bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual-Space Transfer Learning Based on an Indirect Mutual Promotion Strategy
Authors: Cui Teng , Pan Jianhan , Du Mingjing , Zhang Qingyang
Published: September 2022

Transfer learning is designed to leverage knowledge in the source domain with labels to help build classification models in the target domain where labels are scarce or even unavailable. Previous studies have shown that high-level concepts extracted from original features are more suitable for cross-domain classification tasks, so many transfer learning methods transfer knowledge by modeling high-level concepts on the original feature space. However, there are two limitations to this method: First, learning high-level concepts directly on the original feature space will reduce the proportion of shared information contained in common features in the process of knowledge transfer bridge construction. Second, only learning multiple high-level concepts on the original feature space, the latent shared information contained in the domain-specific features cannot be targeted learned, so the latent shared information in the domain-specific features cannot be effectively used. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a novel method named Dual-Space Transfer Learning based on an Indirect Mutual Promotion Strategy (DSTL). The DSTL method is formalized as an optimization problem based on non-negative matrix tri-factorization. DSTL first extracts the common features between domains and constructs the common feature space. Then, the learning of the high-level concepts of the common feature space and the original feature space is integrated through an indirect promotion strategy, which can enhance the learning effect of common features and domain-specific features through the mutual help of the two feature spaces. The system test on benchmark data sets shows the superiority of the DSTL method.
Some questions concerning Majorana fermions in 2D ($\text{p}+\text{ip}$) Fermi superfluids
Authors: Lin Yiruo , Leggett A. J.
Published: September 2022

Most of the discussion in the literature of the Majorana fermions (M.F.’s) believed to exist in so-called 2D $\text{p}+\text{ip}$
p
+
ip
Fermi superfluids, and in particular of their possible application in topological quantum computing (TQC) has analyzed the problem using the familiar Bogoliubov–de Gennes (mean-field) formalism, which conserves total electron number only mod 2. We raise the question: Suppose that we require that electron number be conserved, period, at all stages of the calculation, then what are the consequences for the characteristic properties of M.F.’s, in particular for their (physical) braiding statistics? While we do not provide a definitive answer to this question, our considerations suggest that these consequences could be enough to destroy the possibility of using these excitations for TQC, and certainly indicate that the problem deserves further study.
Assessing hazards and disaster risk on the coast for Pacific small island developing States: the need for a data-driven approach
Authors: Brown Sally , Hanson Susan E. , Sear David , Hill Christopher , Hutton Craig W.
Published: September 2022

Small island developing States, such as those in the Pacific, are often prone to multiple hazards that have potential to result in disaster and / or restrict development. Hazard data can be limited in resolution or omitted in or near SIDS’ coasts, but a growing and improved range of datasets are becoming available. Through an analysis of approximately 100 policy documents on hazards and disaster risk management in Pacific island nations, we found: limited information on hazards and how they manifest to disasters at local levels, thus not fully connecting drivers and subsequent risk; at times a non-specific multi-hazard approach prompting the need to address more specific hazards; and restricted temporal and spatial scales of analysis that potentially limit continuity of actions where mitigation methods evolve. These limitations suggest that appropriate and timely high resolution hazard data is needed from the top-down to underpin the design and development of local disaster risk management plans, simultaneous to local, bottom-up knowledge and interpretation to bring the realities of such hazard data to life. Developing and ensuring openly available hazard data will enable island States to develop more robust, inclusive disaster risk management plans and mitigation policies, plus aid inter-island comparison for communal learning.
ncFO: A Comprehensive Resource of Curated and Predicted ncRNAs Associated with Ferroptosis
Authors: Zhou Shunheng , Huang Yu’e , Xing Jiani , Zhou Xu , Chen Sina , Chen Jiahao , Wang Lihong , Jiang Wei
Published: September 2022

Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death driven by the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides. Regulation of ferroptosis might be beneficial to cancer treatment. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of RNA transcripts that generally cannot encode proteins and have been demonstrated to play critical roles in regulating ferroptosis. Herein, we developed ncFO, the ncRNA–ferroptosis association database, to document the manually curated and predicted ncRNAs that are associated with ferroptosis. Collectively, ncFO contains 90 experimentally verified entries, including 46 microRNAs (miRNAs), 21 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and 17 circular RNAs (circRNAs). In addition, ncFO also incorporates two online prediction tools based on the regulation and co-expression of ncRNA and ferroptosis genes. Using default parameters, we obtained 3260 predicted entries, including 598 miRNAs and 178 lncRNAs, by regulation, as well as 2,592,661 predicted entries, including 967 miRNAs and 9632 lncRNAs, by ncRNA–ferroptosis gene co-expression in more than 8000 samples across 20 cancer types. The detailed information of each entry includes ncRNA name, disease, species, tissue, target, regulation, publication time, and PubMed identifier. ncFO also provides survival analysis and differential expression analysis for ncRNAs. In summary, ncFO offers a user-friendly platform to search and predict ferroptosis-associated ncRNAs, which might facilitate research on ferroptosis and discover potential targets for cancer treatment. ncFO can be accessed at http://www.jianglab.cn/ncFO/.
Convergence of the Kiefer–Wolfowitz algorithm in the presence of discontinuities
Authors: Rásonyi Miklós , Tikosi Kinga
Published: September 2022

