bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observed psychopathology in offspring of parents with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Authors: Sandstrom A. , MacKenzie L. , Pizzo A. , Fine A. , Rempel S. , Howard C. , Stephens M. , Patterson V. C. , Drobinin V. , Van Gestel H. , Howes Vallis E. , Zwicker A. , Propper L. , Abidi S. , Bagnell A. , Lovas D. , Cumby J. , Alda M. , Uher R. , Pavlova B.
Published: May 2019

Background

Children of parents with mood and psychotic disorders are at elevated risk for a range of behavioral and emotional problems. However, as the usual reporter of psychopathology in children is the parent, reports of early problems in children of parents with mood and psychotic disorders may be biased by the parents' own experience of mental illness and their mental state.

Methods

Independent observers rated psychopathology using the Test Observation Form in 378 children and youth between the ages of 4 and 24 (mean = 11.01,s.d. = 4.40) who had a parent with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or no history of mood and psychotic disorders.

Results

Observed attentional problems were elevated in offspring of parents with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia (effect sizes ranging between 0.31 and 0.56). Oppositional behavior and language/thought problems showed variable degrees of elevation (effect sizes 0.17 to 0.57) across the three high-risk groups, with the greatest difficulties observed in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Observed anxiety was increased in offspring of parents with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder (effect sizes 0.19 and 0.25 respectively) but not in offspring of parents with schizophrenia.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that externalizing problems and cognitive and language difficulties may represent a general manifestation of familial risk for mood and psychotic disorders, while anxiety may be a specific marker of liability for mood disorders. Observer assessment may improve early identification of risk and selection of youth who may benefit from targeted prevention.
Effect of Herbicides on the Production of Common Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris)
Authors: Bovey Rodney W. , Hein Hugo , Meyer Robert E.
Published: May 2019

Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid}, tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea}, and hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] were applied at rates of 0.3, 0.6, 1.1, and 2.2 kg/ha pre- and postemergence to greenhouse-grown common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliarisL. ♯3PESCI). Buffelgrass tolerated preemergence sprays of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid up to and including 1.1 kg/ha. All other treatments except picloram and 2,4,5-T at 0.3 kg/ha were phytotoxic to emerging buffelgrass. Buffelgrass tolerated early postemergence applications of 2,4-D, picloram, and tebuthiuron at 0.3 kg/ha; dicamba and 2,4,5-T at 0.6 kg/ha; and 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid at 2.2 kg/ha based on oven-dry shoot production 1 month after treatment. Regrowth of buffelgrass from stubble 1 month after original harvest of the early postemergence treatment occurred only with all rates of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid and 2,4,5-T at 0.3 kg/ha. When treated at 45 days after planting, buffelgrass tolerated dicamba, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, and picloram at 2.2 kg/ha, but top growth production was significantly reduced by most rates of hexazinone and tebuthiuron. Relative differences in regrowth of buffelgrass 1 month after the original harvest were similar to those of the original harvest. Mature buffelgrass (90 or 150 days old) responded similarly to herbicides as the 45-day-old buffelgrass.
Factors Affecting Bentazon Toxicity to Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Authors: Teasdale John R.
Published: May 2019

In three field experiments with weed-free plots, delaying the application of bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] reduced toxicity to cucumbers (Cucumis sativusL. ‘Poinsett 76′). Maximum injury and yield reduction were observed when bentazon was applied at the first leaf stage, whereas injury and yield reduction were slight when bentazon was applied at the fourth leaf stage. Increasing illuminance after application increased injury and tended to override the effect of leaf stage. In greenhouse studies, the slicing variety ‘Poinsett 76’ was more tolerant of bentazon than the pickling variety ‘Calypso’. The insecticide diazinon [O,O-diethyl-O-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)phosphorothioate] increased bentazon toxicity to cucumbers compared to toxicity caused by bentazon alone. Four other insecticides and two fungicides had no effect on phytotoxicity.
Hardseededness and Germinability of Velvetleaf(Abutilon theophrasti)as Affected by Temperature and Moisture
Authors: Horowitz Menashe , Taylorson Ray B.
Published: May 2019

Velvetleaf(Abutilon theophrastiMedic. ♯4ABUTH) seeds were exposed to variable moisture and temperatures from 15 to 100 C. As temperature increased, the percent of permeable seeds increased. Soaking 1 h at 70 C reduced hard seeds from 99 to 15 percent. Increased available water increased the effect of temperature on reduction of hard seeds. Thus, immersion in hot water was more effective than dry or humid heat. High temperature acted within a few minutes to reduce hardseededness. Viability of hard seeds was reduced at temperatures above 70 C. Germination of permeable seeds was optimal at 24 to 30 C and declined above 35 C. Germination of permeable seeds decreased after pretreatments above 40 C. Temperature and duration of heat exposure were inversely related to germination inhibition. Recently harvested seeds (3-yr-old) remained hard under alternating 4 to 34 C but became permeable after drying at 34 C. Old seeds (15-yr) did not become permeable after drying.
Basis for Response Differences of Two Broadleaf Weeds to Chlorsulfuron
Authors: Hageman Larry H. , Behrens Richard
Published: May 2019

