bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The historical context of creole language emergence in Dutch Guiana
Authors: Kouwenberg Silvia
Published: September 2016

Cet article décrit les rôles qu’ont joués les amérindiens dans les situations de contact où émergèrent deux créoles de base hollandaise : le Berbice Dutch (Berbice, Guyana) et le Skepi Dutch (Essequibo, Guyana). Les amérindiens furent constamment présents dans la phase préformative et formative des deux langues, comme le décrit en détail une esquisse historique des phases initiales de l’exploration de la “ Wild Coast” par les hollandais, suivie du développement d’un réseau de comptoirs, et enfin de l’implantation de colons et du développement d’une économie de plantation. La phase commerciale initiale, caractérisée par une faible présence hollandaise ainsi qu’un recours massif aux échanges avec les amérindiens pour assurer la survie des comptoirs, forment des contextes dans lesquels des pidgins hollandoamérindiens pourraient s’être développés. Néanmoins, le volume limité des échanges commerciaux firent en sorte que ces hypothétiques pidgins ne parvinrent pas à survivre. Par contre, les phases de colonisation et de développement donnèrent lieu à l’émergence de nouvelles langues à une époque où les amérindiens, en particulier les locuteurs de l’arawak, étaient nombreux dans les colonies nouvellement établies. En fait, les amérindiens constituaient initialement la majorité de la main d’oeuvre des plantations. Est-il possible que des créoles de base hollandaise se soient développés sur la base d’un pidgin hollando-amérindien formé pendant le début de la phase de développement d''une économie de plantation ? Les indices font état seulement d''une contribution arawak assez périphérale au lexique du Berbice Dutch, et d’un nombre restreint d’emprunts hollandais en arawak parmi lesquels plusieurs ne correspondent même pas à leurs équivalents en Skepi ou Berbice Dutch. En bref, malgré leur présence constante voire même numériquement significative dans les phases précoces des sociétés de plantation hollandaises à Berbice et Essequibo, les amérindiens ne contribuèrent pas de manière significative à la genèse de créoles de base hollandaise. Cette déduction montre qu''un nombre significatif de locuteurs '' au bon moment'' n''est pas suffisant pour déterminer le rôle de groupes spécifiques de locuteurs dans la créolisation linguistique.
FADING CORONAL STRUCTURE AND THE ONSET OF TURBULENCE IN THE YOUNG SOLAR WIND
Authors: DeForest C. E. , Matthaeus W. H. , Viall N. M. , Cranmer S. R.
Published: September 2016

Above the top of the solar corona, the young, slow solar wind transitions from low-β, magnetically structured flow dominated by radial structures to high-β, less structured flow dominated by hydrodynamics. This transition, long inferred via theory, is readily apparent in the sky region close to 10° from the Sun in processed, background-subtracted solar wind images. We present image sequences collected by the inner Heliospheric Imager instrument on board the Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO/HI1) in 2008 December, covering apparent distances from approximately 4° to 24° from the center of the Sun and spanning this transition in the large-scale morphology of the wind. We describe the observation and novel techniques to extract evolving image structure from the images, and we use those data and techniques to present and quantify the clear textural shift in the apparent structure of the corona and solar wind in this altitude range. We demonstrate that the change in apparent texture is due both to anomalous fading of the radial striae that characterize the corona and to anomalous relative brightening of locally dense puffs of solar wind that we term “flocculae.” We show that these phenomena are inconsistent with smooth radial flow, but consistent with the onset of hydrodynamic or magnetohydrodynamic instabilities leading to a turbulent cascade in the young solar wind.
Desenvolvimento sustentável e inovação social: a reciclagem sob a perspectiva da tecnologia social
Authors: Horst Luciane Vanessa Mendes , Freitas Carlos Cesar Garcia
Published: September 2016

Este trabalho é resultado de um debate teórico-empírico acerca do desenvolvimento sustentável, da inovação e Tecnologia Social, direcionados ao fenômeno da reciclagem.  Propicia a análise de três casos de tecnologias sociais  certificadas pelo  Prêmio Fundação Banco do Brasil de Tecnologia Social, a fim de verificar os processos  de inovação social presentes nestes projetos e relacionados à reciclagem. A análise deriva de uma pesquisa documental, de cunho qualitativo, a qual explora a complexidade do fenômeno e o seu universo de significações.  No que tange à reciclagem, as tecnologias sociais analisadas mostraram que a Inovação Social pode trazer benefícios ambientais, promovendo o desenvolvimento da comunidade e tornando legítimo o conhecimento dos sujeitos envolvidos.  É pertinente considerar que a dimensão social e econômica, também são beneficiadas com ações deste tipo, oportunizando melhoras da qualidade de vida.
Análise comparativa dos requisitos legais sobre auditoria ambiental compulsória nos estados da região sul do Brasil
Authors: Sousa Sabrina Rodrigues , Zanatta Cibeli , Severis Roni Matheus
Published: September 2016

