bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Replication of CNTNAP2 association with nonword repetition and support for FOXP2 association with timed reading and motor activities in a dyslexia family sample
Authors: Peter Beate , Raskind Wendy H. , Matsushita Mark , Lisowski Mark , Vu Tiffany , Berninger Virginia W. , Wijsman Ellen M. , Brkanac Zoran
Published: November 2010

Two functionally related genes, FOXP2 and CNTNAP2, influence language abilities in families with rare syndromic and common nonsyndromic forms of impaired language, respectively. We investigated whether these genes are associated with component phenotypes of dyslexia and measures of sequential motor ability. Quantitative transmission disequilibrium testing (QTDT) and linear association modeling were used to evaluate associations with measures of phonological memory (nonword repetition, NWR), expressive language (sentence repetition), reading (real word reading efficiency, RWRE; word attack, WATT), and timed sequential motor activities (rapid alternating place of articulation, RAPA; finger succession in the dominant hand, FS-D) in 188 family trios with a child with dyslexia. Consistent with a prior study of language impairment, QTDT in dyslexia showed evidence of CNTNAP2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association with NWR. For FOXP2, we provide the first evidence for SNP association with component phenotypes of dyslexia, specifically NWR and RWRE but not WATT. In addition, FOXP2 SNP associations with both RAPA and FS-D were observed. Our results confirm the role of CNTNAP2 in NWR in a dyslexia sample and motivate new questions about the effects of FOXP2 in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Justifying and Criticizing the Removals of Antiquities in Ottoman Lands: Tracking the Sigeion Inscription
Authors: Thomasson Fredrik
Published: November 2010

This article attempts to widen the debate on the removal of antiquities from the Ottoman Empire around 1800. The removals are often seen in an Anglo-French perspective with the result that other voices are erased, both those of the local populations and of other foreign observers. I show that objects that now neglected were once highly valued by both local inhabitants and collectors, and that their removals were repeatedly resisted. I suggest that a more subtle interaction occurred between collectors and the local populations than hitherto has been recognized. While the local populations were accused of various “superstitious” practices—often conveniently related to objects coveted by European collectors—I propose that the removers were not uninfluenced by these practices. By introducing testimonies from Swedish observers that were critical of the removals before such critiques became frequent, I also question the stereotype of a common European attitude toward the Ottoman Empire. I discuss how such critique was related to their status as third-party observers from a nation without power or museums. By investigating the arguments of both collectors and critics, I propose that many positions in the debate today were already present at the time of the removals. Following the history of a less famous object serves to highlight aspects of early European collecting and expansion in the Eastern Mediterranean that are often overlooked in the debate on ownership and restitution claims.
Culture, Property, and Peoplehood: A Comment on Carpenter, Katyal, and Riley's “In Defense of Property”
Authors: Brown Michael F.
Published: November 2010

First, the good news: Carpenter, Katyal, and Riley make a compelling case that the venerable concept of property—long defined primarily by such principles as transferability and rights of exclusion and control—should be broadened to encompass a robust ideal of stewardship. In doing so, “In Defense of Property” (henceforth, IDP) renders property more compatible with the indigenous view of things. This significant contribution to ongoing global debates about the protection of indigenous heritage will be of great interest to readers of the IJCP.
Spatial search on a honeycomb network
Authors: ABAL G. , DONANGELO R. , MARQUEZINO F. L. , PORTUGAL R.
Published: November 2010

The spatial search problem consists of minimising the number of steps required to find a given site in a network under the restriction that only oracle queries or translations to neighbouring sites are allowed. We propose a quantum algorithm for the spatial search problem on a honeycomb lattice withNsites and torus-like boundary conditions. The search algorithm is based on a modified quantum walk on an hexagonal lattice and the general framework proposed by Ambainis, Kempe and Rivosh (Ambainiset al. 2005) is employed to show that the time complexity of this quantum search algorithm is$O(\sqrt{N \log N})$.
The Travelling Salesman Problem for finite-sized cities
Authors: FORT HUGO , KORNBLUTH MORDECHAI , ZYPMAN FREDY
Published: November 2010

We consider a variation of the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) in which the cities visited have non-zero spatial extent, in contrast with the classical TSP, which has destinations that are mathematical points. This new approach opens up both new analyses of the problem and new algorithms for solutions, while remaining an economic first approximation to the standard problem. We present one particular solution that, depending on the number and size of the cities, can improve existing algorithms solving the classical TSP.
Introduction to special issue: Physics and computer science – quantum computation and other approaches
Authors: VENEGAS-ANDRACA SALVADOR ELÍAS
Published: November 2010

