bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early programming of CD8
+
T cell response by the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A3
Authors: Odagiu Livia , Boulet Salix , Maurice De Sousa Dave , Daudelin Jean-François , Nicolas Sandrine , Labrecque Nathalie
Published: September 2020

Significance

The CD8
+
T cell response is crucial in protecting the organism against infections and cancer. This protective response relies on the production of effector molecules and the generation of long-lived memory cells. Understanding the processes governing CD8
+
T cell responses is essential for the development of better vaccine strategies and immune cell therapies. Here, we show that deletion of the transcription factor NR4A3 leads to increased memory generation and effector functions. This results from an early impact on the CD8
+
T cell transcriptional memory program and on chromatin accessibility for bZIP transcription factors. Thus, we identify NR4A3 as a key regulator of CD8
+
T cell function and differentiation, which could have therapeutic implications.
Near-zero-index media as electromagnetic ideal fluids
Authors: Liberal Iñigo , Lobet Michaël , Li Yue , Engheta Nader
Published: September 2020

Significance

Similar to turbulent fluid flow, irregular fluctuations and vortexes appear as light encounters obstacles. However, the properties of light dramatically change when it propagates within materials with extreme parameters, for example, a near-zero refractive index. Here, we demonstrate that the electromagnetic power flow in near-zero-index (NZI) media is fully analogous to the velocity field of an ideal fluid. In other words, NZI media act as electromagnetic ideal fluids where the turbulence of light is intrinsically inhibited. This result connects the fields of nanophotonics and fluid dynamics, opening interesting questions from both fundamental and technological perspectives.
General and robust covalently linked graphene oxide affinity grids for high-resolution cryo-EM
Authors: Wang Feng , Liu Yanxin , Yu Zanlin , Li Sam , Feng Shengjie , Cheng Yifan , Agard David A.
Published: September 2020

Significance

Despite the increasing efforts in developing affinity grids to facilitate sample preparation for challenging systems and dynamic complexes, they are not widely used in cryo-electron microscopy (EM) owing to concerns of limiting resolution. We show that our affinity grids extract proteins through covalent bonding with 3.3-Å reconstruction. To our knowledge, no example of small proteins (<200 KDa) has been successfully tested with other affinity grids. With encouraging results further from a mixture sample, we believe that the strategy described here is highly applicable to a broad array of challenging macromolecules and thus is a method of broad interest to the cryo-EM community. The dramatic improvement in cryo-EM sample preparation outlined here paves the way to “purification on the grid.”
Suboptimal SARS-CoV-2−specific CD8
+
T cell response associated with the prominent HLA-A*02:01 phenotype
Authors: Habel Jennifer R. , Nguyen Thi H. O. , van de Sandt Carolien E. , Juno Jennifer A. , Chaurasia Priyanka , Wragg Kathleen , Koutsakos Marios , Hensen Luca , Jia Xiaoxiao , Chua Brendon , Zhang Wuji , Tan Hyon-Xhi , Flanagan Katie L. , Doolan Denise L. , Torresi Joseph , Chen Weisan , Wakim Linda M. , Cheng Allen C. , Doherty Peter C. , Petersen Jan , Rossjohn Jamie , Wheatley Adam K. , Kent Stephen J. , Rowntree Louise C. , Kedzierska Katherine
Published: September 2020

Significance

As the recall of CD8
+
T cell memory promotes rapid recovery in, for example, influenza, we investigated circulating SARS-CoV-2−specific CD8
+
T cells from COVID-19 patients. For two HLA-A*02:01 SARS-CoV-2−specific CD8
+
T cell epitopes, we found that, while ex vivo frequencies of responding T cells were approximately fivefold higher than for pre−COVID-19 samples, they were ∼10-fold lower than for influenza or EBV-specific memory CD8
+
T cells. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2−specific CD8
+
T cells recovered from convalescent COVID-19 patients had an atypically high prevalence of stem cell memory, central memory, and naïve phenotypes. Might this unexpectedly low prevalence of classical effector memory T cells be a negative consequence of the infectious process that could be avoided by prior priming with an appropriately constituted vaccine?
Effects of physiology and growing environment on productivity.
Authors: Zhou Zi-wei , Ford Rebecca , Kanchana-Udomkan Chutchamas
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the potential effects from a range of environmental factors (sunlight, temperature and water availability) on pawpaw development, i.e. photosynthesis, productivity and whole plant physiology.
Flowering and sex expression.
Authors: Huang Jian-Zhi , Cheng Ting-Chi , Lee Wen-Li , Lee Chen-Yu , Chin Shih Wen , Chen Fure-Chyi
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides information on the floral development and flowering, sex determination and their molecular markers in pawpaws (Carica papaya). Floral morphology, environmental factors, plant nutrition, gene regulation and plant growth regulators affecting floral development and sex expression are also discussed.
Diseases.
Authors: Vawdrey Lynton L. , Campbell Paul R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the susceptibility of cultivated pawpaws to a large number of diseases. Information on the various pawpaw diseases caused by fungi and fungal-like organisms, bacteria, viruses and phytoplasmas are presented along with notes on their symptoms and control methods.
Immune asynchrony in COVID-19 pathogenesis and potential immunotherapies
Authors: Zhou Ting , Su Tina Tianjiao , Mudianto Tenny , Wang Jun
Published: September 2020

