bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Surgical Off-loading to Prevent Recurrent Ulcerations
Authors: La Fontaine Javier , Lavery Lawrence A. , Hunt Nathan A. , Murdoch Douglas P.
Published: November 2014

Foot ulcerations in patients with diabetes are common. Most ulcers heal with conservative treatment, but recurrence is common. The pathway of ulcer development includes neuropathy, deformity, and trauma. The first attempt to avoid recurrence is by the use of shoes and insoles. When shoes and insoles fail, surgical correction of deformity leading to the ulcer can be attempted. This article reviews the most common procedures performed to heal ulcers or avoid recurrence.
Reduction of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Healing Times Through Use of Advanced Treatment Modalities
Authors: Mulder Gerit , Tenenhaus Mayer , D’Souza Gehaan F.
Published: November 2014

Diabetic wounds are a major health care problem associated with delayed healing and high amputation rates. This review systematically evaluated newer wound care therapies for the treatment of diabetic wounds. More recent means of approaching diabetic foot ulcers include various dressings, off-loading shoes, and bioengineered skin constructs and growth factors. Electrical stimulation, phototherapy, electromagnetic fields, and shockwave therapy have been further proposed as potential treatments. A brief overview of these treatments is presented using peer-reviewed evidenced-based literature. A review of the literature demonstrated that treatment of diabetic wounds has focused on either prevention of the wounds in the form of off-loading shoes or adequate protective dressings or on direct treatment of wounds with bioengineered skin constructs, growth factors, or medical devices that accelerate wound healing. The authors’ conclusion, following extensive literature review, is that although excellent national and international guidelines exist regarding suggested approaches to the treatment of the diabetic foot ulcer, there is no definitive or universal consensus on the choice of specific treatment modalities. The importance of optimizing comorbidities and the disease state, hemodynamics, local and peripheral skin and wound care, and metabolic challenges while reducing biological and bacterial burden and minimizing trauma remain the primary approach, followed by choice of the most appropriate treatment material or product.
A practical guide to urinary tract ultrasound in a child: Pearls and pitfalls
Authors: Paliwalla M , Park K
Published: November 2014

The aim of this review article is to equip the sonographer with the necessary knowledge to perform a detailed and clinically relevant assessment of the urinary tract in a child. Many of the techniques and principles used in the imaging of the urinary tract in adults can be applied to children. There are, however, notable differences with which the sonographer should be familiar. There is often a certain amount of trepidation when asked to image a child, but there are a number of simple steps that can make the process easier and more fulfilling. This article begins with advice on how to maintain cooperation in a child and the differences in the technical aspects of imaging of children. This is followed by a detailed review of the different pathologies that may be encountered, as well as highlighting information that is particularly relevant to the clinician looking after the child.
Microdrill with variations in thickness of diamond coating
Authors: Lei X. , Wang L. , Shen B. , Sun F.
Published: November 2014

In this study, microcrystalline diamond films with varied thicknesses (1·2, 2·5, 4 and 7 μm) are deposited on flat samples and microdrills. The Raman results show that the top layer of thicker diamond films on flat samples exhibit relatively lower compressive residual stress and favourable diamond purity. However, with increased thickness, the multiple radial and diagonal microcracks along with significant diamond coating detachment are easier to be formed in thicker diamond coatings. These results can be applied for analysing the mechanisms on the coating delamination for the thicker diamond coatings and the worse wear resistance for the thinner ones deposited on microdrills during graphite machining processes. The microcrystalline diamond coated microdrill with 2·5 μm coating thickness reveals the best cutting performance due to its robust rigidity for preventing the detachment of diamond films as well as the relatively good wear resistance.
GaN Films deposited on ITO coated glass
Authors: Zhao J. , Qin F. , Bai Y. , Zhao Y. , Wang H. , Kang R. , Pang J. , Jing S.
Published: November 2014

GaN films have been fabricated on tin doped indium oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates by electron cyclotron resonance plasma enhanced metal organic chemical vapour deposition. Trimethyl gallium (TMGa) and N2 were acted as precursors of Ga and N respectively. A GaN buffer layer was introduced to reduce the internal stress between the substrate and the GaN films. Then, the deposition process was performed in N2 rich atmosphere at a constant substrate temperature as low as 460°C. The TMGa flowrate was fixed at 1·5 sccm and N2 flowrate varies from 80 to 110 sccm to investigate the influence of N2 flux rates on the films’ properties. Reflection high energy electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction results indicate that all deposits are highly c axis oriented, whereas the characteristics of photoluminescence spectra are strongly affected by the N2 flowrates. GaN films prepared at 100 sccm has a smooth surface and exhibits the optimal illumination performance. This inexpensive GaN/ITO/glass structure has potential application in optoelectronic devices.
The impacts of migraine and anxiety disorders on painful physical symptoms among patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Hung Ching-I , Liu Chia-Yih , Chen Ching-Yen , Yang Ching-Hui , Wang Shuu-Jiun
Published: November 2014

Background

No study has simultaneously investigated the impacts of migraine and anxiety disorders on painful physical symptoms (PPS) among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The study aimed to investigate this issue.

