bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Congruent population structure inferred from dispersal behaviour and intensive genetic surveys of the threatened Florida scrub‐jay (Aphelocoma cœrulescens)
Authors: COULON A. , FITZPATRICK J. W. , BOWMAN R. , STITH B. M. , MAKAREWICH C. A. , STENZLER L. M. , LOVETTE I. J.
Published: February 2008

The delimitation of populations, defined as groups of individuals linked by gene flow, is possible by the analysis of genetic markers and also by spatial models based on dispersal probabilities across a landscape. We combined these two complimentary methods to define the spatial pattern of genetic structure among remaining populations of the threatened Florida scrub‐jay, a species for which dispersal ability is unusually well‐characterized. The range‐wide population was intensively censused in the 1990s, and a metapopulation model defined population boundaries based on predicted dispersal‐mediated demographic connectivity. We subjected genotypes from more than 1000 individual jays screened at 20 microsatellite loci to two Bayesian clustering methods. We describe a consensus method for identifying common features across many replicated clustering runs. Ten genetically differentiated groups exist across the present‐day range of the Florida scrub‐jay. These groups are largely consistent with the dispersal‐defined metapopulations, which assume very limited dispersal ability. Some genetic groups comprise more than one metapopulation, likely because these genetically similar metapopulations were sundered only recently by habitat alteration. The combined reconstructions of population structure based on genetics and dispersal‐mediated demographic connectivity provide a robust depiction of the current genetic and demographic organization of this species, reflecting past and present levels of dispersal among occupied habitat patches. The differentiation of populations into 10 genetic groups adds urgency to management efforts aimed at preserving what remains of genetic variation in this dwindling species, by maintaining viable populations of all genetically differentiated and geographically isolated populations.
Drosophilachemoreceptor gene evolution: selection, specialization and genome size
Authors: GARDINER ANASTASIA , BARKER DANIEL , BUTLIN ROGER K. , JORDAN WILLIAM C. , RITCHIE MICHAEL G.
Published: February 2008

Chemoperception plays a key role in adaptation and speciation in animals, and the senses of olfaction and gustation are mediated by gene families which show large variation in repertoire size among species. InDrosophila,there are around 60 loci of each type and it is thought that ecological specialization influences repertoire size, with increased pseudogenization of loci. Here, we analyse the size of the gustatory and olfactory repertoires among the genomes of 12 species ofDrosophila. We find that repertoire size varies substantially and the loci are evolving by duplication and pseudogenization, with striking examples of lineage‐specific duplication. Selection analyses imply that the majority of loci are subject to purifying selection, but this is less strong in gustatory loci and in loci prone to duplication. In contrast to some other studies, we find that few loci show statistically significant evidence of positive selection. Overall genome size is strongly correlated with the proportion of duplicated chemoreceptor loci, but genome size, specialization and endemism may be interrelated in their influence on repertoire size.
Electron cryotomography reveals novel structures of a recently cultured termite gut spirochete
Authors: Wolgemuth Charles , Goldstein Stuart F. , Charon Nyles W.
Published: February 2008

Electron cryotromography, a relatively new methodology in the field of microbiology, has been exploited by Murphy et al. (in this issue of Molecular Microbiology) in their analysis of the recently isolated termite gut spirochete Treponema primitia. Unique structures (bowls, arcades of hooks, cones at the cell ends, two layers of wall material) were evident from the analysis of its surface and internal constituents. These results, coupled to video microscopy analysis of swimming cells, allowed the authors to propose a model of cell motility. This highly significant paper highlights the importance of electron cryotomography to the field of microbiology. It also illustrates that newly cultured recalcitrant bacteria from complex environments are likely to possess novel structures not previously seen in other species.
Maternal diet and the risk of hypospadias and cryptorchidism in the offspring
Authors: Giordano Felice , Carbone Pietro , Nori Fiammetta , Mantovani Alberto , Taruscio Domenica , Figà‐Talamanca Irene
Published: February 2008

Male genital tract birth defects have been associated in previous studies with several prenatal exposures to environmental and dietary risk factors. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between hypospadias and cryptorchidism, and the dietary habits of an agricultural population in Italy. A population‐based case–control study was conducted in the Sicilian Province of Ragusa. Cases (n = 90) and controls (n = 202) included births for the period 1998–2002. Data on dietary habits of the mothers, as well as health‐related social, occupational and environmental exposures prior to and during the index birth, were collected through interviews. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression after adjustment for confounding variables.

Increased ORs were observed for mothers of children with hypospadias who, during pregnancy, frequently consumed fish (OR = 2.33 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 5.31]) and market‐purchased fruit (OR = 5.10 [95% CI 1.31, 19.82]). For cryptorchidism, increased risk was observed in mothers consuming liver (OR = 5.21 [95% CI 1.26, 21.50]), and smoked products (OR = 2.46 [95% CI 1.15, 5.29]). For the two malformations pooled together, increased risk was associated with maternal consumption of liver (OR = 4.38 [95% CI 1.34, 14.26]) and with frequent consumption of wine (OR = 1.98 [95% CI 1.01, 3.86]). This study suggests that some maternal dietary factors may play a role in the development of congenital defects of the male reproductive tract. In particular, our data indicate that further research may be warranted on the endocrine‐disrupting effects resulting from the bioaccumulation of contaminants (fish, liver), pesticides (marketed fruit, wine) and/or potentially toxic food components (smoked products, wine, liver).
Dual function of Arabidopsis glucan synthase‐like genes GSL8 and GSL10 in male gametophyte development and plant growth
Authors: Töller Armin , Brownfield Lynette , Neu Christina , Twell David , Schulze‐Lefert Paul
Published: February 2008

