bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Magnetized Free Convective Flow of Casson-Type Fluid Over A Vertical Plate: A Caputo–Fabrizio Fractional Model Approach
Authors: Riaz Samia , Abadin Zain Ul , Ali Qasim , Amir Muhammad , Bentalib Abdulaziz , Jumah Abdulrahman Bin , Younas Usman
Published: November 2024

The purpose of this investigation is to examine the impacts of fractional calculus on fluid dynamics and heat transfer of a nanofluid in drilling applications. More specifically, the study explores how free convection and electrical conductivity impact clay nanoparticles dispersed in engine oil—which is modeled as a Casson fluid—as they pass over a flat vertical plate. The key objectives are to: (1) determine the effects of memory effects at different timescales on temperature and momentum profiles via the Caputo–Fabrizio fractional derivative; and (2) analyze the consequences of varying different physical parameters such as magnetic field, Grashof number, nanoparticle volume fraction and Prandtl number. The objective of the investigation is to provide insight into controlling these parameters to optimize drilling processes. The Laplace method is applied to find solutions to the governing equations, and MathCad15 is utilized for illustrating the physical results. The results expose that the temperature and momentum fields are enhanced (at large times) when the fractional parameter is increased and both profiles show opposite behavior at small times. The heat transmission is enlarged with growing estimations of the volume fraction for clay nanoparticles, whereas the momentum field is declined by growing estimations of the volume fraction of nanoparticles. Further, the nanofluid motion declines by growing the magnetic field but accelerates by increasing the Grashof number. Further, this model has applications in engineering to optimize drilling operations, where performance and efficiency in refining depend upon controlling fluid flow and heat transmission. It can also be applied in fields where nanofluids are utilized to enhance heat transfer and fluid dynamics, such as petrochemicals, manufacturing and material engineering. Overall, this study establishes a vigorous foundation for further research and delivers a structure for exploring non-Newtonian NF systems from the perspective of magnetized-driven free convection flow.
The second near-infrared (NIR-II) window excitable/emissive organic/polymeric fluorescent molecules for bioimaging application
Authors: Liu Guannan , Wang Chenguang , Lu Geyu
Published: November 2024

The fluorescence imaging (FLI) in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000–1700[Formula: see text]nm) has attracted considerable attention in the past decade. In contrast to conventional NIR-I window excitation (808[Formula: see text]nm/980[Formula: see text]nm), FLI with NIR-II window excitation (1064[Formula: see text]nm/other wavelength beyond 1000[Formula: see text]nm) can afford deeper tissue penetration depth with high clarity due to the merits of suppressed photon scattering and diminished autofluorescence. In this review, we have summarized NIR-II window excitable/emissive organic/polymeric fluorophores recently developed. The characteristics of these fluorophores such as chemical structures and photophysical properties have also been critically discussed. Furthermore, the latest development of noninvasive in vivo FLI with NIR-II excitation was highlighted. The ideal imaging results emphasized the importance of NIR-II excitation of these fluorophores in enabling deep tissue penetration and high-resolution imaging. Finally, a perspective on the challenges and prospects of NIR-II excitable/emissive organic/polymeric fluorophores was also discussed. We expected this review will be served as a source of inspiration for researchers, stimulating the creation of novel NIR-II excitable fluorophores and fostering the development of bioimaging applications.
Co2+-enhanced zinc aluminate microwave dielectric ceramics for electronic packaging to thermally match printed circuit boards
Authors: Huang Liyuan , Li Yuanxun , Shang Yanfeng , Li Chuming , Liu Xinyan , Zhao Longyuan , Li Fuyu
Published: November 2024

With the rapid development of electronic integration technology, highly integrated chips are in urgent need of packaging materials that are thermally matched to printed circuit boards. Here, [Formula: see text]CoxAl2O4 (ZCAO, x= 0.00–0.20) ceramics are synthesized using the solid-state reaction method. The phase composition, microstructure, microwave dielectric properties and CTE of [Formula: see text] in the ZnAl2O4 ceramic substituted by [Formula: see text] are systematically revealed. An appropriate amount of [Formula: see text] substitution promotes a more homogeneous grain growth to form a dense microstructure. The average grain size, bulk density and relative density of ZCAO ([Formula: see text]) ceramic are 1.59[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m, 4.472[Formula: see text]g/cm3 and 97.4%, respectively. The optimal microwave dielectric properties ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text],701[Formula: see text]GHz, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]ppm/∘C) of the ZCAO ([Formula: see text]) ceramic sintered at 1450∘C are achieved. More importantly, the ZCAO (x = 0.10) possesses a CTE = 11.59[Formula: see text]ppm/∘C that is nearly thermally matched to the printed circuit boards (PCB, CTEPCB = 12[Formula: see text]ppm/∘C). This ceramic has great potential for application in the electronic packaging of PCB devices.
Government Modernization and Challenges in Defense Policy Development
Authors: Sarjito Aris , Lelyana Nora
Published: November 2024

