bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anxiolytic, hypnotic and sedative medication use in Australia
Authors: Hollingworth Samantha A , Siskind Dan J
Published: January 2010

Purpose

New sedative drugs have been marketed in Australia in the last few years. We examined the trends in the prescribing of subsidised anxiolytic, hypnotic and sedative (AHS) medication use in the Australian population from 2002 to 2007.

Methods

We analysed the Medicare Australia and Drug Utilisation Sub‐Committee databases for AHS script data from 2002 to 2007 by source, class of prescriber, gender and 5‐year age groups. Scripts were converted to defined daily dose per 1000 population per day (DDD/1000 population/day) using Australian Bureau of Statistics population data.

Results

Overall use of AHS increased from 23.76 to 24.11 DDD/1000 population/day between 2002 and 2007. Anxiolytic medication utilisation increased as hypnotic medication utilisation decreased. Diazepam was the most widely used anxiolytic followed by alprazolam and oxazepam. Temazepam was the most widely used hypnotic followed by nitrazepam. Medication use was concentrated in those aged ≥65 years with peak use in those aged 85–89 years. There was substantial use of anxiolytics in those aged 30–65 years. Age‐adjusted utilization was higher in females than males.

Conclusions

The prescribing of AHS medications increased slightly over the last half decade. There is growing use of zolpidem on private prescription. The gender differences in use reflect the higher prevalence of anxiety and sleep disorders in women. The very high use of these drugs in elderly people warrants further exploration because of the concomitant increased risks of mortality and morbidity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Same constructs, different results: Examining the consistency of two behavior‐rating scales with referred preschoolers
Authors: Myers Carl L. , Bour Jennifer L. , Sidebottom Kristina J. , Murphy Sara B. , Hakman Melissa
Published: January 2010

Broad‐band or multidimensional behavior‐rating scales are common tools for evaluating children. Two popular behavior‐rating scales, the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC‐2; Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2004) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2000), have undergone downward extensions so that the preschool versions are available for children as young as 18 months. Limited research, however, has been conducted on the preschool versions of the BASC‐2 and CBCL. This study examined the consistency of results from the two preschool versions when completed by parents of clinically referred preschoolers. Comparisons of similarly named scales found significant correlations. Mean scores for several of the constructs were significantly different, however, and often resulted in inconsistent classification decisions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anti‐bullying practices in American schools: Perspectives of school psychologists
Authors: Sherer Yiping C. , Nickerson Amanda B.
Published: January 2010

A random sample of 213 school psychologists working in a school setting completed a survey on their schools' current anti‐bullying practices. Talking with bullies following bullying incidents, disciplinary consequences for bullies, and increasing adult supervision were the three most frequently used strategies. Peer juries/court, an anti‐bullying committee, and peer counselors were least frequently used, according to respondents. School‐wide positive behavior support, modifying space and schedule, and immediate responses to bullying incidents were perceived as most effective, whereas avoiding contact between bullies and victims, a zero‐tolerance policy with bullies, and a written anti‐bullying policy were least effective. Results and implications are discussed within the context of empirically supported practices. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The relationship between peer victimization and post‐traumatic stress symptomatology in a rural sample
Authors: Crosby James W. , Oehler Judy , Capaccioli Kristen
Published: January 2010

Peer victimization (PV) has been associated with a number of negative psychological sequelae. Few studies, however, have examined the relationship between PV and the symptomatology of post‐traumatic stress disorder, and no studies to date have examined this relationship in a rural sample. Adapted versions of the SEQ‐SR and the TSCC were used to assess the relationship between PV and post‐traumatic stress symptomatology in a sample of 244 rural youths (ages 10–14) in two school districts in a south‐central area of the United States. In addition to a positive relationship between PV and post‐traumatic stress symptomatology, the results indicated relatively high rates of adult presence and peer bystanding during PV experiences. Limitations and implications for practice are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Redox properties and radical anions of fluorinated 2,1,3‐benzothia(selena)diazoles and related compounds
Authors: Vasilieva Nadezhda V. , Irtegova Irina G. , Gritsan Nina P. , Lonchakov Anton V. , Makarov Alexander Yu. , Shundrin Leonid A. , Zibarev Andrey V.
Published: January 2010

In comparison with 2,1,3‐benzothia(selena)diazoles, electrochemical oxidation and reduction of their 4,5,6,7‐tetrafluoro derivatives and a number of related compounds were studied by cyclic voltammetry. For nine examples of this class, the first reduction peaks are reversible and corresponding radical anions (RAs) are long‐lived at 295 K in MeCN and especially in DMF. The oxidation peaks were irreversible and corresponding radical cations were not observed. Electrochemically generated RAs were characterized by EPR measurements and DFT calculations at the UB3LYP/6‐31+G(d) level. The spin density distribution in the RAs is analyzed in connection with effects of S substitution by Se and/or H by F. The prospects of the studied RAs in the design and synthesis of magnetically active materials are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A non‐enzymatic model based on an acyl transfer reaction for the formation of energy‐rich acetyl phosphate in organic solvents and in a biphasic system
Authors: Giusti Luciano A. , Machado Vanderlei G.
Published: January 2010

