bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Angular Values of the Pelvic Limb with Normal and Medial Patellar Luxation Stifles in Chihuahua Dogs Using Radiography and Computed Tomography
Authors: Phetkaew Thitaporn , Kalpravidh Marissak , Penchome Rampaipat , Wangdee Chalika
Published: October 2018

Objective This article aimed to determine and compare the angular values of the pelvic limb in normal and medial patellar luxation (MPL) stifles in Chihuahuas using radiography and computed tomographic (CT) scan, to identify the relationship between pelvic limb angles and severity of MPL. In addition, radiographic and CT images were compared to determine the more suitable method of limb deformity assessment.

Methods Sixty hindlimbs of Chihuahuas were divided into normal and grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 MPL groups. The pelvic limb angles in frontal and sagittal planes were evaluated on radiography and CT scan. Femoral and tibial torsion angles (FTA and TTA) were evaluated only by CT scan. All angles were compared among normal and MPL stifles and between radiography and CT scan.

Results Based on the CT scan, the mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), anatomical caudal proximal femoral angle (aCdPFA), and TTA were related to the severity of MPL. The mLDFA and TTA were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in grade 4 MPL, while the aCdPFA was significantly decreased in grade 2, 3 and 4 MPL groups. There were significant differences of many angles between radiography and CT scan.

Clinical Significance The angles related to MPL in Chihuahuas are aLDFA, mLDFA, aCdPFA and TTA. Radiography had some limitations for evaluating pelvic limb angles. The caudocranial radiograph is recommended for the assessment of the distal femoral angles, while the craniocaudal radiograph is for the tibial angles.
The Environments of the Most Energetic Gamma-Ray Bursts
Authors: Gompertz B. P. , Fruchter A. S. , Pe’er A.
Published: October 2018

We analyze the properties of a sample of long gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) detected by the Fermi satellite that have a spectroscopic redshift and good follow-up coverage at both X-ray and optical/near infrared wavelengths. The evolution of LGRB afterglows depends on the density profile of the external medium, enabling us to separate wind or interstellar medium (ISM)-like environments based on the observations. We do this by identifying the environment that provides the best agreement between estimates of p, the index of the underlying power-law distribution of electron energies, as determined by the behavior of the afterglow in different spectral/temporal regimes. At 11 rest-frame hours after trigger, we find a roughly even split between ISM-like and wind-like environments. We further find a 2σ separation in the prompt emission energy distributions of wind-like and ISM-like bursts. We investigate the underlying physical parameters of the shock, and calculate the (degenerate) product of density and magnetic field energy (ϵ

B
). We show that ϵ

B
must be

to avoid implied densities comparable to the intergalactic medium. Finally, we find that the most precisely constrained observations disagree on p by more than would be expected based on observational errors alone. This suggests additional sources of error that are not incorporated in the standard afterglow theory. For the first time, we provide a measurement of this intrinsic error that can be represented as an error in the estimate of p of magnitude 0.25 ± 0.04. When this error is included in the fits, the number of LGRBs with an identified environment drops substantially, but the equal division between the two types remains.
The First Glitch in a Central Compact Object Pulsar: 1E 1207.4–5209
Authors: Gotthelf E. V. , Halpern J. P.
Published: October 2018

Since its discovery as a pulsar in 2000, the central compact object (CCO) 1E 1207.4−5209 in the supernova remnant PKS 1209−51/52 had been a stable 0.424 s rotator with an extremely small spin-down rate and weak (

G) surface dipole magnetic field. In 2016 we observed a glitch from 1E 1207.4−5209 of at least

, which is typical in size for the general pulsar population. However, glitch activity is closely correlated with spin-down rate

, and pulsars with

as small as that of 1E 1207.4−5209 are never seen to glitch. Unlike in glitches of ordinary pulsars, there may have been a large increase in

as well. The thermal X-ray spectrum of 1E 1207.4−5209, with its unique cyclotron absorption lines that measure the surface magnetic field strength, did not show any measurable change after the glitch, which rules out a major disruption in the dipole field as a cause or result of the glitch. A leading theory of the origin and evolution of CCOs, involving the prompt burial of the magnetic field by the fallback of supernova ejecta, might hold the explanation for the glitch.
Extremely Dense Cores Associated with Chandra Sources in Ophiuchus A: Forming Brown Dwarfs Unveiled?
Authors: Kawabe Ryohei , Hara Chihomi , Nakamura Fumitaka , Saigo Kazuya , Kamazaki Takeshi , Shimajiri Yoshito , Tomida Kengo , Takakuwa Shigehisa , Tsuboi Yohko , Machida Masahiro N. , Francesco James Di , Friesen Rachel , Hirano Naomi , Oasa Yumiko , Tamura Motohide , Tamura Yoichi , Tsukagoshi Takashi , Wilner David
Published: October 2018

