bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Job Performance And Gender Factors Of Administrative Staff In South West Nigeria Universities
Authors: Olorunsola E. O.
Published: March 2016

This study examines the level of administrative staff job performance in South West Nigerian universities and also investigates whether the administrative staff job performance is related to their sexual characteristics. An instrument titled Job Performance Questionnaire (JPQ) was used to collect the data and was administered 400 subjects in various departments to be rated by their supervisors or heads of departments. They were randomly selected through a multi-stage technique from four universities - two federal and two state universities. The data employed a descriptive research of the survey type. The data were subjected to frequency counts, percentages, bar charts, and t-test analysis. The findings revealed that the administrative staff job performance was high. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the job performance of male and female administrative staff in the universities. Recommendations were made based on the findings that university management should encourage and motivate the workers more by providing a conducive environment to sustain and boost the morale of the workers so that they can give their best to realize educational goals. Also, more opportunities should be given to both male and female administrative workers to perform by organizing workshops, seminars and conferences, both within and outside Nigeria, so that the tempo at which the workers work may be sustained and possibly be improved upon.
The Influence Of Ownership And Type Of University On Work Environment In South West Nigerian Universities
Authors: Arogundade B. B.
Published: March 2016

This paper examined the influence of ownership and type of university on work environment in South West Nigerian universities. The study population consists of all academic staff of the ten public and nine private universities in South West Nigeria. In all, 500 respondents selected from eight universities constituted the sample of the study. The respondents were selected using multi stage, stratified, purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The instrument tagged Work Environment Questionnaire (WEQ) was used to elicit relevant information from the respondents. The data collected were analyzed using frequency count, percentage and t-test statistics. The study revealed that the work environment of federal universities was favourable than that of state universities in terms of provision of physical facilities, information services, motivation, authority-staff relationship, participation in decision-making and staff development. The result showed that there was significant difference in the work environment of federal and state universities in favour of federal universities. The results also revealed that work environment in public and private universities was favourable but that of private universities was better than that of public universities. It also showed that there was no significant difference in the work environment of private and public universities. Based on the findings, it was recommended that owners of the universities should provide a favourable environment.
Innovative Leadership by School Principals: Embedding Information Communication and Technology in Kuwaiti Schools
Authors: Sharija Mohammed Al , Watters James J
Published: March 2016

Kuwait is an oil rich country planning for a future that is not dependent on exploiting natural resources. A major policy initiative has been the introduction of Information Communication and Technology (ICT) to schools. However, contextual issues and teacher capabilities in the use of ICT have limited the success of this initiative. The study examines the leadership strategies of two secondary school principals whose schools have achieved this goal. The case study draws on intensive data collected through interviews of the principals, and teachers supported by document analysis and observations. Analysis was guided by theoretical perspectives drawn from the literature which identified a range of strategies used by the principals to manage change. The principals of Schools A and B employed three key strategies to maximise the impact on the teaching staff incorporating ICT into their teaching and learning practices. These strategies were: (a) encouragement for teaching staff to implement ICT in their teaching; (b) support to meet the material and human needs of teaching staff using ICT; and (c) provision of instructions and guidance for teaching staff in how and why such behaviours and practices should be performed. The outcome of this study proposes an innovative change leadership model that informs emerging countries, which are also undergoing major change related to ICT. However, the study also revealed limitations in the implementation of ICT in the classroom and provides insights into further strategies that principals need to adopt.
Using Technology For Teaching Arabic Language Grammar
Authors: Arrabtah Adel , Nusour Tayseer
Published: March 2016

The manuscript entitled Using Technology For Teaching Arabic Language Grammar was retracted on March 6, 2014. Please contact our office at Journals@CluteInstitute.com for more information.
Repositioning Guidance And Counselling And Curriculum Innovation In Higher Education In Nigeria
Authors: Onyilofor Florence N.C.
Published: March 2016

This study focuses on repositioning guidance and counseling and curriculum innovation in higher education in Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was employed in the study. The study covered four Federal universities in the South-West Geopolitical zone of Nigeria, namely University of Ibadan in Oyo State; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife in Oshun State; University of Lagos in Lagos State; and University of Ilorin in Kwara State. The population of the study comprised 241 made up of 195 student counselors and 46 professional counselors from the four selected federal universities in the South-West Geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The sampling for the study was drawn through simple random sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was developed by the researcher using strongly agreed, agreed, disagreed, and strongly disagreed options. The questionnaire was face-validated using five experts - two in the department of Measurement and Evaluation in University of Nigeria Nsukka, one in Curriculum in Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, one in Guidance and Counseling, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka; and one in Guidance and Counseling in University of Calabar, Cross River State. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for answering the research questions. A mean of 2.5 and above was accepted while any mean less than 2.5 was rejected. The findings of the study reveal, among other things that education, sense of industry, problem solving, conducive/enabling environment, and planning are various ways professional counselors help in repositioning curriculum innovation in higher education in Nigeria. It is also recommended among other things that both expert teachers/professional counselors and student counselors should participate in the repositioning of guidance and counseling and the design and development of innovative curriculum.
Benefiting From Authentic Education To A Sustainable Social Development
Authors: Watagodakumbura Chandana
Published: March 2016

