bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prematurity does not markedly affect intestinal sensitivity to endotoxins and feeding in pigs
Authors: Bering Stine B. , Bai Shiping , Zhang Keying , Sangild Per T.
Published: December 2011

Preterm neonates show enhanced sensitivity to nutrient maldigestion and bacteria-mediated gut inflammatory disorders, such as necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). We hypothesised that preterm birth increases the sensitivity of intestinal nutrient absorption to endotoxins and that feeding after birth reduces this response. Hence, we investigated the postnatal development of nutrient digestive and absorptive capacity in the preterm and term pig intestine, and its responsiveness to endotoxins. Pigs were delivered by caesarean section at preterm (n 20) or term (n 17) gestation, and the small intestine was collected at birth or after 2 d of colostrum feeding, followed by ex vivo stimulation with lipopolysaccharide endotoxins and mixed gut contents collected from pigs with NEC. Brush border enzyme activities were reduced in newborn preterm v. term pigs (39–45 % reduction, P < 0·05), but normalised after 2 d of feeding. Ex vivo leucine and glucose uptake increased with prenatal age. Bacterial stimulation reduced the nutrient uptake similarly at birth and after 2 d in preterm and term pigs (23–41 % reduction, P < 0·05), whereas IL-6 and TNF-α expression was stimulated only at birth. Toll-like receptor-4 expression increased markedly at day 2 for preterm and term pigs (22–33-fold, P < 0·05) but with much lower expression levels in newborn preterm pigs (approximately 95 %, P < 0·01). In conclusion, digestive and absorptive functions mature in the prenatal period, but are similarly affected by postnatal feeding and bacterial exposure in both preterm and term pigs. Nutrient maldigestion may contribute to NEC development, while a prematurity-related hyper-responsiveness to endotoxins could be less important, at least in pigs.
Addendum to p. 243 (Lesbian εἴκοιστοѕ)
Authors: Buck C. D.
Published: December 2011

Lesbian εἴκοιστοѕ is now supplemented by τριάκοιστοѕ and ⋯ξήκοιστοѕ, which occur in a Lesbian inscription found at Delos, just published in Bull. Corr. Hell. xxix. p. 210 ff.
1.—The Inception and Significance of the Challenger Expedition.
Authors: Yonge Maurice
Published: December 2011

Knowledge concerning the sea and what lives within it has inevitably grown very gradually. This alien, darkly obscure medium was a supreme mystery to early man who sought food from it but seldom, except by accident, passed in his primitive vessel beyond the reassuring sight of land. For western man, the beginnings of knowledge came largely from the Mediterranean basin and chiefly from the Greeks, who first sought for answers to the problems of the Universe within the nature of what the Universe was composed. In this connection we need look only very briefly at the work of one person, Aristotle. His Meteorologica, although owing much to earlier authors, represents the first comprehensive attempt to explain the major problems of physical oceanography. It is concerned with salinity—then thought to be highest at the surface—with water movements including waves, and with the relation of the sea to rivers and to the atmosphere as well as to the possibilities of some subterranean source of water. To these was added the more recently encountered problem of tides, effectively absent in the Mediterranean but encountered in the Indian Ocean by the soldiers of Alexander the Great and then in the Atlantic by the explorer Pytheas.
16.—Soviet Investigations of Natural Radionuclides in Marine and Ocean Sediments.
Authors: Baturin G. N. , Dyina T. D. , Popov N. I.
Published: December 2011

The Challenger Expedition inaugurated the beginning of a thorough study of all chemical elements in marine and ocean sediments. The first determinations of radioactive elements in ocean sediments (Joly 1908) attracted scientific attention because the behaviour of these elements in the natural environment may be used as a measure of some processes occurring in the sea.
19.—Les étapes du développement de la Géologie sous-marine. Appareils et méthodes, cartes.
Authors: Dangeard Par L.
Published: December 2011

La Géologie sous-marine est devenue une branche importante de l'Océanographie. Elle a naturellement ses methodes propres, mais son développement a toujours été lie à celui des autres Sciences de la mer et, aussi, à celui des Sciences appliquees. Actuellement les géologues disposent de navires nombreux, d'engins et d'appareils modernes, perfectionnés et … coûteux. Ils ont entrepris de dresser des cartes géologiques au voisinage des côtes et, plus loin, sur la marge continentale. Us explorent meme la structure géologique des grands fonds.
29.—Four Late Nineteenth-century Expeditions organised by the Royal Irish Academy
Authors: Went Arthur E. J.
Published: December 2011

The Royal Irish Academy, founded in the year 1785, is Ireland's leading learned society. Since its foundation it has contributed greatly to Irish scholarship and culture through a wide range of activities, including the publication of work in many fields of human endeavour. These activities are probably well known, but the fact that the Academy organised a number of valuable marine explorations in the last two decades of last century is less well known.
31.—Development of Methods for Optimum Ship Routing
Authors: Livshits V. M.
Published: December 2011

Throughout this paper optimum ship routing will mean the route, optimum from the viewpoint of a criterion, such as minimum crossing time ensuring the greatest possible safety, fuel saving, etc.

