bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synaptic Regeneration in Identified Neurons of the Lamprey Spinal Cords
Authors: Wood Malcolm R. , Cohen Melvin J.
Published: October 2006

Identified reticulospinal neurons whose giant axons were severed after spinal cord transection were filled with horseradish peroxidase. Whole mounts and serial-section light and electron micrographs show axon regeneration across the spinal lesion and the formation of new synapses. Normal swimming activity returns in the spinally transected animals, although the regenerated synapses are in atypical regions of the spinal cord.
Xenopus
Liver: Ontogeny of Estrogen Responsiveness
Authors: Skipper James K. , Hamilton Terrel H.
Published: October 2006

Estradiol-17β stimulates the synthesis of numerous proteins exported into the culture medium by
Xenopus
tadpole liver tissue obtained after stage 50 and throughout metamorphosis to stage 66. Although estrogen-induced vitellogenin can be detected as early as stage 54, it is a minor percentage of the exported proteins until after the completion of metamorphosis. In hepatic tissue obtained after metamorphosis, the hormone evokes the synthesis of vitellogenin specifically without affecting the labeling of other secreted proteins.
A Structural Model for the Kinetic Behavior of Hemoglobin
Authors: Moffat Keith , Deatherage James F. , Seybert David W.
Published: October 2006

The tertiary structures of all liganded hemoglobins in the R state differ in detail. Steric hindrance arising from nonbonded ligand-globin interactions affects the binding of ligands such as CO and cyanide which preferentially form linear axial complexes to heme; these ligands bind in a strained off-axis configuration. Ligands such as O
2
and NO, which preferentially form bent complexes, encounter less steric hindrance and can bind in their (preferred) unstrained configuration. Linear complexes distort the ligand pockets in the R state (and by inference, in the T state) more than bent complexes. These structural differences between linear and bent complexes are reflected in the kinetic behavior of hemoglobin. Structural interpretation of this kinetic behavior indicates that the relative contributions of nonbonded ligand-globin interactions and nonbonded heme interactions to transition state free energies differ for linear and bent ligands. The relative contributions of these interactions to the free energy of cooperativity may also differ for linear and bent ligands. Thus the detailed molecular mechanism by which the affinity of heme is regulated differs for different ligands.
Noncycling Tumor Cells Are Sensitive Targets for the Antiproliferative Activity of Human Interferon
Authors: Horoszewicz Julius S. , Leong Susan S. , Carter William A.
Published: October 2006

Resting Burkitt's lymphoma cells (Daudi) in culture are more sensitive targets for the antiproliferative activity of purified human fibroblast interferon than cells that are rapidly multiplying. Thus, interferon may be of significant clinical value in neoplasms involving stem cells and, after chemotherapy, in suppressing the reemergence of tumors.
Isolation of type C Virions from a Normal Human Fibroblast Strain
Authors: Panem Sandra , Prochownik Edward V. , Reale Frank R. , Kirsten Werner H.
Published: October 2006

Type C virions were spontaneously released from cultures of a diploid human cell strain. The virions have properties of known type C RNA tumor viruses and share antigenic determinants with the major interspecies-specific antigen (p30) of simian sarcoma virus. Antiserum to reverse transcriptase of gibbon ape leukemia virus inhibits the reverse transcriptase of the putative human virions and that of simian sarcoma virus, but has no effect on the corresponding enzymes of avian or murine RNA tumor viruses.
Cholecystokinin Octapeptide: Continuous Picomole Injections Into the Cerebral Ventricles of Sheep Suppress Feeding
Authors: Della-Fera Mary Anne , Baile Clifton A.
Published: October 2006

Cholecystokinin octapeptide decreased food intake in a dose-related manner when injected continuously into the lateral cerebral ventricles of sheep that had been deprived of food for 2, 4, 8, or 24 hours. In sheep deprived of food for 2 hours, as little as 0.01 picomole per minute suppressed feeding 35 percent 1 hour after beginning injection. Pentagastrin also decreased feeding in the 2-hour group, but only at a much higher dose range. Secretin had no effect. These findings support the hypothesis that cholecystokinin octapeptide acts on central nervous system structures that are involved in control of food intake.
Legionnaires' Disease: Concentrations of Selenium and Other Elements
Authors: Chen James R. , Anderson John M.
Published: October 2006

Selenium concentrations in the serums of 17 acutely ill Legionnaires' disease patients were significantly lower than in their matching convalescent-phase serums. This trend was not observed in ten similarly paired samples of serum from control patients with pneumonia. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of nickel, copper, bromine, rubidium, lead, barium, or titanium in the serums of Legionnaires' disease and control patients.
Evolution of Type C Viral Genes: Origin of Feline Leukemia Virus
Authors: Benveniste Raoul E. , Sherr Charles J. , Todaro George J.
Published: October 2006

Reiterated gene sequences related to the RNA of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are detected in all tissues of domestic cats and their close
Felis
relatives but not in more distantly related
Felis
species. Partially homologous viral gene sequences are found in rodent, and particularly rat, DNA. Together with the immunologic relationships observed between FeLV and endogenous rodent type C viruses, the results lead to the conclusion that FeLV-related genes were transmitted from a rodent to cat ancestor and have been perpetuated in the germ line of cats.
Lateral Transport of a Lipid Probe and Labeled Proteins on a Cell Membrane
Authors: Schlessinger J. , Axelrod D. , Koppel D. E. , Webb W. W. , Elson E. L.
Published: October 2006

