bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gestion intégrée du roseau commun à la réserve naturelle du Marais-Léon-Provancher (Neuville, Québec)
Authors: Messier François , Courtois Réhaume
Published: September 2018

Le roseau commun exotique (Phragmites australis [Cav.] Trin. ex Steud. subsp. australis) s’est propagé graduellement au cours des 20 dernières années dans la réserve naturelle du Marais-Léon-Provancher, un site de 125 ha avec 19 ha de marais d’eau douce. Des inventaires réalisés de 2013 à 2015 ont permis d’identifier 41 clones de roseau sur le territoire du marais. Compte tenu des conditions du milieu et de l’accessibilité au site, 5 méthodes ont été privilégiées pour lutter contre le roseau : l’arrachage manuel des rhizomes, la fauche des tiges, le bâchage, l’excavation mécanique avec ensemencement et l’implantation d’une compétition végétale. La superficie totale occupée par les clones de roseau à la suite des interventions a diminué de 19 %, passant de 7579 m2 en 2013 à 6132 m2 en 2017. L’excavation mécanique avec ensemencement, l’arrachage manuel et le bâchage ont engendré de fortes diminutions des superficies occupées par le roseau (baisses respectives de 99 %, 88 % et 47 %), tandis que la fauche et la compétition végétale ont eu un effet plus faible (diminution d’au plus 28 %).
Reconstitution historique de l’invasion du Québec par le myriophylle à épis (Myriophyllum spicatum)
Authors: Jacob-Racine Romy , Lavoie Claude
Published: September 2018

Le myriophylle à épis (Myriophyllum spicatum) est une plante vasculaire exotique envahissante qui colonise les lacs et les rivières de l’Amérique du Nord depuis plusieurs décennies. Nous avons reconstitué la progression historique de son invasion au Québec à l’aide de spécimens d’herbier, de bases de données, de rapports, de journaux et de périodiques. L’aire de répartition de la plante s’est beaucoup étendue depuis son introduction à la fin des années 1950. L’espèce s’est d’abord disséminée le long du fleuve Saint-Laurent. Elle s’est ensuite propagée à l’intérieur des terres à partir des années 1970. En 2017, 14 des 17 régions administratives du Québec comptaient au moins une mention de myriophylle à épis. Cela représentait 132 lacs, 16 rivières et ruisseaux — y compris le fleuve Saint-Laurent et ses lacs fluviaux — et 4 autres plans d’eau, tels que des étangs ou des voies navigables artificielles. À lui seul, le fleuve Saint-Laurent représentait 24 % des 322 mentions. Les régions avec le plus grand nombre de mentions sont celles de la Montérégie, des Laurentides, de l’Estrie et de l’Outaouais. Bien que l’envahissement par le myriophylle à épis semble avoir progressé de manière importante ces dernières années, il est possible que l’augmentation du nombre d’observations soit davantage le reflet d’une préoccupation grandissante des acteurs du territoire par rapport à l’envahisseur que d’une accélération réelle de l’invasion.
Approche méthodologique pour l’évaluation de l’utilité effective de la flore comestible de la forêt boréale en situation de survie
Authors: Tranquard Manu
Published: September 2018

Au Québec, la forêt boréale est de plus en plus utilisée pour ses ressources naturelles et comme territoire de loisir. En raison du caractère isolé et parfois difficile de cet environnement, des situations critiques peuvent occasionnellement conduire des personnes à vivre un séjour prolongé en état de grande précarité, notamment sans autres moyens de subsistance que les ressources naturelles disponibles. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de la présente étude est de proposer une méthode visant à quantifier le potentiel d’utilité effective d’un groupe d’espèces pouvant fournir une source d’alimentation de fortune à des victimes de situations de survie, et ainsi contribuer au maintien de leurs fonctions vitales. Ce potentiel a été établi grâce à une analyse multicritère de la répartition spatiale de la flore, de sa disponibilité temporelle, de son accessibilité physique, de sa valeur calorique et de son acceptabilité gustative. À terme, la connaissance du potentiel de ces espèces pourra être utilisée dans un contexte de formation des travailleurs et de sensibilisation des usagers de la forêt boréale au regard de l’usage réel qui peut être fait de la flore en contexte de survie; usage qui apparaît relativement limité au regard des espèces analysées.
Caractérisation et protection de l’habitat du poisson dans la rivière Beaudette (Québec)
Authors: Sinave Emily , Grégoire Taillefer Amélie
Published: September 2018

