bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erosional Patterns and Fracture Zones in Peninsular India
Authors: Auden J. B.
Published: May 2009

Three areas in peninsular India are described in which the geometric orientation of the drainage pattern has led to the location of a system of parallel crustal fractures. One area is in the Archaean basement of South India. The remainder are located on Deccan basalts. The fractures are not as a rule accompanied by fault displacements, and are regarded as planes of shearing. The shearing in the Deccan basalts cuts across the post-lava dykes, and is considered to coincide with late magmatic mineralization and the break-up of the Gondwana continent in mid-Tertiary times.
The Status of Sillimanite as an Index of Metamorphic Grade in the Kenya Basement System
Authors: Sanders L. D.
Published: May 2009

Regional studies using certain minerals as indices of metamprphic grade indicate a coincidence between areas of granitic injection or migmatitization and the distribution of sillimanite. Occurrences of that mineral in knotted bodies or faserkiesel and in pegmatites and aplites within migmatites have, however, sometimes been attributed to late metasomatism rather than to metamorphic conditions. In view of the doubtful value of the mineral as an index of metamorphic grade in these circumstances its distribution in the Kenya Basement System is reviewed and the field relationships between sillimanite-bearing metamorphosed pelitic sediments and faserkiesel migmatites occurring in central Kenya are described.

It is concluded that sillimanite in the migmatites is derived from partly assimilated sillimanite gneisses, which are of extensive but inconspicuous distribution in the non-migmatitized Basement System. The regional stability of sillimanite rather than kyanite over a great area suggests that high-grade metamorphic conditions prevalent in Kenya during Basement System times were accompanied by granitization processes culminating in the local formation of replacive granites in which sillimanite relics are preserved.
The Granite—Diorite Complex of the Insch Igneous Mass, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Sadashivaiah M. S.
Published: May 2009

A complex of granitic, syenitic, and dioritic rocks forms the western part of the Insch mass. All these rocks appear to be related, but they are later than, and have no direct connection with, the basic rocks forming the bulk of the Insch mass. The granitic and syenitic varieties are fairly uniform, but the dioritic types are variable rocks rich in xenoliths which are apparently derived from basic rocks. It is suggested that the diorites were formed by contamination of the magma producing the granitic and syenitic rocks.
The Loess of Pegwell Bay, Kent, and its Associated Frost Soils
Authors: Pitcher W. S. , Shearman D. J. , Pugh D. C.
Published: May 2009

The brickearth of Pegwell Bay in Kent is identified as a true loess. It rests on solifluction deposits and frost-shattered rocks.
The Hypostome of Encrinurus variolaris and its Relation to the Cephalon
Authors: Temple J. T.
Published: May 2009

The hypostome of a specimen of Encrinurus variolaris (Brongniart) from the Wenlock Limestone (Silurian) is described with particular reference to the intricate shape of the lateral wing. This lies very closely underneath the axial furrow of the cephalon in the region of the anterior pit, but it is unlikely that there was a direct articulation of the wing with the pit or the furrow during life.
Cyrtograptids and Retiolitids from County Tipperary
Authors: Cope R. N.
Published: May 2009

Cyrtograptus hamatus, first described from Ireland by Baily in 1862, is now described more fully from fresh material which can be assigned to the zone of C. lundgreni. The proximal part of C. lundgreni is also described. Three species of Retiolitids occur with the Cyrtograptids, one of which, Paraplectograptus eiseli Manck, has not previously been recorded in the British Isles.
The Carboniferous Breccias of Billefjorden, Vestspitsbergen
Authors: McWhae J. R. H.
Published: May 2009

From an analysis of data concerning five breccias in the Billefjorden area, Central Vestspitsbergen, and from a consideration of explanations previously advanced of other breccias, it is concluded that the main breccias are due to collapse following solution within the underlying beds.
Petrology of Chloritoid and Staurolite Rocks North of Stonehaven, Kincardineshire
Authors: Williamson Douglas H.
Published: May 2009

In the pelitic rocks of this classical section it appears that, chemically, a Fe2O3: Al2O3 ratio of about 0·40 is critical for the formation of chloritoid or staurolite. With this ratio both minerals are possible, but if the value exceeds a figure somewhere between 0·47 and 0·55 staurolite cannot form, a reddish-brown biotite appearing instead. Physically, a certain minimum temperature is necessary before staurolite can appear and below this chloritoid is the equilibrium phase.
Interpretation of the Gravity Field of the Eastern Alps
Authors: Bott M. H. P.
Published: May 2009

It is demonstrated that a deficient mass reaching within 10 km. of the surface is responsible for the central belt of negative gravity anomalies in the Eastern Alps. Hypotheses for explanation of the deficient mass are discussed and it is concluded that the presence of unexposed granite in addition to crustal downwarp is the most satisfactory of these. The position of part of the mass deficiency is irreconcilable with existing isostatic hypotheses and an alternative hypothesis is proposed. The development of the granite mass deficiency is briefly discussed.
Quartzite Xenoliths from the Ballachulish Granodiorite
Authors: Muir I. D.
Published: May 2009

Small quartzite xenoliths scattered throughout the granodiorite are mantled by broad mafic coronas, the inner part of which is composed largely of augite and the outer part mainly of hornblende. The formation of the coronas is examined and some general features of magmatic reaction with quartzite inclusions are discussed.
Sedimentary Dykes in the Dalradian of Scotland
Authors: Smith A. J. , Rast N.
Published: May 2009

