bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of oral tranexamic acid as an adjuvant in Indian patients with melasma: a prospective, interventional, single‐centre, triple‐blind, randomized, placebo‐control, parallel group study
Authors: Minni K. , Poojary S.
Published: June 2020

Background

Melasma is a chronic recalcitrant pigmentary disorder whose treatment frustrates physician and patient alike. Tranexamic acid, a plasmin inhibitor, has demonstrated hypopigmenting properties.

Aim

To compare safety and efficacy of combination of oral tranexamic acid (TXA) and topical fluocinolone‐based combination cream (FbTC) with that of topical FbTC alone in melasma.

Method

One hundred and eighty patients patients of facial melasma of either sex attending dermatology OPD were screened. Consenting 130 participants were randomized into two blinded groups with 65 patients in each group. Group A patients received oral tranexamic acid 250 mg and oral ranitidine 150 mg twice daily and applied a triple combination cream containing fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%, tretinoin 0.05% and hydroquinone 2% once daily, and Group B was asked to take placebo tablets (calcium lactate and multivitamin) and apply the cream only for 12 weeks. Response was evaluated using modified melasma area severity index (mMASI) and graded mMASI improvement at 4th, 8th and 12th weeks, and at 24th week for recurrence. Data were analysed using SPSS software.

Results

Results were analysed in 120 patients who completed the study with 61 and 59 patients in group A and B, respectively. Demographic profile was equally distributed in both the groups. In group A, 13.1% patients showed marked improvement (>75%) in mMASI as compared to group B (1.7%) at 4th week. By 12th week, 65.6% patients had marked improvement in group A in contrast to only 27.1% in group B. At 24th week, group A (65.6%) had sustained improvement as compared to group B (11.9%) despite stopping treatment; all of which were statistically significant. Recurrence observed was 18.03% in group A vs. 64.4% in group B at 24th week.

Conclusion

Oral tranexamic acid is definitely a boon to the armamentarium of melasma management and should be used as an adjuvant to fluocinolone‐based triple combination cream for a faster, sustained improvement and to prevent recurrence.
Utilization of species checklist data in revealing the spatial distribution of fish diversity
Authors: Zhang Qingtian , Hu Guikun
Published: June 2020

Marine fish species checklists from six Chinese coastal waters were combined for the analysis of taxonomic diversity. The Genus‐Family index (G‐F index) ranged between 0.39 and 0.84, which generally indicated a decreasing trend with increasing latitude, with the exception of the southernmost area. Average taxonomic distinctness showed a slight increasing trend from northern to central study areas, but whether the taxonomic distinctness indices represent a latitudinal gradient of biodiversity requires further study. The multivariate analysis revealed a distinct latitudinal variation in fish assemblages. These results indicate that species checklist data are helpful in understanding the diversity distribution of fish species in the coastal zone. The potential of a species inventory should be exploited to fully understand biodiversity.
Longitudinal Sex‐Specific Physical Function Trends by Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Weight Status
Authors: Xu Furong , Cohen Steven A. , Greaney Mary L. , Earp Jacob E. , Delmonico Matthew J.
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

There is a need to assess longitudinal trends in physical function and to understand the prevalence of physical function status in the older population using objectively measured physical function. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to examine longitudinal sex‐specific physical function trends and prevalence of physical function status by age, race/ethnicity, and weight status in older adults, aged 65 years and older.

METHODS

The present study used longitudinal data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study. Physical function was measured annually from 2011 to 2018 using the Short Physical Performance Battery, and classified as poor (0–6), fair (7–9), or good (10–12). Mixed effect regression and generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate unadjusted trends and annual changes in physical function, adjusting for confounders and accounting for complex sampling.

RESULTS

Respondents' physical function declined over time regardless of sex, age, race/ethnicity, and weight status (P < .001). Respondents aged 75 to 84 years (males: β = −.18; 95% confidence interval (CI) = −.22 to −.13; females: β = −.23; 95% CI = −.27 to −.20) and 85 years and older (males: β = −.39; 95% CI = −.47 to −.30; females: β = −.33; 95% CI = −.39 to −.28) had a greater annual physical function rate of decline than respondents aged 65 to 74 years. Respondents aged 75 years and older also had a greater annual increase in the proportion classified as having poor physical function than respondents aged 65 to 74 years (P < .001), regardless of sex. Compared with non‐Hispanic whites, Hispanic females had a lower annual physical function rate of decline (β = .14; 95% CI = 0.07–0.20), and Hispanic and/or non‐Hispanic blacks had slower annual changes in the proportion classified as having good physical function (P < .05). Compared with normal weight males, overweight males had lower annual changes in physical function (P = .003) and proportion of those with poor physical function (P = .004), but no differences between weight status were observed in females.

