bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of rhomboid intercostal nerve block, erector spinae plane block, and serratus plane block on analgesia for modified radical mastectomy: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Deng wei , Jiang Chen-Wei , Zhou Qinghe , liu fen
Published: March 2021

Background and objectives Breast cancer is one of the most common
malignant tumors in women. Herein, we compared the analgesic efficacy of
ultrasound-guided rhomboid intercostal nerve block , erector spinae
plane block and serratus plane block after modified radical mastectomy
of unilateral breast cancer. Methods: A total of 90 patients who
underwent modified radical mastectomy for unilateral breast cancer were
selected. patients were randomly allocated into three groups receiving
ultrasound-guided serratus plane block, erector spinae plane block, and
the rhomboid intercostal block group. All groups received 20 mL 0.5%
ropivacaine. Within 24 hours after operation, the patient received
intravenous injection of tramadol 1-2 mg/kg to relieve pain in the
surgical ward. Results: The dosage of tramadol 24-hours postoperatively
in the rhomboid intercostal block and erector spinae plane block groups
was significantly lower than that in serratus plane block group (P
< 0.001). There was no statistical difference in tramadol
consumption between the erector spinae plane block and rhomboid
intercostal block groups within 24 hours (P = 0.676). The numerical
rating scale scores in the erector spinae plane block and rhomboid
intercostal block groups at 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours
postoperatively once patients were active were significantly lower than
in the serratus plane block group (P < 0.05 for all
comparisons); however, The numerical rating scale scores between
rhomboid intercostal block and erector spinae plane block groups did not
differ significatively within 24 hours after surgery when patients were
active. Conclusions: Ultrasound-guided rhomboid intercostal block and
erector spinae plane block can reduce the dosage of tramadol and NRS
score compared with serratus plane block after modified radical
mastectomy.
Constitutively Up-regulated Carbon Metabolism is an Adaptation to Low Temperature in the Antarctic Psychrophile Chlamydomonas sp. UWO241
Authors: Cvetkovska Marina , Szyszka-Mroz Beth , Malczewski Nina , Smith David , Huner Norman P. A.
Published: March 2021

The Antarctic alga Chlamydomonas sp. UWO241 is an obligate
psychrophile that thrives in the cold but is unable to survive at
moderate, seemingly innocuous temperatures. We dissect the responses of
UWO241 to temperature stress using global metabolomic approaches. UWO241
exhibits slow growth at 4°C, a temperature closest to its natural
habitat, and faster growth at higher temperatures of 10-15°C. We
demonstrate that the slower growth-rate characteristic of UWO241 at 4⁰C
is not necessarily a hallmark of stress. UWO241 constitutively
accumulates high levels of protective metabolites including soluble
sugars, polyamines and antioxidants at a range of steady-state
temperatures. In contrast, the mesophile Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
accumulates these metabolites only during cold stress. Despite low
growth rates, 4°C-grown UWO241 cultures had a higher capacity to respond
to heat stress (24°C) and accumulated increased amounts of antioxidants,
lipids and soluble sugars, when compared to cultures grown at 10-15°C.
We conclude that the slower growth rate and the unique psychrophilic
physiological characteristic of UWO241 grown at 4⁰C result in a
permanently re-routed steady-state metabolism, which contributes to its
increased resistance to heat stress. Our work adds to the growing body
of research on temperature stress in psychrophiles, many of which are
threatened by climate change.
He’s fractal calculus and its application to fractal Korteweg-de Vries equation
Authors: Ma Xue-Si , Zhang Li-Na
Published: March 2021

He?s fractal calculus is a powerful and effective tool to dealing with natural phenomena in a fractal space. In this paper, we study the fractal Korteweg-de Vries equation with He?s fractal derivative. We first adopt the two-scale transform method to convert the fractal Korteweg-de Vries equation into its traditional partner in a continuous space. Finally, we successfully use He?s variational iteration method to obtain its approximate analytical solution.
Analytical methods for non-linear fractional Kolmogorov-Petrovskii-Piskunov equation: Soliton solution and operator solution
Authors: Xu Bo , Zhang Yufeng , Zhang Sheng
Published: March 2021

Kolmogorov-Petrovskii-Piskunov equation can be regarded as a generalized form of the Fitzhugh-Nagumo, Fisher and Huxley equations which have many applications in physics, chemistry and biology. In this paper, two fractional ex-tended versions of the non-linear Kolmogorov-Petrovskii-Piskunov equation are solved by analytical methods. Firstly, a new and more general fractional derivative is defined and some properties of it are given. Secondly, a solution in the form of operator representation of the non-linear Kolmogorov-Petrovskii-Piskunov equation with the defined fractional derivative is obtained. Finally, some exact solutions including kink-soliton solution and other solutions of the non-linear Kolmogorov-Petrovskii-Piskunov equation with Khalil et al.?s fractional derivative and variable coefficients are obtained. It is shown that the fractional-order affects the propagation velocity of the obtained kink-soliton solution.
Multi-complexiton solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional asymmetrical Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov equation
Authors: Wu Pin-Xia , Ling Wei-Wei
Published: March 2021

In this paper, the (2+1)-dimensional asymmetrical Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov equation is investigated to acquire the complexiton solutions by the Hirota direct method. It is essential to transform the equation into Hirota bi-linear form and to build N-compilexiton solutions by pairs of conjugate wave variables.
Effect of solution concentrations on the structure and properties of nanofibrous yarns by blown bubble-spinning
Authors: Dou Hao , Kuang Kun-Bin , Li Yun-Yu , Fan Wei , Shen Yue , Liu Hong-Yan , He Ji-Huan
Published: March 2021

Solution properties play a critical role in manufacturing of nanofibrous materials. In this paper, solution concentrations were explored for the effective fabrication of nanofibrous yarns by the blown bubble-spinning. The surface tension and rheological property of spun solutions were investigated, and the product?s thermal and mechanical properties were characterized.
Hilario Ramírez Morales y la OEEM. Resistencia cultural mixteca en Ayutla de los Libres, Guerrero
Authors: Tapia Gómez José Carmen , Días Vázquez Rosalba
Published: March 2021

