bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIII-27 Dietary intakes of protein and starch affect the oxidation of nutrients in tissues of Largemouth bass
Authors: Li Xinyu , Wu Guoyao
Published: December 2019

Largemouth bass (LMB, Micropterus salmoides) is a carnivorous fish. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that dietary intakes of protein and starch affect the oxidation of nutrients in the intestine, liver, skeletal muscle and kidneys of LMB. Juvenile LMB (average initial weight = 18 g) were fed, for 8 weeks, fish meal- and soy protein concentrate-based diets containing 40%, 45% and 50% crude protein. The three isocaloric diets contained 22.3%, 15.78% and 9.2% dextrinized starch, respectively. The growth performance, energy retention, and lipid retention in LMB increased (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary protein levels, but the efficiency of nitrogen retention did not differ (P > 0.05) among the three groups of fish. Rates of oxidation of 2 mM glutamate and glutamine in the intestine were reduced (P < 0.05) in response to increased dietary protein intake. This adaptive metabolic change likely helps to prevent excessive production of ATP by the gut when the dietary provision of glutamate and glutamine was increased. Increasing dietary protein intake did not affect (P > 0.05) glutamate oxidation in the liver, kidneys or skeletal muscle, or glutamine oxidation in the muscle. In contrast, the rate of glutamine oxidation was increased (P < 0.05) in the liver but decreased (P < 0.05) in the kidneys as dietary protein intake was elevated from 40% to 50%. Rates of oxidation of 5 mM glucose were reduced (P < 0.05) in the liver, kidneys and intestine, but were not altered in skeletal muscle, in response to reduced starch intake. Rates of oxidation of 2 mM palmitate were reduced (P < 0.05) in the kidneys but were not influenced (P > 0.05) in the intestine, skeletal muscle or liver. We conclude that oxidation of energy substrates in LMB tissues is regulated by dietary protein and starch intake in a tissue-specific manner.
PSIII-36 Increased viscosity enhances water intake and reduces risk of calcium oxalate stone formation in cats
Authors: Vanchina Melissa , Ogleby Blair , Jewell Dennis E
Published: December 2019

The control of liquid intake in cats is especially of interest as there is a significant risk of urinary tract stone formation due to their high urinary solute density. Calcium oxalate stone formation is not easily mitigated by dietary manipulation. This study investigated if increasing water viscosity (282 vs 2.9 centipoise; means throughout are viscous water followed by control cats) improved voluntary intake of water and calcium oxalate stone risk. Twelve cats (7 neutered males, 5 spayed females) from 3 to 8 years of age with an average weight 4.7 kg were monitored for 4 months. Each cat spent 2 months consuming viscous water and two months consuming normal water in a crossover design. Water consumption was measured through loss of weight from each pet’s water bowl with an additional bowl of the consumed viscosity placed in the room for evaporative loss measurements. A urine calcium oxalate titrimetric test (COT) was performed to evaluate the risk of calcium oxalate stone formation. In brief, the [Ca+2]/(added Oxalate-2) ratio is calculated (per liter). An increasing index value denotes samples at greater risk of calcium oxalate crystallization. The ratio represents the concentration of ionized calcium and the amount of oxalate that is added to initiate crystallization. The results showed that cats drinking viscous water had a significant increase in water consumption (79.9 vs 65.6 grams P = 0.014). There was a reduction in urine specific gravity (1.042 vs 1.052 P = 0.016), fractional excretion of calcium (0.197 vs 0.280 P = 0.036), urinary calcium concentration (49.8 vs 61.8 ppm P < 0.01) and in stone risk as measured by COT (35.5 vs 82.4 P = 0.029). In conclusion, these data show that there is an increased intake of water when cats are offered water with increased viscosity and increased viscosity was associated with an improvement in measurements of oxalate stone risk.
PSIII-25 Adipose gene expression of mature neutered male cats during the transition from a lean to an obese phenotype
Authors: Godoy Maria R C de , Mangian Heather , Mori Akihiro , Phillips Heidi , Swanson Kelly S
Published: December 2019

Obesity is the most prevalent disease in companion animals. Feline pets have access to palatable and nutrient dense foods and often live a sedentary lifestyle leading to a positive energetic balance. Obese companion cats are more predisposed to suffer from insulin resistance and diabetes. This study examined changes in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue over a 36-wk course of ad libitum feeding to provide insights into early gene regulation in metabolic pathways associated with weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. Nine neutered male cats (mean age 8 ± 0.3 yr) were fed to maintain ideal BW at baseline (wk 0), and then fed ad libitum for 36 wk. At wk 0, 12, 24, and 36, biopsies were collected from subcutaneous adipose deposits of the abdomen. RNA was isolated using a commercially available extraction kit specific for lipids (RNeasy lipid tissue mini kit, Qiagen). mRNA expression of over 40 genes encoding adipokines, transcription factors, glucose transporters, inflammatory processes, and metabolic enzymes was measured by Fluidigm multiplex qPCR. This generated a gene expression profile portraying the upregulation of genes associated with energy storage but not energy mobilization. Leptin expression was increased 20-fold as adipose mass increased. Interestingly, gene transcription for the receptors of insulin signaling (IR, IRS1, ISR2) were downregulated, even when genes leading to glucose transport (GLUT4, GPR120/FFR4) were upregulated. This relationship could show a disconnect between the quenching of insulin signaling (insulin resistance), while also fueling glucose transport early in weight gain, providing a potential focus of interest for future investigation. The gene expression of transcription factors PPARG1, PPARG2 and SREBP1c were higher in ad libitum fed cats as was lipoprotein lipase, but not hormone sensitive lipase. These findings indicate an orchestrated metabolic response to accommodate for adipogenesis and maintain lipid homeostasis due to increased calories during ad libitum feeding.
PSVIII-7 In vitro fermentation of different dietary fibers selectively changed sow gut microbiota composition
Authors: Xia Xiong , Hu Lingling , Peng Jian
Published: December 2019