In an era of rapid technological evolution, modernization of government functions, particularly defense policies, is imperative for national security. This research aims to explore three critical dimensions: the influence of technological advancements on defense policy development and implementation, strategies to overcome bureaucratic hurdles, and the role of international cooperation in enhancing defense modernization. Utilizing qualitative research methods, this study employs secondary data from scholarly articles, government reports, and case studies. The findings indicate that technological innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI) significantly shape defense policies, but bureaucratic resistance and complex organizational structures hinder progress. Furthermore, international collaboration provides essential resources and expertise, facilitating more effective modernization efforts. Against this backdrop, integrating advanced technologies, streamlining bureaucratic processes, and fostering international partnerships are vital for modernizing defense policies to address contemporary security challenges effectively.
Surgical Considerations in the Management of Constriction Ring Syndrome
Authors: SABAPATHY S. Raja , MOHAN Monusha
Published: November 2024

Surgical management of constriction ring syndrome (CRS) is individualised due to the heterogenic presentation of the condition. CRS includes constriction rings, acrosyndactyly, nubbins and short digits. Involvement of more than one limb is common and children often need multiple surgeries. Each limb may need staged surgeries. If the child has vascular or lymphatic compromise secondary to a constriction ring, the ring needs to be excised and released in the first few days of life. The rings are released using multiple big Z-plasties in one or two stages. Nerve palsy associated with the rings need early intervention. Tendon transfers may be advised when nerve procedures like neurolysis and nerve reconstruction fail. Acrosyndactyly can be corrected with separation of the fused fingertips. At times, the web is more distal than usual and requires web deepening using partial syndactyly separation techniques and may need full thickness skin grafting. Complex type of acrosyndactyly is difficult to treat as it needs proper planning and staged surgical correction to achieve a five-digit hand. Separation of the syndactyly with web deepening gives more functional length and independence to the digits. The short fingers, especially the thumb, need reconstruction. Non-vascularised toe phalangeal transfer or a microvascular toe transfer can reconstruct a missing digit.

Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)
Teaching and Practicing Congenital Hand Surgery in Cambodia – Lessons Learnt
Authors: LAM Wee L.
Published: November 2024

The global burden of surgical conditions is becoming increasingly prevalent in the developing world. Hand surgery, in particular congenital hand surgery, presents with its own challenges, particularly the unique skill sets needed, multidisciplinary nature and heterogeneity of cases. The aim of this review article is to present our experience of practising congenital hand surgery in Cambodia, and to explore the feasibility of teaching this specialty in developing countries within a meaningful and sustainable framework. Since 2013, a group of hand surgeons and therapists have visited the Children Surgical Centre in Cambodia. A community-oriented curriculum was developed following the initial visits, with analysis of data and local surgeon’s skill sets. These were further refined using the Pareto analysis and selected competency procedures to develop entrustable professional activities (EPAs). Common paediatric hand cases were identified and taught to the local surgeons. Essential elements of this model include the need for measurable outcomes, clear curriculum goals, long-term partnerships and information technology support.
An Algorithm for Management of Radial Longitudinal Deficiency
Authors: BHAT Anil K. , PAI G. Mithun
Published: November 2024

Lack of specific guidelines in the literature renders management of radial longitudinal deficiency (RLD) exceedingly diverse. This diversity in treatment approaches can lead to variability in outcomes and pose a challenge in determining the most effective interventions for each individual case of RLD. Surgeons must carefully consider the unique characteristics and needs of each patient when developing a treatment plan for this complex condition. Around 40% of cases are linked to syndromes like Holt–Oram syndrome, thrombocytopenia absent radius (TAR) syndrome, Fanconi anaemia and VACTERL. Hand surgeons must be knowledgeable about these conditions, as they may be the first to identify these syndromes in children. Associated elbow stiffness can also be a crucial factor in treatment decision-making. Although this condition has been studied for more than 10 decades, the surgical treatment that is currently available is not completely successful in restoring ‘normal’ wrist function and appearance. Centralisation and radialisation procedures continue to be the cornerstones of surgical treatment. Many innovative approaches include altering the biomechanics of this condition with bony or soft tissue procedures and microvascular techniques. Understanding the proximal limb changes is crucial in the holistic management of this challenging malformation. This article presents a treatment algorithm based on literature evidence and our clinical experience.

Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)
Paediatric Hand Fractures – A Review
Authors: SIRISENA Renita , SHRESTHA Shilu
Published: November 2024

Paediatric hand fractures account for approximately 25% of hand-related emergency department visits, making them the second most common childhood fractures after distal forearm fractures. These injuries are more prevalent in boys and peak ages between 9 and 14 years. Hand fractures in children are primarily caused by crushing injuries and, increasingly in older children, by sports-related activities. The little finger (52%) and thumb (23%) are the most frequently fractured digits, with phalangeal fractures, especially of the proximal phalanx, being common. Metacarpal fractures are more prevalent in adolescents (13–16 years) compared to younger children. Accurate diagnosis in the paediatric population is complicated by difficult clinical examinations and the presence of growth plates, leading to an 8% misdiagnosis rate, mainly due to misinterpretation of the ossification centres and physes. High-quality radiographic evaluation combined with a thorough clinical assessment is critical for correct diagnosis and appropriate management. The robust periosteum and high remodelling potential of paediatric bones allow most hand fractures to be managed non-operatively with splinting or casting. However, fractures with significant angulation, rotation, intra-articular involvement or open wounds may require surgical intervention, such as closed or open reduction and internal fixation with Kirschner wires. Most paediatric hand fractures heal well with excellent functional outcomes due to the high remodelling capacity of paediatric bones. Early mobilisation and appropriate immobilisation are key to preventing stiffness. Despite the generally favourable prognosis, certain fractures remain challenging to diagnose and treat, highlighting the need for specialised care. The aim of this review article is to discuss the epidemiology, fracture patterns, diagnostic challenges and management strategies essential for optimising functional outcomes and minimising long-term complications in treating paediatric hand fractures.

Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)
Factors Affecting Appearance after Thumb Polydactyly Reconstruction – A Caregiver’s Perspective in an Asian Population
Authors: CHANG Min Kai , KWANG Lauren Hui Ling , CHUA Ashley Hsi Yin , LEE Nicole Kim Luan , CHEW Ee Ming
Published: November 2024

Background: Current research on thumb polydactyly reconstruction focusses primarily on clinical evaluations. Details on aesthetic outcomes are relatively lacking. This study aims to address this gap by: (1) investigating the effectiveness of surgical treatment in achieving symmetrical thumb size, length and girth; (2) assessing aesthetic outcomes from a caregiver’s perspective and (3) identifying key factors that influence aesthetic outcomes to inform strategies to improve surgical reconstruction.

Methods: Patients who underwent thumb polydactyly reconstruction were recalled for assessment. Objective measurements of both the reconstructed and unaffected thumbs were taken. Surgical scars were evaluated by measuring their length and using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS). To assess the appearance of the reconstructed thumbs, we used the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) through surveys completed by the primary caregiver of each patient. Caregivers also provided reasons for any unsatisfactory appearance outcomes and we correlated these with objective factors.

Results: This study included 26 paediatric patients with 29 reconstructed thumbs. The mean VAS score for overall thumb appearance was 7.8 ± 2.2. While surgical treatment achieved symmetry in most anthropometric measures, reconstructed thumbs had smaller nail plates and greater joint angulation. Caregiver assessment of thumb width was closely related to the objective interphalangeal joint (IPJ) girth measurements, and perceived excessive angulation was related to the IPJ angle. Symmetry was not associated with nail fold width or scar location. However, perceived scar prominence was linked to VSS score and scar location.

Conclusions: Thumb polydactyly reconstruction achieves symmetry in size, length and girth, but nail plate size and joint angulation remain significant challenges. Despite this, caregivers are generally satisfied with the overall appearance. Attention should be focussed on improving thumb IPJ girth, IPJ angulation and scar location to enhance overall aesthetic outcomes.

Level of Evidence: Level IV (Therapeutic)
Understanding the Relationship between MCP-1 SNP (rs1024611) and VEGF SNP (rs699947) with Aging and Lifestyle Habits via Computational Insights
Authors: Adil Muhammad , Hameed Zunaira , Zulfiqar Tuba , Hussain Nageen , Aziz Tariq , Alhomrani Majid , Alsanie Walaa F. , Alamri Abdulhakeem S. , Al-Joufi Fakhria A. , Alwethaynani Maher S.
Published: November 2024

Background: Aging is a complex biological process and is characterized by a gradual decline in physiological functions and increased vulnerability to various diseases. It is linked with the genes known as Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). MCP-1 is a key protein in generating immune response and VEGF is involved in angiogenesis. Objectives: This is a cross-sectional experimental study that aims to observe interplay between MCP-1 SNP (rs1024611) and VEGF SNP (rs699947) with aging and lifestyle habits. It delves into the biological pathways implicated in aging, as well as the impact of lifestyle elements such as dietary habits, tobacco use and physical activity on MCP-1 and VEGF expression levels. Method: The study involved the selection of 60 samples from elderly individuals and 60 samples from healthy individuals as control. The selection process was done by filling the proforma having questions related to the lifestyle habits and the use of medication since they can interfere with gene functioning. After that DNA extraction, and the identification of gene presence through PCR analysis. The assessment of PCR outcomes revealed a prevalence of the CC allele in both the experimental and control cohorts for both MCP-1 and VEGF, highlighting the critical role of these genes in the aging process. Furthermore, it posits that variations in the VEGF gene may hold significant sway over aging. Bioinformatics techniques were used to explore the relationship between MCP-1 and VEGF, employing Cytoscape STRING, KEGG pathway analysis and GO enrichment to analyze the interactions between these two genes. Results: It was observed that these genes are interconnected, functioning under the influence of the Tp65 transcriptional factor. The research findings also put forth the notion that dietary habits and physical exercise could potentially modulate the expression of these genes, thereby influencing the process of healthy aging. Those who adopted healthy lifestyle showed CC and TT genotypes for MCP-1 and VEGF respectively therefore, showing slow and healthy aging. Conclusions: The conclusion of this article suggests that the MCP-1 and VEGF genes play a crucial role in immune response, inflammation and aging. The study highlights the potential interaction between these genes in monocyte recruitment and angiogenesis.
AI Must Be Anti-Ableist and Accessible
Authors: Mankoff Jennifer , Kasnitz Devva , Camp L. Jean , Lazar Jonathan , Hochheiser Harry
Published: November 2024

Seeking to improve AI accessibility by changing how AI-based systems are built.
The 5
th
Paradigm: AI-Driven Scientific Discovery
Authors: Ioannidis Yannis
Published: November 2024

