bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Removal of Heavy Metals from Steel Making Waste Water by Using Electric Arc Furnace Slag
Authors: Beh C. L. , Chuah T. G. , Nourouzi M. N. , Choong T.
Published: May 2012

This work investigated the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS) and the concentration of heavy metals of wastewater from a steel making plant. Adsorption experiments were carried out by electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) in a fixed‐bed column mode. The raw wastewater did not meet the standard B limitations, having high values of BOD, COD, TSS, Iron, Zinc, Manganese and Copper. After passing through the fixed bed column, BOD, COD and TSS values decreased to 1.6, 6.3 and <2 mgL-1, respectively while the concentration of Iron, Zinc, Manganese and Copper were 0.08, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.07 mgL-1, respectively. The results confirmed that EAFS can be used as an efficient adsorbent for producing treated water that comply with the Standard B limitations for an industrial effluent.
CPW-Fed Fractal Slot Antenna for UWB Application
Authors: Zhang Hou , Xu Hai-Yang , Tian Bo , Zeng Xian-Feng
Published: May 2012

A novel printed ultrawideband (UWB) CPW-fed Koch fractal slot antenna is proposed. The UWB bandwidth is largely enhanced by the three-iteration Koch fractal slot whose extrusive angle is 900 instead of 600 to obtain better convoluted shape and self-similarity. The −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 3400 MHz (1270–4670 MHz) or about 114% in comparison with 1290 MHz (1620–2910 MHz) or about 57% of the referenced square slot antenna. Details of the proposed antenna design and performance are presented and discussed.
Urinary Markers of Glomerular Injury in Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Cohen-Bucay Abraham , Viswanathan Gautham
Published: May 2012

Diabetic nephropathy, the leading cause of renal failure worldwide, affects approximately one-third of all people with diabetes. Microalbuminuria is considered the first sign and the best predictor of progression to renal failure and cardiovascular events. However, albuminuria has several limitations. Therefore, earlier, more sensitive and specific biomarkers with greater predictability are needed. The aim of this paper is to discuss the current literature on biomarkers of glomerular injury that have been implicated in diabetic kidney disease.
Preliminary Study of Corrosion Status on Bronzes Excavated from Qin Dynasty Tombs at Xinfeng Town in China
Authors: Fu Qian-li , Jin Pu-jun , Ling Xue , Zhang Shang-xin , Sun Wei-gang , Xia Yin
Published: May 2012

From 2007 to 2008, many bronze wares of Qin Dynasty were excavated from tombs at Xinfeng town. Being an important finding, these bronze wares attracted people’s attention, especially for their conservation. Therefore, the corrosive products were explored by using Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-ray Detector (SEM/EDS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy (RM), which provided much valuable information on the conservation of these bronze wares. According to tested results, the corrosive products of bronzes were found to be comprised of cuprite (Cu2O), covellite (CuS), lead carbonate (PbCO3), and malachite (CuCO3·Cu(OH)2). Meantime, the multilayer corrosive structure was found in some samples due to the cracks in Cu2O layer which had formed many microchannels to promote the material migration.
Effect of Ursodeoxycholic Acid Alone and Ursodeoxycholic Acid Plus Domperidone on Radiolucent Gallstones and Gallbladder Contractility in Humans
Authors: Tuncer Ilyas , Harman Mustafa , Colak Yasar , Arslan Ismail , Turkdogan M. Kursad
Published: May 2012

Background/Aims. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) alone and UDCA plus domperidone on dissolution of solitary or multiple gallstones.Methods. Fifty-three patients with cholesterol gallstones were randomized into three treatment groups: group I () was given UDCA (15 mg/kg/day) alone and group II () was treated with domperidone (30 mg/day) in addition to UDCA. The control group () was followed without a medical treatment. Gallbladder volumes and ejection fractions were measured sonographically in all patients before and after treatment.Results. After 12 months of treatment, stone dissolution was found in 9 (40.9%) of the patients in group I and 7 (38.8%) of the patients in group II. The difference was statistically significant compared to controls in both treatment groups () but the two groups did not show a difference between each other (). All the patients that achieved dissolution had multiple gallstones except for one patient with a solitary stone in group I. Neither monotherapy of UDCA nor the combination with domperidone affected the ejection fraction of gallbladder.Conclusions. Combination with domperidone did not potentiate the efficacy of UDCA. It has been observed that both UDCA alone and UDCA plus domperidone treatment did not affect ejection fraction of gallbladder.
Numerical Simulation of Surge in Axial Compressor
Authors: Du Wenhai , Léonard Olivier
Published: May 2012

The object of this paper is to provide a reliable tool to simulate the stationary and transient operation performances in multistage axial compression systems, especially poststall behavior. An adapted version of the 1D Euler equations with additional source terms is solved by a time marching and control volume method. The equations are discretized at midspan both inside the blade rows and the nonbladed regions, along the real flow path geometry. The source terms express the blade-flow interactions and are estimated by calculating the velocity triangles for each blade row. Loss coefficient and deviation models are supplied by empirical correlations and are compared to experimental data in all flow regions. Transient simulations are carried and compared to the experimental results for several values of parameterB. The flow mechanism inside the compressor during a surge cycle is also shown.
A Model Intervention Program for Secondary School Education
Authors: Gerber Brian , Marek Edmund A.
Published: May 2012

