bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impaired associative taste learning and abnormal brain activation in kinase-defective eEF2K mice
Authors: Gildish Iness , Manor David , David Orit , Sharma Vijendra , Williams David , Agarwala Usha , Wang Xuemin , Kenney Justin W. , Proud Chris G. , Rosenblum Kobi
Published: February 2012

Memory consolidation is defined temporally based on pharmacological interventions such as inhibitors of mRNA translation (molecular consolidation) or post-acquisition deactivation of specific brain regions (systems level consolidation). However, the relationship between molecular and systems consolidation are poorly understood. Molecular consolidation mechanisms involved in translation initiation and elongation have previously been studied in the cortex using taste-learning paradigms. For example, the levels of phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) were found to be correlated with taste learning in the gustatory cortex (GC), minutes following learning. In order to isolate the role of the eEF2 phosphorylation state at Thr-56 in both molecular and system consolidation, we analyzed cortical-dependent taste learning in eEF2K (the only known kinase for eEF2) ki mice, which exhibit reduced levels of eEF2 phosphorylation but normal levels of eEF2 and eEF2K. These mice exhibit clear attenuation of cortical-dependent associative, but not of incidental, taste learning. In order to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms, we compared brain activity as measured by MEMRI (manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging) between eEF2K ki mice and WT mice during conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning and observed clear differences between the two but saw no differences under basal conditions. Our results demonstrate that adequate levels of phosphorylation of eEF2 are essential for cortical-dependent associative learning and suggest that malfunction of memory processing at the systems level underlies this associative memory impairment.
Developing employee expertise through structured on‐the‐job training (S‐OJT): an introduction to this training approach and the KNPC experience
Authors: Jacobs Ronald L. , Jaseem Bu‐Rahmah Mohammad
Published: February 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to describe how structured on‐the‐job training (S‐OJT) was implemented to develop new‐hire engineers at the Kuwait National Petroleum Company.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper describes a case study on the development, implementation, and evaluation results of an extensive case study in an organization.

Findings

The results show a reduction in development time and increased confidence in the skills of the new‐hire engineers, among other outcomes reported.

Practical implications

The case study can assist other advanced training and human resource development practitioners to develop high‐skilled technical employees who may require different approaches to ensure a depth of conceptual and job‐related information.

Originality/value

The intent of the case study is to assist other advanced training and human resource development practitioners in developing high‐skilled technical employees. Such employees require different approaches to ensure a depth of conceptual and job‐related information. The case study shows how one organization addressed this issue.
Understanding and managing workplace bullying
Authors: Khan Anas , Khan Riad
Published: February 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to outline the nature of workplace bullying and its implications for employees and the organization, and strategies to handle such unwanted behavior.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on work carried out by the authors over the past two years, plus the HR literature.

Findings

The paper argues that if workplace bullying is not managed well, then it will have serious negative implications on workers and the overall performance of the organization, thus a happy, healthy and engaged workforce will not be achievable. Strategies relating to education and training, leadership, sound processes and overall support for victims are ways in which undesirable acts in the organization could be managed.

Practical implications

The paper draws attention to the important issue of workplace bullying and its effects on workers and the organization, and mentions the significance of managing it.

Social implications

The paper explains how the management of any organization can be improved to generate a better working environment.

Originality/value

The paper presents the arguments in a condensed and easy‐to‐digest format.
Helping managers stimulate employee voluntary, helpful behavior
Authors: Bandura Randall P. , Lyons Paul R.
Published: February 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to present: the concept of voluntary, helpful organizational behavior (V‐HOB); research results regarding how one subset of future business employees, accounting students, may be predisposed to such behavior; and practical training and development approaches aimed at establishing a work environment supportive of V‐HOB.

Design/methodology/approach

This exploratory research involves surveying accounting majors to capture perceptions of predisposition toward V‐HOB. Survey results measure elements of V‐HOB and several task performances. The authors synthesize relevant research, providing pragmatic suggestions for management training and development.

Findings

Data analysis was inconclusive regarding individuals' predisposition toward V‐HOB. This exploratory research suggests that academic success may not indicate V‐HOB predisposition. Training and development may be more effective than attempting to recruit individuals predisposed toward V‐HOB.

