bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cropland application of Enhanced Weathering in the Mediterranean area to face climate change and preserve natural resources
Authors: Cipolla Giuseppe , Chiarelli Davide Danilo , Calabrese Salvatore , Bertagni Matteo , Rulli Maria Cristina , Porporato Amilcare , Noto Leonardo Valerio
Published: February 2023

The goal of limiting the use of natural resources and combatting climate change has led to the improvement of agricultural techniques and the development of some Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) techniques, given their proficiency to sequester carbon from the atmospheric CO2 and to store it in more stable forms within oceans, plants, soil, or other terrestrial environments. Among them, Enhanced Weathering (EW) is regarded as one of the most promising. This consists of amending soils with silicate minerals, such as olivine, so as to speed up the weathering process that naturally occurs in soils. This work aims to couple a model for the resolution of the agro-hydrological balance in the active soil layer of croplands (i.e., WATNEEDS model) and a dynamic mass balance model that explores ecohydrological, biogeochemical, and olivine dissolution dynamics, also estimating carbon sequestration rates (i.e., EW model). This latter is composed of different interacting components and takes into account important processes, such as the cation exchange.From the operational point of view, the EW model is fed by rainfall data, and the outputs of the soil water balance (i.e., infiltration, evapotranspiration, leaching, and runoff rates) estimated by the WATNEEDS at the global scale at a 5 arcminute resolution. In this study, a regional application of both models is proposed to explore EW efficiency in various cropland areas in Sicily (Italy), the largest island of the Mediterranean basin, which is considered a hot spot of climate change. The methodological approach will be developed and tested for four different crops (i.e., olive and citrus groves, vineyards, and fruit trees) that are particularly widespread and profitable in the selected region. Apart from facing climate change, the goal of this study is also to preserve water, thus selecting the most suitable irrigation strategies in the context of a changing climate and olivine amendment prescription. This study may also provide a tool to decision-makers for an actual future application of EW, which can be valid for Sicily and for other parts of the world with similar climatic conditions, soil, and vegetation.
The contribution of remote sensing data assimilation to simulate daily evapotranspiration of irrigated and non-irrigated crops in semi-arid context
Authors: Ollivier Chloé , Olivera-Guerra Luis , Laluet Pierre , Rivalland Vincent , Simonneaux Vincent , Demarty Jérôme , Merlin Olivier , Boulet Gilles
Published: February 2023

Remote sensing data provide valuable information on the spatial distribution of land surface conditions and properties, such as soil moisture, soil and vegetation water status. However, the frequency and resolution of remotely sensed data vary depending on the satellite and sensor. The frequency of observation of thermal infrared that allows an estimation of evapotranspiration is carried out daily by the satellites AQUA and TERRA (res. 1km), every 2 days by Sentinel-3 (res. 1km), 8 days by LANDSAT-8 and 9 (res. 60m) and will be 3 times per period of 8 days by the satellite TRISHNA (res. 60m). In addition, there is no data on days with heavy cloud cover. In order to obtain a daily evaluation of ET, we propose to correct the trajectory of a surface model based on the water balance with the assimilation of ET data from remote sensing. The question is what are the advantages of assimilation compared to open-loop or interpolation of observation. We present our work on modelling evapotranspiration and irrigation at the field scale with the SAMIR (Satellite monitoring of irrigation) model. This is a crop water balance model forced by weather data, soil and crop parameters to simulate the daily components of the water balance. A particle filter method is implemented to assimilate evapotranspiration from remote sensing. This evaluation is performed on several types of crops (wheat, barley and olive), irrigated or not, and in a semi-arid Mediterranean context (Tunisia and Morocco). Compared to open loop simulations, data assimilation allows to quickly reduce the simulation uncertainty. On the other hand, the higher the revisit frequency, the more the simulation uncertainty depends on the observation uncertainty and the model uncertainty is reduced.
Assessment of dimethyl sulfide atmospheric oxidation mechanisms, used in both box models and global models, through the comparison with previous experiments
Authors: Jacob Lorrie , Giorio Chiara , Archibald Alexander
Published: February 2023

