bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental plasticity of limb bone microstructural organization in Apateon: histological evidence of paedomorphic conditions in branchiosaurs
Authors: Sanchez Sophie , De Ricqlès Armand , Schoch Rainer , Steyer J. Sébastien
Published: May 2010

SUMMARY
Apateon, a key genus among Branchiosauridae from the Carboniferous—Permian of Europe, is often considered closely related to salamanders on the basis of developmental similarities, anatomical features, and life history. The current work deals with recognition of heterochronies among three “time‐averaged populations” of Apateon based on inference from histological features already studied in extant urodeles. Our study is performed on the long bones of 22 specimens of Apateon pedestris and Apateon caducus. Histological observations show that diaphyseal and epiphyseal ossification patterns of Apateon are similar to those of urodeles. From skeletochronological analysis, the identification of the age of sexual maturity allows us to discriminate juveniles from adults and to confirm the previous hypothesis of a paedomorphic condition based on anatomical data among these species. The current study also suggests a paedomorphic condition of each “population” at the histological level. This heterochrony may have been linked to peculiar ecological conditions such as hypoxic and fresh water environment. Functional reasons may also be invoked to explain differences of ossification between fore‐ and hindlimbs of the “populations” from Odernheim and Niederkirchen because paleoecological conditions are very different from one locality to another. This study illustrates the role that the acquisition of heterochronic features plays at the microevolutionary scale.
Guided Bone Regeneration: biological principle and therapeutic applications
Authors: Retzepi M. , Donos N.
Published: May 2010

The Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) treatment concept advocates that regeneration of osseous defects is predictably attainable via the application of occlusive membranes, which mechanically exclude non‐osteogenic cell populations from the surrounding soft tissues, thereby allowing osteogenic cell populations originating from the parent bone to inhabit the osseous wound. The present review discusses the evolution of the GBR biological rationale and therapeutic concept over the last two decades. Further, an overview of the GBR research history is provided with specific focus on the evidence available on its effectiveness and predictability in promoting the regeneration of critical size cranio‐maxillo‐facial defects, the neo‐osteogenesis potential and the reconstruction of atrophic alveolar ridges before, or in conjunction with, the placement of dental implants. The authors conclude that future research should focus on (a) the investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the wound healing process following GBR application; (b) the identification of site and patient related factors which impact on the effectiveness and predictability of GBR therapy and (c) the evaluation of the pathophysiology of the GBR healing process in the presence of systemic conditions potentially affecting the skeletal system.

To cite this article:
 Retzepi M, Donos N. Guided Bone Regeneration: biological principle and therapeutic applications. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 567–576. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.01922.x
Frequency of sensitization to common allergens: comparison between Europe and the USA
Authors: De Groot Anton C. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: May 2010

Background: Previously, contact allergy to formaldehyde and quaternium‐15 was found to be more prevalent in the United States than in Europe. No such data have been assessed for other contact allergens.

Objective: Determine any differences in frequencies of sensitization to contact allergens in the United States and Europe.

Methods: Literature study. Comparison of reported frequencies of sensitization to contact allergens routinely tested both in the United States and Europe in recent, large, multicentre studies. Because of the heterogeneity of studies and background parameters, statistical evaluation was not attempted.

Results: Major differences were found only for neomycin (USA 10.0–11.8%, mean 11.4%; Europe 1.2–5.4%, mean 2.6%). Most allergens had somewhat higher prevalence in the United States, with rates versus Europe ranging from 1.3 to 1.9.

Conclusions: Contact allergy to neomycin is much more prevalent in the United States. Stricter selection of patients for patch testing in United States tertiary referral centres may result in 50% more positive reactions compared to European studies.
Photoallergic contact dermatitis to 8‐methoxypsoralen in Ficus carica
Authors: Bonamonte Domenico , Foti Caterina , Lionetti Nicola , Rigano Luigi , Angelini Gianni
Published: May 2010

Background: Photocontact dermatitis to Ficus carica is induced by furocoumarins present in sap. These substances are generally considered to cause phototoxic reactions.

Objectives: We conducted a patch test and histopathological study of patients with phytophoto contact dermatitis from the fig tree to evaluate the mechanism underlying the photoreaction.

Patients and Methods: Patch and photopatch testing with serial dilutions of two natural furocoumarins [5‐methoxypsoralen and 8‐methoxypsoralen (8‐MOP)] contained in plant sap were performed in 47 patients. A synthetic furocoumarin, 4,5′,8‐trimethylpsoralen, was also tested. Histopathological analyses were made of some positive photoreactions.

Results: Positive photopatch tests reactions to 8‐MOP were obtained in 12 of 47 patients, in 4 of them down to a concentration of 0.0001%. Patch tests and photopatch tests to the other two furocoumarins were negative. Histopathological findings on biopsies from positive photopatch tests to 8‐MOP showed a dermatitis.