Research limitations/implications

Limitations to this exploratory research include a small sample size of a homogeneous group, as to major, class size, university attendance. Future research could focus on V‐HOB predisposition by gender, academic discipline, and country/culture. Broader aspects of task performance including participation and absenteeism could be studied. While more research is needed, these preliminary results may indicate that predisposition toward V‐HOB can be difficult to identify.

Practical implications

The authors provide managerial guidance regarding investment of effort into recruiting candidates having a predisposition toward V‐HOB, and for training toward nurturing an environment in which V‐HOB is more likely to thrive.

Originality/value

This paper defines and describes behaviors which support V‐HOB. A gap is bridged between academic study of such behaviors and pragmatic techniques for development of managers.
Embedding management knowledge: repertoires and reservoirs
Authors: Hordern Jim
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to illustrate through a case study how Bernstein's discussion of horizontal discourse can be used to inform processes of management development and organizational learning in multi‐functional organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach taken is to reflect on a particular case of management development in which the author was instrumentally involved, using Bernstein's concepts of “repertoire”, “reservoir”, and the “circulation” and “exchange” of knowledge and strategies to further the understanding of the nature of learning and development interventions that aim to recognise, refine and disseminate tacit managerial knowledge.

Findings

The article discusses the background to internal management development interventions of this type, and briefly evaluates the outcomes of the case study against original objectives. Although much progress was made with an initial group of participants, in terms of realising and sharing tacit managerial knowledge and strategies, the organization did not take the second phase of the intervention forward.

Practical implications

The case study develops a conceptually informed approach to internal learning and development interventions that can inform future initiatives.

Originality/value

The discussion of this case is valuable in that it illustrates how concepts from the sociology of knowledge can be used to provide new insights into internal learning and development interventions that seek to make better use of the knowledge and practice of individual employees.
Using classification to convict the Khmer Rouge
Authors: Caswell Michelle
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the importance of classification structures to efforts at holding perpetrators of human rights abuses accountable using one archival repository in Cambodia as a case study.

Design/methodology/approach

The primary methodology of this paper is a textual analysis of the Documentation Center of Cambodia's classification scheme, as well as a conceptual analysis using the theoretical framework originally posited by Bowker and Star and further developed by Harris and Duff. These analyses were supplemented by interviews with key participants.

Findings

The Documentation Center of Cambodia's classification of Khmer Rouge records by ethnic identity has had a major impact on charging former officials of the regime with genocide in the ongoing human rights tribunal.

Social implications

As this exploration of the DC‐Cam database shows, archival description can be used as a tool to promote accountability in societies coming to terms with difficult histories.

Originality/value

This paper expands and revises Harris and Duff's definition of liberatory description to include Spivak's concept of strategic essentialism, arguing that archivists’ classification choices have important ethical and legal consequences.
The effect of oxygen on the tribological behavior of CrNiMo steel
Authors: Du San‐ming , Zhang Yong‐zhen , Chen Yue , Liu Wei‐min
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the friction and wear properties of CrNiMo steel pin against brass disk in different oxygen fractions. CrNiMo steel is currently widely used in industry and military fields for its excellent performance in some severe environments. The atmosphere and temperature are key factors affecting the wear behaviors of CrNiMo steel. The study aims to make better use of CrNiMo steel in different atmospheres.

Design/methodology/approach

Friction and wear experiments were conducted using a pin‐on‐disk tribometer equipped in an atmosphere controllable chamber. The chamber allows switch between vacuum and gas mixtures of N2 and O2. The oxygen content was managed by magnetic coupling flow meter. The sliding speed of 1, 2, 3, 4 m/s and the applied sliding contact load of 5, 6.5, 8, 9.5 N were used in friction test. In order to obtain information on the wear mechanisms, the worn surface of the pin was examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy.

Findings

A close dependence is clearly shown of the friction and wear on the content of oxygen gas in elevated temperature. Increasing the content of oxygen in the atmosphere under higher normal load condition is beneficial to friction reduction of the steel/brass pair. Different wear mechanisms were found with a transition from the adhesive wear in nitrogen, to a mixed adhesion and oxidation wear when increasing the content of the oxygen in the atmosphere.