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an unprecedented global health crisis. Tissue and peripheral blood analysis indicate profound, aberrant myeloid cell activation, cytokine storm, and lymphopenia, with unknown immunopathological mechanisms. Spatiotemporal control of the quality and quantity of the antiviral immune responses involves synchronized cellular and molecular cascades and cross-talk between innate and adaptive immunity. Dysregulated responses in immunity, such as at the stages of immune sensing, alarming, polarization, and resolution, may contribute to disease pathology. Herein, we approach SARS-CoV-2 through an immunomodulatory lens, discussing possible mechanisms of the asynchronized antiviral immune response and proposing potential therapeutic strategies to correct the dysregulation.
Pathways for nicotinic receptor desensitization
Authors: Auerbach Anthony
Published: September 2020

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that generate transient currents by binding agonists and switching rapidly between closed- and open-channel conformations. Upon sustained exposure to ACh, the cell response diminishes slowly because of desensitization, a process that shuts the channel even with agonists still bound. In liganded receptors, the main desensitization pathway is from the open-channel conformation, but after agonists dissociate the main recovery pathway is to the closed-channel conformation. In this Viewpoint, I discuss two mechanisms that can explain the selection of different pathways, a question that has puzzled the community for 60 yr. The first is based on a discrete-state model (the “prism”), in which closed, open, and desensitized conformational states interconnect directly. This model predicts that 5% of unliganded AChRs are desensitized. Different pathways are taken with versus without agonists because ligands have different energy properties (φ values) at the transition states of the desensitization and recovery reactions. The second is a potential energy surface model (the “monkey saddle”), in which the states connect indirectly at a shared transition state region. Different pathways are taken because agonists shift the position of the gating transition state relative to the point where gating and desensitization conformational trajectories intersect. Understanding desensitization pathways appears to be a problem of kinetics rather than of thermodynamics. Other aspects of the two mechanisms are considered, as are experiments that may someday distinguish them.
A Structural Justification of Probabilism: From Partition Invariance to Subjective Probability
Authors: Leitgeb Hannes
Published: September 2020

A new justification of probabilism is developed that pays close attention to the structure of the underlying space of possibilities. Its central assumption is that rational numerical degrees of belief ought to be partition invariant. By means of a representation theorem, one can prove that if graded belief satisfies the resulting set of postulates, rational degrees of belief may be identified with probabilities.
Rotating dyonic black hole in

N=2

, U(1)2 gauged supergravity as natural laboratory for high energy particle collisions
Authors: Rudra Anik , Nandan Hemwati , Gannouji Radouane , Chakraborty Soham , Chatterjee Arindam Kumar
Published: September 2020

In the present work, we explore several gravitational aspects such as energy extraction (via the Penrose process and superradiance), particle collisions around a

N
=
2

, U(1)2 rotating dyonic black hole (BH) in the gauged supergravity model. The influence of the rotation parameter (a) and the gauge coupling constant (g) on the behavior of the horizon and ergoregion of the BH is investigated. In comparison to the extremal Kerr BH, the gauge coupling constant, under certain constraints, can interestingly enhance the maximum efficiency of energy extraction through the Penrose process by almost twice. Under the same constraints, we can extract approximately 60.75% of the initial mass-energy from the BH which is noticeably higher and far different from that of the Kerr BH. The limit of energy extraction in terms of the local speeds of the fragments is also determined with the help of the Wald inequality. We discover an upper limit on the gauge coupling constant up to which superradiance is likely to occur. Finally, we estimate the center-of-mass energy (E
CM) of two particles with the same rest mass moving in the equatorial plane of the BH. Our study also aims to sensitize E
CM to the parameters a and g for both extremal and nonextremal spacetime. Especially, for the extremal case, an infinitely large amount of E
CM can be achieved closer to the event horizon confirming a basic point of view that an extreme supergravity BH with dyons could serve as ultimate particle accelerators as compared to Kerr and any other generalized BHs in this family and other alternative theories of gravity. However, E
CM for the nonextremal spacetime is shown to be finite and has an upper bound.
Fabrication method of quartz glass ring resonator using sacrificial support structure
Authors: Jehanzeb Khan Muhammad , Tsukamoto Takashiro , Tanaka Shuji
Published: September 2020

In this paper, a novel method to fabricate quartz glass electromagnetically actuated ring resonator for gyroscope application is presented. Sacrificial supporting structures were employed for the fabrication. The fabricated device was electromagnetically driven at resonance, with the resonant frequency of 42 KHz. The Q-factor at the atmospheric pressure was about 142. The frequency difference between primary and secondary mode was 681 Hz.
A high-stability triboelectric nanogenerator with mechanical transmission module and efficient power management system
Authors: Wu Heng , Li Hongkai , Wang Xiaoli
Published: September 2020

