bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: The New Frontier of Gluten Related Disorders
Authors: Catassi Carlo , Bai Julio , Bonaz Bruno , Bouma Gerd , Calabrò Antonio , Carroccio Antonio , Castillejo Gemma , Ciacci Carolina , Cristofori Fernanda , Dolinsek Jernej , Francavilla Ruggiero , Elli Luca , Green Peter , Holtmeier Wolfgang , Koehler Peter , Koletzko Sibylle , Meinhold Christof , Sanders David , Schumann Michael , Schuppan Detlef , Ullrich Reiner , Vécsei Andreas , Volta Umberto , Zevallos Victor , Sapone Anna , Fasano Alessio
Published: September 2013

Non Celiac Gluten sensitivity (NCGS) was originally described in the 1980s and recently a “re-discovered” disorder characterized by intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten-containing food, in subjects that are not affected with either celiac disease (CD) or wheat allergy (WA). Although NCGS frequency is still unclear, epidemiological data have been generated that can help establishing the magnitude of the problem. Clinical studies further defined the identity of NCGS and its implications in human disease. An overlap between the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and NCGS has been detected, requiring even more stringent diagnostic criteria. Several studies suggested a relationship between NCGS and neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly autism and schizophrenia. The first case reports of NCGS in children have been described. Lack of biomarkers is still a major limitation of clinical studies, making it difficult to differentiate NCGS from other gluten related disorders. Recent studies raised the possibility that, beside gluten, wheat amylase-trypsin inhibitors and low-fermentable, poorly-absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates can contribute to symptoms (at least those related to IBS) experienced by NCGS patients. In this paper we report the major advances and current trends on NCGS.
Dietary Factors and Type 2 Diabetes in the Middle East: What Is the Evidence for an Association?––A Systematic Review
Authors: Al-Khudairy Lena , Stranges Saverio , Kumar Sudhesh , Al-Daghri Nasser , Rees Karen
Published: September 2013

This review aims to search and summarise the available evidence on the association between dietary factors and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Middle Eastern populations, where diabetes prevalence is among the highest in the world. Electronic databases were searched; authors, libraries, and research centres in the Middle East were contacted for further studies and unpublished literature. Included studies assessed potential dietary factors for T2DM in Middle Eastern adults. Two reviewers assessed studies independently. Extensive searching yielded 17 studies which met the inclusion criteria for this review. The findings showed that whole-grain intake reduces the risk of T2DM, and potato consumption was positively correlated with T2DM. Vegetables and vegetable oil may play a protective role against T2DM. Dietary patterns that are associated with diabetes were identified, such as Fast Food and Refined Grains patterns. Two studies demonstrated that lifestyle interventions decreased the risk of T2DM. In summary, the identified studies support an association between some dietary factors and T2DM; however, many of the included studies were of poor methodological quality so the findings should be interpreted with caution. The review draws attention to major gaps in current evidence and the need for well-designed studies in this area.
Electrical Resistivity-Based Study of Self-Sensing Properties for Shape Memory Alloy-Actuated Artificial Muscle
Authors: Zhang Jian-Jun , Yin Yue-Hong , Zhu Jian-Ying
Published: September 2013

Shape memory alloy (SMA) has great potential to develop light and compact artificial muscle (AM) due to its muscle-like high power-to-weight ratio, flexibility and silent operation properties. In this paper, SMA self-sensing properties are explored and modeled in depth to imitate the integrated muscle-like functions of actuating and self-sensing for SMA-AM based on the investigation of SMA electrical resistivity (ER). Firstly, an ER transformation kinetics model is proposed based on the simulation of SMA differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves. Then a series of thermal-electrical-mechanical experiments are carried out to verify the validity of the ER model, whereby the SMA-AM self-sensing function is well established under different stress conditions. Finally the self-sensing capability is further demonstrated by its application to a novel SMA-AM-actuated active ankle-foot orthosis (AAFO).
A Low Density Microarray Method for the Identification of Human Papillomavirus Type 18 Variants
Authors: Meza-Menchaca Thuluz , Williams John , Rodríguez-Estrada Rocío , García-Bravo Aracely , Ramos-Ligonio Ángel , López-Monteon Aracely , Zepeda Rossana
Published: September 2013

We describe a novel microarray based-method for the screening of oncogenic human papillomavirus 18 (HPV-18) molecular variants. Due to the fact that sequencing methodology may underestimate samples containing more than one variant we designed a specific and sensitive stacking DNA hybridization assay. This technology can be used to discriminate between three possible phylogenetic branches of HPV-18. Probes were attached covalently on glass slides and hybridized with single-stranded DNA targets. Prior to hybridization with the probes, the target strands were pre-annealed with the three auxiliary contiguous oligonucleotides flanking the target sequences. Screening HPV-18 positive cell lines and cervical samples were used to evaluate the performance of this HPV DNA microarray. Our results demonstrate that the HPV-18’s variants hybridized specifically to probes, with no detection of unspecific signals. Specific probes successfully reveal detectable point mutations in these variants. The present DNA oligoarray system can be used as a reliable, sensitive and specific method for HPV-18 variant screening. Furthermore, this simple assay allows the use of inexpensive equipment, making it accessible in resource-poor settings.
Highly Selective Fluorescent Sensing of Proteins Based on a Fluorescent Molecularly Imprinted Nanosensor
Authors: Deng Qiliang , Wu Jianhua , Zhai Xiaorui , Fang Guozhen , Wang Shuo
Published: September 2013

