bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of "E-Learning modules-entrepreneurial mindset in engineering" to Foster Teaching and Learning Environment at WVU Tech
Authors: Panta Yogendra M , Hatipoglu Kenan
Published: May 2022

We implemented “E-Learning Modules” developed by Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven and The Kern Entrepreneurial Engineering Network (KEEN) to foster an entrepreneurial mindset in engineering students. Out of the twelve currently available E-Learning modules, we deployed one specific module, “Building, sustaining and leading effective teams and establishing performance goals” in a mechanical engineering course to develop effective team work skills in their semester projects. In the last two Annual Meetings of the WV Academy of Science, we presented about “demonstration based learning environment” and “active learning pedagogies.” Demonstration based activities create curiosity and motivation “by seeing,” whereas active learning environment foster the teaching and learning process “by doing.” Similar to these experiences, the implementation of “Building, sustaining and leading effective teams and establishing performance goals” help to better engagement of students in teamwork with an entrepreneurial mindset. Last year, the E-learning module was integrated into semester project of a regular course “MAE 331 Fluid Mechanics.” The semester projects were made highly interactive requiring to have a weekly progress report followed by a systematic class room discussion. The modules’ supplementary resources were guided by the instructor in the class and then made accessible to the students through blackboard.  Overall, student teams effectively utilized the module materials for team formation, work division, conflict resolution, team performance plan, and evaluation. In the future, the module is planned to be customized and deployed as it fits in other courses.
The Role of FTL_1229 during Erythrocyte Invasion by Francisella tularensis
Authors: Myers Jennifer Rose , Horzempa Joseph
Published: May 2022

Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative bacterium that causes the disease, tularemia. Due to the highly infectious nature of F. tularensis, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classified this bacterium as a category A bioterrorism agent. To combat this threat, understanding the pathogenesis of F. tularensis is necessary. The gene FTL_1229 encodes a protein homologous to the ATP binding protein portion of an ABC transporter.  This gene is of interest because its expression is induced in the presence of human red blood cells. Furthermore, its homolog in F. novicida has found to be essential for invasion.  Therefore, we hypothesized that FTL_1229 may be involved during invasion of these host cells. To determine the significance of this gene, a mutation of FTL_1229 is being constructed. The mutant will then be tested via the Tet-on/off system and by erythrocyte invasion assays. Results from these studies will indicate if FTL_1229 is essential for the pathogenesis of F. tularensis.
Gene Expression of the Reactive Oxygen Species Gene SLC25A33 to a High Fat and Cholesterol Dietary Challenge in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae.
Authors: Bryant Stephanie , Walters Elizabeth , Walters James William
Published: May 2022

Gene SLC25A33 is a mitochondrial gene that is known to be linked to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancers that are caused by obesity. SLC25A33 is a solute carrier that is involved in the transport of pyrimidine nucleotide. SLC25A33 is also known to be involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and when expressed, ROS levels have been known to increase. The objective is to determine if expression of SLC25A33 will be upregulated in larval zebrafish when introduced to a high fat and cholesterol dietary challenge. Using RNASeq results done previously by our lab, SLC25A33 was found by uploading a list of 57 genes from the RNASeq results into Cytoscape software. Cytoscape was then used to to data mine the RNAseq results and create a network which revealed SLC25A33 to have a known links to the original 57 genes. We predict that SLC25A33 will be uplregulate in a high fat diet as well. To model the human intestinal tract, zebrafish larvae were used as model organisms. Larval zebrafish were fed three different dietary challenges, a negative control consisting of 2% BSA, a diet containing 2% BSA and oleic acid, and a diet containing 2% BSA, oleic acid, and cholesterol. After feeding for 3 hours, dissection of the larval zebrafish’s intestines and RNA extraction of the intestinal tissue was done. RT-PCR will then be performed using a SLC25A33 primer for analysis of gene expression. This work was supported by NIH Grant P20GM103434 to the West Virginia IDeA Network for Biomedical Research Excellence and NIH Grant P20GM103434 awarded to Bluefield State College.
You are MORE than what you eat! The dietary basis to painted turtle spot and stripe color.
Authors: Steffen John
Published: May 2022

Carotenoid pigments are important condition-dependent indicator traits that generate sexually selected color in birds, fish, and reptiles. One reason carotenoids are indicator traits is because the identity and amount of carotenoid pigments ingested in an animal’s food are often different from amounts and identities of carotenoids deposited in the animal’s skin. Painted turtle spots and stripes are pigmented by yellow xanthophylls and orange-red keto-carotenoids. The objective of this study was twofold: to feed male and female painted turtles nutritious diets with-, or without-, moderate amounts of orange beta-carotene, and investigate 1) how beta-carotene access changed turtle color in male and female turtles, and 2) whether the identities and concentrations of carotenoids in the blood of turtles given access to—or deprived of—beta-carotene differed from those ingested and those deposited in the skin. Results showed that orange beta-carotene access reduced overall brightness of yellow chin stripes and post orbital spots, reduced ultra-violet chroma in the yellow post-orbital spots, and increased yellow chroma in the orange-red fore-limb stripes. There was no sex effect to these color changes. Moreover, beta-carotene access significantly increased circulating levels of beta-carotene only, and did not increase circulating levels of lutein, zeaxanthin, beta cryptoxanthin or neoxanthin. There was no sex effect to the circulating carotenoid levels. Nevertheless, because the identity of carotenoids in the skin differs from the carotenoids circulating in the blood, the yellow, orange and red colors of painted turtle stripes and spots are in part the result of physiological conversion of available carotenoids.
Faculty Cohort on Teaching and Learning at WVU Tech.
Authors: McCaskill Angela , Panta Yogen , Hatipoglu Kenan , Rai Sanish
Published: May 2022

