bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sox10 is required for systemic initiation of bone mineralization
Authors: Gjorcheska Stefani , Paudel Sandhya , McLeod Sarah , Paulding David , Snape Louisa , Sosa Karen Camargo , Duan Cunming , Kelsh Robert , Barske Lindsey
Published: January 2025

Heterozygous variants in SOX10 cause congenital syndromes affecting pigmentation, digestion, hearing, and neural development, primarily attributable to failed differentiation or loss of non-skeletal neural crest derivatives. We report here an additional, previously undescribed requirement for Sox10 in bone mineralization. Neither crest- nor mesoderm-derived bones initiate mineralization on time in zebrafish sox10 mutants, despite normal osteoblast differentiation and matrix production. Mutants are deficient in the Trpv6+ ionocytes that take up calcium from the environment, resulting in severe calcium deficiency. As these ionocytes derive from ectoderm, not crest, we hypothesized that the primary defect resides in a separate organ that systemically regulates ionocyte numbers. RNA sequencing revealed significantly elevated stanniocalcin (Stc1a), an anti-hypercalcemic hormone, in sox10 mutants. Stc1a inhibits calcium uptake in fish by repressing trpv6 expression and Trpv6+ ionocyte proliferation. Epistasis assays confirm excess Stc1a as the proximate cause of the calcium deficit. The pronephros-derived glands that synthesize Stc1a interact with sox10+ cells, but these cells are missing in mutants. We conclude that sox10+ crest-derived cells non-autonomously limit Stc1a production to allow the inaugural wave of calcium uptake necessary to initiate bone mineralization.
Διευθετήσεις κανονικών ζητημάτων στην Εκκλησία της Βουλγαρίας κατά τον 20όν αιώνα (έως το 1944)
Authors: Σμοτσέφσκυ Αλέξανδρος
Published: January 2025

Ο στόχος της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής με θέμα «Διευθετήσεις κανονικών ζητημάτων στην Εκκλησία της Βουλγαρίας κατά τον 20ό αιώνα (έως το 1944)» είναι η ιστορικοκανονική παρουσίαση και ανάλυση της πορείας της Ορθόδοξης Εκκλησίας της Βουλγαρίας από την ανακήρυξη του σχίσματος από την Αγία και Μεγάλη Σύνοδο (1872) μέχρι την άρση του (1945). Πρόκειται για μία πρώτη προσπάθεια ιστορικοκανονικής ανάλυσης -βάσει αδημοσίευτων μέχρι σήμερα ιστορικών πηγών- της ιστορικής πορείας της Εκκλησίας της Βουλγαρίας, η οποία επικεντρώνεται στις εξής θεματικές περιοχές: -σύνταξη, επικύρωση και περιεχόμενα του Καταστατικού Χάρτη της Εκκλησίας της Βουλγαρίας· -διαμόρφωση των σχέσεων Εκκλησίας-Πολιτείας στο Πριγκηπάτο/Βασίλειο της Βουλγαρίας βάσει του Συντάγματος του Τυρνόβου (1879)· - κανονική θεώρηση των σχέσεων της Εκκλησίας της Βουλγαρίας με τις υπόλοιπες κατά τόπους Ορθόδοξες Εκκλησίες (1872-1944)·-κανονική θεώρηση της συμμετοχής της Εκκλησίας της Βουλγαρίας στην Οικουμενική Κίνηση (1918-1944)· -ανάλυση της κανονικής αποδοχής κληρικών και λαϊκών της σχισματικής Βουλγαρικής Εκκλησίας στους κόλπους του Οικουμενικού Πατριαρχείου (1872-1933)· -κανονική θεώρηση των προσπαθειών άρσεως του βουλγαρικού σχίσματος (1872-1939). Η μελέτη βασίζεται στην κανονική αρχή, σύμφωνα με την οποία, όσον αφορά σε εκκλησιαστικής φύσεως ζητήματα και προβλήματα, προηγείται η κανονικότητα και έπεται η νομιμότητα, καθώς έσχατο κριτήριο για τις διορθόδοξες σχέσεις αποτελούν οι ιεροί κανόνες και όχι τα πολιτικά συμφέροντα τα οποία έχουν δευτερεύουσα σημασία. Επί τη βάσει πολλών εγγράφων από πάνω από δεκαπέντε (15) ελληνικά και ξένα αρχεία διερευνώνται οι περίπλοκες σχέσεις μεταξύ Κράτους και Εκκλησίας, αλλά και μεταξύ των Ορθοδόξων Εκκλησιών. Το γενικό συμπέρασμα της παρούσας διατριβής είναι ότι η ακοινωνησία (excommunicatio) δεν αποτελεί ανυπέρβλητη ή απόλυτη κατάσταση, αλλά είναι πάντοτε σχετική, εφ’ όσον οι διαφορές μεταξύ των Εκκλησιών οφείλονται σε ζητήματα διοικητικής οργάνωσης και όχι σε θέματα δογματικής.
Laser-enabled treatments for surface functionalisation
Authors: Καρκαντώνης Θεμιστοκλής
Published: January 2025