A auditoria ambiental é um processo sistemático, documentado e independente, de grande utilidade para as organizações, pois por meio deste instrumento, elas podem verificar sua adequação à legislações, normas e requisitos específicos, avaliando atividades e procedimentos, em especial os que oferecem riscos potenciais ao meio ambiente e à sociedade. Assim, pode-se perceber que a auditoria ambiental apresenta caráter preventivo, visando melhorar o desempenho das organizações auditadas e agindo de forma a evitar os danos ambientais, sendo realizada de forma voluntária ou compulsória. Além da minimização de impactos e passivos ambientais, as auditorias ambientais podem proporcionar diversos benefícios para a organização, tais como aumento competitividade no mercado, agregação de valor a marca e ao produto. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar comparativamente os requisitos legais sobre auditoria ambiental compulsória - AAC estabelecidos para os estados da região sul do país, de forma a verificar suas similaridades e divergências. Utilizou-se, inicialmente, a revisão bibliográfica sistemática para a identificação das legislações e outras fontes bibliográficas sobre o tema. Em seguida, definiu-se critérios de comparação e conduziu-se a análise comparativa. Com os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o estado com melhor estrutura legal sobre AAC é o Paraná, porém esta foi revogada recentemente. A legislação aplicável ao estado do Rio Grande do Sul, apesar de estar igualmente bem estruturada, possui pontos passível de melhorias, a fim de apresentar maior clareza em determinados aspectos. Finalmente, destaca-se o estado de Santa Catarina, que apresenta legislação não regulamentada sobre o tema, necessitando ainda de muitas definições e detalhamentos.
Predictors of Cardiovascular Hospitalization in Giant Cell Arteritis: Effect of Statin Exposure. A French Population-based Study
Authors: Pugnet Grégory , Sailler Laurent , Fournier Jean-Pascal , Bourrel Robert , Montastruc Jean-Louis , Lapeyre-Mestre Maryse
Published: September 2016

Objective.

To identify predictors and protectors for cardiovascular hospitalization in a giant cell arteritis (GCA) population-based cohort.

Methods.

Using the French National Health Insurance system, we included patients with incident GCA from the Midi-Pyrenees region, southern France, from January 2005 to December 2008 and randomly selected 6 controls matched by sex and age at calendar date. We used a Cox model to identify independent predictors for cardiovascular hospitalization [combining stroke, coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, or cardiac arrhythmias].

Results.

Among 103 patients with GCA followed 48.9 ± 14.8 months, the incidence rates of hospitalization for cardiovascular disease, atherosclerotic disease (combining stroke, CAD, and peripheral arterial disease), heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias were 48.6, 17.5, 14.8, and 9.8 events per 1000 person-years versus 14.9, 4.6, 6.2, and 2.5 events per 1000 person-years among controls, respectively. In patients with GCA, cardiovascular comorbidities at diagnosis (HR 6.2, 2.0–19.2), age over 77 years (HR 5.0, 1.40–17.54), as well as the cumulative defined daily dose of statins (HR 0.993, 0.986–0.999) were independent predictors for subsequent cardiovascular hospitalization. None of the 25 patients with GCA who were taking platelet aggregation inhibitors experienced a cardiovascular hospitalization during followup.

Conclusion.

Patients with GCA present a high risk of cardiovascular hospitalization after diagnosis. In patients with incident GCA from the Midi-Pyrenees region, southern France, statin therapy was associated with reduced cardiovascular hospitalizations.
Productivity Assessment in Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Vaez-Ghasemi M. , Moghaddas Z.
Published: September 2016

Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) is taken into consideration by different researchers in different theoretical and scientific fields after S. Malmquist presented it. This index has a profound meaning and is used in a number of applications for performance evaluation. In literature, there exist variety of subjects consider this index, each of which tries to develop it from different points of view. Here, the aim, in accordance to the importance of this index, is to try gathering most of the issues, related to this subject, from the oldest one to the newest one, in a framework of a review chapter.
Studies of Flipping Classes with Asian Students
Authors: Loucky John Paul
Published: September 2016

This chapter offers definitions of “Flipping Classes” (FC), which are classes that shift learning responsibility towards students and employ more media outside of class to help learners prepare to contribute more during classroom time. Its primary purpose is to increase student engagement by the wiser use of CALL, TELL and SMALL (Social Media Enhanced Language Learning). In support of these aims, this chapter examines “Flipped Classroom” instruction with the purpose of mining applications and websites that can help teachers flip their classes more effectively. Using FC, students are more engaged and enjoy preparing for their lessons out of class. They also gain confidence and communication skills as they present in class. Various definitions and examples of flipped classes will be presented, and its educational aims discussed.
Flipped Instruction for Language Learning
Authors: Galvez Hilda
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this chapter is to prepare teachers of English as a Second Language (ESL) to utilize flipped models of instruction to better prepare their students in content subjects. This chapter is relevant to educators, school districts, administrators, colleges, and universities. Flipped instruction enables students to engage in more critical thinking skills, while instructors guide their learning. Flipping instruction uses students' input and thought processes as opposed to the direct lectures. The flipped instruction uses technology, which has great potential to hold student's attention, while at the same time building critical thinking processes. Case studies of showing the success flipped instruction are available; however, there is a scarcity of flipped instruction research in the ESL classroom. ESL Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) affords students opportunities to explain, question, and develop their language skills as well as their own thinking.
A New Era of Applying CALL to Enhance EFL Learners' Lexical Knowledge
Authors: Teng Feng
Published: September 2016