On the basis of various data such as ALMA, JVLA, Chandra, Herschel, and Spitzer, we confirmed that two protostellar candidates in Oph A are bona fide protostars or proto-brown dwarfs (proto-BDs) in extremely early evolutionary stages. Both objects are barely visible across infrared (IR; i.e., near-IR to far-IR) bands. The physical nature of the cores is very similar to that expected in first hydrostatic cores (FHSCs), objects theoretically predicted in the evolutionary phase prior to stellar core formation with gas densities of ∼1011–12 cm−3. This suggests that the evolutionary stage is close to the FHSC formation phase. The two objects are associated with faint X-ray sources, suggesting that they are in very early phase of stellar core formation with magnetic activity. In addition, we found the CO outflow components around both sources, which may originate from the young outflows driven by these sources. The masses of these objects are calculated to be ∼0.01–0.03 M
⊙ from the dust continuum emission. These physical properties are consistent with that expected from the numerical model of forming brown dwarfs. These facts (the X-ray detection, CO outflow association, and FHSC-like spectral energy distributions) strongly indicate that the two objects are proto-BDs or will be in the very early phase of protostars, which will evolve to more massive protostars if they gain enough mass from their surroundings. The ages of these two objects are likely to be within ∼103 years after the protostellar core (or second core) formation, taking into account the outflow dynamical times (≲500 years).
NLTE Line Formation for Mg i and Mg ii in the Atmospheres of B–A–F–G–K Stars
Authors: Alexeeva Sofya , Ryabchikova Tatiana , Mashonkina Lyudmila , Hu Shaoming
Published: October 2018

Non-local thermodynamical equilibrium (NLTE) line formation for Mg i and Mg ii lines is considered in classical 1D LTE model atmospheres of the Sun and 17 stars with reliable atmospheric parameters and in a broad range of spectral types: 3900 K ≤ 

 ≤ 17,500 K, 1.1 ≤ log g ≤ 4.7, and −2.6 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ +0.4. We find that, for each star, NLTE leads to smaller line-to-line scatter. For 10 stars, NLTE leads to consistent abundances of Mg i and Mg ii, while the difference in LTE abundance varies between −0.21 and +0.23 dex. We obtain an abundance discrepancy between Mg i and Mg ii in two very metal-poor stars, HD 140283 and HD 84937. The origin of these abundance differences remains unclear. Our standard NLTE modeling predicts Mg i emission lines at 7.736, 11.789, 12.224, and 12.321 μm in the atmospheres with

 ≤ 7000 K. We reproduce well the Mg i 12.2 and 12.3 μm emission lines in Procyon. However, for the Sun and three K-giants, the predicted Mg i emission lines are too weak compared with the observations. For stars with 7000 K ≤ 

 ≤ 17,500 K, we recommend the Mg ii 3848, 3850, 4384, 4390, 4427, and 4433 Å lines for Mg abundance determinations even at the LTE assumption due to their small NLTE effects. The Mg i 4167, 4571, 4702, 5528, 5167, 5172, and 5183 Å lines can be safely used in the LTE analysis of stars with 7000 K < 

 ≤ 8000 K. For the hotter stars, with

from 8000 K to 9500 K, the NLTE effects are minor only for Mg i 4167, 4702, and 4528 Å.
Optimizing Concentrations of Concomitant Antiretrovirals by Reducing Etravirine Doses: Two Case Reports of Complex Drug-drug Interactions
Authors: Denault Jean-Simon , Cabot Jean-François , Langlois Hugo , Marcotte Suzanne , Sheehan Nancy L
Published: October 2018

We report the cases of two treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients with complex antiretroviral regimens that showed significant drug–drug interactions with etravirine. Unexpectedly high etravirine concentrations likely caused subtherapeutic levels of darunavir, elvitegravir and dolutegravir through concentration-dependent metabolic induction. Therapeutic drug monitoring allowed safe etravirine dose decreases to manage these interactions.
Bioactive factors secreted by Bifidobacterium breve B-3 enhance barrier function in human intestinal Caco-2 cells
Authors: Kurose Y. , Minami J. , Sen A. , Iwabuchi N. , Abe F. , Xiao J. , Suzuki T.
Published: October 2018