The term ‘method of choice’ can be interpreted in two ways. On the one hand, it includes the amount of data (and the form of their representation) on the basis of which the choice is made. On the other hand, it implies the instruments used, whether it be intuition or strict mathematical calculations.

The term 'method of choice' can be interpreted in two ways. On the one hand, it includes the amount of data (and the form of their representation) on the basis of which the choice is made. On the other hand, it implies the instruments used, whether it be intuition or strict mathematical calculations.
33.—A Review of the Branching of the Gulf Stream System
Authors: Mann C. R.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The surveys of temperature and salinity that have led to the concept that the Gulf Stream splits into branches are reviewed, beginning with the survey made by Helland-Hansen on board the Michael Sars in 1910. The system of currents, or branches, between the Newfoundland Banks and the Mid- Atlantic deduced by the different investigations from charts of temperature, or by dynamic computation, are not all compatible. There is good evidence that part of the Gulf Stream turns south-east after passing the Newfoundland Banks and part turns north to become the North Atlantic Current. Both these currents are boundaries between water masses in the upper layer of the ocean. The evidence for permanent currents other than these two is conflicting.
34.—Historical Evolution of Modern Oceanography towards Largescale Physical Experiments in the Ocean
Authors: Brekhovskikh Academician L. M. , Fedorov K. N. , Fomin L. M. , Yampolsky A. D.
Published: December 2011

In the early period of its development oceanography could not escape the reconnaisance stage and it was preoccupied with the accumulation of a wide range of observations. Fifty to seventy years ago information on the structure and specific features of the ocean was so scarce that any measurement, whether it be temperature or salinity at a given depth or any other parameter, was regarded by scientists as a revelation close to a scientific achievement. At this period the state of theoretical knowledge was not at a stage to formulate any definite demands towards oceanic measurements—there was a need to measure and describe all events and parameters with maximal precision and in the greatest detail.
46.—Oceanography in Scottish Sea Lochs and Estuaries in the Nineteenth and early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Milne P. H.
Published: December 2011

The tradition of oceanographical research was established in Scotland, more especially in Edinburgh, in the mid-nineteenth century.

The earliest observations to be made in coastal waters in Scotland are attributed to Robert Stevenson when in 1812 he carried out a survey of the Dee at Aberdeen (Stevenson 1872). He found that while there was an outward upper current of fresh water there was also an inward undercurrent of salt water, which gave rise to the tidal rise and fall in the river. This may be the first recorded example of salt-water density wedge penetration into estuarine waters.
The History of Tidal Predictions in the United Kingdom before the Twentieth Century.
Authors: Rossiter J. R.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The relationship between the scientist for whom the theory of tides has always offered a fertile field for academic research, and the practical man whose operational need for tide tables has seldom coincided with the desire to seek a full understanding of tidal phenomena, have played a fundamental role in the development of accurate tidal predictions.

Until the last decade, without the sympathetic collaboration of the scientist, the intelligent mariner was rarely able to satisfy the more demanding of his own requirements for tidal forecasts; academic dilettantism was (and still is) of little use to him. In the United Kingdom, the earliest recorded efforts, those of John Wallingford, Abbott of St Albans in the thirteenth century, were only intermittently improved, as for example by John Flamstead during the seventeenth century, until the full potential of Isaac Newton's work on gravitational theory was utilised systematically by Sir Joshua Lubbock, Lord Kelvin and Sir George Darwin in the second half of the nineteenth century. The extension and refinement of the framework of applied theory so formed was then taken over by A. T. Doodson until the dawn of the digital computation revolution just over a decade ago.

The nature, scope and quality of tidal predictions over the centuries have seen many changes in response to demands for improvement, which are as pressing today as at any time in the past. Perhaps the most remarkable feature of this trend has been the way in which the development of techniques for observing tidal variations—the raw material from which predictions are derived—has failed to keep pace with advances in theory, computational techniques and practical usage.
On the Beginnings of the Oldest Descriptions and Sea-charts by Seamen from North-West Europe
Authors: Lang A.
Published: December 2011

Sailing directions are one of the oldest aids to navigation that we know of in Europe [1]. Starting from the earliest, primitive descriptions of the courses (Octhere ca 800), the oldest sailing directions to Iceland/Greenland [2], and a brief description of the Bremen-Portulan fragment, from Jutland to the Holy Land (about 1200) [3], a long period covers the history of those descriptions of the courses, and information about routes for shipping in our latitudes.
Gradić's Treatise on the Direction of a Boat with a Rudder
Authors: Dadić Žarko
Published: December 2011

