bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human mobility and language: towards new multilingual approaches with AI
Authors: Santorelli Marion , Catullo Domenico
Published: April 2024

This study investigates the relationships between language and human mobility in terms of investment, accessibility and inclusion and how human-computer interactions, AI (Artificial Intelligence) speech translators might overcome language barrier in a multilingual perspective. After a brief analysis of population dynamics, demographic change and migration based on European Union publications, the aim of this paper is to highlight the strong nexus between language and mobility and how it plays a key role in citizenship, educational policies, employment and social services. The phenomenon of linguistic identity, together with the power relations of ELF (English as Lingua Franca), is observed by presenting poststructuralist perspectives on SLA (Second Language Acquisition). It emerges that the power relations can be equal and unequal and can influence both positively and negatively users’ identities, shape people interactions and, thus, place them in particular communities or statuses. This ‘communicative imperialism’ can be inferred by the English Proficiency Index that places European countries in a high position, while countries in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, and some Asian countries in the lowest ones. Non-native speakers have differing levels of command of the language, meaning that, for them, crucial details and nuances, as well as cultural references, might often be lost. This study explores the real-time multilingual interpretation, with the new emerging technologies, as a means to reduce language discrimination, information loss, and increase the return on investment (ROI), enabling everyone to join in a conversation in their own language from anywhere around the world.
Recensământul populației ca sursă de informații în elaborarea politicilor publice
Authors: Bargan Natalia
Published: April 2024

Understanding the composition and evolution of the population is crucial for the development of effective public policies in a rapidly changing world. The need for reliable demographic and socioeconomic data persists to tackle modern societal challenges. The Population Census, amidst fast demographic change, is a vital source of statistical data that provides valuable information for governments, researchers and decision-makers. The purpose of this article is to analyze some results of population censuses important for the development of public policies and to estimate the role of the population census as a factual basis for the development and evaluation of state policies, planning and decision-making, leading to the identification of focused and well-adapted solutions to the real needs of the communities and the country. The research methodology is based on the analysis of the main results of the 2004 Population Census and the 2014 Population and Housing Census, and the degree of use of statistical information in the development of public policy documents, such as national strategies and programs. Moreover, the paper presents concrete examples of how census data has been used to develop public policies. The article concludes that the results obtained in population censuses are not fully utilized by public officials and decision-makers responsible for the development and implementation of public policies. Not all policy documents include essential information collected in censuses, including strategies of significant importance. It is noteworthy that the census is one of the most costly national statistical endeavors, providing data that offers a real and comprehensive picture of the entire population at a specific point in time. Recognizing the value of this information is crucial, and there is a need to promote a more efficient use of census results to guide the decisions and actions of policymakers.
Links between European Union some social reforms features and social indicators for 2011-2021 period
Authors: Ailinca Alina
Published: April 2024

Although compared to many other parts of the world, the European Union is a prosperous region, with a relatively low level of social inequality, nevertheless a series of problems persist and often develop in times of crisis (e.g. the global crisis of 2008-2009, the sovereign debt crisis, the COVID-19 crisis). Under the influence of the south-eastern flank of EU27 countries, poverty, social inequity and even the participation of young people in the labor market or in education and training programs seem to suffer significantly from the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, this study uses panel data from 2011 to 2021 and analyzes it using a regression approach to determine the influence of the characteristics of social policies at the level of EU27 countries on several problematic social indicators such as: At-risk-of-poverty rate by sex, Income quintile share ratio (S80/S20) by sex, Young people neither in employment nor in education and training by sex (NEET). According to the findings of this research, the effect of the characteristics of social policies on the improvement of the above indicators is weak, and the influence comes more from the part of the social indicators on the characteristics of the social policies at the EU27 level.
Старение населения: вызов для модернизации политик в Республике Молдова
Authors: Savelieva Galina , Zaharov Svetlana
Published: April 2024

In this article, an analysis of the structure and number of population in the context of demographic changes was carry out. The evolution of the ageing process, changes in number and structure of population, including the main age groups and in the aspect of men-women were examined. The Republic of Moldova, similarly to many countries, is undergoing a process of demographic ageing, the consequences of which are challenges for the policies and affect to the development of economy, the growth of expenditures for health, pensions and social protection, the vulnerability of elder population and the risk of poverty, what confirms the relevance of the topic. The purpose of the research is to assess the tendencies in number and structure of population, including the main age groups and age pensioners by gender, as well as to elaborate a methodology and projections of age pensioners for the long term. For the research, a systematic approach and such methods as comparative analysis, graphical method of interpreting tendencies in dynamics and demographic models were used. Quantitative and qualitative assessment the results of projections the elder population provided an opportunity to substantiate the tendencies of irreversible nature of the ageing process and offer some recommendations for adaption and modernization policies to new demographic realities in conditions of ageing challenges in economic and social systems.The article was elaborated within the framework the State Program Project (2020-2023) 20.80009.0807.21 “Migration, demographic changes and policies of stabilization the situation”.
Diferențe rural-urban în dinamica speranței de viață și politicile de sănătate a populației
Authors: Pahomii Irina , Stirba Vitalie
Published: April 2024