Members of the glucan synthase‐like (GSL) family are believed to be involved in synthesis of the cell‐wall component callose in specialized locations throughout the plant. We identified two members of the Arabidopsis GSL gene family, GSL8 and GSL10, that are independently required for male gametophyte development and plant growth. Analysis of gsl8 and gsl10 mutant pollen during development revealed specific malfunctions associated with asymmetric microspore division. GSL8 and GSL10 are not essential for normal microspore growth and polarity, but play a role in entry of microspores into mitosis. Impaired function of GSL10 also leads to perturbation of microspore division symmetry, irregular callose deposition and failure of generative‐cell engulfment by the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell. Silencing of GSL8 or GSL10 in transgenic lines expressing gene‐specific dsRNAi constructs resulted in a dwarfed growth habit, thereby revealing additional and independent wild‐type gene functions for normal plant growth.
Chilling response of plants: importance of galactolipase, free fatty acids and free radicals*
Authors: Kaniuga Z.
Published: February 2008

The chilling response of plants is complex and based on the interplay of two important metabolic processes – lipolytic degradation of membrane lipids and a set of oxidative reactions leading to lipid peroxidation and membrane damage evoked in chilling‐sensitive (CS) plants subjected to low temperature and light. The effects of chilling of detached leaves and intact plants differ and are often neglected during experiments. In closely‐related species, the activity of several constitutive enzymes (i.e. superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase) appears to be higher in chilling‐tolerant (CT) than in CS species; while in several native, closely‐related CS species, lipid acyl hydrolase (galactolipase) activity is higher than in CT species. Moreover, in chilling‐insensitive (CI) plants, galactolipase activity is very low and is neither activated by detachment of leaves nor under stress conditions in growing plants. Dark and low‐temperature treatments of detached leaves of CS species and post‐chilling recovery of growing plants in the light activate galactolipase, which is responsible for the release of free fatty acids (FFA), the main substrates of peroxidation by lipoxygenase and free radicals. In several CS species, increased galactolipase activity is an important factor contributing to chilling susceptibility. Thus, it seems likely that enhancement of chilling tolerance may be achieved by genetically suppressing galactolipase in order to reduce both the degradation of chloroplast lipids and the level of released FFA, and thereby avoiding the deleterious action of their peroxidation products on plant tissues.
Pollination ofCypripedium plectrochilum(Orchidaceae) byLasioglossumspp. (Halictidae): the roles of generalist attractantsversusrestrictive floral architecture
Authors: Li P. , Luo Y. , Bernhardt P. , Kou Y. , Perner H.
Published: February 2008

The pollination ofCypripedium plectrochilumFranch. was studied in the Huanglong Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China. Although large bees (Bombus,Apis), small bees (Ceratina, Lasioglossum), ants (Formicasp.), true flies (Diptera) and a butterfly were all found to visit the flowers, only small bees, including threeLasioglossumspp. (L. viridiclaucum, L. sichuanenseandL.sp.; Halictidae) and oneCeratinasp., carried the flower’s pollen and contacted the receptive stigma. Measurements of floral architecture showed that interior floral dimensions best fit the exterior dimensions ofLasioglossumspp., leading to the consistent deposition and stigmatic reception of dorsally‐placed, pollen smears. The floral fragrance was dominated by one ketone, 3‐methyl‐Decen‐2‐one. The conversion rate of flowers into capsules in open (insect) pollinated flowers at the site was more than 38%. We conclude that, while pigmentation patterns and floral fragrance attracted a wide variety of insect foragers, canalization of interior floral dimensions ultimately determined the spectrum of potential pollinators in this generalist, food‐mimic flower. A review of the literature showed that the specialised mode of pollination‐by‐deceit inC. plectrochilum, limiting pollinators to a narrow and closely related guild of ‘dupes’ is typical for other members of this genus.
Reproductive biology and pollination mechanisms ofEpidendrum secundum(Orchidaceae). Floral variation: a consequence of natural hybridization?
Authors: Pansarin E. R. , Amaral M. C. E.
Published: February 2008

The phenology, flower morphology, pollination mechanism and reproductive biology ofEpidendrum secundumwere studied in a semi‐deciduous forest at the Serra do Japi (SJ), and in the Atlantic rain forest of Picinguaba, both natural reserves in the State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil.E. secundumflowers all year round, with a flowering peak between September and January. This species is either a lithophytic or terrestrial herb in the SJ, whereas, in Picinguaba, it grows mainly in disturbed areas along roadsides.E. secundumis pollinated by several species of diurnal Lepidoptera at both study sites. In Picinguaba, whereE. secundumis sympatric withE. fulgensand both share the same pollinators, pollen transference between these two species was recorded.E. secundumis self‐compatible but pollinator‐dependent. It is inter‐compatible withE. fulgens,producing fertile seeds. In contrast to the population of the SJ, in the Picinguaba region, floral morphology is quite variable among plants and some individuals present flowers with characteristics in‐between both sympatric species, suggesting that natural hybridization occasionally occurs. The anthropogenic perturbation is probably the cause of the occurrence ofE. secundumin the Picinguaba region, enabling its contact withE. fulgens.
Effects of elevated CO2 on intra‐specific competition in Sinapis alba: an examination of the role of growth responses to red:far‐red ratio
Authors: Cowan J. E. , Reekie E. G.
Published: February 2008