Conclusions: Allergic photoreactions induced by contact with plants containing coumarins are generally regarded as chance findings. This study has demonstrated that phytophoto allergic contact dermatitis resulting from furocoumarins is not an exceptional finding, and should be suspected in subjects with diffuse clinical manifestations in photo‐exposed but also non‐exposed sites. To differentiate allergic from toxic photoreactions, patch tests need to be performed with serial dilutions of furocoumarins. Histological analysis of a biopsy sample from a positive test site will reveal alterations compatible with a photoallergic contact dermatitis.
Does airborne nickel exposure induce nickel sensitization?
Authors: Mann Eugen , Ranft Ulrich , Eberwein Georg , Gladtke Dieter , Sugiri Dorothee , Behrendt Heidrun , Ring Johannes , Schäfer Torsten , Begerow Jutta , Wittsiepe Jürgen , Krämer Ursula , Wilhelm Michael
Published: May 2010

Background and objective: Nickel is one of the most prevalent causes of contact allergy in the general population. This study focuses on human exposure to airborne nickel and its potential to induce allergic sensitization.

Materials and methods: The study group consisted of 309 children at school‐starter age living in the West of Germany in the vicinity of two industrial sources and in a rural town without nearby point sources of nickel. An exposure assessment of nickel in ambient air was available for children in the Ruhr district using routinely monitored ambient air quality data and dispersion modelling. Internal nickel exposure was assessed by nickel concentrations in morning urine samples of the children.

Results: The observed nickel sensitization prevalence rates varied between 12.6% and 30.7%. Statistically significant associations were showed between exposure to nickel in ambient air and urinary nickel concentration as well as between urinary nickel concentration and nickel sensitization. Furthermore, an elevated prevalence of nickel sensitization was associated with exposure to increased nickel concentrations in ambient air.

Conclusion: The observed associations support the assumption that inhaled nickel in ambient air might be a risk factor for nickel sensitization; further studies in larger collectives are necessary.
Quantitative repeated open application testing with a rinse‐off product in methyldibromo glutaronitrile‐sensitive patients: results of the IVDK
Authors: Heratizadeh Annice , Killig Claudia , Worm Margitta , Soost Stephanie , Simon Dagmar , Bauer Andrea , Mahler Vera , Schuster Christian , Szliska Christiane , Frambach Yvonne , Eben Ricarda , Werfel Thomas , Uter Wolfgang , Schnuch Axel
Published: May 2010

Background: While the use of methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN) in leave‐on products is clearly associated with high sensitization or elicitation risk, such a clear‐cut relation could be questioned with regard to rinse‐off products.

Objective: The objective of this study was to find a maximum non‐eliciting concentration for rinse‐off products in MDBGN patch test‐positive patients.

Patients and methods: We performed a use‐related test [repeated open application test (ROAT)] in patients sensitized to MDBGN with a liquid soap containing three concentrations of MDBGN (50, 200, and 400 p.p.m. MDBGN, respectively). The soap at 50 p.p.m. was used twice daily for 4 weeks. If no reaction of the skin was observed, the product with the next higher concentration was used for another 4 weeks, etc.

Results: In total, 32/37 evaluated cases [86.5%; lower exact one‐sided 95% confidence limit (CL): 73.7%] did not react to any of the preparations. The remaining reacted as follows: 1/37 reacted to 50 p.p.m., 3/37 to 200 p.p.m., and 1/37 to 400 p.p.m. The cumulative non‐response to 50 p.p.m. was 97.3% (lower CL: 87.8%).

Conclusions: The majority of subjects sensitized to MDBGN‐tolerated rinse‐off products containing a maximum concentration of 400 p.p.m. A concentration in rinse‐off products in the range of 50 p.p.m. could be regarded as safe for most individuals already sensitized. These concentrations will presumably prevent induction (sensitization) also.
Fragrance allergy: assessing the safety of washed fabrics
Authors: Basketter David A. , Pons‐Guiraud Annick , Van Asten Arian , Laverdet Catherine , Marty Jean‐Paul , Martin Ludovic , Berthod Daniel , Siest Sylvie , Giordano‐Labadie Françoise , Tennstedt Dominique , Baeck Marie , Vigan Martine , Lainé Gérard , Le Coz Christophe J. , Jacobs Marie‐Claude , Bayrou Olivier , Germaux Marie‐Anne
Published: May 2010

Background: Previously, a quantitative risk assessment suggested there was no risk of induction of fragrance allergy from minor residues of fragrance chemicals on washed fabrics.

Objective: To investigate whether there was any risk of the elicitation of contact allergy from fragrance chemical residues on fabric in individuals who were already sensitized.

Methods: Thirty‐six subjects with a positive patch test to isoeugenol (n = 19) or hydroxyisohexyl 3‐cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (n = 17) were recruited. Dose–response and fabric patch tests were performed, respectively, with filter paper and a cotton sample loaded with fragrance in ethanol–diethylphthalate (DEP) and applied in a Finn Chamber® or a Hill Top Chamber®.

Results: Only two subjects reacted to an isoeugenol patch test concentration of 0.01% (>20× the estimated likely skin exposure level), none reacted to lower concentrations. Of 36 subjects, 18 reacted to the fabric patch treated with ethanol–DEP vehicle alone and 20 to the fragrance‐chemical‐treated fabric patch. These were only minor non‐specific skin reactions. They were also quite evenly distributed between the two fragrance chemical allergic groups.