In the last years, Moldova registered a tendency of increase in life expectancy at birth, excluding the pandemic period. Despite the registered trends in mortality evolution, the previous mortality pattern with a gender and regional gap in the length of life is maintained. In this regard, our research is aimed to highlight the urban/rural life expectancy gap, attempting to explain changes in mortality through the implemented measures and policies towards population health. We utilised period life tables for our analysis, enabling the decomposition of life expectancy. Therefore, we systematised the existing legislative framework in population health and implemented national health programs and lifestyle-adjusting policies while analysing mortality evolution. The changes in life expectancy at birth have occurred in the context of a decrease in mortality primarily attributed to cardiovascular diseases and external causes. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the structure of causes of death, leading to a substantial increase in urban mortality, which has caused a reduction in the urban/rural disparity. In our analysis, we deduce that implemented alcohol and tobacco control policies will likely have a long-term output on population lifestyle adjustment. Improvements in healthcare infrastructure and implemented targeted programs (e.g. interventional cardiology) significantly contribute to the amelioration of population health but are less accessible for rural regions than urban ones. The article was elaborated within the State Program Project (2020-2023) 20.80009.0807.21 „Migration, demographic changes, and situation stabilization policies”.
Implications of tax havens. Economic effects
Authors: Mihaila Nicoleta
Published: April 2024

The purpose of our paper is to highlight the main negative economic implications of the existence of tax havens, namely the increase in harmful tax competition, the erosion of the tax base and implicitly the reduction of tax revenues; all these negatively affect the economic development of a country, negatively affecting direct investments, or effects on the structure of tax revenues. However, it should be mentioned that in addition to the negative ones, there are also positive effects/implications on the economy, respectively, they can contribute to the reduction of taxes in other jurisdictions, or even the economic development of tax havens. The methodology used is descriptive and empirical, by calling on various bibliographic sources, with a preponderance of foreign specialized literature, as well as a quantitative methodology, for the processing and analysis of data taken from international databases.
Circular economy – the new way of sustainable development
Authors: Verdiyeva Parvin
Published: April 2024

The problem that has existed since the first day of society is limited resources and infinite needs. It is precisely on this problem that economic science is based. The number of people is constantly growing, so the needs and requests are also growing. In such conditions, how do programs effectively use limited resources, what programs make productive translations? In the modern era, when a society of acute consumer tension was formed, developing countries already prefer development models focused on resource conservation when drafting economic development strategies. This is due to the fact that existing resources must be used so as not to deprive future generations of the opportunity to use them. The increase in intensity of consumption of resources and the increase in ecological problems led to the necessity of developing alternative concepts of economic development. We already see that many countries are moving to the concept of "circular economy" when developing their policy of permanent development. What is the "circular economy"? The traditional development model, known as "linear economy", is based on the concept of production, production, consumption and emissions. "Circular economy", on the contrary, represents a new concept that promotes the efficient use of resources, minimization of emissions and support for the use of renewable energy sources. The main goal of the circular economy is to create a sustainable system that can preserve the economic value and usefulness of resources, materials and goods for a long time. In this article, the main characteristics of the circular economy model are considered, which can provide new opportunities for future generations, ensuring a balance between ecological, social and economic factors. The perspectives of applying this model in the countries of the Turkic world, which forms the basis of the development strategy of many countries, are also being explored.
Directions taken by the European Union and the Republic of Moldova in fuel supply as result of Ukraine war
Authors: Ciobu Stela , Balan Ana
Published: April 2024

The consequences of the war in Ukraine have a negative impact on the economies of many countries. A survey by the UN development program says that in just three months, 71 million people have reached the poverty line, which shows a much faster increase than during the pandemic. It is evident that the fuel prices, which have been increasing more and more, have influenced the increase in the prices of food and maintenance products. The ever-increasing growth of oil consumption and the economic crisis as a consequence of the war in Ukraine have pushed the price of Brent oil above $100/barrel, a record price recorded in recent years. We understand the challenges governments around the world now face to make quick decisions while ensuring those decisions position their countries' economies for a better future. Experts in the field say that the world must find solutions in the use of renewable sources to replace fossil fuels. This implies fair access for everyone to renewable energy technology, but without implemented policies that encourage domestic and foreign investments in renewable energy, of course and with subsidies from the state, we will not be able to achieve the desired goal.
Analiza sectorului turistic prin prisma indicatorilor de circularitate
Authors: Gribincea Corina
Published: April 2024