La rivière Beaudette est un lieu de fraie pour diverses espèces de poissons et un sanctuaire de pêche important pour la région de Vaudreuil-Soulanges. Toutefois, elle subit diverses dégradations à la suite du lessivage de sédiments provenant des activités agricoles environnantes et de la dénaturalisation des berges en milieu résidentiel. Le but de cette étude était d’acquérir des connaissances sur le bassin versant de la rivière Beaudette (Québec) afin de documenter les menaces affectant le potentiel de l’habitat du poisson. Ceci s’est fait en caractérisant l’habitat, en évaluant la qualité des bandes riveraines, en analysant la qualité de l’eau, en recensant les marques d’érosion des rives et par des inventaires ichtyologiques. Les analyses de la qualité de l’habitat du poisson indiquent que près de 75 % de la rivière obtient une cote variant de « faible » à « très faible ». De plus, la rivière obtient généralement un indice « faible » en ce qui concerne sa capacité à accomplir ses fonctions écologiques. L’inventaire ichtyologique démontre que la rivière Beaudette comprend une richesse spécifique qui est plus grande en présence de bandes riveraines de bonne qualité ainsi qu’à des valeurs élevées de l’indice de qualité de l’habitat du poisson. Ces résultats confirment le besoin d’intervenir pour assurer la pérennité des écosystèmes de la rivière Beaudette.
Agency, Patronage and Power in Early Modern English Translation and Print Cultures: The Case of Thomas Hawkins
Authors: Guénette Marie-France
Published: September 2018

At the English court of Queen consort Henrietta Maria (1625-1642), translation was used as a political tool, partly to impose the queen’s linguistic, cultural and Catholic heritage on Calvinist England. The queen played a pivotal role as a patron of the arts and an agent of Anglo-French cultural relations, and many translators dedicated texts to her in the hopes of winning her favour. This article focuses on “translating agents” (Buzelin, 2005), i.e. translators, printers and patrons, operating in the political, religious and literary networks in and around the Queen’s court. My research draws on scholarship on the cultural and ideological aspects of translation in Stuart Court culture and builds on recent studies on the intersection between translation and print in early modern Europe. I study patterns of patronage, literary production, and text circulation; and I probe the political, social, religious, and print networks involved in the production of translations associated with the Queen’s court, and extending well beyond its social or geographical boundaries. I examine translations using digital catalogues (Early English Books Online, Renaissance Cultural Crossroads, Cultural Crosscurrents in Stuart and Commonwealth Britain), and conduct paratextual analyses of translations dedicated to Henrietta Maria. In this article, I study translator Thomas Hawkins by using data from Six Degrees of Francis Bacon and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Hawkins was a key translating agent who operated in transnational Catholic print networks and whose translations of Jesuit Nicolas Caussin’s La Cour Sainte found their way into social and literary networks around the Queen’s court. I situate Hawkins in the political and ideological contexts of the time and show how he promoted Catholic devotional literature in his capacity as agent of translation, culture and ideology. Hawkins’s case illustrates how agency, patronage and power come together in early modern England’s culture of printed translations.
New Blood Level Measurement System in Blood Separating Machine
Authors: Petković Miloš , Božić Miroslav , Popović Dragiša , Todorović Darko , Đorđević Goran S.
Published: September 2018

Standard versions of blood separators typically usemedium-price color sensors for a detection of a boundary levelbetween red blood cells and plasma, at the last gate – at hoseclamps. Discrete number of sensors is related to a number ofsignificant levels to be detected thus making blood separationpotentially faulty and unreliable. Our target was to makeflexible, low cost replacement for level detection system that canbe easily integrated into the existing product. We came up withan image processing solution that uses USB web-camera, ARMbased off-the-shelf board – BeagleBone black and free OpenCVlibrary. Flexibility is held in much higher, selectable number oflevels, freely positioned USB camera and brand-free independentprocessing platform, as well as semi-automatic calibrationsystem. By adding minimum additional electronics, we managedto integrate our solution into existing Blood processing machine.In conclusion, we added a new value to the machine at lower costin production, increasing measurement frequency and resolutionneeded for improvement of blood separation process. Next step isto try to use two USB cameras on a custom-made board, forsimultaneous level detection on two-channel blood separator,bringing the system integration to the higher level.
Operational Transconductance Amplifier in 350nm CMOS technology
Authors: Mirković Dejan D. , Petković Predrag M. , Dimitrijević Ilija , Mirčić Igor
Published: September 2018

This paper presents transistor level design ofoperational transconductance amplifier in CMOS technology.Custom designed, circuit is to be built-in into the mixed-signal,switched capacitor circuit. Amplifier targets relatively high slewrateand moderate open loop gain with megahertz order gainbandwidth.Adopted architecture is discussed appreciatingapplication in switched capacitor circuits. Circuit behavior isexamined through set of simulations. Obtained results confirmeddesired behavior. Target technology process is TSMC 350nm.
Position Measurement over Wide Range by Simultaneous Use of Low and High Coherence Light Source
Authors: Tomić Miloš C. , Đinović Zoran V.
Published: September 2018

In this paper we propose and experimentally demonstrate a new technique for position/displacement measurement using fiber optic interferometry. We simultaneously employ a low- and a high- coherence light source in the same opto-mechanical configuration. The low coherence signal was obtained using a Fizeau receiving interferometer, implemented as an optical glass wedge, accompanied by a linear CCD array. Combining low- and high-coherence parts was possible because we showed that the accuracy of low-coherence based position measurement was better than 50 nm, less than the high coherence signal periodicity. We verify the method in the dynamic range of low-coherence measurement of about 100 m, while the accuracy of the high-coherence part was about ±1 nm. Thus, the method provides more than 100,000 measuring points. The advantages of this sensing technique include absolute position/displacement measurement in a large dynamic range with nanometer accuracy.
Some examples of photorefractive oscillators
Authors: Ljuboje Zoran
Published: September 2018

