bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SnO2/Graphene Nanocomposites with Enhanced Gas Sensing Performance
Authors: Boran Filiz , Çetinkaya Sevil
Published: March 2018

Graphene-Tin Oxide (G-SnO2) nanocomposites in different morphology were synthesized using tin (II) chloride (SnCl2) and graphene Oxide (GO) via hydrothermal process in the presence of hydrazine and ammonia by adding surfactant for 12 hours in a teflon autoclave at 100oC reaction temperature. Poly (vinyl prolidon) (PVP) and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) were used as nonionic surfactants while hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) were utilized as cationic and anionic surfactants, respectively. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, FESEM, C-TEM and FT-IR. The gas sensing properties of the obtained samples to the vapors of various Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), such as Ethanol, Methanol, Chloroform, Toluene and Acetone were also investigated at room temperature. The prepared G-SnO2 nanocomposites exhibited high detection performances for ethanol, chloroform and methanol. The nanocomposites could be used as sensor material for VOC gases.
Fabrication and Characterization of Permanent Magnetic SmCo5 Thin Films by SQUID Magnetometer
Authors: Kuru Mehmet , Ongun Erhan , Özmeti̇n Asım , Hançer Mehmet , Özmeti̇n Ali Esad
Published: March 2018

Fabrication of hard magnetic thin films is a key issue on the development of new micro electro mechanical systems. As the magnetically hard SmCo thin-films offer excellent intrinsic magnetic properties, such as moderate saturation magnetization, large magnetic anisotropy, and high Curie temperature, they are considered as a promising candidate to be used for novel MEMS applications. In this work, SmCo5 thin films with Cu underlayer were grown onto Si (100) substrate at room temperature by RF magnetron sputtering technique. The samples were annealed at 400 ̊C and 500 ̊C under Ar atmosphere condition. Microstructural and magnetic properties of sputtered SmCo5 thin films were investigated by a number of advanced characterization tools and techniques. Phase composition of SmCo5 thin films was analyzed by grazing incident X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) with Cu-Kα radiation. Surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) technique was used to take stray-field images of SmCo5 thin films, and finally magnetic properties were investigated to explain the coercivity of SmCo5 thin films using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) as a magnetometer.
Development of Non-Cadmium I-III-VI Quantum Dots and their Surface Modification for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Zhu Xiao Shan , Demillo Violeta G. , Chen Si Qi , Mamalis Athanasios G.
Published: March 2018

I-III-VI QDs (CuInS2/ZnS or AgInS2/ZnS core/shell structures) possess low toxicity, and are a logical replacement for cadmium-based QDs for biomedical applications. Our synthesis of I-III-VI QDs is based on thermal decomposition of less toxic precursors and can be easily scaled up for mass production for sustainable and reliable imaging and sensing experiments. Through nonstoichiometric composition adjustment, we synthesized I-III-VI QDs with reliable and controllable optical properties, including high QYs and tunable photoluminescence. We also developed new zwitterionic amphiphiles and applied them to encapsulate I-III-VI QDs to achieve colloidal stability in proteinaceous solutions with wide pH/ionic ranges, low non-specific binding, and easily bio-conjugation. On the basis of these developments, we applied our I-III-VI QDs in cellular imaging to to specifically target human brain tumor cells.
A Case Study on Metal-Ceramic Interfaces: Wetting of Alumina by Molten Aluminum
Authors: Tığlı Ahmet , Çağın Tahir
Published: March 2018

Interfacial behavior of Al and α-Al2O3 are investigated via molecular dynamic simulation (MD) employing reactive force fields parameterized for Al and Al2O3. The main result of this work is elucidating the wetting behavior and interface chemistry of molten aluminum on the α-Alumina (0001) surface through MD simulations. Wetting and interface chemistry are studied at 8 different temperatures from 700 to 1400 K for four different droplet sizes: with 16, 24, 32 and 40 Å diameters. Chemical reactions are observed at all temperatures and sizes in addition to diffusion between droplet and substrate atoms into each other during the wetting process. To define the level of wetting, we characterized contact angles of aluminum droplets on alumina substrates for all temperatures and sizes by using a method developed by Hautman and Klein. Chemical reactions are more extensive for the small droplets (16 and 24 Å) due to their larger surface to volume ratio in comparison to the larger droplets (32, and 40 Å) of droplets.
Microstructural Magnetic Characterization of Annealed Non-Oriented Electrical Steel
Authors: Hristoforou Evangelos , Mamalis Athanasios G.
Published: March 2018

The present paper investigates the utilization of the magnetic Barkhausen noise and magnetic permeability methods for the nondestructive characterization of annealed non-oriented electrical steel samples which were isothermally annealed in a wide range of temperatures (400°C – 950°C) and subsequently cooled in air. The resulting magnetic properties were compared with the microstructural changes occurring during annealing.
Dynamics of a Water Droplet Subjected to Forced Vibration by Surface Acoustic Wave Device
Authors: Sudo Seiichi , Kuwano Hiroki
Published: March 2018