For the tourism sector, circularity is a strategic approach, especially from the point of view of minimizing environmental impact, including waste, pollution, CO2 emissions, given the potential of a circular economy to decouple economic growth from resource use. Integrating circularity and further increasing resource efficiency in the tourism value chain represents an opportunity for the tourism sector to embrace a sustainable and resilient path. The extensive and transversal value chain of tourism offers many opportunities for a longer, better and more circular use of the materials and products used to provide the services, creating value and partnerships and bringing waste as close to zero as possible. Within the scope of this study, the description and analysis of the experiences of circularity will be presented, the updated synthesis of the transition situation to the principles of circularity and the presentation of some cases from Trebujeni - Pensiunea Vila Roz and from Chisinau - Radisson Blu Leogrand Hotel will be presented. Within the present paper, circularity isn’t a priority for the Moldovan service producer, but also for the tourist himself, because the tourist is the one who decides how to travel, what to do at the destination, how to use the infrastructures. But the manufacturer can influence the customer's behavior so that he behaves in a more circular way. On the other hand, the large number of service producers in the tourism industry (transportation, catering, accommodation, excursions, etc.) induces the need for cooperation between actors to create a global offer of circular tourism based on the principles of the circular economy. The main barrier in the application of the principles of circularity in tourism is the lack of awareness and the lack of interest of consumers in applying this concept in practice. This paper is written within the state project 20.80009.0807.22. Developing the mechanism for the circular economy creation in the Republic of Moldova.
Sparkling treasures. Unveiling the facets of the diamond trade
Authors: Yaneva Mariya Zdravkova
Published: April 2024

The value of this noble metal is enduring on both national and international levels. The diamond industry is within the purview of economic agents, and their investment interest on the stock markets is continuous and lasting. Diamonds are precious metals with a transparent and sparkling appearance, exceptionally beautiful, captivating the minds and dreams of people from ancient times to the present day. They are natural treasures extracted from the depths of the Earth and formed over centuries. In society, these noble crystals symbolize power, wealth, and influence. In this context, the subject of the current scientific research is diamonds as a type of noble metal. The aim of the scientific study is to analyze relevant aspects related to the global diamond trade.
Evoluția virusului Omicron şi a virusului gripal în Moldova
Authors: Naval Elvira
Published: April 2024

New strain Omicron of the Coronavirus infection together with influenza virus is more contagious than only Omicron by itself. While numbers of lethal cases are less than earlier, life of the human is threatened, especially, in case of the children of an early age. Pontryagin Maximum Principle will be applied to the dynamic modeling of Omicron and Influenza virus in order to determine optimal solution aimed to minimize the number of infected population and control measures.
Challenges to access educational institutions
Authors: Colesnicova Tatiana , Ciobanu Mihail , Savcenco Silvia
Published: April 2024

The welfare is heavily influenced by the level of education attained by people. Accessibility may be observed at the country level and also it can be seen at the individual level. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate some characteristics of educational institutions in the Republic of Moldova, mainly from the perspective of the beneficiary. As research methods were used the analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction. Used data sources are the statistical data of the National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova and the results of a survey elaborated by the authors. The study's findings reveal an overall drop in the number of institutions, teaching staff and students. However, respondents to the survey rated relatively highly, but not very highly, the teaching staff, the quality of hygienic-sanitary conditions, the quality of teaching, the technical-material basis, and the professional-pedagogical qualities of the staff, but they were less satisfied with the quality of the institution's food products and the living conditions in the dormitory. During the years of study, a significant proportion of respondents stated that they paid additional payments in addition to the contractual ones. This paper was developed and financed within the Scientific Project for the period 2020-2023, registered in the State Register of Science and Innovation Projects of the Republic of Moldova with the code 20.80009.0807.29 State Program Project "Im
Covid and the social protection of the elderly in Romania
Authors: Chirugu Gianina , Damean Doru Claudiu
Published: April 2024

The COVID19 pandemic has had chain effects on older people, this pandemic being a socially experienced disease, on several layers, from the structural exterior imposed by social isolation to the inner psychological isolation. In addition to the general health and hygiene measures imposed by the pandemic, there have been specific care measures, especially for people with reduced mobility or even for patients confined to bed. The reduction in funding for private social service providers has led to a reduction in the number of beneficiaries, limiting their access to the care they need. Thus, the objective of this paper is to highlight the main forms of social protection for the elderly, but also the vulnerabilities of the elderly manifested during the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus. A number of good practice models for supporting older people during the pandemic are also presented. During periods of social isolation, there have been some ways to help religious seniors use their faith to ease their anxiety during this COVID-19 pandemic, such as spending time praying, listening to religious services, or caring for neighbours. Meeting their emotional needs/physical needs – there is no better way to reduce anxiety and social isolation than by extending a helping hand to other people in need.
PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA PT INTI BARA PERDANA (IBP) TABA PENANJUNG BENGKULU TENGAH
Authors: Arnoldi Arnoldi , Ekowati Sri
Published: April 2024