Valdosta State University and the Valdosta City Schools (Valdosta, GA) partnered in 2008 to form the Valdosta Early College Academy (VECA). VECA epitomizes the early college concept of (a) admitting underperforming students with multiple risk factors for dropping out of school (e.g., low socioeconomic status, minority, and first-generation high school or college) and (b) providing college level dual enrollment courses. VECA is very different than nearly every other early college school in the nation. Most (85%) of the 200 early colleges currently operating in the United States begin with students in the 9th grade. Nearly all of the remaining early colleges begin with 7th grade; only a few are 6–12-grade schools. VECA targets two primary priorities, (a) innovations that complement the implementation of higher standards and high-quality assessments and (b) innovations that support college access and success. The primary purpose of this paper is to chronicle the genesis and development of VECA. This program is very successful, replete with research opportunities, and represents a model early college program. We plan to continue to grow VECA to ultimately include grades six through twelve and to research that growth and development.
Advanced Applications for Underwater Acoustic Modeling
Authors: Etter Paul C.
Published: May 2012

Changes in the ocean soundscape have been driven by anthropogenic activity (e.g., naval-sonar systems, seismic-exploration activity, maritime shipping and windfarm development) and by natural factors (e.g., climate change and ocean acidification). New regulatory initiatives have placed additional restrictions on uses of sound in the ocean: mitigation of marine-mammal endangerment is now an integral consideration in acoustic-system design and operation. Modeling tools traditionally used in underwater acoustics have undergone a necessary transformation to respond to the rapidly changing requirements imposed by this new soundscape. Advanced modeling techniques now include forward and inverse applications, integrated-modeling approaches, nonintrusive measurements, and novel processing methods. A 32-year baseline inventory of modeling techniques has been updated to reflect these new developments including the basic mathematics and references to the key literature. Charts have been provided to guide soundscape practitioners to the most efficient modeling techniques for any given application.
Prevention of Diabetic Complications by Activation of Nrf2: Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Nephropathy
Authors: Li Bing , Liu Shujun , Miao Lining , Cai Lu
Published: May 2012

Diabetic cardiomyopathy and nephropathy are two major causes of death of patients with diabetes. Extra generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induced by hyperglycemia, is considered as the main reason for the development of these diabetic complications. Transcription factor, NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), is a master regulator of cellular detoxification response and redox status, and also provides a protective action from various oxidative stresses and damages. Recently we have demonstrated its important role in determining the susceptibility of cells or tissues to diabetes-induced oxidative stress and/or damage. Therefore, this review will specifically summarize the information available regarding the effect of Nrf2 on the diabetic complications with a focus on diabetic cardiomyopathy and nephropathy. Given the feature that Nrf2 is easily induced by several compounds, we also discussed the role of different Nrf2 activators in the prevention or therapy of various diabetic complications. These findings suggest that Nrf2 has a potential application in the clinic setting for diabetic patients in the short future.
The High Input of Soil Organic Matter from Dead Tree Fine Roots into the Forest Soil
Authors: Persson Hans Å.
Published: May 2012

The spatial and temporal dynamics of tree fine roots were investigated in six boreal forests types in Eastern Sweden, close to the Swedish Forsmark and Laxemar nuclear power plants. Four dry and two wet forest types were included in the study. The amount of live and dead fine roots in terms of dry weight was estimated in soil cores. The live/dead ratios of fine roots (<1 mm in diameter) decreased with depth; very low ratios were observed in two wet forest sites. The proportions of dead fine roots to the total amounts of fine roots in the mineral soil horizons of those wet sites were 63 and 86%. The corresponding proportions in the mineral soil in dry forest sites were 45 and 45% and 49 and 48% at Forsmark and Laxemar, respectively. Sequential soil core sampling demonstrated a high variation in live and dead amounts of fine roots during the growth period. A high accumulation of carbon from dead tree fine root was found in all six forest types, in particular in the wet forest sites, but also in deeper soil horizons. Consequently, substantial amounts of organic matter from dead fine roots are continuously accumulated in the soil in boreal forests.
A Quantitative Examination of Extreme Facial Pain Expression in Neonates: The Primal Face of Pain across Time
Authors: Schiavenato Martin , von Baeyer Carl L.
Published: May 2012

Many pain assessment tools for preschool and school-aged children are based on facial expressions of pain. Despite broad use, their metrics are not rooted in the anatomic display of the facial pain expression. We aim to describe quantitatively the patterns of initiation and maintenance of the infant pain expression across an expressive cycle. We evaluated the trajectory of the pain expression of three newborns with the most intense facial display among 63 infants receiving a painful stimulus. A modified “point-pair” system was used to measure movement in key areas across the face by analyzing still pictures from video recording the procedure. Point-pairs were combined into “upper face” and “lower face” variables; duration and intensity of expression were standardized. Intensity and duration of expression varied among infants. Upper and lower face movement rose and overlapped in intensity about 30% into the expression. The expression reached plateau without major change for the duration of the expressive cycle. We conclude that there appears to be a shared pattern in the dynamic trajectory of the pain display among infants expressing extreme intensity. We speculate that these patterns are important in the communication of pain, and their incorporation in facial pain scales may improve current metrics.
Complications of Blepharoplasty: Prevention and Management
Authors: Oestreicher James , Mehta Sonul
Published: May 2012