Diffusion coefficients (
D
) of a lipid probe and labeled proteins on L-6 myoblast membranes have been measured giving
D
(protein) ∼ 2 × 10
-10
square centimeter per second and
D
(lipid probe) ∼ 9 × 10
-9
square centimeter per second. Some of the membrane proteins are immobile, but the lipid probe diffuses freely over macroscopic distances. Cytochalasin B slows protein but not lipid probe diffusion.
Inter- and Intraspecies Contamination of Human Breast Tumor Cell Lines HBC and BrCa5 and Other Cell Cultures
Authors: Nelson-Rees Walter A. , Flandermeyer Robert R.
Published: October 2006

It is shown that the two most recently reported cell lines derived from malignant human breast tissue, HBC and BrCa5 are, respectively, rat and HeLa cell contaminants. The incidence of inter- and intraspecies contamination among 279 cell cultures from 45 laboratories in an 18-month survey is also presented.
Nutritional Outputs and Energy Inputs in Seafoods
Authors: Rawitscher Mary , Mayer Jean
Published: October 2006

Energy used by U.S. ships in harvesting seafoods can vary by a factor of more than 100 when the seafoods are compared on the basis of their content of edible protein or line weight. This energy difference bears no relationship to the nutritive value of the food. When protein yield is compared, the energy to harvest some seafoods is in the same range as that needed to grow field crops. There is a large increase in energy consumption after processing, partly because of the small percent of the live weight used for human food.
Beef Production Options and Requirements for Fossil Fuel
Authors: Ward G. M. , Knox P. L. , Hobson B. W.
Published: October 2006

A large percentage of the feed resources used in beef production cannot be used by man or most other animals. These noncompetitive feeds could be used in different ways to increase beef production, but fossil fuel consumption by the beef industry would not be greatly reduced.
Melatonin Induction of Gonadal Quiescence in Pinealectomized Syrian Hamsters
Authors: Tamarkin Lawrence , Hollister Charles W. , Lefebvre Norman G. , Goldman Bruce D.
Published: October 2006

Pinealectomized Syrian hamsters were injected thrice daily with 25 micrograms of melatonin per injection. The injections were administered at 3-hour intervals either during the day or during the night of a photoperiodic cycle of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of darkness. After 6 weeks of treatment with melatonin during the night, both pinealectomized and intact hamsters had reduced testis weight, and pinealectomized hamsters showed decreased levels of serum gonadotropins. Injection of melatonin during the day for 7 weeks either once (75 micrograms) a day or thrice (25 micrograms per injection) daily caused a reduction in testis weight in pinealectomized hamsters. Both pinealectomized and intact females injected with melatonin thrice daily during the day became anovulatory by week 7 of treatment. These results are similar to those observed when hamsters are exposed to a short photoperiod, suggesting that melatonin may be acting as a hormone in mediating the effects of photoperiod on the reproductive system of the Syrian hamster.
United States Population Dose Estimates for Iodine-131 in the Thyroid After the Chinese Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests
Authors: Smith J. Michael , Broadway Jon A. , Strong Ann B.
Published: October 2006

Analysis of samples collected within the United States after the Chinese atmospheric nuclear weapons tests of 26 September and 17 November 1976 indicates that the radiation dose to the thyroid from iodine-131 in milk was predominant. A U.S. population dose to the thyroid of 68,000 man-rads was calculated for the iodine-131 fallout. The four excess thyroid cancers that are estimated to occur as a result of the September test during the next 45 years will be masked by the 380,000 cases of thyroid cancer which are expected to occur in the United States from all causes during the same interval.
Somatostatin: Abundance of Immunoreactive Hormone in Rat Stomach and Pancreas
Authors: Arimura Akira , Sato Haruko , Dupont Andre , Nishi Nozomu , Schally Andrew V.
Published: October 2006

Growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone (somatostatin), a hypothalamic peptide that inhibits the release of growth hormone and also the secretion of insulin, glucagon, and gastrin, was found in the rat stomach and pancreas in a concentration similar to that in the hypothalamus, as measured by radioimmunoassay. Somatostatin was also found in the duodenum and jejunum, but in a smaller concentration. Gel filtration of the extracts of the pancreas and stomach on Sephadex G-25 yielded two immunoreactive peaks, one corresponding in each case to the somatostatin tetradecapeptide. The hormone was not detected in other viscera or the ovaries. The results imply that somatostatin may be synthesized in the pancreas and the stomach in addition to the brain, and may be involved in local regulatory mechanisms for pancreatic and gastric secretion as well as secretion of growth hormone.
Synchronies in mental development: an epigenetic perspective
Authors: Wilson Ronald S.
Published: October 2006

Early mental development is analyzed from an evolutionary viewpoint and related to the dynamic interplay of genetic programming, maturational status, and environmental influence. Data are reported from a large sample of twins and siblings who have been tested longitudinally from 3 months to 6 years of age. Monozygotic twins became increasingly concordant with age and also paralleled each other for the spurts and lags in development. Dizygotic twins became less concordant with age and eventually matched their singleton siblings as closely as one another. The overall results suggested that the course of mental development is guided by the intrinsic scheduling of the genetic program acting in concert with maturational status and environmental influence.
Evidence Against a Role of Acetaldehyde in Electroencephalographic Signs of Ethanol-Induced Intoxication
Authors: Mikeska Joseph A. , Klemm William R.
Published: October 2006