Authentic education provides a unique learning experience to individual learners, specifically by addressing their psychological and neurological needs. The assessment of learners is done through generic attributes that have more validity and relates to intrinsic learner characteristics that could last throughout the life span of the learner. Authentic education looks at the general term education more broadly and deeply, and from multiple perspectives. As the individual learners are identified uniquely through authentic education, it embraces diversity within the human species more broadly and meaningfully. Learners are encouraged to pursue higher-order learning sending them through a complete learning cycle; this engages learners deeply to the task and provides a lasting experience, enabling individuals to reach their full potential. Authentic education aims at providing personal development for individuals broadly, not merely a career development, while still paving a better way to map individual preferences to more suitable career paths. Through authentic education, we get to value human resources much more than related economic aspects, making a significant difference to our current approaches and focus; it has the promise to effect a significant positive social change towards a sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to discuss conceptualising authentic education, multiple perspectives, better educational outcomes, learners embracing diversity, higher order learning, individual characteristics to related career paths, holistic personal development, social change valuing human resources, and consistent and predictable social development.
Inclusion Of Student With Special Needs Within Higher Education In UAE: Issues And Challenges
Authors: Gaad Eman , Almotairi Mishal
Published: March 2016

This is an oral interactive presentation supported by evidences that present the current status of inclusion of students with special needs in the Higher Education sector in the UAE. It looks at the related issues and challenges in a country that is certainly heading towards inclusion of all learners in regular education following the ratification of the UN Conventions on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Issues of supporting students in the higher education sector will be discussed as well as what could be done to include such students effectively and to insure students involvement in decision making when providing for their needs in higher education. The presentation ends with recommendations for future practice.
A Bibliometric Framework for Identifying “Princes” Who Wake up the “Sleeping Beauty” in Challenge-type Scientific Discoveries
Authors: Du Jian , Wu Yishan
Published: March 2016

Purpose

This paper develops and validates a bibliometric framework for identifying the “princes” (PR) who wake up the “sleeping beauty” (SB) in challenge-type scientific discoveries, so as to figure out the awakening mechanisms, and promote potentially valuable but not readily accepted innovative research. (A PR is a research study.)

Design/methodology/approach

We propose that PR candidates must meet the following four criteria: (1) be published near the time when the SB began to attract a lot of citations; (2) be highly cited papers themselves; (3) receive a substantial number of co-citations with the SB; and (4) within the challenge-type discoveries which contradict established theories, the “pulling effect” of the PR on the SB must be strong. We test the usefulness of the bibliometric framework through a case study of a key publication by the 2014 chemistry Nobel laureate Stefan W. Hell, who negated Ernst Abbe’s diffraction limit theory, one of the most prominent paradigms in the natural sciences.

Findings

The first-ranked candidate PR article identified by the bibliometric framework is in line with historical facts. An SB may need one or more PRs and even “retinues” to be “awakened.” Documents with potential awakening functionality tend to be published in prestigious multidisciplinary journals with higher impact and wider scope than the journals publishing SBs.

Research limitations

The above framework is only applicable to transformative innovations, and the conclusions are drawn from the analysis of one typical SB and her awakening process. Therefore the generality of our work might be limited.

Practical implications

Publications belonging to so-called transformative research, even when less frequently cited, should be given special attention as early as possible, because they may suddenly attract many citations after a period of sleep, as reflected in our case study.

Originality/value

The definition of PR(s) as the first paper(s) that cited the SB article (selfciting excluded) has its limitations. Instead, the SB-PR co-citations should be given priority in current environment of scholarly communication. Since the “premature” or “transformative” breakthroughs in the challenge-type SB documents are either beyond the current knowledge domain, or violate established paradigms, people’s psychological distance from the SB is larger than that from the PR, which explains why the annual citations of the PR are usually higher than those of the SB, especially prior to or during the SB’s citation boom period.
Uma arqueologia biblioteconômica
Authors: Gouveia Junior Mário , Salcedo Diego Andres
Published: March 2016

