bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The vaccination status and adverse effects of COVID‐19 vaccine among pregnant women in Japan in 2021
Authors: Komine‐Aizawa Shihoko , Haruyama Yasuo , Deguchi Masashi , Hayakawa Satoshi , Kawana Kei , Kobashi Gen , Miyagi Etsuko , Yamada Hideto , Sugiyama Takashi
Published: May 2022

To investigate the vaccination status and adverse reactions to the COVID‐19 vaccine among pregnant women in Japan, we conducted an online questionnaire survey from October 5 to November 22, 2021. The number of participants in the online survey was 6576. Of the participants, 4840 (73.6%) were vaccinated twice, and 557 (8.5%) were vaccinated once. A total of 1179 (17.9%) responders had never been vaccinated against COVID‐19. The most frequent adverse reaction was local pain at the injection site. The incidence of local adverse reactions was almost identical after the first and the second vaccinations, while systemic reactions, such as fever and fatigue/malaise, and adverse reactions outside the vaccination site such as headache and arthralgia, were more frequent after the second vaccination than after the first vaccination. Regarding the obstetrical complications, uterine tension and/or contraction was observed in 1.65% of the pregnant women after the first vaccination and in 2.98% after the second vaccination, and uterine pain appeared in 1.06% of the pregnant women after the second vaccination. However, serious symptoms, such as hemorrhage, decreased fetal movement, edema, increased blood pressure, and amniorrhexis, were seen in less than 1% of vaccinated women after both the first and second vaccinations. This study clarified the characteristics of vaccination, adverse reactions, and obstetrical symptoms in pregnant women in Japan who had the COVID‐19 vaccine up to the second dose. As a booster vaccination is currently underway, further study is needed to improve the management of pregnant women during the current pandemic.
Historical Sociology and Secularisation: The Political Use of ‘Culturalised Religion’ by the Radical Right in Spain
Authors: Ruiz Andrés Rafael
Published: May 2022

The critique of the theory of secularisation has favoured the emergence of a series of concepts for the analysis of contemporary socio‐religious transformations, such as ‘culturalised religion’. These categories constitute, in turn, an opportunity to rethink the process of secularisation from the perspective of historical sociology. Against this background, this article carries out a theoretical analysis of the ambiguities of secularisation in Spain from which a cultural approach to religion (‘culturalised religion’) emerges and its potential connection to the expansion of the radical right‐wing party Vox, which became the third‐largest party in Spain's parliament in the 2019 national election. After analyzing this interrelation between ‘culturalised religion’ and the radical right on the basis of statistical sources, discourse analysis and bibliographical sources, the article concludes by stressing the importance of historical sociology for understanding phenomena like ‘culturalised religion’, which take us out of the binomial logic that has marked part of the interpretation of secularisation (revival of religions vs decline of the religious) and introduce us into the multiple interactions between the historical past and sociological reality.
Invisible labour: legal dimensions of invisibilization
Authors: ADAMS ZOE
Published: May 2022

This article brings a legal perspective to bear on debates about invisible labour. It argues that we can better understand the causes and implications of invisible labour and its relationship with gender equality by engaging, first, with the law's role in constituting human labour as work, and, second, with how this role influences the way in which the law comes to conceptualize that work for the purposes of regulating it. The article focuses on two categories of invisible labour: reproductive labour, performed predominantly on an unpaid basis in the home, and invisible work, labour that is procured through a wage relation and produces a surplus for firms/organizations, but that is not recognized as such for the purposes of legal regulation. It identifies different dimensions of these categories of invisible labour, explaining them by reference to distinctive features of legal doctrine, while teasing out their socio‐economic, and often gendered, implications.
9‐Year Follow‐Up on Maxillofacial Implant‐Supported Framework Designed to Accommodate Childhood Growth
Authors: Balshi Thomas J. , Wolfinger Glenn J. , Pellecchia Robert , Reiger William , Blakely James W. , Balshi Stephen F. , Kachlan Mamdouh O.
Published: May 2022

This clinical report focuses on the challenges and solutions for a child subjected to craniofacial trauma from a wild hyena biting off his nose and anterior maxilla. Unique considerations in prosthodontics and biomedical engineering were required based on future craniofacial growth and development of the child. The physical requirement of a maximum retentive prosthesis for an active, athletic child required unique engineering designs and executions. The sequence of treatment and prosthesis fabrication are detailed. The patient has been followed for 9 years without physiologic complications and only minor prosthodontic complications.
Evaluating policies to improve access to mental health services in rural areas
Authors: Shiner Brian , Gottlieb Daniel , Rice Korie , Forehand Jenna A. , Snitkin Meghan , Watts Bradley V.
Published: May 2022

Purpose

The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has gradually implemented policies to increase access to mental health care outside of VA medical centers. Most notably, this included requirements to offer mental health services at VA‐administered community‐based clinics in 2008 and increased access to VA‐paid care in the community beginning in 2014. Our objective was to understand how mental health service use patterns changed for rural VA patients during this time.