From the earliest times it was empirically known that a boat could be turned if the oar was put in the sea over the side of the boat. From the thirteenth century also it was empirically known that for this reason it is better to use a rudder over the stern. The reason for the boat turning was not known, although the question was put probably very early. In the seventeenth century such questions surely were posed in scientific treatises, but at that time it was impossible to find a satisfactory solution. Before the eighteenth century it was not possible to solve this problem of hydrodynamics (when the serious mathematical foundations of hydrodynamics were propounded in the works of Daniel Bernoulli, Pierre Bouguer, Leonhard Euler and other eminent scientists).
The Provision of Potable Water by Solar Distillation
Authors: Porteous Andrew
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The relevance of fresh water in shipwreck survival conditions is shown with reference to the physiological effects of drinking sea water. The principles, construction and performance of solar distillation plants are discussed. The reliability and fresh-water costs from this method of desalination are put in perspective with those of conventional distillation processes. It is shown that installations with capacities up to 38 m3 (10 000 UK gallons/day) can be viable with other more complicated desalination processes.
Deep-Sea Faunal Zonation of Benthos along Beaufort-Bermuda Transect in the North-western Atlantic
Authors: George Robert Y. , Menzies Robert J.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

In this paper the subject of faunal zonation in the ocean floor from the intertidal, and over the continental shelf, slope and rise and to the abyssal plain is examined on the basis of faunal change at the generic and species level. The region investigated over a period of five years aboard R/V Eastward is a Beaufort-Bermuda transect, approximately 75 kilometres wide and 500 kilometres long and bounded between 32° and 36°N latitude and 64° and 79°W longitude. A new method, involving numerical indices reflecting changes in the composition of taxa, endemism and diversity between adjacent depth levels, was developed for defining faunal boundaries. Isotherms and isobaths utilised by earlier authors for characterising deep-sea boundary on a global scale do not coincide with natural faunal boundaries. This study analyses the vertical distribution of 128 species of isopod crustaceans and 28 species of large epibenthic invertebrates. The zonation patterns seem to correspond with correlations in environmental conditions such as currents, topography and sediments.

We suggest four major vertical faunal provinces, characterised at the generic level, namely (1) the Intertidal Faunal Province; (2) the Shelf Faunal Province; (3) the Archibenthal Zone of Transition; and (4) the Abyssal Faunal Province and internal zones within these characterised at the species level. The main aspects of interest include the presence of a narrow ‘meso abyssal zone’ with a species maximum, the demonstration of the true transitional nature of the Archibenthal Zone in biotic and abiotic factors and the characteristic low-biomass Red Clay environment showing definite faunal isolation from the continental margin.
Quantitative Investigations in Marine Biology
Authors: Currie Ronald
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Early man's interest in marine organisms was no doubt essentially gastronomic. Ample testimony to his predilection for shellfish exists in prehistoric middens in many parts of the world. From the earliest days of history, however, we find evidence of a more philosophical interest. Aristotle (384–322 b.c.), for example, described more or less accurately about 150 species of fish and other marine organisms (Tizard et al. 1885) and his name is remembered in the ‘Aristotle's lantern', the common name for the masticatory apparatus of the sea urchin.
Observations on the Vertical Distribution of the Genus Acanthephyra (Crustacea: Decapoda) in the eastern North Atlantic, with particular reference to Species of the ‘purpurea’ Group.
Authors: Foxton P.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The vertical distribution of pelagic decapods has been investigated at six positions, each located approximately at 10° interval of latitude between 11°N and 60°N in the eastern North Atlantic. An account of the day and night depth distribution of four mesopelagic species, Acanthephyra purpurea, A. pelagica, A. sexspinosa and A. acanthitelsonis, and four bathypelagic species, A. prionota, A. curtirostris, A. acutifrons and A. stylorostratis, is presented. The four mesopelagic species have vertical distributions which vary latitudinally in association with geographical gradients in temperature, the mesopelagic zone from about the latitude of 28°N cooling both polewards and equatorwards. It is concluded that environmental temperature is a major factor in controlling the vertical ranges of these species although other physical variables, principally light, must also be involved.

A faunal boundary exists in the region of 18°N, where the North Atlantic species A. purpurea and A.pelagica are replaced by the Central and South Atlantic species A. sexspinosa and A. acanthitelsonis. The nature of the physical boundary is not clear, but it is tentatively proposed that it represents a relatively broad area where the North Atlantic Central Water and South Atlantic Central Water meet.
A Historical Consideration of the Siphonophores
Authors: Winsor Mary P.
Published: December 2011

In his report of theChallengersiphonophores Ernst Haeckel sketches a picture of biological debate and solution calculated to excite historians and philosophers of biology. Here is a distinct zoological issue, Haeckel suggests, to which Darwin's theory of evalution both gives new meaning and offers a solution. Only an evolutionist, Haeckel implies, could see the flaws in previous ideas and wield the powerful tool of embryology to uncover the truth. It sounds as if the siphonophores can provide what has long been wanted, a nice case-study of the impact of Darwinism upon classical zoology, that is, upon comparative anatomy, morphology and classification.
The Development of Fishery Research in Norway in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries in the light of the History of the Fisheries
Authors: Solhaug T. , Saetersdal G.
Published: December 2011

