bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liver transplantation and transthyretin amyloidosis
Authors: Benson Merrill D.
Published: July 2012

Liver transplantation as a specific treatment of transthyretin amyloidosis was first performed in 1990. The rationale for this treatment was that removal of the source (liver) of the amyloid precursor protein (mutated transthyretin) would stop progression of the disease. Indeed, after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), mutant transthyretin (TTR) is rapidly cleared from circulation. In the last 20 years, >2000 familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) patients have received liver transplants. For these patients, prospective monitoring has shown prolongation of life compared with FAP patients who have not undergone liver transplantation. The most favorable results have been for FAP patients with the Val30Met TTR mutation. Less favorable results have been seen for patients with other TTR mutations where progression of amyloid tissue deposition has been documented as the result of amyloid fibril formation from normal (wild‐type) TTR. Although it is obvious that OLT has benefited many FAP patients, there remains a need for further therapies. Muscle Nerve, 2013
Novel Uncatalyzed Synthesis and Characterization of Diacetone Diperoxide
Authors: Espinosa‐Fuentes Eduardo A. , Pacheco‐Londoño Leonardo C. , Barreto‐Cabán Marcos A. , Hernández‐Rivera Samuel P.
Published: July 2012

A novel method used to synthesize diacetone diperoxide (DADP) from acetone and hydrogen peroxide without the presence of a catalytic agent is presented. Previously reported syntheses used toluenesulfonic and m‐sulfonic acid as catalyst. DADP was prepared with a purity of 99.99 %. The melting point range (128.5–134.5 °C) is consistent with reported values. The success of the reported procedure depends on controlling the ratio between acetone and hydrogen peroxide as well as the temperature of the reaction mixture. The purified crystalline DADP samples were characterized using NMR, Raman, and IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, gas chromatography and open atmosphere chemical ionization mass spectrometry (DART™). The structure was compared to the well‐known cyclic trimer triacetone triperoxide (TATP). The proposed synthetic scheme can be useful for preparing small amounts of the cyclic organic peroxide for characterization and fundamental studies and for formulation of gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry standards.
Analysis of the Solid Combustion Products of a Mg‐Based Fuel‐Rich Propellant used for Water Ramjet Engines
Authors: Huang Hai‐Tao , Zou Mei‐Shuai , Guo Xiao‐Yan , Yang Rong‐Jie , Zhang Peng
Published: July 2012

A high‐pressure combustor and a metal/steam reactor were used to simulate the two‐stage combustion of a fuel‐rich propellant used for water ramjet engines. The solid combustion products from the two stages were collected and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, the thermal properties of the solid products of the primary combustion were characterized by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and simultaneous thermogravimetry (TG). The burning rates at different pressures were measured and the secondary combustion process in hot steam was monitored by high‐speed cinematography. The results showed that the propellant has a good combustion performance and a high burning rate. After primary combustion, the solid product mainly contained magnesium, magnesia, magnesium chloride, and carbon. During the secondary combustion, the ignition temperature was approximately 720 °C, and two burning stages were observed. The rest of magnesium hasn’t completely reacted with hot steam until the temperature reached a value higher than 800 °C for 30 min.
Tuning the Solid‐State Optical Properties of Tetracene Derivatives by Modification of the Alkyl Side‐Chains: Crystallochromy and the Highest Fluorescence Quantum Yield in Acenes Larger than Anthracene
Authors: Kitamura Chitoshi
Published: July 2012

In the solution state, there were no notable differences between the optical properties of a range of alkyl‐substituted tetracenes. However, in the solid state, their photophysical properties changed with respect to the length, shape, number, and substitution pattern of the alkyl side chains, as well as the distribution of two regioisomers. Remarkably, in the solid state, 1,4,7,10‐tetraisopropyltetracene exhibited the highest reported fluorescence quantum yield of any tetracene derivative (0.90). The changes in the optical characteristics of these tetracenes according to the arrangement of the tetracene rings and the color‐change mechanism in the solid state are discussed. Moreover, the world record in solid‐state fluorescence efficiency in acenes larger than anthracene is described. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201200003
Writing With Voice
Authors: Kesler Ted
Published: July 2012

In this Teaching Tips article, the author argues for a dialogic conception of voice, based in the work of Mikhail Bakhtin. He demonstrates a dialogic view of voice in action, using two writing examples about the same topic from his daughter, a fifth‐grade student. He then provides five practical tips for teaching a dialogic conception of voice in elementary and middle school classroom settings.
Reading Motivation: A Focus on English Learners
Authors: Protacio Maria Selena
Published: July 2012

