bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of 5‐Phenyl‐2‐[2‐(1‐piperidinylcarbonyl)phenyl]‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrolo [1,2‐c]imidazol‐1‐ones: A New Class of Neuropeptide S Antagonists.
Authors: Micheli Fabrizio , et al. et al.
Published: March 2011

Among a variety of the title compounds the derivative (I) is a promising low molecular weight, non peptidic hNPSR antagonist which represents a new lead compound in the NPS antagonist field.
ChemInform Abstract: Manganese‐Containing Porous Silicates: Synthesis, Structural Properties and Catalytic Applications
Authors: Tusar Natasa Novak , Jank Sigrun , Glaeser Roger
Published: March 2011

Review: 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Liu Ran , Duay Jonathon , Lee Sang Bok
Published: March 2011

Review: 151 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Monomeric and Dimeric Erbium(III) Complexes. Crystal Structure and Photoluminescence Studies
Authors: Kusrini Eny , Saleh Muhammad I. , Usman Anwar
Published: March 2011

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Analogues with Low‐Valent Group 13 and Group 14 Elements: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactivities of a New Generation of Multitalented Ligands
Authors: Asay Matthew , Jones Cameron , Driess Matthias
Published: March 2011

Review: 470 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Norcaradiene—Cycloheptatriene Equilibrium
Authors: McNamara Orla A. , Maguire Anita R.
Published: March 2011

Review: 216 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembly of Amphiphilic Calixarenes and Resorcinarenes in Water
Authors: Helttunen Kaisa , Shahgaldian Patrick
Published: March 2011

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Reactions Involving Transfer Hydrogenation, Addition, N‐Heterocyclization, and Alkylation Using Alcohols and Diols as Key Substrates
Authors: Obora Yasushi , Ishii Yasutaka
Published: March 2011

Review: 126 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Atom Efficient Catalytic Reactions Utilizing Water and Alcohols as Reagents
Authors: Hamasaki Akiyuki , Yamamoto Eiji , Itoh Hisashi , Tokunaga Makoto
Published: March 2011

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Evolutions in the Nucleophilic Addition to Alkynes
Authors: Xu Bo , Wang Weibo , Liu Le‐Ping , Han Junbin , Jin Zhuang , Hammond Gerald B.
Published: March 2011

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen—Transfer Oxidation Using Iridium Amide Complex and Their Application to Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Suzuki Takeyuki
Published: March 2011

Review: ca. 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry and Biology of Organic Guanidine Derivatives
Authors: Berlinck Roberto G. S. , Burtoloso Antonio Carlos B. , Trindade‐Silva Amaro E. , Romminger Stelamar , Morais Raquel P. , Bandeira Karin , Mizuno Carolina M.
Published: March 2011

Review: 293 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Stemona Alkaloids: An Update
Authors: Pilli Ronaldo Aloise , Rosso Giovanni Bernardi , de Oliveira Marid da Conceicao Ferreira
Published: March 2011

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Catalytic Conversion of Cellulose
Authors: Van de Vyver Stijn , Geboers Jan , Jacobs Pierre A. , Sels Bert F.
Published: March 2011

Review: ca. 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Methodology for the Direct Oxyamination of Olefins.
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Callens Cedric K. A. , Flores Aida , Lacy Adam R. , Rathi Akshat H.
Published: March 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Samarium Diiodide‐Promoted Reductive Carbon—Nitrogen Bond Cleavage Reaction of α‐Amino Carbonyl Compounds: Application to the Synthesis of Biologically Active Alkaloids
Authors: Honda Toshio
Published: March 2011

Review: 252 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Amide Synthesis Directly from Alcohols with Amines
Authors: Chen Cheng , Hong Soon Hyeok
Published: March 2011

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: UV‐Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Unhindered Germylenes and Carbon‐Arsenic Multiple‐Bonded Species
Authors: Chrostowska Anna , Dargelos Alain , Graciaa Alain
Published: March 2011

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Bioorganometallic Chemistry Overview: From Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Metabolism of Organotin Compounds to Organorhodium‐Hydroxytamoxifen Complexes with Potential Anticancer Properties; a 37 Year Perspective at the Interface of Organometallic Chemistry and Biology
Authors: Fish Richard H.
Published: March 2011

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Gene Delivery System into Skeletal Muscles by Bubble Liposomes and Ultrasound
Authors: Negishi Yoichi , Endo‐Takahashi Yoko , Suzuki Ryo , Maruyama Kazuo , Aramaki Yukihiko
Published: March 2011

Review: 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Laboratory Evolution of Stereoselective Enzymes: A Prolific Source of Catalysts for Asymmetric Reactions
Authors: Reetz Manfred T.
Published: March 2011

Review: 327 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organotin Compounds in Corrosion Inhibition
Authors: Singh Rajeev , Chaudhary Pratibha , Kaushik N. K.
Published: March 2011

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Amorphous Solids
Authors: Taylor Lynne S. , Shamblin Sheri L.
Published: March 2011

Review: 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Directional Weak Intermolecular Interactions: σ‐Hole Bonding
Authors: Murray Jane S. , Riley Kevin E. , Politzer Peter , Clark Timothy
Published: March 2011