Science represents an amazingly exciting frontier for AI, and AI represents the most exciting new instruments in the hands of scientists.
Backdoor Attacks and Defenses Targeting Multi-Domain AI Models: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Zhang Shaobo , Pan Yimeng , Liu Qin , Yan Zheng , Choo Kim-Kwang Raymond , Wang Guojun
Published: November 2024

Since the emergence of security concerns in artificial intelligence (AI), there has been significant attention devoted to the examination of backdoor attacks. Attackers can utilize backdoor attacks to manipulate model predictions, leading to significant potential harm. However, current research on backdoor attacks and defenses in both theoretical and practical fields still has many shortcomings. To systematically analyze these shortcomings and address the lack of comprehensive reviews, this article presents a comprehensive and systematic summary of both backdoor attacks and defenses targeting multi-domain AI models. Simultaneously, based on the design principles and shared characteristics of triggers in different domains and the implementation stages of backdoor defense, this article proposes a new classification method for backdoor attacks and defenses. We use this method to extensively review backdoor attacks in the fields of computer vision and natural language processing, and we also examine the current applications of backdoor attacks in audio recognition, video action recognition, multimodal tasks, time series tasks, generative learning, and reinforcement learning, while critically analyzing the open problems of various backdoor attack techniques and defense strategies. Finally, this article builds upon the analysis of the current state of AI security to further explore potential future research directions for backdoor attacks and defenses.
Convergent Evolution of Pregnancy in Vertebrates
Authors: Whittington Camilla M. , Hodgson Mitchell J. , Friesen Christopher R.
Published: November 2024

Viviparity (live birth) represents a significant evolutionary innovation that has emerged in hundreds of lineages of invertebrate and vertebrate animals. The evolution of this trait from the ancestral state of egg laying has involved complex morphological, behavioral, physiological, and genetic changes, which enable internal development of embryos within the female reproductive tract. Comparable changes have also occurred in oviparous, brooding species that carry developing embryos in locations other than the female reproductive tract. This review explores the taxonomic distribution of vertebrate viviparity and brooding (collectively termed pregnancy), discusses the adaptations associated with internal incubation, and examines hypotheses surrounding the evolution of pregnancy in different lineages. Understanding the mechanisms that have led to the emergence of this trait can illuminate questions about the evolution of reproductive complexity and the processes that led to the emergence of evolutionary innovations that have shaped the remarkable diversity of Earth's fauna.
Novel SoC-Based FBG Calibration Method for Decoupled Temperature and Strain Analysis within LIB Cells
Authors: Schwab Christopher , Leuthner Lea , Smith Anna
Published: November 2024

Internal temperature monitoring of battery cells can be very useful, as the core temperature can deviate significantly from that of the housing, especially in case of cells with a thick electrode stack. Conventional resistance temperature detectors can accurately measure temperature, but are limited to the outer surface of the cell due to induction effects. They are therefore not suitable for internal in situ measurements. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are unaffected by the electric field as they operate by reflecting light. However, a specific difficulty is the distinction of temperature vs strain effects as the grating is sensitive to both. In this work a calibration routine to separate the influences of temperature and strain in a lithium-ion battery cell is presented and examined for two multi-layer stack pouch cells (10 and 20 Ah). The obtained in situ temperature data reveal a difference of up to 2 °C between center and cell housing at elevated discharge rate (4C) and a delay in detection of temperature peaks by the external sensor by 12 s. Strain data correlate with numbers of electrode layers in the stack and yield a stress of up to 27.3 MPa in the center of the 20 Ah cell.
External Short-Circuit Scenarios under Different Mechanical Pressures Applied to Lithium-Ion Cells with Silicon-Dominant Anodes
Authors: Friedrich S. , Savvin V. , Wilhelm R. , Jossen A.
Published: November 2024

The safety behavior of lithium-ion cells using high contents of silicon as new anode active material was barely investigated. This work investigates the short-circuit behavior of self-manufactured single-layered pouch cells using 70 wt% microscale silicon and NCA cathodes in a novel dual reference cell setup consisting of a gold wire and a lithium metal reference electrode. Six cells were externally shortened at three different pressure settings using a novel developed quasi-isothermal calorimetric short-circuit test bench. The same current plateaus and transition zones were observed for all pressure settings, as reported in the literature for graphite-containing anodes. In addition, a direct dependency of the short-circuit intensity and the heat generation is measured for the differently compressed cells. This higher short-circuit intensity was quantitatively explained by the decreasing impedance at increased pressure settings. The built-in reference electrodes allow monitoring of the negative terminal potential, revealing potentials of up to 3.508 V versus Li+/Li and thus explaining the measured over-discharge in the range of ≈25% SoC. The post-mortem analysis reveals copper deposition on both electrodes and the separator, confirming the electrochemically measured over-discharge. Linear scans and potential trajectories reveal 3.379 V versus Li+/Li as oxidation potential for copper dissolution using copper∣∣lithium metal coin cells.
No detectable loss of myonuclei from human muscle fibers after 6 wk of immobilization following an Achilles tendon rupture
Authors: Horwath Oscar , Cumming Kristoffer Toldnes , Eftestøl Einar , Ekblom Björn , Ackermann Paul , Raastad Truls , Gundersen Kristian , Psilander Niklas
Published: November 2024

