bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nothing Sounds Like an M-16
Authors: Decker Todd
Published: September 2017

This chapter details how sound effects are used by combat filmmakers to tell coherent battlefield stories. The narrative potential of individual weapons’ sounds—such as grenades and RPGs—and the use of sound effects to direct the audience to particular plot, character, or thematic ends is described in extended analyses of battle sequences from The Pacific, Saving Private Ryan, Zero Dark Thirty, and Platoon. Sound effects prove important to directing viewer engagement during combat scenes along a spectrum between immersion in the immediate danger of battle and reflection on the experience of war for the individual soldier. Episodes of subjective sound prove important, as does the use of explosions to punctuate combat narratives and effect sonic transitions. In all these ways, sound effects work towards the making of meaning in serious Hollywood war films. Select battle scenes using music are also discussed.
Elegies
Authors: Decker Todd
Published: September 2017

Oliver Stone’s Platoon (1986) introduced a new sort of movie music resounding across Hollywood war films for the last thirty years: the elegiac register. Composer Samuel Barber’s Adagio for Strings, heard repeatedly in Platoon, proves the musical source for this slow, strings-only, contrapuntal, harmonious, sad, and mournful music. This chapter describes this new sort of movie music in musical terms and identifies moments in later films when composers model their original scores directly on Barber’s Adagio. Film form often follows musical form when elegiac music is used. Multiple scenes from combat films are described visually and sonically, showing how the elegiac register has been put to varied ends: to foster reflection in combat film audiences, to put a pause on the action, and, most significantly, to frame the repeated images of dead and injured American soldiers’ bodies which lie at the heart of the cultural work done by serious war films in the post-Vietnam era.
End Titles
Authors: Decker Todd
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers music heard during the end titles and at the moment of narrative closure in Hollywood combat films made after Vietnam. In many of these films, music during the end titles provides time and musical content for reflection after the narrative, creating a ritual space for meditating on the meaning of patriotism. The end titles choices made by combat film composers and directors are shown to have a profound effect on the meaning of these films. Most films end with reflective music encouraging the audience who remains to listen to “count the cost” of the narrative just seen as it reflects the lives of real soldiers and veterans. A few films, including The Hurt Locker, end with popular music that challenges the listener to think critically about the relationship between the tropes of screen violence and the US military and militarism.
Mediation and The Marketplace
Authors: Rutherford-Johnson Tim
Published: September 2017

Providing first a comprehensive history of spiritual minimalism– the extraordinarily successful phenomenon that made unlikely stars of Henryk Górecki, Arvo Pärt, and John Tavener in the early 1990s–this chapter makes the case that by the end of the 20th century new music had entered into a new and transformative relationship with the media and the commercial market, through new listening practices such as soundtracking, and through marketing towards new audiences. This is supported by discussions of composers and collectives that have particularly engaged with these, including Bang on a Can, Nonclassical and, in particular, Edition Wandelweiser.
Permission
Authors: Rutherford-Johnson Tim
Published: September 2017

The rise of the “New Musicology” in the 1980s coincided with a rise in social liberalizations, and their counter-response in the form of the Bush-era “culture wars.” Together they sparked a renewed interest in the listening and performing body, and in musical affect, explored here in composers’ uses of noise, silence, tonality, and meter, from Diamanda Galás to Laurence Crane, Masonna to Michael Torke. Such freedoms were also extended to the mixing of genres, and art music’s crossovers with electronica and indie rock are also discussed, as well as the further challenges to the Romantic concept of Werktreue to which these have given rise.
Superabundance
Authors: Rutherford-Johnson Tim
Published: September 2017

Thanks to developments in particle physics, astronomy, and genetics, as well as international travel, finance, and communication the cultural horizon of the 21st century is acquainted with both the immensely large and the sub-atomically small. Composers responded to this new imaginative horizon with works that express both extremes of scale, and of superabundant resources and extravagance. This chapter considers these responses in a number of ways, from the musicircus-type spectacles of Lisa Bielawa and Alvin Curran to the electroacoustic microsound compositions of Horacio Vaggione and Barry Truax, from Glen Branca’s massed guitars to Pierre Boulez’s proliferating elaborations, and from Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf’s complexism to the extrahuman augmentations of the electronic music studio.
Loss
Authors: Rutherford-Johnson Tim
Published: September 2017

The consequences of modernity and postmodernity have included the destruction of habitats and communities, as well as threats to national and personal security. Considerations of the environment, millennial anxieties, and new forms of contemporary tragedy have brought new means of articulating and recording loss in music. The chapter considers in particular modes of documentation and preservation as responses to loss, especially in forms of acoustic ecology and field recording; as well as forms of musical ruins. It also considers works of public and private commemoration, in musical responses to both 9/11 and AIDS.
Conceiving Latin American Feminist Counterpublics
Authors: Friedman Elisabeth Jay
Published: September 2017