Intestinal barrier function is closely related to intestinal health and diseases. Recent studies demonstrate that some probiotic and commensal bacteria secrete metabolites that are capable of affecting the intestinal functions. The present study examined an enhancing effect of bioactive factors secreted by Bifidobacterium breve strain B-3 on the intestinal tight junction (TJ) barrier integrity in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Administration of conditioned medium obtained from B. breve strain B-3 (B3CM) to Caco-2 cells for 24 h increased trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TER), a TJ barrier indicator, across their monolayers. Immunoblot, immunofluorescence, and qPCR analyses demonstrated that B3CM increased an integral TJ protein, claudin-4 expression. In luciferase reporter assay, the administration of B3CM enhanced the claudin-4 promoter activity, indicating the transcriptional upregulation of claudin-4. Site-directed mutation of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding sites in the claudin-4 promoter sequence and suppression of Sp1 expression by siRNA technology clearly reduced the enhancing effect of B3CM on claudin-4 promoter activity. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry detected a significant amount of acetic acid in B3CM (28.3 mM). The administration of acetic acid to Caco-2 cells partially mimicked a B3CM-mediated increase in TER, but failed to increase claudin-4 expression. Taken together, bioactive factors secreted by B. breve B-3 enhanced the TJ barrier integrity in intestinal Caco-2 cells. Transcriptional regulation of claudin-4 through Sp1 is at least in part one of the underlying molecular mechanisms. In addition, acetic acid contributes to the B3CM-mediated barrier effect independently of claudin-4 expression.
Integrating Human Rights, Equity, and Social Justice in Health Policies in America and Nigeria
Authors: Eneanya Augustine Nduka
Published: October 2018

Persisting absence of human rights, widening inequality, and social justice in healthcare delivery systems within and between countries present significant challenges to the focus and practice of contemporary public health. This chapter compares how cases of human rights, equity, and social justice are integrated in America's and Nigeria's healthcare policies. Qualitative research and case study design were adopted. Data were collected from secondary sources, such as reviewed literature, textbooks, journal articles, government reports, and internet. Content and critical case studies analysis methods were utilized to analyze, explain, and compare America's and Nigeria's health policies. Findings reveal absence of human rights, equity, and social justice among sub-groups in healthcare service delivery in America and Nigeria. The chapter concludes by suggesting that human rights, equity, and social justice should be integrated into health policies of America and Nigeria in order to make access to healthcare service delivery a right for citizens.
Work Leadership, Occupational Health, and Safety
Authors: Akinbode Gabriel
Published: October 2018

Occupational health and safety (OHS) systems are designed to identify and minimize risks at the workplace. A thriving business community should seek to create jobs, wealth, good leadership, safe, and healthy working conditions that are essential for production of goods and provisions of services. Therefore, managers have a legal and moral duty to safeguard the health and safety of those who work for them, and the exercise of these duties needs to be seen as central to the role of leadership. There is a growing interest among researchers and organizational practitioners about occupational safety in recent years. The chapter provides an exhaustive discourse on the relevance of occupational health and safety systems in modern day workplaces as well as the nexus between management leadership and occupational health and safety. It highlights the guiding principles to leadership and key issues in efficient administration of OHS. The chapter concludes by recommending the role leaders should play to improve safety and health in the workplace.
Marketing
Authors: Hastings Gerard
Published: October 2018

Marketing has a remarkably powerful influence on our lives: everyday it persuades us to embrace the lifestyle diseases which will kill four-fifths of us, collaborate with warlords to get our tech fix, and destroy our own planet so we can (temporarily) live in excess. It is time we did something about this threat.
A Constructivist Approach to Marketing Education
Authors: Brito Carlos
Published: October 2018

This chapter offers a constructivist approach to marketing education aimed at coping with some of the most significant challenges faced by the marketing profession: the globalization of business, the growing digitalization of economy and society, and the increasing consumer expectations on being treated as unique and distinctive. To deal successfully with these challenges, marketing education must foster students' development at three levels: more knowledge, new skills, and an attitude of commitment towards the learning process. In other words, it is not only about promoting “knowledge” and “know-how” but also about stimulating “how to be,” preparing future professionals for volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. This means that the success of marketing education does not depend exclusively on the contents of the courses and teachers' scientific skills but also on what students are encouraged to collectively do.
Intersections in Marketing Practice and Marketing Education
Authors: McCabe Mary Beth
Published: October 2018

This chapter will describe the value of bridging the gaps between marketing practice and marketing education. The objective is to improve students' academic and practical experience after they complete a marketing degree program. This focus is on how professors can become better educators by targeting what students need to know before they complete academic programs. The chapter provides insights via expert interviews and analysis, using examples of the intersections and the gaps between theoretical marketing principles and practical applications of marketing strategies. The goal is to illustrate best practices and narrow the gaps to maintain relevance in a fast-changing marketing environment.
Thriving Within the Turbulence
Authors: Taylor Rachel , Torugsa Nuttaneeya (Ann) , Arundel Anthony
Published: October 2018

This chapter embraces complexity theory as a basis for theorizing social innovation in nonprofit organizations (NPOs) operating in the Australian disability sector, which is currently grappling with the implementation of a disruptive policy reform leading to a paradigm shift in the funding of disability support services, the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). To cope and thrive within a new NDIS-fueled marketplace, disability NPOs need to pursue socially innovative agendas. Through a review of cross-disciplinary literatures on social innovation and the use of a complexity theorizing approach that integrates multiple theories (i.e. institutional theory, resource dependence theory, and user innovation theory), this chapter proposes a holistic complexity-based framework that can potentially: explain how disability NPOs develop social innovations operating at the edge of chaos, help improve the ability of research to tackle societal and managerial problems, and hence strengthen management scholarship.
The Influence of SHRM and Organizational Agility
Authors: Saha Nibedita , Gregar Ales , Van der Heijden Beatrice I.J.M. , Sáha Petr
Published: October 2018