Computer science and computer engineering are disciplines that have very definitely permeated and transformed every aspect of modern society. In these fields, cutting-edge research is about new models of computation, new materials and techniques for building computer hardware and novel methods for speeding-up algorithms. But it is also about building bridges between computer science and various other scientific fields, bridges that allow scientists to both think of natural phenomena as computational procedures and to employ novel models of computation to simulate natural processes (for example, quantum walks have been used to model energy transport in photosynthetic light harvesting complexes (Hoyer et al. 2010; Caruso et al. 2010)). A convergence of scientific, technological, economic and epistemological demands is driving and integrating this research.
Breeders, Workers, and Mothers: Gender and the Congressional Literacy Test Debate, 1896–1897
Authors: Petit Jeanne
Published: November 2010

In May of 1896, Richard Bartholdt, a Republican from Missouri and a German immigrant, stood on the floor of the House of Representatives and introduced a bill that would set off months of debate in the Fifty-Fourth Congress. The bill was H.R. 7864, which required all male immigrants between the ages of sixteen and sixty to prove they were literate in either English or some other language. While congressmen on all sides of the issue made passionate arguments for and against this bill, they nevertheless found some areas of agreement. The supporters and opponents of restriction all regarded southern and eastern European immigrants as racially different than those of northwestern European descent. Further, all congressmen understood the purpose of the bill to be as much about improving the United States citizenry racially as intellectually. Richard Bartholdt clearly stated the racial reasoning behind the literacy test when he introduced the bill to the House.
Cracks in the Foundation: Frederick T. Gates, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the China Medical Board
Authors: Baick John S.
Published: November 2010

As his lengthy career neared an end, Rockefeller advisor Frederick T. Gates made a bold and unsuccessful proposal to the trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation in 1924, asking them to invest $265 million in the China Medical Board. Founded in 1914, the China Medical Board (CMB) was one of the earliest ventures of the Rockefeller Foundation, the most prominent of the Progressive Era's giant secular philanthropic foundations. The CMB was also the last major philanthropic effort by Gates, the man most responsible for shifting the Rockefellers from denominational charity to international philanthropy. After a decade in existence, the CMB had not come close to realizing the hopes of its founder. Only with this massive, unprecedented infusion of capital, Gates explained, could his dream “spring into existence full panoplied.” This dream was never fully realized because of its astonishingly grandiose scale and complexity: its goal was to make Chinese medical care the finest in the world, and in the process close the chasm that he saw between denominational Christianity and the needs of the modern world. Although the story of the China Medical Board is the story of a failed vision, it also affords a glimpse of the cracks at the base of modern American philanthropy.
Rome, Race, and the Republic: Progressive America and the Fall of the Roman Empire, 1890-1920
Authors: Allerfeldt Kristofer
Published: November 2010

Ancient Rome is a powerful metaphor in the western imagination. It is very much alive today. The Roman Republic inspires images of democracy and the empire is the very epitome of decadence. The collapse of this, the greatest of empires, is a parable. The Progressive Era opened with overt imperial ambitions and ended with the collapse of Woodrow Wilson's plans for a Pax Americana. Throughout this period, the symbol of Rome was explicitly used to justify or condemn expansion, warn of the dangers of immigration and commercialization, attack America's enemies, and praise the nation's allies. To figures as diverse as Kaiser Wilhelm II, Henry Adams, and Theodore Roosevelt, Rome was both a model and a warning. Politicians, historians and other commentators saw America as heir to the Roman legacy. Race theorizers claimed that Americans were either the modern Romans or the descendants of the Barbarians—promoters of ordered modernity or champions of individual democracy.
Dreams of a Democratic Culture: Revising the Origins of the Great Books Idea, 1869-1921
Authors: Lacy Tim
Published: November 2010

British and American intellectuals began to formulate ideas about so-called great books from the mid-1800s to 1920. English critic Matthew Arnold's writings served as the fountainhead of ideas about the “best” books. But rather than simply buttress the opinions of highbrow cultural elites, he also inspired those with dreams of a democratized culture. From Arnold and from efforts such as Sir John Lubbock's “100 Best Books,” the pursuit of the “best” in books spread in both Victorian Britain and the United States. The phrase “great books” gained currency in the midst of profound technical, cultural, educational, and philosophical changes. Victorian-era literature professors in America rooted the idea in both education and popular culture through their encouragements to read. Finally, the idea explicitly took hold on college campuses, first with Charles Mills Gayley at the University of California at Berkeley and then John Erskine's General Honors seminar at Columbia University.
Guarding the Switch: Cultivating Nationalism during the Pullman Strike
Authors: Rondinone Troy
Published: November 2010

The Pullman Strike of 1894 was a cataclysmic event for the nation. During its violent course, the print media provided an interpretive frame that portrayed the strike in large measure as an immigrant-inspired attack on American laws and democratic customs. Often characterizing the strikers as “foreigners” in the thrall of anarchist ideologies and a tyrannous labor chieftain, journalists painted a stark picture indeed. Employing framing theory, Gramsci's notion of hegemony, and recent insights on the ethnic quality of nationalism, this essay argues that newspapers and other major print periodicals significantly contributed to the formation of nationalist attitudes at a time when many Americans were deeply worried over the direction in which the country was headed.
James Brown Scott and the Rise of Public International Law
Authors: Hepp John
Published: November 2010