This chapter provides an overview of several software programs, which can used to teach and acquire lexical knowledge. First, GSL Builder is aimed directly at supporting the acquisition of high frequency words. AWL Builder is generally used to develop knowledge of academic words. Shanbei provides opportunities for learning low-frequency words. Word Engine is specifically for learning the words needed for passing the TOEFL, IELTS, TOEIC, SAT, and GRE tests. CAVOCA takes learners through different stages of vocabulary development: deduction, consolidation, and long-term retention. V-admin enables teachers to keep track of their students' vocabulary development. The integration of these tools can facilitate EFL learners' vocabulary learning. Teacher beliefs concerning the role of technology for teaching vocabulary are important. Teachers should explore how to effectively integrate vocabulary building technology into their teaching practice. In the future, more effort needs to be made to creating a clearer conceptualization of computer-assisted vocabulary learning (CAVL).
Integrating Recent CALL Innovations into Flipped Instruction
Authors: Forsythe Edo
Published: September 2016

With flipped learning becoming a normalized part of foreign language educational methodology, it is important to understand its past so that we, as teachers, can consider the future. This chapter reviews the pedagogical basis supporting flipped learning and discusses the recent research into the use of flipped learning methodology, primarily in the foreign language classroom. This survey encompasses studies done in Japan and around the world. Recent studies were analyzed to develop general guidelines for how to flip instruction, which are provided herein with suggestions for administrators to institutionalize the practice of flipped education. This chapter concludes with suggestions for future research into the field of flipped learning in foreign language education.
Enhancing Metacognitive Language Learning Strategy Use and Business Language Proficiency in Technology-Enhanced Collaborative Learning Environment
Authors: Zhao Ke
Published: September 2016

This study addresses the key issues in CALL literature concerning how to design, evaluate and examine a technology-enhanced collaborative inquiry learning environment for EFL students to enhance language learning processes and language proficiency. Participants were four intact business English classes at a Chinese university with 102 Year 1 students in a 12-week project learning in English for International Business in two different learning environments, namely computer-supported collaborative inquiry learning (CSCIL) and regular project-based learning environment (PBL). Data from multiple sources were obtained including learning strategy surveys, pre-and post- business language proficiency tests, and online interactions. Pre- and post-questionnaire surveys were administered to measure effect of the design on language learning strategy use. Positive design effect was observed on metacognitive strategy use and language proficiency development. Quantitative online discourse analyses were conducted to examine relations among online Knowledge Forum participation and language strategy use as well as business language proficiency. Theoretical and practical implications of this study were also discussed in particular relation to a theory-informed and technology-enhanced EFL business English pedagogy.
Hardening Process by Complex Local Deformation Investigation
Authors: Golenkov V.A. , Radchenko S.J. , Gryadunov I.M.
Published: September 2016

The article considers a new method of sliding bearings inner surface hardening by plastic deformation in complex local loading of deformation zone conditions. The main aspects of experimental equipment construction and experimental research preparation are reviewed. The laboratory research results are presented.
Heat Treatment of Wear Resistant Steels for Mud Pumps
Authors: Nikiforova S.M. , Filippov M.A. , Zhilin A.S.
Published: September 2016

Influence of different type heat treatment including high temperature quenching on wear resistance has been investigated. The two investigated steels are widely used in production of mud pumps. It was shown that Kh12MFL had better wear resistance in comparison with 150KhNML. Martensitic-carbide structure of the steels formed by quenching from high temperatures (900 – 1000 °С) induced good hardness (61 – 64 HRC). Analysis of the residual austenite contents influence on wear resistance was also made. It was determined that residual austenite formed after high temperature quenching (900 – 1000 °С) was metastable and had tendency to transform into carbon containing martensite of deformation. This allowed steels to have maximum wear resistance because of providing high abilities to friction hardening of the work place of the sample.
Superplastic Behavior of an Al-Cu-Mg-Mn-Ag Alloy
Authors: Musin F.F. , Bolshakov B.O. , Domracheva E.
Published: September 2016

The superplastic properties and microstructural evolution of a commercial Al-4.4%Cu-0.5%Mg-0.4%Mn-0.5%Ag-0.1%Ti alloy were examined under tension at temperatures ranging from 450 to 520°C and strain rates ranging from 6.9x10-5 to 6.9x10-2s-1. The refined microstructure with an average grain size of about 11m was produced in thin sheets by a commercially viable thermomechanical process. The highest elongation to failure of 540% was attained at a temperature of 500°C and an initial strain rate of 6.9x10-4 s-1 with the corresponding strain rate sensitivity coefficient of 0.55. The microstructural evolution during superplastic deformation of the aluminum alloy has been studied quantitatively. Processing at temperatures above 475°C and strain rate below 1.4x10-3s-1 resulted in fracturing almost without necking with cavitation playing a major role in the failure. In contrast, at low temperatures and/or high strain rates, fracture occurred in a ductile manner by localized necking. The relationship between superplastic ductility and microstructural evolution is analyzed.
The Study of the Dissolution AlZr2 Ligatures in the Liquid Alloy AlMg6Mn1
Authors: Chikova O.A. , Ovsyannikov B.V. , Reznik P.L.
Published: September 2016

