bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boris Pil'niak and Modernism: Redefining the Self
Authors: Nicholas Mary A.
Published: April 2006

Although his career as a Russian prose writer spanned more than twenty years, Boris Pil'niak is now remembered primarily for a single early novel and for two later short stories that gained him political notoriety with an increasingly hostile public. Much of the rest of Pil'niak's work, discounted even during his lifetime, has still not received the wide readership it deserves, a fact that is puzzling in light of his innovative talent and considerable influence on younger writers. Despite a number of scholarly studies devoted to rehabilitating Pil'niak's reputation, the notion persists that this neglect is justified by a body of work that is repetitive, fragmentary, and derivative. His formal innovations notwithstanding, Pil'niak is still frequently viewed as outside of the modernist aesthetic, which would otherwise provide a meaningful and useful context for his work.
From Savages to Citizens: The Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Far North, 1928-1938
Authors: Slezkine Yuri
Published: April 2006

In the mid-1920s the Soviet government singled out about 150,000 ; citizens for an administrative category designated the "small peoples of the north." These were the indigenous inhabitants of the Arctic and sub-Arctic zones of the Soviet Union who subsisted on hunting, fishing and reindeer herding and who were seen by bolshevik officials as the most backward peoples of the new republic, languishing in a pitiful and unacceptable state of "semi-savagery and outright savagery." As such, they needed to be understood as a peculiar phenomenon and governed differently from their more "cultured" countrymen.
Russia between Europe and Asia: The Ideological Construction of Geographical Space
Authors: Bassin Mark
Published: April 2006

Gehört Russland zu Europa? Der Geograph hat die Antwort am ehesten zur Hand.

Georg von Rauch

We should remember that a geographical region is in the last resort an abstraction with a history which can sometimes tell us much about the past.

Denys Hay

Russia's position between Europe and Asia is once again a timely subject. On the most official level, it figures regularly in Mikhail Gorbachev's pronouncements on foreign policy: somberly invoked either in western capitals in order to press his vision of a “common European home” from the Atlantic to the Urals or in the Far East to affirm the Soviet Union's natural identity as an Asian country. At the same time, dissident intellectual circles in the Soviet Union have been expostulating upon the Europe-Russia-Asia juxtaposition for some years and frequently enough arrive at conclusions very different from those of the general secretary.
The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933
Authors: Tauger Mark B.
Published: April 2006

Western and even Soviet publications have described the 1933 famine in the Soviet Union as “man-made” or “artificial.” The Stalinist leadership is presented as having imposed harsh procurement quotas on Ukraine and regions inhabited by other groups, such as Kuban’ Cossacks and Volga Germans, in order to suppress nationalism and to overcome opposition to collectivization. Proponents of this interpretation argue, using official Soviet statistics, that the 1932 grain harvest, especially in Ukraine, was not abnormally low and would have fed the population. Robert Conquest, for example, has referred to a Soviet study of drought to show that conditions were far better in 1932 than they were in 1936, a “non-famine year.” James Mace, the main author of a U.S. Congress investigation of the Ukraine famine, cites “post-Stalinist” statistics to show that this harvest was larger than those of 1931 or 1934 and refers to later Soviet historiography describing 1931 as a worse year than 1932 because of drought. On this basis he argues that the 1932 harvest would not have produced mass starvation.
The Mystery of the ABC
Authors: Lih Lars T.
Published: April 2006

Bukharin in 1917-1920 was one of those who suggested an extremely radical line of instant socialism… a Utopian and optimistic set of ideas concerning a leap into socialism, which would seem to have little to do with the reality of hunger and cold.

Alec Nove,An Economic History of the USSR, 1969
Modelling the Reading Act: Gogol'’s Mute Scene and Its Intertexts
Authors: Robey Judith
Published: April 2006

The mute scene at the end of Nikolai GogoFs comedyThe Inspector Generalhas been described as apocalyptic, metapoetic, and pictorial. It begins when the gendarme announces the arrival of therealinspector general to the town’s corrupt officials: their horrified expressions create a protracted, silent tableau, and the audience (having been told in the play’s epigraph and the mayor’s aside that they are looking at their own “crooked mugs”) is left to stare back at the players for ninety seconds. Gogol' expected this scene to be a transformative moment for all of Russia. But exactly how he meant for the tableau to set up a moral-aesthetic event has never been adequately explained.

As some critics have noted, for Gogol' images of viewers looking at paintings are a means of commenting on the potential power of art over the human soul.
Students, Workers, and Social Change: The Limits of Czech Stalinism
Authors: Connelly John
Published: April 2006

Only a few years after the defeat of Nazi Germany, communists throughout eastern Europe began constructing new societies according to models imported from the Soviet Union. One of the most important tasks facing them in this enterprise was to establish firm bases of social support. For this, the Soviet model seemed straightforward: communists had to destroy the power of the old elites and recruit new elites from underprivileged social strata. In the 1920s the Bolsheviks had attempted to achieve these goals through higher education. By using affirmative action in student admissions and setting up worker preparation courses—the rabfaky—they broke the ability of the former upper classes to bequeath status and rapidly increased the numbers of workers and peasants among university students. Between 1927-28 and 1932-33 the number of working-class students doubled to half of all students, while the total number of students more than doubled. Issues of ideology aside, the logic of this transformation was simple: underprivileged social classes were likely to reward communists with loyalty in exchange for upward social mobility. The middle and upper classes, on the other hand, had considered it their prerogative to aspire to elite status. Their attachment to communism would always seem suspect, because in the best of cases it was based upon ideological commitment alone.
Elasticity of Land: Problems of Property Restitution in Transylvania
Authors: Verdery Katherine
Published: April 2006

"Land doesn't expand and it doesn't contract; we'll find your piece of it."

