bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Effects of Cholesterol and β‐Sitosterol on the Liposome Membrane Characteristics
Authors: Jovanović Aleksandra A. , Balanč Bojana D. , Ota Ajda , Ahlin Grabnar Pegi , Djordjević Verica B. , Šavikin Katarina P. , Bugarski Branko M. , Nedović Viktor A. , Poklar Ulrih Nataša
Published: July 2018

The influence of different phospholipid types (pure phospholipids 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine, POPC, 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine, DPPC, and one commercial phospholipid mixture, Lipoid H100), sterol types (cholesterol vs. β‐sitosterol), and various sterol concentrations (5–50 mol%) on liposomal membrane fluidity, thermotropic properties, liposome size, zeta potential, and lipid oxidation kinetics using fluorescent lipid probe BODIPY 581/591 C11 (4,4‐difluoro‐5‐[4‐phenyl‐1,3‐butadienyl]‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene‐3‐undecanoic acid) are investigated. DPPC bilayer is more rigid than POPC and phospholipids mixture membranes. Pure DPPC gives the smallest liposomes, while liposomes of Lipoid H100 have the largest diameter. Both sterols reduce membrane fluidity of all liposomes, increase absolute zeta potential, cause significant changes in particle size, and decrease phase transition temperature (Tm) and enthalpy of DPPC. POPC/β‐sitosterol liposomes exhibit the most significant lipid oxidation of the lipophilic probe. Along with beneficial effects of phytosterols on human health, better membrane fluidity, more favorable and stabilizing interactions with phospholipids, smaller vesicle size, and enhanced physical stability in comparison to cholesterol are some of the encouraging results for the use of β‐sitosterol in liposome formulations for potential application in foods, pharmaceutics, and cosmetics.

Practical Applications: Adjusting the composition of liposomal membrane (lipid type, sterol type, and concentration) can be used as a tool to control membrane fluidity, permeability, and thermotropic properties, and thus predict release properties, physical, thermal, and oxidative stability. A commercial phospholipid mixture of different natural phospholipids with impurities creates less uniform liposomal membrane that is characterized by higher fluidity in comparison to DPPC. The type of phospholipid has huge influence on MLVs size. β‐sitosterol, which is a phytosterol with beneficial effects on human health can be used as a replacement for cholesterol in liposomal formulations, but with the following in mind: β‐sitosterol reduces fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer to a lesser extent than cholesterol, β‐sitosterol gives smaller MLVs than cholesterol, DPPC/β‐sitosterol SUVs are bigger than 100 nm in diameter (relevant for intravenous administration), MLVs with ≥30 mol% of β‐sitosterol can be considered as physically stable (unlike those with cholesterol), irrespective to the phospholipid type.

The influence of different phospholipid types, sterol types, and various sterol concentrations on liposomal membrane fluidity, thermo tropic properties, liposomesize, zeta potential, and lipid oxidation kinetics are investigated.
The microemulsion electrokinetic capillary chromatography combined with reversed‐electrode polarity stacking mode for enriching and quantifying lignanoids and ginsenosides in TCMs preparation Shengmai injection
Authors: Ma Huifen , Li Jin , Yu Heshui , Li Zheng , Gao Xiu‐mei , Chang Yan‐xu
Published: July 2018

An on‐line large volume sample stacking with polarity switching (LVSS) method was proposed for simultaneously determining lignanoids and ginsenosides in MEEKC. The parameters including the pH value and concentration of buffer solution, SDS, organic modifier, oil phase, running voltage, and temperature as well as injection time, sample matrix, stacking voltage, and time influencing separation and stacking were systematically optimized. The method was verified by performing precision, accuracy, stability, and recovery. Its reliability was proved by separating and quantifying two lignanoids and three ginsenosides in Shengmai injectionSMI. The sensitivity of these compounds was improved by MEEKC‐LVSS method for 6–11 times than conventional MEEKC. Thus, this developed on‐line MEEKC‐LVSS method was sensitive, practical, and reliable.
Enhanced cell surface hydrophobicity favors the 9α‐hydroxylation of androstenedione by resting Rhodococcus sp. cells
Authors: Mutafova Blaga , Momchilova Svetlana , Pomakova Dimitrina , Avramova Tatyana , Mutafov Sava
Published: July 2018

The achievement of an effective process of 9α‐hydroxylation of 4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione is of significant importance as it leads to the formation of the key intermediate 9α‐hydroxy‐4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione which is not possible by chemical means. In this study, the 9α‐hydroxylation of 4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione was carried out by resting Rhodococcus sp. cells. The ability of the naturally hydrophobic Rhodococcus to assimilate n‐alkanes was employed to obtain a cell depot with an intentionally increased cell surface hydrophobicity. The control Rhodococcus sp. cells were cultivated on medium containing glucose instead of n‐alkanes as a source of carbon and energy. Cells were harvested, washed from the cultivation media, and subjected to transformation of crystal androstenedione in buffer medium. The hydrophobicity of the n‐alkanes‐ and glucose‐grown cells, their total lipid content, and fatty acid composition were determined. The ultrastructure of the n‐alkanes‐ and glucose‐grown cells and their steroid hydroxylating activities were examined and compared. The results obtained in the present study showed that the intentionally achieved growth‐driven enhancement of the already hydrophobic Rhodococcus sp. cells made them even more compatible with the hydrophobic steroid substrate and enhanced its accessibility, which provided an increased steroid hydroxylating activity and lack of the accompanying product destruction.
Price elasticities of pharmaceuticals in a value based‐formulary setting
Authors: Yeung Kai , Basu Anirban , Hansen Ryan N. , Sullivan Sean D.
Published: July 2018