The impact of prolonged immobilization on muscle fiber characteristics is difficult to study in humans and therefore remains poorly understood. We analyzed cross-sections and single fibers from gastrocnemius before and after 6 wk of immobilization due to an Achilles tendon rupture. Our data suggest that myonuclei are not lost in response to such stimuli, thus lending support to the hypothesis of myonuclear permanency in human muscle.
Role of myofiber-specific FoxP1 in pancreatic cancer-induced muscle wasting
Authors: Schonk Martin M. , Ducharme Jeremy B. , Neyroud Daria , Nosacka Rachel L. , Tucker Haley O. , Judge Sarah M. , Judge Andrew R.
Published: November 2024

Here we identify myofiber-derived FoxP1 as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle with sex-specific effects in cancer. Under cancer-free conditions, FoxP1 knockout increased myofiber size in male and female mice. However, in response to pancreatic cancer, FoxP1 myofiber-specific deletion attenuated muscle wasting and weakness in males but not females. This highlights the need to consider sexual dimorphism in cancer-induced muscle pathologies and provides evidence suggesting that targeting FoxP1 could help mitigate these effects in males.
Characterization of a novel ovine model of hypertensive heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Chang Joshua W.-H. , Chen Siyi , Hamilton Charlotte , Shanks Julia , Pachen Mridula , Pauza Audrys , George Bindu , Ramchandra Rohit
Published: November 2024

We show that older, female sheep with chronic 2-kidney, 1-clip hypertension have similar cardiac and noncardiac exercise hemodynamic abnormalities as patients with HFpEF. This clinically relevant, translatable, and novel large animal model of HFpEF may be useful for elucidating mechanisms and developing treatments for this increasingly common syndrome with few clinically impactful therapies.
Enhanced Performance of Cuk and Boost–Based High‐Gain Step‐Up DC/DC Converter
Authors: Sharma Preeti , Hasanpour Sara , Kumar Rajneesh
Published: November 2024

This article presents a high‐gain step‐up DC/DC converter based on the Cuk topology for renewable energy applications. The converter employs an auxiliary circuit to achieve less input current ripple, significantly reducing the input inductor size compared to conventional converters. Therefore, the inductor’s equivalent series resistance (ESR) will be substantially lowered to improve power efficiency. Introducing passive clamp capacitors further enhances efficiency by alleviating voltage stress on the main power switch. Comparative studies with other similar converters highlight the unique benefits of converter design. This converter uses a coupled inductor (CI) and a voltage multiplier circuit to achieve high voltage gains. The following article introduces the principle of operation for a proposed topology and analyzes voltage gain, voltage stress, and efficiency. A comprehensive comparison with the most recent counterparts is also included. Finally, a theoretical analysis is verified using a 200‐W (30 V/310 V) sample prototype.
Numerical Investigation of Ternary Hybrid Non‐Newtonian Nanofluids and Heat Transport Over an Inclined Shrinking Sheet Utilizing Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Shah Syed Zahir Hussain , Wahab Hafiz Abdul , Ahmad Shabbir , Khan Umair , Ishak Anuar , M. Sherif El-Sayed , Sajjad Muhammad
Published: November 2024

The purpose of the study is to investigate the thermal proficiency of a trihybrid magnetized water‐based cross nanofluid over an inclined shrinking sheet. Cross‐fluid is the best model to investigate the fluid flow at a very high and very low share rate. There are three nanoparticles that are added in based fluid (water) to form the requisite posited ternary hybrid nanofluid. Moreover, heat transport analysis is scrutinized by incorporating the melting conditions. The obtained nonlinear system of partial differential equations (PDEs) from assumed physical assumption is converted into the nonlinear setup of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These ODEs are passed under the boundary value problem of a fourth‐order (bvp4c) MATLAB program for numerical results. With the help of bvp4c, data are further trained through an artificial neural network and results are predicted. Results are compared with both techniques and found smooth agreement. The obtained numerical results provide valuable insight for optimizing heat transfer processes involving nanoparticle‐enhanced fluid on inclined shrinking sheets. From the results, it is concluded that the inclusion of nanoparticles enhances the viscosity and thermal conductivity of the fluid. High temperatures make rapid heat transfer scenarios.
Comparative Prevalence Estimation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Novel Porcine Parvoviruses (PPV2–7) in Hungarian Pig Herds
Authors: Igriczi Barbara , Dénes Lilla , Schönhardt Kitti , Woźniak Aleksandra , Stadejek Tomasz , Balka Gyula
Published: November 2024

To date, seven novel parvoviruses have been identified in pigs and designated as porcine parvovirus 2–7 (PPV2–7). The presence of these emerging viruses has been reported in several countries around the world, although their pathogenic role and clinical and economical relevance are largely unknown. Here, we report the estimated prevalence and genetic diversity of novel PPV2–7 in Hungarian pig herds and the detection of these viruses in two Slovakian pig farms. For the comparative prevalence estimation, 2505 serum samples from different age groups, 218 oral fluid samples, and 111 processing fluid samples were collected from 26 large‐scale Hungarian farms according to a systematic, cross‐sectional sampling protocol. All samples were tested by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and the presence of at least one PPV was detected in 24 of the 26 (92%) Hungarian and both Slovakian farms, suggesting high levels of subclinical circulation in most herds. The estimated PPV2–7 prevalence in Hungary varied from 50% to 89%, with PPV4 being the least and PPV2 being the most prevalent virus. The highest detection rates were observed in oral fluid samples, indicating that this sample type is most suitable for screening PPVs, but all viruses were also detected in serum samples and processing fluids. All novel PPVs were most frequently detected in the serum samples of weaned pigs and fatteners, with slightly higher viral burden in the younger age groups. These results may suggest an age‐related susceptibility, which could play a significant role in the epidemiology of these viruses, impacting herd health and productivity.
Evaluating Drivers’ Response to Road Hazard: A Simulation Study
Authors: Javanbakht Navid , Mirbaha Babak
Published: November 2024

