bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting and Preventing Postoperative Outcomes
Authors: Lee Sung , Russ Andrew
Published: April 2019

Complications after colorectal surgery are common. Given the frequency of postoperative complications and their implications on quality of life, it is important to know how to predict and prevent the complications that we encounter. This article aims to provide ways to predict and prevent postoperative complications in colorectal surgery. Here, we review the predictive models, American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program risk calculator and Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity on their practicality and usefulness. Additionally, this review summarizes nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors in colorectal surgery, which are important for surgeons to understand to minimize and attempt to avoid postoperative complications as well as providing ways to optimize patients preoperatively. Thus, this review will provide information to surgeons to predict and prevent postoperative complications, how to optimize patients preoperatively and ultimately to help reduce their occurrence.
Recognition and Management of Colonic Perforation following Endoscopy
Authors: Thompson Earl , Snyder Jonathan
Published: April 2019

Although rare, perforation can be a devastating complication of colonoscopy. Incidence ranges from 0.012 to 0.65% during diagnostic procedures and is higher in therapeutic procedures. Early diagnosis and management are of paramount importance to decrease morbidity. Diagnostic imaging after colonoscopy can reveal extraintestinal air, but overall clinical status including leukocytosis, fever, pain, and peritonitis is equally important to determine management. With the expanding availability of complex endoscopic interventions, an increasing number of perforations are recognized during colonoscopy or immediately afterward based on high degree of suspicion. Colonoscopic management of these early perforations may be feasible and avoid the morbidity of surgery. Patients who require surgery may be managed with laparoscopic or open surgical techniques. Surgical management may consist of primary repair of the injury, resection with anastomosis, or resection with ostomy. Mechanical bowel preparation before endoscopy decreases fecal contamination after perforation, often obviating the need for ostomy creation.
Chin Augmentation Using Silastic Implants
Authors: Newberry Christopher , Mobley Steven
Published: April 2019

An aesthetically pleasing face is centered on strength, symmetry, and balance. A defined, well-projected chin and jawline are crucial to this harmony and recontouring the lower third of the face plays a significant role in plastic surgery. Chin augmentation can be performed with injectables, implantation, or osseous genioplasty. The selection of the best procedure is based on the type and extent of deformity. This article reviews chin augmentation with emphasis on alloplast implantation. The relevant anatomy, patient evaluation, implant indications and limitations, alloplast selection, and surgical techniques in implantation are presented.
Assessing the Safety of Custom Web-Based Clinical Decision Support Systems in Electronic Health Records: A Case Study
Authors: Thayer Jeritt , Miller Jeffrey , Fiks Alexander , Tague Linda , Grundmeier Robert
Published: April 2019

Background With the widespread adoption of vendor-supplied electronic health record (EHR) systems, clinical decision support (CDS) customization efforts beyond those anticipated by the vendor may require the use of technologies external to the EHR such as web services. Pursuing such customizations, however, is not without risk. Validating the expected behavior of a customized CDS system in the high-volume, complex environment of the live EHR is a challenging problem.

Objective This article identifies technology failures that impacted clinical care related to web service-based advanced custom CDS systems embedded in the complex sociotechnical context of a production EHR.

Methods In an academic health system’s primary care network, we performed an inventory of incidents between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2016 related to a customized CDS system and performed a targeted review of changes in the CDS source code. Additional feedback on the root cause of individual incidents was obtained through interviews with members of the CDS project teams.

Results We identified five CDS malfunctions that impaired clinical workflow. The mechanisms for these failures are mapped to four characteristics of well-behaved applications: (1) system integrity; (2) data integrity; (3) reliability; and (4) scalability. Over the 9-year period, two malfunctions of the customized CDS significantly impaired clinical workflow for a total of 5 hours. Lesser impacts—loss of individual features with straightforward workarounds—arose from three malfunctions, which affected users on 53 days.

Discussion Advanced customization of EHRs for the purpose of CDS can present significant risks to clinical workflow.

Conclusion This case study highlights that advanced customization of CDS within a commercial EHR may support care for complex patient populations, but ongoing monitoring and support is required to ensure its safe use.
Comparative Evaluation of the Interappointment Pain by Using Different Intracanal Medicaments—An In Vivo Study
Authors: Jindal Varun , Monga Sahil , Jindal Deepti
Published: April 2019

Objective The purpose of this in vivo study was to evaluate pain using different intracanal medicaments.

Materials and Methods Seventy-five permanent single-rooted mandibular premolars with acute apical periodontitis were selected for this study. After access cavity preparation and cleaning and shaping of canals, patients were randomly divided into five groups with different intracanal medicaments viz calcium hydroxide paste, calcium hydroxide points, triple antibiotic paste, and Ledermix paste. Interappointment pain was recorded by the patient using visual analog scale after 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, and 6 days of intracanal medicament dressing.

Results Ledermix paste showed highly significant results in reducing the interappointment pain as compared with calcium hydroxide paste, calcium hydroxide points, and triple antibiotic paste.