Empirical estimates of price elasticities of demand (PED) for pharmaceuticals suggest that they are relatively price inelastic. However, in many settings, a medication and its substitutes and complements face simultaneous differential changes in prices that affect the observed “composite” PED. We exploit an implementation of a value‐based formulary (VBF) that utilized drug‐specific incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) to inform drug copayments, resulting in increases in copayments for some medications and decreases in copayments for others. We first show theoretically that by changing the price of a medication and its substitute in opposite directions, VBF designs can leverage cross‐price effects to increase the range of composite PEDs. We then empirically estimate PED and welfare effects using a consumer surplus approach. Overall PED was −0.16, similar to the RAND Health Insurance Experiment estimate. However, there was substantial dispersion of PED across the VBF copayment tiers ranging from −0.09 to −0.87 with a statistically significant trend aligned with the levels of value as reflected by the ICER estimates (p < 0.001). The net welfare increase was $147,000 for the cohort or $28 per member over the postpolicy year. Further experimentations of VBF designs with alternative cost‐effectiveness thresholds, copayment levels and value definitions could be quite promising for improving welfare.
The place of private care governance in the South African health care system
Authors: Fusheini Adam , Eyles John , Goudge Jane
Published: July 2018

Background

South Africa essentially has two health care systems—the public and private ones. While much is known about how the public system operates, little work has been conducted on the private sector, perhaps not surprisingly in a profit‐oriented, proprietary system. But it is a massive system with its own agenda, interests, and organizations. In this paper, we address the place of private care governance issues, one seen by government as maldistributed, costly, and controlled by few groups and the medical search for profit.

Methods

Using qualitative in‐depth interviews, 10 top executive managers of the hospital were asked about its functionality in terms of patient care, profitability, and the practice of governance. Data were analyzed based on themes using NVivo 10 software.

Results

The study demonstrates that private hospital functionality finds meaning in board structure, composition and functions, purposeful governance practices as evidenced in well‐designed management structures and roles, systematizing governance through the planning of activities, and devising appropriate strategies to deal with both internal and external pressures in the health care environment.

Conclusion

The study findings establish that shareholders and managers goals converge resulting in the institutionalization and consolidating of relational governance practices in the hospital. Yet other stakeholders appeared to be sidelined.
Externalizing symptoms anticipate declining support and increasing negativity between adolescent friends
Authors: Dickson Daniel J. , Marion Donna , Laursen Brett
Published: July 2018

This study examined longitudinal associations between externalizing symptoms and friendship quality among 116 adolescents and their same‐sex, same‐grade best friends (60.3% female). At the outset of the study, participants were in the sixth or seventh grades (M = 11.72 years). For two consecutive years, participants provided self‐reports of externalizing symptoms, and best friends provided perceptions of friendship quality (negativity and social support) and intimacy. Results indicated that greater externalizing symptoms predicted increases in friendship negativity for all dyads. Externalizing symptoms also predicted decreases in social support, but only among dyads reporting high levels of intimacy. The findings suggest that externalizing symptoms diminish friendship quality, particularly within intimate friendships.

Highlights

Greater externalizing symptoms may predict declines in friendship quality within intimate adolescent friendships.

Path analyses found that externalizing symptoms predicted increases in negativity (for all friendships) and decreases in support (for intimate friendships).

Results suggest a negative downward spiral where behaviour problems damage friendships, which then may become unstable.
A machine‐learning analysis of the rationality of aggregate stock market forecasts
Authors: Pierdzioch Christian , Risse Marian
Published: July 2018

We use a machine‐learning algorithm known as boosted regression trees (BRT) to implement an orthogonality test of the rationality of aggregate stock market forecasts. The BRT algorithm endogenously selects the predictor variables used to proxy the information set of forecasters so as to maximize the predictive power for the forecast error. The BRT algorithm also accounts for a potential non‐linear dependence of the forecast error on the predictor variables and for interdependencies between the predictor variables. Our main finding is that, given our set of predictor variables, the rational expectations hypothesis (REH) cannot be rejected for short‐term forecasts and that there is evidence against the REH for longer term forecasts. Results for three different groups of forecasters corroborate our main finding.
Catalytic decarboxylation of fatty acids to hydrocarbons over non‐noble metal catalysts: the state of the art
Authors: Kiméné Anouchka , Wojcieszak Robert , Paul Sébastien , Dumeignil Franck
Published: July 2018