Acetaldehyde, the proximate metabolite of ethanol, when injected intravenously in rats produced electroencephalogram (EEG) changes similar to those observed after ethanol administration; that is, low doses activated the cortical EEG and higher doses caused activation followed by synchronization. However, when acetaldehyde was administered as a continuous infusion to simulate production of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde, only synchronization occurred, and then only at the higher doses. At low infusion dosage when the EEG was unaffected, concentrations of acetaldehyde in the blood were equal to or greater than those which occur during intoxication. Thus, acetaldehyde by itself cannot account for ethanol-induced EEG synchronization.
Enduring Changes in Dopamine Receptor Cells of Pups from Drug Administration to Pregnant and Nursing Rats
Authors: Rosengarten Helen , Friedhoff Arnold J.
Published: October 2006

A decrease in specific [
3
H]spiroperidol binding to rat caudate tissue and a parallel decrease in sensitivity to apomorphine in eliciting stereotyped behavior was observed in the offspring of rat mothers treated with either haloperidol or α-methyl-
p
-tyrosine-methyl ester during pregnancy. In contrast, evidence of increased dopamine-receptor sensitivity was observed in the pups if haloperidol was administered to their mothers postpartum during nursing rather than during pregnancy.
5-Bromodeoxyuridine Inhibits Sequence Changes Within Inverted Repeat DNA During Embryogenesis
Authors: Dickinson David G. , Baker Robert F.
Published: October 2006

Previous studies on the genome of
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
sea urchin have shown that changes in the nucleotide sequence of inverted repeat sequences occur during embryogenesis. The present study indicates that these sequence changes fail to occur when the embryos are raised in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine. This drug is an analog of thymidine, is incorporated into the DNA during embryogenesis, and inhibits cell differentiation in these embryos.
High Concentrations of Glutathione in Glandular Stomach: Possible Implications for Carcinogenesis
Authors: Body Suellyn C. , Sasame Henry A. , Body Michael R.
Published: October 2006

In laboratory rodents, concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) are exceedingly high (up to 7 to 8 millimolar) in the glandular gastric tissue compared to concentrations in other portions of the gastrointestinal tract or to those of most other organs. Gastric GSH varies diurnally, with the highest levels occurring in the late afternoon or early evening. Starvation, treatment with diethyl maleate, or cold-restraint stress all caused marked decreases in stomach GSH, whereas treatment with cobaltous chloride caused an increase in the GSH concentrations. The physiological significance of the high gastric GSH is unknown, but because this endogenous compound may strongly modulate (decrease or increase) the macromolecular binding of certain chemicals capable of inducing stomach tumors, the possible role of glutathione in the pathogenesis of chemically induced gastric cancer should be considered.
Catecholamine Enzymes in the Degenerative Neurological Disease Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension
Authors: Black Ira B. , Petito Carol K.
Published: October 2006

Discrete brain areas and sympathetic ganglia obtained at autopsy from patients with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension were assayed for tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase. Dopamine β-hydroxylase activity was decreased 7.5-fold in sympathetic ganglia, while tyrosine hydroxylase activity was reduced more than 50-fold in the pontine nucleus locus coeruleus. These observations indicate that noradrenergic neurons of both brain and ganglion are affected in idiopathic orthostatic hypotension, but suggest that the central and peripheral biochemical deficits differ.
Fallopian Tube Isthmic Mucus and Ovum Transport
Authors: Jansen Robert P. S.
Published: October 2006

The oviduct isthmus is capable of transporting spermatozoa and ova in opposite directions. A column of tenacious mucus that occupies the lumen of the rabbit oviduct isthmus during estrus may permit sperm transport. After ovulation the mucus disappears, with subsequent efflorescence of cilia, which probably assist transport of ova to the uterus.
The Chemistry of Vitamins
Authors: Seidell Atherton
Published: October 2006

There has been a notable revival of interest in the chemistry of vitamins within the past few years. The recent work has led to the isolation of more or less completely crystalline compounds having the properties ascribed to vitamins A, B and D. The evidence now available appears to definitely establish the conclusion that vitamins are not to be classed with enzymes. The physiologically active crystalline products which now for the first time have been isolated make possible intensive studies of the constitution and chemical properties of the several vitamins. Although many years have been required to obtain these elusive compounds in the state of purity now reported, it is probable that their identification will be accomplished in a much shorter time. With the completion of this latter phase of the problem we may confidently look forward to the eventual synthesis of the vitamins and their extensive application to the nutritive needs of man.
Immunologically Induced Alterations of Airway Smooth Muscle Cell Membrane
Authors: Souhrada M. , Souhrada J. F.
Published: October 2006

Active and passive sensitization, both in vivo and in vitro, caused significant hyperpolarization of airway smooth muscle cell preparations isolated from guinea pigs. An increase in the contribution of the electrogenic Na
+
pump to the resting membrane potential was responsible for this change. Hyperpolarization, as induced by passive sensitization, was not prevented by agents that inhibit specific mediators of anaphylaxis but was abolished when serum from sensitized animals was heated. The heat-sensitive serum factor, presumably reaginic antibodies, appears to be responsible for the membrane hyperpolarization of airway smooth muscle cells after sensitization.
Leukotriene B
4
Produces Hyperalgesia That Is Dependent on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Levine Jon D. , Lau Wai , Kwiat Geoffrey , Goetzl Edward J.
Published: October 2006