The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been demonstrated to be a promising technology for harvesting mechanical energy and powering electronic devices. However, it is difficult to make TENG output stable because of the irregular movement of actual mechanical sources in the environment, and the inefficient energy utilization limits its application. In this study, we propose a contact-separation TENG (CS-TENG) integrated with a mechanical transmission module and its optimal power management system. Firstly, a gear and cylindrical cam mechanism is designed in the mechanical transmission module, which respectively increases the working frequency of CS-TENG and makes the output stable. Secondly, a control module is developed in the PMS to accurately control a switch for extracting maximum output energy, and a series of simulation and experiments have been done to further study the effect of control parameters on the energy extraction process. In the control module, a differential circuit is used to detect the peak of the output voltage. It is found that an optimum differential resistance can increase the detection accuracy and reduce external interference. A time-delay circuit is used to accurately control the switch-on time. As the switch-on time increases, the energy extraction efficiency first increases and then decreases. Finally, the energy extraction efficiency of PMS reaches to 37.8% with the optimal control parameters. We not only solve the problem of the irregular output of TENG, but also provide a guidance for optimizing the design of self-powered system.
Fabrication and static calibration of double-layer thermal film sensor for fluid wall shear stress measurement
Authors: Deng Jinjun , Zheng Shaojun , Yan Yuchao , Chen Runbo , Luo Jian , Ma Binghe
Published: September 2020

A double-layer flexible sensor array with an active thermal insulation method for fluid wall shear stress was fabricated in this study and evaluated experimentally. Static calibration of the sensor was studied in both wind and water tunnels and the experimental results reveal that the sensor’s static performance was improved by active thermal insulation. Compared to single-layer methods, the static sensitivity of the proposed double-layer sensor is increased by approximately 48% in a wind tunnel and 13% in a water tunnel. Additionally, consistent deviations in the static calibration coefficients of sensors with different basic parameters were clearly compensated in the wind tunnel. The calibration coefficient deviation of the sensors was reduced from 57% in single-layer mode to 5% in double-layer mode.
A visible-light-transparent camouflage-compatible flexible metasurface for infrared–radar stealth applications
Authors: Huang Sining , Fan Qi , Xu Cuilian , Wang Binke , Wang Jiafu , Yang Baiyu , Tian Changhui , Meng Zhen
Published: September 2020

A visible-light-transparent metasurface has been designed to achieve infrared (IR)–radar stealth. An optically transparent material, indium tin oxide was chosen in preference to other low-IR-emissivity metals to achieve camouflage compatibility for the IR–radar stealth material. In addition, flexible polyethylene terephthalate was adopted as the dielectric material to in order to benefit from its visible light transparency; its softness could also improve its application prospects. The fabricated structure exhibited a strong absorptivity of over 90% from 8.265 GHz to 17.65 GHz and a low IR emissivity of less than 0.3 in the region of 3–14 μm. The results demonstrated that the metasurface was polarization independent and it was still able to maintain 90% of its absorptivity with an oblique incidence of 20°. The good consistency between the experimental and simulated results verified that the proposed metasurface can be practically applied in multifunctional stealth technology.
High performance design for detecting NaI–water concentrations using a two-dimensional phononic crystal biosensor
Authors: Gharibi Hamed , Mehaney Ahmed , Bahrami Ali
Published: September 2020

In this research, the sensing NaI (sodium iodide)–water concentration is achieved by using a local resonant two-dimensional solid–liquid phononic crystal (PnC) design. The sensor design consists of a square arrangement from stainless steel as a host matrix and a periodic array of water-filled circular scatterers. The sensing mechanism is based on the resonance frequencies confined around the NaI waveguide embedded in the middle of the sensor structure. Numerical simulations are carried out based on the finite element method (FEM). Our results showed that the resonant peak frequency varies significantly with the different NaI–water concentrations in the waveguide. Also, the sensor can differentiate between concentrations from 6%–45% with a 1% step, which is very acceptable for accurate detection and can solve many challenges in medical applications. Further, the sensor provided high performance for all NaI–water concentrations. For example, for a concentration range of 6%

−

7%, the sensor has a sensitivity of 1714 Hz, a resolution of 59.5 Hz, a quality factor of 1401, a figure of merit (FOM) of 28, and a signal-to-noise ratio of 2.
Magnetically tuned thermoelectric behavior of Zn-doped magnetite nanofluids
Authors: Anu K , Hemalatha J
Published: September 2020

In the present work, magneto thermoelectric behavior of the Zn-doped magnetite nanofluids is reported. Thermal and electrical conductivity studies have been done, compared and determined to be in line with the theoretical models. Thermoelectric voltage measurements have been carried out in the fluid samples for quite a number of temperature differences at various magnetic fields, and the Seebeck coefficient is calculated from the obtained measurements. It is observed that the fluid samples, which includes magnetite nanoparticle with zinc dopant concentration x = 0.2 shows better enhancement in electrical conductivity, mild enhancement in thermal conductivity and higher Seebeck coefficient value among all the samples. Also, a higher enhancement of 26% is observed in the Seebeck coefficient value of the same sample with an application of 770 G magnetic field. Hence, this is identified as a potential candidate for energy harvesting purposes such as thermoelectric generators in automobile systems, industries and etc.
Hydrothermal synthesis of a CoIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunctional photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution activity under visible light illumination
Authors: Zeng Chao , Hu Yingmo
Published: September 2020