The photorefractive effect presents a periodical change of the refractive index of an optical environment under the influence of a coherent light. An interesting phenomenon which occurs at this effect is optical phase conjugation (PC). Photorefractive oscillators, that is photorefractive mirrors present important decides in photorefractive optics and their function is based on photorefractive effect. In these oscillators, a phase-conjugated light beam occurs. The basic characteristics of photorefractive oscillators, such as reflectivity, the existance of the oscillation threshold and the threshold of the coupling strength are explained by the so-called grating-action method. This is analysed on a ring oscillator, semilinear mirror and linear mirror.
Active Comb Filter Using Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifiers
Authors: Prasad Dinesh , Jain Akshat , Dhingra Pankaj , Panchal Aditya
Published: September 2018

A new active comb filter employing Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifiers (VDTAs) is proposed to eliminate the selected frequencies of different signals. The proposed filter is based on VDTAs, capacitors and resistors. The functionality of the circuit is verified using PSPICE with TSMC CMOS 0.18μm process parameters for test signals of 50, 150, 250, and 350 Hz.
Technology - Dependent Optimization of FIR Filters based on Carry - Save Multiplier and 4:2 Compressor unit
Authors: Khurshid Burhan , Naaz Roohie
Published: September 2018

This work presents an FPGA implementation of FIR filter based on 4:2 compressor and CSA multiplier unit. The hardware realizations presented in this pa per are based on the technology-dependent optimization of these individual units. The aim is to achieve an efficient mapping of these isolated units on Xilinx FPGAs. Conventional filter implementations consider only technology-independent optimizations and rely on Xilinx CAD tools to map the logic onto FPGA fabric. Very often this results in inefficient mapping. In this paper, we consider the traditional CSA-4:2 compressor based FIR filte rs and restructure these units to achieve improved integration levels. The technology optimized Boolean networks are then coded using instantiation based coding strategies. The Xilinx tool then uses its own optimization strategies to further optimize the networks and generate circuits with high logic densities and reduced depths. Experimental results indicate a significant improvement in performance over traditional realizations. An important property of technology-dependent optimizations is the simultaneous improvement in all the performance parameters. This is in contrast to the technology-independent optimizations where there is always an application driven trade-off between different performance parameters.
CFOA-Based Fractional Order PIλDδ Controller
Authors: Comedang Tada , Intani Pattana
Published: September 2018

Conventional Current Feedback Operational Amplifier (CFOA) is not current controllable or not electronically controllable. It is thus of interest to add a current mirror into the CFOA in order to make it current controllable. This modification can be achieved by using Diamond Transistor (DT) instead of going through complicated IC fabrication process. This work applies the modified CFOA in fractional-order proportional integral derivative (PIλDδ) controller. Both simulation and experimental results confirm that the modified CFOA is electronically controllable.
Implementing Master Program on Digital Broadcasting and Broadband Technologies
Authors: Ilić Siniša , Petrović Mile , Jakšić Branimir , Bojanić Slobodan , Spalević Petar , Babić Ranko
Published: September 2018

The paper presents the mid-term results of the implementation of Master study program on Digital Broadcasting and Broadband Technologies in Western Balkans countries. In this period the teaching courses are developed and the corresponding laboratory equipment is acquired. The project takes part of the Erasmus+ program for Capacity Building in Higher Education. In the rest of the project lifetime the new courses will be carried out altogether with laboratory exercises.
Editor's Column
Authors: Knezic Mladen
Published: September 2018

N/A
A Study of Inverter Drives and Its Ride Through Capabilities in Industrial Applications
Authors: Murthy K Vishnu , Kumar L Ashok , Y Dhayaneswaran
Published: September 2018

In modern industry, majority of the mechanical elements are driven by either induction motors or special motors like servo motors, synchronous motors, BLDC motors. In order to drive the motors and to vary the speed of the motors, electronics drives are required. Since the drives are powered with three phase AC, if the power grid has power quality issue, which directly reflects on to the power electronics drives. As per Indian grid standards, power quality is defined as harmonics, surge, sag, swell, which was formulated in the year of 2003 and further revision was done in 2010. But in the recent day’s majority of the industries are constructed in same place (special economic zone), unpredicted industrial loads are increased and inserted in to existing running load, so eventually the power quality definition also changes and even sometimes connections are made as temporary for certain loads. Although these motors typically tolerate variations in utilization voltage, power quality professionals continue to spend a great deal of time answering questions about proper utilization voltage for a given motor. The voltage quality factors that create the most serious problems and confusion in the field include nominal utilization voltage that does not match the motor nameplate, proper voltage sag ride-through protection for the motor control circuitry, and phase-to-phase voltage imbalance. In review article, modern industry premises failure of components list and condition of power quality will be surveyed in various segments. Various failure of inverter drives namely, switching failure, commutation failure, common mode voltage problem, bearing current issues, harmonics etc., are discussed in details from various research article and presented in this review.
Research Issues in DFIG Based Wind Energy System
Authors: Rajasekaran R. , Mekala M.
Published: September 2018