Originality/value

This paper provides a reference for the similar steel used in severe environments.
Effects of using smart fluid in lubrication on skirt‐liner friction
Authors: Mahdavi S.H. , Mansouri S.H. , Kimiaeifar A.
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present, for the first time, a mathematical model for a piston skirt in mixed lubrication with respect to applying a smart fluid in lubrication. In this way, the smart fluid, as a lubricant with controlled variable viscosity, is proposed and applied to minimize the power loss in the interaction between liner and skirt.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on signal processing, the relationships between viscosity of lubricant and the friction loss, the hydrodynamic and contact friction force consequently are found, as part of an effective approach to acquire the function of variable viscosity.

Findings

It is shown that hydrodynamics and contact friction forces can be controlled and minimized by using the variable viscosity signal with the optimized viscosity signal technique.

Originality/value

In this paper, a mathematical model for a piston skirt in mixed lubrication with respect to applying a smart fluid in lubrication is presented for the first time.
Trust and normative democratic peace theory: nexus between citizens and foreign policies?
Authors: Zimelis Andris
Published: February 2012

Purpose

Despite the burgeoning literature dealing with the democratic peace theory, there seems to be surprisingly little research done in actually analyzing how and why democracies cause peace. There is even less research done in empirically analyzing the “how” part of the normative aspects of the democratic peace theory. The purpose of this paper is to explain the theoretical assumptions and how interpersonal trust is linked to a country's preferences to go to war. In addition, a direct comparison is made between democratic and non‐democratic states to ascertain more clearly the effect of trust on decisions to go to war.

Design/methodology/approach

This study quantitatively examines the period from 1980 to 2001 and considers 62 democratic countries and 30 non‐democratic countries in their choices to engage in conflict.

Findings

The research project finds that interpersonal trust is strongly correlated with states' decisions to go to war.

Originality/value

This is the first time that a study has examined the role of interpersonal trust on a state's decision to go to war, as no scholarly work has been done in applying the study of interpersonal trust to studying the theory of democratic peace.
A family‐friendly policy for Hong Kong: lessons from three international experiences
Authors: Lai‐ching Leung , Kam‐wah Chan
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to compare the family‐friendly policies developed in Sweden, the UK and Singapore and discuss the implications on family‐friendly policies in Hong Kong.

Design/methodology/approach

The study draws on policy documents of the three countries, to examine the welfare model, the service provisions and the outcomes of the family‐friendly policies.

Findings

In the study, the paper finds that considerable differences exist among the three countries in their conception of the role and responsibility of government in the reconciliation of family and work conflict. Strategies ranging from a high degree of intervention to minimal intervention are closely related to the social welfare regime of a country. Learning from the international experiences, it is important to link work and family policies in developing family‐friendly policy in Hong Kong because work and family are not two separate worlds.

Originality/value

Numerous studies have documented the effectiveness and impact of family‐friendly policies in their own countries, but little has been done to compare the international experiences. The analysis contributes to offer a clear direction of developing family‐friendly policy in Hong Kong.
Ethics of property, illegal settlements and the right to subsistence
Authors: Sanghera Balihar , Satybaldieva Elmira
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine how illegal settlers and poor families struggle for basic necessities through land invasions, covert practices and illegal sabotage, examining how fundamental rights to subsistence and dignity are superior to private property claims.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper combines two qualitative research projects that examined property rights in Kyrgyzstan, conducting semi‐structured interviews with poor groups, elites and state officials. One project was conducted between 2009‐2010, examining two illegal settlements and a squatted building in the capital Bishkek, and the other project took place between 2007‐2008 in four villages in Osh region.

Findings

It was found that illegal settlers and poor families deliberate upon the moral aspects of land and property, though sometimes their judgements are distorted by nationalist feelings and racialised identities. Poor and propertyless groups struggle for basic necessities, lacking access to social rights and facing class contempt and state coercion.

Research limitations/implications

The authors criticise de Soto's ideas on legalising squatters' holdings, suggesting that his property rights approach to land offers a flawed moral vision for society and a mis‐understanding of illegal settlements.

Practical implications

International donors need to re‐think development strategies for increasing growth and reducing poverty, and for Kyrgyzstan to abandon the national residential registration system (propiska).