CONCLUSIONS

Physical function declines with age, but temporal changes in physical function and physical function status varied by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and weight status. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:2270–2278, 2020.
An exceptional neurovascular system in abelisaurid theropod skull: New evidence from Skorpiovenator bustingorryi
Authors: Cerroni Mauricio A. , Canale Juan I. , Novas Fernando E. , Paulina‐Carabajal Ariana
Published: June 2020

Abelisaurids were one of the most successful theropod dinosaurs during Cretaceous times. They are featured by numerous derived skull traits, such as heavily ornamented bones, short and tall snout, and a strongly thickened cranial roof. Furthermore, nasals are distinctive on having two distinct nasal patterns: strongly transversely convex and heavily sculptured (e.g., Carnotaurus), and transversely concave, with marked bilateral crests and poorly sculptured surfaces (e.g., Rugops). Independently of the pattern, some abelisaurid nasals (e.g., Rugops) show a distinctive row of large foramina on the dorsal surface, which were in general associated to skin structures (scales). Skorpiovenator bustingorryi is a derived abelisaurid coming from the upper Cretaceous beds of northwestern Patagonia, represented by an almost complete skeleton including a well‐preserved skull. Particularly, the skull of Skorpiovenator shows nasal bones characterized by being transversely concave, rimmed by lateral crests and with a conspicuous row of foramina on the dorsal surface. But more interesting is that the skull roof also exhibits a row of large foramina that seem to be continuous with the previous nasal foramina. CT scans made on the skull corroborates a novel feature within theropods: the nasal foramina on the external surface are linked to an internal canal that runs across the nasal bones. We compared this feature with CT scans of Carnotaurus and revealed that it also possess an internal system as in Skorpiovenator, but being notably smaller. The symmetry and disposition of the foramina in the nasal and skull roof bones of Skorpiovenator would indicate a neurovascular correlate (i.e., blood vessels and nerves), probably to the lateral nasal and supraorbital vessels and the trigeminal nerve. The biological significance of such neurovascular system can be conjectured from several hypotheses. A possible one involves an enhanced blood volume in these bones linked to a zone of thermal exchange, which may help avoid overheat of encephalic tissues. Another plausible hypothesis takes into account the presence of display skin structures in which blood volume nourished the mineralized skin, which would have a role in intraspecific communication. However, other more speculative explanations should not be discarded such as a correlation with integumentary sensory organs.
Feasibility analysis of different surgical methods for uterine cesarean section scar diverticulum
Authors: Zhang Yanhua , Jia Yanfeng , Wang Xiaoli , Sun Qian
Published: June 2020

Aim

This study analyses the effects of surgical indicators and clinical efficacy of different surgical methods for uterine cesarean section scar diverticulum.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 65 patients who underwent surgery and postoperative follow‐up at Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child‐care Hospital from 1 January 2013 to 31 February 2019.

Results

All participants were treated surgically. Among them, patients in Group A underwent combined laparoscopic and hysteroscopic surgery (n = 45), Group B underwent transvaginal surgery (n = 11), Group C underwent laparotomy (n = 9). The primary outcomes were surgical indicators. The secondary outcomes were clinical efficacy. Bleeding, operation time and hospitalization expenses were significantly different among the three groups (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the hospital stay among the three groups P = 0.22). The menstrual period before and after surgery was significantly different among the groups (P < 0.05). The recurrence outcome was no significantly different (P = 0.16), but the pregnancy outcome was not (P = 0.78).

Conclusion

The three surgical methods are effective for treating cesarean section scar diverticulum with favorable effects. Laparoscopic combined with hysteroscopic surgery is minimally invasive with less bleeding compared with the other two techniques and it is easier for patients to accept. It is the most widely used surgical method.
The Business Model Phenomenon: Towards Theoretical Relevance
Authors: Prescott John E. , Filatotchev Igor
Published: June 2020

The popularity of the business model phenomenon has out paced its theoretical development. We argue that establishing construct clarity for the business model phenomenon is necessary before scholars and practitioners can answer foundational questions such as whether strategy and business models are different constructs and if so, the implications for practitioners, theory development and pedagogy. We advocate for a Theory‐In‐Use (TIU) approach to establish construct clarity. TIU is one approach to phenomenon‐driven research used to co‐create new knowledge by involving academics and practitioners, leveraging extant theoretical and empirical knowledge to position, describe and explain a phenomenon, and embraces constructionist and positivist epistemologies to map constructs on to a phenomenon. We overview the TIU approach and develop a hypothetical interview schedule for developing construct clarity for the business model phenomenon. Assuming that construct clarity is established, we identify promising research directions for two streams of business model research that are underdeveloped; international business and corporate governance. Our overarching goal is to stimulate research to advance the theoretical relevance of the business model phenomenon.
Accuracy of Implant Analogs in 3D Printed Resin Models
Authors: Maria Rahmat , Tan Ming Yi , Wong Keng Mun , Lee Bruce Chi Hong , Chia Vanessa Ai Ping , Tan Keson Beng Choon
Published: June 2020

Purpose

To study the effect of implant analog system, print orientation, and analog holder radial offset on 3D linear and absolute angular distortions of implant analogs in 3D printed resin models.

