bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Writing English Opera (1960)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

Since Peter Grimes, more than fifteen years ago, I have written ten works for the operatic stage-that is, including two intended primarily for children, an arrangement of The Beggars’ [sic] Opera and a realization of Dido and Aeneas. I am often asked why, living in England where there are only two permanent opera houses, I have spent so much of my creative time in writing operas. Here, at random, are some of the answers I give. I have become more and more interested in human beings, in their foibles and characteristics, and in the drama which can result from their interplay. I have also strong points of view to which I find opera can give expression. I have always been interested in the setting of words (some of my earliest efforts in composition were songs) and Purcell has shown me how wonderfully dramatic the sung English language can be. My interest in the human voice has grown, especially in the relation of sound to sense and colour; for me, this interest applies to the English voice in particular, singing our subtle and beautifully inflected language. Also, I believe passionately in the intelligibility of the words-opera being a fusion of music, acting, painting and poetry, of which the last-named demands to be understood. Because I do not speak Italian, it was not until I heard Mozart and Verdi operas sung in English that I realized to the full their fabulous subtlety, wit and dramatic aptitude. I always encourage my works to be sung, abroad, in the vernacular, even pieces like the Spring Symphony and the Nocturne, which contain some of the greatest English poetry. Of course, something is lost, but not a great deal when you substitute the gibberish which can result from singers using languages they do not understand and cannot pronounce.
Freedom of Borough of Aldeburgh (1962)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

It may seem an odd way of saying ‘thank you’ for the great honour paid to me this evening, if I start by saying that I’m afraid I rather distrust honours. In the arts, at least-it is so often the wrong person who gets them, or for the wrong reason. It is the dull, the respectable, the one who kow-tows, who sucks!W., the members of that favourite name today-the Establishment. You know what I mean (conveniently forgetting for the moment honoured names like Sir Peter Paul Rubens, Lord Tennyson, Chevalier Gluck)-think of Schubert, unwanted; Mozart, a pauper’s grave; Van Gogh mad like Blake; Wilfred Owen killed at the age of 25-how far honours were from these great names and hundreds like them. The trouble really is that the people who hand out honours usually know so little about the artists. They take a famous name, and that’s that. Why is it then that I am unexpectedly proud and touched this evening? After all, I shall not be able to write H..E.A.:B..A. (Honorary Freeman of the Ancient Borough of Aldeburgh) after my name; and I am very clearly made to understand that I cannot (as the result of being a free man) park my car on the wrong side of the High Street without lights, and I gather I must continue to pay 24 shillings in the pound! No, I am proud because this honour comes from people who know me-many of whom have known me for quite a long time too, because, although I didn’t have the luck to be born here in Aldeburgh, I have in fact lived all my life within 30 miles of it.1 As I understand it, this honour is not given because of a reputation, because of a chance acquaintance, it is-dare I say it?-because you really do know me, and accept me as one of yourselves, as a useful part of the Borough-and this is, I think, the highest possible compliment for an artist. I believe, you see, that an artist should be part of his community, should work for it, with it, and be used it. Over the last roo years this has become rarer and rarer, and the artist and community have both suffered as a result.
Erwin Stein: Form and Peiformance (1962)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

Erwin Stein’s name was known to a comparatively small circle of people.1 He himself was the last person to complain about this since his was a retiring nature and he believed (and how rightly!) that some of the most important work is done without the glare of publicity. There were occasions, however, such as that of a particularly execrable performance of one of his favourite works, when he would regret that he had not the chance to conduct more often; forgetting his natural modesty, he would say he ‘could have shown them how!’ And after reading this book one can easily believe that he was right, for it shows a rare gift for detailed analysis, and at the same time a warmth and understanding of the music which, in my experience, is unique. He was not inexperienced as a conductor. Between 1910 and 1919 he conducted at many German opera houses and was responsible for the preparation of many different kinds of works, from the lightest to the most serious. Later he prepared and conducted the famous series of performances of Pierrot Lunaire with Erika Wagner, first in Vienna and then touring across Europe to London. In the ‘twenties he trained a chorus in Vienna and conducted Beethoven’s ninth symphony. After he came to England, he only gave one public performance, that of Pierrot lunaire, at the JEolian Hall in 1943. Instead of conducting he listened, and so came to write this book. He listened to all kinds of musical performances with that devastating yet good-humoured criticism which was so characteristic:’It was bad, of course’, he might say, ‘but not so bad.’He could talk in fascinating detail of his early, and certainly his most important, listening experiences-those performances of operas and concerts conducted by Mahler in Vienna. He went to them with his friends Schoenberg, Zemlinsky, Webern, and Berg, and they would sit together for most of the night discussing what they had heard. It is from Mahler that Erwin learned most of the art of performance--the moulding of a work’s form, a taut yet flexible rhythm, the balance of tone, sensitive phrasing, and intensity.
An Interview (1963)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