This chapter traces the historical outlines of Latin American feminist counterpublics to show the kind of organizing, including alternative media use, that provided the foundation upon which more recent counterpublics would build. Through their publications and face-to-face meetings, activists during the late 19th and early 20th century developed strategies to name and claim women’s rights long before the advent of the internet. Their work served as a model for the explosion of activism beginning in the 1970s, when new regional publications enriched an unprecedented, and globally unreplicated counterpublic space, that of the Latin American and Caribbean Feminist Encounters, or large regional meetings. The chapter also profiles two global communication projects in which Latin American counterpublics were embedded, and ends with an analysis of the very first computer-mediated project to promote women’s rights at the international venue of the 1975 UN World conference on women.
The Creation of “a Modern Weaving Machine”
Authors: Friedman Elisabeth Jay
Published: September 2017

This chapter offers an alternative account of the invention of the internet. It tells the story of how social justice-oriented web enthusiasts built the internet as we know it today – a networks of networks – because they wanted to ensure access for activist counterpublics around the world. They concretized their goals with the formation of the Association for Progressive Communications, a network of civil society-based Internet Service Providers. Within this global project, feminist communication activists carved out a space for women’s organizing through the APC’s Women’s Networking Support Programme. From their early efforts to today, such activists have contested the gendering of internet technology as the province of men. In doing so, they have also subverted the West’s domination over the internet by extending resources to women from the Global South, particularly Latin America, to nurture their own counterpublics.
La Red Informativa de Mujeres de Argentina
Authors: Friedman Elisabeth Jay
Published: September 2017

This chapter takes a deeper look at a transformation of the simple distribution list application into a vibrant online counterpublic. It profiles one of the region’s longest-lasting national feminist discussion lists: RIMA, the Red Informativa de Mujeres de Argentina (Women’s Information Network of Argentina). Large and diverse, it includes members from every Argentine province, all South American countries, and beyond; and incorporates women from many walks of life, who espouse different political ideologies. The chapter analyzes how RIMA’s values, developed through pre-existing national feminist counterpublic spaces, inform their online practices. Together, “Rimeras” have built a counterpublic that encourages personal and community growth, difficult debates, and campaigns for social change.
From Privacy to Lesbian Visibility
Authors: Friedman Elisabeth Jay
Published: September 2017

This chapter shows how Latin American lesbian feminist internet practices reflect their own circumstances and values. These have led them to focus their internet-based counterpublic work on privacy and visibility. They need a place for their private life, where they can find each other and build community away from the threat of violence and rejection that still, despite significant changes in their legal status, characterizes their daily existence. Yet they also need support for visibilidad lesbica, lesbian visibility, to confront exclusion, bringing the fact of their existence and their demands for the worlds in which they want to live to larger publics. In doing so, they have also reinterpreted internet applications towards their own ends, such as through the innovative project of a blog-based archive of lesbian history.
Conclusion
Authors: Friedman Elisabeth Jay
Published: September 2017

The conclusion to this book offers a brief portrayal of how the 2014 Latin American and Caribbean Feminist Encounter used internet applications to expand and enrich this unique regional counterpublic. It then summarizes the ways in which feminist and queer counterpublic organizations have reoriented and refined the way they have woven the internet into their alternative media-fueled counterpublics. Despite ongoing struggles with inequality and resources, they have used the internet to enhance each of the three elements of their counterpublics: developing members’ identity, constructing community, and negotiating strategies to influence wider publics. But, perhaps even more remarkably, their engagement with the physical, content, and logical layers of the internet that show how a diverse set of activists have interpreted the internet into their own vernacular.
How Green Can Become Red
Authors: Doherty Gareth
Published: September 2017

This chapter talks about the significance of red (the Bahraini national color) and green (color of Islam). In Bahrain, as well as Iran, green and red are highly politicized colors. Red is often a substitute for green, as seen in the distaste for green shown by some Bahraini Sunnis. Green is associated with the Shi'a, and by extension, it has become a color of resistance to the Sunni-led state. Through a selection of vignettes, including “Ashura,” the religious festival, the chapter discusses how red can be green and sets up a dialogue between red and green.
The Memory of Date Palm Green
Authors: Doherty Gareth
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on the memory, history, color, and the “urbanism” of the green of the Bahraini date palm. The date palm is the most iconic Bahraini vegetation and one of the main sources of green on the islands. The chapter shows the historical power of green as articulated through the life cycle of the date palm. Green is often considered an antidote to the urban. We only have to think of green parks in dense urban settlements, which can offer relief from the surrounding “asphalt jungle.” However, greenery in desert areas such as Bahrain is an indicator of human settlements, not relief from the same, due to cultivation of the land through agriculture, orchards, and gardens.
The Struggle for the Manama Greenbelt
Authors: Doherty Gareth
Published: September 2017