Originality/value

The authors' moral responsibilities approach on property recognises the importance of land and valuable resources for human capabilities, the competing obligations of the state and the role of moral propriety and sentiments in shaping responsibilities towards vulnerable and poor groups.
Formulation of secant and reloading soil deformation moduli using multi expression programming
Authors: Hossein Alavi Amir , Mollahasani Ali , Hossein Gandomi Amir , Boluori Bazaz Jafar
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop new constitutive models to predict the soil deformation moduli using multi expression programming (MEP). The soil deformation parameters formulated are secant (Es) and reloading (Er) moduli.

Design/methodology/approach

MEP is a new branch of classical genetic programming. The models obtained using this method are developed upon a series of plate load tests conducted on different soil types. The best models are selected after developing and controlling several models with different combinations of the influencing parameters. The validation of the models is verified using several statistical criteria. For more verification, sensitivity and parametric analyses are carried out.

Findings

The results indicate that the proposed models give precise estimations of the soil deformation moduli. The Es prediction model provides considerably better results than the model developed for Er. The Es formulation outperforms several empirical models found in the literature. The validation phases confirm the efficiency of the models for their general application to the soil moduli estimation. In general, the derived models are suitable for fine‐grained soils.

Originality/value

These equations may be used by designers to check the general validity of the laboratory and field test results or to control the solutions developed by more in‐depth deterministic analyses.
Novel guess functions for efficient analysis of Raman fiber amplifiers
Authors: Serdar Gokhan Fikri , Yilmaz Gunes
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The aim of the paper is to demonstrate a fast numerical solution for Raman fiber amplifier equations using proposed guess functions and MATLAB intrinsic properties. MATLAB BVP solvers are addressed for the solution.

Design/methodology/approach

The guess functions proposed for the solution of RFA equations using MATLAB BVP solvers are derived from Taylor expansion of pump and signal wave near the boundary to specifically obtain convergence for the initial mesh point. The guess functions increase simulation speed significantly. In order to improve the simulation speed further, vectorization and analytical Jacobians are introduced. Comparisons among bvp4c and bvp5c have been made with respect to total pump power, number of signals, vectorization with/without analytical Jacobians, fiber length, relative tolerance and continuation method. The simulations are performed to determine the effect of the run time on the choice of the number of equally spaced mesh points (N) in the initial guess, and thus optimal N values are found.

Findings

MATLAB BVP solvers have been proven to be effective for the numerical solution of RFAs with the proposed guess functions. In particular, with vectorizing, run time reduction is between 2.1 and 5.4 times for bvp4c and between 1.6 and 2.1 times for bvp5c and in addition to vectorizing, with the introduction of the analytical Jacobians, the reduction is between 2.4 and 6.2 times for bvp4c and 1.7 and 2.2 times for bvp5c, respectively, depending on the total pump power between 1,000 mW and 2,000 mW and the number of signals. Also, simulation results show that the efficiency of the solution with proposed guess functions is improved more than six times compared with those of previously reported continuation methods. Results show that the proposed guess functions with the vectorization and analytical Jacobians can be used for the performance evaluation of RFAs for the high power systems/long gain fiber span.

Practical implications

The robust improvement of the solution proposed in this paper lies in the fact that the derived guess functions for the RFAs are highly effective in the sense that they assist the solver to converge to the solution for any total pump power value in a wide range from 1 to 3,000 mW and for any fiber lengths ranging 1 to 200 km which are used in practical applications. Hence, it is practicable for the performance evaluation of the existing RFA networks.

Originality/value

The novelty of this method is that, starting with the co‐propagating single pump and signal RFA schema, the authors derived the guess function specifically for the initial mesh points rather than using its analytical approximations. Moreover, the solution is generalized for co‐/counter propagating pumps/signals with the curve fitted coefficient(s).
Identification of an equivalent model for the permanent magnets of a magnetron sputtering device
Authors: Desideri Daniele , Maschio Alvise , Doru Micu Dan , Ramona Miron Olivia
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The aim of the work was to obtain an auxiliary instrument able to give the magnetic configuration of a magnetron sputtering device for operation with targets, magnetic and non magnetic, with different heights, starting from a device with no detailed information of the source.

Design/methodology/approach

An inverse problem has been dealt with. A 2D numerical analysis has been performed, which utilizes as a starting point a model identified with a simple analytical procedure based on measurements.

Findings

A satisfactory equivalent model has been identified, and validated in several different conditions.