Teacher Effectiveness is an elusive concept to define when we consider the complex task of teaching and the multitude of contexts in which teachers work.  When discussing the qualities of effective teachers and the effective teaching practices to employ, there is little consensus on what they are or how we can measure them.  Teacher effectiveness has been defined as behavior that results in increased student learning (Seidel & Shavelson, 2007).  In fact, there is considerable debate as to whether we should judge teacher effectiveness based on teacher inputs (e.g., qualifications), the teaching process (e.g., instructional practices), the product of teaching (e.g., effects on student learning), or a composite of these elements (Strong, Ward, & Grant, 2011). We are working on various teaching practices employed through our faculty cohort at WVU Tech across several disciplines. Two years ago, WVU Tech faculty cohort was formed that comprised of ten faculty who felt a need of effective teaching techniques for better learning environment in their classrooms.  With a continuous support from WVU-TLC, Tech faculty cohort is a very dynamic and collaborative forum that implements various ACUE modules in the classroom.  We share our personal experiences discuss and learn from each other that brings faculty together to explore innovative approaches to boost teaching and learning process. We have monthly cohort meetings during the academic year that are specifically focused on some specific teaching modules implemented by cohort participants. Through this paper, we will summarize our cohort experiences to the academic community.
Evolutionary Analysis of Monopyle (Gesneriaceae) from Panama
Authors: Davis Chere Yasmin , Keene Jeremy
Published: May 2022

Monopyle Moritz ex Benth. (Gloxiniinae: Gesneriaceae) is a group of terrestrial understory or facultative epiphytic herbs distributed from Guatemala southward through northern South America. Monopyle is traditionally characterized by differentially swollen internodes, anisophyllous opposite leaves, campanulate flowers, osmophore and the presence of uncinate trichomes (Keene, 2013; Roalson et al. 2005; Weber, 2004).  Monopyle is currently represented by six species and one variety in Central America. The largest percentage of taxa have been confirmed to reside from the premontane to montane forest in Panama and Costa Rica from 300–1300 m.  Monopyle puberula C.V. Morton and Monopyle maxonii C.V.Morton have the broadest distribution in the region with other species being narrow endemics. Revisionary work on the genus has led to the identification of several newly discovered species in the region previously lumped within Monopyle macrocarpa Benth. A morphological and molecular assessment of species from this region have shown that Monopyle macrocarpa does not occur in Central America and is actually restricted to an area of Northern Peru. The newly discovered species can be determined by a suite of characters which include density of pubescence, petiole length, calyx shape, and corolla shape coupled with color. My research focuses on separating both Monopyle dichotoma Keene ined.and Monopyle sessilis Keene ined. as new species from previously known taxa.
Exploring Diastereomeric Pure Reduction Chemistry on Ketoester Amino Acid
Authors: Goins Tyler , Corvin Mark , Kim Young
Published: May 2022

Reduction is a chemical reaction involving a compound gains an electron. This can transform a trigonal planar geometry into tetrahedral conformation of molecule then potential introduces a new chiral center into the molecule. Since 1992, new FDA regulation requires to address the enrichment ratio of the chiral center as a part of their drug safety protocol. In this project, we are going to present three different reductions, 1) NaBH4, 2) Luche Reagent, and 3) L-Selectride, based on their chemical steric hinderance from the ketoester to secondary alcohol and show their diastereomeric ratio. Thus far, NaBH4 gave us a diastereomeric ratio of 70:30 mixture that can explain by the computational study. We will provide the following analytical data such as NMR, IR, and MS of reduced product in this poster. Additionally, more bulky reducing reagents such as Luche Reagent and L-Selectride will present to see how it changes to their diastereomeric ratio of ketoester amino acid. Supported by NIH Grant P20GM103434 to the West Virginia IDeA Network for Biomedical Research Excellence
Progress on C-1 Diversification of Natural Product Synthesis from Commercially Available Amino Acids
Authors: Nelson Ryan , Hunt Alyssa , Kim Young
Published: May 2022