We studied the dissolution of zirconium in the molten alloy AlMg6Mn1. Zirconium is introduced into the melt in the form of the ligature AlZr2. It is established that during 10 minutes at 750 °C complete Zr dissolution occurs. The study of the structure and phase composition of the samples allowed setting the dendrite structure of the samples; presence of clusters of magnesium, manganese, iron and silicon in the interdendritic space. Zirconium is injected into the melt in a stable particulate form (D023) Al3Zr phase is uniformly distributed in grains α - Al as a metastable (L12) Al3Zr phase. After some time, increasing of the density distribution of the metastable (L12) Al3Zr in the aluminum matrix phase is detected in the selected samples after 10 and 60 minutes after the introduction of zirconium. It has been established that after some time, an increase of the aluminum lattice parameter occurs in the samples selected after the addition ligature of zirconium.
Opening Wave Strain Strengthening
Authors: Kirichek A.V. , Soloviyov A.V. , Silantiev S.A.
Published: September 2016

The scheme for the wave strain strengthening of inner cylindrical surfaces diameter up to 100 – 120 mm is offered. One-ring and multi-ring drifts, bolls of various diameters are used as a tool. The effectiveness of a dynamic influence upon the center of deformation is considerably higher than that of the static one used during common burninshing. At the same time the share of power spent for the plastic deformation increases and power intensity drops, and technological possibilities of the process become wider. The experimental research of wave deformation strengthening at different diameters of openings in bushes with different wall thickness revealed that the process is realized in a wide range of tightnesses from 0.5 to 3 mm which is necessary to choose taking into account the wall thickness, and strengthening embraces the whole wall thickness (up to 20 mm) under certain conditions. A considerable decrease of roughness height parameters of the strengthened surface and profile bearing length increase are established. The formation of oil pockets takes place on a surface worked as a consequence of kinematic peculiarities of the wave strain strengthening that contributes to wear resistance increase of friction couples. The productivity of wave strain strengthening exceeds the productivity of common burnishing more than twice, and there appears a possibility to exclude the operations of finishing abrasion with unfavorable technological heredity from the engineering procedure.
Changing the Arc Efficiency during Melting of a Charge in Arc Steel Melting Furnaces
Authors: Makarov A.N. , Galicheva M.K. , Kuznetsov A.V.
Published: September 2016

The article presents the results stemming from the calculation of the arc efficiency of arc steel melting furnaces during melting of scrap and metallized pellets. Furnaces that use metallized pellets are characterized by less arc efficiency and a higher electric energy consumption than similar pellet furnaces. The calculation results are confirmed by experimental investigations of energy balances of arc steel melting furnaces during melting of scrap and metallized pellets.
Application Features of the Cutting Tool, Hardened by Laser Pulsed Radiation
Authors: Yaresko S.I.
Published: September 2016

The performed studies of the application features of the cutting tool, hardened by laser pulsed radiation are based on the comprehensive cutting process analysis. In this approach, the modeling results of the cutting process with hardened tool allowing to define the area of the effective use of laser treatment (LT). In particular, the increase in the tool life only for the certain values of the cut depth at the fixed irradiation energy was observed. The causes of the observed phenomena were determined based on durometric researches and studies of the microstructure in the contact zone. The measurements were performed for the cutters (steel R18) after turning structural steel 12Kh2N4A under various cutting modes. It was found that the processes of tool material softening, observed at turning with high feed values, limits the scope of cutting conditions by hardened tool. It is shown that LT leads to increased tool life, operating at the cutting conditions when the growth of tension thermodynamic in the cutting zone does not result in the development of softening processes. It is established that the area cutting modes are restricted to the values of cut depth not exceeding 1.5 mm (V=42.5 m/min, s=0.2 mm/rev) for the investigated pair of tool-workpiece (R18-12Kh2N4A). Tool life increases by more than 4 times compared to the durability of the non-irradiated tool provided the optimal combination of laser processing and hardened tool cutting modes is achieved.
Determination of the Basic Parameters of the Recovery Process for Extracting Iron from Iron and Steel Slag
Authors: Sviridova T.V. , Bobrova O.B. , Volkova E.A.
Published: September 2016

The paper identifies the effect of temperature recovery on the iron slag output in the steel industry, the value of which is recommended to take in the range of 1600 – 1650 °C. Laboratory studies were carried out in an oven Tamman resistance. Studies have shown that an increase in the time delay interval in the molten slag 1300 – 1650 °C higher than the degree of metal removal. With the use of statistical processing dependences for determination of content of FeO content in the converter and open-hearth slag were received.
Features of Processing of Corrosion Resistant Steels
Authors: Tchigirinsky Julio L. , Trung P.H. , Lipatov A.A.
Published: September 2016

