bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colonic Potassium Absorption and Secretion in Health and Disease
Authors: Rajendran Vazhaikkurichi M. , Sandle Geoffrey I.
Published: September 2018

The colon has large capacities for K+absorption and K+secretion, but its role in maintaining K+homeostasis is often overlooked. For many years, passive diffusion and/or solvent drag were thought to be the primary mechanisms for K+absorption in human and animal colon. However, it is now clear that apical H+,K+‐ATPase, in coordination with basolateral K+‐Cl−cotransport and/or K+and Cl−channels operating in parallel, mediate electroneutral K+absorption in animal colon. We now know that K+absorption in rat colon reflects ouabain‐sensitive and ouabain‐insensitive apical H+,K+‐ATPase activities. Ouabain‐insensitive and ouabain‐sensitive H+,K+‐ATPases are localized in surface and crypt cells, respectively. Colonic H+,K+‐ATPase consists of α‐ (HKCα) and β‐ (HKCβ) subunits which, when coexpressed, exhibit ouabain‐insensitive H+,K+‐ATPase activity in HEK293 cells, while HKCαcoexpressed with the gastric β‐subunit exhibits ouabain‐sensitive H+,K+‐ATPase activity inXenopusoocytes. Aldosterone enhances apical H+,K+‐ATPase activity, HKCαspecific mRNA and protein expression, and K+absorption. Active K+secretion, on the other hand, is mediated by apical K+channels operating in a coordinated way with the basolateral Na+‐K+‐2Cl−cotransporter. Both Ca2+‐activated intermediate conductance K+(IK) and large conductance K+(BK) channels are located in the apical membrane of colonic epithelia. IK channel‐mediated K+efflux provides the driving force for Cl−secretion, while BK channels mediate active (e.g., cAMP‐activated) K+secretion. BK channel expression and activity are increased in patients with end‐stage renal disease and ulcerative colitis. This review summarizes the role of apical H+,K+‐ATPase in K+absorption, and apical BK channel function in K+secretion in health and disease. © 2018 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:1513‐1536, 2018.
Systemic Oxygen Transport with Rest, Exercise, and Hypoxia: A Comparison of Humans, Rats, and Mice
Authors: Gonzalez Norberto C. , Kuwahira Ichiro
Published: September 2018

The objective of this article is to compare and contrast the known characteristics of the systemic O2transport of humans, rats, and mice at rest and during exercise in normoxia and hypoxia. This analysis should help understand when rodent O2transport findings can—and cannot—be applied to human responses to similar conditions. The O2‐transport system was analyzed as composed of four linked conductances: ventilation, alveolo‐capillary diffusion, circulatory convection, and tissue capillary‐cell diffusion. While the mechanisms of O2transport are similar in the three species, the quantitative differences are naturally large. There are abundant data on total O2consumption and on ventilatory and pulmonary diffusive conductances under resting conditions in the three species; however, there is much less available information on pulmonary gas exchange, circulatory O2convection, and tissue O2diffusion in mice. The scarcity of data largely derives from the difficulty of obtaining blood samples in these small animals and highlights the need for additional research in this area. In spite of the large quantitative differences in absolute and mass‐specific O2flux, available evidence indicates that resting alveolar and arterial and venous blood PO2values under normoxia are similar in the three species. Additionally, at least in rats, alveolar and arterial blood PO2under hypoxia and exercise remain closer to the resting values than those observed in humans. This is achieved by a greater ventilatory response, coupled with a closer value of arterial to alveolar PO2, suggesting a greater efficacy of gas exchange in the rats. © 2018 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:1537‐1573, 2018.
Stability andtransInfluence in Fluorinated Gold(I) Coordination Compounds
Authors: Moreno‐Alcántar Guillermo , Hernández‐Toledo Hugo , Guevara‐Vela José Manuel , Rocha‐Rinza Tomás , Martín Pendás Ángel , Flores‐Álamo Marcos , Torrens Hugo
Published: September 2018

We examined the Au–P and Au–X chemical bonding scenario throughout the series of compounds of the general formula [AuX(LP)] wherein LPis triphenylphosphine or a fluorinated phosphine [PPhF= P(C6H5)2(C6F5)1, P(C6H5)(C6F5)22and P(C6F5)33] and X is chloride or a fluorinated thiolate [SRF= SCF3a, SCH2CF3b, SC6F5c, SC6F4(CF3)‐4d]. We found that the increase of the fluorination degree or the replacement of Cl–by a–SRFligand decreases the stability of the compound. Furthermore, this substitution shifts the31P‐NMR signals to low field, which indicates differences in the electronegativity of the phosphorus due to the distincttransinfluences of the Cl–and–SRFspecies. These effects correlate with the charge of the gold atom coordinated to phosphorus. Our investigation shows the high potential of fluorination as a strategy for the modulation of the properties of gold compounds, for example in catalysis, and the applicability of quantum chemical topology studies in the explanation of these features.
Synthesis of ATN‐Type FeAPO‐39 Molecular Sieves without Solvent using the Additional Structure‐Directing Effect of the Iron Source
Authors: Zhao Xinhong , Wang Qingpeng , Duan Weiting , Li Guixian , Ji Dong , Zhao Yu
Published: September 2018