In this paper we estimate the expected error of a stochastic approximation algorithm where the maximum of a function is found using finite differences of a stochastic representation of that function. An error estimate of the order
$n^{-1/5}$
for the nth iteration is achieved using suitable parameters. The novelty with respect to previous studies is that we allow the stochastic representation to be discontinuous and to consist of possibly dependent random variables (satisfying a mixing condition).
The Benefits and Costs of a Child Allowance
Authors: Garfinkel Irwin , Sariscsany Laurel , Ananat Elizabeth , Collyer Sophie , Hartley Robert P. , Wang Buyi , Wimer Christopher
Published: September 2022

This article conducts a benefit-cost analysis of a child allowance. Through a systematic literature review of the highest quality evidence on the causal effects of cash and near-cash transfers, this article produces core estimates on the benefits and costs per child and per adult of increasing household income by $1000, which can be used for any cash or near-cash program that increases household income. We then apply these estimates to three child allowance proposals, with the main proposal converting the $2000 Child Tax Credit in the federal income tax code into a fully refundable and more generous child allowance of $3600 per child ages 0–5 and $3000 per child ages 6–17, as enacted for 1 year in the American Rescue Plan. Aggregate costs and benefits are estimated via micro-simulation. Our estimates indicate that making the $2000 Child Tax Credit fully refundable and increasing benefits to $3000/$3600 would cost $97 billion per year and generate social benefits of $929 billion per year. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the results are robust to alternative assumptions and that each of the three child allowance proposals produces a very strong to an extraordinarily strong return for the U.S. population.
Examining capillary dynamics in rectangular and circular conduits subject to unsteady surface tension
Authors: Azese Martin N. , Engola Jaures J. , Hona Jacques , Jean Yap Emile , Mbono Samba Yves C.
Published: September 2022

The unsteady effects of transitioning surface tension,

$\gamma (t)$

, on the dynamics of capillary imbibition in channels of arbitrary shape are analytically investigated with a focus on rectangular and circular channels. With proper scaling, two unsteady models for

$\gamma (t)$

are defined and used to highlight this transient behaviour. The convoluted dynamics at the flow front are correctly captured in the governing equations, which are rigorously analysed using unsteady eigenfunction expansion. Then, the final solution and data are obtained by employing the Runge–Kutta fourth-order scheme elegantly applied simultaneously to two derived nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Ultimately, the results are more accurate compared with previous studies. Dynamics and kinematic similarity between rectangular and circular channels are investigated and discussed and the conditions for equivalence in both channels are highlighted. Using a small parameter (

$\epsilon$

) that stretches the time scale, we successfully use a robust asymptotic analysis to develop and capture the long-time dynamics. Ultimately, we recover the Lucas–Washburn regime analysed in Washburn (Phys. Rev., vol. 17, 1921, pp. 273–283), Lucas (Kolloidn. Z., vol. 23, 1918, pp. 15–22) for steady surface tension where the variations of depth and rate with time result in

$h\thicksim t^{1/2}$

and

$v \thicksim t^{-1/2}$

. In the end, the three forces, namely the inertia,

$F_{v}$

, the viscous,

$F_{\mu }$

, and the surface tension,

$F_{\gamma }$

, are briefly analysed and used to highlight three main distinct regimes. We show that at early times,

$F_{v}/F_{\gamma } \thicksim 1$

, whereas at a long time,

$F_{\mu }/F_{\gamma } \thicksim -1$

.
Global stability analysis and direct numerical simulation of boundary layers with an isolated roughness element
Authors: Ma Rong , Mahesh Krishnan
Published: September 2022

Global stability analysis and direct numerical simulation (DNS) are used to study boundary layer flows with an isolated roughness element. The aspect ratio of the element (

$\eta$

) is small, while the ratio of element height to displacement boundary layer thickness (

$h/\delta ^{*}$

) is large. Both steady base flows and time-averaged mean flows are able to capture the frequencies of the primary vortical structures and mode shapes. Global stability results highlight that although the varicose instability is dominant for large

$h/\delta ^{*}$

, sinuous instability becomes more pronounced as

$Re_h$

increases for the thin geometry (

$\eta =0.5$

), due to increased spanwise shear in the near-wake region. Wavemaker results indicate that

$\eta$

affects the convective nature of the shear layer more than the type of instability. DNS results show that different instability mechanisms lead to different development and evolution of vortical structures in the transition process. For

$\eta =1$

, the varicose instability is associated with the periodic shedding of hairpin vortices, and its stronger spatial transient growth indicated by wavemaker results aids the formation of hairpin vortices farther downstream. In contrast, for

$\eta =0.5$

, the interplay between varicose and sinuous instabilities results in a broader-banded energy spectrum and leads to the sinuous wiggling of hairpin vortices in the near wake when

$Re_h$

is sufficiently high. A sinuous mode with a lower frequency captured by dynamic mode decomposition analysis, and associated with the ‘wiggling’ of streaks, persists far downstream and promotes transition to turbulence. A new regime map is developed to classify and predict instability mechanisms based on