The information about the applications and features of mechanical treatment of corrosion resistant steels which refer to the ferritic-austenitic class is provided in the paper. It is shown that increasing of alloying elements’ content, in comparison to austenitic steels, improves the strength characteristics while improving corrosion resistance and resulting in a dramatic reduction in machinability. The paper defines the directions of efficiency increase for machining of duplex steels by determining the processing conditions appropriate to reduce the tool wear intensity.
The Effect of the Additional Processing during the Crystallization of a Melt of the AD0 Aluminum Alloy on the Size of Grains
Authors: Demyanenko E.G. , Popov I.P.
Published: September 2016

During the process of the aluminum ingot manufacturing obtaining of a fine-grained structure has a huge significance for effectiveness of the further rolling process. The reduction of the grain size leads to an increased plasticity and higher grades of deformability. Today the multiple methods of improving the casting process are being developed varying from mechanical to physical or chemical methods, and their choice depends on different factors. However, the effect on the size of grains of the multi-factor impact was not described in literature. This paper investigates methods of casting including piston pressing with simultaneous exposure to the weak pulsed currents from electromagnetic field during crystallization of melted metal for the first time. The fine-grained uniform over the cross-section structure was achieved in the AD0 alloy ingots.
The Technology of the Near-Field Interference Microwave Sensing
Authors: Belichenko V.P. , Zapasnoy A.S. , Miron'chev A.S. , Shestakov P.V.
Published: September 2016

We describe the operation of a simple near-field interference microwave microscope. The microscope contains two identical probes which are connected to the ends of segments of the coaxial transmission line. The probes are constructed from an open-ended conical coaxial line and are excited by applied microwave voltage in the frequency range of 0.6 – 7.0 GHz. The computer simulation of the field distribution near the aperture of a separate probe was performed. The test objects are placed in the gap between the probes apertures. The main attention was concentrated on motor fuels to detect other impurities. In particular, diesel fuel was studied with impurities in the form of kerosene and synthetic motor oil in different proportions. It is shown that the microscope can reliably detect these impurities even if their content is relatively small. It was also demonstrated that the microscope can be used for determination of the alcohol quality and spirit-based solutions.
Analysis of Electrodynamics Properties of Materials with High Dispersity Metal Powder in Axial Moving Systems
Authors: Zeyde K.M.
Published: September 2016

This paper describes the reception, researching and electrodynamics investigations of recently obtained materials. These materials demonstrated the losses dielectric behavior and represent a wide interest as radio markers with controlled distortion. The investigated samples can be used as a coating for rotating machine elements for radio diagnostics. The considered materials performed by epoxy warp with high dispersity metal powder content established the required properties for iron 60 % and nickel 60 %. Primary materials parameters are taken in the natural experiment and electrodynamics properties are studied based on a mathematical model. The presented results can be extended to seminatural experiment setup in future. This paper does not contain the formulation of electrodynamic problem.
About the Possibility of Applying Coloured Soil-Cement in Making Road Pavement Layers
Authors: Malikov Volodymyr , Panasiuk Yaroslav , Strikha Volodymyr
Published: September 2016

The issue of the urban environment decoration has continuously been the task of urban architecture authority and it is quite successfully performed. Adding pigments, using coloured filler in the content of bitumen-concrete mixtures or applying multi-coloured paving stones and mosaic rigid concrete pavements provide additional positive impression in the perception of intra-buildings space and modern urban landscape. The use of local materials with adding pigments for the design of residential areas can be extremely important for local communities.In order to test soil-cement mixtures with added colour pigment for road pavements on the basis of construction laboratory at Lutsk NTU, a series of experiments has been planned to answer the question of the pigment amount impact on the physical and mechanical properties of the materials and finding the best ratios for them.
Studying of Innovative Qualities at Experts in the Field of Production and Use of Eco-Friendly Construction Materials
Authors: Romanova Elena
Published: September 2016

The modern industry lets out a huge amount of construction materials. Some of them have the limited sphere of use because of distinctions in technical, operational and ecological characteristics. Technological innovations in construction lead to creation of new materials and their introduction in construction production. Development of eco-friendly materials requires the high level of creativity. And commitment is necessary for introduction of this innovation in production and advances in the market. She allows to make the most qualitative and effective decisions on selection of materials. In the manuscript results of research of innovative qualities at the students studying "Production and use of construction materials" are stated. The increased level of innovative activity is revealed. Communication between innovative activity and creativity is confirmed. It is shown that too high creativity reduces commitment. Therefore when training students in the field of innovative materials for buildings and constructions, and first of all, eco-friendly materials, it is necessary to place emphasis on commitment development.
Improving Producing Characteristics of Constructions through FE-NI and FE-NI-CR Alloy Coatings with a Given Structure
Authors: Zhikhareva Irina , Smirnova Natalya , Schmidt Vadim , Vorobyev Oleg
Published: September 2016