CoIn2S4, a black semiconducting material, possesses an outstanding visible light response and is employed to modify g-C3N4. A series of CoIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunctional photocatalysts are synthesized via a hydrothermal method, whereby cubic CoIn2S4 nanosheets are in situ immobilized on the surfaces of porous g-C3N4 nanosheets. Compared with the pristine g-C3N4 and CoIn2S4, under visible light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation, the CoIn2S4/g-C3N4 composite samples show markedly enhanced photocatalytic activity in hydrogen evolution. Among all of the samples, the 30% CoIn2S4/g-C3N4 sample shows the maximum H2 evolution rates, 5.2 and 23.9 times higher than those of g-C3N4 and CoIn2S4, respectively. The efficient photocatalytic activity of CoIn2S4/g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts is attributed to the formation of an intimate heterostructure, which not only significantly facilitates charge migration, but also enhances visible light absorption. Moreover, a plausible photocatalytic mechanism for the composite photocatalyst has been elucidated. This research provides a novel hint for fabricating visible-light-responsive heterojunction photocatalysts with high performance for energy production.
Noise dependency in vascular parameters from combined gradient-echo and spin-echo DSC MRI
Authors: Digernes Ingrid , Nilsen Line B , Grøvik Endre , Bjørnerud Atle , Løvland Grethe , Vik-Mo Einar , Meling Torstein R , Saxhaug Cathrine , Helland Åslaug , Jacobsen Kari D , Geier Oliver , Emblem Kyrre E
Published: September 2020

Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) imaging is a widely used technique for assessment of cerebral blood volume (CBV). With combined gradient-echo and spin-echo DSC techniques, measures of the underlying vessel size and vessel architecture can be obtained from the vessel size index (VSI) and vortex area, respectively. However, how noise, and specifically the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), affect the estimations of these parameters has largely been overlooked. In order to address this issue, we have performed simulations to generate DSC signals with varying levels of CNR, defined by the peak of relaxation rate curve divided by the standard deviation of the baseline. Moreover, DSC data from 59 brain cancer patients were acquired at two different 3 T-scanners (N = 29 and N = 30, respectively), where CNR and relative parameter maps were obtained. Our simulations showed that the measured parameters were affected by CNR in different ways, where low CNR led to overestimations of CBV and underestimations of VSI and vortex area. In addition, a higher noise-sensitivity was found in vortex area than in CBV and VSI. Results from clinical data were consistent with simulations, and indicated that CNR < 4 gives highly unreliable measurements. Moreover, we have shown that the distribution of values in the tumour regions could change considerably when voxels with CNR below a given cut off are excluded when generating the relative parameter maps. The widespread use of CBV and attractive potential of VSI and vortex area, makes the noise-sensitivity of these parameters found in our study relevant for further use and development of the DSC imaging technique. Our results suggest that the CNR has considerable impact on the measured parameters, with the potential to affect the clinical interpretation of DSC-MRI, and should therefore be taken into account in the clinical decision-making process.
Hot electron retention in laser plasma created under terawatt subnanosecond irradiation of Cu targets
Authors: Pisarczyk T , Kalal M , Gus’kov S Yu , Batani D , Renner O , Santos J , Dudzak R , Zaras-Szydłowska A , Chodukowski T , Rusiniak Z , Dostal J , Krasa J , Krupka M , Kochetkov Iu , Singh S , Cikhardt J , Burian T , Krus M , Pfeifer M , Cristoforetti G , Gizzi L A , Baffigi F , Antonelli L , Demchenko N N , Rosinski M , Terwińska D , Borodziuk S , Kubes P , Ehret M , Juha L , Skala J , Korneev Ph
Published: September 2020

Laser plasma created by intense light interaction with matter plays an important role in high-energy density fundamental studies and many prospective applications. Terawatt laser-produced plasma related to the low collisional and relativistic domain may form supersonic flows and is prone to the generation of strong spontaneous magnetic fields. The comprehensive experimental study presented in this work provides a reference point for the theoretical description of laser-plasma interaction, focusing on the hot electron generation. It experimentally quantifies the phenomenon of hot electron retention, which serves as a boundary condition for most plasma expansion models. Hot electrons, being responsible for nonlocal thermal and electric conductivities, are important for a large variety of processes in such plasmas. The multiple-frame complex-interferometric data providing information on time resolved spontaneous magnetic fields and electron density distribution, complemented by particle spectra and x-ray measurements, were obtained under irradiation of the planar massive Cu and plastic-coated targets by the iodine laser pulse with an intensity of above 1016 W cm−2. The data shows that the hot electron emission from the interaction region outside the target is strongly suppressed, while the electron flow inside the target, i.e. in the direction of the incident laser beam, is a dominant process and contains almost the whole hot electron population. The obtained quantitative characterization of this phenomenon is of primary importance for plasma applications spanning from ICF to laser-driven discharge magnetic field generators.
Dose-dependent x-ray sensing nature of nanocrystalline bismuth phosphate thick films
Authors: Suraiya Begum S N , Karthieka R R , Ajith Kumar B S , Juliana Laetisha J , Prakash T
Published: September 2020