A fluorescent molecularly imprinted nanosensor was obtained by grafting imprinted polymer onto the surface of multi-wall carbon nanotubes and post-imprinting treatment with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The fluorescence of lysozyme-imprinted polymer (Lys-MIP) was quenched more strongly by Lys than that of nonimprinted polymer (NIP), which indicated that the Lys-MIP could recognize Lys. The resulted imprinted material has the ability to selectively sense a target protein, and an imprinting factor of 3.34 was achieved. The Lys-MIP also showed selective detection for Lys among other proteins such as cytochrome C (Cyt C), hemoglobin (HB) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) due to the imprinted sites in the Lys-MIP. This approach combines the high selectivity of surface molecular imprinting technology and fluorescence, and converts binding events into detectable signals by monitoring fluorescence spectra. Therefore, it will have further applications for Lys sensing.
Assessing Routing Strategies for Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks
Authors: Zubair Suleiman , Fisal Norsheila , Baguda Yakubu , Saleem Kashif
Published: September 2013

Interest in the cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN) paradigm has gradually grown among researchers. This concept seeks to fuse the benefits of dynamic spectrum access into the sensor network, making it a potential player in the next generation (NextGen) network, which is characterized by ubiquity. Notwithstanding its massive potential, little research activity has been dedicated to the network layer. By contrast, we find recent research trends focusing on the physical layer, the link layer and the transport layers. The fact that the cross-layer approach is imperative, due to the resource-constrained nature of CRSNs, can make the design of unique solutions non-trivial in this respect. This paper seeks to explore possible design opportunities with wireless sensor networks (WSNs), cognitive radio ad-hoc networks (CRAHNs) and cross-layer considerations for implementing viable CRSN routing solutions. Additionally, a detailed performance evaluation of WSN routing strategies in a cognitive radio environment is performed to expose research gaps. With this work, we intend to lay a foundation for developing CRSN routing solutions and to establish a basis for future work in this area.
Autonomic Nervous System Responses Can Reveal Visual Fatigue Induced by 3D Displays
Authors: Kim Chi , Park Sangin , Won Myeung , Whang Mincheol , Lee Eui
Published: September 2013

Previous research has indicated that viewing 3D displays may induce greater visual fatigue than viewing 2D displays. Whether viewing 3D displays can evoke measureable emotional responses, however, is uncertain. In the present study, we examined autonomic nervous system responses in subjects viewing 2D or 3D displays. Autonomic responses were quantified in each subject by heart rate, galvanic skin response, and skin temperature. Viewers of both 2D and 3D displays showed strong positive correlations with heart rate, which indicated little differences between groups. In contrast, galvanic skin response and skin temperature showed weak positive correlations with average difference between viewing 2D and 3D. We suggest that galvanic skin response and skin temperature can be used to measure and compare autonomic nervous responses in subjects viewing 2D and 3D displays.
A Temperature Sensor Based on a Polymer Optical Fiber Macro-Bend
Authors: Moraleda Alberto , García Carmen , Zaballa Joseba , Arrue Jon
Published: September 2013

The design and development of a plastic optical fiber (POF) macrobend temperature sensor is presented. The sensor has a linear response versus temperature at a fixed bend radius, with a sensitivity of . The sensor system used a dummy fiber-optic sensor for reference purposes having a resolution below 0.3 °C. A comprehensive experimental analysis was carried out to provide insight into the effect of different surrounding media on practical macro-bend POF sensor implementation. Experimental results are successfully compared with bend loss calculations.
A New Route to the Majorana Equation
Authors: Marsch Eckart
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we suggest an alternative strategy to derive the complex two-component Majorana equation with a mass term and elucidate the related Lorentz transformation. The Majorana equation is established completely on its own, rather than derived from the chiral Dirac equation. Thereby, use is made of the complex conjugation operator and Pauli spin matrices only. The eigenfunctions of the two-component complex Majorana equation are also calculated. The associated quantum fields are found to describe particles and antiparticles, which have opposite mean helicities and are not their own antiparticles, but correspond to two independent degrees of freedom. The four-component real Dirac equation in its Majorana representation is shown to be the natural outcome of the two-component complex Majorana equation. Both types of equations come in two forms, which correspond to the irreducible left- and right-chiral representations of the Lorentz group.
Jacques Le Mercier, créateur du salon à l'italienne au château de Richelieu
Authors: Vouhé Grégory
Published: September 2013

Sur la foi de témoignages tardifs, douteux, contradictoires surtout, le salon du château de Richelieu était considéré par tous comme le résultat — heureux — d'une altération du parti originel voulu par le Cardinal et son architecte, Jacques Le Mercier.