$Re_{hh}^{1/2}$

and

$d/\delta ^{*}$

using a logistic regression model. Although the mean skin friction demonstrates different evolutions for the two geometries, both of them efficiently trip the flow to turbulence at

$Re_h=1100$

. An earlier location of a fully-developed turbulent state is established for

$\eta =1$

at

$x \approx 110h$

.
Width effect on contact angle hysteresis in a patterned heterogeneous microchannel
Authors: Chang Xiangting , Huang Haibo , Lu Xi-Yun , Hou Jian
Published: September 2022

The width effect on contact angle hysteresis in a microchannel with patterned heterogeneous surfaces is systematically investigated. In the model, identical defects periodically appear on the background surface. To this end, a droplet's evaporation and condensation processes inside the microchannel are studied by theoretical analysis and numerical simulation based on a diffuse-interface lattice Boltzmann method. The microchannel width effect on the system's equilibrium properties is studied. The results demonstrate that the number of equilibrium configurations increases linearly with the microchannel width (

$b$

), and has a quadratic relationship with the cosine of the reference contact angle and the heterogeneity strength (

$\varepsilon$

). The average most stable contact angle is independent of

$b$

and is always equal to the contact angle predicted by the Cassie–Baxter equation. For contact angle hysteresis (

$H$

), when the microchannels are narrow and wide, there are individual-effect-dominated hysteresis (IDH) and collective-effect-dominated hysteresis (CDH), respectively. The IDH and CDH are hysteresis modes corresponding to the jumping behaviour of contact lines affected by individual defects and two neighbouring defects, respectively. Based on the graphical force balance approach, we establish a scaling law to quantify the connection between

$H$

,

$b$

and

$\varepsilon$

. Specifically, in the IDH mode,

$H\sim b \varepsilon ^2$

, while in the CDH mode,

$H$

increases linearly with

$\varepsilon$

but nonlinearly with

$b$

.
Assessing the effects of alternative plant-based meatsv. animal meats on biomarkers of inflammation: a secondary analysis of the SWAP-MEAT randomized crossover trial
Authors: Crimarco Anthony , Landry Matthew J. , Carter Matthew M. , Gardner Christopher D.
Published: September 2022

Alternative plant-based meats have grown in popularity with consumers recently and researchers are examining the potential health effects, or risks, from consuming these products. Because there have been no studies to date that have specifically assessed the health effects of plant-based meats on biomarkers of inflammation, the purpose of this work was to conduct a secondary analysis of the Study With Appetizing Plantfood – Meat Eating Alternatives Trial (SWAP-MEAT). SWAP-MEAT was a randomised crossover trial that involved generally healthy adults eating 2 or more servings of plant-based meats per day for 8 weeks (i.e. Plant phase) followed by 2 or more servings of animal meats per day for 8 weeks (i.e. Animal phase). Results of linear mixed-effects models indicated only 4 out of 92 biomarkers reached statistical significance. The results were contrary to our hypothesis, since we expected relative improvements in biomarkers of inflammation from the plant-based meats.
Samesaying and double-voiced discourse in Iranian EFL learners’ production of L2 reported speech
Authors: Morady Moghaddam Mostafa , Tommerdahl Jodi
Published: September 2022

Considering the paucity of research done on the reported speech of L2 speakers compared with the body of work based on native speakers, particularly in the domain of education, this study investigates ‘polyphony’ (the dialogic nature of discourse) in the indirect reports of Iranian English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners in light of Bakhtin’s concept of ‘double-voiced discourse’ (DVD) (Bakhtin, 1984; Zbikowski, 2002). The goal of the article was to characterise the types of reporting attested in L2 data in the language-learning classroom and to analyse instances of discord between speakers’ voices to better understand what gives rise to these differences in an additional language. To achieve this, we observed naturally occurring interactions between Iranian EFL learners to see how they change the original speech in their indirect reports via the use of semantic and syntactic transformations. The findings revealed traces of distorted reported speech that not only refute the monophonic nature of indirect reports among the interactants but also emphasise the representational characteristics of DVD in its different forms. Samesaying and distorted reported speech are closely examined in accord with the nature of an L2 produced in a language-learning classroom. This article contributes to interlanguage pragmatics, with a focus on sociopragmatic variations that delve into intersubjectivity in language interaction in an institutional context.
Implications for catchment weathering, provenance, and climatic records from a late Pleistocene to present sedimentary sequence in Gujarat, India
Authors: Kumar Kamlesh , Sharma Anupam , Srivastava Pradeep , Thakur Biswajeet
Published: September 2022