Conclusions: On the basis of the examples studied, fragrance chemical residues present on fabric do not appear to present a risk of the elicitation of immediate or delayed allergic skin reactions on individuals already sensitized.
Determinants of current hand eczema: results from case–control studies nested in the PACO follow‐up study (PACO II)
Authors: Apfelbacher Christian J. , Funke Ulrich , Radulescu Magda , Diepgen Thomas L.
Published: May 2010

Background: Hand eczema is often a result of the interplay of exogenous and endogenous risk factors. Epidemiological studies demonstrating the interrelationship between these factors are lacking.

Objective: To analyse risk factors associated with current hand eczema and current irritant hand eczema in two case–control studies nested in a long‐term follow‐up study in the car industry.

Patients/Materials/Methods: Eligible participants were individuals who had been followed until the end of their apprenticeship in the original cohort study (1990–1998, N = 1909). Participants were interviewed and underwent dermatological examination. Two case–control studies were nested within the cohort, one using current hand eczema cases (n = 110) and one using current irritant hand eczema cases (n = 57). Multivariable modelling was performed.

Results: The only significant finding was a positive association of atopic skin diathesis with hand eczema in both studies. Wet work ≥2 hr/day was positively related to current irritant hand eczema. Age and having an office job were inversely related to hand eczema.

Conclusions: Atopic skin diathesis was the most important determinant of hand eczema. Constitution seems to play a dominant role compared with environmental and occupational hazards in a setting where skin protection measures are well established.
The coumarin herniarin as a sensitizer in German chamomile [Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, Compositae]
Authors: Paulsen Evy , Otkjær Aksel , Andersen Klaus E.
Published: May 2010

Background: Although German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita) is considered a weak sensitizer, recent studies have shown several possible non‐sesquiterpene lactone allergens in tea (infusions) from the plant.

Objective: The aim of this study was to report the results of patch testing with herniarin (7‐methoxycoumarin), which is one of the possible coumarin allergens in chamomile.

Patients/materials/methods: Between 1991 and 2009, selected patients with known or suspected Compositae contact allergy were patch tested with herniarin 1% petrolatum.

Results: Among 36 patients tested, there was one positive and three doubtful positive reactions to herniarin. All 4 patients had a relevant contact allergy to German chamomile, whereas the majority of the remaining 32 patients had chamomile allergy of unknown relevance.

Conclusions: The clinical results suggest that herniarin indeed is one of the non‐sesquiterpene lactone sensitizers in German chamomile and that sensitization may occur through, for example, external use of chamomile tea or use of chamomile‐containing topical herbal remedies.
Phylogenetic signals in the climatic niches of the world's amphibians
Authors: Hof Christian , Rahbek Carsten , Araújo Miguel B.
Published: May 2010

The question of whether closely related species share similar ecological requirements has attracted increasing attention, because of its importance for understanding global diversity gradients and the impacts of climate change on species distributions. In fact, the assumption that related species are also ecologically similar has often been made, although the prevalence of such a phylogenetic signal in ecological niches remains heavily debated. Here, we provide a global analysis of phylogenetic niche relatedness for the world's amphibians. In particular, we assess which proportion of the variance in the realised climatic niches is explained on higher taxonomic levels, and whether the climatic niches of species within a given taxonomic group are more similar than between taxonomic groups. We found evidence for phylogenetic signals in realised climatic niches although the strength of the signal varied among amphibian orders and across biogeographical regions. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing a comprehensive analysis of the phylogenetic signal in species climatic niches for an entire clade across the world. Even though our results do not provide a strong test of the niche conservatism hypothesis, they question the alternative hypothesis that niches evolve independently of phylogenetic influences.
Post‐trial costs, clinical outcomes, and dental service utilization after a randomized clinical trial for caries control among Finnish adolescents
Authors: Hietasalo Pauliina , Seppä Liisa , Niinimaa Ahti , Kallio Jouko , Lahti Satu , Hausen Hannu
Published: May 2010

Hietasalo P, Seppä L, Niinimaa A, Kallio J, Lahti S, Hausen H. Post‐trial costs, clinical outcomes, and dental service utilization after a randomized clinical trial for caries control among Finnish adolescents. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 265–269. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

The aim of this study was to assess post‐trial treatment costs, clinical outcomes [decayed, missing or filled surfaces (DMFS) scores], and utilization of dental services among adolescents who had participated in a randomized clinical trial (RCT) in Pori, Finland, in 2001–2005. At baseline the children were 11–12 yr of age and had had at least one active initial caries lesion. The children in the experimental group (n = 250) had been exposed to multiple measures for caries control, while those in the control group (n = 247) had received standard dental care. During the post‐trial period (2005–2008), all participants received the standard dental care offered in public dental clinics in Pori. In both groups the costs of treatment procedures and outcomes for the post‐trial period were calculated for each adolescent. Information from patient records was available for 487 adolescents (former experimental n = 246, control n = 241). The mean total costs per adolescent were lower and the clinical outcome was better among the former experimental‐group participants. The differences in mean costs between the groups were statistically significant for preventive and restorative procedures. The utilization of dental services was significantly more regular among the former experimental‐group participants.
Can parents and children evaluate each other’s dental fear?
Authors: Luoto Anni , Tolvanen Mimmi , Rantavuori Kari , Pohjola Vesa , Lahti Satu
Published: May 2010

