bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What is the extracellular calcium concentration within brain synapses?
Authors: Lopes João Pedro , Cunha Rodrigo A.
Published: May 2019

Calcium (Ca2+) is essential for the normal functioning of the brain: Ca2+ inflow into synaptic compartments is a major trigger of neurotransmitter release and of long‐term plastic changes of synaptic efficiency. Ca2+ influx depends on the gradient for this ion across the plasma membrane, and slight fluctuations of extracellular Ca2+ concentration have significant impact on axonal excitability, synaptic transmission, and plasticity. The work by Forsberg et al. reports a concentration of physiologically active Ca2+ in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that is half of that normally used in artificial CSF in electrophysiological brain slice experiments. By studying the impact of such difference of extracellular Ca2+ concentration, the authors reported significant differences in terms of neuronal excitability and long‐term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices. We now discuss these new findings in the context of the spatial organization of synapses, on the role of astrocytes in filtering the synaptic content and on the complexity of plasticity in a broad context of metaplastic modifications of synaptic efficiency.

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Substitution urethroplasty for the treatment of male urethral stricture: Outcomes in an Australian center
Authors: Al‐Hakeem Yasser , Chung Amanda , Chung Belinda , Tse Vincent
Published: May 2019

Objective

This study evaluated the outcomes of urethroplasty performed in male patients by a single surgeon.

Methods

A retrospective review of male patients who underwent substitution urethroplasty by a single surgeon was performed. Baseline and perioperative parameters were recorded. Follow‐up involved a pericatheter urethrogram at 3 weeks, a flow study at 8 weeks, and cystoscopic calibration within 6 to 12 months. Patient satisfaction was assessed using the Patient Global Impression of Improvement questionnaire. Primary outcome was functional success, as defined by no need for further intervention. Secondary outcomes were complications, patient satisfaction, and factors associated with stricture recurrence.

Results

Sixty male patients were included; two were lost to follow‐up. Median patient age was 47 years (range 17–83 years). Mean stricture length was 5 cm (range 1.5–18 cm). Urethroplasty was performed using buccal mucosa graft repair in 53 patients (92%), flap repair in three patients (5%), and a combination of both techniques in two patients (3%). All complications were Clavien–Dindo Grade I to III, recorded in 20 patients (34%). At a mean follow‐up of 50 months (range 12–124 months), functional success was evident in 90% of patients. Cystoscopic calibration at 6 to 18 months was performed in 28 patients (49%). Most patients (93%) reported a better quality of life after the procedure. Oral complications were low grade and uncommon (6%). Stricture recurrence was not related to age, stricture length, or etiology (all P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Substitution urethroplasty has a high success rate, durable response, and high patient satisfaction. Standardization of surveillance protocol after urethroplasty is recommended.
Disease severity and blood cytokine concentrations in dogs with natural Babesia rossi infection
Authors: Leisewitz Andrew , Goddard Amelia , De Gier Jill , Van Engelshoven Jessica , Clift Sarah , Thompson Peter , Schoeman Johan P.
Published: May 2019

Aims

Babesia rossi causes severe disease in dogs. Here, we describe the association between serum cytokine concentrations and disease severity.

Methods

Seventeen controls and 55 PCR confirmed B rossi‐infected dogs were included. Diseased dogs were subdivided into 23 critically ill and 32 relatively well cases. Serum concentrations of 11 cytokines and biochemical markers of disease severity were determined.

Results

Significant differences were detected for IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, MCP‐1 and TNF‐α between the groups. Generally, the more complicated the disease, the more pro‐inflammatory the cytokine milieu. IL‐8 showed a reverse trend and was negatively correlated with disease severity. IL‐6, MCP‐1 and TNF‐α were also significantly higher in the dogs that died (n = 9) compared to the dogs that survived (n = 46). IL‐8 showed the opposite. MCP‐1 and TNF‐α were negatively correlated with biochemical markers of severity. Glucose was negatively correlated with IL‐6. Cortisol, peripheral parasite density and band neutrophil count were positively correlated, whilst thyroid hormone was negatively correlated with IL‐6, MCP‐1 and TNF‐α.

Conclusions

As in malaria and sepsis, B rossi infection induces a pro‐inflammatory cytokine storm that correlates with disease severity and adverse outcome. The multiplicity of cytokines involved argues for redundancy in the system once the disease is established.
On Successful Communication, Intentions and False Beliefs
Authors: VALENTE MATHEUS
Published: May 2019