Among different renewable energy sources, Wind energy is the most imperative energy source in power system. The development of grid connected wind energy conversion system expands, its grid connectivity issues has additionally been expanded. A portion of the issues are incorporates, for example, the regulation of voltage at Point of Common Coupling (PCC), reactive power absorption and injection, voltage sag and swell and etc. The Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is most broadly utilized as a part of wind energy conversion system. DFIGs are extremely sensitive to grid voltage disturbances. With expanded entrance of wind energy as a renewable energy source the wind turbine should be connected to the grid during transient conditions like grid faults. The Fault Ride-Through (FRT) or Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capability of wind turbines during grid faults is one of the core requirements to ensure stability in the power grid during transients and fault conditions. In this paper consists of various grid connectivity issues and research areas of wind energy conversion system and also the various control schemes for improving the LVRT system. These several techniques are used to improve the LVRT capability and limit the fault current to avoid the disconnection of DFIG from the grid under fault conditions for enhancement of stability and the performance of wind turbine.
On-farm intervention for improving water quality: livestock exclusion fencing
Authors: Taylor Amy E , Kendall Helen , Reed Mark , Stewart Gavin
Published: September 2018

The proposed protocol is for a rapid evidence synthesis analysis into the use of livestock exclusion fencing as an on-farm intervention for improving water quality. The primary objectives are to assess the use of livestock exclusion fencing to improve water quality by reducing nutrient load, the presence of faecal indicator organisms and sediment load in watercourses on farms. The secondary objectives include evaluating how stocking density/land cover and watercourse size moderate the impacts of exclusion fencing on water quality. The protocol outlines the rationale and objects of the review, and the inclusion criteria, search strategy, data extraction, statistical analysis, risk of bias and data synthesis.
Evaluation Method for Green Ecological Airports in China Based on Combination Weighting
Authors: Bao Danwen , Zhang Xiaoling , Gu Jiayu
Published: September 2018

To scientifically and accurately evaluate the status of the development of green airports in China, evaluation methods of green, ecological airports are established in this paper. To address the shortcomings in subjective and objective weighting methods, we propose a combination weighting method based on Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and evaluation grades based on interval approximation. At the same time, by taking into account resource conservation, environmental friendliness, operation efficiency, and people-oriented service, we propose an evaluation index system and an interval number for each index. Lastly, the theory is applied to five large airports in different regions of China. Analysis of the evaluation results shows that Shanghai Pudong International Airport (PVG) and Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (CAN) have the highest scores for the resource conservation and environmental friendliness indexes, thus indicating that the development of a green ecological airport is closely related to its passenger transportation scale and economic strength. All considered airports showed the need for upgrading public  service facilities and constructing intelligent equipment. The method proposed in this paper is reasonable  and reliable; therefore, it can provide guidance for the evaluation and construction of green, ecological  airports.
Railway Traffic Accident Forecast Based on an Optimized Deep Auto-encoder
Authors: Feng Fenling , Li Wan , Jiang Qiwei
Published: September 2018

Safety is the key point of railway transportation, and railway traffic accident prediction is the main content of safety management. There are complex nonlinear relationships between an accident and its relevant indexes. For this reason, triangular gray relational analysis (TGRA) is used for obtaining the indexes related to the accident and the deep auto-encoder (DAE) for finding out the complex relationships between them and then predicting the accident. In addition, a nonlinear weight changing particle swarm optimization algorithm, which has better convergence and global searching ability, is proposed to obtain better DAE structure and parameters, including the number of hidden layers, the number of neurons at each hidden layer and learning rates. The model was used to forecast railway traffic accidents at Shenyang Railway Bureau, Guangzhou Railway Corporation, and Nanchang Railway Bureau. The results of the experiments show that the proposed model achieves the best performance for predicting railway traffic accidents.
A Hybrid Short-term Traffic Flow Forecasting Method Based on Neural Networks Combined with K-Nearest Neighbor
Authors: Liu Zhao , Guo Jianhua , Cao Jinde , Wei Yun , Huang Wei
Published: September 2018

It is critical to implement accurate short-term traffic forecasting in traffic management and control applications. This paper proposes a hybrid forecasting method based on neural networks combined with the K-nearest neighbor (K-NN) method for short-term traffic flow forecasting. The procedure of training a neural network model using existing traffic input-output data, i.e., training data, is indispensable for fine-tuning the prediction model. Based on this point, the K-NN method was employed to reconstruct the training data for neural network models while considering the similarity of traffic flow patterns. This was done through collecting the specific state vectors that were closest to the current state vectors from the historical database to enhance the relationship between the inputs and outputs for the neural network models. In this study, we selected four different neural network models, i.e., back-propagation (BP) neural network, radial basis function (RBF) neural network, generalized regression (GR) neural network, and Elman neural network, all of which have been widely applied for short-term traffic forecasting. Using real world traffic data, the  experimental results primarily show that the BP and GR neural networks combined with the K-NN method have better prediction performance, and both are sensitive to the size of the training data. Secondly, the forecast accuracies of the RBF and Elman neural networks combined with the K-NN method both remain fairly stable with the increasing size of the training data. In summary, the proposed hybrid forecasting  approach outperforms the conventional forecasting models, facilitating the implementation of short-term  traffic forecasting in traffic management and control applications.
Analysis of the Impact of Transport Corridor Vc on the Port of Ploče
Authors: Kos Serđo , Bakota Mario , Brčić David
Published: September 2018