ATN‐type FeAPO‐39 molecular sieves with high iron content has been successfully synthesized under non‐solvent conditions, which is the first example of iron‐incorporated aluminophosphate with the ATN‐zeotype structure. The optimum synthetic conditions of this material were refined. It was found that the following synthetic conditions, i.e. a low P2O5/Al2O3 ratio, a high DPA/Al2O3 ratio (DPA: di‐n‐propylamine) and an elevated crystallization temperature, seemed to be more favorable for the non‐solvent synthesis of ATN phase. The composition and structural characteristics of resultant relatively pure FeAPO‐39 molecular sieves were intensively studied by XRD, FT‐IR, TG‐DTA, CHN elemental analysis, ICP‐AES, SEM, TEM, N2 physisorption, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy analyses. The iron content and zeolite yield of FeAPO‐39 material were found to be as high as 5.56 wt.‐% and 82.6 %, respectively. The results of FT‐IR, TG‐DTA and CHN elemental analysis indicate that DPA molecules may co‐direct the synthesis of ATN zeolites along with additional structure‐directing agent NH4+ ions resulting from iron source. Owing to the specific structure‐directing role provided by iron source, the synthetic strategy presented here may find a potential application in the non‐solvent synthesis of other aluminosilicate and aluminophosphate zeolites with novel frameworks.
Melamine‐Based Metal‐Chelating Porous Organic Polymers for Efficient CO2 Capture and Conversion
Authors: Tang Feiying , Hou Jianan , Liang Kaixin , Huang Jianhan , Liu You‐Nian
Published: September 2018

Due to their tailored porosity, high catalytic activity and excellent chemical/thermal stability, porous organic polymers and their metal complexes hold promising potential in CO2 capture and conversion. In this work, two kinds of melamine‐based porous polymers (TPAMP and TPBMP) and their zinc complexes (Zn‐TPAMP and Zn‐TPBMP) were synthesized. Zn‐TPAMP and Zn‐TPBMP present high CO2 uptake of 11.7 wt.‐% and 16.8 wt.‐% at 273 K and 1 bar, respectively. In particular, Zn‐TPAMP demonstrates high catalytic activity for the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides (TOF: 1383 h–1). The high CO2 uptake can be contributed to the dominant microporosity and N‐containing groups; while the high catalytic activity can be ascribed to the considerable mesopores and the introduction of zinc ions. In addition, the steric configuration of the two different building blocks leads to a significant difference in the porosity of the prepared polymers, which endow them with different performance for CO2 uptake and conversion. Our finding provides a new approach to the synthesis of metal‐chelating porous polymers for efficient CO2 capture and conversion.
Pd/C‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative [3+2] Cycloaddition for the Synthesis of Functionalized Tropanes
Authors: Wang Hai‐Jun , Guo Lei , Zhu Cheng‐Feng , Luo Yun‐Fei , Li You‐Gui , Wu Xiang
Published: September 2018

A Pd/C‐catalyzed cascade approach for the synthesis of attractive benzo‐fused tropanes was developed. The reaction proceeds through a sequential Pd/C‐catalyzed dehydrogenative formation of azomethine ylides from amines and 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. It allows the generation of structurally complex benzo‐fused tropanes in good yields with excellent diastereoselectivities under mild reaction conditions. Preliminary results of asymmetric version of the reaction reveal that the copper catalyst and chiral monophosphoramidite ligand can furnish optically active products with moderate ee.
The Variety of User Experiences: Literacy Roles and Stances on Story‐Sharing Platforms
Authors: Korobkova Ksenia A. , Collins Penelope
Published: September 2018

The authors explored adolescents’ literacy practices and identities on newly popular story‐sharing platforms. For budding readers, writers, and designers, these sites represent new media ecologies. With a mixed‐method case study of 40 globally dispersed adolescents, the authors chronicled literacy roles, identity stances, and practices on the story‐sharing apps Wattpad and Figment. These media‐ted practices proved consequential for the participants’ sense of investment in what they did. Findings show that adolescents divergently invested in a social orientation toward writing and an orientation focused on textual output. Different genres of practice came to the forefront, depending on users’ identity stances. Participants in these platforms took on various stances, ranging from friend to fan to reader to novice and expert writer, which cohered with attendant activities. The authors conclude with implications for research, design, and coordination of learning environments for adolescents, given the observed heterogeneity in stances, roles, practices, and experiences.
Effects of grazing exclusion on soil–vegetation relationships in a semiarid grassland on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Ren Guohua , Wang Caixia , Dong Kuanhu , Zhu Huisen , Wang Yongcui , Zhao Xiang
Published: September 2018

Grazing exclusion (GE) is regarded as an effective practice to restore degraded grasslands. However, the patterns of vegetation recovery and related regulating factors in response to fencing have not been fully recognized. Hence, quantitative analysis of vegetation–soil relationships in response to GE was conducted in a semiarid grassland located on the Loess Plateau, North China. The results revealed that enclosure establishment significantly increased vegetation cover, height, and productivity but reduced plant diversity. Soil bulk density (0–20 cm) and pH (0–50 cm) clearly decreased after GE, whereas soil water (0–20 cm), organic matter (0–10 cm and 30–40 cm), and nutrient concentration (0–20 cm) increased significantly. Redundancy analysis of vegetation and environmental variables suggested that edaphic properties, including soil water, soil pH, total N, bulk density, and organic matter, was associated with plant community composition. Subsequent canonical correlation analysis indicated that soil bulk density, organic matter, and total N played an important role in shaping vegetation patterns in response to fencing whereas variations in soil pH and total N were the major contributors to variations in grazing rangeland. This work emphasized that fencing is a positive grassland management approach and suitable changes in grazing stock and soil variability are required to quantify vegetation recovery in response to grazing exclusion.
The level of safety standards in implementing therapeutic and caring procedures by emergency department personnel
Authors: Musavi Ghahfarokhi Motahareh , Masoudiyekta Leila , Khajeali Nasrin
Published: September 2018

Aim

The present study aimed to determine the level of applying safety standards in treatment and therapy processes.