Luoto A, Tolvanen M, Rantavuori K, Pohjola V, Lahti S. Can parents and children evaluate each other’s dental fear? Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 254–258. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

The aim of this study was to determine whether parents and their 11–16‐yr‐old children can evaluate each other’s dental fear. At baseline the participants were 11–12‐yr‐old children from the Finnish Cities of Pori (n = 1,691) and Rauma (n = 807), and one of their parents. The children and their parents were asked if they or their family members were afraid of dental care. Fears were assessed using single 5‐point Likert‐scale questions that included a ‘do not know’ option. Children and parents answered the questionnaire independently of each other. Background variables were the child’s and their parent’s gender. Parents’ and children’s knowledge of each other’s dental fear was evaluated with kappa statistics and with sensitivity and specificity statistics using dichotomized fear variables. All kappa values were < 0.42. When dental fear among children and parents was evaluated, all sensitivities varied between 0.10 and 0.39, and all specificities varied between 0.93 and 0.99. Evaluating dental fear among fearful children and parents, the sensitivities varied between 0.17 and 0.50 and the specificities varied between 0.85 and 0.94, respectively. Parents and children could not recognize each other’s dental fear. Therefore, parents and children cannot be used as reliable proxies for determining each other’s dental fear.
Protein and mucin retention on oral mucosal surfaces in dry mouth patients
Authors: Pramanik Rashida , Osailan Samira M. , Challacombe Stephen J. , Urquhart David , Proctor Gordon B.
Published: May 2010

Pramanik R, Osailan SM, Challacombe SJ, Urquhart D, Proctor GB. Protein and mucin retention on oral mucosal surfaces in dry mouth patients. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 245–253. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation©2010 Eur J Oral Sci

Oral homeostasis depends largely on proteins and mucins present in saliva that coat all oral surfaces. The present study compared the protein composition of residual fluid on mucosal surfaces in subjects with normal salivary flow with that of patients with dry mouth caused by salivary hypofunction. Samples of residual mucosal fluid were collected using paper strips and then analysed by protein electrophoresis and immunoblotting. In both patients and controls, residual fluids on mucosal surfaces (except the anterior tongue in control subjects) had higher protein concentrations than unstimulated whole‐mouth saliva. High‐molecular‐weight mucin (MUC5B) was present in greater amounts on the anterior tongue than on other surfaces in control subjects. In dry mouth patients who were unable to provide a measurable saliva sample, MUC5B was often still present on all mucosal surfaces but in reduced amounts on the anterior tongue. The membrane‐bound mucin, MUC1, was prominent on buccal and labial surfaces in patients and controls. Statherin was still present on surfaces that were dried to remove salivary fluid, suggesting that it may be adsorbed as a protein pellicle. It is concluded that oral mucosal surfaces in dry mouth patients can retain MUC5B and other salivary proteins, although the functional integrity of these proteins is uncertain.
MTHFRandMSX1contribute to the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate
Authors: Jagomägi Triin , Nikopensius Tiit , Krjutškov Kaarel , Tammekivi Veronika , Viltrop Triin , Saag Mare , Metspalu Andres
Published: May 2010

Jagomägi T, Nikopensius T, Krjutškov K, Tammekivi V, Viltrop T, Saag M, Metspalu A.MTHFRandMSX1contribute to the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 213–220. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation©2010 Eur J Oral Sci

Recent studies suggest that multiple interacting loci, with possible additional environmental factors, influence the risk for nonsyndromic oral clefts, one of the most common birth defects in humans. Advances in high‐throughput genotyping technology allow the testing of multiple markers, simultaneously, in many candidate genes. We tested for associations between 176 haplotype‐tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 18 candidate genes/loci and nonsyndromic clefts in a case–control study in an Estonian sample (153 patients, 205 controls). The most significant associations with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) were found for SNPs inMSX1,MTHFR, andPVRL2, including several common haplotypes in theMTHFRandMSX1genes. The strongest association was observed for rs6446693 in theMSX1region, which remained statistically significant after Bonferroni correction. The strongest association with nonsyndromic cleft palate (CP) was found for the SNP rs11624283 in theJAG2gene. Epistatic interactions were observed for SNPs withinPVRL2, betweenBCL3andEDN1,and betweenIRF6andMSX1genes. This study provides further evidence implicatingMSX1andMTHFRin the etiology of nonsyndromic CL/P across different populations.
Rasch analysis of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index
Authors: Franchignoni Marco , Giordano Andrea , Levrini Luca , Ferriero Giorgio , Franchignoni Franco
Published: May 2010

