bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Simultaneous Deletion of pH-Sensing Receptors GPR4 and OGR1 (GPR68) Ameliorates Colitis with Additive Effects on Multiple Parameters of Inflammation
Authors: Foti Federica , Schuler Cordelia , Ruiz Pedro A. , Perren Leonie , Malagola Ermanno , de Vallière Cheryl , Seuwen Klaus , Hausmann Martin , Rogler Gerhard
Published: February 2025

G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs), including pro-inflammatory GPR4 and ovarian cancer GPR1 (OGR1/GPR68), are involved in the pH sensing of the extracellular space and have been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previous data show that a loss of GPR4 or OGR1 independently is associated with reduced intestinal inflammation in mouse models of experimental colitis. In the present manuscript, we investigated the impact of the simultaneous loss of GPR4 and OGR1 in animal models of IBD. To study the effects of combined loss of Gpr4 Ogr1 in IBD we used the well-established acute dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and spontaneous Il10−/− murine colitis models. Disease severity was assessed using multiple clinical scores (e.g., body weight loss, disease activity score, murine endoscopic index of colitis severity (MEICS) and histological analyses). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Western blot, and flow cytometry were used to investigate changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines expression and immune cells infiltration. We found that a combined loss of GPR4 and OGR1 significantly reduces colon inflammation in IBD relative to single deficiencies as evidenced by reduced body weight loss, disease score, CD4/CD8 ratio, and Il1β, Il6, and Tnf in the colon. Similarly, in the II10 deficiency model, the inflammation was significantly ameliorated upon the simultaneous deletion of GPR4 and OGR1, evidenced by a reduction in the MEICS score, colon length, Tnf and Il1β measurements, and a decrease in the number of macrophages in the colon, as compared to single deletions. Importantly, hydroxyproline levels were decreased close to baseline in Il10−/− × Gpr4−/− × Ogr1−/− mice. Our findings demonstrate that the simultaneous loss of GRP4 and OGR1 functions exerts an additive effect on multiple parameters associated with colonic inflammation. These results further reinforce the hypothesis that chronic inflammatory acidosis is a driver of fibrosis and is dependent on GPR4 and OGR1 signaling. The inhibition of both GPR4 and OGR1 by pH-sensing receptor modulators may constitute as a potential therapeutic option for IBD, as both pH-sensing receptors appear to sustain inflammation by acting on complementary pro-inflammatory pathways.
Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Glycosylation Involving 2-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-L-Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis in Lycium barbarum
Authors: Huang Jiabin , Wu Haotian , Gao Ranran , Wu Lan , Wang Mengyue , Chu Yang , Shi Yuhua , Xiang Li , Yin Qinggang
Published: February 2025

L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C, AA) is widely present in plants, but humans lack the ability to synthesize it independently. As a potent reducing agent, AA is susceptible to oxidation, making the enhancement of its stability crucial. 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid (AA-2βG) is a stable natural derivative of AA with glycosylation, initially discovered in the fruits of Lycium barbarum. Understanding the biosynthesis of AA-2βG is crucial for enhancing its production in L. barbarum. While the established biosynthesis pathway of AA constitutes the upstream of AA-2βG biosynthesis, the conclusive step of β-glycosylation remains unclear. We identified a L. barbarum cultivar by UPLC, ZN01, with a high content of AA-2βG, and compared its leaves, immature fruits, and mature fruits to a normal AA-2βG content L. barbarum cultivar for metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. The RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of genes involved in the AA biosynthesis pathway did not consistently correlate with AA-2βG content, suggesting that the final glycosylation step may be a key determinant of AA-2βG accumulation. Subsequently, utilizing phylogenetic and co-expression analysis, we identified ten UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and three β-glucosidases (BGLUs) which may be involved in the crucial step of the conversion from AA to AA-2βG, and the UGTs’ activities were predicted through molecular docking. Lastly, we speculated that the presence of the glycosylation process of AA might have a crucial role in maintaining AA homeostasis in L. barbarum, and deliberated on potential correlations between AA, carotenoids, and anthocyanins. Our integrated multi-omics analysis provides valuable insights into AA-2βG biosynthesis in L. barbarum, identifying thirteen candidate genes and highlighting the complex interplay between AA, carotenoids, and anthocyanins. These findings have implications for improving AA-2βG content in L. barbarum.
APOBEC3-Related Editing and Non-Editing Determinants of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 Restriction
Authors: Leong Sharee , Nasser Hesham , Ikeda Terumasa
Published: February 2025

The apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3/A3) family of cytosine deaminases serves as a key innate immune barrier against invading retroviruses and endogenous retroelements. The A3 family’s restriction activity against these parasites primarily arises from their ability to catalyze cytosine-to-uracil conversions, resulting in genome editing and the accumulation of lethal mutations in viral genomes. Additionally, non-editing mechanisms, including deaminase-independent pathways, such as blocking viral reverse transcription, have been proposed as antiviral strategies employed by A3 family proteins. Although viral factors can influence infection progression, the determinants that govern A3-mediated restriction are critical in shaping retroviral infection outcomes. This review examines the interactions between retroviruses, specifically human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, and A3 proteins to better understand how editing and non-editing activities contribute to the trajectory of these retroviral infections.
Evaluating the Performance of LoRa Networks: A Study on Disaster Monitoring Scenarios
Authors: Lopes Isadora Rezende , Coelho Paulo Rodolfo da Silva Leite , Pasquini Rafael , Miani Rodrigo Sanches
Published: February 2025