(Judge in a court case over land)

"Hey! Since when did my garden shrink?" "It didn't shrink, it stretched."

(Two neighbors arguing over the boundary between their gardens)

"The day will come when a man will go out into his field and not know
where it begins or ends."

(Biblical reference by villagers to the imminent end of the world)

In memory of loan Aluaş

In February 1991 the Romanian Parliament passed a law for the restoration of land to its former owners. Known as Law 18/1991, the Law on Agricultural Land Resources (Legea Fondului Funciar) liquidated collective farms and returned their lands to the households that had given them over at collectivization (1959-1962).' The former owners recover not merely usufruct, or use rights, but full rights of ownership.
Liberalism and the Construction of the Democratic Subject in Postcommunism: The Case of Poland
Authors: Holc Janine P.
Published: April 2006

In the summer of 1994, political parties in Poland debated yet again the content and form of Poland’s first new constitution since the end of Communist Party rule. These arguments continued a process that had begun in 1989 and would continue until the ratification of a final document in May 1997. During the 1994 debate, each party offered its own version of a constitution, which was closely tied to its particular vision of the ideal new Polish republic. One of these groups was NSZZ Solidarity, the trade union successor to the social movement that had dominated opposition politics in the 1980s. In Solidarity’s version of the constitution, the state’s legitimacy was based on a community of Poles unified by a shared Catholic tradition. Political commentators who supported Solidarity’s constitution described it as follows: “Under the NSZZ Solidarity and presidential drafts [of the constitution] the Republic is the commonweal of the citizens.
From Subversion to Affirmation: The Prose Poem as a Russian Genre
Authors: Wanner Adrian
Published: April 2006

The Russian prose poem was officially born in December 1882, when the journalVestnik Evropypublished Ivan Turgenev’s last work, a collection of fifty “poems in prose”(stikhotvoreniia v proze). Although the generic title of Turgenev’s prose miniatures seems to echo Charles Baudelaire’sPetits Poemès en prose(1869), the fate of the prose poem in Russia turned out very differently from that in its country of origin. Whereas the Frenchpoème en prosehas become a mainstay of modernist poetry, the Russian stikhotvorenie v proze looks at first sight like a rather anemic plant struggling to survive in an inhospitable environment. In many respects, it constitutes a marginal genre par excellence: located in the no-man’s-land between poetry and prose, it was practiced mainly by minor writers, or by major writers only in early youth or old age (note the title Turgenev originally proposed for his prose poems:Senilia).
Should Transitologists Be Grounded?
Authors: Bunce Valerie
Published: April 2006

The collapse of state socialism in eastern Europe has led to a proliferation of studies analyzing aspects of democratization throughout the region. Central to many of these studies (particularly those by nonspecialists) is an assumption that postcommunism is but a variation on a larger theme, that is, recent transitions from authoritarian to democratic rule.
Living on the Edge: The East European Roma in Postcommunist Politics and Societies
Authors: Barany Zoltan D.
Published: April 2006

You watch your pocket. Gypsies. They don't work, only steal, and make children so the government will give them money every time

Nadine Gordimer

"I am no racist," he said. "But some Gypsies you would have to shoot."

Jozef Pacai, mayor of the Slovak village of Medzev

The east European communist regimes, in contrast to their frequently repeated claims, not only did not weed out nationalism in their domains but in some cases attempted to manipulate and exploit it for their own purposes. Nonetheless, since the collapse of communism the region has experienced a robust resurgence of at times violent ethnic conflicts and racism explained by the simultaneous occurrence of several factors accompanying the postcommunist transition process
The Politics of Agriculture: Identity and Socialist Sentiment in Bulgaria
Authors: Creed Gerald W.
Published: April 2006

When Bulgarians elected a parliament dominated by the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) in their first, free postcommunist election, they were considered the mavericks of eastern Europe. As Misha Glenny critically points out, “Bulgaria bucks the trend” was a recurrent phrase in English-language reports of the 1990 contest. But four years later, after an intervening non-socialist government, a second socialist victory seemed to be following trends set in Lithuania, Hungary and Poland. In a front-page article inThe New York Timesseveral months before Bulgaria's 1994 election, the east European trend towards embracing ex-communists is described as beginning in Lithuania, with no mention of Bulgaria's earlier socialist victory and its continual socialist electoral strength. Then, following the election, theWashington Postreported that the results “brought the fourth former Communist Party to power in Eastern Europe,afterHungary, Poland and Lithuania.“
The Myth of Managed Migration: Migration Control and Market in the Soviet Period
Authors: Buckley Cynthia
Published: April 2006