Τα πλαστικά υλικά αποτελούν ένα αναπόσπαστο μέρος της οικονομίας μας, με αποτέλεσμα η μη ορθολογική απόθεση τους να εγκυμονεί μεγάλους κινδύνους για το οικοσύστημα. Αν και η ανακύκλωση μπορεί να συμβάλει στην μείωση του όγκου των πλαστικών απορριμμάτων, η βιώσιμη διαχείριση των ακάθαρτων/μολυσμένων από υπολείμματα εξακολουθεί να αποτελεί πρόκληση. Επιφάνειες εμποτισμένες με λιπαντικό (γνωστές ως lubricant-impregnated surfaces) έχουν αποκτήσει μεγάλο ενδιαφέρον πρόσφατα λόγω της εξαιρετικής τους ιδιότητας να απωθούν ένα εύρος υγρών ουσιών. Σε αντίθεση με άλλες τεχνικές κατασκευής τέτοιων βιονικών επιφανειών, μικρο-κατεργασίες με τη χρήση laser προσφέρουν ελκυστικά πλεονεκτήματα, ιδίως όταν λαμβάνεται υπόψη η ευελιξία, η αξιοπιστία και η ακρίβεια διαστάσεων. Ωστόσο, τα μειονεκτήματα αυτής της τεχνολογίας τα οποία σχετίζονται με την παραγωγικότητα, το κόστος και την επεξεργασία τρισδιάστατων αντικειμένων εμποδίζουν την ευρύτερη εφαρμογή της σε βιομηχανική κλίμακα. Ως εκ τούτου, η παρούσα διατριβή αποσκοπεί στην αντιμετώπιση αυτών των περιορισμών και, συνεπώς, συμβάλει στο να επεκταθεί η χρήση κατεργασιών με laser για την δημιουργία λειτουργικών επιφανειών. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, προτείνεται μια οικονομικά αποδοτική αλυσίδα διεργασιών, η οποία συνδυάζει κατεργασίες laser με τεχνολογίες μορφοποίησης πολυμερών (polymer replication) σε μίκρο/νάνο κλίμακα, για την διαμόρφωση πολυμερικών επιφανειών με διαχρονικές πολύ-λειτουργικές ιδιότητες. Τέτοιες λειτουργικές επιφάνειες επιτεύχθηκαν μέσω του εμποτισμού περιοδικών δομημένων επιφανειών που διαμορφώθηκαν από laser (laser-induced periodic surface structures) σε λιπαντική ουσία, και διερευνήθηκε η καταλληλόλητα τους για χρήση ως συσκευασία τροφίμων και οπτικών φακών. Στη συνέχεια, παρουσιάζεται μια εναλλακτική μέθοδος επιφανειακής τροποποίησής υλικών για τη δημιουργία εξαιρετικά συμμετρικών και ομοιόμορφων περιοδικών επιφανειακών δομών κάνοντας χρήση ενός λιγότερο δαπανηρού laser που ακτινοβολεί παλμούς νανοδευτερολέπτου, έτσι ώστε να μειωθεί ακόμη περισσότερο το κόστος παραγωγής πολυμερών με τέτοιες τοπογραφικές δομές. Τέλος, προτείνεται μια γενική μέθοδος για την διερεύνηση των δυνατοτήτων και περιορισμών των κατεργασιών laser οι οποίες συμπεριλαμβάνουν τη χρήση πολλαπλών αξόνων ταυτόχρονα για την επεξεργασία αντικειμένων ή καλουπιών με πολύπλοκη γεωμετρία, και η αποτελεσματικότητα της αποδεικνύεται σε ένα δεδομένο πολυαξονικό σύστημα laser.
Production of porous electrodes for fuel cells supports
Authors: Τσαγαλάς Λουκάς
Published: January 2025

Η παραγωγή ηλεκτροδίων με πορώδη δομή μελετήθηκε ως πιθανή εναλλακτική λύση στα συχνά χρησιμοποιούμενα υποστρώματα ηλεκτροδίων ανόδου από μαύρο άνθρακα. Διερευνήθηκαν τρεις διαφορετικές μέθοδοι : α) μέσω της χρήσης ενός γαλακτώματος υψηλής εσωτερικής φάσης (HIPE), β) με τη χρήση μικροσφαιρών από πολυστυρένιο καθώς και γ) με μεθόδους φωτολιθογραφίας. Το γαλάκτωμα υψηλής εσωτερικής φάσης (HIPE) αποδείχθηκε δύσκολο να ελεγχθεί. Η κατασκευή ενός πορώδους υποστηρίγματος καταλύτη (από Ni) με μεθόδους φωτολιθογραφίας ήταν επιτυχής. Ωστόσο, εξακολουθούν να υπάρχουν προβλήματα με την αφαίρεση του στηρίγματος που στηρίζει τη δομή Ni και την ευθραυστότητα του χρησιμοποιούμενου γυάλινου στηρίγματος.Ο σχηματισμός πορωδών υποστηριγμάτων Ni με ηλεκτρολυτική επιμετάλλωση μέσω μήτρας μικροσφαιρών αποδείχθηκε εφικτός. Ο καταλύτης εναποτέθηκε στο πορώδες υπόστρωμα Ni με τις μεθόδους παλμικής επιμετάλλωσης και ηλεκτροψεκασμού. Η δομή των σωματιδίων Pt που ελήφθησαν με ηλεκτρολυτική επιμετάλλωση εξαρτιόταν από τη μεταφορά φορτίου κατά τη διαδικασία ηλεκτροαπόθεσης.
Η επίδραση της περιβαλλοντικής επίδοσης στο κόστος δανεισμού
Authors: Μήτση Χρυσαυγή
Published: January 2025