The development of technologies using the Internet of Things (IoT) concept evolves daily. These numerous technologies, such as LoRa (Long Range) transceivers, find applications in various domains, including monitoring natural disasters and those caused by human error. Security vulnerabilities arise concurrently with the advancement of these new technologies. Cyberattacks seeking to disrupt device availability, such as denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, can effectively exploit vulnerabilities in LoRa devices, hindering disaster monitoring efforts. Therefore, our goal is to assess the network parameters that impact the development of a disaster monitoring environment using LoRaWAN. Specifically, we aim to identify the parameters that could result in network availability issues, whether caused by malicious actors or configuration errors. Our results indicate that certain LoRa network parameters (collision checks, packet size, and the number of nodes) can significantly affect network performance, potentially rendering this technology unsuitable for building robust disaster monitoring systems.
High-Sensitivity CRP and Occurrence of Cancer in Cardiovascular Disease Patients with Cardiovascular
Authors: de la Brassinne Bonardeaux Orianne , Deneye Manon , Oury Cecile , Moonen Marie , Lancellotti Patrizio
Published: February 2025

Background: Many studies recognize a close link between inflammation, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and oncological diseases. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a marker of low-grade systemic inflammation, is a shared feature of these conditions. This retrospective study aims to assess the predictive value of hs-CRP for the development of cancer in patients with CVD. Methods: Analyzing data from 174 patients undergoing coronary angiography, we assessed hs-CRP levels and collected demographic, biological, and therapeutic data that could influence the studied parameters. Results: Only smoking and dyslipidemia correlated significantly with CRP levels (p = 0.018 and 0.049, respectively). However, hs-CRP did not predict cancer development (p = 0.52) but correlated with 1-year and follow-up mortality (p = 0.011 and 0.021, respectively). Antiplatelet and statin use was higher in the cancer-free group and associated with a lower probability of developing cancer (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009, respectively). Conclusions: While hs-CRP did not prove effective as a cancer predictor in our study, it correlated with all-cause mortality. Our findings suggest a potential protective effect of antiplatelet and statin treatments against cancer development, prompting further research to understand underlying processes and identify key factors in the pathophysiology of these diseases.
The Assessment of the Safety Profile of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Versus Other Antidepressants: Drug–Drug Interaction Insights from EudraVigilance
Authors: Dobrea Carmen Maximiliana , Morgovan Claudiu , Frum Adina , Butuca Anca , Chis Adriana Aurelia , Arseniu Anca Maria , Ghibu Steliana , Vonica Razvan Constantin , Gligor Felicia Gabriela , Ilie Ioana Rada Popa , Vonica Tincu Andreea Loredana
Published: February 2025

Depression persists as one of the illnesses described relentlessly through the centuries because it affects a large group of people. Background/Objectives: The treatment of depression consists of various therapeutic agents, among which selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are elective. As polypharmacy tends to become the norm in modern days, the study of the real-life occurrence of drug–drug interactions is imperative. The aim of this study was the evaluation of drug–drug interactions (DDIs) between antidepressant medicines, namely SSRIs (each representative) versus eleven representatives from other antidepressant classes. Methods: Based on the spontaneous safety reports (ICSRs) uploaded to EudraVigilance until the end of July 2024, the descriptive and the disproportionality analyses were performed, and results were interpreted in the context of pharmacologic variability. Results: SSRIs were the focus of 137,369 ICSRs while for the other antidepressants, namely amitriptyline, clomipramine, duloxetine, venlafaxine, mirtazapine, bupropion, trazodone, tianeptine, agomelatine, brexpiprazole, and esketamine, a total of 155,458 reports were registered. The most notable differences appeared in psychiatric adverse drug reactions. Except fluvoxamine (n = 463), the remaining SSRIs had a higher number of DDIs reported (n = 1049 for escitalopram and n = 1549 for sertraline) compared to other antidepressants. However, similar numbers of DDIs were reported for duloxetine (n = 1252) and venlafaxine (n = 1513). Sertraline unspecified DDIs were reported with a higher probability compared to all other drugs (e.g., esketamine ROR: 9.37, 95% CI: 5.17–16.96, tianeptine ROR: 4.08, 95% CI: 2.49–6.69, etc.). Conclusions: SSRIs, although known to influence various cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, have not shown higher inhibitory interactions compared to any of the drugs selected as reference. Sertraline appears in more reports concerning DDIs than the other antidepressants. Still, further real world studies related to the DDIs of SSRIs are needed to complete the relevant knowledge level.
Blood Flow in the Internal Jugular Veins in the Lateral Decubitus Body Position in the Healthy People
Authors: Kawalec-Rutkowska Agata Maria , Czaja Joanna , Skuła Marcin , Simka Marian
Published: February 2025