Conclusion Patients with Ledermix as intracanal medicament had minimum interappointment pain.
Clival Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with an Initial Histopathological Diagnosis of Atypical Pituitary Adenoma
Authors: Mishima Hiroyuki , Ayabe Junichi , Watanabe Masahide , Togin Sota , Tsuchiya Yuusuke , Kawasaki Taisuke , Noda Naoyuki , Maruyama Takumi , Tanaka Yoshihide
Published: April 2019

Histologically, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and atypical pituitary adenoma are similar, posing a potential clinical problem. A 76-year-old woman, whose past medical history was significant for hepatitis C virus (HCV), positivity without liver cirrhosis was presented with abducens nerve (CN VI) palsy. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a clival tumor with infiltration of the right cavernous sinus. Subtotal resection was performed using a right anterior petrosal approach. Histological diagnosis was pituitary adenoma. Thirty-four days after the operation, MRI imaging showed residual tumor growth without any liver masses on computed tomography (CT). The patient underwent a second operation using an endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal approach. Histological examination of the specimen gave a positive reaction for α-fetoprotein. Repeat whole-body CT showed an enhanced liver mass. Based on these findings, the lesion was diagnosed as metastatic HCC. The patient died of liver failure 6 months later. In this case, tumor diagnosis was difficult because of the histological similarity of HCC and pituitary adenoma, and the fact that the clival tumor grew prior to presentation of the liver mass on CT. This case emphasizes the importance of comparing the pathological diagnosis with the patient's clinical course.
The Gaussian integration method of the Schrödinger equation and quantum 1-D theory of low gain free electron laser
Authors: Dattoli G. , Fares H.
Published: April 2019

We study the time-dependent solutions of Schrödinger equations ruled by different non-singular potentials. We employ a recently proposed integration procedure, assuming a time-dependent Gaussian shape for the wave function. The method is independent of the specific form of the potential and allows a straightforward separation of the time and spatial variables. Here, we reconsider the integration method by the use of the formalism of two-variable Hermite polynomials providing a very simple derivation of the relevant physical quantities. This method is eventually exploited to study different problems including anharmonic oscillators and pendulum-like potentials. Regarding the case of periodic potentials, we touch on the application of the method to the quantum free-electron laser dynamics. Finally, we comment on future developments of this line of research regarding the relevant comparison with other exact and approximate integration schemes.
Analysis of magnetoelectric states in magnetic fields in DyMnO3
Authors: Chupis I. E.
Published: April 2019

A phenomenological analysis of the experimental phase states of the DyMnO3 ferroelectromagnet with a modulated spin structure in magnetic fields along the X, Y, and Z axes was carried out, taking into account the fourth-order magnetic anisotropy. The possibility of a polarization flop (i.e., reorientation of the direction of electric polarization) is explained only in cases of a magnetic field direction along the X and Y axes. The relative values of the fourth-order magnetic anisotropy parameters consistent with measurements of magnetic moments are found.
Thermal conductivity of Al2O3-SiC nanocomposites prepared by the electroconsolidation method
Authors: Kislitsa M. V. , Khadzhai G. Ya. , Gevorkyan E. S. , Vovk R. V.
Published: April 2019

A comparative study of the thermal conductivity of composite ceramic material samples prepared using electroconsolidation with direct current transmission, was performed in the temperature range of 15–300 K. The experimental data on the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity are approximated within the framework of the Debye phonon spectrum model, taking into account various scattering mechanisms. The optimal consolidation temperature, which ensures the maximum thermal conductivity of the composite, is determined.
The characteristics of a 4 K Gifford-McMahon cryocooler with a second stage-regenerator packed with cenospheres
Authors: Lavrenchenko G. K. , Kravchenko M. B.
Published: April 2019

Designing efficient Gifford- McMahon (GM) cryocoolers that would allow cooling to temperatures below 4.2 K is considered an important step in the development of helium temperature technologies. Modern two-stage GM machines ensure cold production up to 4.2 K, but with relatively low efficiency, due mainly to the low heat capacity of the material used for the second-stage regenerator packing of GM machines. Two urgent problems are solved, in order to create 4 K GM cryocoolers: the non-stationary heat exchange processes in GM regenerators are described; the efficiency indicators of a GM second-stage regenerator based on cenospheres filled with helium are identified. A comparative analysis of the various types of regenerator packing, which make it possible to obtain temperatures below 4.2 K, is performed, and the advantages of helium-filled cenosphere packing are substantiated. The operation of a two-stage GM cryorefrigerator with a cooling capacity of 0.2 W at a temperature level of 4.2 K is analyzed using the wave approach to regenerator modeling. It is shown that the GM machine can be improved by using a regenerator filled with cenospheres in its second stage.
Tribological behaviour of hot extruded Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy reinforced by TiB2 particles
Authors: Saxena Abhinav , Indriyati Martha , Rajveer  , Biswas Prasenjit , Kotadia Hiren R. , Das Sanjeev
Published: April 2019