The former Soviet state openly and directly manipulated patterns of economic development and the allocation of social resources in order to influence individual-level demographic decision making. In perhaps the most notable example, the state, through an internal passport system and limits on central city registration, attempted to regulate patterns of population movement and urban growth. In this paper I shall show that while the operation of the passport andpropiskasystem was quite similar to market-based signals in terms of individual perceptions of costs and benefits, the non-migration functions of the passport and“propiska,”or registration system, operated in an anti-market fashion. By preventing migrants from integrating themselves into distributional networks in restricted cities, the passportand propiskasystem generated a situation in which potential migrants either acquiredpropiskasthrough semi-legal avenues, denied themselves access to distributional networks or elected not to migrate.
Misunderstandings of Anti-Semitism in Russia: An Analysis of the Politics of Anti-Jewish Attitudes
Authors: Gibson James L.
Published: April 2006

In a recent article in this journal Brym and Degtyarev made a number of claims about the dangers of anti-Semitism in Moscow. On the basis of a telephone survey conducted in 1992, they concluded their analysis with these ominous admonishments: "The evidence thus suggests that some large categories of Moscow's population hold attitudes that are authoritarian, xenophobic, illiberal on social issues and, of course, anti-Semitic. Given the prevalence of anti-Semitic attitudes in the city, Moscow's 150,000 Jews and the 300,000 in the rest of Russia have reason to be anxious." These are serious and important findings, suffused with both theoretical and policy implications. It is therefore important to have a careful look at their data, analysis and substantive conclusions.
Let's Perform a Miracle: The Soviet Yiddish State Theater in the 1920s
Authors: Veidlinger Jeffrey
Published: April 2006

The history of the Soviet Yiddish State Theater (Gosudarstvennyi evreiskii teatr, or Goset) provides an illuminating glimpse into the life of Jewish entertainers and the position of Yiddish culture in the Soviet Union during the 1920s. While Solomon Mikhoels, the theater's star actor and director from 1929 until 1949, is well known for his role in chairing the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee during World War II, and for becoming the first victim of Stalin's anti-Semitic purges with his 1948 execution, little research has been conducted on the theater to which he dedicated his life. Art and theater historians have evaluated the theater's aesthetic approach to selected productions, and Mikhoels's contemporaries have provided anecdotal glimpses into that artist's life by writing biographies of him, but there has not yet been an attempt to assess the theater's relationship to the state during its heyday or to place the theater within the context of Soviet culture of the 1920s.
A Century of Achievement and Unfinished Work
Authors: Aldrich George H. , Chinkin Christine M.
Published: April 2006

The Hague Conferences that produced the Conventions of 1899 and 1907 closed the nineteenth century and opened the twentieth. They established an agenda for negotiation, in the parliamentary-diplomatic mode, for the next hundred years; elevated the development of mechanisms of dispute resolution to new prominence; tried to order many areas of armed conflict with new international law; and, perhaps unintentionally, set parameters for the future diplomacy of international conferences.

Subsequent international lawmaking efforts grappled with many of the themes debated at The Hague, even as the political landscape of international law was completely transformed by the breakup of empires and the advent of almost two hundred new states; the founding of international organizations and regional organizations that could scarcely have been imagined in 1899, and the establishment of a truly permanent international judicial institution, followed by the creation of many other judicial institutions with more focused jurisdictions. Despite these changes, much of the style of the Hague Conferences left a deep imprint on international law. The mixture of lofty rhetoric, prophetic international legal vision, and narrow political interest of the Hague Conferences became a characteristic, even an expected feature, of collective international lawmaking efforts in this century.
Individual Accountability in South Africa: Cultural Optimum or Political Facade?
Authors: McGregor Lorna
Published: April 2006

Transitional states have elected divergent strategies in dealing with their pasts. Some have opted not to confront the past at all by invoking general amnesty laws, whereas others have determined that some form of accountability is needed. Postapartheid South Africa presents a novel illustration of the attempts of a transitional state to balance the legal, political, practical, and cultural interests of its society as it moves toward the democratic ideal. In this vein, the purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to examine whether individual amnesty was the optimal method of accountability for South Africa to deal with its past; and second, to analyze the extent to which the Amnesty Committee has succeeded in its application of the individual-amnesty provisions and the effects of those efforts.
United Nations Governance of Postconflict Societies
Authors: Matheson Michael J.
Published: April 2006

Since the end of the Cold War a decade ago, the United Nations has exercised authority in significant new ways to address various aspects of resolving conflicts and dealing with their consequences. These new approaches have included the use offeree to end interstate and internal violence, the resolution of boundary issues and other disputes that might prolong the conflict, the elimination of threatening weapons capabilities, the prosecution of violations of international humanitarian law, and the compensation of victims of the conflict. These actions have been taken either with the consent of the state or states involved, or pursuant to the authority of the Security Council under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, or both.
The Fifty-Second Session of the International Law Commission
Authors: Rosenstock Robert
Published: April 2006