Methods

We developed a longitudinal cohort of all rural patients who used VA services between 2002 and 2019 (N = 3,345,862). We examined individual, health care, and contextual predictors of mental health service use as well as modalities of mental health service use during policy‐relevant time periods using descriptive statistics.

Findings

Access to mental health services increased with each policy change. The annual percentage of rural VA patients accessing mental health services increased from 11.4% in the earliest years (2002‐2004) to 19.8% in the latest years (2017‐2019). The most rapid period of increase followed a requirement for availability of mental health services at VA‐administered community clinics. Increasing access to VA‐paid care in the community had less effect. By the end of the evaluation, gaps remained in the delivery of care to elderly patients over the age of 75.

Conclusions

Rural patients use mental health services when they become available. Access was the highest with a combination of changes to both delivery modalities and payment methods. Continued, and perhaps different efforts are required to address a persistent disparity for older patients.
Online Learning for Students with Learning Disabilities and Their Typical Peers: The Association between Basic Psychological Needs and Outcomes
Authors: Goegan Lauren D. , Daniels Lia M.
Published: May 2022

For some students, online learning, particularly as it relates to the COVID‐19 pandemic, can have negative implications for self‐efficacy, fatigue, and burnout. One way to combat these negative outcomes is for institutions to support students’ basic psychological needs (BPNs) of autonomy, relatedness, and competence. However, online learning may also frustrate students’ BPNs, particularly if they have a learning disability (LD). The purpose of the current study was to investigate the satisfaction and frustration of BPNs in relation to self‐efficacy, fatigue, and burnout for students with and without LD. We surveyed postsecondary students about their courses online and examined differences between students with LD and their typical peers. We also examined BPN satisfaction and frustration as predictors of self‐efficacy, fatigue, and burnout. Recommendations are provided from a universal design for learning perspective. Moreover, limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in association with severity of degenerative spinal diseases: Short‐term outcomes of decompression surgery
Authors: Kimura Shingo , Takyu Shunichi , Kawamorita Naoki , Namima Takashige , Morozumi Naoki , Ito Akihiro
Published: May 2022

Objectives

Cervical myelopathy (CM) and lumbar canal stenosis (LCS) are common degenerative spinal diseases among the elderly, and the major associated complaints include lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The aim of this study was to investigate subjective and objective urological parameters of patients undergoing decompression surgery for CM and LCS.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent evaluation by the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and uroflowmetry before decompression surgery for CM and LCS. Patients with comorbidities that can affect LUTS were excluded. Postoperative changes were evaluated in patients followed up within 1 month.

Results

Among referrals to urological consultations for LUTS, 231 patients were evaluated preoperatively. Moderate‐severe urinary symptoms (IPSS ≥ 8) were present in 59.8% of 92 CM patients and 64.0% of 139 LCS patients. Poor voiding patterns defined as maximum urinary flow rate <12 mL/s or postvoid residual volume >100 mL were identified in 26.1% of CM and 25.2% of LCS. While IPSS did not associate with disease severity, poor voiders presented with worse Japanese Orthopedic Association scores. Moreover, poor voiders suffered for a longer period of time from orthopedic symptoms due to LCS. In followed‐up patients (CM, n = 32; LCS, n = 47), total IPSS, storage subscores, and voiding subscores were significantly improved after surgery, as was voiding time from uroflowmetry.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated high prevalence of lower urinary tract dysfunction of CM and LCS as well as short‐term effectiveness of decompression surgery. These results would encourage urologists to consider an orthopedic consultation when lower urinary tract dysfunction is identified in patients with degenerative spinal diseases.
Healthy plant‐based diets and their short‐term effects on weight loss, nutrient intake and serum cholesterol levels
Authors: Brown Laura , Rose Kelly , Campbell Andrew
Published: May 2022