Because of the numerous challenges that ELs face, such as having to concurrently learn the curriculum and the English language, it is critical to focus on motivation. However, little attention has been given to ELs' motivation to read in English. Based on an interview study, results indicate that ELs may be motivated to read in English to learn about their new culture and affiliate themselves with their American peers. They are also motivated to read in English since they realize the value of reading for their English development. Perceived competence, interesting reading materials, and the sociocultural environment are other reasons why ELs are motivated to read in English.
“I Know There Ain't no Pigs with Wigs”: Challenges of Tier 2 Intervention
Authors: Stephens Diane , Cox Robin , Downs Anne , Goforth Jennie , Jaeger Lisa , Matheny Ashley , Plyler Kristi , Ray Sandra , Riser Lee , Sawyer Beth , Thompson Tara , Vickio Kathy , Wilcox Cindy
Published: July 2012

As a part of Response to Intervention, for three years, ten reading interventionists provided supplemental support to readers. They formed a learning community, took an inquiry‐based approach to assessment and developed a theory of what students needed to know and be able to do as readers. They addressed and learned from several other challenges: constructing a theory of a child as a reader, providing focused instructional consistent with their beliefs, helping children develop a generative theory of reading and of themselves as readers, and ensuring consistent instructional focus across stakeholders. Students they served made an average of two months of growth for every month of support.
Ab initio nonorthogonal valence bond methods
Authors: Su Peifeng , Wu Wei
Published: July 2012

Modern classical valence bond (VB) methods provide clear interpretation and chemical insights by employing covalent and ionic VB structures explicitly. This review focuses on a methodical development of current modern classical VB methods. As a basic method of the classical VB theory, the VB self‐consistent field (VBSCF) method provides a compact wave function, mainly containing static correlation. On the basis of the VBSCF method, the development of classical VB methods can be divided into two aspects—one focuses on improvement of computational accuracy, such as the breathing orbital VB (BOVB), VB configuration interaction (VBCI), and VB second‐order perturbation theory (VBPT2) methods; the other focuses on extending VB approaches to molecules and reactions in solvated or biological environments, including the VB polarizable continuum model (VBPCM), VB solvation model (VBSM), VB effective fragment potential (VBEFP), and VB/molecular mechanics (VB/MM) methods. These improved methods have the advantage of VB theory and provide intuitive chemical insights into medium‐sized chemical problems. Finally, the further development of modern classical VB methods is briefly discussed.

This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods
Fitting and Testing Conditional Multinormal Partial Credit Models
Authors: Hessen David J.
Published: July 2012

A multinormal partial credit model for factor analysis of polytomously scored items with ordered response categories is derived using an extension of the Dutch Identity (Holland in Psychometrika 55:5–18, 1990). In the model, latent variables are assumed to have a multivariate normal distribution conditional on unweighted sums of item scores, which are sufficient statistics. Attention is paid to maximum likelihood estimation of item parameters, multivariate moments of latent variables, and person parameters. It is shown that the maximum likelihood estimates can be found without the use of numerical integration techniques. More general models are discussed which can be used for testing the model, and it is shown how models with different numbers of latent variables can be tested against each other. In addition, multi-group extensions are proposed, which can be used for testing both measurement invariance and latent population differences. Models and procedures discussed are demonstrated in an empirical data example.
HIV Prevention Interventions to Reduce Racial Disparities in the United States: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hemmige Vagish , McFadden Rachel , Cook Scott , Tang Hui , Schneider John A.
Published: July 2012

Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States despite advances in prevention methodologies. The goal of this study was to systematically review the past 30 years of HIV prevention interventions addressing racial disparities. We conducted electronic searches of Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane Review of Clinical Trials databases, supplemented by manual searches and expert review. Studies published before June 5, 2011 were eligible. Prevention interventions that included over 50 % racial/ethnic minority participants or sub-analysis by race/ethnicity, measured condom use only or condom use plus incident sexually transmitted infections or HIV as outcomes, and were affiliated with a health clinic were included in the review. We stratified the included articles by target population and intervention modality. Reviewers independently and systematically extracted all studies using the Downs and Black checklist for quality assessment; authors cross-checked 20 % of extractions. Seventy-six studies were included in the final analysis. The mean DB score was 22.44 – high compared to previously published means. Most of the studies were randomized controlled trials (87 %) and included a majority of African-American participants (83 %). No interventions were designed specifically to reduce disparities in HIV acquisition between populations. Additionally, few interventions targeted men who have sex with men or utilized HIV as a primary outcome. Interventions that combined skills training and cultural or interactive engagement of participants were superior to those depending on didactic messaging. The scope of this review was limited by the exclusion of non-clinic based interventions and intermediate risk endpoints. Interactive, skills-based sessions may be effective in preventing HIV acquisition in racial and ethnic minorities, but further research into interventions tailored to specific sub-populations, such as men who have sex with men, is warranted.
Interventions to Improve Outcomes for Minority Adults with Asthma: A Systematic Review
Authors: Press Valerie G. , Pappalardo Andrea A. , Conwell Walter D. , Pincavage Amber T. , Prochaska Meryl H. , Arora Vineet M.
Published: July 2012

OBJECTIVES

To systematically review the literature to characterize interventions with potential to improve outcomes for minority patients with asthma.