The International Law Commission held its fifty-second session in Geneva from May 1 to June 9, 2000, and from July 10 to August 18, 2000, under the chairmanship of Ambassador Chusei Yamada of Japan. The Commission elected Professor Djamchid Momtaz of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Kamil E. Idris of Sudan to fill the vacancies left by the death of Doudou Thiam of Senegal and the election of Awn Al-Khasawneh of Jordan to the International Court of Justice.
High population differentiation and genetic variation in the endangered Mexican pinePinus Rzedowskii(Pinaceae)
Authors: Delgado Patricia , Pin~ero Daniel , Chaos Alvaro , Pe´rez‐Nasser Nidia , Alvarez‐Buylla Elena R.
Published: April 2006

Pinus rzedowskiiis an endangered pine species from Michoaca´n (central Me´xico), which has been previously reported from only three localities. Classified within the subgenusStrobus, it exhibits intermediate morphological characters between subgeneraStrobusandPinus. We analyzed genetic aspects that could shed light on the evolution and conservation of this species. The genetic structure of nine populations was examined using 14 isozyme loci.Pinus rzedowskiihas a relatively high level of genetic variation with 46.8% of the loci assayed being polymorphic, a total of 35 alleles, and a mean heterozygosity per population of 0.219. We calculated Wright'sFSTstatistic to estimate gene flow indirectly and to evaluate whether or not there was genetic structuring among populations. We found a marked differentiation among populations (FST= 0.175) and significant inbreeding (FIS= 0.247). No pattern of isolation by distance was found. We also constructed a dendrogram based on a genetic distance matrix to obtain an overview of the possible historical relationships among populations. Finally, we found a convex relationship between the genetic distance among populations and the number of ancestral lineages, suggesting that demographically this species has not been at risk recently. Although endangered, with small and fragmented populations,P. rzedowskiishows higher levels of genetic variation than other conifer species with larger populations or similar conservation status.
Evidence for gene flow between wild and cultivatedMedicago sativa(Leguminosae)based on allozyme markers andquantitative traits
Authors: Jenczewski Eric , Prosperi Jean‐Marie , Ronfort Joe¨lle
Published: April 2006

Genetic differentiation between co‐occurring crops and their wild relatives will be greatly modified by crop‐to‐weed gene flow and variation between human and natural selective pressures. The maintenance of original morphological features in most natural populations ofMedicago sativain Spain questions the relative extent of these antagonistic forces. In this paper, we measured and compared the pattern of population differentiation within and among the wild and cultivated gene pool with respect to both allozymes and quantitative traits. Patterns of diversity defined three kinds of natural populations. First, some populations were intermediate with respect to both allozymes and quantitative traits. This suggests that crop‐to‐weed gene flow may have created hybrid populations in some locations. Second, some populations were different from all the cultivated landraces with respect to both allozymes and quantitative traits. This probably results from variable gene flow in space and in time, due to demographic stochasticity in either natural or cultivated populations. Third, differentiation from cultivated landraces was only achieved for the quantitative traits but not for allozymes in two populations. This suggests that natural selection in some locations may oppose gene flow to establish cultivated traits into the natural introgressed populations.
Gender specialization in heterodichogamous Grayia brandegei (Chenopodiaceae): evidence for an alternative pathway to dioecy
Authors: Pendleton Rosemary L. , Freeman D. Carl , McArthur E. Durant , Sanderson Stewart C.
Published: April 2006

We examined components of male and female reproductive success in protogynous and protandrous sexual morphs of the heterodichogamous and largely monoecious chenopod shrub Grayia brandegei. Percentage femaleness of flowering stalks ranged from 0 to 37.6% female () for protandrous plants and from 14 to 100% female () for protogynous plants. Functional gender estimates based on ovule production at two locations ranged from 23.0 to 31.8% female for the protandrous morph, and from 65.3 to 77.0% female for the protogynous morph. Realized gender estimates based on total seed production ranged in value from 3.6 to 16.8% female for the protandrous morph and from 76.5 to 96.4% for the protogynous morph, depending on location and year. Differences in reproductive success of the two morphs were largely due to a reduction in the female function of protandrous plants. Protogynous plants produced more female flowers per stalk and had a higher percentage of seed‐filled fruits than did protandrous plants. Differences between sexual morphs were more pronounced in dry areas or years in which overall seed production was minimal. Differential seed production between morphs likely reflects temporal patchiness in environmental conditions, particularly in water availability. The significance of these findings in support of heterodichogamy as an evolutionary pathway to dioecy is discussed.
Circumnutation behavior of an exotic honeysuckle vine and its native congener: influence on clonal mobility
Authors: Larson Katherine C.
Published: April 2006