Este documento se centra en la lucha social emprendida por el líder del te savi (mixteco) Hilario Ramírez Morales, la cual comenzó a mediados de los años 60 en el municipio de Ayutla de los Libres, estado de Guerrero, y que le llevó a ser asesinado en 1981. El objetivo principal de esta investigación se inscribe en el paradigma hermenéutico-reflexivo. Con este tipo de análisis, se inicia un acercamiento a la vida de este personaje histórico a fin de dar a conocer la lucha que realizó, revestida y caracterizada de resistencia cultural. Los procedimientos llevaron a registrar principalmente información documental, complementada en menor medida con testimonios orales, que resumen las tareas que coordinó el dirigente mixteco para promover, junto con otros jóvenes de su etnia, acciones liberadoras pacíficas encaminadas, primero, a establecer redes intercomunitarias y asociaciones civiles mediante la constitución de la Organización de Estudiantes y Ex-Estudiantes Mixtecos (OEEM); y segundo, en la construcción consensuada en las localidades originarias de un “programa de lucha” que retomaba las demandas más sentidas de la población. Entre los resultados destaca que Hilario Ramírez fortaleció alianzas con un grupo de catequistas católicos liberales y, con ellos, robusteció la estructura organizacional a nivel municipal que hasta el día de hoy perdura. Asimismo, Ramírez logró impulsar congresos étnicos en La Concordia, Coapinola, Ahuacachahue, ciudad de Ayutla y otras localidades. Su lucha, a la postre, contribuyó a que la OEEM lograra la introducción del sistema de educación bilingüe, conquista legítima para las comunidades que no querían perder su lengua, y que reclamaban a la vez el uso del idioma castellano para defender sus derechos sojuzgados por la clase mestiza opresora en la región mixteca. Sin embargo, en 1981, la embestida reaccionaria de cacicazgos locales de la otrora estirpe indígena se recrudeció. Frente a las denuncias de la OEEM, aquellos grupos adinerados optaron por ultimar al líder el 21 de mayo. Con esa acción criminal los caciques creyeron acabar la lucha y resistencia de Hilario Ramírez.
GEODYNAMICS
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Tolstoy M.I. , Shabatura O.V. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
Published: March 2021

On the examples of various geological situations (Ukrainian Shield and Transcarpathian deep) are shown the efficiency of applying of geophysical method as to searching of tectonics, geodynamics and geological prognosis
GEODYNAMICS
Authors:   Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Latynina L.
Published: March 2021

The character of a geodetic method of study of recent movements of the rocks and method of local measurements are compared. The network of underground deformation stations in Carpathians is considered. The results of station observations and the results of the long-term geodetic measurements which have been carried out in Austria-Hungary are compared. The structure of fields of deformations in western part of the East Carpathians on these data and data of two stations «Muzhievo» and «Beregovo» coincide. The main axes of a field of the deformations have latitude and meridian directions. There is an intensive compression in the latitude azimuth. In east part of the east Carpathians on border with Vigorlat-Guta volcanic ridge the station «Korolevo» registers intensive expansion of the surface in latitude direction. The data of geological and geophysical researches confirm objectivity of the received results.
GEODYNAMICS
Authors:   Poltava Gravimetric Observatory within S. I. Subbotin Institute of Geophysics, Shljahovyj V.P. , Tregubenko V. I. ,   Ukrainian State Geological Institute, Shljahovyj V.V. ,   Poltava Gravimetric Observatory within S. I. Subbotin Institute of Geophysics, Boborykina O.A. ,   Taurida National University named after VI Vernadsky, Nasonkin V.A. ,   Taurida National University named after VI Vernadsky
Published: March 2021

On the cape Chersonese (Sevastopol) functions a geodynamic complex. It is consist from laser strainmeters and compensatory tiltmeter with digital systems of data registration. Modem movements of earth crust are registered: earth tides, seismic signals and other deformation phenomena in earth crust. At strongest Indonesian earthquakes the oscillations with the periods from 5 till 29 minutes are accurately registered. They can be modes of Earth free oscillations.
GEODYNAMICS
Authors:   Carpathian Branch of Subbotin Institute of Geophysics of NAS of Ukraine, Klymkovych T. A. , Horodyskyy Yu.M. ,   Carpathian Branch of Subbotin Institute of Geophysics of NAS of Ukraine, Kuznietsova V. H. ,   Carpathian Branch of Subbotin Institute of Geophysics of NAS of Ukraine, Maksymchuk V. Yu. ,   Carpathian Branch of Subbotin Institute of Geophysics of NAS of Ukraine
Published: March 2021

The results of long term investigations of induction vectors in the Transcarpathian trough are analyzed. The description of digital magnetovariational data processing and induction vectors calculation algorithm is given. The time relations of anomalous changes of induction vectors and local seismical regimen are analyzed. The direct relation between these phenomena has not been detected, however they are not entirely independent as well.
GEODYNAMICS
Authors:   Main centre of special control, Liashchuk O.I. , Savel'ev V.U. ,   Main centre of special control, Pavlovich V.N. ,   Institute for Nuclear Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Published: March 2021

The generalized working model of preparation of earthquake, which it is possible to adapt for the search of precursors of earthquakes in the district of mountains of Vranchea with the use of hardwares of set in the Autonomous observation post “Kamenets-Podol'sky” of the Main center of the special control, is offered in this work. The fact of co-operation and synchronization of the geophysical fields is model basis at preparation of earthquake. A model takes into account also possible triggers effects from the waves, magnetic boraxes and meteorological factors. Composition of complex of hardwares of the geophysical monitoring is offered for registration of possible precursors effects and method of the measuring data got by these facilities processing.
GEODYNAMICS
Authors:   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Furman V. V. , Khomiak M. M. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Khomyak L.N. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv
Published: March 2021

