bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pembelajaran IPS dengan aplikasi Quizizz untuk menciptakan pembelajaran menyenangkan di SMP
Authors: Kurniawan Trubus
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini difokuskan kepada bagaimana menjadikan aplikasi Quizizz sebagai media pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial  yang menyenangkan. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan yaiu pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian yaitu penelitian deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan peneliti yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Quizizz dengan konten dapat berasal dari kreatifitas pendidik dalam upaya mereview pelajaran dalam upaya evaluasi pemahaman dan ketrampilan peserta didik dalam menyerap pelajaran disajikan dalam bentuk latihan atau evaluasi yang menyenangkan dan dapat dilakukan diluar dan di dalam kelas selama sarana dan prasarana pendukung pembelajaran dapat mengakomodirnya. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Quizizz dapat menghasilkan media pembelajaran yang kreatif, inovatif dan menyenangkan sehingga perlu dimanfaatkan sebagai media pembelajaran.
Analisis pengetahuan siswa sekolah dasar melalui kesenian Nusantara dalam tarian Saman
Authors: Sandi Noviea Varahdilah
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pada siswa Sekolah Dasar melalui pengetahuan seni tari, fokus penelitian pada siswa Sekolah Dasar dalam pengetahuan mereka melalui kesenian nusantara tarian Saman. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sejauh mana siswa memiliki pengetahuan terkait pengertian seni secara umum, selain itu pun tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui sejauh mana siswa memiliki pengetahuan kesenian nusantara dalam tarian Saman. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskritif kualitatif bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kegiatan siswa sekolah dasar dalam pengetahuan mereka melalui kesenian nusantara Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode deskritif. Dalam hal ini akan dikaji serta mendeskripsikan hasil observasi di lapangan terhadap siswa Sekolah Dasar kelas 4, 5 dan 6 di wilayah Bumiayu Kabupaten Brebes dan siswa Sekolah Dasar di Baleendah Bandung. Teknik pengumpulan data dan instrumen melalui wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Tahapan dalam penelitian menggunakan tiga tahapan yaitu pra-lapangan, pekerjaan lapangan, dan tahap analisis data. Hasil capaian dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa sebagian besar siswa Sekolah Dasar mengalami kekurangan pengetahuan dibidang seni budaya Nusantara. Disebabkan dari pengetahuan siswa sendiri yang tidak menguasai materi SBdP, kurangnya minat siswa dalam mempelajari seni Nusantara. Dengan demikian banyak ditemukan siswa Sekolah Dasar yang kurang menguasai pengetahuan dan pengalaman dibidang seni budaya Nusantara Indonesia.
Pengaruh kebiasaan belajar terhadap hasil belajar mahasiswa pendidikan matematika Universitas Sanata Dharma
Authors: Anisa Wirawati  , Cinthia Yolli , Nugraha Adhi Surya
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk megetahui: (1) pengaruh kebiasaan belajar terhadap hasil belajar mahasiswa Pendidikan Matematika Universitas Sanata Dharma, (2) seberapa pengaruh kebiasaan belajar terhadap hasil belajar mahasiswa Pendidikan Matematika Universitas Sanata Dharma. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitan kuantitatif dengan metode survey dekriptif. Populasi penelitian ini yaitu mahasiswa Pendidikan Matematika Universitas Sanata Dharma angkatan 2019 yang berjumlah 92 dengan sampel 42 mahasiswa. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan cara propotionate stratifled random sampling. Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dengan wawancara tidak struktur, dan angket yang dianalisis menggunakan analisis regresi sederhana meliputi uji t dan koefisien determinansi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar mahasiswa pendidikan matematika dipengaruhi oleh kebiasaan belajar. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari besarnya pengaruh kebiasaan belajar terhadap hasil belajar sebesar sedangkan  dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain.
Factors affecting the reliability of senior high schools’ english teacher-made test in Kebumen
Authors: Ngafif Abdul , Sukarni Semi , Nugraeni Ismawati Ike , Sahidah Nelu , Pithaloka Karin Dinda , Ningsih Setiya Cahya
Published: August 2023

This study come up with the problem during the informal interview with the senior high school teachers. The researchers found that the teachers never check out whether the test they made reliable or not. They just find that the students’ score are high when the test done online and the score was low when the test done offline. This study aims to analyze the reliability and the factors affecting the reliability of senior high schools’ English teacher-made test in Kebumen regency. This research belongs to qualitative research, and it used descriptive case study. The instruments used by the researchers to get the data were documentation, close-ended questionnaires, and open-ended interviews. From the research, the reliability of the teacher-made tests are 0.839 (MAN 1 Kebumen), 0.747 (MAN 2 Kebumen), and 0.649 (MAN 3 Kebumen), so the test are reliable. Viewed from the questionnaires’ results, the factors affecting the reliability of the test are student-related reliability, rater reliability, test administration reliability, and test reliability. From the interviews’ results, the factors influencing the tests’ reliability are the mastery of learning material, the preparation of learning before getting the test, students' physical condition, the clarity of instructions of the test, clarity of questions in the test, the atmosphere and time allocation for doing the test.
Pengaruh pola asuh demokratis terhadap kemampuan membaca permulaan peserta didik di SD Negeri Pejaten Timur 01
Authors: Utami Bunga Khoirudita , Kasriman
Published: August 2023

