bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correcting ozone biases in a global chemistry-climate model: implications for future ozone
Authors: Liu Zhenze , Doherty Ruth M. , Wild Oliver , O’Connor Fiona M. , Turnock Steven T.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Weaknesses in process representation in chemistry-climate models lead to biases in simulating surface ozone and to uncertainty in projections of future ozone change. We develop a deep learning model to demonstrate the feasibility of ozone bias correction in a global chemistry-climate model. We apply this approach to identify the key factors causing ozone biases and to correct projections of future surface ozone. Temperature and the related geographic variables latitude and month show the strongest relationship with ozone biases. This indicates that ozone biases are sensitive to temperature and suggests weaknesses in representation of temperature-sensitive physical or chemical processes. Photolysis rates are also an important factor highlighting the sensitivity of biases to simulated cloud cover and insolation. Atmospheric chemical species such as the hydroxyl radical, nitric acid and peroxyacyl nitrate show strong positive relationships with ozone biases on a regional scale. We correct model projections of future ozone under different climate and emission scenarios following the shared socio-economic pathways. We find that changes in seasonal ozone mixing ratios from the present day to the future are generally smaller than those simulated without bias correction, especially in high-emission regions. This suggests that the ozone sensitivity to changing emissions and climate may be overestimated with chemistry-climate models. Given the uncertainty in simulating future ozone, we show that deep learning approaches can provide improved assessment of the impacts of climate and emission changes on future air quality, along with valuable information to guide future model development.
Retrieval of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from satellite measurements: comparison of SIF between TanSat and OCO-2
Authors: Yao Lu , Liu Yi , Yang Dongxu , Cai Zhaonan , Wang Jing , Lin Chao , Lu Naimeng , Lyu Daren , Tian Longfei , Wang Maohua , Yin Zengshan , Zheng Yuquan , Wang Sisi
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is emitted
during photosynthesis in plant leaves. It constitutes a small additional
offset to reflected radiance and can be observed by sensitive instruments
with high signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution. The Chinese global
carbon dioxide monitoring satellite (TanSat) acquires measurements of
greenhouse gas column densities. The advanced technical characteristics of
the Atmospheric
Carbon-dioxide Grating Spectrometer (ACGS) onboard TanSat enable SIF retrievals from
observations in the O2-A band. In this study, 1-year of SIF data was
retrieved from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) and TanSat measurements using the Institute of Atmospheric
Physics Carbon Dioxide Retrieval Algorithm for Satellite Remote Sensing
(IAPCAS)/SIF algorithm. A comparison between the IAPCAS/SIF results retrieved from OCO-2 spectra and the official OCO-2 SIF product (OCO2_Level 2_Lite_SIF.8r)
shows a strong linear relationship (R2 > 0.85) and suggests
good reliability of the IAPCAS/SIF retrieval algorithm. Comparing global
distributions of SIF retrieved by the IAPCAS/SIF from TanSat and OCO-2 shows the same spatial pattern for all seasons with a gridded SIF difference of less than 0.3 W m−2 µm−1 sr−1. The global distributions also agree well with the official OCO-2 SIF product with a difference of less than 0.2 W m−2 µm−1 sr−1. The retrieval uncertainty of seasonally gridded TanSat IAPCAS/SIF is less than 0.03 W m−2 µm−1 sr−1, whereas the uncertainty of each sounding ranges from 0.1 to 0.6 W m−2 µm−1 sr−1. The relationship between
annually averaged SIF products and FLUXCOM gross primary productivity (GPP)
was also estimated for six vegetation types in a 1∘ × 1∘ grid over the globe, indicating that the SIF data from the two
satellites have the same potential in quantitatively characterizing
ecosystem productivity. The spatiotemporal consistency between TanSat and
OCO-2 and their comparable data quality enable joint usage of the two
mission products. Data supplemented by TanSat observations are expected to
contribute to the development of global SIF maps with more spatiotemporal
detail, which will advance global research on vegetation photosynthesis.
Benthic Alkalinity fluxes from coastal sediments of the Baltic and North Seas: Comparing approaches and identifying knowledge gaps
Authors: Van Dam Bryce , Lehmann Nele , Zeller Mary , Neumann Andreas , Pröfrock Daniel , Lipka Marko , Thomas Helmuth , Böttcher Michael E.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Benthic alkalinity production is often suggested as a major driver of net carbon sequestration in continental shelf ecosystems. However, information and direct measurements of benthic alkalinity fluxes are limited and are especially challenging when biological and dynamic physical forcing causes surficial sediments to be vigorously irrigated. To address this shortcoming, we quantified net sediment-water exchange of alkalinity using a suite of complementary methods, including 1) 224Ra budgeting, 2) incubations with 224Ra and Bromide as tracers, and 3) numerical modelling of porewater profiles. We choose a set of sites in the shallow southern North Sea and western Baltic Sea, allowing us to incorporate frequently occurring sediment classes ranging from coarse sands to muds, and sediment-water interfaces ranging from biologically irrigated and advective to diffusive into the investigations. Sediment-water irrigation rates in the southern North Sea were approximately twice as high as previously estimated for the region, in part due to measured porewater 224Ra activities higher than previously assumed. Net alkalinity fluxes in the Baltic Sea were relatively low, ranging from an uptake of -35 µmol m-2 hr-1 to a release of 53 µmol m-2 hr-1, and in the North Sea from 1 to 33.6 µmol m-2 hr-1. Lower than expected apparent nitrate consumption (potential denitrification), across all sites, is one explanation for our small measured net alkalinity fluxes. Carbonate mineral precipitation and sulfide re-oxidation also appear to play important roles shaping net sediment-water fluxes in the North Sea and Baltic Sea sites, respectively.
A new dataset of river flood hazard maps for Europe and the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Dottori Francesco , Alfieri Lorenzo , Bianchi Alessandra , Skoien Jon , Salamon Peter
Published: April 2022