Leukotriene B
4
, at the same intracutaneous doses as bradykinin, reduced the nociceptive threshold in the rat paw. The mechanism of leukotriene B
4
-induced hyperalgesia was distinguished from that of the hyperalgesia elicited by prostaglandin E
2
and bradykinin by its dependence on polymorphonuclear leukocytes and independence of the cyclooxygenation of arachidonic acid.
Isolation, Characterization, and Chromosome Assignment of Mouse N-
ras
Gene from Carcinogen-Induced Thymic Lymphoma
Authors: Guerrero Isabel , Villasante Alfredo , D'Eustachio Peter , Pellicer Angel
Published: October 2006

Treatment of mice with the carcinogen
N
-methylnitrosourea results in the development of thymic lymphomas with frequent involvement of the N-
ras
oncogene. The activated mouse N-
ras
gene was isolated from one of these lymphomas and, by transformation in concert with restriction digestion, a map of the gene was prepared and its approximate boundaries were determined. By means of somatic cell hybrids the normal N-
ras
gene was found to be unlinked to other members of the
ras
gene family.
Insulin-Mediated Regulation of Neuronal Maturation
Authors: Puro Donald G. , Agardh Elisabet
Published: October 2006

Exposure to insulin increased stimulus-evoked transmission at synapses formed in culture by cholinergic retinal neurons derived from fetal rats. This effect occurred at physiological concentrations and was long lasting. The findings support the hypothesis that insulin may serve as a developmental signal to regulate the emergence of effective neurotransmission across nascent synapses.
Antigens Encoded by the 3′-Terminal Region of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus: Evidence for a Functional Gene
Authors: Lee T. H. , Coligan J. E. , Sodroski J. G. , Haseltine W. A. , Salahuddin S. Z. , Wong-Staal F. , Gallo R. C. , Essex M.
Published: October 2006

Antibodies in sera from patients with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma or from healthy carriers of type I human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) recognize an antigen of approximately 42 kilodaltons (p42) in cell lines infected with HTLV-I. Radiolabel sequence analysis of cyanogen bromide fragments of p42 led to the conclusion that this antigen is encoded in part by LOR, a conserved portion of the "X" region that is flanked by the envelope gene and the 3′ long terminal repeat of HTLV-I. It is possible that this novel product mediates the unique transformation properties of the HTLV family.
Frequency-Dependent Noradrenergic Modulation of Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampus
Authors: Hopkins William F. , Johnston Daniel
Published: October 2006

Norepinephrine, briefly superfused during high-frequency stimulation of the mossy fibers in the rat hippocampal slice in vitro, produced a reversible increase in the magnitude, duration, and probability of induction of long-term synaptic potentiation in the CA3 subfield. Similar results were obtained with isoproterenol, whereas propranolol or timolol reversibly blocked long-term potentiation. Norepinephrine had little apparent effect on responses obtained during low-frequency stimulation of the mossy fibers. These data suggest that norepinephrine can mediate long-lasting, frequency-dependent modulation of synaptic transmission in the mammalian brain. Furthermore, the results suggest a plausible mechanism for some of the known associative interactions between synaptic inputs to hippocampal neurons.
Cloning of the Chromosome Breakpoint of Neoplastic B Cells with the t(14;18) Chromosome Translocation
Authors: Tsujimoto Yoshihide , Finger Lawrence R. , Yunis Jorge , Nowell Peter C. , Croce Carlo M.
Published: October 2006

From an acute B-cell leukemia cell line, a DNA probe was obtained that was specific for chromosome 18 and flanked the heavy chain joining region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus on chromosome 14. This probe detected rearrangement of the homologous DNA segment in the leukemic cells and in follicular lymphoma cells with the t(14:18) chromosome translocation but not in other neoplastic or normal B or T cells. The probe appears to identify
bcl-2
, a gene locus on chromosome 18 (band q21) that is unrelated to known oncogenes and may be important in the pathogenesis of B-cell neoplasms with this translocation.
Localization of Lysyl Oxidase in Hen Oviduct: Implications in Egg Shell Membrane Formation and Composition
Authors: Harris Edward D. , Blount Johnie E. , Leach Roland M.
Published: October 2006

Lysyl oxidase activity was found in the isthmus (the membrane-forming region) of the hen's oviduct in a copper-rich region proximal to the shell gland. Desmosine and isodesmosine, cross-linking compounds associated with mature elastin, were found in hydrolysates of the shell membrane, confirming the necessity for lysyl oxidase in its biosynthesis. Shell membranes from hens fed a copper-deficient diet or a diet supplemented with β-aminopropionitrile had a reduced content of desmosine and isodesmosine.
Nerve Growth Factor Attenuates Neurotoxic Effects of Taxol on Spinal Cord-Ganglion Explants from Fetal Mice
Authors: Peterson Edith R. , Crain Stanley M.
Published: October 2006

Most neurons in organotypic cultures of dorsal root ganglia from 13-day-old fetal mice require high concentrations of nerve growth factor for survival during the first week after explantation. These nerve growth factor-enhanced sensory neurons mature and innervate the dorsal regions of attached spinal cord tissue even after the removal of exogenous growth factor after 4 days. In cultures exposed for 4 days to nerve growth factor and taxol (a plant alkaloid that promotes the assembly of microtubules) and returned to medium without growth factor, > 95 percent of the ganglionic neurons degenerated and the spinal cord tissues were reduced almost to monolayers. In contrast, when the recovery medium was supplemented with nerve growth factor, the ganglionic neurons and dorsal (but not ventral) cord tissue survived remarkably well. Dorsal cord neurons do not normally require an input from dorsal root ganglia for long-term maintenance in vitro, but during and after taxol exposure they become dependent for survival and recovery on the presence of neurite projections from nerve growth factor-enhanced dorsal root ganglia.
Functional Restoration of the Traumatically Injured Spinal Cord in Cats by Clonidine
Authors: Naftchi N. Eric
Published: October 2006