This chapter reveals the significance of strategic human resource management (SHRM) as well as organizational agility (OA)and their impact on organizational performance that empowers organizations to achieve innovative excellence. As, nowadays organizational effectiveness is viewed as a prerequisite condition for upholding organizational performance, income and employment. Consistently, the essence of OA and importance of SHRM is considered as an eminent approach to meet the global challenges that enabling the effect of change in organizations and shielding employees against the unwanted effects. Thus, authors intention to investigate what makes an organization to be competitive? How the influence of SHRM and OA can really boost the organizational performance? To retort these queries, this chapter represents a conceptual perception of SHRM and OA that discuss the HRM strategies relation to OA. It also highlights the way organizations can respond rapidly and flexibly to cope up with the changing environment without facing business turmoil.
Critical Success Factors for Strategic Management of ITF R&D Projects Commercialization
Authors: Ho Siu Cheung , Chuah Kong Bieng
Published: October 2018

Hong Kong's logistics and supply chain industry is facing challenges in this dynamic business environment. To increase the competitive advantage of the company, research and development (R&D) technology is a good tool for the company survive and create the core advantage in the company. This chapter reviews the existing Hong Kong logistics and supply chain trends, evolution of innovation, and evaluates the factors of new technology adoption. This research identifies the critical issue influencing R&D product commercializes to the market. The in-depth interview with the typical industry experts will be conducted to understand their deep-seated worry concerns and considerations for adopting the ITF R&D deliverables in the firm.
Change and Change Management in Organizations
Authors: Kerse Gökhan
Published: October 2018

The aim of this chapter is to make it easier to understand the concept of change and offer some suggestions on how the change should be managed. In this direction, change, change management, and its importance have been dealt with, and a conceptual framework has been established through examples. Then, the types of change are discussed by explaining what environmental factors bring about the change. The process of managing change is reviewed; the resistance to change and the sources that reveal this resistance are examined, as well as how to overcome the resistance. Finally, the role of the leader in change management and creating change culture has been discussed.
Assessing Language in an E-Learning Environment
Authors: LaPlante Rebecca
Published: October 2018

The aim of this chapter is to help guide language instructors with assessment strategies for online courses. The chapter is based on the theoretical background of constructivism and principles for distance learning. Assessment strategies for both formative and summative assessments include tools for implementing discussion boards, wikis, e-portfolios, integrated skills assessment, synchronous and asynchronous communication, and scoring tools. This guided chapter is appropriate for instructors with little to no experience in online testing, or for the more experienced with topics including scenario-based assessments and gamification. Furthermore, the chapter covers implementation strategies that can affect test performance and validity in regards to screen design, security, and directions.
A Common Final Exams Project in an IEP
Authors: Bucher Tahnee , Serratos Angelina , Menchola-Blanco Mariana , Chandler Tara , Moraglio Nadia , White Eddy
Published: October 2018

This chapter reports on a common assessment project in a university intensive English program (IEP). In the program, the authors developed, implemented, and supervised the common finals project (CFP) to standardize final exams in all courses through collaborative teacher-made test development. The report provides details regarding why and how the project was implemented, with test samples, and test development and review instruments provided to demonstrate the theoretical and practical issues involved. While still ongoing, this chapter covers the beginning stages of the project, covering a time frame from August 2015 to May 2016, and involved dozens of teachers and hundreds of students. After explaining the rationale for the CFP, and details about its methodology and implementation, this report shows that the standardization project has been successful in developing and administering better final exams for IEP students.
Using 3D Printing as a Strategy for Including Different Student Learning Styles in the Classroom
Authors: Fernandes Susana C. F. , Simoes Ricardo
Published: October 2018

This chapter aims to explore the contribution of 3D printing technologies as a collaborative resource in higher education teaching. It was conducted in the course “Physics of Materials,” in which the contribution of practical experience in the learning process was analyzed and the degree of interest, motivation, and understanding by students on academic content was assessed. Practical demonstrations with resources prepared by 3D printing can be a very motivational learning facilitator. To this end, the learning styles of students were determined through the Honey-Alonso learning styles questionnaire (CHAEA). A second questionnaire was used to obtain information about the motivational importance of 3D printing technology in teaching activities in the classroom. The authors concluded that 3D printing can positively help teachers to improve students' engagement and proactive behavior, as well as teaching environment, by including different methodological styles in the learning process, particularly in courses with a significant theoretical content.
Libraries, New Technology, and Education
Authors: Fidalgo Patricia , Thormann Joan , Davis Andrea
Published: October 2018