This chapter maintains that no area in the country shows the paradoxes of Bahrain's greenery better than the Manama greenbelt. The idea of preserving a green area situated west of the capital originated in the early 1970s. Most people seem resigned to the fact that despite intentions of protecting the greenbelt, the greenery will likely be depleted and replaced with new buildings. These new developments are still curiously colored green, however, often even greener than the palms they replace. The main argument for the preservation of the greenbelt centered on the fact that the Manama master plan adequately provided for twenty to thirty years of urban growth, and there was a need for a recreational open space near the dense urban center that Manama would become.
Fragmented Memories and Activist Archives
Authors: Heller Michael C.
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of New York's so-called “loft jazz era,” one of the least-understood periods in jazz history. Spanning from the mid-1960s until about 1980, the jazz lofts were a dense network of musician-run performance venues established in and around the former industrial buildings of lower Manhattan. The majority of these spaces were also musicians' homes, a factor that allowed them to operate with minimal overhead costs. In various contexts, lofts acted as rehearsal halls, classrooms, art galleries, living quarters, and meeting spaces. Their most visible role, however, was as public performance venues, especially for younger members of the jazz avant garde. At a time when few commercial nightclubs were interested in experimental styles, the lofts became a bustling base of operations for a growing community of young improvisers.
Influences, Antecedents, Early Engagements
Authors: Heller Michael C.
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the early motivations for the lofts, arguing that the movement emerged at a unique intersection between national discourses on musician empowerment and local urban ecologies specific to late 1960s New York. In 1960s New York, several initiatives began striving toward broader collectivist ideals. These initiatives include the short-lived Jazz Artists' Guild (JAG), the Jazz Composers' Guild (JCG), and the Triumvirate formed by John Coltrane, Babatunde Olatunji, and Yusef Lateef. These examples of 1960s New York collectivism were all rooted in guild and/or trade union strategies. In all three cases, artists envisioned temporarily removing themselves from the commercial market in order to enhance their negotiating leverage as members of a larger movement. Unfortunately, despite their success in generating attention for particular events, none of these groups managed to build an alliance large enough or long-lived enough to realized their principal goals.
The Jazz Loft Era
Authors: Heller Michael C.
Published: September 2017

This chapter outlines the loft scene itself, starting with an in-depth look at the 1972 New York Musicians' Jazz Festival—an event cited by many musicians as a germinal moment for the scene. The movement is traced through its peak around mid-decade, and into its subsequent decline amidst a string of new financial and structural challenges. These final years also saw a growing number of critiques leveled by musicians who disputed the efficacy of the lofts. Whereas the movement had begun as a campaign against industry exploitation, its failure to develop viable alternatives ultimately made it vulnerable to the criticism that lofts merely repackaged the inadequate conditions of nightclub performance.
Freedom
Authors: Heller Michael C.
Published: September 2017

This chapter looks at the multifaceted ways that loft artists envisioned freedom as an inspiration for their work. Rather than hewing to a single definition, however, artists employed the term to connote a wide variety of different meanings. The chapter examines several in succession, including definitions that foreground: collectivist or communalist practices, rooted in civil rights and 1960s counterculture movements; self-creation and identity politics; off-the-grid living strategies; transgression and transcendence, and “energy music” aesthetics that feature minimal pre-composed elements. Ultimately, the term “freedom” emerges as powerfully overdetermined, as it is used to reference a number of interrelated goals and values.
Assassination of a Saint
Authors: Eisenbrandt Matt , Cuéllar Benjamín
Published: September 2017

In 1980, a death squad linked to business tycoons and military commanders murdered Archbishop Oscar Romero for denouncing widespread repression and poverty in El Salvador. Romero was known as the “voice of the voiceless,” and his criticism of the oligarchs who dominated the economy and the Security Forces that tortured and murdered civilians made Romero a military target. Two decades after his assassination, the Center for Justice & Accountability (CJA) found one of the conspirators, Álvaro Saravia, living in California and launched a wide-ranging investigation into the death squad and its financiers. This book chronicles the life and death of the Catholic martyr, examining his actions and situating his years as archbishop in the broader context of the Salvadoran clergy’s embrace of Liberation Theology. It also analyzes, through excerpts from witness interviews and trial testimony, the mindset of the death squad members, their leader Roberto D’Aubuisson, and their wealthy backers, that propelled them to want Romero dead. The U.S. government played an important and contradictory role in developing the death squads and funding the military from which they sprang while also investigating their crimes and seeking to keep them in check. Within this complicated historical context, the book provides a first-hand account of the investigation and U.S. legal case that led to the only court verdict ever reached for Archbishop Romero’s murder.
“In Violation of the Law of Nations”
Authors: Eisenbrandt Matt
Published: September 2017