Discovery of a new bioactive agent from idea to FDA approved drug candidate can take decades and cost upwards of 1 million dollars. Utilizing a tool like Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) profile in the process can potentially save time and money.  Furthermore, many of FDA approved drugs are often started from natural products (NPs) due to its unique chemical makeup.  Having them in synthetic approach can be more cost effective than the isolation from the specific organism.  In our research lab, we are working on the bio-active NP known as Penazetidine A from commercially available amino acid.  With satisfactory progress in its NP synthesis, our main objective in this project is exploring C-1 position of NP using the R group of Leu, Phe, Gly, and Ala. Amino acid to diversify C-1 side to see their SAR profile.  This approach is mediated by CDI coupling reagent to extend C-terminus of amino acid into ketoester amino acid.  Currently, we finished with the coupling reactions and will present analytical data to support outcome of this reaction with their final yield calculation. Supported by NIH Grant P20GM103434 to the West Virginia IDeA Network for Biomedical Research Excellence
YAN KANG, The Linsly School, Wheeling, WV, 26003. Ovipositing Seventeen-Year Cicadas (Magicicada septendecim) prefer certain tree species, branch diameters and branch surface positions in a planted campus savanna habitat.
Authors: Kang Yan Peter
Published: May 2022

Previous research shows seventeen-year periodical cicadas feed on tree roots as nymphs and adult females oviposit on branches resulting in scars. Most studies evaluating periodical cicada oviposition preferences were conducted in mature forests sites. In this study oviposition preferences were evaluated on a planted savanna habitat at the Linsly campus. While nymphs feed underground on roots of a variety of tree species, where do females oviposit on above-ground branches? Initial observations suggested oviposition scar distribution was not random. This study’s objective was to evaluate periodical cicada oviposition preferences regarding tree species, branch diameter and branch aspect in a savanna landscape that included non-native trees. During the fall of 2018 eight trees representing eight species were chosen and for each tree five branches within 3m of the ground were studied as replicates. Within 100 cm standard sampling lengths of the branch, total oviposition scarring length, average ovipositon scar length, diameter of branch at the scar, and scar aspect were measured. Ovipositing cicadas showed some species preferences, but used angiosperm species such as the Japanese Scholar Tree, Black Oak, Silver Maple and Red Mulberry heavily regardless of their native or non-native status. White Pine was not used at all. Periodical cicadas favored branches 0.7 to 0.35 cm in diameter. Most tree branches had oviposition scars on bottom surfaces, but some heavily utilized trees had scars on the top and the side, suggesting competition for preferred lower spaces during egg-laying. These patterns suggest females may be selecting oviposition sites to maximize egg survival.
The NSF S-STEM Scholarship Program at Shepherd
Authors: Wang Qing , Liao Weidong
Published: May 2022

The Scholarships in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (S-STEM) Program in the Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, and Engineering (CME) at Shepherd University has supported 57 computer science, mathematics, and engineering majors since June 2013. The overall goal of the program is to increase the number of STEM graduates by providing financial, academic, and social supports, which enable qualified students to overcome certain barriers that prevent them from meeting their educational and career goals. During the 2018-2019 academic year, nine continuing students were supported as no new applications were awarded for the last year of the program. In this poster, major activities and outcomes of supported students are presented. Survey and report results from the last academic year, along with initiatives that increase, retain, and support students in CME fields, are also discussed. The project has been supported by the NSF S-STEM grant DUE - 1259713.
Towards a Revision of Diastema within Central America
Authors: Wentz Scott
Published: May 2022

Diastema is a genus of flowering plants within the subtribe Gloxiniinae (Gesneriaceae). Some key characteristics of Diastemainclude a racemose flowering axis consisting of solitary flowers in the axils of bracts on the stems with condensed internodes, nectary consisting of 5 finger-like glands, and a distinctive bi-lobed stigma. Interestingly, there are currently only twenty described species and Diastemahas not been the focus of adequate research until now. I have collected a sufficient sample size of morphological and molecular data from both known and unknown species. Any new potential new species are compared to the appropriate type specimens to determine circumscription. Moreover, morphological studies focus on taxonomically useful vegetative and reproductive characters with special emphasis given to trichome structure and fruit shape. Molecular studies are focused on nuclear and chloroplast genes to ascertain if any hybridization has occured. Several samples of DNA are now ready to be sequenced for a more comprehensive understanding of the genus. The outcomes of this research will provide a baseline for conservation and governmental agencies to work from to protect the habitat where these species exist and to better understand the biodiversity in their area. My research is used toward a more comprehensive study of the subtribe and genus.
Stability Analysis of a Tumor-Free Equilibrium of a Tumor Growth Model in Response to a Combinatorial Anti-Nodal Antibody and Chemotherapy
Authors: Crow Morgan , Wang Qing
Published: May 2022