The degree of active interest shown by Governments in new sciences or research disciplines is very often related to the extent that these are reckoned to be of economic significance to society or the State. In Norway, nature research obtained ofiicial support, inter alia, on account of the fisheries and the problems with which the fishing industry was faced. Interest in the natural history of deep-sea animals and the development of marine biology as a research discipline goes back not least to these sources. The fluctuations in the major coastal fisheries have played an important part in directing attention to the actual natural resources and to research into the natural factors conditioning development of fishing as a means of livelihood. The fact that it was based for so long and to such a large extent on coastal fishing made this livelihood particularly susceptible to changes in the natural resources. Norwegian fishermen based their activities on the spawning and feeding migrations of the fish to the coastal waters and the fiords.Because of this they lacked the necessary stimulus to develop offshore oceanic fishing in the way some of the other fishing nations did. Coastal fishing demanded relatively modest investment in boats and equipment. The numbers taking part were so great and the individual yield at the same time so small that there was little opportunity to accumulate the sizable surplus which might have promoted development in a capitalist manner based on large, ocean-going vessels. For example, as long as the summer herring or fat herring could be caught in the fiords it was not necessary to go out to sea to meet the herring shoals. The fishermen had neither the capital nor the experience to adapt their operations to oceanic fishing if the herring
failed to appear. The fisheries were based to such an excessive degree on the great influxes to the coast of cod and herring thatwhen these failed to materialise, as happened from time to time, the effects were correspondingly serious. It was therefore not surprising that interest in the natural resources appeared early in Norway and that the country in many respects came to be a pioneer in marine biological research.
Development of Acoustic Techniques in Norway for Fisheries Research and Commercial Fishing
Authors: Dragesund Olav , Midttun Lars
Published: December 2011

It is a difficult task to trace the historical events leading to the application of acoustics in fisheries research. The first echo-sounders giving successful results were constructed just before World War I in order to measure ocean depths. But it took some years until the echo-sounding technique was applied in fisheries. According to Fridriksson and Hodgson (1955), fish shoals were probably first observed by the French navigator, R. Rallier du Baty who in 1926 noted, when on a trip to Newfoundland, that the sounder in his ship was giving abnormal signals which he attributed to a shoal of cod. In Japan Kimura (1929) made experiments of fish detection with acoustics in small ponds. Several other reports from around 1930 show that fish shoals were detected in the open sea with echo-sounders (Balls 1945; Fridriksson and Hodgson 1955.)
Food, drink and travel
Authors: Mackay Francis
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

All travellers have recourse to food and drink either while journeying or having arrived. Either way they represent problems of quality control to caterers as any deterioration in standards can have serious effects on travellers' physical and mental well-being, albeit in the short term. The rapid expansion of travel in the last few years, which is unlikely to diminish, has probably improved standards of hygiene and nutrition as a whole but not without some curious side effects. Despite all the years of study and effort put into food hygiene in many countries, most travellers to a foreign state can still expect an upset stomach within a few days of arrival. The main problem for caterer and customer alike is the provision of safe food so this paper deals with the problems encountered in ensuring that travellers have ready and universal access to wholesome meals. In many cases satisfactory sources of supply, methods of preparation and staff training have been evolved so the problem is not of establishing standards but of ensuring continuity and development, especially in times of economic recession or after the first flush of enthusiasm has evaporated. Also considered is the problem of matching strangers demands for ‘native’ food with what they will actually eat, plus the problem of producing safe food which retains some of the original flavours, aroma and effects.
Tropical diseases of importance to the traveller
Authors: Woodruff A. W.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The most important disease for the traveller to avoid and for physicians to suspect in travellers is malaria. All tropical Africa and most tropical areas in the East and Far East are now malarious. The infection has returned in recent years to India and several other parts of the East and Far East from which it had been almost eradicated. Travellers to those regions should, therefore, take appropriate malarial prophylactics and malaria should be the cause first suspected among those with fever who have recently visited malarious areas. The emergence of malarial strains resistant to chloroquine poses problems both for prophylaxis and treatment of the established disease.

The recognition in 1969 of Lassa fever has introduced a new problem in managing those with fever who have been to West Africa within the preceding three weeks.

Travellers to game parks in Africa have greatly increased in number within the last decade and are exposed to trypanosomiasis. Several cases resulting from such exposure are known. They cause special diagnostic problems.

Hepatic amoebiasis may be unsuspected until a considerable amount of pus has collected and the risk of complications developed. Its clinical features need to be borne in mind.

Helminthic infections are ubiquitous in the tropics. Schistosomiasis, ascariasis and strongyloidiasis are of special importance and practitioners in developed countries need to be familiar with their characteristics.