Materials and Methods

A sectional master model simulating a 2‐implant, 3‐unit fixed prosthesis in a partially edentulous jaw was fabricated. Three implant analog systems for 3D printed resin models—Straumann (ST), Core3DCentres (CD) and Medentika (MD)—were tested. The corresponding scan bodies were secured onto the implants and scanned using an intraoral scanner. Models were obtained with a Digital Light Processing printer. Each implant analog system had 2 print orientations (transverse [X] and perpendicular [Y] to the printer door) and 2 analog holder radial offsets (0.04 mm and 0.06 mm), for a total of 60 models. The physical positions of the implants in the master model and the analogs in the printed resin models were directly measured with a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). 3D linear distortion (ΔR) and absolute angular distortion (Absdθ) defined the 3D accuracy of the analogs in the printed models. Univariate ANOVA was used to analyse data followed by post hoc tests (Tukey HSD, α = 0.05).

Results

Mean ΔR for ST (–155.7 ± 60.6 µm), CD (124.9 ± 65.0 µm) and MD (–92.9 ± 48.0 µm) were significantly different (p < 0.01). Mean Absdθ was not significantly different between ST (0.57 ± 0.48°) and CD (0.41 ± 0.27°), but both were significantly different from MD (2.11 ± 1.14°) (p < 0.01). Print orientation had a significant effect on ΔR only but no discernible trend could be found. Analog holder radial offset had no significant effect on ΔR and Absdθ.

Conclusions

Implant analog system had a significant effect on ΔR and Absdθ. Compared to the master model, CD produced greater mean interanalog distances, while ST and MD produced smaller mean interanalog distances. MD exhibited the greatest mean angular distortion which was significantly greater than ST and CD.
Cumulative effects of ciprofloxacin and pilocarpine on cytotoxicity and G0 phase arrest in hepatoma-derived Hep G2 cell line
Authors: Sadeghi Leila , Maleki Somaiyeh , Dehghan Gholamreza
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Uncontrolled cell proliferation was caused by multiple deficient pathways that inhibition of one pathway may result to activate an alternative pathway. Therefore, combination of drugs which targeted multiple pathways could be beneficial to overcome drug resistance. Ciprofloxacin (CPF) cytotoxicity was widely investigated on cancer cell lines, and results revealed hepatoma-derived Hep G2 cells are relatively resistant. So, this study aimed to increase CPF cytotoxicity by rational design of a supplement which targeted Ca2+ homoeostasis as major hub in unchecked proliferation.

Methods

Cells were treated by CPF and/or pilocarpine (PILO), and cell cycle distribution, caspases activity and regulatory proteins were evaluated.

Key findings

MTT and flow cytometry analysis confirmed administration of CPF + PILO causes more cytotoxicity. CPF-exposed cells accumulated in S phase due to DNA damages while PILO + CPF imposed G0 stage arrest through cyclin D1 and P-Akt downregulation. Caspase 8 was activated in cells treated by CPF but accompaniment of PILO with CPF led to activation of caspase 9, 8 and 3 and ROS overproduction.

Conclusions

Ciprofloxacin imposed mitochondrial-independent apoptosis while PILO + CPF caused mitochondrial-dependent and independent apoptosis simultaneously. Consequently, coadministration of PILO and CPF causes intense cytotoxic effects through targeting the mitochondria, DNA gyrase enzyme and other unknown mechanisms.
Maternal overnutrition impairs offspring's insulin sensitivity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Eitmann Szimonetta , Németh Dávid , Hegyi Péter , Szakács Zsolt , Garami András , Balaskó Márta , Solymár Margit , Erőss Bálint , Kovács Enikő , Pétervári Erika
Published: June 2020

This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to investigate the association between maternal overnutrition and offspring's insulin sensitivity—following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses statement. Studies published in English before April 22, 2019, were identified through searches of four medical databases. After selection, 15 studies aiming to explore the association between prepregnancy body mass index (ppBMI) or gestational weight gain (GWG) of non‐diabetic mothers and their offspring's insulin sensitivity (fasting insulin or glucose level and Homeostatic Measurement Assessment for Insulin Resistance [HOMA‐IR]) were included in the meta‐analysis. Associations of ppBMI and GWG with offspring's insulin sensitivity were analysed by pooling regression coefficients or standardized differences in means with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Maternal ppBMI showed significant positive correlations with the level of both fasting insulin and HOMA‐IR in offspring (standardized regression coefficient for fasting insulin: 0.107, CI [0.053, 0.160], p < 0.001 and that for HOMA‐IR: 0.063, CI [0.006, 0.121], p = 0.031). However, the result of the analysis on coefficients adjusted for offspring's actual anthropometry (BMI and adiposity) was not significant. Independent from ppBMI, GWG tended to show a positive correlation with insulin level, but not after adjustment for offspring's anthropometry. Offspring of mothers with excessive GWG showed significantly higher HOMA‐IR than those of mothers with optimal GWG (p = 0.004). Our results demonstrate that both higher ppBMI and GWG increase the risk of offspring's insulin resistance, but the effect of ppBMI on insulin sensitivity in offspring may develop as consequence of their adiposity.
Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of lipomatosis of the sciatic nerve: Early‐onset colonic diverticular disease
Authors: Marek Tomas , Mahan Mark A. , Amrami Kimberly K. , Blackburn Patrick R. , Caffes Patricia L. , Carter Jodi M. , Camilleri Michael , Spinner Robert J.
Published: June 2020

Background

Lipomatosis of nerve (LN) is a complex peripheral nerve disorder characterized by fibrofatty nerve enlargement. MRI of this pathology is pathognomonic and obviates a diagnostic biopsy. Mutation in PIK3CA has been associated with LN cases with nerve‐territory overgrowth which may occur in some cases. We evaluate an association of LN of the sciatic nerve and early‐onset colonic diverticular disease and discuss the potential pathogenesis.