I discuss a criterion for successful communication between a speaker and a hearer put forward by Buchanan according to which there is communicative success only if the hearer entertains, as a result of interpreting the speaker’s utterance, a thought that has the same truth conditions as the thought asserted by the speaker and, furthermore, does so in virtue of recognizing the speaker’s communicative intentions. I argue, against Buchanan, that the data on which it is based are compatible with a view involving Fregean modes of presentation. In the second part of the article I critically discuss Unnsteinsson’s claim that communicative success depends on the absence of contextually salient false distinctness beliefs about the subject matter of the conversation. I argue that this thesis leads to clearly counterintuitive consequences and that no fundamental role must be given to the presence or absence of false distinctness beliefs in one’s account of successful communication. The upshot is that we should stick with Buchanan’s criterion. I conclude by employing Strawson and Recanati’s concepts of linking and merging to show how the criterion I favour is compatible with the fact that, when subjects hold no relevant false distinctness beliefs, communicative success does not seem to be disrupted by the hearer seemingly failing to recognize the speaker’s intentions.
Varicella in Tshuapa Province, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2009–2014
Authors: Leung Jessica , McCollum Andrea M. , Radford Kay , Hughes Christine , Lopez Adriana S. , Guagliardo Sarah Anne J. , Nguete Beatrice , Likafi Toutou , Kabamba Joelle , Malekani Jean , Shongo Lushima Robert , Pukuta Elisabeth , Karhemere Stomy , Muyembe Tamfum Jean Jacques , Reynolds Mary G. , Wemakoy Okitolonda Emile , Schmid D. Scott , Marin Mona
Published: May 2019

Objective

To describe varicella cases in Tshuapa Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo identified during monkeypox surveillance.

Methods

Demographic, clinical and epidemiological data were collected from each suspected monkeypox case 2009–2014. Samples were tested by PCR for both Orthopoxviruses and varicella‐zoster virus (VZV); a subset of VZV‐positive samples was genotyped. We defined a varicella case as a rash illness with laboratory‐confirmed VZV.

Results

There were 366 varicella cases were identified; 66% were ≤19 years old. Most patients had non‐typical varicella rash with lesions reported as the same size and stage of evolution (86%), deep and profound (91%), on palms of hands and/or soles of feet (86%) and not itchy (49%). Many had non‐typical signs and symptoms, such as lymphadenopathy (70%) and sensitivity to light (23%). A higher proportion of persons aged ≥20 years than persons aged ≤19 years had ≥50 lesions (79% vs. 65%, P = 0.007) and were bedridden (15% vs. 9%, P = 0.056). All VZV isolates genotyped from 79 varicella cases were clade 5. During the surveillance period, one possible VZV‐related death occurred in a 7‐year‐old child.

Conclusions

A large proportion of patients presented with non‐typical varicella rash and clinical signs and symptoms, highlighting challenges identifying varicella in an area with endemic monkeypox. Continued surveillance and laboratory diagnosis will help in rapid identification and control of both monkeypox and varicella and improve our understanding of varicella epidemiology in Africa.
The ethylene response factor VaERF092 from Amur grape regulates the transcription factor VaWRKY33, improving cold tolerance
Authors: Sun Xiaoming , Zhang Langlang , Wong Darren C. J. , Wang Yi , Zhu Zhenfei , Xu Guangzhao , Wang Qingfeng , Li Shaohua , Liang Zhenchang , Xin Haiping
Published: May 2019

Cold stress is a major limiting factor in grape (Vitis) productivity. In this study, we characterized a cold‐responsive ethylene response factor (ERF) transcription factor, VaERF092, from Amur grape (Vitis amurensis). VaERF092 expression was induced by both low temperatures and the ethylene precursor 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate (ACC), but was suppressed by treatment with the ethylene inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) under cold conditions. Ectopic expression of VaERF092 in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced cold tolerance. Co‐expression network analysis of V. vinifera genes indicated that WRKY33 might be a downstream target of VaERF092. This hypothesis was supported by the fact that VaWRKY33 was expressed temporally after VaERF092 expression and could also be induced by cold and ACC, and inhibited by AVG. Yeast one‐hybrid, transient β‐glucuronidase (GUS) and dual‐luciferase reporter assays provided evidence for an interaction between VaERF092 and a GCC‐box element in the VaWRKY33 promoter. In addition, heterologous overexpression of VaWRKY33 in A. thaliana resulted in enhanced cold tolerance. VaERF092‐ and VaWRKY33 overexpressing grape calli showed lower low‐temperature exothermic values than the empty vector (EV) calli, indicating enhanced tolerance to cold. Together, these results indicated that VaERF092 regulates VaWRKY33 through binding to its promoter GCC‐box, leading to enhanced cold stress tolerance.
Greater anemia tolerance among hospitalized females compared to males
Authors: Visagie Mereze , Pearson Kathryn R. , Purvis Taylor E. , Gehrie Eric A. , Resar Linda M.S. , Frank Steven M.
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

Although females have a lower baseline hemoglobin (Hb) compared to males, it is unknown whether females have a greater tolerance for anemia when hospitalized. We tested the hypothesis that females tolerate severe anemia better than males, with decreased inpatient mortality in this setting.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study in 230,644 adult patients admitted to Johns Hopkins Hospital from January 2009 to June 2016. The relationships between nadir Hb and percentage change in Hb with inpatient mortality were assessed for nontransfused males and females. A multivariable logistic regression was used to determine risk‐adjusted differences between males and females for the likelihood of inpatient mortality at nadir Hb levels of 5, 6, and 7 g/dL.