DATA SOURCES

Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Trial Databases, expert review, reference review, meeting abstracts.

STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTEVENTIONS

Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms related to asthma were combined with terms to identify intervention studies focused on minority populations. Inclusion criteria: adult population; intervention studies with majority of non-White participants.

STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS OF METHODS

Study quality was assessed using Downs and Black (DB) checklists. We examined heterogeneity of studies through comparing study population, study design, intervention characteristics, and outcomes.

RESULTS

Twenty-four articles met inclusion criteria. Mean quality score was 21.0. Study populations targeted primarily African American ( = 14), followed by Latino/a ( = 4), Asian Americans ( = 1), or a combination of the above ( = 5). The most commonly reported post-intervention outcome was use of health care resources, followed by symptom control and self-management skills. The most common intervention-type studied was patient education. Although less-than half were culturally tailored, language-appropriate education appeared particularly successful. Several system–level interventions focused on specialty clinics with promising findings, although health disparities collaboratives did not have similarly promising results.

LIMITATIONS

Publication bias may limit our findings; we were unable to perform a meta-analysis limiting the review’s quantitative evaluation.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS

Overall, education delivered by health care professionals appeared effective in improving outcomes for minority patients with asthma. Few were culturally tailored and one included a comparison group, limiting the conclusions that can be drawn from cultural tailoring. System-redesign showed great promise, particularly the use of team-based specialty clinics and long-term follow-up after acute care visits. Future research should evaluate the role of tailoring educational strategies, focus on patient-centered education, and incorporate outpatient follow-up and/or a team-based approach.
Pluronic Block Copolymers Inhibit Low Density Lipoprotein Self‐Association
Authors: Melnichenko Alexandra A. , Aksenov Denis V. , Myasoedova Veronika A. , Panasenko Oleg M. , Yaroslavov Alexander A. , Sobenin Igor A. , Bobryshev Yuri V. , Orekhov Alexander N.
Published: July 2012

Little is known about exogenous inhibitors of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) aggregation. The search for nontoxic and bioavailable inhibitors of LDL aggregation is of interest, especially considering that the suppression of the aggregation of LDL might represent a therapeutic approach. We hypothesized that amphiphilic copolymers of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide, the so‐called Pluronic block copolymers, can be used to influence the aggregation of LDL. In this work we used Pluronic® P85, L61 and F68. A comparative study of the effects of Pluronic block copolymers with various hydrophilic–lipophilic properties on the aggregation process of LDL showed that Pluronic copolymers with strong hydrophobic properties (P85 and L61) at concentrations close to or greater than the respective critical concentration of micelle formation inhibited the aggregation process of LDL; however, the “hydrophilic” Pluronic F68 had no effect on the aggregation of LDL at any concentration. Thus, the study demonstrated for the first time that Pluronic® block copolymers inhibit LDL self‐association. The possibility of modulating the aggregation of LDL by various Pluronic copolymers can be regarded as a prerequisite in the creation of new types of anti‐atherosclerotic drugs.
Anterior distal femoral hemiepiphysiodesis in the treatment of fixed knee flexion contracture in neuromuscular patients
Authors: Al-Aubaidi Zaid , Lundgaard Bjarne , Pedersen Niels Wisbech
Published: July 2012

Aim

Patients with neuromuscular diseases such as cerebral palsy (CP) and meningomyelocele (MMC) are prone to develop fixed knee flexion contracture. Distal femoral extension osteotomy allows acute correction of the deformity, but it is an extensive surgical procedure, and the complication rate is rather high. Immobilization can prolong the rehabilitation period, and may even result in deteriorated walking ability. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the results of using anterior hemiepiphysiodesis of the distal femur to treat fixed flexion contracture of the knee.

Materials and methods

We studied 21 patients in our department from 2003 to 2009. Mean age was 10 years (5–15). Twelve suffered from MMC, five from CP, two from arthrogryposis, one had an enzyme defect, and one had Down's syndrome. Thirteen patients had a bilateral and eight a unilateral procedure. None of the patients underwent any other procedures. Two staples or 8-plates were inserted using two parapatellar incisions. Nine were operated on with staples and 12 with 8-plates. The plates or staples were removed when the desired effect of full knee extension was achieved or the patient reached skeletal maturity.

Results

Mean fixed flexion contracture was 20° (10°–40°). Staples or 8-plates were removed after a mean of 24 (6–42) months. Mean fixed flexion contracture at removal was 10° (0°–30°). Two complications were seen: one infection and one supracondylar fracture.