The interfacial dynamics of a water droplet subjected to SAW (surface acoustic wave) was investigated using a high-speed video camera analysis system. The SAW device was fabricated to generate high frequency vibration for the droplet excitation. The water droplet showed bursting into a fine spray of smaller droplets and ultra-fine mist at the higher applied voltage to the SAW device. The appearance of droplet interface varied with elapsed time of surface acoustic wave excitation. At the initial stage after SAW excitation, capillary surface waves were observed on the droplet interface. Subsequently, surface disintegration due to fine spray and mist ejection was observed. The details of surface response of water droplet on the SAW device were revealed experimentally.
Piezoelectricity in the {AxA`(1-x)}BO3 and A{BxB`(1-x)}O3 Ceramic Alloys
Authors: Akgenc Berna , Tasseven Çetin , Çağın Tahir
Published: March 2018

ABO3 perovskite ceramics due to their chemical nature and size difference of the cations A (where A is a divalent metal) and B (where B is a tetravalent metal) have non-centro-symmetric polymorphs and display significant piezoelectric properties. One path to improve piezoelectric properties is through alloying these materials. In order to assess the feasibility of this, we have investigated the structure, elastic and piezoelectric properties of prototypical cubic and tetragonal phases of ABO3 bulk ceramic oxides and their alloys: {AxA`(1-x)}BO3 and A{BxB`(1-x)}O3 by density functional theory based first-principle calculations. Using 2x2x2 super cells as models in our calculations, we have covered the full alloying range by varying concentration, x, in steps of 12.5%. We have created models using Ba, Sr, Pb, for A and A`, and Ti, Zr for B and B` both in cubic and tetragonal super cells. Here, we will report the structural and piezoelectric properties of tetragonal phases of ABO3 bulk ceramic oxides and their alloys.
Geometric Study of Space Motor and Power Assist Leg Motor
Authors: Okada Yohji , Kondo Ryou , Otsuki Masatsugu , Enokizono Masato
Published: March 2018

Generally, commercial motors are produced as the lineup of series of outer diameter. The output power is changed with their length. However, the production number of space motor or power assist leg motor is small, while the power ratio versus motor weight is very important factor. The geometric study is proposed in this paper; especially, such problems of outer rotor versus inner rotor motor, outer diameter versus length. The motor characteristics are assumed with the FEM simulation. These constants depend on the motor pole number and driving amplifiers. Hence the exact geometrical dimensions should be determined with the careful simulation. Before simulation rough geometrical size can be determined, then the exact simulation will be carried out to determine the motor dimension and estimate the produced motor characteristics. The results are planned to compare with some of the experimental results.
Structure and Properties of Magnesium Diboride and the Effect of Additions
Authors: Prikhna Tatiana , Eisterer Michael , Mamalis Athanasios G. , Kozyrev Artem , Romaka Vitaliy , Sokolovsky Vladimir , Karpets Myroslav , Moshchil Viktor , Sverdun Vladimir , Ponomaryov Semyon , Serbenyuk Tetiana
Published: March 2018

Our investigations show that the addition of Ti, polyvalent titanium oxides or TiC powders (0.1-40 mm, amount: 10 wt%) can affect the formation of MgBx (x³4) inclusions and a redistribution of admixed oxygen resulting in the appearance of dispersed inclusions with near MgBO stoichiometry in the MgB2 matrix and thus influencing the critical current density and the critical magnetic fields of the materials. The highest Bc2 and Birr were obtained when powdered polyvalent titanium oxides (synthesized by electroerosion dispersion) or powdered titanium were added, but the critical magnetic fields were somewhat lower in the case of Ti additions. We show that Mg diffuses during the synthesis inside the grains of polyvalent titanium oxide, titanium carbide or titanium, which can affect the redistribution of boron and oxygen in the superconducting matrices and thus influence pinning and the superconducting properties.
Segregation of Steel Fibres of UHPFRC
Authors: Ženíšek Michal , Vlach Tomáš , Řepka Jakub , Pavlů Tereza
Published: March 2018

The mixture of ultra-high performance concrete is often supplemented by steel fibres which can significantly improve the fracture energy of the concrete. The incorporation of steel fibres results in especially a significant increase of tensile strength and minimize the risk of brittle failure. However, these positive properties can be fully realised only if the fibres are uniformly distributed. Otherwise, that leads to different quality of the concrete and to deterioration of strength characteristics. The subject of this article is the segregation of steel fibres which is one of the frequent problems of poor distribution of fibres. The degree of segregation has been investigated depending on amount of fibre dosage, size of maximum aggregate size and degree of consistency of fresh concrete. Two types of steel fibres with circular cross-section of a diameter of 0.4 mm but with different lengths (12.5 and 25 mm) were used for experiments. The segregation was evaluated by the drop of the fibres on the cutting surface of specimens. The results showed that segregation was the most affected by the consistency of fresh concrete. The amount of fibre dosage as well as the size of maximum aggregate size did not significantly affect segregation.
Anticancer Mechanisms in Two Murine Bone Marrow–Derived Dendritic Cell Subsets Activated with TLR4 Agonists
Authors: Bagaev Alexander , Pichugin Aleksey , Nelson Edward L. , Agadjanyan Michael G. , Ghochikyan Anahit , Ataullakhanov Ravshan I.
Published: March 2018