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), which originates from phytoplankton, is the major natural source of sulfur compounds in the atmosphere. The oxidation products of DMS can form aerosols, which contribute to the formation of clouds, making them important for rain and the radiative balance of the planet. Additionally, due to DMS naturally occurring above oceans, an oxidation product of DMS, methanesulfonic acid (MSA), has been used to determine sea ice extent in ice cores up to 300 years in the past. However, due to gaps in the oxidation pathway of DMS, there are large uncertainties in the modelling of MSA formation. The aim of this work is to reduce the uncertainties in the DMS oxidation pathway, improving the modelling of the major products.This project uses the KPP wrapper, BOXMOX, to compare box model outputs to chamber experiments from Albu et al. [1], Arsene et al. [2] and Ye et al. [3]. This comparison allows for an assessment of a near-explicit mechanism used in box models (the Master Chemical Mechanism) and a reduced mechanism useful for global models (CRI-Strat) regarding DMS oxidation in both low and high NOx environments. This work presents the outcomes from this assessment and recommendations for the mechanisms to improve their modelling of DMS oxidation.[1] Albu, M.; Barnes, I.; Becker, K. H.; Patroescu-Klotz, I.; Benter, T.; Mocanu, R. In Simulation and Assessment of Chemical Processes in a Multiphase Environment, Barnes, I., Kharytonov, M. M., Eds.; Springer Science: Dortdrecht, 2008, pp 501–513.   [2] Arsene, C.; Barnes, I.; Becker, K. H.; Mocanu, R. Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 3769–3780.[3] Ye, Q.; Goss, M. B.; Krechmer, J. E.; Majluf, F.; Zaytsev, A.; Li, Y.; Roscioli, J. R.; Canagaratna, M.; Keutsch, F. N.; Heald, C. L.; Kroll, J. H. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2022, 22, 16003–16015.
Hydrological response to bias-corrected global climate projections data
Authors: Buitink Joost , Sperna Weiland Frederiek
Published: February 2023

Global climate models (GCMs) provide potential climate scenarios and are used to understand effects of future climate change. A large number of GCMs is included in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), and these models simulated both the historical and future climate. For the future climate, multiple scenarios are simulated based on different shared socioeconomic pathways and representative concentration pathways. The daily output from these models can be used to force hydrological models, to understand how the hydrological system responds to a changing climate. For this study we focus on the use of the available state-of-the-art ensemble of GCMs to obtain a first climate change signal for the changes in mean and extreme flows of the river Rhine.However, as the CMIP6 models are all global models, they are known to contain biases at regional scales. Yet, by directly using the GCMs we can obtain the full projection space of the CMIP6 models. Output from the CMIP6 models is often bias-corrected to ensure accurate values for regional applications. For an application in the Netherlands, we investigated the role of bias correction on the hydrological response of the Rhine and Meuse river basins, as these basins play a vital role for the Dutch water safety and security. The hydrological model wflow_sbm is used to simulate both basins and is forced with the CMIP6 data for both the historical and future climate (following the SSP5-8.5 pathway). The results from these simulations highlight the role of bias-corrected forcing data on the simulated discharge characteristics for both the Rhine and Meuse river basins. In the near future the work will be extended with RCM simulations.
The abundance and composition of Micro Plastics in the North and South Basins of Lake Biwa, Japan
Authors: Kimitsuki Mayu
Published: February 2023

Considerable amounts of plastic waste that flow into rivers and the ocean have become a major environmental problem. This is especially true for microplastics (MPs: Plastic particles less then 5mm in size) and different organizations are investigating their impact on the environment. While a lot of related research has focused on oceans and coastal seas, investigations of MPs in lakes and rivers remain sparse. Lake Biwa, the largest and the oldest lake in Japan is no exception. In order to better understand the situation, we conducted quasi-monthly sampling on Lake Biwa (26 times total from March 2019 to July 2022) by filtering one cubic meter of water from the lake surface at a specified location in the North Basin (average depth = 43m) and a second location in the South Basin (= 4m). FT-IR and Nile Red staining were used to evaluate the quantity and quality of MPs in the two locations.We found that the particle concentrations were highly intermittent in both basins. Median particle concentrations were low: 2.5 particles/m3 in the South Basin, and 6.6 particles/m3 in the North Basin. But a few “spikes” in concentration were observed. Notably, more than 100 Small MPs (plastic particles sized less than 1mm, per m3) were observed on Nov. 29th and Dec. 27th, 2020, and on June 20th, 2022, in the South Basin. We suggest that it is related to the weather that occurred in Lake Biwa. Within the 3 days preceding these sampling days, strong winds of more than 10m/s were observed. Because the South Basin is much shallower, it is more likely that the sediment on the bottom was lifted up by wind-driven waves, and deposited MPs were resuspended into the water column.Overall, the median number of MPs was clearly higher in the North Basin. We suggest that it happened because of the gyre that exist during the stratified season in North Basin. There are 3 gyres in the North Basin which create a non-uniform distribution in plastic particles. In addition, we have to note that the residence time in the North and the South Basin are quite different. The residence time in the North Basin is 5.5 years, whereas in the South Basin, it is only about 15 days. Due to the presence of the gyre, the residence time in the North Basin will be longer (19 years to be precise). Therefore, we can presume that many MPs stayed in the North Basin.Concerning the composition of MPs in Lake Biwa, Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP) were dominant, together accounting for 90%. Since PE and PP are low-cost, light, easy to process, etc., they are the most commonly used type of plastics. Similar results for the composition of MPs have been obtained by other research groups as well.
An integrated structural and AMS study to define the emplacement of the Arbus pluton (SW Sardinia, Italy)
Authors: Cifelli Francesca , Secchi Francesco , Casini Leonardo , Naitza Stefano , Carta Enrico , Oggiano Giacomo
Published: February 2023