Healthy plant‐based diets (hPBD) are being promoted to reduce the risks of cardiovascular and associated diseases. This study investigates short‐term adherence to a hPBD to examine whether these dietary changes impact weight and cardiovascular risk factors. A simple, uncontrolled, before and after design was used. Twenty women (mean BMI 31 ± 4 kg/m2) participated in a 6‐week hPBD intervention. Participants completed a 3‐week reset, eliminating all refined sugar, heavily processed foods, artificial sweeteners, alcohol, meat, fish, dairy and oil from their diets, which could then be reintroduced into their diet if the participant chose to do so. Participants had 1‐h, weekly group support sessions. A weight loss of 4.4 kg, SD = 1.8 kg (n = 17, t = 10.2, p < 0.001) was observed after 6 weeks following the hPBD. BMI reduced from 31 to 29 kg/m2 (mean reduction = 1.38, SD = 0.76, n = 17, t = 7.49, p < 0.001). Reductions for waist circumference (mean reduction = 4.4 cm, SD = 5.22 cm, n = 8, t = 2.55, p = 0.034), LDL cholesterol (mean reduction = 0.600 mmol/L, SD = 0.828, n = 17, t = 2.81, p = 0.014) and total cholesterol (mean = 0.525 mmol/L, SD = 0.969, n = 17, t = 2.24, p = 0.040) were also observed. Body fat % was not significantly reduced (mean reduction = 2.3, SD = 6.6, n = 17, t = 1.49, p = 0.154). Dietary data were obtained from 17 participants at week 3 and from six participants at week 6. Energy intake at week 3 decreased compared with baseline (mean reduction = 1068 kcal/day, SD = 585 kcal, n = 17, t = 7.07, p < 0.001) and at week 6 (mean reduction = 715 kcal, SD = 645 kcal, n = 6, t = 2.72, p = 0.042). Protein, saturated fat and cholesterol intakes were also lower at weeks 3 and 6 compared with baseline. Fibre intake increased significantly from baseline to week 6 (mean increase = 11.3 g/day, SD = 8.9, n = 6, t = 3.11, p = 0.027) whilst sugar intake decreased from baseline to week 3 (mean reduction = 26.0 g/day, SD = 22.3, n = 17, t = 4.52, p < 0.001), but the reduction at week 6 was not significant. These results suggest that motivated participants can learn to adopt new dietary patterns for a few weeks at least with some support. This study demonstrated positive effects of a hPBD on weight reduction, cholesterol and BMI over a short time period, although the short‐ and long‐term adherence to this diet requires further research.
Ideas and crisis in policy and administration: Existing links and research frontiers
Authors: Hannah Adam , Baekkeskov Erik , Tubakovic Tamara
Published: May 2022

The study of ideas and crisis in public policy and administration has generated two literatures with shared interests, but often distinct approaches. In this Symposium introduction, we argue that crisis studies and the “ideas school” have much to learn from each other. To facilitate cross‐pollination, this article reviews key insights from the two literatures with relevance across the divide. In our view, crisis studies offer important parameters that can help realize some of the ambitions expressed in the ideas school, such as how different crises and crisis stages affect opportunities for institutional and policy change. Similarly, ideational studies show new ways for crisis scholars to approach coherence in coordination among crisis actors, network information, and public communication. We conclude by assessing the contribution of the three Symposium papers to drawing new links between the fields and suggest future avenues for research.
Working with animals: Implications for employees’ compassion, awe, prosocial behavior, and task performance
Authors: Yam Kai Chi , Tang Pok Man , Lam Carisa
Published: May 2022

Human‐animal work represents a collaboration between humans and animals to achieve work goals, and is common in the domains of healthcare, therapy, entertainment, and education. Although the scope and types of human‐animal work is diversifying and increasing, organizational scholars have yet to explore its impacts on employees. Drawing from the models of compassion and mind perception theories, we first develop a theoretical model pertaining to the development of compassion as a result of human‐animal work. In a study with zookeepers (Study 1), we find that human‐animal work evokes the emotion of compassion, which in turn is positively associated with employee prosocial behavior and task performance. These mediated effects are moderated by how employees perceive animals—employees are more likely to experience compassion, and in turn, become more prosocial and work better when they generally perceive animals to be able to experience emotions and bodily sensations. Furthermore, two follow‐up studies (i.e., Studies 2 and 3) with employees who engage in human‐animal work in Hong Kong and the United States reveal that working with animals evokes awe in addition to compassion, and provides insight into their resultant impact on prosocial behavior and task performance. We end by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of this work.
New insights on the correspondence between subjective affective experience and physiological responses from representational similarity analysis
Authors: Ventura‐Bort Carlos , Wendt Julia , Weymar Mathias
Published: May 2022

Classical views suggest that experienced affect is related to a specific bodily response, whereas recent perspectives challenge this view postulating that similar affective experiences rather evoke different physiological responses. To further advance this debate in the field, we used representational similarity analysis to investigate the correspondence between subjective affect (arousal and valence ratings) and physiological reactions (skin conductance response [SCR], startle blink response, heart rate, and corrugator activity) across various emotion induction contexts (picture viewing task, sound listening task, and imagery task). Significant similarities were exclusively observed between SCR and arousal in the picture viewing task. However, none of the other physiological measures showed a significant relation with valence and arousal ratings in any of the tasks. These findings are discussed within the framework of the Populations hypothesis, suggesting that physiological responses do not depend on the experienced affect but are directly associated with the context in which they are evoked.
A new strategy for systematically classifying HLA alleles into serological specificities
Authors: Osoegawa Kazutoyo , Marsh Steven G. E. , Holdsworth Rhonda , Heidt Sebastiaan , Fischer Gottfried , Murphey Cathi , Maiers Martin , Fernández Viňa Marcelo A.
Published: May 2022