Sedimentary dykes from the Dalradian of the South-west Highlands of Scotland are described. It is suggested that these features are characteristic of certain geosynclinal environments.
Welded Tuffs in the Borrowdale Volcanic Series, English Lake District, with a Note on Similar Rocks in Wales
Authors: Oliver R. L.
Published: May 2009

Compact “streaky” rocks, from the Borrowdale Volcanic Series, English Lake District, are diagnosed in part as welded tuffs. Original glass is completely replaced, but similarity to welded tuffs elsewhere is shown by the dacitic-rhyodacitic composition, lack of bedding, and development of columnar jointing. The deposition of welded tuffs, as nuée ardentes, or incandescent tuff flows, is discussed.
The Oligocene-Miocene Boundary on both sides of the Atlantic
Authors: Drooger C. W.
Published: May 2009

The sequence of Miogypsina species in the type region of the Aquitanian-Burdigalian offers a good basis for correlation. Early Aquitanian corresponds to the range of M. gunteri, early Burdigalian to those of M. irregularis and M. burdigalensis, early Vindobonian to that of M. cushmani. In the western Mediterranean area application of this sequence is considered justifiable. Comparison with the similar sequence in America shows a much older occurrence of equivalent species in the western hemisphere than in Europe. A correction of the American time scale is considered premature when made on the Miogypsinidae alone.
Tectonic Facies, Orientation, Sequence, Style, and Date
Authors: Harland W. B.
Published: May 2009

Some essential features of the general tectonic description of a region are outlined under the above heads. Tectonic style is the product of facies and orientation in their distinctive sequence, and is assumed to be independent of date. A type of tectonic sequence is outlined from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen, with a distinct late stage elongation along the fold axes.
The Origin of Garnets in the Borrowdale Volcanic Series and Associated Rocks, English Lake District
Authors: Oliver R. L.
Published: May 2009

Almandine-rich garnets occur as euhedral crystals in extrusive and intrusive rocks which range in composition from 59 per cent, to 70 per cent. SiO2. Eight complete garnet analyses (major and trace elements) indicate a small variation in composition which, together with corresponding variation of physical properties, appear to correlate with the mineralogical composition of the containing rock. Field, microscopic and chemical evidence suggests, on balance, that the garnets are pyrogenetic. Magmatic conditions suitable for the crystallisation of almandine-rich garnet are discussed.
The Olivines of a Differentiated Teschenite Sill Near Gunnedah, New South Wales
Authors: Wilkinson J. F. G.
Published: May 2009

Data is presented on textural variation, optical properties, and resultant compositions of the olivines from a differentiated teschenite sill. The range in olivine composition is from Fa21 to Fa,60. Both the individual crystals and successive crops of crystals become more fayalitic with progressive differentiation.
Pretoria Series Formations Near Kanye in the Bechuanaland Protectorate
Authors: Cullen D. J.
Published: May 2009

At two localities near Kanye, in the south-eastern Bechuanaland Protectorate, formations previously assigned to the Waterberg System are now correlated with the Pretoria Series of the Transvaal System. In addition to modifying the palæogeography of the Transvaal period, this correlation may also help to clarify the stratigraphical position of the Matsap Series of the Cape Province.
Slope Form and Erosion Surfaces in Uganda
Authors: Pallister J. W.
Published: May 2009

A preliminary analysis of slope forms in Buganda has indicated an erosional cycle characterized by both parallel scarp retreat and summit lowering, of which the latter process predominates in the later stages of the cycle. The recognition of characteristic stages in the erosional development of the landscape may provide a means of distinguishing a warped erosion surface occurring at differing altitudes from the products of separate erosion cycles.
Aspects of the Geology of the Scotia Arc
Authors: Matthews D. H.
Published: May 2009

A review is given of the geology of the islands of the Scotia Arc. The provenance of the sedimentary materials is considered and it is concluded that the islands probably represent areas with a crustal structure of a continental type. The crustal structure of the Scotia Sea area is briefly compared with that of the Caribbean.
A Volcanic Vent in the Bogside Mines, Fife
Authors: Howel Francis E.
Published: May 2009

Mines near Culross, in Fife, have traversed a vent of Upper Limestone Group (Namurian) age at levels estimated to be 150 to 250 feet below the contemporary surface. The vent-filling comprises a central basaltic tuff, and a marginal lithic tuff derived entirely from the Carboniferous sedimentary rocks. A sill-like body of lithic tuff has been intruded beyond the vent margins. In sediments outside the vent post-volcanic subsidence has generated small faults; these become flat-lying or undulating where they traverse mudstones and siltstones that are inferred to have been incompletely indurated at the time of the subsidence. The volcanic and post-volcanic processes are discussed in the light of Cloos' interpretation of Swabian volcanism.
The Term Eucrite
Authors: Le Bas M. J.
Published: May 2009

An account is given of the history of the term “eucrite”. It is shown to be very varied and hence has been a source of confusion to authors wishing to employ the word with precision, and to readers trying to understand its exact meaning. Because of the lack of agreement over the interpretation of this word, the author proposes that its use should be discontinued and the term “gabbro” utilized in its place.
A Note on Chromite-Marbles
Authors: Fermor Lewis Leigh
Published: May 2009

Chromite-marbles from India and Finland are compared.
The Significance of the Hydrothermal Stage in the Formation of Igneous Rocks
Authors: Lehmann E.
Published: May 2009

A group of eruptive rocks (weilburgites), widespread in the Lahn-region, is discussed in respect to its genesis. Their close relation to the keratophyres suggests a later mobilization of the keratophyric magma through the volatiles originating from the ascending diabasic magma (allopegmagenesis). In accordance with the character of the weilburgitic magma its ascent was accomplished by adaptation to the orogenic process (gradational ascent).