Design

In the present descriptive study, 120 cases of nasogastric intubation, bladder catheterization and intramuscular and intravenous injections done by emergency staff were randomly selected.

Methods

The data were collected by a two‐section checklist including demographic features and four sheets of observation. Then, the data were analysed based on descriptive statistics.

Result

The results indicated that the level of compliance with safety standards was 63.3% in intramuscular injection, 86.7% for intravenous injection, 90% for bladder catheterization and 80% for nasogastric intubation. In addition, no statistically significant difference was observed between these processes and the variables such as ages, education and experience and work shift.
Redundancy implies robustness for bang‐bang strategies
Authors: Olivier Antoine , Haberkorn Thomas , Trélat Emmanuel , Bourgeois Éric , Handschuh David‐Alexis
Published: September 2018

We develop in this paper a method ensuring robustness properties of bang‐bang strategies, for general nonlinear control systems. Our main idea is to add bang arcs in the form of needle‐like variations of the control. With such bang‐bang controls having additional degrees of freedom, steering the control system to some given target amounts to solving an overdetermined nonlinear shooting problem, what we do by developing a least‐square approach. In turn, we design a criterion to measure the quality of robustness of the bang‐bang strategy, based on the singular values of the end‐point mapping, and which we optimize. Our approach thus shows that redundancy implies robustness, and we show how to achieve some compromises in practice, by applying it to the attitude control of a 3d rigid body.
Comparison of gas chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight and quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry in anti‐doping analysis: I. Detection of anabolic‐androgenic steroids
Authors: Abushareeda Wadha , Tienstra Marc , Lommen Arjen , Blokland Marco , Sterk Saskia , Kraiem Suhail , Horvatovich Peter , Nielen Michel , Al‐Maadheed Muhammad , Georgakopoulos Costas
Published: September 2018

Rationale

The World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) encourages drug‐testing laboratories to develop screening methods that can detect as many doping substances as possible in urine. The use of full‐scan high‐resolution acquisition (FS/HR) with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the detection of known and unknown trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of anabolic‐androgenic steroids (AAS) provides anti‐doping testing bodies with a new analytical tool.

Methods

The AAS were extracted from urine samples by generic liquid–liquid extraction, after enzymatic hydrolysis, and TMS derivatization. The extracted urine was analyzed by GC/Q‐TOF and GC/Q‐Orbitrap to compare the performance of the two instrument types for the detection of 46 AAS in human urine. The quantitation of endogenous anabolic steroids and the ability of the two analytical platforms to comply with the requirements for testing as part of the WADA Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) were also assessed.

Results

The data presented show that the analytical performance for both instruments complies with the WADA specifications. The limits of detection (LODs) for both instruments are well below the WADA 50% Minimum Required Performance Levels. The mass errors in the current study for the GC/Q‐Orbitrap platform are lower than those obtained for the GC/Q‐TOF instrument.

Conclusions

The data presented herein proved that both molecular profiling platforms can be used for antidoping screening. The mass accuracies are excellent in both instruments; however, the GC/Q‐Orbitrap performs better as it provides higher resolution than the GC/Q‐TOF platform.
Wilson lines and Ishibashi states in AdS3/CFT2
Authors: Castro Alejandra , Iqbal Nabil , Llabrés Eva
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We provide a refined interpretation of a gravitational Wilson line in AdS3 in terms of Ishibashi states in the dual CFT2. Our strategy is to give a method to evaluate the Wilson line that accounts for all the information contained in the representation, and clarify the role of boundary conditions at the endpoints of the line operator. This gives a novel way to explore and reconstruct the local bulk dynamics which we discuss. We also compare our findings with other interpretations of Ishibashi states in AdS3/CFT2.
Squashed holography with scalar condensates
Authors: Conti Gabriele , Hertog Thomas , Vreys Yannick
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We evaluate the partition function of the free and interacting O(N) vector model on a two-parameter family of squashed three spheres in the presence of a scalar deformation. We also find everywhere regular solutions of Einstein gravity coupled to a scalar field in AdS and in dS with the same double squashed boundary geometry. Remarkably, the thermodynamic properties of the AdS solutions qualitatively agree with the behavior predicted by the free O(N) model with a real mass deformation. The dS bulk solutions specify the semiclassical ‘no-boundary’ measure over anisotropic deformations of inflationary, asymptotic de Sitter space. Through dS/CFT the partition function of the interacting O(N) model yields a holographic toy model of the no-boundary measure. We find this yields a qualitatively similar probability distribution which is normalizable and globally peaked at the round three sphere, with a low amplitude for strong anisotropies.
Enhanced microbial lipid production by Cryptococcus albidus in the high-cell-density continuous cultivation with membrane cell recycling and two-stage nutrient limitation
Authors: Fu Rongzhan , Fei Qiang , Shang Longan , Brigham Christopher J , Chang Ho Nam
Published: September 2018