The catalytic decarboxylation of fatty acids to yield hydrocarbons, for use as biofuel as a main target, is a topical reaction in which the main challenge is actually to control the selectivity while using the smallest amount of hydrogen possible (or even better, not using hydrogen at all) in order to optimize cost‐efficiency of the process. Herein, the focus is on the non‐noble mono‐, bi‐ and tri‐metallic catalysts used to carry out this reaction. Historically, several non‐noble monometallic catalysts based on Cu, Co, Ni supported on different types of supports were first studied. Among such materials, the Co‐based catalysts were not selective, while, Cu‐based catalysts were more or less selective to hydrocarbons or to olefins, depending on the support used. Among these three metals, the Ni‐based catalysts are the most widely described ones due to their specific ability to promote deoxygenation reactions. Combining Ni to a second metal yielded a synergistic effect toward better catalytic performances, with increases in both conversion and selectivity and also improvement of the resistance of the catalyst to carbon deposit, especially when adding non‐noble metals. For future prospects, it appears that the main challenge will be to be able to maintain good catalytic performances under inert gas in solvent‐free conditions, in order to yield a fully environmentally friendly and cost‐effective process. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
The roles of delay and probability discounting in texting while driving: Toward the development of a translational scientific program
Authors: Hayashi Yusuke , Fessler Heather J. , Friedel Jonathan E. , Foreman Anne M. , Wirth Oliver
Published: July 2018

A sample of 109 college students completed a survey to assess how frequently they send or read text messages while driving. In a novel discounting task with a hypothetical scenario in which participants receive a text message while driving, they rated the likelihood of replying to a text message immediately versus waiting to reply until arriving at a destination. The scenario presented several delays to a destination and probabilities of a motor vehicle crash. The likelihood of waiting to reply decreased as a function of both the delay until the destination and the probability of a motor vehicle crash. Self‐reported higher frequencies of texting while driving were associated with greater rates of both delay and probability discounting. The degree of delay discounting was altered as a function of the probability of a motor vehicle crash and vice versa. These results suggest that both delay and probability discounting are important underlying mechanisms of drivers' decision to text while driving.
“I will leave the baby with my mother”: Long‐distance travel and follow‐up care among HIV‐positive pregnant and postpartum women in South Africa
Authors: Clouse Kate , Fox Matthew P , Mongwenyana Constance , Motlhatlhedi Molebogeng , Buthelezi Sizakele , Bokaba Dorah , Norris Shane A , Bassett Jean , Lurie Mark N , Aronoff David M , Vermund Sten H
Published: July 2018

Introduction

It is common in urban African settings for postpartum women to temporarily return to family in distant settings. We sought to explore mobility among peripartum HIV‐positive women to understand the timing and motivation of travel, particularly vis‐à‐vis delivery, and how it may affect healthcare access.

Methods

Using the same mobility measurements within three different studies, we examined long‐distance travel of mother and infant before and after delivery in three diverse clinics within greater Johannesburg, South Africa (n = 150). Participants were interviewed prior to delivery at two sites (n = 125) and after delivery at one (n = 25). Quantitative and qualitative results are reported.

Results

Among 150 women, median age was 29 years (IQR: 26 to 34) and 36.3% were employed. Overall, 76.7% of the participants were born in South Africa: 32.7% in Gauteng Province (Johannesburg area) and 44.0% in other South African provinces, but birthplace varied greatly by site. Almost half (44.0%) planned to travel around delivery; nearly all after delivery. Median duration of stay was 30 days (IQR: 24 to 90) overall, but varied from 60 days at two sites to just 7 days at another. Participants discussed travel to eight of South Africa's nine provinces and four countries. Travel most frequently was to visit family, typically to receive help with the new baby. Nearly all the employed participants planned to return to work in Johannesburg after delivery, sometimes leaving the infant in the care of family outside of Johannesburg. All expressed their intent to continue HIV care for themselves and their infant, but few planned to seek care at the destination site, and care for the infant was emphasized over care for the mother.

Conclusions

We identified frequent travel in the peripartum period with substantial differences in travel patterns by site. Participants more frequently discussed seeking care for the infant than for themselves. HIV‐exposed children often were left in the care of family members in distant areas. Our results show the frequent mobility of women and infants in the peripartum period. This underscores the challenge of ensuring a continuity of HIV care in a fragmented healthcare system that is not adapted for a mobile population.
Time‐frequency analysis and classification of power signals using adaptive cuckoo search algorithm
Authors: Biswal Birendra , Karn Prakash Kumar , Sairam M.V.S. , Surekhabolli B. Rupa
Published: July 2018

A new approach to Hilbert energy spectrum and pattern recognition of nonstationary power signals is presented in this paper. In the proposed work, visual localization, detection, and classification of nonstationary power signals are achieved using Hilbert transform (HT)–based adaptive local iterative filter (ALIF). The HT is applied on all the intrinsic mode functions that are obtained from both empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and ALIF to extract instantaneous amplitude and frequency components. The instantaneous Hilbert energy spectrum results in clear visual detection, localization, and classification of the different power signal disturbances. The visual energy spectrum by Hilbert‐Huang Transform (HHT) on ALIF showing a better result than HHT applied on EMD. The feature vectors are extracted from the Hilbert energy spectrum for automatic pattern recognition of various nonstationary signals using a traditional fuzzy C‐means algorithm (FCMA). Finally, the center of the cluster is further optimized using fuzzy C‐means–based adaptive cuckoo search algorithm. The average classification accuracy of the disturbances is 91.25% and 99.25% using fuzzy C‐means and adaptive cuckoo search–based FCMA, respectively.
Raman microscopy for the identification of pearlescent pigments in acrylic works of art
Authors: Angelin Eva Mariasole , Babo Sara , Ferreira Joana Lia , Melo Maria João
Published: July 2018