Response of plants to elevated CO2 differs markedly between individually‐ and competitively‐grown plants, both in terms of mean size and variation about the mean. Using Sinapis alba, we explored whether these contrasting effects are a consequence of the effect of competition on the red:far red (R:FR) light ratio. Plants were grown at both ambient and elevated (700 μl·l−1) CO2 in competitive stands, and as individuals at either a low (0.7) or high (1.25) R:FR ratio at a constant photosynthetic photon fluence rate. Elevated CO2 increased stand biomass by enhancing the growth of canopy dominants, but not the subordinates. As a consequence, elevated CO2 increased the coefficient of variation in size within the stands. Elevated CO2 did not enhance the growth of individually‐grown plants at the low R:FR ratio, but did at the high R:FR ratio. Both the poor response of subordinate plants to elevated CO2 and the increased size inequalities of individuals within the stand can be explained in terms of the effect of the R:FR ratio on CO2 responsiveness. The effect of the R:FR ratio on CO2 response may be related to its effect on allocation patterns and nutrient uptake.
RNA editing in the anticodon of tRNALeu (CAA) occurs before group I intron splicing in plastids of a moss Takakia lepidozioides S. Hatt. & Inoue
Authors: Miyata Y. , Sugita C. , Maruyama K. , Sugita M.
Published: February 2008

RNA editing of cytidine (C) to uridine (U) transitions occurs in plastids and mitochondria of most land plants. In this study, we amplified and sequenced the group I intron‐containing tRNALeu gene, trnL‐CAA, from Takakia lepidozioides, a moss. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the T. lepidozioides tRNALeu gene consisted of a 35‐bp 5′ exon, a 469‐bp group I intron and a 50‐bp 3′ exon. The intron was inserted between the first and second position of the tRNALeu anticodon. In general, plastid tRNALeu genes with a group I intron code for a TAA anticodon in most land plants. This strongly suggests that the first nucleotide of the CAA anticodon could be edited in T. lepidozioides plastids. To investigate this possibility, we analysed cDNAs derived from the trnL‐CAA transcripts. We demonstrated that the first nucleotide C of the anticodon was edited to create a canonical UAA anticodon in T. lepidozioides plastids. cDNA sequencing analyses of the spliced or unspliced tRNALeu transcripts revealed that, while the spliced tRNA was completely edited, editing in the unspliced tRNAs were only partial. This is the first experimental evidence that the anticodon editing of tRNA occurs before RNA splicing in plastids. This suggests that this editing is a prerequisite to splicing of pre‐tRNALeu.
Paraheliotropism in Robinia pseudoacacia L.: an efficient strategy to optimise photosynthetic performance under natural environmental conditions
Authors: Arena C. , Vitale L. , De Santo A. Virzo
Published: February 2008

We assessed the contribution of leaf movements to PSII photoprotection against high light and temperature in Robinia pseudoacacia. Gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements were performed during the day at 10:00, 12:00, 15:00 and 18:00 hours on leaves where paraheliotropic movements were restrained (restrained leaves, RL) and on control unrestrained leaves (UL). RL showed a strong decrease of net photosynthesis (An), stomatal conductance (gsH2O), quantum yield of electron transport (ΦPSII), percentage of photosynthesis inhibited by O2 (IPO) and photochemical quenching (qP) in the course of the day, whereas, a significant increase in Ci/Ca and NPQ was observed. Contrary to RL, UL had higher photosynthetic performance that was maintained at elevated levels throughout the day. In the late afternoon, An, gsH2O, ΦPSII and qP of RL showed a tendency to recovery, as compared to 15:00 hours, even if the values remained lower than those measured at 10:00 hours and in UL. In addition, contrary to UL, no recovery was found in Fv/Fm at the end of the study period in RL. Data presented suggest that in R. pseudoacacia, leaf movements, by reducing light interception, represent an efficient, fast and reversible strategy to overcome environmental stresses such as high light and temperature. Moreover, paraheliotropism was able to protect photosystems, avoiding photoinhibitory damage, leading to a carbon gain for the plant.
A possible role of prolyl oligopeptidase during Linum usitatissimum (flax) seed development
Authors: Gutierrez L. , Castelain M. , Verdeil J.‐L. , Conejero G. , Van Wuytswinkel O.
Published: February 2008

Involvement of prolyl oligopeptidases (POPs) in the control of several mammalian peptide hormone signalling pathways has been studied extensively in recent years. POPs are ubiquitous enzymes, but little attention has been paid to understanding their function in plants. Using a cDNA‐AFLP approach, two flax (Linum usitatissimum) POP ESTs were identified as being specifically expressed in the early stages of flax seed development. This specific expression was confirmed using real time RT‐PCR and in situ hybridisation approaches. Seed expression of Arabidopsis POP genes was measured and showed no specificity. Comparison between results obtained with flax and Arabidopsis is discussed in order to address a hypothetic function for POPs during seed formation. These results provide the first insights into POP gene expression and hypothetical function in plants.
Histological and Histomorphometrical Alterations of the Periodontal Ligament in Gerbils Submitted to Teeth Extraction
Authors: Iyomasa M. M. , Issa J. P. M. , De Moura Leite Naves L. , Regalo S. C. H. , Siéssere S. , Pitol D. L. , Watanabe I.‐S.
Published: February 2008