As a potential feedstock for biofuel production, a high-cell-density continuous culture for the lipid production by Cryptococcus albidus was investigated in this study. The influences of dilution rates in the single-stage continuous cultures were explored first. To reach a high-cell-density culture, a single-stage continuous culture coupled with a membrane cell recycling system was carried out at a constant dilution rate of 0.36/h with varied bleeding ratios. The maximum lipid productivity of 0.69 g/L/h was achieved with the highest bleeding ratio of 0.4. To reach a better lipid yield and content, a two-stage continuous cultivation was performed by adjusting the C/N ratio in two different stages. Finally, a lipid yield of 0.32 g/g and lipid content of 56.4% were obtained. This two-stage continuous cultivation, which provided a higher lipid production performance, shows a great potential for an industrial-scale biotechnological production of microbial lipids and biofuel production.
Can flexible intramedullary nails provide proper fixation of long bone fractures in patients weighing over 100 pounds?
Authors: Frumberg David B. , Van Lanen-Wanek Devan J. , Jauregui Julio J. , Nadarajah Vidushan , Illical Emmanuel M.
Published: September 2018

Purpose:

Length stable diaphyseal femur and tibial shaft fractures in paediatric patients may be fixed with flexible intramedullary nails (FINs) in selected paediatric patients. Previous studies based on biomechanical models have suggested that the forces of gait may overcome the stability of this construct in patients weighing more than 45 kg. Surgeons occasionally use FINs for fixation in patients outside this limit. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether FINs could be used in paediatric patients weighing over 45 kg without increasing the rate of complications.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort review was performed for 12 patients weighing over 45 kg with femoral or tibial fractures treated with FINs, matched 1:2 for gender and bone type with 24 patients weighing less than 45 kg; also with femoral or tibial fractures treated with FINs over the same period.

Results:

There was no significant differences in rate of major complication or increases in angulation between the study and control group. The study group had major complication (8.3%) of hypertrophic nonunion in the tibia, and the control group had one major complication (4.2%) of increased anterior bowing in the femur. The odds ratio of developing a major complication in the study group was 2:1 which was not significant (p = 0.06).

Conclusions:

FINs can be considered as a treatment option for fixation of femoral and tibial fractures in a select group of paediatric patients weighing more than 45 kg. Clinical and functional outcomes measurements in larger sample sizes are needed before making any definitive conclusions.
The impact of preexisting disease on outcomes of simple orthopaedic trauma: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Quested Rachele , Wiltshire Danielle , Sommerville Scott , Lutz Michael
Published: September 2018

Background:

This article describes a prospective cohort study trial which aims to determine what risk factors might be associated with increased levels of pain, disability and psychological distress following simple orthopaedic trauma.

Methods:

Patients were recruited from two large tertiary referral hospitals. Outcome measures were return to work, measurement of the visual analogue scale for pain and the SF 12 physical component score (PCS) and mental health component score.

Results:

Fifty-five participants were recruited. Overall, participants had significant improvement in their levels of pain, and all who were working before the injury returned to work. Those with a preexisting disease had a significantly lower ( p = 0.007) initial PCS with no significant changes in either mental health component score or PCS.

Conclusions:

Differences in outcomes were observed in patients with and without preexisting disease.
High-K basaltic trachyandesite xenoliths in pyroclastic deposits from the Bezymianny volcano (Kamchatka)
Authors: Davydova V.O. , Plechov P.Yu. , Shcherbakov V.D. , Perepelov A.B.
Published: September 2018

Bezymianny is an active andesitic volcano of the Klyuchevskaya group, and its eruptive products are xenolith- and enclave-bearing basaltic andesites and dacites. Here we report the first occurrence of clinopyroxene-plagioclase high-potassium basaltic trachyandesite xenoliths (51.84–53.00 wt.% SiO2, 0.45–1.95 wt.% K2O) crystallized in the temperature range 1120–840 °C in products of modern eruptions (2007, 2011, 2012). Basaltic trachyandesite differ systematically in petrologic and geochemical characteristics from all previously studied rocks from the Bezymianny volcano. They correspond to the clinopyroxene–plagioclase porphyry rocks from the foot of the Tolbachik volcanoes.
A generalized image and boundaries of the Bazhenov Formation: constraints from well log data for Salym-type sections (West Siberia)
Authors: Lapkovsky V.V. , Kontorovich V.A. , Shmelev N.E.
Published: September 2018

A technique akin to Galton’s composite portraiture is suggested for creating a generalized image of a stratigraphic unit based on well log data from a group of well sections. The procedure begins with superimposing stratigraphically equivalent section points according to pairwise correlation models followed by weighted summation of similar logs. The superimposition highlights persistent common features of the sections, while their minor individual details become suppressed. A generalized model of the Bazhenov Formation in the Salym area has been constructed from gamma-ray, apparent resistivity, and self-potential logs. Radioactivity and resistivity anomalies, which are often used as constraints on the Bazhenov Formation boundaries, show a significant spatial discrepancy. According to the correlation, the formation volume in each well depends on the depth interval corresponding to the hypostratotype. The results were used to map the Bazhenov Formation thickness and its standard deviation, as well as average values of different logs.
Identification of the genetic heterogeneity of Tatarstan oils based on the composition of alkyl-substituted aromatic compounds
Authors: Smirnov M.B. , Fadeeva N.P. , Poludetkina E.N.
Published: September 2018