Background: Some studies have suggested that the lateral decubitus position during sleep may protect the brain from neurodegenerative processes. Although the mechanisms of such possible protection are not known, an optimal venous outflow may be responsible. Venous outflow from the cranial cavity is dependent on the body’s position. However, to date, flow in the internal jugular veins (IJVs) in the lateral position has not been studied quantitatively. Methods: Using ultrasonography, we measured the cross-sectional areas and flow volumes in the IJVs in a group of 25 healthy individuals aged 20–52 ± 12.1 years. These measurements were performed in the supine, upright, and lateral decubitus positions. Results: In the lateral decubitus position, we revealed a collapse of the IJV located higher, dilatation of the opposite vein, and a shift in flow from one vein to the opposite. In the right lateral position, the mean cross-sectional area and flow in the right IJV were 88.6 ± 71.1 mm2 and 74.3 ± 97.5 mL/min, in the left IJV: 37.2 ± 33.4 mm2 and 48.8 ± 82.8 mL/min. In the left lateral position, the right IJV was 38.4 ± 30.7 mm2 and 56.7 ± 56.1 mL/min, and the left IJV was 75.9 ± 51.9 mm2 and 99.7 ± 123.9 mL/min. However, there was also a high heterogeneity of the cross-sectional area changes, and in many participants, this pattern was not observed. Regarding flow volumes in the lateral body positions, in comparison with the supine position, the total outflow through both internal jugular veins was not significantly different. Conclusions: In terms of venous outflow, the lateral decubitus position did not differ significantly from the supine position. The working hypothesis of a potentially protective effect of this body position during sleep against neurodegeneration through improved venous outflow has not been proven, at least in healthy individuals.
Optimizing Aortic Valve Reoperations: Ministernotomy vs. Full Sternotomy
Authors: Mikus Elisa , Fiorentino Mariafrancesca , Sangiorgi Diego , Calvi Simone , Tenti Elena , Tripodi Alberto , Savini Carlo
Published: February 2025

Background: The minimally invasive approach, performed via ministernotomy, is now often preferred for isolated aortic valve replacement (AVR). However, its benefits in patients with prior cardiac surgery remain unclear. This article compares traditional and minimally invasive surgery for isolated aortic valve replacement in reoperative cases. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 382 patients who underwent reoperative AVR between January 2010 and June 2024 divided them into two groups: 309 patients (80.1%) had a traditional full sternotomy, while 73 patients (19.1%) had minimally invasive AVR via upper ministernotomy. Results: Significant differences were noted between the groups. The full sternotomy group had a higher logistic EuroSCORE (SMD = 0.203), more patients with active endocarditis (SMD = 0.312), and a higher pacemaker rate. To minimize bias, inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used. The minimally invasive group had shorter aortic cross-clamp (50 vs. 65 min, p < 0.001) and cardiopulmonary bypass times (62 vs. 85 min, p < 0.001), shorter intensive care unit (ICU) stays (p < 0.001), lower rates of acute renal failure (p = 0.001), and less blood loss (p < 0.001), but similar transfusion needs. Early mortality was higher in the full sternotomy group (4.5% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.025). Conclusions: Minimally invasive aortic valve reoperation via upper “J” sternotomy is as safe as full sternotomy. Patients experienced lower rates of acute renal failure and less postoperative bleeding, contributing to a safer recovery with decreased hospital mortality.
Partial Fake Speech Attacks in the Real World Using Deepfake Audio
Authors: Alali Abdulazeez , Theodorakopoulos George
Published: February 2025

Advances in deep learning have led to dramatic improvements in generative synthetic speech, eliminating robotic speech patterns to create speech that is indistinguishable from a human voice. Although these advances are extremely useful in various applications, they also facilitate powerful attacks against both humans and machines. Recently, a new type of speech attack called partial fake (PF) speech has emerged. This paper studies how well humans and machines, including speaker recognition systems and existing fake-speech detection tools, can distinguish between human voice and computer-generated speech. Our study shows that both humans and machines can be easily deceived by PF speech, and the current defences against PF speech are insufficient. These findings emphasise the urgency of increasing awareness for humans and creating new automated defences against PF speech for machines.
Navigating Through Human Rights in AI: Exploring the Interplay Between GDPR and Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment
Authors: Thomaidou Anna , Limniotis Konstantinos
Published: February 2025