Με κίνητρο την ανάγκη μετάβασης σε μια οικονομία χαμηλών εκπομπών άνθρακα και αναγνωρίζοντας τη συμβολή των τραπεζών στην προσπάθεια αυτή, στην παρούσα έρευνα εξετάζεται αν η αγορά κοινοπρακτικών δανείων λαμβάνει υπόψη την περιβαλλοντική επίδοση των δανειοληπτών κατά την τιμολόγηση των δανείων. Ειδικότερα, διερευνάται αν εναλλακτικές μετρήσεις της περιβαλλοντικής επίδοσης εκλαμβάνονται διαφορετικά από την αγορά κοινοπρακτικών δανείων, με βάση τον αντίκτυπο κάθε μέτρησης στο προφίλ κινδύνου του δανειολήπτη. Επιπλέον, εξετάζεται η ρυθμιστική επίδραση του κλάδου δραστηριότητας των δανειοληπτών, καθώς και της περιβαλλοντικής στάσης των τραπεζών στη σχέση της περιβαλλοντικής επίδοσης και του κόστους δανεισμού. Διερευνώντας τα ανωτέρω, αυξάνεται η υφιστάμενη γνώση αναφορικά με το πώς ο τρόπος μετάβασης σε μια οικονομία χαμηλών εκπομπών άνθρακα αποτυπώνεται στις περιβαλλοντικές γνωστοποιήσεις των δανειοληπτών και πώς επηρεάζει τον τρόπο λειτουργίας των τραπεζών. Στην έρευνα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δεδομένα πάνελ και μοντέλα παλινδρόμησης τυχαίων επιδράσεων. Τεκμηριώθηκε ότι οι περιβαλλοντικές βαθμολογίες επηρεάζουν (αρνητικά) τα περιθώρια επιτοκίων, ενώ οι εντάσεις άνθρακα δεν είναι ουσιαστικές για την τιμολόγηση του δανείου. Επιπλέον, διαπιστώθηκε ότι η περιβαλλοντική ευαισθησία του κλάδου δραστηριότητας των δανειοληπτών δεν επηρεάζει τα περιθώρια επιτοκίων, ενώ η περιβαλλοντική ευαισθητοποίηση των τραπεζών επιδρά στην εν λόγω σχέση. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, φάνηκε ότι οι περιβαλλοντικά υπεύθυνες τράπεζες χρεώνουν ακριβότερα περιθώρια επιτοκίων από τις υπόλοιπες, εκμεταλλευόμενες την εξειδικευμένη τους γνώση και την ανάγκη των δανειοληπτών για χρηματοδότηση. Επίσης, πραγματοποιήθηκαν ποικίλοι έλεγχοι ευρωστίας, συμπεριλαμβανομένων δύο σχεδόν φυσικών πειραμάτων προκειμένου να επικυρωθεί η σχέση αιτίου και αιτιατού, καθώς και πρόσθετες αναλύσεις προκειμένου να επιβεβαιωθούν τα αποτελέσματα της βασικής ανάλυσης. Συνολικά, τα αποτελέσματα υπογραμμίζουν την ανάγκη περαιτέρω διερεύνησης του τρόπου με τον οποίο οι τράπεζες αντιλαμβάνονται και χρησιμοποιούν τις περιβαλλοντικές πληροφορίες, καθώς και του τρόπου με τον οποίο η περιβαλλοντική λογιστική μπορεί να διευκολύνει την πρόσβαση των επιχειρήσεων στη χρηματοδότηση.
Η συμβίωση στην Ηλέκτρα του Ευριπίδη: Επεξεργασία μιας Διδακτικής Παρέμβασης
Authors: Χρήστου Μαρία , Λογοθέτου Μάρθα , Μάνθου Χρύσα
Published: January 2025

Στο παρόν άρθρο επιχειρείται να αναδειχθεί το διαχρονικό ζήτημα της συμβίωσης με κριτική ανάλυση μοτίβων της, όπως αυτά αναδύονται στην τραγωδία «Ηλέκτρα» του Ευριπίδη και με διασύνδεση μεταγενέστερων έργων τέχνης, μέσα από μια διδακτική παρέμβαση στην Ομάδα Αυτομόρφωσης της Ε.Ε.Ε.Ε. Αξιοποιείται μέρος της μεθόδου «Μετασχηματίζουσα Μάθηση μέσα από την Αισθητική Εμπειρία» και τεχνικές επεξεργασίας των έργων τέχνης οι οποίες αποσκοπούν στην ενίσχυση ανάδειξης συναισθημάτων, κριτικού στοχασμού και αυτό-στοχασμού των συμμετεχόντων κατά την προσέγγιση της τραγωδίας, τονίζοντας παράλληλα τη σημασία αξιοποίησής της στο εκπαιδευτικό πλαίσιο.
Diatom distribution and long-term survival in a heavily polluted sediment core from the Bay of Bagnoli (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)
Authors: PELUSI ANGELA , ROMERO MARTÍNEZ MARÍA LORENA , MULE APURVA , SCALCO ELEONORA , BARRENECHEA ANGELES INES , PIREDDA ROBERTA , KOOISTRA H.C.F. WIEBE , MONTRESOR MARINA , SARNO DIANA
Published: January 2025

Diatom resting stages can remain viable in sediments for decades and germinate when exposed to suitable environmental conditions, inoculating the water column and the surface sediments with new populations of cells. Classical methods, based on acid-cleaning of diatom frustules in sediment samples, do not discriminate between living and dead cells and may destroy the more fragile taxa. We used a metabarcoding dataset based on the V9 region of the 18S rRNA (20,602 reads, 102 diatom Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASV)) coupled with the Serial Dilution Culture method to assess diversity and viability of resting stages in a heavily polluted sediment core from the Bay of Bagnoli (Tyrrhenian Sea) spanning approximately two centuries. Our results indicate that planktonic centric diatoms dominated the sediment layers, but ASVs of benthic pennates were also present, especially in older layers. High densities (up to ~2·106 cells g-1 wet sediment) of viable cells were recorded in the surface layer (dated to 2013) for Nanofrustulum shiloi and for a small unidentified pennate diatom. Concentrations of living cells decreased towards older layers, but cultures of Chaetoceros curvisetus were still generated from a layer dated to 1954. Selected strains were characterized morphologically, in light and electron microscopy, and molecularly, confirming the records of N. shiloi, Psammogramma sp. and Plagiogramma sp. The results of our study highlight the capability of several centric and pennate diatom species to ‘rest’ alive in severely polluted sediments for decades. This calls for future studies aimed at understanding the mechanisms that regulate dormancy and the adaptation to harsh environmental conditions, which have potential biotechnological applications.
Spatial distribution and life history traits of two sympatric, cryptic species of sole in the Adriatic Sea basin
Authors: SABATINI LAURA , DONATO FORTUNATA , LA MESA MARIO , SCARCELLA GIUSEPPE , FANELLI EMANUELA
Published: January 2025