The formation of acetyl phosphate (AcP), an energy‐rich phosphate compound, was studied through the reaction of 2,4‐dinitrophenyl acetate with H2PO solubilized with Kryptofix® 222 or as a tetra‐n‐butylammonium ((n‐C4H9)4N+) salt in organic media. The results indicated that the rate of the reaction in acetonitrile is strongly inhibited by the addition of water, suggesting that the water added to the medium preferentially solvates the H2PO anion, inhibiting its action as a nucleophile and allowing it to act as a general base catalyst, which leads to the hydrolysis of the ester. The utilization of various organic solvents in the acetyl transfer process demonstrated that the specific interaction of the solvent with water accelerates the process, by desolvation of H2PO, which can act as a nucleophile. Finally, a formation/transformation cycle of AcP was studied in a biphasic system (water/CH2Cl2) using Kryptofix® 222 and (n‐C4H9)4N+BF as both the carrier and solubilizing agent for KH2PO4. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile synthesis of blocky styrene(1,3)‐butadiene copolymers having stereoregular monomeric sequences
Authors: Ricciardi Rosa , Napoli Mariagrazia , Longo Pasquale
Published: January 2010

Half titanocenes (CpCH2CH2O)TiCl2 1 and (CpCH2CH2 OCH3)TiCl3 2, activated by methylaluminoxane are tested in styrene–1,3‐butadiene copolymerization. The titanocene 1 is able to copolymerize styrene and 1,3‐butadiene, with a facile procedure, to give products with high molecular weight. The analysis of microstructure by 13C‐NMR reveals that the styrene homosequences in copolymers are in syndiotactic arrangement, while the butadiene homosequences are, prevailingly, in 1,4‐cis configuration, according with behavior of 1 in the homopolymerizations of styrene and 1,3‐butadiene, respectively. The reactivity ratios of copolymerization are estimated by diad composition analysis. All obtained copolymers have r1 × r2 values much larger than 1, indicating blocky nature of homosequences. The structural characterization by wide‐angle X‐ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry indicates that all copolymers are crystalline, with Tm varying from 171 to 239 °C, depending on the styrene content. The titanocene 2 did not succeed in styrene–1,3‐butadiene copolymerization, giving rise to a blend of homopolymers. Compounds 1 and 2 were also tested in the polymerization of several conjugated dienes, and the obtained results were very useful to rationalize the behavior of both catalysts in the copolymerization of styrene and butadiene. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 815–822, 2010
Facile synthesis of amphiphilic gels by frontal free‐radical polymerization
Authors: Tu Jun , Chen Li , Fang Yuan , Wang Caifeng , Chen Su
Published: January 2010

We report a new facile strategy for quickly synthesizing poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate‐co‐vinyl versatate) amphiphilic gels with excellent physicochemical properties by frontal free‐radical polymerization. The appropriate amounts of 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate, vinyl versatate (VeoVa 9) and ammonium persulfate initiator were mixed together at ambient temperature in the presence of N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone as the solvent medium. Frontal polymerization (FP) was initiated by heating the wall of the tube with a soldering iron. Once initiated, no further energy was required for the polymerization to occur. The dependence of the front velocity and front temperature on the initiator concentration was investigated. The front temperatures were between 132 and 157 °C, depending on the initiator concentration. The morphology, swelling rate, and swelling behavior of amphiphilic gels prepared via FP were comparatively investigated on the basis of scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle, and swelling measurements. Results show that the amphiphilic gels prepared via FP behave with good swelling capacity both in water and organic solvents. The FP can be exploited as an alternative means for synthesis of amphiphilic gels with additional advantages of fast and efficient way. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 823–831, 2010
Synthesis of polymeric 1‐iminopyridinium ylides as photoreactive polymers
Authors: Klinger Daniel , Nilles Katja , Theato Patrick
Published: January 2010

Two synthetic routes to polymeric 1‐imino pyridinium ylides as new photoreactive polymeric architectures were investigated. In the first approach, polymerization of newly synthesized 1‐imino pyridinium ylide containing monomers yielding their polymeric analogues was achieved by free radical polymerization. Alternatively, reactive precursor polymers were synthesized and converted into the respective 1‐imino pyridinium ylide polymers by polymer analogous reactions on reactive precursor polymers. Quantitative conversion of the reactive groups was achieved with pentafluorophenyl ester containing polymers and newly synthesized photoreactive amines as well as by the reaction of poly(4‐vinylbenzoyl azide) with a photoreactive alcohol. The polymers obtained by both routes were examined regarding their photoreaction products and kinetics in solution as well as in thin polymer films. Contact angle measurements of water on the polymer films before and after irradiation showed dramatic changes in the hydrophilicity of the polymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 832–844, 2010
Diagnostic protein marker patterns in squamous cervical cancer
Authors: Lomnytska Marta I. , Becker Susanne , Hellman Kristina , Hellström Ann‐Cathrin , Souchelnytskyi Serhiy , Mints Miriam , Hellman Ulf , Andersson Sonia , Auer Gert
Published: January 2010

Purpose: Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent malignancy of women. Our aim was to identify additional marker protein patterns for objective diagnosis of squamous cervical cancer (SCC).