In the present investigation, tribological behaviour of the hot extruded Al–Cu–Mg–Ag (matrix) alloy and the effect of Ti and TiB2 addition in matrix alloy have been studied. Hot extrusion was introduced to eliminate cast defects like porosity, voids and micro cracks. Addition of Ti and TiB2 particles increased the hardness of the matrix by grain refinement and dispersion hardening, respectively. It has been observed that the increase in hardness had significantly improved the wear resistance of the material. Detail study of the wear surfaces and debris were carried out to understand the wear mechanism of the samples. It revealed a complex mechanism of micro-cutting, plastic deformation, abrasion and delamination of the wear samples.
{10-12} twinning induced texture randomisation of friction stir processed AZ31B Mg alloy
Authors: Xu Nan , Cai Siqi , Song Qining , Bao Yefeng
Published: April 2019

Friction stir processing (FSP) with additional liquid nitrogen cooling was conducted on hot-rolled AZ31B Mg alloy. The FSP can simultaneously provide compress deformation perpendicular to the c-axis and tensile deformation parallel to the c-axis of close-packed hexagonal crystal cell. Massive {10-12} twins were activated under the two deformation modes, resulting in significantly reduced basal texture intensity. All six {10-12} twin variants were activated in the stir zone according to the Schmid factor criterion, and they provide a great contribution to basal texture randomisation. This study also provides a simple and effective method to remarkably reduce the basal texture intensity for deformed Mg alloy.
The cell culture of titanium alloy surface modifications by micro-powder blasting and co-blast techniques
Authors: Liao Pei-Bang , Cheng Hsin-Chung , Huang Chiung-Fang , Lin Yi , Shen Yung-Kang , Fan Yang-Ming , Lee Chang-Yu , Chang Chun-Wei , Hung Wei-Chiang
Published: April 2019

The surface of Ti6Al4V substrate was modified by two ways: micro-powder blasting and co-blast technique. Micro-powder blasting was done using Al2O3 (of three different sizes) or SiC particles. Co-blast technique was done using the same particles co-blasted with hydroxyapatite (HA) particles. The morphology, roughness, deep impact and contact angle were used to characterise the surface modifications. The Ca/P atomic ratio was also determined by co-blast technique. Finally, the biocompatibility of Ti6Al4V substrate was investigated by surface modification in cell culture (osteoblast-like cell, MG63). The contact angle of Ti6Al4V substrate with surface modification is smaller than that without surface modification. The Ti6Al4V substrates by co-blast technique become more hydrophilic by co-blast technique and exhibit better cell proliferation.
Weighted asymptotic Korn and interpolation Korn inequalities with singular weights
Authors: Harutyunyan Davit , Mikayelyan Hayk
Published: April 2019

In this work we derive asymptotically sharp weighted Korn and Korn-like interpolation (or first and a half) inequalities in thin domains with singular weights. The constants

K
K

(Korn’s constant) in the inequalities depend on the domain thickness

h
h

according to a power rule

K
=
C

h
α

,

K=Ch^\alpha ,

where

C
>
0

C>0

and

α
∈
R

\alpha \in R

are constants independent of

h
h

and the displacement field. The sharpness of the estimates is understood in the sense that the asymptotics

h
α

h^\alpha

is optimal as

h
→
0.

h\to 0.

The choice of the weights is motivated by several factors; in particular a spatial case occurs when making Cartesian to polar change of variables in two dimensions.
Characters of 𝜋’-degree
Authors: Giannelli Eugenio , Schaeffer Fry A. , Vallejo Rodríguez Carolina
Published: April 2019

Let

G
G

be a finite group and let

π
\pi

be a set of primes. Write

Irr

π
′

⁡
(
G
)

\operatorname {Irr}_{\pi ’}(G)

for the set of irreducible characters of degree not divisible by any prime in

π
\pi

. We show that if

π
\pi

contains at most two prime numbers and the only element in

Irr

π
′

⁡
(
G
)

\operatorname {Irr}_{\pi ’}(G)

is the principal character, then

G
=
1

G=1

.
Yb body assembly on theflamencopiRNA precursor transcripts reduces genic piRNA production
Authors: Sokolova Olesya A. , Ilyin Artem A. , Poltavets Anastasiya S. , Nenasheva Valentina V. , Mikhaleva Elena A. , Shevelyov Yuri Y. , Klenov Mikhail S.
Published: April 2019

In Drosophila ovarian somatic cells, PIWI-interacting small RNAs (piRNAs) against transposable elements are mainly produced from the ∼180-kb flamenco ( flam) locus. flam transcripts are gathered into foci, located close to the nuclear envelope, and processed into piRNAs in the cytoplasmic Yb bodies. The mechanism of Yb body formation remains unknown. Using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, we found that in the follicle cells of ovaries the 5′-ends of flam transcripts are usually located in close proximity to the nuclear envelope and outside of Yb bodies, whereas their extended downstream regions mostly overlap with Yb bodies. In flamKGmutant ovaries, flam transcripts containing the first and, partially, second exons but lacking downstream regions are gathered into foci at the nuclear envelope, but Yb bodies are not assembled. Strikingly, piRNAs from the protein-coding gene transcripts accumulate at higher levels in flamKGovaries indicating that piRNA biogenesis may occur without Yb bodies. We propose that normally in follicle cells, flam downstream transcript regions function not only as a substrate for generation of piRNAs but also as a scaffold for Yb body assembly, which competitively decreases piRNA production from the protein-coding gene transcripts. By contrast, in ovarian somatic cap and escort cells Yb body assembly does not require flam transcription.
Insulin-responsive amino peptidase follows the Glut4 pathway but is dispensable for the formation and translocation of insulin-responsive vesicles
Authors: Pan Xiang , Meriin Anatoli , Huang Guanrong , Kandror Konstantin V.
Published: April 2019