Review: [85 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanism(s) of SWI/SNF‐Induced Nucleosome Mobilization
Authors: Liu Ning , Balliano Angela , Hayes Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2011

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reporters in the Nanoworld: Diffusion of Single Molecules in Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Michaelis Jens , Braeuchle Christoph
Published: March 2011

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hard and Soft X‐Ray Microscopy and Tomography in Catalysis: Bridging the Different Time and Length Scales
Authors: Grunwaldt Jan‐Dierk , Schroer Christian G.
Published: March 2011

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Role of Synchrotron Radiation in Examining the Self‐Assembly of Crystalline Nanoporous Framework Materials: From Zeolites and Aluminophosphates to Metal Organic Hybrids
Authors: O'Brien Matthew G. , Beale Andrew M. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: March 2011

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Single‐Molecule, Single‐Particle Fluorescence Imaging of TiO2‐Based Photocatalytic Reactions
Authors: Tachikawa Takashi , Majima Tetsuro
Published: March 2011

Review: 189 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Combining Synchrotron‐Based X‐Ray Techniques with Vibrational Spectroscopies for the in situ Study of Heterogeneous Catalysts: A View from a Bridge
Authors: Newton Mark A. , van Beek Wouter
Published: March 2011

Review: 83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopies: Useful Tools to Understand Metallorganic Frameworks Structure and Reactivity
Authors: Bordiga Silvia , Bonino Francesca , Lillerud Karl Petter , Lamberti Carlo
Published: March 2011

Review: 339 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Analysing and Understanding the Active Site by IR Spectroscopy
Authors: Vimont Alexandre , Thibault‐Starzyk Frederic , Daturi Marco
Published: March 2011

Review: 138 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Impact of in situ MAS NMR Techniques to the Understanding of the Mechanisms of Zeolite Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Ivanova Irina I. , Kolyagin Yuriy G.
Published: March 2011

Review: ca. 250 refs.
The effect of off‐wall clearance of a side‐entering impeller on the mixing of pulp suspensions in a cylindrical stock chest
Authors: Bhole Manish R. , Hui Leo K. , Gomez Clara , Bennington Chad P. J. , Dumont Guy A.
Published: March 2011

For a side‐entering impeller of diameter D, the clearance from the off‐wall (E) is characterised by E/D and it affects the mixing quality attained in a pulp stock chest. For agitation of pulp suspensions, mixing can be characterised by the size of cavern produced by the impeller. In this work, we have investigated cavern size as a function of the impeller off‐wall clearance in a laboratory‐scale cylindrical stock chest. Hardwood pulp suspensions of Cm = 2%, 3%, and 4% (fibre mass concentration) were agitated using an axial flow impeller with E/D varied from 0.14 to 0.68. Cavern size was measured using electrical resistance tomography (ERT) in batch operation and dynamic mixing tests in continuous operation, with cavern size increasing with increasing E/D. At E/D = 0.14, throttling of the impeller suction occurred which reduced cavern size. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations for steady state operation under‐predicted the cavern size, but correctly captured the trend in cavern size variation with E/D. The measured cavern volumes compared well with predictions of an axial force model that accounted for interaction between the cavern and the vessel walls only when impeller throttling was absent.
Synthesis and Investigations on the Oxidative Degradation of C3/C5‐Alkyl‐1,2,4‐triarylpyrroles as Ligands for the Estrogen Receptor
Authors: Schäfer Anja , Wellner Anja , Gust Ronald
Published: March 2011

In this study, we synthesized 1,2,4‐triarylpyrroles as ligands for the estrogen receptor (ER). Two pyrrole series were prepared with either C3‐alkyl or C3/C5‐dialkyl residues. Compounds from both series were susceptible to oxidative degradation—dialkylated compounds (t1/2=33–66 h) to a higher extent than their monoalkylated congeners (t1/2=140–211 h). Nevertheless, stability was sufficient for determination of in vitro ER binding affinity. The most active agonist in hormone‐dependent, ERα‐positive MCF‐7/2a and U2‐OS/α cells was 1,2,4‐tris(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐3‐propyl‐1H‐pyrrole (6 d) (MCF‐7/2a: EC50=70 nM; U2‐OS/α: EC50=1.6 nM). A corresponding inactivity in U2‐OS/β cells demonstrated the high ERα selectivity. This trend was confirmed in a competition experiment using estradiol (E2) and purified hERα and hERβ proteins (relative binding affinity (RBA) calculated for 6 d: RBA(ERα)=1.85 %; RBA(ERβ) <0.01 %). Generally, C3/C5‐dialkyl substitution led to reduction of activity, possibly due to lower stability.
Guide to diagnosing primary pancreatic lymphoma, B‐cell type: Immunocytochemistry improves the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Naito Yoshiki , Okabe Yoshinobu , Kawahara Akihiko , Taira Tomoki , Yamaguchi Tomohiko , Abe Hideyuki , Arikawa Shunji , Nakayama Masamichi , Yasumoto Makiko , Eriguchi Naofumi , Naito Hisanori , Kage Masayoshi , Yano Hirohisa
Published: March 2011