Methods

This open-label study enrolled 155 outpatients with MDD, who were then treated with venlafaxine 75 mg per day for four weeks. Eighty-five participants with good compliance completed the treatment. Migraine was diagnosed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders. MDD and anxiety disorders were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the severity of eight PPS. Multiple linear and logistic regressions were used to investigate the impacts of migraine and anxiety disorders on PPS.

Results

Compared with patients without migraine, patients with migraine had a greater severity of PPS at baseline and post-treatment. After controlling for demographic variables and depressive severity, migraine independently predicted the intensities of eight PPS at baseline and four PPS post-treatment. Moreover, migraine independently predicted poorer treatment responses of chest pain and full remission of pains in the head, chest, neck and/or shoulder. Anxiety disorders predicted less full remission of pains in the abdomen and limbs.

Conclusion

Migraine and anxiety disorders have negative impacts on PPS among patients with MDD. Integrating the treatment of migraine and anxiety disorders into the management of depression might help to improve PPS and the prognosis of MDD.
An uncommon long-term survival case of primary cardiac leiomyosarcoma
Authors: Glaoui Meriam , Benbrahim Zineb , Belbaraka Rhizlane , Naciri Sara , Errihani Hassan , Lescene Axel
Published: November 2014

Primary cardiac sarcoma is a rare aggressive entity. It constitutes the second most common type of primary cardiac neoplasms. Its management has largely been guided by small retrospective series with a median survival of 6 months. Here, we discuss a unique case of 8-year survival cardiac leiomyosarcoma managed by surgical and adjuvant therapy.
Inclusion relations for Bessel functions for domains bounded by conical domains
Authors: Ramachandran Chellakutti , Annamalai Srinivasan , Sivasubramanian Srikandan
Published: November 2014

In recent times, applications of Bessel differential equations have been effectively used in the theory of univalent functions. In this paper we study some subclasses of k-starlike functions, k-uniformly convex functions, and quasi-convex functions involving the Bessel function and derive their inclusion relationships. Further, certain integral preserving properties are also established with these classes. We remark here that k-starlike functions and k-uniformly convex functions are related to domains bounded by conical sections.

MSC:30C45, 30C50.
Compensation claims for chiropractic in Denmark and Norway 2004–2012
Authors: Jevne Jørgen , Hartvigsen Jan , Christensen Henrik Wulff
Published: November 2014

Background

Adverse events are commonly observed in all parts of health care and have been reported extensively following manual therapy, including chiropractic. The majority of reported adverse events following chiropractic care are mild, transitory and self-limiting. However, little is known about patient filed compensation claims related to the chiropractic consultation process. The aim of this study was to describe claims reported to the Danish Patient Compensation Association and the Norwegian System of Compensation to Patients related to chiropractic from 2004 to 2012.

Methods

All finalized compensation claims involving chiropractors reported to one of the two associations between 2004 and 2012 were assessed for age, gender, type of complaint, decisions and appeals. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the study population.

Results

338 claims were registered in Denmark and Norway between 2004 and 2012 of which 300 were included in the analysis. 41 (13.7%) were approved for financial compensation. The most frequent complaints were worsening of symptoms following treatment (n = 91, 30.3%), alleged disk herniations (n = 57, 19%) and cases with delayed referral (n = 46, 15.3%). A total financial payment of €2,305,757 (median payment €7,730) were distributed among the forty-one cases with complaints relating to a few cases of cervical artery dissection (n = 11, 5.7%) accounting for 88.7% of the total amount.

Conclusion

Chiropractors in Denmark and Norway received approximately one compensation claim per 100.000 consultations. The approval rate was low across the majority of complaint categories and lower than the approval rates for general practioners and physiotherapists. Many claims can probably be prevented if chiropractors would prioritize informing patients about the normal course of their complaint and normal benign reactions to treatment.
Insulin-like growth factor-I inhibition with pasireotide decreases cell proliferation and increases apoptosis in pre-malignant lesions of the breast: a phase 1 proof of principle trial
Authors: Singh Baljit , Smith Julia A , Axelrod Deborah M , Ameri Pietro , Levitt Heather , Danoff Ann , Lesser Martin , de Angelis Cristina , Illa-Bochaca Irineu , Lubitz Sara , Huberman Daniel , Darvishian Farbod , Kleinberg David L
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Estrogen inhibition is effective in preventing breast cancer in only up to 50% of women with precancerous lesions and many experience side effects that are poorly tolerated. As insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) underlies both estrogen and progesterone actions and has other direct effects on mammary development and carcinogenesis, we hypothesized that IGF-I inhibition might provide a novel approach for breast cancer chemoprevention.