Originality/value

The proposed approach can be applied when no detailed information of the source is available, in the case of a cathode without a ferromagnetic yoke.
Automatic presser‐foot force control for industrial sewing machines
Authors: Carvalho Helder , Silva Luís F. , Rocha Ana , Monteiro João
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop and test control methods for real‐time automatic presser‐foot force control in industrial sewing machines. In this work, a closed‐loop controller that controls presser‐foot maximum vertical displacement is presented and compared to existing solutions that adjust force depending on sewing speed. Automatic force control can reduce problems such as stitch irregularity, stitch distortions and material damage, besides making material handling easier.

Design/methodology/approach

An electromagnetic force actuator was integrated in an industrial lockstitch machine. A computer‐based control system was designed implementing either speed‐variable force control, closed‐loop control, or emulating a traditional constant‐force system. Maximum presser‐foot displacement values were measured and analysed in relevant sewing situations, and seam quality was assessed.

Findings

Constant‐force control does not allow optimal force setting at all speeds. Speed‐variable force control is an improvement, but requires empirical setting of the speed‐force relation, not always assuring optimal operation. Closed‐loop control adapts force to the requirement of each sewing situation more precisely. Sewing quality is good and material handling is eased.

Research limitations/implications

The actuator has to be optimised regarding response time and maximum force. Some aspects in the behaviour of the control system and actuator have to be further studied.

Practical implications

The proposed control system enables the automatic setting and adaptation of force to all sewing situations, making material handling easier at low speeds without compromising feeding performance at high speed. The closed‐loop controller may be used as a teach‐in system for speed‐dependent control.

Originality/value

This is the first prototype of a closed‐loop control system for presser‐foot force on a lockstitch sewing machine and the first comparative study of control methods for presser‐foot force control.
Examining the planning and management of principal succession
Authors: Zepeda Sally J. , Bengtson Ed , Parylo Oksana
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine principal succession planning and management by analyzing current practices of handling school leader succession in four Georgia school systems.

Design/methodology/approach

Looking through the lens of organizational leadership succession theory, the practices of school systems as they experienced changes in school leadership were examined. Participants included superintendents, assistant superintendents, other central office leaders, and principals. A multiple‐case approach was selected with semi‐structured interviews providing the major source of data.

Findings

Findings suggest the following: there is a difference in the sense of urgency for the planning and management of the succession of principals; the development of aspiring leaders was identified as a critical component of planning and management of succession; mentoring was an essential practice through the succession process; and reliance on collaborative partnerships with outside organizations was highly valued.

Practical implications

The implications of the study include a call for further research to determine the differences in leader succession planning and management needs related to the varying contexts. In addition, the study implies that building collaborative partnerships with university preparation programs and other external professional development organizations may assist systems in the planning and management of principal succession.

Originality/value

The originality of this study stems from the lack of literature that directly examines the experiences and practices of principal succession. The findings can inform school system leaders of succession planning and management issues and practices that exist in the four systems studied. As leadership becomes more recognized for its impact on student achievement and school performance, it is imperative that succession is managed and planned to ensure sustainability and effectiveness.
Third sector involvement in public education: the Israeli case
Authors: Berkovich Izhak , Jonathan Foldes Vincent
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to address the involvement of third sector organizations in state public education in Israel, with emphasis on the decision‐making processes affecting the geographic distribution of service provision.

Design/methodology/approach

A collective case study approach was used to investigate non‐governmental organization (NGO) procedures for the deployment of the educational services they provide. The study was based on semi‐structured interviews with key personnel and on documents from four NGOs operating in the Israeli public education system.

Findings

The article illustrates the extent of third sector organizations' involvement in the Israeli public educational system, in most cases operated with significant governmental funding. The findings reveal two main factors in the NGOs' decision‐making process that affect their operational deployment: the type of financing model they adopted and the nature of their relationship with the Ministry of Education.

Practical implications

The paper's findings have led to several policy recommendations. It recommends that NGOs be more aware of their financing model and more critical in its appraisal. It also recommends that the state take into account the vision and financing model of NGOs and its own strategic responsibility for reaching nationwide social goals when selecting partners.