This study presents data on concentrations of n-alkylbenzenes, n-alkylnaphthalenes, phytanylnaphthalene, and methylphytanylnaphthalene in representative crude oils of Tatarstan. The results of the study reveal the elevated concentrations of C19, C21, and C23 homologues of n-alkylbenzenes and n-alkylnaphthalenes, which can be considered as biomarkers. The proposed procedure for comprehensive quantification of this group of biomarkers can be used as an efficient tool to study oils from the major petroleum basins of Russia. Based on the results of the study, four genetic groups of oils in Tatarstan have been distinguished: (1) oils from the north and northwest (Bir saddle, Lower Kama system of linear faults, and Saraily saddle), (2) oils from Devonian terrigenous reservoirs within the South Tatar arch and Melekes depression, (3) oils from Carboniferous reservoirs, and (4) oils from Devonian carbonate reservoirs. All these oils belong to the same genetic macrotype. Based on the results of this study, the sedimentary sections of the Melekes depression cannot be regarded as potential source rocks. It is assumed that oil has migrated to the northern part of the region from the north or east. Some of the possible migration routes for oils from the remaining part of Tatarstan are from the southeast and/or south.
Paleomagnetism of traps of the Franz Josef Land Archipelago
Authors: Abashev V.V. , Metelkin D.V. , Mikhaltsov N.E. , Vernikovsky V.A. , Bragin V.Yu.
Published: September 2018

The paper presents results of paleomagnetic studies of traps of the Franz Josef Land (FJL) Archipelago. This area is considered to be part of the Barents Sea Large Igneous Province (LIP) and is usually associated with the Early Cretaceous stage of plume activity, by analogy with other manifestations of late Mesozoic trap magmatism in the High Arctic. Recent isotope-geochemical studies, however, suggest a much longer history of basaltoid magmatism in the FJL area, from Early Jurassic through Early Cretaceous, with three pulses at 190, 155, and ≈ 125 Ma. Given a significant difference in age, paleomagnetic directions and corresponding virtual geomagnetic poles are supposed to form discrete groups near the Jurassic–Early Cretaceous paleomagnetic poles of Eastern Europe. However, the calculated virtual geomagnetic poles, on the contrary, show a single “cloud” distribution, with its center being shifted to the Early Cretaceous paleomagnetic poles of Siberia. The performed analysis demonstrates that the significant variance is caused mostly by the high-latitude position of the FJL and secular variations of the geomagnetic field during the formation of the traps. Products of the Early Cretaceous magmatism evidently prevail in the data sample. The coincidence of the average paleomagnetic pole of the FJL traps with the Early Cretaceous (145–125 Ma) interval of the apparent polar wander path of Siberia rather than Eastern Europe confirms the hypothesis of the Mesozoic strike-slip activity within the Eurasian continent. This activity might be a natural result of the evolution of the Arctic Ocean.
The ‘Within’ Journey: Assessment of the Online Indigenous Australian Cultural Competence Training Programme at Charles Sturt University
Authors: Hill Barbara , Tulloch Marian , Mlcek Susan , Lewis Melinda
Published: September 2018

This paper explores the impact of self-reflective processes of staff at Charles Sturt University (CSU) while undertaking an online Indigenous Cultural Competency Program (ICCP). The ICCP was designed for completion by all university staff to enhance their knowledge and understanding of Indigenous cultures, histories and contemporary realities. Staff were requirement to complete and submit answers to an online quiz, and a written reflection on their learning. This paper reflects on the responses of 64 volunteers and indicates large positive shifts are self-reported knowledge and understanding. The reflective texts of staff provide a rich source of information on the ‘journey within’. In-depth thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) identified three key themes: evaluation, the mapped learning journey and the personal learning journey. The participant feedback, not only pointed to the cognitive, attitudinal and emotional impact of the content and pedagogical approach of the programme, but also identified barriers and issues for programmes aimed at complex change in a contested space. Our programme assessment relied on self-reported individual perception that surfaced hidden assumptions about Indigenous cultural competency (Kumas-Tan¸ Beagan, Loppie, MacLeod, & Frank, 2007). We acknowledge in the longer term a range of comprehensive outcome measures are needed.
LIBERATION, FREE MUTUAL INFORMATION AND ORBITAL FREE ENTROPY
Authors: HAMDI TAREK
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we perform a detailed spectral study of the liberation process associated with two symmetries of arbitrary ranks: $(R,S)\mapsto (R,U_{t}SU_{t}^{\ast })_{t\geqslant 0}$, where $(U_{t})_{t\geqslant 0}$ is a free unitary Brownian motion freely independent from $\{R,S\}$. Our main tool is free stochastic calculus which allows to derive a partial differential equation (PDE) for the Herglotz transform of the unitary process defined by $Y_{t}:=RU_{t}SU_{t}^{\ast }$. It turns out that this is exactly the PDE governing the flow of an analytic function transform of the spectral measure of the operator $X_{t}:=PU_{t}QU_{t}^{\ast }P$ where $P,Q$ are the orthogonal projections associated to $R,S$. Next, we relate the two spectral measures of $RU_{t}SU_{t}^{\ast }$ and of $PU_{t}QU_{t}^{\ast }P$ via their moment sequences and use this relationship to develop a theory of subordination for the boundary values of the Herglotz transform. In particular, we explicitly compute the subordinate function and extend its inverse continuously to the unit circle. As an application, we prove the identity $i^{\ast }(\mathbb{C}P+\mathbb{C}(I-P);\mathbb{C}Q+\mathbb{C}(I-Q))=-\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}_{\text{orb}}(P,Q)$.
Competition and Bank Liquidity Creation
Authors: Jiang Liangliang , Levine Ross , Lin Chen
Published: September 2018