HLA serological specificities were defined by the reactivity of HLA molecules with sets of sera and monoclonal antibodies. Many recently identified alleles defined by molecular typing lack their serotype assignment. We surveyed the literature describing the correlation of the reactivity of serologic reagents with AA residues. 20 ‐ 25 AA residues determining epitopes (DEP) that correlated with 82 WHO serologic specificities were identified for HLA class I loci. Thirteen DEP each located in the beta‐1 domains that correlated with 24 WHO serologic specificities were identified for HLA‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1 loci. The designation of possible HLA‐DPB1, ‐DQA1, ‐DPA1, and additional serological specificities that result from epitopes defined by residues located at both ‐DQA1 and ‐DQB1 subunits were also examined. HATS software was developed for automated serotype assignments to HLA alleles in one of the three hierarchical matching criteria: (1) all DEP (FULL); (2) selected DEP specific to each serological specificity (SEROTYPE); (3) one AA mismatch with one or more SEROTYPES (INCOMPLETE). Results were validated by evaluating the alleles whose serotypes do not correspond to the first field of the allele name listed in the HLA dictionary. Additional 85 and 21 DEP patterns that do not correspond to any WHO serologic specificities for common HLA class I and DRB1 alleles were identified, respectively. A comprehensive antibody identification panel would allow for accurate unacceptable antigen listing and compatibility predictions in solid organ transplantation. We propose that antibody‐screening panels should include all serologic specificities identified in this study.
What's the evidence? A review of current instruction and assessment in veterinary surgical education
Authors: Simons Micha C. , Hunt Julie A. , Anderson Stacy L.
Published: May 2022

Veterinary surgical education is improved by studying the relevant literature. The aim of this literature review was to report the theory and methods used to provide surgical education to veterinary students; to discuss the training most likely to create a competent general practitioner; and to review assessment methods for simulated and live surgeries. The literature reviewed demonstrates that new graduates are expected to perform small animal sterilization, dental extraction, onychectomy, abscess treatment, aural hematoma repair, and mass removal with little or no supervision. Students require repetitive practice to reach competence; some practice can take place in a clinical skills laboratory on models or cadavers. When training novices, distributing practice over a longer time improves retention, but months without practice causes skills to decay. Suturing skills may be taught on models at a ratio of 1 instructor per 10 students. Veterinary students require 6‐10 repetitions of each small animal sterilization surgery to reach competence; however, learning curves for other surgeries have not been established. Assessment of surgical skills has been undertaken using objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) and observed model and live surgeries. Additional validated rubrics are needed in the field. Surgical educators are urged to continue to search for innovative ways to foster deliberate practice, assess skill, and provide feedback for students.
Strain-Limiting Substrates Based on Nonbuckling, Prestrain-Free
Mechanics for Robust Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Zhang Maoyi , Liu Hao , Cao Peng , Chen Bin , Hu Jianqiao , Chen Yuli , Pan Bing , Fan Jonathan A. , Li Rui , Zhang Lijuan , Su Yewang
Published: May 2022

Stretchable electronics based on inorganic materials are an innovative technology with potential applications for many emerging electronic devices, due to their combination of stretchable mechanics and high electronic performance. The compliant elastomeric substrate, on which the brittle electronic components are mounted, plays a key role in achieving stretchability. However, conventional elastomeric substrates can undergo excessive mechanical deformation, which can lead to active component failure. Here, we introduce a simple and novel strategy to produce failure-resistant stretchable electronic platforms by bonding a thin film of stiff material, patterned into a serpentine network layout, to the elastomeric substrate. No prestraining of the substrate is required, and these systems offer sharp bilinear mechanical behavior and high ratio of tangent-to-elastic moduli. We perform comprehensive theoretical, numerical, and experimental studies on the nonbuckling-based prestrain-free design, and we analyze the key parameters impacting the mechanical behavior of a strain-limiting substrate. As a device-level demonstration, we experimentally fabricate and characterize skin-mountable stretchable copper (Cu) electrodes for electrophysiological monitoring. This study paves the way to high performance stretchable electronics with failure-resistant designs.
Cerebral Aneurysm Wall Stress After Coiling Depends on Morphology and
Coil Packing Density
Authors: Pichamuthu Joseph E. , Feroze Rafey A. , Chung Timothy K. , Jankowitz Brian T. , Vorp David A.
Published: May 2022