Primary pancreatic lymphoma (PPL) is a rare disease with <1% of extranodal non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma arising in the pancreas. This report provides immunocytochemical information on PPL that would be valuable for making differential diagnoses between PPL, pancreatic neuroendocine tumor, acinar cell carcinoma, and pancreatic ductal cancer. A 68‐year‐old woman had a chief complaint of abdominal pain. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed. The FNAC smear showed moderate cellularity, with a small to moderate number of irregular cells and lymphocytes. No epithelial tumor clusters or abundant mucoid background were seen. The cells were scattered with pleomorphism and showed irregular nuclear shapes with finely granular chromatin, an increased nuclei–cytoplasm ratio, and prominent nucleoli. Cytologically, PPL was suspected with Papanicolaou staining but definite diagnosis was not made. Therefore, the specimen was destained, immunocytochemically examined for leukocyte common antigen (LCA), and PPL was suspected again. Numerous tumor cells were found in the surgical sample and tumor cells were positive for CD20 and negative for CD45RO. Based on these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as PPL, B‐cell type. The preoperative FNAC smear that was examined for LCA was then reexamined for CD20, CEA, and Synaptophysin. As a result, the tumor cells were positive for LCA and CD20, whereas they were negative for CEA and Synaptophysin. Taking these findings together with the cytopathologic findings, this specimen was reconfirmed as PPL. Immunocytochemical examination for LCA and CD20 is useful in the identification of malignant pancreatic lymphoma, B‐cell type. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Axonal regeneration proceeds through specific axonal fusion in transected C. elegans neurons
Authors: Neumann Brent , Nguyen Ken C. Q. , Hall David H. , Ben‐Yakar Adela , Hilliard Massimo A.
Published: March 2011

Functional neuronal recovery following injury arises when severed axons reconnect with their targets. In Caenorhabditis elegans following laser‐induced axotomy, the axon still attached to the cell body is able to regrow and reconnect with its separated distal fragment. Here we show that reconnection of separated axon fragments during regeneration of C. elegans mechanosensory neurons occurs through a mechanism of axonal fusion, which prevents Wallerian degeneration of the distal fragment. Through electron microscopy analysis and imaging with the photoconvertible fluorescent protein Kaede, we show that the fusion process re‐establishes membrane continuity and repristinates anterograde and retrograde cytoplasmic diffusion. We also provide evidence that axonal fusion occurs with a remarkable level of accuracy, with the proximal re‐growing axon recognizing its own separated distal fragment. Thus, efficient axonal regeneration can occur by selective reconnection and fusion of separated axonal fragments beyond an injury site, with restoration of the damaged neuronal tract. Developmental Dynamics 240:1365–1372, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A First TDDFT Study of Metallocorrole Electronic Spectra: Copper meso‐Triarylcorroles Exhibit Hyper Spectra
Authors: Alemayehu Abraham , Conradie Jeanet , Ghosh Abhik
Published: March 2011

The Soret maxima of a number of metallotriarylcorrole derivatives, notably the copper corroles, are exquisitely sensitive to substitutions on the meso phenyl groups. In contrast, the Soret maxima of silver triarylcorroles are essentially invariant with respect to phenyl‐group substituents. TDDFT calculations indicate that the substituent sensitivity in the copper case results from significant phenyl‐to‐metal charge‐transfer character in the main peaks of the Soret region. In other words, copper triarylcorroles exhibit so‐called hyper spectra. By contrast, the Soret region in the silver case is largely π→π* in nature. DFT calculations suggest that the difference in nature of the Soret bands reflects the energy difference between the LUMOs of the copper and silver complexes, which, in both cases, may be described as an antibonding metal(d)‐corrole(π)‐based MO. Strong support for this picture comes from electrochemistry: the reduction potentials of silver triarylcorroles are about 0.7–0.8 V more negative than for the analogous copper complexes. In the same vein, the “electrochemical HOMO–LUMO gaps” are ca. 1 eV for the silver corroles and only 0.8 eV for their copper analogues.
Use of epoxy‐embedded electrodes to integrate electrochemical detection with microchip‐based analysis systems
Authors: Selimovic Asmira , Johnson Alicia S. , Kiss István Z. , Martin R. Scott
Published: March 2011

A new method of fabricating electrodes for microchip devices that involves the use of Teflon molds and a commercially available epoxy to embed electrodes of various sizes and compositions is described. The resulting epoxy base can be polished to generate a fresh electrode and sealed against poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)‐based fluidic structures. Microchip‐based flow injection analysis was used to characterize the epoxy‐embedded electrodes. It was shown that gold electrodes can be amalgamated with liquid mercury and the resulting mercury/gold electrode is used to selectively detect glutathione from lysed red blood cells. The ability to encapsulate multiple electrode materials of differing compositions enabled the integration of microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Finally, a unique feature of this approach is that the electrode connection is made from the bottom of the epoxy base. This enables the creation of three‐dimensional gold pillar electrodes (65 μm in diameter and 27 μm in height) that can be integrated within a fluidic network. As compared with the use of a flat electrode of a similar diameter, the use of the pillar electrode led to improvements in both the sensitivity (72.1 pA/μM for the pillar versus 4.2 pA/μM for the flat electrode) and limit of detection (20 nM for the pillar versus 600 nM for the flat electrode), with catechol being the test analyte. These epoxy‐embedded electrodes hold promise for the creation of inexpensive microfluidic devices that can be used to electrochemically detect biologically important analytes in a manner where the electrodes can be polished and a fresh electrode surface is generated as desired.
Capillary electrophoresis microchip for direct amperometric detection of DNA fragments
Authors: Jang You‐Cheol , Jha Sandeep Kumar , Chand Rohit , Islam Kamrul , Kim Yong‐Sang
Published: March 2011