Blepharoplasty is an operation to modify the contour and configuration of the eyelids in order to restore a more youthful appearance. The surgery involves removing redundant skin, fat, and muscle. In addition, supporting structures such as canthal tendons are tightened. Other conditions such as ptosis, brow ptosis, entropion, ectropion, or eyelid retraction may also need to be corrected at the time a blepharoplasty is performed to ensure the best functional and aesthetic result. Due to the complexity and intricate nature of eyelid anatomy, complications do exist. In addition to a thorough pre operative assessment and meticulous surgical planning, understanding the etiology of complications is key to prevention. Finally, management of complications is just as important as surgical technique.
Exploring Relationships between Demersal Resources and Environmental Factors in the Ionian Sea (Central Mediterranean)
Authors: D’Onghia G. , Giove A. , Maiorano P. , Carlucci R. , Minerva M. , Capezzuto F. , Sion L. , Tursi A.
Published: May 2012

The relationships between the abundance of demersal resources, environmental variables, and fishing pressure in the north-western Ionian Sea in the last two decades were evaluated. Data on the density collected during seventeen trawl surveys carried out from 1985 to 2005 were used. The following species were considered:Aristaeomorpha foliacea, Nephrops norvegicus,andParapenaeus longirostrisfor crustaceans;Merluccius merluccius, Phycis blennoides,andMullus barbatusfor teleost fish. The recruitment index was also considered forN. norvegicus, P. longirostris, M. merlucciusandMullus barbatus. Six candidate models were evaluated for each density and recruitment data set either combining fishing effort with global (NAO) and regional (SST and precipitation) climatic indices, or models separately involving fishing effort, NAO, or regional climatic indices as the only predictive variable. Model selection was carried out using an information-theoretical approach that applies Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC). High changes over time were observed for the density data and recruitment indices in each species. Apart from hake abundance and recruitment data, for which a clear positive relationship with the NAO index alone was detected, the changes observed in the other species seem to be the consequence of the interaction between bottom-up effects linked to changes in physical environment and top-down ones due to the fishing pressure.
Increased Oxidative Stress and Imbalance in Antioxidant Enzymes in the Brains of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Ceretta Luciane B. , Réus Gislaine Z. , Abelaira Helena M. , Ribeiro Karine F. , Zappellini Giovanni , Felisbino Francine F. , Steckert Amanda V. , Dal-Pizzol Felipe , Quevedo João
Published: May 2012

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is associated with pathological changes in the central nervous system (SNC) as well as alterations in oxidative stress. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the animal model of diabetes induced by alloxan on memory and oxidative stress. Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by using a single injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg), and fifteen days after induction, the rats memory was evaluated through the use of the object recognition task. The oxidative stress parameters and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were measured in the rat brain. The results showed that diabetic rats did not have alterations in their recognition memory. However, the results did show that diabetic rats had increases in the levels of superoxide in the prefrontal cortex, and in thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) production in the prefrontal cortex and in the amygdala in submitochondrial particles. Also, there was an increase in protein oxidation in the hippocampus and striatum, and in TBARS oxidation in the striatum and amygdala. The SOD activity was decreased in diabetic rats in the striatum and amygdala. However, the CAT activity was increased in the hippocampus taken from diabetic rats. In conclusion, our findings illustrate that the animal model of diabetes induced by alloxan did not cause alterations in the animals’ recognition memory, but it produced oxidants and an imbalance between SOD and CAT activities, which could contribute to the pathophysiology of diabetes.
Friction Stir Welding of Al 5052 with Al 6061 Alloys
Authors: Kumbhar N. T. , Bhanumurthy K.
Published: May 2012

Friction stir welding (FSW), a solid-state joining technique, is being extensively used in similar as well as dissimilar joining of Al, Mg, Cu, Ti, and their alloys. In the present study, friction stir welding of two aluminium alloys—AA6061 and AA5052—was carried out at various combinations of tool rotation speeds and tool traverse speeds. The transverse cross-section of the weld was used for optical as well as electron microscopy observations. The microstructural studies were used to get an indication of the extent of material mixing both at the macro- and microscales. It was observed that, at the interface region, both materials exhibited similar texture despite the nonrigorous mixing of the materials in the nugget. The extent of interdiffusion of alloying elements at the interface was studied using electron probe microanalysis. The tensile testing evaluation of these specimens showed good mechanical properties. The interdiffusion of alloying elements and development of similar orientations in the nugget could have contributed to the better tensile properties of the friction-stir-welded AA5052-AA6061 specimens.
PPARs: Interference with Warburg’ Effect and Clinical Anticancer Trials
Authors: Vamecq Joseph , Colet Jean-Marie , Vanden Eynde Jean Jacques , Briand Gilbert , Porchet Nicole , Rocchi Stéphane
Published: May 2012