Dendritic cells (DCs) are well-known for their functions in orchestrating the innate and adaptive arms of immune defense. However, under certain conditions, DCs can exert tumoricidal activity. We have elucidated the mechanism of tumor suppression by TLR4-activated bone marrow–derived DCs (BMDCs) isolated from BALB/c mice. We identified that two distinct subsets of BMDCs (CD11b+CD11c+I-A/Eint and CD11b+CD11c+I-A/Ehigh) have different cytotoxic mechanisms of action. The cytotoxicity of the former subset is mediated through NO and reactive oxygen species and type I IFN (IFN-β), whereas the latter subset acts only through IFN-β. TLR4 agonists, LPS or pharmaceutical-grade ImmunoMax, activate CD11c+ BMDCs, which, in turn, directly kill 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells or inhibit their proliferation in an MHC-independent manner. These data define two populations of BMDCs with different mechanisms of direct cytotoxicity, as well as suggest that the I-A/Eint subset could be less susceptible to counteracting mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment and support investigation of similar subsets in human DCs.
Using basalt-hosted xenoliths as probes of the composition, structure and rheology of the sub-Cordilleran lithosphere in British Columbia
Authors: Kroner R K , Chapman J B , Russell J
K
Published: March 2018

This study seeks to illuminate the chemistry, structure, and rheology of the crustal and mantle lithosphere beneath the Canadian Cordillera using crustal and mantle xenoliths entrained in Quaternary to early Paleogene mafic volcanics. Most of the xenolith-bearing
units belong to the Chilcotin Group basalts in southern British Columbia and fall within the Quesnel and Stikine accreted terranes. The sampling locations of Summit Lake north of Prince George, Lightning Peak in the Okanagan region and Mt. Timothy east of Lac la Hache were selected for the diversity
of entrained xenoliths. Ultramafic mantle xenoliths include multiple types of peridotite, with lherzolite the most abundant in all locations. Crustal xenoliths include gabbro, granitoid, granulite and quartzite.
Pressure and depths of equilibration for the samples will be determined by microprobe analyses of various minerals in the xenoliths. This will be the first step toward creating a comprehensive petrological cross section of the southern Cordilleran lithosphere.
What practice can learn from theory: The potential impact of disposition decision factors on organisational performance
Authors: Badenhorst Amanda
Published: March 2018

Background: Effective disposition decisions can lead to a number of value-adding benefits including economic, environmental and marketing benefits. Despite this, many organisations are not aware of the importance of disposition decisions and the impact they can have on organisational performance.Objectives: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential impact of disposition decision factors on organisational performance.Method: This study made use of a qualitative content analysis method on previously published scientific articles on reverse logistics. The sample included 67 published scientific articles between 2006 and 2016. ATLAS.ti software was used to assist with the data analysis process.Findings: The findings showed a number of factors for disposition decision-making resulting in a number of value-adding benefits, which can improve organisational performance. From the findings, a conceptual framework was developed linking the disposition decision factors with the value-adding benefits and areas of organisational performance improvements.Conclusion: The framework developed in this article contributes to new insights and can help organisations to identify different performance improvement areas associated with certain disposition decision factors.
Antipsychotic medication non-adherence among schizophrenia patients in Central Ethiopia
Authors: Tareke Minale , Tesfaye Siranesh , Amare Desalegn , Belete Tilahun , Abate Andargie
Published: March 2018

Background: Despite the fact that adherence to antipsychotic medications is the cornerstone in the treatment and prevention of relapse of the disease, non-adherence is a major problem among schizophrenia patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the magnitude and factors associated with antipsychotic medication non-adherence among schizophrenia patients in Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital.Method: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 412 people with schizophrenia at Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital from April to May 2014. Non-adherence was assessed using the questionnaire of Morisky medication adherence rating scale and semi-structured questions for assessment of associated factors. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess predictors of non-adherence.Results: Prevalence of non-adherence was 41.0% among schizophrenia patients. Living in rural areas (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31, 3.28), current substance use (AOR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.56), long duration of treatment (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.22, 3.50) and polypharmacy (AOR = 2.13; 95% CI: 1.34, 3.40) were found to be significantly associated with non-adherence.Conclusion: The results indicate that non-adherence to antipsychotic medication was a major problem among patients with schizophrenia. Reducing the number of antipsychotic medications and availing drugs in rural areas may decrease the level of non-adherence.
Japanese Language Teaching at Tertiary Level in Slovenia: Past Experiences, Future Perspectives
Authors: HMELJAK SANGAWA Kristina
Published: March 2018

Japanese language teaching does not have a very long tradition in Slovenia, yet the teaching of Japanese has significantly developed both in qualitative and in quantitative terms in the past 20 years. This paper presents an overview of past Japanese language courses and of the development of Japanese language instruction in Slovenia at various levels of instruction and in different institutional settings, pointing out changes in learner motivation, increasing accessibility of language learning resources, and the growth and diversification of (present and potential) Japanese language teachers. The paper concludes with some suggestions for further development and for an increased networking among Japanese language teachers and learners.
Radiological Evaluation of Hip in Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Das Sakti Prasad , Sahoo Pabitrakumar , Sahu Mamata M , Chitapure Tajuddin
Published: March 2018

Introduction

The incidence of hip abnormalities in cerebral palsy (CP) patients has been reported as low as 2.6% and as high as 28%. Hip displacement is the second most common deformity after equines. The objective of this study is to evaluate the radiological changes of hip in CP for detecting early features of hip instability.