In 2001, a man working with the Center for Justice & Accountability (CJA) saw Alvaro Saravia in a lawyer’s office in San Francisco, California, and recognized him as one of Romero’s killers. CJA plays a role in the international justice movement that seeks to hold accountable those who commit atrocities, and CJA has a focus on bring U.S. cases under the Alien Tort Statute. This chapter describes the history of U.S. litigation using the Alien Tort Statute and the rise of CJA as an important human rights organization with a specific focus on cases involving El Salvador. The chapter concludes with CJA’s trip to search for Saravia near his home in Modesto, California.
“ARENA’s Achilles’ Heel”
Authors: Eisenbrandt Matt
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes the launch of the legal team’s investigation with a trip to El Salvador to look into those who financed the death squads. The most promising lead comes from allegations by Hector Regalado, a known associate of Roberto D’Aubuisson, who spoke with contacts of the legal team. Through a description of the trip and trial testimony about the Saravia diary, the chapter provides further evidence about the financiers, and points to evidence about an ARENA party founder, Billy Sol.
Baby Robbers, Mad Bombers, and Other Assorted Criminals
Authors: Eisenbrandt Matt
Published: September 2017

As the chapter describes the legal team’s continuing search for Alvaro Saravia, it provides the background on Saravia’s criminal past in El Salvador that led him to come to the United States. Salvadoran authorities finally launched a serious investigation into the Romero assassination leading to the testimony of the getaway driver, Amado Garay, and the arrest of Saravia in Miami. Roberto D’Aubuisson and others infuriated the U.S. government by undermining a case to have Saravia extradited to stand trial in El Salvador. With Saravia still facing immigration problems, a U.S. embassy official took advantage of Saravia’s predicament to get information from him about Romero’s murder. Those details largely matched the findings of a Truth Commission report issued a few years later, after the end of El Salvador’s civil war.
“You’re Making a Lot of Noise”
Authors: Eisenbrandt Matt
Published: September 2017

Alvaro Saravia also testified before the Truth Commission and revealed significant information about the role of oligarchs in supporting Roberto D’Aubuisson and playing specific roles in Romero assassination. The legal team uses this information and new connections with U.S. investigators to continue digging for information about the death squad financiers. The chapter also provides the historical backdrop in which former U.S. ambassador Robert White went public in 1984 to tell the U.S. Congress about the allegations of the Miami Six financing D’Aubuisson and death squad operations. The legal team attempts to develop leads on one of the men White named, Roberto Daglio. Returning to the historical evidence, the chapter chronicles other disclosures in the 1980s from former military leader Roberto Santivañez, who claimed that his former subordinate, Roberto D’Aubuisson, arranged the assassination of Archbishop Romero.
“God Forgive Me for What I’m Going to Do”
Authors: Eisenbrandt Matt
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes the legal team’s interactions with the getaway driver, Amado Garay, who gives them the surprise of a lifetime when he calls out of the blue and confirms that he is in witness protection. He agree to cooperate in the case and soon provides testimony in the form of a deposition under oath, in which he repeats much of the story he told in 1987 implicating Alvaro Saravia in Romero’s murder. Garay provides many more details about the group he was in, calling it a death squad in which the people were well-armed, and stating that he was a driver for Roberto D’Aubuisson on several occasions. With Garay’s testimony, the legal team finally has recorded testimony from a witness under oath confirming that Saravia was involved in killing Archbishop Romero.
Epilogue
Authors: Eisenbrandt Matt
Published: September 2017

To this day, Álvaro Saravia remains the only person held responsible by a court of law for the murder of Óscar Romero, and his penalty is nothing more than a dollar figure he has never paid. This lamentable reality is less an indication of the significance of the lawsuit we brought and more an indictment of the tight lid that impunity has imposed whenever efforts to seek accountability have bubbled up in El Salvador. The Amnesty Law passed in 1993, five days after the Truth Commission named Saravia, Roberto D’Aubuisson, and others as the men who killed Romero, endured for twenty-three years, surviving ARENA’s departure from political power and the ascension of the former guerrilla party, the FMLN, to a second consecutive presidential term. But in July 2016, the Constitutional Chamber of El Salvador’s Supreme Court, a body more independent of outside influence than the one that threw out the arrest warrant against Saravia in 1988, ruled the Amnesty Law unconstitutional. One of the judges who voted to scrap the amnesty was previously a lawyer in the archdiocese’s human rights office who investigated the abuses that Monseñor Romero denounced from his pulpit....
Afterword
Authors: Cuéllar Benjamín
Published: September 2017