RESULTS

Males had increased mortality when nadir Hb was 6.0 g/dL or less (p < 0.05), whereas females did not. The risk‐adjusted likelihood for inpatient mortality was greater for males compared to females at a nadir Hb of 6 g/dL or less (odds ratio, 1.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.09‐3.16) (p = 0.02), but this sex‐related difference was not significant at a nadir Hb of 5 or 7 g/dL or less. Inpatient mortality increased significantly in both males and females when the percentage decrease in Hb was greater than 50% from baseline (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to males, females tolerate a lower nadir Hb, but a similar percentage change in Hb, before an increase in inpatient mortality is recognized. The findings suggest that females may be “preconditioned” to tolerate anemia better than males.
Description of five new species (Acari: Eriophyidae: Phyllocoptinae: Anthocoptini) associated with the weed Imperata cylindrica (Poaceae) from Egypt
Authors: Elhalawany Ashraf Said , Amrine James W. , Ueckermann Eddie Albert
Published: May 2019

The invasive weed cogon grass Imperata cylindrica (Poaceae) is a perennial grass not only in crops but also in natural areas, causing economic and environmental damages. In this paper, five new eriophyoid mites (subfamily Phyllocoptinae) infesting Imperata cylindrica are described from Egypt: three new species from genus Abacarus (A. imperatus sp. nov., A. aegyptiacus sp. nov., and A. gizaensis sp. nov.) and two new species from genus Aculodes (A. tinaniensis sp. nov. and A. skorackae sp. nov.). These species are vagrants in grooves between veins on the upper leaf surface; no visible damage was observed. However, A. gizaensis was found wandering mainly on upper young leaves, often near the tips causing discoloration of the leaves. Both adult sexes and immature stages are described and illustrated. The genus Aculodes is recorded from Egypt for the first time.
Evaluation of interface trap characterization methods in 4H-SiC metal oxide semiconductor structures over a wide temperature range
Authors: Triendl Fabian , Fleckl Gernot , Schneider Michael , Pfusterschmied Georg , Schmid Ulrich
Published: May 2019

In this paper, four widely used interface trap characterization methods based on quasistatic and high-frequency capacitance–voltage (CV) and conductance–frequency (Gω) measurements are evaluated at thermally oxidized 4H-SiC metal oxide semiconductor structures. To cover a wide range of defect levels in a wide bandgap semiconductor, the CV and Gω measurements are conducted at temperatures ranging from 150 to 600 K. Interface trap densities Dit are extracted using the high-frequency Terman method, the low frequency capacitance method, the high-low frequency method, and the conductance method. A very good agreement between the different methods is observed in restricted energy ranges. The use of the conductance method allowed for the determination of defect states in an energy range of almost 800 meV. A strong hysteresis of bidirectional CV curves is observed at different temperatures and is used to estimate border trap densities. The presence of mobile charges in the oxide is found to be a limiting factor for high temperature CV measurements. Low temperature Gω measurements revealed a second conductance peak which is identified as the 100 meV nitrogen donor level.
Моделирование F слоя земной ионосферы. Решение уравнений амбиполярной диффузии
Authors: Кулямин Дмитрий Вячеславович , Kulyamin Dmitry Vyacheslavovich , Останин П А , Ostanin P A , Дымников Валентин Павлович , Dymnikov Valentin Pavlovich
Published: May 2019

Излагается постановка задачи и методы решения системы уравнений глобальной динамической модели F слоя Земной ионосферы (высоты 100-500 км), являющейся вычислительным блоком совместной модели термосферы - ионосферы. В основе модели лежит система уравнений формирования и динамики ионосферы в сферической геомагнитной системе координат в приближении тонкого сферического слоя. Исследованы особенности сформулированной системы уравнений и предложены методы ее решения, в основу которых положен метод расщепления по физическим процессам. В данной работе представлены результаты исследования одного этапа метода расщепления - решения уравнений, описывающих амбиполярную диффузию ионов вдоль магнитных силовых линий и «оседание» ионов в поле силы тяжести, а также плазмохимические преобразования. На основе заданного аналитического решения, качественно правильно описывающего реальное распределение ионов, исследована точность предложенных алгоритмов. Приведены результаты численных экспериментов по изучению чувствительности решения задачи к возмущениям потока ионов на верхней границе сферического слоя.
Переобуславливание химических источников в уравнениях типа диффузия-конвекция-химическая кинетика
Authors: Петрусeв Андрей Сергеевич , Petrusev Andrei Sergeevich
Published: May 2019

Рассмотрены причины вырождения конечно-разностных уравнений неразрывности компонентов системы уравнений многокомпонентной гидродинамики химически активного газа. Предложен метод переобуславливания, позволяющий преодолеть подобное вырождение уравнений. Метод отработан при одномерном моделировании горения газовых смесей и оказался работоспособным в случае наличия аномально быстрых химических реакций.
Working with women who use force: a feasibility study protocol of the Positive (+)SHIFT group work programme in Australia
Authors: Kertesz Margaret , Humphreys Cathy , Larance Lisa Young , Vicary Dave , Spiteri-Staines Anneliese , Ovenden Georgia
Published: May 2019

Introduction

This study assesses the feasibility of the Positive Shift (+SHIFT) programme in the context of legal responses and social welfare provision in the state of Victoria, Australia.

The +SHIFT programme, adapted from the Vista curriculum, is a group work and case management programme for women who use force. Building on traditional survivor support group strengths, the programme facilitates participants’ engagement with viable alternatives to force while promoting healing. The study also aims to increase understanding about the characteristics and needs of women who use force in Australia.