The relationship and the interplay between the EU AI Act and the data protection law is a challenging issue. This paper focuses on exploring the interplay between legal provisions stemming from the AI Act and those stemming from the GDPR, with the ultimate goal of developing an integrated framework that simultaneously implements Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment (FRIA) and Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) within the context of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, particularly focusing on systems that utilize personal data. This approach is designed to simplify the evaluation processes for stakeholders managing risks related to personal data protection, as well as to other fundamental rights in AI systems, enhancing both efficiency and accuracy in these assessments as well as facilitating compliance with the relevant legal provisions. The methodology adopted involves developing a holistic model that can be applied not only to specific case studies but more broadly across various sectors.
Effects of Polyphosphoric Acid on Physical, Rheological, and Chemical Properties of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS)-Modified Asphalt Binder
Authors: Albayati Amjad H. , Al-Kheetan Mazen J. , Al-ani Aliaa F. , Wang Yu , Mohammed Ahmed M. , Moudhafar Mustafa M.
Published: February 2025

High temperatures combined with heavy traffic load necessitate asphalt binder modification to enhance its performance and durability. This research examines the effects of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) on the physical, rheological, and chemical properties of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)-modified asphalt binders. Asphalt binders were prepared by adding 3% SBS and varying PPA dosages of 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9% by weight of asphalt cement. The experiment investigated the physical properties (penetration, softening point, ductility, viscosity, and specific gravity), the rheological properties (the performance grading (PG), multi-stress creep recovery (MSCR), and linear amplitude sweep (LAS)), and the microstructure and chemical composition of the modified asphalt binder. The results demonstrated impressive improvements in rutting resistance and stiffness. Adding 3% SBS and 0.9% PPA increased the rutting factor (G*/sin δ) by 165% and the high-temperature PG from 74.2 °C to 93.6 °C compared to the virgin asphalt binder. However, the optimum fatigue resistance was obtained by adding 0.3% PPA to the SBS asphalt binder. The microstructure and composition analysis revealed that using SBS and PPA together enhanced binder homogeneity and reduced voids. Lastly, an Overall Desirability (OD) analysis suggested the 3% SBS and 0.3% PPA to be the most effectively balanced formulation for the demand of high temperature and heavy traffic conditions. However, further field studies are recommended to validate the results under real-world conditions.
Graphene Oxide–Antibiotic Coatings with Improved Resistance to Microbial Colonization for Arthroplasty Implants
Authors: Iosub Gheorghe , Niculescu Adelina-Gabriela , Grumezescu Valentina , Dorcioman Gabriela , Gherasim Oana , Crăciun Valentin , Rădulescu Dragoș Mihai , Grumezescu Alexandru Mihai , Stan Miruna Silvia , Constantinescu Sorin , Holban Alina Maria , Rădulescu Adrian-Radu
Published: February 2025

In this study, we investigated the biocompatibility and antibacterial efficiency of hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide/ceftazidime (HAp/GO/CFZ) coatings obtained by the Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) technique for arthroplasty implants. The coatings were evaluated for their ability to inhibit biofilm formation by model opportunistic pathogens, specifically Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli, for 24, 48, and 72 h. A significant reduction in the biofilm formation was demonstrated by coating surfaces, which led to a diminution of approximately 4 logs in the CFU/mL values compared to controls. These findings suggested that HAp/GO/CFZ coatings have the potential to prevent infections associated with arthroplasty implants, thereby improving patient outcomes and implant longevity.
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Impact-Damaged Sandwich Composites: Influence of Fiber Type
Authors: Santos Jaime , Reis Paulo N. B. , Santos Mario , Amaro Ana M.
Published: February 2025

This study deals with the evaluation of impact-damaged sandwich composites using different fiber types (carbon, glass, and Kevlar), where the outer layers, or “skins”, were made from the same type of fiber, while the inner layer, or “core”, consisted of a different fiber type, with the aim of improving the damage resistance and tolerance of composite materials. To achieve this goal, the following research question was formulated: can the type of core fiber used in sandwich composites primarily determine their structural response under impact? To obtain a consolidated answer, various configurations manufactured were subjected to low-velocity impact tests to induce damage. The next step involved evaluating the extent and distribution of damage across various samples using ultrasonic C-scan techniques, along with assessing the impact bending stiffness (IBS) property, a widely recognized method for measuring the structural response of composites. It was observed that the different composite configurations presented distinct absorbed energy and, consequently, different damages, which was confirmed by the IBS and the C-scan methods. The glass–carbon–glass (GCG) sandwich composite demonstrated superior performance in mitigating damage compared to the other sandwich designs. The core material was verified as the main factor influencing the response of the sandwich composite.
High-Frequency Flow Rate Determination—A Pressure-Based Measurement Approach
Authors: Brumand-Poor Faras , Kotte Tim , Schüpfer Marwin , Figge Felix , Schmitz Katharina
Published: February 2025

Accurate flow measurement is critical for hydraulic systems because it represents a crucial parameter in the control of fluid power systems and enables the calculation of hydraulic power when combined with pressure data, which is valuable for applications such as predictive maintenance. Existing flow sensors in fluid power systems typically operate invasively, disturbing the flow and providing inaccurate results, especially under transient conditions. A conventional method involves calculating the flow rate using the pressure difference along a pipe via the Hagen–Poiseuille law, which is limited to steady, laminar, incompressible flow. This paper presents a novel soft sensor with an analytical model for transient pipe flow based on two pressure signals, thus eliminating the need for an actual volumetric flow sensor. The soft sensor was derived in previous research and validated with a distributed parameter simulation. This work uses a constructed test rig to validate the soft sensor with real-world experiments. The results highlight the potential of the soft sensor to accurately and computationally efficiently measure transient pipe volumetric flow based on two pressure signals.
Treatments of Interest in Male Breast Cancer: An Umbrella Review
Authors: Spinaci Stefano , Arecco Luca , Anedda Agnese , Martino Lucia , Firpo Emma , Ghilli Matteo , Lambertini Matteo , Ferrarazzo Giulia
Published: February 2025