Nodal is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily and plays an important role in embryonic stem cell maintenance and body axis establishment. Nodal is not typically observed in most normal adult tissues but is reactivated in various advanced-stage cancers. Recent research showed the advantage of using combinatorial treatment with chemotherapy agent Doxorubicin (DOX) plus anti-Nodal monoclonal antibody to suppress tumor growth and metastasis. In this study, the stability analysis of an impulsive ODE model describing how the combination therapy affected the tumor growth was conducted. By evaluating the signs of eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix of the linearized system at the tumor-free equilibrium point, we can conclude that the tumor-free equilibrium is not stable when treatment is not employed. Numerical simulations indicate this equilibrium can be stabilized by impulsive control (i.e., manipulating the timing and dosage of the combination therapy). The project was supported by NIH Grant P20GM103434 to the West Virginia IDeA Network for Biomedical Research Excellence and the NASA Space Grant.
Progressive and Severe Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Nguyen Thu
Published: May 2022

Introduction Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a progressive condition leading to blindness.  PDR develops in twenty percent of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) with equal occurrence in type I and type II DM.  This case study describes a relatively young patient who presented with deteriorating, severe PDR in both eyes.Case Description A 44-year-old male presented with a two-week history of blurred vision in the right eye.  The history is significant for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.  Examination revealed retinal hemorrhages, exudates and microaneurysms in both eyes.  Fluorescein angiography and Ocular Coherence Tomograph (OCT) were performed.  There were macular edema, fibrous and vitreo-retinal traction for each eye.  Color photographs demonstrated proliferative diabetic retinopathy with associated clinically significant macular edema, schemia and neovascularizations for both eyes.  There was vitreo-retinal traction for each eye.  Treatment included scatter photocoagulation, focal laser therapy and Avastin injections. DiscussionThe patient was diagnosed with PDR and leakage apparent in the mid to late stages of the angiogram consistent with the degree of macular edema noted clinically in both eyes.  Furthermore, ischemia and neovascularizations were apparent in both eyes.  Severe PDR increases the risk for blindness for which early diagnosis is crucial.  The patient had significant macular edema and neovascularizations.  He is at an increased risk for a retinal detachment due to vitreo-retinal traction.  Focal laser treatment, scatter photocoagulation and a series of Avastin injections reduces macular edema, decreases neovascularization, and reduces the vascular component of fibrosis.  The patient blurred vision improved after course of treatment. ConclusionEarly diagnosis of PDR is vital to reducing blindness.  Focal laser treatment, scatter photocoagulation and Avastin injections reduce macular edema and neovascularizations resulting in improved prognosis.  Patients with DM are encouraged to have annual eye examinations.
Conformation of the New Genus Pseudodiastema
Authors: Lake Colton Ring
Published: May 2022

Pseudodiastema is a genus of plants within the subtribe Gloxiniinae (Gesneriaceae). Some of the characteristics of Pseudodiastema are decumbent herbs, leaf-like bracts, reduced inflorescence. I am currently collecting morphological and molecular data to complete field studies of the genus Pseudodiastema. Morphological studies will focus on taxonomically useful vegetative and reproductive characteristics. Field work will be carried out in northern Panama. I will be observing the ecology and population structure of the local species. Field studies will provide an opportunity to obtain data that is not easily observed on herbarium specimens. The outcomes of this research will provide a baseline for conservation and governmental agencies to work from to protect the habitat where these species exist. Evolutionary studies will be completed following the field study to ascertain the relationships between the species present. My research will be a more comprehensive study of the subtribe and genus.
Defining the Characteristics of a West Virginia First Generation and Rural STEM Student
Authors: Humbert Roxann
Published: May 2022

More than half of all college students who declare a major in STEM fields drop out or change their majors in the first two years of their post-secondary education.  This problem is particularly acute for rural first-generation college students.  First2 STEM Success Network, an NSF INCLUDES Alliance, purpose is to improve retention and success for rural, first generation STEM students in the first 2 years of the undergraduate curriculum.     As researchers on the project, we look to paint an accurate picture of what it means to be rural and first generation in West Virginia and to use this information to determine what factors help students persist and succeed in STEM majors.  If a student’s parent(s) or guardian did not attend college and if they are from a rural area, what then might attribute to their decision to attend college and major in a STEM field and what factors lead them to persist and succeed in their major?  This presentation will outline the steps the researchers in the INCLUDES project are using to try to answer these questions.
Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulation of a staged pressurized oxy-coal combustion (SPOC)
Authors: Udochukwu Gideon Ozioma , V’yacheslav Akkerman
Published: May 2022

Staged pressurized oxy-coal combustion (SPOC), which is a promising technology being developed at the Washington University at St. Louis (WUSTL) aiming to be used for low-cost, low-emission, high-efficiency power generation, is investigated numerically using the ANSYS Fluent commercial package. The modelling supports the WUSTL experimental endeavors in a 100 kW lab-scale reactor, with 90% of energy coming from the coal and 10% originating from methane-air combustion. To be specific about the burner design, carbon dioxide is injected alongside the coal, for its carriage. In addition, a small amount of methane is also injected alongside the coal to maintain a steady flame. Steady and unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations are performed resulting in an asymmetric flame shape. We propose several potential causes of such a flame asymmetry including peculiarities of the coal injection and the onset of the shear-layer instability occurring because the densities and velocities of the mixing streams. As a result, an influence of the presence of coal on the flame symmetry is demonstrated. In addition, a benchmark at which the further increase of coal would result in flame asymmetry has been found.This work is performed in cooperation with the Washington University at St. Louis (WUSTL). It is sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DoE) through the US-China Clean Energy Research Center – Advanced Coal Technology Consortium (CERC-ACTC).
Defining the Characteristics of a West Virginia First Generation and Rural STEM Student
Authors: Darrah Marjorie , Humbert Roxann
Published: May 2022