The metabolic/cell signaling basis of Warburg’s effect (“aerobic glycolysis”) and the general metabolic phenotype adopted by cancer cells are first reviewed. Several bypasses are adopted to provide a panoramic integrated view of tumoral metabolism, by attributing a central signaling role to hypoxia-induced factor (HIF-1) in the expression of aerobic glycolysis. The cancer metabolic phenotype also results from alterations of other routes involvingras, myc, p53,andAktsignaling and the propensity of cancer cells to develop signaling aberrances (notably aberrant surface receptor expression) which, when present, offer unique opportunities for therapeutic interventions. The rationale for various emerging strategies for cancer treatment is presented along with mechanisms by which PPAR ligands might interfere directly with tumoral metabolism and promote anticancer activity. Clinical trials using PPAR ligands are reviewed and followed by concluding remarks and perspectives for future studies. A therapeutic need to associate PPAR ligands with other anticancer agents is perhaps an important lesson to be learned from the results of the clinical trials conducted to date.
Two-Level Stabilized Finite Volume Methods for Stationary Navier-Stokes Equations
Authors: Rachid Anas , Bahaj Mohamed , Ayoub Noureddine
Published: May 2012

We propose two algorithms of two-level methods for resolving the nonlinearity in the stabilized finite volume approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations describing the equilibrium flow of a viscous, incompressible fluid. A macroelement condition is introduced for constructing the local stabilized finite volume element formulation. Moreover the two-level methods consist of solving a small nonlinear system on the coarse mesh and then solving a linear system on the fine mesh. The error analysis shows that the two-level stabilized finite volume element method provides an approximate solution with the convergence rate of the same order as the usual stabilized finite volume element solution solving the Navier-Stokes equations on a fine mesh for a related choice of mesh widths.
The 2009 US Federal Cigarette Tax Increase and Quitline Utilization in 16 States
Authors: Bush Terry , Zbikowski Susan , Mahoney Lisa , Deprey Mona , Mowery Paul D. , Magnusson Brooke
Published: May 2012

Background. On April 1, 2009, the federal cigarette excise tax increased from 39 cents to $1.01 per pack.Methods.This study describes call volumes to 16 state quitlines, characteristics of callers and cessation outcomes before and after the tax.Results. Calls to the quitlines increased by 23.5% in 2009 and more whites, smokers ≥ 25 years of age, smokers of shorter duration, those with less education, and those who live with smokers called after (versus before) the tax. Quit rates at 7 months did not differ before versus after tax.Conclusions. Descriptive analyses revealed that the federal excise tax on cigarettes was associated with increased calls to quitlines but multivariate analyses revealed no difference in quit rates. However, more callers at the same quit rate indicates an increase in total number of successful quitters. If revenue obtained from increased taxation on cigarettes is put into cessation treatment, then it is likely future excise taxes would have an even greater effect.
Enhancing Schistosomiasis Control Strategy for Zimbabwe: Building on Past Experiences
Authors: Chimbari Moses J.
Published: May 2012

Schistosoma haematobiumandSchistosoma mansoniare prevalent in Zimbabwe to levels that make schistosomiasis a public health problem. Following three national surveys to map the disease prevalence, a national policy on control of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths is being developed. This paper reviews the experiences that Zimbabwe has in the area of schistosomiasis control with a view to influence policy. A case study approach to highlight key experiences and outcomes was adopted. The benefits derived from intersectoral collaboration that led to the development of a model irrigation scheme that incorporates schistosomiasis control measures are highlighted. Similarly, the benefits of using plant molluscicides and fish and duck biological agents (Sargochromis codringtoniiandCairina moschata) are highlighted. Emphasis was also placed on the importance of utilizing locally developed water and sanitation technologies and the critical human resource base in the area of schistosomiasis developed over years. After synthesis of the case studies presented, it was concluded that while there is a need to follow the WHO recommended guidelines for schistosomiasis control it is important to develop a control strategy that is informed by work already done in the country. The importance of having a policy and local guidelines for schistosomiasis control is emphasized.
Biodiversity of Terrestrial Ecosystems in Tropical to Temperate Australia
Authors: Specht Raymond L.
Published: May 2012

During the short period of annual foliage growth in evergreen plant communities, aerodynamic fluxes (frictional, thermal, evaporative) in the atmosphere as it flows over and through a plant community determine the Foliage Projective Covers and leaf attributes in overstorey and understorey strata. The number of leaves produced on each vertical foliage shoot depends on available soil water and nutrients during this growth period. The area of all leaves exposed to solar radiation determines net photosynthetic fixation of the plant community throughout the year. In turn, the species richness (number of species per hectare) of both plants and resident vertebrates is determined. The species richness of unicellular algae and small multicellular isopods in permanent freshwater lagoons in Northern Australia may possibly have been increased by radiation released from nearby uranium deposits. Evolution of new angiosperms probably occurred in refugia during periods of extreme drought. When favourable climates were restored, the vegetation expanded to result in high Gamma Biodiversity (number of plant species per region) but with each major plant community having essentially the same species richness (number of plant species per hectare). The probable effects of pollution and Global Warming on biodiversity in Australian ecosystems, that experience seasonal drought, are discussed.
Experimental Testing of the Effects of Fine Particles on the Properties of the Self-Compacting Lightweight Concrete
Authors: Juradin Sandra , Baloević Goran , Harapin Alen
Published: May 2012