In vitro fermentation experiments with modified starch 1 (MS1), modified starch 2 (MS2), guar gum (GG), xanthan gum (XG), konjac flour (KF), wheat brain (WB), and inulin (I) were conducted for 48 h to investigate the effects on gilt gut microbiota. Fecal examples were obtained from three gilts; the fermentation kinetics parameters were analysed in Logistic-Exponential (LE) model such as the final asymptotic gas volume (Vf, ml/g), initial fractional rate of degradation at t-value=0 (FDR0, h-1), fractional rate of gas production at particular time (k, h-1) and half-time to asymptote (T1/2, h). Samples were collected after fermentation for short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and 16S rDNA microbial analysis. MS1, MS2, and I had the highest Vf (P < 0.01). The k of GG and I were significant higher (P < 0.01). FDR0 of MS2, GG, and I were the lowest following KF, MS1, WB, and XG, successively (P < 0.01). T1/2 of MS1, KF, WB, and GG were lower (P < 0.01). MS1, MS2, and GG produced more acetate (P < 0.05) and total SCFAs (P < 0.01), and butyrate produced by MS2 was significant higher (P < 0.01). The microbiota composition changed dramatically after fermentation, decreasing bacteria abundance and alpha-diversity (P < 0.01). The relative abundance of phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes decreased, while phyla Spirochaetes, Proteobacteria, Kiritimatiellaeota, and Fusobacteria were selectively promoted by DF. The LEfSe analysis showed Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Aeromonadales were enriched in MS1 treatment; Clostridiales, Clostridia, and Anaerosporobacter were enriched in MS2 treatment; Bacteroidales, Bacteroidia, and Bacteroidetes were enriched in GG treatment; Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_013 were enriched in XG treatment; Lachnospiraceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Ruminiclostridium were enriched in KF treatment; Enterobacteriales, Enterobacteriaceae, and Lactobacillales, were enriched in I treatment. In conclusion, different type of DFs may play a specific role in gilt gut microbiota changing and composition.
PSVIII-1 Nutrient starvation induces autophagy and alters intestinal barrier function in IPEC-J2 cells
Authors: Li Enkai , Lu Hang , Ajuwon Kolapo
Published: December 2019

Autophagy is a cellular process of controlled degradation of damaged organelles and cytoplasmic macromolecules during stress for maintaining homeostasis. Intestinal epithelial cells are barriers against microorganisms, toxins and food antigens. Whether autophagy plays a role in regulating intestinal barrier function is unclear. The objective of this study was to characterize the role of autophagy in starvation-induced alteration of tight junction protein abundance and function in IPEC-J2 cells. Cells were nutrient starved in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (KRB) buffer for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h. Expression of genes implicated in autophagy regulation (AMPK, MDM2, p53 and DRAM) was determined by RT-PCR. The ratio of protein abundance of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-II/LC3-I) and p62, positive and negative markers of autophagy induction, respectively, was determined by western blotting. Compared with control group (0 h), the relative mRNA expression level of AMPK, MDM2, p53 and DRAM significantly decreased by an average of 52.5% (P < 0.01). Relative to 0 h, the mRNA expression of claudin 1 and claudin 4 significantly increased (108.0%) up to 6 h of starvation and then decreased (31.4%) thereafter (P < 0.01). On the contrary, abundance of claudin 1 and claudin 4 protein was downregulated (49.5%) up to 3 h of starvation and then increased (82.6%) thereafter (P < 0.01). Protein expression of claudin 3 was reduced (P < 0.01) with duration of starvation. There was no change in the protein level of occludin and ZO-1. The ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I significantly increased with duration starvation (P < 0.01), whereas p62 and phospho-AMPK levels decreased up to 6 h of starvation and then increased thereafter (P < 0.01). In summary, autophagy may be implicated in the regulation of tight junction integrity during nutrient starvation in IPEC-J2 cells.
PSVIII-6 The small intestinal responses in the determination of true digestibility and the endogenous outputs of phosphorus in corn for growing pig using the regression analysis technique
Authors: Wu Hongzhi , Yang Zeyu , Yin Xindi , Archbold Tania , Fan Wenyi , Xu Li
Published: December 2019