Experimental design: Collected tissue biopsies of SCC, squamous vaginal cancer (SVC), normal cervical and vaginal mucosa were subjected to 2‐DE, SameSpot analysis, MALDI‐TOF‐MS protein identification, and analysis of the expression of selected proteins by immunohistochemistry.

Results: In 148 protein spots selected by the difference in expression 99 proteins were identified. A differential protein pattern for SCC was, e.g. over‐expressed (OE) eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3‐2β, neutrophil cytosolic factor 2, annexin A6 (ANXA6), for SVC it was OE cathepsin D, γ‐catenin, RAB2A, for both cancers it was OE apolipoprotein E, tropomyosin 3, HSPA8, and underexpressed cytokeratin 13, osteoglycin. In SCC nuclear expression of neutrophil cytosolic factor 2, PRDX2, HSP27 (nine of ten cases), ANXA6 (nine of ten cases) was observed while tropomyosin 4 was expressed only in two of ten cases. There was 81.1% (43/53) agreement between the expression of protein spots and the immune expression of proteins (www.proteinatlas.org).

Conclusions and clinical relevance: SCC is characterized by specific tissue marker protein patterns that allow objective detection of the disease. They can become a basis for objective automated cytology‐based screening and improve current diagnostics of SCC.
Shotgun proteomics identifies proteins specific for acute renal transplant rejection
Authors: Sigdel Tara K. , Kaushal Amit , Gritsenko Marina , Norbeck Angela D. , Qian Wei‐Jun , Xiao Wenzhong , Camp David G. , Smith Richard D. , Sarwal Minnie M.
Published: January 2010

Purpose: Acute rejection (AR) remains the primary risk factor for renal transplant outcome; development of non‐invasive diagnostic biomarkers for AR is an unmet need.

Experimental design: We used shotgun proteomics applying LC‐MS/MS and ELISA to analyze a set of 92 urine samples, from patients with AR, stable grafts (STA), proteinuria (NS), and healthy controls.

Results: A total of 1446 urinary proteins (UP) were identified along with a number of non‐specific proteinuria‐specific, renal transplantation specific and AR‐specific proteins. Relative abundance of identified UP was measured by protein‐level spectral counts adopting a weighted fold‐change statistic, assigning increased weight for more frequently observed proteins. We have identified alterations in a number of specific UP in AR, primarily relating to MHC antigens, the complement cascade and extra‐cellular matrix proteins. A subset of proteins (uromodulin, SERPINF1 and CD44), have been further cross‐validated by ELISA in an independent set of urine samples, for significant differences in the abundance of these UP in AR.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: This label‐free, semi‐quantitative approach for sampling the urinary proteome in normal and disease states provides a robust and sensitive method for detection of UP for serial, non‐invasive clinical monitoring for graft rejection after kidney transplantation.
Proteomic studies on receptor for advanced glycation end product variants in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Ohlmeier Steffen , Mazur Witold , Salmenkivi Kaisa , Myllärniemi Marjukka , Bergmann Ulrich , Kinnula Vuokko L.
Published: January 2010

Purpose: Proteomic screening revealed declined levels of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This study was undertaken to investigate the different RAGE isoforms in two lung diseases with destruction of the lung parenchyma, i.e. IPF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Experimental design: RAGE was analyzed by 2‐DE, MS and Western blotting using lung tissues from non‐smokers, smokers, patients with IPF, COPD and α‐1‐antitrypsin deficiency (AAT) and by ELISA from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples. Results: RAGE, detected by 2‐DE in the control lung, was confirmed to be glycosylated, soluble, C‐truncated RAGE with characteristics indicative of the presence of endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE). Further studies revealed a decrease of the full length‐RAGE (FL‐RAGE) and its C‐terminal processed variant (cRAGE) in the lung tissues of IPF and COPD patients but not in AAT. The esRAGE level was reduced in IPF but was unchanged in COPD. Conclusions and clinical relevance: This study shows an involvement of the three RAGE variants (FL‐RAGE, cRAGE, esRAGE) in IPF. The decline of FL‐RAGE and cRAGE, but not esRAGE, in COPD lungs is evidence of involvement of specific RAGE variants also in this disease.
Rapid, robotic, small‐scale protein production for NMR screening and structure determination
Authors: Jensen Davin R. , Woytovich Christopher , Li Margie , Duvnjak Petar , Cassidy Michael S. , Frederick Ronnie O. , Bergeman Lai F. , Peterson Francis C. , Volkman Brian F.
Published: January 2010