The common sole, Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758), one of the main fishery demersal resources in the Mediterranean, coexists in the Adriatic Sea with the Egyptian sole, Solea aegyptiaca (Chabanaud, 1927), which is a congeneric and cryptic species. This study, for the first time in this basin, investigated the spatial distribution of the Egyptian sole by combining all data available from fishery dependent and independent sampling activities and comparing certain life history traits of the two sole species. The Egyptian sole was common in the north-western coastal waters, with a concentration area of juveniles around the Po River mouth and larger individuals on medium sandy sediments associated with ancient delta systems in the central part of the Gulf of Venice. The hypothesis posits that these areas serve as essential habitats for the Egyptian sole. The two sole species exhibited similar characteristics, with positive allometric growth and sexual dimorphism. An analogous growth trend was observed during ontogeny, characterized by fast growth until the second year of life, with maximum size achievement starting from the third year of life. Both species have the potential to attain lifespans exceeding 10 years. All these analogies confirmed their classification as cryptic species. The hypothesis posits that the two species rely on olfactory sense rather than visual signals for intraspecific recognition. This study represents an initial endeavor to elucidate the characterizing traits and habits that enable these two sibling soles to coexist as distinct species, thereby providing useful information to support resource assessment and management in the Adriatic Sea.
Αντιλήψεις μελλοντικών εκπαιδευτικών για τις ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας
Authors: Γκόντας Παναγιώτης , Γαβρίλας Λεωνίδας , Κώτσης Κωνσταντίνος
Published: January 2025

Τα τελευταία χρόνια ιδιαίτερο επιστημονικό ενδιαφέρον έχουν αποκτήσει θέματα σχετικά με το περιβάλλον και ειδικότερα με τις ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας που εμφανίζονται ως η τεχνικά πιο αποτελεσματική λύση στο ενεργειακό πρόβλημα τουπλανήτη. Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η μελέτη της επίδρασης του Τμήματος σπουδών στις ιδέες φοιτητών σε ζητήματα σχετικά με τις ήπιες μορφές ενέργειας και να παρουσιάσει πιθανές εναλλακτικές ιδέες τους στο συγκεκριμένο θέμα. Στη μελέτη συμμετείχαν 407 φοιτητές Τμήματος Φυσικής και Παιδαγωγικού Τμήματος Δημοτικής Εκπαίδευσης. Η συλλογή των δεδομένων πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη χρήση ερωτηματολογίου κλειστού τύπου. Τα αποτελέσματα της στατιστικής ανάλυσης αναδεικνύουν την ουσιαστική επίδραση του Τμήματος σπουδών σε θέματα ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας, καθώς και στη διαμόρφωση εναλλακτικών ιδεών.
Pythagorean fuzzy deductive system of BCL-algebra
Authors: Biabeyin Asmamaw Abebe , Alaba Berhanu Assaye , Wondifraw Yohannes Gedamu
Published: January 2025

Background The deductive system of BCL-algebra has not been thoroughly explored, and its fuzzification remains undefined. This study aims to the association of this gap by introducing a fuzzy extension of the deductive system of BCL-algebra using Pythagorean fuzzy sets. Methods We define a Pythagorean fuzzy set as a pair of membership and non-membership functions, where the sum of their squares lies between 0 and 1. These functions are used to extend the classical deductive system of BCL-algebra, allowing for reasoning based on fuzzy degrees. The system incorporates fuzzy operations such as union, intersection, and complement, while maintaining the structure of BCL-algebra. We also introduce key components such as the accuracy function, score function, degree of indeterminacy, and square deviation to measure the certainty, truth, uncertainty, and deviation of fuzzy sets. Results We prove that the intersection of two Pythagorean fuzzy deductive systems remains a valid Pythagorean fuzzy deductive system within BCL-algebra. However, we show that the union of such systems does not necessarily form a valid fuzzy deductive system. The study also provides detailed proofs using induction, logical derivations, and algebraic techniques. Conclusion The results disclose that while the intersection of Pythagorean fuzzy deductive systems preserves the system's structure, the union does not, offering new insights into the behavior and limitations of fuzzy systems in BCL-algebra.
Case Report: Surgical and cultural approaches to managing hematocolpos in adolescents: A Tunisian case report with video insights
Authors: Cheikh Mohamed Chayma , Ghaddab Imen , Barouni Rihab , Medemagh Malak , Ben Ali Yasmine , Hammadi Jawaher , Alouani Sana , Ben Ali Nesrine , Gharbi Nedra , Ben Abedelhafidh Hiba , Mahfoudhi Thana , Grissa Imen , Bergaoui Haifa , Haddad Anis
Published: January 2025

Hematocolpos is a gynecological disorder characterized by the accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina due to anatomical obstruction, often resulting from an imperforate hymen (IH), the most common etiology in approximately 90% of cases. This condition can remain undiagnosed until adolescence, when menarche triggers clinical symptoms such as cyclical lower abdominal pain, primary amenorrhea, and in severe cases, a rapidly enlarging pelvic mass. Complications may include urinary retention, constipation, and infection if not promptly treated. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to prevent long-term consequences such as endometriosis, retrograde menstruation, and infertility. In Tunisia, the hymen holds significant cultural and social value, symbolizing virginity and moral purity, complicating the surgical management of hematocolpos. This case report discusses the surgical and cultural considerations involved in the treatment of a 13-year-old Tunisian girl diagnosed with hematocolpos. A hymen-sparing hymenotomy was selected, preserving the hymenal ring while creating an adequate orifice for menstrual flow, ensuring a balance between medical treatment and cultural sensitivities. The procedure, which included drainage of 600 ml of retained blood and meticulous suturing to maintain the hymen’s appearance, was successful. The patient experienced regular menstrual cycles and expressed satisfaction with the outcome 12 months postoperatively. This case highlights the importance of providing culturally sensitive care in regions where the hymen holds symbolic value. Virginity-sparing surgical techniques offer a suitable approach that addresses both medical and social concerns, ensuring patient well-being while respecting cultural beliefs.
Radiofrequency thermocoagulation of Gasserian ganglion in trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Rulewska Natalia Maria , Grabowski Filip , Neska Dagmara , Siemko Jakub , Prystacka-Szar Dominika , Stadler-Szajda Justyna , Czyżnikiewicz Adrianna , Stołowski Wenancjusz , Bujak Magdalena , Waśniowska Magdalena , Chodkowski Jakub
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a form of neuropathic pain that targets the fifth cranial nerve, leading to intense facial pain that can significantly impact one’s quality of life. This condition typically manifests as recurring episodes of sharp, unilateral pain along one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve.The exact mechanism of trigeminal neuralgia  remains largely unknown. Most pain attacks are triggered by certain stimuli in the areas served by the trigeminal nerve. One possible treatment approach for trigeminal neuralgia is radiofrequency thermocoagulation.
Aim: The aim of this article is to explore the underlying mechanisms of trigeminal neuralgia and assess the effectiveness of treating it through radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion.
Review methods: A comprehensive analysis of research papers available on PubMed and Google Scholar was undertaken using the searchterms encompassing the following keywords: trigeminal neuralgia / Gasserian ganglion radiofrequency thermal therapy/ radiofrequency thermal coagulation/ radiofrequency trigeminal rhizotomy/ trigeminal neuralgia mechanism.
Conclusion: The exact mechanisms behind trigeminal neuralgia are still unclear, but several theories suggest that factors such as inflammation, ion channel dysfunction, neuroinflammatory conditions, or bioresonance issues may be involved. Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation (RFT) has proven to be an effective option for easing pain in individuals suffering from Trigeminal Neuralgia. Research indicates that RFT not only significantly reduces pain initially but also provides a prolonged period of relief post-procedure. The temperature achieved during radiofrequency treatments is a key factor in determining the effectiveness of RFT.
Detecting Multiple Changepoints by Exploiting Their Spatiotemporal Correlations: A Bayesian Hierarchical Approach
Authors: Chen Xian , Huang Kun , Wu Weichi , Jiang Hai
Published: January 2025