The basis for differences in response of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthumDun.), a tolerant species, and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. ♯3ABUTH), a susceptible species, to foliar-applied chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide} was investigated by evaluating differences in spray retention and herbicide absorption, translocation, and metabolism. Based upon a foliar-applied rate causing a 50% reduction in dry weight, velvetleaf was greater than 20000 times more susceptible to chlorsulfuron than was eastern black nightshade. The differences detected in spray retention, absorption, and translocation were inadequate to account for the large response differences between the two species. The primary difference found was in the rate of chlorsulfuron degradation. In eastern black nightshade, 69.9% of the absorbed chlorsulfuron was metabolized within 24 h of application and 81.1% within 72 h of application. Only 7.1% of absorbed chlorsulfuron was metabolized in velvetleaf in a 72-h period.
Response of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Onion (Allium cepa) to Several Postemergence Grass Herbicides
Authors: Johnson Jon R. , Hopen Herbert J.
Published: May 2019

Sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)-butyl]-5-[2-ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-one}, KK 80 {ethyl-4-[4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy] phenoxy]-2-pentenoate}, and RO-13-8895 {acetone-0-2-[D-2-[δ,δ,δ-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-oxy] phenoxy] propionyl] oxime} did not injure plants visibly or reduce the yield of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentumL.). Diclofop LC [2,4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid] and diclofop HC in combination with oil or surfactant reduced tomato yield because tomatoes retained more of these spray solutions. No herbicide treatments injured onions (Allium cepaL.). All compounds controlled most grass weeds. Tomato plants grown at 29/18 C were injured more by some diclofop treatments than plants grown at 18/7 C. Cell membrane permeability of tomato plants treated with diclofop alone or in combination with adjuvants increased as visual injury symptoms became more severe.
Influence of Crop Canopy, Weed Maturity, and Rainfall on Acifluorfen Activity
Authors: Ritter Ronald L. , Coble Harold D.
Published: May 2019

In greenhouse studies, control of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL. ♯ AMBEL) and common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr. ♯ XANPE) was achieved whether or not soybeans [Glycine maxL. (Merr.) ‘Ransom’] partially shielded the weeds from foliar applications of acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid}. Excellent control (> 90%) of common ragweed was obtained in the greenhouse 2 and 4 weeks after plant emergence. Best control (> 90%) of common cocklebur was obtained 2 weeks after plant emergence. A simulated rainfall of 0.6 cm occurring 1 min after acifluorfen application did not decrease control or fresh weight of common ragweed in greenhouse studies. The weed control efficiency of acifluorfen on common cocklebur was reduced when the herbicide was applied intermittently within 6 h of the 0.6-cm simulated rainfall. The weed control efficiency of acifluorfen on both weed species was also reduced when the herbicide was applied intermittently within 6 to 12 h of a 1.3-cm simulated rainfall in greenhouse studies. In field studies, 2.5 cm of simulated rainfall within 12 to 24 h after acifluorfen application reduced control of common ragweed.
Mefluidide and Acifluorfen Interactions on Ivyleaf Morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea), Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), and Common Cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum)
Authors: Hook Barbara J. , Glenn Scott
Published: May 2019

In greenhouse studies, postemergence applications of 0.1 or 0.3 kg ai/ha mefluidide {N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl] amino] phenyl] acetamide} as a tank mixture with 0.3, 0.4, or 0.6 kg ai/ha acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid}, or as a pretreatment 3, 5, or 7 days prior to acifluorfen treatment, often increased injury to ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq. ♯3IPOHE], velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. ♯ ABUTH), and common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr. ♯ XANPE), compared to the injury from either herbicide alone. All sequential treatments with 0.1 kg ai/ha mefluidide and 0.3 kg ai/ha acifluorfen increased injury and decreased dry weight of ivyleaf morningglory and velvetleaf when compared with 0.6 kg/ha acifluorfen alone.
Drummond Rattlebox (Sesbania drummondii) Germination as Influenced by Scarification, Temperature, and Seeding Depth
Authors: Eastin E. Ford
Published: May 2019

Freshly harvested Drummond rattlebox [Sesbania drummondii (Rydb.) Cory ♯3 SEBDR] seed germinated best after 2.5- to 4-h acid scarification in concentrated sulfuric acid. Optimum temperature for germination was 30 to 35 C. At 10 and 45 C no germination occurred for up to 7 days. Six days after planting in a silt loam soil there was 95 and 80% emergence of Drummond rattlebox from depths of 0.5 and 1 cm, respectively. No emergence was observed from depths of 11 cm or greater 12 days after planting.
Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of Bentazon by Two Pepper Species (Capsicum annuumandCapsicum chinense)
Authors: Baltazar Aurora M. , Monaco Thomas J.
Published: May 2019

Similar uptake and translocation patterns were observed in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuumL. ‘Keystone Resistant Giant’) and hot pepper (Capsicum chinenseL. ‘Bohemian Chili’) following foliar applications of14C-bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide]. In both species, most of the14C absorbed remained in the treated leaves, with minimal acropetal and basipetal translocation from the application site. A significantly faster rate of herbicide metabolism occurred in hot pepper at 1 and 4 days after application compared to sweet pepper. Two unidentified metabolites of bentazon were isolated from methanol extracts of the two species.
Effect of 2,4-DB on Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Barker Michele A. , Thompson Lafayette , Patterson Robert P.
Published: May 2019