Methods

Our institutional database was searched for LN cases. Available information of identified cases was reviewed, and cases with a confirmed diagnosis of LN affecting the lumbosacral plexus and/or sciatic nerve; available MRI of the affected nerve(s); and diverticular disease occurring in the area supplied by the nerve(s) affected by LN were further analyzed. PIK3CA mutation testing was performed on available tissue samples.

Results

We identified 10 LN cases of lumbosacral plexus and/or sciatic nerve. Of these, three fulfilled our inclusion criteria. All three patients had concomitant colonic diverticular disease, diagnosed at a relatively young age. MRI studies of these cases showed LN involvement of the sacral nerves innervating the sigmoid colon. All three also had abnormal diagnostic workup including various GI tests and evidence of associated nerve‐territory overgrowth. Colonic tissue samples for PIK3CA mutation were negative.

Conclusion

While the pathogenesis of the colonic diverticular disease is increasingly recognized as being multifactorial, our observations are consistent with the potential role of autonomic nervous system dysfunction affecting either the pelvic floor musculature, or the colon itself (or both) in a subset of patients with early‐onset diverticular disease.
Three‐point Method to Guide the Tibial Resection and Component Placing in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Liu Ming‐yang , Wang Hai‐bo , Liu Shi‐wei , Zhang Guan‐peng , Liu Jian‐guo , Yang Chen
Published: June 2020

Objective

To introduce a three‐point method combining the midpoint of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), the midsulcus of the tibial spines, and the midpoint of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) to determine appropriate tibial resection and component placing during TKA and to compare this method with Insall's 1/3 method.

Methods

A consecutive series of 128 knees that underwent TKA from January 2015 to August 2018 were analyzed. In one group (64 knees), the medial 1/3 of tibial tubercle (the Insall's traditional method) was used for tibial component alignment. In the other group (64 knees), the three‐point line connecting the midpoint of the PCL, the midpoint of the tibial spines, and the midpoint of the ACL was used for tibial component alignment. Both groups used the anterior tibial tendon as the distal reference for tibial resection. The coronal alignment error of the tibial component was determined by the angle between the line parallel to the tibial component platform and the tibial mechanical axis measured on postoperative radiograph. The axial rotation error of the femoral or tibial component was the intersection angle between the transepicondylar axis (TEA) and a line tangent to the posterior edge of the femoral or tibial component measured on CT. The coronal and axial alignment errors were compared between the two groups.

Results

The average coronal alignment error of the tibial component in the three‐point method group was 0.2° ± 1.4° versus − 0.9° ± 1.8°in the Insall's 1/3 method group (P < 0.001), and the mean absolute value in the three‐point method group reduced by 37.3% compared to Insall's traditional method group. The average axial rotation error of the femoral component was 0.2° ± 1.2° in the three‐point method group versus − 1.1° ± 1.7° in the Insall's 1/3 method group (P < 0.001), and the mean absolute value in three‐point method group decreased by 43.9% compared to Insall's traditional method group. The average axial rotation error of the tibial component was 0.4° ± 1.4° versus − 1.4° ± 1.8° in the Insall's 1/3 method group (P < 0.001), and the mean absolute value in the three‐point method group reduced by 35.5% compared to the Insall's traditional method group. The rates of rotation outliers were significantly lower in the three‐point method group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The line connecting the midpoint of the PCL, the midsulcus of the tibial spines, and the midpoint of the ACL could be used as the reference for the tibial resection and component placing. This method appears to be more accurate than Insall's 1/3 method. The results of this study provide a candidate method for component orientation with little error.
Ruptured Identities: Affective Needs in PostAccord Education for Bosnia–Herzegovina
Authors: Greiff Jacquie L.
Published: June 2020

This study, while centered within the scholarship of education reform in postconflict Bosnia–Herzegovina (BiH), shifts the locus of focus from large‐scale debates between international organizations and national political bodies toward a consideration of the individuals within the system on the ground. Through the voices of primary school teachers, directors, and pedagogues across eight cities in BiH, this analysis casts light on the struggles facing children and educators in postconflict BiH today, and administrators and reformers within the education frame these struggles. The article concludes that the shifting and ruptured identities of a postwar generation, combined with the economic and social‐emotional struggles facing these populations, point toward affective challenges encountered on a daily basis as both educators and children make their lives in the day‐to‐day reality of today’s BiH. This framework suggests that dichotomies such as monoethnic/multiethnic and segregated/integrated may be eclipsing more nuanced issues within the practice of education and education reform in BiH. The conversations presented in these pages officer a renewed perspective, critical for scholars of peace studies, as we consider the role of education systems in postaccord societies and the effects they can be expected to bring about.
The experiences of interval appendectomy for inflammatory appendiceal mass
Authors: Takahashi Yoshiaki , Obata Satoshi , Matsuura Toshiharu , Kawano Yuki , Yanagi Yusuke , Yoshimaru Koichiro , Izaki Tomoko , Taguchi Tomoaki
Published: June 2020

Background

Interval appendectomy (IA) is a common treatment of acute appendicitis (AA) with inflammatory appendiceal mass (IAM). However, the management of patients with IAM is still controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes in patients with this condition.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 244 patients with AA for their clinical characteristics and outcomes.