BRITTEN: I wouldn’t have thought my sound sensuous, although I love the clear and the resonant. This, I suppose I’ve learned from Mozart, Schubert, Tchaikovsky, Debussy, Stravinsky and others.OSBORNE: You must be tired of hearing about the Mahler influence in your music. One knows of your admiration for Mahler; indeed, I remember an ear-opening performance of his Fourth Symphony you once conducted. But in what music of yours do you your self hear any traces of Mahler? The Bridge Variations, I suppose. What else?BRITTEN: It’s very difficult to discover influences in one’s own work. Emotionally, Mahler can be rather remote from me, but I love and admire his ‘ear’ for sound. That can be spotted in my writing for orchestra. I think I appreciate his sense of form: perhaps this is apparent from the Requiem and the Spring Symphony. And I certainly love his vocal melody, as no doubt you can tell from many of my songs and folk-song arrangements.OSBORNE: You are in no way a consciously national composer, and this to me is a good thing.What in your music is English seems both incidental to and deeply and unconsciously integral to your own personality. I think of you as continuing a tradition that comes through Mozart, by-passing Beethoven but including Schubert, re-emerging in Mahler.
Tribute to Zoltan Kodaly (1965)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

There can be no composer of our century who has done more for the musical life of his country than Zoltan Kodaly. He and Bart6k, together and separately, may be said to have re-created Hungary’s whole musical language.When he started to compose, the dominant influences in central Europe were Wagnerian and Viennese; Hungarian music was equated with mere gypsy music. But turning his back on Austria and looking to Paris, where he first met Debussy in 1907, he could free himself for Folk Song and National Expression. His first major international impact occurred with Psalmus Hungaricus, written in 1923, and first performed in England-who that was there will ever forget it?-in 1927. His later symphonic and orchestral works are firmly in the repertoire of every orchestra. In our concerts this Festival we are to hear his rather less well known chamber works, all written before the Psalmus, but wholly characteristic of the man. With these, we shall have audible witness to that other triumph of Kodaly’s later career, the creation of a tradition of children’s choral singing which has already become something mythical.1 ‘Nobody’, said Kodaly, ‘is too great to write for children; in fact, he should try to become great enough for it.’ He started by creating a repertoire for children, and then revolutionised their education; and he based it on active music-making, and not on passive appreciation; thus he has created a new standard in sight-reading, as well as in vocal intonation and in rhythmic vitality, which listeners to the Budapest girls’ choir called after him will recognise as being quite unique.Like many other creators, he has been subjected from time to time to most venomous criticism, but his courage and integrity has triumphed. He is now, at eighty-two, the most honoured and loved man in Hungary, and we are proud and lucky to have him with us.
Tribute to Jean Sibelius (1965)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

I must confess that, for many, many years, the works of the Finnish master meant little to me. Then, by chance, hearing a performance of the 4th Symphony, I became interested; and since [then] I have taken every opportunity to study his scores and hear authoritative performances. I find his conception of sound extremely personal and original, and his musical thinking most stimulating. I pay sincere homage to him in his centenary year.
A Composer in Russia (1965)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

On the way to the airport we found we were short of things to read, and a hurried search at a bookshop produced the Penguin edition of Pushkin’s poems.With the verse in Russian and an English prose translation, this was the ideal supplement to our pre-breakfast struggles with irritatingly forgettable vocabulary and irregular verbs. And so, with Slava and Galya Rostropovich, we flew into Moscow for dinner and drove out to their dacha for the night.Two days later the Armenian hospitality began in all its touching, overwhelming force. We were going merely on a holiday, with Slava as host and ruthless sentry against intrusion-what he called donning imaginary tunic and bearskin, ‘a soldier of Buckingham’.Yet up from Yerevan1 came an important official from the Composers’ Union to look after us; and on the plane we were greeted on the loudspeaker by name, and we fastened our seat-belts to instructions in English first, before Russian and Armenian. At dinner in Yerevan that night we had our baptism of fire from Armenian alcoholic toasts.Next day we were whisked off to the Composers’ Colony at Dilidjan, about mo km. over mountainous roads from Yerevan. Driving up towards the Caucasus through thick fog, we missed the bands of children waving flags and holding flowers for us (though some of them did appear later and said, ‘Weelcome’, once or twice).
Britten On Aldeburgh And The Future (1968)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