Conclusion

Anterior distal femoral hemiepiphysiodesis using 8-plates or staples seems to be effective for correcting fixed knee flexion deformity in skeletally immature individuals. The complication rate is low (10 %). Our results are comparable to those of Kramer, Klatt, and Stevens. This procedure should be the primary treatment for fixed knee flexion contractures in neuromuscular patients with sufficient remaining growth.
Attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill: psychosocial and cultural explanations for delaying a marketable product
Authors: van Wersch A. , Eberhardt J. , Stringer F.
Published: July 2012

Even though years of research on the male contraceptive pill have been conducted, a marketable product is still absent from the arsenal of male and female products of contraception. In this paper, the following psychosocial and cultural factors have been elicited from the literature in order to reveal explanations for this delay: acceptability, trust, fear of side-effects, perceptions of contraceptive responsibility and fear of losing connotations of masculinity. Regardless of cultural variation, overall there seems to be a positive attitude towards the acceptability of male contraceptive for both males and females, especially males in stable relationships. Some indication shows that the media have played an important role in distorting the results of research regarding male and female trust. Ongoing and future researches into several projects on psychosocial and cultural factors are described.
Use of testosterone alone as hormonal male contraceptive
Authors: Nieschlag E.
Published: July 2012

The world population continues to grow rapidly while resources for sustainable living dwindle and manmade ecological problems increase proportionally to the overpopulation. Family planning is required to reduce population growth in developing countries and to stabilize populations in developed countries. Contraception makes abortion superfluous and provides the key to family planning. Women increasingly demand that men share the burden and risks of contraception and — as opinion polls show — men would be willing to use contraceptives if they were available. Research has established the principle of hormonal male contraception based on suppression of gonadotropins and spermatogenesis. All hormonal male contraceptives use testosterone, but in East Asian men, testosterone alone can suppress spermatogenesis to a level compatible with contraceptive protection. In Caucasians additional agents are required of which progestins are favoured.
“Feeling” hierarchy: The pathway from subjective social status to achievement⋆
Authors: Destin Mesmin , Richman Scott , Varner Fatima , Mandara Jelani
Published: July 2012

The current study tested a psychosocial mediation model of the association between subjective social status (SSS) and academic achievement for youth. The sample included 430 high school students from diverse racial/ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Those who perceived themselves to be at higher social status levels had higher GPAs. As predicted by the model, most of the relationship was mediated by emotional distress and study skills and habits. The lower SSS students had more depressive symptoms, which led to less effective studying and lower GPA. The model held across different racial/ethnic groups, was tested against alternative models, and results remained stable controlling for objective socioeconomic status. Implications for identity‐based intervention are discussed.
H3K27 methylation and H3S28 phosphorylation‐dependent transcriptional regulation by INHAT subunit SET/TAF‐Iβ
Authors: Kim Ji-Young , Kim Kee-Beom , Son Hye-Ju , Chae Yun-Cheol , Oh Si-Taek , Kim Dong-Wook , Pak Jhang Ho , Seo Sang-Beom
Published: July 2012

Significant progress has been made in understanding the relationship between histone modifications and ‘reader’ molecules and their effects on transcriptional regulation. A previously identified INHAT complex subunit, SET/TAF‐Iβ, binds to histones and inhibits histone acetylation. To investigate the binding specificities of SET/TAF‐Iβ to various histone modifications, we employed modified histone tail peptide array analyses. SET/TAF‐Iβ strongly recognized PRC2‐mediated H3K27me1/2/3; however, the bindings were completely disrupted by H3S28 phosphorylation. We have demonstrated that SET/TAF‐Iβ is sequentially recruited to the target gene promoter ATF3 after the PRC2 complex via H3K27me recognition and may offer additive effects in the repression of the target gene.
Pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation: From initiation to maintenance
Authors: Yamazaki Masatoshi , Jalife José
Published: July 2012

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in adults; it affects approximately 0.8 million patients in Japan alone. Yet despite many years of basic and clinical research, the exact mechanisms underlying the initiation and maintenance of AF remain poorly understood. In this review article, we summarize recent high‐resolution optical mapping studies in isolated sheep hearts, which have provided new insights into the dynamics and mechanisms of AF. We focus on 3 models of AF. First, we discuss results from experiments on AF induced by atrial stretch that revealed the presence of spatio‐temporally organized waves emerging from the posterior wall of the left atrium. In the presence of adreno‐cholinergic stimulation and stretch, AF was governed by evolving interactions between reentry and spontaneous focal discharges. Next, we outline the results obtained from a persistent AF model (average AF duration: 21.3 day) induced by intermittent rapid atrial pacing. By using simultaneous optical mapping of epicardial and endocardial activation patterns, we demonstrated that AF in this model was maintained by 3‐dimensional scroll waves with I‐shaped filaments anchored to junctions between thin and thick myocardium. Numerical simulation results predicted that wall thickness‐dependent activation of stretch‐activated channels and the filament tension dynamics were sufficient to explain the specific localization of the I‐shaped filament. In a final set of studies discussed herein, we investigated AF in sheep with tachypacing‐induced heart failure and found that micro‐reentry in the left atria was a major mechanism of AF maintenance, although focal discharges at the pulmonary vein area also played a role. Large fibrotic patches in failing hearts may serve as potential anchoring sites for micro‐reentry in this model. Thus, the 3 different experimental results in isolated sheep hearts presented here clearly suggest that self‐sustained rotors do exist in the atria and that such rotors are in fact the high frequency sources that determine the complex patterns of activation that characterize AF.
Association of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) G894T Polymorphism With High Altitude Pulmonary Edema Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Luo Yongjun , Chen Yu , Zhang Yao , Zhou Qiquan , Gao Yuqi
Published: July 2012