Virtually all plant parts rotate slightly about a central axis, a movement called circumnutation, but vines show exaggerated circumnutation. This study contrasts circumnutation in two congeneric twining vines, specifically focusing on differences in erect and prostrate shoots, and examines the impact of circumnutation on exploitation of available climbing supports and exploration for more distant ones. Elongating shoots of Lonicera japonica and L. sempervirens growing in a common garden were classed as (1) erect but not climbing, (2) climbing on a trellis, or (3) prostrate, and their circumnutation quantified by tracking the compass direction of shoot tips. To quantify the impact of different circumnutation behaviors, the climbing success of erect shoots and the maximum dispersion and rooting success of prostrate shoots were measured. Erect shoots of both species circumnutated at similar rates (averaging 31°/h), and did not differ in their success rate of exploiting trellises (averaging 76.8%). Prostrate shoots differed, with those produced by L. japonica having reduced circumnutation. In contrast, prostrate shoots of L. sempervirens continued to circumnutate as much as erect shoots. The specialized circumnutation behavior of the prostrate shoots of L. japonica results in increased rooting success and maximum dispersion compared to the unspecialized shoots of L. sempervirens.
Inheritance of resistance to anti‐microtubule dinitroaniline herbicides in an “intermediate” resistant biotype of Eleusine indica (Poaceae)
Authors: Zeng Linghe , Baird Wm. Vance
Published: April 2006

Inheritance of resistance to the anti‐microtubule dinitroaniline herbicides was investigated in a goosegrass biotype displaying an intermediate level of resistance (I). Reciprocal crosses were made between the I biotype and previously characterized susceptible (S) or resistant (R) biotypes. Eight F1 hybrids were identified, and F2 populations were produced by selfing. The dinitroaniline‐herbicide response phenotype (DRP) of F1 plants, and F2 seedlings was determined using a root‐growth bioassay. The DRP of F1 plants of S × I was “susceptible” (i.e., identical to the S parental plants), and the DRP of F1 plants of I × R was “intermediate” (i.e., identical to the I parental plants). Nonparental phenotypes were not observed in F1 plants. Results indicated susceptibility to be dominant over intermediate resistance and intermediate resistance to be dominant over high resistance. Analysis of reciprocal crosses ruled out any role for cytoplasmic inheritance. When treated at the discriminating concentration (e.g., 0.28 ppm oryzalin), F2 seedlings of S × I were classified as either S or I phenotype, and F2 seedlings of I × R were classified as either I or R phenotype. Again, nonparental phenotypes were not observed. The 3:1 (S:I or I:R) segregation ratios in F2 seedlings were consistent across all eight F2 families. The results show that dinitroaniline herbicide resistance in the I biotype of goosegrass is inherited as a single, nuclear gene. Furthermore, it suggests that dinitroaniline resistance in goosegrass is controlled by three alleles at a single locus (i.e., Drp‐S, Drp‐i, and Drp‐r).
Genetic structure ofHelianthus occidentalis(Asteraceae) in a preserve withfragmented habitat
Authors: Fore´ Stephanie A. , Guttman Sheldon I.
Published: April 2006

We examined the spatial genetic structure ofHelianthus occidentalisRiddell ssp.occidentalisRiddell (western sunflower) to determine whether this species is highly clonal and whether the distance between prairie patches influences genetic differentiation. In the Edge of Appalachia Preserve System, Ohio, this species is restricted to prairie patches that have a clumped distribution in the forest matrix. Data from this insect‐pollinated forb with gravity‐dispersed seed were compared to data from the same patches forAsclepias verticillata, an insect‐pollinated species with wind‐dispersed seed. Allozyme electrophoresis was used to collect genetic data fromH. occidentalissamples from eight patches in four regions. Genetic data from three polymorphic loci indicted that this species is not highly clonal. Genetic differentiation was greater among patches within a region than among regions, suggesting that gene flow among patches is more limited inH. occidentalisthan inA. verticillata. Founder effect may also have contributed to observed genetic differences among patches as some of these populations may have re‐established after release from human use. As habitat fragmentation is increasing in the preserve, it is also likely that genetic differentiation may be increasing. Therefore, monitoring of genetic structure is necessary to further assess the effect of fragmentation.
Effects of fire on the demography of the endangered, geophytic herbSilene spaldingii(Caryophyllaceae)
Authors: Lesica Peter
Published: April 2006

Understanding the effects of disturbances such as fire on plant demography helps elucidate the mechanisms that cause changes in community composition. I studied the effects of spring and fall fires onSilene spaldingii,an endangered perennial herb of grasslands in northwest Montana. IndividualS. spaldingiiplants were mapped, and size and flowering were recorded for 1 yr prior and 5 yr subsequent to the burn treatments. Enhanced seedling recruitment (70–410%) and a 22% increase in population size were the principal effects of fire onS. spaldingii,and fall burn plots had lower recruitment than spring burn plots. These effects were apparent for 2–3 yr following the treatments. Fire had no detectable effect on the survival of adults or recruits ofS. spaldingii. Silene spaldingiiexhibits prolonged dormancy in which plants do not produce aboveground vegetation for one to several consecutive years. Results suggest that fire has a positive effect on the population dynamics ofS. spaldingiiby removing litter and creating safe sites for recruitment. Prescribed fire should be an important tool for managing populations of this rare plant.
Chromosome numbers in Compositae. XVIII.
Authors: Carr Gerald D. , King Robert M. , Powell A. Michael , Robinson Harold
Published: April 2006