We investigate a role of the contact friction in thrusting within the framework of the critical taper theory and according to geological settings for orogenic belts including the Ukrainian Carpathians (in Early Cretaceous time). Finite element models are used to simulate tectonic compression of sedimentary rocks by submerged stage and take into account frictional slipping on the detachment horizon. We assume a simple wedge geometry (rectangular layer 60 km long, 1.5 km thick and 2.5 km deep), plane strain state, quasistatic process and use elastic constitutive relation. Mechanical loads include gravity, water pressure on top and lateral displacement (up to 0.5 km) from the left, whereas the right side is fixed. Numerical results show specific features of the inhomogeneous stress fields for small (0.01-0.5), middle (0.5-0.64), large (0.64—0.8) and overlarge (0.8-1.15) friction coefficients. The magnitude of the tangential contact stress controls the front between sliding and sticking zones. Stress trajectories enable to predict thrust structures using Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion.
GEODYNAMICS
Authors:   European University, Minenko P. O. , Minenko R.V. ,   European University
Published: March 2021

Methods of the stable decision of return problems gravity which complex use is a necessary condition for effective studying tectonic structures in files of rocks below a bottom of the sea are developed.
The Molecular Characterization of Rhizobacteria Isolates from Saki, Nigeria
Authors: Adeoti O. M. , Usman A. T.
Published: March 2021

Plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are important in the agricultural sector. Although different microorganism live in the soil but thrive in PGPR rhizosphere zones, improve the production and protection to them from diseases by production of metabolites, volatile compounds and phytohormones and Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). This study was aimed at isolating and characterize molecularly the bacteria from the rhizosphere of pepper (Capsicum annuum), vegetable (Spinacia oleracea), rice (Oryza sativa) grown in Saki. The rhizosphere sample of pepper, rice and vegetable were collected between the hours of 1:40-2:00pm. The colonial characteristics, Gram staining techniques, biochemical test were carried out. The isolates were tested against eight antibiotics (Ceftriaxone, Gentamicin, Ceftazidime, Ofloxacin, Augmentin, Cefuroxime, Erythromycin, and Cloxacillin) by using disc diffusion method. PCR techniques and subsequent use of sanger method was used for sequencing. DNA extract was obtained using the lysozyme-SDS-phenol chloroform method in the prepared kits by Jena Bioscience. Amplification of the 16S rRNA gene was performed with the use of T1-Thermocycler PCR machine with 1492R primers pA (5′-TAC GGYBTAC CTT GTT ACG ACT T3′) and 27F primers pH (5′-AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG3'). This Primer was used for PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene. All bacterial isolates were catalase (+) and indole (-). Antibiotics screening showed that all isolates resist most of the antibiotics except Ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin while sample 1, 2, 5 and 6was susceptible to Gentamicin. Six bacterial isolates obtained were characterized on molecular basis of 16S rRNA sequencing. The identified isolates were: Bacillus thuringensis B. weidmanii, B. cereus.
5G Network Deployment in Nigeria: Key Challenges and The Way Forward
Authors: Agubor Cosmas Kemdirim , Chukwuchekwa Nkwachukwu , Ezema Longinus Sunday
Published: March 2021

Many countries are faced with different challenges in the deployment of 5G mobile wireless communication technology. These challenges have delayed the smooth rollout of this technology in these countries. Nigeria has its own issues that have hindered the implementation of this technology in the country. This paper discusses these challenges and suggestions made on what to do for the implementation of 5G technology. A survey was done by visiting and obtaining reports from two major players in the industry as well as understudying actions taken by other nations in tackling similar problems related to 5G network implementation. Based on the information gathered both from the industry and related literature some useful suggestions such as improved fiber infrastructure and relaxing regulatory barriers to encourage investors were made as a way forward for the full implementation and operation of the 5G technology in Nigeria.
Teori Belajar Humanistik dan Implikasinya dalam Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam
Authors: Armedyatama Fikri
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tentang teori belajar humanistik dan implikasinya terhadap pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam. Metode penelitian ini adalah menggunakan literature researchatau penelitian kepustakaan yang akan dianalisis dan disimpulkan. Data penelitian diperoleh dari pencatatan buku dan jurnal. Hasil penelitian ini berupa pengertian teroi belajar humanistik, tokoh belajar humanistik yang meliputi: 1) Abraham Maslow sebagai berikut; a) biografi Abraham Maslow, b) teori belajar humanistik Abraham Maslow c) Implikasi Teori Abraham Maslow dalam Pendidikan Agama Islam. Aliran teori humanistik Rogers dan implikasinya pada pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam. Kesimpulan teori humanistik bertujuan memanusiakan manusia semanusiawi mungkin. Proses pembelajaran dinilai efektif bila peserta didik memahami dirinya dan lingkungan sekitarnya. Peserta didik dalam rangkaian pembelajaran hendaknya berupaya agar cepat atau lambat dia dapat mengaktualisasikan dirinya sebaik mungkin.
Penerapan Teori Belajar Behavioristik dalam Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di Sekolah Menengah Atas
Authors: Raihan Mohammad
Published: March 2021

Teori belajar behavioristik merupakan teori belajar yang memfokuskan kepada perubahan tingkah laku siswa karena adanya stimulus(rangsangan) dan respon(tanggapan).Jadi,siswa dikatakan belajar apabila ia menunjukan perubahan tingkah lakunya.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami dan mengetahui pentingnya mengaplikasikan teori belajar behavioristik dalam pembelajaran PAI,Pembelajaran PAI mencakup ruang lingkup sebagai berikut Al-quran dan hadits,aqidah,fikih,akhlak,dan tarikh.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif.Melalui penelitian ini,penulis mencoba mengkungkapkan terkait metode-metode yang digunakan oleh guru PAI di SMAN 3 Batam dan perubahan tingkah laku siswa dalam mengaplikasikan teori belajar behavioristik.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa mengaplikasikan teori belajar behavioristik dalam pembelajaran PAI dengan cara motivasi,latihan,dan penguatan karakter siswa.Adapun perubahan tingkah laku yang baik dari peserta didik ialah sikap toleransi,interaktif dalam belajar,termotivasi dalam belajar,penghargaan dan sanksi.
Aplikasi Hakikat Teori Belajar Konstruktivisme dalam Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam
Authors: Sa'adah Fuan , Azizah Dinda Dwi
Published: March 2021