Today’s El Salvador is not what Blessed Archbishop Romero dreamed yesterday even if through him “God passed through El Salvador.” This is one of the most brilliant and memorable phrases of another Salvadoran martyr, Ignacio Ellacuría, the Jesuit murdered with his colleagues and two women in 1989. God certainly walked hand in hand the length and breadth of the small country with Romero. And because of his transcendence, the legacy of this good shepherd transcended borders to become the most universal among any of us born in this land. But it is a land that continues to be soaked in blood, with the majority of its people still suffering from exclusion and inequality. As a result, people still flee El Salvador, regardless of the risks, to find safety in other lands that they do not enjoy in their own....
Race and Ethnicity and Causes of Inequality
Authors: Iceland John
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the meaning of the terms “race” and “ethnicity” and discusses how patterns of identification have changes. It also explores various theories on the root causes of racial and ethnic inequality in more detail, including human capital and social capital theories, cultural theories that emphasize differences in norms, values, and behaviors across groups, assimilation theory, which is most important for immigrant groups, and theories that emphasize the role of racism and discrimination by both individuals and social institutions.
Black-White Inequality
Authors: Iceland John
Published: September 2017

This chapter documents patterns and trends in black-white inequality, focusing on education, income, wealth, poverty, residential attainment, and health. While some progress has been made in reducing black-white inequality along some dimensions, there has been little progress on others. The chapter provides an evaluation of the factors that contribute to racial differences, reflecting on the theories raised in the previous chapter. In doing so, it also discuss the role of incarceration and family structure in shaping patterns of inequality.
International Comparisons and Policy Debates
Authors: Iceland John
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses how different countries view race and ethnicity, including different approaches to conceptualizing and measuring racial and ethnic groups. It then examines racial and ethnic inequality in various settings—focusing mainly (though note solely) on peer countries of the U.S. in the OECD as well as in Latin America. It ends with a discussion of policy responses to racial and ethnic diversity, including debates about multiculturalism vs. assimilation and about affirmative action. The goal of this chapter is to broaden our understanding of how different contexts shape patterns of racial and ethnic inequality, and thus to provide a global perspective to U.S. conversations about these issues.
Conclusion
Authors: Iceland John
Published: September 2017

This chapter summarizes findings from the previous chapters and offers conclusions racial and ethnic inequality, and its causes and consequences, in United States.
“True Faith and Allegiance”—Religion and the FBI
Authors: Johnson Sylvester A. , Weitzman Steven
Published: September 2017

This chapter explains on how the FBI’s relationship with various American religious groups complicates the typical category of religion-and-state issues. It begins with the post-9/11 era then relates the long history of the FBI engaging with religion. The chapter explains how the bureau has practiced skepticism toward religion at times while also seeking an alliance with religion at other times. The chapter argues for the importance of situating the post-9/11 era within a longer history of the FBI’s interaction with America’s religious communities.
“If God be for you, who can be against you?”
Authors: Kornweibel, Theodore
Published: September 2017

This chapter explains how during the First World War the Bureau of Investigation (the FBI’s official name at the time) targeted the Church of God in Christ, one of the nation's largest Pentecostal denominations. The author Theodore Kornweibel, who has written extensively on the Federal government’s campaigns against black militancy in the period during and following World War I, examines the nature and consequences of this episode that marked the Bureau's first formal engagement with an American religious community.
Apostles of Deceit
Authors: Mcvicar Michael J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the FBI’s domestic intelligence-gathering on religious groups during the Cold War. The author explains how Hoover’s calls for vigilance against foreign agents resonated with socially and theologically conservative evangelicals and fundamentalists who saw “modernizing” or “liberalizing” theological trends in ecumenical American Protestantism as extensions of philosophical materialism and atheistic humanism. The chapter demonstrates how Protestant bodies such as the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States became targets of a fascinating if troubling alliance between the FBI and conservative religious groups that emulated the FBI’s cold hawkishness toward a range of organizations that challenged mainstream trends of the nation.
Hoover’s Judeo-Christians
Authors: Imhoff Sarah
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers the FBI's ambivalent relationship to Jews and Judaism during the 1940s through the 1960s. It explains how could Jews be seen as unAmerican while Judaism was believed to play a foundational part in sustaining American values. On the one hand, mid-century antisemitism and Cold War ideologies combined to create suspicion of Jewish leftists, as the antagonistic relationship between the FBI and Hollywood demonstrated. On the other hand, "Judeo-Christian" rhetoric and the embrace of a "Judeo-Christian" tradition became an essential part of what differentiated America from the supposedly godless USSR for Hoover and many other Cold War era Americans. The author Sarah Imhoff, a scholar of American Judaism, explores this tension as she traces the fraught role of Jews in the FBI culture of the Hoover era.
Dreams and Shadows
Authors: Johnson Sylvester A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter explains how the FBI targeted Martin Luther King, Jr. as an exceptional and uniquely dangerous threat to the nation’s internal security. The author demonstrates the numerous efforts by the bureau to oppose the influential activism of King and the organization he led, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The chapter explains the important shifts in American culture that pitted the more radical activism of civil rights leaders against an increasingly strident FBI that was determined to thwart law abiding activists who challenged the nation’s mainstream racial politics. The author argues that the pivotal issue behind the FBI’s repression of King was not personal antagonism between King and Hoover but the politics of race and repression.
Excerpt from “Tarantism and Catholicism”
Authors: Martino Ernesto de
Published: September 2017