The Arbus igneous complex (SW Sardinia, Italy) represents a good example of a short time lived post-collisional composite pluton emplaced at shallow crustal level in the external zone of the Variscan chain. The pluton almost consists of granodiorite and leucogranite rock-suites emplaced at 304 ± 1 Ma within a main NW trending thrust separating the metamorphic wedge from the fold and thrust belt foreland. The pluton emplaced into a dilatational step over connecting two NW–SE dextral shear zones which belongs to a regional network of post-collisional strike-slip structures marking the transition from col- lision to post-collisional extension. The microstructure observed for quartz and K-feldspar confirms the lack of significant post-emplacement deformation, indicating only limited high-temperature sub-solidus recrystallization. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptivity data and field-structural analysis have been carried out to reconstruct the geometry of the pluton and the trajectories of magmatic flow in relation to regional deformation structures. Overall, the magmatic and the magnetic fabrics are broadly discordant with the metamorphic foliation of the country rocks, defining an EW trending elliptical asymmetric sill rooted in the SW quadrant. The reconstructed architecture combined to petrologic observation indicates that accretion of the pluton involved injection of multiple dykes through a sub-vertical feeder zone, combined to lateral flow of the roof controlled by inherited collisional structure. The duration of magmatic activity and the cooling history of the contact metamorphic aureole have been evaluated through a suite of 2D thermal models. All these observations, together with the available geochronological constraints are suggestive of very rapid construction of the pluton. The proposed emplacement model is fully consistent with the regional phase of strike-slip tectonics and widespread magmatism accommodating the large rotation of the Corsica-Sardinia block during the Carboniferous-Permian transition.
Morphology case study of magnetic holes in the pristine solar wind
Authors: Trollvik Henriette , Karlsson Tomas , Raptis Savvas
Published: February 2023

Magnetic holes (MHs) are deep depressions in the magnetic field found in the solar wind and in planetary magnetosheaths. Based on Cluster multi-point data from the pristine solar wind, we investigate the morphology of MHs exhibiting no to little rotation in the magnetic field (linear MHs). We introduce a new coordinate system, to better see the variation in the structure, and to be able to connect to solenoid-based models. We will present two events; One is an event where the observations suggest a long cylindrical shape, where the observations are compared to an infinitely long solenoid model. For this event we only consider a 2D model. The other event is where the observations suggest a truncated cylinder shape, where the event is compared to a 3D model of a truncated solenoid. We will show how well the models are able to reconstruct the observations and present some results. 
Enhancing remote monitoring of autonomous seismic stations
Authors: Paffrath Marcel , Schlömer Antje , Terpoorten Markus , Egdorf Sven , Schwab Arne , Friederich Wolfgang
Published: February 2023

As part of the “Deutsches Seismologisches Breitband Array” (DSEBRA), a mobile station array of 100 identical seismological broadband stations, the remote monitoring devices “PowBox” were developed by the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.The PowBoxes log and report the health status of the autonomously operating seismological stations, such as 12V/230V availability or battery temperature. With their various fail-safes the most common issues such as router and battery charger problems are fixed by automatic power resets and efforts and costs on unnecessary maintenance trips can be reduced.More than 80 PowBoxes are now in operation for the first time with the deployment of the DSEBRA stations in South-East Europe as part of the AdriaArray project, a follow-up to the successful AlpArray project.To ensure a good overview for the network operator, the modular Python software tool “survBot” was developed at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum. It analyses the different state-of-health channels of the PowBox and the Datalogger, displays them in a graphical user interface or as a html-webpage and informs about emerging problems via e-mail. It is openly available on github.
Physiological drought-like water limitation at low root temperature in temperate tree species with different elevational distribution limits
Authors: Li Yating , Hoch Günter
Published: February 2023