Detection and quantitation of nucleic acids have gained much importance in the last couple of decades, especially in the post‐human genome project era. Such processes are tedious, time consuming and require expensive reagents and equipment. Therefore, in the present study, we demonstrated a simple process for the separation and analysis of small DNA fragments using capillary electrophoretic amperometric detection on an inexpensive disposable glass microchip. The device used polydimethylsiloxane engraved microchannel and Au/Ti in‐channel microelectrodes for sample detection. The DNA fragments were separated under low electric field (20 V/cm) for improved detection sensitivity and to retain the biomolecules in their native conformation. With a low sample requirement (as low as 1 μL) and high reproducibility, the proposed microchip device was successful in resolution and detection of DNA fragments of various lengths.
Applying the ecosystem service concept to air quality management in the UK: a case study for ammonia
Authors: Smart James C. R. , Hicks Kevin , Morrissey Tim , Heinemeyer Andreas , Sutton Mark A. , Ashmore Mike
Published: March 2011

To date evaluation of the benefits of policies to control emissions of air pollutants in the UK has focused on human health effects, which are quantified economically, whereas ecosystem protection has been assessed using critical levels and critical loads. This paper considers the current feasibility of using an ecosystem services approach to appraise the benefits of alternative scenarios for controlling agricultural ammonia emissions in the UK. The effect of ammonia emission reductions on ecosystem service delivery was assessed using an impact pathway approach. A ‘weakest link’ analysis identified that economic valuation of impacts on many key ecosystem services was constrained by inadequate dose–response relationships to predict physical changes in service flows and/or by an inability to produce economic valuations of the predicted physical changes. For effects on biodiversity, both the timescale of response and poorly defined relationships between changes in species composition and ecosystem service delivery are significant barriers. However, it was possible to produce indicative values for the marginal impact of ammonia abatement measures on climate regulation; the values obtained were comparable in magnitude to those for human health impacts. The ecosystem service approach thus offers the potential to provide a holistic appraisal of the effects of emission reductions, and could therefore make a valuable contribution to future air quality management. However, improvements in data collection and quantification methods are needed before a full ecosystem services‐based evaluation of costs and benefits becomes possible for ammonia and for other major air pollutants. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Threshold modelling of spatially dependent non‐stationary extremes with application to hurricane‐induced wave heights
Authors: Northrop Paul J. , Jonathan Philip
Published: March 2011

In environmental applications it is common for the extremes of a variable to be non‐stationary, varying systematically in space, time or with the values of covariates. Multi‐site datasets are common, and in such cases there is likely to be non‐negligible inter‐site dependence. We consider applications in which multi‐site data are used to infer the marginal behaviour of the extremes at individual sites, while adjusting for inter‐site dependence. For reasons of statistical efficiency, it is standard to model exceedances of a high threshold. Choosing an appropriate threshold can be problematic, particularly if the extremes are non‐stationary. We propose a method for setting a covariate‐dependent threshold using quantile regression. We consider how the quantile regression model and extreme value models fitted to threshold exceedances should be parameterized, in order that they are compatible. We adjust estimates of uncertainty for spatial dependence using methodology proposed recently. These methods are illustrated using time series of storm peak significant wave heights from 72 sites in the Gulf of Mexico. A simulation study illustrates the applicability of the proposed methodology more generally. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined transnasal endoscopic and transoral robotic resection of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Yin Tsang Raymond King , Ho Wai Kuen , Wei William I.
Published: March 2011

Background:

We report a case of resecting a recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma using a combined technique of transoral robotic surgery and transnasal endoscopic surgery.

Method:

A small recurrent tumor was located in the roof of the nasopharynx. The inferior part of the resection was performed with a da Vinci surgical robot transorally after splitting the soft palate to expose the nasopharynx. The superior part of the resection, including removal of the anterior wall and floor of the sphenoid was performed transnasally under endoscopic vision.

Results:

The tumor was removed enbloc with the sphenoid sinus wall with clear resection margin. Recovery was uneventful and the patient had minimal morbidity from the operation.

