Most disturbed lands regenerate naturally, but not necessarily in the desired species. The questions to be asked by management foresters are: (1) should we concentrate on the production of wood fibre or, (2) should we stress the growing of known species of superior quality? The pros and cons of each of these widely divergent forest policies are easily argued.Lack of an internal market is incurable over the short term; but Canada's immigration policies, her participation in trade conferences, agreements and international organizations, and her attempts at economic diversification all help to alleviate problems associated with her dependency on foreign markets.The results of these actions coupled with a trend toward equalization between forest growth and utilization will provide the necessity and incentive for a stepped up forest investment program in Canada.
CANADIAN EXPERIENCE WITH THE FIVE-YEAR UNDERGRADUATE FORESTRY CURRICULUM
Authors: Ker J. W.
Published: February 2014

Professional forestry training in Canada is in many ways similar to, yet in others differs sharply from, that in the United States. Points of similarity include the time and circumstances surrounding its origin, the background and training of staff members, the level of training desired, and the curricula and teaching methods that have been developed to provide that training. Canadian schools differ from those in the United States, however, by being small in number, by having relatively small enrolments, by producing a relatively uniform standard of graduate, and by adhering to a five-year undergraduate program, following junior matriculation or university entrance.Canadian schools evolved a five-year program in order to emphasize quality rather than quantity, to provide breadth as well as depth of training. Since the academic year in Canadian universities is relatively short, extending undergraduate training over five years was essential for the student to receive a thorough grounding in both professional forestry subjects and the natural sciences upon which forestry is based.
FOREST RECREATION MOVES AHEAD IN ONTARIO
Authors: Wheatley A. B.
Published: February 2014

1. The public right to use and enjoy its forest- and lakeland must be protected.2. Specially developed areas to provide for wild-land recreational use is necessary to enable people to participate in outdoor experiences. An expanding provincial parks system is fundamental to this.3. Multiple-use of public lands, including parks, is fundamental to a full land use concept. A waste of a resource is contrary to the public interest.4. There should always be a practice of reserving public lands for park purposes, incorporating the multiple-use concept, in order to avoid a possible development that is not compatible with the main potentials of the land.5. The recreational resource in forest areas is very real and must be part of a land use plan in which timber production and recreation, being renewable resources, should be reconciled and each developed to provide the maximum public value.
TWENTY YEARS GROWTH OF DEBUDDED RED PINE
Authors: Berry A. B.
Published: February 2014

In 1942 an experiment was begun to determine the possibility of producing knot-free red pine by removing the lateral buds annually until the required knot-free bole length had been produced.Starting with a 6-year-old red pine plantation, a knot-free 16.5-foot length of bole was produced in 9 years. Ten years later, when the debudded trees had developed normal crowns, the debudded trees averaged 1 inch less in diameter and 6 feet less in height than the control trees. The only apparent advantage in debudding is that clear lumber of a given width can be produced about 20 years earlier than by conventional saw pruning. Poorer quality wood, owing to the presence of compression wood and juvenile core wood, may nullify this advantage of earlier production.