Low temperature is the main driver behind the upper elevational and higher latitudinal distribution range of trees. As the limit for tree growth in general, the alpine treeline is traditionally in the focus of most studies on the effect of low temperature limits of trees, but all other tree species that reach their distribution limits below the treeline have species-specific low-temperature limits, as well (Körner, 2021). Restricted water uptake and deteriorated hydraulic relations at low root zone temperatures might be one of the drivers for the species-specific cold distribution limits of trees. Negative cold soil effects on the hydraulic conductivity of trees can thus potentially amplify the direct effects of cold temperatures on growth and contribute to the cold limit of temperate tree species. Thus, we put forward two hypotheses: (1) the natural cold distribution limit of temperate tree species is related to their capacity to take up water at cold root temperatures; (2) cold root temperatures lead to drought-like water limitations that are more severe in low- compared to high-elevation species. In this study, we investigated the low temperature sensitivity of root water uptake and transport in seedlings of 16 European broadleaved and conifer temeprate tree species, which reach their natural upper elavation distribution limits at different distances to the alpine treeline acsross a ca. 1500 m elevational range. We tested the temperature sensitivy of root water uptake and whole tree water transport by exposing the seedlings to three different constant root temperatures (15, 7 and 2°C) while all seedlings received the same warm abovground temperatures. To quantify the negativ low temperature effects on water transport, we used 2H-H2O pulse labelling of the source water in hydroponic systems. The result showed a correlation of the thermal distance to treeline of the natural upper distribution limits of each species with its relative water uptake at 7°C root temperature revealed a moderate but significant linear relationship, whereby water uptake and transport tends to be more limited the larger the species’ thermal distance to treeline (i.e. the lower the high elevation distribution limit). In contrast, 2°C root temperatures strongly reduced water uptake, with consequently no significant correlation between relative water uptake and the species-specific distribution limits. We concluded low root temperatures lead to species-specific restrictions of water uptake and drought-like stress with reduced water potentials and stomatal conductance. Furthermore, species that reach their upper distribution at higher elevations are less sensitive to low root temperatures and vice versa. Low temperature-caused hydraulic restrictions might thus contribute to the cold distribution limits of temperate tree species.
Towards sub-kilometer resolution probabilistic analysis of surface wind in complex terrain
Authors: Zanetta Francesco , Nerini Daniele , Buzzi Matteo , Liniger Mark A.
Published: February 2023

Correctly representing surface wind is critical for applications such as renewable energy, snow modelling or warning systems. However, numerical weather prediction models with their limited resolution cannot fully represent the strong variability due to complex topography. Downscaling techniques – functionally equivalent to postprocessing when the ground truth is given by observational data - can achieve remarkable results in reducing systematic biases of raw models and can be calibrated to yield accurate probabilistic information at any point in space. 

These techniques can be further improved at analysis time by including real-time measurements, allowing to produce a probabilistic sub-grid resolution analysis of surface wind. Such a product would enable other interesting applications, such as detailed climatologies or nowcasting, and could serve as a ground truth for training deep learning-based postprocessing models with generative approaches, allowing to model spatially and temporally consistent ensembles.  

The first important challenge is to integrate measurements in a statistically optimized and efficient way. Here, we share our ongoing work and preliminary results in a comparative analysis of different approaches, from naïve interpolations to geostatistical techniques or novel approaches based on neural networks. The analysis is based on a multi-year archive of hourly wind observations and NWP analyses from the operational COSMO-1E model over Switzerland. 
Ensemble precipitation nowcasting by combination of generative and transformer deep learning models
Authors: Franch Gabriele , Tomasi Elena , Poli Virginia , Cardinali Chiara , Cristoforetti Marco , Alberoni Pier Paolo
Published: February 2023

This work introduces a novel deep-learning method for generating realistic ensembles nowcast of radar-based precipitation at a five-minute time resolution for the next 60 minutes and longer.The proposed method is composed of a combination of two models: the first model is trained to compress and decompress the spatial domain into and from a discrete representation (tokens), while the second model evolves the compressed representation over time. Specifically, the compression and decompression model is based on a combination of a Quantized Variational Autoencoder with a Generative Adversarial Network, while the prediction over time leverages a Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) architecture.This separation of concerns (discretized spatial compression/decompression and temporal extrapolation) adds several desirable features not present in more commonly used deep learning methods based on recurrent/convolutional deep learning architectures: transformer output probabilities can be leveraged to generate ensemble/probabilistic forecasts (without the need of injecting noise)
the discretized spatial representation can be used to characterize each token, adding interpretability and explainability to the model
the combination of transformer probabilities and token characterization can be used at inference time for forecasts conditioning based on external factors (e.g. NWP forecast output)
The presented architecture is trained and tested on a 7-year radar dataset of reflectivity composites of the Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy. The method is then applied at two different scales: regional, over Emilia-Romagna, and national, on the entire Italian domain, showing the adaptability of the approach to multiple spatial domains. We will present the performance of this model for both deterministic and ensemble settings by comparing it with respect to other commonly used extrapolation and deep learning methods.
Unmanaged conflicts and potential synergies between shallow geothermal systems in a Swiss urban aquifer
Authors: Perego Rodolfo , Dalla Santa Giorgia , Galgaro Antonio , Pera Sebastian
Published: February 2023