AbstrakSaat ini terdapat beragam inovasi baru di dalam dunia pendidikan terutama pada proses pembelajaran. Salah satu inovasi tersebut adalah konstruktivisme. Pemilihan pendekatan ini dikarenakan agar pembelajaran membuat siswa bersemangat terhadap persoalan yang ada, sehingga mereka mau untuk mencoba memecahkan persoalan tersebut. Pembelajaran di dalam kelas masih dominan dengan menggunakan metode ceramah dan metode tanya jawab sehingga kurang memberikan kesempatan kepada siswa untuk berintekrasi secara langsung. Seorang guru harus memperhatikan konsep awal siswa sebelum pembelajaran. Jika tidak demikian, maka seorang pendidik tidak akan pernah berhasil menanamkan konsep yang benar, bahkan dapat memunculkan sumber kesulitan belajar selanjutnya. Mengajar bukan hanya untuk meneruskan gagasan dari pendidik kepada siswa, melainkan sebagai proses mengubah konsepsi siswa yang sudah ada dan di mana mungkin konsepsi itu salah, dan jika ternyata benar maka pendidik harus dapat membantu siswa dalam mengkonstruk konsepsi tersebut biar lebih matang. Maka penulis tertarik melakukan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana sebenarnya hakikat dari teori belajar konstruktivisme bisa mengembangkan keaktifan siswa dalam mengkonstruk pengetahuannya sendiri.

Kata kunci: Aplikasi, Konstruktivisme, Pendidikan Islam.

Abstract Currently there are various new innovations in the world of education, especially in the learning process. One such innovation is constructivism. The choice of this approach is because learning makes students face existing problems, so they are willing to try to solve these problems. Learning in the classroom is still dominant by using the lecture method and the question and answer method so that it does not provide opportunities for students to interact directly. A teacher must pay attention to students' initial concepts before learning. If this is not the case, then an educator will not succeed in instilling the correct concept, it can even limit the source of further learning difficulties. Teaching is not only to initiate ideas to students, but as a process of changing students' existing conceptions and where it might be wrong, and if it turns out to be true, educators must be able to help students construct these conceptions so that they are more mature. So the authors who are interested in conducting this research are to find out how the true nature of constructivism learning theory can develop student activeness in constructing their own knowledge.Keywords: Applications, Constructivism, Islamic Education.
Eksistensi Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha dalam Penanganan Persekongkolan Tender dalam Perspektif Hukum Positif Indonesia
Authors: Bhakti Surya , Asikin Zainal , Sahnan Sahnan
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to examine and analyze the legal position of the the Supervision Commission as the only institution dealing with competition law in Indonesia legal system and determine the existence of law enforcement of the Commission as the only institution related to tender collusion (conspiracy) viewed from the Indonesian legal perspective. This was a normative study (research), with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results of this study indicated that the position of the Supervision Commission as the only institution dealing with competition law in Indonesia in the justice system was independent from the influence of other institutions in resolving disputes on unfair business competition in Indonesia; and the existence of the Commission is the only institution dealing with competition law in Indonesia in carrying out its duties and authorities in accordance with the mandate of the Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning the prohibition of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition.
PENERAPAN KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA (K3) DALAM UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PENYEBARAN VIRUS COVID-19 PADA AREA KERJA PT. SEMEN PADANG
Authors: Ferial Ratu Mira
Published: March 2021

The Ministry of State Owned Enterprises has issued a circular decree number S-336/MBU/05/2020 asking all SOE President Directors to prepare anticipation for the scenario of “The New Normal” starting from May 25, 2020. As a follow-up the circular decree, PT. Semen Padang has carried out efforts to overcome the spread of the Covid-19 virus in the work area of PT. Semen Padang by forming the Covid-19 Team. This research aimed to determine how the occupational safety and health (K3) program was implemented in an effort to prevent the spread of the covid-19 virus in the work environment of PT. Semen Padang. This research was a descriptive qualitative with case study method. Data collection techniques used in this study were interviews and documentation. Resource persons are determined by non-probability sampling and the technique used is purposive sampling. The results showed that PT. Semen Padang has formed a Covid-19 Team which has established the Working Guidelines for The New Normal Conditions. This work guide contains several modules which must be obeyed by all employees and other parties related to PT. Semen Padang, including the work module, the WFH module, the meeting module, the official travel module, the food/ drink module, the prayer module, the wearing mask module, the driving module, the corporate public facility usage module, the cleaning officer module and security module.
Fretting Wear Observation of Flat Contacts
Authors: Buse Henrik , Hodúlová Erika
Published: March 2021

With the instrumentality of a newly developed fretting test bench for planar contacts, a state-of-the-art method of inter-mediate imaging helps to understand fretting wear mechanisms of different materials and lubricants. The test bench uses application like planar surfaces unlike the usual point or elliptical contact in model testing (with the tribological test chain). Applications considered prone to fretting wear have large planar contacts – like bearing seats and shaft hub connections – and contact pressures normally perceiv ed as low or uncritical. This article examines a method to evaluate a targeted observation of the surfaces. The method uses a movable upper sample to open the contact and to document an interim status of the test by image recording. Among other things, this is to obtain time-lapse recordings of the progressive wear and tear. Just opening the contact can already influence the tribological system and the result of a test. It is shown whether and how this opening process has an impact on tests with continuous contact.
EFL Learners’ and Teachers’ Perception toward the Use of Online Videos in EFL Classes
Authors: Sultan Alshraideh Doniazad
Published: March 2021