The long-term, chronic, paralysis resulting from spinal cord injury in the cat has been reversed by the use of an α
2
-adrenergic receptor agonist, clonidine. Administration of this drug resulted in "normalization" of sensory-motor and autonomic dysfunctions. Preliminary studies of the use of clonidine in humans with traumatically injured spinal cord indicate that autonomic dysreflexia can be controlled and spasticity minimized. The data suggest that biochemical and pharmacologic manipulation of receptors may ameliorate paralysis following traumatic injury to the spinal cord as well as to the brain and brainstem.
Circulating Somatostatin Acts on the Islets of Langerhans by Way of a Somatostatin-Poor Compartment
Authors: Kawai Koichi , Ipp Eli , Orci Lelio , Perrelet Alain , Unger Roger H.
Published: October 2006

Somatostatin perfused in canine pancreases at 10 to 20 picograms per milliliter or 10 to 20 percent of the pancreatic vein somatostatin concentration inhibited insulin and glucagon secretion. This suggests that the high local concentration of endogenous somatostatin is not in contact with somatostatin receptors of the islets. The integrity of this separation may determine the sensitivity of islet cells to circulating somatostatin.
Interaction with Membrane Remnants of Target Myotubes Maintains Transmitter Sensitivity of Cultured Neurons
Authors: Tuttle Jeremy B.
Published: October 2006

Parasympathetic neurons, when cultured alone, lose sensitivity to acetylcholine, but if striated muscle is included in the culture, neuronal chemosensitivity is maintained. The membrane remnants of myotubes ruptured by osmotic shock also supported the responsiveness of the cultured neurons to transmitter, whereas muscle-conditioned medium or membrane remnants of nonmuscle embryonic skin cells did not support this responsiveness. The regulation of chemosensitivity by contact of neurons with the target cell membrane may be important in the formation and maintenance of neuronal circuitry.
Neuropeptide Y Distribution in the Rat Brain
Authors: Allen Y. S. , Adrian T. E. , Allen J. M. , Tatemoto K. , Crow T. J. , Bloom S. R. , Polak J. M.
Published: October 2006

A massive neuronal system was detected by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay with antibodies to neuropeptide Y, the recently isolated peptide of the pancreatic polypeptide family. Immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers were most prevalent in cortical, limbic, and hypothalamic regions. Neuropeptide Y was extracted in concentrations higher than those of any other peptide hitherto discovered in the mammalian brain. Column chromatography of brain extracts and double immunostaining experiments indicate that neuropeptide Y is the endogenous brain peptide responsible for immunostaining of pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the mammalian brain.
Stress Hormones: Their Interaction and Regulation
Authors: Axelrod Julius , Reisine Terry D.
Published: October 2006

Stress stimulates several adaptive hormonal responses. Prominent among these responses are the secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex, and adrenocorticotropin from the anterior pituitary. A number of complex interactions are involved in the regulation of these hormones. Glucocorticoids regulate catecholamine biosynthesis in the adrenal medulla and catecholamines stimulate adrenocorticotropin release from the anterior pituitary. In addition, other hormones, including corticotropin-releasing factor, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and arginine vasopressin stimulate while the corticosteroids and somatostatin inhibit adrenocorticotropin secretion. Together these agents appear to determine the complex physiologic responses to a variety of stressors.
Substance P: Does It Produce Analgesia or Hyperalgesia?
Authors: Oehme Peter , Hilse Heinz , Morgenstern Eveline , Gores Erhard
Published: October 2006

In the hot plate test, substance P given intravenously at doses of 5 × 10
-5
and 5 × 10
-4
gram per kilogram caused analgesia, while lower doses caused hyperalgesia. The influence of substance P on nociception depended on the individual mouse's sensitivity to pain (control response latency). Analgesia was produced by substance P administered to mice with high sensitivity to thermic stimulation, whereas hyperalgesia occurred in mice whose control latencies were longer than normal. This result is interpreted as an indication that substance P is capable of normalizing responsiveness to pain and could be classified as a regulatory peptide.
Bladder-Surface Glycosaminoglycans: An Efficient Mechanism of Environmental Adaptation
Authors: Parsons C. Lowell , Stauffer Charles , Schmidt Joseph D.
Published: October 2006

The transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder secretes and binds to its surface a glycosaminoglycan that inhibits the adherence of bacteria. Synthetic sulfonated glycosaminoglycans instilled intraluminally into bladders whose natural mucin layer has been removed are as effective as the natural mucin in preventing bacterial adherence. It also appears that adherence of calcium and protein is reduced in the presence of both the natural mucin layer and the synthetic sulfonated glycosaminoglycan sodium pentosanpolysulfate, suggesting that the antiadherence activity of both natural and synthetic surface glycosaminoglycans in the bladder extends to the molecular and ionic levels.
Assignment of the Murine Interferon Sensitivity and Cytoplasmic Superoxide Dismutase Genes to Chromosome 16
Authors: Lin Pin-Fang , Slate Doris L. , Lawyer Frances C. , Ruddle Frank H.
Published: October 2006