Abstract. In recent years, the importance of continental-scale hazard maps for
riverine floods has grown. Nowadays, such maps are used for a variety of
research and commercial activities, such as evaluating present and future
risk scenarios and adaptation strategies, as well as supporting management plans for national and
local flood risk. In this paper we present a new set of
high-resolution (100 m) hazard maps for river flooding that covers most
European countries, as well as all of the river basins entering the
Mediterranean and Black Sea in the Caucasus, the Middle East and northern
Africa. The new river flood hazard maps represent inundation along
329 000 km of the river network, for six different flood return periods,
expanding on the datasets previously available for the region. The input
river flow data for the new maps are produced by means of the hydrological
model LISFLOOD using new calibration and meteorological data, while
inundation simulations are performed with the hydrodynamic model
LISFLOOD-FP. In addition, we present here a detailed validation exercise
using official hazard maps for Hungary, Italy, Norway, Spain and the UK,
which provides a more detailed evaluation of the new dataset compared with
previous works in the region. We find that the modelled maps can identify on
average two-thirds of reference flood extent, but they also overestimate
flood-prone areas with below 1-in-100-year flood probabilities, while for
return periods equal to or above 500 years, the maps can correctly identify
more than half of flooded areas. Further verification is required in the northern
African and eastern Mediterranean regions, in order to better understand the
performance of the flood maps in arid areas outside Europe. We attribute the
observed skill to a number of shortcomings of the modelling framework, such
as the absence of flood protections and rivers with an upstream area below 500 km2 and the limitations in representing river channels and the topography of
lowland areas. In addition, the different designs of reference maps (e.g.
extent of areas included) affect the correct identification of the areas for
the validation, thus penalizing the scores. However, modelled maps achieve
comparable results to existing large-scale flood models when using similar
parameters for the validation. We conclude that recently released
high-resolution elevation datasets, combined with reliable data of river
channel geometry, may greatly contribute to improving future versions of
continental-scale river flood hazard maps. The new high-resolution database
of river flood hazard maps is available for download at
https://doi.org/10.2905/1D128B6C-A4EE-4858-9E34-6210707F3C81 (Dottori et
al., 2020a).
Cosmogenic ages indicate no MIS 2 refugia in the Alexander Archipelago, Alaska
Authors: Walcott Caleb K. , Briner Jason P. , Baichtal James F. , Lesnek Alia J. , Licciardi Joseph M.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The late-Pleistocene history of the coastal Cordilleran Ice Sheet remains
relatively unstudied compared to chronologies of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.
Yet accurate reconstructions of Cordilleran Ice Sheet extent and the timing
of ice retreat along the Pacific Coast are essential for paleoclimate
modeling, assessing meltwater contribution to the North Pacific, and
determining the availability of ice-free land along the coastal Cordilleran
Ice Sheet margin for human migration from Beringia into the rest of the
Americas. To improve the chronology of Cordilleran Ice Sheet history in the
Alexander Archipelago, Alaska, we applied 10Be and 36Cl dating to
boulders and glacially sculpted bedrock in areas previously hypothesized to
have remained ice-free throughout the local Last Glacial Maximum (LLGM;
20–17 ka). Results indicate that these sites, and more generally the coastal northern Alexander Archipelago, became ice-free by 15.1 ± 0.9 ka (n = 12 boulders; 1 SD). We also provide further age constraints on deglaciation along the southern Alexander Archipelago and combine our new ages with data from two previous studies. We determine that ice retreated from the outer coast of the southern Alexander Archipelago at 16.3 ± 0.8 ka (n = 14 boulders; 1 SD). These results collectively indicate that
areas above modern sea level that were previously mapped as glacial refugia
were covered by ice during the LLGM until between ∼ 16.3 and
15.1 ka. As no evidence was found for ice-free land during the LLGM, our
results suggest that previous ice-sheet reconstructions underestimate the
regional maximum Cordilleran Ice Sheet extent, and that all ice likely
terminated on the continental shelf. Future work should investigate whether
presently submerged areas of the continental shelf were ice-free.
KGML-ag: a modeling framework of knowledge-guided machine learning to simulate agroecosystems: a case study of estimating N2O emission using data from mesocosm experiments
Authors: Liu Licheng , Xu Shaoming , Tang Jinyun , Guan Kaiyu , Griffis Timothy J. , Erickson Matthew D. , Frie Alexander L. , Jia Xiaowei , Kim Taegon , Miller Lee T. , Peng Bin , Wu Shaowei , Yang Yufeng , Zhou Wang , Kumar Vipin , Jin Zhenong
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Agricultural nitrous oxide (N2O) emission accounts for a non-trivial
fraction of global greenhouse gas (GHG) budget. To date, estimating
N2O fluxes from cropland remains a challenging task because the related
microbial processes (e.g., nitrification and denitrification) are controlled
by complex interactions among climate, soil, plant and human activities.
Existing approaches such as process-based (PB) models have well-known
limitations due to insufficient representations of the processes or
uncertainties of model parameters, and due to leverage recent advances in
machine learning (ML) a new method is needed to unlock the “black box” to
overcome its limitations such as low interpretability, out-of-sample failure
and massive data demand. In this study, we developed a first-of-its-kind
knowledge-guided machine learning model for agroecosystems (KGML-ag) by
incorporating biogeophysical and chemical domain knowledge from an advanced PB
model, ecosys, and tested it by comparing simulating daily N2O fluxes with
real observed data from mesocosm experiments. The gated recurrent unit (GRU)
was used as the basis to build the model structure. To optimize the model
performance, we have investigated a range of ideas, including (1) using
initial values of intermediate variables (IMVs) instead of time series as
model input to reduce data demand; (2) building hierarchical structures to
explicitly estimate IMVs for further N2O prediction; (3) using multi-task
learning to balance the simultaneous training on multiple variables; and (4)