Methods and analysis

This feasibility study will assess the +SHIFT programme’s appropriateness in addressing women’s use of force in the Victorian context. Process evaluation will be undertaken to identify recruitment, retention, women’s participation, barriers to implementation, the appropriateness of proposed outcome measures and other issues. The feasibility of an outcome evaluation which would employ a longitudinal mixed methods design with measures administered at preprogramme, programme completion and 3 months postprogramme time points, along with semistructured interviews with participants, programme staff and referring professionals, will also be assessed.

Ethics and dissemination

Research ethics approval was obtained from the University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee. Results of the study will be communicated to the programme providers as part of the action research process evaluation methodology. On completion, final results will be reported to programme providers and funding bodies, and published in academic journals and presented at national and international conferences.
Supracollicular fluid accumulation type 3 with concurrent hydrocephalus in a five‐month‐old crossbreed dog
Authors: Martin Sophie , Shivapour Sara , Beltran Elsa
Published: May 2019

A five‐month‐old crossbreed dog was referred with a 36‐hour history of cervical hyperaesthesia. CT and MRI of the head and neck identified supracollicular fluid accumulation type 3 with concurrent hydrocephalus, syringohydromyelia and cerebellar herniation. Medical treatment consisting of analgesia and mannitol was instigated, and once the patient was stabilised a supracollicular‐peritoneal shunt system was placed. The patient initially responded very well to this treatment. Six days postoperatively, the patient sustained disconnection of the shunt system at the level of the pressure valve and distal shunt tubing. Revision surgery to repair the shunt was performed without further complication. The dog returned to being neurologically normal within four weeks. One year postoperatively, the patient remains neurologically normal with no further clinical signs nor shunt system complications.
Calcium signalling in early divergence of Metazoa: mechanisms involved in the control of muscle-like cell contraction inHydra plagiodesmica
Authors: Alzugaray María Eugenia , Gavazzi María Victoria , Ronderos Jorge Rafael
Published: May 2019

Our laboratory has previously examined the effect of neuropeptides on the activity of the hypostome of the hydra Hydra plagiodesmica Dioni, 1968 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). These results showed that the hypostome, a structure extruded during feeding, responds to myoregulatory peptides and that this mechanism might be regulated by changes in the cytosolic levels of calcium (Ca2+). We analyse now the ways in which Ca2+modulates hypostome activity during feeding. The use of calcium chelators confirms that Ca2+is relevant in inducing hypostome extrusion. The assay of compounds that modulate the activity of Ca2+channels in the endoplasmic reticulum suggests that, beyond the extracellular influx of calcium, intracellular sources of the ion are involved and might include both ryanodine receptors (RyR) and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R). Bioinformatic searches based on sequences of RyR and IP3R of humans (Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758) show that IP3Rs are present in all groups analysed, including Fungi and Choanoflagellata. Although H. plagiodesmica responds to caffeine and ryanodine, which are known to modulate RyRs, this family of receptors seems not to be predicted in Cnidaria, suggesting that this phylum either lacks these kinds of channels or that they possess a different structure compared with those possessed by other Metazoa.
Equilibria in the Stackelberg Oligopoly Reflexive Games with Different Marginal Costs of Agents
Authors: Geraskin Mikhail
Published: May 2019

This paper considers the problem of searching for information equilibria in an oligopoly market in the case of Stackelberg leaders. A framework considers the reflexive behavior of three agents, and linear agent’s cost functions with different coefficients (i.e., marginal and fixed costs) are considered. The results of the study are as follows. First, models of the reflexive games for a triopoly that consider a diversity of agents’ reasonings about environmental strategies are developed. Second, formulas for calculating equilibria in the games with three agents for arbitrary reflexion rank are derived.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN THE EUROPEAN BANKING SECTOR: SOME REMARKS ON DIVERSITY
Authors: ARNABOLDI FRANCESCA
Published: May 2019

This work discusses some of the critical aspects of bank corporate governance in the European Union. Enhancing sound corporate governance practices has become one of the major concerns in the supervisory authority’s agenda and one of the critical features to evaluate banks’ stability. The global rethinking about corporate governance rules has translated into a stronger focus on board diversity for EU banks. The existing literature and sound corporate governance practices support the view that different types of board members may bring different capabilities to their banks. Even if board diversity may add complexity to the functioning of the board, the advantages it brings are of utmost importance in the challenging environment banks are facing. This work highlights the fragmentation of the EU corporate governance rules as banks have to comply with 27 sets of different regulations and codes. This complexity should not be ignored, as member states’ specificities, legal systems, and a more general openness to diversity influence the effect reforms may have on banks’ performance and stability.
Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Roof Fracturing Angle on the Stability of Gob‐Side Entry Subjected to Dynamic Loading
Authors: Guo Zhibiao , Zhang Lei , Ma Zhibo , Zhong Feixiang , Yu Jingchao , Wang Siming
Published: May 2019