This study verified the effect of unilateral teeth extraction on the periodontal ligament in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Ten adult male gerbils weighing about 50 g had induced occlusal alterations by upper left molar extractions while the other ten animals, only submitted to surgical stress, were considered as controls. The periodontal ligament was characterized by qualitative and quantitative analysis, histological description and histomorphometric quantification. Significant alterations were observed on the left side of the experimental group (P < 0.05), the hypofunctional region, when it was compared with the contralateral side and the corresponding region of the control group. Two months after occlusal alterations induced by unilateral teeth extraction, atrophic histological alterations and a decrease in the periodontal space on the ipsilateral side characterized the periodontal ligament. In this study it was possible to conclude that the gerbil can be used in experimental models attempting to correlate the periodontium’s biological response to various mechanical stresses, as the periodontal ligament was shown to be highly sensitive to occlusal alterations.
Changes in luteinizing hormone‐containing gonadotrophs after moulting induced by fasting and zinc in laying hens (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Sandhu M. A. , Rahman Z. U. , Hasan I. J. , Rahman S. U. , Yousaf M. S.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of the present study was to investigate egg production performance, immunohistochemical (IHC) identification, localization and morphological characterization of moulted hen’s pars distalis luteinizing hormone (LH) gonadotrophs. This system has been validated for chicken LH by immunodetection of purified hormones on dot blots, western blotting and by specific labelling of cells on sagittal sections of chicken pituitaries. This study showed that egg production and egg weight increased significantly after zinc‐induced moult when compared with fasting‐induced moult. Luteinizing hormone‐gonadotrophs are of numerous shapes and distributed throughout the adenohypophysis, with densely populated regions on the margins of pars distalis. Moulting of laying hens was associated with a significant increase in immunoreactive LH gonadotroph cell count and cell size, which peaked at the subsequent production stages. Zinc‐induced moulting also caused a significant increase in LH gonadotroph cell size as compared with fasting‐induced moulting. The nuclear size of LH‐positive cells was distinct during decreased egg production. Our results validate the use of ovine LHβ antibodies for the IHC localization of chicken LH gonadotrophs. This technology was further applied to the characterization of the shape and morphological changes of gonadotrophs as a function of the egg production status of the birds.
Plasma lipoprotein concentrations in the dog: the effects of gender, age, breed and diet
Authors: Pasquini A. , Luchetti E. , Cardini G.
Published: February 2008

Earlier studies of canine lipoprotein metabolism have frequently not taken into account such variables as age, gender, lifestyle or feeding status. In the last years, many changes to lifestyle and feeding of dogs have occurred. In this study, C‐tot, C‐HDL, C‐LDL, triglycerides and lipoprotein fractions were determined in 251 healthy dogs by means of enzymatic methods and through the electrophoretic technique. All data were analysed by multifactor anova test to determine which factors (age, gender, breed and diet) have a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05) on the determined parameter and subsequently Bonferroni’s test was applied where necessary. Gender, age, breed and diet can significantly affect lipid metabolism, in particular lipoproteins involved in cholesterol plasma transport; on the contrary, triglycerides are not influenced by the same factors. The most important observation about age is the high level of C‐LDL in puppies under 1 year of age. The highest cholesterol concentrations are found in Rottweiler but high values of plasma cholesterol are found also in Pyrenees Mountain dog and a great level of C‐LDL in Labrador. Diet has shown a great influence on lipidic metabolism: dogs fed with different high‐quality dry foods had significant differences in plasma cholesterol values (C‐tot, C‐HDL, C‐LDL,), in particular, dogs fed with a diet rich in fish and fish‐by‐products have shown the lowest levels of C‐tot, C‐HDL and C‐LDL.
Comparison of the fast‐induced and high dietary zinc‐induced molting: trace elements dynamic in serum and eggs at different production stages in hens (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Yousaf M. S. , Rahman Z. U. , Sandhu M. A. , Bukhari S. A. , Yousaf A.
Published: February 2008

A number of 252, 70 week old, single comb white leghorn hens at the end of their first production cycle were divided into two groups: group‐I; molted by fasting and group‐II; by high dietary zinc to obtain the second and third production cycle. Sampling was carried out at 5%, peak and end of the second production cycle and at 5% and peak of the third production cycle. Serum zinc decreased at the peak of the second production cycle, while increased at the 5% of the third production cycle in zinc‐molted group. Serum copper and manganese increased at the 5% and peak of the second production cycle in zinc‐molted group. Egg albumin zinc and copper increased at the 5% and peak of the second as well as third production cycles in zinc‐molted group. Egg albumin manganese increased at 5% during the second production cycle in fasting molted group. Egg yolk zinc increased at the peak of the second production cycle in zinc‐molted group. Egg yolk copper increased at the 5% of second production cycle but decreased during the third production cycle in zinc‐molted group. Egg yolk manganese increased at the 5% and at the end of the second production cycle in zinc molted group. Egg yolk manganese and iron decreased during the third production cycle in zinc‐molted group. Eggshell zinc decreased at the end of the second production cycle in the zinc‐molted group, while eggshell copper increased at the peak of the second as well as third production cycles in fasting molted group.
Nutritive defaunation of the rumen in steers with subsequent refaunation using a cryopreserved monoculture of Entodinium caudatum
Authors: Marcin A. , Südekum K.‐H.
Published: February 2008