Materials and methods

A total of 91 hips of 52 patients with CP who attended for rehabilitation management were randomly selected for the study. Hip surveillance was done in those cases where the clinical evaluation alone could not access stability. All the selected cases were evaluated radiologically with respect to acetabular angle, neck-shaft angles, degree of subluxation (migration percentage) and shape of femoral head.

Results

38 hips showed grade I, 14 hips grade II, 6 hips grade III, and 2 hips grade IV stage of migration percentage. Flattening of femoral head was laterally seen in 16 cases, both medial and lateral flattening was seen in 8 cases of subluxated hip. Acetabular roof angle was increased in cases with grade III and IV migration percentage. Acetabular angle was within 12 to 75° with mean angle of 32°. The mean true neck-shaft angle was 145.5° ranging from 134° to 170°

Conclusion

Early detection of hip instability in Cerebral Palsy helps in timely intervention and that reduces or delays need for reconstructive surgery.

How to cite this article

Sahoo PK, Sahu MM, Chitapure T, Das SP. Radiological Evaluation of Hip in Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Cross-sectional Study. Indian J Phy Med Rehab 2017;28(3):95-99.
Illustrating Fashion
Authors: Stipelman Steven
Published: March 2018

This beautifully illustrated book filled with original art provides a step-by-step approach to drawing the fashion figure, garment details, and the various techniques used to render fashion illustration. For the more advanced student or working designer, Illustrating Fashion explores concepts such as manipulating the figure, more complex poses and rendering techniques and concepts of fashion art. Illustrating significant historical and contemporary designer garments, Stipelman helps the student understand a specific contribution by that designer and how it applies to the lesson. Readers will explore and develop their own talents and goals, thus creating their own illustration style.
Disaster preparedness education in South Los Angeles faith-based organizations: A pilot study in promoting personal and community preparedness and resiliency
Authors: Lin, BS Ann C. , Burke, PhD, MPH Rita V. , Berg, MPH Bridget M. , Muller, MPH Valerie M. , Upperman, MD Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2018

Introduction: Faith-based organizations (FBOs) often provide crucial services to their communities during and after disasters, but they largely operate outside of the formal structures that manage disaster preparedness and response. Their status within communities and ability to reach broad populations make them potentially powerful groups to lead and promote health and safety initiatives. Thus, there is opportunity to reduce health and knowledge disparities and increase disaster resiliency by providing disaster preparedness education through FBOs.Problem: This pilot study aims to assess and enhance the current level of disaster knowledge and preparedness of congregation members from six FBOs in the Los Angeles County South Service Planning Area (SPA 6) to promote their community's disaster resiliency.Methods: A structured basic disaster education curriculum was implemented at six FBOs, and participants completed a questionnaire, pre-test and posttest, and satisfaction survey. Frequency distributions of survey questions and mean differences of pre- and post-test scores were obtained.Results: Results of the questionnaire indicated that more than half of the participants had previous experience with disaster preparedness and had taken some steps toward stockpiling supplies but showed gaps in making concrete evacuation plans and meeting places. The mean disaster knowledge test score increased from 5.15 for the pre-test to 8.04 for the post-test (p 0.0001). The participants reported high satisfaction with the seminar.Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrated that there is interest, as well as need, within the faith-based community to increase personal and community disaster preparedness. The implementation of a structured disaster education seminar for congregation members showed significant immediate improvement in disaster knowledge of the participants.
Special Issues on Intraosseous Medicine - Part 1
Authors: DeVito, Jr. Richard A
Published: March 2018

Peripheral intravenous (IV) access can be difficult to achieve in critically ill patients who require vascular access in order to administer life-saving blood products, fluids and medications, especially in disasters and combat casualty care. Intraosseous access (IO) has become the standard of care for all medical emergencies, pre-hospital and hospital, when peripheral IV access cannot be rapidly established, and the techniques have been endorsed by multiple professional medical organizations. Research is rapidly expanding, both in the indications for IO, routes of administration, and clinical outcomes of intraosseous administration. The American Journal of Disaster Medicine is pleased to have the opportunity to publish two Special Issues1 focusing on current intraosseous research studies.
Invoking the “expectant” triage category: Can we make the paradigm shift?
Authors: Dadoun, MDCM, MBA, FRCPC Audrey , Khalil, MDCM, FRCPC, FAAP Elene , Bank, MDCM, FRCPC, FAAP Ilana
Published: March 2018