Chromosome numbers and other cytogenetic data were determined from microsporocytes in 316 collections including 13 tribes of Compositae, mostly from Africa, Australia, Mexico, Central America, and South America. First reports are provided for 66 species and the genera Cassinia (2n ≈ 14II), Feldstonia (2n = 11II), Gochnatia (2n ≈ 23II), and Pseudoconyza (n = 10). In addition, new chromosome numbers are established at the generic level in Acourtia, Calea, Craspedia, Gnaphalium, Helipterum, Liabum, Leucheria, Smallanthus, Trixis, and Viguiera and at the specific level in 13 additional species.
Major lineages within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: a comparison of chloroplast restriction site and DNA sequence data
Authors: Plunkett Gregory M. , Downie Stephen R.
Published: April 2006

Traditional sources of taxonomic characters in the large and taxonomically complex subfamily Apioideae (Apiaceae) have been confounding and no classification system of the subfamily has been widely accepted. A restriction site analysis of the chloroplast genome from 78 representatives of Apioideae and related groups provided a data matrix of 990 variable characters (750 of which were potentially parsimony‐informative). A comparison of these data to that of three recent DNA sequencing studies of Apioideae (based on ITS,rpoClintron, andmatKsequences) shows that the restriction site analysis provides 2.6–3.6 times more variable characters for a comparable group of taxa. Moreover, levels of divergence appear to be well suited to studies at the subfamilial and tribal levels of Apiaceae. Cladistic and phenetic analyses of the restriction site data yielded trees that are visually congruent to those derived from the other recent molecular studies. On the basis of these comparisons, six lineages and one paraphyletic grade are provisionally recognized as informal groups. These groups can serve as the starting point for future, more intensive studies of the subfamily.
Phylogenetic relationships of the Hamamelidaceae inferred from sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA
Authors: Li Jianhua , Bogle A. Linn , Klein Anita S.
Published: April 2006

Intergeneric relationships in the Hamamelidaceae have long been controversial. In this study, sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA were used to reconstruct the phylogeny for the Hamamelidaceae. Three major clades were recognized in the ITS‐based phylogenetic tree: (1)Mytilaria‐Exbucklandia‐Rhodoleia, (2)Disanthus, and (3) the Hamamelidoideae. Within the Hamamelidoideae there were three well‐supported lineages: (1)Corylopsis‐Loropetalum‐Tetrathyrium‐Maingaya‐Matudaea, (2) Eustigmateae sensu Endress, plusMolinadendron‐Dicoryphinae, and (3)Hamamelis‐Fothergilleae sensu Endress, excludingMatudaeaandMolinadendron.The Exbucklandioideae sensu Endress were not monophyletic, nor were the tribes in the Hamamelidoideae in their current circumscriptions except for the Corylopsideae. Strap‐shaped petals, apetaly, and wind pollination have evolved three times independently in the Hamamelidaceae s.s. (Hamamelidaceae minus Altingioideae), suggesting that homoplasy should be considered in future classifications of the family.
Phloem parenchyma cells are involved in local and distant defense responses to fungal inoculation or bark‐beetle attack in Norway spruce (Pinaceae)
Authors: Franceschi Vincent R. , Krokene Paal , Krekling Trygve , Christiansen Erik
Published: April 2006

The anatomical response of Norway spruce bark polyphenolic parenchyma cells (PP cells) to inoculation with the phytopathogenic fungus Ceratocystis polonica and attack by its bark‐beetle vector Ips typographus was examined. Fungal inoculation on the periderm surface had no effect, while inoculation just below the periderm or halfway into the phloem (mid‐phloem) generated detectable responses within 3 wk. The responses included increase in PP cell size and in periodic acid‐Schiff's staining of PP cell phenolics, wound periderm initiation from PP cells, and cambial zone traumatic resin duct formation. Fungi were not seen in samples 3 wk after subperiderm or mid‐phloem inoculation, but were found in some samples 6 and 9 wk after mid‐phloem inoculation. In contrast, inoculations into the cambium resulted in partial (3 wk) or complete (6 and 9 wk) fungal colonization and death of tissue in the infected area. This indicates that PP cells have defenses capable of inhibiting fungal growth. Samples taken near bark‐beetle galleries had similar anatomical responses as inoculated samples, validating the inoculation approach to studying defense responses in spruce. These results show that PP cells represent not only a constitutive defense system, but are also involved in local and remote inducible defenses against fungal and beetle attack.
Stomatal patterning in angiosperms
Authors: Croxdale Judith L.
Published: April 2006

My thesis is that understanding stomatal patterning requires a holistic perspective. Since stomata are structures critical to the survival of terrestrial plants, they need to be viewed in relation to their function and their interface with other structural components. With this outlook, I begin by discussing pattern types, means of measuring them, advantages of each type of measurement, and then present patterning from evolutionary, physiological, ecological, and organ views. I suggest areas where I believe profitable studies might enable us to better understand stomatal patterning. The final sections of the paper review stomatal patterning on angiosperm leaves and present a theory of patterning. With the abundance of molecular information, and coming genomic sequences and new tools, an opportunity exists to dissect the process of how cells are selected to become different from their neighbors and assume a fate critical to plant survival. Understanding this biological process at the molecular level requires comprehending the broad base on which stomatal patterning rests.
Growth and invasive potential ofSapium sebiferum(Euphorbiaceae) within the coastal prairie region: the effects of soil and moisture regime
Authors: Barrilleaux Troy C. , Grace James B.
Published: April 2006