This chapter presents a snapshot of the current status of the use of 3D printers by libraries in the U.S. through a review of the literature and a survey with librarians to share information and expand the current knowledge of 3D printing services in libraries. Information about use of 3D printers in academic, public, school, and governmental libraries is described. Incorporating 3D services into libraries, how to set up a program, sample guidelines, online resources, management, funding, and challenges are shared. The original research addresses challenges, opportunities afforded, programs, activities, school/library relationships, and library policies. In conclusion, libraries accomplish one of their goals as a public institution by offering access to emerging technologies as a way to enhance educational opportunities with an interdisciplinary approach.
The “Two Ways” of Citizenship Education in China
Authors: Baisotti Pablo Alberto
Published: October 2018

This chapter aims to analyze the “Chinese way” of citizenship education as a meeting place between the historical lessons of Confucianism, Marxist-Leninist socialist ideology, and newer concepts of global citizenship. Furthermore, this project seeks to understand how the model of education for “global” citizenship fits within the established system of ideological and moral education. To this end, research was carried out at three different levels. Firstly, a review of the most recent and “global” literature on education for citizenship was conducted. Secondly, public government documents were studied and compared, in particular, those from the Ministry of Education and the Association for Higher Education, which is supervised by the Chinese communist party and its General Secretary, President Xi Jinping. Thirdly, surveys were conducted to gauge the degree of involvement of students in their own citizenship education at high school and university level. Finally, a field study was conducted at Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangdong province (Zhuhai campus).
The International Feast of History
Authors: Borghi Beatrice , Dondarini Rolando , Galletti Filippo
Published: October 2018

Personal and collective stories, in which each one of us is the subject and direct participant, do not begin with our existence but much earlier. Inside and all around us, innumerable hereditary elements and memories reach us, survive and are transformed from many past generations up to the present. When recognized and considered in all their different shades, these inheritances, as well as helping us to form our personal identities can become opportunities to combine together and construct a sense of collective, fixed, and shared belonging, thereby creating the basis of vital dynamics which are open to new contributions. All this can be achieved following the correct paths of education towards patrimony and active citizenship. To favor such opportunities, the international history event intends not only to take up and confront some of the most current and fascinating themes regarding humanity, but to strongly reiterate the right of everybody to learn about and cultivate their own personal story in the face of the homogenization imposed by today's consumer society.
Are Teachers Prepared to Educate in Citizenship?
Authors: García-Pérez Francisco F.
Published: October 2018

Education for active citizenship is a fundamental dimension of education, especially in the context of today's world. This is proclaimed by educational institutions and authorities, and has been incorporated into official curricula. But the reality of school is frequently incoherent with those statements. Indeed, the predominant school culture is a factor that conditions the activity of teachers as educators for citizenship. Research carried out in Andalusia (Spain) shows the difficulties teachers have in incorporating any education for citizenship into their subjects. Likewise, projects and initiatives coming from non-formal education are insufficiently exploited. These investigations also indicate that educational proposals organized around social and environmental problems facilitate the integration of education for citizenship into the school curriculum and the training of teachers as educators of citizens by getting them involved in these innovative experiences.
Education for Citizenship to Integrate the Curriculum
Authors: Pineda-Alfonso José Antonio , Navarro-Medina Elisa
Published: October 2018

In the 1990s, when a concern for education for citizenship began to manifest, curricula plans began to be implemented in various countries which had detected that the knowledge and skills being taught in schools were not relevant to young people's lives nor the complex problems of the modern world. In this sense, education for citizenship became a concept that could integrate the different educational purposes to converge in an emancipatory education focused on the student. However, this approach required a method to select and organize the content that conformed to new educational aims, and this led to a new debate on curriculum integration.
The Construction of a Citizenship Model Through the Teaching of History
Authors: Navarro-Medina Elisa , De Alba-Fernández Nicolás
Published: October 2018

References to education today necessarily encompass the type of citizens we are forming in the classrooms. Curricular proposals, regardless of their educational stage, reiterate that the basic purpose of education is to make people aware of their reality, foster their critical thinking, and ensure they participate in the political, social, and cultural system of which they are part. However, this declaration of intentions, which is widely legislated but rarely subject to empirical verification, is even more evident in certain subjects such as the History of Spain. In order to explore whether the curricular proposals put forward by History are truly educating citizens, the authors interviewed 50 first-year university students representing various areas of knowledge from seven Spanish universities. The results have identified a citizen profile that does not align with the social and civic model described by legislation, which has prompted us to suggest certain improvements pursuant to the purposes of History as a subject taught at school.
Education for Citizenship as a Permanent Laboratory
Authors: Balconi Barbara , Nigris Elisabetta , Zecca Luisa
Published: October 2018