pre-training with millions of synthetic data generated from ecosys and fine-tuning
with mesocosm observations. Six other pure ML models were developed using
the same mesocosm data to serve as the benchmark for the KGML-ag model.
Results show that KGML-ag did an excellent job in reproducing the mesocosm
N2O fluxes (overall r2=0.81, and RMSE=3.6 mgNm-2d-1
from cross validation). Importantly, KGML-ag always outperforms
the PB model and ML models in predicting N2O fluxes, especially for
complex temporal dynamics and emission peaks. Besides, KGML-ag goes beyond
the pure ML models by providing more interpretable predictions as well as
pinpointing desired new knowledge and data to further empower the current
KGML-ag. We believe the KGML-ag development in this study will stimulate a
new body of research on interpretable ML for biogeochemistry and other
related geoscience processes.
Better calibration of cloud parameterizations and subgrid effects increases the fidelity of the E3SM Atmosphere Model version 1
Authors: Ma Po-Lun , Harrop Bryce E. , Larson Vincent E. , Neale Richard B. , Gettelman Andrew , Morrison Hugh , Wang Hailong , Zhang Kai , Klein Stephen A. , Zelinka Mark D. , Zhang Yuying , Qian Yun , Yoon Jin-Ho , Jones Christopher R. , Huang Meng , Tai Sheng-Lun , Singh Balwinder , Bogenschutz Peter A. , Zheng Xue , Lin Wuyin , Quaas Johannes , Chepfer Hélène , Brunke Michael A. , Zeng Xubin , Mülmenstädt Johannes , Hagos Samson , Zhang Zhibo , Song Hua , Liu Xiaohong , Pritchard Michael S. , Wan Hui , Wang Jingyu , Tang Qi , Caldwell Peter M. , Fan Jiwen , Berg Larry K. , Fast Jerome D. , Taylor Mark A. , Golaz Jean-Christophe , Xie Shaocheng , Rasch Philip J. , Leung L. Ruby
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Realistic simulation of the Earth's mean-state climate remains a
major challenge, and yet it is crucial for predicting the climate system in
transition. Deficiencies in models' process representations, propagation of
errors from one process to another, and associated compensating errors can
often confound the interpretation and improvement of model simulations.
These errors and biases can also lead to unrealistic climate projections and incorrect attribution of the physical mechanisms governing past
and future climate change. Here we show that a significantly improved global
atmospheric simulation can be achieved by focusing on the realism of process
assumptions in cloud calibration and subgrid effects using the Energy
Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Atmosphere Model version 1 (EAMv1). The
calibration of clouds and subgrid effects informed by our understanding of
physical mechanisms leads to significant improvements in clouds and
precipitation climatology, reducing common and long-standing biases across
cloud regimes in the model. The improved cloud fidelity in turn reduces
biases in other aspects of the system. Furthermore, even though the
recalibration does not change the global mean aerosol and total
anthropogenic effective radiative forcings (ERFs), the sensitivity of
clouds, precipitation, and surface temperature to aerosol perturbations is
significantly reduced. This suggests that it is possible to achieve
improvements to the historical evolution of surface temperature over EAMv1
and that precise knowledge of global mean ERFs is not enough to constrain
historical or future climate change. Cloud feedbacks are also significantly
reduced in the recalibrated model, suggesting that there would be a lower
climate sensitivity when it is run as part of the fully coupled E3SM. This
study also compares results from incremental changes to cloud microphysics,
turbulent mixing, deep convection, and subgrid effects to understand how
assumptions in the representation of these processes affect different
aspects of the simulated atmosphere as well as its response to forcings. We
conclude that the spectral composition and geographical distribution of the
ERFs and cloud feedback, as well as the fidelity of the simulated base
climate state, are important for constraining the climate in the past and
future.
The value of satellite soil moisture and snow cover data for the transfer of hydrological model parameters to ungauged sites
Authors: Tong Rui , Parajka Juraj , Széles Borbála , Greimeister-Pfeil Isabella , Vreugdenhil Mariette , Komma Jürgen , Valent Peter , Blöschl Günter
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The recent advances in remote sensing provide opportunities for estimating the parameters of conceptual hydrologic models more reliably. However, the question of whether and to what extent the use of satellite data in model calibration may assist in transferring model parameters to ungauged catchments has not been fully resolved. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of different methods for transferring model parameters obtained by multiple-objective calibrations to ungauged sites and to assess the model performance in terms of runoff, soil moisture, and snow cover predictions relative to existing regionalization approaches. The model parameters are calibrated to daily runoff, satellite soil moisture (Advanced Scatterometer – ASCAT), and snow cover (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer – MODIS) data. The assessment is based on 213 catchments situated in different physiographic and climate zones of Austria. For the transfer of model parameters, eight methods (global and local variants of arithmetic mean, regression, spatial proximity, and similarity) are examined in two periods, i.e., the period in which the model is calibrated (2000–2010) and an independent validation period (2010–2014). The predictive accuracy is evaluated by the leave-one-out cross-validation. The results show that the method by which the model is calibrated in the gauged catchment has a larger impact on runoff prediction accuracy in the ungauged catchments than the choice of the parameter transfer method. The best transfer methods are global and local similarity and the kriging approach. The performance of the transfer methods differs between lowland and alpine catchments. While the soil moisture and snow cover prediction efficiencies are higher in lowland catchments, the runoff prediction efficiency is higher in alpine catchments. A comparison of the model transfer methods, based on parameters calibrated to runoff, snow cover, and soil moisture with those based on parameters calibrated to runoff, only indicates that the former outperforms the latter in terms of simulating soil moisture and snow cover. The performance of simulating runoff is similar, and the accuracy depends mainly on the weight given to the runoff objective in the multiple-objective calibrations.
Education, financial aid, and awareness can reduce smallholder farmers' vulnerability to drought under climate change