ROSENTHAL: Mr Britten, Marion Harewood suggests that the Aldeburgh Festival virtually came into being so that what was at that time the recentlyformed English Opera Group might have somewhere to perform. Do you believe that opera must be an integral part of any music festival?BRITTEN: I suppose that the Aldeburgh Festival really came into being to bring music to East Anglia. But certainly a festival without opera is like bread without the jam-and had there been no English Opera Group in existence at the time of the first festival, I know we would have created a group to perform opera. I was writing operas at that time, and needed a platform for their performance.ROSENTHAL: All the operas produced at Aldeburgh have been performed by the English Opera Group. Will this always be the case, or is it possible that a Festival Opera might be formed for certain works-as at the Holland Festival for example?BRITTEN: No, I think opera atAldeburgh will always be based on the English Opera Group. But that is not to say that the Group is not expandable to a degree.ROSENTHAL: What operas have you then in mind for production at Aldeburgh-or rather at the new concert hall-cum-opera house at Snapethat would require the Group to be enlarged in size?BRITTEN: Well, I would like to do The Magic Flute; perhaps Fidelio; and certainly some operas by Gluck, a truly great operatic composer-I am especially thinking of the second Iphigenie opera.ROSENTHAL: Would these operas be performed in English or the original language?BRITTEN: In English of course; I hardly have to tell you that!ROSENTHAL: How do you visualize those works being produced at Snape?BRITTEN: I imagine that a new open-stage technique of opera production might well be evolved. It’s a very exciting prospect.
Some Notes On Forster And Music (1969)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

There is no doubt that E. M. Forster is our most musical novelist. And I don’t mean that he just likes music or likes going to concerts and operas, or plays the piano neatly and efficiently (all of which he does), but that he really understands music and uses music in his novels, and fairly frequently. The musical locus classicus is, of course, in Howards End (pp. 32-6) where a number of characters are presented in a tiny musical vignette-each of them reacting in a different way to a performance of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony.1 Musically they range from Mrs. Munt, who wants to tap ‘surreptitiously’, via Fraulein Mosebach, who is reminded that it is ‘echt Deutsch’, Helen who sees pictures in it (goblins and elephants), and Margaret who just listens, to Tibby (poor Tibby!) who is up in the techniques of music and ‘implored the company generally to look out for the transitional passage on the drum’. The whole remarkable passage shows a most sensitive reaction to music, and allows the novelist to make some perceptive observations on Beethoven-profound enough to help explain why his music has kept its hold on the public’s affection all these years:’... the goblins were there. They could return. He had said so bravely, and that is why one can trust Beethoven when he says other things.’ The passage also allows him to make some less valid observations on the acoustics of the lamented Queen’s Hall, which make curious reading when one thinks of the acoustics and general concert atmosphere of the South Bank complex.The science of acoustics does not seem to have advanced much in the last half-century. Concerts in the Queen’s Hall were a joy to hear; big and small music came winging to one with real resonance; the sounds were not dry or boxy.
No Ivory Tower (1969)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

How and why is an opera written? First, as to the ‘why,’ the composer must love opera and have a real feeling for the form. I wouldn’t like to say it’s fascinating to everyone; to me it is. I think it is the combination of the human being, in his or her daily life, with music that can point up the events in people’s lives, and their emotions, in a most marvelous way. I think also that when you go to the theater you don’t want-at least I don’t want-to see just a little touch of people’s everyday lives. I want to see something heightened; I want to see something stylized. And that is why I believe the operatic form, like the poetic drama, is so much more illuminating than, for instance, just a straight drawing-room comedy. I like the idea of the stylistic vision of people’s lives.Now, as to the ‘how,’ the first thing that happens is the idea for the opera. Something strikes you that you would like to use, a particular story for an opera.The next step is to look for someone who together with you can work out the libretto. That can take a long time; in fact it usually does. With the writer you plan the shape of each act-the numbers, the solos, the chorusesand the writer will say, how many lines do you think that will be?You make a rough guess, and he goes off to write his first draft.He then brings it back, and you tear it to pieces together. The actual operation of writing a libretto can take weeks or months.When you get to a sufficiently advanced stage, you start to write the music. I write quickly once I get down to it, but quite often I’m interrupted: I travel a lot, playing the piano and conducting. On the average a chamber opera may take me plus or minus a year to compose.
Artist’s Choice: Cecil Aronowitz (1970)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

Cecil Aronowitz has been a regular and welcome visitor to the Festival for about twenty years. His remarkable playing has been heard each year from the pit of the Jubilee Hall, as our viola soloist in operas such as The Rape of Lucretia, Albert Herring and The Turn of the Screw, not to mention The Little Sweep. His musicianly leading of the violas (and what a joy to work with!) has been indispensable ever since the E.C.O. became our resident orchestra. Perhaps his most spectacular appearances have been in the Church Parables in Orford Church, where he can be seen energetically leading and encouraging the other instrumentalists (and of course singing the plainchant in the processions). We are delighted that his is the Artist’s Choice of the year, and that he will be partnered for most of the programme by his young wife Nicola.
The Pre-Raphaelite Body
Authors: Bullen J B
Published: November 2023