This study evaluated a technique for the nutritive defaunation of the rumen of cattle with subsequent single species refaunation using a cryopreserved monoculture of Entodinium caudatum (family Ophryoscolecidae). Four mature steers were nutritionally defaunated in two periods using two steers in each period. A diet containing (dry matter basis) 68% ground wheat grain, 7% wheat bran, 8% soybean oil and 17% wheat straw was used to decrease the pH of ruminal contents and to eliminate rumen ciliate protozoa. Protozoa‐free rumens were observed on day 8 and 9 in the first and second period, respectively, after the start of defaunation. A monoculture of E. caudatum (34/89/94) was transported from the Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences in Košice to the University of Kiel (Germany) in liquid nitrogen in October 1996. The inoculation was accomplished on day 15 in the second period by applying 30 ml culture medium with a monoculture of E. caudatum (34/89/94; average concentration of protozoal cells 2 650/ml) into the rumen of a defaunated steer via the ruminal fistula. The mono‐faunated steer was successfully inoculated with an average concentration of E. caudatum cells at 4.1 × 103/ml (SD = 0.2) on day 2 after the inoculation.
High methanogenic potential of sucrose compared with starch at high ruminal pH
Authors: Hindrichsen I. K. , Kreuzer M.
Published: February 2008

The role of ruminal pH with respect to the expression of a differentiation in the methanogenic potential of easily fermentable carbohydrates was determined using the rumen simulation technique. The target pH at 21 h after feed supply was set to 6.0 and 7.0 through a specific buffer management. A basal diet was supplemented with crystalline sucrose or steamflaked maize starch. With sucrose instead of starch, the decline in fermenter fluid pH, 4 h after introducing new feed, was more pronounced at both buffer levels, and degradability of all nutrients, including fibre was higher too. At low pH, molar propionate proportion was higher with sucrose. Methane quantity depended on the combination of pH and source of easily fermentable carbohydrate as sucrose, compared with starch, enhanced methanogenesis (+40%), but only at the high pH. The concomitant increase in organic matter degradability with sucrose at high target pH did not completely explain this phenomenon, as the effects on methane were still significant when related to apparently fermented organic matter. However, differences caused by pH and carbohydrate type decreased when methane was related to degraded fibre, suggesting that there was a mutual supportive effect of high pH and sucrose on fibre degradation.
Tanycytic ependymoma arising from the right lateral ventricle: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Wang Xingfu , Zhang Zhenzhen , Chen Yupeng
Published: February 2008

A 38‐year‐old man presented with a year‐long history of worsening headache. Neuroradiological findings showed that a solid cystic mass occupied the right lateral ventricle. Histologically, the tumor composed of nuclear dense zones consisting of a cluster of spindle cells and fibrillary zones consisting of streaming of cell processes. The tumor cells showed the characteristics of monopolar or bipolar processes. Some tumor cell processes extended to the vessel wall and formed ill‐defined perivascular rosettes. No mitoses or necrosis were found. The cells presented positive for GFAP, S‐100 protein, vimentin, Nestin and neurofilament, and dotlike positive for epithelial membrane antigen, but negative for Syn and NeuN. Four cases of tanycytic ependymoma arising from the lateral ventricle have been reported in literature. Histological differential diagnosis includes spindle‐shaped neuroepithelial tumors, such as pilocytic astrocytoma, fibrillary astrocytoma and schwannoma. Tanycytic ependymoma has slightly better prognosis than other ependymoma subtypes.
Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis using MTB12 and 38‐kDa antigens
Authors: LEE Ji‐Sook , JO Eun‐Kyeong , NOH Yeon‐Kyeong , SHIN A‐Rum , SHIN Dong‐Min , SON Ji Woong , KIM Hwa‐Jung , SONG Chang‐Hwa
Published: February 2008

Background and objective:  Mycobacterium tuberculosis MTB12 protein plays an essential role in pro‐inflammatory responses during the early stages of human pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), even though the T‐cell immunoreactivity of MTB12 is weaker than that of the 30‐kDa antigen (Ag). The objective of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune responses induced by MTB12 Ag during human TB.

Methods:  Using an ELISA, anti‐MTB12 IgG levels in the sera of TB patients and healthy controls were compared with those induced by the 30‐kDa Ag and 38‐kDa Ag, or both.