Sa situation à l'extrémité de l'appartement du commanditaire, au bout de la galerie, son plan carré qui faisait symétriser les faces opposées (deux ouvertures et deux cheminées se répondaient en vis-à-vis), son élévation à deux rangs de croisées, 1'articulation des parois par un ordre pilastre et la présence d'une coursière périphérique desservie par une vis dérobée dans la muraille — à l'exemple de la Rotonda, son couvrement cintré enfin, traité comme un ciel ouvert, et l'exposition des plus belles antiques de la collection, choisies avec soin dès 1634 pour en rehausser le décor, en font en vérité le prototype du salon à l'italienne des châteaux français, bien antérieur aux premières réalisations de Louis Le Vau, à la toute fin des années 1630. La mention des menuiseries de ce « salon », nommément désigné, dans un compte du chantier arrêté en septembre 1 63h, en reporte en eftet la conception dès l'édification des maçonneries, entreprises vers 1631, comme elle constitue l'occurrence du terme francisé.

Une conjonction d'ambitions et de talents a favorisé 1'introduction, à Richelieu, de cette nouvelle pièce de parade dans la séquence traditionnelle de l'appartement français : la culture architecturale - mésestimée sous ce rapport - des années romaines de formation de l'architecte, lui-même stimulé par les intentions d'exception d'un client sans égal, ébloui par le faste des cardinaux romains. Superbement mise en scène depuis la galerie, l'entrée triomphale du salon rivalisait elle-même avec celle du tribunal de Lescot : c était une colonnade transparente qui en laissait deviner les beautés.
Le livre et le diagramme : systèmes décoratifs de la galerie au XVIIe siècle
Authors: Mérot Alain
Published: September 2013

The decorative system for seventeenth-century galleries can be compared to an illustrated book that the visitor leafs through while strolling down the gallery or to a sort of organised diagram that the visitor perceives as a design organized around a centralised view-point. The relation between the walls and the ceiling evolves with regard to these two schemes. The first corresponds more with the typical « French gallery » of the sixteenth and early seventeenth century, where the walls are decorated with portraits of princes or famous people or historical scenes. The second coincides with the appearance of painted vaults, which came into fashion in the 1640s, and culminated in the grand creations of Mignard at Saint-Cloud and Le Brun at Versailles. In the latter, the reading of the ceiling is organised around a central scene, to which the others are subordinated, within an ornately sculpted and painted armature.
L’ameublement des galeries dans les hôtels parisiens du XVIIe siècle
Authors: Courtin Nicolas
Published: September 2013

L’analyse, à l’aide des inventaires après décès, du mobilier présent dans les galeries des hôtels particuliers parisiens du XVIIe siècle permet de pousser l’identification des caractères de cette pièce particulière. À la variété des propositions bâties s’ajoute celle des meubles : la galerie n’a pas d’ameublement stéréotypé, elle est soit presque vide, soit très meublée. Ces dernières s’apparentent plus à des grands cabinets, dont elles ont fréquemment les proportions (hôtel Hesselin). Les autres peuvent être le lieu de la promenade, du jeu, des repas ou de l’étude, mais, le plus souvent, celui de l’exposition de collections (hôtel de La Vrillière). Ce dernier type correspond en général aux grandes galeries, les mieux orientées, qui offrent les agréments conjoints d’une promenade abritée, d’un point de vue agréable, voire exceptionnel, et la contemplation d’oeuvres d’art.
Common Expression of Stemness Molecular Markers and Early Cardiac Transcription Factors in Human Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Gao Lian Ru , Zhang Ning K. , Ding Qing A. , Chen Hai Y. , Hu Xiang , Jiang Shu , Li Tian C. , Chen Yu , Wang Zhi G. , Ye Yang , Zhu Zhi Ming
Published: September 2013

At present, there are still significant barriers that impede the clinical use of hESCs and iPS cells, including ethics, immunorejection, tumorigenesis from hESCs, and teratoma formation from iPS cells. It is therefore necessary to search for alternative sources of stem cells. WJ-MSCs originate from embryonic epiblasts and possess properties intermediate between hESCs and adult stem cells. However, the stemness properties of molecules in WJ-MSCs remain unclear compared to those of hESCs. In the present study, we isolated WJ-MSCs by a nonenzymatic method. Further, using microarray analysis by Affymetrix GeneChip and functional network analyses, we determined the degree of expression of stemness genes exhibited by the Human Stem Cell Pluripotency array. We also defined a wide range of stem cell gene expression in the WJ-MSCs in comparison with hESCs. At the same time, the definitive markers of early cardiac precursor cells and more committed progenitors were further characterized in WJ-MSCs. Our results demonstrated for the first time that WJ-MSCs had significant expression of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell core markers, such as SOX2, NANOG, LIN28, SSEA1, SSEA3, SSEA4, KLF4, c-MYC, CRIPTO, and REX1, with a relatively lower level of expression than in hESCs. We also found WJ-MSCs have high expression of early cardiac transcription factors, such as Flk-1, Isl-1, and Nkx2.5. Functional analysis revealed signature genes of WJ-MSCs with specific roles involved in immune, cytoskeletal, and chemokine regulation, cell adhesion, and cell signaling. Our study indicated that there is a significant overlap between the stemness genes expressed by hESCs and WJ-MSCs. WJ-MSCs harbor a true stem cell population and are promising cells for stem cell-based therapies.
SNOW-COVERED SURFACE VARIABILITY AND DEM GENERATION USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN MOUNT ODIN, CANADA
Authors: Najibi Nasser , Arabsheibani Reza
Published: September 2013