Authors: Wens Marthe L. K. , van Loon Anne F. , Veldkamp Ted I. E. , Aerts Jeroen C. J. H.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Analyses of future agricultural drought impacts require a multidisciplinary approach in which both human and environmental dynamics are studied. In this study, we used the socio-hydrologic, agent-based drought risk adaptation model ADOPT. This model simulates the decisions of smallholder farmers regarding on-farm drought adaptation measures and the resulting dynamics in household vulnerability and drought impact over time. We applied ADOPT to assess the effect of four top-down disaster risk reduction interventions on smallholder farmers' drought risk in the Kenyan drylands: the robustness of additional extension services, lowered credit rates, ex ante rather than ex post cash transfers, and improved early warnings were evaluated under different climate change scenarios. Model results suggest that extension services increase the adoption of newer low-cost drought adaptation measures while credit schemes are useful
for measures with a high investment cost, and ex ante cash transfers allow
the least wealthy households to adopt low-cost, well-known measures. Early
warning systems are shown to be more effective in climate scenarios with less frequent
droughts. Combining all four interventions displays a mutually reinforcing
effect with a sharp increase in the adoption of on-farm drought adaptation
measures, resulting in reduced food insecurity, decreased poverty levels, and
drastically lower need for emergency aid, even under hotter and drier
climate conditions. These nonlinear synergies indicate that a holistic
perspective is needed to support smallholder resilience in the Kenyan
drylands.
Inherent optical properties of dissolved and particulate matter in an Arctic fjord (Storfjorden, Svalbard) in early summer
Authors: Petit Tristan , Hamre Børge , Sandven Håkon , Röttgers Rüdiger , Kowalczuk Piotr , Zablocka Monika , Granskog Mats A.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. There have been considerable efforts to understand the hydrography
of Storfjorden (Svalbard). A recurring winter polynya with large
sea ice production makes it an important region of dense water formation at
the scale of the Arctic Ocean. In addition, this fjord is seasonally
influenced by freshwater inputs from sea ice melt and the surrounding
islands of the Svalbard archipelago, which impacts the hydrography. However,
the understanding of factors controlling the optical properties of the
waters in Storfjorden are lacking and are crucial for the development of more
accurate regional bio-optical models. Here, we present results from the
first detailed optical field survey of Storfjorden conducted in early summer
of 2020. Our observations are based on spectrometric analysis of water
samples and in situ vertical profiles with an absorption and attenuation
meter, a fluorometer, and a conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensor.
In addition to the expected seasonal contribution from phytoplankton, we
find that in early summer waters in Storfjorden are optically complex with a
significant contribution from coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM,
33 %–64 % of the non-water absorption at 443 nm) despite relatively low
CDOM concentrations and in the nearshore or near the seabed from non-algal
particles (up to 61 % of the non-water absorption at 550 nm). In surface
waters, the spatial variability of light attenuation was mainly controlled
by inorganic suspended matter originating from river runoff. A distinct
subsurface maximum of light attenuation was largely driven by a subsurface
phytoplankton bloom, controlled by stratification resulting from sea ice
melt. Lastly, the cold dense bottom waters of Storfjorden from winter sea
ice production periodically overflows the sill at the mouth of the fjord and
can thus reach the Fram Strait. It contained elevated levels of both
non-algal particles and dissolved organic matter, which are likely caused by
the dense flows of the nepheloid layer interacting with the sea bed.
SNICAR-ADv4: a physically based radiative transfer model to represent the spectral albedo of glacier ice
Authors: Whicker Chloe A. , Flanner Mark G. , Dang Cheng , Zender Charles S. , Cook Joseph M. , Gardner Alex S.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Accurate modeling of cryospheric surface albedo is essential for our
understanding of climate change as snow and ice surfaces regulate the global
radiative budget and sea-level through their albedo and mass
balance. Although significant progress has been made using physical
principles to represent the dynamic albedo of snow, models of glacier ice
albedo tend to be heavily parameterized and not explicitly connected with
physical properties that govern albedo, such as the number and size of air
bubbles, specific surface area (SSA), presence of abiotic and biotic light
absorbing constituents (LACs), and characteristics of any overlying
snow. Here, we introduce SNICAR-ADv4, an extension of the multi-layer
two-stream delta-Eddington radiative transfer model with the
adding–doubling solver that has been previously applied to represent snow
and sea-ice spectral albedo. SNICAR-ADv4 treats spectrally resolved Fresnel
reflectance and transmittance between overlying snow and higher-density
glacier ice, scattering by air bubbles of varying sizes, and numerous types
of LACs. SNICAR-ADv4 simulates a wide range of clean snow and ice broadband
albedo (BBA), ranging from 0.88 for (30 µm) fine-grain snow to 0.03
for bare and bubble-free ice under direct light. Our results indicate that
representing ice with a density of 650 kg m−3 as snow with no
refractive Fresnel layer, as done previously, generally overestimates the
BBA by an average of 0.058. However, because most
naturally occurring ice surfaces are roughened “white ice”, we recommend
modeling a thin snow layer over bare ice simulations. We find optimal
agreement with measurements by representing cryospheric media with densities
less than 650 kg m−3 as snow and larger-density media as bubbly ice
with a Fresnel layer. SNICAR-ADv4 also simulates the non-linear albedo
impacts from LACs with changing ice SSA, with peak impact per unit mass of
LACs near SSAs of 0.1–0.01 m2 kg−1. For bare, bubble-free ice, LACs
actually increase the albedo. SNICAR-ADv4 represents smooth transitions
between snow, firn, and ice surfaces and accurately reproduces measured
spectral albedos of a variety of glacier surfaces. This work paves the way
for adapting SNICAR-ADv4 to be used in land ice model components of Earth
system models.
Nivel de expresión oral en inglés en centros bilingües y no bilingües de Castilla-La Mancha
Authors: Ruiz Cordero María Begoña
Published: April 2022

