bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MODCROP: A Crop Simulation Framework
Authors: Waldman Sue E. , Rickman Ronald W.
Published: July 2010

Dynamic crop simulations are used more and more frequently as research and education tools and to assist in making management decisions. MODCROP is an interface framework for controlling a dynamic simulation that simplifies applying the simulation. The program operates under DOS on an IBM‐compatible microcomputer (PC) with 640k of RAM and a hard disk drive. Although a math coprocessor is desirable, it is not required. It is constructed from modules written in Quick‐BASIC. Most of the modules can be reused without modification to provide user interface, data input, and data output services to compatible simulations. The framework allows data input or output in either metric or English units. Any parameter within a simulation under its control can be selected for output, depending on the wishes of the user. A simulation can be customized by interactive access to all initial parameter values and it can be operated in batch mode to determine patterns of predicted results. The framework is supplied with MODWht3, a daily simulation of organ‐by‐organ development and growth of winter wheat. MODCROP provides ease of use and simulation control features that are not always available in other simulation interfaces.
Water and Cation Movement in an Indonesian Ultisol
Authors: Dierolf Thomas S , Arya Lalit M. , Yost Russell S.
Published: July 2010

Lime and fertilizer are required to overcome acidity and soil fertility constraints to crop production in the highly weathered soils of Sitiung, Indonesia. The potential leaching of soil amendments is enhanced by the high annual rainfall of 2750 mm and the low effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) of these soils. The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship of soil water hydrology to the fate of applied soil amendments. Internal soil water drainage (fieldmeasured) and soil moisture release curves (field‐ and laboratorymeasured) were determined to characterize the soil hydraulic properties of a clayey, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic Typic Kanhapludult. The results indicated that 6 h after the application of 72.5 mm of water during a 100‐min period, water equivalent to nearly 94% of the applied water drained to depths below 112.5 cm. Macropore volume accounted for 26 to 40% of the total porosity of the top 22.5 cm of soil and 5 to 7% in the 22.5‐ to 112.5‐cm depth. Cation movement was measured during a 2‐yr period in a field experiment that examined the effects of various rates and timing of K fertilization (and blanket applications of Ca and Mg) and stover removal on soil K, Ca, and Mg pools. Results show that amounts equivalent to 1% of the K, 5% of the Ca, and 24% of the Mg that were applied as fertilizer nutrients accumulated in the 30‐ to 90‐cm depth. An average of 33% of the K, 26% of the Ca, and 8% of the Mg applied as fertilizers were not accounted for in the soil or by crop biomass and probably leached below the 90‐cm depth. We conclude that is difficult to chemically ameliorate the subsoil below the 30‐cm depth and hypothesize that macropore flow through the soil and a continually wet subsoil are the major factors limiting subsoil cation accumulation.
Development of Secondary Crowns Reduces Crown Rot Severity in Alfalfa Cultivars
Authors: Gossen Bruce D.
Published: July 2010

Crown rot occurs wherever alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is grown, but the disease reaction of cultivars has rarely been examined. Differences in crown rot reaction among cultivars were followed for up to 9 yr in two studies. In one study, crown rot severity in nine alfalfa cultivars was assessed at Saskatoon (1985–1993) and at Outlook (irrigated test; 1986–1991) in Saskatchewan, Canada. From 1986 to 1991, there were no consistent differences in severity among cultivars. Crown rot symptoms were severe in almost every plant of every cultivar by 1991, so the trial at Outlook was discontinued. When the trial at Saskatoon was sampled in 1993, cultivars with more of a subsp. falcata background had less crown rot than those with subsp. sativa parentage. The primary crowns of most plants had been consumed with rot, but secondary crowns had formed in many plants. As a result, crown rot severity (rated mainly on secondary crowns) had declined substantially. To determine if these observations were consistent between trials, a second trial at Saskatoon (seeded 1985) was sampled in 1994. The same pattern was observed; crown rot severity was substantially lower 9 yr after establishment than at 5 yr, and the reduction was associated with development of secondary crowns. Forage yields in this mature stand were higher than early in the life of the stand, indicating that moderate levels of crown rot do not affect yield. Differences in disease reaction among cultivars were small, but may affect the development of secondary crowns, which allows alfalfa plants to compensate for progressive injury to the primary crown.
Bromide as a Tracer for Nitrate‐N Uptake in Alfalfa Herbage
Authors: Magarian Diana M. , Russelle Michael P. , Lamb JoAnn F. S. , Blumenthal Jürg M.
Published: July 2010