Conditions of this kind might influence the magmatic evolution in several respects. They are intimately related to geological conditions. To them are referred the favouring of allopegmagenetic or even allomagmagenic rocks in Palaeozoic time, the possible difference in age between the beginning of ascent and the emplacement, the lack of correspondence in composition of some rocks with the composition of the originating magma. Thus, the question arises as to how far correlations may exist generally between the mode of magmatic evolution in space and time, the composition of the rocks and the geological age.
Lineation and its relation to sub-crustal Convection Currents
Authors: Anderson E. M.
Published: May 2009

A possible cause of the lineation developed in the Scottish Highlands and elsewhere may consist in the presence of sub-crustal convection currents. While it is recognized that these are, to some extent, conjectural, the probable results of the conjecture are compared with the directions of lineation, in areas where this structure has been investigated.
A Quartz Vein System in the Moine Series near Melness, A'Mhoine, North Sutherland, and its Tectonic Significance
Authors: Wilson Gilbert
Published: May 2009

Kinematic analysis of tension gashes in an exposure of the Moine Series indicates that the fractures resulted from a tectonic movement directed from north to south, unrelated to that responsible for the nearby Caledonian Moine Thrust.
Malvern Tectonics—A Contribution
Authors: Blyth F. G. H.
Published: May 2009

The Malvern ridge consists of a series of Pre-Cambrian fault-blocks, which have been thrust upwards into their present positions through an overlying cover of Cambrian, Silurian, and Lower Old Red Sandstone sediments. The formation of the narrow. localized belt of folds which lie immediately to the west of the Malverns is the result of the displacement of the Pre-Cambrian basement blocks.
The Origin of the Supposed Tufa Bands in Carboniferous Reef Limestones
Authors: Black W. W.
Published: May 2009

Thin bands of fibrous calcite occur in the Carboniferous reef limestones of northern England and have been regarded as bands of primary tufa within a marine limestone series. A study of these fibrous bands has been carried out and the results show conclusively that they are in fact secondary recrystallization structures.
Allometric Growth in Dielasma hastata from Treak Cliff, Derbyshire
Authors: Parkinson Donald
Published: May 2009

Growth and variation in a single species from a thin bed at one locality are examined statistically. The different dimensions are shown to be allometrically related both to each other and to the volume of the shell. It is argued that total width is the best measure of age of the individual and it is shown that at a certain width there is a break in the continuity of growth of the length and thickness.
The Ontogeny of the TrilobiteDalmanitina olini
Authors: Temple J. T.
Published: May 2009

The ontogeny ofDalmanitina oliniTemple (Upper Ordovician) is described on the basis of specimens from Scania and North Wales. The development is similar to that ofD. socialis(Barrande), but good preservation has enabled some detailed changes in the cephalon to be followed. The protaspid and early post-protaspid stages bear an anterior pit in each axial furrow opposite the frontal lobe. The protaspid anterior glabellar furrow becomes joined to this pit by an oblique furrow, and forms with the latter a composite oblique furrow which develops into the adult anterior-glabellar furrow. This mode of development is considered probably to be common to all Phacopids: the significance of the anterior pits in this family is discussed. Preliminary observations are made on the growth-rates of various parts of the glabella, and the frontal lobe is found to grow in length (sag.) at a rate approximately equal to that of the rest of the glabella.
Mugearites and Oligoclase-Basalts
Authors: Walker Frederick
Published: May 2009

The use of the term mugearite as a synonym for oligoclase-basalt is discussed. It is shown that the two rock-types, though often agreeing closely in chemical composition, may differ appreciably in their fabric and mineralogy.
A glacial erratic boulder of Shap Granite in South Northumberland
Authors: Johnson G. A. L.
Published: May 2009

The discovery of a glacial erratic boulder of Shap Granite in South Northumberland is recorded. Erratics of this rock have not previously been reported north of the Penrith area. It is suggested that the boulder was carried into Northumberland by ice flowing eastwards over the Tyne Gap.
On the Development of Diversograptus Manck
Authors: Strachan Isles
Published: May 2009

Specimens of Diversograptus are described which show conclusively how the two stipes arise from the sicula. This is also the first record of the genus occurring in Britain
Outline of Geology of the Dardanelles
Authors: Erguvanli K.
Published: May 2009

An outline of the geology of the Dardanelles is presented. Metasediments, chiefly marbles and schists, are cut by a granite and covered unconformably by Tertiary strata which include both sediments and volcanics. The Dardanelles is considered to be a drowned fault valley and in the south an echelon fault system is described.
The Classification and Evolution of the Superfamily Lichacea (Trilobita)
Authors: Tripp R. P.
Published: May 2009