The use of shallow geothermal systems (SGS) as an efficient technology to provide clean thermal energy has become increasingly widespread, especially in urban settings: this is leading to a significant systems density and to the more frequent risk of thermal interactions between neighboring systems. This work presents a holistic 3D numerical model of the urban aquifer of Locarno (Switzerland), simulating mutual interactions between open and closed-loop SGS. Results show that the high amount of installed SGS in limited space is progressively creating mutual hydraulic and thermal interferences: negative, with a reduction of SGS efficiency and sustainability or (rarely) positive, when an accidental and unmanaged synergic effect is established due to favorable exploitation patterns and SGS locations. Moreover, the presence of underground structures affects the thermal conditions of the subsurface and consequently the operation of SGS. Neglecting an underground holistic vision of the hydro/thermogeological processes in urban areas could result in long-term efficiency losses and thermal issues for SGS solutions, also given the increasing exploitation of shallow geothermal energy for building conditioning.
Soil quality assessment with imaging spectroscopy under land use changes
Authors: Paz-Kagan Tarin
Published: February 2023

Global population growth has resulted in land-use (LU) changes in many natural ecosystems, causing deteriorated environmental conditions that impact soil quality. This rapid growth in the global population caused many natural ecosystems to be transformed into human-dominated ones. Such LU dynamics require greater resource exploitation, commonly resulting in degraded environmental conditions that are acknowledged in the soil quality. The effects on the soil are even more acute in water-scarce and limited resources environments such as drylands. Therefore, developing appropriate approaches for soil quality assessment and function evaluation is necessary since the soils in those areas are usually undeveloped and retain lower organic matter capacity. The research aim was to apply, measure, and evaluate soil properties based on the imaging spectroscopy (IS) differences between natural and human-dominated LU practices in the dryland environment of the Negev Desert, Israel.  A flight campaign of the AisaFENIX hyperspectral airborne sensor was used to develop an IS prediction model for the SQI on a regional scale. The spectral signatures extracted from the hyperspectral image were well separable among the four LUs using the partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) classification method (OA = 95.31%, Kc = 0.90). The correlation was performed using multivariate support vector machine regression (SVM-R) models between the spectral data, the measured soil indicators, and the overall SQI. The SVM-R models were significantly correlated for several soil properties, including the overall SQI (R2adjVal = 0.87), with the successful prediction of the regional SQI mapping (R2adjPred = 0.78). Seven individual soil properties, including fractional sand and clay, SOM, pH, EC, SAR, and P, were successfully used for developing prediction maps. Applying IS, and statistically integrative methods for comprehensive soil quality assessments enhances the accuracy of predicting soil health and evaluating degradation processes in arid environments. This study establishes a precise tool for sustainable and efficient land management and could be an example for future potential IS earth-observing space missions for soil quality assessment studies and applications.
Calcium sulphate-wedge formation in deposits from the Aroma alluvial fan as indicator for haloturbation in the Atacama Desert
Authors: Zinelabedin Aline , Ritter Benedikt , Mohren Joel , Dunai Tibor J.
Published: February 2023

Polygonal patterned grounds on the Earth’s surface are typically associated with subsurface-wedge structures in periglacial environments. The presence of such wedges is usually taken as an indicator for cryogenic processes in the subsurface, which form a characteristic vertically laminated sequence. However, similar structures can be found in the subsurface of the Aroma fan in the Central Depression of the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. Within the salt-bearing deposits of the alluvial fan, the calcium-sulphate wedges appear to be preliminary formed by haloturbation and may represent the hyperarid equivalent to periglacial wedge structures. The characteristic vertical lamination of the wedges contains calcium-sulphate phases accompanied by clastic minerals, as found by X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analyses. Hence, the calcium-sulphate phases in the wedges are assumed to be potential drivers for salt dynamics causing subsurface wedge-growth and surface polygonal patterned ground formation. Due to varying water availability in a generally extremely water-limited environment, these salt dynamics possibly led to significant volumetric changes in the deposits induced by dissolution and (re)precipitation of salts from infiltrating solutions and phase transitions of calcium-sulphate phases.The subsurface-wedge network of the Aroma-fan outcrop is covered by a ~ 20 cm thick calcium sulphate-bearing surface crust, which potentially covered a polygonal patterned ground. The formation and preservation of the surface crust might indicate an amplification of arid conditions leading to the inhibition of wedge growth in the subsurface. To unravel the mechanisms and governing environmental conditions of calcium-sulphate wedge and crust formation at the Aroma site, we present various mineralogical, geochemical, and sedimentological data of wedge and crust material.Furthermore, we applied geochronological methods to resolve wedge-growth phases and episodes of local moisture supply. We tested meteoric 10Be dating and post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (post-IR IRSL) dating on wedge material to gain information on the evolution and activity of wedge growth under arid to hyperarid conditions. Such geochronological data is indispensable for using the wedges as terrestrial proxy record for the palaeoclimate in the northern Atacama Desert.
Evaluation of resilience-building interventions according to resilience measurement frameworks: Empirical findings from the Flood Resilience Alliance communities
Authors: Hyun Jung Hee , Velev Stefan , Rubenstein Naomi , Richter Magdalena , Lee Dong Kun , Mechler Reinhard
Published: February 2023