Methods

In total, 13 women with core breast biopsies diagnostic of atypical hyperplasia (AH) were treated for 10 days with pasireotide, a somatostatin analog which uniquely inhibits IGF-I action in the mammary gland. They then had excision biopsies. 12 patients also had proliferative lesions and one a ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Primary outcomes were changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis after treatment. Expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and phosphorylated Insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-1R), protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) were also assessed. Core and excision biopsies from 14 untreated patients served as non-blinded controls. Hyperglycemia and other side effects were carefully monitored.

Results

Pasireotide decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis in all AH (from 3.6 ± 2.6% to 1.3 ± 1.2% and from 0.3 ± 0.2% to 1.5 ± 1.6%, respectively) and proliferative lesions (from 3.8 ± 2.5% to 1.8 ± 1.8% and from 0.3 ± 0.2% to 1.3 ± 0.6%, respectively). The DCIS responded similarly. ER and PR were not affected by pasireotide, while IGF-1R, ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation decreased significantly. In contrast, tissue from untreated controls showed no change in cell proliferation or phosphorylation of IGF-1R, AKT or ERK 1/2. Mild to moderate hyperglycemia associated with reduced insulin levels was found. Glucose fell into the normal range after discontinuing treatment. Pasireotide was well tolerated and did not cause symptoms of estrogen deprivation.

Conclusions

IGF-I inhibition by pasireotide, acting through the IGF-1R, was associated with decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis in pre-malignant breast lesions and one DCIS. Assuming hyperglycemia can be controlled, these data suggest that inhibiting the IGF-I pathway may prove an effective alternative for breast cancer chemoprevention.

Trial registration

NCT01372644 Trial date: July 1, 2007.
Active systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with a reduced cytokine production by B cells in response to TLR9 stimulation
Authors: Sieber Julia , Daridon Capucine , Fleischer Sarah J , Fleischer Vanessa , Hiepe Falk , Alexander Tobias , Heine Guido , Burmester Gerd R , Fillatreau Simon , Dörner Thomas
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease associated with a break in self-tolerance reflected by a production of antinuclear autoantibodies. Since autoantibody production can be activated via nucleic acid Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), the respective pathway has been implicated in the development of SLE and pathogenic B cell responses. However, the response of B cells from SLE patients to TLR9 stimulation remains incompletely characterized.

Methods

In the current study, the response of B cells from SLE patients and healthy donors upon TLR9 stimulation was analyzed in terms of proliferation and cytokine production and correlated with the lupus disease activity and anti-dsDNA titers.

Results

B cells from SLE patients showed a reduced response to TLR9 agonist compared to B cells from healthy donors in terms of proliferation and activation. B cells from SLE patients with higher disease activity produced less interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor, and IL-1ra than B cells from healthy donors. Further analyses revealed an inverse correlation of cytokines produced by TLR9-stimulated B cells with lupus disease activity and anti-dsDNA titer, respectively.

Conclusion

The capacity of B cells from lupus patients to produce cytokines upon TLR9 engagement becomes less efficient with increasing disease activity, suggesting that they either enter an exhausted state or become tolerant to TLR stimulation for cytokine production when disease worsens.
Clinical significance of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): potential target for prevention of airway fibrosis and lung cancer
Authors: Sohal Sukhwinder Singh , Mahmood Malik Quasir , Walters Eugene Haydn
Published: November 2014

Unfortunately, the research effort directed into chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been disproportionately weak compared to its social importance, and indeed it is the least researched of all common chronic conditions. Tobacco smoking is the major etiological factor. Only 25% of smokers will develop “classic” COPD; in these vulnerable individuals the progression of airways disease to symptomatic COPD occurs over two or more decades. We know surprisingly little about the pathobiology of COPD airway disease, though small airway fibrosis and obliteration are likely to be the main contributors to physiological airway dysfunction and these features occur earlier than any subsequent development of emphysema. One potential mechanism contributing to small airway fibrosis/obliteration and change in extracellular matrix (ECM) is epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), so called Type‐II EMT. When associated with angiogenesis (Type‐III EMT) it may well also be a link with the development of lung (airway) cancer which is closely associated with COPD. Active EMT in COPD may help to explain why lung cancer is so common in smokers and also the core pathophysiology of small airway fibrosis. Better understanding may lead to new markers for incipient neoplasia, and better preventive management of patients. There is serious need to understand key components of airway EMT in smokers and COPD, and to demarcate novel drug targets for the prevention of lung cancer and airway fibrosis, as well as better secondary management of COPD. Since over 90% of human cancer arises in epithelia and the involvement of EMT in all of these may be a central paradigm, insights gained in COPD may have important generalizable value.
Response of the mesosphere-thermosphere-ionosphere system to global change - CAWSES-II contribution
Authors: Laštovička Jan , Beig Gufran , Marsh Daniel R
Published: November 2014