Endovascular coil embolization is now widely used to treat cerebral aneurysms (CA) as an alternative to surgical clipping. It involves filling the aneurysmal sac with metallic coils to reduce flow, induce clotting, and promote the formation of a coil/thrombus mass which protects the aneurysm wall from hemodynamic forces and prevents rupture. However, a significant number of aneurysms are incompletely coiled leading to aneurysm regrowth and/or recanalization. Computational models of aneurysm coiling may provide important new insights into the effects of intrasaccular coil and thrombus on aneurysm wall stresses. Porcine blood and platinum coils were used to construct an in vitro coil thrombus mass (CTM) for mechanical testing. A uniaxial compression test was performed with whole blood clots and CTM, with coil packing densities (CPDs) of 10%, 20%, and 30% to obtain compressive stress/strain responses. A fourth-order polynomial mechanical response function was fit to the experimentally obtained stress/strain responses for each CPD in order to represent their mechanical properties for computational simulations. Patient-specific three-dimensional (3D) geometries of three aneurysms with simple geometry and four with complex geometry were reconstructed from digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images. The CPDs were digitally inserted in the aneurysm geometries and finite element modeling was used to determine transmural peak/mean wall stress (MWS) with and without coil packing. Reproducible stress/strain curves were obtained from compression testing of CTM and the polynomial mechanical response function was found to approximate the experimental stress/strain relationship obtained from mechanical testing to a high degree. An exponential increase in the CTM stiffness was observed with increasing CPD. Elevated wall stresses were found throughout the aneurysm dome, neck, and parent artery in simulations of the CAs with no filling. Complete, 100% filling of the aneurysms with whole blood clot and CPDs of 10%, 20%, and 30% significantly reduced MWS in simple and complex geometry aneurysms. Sequential increases in CPD resulted in significantly greater increases in MWS in simple but not complex geometry aneurysms. This study utilizes finite element analysis to demonstrate the reduction of transmural wall stress following coil embolization in patient-specific computational models of CAs. Our results provide a quantitative measure of the degree to which CPD impacts wall stress and suggest that complex aneurysmal geometries may be more resistant to coil embolization treatment. The computational modeling employed in this study serves as a first step in developing a tool to evaluate the patient-specific efficacy of coil embolization in treating CAs.
Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology Based Multi-Objective Optimization on Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics Powered With Ternary Fuel
Authors: Ashok A. , Gugulothu S.K. , Reddy Ragireddy Venkat , Ravi H.
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this study is to examine the reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine combustion characteristics using jatropha oil blended with diesel as the high reactivity and n-amyl alcohol as the low reactivity fuel in various proportions by volume. Response surface methodology (RSM) is adopted to forecast the operating parameters such as fuel injection timing (FIT), fuel injection pressure (FIP), and engine load. This ideal model is used to obtain the maximum combustion pressure and reduce the emission of unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) for different fuel blends. For an RCCI engine fueled with B20/1-pentanol fuel, the impact of various factors such as engine load, FIT, and FIP are analyzed based on an L20 orthogonal array. With the help of the results obtained from experiments, various models were developed and validated. The ideal engine parameters found out were 71% of engine load, FIP of 400 bar, and 27 °bTDC, and under this configuration, the maximum cylinder pressure is achieved. The ternary fuel develops higher maximum pressures of combustion than that of pure diesel at higher loading conditions, pressures of fuel injection, and advanced injection timings. At lower loading conditions, fuel injection pressures and ignition delay are noticed, whereas peak pressure decreases. Also, analysis of variance (ANOVA), a statistically valid test, is used to develop a regression model, and the test results indicate that the regression model is appropriate for the following R2 values obtained.
Kinematic-Geometric Lubrication Theory and Its Application to Arc-Toothed Cylindrical Worm Drive
Authors: Meng Qingxiang , Zhao Yaping , Cui Jian , Mu Shibo , Li Gongfa
Published: May 2022

The kinematic-geometric lubrication theory, which combines the results from the elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory and the meshing theory for gearing, is put forward for a line-conjugate gear drive to investigate its global intrinsic lubricating characteristics to guide its geometric design. The investigation concerning the global lubricating characteristics of the gear drive can be well utilized to seek the lubricating weak zone in the whole meshing zone and to determine the reasonable operating parameters for it. The relationship between the lubricating angle and sliding angle is made clear, and the lubricating angle is recommended to determine the lubricating weak point. The kinematic-geometric coefficient of oil film thickness is proposed to evaluate preliminarily the lubricating characteristics of the gear drive. This theory is applied to the arc-toothed cylindrical worm drive, and it is discovered that there is one path of lubricating weak points on the tooth surfaces. The path is from the worm gear addendum to dedendum and is almost impossible to be eliminated via analysis and research. The path is roughly located in the middle of the worm gear tooth surface, and a lubricating weak zone exists around this path whose area roughly accounts for one-third of the whole meshing zone.
Impact of Varying the Number of Heat Exchangers Used in the Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Unit on the Thermal Performance
Authors: Korti Abdel Illah Nabil , Guellil Hocine
Published: May 2022

Latent heat thermal energy storage is one of the most relevant methods allowing to provide a solution of the energy supply–demand dilemma. A novel structure of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) unit is designed and manufactured, with multireduced finned U-tubes heat exchangers, while the phase change material is filled in the tube and air flows through the finned surfaces. To increase the stored thermal energy and improve the thermal performance of the latent heat thermal energy storage unit, this experimental study suggests varying the number of reduced heat exchangers used instead increasing the size of a heat exchanger. By using paraffin as phase change material and air as a heat transfer fluid, the thermal charging and discharging characteristics of the storage unit were analyzed. Parameters of thermal performances including temperature distribution of phase change material, heat stored/released, thermal storage efficiency, effectiveness evolution, and total charging/discharging time were analyzed. The experimental results show that using two and three heat exchangers can increase the stored energy by 207% and 298% compared to that using one heat exchanger, respectively. The average effectiveness is increased by 125% and 199%. The designed LHTES unit provides more flexibility and adaptability for real application, and it has a wide application prospect in the fields of air conditioning and solar energy storage.
Detached Eddy Simulation of the Unsteady Flow and Film Cooling Characteristics of an Endwall With an Interrupted Slot
Authors: Du Qiang , Xu Guangyao , Xu Qingzong , Wang Pei
Published: May 2022