It is of important methodological considerations to understand how the small intestine would respond to feeding of a series of assay diets deficient in gradient levels of phosphorus (Pi) associated with corn in growing pigs by the regression analysis technique (TRAT). A total of 48 barrows, with an average initial BW 32 kg, were randomly assigned to 6 grower pig diets and were fed close to ad libitum for 10 d, with 8-d adaptation and 2-d collection fecal samples, according to a randomized complete block design. Six cornstarch-based diets, containing 6 levels of Pi at 1.3, 1.9, 2.0, 3.6, 3.4 and 4.0 g/kg DMI, were formulated from corn. The gut permeability marker of D-mannitol was fed 0.30 g/kg BW at 4 h, prior to be sacrificed for sampling. ADG and the apparent ileal DM digestibility were linearly affected (P < 0.05); however, the ADFI, feed conversion ratio, the apparent fecal DM digestibility, transcellular gut permeability and the jejunal alkaline phosphatase kinetics were not affected (P > 0.05) by the increasing dietary levels of corn inclusion. There were linear relationships (P < 0.05), expressed as g/kg DMI, between the apparent ileal and fecal digestible Pi and the total intake of dietary Pi, suggesting that true ileal and fecal Pi digestibility (33.3±4.7 vs. 52.7±3.8%); and the endogenous Pi outputs (0.37±0.12 vs. 0.60±0.09, g/kg DMI) associated with corn could be estimated by the TRAT. Our results have shown that the intestinal physiological functions were not affected in the grower pigs fed on a series of test diets that were deficient in gradient levels of multiple assay nutrients, including macro-minerals, crude protein and amino acids supplied from the testing corn, for a period of 10 d, in the determination of corn-specific true digestibility and the endogenous outputs of Pi by the TRAT.
PSVIII-13 Assessment of broiler chickens meat productivity
Authors: Aristov Alexander , Plemyashov Kirill , Bolgova Vera , Lobodin Konstantin , Esaulova Lidiya
Published: December 2019

At present, modern high-yielding crosses of broiler chickens are used to produce high-quality meat with high technological and consumer properties. To assess the meat productivity of broiler chickens grown on fodder produced in the conditions of the poultry factory at our own feed factory, a control slaughter was carried out at the age of 42 days. Analysis of the data obtained shows that with an average poultry live weight of 2000 ± 50 g, the slaughter yield of broiler chickens was 71.8 ± 0.13%. At the control slaughter, we found that the weight of the gutted carcass was 75.23%, offal 10.32%, and technical waste 14.45% (Figure 1).When studying the quantitative and qualitative composition of by-products, we found that liver accounted for 18.42%, stomachs 7.47%, heart 3.39%, neck 12.59%, legs 33.9%, heads 24.23 % by weight of offal.In the structure of technical waste feather is 24.92%, blood is 32.87%, intestine is 42.21% (Figure 3).Thus, the results of our research show that when cutting broiler chickens grown on self-made feeds under the conditions of modern poultry enterprises with a closed production cycle, gutted carcass weight is 75.23%, while legs and heads constitute the main bulk of the mass of by-products.
PSI-6 The impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on animal performance and rumen health indicators during the late finishing phase for feedlot steers
Authors: Williams Melissa S , AlZahal Ousama , Mandell Ira B , McBride Brian W
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of active dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) to the diet of steers during the late finishing phase on performance, rumen pH and mRNA expression of genes relating to barrier function and immune response. 54 steers were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to one of two treatments: control (CON; n = 27) or yeast (fed at 60B CFU/hd/d; VistaCell, AB Vista, YST; n = 24). The corn-based finisher (60% high moisture corn, 20% dried distillers grains, and 17% alfalfa haylage, DM basis) ration was fed for 55± 15.9 days until slaughter. Every 28 days, weight and ultrasound of back and rump fat depths were recorded. Three to five days before slaughter, blood was collected via jugular venipuncture for measures of circulating metabolites, serum amyloid-A, and haptoglobin. Reticulo-rumen pH was recorded using an in-dwelling probe for 4 weeks leading up to slaughter. Rumen papillae were obtained for histological measurements, and to assess mRNA expression of genes related to gut barrier function (OCLN, CLDN, ZO1, ZO2) and immune response (TLR2, TLR4, FCAR). Data were analyzed as a complete randomized block design using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS, with treatment as a fixed effect, and block as a random effect. Feeding yeast in the late finisher diet decreased dry matter intake (11.97 and 8.24 ± 0.507 kg/day for CON and YST, respectively; P < 0.001) while maintaining average daily gains (P = 0.50), therefore improving feed conversion (P < 0.001) for YST steers. No differences were found between CON and YST steers for blood metabolites, including immune response markers (P ≥ 0.13), rumen mRNA expression (P ≥ 0.07), and rumen pH (P ≥ 0.08). Yeast addition to the late finishing diet significantly improved feed conversion through the decrease in dry matter intake without impacts on carcass quality or animal performance.
PSI-2 Evaluation of feed by-products on in vitro DMD, methane production and ruminal fermentation parameters
Authors: Robinson Sidonie P , Ominski Kim , Wittenberg Karin , McGeough Emma
Published: December 2019