Field and greenhouse studies conducted in North Carolina in 1981 and 1982 evaluated the effect of the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid] on soybeans. In the field, 2,4-DB at and above 0.07 kg ae/ha reduced soybean shoot mass, leaf nitrogen levels, and nodule activity. Soybean seed yields were reduced by 2,4-DB at and above 0.07 kg/ha. In greenhouse studies, total nodule activity was reduced by 0.07 and 0.14 kg/ha of 2,4-DB. Soybeans treated with 2,4-DB at initiation of flowering (R1 stage) or when pods were 1.9 cm long (R4 stage) yielded progeny with visible injury symptoms. Seedling emergence was also reduced in progeny of soybeans.
Field Competition between Ivyleaf Morningglory (Ipomea hederacea) and Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Cordes Ronald C. , Bauman Thomas T.
Published: May 2019

Detrimental effects on growth and yield of soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Amsoy 77′] from density and duration of competition by ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomea hederacea(L.) Jacq. ♯3IPOHE] was evaluated in 1981 and 1982 near West Lafayette, IN. Ivyleaf morningglory was planted at densities of 1 plant per 90, 60, 30, and 15 cm of row in 1981 and 1 plant per 60, 30, 15, and 7.5 cm of row in 1982. Each density of ivyleaf morningglory competed for 22 to 46 days after emergence and the full season in 1981, and for 29 to 60 days after emergence and the full season in 1982. The best indicators of competition effects were leaf area index, plant dry weight, and yield of soybeans. Ivyleaf morningglory was more competitive during the reproductive stage of soybean growth. Photosynthetic irradiance and soil moisture measurements indicated that ivyleaf morningglory does not effectively compete for light or soil moisture. All densities of ivyleaf morningglory could compete with soybeans for 46 and 60 days after emergence in 1981 and 1982, respectively, without reducing soybean yield. Full-season competition from densities of 1 ivyleaf morningglory plant per 15 cm of row significantly reduced soybean yield by 36% in 1981 and 13% in 1982. The magnitude of soybean growth and yield reduction caused by a given density of ivyleaf morningglory was greater when warm, early season temperatures favored rapid weed development.
Longevity of Witchweed (Striga asiatica) Seed
Authors: Bebawi Faiz F. , Eplee Robert E. , Harris Claude E. , Norris Rebecca S.
Published: May 2019

Witchweed (Striga asiaticaLour. ♯4STRLU) seed remained viable for 6 yr under open-shelf laboratory conditions and for 14 yr when deep buried under field conditions. Seed kept in normal atmosphere of the laboratory for < 1 through 6 yr had the following germination percentages: 2, 95, 95, 94, 83, 38, and 7. Newly harvested seed will not germinate because of postmaturity ripening requirements. There were no viable seed after 7 yr of shelf storage in the laboratory. Seed buried in the field gave 60 to 90% germination the first season after production. Annual recovery and testing showed a gradual reduction in viability to 10% at year 14 for the deepest buried seed; shallower buried seed expired sooner. No germination occurred thereafter.
Effect of Application Factors on Postemergence Phytotoxicity of Fluazifop-butyl, Haloxyfop-methyl, and Sethoxydim
Authors: Buhler Douglas D. , Burnside Orvin C.
Published: May 2019

Phytotoxicity of fluazifop-butyl {butyl 2-[4-[(5-trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoate}, haloxyfop-methyl {methyl 2-[4-[(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl)oxy)phenoxy] propanoate}, and sethoxydim {2-[1-ethoxyimino)-butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} increased as carrier volume was decreased from 570 to 24 L/ha. Addition of crop oil concentrate to the spray solution increased phytotoxicity, especially at carrier volumes of 190 L/ha and above. Sorghum plants were treated with the same amount of active ingredient in a single 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, 16-, or 24-μl droplet. Smaller, more concentrated droplets were more phytotoxic than larger, more dilute droplets, with or without crop oil concentrate. Application site of single herbicide droplets also influenced phytotoxicity. In general, application of concentrated droplets to metabolically active leaf tissue resulted in maximum phytotoxicity.
Lesion Nematode (Pratylenchus spp.) Infection of Weed Species and Fieldbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Gast Roger E. , Wilson Robert G. , Kerr Eric D.
Published: May 2019

Field research was conducted during the summers of 1981 and 1982 in order to determine relative infection and population increase of lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) on seven weed species that commonly occur in field-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) fields in western Nebraska. Weeds were grown at three densities with and without fieldbeans. A representative sample of the root systems from plants in each plot was removed in August and the nematodes were extracted and counted. No difference in nematode infection rate was found among weed population levels. Nematodes per gram of dry root were not different in weeds grown with or without fieldbeans. Weeds grown with fieldbeans had smaller root systems, and consequently total nematodes per root system were less than in weeds grown in the absence of fieldbeans. There was a significant difference among most weed species when nematodes per gram of dry root were estimated. Hairy nightshade (Solanum sarachoides Sendt. ♯3 SOLSA) and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) ♯ ECHCG] supported the highest numbers of nematodes per g oven-dry roots, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L. ♯ AMARE) and common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr. ♯ XANPE) had least numbers of nematodes/g oven-dry roots, and infestation levels on other weed species were variable but generally intermediate.
Fluorometric Detection of Photosystem II Herbicide Penetration and Detoxification in Whole Leaves
Authors: Voss Manfred , Renger Gernot , Kötter Clemens , Gräber Peter
Published: May 2019

