bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Big grains go far: understanding the discrepancy between tephrochronology and satellite infrared measurements of volcanic ash
Authors: Stevenson J. A. , Millington S. C. , Beckett F. M. , Swindles G. T. , Thordarson T.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. There is a large discrepancy between the size of volcanic ash particles measured on the ground at least 500 km from their source volcano (known as cryptotephra) and those reported by satellite remote sensing (effective radius of 0.5–9 μm; 95% of particles < 17 μm diameter). Here we present new results from the fields of tephrochronology (a dating technique based on volcanic ash layers), dispersion modelling and satellite remote sensing in an attempt to understand why. A literature review and measurements of prehistoric and recent eruptions were used to characterise the size range of cryptotephra grains. Icelandic cryptotephra deposited in NW Europe has lognormal particle size distributions (PSDs) with median lengths of 20–70 μm (geometric standard deviation: 1.40–1.66; 95th percentile length: 42–126 μm). Grain-size range estimates from the literature are similar. We modelled the settling of volcanic ash using measured fall velocities of ash particles, a release height typical of moderate Icelandic eruptions (10 km), and a wind speed typical for NW Europe (10 m s−1), to show that an ash cloud can transport particles up to 80 μm diameter up to 850 km in 24 h. Thus, even moderately sized Icelandic eruptions can be expected to deposit cryptotephra on mainland Europe. Using simulated satellite infrared data for dispersion-model-derived ash clouds, we demonstrate a systematic bias towards small grain sizes in retrievals of volcanic ash clouds that contain large proportions of cryptotephra-sized grains. As the median radius of the simulated PSD increases, fewer ash-containing pixels are correctly identified. Where retrievals are made of simulated clouds with mass median radii larger than ~ 10 μm, the mean retrieved reff plateaus at around 9 μm. Assuming Mie scattering by dense spheres when interpreting satellite infrared brightness temperature difference (BTD) data puts an upper limit on retrieved particle sizes. If larger, irregularly shaped ash grains can also produce a BTD effect, this will result in further underestimation of grain size, e.g. in coarse ash clouds close to a volcano.
Error estimation for localized signal properties: application to atmospheric mixing height retrievals
Authors: Biavati G. , Feist D. G. , Gerbig C. , Kretschmer R.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. The mixing height is a key parameter for many applications that relate surface–atmosphere exchange fluxes to atmospheric mixing ratios, e.g. in atmospheric transport modeling of pollutants. The mixing height can be estimated with various methods: profile measurements from radiosondes as well as remote sensing (e.g. optical backscatter measurements). For quantitative applications, it is important to not only estimate the mixing height itself but also the uncertainty associated with this estimate. However, classical error propagation typically fails on mixing height estimates that use thresholds in vertical profiles of some measured or measurement-derived quantity. Therefore, we propose a method to estimate mixing height together with its uncertainty. The method relies on the concept of statistical confidence and on the knowledge of the measurement errors. It can also be applied to problems outside atmospheric mixing height retrievals where properties have to be assigned to a specific position, e.g. the location of a local extreme.
Biogeochemical indicators of peatland degradation – a case study of a temperate bog in northern Germany
Authors: Krüger J. P. , Leifeld J. , Glatzel S. , Szidat S. , Alewell C.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Organic soils in peatlands store a great proportion of the global soil carbon pool and can lose carbon via the atmosphere due to degradation. In Germany, most of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from organic soils are attributed to sites managed as grassland. Here, we investigated a land use gradient from near-natural wetland (NW) to an extensively managed (GE) to an intensively managed grassland site (GI), all formed in the same bog complex in northern Germany. Vertical depth profiles of δ13C, δ15N, ash content, C / N ratio and bulk density as well as radiocarbon ages were studied to identify peat degradation and to calculate carbon loss. At all sites, including the near-natural site, δ13C depth profiles indicate aerobic decomposition in the upper horizons. Depth profiles of δ15N differed significantly between sites with increasing δ15N values in the top soil layers paralleling an increase in land use intensity owing to differences in peat decomposition and fertilizer application. At both grassland sites, the ash content peaked within the first centimetres. In the near-natural site, ash contents were highest in 10–60 cm depth. The ash profiles, not only at the managed grassland sites, but also at the near-natural site indicate that all sites were influenced by anthropogenic activities either currently or in the past, most likely due to drainage. Based on the enrichment of ash content and changes in bulk density, we calculated the total carbon loss from the sites since the peatland was influenced by anthropogenic activities. Carbon loss at the sites increased in the following order: NW < GE < GI. Radiocarbon ages of peat in the topsoil of GE and GI were hundreds of years, indicating the loss of younger peat material. In contrast, peat in the first centimetres of the NW was only a few decades old, indicating recent peat growth. It is likely that the NW site accumulates carbon today but was perturbed by anthropogenic activities in the past. Together, all biogeochemical parameters indicate a degradation of peat due to (i) conversion to grassland with historical drainage and (ii) land use intensification.
A comparison of benthic foraminiferal Mn/Ca and sedimentary Mn/Al as proxies of relative bottom water oxygenation in the low latitude NE Atlantic upwelling system
Authors: McKay C. L. , Groeneveld J. , Filipsson H. L. , Gallego-Torres D. , Whitehouse M. , Toyofuku T. , Romero O. E.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Trace element incorporation into foraminiferal shells (tests) is governed by physical and chemical conditions of the surrounding marine environment and therefore foraminiferal geochemistry provides a means of palaeoceanographic reconstructions. With the availability of high spatial resolution instrumentation with high precision, foraminiferal geochemistry has become a major research topic over recent years. However, reconstructions of past bottom water oxygenation using foraminiferal tests remain in their infancy. In this study we explore the potential of using Mn/Ca determined by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) as well as by Flow-Through Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (FT-ICP-OES) in the benthic foraminiferal species Eubuliminella exilis as a proxy for recording changes in bottom water oxygen conditions in the low latitude NE Atlantic upwelling system. Furthermore, we compare the SIMS and FT-ICP-OES results with published Mn/Al in the bulk sediment from the same sediment core. This is the first time that benthic foraminiferal Mn/Ca is directly compared with Mn/Al in the bulk sediment, which largely agree on the former oxygen conditions. Samples were selected to include different productivity regimes related to Marine Isotope Stage 3 (35–28 ka), the Last Glacial Maximum (28–19 ka), Heinrich Event 1 (18–15.5 ka), Bølling Allerød (15.5–13.5 ka) and the Younger Dryas (13.5–11.5 ka). Foraminiferal Mn/Ca determined by SIMS and FT-ICP-OES are comparable. Mn/Ca was higher during periods with high primary productivity, such as during the Younger Dryas which indicates low oxygen conditions. This is further supported by the benthic foraminiferal faunal composition. Our results highlight the proxy potential of Mn/Ca in benthic foraminifera from upwelling systems for reconstructing past variations in oxygen conditions of the sea floor environment as well as the need to use it in combination with other proxy records such as faunal assemblage data.
Air–sea CO2 fluxes and the controls on ocean surface pCO2 variability in coastal and open-ocean southwestern Atlantic Ocean: a modeling study
Authors: Arruda R. , Calil P. H. R. , Bianchi A. A. , Doney S. C. , Gruber N. , Lima I. , Turi G.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. We use an eddy-resolving, regional ocean biogeochemical model to investigate the main variables and processes responsible for the climatological spatio-temporal variability of pCO2 and the air–sea CO2 fluxes in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Overall, the region acts as sink of atmospheric CO2 south of 30° S, and is close to equilibrium with the atmospheric CO2 to the north. On the shelves, the ocean acts as a weak source of CO2, except for the mid/outer shelves of Patagonia, which act as sinks. In contrast, the inner shelves and the low latitude open ocean of the southwestern Atlantic represent source regions. Observed nearshore-to-offshore and meridional pCO2 gradients are well represented by our simulation. A sensitivity analysis shows the importance of the counteracting effects of temperature and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in controlling the seasonal variability of pCO2. Biological production and solubility are the main processes regulating pCO2, with biological production being particularly important on the shelf regions. The role of mixing/stratification in modulating DIC, and therefore surface pCO2 is shown in a vertical profile at the location of the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) site in the Argentine Basin (42° S, 42° W).
Modelling of mineral dust for interglacial and glacial climate conditions with a focus on Antarctica