James Brown Scott played a key role in the growth of public international law in the United States from the 1890s to the 1940s. While little remembered today, he was well-known among his contemporaries as a leading spokesman for a new and important discipline. Scott rose from obscure middle-class origins to occupy a prominent and influential place as an international lawyer who shared his legal expertise with seven presidents and ten secretaries of state. By examining his life we gain insight into the establishment of public international law as a discipline and on the era when lawyersqualawyers began to help shape American foreign policy.
From the Dance Floor to the Rifle Range: The Evolution of Manliness in the National Guards, 1870-1917
Authors: Hannah Eleanor L.
Published: November 2010

From 1870 through 1900, the National Guard attracted tens of thousands of new members by offering men the opportunity to demonstrate that they were manly men who held dramatic civic roles that put them at the center of community social and patriotic life. Time, modernization, strike service, changes in technology, and warfare all worked to alter the environment in which Guardsmen made themselves men. Guardsmen of the early twentieth century no longer found their definition of manhood and citizenship in performances for the local community. By 1917, the elements of manhood National Guardsmen shared had evolved from the focus on style and sociability they celebrated the 1880s and 1890s into an individual focus on a concept of self-discipline, self-improvement, and national patriotism. The National Guard offers historians the opportunity to see how an organization that emphasized making men manly was able to shift what that meant as definitions of manhood evolved and as the Guard worked to keep its appeal current and fresh to each new batch of recruits.
The Public Good and the Problem of Pluralism in Lincoln Steffens's Civic Imagination
Authors: Connolly James J.
Published: November 2010

The decades surrounding the opening of the twentieth century saw one of the most significant shifts in the character of American public life. A political order dominated by decentralized parties and a limited state gave way to one defined by interest group activism, weaker parties, and more vigorous government. Scholars argue over the degree and extent of these changes, but few quarrel with the claim that public life looked substantially different by the end of the Progressive Era. Americans accepted interest group pluralism in principle and in practice by the 1920s, and the ideal of a politics devoted to an undifferentiated common good lost much of its persuasive power.
“Our Lady Sportsmen”: Gender Class, and Conservation in Sport Hunting Magazines, 1873-1920
Authors: Smalley Andrea L.
Published: November 2010

In 1968Outdoor Liferan a retrospective piece that examined the turn-of-the-century origins of this popular sportsmen's magazine. In the article, editor William Rae noted, with some dismay, that two out of the first three stories in the December 1905 issue featured women hunters, including the tale of a “tireless Diana” who left her corset at home in order to take to the fields. “One wonders,” Rae commented dryly, “whether men really were men in those days, as we have been led to believe.” Clearly, Rae found the spectacle of sport hunting women unusual, and he assumed that their presence in the pages of a hunting periodical called into question the masculinity of earlier sportsmen. The connection that Rae andOutdoor Lifereaders made in 1968 between hunting and masculinity remains a commonplace. As feminist scholar Mary Zeiss Stange argues, hunting “might be, in the popular mind, the most male-identified cultural pursuit.”
Getting Right with Women's Suffrage
Authors: Baker Jean H.
Published: November 2010

My title is a gloss from Everett Dirksen, the long-time, now-deceased U.S. senator from Illinois who encouraged his party “to get right with Abraham Lincoln.” As Republicans drifted away from acknowledging their partisan connection to the sixteenth president, Dirksen appreciated how Lincoln could serve as an invigorating, unifying theme for Republicans in the post-Civil Rights Era. The analogy, of course, is that suffrage history has been similarly marginalized, submerged even within the limited space given to women's history by attention to Progressive Era associations and service groups such as the General Federation of Women's Clubs, the PTA, women's literary clubs, as well as the settlement house movement and the Women's National Republican Club.
Crossing the Rubicon: Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge, and the 1884 Republican National Convention
Authors: Kohn Edward
Published: November 2010

In 1884, a twenty-five-year-old Theodore Roosevelt attended the Republican National Convention in Chicago as a delegate-at-large from New York. There, he and his new friend, Massachusetts delegate Henry Cabot Lodge, backed George Edmunds of Vermont against their party's overwhelming choice, the “Plumed Knight,” James G. Blaine. Despite their energetic efforts, which received national attention, Blaine easily secured the nomination, and both Lodge and Roosevelt eventually backed the party's choice. For Lodge biographers, the Chicago convention represented Lodge's “personal Rubicon,” the “turning point” of his career, leading to “the greatest crisis of Lodge's political life.” Roosevelt historians also see the convention as “one of the crucial events of Theodore's life,” “the great and deciding moment of TR's life,” leading to “the most agonizing dilemma of his political career.” The usual story of the convention is that by backing Blaine against the wishes of other Independent Republicans, both Lodge and Roosevelt did great damage to their immediate careers by alienating their natural allies. This led to Lodge losing his race for Congress that same fall and to Roosevelt fleeing west to his Dakota ranch with his political future uncertain. Moreover, Roosevelt's decision is often depicted as the moment he became a professional politician. David McCullough writes that the convention “marked the point at which he chose—had to choose—whether to cross the line and become a party man, a professional politician,” while John Morton Blum asserts that by campaigning for Blaine, “Roosevelt declared not only for Blaine but also for professionalism.”
Rejoinder to Rebecca Edwards and James L. Huston
Authors: Schneirov Richard
Published: November 2010