Originality/value

The study examines the increasing involvement of NGOs in state public education. As trends of privatization and democratization continue, the number of NGOs operating in the public education system continues to rise, and their importance continues to increase.
The negotiation and selection of horizontal mechanisms to support post‐implementation ERP organizations
Authors: Gallagher Kevin P. , “Jamey” Worrell James L. , Mason Robert M.
Published: February 2012

Purpose

For an organization to realize the intended benefits of an enternprise resource planning (ERP) investment, it must integrate both technical expertise and functional area knowledge, and it must have continuing support after implementation. The study aims to expand understanding of how organizations ensure the necessary support from functional experts during and after ERP installations. In particular, the study aims to address the question of the type of horizontal support mechanism chosen for this support and how managers make these choices.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is a replicated case study based on interviews with project leaders in nine universities judged to have successful PeopleSoft ERP implementations. Thematic analysis is applied to identify the factors influencing managerial choices and organizational decisions made to assure post‐implementation ERP support.

Findings

The findings indicate that managers of ERP implementations recognize the necessity for horizontal coordinating mechanisms both during and after implementation. The paper finds no single “best” structure in the cases, nor does it observe that the support structure decision is always based on a deliberate organizational strategy. The findings indicate that selection of post‐implementation support structure is often a negotiated outcome. Ultimately, the paper finds that the outcomes were based on three factors: the situated context of the original implementation project goals; the nature of early commitments made to functional subject matter experts and their departments; and the initial project structure used during the implementation phase.

Originality/value

This research fills a gap in research on ERP support structures by examining how localized organizations assure the necessary support from subject matter experts, commencing with project inception and continuing through post‐implementation. The results contribute to theory by illustrating the value of a process‐based approach to understanding the factors that affect the choice of support structures. The findings contribute to practice by highlighting how early management decisions and the methods executives chose to assure commitments from key stakeholders can restrict the range of options for post‐implementation organizational structures.
Using cognitive conflict to promote the use of dialectical learning for strategic decision‐makers
Authors: Woods Jeffrey G.
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual model that uses dialectical inquiry (DI) to create cognitive conflict in strategic decision‐makers for the purpose of improving strategic decisions. Activation of the dialectical learning process using DI requires strategic decision‐makers to integrate conflicting information causing cognitive conflict. Cognitive conflict is the catalyst that stimulates the creation of new knowledge in strategic decision‐makers resulting in improved organizational performance.

Design/methodology/approach

A conceptual model is developed that explicitly links DI to the dialectical learning process of strategic decision‐makers. This model extends previous research on DI by identifying cognitive conflict as the critical component that links DI as a learning method to the process of dialectical learning in strategic decision‐making.

Findings

The major finding of the model of dialectical learning is that the model is an important resource that can be applied to create cognitive conflict in strategic decision‐makers for the purpose of expanding the strategic options of organizations.

Research limitations/implications

Empirical research on DI that focuses on the role of cognitive conflict in the dialectical learning process is lacking. It is hoped that this conceptual paper will stimulate further interest on the topic and a greater appreciation of this method of learning. Strategic decision‐makers must consider alternative ways of generating new knowledge that is crucial for organizational performance.

Practical implications

It is important that the benefits of creating cognitive conflict in the dialectical learning process are understood by strategic decision‐makers. Training for participants in a DI learning intervention is essential to help minimize any dysfunctional behaviors that could result from affective conflict.

Originality/value

This conceptual model identifies the importance of cognitive conflict in the dialectical learning process of strategic decision‐makers and the critical role of cognitive conflict rather than affective conflict in the use of this learning method.
New tools for learning: a case of organizational problem analysis derived from debriefing records in a medical center
Authors: Holzmann Vered , Mischari Shoshana , Goldberg Shoshana , Ziv Amitai
Published: February 2012

Purpose

This article aims to present a unique systematic and validated method for creating a linkage between past experiences and management of future occurrences in an organization.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is based on actual data accumulated in a series of projects performed in a major medical center. Qualitative and quantitative content analyses were performed on 158 debriefing documents that were generated during two years. The analyses yielded a dataset which was utilized for cluster analysis to construct an organizational hierarchical risk tree.

Findings

Three major project phases were found to be the most influential: planning, executing, and controlling. The major risk areas identified were found to be those related to the initial work plan, professional responsibility definition, quality control, and communication management.

Research limitations/implications

The study focuses on the aspects of organizational learning and suggests a new interpretation method for debriefing documents and a utilization method to mitigate potential risks. The most important outcome of the synergy was a new ability enabling staff members to improve their qualifications on a continuous basis. However, further research is required to examine the medical center debriefing and risk management from a long‐term perspective.