Authors: Sudarchikova N. , Mikolajewicz U. , Timmreck C. , O'Donnell D. , Schurgers G. , Sein D. , Zhang K.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. The mineral dust cycle responds to climate variations and plays an important role in the climate system by affecting the radiative balance of the atmosphere and modifying biogeochemistry. Polar ice cores provide unique information about deposition of aeolian dust particles transported over long distances. These cores are a palaeoclimate proxy archive of climate variability thousands of years ago. The current study is a first attempt to simulate past interglacial dust cycles with a global aerosol–climate model ECHAM5-HAM. The results are used to explain the dust deposition changes in Antarctica in terms of quantitative contribution of different processes, such as emission, atmospheric transport and precipitation, which will help to interpret palaeodata from Antarctic ice cores. The investigated periods include four interglacial time slices: the pre-industrial control (CTRL), mid-Holocene (6000 yr BP; hereafter referred to as "6 kyr"), last glacial inception (115 000 yr BP; hereafter "115 kyr") and Eemian (126 000 yr BP; hereafter "126 kyr"). One glacial time interval, the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (21 000 yr BP; hereafter "21 kyr"), was simulated as well to be a reference test for the model. Results suggest an increase in mineral dust deposition globally, and in Antarctica, in the past interglacial periods relative to the pre-industrial CTRL simulation. Approximately two-thirds of the increase in the mid-Holocene and Eemian is attributed to enhanced Southern Hemisphere dust emissions. Slightly strengthened transport efficiency causes the remaining one-third of the increase in dust deposition. The moderate change in dust deposition in Antarctica in the last glacial inception period is caused by the slightly stronger poleward atmospheric transport efficiency compared to the pre-industrial. Maximum dust deposition in Antarctica was simulated for the glacial period. LGM dust deposition in Antarctica is substantially increased due to 2.6 times higher Southern Hemisphere dust emissions, 2 times stronger atmospheric transport towards Antarctica, and 30% weaker precipitation over the Southern Ocean. The model is able to reproduce the order of magnitude of dust deposition globally and in Antarctica for the pre-industrial and LGM climates.
Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model v5.0 against size-resolved measurements of inorganic particle composition across sites in North America
Authors: Nolte C. G. , Appel K. W. , Kelly J. T. , Bhave P. V. , Fahey K. M. , Collett J. L. , Zhang L. , Young J. O.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. This work evaluates particle size-composition distributions simulated by the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model using Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) measurements at 18 sites across North America. Size-resolved measurements of particulate SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, Na+, Cl−, Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+ are compared to CMAQ model output for discrete sampling periods between 2002 and 2005. The observation sites were predominantly in remote areas (e.g. National Parks) in the United States and Canada, and measurements were typically made for a period of roughly one month. For SO42− and NH4+, model performance was consistent across the US and Canadian sites, with the model slightly overestimating the peak particle diameter and underestimating the peak particle concentration compared to the observations. Na+ and Mg2+ size distributions were generally well represented at coastal sites, indicating reasonable simulation of emissions from sea spray. CMAQ is able to simulate the displacement of Cl− in aged sea spray aerosol, though the extent of Cl− depletion relative to Na+ is often underpredicted. The model performance for NO3− exhibited much more site-to-site variability than that of SO42− and NH4+, with the model ranging from an underestimation to overestimation of both the peak diameter and peak particle concentration across the sites. Computing PM2.5 from the modeled size distribution parameters rather than by summing the masses in the Aitken and accumulation modes resulted in differences in daily averages of up to 1 μg m−3 (10%), while the difference in seasonal and annual model performance compared to observations from the IMPROVE, CSN and AQS networks was very small. Two updates to the CMAQ aerosol model – changes to the assumed size and mode width of emitted particles and the implementation of gravitational settling – resulted in small improvements in modeled size distributions.
A parametric investigation of a PCM-based pin fin heat sink
Authors: Pakrouh R. , Hosseini M. J. , Ranjbar A. A.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. This paper presents a numerical investigation in which thermal performance characteristics of pin fin heat sinks enhanced with phase-change materials (PCMs) designed for cooling of electronic devices are studied. The paraffin RT44 HC is poured into the aluminum pin fin heat sink container, which is chosen for its high thermal conductivity. The effects of different geometrical parameters, including number, thickness and height of fins, on performance are analyzed. Different aspects for heat transfer calculation, including the volume expansion in phase transition as well as natural convection in a fluid zone, are considered in the study. In order to validate the numerical model, previous experimental data and the present results are compared, and an acceptable agreement between these two is observed. Results show that increasing the number, thickness and height of fins leads to a significant decrease in the base temperature as well as operating time of the heat sink.
Hazard impact on settlements: the role of urban and structural morphology
Authors: Bostenaru Dan M. , Armas I.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. We aim to create an alternative to GIS representation of the impact of hazards on urban areas. To accomplish this, we revise the traditional map, so that it can cope with today's innovative ways of planning, namely strategic planning. As in the theory of fractals, we address the building dimension and the urban neighbourhood dimension as different geographic scales between which lessons for decisions can be learned through regression. The interaction between the two scales can be seen when looking for alternatives or the completion of a GIS analysis, or in chosing the landmarks, which, in the case of hazards, become strategic elements in strategic planning. A methodology to innovate mapping as a digital means for analysing and visualising the impact of hazards has been developed. This new method relies on concepts from various geography, urban planning, structural engineering and architecture approaches related to disaster management. The method has been tested at the building scale for the central N–S boulevard in Bucharest, Romania, comprising the protected urban zone 04 "Magheru". At the urban scale, an incident database has been created, in which the case study for the building level can be mapped. The paper presented is part of a larger research work, which addresses decision making using the framework shown here. The main value of the paper is in proposing a conceptual framework to deconstruct the map for digital disaster impact analysis and representation. This concept is highly original, because it considers the representation of elements at different scales to be of different importance in the urban tissue, according to the analysis to be performed on them.
Fracturing of ductile anisotropic multilayers: influence of material strength
Authors: Gomez-Rivas E. , Griera A. , Llorens M.-G.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Fractures in rocks deformed under dominant ductile conditions typically form simultaneously with viscous flow. Material strength plays a fundamental role during fracture development in such systems, since fracture propagation can be strongly reduced if the material accommodates most of the deformation by viscous flow. Additionally, the degree and nature of anisotropy can influence the orientation and type of resulting fractures. In this study, four plasticine multilayer models have been deformed under coaxial boundary conditions to investigate the influence of strength and anisotropy on the formation of fracture networks. The experiments were made of different mixtures and had two types of anisotropy: composite and composite-intrinsic. The transition from non-localised deformation to systems where fracture networks control deformation accommodation is determined by the ability of the material to dissipate the external work and relax the elastic strain during loading either by viscous flow or by coeval flow and failure. Tension cracks grow in experiments with composite anisotropy, giving rise to a network of shear fractures when they collapse and coalesce with progressive deformation. The presence of an additional intrinsic anisotropy enhances the direct nucleation of shear fractures, the propagation and final length of which depend on the rigidity of the medium. Material strength increases the fracture maximum displacement (dmax) to fracture length (L) ratio, and the resulting values are significantly higher than those from fractures in elastic–brittle rocks. This can be related to the low propagation rates of fractures in rocks undergoing ductile deformation.
Sediment loss and its causes in Puerto Rico watersheds
Authors: Yuan Y. , Jiang Y. , Taguas E. V. , Mbonimpa E. G. , Hu W.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. A major environmental concern in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is increased sediment load to water reservoirs, to estuaries and finally to coral reef areas outside the estuaries. Sediment deposition has significantly reduced the storage capacity of reservoirs, and sediments, the associated contaminants and nutrients that are adsorbed, can stress corals and negatively impact reef health. Therefore, it is important to understand local soil erosion and sediment transport processes to better prevent and manage sediment loss. The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of landscape characteristics on sediment loss. We analyzed available precipitation and sediment data collected in Puerto Rico during the past three decades, and information on land use, soil properties and topography. Our partial least squares analysis was not very successful in identifying major factors associated with sediment loss due to the complexity of the study watersheds. However, the main factors causing sediment loss from ridge watersheds in Puerto Rico were mainly caused by interactions of development, heavy rainfall events (especially the hurricanes) and steep mountainous slopes associated with the ridges. These results improve our understanding of sediment loss resulting from changes in land use/cover within a Puerto Rico watershed, and will allow stakeholders to make more informed decisions about future land use planning.
The Impact of a Professional Development Program on Elementary Teachers’ Science Knowledge and Pedagogical Skills
Authors: Ferreira Maria Madalena
Published: May 2015