The presence of unexpected conditions on the road increases the risk of collisions for drivers. To effectively manage these risks, drivers must first accurately perceive hazards and then respond appropriately. The behavior of drivers and their responses to potential road hazards are investigated in this study. It is possible that one motorist may opt to gradually reduce the velocity of their vehicle, while another individual in the same situation might opt for forceful braking at the moment of initial awareness. This indicates the divergence reactions of drivers to identical hazards. This study introduces the hazards response scale (HRS) as a metric to assess the differences in hazard response among participants and its effect on safe driving by undertaking a driving simulation study. The results reveal that a lower HRS index correlates with a higher level of driving safety. By evaluating the relationship between demographic variables and HRS, it was found that increasing age and driving experience are associated with lower HRS scores, thus enhancing driving safety. Notably, women exhibit lower HRS values than men, suggesting that they tend to drive more safely.
Axial Compressive Behavior of GFRP Tube Confined Seawater and Sea Sand Concrete Columns: Experimental Investigation and Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Cui Jiansheng , Cheng Hao , Xie Qinghai , Zong Zhongling
Published: November 2024

Using seawater and sea sand concrete (SSC) can lower the emission of carbon dioxide in construction and alleviate the scarcity of river sand. To investigate the axial compressive behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) tube confined SSC columns, 12 groups of GFRP tube confined SSC short columns were designed and tested. The results were analyzed and compared with those from tests on three groups of GFRP tube confined ordinary concrete short columns. The effects of GFRP tube wall thickness, SSC strength grade, and fly ash content were investigated in axial compressive experiments. The test results show that increasing the strength grade of concrete and the wall thickness of the GFRP tube can improve the ultimate bearing capacity of composite columns. Adding a certain amount of fly ash to the core concrete can improve the ultimate bearing capacity of the composite column, but the ultimate bearing capacity decreases when the amount of fly ash is too large. The compressive behavior of GFRP tube confined SSC columns is not very different from that of GFRP tube confined ordinary concrete columns. The stress and strain analysis was conducted considering the compressive stress in the GFRP tube, and most of the theoretical calculation results are consistent with the test values.
Research on the Dynamic Characteristics of Cantilever Rotor System With ISFD
Authors: Yan Wei , Fu Xuebin , Pan Jiabao , Fuyang Chengming , Liu Jinduo , Ye Dongdong
Published: November 2024

Aiming at the common vibration problem of the cantilever rotor system and the nonlinear problem of traditional squeeze film damper (SFD), an integral squeeze film damper (ISFD) for the cantilever rotor system was proposed based on the traditional SFD. In order to investigate the effect of the ISFD on the dynamic characteristics of the cantilever rotor system, the vibration reduction experiment of the rotor system was carried out. The mechanical model and finite element model of the cantilever rotor system were established. The first‐order critical speed, strain energy, stability, and steady‐state response of the cantilever rotor system were numerically analyzed. Experimental research on the vibration reduction of the cantilever rotor system by the ISFD under different unbalance conditions and different rotational speed conditions was carried out on the test rig of the cantilever rotor system. The results showed that the ISFD has remarkable performance, which can reduce the bending deformation and strain energy of the rotating shaft, increase the logarithmic decay rate, and improve the overall stability of the system. Under various working conditions, the ISFD can effectively suppress the unbalanced vibration of the rotor and the shaft center displacement of the rotor, and the amplitude of the rotor system at the working frequency (1X) is greatly reduced.
Figure 2 from Resistance Management for Cancer: Lessons from Farmers
Authors: Seyedi Sareh , Harris Valerie K. , Kapsetaki Stefania E. , Narayanan Shrinath , Saha Daniel , Compton Zachary , Yousefi Rezvan , May Alexander , Fakir Efe , Boddy Amy M. , Gerlinger Marco , Wu Christina , Mina Lida , Huijben Silvie , Gouge Dawn H. , Cisneros Luis , Ellsworth Peter C. , Maley Carlo C.
Published: November 2024