The 15N isotope is a reliable way to measure nitrate‐N (NO‐3‐N) uptake in N2‐fixing legumes, but is too expensive for plant breeding programs. Our goal is to develop an affordable method of selecting alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) for NO‐3‐N uptake under field conditions. In this research, we tested whether the anion bromide (Br‐), which is used to trace NO‐3‐N movement in soils and is inexpensive to analyze, reflects NO‐3‐N uptake in alfalfa. ‘Webfoot’ (1994 and 1995), ‘Agate’ (1995), and ‘Ineffective Agate’ (1995) alfalfa were established in pots in the greenhouse. After removing herbage, daily additions of solutions containing Br‐ and 15N‐labeled NO‐3‐N were made to the pots. Uptake of Br‐ and N derived from NO‐3‐N was determined in herbage regrowth sampled after 15, 25, and 35 d and the molar ratio of NO‐3‐N‐derived N:Br‐ was calculated. In both years, when a constant molar ratio in solution was provided at variable tracer concentrations, NO‐3‐N uptake and Br‐ uptake both increased with increasing applied tracer concentration, but ratios in herbage were not constant for treatment, germplasm, or days of regrowth. These results imply that selection must be carried out under well‐controlled tracer supply and crop management. At a constant NO‐3‐N concentration, but increasing solution Br‐ concentration, NO‐3‐N uptake remained constant and Br‐ uptake increased. Molar ratios of NO‐3‐N‐derived N:Br‐ in herbage directly reflected applied solution ratios in a soil‐sand mixture (1994), but were less responsive in sand (1995) above molar ratios of 100:1 in solution. Individual plant analysis showed close agreement in Br‐ and NO‐3‐N uptake among plants in all germplasms across a wide range of tracer supply, and indicated that selection for NO‐3‐N uptake using Br‐ uptake would result in minimal error. We conclude that Br‐ is a promising alternative tracer for use in selecting alfalfa for NO‐3‐N uptake.
Forage Growth and Yield Components as Influenced by Subsurface Compaction
Authors: Mapfumo E. , Chanasyk David S. , Naeth M. Anne , Baron Vern S.
Published: July 2010

Subsurface soil compaction is a global problem that causes reduced plant growth and yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate responses of various growth and yield components of smooth bromegrass (Bromis inermis L. cv. Magna) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Rambler) to subsurface compaction of sandy loam and clay loam soils. Regression analysis indicated that all growth variables measured (shoot biomass, root biomass, number of alfalfa branches, number of smooth bromegrass tillers per plant, and leaf blade or leaflet width and length) had a negative relationship with soil bulk density in a linear nature. However, these growth responses varied in their sensitivity to subsurface compaction. For alfalfa, the most sensitive variable was the number of tertiary branches; for smooth bromegrass, shoot biomass was most sensitive. Leaf blade or leaflet length was the least sensitive variable to subsurface compaction. The study is unique in that it provides response curves for various plant growth responses, an assessment of the sensitivity of these parameters to subsurface compaction, and a data base for modeling these relationships. This study also provides plant‐based indicators that should be related to soil‐based indicators of compaction problems such as bulk density and soil strength, which are often used to determine the extent of compaction.
Management of Warm‐Season Annual Grass Residue on Annual Ryegrass Establishment and Production
Authors: Cuomo Gregory J. , Redfearn Daren D. , Beatty J. F. , Anders R. A. , Martin F. B. , Blouin David C.
Published: July 2010

Early‐season forage production of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is reduced in the southeastern USA when established no‐till rather than with conventional tillage. We hypothesized that annual warm‐season grass residue interferes with seedling establishment under no‐till. In a two‐year study, we evaluated six strategies for managing residue from warm‐season annual grass on annual ryegrass establishment, forage production, and soil moisture. Treatments were (i) no herbicide, mow, and leave residue; (ii) tillage 30 and 7 d before planting; (iii) apply glyphosate [isopropylamine salt of N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine] 30 d before planting, mow, and leave residue; (iv) apply glyphosate 7 d before planting, mow, and leave residue; (v) apply glyphosate 7 d before planting, apply additional residue from twice the plot area (i.e., three times the other residue treatments); and (vi) apply glyphosate 7 d before planting, burn residue 1 d before planting. Better stands and more forage production at first harvest of annual ryegrass were obtained by spraying and burning residue (two‐year average of 96% stand and 0.92 Mg ha−1 yield at the first harvest) or spraying 30 d before planting (92% stand, 0.92 Mg ha−1) than when annual ryegrass was planted into a 3× residue (55% stand, 0.24 Mg ha−1). Soil moisture at planting did not cause differences in stand establishment among treatments. We conclude that managing residue during no‐till establishment by controlling warm‐season annual grasses and burning or controlling warm‐season annual grasses 30 d before planting can improve stands and forage production of annual ryegrass.
Grantsmanship Hints
Authors: Schepers James S. , Sadler E.John , Raun William R.
Published: July 2010

Successful grantsmanship, although a critical skill for researchers, is rarely taught in graduate schools. This handicaps inexperienced researchers, who often must simultaneously develop courses, extension programs, and a research program. As a result, they frequently suffer a lower success rate in obtaining research funding than more experienced researchers. Our objective is to provide the research community with a summary of observations we made while serving in the grant proposal review process. A preliminary list of our observations has apparently enjoyed widespread distribution, suggesting that there is in fact a need for this information. We disclaim any status as experts, offering these observations to those who wish to understand the review process as we observed it while participating in the USDA National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program.
Remote Sensing of Winter Wheat Tiller Density for Early Nitrogen Application Decisions
Authors: Flowers Michael , Weisz Randall , Heiniger Ronnie
Published: July 2010