Awareness of the possible presence of tropical infections is the keynote to success both in avoiding them and in managing them among those whose precautions have been deficient.
The organisation of hazard prevention to travellers
Authors: Turner Anthony C.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Member airlines of the International Air Transport Association in general accept very seriously the responsibilities regarding health problems due to travel. They lay down standards in a practical manner which they try and maintain, the principle being to combine maximum safety regulations with minimum restrictive practices to fit in with a successful commercial operation. These standards cover the prevention of spread by not carrying contact passengers who are in a stage of incubation; the prevention of food- and water-borne disease which covers satisfactory food preparation and food handling and also satisfactory water supplies on the aircraft; the prevention of insect-borne disease by adequate aircraft spraying; the prevention of animal-borne disease and the avoidance of, and, if necessary, the adequate treatment of, any animal vermin on the aircraft, and the avoidance of zoonoses carried by animals transported as air freight. In addition to these standards, British Airways run an immunisation centre which provides various pamphlets and booklets which give medical advice. Finally, they make an announcement of the need to take an antimalarial when entering a malarious area.

From the organisations other than the airlines the situation is mainly advisory —the World Health Organisation, the Department of Health and Social Security, the Health Educational Council; all issue booklets and pamphlets to a greater or lesser extent. The medical profession and the pharmacists regrettably tend, on the whole, to be ill-informed and uninterested. The media are often inaccurate and tend to put the stress on less important issues. The travel agents and the inclusive tour operators vary greatly in their attitudes. Some are responsible and some are irresponsible.

All of these points are covered in the article and it is suggested that more post-graduate centres should encourage lectures on the subject of the prevention of imported disease and it should be included in the medical school curriculum along with the lectures on tropical diseases.
Prevention and precautions for the individual traveller overseas
Authors: Gray James A.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The intending traveller should plan a detailed itinerary well in advance of his departure from the United Kingdom if he is to take full advantage of the health precautions and advice that are available. The present mechanism of delivering health care advice is inefficient and many travellers remain ignorant of how they should protect themselves against illness acquired overseas. Passport offices, travel agents, shipping and airline authorities and health insurance firms are in a unique position to share the responsibility with the community health services and general practitioners of ensuring that intending travellers are appropriately briefed and visit their family doctor and dentist in plenty of time. Chemoprophylaxis against malaria and inoculation against many tropical diseases are available and sensible advice can be given about how to keep healthy abroad. Adults and children should also be immune to infections such as poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus and, if visiting the developing world, tuberculosis as well. Sensible clothing, equipment and adequate supplies of any regular medicaments must be taken. Some form of health insurance and, in addition for E.E.C. countries, a certificate of entitlement to free health care are wise additional precautions to take.
Some thoughts on stress, fatigue and frustration in travel
Authors: Aitken Cairns
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Distress often reveals itself as physical symptoms. The relationship between disease and symptomatology is a complicated interaction where the influence of psychological and social factors in the aetiology of distress should always be considered.

Travel can bring frustration whether it be in the air or on the ground. Disabled people are entitled to equality of opportunity but their opportunity for travel is often very restricted. The needs of psychotic patients and those in the rehabilitative phase of illness also need to be considered.

Many factors contribute to fatigue and insomnia in travel. Some of these are discussed including psychological and social factors, state of mood, fear and circadian rhythms. It is suggested that the solution to some of the problems of hazards of travel will come more from knowledge already acquired than from highly technical consideration.
Individuals and populations: the effects of social behaviour on population dynamics in deer
Authors: Clutton-Brock T. H , Guinness F. E , Albon S. D
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

In the red deer population of the Isle of Rhum, the effects of increasing population density on reproduction and survival vary with the individual's sex, age. reproductive status, home-range quality, group size and social rank. Males are generally more strongly influenced than females. Within both sexes, individuals that are at an initial competitive disadvantage are generally most strongly influenced by rising density.

These differences are likeh to have far-reaching consequences. In particular, they may help to explain why dense deer populations commonly have female biased adult sex ratios: why calculations of maximum sustainable yield commonh overestimate the number of animals that can be culled; and why some populations that are not subiect to animal or human predation stabilize while others oscillate.
A Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Salinity on the Bacterial Flora of the Tay Estuary
Authors: Herbert R. A.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Two features of the effects of salinity on the bacterial flora of the Tay estuary are considered. First the effect of salinity on the size and species composition of the resident microfiora at various sites within the estuary. The second part is concerned with data obtained from laboratory experiments designed to study the effects of subjecting marine and freshwater bacteria, isolated from the Tay, to salt stress.
New Developments in Ultrasonic Fish Tracking
Authors: Young A. H. , Tytler P. , Holliday F. G. T.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

A range of small, long-life ultrasonic fish tags is described and their use illustrated with an improved system of fixed hydrophone tracking stations. A boat-mounted hydrophone system giving bearing and range estimations for use in open-water fish tracking is described together with a portable handheld unit for simple location of tagged fish in rivers, etc. Typical results based on intensive use of these systems are given.
Marine Fish Cages—The Physical Environment
Authors: Edwards A. , Edelsten D. J.
Published: December 2011