Three‐dimensional protein structure determination is a costly process due in part to the low success rate within groups of potential targets. Conventional validation methods eliminate the vast majority of proteins from further consideration through a time‐consuming succession of screens for expression, solubility, purification, and folding. False negatives at each stage incur unwarranted reductions in the overall success rate. We developed a semi‐automated protocol for isotopically‐labeled protein production using the Maxwell‐16, a commercially available bench top robot, that allows for single‐step target screening by 2D NMR. In the span of a week, one person can express, purify, and screen 48 different 15N‐labeled proteins, accelerating the validation process by more than 10‐fold. The yield from a single channel of the Maxwell‐16 is sufficient for acquisition of a high‐quality 2D 1H‐15N‐HSQC spectrum using a 3‐mm sample cell and 5‐mm cryogenic NMR probe. Maxwell‐16 screening of a control group of proteins reproduced previous validation results from conventional small‐scale expression screening and large‐scale production approaches currently employed by our structural genomics pipeline. Analysis of 18 new protein constructs identified two potential structure targets that included the second PDZ domain of human Par‐3. To further demonstrate the broad utility of this production strategy, we solved the PDZ2 NMR structure using [U‐15N,13C] protein prepared using the Maxwell‐16. This novel semi‐automated protein production protocol reduces the time and cost associated with NMR structure determination by eliminating unnecessary screening and scale‐up steps.
The effect of oxygen remote plasma treatment on ZnO TFTs fabricated by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Lee Seungjun , Bang Seokhwan , Park Joohyun , Park Soyeon , Jeong Wooho , Jeon Hyeongtag
Published: January 2010

We deposited ZnO thin films by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and then investigated the chemical and electrical characteristics after plasma treatment. The chemical bonding states were examined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS spectra of O 1s showed that the intensity of oxygen deficient regions of the ZnO film decreased from 27.6 to 19.4%, while the intensity of the oxygen bound on the surface of the ZnO film increased from 15.0 to 21.9% as plasma exposure times increased. The ZnO film exhibited a decrease in carrier concentration from 4.9 × 1015 to 1.2 × 1014 cm−3 and an increase in resistivity from 1.2 × 102 to 9.8 × 103 Ω cm as the plasma exposure times increased. To verify the changes in the chemical and electrical properties of the ZnO films caused by the oxygen remote plasma treatment, ZnO thin film transistors were fabricated and their electrical properties were investigated. We found that the Ion/Ioff ratio increased from 7.3 × 104 to 8.6 × 106, the subthreshold swings improved from 1.67 to 0.45 V/decade, and the saturation mobility (µsat) decreased from 1.63 to 0.72 cm2/V s as plasma exposure times were increased.
Effect of deep‐level states on current–voltage characteristics and electroluminescence of blue and UV light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Nana R. , Gnanachchelvi P. , Awaah M. A. , Gowda M. H. , Kamto A. M. , Wang Y. , Park M. , Das K.
Published: January 2010

Current–voltage (I–V) characteristics and electroluminescence spectra of several ultraviolet and blue light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) emitting nominally at 380, 400, 430, and 468 nm were studied. These diodes exhibited an Ohmic regime at low forward biases; then the current increased sharply as bias increased. Several changes in the slope of logarithmic I–V plots indicated that, I ∝ Vx. These changes in the slope were interpreted as single‐carrier space‐charge‐limited (SCL) transport across the diode active region. As bias increased the deep states were filled and for the 400‐ and 468‐nm diodes ideality factors of ∼2 were obtained. This indicated that, as bias increased the transport mechanism changed from SCL conduction to recombination of injected carriers in the space‐charge region. For the 380‐ and 430‐nm diodes, ideality factors >>2 were obtained, although the observed electroluminescence spectrum indicated substantial radiative recombination. For the diode emitting at 430 nm, several peaks including the major peak at ∼424 nm appeared to have resulted from transitions between the conduction‐band edge and deep states, identified from the I–V characteristics, likely to be associated with Zn doping of the InGaN active region. Deep states in the other diodes appeared to be ineffective in the radiative recombination process.
Lucidone, a novel melanin inhibitor from the fruit of Lindera erythrocarpa Makino
Authors: Kumar K. J. Senthil , Yang Jeng‐Chuann , Chu Feng‐Hua , Chang Shang‐Tzen , Wang Sheng‐Yang
Published: January 2010

The effects of lucidone on tyrosinase and antimelanogenic activity were investigated. Initially, we found that lucidone strongly inhibits the activity of mushroom tyrosinase. The effects of lucidone on tyrosinase were further examined in α‐MSH‐induced B16 melanoma cells. Lucidone significantly inhibits tyrosinase activity and leads to decreased melanin content in cultured B16 melanoma cells. Lucidone also attenuates the expression of tyrosinase and MITF (Microphthalmia‐associated Transcription Factor) protein in a concentration‐dependent manner, as shown by western blot. Quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) confirmed that lucidone inhibits the expression of tyrosinase mRNA. Accordingly, the effects of lucidone on the ERK signaling pathway were also investigated, but lucidone was not found to play major role in the induction of ERK activation. Our data indicate that the antimelanogenic activity of lucidone is probably due to its inhibition of tyrosinase activity and the suppression of tyrosinase and MITF expression. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving anticancer activities of Oplopanax horridus root bark extract by removing water‐soluble components
Authors: Sun Shi , Li Xiao‐Li , Wang Chong‐Zhi , Williams Stainley , Yuan Chun‐Su
Published: January 2010