Bismuth and its compounds have been used in various optoelectronic devices because of their unique physical properties and non-toxic nature. In this present study, nanocrystalline bismuth phosphate (BiPO4) was synthesized by solid-state double exchange reaction and then processed at 150 °C for 30 min under nitrogen gas flow. The phase, morphology, purity and band gap of the sample were analyzed respectively using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray, Fourier transform infrared, Raman and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The obtained results reveal that the sample exists in hexagonal phase with crystallites in sub-spherical morphology (∼84 nm) and having a direct transition band gap of 4.52 eV. Furthermore, the x-ray attenuating nature of nanocrystalline BiPO4 thick film was examined using an intra-oral diagnostic x-ray machine interfaced with a Suniray-2 radiography image sensor. A theoretical validation of the obtained x-ray attenuating nature was carried out using the NIST-XCOM online resource. Then, x-ray-induced photocurrent was measured for nanocrystalline BiPO4 thick (200 µm) film for four different doses (mGy) exposed under biased condition (2 V). A grain boundary double Schottky potential barrier height (ϕb) model was applied to explain the observed linear dose-dependent x-ray sensing nature.
Comparative study on a straight and helical capillary tube for CO2 transcritical system
Authors: Jadhav P L , Agrawal N
Published: September 2020

A comparative study on an adiabatic straight and helical capillary tube employing homogenous flow conditions for a CO2 refrigerant. The numerical model is based on the basic principles of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. A result of the present model is validated with previously published test results. The properties of CO2 refrigerants are obtained from property code CO2PROP. Compared to the straight capillary tube, the percentage reduction in mass flow rate for various internal diameter, tube length, and coil diameter are evaluated. It is observed that percentage reduction in mass flow rate increases as the coil diameter, tube diameter, and length of helical capillary tube increases. Again comparison between straight and helical tube is done by calculating tube length at same working conditions. Compared to straight capillary, for similar operating and geometric conditions, the percentage reduction in length for coil diameter 50mm is 16.4%, for coil diameter 100mm is 14.2% and for coil diameter 150mm is 13.5%. This comparative study is useful for designing of compact refrigeration system using CO2 as a refrigerant.
Dielectric relaxation in zinc-borotellurite glasses doped with alkali, transition and rare earth oxides
Authors: Malge Amarkumar , Sankarappa T , Devidas G B , Sujatha T
Published: September 2020

A batch of zinc borotellurite glasses doped with Li2O, W2O3 and rare earth ions were synthesized with varied composition and investigated for dielectric properties in the frequency range from 50Hz to 15MHz and temperature from 300K to 620K. Electric moduli and impedance were estimated. Dielectric relaxation time from both impedance and moduli data were determined. Activation energy for relaxation time has been determined. Nature of the phase of the glasses has been understood in terms of cole-cole plots. Normalized moduli plots were made to learn temperature dependance of relaxation processes. For the first time, glasses of the present composition have been exposed for detailed dielectric relaxation studies.
Hydrogeochemistry of the authigenic mineral-forming processes (a case study of Oxfordian deposits in the Ob-Irtysh interfluve)
Authors: Novikov D. A. , Vakulenko L.G. , Yan P.A. , Dultsev F.F. , Chernykh A.V.
Published: September 2020

Results of the pioneering numerical physicochemical modeling of interactions in the water – rock system on the example of Oxfordian deposits in southern regions of the Ob-Irtysh interfluve (southeastern regions of Western Siberia) are presented.It has been established that, despite the groundwaters having low salinity (up to 46 g/dm3) of and their persistent interactions with rocks (during tens, or probably hundreds of millions of years), they practically have no equilibrium with primary (endogenous) minerals: albite, anortite, microcline.At the same time, groundwater is in equilibrium with micaceous minerals, Ca-, Na - and Mg-montmorillonites, kaolinite, Mg-chlorite. There is always a carbonate barrier in the way of groundwater attaining an equilibrium with primary aluminosilicate minerals. As a result of the detailed petrographic studies, the genetic series of authigenic minerals of the diagenetic and catagenetic phases were established in the studied silty-sandy rocks. Relict diagenetic minerals are represented by glauconite, pyrite, siderite, calcite of the first generation of precipitation, kaolinite, anatase and leucoxene. Catagenetic minerals are considerably dominated by calcite of the second and third generations of precipitation, quartz, kaolinite, whereas siderite, chlorite, albite, dolomite are developed in minor amounts. The results of petrographic studies have corroborated the thermodynamic calculations.
Solution of one problem for a linear loaded differential parabolic equations by finite difference method
Authors: Khankishiyev Z F
Published: September 2020

In this paper, an application the finite difference method to solve one problem for a linear loaded differential equation of parabolic type is given and the convergence of the method is studied. The conditions under which the solution of the difference problem converges to the solution of the original problem are found and the convergence rate is determined.
Achieving reliable UDP transmission at 10 Gb/s using BSD socket for data acquisition systems
Authors: Christensen M.J. , Richter T.
Published: September 2020