In this work, pearlescent pigments used to create luster in poly(methyl methacrylate) artworks by Ângelo de Sousa (1938–2011) were identified in an effort to predict their possible degradation. Raman microscopy was used, in situ, to identify plumbonacrite and bismuth oxychloride. Unequivocal characterization of plumbonacrite and bismuth oxychloride was made possible by comparison with reference materials, synthesized for this study. The vibrational pattern (infrared and Raman) of both pigments is discussed. Based on their Raman ν1 stretching mode at around 1050 cm−1, we show that it is possible to differentiate between the two basic lead carbonates that are both reported in the literature to be pearlescent: hydrocerussite Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 and plumbonacrite Pb5(CO3)3O(OH)2. Raman microscopy was thus, for the first time, used as fingerprint tool for the molecular identification of pearlescent pigments in plastic materials. Based on these findings, better‐informed conservation strategies for the acrylic sculptures will be developed.
Influence of Ultrasound System and Gain on Grayscale Median Values
Authors: Steffel Catherine N. , Brown Roger , Korcarz Claudia E. , Varghese Tomy , Stein James H. , Wilbrand Stephanie M. , Dempsey Robert J. , Mitchell Carol C.
Published: July 2018

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of grayscale median (GSM) measurements across different ultrasound (US) systems and effects of gain on GSM values.

Methods

Two vessels in a grayscale vascular phantom were imaged with 7 US systems at 3 gain settings. Two human participants were imaged at 3 gain settings. Each image was normalized, standardized, and segmented by expert and novice readers using grayscale analysis software. The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) assessed agreement of GSM values for each system across gain settings and vessels and between readers. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) assessed system‐level reader concordance across gain settings and vessels. A general linear mixed model for repeated measures was used to assess within‐ and between‐system mean GSM values.

Results

Grayscale median measurements performed on images from the same US system yielded excellent (CCC) (95% confidence intervals): 0.85 (0.75, 0.92) to 0.96 (0.92, 0.98). ICC per system were 0.94 to 0.98 for the expert reader and 0.85 to 0.95 for the novice reader. Gain adjustments above and below an optimal setting contributed to significantly different intrasystem GSM values on 4 of 7 systems in the near zone and 5 of 7 systems in the far zone (P < .05). Intersystem GSM values differed on 5 of 7 systems (P < .05). Images from the human participants showed differences in GSM values at optimum gain values ± 10 dB/%.

Conclusions

Grayscale median measurements are highly reproducible when obtained from the same US system with similar gain settings. Grayscale median values differ significantly across gain values and between systems. Researchers should consider the impact of US system and gain settings on GSM values when working to minimize system‐ and operator‐dependent factors.
Topography of Vertebral Artery Origin Plaques: Characteristics and Determinants
Authors: Simonetto Marialaura , DeSousa Keith , Campo Nelly , Pandey Vikas , Koch Sebastian
Published: July 2018

Background

Atherosclerotic plaques located at the vertebral artery ostium (VAo) are a mechanism for posterior circulation stroke, but little is known about VAo plaque topography and formation. In this study, we describe the topography of atherosclerotic plaques involving the origin of the vertebral artery (VA).

Methods

Cross‐sectional analyses of extracranial duplex studies were performed, and VAo plaques were classified based on their topography in 3 groups: (1) exclusively at the VA ostium; (2) predominantly subclavian, with extension into the vertebral ostium; and (3) predominantly ostial, with extension into the subclavian artery). Chi‐square and analysis of variance tests were performed to investigate the association between VAo plaque topography and continuous and categorical variables, respectively.

Results

A total of 99 of 481 (21%) ultrasound duplex studies showed VAo plaques. The majority of the plaques (60%) were found to extend from the subclavian to the ostium. Plaques occurred more frequently at the medial wall of the VAo. No vascular risk factors were associated with plaque formation; however, women were more likely to have plaques involving predominantly or exclusively the VAo (P = .004).

Conclusions

We describe 3 different patterns of VAo involvement in patients with ostial atherosclerotic VA disease. VAo plaques occurred almost exclusively at the medial wall of the vessel. Women had more plaques involving predominantly the origin. Prospective studies are needed to investigate the clinical significance of these findings.
Emergency Department Resource Use in Pediatric Pneumonia: Point‐of‐Care Lung Ultrasonography versus Chest Radiography
Authors: Harel‐Sterling Maya , Diallo Mamadou , Santhirakumaran Sabeena , Maxim Timea , Tessaro Mark
Published: July 2018

Objectives

Point‐of‐care lung ultrasonography (US) is an alternative to chest radiography for imaging of suspected community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. We compared pediatric emergency department (ED) time metrics between children who received point‐of‐care lung US versus chest radiography. Secondary objectives were comparisons of health system costs and other resources in these imaging groups.