Capturing the nonstationarity of spatiotemporal data over time via changepoints has received increasing attention in various research fields. Although extensive studies have been conducted to investigate changepoint detection with spatiotemporal data, research on detecting multiple clusters of spatiotemporally correlated changepoints has remained unexplored. In this paper, we propose a multilayer Bayesian hierarchical model: The first layer uncovers the spatiotemporal correlations of changepoints based on multiple propagation binary variables, which describe the occurrences of change propagations. The second and third layers compose nonhomogeneous hidden Markov models to capture time series data and their state sequences, in which changes of states signify changepoints. We perform Bayesian inference for changepoints and change propagations via a forward-backward algorithm that combines recursion and Gibbs sampling. Based on the experiments with simulated data, we show that our method significantly improves the detection accuracy toward spatiotemporally correlated changepoints. A real-world application to bike-sharing data also demonstrates the effectiveness of our method. This research has significant relevance to companies operating systems across geographical regions, as it enables a more robust understanding of emerging trends and shifts in spatiotemporal data.

Funding: Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 12271287, 72361137005, and 72401177] is gratefully acknowledged.

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ijds.2024.0030 .
‘Choosing Tuesday’: establishing and sustaining regular clinical supervision in advanced nursing practice
Authors: Smith Olivia , Graham Victoria , Feeney Aoife
Published: January 2025