Results

Forty‐three patients had IAM at the first medical examination. The mean age was significantly younger and the C‐reactive protein level significantly higher (12.6 vs 3.1 mg/dL) in patients with IAM. Thirty‐four patients received IA, and nine received emergency appendectomy (EA). In the IA group, the diameter of the abscess was larger than in the EA group (31.4 vs 16.1 mm). The total length of hospitalization was longer in the IA group than the EA group (20.6 vs 7.0 days), although the operative time was longer in the EA group because of adhesion (101.1 vs 192.1 min). Furthermore, most IA patients received a reduced‐port appendectomy (74% vs 11%). Recurrence occurred in approximately 15% of patients awaiting IA. There were no complications in either group.

Conclusions

Although each treatment approach has its advantages and disadvantages, both IA and EA can be the first option for the treatment of AA with IAM.
Assessment of the pest status of Pratylenchus curvicauda and ultrastructural changes in roots of infected wheat and barley
Authors: Begum Farhana , Jones Michael G. K. , Fosu‐Nyarko John
Published: June 2020

Pratylenchus curvicauda, which was first described in metropolitan Perth in 1991, was recently identified in grain‐growing areas in Western Australia. The biology of this root‐lesion nematode, and especially its pest status, is unknown. We investigated its life cycle and interaction with host plants, because such information is essential for its management. The life cycle took 45 days to complete in a wheat cultivar maintained at 23°C. Over 10 weeks, the nematode multiplied in 26 of 61 genotypes; these host plants were all cereals and included widely grown cultivars of wheat and barley. Eighteen other cereal genotypes and 13 cultivars including canola, chickpea, ryegrass, lupin, soybean, and tomato, sustained the nematodes to different degrees without multiplication. Four cover crops were not suitable hosts. The patterns of attraction of the nematodes and penetration into roots of the host and tolerant plants were similar. The nonhosts attracted fewer nematodes, none of which penetrated the roots. Browning of infected roots was atypical—it occurred late in some roots, 55 days after inoculation, and in the presence of a fungus. The nematodes were confined to, and fed from, cortical cells. The ultrastructure of infected wheat and barley cells showed typical signs of damage caused by Pratylenchus spp. and included cell disorganization and lack of membrane integrity, disintegration of cytoplasm, hypertrophy of some nuclei, and deposition of tannin‐like granules. This detailed characterization of P. curvicauda–host interaction indicates the nematode is likely to be a pest of major crops, and attention should be given to its management.
Orchestrating Regionalism: The Interamerican Development Bank and the Central American Electric System
Authors: Palestini Stefano
Published: June 2020

Why have Central American states been able to deliver public goods in the energy sector when most experiences of energy regionalism in Latin American have run into deadlock? Through process‐tracing the different factors that transformed the Central American Electric System (SIEPAC) from a policy‐idea into a fully operative supranational market, this article finds that the Interamerican Development Bank was the orchestrator of governments, national utilities, and extra‐regional state and market actors resulting in the production of energy infrastructure and improved energy security for Central American countries. Through three mechanisms—brokering, agenda‐setting, and assistance—the Interamerican Development Bank kept the cooperation agenda ongoing despite coordination problems and member states' divergent preferences. The article concludes that regional development banks are particularly well‐suited orchestrators of highly technical regionalism initiatives, such as energy integration, because they combine the input‐legitimacy of an intergovernmental organization, the know‐how of an epistemic community, and the resources of a bank. More research is needed to compare the role of various regional development banks in regionalism initiatives in the global South.
Complicated grief following job loss: Risk factors for its development and maintenance
Authors: van Eersel Janske H. W. , Taris Toon W. , Boelen Paul A.
Published: June 2020

Increasing evidence shows that job loss can lead to symptoms of complicated grief (CG). However, little is known about which factors relate to the development and maintenance of CG symptoms following job loss. This study aimed to examine risk factors for the development and maintenance of job loss‐related CG symptoms. For this study 485 Dutch workers who had lost their job were recruited (239 men and 246 women), with an average age of 50.2 years. A subsample of 128 participants also completed questionnaires at a six‐month follow‐up. We conducted correlational and multiple regression analyses (MRA) to examine the influence of the former work situation, coping strategies, and negative cognitions on job loss‐related CG symptoms. MRA results showed that belief in an unjust world was related to job loss‐related CG symptoms, cross‐sectionally and longitudinally. Further, there was a significant relationship between CG symptoms following job loss and a preference for maladaptive coping over adaptive coping styles and a low level of self‐esteem. This effect remained stable over time. These findings can inform the development of interventions for and early detection of job loss‐related CG symptoms.
Violence, Trust, and Public Support for the Colombian Peace Agreement
Authors: Esparza Diego , Martinez Valerie , Branton Regina , King Kimi , Meernik James
Published: June 2020

Objective

As peace agreements have increasingly been put to a popular vote in places such as Northern Ireland, South Sudan, and Colombia, there is a corresponding practical and theoretical interest in understanding what factors influence public opinion toward the peace? We contend that support for peace in Colombia, as in other postwar contexts, is most powerfully shaped by individuals’ assessments of two critical factors—the level of violence experienced and trust in the conflict actors. More specifically, we hypothesize that greater experience with violence by the conflict actors and greater levels of trust regarding these actors are the critical dimensions of support for peace.