We use a new identification strategy to assess whether an intensification of competition among banks increases or decreases the provision of a key banking service: liquidity creation. Although theory offers conflicting predictions about the impact of competition on liquidity creation, we find that regulatory-induced competition reduces liquidity creation. Consistent with a subset of models emphasizing that banks pushed toward insolvency reduce risk-taking activities, we discover that regulatory-induced competition reduces liquidity creation more among banks with less risk-absorbing capacity (e.g., less profitable banks).
Labor Adjustment Costs and Risk Management
Authors: Qiu Yue
Published: September 2018

This paper studies the effects of labor adjustment costs on corporate risk management. Labor adjustment costs attenuate the correlation between the internal funds of a firm and its investment opportunity, and create more incentives for the firm to smooth internal funds. Using a state border discontinuity approach, I find that state-level labor protection laws significantly impact a firm’s use of foreign currency derivative contracts. I further find that a firm holds more cash when labor adjustment costs are larger, and such an effect concentrates on firms that do not engage in derivative hedging.
Board Ancestral Diversity and Firm-Performance Volatility
Authors: Giannetti Mariassunta , Zhao Mengxin
Published: September 2018

We proxy for board members’ opinions and values using directors’ ancestral origins and show that diversity has costs and benefits, leading to high performance volatility. Consistent with the idea that diverse groups experiment more, firms with ancestrally diverse boards have more numerous and more cited patents. In addition, their strategies conform less to those of the industry peers. However, firms with greater ancestral diversity also have more board meetings and make less predictable decisions. These findings suggest that diversity may lead to inefficiencies in the decision-making process and conflicts in the boardroom.
Prediction of psychosis in prodrome: development and validation of a simple, personalized risk calculator
Authors: Zhang TianHong , Xu LiHua , Tang YingYing , Li HuiJun , Tang XiaoChen , Cui HuiRu , Wei YanYan , Wang Yan , Hu Qiang , Liu XiaoHua , Li ChunBo , Lu Zheng , McCarley Robert W. , Seidman Larry J. , Wang JiJun ,   on behalf of the SHARP (ShangHai At Risk for Psychosis) Study Group
Published: September 2018

Background

This study aim to derive and validate a simple and well-performing risk calculator (RC) for predicting psychosis in individual patients at clinical high risk (CHR).

Methods

From the ongoing ShangHai-At-Risk-for-Psychosis (SHARP) program, 417 CHR cases were identified based on the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS), of whom 349 had at least 1-year follow-up assessment. Of these 349 cases, 83 converted to psychosis. Logistic regression was used to build a multivariate model to predict conversion. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was used to test the effectiveness of the SIPS-RC. Second, an independent sample of 100 CHR subjects was recruited based on an identical baseline and follow-up procedures to validate the performance of the SIPS-RC.

Results

Four predictors (each based on a subset of SIPS-based items) were used to construct the SIPS-RC: (1) functional decline; (2) positive symptoms (unusual thoughts, suspiciousness); (3) negative symptoms (social anhedonia, expression of emotion, ideational richness); and (4) general symptoms (dysphoric mood). The SIPS-RC showed moderate discrimination of subsequent transition to psychosis with an AUC of 0.744 (p < 0.001). A risk estimate of 25% or higher had around 75% accuracy for predicting psychosis. The personalized risk generated by the SIPS-RC provided a solid estimate of conversion outcomes in the independent validation sample, with an AUC of 0.804 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.662–0.951].

Conclusion

The SIPS-RC, which is simple and easy to use, can perform in the same manner as the NAPLS-2 RC in the Chinese clinical population. Such a tool may be used by clinicians to counsel appropriately their patients about clinical monitor v. potential treatment options.
Psalm 74:8 and November 1938: rereading Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Kristallnacht annotation in its interpretive context
Authors: Clark David A. R.
Published: September 2018

Following Kristallnacht, Dietrich Bonhoeffer marked the date of the pogrom beside Psalm 74:8 in his personal Bible. This annotation has been frequently cited; however, though scholars have recognised historical implications of associating this psalm text with Kristallnacht, the discourse has yet to examine this annotation thoroughly in the context of Bonhoeffer's figural interpretation of the Psalms during this period. This article will establish the context of Bonhoeffer's figural approach to the Psalter in order to address this question: by connecting Psalm 74:8 with Kristallnacht, what theological claim might Bonhoeffer have been making about the events of November 1938?
Tradition and its ‘use’: the ethics of theological retrieval
Authors: Zahl Simeon
Published: September 2018