This study aims at analyzing the English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ and teachers’ perception toward the use of online videos in EFL classes. The current study used a mixed method to answer the question of the study which is: What is the perception of EFL learners and teachers toward the use of online videos in EFL classes? It includes both quantitative and qualitative techniques, namely a questionnaire and an interview. To get the required data and to answer the question of the study, the researcher collected information by distributing a relevant questionnaire among 120 EFL Saudi female students who are studying English in their preparatory year “Unified Scientific Track” at Taibah University. Their ages range between 18 to 21 years old. The questionnaire of the study consists of 10 items. For the first nine items, Likert Scale is used to let the respondents range the statements on a five- point scale. The tenth item asks the respondents to rate the usefulness of the online video regarding language skills and other aspects. The researcher also conducted an interview with six EFL teachers who teach English language skills in the English Language Centre (ELC) at Taibah University. The responses of the participants showed that the use of online videos is an effective technique and has a positive influence in EFL classes.
安樂死的定義
Authors: BEAUCHAMP Tom L. , DAVIDSON Amold I.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese儘管這些年來關於安樂死在道德上可辯護性的討論在增多，但對一個恰當的安樂死的定義沒有給予持續的注意。根據諸如安樂死、人工流產、自殺或謀殺等行動的分類不同，道德認可與法律認可的重大區別將是不言而喻的，因此，發展出一個令人滿意的安樂死定義，將有重要的實際結果。我們對這些行動的分類方式表示了我們對它們思考的方式，在目前情祝下，這樣的分類與醫學，倫理學和法律有直接的關係。在本文中，我們試圖既提供一個非規範性的安樂死定義（不作出道德結論的定義），也試圖提供一個不受反例駁斥的定義。我們將要論證，文獻中關於安樂死的所有其他定義都易受致命的反例的批評。我們通過考察其中一個有代表性的定義以及這些定義的難點所在開始我們的論證（第一節）。接下來我們要對一個定義進行論證，其包含邏輯上的必要條件和充分條件（第二節）最後，我們對針對我們這個定義可能提出的反對意見和反例進行考慮並作出反駁（第三節）。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 755 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
在醫學情境內殺死和聽任死亡在道德上有所不同嗎？
Authors: MENZEL Paul T.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese在這篇論文中我的目的是（1）重新評估這種區分在醫學情境中的道德相干性，（2）闡明這種相干性的精確性（如，它在每種情況下都是有關的嗎？），以及（3）闡明在特殊情況下決定它大致有多大分量的程序。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 39 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
良心、轉診和醫生協助自殺
Authors: WILDES Kevin Wm.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese諸如醫生協助自殺這樣的實踐，即使合法，也會引起一系列經常為人們所忽視的道德衡突。最近一項關於醫生協助死亡的建議就是這方面的一個例子，該建議呼籲那些反對自殺的醫生將病人轉移給另外更富有同情的醫生。然而這項建議沒有考慮那些在道義上反對這麼做的醫生們的道德憂慮。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 35 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
溝通臨床距離: 已有知識的再發現
Authors: BARON Richard J.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese我在本文中提出，現代醫學的疾病觀在描述疾病時通常排斥直觀知識，由此而造成一種從機能上說給人印象深刻的然而從人的角度說沒有什麼根據的醫學。受過技街化了的解剖病理學疾病觀訓練的醫生們，脫離了過去已知的大部分有關疾病的知識。他們不僅缺少一種嚴密的或規範的方法去面對醫學實踐中的那些非技術的方面，而且，許多人甚至看不見醫學的動機和目的。在此，我力主一種以直觀為基礎的、以人自身為根據的疾病本體論。這樣一種本體論以理解和把握病人的經驗而不是對病狀的所謂“客觀的”，描述作為自己的出發點。只有通過一門活生生的病症科學，人們才有可能達致一種真正的人本主義醫學。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 21 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
導言
Authors: DU Zhizheng
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese當今，衛生保健體制的問題，已經成為包括發達國家，發展中國家等不同類型國家朝野上下共同關心的社會問題。醫療新技術的廣泛應用，老年人口的激增，慢性病及非感染性疾病等無窮無盡的救治，使得醫療保健費用飛漲，政府， 企業和個人都不堪重負。醫療費用的飛漲，不僅危及醫療保健的覆蓋面，而且威脅着許多醫療機構的生存，因而不約而同地呼籲保健體制的改革。問題是同一的，但開出的藥方卻大相徑庭。保健體制改革的目標是什麼？醫療保健服務體制改革的基礎和價值是什麼？保健服務是否應當充分運用市場？政府應否干預？在保健體制改革中如何尊重個人的自由？本期發表中美學者的幾篇文章，向讀者提供了這一討論的概貌。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 15 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
公平的照護: 奧瑞岡、保健限額分配，以及知情的民主考量
Authors: FLECK Leonard M.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese本文要論證，國家的健康改革努力，理應參照奧瑞岡（Oregon）十一項關鍵的教訓。特別是，我們要理解到，保健限額分配（health care rationing）是無可避免的，限額分配過程一定要公開透明，而公平限額分配的草案，亦必須通過一個理性而民主的量（rational democratic deliberation）過程有自我強加的（self-imposed）。本文第一部分點出，限額分配 乃是我們當前保健系統的一個特徵，但大都是隱而不現的限額分配，應當算是不公乎的。本文第二部分要論證，保健限額分配的需要是不可避的。作為一個限額分配模式，奧瑞岡是有瑕疵的，但在全國性的保健改革上（第三部分分析並維護這樣的改革），確能被我們吸取值得學習的道德教訓。這些教訓最有意義之處，是表明了為一個社群開展一個公平的限額分配草案上，理性而民主的考量是重要的。在第四部分，筆者勾勒出這種進路在哲學上的成立理由，並回應丹尼爾某些重要的批評。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 20 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
死亡的標準: 自我決定和公共政策
Authors: SASS Hans-Martin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese“全腦死亡”標準，在死後器官捐獻和對符合這些嚴格標準的病人終止治療方面，得到了西方文化的支持。但是，它們對亞洲文化和照顧持續性植物狀態的倫理學來說，沒有多少價值。本丈把“包括腦幹的整個腦”的標準作為一種默認的觀點，以此為基礎，本文為綜合性的統一確定死亡法規引入一個公式，但允許有行為能力的成年人通過事先指令在死亡過程中選擇其他確定死亡的標準。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 28 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
儒道死亡思想之比較
Authors: JIN Fenglin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文對儒道死亡思想進行了深入細緻的比較研究，認為在對待死亡的態度上，儒家重生輕死，對死存而不論；道家則由反對悅生惡死，進而歌頌、讚美死亡。在對死亡本質的認識上，儒家從天命角度出發，認為死由命定，是天意的體現；道家則認為死是氣聚氣散的結果；同時二者又都認為死亡本質上是一種安息。在對待死亡價值問題上，儒家強調把死亡落實到道德價值的開拓上；而道家則堅決反對給死亡以價值判斷，強調避死全身才是人生之根本。在超越死亡的途徑上，儒家認為人只要生治充實，為理想而奮鬥，創造了某種永恆之物，便可超越死亡；而道家則強調通過，“心齋”、“坐忘”，達到與大道合一，從而實現死而不亡。儒進上述對死亡及死後狀態的體認，派生出積極入世、奮發有為和純精神修練、不問世事的截然不同的人生態度和準則，對中國的後世哲學產生了重大而深遠的影響。This essay is a comparative and in-depth analysis of the Classical Confucian (Confucius, Mencius) and Classical Daoist (Lao Zi, Zhuang Zi) views on death. Four aspects of these two philosophies of death (attitude toward death, philosophical articulation of the essence of death, valuation of death, and transcending death) are analyzed and critically contrasted.First, regarding the general attitude toward death, Confucianism is more rational whereas Daoism is more mystical. Confucianism deems that the problem of human life is more important than the problem of human death, and hence speaks little of death. Daoism, however, is strongly against the human tendency to avoid the topic of death. Since human life and human death alternates like the four seasons, death should by no means be detested. On the contrary, death should be greeted with enthusiasm.Concerning the nature of death, Confucianism deems that death is a manifestation of the decree of Heaven, which is beyond our control. Death is fate, and is not subject to our autonomy. Daoism understands life and death in terms of the presence and the dispersion of qi (vital force), which is also beyond human control. Besides, both philosopies concur that death is the time of rest；it is a release from the labor of this world.Regarding the value of death, Confucianism strongly thinks that death, like life itself, should be used to serve the cause of ren and yi (i.e., morality). Hence death can be potentially full of moral significance, and we should try our best to give as much moral meaning to it as possible. We therefore should be prepared to give up our life for the sake of a moral cause. Daoism strongly disagrees with Confucianism in this regard, and takes a naturalistic stance toward death. Since death is an intrinsic part of life, it should neither be delayed nor hastened. Life should be lived to its temporal fullness and should not be sacrificed for any human cause. To die for morality is as bad as to die for financial gain.Lastly, both Confucianism and Daoism try to transcend the negation and annihilation imposed by death. Confucianism thinks that as long as we live altruistically we will not be bothered by death and not be affected by the anxiety over death. Besides, though one's biological life will perish, one can attain immortality through one's lasting influence to subsequent generations. Daoism, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of being one with the Dao through meditation and other spiritual disciplines. The end result will be a total mindlessness of death.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 36 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
有關有效治療和無效治療的概念和倫理爭端
Authors: KOPELMAN Loretta M.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese一系列病例使有關醫學治療何時有效、何時無效的爭端明確化、具體化，因而也使有關醫患關係、資源分配、醫患間的溝通交流、同情心、病痛的緩解、自主權、治療不足和治療過度、家長式的獨斷作風及姑息治療的爭端明確化、具體化。暸解有效和無效是相輔相成的概念，對我們的醫療實踐有益。對治療在爭議性病例是有效還是無效的判斷，有著共同的特點：（1）以醫學科學為依據；（2）反映多種價值；（3）處於或接近有效閾；（4）令人負擔沈重。我們應關注構成這些判斷基礎的經驗要素、倫理要素及評估要素的正當理由，而不是做出有關是醫生、病人，還是社會一致認同應成為最終決定因素的專橫決定。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 20 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
