Experience in Treatment for Injured of the Chernobyl Accident in a Specialized Hospital
Authors:   State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation, Samoylov A.S. , Bushmanov A.Yu. ,   State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation, Galstyan I.A. ,   State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation, Metlyaeva N.A. ,   State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation, Konchalovskiy M.V. ,   State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation, Torubarov F.S. ,   State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation, Yunanova L.A. ,   State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
Published: October 2024

Summary. The purpose of the study is to analyze and summarize the experience of treating those affected by a radiation accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (Chernobyl nuclear power plant) in a specialized hospital. Materials and research methods. The research materials are documented experience in organizing treatment and treating those injured in the Chernobyl accident with acute radiation injury. Research methods – analytical method and method of generalization. The results of the study and their analysis. 129 patients were sent to a specialized hospital in Moscow in the first two days, 84 of which were diagnosed with acute radiation disease (OLB) II-IV Art. severity. As the main diagnostic criteria for the early diagnosis of patients used: the timing and severity of the primary general and local (leather) reaction, the severity of lymphopenia and neutrophilic leukocytosis and other criteria. The main directions of early treatment of the affected were: – prevention and treatment of infectious complications; – detoxification therapy; – correction of water-electrolyte metabolism, parenteral nutrition in connection with common burns, oropharyngeal syndrome, intestinal syndrome, etc.; – pre-transplantation: HLA-typification of patients, the selection of donors, the actual transplantation of bone marrow from the donors of relatives and cells of the embryonic human liver (in the absence of donors) affected with irreversible damage to the bone marrow; – replacing therapy with blood cells. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were made: – the complex of medical measures was highly effective; – there were practically no fatal outcomes due only to infection in patients with bone marrow, even severe and extremely severe, form of OLB, not complicated by burns, radial enteritis or acute secondary disease due to bone marrow transplantation; – none of the patients died from hemorrhagic syndrome, most had no signs of bleeding even with deep and prolonged thrombocytopenia (> 2–4 weeks); – the successful treatment of those affected in the Chernobyl accident was prepared by many years of experience in the work of the Clinical Division of Radiation Medicine of the Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Ministry of Health – State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency for the treatment of those affected in other radiation accidents.