Results:  In TB patients, the sensitivity and specificity of MTB12 Ag were similar to those of other antigens at 53.0% and 95.4%, respectively. However, the sensitivity increased to 73.0% when the combination of MTB12 and 38‐kDa Ag was measured. Specificity remained high when a combination of the individual antigens was used. ELISA results showed that after anti‐tuberculosis treatment, the mean IgG levels against MTB12 alone or MTB12 plus 38‐kDa Ag were significantly increased in the TB patients, while those against MTB12 plus 30‐kDa Ag were not (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  Collectively, these data suggest that MTB12, in combination with 38‐kDa Ag, can be used to increase the accuracy of pulmonary TB diagnosis.
α1‐Adrenoceptor subtypes and lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Schwinn Debra A , Roehrborn Claus G
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common cause of urinary outflow obstruction in aging men leading to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). α1‐Adrenoceptors (α1ARs) antagonists (blockers) have become a mainstay of LUTS treatment because they relax prostate smooth muscle and decrease urethral resistance, as well as relieving bladder LUTS symptoms. A review of key recent clinical trials suggests new insights into the role of specific α1AR subtypes in the treatment of LUTS.
Spontaneous regression of pulmonary metastases from testicular embryonal carcinoma
Authors: Kato Masanori , Ikeda Yoshihiro , Namiki Shunichi , Saito Seiichi , Ito Akihiro , Arai Yoichi
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  A 22‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital for a lung tumor on a chest X‐ray examination. Computed tomography of the chest revealed multiple coin lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging of the left testis showed an 8‐mm tumor that was hard and palpable. Testicular tumor with lung metastasis was diagnosed and orchiectomy was performed. The histopathological diagnosis was embryonal carcinoma with infiltration of histiocytes. Four days after the operation, a chest X‐ray showed a remarkable regression of the lung tumors. Chemotherapy was not performed because the metastatic lesions continued to regress spontaneously. Six months later, no tumor was observed on computed tomography images of the lungs.
Metachronous testicular tumor developing eight years after retroperitoneal extragonadal germ cell tumor
Authors: Yamada Yuta , Tomita Kyouichi , Fujimura Tetsuya , Nishimatsu Hiroaki , Takeuchi Takumi , Kitamura Tadaichi
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  A 30 year‐old man was admitted to our hospital with a chief complaint of left flank pain. Computed tomography revealed a retroperitoneal tumor. Levels of lactic dehydrogenase, human β‐chorionic gonadotropin, α‐fetoprotein, DUPAN‐2 and carbohydrate antigen 19–9 were elevated. No abnormal findings were present according to palpation and ultrasonography of the testes. The patient was diagnosed as having a retroperitoneal extragonadal germ cell tumor (EGCT) considering the elevated markers. Resection of the tumor, two cycles of neoadjuvant and one cycle of adjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin and etoposide) were performed. The surgical specimen showed total necrotic tissue. Eight years later, the patient noticed an enlargement of his left testicle. The tumor felt elastic and firm on his left testis. Neither distant metastasis nor lymph node metastasis was present according to computed tomography. Left high orchiectomy was performed and histology revealed seminoma. Twenty‐three cases have been reported previously about metachronous testicular tumor developing after retroperitoneal EGCT. We report the 24th case.
Successful management of life‐threatening choriocarcinoma syndrome with rupture of pulmonary metastatic foci causing hemorrhagic shock
Authors: Tatokoro Manabu , Kawakami Satoru , Sakura Mizuaki , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Kihara Kazunori , Akamatsu Hideki
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  We report a case of a man with testicular cancer metastatic to the lung and retroperitoneal lymph node, with significant elevation of serum levels of human chorionic gonadotropin, 534 000 mIU/mL. Just after the initiation of chemotherapy, life‐threatening hemothorax occurred and hemorrhagic shock ensued. The pulmonary tumor had broken off, and lower lobectomy was carried out. Pathologic examination of the specimen revealed choriocarcinoma and yolk sac tumor. Through multimodal treatments he achieved complete remission. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of choriocarcinoma syndrome with life‐threatening hemorrhage caused by rupture of pulmonary metastases, resulting in complete remission through multimodal treatments.
The presence of a virulence locus discriminates Fusarium oxysporum isolates causing tomato wilt from other isolates
Authors: Van Der Does H. Charlotte , Lievens Bart , Claes Loes , Houterman Petra M. , Cornelissen Ben J. C. , Rep Martijn
Published: February 2008

Fusarium oxysporum is an asexual fungus that inhabits soils throughout the world. As a species, F. oxysporum can infect a very broad range of plants and cause wilt or root rot disease. Single isolates of F. oxysporum, however, usually infect one or a few plant species only. They have therefore been grouped into formae speciales (f.sp.) based on host specificity. Isolates able to cause tomato wilt (f.sp. lycopersici) do not have a single common ancestor within the F. oxysporum species complex. Here we show that, despite their polyphyletic origin, isolates belonging to f.sp. lycopersici all contain an identical genomic region of at least 8 kb that is absent in other formae speciales and non‐pathogenic isolates, and comprises the genes SIX1, SIX2 and SHH1. In addition, SIX3, which lies elsewhere on the same chromosome, is also unique for f.sp. lycopersici. SIX1 encodes a virulence factor towards tomato, and the Six1, Six2 and Six3 proteins are secreted in xylem during colonization of tomato plants. We speculate that these genes may be part of a larger, dispensable region of the genome that confers the ability to cause tomato wilt and has spread among clonal lines of F. oxysporum through horizontal gene transfer. Our findings also have practical implications for the detection and identification of f.sp. lycopersici.
The effects of low‐shear stress on Adherent‐invasive Escherichia coli
Authors: Allen Christopher A. , Niesel David W. , Torres Alfredo G.
Published: February 2008