The introduced treeSapium sebiferum(Euphorbiaceae) is considered a serious threat to the preservation of the coastal prairie region of Louisiana and Texas, although it is currently uncommon in the western part of the region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of location, soils, and available moisture on the growth and survival ofS. sebiferumin coastal prairie. In a field experiment,S. sebiferummortality was significantly greater at a western site than at central and eastern sites. The greatest mortality and least growth of surviving plants occurred on a soil from the western region, regardless of site. A greenhouse study also found thatS. sebiferumgrowth was lowest on the western soil. Watering frequency significantly affectedS. sebiferumgrowth, except on the western soil.Sapium sebiferumgrowth responded to both nitrogen and phosphorus additions for all soils. Soil analyses revealed the highest sand, sodium, and phosphorus contents, and much higher electrical conductivity in the western soil. It is concluded that the soil examined from the western region is unfavorable forS. sebiferumgrowth, though not to the extent to precludeS. sebiferumcompletely. Evidence suggests that soil salinity may be the primary cause of the poorS. sebiferumgrowth at the western site.
Cytogeography and chromosome evolution of subgenusTridentataeofArtemisia(Asteraceae)
Authors: McArthur E. Durant , Sanderson Stewart C.
Published: April 2006

The subgenusTridentataeofArtemisia(Asteraceae: Anthemideae) is composed of 11 species of various taxonomic and geographic complexities. It is centered onArtemisia tridentatawith its three widespread common subspecies and two more geographically confined ones. Meiotic chromosome counts on pollen mother cells and mitotic chromosome counts on root tips were made on 364 populations (X¯= 3.1 plants per population). These population counts are ∼60% of allTridentataecounts. Some are first records for taxa. TheTridentataeare a polyploid complex (x= 9) with ploidy levels from 2xto 8x,but mostly 2x(48%) and 4x(46%). Polyploidy occurs in nine of the 11 species and in many subspecies as well. Supernumerary or b chromosomes are present only at a low frequency. In the principal species,A. tridentata,2xplants are larger than 4xones, which are adapted to drier conditions, probably in consequence of their slower growth rates. Gigas diploidy is a phenomenon shared by some other woody genera, but is in contrast to the gigas polyploid nature of many herbaceous genera. Polyploidy occurs within populations and is essentially autoploid. Hybridization sometimes occurs at taxa interfaces in stable hybrid zones. StableTridentataehybrid zones coupled with the group's inherent propensity for polyploidization has led to the establishment of a geographically and numerically large and successful complex of species.
Patterns of seed mass variation and their effects on seedling traits inAlliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Susko David J. , Lovett‐Doust Lesley
Published: April 2006

Seed mass is considered to be the least plastic component of reproductive yield. Yet, in invasive populations of garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata, seed mass was highly variable (eightfold among populations, 2.5–7.5 fold within populations, two‐threefold within individuals, and 1.4–1.8 fold within fruits). Variation in seed mass among populations explained nearly half of the total variance. Variation among seeds within fruits accounted for a further 25% of variance. Individual seed mass within a plant decreased with increased distance from the main stem, suggesting that access to parental resources limits seed size in a predictable manner. MANOVAs and Roy‐Bargmann stepdown analyses revealed significant effects of seed mass, but not seed position (within a fruit or within an infructescence), on an array of subsequent seedling traits. Smaller seeds germinated significantly earlier, and seedlings from small seeds produced their first primary leaves significantly later and grew significantly taller. After accounting for seed mass as a covariate, only one seedling trait, date of first leaf emergence, was affected by seed position in a fruit. Differences in seed mass may therefore affect seedling recruitment via effects on early seedling growth in this weedy species.
A phylogeny of Apiaceae tribe Scandiceae: evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences
Authors: Downie Stephen R. , Katz‐Downie Deborah S. , Spalik Krzysztof
Published: April 2006

The evolutionary relationships among members of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) tribe Scandiceae and representatives of all major lineages of Apioideae (including putatively allied Caucalideae) identified in earlier molecular studies were inferred from nucleotide sequence variation in the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. In all, 134 accessions representing 18 genera commonly treated in Scandiceae were analyzed. Phylogenies estimated using maximum parsimony and distance methods were generally similar and suggest that: (1) Scandiceae form a well‐supported clade, consisting of the genera Anthriscus, Athamanta (in part), Balansaea, Chaerophyllum, Conopodium, Geocaryum, Kozlovia, Krasnovia, Myrrhis, Myrrhoides, Neoconopodium, Osmorhiza, Scandix, Sphallerocarpus, and Tinguarra; (2) Athamanta is polyphyletic, with A. della‐cellae allied with Daucus and A. macedonica placed close to Pimpinella; and (3) Rhabdosciadium and Grammosciadium find affinity with the Aegopodium group of umbellifers, whereas the placement of the monotypic Molopospermum cannot be inferred because of its high sequence divergence. The genus Bubon has been restored with two new combinations, B. macedonicum subsp. albanicum and B. macedonicum subsp. arachnoideum. Scandiceae arise within paraphyletic Caucalideae, the latter comprising two major lineages whose relationships to Scandiceae are not clear. Therefore, a broad treatment of Scandiceae is proposed, with subtribes Scandicinae, Daucinae, and Torilidinae (the latter two representing the Daucus and Torilis subgroups, respectively, of recent molecular systematic investigations).
Seasonal patterns of terpene content and emission from seven Mediterranean woody species in field conditions
Authors: Llusia` J. , Pen~uelas J.
Published: April 2006