Teacher professional development plays an important role in a teacher’s growth and every year school districts spend a large portion of their budgets in professional development activities. However, as districts face increasing budget cuts, funds for professional development compete against other district priorities. As a result, partnerships between school districts and teacher training institutions can play an important role in supplying school districts with professional development activities to fit their teachers’ needs. This article describes a partnership between a school district and a local university to provide over 100 hours of professional development to 30 elementary school teachers. Results from the evaluation of the program indicate that the program had a significant impact on participating teachers’ perceptions of their science knowledge and pedagogical skills.
O PARLAMENTO DO MERCOSUL E A CIDADANIA SUL-AMERICANA
Authors: Tajra Jamile Lourdes Ferreira , Martins Mônica Dias
Published: May 2015

O artigo aborda o compromisso institucional do Parlamento do MERCOSUL, Parlasul, de funcionar como a semente da cidadania no bloco. Idealizado para cumprir as funções de representação popular e viabilizar a harmonização das legislações dos Estados-partes de modo a que estes recebam com maior facilidade a normativa criada pelos acordos firmados no âmbito do bloco, o Parlasul trouxe a questão do envolvimento do cidadão no processo para centro do debate acerca da integração regional, apresentando-se como plano de fundo central de fomento a uma “cidadania do MERCOSUL”. O artigo se divide em três partes. Primeiramente, fazemos um retrospecto histórico sobre a postura do Brasil com relação ao entendimento e mesmo contato com os vizinhos sul-americanos hoje envolvidos no projeto comum de fomento à cidadania e integração regionais. Num segundo momento apresentamos brevemente a trajetória do MERCOSUL, perpassando seu caráter inicial, marcadamente comercial, até o momento em que a integração política, social e cultural passaram a ter destaque entre os acordos firmados pelos governantes do bloco. Por fim, analisamos a atividade do órgão numa tentativa de verificar os principais temas trabalhados e assim desvendar as atuais caracterísiticas da cidadania do MERCOSUL.
A POLÍTICA EXTERNA COMO POLÍTICA PÚBLICA? DIÁLOGOS ENTRE ESTUDOS POLÍTICOS E ESTUDOS INTERNACIONAIS
Authors: Sousa Pedro
Published: May 2015