More than half of all college students who declare a major in STEM fields drop out or change their majors in the first two years of their post-secondary education.  This problem is particularly acute for rural first-generation college students.  First2 STEM Success Network, an NSF INCLUDES Alliance, purpose is to improve retention and success for rural, first generation STEM students in the first 2 years of the undergraduate curriculum.     As researchers on the project, we look to paint an accurate picture of what it means to be rural and first generation in West Virginia and to use this information to determine what factors help students persist and succeed in STEM majors.  If a student’s parent(s) or guardian did not attend college and if they are from a rural area, what then might attribute to their decision to attend college and major in a STEM field and what factors lead them to persist and succeed in their major?  This presentation will outline the steps the researchers in the INCLUDES project are using to try to answer these questions.
Numerical simulations towards optimizing the burner design for efficient staged pressurized oxy-coal combustion.
Authors: Udochukwu Gideon Ozioma , V’yacheslav Akkerman
Published: May 2022

Staged pressurized oxy-coal combustion (SPOC) – a technology developed at Washington University at St. Louis (WUSTL) – is nowadays a promising tool for low-cost/emissions, high-efficiency power generation. The present computational simulations, performed at West Virginia University (WVU) by means of the ANSYS Fluent package, compliment the experimental research for better understanding of the impacts of turbulence, fluid flow, flame/particle dynamics, and heat transfer on oxy-coal combustion. Here, CO2 is injected alongside the coal, for its carriage, while a small amount of CH4 is also injected alongside the coal to maintain a steady flame. Out of 100 kW in a lab-scale reactor, 10 kW originates from CH4-air burning and 90 kW comes from coal combustion. Steady and unsteady RANS simulations are performed resulting in an asymmetric flame shape. Three causes of the flame asymmetry are hypothesized: (i) coal injection, (ii) onset of the shear-layer instability due to various stream velocities and densities in a shear layer, where mixing occurs, and (iii) presence of the vortex shedding due to the flow past a bluff body, which is used to stabilize the flame. As a result, an impact of the presence of coal on the flame symmetry is demonstrated, and a benchmark at which further increase of coal would result in flame asymmetry is found. The present simulations also shows occurrence of the vortex shedding when the flow passes over a disk in the reactor used to stabilize the flame, constituting a potential reason for the periodic flame oscillations experienced in the result.This work is performed in cooperation with the Washington University at St. Louis (WUSTL). It is sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DoE) through the US-China Clean Energy Research Center – Advanced Coal Technology Consortium (CERC-ACTC).
Ucp1 and metabolism-related gene expression response to high fat diets in brown adipose tissue of TALLYHO/JngJ vs. C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Sklioutovskaya-Lopez Kristiana , Parkman Jacaline , Kim Jung Han
Published: May 2022

In the midst of the ongoing obesity epidemic, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. BAT is a thermogenic organ in mammals that is characterized by adipocytes with numerous mitochondria. BAT uses cellular free fatty acids derived from the lipolysis of triglyceride droplets to generate heat via the action of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1), located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In this study, we analyzed mRNA and protein levels of Ucp1 and genes related to inflammation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipolysis in BAT of the TALLYHO/JngJ (TH) mouse, a polygenic model of obesity and type 2 diabetes. At four weeks of age, TH and C57BL/6J (B6) mice were weaned onto chow or high fat (HF) diets. At twenty weeks of age, mice were killed, and interscapular BAT was collected. BAT of TH mice appeared discolored and larger than that of B6. mRNA and protein levels in BAT were measured using qPCR and western blot analysis, respectively. There were no significant differences in Ucp1 mRNA levels between TH and B6 mice on either diet. Inflammatory marker interleukin 6 (IL6) mRNA levels were significantly increased in TH mice on HF diets compared to other groups. Interestingly, HF diets increased adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) mRNA levels in B6 mice, but not in TH. In summary, we observed genotype-dependent responses to HF diets for IL6 and ATGL expressions in BAT of TH and B6 mice. These results may signify increased inflammation and reduced lipolysis in BAT during the development of obesity.
Ecology of Nerodia sipeodon (Common Watersnake) in North Fork Creek, Ohio County, West Virginia. Elijah Henderson, Dan Meyer and Zachary Loughman, West Liberty University, Dept. of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty, WV
Authors: Henderson Eli JAcob
Published: May 2022