The article considers innovative materials that are recommended to be used as a coating for reinforcement of bearing structures of high-rise buildings, bridges, tunnels and underground structures, and as a coating for storagetanks of crude oil instead of high-alloy steel grades 20H23N18, 08H18N10. Nanostructural alloy coating Fe-Ni (> 80% Fe) and alloy coating Fe-Ni-Cr (> 70% Fe), containing in addition to α-Fe a new phase ε-Fe with hexagonal close-packed lattice (GPUr) were obtained by high frequency periodic current at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Existence of phase ε-Fe was confirmed by X-ray diffraction method, electron-probe test with an electronic probe, scanning atomic force microscopy. Phase transition α-Fe → ε-Fe was observed in the deposition process. A special feature of this phase is the presence of a nanocrystal structure. The main factors in the formation of the hexagonal system are the frequency and duty cycle. The maximum number of ε-Fe phase in the Fe-Ni alloy is 30% and the alloy Fe-Ni-Cr is 20%. This phase has an essential effect on the producing characteristics of the studied coatings. Due to the corrosion resistance in the chloride ions environment Fe-Ni alloy deposited by a high frequency alternating current is 7.5 times greater than high-alloy steel 20X23H18 and 08H18N10. Additionally the nanostructure plated with Fe-Ni-Cr alloy coating made possible to increase its microhardness. Fe-Ni alloy coating can be used as coatings for storage tanks of crude oil and Fe-Ni-Cr alloy coating can be recommended to harden the supporting structures of high-rise buildings, bridges, tunnels and underground structures.
Ensuring Environmental Safety of Hydrocarbon Pipeline Transport Using Nanotechnology
Authors: Shantarin Vladislav , Zemenkov Yury , Zemenkova Maria
Published: September 2016

The problem of eliminating the consequences of accidents and leaks is particularly relevant in the context of tightened environmental safety requirements. The authors investigated the adsorption capacity of "dry water" for storage of unconventional renewable fuels obtained by the pyrolysis method of oil sludge and oil-contaminated lands management. Existing methods of processing oil wastes have a number of drawbacks: low environmental safety, complexity of technical solutions, high energy costs, lack of final commercial products. The novelty of the research is to upgrade the pyrolysis method of managing oil sludge and oil-contaminated lands without air access in the reactor using electric arc discharge with an increase in consumer properties of the wastes involved in resource management. It was possible to identify the conditions of implementing a particularly effective process mode under which there is a cost-effective conversion of combustibles contained in the wastes into gaseous high-calorie energy sources that can be stored and transported, and used for internal requirements in the fields.Presents the results of studies of innovative materials in the field of leaks utilization
Experimental Assessment of Biogas and Leachate Emissions from MSW Landfills for Energy Reclamation with the Aim of Sustainable Urban Development
Authors: Maslikov Vladimir , Negulyaeva Ekaterina , Cheremisin Alexey , Chusov Alexander , Molodtsov Dmitry , Stroganov Alexander
Published: September 2016

This article discusses the organization and the results of the laboratory-scale experiments in bioreactors with samples of municipal solid waste (MSW) for assessment of biogas potential and leachate emissions for MSW landfills energy reclamation with the aim of sustainable urban development. The procedure of organization and carrying out laboratory experiments on MSW decomposition in bioreactors providing similarity to MSW landfill conditions was approved using equipment meeting the international requirements.
Comparative Effect of Different Coagulants on Physical Properties of Drill Cuttings
Authors: Skipin Leonid , Petukhova Vera , Gaevaya Elena , Zakharova Elena , Mitrikovskiy Aleksandr
Published: September 2016

The paper presents the study on the physical properties of the cuttings. Culvert capacity of the drill cuttings with different coagulants is considered. The water permeability of the studied samples varies depending on the quality of the composition and the dosage of a coagulant used. The coagulants have been proposed as aluminium sulphate, iron sulphate, calcium chloride, gypsum, phosphogypsum, serpentine, blast furnace slag, calcium carbonate and carnallite. Iron and aluminium sulphates, calcium chloride, gypsum and phosphogypsum appear to be the most effective when acting on the water permeability in the drill cuttings. With regard to the variants incorporating the complete response curve, the optimal dose of ameliorant can be determined after maximum filtration of water in the column. This method allows the dose of coagulant to be determined by the filtration threshold. The optimal dose for iron sulphate is 0.8 g; with this parameter the volume of filtered water reaches 16.80 ml / day.The use of effective coagulants allows displacement of sodium and potassium cations from the absorption complex and fundamentally improves its physical and chemical properties; this is clearly seen by the change of the filtration capacity of the considered sample. Phosphogypsum – a waste material of chemical industry of Ural chemical plants - is of the greatest interest. It can significantly improve the properties of the considered sample when transforming two waste materials (drill cuttings and phosphogypsum) to a neutral environmentally-friendly state.
Alumide Sinterization Aspects According to Layer Orientation, in Rapid Prototyping Process
Authors: Stoia Dan Ioan , Nicoară Mircea , Răduță Aurel , Locovei Cosmin
Published: September 2016