Neste trabalho procuraremos levar a cabo uma análise preliminar da abertura e das conexões entre duas áreas dos estudos políticos e internacionais: a política externa e as políticas públicas. Tentou-se analisar, por um lado, de que forma ambas vêem o Estado e a tomada de decisões neste; por outro lado, discutir os posicionamentos mais comuns das teorias fundadoras das Relações Internacionais e das Políticas Públicas relativamente às suas percepções da política externa e da definição do seu próprio campo de estudo. Seguidamente, tentou-se compreender, relativamente à Foreign Policy Analysis, se esta se apresenta como uma aproximação ao conhecimento das Políticas Públicas, e até que ponto é visível, nesta última área, uma abordagem que procure acercar-se, do mesmo modo, do conhecimento dos fenómenos internacionais como tendo impacto no processo de tomada de decisão interno (nacional). A revisão crítica da literatura de ambas as áreas levar-nos-á a concluir que há ganhos significativos, para ambas as disciplinas científicas, em termos de uma melhor compreensão e explicação dos fenómenos que analisam, tendo assim em conta um conjunto de influências e actores mais alargados do que os normalmente estudados e descritos.
APLICAÇÃO DE MODELOS DO TIPO APC EM ESTUDOS SOBRE COMPORTAMENTO POLÍTICO
Authors: Archangelo Okado Lucas Toshiaki
Published: May 2015