Long-term trends in the mesosphere, thermosphere, and ionosphere are areas of research of increasing importance both because they are sensitive indicators of climatic change and because they affect satellite-based technologies which are increasingly important to modern life. Their study was an important part of CAWSES-II project, as they were a topic of Task Group 2 (TG-2) ‘How Will Geospace Respond to Changing Climate’. Three individual projects of TG-2 were focused on important problems in trend investigations. Significant progress was reached in several areas such as understanding and quantifying the role of stratospheric ozone changes in trends in the upper atmosphere, reaching reasonable agreement between observed and simulated trends in mesospheric temperatures and polar mesospheric clouds, or understanding of why the thermospheric density trends are much stronger under solar cycle minimum conditions. The TG-2 progress that is reviewed in this paper together with some results reached outside CAWSES-II so as to have the full context of progress in trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere.
The secretome of induced pluripotent stem cells reduces lung fibrosis in part by hepatocyte growth factor
Authors: Gazdhar Amiq , Grad Iwona , Tamò Luca , Gugger Mathias , Feki Anis , Geiser Thomas
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and irreversible fibrotic lung disease, resulting in respiratory insufficiency and reduced survival. Pulmonary fibrosis is a result of repeated alveolar epithelial microinjuries, followed by abnormal regeneration and repair processes in the lung. Recently, stem cells and their secretome have been investigated as a novel therapeutic approach in pulmonary fibrosis. We evaluated the potential of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) conditioned media (iPSC-cm) to regenerate and repair the alveolar epithelium in vitro and improve bleomycin induced lung injury in vivo.

Methods

IPSC-cm was collected from cultured iPSC derived from human foreskin fibroblasts and its biological effects on alveolar epithelial wound repair was studied in an alveolar wound healing assay in vitro. Furthermore, iPSC-cm was intratracheally instilled 7 days after bleomycin induced injury in the rat lungs and histologically and biochemically assessed 7 days after instillation.

Results

iPSC-cm increased alveolar epithelial wound repair in vitro compared with medium control. Intratracheal instillation of iPSC-cm in bleomycin-injured lungs reduced the collagen content and improved lung fibrosis in the rat lung in vivo. Profibrotic TGFbeta1 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-sma) expression were markedly reduced in the iPSC-cm treated group compared with control. Antifibrotic hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was detected in iPSC-cm in biologically relevant levels, and specific inhibition of HGF in iPSC-cm attenuated the antifibrotic effect of iPSC-cm, indicating a central role of HGF in iPSC-cm.

Conclusion

iPSC-cm increased alveolar epithelial wound repair in vitro and attenuated bleomycin induced fibrosis in vivo, partially due to the presence of HGF and may represent a promising novel, cell free therapeutic option against lung injury and fibrosis.
Influence of Environmental Thermal Load on Functional Status of Gas Industry Outdoor Workers During Summer
Authors: Константинов  , Konstantinov Evgeniy , Афанасьева  , Afanaseva Rallema
Published: November 2014

The article presents microclimate parameters registered on workplaces of gas industry outdoor workers during summer in

Astrakhan region as well as equations for calculation of external thermal load and for correlation relationship between

external thermal load and functional status of worker (with regard for age and weight). The paper shows dynamics of

thermal load on work-er’s body and health during a shift. Factor structure is defined for health characteristics bound to

high external temperature, activation of thermoregulation mechanisms, cardiovascular system, and exhaustion. Analysis

of health indexes dynamics gives basis for definition of preferable du-ties. According to workers and their functional state

assessment average air temperature of 35,3±3,3 °С is defined as unfavorable, 38,5±0,4 °С – as problematic. The most

preferable (71% of answers) shift schedule includes alternation of periods of work and rest (in the shade). Reduced shifts

and regulation of periods of work and rest are preferred by 14,6% working. Suggestions for improvement of hygienic and

ergonomic indexes of PPE are presented on the basis of the questionnaire.
Laser System of Aerosol Emissions Prevention
Authors: Веденин  , Vedenin Evgeniy , Чартий  , Chartiy Pavel , Шеманин  , Shemanin Valeriy
Published: November 2014

Presented system simultaneously controls concentration and size distribution function of particles by means of twowave

laser sounding on the basis of spectral clarity method for increase of probability of aerosol emissions detection and

identification at early stages of formation. Due to the system’s operational algorithm its response time does not exceed 300

sec. Laser system of prevention of emissions above the allowable level over industrial facility allows to resolve two main

issues: prevention of environmental pollution and elimination of raw materials losses in the form of dust emissions carried

away into the atmosphere.
The importance of paediatric nutrition
Authors: Patience Sara
Published: November 2014

This articles looks at infant nutrition, from birth and through the first year of life. Good quality foods in infancy and childhood do not only promote optimum growth and development during that time, but also play a role in helping to prevent obesity and some diseases of adulthood, particularly non-communicable diseases, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers. Ensuring a good nutritional start for the paediatric population will help reduce morbidity and mortality later in life.
Adult enteral device selection: which is the best for the patient?
Authors: Fletcher Jane
Published: November 2014