Pola asuh yaitu sebuah hubungan timbal balik yang terjadi pada orang tua dengan anaknya sebagai suatu proses pembinaan serta tanggung jawab terhadap anak. kemampuan membaca merupakan satu hal utama yang harus dimiliki bagi peserta didik, dengan memiliki kemampuan membaca maka anak dapat lebih mudah mengikuti proses pembelajaran dikelas. Tujuan utama pada penelitian kali ini ialah dapat mengetahui adakah pengaruh signifikan antara pola asuh demokratis terhadap kemampuan membaca permulaan peserta didik kelas 1 di SDN Pejaten Timur 01. Pendekatan yang dilakukan pada penelitian kali ini yaitu menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif asosiatif. Populasi penelitian menggunakan semua anak murid kelas satu. Teknik pengambilan sample menggunakan nonproblablity sampling dengan jenis sampling purposive. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 30 peserta didik, cara untuk mengambil datanya yaitu menggunakan angket serta tes lisan kemudian di analisis dengan memakai uji coba korelasi Product Moment dari Pearson, dibantu dengan perhitungan yang memakai program SPSS versi 25. Sebagaimana hasil yang didapatkan dari r hitung 0,079 < r tabel 0,361 (N=30) dengan p-value 0,680 > 0,005 (taraf signifikan 5%), maka dinyatakan H0 diterima serta tak ada pengaruh signifikan pada pola asuh demokratis terhadap kemampuan membaca permulaan peserta didik kelas satu.
Peningkatan hasil belajar akuntansi melalui model PBL kolaboratif di SMA Negeri 1 Gombong
Authors: Busan Budi Santoso
Published: August 2023

Akuntansi merupakan salah satu bidang ilmu pengetahuan yang dianggap sulit oleh siswa siswi kelas IPS di SMA, padahal ilmu Akuntansi jika dipelajari dengan sungguh-sungguh akan menjadi ilmu pengetahuan yang sangat menarik dan menantang. Namun karena kurangnya perhatian siswa dalam proses pembelajaran, ditambah dengan suasana pembelajaran  yang konvensional dan tidak dimodifikasi dengan model pembelajaran yang tepat, sehingga menyebabkan hasil belajar siswa yang tidak maksimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar akuntansi bagi siswa melalui Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning Kolaboratif di Kelas XII IPS 2 SMA Negeri 1 Gombong. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus. Dengan 36 siswa yang berpartisipasi sebagai subjek dalam penelitian ini. Setiap pertemuan menggunakan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut: perencanaan, tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Instrumen pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah soal tes, lembar jawaban, dan lembar Pengamatan. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan hasil belajar siswa lebih meningkat, hal ini dapat diketahui dari nilai rata-rata pada pra siklus sebesar 67,56 menjadi 73,83 pada siklus I dan pada siklus II meningkat menjadi 82,63. Peningkatan hasil belajar semakin terlihat dengan hasil ketuntasan belajar siswa yang memenuhi KKM, pada pra siklus yang hanya dicapai oleh 11 siswa (30,56%), pada siklus I mulai meningkat menjadi 14 siswa(41,67%), dan pada siklus II meningkat sebanyak 28 siswa(77,78%). Dengan demikian, hasil belajar siswa dalam pembelajaran Akuntansi melalui model pembelajaran problem based learning kolaboratif dari pra siklus hingga siklus II terjadi peningkatan hasil belajar siswa yang signifikan.
Implementasi kurikulum Al-Islam dan Kemuhammadiyahan perspektif multikultural
Authors: Hermawan Hermawan , Nasruddin Nasruddin
Published: August 2023