The importance of the Port of Ploče lies in serving the majority of the Bosnian market. However, the Pan-European Corridor Vc provides access to a much wider market in Central and South-Eastern Europe. The purpose of this paper is to express views on the future development of the Corridor and its consequential impact on the Port. This was conducted by means of analysis, comparison, and synthesis of cargo flow data and the dynamics data of the Corridor Vc construction. It covers the relations between Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and the Republic of Croatia, and the assessment of importance of the Corridor in those countries. Statistical indicators show the importance of the Corridor completion for the successful execution of port development plans. The analysis of the Corridor status points to the current prevailing circumstances in BiH that make its realization ultimately uncertain, especially its railway component. The findings show that the most significant obstacles for a successful realization of Port of Ploče development plans are not only within the BiH internal geo-political relationships but in the disputes between BiH and the Republic of Croatia (RH) as well. Consequently, it has been shown that the Port of Ploče is not able to define and carry out the necessary measures toward BiH on its own but necessarily with the participation of the RH Government. The analysis offers observations and recommendations for improving relations with BiH, which would significantly advance the completion of the Corridor in BiH. In this way, it would allow for a full establishment of the Port of Ploče on target markets.
Estimation of Aerodynamic Coefficients in a Small Subsonic Wind Tunnel
Authors: Krajček Nikolić Karolina , Domitrović Anita , Janković Slobodan
Published: September 2018

To apply the experimental data measured in a wind tunnel for a scaled aircraft to a free-flying model, conditions of dynamical similarity must be met or scaling procedures introduced. The scaling methods should correct the wind tunnel data regarding model support, wall interference, and lower Reynolds number. To include the necessary corrections, the current scaling techniques use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in combination with measurements in cryogenic wind tunnels. There are a few methods that enable preliminary calculations of typical corrections considering specific measurement conditions and volume limitation of test section. The purpose of this paper is to present one possible approach to estimating corrections due to sting interference and difference in Reynolds number between the real airplane in cruise regime and its 1:100 model in the small wind tunnel AT-1. The analysis gives results for correction of axial and normal force coefficients. The results of this analysis indicate that the Reynolds number effects and the problem of installation of internal force balance are quite large. Therefore, the wind tunnel AT-1 has limited  usage for aerodynamic coefficient determination of transport airplanes, like Dash 8 Q400 analyzed in this paper.
Effects of Bypass in Small and Non-congested Cities: A Case Study of the City Badajoz
Authors: Coloma Juan Francisco , Garcia Marta , Guzmán Raúl
Published: September 2018

Small cities with less than 200,000 inhabitants do not usually suffer from chronic congestion problems. However, private vehicles are used excessively, making it necessary to implement measures to encourage further use of public transport and pedestrian mobility to make it more sustainable. Bypasses improve level of service (LOS) by removing cars from the city center, leading to significant reductions in overall travel time. Most studies so far have been conducted in large cities suffering chronic congestion problems, so the aim of this research is to analyze the effects of bypasses in small and non-congested cities through the construction of a traffic model in Badajoz (Spain), starting with the allocation of the origin-destination travel matrix derived from surveys and traffic counts conducted at the southern and eastern accesses. The traffic model describes the mobility in potentially-capturable future southern traffic relationships and allows insights into different alternatives in the construction of a new high LOS road. This research concludes that small cities with no chronic congestion problems should plan bypasses as close as possible to the city, since they are the most economical, produce greater traffic capture, greater time savings, and eliminate the largest number of CO2 emissions from the urban center. The more distant alternatives have a higher LOS, however, these are longer and more expensive solutions that also capture less traffic and thus eliminate less CO2 emissions.
Review of Metaliteracy in Practice
Authors: Curtis Whitney
Published: September 2018

Review of the book Metaliteracy in Practice.
A novel experimental design for the measurement of metacarpal bone loading and deformation and fingertip force
Authors: Lu Szu-Ching , Vereecke Evie E. , Synek Alexander , Pahr Dieter H. , Kivell Tracy L.
Published: September 2018

Background

Musculoskeletal and finite element modelling are often used to predict joint loading and bone strength within the human hand, but there is a lack of in vitro evidence of the force and strain experienced by hand bones.

Methods

This study presents a novel experimental setup that allows the positioning of a cadaveric digit in a variety of postures with the measurement of force and strain experienced by the third metacarpal. The setup allows for the measurement of fingertip force as well. We tested this experimental setup using three cadaveric human third digits in which the flexor tendons were loaded in two tendon pathways: (1) parallel to the metacarpal bone shaft, with bowstringing; (2) a semi-physiological condition in which the tendons were positioned closer to the bone shaft.