Enteral feeding is considered to be a safe and effective way of providing nutrition to patients who are unable to meet their requirements orally. There are a number of enteral feeding devices, including naso-gastric and gastrostomy tubes, that allow access to the stomach for feeding. However, selecting the most appropriate device for a patient depends on a number of factors, including consideration of duration of feeding and the individual patient's clinical condition and social circumstances. In addition, the patient should always be included in decision making where possible. This article explores the decision-making process regarding selection of appropriate enteral feeding devices and applies this process to two patient case studies.
Nutrition and dementia: what can we do to help?
Authors: Brook Sarah
Published: November 2014

This review explores dementia progression and links to how the nutritional status of a person with dementia may be affected. It will also consider what health professionals based in community can do to maximise the nutritional status of the person with dementia. Practical, holistic suggestions—covering small appetite, communication difficulties, mood changes, swallowing problems and aversive mealtime behaviour—will be covered. Existing literature and current guidelines will be explored, common practice points around the nutritional care of people with dementia will be discussed, and local initiatives to help tackle malnutrition, particularly in those with dementia, will be highlighted.
Nutritional management in chyle leaks and chylous effusions
Authors: Bibby Anna C , Maskell Nick A
Published: November 2014

Chyle leaks occur when there is interruption to the lymphatic ducts that transport chyle around the body. The loss of this protein-rich, calorie-rich fluid can cause serious complications including dehydration, malnutrition and immunosuppression. Treatment of chyle leaks depends on the underlying cause, which may be surgical, secondary to malignant invasion or the result of a medical condition. Nutritional support is vital and leads to spontaneous leak closure in many cases. Nutritional management options include total bowel rest with parenteral nutrition, enteral feeding with specialized formula, or oral diet with supplementation. At present there is no consensus regarding which approach is superior. In reality, most patients with chyle leaks are managed with a combination or oral and enteral feeding, but further work is needed to clarify the optimum management strategy.
Haematuria: classification, causes and investigations
Authors: Bagnall Pauline
Published: November 2014

The majority of patients who attend haematuria clinics for investigation of blood in their urine will be found to have either no cause or a benign cause. Between 20% and 25% of people with visible blood in their urine and 5–10% of people with non-visible blood in their urine will be diagnosed with a urological malignancy, i.e. bladder, kidney or prostate cancer. Haematuria is therefore a significant symptom that should be investigated promptly and thoroughly to exclude cancer as quickly as possible. This article gives an overview of the causes of haematuria and the investigations that patients will undergo when referred to a haematuria clinic.
Challenges in tuberculosis management in Peru and England
Authors: Ivany Elena , Boulton Jacqueline
Published: November 2014

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious but preventable and largely treatable disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although there is evidence that the UK incidence remains stable, rates of the disease, particularly in some London boroughs, remain high, earning it the unenviable title of the ‘tuberculosis capital of Europe’. In March 2014 Public Health England published a consultation document on a collaborative strategy for tackling tuberculosis in England. This highlights a growing concern surrounding the issue. In the 1990s, Peru's tuberculosis epidemic saw the country listed among the Pan-American Health Organisation's top 23 countries of heaviest burden. Since then overall rates, although remaining significantly higher than those of the UK, have fallen dramatically. This article uses the observations of a BSc Nursing student undertaking an international elective in Peru to highlight some of the challenges faced by nurses in managing TB and draws parallels with those faced in the UK.
Better data, better planning: the College of Emergency Medicine sentinel sites project
Authors: Moulton Chris , Mann Clifford , Tempest Michelle
Published: November 2014

This article describes the College of Emergency Medicine's initial attempt to gather high quality data from its own ‘sentinel sites’ rather than relying on more comprehensive national data of dubious quality. Such information is essential to inform and guide the planning of urgent and emergency care services in the future.
‘Big data’ approaches to trauma outcome prediction and autonomous resuscitation
Authors: Yang Shiming , Njoku Mary , Mackenzie Colin F
Published: November 2014

Massive clinical digital data routinely collected by high throughput biomedical devices provide opportunities and challenges for optimal use. This article discusses how such data are used in learning prediction models at level 1 trauma centres to support decision making in trauma patients.
Spending the Sport Premium effectively
Authors: O'Connell Suzanne
Published: November 2014

Government research suggests that the PE and Sport Premium funding is having a positive impact on primary school sports provision. Suzanne O'Connell finds out how some schools have been using the money
On board the Mary Rose
Authors: Davis John
Published: November 2014

The Tudor ship was raised from the Solent in 1982, and today visitors to its futuristic museum can come face to face with the crew who died 470 years ago.
Thinking in the abstract
Authors: Aitken Liz
Published: November 2014

Moving from concrete to abstract thinking is a tough call for many children in year 3. Try these strategies to ensure these pupils stay confident and focused.
Discover what ‘once in a blue moon’ really means
Authors: Bosley Rachel , Bosley Mark
Published: November 2014

Use this coding tutorial to take your pupils on a voyage to outer space. By rolling up their sleeves and experimenting, the subject becomes all the more real and tangible.
Why schools need to be passionate about the arts
Authors: Lepkowska Dorothy
Published: November 2014