Franchignoni M, Giordano A, Levrini L, Ferriero G, Franchignoni F. Rasch analysis of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI). Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 278–283. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

The aim of this study was to perform a psychometric analysis on the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) using Rasch analysis, a modern statistical approach for examining rating scale data. Eighty‐five subjects, long‐term residents of a nursing home, were analysed using the GOHAI. The mean GOHAI score (range 0–48) was 11. Two of the five rating categories (1 = seldom; 3 = often) did not comply with the Rasch criteria for category functioning. After collapsing rating categories into a three‐level rating scale (0 = never; 1 = sometimes; 2 = often/always), the new model met the set criteria. Item 12 ‘sensitivity to hot, cold or sweets’ was misfitting. Rasch analysis showed both the unidimensionality of (at least) 11 of the 12 items of GOHAI, and the possibility of simplifying the structure of its rating scale.
Changes in toothbrushing frequency in relation to changes in oral health‐related knowledge and attitudes among children – a longitudinal study
Authors: Tolvanen Mimmi , Lahti Satu , Hausen Hannu
Published: May 2010

Tolvanen M, Lahti S, Hausen H. Changes in toothbrushing frequency in relation to changes in oral health‐related knowledge and attitudes among children – a longitudinal study. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 284–289. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

The aim of this study was to determine the associations between changes in self‐reported toothbrushing frequency and the knowledge and attitudes related to oral health. The study population consisted of all fifth and sixth graders who started the 2001–2002 school year in Pori (n = 1,691); of these, 1,362 were monitored throughout the 3.4‐yr study. Data were gathered by questionnaires before, in the middle, and after the follow‐up, which was divided into two periods. Associations between changes in toothbrushing frequency, sum score of knowledge items, and sum scores of items in attitudinal factors were studied. The attitudinal factor structure was determined by principal component analyses. The associations were evaluated using mean values and general linear models for repeated measures. Toothbrushing frequency and knowledge and attitudes related to oral health improved among the same children during the study, with the changes usually taking place in the same time‐period. In different time‐periods, different children’s toothbrushing and oral health‐related knowledge and attitudes improved. Based on our results, changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior are related, but children are ready for change at different times. Therefore, oral health promotion should be designed to be a continuous process rather than a short‐term intervention.
Use of topical as only anesthetic for suturing a traumatic facial laceration
Authors: Musawi Ala Al , Andersson Lars
Published: May 2010

Abstract –  A case is described where only topical anesthetic was used for suturing facial lacerations. The patient had sustained facial lacerations after a motor vehicle accident. After some initial treatment the patient refused injection anesthesia so only topical anesthetics lidocaine–prilocaine was used for one of the lacerations. Suturing was possible to perform with only topical anesthesia with good patient comfort.
Mechanism in favorable prognosis of pediatric condylar fractures managed by closed procedures: an experimental study in growing rats
Authors: Li Zhi , Zhang Wei , Li Zu‐Bing , Li Jin‐Rong
Published: May 2010

Abstract –  The purpose of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanism in favorable prognosis following pediatric condylar fractures managed by closed procedures. Seventy‐five 1‐month‐old male Wistar rats were used in this experiment. Unilateral medially rotated condyle fracture in growing rats was adopted as the condyle fracture model to investigate the mechanism in favorable healing of pediatric condylar fractures. The entire fracture healing process was investigated. The rotated subcondylar fractures in young rats healed by means of callus formation, with simultaneous and prompt repositioning of the condyle. The positive outcome in these condyle fractures was also associated with active cell proliferation potential in the condyle, as well as the condyle’s remodeling capability. The growth potential and remodeling capability of the condyle during the growing period might be the intrinsic factor for favorable healing following pediatric condylar fractures managed by closed procedures.
Geographic modelling of jaw fracture rates in Australia: a methodological model for healthcare planning
Authors: Kruger Estie , Heitz‐Mayfield Lisa J. A. , Perera Irosha , Tennant Marc
Published: May 2010

Abstract –  Background/Aim:  While Australians are one of the healthiest populations in the world, inequalities in access to health care and health outcomes exist for Indigenous Australians and Australians living in rural or urban areas of the country. Hence, the purpose of this study was to develop an innovative methodological approach for predicting the incidence rates of jaw fractures and estimating the demand for oral health services within Australia.

Materials and methods:  Population data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and was divided across Australia by statistical local area and related to a validated remoteness index. Every episode of discharge from all hospitals in Western Australia for the financial years 1999/2000 to 2004/2005 indicating a jaw fracture as the principle oral condition, as classified by the International Classification of Disease (ICD‐10AM), was the inclusion criterion for the study. Hospitalization data were obtained from the Western Australian Hospital Morbidity Data System.

Results:  The model estimated almost 10 times higher jaw fracture rates for Indigenous populations than their non‐Indigenous counterparts. Moreover, incidence of jaw fractures was higher among Indigenous people living in rural and remote areas compared with their urban and semi‐urban counterparts. In contrast, in the non‐Indigenous population, higher rates of jaw fractures were estimated for urban and semi‐urban inhabitants compared with their rural and remote counterparts.