Background

High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a potentially deadly disease associated with exposure to altitudes greater than 3000 m. Individuals who have previously experienced HAPE are at a significantly higher risk of recurrence, suggesting an underlying genetic component to HAPE pathogenesis. In a previous nuclear genomic study of individual variation in susceptibility to HAPE, the endothelial nitric oxide synthase ( eNOS) gene G894T polymorphism was identified as being associated with HAPE. However, another study found no association. Because of the low incidence of HAPE, sample sizes in current reports have been relatively limited. In this study, the association between the eNOS G894T polymorphism and HAPE was assessed through a meta-analysis of published data.

Methods

The literature was searched in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase for papers published before July 15, 2011. A fixed-effects model and a random-effects model were applied (Revman 5.0) on the basis of heterogeneity, and study quality was assessed in duplicate.

Results

Five studies with 360 HAPE patients and 469 control subjects were analyzed. There were no significant differences between carriers of the eNOS 894G and 894T polymorphism alleles in terms of the risk of developing HAPE.

Conclusions

The eNOS 894G and 894T polymorphism alleles are not associated with HAPE incidence.
Propagating and evanescent internal waves in a deep ocean model
Authors: Paoletti M. S. , Swinney Harry L.
Published: July 2012

We present experimental and computational studies of the propagation of internal waves in a stratified fluid with an exponential density profile that models the deep ocean. The buoyancy frequency profile $N(z)$ (proportional to the square root of the density gradient) varies smoothly by more than an order of magnitude over the fluid depth, as is common in the deep ocean. The non-uniform stratification is characterized by a turning depth ${z}_{c} $, where $N({z}_{c} )$ is equal to the wave frequency $\omega $ and $N(z\lt {z}_{c} )\lt \omega $. Internal waves reflect from the turning depth and become evanescent below the turning depth. The energy flux below the turning depth is shown to decay exponentially with a decay constant given by ${k}_{c} $, which is the horizontal wavenumber at the turning depth. The viscous decay of the vertical velocity amplitude of the incoming and reflected waves above the turning depth agree within a few per cent with a previously untested theory for a fluid of arbitrary stratification (Kistovich and Chashechkin, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys., vol. 39, 1998, pp. 729–737).
Development of a Brief Motivational Intervention to Facilitate Engagement of Smoking Cessation Treatment Among Inpatient Depressed Smokers
Authors: Strong David R. , Uebelacker Lisa , Schonbrun Yael Chatav , Durst Ayla , Saritelli Jennifer , Fokas Kathryn , Abrantes Ana , Brown Richard A. , Miller Ivan , Apodaca Timothy R.
Published: July 2012

Inpatient smokers with major depressive disorder (MDD) have high rates of relapse to smoking after hospital discharge. The risk of health consequences that may contribute to increased morbidity and mortality among this population underscores the need to develop a program for psychiatric inpatient cigarette smokers with MDD. Using a motivational interviewing (MI) intervention, we sought to facilitate engagement of smokers with elevated depression symptoms in an outpatient treatment with demonstrated efficacy for nicotine dependence. In Phase 1 of this program, we recruited 15 smokers with MDD who were receiving inpatient psychiatric services. This preliminary report focuses on the development of the intervention, and explores perceived barriers to quitting, methods of quitting, and interest in smoking cessation treatment following discharge from an inpatient stay. Understanding inpatient cigarette smokers’ interests in making changes in smoking, and in willingness to attempt cessation and engage in cessation treatment can inform efforts to curb smoking in this high-risk population.
Gender Differences in the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence in Korean Americans
Authors: Kim Sun S. , Fang Hua , DiFranza Joseph , Ziedonis Douglas M. , Ma Grace X.
Published: July 2012