El número de centros de enseñanza bilingüe ha crecido considerablemente en España y la metodología AICLE (Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenido y Lengua Extranjera) es muy popular a nivel nacional e internacional. Debido a esta popularidad, cada vez más alumnos se incorporan a programas bilingües, pero ¿son estos programas efectivos? El trabajo que aquí presentamos pretende analizar, mediante pruebas orales, la diferencia de nivel de expresión oral, en lengua inglesa, entre los alumnos de 4º curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria pertenecientes a programas bilingües español-inglés y los que siguen enseñanzas convencionales en la región española de Castilla-La Mancha. Con la información obtenida podremos comprobar si los programas bilingües mejoran o no la competencia oral, en lengua inglesa, de los alumnos inmersos en ellos. A su vez, compararemos y valoraremos los resultados hallados dentro del programa bilingüe de Castilla-La Mancha con otros programas desarrollados en diversos territorios españoles y europeos para conocer las diferencias o similitudes existentes.
Promoción de la resiliencia y educación artística en centros de máxima complejidad: vínculos y orientaciones desde la literatura
Authors: Fernández-Rodrigo Laura , Gutiérrez-Ujaque Daniel
Published: April 2022

La promoción de la resiliencia es un factor clave para mejorar la salud mental y el rendimiento académico de jóvenes en situación de vulnerabilidad. La literatura muestra el papel significativo que tiene el arte para lograrlo, aunque carece de estudios sobre cómo integrar ambas en el ámbito escolar. Esta investigación tiene como objetivos: describir qué características de la educación artística están relacionadas con la promoción de la resiliencia; y definir orientaciones educativas de forma globalizada para Centros de Máxima Complejidad (CMC). Se realizó un análisis de la literatura mediante una metodología basada en el análisis de contenido. Se estableció el Marco de Resiliencia (MR) (Aumann y Hart, 2009) como sistema de categorías con el que vincular las implicaciones de los estudios sobre educación artística en cada una de sus dimensiones: Necesidades básicas, Pertenencia, Aprendizaje, Afrontamiento y Aspectos intrapersonales. Los resultados describen cómo los vínculos entre arte y resiliencia incluyen otras teorías pedagógicas: educación emocional, intercultural e inclusiva, participación infantil y comunitaria, desarrollo positivo adolescente, arte como estímulo, arte comunitario y diversidad de disciplinas artísticas. El análisis ha permitido definir una versión complementaria del MR con Objetivos para la Promoción de la Resiliencia a través de la Educación Artística de forma Globalizada (OPREAG). Los objetivos educativos propuestos son alcanzables y pretenden ser una herramienta sencilla que guíe a los docentes en el diseño y consecución de acciones para fomentar las prácticas artísticas globalizadas y favorecer el éxito educativo del alumnado.
La formación permanente del profesorado de inglés: Docentes imaginan posibles rutas en sus regiones
Authors: Sierra Ospina Nelly
Published: April 2022