Discute a proposição, vigência e mudança de paradigmas nas relações de mediação de informação. Apresenta as tradições, emergência, histórico e consolidação da Biblioteconomia, recorrendo às pistas guinzburguianas acerca do que foi dito e registrado. Respaldado na perspectiva foucaultiana, e nas pistas do não-dito, em torno de uma arqueologia do saber, relativiza tanto a necessidade de buscar o seu objeto de estudo, para além das noções humanistas e tecnicistas custodialistas e seus paradigmas infocomunicacionais, quanto o imperativo de esta área se impor em meio a outros campos do conhecimento que tratam da informação. Recorre a uma pesquisa exploratória interdisciplinar. Espera-se apresentar uma projeção do que a Biblioteconomia, seus discursos e práticas podem representar.
O bibliotecário como gestor: a percepção dos estudantes de biblioteconomia
Authors: Gomes Ingrid , Santos Danielle Silva dos , Faria Marina Dias
Published: March 2016

O contexto sócio-político-econômico vigente exige das organizações e dos indivíduos aptidão para gerenciar mudanças, mobilizar pessoas, além de administrar recursos de forma a obter vantagem competitiva. Dessa forma, profissionais e empresas buscam estratégias de gestão e de carreiras para corresponder a esse mercado. Com isso, as universidades tentam atrair estudantes por meio de programas de graduação em diversas áreas com ênfase na formação gerencial. O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi investigar a percepção dos estudantes de Biblioteconomia a respeito de sua formação na área de gestão e a sua futura atuação como gestor. Para compor o material de estudo, os estudantes elaboraram colagens a partir de suas observações e atuação como alunos do curso e como gestores no mercado de trabalho. Constatou-se que durante o estudo de gestão, os estudantes passam por inúmeras dificuldades e uma constante necessidade de crescimento. Entretanto, os estudantes parecem acreditar que ao se tornarem gestores irão obter sucesso profissional, dinheiro e bens materiais. Isso faz parecer que todas as adversidades ocorridas durante o estudo valerão a pena, devido ao futuro promissor que vislumbram. Por fim, nota-se que a inserção das disciplinas de gestão possibilita uma inovação curricular relevante aos futuros bibliotecários, além de contribuírem para a formação de profissionais que correspondam à demanda do mercado.
Recurrent Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Tang Peter , Hoellwarth Jason S. , Chauhan Aakash
Published: March 2016

➢ Most patients (>90%) will have continued or recurrent symptoms after primary cubital tunnel release. Those patients with severe preoperative findings are at a higher risk of failure.

➢ Failed primary surgery may be due to diagnostic, technical, or biologic factors.

➢ Revision surgical interventions can provide relief, but there is no consensus on what is the optimal technique.

➢ The options for revision surgery include simple neurolysis, neurolysis with subcutaneous transposition, and neurolysis with submuscular transposition. Autogenous (vein) and non-autogenous nerve wraps may be placed around the nerve to prevent cicatrix reformation.
A Novel Enhanced-Oil-Recovery Screening Approach Based on Bayesian Clustering and Principal-Component Analysis
Authors: Siena Martina , Guadagnini Alberto , Rossa Ernesto Della , Lamberti Andrea , Masserano Franco , Rotondi Marco
Published: March 2016

We present and test a new screening methodology to discriminate among alternative and competing enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) techniques to be considered for a given reservoir. Our work is motivated by the observation that, even if a considerable variety of EOR techniques was successfully applied to extend oilfield production and lifetime, an EOR project requires extensive laboratory and pilot tests before fieldwide implementation and preliminary assessment of EOR potential in a reservoir is critical in the decision-making process. Because similar EOR techniques may be successful in fields sharing some global features, as basic discrimination criteria, we consider fluid (density and viscosity) and reservoir-formation (porosity, permeability, depth, and temperature) properties. Our approach is observation-driven and grounded on an exhaustive database that we compiled after considering worldwide EOR field experiences. A preliminary reduction of the dimensionality of the parameter space over which EOR projects are classified is accomplished through principal-component analysis (PCA). A screening of target analogs is then obtained by classification of documented EOR projects through a Bayesian-clustering algorithm. Considering the cluster that includes the EOR field under evaluation, an intercluster refinement is then accomplished by ordering cluster components on the basis of a weighted Euclidean distance from the target field in the (multidimensional) parameter space. Distinctive features of our methodology are that (a) all screening analyses are performed on the database projected onto the space of principal components (PCs) and (b) the fraction of variance associated with each PC is taken as weight of the Euclidean distance that we determine. As a test bed, we apply our approach on three fields operated by Eni. These include light-, medium-, and heavy-oil reservoirs, where gas, chemical, and thermal EOR projects were, respectively, proposed. Our results are (a) conducive to the compilation of a broad and extensively usable database of EOR settings and (b) consistent with the field observations related to the three tested and already planned/implemented EOR methodologies, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach.
Rainforest Connectivity Strategies for Oil and Gas Development
Authors: Thurber M. W. , Abad G. H.
Published: March 2016

Road and pipeline right-of-way construction in high-diversity tropical rainforest has isolated populations of arboreal animals that depend on the canopy as their principal habitat and pathways. Walsh and Petroamazonas EP developed a robust and safe engineering solution to recreate canopy connection using artificial canopy bridges spanning up to 35 m across a multi-use corridor to facilitate the movement of arboreal mammals in ecologically protected areas in Ecuador.