This study aims to determine the effect of leadership style and work environment on employee performance at Pt Inti Bara Perdana (IBP) Taba Penanjung Central Bengkulu, either partially or simultaneously. The sample in this study was 85 respondents, the data collection method used was Total Sampling. Data collection techniques with observation and questionnaires, data analysis techniques with multiple linear regression.
The tcount for the Leadership Style Variable for the Leadership Style variable is 9,305 which means that there is a positive influence between Leadership Style on Employee Performance at PT Inti Bara Perdana (IBP) Taba Penanjung Bengkulu Tengah. Work Environment Variable The tcount value for the Work Environment variable is 2,342, which means there is a positive influence between the Work Environment and the Decision to Visit PT Inti Bara Perdana (IBP) Taba Penanjung Bengkulu Tengah.
Based on the results of calculations using SPSS, the F test was used to test the coefficients as a whole by using a significant level of 0.05 to obtain a Fsig of 0.000 while the calculated F value was 49,241, this indicates that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, thus the overall influence variable namely Leadership Style and Work Environment have a significant and positive influence on Employee Performance at PT Inti Bara Perdana (IBP) Taba Penanjung Bengkulu Tengah.
Keywords: Leadership Style, Work Environment, and Employee Performance
Direct Adversarial Latent Estimation to Evaluate Decision Boundary Complexity in Black Box Models
Authors: Dale Ashley S. , Christopher Lauren
Published: April 2024

A trustworthy AI model should be robust to perturbed data, where robustness correlates with the dimensionality and linearity of feature representations in the model latent space. Existing methods for evaluating feature representations in the latent space are restricted to white-box models. In this work, we introduce Direct Adversarial Latent Estimation (DALE) for evaluating the robustness of feature representations and decision boundaries for target black-box models. A surrogate latent space is created using a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) trained on a disjoint dataset from an object classification backbone, then the VAE latent space is traversed to create sets of adversarial images. An object classification model is trained using transfer learning on the VAE image reconstructions, then classifies instances in the adversarial image set. We propose that the number of times the classification changes in an image set indicates the complexity of the decision boundaries in the classifier latent space; more complex decision boundaries are found to be more robust. This is confirmed by comparing the DALE distributions to the degradation of the classifier F1 scores in the presence of adversarial attacks. This work enables the first comparisons of latent-space complexity between black box models by relating model robustness to complex decision boundaries.
Code Generation from Flowchart using Optical Character Recognition & Large Language Model
Authors: Darda Aryaman , Jain Reetu
Published: April 2024

Students find it difficult to learn the syntax of programming languages
when they are new to coding. Some students get discouraged and even quit
their coding journey because of having trouble with memorizing all the
syntactic rules of a programming language. Flowcharts are an effective
way to help students visualize the logic of an algorithm developed to
solve a problem. But some students find it challenging to convert their
flowcharts into executable code and even when they do, some get
frustrated because of the errors they encounter while running the code
they have written. So students who are not well versed with the syntax
of a programming language can face difficulty debugging their programs
even when they understand the logic behind the algorithms. This research
aimed at developing a tool that can assist young students with less
coding experience to learn programming. An intuitive user interface for
the application was developed using a python library called gradio. The
functionality of taking flowchart images as user inputs and providing
equivalent python code with a brief explanation was incorporated on the
UI. Text from the uploaded flowchart image is extracted in 3 steps which
include feature extraction using deep learning models like ResNet and
VGG, sequence labelling using Long Short-Term Memory networks and
decoding the sequence labels using Connectionist Temporal Classification
algorithms. The extracted text is then provided to an open source large
language model with 70 billion parameters called Llama-2-Chat for the
generation of the python code. The generated python code is displayed on
the gradio UI along with a brief explanation of the code. The user can
copy the code and run it on the IDE of their choice. The application was
evaluated with a test dataset of several flowchart images. The generated
python codes for the test flowchart images were executed in a code
editor and the produced outputs were found to be correct. The generated
code got executed without any errors for 75 % of the flowchart images
from the test dataset.
Interpretability of Fake News Detection Model
Authors: Pulluru Likhitha , Mamidala Laxmi Shravani , Subramanian Ramanathan , Dhall Abhinav
Published: April 2024