SYNOPSIS

The distributions of the four variables—temperature, salinity, currents and dissolved oxygen—are discussed with particular reference to the Scottish west coast. In fjords, the distributions are related to the sources of change—tides, freshwater runoff, winds and, in the case of currents, to friction, which makes currents very variable over small areas. Current speed in floating cages has been found less than that outside. A model of the oxygen concentration in such a cage has been used to examine the conditions of current and fish stocking density under which the cage can be operated without reaching dangerously low oxygen concentrations.
‘The Sacred Conspiracy’: Religion, Nationalism, and the Crisis of Internationalism
Authors: BERMAN NATHANIEL
Published: December 2011

The goal of this article is to initiate an interdisciplinary and historical reflection on one of the central preoccupations of our time: the relationship of religion to international order. This current project grows out of my long-standing work on the genealogy of modern internationalism. In my past work, I have argued that internationalists constructed their own disciplines in tandem with their construction of nationalism, to such an extent that modern ‘internationalism’ and modern ‘nationalism’ must be understood in relation to each other; in the present essay, I contend that ‘internationalism’ and ‘religion’ have an equally mutually constitutive relationship. This article seeks to retell the story of international law over the past century through the lens of its relationship to religion – a lens that both overlaps with and differs from that of nationalism. Its historical narrative is rooted in the early twentieth century – a period to which so many of our ‘modern’ cultural conceptions may be traced. Its methodology is broadly interdisciplinary, setting changing international legal conceptions of religion in relation to contemporaneous developments in domains such as sociology, religious studies, and historiography. This is the first piece of a series of projected studies on the construction and contestation of ‘religion’, ‘the secular’, and ‘the international’ over the past century. It is also my first publication associated with the interdisciplinary Religion and Internationalism Project, which I co-direct at Brown University.
Parliamentary Report
Authors: Cranmer Frank
Published: December 2011

The period under review began with a speech by Communities Secretary Eric Pickles to the Cinnamon Network, a faith-based charities group, in which he emphasised the Government's continued financial support and commitment to faith groups, while acknowledging with more than a touch of frustration that they can face barriers in terms of securing funding from local authorities:

In the eyes of some, being religious is seen as being ‘weird’. They don't want public discussion about faith and don't want faith to have a role in our communities. Everyone – whether religious or secular – loses out from that kind of attitude.
Evidence for the Early Use of the Title īlkhān among the Mongols
Authors: Amitai-Preiss Reuven
Published: December 2011

Hülegü (d. A.D. 1265) and his successors were known by the title īlkhān, which has provided modern scholars with a convenient label for the dynasty. In general, īlkhān has been glossed as “subject” or “submissive” khān. There is less agreement, however, over the circumstances in which īlkhān was adopted by Hülegü. This, in turn, is connected to the more general discussion on the manner in which Hülegü's dynasty was established. Without purporting to resolve these questions, in the following article some evidence is offered which sheds light on these matters.
The Indian Door of Tāfāri Mākonnen's House at Harar (Ethiopia)
Authors: Pankhurst Richard
Published: December 2011

Indian commercial relations with the Red Sea area, and in particular with Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, date back to the dawn of history. Craftsmen from the sub-continent were also active in the Ethiopian region for many centuries, most notably in the early 1620s when “a noble Indian” there is said, by the Jesuit Affonso Mendes, to have thrown white pebbles into the fire, as he had seen done in Cambay, and to have thereby produced “a very glutinous lime”. The then ruler of the country, Emperor Susenyos, was reported by another of the Jesuits, Manoel de Almeida, to have shortly afterwards given orders for the construction of a stone bridge which was erected by a craftsman from India. The latter, according to a contemporary Ethiopian chronicle, was a Banyan called Abdāl Kerim who was also responsible for building Susenyos a palace at his capital Dānqāz.
Spécimen d'épigraphie monumentale à Khuttal'
Authors: Dodkhoudoeva Lola , Yoccoz D.
Published: December 2011

L'histoire de Khuttal' au Moyen-Age a éveillé l'intérêt de plus d'une génération de chercheurs, mais le caractére fragmentaire des informations fournies par les sources écrites n'a permis de se faire qu'une idée schématique de cette région, pourtant importante aussi bien sur le plan politique qu'économique.
Recent British Museum Excavations in Assyria
Authors: Curtis John
Published: December 2011

It is a great honour for me to be asked to give the Richard Barnett memorial lecture. I knew Richard Barnett well, and had the privilege of working with him at the British Museum for three years before his retirement. He was a great source of inspiration, and I and many others owe him a considerable debt of gratitude. I have chosen as my subject recent British Museum excavations in Assyria, partly because I believe this would have been of some slight interest to Dr Barnett. Both the British Museum and Assyria were close to his heart. He worked in the Museum for more than 40 years, and from 1955 to 1974 was Keeper of the Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities. Throughout this time Assyria was a special interest, and Dr Barnett did some of his most important work on Nimrud ivories, the Assyrian reliefs and the Balawat Gates. Inevitably, the role of the British Museum in making these pioneering discoveries in the nineteenth century held a particular fascination for him.
An ‘Ayyār coin from Sīstān
Authors: Bosworth C. Edmund , Rispling Gert
Published: December 2011