Medical triage is the process of determining the priority of patients' treatments based on the severity of their condition. Triage provides the healthcare provider the ability to identify the most urgent cases first, with the goal of maximizing each individual patient's outcome. When resources are challenged, such as in a disaster, the healthcare provider's goal becomes to maximize overall population survival. In this context, the triage process must identify patients who require resources urgently, as well as those who have the best chance of survival. The revised triage process must include an “expectant management” category, to identify patients for whom further resuscitation is delayed, as they have a poor chance of survival and require significant resources. The paradigm shift that is required in these circumstances can be challenging for pediatric healthcare providers. Many may find themselves unable to change the decision-making process that would favor overall survival and best outcome for the most members of a population, while potentially not addressing the most sick or injured because they have low chances of survival. We hypothesized that participating in a multiprofessional ethics-based educational session regarding making difficult triage decisions may improve participants’ perceived ability to use the “expectant” triage category in a disaster setting. Participants took part in an ethics-based educational session and completed a pre- and postsurvey. Results demonstrated a significant change in the participants’ self-perceived comfort level using the disaster triage tools and improved their confidence to use the expectant triage category in a disaster setting.
Verification of the airway securing capacity of a life jacket in a flood disaster
Authors: Imai, MD Koichi , Ochiai, MD, PhD Hidenobu , Murakami, PhD Keisuke
Published: March 2018

Objective: To verify the life jacket's airway-securing capacity to keep the nose and mouth out of the water in a flood disaster.Design: Physical experiment.Setting: University of Miyazaki.Materials and Methods: We experimented with an open channel in which we created a wave and running water. In the channel, we observed a dummy attached to a balloon as a buoyant body. We used 170-, 220-, and 320-ml balloons. Experiment 1, we reproduced a tsunami. We created three sizes of wave. Experiment 2, we reproduced running water. When we installed an obstacle at the channel bottom, the current that submerged the dummy occurred downstream of the obstacle. We measured the submergence time of the dummy.Results: For the medium-sized wave, the submergence time decreased as the balloon volume increased. For the largest wave, the submergence time was the shortest for a balloon of 220 ml, not 320 ml. Experiment 2, the submergence time decreased as the balloon volume increased. However, a dummy attached to a 320-ml balloon remained downstream of the obstacle.Conclusions: The biggest drawback is that the parameters of this study are not based on real-world experience. Therefore, if an evacuee with a life jacket is submerged in a flood disaster, we cannot easily decide whether the buoyancy is appropriate because in some situations, buoyancy adversely affected airway security. If we could decide buoyancy based on specific disaster conditions, the airway-securing capacity of a life jacket would improve.
Volume 12, Number 3; 2017
Authors: DeVito, Jr. Richard A.
Published: March 2018

Volume 12, Number 3
Emergency operations program is an excellent platform to deal with in-hospital operation disaster
Authors: Rogers, MD, MS, FACS Frederick B. , McCune, MPH William , Jammula, BS Shreya , Gross, BS Brian W. , Bradburn, DO, MS, FACS Eric H. , Riley, MD, CPPS Deborah K. , Manning, BS, CHSP, EMT-P Jeffrey
Published: March 2018

Described herein is the utilization of the hospital's Emergency Operations Plan and incident command structure to mitigate damage caused by the sudden loss of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system within the entire operating room suite. The ability to ameliorate a devastating situation that occurred during working hours at a busy Level II trauma center can be ascribed to the dedication of the leadership and clinical teams working seamlessly together. Their concerted efforts were augmented by adherence to an established protocol that had been thoroughly substantiated and practiced during numerous training simulations. This resulted in successful and timely resolution of an internal crisis that crippled the surgical capabilities of the sole trauma center in the county. After thorough investigation and identification of the issues that contributed to the malfunction, redundancies were built into the system to ensure that a similar incident did not occur again.
Volume 12, Number 4
Authors: DeVito, Jr. Richard A.
Published: March 2018

Full issue
Quality and mineral composition of eggs from hens supplemented with copper-lysine chelate
Authors: Brodacki Antoni , Batkowska Justyna , Stępniowska Anna , Blicharska Eliza , Drabik Kamil
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The aim of study was to evaluate the quality of hen eggs influenced by supplementation of copper with lysine chelate (CHL). The material consisted of eggs from two groups of Hy-Line Brown laying hens aged 300 days. Group I, negative control (NC), did not receive any additives. The hens from group II were treated with CHL at a dose of 30 mg Cu L−1 with drinking water. After 4 weeks of supplementation, 60 eggs from each group were randomly collected for quality analysis. The characteristics of the whole egg and its individual elements (shell, yolk, and albumen) were evaluated. The supplementation of CHL increased the egg weight, as well as the weight and height of albumen. There were no changes in the shell strength parameters, and its darker color may increase potential consumer acceptance, but requires confirmation by sensory analysis of the eggs. The copper addition was relatively small, but even this dose caused some changes in egg quality. Little changes in the mineral composition of individual elements of the eggs have been reported. It is therefore very important to continue research to find the smallest effective dose of this micronutrient, to study the duration of time it should be given in order to obtain the best quality of eggs, and to minimize the mineral disorders in organisms.
Source apportionment of atmospheric aerosol in a marine dusty environment by Ionic/composition Mass Balance (IMB)
Authors: Cardoso João , Almeida Susana M. , Nunes Teresa , Almeida-Silva Marina , Cerqueira Mário , Alves Célia , Rocha Fernando , Chaves Paula , Reis Miguel , Salvador Pedro , Artiñano Begoña , Pio Casimiro
Published: March 2018