Estudos sobre participação política têm demonstrado uma queda nos níveis de ativismo. O debate sobre este tema reside em encontrar os determinantes desta questão. As principais hipóteses afirmam que este fenômeno decorre dos processos de transição relacionados aos ciclos de vida, derivam da condição histórica ou são produtos dos valores presentes em diferentes gerações. O artigo em questão analisa a opção metodológica de se testar todas estas hipóteses em um modelo do tipo Age, Period and Cohort. Através de revisão bibliográfica e análise de um exemplo prático, as principais conclusões deste artigo sugerem que a utilização desta abordagem deve ser feita com parcimônia, uma vez que se constatou a existência de limites estatísticos de difícil superação.
AÇÃO COLETIVA NA FEDERAÇÃO DAS INDÚSTRIAS DO ESTADO DO PARANÁ (2003-2011)
Authors: Hartmann José Augusto
Published: May 2015

Objetiva-se apresentar análise sobre valores, preferências e, sobretudo, ação do empresariado industrial paranaense acerca da política e democracia. Espera-se apontar para formas de organização e ação política, além de compreensão do comportamento, do empresariado industrial paranaense. Compreende-se que as formas com que o empresariado pensa a política podem indicar suas preferências e formas de ação, assim como influência no processo decisório. Delimita-se a atuação empresarial por meio de entidades de representação política, no caso a Federação paranaense, entendidas como grupo de interesse. A metodologia empregada para este artigo será a análise de três formas de ação divulgadas pela entidade representativa dos industriários paranaenses, a Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Paraná (FIEP), a saber, a (i) Rede de Participação Política, o (ii) Movimento A Sombra do Imposto e (iii) a revista Observatório da Indústria.
SISTEMAS POLÍTICOS NA AMÉRICA DO SUL NO CONTEXTO DA “MARÉ ROSA”: DEMOCRACIA, ESTABILIDADE E GOVERNANÇA NO SÉCULO XXI
Authors: Cunha Lucas Rodrigues , Silva Victor Augusto
Published: May 2015

Estabilidade política é uma condição suficiente para que governos sejam capazes de promover desenvolvimento econômico e social? A partir da análise de treze governos de tendência de esquerda, em oito países da América do Sul, nós argumentos que não. No contexto sul-americano, a percepção da estabilidade política varia em função do nível de estruturação dos sistemas partidários e do tipo de esquerda que ascendeu ao poder em cada país. Entretanto, mesmo nos países com menor percepção de estabilidade política, no período analisado, os governos de esquerda apresentaram melhora em todos os indicadores sociais e econômicos investigados.
ANÁLISE FATORIAL GARANTIDA OU O SEU DINHEIRO DE VOLTA: UMA INTRODUÇÃO À REDUÇÃO DE DADOS
Authors: Figueiredo Filho Dalson Britto , Rocha Enivaldo Carvalho da , PARANHOS Ranulfo , Silva Anderson Henrique , Silva Jr. José Alexandre , Silva Lucas , Alves Dáfni Priscila
Published: May 2015

Esse artigo apresenta uma introdução intuitiva à analise fatorial. O principal objetivo é fornecer um guia prático para usuários com pouca familiaridade com o tema. Nosso público alvo são estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação em estágios iniciais de treinamento.  Metodologicamente, o desenho de pesquisa utiliza simulação básica e replica duas bases de dados (PNUD, 2010 e  Coopedge, Alvarez e Maldonado, 2008). Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas a partir do Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Com esse trabalho esperamos facilitar a compreensão e a aplicação de técnicas de redução de dados em Ciência Política.
AS PESSOAS CURTEM OS POLÍTICOS NO FACEBOOK? NÃO MESMO! A COMUNICAÇÃO DIRETA EM LARGA ESCALA ENTRE CANDIDATOS E ELEITORES COMO UM FENÔMENO OUTLIER
Authors: Nielsen Rasmus Kleis , Vaccari Cristian
Published: May 2015

A popularidade online de alguns poucos candidatos tem levado muitos analistas a sugerir que as mídias sociais têm dado aos políticos novas e poderosas formas de se comunicar diretamente com os eleitores. Examinando se isso está acontecendo em uma escala significativa com base na análise de 224 candidatos dos maiores partidos concorrendo em distritos competitivos para a Câmara dos Deputados dos Estados Unidos durante as eleições parlamentares de 2010, descobrimos que a maioria dos políticos online é, de fato, largamente ignorada pelo eleitorado. A atenção dada pelos cidadãos aos candidatos online se aproxima das distribuições de lei de potência, com alguns candidatos obtendo muitos seguidores e a maioria definhando na obscuridade. Como a comunicação direta online em larga escala entre os políticos e as pessoas comuns nestas plataformas é um fenômeno raro e outlier - mesmo no caso de campanhas eleitorais altamente competitivas e com candidatos com amplo acesso a recursos financeiros – sugerimos, neste texto, que as implicações políticas mais relevantes das mídias sociais assumem a forma de (a) novos fóruns para comunicação indireta sobre política e (b) mudanças institucionais nos processos de comunicação política.
Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the urethral diverticulum mimicking prostate cancer: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Ekin Rahmi Gokhan , Yildirim Zubeyde , Bayol Umit , Diniz Gulden , Karaca Cezmi , Zorlu Ferruh
Published: May 2015