In order to increase the mining rate of underground coal resources, an innovative nonpillar underground coal mining approach (fracturing roofs to maintain entry (FRME)) has been widely applied in China. The effect of roof fracturing determines whether the entry can be retained successfully or not. In this work, the tail entry of 21304 panel in Chengjiao Coal Mine (China) has been considered as the test site. The coal mine is located approximately 900 m underground. A numerical investigation on the relationship between the entry stability and roof fracturing angle was conducted. In order to investigate the reasonable scope of roof fracturing angle under static and dynamic loadings, the double‐yield model was employed to simulate the gob materials, and the input parameters of the model were calibrated meticulously using the method of inversion analysis. Furthermore, dynamic loading was applied to research the influence of fracture of hard rock strata on the entry stability. The global model was validated with the field data. The simulation results demonstrate that the reasonable scope of the roof fracturing angle is 10–20°, in which case the distributions of vertical stress are favorable to the stability of gob‐side entry. Additionally, the dynamic responses were found to be relatively moderate. The numerical method could provide a significant reference for the design of FRME approach.
Nonlinear Vibration Analysis of Tubing Strings in Underground Gas Storage Using Multiscale Wavelet Transform
Authors: Yan Hang , Yan Yifei , Yan Xiangzhen
Published: May 2019

The tubing string exposed to transient flow may undergo nonlinear vibration due to sudden change in pressure in conveying gas. But, the drag on such structures often leads to fatigue failure of the strings that may significantly affect the vibrations through the combined effects of the first sections of gas injection, annulus pressure, the inclined structures, and the large transient flow component. In this paper, the nonlinear vibration analysis of tubing strings in underground gas storage using the multiscale wavelet transform has been studied. The vibration characteristics of strings in the steady gas injection process have been analyzed by numerical simulation. Results of the calculation model are compared to numerical ones reported previously, and the excellent agreement is obtained. The nonlinear vibration experiment of strings in the gas injection process has been studied for discussing the change rules of the string pressure, the wall velocity, and the amplitude in the gas injection process. The results show that the near‐injection port section and the inclined section of strings are the high‐incidence areas of nonlinear vibration of strings in underground gas storage. We also find that significant alteration of the dynamics is due to low‐frequency pressure fluctuation forces on the tubing strings.
Probiotics as Beneficial Dietary Supplements to Prevent and Treat Cardiovascular Diseases: Uncovering Their Impact on Oxidative Stress
Authors: Vasquez Elisardo C. , Pereira Thiago M. C. , Peotta Veronica A. , Baldo Marcelo P. , Campos-Toimil Manuel
Published: May 2019

The gut microbiota, the ecosystem formed by a wide symbiotic community of nonpathogenic microorganisms that are present in the distal part of the human gut, plays a prominent role in the normal physiology of the organism. The gut microbiota’s imbalance, gut dysbiosis, is directly related to the origin of various processes of acute or chronic dysfunction in the host. Therefore, the ability to intervene in the gut microbiota is now emerging as a possible tactic for therapeutic intervention in various diseases. From this perspective, evidence is growing that a functional dietary intervention with probiotics, which maintain or restore beneficial bacteria of the digestive tract, represents a promising therapeutic strategy for interventions in cardiovascular diseases and also reduces the risk of their occurrence. In the present work, we review the importance of maintaining the balance of the intestinal microbiota to prevent or combat such processes as arterial hypertension or endothelial dysfunction, which underlie many cardiovascular disorders. We also review how the consumption of probiotics can improve autonomic control of cardiovascular function and provide beneficial effects in patients with heart failure. Among the known effects of probiotics is their ability to decrease the generation of reactive oxygen species and, therefore, reduce oxidative stress. Therefore, in this review, we specifically focus on this antioxidant capacity and its relationship with the beneficial cardiovascular effects described for probiotics.
A Framework for Risk-Energy Aware Service-Level Agreement Provisioning (RESP) for Computing the Quickest Path
Authors: Sharma Ashutosh , Kumar Rajiv
Published: May 2019

This paper involved the computation of quickest paths with the help of service-level agreement (SLA) and energy constraints. The consideration of these constraints helps to propose a novel system model which computes the path to strengthen the continuity and criticality of the data transmission. The proposed risk-energy aware SLA provisioning (RESP) system model incorporates the research gaps of the existing risk assessment models in the literature without any increase in time complexity. The formulation of RESP shows the usefulness in the critical applications. The results show that the computation of risk-provisioned path gives the SLA satisfied paths and has a great impact of variations in the data traffic. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been indicated in terms of different performance parameters such as mean s−t paths, average hop counts, and average energy efficiency. Simulation result implies that as data traffic increases, the number of the risk‐provisioned s−t paths decreases whereas corresponding average hop counts and average energy efficiency increases.
Role and Molecular Mechanisms of Pericytes in Regulation of Leukocyte Diapedesis in Inflamed Tissues
Authors: Rudziak Paulina , Ellis Christopher G. , Kowalewska Paulina M.
Published: May 2019