Ernesto de Martino (1908–65) could be described as one of the founding figures of Italian ethnology. Until his work was translated into English, he was fairly unknown to English-speaking anthropologists. Since then, however, the importance of his contributions to the field has received wider recognition. In the book Terra del Rimorso: Contributo a una storia religiosa del Sud (The Land of Remorse: A Study of Southern Italian Tarantism), de Martino unravels how alterity may be found “at home,” through a study in the southern peninsula of Salento of rural people seasonally affected by tarantismo, a form of possession attributed to the bite of the tarantola spider.1 The affliction is cured by the performance of “choreutic” dances followed by pilgrimages and offerings made to Saint Paul. For de Martino, tarantismo is the living presence of an other-than-Catholic history—an echo of earlier pagan, erotic ritual forms. Tarantism can be understood only when placed within the context of Catholicism’s regional history, its broader social and economic conflicts, and tensions around gender, kinship, and sexuality within the home. The cult is one that the Catholic Church has “purged” but also resignified and appropriated in an effort to contain its vitality. As de Martino shows, however, the church’s engagement with the cult in the first half of the twentieth century colludes with scientific and medical—particularly psychiatric—discourses. The relevance of this work for a modern anthropology of Catholicism is plain in its historical breadth and the richness and detail of de Martino’s ethnographic research. But it is also interesting for the way it highlights how questions of science, magic, and enchantment have posed challenges of different types for the modernizing, bureaucratic church.
“Complexio Oppositorum”?
Authors: Mosse David
Published: September 2017

This chapter concerns Roman Catholicism in rural Tamil society as the product of shifting socio-political and institutional conditions. It argues that narratives of ‘Christian modernity’ — deepened and made more sophisticated with recent ventures in this field (Robbins 2004, Keane 2007) — have drawn attention away from settings where Christianity was introduced in ways that facilitated its localization within existing social and representational structures; where rather than disrupting existing socio-political arrangements it provided another means for their reproduction. At the same time, it shows how an over-commitment to the idea of cultural continuity fails to detect the ways in which, over time, participation in the realm of ‘Christian religion’ opened space for types of thought and action beyond traditional roles, and altered modes of signification within indigenous systems that were/are socially transformative. The tension between continuity and rupture in the history of Christianity in south India, and the co-existence of apparently antithetical moral traditions and social spaces— the ‘complex of opposites’—is bound up with five hundred years of fraught and shifting understandings of the categories of ‘religion’ and ‘culture’ themselves.
The Paradox of Charismatic Catholicism
Authors: Pinal Eric Hoenes del
Published: September 2017

Coupling Catholic doctrine with ‘ecstatic’ forms of worship more often associated with Pentecostal/Charismatic forms of  Protestantism, the Catholic Charismatic Renewal Movement (CCRM) has seen rapid global expansion over the past four decades, but in doing so it has been institutionally, theologically, and socially problematic for traditionally more orthodox Catholic communities. In simultaneously claiming continuity with the institutional body of the Church while evincing a radical break from normative forms of Catholic ritual practice, the CCRM likewise poses something of a conundrum for ethnographers of Christianity. Drawing on ethnographic and linguistic fieldwork with an emerging CCRM congregation in an ethnically homogeneous Q’eqchi’-Maya Catholic parish in Guatemala, this chapter examines the discursive strategies Catholic Charismatics employ to construct a position for themselves within the institutional bodies of the Church in the face of suspicion from mainstream Catholics who view the former as false Catholics. By situating CCRM groups in a local history of multiple, competing, modes of Catholic religiosity, this chapter problematizes issues of continuity and rupture suggesting that Catholicism as it is practiced today is far from monologic.
The Virgin of Guadalupe and Spectacles of Catholic Evangelism in Mexico
Authors: Norget Kristin
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the celebration of the feast day of the Virgin of Guadalupe, whose shrine in Mexico City is the focus of one of the largest pilgrimages in the Catholic world, as a window on to the aesthetics of contemporary Roman Catholic Church evangelism. Since Pope John Paul II, and ongoing under Benedict XVII and Francis, the institutional Church’s mass public ritual performances have shown a shift toward a new aesthetic sensibility emphasizing emotion, spectacle, and multiculturalism. Concurrent to this shift has been the gradual emergence within the Church of a new media strategy associated with the institutional Church’s campaign of the “New Evangelization”. Drawing on recent theories of the neo-baroque, the chapter explores how the Virgin of Guadalupe celebration, like those of other saints, is a key arena in the Church’s mediation of its institutional power and presence. Public, mass celebrations of this kind cannot be interpreted as manifestations solely of ‘national culture,’ for they are orchestrated partly from the institutional heart of the Church in Rome. As they are mediated through television and other mass media technologies, they create new religious subjectivities, imaginaries, and publics.
On a Political Economy of Political Theology
Authors: Napolitano Valentina
Published: September 2017