Esta investigación se presentan las rutas de formación permanente que un grupo de docentes de inglés imagina en sus regiones. Basada en los principios de la investigación cualitativa, se lleva a cabo un estudio casos múltiples en el departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. La información se obtiene mediante el análisis de documentos, entrevistas semiestructuradas y entrevistas grupales. Los hallazgos evidencian que es preciso: contextualizar las agendas de formación, concebir la formación como un proceso sistemático a largo plazo, ofrecer educación posgraduada en los territorios apartados, velar para que las entidades y los/las formadores/as ofrezcan programas de calidad. Se concluye la necesidad de replantear la perspectiva tradicional de formación para contemplar una política que promueva la formación situada del profesorado de inglés del país, en la cual él sea protagonista de su propia formación y tenga un lugar central en la construcción de los programas de desarrollo profesional en los territorios.
La brecha digital destapada por la pandemia del coronavirus: una investigación sobre profesorado y familias
Authors: Fernández Río Javier , Lopez-Aguado Mercedes , Pérez-Pueyo Ángel , Hortigüela-Alcalá David , Manso-Ayuso Jesús
Published: April 2022

INTRODUCCIÓN. El confinamiento de la población provocado por la pandemia del coronavirus obligó al profesorado y a las familias a hacer una transición casi instantánea de la enseñanza presencial a la enseñanza a distancia. Pero, ¿cómo ha incidido esta transición en la denominada brecha digital? El objetivo del estudio fue conocer el impacto del cierre de los centros educativos en las siguientes tres brechas digitales: de acceso, cognitiva y escolar. Y hacerlo desde la perspectiva del profesorado y de las familias. MÉTODO. Participaron 9567 ciudadanos españoles, 3700 docentes y 5867 progenitores. El estudio siguió un diseño de investigación ex post facto con una metodología cuantitativa de encuesta. El muestreo se realizó con la técnica no-probabilística de “bola de nieve”. La recogida de datos se realizó virtualmente entre el 15 de abril al 8 de mayo del 2020. RESULTADOS. Pusieron de manifiesto una “brecha de acceso” que el profesorado achaca a una conexión deficiente y a un número insuficiente de medios técnicos en las casas, pero que las familias no comparten y señalan las limitaciones impuestas por el teletrabajo como la principal dificultad. DISCUSIÓN. Existe claramente una “brecha cognitiva” reconocida por el profesorado y por las familias y una “brecha escolar” que el primero sitúa en insuficientes recursos puestos a su disposición por las administraciones y los centros y en una insuficiente experiencia en enseñanza online. En conclusión, el confinamiento provocado por la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha sacado a la luz una brecha digital que se creía superada o al menos minimizada, pero que en sus vertientes cognitiva y escolar demanda medidas.
Vowel And Consonant Simplification In Speech Disorder: An Analysis Of Segmental Phonology
Authors:   University of Mahasaraswati Denpasar, Wardana I Ketut , Astawa Nengah ,   University of Mahasaraswati Denpasar, Soper I Wayan ,   IKIP Saraswati Tabanan
Published: April 2022

The objective of the study is to investigate the sound simplification of speech output in Broca's aphasics and describe the effect of the alteration within phonological features from the perspective of Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP). The speech output of two patients was exposed using phonological tasks and recorded with a Sonny voice recorder. The effect of features in substitution sonority was measured with the Wilcoxon's test and acoustic features were analyzed with Praat. The results of the study revealed that the consonant substitution and omission errors in Broca’s aphasia occur in the initial position due to the lesion in the anterior part of the left brain and that the less marked features that are statistically substituted by marked features are not significantly affected by marked features that are substituted by less marked features. The substitution was dominantly influenced by neighboring segments and the sonority violance occured againts the sonority scale
Experimental investigation of dynamic mechanical properties of foamed magnesium oxysulfate cementitious material
Authors: Yi Xiaofei , Wang Shaohua , Zhang Yongliang , Zhao Di , Cui Xiaoda , Zheng Zhijun ,   CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,   Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Green Building and Assembly Construction, Anhui Institute of Building Research & Design, Hefei 230031, China,   Shanghai Environment Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200050, China
Published: April 2022

With the rapid reutilization of solid waste materials, it is imperative to investigate the properties of composite materials formed by the addition of solid waste materials. Basic foamed magnesium oxysulfate cementitious material(FMOCM) with and without solid waste materials were studied and compared. This study focused on the internal structures and quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of FMOCM. The results showed that the internal cavity structure of the FMOCM underwent significant changes, and the pore sizes became smaller owing to the addition of recycled materials and wood flour, which greatly improved the quasi-static strength of the FMOCM. It was found that the FMOCM had obvious strain rate effects. By comparing the dynamic strength factors, the dynamic strength of the regular FMOCM almost doubled, and the addition of solid waste materials weakened the strain rate effect. Only when the strain rate was lower did the FMOCM with solid waste materials show better toughness compared to the more serious fracture of the regular FMOCM. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the broad application prospects of solid waste materials in magnesium oxysulfide cementitious materials.
Effects of “English-Only Policy” on Students’ Fluency and Motivation Level in Speaking English
Authors:   Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Azhar Iliana Putri , Gopal Revathi ,   Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Published: April 2022