Both hybrids of mouse and human microcells and whole cell hybrids generated by the fusion of primary mouse cells and SV40-transformed human fibroblasts were used to establish the syntenic association of the murine cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase and the interferon sensitivity genes on mouse chromosome 16. This assignment adds two new markers to chromosome 16 and provides another example of an evolutionarily conserved linkage. This finding also provides an animal model both for cellular responsiveness to interferon and for Down's syndrome.
Ultrasensitive Stain for Proteins in Polyacrylamide Gels Shows Regional Variation in Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins
Authors: Merril Carl R. , Goldman David , Sedman Sylvia A. , Ebert Michael H.
Published: October 2006

A new silver stain for electrophoretically separated polypeptides can be rapidly and easily used and can detect as little as 0.01 nanogram of protein per square millimeter. When employed with two-dimensional electrophoresis, it should permit qualitative and quantitative characterization of protein distributions in body fluids and tissues. It has been used to demonstrate regional variations in cerebrospinal fluid proteins.
Specific Antigen in Serum of Patients with Colon Carcinoma
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Herlyn Meenhard , Steplewski Zenon , Sears Henry F.
Published: October 2006

The binding of monoclonal antibody specific for colon carcinoma was inhibited by serum from patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon but not by serum from patients with other bowel diseases or from healthy volunteers. Of other malignancies studied, serum from two patients with gastric carcinoma and two patients with pancreatic carcinoma also inhibited the specific binding of monoclonal antibody. The levels of carcinoembryonic antigen in these serum samples were not correlated with their levels of binding inhibition. Such monoclonal antibodies may prove useful for the detection of colorectal carcinoma.
Interferon Action: RNA Cleavage Pattern of a (2′-5′)Oligoadenylate—Dependent Endonuclease
Authors: Floyd-Smith Georgia , Slattery Elizabeth , Lengyel Peter
Published: October 2006

One of the mediators of interferon action is a latent endoribonuclease (ribonuclease L) that is activated by (2′-5′)oligoadenylates. Among the homopolymers of the four common ribonucleotides, activated ribonuclease L degrades at an appreciable rate only polyuridylic acid. In two natural RNA's tested the most frequent ribonuclease L cleavages occur after UA, UG, and UU (A, adenine; U, uracil; and G, guanine) and much less frequent cleavages after CA and AC (C, cytosine).
DNA Sequence of Two Closely Linked Human Leukocyte Interferon Genes
Authors: Lawn Richard M. , Adelman John , Dull Thomas J. , Gross Mitchell , Goeddel David , Ullrich Axel
Published: October 2006

A single recombinant lambda bacteriophage isolated from a human genome library contains two closely related human interferon genes of the leukocyte or α type. The two genes are separated by 12 kilobase pairs and are oriented in the same direction with respect to transcription. Comparisons of the DNA sequences of these two genes and interferon complementary DNA clones indicate that the two interferon genes lack intervening sequences.
Species Restriction of a Monoclonal Antibody Reacting with Residues 130 to 137 in Encephalitogenic Myelin Basic Protein
Authors: Sires L. R. , Hruby S. , Alvord E. C. , Hellström I. , Hellström K.-E. , Kies M. W. , Martenson R. , Deibler G. E. , Beckman E. D. , Casnellie J. E.
Published: October 2006

A monoclonal antibody (immunoglobulin G1) has been produced that reacts against myelin basic protein present in or extracted from the brains of many mammals—with certain important exceptions. Because of known species differences in amino acid sequences of basic protein and of certain peptide fragments, the binding site for this particular antibody appeared likely to include residues 130 to 137. Confirmation of this hypothesis was obtained by amino acid composition of the major immunoreactive peptides produced by thermolysin digestion of human basic protein and isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Substance P Counteracts Neurotoxin Damage on Norepinephrine Neurons in Rat Brain During Ontogeny
Authors: Jonsson G. , Hallman H.
Published: October 2006

Systemic treatment of newborn rats with the catecholamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine alters the postnatal development of the central norepinephrine neurons. The changes are permanent and consist of denervation of distant nerve terminal projections (for example, cerebral cortex) and hyperinnervation of terminal areas close to the cell bodies (for example, cerebellum). Intracisternal injection of substance P counteracted both of these alterations. The results indicate that substance P may prevent degeneration of damaged norepinephrine neurons during ontogeny or may have a regrowth stimulatory action on these cells. Substance P might prove of use in the prevention or reduction of other types of neurodegenerative disease.
A Monoclonal Antibody That Reacts with Nonallelic Enzyme Glycoproteins
Authors: Gogolin Kathryn J. , Wray Larry K. , Slaughter Clive A. , Harris Harry
Published: October 2006

One of six monoclonal antibodies raised against purified human placental alkaline phosphatase cross-reacts with the adult and fetal forms of intestinal alkaline phosphatase. The placental and intestinal enzymes are nonallelic. A new electrophoretic titration procedure was used to assess the relative reactivities of the different enzymes with the antibody. The placental enzyme was the most reactive. However, the adult intestinal enzyme showed greater reactivity than the fetal enzyme. The determinants to which the antibody binds on these three forms of alkaline phosphatase presumably differ in their detailed molecular configurations.
Interdigitation of Contralateral and Ipsilateral Columnar Projections to Frontal Association Cortex in Primates
Authors: Goldman-Rakic Patricia S. , Schwartz Michael L.
Published: October 2006