To ascertain weathering, provenance, and paleoclimate of the last ca. 29 ka in mainland Gujarat, western India, a sedimentary profile of ~7.5 m was measured, described, and sampled at Pratappura and a multiproxy analysis was conducted. To determine weathering, silty-sand and sandy-silt facies were analyzed, and log Na2O/K2O versus log SiO2/Al2O3 was plotted, which shows clustering in the quartz arenite and sub-litharenite categories, indicating low to moderate weathering. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) is 55–74, and was plotted versus the index of chemical variability (ICV) of 1.50, with samples clustered mainly between subalkali basalt and picrite, indicating the dominance of a mafic component. While depleted chondrite normalized light rare earth element (REE) (La/Yb <1) levels suggest the prevalence of a mafic source in the catchment, identical chondrite normalized REE patterns indicate that sediments were well homogenized. Using multiple proxies, the measured profile was subdivided into five paleoclimatic zones. Zone-I (29–18 ka) exhibits decreasing moisture, Corg, χlf, Al2O3, TiO2, and Fe2O3 trends, while higher values of CO3−2 and δ13C indicate a change from a warm-humid to semiarid climate. Zone-II (18–11 ka) shows signs of the beginning of aridity ca. 18 ka during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Several proxies in zone-III show wetter climatic conditions from the early Holocene (ca. 11–4 ka) due to the onset of the SW monsoon, with the trend continuing in zone-IV (4–2 ka). In zone-V, the climate appears to have been similar to the modern conditions in the area from 2 ka–present.
John Tanner, Colonial Credulity, and Comparative Religions: Theorizing Religion on the Borderlands of U.S. Empire
Authors: Wenger Tisa
Published: September 2022

This essay explores the human stakes of theorizing religion in the early nineteenth century, on the borderlands of an expanding U.S. empire. It does so through the lens of a single text, A Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner (U.S. Interpreter at the Saut de Ste. Marie) during Thirty Years Residence among the Indians. Published in 1830, the Narrative offers an entrée into the circulation of knowledge and debates about religion among Native Americans and white settlers in a time and place from which we have little record of such debates. Tanner joined in the Midewiwin of the Ojibwe and cultivated the Anishinaabe practice of medicine hunting; held back his own skepticism, perhaps retrospectively exaggerated, at the messages of those he called “Indian prophets”; and discussed the differences, solidified in the telling, between white and Indigenous religions. His editor, Edwin James, meanwhile, drew on comparative scholarship about mythology and religion around the world to defend his own preferred theories about the religious and racial character of Indigenous peoples. Religion has long been theorized far beyond the academy and the centers of empire. Relatively unfamiliar accounts, like Tanner's, reveal how everyday people have engaged with these theories and the consequences of these theories on the ground. Tanner's Narrative, in short, usefully illuminates the webs of knowledge about religion in early America and its human stakes for people caught in the crosshairs of a transforming imperial world.
Prediction of impending mood episode recurrence using real-time digital phenotypes in major depression and bipolar disorders in South Korea: a prospective nationwide cohort study
Authors: Lee Heon-Jeong , Cho Chul-Hyun , Lee Taek , Jeong Jaegwon , Yeom Ji Won , Kim Sojeong , Jeon Sehyun , Seo Ju Yeon , Moon Eunsoo , Baek Ji Hyun , Park Dong Yeon , Kim Se Joo , Ha Tae Hyon , Cha Boseok , Kang Hee-Ju , Ahn Yong-Min , Lee Yujin , Lee Jung-Been , Kim Leen
Published: September 2022

Background

Mood disorders require consistent management of symptoms to prevent recurrences of mood episodes. Circadian rhythm (CR) disruption is a key symptom of mood disorders to be proactively managed to prevent mood episode recurrences. This study aims to predict impending mood episodes recurrences using digital phenotypes related to CR obtained from wearable devices and smartphones.

Methods

The study is a multicenter, nationwide, prospective, observational study with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder I, and bipolar II disorder. A total of 495 patients were recruited from eight hospitals in South Korea. Patients were followed up for an average of 279.7 days (a total sample of 75 506 days) with wearable devices and smartphones and with clinical interviews conducted every 3 months. Algorithms predicting impending mood episodes were developed with machine learning. Algorithm-predicted mood episodes were then compared to those identified through face-to-face clinical interviews incorporating ecological momentary assessments of daily mood and energy.

Results

Two hundred seventy mood episodes recurred in 135 subjects during the follow-up period. The prediction accuracies for impending major depressive episodes, manic episodes, and hypomanic episodes for the next 3 days were 90.1, 92.6, and 93.0%, with the area under the curve values of 0.937, 0.957, and 0.963, respectively.

Conclusions

We predicted the onset of mood episode recurrences exclusively using digital phenotypes. Specifically, phenotypes indicating CR misalignment contributed the most to the prediction of episodes recurrences. Our findings suggest that monitoring of CR using digital devices can be useful in preventing and treating mood disorders.
“They Call it Schaec in Flemish”: The Language of Abduction with Marital Intent in the Late Medieval Low Countries
Authors: Delameillieure Chanelle
Published: September 2022