There is increasing evidence that scouting of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields to determine tiller density at Growth Stage (GS) 25 is useful in deciding if N should be applied. However, to obtain an accurate average of field tiller density, frequent and intensive measurements must be made. A solution to this problem may be remote sensing. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) if a spectral index or digital counts in the near infrared (NIR), red (R), green (G), or blue (B) wavelengths could be used to estimate GS‐25 tiller density across environments and (ii) if the inclusion of within‐field references would improve the estimation of GS‐25 tiller density for determining N recommendations. Research was conducted at four site‐years in 1998 and 1999 using two wheat varieties. At three locations, a randomized replicated strip‐plot design with three seeding rates was used. The fourth location was an on‐farm test with one seeding rate. Spectral indices and individual NIR, R, G, and B digital counts were tested for correlation with tiller density at each site. Tiller density at GS 25 and NIR digital counts were found to be consistently correlated (0.67 ≤ r ≤ 0.87). The inclusion of within‐field tiller density references resulted in a high correlation (r = 0.88) between relative tiller density and relative NIR digital counts across environments. Using relative NIR digital counts to predict tiller density would have resulted in the correct N recommendation 82% of the time.
Yield and Economic Return of Ten Peanut‐Based Cropping Systems
Authors: Jordan David L. , Bailey Jack E. , Barnes J. Steven , Bogle Clyde R. , Bullen S. Gary , Brown A. Blake , Edmisten Keith L. , Dunphy E. James , Johnson P. Dewayne
Published: July 2010

Research was conducted in North Carolina at two locations from 1997 through 2000 to determine net returns of 10 cropping systems during a 4‐yr cropping cycle that included peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and corn (Zea mays L.). Cylindrocladium black rot [caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum] (CBR) increased when soybean was included in the rotation sequence or when peanut was grown continuously. The CBR‐resistant cultivar NC 12C increased yield compared with the susceptible cultivar NC 7 when this disease was present. Cotton was a better rotation crop than corn at one of two locations with respect to peanut yield and gross economic value in the final year of the study. Net returns were substantially lower when peanut was marketed for export in the current federal program rather than at the quota price. However, the profitability ranking among cropping systems changed little regardless of marketing system. Crop yield and net return were influenced by crop selection, weather conditions, and commodity prices during the 4 yr.
Methods of Establishing Annual Ryegrass and Clover into Broomsedge‐Infested Pastures
Authors: Butler Twain J. , Stritzke Jim F. , Redmon Larry A. , Goad Carla L.
Published: July 2010

Establishing cool‐season forages into broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus L.)–infested pastures would increase forage nutritive value and extend the grazing season. Experiments were established in southeastern Oklahoma in late summer at four locations in 1995 and at six locations in 1996 to determine the effects of three forage removal techniques for establishing clovers (Trifolium spp.) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The main plots used in both years included: (i) mowing plus vegetation removal in late summer, (ii) paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium ion) plus burning 1 wk after treatment (WAT), and (iii) burning after frost. In 1995, two annual ryegrasses (‘Marshall’ and ‘TAM90’) and three clovers [‘Yuchi’ arrowleaf (T. vesiculosum Savi.), ‘Overton R18’ rose (T. hirtum All.), and ‘Ladino’ white (T. repens L.)] were broadcast‐seeded into the three seedbed preparations. In the 1995 planting, dry conditions in the fall resulted in no establishment of annual ryegrass and erratic establishment and production of clovers. In 1996, Marshall annual ryegrass and a clover mix [arrowleaf, red (T. pratense L.), rose, and white] were each broadcast‐seeded into tilled and nontilled subplots in the three seedbed preparations. Clover and annual ryegrass dry matter (DM) production was generally highest in paraquat plus burn treatment and lowest in the burn after frost treatment. Tillage generally did not improve clover or annual ryegrass production. The nontilled paraquat plus burn treatment produced the most forage and had the lowest production cost for both clover and annual ryegrass; therefore, it should be considered when establishing clover and annual ryegrass into permanent pastures.
Canopy Characteristics of Continuously Stocked Limpograss Swards Grazed to Different Heights
Authors: Newman Yoana C. , Sollenberger Lynn E. , Chambliss Carrol G.
Published: July 2010

Vertical heterogeneity in herbage bulk density, plant‐part proportion, and nutritive value is common in canopies of C4 grasses. Changes from top to bottom of the canopy affect performance of cattle (Bos ssp.) grazing limpograss [Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & Hubb.], but this variation has not been described under continuous stocking. During 1998 and 1999 the effect of grazing height (20, 40, and 60 cm) on limpograss herbage characteristics was assessed in three canopy layers (top 5 cm, upper 25% by height, and next lower 50% by height). Total and leaf bulk density decreased with increasing height for all layers. Averaged across years and layers, total bulk density was 137, 80, and 63 kg ha−1 cm−1 for 20‐, 40‐, and 60‐cm canopies, respectively. Leaf percentage was greater in the upper 25% (19%) than next lower 50% of the canopy (11%). Leaf and stem crude protein (CP) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) decreased from the upper 25% to next lower 50% of the canopy (129 to 123 g kg−1 for leaf CP, and from 50 to 40 g kg−1 for stem) and with increasing sward height, but leaf and stem fractions differed much less proportionately in IVOMD than CP. Results support the hypothesis that canopy height is an important factor affecting canopy characteristics of continuously stocked limpograss pastures. Pastures grazed to the intermediate 40‐cm height appeared to give the best combination of lower bulk density, associated with greater opportunity for leaf selection, plus relatively high nutritive value.
Estimating Winter Wheat Tiller Density Using Spectral Reflectance Sensors for Early‐Spring, Variable‐Rate Nitrogen Applications
Authors: Phillips S. B. , Keahey D. A. , Warren J. G. , Mullins G. L.
Published: July 2010