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a commonly used protocol for data transmission in small embedded systems. UDP as such is unreliable and packet losses can occur. The achievable data rates can suffer if optimal packet sizes are not used. The alternative, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) guarantees the ordered delivery of data and automatically adjusts transmission to match the capability of the transmission link. Nevertheless UDP is often favored over TCP due to its simplicity, small memory and instruction footprints. Both UDP and TCP are implemented in all larger operating systems and commercial embedded frameworks. In addition UDP also supported on a variety of small hardware platforms such as Digital Signal Processors (DSP) Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). This is not so common for TCP. This paper describes how high speed UDP based data transmission with very low packet error ratios was achieved. The near-reliable communications link is used in a data acquisition (DAQ) system for the next generation of extremely intense neutron source, European Spallation Source. This paper presents measurements of UDP performance and reliability as achieved by employing several optimizations. The measurements were performed on Xeon E5 based CentOS (Linux) servers. The measured data rates are very close to the 10 Gb/s line rate, and zero packet loss was achieved. The performance was obtained utilizing a single processor core as transmitter and a single core as receiver. The results show that support for transmitting large data packets is a key parameter for good performance. Optimizations for throughput are: MTU, packet sizes, tuning Linux kernel parameters, thread affinity, core locality and efficient timers.
Characterization of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) non-exchangeable hydrogen functional types and lung function of wildland firefighters
Authors: Nelson Jordan , Chalbot Marie-Cecile G , Pavicevic Zoran , Kavouras Ilias G
Published: September 2020

Inhalation of smoke is shown to be associated with adverse respiratory outcomes in firefighters. Due to invasiveness of procedures to obtain airways lining fluid, the immediate responses of the target organ (i.e. lung) are secondarily assessed through biomarkers in blood and urine. The objective of this study was to identify changes in metabolic profile of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and lung function of firefighters exposed to wildfires smoke. A total of 29 subjects were studied over 16 events; 14 of these subjects provided cross-shift EBC samples. The predominant types of non-exchangeable hydrogen in EBC were saturated oxygenated hydrogen, aliphatic alkyl and allylic. Non-exchangeable allylic and oxygenated hydrogen concentrations decreased in post-exposure EBC samples. Longer exposures were correlated with increased abundance of oxidized carbon in ketones, acids and esters. Post-exposure lung function declines (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1): 0.08 l, forced vital capacity (FVC): 0.07 l, FEV1/FVC: 0.03 l, peak expiratory flow (PEF): 0.39 l s−1) indicated airways inflammation. They were related to exposure intensity (FEV1and FVC) and exposure duration (PEF). This study showed that EBC characterization of non-exchangeable hydrogen types by NMR may provide insights on EBC molecular compositions in response to smoke inhalation and facilitate targeted analysis to identify specific biomarkers.
Rapid non-invasive detection of Influenza-A-infection by multicapillary column coupled ion mobility spectrometry
Authors: Steppert Claus , Steppert Isabel , Bollinger Thomas , Sterlacci William
Published: September 2020

Infectious pathogens are a global issue. Global air travel offers an easy and fast opportunity not only for people but also for infectious diseases to spread around the world within a few days. Also, large public events facilitate increasing infection numbers. Therefore, rapid on-site screening for infected people is urgently needed.

Due to the small size and easy handling, ion mobility spectrometry coupled with a multicapillary column (MCC-IMS) is a very promising, sensitive method for the on-site identification of infectious pathogens based on scents, representing volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

The purpose of this study was to prospectively assess whether identification of Influenza-A-infection based on VOCs by MCC-IMS is possible in breath. Nasal breath was investigated in 24 consecutive persons with and without Influenza-A-infection by MCC-IMS. In 14 Influenza-A-infected patients, infection was proven by PCR of nasopharyngeal swabs. Four healthy staff members and six patients with negative PCR result served as controls. For picking up relevant VOCs in MCC-IMS spectra, software based on cluster analysis followed by multivariate statistical analysis was applied. With only four VOCs canonical discriminant analysis was able to distinguish Influenza-A-infected patients from those not infected with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity.

This present proof-of-concept-study yields encouraging results showing a rapid diagnosis of viral infections in nasal breath within 5 min by MCC-IMS. The next step is to validate the results with a greater number of patients with Influenza-A-infection as well as other viral diseases, especially COVID-19.

Registration number at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04282135.
Impact of body-biasing for negative capacitance field-effect transistor
Authors: Kim Hyun Woo , Kwon Daewoong
Published: September 2020