Pre-Raphaelitism was the first avant-garde movement in Britain. It shocked its first audience, and as it modulated into Aestheticism it continued to disturb the British public. In this fresh and original study, Professor Bullen traces the sources of that shock to the representation of the human body. By examining the discourses which were developed to denounce or to explain the new art forms he shows that the distorted, maimed, or eroticized body formed the principal focus of anxiety in nineteenth-century criticism. Using a truly interdisciplinary method he relates the painting of Millais and other early Pre-Raphaelites to fears about cholera and Catholicism; he demonstrates how the body of the sexualized female became an object of obsessive fascination in the painting and poetry of Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Morris; he locates the writing of Swinburne and Prater in the context of the debate over the `Woman Question', and he shows how the responses to the `Aesthetic' painting of Burne-Jones were conditioned by the sexual psychopathology of mid nineteenth-century mental science.
Justification by Faith: Skelton’s Replycacion
Authors: Gillespie Vincent
Published: November 2023

Shortly after the deaths in 1509 of his patrons Margaret Beau fort and Henry VII, two Latin eulogies to them by John Skelton were erected in the Lady Chapel of Westminster Abbey. They were displayed in tabular format, either painted on wood, carved into stone, or engraved in brass, near to the tombs of their subjects, as was the fashion with this kind of funerary poetry.
Enlightened Minds: Sir William Jones and Erasmus Darwin
Authors: Mcgann Jerome
Published: November 2023

In Wordsworthian sentimentalism, the re-balancing of affect and thought appears under a vast non-subjective horizon, a personal experience of the overwhelming ‘diurnal course’ of things. In this respect it stands significantly skewed from the sentimentalism of a poem like the following (late Della Cruscan) piece by Charlotte Dacre: Poetry like this explains why Coleridge wrote Della Cruscan verse (something Wordsworth never did), and why he (later) felt relatively easy with the conventions of the Gift Books and Annuals (something Wordsworth never was). ‘The Kiss’ recalls ‘The Eolian Harp’ not so much in its eroticism as in the brainy way it handles its erotic subject. Unlike either Lake poet, however, Dacre’s poem does not construct a psychic drama of its thought, does not appear to be discovering itself as its lines unfold. The poem’s rhetoric assures us that it entirely possesses its own thought from the beginning. The point is to illustrate that thought in a telling way.
Sentimentalism as Consumption and Exchange
Authors: Mcgann Jerome
Published: November 2023

In this kind of rhetorical field, where feeling comes in aid of feeling, the private reader emerges as a decisive presence. Creation-as-energy and its social equivalent, sympathy, are ‘proved’ through a structure of emotional response. So the poets began to develop ways—verse conventions—for opening their texts to individual acts of (re)appropriation by a wide and diverse audience. Such poems do not ask for generalized translations or the valuative judgements that underlay such interpretations; they solicit processes of exchange very like what Marx describes in the opening of the first volume of Capital. The literary-critical equivalent for this kind of exchange, and this kind of poetry, is the ‘appreciative’ (or ‘subjective’) reading that climaxes in the work of Ruskin and especially Pater.
Books And Pamphlets
Authors: Kirkpatrick B J
Published: November 2023

Pp. [i-ii] blank; p. [iii] half-title; p. [iv] blank; p. [v] title; p. [vi] All rights reserved.; p. [vii] dedication: To I L. W.; p. [viii] blank; pp. 1-458 text; p. 458 [at foot:] Printed by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh.; pp. [459-464] publisher’s advertisements, integral. 16 pp. of publisher’s advertisements inserted.
Calendar and Chronology 1641–1670
Authors: Mckenzie D F , Bell Maureen
Published: November 2023

Overton, ‘who false printed an Order of this House, without any Authority from this House, and made Additions of his own’, to be sent for. Overton admitted printing ‘an Order of the House concerning preaching Ministers, thus as it is now come forth, with these Additions’. Kneeling before the Commons, he was reprimanded for presuming to print the Order and in particular for misprinting it and making additions of his own. Though let off with ‘this sharp Reprehension only’, he was required to call in and suppress as many of the copies as he could and to take care how he ran ‘the like great Offence again’. Petition of John Harvey of Cardington, Beds., to the House of Lords that Dr Pocklington, rector of Yelvedon [Yelden] may be called to answer charges of idolatry and superstition and for publishing pamphlets ‘wherein he defends all those innovations unhappily introduced into the church.’
Introduction: Men, Rhetoric, and the Stage
Authors: Colvin Sarah
Published: November 2023

Literary representations of woman and the Orient flourished in the early modern period in Europe against a background of social and political development. There were changes in the legal position of women when Roman law started to replace medieval codes during the sixteenth century: un married women in particular were accorded certain rights such as landowning and self-representation in court (a married woman remained legally subject to her husband in all things) . The new independence of single women may have given rise to a level of insecurity among men accustomed, officially at least, to control. Within marriage, the medieval conception of the interdependence of married partners was giving way to a new idea of complementary, opposite roles, based in the domestic and the public spheres respectively although social realities still meant that, for most couples, these two spheres were not discrete.
Introduction and Guide to the Census
Authors: West Anthony James
Published: November 2023