The applicability of fluorescence measurements for the detection of herbicide effects in whole leaves was analyzed. Based on the results known for isolated chloroplasts, normalized variable fluorescence of the initial rise was shown to be an appropriate tool for monitoring effects of photosystem II (PS II) herbicides. Equipment is described for monitoring the degree of inhibition by fluorescence induction measurements and microcomputer data analysis. The method is used to study the effect of pyrazon [5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone], BAY DRW 1139 [4-amino-3-methyl-6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one], and phenmedipham {3-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino] phenyl (3-methyl-phenyl)carbamate} after foliar application to different species. A rapid decrease of normalized variable fluorescence indicates penetration into leaf cells of all species tested. During a 5- to 7-day experiment, the apparent variable fluorescence decreased continuously in herbicide-susceptible plants, while it recovered in resistant plants due to an internal detoxification mechanism. The described method provides a rapid, simple, and nondestructive tool for analyzing the kinetics of penetration and detoxification of PS II herbicides in whole leaves.
Growth Inhibition and Disruption of Mitosis by DCPA in Oat (Avena sativa) Roots
Authors: Holmsen Jeffrey D. , Dan Hess F.
Published: May 2019

One to 5.6 μM DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) inhibited oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Victory’) root growth within 12 to 18 h. Treated roots were severely stunted and swollen. An analysis of cell division in roots treated with DCPA revealed a disruption of normal mitosis after prophase. Metaphase, anaphase, and telophase division figures were absent 8 to 10 h after treatment with 5.6 μM DCPA. In contrast, a 24-h treatment with 5.6 μM DCPA was necessary to eliminate prophase division figures. The number of aberrant division figures increased concomitantly with the reduction in normal division figures. The predominant type of aberrant division figure was a condensed prophase. When the aberrant division cycle was completed and cells entered interphase, the dispersed chromosomes coalesced to form large, polymorphic nuclei and, occasionally, micronuclei. Approximately 60% of the outer four tiers of cells in roots treated with 5.6 μM DCPA developed abnormal cell walls. These data suggest that DCPA causes root growth inhibition by disrupting several processes involving organized microtubules.
Environmental Conditions Required for Germination of Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa)
Authors: Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C.
Published: May 2019

Various environmental factors were tested under laboratory conditions to determine their effects on germination of seeds of prickly sida (Sida spinosaL. ♯3SIDSP). Neither freezing and thawing nor moist chilling at 5 C promoted seed germination. However, increasing the incubation temperature and subjecting seeds to wet-dry cycles enhanced germination; high temperatures were more effective than alternate wetting and drying. Shifting seeds from a lower to a higher temperature regime increased germination. Seeds shifted from 15/6, 20/10, 25/15, or 30/15 C to higher regimes of 20/10, 25/15, 30/15, 35/20, or 40/25 C germinated to greater percentages than did seeds kept continuously at the lower thermoperiods. With an increase in length of time seeds were at a lower temperature, there was an increase in the percentage that germinated after they were moved to a higher regime.
Influence of Nitrogen on Recovery of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Treated by Herbicides
Authors: Johnson B. Jack
Published: May 2019

Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifway’] injured by MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) plus metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] or 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] plus mecoprop {2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] propionic acid} plus dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) recovered more rapidly when nitrogen (N) was applied in sequence with the herbicides than when no N was applied. Bermudagrass recovery was faster with less injury within 2 weeks after herbicide treatment when N was applied at the first MSMA plus metribuzin treatment or when N was applied at 2 weeks after the first 2,4-D plus mecoprop plus dicamba treatment. Turf quality at 4 weeks or later was consistently as good or better in plots where N was applied at 2 weeks after the first application of either herbicide combination than when N was applied earlier.
Comparative Phytotoxicity of Glyphosate, SC-0224, SC-0545, and HOE-00661
Authors: Carlson Kenneth L. , Burnside Orvin C.
Published: May 2019

Toxicities of the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], SC-0224 (trimethylsulfonium carboxymethylaminomethylphosphonate), and SC-0545 (trimethylsulfoxonium carboxymethylaminomethylphosphonate) were similar to hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Centurk 78′) at equal dosages, carrier volumes, carrier water qualities, and sulfuric acid concentrations in the greenhouse and field at Lincoln, NE. Toxicity of HOE-00661 [ammonium (3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-methylphosphinate] was less than the other herbicides at equal dosages. Rate of development of injury to wheat was similar at 0.4 kg/ha for glyphosate, SC-0224, and SC-0545, but greater for HOE-00661 up to 4 days after application and less thereafter. Reductions in carrier volume from 190 to 96 L/ha resulted in improved phytotoxicities for glyphosate, SC-0224, and SC-0545 at 0.1 kg/ha and HOE-00661 at 0.4 kg/ha. Addition of 0.25% (v/v) concentrated sulfuric acid to 190 L/ha of well water carrier resulted in improved phytotoxicities for glyphosate, SC-0224, and SC-0545 at 0.1 kg/ha and HOE-00661 at 0.4 kg/ha. Carrier water with reduced levels of polyvalent cations resulted in increased phytotoxicities of glyphosate, SC-0224, and SC-0545 at 0.1 kg/ha in 190 L/ha. Phytotoxicity of HOE-00661 was not affected by carrier water quality. Glyphosate, SC-0224, and SC-0545 at equal rates and HOE-00661 at a 4 X rate showed similar toxicity to wheat.
Monitoring and Regulation of Controlled-Drop Applicator Rotor Speeds
Authors: Spence Colin B. , Cox Terry I.
Published: May 2019