This article argues for the importance of attending to the subjective dynamics involved in retrieval of past theological traditions for contemporary purposes. Building on a close analysis of Martin Luther's distinction between the ‘substance’ of a thing and its ‘use’, the article makes a theological case for the importance of attending not just to what we retrieve from tradition, but also to how and why we retrieve it. Analysis of Luther's distinction suggests (1) that the meaning of theological claims remains unexpectedly fluid until such claims have been located within the ethical drama of ‘use’, and (2) that one of the best ways to get theological traction on the dynamics of ‘use’ is to attend to the affective economies in which theological reasoning is always located. It concludes by drawing attention to specific areas in contemporary ethics where new light can be shed through attention to the dynamics of ‘use’.
John Macmurray's influence on Thomas F. Torrance
Authors: Folsom Marty
Published: September 2018

The study of Thomas Torrance is undergoing a revival, but has neglected to highlight one significant influence: the insights of the Scottish philosopher John Macmurray. This article focuses on three respects in which Torrance affirmed Macmurray's work: in overcoming dualism, in creating an integrated realist philosophy and in expounding the form of the personal. This study will bring to light Macmurray's contributions to Torrance's thought, surveying the works of Torrance to reveal where Macmurray contributed key epistemic and systemic points to Torrance's developing scientific theology. This brief summary intends to reveal both Torrance's overt acknowledgement of Macmurray and the need for more exploration of their connections in order to enrich the study of both scholars.
Livestock Effects on Genetic Variation of Creosote Bushes in Patagonian Rangelands
Authors: Souto Cintia P. , Tadey Mariana
Published: September 2018

Genetic diversity is the raw material for species’ persistence over time, providing the potential to survive stochastic events, as well as climate and/or human-induced environmental changes. Biodiversity in dry rangelands is decreasing due to intensification of livestock production, but its effects on the genetic diversity of the consumed biota have seldom been assessed. We examined livestock effects on the genetic diversity of two dominant creosote species of the Patagonian Monte Desert,Larrea divaricataandLarrea cuneifolia. We deployed competing hierarchical regression models to assess the relationship between genetic variation within natural populations as a function of increasing stocking rates on ten arid rangelands. These species exhibit similar levels and patterns of genetic structure, with high levels of both inbreeding and divergence among locations. We found that increased stocking reduces genetic variation and increases genetic subdivision between populations. Our results indicate that grazing pressures are impoverishing the gene pool of these dominant native species of the Monte Desert, decreasing the evolutionary potential of the primary plant producers and increasing the desertification risk for a vulnerable habitat. We highlight the importance of considering livestock as a major driver of genetic losses in dry rangelands under overgrazing pressure, especially given current forecasts of climate change.
Unleashing the watchdogs: explaining congressional assertiveness in the politics of US military interventions
Authors: Böller Florian , Müller Marcus
Published: September 2018

This article contributes to a burgeoning literature on parliamentary war powers by investigating the case of the US Congress drawing on both International Relations (IR) research and traditional war powers studies. Applying a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis and case study method, we examine the conditions shaping congressional assertiveness. The article shows that the lack of national security interests and divided government are important conditions for members of Congress to criticize presidential intervention policies. While previous US war powers studies focused on the influence of partisanship, this article holds that domestic as well as international factors influence congressional behavior. A short comparative case study of two US military interventions (Libya 2011, ISIS 2014–15) during the Obama presidency serves to illustrate the findings.
Suicide Bereavement and Differences in Religiosity
Authors: Feigelman William , Cerel Julie , McIntosh John L. , Brent David , Gutin Nina
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Background: The trauma from experiencing a loved one's suicide is often seen as an instigator of change in a person's religious life. Aims: We sought to examine whether suicide-bereaved adults were any differently disposed to religious participation and observances compared with the nonbereaved and whether religiously involved bereaved had any better mental health compared with religiously disaffiliated bereaved. Method: The 2016 General Social Survey (GSS) presented 11 new questions identifying suicide bereavement status. We examined how the bereaved (n = 516) compared with the nonbereaved (n = 916) in terms of their religious beliefs and participation. We also investigated whether suicide bereaved religiously committed adherents, who prayed at least weekly (n = 372), showed any better mental health compared with bereaved who were religiously disaffiliated (n = 102). Results: Initially, results showed the bereaved more inclined to pray and to believe in an afterlife compared with the nonbereaved. However, after sex differences were controlled for, most of the remaining differences between these contrasted groups faded. Limitations: Caution is advised regarding generalizations from these data to all subgroups of suicide bereaved due to the modest number of respondents in many subpopulations. The GSS does not include potentially important grief-related indices, and importantly, most of the current sample were friends of the deceased and not first-degree relatives. Conclusion: We discuss the implications of these findings and the need for further research on the interconnections between religiosity and suicide bereavement.
A Numerical Model for Twin Nucleation in Shocked Zircon and Comparison With Natural Samples
Authors: Jones Giancarlo , Moser Desmond E. , Shieh Sean R.
Published: September 2018

Twins in zircon are increasingly being used as an indicator of shock metamorphism on Earth and other planetary bodies, yet the conditions of their formation have not been quantified. We modeled the shear stress involved with homogeneous nucleation of the most common zircon twin
. This stress is between 1.7 to 2.6 GPa for the range of crystal sizes common to the crust, stresses that are restricted to impact deformation regimes as opposed to tectonism. The twin nucleation stress is largely pressure independent, and it is likely that twins can form over a much larger range of shock pressures than is currently appreciated. This prediction is validated by the occurrence of twins in shocked zircon from distal regions of the 2.02 Ga Vredefort impact structure.
Deriving Amorphous Component Abundance and Composition of Rocks and Sediments on Earth and Mars
Authors: Smith Rebecca J. , Rampe Elizabeth B. , Horgan Briony H. N. , Dehouck Erwin
Published: September 2018