The Census and its Addenda account for all known copies of the 1623 First Folio. Thus they incorporate all the copies mentioned by Sidney Lee-in his 1902 Census,his 1906 Notes & Additions,and his 1923 lecture (Lee, 1924)-and all additional copies that have come to light. Parts I-III contain numbered copies whose owner and locations are known. Part IV contains numbered Lee copies whose owner and location are not known; these are called ‘Unfound’. Addendum 1 contains the remaining Lee volumes-five ‘Untraced’ and two ‘Destroyed’: these are not counted as copies. The meaning of ‘Untraced’ and ‘Unfound’ is explained in Chapter 3A (1) and (5).
Inalienability and the Interpretation of Modified Noun Phrases
Authors: Brugman Claudia
Published: November 2023

This paper was completed during a research fellowship funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowships for College and University Teachers Program. The endowment is herewith thanked for its support. Thanks also to Jeff Elman and Elizabeth Bates, directors of the Center for Research in Language, University of California, San Diego, for providing space, resources, and collegiality for that period. An early and brief mention of this phenomenon appears in Brugman (1988), completed under Professor Fillmore. Oral approximations to this paper were given at the 1989 meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, at the Purdue Linguistics Group, and at the UC San Diego Linguistics Department Colloquium. I thank the audiences at those meetings for their comments. Thanks to Michele Ernanatian, Yuki Kuroda, George Lakoff, Catherine O’Connor, Matt Shibatani, and especially Farrell Ackerman for their comments.
Learner English Around the World
Authors: Granger Sylviane
Published: November 2023

Though there is no general agreement on the exact figures, everybody now recognizes that there are now more non-native speakers of English in the world than native speakers. McArthur (1992: 355) speaks of a 2-to-l ratio of non-natives to natives’. In this context, a project such as The International Corpus of English (ICE) is particularly welcome, as in addition to featuring different native varieties of English, it gives non-native varieties of English the place they deserve. How ever, ICE only covers institutionalized varieties of non-native English such as Indian English or Nigerian English. It leaves out a sizeable-arguably the largest group of non-native users of English in the world, i.e. foreign learners of English. It was to do justice to this rapidly expanding group of English speakers that I put forward a proposal to complement ICE with a corpus of learner English, a suggestion which was welcomed by Sidney Greenbaum. This resulted in the launch of The International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE) in late 1990. In this paper I will first situate the corpus within the other non-native varieties of English. Then I will describe the corpus in detail, paying particular attention to issues of meth odology. I will briefly illustrate the insights to be derived from a computer-based investigation of learner lexis, grammar, and discourse features. Finally, I will high light the pedagogical advantages of a corpus-based approach to EFL.
Developing the ICE Corpus Utility Program
Authors: Porter Nick , Quinn Akiva
Published: November 2023

Soon after the Survey of English Usage initiated the project, it was realized that there was a need for a general corpus processing and analysis tool for the International Corpus of English. In its broadest conception, this tool was to cover the central requirements for corpus preparation and study, including corpus annotation, markup conversion and filtering, searching, concordancing, statistical analyses, sub corpus information, and subcorpus selection. The system would primarily target ICE corpora, yet would provide a range of general corpus utilities equally applicable to other corpora. The requirements for ICECUP were determined by the design and content of ICE and the corpus utilities that were to be provided. The International Corpus exists primarily to allow comparison between national and regional varieties of English, but further, each component corpus is structured according to medium (spoken, manuscript, and printed) and genre (news, business, natural sciences, novels, and so on). Describing and quantifying linguistic features within national, medium, and genre categories is a key requirement. ICE corpora use Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) to encode typographic and content features of a text, as well as word-classes, syntactic structures, and functions. Searches and concordances should be able to include any combination of these markup symbols in their search arguments, together with lexical items, punctuation, and wildcards. The citations or concordance lines shown should be able to focus attention on relevant annotations by selectively filtering out markup symbols. Making functions easy to find, and providing help to explain the options at any point in the program, are also key parts of the specification. Besides providing facilities to support linguistic research, ICECUP has to be easy to use and accessible to potential users.
Machine as Mind
Authors: Simon Herbert A
Published: November 2023

The title of my talk is broad enough to cover nearly anything that might be relevant to a collection memorializing A. M. Turing. However, many, if not most, relevant matters have been debated at length for a number of years—some of them for forty—or are being addressed by others in this volume. For that reason, I will omit discussion of the Turing Test, and mention Searle’s Chinese Room only briefly. Instead, starting with the human mind and what psychological research has learned about it, I will proceed to draw lessons from cognitive psychology about the characteristics we must bestow upon computer programs when we wish those programs to think.
Introduction
Authors: Sorell Tom
Published: November 2023