O. horridus is used as a folk medicine by natives in the Northern Pacific coast of North America. This experiment studied the antiproliferative effects of the extract of O. horridus root bark and its fractions chromatographed from Dianion HP20 resin column with water, 30, 50, 70 and 100% ethanol on human breast cancer MCF‐7 cells and non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. The role of O. horridus in the cell cycle and apoptosis of MCF‐7 cells was also investigated. The results showed that the 70% and 100% ethanol fractions demonstrated more potent antiproliferative effects than the total extract on both cell lines. The antiproliferative effects may result from the enrichment of active constituents detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The IC50 of the total extract, 50, 70, and 100% ethanol fractions for antiproliferation on MCF‐7 cells were 248.4, 123.1, 44.0, and 31.5 μg/mL, respectively, and on NSCLC cells were 125.3, 271.1, 17.6, and 23.2 μg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the water and 30% ethanol fractions significantly promoted cell proliferation on MCF‐7 cells at concentrations > 100 μg/mL, suggesting that the hydrophilic fractions should be removed from the extract when used for cancer chemoprevention in order to achieve desirable activities. The effects of the total extract on cell cycle and apoptosis were similar to that of the 100% ethanol fraction because of the similarity of their chemical composition. At higher concentrations, the apoptotic effects of the 70% ethanol fraction are more significant. Data from this study suggested that the 70% and 100% ethanol fractions are active antiproliferative fractions and that induction of apoptosis is the mechanism involved in the antiproliferative effect observed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial and cytotoxic potential of twenty‐three British and Irish red algae
Authors: Allmendinger Andrea , Spavieri Jasmine , Kaiser Marcel , Casey Rosalyn , Hingley‐Wilson Suzie , Lalvani Ajit , Guiry Michael , Blunden Gerald , Tasdemir Deniz
Published: January 2010

As part of our continuing research on seaweeds, we have screened the crude extracts of 23 red marine algae collected from England and Ireland. The clinically important blood‐stage life forms of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi, Leishmania donovani and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were used as test organisms in the in vitro assays. The selectivity of the extracts was determined by using mammalian skeletal myoblast (L6) cells. All algal extracts showed activity against T. brucei rhodesiense, with Corallina officinalis and Ceramium virgatum being the most potent (IC50 values 4.8 and 5.4 μg/ml), whilst none of the algal extracts inhibited the growth of T. cruzi. Except for Porphyra leucosticta, extracts from all seaweeds also showed leishmanicidal activity with IC50 values ranging from 16.5 to 85.6 μg/ml. Only the crude extract of Calliblepharis jubata showed some weak activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC value 256 μg/ml), while the others were inactive at this concentration. Corallina officinalis was the only seaweed that displayed some marginal cytotoxicity (IC50 value 88.6 μg/ml), and all remaining extracts were non‐toxic towards L6 cells at 90 μg/ml concentration. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activity of British and Irish red algae. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmospheric pressure laser desorption/ionization of plant metabolites and plant tissue using colloidal graphite
Authors: Perdian D. C. , Schieffer G. M. , Houk R. S.
Published: January 2010

Colloidal graphite is a promising matrix for atmospheric pressure laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Intact [M+H]+ and [M–H]− ions are readily produced from a wide range of small molecule plant metabolites, particularly anthocyanins, fatty acids, lipids, glycerides, and ceramides. Compared with a more traditional organic acid matrix, colloidal graphite provides more efficient ionization for small hydrophobic molecules and has a much cleaner background spectrum, especially in negative ion mode. Some important metabolites, e.g., fatty acids and glycosylated flavonoids, can be observed from Arabidopsis thaliana leaf and flower petal tissues in situ. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MSQ: a tool for quantification of proteomics data generated by a liquid chromatography/matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry based targeted quantitative proteomics platform
Authors: Oh Jung Hun , Pan Sheng , Zhang Jing , Gao Jean
Published: January 2010

Mass spectrometry (MS)‐based quantitative proteomics has become a critical component of biological and clinical research for identification of biomarkers that can be used for early detection of diseases. In particular, MS‐based targeted quantitative proteomics has been recently developed for the detection and validation of biomarker candidates in complex biological samples. In such approaches, synthetic reference peptides that are the stable isotope labeled version of proteotypic peptides of proteins to be quantitated are used as internal standards enabling specific identification and absolute quantification of targeted peptides. The quantification of targeted peptides is achieved using the intensity ratio of a native peptide to the corresponding reference peptide whose spike‐in amount is known. However, a manual calculation of the ratios can be time‐consuming and labor‐intensive, especially when the number of peptides to be tested is large. To establish a liquid chromatography/matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MALDI TOF/TOF)‐based targeted quantitative proteomics pipeline, we have developed a software named Mass Spectrometry based Quantification (MSQ). This software can be used to automate the quantification and identification of targeted peptides/proteins by the MALDI TOF/TOF platform. MSQ was applied to the detection of a selected group of targeted peptides in pooled human cerebrospinal spinal fluid (CSF) from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in comparison with age‐matched control (OC). The results for the automated quantification and identification of targeted peptides/proteins in CSF were in good agreement with results calculated manually. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of fragmentation pathways of lithiated α,β‐unsaturated thioesters by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Guo Cheng , Hu Nan , Jiang Kezhi , Chen Weixiang , Wang Xiaoxia , Pan Yuanjiang
Published: January 2010