Historians use a wide range of terms to talk about premodern partner choice conflicts, ranging from rape to ravishment and elopement. This variety largely stems from the ambiguity and multivalence of some terms frequently used in medieval England, like the intensely scrutinized term raptus. Through a study of the language used in late medieval legal texts and judicial records from the Low Countries, this article shows that medieval Flemish had a specific term to describe an offense not captured by any other term available, namely schaec. Authorities clearly distinguished between schaec, that is the seizure of women for marriage, and rape, the seizure of women for sex. Yet, the Low Countries’ multilingual legal culture as well as the ambiguity that was inherent to many abductions with marital intent, continued to make it difficult for judges to label the cases they encountered as rape or schaec.
Effects of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on maternal reproductive parameters
Authors: Freitas Danielle Storino de , Lopes Guilherme Antonio de Gouvêa , Nascimento Barbara Rodrigues , Magalhães Breno Augusto , Madureira Ana Paula , Campos-Junior Paulo Henrique Almeida
Published: September 2022

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a mixture of positional isomers of linoleic acid found in ruminant products and meat. The diet supplementing with CLA is an emerging area, requiring studies to elucidate its effects on animals and human reproduction, as well as its side effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of CLA gastric administration, during the pregestational and gestational period in biometric and reproductive parameters, as well as in ovarian morphophysiology. Animals were distributed in three groups: (1) control (n = 10); (2) fish oil (n = 10); and (3) CLA (n = 10), that daily received, by gavage, phosphate-buffered saline, fish oil and CLA, respectively, carried out over 50 days (before mating, mating and pregnancy). There was an increment in the nasoanal distance and Lee index of the CLA and fish oil-treated groups during the first weeks (P > 0.05). CLA administration did not affect the ovarian follicle mobilization (P > 0.05), the number of follicles (P > 0.05) and the integrated density of lipid content of oocytes included in antral follicles (P > 0.05). There was no effect of CLA administration on the litter weight (P > 0.05; F2 and F3), however, an increment (P < 0.05) in the number of pups per litter (F2) was observed. Overall, this study demonstrated the absence of side effects of the CLA gastric administration on mice reproductive performance and suggests that this treatment would transgenerationally enhance fertility in this species.
N-Acetyl cysteine reduces the levels of reactive oxygen species and improves in vitro maturation of oocytes from medium-sized bovine antral follicles
Authors: Barrozo Laryssa G. , Silva Bianca R. , Paulino Laís R.F.M. , Barbalho Efigênia C. , Nascimento Danisvânia R. , Costa Francisco C. , Batista Ana L.P.S. , Lopes Everton P.F. , Rodrigues Ana P.R. , Silva José R.V.
Published: September 2022

This study aims to evaluate the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on bovine oocyte maturation, mitochondrial activity and transzonal projections (TZP), as well as on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and messenger RNA (mRNA) for catalase (CAT) superoxide dismutase (SOD), periredoxin-6 (Prdx6), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF9), histone H1Foo, cyclin B1 (CCNB1) and c-Mos. Bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) of medium-sized antral follicles (3.0–6.0 mm) were prematured in TCM-199 for 8 h at 38.5°C in 5% CO2. After prematuration in the presence of forskolin and C-type natriuretic peptide, COCs were matured in TCM-199 alone or with 0.1, 0.5 or 2.5 mM NAC. Then, oocytes were classified according to the stage of chromatin. Furthermore, mitochondrial activity and intracellular levels of ROS and TZP were also evaluated. The levels of mRNAs for CAT, SOD, Prdx6, GPx, GDF9, H1Foo, CCNB1 and c-Mos were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that NAC significantly increased the percentages of oocytes with resumption of meiosis when compared with those oocytes matured in control medium. Oocytes had homogeneous mitochondrial distribution, and those cultured with 0.1 and 0.5 mM NAC had lower levels of ROS when compared with the control. In addition, 0.5 mM NAC reduced TZP and the levels of mRNA for CCNB1. In contrast, NAC did not influence the expression of CAT, GPx, Prdx6, SOD, GDF9, H1Foo, and c-Mos. In conclusion, 0.5 mM NAC reduced the levels of ROS, TZP and mRNA for CCNB1, and improved in vitro resumption of meiosis in oocytes from medium-sized bovine antral follicles.
Park Free or Die: Rural Consciousness, Preemption, and the Perennial North Dakota Parking-Meter Debate
Authors: Harsell Dana Michael , Flynn David T. , Jendrysik Mark S.
Published: September 2022

North Dakota’s unique statewide parking-meter ban was instituted by initiated measure in 1948. The 2017 legislative session witnessed the most credible effort to repeal the ban in decades. The legislative debate centered on tradition, the state’s long-standing urban–rural split, and its lingering populist roots. The authors place this debate within a larger rural-consciousness literature and examine how the politics of rural resentment contributed to maintaining the parking-meter ban, as well as the willingness of state lawmakers to use preemption as a tool to constrain the authority of larger cities. The authors also examine the complexity surrounding individual place-based identities. The extent to which urban residents in a rural state can simultaneously identify as “urban” relative to state-based policies and politics and “rural” relative to federal-based policies and politics merits further consideration.
A randomized prospective study of a hybrid rule- and data-driven virtual patient
Authors: Stiff Adam , White Michael , Fosler-Lussier Eric , Jin Lifeng , Jaffe Evan , Danforth Douglas
Published: September 2022