Adequate tiller density is critical for attaining optimum grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). To ensure maximum tiller development, several states in the Mid‐Atlantic recommend split‐applying N in the spring based on tiller density at Zadoks Growth Stage 25. However, this strategy requires that several labor‐intensive measurements be made in each field. Recent work has suggested that remote sensing might eliminate this problem. The objectives of this study were to estimate winter wheat tiller density using an on‐the‐go, spectral reflectance sensor and to determine the effect on grain yield of tiller density–based, variable‐rate N applications at a 1‐m2 resolution. Twenty‐two site‐years of data were collected from diverse locations across Virginia from 2000 to 2002. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was a reliable predictor of tiller density across environments (0.67 ≤ r 2 ≤ 0.99), with 18 of 22 sites having slopes and intercepts that were not different from one another. Nitrogen fertilizer rates and grain yields resulting from using sensor‐based estimates of tiller density were not different from those when using the standard practice for the Mid‐Atlantic region at four out of six locations. At two of the six sites, sensor‐based N recommendations were 11 kg N ha−1 lower than standard recommendations with no effect on grain yield, resulting in higher N use efficiencies at these locations. These results show that on‐the‐go, optical sensor technology can be used to accurately estimate winter wheat tiller density for determining and applying appropriate N fertilization rates at a 1‐m2 resolution with minimal ground truthing required (one physical tiller count for each major soil type in a field).
Overseeding Common Bermudagrass with Cool‐Season Annuals to Increase Yield and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake in a Hay Field Fertilized with Swine Effluent
Authors: McLaughlin M. R. , Sistani K. R. , Fairbrother T. E. , Rowe D. E.
Published: July 2010

Haying common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] is commonly used to manage field‐applied manure P in the southeastern USA but is limited to summer. This 3‐yr study was done to examine effects of extending the haying season by spring haying of fall‐overseeded annuals. Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), crimson clover (T. incarnatum L.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were compared with a nonoverseeded control. Dry matter (DM) yield and N and P uptake were measured in spring and summer hay on a Prentiss sandy loam (coarse‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Glossic Fragiudults, Ultisols) with high soil P following 6 yr of swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) effluent fertilization. Fall‐seeded plots were cut twice for spring hay and three times for summer hay. Spring hay of annual ryegrass (3.8–5.3 Mg ha−1 yr−1) yielded more DM than crimson clover (2.6–3.4 Mg ha−1 yr−1), wheat (2.5–3.3 Mg ha−1 yr−1), and the control (2.8–3.4 Mg ha−1 yr−1) every year but did not differ from berseem clover (3.1–4.6 Mg ha−1 yr−1) in 2 of 3 yr. Phosphorus uptake in spring hay of annual ryegrass and berseem clover (10–16 kg ha−1) was higher than crimson clover (8–12 kg ha−1), wheat (7–12 kg ha−1), and the control (6–11 kg ha−1). Nitrogen uptake in spring hay was higher in berseem clover (71–128 kg ha−1) than other treatments (43–80 kg ha−1), which did not differ. No differences occurred in summer hay (DM = 3.9–7.6 Mg ha−1, N = 72–191 kg ha−1, P = 13–21 kg ha−1). Overseeding common bermudagrass with berseem clover or annual ryegrass can improve hay yield and P removal.
The Effect of Chloride and Lime on the Manganese Uptake by Bush Beans and Sweet Corn
Authors: Jackson T. L. , Westermann D. T. , Moore D. P.
Published: July 2010

The effect of chloride and lime on the uptake of Manganese by bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and sweet corn (Zea mays var. rugosa) was investigated under field and greenhouse conditions. Lime and Cl treatments were applied in factorial combinations in both field and greenhouse experimens. Lime was applied at rates up to 3 tons/acre with Cl applied at rates up to 90 lb/acre. All treatments received blanket applications of N, P, and S.

The Mn content in the trifoliate bean leaves was high enough to explain the toxicity symptoms observed. At the zero lime rate all applications of chloride resulted in Mn levels > 1,000 ppm. Increasing levels of Cl increased the level of Mn in all cases. The level of Mn at the zero Cl treatment and with added lime was below suggested toxic levels. The application of lime always reduced the Mn content.

The application of KCl increased the Mn content of the sweet corn plants, whereas the application of K2SO4 or K2CO3 had no effect on the Mn content.
Comparison and Evaluation of Methods of Determining Fixed Ammonium in Soils
Authors: Bremner J. M. , Nelson D. W. , Silva J. A.
Published: July 2010

A comparison of methods proposed for determination of fixed ammonium in soils showed that they gave widely divergent results, the highest results being obtained by the method of Rodrigues and the lowest by the method of Mogilevkina. Studies to evaluate these methods revealed defects in all methods investigated except the KOBr‐HF method of Silva and Bremner, the main defects being that pretreatments used to eliminate interference by organic nitrogen compounds are inefficient or lead to gain or loss of fixed ammonium and that procedures used to release and estimate fixed ammonium are not quantitative or lead to formation of ammonium from organic nitrogen compounds. Possible defects of the KOBr‐HF method are discussed.
A Kinetic Method for Determining Desorption Isotherms of Water on Clays
Authors: Odom J. W. , Low P. F.
Published: July 2010

A method of using Knudsen cells to measure the vapor pressure of water in clay‐water gels is described. The vapor pressures obtained at each mass ratio of water to clay using Knudsen cells are similar to those obtained by equilibration with saturated salt solutions and may be used in the same way.
Fertilization Effects on Physically Protected Light Fraction Organic Matter
Authors: Gregorich E. G. , Liang B. C. , Drury C. F. , Ellert B. H.
Published: July 2010