Methods

This work was a retrospective matched cohort study of children aged 0 to 18 years in an academic urban pediatric ED who were imaged for suspected CAP with either point‐of‐care lung US or chest radiography.

Results

A total of 202 patients (101 in each group) were included in the study. The point‐of‐care lung US group spent a mean of 75.9 (SE, 14.3) minutes less from physician assessment to discharge (P < .0001) and 60.9 (SE, 18.1) minutes less in the overall ED length of stay (P = .0008). Physician billings and facility fees were both significantly lower (P < .0001) in the point‐of‐care lung US group, for a mean health systems savings of CAN$187.1 (SE, CAN$21.9).

Conclusions

In children undergoing imaging for suspected CAP in our pediatric ED, point‐of‐care lung US by pediatric emergency medicine physicians was associated with decreased time and cost compared with chest radiography.
Influence of Magnetic Nanoparticles on PISA Preparation of Poly(Methacrylic Acid)‐b‐Poly(Methylmethacrylate) Nano‐Objects
Authors: Upadhyaya Lakshmeesha , Egbosimba Chidubem , Qian Xianghong , Wickramasinghe Ranil , Fernández‐Pacheco Rodrigo , Coelhoso Isabel M. , Portugal Carla A. M. , Crespo João G. , Quemener Damien , Semsarilar Mona
Published: July 2018

This article presents the synthesis of poly(methacrylic acid)‐b‐poly(methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer via polymerization‐induced self‐assembly in the presence of iron‐oxide nanoparticles. Detailed phase diagrams with and without inorganic nanoparticles were constructed. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray photometry studies confirme the decoration of the polymeric nanoparticles with the iron‐oxide nanoparticles. These hybrid nanoparticles were used to prepare porous thin film membranes by spin coating. Finally, the magneto‐responsive properties of the membranes were assessed using water filtration tests in the presence and absence of a magnetic field.
Friction stir welding of thick section Al‐Zn‐Mg‐Cu aluminum alloy
Authors: Rao T. Srinivasa , Rao S.R. Koteswara , Reddy G. Madhusudhan
Published: July 2018

Friction stir butt welding of 25 mm thick AA7075–T651 plates has been investigated. Careful process parameter selection resulted in single pass, full‐penetration defect free welds. The weld nugget exhibits a significant grain refinement while facing the dissolution of strengthening precipitates. Microhardness survey gives a W‐shaped profile with lower hardness values recorded in the thermo‐mechanically‐affected zone. Tensile fractures occur, again, in the thermo‐mechanically‐affected zone, where minimum hardness occurred. The friction stir welds demonstrate an excellent root bend performance while falling behind base material in face bend test. The welds also displayed outstanding impact toughness compared to that of parent material. It is concluded that defect free single pass friction stir welds can be successfully made on 25 mm thick AA7075–T651 plates.
Identifying process parameters influencing gear runout
Authors: Olofsson A. , Köhn M. , Jonsson S.
Published: July 2018

The hardening distortions with respect to base body, clutch teeth and helical gears are investigated for a serial‐produced main shaft gear of a 20NiCrMoS6‐4 steel. The influences of casting geometry, annealing heat treatment and stress relief annealing of blanks, as well as vertical and horizontal loading arrangements during case hardening, are studied. The concentricity, roundness and runout of clutch teeth and helical gears are measured in the soft machined, hardened and hard‐machined conditions. The Brinell hardness is measured on blanks obtained from different manufacturing routes showing differences in hardness and scatter. Stress relief annealing lowers the hardness and the scatter for all groups, but has no significant effect on distortions. The case depth, core hardness and surface hardness are measured after hardening. The study shows that the surface hardness correlates with the oil flow measured in the quench tank. The effect of casting geometry is stronger for the clutch teeth compared to the helical gears. For the clutch‐teeth roundness and runout, significantly lower values are found for square geometry compared to rectangular. It is also seen that the major part of the runout comes from roundness errors which are mainly induced by the hardening. Horizontal loading reduces roundness errors and runout but produces conical base‐bodies with worse backplane flatness.
Fused glass deposition modelling for applications in the built environment
Authors: Seel M. , Akerboom R. , Knaack U. , Oechsner M. , Hof P. , Schneider J.
Published: July 2018

For the built environment and for engineers, glass is an indispensable material with unique properties. Recent developments have shown that there is a potential market for additive manufacturing technology in the building industry, based on the production with a relatively small amount of repetitions and the tendency of applying technological innovations for advanced buildings. This paper focusses on the potential of fusing glass filaments on a glass base plate in order to develop a scientific base to create a process that is able to print 3D glass on glass plates for applications in the building industry. These fused components could eliminate boreholes for joints in glass panes including related disadvantages. Also, the fused deposition glass components can be a potential reinforcement of flat glass. Therefore, the fusing of soda lime silicate glass and borosilicate glass has been investigated. Based on these experiences, samples with different glass thicknesses are manufactured and the fused components are tested for their bending strength. The manufactured samples are analysed with polarized images, 3D computer tomography, microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. This paper describes, presents and discusses the results of the investigations, and demonstrates that load transfer via fused glass joints is possible in principle.
The quality of randomized controlled trials of psychotherapy for eating disorders
Authors: Grenon Renee , McKenna Alena , Maxwell Hilary , Carlucci Samantha , Brugnera Agostino , Schwartze Dominique , Hammond Nicole , Ivanova Iryna , Mcquaid Nancy , Proulx Genevieve , Tasca Giorgio A.
Published: July 2018

Objective

We investigated the quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that included direct comparisons of psychotherapy for adults with an eating disorder (ED).