The superfamily Lichacea is here considered to include two families : the Lichidae, composed of four subfamilies and twenty-four genera, and the Lichakephalidae, comprising only one species. Reed's interpretation of the glabellar and occipital lobes in the Lichidae is considered to be correct; the definition and degree of fusion of these lobes is the main criterion of generic discrimination. Hypostomal features are of assistance in defining subfamilies. The characters of the pygidium are constant in some genera, but unstable in others. The Lichinae and Homolichinae, stratigraphically the oldest subfamilies of the Lichidae, are chiefly European in occurrence during the Ordovician period. The Tetralichinae and the Ceratarginae occur earlier in North America than in Europe. Lichakephalus occurs in Lower Tremadoc beds of Bavaria.
A Palaeomagnetic Investigation of the Lundy Dyke Swarm
Authors: Blundell D. J.
Published: May 2009

The directions of the natural remanent magnetization of samples collected from dykes on Lundy have been measured and related to those of Tertiary lava flows in Northern Britain. Evidence is given suggesting that the dykes are Tertiary and pre-Upper Oligocene in age, and that the geomagnetic field was reversed at the time of their intrusion.
Evolutionary Rates of Brachiopods
Authors: Williams Alwyn
Published: May 2009

A survey of brachiopod genera along lines currently adopted by students of evolution suggests that for this phylum at least the raw data can change significantly from year to year dependent upon systematic opinion and regional influences, and that even if such data are accepted as reasonable reflections of brachiopod evolution they lead to conclusions different from those published for other phyla.
A Temperate Bed of the last Inter-glacial Period at Northfleet, Kent
Authors: Burchell J. P. T.
Published: May 2009

The molluscan fauna of the deposits infilling the Ebbsfleet Channel is listed; it comprises forty-one species and demonstrates the existence of an interglacial phase.
A Palaeontological Link between the Midgeholme Outlier, Cumberland, and the Northumberland and Durham Coalfield
Authors: Hopkins W. , Bennison G. M.
Published: May 2009

A prominent shell bed from the Middle Coal Measures of the Midgeholme Coalfield, Cumberland, is here recorded for the first time. The fauna, consisting of non-marine lamellibranchs is listed and briefly described. It establishes that the horizon of the Cannel Seam at which the shell bed occurs is within the C. pseudorobusta Sub-zone of the upper part of the C. communis Zone.
A New Upper Carboniferous Echinoid from Texas
Authors: Kier Porter M.
Published: May 2009

A new echinoid species, Eupholidocidaris belli, is described from the Upper Carboniferous of Texas.
Accessory Brachial Structures in Long-looped Brachiopods
Authors: Elliott Graham F.
Published: May 2009

Accessory structures on the brachial loops of certain brachiopods are considered to be initiated as supplementary calcification, and when persisting to the adult stage, to become part of the loop.
Wave Action in Shore Platform Formation
Authors: Edwards A. B.
Published: May 2009

Erosion of headlands along the southern coast of Victoria results chiefly from the attack of storm waves, and is concentrated above a defined level, marked by certain level shore platforms, whose surfaces are at about high tide level. These platforms are initiated and maintained by storm wave erosion. Their surfaces undergo planation and lowering, chiefly by the scouring action of waves of translation, but increasingly by water-layer weathering as the platforms age and widen.
Note on the Tectonic Style of the Ord Ban Quartzites, Mid-Strathspey
Authors: McIntyre Donald B.
Published: May 2009

Study of profiles, perpendicular to the fold-axes, shows that the folding is disharmonic. Nearly every s−surface is one of décollement. In some exposures the quartzites are reduplicated by superposed recumbent-folds without infolds of other material. The contacts are tectonic and not stratigraphic. Incipient boudinage is frequent, and nearly all surfaces show well-developed b−lineation.
A Xenolithic Sill at Tallabrista, Co. Donegal, Ireland
Authors: Gindy Amin
Published: May 2009

An epidiorite sill emplaced in quartzites becomes charged with xenoliths of quartzite and of an amphibole-rich rock possibly derived from underlying limestone horizons. The matrix of the xenolith-rich part of the sill is studied with large hornblende-biotite “crystals” that may represent small limestone xenoliths that have been basified and homogenized.
Atlantic Gulfs, Estuaries, and Cliffs
Authors: Cotton C. A.
Published: May 2009

The morvan theory with slight modification fits the structure of the coasts of south-western Britain better than the fault theory of Atlantic coasts advanced by Suess.

The English Channel and St. George's Channel have been long in existence, and are more probably of tectonic than erosional origin.

Erosional deepening of the valleys which were drowned by the Flandrian transgression to become estuaries must have taken place almost entirely in glacial ages when the level of the ocean has been low. The tempo of coastal erosion, both subaerial and marine, has been rather slow, however, owing to the great width of the continental shelf. Thus shoreline details survive from an interglacial age.

In regions with a narrower continental shelf, deepening and also extensive enlargement of valleys across coastal lands have taken place in each glacial age of low ocean level, and interglacial aggradations have determined terrace levels at consistent heights in the inland valleys of large rivers, as exemplified in Portugal.