The Flood Resilience Measurement for Communities (FRMC) framework and tool was developed with the aim to measure community level resilience to flooding in a reliable and useful way when “no general measurement framework for disaster resilience had been empirically verified yet.” (Winderl, 2014) Since its inception in 2013, the framework and tool has been implemented in more than 226 flood prone communities across the world and has been used as an evaluation metric to measure progress and helps to identify the possible areas for intervention. Discussing the results of the FRMC with the community can ideally empower them to take ownership of their flood resilience path by identifying goals and actions.This study uses an inventory of more than 140 unique interventions implemented in the Flood Resilience Alliance communities to assess whether the FRMC was indeed informative in selecting and evaluating resilience-building interventions. We first conduct a ground truthing analysis of whether interventions correspond to each communities’ needs (lower grades of different sources of resilience). We further align and cross-check our empirical findings to field interview results. Second, we assess FRMC’s applicability to measure interventions using correlation analysis and applying scenario analysis to project flood resilience paths. Our study will contribute to developing resilience measurement frameworks that intentionally provide self-assessment information for decision-making.
Remote sensing of columnar trace gases during the Ruisdael Rotterdam campaign in 2022
Authors: Heimerl Katharina , Houweling Sander , Hase Frank , Sha Mahesh Kumar , Desmet Filip , Kumps Nicolas , Langerock Bavo , Warneke Thorsten , Hase Nils , Hachmeister Jonas , Butz Andre
Published: February 2023

Urban areas are home to many people on the globe, and centres of industry. Emissions from cities contribute to atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases like CO2 and CH4, which influence the Earth’s energy budget. The Ruisdael Observatory is a Dutch research infrastructure to investigate the atmosphere over the Netherlands by bringing together measurements and high resolution modelling. One part of it is a semi-mobile trailer to be flexibly deployed as measurement station for targeted field measurements. Mounted on the roof of this trailer are a Bruker EM27/SUN (EM27) for columnar trace gas measurements and a Cimel for columnar aerosol measurements. A targeted field campaign was conducted in August and September 2022 to study Rotterdam, one of the biggest city in the Netherlands and the biggest harbour in Europe. Three EM27s were set up around Rotterdam in an upwind-downwind configuration. To ensure the comparability of the data, the instruments measured in parallel for three days before and after the measurement period, which showed good agreement between the instruments. Four different configurations of instrument locations were used during the three week campaign to account for changes in wind direction and investigate specific targets as well as separate between the influence of the harbour area and the city itself. Enhancements in the CO2 column were around 1-3 ppm across the harbour and about 1 ppm across the city. CH4 columnar concentrations were not significantly enhanced across the city, but increased by several ppb across the harbour area. The CO columnar concentrations increased across the harbour by up to 10 ppb and 5 ppb across the city area.
Hot spots of Global Temperature of Emergence of several CIDs for the European region
Authors: Raffaele Francesca , Nogherotto Rita , Zazulie Natalia , Coppola Erika
Published: February 2023

One important type of information for stakeholders is the time of emergence (TOE) of a particular climatic impact-driver (CID) in a specific region as reported also in the latest IPCC AR6. The TOE is the time when a certain signal emerges from the natural variability, thus it is an indicator of the magnitude of the climate change signal and it can be very important in a risk framework for mitigation purposes.There is no single metric for ToE. It depends on user-driven choices of variables, space and time scales, the baseline relative to which changes are measured, and the threshold at which emergence is defined. In the present study, after testing different metrics, we chose the one based on the literature and  we calculated together with ToE, the Global Temperature of Emergence (GToE), where time is replaced with the global mean temperature and there is no more dependence on models differences and emission pathways. The GToE is thus defined on the basis of thresholds of temperature, the Global Warming Levels (GWL), expressed as changes in surface global temperature relative to the period 1850-1900.The probability of reaching a specific GWL threshold is then estimated for each CID and each region of interest. In this study, we use GWL 1.0 1.5, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 as thresholds and we evaluated the probability of crossing them for several CIDs based on the Euro-CORDEX regional climate projections.As expected the probability of crossing a certain threshold increases with the increase of GWLs. There are regions where high probability is shown even at lower GWLs and those indicate "CID hot spots" in the domain, such as in the Mediterranean for example, but also in Scandinavia for other specific CIDs.
New projections of winter Euro-Atlantic atmospheric blocking activity under strong warming scenario and consequences for Arctic land and sea ice
Authors: Michel Simon L. L. , von der Heydt Anna S. , Dijkstra Henk A.
Published: February 2023