The flows close to a high-pressure turbine endwall are highly three-dimensional and unsteady. These flows increase the aerodynamic loss and augment the heat transfer. In this paper, the unsteady flows and film cooling characteristics of an endwall were studied by using the Detached eddy simulation (DES). First, the unsteady flows and film cooling characteristics of a slot on a flat plate were studied at three different coolant mass flow ratios. A comparison of the experimental and numerical results showed that the DES offered an improved ability to capture the distribution of film cooling effectiveness. The aerothermal characteristics of the interrupted slot on a vane endwall were then studied. By analyzing the unsteady flow as well as the mixing process, it was found that the shedding vortices produced by the step lip played a dominant role in the film cooling distribution and the formation of the horseshoe vortex. The coupling of the shedding vortices with the horseshoe vortex had an important influence on the film effectiveness on the endwall. Finally, the effect of the axial distance between the interrupted slot and the vane leading edge on the formation of the horseshoe vortex was further studied. The instantaneous vorticity contours showed that varying the axial position of the interrupted slot affected the development of the horseshoe vortex. As the axial distance increased, the horseshoe vortex disappeared periodically and then reappeared. As the axial distance decreased, the horseshoe vortex retained a steady pattern upstream of the vane leading edge.
Machine learner optimization of optical nanofiber-based dipole traps
Authors: Gupta Ratnesh K. , Everett Jesse L. , Tranter Aaron D. , Henke René , Gokhroo Vandna , Lam Ping Koy , Nic Chormaic Síle
Published: May 2022

We use a machine learning optimizer to increase the number of rubidium-87 atoms trapped in an optical nanofiber-based two-color evanescent dipole trap array. Collisional blockade limits the average number of atoms per trap to about 0.5, and a typical uncompensated rubidium trap has even lower occupancy due to challenges in simultaneously cooling atoms and loading them in the traps. Here, we report on the implementation of an in-loop stochastic artificial neural network machine learner to optimize this loading by optimizing the absorption of a near-resonant, nanofiber-guided, probe beam. By giving the neural network control of the laser cooling process, we observe an increase in peak optical depth of 66% from 3.2 ± 0.2 to 5.3 ± 0.3. We use a microscopic model of the atomic absorption to infer an increase in the number of dipole-trapped atoms from 300 ± 60 to 450 ± 90 and a small decrease in their average temperature from 150 to 140 μK. The machine learner is able to quickly and effectively explore the large parameter space of the laser cooling control process so as to find optimal parameters for loading the dipole traps. The increased number of atoms should facilitate studies of collective atom–light interactions mediated via the evanescent field.
Aircraft noise in situations with grazing sound incidence—Comparing different modeling approaches
Authors: Wunderli Jean Marc , Meister Jonas , Jäger David , Schalcher Stefan , Zellmann Christoph , Schäffer Beat
Published: May 2022

Current best-practice aircraft noise calculation models usually apply a so-called lateral attenuation term, i.e., an empirical formula to account for sound propagation phenomena in situations with grazing sound incidence. The recently developed aircraft noise model sonAIR features a physically based sound propagation core that claims to implicitly account for the phenomena condensed in this correction. The current study compares calculations for situations with grazing sound incidence of sonAIR and two best-practice models, AEDT and FLULA2, with measurements. The validation dataset includes on the one hand a large number of commercial aircraft during final approach and on the other hand departures of a jet fighter aircraft, with measurement distances up to 2.8 km. The comparisons show that a lateral attenuation term is justified for best-practice models, resulting in a better agreement with measurements. However, sonAIR yields better results than the two other models, with deviations on the order of only ±1 dB at all measurement locations. A further advantage of a physically based modeling approach, as used in sonAIR, is its ability to account for varying conditions affecting lateral attenuation, like systematic differences in the temperature stratification between day and night or ground cover other than grassland.
Working in Esports: Developing Team Cohesion
Authors: Swettenham Laura , Whitehead Amy
Published: May 2022

The team in the current case study is a professional League of Legends team within the United Kingdom. This case study aimed to develop team cohesion through increasing players’ awareness of self and others through mutual sharing of strength profiles. As the split progressed, the case also aimed to support the players to manage uncomfortable thoughts and emotions under pressure utilizing an acceptance and commitment therapy approach. This was done through five workshops over 4 weeks with one-to-one work blended into the program to ensure an individualized approach to enhance learning. This case study will outline the context of League of Legends, the needs analysis, intervention delivery, and feedback from interviews with players and coaches. Finally, this case study will provide reflections from the trainee sport and exercise psychologist working within esports for the first time.
Autophagic LC3
+
calcified extracellular vesicles initiate cartilage calcification in osteoarthritis
Authors: Yan Jianfei , Shen Minjuan , Sui Bingdong , Lu Weicheng , Han Xiaoxiao , Wan Qianqian , Liu Yingying , Kang Junjun , Qin Wenpin , Zhang Zibing , Chen Da , Cao Yuan , Ying Siqi , Tay Franklin R. , Niu Li-na , Jiao Kai
Published: May 2022