The self-compacting lightweight concrete (SCLC) is a combination of the Self compacting concrete (SCC) and the Lightweight concrete. It combines all the good properties of those two materials and is extremely convenient for the construction of buildings that require low mass and do not require high compressive strength, for example restoration works in old structures (e.g., replacement of wooden floors), prefabricated elements that require transportation, and for structures and elements where the concrete surface should be visible. In this paper the effect of the amount of fine particles on the properties of the self-compacting lightweight concrete (SCLC) in the fresh and hardened state was explored. For this purpose, sets of specimens with different combinations of admixtures of silica fume, fly ash, and filler were prepared and tested. Slump flow and flow time of fresh concrete, as well as the dynamic elastic modulus and compressive strength of hardened concrete, were measured at different ages of concrete. The processes of manufacturing and methods of testing are described, as well as the obtained results.
Bariatric Surgery in the Caribbean: Is It Safe in a Low-Volume, Third World Setting?
Authors: Dan Dilip , Singh Yardesh , Naraynsingh Vijay , Hariharan Seetharaman , Maharaj Ravi , Teelucksingh Surujpal
Published: May 2012

Bariatric surgery is a well-recognized modality of management of obesity. In addition to obesity, it effectively controls diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. It has been recommended that bariatric surgery should be done in “designated centers” of excellence where there is a high volume of case turnover. Caribbean nations are not spared from the global spread of the obesity epidemic; however, not many patients get the benefits of bariatric surgery. This study aimed to establish that bariatric surgery could be safely and efficiently undertaken in a low-volume center outside the “designated centers” with comparable patient outcomes even in a third world setting. Though “patient numbers” generally imply better outcome, in an environment where these numbers cannot be achieved, patients should not be denied the access to surgery once good outcomes are achieved.
Effect of Equal-Channel Angular Pressing on Pitting Corrosion of Pure Aluminum
Authors: Son Injoon , Nakano Hiroaki , Oue Satoshi , Kobayashi Shigeo , Fukushima Hisaaki , Horita Zenji
Published: May 2012

The effect of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) on the pitting corrosion of pure Al was investigated using electrochemical techniques in solutions containing 0.1 m mol·dm−3of Na2SO4and 8.46 mol·dm−3of NaCl (300 ppm Cl−) and followed by surface analysis. The potential for pitting corrosion of pure Al was clearly shifted in the noble direction by the ECAP process indicating that this process improves resistance to pitting corrosion. The time dependence of corrosion potential and the anodic potential at 1 A·m−2revealed that the rate of formation of Al oxide films increased due to a decrease in the grain size of the Al after ECAP. Since there exists a negligible amount of impurity precipitates in pure Al, the improvement in pitting corrosion resistance of pure Al by ECAP appears to be attributable to an increase in the rate of formation of Al oxide films.
Implication of Crystal Water Molecules in Inhibitor Binding at ALR2 Active Site
Authors: Hymavati  , Kumar Vivek , Elizabeth Sobhia M.
Published: May 2012

Water molecules play a crucial role in mediating the interaction between a ligand and a macromolecule. The solvent environment around such biomolecule controls their structure and plays important role in protein-ligand interactions. An understanding of the nature and role of these water molecules in the active site of a protein could greatly increase the efficiency of rational drug design approaches. We have performed the comparative crystal structure analysis of aldose reductase to understand the role of crystal water in protein-ligand interaction. Molecular dynamics simulation has shown the versatile nature of water molecules in bridge H bonding during interaction. Occupancy and life time of water molecules depend on the type of cocrystallized ligand present in the structure. The information may be useful in rational approach to customize the ligand, and thereby longer occupancy and life time for bridge H-bonding.
Factors Influencing Physical Activity in Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs: A Pilot Study
Authors: Feehan Katie , O'Neil Margaret E. , Abdalla Diana , Fragala-Pinkham Maria , Kondrad Monica , Berhane Zekarias , Turchi Renee
Published: May 2012