I would like to thank Rebecca Edwards and James L. Huston for their thoughtful and challenging responses to my essay. Both these authors have thought deeply about periodization and synthesis, and for that reason it occurred to me to allow their responses to stand alone and go unanswered. But in the interests of sparking further discussion I would like to offer a few clarifications and additional thoughts with regard to periodization. Due to considerations of space I will not try to answer all the reservations and criticisms expressed and alternative views advanced but will focus only on a few points that bear on the thrust of my essay.
The Crusade for Honest Weight: The Origins of an Overlooked Progressive Movement
Authors: Messer-Kruse Timothy
Published: November 2010

For all its typically Progressive Era characteristics and national scope, the “honest weight movement” has long been hidden in plain sight. Seemingly ubiquitous and mundane, the common grocery scale was the intersecting borderland of industry, government, marketplace, and consumer. On the one hand, the regulation of weights and measures, being one of the first forms of governmental regulation of the marketplace dating back to the ancient world, seems so unobjectionable and commonplace that the Progressive Era movement for its more rigorous and efficient administration does not seem like it could have been a very controversial proposal. Who, after all, could object to clear and consistent standards of measurement and their universal application? Thus, the appearance of a movement to reform the ubiquitous and the mundane has not elicited the same historical attention that novel forms of government regulation have.
Law and Society: Structuring Legal Revolutions, 1870-1920
Authors: Waldrep Christopher
Published: November 2010

In the 1970s and 1980s some of the most exciting work in legal history challenged late-nineteenth-century law as following a false formalism, only pretending to reason from abstract principles isolated from life's realities. Others took a different view, but these scholars insisted that law should be seen as political or economically determined rather than emerging from principle. Law was no more than a system of argumentative exchange. “Of dialectics there is no end,” one observed. In this view, principled law served only as a cover for economic avarice and political strength. If law merely reflects power, then there is really little reason for historians to study law or constitutionalism, and the recent migration of the historical study of constitutionalism, away from history departments and into law schools is well placed.
“Paul Has Been Forgotten”: Women, Gender, and Revivalism during the Gilded Age
Authors: Blum Edward
Published: November 2010

During gigantic urban revivals in 1875 and 1876, the Chicago-shoe-salesman-turned-religious-evangelist Dwight Lyman Moody set the northern United States ablaze with the fires of a great religious awakening. Over two million Americans of all Protestant affiliations attended his meetings in Brooklyn, Philadelphia, New York City, and Chicago. Although his popularity had been unrivalled, Moody worried about his campaign that would begin in Boston in 1877. To carry the day, he knew that he would need the help of “the New England women.” “What a power they would be,” Moody claimed. For this reason, he sought out Frances E. Willard, an up-and-coming female leader and temperance advocate. When the two met, the evangelist asked, “Will you go with me to Boston and help in the women's meetings?” After considering the invitation for several days, Willard agreed to join him. She did more than merely minister to women, however. On one occasion, as she recounted later, “Mr. Moody…placed my name upon his program” to “literally preach” to men and women. Willard wondered aloud if the sight of a woman preaching would shock the audience: “Brother Moody…, perhaps you will hinder the work among these conservatives.” Responding, Moody “laughed in his cheery way, and declared that ‘it was just what they needed.’”
The Gilded Age, Dakota and “Phocion” of the Chicago Times
Authors: Saum Lewis O.
Published: November 2010

Published in 1873, Mark Twain's and Charles Dudley Warner's The Gilded Age went on stage two years later. By the book and the play, Colonel Mulberry Sellers became, at least to some, a dramatic illustration of what was afoot in that era. In March, 1875, the Chicago Times carried an entertainment notice for the opening of that play in that city. This account told that the author of the book and the playwright had envisioned Lawrence Barrett for a role in the play; but it dawned on them that someone with more of a comedic inclination would do better. Perhaps an intimation of that change of tone can be seen in a change of name. The colonel of the novel had a biblical first name, Beriah (Genesis 46–17). That colonel now became Mulberry Sellers, and a humorous actor, John T. Raymond, entered the scene for which Lawrence Barrett had been considered. As this Chicago Times writer put it, the play, with Raymond, had created a “sensation” in New York City, in a run of 120 days. Now Chicago would share the excitement.
Reform versus Reality in the Progressive Era Texas Prison
Authors: Jach Theresa R.
Published: November 2010