The impact of low‐shear stress (LSS) was evaluated on an Adherent‐invasive Escherichia coli clinical isolate (AIEC strain O83:H1) from a Crohn's disease patient. High‐aspect ratio vessels (HARVs) were used to model LSS conditions to characterize changes in environmental stress resistance and adhesion/invasive properties. Low‐shear stress‐grown cultures exhibited enhanced thermal and oxidative stress resistance as well as increased adherence to Caco‐2 cells, but no changes in invasion were observed. An AIEC rpoS mutant was constructed to examine the impact of this global stress regulator. The absence of RpoS under LSS conditions resulted in increased sensitivity to oxidative stress while adherence levels were elevated in comparison with the wild‐type strain. TnphoA mutagenesis and rpoS complementation were carried out on the rpoS mutant to identify those factors involved in the LSS‐induced adherence phenotype. Mutagenesis results revealed that one insertion disrupted the tnaB gene (encoding tryptophan permease) and the rpoS tnaB double mutant exhibited decreased adherence under LSS. Complementation of the tnaB gene, or medium supplemented with exogenous indole, restored adhesion of the rpoS tnaB mutant under LSS conditions. Overall, our study demonstrated how mechanical stresses such as LSS altered AIEC phenotypic characteristics and identified novel functions for some RpoS‐regulated proteins.
A low incidence of Type 1 diabetes between 1977 and 2001 in south‐eastern Sweden in areas with high population density and which are more deprived
Authors: Holmqvist B.‐M. , Lofman O. , Samuelsson U.
Published: February 2008

Aims  To explore how socioeconomic factors and population density may contribute to the geographical variation of incidence of Type 1 diabetes in children in south‐eastern Sweden.

Method  All children diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes in south‐eastern Sweden during 1977–2001 were defined geographically to their place of residence and were allocated x and y coordinates in the national grid. The population at risk and socioeconomic data were aggregated in 82 000 200‐m squares and geocoded likewise. A socioeconomic index was calculated using a signed χ2 method. Rural–urban gradients were defined by overlay analysis in a geographic information system.

Results  The incidence during the past 25 years has been rising steadily, particularly in the last 6 years. The incidence was highest in areas with a high proportion of small families, of families with a high family income and better education, and this was found both at the time of diagnosis and at the time of birth. In the rural–urban analysis, the lowest incidence was found in the urban area with > 20 000 inhabitants, where there was also a higher frequency of deprivation.

Conclusions  Our findings indicate that geographical variations in incidence rates of Type 1 diabetes in children are associated with socioeconomic factors and population density, although other contributing factors remain to be explained.
No association between routinely recorded infections in early life and subsequent risk of childhood‐onset Type 1 diabetes: a matched case–control study using the UK General Practice Research Database
Authors: Cardwell C. R. , Carson D. J. , Patterson C. C.
Published: February 2008

Aims  To determine whether children with infections in early life (recorded routinely in general practice) have a reduced risk of Type 1 diabetes, as would be expected from the hygiene hypothesis.

Methods  Children with Type 1 diabetes and up to 20 matched (on year of birth, sex and region) control subjects were selected from a cohort of children born in the UK at General Practice Research Database practices. For each child, the frequency of general practitioner consultations for infections and prescriptions for antibiotics in the first year of life were determined. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression.

Results  The main analysis included 367 case and 4579 matched control subjects. There was no evidence of any reduction in the subsequent risk of Type 1 diabetes in children with at least one infection in the first year of life (OR = 1.03, 95%CI 0.79, 1.34) or in children prescribed antibiotics in the first year of life (OR = 1.03, 95%CI 0.82, 1.29). Further analyses also revealed little evidence of a difference in subsequent risk of Type 1 diabetes after different types of infection in the first year of life (including gastrointestinal, conjunctivitis, otitis media and upper and lower respiratory tract). Analyses of infections in the first 2 years of life reached similar conclusions.

Conclusions  This study provides no evidence of an association between infections in early life and subsequent risk of childhood‐onset Type 1 diabetes and therefore does not support the hygiene hypothesis.
Impaired glucose regulation, elevated glycated haemoglobin and cardiac ischaemic events in vascular surgery patients
Authors: Feringa H. H. H. , Vidakovic R. , Karagiannis S. E. , Dunkelgrun M. , Elhendy A. , Boersma E. , Van Sambeek M. R. H. M. , Noordzij P. G. , Bax J. J. , Poldermans D.
Published: February 2008

Aims  Cardiac morbidity and mortality is high in patients undergoing high‐risk surgery. This study investigated whether impaired glucose regulation and elevated glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels are associated with increased cardiac ischaemic events in vascular surgery patients.

Methods  Baseline glucose and HbA1c were measured in 401 vascular surgery patients. Glucose < 5.6 mmol/l was defined as normal. Fasting glucose 5.6–7.0 mmol/l or random glucose 5.6–11.1 mmol/l was defined as impaired glucose regulation. Fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 or random glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l was defined as diabetes. Perioperative ischaemia was identified by 72‐h Holter monitoring. Troponin T was measured on days 1, 3 and 7 and before discharge. Cardiac death or Q‐wave myocardial infarction was noted at 30‐day and longer‐term follow‐up (mean 2.5 years).