Aggregation influences the decomposition of soil organic matter by limiting the accessibility of C substrate to microbes and fauna. We evaluated whether the turnover of light fraction organic matter (LF‐OM) in arable systems was affected by its location in the soil matrix and whether long‐term fertilization affected LF‐OM turnover. Organic C and natural 13C abundance were measured on the free and physically protected LF‐OM of soils that had been under continuous corn (Zea mays L.) for 32 yr. Fertilized corn soils had >2.5 times as much free LF‐OM material as their nonfertilized counterparts; most of this LF‐OM was derived from corn (a C4 plant). In contrast, most of the physically protected LF‐OM was derived from C3 vegetation, indicating that it had been incorporated into aggregates before the start of the experiment. Assuming that organic matter turnover follows first order kinetics, the estimated half‐life of C3‐C in the physically protected LF‐OM was twofold longer than that in the free LF‐OM. These data indicated that fertilization did not affect the turnover of either the free or the physically protected LF‐OM; however, the location of organic matter in soil aggregates was a key factor in its susceptibility to decomposition.
Dewatering waste-activated sludge using dissolved gas-flotation followed by filtration
Authors: El-Zahar Medhat M. H.
Published: July 2010

After the successes of flotation of waste-activated sludge (WAS), using the new technique utilizing CO2 gas as well as using model gas (80% N2+20% CO2) in previous research because of the high water solubility of CO2 gas, the aim of this study is to develop a simple method for dewatering WAS for easier reuse and safe disposal. The paper introduces a laboratory model for dewatering WAS in two stages: flotation followed by filtration. The first stage enables recycling a mixture of greenhouse gases containing 20% of CO2 and 80% of N2 gases by volume. The second stage uses a simple compression cell for dewatering WAS. Experiments were carried out to reduce the moisture content and volume of WAS. This was executed using compression force introduced by a low value of air pressure. Using the experimental dewatering model, promising results were obtained. Furthermore, other data were obtained, such as the effect of temperature on the efficiency of dewaterability. It is hoped that the results of this study will lead to further study of collecting industrial CO2 gas emissions from burning fossil fuels for use in wastewater treatment to decrease the resulting harmful effects of global warming.
Study of Hydrophytes in Some Lentic Water Bodies in West Bengal, India
Authors: Das S. K. , Biswas D. , Roy S.
Published: July 2010

The physico-chemical characteristics of water, aquatic weeds and bank flora of three water reservoirs located in Krishnagar city (longitude 88°33'E, latitude 23°24'N), West Bengal, India, were studied for a period of 24 months. Altogether 13 genera of aquatic macrophytes belonging to 10 families, and 24 plant species (bank flora) belonging to 16 families were identified in the present investigation. The physico-chemical characteristic of pond water was found to be altered due to these aquatic plants. We have found a general relationship between trophic status of a water body and the aquatic plants present there. We have also found the alteration of water quality due to presence of various aquatic plants. Key words: Physico-chemical characteristics, hydrophytes, macrophytes, bank flora, weeds. DOI: 10.3126/eco.v16i0.3467ECOPRINT 16: 9-13, 2009
Seasonal Variations of Zooplankton, Chlorophyll-A and Nutrients in Phewa Lake, Pokhara Valley, Nepal
Authors: Husen Md. Akbal , Dhakal Ram Prasad
Published: July 2010

In order to understand trophic status of lake Phewa, largest lake (535 ha) in Pokhara valley, seasonal pattern of zooplanktons, chlorophyll a and nutrients level in water column was examined from January to December 2005. Total zooplanktons density was highest in January and November, showed bimodal pattern in Lake Phewa. The sequence of dominant species of zooplankton was Nauplius > Kerratella > Cyclops > Daphnia > Eodiaptomus in this lake. Correlation between zooplankton species and nutrients level was established. The Chlorophyll- a as an indicator of phytoplankton biomass peaks in November and chlorophyll-a concentration was found lower in winter months. The NH4-N ranged between zero to 0.021 mg/l with mean of 0.003 mg/l. The annual concentration of nitrate+nitrite (NO3+NO2) was found upto 0.148 mg/l (mean= 0.013 mg/l), soluble reactive phosphate (PO4-P) ranged from zero to 0.003 mg/l (mean= 0.001 mg/l), and total phosphorous ranged upto 0.052 mg/l (mean= 0.009 mg/l) in lake Phewa in 2005. Based on nutrients and chlorophyll-a dynamics, the lake varied from mesotrophic to eutrophic in different seasons. The Phewa Lake fluctuated from oligo-mesotrophic in monsoon seasons to meso-eutrophic in dry periods. Key words: Zooplanktons, nutrients, chlorophyll. DOI: 10.3126/eco.v16i0.3473ECOPRINT 16: 51-57, 2009
Antifungal Activity of Crude Extracts of Some Medicinal Plants against Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.
Authors: Shrestha Asha Kaji , Tiwari R. D.
Published: July 2010