Background: Male breast cancer (MaBC) is a rare disease and due to its rarity and the lack of specific protocols for its management, treatment algorithms are extrapolated from female breast cancer (FBC). To optimize MaBC treatment, we conceived an umbrella review with the aim of supplying an evidence-based summary of systematic reviews published about this topic in the last twenty years. Methods: This umbrella review was performed according to a predefined protocol (PROSPERO number CRD42024574299). We performed a literature search of the PubMed and Cochrane Libraries databases and we considered systematic reviews on MaBC treatment published from 2004 to 2024. We evaluated relevant treatments in the management of MaBC, including surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic treatments. We conducted the quality assessment according to A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews version 2 (AMSTAR-2), and the description of the main findings of eligible articles. Results: Seven systematic reviews were selected and the main findings were compiled. Breast-conserving surgery is a reasonable treatment approach and, in selected cases, equivalent in terms of safety and survival outcomes compared to mastectomy. Sentinel lymph node biopsy represents a successful surgical practice with similar accuracy compared to female cases. Adjuvant radiotherapy improves overall survival in MaBC patients following partial mastectomy and after radical mastectomy, in case of involved nodes. Finally, Tamoxifen is associated with an improvement of survival outcomes; aromatase inhibitor and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone should be used only in case of contraindications to tamoxifen. Conclusions: Further research and improved guidelines for MaBC treatment should consider these evidence-based data.
Analysis of the Driving Mechanism of Grassland Degradation in Inner Mongolia Grassland from 2015 to 2020 Using Interpretable Machine Learning Methods
Authors: Zhang Zuopei , Hu Yunfeng , Batunacun
Published: February 2025

In traditional studies on grassland degradation drivers, researchers often lacked the flexibility to selectively consider driving factors and quantitatively depict their contributions. Interpretable machine learning offers a solution to these challenges. This study focuses on Inner Mongolia, China, incorporating four categories and sixteen specific driving factors, and employing four machine learning techniques (Logistic Regression, Random Forest, XGBoost, and LightGBM) to investigate regional grassland changes. Using the SHAP approach, contributions of driving factors were quantitatively analyzed. The findings reveal the following: (1) Between 2015 and 2020, Inner Mongolia experienced significant grassland degradation, with an affected area reaching 12.12 thousand square kilometers. (2) Among the machine learning models tested, the LightGBM model exhibited superior prediction accuracy (0.89), capability (0.9), and stability (0.76). (3) Key factors driving grassland changes in Inner Mongolia include variations in rural population, livestock numbers, average temperatures during the growth season, peak temperatures, and proximity to roads. (4) In eastern and western Inner Mongolia, changes in rural population (31.4%) are the primary degradation drivers; in the central region, livestock number changes (41.1%) dominate; and in the southeast, climate changes (19.3%) are paramount. This work exemplifies the robust utility of interpretable machine learning in predicting grassland degradation and offers insights for policymakers and similar ecological regions.
Complex Associations Between Systolic Left Atrial and Left Ventricular Deformations in Healthy Adults—Detailed Analysis from the Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiographic MAGYAR-Healthy Study
Authors: Nemes Attila , Bordács Barbara , Ambrus Nóra , Lengyel Csaba
Published: February 2025

Introduction. Volumetric changes in the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) are strongly associated in healthy circumstances, as recent three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiographic (3DSTE) studies confirmed. However, the complex relationship of LA and LV deformation in systole has never been assessed in healthy individuals. The present study purposed to perform comparative simultaneous analysis of systolic LA and LV strains in healthy adults by 3DSTE. Methods. The study consisted of 165 healthy adults (mean age: 33.2 ± 12.3 years; 90 males). Complete two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography with 3DSTE was performed in all cases. Results. The increase in global LA radial strain (RS) and longitudinal strain (LS) showed no associations with LV strains. The largest global LA circumferential strain (CS) was associated with the largest basal LV-RS. Lowest basal and global LV-CS could be demonstrated in the presence of mean global LA-CS as compared to the presence of lower than mean global LA-CS. Global LA-RS showed an increase, with global LV-RS being largest when global LV-RS was the largest. Basal and global LA-RS were largest in the case of lowest global LV-CS. Basal LA-LS was largest in the case of mean global LV-CS. With the increase in global LV-LS, basal and global LA-LS showed an increase but only up to a point; in the case of larger than mean global LV-LS, no further increase was detected in basal and global LA-LS. Conclusions. Complex associations between simultaneously assessed LA and LV deformations represented by 3DSTE-derived strains could be demonstrated in healthy adults.
A Capacitated Vehicle Routing Model for Distribution and Repair with a Service Center
Authors: Rojas-Cuevas Irma-Delia , Olivares-Benitez Elias , Ramos Alfredo S. , Nucamendi-Guillén Samuel
Published: February 2025