Results  Mean (± sd) level for glucose was 6.3 ± 2.3 mmol/l and for HbA1c 6.2 ± 1.3%. Ischaemia, troponin release, 30‐day and long‐term cardiac events occurred in 27, 22, 6 and 17%, respectively. Using subjects with normal glucose levels as the reference category, multivariate analysis revealed that patients with impaired glucose regulation and diabetes were at 2.2‐ and 2.6‐fold increased risk of ischaemia, 3.8‐ and 3.9‐fold for troponin release, 4.3‐ and 4.8‐fold for 30‐day cardiac events and 1.9‐ and 3.1‐fold for long‐term cardiac events. Patients with HbA1c > 7.0% (n = 63, 16%) were at 2.8‐fold, 2.1‐fold, 5.3‐fold and 5.6‐fold increased risk for ischaemia, troponin release, 30‐day and long‐term cardiac events, respectively.

Conclusions  Impaired glucose regulation and elevated HbA1c are risk factors for cardiac ischaemic events in vascular surgery patients.
Immigrants from the Middle‐East have a different form of Type 2 diabetes compared with Swedish patients
Authors: Glans F. , Elgzyri T. , Shaat N. , Lindholm E. , Apelqvist J. , Groop L.
Published: February 2008

Aims  To compare the clinical characteristics of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) between immigrants from the Middle‐East and Swedish patients.

Methods  The study group included 450 consecutive patients with T2DM, 379 Swedish‐born aged 61 ± 12 years and 71 patients originally from the Middle‐East aged 50 ± 11 years from the diabetes clinic of Malmo University Hospital.

Results  Onset of diabetes had occurred 12 years earlier in the Middle‐East immigrants compared with the Swedish‐born patients (43 ± 10 vs. 55 ± 12 years, P < 0.001). Immigrants had lower fasting serum C‐peptide [0.7 (0.1–2.6) vs. 0.9 (0.1–4.0) nmol/l, P = 0.013], lower homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)‐β[1.7 (0.1–9.1) vs. 2.7 (0.1–59.0), P = 0.010], lower HOMA‐IR [0.4 (0.02–1.19) vs. 0.4 (0.01–2.8), P = 0.005] than the Swedish group. A first‐degree family history of diabetes was reported in 61% of immigrants, compared with 47% of Swedish‐born (P = 0.022).

Conclusions  Immigrants from the Middle‐East have an earlier onset, stronger family history and more rapid decline of pancreatic B‐cell function than Swedish patients, suggesting that they have a different form of T2DM compared with Swedish patients.
Association between depression and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in patients with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Spitzer C. , Völzke H. , Barnow S. , Krohn U. , Wallaschofski H. , Lüdemann J. , John U. , Freyberger H. J. , Kerner W. , Grabe H. J.
Published: February 2008

Aims  Recent studies have suggested an association between depression and subclinical atherosclerosis as measured by presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaque and increased intima‐media thickening in non‐clinical populations. Given the high prevalence of depression in patients with Type 1 diabetes and the diabetes‐related risk factors for atherosclerosis, we hypothesized that this relation might also be of special relevance in Type 1 diabetic patients.

Methods  Intima‐media thickness (IMT) and the presence of plaques in the carotid arteries were quantitatively assessed by high‐resolution ultrasound in 175 adults (89 men, 86 women) with an established diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes. Having been treated for depression or current Beck Depression Inventory scores > 10 were considered to indicate depression.

Results  In men, the risk of plaque was higher in depressed subjects relative to non‐depressed participants after adjustment for age, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, dyslipidaemia and body mass index [odds ratio (OR) 5.19; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29, 20.81]. Depressed women did not have an increased risk of plaque compared with non‐depressed women (OR 0.97; 95% 95% CI 0.22, 4.34). We did not observe an association between depression and IMT, in men or in women.

Conclusions  In line with previous research, our findings suggest a link between depression and subclinical atherosclerosis in Type 1 diabetic men, but not in women.
Sulphonylurea therapy improves cognition in a patient with the V59M KCNJ11 mutation
Authors: Slingerland A. S. , Hurkx W. , Noordam K. , Flanagan S. E. , Jukema J. W. , Meiners L. C. , Bruining G. J. , Hattersley A. T. , Hadders‐Algra M.
Published: February 2008

Background  KCNJ11 mutations are a common cause of diabetes diagnosed in the first 6 months of life, and approximately 25% of patients have neurological features. Sulphonylureas have been shown to improve glycaemic control and also motor function, but the impact on cognitive function has not been extensively addressed previously.

Methods  The patient had a low birth weight and was found to have diabetes at the age of 2 days. The patient was treated with insulin from diagnosis. The child also had marked developmental delay so that his average functional age was 2.5 years when he was 12 years old. A V59M mutation in KCNJ11 was found on sequencing, resulting in a diagnosis of intermediate developmental delay, epilepsy, neonatal diabetes (DEND) syndrome. Identification of a Kir6.2 mutation allowed insulin injections to be replaced by glibenclamide tablets.

Results  This resulted not only in improved glycaemic control (HbA1c fell from 8.1 to 6.5%), but also an impressive improvement in many aspects of cognitive function, with the functional age increasing to 4 years within 6 months of treatment change.

Conclusions  This is the first clear report of cognitive function improving in a patient with the neurological features associated with a KATP channel mutation following transfer to sulphonylureas. The finding of cognitive improvement suggests that glibenclamide is likely to be acting directly on the brain and not just on nerve and muscle, improving muscle strength.