Primary urethral carcinomas are uncommon, with urothelial carcinoma as the most common subtype. Urethral diverticulum is also rarely seen in men. A 44-year-old male presented with voiding symptoms. Abdominoperineal resection, prostatectomy, bladder neck excision, and proximal urethral excision were performed. A pathological examination revealed a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) located inside an urethral diverticulum. We report this unusual case because primary SCC of the male urethral diverticulum is extremely rare. To our knowledge, our patient is only the second reported case.
Open adrenalectomy for medium sized adrenocortical tumour: How I do it?
Authors: Sameh Wael M. , Kotb Ahmed Fouad
Published: May 2015

Introduction: The aim of our work was to report our experience in managing cases with medium-sized adrenocortical carcinoma by the high retroperitoneal extra pleural approach.Methods: During the past 2 years, 10 patients with suspected adrenocortical carcinoma were managed by our technique: the high supra 10th rib, retroperitoneal extra pleural approach. We included cases with 5 to 10 cm adrenal masses, suspected as adrenocortical carcinoma.Results: The mean patient age was 38 years (range: 26–44), the median tumour volume was 7 cm (range: 5–8). Of the 10 patients, 7 were female. Of the patients, 6 had right- and 4 had left-sided tumours. Intraoperatively, all cases had proper surgical removal, with no apparent residual tumour tissue. No single patient required a chest tube or developed respiratory problems. There were no major vascular injuries during surgery. We did not compare our findings to the standard lateral or subcostal approaches, as in our institution we adopt this high lateral approach for medium-sized tumours, while managing larger tumours with transperitoneal subcostal approach and smaller tumours laparoscopically.Conclusion: The high supra 10th lateral retroperitoneal, extra pleural approach is a safe, doable technique, allowing easy access to medium-sized suprarenal tumours and its vasculature, for cases suspected to be adrenocortical carcinoma.
Efficacy of percutaneous cryoablation of renal cell carcinoma in older patients with medical comorbidities: Outcome study in 70 patients
Authors: Lang Erich K. , Zhang Kan Karl , Nguyen Quan , Myers Leann , Allaf Mahamed , Colon Ivan
Published: May 2015

Introduction: The aim of this study was to establish the efficacy of cryoablation for incidentally discovered small renal cell carcinomas in older patients with medical comorbidities.Methods: We carried out a retrospective chart analysis of outcomes of 70 patients treated by cryoablation. The inclusion criteria were age >56 years, medical comorbidities (Charlson class I–III), and suitability for cryoablation established by urologists and interventional radiologists. In total, 43 patients were male, 27 female, and the age range was 56 to 89. The lesions measured 1.5 to 4 cm; 29 were high-grade Fuhrman and 41 were low grade. All lesions were treated by 2 10-minute freezing cycles separated by an 8-minute thawing period. One to seven cryoprobes were inserted according to a preoperative, 3D computed tomography (CT)-based plan.Results: Results were assessed on follow-up CTs (at 8–9 months). Of the 70 patients, 68 were treated by cryoablations and surgical salvage procedures; these patients were free of disease for 23 to 72 months (mean 39). One patient experienced recurrence and the other was lost to follow-up. One or two cryoablations rendered 66 patients tumour-free and additional surgery rendered another 2 patients tumour-free. The location and configuration of the lesion affected outcomes. Of the 27 posterior lesions, there was 1 failure; of the postero-lateral lesions, there were 4 failures; of the anterior lesions, there were 5 lesions; finally of the 32 central or deep seated lesions, there were 9 failures. Implants with one and two cryoprobes had a high recurrence rate. Three major complications were managed by minor interventions. The mean hospitalization was 1.3 days and the procedure times were variable.Conclusion: Percutaneous cryoablation is recommended as a minimally invasive nephron-sparing treatment for amenable lesions in older patients with medical comorbidities.
Does perineural invasion in a radical prostatectomy specimen predict biochemical recurrence in men with prostate cancer?
Authors: Reeves Fairleigh , Hovens Christopher M. , Harewood Laurence , Battye Shayne , Peters Justin S. , Costello Anthony J. , Corcoran Niall M.
Published: May 2015

Introduction: The ability of perineural invasion (PNI) in radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens to predict biochemical recurrence (BCR) is unclear. This study investigates this controversial question in a large cohort.Methods: A retrospective analysis was undertaken of prospectively collected data from 1497 men who underwent RP (no neoadjuvant therapy) for clinically localized prostate cancer. The association of PNI at RP with other clinicopathological parameters was evaluated. The correlation of clinicopathological factors and BCR (defined as prostate-specific antigen [PSA] >0.2 ng/mL) was investigated with univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis in 1159 men.Results: PNI-positive patients were significantly more likely to have a higher RP Gleason score, pT3 disease, positive surgical margins, and greater cancer volume (p < 0.0005). The presence of PNI significantly correlated with BCR on univariable (hazard ratio 2.30, 95% confidence interval 1.50–3.55, p < 0.0005), but not multivariable analysis (p = 0.602). On multivariable Cox regression analysis the only independent prognostic factors were preoperative PSA, RP Gleason score, pT-stage, and positive surgical margin status. These findings are limited by a relatively short follow-up time and retrospective study design.Conclusions: PNI at RP is not an independent predictor of BCR. Therefore, routine reporting of PNI is not indicated. Future research should be targeted at the biology of PNI to increase the understanding of its role in prostate cancer progression.
Pulmonary Presentation of Toxocara sp. Infection in Children
Authors: Mazur-Melewska Katarzyna , Jonczyk-Potoczna Katarzyna , Kemnitz Paweł , Mania Anna , Figlerowicz Magdalena , Służewski Wojciech
Published: May 2015