In-vitro batch culture assessment was used to examine DMD, ruminal fermentation parameters and CH4 production associated with a range of by-products feeds including pea hulls, pea screenings, soybean, soybean meal, wheat bran, wheat screenings, wheat DDGS, wheat corn DDGS, corn DDGS, coarse hemp powder, hemp hulls, flax screenings, nexera canola, commodity canola, sunflower screenings, quinoa and dogwood in a randomized complete block design. By-products were obtained from various locations across Manitoba at 3 monthly timepoints to account for sample variability. By-products (0.5g DM) were weighed individually into jars and incubated at 39°C in jars containing buffered medium and rumen fluid for 48 hrs. Gas samples were collected at 3,6,9,12,18,24,36 and 48 hr and CH4, DM disappearance, pH, VFA and ammonia concentrations were measured. Data were analysed using the MIXED procedure of SAS including treatment as a fixed effect and run, block, month and location as random effects. Methane output was regressed on CP and NDF to determine the effect of these constituents. Treatment had a significant effect (P < 0.0001) on CH4 (ml/g DMD) produced, with dogwood having the lowest cumulative CH4 (11.13 ml/g DMD) compared to all other treatments. Methane (ml/g DMD) decreased (P < 0.0005) as pH decreased. An inverse relationship between protein and CH4 was apparent, which explained 31% (R2= 0.31) of the CH4 (ml/g DMD) produced. Further, NDF (%) had a significant effect (P < 0.0001) on CH4 and explained 25% (R2=0.25) of the CH4 (ml/g DMD) produced. Overall, by-products higher in crude protein and lower in NDF produced lower (P < 0.001) CH4 ml/g DMD. Although the addition of dogwood to cattle diets is novel, it does show potential CH4 mitigation potential using in vitro assessment.
PSI-4 Effect of rumen protected capsaicin on dry matter intake, average daily gain, and carcass characteristics in finishing beef cattle
Authors: Eidsvik John C , McKinnon John J , Fernandez Diego Moya , Blanchard Alexandra
Published: December 2019

The objective was to evaluate growth performance and carcass characteristics for feedlot cattle fed two sources of rumen protected capsaicin at two dose rates. A total of 450 steers, stratified by BW, were assigned into 30 pens. Pens were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 5 treatments containing (DM basis) of 86.2% barley grain, 6.0% barley silage, 6.2% canola meal, and 1.6% vitamin and mineral supplement. Treatments contained no additive (CON) or included a low or high dose of Nexulin (100 mg/d for NEXLO and 330 mg/d for NEXHI) or CapsXL (77 mg/d CAPLO or 250 mg/d for CAPHI). Steers averaged 507 kg BW at the start of the study and 686 kg at the end of the study (69 days on feed) with no differences among treatments (P > 0.28). Dry matter intake, ADG, gain:feed, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, and rib-eye area were not affected by treatment (P > 0.33). Steers fed CAPLO and NEXLO tended (P = 0.07) to have lesser marbling scores than CON, CAPHI and NEXHI. The proportion of steers in Canadian yield grades 1 and 2 did not differ among treatments, while those in yield grade 3 were greater (P = 0.03) in NEXLO (29%) than the CON (10.0%) and NEXHI (12.2%) treatments, with those fed CAPLO (20%) and CAPHI (19%) being intermediate but not different. Treatment did not affect the proportion of steers in quality grades B4, A, or prime, but tended to increase the proportion of steers grading AAA (P = 0.08) and decrease the proportion grading AA (P = 0.06). Overall, the data from this experiment suggest the potential for capsaicin to affect carcass yield grade, marbling score and quality grades without affecting DMI, ADG, or dressing percentage.
PSI-12 Effect of a carbohydrase mixture on apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in dry extruded-expelled soybean meal fed to growing pigs
Authors: Song Jichen , Aljuobori Ahmed , Nyachoti C Martin , Mejicanos Gustavo A
Published: December 2019

Heat treatment could effectively decrease the antinutritional factors in soybean during meal processing. One such progress is the combination of extrusion with expelling, which produces the dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM), and there is a great interest in exploring its utilization as a dietary ingredient for swine. Thus, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW = 30 ± 1.3 kg) were used to determine the ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility of DESBM fed to growing pigs with or without multi-carbohydrase (MC) supplementation. Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design to give eight observations per treatment. The experimental diets were formulated to contain one of the two batches of DESBM (DESBM-1 and DESBM-2) as the sole source of protein. All diets contained titanium dioxide (0.3%) as an indigestible marker to calculate nutrient digestibility. Each experimental period lasted for seven days, and ileal digesta samples were collected on d 6 and d 7. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA were calculated using published mean values to estimate ileal endogenous AA losses. Data were analyzed using the mixed model procedures of SAS, and the final model had treatment, batch, and the interaction between treatment and batch as the main effects. In general, the SID of AA in DESBM-1 and DESBM-2 were not different, such as Ile, Lys, Met, Thr, and Val, which averaged 88.97%, 89.77%, 89.08%, 84.38%, and 86.85% respectively. There were no effects of MC supplementation on AID and SID of AA digestibility in DESBM except for the AID of Trp (P < 0.05). Also, there were no interaction effects of MC supplementation and batch on AA digestibility in DESBM. In conclusion, enzyme supplementation did not improve the AID and SID of AA in DESBM fed to growing pigs.
PSV-42 Investigations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and strategies of their decrease in smoked meat products
Authors: Kulikovskii Andrey , Gorlov Ivan , Slozhenkina Marina , Kuznetsova Oksana , Utyanov Dmitriy
Published: December 2019