Leukocyte recruitment is a hallmark of the inflammatory response. Migrating leukocytes breach the endothelium along with the vascular basement membrane and associated pericytes. While much is known about leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, the mechanisms and role of pericytes in extravasation are poorly understood and the classical paradigm of leukocyte recruitment in the microvasculature seldom adequately discusses the involvement of pericytes. Emerging evidence shows that pericytes are essential players in the regulation of leukocyte extravasation in addition to their functions in blood vessel formation and blood-brain barrier maintenance. Junctions between venular endothelial cells are closely aligned with extracellular matrix protein low expression regions (LERs) in the basement membrane, which in turn are aligned with gaps between pericytes. This forms preferential paths for leukocyte extravasation. Breaching of the layer formed by pericytes and the basement membrane entails remodelling of LERs, leukocyte-pericyte adhesion, crawling of leukocytes on pericyte processes, and enlargement of gaps between pericytes to form channels for migrating leukocytes. Furthermore, inflamed arteriolar and capillary pericytes induce chemotactic migration of leukocytes that exit postcapillary venules, and through direct pericyte-leukocyte contact, they induce efficient interstitial migration to enhance the immunosurveillance capacity of leukocytes. Given their role as regulators of leukocyte extravasation, proper pericyte function is imperative in inflammatory disease contexts such as diabetic retinopathy and sepsis. This review summarizes research on the molecular mechanisms by which pericytes mediate leukocyte diapedesis in inflamed tissues.
Urine β-2-Microglobulin, Osteopontin, and Trefoil Factor 3 May Early Predict Acute Kidney Injury and Outcome after Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Beitland Sigrid , Nakstad Espen Rostrup , Berg Jens Petter , Trøseid Anne-Marie Siebke , Brusletto Berit Sletbakk , Brunborg Cathrine , Lundqvist Christofer , Sunde Kjetil
Published: May 2019

Purpose. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), leading to increased mortality and challenging prognostication. Our aim was to examine if urine biomarkers could early predict postarrest AKI and patient outcome. Methods. A prospective observational study of resuscitated, comatose OHCA patients admitted to Oslo University Hospital in Norway. Urine samples were collected at admission and day three postarrest and analysed for β-2-microglobulin (β2M), osteopontin, and trefoil factor 3 (TFF3). Outcome variables were AKI within three days according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome criteria, in addition to six-month mortality and poor neurological outcome (PNO) (cerebral performance category 3–5). Results. Among 195 included patients (85% males, mean age 60 years), 88 (45%) developed AKI, 88 (45%) died, and 96 (49%) had PNO. In univariate analyses, increased urine β2M, osteopontin, and TFF3 levels sampled at admission and day three were independent risk factors for AKI, mortality, and PNO. Exceptions were that β2M measured at day three did not predict any of the outcomes, and TFF3 at admission did not predict AKI. In multivariate analyses, combining clinical parameters and biomarker levels, the area under the receiver operating characteristics curves (95% CI) were 0.729 (0.658–0.800), 0.797 (0.733–0.861), and 0.812 (CI 0.750–0.874) for AKI, mortality, and PNO, respectively. Conclusions. Urine levels of β2M, osteopontin, and TFF3 at admission and day three were associated with increased risk for AKI, mortality, and PNO in comatose OHCA patients. This trail is registered with NCT01239420.
Intrauterine Growth Retardation Complicated by Biermer’s Disease: An Observation in Togo
Authors: Padaro Essohana , Douaguibe Baguilane , Agbétiafa Kossi , Kueviakoe Irénée , Vovor Ahoefa
Published: May 2019

Objective. To report the first case in Togo of Biermer’s disease associated with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in a 39-year-old pregnant woman. Observation. The patient with phenotype AA, born on 20/02/1978, G2P0 (a spontaneous abortion at 3 months), was referred to hematology on 17th March 2017 for anemia at 26 weeks of amenorrhea (WA). She had received martial treatment with ferrous fumarate 66 milligrams daily. At 26 weeks, the uterine height was 16 centimeters, and there was good fetal vitality. During ultrasound, there was a harmonious development of the fetus, but it was lower than that for the gestational age at 10th percentile based on fetal biometry, and anemia was at 65 g/l. She was then referred to hematology where she was found to have pancytopenia with macrocytic aregenerative anemia at 47 g/l (MCV at 109 fl), neutropenia at 1.02 g/l, and thrombocytopenia at 58 g/l. The myelogram found megaloblastosis at 53%, collapsed serum B12 vitamin at 61.7 pg/ml, normal serum folate at 9.9 ng/ml, increased serum homocysteine to 51.44 μmol/l, and elevated LDH. The search for intrinsic anti-factor antibodies was positive. Digestive endoscopy noted fundal atrophy. The patient was given vitamin B12 injection; at the 7th day, hemoglobin was observed at 94 g/l, then a normalization of the blood count after 3 weeks, and a good evolution of the pregnancy with delivery at 38 WA of a newborn, female, weighing 1960 g with 500 grams of placenta, with a size of 40 cm, and a cranial perimeter of 29 cm. The child had stunted weight growth (at 16 months; weight = 7 kg; height = 69 cm). Conclusion. Biermer’s disease as a maternal cause of IUGR and infantile hypotonia is a reality in Togo. It requires management in patients and especially during pregnancy to avoid neurological complications in children born from mothers with this disease.
In‐Process Quality Inspection of Rolling Element Bearings Based on the Measurement of Microelastic Deformation of Outer Ring
Authors: Jiang Kuosheng , Li Lianghe , Han Liubang , Gou Shuai
Published: May 2019