The cliffs of Cornwall and Wales show traces of two cycles or marine retrogradation separated by a withdrawal of the sea. Thus the “bevel”, or “coastal slope” above modem cliffs can be accounted for as an ancient sea-cliff graded subaerially during the period of low ocean level.
A Note on the Progressive Metamorphism of Siliceous Limestones and Dolomites
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

The stages of progressive thermal metamorphism of siliceous carbonate sediments covering mineral assemblages revealed in the highest grades of alteration were first delineated by Bowen (1940) in a paper which presented an illuminating systematic treatment of the whole subject. In his account the successive stages in the metamorphism of siliceous limestones and dolomites were, in general, linked with a series of reactions of increasing decarbonation in which thirteen steps were traced, involving the appearance of ten distinct mineral phases. With certain reservations these phases could be accepted as indicators of a temperature grade of metamorphism. Investigations carried out since that time have served to confirm the general validity of the scheme set out which thus brings law and order into a field of metamorphism characterized by considerable mineralogical and petrographical complexity.
Importance of the “Tectonical” Model Theory
Authors: van der Zee T. J.
Published: May 2009

Neglect of the oldest and most useful theory of scale models in geology. Its fundamental psychological value for a correct mental picture of the earth's larger aspects.

The exact theory made more comprehensible. Its application in the domain of experimental tectonics improved upon.
The Rhombinidae, a New Family of Carboniferous Ostracoda
Authors: Sylvester-Bradley P. C.
Published: May 2009

The Carboniferous ostracod Rhombina Jones and Kirkby is shown to have been misinterpreted. The genus is redescribed, a new family is erected for its reception, and a new genus, Palaeophilomedes, proposed as a second member of this family.
The Fauna of Some Recent Marine Deposits Near Basrah, Iraq
Authors: Hudson R. G. S. , Eames F. E. , Wilkins G. L.
Published: May 2009

The fauna, mainly small gastropods and lamellibranchs, of the sands and silts (the Hammar Formation) occurring near the surface in various borings in the Basrah area is shown to be marine and of Recent age. It is suggested that the Persian Gulf sea in Recent times extended a considerable distance north of its present shoreline: its silting-up is considered to be due to cessation of subsidence. The subsequent geography of the area, with its fluviatile, lacustrine, and estuarine sediments, is possibly due to localized subsidence and elevation.
Notes on the species Cymbites laevigatus (J. de C. Sowerby) and on the genus Cymbites Neumayr
Authors: Donovan Desmond T.
Published: May 2009

The ammonite species Cymbites laevigatus (J. de C. Sowerby) is fully described and illustrated for the first time. Nomenclatural problems are discussed. The interpretation of the genus Cymbites, and of its type species, Amm. globosus, is reviewed.
Brachymetopus (Brachymetopus) and B. (Brachymetopina) (Trilobita, Devonian to Upper Carboniferous)
Authors: Goldring R. , Stubblefield C. J.
Published: May 2009

The interpretation of Brachymetopus (Brachymetopus) M'Coy and B. (Brachymetopina) Reed in Europe has been contrary to the general interpretation in America. The relevant literature is critically reviewed and it is concluded that both usages have been at fault and neither is in accordance with the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. The type species of B. (Brachymetopus) is maccoyi Portlock, 1843, and the type species of B. (Brachymetopina) is ouralica de Verneuil, 1845; B. (Brachymetopina) is a subjective synonym of B. (Brachymetopus).
Graptolites with Associated Sedimentary Grooving
Authors: Smith J. D. D.
Published: May 2009

Two graptolites with associated grooving in the sediment are recorded; these structures are thought to be caused by the thecae grooving the sediment during movement of the graptolite by a flow of overlying mud.
Indigenous and Exotic Foraminifera in the Coralline Crag of Sutton, Suffolk
Authors: Carter D. J.
Published: May 2009

The effects of current action on the distribution of foraminiferal tests are discussed and evaluated. The distributions of current- drifted and indigenous foraminiferal tests are compared and contrasted. A simple method of plotting abundance data facilitating differentiation between current-drifted and indigenous forms has been developed and applied to assemblages from the Pliocene Coralline Crag of Sutton, Suffolk. It has been found that these assemblages do not represent the original biocoenoses, but consist largely of exotic forms.
Three Foraminiferal Zones in the Tertiary of Australia
Authors: Glaessner M. F.
Published: May 2009

The paper draws attention to the existence in the Tertiary of Australia of three distinctive though not consecutive foraminiferal zones. The lowest zone, found in Victoria and South Australia, is of Upper Eocene age, the upper zone is not younger than Lower Miocene (Burdigalian) and the intermediate zone of Victoriella, corresponding to strata usually referred to the “Janjukian”, probably Upper Oligocene (Chattian) to Aquitanian.
The Age of Interglacial Deposits at Swanscombe
Authors: Baden-Powell D. F. W.
Published: May 2009

The interglacial gravel at Swanscombe includes pebbles apparently derived from Shropshire and neighbouring districts; and as some of these occur in the “Plateau Drift” near Oxford, they may have reached the Lower Thames by way of Moreton and Goring Gaps. The earlier of the two boulder clays of Essex and Hertfordshire probably contributed some erratics to the Swanscombe gravels, but the later includes material from North Britain and Scandinavia unknown in the Swanscombe deposits. Therefore the gravels at Swanscombe seem to be intermediate in age between the Lowestoft and Gipping Glaciations of East Anglia, with which the two Essex boulder clays are correlated.
The Uganda Section of the Western Rift
Authors: Davies K. A.
Published: May 2009

Geological work and drilling in the Western Uganda Rift since 1939 points wholly to the formation of this feature by gradual sinking of the floor. No evidence of compression has been obtained.
Some Unusual Structures in Rhaetic Sandstones, near Cowbridge, Glamorgan
Authors: Thomas Trevor M.
Published: May 2009