Randomized prospective studies represent the gold standard for experimental design. In this paper, we present a randomized prospective study to validate the benefits of combining rule-based and data-driven natural language understanding methods in a virtual patient dialogue system. The system uses a rule-based pattern matching approach together with a machine learning (ML) approach in the form of a text-based convolutional neural network, combining the two methods with a simple logistic regression model to choose between their predictions for each dialogue turn. In an earlier, retrospective study, the hybrid system yielded a nearly 50% error reduction on our initial data, in part due to the differential performance between the two methods as a function of label frequency. Given these gains, and considering that our hybrid approach is unique among virtual patient systems, we compare the hybrid system to the rule-based system by itself in a randomized prospective study. We evaluate 110 unique medical student subjects interacting with the system over 5,296 conversation turns, to verify whether similar gains are observed in a deployed system. This prospective study broadly confirms the findings from the earlier one but also highlights important deficits in our training data. The hybrid approach still improves over either rule-based or ML approaches individually, even handling unseen classes with some success. However, we observe that live subjects ask more out-of-scope questions than expected. To better handle such questions, we investigate several modifications to the system combination component. These show significant overall accuracy improvements and modest F1 improvements on out-of-scope queries in an offline evaluation. We provide further analysis to characterize the difficulty of the out-of-scope problem that we have identified, as well as to suggest future improvements over the baseline we establish here.
Post-conflict ethics, archaeology and archaeological heritage: a call for discussion
Authors: Newson Paul , Young Ruth
Published: September 2022

Ethics are fundamentally important to all forms of archaeological theory and practice and are embedded within many professional codes of conduct. The ethics of archaeological engagement with conflicts around the world have also been subject to scrutiny and debate. While archaeology and archaeological heritage are increasingly viewed as significant elements of post-conflict work, with much to contribute to rebuilding stable and secure societies, there has been limited acknowledgement and debate of post-conflict ethical issues and challenges for archaeologists. This paper is intended to stimulate discussion around major ethical issues, the problems and possible ways forward for post-conflict archaeology and archaeological heritage.
When and Where Are Multiple Snow Layers Important for Simulations of Snow Accumulation and Melt?
Authors: Cristea Nicoleta C. , Bennett Andrew , Nijssen Bart , Lundquist Jessica D.
Published: September 2022

Many watershed‐scale and land surface models incorporate snowmelt modules with simplified representations of the snowpack with three or fewer layers. These modeling choices were traditionally made to reduce model complexity and computational demand while still being able to simulate large model domains. However, these simple snow layering schemes may not always simulate snow processes and the effects of climate change across a range of climatic and geographic conditions. Here we evaluate simple snow layering schemes (having two to five layers, commonly found in watershed‐scale and land surface models) against a synthetic benchmark with up to 100 layers at three locations with different climate conditions using the SUMMA modeling framework. We evaluate 10 different layering configurations of two to five layers with variable thicknesses and show that the effect of the layering scheme varies with site conditions. We find that the layer configuration is more important at a cold high elevation site in the Sierra Nevada, California (∼1.4°C annual average temperature), and at a warm site in the French Alps (∼6.5°C), and less important at a site in Idaho (∼5.0°C). The top layer thickness of the simpler snow layering configurations also influences the simulated snow surface and snowpack temperatures and timing of snowmelt. Our tests showed that the five‐layer model with thin layers near the surface was closest to the benchmark (median NSE = 0.99), and therefore we recommend using multiple snow layers for reliable simulations of snow accumulation and melt across a range of climates.
D" Reflection Polarities Inform Lowermost Mantle Mineralogy
Authors: Thomas C. , Cobden L. J. , Jonkers A. R. T.
Published: September 2022

Polarities of seismic reflections at the discontinuity atop the D" region (PdP and SdS) indicate the sign of the velocity contrast across the D" reflector. Recent studies found PdP polarities matching and opposite those of P and PcP. While anisotropy could explain this behavior, we find that the ratio of the change in S wave velocity over change in P wave velocity (R‐value) can influence polarity behavior of D" reflected P waves. For R‐values exceeding 3, the P wave reverses polarity in the absence of anisotropy while S wave polarity is not influenced by the R‐value. Using sets of one million models for normal mantle and MORB with varying minerals and processes across the boundary, we carry out a statistical analysis (Linear Discriminant Analysis) finding that there is a marked difference in mantle mineralogy to explain R‐values larger and smaller than 3, respectively. Based on our results we can attribute different mineralogy to a number of cases. In particular, we find that when velocities increase across D" and polarities of PdP and SdS are opposite the post‐perovskite phase transition is still the best explanation whereas MORB is the best explanation when PdP and SdS are the same. When the velocities are decreasing, the post‐perovskite phase transition within MORB is the best explanation if PdP and SdS polarities are the same but if PdP and SdS are opposite, our results indicate that primordial material or mantle enriched in bridgmanite can explain the polarity behavior, further constraining mineralogy within the large low seismic velocity provinces.
Glacial Ice Melting Stimulates Heterotrophic Prokaryotes Production on the Getz Ice Shelf in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Min Jun‐Oh , Kim Sung‐Han , Jung Jinyoung , Jung Ui‐Jung , Yang Eun Jin , Lee SangHoon , Hyun Jung‐Ho
Published: September 2022