The authenticity of information has been a longstanding issue with it’s potential to impact millions of users in the blink of an eye. Recent years has seen a growth in development of fake news detection models. Model Interpretability especially in NLP domain is still challenging, yet it helps in adopting models to various domains. In this study we tried post hoc interpretation techniques like local and global interpretations using LIME and SHAP, Topic modeling and Keyword extraction techniques. We identified these are simple yet powerful techniques to better understand the tagging behavior of fake news detection models used in this paper. With the help of these interpretation and data augmentation techniques we measured model robustness and identified that models built on ML algorithms are not robust to covariance shift in input data. Also, we tried to derive some of the characteristics that better represents style of fake tweets.
PROFESSOR, VOCÊ CONHECE OS DESAFIOS ENFRENTADOS POR SEUS ESTUDANTES?
Authors: Cau Patrícia Flávia dos Santos , Marques Tiago Cau
Published: April 2024

Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa desenvolvidas no Centro Estadual de Educação de Jovens e Adultos, CEEJA. A escola possui metodologia diferenciada, fundamentada no estudo individual, na orientação pedagógica do professor sempre que necessária, na avaliação da aprendizagem e na consulta à Plataforma Digital de Aprendizagem. Considerando as especificidades no processo de ensino e aprendizagem da Educação de Jovens e Adultos e considerando ainda a metodologia diferenciada da escola, o objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar a visão dos professores e equipe pedagógica sobre os principais desafios enfrentados pelos estudantes do CEEJA. A metodologia partiu da análise de dados do Sistema de Controle Acadêmico e questionário de identificação do perfil dos estudantes, traçando um diagnóstico inicial das fragilidades. A análise dos relatórios, das repostas dos formulários e das discussões demonstram a vulnerabilidade dos estudantes atendidos na instituição. Eles são na maioria pretos/pardos, com faixa etária entre 30 a 40 anos, possuem propensão ao abandono dos estudos, são trabalhadores, têm autoestima baixa, apresentam fragilidade alimentar, necessitam de ajuda no transporte para chegar à escola. Diante desse quadro, os desafios incluem a necessidade de autodisciplina e organização para estudar de forma independente, falta de motivação, vulnerabilidade financeira e a necessidade de equilibrar os estudos com outras responsabilidades pessoais ou profissionais.
PRÁTICAS DE ENSINO DA LEITURA NO VIÉS DA APRENDIZAGEM CRIATIVA
Authors: Filha Maria Alves de Souza , Pereira Marcos Aparecido , Valerio Cláudia Lúcia Landgraf Pereira
Published: April 2024

A pesquisa apresentada traz uma abordagem qualitativa de caráter descritivo. O estudo foi realizado com as contribuições de cinco artigos de repositórios da CAPES, Instituto Federal, e outros. As discussões se pautam em mostrar a importância do processo de ensino da leitura crítica através de práticas diferenciadas, inovadoras e criativas, práticas estas, que orienta, motiva e o estudante a ser protagonista de seu processo de ensino aprendizagem. A análise bibliográfica contou com artigos que discutem a leitura como fonte de conhecimento com o objetivo de contribuir para análises e reflexões do ensino da leitura de maneira significativa e sua relação com o grande estudioso Edgar Morin que através de sua teoria busca contribuir para a formação integral do estudante.
Utopie del lavoro manuale e ozio in Omero
Authors: Mari Giovanni
Published: April 2024

In Homer the virtuous and profitable activities are war, robbery, piracy, the physical suppression of the vanquished who cannot be reduced to slavery. Work is not in itself despised, but it has a lower value and belongs to another dimension of life. In this picture, two utopias relating to manual labor stand out and a story that introduces the idea of leisure. The first is in the Iliad and concerns the automatons that help Hephaestus in his blacksmith activity which Aristotle will transform into machines capable of replacing slaves. The second is embodied by Odysseus who carries out manual labor almost, to use Finley's words, if he were doing "sport". But in the Odyssey we also find the idea of a time removed from military, work and political activities dedicated to personal growth represented by the story that Odysseus tells, accompanied by the sound of the lyre, during the banquet promoted in his honor by Alcinous, king of the Phaeacians.
Dalla parsimonia al profitto: Plauto testimone delle trasformazioni economiche della sua epoca e dell’organizzazione del lavoro
Authors: Rosafio Pasquale
Published: April 2024

Plautus writes his comedies at the age of the Roman expansion in the Mediterranean, when remarkable social and economic transformations rapidly took place in Rome. He complains about the passage from ancestral moral customs to a new ethic of profit. Farms are now intended to produce for the market. A Roman senator is represented as the owner of a suburban villa, whose products are commended to his urban staff in order to be sold. Even more space is reserved to trade. An entire and very complex comedy, Mercator, is devoted to this subject, which is constantly treated and mentioned everywhere. While the Roman economy was growing, there was a similar parallel increase of professional activities, which are abundantly attested by Plautus.
Edward P. Thompson: lavoro orientato in base al compito e lavoro orientato in base al tempo
Authors: Perulli Angela
Published: April 2024