Seasonal snow-covered surface has a critical role in global water resource supplement especially providing fresh water for humankind and flora's consumptions as well as local underground water storages. The in situ measurements of seasonal snow-covered variability are extensively prodigal and costly particularly in existence of severe climate conditions such as high latitude regions and polar areas. It is therefore necessary to apply remote sensing techniques and observations to estimate accurately the snowpack melting and accumulation for different seasons. In this paper, we estimate snow-covered surface variability for four different seasons of year in Mount Odin, Canada using aerial photos. In order to do this, firstly Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with respect to Earth Gravitational Model 1996 (EGM96) for each flight mission of A, B, C and D from these aerial photos by applying Bundle Adjustment (BA) triangulation is being generated precisely. Moreover, the displacement of each two DEMs is computing in order to determine snow-covered surface variability between each two flight missions. The results demonstrate that flight mission C has the highest elevation topographically compare to the missions A, B and D while mission C was planned in February 2011 in existence of vast snow throughout Mount Odin area as well as mission C's DEM which has higher elevation values than the others. The proposed methodology and problem solution and the case study information with the details of each flight mission are discussed in expatiation.
Neuroscience examined by the clinical and the social science
Authors: Bovet Émilie , Kraus Cynthia , Panese Francesco , Pidoux Vincent , Stücklin Nicholas
Published: September 2013

The scientific, historical, political, cultural and media development of neuroscience is remarkable. Promoted to overcome brain diseases, they promise to answer the old questions of the relationship between thought, body and brain in a definitive way thanks to new techniques of observation. The thematic dossier mobilizes historians, psychiatrists, anthropologists, psychologists, sociologists, neuroscientists and philosophers to shed light on how neurosciences are reconfiguring care practices and to question their ambitions. The contributions testify to the development of critical analyses of the neurosciences and the epistemic and political tensions they maintain with other disciplines. A first set of texts deals with brain imaging devices, the inflation of objects produced and their shaping of the human being. The second set deals with attempts to understand the cerebral bases of mental pathology and the instruments, substances and methods aimed at modifying mental states. It also deals with the transformation of the role of experts and clinical research with evidence-based medicine. The third set raises the question of the articulation between modes of knowledge production, including analysis inherited from feminist studies, denaturalizing the brain to re-politicize gender differences. The articles question the development of neuroscience and its epistemic and practical effects on the human and social sciences, as well as the dynamics of compatibility and tension between different analyses.
Neurociencias a la prueba de la clínica y de las ciencias sociales
Authors: Bovet Émilie , Kraus Cynthia , Panese Francesco , Pidoux Vincent , Stücklin Nicholas
Published: September 2013

El desarrollo científico, histórico, político, cultural y mediático de las neurociencias es notable. Promovidas para superar las enfermedades cerebrales, prometen responder a las antiguas preguntas de la relación entre el pensamiento, el cuerpo y el cerebro de manera definitiva gracias a las nuevas técnicas de observación. El dossier temático moviliza a historiadores, psiquiatras, antropólogos, psicólogos, sociólogos, neurocientíficos y filósofos para arrojar luz sobre la forma en que las neurociencias están reconfigurando las prácticas de cuidado y cuestionar sus ambiciones. Las contribuciones dan testimonio del desarrollo de análisis críticos de las neurociencias y de las tensiones epistémicas y políticas que mantienen con otras disciplinas. Un primer conjunto de textos trata de los dispositivos de imágenes del cerebro, la inflación de los objetos producidos y su conformación del ser humano. El segundo conjunto trata de los intentos de comprender las bases cerebrales de la patología mental y los instrumentos, sustancias y métodos destinados a modificar los estados mentales. También se ocupa de la transformación del papel de los expertos y de la investigación clínica con la medicina basada en pruebas. El tercer conjunto plantea la cuestión de la articulación entre los modos de producción de conocimientos, incluido el análisis heredado de los estudios feministas, desnaturalizando el cerebro para repolitizar las diferencias de género. Los artículos cuestionan el desarrollo de las neurociencias y sus efectos epistémicos y prácticos en las ciencias humanas y sociales, así como la dinámica de la compatibilidad y la tensión entre los diferentes análisis.
Comment faire du vaudou avec l’imagerie cérébrale fonctionnelle ?
Authors: Borck Cornelius
Published: September 2013

À partir des discussions suscitées par l’article « Voodoo correlations in social neuroscience » (« Corrélations vaudoues dans les neurosciences sociales »), cette contribution propose une analyse épistémologique de l’imagerie cérébrale fonctionnelle inspirée des STS (Études des sciences et des technologies). La série d’événements que cet article a produits en a pratiquement fait un cas d’école du débat scientifique sur les méthodes, les normes et le pouvoir de la science, même s’ils se sont déroulés en grande partie sur les nouvelles plates-formes de discussion que sont les nouveaux médias électroniques. L’article n’a pas simplement donné un aperçu des règles changeantes de la communication scientifique : le débat qu’il a provoqué a donné une signification épistémologique à cette branche particulière de la recherche. L’imagerie cérébrale fonctionnelle fournit des preuves tangibles aux types sociaux complexes et semble suivre le programme réducteur d’une épistémologie naturalisée. Toutefois, en l’appliquant au social et au cognitif, l’imagerie fonctionnelle entraîne une inflation ontologique d’objets matériels curieusement animés, se rapprochant d’une surprenante renaissance de la pensée animiste. Ces « Corrélations vaudoues », utilisées au départ pour dénoncer une rigueur scientifique réfrénée, sont devenues un concept descriptif, incitant à d’autres discussions épistémologiques.
Les métamorphoses de la preuve dans le champ psychiatrique
Authors: Saraga Michael
Published: September 2013