The fragmentation pathways of lithiated α,β‐unsaturated thioesters with different substituents were investigated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) in positive ion mode. In mass spectrometry of the α,β‐unsaturated thioesters, Ar‐CHCH‐CO‐S‐Ph, loss of PhSLi and elimination of a thiophenol were the two major fragmentation reactions of the lithiated molecules. The elemental compositions of all the ions were confirmed by high‐resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance tandem mass spectrometry (FTICR‐MS/MS). The thioesters studied here were para‐monosubstituted on the phenyl ring of cinnamoyl and the electron‐withdrawing groups favored loss of a thiophenol, whereas the electron‐releasing groups strongly favored the competing reaction leading to the loss of PhSLi to form a cinnamoyl cation, Ar‐CHCHCO+. The intensity ratios of the two competitive product ions were well correlated with the σ substituent constants. The mechanisms of these two competing routes were further investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical calculations for mass resolution of a quadrupole ion trap reflectron time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer
Authors: Choi Chang Min , Heo Jiyoung , Park Chang Joon , Kim Nam Joon
Published: January 2010

We have developed a theoretical method of predicting the mass resolution for a quadrupole ion trap reflectron time‐of‐flight (QIT‐reTOF) mass spectrometer as a function of the spatial and velocity distributions of ions, voltages applied to the electrodes, and dimensions of the instrument. The flight times of ions were calculated using theoretical equations derived with an assumption of uniform electric fields inside the QIT and with the analytical description of the potential including the monopole, dipole, and quadrupole components. The mass resolution was then estimated from the flight‐time spread of the ions with finite spatial and velocity distributions inside the QIT. The feasibility of the theoretical method was confirmed by the reasonable agreement of the theoretical resolution with the experimental one measured by varying the extraction voltage of the QIT or the deceleration voltage of the reflectron. We found that the theoretical resolution estimated with the assumption of the uniform electric fields inside the QIT reproduced the experimental one better than that with the analytical description of the potential. The possible applications of this theoretical method include the optimization of the experimental parameters of a given QIT‐reTOF mass spectrometer and the design of new instruments with higher mass resolution. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomic/molecular depth profiling of nanometric‐metallized polymer thin films by secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Téllez Helena , Vadillo José Miguel , Laserna José Javier
Published: January 2010

The capability of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to perform atomic and molecular in‐depth analysis in complex nanometric‐metallized thin polymer films used to manufacture capacitors is demonstrated through three different case studies related to failure analysis. The excellent repeatability and sensitivity of the technique allow us to study the degradation process of the nanometric‐metallized layer in the capacitor films and the accurate location of the metal‐polymer interface. The analysis of the sample is challenging due to the extreme difference in conductivity between layers, and the reduced thickness of the metallization grown on top of a rough polymeric base. However, SIMS has provided reliable and reproducible results with relative standard deviation (RSD) values better than 1.5% in the metallic layer thickness estimation. The detailed information of atomic and molecular ion in‐depth distributions provided by SIMS depth profiling has allowed the identification of different factors (demetallization, generation of interstitial oxide regions, and diffusion processes or modification in the metallization thickness) that can be directly related to the origin of the lack of performance of the mounted devices. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TOGBAD—an approach to detect routing attacks in tactical environments
Authors: Gerhards‐Padilla Elmar , Aschenbruck Nils , Martini Peter
Published: January 2010

Topology graph based anomaly detection (TOGBAD) is a centralized approach to detect routing attacks in tactical multi‐hop networks. It uses anomaly detection based on topology graphs to identify attackers trying to launch routing attacks. Such attacks are a serious threat to multi‐hop networks since they may be used to disrupt, eavesdrop or manipulate the network. In this work, we present studies on the impact of an attacker launching a routing attack. Furthermore, we show a reasonable choice of attack parameters for the attacker. In our main contribution, we introduce TOGBAD and an evaluation of TOGBAD concerning its detection rate with and without packet loss. Finally, we illustrate TOGBAD's detection rate with an attacker trying to inure TOGBAD's anomaly detection to his attack. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Updating snort with a customized controller to thwart port scanning
Authors: El‐Hajj Wassim , Hajj Hazem , Trabelsi Zouheir , Aloul Fadi
Published: January 2010

Wired and wireless networks are being attacked and hacked on continuous basis. One of the critical pieces of information the attacker needs to know is the open ports on the victim's machine, thus the attacker does what is called port scanning. Port scanning is considered one of the dangerous attacks that intrusion detection tries to detect. Snort, a famous network intrusion detection system (NIDS), detects a port scanning attack by combining and analyzing various traffic parameters. Because these parameters cannot be easily combined using a mathematical formula, fuzzy logic can be used to combine them; fuzzy logic can also reduce the number of false alarms. This paper presents a novel approach, based on fuzzy logic, to detect port scanning attacks. A fuzzy logic controller is designed and integrated with Snort in order to enhance the functionality of port scanning detection. Experiments are carried out in both wired and wireless networks. The results show that applying fuzzy logic adds to the accuracy of determining bad traffic. Moreover, it gives a level of degree for each type of port scanning attack. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of trace embedded impurities in thin multilayer structures using synchrotron X‐ray standing waves
Authors: Tiwari M. K. , Sawhney K. J. S. , Lodha G. S.
Published: January 2010