Methods

We use a regression model of support for the Colombian peace agreement more generally, as well as voters' intentions regarding the peace agreement vote.

Results

We find that support for peace is most heavily dependent on contextual violence and trust. However, those who most trusted the conflict actors were among those least likely to indicate they intended to vote, which may help explain why the peace referendum failed.

Conclusion

Maintaining public support for the Colombian peace agreement will depend on rebuilding trust and providing government security and assistance in previously marginalized areas.
COVID‐19, Virtual Church Services and a New Temporary Geography of Home
Authors: Bryson John R. , Andres Lauren , Davies Andrew
Published: June 2020

The COVID‐19 pandemic and subsequent lockdown measures implemented by the United Kingdom government from 23 March 2020 led to unprecedented adaptations from individuals and communities including places of worship, their clergy and congregations. This paper through a multi‐disciplinary dialogue between human geography and theology explores the interrelations between place, space and the spiritual. It identifies the bricolage mechanisms that were developed rapidly by churches to shift towards providing virtual church services. This was an uncommon practice by Christian denominations in the UK. COVID‐19 changed the rules requiring new practices to emerge resulting in a new form of infrasecular space to emerge. Such rapid transformations through the provision of online services and virtual embeddedness blurred the lines between sacred and secular spaces. During virtual services, the minister’s home is temporally linked to the homes of congregants forming an intersacred space. Homes and spaces within homes are transformed into temporary sacred spaces.
A new species of the genus Prostigmaeus Kuznetzov (Trombidiformes: Stigmaeidae) from Turkey

Authors: Doğan Salih , Doğan Sibel , Türk Meryem Bingül
Published: June 2020

A new species of the genus Prostigmaeus Kuznetzov (Stigmaeidae), P. amplius sp. nov. collected from soil, grassy soil and litter samples from Turkey, is described and illustrated. This species can be distinguished by having apodemal marking, one pair of extra and non-setose dorsal platelets, having humeral shields, suranal shield entire and genual setal formula 5(+1κ)-5(+1κ)-2-2. Comparison of the chaetotaxy and some morphological features of Prostigmaeus species are provided as tabular data, and an updated key to the species is presented here.
A new species of the genus Raphignathus Dugés (Acari: Raphignathidae) from the Aegean region of Turkey

Authors: Akyol Mustafa
Published: June 2020

A new species viz. Raphignathus kulaensis sp. nov., collected from soil and litter under Cirsium vulgare (Asteraceae), Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), Rubus sp. (Rosaceae), Pyrus communis (Rosaceae), Verbascum sp. (Scrophulariaceae) and Astragalus sp. (Fabaceae) in Manisa and Denizli provinces (the Aegean region of Turkey), is described and illustrated based on adult female and male. A key to the species of Raphignathus from Turkey is provided.
A modified mixed domain method for modeling acoustic wave propagation in strongly heterogeneous media
Authors: Gu Juanjuan , Jing Yun
Published: June 2020

In this paper, phase correction and amplitude compensation are introduced to a previously developed mixed domain method (MDM), which is only accurate for modeling wave propagation in weakly heterogeneous media. Multiple reflections are also incorporated with the one-way model to improve the accuracy. The resulting model is denoted as the modified mixed domain method (MMDM) and is numerically evaluated for its accuracy and efficiency using four distinct cases. It is found that the MMDM is significantly more accurate than the MDM for strongly heterogeneous media, especially when the phase aberrating layer is approximately perpendicular to the acoustic beam. Additionally, a convergence study suggests that the second-order reflection could be sufficient for cases involving high contrast inhomogeneities and large loss values (e.g., skulls). The method developed in this work could facilitate therapeutic ultrasound for treating brain-related diseases and disorders.
A neutralizing human antibody binds to the N-terminal domain of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Chi Xiangyang , Yan Renhong , Zhang Jun , Zhang Guanying , Zhang Yuanyuan , Hao Meng , Zhang Zhe , Fan Pengfei , Dong Yunzhu , Yang Yilong , Chen Zhengshan , Guo Yingying , Zhang Jinlong , Li Yaning , Song Xiaohong , Chen Yi , Xia Lu , Fu Ling , Hou Lihua , Xu Junjie , Yu Changming , Li Jianmin , Zhou Qiang , Chen Wei
Published: June 2020

Hitting SARS-CoV-2 in a new spot

A key target for therapeutic antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the spike protein, a trimeric protein complex with each monomer comprising an S1 and an S2 domain that mediate binding to host cells and membrane fusion, respectively. In addition to the receptor binding domain (RBD), S1 has an N-terminal domain (NTD). In searching for neutralizing antibodies, there has been a focus on the RBD. Chi
et al.
isolated antibodies from 10 convalescent patients and identified an antibody that potently neutralizes the virus but does not bind the RBD. Cryo–electron microscopy revealed the epitope as the NTD. This NTD-targeting antibody may be useful to combine with RBD-targeting antibodies in therapeutic cocktails.