公正、勇敢、誠實地解決無效爭端
Authors: TONG Rosemare
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese本文討論了“無效爭端”的歷史及促進醫療衛生專業人員、醫療衛生提供者（指醫院及其它醫療衛生機構）、患者和代理人偏袒某種無效定義的動機。引起無效爭端的因素有：醫療衛生體制改革、財政責任轉移、技術醫學進展及醫療衛生資源的定量配給。對作為目前爭端的一個組成部分的無效的定義進行了探討；同時還對“醫療衛生專業人員、醫療衛生提供者、患者和代理人在接受醫學的目的、能力和局限性方面的各自態度”進行了探究。特別是，醫療衛生專業人員／醫療衛生提供者與患者／代理人之間缺乏坦誠地交流被認為是制定以醫療衛生為核心的無效政策的主要障礙。最後，對醫院制定無效準則的各種初步嘗試進行了評價，旨在發現問題所在及提出改進措施。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 16 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
倫理學的辯護和支持: 放棄治療
Authors: DU Zhizheng
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.儘管醫學在飛速進步，但由於種種原因，放棄治療在臨床中有日益增多的趨勢。放棄治療是人們的一種理性選擇。合理的放棄治療是醫學人道主義在某種特殊情況下的理性表現。區分放棄治療的不同情況，正確界定放棄治療的範圍，合理選擇放棄治療的措施，確保不發生不應放棄治療的病人被放棄，在全過程中始終尊重病人的自主權，妥善處理對於是否放棄中的分岐，並維護病人的整體利益，是履行放棄治療中倫理學應予充分注意的問題。Many believe that giving up treatment always conflicts with physicians' duty and responsibility. However, although societies have achieved the rapid advancing of medical sciences and technologies, and although patients and families sometimes want to maintain life-sustaining interventions at any cost, renunciation of futile treatment remains an unavoidable issue facing physicians in their clinical practice. This is especially the case for Chinese society today. This paper argues that withdrawing life-sustaining therapy is not always opposite to moral requirement.Specifically, the paper explores the following important issues around the decision making of renouncing treatment. First, in what medical situation does the patient and the family's request for withdrawing treatment should be granted by the physician? this paper contents that a necessary condition must be that the patient suffers an incurable disease. Second, who has the right to make the decision of renouncing treatment? This paper argues that, in considerations of Chinese ethical and societal character, some practical measures should be establishes in Chinese society medical and moral consideration should all be balanced and integrated. Finally, in order to avoid unnecessary ambiguities and disputes, this paper suggests that legal and administrative procedures and guidelines should be adopted regarding the decision of renouncing treatment.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 31 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
臨終關懷——放棄治療的觀念
Authors: MEN Xianwu
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.當治療有一定效果，卻終止了治療，這種行為對疾病、對病人能夠產生實質性作用，這時才會顯示“放棄治療”的存在意義。如果治療本身存在與否對疾病、對病人並無影響，那麼這種“放棄治療”就是毫無意義的。在臨終關懷中放棄治療的問題是個複雜的問題。當病人處於不可逆轉的臨終狀態時，一般概念下的“治療”對其已毫無意義。所以作者認為，在臨終關懷中不是什麼“放棄治療”的問題，而是應該放棄“治療”這個概念，用“關懷”（care）取代“治療”、“治癒”（cure）的問題。在臨將關懷這門學科中，充分意識到對臨終病人進行治療的無意義性，可以使我們不必徒勞無益地為臨終病人進行所謂“治療”，不必為強調治療而侵犯臨終病人的尊嚴與人格；可以使我們從生命質量論和公益論的角度認識摒棄“治療”的意義，從而有利於臨終關懷學、醫學倫理學和生命倫理學的發展。Medical treatment is rarely useless in an absolute sense. It is often beneficial and harmful to an extent. This is why withdrawing treatment is a difficult issue. If treatment is entirely futile, then there would not be a painful debate regarding weather treatment should be stopped. This paper explores the complicated issues of withdrawing treatment in the care of terminally ill patients.This paper argues for a shift of concept regarding terminally ill patients. For terminally ill patients, 'cure' or 'medical treatment' in its general medical sense is actually no longer possible in medical practice. Therefore, the real issue involved here is not whether we should give up treatment. It is rather whether we should give up the concept of cure. This paper contends that, for terminally ill patients, since the concept of cure traditionally used is not meaningful to the patients, it should be replaced by the concept of care. In caring the terminally ill patients, the quality of life and the interest of public should be taken into account. We should not violate the patient's dignity or hurt the patient's character by offering aggressove.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 26 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
導言
Authors: LO Ping-cheung
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese醫療的目的是為了挽數人的性命，為人提供健康的生命，自殺與醫療的目的背道而馳，因此無論中西醫學都反對人自殺；然而，在中國哲學佔有主流地位的儒家，卻歌頌那些為了追求至善而自殺的人。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 12 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
休謨論自殺
Authors: FREY R. G.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese直至今天，任何對自殺道德感興趣的人都會讀到大衛．休謨關於此問題的文章。這有多種原因，但其中核心的一個是，他確立了現代關於自殺道德爭論的出發點，也就是說，生命中某種條件是不是可以？人提供一個道德上可接受的理由，來自主決定結束自己的生命。如果我們認為至少有一些自殺行為是道德的，那麼我們就能夠進行這場爭論，如果我們可以拋棄所有那些神學已經規定好的對自殺的一攬子譴責，那麼我們就能夠思考這場爭論。我注意到在遙遠的十八世紀情境中，這種論證戰略試圖發展出一種沒有神學基礎的倫理學。休謨的案例所得到的結果是關於自殺的一篇很現代的短文，突出自願性和自主性，以及對人的生活條件以及在這種條件下人生活下去的願望進行的反思。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 241 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
蘇菲的抉擇？——分割連體嬰的倫理難題
Authors: SUN Hsiao-Chih
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文以西元兩千年八月誕生在英國曼徹斯特的連體嬰姊妹喬蒂與瑪麗的案例為基礎，來探討連體嬰的倫理問題。這個個案由於它的獨特性與爭議性，受到西方各國媒體高度的注意。文分四部分，首先鋪陳個案的來龍去脈，使讀者對於相關的事實與發展有一個大概的理解。其次，本案倫理爭議的焦點在於是否可以給這對連體嬰施行分割手術，各方對此有許多不同的立場。因此有必要將最主要的觀點與正反意見加以介紹。接下來則根據倫理學的思考方式，對各種不同立場，進行批判性的反省。反省的重點不在於肯定成否定某種結論，而在於檢視各個立場背後的理據或論證。最從一部分是綜合反省。透過對於各種不同立場的批判，筆者將提出自己的看法並說明主要理由。This article deals with the moral dilemma of a sensational case of conjoined (often called Siamese) twins who were born in Manchester, England, on Aug. 8, 2000. The most controversial issue in this case is whether it is morally permissible to separate them surgically foreseeing that one of the twins will die in order to save the other. I argue that the separation surgery is morally justified.My argument consists of four steps. First of all, I outline the most significant facts without going into irrelevant details; In this case, the medical indication leaves no doubt that both twins will die within months if not separated; but if separated, one will die immediately while the other could live a long life. Doctors in the hospital insist then on the moral and legal permissibility of the surgery, but the parents have a different opinion and cannot agree to it. So the case came before the courts where the decision whether or not to permit or to refuse the medical treatment would be made. The Supreme Court at last decided for the separation on the 22nd of September, 2000, and the surgery took place in November of the same year. As predicted, one died and one survived.Secondly, different positions - the pros and cons - on the issue are presented: (1) the parents of the conjoined twins and the Catholic Church .in England oppose the separation. The parents cannot imagine that one of their children should die to enable the other to survive. Supporting this idea, Archbishop of Westminster Cormac Murphy-O'Connor holds that there is a fundamental moral principle at stake. No one may commit a wrong action that good may come of it. Applied to this case, one is not allowed to kill in order to save. (2) Most physicians are for the surgery, and the legal system has also decided in their favor. Appeal is made to the principle of proportionate reason and the doctrine of necessity among other considerations. The issue of intentional killing is also carefully analyzed by the judges.Thirdly, I will examine various arguments underlying different positions. The point of the examination is not so much an affirmation or denial of certain positions as a critical analysis of their soundness and consistency. Based upon this analysis, I present, lastly, my own arguments, which justify the separation surgery in this unique case.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 101 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
Análisis financiero en las empresas del sector servicios en Ecuador entre los años 2016-2017
Authors: Paredes Venegas Cristina Alexandra , Chicaiza Chicaiza Bryan Leandro , Ronquillo Llundo Joselyn Tatiana
Published: March 2021