The essay deals with the thought of E.P. Thompson with reference to the transformation of work behavior. Moving from the presentation of his peculiar historiographical approach, the essay critically examines the article he devoted to the emergence of a discipline, at work and in everyday life, that made the establishment of the capitalist industrial model possible. The categories of task-oriented work of pre-industrial societies, and time-oriented work of industrialized societies, are discussed. The main elements through which working and non-working time has been regulated and the emergence of new forms of leisure are presented. In closing, the applicability of the two categories as ideal types for reading the forms of work in the industrial societies of the global world is proposed.
Il lavoro utile e onesto secondo il De officiis di Cicerone
Authors: Piergiacomi Enrico
Published: April 2024

The three books of Cicero’s De officiis were written under the influence of the Stoic Panaetius, who explained what kinds of officia or «duties» must be fulfilled by ordinary (= non-wise) human beings. These consists in the respect of justice or honesty and the rational search for common utility, which provides useful goods to individuals. The paper will highlight that this perspective can be applied to work: for working is one of the duties of ordinary humans. Workers should be just or honest, provide useful things, never prefer personal gain over honesty. In order to defend this claim, the paper also takes into account Cicero’s program of the “leisure with dignity” (otium cum dignitate) that he proposes in the speech Pro Sestio and the conception of labor of the Tusculanae disputationes.
Robert Castel. Lavoro, individualità e disaffiliazione sociale
Authors: Faitini Tiziana
Published: April 2024

This paper presents an overview of Robert Castel’s discussion on labour, by focusing on his analysis of the social supports of individuality and social property. In exploring these notions and the history of the wage-earning society, the French sociologist sheds light on the genealogy of the social and political link between wage labour, social (dis)affiliation and individual identity. Far from adopting a workist approach, he argues in favor of the reshaping of social welfare and labour law in contemporary, neoliberal, societies.
A. Supiot: senso del lavoro e giustizia sociale
Authors: Dordoni Annalisa
Published: April 2024

This chapter outlines the main concepts examined and defined by the French jurist Alain Supiot, and traces the argumentative trajectories of his proposals for reflection and action, which - as the document seeks to emphasize - transcend the boundaries of law and represent real prospects for social change, with the aim of guaranteeing and protecting citizenship rights beyond employment. In summary, after a brief biographical introduction (1), the essay will discuss the transformations of work, intertwined with the financialization of the economy and the process of globalization, and the protection of work beyond employment (2); the new rights and concept of “mondialisation” as a barrier to the total market (3); the meaning of work and social justice according to the author (4).
Il lavoro dignitoso della Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro
Authors: Del Rossi Maria Paola
Published: April 2024

The author analyzes the concept of 'decent work' in the Ilo from the founding of the Organization in 1919 until the adoption in 1999 of 'decent work' as a fundamental universal principle, passing through some key passages, from the crisis of the 1930s to the caesura of the war and the revival of the organization with the 'Phildelphia Declaration' to the new post-Cold War context. The concept of decent work, relaunched in 2019, represents both a "form of work activities and an essential element [and the] for a new model of person-centered development". Indeed, rights and quality of work are identified as the basis for the creation of a new model of global citizenship and a tool for responding to the challenges posed by globalization and for a new social justice.
Lavoro, libertà e utopia nel dibattito francese contemporaneo
Authors: Donaggio Enrico
Published: April 2024

The article offers an account of the recent debate on work, freedom and utopia in the French humanities and social sciences. It is organized around the four thematic cores that seem to condense its richest or most promising results today: liberated work, free work, democratic work, and utopian work.
For each of these topics, for reasons of space, only the theses and critiques of a few representative authors will be given, regarding an object of reflection chosen as exemplary: liberated companies, digital platforms, democratized companies, possible utopias. The common denominator of this reflections is the tenacity with which they continue to investigate dimensions of freedom and utopia in work, and not outside or against work. What differentiates them is the degree of compatibility or alternative attributed to these dimensions with respect to the most widespread modes of work today.
Neoidealismo e dintorni. La vita come ‘lavoro’
Authors: Basile Luca , Cingari Salvatore
Published: April 2024

This essay reconstructs the idea of work in the tradition of Italian idealism and neo-idealism: from Bertrando Spaventa to Benedetto Croce to Giovanni Gentile, Ugo Spirito, as well as other philosophers who started from neo-idealism and then also met different philosophical currents: Adriano Tlgher, Felice Battaglia and Antimo Negri. Neo-idealism emerges as a thought linked to a productivist vision of civilization in which work plays a key role. For Gentile, for example, work is a system of purposes hierarchically placed with respect to the supreme end of men’s dominion over nature. Both Gentile and Croce, however, developing the position of Spaventa, tried to think of technique not as an end but as a means to realize human values.
Gramsci e la ‘civiltà del lavoro’
Authors: Liguori Guido
Published: April 2024