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between radiological findings, blood eosinophilia, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E and G and Toxocara seropositivity in Polish children with newly diagnosed pulmonary infiltration. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the documentation of 119 patients, aged 1 to 18 years (mean age: 7.21 ± 4.82), who were seropositive in Toxocara sp. antibodies. In all cases, peripheral blood eosinophils and leukocyte counts, serum total IgE, IgG levels and specific IgG antibodies against excretory and secretory Toxocara sp. antigens were measured at the first presentation. After the confirmation of seropositivity, all children had a routine radiological examination. Results: In the documentation of 23 children (mean age 3.58 ± 2.63 years) we found abnormalities in the radiological examination of their lungs. Fifteen children who had abnormalities in radiological findings presented clinical respiratory complaints such as chronic cough, wheezing, asthma and haemoptysis. Eight children were asymptomatic. The analysis of peripheral eosinophils and leukocyte number, the level of IgE and specific anti-Toxocara IgG presented significantly higher values in children with radiological lesions than in children who had correct radiology. The concentrations of total IgG and gamma globulins were not significantly different. In 10 patients CT showed irregular round nodules with and without halo ranging from 1 to 13 mm. The number of nodules varied from a single lesion to multiple, disseminated ones. All nodules were located in peripheral areas of the lungs. None of them were found in the central areas. In 13 patients, CT images showed ground-glass opacities with ill-defined margins. None of the CT images presented lymphadenopathy and pleural effusion. Conclusions: The pulmonary lesions in small children with high eosinophilia and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E could be related to toxocariasis and for this reason they are eligible to undergo therapy with prolonged observation for several months, rather than start invasive malignancy investigations.
Microscopic Image Photography Techniques of the Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Morrison Annie O. , Gardner Jerad M.
Published: May 2015

Context

The field of pathology is driven by microscopic images. Educational activities for trainees and practicing pathologists alike are conducted through exposure to images of a variety of pathologic entities in textbooks, publications, online tutorials, national and international conferences, and interdepartmental conferences. During the past century and a half, photographic technology has progressed from primitive and bulky, glass-lantern projector slides to static and/or whole slide digital-image formats that can now be transferred around the world in a matter of moments via the Internet.

Objective

To provide a historic and technologic overview of the evolution of microscopic-image photographic tools and techniques.

Data Sources

Primary historic methods of microscopic image capture were delineated through interviews conducted with senior staff members in the Emory University Department of Pathology. Searches for the historic image-capturing methods were conducted using the Google search engine. Google Scholar and PubMed databases were used to research methods of digital photography, whole slide scanning, and smart phone cameras for microscopic image capture in a pathology practice setting.

Conclusions

Although film-based cameras dominated for much of the time, the rise of digital cameras outside of pathology generated a shift toward digital-image capturing methods, including mounted digital cameras and whole slide digital-slide scanning. Digital image capture techniques have ushered in new applications for slide sharing and second-opinion consultations of unusual or difficult cases in pathology. With their recent surge in popularity, we suspect that smart phone cameras are poised to become a widespread, cost-effective method for pathology image acquisition.
Rejuvenating Effects of Facial Hydrofilling using Restylane Vital
Authors: Lee Bong Moo , Han Dong Gil , Choi Won Seok
Published: May 2015

Background Morphological changes that accompany aging, such as wrinkles and skin laxity, are particularly prominent on facial skin. Recently, facial rejuvenation using the hydrofilling effect of hyaluronic acid (HA) filler has been employed for improvement of skin texture. In this study, we studied rejuvenating effects of stabilized HA (Restylane Vital) through direct intradermal injections.

Methods A total of 30 female patients underwent a series of procedures on face, including three sessions at intervals of four weeks. A total of 2 mL of Restylane Vital was injected along the whole face using an automatic injector. Improvement of skin surface roughness, elasticity, brightness, moisture, and fine wrinkles was evaluated. Patient satisfaction was evaluated, and pictures of patients were taken at each visit and 6 months after last treatment session. Scoring for each patient was performed by three doctors according in five subjects. Moisture, oil and elasticity were measured before the procedure and before the last treatment in 10 patients.

Results The majority of patients (77%) were satisfied with the therapeutic outcomes. Approximately 66% of patients responded that the effects of this procedure persisted for longer than four months, and the majority of patients (77%) wanted to undergo this procedure again and would recommend this procedure to acquaintances. Regarding doctors' evaluation, scores for improvement of skin surface roughness, elasticity, and brightness were significantly higher than those for improvement of moisture and fine wrinkle.

Conclusions Intradermal injection of HA can have a rejuvenating effect on dry and tired facial skin, especially in improvement of skin surface roughness.
A Prospective Analysis of Dynamic Loss of Breast Projection in Tissue Expander-Implant Reconstruction
Authors: Mioton Lauren M , Jordan Sumanas W , Kim John YS
Published: May 2015

Background Breast projection is a critical element of breast reconstruction aesthetics, but little has been published regarding breast projection as the firm expander is changed to a softer implant. Quantitative data representing this loss in projection may enhance patient education and improve our management of patient expectations.