The crude extracts of six plants viz, Allium sativum, Capsicum annuum, Artimesia vulgaris, Eupatorium adenophorum, Gaultheria fragrantissima and Phyllanthus emblica were assessed in vitro for activity against fungi Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., the causal agent of dry potato tuber rot. Pathogenecity test was confirmed by inoculating the pathogen into the healthy potato tuber. The assessment of fungitoxicity was carried out by poisoned food technique using ten different concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100%) against the test fungus. Assessment was carried out in terms of percentage of mycelial growth inhibition of the test fungus. The extracts of all the plant species were found to be effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth. The extract of A. sativum completely inhibited the mycelial growth of the test fungus at the concentration of 40% and the extracts of Capsicum annuum and Phyllanthus emblica inhibited the mycelial growth completely at the concentration of 100%. Key words: Plant extracts, antifungal activity. DOI: 10.3126/eco.v16i0.3476ECOPRINT 16: 75-78, 2009
EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY CANADIAN MEDICAL PATENT LAW IN PRACTICE: JAMES BERTRAM COLLIP AND THE DISCOVERY OF EMMENIN
Authors: Marier Virginie , Piper Tina
Published: July 2010

In the 1930s, James Bertram Collip (1892–1965) purified, standardized, and then commercialized the hormone Emmenin at McGill University. This focused history of Collip's development of Emmenin considers how Collip used (and avoided) the legal tools of intellectual property to his advantage, given his complicated place as a scientist/business person/academic/physician inventor in the inter-war era. Collip's story is significant as a case study as it lends nuance to the picture of the Canadian inventor, shows the daring foresight of early Canadian commercialization business models, and explores the influences that eventually led to the development of university technology transfer offices in Canada. It also highlights germinal moments in the negotiation of standardized agreements and university–industry partnerships. Ultimately, this paper contributes to the task of filling out the history of the development of legal norms regarding intellectual property in Canada by exploring sources outside of case law and legislation to tell a rich story of invention, ownership, and profit.
INVESTMENT RULES AND THE DENIAL OF CHANGE
Authors: Van Harten Gus
Published: July 2010

In his book Constitutionalizing Economic Globalization, David Schneiderman examines the relationships between international investment rules and constitutional principles of liberal democracy. He begins by examining the legal and ideological underpinnings of international investment rules, showing how key concepts under the treaties originate in some (but not all) domestic constitutions. He shows also how the regime has served as a vehicle for arbitrators to ratchet up the imposition of international discipline on states. Schneiderman reviews case studies showing the impact of the rules on governments. He also identifies how arbitrators have interpreted investment treaties in ways that take constitutionalist notions of limited government beyond their domestic trajectories and that promote versions of the ‘rule of law’ with a distinctly neo-liberal bent. Ironically, the portrayal of investment arbitration as an institutional hammer of neo-liberalism that is just now hitting its nails coincides with a resurgent Keynesianism and renewed regulation at the domestic level. My main criticism of the book is that its claim of ‘constitutionalization’ is open to doubt given that (1) the treaties can be abrogated, (2) the treaties lack the normative power of domestic constitutions, and (3) investment arbitration lacks integral components of a liberal constitutional structure, including institutional safeguards of judicial independence. Is the system constitutional or merely neo-liberal? Nevertheless, Schneiderman offers powerful insights on the capacity for alternative visions and resistance. It is also refreshing to see Schneiderman focus on national governments and their power to undo that which has been done.
Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz (1837–1920), bibliography of the volumes in Göttingen
Authors: WELTER-SCHULTES F.W.
Published: July 2010

The more than 100 volumes of the Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz are listed, with publication years for nearly all pages and plates. The list presents the volumes in the Staats- und Universitäts-Bibliothek Göttingen (Germany); the composition there is likely to be slightly different from other libraries. An index of taxa mentioned in titles and comments is added, as well as an index of the authors of the different volumes.
“Piano‐Stool” Complexes of Ruthenium(II) Designed with Arenes and N‐[2‐(Arylchalcogeno)ethyl]morpholines: Highly Active Catalysts for the Oxidation of Alcohols with N‐Methylmorpholine N‐Oxide, tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide and Sodium Periodate and Oxychloride
Authors: Singh Pradhumn , Singh Ajai K.
Published: July 2010

The reactions of [{(η6‐C6H6)RuCl(μ‐Cl)}2] and [{(η6‐p‐cymene)RuCl(μ‐Cl)}2] with N‐[2‐(arylchalcogeno)ethyl]morpholines (L) (aryl = Ph/2‐pyridyl for S, Ph for Se, 4‐MeOC6H4 for Te) and NH4PF6 result in “piano‐stool” complexes of RuII of composition [RuCl(η6‐C6H6)(L)][PF6]/[RuCl(η6‐p‐cymene)(L)][PF6], which give characteristic 1H, 13C{1H}, 77Se{1H}, and 125Te{1H} NMR spectra. Some of them have also been characterized by X‐ray crystallography [Ru–S, Ru–Se, and Ru–Te bond lengths: 2.3815(12)/2.3742(14), 2.4837(14), and 2.6143(7) Å, respectively]. The cyclic voltammograms show that all the complexes undergo irreversible oxidation (E${1 \over 2}$ = 0.290–0.586 V). All the ruthenium complexes have been explored for their catalytic activity in the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols with N‐methylmorpholine N‐oxide (NMO), tBuOOH, NaOCl, and NaIO4 (TON values upto 9.8 × 104). The efficiency of the catalytic oxidation reaction decreases in the order Te > Se > S. The intermediate species involved in the oxidation reactions appear to incorporate the RuIV=O group.
Notch as a molecular switch in neural stem cells
Authors: Zhou Zhi‐Dong , Kumari Udhaya , Xiao Zhi‐Cheng , Tan Eng‐King
Published: July 2010