Results

There is substantial variation in metacarpal net force, metacarpal strain and fingertip force between the two tendon pathways. The net force acting on the metacarpal bone is oriented palmarly in the parallel tendon condition, causing tension along the dorsum of the metacarpal shaft, while the force increases and is oriented dorsally in the semi-physiological condition, causing compression of the dorsal metacarpal shaft. Fingertip force is also greater in the semi-physiological condition, implying a more efficient grip function. Inter-individual variation is observed in the radioulnar orientation of the force experienced by the metacarpal bone, the fingertip force, and the strain patterns on the metacarpal shaft.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates a new method for measuring force and strain experienced by the metacarpal, and fingertip force in cadaveric digits that can, in turn, inform computation models. Inter-individual variation in loads experienced by the third digit suggest that there are differences in joint contact and/or internal bone structure across individuals that are important to consider in clinical and evolutionary contexts.
Juveniles with a history of violent behavior show cognitive performance and electrophysiology consistent with inhibitory control and emotional feedback processing problems
Authors: Chen Chiao‐Yun , Chiou Chung‐Ru , Ko Cheng‐Hung
Published: September 2018

Inhibitory control and the effects of negative emotional feedback were investigated in adolescents with a history of violent behavior and normal adolescents using the Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP), a task simulating real situations of social interaction to elicit aggressive behavior and negative emotions, with concurrent event related potential recordings. The Reactive Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPAQ), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) and the Negative Mood Regulation (NMR) Scale were also presented. These showed that reactive scores, proactive scores, and BIS scores were all significantly higher for the violent offender group whereas scores from the NMR scale were significantly lower for this group. In the TAP, the violent offender group chose significantly higher levels of punishment, indicative of both higher proactive and higher reactive aggression, for their opponent than did the control group. The ERP data showed the N2 amplitude for the decision phase, indicative of inhibitory control, was lower for the violent offender group than for the control group, with mediation analysis showing that the N2 component was related to proactive aggression. The decision‐related negativity and the feedback‐related negativity in the result phase were also both lower for the violent offender group than for the control group. Adolescent violent offenders showed higher levels of aggressive behavior than normal adolescents. This is associated with both worse inhibitory control and worse negative emotion regulation. Investigation of common factors underlying these processes, in conjunction with possible ways in which they might be improved, should be a priority for future work.
ZnO/CuCrO2 Core–Shell Nanowire Heterostructures for Self‐Powered UV Photodetectors with Fast Response
Authors: Cossuet Thomas , Resende Joao , Rapenne Laetitia , Chaix‐Pluchery Odette , Jiménez Carmen , Renou Gilles , Pearson Andrew J. , Hoye Robert L. Z. , Blanc‐Pelissier Danièle , Nguyen Ngoc Duy , Appert Estelle , Muñoz‐Rojas David , Consonni Vincent , Deschanvres Jean‐Luc
Published: September 2018

An original self‐powered UV photodetector integrating ZnO/CuCrO2 core–shell nanowire heterostructures is fabricated using low‐cost and scalable chemical deposition techniques operating at moderate temperatures. A 35 nm thick delafossite phase CuCrO2 shell is formed with high uniformity by aerosol‐assisted chemical vapor deposition over an array of vertically aligned ZnO nanowires grown by chemical bath deposition. The CuCrO2 shell consists of columnar grains at the top of ZnO nanowires as well as nanograins with some preferential orientations on their vertical sidewalls. The ZnO/CuCrO2 core–shell nanowire heterostructures exhibit significant diode behavior, with a rectification ratio approaching 1.2 × 104 at 1 V and ‐1 V, as well as a high optical absorptance above 85% in the UV part of the electromagnetic spectrum. A high UV responsivity at zero bias under low‐power illumination of up to 3.43 mA W−1 under a 365 nm UV lamp, and up to 5.87 mA W−1 at 395 nm from spectrally resolved measurements, alongside a high selectivity with a UV‐to‐visible (395–550 nm) rejection ratio of 106 is measured. The short rise and decay times of 32 and 35 µs, respectively, both measured at zero bias, further establish these devices as promising candidates for cost‐efficient, all‐oxide self‐powered UV photodetectors.
Covalent Organic Polymers Based on Fluorinated Porphyrin as Oxygen Nanoshuttles for Tumor Hypoxia Relief and Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Tao Danlei , Feng Liangzhu , Chao Yu , Liang Chao , Song Xuejiao , Wang Hairong , Yang Kai , Liu Zhuang
Published: September 2018