Cet article est une contribution à l’étude des transformations contemporaines du champ de la psychiatrie à partir d’une lecture de la recherche en psychopharmacologie reposant sur l’analyse de la structure et des styles des publications dans le domaine. Il met en évidence trois moments principaux : (1) l’âge d’or des découvertes majeures (lithium, chlorpromazine, imipramine), documentée par une description clinique au cas par cas ; (2) la montée en puissance de l’essai randomisé contrôlé et l’accent mis sur une méthodologie devant permettre d’éviter l’incertitude et les biais de la clinique ; (3) les années récentes, marquées par une concurrence entre molécules, le développement des approches méta-analytiques et une opacité croissante des articles pour le lecteur clinicien. Cette contribution s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une épistémologie historique des pratiques cliniques1.
Autoguérison et minimalisme thérapeutique dans la France des années 1920
Authors: Guillemain Hervé
Published: September 2013

La méthode Coué est une pratique d’autoguérison diffusée dans le monde à partir des années 1920. Appuyée sur le rôle curatif de l’imagination, inspirée des pratiques du XIXe siècle, elle représente une nouvelle forme de conduite corporelle et mentale de soi. Cette étude s’appuie sur les lettres des pratiquants de la méthode pour décrire les différents modes d’appropriation de cet idéal de guérison universelle sans médiation et sans technique1.
Quelle épistémologie pour les neurosciences en psychiatrie ?
Authors: Bovet Pierre , Parnas Josef
Published: September 2013

L’approche neuroscientifique des troubles mentaux s’appuie presque exclusivement sur une conception objectiviste de la psychiatrie, une conception qui n’accorde de l’importance qu’à ce qui peut être observé (directement ou indirectement) des difficultés du patient, au détriment du « comment » ces difficultés sont vécues. Nous suggérons, en prenant pour exemple la schizophrénie et la vulnérabilité à cette pathologie, qu’une épistémologie qui prenne en considération la structure de la subjectivité humaine, et ce que l’on sait de son ontogenèse chez le petit enfant, peut être plus fructueuse1.
Repolitisations féministes et queer du cerveau
Authors: Dussauge Isabelle , Kaiser Anelis
Published: September 2013

L’histoire des relations entre biologie et politique féministe est tendue et contradictoire. Cela paraît d’autant plus flagrant aujourd’hui à l’âge d’or des neurosciences qui ramènent les arguments de supériorité masculine, le caractère inéluctable des différences de genre et la prédominance de l’hétérosexualité à une affaire de cerveau. Dans cet article, nous analysons les points d’intersection propres aux sciences du cerveau et du féminisme. Ces deux champs de recherche entretiennent selon nous des rapports conflictuels mais parfois aussi productifs, y compris dans leurs rapports à l’activisme politique. Ces rapports peuvent être caractérisés en référence à trois directions de recherche principales : des « déstabilisations », des « reconstructions » et des « recontextualisations ». En guise de conclusion, nous terminons par quelques réflexions sur les conditions sociologiques de l’engagement dans une économie politique des neurosciences.
Études critiques du cerveau sexué
Authors: Kraus Cynthia
Published: September 2013

Le projet neuroGenderings rappelle un programme interdisciplinaire intitulé « Neurosciences Critiques » (Critical Neuroscience). La possibilité de développer des « Neurosciences Critiques » féministes et queer est toutefois limitée par la manière problématique dont les pratiques critiques sont conçues au sein de ce programme. Les tenant-e-s des « Neurosciences Critiques » nous proposent de travailler et de débattre par-delà les disciplines en faisant comme si les neuroscientifiques venaient de Mars et les chercheur-e-s en sciences sociales de Vénus, tout en assignant aux second-e-s le rôle traditionnellement féminin d’apaiser les conflits. Le présent article appelle les chercheur-e-s en études sociales des neurosciences à clarifier le cadre que nous souhaitons donner à nos pratiques critiques (une critique de quoi et pour qui ?) et le genre de pratiques que nous souhaitons promouvoir au nom de l’interdisciplinarité. Le défi consiste à articuler une perspective critique résistante au « pouvoir absorbant » des neurosciences, « Neurosciences Critiques » comprises. Au lieu de nous focaliser sur un prétendu problème de communication, je propose de déplacer notre attention vers l’étude des conflits et des controverses (mais aussi des controverses manquées, de l’absence de controverses, etc.). Je discute de l’intérêt de changer de focale à travers deux exemples : la notion guère controversée de plasticité cérébrale et la question controversée de savoir quel est l’organe le plus déterminant (le cerveau ou les organes génitaux ?) dans la formation de l’identité de genre chez les personnes intersexuées. Il est certes bienvenu de « socialiser » les neurosciences grâce aux apports des études genre (gender studies) et des études sociales des sciences, mais arriver à mettre en évidence, dans un même geste, les dimensions conflictuelles de la vie sociale serait mieux encore.
Les incitations à l'innovation dans le secteur privé
Authors: Claire Bonnard
Published: September 2013