Notch as a Molecular Switch in Neural Stem Cells by Zhi‐Dong Zhou, Udhaya Kumari, Zhi‐Cheng Xiao, and Eng‐King Tan, pp. 618‐623.
Genetic evidence for an association of the TOR1A locus with segmental/focal dystonia
Authors: Sharma Nutan , Franco Ramon A. , Kuster John K. , Mitchell Adele A. , Fuchs Tania , Saunders‐Pullman Rachel , Raymond Deborah , Brin Mitchell F. , Blitzer Andrew , Bressman Susan B. , Ozelius Laurie J.
Published: July 2010

Polymorphisms in the TOR1A/TOR1B region have been implicated as being associated with primary focal and segmental dystonia. In a cohort of subjects with either focal or segmental dystonia affecting the face, larynx, neck, or arm, we report a strong association of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), the deletion allele at the Mtdel SNP (rs3842225), and protection from focal dystonia. In contrast, we did not find an association of either allele at the D216H SNP (rs1801968) with focal or segmental dystonia in the same cohort. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
High‐throughput quantification of selenium in individual serum proteins from a healthy human population using HPLC on‐line with isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma‐MS
Authors: Letsiou Sophia , Lu Ying , Nomikos Tzortzis , Antonopoulou Smaragdi , Panagiotakos Demosthenes , Pitsavos Christos , Stefanadis Christodoulos , Pergantis Spiros A.
Published: July 2010

In this study, a method, based on dual column affinity chromatography hyphenated to isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma–quadrupole MS, was developed for selenium determination in selenoprotein P, glutathione peroxidase, and selenoalbumin in human serum samples from a group of healthy volunteers (n=399). Method improvement was achieved using methanol‐enhanced isotope dilution which resulted in improved sensitivity and removal of isobaric interferences. Although no human serum reference materials are currently certified for their selenium species levels, method development was conducted using human serum reference material BCR 637 and 639 as their Se species content has been reported in the previous studies, and thus comparisons were possible. The mean selenium concentrations determined for the 399 healthy volunteer serum samples were 23±10 ng Se mL−1 for glutathione peroxidase, 49±15 ng Se mL−1 for selenoprotein P and 11±4 ng Se mL−1 for selenoalbumin. These values are found to be in close agreement with published values for a limited number of healthy volunteer samples, and to establish baseline Se levels in serum proteins for an apparently healthy group of individuals, thus allowing for subsequent comparisons with respective values determined for groups of individuals with selenium related health issues, as well as assist in the discovery of potential selenium biomarkers. Also, the relationship between Se serum protein levels and some anthropometric characteristics of the volunteer population were investigated. Additionally, further development of the analytical method used in this study was achieved by adding a size exclusion chromatography column after the two affinity columns via a switching valve. This allowed for the separation of small selenium‐containing molecules from glutathione peroxidase and thus enhanced the overall confidence in its identification.
Sectional lift coefficient of a flapping wing in hovering motion
Authors: Kweon Jihoon , Choi Haecheon
Published: July 2010

We investigate the behavior of sectional lift coefficient of a flapping wing of a fruit-fly in hovering motion. Through three-dimensional numerical simulations, we show that during the stroke, the sectional lift coefficient significantly varies in time as well as in the spanwise direction owing to complex interactions between the wing and vortices in the wake. However, the time-averaged sectional lift force coefficient is inversely proportional to the spanwise distance from the rotation center except very near the wing-tip region. This is because the wing-tip vortex significantly decreases the lift force on the wing-tip region during and after midstroke.
Child custody issues and co‐occurrence of intimate partner violence and child maltreatment: controversies and points of agreement amongst practitioners
Authors: Lessard Geneviève , Flynn Catherine , Turcotte Pierre , Damant Dominique , Vézina Jean‐François , Godin Marie‐France , Paradis France , Delisle Rhea , Alcedo Yennelys , Juneau Lorraine , Rock Linda , Rondeau‐Cantin Simon
Published: July 2010

The situation of families undergoing separation in a context of co‐occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment raises certain issues related to child custody. The results presented in this paper were collected and analysed within the framework of a qualitative study aiming to identify the principal points of agreement and the main controversies amongst practitioners in several different types of organizations. Focus groups were held with a total of 43 practitioners from six different settings concerned with child custody in cases of co‐occurrence of IPV and child maltreatment. Although they agreed on the importance of ensuring the safety of victims of violence, their views diverged on three points: (1) the importance of preserving the father–child relationship; (2) collaboration between voluntary organizations and semi‐voluntary or legal agencies; and (3) consideration of cultural differences.
Maternally transferred anti‐factor VIII IgG reduce the anti‐factor VIII humoral immune response in factor VIII‐deficient mice
Authors: Meslier Yann , André Sébastien , Teyssandier Maud , Kaveri Srinivas V. , Lacroix‐Desmazes Sébastien
Published: July 2010