Abstract. PM10 aerosol was sampled in Santiago, the largest island of Cape Verde, for one year and analysed for elements, ions and carbonaceous material. Very high levels of dust were measured during the winter months, as a result of the direct transport of dust plumes from the African continent. Ionic and Mass Balances (IMB) were applied to the analysed compounds, permitting the determination of 6–7 different processes and source contributions to the aerosol loading: insoluble and soluble dust, sea-salt, carbonaceous material and secondary inorganic compounds resulting from the reaction of acidic precursors with ammonia, sea-salt and dust. The mass balance could be closed by the consideration and estimation of sorbed water that constituted 20–30 % of the aerosol mass. The balance methodology was compared with Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), giving quite similar results throughout the sampling campaign. This gives confidence in the capability of both methods, which are complementary, for the source apportionment of aerosol particles.
A full-mission data set of H2O and HDO columns from
SCIAMACHY 2.3 μm reflectance measurements
Authors: Schneider Andreas , Borsdorff Tobias , aan de Brugh Joost , Hu Haili , Landgraf Jochen
Published: March 2018

Abstract. A new data set of vertical column densities of the water vapour isotopologues H₂O and HDO from the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) instrument for the whole mission period from January 2003 to April 2012 is presented. The data are retrieved from reflectance measurements in the spectral range 2339 nm to 2383 nm with the Shortwave Infrared CO Retrieval (SICOR) algorithm, ignoring atmospheric light scattering in the measurement simulation. The retrievals are validated with ground-based Fourier transform infrared measurements obtained within the Multi-platform remote Sensing of Isotopologues for investigating the Cycle of Atmospheric water (MUSICA) project. A good agreement for low-altitude stations is found with an average bias of −3.6·1021 molec cm−2 for HO and −1.0·1018molec cm−2 for HDO. The a posteriori computed δD shows an average bias of −8 ‰, even though polar stations have a larger negative bias. The latter is due to large sensor noise of SCIAMACHY in combination with low albedo and high solar zenith angles. To demonstrate the benefit of accounting for light scattering in the retrieval, the quality of the data product fitting effective cloud parameters simultaneously with trace gas columns is evaluated in a dedicated case study for measurements round high altitude stations. Due to a large altitude difference between the satellite ground pixel and the mountain station, clear sky scenes yield a large bias, resulting in a δD bias of 125 ‰. When selecting scenes with optically thick clouds within 1000 m above or below the station altitude, the bias in a posteriori δD is reduced from 125 ‰ to 44 ‰. The insights from the present study will also benefit the analysis of the data from the new Sentinel 5 Precursor mission.
Impacts of flocculation on the distribution and diagenesis of iron in boreal estuarine sediments
Authors: Jilbert Tom , Asmala Eero , Schröder Christian , Tiihonen Rosa , Myllykangas Jukka-Pekka , Virtasalo Joonas J. , Kotilainen Aarno , Peltola Pasi , Ekholm Päivi , Hietanen Susanna
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Iron (Fe) plays a key role in sedimentary diagenetic processes in coastal systems, participating in various redox reactions and influencing the burial of organic carbon. Large amounts of Fe enter the marine environment from boreal river catchments associated with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and as colloidal Fe oxyhydroxides, principally ferrihydrite. However, the fate of this Fe pool in estuarine sediments has not been extensively studied. Here we show that flocculation processes along a salinity gradient in an estuary of the northern Baltic Sea efficiently transfer Fe and OM from the dissolved phase into particulate material that accumulates in the sediments. Flocculation of Fe and OM is partially decoupled. This is likely due to the presence of discrete colloidal ferrihydrite in the freshwater Fe pool, which responds differently from DOM to estuarine mixing. Further decoupling of Fe from OM occurs during sedimentation. While we observe a clear decline with distance offshore in the proportion of terrestrial material in the sedimentary particulate organic matter (POM) pool, the distribution of flocculated Fe in sediments is modulated by focusing effects. Labile Fe phases are most abundant at a deep site in the inner basin of the estuary, consistent with input from flocculation and subsequent focusing. The majority of the labile Fe pool is present as Fe (II), including both acid-volatile sulfur (AVS)-bound Fe and unsulfidized phases. The ubiquitous presence of unsulfidized Fe (II) throughout the sediment column suggests Fe (II)-OM complexes derived from reduction of flocculated Fe (III)-OM, while other Fe (II) phases are likely derived from the reduction of flocculated ferrihydrite. Depth-integrated rates of Fe (II) accumulation (AVS-Fe + unsulfidized Fe (II) + pyrite) for the period 1970–2015 are greater in the inner basin of the estuary with respect to a site further offshore, confirming higher rates of Fe reduction in near-shore areas. Mössbauer 57Fe spectroscopy shows that refractory Fe is composed largely of superparamagnetic Fe (III), high-spin Fe (II) in silicates, and, at one station, also oxide minerals derived from past industrial activities. Our results highlight that the cycling of Fe in boreal estuarine environments is complex, and that the partial decoupling of Fe from OM during flocculation and sedimentation is key to understanding the role of Fe in sedimentary diagenetic processes in coastal areas.
Simulating damage for wind storms in the land surface model ORCHIDEE-CAN (revision 4262)
Authors: Chen Yi-Ying , Gardiner Barry , Pasztor Ferenc , Blennow Kristina , Ryder James , Valade Aude , Naudts Kim , Otto Juliane , McGrath Matthew J. , Planque Carole , Luyssaert Sebastiaan
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Earth system models (ESMs) are currently the most advanced tools with which to study the interactions among humans, ecosystem productivity, and the climate. The inclusion of storm damage in ESMs has long been hampered by their big-leaf approach, which ignores the canopy structure information that is required for process-based wind-throw modelling. Recently the big-leaf assumptions in the large-scale land surface model ORCHIDEE-CAN were replaced by a three-dimensional description of the canopy structure. This opened the way to the integration of the processes from the small-scale wind damage risk model ForestGALES into ORCHIDEE-CAN. The integration of ForestGALES into ORCHIDEE-CAN required, however, developing numerically efficient solutions to deal with (1) landscape heterogeneity, i.e. account for newly established forest edges for the parameterization of gusts; (2) downscaling spatially and temporally aggregated wind fields to obtain more realistic wind speeds that would represents gusts; and (3) downscaling storm damage within the 2500 km2 pixels of ORCHIDEE-CAN. This new version of ORCHIDEE-CAN was parameterized over Sweden. Subsequently, the performance of the model was tested against data for historical storms in southern Sweden between 1951 and 2010 and south-western France in 2009. In years without big storms, here defined as a storm damaging less than 15  ×  106 m3 of wood in Sweden, the model error is 1.62  ×  106 m3, which is about 100 % of the observed damage. For years with big storms, such as Gudrun in 2005, the model error increased to 5.05  ×  106 m3, which is between 10 and 50 % of the observed damage. When the same model parameters were used over France, the model reproduced a decrease in leaf area index and an increase in albedo, in accordance with SPOT-VGT and MODIS records following the passing of Cyclone Klaus in 2009. The current version of ORCHIDEE-CAN (revision 4262) is therefore expected to have the capability to capture the dynamics of forest structure due to storm disturbance on both regional and global scales, although the empirical parameters calculating gustiness from the gridded wind fields and storm damage from critical wind speeds may benefit from regional fitting.
Radiative–convective equilibrium model intercomparison project
Authors: Wing Allison A. , Reed Kevin A. , Satoh Masaki , Stevens Bjorn , Bony Sandrine , Ohno Tomoki
Published: March 2018