In fat and skeletal muscle cells, insulin-responsive amino peptidase (IRAP) along with glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) and sortilin, represents a major component protein of the insulin-responsive vesicles (IRVs). Here, we show that IRAP, similar to Glut4 and sortilin, is retrieved from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network by retromer. Unlike Glut4, retrograde transport of IRAP does not require sortilin, as retromer can directly bind to the cytoplasmic tail of IRAP. Ablation of IRAP in 3T3-L1 adipocytes shifts the endosomal pool of Glut4 to more acidic endosomes, but does not affect IRV targeting, stability, and insulin responsiveness of Glut4.
Utility, Risk and Demand for Incomplete Insurance: Lab Experiments with Guatemalan Co-Operatives
Authors: McIntosh Craig , Povel Felix , Sadoulet Elisabeth
Published: April 2019

We play a series of incentivised laboratory games with risk-exposed co-operativised Guatemalan coffee farmers to understand the demand for index-based rainfall insurance. We estimate an explicit utility curve for every player and hence predict expected utility demand under counterfactual scenarios. Using these estimates, we provide a precise money-metric decomposition of the extent to which the low observed demand for index insurance is driven by expected utility theory, or by behavioural issues arising from a prospect-style utility structure. Our results suggest that consumers value probabilistic insurance using a prospect-style utility function that is concave both in probabilities and in income.
Frontstage and Backstage in Argentina’s Transitional Justice Drama: The Niet@s’ Reconstruction of Identity on Social Media
Authors: Goldschmidt-Gjerløw Beate , Remkes Merel
Published: April 2019

Abstract∞

This article provides new insight into how the ‘found grandchildren’ of postconflict Argentina are reconstructing their sense of self and identity after having been identified as children of disappeared political activists in the aftermath of the last military regime (1976–1983). We offer tools for understanding how they respond to the context-specific transitional justice measures of identification and restitution, and how this plays out on social media. This online world expands the possibilities to both share and comment on personal and public information. The narrative analysis discusses how our informants influence the Argentine transitional justice process by using social media as a stage for the performance of their life stories. However, their digital presentation of self is constrained to a certain extent by potential social reactions.
Bacteriologic Profile of Burn Wounds at a Tertiary Government Hospital in the Philippines—UP-PGH ATR Burn Center
Authors: Abesamis Gerald Marion M , Cruz Jose Joven V
Published: April 2019

Wound infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among burn patients. Recent changes in the epidemiology of burn wound infections were observed due to the steady rise of drug-resistant bacteria. The objective of this study is to determine the most common burn wound pathogens isolated among patients admitted at the UP-PGH ATR Burn Center, describe their respective susceptibility patterns, and calculate incidence rates of burn wound colonization, local, and invasive infection. Patients admitted at the UP-PGH Burn Center from March 2015 to February 2016 with tissue culture studies were monitored for development of wound infection; patient charts, tissue isolates, and their susceptibility patterns were reviewed. A total of 77 patients were included in the study wherein 36% had no infection, 42% had wound colonization, and 22% developed burn wound infection. Among these patients, 98 specimens were sent for culture studies which revealed Acinetobacter baumannii (25.6%) as the top pathogen isolated, followed by Enterococcus sp. (21.95%), and Pseudomonas sp. (18.29%). Acinetobacter baumannii was also the top isolate among patients with local and invasive infection (86 and 67%, respectively). Multidrug resistance was observed with A. baumannii and Pseudomonas exhibiting resistance towards meropenem, imipenem, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, and piperacillin-tazobactam but remained sensitive to colistin, amikacin, and minocycline. Vancomycin, cotrimoxazole, and ciprofloxacin were active against Gram-positive bacteria. Multidrug-resistant organisms pose a major risk in all burn units. To limit their growth, judicious use of antibiotics, aggressive infection control measures, close surveillance, and frequent antibiograms are needed.
A salivary ferritin in the whitefly suppresses plant defenses and facilitates host exploitation
Authors: Su Qi , Peng Zhengke , Tong Hong , Xie Wen , Wang Shaoli , Wu Qingjun , Zhang Jianmin , Li Chuanren , Zhang Youjun
Published: April 2019