Replacement therapy with exogenous factor VIII (FVIII) to treat haemorrhages or used in prophylaxis induces inhibitory anti‐FVIII immunoglobulin G (IgG) in some patients with haemophilia A. Therapeutic strategies to prevent the onset of the deleterious anti‐FVIII immune response are still lacking. Maternal IgG is transferred to the offspring during fetal and neonatal life. While protecting the offspring from bacterial and viral infections, maternal IgG may alter the repertoires of T and B lymphocytes, and may impair vaccination in early infancy. Using haemophilic mice, we demonstrate that the transfer of maternal anti‐FVIII IgG modulates the onset of anti‐FVIII inhibitory IgG in early adulthood. The protective effect is reproduced upon reconstitution of naive mice with anti‐FVIII IgG, suggesting that the reduced ability to mount an anti‐FVIII immune response is the result of an interference between circulating anti‐FVIII IgG and the administered FVIII rather than to a profound remodelling of lymphocyte repertoires occurring during the ontogeny of the immune system.
The implementation of venous leg ulcer guidelines: process analysis of the intervention used in a multi‐centre, pragmatic, randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Marshall J. L. , Mead P. , Jones K. , Kaba E. , Roberts A. P.
Published: July 2010

• The production and implementation of clinical practice guidelines is currently a high political priority and a rapidly developing field within healthcare in the United Kingdom (UK). Their purpose is to provide clinicians with a synthesis of the best available external evidence and operationalize the implementation of evidence‐based practice.

• Despite indications that clinical guidelines can make a difference to the quality of patient care, there is some evidence that practitioners struggle with their application.

• The aim of this paper is to report one element of a trial undertaken by three collaborating universities in the Northern and Yorkshire Region of the UK health service during 1997–1998.

• The objective was to understand what makes guidelines acceptable and usable, or otherwise, to health professionals.

• The findings reported in this paper describe the process of care in those general practices that elected to implement guidelines for the management of patients with venous leg ulcers.

• We conclude that planning for training, resource and quality improvement processes must be built into a team’s guidelines implementation procedures.

• A preliminary needs analysis of the contextual ‘hurdles and levers’ within each primary healthcare team is also necessary to identify individual issues that must be addressed if the process is to succeed.

• These findings provide some lessons for successful implementation of clinical guidelines in general. Recommendations for nursing policy makers, managers, practitioners and researchers are included.
A statistician Plays Darts
Authors: Tibshirani Ryan J. , Price Andrew , Taylor Jonathan
Published: July 2010

Darts is enjoyed both as a pub game and as a professional competitive activity. Yet most players aim for the highest scoring region of the board, regardless of their level of skill. By modelling a dart throw as a two-dimensional Gaussian random variable, we show that this is not always the optimal strategy. We develop a method, using the EM algorithm, for a player to obtain a personalized heat map, where the bright regions correspond to the aiming locations with high (expected) pay-offs. This method does not depend in any way on our Gaussian assumption, and we discuss alternative models as well.
Alzheimer's Presenilin‐1 Mutation Potentiates Inositol 1,4,5‐Trisphosphate‐Mediated Calcium Signaling in Xenopus
Authors: Leissring Malcolm A. , Paul Brooke A. , Parker Ian , Cotman Carl W. , LaFerla Frank M.
Published: July 2010

Abstract : Perturbations in intracellular Ca2+ signaling
may represent one mechanism underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD). The
presenilin‐1 gene (PS1), associated with the majority of early onset
familial AD cases, has been implicated in this signaling pathway. Here we used
the Xenopus oocyte expression system to investigate in greater detail
the role of PS1 in intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathways. Treatment
of cells expressing wild‐type PS1 with a cell surface receptor agonist to
stimulate the phosphoinositide second messenger pathway evoked Ca2+
‐activated Cl‐ currents that were significantly potentiated
relative to controls. To determine which elements of the signal transduction
pathway are responsible for the potentiation, we used photolysis of caged
inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate (IP3) and fluorescent Ca2+
imaging to demonstrate that PS1 potentiates IP3‐mediated release of
Ca2+ from internal stores. We show that an AD‐linked mutation
produces a potentiation in Ca2+ signaling that is significantly
greater than that observed for wild‐type PS1 and that cannot be attributed to
differences in protein expression levels. Our findings support a role for PS1
in modulating IP3 ‐mediated Ca2+ liberation and suggest
that one pathophysiological mechanism by which PS1 mutations contribute to AD neurodegeneration may involve perturbations of this function.
Predictive value of the 1‐min Apgar score for survival at 23–26 weeks gestational age
Authors: Genzel‐Boroviczény O , Hempelman J , Zoppelli L , Martinez A
Published: July 2010

Aim:  Is a 1‐min Apgar score ≤1 predictive of mortality in resuscitated extremely premature infants?

Methods:  A retrospective case–control review of all infants with gestational ages <27 weeks over a 5‐year period. All values as median [75% CI].

Results:  Of 237 infants, 29 had 1‐min Apgar scores ≤1 (Group 1) and 208 had scores >1 (Group 2). Despite earlier and more frequent intubation (2 min [2.3; 6.7] vs. 5 min [7.5; 10] and 93% vs. 77%, p = 0.04), mortality was higher in Group 1 (62% vs. 17%; p < 0.0001). Age at death did not differ (Group 1: 3.5 days [1; 30] vs. Group 2: 6 days [6; 44]). Birth weight and sex were the best predictors of survival. With a 1‐min Apgar score of 1, a male infant at 23 weeks and 500 g had a mortality rate of 92%.

Conclusion:  Despite successful resuscitation, infants between 23 and 26 weeks have a very poor prognosis for survival when presenting with bradycardia, cyanosis and no respiratory efforts (1‐min Apgar = 1) at birth. According to our data, initiating active treatment for an infant at 23 weeks with bradycardia and apnoea is almost always unsuccessful, whereas by 26 weeks gestation, the chance of survival is higher than the probability of death.