Equipment is described that assists experimental work on controlled-drop application techniques. An electronic tachometer measures centrifugal nozzle rotational speeds in the range 0 to 5000 rpm. Speed control is achieved with a simple regulator incorporated in the tractor electrical system. Both devices are also suggested as worthwhile additions to commercial spray rigs.
Control of Weeds in Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) with Handhoeing and Herbicides
Authors: Wicks Gail A. , Wilson Robert G.
Published: May 2019

Handweeding sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL. ‘Mono Hy D2’) for 8 weeks after planting prevented sugarbeet yield losses. Weeds invading sugarbeet plots at the two-leaf stage (4 weeks after planting) reduced sugarbeet yields 26%. Cycloate (S-ethylN-ethylthiocyclohexanecarbamate) caused more visual sugarbeet injury and stand reduction than did ethofumesate [(±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate]. Broadleaf and grass weeds differed in their response to cycloate and ethofumesate, but overall, total weed yields were lower in plots treated with cycloate. Ethofumesate injured sugarbeets more when applied before planting and incorporated into the soil than when applied preemergence. Herbicides applied when sugarbeets had four to six leaves generally injured sugarbeets less, but controlled weeds less effectively, than when sugarbeets had two to four leaves. None of these herbicide treatments were as effective as handweeding in providing season-long weed control. Every 1120 kg/ha of oven dry weeds present in sugarbeet fields corresponded to a decrease in sugarbeet root yields of 10 000 to 11 500 kg/ha.
Allelopathic Potential of Hope White Lupine (Lupinus albus) Herbage and Herbage Extracts
Authors: Lehle Fredric R. , Frans Robert , McClelland Marilyn
Published: May 2019

The allelopathic potentials of Hope white lupine (Lupinus albus L.) herbage and herbage extracts were evaluated. The emergence and growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Deltapine 45A’), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Lee 68′], and six weed species under greenhouse conditions were measured after seeding directly into a moist, silt loam soil into which dry Hope lupine herbage, collected at second bloom, had been incorporated at rates from 500 to 8000 ppm (dry herbage/dry soil, w/w). At the lower rates, incorporated Hope white lupine stimulated the emergence of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.]; at the higher rates, cotton emergence was inhibited. Cotton and soybean fresh weights were stimulated at incorporation rates up to 2000 ppm, but were inhibited at higher concentrations. The growth of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] and large crabgrass was stimulated at most incorporation rates. Stimulated plants were chlorotic and had longer internodes. Emergence and growth of other species tested were not significantly affected by incorporated Hope white lupine. Equivalent concentrations of Hope white lupine herbage extracts were about 17 times more inhibitory to germination of cress (Lepidium sativum L. ‘Curlycress’) seed than to growth of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ‘AKS 663′] coleoptiles or radicles. The inhibitory principle extracted from Hope white lupine herbage was non-volatile, heat insensitive, and significantly less active in soil. Fractionation of a herbage extract suggested that neither the alkaloid nor phenolic acid content could account for herbage phytotoxicity in soil.
Amino Acid Conjugates in 2,4-D Treated Soybean (Glycine max) and Red Oak (Quercus rubra)
Authors: Zama Paul , Mumma Ralph O.
Published: May 2019

A modified analytical procedure involving gas-liquid chromatography was used to investigate the relative amounts of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] and two of its amino acid conjugate metabolites, 2,4-D-Asp [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetylaspartic acid] and 2,4-D-Glu [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetylglutamic acid], in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. var. Amsoy] plants, soybean callus tissue and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) plants at 2, 4, and 10 days after application of either 2,4-D, its ester, or its salts. 2,4-D-Asp and 2,4-D-Glu were found as major metabolites in all soybean tissues analyzed and their amounts varied depending upon the days following treatment, the formulation of treatment, and the plant substrate (0.03 to 57 ppm for 2,4-D-Asp and 0.05 to 75 ppm for 2,4-D-Glu). The amount of amino acid conjugates peaked at 2 days after treatment of callus tissue and 4 days after treatment of soybean plants. Much higher amounts of these amino acid conjugates were obtained from soybean plants treated with the propylene glycol butyl ether ester of 2,4-D than plants treated with amine salts of 2,4-D. No amino acid conjugates were observed with red oak plants.
Weed Control and Forage Quality in Tebuthiuron Treated Pastures
Authors: Crowder Scotty H. , Cole A. Wayne , Watson Vance H.
Published: May 2019

Control of natural infestations of dogfennel [Eupatorium capillifolium(Lam.) Small # EUPCP] and woolly croton (Croton capitatusMichx. # CYNCP) in a bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. # CYNDA] – dallisgrass (Paspalum dilitatumPoir. # PASDI) sward ranged from 20 to 100% with surface-applied tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N-dimethylurea}. In general, efficacy increased with rate of application from 0.6 to 1.1 kg ai/ha, and with time to 107 days after treatment. Only 0.6 kg ai/ha controlled less than 90% of the weeds during the growing season. Dry matter yields of desirable forage ranged from 60 to 290 kg/ha more with tebuthiuron treatment than in the untreated check. There were no consistent differences in forage quality among treatments, which indicates that tebuthiuron had no detrimental effects upon the bermudagrass or dallisgrass.
Tolerance of Peas (Pisum sativum) to Acifluorfen Applied Preemergence
Authors: Teasdale John R. , Frank J. Ray
Published: May 2019