En el presente trabajo se muestra los indicadores nancieros del sector servicios del Ecuador. Los indicadores nancieros son medidas que ayudan en el análisis del estado de la empresa desde un punto de vista individual, comparativamente con la competencia. La información se obtuvo a partir de la superintendencia de compañías, de la cual se calculó a partir de la información obtenía en los estados nancieros como son el estado de situación nanciera y estado de resultados de los años 2016 y 2017. Los indicadores utilizados nos permitirán conocer la situación en las que se encuentra el sector servicios según el análisis que se realice de los indicadores de liquidez, actividad, rentabilidad y endeudamiento.
La conceptualización del salario en las distintas vertientes de teoría económica
Authors: Gallo Marcos Esteban
Published: March 2021

El presente trabajo procura llevar a cabo una reflexión teórica acerca de la conceptualización de los salarios reales y nominales en algunas de las principales doctrinas económicas. En tal sentido, se realiza un análisis comparativo de las diferentes concepciones sobre el salario, predominantes en la teoría neoclásica, la teoría keynesiana y el pensamiento marxista. Al respecto, para el pensamiento neoclásico los salarios se ven prioritariamente influidos por las fuerzas del mercado, mientras que para la teoría keynesiana guardan relación inversa con el nivel de empleo, de acuerdo a los principios de la productividad marginal del trabajo. Por su parte, para el pensamiento marxista resulta central la fase del ciclo en que se encuentre la economía, así como el estado de la lucha de clases. Asimismo, se estudia el modo en que determinados modelos de acumulación pueden imponer límites al intervalo dentro del cual pueden variar los salarios reales, haciendo referencia a algunas problemáticas específicas de la economía argentina, como la restricción externa de la economía y la orientación predominantemente exportadora y/o mercado internista de la estructura productiva.
A 48-year-old female with perioperative anaphylaxis
Authors: Kolinsky Nicholas C. , Lockey Richard F.
Published: March 2021