Analysis of PAHs was performed by HPLC Ultimate 3000 (Dionex) with fluorescent detector RF200. Analysis of esters and phenols was carried out using a GH-MS 7890A with 5975C VL MSD (Agilent Technologies). It was found that in the fume smoked meat products without casing the summary 15 PAHs content was 25% higher than in products produced in natural (gut) and artificial (protein and fibrouse) casings independent of the type of smoking. The least permeable for carcinogenic substances was the fibrouse casing. The fibrous casing is capable of reducing PAH in the product by up to 40% compared to natural. The duration of smoking also influenced the PAHs quantitative content. In raw smoked meat products in a natural casing the PAHs content was 30% higher than in semi-smoked sausages also produced in a natural casing. Analysis of the PAHs quantitative content in meat produce a showed that 8 PAHs namely benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, chrysene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, indene[1,2,3-с,d]pyrene were most frequently detected. The summary percent content of 8 above listed PAHs was on the average more than 75% of total PAHs amount. It is possible to achieve the PAHs content reduction in several ways. One of them is the reduction of fat content in the formulation of smoked products. PAHs content reduction is not associated with the reduction of phenolic substances, which are responsible for taste and aroma of smoked products. An increase in temperature from 450°C to 700°C leads to an increase in the amount of PAHs by 200–300%. The PAHs quantitative content grew in direct proportion as the smoke generation temperature and the CO and CO2 concentrations were increasing and in inverse proportion to the oxygen concentration. The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 15-16-10000.
PSVII-12 Effect of planting method on forage production of annual ryegrass and stocker performance
Authors: Scaglia Guillermo
Published: December 2019

Different planting methods are alternatives for early grazing and/or extend the grazing season of winter pastures. The objective was to evaluate different planting methods on forage and animal performance. In three consecutive years, ryegrass cv. ‘Marshall’ was conventionally planted (33 kg seed/ha), and no-till and broadcast planted on a bermudagrass stand on nine 1.33 ha pastures (3 replicates/treatment). Urea was split applied at a rate of 40 units of N/ha on d 40 after planting and on d 40 after grazing started. Each pasture was continually stocked with five steers (245 ± 12 kg initial BW). Grazing started when ryegrass was at least 25 cm tall and 1,600 kg DM/ha. In the conventional planted pastures, steers were moved out (to a ryegrass pasture) when ground was too soft, returning to experimental pastures when grazing conditions were appropriate. Forage production was greater (P < 0.05) for conventional and no-till (2,800 and 2,389 kg DM/ha) than for broadcast pastures (1,770 kg DM/ha). Planting method and yr affected (P < 0.03) start of grazing. Conventional and no-till planting started 51 and 49 d earlier than broadcasted. In 2 yr, rainfall delayed by 17 d the start of grazing in the conventional planted pastures. Grazing days was greater (P < 0.01) for no-till (95 d) than conventional and broadcast planting (61 and 49 d, respectively). While on experimental pastures, ADG was similar (P = 0.08) between treatments. Due to the difference in grazing days, production per ha was greater (P < 0.01) for no-till (450 kg/ha) than for broadcast and conventional (199 and 241 kg/ha, respectively). No-tilled pastures offered better grazing environment while broadcast pastures had the disadvantages of slow germination and less forage production. Greater number of grazing days on no-tilled pastures allowed for better animal performance and dilution of input costs.
PSVIII-18 Dietary supplementation with trihexanoin enhances intestinal function of weaned piglets
Authors: Wu Tao
Published: December 2019

Trihexanoin is a short-chain triglyceride (SCT). Many studies have reported that SCTs play important roles in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial structure and function. The present work was to investigate the effects of trihexanoin on growth performance, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, as well as intestinal morphology and function in weaned piglets. Twenty weaned piglets (21 ± 2 d) were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups: the control group (basal diet supplemented with 0.5% soya oil); the TH group (basal diet supplemented with 0.5% trihexanoin). Dietary trihexanoin supplementation significantly reduced diarrhea rate (P < 0.05); increased the concentrations of LDL, HDL and total protein, decreased cholesterol concentrations (CHOL) and glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity in plasma (P < 0.05); increased villus height, surface area, and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (P < 0.05); altered the mRNA levels and abundances of proteins related to glycogen and fat metabolism (gene LIPE, LPL, PPARG, ACACA, FASN, SLC27A2, INSR, PCK1 and ASS1), mucosal barrier function (protein claudin-1, and occludin), antioxidant capacity (protein HSP70 and gene Nrf2, NOX2 and GSTO2) and water transport capacity (protein AQP3 and gene AQP8 and AQP10) (P < 0.05); altered the gene abundance of intestinal bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, Clostridium, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of trihexanoin improved the intestinal function and health of weaned piglets by regulating nutrient metabolism, improving intestinal function of mucosal barrier, transport, absorption and antioxidant, and altering the community of microbiota.
PSVIII-3 Maternal nutrient restriction during mid-to-late gestation alters adipogenic gene expression in subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissue of fetal beef cattle offspring
Authors: Reid Dana , Ellison Lauren , Yankey Kalisha , Lemley Caleb O , Burnett Derris
Published: December 2019

Proper maternal nutrition during gestation is an important determinant of fetal and long-term developmental programming. Transcriptional networks involved in economically important processes such as adipogenesis and overall growth of the offspring are particularly susceptible to developmental perturbations and programming. Low quality forages or insufficient maternal nutrient supplementation during gestation are scenarios that can negatively affect fetal growth and development by altering the regulation of these networks. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of maternal nutrient restriction during mid-to-late gestation on mRNA expression of genes involved in growth and adipogenesis in fetal back fat (BF), and perirenal adipose tissue (PR). A total of six multiparous, commercial cows were equally divided into one of two dietary treatments: Control (CON; fed 100% of NRC recommendations) vs. Restricted Feed (RES; fed 60% of NRC recommendations) from 140 to 240 days of gestation. The animals were euthanized on day 240 of gestation for fetal tissue collection and qPCR analysis using TaqMan® gene expression assays. Relative mRNA quantification was determined using the Delta-Delta Ct method. Differences between Least Square Means were compared using the PDIFF option of the MIXED procedure of SAS (9.4). PPARg expression was increased (P = 0.009) in BF tissue in the RES group compared to the CON group. IGF-1 expression tended to increase (P = 0.076), and IGF-1R expression tended to decrease (P = 0.055) in fetal BF. In PR tissue, CEBPA and IGF-1 expression decreased (P ≤ 0.043) in RES compared to CON. These findings suggest that as a result of a compromised fetal environment, the PR and BF depots are differentially regulated in a manner that may persist into postnatal life and warrants further investigation.
PSVIII-9 An aggressive implant program altered USDA yield and quality grade of long-fed Jersey steer carcasses
Authors: Pillmore Sierra L , Kirkpatrick Tylo J , Cooper Kimberly , Tennant Travis , Lawrence Ty
Published: December 2019