In this study, the body-bias effects on negative capacitance FET (NCFET) are analyzed using technology computer-aided design (TCAD) device simulation with drift-diffusion model and Landau-Khalatnikov. To understand the physical origin the effects, electrical characteristics are evaluated with various ferroelectric (FE) layer thickness for NCFET as compared to the conventional MOSFET. With thicker FE layer, the total capacitance (C
Total) becomes larger, while MOS capacitance (C
MOS) is sustained, leading to voltage amplification because the difference between C
FE and C
MOS gets smaller. It gives the strong gate controllability and less sensitivity for threshold voltage (V
TH) according to body-bias variations unlike the conventional MOSFET. Moreover, it is confirmed that the surface band-bending at the interface of NCFET is rarely changed with changing body-bias from 0V to −3V.
On complete gradient steady Ricci solitons with vanishing 𝐷-tensor
Authors: Cao Huai-Dong , Yu Jiangtao
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we extend the work by the first author and Q. Chen [Duke Math. J. 162 (2013), pp. 1149–1169] to classify

n
n

-dimensional (

n
≥
5

n\ge 5

) complete

D
D

-flat gradient steady Ricci solitons. More precisely, we prove that any

n
n

-dimensional complete noncompact gradient steady Ricci soliton with vanishing D-tensor is either Ricci-flat, or isometric to the Bryant soliton. Furthermore, the proof extends to the shrinking case and the expanding case as well.
An on-average Maeda-type conjecture in the level aspect
Authors: Martin Kimball
Published: September 2020

We present a conjecture on the average number of Galois orbits of newforms when fixing the weight and varying the level. This conjecture implies, for instance, that the central

L
L

-values (resp.

L
L

-derivatives) are nonzero for

100
100%

of even weight prime level newforms with root number

+
1

+1

(resp.

−
1

-1

).
Order uniform convexity in Banach spaces with an application
Authors: Alfuraidan Monther , Khamsi Mohamed
Published: September 2020

In this work, we introduce a variant form of uniform convexity in partially ordered Banach spaces. This uniform convexity property is more adequate than norm uniform convexity when studying the fixed point problem for monotone nonexpansive mappings.
Globalization of partial cohomology of groups
Authors: Dokuchaev Mikhailo , Khrypchenko Mykola , Simón Juan
Published: September 2020

We study the relations between partial and global group cohomology with values in a commutative unital ring

A

\mathcal {A}

. In particular, for a unital partial action of a group

G
G

on

A

\mathcal {A}

, such that

A

\mathcal {A}

is a direct product of commutative indecomposable rings, we show that any partial

n
n

-cocycle of

G
G

with values in

A

\mathcal {A}

is globalizable.
An orthorhombic deformation family of Schwarz’ H surfaces
Authors: Chen Hao , Weber Matthias
Published: September 2020

The classical H surfaces of H. A. Schwarz form a 1-parameter family of triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) that are usually described as close relatives to his more famous P surface. However, a crucial distinction between these surfaces is that the P surface belongs to a 5-dimensional smooth family of embedded TPMS of genus three discovered by W. Meeks, while the H surfaces are among the few known examples outside this family. We construct a 2-parameter family of embedded TPMS of genus three that contains the H family and meets the Meeks family. In particular, we prove that H surfaces can be deformed continuously within the space of TPMS of genus three into Meeks surfaces.
The Chile Biliary Longitudinal Study: A Gallstone Cohort
Authors: Koshiol Jill , Van De Wyngard Vanessa , McGee Emma E , Cook Paz , Pfeiffer Ruth M , Mardones Noldy , Medina Karie , Olivo Vanessa , Pettit Karen , Jackson Sarah S , Paredes Fabio , Sanchez Raúl , Huidobro Andrea , Villaseca Miguel , Bellolio Enrique , Losada Hector , Roa Juan Carlos , Hildesheim Allan , Araya Juan Carlos , Ferreccio Catterina ,   for the Chile BiLS Study Group
Published: September 2020

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly fatal cancer that can be cured through cholecystectomy if identified early. The presence of gallstones is the primary risk factor for GBC, but few people with gallstones develop GBC. A key question is what drives the development of GBC among persons with gallstones. We initiated the Chile Biliary Longitudinal Study (Chile BiLS) to address this question. From 2016 to 2019, Chile BiLS enrolled 4,726 women aged 50–74 years with ultrasound-detected gallstones from southern-central Chile, accounting for an estimated 36% of eligible women with gallstones in the study area. The median age was 59 years; 25% of the women were Amerindian (Mapuche), 60% were obese, 25% had diabetes, and 6% had cardiovascular disease. Participants will be followed for gallbladder dysplasia or cancer for 6 years. As of April 30, 2020, over 91% of those eligible completed the year 2 follow-up visit. Data being collected include epidemiologic and sociodemographic information, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and tooth counts. Biosamples being taken include baseline plasma, buffy coat, red blood cells, serum, blood clot from serum, and PAXgene whole blood (PreAnalytiX GmbH, Hombrechtikon, Switzerland). Complete gallbladder sampling is conducted for most participants undergoing cholecystectomy. The Chile BiLS cohort study will increase our understanding of GBC etiology and could identify potential risk stratification and early detection strategies in high-risk areas.
Subclinical Heart Dysfunction in Relation to Metabolic and Inflammatory Markers: A Community-Based Study
Authors: Cauwenberghs Nicholas , Sabovčik František , Vandenabeele Eline , Kobayashi Yukari , Haddad Francois , Budts Werner , Kuznetsova Tatiana
Published: September 2020

Background

Population studies investigating the contribution of immunometabolic disturbances to heart dysfunction remain scarce. We combined high-throughput biomarker profiling, multidimensional network analyses, and regression statistics to identify immunometabolic markers associated with subclinical heart dysfunction in the community.