According to a familiar account, a scientific revolution took place in Western Europe from about 1550 to 1650. During these hundred odd years the researches of Copernicus, Kepler, Gilbert, Galileo, Harvey, and others superseded an Aristotelian or scholastic science, so it is said, and a new or modern science was born. It reduced the Aristotelian four causes to one or possibly two, dispensed with the proliferation of secondary substances, and outlawed pseudo-explanation in terms of occult qualities and forms. The familiar account goes on to say that the early days of the new science were made difficult by the religious sponsors of the old science, namely the Roman Catholic Church. Instead of challenging the findings of the new science in open debate, the Church is said to have suppressed them by edict. Still according to the familiar account, some of the makers of the scientific revolution articulated methods of enquiry and a conceptual scheme that would make the new science fruitful. The new methods of science were allied to a mechanical conception of nature, according to which al\ observed effects result from matter in motion. This is the conception that took the place of the partly Aristotelian and partly Christian metaphysical view handed down in traditional philosophy.
‘Torn between Two Obligations’: The Compromise of Thomas White
Authors: Southgate Beverley
Published: November 2023

Thomas White (1593-1676), secular Catholic priest, prolific writer on natural philosophy, theology, and politics, has long been a largely forgotten figure in the history of philosophy. But he enjoyed in his own time a considerable reputation, and it was as ‘a learned priest andfamous philosopher’ that John Evelyn described him after a visit on 25 May 1651. His first major work in science or natural philosophy, the De mundo, quickly established his reputation, attracting, within a few months of its publication in 1642, favourable comment from Kenelm Digby, a lengthy critique from Thomas Hobbes, observations from Descartes (who received his copy of the book from Huygens), criticisms from Theodore Deschamps, and references from Sorbiere in a letter to Gassendi.
Moral Judgement and Reasons for Action
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2023

The relation between intellect and will is a major concern of the theory of practical reason. In moral philosophy the central focus of this concern is the relation between reason and morality. Here the perennial question is often taken to be whether a rational person has reason to be moral. But there is really more than one question here, because there are at least two quite different though overlapping kinds of reasons: motivational reasons, roughly the kind that explain why an agent does a particular thing, and normative reasons, roughly the kind that indicate what an agent ought to do. The former are the kind an agent in some way responds to (else they could not explain); the latter are the kind that rational agents respond to and that can at least partially justify the action in question. There are also two directions of entailment to consider if we are to understand the relation between reason and morality: whether being rational entails being moral and whether being moral entails being rational.
Response to Dummett
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: November 2023

I am grateful to Michael Dummett for his searching comments on my paper. Since he seems to have found so much of it unclear, I shall here try to clarify some of the essentials of the view I was defending, and to respond to his principal criticisms.
Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik, §§82-3
Authors: Boolos George , Heck Richard G
Published: November 2023

Reductions of arithmetic, whether to set theory or to a theory formulated in a higher-order logic, must prove the infinity of the sequence of natural numbers. In his Was sind und was sollen die Zahlen?, Dedekind attempted, in the notorious proof of theorem 66 of that work, to demonstrate the existence of infinite systems by examining the contents of his own mind.
Seeing the Present
Authors: Butterfield Jeremy
Published: November 2023

Philosophers of time fall into two broad camps. For detensers, the present is an epistemological/subjective notion reflecting our limited knowledge at any time of a temporally extended reality, just as where we are limits our knowledge of distant objects (Taylor 1955; Quine 1960: section 36; Me1lor 1981). Tensers distrust this analogy between the present and the locat for them the present but not the local is an ontological/objective notion (Prior 1959, I 970; Dummett 1960; Gale 1968: 213). This crude contrast is made more precise in various ways. For example, detensers accept the idea of an actual past and future-what in fact has happened and will happen; tensers usually reject the idea of an actual future, and sometimes (Dummett 1968; Prior 1970) of an actual past.
Time and Trinity
Authors: Helm Paul
Published: November 2023

Part of the Constantinopolitanian Creed (AD 381) reads We believe in one God, the Father All Governing, creator of heaven and earth, of all things visible and invisible; And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten from the Father before all time.
The Close of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger
Published: November 2023

Subsequent treatments of rongorongo up to the end of the nineteenth century are derivative, uninventive, even fringe-those first giddy buds of that unhappy scholarly offshoot. Not until the visit to Rapanui of the Germ.an-Chilean Walter Knoche in 1911 would the subject be pursued again on the island. Arm. chair scholars and speculating journalists had now usurped the field, to bequeath in the end little of value.
The St. Petersburg School
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger
Published: November 2023