Conclusion:

For minimally invasive surgery to resect recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma, transnasal endoscopic surgery and transoral robotic surgery compliments each other, allowing improved resection. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
POTENTIAL USE OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATING SHELTERBELT PLANTS IN THE ARID REGION
Authors: Hu Meng , Kang Shaozhong , Zhang Jianhua , Li Fusheng , Du Taisheng , Tong Ling
Published: March 2011

In water‐scarcity areas fresh water is allocated with priority to urban areas and agriculture, and ecosystem function benefits are obtained from marginal quality water. Meanwhile the scientific use of saline water needs to quantify the effect of quality and quantity of water on plant growth. A saline irrigation experiment was carried out for two shelterbelt plants, Haloxylon ammodendron Bunge and Caragana karshiskii Kom, during 2007–08 in the arid region of northwest China. Three salt concentrations (3, 7 and 12 g l−1) were considered and irrigation was controlled when soil moisture reached an enacted critical value. Based on the quadratic regressions fitted to the experimental data, the befitting irrigation with the three salt concentrations for H. ammodendron and C. karshiskii respectively were 381 and 295 mm, 290 and 248 mm, 213 and 188 mm, averaged for two years. Two kinds of plant–water–salinity production functions, quadratic and square root functions were employed to describe the relationship between plant biomass increment and quality and quantity of applied saline water. The functions performed well with experimental data and showed a positive marginal productivity with water and a negative marginal productivity with salt for the frontal area. That could be useful for evaluating low‐quality water exploitation and estimating the growth and yield of shelterbelt plants in connection with forest planning. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age‐related changes in corticosteroid receptor expression and monoamine neurotransmitter concentrations in various brain regions of postnatal pigs
Authors: Kanitz Ellen , Otten Winfried , Hameister Theresa , Tuchscherer Margret , Puppe Birger , Tuchscherer Armin
Published: March 2011

Negative early life experience may be associated with altered functioning of stress‐related systems and may increase vulnerability to diseases later in life. Corticosteroids are important mediators of homeostasis and stress and exert their effects via two receptors, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and through the glucocorticoid‐metabolizing enzymes 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β‐HSD) types 1 and 2 in a brain‐region‐specific manner. However, relatively little is known about the postnatal ontogeny of these receptors and enzymes in the central nervous system. Here we describe, for the first time, the postnatal ontogeny of central GR, MR, 11β‐HSD1, and 11β‐HSD2 gene expression and monoamine levels in stress‐related brain regions of domestic pigs at 7, 21, and 35 days of age. During the postnatal period, there was an increase in GR, MR, and 11β‐HSD1 mRNA expression in the pituitary and prefrontal cortex and an increase in MR mRNA expression in the hippocampus. We also demonstrated age‐dependent changes in levels of noradrenaline and dopamine and their metabolites in the locus coeruleus, with the highest concentrations on day 7 compared with days 21 and 35. In conclusion, the dynamic changes in corticosteroid receptors and monoamines during neural development of postnatal pigs may represent periods of sensitivity to environmental stress that are comparable to some extent with those that are observed in primates and humans. Thus, these findings support the use of the domestic pig as an alternative animal model for humans in stress research. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding daily citizenship behaviors: A social comparison perspective
Authors: Spence Jeffrey R. , Ferris D. Lance , Brown Douglas J. , Heller Daniel
Published: March 2011

Research that has sought to understand why employees engage in organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) has concentrated on between‐person variables, typically ignoring intraindividual influences. Accordingly, we know much about who engages in OCB, in general, but know relatively little regarding under what circumstances people engage in OCB. By integrating social comparison with affective events and just‐world theories, we propose and test a dynamic model wherein directional social comparisons are expected to have direct (automatic‐motivational) and indirect (affective) intraindividual effects on OCB. The hypotheses were tested using multilevel modeling on 1076 observations from 99 participants that were collected via an interval‐contingent experience sampling methodology. The results provide support for the hypotheses that social comparisons are related to OCB through positive affect and the direct effects of social comparisons on OCB are moderated by beliefs in a just world. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman scattering of MnOxCeOx composite catalysts: structural aspects and laser‐heating effects
Authors: Fazio Barbara , Spadaro Lorenzo , Trunfio Giuseppe , Negro Jacopo , Arena Francesco
Published: March 2011

Composite MnOxCeOx catalysts (Mnat: Ceat = 1) synthesized via the redox and coprecipitation routes were comparatively characterized by micro‐Raman spectroscopy using a laser irradiation power ranging between 0.6 and 4.2 mW. A quasi‐molecular dispersion of the oxide species determines a major and irreversible structural rearrangement of the redox MnOxCeOx system because of severe heating effects for laser power in excess of 0.6 mW. The X‐ray diffraction data of samples calcined in the range of 6731273 K confirm that the micro‐Raman characterization of the composite MnOxCeOx systems requires an adequate minimization of the irradiation power to prevent the strong sintering and restructuring phenomena due to laser‐heating effects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic impact of the Lymph node ratio in rectal cancer patients who underwent preoperative chemoradiation
Authors: Kang Jeonghyun , Hur Hyuk , Min Byung Soh , Lee Kang Young , Kim Nam Kyu
Published: March 2011

Aim

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic impact of the lymph node ratio (LNR) in ypN‐positive rectal cancer patients who received preoperative chemoradiation (preop‐CRT).

Methods

A total of 75 patients diagnosed as node‐positive after undergoing preop‐CRT followed by curative resection were enrolled. Patients were categorized into two groups based on their median LNR, 0.143.