X‐ray standing wave (XSW) field generated under Bragg reflection condition in a periodic Mo/Si multilayer structure has been used to determine the concentration and location of various trace element contaminants embedded in different layers of that multilayer structure. We have used intense synchrotron X rays for XSW analysis. It is observed that various trace element impurities such as Cr, Fe, Ni and W get embedded unintentionally in the multilayer structure during the deposition process. Consequences of such impurity incorporation on the optical properties of the multilayer structure are discussed in hard and soft X‐ray regions. Present measurements are important in order to optimize the deposition methods on one hand and to better correlate the measured optical properties of a multilayer structure with theoretical models on the other. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and Function of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Generated From Mouse Embryonic and Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Zhou Zuping , French Deborah L. , Ma Ge , Eisenstein Samuel , Chen Ying , Divino Celia M. , Keller Gordon , Chen Shu-Hsia , Pan Ping-Ying
Published: January 2010

Emerging evidence suggests that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have great potential as a novel immune intervention modality in the fields of transplantation and autoimmune diseases. Thus far, efforts to develop MDSC-based therapeutic strategies have been hampered by the lack of a reliable source of MDSCs. Here we show that functional MDSCs can be efficiently generated from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and bone marrow hematopoietic stem (HS) cells. In vitro-derived MDSCs encompass two homogenous subpopulations: CD115+Ly-6C+ and CD115+Ly-6C− cells. The CD115+Ly-6C+ subset is equivalent to the monocytic Gr-1+CD115+F4/80+ MDSCs found in tumor-bearing mice. In contrast, the CD115+Ly-6C− cells, a previously unreported population of MDSCs, resemble the granulocyte/macrophage progenitors developmentally. In vitro, ES- and HS-MDSCs exhibit robust suppression against T-cell proliferation induced by polyclonal stimuli or alloantigens via multiple mechanisms involving nitric oxide synthase-mediated NO production and interleukin (IL)-10. Impressively, they display even stronger suppressive activity and significantly enhance ability to induce CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell development compared with tumor-derived MDSCs. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of ES-MDSCs can effectively prevent alloreactive T-cell-mediated lethal graft-versus-host disease, leading to nearly 82% long-term survival among treated mice. The successful in vitro generation of MDSCs may represent a critical step toward potential clinical application of MDSCs.
Reprogramming of DNA Replication Timing
Authors: Shufaro Yoel , Lacham-Kaplan Orly , Tzuberi Ben-Zion , McLaughlin John , Trounson Alan , Cedar Howard , Reubinoff Benjamin E.
Published: January 2010

Replication timing is an important developmentally regulated regional property that is correlated with chromosome structure and gene expression, but little is known about the establishment and maintenance of these patterns. Here we followed the fate of replication timing patterns in cells that undergo reprogramming either through somatic-cell nuclear transplantation or by the generation of induced pluripotential stem cells. We have investigated three different paradigms, stage-specific replication timing, parental allele-specific asynchrony (imprinted regions), and random allelic asynchronous replication. In all cases, somatic replication timing patterns were reset exactly at the appropriate stage in early development and could be properly established upon re-differentiation. Taken together, these results suggest that, unlike DNA methylation, the molecular mechanisms governing replication timing are not only stable but can also be easily reprogrammed.
Subventricular Zone-Derived Neural Progenitor Cells Migrate Along a Blood Vessel Scaffold Toward The Post-stroke Striatum
Authors: Kojima Takuro , Hirota Yuki , Ema Masatsugu , Takahashi Satoru , Miyoshi Ichiro , Okano Hideyuki , Sawamoto Kazunobu
Published: January 2010

The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult brain contains neural stem cells that have the capacity to regenerate new neurons after various insults. Brain ischemia causes damage to brain tissue and induces neural regeneration together with angiogenesis. We previously reported that, after ischemic injury in mice, SVZ-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) migrate into the striatum, and these NPCs are frequently associated with blood vessels in the regenerating brain tissue. Here we studied the role of blood vessels during the neural regeneration in more detail. BrdU administration experiments revealed that newly generated NPCs were associated with both newly formed and pre-existing blood vessels in the ischemic striatum, suggesting that the angiogenic environment is not essential for the neuron-blood vessel interaction. To observe migrating NPCs and blood vessels simultaneously in damaged brain tissue, we performed live imaging of cultured brain slices after ischemic injury. In this system, we virally labeled SVZ-derived NPCs in Flk1-EGFP knock-in mice in which the blood vessels are labeled with EGFP. Our results provide direct evidence that SVZ-derived NPCs migrate along blood vessels from the SVZ toward the ischemic region of the striatum. The leading process of the migrating NPCs was closely associated with blood vessels, suggesting that this interaction provides directional guidance to the NPCs. These findings suggest that blood vessels play an important role as a scaffold for NPCs migration toward the damaged brain region.
Psychosocial Correlates of Medical Mistrust Among African American Men
Authors: Hammond Wizdom Powell
Published: January 2010