Clinical supervision is a valued learning tool for student nurses; however, there is a paucity of description around real-time experience of clinical supervision among qualified advanced nurse practitioners. Many qualified nurses claim delays in engaging with clinical supervision may be caused by staff shortages, time constraints, workload in busy clinical environments, or a reticence to engage in discussions that might reveal shortcomings in knowledge or practical skills. This article reviews a process of monthly clinical supervision that has been conducted among a group of qualified emergency department advanced nurse practitioners for 25 years. Enablers and challenges are identified, as are changes to nursing practices that emerged from the sessions. Many benefits are identified, both for patient care and for nurse satisfaction. These positive aspects appear to sustain a regular clinical supervision process and offset any challenges and pitfalls. Resilience and commitment to the process are paramount to its success.
In vitro evaluation of synbiotics combinations of different inulin concentrations and multi-strains probiotics based on microbial growth and digestive enzymes production
Authors: MOHAMMED AYMAN ALAMEEN , ASLAMYAH SITI , ZAINUDDIN ZAINUDDIN , DJAWAD MUHAMMAD IQBAL
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Mohammed AA, Aslamyah S, Zainuddin, Djawad MI. 2024. In vitro evaluation of synbiotics combinations of different inulin concentrations and multi-strains probiotics based on microbial growth and digestive enzymes production. Biodiversitas 25: 3693-3702. This study aimed to isolate and characterize inulin from sweet potatoes, and to determine the best synbiotics combination between inulin and multi-strains probiotics (MSP) (Bacillus spp., Rhizopus sp., and Saccharomyces sp.) using an in vitro methods. In the first phase, inulin was extracted using two methods, namely rotary evaporator and freeze-dryer, and subsequently characterized through fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). The results showed that freeze-dryer was more effective compared to evaporator method. In the second phase, an in vitro method was used to evaluate the effect of inulin concentrations (0, 1, 3, and 5 mL), type of medium (nutrient agar (NA), potato dextrose agar (PDA)), and incubation time (24 and 48 hours) on MSP growth by measuring microbial growth and digestive enzymes production. The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in microbial growth based on inulin concentration and incubation time. Higher inulin concentrations led to increased growth of all probiotics strains compared to lower concentrations in both media. In addition, the 48-hour incubation time generally led to a higher microbial growth compared to 24 hours. The findings of this study also showed distinct patterns in the production of protease and amylase enzymes, with higher doses of inulin fostering protease production and lower doses being more conducive to amylase production.
Diversity and distribution trends of bats along elevation and habitat gradients in Mount Tuminungan, Bukidnon, Philippines
Authors: LAMA JOE MERFURT N. , CABALLERO ELBERT B. , MACEDA JUSTIN N. , OMANDAM JUNEL E. , MONDEJAR EDDIE P.
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Lama JMN, Caballero EB, Maceda JN, Omandam JE, Mondejar EP. 2024. Diversity and distribution trends of bats along elevation and habitat gradients in Mount Tuminungan, Bukidnon, Philippines. Biodiversitas 25: 3728-3738. Chiropterans are considered as bioindicators due to their sensitivity to changes in their immediate environment. With climate change threats getting more severe, data on how elevation and different habitats affect bat diversity is very important in predicting and monitoring the probable upslope relocation of bat species. Hence, this study aims to examine the species diversity of bats at various elevations and habitat gradients in the Daraghuyan ancestral domain at Sitio Damitan in Barangay Dalwangan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Philippines. Mist netting was used to sample bats in five sampling sites within the area, covering an elevation spectrum from 1525 to 1796 masl and habitat ranging from a mixed agroecosystem (MAE), forest patches within the agroecosystem (FPA), secondary montane forest to mossy forest. This study recorded six species of bats (n=392 individuals), predominantly Pteropodidae, with the additional record of population size, distribution and extent of occurrence of Alionycteris paucidentata Kock 1969 within Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park (MKRNP). Sampling site 1b (FPA) had the highest relative abundance (33.42%) and bat diversity (H’=1.346) while Site 2, an intact lower montane forest (LMF), had highest species richness (n=5). Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and GIS mapping showed several variables (i.e., elevation, vegetation, and geographical characteristic) with significant associations with bat occurrence and abundance. This study emphasizes the role of the Daraghuyan ancestral domain as one of the important habitats for bats in Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park.
Histological description of hepatopancreas in spiny lobster (Panulirus penicillatus) and bamboo lobster (Panulirus versicolor) in Sabang Waters, Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: ABBAS MUHAMMADAR ABDULLAH , IQBAL MUHAMMAD , FIRDUS FIRDUS , SARI WIDYA , PUTRA DEDI FAZRIANSYAH
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Abbas MA, Iqbal M, Firdus F, Sari W, Putra DF. 2024. Histological description of hepatopancreas in spiny lobster (Panulirus penicillatus) and bamboo lobster (Panulirus versicolor) in Sabang Waters, Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3739-3749. This study aimed to analyze the histology of the hepatopancreas in two lobster species, Panulirus penicillatus (Olivier, 1791) and Panulirus versicolor (Latreille, 1804), originating from Sabang waters. The primary objectives were to identify and compare the cellular composition and structural differences within the hepatopancreas of both species and to understand how these differences might reflect adaptations to their distinct local environments and dietary conditions. The histological analysis was conducted on the hepatopancreas of 10 specimens from each species using the paraffin section method and Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining. The results showed striking differences in the tubule cells between the two species. In P. penicillatus, B-cells were found to be more dominant, whereas in P. versicolor, F-cells were more prevalent. Additionally, the study observed significant variations in the size and arrangement of the Tubules, as well as the distribution of different cell types within the hepatopancreas. These differences likely reflect adaptations to their distinct local environments and dietary conditions in Sabang waters. The hepatopancreas, a vital organ for digestion, nutrient absorption, and detoxification, showed distinct histological features in the two lobster species. Understanding these variations provides valuable insights into their biological and physiological adaptations. The research highlights the importance of species-specific studies to comprehend the ecological and physiological adaptations of marine organisms. Furthermore, these findings have significant practical implications for the management and cultivation of these lobster species. By understanding the histological differences and their underlying causes, better strategies can be developed for the conservation and sustainable exploitation of these valuable marine resources. The study underscores the role of histological analysis in assessing the health and condition of lobster populations, which is crucial for effective management.
Growth performance and starch yield potential of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) from various locations in Thailand
Authors: IEAMKHENG SUPAPORN , SANTIBENCHAKUL SOMTOP , POONPAERDCHON SUPATTRA , SOEM BUNNY , SOOKSAWAT NAJJAPAK