Atmospheric blockings have widespread, long-lasting, and severe consequences in a variety of regions, causing climate extremes such as drought, heavy rainfall, cold spells, and heatwaves. Depending on where the blocking occurs, climate anomalies caused by high-latitude Euro-Atlantic winter blockings, in particular, have a significant impact on Arctic sea ice export in the North Atlantic, and thus on the freshwater budget in deepwater formation regions, and also impact Greenland ice cap and Arctic sea ice recovery during the cold polar season. Understanding the evolution of future winter Euro-Atlantic blockings in the context of climate change is thus critical for accurately predicting future changes in cryosphere systems and ocean circulation. The future evolution of these blockings, however, remains highly uncertain because coupled climate models generally fail to reproduce their frequencies of occurrence and spatial locations in historical runs. Meanwhile, recent research has shown that historical atmospheric blockings are much better simulated in climate models with eddy-permitting ocean resolutions due to more accurately represented mean climate states and air-sea interactions. Here, we show that eddy-permitting climate models provide blocking projections with much lower uncertainties in terms of frequency and spatial extent by using an ensemble of more than a hundred of CMIP6 climate model simulations, both ran with and without eddying ocean models. Finally, we show from the set of model simulations with eddying ocean models that the frequency of blocking types leading to dryer and warmer winter conditions in North Atlantic-Arctic regions for the next three decades is likely to increase under strong warming scenarios. Such an evolution in blocking activity would trigger large sea ice export events in the North Atlantic and a low rate of recovery of Artic sea ice and the Greenland ice cap during winter, leading to quicker ice loss in general than for climate models with standard ocean grids resolutions.
Using travel time distributions and reactivity continuum to model terrestrial dissolved organic carbon export and reactivity in an Alpine catchment
Authors: Grandi Giulia , Bertuzzo Enrico , Catalán Núria , Bernal Susana , Fasching Christina , Battin Tom J.
Published: February 2023

Quantifying the transfer of organic carbon (OC) from the terrestrial to the riverine ecosystems is of crucial importance to fully appreciate the carbon cycle at the catchment, regional and global scales. Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) represents one of the main forms in which terrestrial OC is leached to inland waters and the oceans. Its concentration in streams, rivers and lakes is critical for aquatic metabolism but also for the transport of metals and pollutants. In the past years, several studies in different experimental catchments observed increasing trends in DOC concentration in rivers, possibly linked to changes in land use and hydrologic regime.  Moreover, these studies unveiled how hydrologic variability imposes a strong control on DOC transport with streamflow producing events disproportionately contributing to the overall DOC export.  In this study, we explore the interaction between water and carbon cycles in the critical zone of an alpine catchment in order to quantify the flux of DOC exported from the soil to the stream via superficial or subsuperficial runoff. We couple the Water Age  theory to unravel the time water spends within hillslopes with the Reactivity Continuum model to quantify the degradation of DOC along the transport. The model is applied to the Oberer Seebach basin (Austria) for which extensive time series of streamflow DOC concentration and hydrological variables are available at high-frequency resolution (sub-daily measurements). For a subset of the DOC samples, the excitation emission matrices and the absorbance spectra are also available and allow deriving information on the quality and reactivity of DOC. We reproduce DOC concentration estimating the travel time distribution of water and assuming it dictates the time available for the continuous degradation of the DOC mixture. Results show that the model is able to well reproduce DOC streamflow concentration, capturing its complex relation with streamflow discharge over the three years of observations. In addition, the framework allows the estimation of the reactivity distribution of the exported DOC. To validate these results, we compare the estimated average reactivity with multiple fluorescence and absorbance indexes calculated from data, revealing significant correlations.
Trace element transport processes in volcanic gases
Authors: Mandon Celine , Stefansson Andri
Published: February 2023