Extensive oceanographic data sets were combined with microbiological parameters to elucidate the tight coupling between glacial meltwater and heterotrophic bacterial production (BP) on the Getz Ice Shelf (GtzIS) in the Amundsen Sea. BP in the eastern GtzIS (EG; 85.8 pM Leu. h−1), where basal glacier meltwater upwells, was significantly higher than BP measured in the western GtzIS (WG; 50.6 pM Leu. h−1) and the Amundsen Sea Polynya (ASP; 27.8 pM Leu. h−1). BP in the EG accounted for 49% of primary production, which was greater than that of the WG (10%) and ASP (9.2%). Enhanced BP in the eastern GtzIS was not coupled with phytoplankton biomass, but correlated significantly with the freshwater fraction containing meltwater‐derived dissolved organic carbon (MW‐DOC). These results suggest that warming‐induced glacier melting weakens carbon sequestration efficiency in Antarctic coastal waters by stimulating heterotrophic metabolism that converts MW‐DOC to CO2.
Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Observed at Dawn and After Sunrise Over South America During the 2015 St. Patrick's Day Storm
Authors: Carmo C. S. , Pi X. , Denardini C. M. , Figueiredo C. A. O. B. , Verkhoglyadova O. P. , Picanço G. A. S.
Published: September 2022

This paper presents an analysis of Equatorial Plasma Bubble (EPB) events that occurred during pre‐ and post‐sunrise hours in the South America sector on 18 March 2015, when the St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm was in the recovery phase. The data from a set of multi‐diagnostic instruments, including Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers, L‐band GNSS ionospheric scintillation monitors, ionosondes, and a Fabry‐Perot interferometer, are analyzed. Strong L‐band amplitude scintillation was observed with spread‐F and total electron content (TEC) fluctuations at times when the electron density and tTEC were minimum with respect to their diurnal variations. The EPBs remained observed for about 3:30 hr after sunrise on the east coast of the South American continent. The daytime ionospheric irregularities show a longitudinal dependency between the west and east coasts, separated by about 3,600 km. Our analysis of the observations suggests that a Disturbance Dynamo Electric Field effect caused by storm‐time wind perturbations might have triggered the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability near local dawn on the east and west coasts of the South American continent. The effects of ambient ionosphere‐thermosphere conditions on the evolution of irregularities are assessed to understand the longitudinal differences. The assessment includes the effect of the E region that appears in the morning hours and the effects of geomagnetic declination and tilting the solar‐terminator.
An Examination of the Recent Stability of Ozonesonde Global Network Data
Authors: Stauffer Ryan M. , Thompson Anne M. , Kollonige Debra E. , Tarasick David W. , Van Malderen Roeland , Smit Herman G. J. , Vömel Holger , Morris Gary A. , Johnson Bryan J. , Cullis Patrick D. , Stübi Rene , Davies Jonathan , Yan Michael M.
Published: September 2022

The recent Assessment of Standard Operating Procedures for Ozonesondes 2.0 (WMO/GAW Report #268) addressed questions of homogeneity and long‐term stability in global electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozone sounding network time series. Among its recommendations was adoption of a standard for evaluating data quality in ozonesonde time series. Total column ozone (TCO) derived from the sondes compared to TCO from Aura's Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is a primary quality indicator. Comparisons of sonde ozone with Aura's Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) are used to assess the stability of stratospheric ozone. This paper provides a comprehensive examination of global ozonesonde network data stability and accuracy since 2004 in light of the sudden post‐2013 TCO “dropoff” of ∼3%–4% that was reported previously at select stations (Stauffer et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086791). Comparisons with Aura OMI TCO averaged across the network of 60 stations are stable within about ±2% over the past 18 years. Sonde TCO has similar stability compared to three other TCO satellite instruments, and the stratospheric ozone measurements average to within ±5% of MLS from 50 to 10 hPa. Thus, sonde data are reliable for trends, but with a caveat applied for a subset of dropoff stations in the tropics and subtropics. The dropoff is associated with only one of two major ECC instrument types. A detailed examination of ECC serial numbers pinpoints the timing of the dropoff. However, we find that overall, ozonesonde data are stable and accurate compared to independent measurements over the past two decades.
Subducted Front of the Indian Continental Crust Beneath the Tibetan Plateau in the Early Eocene
Authors: Long Xiaoping , Shu Chutian , Foley Stephen F. , Wang Xuan‐Ce , Li Jie
Published: September 2022