The best known exposures of Rhaetic strata in Glamorgan are those of the Lavernock and Penarth cliff sections, where the normal black shales—thin limestones facies are displayed. In the central and west Vale of Glamorgan, however, massive sandstones are the dominant Rhaetic formation. The construction of a housing site has revealed the presence of numerous voids or cavities in these sandstones, the origin of which is attributed to decalcification.
Sorting of Lamellibranch Valves on Beaches in Trinidad, B.W.I.
Authors: Martin-Kaye P.
Published: May 2009

Marked differences in relative abundance of right and left valves of certain recent lamellibranchs are recorded in collections made along beaches of eastern Trinidad, and a possible explanation is discussed.
Growth of the glabella of Dalmanitina olini
Authors: Temple J. T.
Published: May 2009

Growth of the glabella of the trilobite Dalmanitina olini is studied by plotting various dimensions y against the length of the glabellar stalk x which is taken to represent absolute size. The relations are fitted best by linear equations y = a(x + b/a), and for several dimensions the value of b/a appears to be constant. The concepts of absolute and specific growth-rates are discussed in relation to the glabella of D. olini.
The Application of the European Time Scale to the Upper Tertiary of North America
Authors: Pilgrim Guy E.
Published: May 2009

Matthew's provisional classification of the freshwater Tertiary of Western America in 1899 was succeeded ten years later by a detailed correlation of the American Tertiary Mammal horizons with those of Europe, published by Osborn and himself in 1909. At that time these authors placed the Pikermi horizon of Europe (Pontian) in the Upper Miocene and the Val d'Arno horizon (Villafranchian) in the Upper Pliocene. They in common with many later writers subsequently adopted a Lower Pliocene and Pleistocene age respectively for the two horizons named. Allowing for this change of view, Osborn's and Matthew's correlation has been substantially followed, with a few modifications due to individual opinion, by all later authorities. The reasons for it were somewhat elaborated by Osborn in hisAge of Mammals(1910). It is evident that the Equidae formed the basis for it. The appearance of the generaAnchitherium(as species ofKalobatippusandHypohippuswere then named),HipparionandEquusin North America were assumed to be approximately contemporaneous with their appearance in Europe. That North America was at any rate the main, if not the exclusive radiative centre for the distribution of the Equidae has been universally acknowledged. Hence Osborn's and Matthew's choice of this group as a standard of age seemed to be fully justified. In accordance with it the firstHipparionbeds of North America were regarded as Pontian.
An Occurrence of Detrital Diaspore in South Wales
Authors: Griffiths J. C. , Stuart Alan
Published: May 2009

During the course of a petrological investigation by one of us (J. C. G.) of the glacial deposits in South-West Wales, samples from a sandy boulder clay at Ludchurch in South-East Pembrokeshire were found to contain abundant grains of a platy colourless mineral with a specific gravity greater than 2·9, a perfect pinacoidal cleavage and high double refraction. This was ultimately diagnosed as diaspore, with which were associated various iron ores, zircon, rutile, chlorite, various tourmalines (brown, green, and pink being the commonest), pyroxenes, amphiboles, staurolite, kyanite, brookite, anatase, topaz, garnet, apatite, muscovite, and andalusite, an assemblage typical of the Irish Sea Drift of this district. A search through the literature for a description of detrital diaspore showed that there did not appear to have been published any detailed description with figures of the detrital forms.
A Quartz-Diorite from Glenduckie Hill, Fife
Authors: Walker Frederick
Published: May 2009

During a recent survey of the Lower Old Red Sandstone lavas of North Fife a small unrecorded mass of diorite was found by Dr. F. B. A. Welch. The rock of this intrusion is so much fresher than that of other diorites in the Ochil range that it seems worth while to give an account of its mineralogy and petrology.
The Nature and Significance of the Pedicleforamen ofLeptaenaDalman
Authors: Arber Muriel A.
Published: May 2009

In the brachiopod family Strophomenidae, it is recognized that various genera, of whichLeptaenaDalman is a good example, may possess a foramen enclosed within the umbo of the ventral valve, near the apex of the pseudodeltidium (see Text-fig. 2 A). Such a foramen is presumably a pedicle-aperture, and bears a superficial resemblance to that of certain Telotremata in which the young pedicle emerged through the open delthyrium and subsequently resorbed the apex of the ventral valve and became enclosed dorsally by the deltidial plates. In the young stages ofLeptaena, on the other hand, the foramen was entirely supra-apical and enclosed within the ventral protegulum and nepionic shell, though sometimes it later suffered resorption of its dorsal margin so as to become bounded by the pseudodeltidium.
The Structure of Lycophoria Lahusen. (Brachiopoda)
Authors: St.Joseph— J. K. S.
Published: May 2009

The sub-genus Lycophoria was founded by Lahusen (1886, p. 221), and referred to the Strophomenidae, the only species described, Lycophoria nucella (Dalman, 1828, p. 130) being the genotype. Part of the original diagnosis runs: “Klappen convex; Rückenklappe stärker gewölbt, am Stirnrande ein breiter flacher Sinus. In der Bauchklappe eine kleine dreiseitige Area mit dreieckiger offener Deltidialspalte. Schlosszähne von zwei divergirenden Zahnplatten gestützt, die in ihrer Fortsetzung am Grunde der Schale eine längliche, durch eine kurze Mittelleiste getheilte Muskelgrube umgrenzen. In der Rückenklappe ein starker, hakenförmiger Cruralfortsatz, innen durch eine Längsfurche getheilt und auf der Rückseite mit einem kleinen, zahnartigen Schlossfortsatz verbunden” (Lahusen, 1886, p. 221). Lycophoria has also been discussed by Hall and Clarke (1894, p. 230), by Kozlowski (1929, p. 131), who placed it with the Porambonitidae in the Telotremata, and by Schuchert and Cooper (1932, pp. 105–6), who regarded it as the sole representative of a new family of the Orthacea. The close external similarity to Porambonites and the fact that Lycophoria had also been referred to the Pentameracea, led the writer to investigate Lahusen's genus in a search for possible ancestors of the pentamerids.
New Lamprophyres at Grève de Lecq, Jersey
Authors: Smith H. G.
Published: May 2009