Despite our perception of gold as a shiny precious metal, a small amount of gold is actually transported by magmatic gases and emitted in the atmosphere at most volcanoes on Earth. This gaseous transport is made possible by the very nature of volcanic gases: high-temperature non-ideal water vapor-dominated mixture of gases, also containing other major constituents such as sulfur, carbon dioxide and halogens. This combination allows for volatile transport of virtually all elements from the periodic table, through the formation of gaseous compounds between trace elements and major gas species. However, the complexity of volcanic gases also makes them difficult to apprehend; little is known on the solubility and behavior of trace elements. Moreover, the gas composition varies from one volcano to another, while changes in pressure and temperature occur between gas exsolution from the magma and emission at the surface. Interactions between the gas phase and surrounding rocks and fluids can furthermore affect volcanic gases on their way to the surface. In this work, we explore the transport processes controlling the abundance of trace elements in volcanic gases. We use major and trace element composition from fumarolic gases from Vulcano, Italy sampled over a 14-year period and during both background emissions and unrest. We also work with a compilation of high-temperature gas compositions, from fumaroles and volcanic plumes, from various tectonic settings. This data is then used for thermochemical calculations using the HSC Chemistry software. We will explore the factors that affect the trace element transport in volcanic gases, such as 1) cooling of the gas from the exsolution temperature to the emission temperature at the surface, 2) pressure decrease from the depth of exsolution to atmospheric pressure, 3) composition of the gas and therefore ligand availability, 4) transport rate and its effect on mineral deposition from the gas.
CML rainfall estimation in Africa: Recent results, challenges and suggested solutions
Authors: Chwala Christian , Djibo Moumouni , Graf Maximilian , Polz Julius , Zougmoré François , Kunstmann Harald
Published: February 2023

Many studies have already shown that attenuation data from commercial microwave link (CML) networks can be used to derive rainfall information, also on a country-wide scale. Particularly in regions with coarse station networks and without radar coverage, CMLs provide an attractive solution to increase the spatial and temporal coverage of rainfall observations. There are, however, several challenges that we face when transferring the successful applications from Europe to developing countries. In this contribution we present recent results from dense CMLs networks in two African cities, discuss the challenges that we are facing when trying to expand CML rainfall estimation, and present potential solutions to tackle these challenges.We show rainfall maps with temporal resolution of 15-minutes derived from CML networks in the city of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and the city of Lusaka (Zambia). There is only one rain gauge for comparison in each city, which limits the options for validation. However, comparison of the CML-derived rainfall maps with the gauges shows good agreement. These results clearly show the large potential of the dense CML networks in African cities for rainfall observation. Country-wide rainfall estimation based on CML data in developing countries can not always be done in the same manner, as e.g. in Germany. Based on our experience, a large number of CMLs in developing countries are long 7-GHz CMLs. At these frequencies the path attenuation is less sensitive to rainfall and the long CMLs seem more prone to fluctuations during dry periods. This makes the data processing more challenging. We suggest that a combination of CML data processing with data from geostationary satellites is considered a basic requirement and not only an option for further improvement. While this combination is methodologically feasible, it implies large organizational efforts. Either large amounts of satellite data have to be moved to the individual institutions that do CML data processing, or CML data, which is hard to get access to, has to be transferred to an institution that has direct access to the satellite data.To be able to bring rainfall estimation from a combination of CML and geostationary satellite data to an operational level, simplified access to CML data and concerted processing is required. We do not suggest a final solution, but we present ideas to initiate a discussion that should pave the way towards making operational usage of CML data in developing countries a reality.
Stakeholder Engagement Risks and Opportunities to pilot a Water Data Management Ecosystem
Authors: Torello Mollie , Seshan Siddharth , Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia Lydia , van der Meulen Suze
Published: February 2023

Data-driven decision making, and the use of data-intensive technologies are on the rise within the water sector. Such a paradigm shift warrants for more efficient management of data. To address this, within the European Union Horizon Europe project WATERVERSE, Water Data Management Ecosystems (WDME) are being developed. The aim of this project is to research a way to make water data management affordable, accessible, secure, fair and easy to use.  WATERVERSE has demonstration cases in six different countries (Cyprus, Finland, Germany, The Netherlands, Spain, and the UK).Stakeholder engagement is key to ensure the proper development of WDME. Each stakeholder is bound to strict regulations, policies, societal norm, etc. Through proper stakeholder management, this project aims to implement a strategic policy and commitment across stakeholders to reduce data management risks and provide data sharing opportunities. These goals were accomplished through the mapping of the main actors (e.g. end-users, policy makers, citizens) along with the challenges and expectations. In the Dutch case, stakeholder engagement involves gathering all the main actors in the development of a digital twin of the IJsselmeer for chloride predictions.  Many challenges and drivers effect the technological development of a digital twin of the Ijsselmeer. Challenges such as tough data ownership rules and security polices hinder water data management and transfer. There are drivers for more data from new sources and advanced analytics.  Additionally, to foster communication, Multi-Stakeholder Forums (MSF) are used to facilitate the dialogue process. MSF arranged dialogue on the topics of objectives and roles, challenges, and future vision of digital spaces in the water sector.  Stakeholders established in the MSFs their level of commitment, interest, and influence in data management.Data gathered through stakeholder engagement will provide the technical side of WATERVERSE to develop critical infrastructure for the development of data spaces. This will ultimately lead to better decision making and more resilience water utilities in the water sector. 