Identifying the culprit medication in cases of perioperative anaphylaxis can be extremely challenging. A detailed and accurate history, coupled with the appropriate testing, plays a key role in discovering the etiology of perioperative anaphylaxis. We present the case of a 48-year-old
woman with a cranial meningioma who was scheduled for surgery. Chlorhexidine, midazolam, lidocaine, propofol, fentanyl, rocuronium, and furosemide were administered during the perioperative period. She developed hypotension, urticaria, bronchospasm, and other symptoms of anaphylaxis soon after
general anesthesia. The serum tryptase level obtained during anaphylaxis was 119 ng/mL (normal, <11.4 ng/mL). Epinephrine was administered, and the surgery was canceled, with no cause identified. For the next surgical attempt, she was pretreated with diphenhydramine and ranitidine, and
the neuromuscular blocker was withheld. Again, she developed hypotension consistent with anaphylaxis, and epinephrine was administered. She was referred for consultation. A detailed and accurate history was obtained. The baseline serum tryptase level was 6.4 ng/mL. Skin-prick puncture tests
were completed, and a diagnosis was made. The surgical team was instructed to avoid the culprit medication, and the cranial surgery was successful. Although difficult, cases of perioperative anaphylaxis can be solved with a detailed history, keen detective work, and appropriate testing.
Genital ambiguity in a 46,XY individual: case report
Authors: Colaço Jadi , Tochetto Andressa , Magdaleno Amanda , Moreira Carolina , Rodrigues Tadiela , Leitzke Lionel , Nader Paulo , Guaragna Filho Guilherme
Published: March 2021

Genital ambiguity is part of the disorders of sex development. Its prompt recognition and early and precise etiological investigation are fundamental to its proper management. A patient with ambiguous genitalia, born cesarean due to severe pre-eclampsia and oligohydramnios at 34 weeks and 2 days, 1505g, considered small for gestational age (SGA). Examination showed an 1.9cm falus, penoscrotal urethral meatus and bilaterally palpable gonads. In the investigation, he presented normal testosterone (T), androstenedione (A) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT); T/DHT ratio of 9.7 (<10) and T/A of 7.4 (>0.8) and karyotype 46,XY. It was decided for male sex assignment. Testosterone stimulus test was performed, showing penis enlargement of 1.5cm. Intrauterine growth restriction is a considerable risk factor for genital ambiguity in individuals 46,XY. This seems to be the etiology in this case, given its normal hormonal and cytogenetic evaluation and the response to the testosterone stimulus. Disorders of Sex Development, Fetal Growth Retardation, Testis.