In four field experiments, acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} applied preemergence at 1.1 kg/ha was not phytotoxic to peas (Pisum sativumL.) and increased the yield of shelled peas by an average of 25% compared to the weedy control. Yields were highest in all four experiments at the 1.1 kg/ha rate and tended to decline at higher rates of application. Growth chamber studies demonstrated that pea tolerance to acifluorfen was not affected by temperatures of 16/10 to 27/21C (light/dark) nor by stimulated rainfall of 0.5 to 5.0 cm. Peas and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] were more tolerant of acifluorfen than were snap beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) and lima beans (Phaseolus lunatusL.) when acifluorfen was applied preemergence in the greenhouse or in hydroponic nutrient solution.
Interactions of Herbicides with Insecticides in Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Waldrop David D. , Banks Philip A.
Published: May 2019

Field and greenhouse experiments in 1981 and 1982 determined the potential interactions of three preemergence and three postemergence herbicides with four granular insecticides in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Generally, metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] increased soybean injury and lowered yields when applied to plots treated with an organophosphate insecticide at planting. Soybean injury from these treatments and from aldicarb [2-methyl-2-(methylthio)-propionaldehyde-o-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime] plus metribuzin applied in the field was greater in 1982 than 1981 due to excessive rainfall immediately after planting. Oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide) plus several of the in-furrow insecticide treatments in the greenhouse increased injury to soybeans. Other than this, the method of insecticide application, banded or in-furrow, had no effect on that caused by each pesticide combination.
Behavior of 2,4-D in Common Waterplantain (Alisma triviale)
Authors: Ransom Joel K. , Oelke Ervin A. , Wyse Donald L.
Published: May 2019

Retention, absorption, translocation, and metabolism of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] by common waterplantain (Alisma trivialePursh. # ALSPA) at three growth stages were investigated to determine the basis for differential susceptibility of common waterplantain at different growth stages. Plants in the five-leaf and scape elongation stages retained more 2,4-D than plants in the early flowering stage. Absorption of14C-2,4-D by the flower stalk was less than absorption by the treated leaves regardless of growth stage. The majority of the absorbed14C translocated out of the treated plant part was recovered in the aerial portion of the plant younger than the treated leaves or in the corm, with greater movement of14C into the corm at the older growth stages. Metabolism of14C-2,4-D did not differ among the growth stages. The results suggest that the greater sensitivity of common waterplantain at the scape elongation stage to 2,4-D is due to greater translocation to the corm when compared to the five-leaf stage, and greater retention when compared to the early flowering stage.
Paraquat Efficacy as Influenced by Atomizer Type
Authors: Reichard Donald L. , Triplett Glover B.
Published: May 2019

Atomizer type, spray volume, and herbicide rate influenced the effectiveness of paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) in controlling vegetation. In general, paraquat controlled vegetation more completely when applied from atomizers that discharged sprays with the angle between the edges of the pattern less than 80°. Increasing spray volume increased control for marginal herbicide rates. Increasing herbicide rate increased control and tended to overcome less effective atomizer performance or reduced spray volume. Vegetation was effectively controlled with cone- or fan-pattern-type nozzles at spray volumes as low as 50 L/ha. Cone- and fan-pattern atomizers were equal to or more effective than either rotary or flooding-type atomizers in all tests.
Decreased Activity of EPTC + R-25788 Following Repeated use in Some New Zealand Soils
Authors: Rahman Anis , James Trevor K.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse and laboratory experiments showed that the biological activity of EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) + R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide) was lost more rapidly in soils if they had been previously treated with this herbicide. Treatments which reduced or eliminated the microbial activity in the soil restored the herbicide activity in ‘problem’ soils. A combination of 2 kg/ha of the insecticide fensulfothion (diethyl-4-methylsulphinyl phenyl phosphorothionate) with EPTC + R-25788 also restored the biological activity of the herbicide. Field trials confirmed the decreased biological activity with repeated use of EPTC + R-25788; other herbicides recommended for grass weed control in corn (Zea maysL.) performed satisfactorily in these ‘problem’ soils. The performance of EPTC + R-25788 was improved by a rotation away from it for one season (using another herbicide) but the level of activity was still below that obtained in a soil treated with EPTC + R-25788 for the first time. A new formulation of EPTC + R-25788 containing a herbicide extender R-33865 (O,O-diethyl-O-phenyl phosphorothioate) was not affected by the enhanced microbiological breakdown and provided effective season-long weed control in the ‘problem’ soils.
Influence of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)—Free Periods on Yield of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Keeley Paul E. , Thullen Robert J.
Published: May 2019

Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. # CYPES) was hoed in two cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-2′) fields each year (1979 to 1981) for 2 to 12 weeks after crop emergence to evaluate the influence of several nutsedge-free periods on the growth and reproduction of nutsedge and yields of seed cotton. Compared to the control (plots cultivated but not hoed), a 2-week nutsedge-free period reduced the average number of nutsedge shoots at harvest by 52% (61 vs 29 shoots/m2). Additional hoeings for 4 to 12 weeks further reduced populations by 67 to 87%. Compared to tubers counted in the spring, populations of tubers in control plots increased 3- to 12-fold by harvest. However, compared to control plots, two weekly hoeings reduced tuber populations at harvest by 70 to 90% (treatment average of 884 vs 221 tubers/m2), and additional hoeings tended to reduce, or reduced, tuber populations further (75 to 98% reduction). When cotton yields were reduced in control plots in 1979 and 1980, a 2- to 6-week nutsedge-free period substantially decreased yield losses. Averaged over six locations, yields in plots with a 4- to 12-week nutsedge-free period were greater than yields of control plots.
Germination, Growth, and Seed Production ofIpomoea hederaceawhen Planted at Monthly Intervals
Authors: Thullen Robert J. , Keeley Paul E.
Published: May 2019

In 1979 and 1980, ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq. # IPOHE] seed were planted in field plots at monthly intervals beginning with March and continuing through October. During the first 9 weeks, seedlings from the July plantings grew more rapidly than those from the other monthly plantings and produced the heaviest fresh weights. Vegetative growth slowed after the 9-week harvest and seedlings from June plantings had heavier fresh weights at the 12-week harvest. Plants from the July planting produced the greatest number of seed at both the 9- and 12-week harvests. After scarifying, seed produced by plants from April through August (12-week harvest) germinated best with the 27/32 C night/day air temperature regime, but also germinated at 15/21, 21/27, and 27/32 C regimes. Ivyleaf morningglory seed did not germinate at an air temperature regime of 10/15 C. With an air temperature regime of 32/38 C the germination of some lots began to decrease.
LA SCELTA DEI PAESI NELLA COMPARAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE: CINQUE STRATEGIE
Authors: Dogan Mattei , Pelassy Dominique
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Qualsiasi studioso di politica comparata deve prendere tre decisioni: formulare i concetti che ritiene operazionalizzabili; scegliere il metodo specifico di analisi; determinare, infine, il campo che deve essere abbracciato dalla comparazione. Ovviamente ciascuna di tali scelte influenza l'altra. Non si possono comparare, ad esempio, paesi relativamente simili ovvero paesi molto diversi adottando lo stesso livello di astrazione oppure usando lo stesso tipo di dati statistici.
DOPPIO TURNO E «DEMOCRAZIE DIFFICILI»
Authors: Fisichella Domenico
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Per l'ampiezza dell'arco storico abbracciato, che arriva fino ai nostri giorni, l'esperienza piò rilevante di doppio turno è quella compiuta dalla Francia, la quale ha fruito di tale sistema elettorale durante il Secondo Impero, poi dal 1873 al 1936 (salvo le elezioni del 1919 e del 1924 che si tengono con un sistema misto il quale tenta di conciliare scrutinio di lista e formula maggioritaria assoluta), e ne fruisce attualmente, avendolo la Quinta Repubblica riadottato a partire dalle elezioni per l'assemblea nazionale del 23–30 novembre 1958. Ma numerosi altri paesi si sono serviti del doppio turno: la Spagna dal 1836 al 1870 (allorché viene introdotto il plurality system) e poi dal 1931 al 1936 in una combinazione di voto limitato e doppio turno, la Germania dal 1871 al 1919 per eleggere il Reichstag, l'Austria fino al 1919, il Belgio fino al 1900, l'Italia fino al 1919, la Norvegia fino al 1921, l'Olanda fino al 1918, la Svizzera fino al 1919. Nel caso di Germania, Austria, Belgio, Italia, Norvegia, Olanda, Svizzera il terminus ad quem indica l'anno in cui viene introdotta la rappresentanza proporzionale.
IL PARLAMENTO COME RISORSA. LA CGIL ALLA CAMERA DEI DEPUTATI (1948–1968)
Authors: Morisi Massimo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Molti studiosi collocano tradizionalmente la genesi dell'organizzazione e dell'azione sindacale nei conflitti e nei processi di strutturazione della società civile. Il luogo proprio dell'esperienza sindacale sarebbe il sistema degli interessi privati e dei rapporti di potere che ne consolidano e definiscono la dinamica. È un'area questa considerata preliminare rispetto al «politico» e alle sue istituzioni e «politicamente» solo eventuale. È, cioè, un'area fondamentale nell'organizzazione dello stesso potere sovrano, ma priva di una propria valenza politica originaria e non necessitata di per sé ad acquisirla.
Governor-General Van der Capellen and the Price of Moral Vanity
Authors: Hugenholtz W.R.
Published: May 2019

The death of G.A.G.P. van der Capellen, ex-Governor-General of the Netherlands East Indies is shrouded in tragedy. In March 1848 he was afflicted by mental illness, which soon developed into a serious form of insanity. Van der Capellen, however, did not suffer for long, as he died on April 10th of the same year. A fact which, out of consideration, was not revealed at the time. Later still the explanation was offered that Van der Capellen had committed suicide “because his own financial affairs were in a muddle too”. Leaving aside the question of what were actually the circumstances of his insanity and death, it should at any rate be regarded as typical that Van der Capellen was persecuted with the financial mismanagement in the Netherlands East Indies up to the very hour of his death. Apart from the outbreak of the Java War nothing so much marked his ten-year term of office as the large deficit at its conclusion.
The “Orgaan der Nederlandsch-Indische Officierenvereeniging” and its Background
Authors: de Bruin Taco
Published: May 2019