The study aims to examine the influence of English-only policy on students’ fluency and motivation level to speak English. The respondents of the study are 20 secondary school students in Hulu Perak who are divided into two groups; experimental group and control group. The research design of this study is quantitative through quasi-experimental and survey. A pre and post-speaking test and a questionnaire which consists of 9 items using 5-point Likert scale are used for data collection. The data is analysed through mean scores of pre and post-test between experimental and control group and the total score of each respondent. The findings of pre and post-test indicate that the mean scores in the experimental group yield a higher improvement (3.20) than in the control group (1.80). Furthermore, the survey findings show that most respondents have a moderate level of motivation (60%), followed by high motivation level (40%). It can be concluded that English-only policy is effective on students’ speaking fluency and students have moderate to high levels of motivation to speak English language in English-only policy lessons. The implication of this study is that teachers can use English-only policy in English language lessons to improve students’ speaking fluency and motivation level to speak English. Apart from that, it can be a benchmark for school administration to implement the approach at school level and for the Ministry of Education to provide training courses for teachers to ensure in-depth implementation of the teaching approach.
Students’ Perception on Flipped Classroom Approach in Learning Communicative English among Community College Students
Authors:   Kolej Komuniti Taiping, Mohamed Maidin Fathilah Begum , Shukor Siti Shuhaida ,   Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Published: April 2022

Learning English as a second language has never been straightforward, especially when it requires the learners to speak in the target language during the lesson. Students have the tendency to keep quiet and refuse to communicate in English due to many factors. In encouraging students to speak in the target language during the class, many English language instructors have pursued new and interesting approaches. One of the approaches includes flipped classrooms. Flipped classroom allows students to learn the concepts of one particular topic at their own time and pace whilst spending the classroom session on hand-on activities. This study investigates students’ perceptions of using flipped classroom approaches in their Communicative English classroom. The aim of this study was to determine whether a learning approach such as flipped classroom had any influence over students’ attitudes and motivation. The participants of this study were 106 students at Taiping Community College. This study employed a quantitative research design via survey. Before gathering the students’ opinion, the participants had experienced the flipped classroom approach during the Communicative English lesson. After that, a set of questionnaires were distributed to the participants and data were analyzed descriptively. Results revealed that most students had positive perceptions towards the use of flipped classrooms and were highly motivated to learn and had positive attitudes towards the implementation of the flipped classroom approach. This study provides insights for Malaysian community college lecturers to adopt flipped classroom approach in their teaching, especially in the Communicative English lesson.
Consumo de leña y otros biocombustibles sólidos en la región de Aysén: adopción acelerada del pellet en la ciudad de Coyhaique y predominio de la leña en el resto de la región
Authors:   Instituto Forestal (Chile), Reyes Rene , Sanhueza R. , Schueftan Alejandra , González Eric
Published: April 2022

La leña es una de las principales fuentes de energía de la región de Aysén. Sin embargo, no existen estudios que estimen su consumo a escala regional. A partir de encuestas que fueron aplicadas el año 2021, desde La Junta hasta Villa O´Higgins, se analizó el consumo de energía del sector residencial. El consumo total de energía en la región fue de 1.708 gigawatt-hora/ año, el 80% de la cual proviene de la leña, el 8% del gas licuado, el 5% de la electricidad, el 5% del pellet, el 1,5% de kerosene y el 0,5% de otras fuentes de energía. El consumo de leña fue de 565.456 m3 sólidos/año (64% urbano y 36% rural). En áreas urbanas, el 82% de las viviendas consumen leña a un promedio de 14 m3 sólidos/vivienda/año, y en áreas rurales el 99% de las viviendas consumen leña a un promedio de 21 m3 sólidos/vivienda/año. La comuna de Coyhaique concentra el 44% del consumo regional de leña, aunque se observa un fuerte desacople entre crecimiento demográfico y consumo de leña, debido a una serie de factores, entre los que destaca el ingreso del pellet al menú energético de las familias. El Plan de Descontaminación Atmosférica implementado en Coyhaique está acelerando procesos de transición energética que han permitido reducir el consumo de leña. Fortalecer ese proceso, e implementar un plan integral de eficiencia energética que implique mejorar el programa de reacondicionamiento térmico de viviendas y hacer más exigentes las normas de emisiones de calefactores a leña, sería un buen camino. Algo similar debería implementarse en Puerto Aysén, Cochrane y otras localidades para que toda la región avance al mismo ritmo.
Bacterias fibrolíticas aisladas de rumen de alpaca, ovino y vacuno con capacidad biodegradadora de celulosa
Authors: Carhuapoma-Delacruz Víctor , Auqui-Acharte Gissel Shian , Valencia-Mamani Nicasio , Gonzales-Huamán Teresa Jesús , Guillen-Domínguez Héctor Marcelo , Esparza Mario
Published: April 2022