Methods

In 1,236 individuals (mean age, 51.0 years; 51.5% women), we measured 39 immunometabolic markers and assessed echocardiographic indexes of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and left atrial (LA) reservoir dysfunction. We used partial least squares (PLS) to filter the most relevant biomarkers related to the echocardiographic characteristics. Subsequently, we assessed the associations between the echocardiographic features and biomarkers selected in PLS while accounting for clinical confounders.

Results

Influential biomarkers in PLS of echocardiographic characteristics included blood sugar, γ-glutamyl transferase, d-dimer, ferritin, hemoglobin, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and serum insulin and uric acid. In stepwise regression incorporating clinical confounders, higher d-dimer was independently associated with higher E/e′ ratio and LA volume index (P ≤ 0.05 for all). In multivariable-adjusted analyses, the risk for LVDD increased with higher blood sugar and d-dimer (P ≤ 0.048). After full adjustment, higher serum insulin and serum uric acid were independently related to worse LA reservoir strain and higher risk for LA reservoir dysfunction (P ≤ 0.039 for all). The biomarker panels detected LVDD and LA reservoir dysfunction with 87% and 79% accuracy, respectively (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Biomarkers of insulin resistance, hyperuricemia, and chronic low-grade inflammation were associated with cardiac dysfunction. These biomarkers might help to unravel cardiac pathology and improve the detection and management of cardiac dysfunction in clinical practice.
Experimental predator intrusions in a cooperative breeder reveal threat-dependent task partitioning
Authors: Josi Dario , Freudiger Annika , Taborsky Michael , Frommen Joachim G
Published: September 2020

In cooperatively breeding species, nonbreeding individuals provide alloparental care and help in territory maintenance and defense. Antipredator behaviors of subordinates can enhance offspring survival, which may provide direct and indirect fitness benefits to all group members. Helping abilities and involved costs and benefits, risks, and outside options (e.g., breeding independently) usually diverge between group members, which calls for status-specific differentiated behavioral responses. Such role differentiation within groups may generate task-specific division of labor, as exemplified by eusocial animals. In vertebrates, little is known about such task differentiation among group members. We show how breeders and helpers of the cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolamprologus savoryi partition predator defense depending on intruder type and the presence of dependent young. In the field, we experimentally simulated intrusions by different fish species posing a risk either specifically to eggs, young, or adults. We used intrusions by harmless algae eaters as a control. Breeders defended most when dependent young were present, while helper investment hinged mainly on their body size and on the potential threat posed by the respective intruders. Breeders and helpers partitioned defense tasks primarily when dependent young were exposed to immediate risk, with breeders investing most in antipredator defense, while helpers increased guarding and care in the breeding chamber. Breeders’ defense likely benefits helpers as well, as it was especially enhanced in the treatment where helpers were also at risk. These findings illustrate that in a highly social fish different group members exhibit fine-tuned behavioral responses in dependence of ecological and reproductive parameter variation.
Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on the Diagnosis of COVID-19: Serologic Testing (September 2020)
Authors: Hanson Kimberly E , Caliendo Angela M , Arias Cesar A , Englund Janet A , Hayden Mary K , Lee Mark J , Loeb Mark , Patel Robin , Altayar Osama , El Alayli Abdallah , Sultan Shahnaz , Falck-Ytter Yngve , Lavergne Valéry , Morgan Rebecca L , Murad M Hassan , Bhimraj Adarsh , Mustafa Reem A
Published: September 2020

Background

The availability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serologic testing has rapidly increased. Current assays use a variety of technologies, measure different classes of immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin combinations, and detect antibodies directed against different portions of the virus. The overall accuracy of these tests, however, has not been well defined. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) convened an expert panel to perform a systematic review of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) serology literature and construct best-practice guidance related to SARS-CoV-2 serologic testing. This guideline is the fourth in a series of rapid, frequently updated COVID-19 guidelines developed by IDSA.

Objective

IDSA’s goal was to develop evidence-based recommendations that assist clinicians, clinical laboratories, patients, and policymakers in decisions related to the optimal use of SARS-CoV-2 serologic tests in a variety of settings. We also highlight important unmet research needs pertaining to the use of anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests for diagnosis, public health surveillance, vaccine development, and the selection of convalescent plasma donors.

Methods

A multidisciplinary panel of infectious diseases clinicians, clinical microbiologists, and experts in systematic literature review identified and prioritized clinical questions related to the use of SARS-CoV-2 serologic tests. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was used to assess the certainty of evidence and make testing recommendations.

Results

The panel agreed on 8 diagnostic recommendations.

Conclusions

Information on the clinical performance and utility of SARS-CoV-2 serologic tests is rapidly emerging. Based on available evidence, detection of anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies may be useful for confirming the presence of current or past infection in selected situations. The panel identified 3 potential indications for serologic testing, including (1) evaluation of patients with a high clinical suspicion for COVID-19 when molecular diagnostic testing is negative and ≥2 weeks have passed since symptom onset, (2) assessment of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and (3) conducting serosurveillance studies. The certainty of available evidence supporting the use of serology for either diagnosis or epidemiology was, however, graded as very low to moderate. For the most updated version of these guidelines, please go to https://www.idsociety.org/covid19guidelines.