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is an important pest of worldwide agriculture. Previous work has shown that B. tabaci actively suppresses host plant defenses, but our knowledge of the specific mechanisms involved remains limited. Here we describe a B. tabaci salivary protein, the ferritin BtFer1, and its role in facilitating exploitation of host plants. We show that BtFer1 exhibits Fe2+ binding ability and ferroxidase activity, and that secretion of BtFer1 during B. tabaci feeding suppresses H2O2-generated oxidative signals in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Silencing BtFer1 enhanced the induction of the jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated defense signaling pathway in response to whitefly feeding, and led to increased callose deposition and the production of proteinase inhibitors that prevent whiteflies from continuously ingesting and digesting phloem sap. Consistent with these effects, silencing BtFer1 reduced whitefly survival on tomato but not on artificial diet. Using a JA-deficient spr2 mutant plant further showed that suppression of JA defenses by BtFer1 is sufficient to increase B. tabaci survival. Taken together, these results demonstrate that BtFer1 acts as an effector protein that mediates whitefly–tomato interactions. These findings represent an important step forward in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which whiteflies and other insect herbivores suppress host plant defenses.
The Burden of Dental Emergencies, Oral-Maxillofacial, and Cranio-Maxillofacial Injuries in US Military Personnel
Authors: Lee Laura , Dickens Noel , Mitchener Timothy , Qureshi Iram , Cardin Sylvain , Simecek John
Published: April 2019

Introduction

High numbers of dental emergencies (DE) in military service members (approximately 15% per annum) prompted the inclusion of Dental Readiness as one of six conditions that determine service members’ Individual Medical Readiness (IMR). Additionally, even with the advances in body armor and helmet design, Cranio- and Oral-maxillofacial (CMF, OMF) injuries continue to occur in hostile environments. The objectives of this report are (1) to provide a comprehensive review of the incidence of DE and CMF/OMF injuries in US military personnel deployed in multiple environments and (2) to compare the rates of DE and CMF/OMF injuries occurring in the 20th century with the rates observed in the early 21st century.

Materials and Methods

Published and unpublished studies, as well as military reports of DE, OMF, and CMF injuries occurring in US military personnel were evaluated. Study publication dates included 1955 to 2017, with data collection periods from 1941 through 2014.

Results

The results of 30 investigations were reviewed. Overall, the reported annual DE rates varied widely among US military personnel between 1966 and 2012, ranging from 26 to 324 (mean 152.2) DE per 1,000 personnel per year (PPY). The average annual incidence of DE for personnel in hostile environments was 125.1 per 1,000 PPY. Thirteen studies reported rates of OMF-CMF injuries from 1941 to 2014. The overall mean OMF injury rate in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) was 2.8 per 1,000 PPY, while the mean rate during Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)/Operation New Dawn (OND) was 3.2 per 1,000 PPY. A mean of 22.3 CMF injuries per 1,000 PPY was calculated from two reports during OIF.

Conclusions

The percentage of DE and OMF casualties that can be expected in hostile environments is approximately 12%. Using the most recent data since 2000, the mean DE rate was 118.2 per 1,000 PPY and the OMF rate was 3.0 per 1,000 PPY. Future research should yield information which is representative of the evolving military environment. This information should be used to enhance military-specific dental therapies and to guide protection of the craniofacial region. More importantly, quality data are necessary (1) to enable the accurate prediction of DE, CMF, and OMF casualties to insure that troop levels are sufficient for mission success and (2) to insure that all outcome variables are available to measure policy success or failure.
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF A HAND-MADE RADIATION MONITOR’S POTENTIAL FOR PROVIDING ENERGY INFORMATION AS AN ADDITIONAL FEATURE FOR SECONDARY LEVEL RADIATION EDUCATION
Authors: Katengeza E W , Ozaki S , Kato T , Kakefu T , Iimoto T
Published: April 2019

A hand-made air GM counter was developed using simple, low-cost and easily available materials. The detector was successful in demonstrating the inverse square law, shielding effect, and determining the half-life of thoron gas. The possibility of using the tube design as a simple proportional counter to provide energy information has been explored and preliminary experiment and simulation results appear to agree at low energy. The energy deposition characteristics for an internally placed alpha-emitting Rn-220 were simulated using Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS).
Neural responses for evaluating self and mother traits in adolescence depend on mother–adolescent relationships
Authors: Van der Cruijsen Renske , Buisman Renate , Green Kayla , Peters Sabine , Crone Eveline A
Published: April 2019

An important task in adolescence is to achieve autonomy while preserving a positive relationship with parents. Previous fMRI studies showed largely overlapping activation in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) for evaluating self and close-other traits but separable activation for self and non-close other. Possibly, more similar mPFC activation reflects closeness or warmth in relationships. We investigated neural indicators of the mother–adolescent relationship in adolescents between 11 and 21 years (N = 143). Mother–adolescent relationship was measured using (i) mothers’ and adolescents’ trait evaluations about each other, (ii) observations of warmth, negativity and emotional support in mother–adolescent conversation and (iii) similarity in adolescents’ neural activation for evaluating self vs mother traits. Results showed relatively more similar mPFC activation in adolescents who evaluated their mothers’ traits more positively, suggesting that this is possibly a neural indicator of mother–adolescent relationship quality. Furthermore, mid-adolescence was characterized by more negative mother–adolescent interaction compared to early and late adolescence. This effect co-occurred with mid-adolescent peaks in dorsal striatum, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and superior temporal sulcus activation in evaluating traits of self vs mother. These results suggest more negative relationships and stronger self-focus in mid-adolescence.
Tree-ring isotopes suggest atmospheric drying limits temperature–growth responses of treeline bristlecone pine
Authors: de Boer Hugo J , Robertson Iain , Clisby Rory , Loader Neil J , Gagen Mary , Young Giles H F , Wagner-Cremer Friederike , Hipkin Charles R , McCarroll Danny
Published: April 2019