Methods Female patients who were undergoing immediate tissue-expander breast reconstruction with the senior author were enrolled in this prospective study. Three-dimensional camera software was used for all patient photographs and data analysis. Projection was calculated as the distance between the chest wall and the point of maximal projection of the breast form. Values were calculated for final tissue expander expansion and at varying intervals 3, 6, and 12 months after implant placement.

Results Fourteen breasts from 12 patients were included in the final analysis. Twelve of the 14 breasts had a loss of projection at three months following the implant placement or beyond. The percentage of projection lost in these 12 breasts ranged from 6.30% to 43.4%, with an average loss of projection of 21.05%.

Conclusions This study is the first prospective quantitative analysis of temporal changes in breast projection after expander-implant reconstruction. By prospectively capturing projection data with three-dimensional photographic software, we reveal a loss of projection in this population by three months post-implant exchange. These findings will not only aid in managing patient expectations, but our methodology provides a foundation for future objective studies of the breast form.
Daily Serum Collection after Acellular Dermal Matrix-Assisted Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Caputo Glenda Giorgia , Franchini Zeno , Maritan Monia , Dalla Pozza Edoardo , Vigato Enrico , Tedeschi Umberto , Governa Maurizio
Published: May 2015

Background The acellular dermal matrix (ADM)-assisted breast reconstruction technique is widely known, but discouraging results due to early postoperative complications have been reported. As the literature identifies seroma as the most common issue after breast surgery without identifying its pathogenesis, we aimed to report the trend of postoperative daily serum collection after ADM-assisted breast reconstruction and compare it with data in the literature in order to discover more about this little-known topic.

Methods A retrospective study on 28 consecutive patients who received ADM-assisted breast reconstruction between February 2013 and February 2014 was performed. In order to reduce the number of variables that could affect serum production, only one brand of ADM was used and all tissues were handled gently and precisely. The daily drainage volume was recorded per patient during the first four days of hospitalization. Likewise, postoperative complications were noted during routine follow-up.

Results In total, five (17.9%) bilateral and 23 (82.1%) unilateral ADM-assisted breast reconstructions (33 implants) were performed. The mean age, body mass index, and length of hospital stay were 53.6 years, 21.3 kg/m2, and 4.5 days, respectively. One major complication led to implant loss (3.0%), and nine minor complications were successfully treated with ambulatory surgery (27.3%). Serum collection linearly decreased after 24 hours postoperatively.

Conclusions Daily drainage decreased following the theoretical decline of acute inflammation. In concordance with the literature, daily serum production may not be related to the use of ADM.
Avant de tourner la page… Petite histoire des outils d’édition musicale avant l’ordinateur
Authors: Forget Georges
Published: May 2015

Cet article est un bref panorama des principales étapes techniques d’impression de la longue histoire de l’édition musicale depuis l’écriture manuscrite et avant la révolution informatique. Chaque époque peut être représentée par un outil caractéristique, améliorant et accélérant le travail de reproduction mécanique des partitions : du burin à la machine à écrire en passant par le poinçon, cet article ravive la mémoire de gestes et de procédés de fabrication aujourd’hui souvent oubliés.
La notation du timbre instrumental : noter la cause ou l’effet dans le rapport geste-son
Authors: Traube Caroline
Published: May 2015

Le timbre instrumental peut être défini à différents niveaux qui interagissent entre eux : quel instrument est joué, par quel interprète, suivant quels modes de jeu et dans quelles conditions de diffusion. Sur la partition, dans la tradition occidentale, on peut préciser le timbre, notamment par l’entremise des modes de jeu. La notation du timbre désiré (l’effet) passe alors par la notation du geste qui permet de le produire (la cause). La spécification du timbre peut aussi s’effectuer par l’entremise de descripteurs verbaux (tels que chaud, rond, brillant, métallique, etc.) faisant appel à des métaphores sensorielles multimodales. Ainsi, la notation se situe à différents niveaux, en amont ou en aval de la relation geste-son : le compositeur peut choisir de noter la cause (le geste, le doigté), l’effet sonore à produire (type d’attaque, rondeur du son) ou spécifier son impact sur l’auditeur (le caractère).
Enjeux et évolution du système de notation dans Pression pour un(e) violoncelliste de Helmut Lachenmann
Authors: Féron François-Xavier
Published: May 2015

Cet article présente, dans les grandes lignes, le système de notation utilisé par Helmut Lachenmann dans Pression pour spécifier les actions que doit accomplir l’interprète sur les différentes parties du violoncelle (cordes, table d’harmonie, chevalet, cordier) mais aussi sur l’archet. Après avoir décrit succinctement les principales différences entre les deux éditions de l’oeuvre (1972 vs 2012), nous en expliquons cinq passages en montrant systématiquement les deux versions de la partition et en indiquant les minutages correspondant aux enregistrements vidéo de Lauren Radnofsky et David Stromberg. Ainsi le lecteur pourra apprécier la précision et l’évolution du système de notation, visualiser les gestes que réalisent les interprètes tout en suivant la partition et entrer ainsi pleinement dans l’univers sonore profondément inouï de cette oeuvre devenue un « classique » du répertoire pour violoncelle seul.