The state of Texas' determined effort to keep African-Americans performing plantation labor was at the heart of its prison farm system, from Reconstruction through the 1920s. State and penitentiary officials followed a practice of racialized labor control, demanding that African-American convicts perform plantation gang labor, not only to make the prison system profitable but also keep them involved in extractive agriculture. As the prison population grew, so did the abuse of convicts. The story of Texas’ penitentiary system shows the continuing tie between African-Americans, plantation labor, and racism in Texas, as well as other southern states. The sprawling farm system that developed in Texas made it unique in the South. When Progressive Era reformers confronted abuses in the Texas prison system, they had to contend with an overwhelming profit motive that made reform difficult, and warped reform measures they managed to push through the legislature. Among the initial goals of Texas prison reformers were an end to convict leasing and a ban on the use of the whip as punishment. The agenda of reformers collided with the goals of the Texas prison system, with unexpected results. Looking at reform measures after they passed the legislature illustrates how prison managers tried to circumvent regulations that hindered profitability.
Struggles for the Public Interest: Organized Labor and State Mediation in Postwar America
Authors: Laugen R. Todd
Published: November 2010

In his 1906 Annual Message to Congress, President Theodore Roosevelt urged support for a bill to mandate the government investigation of labor disputes before allowing workers to strike. In an “age of great corporate and labor combinations,” the president insisted “the public has itself an interest which can not wisely be disregarded; an interest not merely of general convenience, for the question of a just and proper public policy must also be considered.” Congress at the time was unmoved. Yet Roosevelt's proposal signaled a growing movement to compel the investigation and arbitration of major labor conflicts. This movement peaked in the years soon after World War I. Advocates for government mediation insisted that an impartial commission of experts could peacefully negotiate workplace disputes and spare the consuming public the contests of will and force associated with major strikes. The Progressive Era arbitration of railroad and mining conflicts established important precedents and have received significant attention from scholars. National mediation boards, however, rarely assumed the power to order participation. Such efforts were more prominent at die state level. In 1915 Colorado legislators largely implemented Roosevelt's proposal, creating the first government board with powers to ban strikes and lockouts pending an investigation in industries affected with a public interest. Soon after the war, Kansas expanded upon the Colorado precedent with a compulsory arbitration board to regulate a host of indus-tries deemed essential to the public. Programs for state mediation of labor conflicts in the postwar period were particularly bound up with questions of compulsion in the public interest.
Probing Polymer Material Properties on the Nanometer Scale
Authors: Schmidt U. , Ibach W. , Hollricher O.
Published: November 2010

Polymers play an essential role in modern materials science. Because of the wide variety of mechanical and chemical properties of polymers, they are used in nearly every industry. Knowledge about their physical and chemical properties on the nanometer scale is often required. However, some details about the phase-separation process in polymers are difficult to study with conventional characterization techniques because these methods cannot chemically differentiate phases with good spatial resolution without damage, staining, or preferential solvent washing.
An AFM Learning Module Employing Diffraction Gratings
Authors: Coffey Tonya , Bryan Isaac , Bryan Zachary , Wicker Davidson , Drake Julia , Pope Nicholas , Leonard Donovan N.
Published: November 2010

The Physics and Astronomy Department of Appalachian State University acquired a Nanosurf Easyscan 2 system in the Fall of 2008 with funds from an NSF MRI award (DMR 0821124). We have used this AFM in over a dozen outreach activities for middle and high school students. We also have incorporated the AFM into several of our college courses, including an overview course on microscopy, a first-year seminar course on nanotechnology, and a senior-level lab course for physics students. We have learned from our outreach and teaching experience that introducing AFM to students excites them about nanoscience and nanotechnology and provides an important opportunity for implementing experiential learning in the classroom. Several principles are reinforced by having the students learn to operate the microscope and acquire images themselves. When students take ownership of acquiring AFM data during sample analysis and are able to take with them a digital file or print out the imaging results, it allows them to share what they learned with their peers and family. This learning cycle, from abstract conceptualization to concrete experience, has proven to be an effective pedagogy for students of all ages. To improve our outreach and teaching activities, we have developed several new learning modules for AFM, and we share one physics-based module here.
MICROSCIENCE 2010
Authors: Flavin Robert
Published: November 2010

MICROSCIENCE 2010 was held at the ExCeL International Exhibition and Conference Centre, London, from June 29 to July 1. The conference attracted 519 delegates—the first time that the 500-barrier has been broken. Overall, 2139 visitors from 30 countries from across 5 continents passed through the doors during the three days.
Caura River basin: Weathering rates, CO2 consumption, and chemistry of major and trace elements in an Orinoco River tributary coming from the Precambrian Guayana Shield, Venezuela
Authors: Mora Abrahan , Alfonso Juan A. , Baquero Juan Carlos , Balza Laura , Pisapia Daniel
Published: November 2010