Altitudinally separated bristlecone pine populations in the White Mountains (California, USA) exhibit differential climate–growth responses as temperature and tree-water relations change with altitude. These populations provide a natural experiment to explore the ecophysiological adaptations of this unique tree species to the twentieth century climate variability. We developed absolutely dated annual ring-width chronologies, and cellulose stable carbon and oxygen isotope chronologies from bristlecone pine growing at the treeline (~3500 m) and ~200 m below for the period AD 1710–2010. These chronologies were interpreted in terms of ecophysiological adaptations to climate variability with a dual-isotope model and a leaf gas exchange model. Ring widths show positive tree growth anomalies at treeline and consistent slower growth below treeline in relation to the twentieth century warming and associated atmospheric drying until the 1980s. Growth rates of both populations declined during and after the 1980s when growing-season temperature and atmospheric vapour pressure deficit continued to increase. Our model-based interpretations of the cellulose stable isotopes indicate that positive treeline growth anomalies prior to the 1980s were related to increased stomatal conductance and leaf-level transpiration and photosynthesis. Reduced growth since the 1980s occurred with a shift to more conservative leaf gas exchange in both the treeline and below-treeline populations, whereas leaf-level photosynthesis continued to increase in response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Our results suggest that warming-induced atmospheric drying confounds positive growth responses of apparent temperature-limited bristlecone pine populations at treeline. In addition, the observed ecophysiological responses of attitudinally separated bristlecone pine populations illustrate the sensitivity of conifers to climate change.
Alan Astbury. 27 November 1934—21 July 2014
Authors: Keeler Richard K. , Lefebvre Michel
Published: April 2019

Alan Astbury worked in the area of accelerator based subatomic physics. Increasing beam energies, intensities and types of available accelerated beams opened scientific windows to new phenomena throughout his career. Exploiting these new beams required new techniques and the use of the latest technology. Alan was always at the forefront of putting these components together into the experiments needed to confirm or reject the latest theoretical advances or clarify conflicting experimental observations. Following his PhD using the synchrocyclotron at the University of Liverpool and a postdoctoral position at Berkeley, he became a staff member at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, where he played a central role in the successive experiments with the Nimrod proton synchrotron, the 26 GeV proton synchrotron at CERN and, perhaps most significantly, with the UA1 experiment at CERN that discovered the W and Z particles. Alan moved to Canada in 1983 and made enormous contributions to Canadian science. He was instrumental in building relationships between Canadian scientists and CERN, DESY and SLAC. As director of the Canadian Institute of Particle Physics and then director of the TRIUMF laboratory, he guided subatomic physics policy and planning for two decades. On the international scene, he was president of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics.
Social capital predicts corruption risk in towns
Authors: Wachs Johannes , Yasseri Taha , Lengyel Balázs , Kertész János
Published: April 2019

Corruption is a social plague: gains accrue to small groups, while its costs are borne by everyone. Significant variation in its level between and within countries suggests a relationship between social structure and the prevalence of corruption, yet, large-scale empirical studies thereof have been missing due to lack of data. In this paper, we relate the structural characteristics of social capital of settlements with corruption in their local governments. Using datasets from Hungary, we quantify corruption risk by suppressed competition and lack of transparency in the settlement’s awarded public contracts. We characterize social capital using social network data from a popular online platform. Controlling for social, economic and political factors, we find that settlements with fragmented social networks, indicating an excess ofbonding social capitalhas higher corruption risk, and settlements with more diverse external connectivity, suggesting a surplus ofbridging social capitalis less exposed to corruption. We interpret fragmentation as fostering in-group favouritism and conformity, which increase corruption, while diversity facilitates impartiality in public life and stifles corruption.
Quantification of migrant hoverfly movements (Diptera: Syrphidae) on the West Coast of North America
Authors: Menz Myles H. M. , Brown Brian V. , Wotton Karl R.
Published: April 2019

The seasonal migration of huge numbers of hoverflies is frequently reported in Europe from mountain passes or spurs of land. The movement of such large numbers of beneficial insects is thought to provide significant ecosystem services in terms of pollination and pest control. Observations from the East Coast of the USA during the 1920s indicate the presence of migratory life histories among some hoverfly species there, but 90 years have now passed since the last reported observation of hoverfly migration in the USA. Here, we analyse video footage taken during a huge northward migration of hoverflies on 20 April 2017 on the West Coast of California. The quantification of migrant numbers from this footage allows us to estimate the passage of over 100 000 hoverflies in half an hour over a 200 m section of headland in Montaña de Oro State Park (San Luis Obispo County). Field collections and analysis of citizen science data indicate different species from the previously reported
Eristalis tenax
migrations on the East Coast of the USA and provide evidence for migration among North American hoverflies. We wish to raise awareness of this phenomenon and suggest approaches to advance the study of hoverfly migration in North America and elsewhere.
Multi-omic regulatory networks capture downstream effects of kinase inhibition in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Young Albert T. , Carette Xavier , Helmel Michaela , Steen Hanno , Husson Robert N , Quackenbush John , Platig John
Published: April 2019