Results

The median metastatic and retrieved lymph node numbers were 2.0 (range: 1–79) and 18.0 (range: 5–80). Abdominoperineal resection, circumferential resection margin involvement and higher LNR were proven to be independent adverse prognostic factors affecting survival in the multivariate analysis including LNR as a covariate. Of the 47 patients with ypN1, 35 (74.5%) showed a lower LNR (N1G1) and 12 (25.5%) showed a higher LNR (N1G2). The N1G1 group showed better overall survival than the N1G2 group (P = 0.018). There was no difference between the survival rates of the N1G2 group and the ypN2 group (P = 0.987).

Conclusions

LNR is an independent prognostic factor after preop‐CRT for rectal cancer. LNR showed better prognosis stratification than the ypN stage. Therefore, LNR should be considered as an additional prognostic factor in node‐positive rectal cancer after preop‐CRT. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;104:53–58. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐risk stage II colon cancer after curative resection
Authors: Sato Harunobu , Maeda Koutarou , Sugihara Kenichi , Mochizuki Hidetaka , Kotake Kenjiro , Teramoto Tetsuo , Kameoka Shingo , Saito Yukio , Takahashi Keiichi , Hirai Takashi , Ohue Masayuki , Shirouzu Kazuo , Sakai Yoshiharu , Watanabe Toshiaki , Hirata Koichi , Hatakeyama Katsuyoshi
Published: March 2011

Objectives

This study was designed to clarify which attributes of stage II colon cancer are associated with tumor recurrence and survival after curative resection, and the effects of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed outcomes and clinicopathological characteristics of 1476 patients with stage II colon cancer who underwent curative resection.

Results

Of 1476 patients, 204 (13.8%) developed recurrence. Macroscopic type, serum CA19‐9 levels, venous invasion, emergency operation, and postoperative ileus were independently associated with overall recurrence. Carbohydrate antigen (CA)19‐9 levels, the number of dissected lymph nodes (LN), sex, age, ACT, emergency operation, venous invasion, and macroscopic type were independently associated with poor prognosis. Prognosis was significantly better in patients who received ACT than in those who did not. Among patients with extensive venous invasion, those with fewer than 13 dissected LNs, male patients, and patients >50 years old, the prognosis was significantly better in patients who received ACT than in those who did not.

Conclusions

ACT for stage II colon cancer is recommended to improve the prognosis of patients with extensive venous invasion, patients with fewer than 13 dissected LNs, patients >50 years old, and male patients, particularly patients with more than two of these risk factors. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;104:45–52. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conjugation of siRNA with Comb‐Type PEG Enhances Serum Stability and Gene Silencing Efficiency
Authors: Gunasekaran Karthikeyan , Nguyen Thi H. , Maynard Heather D. , Davis Thomas P. , Bulmus Volga
Published: March 2011

A thiol‐modified siRNA targeting the enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) gene was conjugated with RAFT‐synthesized, pyridyl disulfide‐functional poly(PEG methyl ether acrylate)s (p(PEGA)s). siRNA‐p(PEGA) conjugates demonstrated significantly enhanced in vitro serum stability and nuclease resistance compared to the unmodified and thiol‐modified siRNA. The complexes of siRNA‐p(PEGA) conjugates with a fusogenic peptide, KALA ((+)/(–) = 2) inhibited the protein expression approximately 28‐fold more than the KALA complex of the unmodified siRNA. The protein inhibition caused by siRNA‐p(PEGA)‐KALA complexes (56 ± 5%–58 ± 3% of the fluorescence expressed in non‐treated cells) was comparable to the effect of the unmodified siRNA‐lipofectamine complex (77 ± 7%).

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Influence of MWNT on Polypropylene and Polyethylene Photooxidation
Authors: Bocchini Sergio , Di Blasio Alessandro , Frache Alberto
Published: March 2011

Summary: Nanocomposites containing multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were prepared by melt compounding with polypropylene and polyethylene. The samples were UV‐light irradiated in artificial accelerated conditions representative of solar irradiation (λ > 300 nm) at 60 °C in air. The chemical modifications resulting from photooxidation were followed by FT‐IR spectroscopy.The behaviour of nanocomposites containing MWNT depends from the type of polymer and presence or absence of antioxidant. The presence of MWNT affect photooxidation of the two polymers working as an UV‐screener on the other hand the increase of thermal oxidation provoked by conversion of photon energy into thermal partially balance the decrease of positive effects on oxidation rate. The negative effects can be minimized by the presence of antioxidants that show interesting synergistic effects with MWNT.
Fetal surgery for severe lower urinary tract obstruction
Authors: Ruano Rodrigo
Published: March 2011