Jersey steers are known for superior marbling, however, due to the late-maturing nature of the breed, require prolonged feeding to reach market weight. This, together with light muscling and excess internal fat, makes Jerseys financially unattractive to the cattle feeding industry. Growth promoting implants, however, may alter nutrient partitioning away from fat accretion toward lean muscle development. We hypothesized that a repeated implant program of Revalor-200 (200mg trenbolone acetate/20mg estradiol) would improve the growth efficiency of Jersey steers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an aggressive implant program on USDA quality (QG) and yield grade (YG). Jersey steers (n = 27) were fed for 420 d and randomly assigned to one of two treatments: no implant (CON) or administration of Revalor-200 every 70 days throughout the feeding period (IMP). Steers were slaughtered on day 421 and chilled carcasses were graded. Results were analyzed using an independent t-test. An 11% increase (P = 0.01) in HCW occurred for IMP over CON steers. No differences (P ≥ 0.31) were detected in 12th rib fat depth, or LM area per 100 kg of live weight. However, LM area was 10.3 cm2 (P = 0.03) larger and KPH weighed 4.68 kg (2.5%) less (P < 0.01) in IMP vs. CON steers, resulting in a decreased (P < 0.01) USDA YG of 2.97 in IMP steers vs 3.75 in CON steers. Skeletal maturity was not affected (P = 0.12) by implant program. Aggressive implanting caused lean maturity to increase slightly within the A maturity classification (P = 0.02; A73 vs A96) but sharply decreased marbling score (P < 0.01; Moderate80 vs Small20). In summary, repeatedly implanting long-fed Jersey steers may improve carcass cutability; however, it appears to be detrimental to carcass quality grade.
PSXIV-31 Effects of bovine maternal nutrient restriction on offspring microRNA and messengerRNA expression and muscle fiber type
Authors: Ineck Nikole E , Rood Kerry , Legako Jerrad F , Quarnberg Shelby , Christensen Rachael
Published: December 2019

Cows nutritionally restricted during mid-gestation produce calves with differential fat and muscle deposition when compared to calves from non-restricted cows. However, little is currently known about effects these changes have on post-natal skeletal growth. We investigated whether calves from cows restricted in the second trimester had different expression of microRNA (miR), messengerRNA, and muscle fiber type when compared to calves from non-restricted dams. Cows were bred by the same sire, stratified by body weight (P = 0.80) and allocated to one of two treatments: maintenance (n = 16) or restricted (n = 18). Restricted cows received lower forage biomass (1662 kg/ha, dry matter (DM)) compared to maintenance (2309 kg/ha, DM). Restricted cows had mean BCS 1.55 lower (P = 0.001) than maintenance cows and weight difference of 188 kg (P = 0.024). After the second trimester, all cows and calves were treated similarly. Skeletal muscle biopsies were collected from calves at weaning, beginning of the feedlot, and harvest. Offspring from restricted cows expressed more (P < 0.05) miR-133a, -133b, -181d, -214, -424 and -486 in the biceps femoris (BF) at the beginning of the feedlot when compared to maintenance offspring. At harvest, offspring from restricted cows expressed more (P < 0.05) miR-133a and less (P < 0.01) miR-486 in the longissimus lumborum (LD) than offspring from maintenance cows. There was no change (P ≥ 0.27) in expression of Pax3, Pax7, Cdc25A, MamL1, Ezh2, and IGF-1R between offspring from the two treatment groups in the BF at the beginning of the feedlot or the LD at harvest. Expression was not different (P ≥ 0.14) in myosin heavy chain isoforms MHC-1, -2a, and -2x between offspring from maintenance and restricted in the BF at the beginning of the feedlot or the LD at harvest. These data provide novel insight into the molecular mechanism through which nutrient restriction in the second trimester alters fat and muscle deposition in the offspring.
PSVII-13 Effects of corn supplementation on muscle microRNA profiles within horses
Authors: Carver Clarissa M , Hess Tanja , Bruemmer Jason , Coleman Stephen , Landolt Gabriele
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of corn supplementation on muscle microRNA (miRNA) profiles. Twelve mares were blocked by weight and BCS and assigned to one of two treatments (6 hd/treatment): 1) control, (basal diet: 9 Kg/hd/d of chopped mixed grass hay and ad libitum mixed grass hay), 2) basal diet supplemented with 454 g/d steam flaked corn individually using feed bags. All mares were placed on the basal diet and in the same pen 14 days prior to the beginning of corn supplementation. Mares were weighed and BCS on d -7 and 28. Muscle biopsies of the gluteus medius were taken from all horses on d0 and d26. Muscle samples were analyzed using real time RT-qPCR for 277 endogenous miRNAs. Raw CT values were normalized with the geometric mean of three consistently appearing endogenous miRNAs. Sixteen miRNAs that consistently appeared in at least 8 horses including 3 relating to metabolic disorders appearing at d0, d26, or both were analyzed. Differential abundances of miRNAs using log transformed fold change and differences between BW and BCS of treatment groups were determined by ANOVA and LS means analysis. There was no difference between BW (P < .05) and BCS (P < .05) between the two treatment groups. Feeding corn lead to higher quantities (P < .05) of mir 133a, 1515p, 6155p, 770, and 99b within muscle compared to control group. Lower quantities of mir 382 and 433 were found within muscle of horses fed corn compared to the control group (P < .05). Based upon the results of this study corn supplementation appears to influence endogenous miRNA expression profiles within muscle of horses.
PSVII-23 Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region for excavated horse bones at the Asian archaeological sites
Authors: Cha Jihye , Ko Haesu , Choi Bong-Hwan , Jang Gulwon , Lim Dajeong , Park Jong-Eun , Chae Han-Hwa , Park Won-Chul , Cho Chang-yeon
Published: December 2019