Quality inspection is the necessary procedure before bearings leaving manufacturing factories. A testing machine with low shaft speed and light radial load condition is generally used to test the dynamic quality of bearings, which avoids creating any potential damages to testing bearings. However, the signal of defective bearings is easily polluted by very weak noise using the traditional vibration‐based measurement method due to the low shaft speed and light radial load condition specified for nondestructive inspection, which needs complicated and time‐consuming calculation and is not suitable for online inspection. Thus, there are problems about special operating conditions and weak fault severity in quality inspection of bearings, which is quite different from the fault diagnosis of bearings. In this paper, a novel dynamic quality evaluation technique is proposed based on the measurement of Hertz deformations. The measurement system is mainly composed of an eddy current sensor, sensor fixture, and data acquisition platform with less transfer path than the vibration‐based measurement system. The sensor fixture is optimized through numerical simulations to obtain signals with a high signal‐to‐noise ratio. Accurate evaluation of dynamic quality can be implemented reliably with simple signal processing. The proposed method can be used with a rotating speed of 100 rev/min and test load of 100 N, which is remarkably lower than the traditional quality inspection machineries with a rotating speed of around 1000 rev/min and the test load of 400 N. Both simulation and experiment studies have verified the proposed method.
Sulfate Sources of Thermal Sulfate Reduction (TSR) in the Permian Changxing and Triassic Feixianguan Formations, Northeastern Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Li Pingping , Zou Huayao , Hao Fang , Yu Xinya
Published: May 2019

Thermal sulfate reduction (TSR) occurred throughout the Permian Changxing (P2c) and Triassic Feixianguan (T1f) dolostone reservoirs in the western and eastern parts of the Kaijiang-Liangping (K-L) trough in the northeastern part of the Sichuan Basin. To determine the sulfate sources of this TSR, fourteen solid bitumen samples and eight anhydrite samples were collected from the northeastern part of the Sichuan Basin. These samples were analyzed to determine their sulfur isotopes. In addition, untreated, HNO3-treated, and CrCl2-treated solid bitumen samples were analyzed to determine their sulfur isotopes in order to obtain reliable δ34S data for the TSR solid bitumen. The results show that the HNO3 method is more effective at removing pyrite from solid bitumen than the method using CrCl2 thrice because the HNO3-treated solid bitumen has lower sulfur contents and higher δ34S. The δ34S of the T1f solid bitumen samples from the Puguang gas field (in the eastern part of the K-L trough, 12.0-24.0‰) is significantly lower than that of the samples from the Yuanba gas field (in the western part of the K-L trough, 24.1-34.2‰). The δ34S of the T1f1–2 anhydrite is 18.1-26.6‰, which is lower than that of the T1f3–4 anhydrite samples (29.9-39.6‰). The TSR sulfates from the Puguang gas field were most likely from the coeval T1f1–2 evaporating seawater and were enriched during the reflux-seepage dolomitization process. The TSR sulfates from the Yuanba gas field were primarily caused by the evaporation of seawater during the T1f4. First, the evaporating seawater would flow vertically into the P2c reservoirs in the adjacent area, and then, it would flow laterally into the P2c reservoirs in the Yuanba gas field. Considering the fact that the sulfate sources of TSR and the δ34S values of the TSR sulfates are different in the Puguang and Yuanba gas fields, the δ34S of TSR solid bitumen cannot be simply used to show the extent of TSR.
TROAP Promotes Breast Cancer Proliferation and Metastasis
Authors: Li Kai , Zhang Ruo , Wei Minjie , Zhao Li , Wang Yu , Feng Xinxin , Yang Yongheng , Yang Shucai , Zhang Lei
Published: May 2019

Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein required for microtubular cytoskeleton regulation and spindle assembly, and its expression plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of various types of cancer. However, little is known about the role of TROAP in breast cancer (BC). TROAP mRNA expression levels and clinical data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE42568, 104 BC patients; GSE1456, 159 BC patients; and GSE21653, 266 BC patients) were analyzed by the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform to estimate overall survival (OS). We also analyzed the genes correlated with TROAP by gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis to predict potential relationships between TROAP and other genes in BC. Our study verified that both TROAP mRNA and protein expression levels were upregulated in human BC samples and cell lines. In vitro experiments demonstrated that TROAP knockdown significantly inhibited cell proliferation, the G1 to S phase transition, and the migration and invasion abilities of BC cells. The present study suggests that TROAP plays an important role in promoting the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of BC.
BA6 Induces Apoptosis via Stimulation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Inhibition of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Human Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Cheng Meng-Hsuan , Huang Hung-Ling , Lin Yen-You , Tsui Kuan-Hao , Chen Pei-Chin , Cheng Shu-Yu , Chong Inn-Wen , Sung Ping-Jyun , Tai Ming-Hong , Wen Zhi-Hong , Chen Nan-Fu , Kuo Hsiao-Mei
Published: May 2019