Grève de lecq is situated on the north coast of Jersey, about 2½ miles from the western end of the island. On each side of the bay is a lamprophyre, discovered by Dr. A. E. Mourant, and the two dykes are so much alike in mineral composition and texture that separate description is unnecessary. The country rock is granite.
Brookite in the Millstone Grit of Yorkshire
Authors: Butterfield J. A.
Published: May 2009

The record by Dr. Rastall (1) of new types of brookite from the Dogger of North-East Yorkshire prompts a note on the brookite of the Millstone Grit of West and South-West Yorkshire, since the brookite of this latter formation presents interesting features somewhat different from those presented by the brookite of the Dogger.
On the Pleistocene Rocks of Iceland and the Age of the Submarine Shelf
Authors: Pjeturss Helgi
Published: May 2009

As shown by his paper on “The Age of the Rocks and Topography of Middle Northern Iceland” (Geol. Mag., LXXV, 1938, 289–296), Dr. Hawkes realizes the great change of view concerning fundamental features of Icelandic geology necessitated by my discoveries in North Iceland of Pleistocene metamorphic glacial deposits. In fact, the changes involved seem to him so great that he finds the whole thing incredible, and he rejects what he terms my hypothesis. In this incredulity, I think, is to be found the reason for his being unable to repeat for himself some observations I made on the eastern side of Fnjóskadal. That I should have been mistaken is, I think, out of the question; a typical “striated pavement” is something a geologist of some experience cannot be mistaken about. In Skridugil I exposed a surface which quite definitely exhibited traces of glacial action. That “similar deposits” to those overlying the pavement “are found at various horizons in the older Tertiary Series of Iceland” (Hawkes, op. cit., p. 293) is unknown to me. The name “Skridugil” was given to me by a man who may not have understood to which locality I was referring.
The Geology of British Oilfields
Authors: Sale H. M. , Evans P.
Published: May 2009

The oil regions of India lie in the north-west and in the east, within broad strips of Tertiary rocks stretching in a general southerly or south-westerly direction from the Himalayas to the sea. On the eastern side of India the main Tertiary outcrop runs from the head of the Assam Valley south-westwards through part of the Central Assam Range into the Surma Valley and thence southwards to the Bay of Bengal at Chittagong, whence the Tertiary beds continue along the Arakan Coast of Burma. This strip forms one geological province, distinct both from the better-known Tertiary development of western India and from the Tertiaries of the Chindwin–Irrawaddy Valley of Burma. This Assam–Arakan region includes parts of the provinces of Assam and Bengal and part of the western coast of Burma: although Burma is now separated from India, it is convenient to consider the Assam–Arakan oil-belt as a whole, without regard to political divisions.
Cordierite-Anthophyllite Rocks Associated with Spinel-Hypersthenites from Toodyay, Western Australia
Authors: Prider Rex T.
Published: May 2009

The country in the vicinity of Toodyay, which is situated approximately 60 miles north-east from Perth, is occupied by a series of Archaeozoic metasedimentary and igneous rocks (Text-fig. 1). The metasediments include interbedded sillimanite-and andalusite-mica-schists, extremely pure quartzites and occasional narrow bands of calc-silicate rocks. The igneous rocks occur as (1) narrow bands of schistose plagioclase-amphibolite (interbedded with the metasediments) which appear to have been originally sills or flows of tholeiitic character; (2) wider bands of fluxion microcline- (and oligoclase-) granite-gneisses occurring as concordant thick sill-like bodies in the metasedimentary strata; (3) Quartz-dolerite dykes, intrusive into all the above-mentioned rocks. Some of these rocks, which are developed in the Jimperding valley (about 6 miles southwest from Toodyay), have been previously described (Prider, 1934).
The Geology of Basutoland
Authors: Stockley G. M.
Published: May 2009

It is now some thirty-two years since any observations on the Geology of Basutoland have been made. The Rev. S. S. Dornan of the French Protestant Mission may be considered to be the only serious contributor and he published three short articles on the geology during the period 1905–8. The writer was invited by the Colonial Office to carry out a reconnaissance geological survey of the territory, and the following notes may be considered a summary of his general observations.
Contact Metamorphism by a Tertiary Dyke at Waterfoot, Co. Antrim
Authors: Reynolds Doris L.
Published: May 2009