Pathological cartilage calcification plays an important role in osteoarthritis progression but in which the origin of calcified extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their effects remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that pathological cartilage calcification occurs in the early stage of the osteoarthritis in which the calcified EVs are closely involved. Autophagosomes carrying the minerals are released in EVs, and calcification is induced by those autophagy-regulated calcified EVs. Autophagy-derived microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3)–positive EVs are the major population of calcified EVs that initiate pathological calcification. Release of LC3-positive calcified EVs is caused by blockage of the autophagy flux resulted from histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6)–mediated microtubule destabilization. Inhibition of HDAC6 activity blocks the release of the LC3-positive calcified EVs by chondrocytes and effectively reverses the pathological calcification and degradation of cartilage. The present work discovers that calcified EVs derived from autophagosomes initiate pathological cartilage calcification in osteoarthritis, with potential therapeutic targeting implication.
MicroRNA-resistant alleles of
HOMEOBOX DOMAIN-2
modify inflorescence branching and increase grain protein content of wheat
Authors: Dixon Laura E. , Pasquariello Marianna , Badgami Roshani , Levin Kara A. , Poschet Gernot , Ng Pei Qin , Orford Simon , Chayut Noam , Adamski Nikolai M. , Brinton Jemima , Simmonds James , Steuernagel Burkhard , Searle Iain R. , Uauy Cristobal , Boden Scott A.
Published: May 2022

Plant and inflorescence architecture determine the yield potential of crops. Breeders have harnessed natural diversity for inflorescence architecture to improve yields, and induced genetic variation could provide further gains. Wheat is a vital source of protein and calories; however, little is known about the genes that regulate the development of its inflorescence. Here, we report the identification of semidominant alleles for a class III homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factor,
HOMEOBOX DOMAIN-2
(
HB-2
), on wheat A and D subgenomes, which generate more flower-bearing spikelets and enhance grain protein content. These alleles increase
HB-2
expression by disrupting a microRNA 165/166 complementary site with conserved roles in plants; higher
HB-2
expression is associated with modified leaf and vascular development and increased amino acid supply to the inflorescence during grain development. These findings enhance our understanding of genes that control wheat inflorescence development and introduce an approach to improve the nutritional quality of grain.
Substantial global influence of anthropogenic aerosols on tropical cyclones over the past 40 years
Authors: Murakami Hiroyuki
Published: May 2022

Over the past 40 years, anthropogenic aerosols have been substantially decreasing over Europe and the United States owing to pollution control measures, whereas they have increased in South and East Asia because of the economic and industrial growth in these regions. However, it is not yet clear how the changes in anthropogenic aerosols have altered global tropical cyclone (TC) activity. In this study, we reveal that the decreases in aerosols over Europe and the United States have contributed to significant decreases in TCs over the Southern Hemisphere as well as increases in TCs over the North Atlantic, whereas the increases in aerosols in South and East Asia have exerted substantial decreases in TCs over the western North Pacific. These results suggest that how society controls future emissions of anthropogenic aerosols will exert a substantial impact on the world’s TC activity.
SEC is an antiangiogenic virulence factor that promotes
Staphylococcus aureus
endocarditis independent of superantigen activity
Authors: Kinney Kyle J. , Tang Sharon S. , Wu Xiao-Jun , Tran Phuong M. , Bharadwaj Nikhila S. , Gibson-Corley Katherine N. , Forsythe Ana N. , Kulhankova Katarina , Gumperz Jenny E. , Salgado-Pabón Wilmara
Published: May 2022

The superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) is critical for
Staphylococcus aureus
infective endocarditis (SAIE) in rabbits. Superantigenicity, its hallmark function, was proposed to be a major underlying mechanism driving SAIE but was not directly tested. With the use of
S. aureus
MW2 expressing SEC toxoids, we show that superantigenicity does not sufficiently account for vegetation growth, myocardial inflammation, and acute kidney injury in the rabbit model of native valve SAIE. These results highlight the critical contribution of an alternative function of superantigens to SAIE. In support of this, we provide evidence that SEC exerts antiangiogenic effects by inhibiting branching microvessel formation in an ex vivo rabbit aortic ring model and by inhibiting endothelial cell expression of one of the most potent mediators of angiogenesis, VEGF-A. SEC’s ability to interfere with tissue revascularization and remodeling after injury serves as a mechanism to promote SAIE and its life-threatening systemic pathologies.
The structure of caveolin finally takes shape
Authors: Parton Robert G. , Collins Brett M.
Published: May 2022