The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to adapt to diverse stresses in its host environment is crucial for pathogenesis. Two essential Mtb serine/threonine protein kinases, PknA and PknB, regulate cell growth in response to environmental stimuli, but little is known about their downstream ef-fects. By combining RNA-Seq data, following treatment with either a PknA/PknB inhibitor or an inactive control, with publicly available ChIP-Seq and protein-protein interaction data, we show that the Mtb transcription factor (TF) regulatory network propagates the effects of kinase inhibition and leads to widespread changes in regulatory programs involved in cell wall integrity, stress response, and energy production, among others. We also observe that changes in TF regulatory activity correlate with kinase-specific phosphorylation of those TFs. In addition to characterizing the downstream regulatory effects of PknA/PknB inhibition, this demonstrates the need for regulatory network approaches that can incorporate signal-driven transcription factor modifications.
The thin edge of the wedge: extremely high extinction risk in wedgefishes and giant guitarfishes
Authors: Kyne Peter M. , Jabado Rima W. , Rigby Cassandra L. , Dharmadi  , Gore Mauvis A. , Pollock Caroline M. , Herman Katelyn B. , Cheok Jessica , Ebert David A. , Simpfendorfer Colin A. , Dulvy Nicholas K.
Published: April 2019

The process of understanding the rapid global decline of sawfishes (Pristidae) has revealed great concern for their relatives, the wedgefishes (Rhinidae) and giant guitarfishes (Glaucostegidae), not least because all three families are targeted for their high-value and internationally-traded ‘white’ fins.

The objective of this study was to assess the extinction risk of all 10 wedgefishes and 6 giant guitarfishes by applying the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Categories and Criteria, and to summarise their biogeography and habitat, life history, exploitation, use and trade, and population status.

Wedgefishes and giant guitarfishes have overtaken sawfishes as the most imperilled marine fish families globally, with all but one of the 16 species facing an extremely high risk of extinction due to a combination of traits – limited biological productivity, presence in shallow waters overlapping with some of the most intense and increasing coastal fisheries in the world, and over-exploitation in target and bycatch fisheries driven by the need for animal protein and food security in coastal communities and trade in meat and high-value fins.

Two species with very restricted ranges, the Clown Wedgefish (Rhynchobatus cooki) of the Indo-Malay Archipelago and the False Shark Ray (Rhynchorhina mauritaniensis) of Mauritania may be very close to extinction.

Only the Eyebrow Wedgefish (Rhynchobatus palpebratus) is not assessed as Critically Endangered, due to it occurring primarily in Australia where fishing pressure is low, and some management measures are in place. Australia represents a ‘lifeboat’ for the three wedgefish and one giant guitarfish species occurring there.

To conserve populations and permit recovery, a suite of measures will be required which will need to include species protection, spatial management, bycatch mitigation, and harvest and international trade management, all of which will be dependent on effective enforcement.
Uncovering complex disease subtypes by integrating clinical data and imputed transcriptome from genome-wide association studies: Applications in psychiatry and cardiovascular medicine
Authors: Yin Liangying , Chau Carlos K.L. , Sham Pak-Chung , So Hon-Cheong
Published: April 2019

Classifying patients into clinically and biologically homogenous subgroups will facilitate the understanding of disease pathophysiology and development of more targeted prevention and intervention strategies. Traditionally, disease subtyping is based on clinical characteristics alone, however disease subtypes identified by such an approach may not conform exactly to the underlying biological mechanisms. Very few studies have integratedgenomic profiles(such as those from GWAS) with clinical symptoms for disease subtyping.

In this study, we proposed a novel analytic framework capable of finding subgroups of complex diseases by leveraging both GWAS-predicted gene expression levels and clinical data by a multi-view bicluster analysis. This approach connects SNPs to genes via their effects on expression, hence the analysis is more biologically relevant and interpretable than a pure SNP-based analysis. Transcriptome of different tissues can also be readily modelled. We also proposed various new evaluation or validation metrics, such as a newly modified ‘prediction strength’ measure to assess generalization of clustering performance. The proposed framework was applied to derive subtypes for schizophrenia, and to stratify subjects into different levels of cardiometabolic risks.

Our framework was able to subtype schizophrenia patients with diverse prognosis and treatment response. We also applied the framework to the Northern Finland Cohort (NFBC) 1966 dataset, and identified high- and low cardiometabolic risk subgroups in a gender-stratified analysis. Our results suggest a more data-driven and biologically-informed approach to defining metabolic syndrome. The prediction strength was over 80%, suggesting that the cluster model generalizes well to new datasets. Moreover, we found that the genes ‘blindly’ selected by the cluster algorithm are significantly enriched for known susceptibility genes discovered in GWAS of schizophrenia and cardiovascular diseases, providing further support to the validity of our approach. The proposed framework may be applied to any complex diseases, and opens up a new approach to patient stratification.
The biochemical activities of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pif1 helicase are regulated by its N-terminal domain
Authors: Nickens David G. , Sausen Christopher W. , Bochman Matthew L.
Published: April 2019