L’innovation est devenue un facteur clé de la croissance économique. La question des incitations à l’innovation au sein des entreprises est donc primordiale. Dans ce papier, nous nous intéressons au type d’incitations monétaires reçues par les inventeurs au sein des entreprises avec une attention particulière à la mobilité inter-entreprise de ces derniers. Les résultats montrent un rendement salarial positif pour les inventeurs, celui-ci est plus important pour les inventeurs ayant connu une mobilité inter-entreprise, ce qui pourrait suggérer que les entreprises sont prêtes à payer les connaissances acquises par les inventeurs au sein des autres entreprises. Par contre, l’utilisation de stock-options comme incitation pour les inventeurs semble moins répandue dans les entreprises françaises que dans les entreprises étrangères. Classification JEL : J33, O31, O32.
Au fil du transfert, jouer
Authors: Zilkha Nathalie
Published: September 2013

À travers quelques considérations sur le transfert et son maniement, je voudrais approcher le rapport complexe que le transfert entretient avec l’appropriation subjective. Alors que le processus de subjectivation est l’une des visées de la cure, l’expérience du transfert le met en effet sous tension, voire en crise. Mon développement est sous-tendu par l’hypothèse que la transitionnalisation du transfert augmente la profondeur de l’expérience mise en relief par celui-ci et soutient sa transformation en une forme originale, et, corrélativement, le processus d’appropriation subjective.
Transfert d'autorité, transfert de déni et interprétation
Authors: Chervet Bernard
Published: September 2013

La notion de transfert s’est progressivement banalisée tant dans le discours des analystes que dans le langage commun. La dimension relationnelle a été privilégiée, d’où une conception intersubjectiviste de la relation analytique. Le transfert s’appréhende alors en tant qu’investissement d’objet. Se trouve reléguée au second plan l’utilisation qui est faite par un analysant de l’analyse et de l’analyste aux fins de ses capacités de rêver. L’analyste, support processuel idéal, hérite des transferts traumatiques et perceptifs, et du transfert d’autorité. Il est ignoré en tant qu’objet, et exclu des scènes primitives intrapsychiques de son patient. Cet aspect est à prendre en considération dans toute réflexion sur la valeur du silence et de l’interprétation.
Analyse de la résistance et perlaboration. Un domaine négligé de l'élaboration psychanalytique quotidienne
Authors: Busch Fred , Hacker Anne-Lise
Published: September 2013

Chez Freud, l’analyse de la résistance était essentielle à sa compréhension de la perlaboration, mais en même temps entravée (gênée) par son ambivalence à l’égard des implications de son modèle structurel et de sa deuxième théorie de l’anxiété – une ambivalence évidente chez ceux qui ont écrit sur l’analyse de la résistance après Freud. Au cours des trente dernières années, une méthode d’analyse de la résistance a été développée, qui intègre les insights freudiens originaux et se concentre sur le moi inconscient et le moi préconscient. Il s’agit ici d’explorer non seulement ces méthodes à travers des exemples cliniques, mais aussi les fondements théoriques sur lesquels cette façon de travailler s’appuie. Certains mythes sur la psychologie du moi américaine sont également analysés. Dans sa discussion du texte de Fred Busch, Jean-Louis Baldacci montre que, malgré son accord avec celui-ci sur la nécessité d’éviter d’engager trop tôt un travail sur le sens et les contenus au profit d’un temps préalable qui porte sur les processus psychiques et le travail de représentation, il y a des différences importantes qui portent sur la manière d’envisager ce temps préalable, celui que Busch appelle « analyse de la résistance ».
Le négatif du trauma, entre désastre et solution
Authors: Calamote Éric
Published: September 2013

L’auteur aborde le traumatisme en insistant sur son aspect négativant. Le négatif y est décrit comme le mode d’enregistrement et d’inscription, le signe du désastre mais aussi l’ultime recours pour présenter, configurer et qualifier le trauma. Rare et peut-être unique moyen pour repérer l’expérience catastrophique, le négatif souligne aussi ce qui est spécifique au traumatique, c’est-à-dire le risque de perdre la capacité de représentation bien plus encore que celui d’être mis en contact avec des contenus toxiques ou débordants. Le modèle traumatique ainsi exposé est dynamique, rendant compte d’un sujet qui rassemble ses forces pour articuler l’expérience à l’ensemble de sa vie psychique, au prix parfois d’une hallucination négative.
Transformations en hallucinose
Authors: Riolo Fernando , Guignard-Bégoin Florence
Published: September 2013