The ecology of Nerodia sipeodon (Common Water Snake) was studied concurrently with ecology of Regina septemvittata(Queen Snake) in North Fork of Short Creek, Ohio County, West Virginia. Snakes were captured via hand collection or aquatic funnel traps. All captured animals were measured, weighed, pit-tagged, and underwent gastric lavage when food boluses were present. Snake activity peaked in the spring, followed by a mid-summer brumation period. Activity reoccurred in mid-August through the fall. Trap captures outnumbered hand captures, though most juvenile animals were collected by hand. Frequently encountered food species included Black Nose Dace, Creek Chubs, and Long Nose Dace. Daily activity peaked in the morning hours, was reduced during the heat of the day, and began again in earnest during the late afternoon and early evening hours. Though concerted effort was undertaken to collect them, zero gravid females were collected with this study. Neonates appeared in the population beginning in late August. The most frequently encountered behavior was basking, followed by various defensive behaviors allied with capture. To date, close to 50 individual snakes have been PIT tagged and released at the study stream. Future efforts will focus on the use of radio telemetry, as well as the capture of gravid females.
Apoptosis through MMR repair in response to alcohol induced DNA damage.
Authors: Anthony Bruce , Manly Madison
Published: May 2022

Neuronal stem cells that are exposed to moderate doses of alcohol sustain a large amount of oxidative stress and suffer significant DNA damage.  Many of the symptoms associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are associated with this cell loss.  The MMR system is responsible for eliminating cells that suffer severe DNA damage, and it has been associated with a p73 dependent apoptosis. The objective of this study was to determine if a p73, MMR mediated, apoptosis could be responsible for the death of alcohol-exposed neuronal stem cells. The experimental group of NSCs was exposed to 400 mg/dL of alcohol. Western blot analysis was used to determine the difference between hMSH2, Chk1, and p73 protein levels in experimental cells and control cells. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the prevalence of the purine derivative, 8-oxoguanine, and to determine if the MMR proteins, hMSH2, and PMS2, are recruited to this lesion site. Given that hMSH2’s expression is regulated by E2F1, and the overexpression of E2F1 is elevated from alcohol exposure, it is likely the alcohol-treated cells will exhibit higher levels of hMSH2. Since Chk1 is responsible for cell cycle arrest after DNA damage, its expression level should also be elevated.
Calculating a guaranteed zone of foramen ovale cannulation: a technical note with implications for trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Kuhns Chad A , Zdilla Matthew J
Published: May 2022

Cannulation of the foramen ovale is often performed for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Despite advances in resolution and visualization, fluoroscopy and computed tomography paired with navigation technology have proven unsuccessful in cannulating the foramen. Therefore, approaches to foramen ovale cannulation warrant improvement. This study applies a geometric model to analyze the region of a foramen occupied by a cylindrical surgical tool (e.g., a cannula, stylet, catheter, or needle) inserted at an angle (ϕ) to the plane of the foramen. As the tool passes through the plane of the foramen, its cross-section is an ellipse with a major axis depending on ϕ. Accordingly, the area of the region depends on ϕ, as well as on the radius of the surgical tool. Knowing the area of the region provides a means of comparing a candidate surgical instrument to the foramen it will cannulate when the area of the foramen is known (e.g., as determined from imaging). After accounting for irregularities in the boundary of the foramen, the angle of approach ϕ, and relative orientations of the foramen and the elliptical region occupied by the tool, the geometric model proceeds to describe two new regions: one which guarantees successful cannulation and one which guarantees the tool will not cannulate. The technique predicts when cannulation of a foramen will likely be impossible. Therefore, this method may prevent adverse surgical events and improve the surgical approach and outcomes in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.
Conducting DNA analyses using skeletal remains
Authors: Broski Gabrielle A. , Henson Kristy
Published: May 2022

Human skeletal remains are important teaching tools in natural science courses. Many teaching skeletons are considered antiques purchased from India prior to 1985. The skeletons purchased prior to 1985 have a high likelihood of being acquired legally through grave robbing. Due to this dilemma we have conducted standard osteological analysis of these teaching skeletons to learn more about these people. Skeletons tell us a substantial amount of information about an individual and how they lived. Various conditions such as nutritional deficiency and young age can alter the skeletal material affecting our ability to accurately analyze skeletal remains which we encountered with these remains. DNA technology can give us definite information we struggle to determine using skeletal remains. Skeletal remains last longer than other bodily tissue allowing us to extract fragmented DNA molecules. For this project DNA was extracted from the pulp of mandibular and maxillary molars of 7 individuals. We tested three samples per tooth to limit contamination and increase the likelihood of a full profile. DNA samples were analyzed using a SeqStudios Genetic Analyzer. Sex of individuals were compared to the skeletal analyses, kinship was determined, and allele frequencies were compared.
Methamphetamine-induced Locomotor Activity and LD50 in Cockroaches
Authors: Findley David , Hambuchen Michael
Published: May 2022