Originality/value

The current study was conceived during a discussion on the subject of safety improvement, where the impact of human behavior on risk events occurrence was debated. Hence, the paper was dedicated to analyzing the effects of the expanding limits of the prognosis “to err is human”. The method enables organizations to develop a tailored risk mitigation plan based on its accumulated processes and projects lessons‐learned. Although the paper describes a process conducted in a medical center, the method and findings are applicable to many other organizations.
Universities: can they be considered as learning organizations?
Authors: Bak Ozlem
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore a department in a UK higher education (HE) institute based on Senge's five characteristics of learning organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, a case study method was utilized. The case study entailed two lines of enquiry: a questionnaire, which was distributed to a UK HE‐institution department followed by semi‐structured interviews.

Findings

The findings show that learning‐organization characteristics were present to a limited extent. Within the department, the results showed a variation in the impact level of the five characteristics between administrative and academic groups, as well as between the new and old members of staff.

Originality/value

Recently, the learning‐organization concept has been of interest to companies operating in both the private and public sectors; however, its implementation in a higher education setting remained limited to holistic studies assessing higher education institutes in general, rather than in studies analyzing its impact at the micro‐level. Hence, this research agenda contributes at two levels of enquiry: the departmental level of learning‐organization adaptation, and the level of the individuals' experiences in the workplace.
Health and safety gateways for construction project planning
Authors: Hare Billy , Cameron Iain
Published: February 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to report on the findings from a research project, commissioned by the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE), investigating the integration of health and safety (H&S) with construction planning.

Design/methodology/approach

A combination of group and individual interviews were undertaken with qualitative methods of analysis to develop an integrated process model.

Findings

The model developed uses “Gateway” decision points, which allows flexibility and the early integration of H&S at a strategic level, although detailed planning is still required through the use of integrated management tools.

Practical implications

This study will help practitioners who wish to integrate CDM principles using a process model. It has also informed the HSE with policy decisions for their review of the Construction Design and Management Regulations 1994.

Originality/value

Previous research on construction H&S has tended to concentrate on site management. This study extends knowledge and understanding of how H&S can be integrated at the planning stage of projects.
Using systems thinking to evaluate a major project
Authors: White Diana , Fortune Joyce
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to set out the results of a study of a major landmark construction project and to use systems thinking to shed light on the organisation, management and performance of the project.

Design/methodology/approach

The three main methods of gathering the data were a series of formal and informal interviews with representatives of Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council and their main project partner Harbour and General, regular visits to the main construction site and the secondary site where the bridge was pre‐fabricated and an extensive study of newspaper and magazine articles, Council minutes and memoranda and other relevant literature. The paper also employs a systems‐based approach whereby the project is represented as a system and compared with an ideal model of a system that is capable of purposeful action without failure.

Findings

This paper has shown that shown that, although many aspects of the management of this construction project such as its decision‐making processes were very effective, the project was over budget and significantly late. Analysis using systems thinking has been able to reveal that the problems encountered during the construction were caused by unforeseen environmental influences and failure to appreciate the viewpoints of those directly and indirectly affected by the project. It is suggested that the lessons learned from investigating this project in real time can provide a valuable insight into understanding the challenges faced by similar projects.

Originality/value

Unlike many reports of similar‐sized projects, this case study uses data gathered throughout the life of a lengthy construction project. It uses these data to conduct an assessment of project performance and evaluate the way the project was managed. The method used to do this is transferable to a wide variety of design and engineering projects and is of value to academics and practitioners alike.
Prospect theory and disposition patterns: evidence from Taiwan investors
Authors: Kuo Min‐Hua , Chen Shaw K.
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that various disposition patterns in terms of the price changes are plausible under the Prospect Theory (PT), which argues that investors have a greater tendency to sell assets that have risen in value since the purchase than those that have fallen. Numerous empirical evidences have shown that investors demonstrate the disposition effect (DE). This study highlights that, when the disposition measure is defined by the stock price changes, the PT predicts the DE indeed. It also indicates other seemingly contradicting disposition patterns: the reversed disposition effect and the pattern of the symmetry over gains and losses.