Background. Evidence suggests that children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN) have decreased physical activity compared to peers. This study describes weight status and physical activity in CYSHCN and identifies factors associated with physical activity and community resources to promote physical activity.Methods. Parents (n=21) and CYSHCN (n=23) were recruited from a pediatric clinic. The most prevalent diagnoses were autism (n=7, 30%) and cerebral palsy (n=3, 13%). Interviews were conducted with parents for information on physical activity and community resources. Children’s height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI).Results. The majority of CYSHCN (n=13, 59%) were obese. CYSHCN did not meet recommended levels of 60 minutes of daily physical activity and engaged in more screen time than recommended. More children with cognitive/behavioral/emotional diagnoses were obese compared to children with physical/medical diagnoses. A majority of parents (n=16, 73%) indicated their CYSHCN need more supervision to participate in physical activity in community programs.Conclusion. The majority of CYSHCN in this study were obese and sedentary. Resources to promote physical activity are needed for this population.
Bis(trans‐cinnamaldehyde)‐1,3‐propanediimine) mercury(II)chloride, [Hg(BPPPB)Cl2] as Carrier for Construction of Iodide Selective Electrode
Authors: Karimipour G. , Gharaghani S. , Ahmadpour R.
Published: May 2012

Highly selective poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane of iodide ion selective electrode based on the application of bis(trans‐cinnamaldehyde)‐1,3‐propanediimine)mercury(II)chloride [Hg(BPPPB)Cl2] as new carrier by coating the membrane ingredient on the surface of graphite electrodes has been reported. The effect of various parameters including membrane composition, pH and possible interfering anions on the response properties of the electrode were examined. At optimum conditions, the proposed sensor exhibited Nernstian responses toward iodide ion in a wide concentration range of 1×10-6 to 0.1 M with slopes of 58.0±0.8 mV per decade of iodide concentration over a wide pH range of 3‐11 with detection limit of detection of ~8×10-7 M. The sensors have stable responses times of ≤ 5 s and give stable response after conditioning in 0.05 M KI for 24 h with its response is stable at least 2 months without any considerable divergence in its potential response characteristics. The electrodes were successfully applied for the direct determination of iodide ion in water sample and as indicator electrodes in precipitation titrations.
Analysis of Wave Solutions of an Adhenovirus‐Tumor Cell System
Authors: Camara Baba Issa , Mokrani Houda
Published: May 2012

We discuss biological background and mathematical analysis of glioma gene therapy for contributing to cancer treatment. By a reaction‐diffusion system, we model interactions between gliom cells and viruses. We establish some sufficient conditions on model parameters which guarantee the permanence of the system and the existence of periodic solutions. Our study has experimental and theoretical implication in the perspective management strategy of therapy.
Visual Flight Control of a Quadrotor Using Bioinspired Motion Detector
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhang Tianguang , Wu Haiyan , Borst Alexander , Kühnlenz Kolja
Published: May 2012

Motion detection in the fly is extremely fast with low computational requirements. Inspired from the fly's vision system, we focus on a real-time flight control on a miniquadrotor with fast visual feedback. In this work, an elaborated elementary motion detector (EMD) is utilized to detect local optical flow. Combined with novel receptive field templates, the yaw rate of the quadrotor is estimated through a lookup table established with this bioinspired visual sensor. A closed-loop control system with the feedback of yaw rate estimated by EMD is designed. With the motion of the other degrees of freedom stabilized by a camera tracking system, the yaw-rate of the quadrotor during hovering is controlled based on EMD feedback under real-world scenario. The control performance of the proposed approach is compared with that of conventional approach. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of utilizing EMD for quadrotor control.
Stabilization of a Wireless Networked Control System with Packet Loss and Time Delay: An ADS Approach
Authors: Wang Jing , Shi Bingxin , Bai Jianjun , Gao Jinfeng , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: May 2012

The stabilization problem of a wireless networked control system is considered in this paper. Both time delay and packet loss exist simultaneously in the wireless network. The system is modeled as an asynchronous dynamic system (ADS) with unstable subsystems. A sufficient condition for the system to be stable is presented. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Looking through the Same Eyes? Do Teachers’ Participation Ratings Match with Ratings of Students with Autism Spectrum Conditions in Mainstream Schools?
Authors: Falkmer Marita , Parsons Richard , Granlund Mats
Published: May 2012

To create an inclusive classroom and act accordingly, teachers’ understanding of the experiences of participation of students with autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) is crucial. This understanding may depend on the teachers’ professional experiences, support and personal interests. The aim of the present questionnaire study was to investigate how well the teachers’ ratings of their students with ASCs’ perception of participation matched with the students’ own ratings. Furthermore, possible correlations between the accuracy of teachers’ ratings and the teachers’ self-reported professional experience, support (including support-staff), and personal interest were investigated. Teachers’ ratings were also used to examine how their understandings correlated with classroom actions. The agreements between teachers’ and students’ ratings were moderate to high, and the ability to attune to the students’ perception of participation was not affected by the presence of a support-staff. The teachers’ personal interest in teaching students with ASC correlated with their accuracy, suggesting that this is a factor to consider when planning for successful placements in mainstream schools. Teachers’ understandings of the students with ASCs’ perception of being bullied or unpopular correlated with implementation of activities to improve the attitudes of classmates, but not with actions to enhance social relations for the students with ASC.
Microglial Amyloid-β1-40 Phagocytosis Dysfunction Is Caused by High-Mobility Group Box Protein-1: Implications for the Pathological Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Takata Kazuyuki , Takada Tetsuya , Ito Aina , Asai Mayo , Tawa Manami , Saito Yuki , Ashihara Eishi , Tomimoto Hidekazu , Kitamura Yoshihisa , Shimohama Shun
Published: May 2012