Introduction: This study was conducted to compare gender differences in the psychometric properties of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Methods: The sample comprised 334 Korean immigrants (97 women and 237 men) who reported daily smoking for the past 6 months. Item-by-item responses and exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were compared by gender. Promax rotation was selected based on findings from previous studies suggesting correlated factors. Results: Compared with men, women smoked fewer cigarettes per day, were more likely to smoke when ill in bed, and were less likely to smoke frequently in the morning. The entire sample and men within the sample had the same factor loading pattern, where three items (time to first cigarette, the cigarette most hate to give up, and smoke more frequently in the morning) were loaded on Factor 1 (morning smoking) and the remaining three items (difficult to refrain from smoking in public places, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and smoking even when ill in bed) on Factor 2 (daytime smoking). For women, however, neither the 1- nor 2-factor model fit the data well. Conclusions: For Korean American male smokers, the psychometric properties of the FTND were similar to those seen in other populations, but this was not the case with Korean American women. Clinicians may need to modify their interpretation of nicotine dependence severity if basing only on the FTND with Korean women. The FTND assesses smoking patterns which has a cultural influence and other measures of nicotine dependence should be considered.
Widening the Circle: General Weikersthal and the War of Annihilation, 1941–42
Authors: Wildermuth David W.
Published: July 2012

Recent scholarship concerning theWehrmachtleadership in Nazi Germany's war against the Soviet Union (1941–1945) has provided a much more nuanced picture of the motivation and responsibility of the uppermost strata of general for the brutalization of the conflict. The generals just outside this inner military circle, however, continue to be largely ignored. Questions on the mentality of lower-ranking, frontline commanders toward the war of annihilation and what latitude they reserved for themselves in carrying out orders remain, like the war on the front itself, one of the least researched topics of World War II.
Boundaries among Kin: Sovereignty, the Modern Treaty Process, and the Rise of Ethno-Territorial Nationalism among Yukon First Nations
Authors: Nadasdy Paul
Published: July 2012

The Canadian government recently concluded a series of land claim and self-government agreements with many First Nations in the Yukon Territory. A result of First Nation claims to land and sovereignty in the region, these modern treaties grant First Nations some real powers of self-governance. They are framed in the idiom of sovereignty, but they also compel First Nation people to accept—in practice if not in theory—a host of Euro-American assumptions about power and governance that are implicit in such a framing. This article focuses on a central premise of the sovereignty concept: territorial jurisdiction. The Yukon agreements carve the Yukon into fourteen distinct First Nation “traditional territories.” Although many assume that these territories reflect “traditional” patterns of land-use and occupancy, indigenous society in the Yukon was not composed of distinct political entities each with jurisdiction over its own territory. Thus, the agreements do not simply formalize jurisdictional boundaries among pre-existing First Nation polities; rather, they are mechanisms for creating the legal and administrative systems that bring those polities into being. The powers these agreements confer come in the territorial currency of the modern state, and territorialization processes they engender are transforming First Nation society in radical and often unintended ways. One significant aspect of this transformation is the emergence of multiple ethno-territorial identities, and corresponding nationalist sentiments. I examine these processes by focusing on two cases of contemporary boundary making among Yukon First Nations.
Fuzzy Sovereignty: Rural Reconstruction in Afghanistan, between Democracy Promotion and Power Games
Authors: Monsutti Alessandro
Published: July 2012

This paper contributes to the study of new forms of transnational power constituted by the action of international and nongovernmental organizations, to which gravitate loose networks of activists variously promoting democracy, human rights, the empowerment of women, and environmental conservation. The paper's focus is impacts that the massive reconstruction effort is having on Afghan society, examined through a case study of The National Solidarity Programme (NSP), the main project of rural rehabilitation underway in the country. Launched in 2003, its objective is to bring development funds directly to rural people and to establish democratically elected local councils that will identify needs, and plan and manage the reconstruction. Although the NSP's political significance faded in the context of the presidential elections of 2009, which were characterized by quickly evolving alliances, the program illustrates how reconstruction funds are an integral part of Afghanistan's social and political landscape. My arguments are four-fold: First, the NSP subtly modifies participants' body gestures and codes of conduct. Second, the program's fundamental assumptions are at odds with the complex social fabric and the overlapping sources of solidarity and conflict that characterize rural Afghanistan. Third, the ways in which political actors use material and symbolic resources channeled through the NSP mirror national struggles for power. Finally, such programs are one element in a much larger conceptual and bureaucratic apparatus that promotes new forms of transnational governmentality that coexist with and sometimes challenge the more familiar, territorialized expressions of state power and sovereignty.
Slave Cocoa and Red Rubber: E. D. Morel and the Problem of Ethical Consumption
Authors: Robins Jonathan E.
Published: July 2012