The immense Tibetan Plateau is a masterpiece of the ongoing India–Asia collision. The timing of the collision is a critical parameter to reconstruct the plateau evolution, but has been not well understood yet. Here, we report a newly discovered Eocene (53.8 Ma) shoshonitic intrusion with the input of Indian continental material in the Yangbajing area of the Lhasa Terrane, south Tibet. The reverse 207Pb/206Pb zoning exhibited by feldspars, the linear isotopic arrays between whole‐rock 187Os/188Os and 1/188Os, the in‐situ feldspar 208Pb/204Pb and 206Pb/204Pb values, and the in‐situ zircon εHf(t) values and δ18O values strongly demonstrate a binary interaction process for the generation of the Yangbajing shoshonitic intrusion. Our Os isotopes further illustrate that the interaction process was dominated by recycled crustal melt assimilating minor mantle melt. In addition, different isotopic systems consistently point to an end‐member represented by the underthrust crust slice of Indian continent, which indicates that the Indian lithosphere must have already subducted beneath the Lhasa Terrane at 53.8 Ma. This is also supported by the abrupt isotopic shift toward the enriched values and the composition variation toward the high potassium contents in the subsequent Tibetan magmatism, corresponding to an increasing involvement of the Indian continental crust into the upper plate magmatism. Therefore, the Yangbajing shoshonitic intrusion is one of the earliest known magmatic evidence for the onset of the India–Asia collision.
Crystal Shape Control on the Repacking and Jamming of Crystal‐Rich Mushes
Authors: Hoyos Susana , Florez Darien , Pec Matej , Huber Christian
Published: September 2022

The rheology of crustal mushes is a crucial parameter controlling melt segregation and magma flow. However, the relations between mush dynamics and crystal size and shape distribution remain poorly understood because of the complexity of melt‐crystal and crystal‐crystal interactions. We performed analog experiments to characterize the mechanisms that control pore space reduction associated with repacking. Three suspensions of monodisperse particles with different geometries and aspect ratios (1:1, 2:1, 4:1) in a viscous fluid were tested. Our results show that particle aspect ratios strongly control the melt extraction processes. We identify two competing mechanisms that enable melt extraction at grain scale. The first mechanism leads to continuous deformation and melt extraction and is associated with “diffuse” frictional dissipation between neighboring particles. The second is stochastic, localized, and nearly instantaneous and is associated with the development and destruction of force chains percolating through the granular assembly.
Inorganic Carbon Transport and Dynamics in the Florida Straits
Authors: Xu Yuan‐Yuan , Wanninkhof Rik , Osborne Emily , Baringer Molly , Barbero Leticia , Cai Wei‐Jun , Hooper James
Published: September 2022

Ocean heat and carbon are transported through the Florida Straits, contributing to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, and playing an important role in climate. Insufficient observations of carbonate chemistry within the Florida Straits have limited our understanding of ocean acidification within this region. To examine carbonate chemistry and carbon transport dynamics within this region, we developed an algorithm to estimate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) using more routinely measured input parameters (temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen [DO]) and the corresponding sampling date, depth, and longitude. The developed DIC algorithm output demonstrates good agreement with limited existing in situ observations. By applying this algorithm, we developed a seasonally resolved time series of DIC spanning from 2002 to 2018 for the Florida Straits at 27°N. This time series suggests that short‐term variations in surface water DO and DIC were strongly influenced by the Florida Current transport. The long‐term increase in DIC was mainly caused by anthropogenic carbon accumulation and DO decrease. The highest increasing rate in DIC was found in North Atlantic Central Water where DO decrease was fastest while the decreasing rate in pH was highest in Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) because of the lower buffer capacity of this water mass. The long‐term pH decrease, especially in AAIW, can impact the health of deep corals in the Florida Straits. Quantifying carbon transport between the coast of Florida and the Bahamas is important to understanding the carbonate chemistry dynamics and the long‐term acidification of this important region.
In Situ Regolith Seismic Velocity Measurement at the InSight Landing Site on Mars
Authors: Brinkman Nienke , Schmelzbach Cédric , Sollberger David , Pierick Jan ten , Edme Pascal , Haag Thomas , Kedar Sharon , Hudson Troy , Andersson Fredrik , van Driel Martin , Stähler Simon , Nicollier Tobias , Robertsson Johan , Giardini Domenico , Spohn Tilman , Krause Christian , Grott Matthias , Knollenberg Jörg , Hurst Ken , Rochas Ludovic , Vallade Julien , Blandin Steve , Lognonné Philippe , Pike W. Tom , Banerdt W. Bruce
Published: September 2022

Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport's (InSight) seismometer package Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) was placed on the surface of Mars at about 1.2 m distance from the thermal properties instrument Heat flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3) that includes a self‐hammering probe. Recording the hammering noise with SEIS provided a unique opportunity to estimate the seismic wave velocities of the shallow regolith at the landing site. However, the value of studying the seismic signals of the hammering was only realized after critical hardware decisions were already taken. Furthermore, the design and nominal operation of both SEIS and HP3 are nonideal for such high‐resolution seismic measurements. Therefore, a series of adaptations had to be implemented to operate the self‐hammering probe as a controlled seismic source and SEIS as a high‐frequency seismic receiver including the design of a high‐precision timing and an innovative high‐frequency sampling workflow. By interpreting the first‐arriving seismic waves as a P‐wave and identifying first‐arriving S‐waves by polarization analysis, we determined effective P‐ and S‐wave velocities of  m/s and  m/s, respectively, from around 2,000 hammer stroke recordings. These velocities likely represent bulk estimates for the uppermost several 10s of cm of regolith. An analysis of the P‐wave incidence angles provided an independent vP/vS ratio estimate of that compares well with the traveltime based estimate of . The low seismic velocities are consistent with those observed for low‐density unconsolidated sands and are in agreement with estimates obtained by other methods.