The following criteria were used for design and installation of artificial canopy bridges: resistance to wind, movement of trees, and decay; facilitate the sway of trees; tested at a zoo for animal acceptance and resistance to chewing; installation in robust trees with minimal root damage during earth movement; locate in areas with arboreal presence or "canopy trails", install at a sufficient height as not to interfere with the field logistics, use light-weight materials so the bridges could transported and installed without the use of motorized equipment. Wildlife cameras were installed to record use by arboreal mammals.

Trained arborists and tree-climbers strung ropes through branch crotches and scaled the anchor trees. Anchor holes were drilled (between 10 m and 25 m above the ground surface) with potable electric drills in trunks and large branches; treaded rod and eyebolt anchors were installed in these holes; the bridges were then raised, attached and adjusted; and finally motion and heat activated cameras were installed to record (day and night) animal use over time. Six (6) bridges were installed across a right-of-way consisting of a road with an adjacent pipeline, communication cable and power cable; and five (5) bridges were installed across a cross-country pipeline. These artificial canopy bridges have been designed to last over 10 years, which will allow for natural regrowth of branches across the right-of-way and reconnection of the canopy. The motion and heat-activated cameras included sealant and desiccant to avoid damage from humidity, and were bolted to tree trunks on brackets to properly orient the lens towards the bridges and resist animal damage. The eight (8) installed cameras have been collecting photos for approximately 11 months. The following animals have been photographed on or near the bridges: olingo, porcupine, and various species of monkeys.

This experiment in recreating canopy connection demonstrates that fragmented arboreal habitats can be reconnected artificially in areas where natural canopy bridges cannot be maintained due to wide right-of ways. These artificial bridges and motion and heat activated cameras provide an important research opportunity for biologists studying behavior of arboreal animals, since canopy access is logistically challenging.
When MEDEVAC is a Challenge: An Innovative, Easily Deployable, Fully Integrated Medical Support, Proven in Arctic Conditions
Authors: Sicard Bruno , Marouze Frédéric , Roche Céline , Sailliol Anne
Published: March 2016

In many places, Medevac is either technically challenging due to length (5 days in our experience in Arctic conditions), lack of quality medical support ashore, or hostile environment. To mitigate medical risks in these extreme environments, the authors implemented an innovative integrated medical support solution onboard seismic vessels since 2013.

To limit unnecessary Medevac, we emphasized on the upgrade of diagnostic tools, through rapidly deployable mobile digital X-ray, ultrasound, and point of care laboratory automates. These equipment were used by a specifically trained medical team including an emergency physician and a registered nurse backed up by an adapted top side support.

Therapeutic tools were also upgraded and the most dramatic improvement was the implementation of Fresh Whole Blood Transfusion (FWBT) and Lyophilized Plasma to address trauma induced life threatening hemorrhages and slow uncontrolled bleedings from medical origin (mostly gastro intestinal). The authors are presenting the different steps (most of them conducted onboard at sea) involved in the complex process of FWBT, from blood donors' qualifications and management to actual transfusions. The pros and cons of blood transfusion in extreme remote environment are discussed, including, health care professionals training, equipment requirements, legal and ethical issues, decision making in complex blood group matching, medical benefits and risks. Some clinical examples will be provided to illustrate the medical context in the oil & gas industry working environment in remote area and how this fully integrated onboard hospital address them.

Finally based on experience in Arctic and other extreme environment the authors developed others medical solutions, more agile to support scouting surveys. This whole range of medical services aims to make oil and gas operations safer in the most extreme environments.
Corporate Transformation to Embrace a Positive Safety Culture
Authors: Sugimoto Toru , Mantellini Daniel Guilarte , Salmhofer Alfons
Published: March 2016

Changing the way each and every employee embraces a positive safety behavior is a slow and challenging process, which involves unconditional commitment from the most senior Management of the Organization. It is imperative to start this journey with a mature concept that has been agreed upon by the Corporate Management. Key element of this "Journey" is carrying out periodic social and team building activities at all levels, led by the Top Management of the Organization. These activities encourage all employees to embrace the journey together with the Management and create a strong bond between employees across all levels of Organization. The program that JGC has adopted to transform the Corporation and its employees from "I must" to "I want" attitude is the "Incident and Injury Free" (IIF) Program, developed and facilitated by JMJ Associates. This comprehensive program encompasses both, the development of leadership skills, as well as positive safety culture.