Through ethnographic exploration of the Peruvian devotion of the Señor de Los Milagros (Lord of the Miracles) in Rome, this chapter discusses the intersection between Catholicism, masculinity and transnational labor. Through close exploration of Catholic orientations and the attachments they create between bodies, flesh and objects, it is argued that Brotherhoods such as the Señor de Los Milagros, should not be understood, in received sociological terms, as a religious migrant movements but rather as movements of the religious through migrants. Such a focus also opens a perspective on the study of animation of materiality in Catholicism through a liturgy-laboring continuum, a distribution of what Pitt Rivers [in this volume] would have called an economy of grace.
“We’re All Catholics Now”
Authors: Coleman Simon
Published: September 2017

‘We’re all Protestants now,’ has been claimed by some religious commentators in the light of Vatican II reforms, and these words have still wider resonances as a way of referring to ‘a world-historical configuration’ that has far exceeded its particular doctrinal affiliations. The anthropology of Christianity has tended to privilege Protestantism in providing diagnoses of ‘modern’ consciousness, not least through developing particular interpretations of the fate of sincerity, materiality and selfhood in much of the contemporary world. Such an argument has resonance, but what are its limits? And what are the potential ingredients of an alternative claim, that ‘We’re all Catholics now’? This chapter explores an alternative genealogy of modernity, invoking different notions of the self and of materiality, ones that can be traced not only in Roman Catholic populations, but also among believers conventionally assumed to be Protestant as well as in more secular discourses. Such a conception includes flexible and adaptive ritual forms such as pilgrimage that have sometimes been dismissed as mere tradition, but which contain powerful means of addressing current political, economic and cultural conjunctures, as well as indicating possible future modalities of relating to religion in a much wider sense.
The Media of Sensation
Authors: Largier Niklaus
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the significance of medieval practices of prayer both for the modern rediscovery of media and for the anthropology of sensation. It demonstrates how medieval theories of reading, prayer, and contemplation thematize ways in which specific media—words, images, and music—are to be used in order to produce sensual and affective cognition. In doing so, these theories develop a sophisticated understanding of media on one side, and a specific understanding of the human soul as a sphere of evocation of possible sensation and affect on the other side. In working through this complex intersection of media and soul-formation I focus on this very notion of possibility, its significance in the context of an ‘anthropology of Catholicism’, and its presence in catholic discourses from the Middle Ages up to the twentieth century. Through discussion of the source texts an understanding of the seemingly established anthropological distinction between “inner man” and “outer man,” “interiority” and “exteriority” is challenged and what remains is a radically different way of thinking about interiority.
Prison Community, Prison Conditions, and Gendered Harm
Authors: Owen Barbara , Wells James , Pollock Joycelyn
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 examines the prison conditions and the prison community which contribute to women’s fears over safety while confined. Conditions of material scarcity, substandard living quarters, and few program and treatment resources are exacerbated by the crowding that characterizes contemporary corrections. Women have real concerns about cleanliness, disease, and medical care as primary threats to safety. Crowding, a feature of all contemporary prisons, aggravates the injurious impact of these minimal living conditions as they combine to create a context bound by tension and conflict.
Searching for Safety through Prison Capital
Authors: Owen Barbara , Wells James , Pollock Joycelyn
Published: September 2017

Women’s prison culture reflects gendered inequalities inside, mediating these inequities by mapping cultural routes toward survival and safety. At same time, this culture (the mix) creating the potential for risk and danger. Inequality within prison—with staff and among the confined women—is expressed in all relations in the prison community. This chapter outlines the strategies and tactics women deploy in their search for safety. Even in the face of risk and trouble, women do survive, endure, and sometimes thrive, as they learn how to protect themselves from the obvious and subtle threats to safety and well-being in the prison community. The search for safety is embedded in forms of prison capital—human, social and cultural capital women marshal to counter the myriad threats to their safety and well-being. These gendered strategies for navigating forms of violence and conflict specific to women’s incarceration can prevail over the gendered inequality that jeopardizes their search for safety.
The Importance of Democracy and Economic Development
Authors: Adamczyk Amy
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the roles of economic development and democracy for shaping attitudes, and it tests competing arguments for other macro-level processes. Theoretical insight from the works of Inglehart, Schwartz, and Hofstede are used to explain why economic development would be associated with cross-national differences in attitudes. The potential macro-level influence of education, gender and economic inequality, and nongovernment organizations are also considered. However, a multilevel analysis of World Values Survey data shows that they do not appear to have an effect in light of the influences of religion, economic development, and democracy. The chapter ends by discussing the limitations with survey data for understanding cross-national attitudes and makes the case for the usefulness of country case studies to better understand how religion, economic development, and democracy shape attitudes within individual nations.
Shaping Attitudes in Protestant Nations
Authors: Adamczyk Amy
Published: September 2017