When Gramsci theorizes the Factory Councils (in 1919-1920), he looks at work as the center of social and political life: the Factory Council brings together economics and politics, society and the state. The root of the socialist state, defined as a “civilization of work”, is grafted directly into the factory. In the Gramsci of the Prison Notebooks, on the other hand, Gramsci dwells on the relevant innovations brought about by Fordism and Taylorism. The metaphor of the "trained gorilla" seems to him to mean - if taken critically - also a possibility of liberation of the worker from the fatigue caused by the “Taylor method”.
Lavoro e CGIL: dall’endiadi ai dilemmi
Authors: Carrieri Mimmo
Published: April 2024

The evolution of union action in the case of the CGIL follows and intertwines with the changing reading of the evolution of work. This applies both to the first post-war years when the union addresses a world of low-skilled and impoverished labor and to more recent years when it speaks to the weakest and least protected workers. In this period the social subject of the union representation changes, shifting from the working class to the idea of the ‘union of rights’. And the CGIL is trying to put the needs of the 'working person' at the center of its action.
Il lavoro agricolo tra ideologia e realtà: Columella
Authors: Carlsen Jesper
Published: April 2024

The point of departure of this paper is the most comprehensive introduction to Roman farming of the four preserved Latin agricultural writers from antiquity. It is written by Columella, and the article presents a short biography of him before an analysis of his manual. Columella emphasizes the importance of the owner’s personal participation in the running of the estate, but it is also implied that the owner normally did not live permanently on the estates described by in the agricultural handbook. The labour force was slave under supervision of a bailiff, who him self was a slave. The handbook contain instructions for almost all tasks on a farm, including management and receipts. The most interesting part is in many respects the advices concerning the exploitation and intensification of the slaves and their work.
I molti mestieri di (e in) Primo Levi
Authors: Falaschi Giovanni
Published: April 2024

This essay studies the many works mentioned by Primo Levi in his Opere. First of all we consider the works that the author was forced to do in order to survive in the Lager and on the return journey; then we talk about his two main professions, and therefore about the idea that Levi had about work: its nature and its social function. Finally, we consider the problem of human freedom in relation to work.
Il lavoro intraprendente nell’economia della conoscenza e della complessità
Authors: Rullani Enzo
Published: April 2024

Over the course of history, the idea of labour has changed a lot, both in theoretical representations and in practical life. In the capitalism of ‘800 and in the Fordism of ‘900, the use of rigid machines imposed a standardized and impersonal work, for the performance of purely executive operations and of orders dictated from above or fixed by pre-established programs. Over time, however, when Fordism failed to compress the growth of complexity (after 1970), the experimentation of forms of networked (flexible, creative) labour became necessary. First it exploited the territorial proximity and then, thanks to digital revolution, the new flexibility of machines and algorithms. Consequently, human intelligence became necessary again to manage the growing complexity of products and processes. So, contemporary work is becoming less and less the classical dependent labour and more and more the expression of some form of enterprising activity.
Le concezioni del lavoro nel Tanakh e nell’Antico Testamento
Authors: Giuliani Massimo
Published: April 2024

In the Jewish Bible as well as in the Christian Old Testament books agriculture was the mainstay of the Israelite economy both in villages and cities. Working the land and herding was an anthropological given; nevertheless it was conceived on the one hand as a very positive value, in so far as it was imitation of the Divine work of creation; on the other hand, for its difficulties and risks, it was thought of as a sort of punishment for the transgression of the first human couple. The Books of Moses approach the many fatigues on the fields in a quite pragmatic way, fixing social rules and ethical norms, e.g.: a severe law concerning the payment of the workers’ salary, without any delay. Other books such as Psalms, Proverbs, Qohelet, and Ben Sira are full of more traditional sentences and moralistic admonitions about human working; overall, despite of the pessimistic tune of Qohelet, their attitudes remain positive and appreciative regarding the value of human effort, although through pain, to make a living out the struggle with nature.
Il lavoro nella letteratura medioevale di tecniche dell’arte
Authors: Baroni Sandro
Published: April 2024

This contribution aims to enunciate different conceptions regarding the work in the treatises on techniques of the arts during the Middle Ages. On the one hand, theocentric texts related to two conceptions of different religious origins (Theophilus and the Jewish Kabbalah), propose that the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the garden of Eden entails mortality and imperfection, but due to the emanation of the divine will, man is allowed to participate in the intelligence of the Creator. In other works, however, the awareness of work emerges as a form of active knowledge that allows one to transform and win, to dominate nature by becoming aware and master of its secrets. Largely transmitted through Hellenistic alchemy, this is a vein of an anthropocentric matrix that is a legacy of the ancient world.
Tra libertà e sottomissione. La contrattualità del lavoro e l’antropologia giuridica trecentesca
Authors: Passaniti Paolo
Published: April 2024