In this chapter, the authors discuss the results of three focus group discussions conducted in the context of the teacher professional development project STEP (school territory environment pedagogy) undertaken by researchers and teachers from three EU Countries—France, Spain, Italy—and one non-EU country, Switzerland. Specifically, they present findings regarding changes in how the teachers in the Milano Bicocca case study represented citizenship education practices. The focus group data was subjected to content analysis, using a set of categories drawn from the national reference documents on curriculum design and the transnational curriculum defined in the STEP project. The changes in the teachers' representations concerned three main aspects: dialogue with the local community and territorial context, the gap between teachers declared intentions and actual educational actions, and the adoption of a complex perspective in the choice of knowledge to be mobilized.
Education for Citizenship and Identities
Authors: Fernández Antoni Santisteban , González-Monfort Neus
Published: October 2018

Individual identity is defined by unique traits and is constructed from the diversity of human beings and, at the same time, in relationships with other people. This gives rise to a plurality of ways of thinking and perceiving the world. The collective identity is constructed through the discourse or the story that is shared in the community, relationships, or in socialization spaces, among others, in the school, through the discourse of the teaching staff or the school texts. Otherness acts as a mirror where we look at ourselves to recognize ourselves. Otherness is the acceptance that there are different views when we interpret the world, different ways of thinking or ideologies, but it also shows that we human beings have much in common. Education for citizenship should aim to enable people to define their diverse identities in an education for freedom, equality, and participation. Education for citizenship must ask what identities are invisible and why, and demand the social change.
Free Speech
Authors: Freeman Jerrid P. , Meyer Shana Warkentine
Published: October 2018

What some may not realize is that extremists are utilizing the college campus as a venue to push their rhetoric and beliefs. These viewpoints are, by nature, polarizing and may bring tension and vitriolic reaction from those in the community and the college campus. Many college missions focus on critical thinking, opportunity, and safety, seeking to create an environment in which all voices can be heard and dialogue across the spectrum is encouraged. Left and right extremist groups bring ideologies that leave little room for discrepant perspectives, limiting opportunity for the learning and personal development that is desired on a college campus. Institutions of higher education seek and desire conversations with varying perspectives and viewpoints being shared on their campuses. When those conversations are coupled with radical behavior and unjust treatment of others, the safe, open, and objective environment college campuses seek to create and maintain is ultimately diminished.
Drug Discovery
Authors: Prabu S. Lakshmana
Published: October 2018

Modern chemistry foundations were made in between the 18th and 19th centuries and have been extended in 20th century. R&D towards synthetic chemistry was introduced during the 1960s. Development of new molecular drugs from the herbal plants to synthetic chemistry is the fundamental scientific improvement. About 10-14 years are needed to develop a new molecule with an average cost of more than $800 million. Pharmaceutical industries spend the highest percentage of revenues, but the achievement of desired molecular entities into the market is not increasing proportionately. As a result, an approximate of 0.01% of new molecular entities are approved by the FDA. The highest failure rate is due to inadequate efficacy exhibited in Phase II of the drug discovery and development stage. Innovative technologies such as combinatorial chemistry, DNA sequencing, high-throughput screening, bioinformatics, computational drug design, and computer modeling are now utilized in the drug discovery. These technologies can accelerate the success rates in introducing new molecular entities into the market.
Lead Optimization in the Drug Discovery Process
Authors: Prabu S. Lakshmana , Thirumurugan Rathinasabapathy
Published: October 2018

Discovering a new drug molecule against disease is the main objective of drug discovery. Lead optimization is one of the important steps and acts as a starting point. Over the years, it has significantly changed the drug discovery process. Its main focus is the development of preclinical candidates from “Hit” or “Lead.” Lead optimization comprises lead selection and optimization, drug candidate confirmation, and preclinical drug characterization. Lead optimization process can improve the effectiveness towards its target potency, selectivity, protein binding, pharmacokinetic parameters, and to develop a good preclinical candidate. Lead optimization from high-throughput screening to identification of clinical drug candidate is a seamless process that draws new techniques for accelerated synthesis, purification, screening from iterative compound libraries, validation, and to deliver clinical drug candidate with limited human resources. In conclusion, lead optimization phase is done under the suggestion that the optimized lead molecule will have activity against a particular disease.
QSAR and Lead Optimization
Authors: Ramalakshmi N. , Arunkumar S. , Balasubramaniyan Sakthivel
Published: October 2018

There are many diseases for which suitable drugs have not been identified. As the population increases and the environment gets polluted, new infections are reported. Random screening of synthesized compounds for biological activity is time consuming. QSAR has a prominent role in drug design and optimization. It is derived from the correlation between the physicochemical properties and biological activity. QSAR equations are generated using statistical methods like regression analysis and genetic function approximation. Both 2D parameters and 3D parameters are involved in generating the equation. Among several QSAR equations generated, the best ones are selected based on statistical parameters. Validation techniques usually verify the predictive power of generated QSAR equations. Once the developed QSAR model is validated to be good, the results of that model may be applied to predict the biological activity of newer analogues. This chapter illustrates the various steps in QSAR and describes the significance of statistical parameters and software used in QSAR.
Virtual Screening and Its Applications in Drug Discovery Process
Authors: Mariappan Gurusamy , Kumari Anju
Published: October 2018