The current study proposed and tested a conceptual model of medical mistrust in a sample of African American men (N = 216) recruited primarily from barbershops in the Midwest and Southeast regions of the United States. Potential psychosocial correlates were grouped into background factors, masculine role identity/socialization factors, recent healthcare experiences, recent socioenvironmental experiences (e.g., discrimination), and healthcare system outcome expectations (e.g., perceived racism in healthcare). Direct and mediated relationships were assessed. Results from the hierarchical regression analyses suggest that perceived racism in healthcare was the most powerful correlate of medical mistrust even after controlling for other factors. Direct effects were found for age, masculine role identity, recent patient–physician interaction quality, and discrimination experiences. Also, perceived racism in healthcare mediated the relationship between discrimination experiences and medical mistrust. These findings suggest that African American men's mistrust of healthcare organizations is related to personal characteristics, previous negative social/healthcare experiences, and expectations of disparate treatment on the basis of race. These findings also imply that aspects of masculine role identity shape the tone of patient–physician interactions in ways that impede trust building processes.
An empirical analysis of retirement behaviour in Spain: partial versus full retirement
Authors: Cairó-Blanco Isabel
Published: January 2010

In several developed countries, the ageing process of the population may pose fiscal risks to the PAYG systems of public pensions. This paper studies the determinants of two forms of accessing retirement in Spain, either partial or full retirement. Our goal is to identify if social security legislation influences the choice between these two alternative paths. Using a newly released data set we estimate a multinomial logit duration model including different measures capturing the economic incentives embedded in the social security system. Our results show that social security incentives determine individual retirement decisions. Besides, partial retirement legislation modifies the selection of retirement routes and affects the age of retirement moving it to an earlier date.
Die Bedeutung der Rehabilitation für die Versorgung chronisch Kranker
Authors: Farin Erik , Bengel Jürgen , Jäckel Wilfried
Published: January 2010

Einleitung

Das Gesundheitsversorgungssystem basiert auf drei Säulen: der Gesundheitsvorsorge, der Behandlung und der Rehabilitation, wobei letztere als medizinische Maßnahme (Leistungen der medizinischen Rehabilitation), berufsbezogene Maßnahme (Leistungen zur Teilhabe am Arbeitsleben) oder soziale Maßnahme (Leistungen zur Teilhabe am Leben in der Gemeinschaft) durchgeführt werden kann. Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO, www.who.org) bezeichnet die Rehabilitation von Personen mit Behinderungen als einen Prozess, der das Ziel verfolgt, den Betroffenen zu ermöglichen, ihr optimales physisches, sensorisches, intellektuelles, psychisches und soziales Funktionsniveau zu erreichen und aufrecht zu erhalten.
ON A PERTURBED CONSERVATIVE SYSTEM OF SEMILINEAR WAVE EQUATIONS WITH PERIODIC-DIRICHLET BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Authors: CHEN JINHAI , O’REGAN DONAL
Published: January 2010

In this paper, some existence and uniqueness results for generalized solutions to a periodic-Dirichlet problem for semilinear wave equations are given, using a global inverse function theorem. These results extend those known in the literature.
INVOLUTIONS OF GRAPH LINK EXTERIORS WHOSE FIXED POINT SETS ARE CLOSED SURFACES
Authors: IKEDA TORU
Published: January 2010

A link L in S3 possibly admits an involution of the exterior E(L) with fixed point set a closed surface, which is not extendable to an involution of S3. In this paper, we focus on the case of graph links and show that the genus of the surface provides a lower estimate of the number of link components.
The first modern codification of the Law of War: Francis Lieber and General Orders No. 100
Authors: Baxter R. R.
Published: January 2010

Mr. Henri Coursier, of the Legal Department of the ICRC, published some time ago a study on “Francis Lieber and the Laws of War” in the International Review, together with a French translation of Orders No. 100 relative to the behaviour of the United States Armies in the field (the famous “Lieber Laws”), the object of which was to have the principles of international law applied during the American civil war (1861–1865). These orders which were immediately recognized and appreciated by the principal lawyers of the time, had a great influence on the future of the law of nations, since it can be said that the Hague Regulations, which sprang from the 1899 and 1907 Peace Conferences, were very largely inspired by them, and several provisions of the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, stem from the same source. It was to Lieber that the President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, appealed to establish this Code which was promulgated in 1863, thus preceding by one year the First Geneva Convention.
The Red Cross Spirit
Authors: Burckhardt Carl J.
Published: January 2010

You have come here from all corners of the globe, united in the Red Cross spirit.

This spirit goes back a long way in history. It does not belong to any particular place, period, established faith or philosophy. It operates at all great moments of thought and everywhere. Then, one day a man was to give it its universal quality and effectiveness. Substance was to be given to this aspiration by exalting and binding humanity's still latent forces. That man was Henry Dunant, whose book A memory of Solferino will always remain as a monument of human grandeur.
Resistance movements and International Law
Authors: Ford W. J.
Published: January 2010

In his article quoted last month, L. C. Green raises a question which is of paramount importance in the context of the present study, namely whether members of resistance movements have to observe the law of war and more specifically Articles 1 and 2 of the Hague Regulations in their struggle against the aggressor. In other words: does the fact that partisans fight to defend their country legitimate their status? The question is so important that it merits further discussion.