Invertebrate animal studies of methamphetamine (METH) could allow for inexpensive, high throughput exploration of many variables that could be used to direct the design of future vertebrate pharmacology and toxicology studies. We hypothesized that METH would both increase locomotion compared to saline and produce dose-dependent lethality in male Periplaneta americana cockroaches.   LD50 was determined with 0-1780 mg/kg METH (n=15-16/group) using probit analysis. After the LD50 study, automated behavioral analysis software interfaced with overhead cameras was used to measure spontaneous locomotor activity in surviving cockroaches in an open field. In separate experiments, METH-induced locomotor activity was measured in an open field (0-560 mg/kg, n=8/group). A 1-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons test was used for statistical comparisons in both locomotor studies.  The LD50 of METH was found to be 738 ± 151 mg/kg (almost 10-fold greater than the value in rats). There were significant decreases in spontaneous locomotor activity in surviving cockroaches after administration of 650 and 750 mg/kg METH (P < .05). While 100 mg/kg METH did not significantly increase METH locomotor activity relative to saline, the 300 mg/kg dose significantly increased this effect (P < .05), and the 560 mg/kg dose resulted in the cockroaches remaining in the supine position for the majority of the trial.  In conclusion, METH has pharmacological and toxicological effects in cockroaches, but they are less potent than in rodent models. Funding: Marshall University School of Pharmacy Faculty Research Seed Grant.
The effect of high sugar diet on adipokine expression in 3T3-L1 cells and weight in mice
Authors: Tetteh-Quarshie Samuel , Jones Cynthia B.
Published: May 2022

One of the major contributing factors to the prevalence of obesity in United States is the Western Diet, characterized by consumption of high fat and high simple sugars. Even though the issue of obesity has become a national interest, few studies have explored the relationship of high sugary diets (HSD) and obesity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of HSD on weight gain and adipokine expression in adipose tissues.   3T3-L1 cells were cultured and differentiated in recommended differentiation medium supplemented with stock sugar solutions. Lipid accumulation was quantified with Oil Red O assay. Total RNA was isolated, first strand cDNA synthesized, and qRT-PCR performed. C57BL/6 male mice were fed normal rodent chow and water with the following sugar concentrations: fructose (10% solution), glucose (10% solution) and a combined fructose/glucose (55% fructose and 45% glucose for a 10% solution) for 16 weeks. Animal weights were recorded and water solutions were measured and replaced every two days.    The in vitro data showed significant increase in lipogenesis for fructose/glucose as compared to the control. Pro-inflammatory adipokine expression of 3T3-L1 cells is significantly increased by two-fold when exposed to fructose/glucose solution. HSD-fed mice exhibited an addictive behavior with a significant increase in fructose/glucose water consumption, and weight gain.   While all HSD-fed mice consumed more water and gained weight over time, the fructose/glucose group substantially consumed more water which resulted in major weight gain.   Understanding the deleterious effects of over consumption of HSD is paramount to avoiding obesity-related diseases and disorders.
Determination of a new species of crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the lower Tennessee River Drainage, USA.
Authors: Delekta Emmy , Loughman Zachary , Williams Bronwyn
Published: May 2022

The crayfish genus Faxonius, formerly composed of surface-dwelling Orconectes, has over 95 species and subspecies. From these, no other species group has been the topic of more debate than the F. juvenilis complex (FJSC). As far back as 1885, Walter Faxon questioned the validity of species in FJSC due to similar character-states, leading to the composition of the group being up for debate for over 130 years. The FJSC is currently defined in Taylor, 2000 as all members of the former subgenus Procericambarus (genus Cambarus) east of the Mississippi River possessing a strong central project of the form I male gonopod, and a central projection that accounts for at least 35% of the total gonopod length. The most recent work on this taxonomic group was published in 2016 naming a new species, F. yanahlindus, from the lower Tennessee River drainage. However, there is another crayfish found in Weatherford Creek that we believe to be a new Faxonius species. We hypothesize F. sp. to be most closely related to F. yanahlindus due to the presence of the distomedial carpal spine, a character unique in the FJSC. F. sp. found in Weatherford Creek differs from F. yanahlindus in coloration and morphology. Preliminary analyses show that F. sp. is genetically distinct from F. yanahlindus. Our findings will be used to describe F. sp. from the lower Tennessee River drainage as a new species.
Scrutinizing premixed syngas combustion and its dynamics in micro-scale
Authors: Pokharel Sunita , Akkerman V’yacheslav , Ayoobi Mohsen
Published: May 2022