Horses have played a significant role in the development of human society. As an important domestic animal, horses have been used for transport, labor, food and recreation. It is widely accepted that the horse was probably first domesticated on the Eurasian steppes from Ukraine to Turkestan between the fifth and fourth millennium BC, and the earliest domesticated horses subsequently spread out from their original range. However, we currently have little genetic evidence to demonstrate whether Korean domestic horse breeds originated in Korea or if it came into the area via an ancient migration route. In the present study, to obtain more knowledge of the origin and genetic diversity of Korean domestic horses, we analyzed seventeen 247-bp mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop sequences of ancient horse bones excavated from seven archaeological sites located in the southern Korean Peninsula and Mongolia, aged between the fifth century B.C and nineteenth century A.D. The seventeen ancient horses revealed 9 variable positions when compared with the reference sequence (GenBank X79547). All the substitutions were transitions, and defined a total of 11 unique haplotypes with the haplotype diversity value of 0.9118±0.056. Among the 11 haplotypes, 3 haplotypes were detected more than once and were thus shared by individuals from the same or close archaeological sites. The largest haplotype consisted of 5 individuals, with another two haplotypes containing 2 individuals respectively, and eight haplotypes were singletons. The data indicate an abundant genetic diversity of the Korean ancient horses, and also suggest that the origin of Korean domestic horses is complex, and several maternal lines were introduced into the gene pool of Korean horses after their initial domestication.
PSVII-38 Increased activity in horses following reapplication of shoes
Authors: Groux Rosemary , Whitlock Brian , Krawczel Peter D , Lee Amanda , Daniel Jay A
Published: December 2019

Despite shoeing being a common practice, the impact of shoeing on horse behavior has not been widely studied. To examine the impact of reapplication of shoes to previously shod horses on horse activity, seven light horse geldings (3 to 21 year old Quarter Horse, Dutch Warmblood, or Thoroughbred) were fitted with three axis accelerometers (IceTag, Ice Robotics, Edinburgh, Scotland) on the left rear leg. Horses were maintained on pasture except for approximately 1 hour morning and evening for feeding. Boots were placed under the accelerometer, and boots and accelerometers were removed once daily for approximately one hour while the horses were stalled for am feeding to examine the horses’ leg and to allow exposure to air to dry. After seven days, horses were treated by either having shoes removed, feet trimmed, and new shoes fitted (reapplication; n = 3) or being handled by the farrier but not trimmed or fitted with new shoes (sham; n = 4). Horse activity was then monitored for 6 d. Steps per hour were tested for effects of treatment, time (before or after treatment), and interaction of treatment by time using procedures for repeated measures with JMP Software (version 7, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Means separation was performed using Student’s t test if appropriate. There was a treatment by time interaction (P = 0.0109), such that after treatment, reapplication horses took more steps than sham horses (150 ± 20 vs 117 ± 18 steps per hour, respectively). However, both groups took fewer steps after treatment than before (124 ± 13 vs 157 ± 13 steps per hour, respectively; P < 0.0001). These results indicate horses with reapplication of shoes move more than horses which did not experience reapplication of shoes, possibly indicated the horses with reapplication of shoes experienced more comfort in movement.
PSI-B-41 Late-Breaking: Effect of age, sex, reproductive status, body composition, and environmental temperature on the basal metabolic rate of working Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Varney Jessica L , Fowler Jason W , Weil Jordan T , Watson Charlene F , Boggess Mary Ann , Coon Craig N
Published: December 2019