Effective and sustained tumor oxygenation has found practical significance in benefiting the treatment of solid tumors. In this study, fluorinated covalent organic polymers (COPs) are prepared by cross‐linking the photosensitizer meso‐5, 10, 15, 20‐tetra (4‐hydroxylphenyl) porphyrin (THPP) with perfluorosebacic acid (PFSEA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) via a one‐pot esterification, to enable simultaneous tumor oxygenation and photodynamic treatment. Due to the presence of PFSEA, the obtained THPPpf–PEG shows efficient loading of perfluoro‐15‐crown‐5‐ether (PFCE), a type of perfluocarbon, and thereby molecular oxygen, both of which would significantly enhance the photodynamic effect of THPP. After chelating THPP with a radio‐isotope, 99mTc, both THPPpf–PEG and PFCE‐loaded THPPpf–PEG (PFCE@THPPpf–PEG) can be vividly visualized under the single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, which uncovers efficient tumor accumulation of those COPs' post intravenous injection. Owing to the oxygen delivery ability of PFCE, efficient tumor oxygenation is observed for mice post injection of PFCE@THPPpf–PEG, which further leads to greatly enhanced photodynamic treatment of tumors. This study presents a unique type of multifunctional fluorinated COPs with well‐defined composition, long blood circulation time, and sustained tumor oxygenation ability, showing great promises for potential clinical translation in photodynamic treatment of tumors.
Advanced Multimaterial Electronic and Optoelectronic Fibers and Textiles
Authors: Yan Wei , Page Alexis , Nguyen‐Dang Tung , Qu Yunpeng , Sordo Federica , Wei Lei , Sorin Fabien
Published: September 2018

The ability to integrate complex electronic and optoelectronic functionalities within soft and thin fibers is one of today's key advanced manufacturing challenges. Multifunctional and connected fiber devices will be at the heart of the development of smart textiles and wearable devices. These devices also offer novel opportunities for surgical probes and tools, robotics and prostheses, communication systems, and portable energy harvesters. Among the various fiber‐processing methods, the preform‐to‐fiber thermal drawing technique is a very promising process that is used to fabricate multimaterial fibers with complex architectures at micro‐ and nanoscale feature sizes. Recently, a series of scientific and technological breakthroughs have significantly advanced the field of multimaterial fibers, allowing a wider range of functionalities, better performance, and novel applications. Here, these breakthroughs, in the fundamental understanding of the fluid dynamics, rheology, and tailoring of materials microstructures at play in the thermal drawing process, are presented and critically discussed. The impact of these advances on the research landscape in this field and how they offer significant new opportunities for this rapidly growing scientific and technological platform are also discussed.
Chinese Ink: A Powerful Photothermal Material for Solar Steam Generation
Authors: Yang Hao‐Cheng , Chen Zhaowei , Xie Yunsong , Wang Jie , Elam Jeffrey W. , Li Weihua , Darling Seth B.
Published: September 2018

Solar steam generation holds great promise in alleviating fresh water crises, particularly in regions with accessible seawater and abundant insolation. Affordable, efficient, and environmentally friendly photothermal materials are needed to fabricate sunlight‐driven evaporation devices. Herein, Chinese ink, a carbon‐based paint used in traditional painting and calligraphy, is readily coated on diverse substrates and stabilized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) for solar steam generation. The ALD/Chinese ink coating exhibits strong and broad light absorption from the NIR to UV regions. Both ALD/Chinese‐ink‐coated membranes and wood display excellent photothermal properties and superior evaporation performance under simulated sunlight. This study demonstrates the potential of ALD/Chinese ink coating to achieve higher evaporation rate and efficiency by utilizing substrates with rough, structured surfaces and low thermal conductivity.
Printed, Flexible pH Sensor Hydrogels for Wet Environments
Authors: Naficy Sina , Oveissi Farshad , Patrick Bianca , Schindeler Aaron , Dehghani Fariba
Published: September 2018

Current sensors for monitoring environmental signals, such as pH, are often made from rigid materials that are incompatible with soft biological tissues. The high stiffness of such materials sets practical limitations on the in situ utilization of sensors under biological conditions. This article describes a soft yet robust hydrogel‐based pH sensor that can be 3D printed. The pH‐sensitive poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) is combined with hydrophilic polyurethane to create novel printable inks with favorable biomechanical properties. These inks are employed to fabricate highly flexible pH sensors that linearly respond to pH in wet environments. The pH sensitive hydrogels can undergo extreme deformations including twisting, bending, and up to 400 extension cycles without any deterioration in their electrical properties. Such printable inks that can produce biosensors using a one‐step fabrication method eliminate the cumbersome and inconvenient processing of rigid materials that are used in the manufacturing of conventional pH sensors.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Cascade Reaction between o‐Hydroxycinnamaldehydes and γ/δ‐Hydroxyenones: A Route to Tetrahydrofuran/Tetrahydropyran‐Fused 3,4‐Dihydrocoumarins
Authors: Mondal Buddhadeb , Pan Subhas Chandra
Published: September 2018

The first organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of tetrahydrofuran/tetrahydropyran‐fused 3,4‐dihydrocoumarin has been developed via a cascade reaction between 2‐hydroxy cinnamaldehydes and γ/δ‐hydroxy enones followed by pyridinium chlorochromate oxidation. Diphenylprolinol silyl ether catalyst in combination with acetic acid was found to be the most effective for the cascade reaction. With 10 mol% of the catalyst and the additive, the desired products were obtained in high enantio‐ and diastereoselectivities.