Conclusions:  This geographic modelling technique could be improved by methodological refinements and further research. It will be useful in developing strategies for health management and reducing the burden of jaw fractures and the cost of treatment within Australia. This model will also have direct implications for strategic planning for prevention and management policies in Australia aimed at reducing the inequalities gap both in terms of geography as well as Aboriginality.
Traumatic dental injuries – knowledge and awareness among present and prospective teachers in selected urban and rural areas of Norway
Authors: Skeie Marit S. , Audestad Esther , Bårdsen Asgeir
Published: May 2010

Abstract –  Aim:  to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in children and adolescents among present and prospective teachers in selected parts of Norway.

Material and methods:  This was a descriptive cross‐sectional study among present and prospective teachers. It was based on a questionnaire about TDI in children and adolescents (7–15 years of age). The participants originated from two areas, one rural and one urban. The teacher trainee students were from classes focusing on sport and physical education. Chi‐square tests were used for comparisons of groups of responders and relevant variables.

Results:  A total of 143 individuals responded to the questionnaire (response rate 73.7%). Few respondents were aware of the existence of information about managing TDI at their respective schools. Only one responder (rural area) had had any education about TDI, although more than one‐third of all the teachers had encountered TDI in school settings. Knowledge related to handling avulsed teeth was lower compared with handling crown fractures. Generally, the teachers had a higher level of knowledge related to the correct handling of TDI compared with the student group and they were also more confident in their respective decisions than the younger group.

Conclusions:  The findings revealed poor knowledge and awareness of TDI among present and prospective teachers in selected parts of Norway.
Review of recommendations for the management of dental trauma presented in first‐aid textbooks and manuals
Authors: Emerich Katarzyna , Gazda Ewa
Published: May 2010

Abstract –  Background:  To be able to help at the site of the oro‐facial injury, the majority of persons would turn to medical books and first‐aid books to extend their knowledge. Proper information in first‐aid textbooks and manuals should be the best way to present necessary procedures on how to act at the site of injury. The objective of this review is to report the quality of the knowledge presented in first‐aid books and manuals.

Methods:  We carried out a review of first‐aid international textbooks and manuals available in Medical University Libraries in Poland. The inclusion criteria were all manuals on first‐aid that were written for medical staff and lay persons, and were published between 1969 and 2007. All texts were screened for dental trauma treatment recommendations.

Results:  Our literature review has shown that among 45 first‐aid textbooks and manuals only 19 mention procedures for use in case of dental trauma. Of those texts, only 13 detail the storage media for an avulsed tooth until replantation.

Conclusions:  Current, evidence‐based, recommendations concerning first‐aid procedures after dental trauma should be incorporated in forthcoming editions of first‐aid textbooks and manuals. The guidance on procedures contained in reviewed texts is misleading.
Clinical, Tomographic, and Histological Assessment of Periosteal Guided Bone Regeneration with Cortical Perforations in Advanced Human Critical Size Defects
Authors: Verdugo Fernando , D'Addona Antonio , Pontón José
Published: May 2010

Background: Large osseous defects that fail to heal spontaneously require ridge augmentation prior to implant placement. The periosteum can act as an effective barrier membrane. Little is known about the influence of bone decortication in enhancing guided bone regeneration outcomes.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was a clinical, tomographic, and histological evaluation of bone healing in large defect sites treated with cortical perforations without the use of other membranes but the periosteum.

Material and Methods: Ten consecutive patients undergoing ridge augmentation on the pre‐maxilla due to severe bone loss were followed for an average of 35 months. Recipient sites were cortico‐perforated and augmented using a combination of autogenous particulate and block grafts. The periosteal membrane was preserved and it fully covered the autografts. Histological analysis was performed in four sites from a trephine core taken at the time of implant osteotomy preparation. Tomographic assessment (computed tomography [CT] scan) at baseline and post‐augmentation evaluated graft volume maintenance.

Results: Recipient sites were re‐entered for implant placement showing good incorporation of the grafts with minimal volume loss. Biopsy specimens showed viable bone rich in osteoblast‐like cells with little or no inflammatory cells. Clinical exam revealed absence of implant transparency, mucosal recession, mobility, bleeding on probing, or suppuration at follow‐up. CT scan evaluation showed an average increased bucco‐lingual width at the recipient site of 8.1 mm ± 0.9 (2.5 fold) versus a 3.2 ± 0.9 at baseline (p < .0001; CI 95%: 4.04–5.71 mm), maintaining on average 98% of the augmented width at 2.9 years.

Conclusions: Periosteal preservation seems to be sufficient as a barrier membrane to protect particulate or block osseous grafts provided that good primary closure is achieved. Bone decortication may enhance clinical and histological outcomes. Graft viability (biopsy specimens) and volume maintenance (CT evaluation) remained stable 35 months post‐augmentation.
Stability Evaluation of Implants Integrated in Grafted and Nongrafted Maxillary Bone: A Clinical Study from Implant Placement to Abutment Connection
Authors: Rasmusson Lars , Thor Andreas , Sennerby Lars
Published: May 2010

Background: Clinical studies have shown a higher degree of implant failures in grafted bone compared with normal nongrafted maxillary bone. Additionally, a prolonged time for integration of titanium implants in grafted block bone has been shown by means of resonance frequency analysis (RFA).