The popular works of Thor Heyerdahl meant the renaissance of a world-wide fascination for Easter Island. They were also a scientific dead-end. The dynamics of Diffusionism, that had begun in the nineteenth century, were spent: it was now the age of the trained epigrapher, the age of the internal analyst of the Rapanui script. Modern science had arrived in rongorongo studies at last to open hitherto unsuspected doors, and the study of the Easter Island inscriptions would never again be the same.
Thomas S. Barthel
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger
Published: November 2023

In the long history of rongorongo investigation two “grand old men” have stood above all others: in the nineteenth century the French Bishop of Tahiti Tepano Jaussen, and in the twentieth century the German Professor of Ethnology Thomas S. Barthel (Fig. 20). If Jaussen will loom in the annals of rongorongo because of his informant work with Metoro and his “Jaussen List” of rongorongo glyphs, then Barthel will always be remembered primarily for his Grundlagen (r958a), the “Rudiments”, the single most important publication on Easter Island’s script-with its corpus of original rongorongo texts, numerical transcriptions, structural text analyses, morphological sign studies, and complete sign catalogue. Compared with nearly all other rongorongo scholars, Barthel is uncommonly precise and reliable in his scholarship. In the international rongorongo research of the post-war period he stood without peers.
Reading
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger
Published: November 2023

Anyone who has seen footage of a Tibetan priest monotonically chanting Buddhist sutras-rocking left and right in a sitting position on the floor, eyes trained on his long, rectangular, wooden tablet or printed sheet-will have a fair impression of how an Easter Island tuhunga ta probably used to read a rongorongo inscription.
Language Obsolescence and Revitalization
Authors: Jones Mari C
Published: November 2023

The territorial contraction and speaker-reduction undergone by the Welsh language during the past few centuries has resulted in its categorization by many linguists as an obsolescent language. This study illustrates that, although it is undeniably showing some signs of decline, Welsh stands in marked contrast to many previously documented cases of language death. Against this backdrop of contraction a steady revitalization is taking place. Based upon extensive fieldwork in two sociolinguistically contrasting communities, this book is the first to examine the position and nature of contemporary Welsh with reference to both obsolescence-related developments and changes under way in the dialects. Jones focuses on immersion education, long heralded as the saviour of the language and, by examining the variety of Welsh being produced by immersion pupils, seeks to determine whether this claim is justified, or whether such pupils are in fact 'speaking immersion'. As well as discussing the recent linguistic change shown by contemporary Welsh within the language death framework, the author examines the ways in which the language has been standardized and their repercussions for language maintenance. By way of comparison these tensions and implications are also explored with reference to the other varieties of P-Celtic, namely Breton and Cornish. Series Information: Oxford Studies in Language Contact Series Editor: Professor Suzanne Romaine, Merton College, Oxford Series ISBN: 0-19-961466-0 Series Description: Most of the world's speech communities are multilingual, and contact between languages is thus an important force in the everyday lives of most people. Studies of language contact should therefore form an integral part of work in theoretical, social, and historical linguistics. This series makes available a collection of research monographs which present case studies of language contact around the world. As well as providing an indispensable source of data for the serious researcher, it contributes significantly to theoretical developments in the field.
Weakness of Will, Commensurability, and the Objects of Deliberation and Desire*
Authors: Wiggins David
Published: November 2023

Almost anyone not under the influence of theory will say that, when a person is weak-willed, he intentionally chooses that which he knows or believes to be the worse course of action when he could choose the better course; and that, in acting in this way, the weak-willed man acts not for no reason at all-that would be strange and atypical-but irrationally. The description just given appears to be a consistent description of the inconsistent (not necessarily perverse) conduct that is characteristic of weak will. In this paper something will be done to show that it is a satifiable and frequently satisfied description.
Murray and his European Counterparts
Authors: Osselton Noel
Published: November 2023

Most (but not all) historical dictionaries are hybrids. They combine two functions: to provide a full description of the vocabulary of their own day-words in use, their meanings, their status, pronunciation, and so on; but (2) at the same time to order and present all kinds of information about its past. Such historical information may be seen as directly relevant to the purposes of present-day description (as when the reader is shown how different senses of a word have intermingled in earlier writings, leaving semantic traces today), but very often it will clearly not be so (as when words included in the dictionary have gone forever from the current language, and occur nowhere in books now commonly read).
Introduction
Authors: Bennett Rebecca , Erin Charles A
Published: November 2023