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Ieamkheng S, Santibenchakul S, Poonpaerdchon S, Soem B, Sooksawat N. 2024. Growth performance and starch yield potential of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) from various locations in Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 3750-3757. Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) is a tuberous type of medicinal that has high starch quality and good health benefits. This research studied the yield and growth characteristics of arrowroot samples from different 5 accessions in Thailand, along with their important properties for commercial use. Samples were collected from 5 field crops in Thailand: Tha Maka District, Kanchanaburi Province (Th-T-K); Sai Yok District, Kanchanaburi Province (Th-Sy-K); Ratchaburi Province (Th-RB); Chanthaburi Province (Th-Chan), and Sa Kaeo Province (Th-SK). The growth rate and yield of Thai arrowroot at 3, 6, and 9 months after planting were evaluated and the starch was extracted and characterized. During 3 months, there was only growth with no tuber yield; at 6 months, the arrowroot from Th-Sy-K had the highest growth rate and yield. The highest yields were at 9 months after planting, with the tuber weight per clump in the range of 596-2,980 g that produced 121.8-150.8 g of starch (8-10% yield). DNA fingerprinting analysis and the molecular study indicated no variation among the 5 accessions of arrowroot, indicating the uniformity and reliability of the samples. The results of the nutritional composition, the amounts of carbohydrates and amylose in the Th-Sy-K and Th-RB samples tended to increase with plant growth. At the same time, other contents, namely moisture, and lipid, decreased. The main component of the arrowroot starch was carbohydrate (87-91%), and the 9-month starch had high viscosity and heat-resistant values. In conclusion, arrowroot starch showed potential as a novel raw material for application in the food industry and possibly in cosmetic and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Influencing the environmental factors on the abundance of puerulus Panulirus homarus in the Mentawai Islands, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: SUPARNO SUPARNO , YUSRA YUSRA , LUBIS AMELIA SRIWAHYUNI , VIZA AIDY FITRI YUSEN
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Suparno, Yusra, Lubis AS, Viza AFY. 2024. Influencing the environmental factors on the abundance of puerulus Panulirus homarus in the Mentawai Islands, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3758-3767. The lobster puerulus, the final larval stage of the spiny lobster, is significantly influenced by environmental factors, making it crucial for sustainable aquaculture development. This study aimed to analyze how these factors affect the abundance of puerulus Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Mentawai Islands, West Sumatra, Indonesia has practical implications for aquaculture. A one-way analysis of variance revealed that the temporal period significantly impacts the abundance of puerulus P. homarus (P<0.05). In February (west season), the abundance was not significantly different from April (transition season I), but both differed significantly from June (east season). The highest abundance occurred in June (33.8±4.21 ind/trip), followed by April (27.00±5.00 ind/trip) and February (23.20±2.22 ind/trip). Regression analysis showed that temperature (R²=0.8111), salinity (R²=0.5158), and phosphate (R²=0.5492) strongly correlated with puerulus abundance. In contrast, chlorophyll-a (R²=0.2236), nitrate (R²=0.4136), and sea current velocity (R²=0.0223) were less significant. These results emphasize the importance of temperature, salinity, and phosphate as key factors influencing puerulus distribution, providing valuable insights for sustainable aquaculture. Environmental parameters were observed using Aqua Modis satellite imagery. They included Sea Surface Temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a concentration, and current velocity, showing a good correlation with field measurements from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMs).
First record of Onuphis eremita (Onuphidae: Annelida) from Buntal Beach, Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: MOHAMAD FATIMAH A’TIRAH , AMRAN AIMAN AMANINA
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Mohamad FA, Amran AA. 2024. First record of Onuphis eremita (Onuphidae: Annelida) from Buntal Beach, Sarawak, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 25: 3768-3774. Since the early 1990s, much research on polychaetes has been conducted across various regions in Malaysia, particularly in Peninsular region, leading to the discovery of numerous new species record. A comprehensive inventory of polychaete species in Malaysia documents records from 1866 to 2013, revealing a total of 57 species in a revised checklist. However, studies focusing on coastal habitats in East Malaysia have been limited, particularly those identifying species at the lowest taxonomic level. This study presents the discovery of a new intertidal species of the family Onuphidae, Onuphis eremita Audouin and Milne- Edwards 1833, which has been newly recorded from South China Sea, specifically in the Buntal Beach, the eastern coast of East Malaysia. The identification is based on the analysis of 19 specimens collected from Buntal Beach, Santubong, Sarawak. These specimens were found in soft sediments characterized primarily by fine sand. Notably, the specimens exhibit large and vividly colored chaetae, which serve as critical identification features. The morphological characteristics of the Malaysian specimens align closely with previous descriptions of O. eremita, confirming their classification. Additionally, the pseudocompound hooks of the specimens display tridentate tips, consistent with earlier descriptions of the species. To enhance understanding, this study includes illustrations and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of O. eremita, providing valuable visual references for future research. This finding not only contributes to the existing knowledge of polychaete diversity in Malaysia but also highlights the need for further exploration of coastal ecosystems in East Malaysia.
Diversity of flora and fauna in various forest ecosystem types of South Sorong District, Southwest Papua Province, Indonesia
Authors: LENSE OBED N. , WANMA JIMMY F. , KESAULIJA FRANCINA F. , MANSYUR FADHILAH I. , RACHIM ARMANSYAH K. , KREY KELIOPAS , WANMA BEATRIX , KESAULIJA REYNOLD , SIMANJORANG DINOSIUS , SIMBIAK FIKTOR
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Lense ON, Wanma JF, Kesaulija FF, Mansyur FI, Rachim AK, Krey K, Wanma B, Kesaulija R, Simanjorang D, Simbiak F. 2024. Diversity of flora and fauna in various forest ecosystem types of South Sorong District, Southwest Papua Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3884-3898. The distribution of unspoiled natural conditions, uniqueness, and high biodiversity are not limited to conservation areas but also to production and protected forest areas and other land use areas in Southwest Papua Province, Indonesia. These forest ecosystems have high flora, fauna, and areas that are priority animal pockets whose home ranges reach and enter essential ecosystem areas. However, the need for such diverse information has been an issue in this region. Hence, a diversity study of vegetation, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and butterflies in various ecosystem types is needed. The six types of ecosystems, namely the alluvial lowland forest of Nakna, the lowland karst forest of Boldon, the lowland limestone forest of Wara, the alluvial swamp forest of Konda, the peat swamp forest of Nakna, and the mangrove forest of Konda, were targeted. The line-plotted method was used for vegetation. Direct observation on a 1,500 m line transect, the point count method, and the Visual Encounter Survey were employed to collect data from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and butterflies. Results indicated that the lowland limestone forest of Nakna and the lowland karst forest of Boldon consisted of the highest number of trees (532 and 373 trees ha-1, respectively), species (56 and 52 species ha-1, respectively) per unit area. Unique and endemic orchid species, including Dendrobium transversilobum J.J.Sm. and Bulbophyllum septemtrionale (J.J.Sm.) J.J.Sm., also exist in this region, adding to the wonder of the region's biodiversity. The research also discovered a total of 9 species of mammals, 52 species from 25 families of birds, 39 species of reptiles and amphibians, of which species Litoria sanguinolenta (Van Kampen, 1909) is a new record to the region and 58 species of day butterflies from the Papilonoidea superfamily. Several key species of flora and fauna in this region require special attention as they are in alert status, which may require intervention to maintain their existence in nature so that they do not disappear or even become extinct.
Phylogenetic relationship of local rice from Central Java, Indonesia with Pokkali variety based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers
Authors: FAUZIAH QORI NUR , PURWANTO EDI , RAHAYU MUJI
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Fauziah QN, Purwanto E, Rahayu M. 2024. Phylogenetic relationship of local rice from Central Java, Indonesia with Pokkali variety based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers. Biodiversitas 25: 3965-3973. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major food crop in Asia particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change, with drought being a significant threat to productivity, potentially reducing yields by up to 50%. Indonesia is the largest producer of rice in Asia, with Central Java contributing up to 18% of the total, but the production of high-yielding varieties remains constrained. The objective of plant breeding is to ensure the sustainability of rice production by developing superior varieties. Therefore, this study aimed to develop local Central Java rice varieties tolerant to drought using the unique identification power of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers. The potential impact of this research is the development of drought-tolerant rice varieties that could significantly improve rice production in Central Java. The experiment was conducted in Karanganyar and at the UGM campus, comprising several stages, including isolation, DNA amplification, and sequencing analysis. The results showed that based on sequencing analysis using BLAST, SNP was present in both the control and local rice varieties. The sequencing results were analysed for phylogenetic relationship using MEGA 11, showing thatPutih Mutiara (Klaten), Merah Sengreng (Boyolali), and Merah Wangi (Klaten) had the closest evolutionary relationship, and the most identical genetic structure to Pokkali varietycompared to the two controls (IR64 and Ciherang), and three local rice varieties namely Putih Mentikwangi (Karanganyar), Hitam Mutiara (Karanganyar), and Hitam Cempo (Boyolali).
Response of transgenic tobacco with P5CS gene expression to polyethylene glycol-induced drought stress
Authors: RIDUAN AHMAD , SANTOSO DJOKO , SUDARSONO SUDARSONO
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Riduan A, Santoso D, Sudarsono. 2024. Response of transgenic tobacco with P5CS gene expression to polyethylene glycol-induced drought stress. Biodiversitas 25: 3974-3984. Drought stress, a significant obstacle in plant growth and production, can be effectively addressed with the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG). This treatment has shown promise in screening plant germplasm responses to drought stress. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of stress due to PEG treatment at 0%, 5%, or 10% concentration on growth, leaf proline content, and their correlation to stress responses in the T1 seedlings derived from five T0 transgenic Gombel Shili (GS) tobacco P5CS. Positive results of total nucleic acid PCR analysis in T1 seedling populations derived from each of the T0 plants indicated that the regenerated T0 plants were transgenic tobacco integrating P5CS transgene. Results of the experiment revealed that the effects of stress due to PEG treatment indicated stress due to PEG treatment (5% or 10%) reduced the growth plants of all tobacco plants. The stress sensitivity index categorized the T1 plants P5CS transgenic GS tobacco into tolerance, medium tolerance, and sensitivity against PEG-induced stress. Notably, the T1 plants P5CS transgenic GS tobacco exhibited better growth with higher plant height, leaf, biomass, and root dry weight compared to non-transgenic tobacco under stress and non-stress conditions. The over-expression of the P5CS gene led to a significant increase in leaf proline content after drought stress was observed in all transgenic tobacco compared to non-transgenic tobacco.
Short Communication: First report on the occurrence of microplastic contamination in mariculture Eucheuma cottonii from Lancang Island, Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: CHAM MBARA , YASMAN YASMAN
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Cham M, Yasman Y. 2024. Short Communication: First report on the occurrence of microplastic contamination in mariculture Eucheuma cottonii from Lancang Island, Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3995-3999. Microplastics (MPs) contamination in marine environments significantly threatens marine ecosystems and human health. This study presents the first recorded occurrence of MP contamination in the macroalga Eucheuma cottonii Weber Bosse, 1913, specifically in samples collected from Lancang Island, Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Jakarta, Indonesia. Fibrous blue MPs, measuring approximately 400 µm, were identified in two samples, each weighing 15 g (wet weight). This finding aligns with previous studies reporting fibrous MPs as the global contaminants in macroalgal populations. Despite the similarity, our findings contrast with those from nearby regions, where fragment MPs were observed as the most abundant form. The interaction between MPs and macroalgae is influenced by factors such as surface texture, chemical composition, and the presence of mucilage. Additionally, MPs have been shown to impact macroalgal health, reducing growth rates and photosynthetic efficiency and increasing oxidative stress, highlighting the need for further research. Considering E. cottonii as an edible macroalga and a critical habitat provider in marine ecosystems, regular monitoring of MPs contamination is essential. This research contributes to a broader investigation of MP contamination, growth patterns, and secondary metabolite production in macroalgae under different cultivation techniques, underscoring the importance of sustainable practices in marine resource management.
Species diversity and the spread of invasive fish in the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: HAQQI MUHAMMAD RAHARDIAN ADILA , SHOLICHAH DAMAYANTI MIFTACHUS , ARMANDO MUHAMMAD FADHILLAH , SANI MUHAMMAD FAJAR , APRIANTO MUHAMMAD KUKUH , DEWANGGA ARU , YAP CHEE KONG , DADIONO MUH. SULAIMAN , SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Haqqi MRA, Sholichah DM, Armando MF, Sani MF, Aprianto MK, Dewangga A, Yap CK, Dadiono MS, Setyawan AD. 2024. Species diversity and the spread of invasive fish in the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4000-4010. Bengawan Solo is the largest and longest river in Java, Indonesia, and has a major role in supporting the life of communities around it. To understand the quality of the Bengawan Solo River environment, the study can be done from physical, chemical, and biological aspects. This research was carried out to inventory the species and the spread of invasive fish found in the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia. This research was conducted from November to December 2023 and settled on 5 sampling stations located on main body of Bengawan Solo River, including (i) northern spillway of Gajah Mungkur Reservoir, Wonogiri, (ii) Colo Reservoir, Sukoharjo, (iii) Demangan Floodgate, Surakarta, (iv) Tlumpuk, Karanganyar, and (v) Jati, Sragen. Data collection was performed using Visual Encounter Survey (VES) and direct catch with several fishing tools, collected species identified using iNaturalist, and several books such as Jenis Ikan Introduksi dan Invasif Asing di Indonesia, Ikan Air Tawar di Ekosistem Bukit Tigapuluh, Ensiklopedia Populer Ikan Air Tawar, and Baku Saku Pengolah Data Jenis Ikan. Identification also carried out by interviewing local people at study area location to match out vernacular names. The results showed 20 species of fish from 12 families were found, dominated by Cyprinidae. The most fish captured is tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), which can be obtained from all the sampling stations. A species with high conservation status according to IUCN Red List was also found, namely Rasbora lateristriata with Vulnerable (VU) status. As many as 6 species discovered were categorized as invasive, including snakehead fish (Channa striata), red devil fish (Amphilophus citrinellus), tilapia (O. niloticus), catfish (Clarias gariepinus), sailfin catfish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis), and guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Their invasive characteristics are usually due to their predatory trait, well adaptability, and high population. The introduction of invasive fish in the Upper Bengawan Solo River was caused by several reasons, such as intentional release for stocking population, escaping fish from nearby farms, and wild releases from fish keepers.