Purpose: The aim of this prospective study was to compare the stability of implants placed in particulate bone, onlay block bone, interpositional bone, and nongrafted maxillary bone during the early phase of osseointegration using RFA and implant failure.

Material and Methods: Thirty‐five patients with edentulism in the maxilla were included in the study. In all, 260 Astra Tech TiOblast™ implants (Astra Tech AB, Mölndal, Sweden) were installed. Twenty‐five of these patients had severe maxillary atrophy and were treated with iliac bone grafts 5 to 6 months prior to implant placement, 19 with lateral onlay block grafts on one side (group A, 38 implants) and particulate bone for lateral augmentation on the other (group B, 38 implants). These 19 patients also got bilateral sinus floor augmentation with particulate bone (group C, 76 implants). Six patients had an unfavorable sagittal relation between the jaws and underwent a LeFort I operation with interpositional bone blocks grafted to the nasal and sinus floors (group D, 48 implants). The remaining 10 patients could be treated with implants without bone augmentation and served as control (group E, 60 implants). RFA was performed at implant placement and abutment connection 6 months later and an implant stability quotient (ISQ) value was given for each implant.

Results: Four implants (1.5%) were found mobile at abutment connection and removed (two in group A and two in group D). RFA showed a slight increase in stability from installation to abutment connection but the differences were not statistically significant in any of the groups (Wilcoxon signed rank test for comparison of paired data).

Implants installed in group D had a significantly lower ISQ value at both measurements compared with the other groups (Wilcoxon Rank Sum test for comparisons of independent samples, p = .05).

Conclusion: It is concluded that TiO2‐blasted implants placed in nongrafted and grafted maxillary bone using a two‐staged protocol show similar stability during the early phase of osseointegration. Patients reconstructed with interpositional bone graft after a LeFort I osteotomy showed lower implant stability values than nongrafted patients and other grafting techniques.
Absorbed Radiation Doses During Tomographic Examinations in Dental Implant Planning: A Study in Humans
Authors: Zenóbio Elton G. , Zenóbio Madelon A. F. , Nogueira Maria S. , Silva Teógenes A. , Shibli Jamil A.
Published: May 2010

Objective: The aim of this human study was to evaluate the radiation doses in the buccal cavity and face, during panoramic, spiral conventional tomography, and helicoidal computerized tomography exams.

Material and Methods: Lithium fluoride TL detectors (TLD‐100) were placed on the skin at anatomic points such as parotid glands, submandibular glands, thyroid glands, and crystalline to assess the skin entrance dose in 19 patients who were to undergo dental implant surgery.

Results: In the panoramic exam, maximum doses were observed near the parotid glands at 1.57 (±18%) mGy on the right and 1.89 (±18%) mGy on the left. In the spiral conventional tomography exam, the maximum dose was 4.41 (±21%) mGy near the right and left parotid glands, whereas near the right or left submandibular glands, the maximum doses reached 40.7 (±18%) mGy. In the helicoidal computerized tomography for mandibular and maxilla exams, the maximum dose was 40.9 (±15%) mGy near the parotid glands and 41.0 (±18%) mGy near the submandibular glands. Near the thyroid and eye lens, doses were lower than 0.23 (±21%) in all exams.

Conclusion: Regardless of the exam target area, the submandibular and parotid glands represented the most irradiated organs. This data suggests that efforts should be made by professionals to improve and optimize methods in order to reduce doses without losing the information necessary for treatment planning.
Rehabilitation of Edentulous Mandibles by Means of Four TiUnite™ Implants after One‐Stage Surgery: A 1‐Year Retrospective Study of 75 Patients
Authors: Friberg Bertil , Jemt Torsten
Published: May 2010

Background: Recently, the present team reported the 1‐year data of a one‐stage surgery and mainly early loading with five supporting implants in completely edentulous mandibles, indicating more bone loss at the central implant, placed in the midline of the jaw.

Purpose: The aim of the present retrospective investigation was to evaluate the 1‐year results of the same treatment technique with four instead of five supporting implants in completely edentulous mandibles. The outcome was compared with that of a former study (control) on five implants per patient during first year of function.

Materials and Methods: The present study comprised 75 patients with a total of 300 TiUnite™ implants (Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden) of mainly the Brånemark System ≥ Mark III design. The prosthetic procedure started and was completed on an average of 9.1 days (standard deviation [SD] 4.47) and 33.2 days (SD 16.09) after the surgical intervention, respectively. Intraoral radiographs were obtained at prosthesis insertion and at the 1‐year follow‐up visit. Failure rates of test and control groups were compared by means of the chi‐squared test.