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the world, with a five-year survival rate of less than 30%. Clinically effective chemotherapeutic treatments at the initial stage may eventually face the dilemma of no drug being effective due to drug resistance; therefore, finding new effective drugs for lung cancer treatment is a necessary and important issue. Compounds capable of further increasing the oxidative stress of cancer cells are considered to have anticancer potential because they possessed the ability to induce apoptosis. This study mainly investigated the effects of BA6 (heteronemin), the marine sponge sesterterpene, on lung cancer cell apoptosis, via modulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). BA6 has cellular cytotoxic activities against a variety of cancer cell lines, but it has no effect on nontumor cells. The BA6-treated lung cancer cells show a significant increase in both cellular ROS and mtROS, which in turn caused the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The increase of oxidative stress in lung cancer cells treated with BA6 was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of antioxidant enzymes Cu/Zn SOD, MnSOD, and catalase. In addition, OXPHOS performed in the mitochondria and glycolysis in the cytoplasm were inhibited, which subsequently reduced downstream ATP production. Pretreatment with mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoTEMPO reduced BA6-induced apoptosis through the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway, which was accompanied by increased cell viability, decreased mtROS, enhanced MMP, and suppressed expression of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 proteins. In conclusion, the results of this study clarify the mechanism of BA6-induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, suggesting that it is a potentially innovative alternative to the treatment of human lung cancer.
Pleural-Based Intrathoracic Cystic Lymphangioma in an Infant Mimicking a Pneumonia
Authors: Frimer Zev , Fink Daniel , Cytter-Kuint Ruth , Doviner Victoria , Picard Elie
Published: May 2019

Cystic lymphangioma is an uncommon benign tumor that occurs primarily in children in the cervical region. We report the first case of a pleural-based cystic lymphangioma in an infant. The patient was admitted for RUL pneumonia. Because of the persistence of the radiographic findings despite clinical improvement, a computed tomography (CT) and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan were performed. They showed a multiloculated cystic lesion in the superior posterior right hemithorax. A surgical procedure was performed with complete resection of the tumor. Histopathological examination showed a pleural-based intrathoracic multicystic lymphangioma. One year after the surgery, the patient feels well without any sign of recurrence.
Inhibition of the Notch1 Pathway Promotes the Effects of Nucleus Pulposus Cell-Derived Exosomes on the Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Nucleus Pulposus-Like Cells in Rats
Authors: Lan Wei-ren , Pan Sai , Li Hai-yin , Sun Chao , Chang Xian , Lu Kang , Jiang Chang-qing , Zuo Rui , Zhou Yue , Li Chang-qing
Published: May 2019

Stem cell therapies for intervertebral disc degeneration have been demonstrated as a promising strategy. Previous studies have shown that human nucleus pulposus cell- (NPC-) derived exosomes can induce the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into NP-like cells in vitro. However, the mechanism of MSC differentiation into NP-like cells with the induction of NPC exosomes is still unclear. Here, we verified the induction effects of NPC exosomes on the differentiation of MSCs into NP-like cells. In addition, the Notch1 pathway was downregulated in this process. Then, DAPT and soluble Jagged1 (SJAG) were applied to inhibit or enhance the expression of the Notch1 pathway, respectively, resulting in the upregulation or downregulation of collagen II, aggrecan, and Sox9 in MSCs. Knocking down of Notch1 protein facilitated the effects of NPC exosomes on the differentiation of MSCs into NP-like cells. NPC exosomes were more effective than an indirect coculture system in terms of the differentiation of MSCs into NP-like cells. Inhibition of NPC exosome secretion with Rab27a siRNA prevented the induction effects of an indirect coculture system on the differentiation of MSCs into NP-like cells. Transwell migration assays revealed that NPC exosomes could promote the migration of MSCs. Taken together, the Notch1 pathway was negatively associated with the differentiation of MSCs into NP-like cells with the treatments of NPC exosomes. Inhibition of the Notch1 pathway facilitates NPC exosome-induced differentiation of MSCs into NP-like cells in vitro. NPC exosomes play a key role in the differentiation of MSCs into NP-like cells in an indirect coculture system of NPCs and MSCs.
Clinical Profile and Outcome in Patients with Coronary Slow Flow Phenomenon
Authors: Zhu Xiaogang , Shen Hua , Gao Fei , Wu Sijing , Ma Qian , Jia Shuo , Zhao Ziwei , Tong Shan , Zhang Zhihao , Zhou Yujie
Published: May 2019

The coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP) is a poorly recognized clinical entity characterized by delayed distal vessel opacification in the absence of epicardial coronary stenosis and presently lack of specific data on the clinical profile and outcome. We investigated a cohort of 429 patients who fulfilled the criteria for CSFP to explore the clinical feature, outcome, and risk factor of prognosis. Two teams (clinical center and core lab) were blind to patient data for the assessment of coronary angiograph using corrected thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count (CTFC). The study cohort consisted of 429 patients (294 men, 68.5%), aged from 30 to 78 years (mean, 54 years). Two hundred patients (46.6%) out of 429 patients had a history of hypertension, 72 (16.8%) had diabetes mellitus, and 222 (51.7%) had dyslipidemia. All the rates of agreement between two teams in evaluating whether normal flow (CTFC ≤ 27 frames) or slow flow (CTFC > 27 frames) were moderate (0.40 < κ < 0.75) for the three arteries. Follow-up (mean, 3.8 years) was done for 421 patients (98.1%). The major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) occurred in 39 patients (9.3%) out of 421 patients. Multivariate analysis showed that the risk of MACE approximately doubles with age >50 years (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.0 to 4.9, and P=0.042), hypertension (HR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.1 to 4.2, and P=0.021), and dyslipidemia (HR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.0 to 3.9, and P=0.042). CSFP affects predominantly patients at middle age and above but can occur in any age group; CSFP should be more concerned, particularly in patients >50 years old with hypertension and dyslipidemia.