Is time for the arts being squeezed in your school? Dorothy Lepkowska assesses its importance and talks to some innovative schools who are giving the arts priority.
Watch the birdie
Authors: Thompson Thalia
Published: November 2014

The beauty of Twitter is that it can be a showcase for the world when it comes to your school's projects and achievements. Children will be thrilled by feedback.
Future technology trends
Authors: McKay Martin
Published: November 2014

We asked industry expert Martin McKay to give us six worldwide trends that we can expect to see more of in the UK education sector
Prescribing for Periodontal Disease
Authors: Blair Fiona M , Chapple Iain LC
Published: November 2014

With concerns about the ever-increasing development of antimicrobial resistance, it is imperative that antimicrobials are prescribed responsibly and used appropriately. This article provides an overview and simple guidelines for antimicrobial prescribing in the management of periodontal diseases.
The Role of Antifungal and Antiviral Agents in Primary Dental Care
Authors: Lewis Mike
Published: November 2014

In comparison to the range of antibiotics used in medicine, the spectrum of antifungal and antiviral drugs used in primary dental care is relatively limited. In practical terms, there are only three antifungal agents and two antiviral agents that have a role. This paper will describe the clinical presentation of orofacial candidal and viral infections and the use of antimicrobial drugs in their management.
Awareness of Antibiotic Prescribing and Resistance in Primary Dental Care
Authors: Johnson Trevor M , Hawkes Joanna
Published: November 2014

Dentists in primary care account for approximately one in ten of all therapeutic antibiotic prescriptions, but many of these prescriptions may be unnecessary and will contribute to the critically important problem of bacterial resistance. Emerging guidance on antimicrobial stewardship is discussed and the annual European Antibiotic Awareness Day (EAAD), which takes place on 18 November, is highlighted.
Inappropriate Prescribing of Antibiotics in Primary Dental Care: Reasons and Resolutions
Authors: Cope Anwen L , Chestnutt Ivor G
Published: November 2014

The injudicious use of antibiotics is one of the key contributors to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. It is therefore imperative that antibiotics are prescribed only when they are likely to result in clinical benefit for a patient. Clinical guidelines have been produced to assist dental practitioners in the appropriate use of antimicrobials. Despite these guidelines, there is evidence that antibiotics are still widely used and misused in the management of acute dental conditions. This article explores the barriers that exist with regard to the implementation of antibiotic prescribing guidelines and discusses some of the interventions that aim to optimise antibiotic prescribing in primary dental care.
Prescribing in Primary Dental Care: General Principles
Authors: Crighton Alexander
Published: November 2014

Prescribing medicines is an essential part of comprehensive dental care. Behind this seemingly simple act lies a range of skills. These include understanding the physiological interaction of the medicines in the body as well as their potential for harm either to body systems or when conflicting with other medicines taken by the patient. The decision to prescribe is thus complex even before the efficacy of the drug for the dental condition is considered. This paper reviews some of the issues that the primary care practitioner must consider when prescribing, as well as practical concerns to make prescribing safe and effective.
Libération ou autodestruction? Les ‘réalités’ fictionnelles dans Le Jour où Nina Simone a cessé de chanter
Authors: Calargé Carla
Published: November 2014

The critical reception of Darina Al-Joundi’s Le jour où Nina Simone a cessé de chanter has encouraged a reading of this literary work in a manner often centred around the issue of the (im)possibility of freedom for Middle-Eastern women. This article looks at the genre of the book in order to show how the systematic blurring of the boundaries between fiction and lived experience has fostered the formation of an orientalist discourse obsessed with the oppression of Arab women. The subsequent close reading of excerpts from the text will expose some of the narrative’s incoherence, which should have incited literary critics to explore aspects of the text’s subconscious. Thus, the article contends that Al-Joundi’s rebellion is rather about trauma and self-destructive behaviour than about liberation. As such, it can be considered as a wonderful example of the various defense mechanisms that an intelligent and sensitive young person can deploy to cope with war’s trauma and the fear of death.

La critique parue autour de Le Jour où Nina Simone a cessé de chanter de Darina Al-Joundi encourage une approche du texte invariablement articulée autour de la question de l’/la im/possibilité de la liberté de la femme lorsque celle-ci est originaire d’un pays du Moyen-Orient. Cet essai se penche dans un premier temps sur des considérations génériques de l’œuvre afin de montrer que le brouillage fréquent des frontières entre le vécu et la fiction participe d’un discours orientaliste obsédé par l’oppression de la femme arabe. Dans un deuxième temps, et à travers une étude serrée de certains passages du texte, cette étude cherche à souligner quelques-unes des nombreuses incohérences narratives qui auraient dû mettre les critiques sur des pistes de lecture en rapport avec l’inconscient du texte. En relevant des indices en rapport avec la théorie des comportements autodestructeurs de type indirect cet essai propose que le récit d’Al-Joundi est à lire plutôt comme une magnifique illustration des traumatismes de la guerre et des mécanismes de défense et d’adaptation qu’une personne intelligente et sensible déploie pour faire face à la peur de mourir et à l’horreur des massacres.
Ethics of intertextuality in Calixthe Beyala’s fiction
Authors: Cowan Hélène S.
Published: November 2014