Background: Distribution systems often face the dual challenge of delivering products to customers and retrieving damaged items for repair, especially when the service center is separate from the depot. An optimized solution to this logistics problem produces benefits in terms of costs, greenhouse gas emissions, and disposal reduction. Methods: This research proposes a Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Service Center (CVRPwSC) model to determine optimal routes involving customers, the depot, and the service center. AMPL-Gurobi was used to solve the model on adapted instances and new instances developed for the CVRPwSC. Additionally, a Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) algorithm was implemented and compared with AMPL-Gurobi. Results: The model was applied to a real-world case study, achieving a 40% reduction in fuel costs, a reduction from 5 to 3 routes, and a sustainable logistics operations model with potential reductions of greenhouse gas emissions and item disposals. Conclusions: The main contribution of the proposal is a minimum-cost routing model integrating item returns for repair with customer deliveries, while the limitation is the exclusion of scenarios where return items exceed vehicle capacity. Finally, future research will enhance the CVRPwSC model by incorporating additional constraints and decision variables to address such scenarios.
Evaluation of Custom Microalgae-Based Bioink Formulations for Optimized Green Bioprinting
Authors: Ayowole Olubusuyi , Lapp Justin , Khoda Bashir
Published: February 2025

Green bioprinting, from the context of merging 3D bioprinting with microalgae cell organization, holds promise for industrial-scale optimization. This study employs spectrophotometric analysis to explore post-bioprinting cell growth density variation within hybrid hydrogel biomaterial scaffolds. Three hydrogel biomaterials—Alginic acid sodium salt (ALGINATE), Nanofibrillated Cellulose (NFC)—TEMPO, and CarboxyMethyl Cellulose (CMC)—are chosen for their scaffolding capabilities. Bioink development and analysis of their impact on cell proliferation and morphology are conducted. Chlorella microalgae cell growth within hydrogel compositions is probed using absorbance measurements, with additional assessment of shear thinning properties. Notably, NFC exhibits reduced shear thinning compared to CMC. Results reveal that while mono-hydrogel substrates with pronounced adhesion inhibit Chlorella cell proliferation, alginate fosters increased cell concentration alongside a slight viscosity rise.
Use of EDTA and CaCl2 Extraction Methods to Predict the Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Soils Polluted with Microplastics
Authors: Jadhav Bhakti , Medyńska-Juraszek Agnieszka
Published: February 2025

Microplastic (MP) contamination in soil is an emerging environmental concern, influencing the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals (HMs). This study investigates how different MP types (PP, PS, PVC, HDPE, LDPE, PES, and PET-Glitter) affect HM behavior in soil, focusing on sorption/desorption, and the extraction efficiency of Pb, Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, and Cd. Soil samples incubated with MPs showed significant pH increases, particularly with PES and HDPE at 0.8 and 0.6 pH units, respectively. The extraction experiments using 0.05 M EDTA and 0.01 M CaCl2 revealed that MPs altered metal bioavailability—with HDPE reducing Pb mobility by 15%—and increased Cd and Co mobility by 10–20%. The batch sorption tests confirmed higher Pb adsorption onto HDPE but decreased Cd and Co sorption compared to control soils without MP. These findings demonstrate that MPs act as additional sorption sites, modifying metal speciation and availability, which has critical implications for soil health, agricultural sustainability, and remediation strategies. However, results may vary based on soil type, MP aging, and environmental conditions, indicating the need for further long-term field studies. This research provides valuable insights into the complex interactions between MPs, heavy metals, and soil systems, contributing to a better understanding of pollution dynamics and risk assessment in contaminated environments.
Functionalization of Nanomaterials for Energy Storage and Hydrogen Production Applications
Authors: Salaheldeen Mohamed , M. Abu-Dief Ahmed , El-Dabea Tarek
Published: February 2025

This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the pivotal role that nanomaterials, particularly graphene and its derivatives, play in advancing hydrogen energy technologies, with a focus on storage, production, and transport. As the quest for sustainable energy solutions intensifies, the use of nanoscale materials to store hydrogen in solid form emerges as a promising strategy toward mitigate challenges related to traditional storage methods. We begin by summarizing standard methods for producing modified graphene derivatives at the nanoscale and their impact on structural characteristics and properties. The article highlights recent advancements in hydrogen storage capacities achieved through innovative nanocomposite architectures, for example, multi-level porous graphene structures containing embedded nickel particles at nanoscale dimensions. The discussion covers the distinctive characteristics of these nanomaterials, particularly their expansive surface area and the hydrogen spillover effect, which enhance their effectiveness in energy storage applications, including supercapacitors and batteries. In addition to storage capabilities, this review explores the role of nanomaterials as efficient catalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), emphasizing the potential of metal oxides and other composites to boost hydrogen production. The integration of nanomaterials in hydrogen transport systems is also examined, showcasing innovations that enhance safety and efficiency. As we move toward a hydrogen economy, the review underscores the urgent need for continued research aimed at optimizing existing materials and developing novel nanostructured systems. Addressing the primary challenges and potential future directions, this article aims to serve as a roadmap to enable scientists and industry experts to maximize the capabilities of nanomaterials for transforming hydrogen-based energy systems, thus contributing significantly to global sustainability efforts.
Stripping Voltammetry in Trace Ga(III) Analysis Using Different Working Electrodes: A Review
Authors: Grabarczyk Malgorzata , Wlazlowska Edyta , Fialek Marzena
Published: February 2025