Fetal interventions have been proposed for treatment of severe lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO), as this condition is associated with high rates of perinatal mortality and postnatal renal impairment. The rationale for in utero treatment for those cases is based on the possibility of relieving the obstruction, improving the amniotic fluid volume, and preventing renal and bladder damage. Candidates for fetal intervention should be rigorously selected based on the confirmation of severe LUTO (dilated bladder and bilateral hydronephrosis), oligohydramnios or anyhydramnios and ‘favorable’ fetal urinalysis (dependent on gestational age). Nowadays there are two different therapeutic options with specific technical approaches. Vesico‐amniotic shunting is an easier procedure, but with a higher frequency of related complications. Fetal cystoscopy can be used for diagnostic purpose and for treatment of posterior urethral valves, with suggestive advantage of allowing a more physiological release of the obstruction. According to the literature, estimated survival rates and postnatal normal renal function frequencies are approximately 40 and 50% after vesico‐amniotic shunting and 75 and 65% after fetal cystoscopy, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is fetal cardiac function gender dependent?
Authors: Clur S. A. B. , Oude Rengerink K. , Mol B. W. , Ottenkamp J. , Bilardo C. M.
Published: March 2011

Introduction

An increased nuchal translucency (NT) is more common in males. A delayed diastolic cardiac function maturation has been proposed to explain this and the reported gender‐related differences in ductus venosus (DV) flow.

Objective

To investigate gender‐related differences in fetal cardiac function.

Methods

One hundred and ninety karyotypically/phenotypically normal fetuses with structurally normal hearts and known NT measurement, (104 > 95th percentile), were prospectively included between 1 October 2003 and 1 April 2009. They had been referred for fetal echocardiography. Three hundred and nine echocardiograms were performed between 11 and 35 weeks' gestation. The atrioventricular valve E‐ and A‐wave peak velocity, E/A‐velocity ratio and E/TVI ratio, myocardial performance index, semilunar valves acceleration time (AT) and peak velocity, stroke volume and cardiac output as well as DV pulsatility index for veins at 11–14 weeks' gestation, were measured. A multilevel analysis was performed using the NT (multiples of the median) as a continuous variable.

Results

The male : female ratio was 1.56:1. The tricuspid valve E/TVI was significantly higher and pulmonary valve AT significantly lower in females compared to males. No other significant differences in cardiac function were found.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest better right ventricular (RV) relaxation and increased RV afterload in female fetuses, independent of NT thickness, between 11 and 35 weeks' gestation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changing Patterns and Determinants of Interprovincial Migration in China 1985–2000
Authors: Shen Jianfa
Published: March 2011

Most migration analyses focus on inter‐regional migration in one particular period. Recently, efforts have also been made to compare migration intensity and patterns across countries. Instead of comparison over space, this paper is concerned with the temporal dimension. Can the same model, using the same set of variables, explain migration patterns in two different periods? Is there any change in the determinants of interprovincial migration in China? This paper attempts to answer these questions using migration data from the 1990 and 2000 censuses of China. It was found that coastal regions such as Guangdong, Zhejiang, Tianjin, and Fujian joined Shanghai and Beijing as the top destinations of migration over time. ‘Pull’ factors in the growing regions play an important role in the expanding migration in China. The same set of variables was used to explain the migration in 1985–1990 and 1995–2000. The same model can explain 51.6% of the variation of migration in 1995–2000, greater than 41.6% in 1985–1990. Nevertheless, absolute parameters in the model were bigger in 1995–2000 than in 1985–1990 to reflect the increasing scale of migration. A better model for 1995–2000 is also established using a new set of variables. Two income variables have a positive impact on migration, confirming the importance of income in internal migration in China. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach and its Flavonoid Components, Isoquercitrin and Isorhamnetin, Activate the Wnt/β‐catenin Pathway and Inhibit Adipocyte Differentiation of 3T3‐L1 Cells
Authors: Lee Soung‐Hoon , Kim Bora , Oh Myoung Jin , Yoon Juyong , Kim Hyun Yi , Lee Kye Jong , Lee Joo Dong , Choi Kang‐Yell
Published: March 2011

Obesity, which is related to metabolic syndrome and is associated with liver disease, represents an epidemic problem demanding effective therapeutic strategies. Evidence shows that the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway is closely associated with obesity and that small molecules regulating the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway can potentially control adipogenesis related to obesity. Eleven plant extracts activating the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway were screened by using HEK 293‐TOP cells retaining the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling reporter gene. An extract of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach was found to activate Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. P. hydropiper is grown worldwide in temperate climates and is found widely in Southeast Asia. The P. hydropiper extract inhibited the differentiation of adipocyte 3T3‐L1 cells. Isoquercitrin and isorhamnetin, constituents of P. hydropiper, also activated Wnt/β‐catenin signaling and suppressed the differentiation of 3T3‐L1 cells. These results indicate that isoquercitrin in P. hydropiper suppresses the adipogenesis of 3T3‐L1 cells via the inhibition of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. P. hydropiper and isoquercitrin may therefore be potential therapeutic agents for obesity and its associated disorders. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnosing remote origins of forecast error: relaxation versus 4D‐Var data‐assimilation experiments
Authors: Jung Thomas
Published: March 2011