X‐ray amorphous materials have been detected in all samples measured by the CheMin X‐ray diffractometer (XRD) on board the Mars Science Laboratory rover in Gale Crater, Mars. The origin(s) of these materials are poorly understood, and there are significant uncertainties on their estimated abundances and compositions. Three methods are used to estimate the bulk amorphous component abundance and composition of Martian samples using XRD and bulk chemical data: (1) Rietveld refinements, (2) FULLPAT analyses, and (3) mass balance calculations. We tested these methods against a quantitative XRD (internal standard) method commonly used in terrestrial laboratories. Additionally, we tested for instrumentation effects by measuring our samples on a laboratory XRD instrument (PANalytical X'Pert Pro) and the CheMin test bed instrument (CheMin IV). We used three natural samples known to contain amorphous materials: glacial sediment, Hawaiian soil, and a paleosol. Our methods resulted in nine amorphous abundances and four amorphous compositions for each sample. For a single sample, amorphous abundance estimates and amorphous compositions are relatively similar across all estimation methods. CheMin analog measurements perform well in our tests, with amorphous abundances and compositions comparable to laboratory quantitative XRD measurements, though slightly underestimated. This suggests that previous amorphous component estimates for Martian samples are relatively accurate. This study highlights the usefulness of the mass balance calculation method for characterizing amorphous materials in terrestrial samples, providing important supplemental information to destructive and time consuming size separation and dissolution procedures.
Long-range haplotype analysis of the malaria parasite receptor gene ACKR1 in an East-African population
Authors: Yin Qinan , Srivastava Kshitij , Gebremedhin Amha , Makuria Addisalem Taye , Flegel Willy Albert
Published: September 2018

The humanACKR1gene encodes a glycoprotein expressing the Duffy blood group antigens (Fy). The Duffy protein acts as a receptor for distinct pro-inflammatory cytokines and malaria parasites. We determined the haplotypes of theACKR1gene in a population inhabiting a malaria-endemic area. We collected blood samples from 60 healthy volunteers in Ethiopia’s southwestern low-altitude tropical region. An assay was devised to amplify theACKR1gene as a single amplicon and determine its genomic sequence. All haplotypes were resolved at 5178 nucleotides each, covering the coding sequence (CDS) of theACKR1gene and including the 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions (UTR), intron 1, and the 5′- and 3′-flanking regions. When necessary, allele-specific PCR with nucleotide sequencing or length polymorphism analysis was applied. Among the 120 chromosomes analyzed, 18ACKR1alleles were confirmed without ambiguity. We found 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); only one SNP was novel. The non-coding sequences harbored 14 SNPs. No SNP, other than c.-67T>C, indicative of a non-functional allele, was detected. We described haplotypes of theACKR1gene in an autochthonous East-African population and found 18 distinctACKR1alleles. These long-range alleles are useful as templates to phase and analyze next-generation sequencing data, thus enhancing the reliability of clinical diagnostics.
Copper-on-nitride enhances the stable electrosynthesis of multi-carbon products from CO2
Authors: Liang Zhi-Qin , Zhuang Tao-Tao , Seifitokaldani Ali , Li Jun , Huang Chun-Wei , Tan Chih-Shan , Li Yi , De Luna Phil , Dinh Cao Thang , Hu Yongfeng , Xiao Qunfeng , Hsieh Pei-Lun , Wang Yuhang , Li Fengwang , Quintero-Bermudez Rafael , Zhou Yansong , Chen Peining , Pang Yuanjie , Lo Shen-Chuan , Chen Lih-Juann , Tan Hairen , Xu Zheng , Zhao Suling , Sinton David , Sargent Edward H.
Published: September 2018

Copper-based materials are promising electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. Prior studies show that the mixture of copper (I) and copper (0) at the catalyst surface enhances multi-carbon products from CO2 reduction; however, the stable presence of copper (I) remains the subject of debate. Here we report a copper on copper (I) composite that stabilizes copper (I) during CO2 reduction through the use of copper nitride as an underlying copper (I) species. We synthesize a copper-on-nitride catalyst that exhibits a Faradaic efficiency of 64 ± 2% for C2+ products. We achieve a 40-fold enhancement in the ratio of C2+ to the competing CH4 compared to the case of pure copper. We further show that the copper-on-nitride catalyst performs stable CO2 reduction over 30 h. Mechanistic studies suggest that the use of copper nitride contributes to reducing the CO dimerization energy barrier—a rate-limiting step in CO2 reduction to multi-carbon products.
Publisher Correction: Melting conditions in the modern Tibetan crust since the Miocene
Authors: Chen Jinyu , Gaillard Fabrice , Villaros Arnaud , Yang Xiaosong , Laumonier Mickael , Jolivet Laurent , Unsworth Martyn , Hashim Leїla , Scaillet Bruno , Richard Guillaume
Published: September 2018

The original PDF version of this Article contained an error in which Fig. 3 and its legend were omitted and Equations 5 and 6 contained errors.This has been corrected in the PDF version of the Article. The HTML version was correct from the time of publication.