This study describes the geochemistry of dissolved elements in the Caura River and gives information about weathering rates and associated CO2 consumption in an Orinoco River subbasin. Physicochemical variables (pH, conductivity, HCO3−, dissolved O2, and temperature), dissolved elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Si, Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Cr), total suspended sediments (TSS), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were measured monthly from June 2007 to August 2008 in the Caura River. Major element concentrations (Na, Ca, Mg, and Si) showed an inverse correlation with discharge, whereas K showed high concentration values during the rising waters, probably due to biogenic sources. All these elements are provided mainly from weathering of plagioclases and K feldspars. The weathering rate (riverine flux of dissolved major cations and SiO2 derived from weathering per unit area) and the CO2 consumption rate in the Caura basin (15.4 tons km−2 yr−1 and 1.1 × 105 mol km−2 yr−1, respectively) were higher than those reported for the Orinoco basin and other black water river basins. This fact can be due to several factors such as lithology (volcanic rocks), high runoff, and the presence of organic acids, which can enhance the chemical weathering. The variability of the trace elements showed a different behavior than major elements. Fe and Al concentrations were correlated with DOC. Dissolved Mn content was correlated with pH, whereas the low concentrations of Cu and Cr are possibly associated with the low content of small size organic colloids. The high values of Zn observed during the decreasing stage suggest biogenic input of Zn to river waters.
Extended‐range seasonal hurricane forecasts for the North Atlantic with a hybrid dynamical‐statistical model
Authors: Kim Hye‐Mi , Webster Peter J.
Published: November 2010

A hybrid forecast model for seasonal hurricane activity in the North Atlantic is developed using a combined numerical coupled ocean‐atmosphere climate and empirical prediction models. Based on a 29‐yr (1981‐2009) dataset, an empirical relationship developed between the number of seasonal hurricane and the large‐scale variables from ECMWF hindcasts. The increase of seasonal hurricane activity correlates negatively with the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly over the tropical East Pacific, positively with the SST anomaly over the Main Development Region (MDR) and North Atlantic and the decrease of wind shear over the MDR. The North Atlantic SST and the MDR vertical wind shear are selected as predictors based on sensitivity tests. Forecasts of these predictors are made with the ECMWF climate model run in ensemble mode thus providing a probability distribution of hurricane number. The forecast skill of the hybrid model is better than or at least competitive with publicly‐available forecast models but made with a one month earlier lead‐time. The hybrid model initialized in June and July 2010 forecasts an active season with 9 hurricanes.
Relationship between eddy‐driven jet latitude and width
Authors: Kidston J. , Vallis G. K.
Published: November 2010

The relationship between the latitude and the width of the eddy‐driven jet is examined. We find that there is strong correlation between jet latitude and jet width, with jets located towards the pole being broader. The broadening of the jet with increased latitude appears to be a consequence of increased barotropic instability. When the jet is located towards the pole, the reduced planetary vorticity gradient is more easily overwhelmed by the negative relative vorticity gradient on the flanks of the jet, and this allows a horizontal shear instability to occur. Enstrophy diagnostics show that when the condition of a negative vorticity gradient is met, the effects of barotropic instability are indeed more prevalent.
In situ measurement of nighttime plasma density irregularities over an equatorial station Trivandrum
Authors: Sinha H. S. S. , Pandey R. , Misra R. N.
Published: November 2010

A rocket‐borne Langmuir probe was flown from an equatorial station Trivandrum (8.5°N, 76.9°E) during nighttime to study the nature of electron density irregularities present in the E region. Irregularities were observed over a large‐scale size range (few kilometers to 1 m) in regions of both positive and negative electron density gradients. Amplitudes of irregularities were in the range of 0.01% to 15%. In addition to these, irregularities with scale sizes as small as 13 cm were also detected in 97–104 km altitude region. Spectral indices of irregularities in large‐scale (few kilometers > λ > 50 m), medium‐scale (50 m > λ > 10 m), and small‐scale (10 m > λ > 1 m) size ranges were −1.7 ± 0.1, −2.2 ± 0.4, and −2.7 ± 0.5, respectively. A wind‐driven gradient drift instability (GDI) is invoked as the mechanism for irregularities observed in positive gradient regions. The power spectrum of irregularities showed an unusual behavior in 102 ± 1.4 km altitude region, where an almost flat spectrum was observed for the scale size range of 15–120 m. The only other nighttime rocket measurement of irregularities over an equatorial station reported so far in the literature highlighted the presence of irregularities in regions of negative electron density gradients and ascribed these to the electric field driven GDI but did not discuss the mechanism of generation of irregularities with comparable strengths in the positive gradient regions observed in the same flight. Also the present electron density profile did not show sharp layers as reported earlier.
Competition for light between individual trees lowers reference canopy stomatal conductance: Results from a model
Authors: Loranty Michael M. , Mackay D. Scott , Ewers Brent E. , Traver Elizabeth , Kruger Eric L.
Published: November 2010