Heavy metal contamination of water has become a global environmental problem in recent years, which is caused by the rapid development of economies and industries. Gallium is of enduring interest because of its wide range of applications in technology and industry. In its pure form or as a component of alloys, gallium is used in devices such as high-current switches, pressure gauges, and thermometers. Gallium compounds also play an important role in electronics and optoelectronics, particularly in devices that operate in the infrared range. Gallium isotopes are also used in medical diagnostics. The increasing demand for gallium emphasizes the need for accurate methods for its determination in different matrices. One method used for this purpose is stripping voltammetry. The working electrodes, complexing agents, and the influence of interferences on the accuracy of the measurement are discussed in detail, highlighting their crucial role in obtaining the analytical signal of gallium in procedures based on stripping voltammetry. Voltammetric procedures for the simultaneous determination of gallium and other metal ions are also described. The application of the developed procedures to the analysis of real samples is emphasized as crucial for environmental monitoring and the accurate determination of trace concentrations of gallium. A summary of the results is presented in the form of a table which provides detailed information on the stripping voltammetry methods, including the types of working electrodes, characteristics of the substrate electrolytes used, complexing agents, linear ranges, and detection limits. The table also includes accumulation times, interferences investigated, and practical applications of the methods discussed, making it a valuable resource for researchers and analysts involved in environmental analysis. The review highlights the importance of this technique as an accurate and sensitive tool for the analysis of gallium in environmental samples.
The Influence of Bone Density on Stresses in the Periodontal Ligament During Orthodontic Movement—Finite Element Study on Innovative Model
Authors: Kuc Anna Ewa , Sybilski Kamil , Stankiewicz Michał , Kotuła Jacek , Kuc Natalia , Hajduk Grzegorz , Małachowski Jerzy , Sarul Michał
Published: February 2025

Background: Hydrostatic pressure in the periodontal ligament (PDL) plays a critical role in orthodontic treatment, influencing tooth movement and remodeling of periodontal tissue. The relationship between alveolar cortical bone density and the risk of root resorption due to excessive stress in the PDL has not been clearly defined. Objective: This study aimed to analyze hydrostatic pressure in the periodontal ligament of the tooth roots during en-masse retraction of the maxillary incisors using temporary skeletal anchorage devices (TISADs) after the first premolar extractions, as well as during full arch retraction. Methods: A numerical model was used, varying the Young’s modulus of cortical bone from 12.5 GPa to 27.5 GPa in increments of 3.0 GPa. Extreme values for bone stiffness were derived from the literature. In all the cases analyzed, the hook height was fixed at 6 mm, and the cranial surface was constrained. Results: Doubling the stiffness of the cortical bone approximately reduced the hydrostatic pressure in the PDL by 1.5 times for both full-arch retraction and post-first premolar extraction retraction. A critical hydrostatic pressure of 4.7 kPa was exceeded in full-arch retraction for low Young’s modulus of 12.5 Gpa values at forces as low as 600 g. On the contrary, for cortical bone with a high Young’s modulus of 27.5 GPa, this critical pressure was reached only at forces around 960 g, approximately 1.6 times higher. Conclusions: The density of the alveolar cortical bone significantly influences the hydrostatic pressure in the PDL of most tooth roots during orthodontic treatment. This parameter can be a critical factor in the risk of root resorption when optimal forces are exceeded. Further research is necessary to better understand these dynamics. Individual protocols for orthodontic treatment and CBCT imaging are necessary to minimize complications in the form of root resorption.
Preparation and Performance Study of Dual-Network Photo-Curable Conductive Silk Fibroin Composite Hydrogel
Authors: Li Liangduo , Zhang Xujing , Xu Yan , Shao Zongheng , Ma Jiahao , Zhu Tao
Published: February 2025