This study analyses some of the ethical stakes surrounding the extreme intertextual practices that characterize the literary aesthetics of Franco-Cameroonian writer Calixthe Beyala. Such practices famously caused a French court to convict Beyala of ‘partial plagiarism’ on one occasion in the 1990s – for her novel Le petit prince de Belleville (1992). In another case analysed here, French literary critic Pierre Assouline claimed to have found evidence that Beyala’s novel Assèze l’Africaine (1994) contained passages plagiarized from Paule Constant’s novel White Spirit (1989). Constant did not press charges, choosing instead to write her own vitriolic novel about a Franco-African professor-plagiarist titled Confidence pour confidence (1998). This article analyses Beyala’s Assèze l’Africaine (1994), as well as her literary response to Constant, Amours sauvages (1999), in order to nuance the negative reception that Constant, Assouline and other rushed readers have reserved for Beyala’s extreme intertextual practices. This article argues that iterary imitation in Beyala’s two aforementioned novels can be read as an ethical gesture through which the writer highlights the interconnectedness of, and commonalities between, ex-colonized and ex-colonizers.

Cette étude analyse les enjeux éthiques des pratiques intertextuelles décelables dans l’oeuvre de la romancière franco-camerounaise Calixthe Beyala. Ces pratiques furent l’objet de la condamnation de Beyala pour ‘contrefaçon partielle’ pour son roman intitulé Le petit prince de Belleville (1992) dans les années 1990. Dans un autre cas de supposé plagiat qui fait l’objet de cet article, le critique littéraire Pierre Assouline informa l’écrivaine française Paule Constant qu’il détenait la preuve que Beyala avait plagié un roman de celle-ci, White Spirit (1989), dans le roman intitulé Assèze l’Africaine (1994). Au lieu de porter l’affaire devant le tribunal, Constant répondit à Beyala par roman interposé (Confidence pour confidence (1998)). A travers l’analyse de deux romans de Beyala, Assèze l’Africaine (1994) et Amours sauvages (1999), ce dernier constituant la propre réponse de Beyala au roman-réponse de Constant déjà mentionné, cet article se propose de nuancer la réception négative que Constant, Assouline et autres lecteurs pressés réservèrent aux pratiques intertextuelles extrêmes de Beyala dans les romans en question. En fait, cet article défend l’idée que l’imitation littéraire dans ces oeuvres peut se lire comme un geste éthique par lequel la romancière souligne les liens partagés par les anciens colonisateurs et colonisés, et leurs descendants respectifs.
Governmental corruption through the Egyptian bloggers’ lens: A qualitative study of four Egyptian political blogs
Authors: El-Nawawy Mohammed , Khamis Sahar
Published: November 2014

Corruption was among the most serious problems under the rule of ousted Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Egyptian political bloggers played a critical role in reporting about the regime’s corrupt policies which were among the main factors behind the 2011 Revolution. This study analysed a number of threads selected from four prominent Egyptian political blogs that dealt with the issue of corruption. The analysed threads were divided into three main categories based on the primary function they attempted to perform: public mobilization, documentation or deliberation. Findings showed that political bloggers have played a critical role in enriching, revitalizing and mobilizing the Egyptian civil society, particularly in the prelude to the 25 January Egyptian Revolution. Still, this study showed that the role played by digital media platforms, such as political blogs, in promoting civic engagement, boosting democratization, and aiding political change should not be exaggerated or overstated. In other words, there has to be caution in assessing these new media technologies’ potential impact on reshaping the process of communication and democratization in the age of cyberspace.
A young man with herpes simplex encephalitis: Andrew and Nathan type urodynamic abnormality
Authors: Tateno Fuyuki , Sakakibara Ryuji , Yano Masashi , Takahashi Osamu , Sugiyama Megumi , Kishi Masahiko , Tsuyusaki Yohei , Tateno Akihiko , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Aiba Yosuke
Published: November 2014

We described a case of a young man who, after recovery from herpes simplex encephalitis with lesions in the frontal and insular cortices, developed ‘unwitting’ urinary incontinence. A urodynamics revealed 1) markedly-decreased bladder sensation and 2) a biphasic bladder disorder, e.g., before the bladder volume reaches that to provoke detrusor overactivity (DO), without bladder sensation, he is unable to contract his bladder; after provoking DO, he leaks without post-void residual. After starting clean, intermittent self-catheterization, his bladder disorder ameliorated spontaneously. This might be one form of classical ‘Andrew and Nathan type’ frontal urodynamic abnormality. 
“Too Fat to Be an Orphan”: The Moral Semiotics of Food Aid in Botswana
Authors: Dahl Bianca
Published: November 2014