L’exploration du domaine qui est au-delà de la représentation, et des modalités pour décliner ses rapports avec le psychisme, constitue pour la psychanalyse un nouvel engagement. Cela exige de nouvelles observations ainsi que de nouvelles théories. À tel sujet, est examiné le mécanisme du rejet ( Verwerfung ) en tant que cela, en comportant l’expulsion contemporaine de l’affect et de la représentation, aboutit dans l’abolition du contenu psychique et dans sa substitution avec une réalité sensorielle finalisée à l’évitement de la frustration et à la réalisation du Wunschobjekt . L’auteur propose que le rejet soit à l’origine du processus décrit par Bion comme transformation en hallucinose, en tant que méthode pour gagner l’indépendance à travers la pré-détermination d’une réalité, interne et externe, dont les objets et les signifiés sont, pour le sujet, des émanations de sa propre « capacité supérieure » de création. Comme l’hallucinose s’exprime principalement en tant que modalité d’action, elle a d’importantes implications cliniques pour le travail analytique.
2D2LPI
Authors: Manjunath S , Guru D S , Nagasundara K B , Suraj M G
Published: September 2013

In this paper, a new method of representing images called two directional two dimensional locality preserving indexing called 2D2LPI is presented. It is an extension of the two dimensional locality preserving indexing (2DLPI) method. The authors argue that the recently proposed 2DLPI reduces the dimensions of images in row direction and we propose an alternate way of reducing the dimension in column direction. Later the authors propose a method to reduce the size of an image both in row and column directions. To corroborate the efficacy of the proposed two directional two dimensional approach the authors design a model for person identification based on single instance of finger knuckle print and subsequently the authors propose a feature level fusion of multi-instance finger knuckle print for person identification. Also to study the suitability of the proposed approach on a different domain, a study on video summarization is also presented in this paper. The results of the proposed method are compared with that of the state of the art techniques such as 2D2PCA, 2D2LPP and it is found that the proposed 2D2LPI model is more competitive in terms of accuracy.
An Improved Hashing Function for Human Authentication System
Authors: El Bakrawy Lamiaa M. , Ghali Neveen I.
Published: September 2013

Biometrics have the great advantage of recognition based on an intrinsic aspect of a human being and thus requiring the person to be authenticated for physical presentation. Unfortunately, biometrics suffer from some inherent limitation such as high false rejection when the system works at a low false acceptation rate. In this paper, near set are implemented to improve the Standard Secure Hash Function SHA-1 (ISHA-1) for strict multi-modal biometric image authentication system. The proposed system is composed of five phases, starting from feature extraction and selection phase, hashing computing that uses the ISHA-1 phase, embedding watermark phase, extraction and decryption watermark phase, and finally the authentication phase. Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm guarantees the security assurance and reduces the time of implementation.
Epistemological Aspects of Simulation Models for Decision Support
Authors: Dekker Anthony H.
Published: September 2013

In this paper, the author explores epistemological aspects of simulation with a particular focus on using simulations to provide recommendations to managers and other decision-makers. The author presents formal definitions of knowledge (as justified true belief) and of simulation. The author shows that a simple model, the Kuramoto model of coupled-oscillators, satisfies the simulation definition (and therefore generates knowledge) through a justified mapping from the real world. The author argues that, for more complex models, such a justified mapping requires three techniques: using an appropriate and justified theoretical construct; using appropriate and justified values for model parameters; and testing or other verification processes to ensure that the mapping is correctly defined. The author illustrates these three techniques with experiments and models from the literature, including the Long House Valley model of Axtell et al., the SAFTE model of sleep, and the Segregation model of Wilensky.
Dynamics of Affect and Cognition in Simulated Agents
Authors: Mancha Ruben , Yoder Carol Y. , Clark Jan G.
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this article is to propose a simulation framework combining Soft-System Methodology, System Dynamics, and the Cognitive Affective Personality System model, to facilitate the design and development of agents (e.g., agent based models, software agents) with interacting affective and cognitive units. A review of the literature supports the building of a third-order positive causal-loop model between the constructs Affectivity, Self-Efficacy, and Perceived Task Complexity. The model is evaluated to exemplify the use of this framework to study affective states in simulated agents. The behavior of the model is consistent with previous research, corroborating its utility as a tool for endowing complex agents in simulations with mechanisms of human affectivity, and as a computational artifact to develop affective computing systems. The framework, incorporating soft-constructs into simulation models and supporting the study of their process-based (dynamic) interactions, serves to bridge the gap between experimental and simulation research. The limitations of the approach and directions for future research are also discussed.
Interruption of the OX40–OX40 Ligand Pathway in LDL Receptor–Deficient Mice Causes Regression of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Foks Amanda C. , van Puijvelde Gijs H. M. , Bot Ilze , ter Borg Mariette N. D. , Habets Kim L. L. , Johnson Jason L. , Yagita Hideo , van Berkel Theo J. C. , Kuiper Johan
Published: September 2013