Design/methodology/approach

To show that the disposition effect is only one of the disposition patterns under the preference of PT, as part of this study the authors apply the mental account theory and propose two decision criteria for the gain and loss accounts, respectively, (i.e. maximum loss tolerated and minimum gain required). An empirical analysis was performed from a large‐scale market survey in Taiwan to examine individual investors' disposition patterns.

Findings

The findings show that more than 50 percent of individual investors demonstrate their disposition patterns other than the disposition effect. Many investors show the reversed disposition effect or the pattern of symmetry (holding about the same magnitude of gains or losses before realization).

Originality/value

This study answers the questions which, to the authors' knowledge, have not been incorporated in the studies of the PT or the DE: first, when do investors sell losers which they are inclined to hold on to? Second, for how long do they hold winners which they are eager to sell? The authors' arguments allow various disposition patterns to exist simultaneously, without changing the value function in the PT of convexity over losses and concavity over gains and without requiring strict assumptions on the expected stock returns.
Joan Magretta: what executives can learn from revisiting Michael Porter
Authors: Allio Robert J. , Fahey Liam
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a discussion with Joan Magretta about her new book, Understanding Michael Porter: The Essential Guide to Competition and Strategy with two veteran S&L contributing editors.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on her long editorial relationship with Porter while she was strategy editor of the Harvard Business Review, she suggests some key lessons about applying his concepts that practitioners should take to heart.

Findings

The paper reveals that Magretta believes that too many managers get their Porter second hand and what they usually end up getting is both inadequate and inaccurate. She seeks to rectify the most common misconceptions about strategy and Porter's work.

Practical implications

Some key practical lessons are: keep a direct line of sight between your strategy and your financial performance – if strategy is to have any meaning at all, it must link directly to a company's results; a distinctive value proposition is essential for strategy, but don't confuse strategy with marketing (the demand side); the supply side must be linked; meaningful strategy makes it clear what the organization will not do – making trade‐offs is the linchpin that makes competitive advantage possible and sustainable; do not feel you have to “delight” every possible customer. The sign of a good strategy is that it deliberately makes some customers unhappy.

Originality/value

Magretta, who gained front‐line experience as a consultant at Bain, reviews Porter's groundbreaking strategy work and makes it relevant to today's managers
Digital transformation: opportunities to create new business models
Authors: Berman Saul J.
Published: February 2012

Purpose

According to IBM research, companies seeking opportunities in an era of constant customer connectivity focus on two complementary activities: reshaping customer value propositions and transforming their operations using digital technologies for greater customer interaction and collaboration. This paper aims to address this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper explains that businesses aiming to generate new customer value propositions or transform their operating models need to develop a new portfolio of capabilities for flexibility and responsiveness to fast‐changing customer requirements.

Findings

The paper finds that engaging with customers at every point where value is created is what differentiates a customer‐centered business from one that simply targets customers well. Customer interaction in these areas often leads to open collaboration that accelerates innovation using online communities.

Practical implications

Companies focused on fully reshaping the operating model optimize all elements of the value chain around points of customer engagement.

Originality/value

The article explains how companies with a cohesive plan for integrating the digital and physical components of operations can successfully transform their business models.
The role of other orientation in team selection and anticipated performance
Authors: Rutti Raina M. , Ramsey Jase R. , Li Chenwei
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand how the individual difference of other orientation affects the rational calculation between team input and anticipated performance.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 222 junior and senior level undergraduate business students. Of those students, 176 chose to take a scheduled exam as a team endeavour. Individuals were the unit of analysis in order to determine the individuals' motivation for working in teams. Other orientation was measured using the Comparative Emphasis Scale (CES). Students were asked to report their anticipated exam grade and anticipated total team hours studied. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to determine the main effects and moderation.

Findings

Other orientation moderated the relationship between the decision to take an exam with a teammate and anticipated performance. Other orientation also moderated the relationship between the anticipated amount of effort studying and anticipated performance. In both situations, business students with higher levels of other orientation calculated the rational cost‐benefit relationship less than business students with lower levels of other orientation.

Practical implications

The findings will help educators and managers understand the process by which individuals prefer to work in teams and the perceptions of increased performance when working in a team.

Originality/value

The study extends the theoretical application of other orientation into the team performance context. The moderating effect of other orientation on the relationship between team input and performance has been studied for the first time and is documented in this paper.