Virtual screening plays an important role in the modern drug discovery process. The pharma companies invest huge amounts of money and time in drug discovery and screening. However, at the final stage of clinical trials, several molecules fail, which results in a large financial loss. To overcome this, a virtual screening tool was developed with super predictive power. The virtual screening tool is not only restricted tool small molecules but also to macromolecules such as protein, enzyme, receptors, etc. This gives an insight into structure-based and Ligand-based drug design. VS gives reliable information to direct the process of drug discovery (e.g., when the 3D image of the receptor is known, structure-based drug design is recommended). The pharmacophore-based model is advisable when the information about the receptor or any macromolecule is unknown. In this ADME, parameters such as Log P, bioavailability, and QSAR can be used as filters. This chapter shows both models with various representative examples that facilitate the scientist to use computational screening tools in modern drug discovery processes.
Target Identification of HDAC8 Isoform for the Treatment of Cancer
Authors: Umamaheswari A. , Puratchikody A. , Balasubramaniyan Sakthivel
Published: October 2018

Target identification has been considered as a chief parameter in drug discovery as it fully characterizes on-target and off-target effects of drug binding. Cell signaling receptors, structural proteins, and post-translational modifications of histones by histone deacetylases are the most widespread targets that are progressively being explored. The FDA approved histone deacetylases inhibitors and the majority of HDACi in and out of clinical trials based on the activities of 11 isoforms of the enzyme in non-selective influence approach. Unfortunately, reported HDACi does not possess a high degree of structural specificity and ultimately lessens the therapeutic index with many dose limiting toxicities. This chapter illustrates how different approaches are incorporated into the novel inhibitors discovery that are truly isoform-selective and which are specifically involved in targeting only a particular isozyme. Further, it highlights the aspects relating to provide a wider therapeutic index with an improved toxicity profile of lead like epigenetic modulators.
Quality by Design in Pharmaceutical Formulation
Authors: Vivekanandan Sundaramurthy
Published: October 2018

Quality by design (QbD) is a systematic, scientific, risk-based approach to product development and manufacturing process to consistently deliver the quality product. In this chapter, application, benefits, opportunities, regulatory requirements involved in quality by design of pharmaceutical products are discussed. In quality by design approach, during development, the developer defines quality target product profile (QTPP) and identifies critical quality attributes (CQA). Critical process parameters (CPP) of unit operations which impacts critical quality attributes need to be identified to understand the impact of critical material attributes (CMA) on quality attributes of the drug product. Quality by design approach is defined in ICH guidelines Q8 – Pharmaceutical Development, Q9 – Quality Risk Management, Q10 – Pharmaceutical Quality System. This chapter describes the implementation of new concepts in quality by design like design of experiments to achieve design space, control strategy to consistently manufacture quality product throughout the product lifecycle.
Customer Lifetime Value
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: October 2018

This chapter indicates the prospect of customer lifetime value (CLV) and the importance of CLV in global marketing. CLV is the total of the financial profit, calculated from the existing period to the future. CLV develops the optimal strategies for customer engagement, promotes the understanding of potential value of a customer, and enables the workforce to effectively improve customer relationships. CLV can be a crucial perspective for costs to be associated with the promotions and communications to attract the new customers and retain the existing customers. CLV can help individuals estimate a customer's monetary worth to a business after factoring in the value of the relationship with a customer over time. The chapter argues that promoting CLV has the potential to enhance marketing performance and reach strategic goals in global marketing.
E-Business and Big Data Strategy in Franchising
Authors: Chen Ye-Sho
Published: October 2018

Franchising has been a popular approach to growing a business. Leveraging big data for growing a franchise business is also getting popular. In this chapter, the authors show that building a good “family” relationship between the franchisor and the franchisee is the real essence of franchising, and big data strategy shall be designed to enhance and advance the “family” relationship. Specifically, the authors discuss the strategy of how to make big data “meaningful” in franchising. Future trends on cyber security and sustainability are also discussed.
Electronic Payment Frameworks
Authors: Ruiz-Martínez Antonio , Tounekti Oussama , Gómez Skarmeta Antonio F.
Published: October 2018