Abstract. RCEMIP, an intercomparison of multiple types of models configured in radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE), is proposed. RCE is an idealization of the climate system in which there is a balance between radiative cooling of the atmosphere and heating by convection. The scientific objectives of RCEMIP are three-fold. First, clouds and climate sensitivity will be investigated in the RCE setting. This includes determining how cloud fraction changes with warming and the role of self-aggregation of convection in climate sensitivity. Second, RCEMIP will quantify the dependence of the degree of convective aggregation and tropical circulation regimes on temperature. Finally, by providing a common baseline, RCEMIP will allow the robustness of the RCE state across the spectrum of models to be assessed, which is essential for interpreting the results found regarding clouds, climate sensitivity, and aggregation, and more generally, determining which features of tropical climate a RCE framework is useful for. A novel aspect and major advantage of RCEMIP is the accessibility of the RCE framework to a variety of models, including cloud-resolving models, general circulation models, global cloud-resolving models, single-column models, and large-eddy simulation models.
The Probability Distribution of Daily Precipitation at the Point and Catchment Scales in the United States
Authors: Ye Lei , Hanson Lars S. , Ding Pengqi , Wang Dingbao , Vogel Richard M.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Choosing a probability distribution to represent daily precipitation depths is important for precipitation frequency analysis, stochastic precipitation modeling and in climate trend assessments. Early studies identified the 2-parameter Gamma (G2) distribution as a suitable distribution for wet-day precipitation based on traditional goodness of fit tests. Here, probability plot correlation coefficients and L-moment diagrams are used to examine distributional alternatives for the full-record and wet-day series of daily precipitation at the point and catchment scales in the United States. Importantly, the G2 distribution performs poorly in comparison to either the Pearson Type-III (P3) or Kappa (KAP) distributions. The analysis indicates that the P3 distribution fits the full record of daily precipitation at both the point and catchment scales remarkably well; while the KAP distribution best describes the distribution of wet-day precipitation at the point scale, and the performance of KAP and P3 distributions is comparable for wet-day precipitation at the catchment scale.
Aeroacoustic analysis using natural Helmholtz–Hodge decomposition
Authors: Haufe Daniel , Gürtler Johannes , Schulz Anita , Bake Friedrich , Enghardt Lars , Czarske Jürgen
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The analysis of aeroacoustic phenomena is crucial for a deeper understanding
of the damping mechanisms of a sound-absorbing bias flow liner (BFL). For
this purpose, simultaneous measurements of the sound field and the flow field
in a BFL are required. The fluid velocity can serve as the measurand, where both
the acoustic particle velocity and the aerodynamic flow velocity contribute and, thus, can be acquired simultaneously. However, there is
a need to separate these two quantities to distinguish between them. This is
challenging because they generally coincide with each other in the time
domain. Due to the interaction of sound and flow in a BFL, both velocities
also overlap in the temporal frequency domain, having a coherent oscillation
at the acoustic frequency. For this reason, the recently developed natural
Helmholtz–Hodge decomposition (NHHD) is applied to separate both quantities
from the measured oscillation velocity field in the spatial domain. The
evaluation of synthetic vector field data shows that the quality of the
decomposition is enhanced when a smaller grid size is chosen. The velocity
field in a generic BFL, necessarily recorded within a three-dimensional
region of interest at more than 4000 measurement locations, is evaluated
using NHHD. As a result, the measured oscillation velocity in the BFL is
dominated by the flow that is related to vortices and also by irrotational
aerodynamic flow. Moreover, indications for an aeroacoustic source near the
facing sheet of the liner are revealed.
Antarctic ice sheet thickness estimation using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio method with single-station seismic ambient noise
Authors: Yan Peng , Li Zhiwei , Li Fei , Yang Yuande , Hao Weifeng , Bao Feng
Published: March 2018