In December 1914 some officers of the Netherlands-Indies army came together in the Concordia Club in Malang to discuss the desirability of founding an officer's society. The Malangsche Comité sent a circular to all their fellow officers propounding the establishment of an officers' society. They considered that “the present Great War will, without doubt, result in great and radical changes” and argued that the army felt itself neglected and that, the more united the officers' corps, the better support it could give the government in the turbulent times ahead. This call was heeded, the Vereeniging was established and the Malangsche Comité declared itself dissolved.
An Experiment in Teaching Eastern Arrernte in Central Australia
Authors: Graham A.
Published: May 2019

Alice Springs, the major regional centre in Central Australia, has a population of about 19,000, with about 25 to 30 per cent Aboriginal or of Aboriginal descent.

There are two high schools in Alice Springs, the largest being the Alice Springs High School with about 700 students, the majority of whom (including the Aboriginal students), have English as their first language. The school teaches to matriculation level and has traditionally offered a number of languages – including French, German, Indonesian and Italian.

The school population would have little knowledge of Aboriginal languages and the associated culture. At the time the Eastern Arrernte course was proposed the one time elective, Aboriginal Studies, was no longer offered due to lack of availability of staff, and lack of interest and expertise among existing staff. So, here was a senior high school, in the centre of country where Aboriginal cultures and languages are thriving, which offered little to enlighten its students about the life-style of a people they saw and heard daily in the streets and fringe camps of Alice Springs.

Central Australia is rich in Aboriginal languages and over the years there have been many discussions and two attempts to teach Aboriginal languages. One involved the teaching of a ‘Top End’ language, Gupapuyngu, chosen because some teaching materials had been prepared and because the teacher involved had worked in Arnhem Land. The other was one of the Western Desert languages, Pitjantjatjara, a language traditionally spoken south-west of Alice Springs. In both cases, when the teachers involved left, the programs closed.
Australian Economic History : An Alternative View
Authors: Broadbent D.
Published: May 2019

The 1980 National Aboriginal Education Conference went on record as saying it saw that as an ‘area of concern’ history textbooks on Aborigines are racist.

Australians’ economic history is racist in that standard economic texts do not discuss Aborigines at all, or mention them only peripherally.

The economic history of Australia is usually written from one or two perspectives, both European. The first involves the flow of external capital, labour and entrepreneurship into what was essentially an empty land awaiting exploitation. This has led to emotive pictures of Australia’s economic development in terms of hardy pioneers driving sheep and cattle into remote parts, and hard-working men clearing land for crops, both groups subject to the usual environmental hazards of droughts, floods and natives.

The second view has led to the picture of the country riding on the sheep’s back. In economic terms this meant that the profits earned by wool exports (and later gold) generated capital within the country for economic expansion. This is the Staple theory of economic growth. Neither viewpoint takes into account the Aboriginal people. Nor could they, because they are theories of Capitalism, and nineteenth century Capitalism did not have a human face. The profit motive was supreme. Aborigines were not seen as being at all useful to the process of economic growth once it had got under way.

Up to a point, however, the Aborigine was useful. He could guide settlers and explorers across inhospitable landscapes and lead them to water. Having done this, he had outlived his usefulness and was hounded to the edges of the new economic landscape – to extinction in many places.
To a Teacher New to Aboriginal Students
Authors: Sharpe M.
Published: May 2019

Whenever I revisit an Aboriginal community where I am known (and there are several), despite the awkwardness of language and culture difference, I find a sense of relief. Here, while I readjust to Aboriginal English, Kriol or another language, I don’t have to make conversation to fill up the silences. Silence is allowed.

I look back and realise I have come to this discovery instinctively and did not always feel at ease with silence. When in 1967 I camped by a billabong on a cattle station and a very shy 16 year old (now my ‘younger sister’) was sent to keep me company at night, I found it an imposition and awkward. I didn’t know what to talk about and she didn’t talk to me much. I would have been less lonely by myself! A teacher recently in the same area spoke of a woman who would call on him after school, and sit and have a cup of tea while he needed to get work done. Gradually he began to do his work while she sat, and realised in time that this was quite acceptable in her culture that he do so.

It is very seldom in our society that we are happy with silence in company with others. (Older married couples often don’t talk as much to each other; while in some cases this indicates their being at ease with one another, it is not always so!). Not only do we avoid silences (especially so for women! – some men are more tactiurn), but we expect very prompt responses to questions and comments. I like a little longer to respond than many others; consequently in discussions someone else usually gets in first. But occasionally I find someone slower to respond than I find comfortable. If I get myself to wait just that little bit longer for a response, it is well worth it.
The Place of Teaching Reading in the Buenos Aires Curriculum
Authors: Boland Santiago
Published: May 2019

(In Buenos Aires a new curriculum model has been adopted in which reading is seen as a small part of a child’s total schooling.)

In 1975, the Ministry of Education of Buenos Aires Province started an experimental project to change the whole curriculum of the Primary School. In December 1980, the new curriculum for the first cycle of the Elementary School was approved as the result of these five years of experimental work.