Method

Thirty‐five direct comparison RCTs of psychotherapy for adults diagnosed with an ED were rated using the Randomized Controlled Trials Psychotherapy Quality Rating Scale (RCT‐PQRS).

Results

The mean total RCT‐PQRS score (mean = 28.26; SD = 7.04) was in line with those that were reported for RCTs of psychotherapy for depression and anxiety disorders. Several standards of quality were unfulfilled by over half of the RCTs of treatment for EDs, including therapist supervision while treatment was being provided (62.9% unfulfilled); outcome assessment performed by raters blind to treatment group/condition (54% unfulfilled); and adequate sample size (66% unfulfilled). More recent RCTs were of higher quality, and higher quality was moderately associated with lower effect sizes.

Conclusions

To improve the quality of RCTs of psychotherapy of EDs, we recommend that researchers address the quality criteria listed in the RCT‐PQRS. Psychotherapy trials should be registered, have a published protocol, and be reported following the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines. Authors should take into account the quality of the research when using that research to inform ED treatment guidelines.
Is triceps hypertrophy associated with ulnar nerve luxation?
Authors: Michael Arwed E. , Young Peter
Published: July 2018

Introduction

The mechanism of ulnar nerve luxation is unclear, but the triceps brachii muscle may be a contributing factor. Therefore, we explored whether hypertrophy of the triceps brachii muscle is more frequently accompanied by nerve luxation.

Methods

In this investigation we used a cross‐sectional design to study a group of amateur bodybuilders (n = 31) in a comparison with a group of age‐matched healthy controls (n = 31). Triceps hypertrophy was determined clinically and sonographically. The position of the ulnar nerve in relation to the medial epicondyle was classified according to a graded (0–4) scale.

Results

In full flexion of 62 hypertrophic arms, 22 (35.5%) revealed subluxation and 27 (43.5%) complete luxation. In the controls, 21 (33.9%) demonstrated subluxation and 10 (16.1%) complete luxation.

Discussion

The higher frequency of ulnar nerve luxation in arms with hypertrophic triceps indicates that triceps muscle mass may be a factor contributing to ulnar nerve luxation. Muscle Nerve 58: 523–527, 2018
Musculocutaneous neuropathy
Authors: O'Gorman Cullen M. , Kassardjian Charles , Sorenson Eric J.
Published: July 2018

Introduction: Isolated musculocutaneous neuropathy is uncommon. In this study we aimed to determine its causes and clinical presentation and interpret the electrodiagnostic findings associated with this condition. Methods: Our investigation was a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with musculocutaneous neuropathy at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota) electromyography (EMG) laboratory between 1997 and 2015. Results: Thirty‐two patients with musculocutaneous neuropathy and 5 patients with lateral antebrachial cutaneous neuropathy were identified. The most common cause was acute trauma or surgery (65%). Fourteen percent of the cases were idiopathic and 14% were inflammatory. Pain and sensory disturbance were more common presentations than weakness. Weakness from nerve injury was not noted in 2 patients, suggesting that other muscles may provide adequate elbow flexion/supination. The bilateral absence of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve sensory responses suggests an inflammatory cause. Discussion: Musculocutaneous neuropathy usually results from trauma or iatrogenic injury. Nerve conduction studies alone are insufficient to confirm neuropathy, and needle EMG examination should be a routine part of the diagnostic evaluation. Muscle Nerve 58: 726–729, 2018
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis–specific quality of life–short form (ALSSQOL‐SF): A brief, reliable, and valid version of the ALSSQOL‐R
Authors: Felgoise Stephanie H. , Feinberg Richard , Stephens Helen E. , Barkhaus Paul , Boylan Kevin , Caress James , Clawson Lora L. , Elman Lauren , Goutman Stephen A. , Mccluskey Leo , Russell James , Tiryaki Ezgi , Weiss Michael , Simmons Zachary
Published: July 2018

Introduction: The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)‐Specific Quality of Life instrument and its revised version (ALSSQOL and ALSSQOL‐R) have strong psychometric properties, and have demonstrated research and clinical utility. In this study we aimed to develop a short form (ALSSQOL‐SF) suitable for limited clinic time and patient stamina. Methods: The ALSSQOL‐SF was created using Item Response Theory and confirmatory factor analysis on 389 patients. A cross‐validation sample of 162 patients assessed convergent, divergent, and construct validity of the ALSSQOL‐SF compared with psychosocial and physical functioning measures. Results: The ALSSQOL‐SF consisted of 20 items. Compared with the ALSSQOL‐R, optimal precision was retained, and completion time was reduced from 15–25 minutes to 2–4 minutes. Psychometric properties for the ALSSQOL‐SF and its subscales were strong. Discussion: The ALSSQOL‐SF is a disease‐specific global QOL instrument that has a short administration time suitable for clinical use, and can provide clinically useful, valid information about persons with ALS. Muscle Nerve 58: 646–654, 2018
Optimal location for eliciting the tibial H‐reflex and motor response
Authors: Özyurt Mustafa Görkem , Shabsog Mohammed , Dursun Merve , Türker Kemal S.
Published: July 2018