PIF1 family helicases represent a highly conserved class of enzymes involved in multiple aspects of genome maintenance. Many PIF1 helicase are multi-domain proteins, but the functions of their non-helicase domains are poorly understood. Here, we characterized how the N-terminal domain (NTD) of theSaccharomyces cerevisiaePif1 helicase affects its functions bothin vivoandin vitro. Removal of the Pif1 NTD alleviated the toxicity associated with Pif1 over-expression in yeast. Biochemically, the N-terminally truncated Pif1 (Pif1ΔN) retainedin vitroDNA binding, DNA unwinding, and telomerase regulation activities, but these activities differed markedly from those displayed by full-length recombinant Pif1. However, Pif1ΔN was still able to synergize with the Hrq1 helicase to inhibit telomerase activityin vitro, similar to full-length Pif1. These data impact our understanding of PIF1 helicase evolution and the roles of these enzymes in the maintenance of genome integrity.
RNA base pairing complexity in living cells visualized by correlated chemical probing
Authors: Mustoe Anthony M. , Lama Nicole , Irving Patrick S. , Olson Samuel W. , Weeks Kevin M.
Published: April 2019

RNA structure and dynamics are critical to biological function. However, strategies for determining RNA structure in vivo are limited, with established chemical probing and newer duplex detection methods each having notable deficiencies. Here we convert the common reagent dimethyl sulfate (DMS) into a useful probe of all four RNA nucleotides. Building on this advance, we introduce PAIR-MaP, which uses single-molecule correlated chemical probing to directly detect base pairing interactions in cells. PAIR-MaP has superior resolution and accuracy compared to alternative experiments, can resolve alternative pairing interactions of structurally dynamic RNAs, and enables highly accurate structure modeling, including of RNAs containing multiple pseudoknots and extensively bound by proteins. Application of PAIR-MaP to human RNase MRP and two bacterial mRNA 5'-UTRs reveals new functionally important and complex structures undetectable by conventional analyses. PAIR-MaP is a powerful, experimentally concise, and broadly applicable strategy for directly visualizing RNA base pairs and dynamics in cells.
Rapid label-free identification of pathogenic bacteria species from a minute quantity exploiting three-dimensional quantitative phase imaging and artificial neural network
Authors: Kim Geon , Ahn Daewoong , Kang Minhee , Park Jinho , Ryu DongHun , Jo YoungJu , Song Jinyeop , Ryu Jea Sung , Choi Gunho , Chung Hyun Jung , Kim Kyuseok , Chung Doo Ryeon , Yoo In Young , Huh Hee Jae , Min Hyun-seok , Lee Nam Yong , Park YongKeun
Published: April 2019

The healthcare industry is in dire need for rapid microbial identification techniques. Microbial infection is a major healthcare issue with significant prevalence and mortality, which can be treated effectively during the early stages using appropriate antibiotics. However, determining the appropriate antibiotics for the treatment of the early stages of infection remains a challenge, mainly due to the lack of rapid microbial identification techniques. Conventional culture-based identification and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy are the gold standard methods, but the sample amplification process is extremely time-consuming. Here, we propose an identification framework that can be used to measure minute quantities of microbes by incorporating artificial neural networks with three-dimensional quantitative phase imaging. We aimed to accurately identify the species of bacterial bloodstream infection pathogens based on a single colony-forming unit of the bacteria. The successful distinction between a total of 19 species, with the accuracy of 99.9% when ten bacteria were measured, suggests that our framework can serve as an effective advisory tool for clinicians during the initial antibiotic prescription.

Abstract Figure
Translational control of breast cancer plasticity
Authors: Jewer Michael , Lee Laura , Zhang Guihua , Liu Jiahui , Findlay Scott D. , Vincent Krista M. , Tandoc Kristofferson , Dieters-Castator Dylan , Quail Daniela F. , Dutta Indrani , Coatham Mackenzie , Xu Zhihua , Guan Bo-Jhih , Hatzoglou Maria , Brumwell Andrea , Uniacke James , Patsis Christos , Koromilas Antonis , Schueler Julia , Siegers Gabrielle M. , Topisirovic Ivan , Postovit Lynne-Marie
Published: April 2019

Plasticity of neoplasia, whereby cancer cells attain stem-cell-like properties, is required for disease progression and represents a major therapeutic challenge. We report that in breast cancer cells NANOG, SNAIL and NODAL transcripts manifest multiple isoforms characterized by different 5’ Untranslated Regions (5’UTRs), whereby translation of a subset of these isoforms is stimulated under hypoxia. This leads to accumulation of corresponding proteins which induce plasticity and “fate-switching” toward stem-cell like phenotypes. Surprisingly, we observed that mTOR inhibitors and chemotherapeutics induce translational activation of a subset of NANOG, SNAIL and NODAL mRNA isoforms akin to hypoxia, engendering stem cell-like phenotypes. Strikingly, these effects can be overcome with drugs that antagonize translational reprogramming caused by eIF2α phosphorylation (e.g. ISRIB). Collectively, our findings unravel a hitherto unappreciated mechanism of induction of plasticity of breast cancer cells, and provide a molecular basis for therapeutic strategies aimed at overcoming drug resistance and abrogating metastasis.