We have used an ecosystem model, TREES (Terrestrial Regional Ecosystem Exchange Simulator), to test the hypothesis that competition for light limits reference canopy stomatal conductance (GSref; conductance at 1 kPa vapor pressure deficit) for individual tree crowns. Sap flux (JS) data was collected at an aspen‐dominated unmanaged early successional site, and at a sugar maple dominated midsuccessional site managed for timber production. Using a Monte Carlo approach, JS scaled canopy transpiration (EC) estimates were used to parameterize two versions of the model for each tree individually; a control model treated trees as isolated individuals, and a modified version incorporated the shading effects of neighboring individuals on incident radiation. Agreement between simulated and observed EC was better for maple than for aspen using the control model. Accounting for canopy heterogeneity using a three‐dimensional canopy representation had minimal effects on estimates of GSref or model performance for individual maples. At the Aspen site the modified model resulted in improved EC estimates, particularly for trees with lower GSref and more shading by neighboring individuals. Our results imply a link between photosynthetic capacity, as mediated by competitive light environment, and GSref. We conclude that accounting for the effects of canopy heterogeneity on incident radiation improves modeled estimates of canopy carbon and water fluxes, especially for shade intolerant species. Furthermore our results imply a link between ecosystem structure and function that may be exploited to elucidate the impacts of forest structural heterogeneity on ecosystem fluxes of carbon and water via LiDAR remote sensing.
Ouch! My Phantom Leg Jumps/Hurts When You Stab “My” Virtual Hand
Authors: Giummarra Melita J , Fitzgibbon Bernadette M , Georgiou-Karistianis Nellie , Nicholls Michael E R , Gibson Stephen J , Bradshaw John L
Published: November 2010

Pain synaesthetes experience pain in a presensitised region when observing or imagining another person in pain. We conducted an upper-limb embodiment study using a modified rubber-hand illusion in which lower-limb amputees originally participated as control subjects for the upper-limb amputees. While we found all subjects experienced topographic illusory sensations, we also serendipitously found that lower-limb amputee pain synaesthetes experienced pain or a motor response in their phantom leg when the embodied hand was threatened (eg with a retractable knife, mousetrap, or syringe) or submitted to high-frequency stimulation (eg vibration). Embodiment illusions were brought about by touching, manipulating, or threatening a rubber or real hand which was observed through a mirror so that it was superimposed upon the target hand (phantom hand for upper-limb amputees, or real hand in others). Participants included eight pain synaesthetes (six lower-limb amputees, one upper-limb amputee, and one nonamputee), and thirty-one controls (eight lower-limb amputees, twelve upper-limb amputees, and eleven non-amputees). We documented participant's subjective reports, together with quantitative measures including the Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy. We found no association between pain synaesthesia and empathy scores. On the basis of related literature we suggest that pain synaesthetes likely experienced phantom-leg pain because (a) the motor system was already engaged during visual capture; (b) threatening stimuli, to which they are hyper-vigilant, triggered avoidance or ‘escape’ motor schemata; and (c) there could be no feedback confirming that initiated motor schemata for the phantom limb were successfully performed. Ultimately, we have further defined this new condition, synaesthesia for pain, as not only having a sensory pain component, but also a key motor component, manifesting itself in avoidance, contraction, and withdrawal ‘actions’.
Did Venus Have Long Legs? Beauty Standards from Various Historical Periods Reflected in Works of Art
Authors: Sorokowski Piotr
Published: November 2010

Research on perception of attractiveness of leg-to-body ratio (LBR) described here has shown that people prefer relatively long-legged silhouettes (particularly while assessing women). The LBR of attractive women over historical periods (analyses of attractive silhouettes from paintings, sculptures, etc) has been more changeable than that of men. The findings reported here might represent evidence against the cross-cultural universality of the attractiveness of long legs.
Lateral Masking in Cycling Displays: The Relative Importance of Separation, Flanker Duration, and Interstimulus Interval for Object-Mediated Updating
Authors: Hein Elisabeth , Moore Cathleen M
Published: November 2010

A central bar repeatedly presented in alternation with two flanking bars can lead to the disappearance of the central bar. Recently it has been suggested that this masking effect could be explained by object-mediated updating: the information from the central bar is integrated into the representation of the flankers, leading not only to the disappearance of the central bar as a separate object, but also to the perception of the flankers in apparent motion between their real position and the position of the central bar. This account suggests that the visibility of the central bar should depend on the same factors as those that influence the construction and maintenance of object representations. Therefore separation between central bar and flankers should not influence visibility as long as the time interval between them is adequate to make an interpretation of the scene in terms of one object moving from one location to the other possible location. We found that if the time interval between the central bar and the flankers is neither too short nor too long, the central bar becomes invisible even at large separations. These findings are inconsistent with traditional accounts of the cycling lateral masking displays in terms of local inhibitory mechanisms.
Spatial structure of nuclear factors involved in sex determination in the gynodioecious Thymus vulgaris L.
Authors: Manicacci D. , Atlan A. , Couvet D.
Published: November 2010

Theoretical models have shown that the maintenance of high frequencies of females in gynodioecious species can be explained by the spatial structure of cytoplasmic and nuclear genes involved in sex determination. Whereas spatial structure of cytoplasmic factors which cause male‐sterility has been studied in several taxa, that of nuclear factors that restore male‐fertility (restoration factors) has received little attention. In this paper, we estimate spatial variation in the frequency of restoration factors associated with different cytoplasmic male‐sterilities in the gynodioecious Thymus vulgaris. Clonal replicates of five female plants bearing at least four different male‐sterilities and originating from five different populations (i.e., five cytogenotypes), were reciprocally transplanted into the original populations. Following open pollination at each site, seeds were harvested, germinated and grown to flowering. The frequency of hermaphrodites in each progeny was used to estimate the frequency of restoration factors in each population.