JGC encountered the IIF program first time in 2007 on one of its Projects, where it was introduced by the Client as a safety culture program. JGC, as the EPCM Contractor, adopted the program and implemented it site wide. The program significantly helped building a robust and honest relationship between Client, JGC and its Subcontractors, which resulted in a positive safety culture Project wide.

Based on the experience with the IIF program at this Project, JGC realized its value and introduced it on more than ten (10) of its Overseas Projects from the year 2010 onwards, resulting in remarkable safety performance records on all of these Projects. In 2011, JGC expanded the IIF program also to its domestic Projects in Japan, ensuring that the IIF concept of building good relationship between employees and Management is implemented Corporate wide.
Major Accident Indicators in High Risk Industries - A Literature Review
Authors: Kilskar S. S. , Øien K. , Tinmannsvik R. K. , Heggland J. E. , Hinderaker R. H. , Wiig S.
Published: March 2016

Major accidents, such as the Texas City refinery explosion in 2005 and the Macondo well blowout in 2010, confirm the need for process safety indicators. However, despite increased attention on process safety indicators, there is no proof and agreement about valid, effective and reliable indicators. The principle objective of the research initiated by the Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA) has been to improve the knowledge of safety relevant indicators in the petroleum industry, in particular related to validity, effectiveness and reliability. A focused literature review was carried out to provide information on the three stated subjects or research questions (RQs): RQ1. What does the literature state about relationships between indicators and major accident risk? RQ2. What does the literature state about the effect of use of indicators? RQ3. What does the literature state about the conditions in the surroundings or the context having an impact on the reliability of the indicator? The literature review covered recent literature (from 2009) on the use of indicators in high risk industries, and a total of 174 documents were reviewed. In addition, implications and possible challenges to the petroleum industry and authorities were discussed and results outlined. Altogether 15 specific challenges are addressed, pointing at both the industry/companies and the authorities, but also the research institutions. A main conclusion is that there is lack of documented relationships between indicators and major accident risk, proven effects of the use of indicators and proof of conditions affecting the reliability of the indicators. More empirical research is needed to document the validity, effectiveness and reliability of process safety indicators.
Planning for Local Content: The Case of Block 2 in Tanzania
Authors: Fossgard-Moser Titus , Back Harald
Published: March 2016

This paper summarizes the approach adopted by Statoil Tanzania in its capacity as operator of Block 2, towards local content, both for its past offshore exploration activities, as well as planning for the future potential development and operations phase of a project combining supply of domestic gas with LNG export. Within the context of Statoil Tanzania's business activities in Tanzania, the first section of the paper summarizes the internal and external drivers for local content. The next section then addresses the overall strategic framework developed to assist the application of a consistent approach to local content across all aspects of Statoil Tanzania's activities. The third section of the paper then looks at the practical application of this framework in the implementation of local content during Statoil Tanzania's offshore exploration activities, as well as the ongoing planning activities to support local content during the potential development and operations’ phases of the project. The final section of the paper summarizes key conclusions.
Developing and Implementing a Customized Standard to Manage Social and Environmental Risk in Project-Managed Assets
Authors: Dvorak Stephanie , Gonzalez Jairo Alberto , Artola Ricardo , Lopez Juan Carlos , Abrahams Nicholas
Published: March 2016

Project-managed assets present social and environmental impact management specifics that require a fit-for-context approach to risk management. On the one hand, most social and environmental management processes remain under the control and responsibility of the operator, as for traditional projects. On the other hand, the project managers typically have a greater presence in operational-related activities, which puts them in the front line in relation to communities and expectations. This context can generate the need for a more extensive and aligned approach along the value chain than has been traditionally required. This paper addresses this type of scenario.

An oilfield services company developed and implemented its own social and environmental management standard for co-managing partner projects under long-term agreements. The standard requires the deployment of fundamental controls to manage the social and environmental performance of the projects, bridge with existing standards, and provide management with a consistent and efficient risk-based approach to manage the impact on operations in local communities.

The key features of the standard, based on the company's experiences in developing and implementing the new standard, are the use of checklists and scorecards to verify performance improvements, the lessons learned in creating a process, aligning roles and responsibilities, and developing capacity and integrating management systems. The standard was implemented in a mature brownfield, and since implementation, it has driven continuous performance improvements.