Introduction: Although there are numerous protocols to adjust the amplitude of the Hoffmann reflex (H‐reflex) relative to the size of the direct motor response (M‐response), the optimal stimulating location has not been described. We sought to determine the optimal positioning of the stimulating cathode when evoking the tibial nerve H‐reflex and M‐response. Methods: A small cathode was placed on defined points in the popliteal fossa while an anode was fixed on the patella. The tibial nerve was stimulated electrically, and the response of the soleus muscle was recorded using intramuscular and surface electromyography. Results: We found that more‐lateral points along a line drawn across the popliteal fossa were the best locations to obtain only the M‐response, whereas stimulating the midpoint was optimal for obtaining only the H‐reflex. Discussion: By using specified locations for electrical stimulation to evoke H‐reflex and M‐response, the functionality of the tibial nerve can be assessed. Muscle Nerve 58:828–833, 2018
One‐type‐fits‐all‐systems: Strategies for preventing potential‐induced degradation in crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic modules
Authors: Virtuani Alessandro , Annigoni Eleonora , Ballif Christophe
Published: July 2018

In this work, we investigate the relationship between potential‐induced degradation (PID) and the bill of material used in module manufacturing. We manufacture samples with different combination of materials, using two types of solar cells (conventional vs PID‐free c‐Si cells), two types of ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) films with low/high resistivity, and two types of backsheets with, respectively, low/high breathability properties, and subject the mini‐modules to extended PID testing. Our results clearly indicate that, when using a breathable polymeric backsheet, to have a “PID‐free” module the combination of PID‐free cells and high‐resistive EVA encapsulants is recommendable. The use of a conventional c‐Si cell in combination with a high‐resistive EVA encapsulant is still more effective than the use of PID‐free cells in combination with low‐quality EVA. Further, our results initially show that the breathability properties of the backsheet have apparently no influence on PID degradation. A second set of experiments using sandwich structures with increased resistance properties to water ingress (ie, glass and backsheets with barrier layers as rear covers and an edge sealant), however, indicates that preventing or reducing the diffusion of moisture in the encapsulant layer plays a role in further mitigating the impact of PID. This finding is supported by simulations of moisture ingress in the sandwich structures. Finally, we show that the use of a glass rear cover—compared with a polymeric backsheet—does not contribute in worsening the PID effect. On the contrary, by reducing moisture ingress in the front encapsulant layer, it delays the occurrence of PID.
How intrinsic nuclear nonadiabaticity affects molecular structure, electronic density, and conformational stability: Insights from the multicomponent DFT calculations of Mu/H isotopologues
Authors: Goli Mohammad , Jalili Seifollah
Published: July 2018

In the present work, the formalism of the multicomponent density functional theory is extended to study the open‐shell muoniated radicals of nucleic acid bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil beyond the adiabatic paradigm. The derived methodology is used to characterize the stationary structures of all conceivable muoniated adducts based on the ab initio nuclear‐electronic approach, which is a mixed intermediate non‐adiabatic/adiabatic framework. The energies, geometries, atomic charges and spin‐density distributions of the muoniated species are scrutinized against their hydrogenated congeners derived within the conventional adiabatic framework. The comparative analysis of the results determines the considerable impact of nuclear quantum effects on the molecular geometry, electronic density and conformational stability while underlining the fact that the extent of the geometrical and spin‐distribution variations upon muonium substitution could be significant and mass dependent.
Aquatic vegetation responses to island construction (habitat restoration) in a large floodplain river
Authors: Drake Deanne C. , Gray Brian R. , Forbes Nora
Published: July 2018

The Upper Mississippi River is maintained in its current navigable state through impoundments, dredging, and other engineering projects. These stressors, along with anthropogenic impacts and natural system processes, led to declines in aquatic vegetation and the loss of fish and wildlife habitat, with a major downturn the late 1980s and early 1990s. Large‐scale restoration projects, such as the one evaluated here, are primarily designed to rehabilitate and enhance fish and wildlife habitat. We determined whether an individual restoration project, construction of an island complex, fulfilled a programmatic goal of re‐establishing diverse and abundant native aquatic vegetation. Eighteen years of aquatic vegetation monitoring data from impact and reference areas were compared to evaluate the anticipated direct effects (within 400 m of the constructed islands) and indirect effects (>400 m downstream of constructed islands) of restoration. Impact areas were also compared with an unrestored negative reference area ~200 km downstream of the project and with a positive reference area in adjacent, relatively natural backwaters. Only indirect effects of restoration were evident. Prevalence and species richness of aquatic vegetation in both of the impact areas and in the negative reference area increased prior to restoration, suggesting large‐scale improvement independent of the project examined here. Indirect effects were demonstrated as further increases in both prevalence and species richness coinciding with restoration in the area >400 m downstream of the restoration. We conclude that increased abundance and diversity of aquatic vegetation was partially achieved, with observed improvements potentially linked to reduced wind fetch.
Parameters estimation of Burr‐XII distribution under first‐failure progressively unified hybrid censoring schemes
Authors: Jia Jun‐mei , Yan Zai‐zai , Peng Xiu‐yun
Published: July 2018