The printing precision of hydrogels directly determines the mechanical and electrical performance of scaffolds. In this study, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was directly compounded with glycidyl methacrylate-modified silk fibroin (Sil-MA) through a one-pot method to increase the solid content of the printing ink, enhancing its mechanical, electrical, and printability properties. A dual-network photo-curable conductive silk fibroin composite hydrogel (CDMA) was successfully prepared. The results show that the introduction of PEDOT:PSS significantly improved the conductivity of the hydrogel. (The bandgap decreased from 2.36 eV to 1.125 eV, and the maximum conductivity reached 0.534 S/m.) It also enhanced the microscopic 3D network density and mechanical properties of the hydrogel (compressive modulus up to 192 kPa). Moreover, the hydrogel demonstrated good stability during cyclic stability testing, providing a new approach to developing materials capable of high-precision printing with stable electrical performance.
Accuracy Evaluation of Indirect Bonding Techniques for Clear Aligner Attachments Using 3D-Printed Models: An In Silico and Physical Model-Based Study
Authors: Raluca Fratila Cosmina , Alonso-Ezpeleta Luis Óscar , Poveda-Saenz Manuel , Giovannini Giovanni , Lobo-Galindo Ana Belén , Flores-Fraile Javier , Zubizarreta-Macho Álvaro
Published: February 2025

An inaccurate bonding procedure of the attachments related to clear aligner systems could influence the predictability of tooth movement The aim of this study was to compare the positioning reliability of horizontal and vertical orthodontic clear aligner attachments. Materials and Methods: A total of 70 horizontal and 70 vertical orthodontic clear aligner attachments were bonded to five upper and five lower experimental anatomically based acrylic resin models with 14 clinical crowns each. The experimental anatomically based acrylic resin models were randomly distributed to the following study groups: Group A—horizontal orthodontic clear aligner attachments (n = 70) (HORIZONTAL) and Group B—vertical orthodontic clear aligner attachments (n = 70) (VERTICAL). Afterward, the orthodontic clear aligner attachments were digitally planned using orthodontic planning software, and orthodontic templates were manufactured by thermoforming on 3D-printed models in trilayer glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate. Both horizontal and vertical orthodontic clear aligner attachments were put through an intra-oral scan to obtain a postoperative digital image, and PAPver, PCPver, PMVver, AUver, Alver, PPMhor, PPDhor, PMVhor, AMhor and ADhor cephalometric parameters were analyzed using a t-test or a non-parametric Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test. Results: The results showed that all cephalometric parameters showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the accuracy of the indirect bonding technique for horizontal and vertical orthodontic clear aligner attachments, except for the PAPver (p = 0.6079) and PMVhor (p = 0.5001) cephalometric parameters. Conclusions: The vertical orthodontic clear aligner attachments are more accurate than the horizontal orthodontic clear aligner attachments through the indirect bonding technique.
Investigations into Replacing Calcined Clay with Sewage Sludge Ash in Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3)
Authors: Gu Hui , Meng Zhaobo , Wang Yilei , Gao Xiaohui , Wang Ruihua , Wang Dongfang , Sheng Jianxiong , Wang Junjie
Published: February 2025

The effects of replacing calcined clay with sewage sludge ash (SSA) treated under room temperature and high temperature ranging from 500 °C to 900 °C in limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) have been investigated in this paper. The optimal calcination temperature for SSA was found to be 800 °C based on the results of strength and microstructure observations. The main inorganic components of sludge ash are Fe2O3, SiO2, Al2O3, and CaO, which are very similar to the components of calcined clay in LC3, but with a very high content of Fe2O3 (55–61%) and P2O5 (9–10%). With different levels of the replacement of calcined clay with calcined SSA, setting time, compressive strength, XRD, TG/DSC, and SEM analyses of the modified LC3 pastes were conducted to identify the chemical compositions, physical properties, hydration products, microstructure, and the heavy metal contaminants within the pastes, which were compared to the results for normal LC3 paste. The incorporation of SSA significantly altered the morphologies of Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3, as well as modified the microstructure of the LC3 paste. In comparison to the pure OPC group, the LC3 pastes containing SSA exhibited a reduced Ca(OH)2 content and an increased CaCO3 content. Furthermore, the modified LC3 pastes with calcined SSA effectively facilitated the immobilization of heavy metal ions in SSA. The findings indicate the potential viability of utilizing calcined SSA as a replacement for calcined clay in LC3.
Dynamic Softening Mechanism of Platinum Thermomechanically Deformed at Low Strain Rate
Authors: Tang Huiyi , Luan Baifeng , Chai Linjiang , Zhang Fuen , Liu Hongliang , Xiao Yuchen , Zhong Mingyao , Wu Baoan
Published: February 2025

The mechanical behavior of pure Pt at elevated temperatures is critical for its high-temperature processing and applications. To understand its thermal deformation behavior and reach better processing control, thermal compression deformation was conducted for pure Pt in this work with a strain rate of 0.01 s−1 and temperatures ranging from 500 to 700 °C, followed by microstructure characterization by using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. The results indicate that the grain size, fraction of low-angle grain boundaries, and dislocation density are generally reduced with increasing temperature. An analysis combining true stress–strain curves and microstructural characteristics indicates that dynamic recovery based on dislocation cross-slip/climb is always a main softening mechanism of pure Pt during thermal deformation. Continuous dynamic recrystallization and geometric dynamic recrystallization also occur when the deformation temperature exceeds 650 °C, which will effectively improve the microstructural homogeneity of pure Pt.