The lessons learned from implementation of the standard can be used to improve the alignment of roles and responsibilities for social and environmental performance between service companies and oil and gas operators, as well as partnerships with national oil companies or private local operators.
Development of a Robust and Cost Efficient Solution for Oil Spill Response for Barents Sea Exploration
Authors: Pedersen Rune , Dahlslett Hans Petter , Wenke Anne , McIvor Sønnøve , Drangeid Svein Olav
Published: March 2016

Petroleum activity within the Norwegian sector of the Barents Sea has in later years moved northward with current exploration drilling taking place around 74o north. Preparation and execution of exploration drilling at these latitudes require development of robust and cost efficient solutions for oil spill response. OMV (Norge) AS, operator in the Wisting license (PL 537) in the Barents Sea, has had several drilling campaigns in this license the last years with optimistic discoveries of hydrocarbons. In 2016 one new appraisal well will be drilled. This will be the 5th well in the license. As a frontrunner among several oil companies, drilling at these latitudes and phasing the challenging conditions, OMV have emphasized oil spill contingency planning with focus on collecting factual knowledge and making use of updated analysis tools and methodologies.

The paper describes the process which was executed to establish a robust and cost efficient oil spill response solution for exploration drilling in the Wisting license. The description covers the planning process which was conducted in connection with the drilling of the PL 537 - 7324/8-2 Bjaaland well in 2015. In this process DNV GL on behalf of OMV carried out several analysis including facilitating of work shops and a survey to Bear Island.
Oil Spill Contingency Study for Greenland – Risk Reduction and Oil Spill Response
Authors: Spansvoll Camilla A. , Wenke Anne , Brude Odd Willy , Solberg Knut E. , Holst-Andersen Jens Peter
Published: March 2016

There has been an increasing level of activity in and around Greenland, especially during the last decade including ship traffic, tourism and e.g. mining industry. This is expected to continue in the coming years and activities such as cruise tourism, oil exploration and production and the general amount of traffic constitutes a potential risk for the marine environment. The Defence Command Denmark (DCD) requested DNV GL to carry out a study focusing on oil spill contingency as well as an assessment of risk reducing measures linked to ship traffic in Greenland waters.

The scope of work for this study was to quantify and assess the response capacity of current oil spill response equipment and potential future solutions. This was done qualitatively by a response gap analysis (RGA) and an oil spill contingency analysis (OSCA) for ten selected scenarios. Measures to reduce the frequency for potential accidental oil spill from ship traffic were also addressed through a qualitative analysis for risk reducing measures (RRM). This study is to result in a set of recommendations for potential future solutions for oil spill contingency. When the study is made public by the DCD, these recommendations based on the applicability and effectiveness of the evaluated response strategies will be included.

Parts of this study build on findings and numbers from the study "Marine Environmental Risk Assessment – Greenland" (DNV GL 2014).
Results of Environmental Risk Assessment Carried Out On Nearshore Gabon Installations Taking Into Account Environmental Sensitivity
Authors: Libre Jean-Marie , Condemine Stephane
Published: March 2016

Environmental Risk Assessments (ERA) have been extensively carried out in 2014 by the Company (TOTAL) as part of the Technological Risk Assessment process. In that context it has been applied to nearshore Gabon pipelines and loading terminal located in the vicinity of Mandji Island and Cap Lopez. The approach used is consistent with the methodology already applied to far off-shore installations but in this case was applied for the first time to installations located at a few kilometers from the coast and using a validated set of hindcast current and wind data developed purposely for west coast Africa. The methodology applied takes into account the trajectory of potential oil spills and the probabilities that oil reaches any environmental resources. The tools used are 3D oil drift model (OSCAR) and exposure effect relations coming from the MIRA method developed in Norway. Four oil spill scenarios have been selected as representing most of oil spill cases requiring detailed environmental risk assessment on the basis of the technological risk assessment done on these installations. For each spill scenario, oil drift simulations were conducted in stochastic mode on the basis of 10 years historical wind and current data with 3km resolution. Quantities of oil and associated probabilities of presence were calculated for each cell of the model and comparison could be made with Argos drifter experiments in the case of one scenario. Shoreline habitats, turtles nesting beaches, seabirds, fisheries and mangroves have been selected as the key environmental resources to consider in this study. The results have been used to position the scenarios on the company risk matrix, assess environmental risk and address further needs on risk reduction measures. Results are discussed with some emphasis on the dominating role of current pattern in the area showing that environmental resources at risk are sometimes not the closest to the spill location. Validation aspects of the methodology related to current and Argos drifter experiment data are also discussed.
Behavioural Rating of Drillers' Cognitive Skills
Authors: Roberts R. C. , Flin R.
Published: March 2016

Objectives/Scope

Large scale drilling disasters, such as Macondo and Montara, as well as recent industry guidelines (e.g. IOGP, 2014) have highlighted the importance of non-technical skills, including Situation Awareness (SA) and Decision Making (DM). Behavioural marker systems have been used in other high risk domains to assess and train non-technical skills. Offshore drillers’ ability to maintain high level SA of the well state and surrounding environment is essential for effective DM. The objective of this study was to develop an evidence–based behavioural rating tool for drillers’ SA and DM.