In this paper, a new life test plan called a first‐failure progressively unified hybrid censoring scheme is introduced. Based on this type of censoring scheme, we obtain the maximum likelihood and the Bayes estimators of the unknown parameters from the Burr‐XII distribution. The asymptotic confidence intervals, two kinds of bootstrap confidence intervals and highest posterior density credible intervals of the unknown parameters are constructed. Analysis of a real data set is present to demonstrate the application of the proposed method. The performances of the point and interval estimations are compared by using a Monte Carlo simulation study.
Peptide Nanophotonics: From Optical Waveguiding to Precise Medicine and Multifunctional Biochips
Authors: Apter Boris , Lapshina Nadezda , Handelman Amir , Fainberg Boris D. , Rosenman Gil
Published: July 2018

Optical waveguiding phenomena found in bioinspired chemically synthesized peptide nanostructures are a new paradigm which can revolutionize emerging fields of precise medicine and health monitoring. A unique combination of their intrinsic biocompatibility with remarkable multifunctional optical properties and developed nanotechnology of large peptide wafers makes them highly promising for new biomedical light therapy tools and implantable optical biochips. This Review highlights a new field of peptide nanophotonics. It covers peptide nanotechnology and the fabrication process of peptide integrated optical circuits, basic studies of linear and nonlinear optical phenomena in biological and bioinspired nanostructures, and their passive and active optical waveguiding. It is shown that the optical properties of this generation of bio‐optical materials are governed by fundamental biological processes. Refolding the peptide secondary structure is followed by wideband optical absorption and visible tunable fluorescence. In peptide optical waveguides, such a bio‐optical effect leads to switching from passive waveguiding mode in native α‐helical phase to an active one in the β‐sheet phase. The found active waveguiding effect in β‐sheet fiber structures below optical diffraction limit opens an avenue for the future development of new bionanophotonics in ultrathin peptide/protein fibrillar structures toward advanced biomedical nanotechnology.
High‐Solids Bio‐Conversion of Maize Starch to Sugars and Ethanol
Authors: Li Zhaofeng , Wang Donghai , Shi Yong‐Cheng
Published: July 2018

In current industrial production, maize is the predominant crop used to produce starch which is converted to sugars. In this study, liquefaction and fermentation of normal maize starch at different solid contents are examined. Starch is liquefied at solid contents from 20 to 60% by thermostable α‐amylase at 90 °C. The molecular weight distributions of the dextrins from starch liquefaction, determined by gel‐permeation chromatography, are practically the same for those generated at 20–40% solids, whereas those at 50–60% solids contain increased levels of high molecular weight dextrins. A higher solids level (40–60%) requires more α‐amylase to produce liquefied starch with a reducing sugar content of 9–15%. The starch hydrolysates are subjected to a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process that is conducted at 20–60% solids, 30 °C for up to 72 h. The highest ethanol concentration (17.4%, v/v) is obtained after 72 h from the 30% starch hydrolysate with reducing sugar content of 12–14%. Enzymatic liquefaction of normal maize starch at high solids content (40–60%) is feasible and the high solids enzyme conversion of starch could find potential applications in productions of sugars and chemicals made by fermentation of sugars.
Luminescence Tuning of Sr8MgCe(PO4)7:Eu2+,Mn2+ Phosphors: Structure Refinement, Site Occupancy, and Energy Transfer
Authors: Tang Wanjun , Ding Chong
Published: July 2018

Sr8MgCe(PO4)7:Eu2+,Mn2+ phosphor with whitlockite‐type structure was prepared by a combustion‐assisted solid‐state reaction. The crystal structure and luminescence properties were investigated. Under UV radiation, Sr8MgCe(PO4)7 host exhibits a violet‐blue emission band from Ce3+ ions. When Eu2+/Mn2+ are doped into the host, the samples excited with 270 nm UV radiation present multicolor emissions due to the energy transfer (ET) from Ce3+ to Eu2+/Mn2+. The emitting color of Sr8MgCe(PO4)7:Eu2+ can be tuned from violet‐blue to yellow‐green, whereas Sr8MgCe(PO4)7:Mn2+ can emit red light. Under excitation with long wavelength at 360 nm, Sr8MgCe(PO4)7:Eu2+ phosphor shows a broadband emission from 390 to 700 nm, which is attributed to the 4f65d1→4f7 transition of Eu2+ without the contribution from Ce3+ emission. Tunable full‐color emitting light can be achieved in the Eu2+ and Mn2+‐codoped Sr8MgCe(PO4)7 phosphor by ETEu–Mn through control of the levels of doped Eu2+ and Mn2+ ions. These results suggest that Sr8MgCe(PO4)7:Eu2+,Mn2+ phosphor has potential applications in NUV chip pumped white LEDs.