The paper presents a study on how the orientations of the building layers are influencing the mechanical properties and the structure of the part. In this way, a cylindrical part was built in three positions: vertical, horizontal an 45 degrees using EOS Formiga P100 machine. The samples were both mechanical tested on compression and subjected to metallographic analysis. The compression tests reveal the particular behaviour of the samples, according to the layer orientation in relation to direction of the load. The metallographic analysis shows structural aspects of alumide, the presents of pores, the shape and orientation of the aluminium particles. The study concludes that by using various orientations of the part in the building process, we may establish a compromise relation between the geometrical accuracy of the part and its mechanical properties.
Cranioplasty Based on Modern Methods for Personalized Design and Manufacturing
Authors: Tarcolea Mihai , Doicin Cristian , Semenescu Augustin , Ulmeanu Mihaela Elena , Cotrut Mihai Cosmin , Mates Ileana Mariana
Published: September 2016

A patient with severe head trauma must was scheduled for cranioplasty. Due to the large defect with complex profile, the surgeons decided to ask for help from engineers who designed the cranioplasty plate using Mimics© and 3-matic© (software produced by Materialise NV) and 3D printed the prototype of the skull and the cranioplasty plate using a ZPrinter 310 machine (patented by MIT). The cranioplasty plate was manufactured following the prototype using Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK). The surgery was a success as the first intervention using a complex research team for the Central Military Hospital from Bucharest. The paper presents the case evolution and the engineering processing steps (design and manufacturing) of the cranioplasty plate obtaining.
Comparative Study of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Wires from New and Used ACSR Conductors
Authors: Achiriloaiei Daniel , Kun Lorand , Nes Cristian Sorin , Dumitru Ion
Published: September 2016

As a key component of high-voltage power lines, aluminium clad steel reinforced (ACSR) conductors must have adequate mechanical properties that ensure running safety. This paper presents the results of experimental and theoretical analysis of spiral stranded conductors that consist of a core with two layers of steel wires and three layers of aluminium wires. Tests were performed using two ACSR conductors of the same type, one new and the other 40-year-old, used for a 220 kV power lines. In service, the conductors can be subjected to additional stresses, which may lead to accelerated deterioration and premature failure. In order to provide reliable results, the tests were performed in similar conditions and using the same equipment for both strands. Comparison of results highlighted the influence of the service time on the mechanical properties.On the other hand, the degradation was decisively influenced by the position of the layer. The mechanical properties of the aged conductor are adequate even after 40 years in service. The most advanced degradations are near the clamping area, therefore intensive inspection and maintenance are recommended.
Designing an Injection Mould Using Advance CAD-CAM Programs
Authors: Adam Andrei , Cosma Cristian , Sosdean Danut , Filip Andrei
Published: September 2016

This paper presents the design of plastic injection mould for producing a plastic product. The plastic part was designed into two different types of product, but in the same usage function. The mould was designed using the CAD program ProEngeneering Wildfire 3.0 and the DepoCam software was used to simulate the manufacturing time. The execution of the mould and the experiments were done at a private factory. Designing and simulating an injection mould before actually producing it is very useful in order to save time and cut manufacturing costs
Validation of Novel Wobbe Index Sensor for Biogas Cogeneration
Authors: Slater Conor , Farine Gaël , Maeder Thomas , Ryser Peter
Published: September 2016

Biogas is a fuel made from the anaerobic digestion of organic material to form methane. It can be used to power a stationary engine to generate electricity making it a viable method of decentralised power generation from renewables. However, biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide, and other trace gases such as hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide and oxygen. As such the quality can vary and setting the air-fuel ratio for efficient combustion can be problematic under these conditions. The Wobbe Index, or Wobbe Number, is a quality of combustible gases that allows the air-fuel requirement to be determined. This work presents a novel type of Wobbe Index sensor based on a miniaturised capillary viscometer that can be used with biogas. The sensor is validated at a biogas cogeneration plant which uses a stationary engine and the results are compared to a methane sensor installed at the plant.
A Model of Optimization and Control the Thermite Kit for Aluminothermic Welding
Authors: Branzei Mihai , Cojocaru Mihai Ovidiu , Coman Tudor Adrian , Vascan Ovidiu
Published: September 2016

Thermite welding (TW) is now widely used all over the world to weld, maintenance and modernization railway and tram rails [1]. The main materials from the thermite composition (TC), results from manufacturing scraps, which can be retrieved all over the country. Exothermic welding (EW) which is based on the exothermal reaction between iron oxides (FeO, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) and aluminium powder, takes place at temperatures up to 3500 °C and during casting rail ends are melted in order to be welded.In was studied the thermal effects of the aluminothermic reduction reactions of the iron oxides, which were dosed in different percentages. The aluminothermic reaction efficiency is given by strictness in the ratio of the TC selection and mainly in the iron oxides types. Their correct dosage makes possible the control the exothermic reaction (ER) effect. Also it is revealed the effect of particle size from thermite powder (TP) on the thermite dynamics reactions. Is also presented a model of optimization and control the thermite kits (TK) for aluminothermic welding (AW). Finally, the TK composition can be calculated from "QUARK1" Diagram, as function of the heat amount necessary for the welding.
Chemical Infiltration through Deep UV Photoresist
Authors: Garnier Philippe , Neyens Marc
Published: September 2016