Cryo–electron microscopy reveals the structure of caveolin, the major membrane protein of caveolae, providing new insights into how this critical protein works.
Robot Operating System 2: Design, architecture, and uses in the wild
Authors: Macenski Steven , Foote Tully , Gerkey Brian , Lalancette Chris , Woodall William
Published: May 2022

The next chapter of the robotics revolution is well underway with the deployment of robots for a broad range of commercial use cases. Even in a myriad of applications and environments, there exists a common vocabulary of components that robots share—the need for a modular, scalable, and reliable architecture; sensing; planning; mobility; and autonomy. The Robot Operating System (ROS) was an integral part of the last chapter, demonstrably expediting robotics research with freely available components and a modular framework. However, ROS 1 was not designed with many necessary production-grade features and algorithms. ROS 2 and its related projects have been redesigned from the ground up to meet the challenges set forth by modern robotic systems in new and exploratory domains at all scales. In this Review, we highlight the philosophical and architectural changes of ROS 2 powering this new chapter in the robotics revolution. We also show through case studies the influence ROS 2 and its adoption has had on accelerating real robot systems to reliable deployment in an assortment of challenging environments.
Dichotomous role of miR193b-3p in diabetic foot ulcers maintains inhibition of healing and suppression of tumor formation
Authors: Marjanovic Jelena , Ramirez Horacio A. , Jozic Ivan , Stone Rivka C. , Wikramanayake Tongyu C. , Head Cheyanne R. , Abdo Abujamra Beatriz , Ojeh Nkemcho , Kirsner Robert S. , Lev-Tov Hadar , Pastar Irena , Tomic-Canic Marjana
Published: May 2022

Despite the hyperproliferative environment marked by activation of β-catenin and overexpression of
c-myc
, the epidermis surrounding chronic diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) is clinically hypertrophic and nonmigratory yet does not undergo malignant transformation. We identified miR193b-3p as a master regulator that contributes to this unique cellular phenotype. We determined that induction of tumor suppressor miR193b-3p is a unique feature of DFUs that is not found in venous leg ulcers, acute wounds, or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Genomic analyses of DFUs identified suppression of the miR193b-3p target gene network that orchestrates cell motility. Inhibition of migration and wound closure was further confirmed by overexpression of miR193b-3p in human organotypic and murine in vivo wound models, whereas miR193b-3p knockdown accelerated wound reepithelialization in human ex vivo and diabetic murine wounds in vivo. The dominant negative effect of miR193b-3p on keratinocyte migration was maintained in the presence of promigratory miR31-5p and miR15b-5p, which were also overexpressed in DFUs. miR193b-3p mediated antimigratory activity by disrupting stress fiber formation and by decreasing activity of GTPase RhoA. Conversely, miR193b-3p targets that typically participate in malignant transformation were found to be differentially regulated between DFUs and SCC, including the proto-oncogenes
KRAS
(Kirsten rat sarcoma viral proto-oncogene) and
KIT
(KIT proto-oncogene). Although miR193b-3p acts as a tumor suppressor contributing to low tumor incidence in DFUs, it also acts as a master inhibitor of cellular migration and epithelialization in DFUs. Thus, miR193b-3p may represent a target for wound healing induction, cancer therapeutics, and diagnostics.
Enabling precision monitoring of psoriasis treatment by optoacoustic mesoscopy
Authors: Hindelang Benedikt , Nau Teresa , Englert Ludwig , Berezhnoi Andrei , Lauffer Felix , Darsow Ulf , Biedermann Tilo , Eyerich Kilian , Aguirre Juan , Ntziachristos Vasilis
Published: May 2022

Psoriasis is a widespread inflammatory skin disease affecting about 2% of the general population. Recently, treatments that specifically target key proinflammatory cytokines driving the disease have been developed to complement conventional therapies with unspecific antiproliferative or anti-inflammatory effects. Efficient monitoring of treatment efficacy in the context of precision medicine and the assessment of new therapeutics require accurate noninvasive readouts of disease progression. However, characterization of psoriasis treatment remains subjective based on visual and palpatory clinical assessment of features observed on the skin surface. We hypothesized that optoacoustic (photoacoustic) mesoscopy could offer label-free assessment of inflammation biomarkers, extracted from three-dimensional (3D) high-resolution images of the human skin, not attainable by other noninvasive methods. We developed a second-generation ultra-broadband optoacoustic mesoscopy system, featuring sub–10-μm resolution and advanced motion correction technology, and performed 80 longitudinal measurements of 20 psoriatic skin plaques in humans under conventional inpatient treatment or receiving biologics with concomitant topical corticosteroid treatment. Optoacoustic image analysis revealed inflammatory and morphological skin features that indicated treatment efficacy with sensitivity, accuracy, and precision that was not possible using clinical metrics. We identify 3D imaging biomarkers that reveal responses to treatment and offer the potential to facilitate disease and treatment characterization. Our findings suggest that optoacoustic mesoscopy may offer a method of choice for yielding both qualitative and quantitative evaluations of skin treatments that are inaccessible by other methods, potentially enabling optimized therapies and precision medicine in dermatology.