Over the last two decades, consumption, consumerism, and the idea of consumer agency have attracted a great deal attention from scholars across a number of disciplines. Among historians, the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have been identified as a crucial period for consumption, one in which consumers emerged as an influential group of political, economic, and social agents. Historians of the English-speaking world have advanced bold claims about the prominence and impact of consumers during this period. Consumer movements were conspicuously absent in two major scandals of the early twentieth century, however. This article uses these commodity-centered cases—of rubber in the Congo Free State, and cocoa in the Portuguese colonies of São Tomé and Príncipe—to question the salience of “consumerism” in turn-of-the-century political thought. By tracing the career of British journalist and humanitarian activist E. D. Morel through the “red rubber” and “slave cocoa” scandals, the article demonstrates that consumers were only one of many influences along the commodity chain of production and consumption.
Iran's Karaj Dam Affair: Emerging Mass Consumerism, the Politics of Promise, and the Cold War in the Third World
Authors: Schayegh Cyrus
Published: July 2012

This paper examines two intertwined processes that shaped post-war Tehran. One was a ravenous demand for electricity, part of a surge in popular expectations for consumer goods and higher standards of living. The other was the construction of the Karaj Dam to meet that demand. Consumerist expectations, especially among Tehran's bourgeoning middle classes, developed together with a West-centered but ultimately global maturation of mass consumer culture, with the cultural Cold War, and with the shaky post-1953 regime's politics of promising higher living standards. The Karaj Dam became possible when that regime frightened its patron—the U.S. administration that dreaded Soviet influence—into helping pay for the project despite reservations in the U.S. Congress and among technical specialists. The dam was not simply a top-down state (or U.S.) project—it was also caused by and in that sense belonged to Tehranis. I draw on archival and published primary sources, images, and secondary literature to tell a story of society-state and domestic-global interactions that characterized many Third World countries. This paper builds on past studies of relationships between the Cold War and Third World development, and of the transnational history of development/modernization. But it transcends their focus on elites, and that of other scholars’ on subaltern victims, and argues that analyses of Third World development and the Cold War must include the middle classes and, conceptually, social history.
Exogenous Shocks, Foreign Aid, and Civil War
Authors: Savun Burcu , Tirone Daniel C.
Published: July 2012

The recent civil war literature suggests that negative economic shocks in low-income countries increase the risk of civil war. Foreign aid can be an effective conflict-prevention tool in times of severe economic conditions. Aid cushions government spending from the downward pressures of economic shocks, providing recipient governments with resources they can use to make rebellion a less attractive option for aggrieved domestic groups. Using Official Development Assistance (ODA) data covering 1990 through 2004, we find that foreign aid appears to be a useful tool for preventing civil wars in the wake of negative economic shocks, and as such aid should be assessed by donors with these conflict-suppressing aspects in mind.
Editor's Note
Authors: Pevehouse Jon
Published: July 2012

As of July 2012, a new editorial team will take the reins at International Organization (IO). The journal's office will move from the Munk School of Global Affairs (and the Department of Political Science) at the University of Toronto to the Department of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin. This move represents a return to some of IO's early roots: the University of Wisconsin was the home of IO's first academic editor, Professor of Political Science David Kay. Although much has changed since Professor Kay began editing the journal in 1972, the goal of the journal to publish the best work in the field of international relations (IR) has not.
Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea revealing an unusual ethmoido-sphenoidal foreign body
Authors: Aubin A , Moriniere S , François P , Bakhos D
Published: July 2012

Introduction:

Foreign bodies in the transnasal ethmoido-sphenoidal sinus are uncommon. We present a case of unilateral rhinorrhoea caused by a foreign body which had been lodged in the ethmoido-sphenoidal sinus for 38 years.

Case report:

A 40-year-old woman presented with unilateral rhinorrhoea. Computed tomography showed a foreign body located in the right ethmoido-sphenoidal sinus, with a defect of the lamina papyracea and the ethmoid roof. The endonasal approach did not permit extraction of the foreign body. A combined approach allowed the extraction of a pen cap, and the defect of the ethmoid roof was rebuilt.

Conclusion:

Despite its limitations, the endonasal approach remains the treatment of first choice for osteo-meningeal defects, because of its minimal invasiveness and high success rate. However, in the presented case a combined approach was needed.
Civil Rights Strategies in the United States: Franziska Boas's Activist Use of Dance, 1933–1965
Authors: Lindgren Allana C.
Published: July 2012

At the first National Dance Congress and Festival, which was held in New York in May 1936, Edna Ocko, the dance editor of New Theatre Magazine, told the assembled delegates, “One cannot minimize the importance of an artist's social point of view, for it is he who, bringing his ideas before vast audiences, can organize and direct social thought” (25). Noting that young, politically aware choreographers had already embraced the political potential of dance, Ocko listed several topical social themes recently explored in choreography, including the need for “Negro and white unity”—an assertion championed by other speakers and formally adopted in the final session of the gathering when the delegates passed the following resolution: “Whereas the Negro People in America have been subject to segregation and suppression which has limited their development in the field of creative dance, be it resolved that the Dance Congress encourage and sponsor the work of the Negro People in the creative fields” (Ocko 1936, 27 and “Resolutions” 1936, 94).
Monetary power and EMU: macroeconomic adjustment and autonomy in the Eurozone
Authors: VERMEIREN MATTIAS
Published: July 2012