Science
, this issue p.
650
Dectin-1 Stimulation of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Occurs
In Vivo
and Promotes Differentiation Toward Trained Macrophages via an Indirect Cell-Autonomous Mechanism
Authors: Bono Cristina , Martínez Alba , Megías Javier , Gozalbo Daniel , Yáñez Alberto , Gil M. Luisa
Published: June 2020

Invasive candidiasis is an increasingly frequent cause of serious and often fatal infections. Understanding host defense is essential to design novel therapeutic strategies to boost immune protection against
Candida albicans
. In this article, we delve into two new concepts that have arisen over the last years: (i) the delivery of myelopoiesis-inducing signals by microbial components directly sensed by hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and (ii) the concept of “trained innate immunity” that may also apply to HSPCs. We demonstrate that dectin-1 ligation
in vivo
activates HSPCs and induces their differentiation to trained macrophages by a cell-autonomous indirect mechanism. This points to new mechanisms by which pathogen detection by HSPCs may modulate hematopoiesis in real time to generate myeloid cells better prepared to deal with the infection. Manipulation of this process may help to boost the innate immune response during candidiasis.
Could an Unrelated Live Attenuated Vaccine Serve as a Preventive Measure To Dampen Septic Inflammation Associated with COVID-19 Infection?
Authors: Fidel Paul L. , Noverr Mairi C.
Published: June 2020

We propose the concept that administration of an unrelated live attenuated vaccine, such as MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), could serve as a preventive measure against the worst sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is mounting evidence that live attenuated vaccines provide nonspecific protection against lethal infections unrelated to the target pathogen of the vaccine by inducing “trained” nonspecific innate immune cells for improved host responses against subsequent infections.
Widespread Strain-Specific Distinctions in Chromosomal Binding Dynamics of a Highly Conserved Escherichia coli Transcription Factor
Authors: Connolly James P. R. , O’Boyle Nicky , Roe Andrew J.
Published: June 2020

In bacterial cells, hundreds of transcription factors coordinate gene regulation and thus are a major driver of cellular processes. However, the immense diversity in bacterial genome structure and content makes deciphering regulatory networks challenging. This is particularly apparent for the model organism
Escherichia coli
as evolution has driven the emergence of species members with highly distinct genomes, which occupy extremely different niches in nature. While it is well-known that transcription factors must integrate horizontally acquired DNA into the regulatory network of the cell, the extent of regulatory diversity beyond single model strains is unclear. We have explored this concept in four evolutionarily distinct
E. coli
strains and show that a highly conserved transcription factor displays unprecedented diversity in chromosomal binding sites. Importantly, this diversity is not restricted to strain-specific DNA or mutation in binding sites. This observation suggests that strain-specific regulatory networks are potentially widespread within individual bacterial species.
The Response of
Acinetobacter baumannii
to Hydrogen Sulfide Reveals Two Independent Persulfide-Sensing Systems and a Connection to Biofilm Regulation
Authors: Walsh Brenna J. C. , Wang Jiefei , Edmonds Katherine A. , Palmer Lauren D. , Zhang Yixiang , Trinidad Jonathan C. , Skaar Eric P. , Giedroc David P.
Published: June 2020

Although hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S) has long been known as a respiratory poison, recent reports in numerous bacterial pathogens reveal that H
2
S and more downstream oxidized forms of sulfur collectedly termed reactive sulfur species (RSS) function as antioxidants to combat host efforts to clear the infection. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional and proteomic response of
A. baumannii
to exogenous sulfide as a model for how this important human pathogen manages sulfide/RSS homeostasis. We show that
A. baumannii
is unique in that it encodes two independent persulfide sensing and detoxification pathways that govern the speciation of bioactive sulfur in cells. The secondary persulfide sensor, BigR, impacts the expression of biofilm-associated genes; in addition, we identify two other transcriptional regulators known or projected to regulate biofilm formation, BfmR and Crp, as highly persulfidated in sulfide-exposed cells. These findings significantly strengthen the connection between sulfide homeostasis and biofilm formation in an important human pathogen.
Advantages and Limits of Metagenomic Assembly and Binning of a Giant Virus
Authors: Schulz Frederik , Andreani Julien , Francis Rania , Boudjemaa Hadjer , Bou Khalil Jacques Yaacoub , Lee Janey , La Scola Bernard , Woyke Tanja
Published: June 2020