It would be difficult to justify a claim that the HIV pandemic presents us with novel philosophical challenges. Nevertheless, HIV and AIDS can be said to have attached a new urgency to the practice of Bioethics, and to the role of moral theory in the formulation of public policy. Over the past decade and a half, we have witnessed waves of complacency among those who (believe they) are not HIV positive, and vicious social discrimination against those who are (thought to be) HIV positive. Even though one of the lessons of the history of epidemics is that coercive measures rarely, if ever, work, some say we should view HIV/AIDS as ‘just another epidemic ‘ and demand similarly draconian public health interventions as have been employed in the past for other epidemics. However, there are at least two ways in which we may view HIV/AIDS as different. First, there is the often intimate and private nature of the transmission routes, several of which Jean crucially on what may broadly be termed an individual’s ‘lifestyle’. Second, there is the age in which we live, and upon which AIDS has impacted, to take into account: it is not an overstatement of the truth to say that we live in an age of human and civil rights, and, thus, that we must be far more cautious now than we have been in the past, when it comes to the implementation of policies which infringe upon the liberties of individual citizens. It is against this background that the practical issues of testing and screening for HIV and questions over the confidentiality of the results of such testing and screening must be examined and understood.
HIV Testing and Screening: Current Practicalities and Future Possibilities
Authors: Corbitt Gerald
Published: November 2023

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was first recovered in 1983 by researchers in Paris, France.1 The virus initially carried a variety of names-human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV III), lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV), and AIDS retro virus (ARV) but by consensus the term HIV is now universally applied to the agent.
Polysemy: An Overview
Authors: Ravin Yael , Leacock Claudia
Published: November 2023

The study of polysemy, or of the ‘multiplicity of meanings’ of words, has a long history in the philosophy of language, linguistics, psychology, and literature. The complex relations between meanings and words were first noted by the Stoics (Robins 1967). They observed that a single concept can be expressed by several different words (synonymy) and that conversely, one word can carry different meanings (polysemy). The collection of papers assembled here represents current research into the issues arising from polysemy, such as the nature of polysemy; its relation to the more general phenomenon of semantic ambiguity; the ways in which multiple meanings, or senses, are represented in a dictionary or lexicon and related to each other; the principles that govern these relations and the mechanisms that allow the creation of new senses. Since words are used in context, the mechanisms by which polysemous words combine with others to form the meaning of larger syntactic units are also addressed. Polysemy is rarely a problem for communication among people. We are so adept at using contextual cues that we select the appropriate senses of words effortlessly and unconsciously. The sheer number of senses listed by some sources as being available to us usually comes as a surprise: Out of approximately 60,000 entries in Webster’s Seventh Dictionary, 21,488, or almost 40 per cent, have two or more senses, according to Byrd et al. (1987). Moreover, the most commonly used words tend to be the most polysemous. The verb run, for example, has 29 senses in Webster’s, further divided into nearly 125 sub-senses.
Stem Stress and Peak Correspondence in Dutch
Authors: Kager René
Published: November 2023

It is a well-known observation that morphologically complex words ‘inherit’ phonological properties of their stems. Famous examples involve transderivational preservation of stress, which is involved in the analysis of secondary stress in English (Chomsky and Halle 1968), syncope in Palestinian Arabic (Brame 1974) and diphthongization in Spanish (Harris 1983). This chapter deals with the preservation of stem stress in Dutch complex words. Before addressing this specific topic, I will sketch the theoretical background of this chapter, which involves a number of issues in the interaction of phonology and morphology.
Some Subatomic Particles Of Logic
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

I CAN best begin this contribution to the articulation of speech acts with a consideration of the Fregian ‘assertion sign’, or, to speak more accurately, ‘judgement stroke’. This correction itself warns us that there is not just one kind of sign that has to be examined, but several. and that an elucidation of this difficult subject has to begin with a careful distinction between them. Only then can we see which of these signs are necessities. or even possibilities, for logic-that is. what we are to say about Wittgenstein’s complete dismissal of Frege’s sign. in Tractatus 4.442 and subsequently, as ‘logically quite meaningless’. I submit this discussion as a penance for having failed to make the necessary distinctions clear in my first book. in spite of being at least partially aware of them at the time (LM 2. I). I later made some of them in print, especially that between what I shall be calling signs of subscription and signs of mood (H 1970). In spite of this. the distinction is still often neglected: in particular, both Dummett’s (1973: 308) and Davidson’s (1984: 110) discussions would have been a great deal clearer if they had been more attentive to it I should perhaps add that I have found Dummett’s treatment of assertion rewarding, and agree with most of it.
Imperatives, Prescriptions, And Their Logic
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

They are so called because their use is to prescribe or direct actions and conduct. This has the consequence that one cannot sincerely assent to a prescription without becoming disposed to comply with it or to wish others to comply with it. The most obvious members of this class are those typically expressed in the imperative mood. The fact that many languages devote a grammatical mood specifically to this kind of speech act shows that their speakers assign a particular role to them. We must not assume, however. either that imperatives are the only kind of prescriptions, or that all imperatives are similar to each other in all their features, The imperative mood can be used to express military commands, polite requests, instructions for using hair-driers or cooking omelets or finding a friend’s house, entreaties, prayers. and any number of other kinds of prescriptive speech act. The most general term for speech acts of this kind is telling someone to do something, in contrast to telling him (or her) that something is the case. This applies even to prayers, where the speaker has no authority or power of enforcement, but is in a completely subordinate relation.