In Alzheimer disease (AD) patient brains, the accumulation of amyloid-β(Aβ) peptides is associated with activated microglia. Aβis derived from the amyloid precursor protein; two major forms of Aβ, that is, Aβ1-40 (Aβ40) and Aβ1-42 (Aβ42), exist. We previously reported that rat microglia phagocytose Aβ42, and high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), a chromosomal protein, inhibits phagocytosis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of exogenous HMGB1 on rat microglial Aβ40 phagocytosis. In the presence of exogenous HMGB1, Aβ40 markedly increased in microglial cytoplasm, and the reduction of extracellular Aβ40 was inhibited. During this period, HMGB1 was colocalized with Aβ40 in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, exogenous HMGB1 inhibited the degradation of Aβ40 induced by the rat microglial cytosolic fraction. Thus, extracellular HMGB1 may internalize with Aβ40 in the microglial cytoplasm and inhibit Aβ40 degradation by microglia. This may subsequently delay Aβ40 clearance. We further confirmed that in AD brains, the parts of senile plaques surrounded by activated microglia are composed of Aβ40, and extracellular HMGB1 is deposited on these plaques. Taken together, microglial Aβphagocytosis dysfunction may be caused by HMGB1 that accumulates extracellularly on Aβplaques, and it may be critically involved in the pathological progression of AD.
Rendezvous Data Collection Using a Mobile Element in Heterogeneous Sensor Networks
Authors: Du Junzhao , Liu Hui , Shangguan Longfei , Mai Luo , Wang Kai , Li Shucong
Published: May 2012

We study the rendezvous data collection problem for the Mobile Element (ME) in heterogeneous sensor networks where data generation rates of sensors are distinct. The link quality is instable in our network model and the sensory data cannot be aggregated when transmitting. The Mobile Element is able to efficiently collect network wide data within a given delay bound; meanwhile the network eliminates the energy bottleneck to prolong its lifetime. For case study, we consider the trajectory planning for both Mobile Relay and Mobile Sink on a tree-shaped network. In the Mobile Relay case where the ME's trajectory must pass through a sink to upload sensory data for further processing, an O( n lg n) algorithm named RP-MR is proposed to approach (1) the optimal Rendezvous Points (RPs) to collect global sensory data; (2) the optimal data collection trajectory for the Mobile Relay to gather the cached data from RPs. In the Mobile Sink case where the Mobile Element can process the sensory on its motion, we develop an O( n lg2 n) algorithm named RP-MS to recursively investigate the optimal solution. Both the theoretical analysis and extensive simulations verify the correctness and effectiveness of proposals.
Advancements in the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC): The Role of Ixabepilone
Authors: Cristofanilli Massimo
Published: May 2012

Successful management of breast cancer in the metastatic setting is often confounded by resistance to chemotherapeutics, in particular anthracyclines and taxanes. The limited number of effective treatment options for patients with more aggressive biological subtypes, such as triple-negative metastatic breast cancer, is especially concerning. As such, a therapy clinically proven to be effective in this subtype would be of great value. Ixabepilone, a novel synthetic lactam analog of epothilone B, demonstrated better clinical outcomes in metastatic disease, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer. Most recently, studies have shown the activity of ixabepilone in the neoadjuvant setting, suggesting a role for this drug in primary disease. Notably, treating in the neoadjuvant setting might allow clinicians to explore the predictive value of biomarkers and response to treatment, as pharmacogenomic approaches to therapy continue to evolve. In this article, we review the efficacy and safety data of ixabepilone as a monotherapy and as a component of combination therapy for metastatic and primary breast cancer.
Association between High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Che Wenliang , Zhang Buchun , Liu Wenling , Wei Yidong , Xu Yawei , Hu Dayi
Published: May 2012

Background.Prior study showed HCV-infected patients have increased serum N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) and a possible left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. The objectives of the present paper were to investigate the characteristics of hs-CRP and its correlation with clinical profiles including NT-proBNP and echocardiographic variables in HCV-infected patients.Methods and Results. A total of 106 HCV-infected patients and 106 control healthy individuals were enrolled. The level of serum hs-CRP (median 1.023 mg/L, range 0.03∼5.379 mg/L) was significantly lower in all 106 patients than that in controls (median 3.147 mg/L, range 0.08~7.36 mg/L,P=0.012). Although hs-CRP did not correlate significantly with NT-proBNP when all patients and controls were included (r=0.169,P=0.121), simple regression analysis demonstrated a statistically significant linear correlation between hs-CRP and NT-proBNP in HCV-infected patients group (r=0.392,P=0.017). Independent correlates of hs-CRP levels (R2=0.13) were older age (β′=0.031,P=0.025) and NT proBNP (β′=0.024,P=0.017).Conclusions. Although the level of serum hs-CRP decreased significantly, there was a significant association between hs-CRP and NT-proBNP in HCV-infected patients.
Autoimmunity and Extrahepatic Manifestations in Treatment-Naïve Children with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Indolfi Giuseppe , Bartolini Elisa , Olivito Biagio , Azzari Chiara , Resti Massimo
Published: May 2012