For all cytogenotypes, there was marked variation in the rate of restoration among populations, indicating that spatial structure in nuclear restoration factors may influence the variation in female frequency in T. vulgaris. For three out of the five cytogenotypes, higher restoration rates were obtained for females introduced into their original population, which agrees with the theoretical prediction, under some hypotheses, that restoration factors are selected for in populations that contain the associated male‐sterility (Gouyon and Couvet, 1985). The very low restoration rate in the progeny of one female clone in three populations indicates that stochastic events, such as founder effects, could lead to a local absence of restoration factors and thus the high female frequency (up to 90%) observed in some populations. Differences among cytogenotypes suggest that some male‐sterilities are associated with rarer restoration factors and are thus more likely to cause patches of females to develop in young populations.
Detection of Cross‐Reactive Antigens between Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary and Solanum Species by Indirect Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: Alba A. P. C. , DeVay J. E.
Published: November 2010

Cross‐reactive antigens were detected in crude preparations and in purified preparations from mycelia of Phytophthora infestans Race 4. and Race 1.2.3.4.7. with antisera for potatoes cv. King Edward and cv. Pentland Dell by using an indirect ELISA technique. Results suggest that the fungal mycelia do not easily release cross‐reactive antigens into synthetic media where they grow; that most of P. infestans cross‐reactive antigens are thermolabile and that they can be concentrated by precipitation in the presence of 40 % saturated ammonium sulphate (SAS). The results also reveal an antigenic disparity when 40 % SAS from P. infestans Race 4. mycelial preparation was assayed with antisera for King Edward and Pentland Dell. The occurrence of cross‐reactive antigens in P. infestans mycelium and their involvement in such interaction are discussed.

Kreuzreaktive Antigene wurden in unbearbeiteten Präparaten und in gereinigten Präparaten aus Myzel von Phytophthora infestans Rasse 4. und 1.2.3.4.7. mit Antiseren für Kartoffeln cv. King Edward und cv. Pentland Dell gefunden, indem eine indirekte ELISA‐Technik benutzt wurde. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß die pilzlichen Myzelien die kreuzreaktiven Antigene nicht einfach in die synthetischen Medien, in denen sie wachsen, abgeben, daß die meisten der P. infestans kreuzreaktiven Antigene thermostabil sind und daß sie konzentriert werden können durch Präzipitation in 40 % gesättigtem Ammoniumsulfat (SAS). Die Ergebnisse zeigten außerdem eine Antigendisparität, wenn 40 % SAS aus einem Myzelpräparat von P. infestans Rasse 4. mit Antiseren für King Edward und Pentland Dell getestet wurde. Das Auftreten kreuzreaktiver Antigene im Myzel von P. infestans und ihre Rolle in solcher Interaktion wurde diskutiert.
The Role of Macrophomina phaseolina in Mortality of Pine Seedlings in Forest Nurseries
Authors: Reuveni R. , Madar Z.
Published: November 2010

Mortality of pine seedlings has been recently become widespread in forest nurseries. Disease symptoms are yellowing of the needles, followed by wilting and death of the seedlings. The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. was isolated from roots of diseased seedlings of Pinus sp. seedlings (40—75 %). The incidence of M. phaseolina in roots was correlated with the percentage of dead pine seedling in various forest nurseries. Other soil fungi isolated from infected roots are Fusarium spp. Growth chamber inoculation demonstrated the pathogenicity of the M. phaseolina isolate, while the Fusarium spp. isolates showed a low level of pathogenicity.

The effect of suboptimal conditions, such as water and temperature stress with regard to M. phaseolina pathogenicity, are discussed.

Bei einem in Ausbreitung begriffenen Keimlingssterben verschiedener Föhrenarten (Symptome: Vergilben der Nadeln, Welken und Tod der Pflänzchen) wurde aus kranken Pflanzen häufig (40—75 %) Macrophomina phaseolina isoliert. In verschiedenen Forstgärten war das Auftreten des Pilzes mit dem Anteil abgestorbener Sämlinge korreliert. Die Pathogenität des Pilzes wurde in Klimakammern bestätigt. Fusarium‐Arten wurden aus kranken Pflanzen ebenfalls isoliert, erwiesen sich jedoch als wenig pathogen. Die Bedeutung suboptimaler Bedingungen (Wasser‐ und Temperaturstreβ) für die Pathogenität von M. phaseolina werden diskutiert.