Mata kuliah Al-Islam dan Kemuhammadiyah (AIK) merupakan mata kuliah wajib di perguruan tinggi Muhammadiyah/Aisyiyah (PTM/A). AIK menjadi ruh organisasi dan amal usaha Muhammadiyah, dengan AIK ini civitas akademika diharapkan mampu memahami dan mengamalkan Islam sehingga terwujud masyarakat Indonesia yang berkemajuan. Di satu sisi, mahasiswa di PTM/A datang dari latar belakang yang multikultural, mulai dari perbedaan Agama, status sosial, budaya, ras, gender dan lainnya. Di sinilah hadir kegelisahan tentang bagaimana pembelajaran (implementasi kurikulum) AIK untuk mahasiswa non-muslim, sehingga tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penerapan kurikulum AIK untuk mahasiswa non-muslim di Universitas Muhammadiyah Purworejo. Dalam penelitian kualitatif ini data diperoleh dengan observasi pembelajaran AIK di kelas, wawancara dengan pimpinan, dosen AIK dan dengan mahasiswa non-muslim, data juga didapatkan dari pelacakan data mahasiswa non-muslim, dokumen silabus dan perangkat pembelajaran AIK. Setelah data diperoleh maka dilakukan analisis data, peneliti menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif yang mencakup: reduksi data, kategorisasi data, sintesisasi dan diakhiri dengan menyusun hipotesis kerja atau menarik kesimpulan. Hasil dari penelitian adalah Perkuliahan AIK perspektif multikultural (komponen kurikulum AIK) jika diperhatikan maka sudah sesuai dengan pendekatan kurikulum multikultural (pendekatan transformasi dan aksi). Dalam AIK I, II, III materi pembahasan AIK lebih general dan multikultural serta tidak bersifat droktinasi.  panduan Perkuliahan AIK perspektif multikultural (komponen kurikulum AIK) belum dapat diterapkan di UM Purworejo karena adanya berbagai faktor, yaitu minimnya kompetensi dosen AIK berwawasan multikultural, belum adanya sosialisasi perkuliahan AIK multikultural dan belum adanya kebijakan perkuliahan AIK multikultural.
Peningkatan hasil belajar materi pola keruangan desa dan kota menggunakan model pembelajaran Think Pair and Share bagi siswa SMA
Authors: Kartiningsih Sri
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada materi Pola Keruangan Desa dan Kota di kelas XII IPS 2. Penelitian ini menggunakan model pembelajaran Think Pair and Share. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas yang terdiri dari 2 siklus. Subyek penelitian adalah kelas XII IPS 2 berjumlah 36 siswa. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar siswa dengan tes hasil belajar yang dilakukan pada siklus 1 dan siklus 2. Acuan terjadinya peningkatan hasil belajar yakni dengan tercapainya KKM 75 serta nilai ketuntasannya mencapai 80%. Dari penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilaksanakan menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan hasil belajar pada siswa kelas XII IPS 2 SMA Negeri 1 Gombong setelah menggunakan model pembelajaran Think Pair and Share. Hal ini ditunjukkan dari nilai rata-rata tes hasil belajar pada prasiklus I dan siklus I serta hasil tes siklus II . Pada kegiatan tes pra siklus nilai rata-rata diperoleh 70 sedangkan pada siklus I diperoleh nilai rata-rata 74, pada siklus II menjadi rata-rata 85 Berdasarkan data tersebut maka prosentase kenaikan nilai rata-rata dari pra siklus ke siklus I sebesar 4 angka (5,41%), sedangkan presentase kenaikan dari siklus 1 ke siklus II sebesar 11 angka (14,94%,) kenaikan prosentase dari prasiklus ke siklus II sebesar 17,64%. Sehingga dapat diketahui bahwa terjadi kenaikan yang signifikan hasil belajar siswa pada materi Pola Keruangan Desa Kota dari prasiklus sampai siklus II.
Pengetahuan kognitif dalam perspektif tacit dan eksplisit
Authors: Utami Wikan Budi , Juniantari Made , Setyosari Punaji , Wedi Agus , Aulia Fikri
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap perkembangan pengetahuan tacit dan eksplisit yang dialami oleh pebelajar. Pengetahuan kognitif merupakan salah satu proses spesifik yang dilakukan manusia. Manusia memiliki rasa selalu ingin mengetahui tentang suatu hal yang dapat dirasakan kebenarannya. Keinginan memotivasi seseorang untuk mencapai apa yang diinginkan. Metode yang digunakan adalah SRL (systematic Literature Review) yang terdiri dari tahapan mengidentifikasi, memilih, dan mengevaluasi sebuah temuan dari penelitian yang akan digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan yang dirumuskan dengan jelas. Dari 13 jurnal yang dikaji menyetakan bahwa pengetahuan kognitif diperoleh dari proses mengetahui. Pengetahuan kognitif memiliki sifat yang dinamis dan terus berkembang menuju kesempurnaan. Pengetahuan kognitif dibangun dari hasil interpretasi manusia terhadap suatu gejala, objek, dan peristiwa yang ditangkap oleh panca indera. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengetahuan kognitif yang dimiliki oleh seseorang merupakan sebuah hasil dari apa yang dilakukan untuk menemukan suatu kebenaran dari sebuah masalah yang dihadapi.
Implementasi Projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila dalam menumbuhkan motivasi kewirausahaan pada siswa kelas VII SMP N 1 Kalikajar
Authors: Kurniawan Trubus , Wijarnako Beny
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila dalam menumbuhkan motivasi kewirausahaan bagi siswa Kelas VII SMP N 1 Kalikajar . Jenis penelitian adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Subjek penelitian  kepala sekolah bagian kurikulum, guru kelas, orang tua, dan siswa. Objek penelitian berupa pelaksanaan projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila meliputi proses perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data dengan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Data yang telah dikumpulkan oleh peneliti kemudian dianalisis dengan pendekatan kualitatif model interaktif, yaitu terdiri dari empat hal utama yaitu pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan/verifikasi sebagai sesuatu yang jalin menjalin pada saat sebelum, selama dan sesudah pengumpulan data dalam bentuk yang sejajar, untuk membangun wawasan umum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila direncanakan melalui rapat pembahasan program kemudian hasilnya dijabarkan guru dalam kegiatan sekolah. Pelaksanaan projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila mampu menumbuhkan motivasi kewirausahaan bagi siswa. Pelaksanaan pendidikan dilakukan dengan tiga tema yaitu Berkebhinekaan, Kewirausahaan dan Bangunlah Jiwa Raganya, SMP N 1 Kalikajar memilih tema tersebut diantara tujuh tema yang telah dibuat oleh pemerintah.
Analisis Pencapaian Literasi Budaya Abad-21 terhadap Kemampuan Literasi Bahasa Siswa di Brebes Selatan
Authors: Retnoningsih Dyah Ayu , Nurdiawati Dede
Published: August 2023

Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah mencari hasil pencapaian literasi budaya abad-21 terhadap literasi bahasa siswa di beberapa SD dan SMP Negeri dan Swasta di wilayah Brebes Selatan. Jenis tindakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Evaluation Research, dengan menerapkan tujuh tahapan kegiatan antara lain: (1) Select topic, (2) Focus question, (3) Design Study, (4) Collect Data, (5) Analyze Data, (6) Interpret Data, dan (7) Inform Other. Teknik penelitian evaluasi ini menggunakan model CIPP. Berdasarkan komponennya, Murtiningsih Endang (2019) model CIPP menjadi empat yaitu context, input, process, and product. Dengan subjek penelitian yaitu 6 SD dan 6 SMP Swasta dan Negeri di Brebes Selatan. Berdasarkan dari hasil angket rekapitulasi penerapan literasi budaya abad-21 di SD menunjukan rata-rata presentase “YA” sebesar 83,6% > lebih besar dibanding pernyataan “Tidak” sebesar 9,28%. Sedangkan pada tingkan SMP pencapaian indikator dengan rata-rata presentase “YA” sebesar 92% lebih besar dibanding pernyataan “Tidak” sebesar 2,61%, kedua hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa literasi budaya abad-21 telah terlaksana. Ketercapaian indikator pecapaian literasi bahasa dengan melihat rerata total yang didapat dari nilai rata-rata keseluruhan presentase “YA” dan “Tidak” dari perolehan pencapaian literasi Bahasa SD Kelas IV,V,VI yaitu Ya > Tidak /74,38% > 26,9% menujukan indikator “telah tercapai”. Sedangkan Berdasarkan hasil rerata literasi bahasa SMP antara lain; dari literasi Bahasa Indonesia yaitu menunjukan Ya > Tidak/65,7% > 26,9% menujukan indikator telah tercapai. Sedang dari literasi Bahasa Inggris yaitu  menunjukkan Ya < Tidak /49,85% > 50,7% menujukan indikator “tidak tercapai”.
Pengaruh penggunaan gadget terhadap sikap sosial peserta didik di MTs Muhammadiyah Wuring
Authors: Zumrianti Wan Nur , Syahrun Muhammad , Fibriyanti Nurrrohmah A.
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan gadget oleh peserta didik pada sikap sosialnya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif deskriptif dengan populasi sebesar 294 peserta didik dan mengambil 74 peserta didik sebagai sampel. Pengumpulan data menggunakan angket (kuesioner) yang berisi penryataan/pertanyaan. Peneliti menganalisis data menggunakan bantuan apliksi SPSS 0.25 for windows. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data diketahui hasil uji hipotesis nilai thitung > ttabel dan hasil uji regresi menunjukan kedua variabel berpengaruh positif dengan kemampuan mempengaruhi sebesar 81,3%. Sehingga pada penelitian ini menolak H0 dan menerima H1. Disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan gadget berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap sikap sosial peserta didik di MTs Muhammadiyah Wuring. Maka penggunaan gadget memberikan pengaruh baik terhadap sikap sosial yang ditunjukan peserta didik namun tetap dalam kontrol baik dari peraturan yang ada di sekolah, dilingkungan internal dan eksternal sosial peserta didik.
Pengaruh aktivitas bermain game online terhadap motivasi belajar peserta didik MAS Muhammadiyah Nangahure
Authors: Munir Hadisin Wahida , Kholiq Abdul , Arifin Muhamad Taufik
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh aktivitas bermain game online terhadap motivasi belajar peserta didik MAS Muhammadiyah Nangahure. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlahkan 259 peserta didik, sedangkan sampel yang dipakai berjumlah 77 peserta didik. Penggunaan angket/kuesioner sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Untuk menganalisi data menggunakan aplikasi SPSS versi 25. Hasil yang diperoleh dari uji t  dikatakan bahwa aktivitas bermain game online berpengaruh signifikan terhadap motivasi belajar peserta didik MAS Muhammadiyah Nangahure. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari hasil analisis koefisien determinasi yang mana pengaruh aktivitas bermain game online terhadap motivasi belajar peserta didik MAS Muhammadiyah Nangahure sebesar 32%  sedangkan 68% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diuji dalam penelitian.
14. Yüzyıl Sonlarında Fransa Sarayı’nda Moğollara Dair Kısa Bir Anlatı
Authors: Çaylı Murat
Published: August 2023

Fransa Kralı IX. Louis tarafından Mengü Han’a gönderilen Rahip Willem’den tam 134 yıl sonra, Moğollara dair anlatılar yeniden Fransa Sarayı’nda yankılanıyordu. Kral VI. Charles’ın öğretmenlerinden Philippe de Mézières, yazdığı eserinin bir kısmında Moğollar hakkında bilgi vermenin yanı sıra onların bazı davranışlarını krala örnek olarak gösteriyordu. 1389 yılında tamamladığı Le Songe du Vieil Pèlerin’ı VI. Charles’a sunan yazar, bu bilgilere eserinin seyahatname niteliği taşıyan birinci kitabında yer verir. Anlatısını, sekiz yıl boyunca Büyük Han’ın hizmetinde paralı askerlik yapan Bargadin isimli bir arkadaşından duyduğunu söyler. Philippe de Mézières’in anlatısı incelendiğinde, daha önce Moğolları ziyaret eden ve gözlemlerini kaydeden Johannes de Plano Carpini, Willem van Ruysbroeck ve Marco Polo gibi seyyahların anlattıklarına benzeyen yanlarının olduğu görülür. Bu noktada, Fransa kralına Moğollarla ilgili bilgi verirken bu yazarların eserlerinden faydalanıp faydalanmadığı sorusu akıllara gelir. Öte yandan ünlü seyyahlardan farklı şeyler söylemesi veya onların hiç değinmediği bazı olaylardan bahsetmesi, anlattıklarını birinden alıp almadığını ya da gerçek olup olmadığını sorgulamamızı daha da zorlaştırır. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak Philippe de Mézières’in Moğollara ilişkin kayıtlarının Fransızcadan çevirisi sunulacak ve diğer seyyahların eserleriyle karşılaştırılarak bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır. Ardından verilen bilgiler Moğolların Gizli Tarihi, Chronica Maiora, Odorico da Pordenone ve Korykoslu Hayton gibi kaynaklarda da aranacak ve aralarında benzer tarafların olup olmadığı incelenecektir.
The Question of Tunisia’s Status Quo and the Firman of 1871
Authors: Atabaş Cemal
Published: August 2023

The status quo of Tunisia, that is, the nature of its relationship with the Ottoman centre emerged as a problem with the occupation of Algerian costs in 1830 and the centralisation of Tripoli in 1835. France frequently warned the Ottoman Empire not to subvert the status quo in Tunisia. Clarifying and internationally securing this formally undefined state of affairs had been the British policy in the region since the 1850s. Britain, especially with its consul, Richard Wood, endeavoured for a declaration of a firman stating that the Ottoman Empire recognised the inherited governorship of the Husaynid Dynasty and that the beys accepted the Sultan’s political suzerainty in Tunisia. This project, which was constantly delayed by the opposition of France, was realised in 1871. So the firman, which was expected to bring the region’s political position to wider international acceptance, was declared.