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been associated with autoimmunity and extrahepatic manifestations in adults. Few data are available on these topics in children. Nonorgan specific auto-antibodies development is part of the natural course of chronic hepatitis C in children. Smooth muscle autoantibody is the most common autoantibody found, while liver-kidney microsomal type-1 antibody positivity is the most peculiar autoimmune feature of children with HCV infection. The clinical significance of non-organ specific autoantibodies in the course of paediatric chronic hepatitis C is still debated. Autoantibody positivity can be considered neutral for most patients, while it can be associated with negative connotations for others, especially those positive for liver-kidney microsomal type-1 autoantibody. Subclinical hypothyroidism but not autoimmune thyroiditis has been demonstrated in HCV infection in children, while only few cases of HCV-associated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis have been described. Single reports are available in the literature reporting the anecdotal association between chronic hepatitis C and other extrahepatic manifestations such as myopathy and opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Despite the low incidence of extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C in children, overall, available data suggest a careful monitoring.
When Things Are Not as They Appear: Assessing the Adequacy of Cluster Randomization When Outcome Events Are Rare at Baseline
Authors: Dinaj-Koci Veronica , Brathwaite Nanika , Deveaux Lynette , Lunn Sonya , Cottrell Lesley , Harris Carole , Stanton Bonita , Li Xiaoming , Marshall Sharon , Gomez Perry , Chen Xinguang
Published: May 2012

The present study randomly assigned 15 Bahamian elementary schools to one of three intervention conditions. To assess the adequacy of cluster randomization, we examined two concerns identified by the local research team: inequality of gender distribution and environmental risk among groups. Baseline significant differences in risk and protective behaviors were minimal. There were significantly more males in the intervention group. Males had higher rates of risk behavior at all assessments. Poor school performance was also higher among the intervention condition and was significantly associated with increased rates of many but not all risk behaviors. Prior to adjusting for gender and school performance, several risk behaviors appeared to be higher after intervention among intervention youth. Adjusting for gender and school performance eradicated the group differences in risk behavior rates. Results demonstrate the importance of adequate randomization where outcomes of interest are rare events at baseline or differ by gender and there is an unequal gender distribution and the importance of the local research team’s knowledge of potential inequalities in environmental risk (i.e., school performance). Not considering such individual differences could impact the integrity of trial outcomes.
Moving “Forward” inPlasmodiumGenetics through a Transposon-Based Approach
Authors: Balu Bharath
Published: May 2012

The genome sequence of the human malaria parasite,Plasmodium falciparum, was released almost a decade ago. A majority of thePlasmodiumgenome, however, remains annotated to code for hypothetical proteins with unknown functions. The introduction of forward genetics has provided novel means to gain a better understanding of gene functions and their associated phenotypes inPlasmodium. Even with certain limitations, the technique has already shown significant promise to increase our understanding of parasite biology needed for rationalized drug and vaccine design. Further improvements to the mutagenesis technique and the design of novel genetic screens should lead us to some exciting discoveries about the critical weaknesses ofPlasmodium, and greatly aid in the development of new disease intervention strategies.
New Flexible Medical Compact Antenna: Design and Analysis
Authors: Mahe Yann , Chousseaud Anne , Brunet Marc , Froppier Bruno
Published: May 2012

Some results on embedded antennas for medical wireless communication systems are presented. Medical telemetry can advantageously assist medical diagnostics. For example, you can better locate a diseased area by monitoring temperature inside the human body. In order to establish efficient wireless links in such an environment, a special attention should be paid to the antenna design. It is required to be of a low profile, very small regardless of the working frequency—434 MHz in the ISM band, safe, and cost effective. Design of the as-considered antenna is proposed based on a simple model. The approach has been demonstrated for a compact flexible antenna with a factor of 10 with respect to the half-wave antenna, rolling up inside an ingestible pill. Measured and calculated impedance behaviour and radiation characteristics of the modified patch are determined. Excellent agreement was found between experiment and theory.
Gradient Technology for High‐Throughput Screening of Interactions between Cells and Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Michelmore Andrew , Clements Lauren , Steele David A. , Voelcker Nicolas H. , Szili Endre J.
Published: May 2012

We present a novel substrate suitable for the high‐throughput analysis of cell response to variations in surface chemistry and nanotopography. Electrochemical etching was used to produce silicon wafers with nanopores between 10 and 100 nm in diameter. Over this substrate and flat silicon wafers, a gradient film ranging from hydrocarbon to carboxylic acid plasma polymer was deposited, with the concentration of surface carboxylic acid groups varying between 0.7 and 3% as measured by XPS. MG63 osteoblast‐like cells were then cultured on these substrates and showed greatest cell spreading and adhesion onto porous silicon with a carboxylic acid group concentration between 2‐3%. This method has great potential for high‐throughput screening of cell‐material interaction with particular relevance to tissue engineering.