Schematic of a MoA schedule. A, In pest management, pest managers avoid sequential use of the same MoA and avoid using a MoA more than twice within the same growing season. To avoid cancer cells acquiring therapeutic resistance, repeated applications of a MoA should be separated as much as possible. B, Proposed scheduling of drugs that applies each drug once per 4-week cycle and uses different MoAs. The third week of each cycle uses an antiangiogenic drug to avoid restricting the vasculature before trying to deliver the other drugs. Week 4 of each cycle is a drug holiday break to allow the patient to recover.
Data from A Dual-Payload Antibody–Drug Conjugate Targeting CD276/B7-H3 Elicits Cytotoxicity and Immune Activation in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Zhou Zhuoxin “Zora” , Si Yingnan , Zhang Jiashuai , Chen Kai , George Ashley , Kim Seulhee , Zhou Lufang , Liu Xiaoguang “Margaret”
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive and heterogeneous disease that often relapses following treatment with standard radiotherapies and cytotoxic chemotherapies. Combination therapies have potential for treating refractory metastatic TNBC. In this study, we aimed to develop an antibody–drug conjugate with dual payloads (DualADC) as a chemoimmunotherapy for TNBC. The overexpression of an immune checkpoint transmembrane CD276 (also known as B7-H3) was associated with angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune tolerance in more than 60% of patients with TNBC. Development of a mAb capable of targeting the extracellular domain of surface CD276 enabled delivery of payloads to tumors, and a platform was established for concurrent conjugation of a traditional cytotoxic payload and an immunoregulating Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist to the CD276 mAb. The DualADC effectively killed multiple TNBC subtypes, significantly enhanced immune functions in the tumor microenvironment, and reduced tumor burden by up to 90% to 100% in animal studies. Single-cell RNA sequencing, multiplex cytokine analysis, and histology elucidated the impact of treatment on tumor cells and the immune landscape. This study suggests that the developed DualADC could represent a promising targeted chemoimmunotherapy for TNBC.

Significance: An anti-CD276 monoclonal antibody conjugated with both a cytotoxic drug and an immune boosting reagent effectively targets triple-negative breast cancer by inducing tumor cell death and stimulating immune cell infiltration.
Chemoradiotherapy and Subsequent Immunochemotherapy as Conversion Therapy in Unresectable Locally Advanced Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Phase II NEXUS-1 Trial
Authors: Wang Xin , Kang Xiaozheng , Zhang Ruixiang , Xue Liyan , Xu Jiaqi , Zhao Xiaotian , Ou Qiuxiang , Yu Nuo , Feng Guojie , Li Jiao , Zheng Ziyu , Chen Xiankai , Wang Zhen , Zheng Qingfeng , Li Yong , Qin Jianjun , Bi Nan , Li Yin
Published: November 2024

Purpose:

This phase II trial investigated the safety and efficacy of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by immunochemotherapy (iCT) and surgery in unresectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Patients and Methods:

Patients with unresectable locally advanced ESCC received radiotherapy (50 Gy/25f, 5 days/week) and nab-paclitaxel (100 mg on day 1/week) plus cisplatin (25 mg/m2 on day 1/week) for 5 weeks, followed by tislelizumab (200 mg on day 1/cycle) plus chemotherapy (nab-paclitaxel 150 mg/m2 and cisplatin 75 mg/m2 on day 2/cycle) for two 21-day cycles. Patients who converted to resectable underwent surgery 2 to 4 weeks afterward. The primary endpoint was a 1-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate.

Results:

Thirty patients were enrolled and underwent CRT (median follow-up: 21 months), of whom 24 received iCT. Twenty (66.7%) patients achieved resectability (R0: 95.2%; pathologic complete response: 65.0%; major pathologic response: 90.0%). One-year PFS and overall survival (OS) rates were 79.4% and 89.6%, respectively. The R0 resection group exhibited longer PFS (median, not reached vs. 8.4 months; HR = 0.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.08–0.84; P = 0.02) and OS (median, not reached vs. 19.2 months; HR = 0.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.04–0.73; P < 0.01) than the nonsurgery group. Grade 3 to 4 adverse events were observed in 11 (11/30, 36.7%) patients, and immune-related pneumonitis was observed in 5 (5/24, 20.8%) patients. Post-CRT minimal residual disease before surgery was associated with unfavorable PFS and OS.

Conclusions:

Our study met the primary endpoint. Conversion CRT and subsequent iCT followed by surgery was a promising treatment strategy for unresectable locally advanced ESCC.
Divergent Clinical and Immunologic Outcomes Based on STK11 Co-mutation Status in Resectable KRAS-Mutant Lung Cancers Following Neoadjuvant Immune Checkpoint Blockade
Authors: Rosner Samuel , Connor Sydney , Sanber Khaled , Zahurak Marianna , Zhang Tianbei , Gurumurthy Isha , Zeng Zhen , Presson Brad , Singh Dipika , Rayes Roni , Sivapalan Lavanya , Pereira Gavin , Ji Zhicheng , Thummalapalli Rohit , Reuss Joshua E. , Broderick Stephen R. , Jones David R. , Deutsch Julie S. , Cottrell Tricia R. , Chaft Jamie E. , Spicer Jonathan , Taube Janis , Anagnostou Valsamo , Brahmer Julie R. , Pardoll Drew M. , Ji Hongkai , Forde Patrick M. , Marrone Kristen A. , Smith Kellie N.
Published: November 2024

Purpose:

Co-mutations of the Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) and serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) genes in advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are associated with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) resistance. Although neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy is now a standard-of-care treatment for resectable NSCLC, the clinical and immunologic impacts of KRAS and STK11 co-mutations in this setting are unknown.