This article examines the impact of the establishment of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the introduction of the euro on the monetary power of its member states. Taking into consideration continuing capitalist variety among national political economies of the Eurozone, I examine the implications of EMU for the macroeconomic autonomy of different national models capitalism. Drawing on a comparative capitalism perspective, it is argued that the Eurozone's coordinated market economies – Germany in particular – have gained much more from the introduction of the euro in terms of monetary power than the other models. This argument will be based on an analysis of two key dimensions of EMU's macroeconomic governance regime: (1) exchange rate policymaking; and (2) the management of balance-of-payments.
Improved local energy decay for the wave equation on asymptotically Euclidean odd dimensional manifolds in the short range case
Authors: Bony Jean-François , Häfner Dietrich
Published: July 2012

We show improved local energy decay for the wave equation on asymptotically Euclidean manifolds in odd dimensions in the short range case. The precise decay rate depends on the decay of the metric towards the Euclidean metric. We also give estimates of powers of the resolvent of the wave propagator between weighted spaces.
Model Platonism: Neoclassical economic thought in critical light
Authors: ALBERT HANS , ARNOLD DARRELL , MAIER-RIGAUD FRANK
Published: July 2012

This article is a translation of the original German text of Hans Albert's 1963 article titled ‘Modell-Platonismus. Der neoklassische Stil des ökonomischen Denkens in kritischer Beleuchtung’, in F. Karrenberg and H. Albert (eds.),Sozialwissenschaft und Gesellschaftsgestaltung – Festschrift für Gerhard Weisser, Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 45–76. The enduring relevance of Hans Albert's critique together with an introduction to the author as one of Germanys most distinguished philosophers of science can be found in Arnold and Maier-Rigaud (2012) also in this volume.
From Mice to Men: research models of developmental programming
Authors: Rabadán-Diehl C. , Nathanielsz P.
Published: July 2012

Developmental programming can be defined as a response to a specific challenge to the mammalian organism during a critical developmental time window that alters the trajectory of development with persistent effects on offspring phenotype and predisposition to future illness. We focus on the need for studies in relevant, well-characterized animal models in the context of recent research discoveries on the challenges, mechanisms and outcomes of developmental programming. We discuss commonalities and differences in general principles of developmental programming as they apply to several species, including humans. The consequences of these differences are discussed. Obesity, metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases are associated with the highest percentage of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although many of the causes are associated with lifestyle, high-energy diets and lack of physical activity, recent evidence has linked developmental programming to the epidemic of metabolic diseases. A better understanding of comparative systems physiology of mother, fetus and neonate using information provided by rapid advances in molecular biology has the potential to improve the lifetime health of future generations by providing better women's health, diagnostic tools and preventative and therapeutic interventions in individuals exposed during their development to programming influences.
Growth of planetary waves and the formation of an elevated stratopause after a major stratospheric sudden warming in a T213L256 GCM
Authors: Tomikawa Yoshihiro , Sato Kaoru , Watanabe Shingo , Kawatani Yoshio , Miyazaki Kazuyuki , Takahashi Masaaki
Published: July 2012

Recovery processes after a major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) with the formation of an elevated stratopause and a strong polar‐night jet are investigated using a gravity‐wave‐resolving GCM. The major SSW that occurred in the GCM bears a strong resemblance to observations in January 2006 and January 2009. The recovery phase of the SSW in the GCM is divided into two stages. In the first stage during about five days just after the SSW, a large positive Eliassen‐Palm (E‐P) flux divergence associated with the growth of planetary waves contributes to the quick recovery of eastward wind above 2 hPa (about 42 km), which is likely due to baroclinic and/or barotropic instabilities. In the second stage over the next three weeks, a prolonged westward wind in the lower stratosphere blocked upward propagation of gravity waves with westward intrinsic phase velocities. It reduces the deceleration of eastward wind in the upper mesosphere and raises the breaking height of gravity waves. Since the height of westward gravity wave forcing also rises, the polar stratopause created by the gravity‐wave‐driven meridional circulation is formed at an elevated height (about 75 km) compared to that before the SSW (55–65 km). In addition, the weaker westward gravity‐wave forcing in the upper mesosphere drives weaker downwelling around 1 hPa and forms a cold layer. Consequently, the strong polar‐night jet forms at a higher altitude than before the SSW as a result of adjustment toward the thermal wind balance. This indicates that these two stages provide eastward acceleration in different ways.