Close to Waterfoot and about one and a quarter miles south of Cushendall, in Co. Antrim, a bifurcating dolerite dyke of Tertiary age outcrops on the shore approximately 750 feet south-west of Red Bay pier (see text-fig. 1). The dyke is intruded into practically horizontal beds of Triassic sandstone which contain abundant fragments and pebbles of schist and quartzite. As shown on the map, text-fig. 1, the dyke bifurcates and encloses a lenticular portion of these Triassic beds. Where unaltered by the dyke, that is in the low cliff adjoining the sea-wall to the south-west of the dyke and in that portion of the enclosed mass adjoining the south-western branch of the dyke, the Trias is a friable yellow sandstone, rich in fragments of schist and quartzite ranging in size from a few inches down to microscopic dimensions. On the south-western side of the north-eastern branch of the dyke, however, a marked change takes place. The Trias here changes in colour from yellow to grey and becomes hard and compact; and, as the dyke is approached, the fragments and pebbles become less distinct and eventually merge into the matrix of the rock. This change begins between eight and nine feet from the contact. Within a foot from the contact the alteration is so intense that the main part of the rock has a compact homogeneous appearance, so that at first glance it resembles an igneous rock with sparse xenoliths of white quartzite. The schist fragments are here represented by dafk patches which merge, often imperceptibly, into the matrix of the rock.
Glacial Drifts near Roslin, Midlothian
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: May 2009

A recent examination of drift deposits south of Edinburgh has revealed the presence of boulder clay overlying fluvio-glacial sands and graveis. This does not appear to have been the subject of any previous publication. The relevant exposures are almost entirely in working sandpits, and are liable to be obscured soon after the latter are abandoned. Accordingly it is thought worth while to place on record a description of the sections at present available for examination.
Notes on a large Spiriferoid from the Southern Shan States
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

At a locality about three miles south of Mawchi, in the Kantarawaddy State, a unique specimen of a large Spiriferoid was found a few years ago by Mr. Vernon Hobson, then working for the Mawchi Mines Co., in an area where previously no fossiliferous rocks were known to exist. This specimen was sent me by him in 1936 for determination; and in the hope that some other fossils would soon be obtained from this locality which would throw more light on the age of the rocks, the publication of any description of the fossil was post-poned. For unfortunately, the specimen was not found in situ, though Mr. Vernon Hobson, in a letter to me dated 19th June, 1936, stated that he was satisfied that it was not a residual fossil, and that the rock-matrix in which it is imbedded was thoroughly typical of the beds developed for miles round in this area. Moreover, he stated that there are no overlying formations within twelve miles, and that these lie at lower elevations, while pendants of younger rocks do not occur in the area, so that “there is no evidence that overlying rocks existed close above [the present surface rocks] prior to the present phase of erosion”.
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin as a Casting Material
Authors: Whittard W. F. , Sisson J. E.
Published: May 2009

The remarkable properties that synthetic resins possess make these substances of inestimable value in biological and geological laboratories and museums. Their applications in the biological sciences have been discussed by Hibbin (1937) and by Knight (1937). Bell (1939) and Shrock (1940) have indicated some of the geological methods employing polymerized methyl methacrylate; the material is remarkably transparent and this property tends to detract from the value of the plastic as a casting substance of fossils for, in such work, an opaque material is desirable.
The Upper Oxford Clay at Purton, Wilts, and the Zones of the Lower Oxfordian
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

At Messrs. Hills' brickyard, ½ mile north-north-west of Purton Station and about 4 miles north-west of Swindon, Wiltshire, a large pit in Upper Oxford Clay (Lower Oxfordian) is worked by modern methods to a depth of over 60 feet. Ammonites are for the most part preserved as white powdery or flaky impressions, as in the Jordan Cliff Clay at Weymouth, and their collection involves technical difficulty. For help with the collecting and measuring I am indebted to Messrs. C. W. and E. V. Wright, and for every facility at the pit to Mr. Hill.
Wartime Lessons in Erosion
Authors: Bailey E. B.
Published: May 2009

During September, 1940, there were many falls of earth and other things upon the roofs of London. An example that I had excellent opportunities of studying consisted of loam, and gravelly loam, distributed in discrete patches over an extensive area. The material must have fallen from a considerable height, for everywhere it moulded itself with flat base to suit its foundation; and, whether forming mere pellets or splashes a few feet in diameter, it developed a surprisingly uniform summit level of little more than 1 inch in height. On breaking the loam across, one always found a system of close, roughly horizontal cracks, a type of rude joint cleavage. This structure persisted despite frequent wettings and dryings, even though when wet the loam became quite sodden.
A Problem in Polyzoan Nomenclature
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

In 1838 Johnston in the first edition of his History of British Zoophytes instituted a genus Lepralia (the middle a should from its derivation be short) with seven type species—Cellepora hyalina Linn., Berenicea nitida Flem., Berenicea immersa Flem., Cellepora coccinea Abild., Eschara ciliata Pall., Discopora trispinosa Johnst., and Lepralia variolosa nov. The genus has had a very chequered career, as well as very heavy use.
The Igneous Rocks of the Stanner-Hanter District, Radnorshire
Authors: Holgate Norman , Knight Hallowes K. A.
Published: May 2009

The igneous rocks of the Stanner-Hanter district are included within the Geological Survey I-inch map, sheet 56 S.E., (Old Series), and form three hog-backed hills, Stanner Rocks, Worsell Wood, and Hanter Hill, which are prominent features in the country between New Radnor and Kington, close to the Welsh border. This line of hills trends from south-west to north-east, though the separate ridges are arranged en échelon. Stanner Rocks (I,08I feet), is separated from Worsell Wrood (about 940 feet), by the alluvial plain of the Gilwern Brook, while there is a low col between Worsell Wood and Hanter Hill (I,36I feet).