The seasonal pattern of terpene content and emission by seven Mediterranean woody species was studied under field conditions. Emission rates were normalized at 30°C and 1000 μmol·m−2·s−1 PFD (photosynthetic photon flux density). Bupleurum fruticosum, Pinus halepensis, and Cistus albidus stored large amounts of terpenes (0.01–1.77% [dry matter]) with maximum values in autumn and minimum values in spring. They emitted large amounts of terpenes (2–40 μg·g DM−1·h−1), but with no clear seasonal trend except for Cistus albidus, which had maximum values in spring and minimum values in autumn. The nonstoring species Arbutus unedo, Erica arborea, Quercus coccifera and Quercus ilex also emitted large amounts of terpenes (0–40 μg·g DM−1·h−1) and also tended to present maximum emission rates in spring, although this trend was significant only for A. unedo. At the seasonal scale, emission rates did not follow changes in photosynthetic rates; instead, they mostly followed changes in temperature. From autumn to spring, the least volatile monoterpenes such as limonene were emitted at highest rates, whereas the most volatile monoterpenes such as α‐pinene and β‐pinene were the most emitted in summer. The monoterpene emission rates represented a greater percentage of the photosynthetic carbon fixation in summer (from 0.51% in Arbutus unedo to 5.64% in Quercus coccifera) than in the rest of the seasons. All these seasonality trends must be considered when inventorying and modeling annual emission rates in Mediterranean ecosystems.
Biomechanics of the columnar cactus Pachycereus pringlei
Authors: Niklas Karl J. , Molina‐Freaner Francisco , Tinoco‐Ojanguren Clara
Published: April 2006

We report the longitudinal variations in stiffness and bulk density of tissue samples drawn from along the length of two Pachycereus pringlei plants measuring 3.69 and 5.9 m in height to determine how different tissues contribute to the mechanical stability of these massive vertical organs. Each of the two stems was cut into segments of uniform length and subsequently dissected to obtain and mechanically test portions of xylem strands, stem ribs, and a limited number of pith and cortex samples. In each case, morphometric measurements were taken to determine the geometric contribution each tissue likely made to the ability of whole stems to resist bending forces. The stiffness of each xylem strand increased basipetally toward the base of each plant where stiffness sharply decreased, reaching a magnitude comparable to that of strands 1 m beneath the stem apex. The xylem was anisotropic in behavior, i.e., its stiffness measured in the radial and in the tangential directions differed significantly. Despite the abrupt decrease in xylem strand stiffness at the stem base, the contribution made by this tissue to resist bending forces increased exponentially from the tip to the base of each plant due to the accumulation of wood. A basipetal increase in the stiffness of the pith (and, to limited extent, that of the cortex) was also observed. In contrast, the stiffness of stem rib tissues varied little as a function of stem length. These tissues were stiffer than the xylem in the corresponding portions of the stem along the upper two‐fifths of the length of either plant. Tissue stiffness and bulk density were not significantly correlated within or across tissue types. However, a weak inverse relationship was observed for these properties in the case of the xylem and stem rib tissues. We present a simple formula that predicts when stem ribs rather than the xylem strands serve as the principal stiffening agents in stems. This formula successfully predicted the observed aspect ratio of the stem ribs (the average quotient of the radial and tangential dimensions of rib transections), and thus provided circumstantial evidence that the ribs are important for mechanical stability for the distal and younger regions of the stems examined.
Dynamic phenotypic plasticity for root growth inPolygonum: a comparative study
Authors: Bell Daniela L. , Sultan Sonia E.
Published: April 2006

Species differences in patterns of phenotypic plasticity may be an important aspect of adaptive diversity. Plasticity for functionally important root traits was studied in inbred field lineages ofPolygonum persicariaandP. cespitosum(Polygonaceae). Replicate seedlings were grown in plexiglass rhizotrons under a range of constant and temporally variable moisture treatments. Plasticity was determined for final whole‐plant biomass, root biomass allocation, and absolute and proportional root length. The dynamic aspect of root plasticity was examined by digitizing weekly tracings of the proportional deployment of each plant's root system to different vertical soil layers. Plants of both species expressed significant functionally adaptive phenotypic plasticity in the relative allocation, length, and vertical deployment of root systems in response to contrasting moisture conditions. Plasticity patterns in these closely related species were in general qualitatively similar, but for most traits differed in the magnitude and/or the timing of the plastic response. Dynamic changes in root deployment were more marked as well as faster inP. persicaria.Species differences in patterns of individual plasticity were generally consistent with the broader ecological distribution ofP. persicariain diverse as well as temporally variable moisture habitats.