Increasing demands in the next-generation power-generation device such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), microsatellite thrusters, micro-chemical reactors and sensors calls for fuels with high specific energy and low emissions to meet the current demand of green energy. Fuel-lean synthesis gas (syngas) meets both these requirements exhibiting promising route to clean and green environment. Thus, it is of critical importance to characterize syngas combustion and understand its properties in micro-combustion industry. In addition to complicated flame dynamics in microscale systems, varying the syngas-fuel mixture composition as well as the boundary conditions and geometry of a combustor significantly affect the burning process in the system. This work investigates the characteristics of a premixed syngas flame in a horizontal two-dimensional micro-channel of length 20 mm and half-width 1 mm by means of computational simulations using the ANSYS Fluent commercial software. A fixed temperature gradient is employed at the upper wall such that the temperature grows linearly, from 300 K at the inlet to 1500 K at the outlet, to account for the conjugate heat transfer. The chemical kinetics of the combustion process is imitated by the San Diego mechanism with 46 species and 235 reactions, which is implemented using the Chemkin mechanism in ANSYS Fluent. Stoichiometric premixed burning of a syngas fuel comprised of carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2), with various compositions and inlet velocities, is considered. These results are postprocessed to characterize various combustion properties such as ignition, stabilization and extinction properties and FRIE event. It is further shown that how instability can be eliminated by increasing the inlet flow velocity to form a stable, stationary flame. As a result, it is demonstrated how various combustion characteristics depend on the inlet velocity and composition of a syngas mixture.
Arsenic Levels in American Brand and Chinese Counterfeit Eyeshadows
Authors: Best Patricia
Published: May 2022

Chinese makeup suppliers create knock-off makeup palettes of popular American brands and sell them online at a much lower cost. The Chinese makeup suppliers follow Chinese regulations according to the Chinese National Medical Products Administration (FDA equivalent) that place different restrictions on the chemicals that can be present in makeup. In this overarching experiment, we tested for the presence of four types of metals in Chinese and American eyeshadow palettes. For this project, I tested for the concentration of arsenic. To test for arsenic presence, three colors of eyeshadow from each American and Chinese made palettes were used. Samples of 0.8g – 0.9g of eyeshadows were digested in a Nitric and Hydrochloric Acid solution. The digested samples were analyzed for arsenic using a Shimadzu GFA – 7000A graphite furnace. Preliminary results show the presence of arsenic in some eyeshadow palettes. Arsenic can be found in water, industrial items, and tobacco especially in China. Long-term effects of arsenic exposure can lead to skin lesions, pulmonary illness, and cancer.
Validation of the antimicrobial activity of Nymphaea odorata extract.
Authors: Voellinger Jada Michelle
Published: May 2022

We previously screened a library of nearly 4000 extracts of plants, marine life, and fungi from the National Center for Natural Product Research to identify compounds that exhibited antimicrobial activity.  From this screen, Nymphaea odorata (Fragrant Water Lily) extract significantly inhibited the growth of Burkholderia cepacia (an opportunistic pathogen frequently associated with drug resistance).  The objective of this project is to validate the antimicrobial activity exhibited N. odorata, extract and to isolate and identify the compound(s) responsible for this activity.  For this project we conducted ethanol extractions on three different parts of the plant: the rhizome, roots, and stems. These antimicrobial properties of these extracts will be determined using two different drug resistant bacteria, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.  Here, we will utilize both disk diffusion and time-to-kill assays to determine the presence of antimicrobial compounds.  The results from the first round of tests showed that the extracts were not inhibiting the growth of these bacteria, so the extract concentration was increased for subsequent investigations.  Moreover, the gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus was also tested for susceptibility.
A New Approach to Quantify Flame Acceleration due to Wall Friction in a Micro-Slit.
Authors: Kareem Lateef Adewale
Published: May 2022

Various analytical models have been developed to describe velocity profile for flame acceleration (FA) and deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT), but none accounts for observed acceleration to constant velocity seen in case of micro gaps (in which the flow stays laminar even at speed of sound). To fill such a gap, here we propose an alternative model, which is based on the first physical principles and agrees with the experimental finding that FA is subsequently replaced by steady flame propagation. Starting with the Navier-stokes for a radial flow between two flat plates, we set the pressure gradient to be proportional to the vertical component of a velocity function, split the resulting differential equation in velocity into the vertical and temporal component,  and then absorbed the driving force into the temporal component equation. The unknown parameters were computed by using nonlinear optimization to fit the model to the experimental measurement showing good agreement between the model and the experiments.
Stream assessment goes local—identifying regional drivers of water quality to inform management for local watershed groups.
Authors: Hoover Garrett William
Published: May 2022

Two non-profit organizations in southwestern Pennsylvania requested water quality data for several local watersheds in need of conservation attention. We conducted a study to identify the primary drivers of stream ecological condition in each watershed to inform future management decisions. Our study consisted of land cover analysis, routine water chemistry monitoring and macroinvertebrate assessment of 20 stream sites within the Upper Ohio-Wheeling subbasin in southwestern Pennsylvania and the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia. We ranked land cover classes and water chemistry parameters for their predictive strength of macroinvertebrate diversity and biomass. We also matched prevailing macroinvertebrate life history traits with multiple time series of water chemistry data to further deduce the environmental conditions characterizing the biotic communities of each site. Our study aims to help each non-profit group prioritize conservation actions within their watersheds. Furthermore, we hope to provide a template for localized conservation assessment in an understudied region under mounting threat of degradation from hydraulic fracturing.