This study aims to examine the debates about Tunisia’s status quo based on British and Ottoman archival sources. So, the efforts of the Ottoman Empire to protect the province, as well as the approaches and plans of Britain and France towards Tunisia, were explored.
Türk Diplomatik Belgeleri Işığında Japonya’nın Mançurya’yı İşgali ve Mançukuo Devleti’nin Kuruluşu (1931-1933)
Authors: Erdem Ufuk
Published: August 2023

Japonya, 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren ciddi bir modernleşme sürecine girmiştir. Hızlı bir değişim ve dönüşüm gösteren ülke, Batılı devletlerde başarılması yüzyıllar süren teknolojik, ekonomik, askerî ve sosyal gelişmeleri kısa bir sürede tamamlamıştır. Ancak Japonya gerçekleştirdiği hızlı gelişim sonucunda artık sınırlarına sığamaz hâle gelmiştir. Özellikle artan nüfusuna yeni yerleşim sahaları temin etmek, sanayileşen ve gelişen ekonomisi için hammadde ve pazar bulma çabası ülkeyi yayılmacı politikalara yöneltmiştir. Emperyalist bir yapıya bürünen bu yayılmacılık, Japonya’yı Çin ve bir başka yayılmacı kuvvet olan Rusya ile karşı karşıya getirmiştir. Her iki ülkeye karşı giriştiği savaşlardan zaferle ayrılan Japonya Asya’nın en büyük güçlerinden biri hâline gelmiştir. Birinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra ise konumunu daha da perçinleyerek dünya siyasetine yön veren büyük devletler arasına girmiştir. Mevcut durumunu güçlendirerek korumak isteyen Japonya genişlemeye devam ederek Mançurya’yı işgal etmiştir. Kendisine ait toprakların bir bahaneyle işgal edilmesine karşı çıkan Çin ise Milletler Cemiyetine başvurmuştur. Cemiyet bölgedeki olayların araştırılması için uluslararası bir komisyon görevlendirmiştir. Japonya ise işgaline farklı bir görünüm kazandırmak amacıyla Mançurya’da Mançukuo adında bir devlet kurdurmuştur. Milletler Cemiyeti işgalin sonlandırılması ve bölgenin eski statüsüne dönmesine yönelik kararlar alınca Japonya bu kararları tanımayarak Cemiyetten ayrıldığını ilan etmiştir. Türkiye ise yurt dışı temsilcilikleri aracılığıyla bir taraftan Uzak Doğu’daki gelişmeleri ve bu gelişmelerin dünya siyasetine yansımasını takip ederken diğer taraftan da barışın sağlanması için çaba göstermiştir. Ayrıca Japonya güdümündeki Mançukuo Devleti’nin tanıyıp tanımama konusunda da politika belirlemeye çalışan Türkiye, bu devletin kurduğu ilişkiler ve mevcut yapısı hakkında detaylı bilgiler toplamaya çalışmıştır.
Estrategias didácticas en el desarrollo del conteo para niños/as de 3 a 6 años
Authors: Godinez Castillo Carla
Published: August 2023

Las investigaciones abordadas advierten la importancia de desarrollar las habilidades del conteo en edades tempranas como base para el desarrollo de la aritmética formal en edades superiores. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar las principales estrategias didácticas empleadas en el aula y su relación con el desarrollo de las habilidades del conteo para niños y niñas de 3 a 6 años. La metodología empleada fue la revisión sistemática de la literatura desde un paradigma interpretativo de carácter cualitativo. La revisión permite establecer cuatro criterios fundamentales en el uso de estrategias didácticas para el desarrollo de las habilidades del conteo: relevancia del lenguaje, matematización del entorno, uso del juego y uso de recursos materiales y tecnológicos. Finalmente, los resultados advierten la necesidad de continuar innovando mediante estrategias didácticas interesantes y desafiantes que se complementen con la creatividad y el conocimiento del educador/a de párvulos para ofrecer a niños y niñas ambientes de aprendizaje integrales.
E-taxonomy, Open Science, and FAIR Principles: A comparison of how taxon descriptions are computerized
Authors: Kerner Adeline , Levy Carla
Published: August 2023

Describing and naming are the first steps in a systematist's work in any biodiversity study. Comparing a single specimen with all the published descriptions is often a headache. The oldest solution to facilitate taxon identification was the creation of single-access identification keys. The first example of this is attributed to Lamarck (Lamarck et al. 1815). The first keys were, therefore, paper documents, mostly supplied with the monographs of the taxonomic groups concerned. Their creation and revision took a lot of time.

The emergence of computers quickly became a means of facilitating the sorting and accessing of descriptive data. Since the 1960s, new key forms have emerged, as well as programs to assist identification (Goodall 1968, Pankhurst and Aitchison 1975).