The iconography of the African AIDS orphan, captured in National Geographic–style images of half-starved toddlers with distended bellies, inspires humanitarian aid for the continent. In Botswana, stereotypes underlying both foreign-funded and governmental programs for orphaned children—which imply that orphans are underfed and underloved—initially resonated with Tswana people’s anxieties that neglect by overburdened kin results in parentless children going hungry. However, during the past decade international feeding projects began to evolve into elaborate day-care complexes in which village orphans gained exclusive access to swimming pools, DVDs, trendy clothing, and daily meat rations. This article traces the shifting moral semiotics of orphans’ fat and skinny bodies, explaining why new discourses protesting the overfattening of orphans arose in a southeastern village. Metaphors of fat and feeding have become a scale on which the excesses of humanitarian aid and the perceived shortcomings of local kinship practices are weighed. A new kind of “politics of the belly” calls into question relations of patronage around metaphors of fleshiness and dependence on foreign support. In the process, contestations over children’s skinny and fat bodies lead to reconfigurations of the idea of orphanhood.
Muddy Labor: A Japanese Aid Ethic of Collective Intimacy in Myanmar
Authors: Watanabe Chika
Published: November 2014

Japanese aid has long been criticized for its focus on infrastructural projects, but Japanese aid actors have also valued non-infrastructural soft aid, especially through NGOs. Drawing on twenty months of fieldwork conducted with a Japanese NGO and its training program in sustainable agriculture in Myanmar, this article examines how Japanese and Burmese aid actors engaged in what I call an aid ethic of “muddy labor”—an emphasis on shared physical and relational labor that produced a collective form of intimacy. Scholars have tended to formulate humanitarian moral sentiments as responses to a distant suffering stranger. In contrast, I argue that the ideologies and political effects of a collectivist form of aid emerge in physical, relational, and geographic proximity. I demonstrate how the collective intimacy of physical and relational labor generated a meaningful sense of belonging among aid workers, while Japanese official discourses of soft aid indicated that this ethos of solidarity was also based on hierarchical views of Japanese superiority. The article ultimately asks how this ambiguity of the ethics of muddy labor challenges capacities for critique.
Photography and Photo-Elicitation after Colonialism
Authors: Buckley Liam
Published: November 2014

In photo-elicitation studies of colonial imagery, photographs are seen as repositories of historical data. This article examines the author’s experience of photo-elicitation in the postcolonial context of The Gambia, West Africa. Here, Gambian viewers responded to the aesthetic and compositional details of colonial photographs rather than their historical content. This attention to the surface of the photograph and its aesthetic qualities suggests a disconnection or distraction from the colonial history depicted in the images. This photo-elicitation does not engage or resolve a historical relationship with the colonial past. Rather, it reveals an engagement with elements of the photograph in which the visual legacies of colonialism—identification, representation, memorialization—remain absent. The absence of acknowledged connections to the past calls into question the ability of the photograph to represent the colonial past or its subjects to the viewer. In Gambian viewers’ preoccupation with aesthetic details, the photograph becomes a crafted object, rather than a link to colonial subordination. This calls into question the efficacy of photo-elicitation to demonstrate reactions to colonialism that move beyond Eurocentric frameworks.
Leveraging Trends in Online Searches for Product Features in Market Response Modeling
Authors: Du Rex Yuxing , Hu Ye , Damangir Sina
Published: November 2014

Evolving tastes can change the relative importance of product features in shaping consumers' purchase decisions, which in turn can shift the relative attractiveness of products with different feature levels. The challenge lies in finding a reliable yet cost-effective way to monitor the weights consumers place on various product features. In the context of the U.S. automotive market, the authors explore the potential of using trends in online searches for feature-related keywords as indicators of trends in the relative importance of the corresponding features (e.g., fuel economy, acceleration, cost to buy, cost to operate, body type). By augmenting marketing-mix data with feature search data in a market response model, they show substantial improvements in goodness-of-fit both in and out of sample. The authors find empirical support for the hypothesis that feature search trends are positively correlated with feature importance trends. They discuss how managers may make better decisions by monitoring feature search trends and leveraging those trends strategically.
The concept of hybridization and its contribution to urban ethnobiology
Authors: Ladio Ana Haydeé , Albuquerque Ulysses Paulino
Published: November 2014

Both ethnozoological and ethnobotanical studies carried out in cities mention the complexity of these cases and the need for shortcuts to aid understanding of the different social, cultural, economic and ecological processes which interact. In this work we propose and discuss a possible shortcut that could be useful in studies related to urban ethnobiology, the use of the concept of process of hybridization. Particularly, we show in the case of the study of medicinal plant use in cities that the hybridization process can be detected and described in a more complete way if we take into account some sub processes such as: fusion or juxtaposition, re-localization, recombination, restructuring, special segregation, new developments in production, circulation and consumption and simultaneous coexistence of different symbolic universes. We propose that these seven processes could be used as a quali-quantitative check list in future urban ethnobiological studies in order to visualize, contextualize and characterize hybridization more profoundly.