The contribution analyzes the legal nature of work in medieval legal thought. The starting point is the phenomenon of the liberation of the rural masses. The great juridical question of the worker's freedom is created in a contract which provides for the acceptance of the employer's direction. A question first thematized by the Bolognese school of glossators, starting with Irnerio, and then perfected by the commentators. Freedom of the worker and social subjection of the worker are the profiles that assert themselves during the fourteenth century and remain as a contradiction of the liberal juridical order.
Il lavoro dei moderni: antropologia, politica e sapere tra Rinascimento e Illuminismo
Authors: Stefano Brogi
Published: April 2024

Examining the ideas and representations of work between the Renaissance and the Enlightenment means focusing on a variety of different aspects and perspectives, in which the elements of continuity and discontinuity with regard to previous centuries are equally relevant. Although the transformations of work in the period considered here may appear less striking than those in the era of the Industrial Revolution, there is no doubt that they opened up new scenarios. The introduction to this section uses some of the insights contained in the various contributions to highlight the epistemological, political and anthropological implications of the new (and sometimes conflicting) visions of work that emerged between the 16th and 18th centuries. Visions that opened perspectives and discussions destined to develop to the present day.
Tecnica, lavoro, rivoluzione scientifica
Authors: Abbri Ferdinando
Published: April 2024

In the early modern era new scientific and philosophical conceptions revolutionized the established picture of culture, and marked a strong historical discontinuity. The essay focuses on the role played by artisans, alchemists, pharmacists, crafsmen in the formation of the new science, and on the impact of popular culture on the new philosophy. A specific attention is devoted to Giordano Bruno’s and Francis Bacon’s views relating to a new ideology of manual work, that was contrary to the traditional, contemplative knowledge. The essay demonstrates that the Scientific Revolution also produced the overthrow of the identification of mechanical, manual and productive arts with low, worthless human activities.
Dall’assolutismo al liberalismo. L’idea di lavoro in Colbert, Turgot e Ricardo
Authors: Magliulo Antonio
Published: April 2024

The aim of this essay is to outline the evolution of the idea of work in the transition stage from pre-revolutionary absolutism to post-revolutionary liberalism by analyzing the thought of three influential figures who lived between the mid-seventeenth and mid-nineteenth centuries: Colbert, Turgot and Ricardo.
La concezione del lavoro in Fichte
Authors: Rametta Gaetano
Published: April 2024

The following paper tries to show the different aspects of Fichte’s conception of labour. First of all, labour means the activity of appropriation through which man makes the world his own property. It is also a fundamental right of man as a free subject and as a citizen of the State. Finally it is necessary for man’s self-development and education. In this sense, Fichte stresses the importance of multiplying labour’s productivity, in order to free a large amount of time to be dedicated to the intellectual and creative activities of man’s spirit. That implies that all the members of society have to give their contribution to the well-being of their community and that the social wealth has to be equally distributed among all members of the State.
Hegel: lavoro e autocoscienza
Authors: Garelli Gianluca
Published: April 2024

This contribution summarily reconstructs the genesis and development of the notion of ‘work’ in Hegel's philosophy, from the Jena years to the Berlin period. The topic is treated mainly in connection with such questions as ‘recognition’ and culture. On the one hand (as observed by Marx and Lukács), while realizing the contradictory character of capitalism, Hegel ultimately still underestimates the general question of exploitation in industrial production. On the other hand, however, the biblical conception of work as a condemnation is, so to say, aufgehoben in Hegel’s view of Bildung by a revaluation of work as the only actual possibility of negating the status quo and setting oneself free from the historical various forms of servitude (Marcuse, Taubes). In this sense, each cultural production can be regarded as the result of a ‘work’ accomplished by Spirit in its historical becoming.
Louis René Villermé: la nascita dell’inchiesta sul lavoro all’origine delle moderne scienze sociali
Authors: Tomasello Federico
Published: April 2024

This chapter focuses on the emergence of industrial pauperism in France during the first half of the 19th century. It explores the liberal elites’ first responses to the spread of new forms of exclusion and deprivation which were determined by the advent of the industrial regime. Hence, it retraces the rise of unprecedented activities of social investigation that focused on the subaltern classes in an effort to develop a scientific understanding of the problem of pauperism. The aim of the chapter is to describe the way in which these investigations progressively brought the issue of wage labour into focus as an object of scientific knowledge and administration, and as a pivot to develop strategies for governing the ‘social question’. To exemplify this process, the chapter considers the work of Louis-René Villermé, a social research pioneer who conducted the first inquiry on labour in European history.