Las bacterias ruminales celulolíticas se utilizan en la alimentación de rumiantes por su capacidad biodegradable de forrajes fibrosos. Sin embargo, existen escasos estudios en alpaca, ovino y vacuno si constituyen fuentes de microrganismos degradadores de celulosa para aplicaciones en biotecnología alimentaria. En esta investigación se aisló y evaluó el potencial degradador in vitro de la celulosa de las bacterias ruminales celulíticas de alpaca, ovino y vacuno. Se recolectaron muestras de líquido ruminal de ochos especímenes de alpaca, vacuno y ovino del matadero municipal de la localidad de Huancavelica – Perú, ubicado a 3820 metros sobre el nivel del mar en Perú. Las muestras ruminales fueron cultivadas en medios con carboximetilcelulosa, enriquecidos con caldo infusión cerebro corazón en condiciones aeróbicas y anaeróbicas hasta lograr desarrollo de colonias bacterianas. Luego se realizó la caracterización microbiológica, bioquímica y análisis de producción de celulasas de cada aislado bacteriano usando el método de coloración de rojo Congo y se evaluó el diámetro de los halos (mayor a 10-14 milímetros (mm)) de degradabilidad de celulosa. Se encontró bacterias celulolíticas Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus albus y Fibrobacter succinogenes con alta capacidad de degradabilidad de celulosa (halo mayor a 14 mm). Este hallazgo indica que los líquidos ruminales de alpaca, vacuno y ovino son excelentes fuentes de bacterias productoras de celulasas con alta capacidad degradadora de celulosa.
Pollen allergy and pollen sensitization: a new look at an old subject
Authors: Migacheva Natalia Begievna
Published: April 2022

Relevance. Allergic diseases associated with hypersensitivity to pollen allergens (pollinosis) are an urgent medical and socio-economic problem due to widespread increase in prevalence, a variety of clinical manifestations and a negative impact on the quality of life. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the initiation of sensitization to plant-derived airborne allergens can become the basis for development innovative strategies for the treatment and prevention of hay fever. The aim of the review is to analyze and systematize the currently available data on the mechanisms of the initiation of pollen sensitization and the realization of allergy to pollen allergens.
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Defence Strategy: Implications for Global and National Security
Authors: Ahmad Khan, Irteza Imam and Adeela Azam
Published: April 2022

This study analyses the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the defence strategy of high-end technology states and its implications for regional states’ national security. The United States (US) in 2014 announced its Third Offset Strategy (TOS) which has conceived the role of AI and Machine Learning (ML) in bringing autonomy to its weapons systems to offset the threats emanating from its adversaries i.e. Russia and China. TOS envisions constant and consistent upgrading of the US forces, tactics and strategies to triumph on the battlefield. The US has been at the forefront to introduce innovations in its modern weaponry and their employment (tactics & strategy). Russia and China are also following the suit. The TOS is based on the development of AI and Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) which involve human-machine collaborative decision making, assisted human operations, advanced manned-un-manned systems and network enabled autonomous weapons. Apart from the US, Russia and China are also developing similar systems to counter the US’ TOS which may result in the new age arms race globally. The paper also analyses the development of LAWS and subsequent prospects of giving autonomy to nuclear forcerelated systems alongside the deterrent value of nuclear weapons might result in future conflicts that may be detrimental to international security and national security of the states.
Editorial Commentary: Moving on from studying only the ACL: The importance of sex differences in other orthopaedic injuries
Authors: Berkson, MD Eric
Published: April 2022

Our understanding of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has advanced to the point where we understand female-specific predisposing factors to injuries; we have begun to alter surgical reconstructive procedures for women; and we can leverage enhanced sex-specific understandings to improve rehabilitation and even to prevent injuries. While study of sex-specific differences in posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries has just begun, it is our responsibility within the field of sports medicine to continue to advance our understanding of sex differences in PCL and other orthopaedic injuries and to promote future studies examining this topic.
Caracterização das nascentes na sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio dos Monos, Sudoeste da Bahia, Brasil
Authors: Oliveira da Silva Thamires , Moreno Pereira Lacerda Sara , Tavares de Oliveira Jacson , Cavalcante de Jesus França Luciano , Ribeiro de Sena Sival , Sérgio Vila Nova Souza Paulo , Dos Santos Lisboa Gerson , De Amorim Silva Vinícius
Published: April 2022

As nascentes são afloramentos dos lençóis subterrâneos e importantes para a rede de drenagem superficial, pois possibilitam a formação dos córregos, lagos, rios e a consequente manutenção das bacias hidrográficas. O presente trabalho visa avaliar os impactos ambientais em nascentes localizadas na sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio dos Monos, distrito de Barra Nova, Bahia. Foram realizadas visitas in loco nas nascentes, para aplicação do Índice de Impacto Ambiental de Nascentes (IIAN), avaliando-se os parâmetros para identificar e classificar o grau de preservação das nascentes e discriminar os impactos ambientais recorrentes de ações antropogênicas. Com base nesses parâmetros, das quatro nascentes analisadas, duas enquadraram-se no grau de preservação boa e ótima; as outras duas foram classificadas como ruim e péssima. A análise dos parâmetros revelou que a vegetação está degradada, a falta de proteção e proximidades das residências foram os impactos mais frequentes e relevantes. A degradação no entorno das nascentes impacta diretamente na preservação das mesmas. Assim, destaca-se a necessidade de ações de intervenção por gestores e pela população no sentido de promover a recomposição da diversidade florística das nascentes.