Experimental Design:

We evaluated and compared recurrence-free survival of resectable KRAS-mutated NSCLC tumors, with or without co-occurring STK11 mutations, treated with neoadjuvant ICB. Single-cell transcriptomics was performed on tumor-infiltrating T cells from seven KRASmut/STK11wt tumors and six KRAS and STK11 co-mutated (KRASmut/STK11mut) tumors.

Results:

Relative to KRASmut/STK11wt tumors, KRASmut/STK11mut exhibited significantly higher recurrence risk. Single-cell transcriptomics showed enhanced oxidative phosphorylation with evidence of decreased prostaglandin E2 signaling and increased IL-2 signaling in CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from KRASmut/STK11mut tumors, a finding that was mirrored in KRASwt tumors that relapsed. TILs from KRASmut/STK11mut tumors expressed high levels of molecules associated with tumor residence, including CD39 and ZNF683 (HOBIT).

Conclusions:

These divergent T-cell transcriptional fates suggest that T-cell maintenance and residence may be detrimental to antitumor immunity in the context of neoadjuvant ICB for resectable NSCLC, regardless of KRAS mutation status. Our work provides a basis for future investigations into the mechanisms underpinning prostaglandin E2 signaling and IL-2 signaling as they relate to T-cell immunity to cancer and to divergent clinical outcomes in KRASmut/STK11mut NSCLC treated with neoadjuvant ICB.
Urine miR-340-5p Predicts the Adverse Prognosis of Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury and Regulates Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Injury by Targeting KDM4C
Authors: Pu Mengmeng , Zhao Huanhuan , Xu Silei , Gu Xiaohui , Feng Qiang , Huang Peng
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is a common complication of sepsis. miR-340-5p has been identified as an effective biomarker of various human diseases. As the downstream target, the involvement of lysine (K)-specific demethylase 4C (KDM4C) in SA-AKI would help interpret the regulatory mechanism of miR-340-5p. The significance of miR-340-5p in the onset and progression of SA-AKI was evaluated to provide a potential therapeutic target for SA-AKI. Methods: This study enrolled 64 healthy individuals (control) and 159 sepsis patients (92 SA-AKI and 67 non-AKI) and collected urine samples. The urine level of miR-340-5p was analyzed by PCR, and a series of statistical analyses were conducted to assess the clinical significance of miR-340-5p in the occurrence and development of SA-AKI. The injured renal tubular epithelial cells were established with LPS induction. The roles of miR-340-5p in cellular processes were evaluated. Results: Increasing urine miR-340-5p discriminated SA-AKI patients from healthy individuals (AUC = 0.934) and non-AKI sepsis patients (AUC = 0.806) sensitively. Additionally, elevated miR-340-5p could predict the adverse prognosis (HR = 5.128, 95% CI = 1.259–20.892) and malignant development of SA-AKI patients. In vitro, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also induced an increased level of miR-340-5p and significant cell injury in the renal tubular epithelial cell; silencing miR-340-5p could alleviate the suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion caused by LPS. In mechanism, miR-340-5p negatively regulated KDM4C, which mediated the function of miR-340-5p. Conclusion: miR-340-5p served as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of SA-AKI and regulated renal tubular epithelial cell injury via modulating KDM4C.
Emerging Detection of Hexahydrocannabinol in Driver Saliva: Preliminary Data
Authors: Derne Anne-Sophie , Jouzeau Jean-Yves , Pape Elise , Kolodziej Allan , Gibaja Valérie , Marchand Elodie , Gambier Nicolas , Scala-Bertola Julien
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Hexahydrocannabinol or HHC has recently appeared on the Internet and in cannabidiol (CBD) stores in various forms. Although the abuse and dependence potential of HHC consumption has not yet been established, HHC has been reported by consumers to have effects similar to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and has been classified as narcotics in France since June 12, 2023. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of all cases of oral fluid samples collected from drivers by traffic police officers and sent to our laboratory to confirm the presence of illicit substances between June 12, 2023 and December 31, 2023. The presence of 33 psychoactive substances, including HHC, THC, and CBD, in the oral fluid samples was assessed by an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Results: Of the 867 oral fluid samples analyzed, 16 were positive for HHC and involved only male drivers aged between 19 and 58. The mean and median HHC concentrations found in oral fluid were 35 ± 69 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL, respectively. In these preliminary data, HHC was always associated with THC, but the THC/HHC and CBD/HHC ratios were very broad. Although the kinetics of HHC and THC in saliva are different, the 11 cases with the highest THC/HHC ratios (>300) support that impaired alertness in drivers may be mainly due to THC. In these 11 cases, a linear correlation was found between THC and HHC concentrations in oral fluid. Conclusion: Further large-scale studies are required to extend these preliminary data, but the emerging detection of HHC in oral fluid of drivers may illustrate its spreading use in the general population.
Conservative Management of Intraocular Graphite Foreign Body: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Nayeb Mohamed Shadi , Okar Lina , Zeno Mahran , Abu Serhan Hashem
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Retained intraocular graphite foreign bodies are uncommon. Although they are generally inert, they have been reported to cause severe inflammatory reactions and progressive damage to intraocular structures. Case Presentation: We report a case of a 7-year-old girl with a retained intraocular graphite pencil lead foreign body in the vitreous treated conservatively for more than 5 years without any consequences. Conclusion: Graphite foreign bodies may be retained in the eye posterior segment without causing any inflammation or damage to the intraocular structures.