The combined use of two anterograde axonal transport methods reveals that in the prefrontal association cortex of macaque monkeys, associational projections from the parietal lobe of one hemisphere interdigitate with callosal projections from the opposite frontal lobe, forming adjacent columns 300 to 750 micrometers wide. The finding of separate and alternating ipsilateral and contralateral inputs in the frontal association cortex opens up new possibilities for the functional analysis of this large but unexplored area of the primate brain.
Suicide Transport: Destruction of Neurons by Retrograde Transport of Ricin, Abrin, and Modeccin
Authors: Wiley Ronald G. , Blessing W. W. , Reis Donald J.
Published: October 2006

Certain toxic lectins, including ricin, are retrogradely transported along neuronal processes to the cell body where they inactivate ribosomes, resulting in neuronal death. This process of "suicide transport" suggests a powerful new experimental strategy for solving neurobiological problems.
Molecular Biology of the Sea Urchin Embryo
Authors: Davidson Eric H. , Hough-Evans Barbara R. , Britten Roy J.
Published: October 2006

Research on the early development of the sea urchin offers new insights into the process of embryogenesis. Maternal messenger RNA stored in the unfertilized egg supports most of the protein synthesis in the early embryo, but the structure of maternal transcripts suggests that additional functions are also possible. The overall developmental patterns of transcription and protein synthesis are known, and current measurements describe the expression of specific genes, including the histone genes, the ribosomal genes, and the actin genes. Possible mechanisms of developmental commitment are explored for regions of the early embryo that give rise to specified cell lineages, such as the micromere-mesenchyme cell lineage.
Rapid and Precise Down Regulation of Fast Axonal Transport of Transmitter in an Identified Neuron
Authors: Aletta John M. , Goldberg Daniel J.
Published: October 2006

Within 1 day after the removal of one branch of the bifurcated axon of an identified neuron in
Aplysia
, the cell body reduced its output of transmitter storage vesicles to adjust precisely for the decreased need. This adjustment terminated the initial consequence of the removal, the transport of an inappropriately large number of vesicles to the remaining synapses. The most likely cause of the reduction of transport of transmitter is the loss of information normally provided by the disconnected axon or synapses.
Isolation of a T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus from a Patient at Risk for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Authors: Barré-Sinoussi F. , Chermann J. C. , Rey F. , Nugeyre M. T. , Chamaret S. , Gruest J. , Dauguet C. , Axler-Blin C. , Vézinet-Brun F. , Rouzioux C. , Rozenbaum W. , Montagnier L.
Published: October 2006

A retrovirus belonging to the family of recently discovered human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLV), but clearly distinct from each previous isolate, has been isolated from a Caucasian patient with signs and symptoms that often precede the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This virus is a typical type-C RNA tumor virus, buds from the cell membrane, prefers magnesium for reverse transcriptase activity, and has an internal antigen (p25) similar to HTLV p24. Antibodies from serum of this patient react with proteins from viruses of the HTLV-I subgroup, but type-specific antisera to HTLV-I do not precipitate proteins of the new isolate. The virus from this patient has been transmitted into cord blood lymphocytes, and the virus produced by these cells is similar to the original isolate. From these studies it is concluded that this virus as well as the previous HTLV isolates belong to a general family of T-lymphotropic retroviruses that are horizontally transmitted in humans and may be involved in several pathological syndromes, including AIDS.
Localization of a
Plasmodium
Surface Antigen Epitope by Tn5 Mutagenesis Mapping of a Recombinant cDNA Clone
Authors: Lupski James R. , Ozaki Luiz S. , Ellis Joan , Godson G. Nigel
Published: October 2006

A recombinant complementary DNA clone from
Plasmodium knowlesi
makes a β-lactamase fusion polypeptide in
Escherichia coli
that reacts with a monoclonal antibody to a
Plasmodium
surface antigen. An epitope of the surface antigen was localized by transposon Tn5 mutagenesis mapping of the complementary DNA clone. The Tn5 mutation having the farthest 5′ insert into the complementary DNA portion of the chimeric gene, giving the shortest truncated protein that maintained the ability to bind monoclonal antibody, defined the location of the epitope.
Maculotoxin: A Neurotoxin from the Venom Glands of the Octopus
Hapalochlaena maculosa
Identified as Tetrodotoxin
Authors: Sheumack D. D. , Howden M. E. H. , Spence I. , Quinn R. J.
Published: October 2006

Maculotoxin, a potent neurotoxin isolated from the posterior salivary glands of the blue-ringed octopus.
Hapalochlaena maculosa
, has now been identified as tetrodotoxin. This is the first reported case in which tetrodotoxin has been found to occur in a venom.
Silicon Identification in Prosthesis-Associated Fibrous Capsules
Authors: Wickham M. Gary , Rudolph Ross , Abraham Jerrold L.
Published: October 2006

The use of correlated microscopic techniques, including the scanning electron microscopic modes of backscattered electron imaging and energy dispersive x-ray analysis, aid in defining the process of dispersion of silicon-containing material around silicone rubber (polydimethylsiloxane) prosthetic devices.
Neural Factors Contribute to Atherogenesis
Authors: Gutstein William H. , Harrison John , Parl Fritz , Ku George , Avtable Matt
Published: October 2006

Electron microscopic evidence of early atherogenic changes in the aorta and coronary arteries was obtained in normally fed, conscious, unrestrained rats receiving electrical stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus for periods of up to 62 days. Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were not etiologic factors. In view of recent observations concerning neuropsychological mechanisms in human ischemic heart disease, the findings raise the possibility that the human central nervous system has a role in the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
Plasmodium knowlesi
Sporozoite Antigen: Expression by Infectious Recombinant Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Smith Geoffrey L. , Godson G. Nigel , Nussenzweig Victor , Nussenzweig Ruth S. , Barnwell John , Moss Bernard
Published: October 2006