The discovery of large and giant nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) with genomes in the megabase range and equipped with a wide variety of features typically associated with cellular organisms was one of the most unexpected, intriguing, and spectacular breakthroughs in virology. Recent studies suggest that these viruses are highly abundant in the oceans, freshwater, and soil, impact the biology and ecology of their eukaryotic hosts, and ultimately affect global nutrient cycles. Genome-resolved metagenomics is becoming an increasingly popular tool to assess the diversity and coding potential of giant viruses, but this approach is currently lacking validation.
Supplemental Material: Oligocene-Neogene lithospheric-scale reactivation of Mesozoic terrane accretionary structures in the Alaska Range suture zone, southern Alaska, USA
Authors: Waldien T.S. , al. et
Published: June 2020

U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar data for samples presented herein.
Giant cell arteritis manifested by chronic dry cough
Authors: Hori Hiroshi , Kobashigawa Tsuyoshi , Fukuchi Takahiko , Sugawara Hitoshi
Published: June 2020

A 77-year-old man visited the hospital with a chronic cough persisting for 2.5 months accompanied with night sweats, weight loss (3.5 kg) and elevated C-reactive protein level. Chest CT of the lung field was normal, but aortic wall thickening accompanied by a contrast effect was noted. Positron emission tomography–CT (PET–CT) showed that the aorta and subclavian artery were inflamed, suggesting large-vessel vasculitis. Ultrasonography showed thickening of the superficial temporal artery wall (macaroni sign). Biopsy revealed lymphocytic infiltration in the tunica media and foreign-body giant cell reaction with the elastic lamina, resulting in a diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA). The cough was considered a symptom of GCA as it resolved following prednisolone administration. Cough may rarely be an initial GCA symptom. However, for chronic cough accompanied with elevated inflammatory findings but with a normal lung field, imaging studies such as PET–CT are useful for the differential diagnosis.
Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen: unusual case presentation in an intravenous drug user
Authors: Sánchez Belmar Carlos , White Alexandra , Majeed Mudassar , Redmond Henry Paul
Published: June 2020

An unusual presentation of sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation in a 42-year-old man who was admitted with jaundice, deranged liver function tests and subsequently diagnosed with acute hepatitis C infection in the context of recent intravenous drug use. During his admission, he had an ultrasound of the abdomen followed by a CT thorax, abdomen and pelvis which showed splenomegaly and a large splenic lower pole mass that was hypoechoic and concerning for lymphoma. A bone marrow biopsy showed no evidence of lymphoma and an ultrasound-guided biopsy of the splenic mass suggested unusual features with vascular proliferation, either neoplastic or reactive, with no evidence of lymphoma or high-grade sarcoma. Given the concern for malignancy, an open splenectomy was required to determine the nature of the lesion with histologic findings consistent with a non-neoplastic benign vascular lesion favouring sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation.
Validation of a type 1 diabetes algorithm using electronic medical records and administrative healthcare data to study the population incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Weisman Alanna , Tu Karen , Young Jacqueline , Kumar Matthew , Austin Peter C , Jaakkimainen Liisa , Lipscombe Lorraine , Aronson Ronnie , Booth Gillian L
Published: June 2020

Introduction

We aimed to develop algorithms distinguishing type 1 diabetes (T1D) from type 2 diabetes in adults ≥18 years old using primary care electronic medical record (EMRPC) and administrative healthcare data from Ontario, Canada, and to estimate T1D prevalence and incidence.

Research design and methods

The reference population was a random sample of patients with diabetes in EMRPC whose charts were manually abstracted (n=5402). Algorithms were developed using classification trees, random forests, and rule-based methods, using electronic medical record (EMR) data, administrative data, or both. Algorithm performance was assessed in EMRPC. Administrative data algorithms were additionally evaluated using a diabetes clinic registry with endocrinologist-assigned diabetes type (n=29 371). Three algorithms were applied to the Ontario population to evaluate the minimum, moderate and maximum estimates of T1D prevalence and incidence rates between 2010 and 2017, and trends were analyzed using negative binomial regressions.

Results

Of 5402 individuals with diabetes in EMRPC, 195 had T1D. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for the best performing algorithms were 80.6% (75.9–87.2), 99.8% (99.7–100), 94.9% (92.3–98.7), and 99.3% (99.1–99.5) for EMR, 51.3% (44.0–58.5), 99.5% (99.3–99.7), 79.4% (71.2–86.1), and 98.2% (97.8–98.5) for administrative data, and 87.2% (81.7–91.5), 99.9% (99.7–100), 96.6% (92.7–98.7) and 99.5% (99.3–99.7) for combined EMR and administrative data. Administrative data algorithms had similar sensitivity and specificity in the diabetes clinic registry. Of 11 499 711 adults in Ontario in 2017, there were 24 789 (0.22%, minimum estimate) to 102 140 (0.89%, maximum estimate) with T1D. Between 2010 and 2017, the age-standardized and sex-standardized prevalence rates per 1000 person-years increased (minimum estimate 1.7 to 2.56, maximum estimate 7.48 to 9.86, p<0.0001). In contrast, incidence rates decreased (minimum estimate 0.1 to 0.04, maximum estimate 0.47 to 0.09, p<0.0001).

Conclusions

Primary care EMR and administrative data algorithms performed well in identifying T1D and demonstrated increasing T1D prevalence in Ontario. These algorithms may permit the development of large, population-based cohort studies of T1D.