This chapter presents what an electronic payment framework is, its main features and benefits, what the main electronic payment frameworks proposed so far are, and the current initiatives that are being developed. For each framework developed so far, the chapter presents its key features and differences with previous works. The presentation of the different frameworks proposed so far will allow the reader to understand the evolution of these frameworks and how different features have been incorporated along the time. Once previous works have been presented, the chapter introduces the most recent work in this field, that is, the work that is being developed by W3C with its web payment activity initiative. The chapter covers the different specifications that have been defined in this initiative and it analyzes the main challenges to be addressed. Thus, the reader will have a broad vision of electronic payment frameworks.
Factors Determining E-Shopping Compliance by Nigerians
Authors: Ibrahim Adamkolo Mohammed Mohammed , Hassan Md. Salleh Hj. , Yusuf Sarina
Published: October 2018

This chapter investigated factors that affect e-shopping acceptance among Nigerians. The extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) model was adopted with some adjustments. Since the study focused on investigating technology adoption in cognitive perceptions and service quality contexts, a review of relevant literature suggested incorporating three key constructs from the service quality (SERVQUAL) model, namely reliability, empathy, and responsiveness into the conceptual model of this chapter. A pre-tested and validated 40-item questionnaire was administered to 380 university undergraduate students in Nigeria. The reliability coefficient of the items ranged between .755 and .876. The chapter concludes cognitive perceptions of the use of technology to purchase products or services online and service quality perceptions critically influence e-shopping acceptance among Nigerians.
Enterprise Interoperability
Authors: Kajan Ejub
Published: October 2018

Many interoperable frameworks have been suggested, developed, and implemented in the past. Most of them are based on XML, web services, and semantic web technologies. In the meantime, globalization and the further development of internet and web have raised new challenges and opportunities. New form of networked organizations, known as virtual enterprises, seeks for knowledge sharing around common goals. The rise of the social and ubiquitous world, where everything is going to be connected, gives a lot of technical opportunities for electronic business, but at the same time makes new barriers due to increasing heterogeneity issues. This chapter gives an overview of main challenges, obstacles, approaches, recent research efforts, and forecasts in order to overcome recent interoperability problems.
Reputational Mechanisms in Consumer-to-Consumer Online Commerce
Authors: Melnik Mikhail I.
Published: October 2018

The emergence of the internet is similar to the industrial revolution since it fundamentally changed the costs of transmitting information. However, low costs of transmitting information do not address the issue of the quality of information. One area of online commerce where quality of information became a crucial factor to the development and growth of the marketplace was consumer-to-consumer commerce. Asymmetry of information emerged as a detrimental threat to the growth and development of consumer-to-consumer commerce and yet the market found an intuitive and creative way of addressing the issue: feedback and rating mechanisms. Perhaps the greatest example of this is the story of success is the largest consumer-to-consumer platform: eBay.
Social Commerce Using Social Network and E-Commerce
Authors: Marmo Roberto
Published: October 2018

While traditional e-commerce supports the transactional and informational aspects of online shopping, social commerce fulfils the social aspects of shopping. Combining the advantages offered by social networking and e-commerce, it is possible to create a web business platform to generate and increase revenue by turning web visitors into customers. Social commerce involves social media and user contributions to assist in the online buying and selling of products and services to design and deliver better customer experiences with the help of technology. This chapter compares some technologies that can help define social commerce and social networking; it also discusses background, knowledge, challenges, and critical factors necessary for successful social commerce business. Future trends are illustrated.
An Update on Bitcoin as a Digital Currency
Authors: Manrique Cecilia G. , Manrique Gabriel G.
Published: October 2018

The chapter “The Evolution of Virtual Currencies: Analyzing the Case of Bitcoin” by Manrique and Manrique was recently published in the book Information and Communication Technologies in Public Administration. It was written at the height of the bitcoin controversy when its value skyrocketed and waned. More than a year has passed since research on that was undertaken, and it seems that the issues with regards to bitcoin as a virtual acceptable currency has calmed down. It is the purpose of this chapter to give an update on the status of bitcoin as a currency and to determine its stability and ability to become a real currency.
Entrepreneurship
Authors: Eryılmaz Mehmet Eymen
Published: October 2018

Many people will agree on the idea that entrepreneurship is one of the most important business concepts in recent days. In addition, it is said that we are experiencing the fourth industrial revolution (or Industry 4.0). Information and communication technologies are one of the key elements of this period. Therefore, some information about these two components, entrepreneurship and information and communication technologies, are given, and the possible and strong relationships between them are discussed in this chapter.
Fifty Shades of Dark Stories
Authors: Kuznik Lea
Published: October 2018

Dark tourism is a special type of tourism that involves visits to tourist attractions and destinations that are associated with death, suffering, disasters, and tragedies. Reasons and motives for the visit are varied, such as curiosity, learning, memory, horror, survival guilt, nostalgia, and empathy. Dark tourism in Slovenia is very poorly developed compared to the rest of the world. Therefore, the chapter proposes a typology of dark tourism heritage in the world and in Slovenia. The research based on in-depth analysis of literature and fieldwork gives a variety of new opportunities based on storytelling for development of future dark tourism products in Slovenia with emphasis on the design of a dark and innovative thematic trail in connection with witchcraft.