Having presented the major factors that are most likely to shape cross-national public opinion, this chapter is the first of three to take a comparative case-study approach to investigating how the specific cultural and historical processes, along with these other macro-forces, are likely to shape attitudes. The three case-study nations are the United States, Uganda, and South Africa, all of which have relatively high levels of religious belief and include a mixture of different Christian and Protestant faiths. They differ in their level of economic development, their strength of democracy, and the extent to which they support homosexuality. In addition to other data sources, this chapter presents the findings from an original content analysis of almost four hundred newspaper articles. While religion, democracy, and economic development are important, the processes through which they have an effect are subject to the unique historical (i.e., apartheid) and cultural (i.e., feelings of Western infringement) contexts of these nations.
Understanding Views in Muslim Countries
Authors: Adamczyk Amy
Published: September 2017

This chapter tells the story of public opinion about homosexuality in Turkey, Malaysia, and Indonesia, each of which has a substantial proportion of Muslims and highly religious residents. Similar to the selection of Protestant nations, these three countries vary in their level of democracy, economic development, and attitudes about homosexuality. This chapter also uses information from over four hundred newspaper articles from these nations. The findings reveal that Turkey is more likely to frame homosexuality as a rights and civil liberties issue. Conversely, Malaysia is less likely to mention not only rights but also morality and religion. The various frames used to discuss homosexuality are tied to some of the unique factors manifested in the historical, political, and cultural contexts of these nations, as well as anticipated patterns related to economic development, democracy, and the religious context.
Conclusion
Authors: Adamczyk Amy
Published: September 2017

The concluding chapter summarizes the book’s major contributions, addresses some important remaining issues, and anticipates how legislation is likely to proceed in the future. The chapter touches on three major religions (Eastern Orthodoxy, Hinduism, and Judaism), which do not receive much attention in other parts of the book. There is also a discussion of public opinion in Russia, which has received a lot of attention for its critical comments and policies. Additionally, this chapter examines cross-national developments in homosexuality-related legislation over the last twenty years. Across the world, many countries seem to be adopting friendlier policies, but there also appears to be a small backlash, often coming from nations with less political, economic, and media power. The backlash provides insight into why we should not expect all nations to march into the future with increasingly tolerant views.
Introduction
Authors: Caimari Lila
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter begins with the author's account of the origins of the present volume, which can be traced back to her interest in a late nineteenth-century set of concepts, images, and metaphors that grew up around the figure of the modern criminal. It then discusses the population growth in Buenos Aires, which jumped from about 1.5 to 2.5 million in the two decades between the world wars and the corresponding urban expansion. This sets the stage for a description of the book's purpose, namely to explore the many dimensions of porteño life in the early decades of the twentieth century: its vital network of neighborhood associations, its literacy campaigns, its grassroots politics, its many reformist projects, and so forth.
Pistoleros
Authors: Caimari Lila
Published: September 2017

This chapter looks at the material evolution of illegal practices in the city of Buenos Aires. This emphasis suggests a hypothesis: that the motor of change can be found in interactions between technological modernization, the expansion of consumer culture, and the rise of a performative dimension of crime. New criminal practices emerged within the context of different local practices and traditions, but their performative quality allowed them to be superficially grouped together and homogenized under a single conceptual mantle. The data indicates that the feeling that violence in public places was on the rise was a perception rooted in reality, although the principal culprits were the new cars rather than the new crime. The rise of “new” crime was closely linked to the transformation of urban transport.
Languages of Crime
Authors: Caimari Lila
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes a period in which the most important national media outlets in Argentina began to alter the established language they used to describe crime, a moment when journalists, photographers, and illustrators began to deploy a wider set of resources to represent homicides, robberies, and kidnappings in the Buenos Aires press. The themes and methods of crime stories evolved and incorporated a new protagonist, the pistolero. Reporting popularized this figure to such a degree that it became difficult to separate the social phenomenon of “pistolerismo” from the advancements in the very graphic media that brought him to life: the expansion of their ability to reproduce images, the indulgent heterogeneity of their sources, and their commercial logic. The key to understanding the rise of the pistolero's visibility resides in the affinity between the new languages of mass entertainment and certain criminal practices.