Two methods that can be used to diagnose possible remote origins for forecast error are compared. The idea is artificially to suppress the development of forecast error in certain parts of the globe (e.g. the Tropics) during the course of the integration and to analyze the influence that this has on forecast skill in remote regions (e.g. the extratropics). The first, computationally relatively cheap, method involves relaxing the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model towards analysis data during the forecast. The second, computationally much more expensive, method involves running the ECMWF 4D‐Var data‐assimilation system with assimilation of observations in certain regions only. The two methods are compared by studying the impact that forecast‐error reduction in the Tropics and the East Asian–Western North Pacific (EAWNP) region has on medium‐range forecast skill in remote regions. For both regions the two techniques yield similar results. Reduction of tropical forecast error leads to the improvement of medium‐range forecast skill in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, especially over the North Pacific and the North Atlantic. Forecast‐error reduction in the EAWNP region is beneficial further downstream up to North America; the EAWNP region has little impact on medium‐range forecast skill over the North Atlantic and Europe. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Comprehensive molecular imaging of photolabile surface samples with synchronized dual‐polarity time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Hsiao Chih‐Hao , Hong Chia‐Wei , Liu Bo‐Hong , Chen Chiu Wen , Wu Chih‐Che , Wang Yi‐Sheng
Published: March 2011

This work presents the unique features of a novel configuration of a synchronized dual‐polarity time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer for comprehensive surface imaging. Mass spectrometry imaging of surface samples covering positive and negative ion modes is difficult due to rapid signal depletion. This limitation is overcome here by dual‐polarity time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (DP‐TOFMS) via two separate TOF mass analyzers that are installed above a sample surface. The new instrument eliminates the polarity bias characteristic of most mass spectrometers, which is important for the analysis of samples with diverse physical and chemical properties. The experimental results show for the first time that the spatial distribution of positive and negative ions of various photolabile samples can be distinguished, including pigments and conventional matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization samples. The different positive and negative ion distributions suggest that accurate quantitative information can only be obtained when the entire sample region is examined by DP‐TOFMS, which was unfeasible in the past. Such a comprehensive diagnostic method is essential for the molecular imaging of trace compositions in delicate biological tissues, as demonstrated here with a Phyllanthus urinaria leaf that only produced ion signals in the first examination and not in the subsequent measurements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolism of olaquindox in rat and identification of metabolites in urine and feces using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Bi Yanfeng , Wang Xia , Xu Shixin , Sun Lei , Zhang Li , Zhong Feng , Wang Shuhuai , Ding Shuangyang , Xiao Xilong
Published: March 2011

Olaquindox (OLA), N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐3‐methyl‐2‐quinoxalincarboxamide‐1,4‐dioxide, is an antimicrobial and growth‐promoting agent for animals, which has been banned or allowed only limited use for its potential toxicity. To thoroughly understand the metabolic pathways, metabolism of OLA in rat was studied using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry with MSE and mass defect filtering techniques. Twenty metabolites (M1–M20) were detected in rat feces and urine, of which nine phase I metabolites (M6, M7, M11–M16) and four phase II metabolites (M17–M20) were found in vivo for the first time. The structures of metabolites were reliably characterized on the basis of accurate mass and fragment ions in MSE spectra. The major metabolic pathways reported previously in pigs, including reduction of N→O groups, oxidation of the alcohol and hydrolysis, were also confirmed in this study. In addition, hydroxylation of the methyl group, N‐dehydroxyethylation and glucuronidation were also proved to be the important metabolic pathways, which contribute to improving our knowledge about in vivo metabolism of OLA. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for the analysis of underivatized aliphatic long‐chain polyamines: application to diatom‐rich sediments
Authors: Bridoux Maxime C. , Annenkov Vadim V. , Menzel Henning , Keil Richard G. , Ingalls Anitra E.
Published: March 2011

Natural polyamines are found in all three domains of life and long‐chain polyamines (LCPAs) play a special role in silicifying organisms such as diatoms and sponges where they are actively involved in the complex formation and nanopatterning of siliceous structures. With chain lengths extending up to 20 N‐methylated propylamine repeat units, diatom LCPAs constitute the longest natural polyamines. Mixtures of natural LCPAs are typically purified in bulk using ion‐exchange, size‐exclusion and dialysis and then analyzed either by direct infusion mass spectrometry or by MALDI‐TOF. Here, we describe a novel ion‐pairing liquid chromatographic method that allows baseline separation, detection and structural elucidation of underivatized aliphatic methylated and non‐methylated LCPAs with a wide range of chain lengths. Complete separation of synthetic mixtures of LCPA species differing by either a propylamine or an N‐methylpropylamine unit is achievable using this method and chromatographic separation of natural, diatom frustule bound LCPAs extracted from sediment core samples is greatly improved. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), we detected singly [M+H]+ and multiply [M+nH]n+ charged protonated ions. The abundance of multiply charged LCPA species increased linearly as a function of LCPA chain length (N) and multiprotonated ions [M+nH]n+ were more abundant for longer chain polyamines. The abundance of multiply charged LCPAs along with the concomitant disappearance of the singly charged protonated molecular ion significantly increases the complexity of the MS spectra, justifying the need for good chromatographic separation of complex LCPA mixtures. This analytical procedure will likely constitute a powerful tool for the characterization, quantification, as well as the purification of individual LCPAs in natural and synthetic samples for studies of silica precipitation as well as nitrogen and carbon isotopic analysis used in paleoceanographic studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.