Descriptions need to be formalized and structured to be understandable by a computer. Thoughts on the structuring of descriptive data quickly emerged, working towards creating a standard. To address this, the Description Language for Taxonomy (DELTA) was ratified in 1986, followed by the SDD (Structured Descriptive Data) in 2005. The DELTA system relied on a data format closely tied to specific software programs. Any changes to the DELTA standard required corresponding modifications to a large amount of software code, making updates difficult. Alternative software packages using different data formats were developed but were not fully compatible with DELTA or with each other, preventing lossless data translation. To overcome these challenges, the SDD data standard was created as an implementation-independent format through international collaboration, allowing for extensibility without disrupting applications and ensuring continued support even if specific implementing programs were discontinued.

Since the adoption of the SDD, numerous software programs and other projects have been developed to provide identification methods (e.g., XPER3, Lucid, AbaTax). Unfortunately, the SDD is not always used, as it may not fit in with the unique objectives of each of them.

New tools with other structures and methods are emerging, which is great. However, in the context of FAIR data (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable digital assets), no longer using a standard seems to go against the flow. Have our needs changed? How to maintain models for sharing descriptive data that are structured enough to become knowledge allowing comparison, identification, data-mining, and analysis?

To provide a starting point for thinking about the future of SDD, we present a comparison of several identification tools. The comparison focuses on their use of descriptors, items/taxa, identifiers, media, logical operators, their expression of doubt, polymorphism, and "multi-states," but also the files supported and the functionalities from the user's point of view.
Phylogeny, morphology and chemistry reveal two new multispored species in the Lecanora subfusca group (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota)
Authors: Li Lijuan , Zhang Yanyun , Printzen Christian
Published: August 2023

Two new multispored species from China, Lecanora anhuiensis Li J. Li & Printzen, sp. nov. and Lecanora pseudojaponica Li J. Li & Printzen, sp. nov. are described and illustrated here, based on morphological, chemical and molecular evidence. Lecanora anhuiensis is characterised by an epruinose, yellowish-brown to deep brown apothecial disc, an epihymenium with fine crystals, an amphithecium with small crystals, 16-spored asci and the presence of zeorin, in addition to atranorin. Lecanora pseudojaponica is characterised by an epruinose, red-brown apothecial disc, an epihymenium without crystals, an amphithecium with small crystals, 8 or 16- spored asci and the presence of zeorin and the stictic acid complex, in addition to atranorin. Phylogenetic reconstructions, based on mtSSU, nrITS and nrLSU suggest that these two species are members of the Lecanora subfusca group. They are compared with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species, based on a nrITS dataset. Phylogenetic results show that the multispored taxa of Lecanora are polyphyletic. The number of ascospores per ascus appears to be a taxonomic character of minor importance. Detailed descriptions, discussions and figures for the two new species from China and a key for the multispored species of Lecanora worldwide are provided.
Flowers of Impatiens glandulifera as hubs for both pollinators and pathogens
Authors: Najberek Kamil , Solarz Wojciech , Wysoczański Wojciech , Węgrzyn Ewa , Olejniczak Paweł
Published: August 2023

Flower infestation by pathogens may influence pollination effectiveness. At the same time, by sharing infested flowers, pollinators increase transmission of pathogens. In the presented study we identified fungi that colonised flowers of the invasive alien Himalayan balsam Impatiens glandulifera, one of the most nectar rewarding plants in Europe, as well as its pollinators. We determined factors (e.g., plant size, length of flower lower sepal and the width of its entry, air temperature and sun illuminance) that affect pathogen species presence and pollinators numbers. The study was conducted in three regions in Poland differing in time from the I. glandulifera invasion onset. It allowed embedding our results in the context of the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis. With reference to this hypothesis we tested whether I. glandulifera from the two younger populations are more frequently pollinated than individuals from the old one, which may be a result of the higher infection prevalence in the flowers of individuals from the latter population. Harmful primary pathogens of I. glandulifera (e.g., Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum) were identified from its flowers. Although the knowledge of the impact of the recorded pathogen species on the pollinators that transmit them is still limited, these pathogens are known to cause devastating diseases of native plant species and to incur significant economic losses in crops. Therefore, the facilitation of their transmission by I. glandulifera in the invaded communities may pose a serious threat both to native biodiversity and nearby crop production. We did not find support for the EICA hypothesis that flower release from pathogens may increase the pollinator’s activity. Bombus hortorum was the most frequent visitor in the youngest surveyed population, while B. pascuorum was most frequent in the two others. So far the dominance of B. hortorum as a pollinator of I. glandulifera has not been recorded. A possible explanation is that flowers in the youngest population, with significantly wider entries than in the two older ones, were more accessible for this large bumblebee. We suggest that the shifts in flower dimensions may result from the evolutionary processes and/or phenotypic plasticity; however, this suggestion needs to be confirmed in further studies. At the same time, it can be expected that exceptionally frequent visits of B. hortorum in flowers of I. glandulifera in the youngest population may contribute to increasing transmission rate of pathogen species to the new native host plants that are particularly associated with this pollinator.
Thrixspermum taeniophyllum (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae), a new species from southwest China, based on molecular and morphological evidence
Authors: Zhang Jun-Yi , Cheng Yue-Hong , Liao Min , Liu Gui-Ying , Yang Pan-Yan , Xu Bo , He Hai
Published: August 2023

Thrixspermum taeniophyllum is described as a new orchid species from Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province of southwest China. It is morphologically similar to T. japonicum, but it differs from the latter in having branched stems, slightly fleshy strap-shaped leaves, longer inflorescences with 3–6 flowers and a capitate gynandrium with a lip-shaped mouth opening. Its species status is also supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on nuclear ribosome internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and three chloroplast DNA fragments (matK, psbA-trnH and trnL-F), which showed distinct systematic boundaries from the most morphologically similar T. japonicum and their morphological relatives T. saruwatarii and T. pygmaeum.
Podarkeopsis chinensis sp. nov. (Annelida, Hesionidae) from southeastern China
Authors: Tong Shan , Yang Deyuan , Qiu Jian-Wen , Ke Caihuan , Wang Zhi
Published: August 2023