As the pet industry continues to grow, understanding the needs of different demographics of canines is becoming increasingly important to ensure optimal nutrition. Energy requirements have been shown to vary based on individual factors, but few trials using many dogs under the same controls exist. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of age, sex, reproductive status, body composition, and environmental temperature on the BMR of Labrador Retrievers (Labs). An open-circuit indirect calorimetry machine attached to a chamber was used to determine resting BMR in 96 Labs. Body composition in 33 Labs of varying age was determined using DXA scans to determine effect of lean/fat mass on BMR. Cooling and heating implements were applied to the chamber to determine temperature effect on BMR. Each of the following demographics were compared using a mixed model: male, female, intact, altered, young (6mo-2yo), adult (3-6yo), and senior (7yo+). Mean BMR for all dogs was 130 (27) kcal/kg0.75. Males were significantly higher at 136 (28) kcal/kg0.75 than females at 125 (25) kcal/kg0.75 (P = 0.045). Intact Labs were significantly higher at 121 (3) kcal/kg0.75 compared to altered Labs at 109 (25) kcal/kg0.75 (P < 0.001). Young and adult Labs had BMRs of 136 (19) kcal/kg0.75 and 135 (29) kcal/kg0.75, respectively, which was significantly higher than seniors at 120 (26) kcal/kg0.75. Body composition comparisons showed significant negative linear relationships between BMR and fat mass (P < 0.001) and positive linear relationships between BMR and lean mass (P < 0.001). BMR was found to have a negative linear relationship (R2=0.51) from cool to warm temperatures but was elevated at both cold (< 5°C) and hot (>35°C) temperatures (P < 0.001). The determination of energy requirements found in this study prove useful as the pet industry develops diets specific to the needs of different demographics of canines.
PSIV-B-27 Late-Breaking: Effects of grazing management and nitrogen fertilization on Marandu palisade grass production in silvopastoral systems
Authors: Paschoaloto Josimari R , Andrade José Charlis Alves , Santos Marcia Vitoria , Silva Leandro Diego da , Cruz Priscila Junia Rodrigues da , Silveira Raul ribeiro , Andrade Brenda Fernanda de Souza , Silva Alex Marciano dos Santos , Martins Cézar Augusto , Costa João Pedro Rodrigues
Published: December 2019

Integrated systems have been gaining prominence in recent years, especially the crop-livestock-forestry, which, in addition to being an alternative income per area, increase fertility and organic matter content in the soil, and protect animals against weather conditions. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the management of pastures under such conditions. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the grazing management and nitrogen fertilization in Marandu palisade grass consorted with Eucalyptus to obtain the greater of forage production. The experimental design was a randomized block, arranged in split-plot, the plots were composed of two eucalyptus spacing (12 x 2 or 12 x 3) and Marandu monoculture, the subplots were composed of the nitrogen fertilization rate (0, 100, 200 kg N/ha using ammonium sulfate). The higher DM accumulation rate was observed at 200 kg N ha-1 (69.29 kg DM ha-1 day), while there was no difference between the treatments without fertilization and 100 kg N ha-1 (P > 0.001). DM accumulation rate increased by 30.01% when fertilization increased from 100 kg N ha-1 to 200 kg N ha-1. Marandu palisade grass with 200 kg N ha-1 showed the highest production (28.82 t ha-1) independent of spacing. In the silvopastoral system, the greater accumulation of forage was observed when handled with 80% of the light interception (LI), corresponding to a height of 67 cm. Therefore, we conclude that Marandu grass in a silvopastoral system, without N fertilization, should be managed with a pre-grazing height of 60 cm and 73% LI. Marandu grass in a silvopastoral system, with 100 kg N ha-1 fertilization, should be managed with a height of 68 cm and 84% LI, and, with 200 kg N ha-1, should be managed at 80% of LI for the greater pasture utilization and development.
PSIV-B-28 Late-Breaking: Performance and carcass quality of Nelore bull’s progenies with contrasting traits for precocity, growth and muscularity
Authors: Martins Taiane S , Silva Juliana , Mueller Lenise , Amorim Tamyres , Lobo Annelise Aila G , Buarque Vicente , Goméz Juan , Cônsolo Nara , Ferrinho Adrielle D , Muñoz Julian A , Moura Gabriella , Gemelli Jessica , Garbossa Pollyana , Costa Mariana , Zambianco Talles D , Silva Larissa , Mançanares Leonardo , Franckin Vinicius , Modesto Raquel , Sant’Ana Tainara , Ronchi Michel , Ramos Vinicius , Dibo Pedro V , Penã-Bermúdez Yuli A , Silva Saulo L , Baldi Fernando , Pereira Angelica
Published: December 2019

The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance and the carcass traits of Nelore cattle progenies from bulls selected by contrasting traits for precocity, growth and muscularity, through the Expected Progeny Difference (EPD). One hundred and five Nelore bulls (initial weight of 350kg±15kg) and 20 months of age were confined and fed with same diet (73% of concentrate). Thirty-two animals were selected to create the contrasting groups for precocity, growth and muscularity (16 animals assigned as a low EPD group - LEPD and 16 animals assigned as a high EPD group - HEPD), based on the EPD of their parents. The ribeye area and backfat thickness were performed by ultrasonography of 12–13th rib fat thickness and longissimus muscle area (LMA), as well as rump fat thickness (RF) measurements. Animals were harvested after 100 days and during the deboning, meat cuts were weight for cutting yield. The animals selected for the HEPD group had greater average daily gain (P = 0.006), which can be explained by the higher feed intake (P = 0.006). However, there are no difference between groups for the final body weight (P = 0.254) and feed efficiency (P = 0.715). The LEPD group presented higher dressing percentage (P = 0.028). Although the groups evaluated did not presented difference in LMA (P = 0.329) and weight of longissimus muscle (P = 0.480), the weight of rump displayed heaviest in the HEPD (P = 0.037). There was no difference between groups for RF (P = 0.086). Nevertheless, backfat thickness was higher in HEPD group (P = 0.006). The present study indicates that Nelore cattle progenies, with parents displaying higher potential for precocity, growth, and muscularity, show greater backfat thickness and weightiest of rump than the other genetic backgrounds. Thanks to FAPESP for the scholarship (Grant # 2017/02349–1).