Patients suffering from cardiovascular disease have well-established atherosclerotic lesions, rendering lesion regression of therapeutic interest. The OX40 (TNFRSF4)–OX40 ligand (OX40L; TNFSF4) pathway is important for the proliferation and survival of T cells, stimulates B cells, and is associated with cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that interference with the OX40–OX40L pathway, in combination with decreases in cholesterol, may induce regression of atherosclerosis. LDLr−/− mice were fed a Western-type diet for 10 wk, after which they received chow diet and were treated with anti-OX40L or PBS for 10 wk. A significant regression of lesions was observed in the aorta and aortic arch of anti-OX40L–treated mice compared with control mice. Interference of the OX40–OX40L pathway reduced Th2 responses, as shown by decreases in GATA-3 and IL-4 levels. Also, IgE levels were decreased, as demonstrated by reduced mast cell presence and activation. Notably, IL-5 production by T and B1 cells was increased, thus enhancing atheroprotective oxidized low-density lipoprotein–specific IgM production. The increase in IL-5 production and IgM was mediated by IL-33 production by APCs upon OX40L blockade. We conclude that interruption of the OX40–OX40L signaling pathway, combined with decreases in dietary cholesterol, induces the regression of atherosclerosis through induction of IL-5–producing T cells and oxidized low-density lipoprotein–specific IgM and reductions in Th2 and mast cells.
Neuraminidase Reprograms Lung Tissue and Potentiates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice
Authors: Feng Chiguang , Zhang Lei , Nguyen Chinh , Vogel Stefanie N. , Goldblum Simeon E. , Blackwelder William C. , Cross Alan S.
Published: September 2013

We previously reported that removal of sialyl residues primed PBMCs to respond to bacterial LPS stimulation in vitro. Therefore, we speculated that prior desialylation can sensitize the host to generate an enhanced inflammatory response upon exposure to a TLR ligand, such as LPS, in a murine model of acute lung injury. Intratracheal instillation of neuraminidase (NA) 30 min prior to intratracheal administration of LPS increased polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the wet-to-dry lung weight ratio, a measure of pulmonary edema, compared with mice that received LPS alone. Administration of NA alone resulted in desialylation of bronchiolar and alveolar surfaces and induction of TNF-α, IL-1β, and chemokines in lung homogenates and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; however, PMN recruitment in mice treated with NA alone did not differ from that of PBS-administered controls. NA pretreatment alone induced apoptosis and markedly enhanced LPS-induced endothelial apoptosis. Administration of recombinant Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic molecule, abolished the effect of NA treatment on LPS-induced PMN recruitment and pulmonary edema formation. We conclude that NA pretreatment potentiates LPS-induced lung injury through enhanced PMN recruitment, pulmonary edema formation, and endothelial and myeloid cell apoptosis. A similar “reprogramming” of immune responses with desialylation may occur during respiratory infection with NA-expressing microbes and contribute to severe lung injury.
Inhibition of NF-κB by Opioids in T Cells
Authors: Börner Christine , Kraus Jürgen
Published: September 2013

Opioids potently inhibit a number of physiological and pathophysiological effects such as pain and inflammation in the brain and the periphery. One of the targets of opioids mediating such effects is the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. In neuronal cells, opioids inhibit this factor by inducing I-κB independently on calcium, involving the opioid-mediated activation of the transcription factor AP-1. However, when and how precisely NF-κB is modulated by opioids in T cells are unknown. By using the TNF-triggered, NF-κB–mediated induction of IL-8 mRNA in primary human T cells and Jurkat T cells, in this study we show that opioids inhibit NF-κB in T cells as well, but that the underlying mechanisms are different from those observed in neuronal cells. We found that stimulation of the T cells with opioids resulted in a significant inhibition of the TNF-triggered ubiquitination and degradation of I-κB. Additionally, an opioid-mediated induction of the deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin-specific protease 15 was observed, which is known to inhibit the NF-κB pathway by stabilizing I-κB. The induction of ubiquitin-specific protease 15 was dependent on calcium and the transcription factor NFAT. Activation of AP-1 and induction of I-κB in response to the opioids were not observed in the T cells. These results indicate that μ opioid receptors, which mediate the effects in both cell types, might be coupled to different effector cascades in the different cell types, which may then result in cell type–specific effects of the drugs.
AID-Expressing Germinal Center B Cells Cluster Normally within Lymph Node Follicles in the Absence of FDC-M1+ CD35+ Follicular Dendritic Cells but Dissipate Prematurely
Authors: Boulianne Bryant , Le Michael X. , Ward Lesley A. , Meng Lingjin , Haddad Dania , Li Conglei , Martin Alberto , Gommerman Jennifer L.
Published: September 2013

Upon activation with T-dependent Ag, B cells enter germinal centers (GC) and upregulate activation-induced deaminase (AID). AID+ GC B cells then undergo class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are stromal cells that underpin GC and require constitutive signaling through the lymphotoxin (LT) β receptor to be maintained in a fully mature, differentiated state. Although it was shown that FDC can be dispensable for the generation of affinity-matured Ab, in the absence of FDC it is unclear where AID expression occurs. In a mouse model that lacks mature FDC, as well as other LT-sensitive cells, we show that clusters of AID+PNA+GL7+ Ag-specific GC B cells form within the B cell follicles of draining lymph nodes, suggesting that FDC are not strictly required for GC formation. However, later in the primary response, FDC-less GC dissipated prematurely, correlating with impaired affinity maturation. We examined whether GC dissipation was due to a lack of FDC or other LTβ receptor–dependent accessory cells and found that, in response to nonreplicating protein Ag, FDC proved to be more critical for long-term GC maintenance. Our study provides a spatial-temporal analysis of Ag-specific B cell activation and AID expression in the context of a peripheral lymph node that lacks FDC-M1+ CD35+ FDC and other LT-sensitive cell types, and reveals that FDC are not strictly required for the induction of AID within an organized GC-like environment.