Podarkeopsis chinensissp. nov. (Annelida, Hesionidae) is described based on specimens collected from the coast of southeast China. It is the first Podarkeopsis species described from the Indo-Pacific, although there are already nine valid Podarkeopsis species known from other parts of the world. This new species can be distinguished from the other Podarkeopsis species in having a palpostyle as long as the palpophore and double aciculae in both notopodia and neuropodia, and in bearing bifid furcate chaetae which have a smooth base on the shorter tine. A phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated sequences of five gene fragments (COI, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and histone H3) from 18 specimens of P. chinensissp. nov. showed that they formed a monophyletic clade that is sister to P. levifuscina. K2P genetic distances indicated that the four gene fragments (COI, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and 28S rRNA) of P. chinensissp. nov. diverged from the corresponding sequences of the closest related species of Podarkeopsis in GenBank and BOLD Systems by 21.1–27.5%, 20.3–23.1%, 0.1–0.2%, and 2.1–3.2%. An identification key is provided for species in the genus Podarkeopsis.
An immuno-epidemiological model linking between-host and within-host dynamics of cholera
Authors: Musundi Beryl
Published: August 2023

Cholera, a severe gastrointestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, remains a major threat to public health, with a yearly estimated global burden of 2.9 million cases. Although most existing models for the disease focus on its population dynamics, the disease evolves from within-host processes to the population, making it imperative to link the multiple scales of the disease to gain better perspectives on its spread and control. In this study, we propose an immuno-epidemiological model that links the between-host and within-host dynamics of cholera. The immunological (within-host) model depicts the interaction of the cholera pathogen with the adaptive immune response. We distinguish pathogen dynamics from immune response dynamics by assigning different time scales. Through a time-scale analysis, we characterise a single infected person by their immune response. Contrary to other within-host models, this modelling approach allows for recovery through pathogen clearance after a finite time. Then, we scale up the dynamics of the infected person to construct an epidemic model, where the infected population is structured by individual immunological dynamics. We derive the basic reproduction number ($ \mathcal{R}_0 $) and analyse the stability of the equilibrium points. At the disease-free equilibrium, the disease will either be eradicated if $ \mathcal{R}_0 < 1 $ or otherwise persists. A unique endemic equilibrium exists when $ \mathcal{R}_0 > 1 $ and is locally asymptotically stable without a loss of immunity.
La écfrasis en el Libro de Alexandre, un proyecto de edición digital para el estudio de la poesía clerical castellana del siglo XIII con minimal computing
Authors: Calarco Gabriel A.
Published: August 2023

En este artículo se presenta un proyecto de edición digital de una serie de fragmentos del poema castellano conocido como Libro de Alexandre. En primer lugar, se expondrán las razones de la propuesta editorial, que no tiene por objeto la creación de un nuevo texto crítico ni la publicación de la obra completa, sino de un recorte de fragmentos relacionados con el tema de mi investigación doctoral. En cambio, se propone presentar el corpus de fragmentos de écfrasis en el poema enriquecidos con una capa de información semántica que permita integrar en la edición digital los resultados de la investigación filológica. En una segunda instancia se describe la propuesta de marcado XML-TEI adoptada para la codificación del texto y se expone una metodología de publicación digital con minimal computing que fue utilizada para crear un sitio estático a modo de versión de prueba para la visualización de los textos codificados. Además de la presentación de este proyecto de edición digital concreto, este artículo aspira a ofrecer una reflexión sobre la necesidad de promover el desarrollo y uso de software abierto en los proyectos de Humanidades Digitales, especialmente para aquellos que se desarrollan en el Sur Global.
The Essence of Cyber Security
Authors: Chitadze Nika
Published: August 2023

The speed of technology development has completely changed the international security landscape. The world is faced with massive cyber challenges. Cyber security is a global challenge that transcends state borders and requires collective international cooperation. Even though the world's leading countries, members of the European Union, and the alliance are trying to deal with cyber threats independently, none of the states has been able to effectively fight against cyber challenges. The fight against cybercrime at the international level is possible only with the collaboration of countries, with a collective approach.
Cyberbullying
Authors: Dhamodharan M. , Sunaina K.
Published: August 2023

Cyberbullying refers to using digital technologies such as cyberspace, societal broadcasting platforms, direct messaging, and email to bother, intimidate, or harm others. This chapter provides an indication of cyberbullying, including its definition, incidence, and impact on individuals and society. Firstly, the chapter reviews the existing research on cyberbullying, exploring its different forms and characteristics and the psychological and social consequences for both victims and perpetrators. Secondly, the role of technology in facilitating and exacerbating cyberbullying is also examined, focusing on the anonymity and distance that online platforms provide. Thirdly, legal and ethical considerations surrounding cyberbullying including the challenges of enforcing laws and policies online are explored. Finally, the chapter highlights the importance of a comprehensive and collaborative approach involving parents, educators, policymakers, and online platforms to address cyberbullying.
Dispute Between Countries, a Corresponding Attack on Cyberspace
Authors: Kollabathini Siddhardha
Published: August 2023