The coin described below is in the collection of the American Numismatic Society, New York, and, so far as is known, is a unique specimen. The photograph and technical details are by kind permission of the Society, and the authors are grateful to Dr Michael Bates, Curator of Islamic Coins, for his helpfulness here.
Some Notes on the Palaces of the Imperial Gurjara Pratīhāras
Authors: Willis Michael D.
Published: December 2011

The Gurjara Pratīhāras have long been recognised as the leading royal house of northern India during the ninth and tenth centuries. A considerable number of copper plate and stone inscriptions have survived from Pratīhāra times and these have provided the requisite data for a reconstruction of the dynasty's political and social history. Following conventions established in the Gupta period if not before, the copper-plates of the Pratīhāras record grants of villages or land, while stone inscriptions typically recount the building of temples and the provision of gifts to enshrined divinities. A large number of temples from the Pratīhāra age have been preserved; some of these buildings have enjoyed the recent scholarly attention of the team working on the Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture as well as the Temple Survey of the Archaeological Survey of India. In contrast, palatial architecture is virtually unknown. This is neither surprising nor unusual, there being little left of such buildings in any part of India from before the fourteenth century. This is due to the wide use of perishable building materials, notably wood, brick and stucco. In the case of the Pratīhāra rulers there is also the fact that their capital city of Kannauj (anc. Kānyakubja) has been completely destroyed. That the Pratīhāras were responsible for some building at Kannauj is indicated by the inscription, dated Harṣa year 276 (A.D. 882–3), from the shrine of Garībnāth at Pehowa. This inscription records, among many other things, that a temple of Viṣṇu Garuḍāsana was built by the Brāhmaṇa Bhūvaka on the banks of the river Gaṅgā in Bhojapura near Kānyakubja.
The Tibetan Inscription Attributed to Ye-shes-'od: a Note
Authors: Richardson Hugh
Published: December 2011

With reference to the interesting article by Laxman S. Thakur in JRAS, vol. 4, part 3 (1994) entitled “A Tibetan inscription by lHa Bla-ma Ye-shes-'od from dKor (sPu) rediscovered”, I think the inscription cannot be attributed to Ye-shes-'od but rather to one of his descendants, the bstan-po lha-sras mentioned in 1. 5 whose name has unfortunately been effaced.
The Arabic Inscriptions of Dayr Dubbān
Authors: Sharon Moshe
Published: December 2011

Dayr Dubbān was a small village, now in ruins, near the modern village of Luzit, situated to the north of the main road about half way from Jerusalem to Ascalon.

On May 21 1863, Victor Guérin the famous French explorer of the Holy Land visited a small village (“seven or eight poor peasant families living in half dilapidated huts”) called Dayr Dubbān (a Monastery of the Flies). On the rugged plateau on which this little village was built, Guérin found many round openings in the rocks which looked like openings of wells. In spite of the fact that the local inhabitants called them al-biyār, these were not wells but round apertures giving access to, and lighting huge underground cavities dug into the white limestone.
Liberty and Licence in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran
Authors: Katouzian Homa
Published: December 2011

It is characteristic of Iranian revolts and rebellions that they usually occur when the state is perceived to be weak and unable to enforce its authority. Naser al-Din Shah was an arbitrary ruler like all his predecessors. But, the consequences of arbitrary rulers were not all alike either for themselves or for the country. Much depended on their personalities as well as the circumstances in which they lived. For example, the fall of the Safavid state and its dreadful consequences for Iranian society and economy were largely due to the personality traits of Shah Sultan Hosain which combined extreme promiscuity and intemperance with common superstition, susceptibility to influence, and timidity and indecisiveness at moments of crisis. Otherwise, the state would not have fallen so swiftly and miserably in the face of rebellion by some of the poorest and most backward nomads of the far eastern provinces of the empire.
Young Beauregard (c. 1665–c. 1692): Soldier of Misfortune in Siam
Authors: Smithies Michael
Published: December 2011

A number of Frenchman stayed behind in Siam in the wake of the Chaumont-Choisy embassy of 1685. The best known are the Chevalier de Forbin and the engineer La Mare: Forbin was appointed governor of Bangkok, admiral and general of the King of Siam's armies, and La Mare was to produce numerous plans, sometimes implemented, of Vaubanesque fortifications at various places including Bangkok, Mergui, Songkhla, and Phatthalung.
Pursuing an Elusive Seeker of Universal Truth – the Identity and Environment of the Author of the Dabistān–i Mazāhib
Authors: Ali M. Athar
Published: December 2011

Professor Athar Ali (born 18 January 1925) studied at Aligarh Muslim University 1948–53. His PhD studies were supervised by Professor Satish Chandra. In 1953 he was appointed research assistant at the university and became a Professor in 1978. He was Wilson Fellow at the Smithsonian Institute in 1986, Smuts Fellow, Cambridge, 1974–5 a nd President of the Indian History Congress in 1989. His major publications are The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb (Aligarh, 1966) and The Apparatus of Empire (Delhi, 1985). Sadly he died not long after this article was accepted for publication and was therefore unable to see it in print.
“Portuguese encounters with coastal Makran Baloch during the sixteenth century. Some references from a Balochi heroic epic”
Authors: Badalkhan Sabir
Published: December 2011