Abstract. We report on a successful application of the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (H / V) method, generally used to investigate the subsurface velocity structures of the shallow crust, to estimate the Antarctic ice sheet thickness for the first time. Using three-component, five-day long, seismic ambient noise records gathered from more than 60 temporary seismic stations located on the Antarctic ice sheet, the ice thickness measured at each station has comparable accuracy to the Bedmap2 database. Preliminary analysis revealed that 60 out of 65 seismic stations on the ice sheet obtained clear peak frequencies (f0) related to the ice sheet thickness in the H / V spectrum. Thus, assuming that the isotropic ice layer lies atop a high velocity half-space bedrock, the ice sheet thickness can be calculated by a simple approximation formula. About half of the calculated ice sheet thicknesses were consistent with the Bedmap2 ice thickness values. To further improve the reliability of ice thickness measurements, two-type models were built to fit the observed H / V spectrum through non-linear inversion. The two-type models represent the isotropic structures of single- and two-layer ice sheets, and the latter depicts the non-uniform, layered characteristics of the ice sheet widely distributed in Antarctica. The inversion results suggest that the ice thicknesses derived from the two-layer ice models were in good concurrence with the Bedmap2 ice thickness database, and that ice thickness differences between the two were within 300 m at almost all stations. Our results support previous finding that the Antarctic ice sheet is stratified. Extensive data processing indicates that the time length of seismic ambient noise records can be shortened to two hours for reliable ice sheet thickness estimation using the H / V method. This study extends the application fields of the H / V method and provides an effective and independent way to measure ice sheet thickness in Antarctica.
The Best Way to Rob a Bank
Authors: Marsavelski Aleksandar , Braithwaite John
Published: March 2018

Cohen and Machalek’s (1988) evolutionary ecological theory of crime explains why obscure forms of predation can be the most lucrative. Sutherland explained that it is better to rob a bank at the point of a pen than of a gun. The US Savings and Loans scandal of the 1980s suggested ‘the best way to rob a bank is to own one’. Lure constituted by the anomie of warfare and transition to capitalism in former Yugoslavia revealed that the best way to rob a bank is to control the regulatory system: that is, to control a central bank. This makes possible theft of all the people’s money in a society. The criminological imagination must attune to anomie created by capitalism, and to the evolutionary ecology of lure.
Reutilización de la ficción sonora en la Cadena Ser. El caso de Podium Podcast
Authors: Rodríguez Pallares Miriam
Published: March 2018

El género de ficción fue protagonista en la programación radiofónica de la posguerra por adaptación al imperativo dictatorial en los indicativos de titularidad privada. En este contexto, la Cadena SER abanderó el radio drama en España, cuyos años dorados se concentraron entre las décadas de los cuarenta y los setenta. A colación del resurgir de este género en la oferta mediática nacional, se plantea el objetivo de investigar si las nuevas formas de producción y distribución digitales facilitan no solo la oferta de nuevos contenidos de ficción, sino también y especialmente la reutilización de fondos de archivo de la Cadena SER, a través del estudio de Podium Podcast. Para ello, se analiza, en primer lugar, el modelo de gestión de contenidos del grupo y, después, la visibilización de fondos de archivo en el caso analizado. Con un enfoque cualitativo, la metodología aplicada se fundamenta en las entrevistas en profundidad y la observación indirecta. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que desde Prisa Radio se reconoce el valor de este género desde el punto de vista documental y, aunque olvidados durante años, recientemente se apuesta por su reutilización contextualizada de acuerdo a criterios periodísticos y culturales, fundamentalmente a través de podcasts.
La ficción sonora y la realización en directo: el reto de RNE
Authors: Aguilera Mayca , Arquero Blanco Isabel
Published: March 2018

El equipo Ficción sonora RNE afronta desde hace años ficciones de complejo montaje sonoro, larga duración y ricas recreaciones de espacios añadiendo a ello un reto: la realización no solo en directo, sino también sobre un escenario frente a una audiencia que ve y escucha la obra. Se muestra sobre un escenario cómo se hace la radio, a la vez que se emite. No se pierde la expresividad que tiene el directo y no se renuncia a las recreaciones sonoras ricas y envolventes. En este artículo estudiamos el proceso de producción de estas obras de formato ficcional con objeto de demostrar que la radio puede afrontar cualquier contenido, siempre y cuando esté adaptado al medio.