Methods, Procedure, Process

The Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) techniques of interviews, observations and video analysis as well as an accident analysis, extracted expert knowledge about a driller's SA and DM, to produce preliminary skills taxonomy. The cognitive elements and exemplar behaviours were refined by a review panel and an online survey was then conducted with 15 drilling personnel to further refine and validate the behaviours.

Results, Observations, Conclusions

A refined taxonomy was produced including the key SA and DM skills, as well as observable examples of good and poor behavioural (markers). Three SA skills were identified: (1) gathers information, (2) understands the well and situation and (3) anticipates how the situation may develop in the future. Three DM skills were identified: (1) identifies and discusses options, (2) selects an option, as well as implements it and (3) reviews the decision taken. A further category of Maintains Own Abilities was identified as being important (e.g. removes distractions). The online evaluation suggested that the identified skills were relevant for maintaining safety and performance. Consequently, the skills taxonomy has the potential to be highly beneficial for assisting training and assessment, particularly when used in conjunction with a rating system.

Novel/Additive Information

Whilst the increase in simulation facilities and non-technical skills is welcomed, to maximise training effectiveness, tools need to be evidence based. This empirical, domain specific taxonomy/tool has direct applications for formative assessment and assisting training in simulated environments so as to improve safety and performance in drilling. Further development of similar non-technical skills sets will facilitate industry standard training and assessment tools to enhance efficiency and safety.
How Can Operators Encourage Contractors to Participate in Reporting Schemes? The Example of the "Improvement-Cards" Scheme and Rewards Catalogue on an Operated Site in Russia
Authors: Lavigne C. , Konovalova O. , Meunier A.
Published: March 2016

The Kharyaga field, operated by Total E&P Russie, is located 60 km north of the Arctic circle in northern Russia. This field is currently producing approximately 35,000bbl/d and production contains H2S and high wax contents. In 2013, works on site to maintain the production plateau and build a Gas Treatment Unit to stop operational flaring were launched. As a result, more than a thousand construction contractors from mostly Russian companies were mobilized on site, in addition to the permanent workforce of 150 people.

This paper will describe the "Improvement-Card", a scheme aimed at promoting a positive attitude towards reporting of substandard situations/good practices and at rewarding active participation for their resolution, when necessary.

Early capture and elimination of risk situations is widely recognized as fundamental in the prevention of actual accidents. However, because of a local cultural resistance to use "Anomaly Cards", too often associated with the concept of guilty party, new documents called "Improvement Cards" or "I-Cards" were launched in 2014. These new I-Cards contain three main fields that need to be filled: "What I saw", "What I did" and "What I recommend".

The system is also associated with a scoring scale, and each card, depending on its originality, learning value and reproducibility is given a number of points. Of course, active involvement in the resolution of the situation generates more points than just its reporting. Points are accumulated on individual accounts and entitle card authors to redeem gifts from a catalogue, ranking from a pen to a week end for two people in Paris.

This paper will provide information about the communication campaigns associated with the change of reporting schemes, the results in terms of numbers and nature of the events reported, and the main difficulties met to involve both Company personnel and Contractors.

A special mention will also be made of the promotion campaign organized, during World Safety Day 2015, where "I-Card tokens" (worth 100 points each) were distributed during management visits, to recognize good practices.

For the future, general recommendations with regards to management of event reporting, analysis of information, feed back to card originators and reward campaigns will also be formulated.
Major Mobilisation Scenario Planning
Authors: Moore Chris
Published: March 2016

Executive Summary

As the oil industry have developed a wide range of additional response tools to intervene in a subsea well incident, OSRL has taken the responsibility of mobilising, subsea intervention, dispersant injection, capping and containment equipment in addition to its traditional surface resources such as containment and recovery equipment and aerial dispersant systems.

OSRL has developed detailed logistics execution documents to aid in this process, however recognised early that the mobilisation of these additional pieces of equipment would require a new way of coordinating and managing OSRLs personnel and activities, and that the number of personnel involved in managing the initial mobilisation phase would be significantly greater than previously experienced, and that the mobilisation activities would be managed over a wide range of geographical locations.

Recognising these challenges, during 2014 OSRL approached this by detailing the tasks and responsibilities, assessing the level of personnel requirement in detail, deriving an IMS based organisation structure, detailing roles and responsibilities in a Major Mobilisation Plan.