Today, cyberspace is a fact of daily life, and cyberspace's impact has not bypassed states' national security. Cyberspace, a manmade technological advancement over the past decades, transformed the way economies work around the world, reshaping social interactions and a paradigm shift in politics. Cyberspace being boundaryless, omnipresent across multiple domains, and anarchic has been considered to attack whenever there are any disputes between two countries. In the context described above, a pressing question arises. Cyberspace is not a domain like land, water and air, and it is an environment inhabited by information and knowledge, existing in electronic form. If cyberspace is a mere inhabitation of information and knowledge, why do states want to consider cyberspace as an arena for confrontation in any dispute between countries? This chapter proposes discussing this new phenomenon, looking into the evaluation and analysing aspects of the recent phenomenon.
A Review on Application of Reinforcement Learning in Healthcare
Authors: Dhawale Chitra A. , Dhawale Kritika Anil
Published: August 2023

We are witnessing the era of data science where data is generating in an exponential manner. This big data is working as fuel to explore the business in every domain and healthcare is not the exception for this. Data analysis and data analytics in collaboration with machine learning techniques are playing an important role in every domain. Supervised and unsupervised approaches in machine learning depends on one shot, exhaustive, and reward output. Reinforcement learning (RL) handles these issues with sequential decision making problems, concurrent evaluation, and feedback methods. RL technique can be a suitable candidate for developing powerful solutions in a variety of healthcare domains. This chapter will focus on the broad applications of RL techniques in healthcare domains, which can be helpful to the researchers with systematic understanding of conceptual information, techniques, and an overview of RL applications in healthcare domains for various types of diseases right from chronic diseases and mental disorder.
Cyberstalking
Authors: Bansal Abhishek , Gautam Arvind Kumar , Kumar Sudesh
Published: August 2023

Cyberstalking is one of the most widespread threats on digital platforms. It has included many forms of direct threats via email, online distribution of intimate photographs, seeking information about victims, harassment, and catfishing. The consequences of cyberstalking may lead to psychological problems such as mental health, distress, victim experiencing feelings of isolation, guilt, adverse effects on life activity. These psychological problems may further lead to reports of serious health issues such as anger, fear, suicidal ideation, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there are many coping strategies such as avoidant coping, ignoring the perpetrator, confrontational coping, support seeking, and cognitive reframing. In spite of these methods, awareness of preventive measures of cyberstalking may further help to overcome mental stress. In this chapter, the authors have pointed out the various psychological issues due to cyberstalking and further discuss their solutions through preventing or automatic detection methods inspired by machine learning approaches.
Perceived Challenges and Beyond to Caravan Traveling
Authors: Paker Neslihan
Published: August 2023

Caravan traveling as an alternative mode of travel and lifestyle has been receiving increased attention, especially after Covid-19. The study aims to reveal the perceived challenges of caravan travellers having an influence on decision-making, especially in a country where caravan tourism is at its infancy. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews with eighteen customers, and then were evaluated using content analysis. The results reveal that the biggest perceived challenges are finding a qualified camping site, accessibility of safe transportation, budget constraints, risks related to security, unfavourable interactions with companions, and mechanical problems. Thus, travel constraints and perceived risks have emerged as interwoven challenges that reduce both perceived value and future intentions. Further, the experiential and hedonic aspects of value are seen as the most expected benefits of caravan travel and influence future intentions more than perceived challenges.
Studying Tourism During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Korstanje Maximiliano Emanuel
Published: August 2023

Over the recent decades, some scholars have alerted to the methodological limitations of tourist-centricity, which means the obsession with surveying tourists as the only source of vital information for applied research. Under some conditions, interviewees are of paramount importance to unpack some issues but to some extent, the obtained outcomes are not contradictory has been placed as the first point of entry in a hot debate among academicians. Interviews as well as other techniques have been widely used in the tourism field to understand travelers' behavior and preferences. The recent Covid-19 outbreak not only interrogated the methodological discrepancies of tourism research but also posed the following dilemma: how to study tourism in a world without tourists?
How do Residents perceive the Social Impacts of Tourism on Rural Areas?
Authors: Podovac Milena , Mitrović Đorđe , Milojica Vedran
Published: August 2023

Tourism has numerous impacts on the domestic population. The domestic population can have positive but also negative perceptions depending on the type and extent of the impact, which is why it is important to examine how the domestic population perceives the tourism impacts. Accordingly, this chapter examines the perceptions of the domestic population about the social impacts of tourism on rural areas of the Republic of Serbia. It also examines whether the attitudes of the domestic population differ in relation to their personal characteristics. The authors surveyed 320 Serbian rural residents. The primary conclusion is that domestic population has positive perceptions of the social impacts of tourism in rural areas of Serbia. Research results showed that education has significant influence on the perceptions of domestic population towards the social impacts of tourism in rural areas of Serbia. Based on theoretical and empirical findings, potential directions for further research on this topic have been defined.
Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs) as a Tool of Seed Quality Enhancement Using Nanopriming Approach
Authors: Vijay Manish Kumar , Sharma Radheshyam
Published: August 2023

Nano seed technology is a new platform with endless possibilities and impacts on applied agriculture and forestry research. The implementation of nanotechnology in seed research is in its infancy and needs more pace to meet the needs of current global demand. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon and engineered nanomaterials. Based on the number of concentric layers of rolled graphene sheets, they are classified into single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) and multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs). CNTs exhibit both beneficial and toxic effects on plant species by altering the morphological and physiological properties of plant cells. In most of the studies, low concentrations of CNTs are considered safe. Therefore, there is plenty of room to use these cutting-edge technologies to alleviate seed dormancy, boost vigor, and solves the problem of slow growth in seed propagated species. This chapter summarizes the results of various studies investigating the effects of carbon nanotubes on seed viability, as well as seedling growth and biomass.