Still nowadays in integrated circuits manufacturing, few materials patterns are defined by a wet etch on patterned deep UV photoresist. From dies to dies generation, an optical performance improvement is required, hence an evolution with thinner and thinner positive resist. This makes these latter more sensitive to wet chemical etchant through the polymer, reducing their protection of the underneath material. Following characterizations enable a clear understanding of BHF (Buffered HF) benefits versus diluted HF during a gate oxide definition.
Liquid Cell Platform to Directly Visualize Bottom-Up Assembly and Top-Down Etch Processes inside TEM
Authors: Aabdin Zainul , Xu Xiu Mei , Anand Utkarsh , Holsteyns Frank , Mirsaidov Utkur
Published: September 2016

The assembly process of nanostructures from nanoparticles in solution is fundamental for bottom-up fabrication of functional materials and devices. In a similar way, bottom-down fabrication approach requires etching of materials. We take advantages of emerging in-situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique and explored several liquid processes such as: (1) nanoparticle-nanoparticle interaction in thin fluid layer, (2) wet etching of nanostructures and (3) pinning and de-pinning of nanodroplets at solid surface. Our approach is to directly visualize nanoscale liquid process, which is important for development of new nanofabrication processes for the design of next generation nanoscale devices. Our finding of nanodroplet pinning has important implications on surface cleaning at the nanoscale.
Study of Oxygen Concentration in TMAH Solution for Improvement of Sigma-Shaped Wet Etching Process
Authors: He Yong Gen , Liu Huan Xin , Liu Jia Lei , Wu Jin Gang , Haigermoser Christian , Liu Feng , Zhou Mei Sheng , Lu Wei
Published: September 2016

Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is a common etchant for Sigma shape formation in IC manufacturing. The impact of oxygen dissolved in TMAH solution on process was studied in this paper. A novel O2 gas injector was developed to improve the process stabilization by control of the oxygen concentration in TMAH solution
Surface Passivation of New Channel Materials Utilizing Hydrogen Peroxide and Hydrazine Gas
Authors: Alvarez Jr Dan , Spiegelman Jeffrey J. , Kummel Andrew C. , Edmonds Mary , Sardashti Kasra , Wolf Steven , Holmes Russell
Published: September 2016

In Situ gas phase passivation methods can enable new channel materials. Toward this end pure anhydrous HOOH and H2NNH2 membrane gas delivery methods were developed. Implementation led to Si-OH passivation of InGaAs(001) at 350C and Si-N-H passivation of SiGe(110) at 285C. XPS and initial electrical characterization has been carried out. Feasibility for In Situ dry surface preparation and passivation was demonstrated.
Quantitative Analysis of Trace Metallic Contamination on III-V Compound Semiconductor Surfaces
Authors: Saga Koichiro , Ohno Rikiichi
Published: September 2016

We studied the detection by TXRF of several transition metals on the surface of III-V materials for high mobility channel. It has been found that the lower limits of detection of some transition metals on the surface of III-V materials become higher than that on the Si surface because the sum peaks or Raman scattering peaks as well as the fluorescent X-ray main signals from the materials themselves partially cover those from the transition metals
‘Just-Clean-Enough’: Optimization of Wet Chemical Cleaning Processes for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Haslinger Michael , Soha M. , Robert S. , Claes M. , Mertens Paul W. , John J.
Published: September 2016

Advanced concepts for photovoltaic silicon solar cells, especially high-efficiency n-type solar cells, requires appropriate wet cleaning treatment in order to remove metallic contamination prior to high temperature processes like diffusion and passivation [1]. The cost of the cleaning process should be as low as possible that requires an optimized usage of the chemicals by increasing process tank lifetimes and developing dedicated feed and bleed recipes. The just clean enough concept has been developed to fulfil the needs of PV industry to minimize the consumption of chemicals. When the dominant contamination metal is identified in quality and quantity, a dedicated wet chemical cleaning process can be applied to remove the metal concentration from the semiconductor surface under a specified limit with the minimum volume on cleaning solution. The paper describes how to optimize a dedicated wet cleaning process for prominent metal impurities like Fe, Cu, Cr, Ti, Co and Zn. For each metal an exchange volume is determined to develop a feed and bleed recipe. The accumulation of the metal impurities in the process tank is calculated and process tank lifetimes are predicted.
Electrolyzed Water for Efficient Metal Removal
Authors: Oshinowo John , Neelsen Ann Kristine , Fryda Matthias , Rebstock Lutz , Quarti Ulrich
Published: September 2016

This work demonstrates the efficient removal of various metals from the plastic surface of wafer storage cassettes (FOUP’s) by using electrolyzed water. The studies are ruled out for Anodic water chloride. This new wet cleaning technology is a powerful application, not for FOUP’s only, but also for innovative semiconductor surface preparation and FEOL cleaning applications.