To verify the Major Mobilisation Plan, OSRL conducted an internal Major Mobilisation Exercise in May 2015 with a realistic scenario of an offshore subsea incident in West Africa. The exercise was conducted over a 2 day period, across all of OSRLs bases and involving personnel from all parts of the organisation.

Some of the key challenges in a Major Mobilisation are the prioritisation and deconfliction of the international logistics (air transport) and the legal and financial issues of liabilities and indemnification and ensuring that OSRL is able to manage cash flow in the early stages and receive payment from customers quickly in order to keep paying contractors and suppliers.

This paper will detail the process OSRL went through, the challenges faced and the lessons learned in the exercise as well as the follow up steps and outcomes of future exercises to continually improve the Major Mobilisation Plan and to demonstrate to both itself and its members that it has the capability and competence to deliver it.
Operational Benefits of an Integrated QHSE and Sustainable Development Management System: A Case Study from the UK
Authors: Forbes Dave , Walker Kirsty
Published: March 2016

In the UK, there is significant focus on external certification organizations to verify management system standards of companies operating in the country.

For example, in the oil and gas industry, there are external certification requirements for the subject matter areas of quality; health, safety, and the environment (HSE); and sustainable development. The challenge lies not in meeting the requirements of external certification standards but rather in approaching the process as a whole instead of by separate subject matter areas.

To address this challenge, an oilfield services company with operations in the UK developed an integrated management system for all subject matter areas. The company integrated the subject matter areas into a single approach and derived benefits from this streamlined initiative.

The company, which has had long-standing, robust management systems for quality, HSE, and sustainable development, integrated these subjects into one management system instead of considering each subject within its own individual system. The initiative involved designing the process and procedures, implementing the system into operational planning, and developing certain key features such as customized dashboards for line managers to track outcomes.

After a year of implementation, the integrated management system has provided significant benefits in strategic risk-based planning as well as continuous improvement. Metrics are monitored using a dashboard approach to provide management with an immediate overview of performance, which not only raises awareness but also increases focus on key indicators in decision making and planning. The integration process has also resulted in a significant streamlining of the management system structure and documentation.

This integrated approach has led to ongoing performance improvements throughout the procurement and operational lifecycle management.
Exploring Indirect "Scope 3" Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Oil and Gas
Authors: Siveter Robert , Irvin Dan , Grice Lisa Nelowet
Published: March 2016

Objectives/Scope

Stakeholder and government expectations on transparency and disclosure are steadily growing. Specifically for greenhouse gas emissions, there are greater pressures to move beyond reporting direct corporate emissions and indirect emissions from energy use, to disclosing other indirect emissions ("Scope 3") deemed to be material. These emissions are from sources such as capital goods, business travel, franchises and use of sold products. In 2011 WRI/WBCSD released the GHG Protocol Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting standard to help companies identify, estimate and report these emissions.

Methods, Procedures, Process

In 2014, IPIECA, in collaboration with API, began work with consultant Environ (now Ramboll Environ) to support companies on the topic through two activities. Firstly, by identifying sources of scope 3 emissions in the oil and gas industry, as well as evaluating their materiality, and secondly, by detailing the different estimation approaches for those wishing to report them.

Results, Observations, Conclusions,

In establishing the boundaries of a scope 3 inventory, companies must first determine which activities are material. Materiality determinations should be based on both qualitative criteria (such as influence, risk, stakeholders, outsourcing and sector guidance) and quantitative consideration in order to meet the needs of inventory users, including both reporting companies and external stakeholders. We examine the 15 categories of scope 3 emissions as defined by the 2011 WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Corporate Value Chain guidance, and provide detailed guidance on those categories deemed to be material, as well as summary guidance for those categories less likely to be material.

Of the 15 scope 3 categories, two are likely to be most material. Use of sold products (Category 11) is the dominant category for companies in the fuels value chain. For petrochemical companies a number of categories appear likely to be material, particularly purchased goods and services (Category 1).

IPIECA have since been considering approaches to corporate value chain accounting (Scope 3), intending to identify credible, consistent, and reliable scope 3 GHG accounting and reporting practices from oil and gas companies. This paper outlines some of the materiality, boundary, and methodological considerations relevant to emissions sources for the petroleum industry. It includes accounting and reporting principles, and criteria and guidance for identifying materiality.

Novel, Additive information

In addressing boundary issues, we describe different tactics for reporting depending on where in the value chain a business operates. In addition it explores how to address the materiality of category 11 Use of Sold Products and the issue unique to the fuels industry of how to consider the duplication of category 11 emissons in other categories.