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Strategic Approach on N‐Oxides in Gold Catalysis – A Case Study
Authors: Schießl Jasmin , Stein Philipp M. , Stirn Judith , Emler Kirsten , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: September 2018

An extensive kinetic study of selected key reactions of (oxidative) gold catalysis concentrates on the decrease of the catalytic activity due to inhibition of the gold(I) catalyst caused by pyridine derivatives that are obtained as by‐products if N‐oxides are applied as oxygen donors. The choice of the examined pyridine derivatives and their corresponding N‐oxides has been made regardless of their commercial availability; particular attention has been paid to the practical benefit which up to now has been neglected in most of the reaction screenings. The test reactions were monitored by GC and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The received reaction constants provide information concerning a correlation between the electronic structure of the heterocycle and the catalytic activity. Based on the collected kinetic data, it was possible to develop a basic set of three N‐oxides which have to be taken into account in further oxidative gold(I)‐catalyzed reactions.

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Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methane on Single Transition Metal Atoms Supported on a Defective Boron Nitride Monolayer: First Principle Study
Authors: Tan Xin , Tahini Hassan A. , Arandiyan Hamidreza , Smith Sean C.
Published: September 2018

The electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water into useful multi‐electron transfer products, such as methanol (CH3OH) and methane (CH4), is a major challenge in facilitating a closed carbon cycle. Here, a systematic first principle study of the potential of single transition metal atoms (Sc to Zn, Mo, Rh, Ru, Pd, Ag, Pt, and Au) supported on experimentally available defective boron nitride monolayers with a boron monovacancy (TM/defective BN) to achieve highly efficient electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECR) to CH4 is carried out. Our computations reveal that Fe/defective BN, Co/defective BN, and Pt/defective BN nanosheets possess outstanding ECR activities with quite low (less negative) onset potentials of −0.52, −0.68, and −0.60 V, respectively. Given that Fe and Co are nonprecious metals, Fe/defective BN and Co/defective BN may provide cost‐effective electrocatalysts. The high ECR activities of these TM/defective BN catalyst systems stem from the moderate electrocatalysts’ affinities for C and O, which modulate the free energies of ECR intermediates in the reaction pathways. Moreover, it is found that Fe/defective BN and Pt/defective BN show high selectivity of ECR to CH4. This finding highlights a strategy to design highly active and selective single‐atom electrocatalysts for ECR to CH4.
Experimental studies on CO2 gasification of petcoke particle swarm at high temperatures
Authors: Liu Ming , Shen Zhongjie , Xu Jianliang , Liang Qinfeng , Liu Haifeng
Published: September 2018

Particle concentration was an important factor that affected the gasification kinetics of carbonaceous material in gasifier. In this study, in situ gasification characteristics of particle swarm with different particle concentrations were investigated at high temperatures. The reaction rate of dispersed particle swarm was higher than that of dense particle swarm. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that molecular diffusion in high‐temperature stage was the dominant diffusion mode. And the effect of particle concentration on diffusion process was limited. While the CO2 concentration in particle swarm evidently decreased with the increase of particle concentration. It was concluded that the CO2 concentration was the primary factor that affected the gasification of petcoke compared with the diffusion process in particle swarm at the same reaction temperature. The effects of CO2 concentration in particle swarms on intrinsic gasification kinetics of carbonaceous matter were generally underrated in present studies. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 4009–4018, 2018
Gas–liquid mass transfer and bubble size distribution in a multi‐Cyclone separator
Authors: Xu Xiao , Lu Hao , Qian Yundong , Zhang Bohan , Wang Hualin , Liu Honglai , Yang Qiang
Published: September 2018

This article discusses the use of a multi‐cyclone separator, which is a simplified form of a degassing hydrocyclone, in the separation of sweeping nitrogen bubbles and dissolved oxygen from water. The motion of the nitrogen bubbles and mass transfer of dissolved oxygen is discussed. It was observed that the Sauter mean diameter and gas volume in the swirling flow region as well as the total gas holdup increased as the volumetric ratio of gas to liquid flow increased. Almost all bubbles were found to exit through the gas outlet, indicating optimum performance of the bubble‐separation process. The multi‐cyclone separator was found to achieve good performance for the mass transfer of oxygen from water to nitrogen. This work is important in predicting the destination of bubbles and dissolved gas in swirling flow. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 215–223, 2019
When women work: Endocrine reactivity in women during everyday physical activity at high altitude
Authors: Sarma Mallika S , Gettler Lee T , Childs Geoff , Quinn Elizabeth A
Published: September 2018

Objectives

This study explores the acute endocrine reactivity of testosterone and cortisol in women engaging in everyday physical activity in a high altitude environment.

Methods

Data were collected from 35 women living in the Himalayas, with women recruited from both high (>10 000 ft.) and low altitude villages (<10 000 ft.). Saliva samples were collected at 3 time points (pre‐activity, 30 and 60 minutes) and women wore the wGT3X‐BT Actigraph during an hour of everyday work to assess the relationship between high altitude, endocrine reactivity, and physical activity. Saliva samples were then analyzed for testosterone and cortisol.

Results

Women living at high altitude had lower cortisol and testosterone levels, after controlling for moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity, age, and sum of skinfolds.

Conclusions

Testosterone and cortisol increase allocation of energy to costly somatic tissues and the utilization of stored energy. Lower production of these hormones may be beneficial for heightened energetic demands at high altitude.