The gene coding for the circumsporozoite antigen of the malaria parasite
Plasmodium knowlesi
was inserted into the vaccinia virus genome under the control of a defined vaccinia virus promoter. Cells infected with the recombinant virus synthesized polypeptides of 53,000 to 56,000 daltons that reacted with monoclonal antibody against the repeating epitope of the malaria protein. Furthermore, rabbits vaccinated with the recombinant virus produced antibodies that bound specifically to sporozoites. These data provide evidence for expression of a cloned malaria gene in mammalian cells and illustrate the potential of vaccinia virus recombinants as live malaria vaccines.
Sindbis Virus Mutants Selected for Rapid Growth in Cell Culture Display Attenuated Virulence in Animals
Authors: Olmsted Robert A. , Baric Ralph S. , Sawyer Barbara A. , Johnston Robert E.
Published: October 2006

Mutants of Sindbis virus were selected for rapid growth in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell cultures and screened for attenuation of virulence in suckling mice. Comparisons among independently isolated virulent and attenuated strains, as well as a classical reversion analysis, showed that accelerated penetration of BHK cells was correlated with attenuation in vivo. Both phenotypic changes resulted from a reorganization of virion structure as detected by monoclonal antibodies. These results suggest that mutants selected for rapid growth in cell culture may be useful as attenuated vaccines and for studies of the molecular basis of virus pathogenesis.
DNA Cloning of
Plasmodium falciparum
Circumsporozoite Gene: Amino Acid Sequence of Repetitive Epitope
Authors: Enea Vincenzo , Ellis Joan , Zavala Fidel , Arnot David E. , Asavanich Achara , Masuda Aoi , Quakyi Isabella , Nussenzweig Ruth S.
Published: October 2006

A clone of complementary DNA encoding the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of the human malaria parasite
Plasmodium falciparum
has been isolated by screening an
Escherichia coli
complementary DNA library with a monoclonal antibody to the CS protein. The DNA sequence of the complementary DNA insert encodes a four-amino acid sequence: proline-asparagine-alanine-asparagine, tandemly repeated 23 times. The CS β-lactamase fusion protein specifically binds monoclonal antibodies to the CS protein and inhibits the binding of these antibodies to native
Plasmodium falciparum
CS protein. These findings provide a basis for the development of a vaccine against
Plasmodium falciparum
malaria.
Alzheimer's Disease Brain: Alterations in RNA Levels and in a Ribonuclease-Inhibitor Complex
Authors: Sajdel-Sulkowska Elizabeth M. , Marotta Charles A.
Published: October 2006

A macromolecular alteration occurs at the posttranscriptional level in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Compared with age-matched controls, total cellular RNA and polyadenylated RNA were substantially reduced in the AD cortex with many neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. RNA changes are associated with a significant increase in alkaline ribonuclease activity due to an abnormality in the ribonuclease-inhibitor complex. The decrease in protein synthesis in the AD brain, previously observed in patients severely affected with AD, and in translation systems in vitro with AD cortical messenger RNA, may be partly related to an enzyme-inhibitor alteration that affects RNA levels and activity. Decreased protein synthesis therefore may contribute to the characteristic decline in certain neurotransmitter enzymes and to the loss of neurons in the AD brain.
Intraneuronal Substance P Contributes to the Severity of Experimental Arthritis
Authors: Levine Jon D. , Clark Ron , Devor Marshall , Helms Clyde , Moskowitz Michael A. , Basbaum Allan I.
Published: October 2006

There is evidence that substance P is a peptide neurotransmitter of some unmyelinated primary afferent nociceptors and that its release from the peripheral terminals of primary afferent fibers mediates neurogenic inflammation. The investigators examined whether substance P also contributes to the severity of adjuvant-induced arthritis, an inflammatory disease in rats. They found that, in the rat, joints that developed more severe arthritis (ankles) were more densely innervated by substance P-containing primary afferent neurons than were joints that developed less severe arthritis (knees). Infusion of substance P into the knee increased the severity of arthritis; injection of a substance P receptor antagonist did not. These results suggest a significant physiological difference between joints that develop mild and severe arthritis and indicate that release of intraneuronal substance P in joints contributes to the severity of the arthritis.
Cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid: Chain Elongation to ω-Cyclopropyl Fatty Acids by Mammals and Plants
Authors: Schooley David A. , Quistad Gary B. , Staiger Luana E.
Published: October 2006

Rats dosed orally with [carboxyl-
14
C]cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (or its hexadecyl ester) retain radioactivity in tissue as novel triacylglycerols. The most abundant
14
C-labeled metabolites were identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as 13-cyclopropyltridecanoic and 15-cyclopropylpentadecanoic acids. Similar ω-cyclopropyl fatty acids are produced by beagle dogs and a lactating cow, as well as by apple and orange trees.
Newborn Minor Physical Anomalies Predict Short Attention Span, Peer Aggression, and Impulsivity at Age 3
Authors: Waldrop Mary F. , Bell Richard Q. , McLaughlin Brian , Halverson Charles F.
Published: October 2006

From a 5- to 10-minute newborn examination, behaviors of males at age 3 could be predicted. The number of minor physical anomalies, assessed soon after birth, was significantly related to a cluster of behaviors that are frequently labeled hyperactivity.