Results: All four implants in one patient were found to be mobile at the first annual check‐up, resulting in an implant cumulative survival rate (CSR) of 98.5%. The corresponding CSR for the control group was 100% (p > 0.05). The mean marginal bone resorption during the first year of function was 0.3 mm (SD 0.74) as compared with 0.5 (SD 0.56) mm for the control group (p > 0.05).

Conclusions: The outcome of 300 TiUnite™ implants placed in 75 patients with edentulous mandibles, of which 268 implants in 67 patients were followed for 1 year, showed an implant CSR of 98.5%. The implant survival was not significantly different from that of the control study result of 100%, in which five instead of four supporting implants were used. The levels of marginal bone were close to identical for the corresponding test and control implants at the 1‐year check‐up.
Individual Justice or Collective Legal Mobilization? Employment Discrimination Litigation in the Post Civil Rights United States
Authors: Nielsen Laura Beth , Nelson Robert L. , Lancaster Ryon
Published: May 2010

This article analyzes the outcomes of employment discrimination lawsuits filed in federal court from 1988 to 2003. It goes beyond previous research by examining case filings rather than published opinions and by treating case outcome as a sequential variable. Our analysis is informed by four theoretical models: formal legal, rational action/economic, legal mobilization, and critical realist. We employ a discrete‐time event‐history model with random effects to estimate whether a case will end at a particular stage. We find that employment discrimination litigation consists overwhelmingly of individual cases, a majority of which end in a small settlement. The outcomes of cases are difficult to predict at the outset of litigation. Legal representation and collective legal mobilization have powerful effects on outcome, but collective legal mobilization is rare. These results are most consistent with the critical realist perspective. Our analysis suggests that employment discrimination litigation maintains law's jurisdiction over claims of workplace discrimination while not providing a significant remedy or an authoritative resolution in most cases.
Juror Beliefs About Police Interrogations, False Confessions, and Expert Testimony
Authors: Costanzo Mark , Shaked‐Schroer Netta , Vinson Katherine
Published: May 2010

Although there has been a rapid expansion in research on police interrogations and false confessions, little is known about the beliefs of potential jurors as to these issues. In collaboration with a trial research firm, we recruited 461 jury‐eligible men and women who matched the demographic characteristics of jury pools in several states. Surrogate jurors responded to questions and statements in five areas: likely rates of false confessions for different crimes, the ability to discern true from false confessions, beliefs about false confessions, beliefs about permissible interrogation tactics, and beliefs about expert testimony on police interrogations. Results indicated that jurors believed that police interrogators are better than ordinary people at identifying lies and that this ability improves with experience. Jurors believed that they would be able to differentiate a true confession from a false confession by watching a videotape, but were less confident about making such a differentiation from an audio recording. A large majority of the sample reported that it would be helpful to hear expert testimony about interrogation techniques and reasons why a defendant might falsely confess to a crime. There were no significant gender differences. Compared to whites, nonwhite jurors had significantly less confidence in the abilities of the police and gave significantly higher estimates of false confession rates. Results are discussed in light of prior research and implications for jury decision making and expert testimony.
Attorney Fees and Expenses in Class Action Settlements: 1993–2008
Authors: Eisenberg Theodore , Miller Geoffrey P.
Published: May 2010

We report on a comprehensive database of 18 years of available opinions (1993–2008, inclusive) on settlements in class action and shareholder derivative cases in state and federal courts. An earlier study, covering 1993–2002, revealed a remarkable relationship between attorney fees and class recovery size: regardless of the methodology for calculating fees ostensibly employed by the courts, the class recovery size was the overwhelmingly important determinant of the fee. The present study, which nearly doubles the number of cases in the database, confirms that relationship. Fees display the same relationship to class recoveries in both data sets and neither fees nor recoveries materially increased over time. Although the size of the class recovery dwarfs other influences, significant associations exist between the fee amount and both the fee method used and the riskiness of the case. We found no robust evidence of significant differences between federal and state courts. The strong association between fee and class recovery persists in cases with recoveries of $100 million or more, as do the significant associations between fee level and fee method and risk. Fees were not significantly affected by the existence of a settlement class, the presence of objectors, or opt outs from the class. Courts granted the requested fee in over 70 percent of the cases, with the Second Circuit granting the requested amount least often. In cases denying the requested fee, the mean fee was 68 percent of the requested amount. Fees and costs exhibit scale effects with the percent of each decreasing as the class recovery amount increased. Costs are strongly associated with hours expended on the case.
Labor Law, Judicial Efficiency, and Informal Employment in India
Authors: Fagernäs Sonja
Published: May 2010

This study assesses the effects of industrial disputes legislation and the dispute‐settlement process on informal versus formal employment in India. It uses indicators of pro‐worker court awards and court efficiency as well as amendments to the Industrial Disputes Act (IDA) at the level of Indian states. The state‐level IDA amendments are classified in relation to their pro‐worker stance and ability to enforce existing legislation. The main finding is that the relationship between formal employment in both the industrial and service sectors and the judicial indicators is weak. Results are not robust to model specification. Thus, the evidence is neither robust nor strong enough to confirm the much claimed negative relationship between pro‐worker judicial change and the degree of formal work in the entire service or industrial sectors.