The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries tempted several European nations to exploit the opportunities for overseas trade by expanding their influence in distant seas and lands. When Vasco de Gama discovered a new route between Europe and South-East Asia during the last decade of the fifteenth century, Europeans increased their search for new colonies and for new trade routes. Like many other nations of the region the people of Balochistan also felt the impact of this new phenomenon. The Portuguese were the first European Colonisers to reach their shores.
The Role of Indian Craftsmen in Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Ethiopian Palace, Church and Other Building
Authors: Pankhurst Richard
Published: December 2011

In Ethiopia the last decades of the nineteenth century and the first of the twentieth were of crucial importance. This period witnessed the rise of King, after 1889 Emperor, Menilek, founder of the modern Ethiopian state. He it was who established the presentcapital, Addis Ababa, in 1886–7, defeated an Italian colonial army at the battle of Adwain 1896, and between 1905 and 1910 established a number of modern institutions, including the first modern bank, school, hospital, roads and railway. A notable innovator, he was well content to utilise the skills of Indians, as well as other foreigners, for themodernisation of his age-old empire.
The Colophons in H. Petermann's Sidra Rabba
Authors: Buckley Jorunn J.
Published: December 2011

In Mandaeism, to copy a manuscript is a meritorious act — a Mandaean copyist (usually a priest) may undertake the task as an exercise to remit his own sins, and those of his family — or he may be hired to perform the task for someone else. Almost all Mandaean manuscripts contain colophons; excluded are talismans and other short magical texts. In the case where the transmission of a Mandaean text spans, say, fifteen or sixteen centuries, a colophon may be very long. Copying the Mandaean Ginza is a major piece of work, for it is the most voluminous of all known Mandaean texts. Mark Lidzbarski's Ginza edition and translation did not include the colophons, the lists of scribes that are attached to the text.
Edward Lane's Surviving Arabic Correspondence
Authors: Richards D. S.
Published: December 2011

The career and scholarship of Edward William Lane, the renowned Orientalist and Arabic lexicographer, have been closely described and evaluated. His life is soon to be the subject of a further study, one planned by Jason Thompson. It may therefore be opportune to take a look at a modest cache of letters in Arabic, both addressed to and written by Lane, which is held in the Griffith Institute at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. These letters were deposited, along with a manuscript version of Lane's unpublishedDescription of Egyptand other papers and drawings, by his great-great-nephew, Austin Lane Poole, in 1947.
Versatility, Angels and Space: The Meaning of Buddhist and Non-Buddhist Parallels
Authors: Derrett J. Duncan M.
Published: December 2011

My purpose is twofold. We are to conjecture (a) how a preaching technique employed by St Paul comes to resonate with the Mahāyāna, and (b) that a conundrum in the solemn Mahānibbāna-sutta is Jewish, whence it reappears comically in Europe. Struck by these new oddities we ask at long last what can emerge from so many diverse parallels between Buddhist texts and their non-Buddhist counterparts. It is time those many threads were drawn together.
Royal Asiatic Society: Address to the Anniversary General Meeting 8 June 2006
Authors: Robinson Francis
Published: December 2011

Last year, when I thanked the Honorary Treasurer for his report, I noted with sadness that this was his last report. I also noted that he had very kindly agreed to continue in his post to see the Society through its move. The move, as you are aware, has taken rather longer than anticipated. Kit Naylor is a man of his word, which is why he gives his second ‘final report’ to the Anniversary General Meeting. May I say that over the past year Kit has put in an enormous amount of work to help ensure the smoothness of the move. He has been positively ‘tigerish’ in attacking all costs. We regret that the cost overrun of the project is in the order of 22 per cent. That it is not more owes much to the acumen and alertness of Kit Naylor. Indeed, I have a vision of his ancestor, Henry Thomas Colebrooke, first Director of the Society, appearing to Kit each night in a dream to ask him if he had done enough to hold down costs. Kit, I can assure you, could answer such a spectre without fear. So Kit, thank you. We are all in your debt.
GLOBAL POVERTY REDUCTION AND PARETO-IMPROVING REDISTRIBUTION
Authors: Chu Angus C.
Published: December 2011

Can a transfer of wealth from the United States to the least developed countries be Pareto improving? We analyze this question in an open-economy R&D-based growth model, in which the high-income (low-income) country produces innovative (homogeneous) goods. We find that wealth redistribution to the low-income country simultaneously reduces global inequality and increases economic growth through an increase in labor supply in the high-income country. Given that the market equilibrium of R&D-based growth models is usually inefficient due to R&D externalities, the wealth redistribution may lead to a Pareto improvement, which occurs if the discount rate is sufficiently low or R&D productivity is sufficiently high.