bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dermoscopy Update: Review of its Extradiagnostic and Expanding Indications and Future Prospects
Authors: Sonthalia Sidharth , Pasquali Paola , Agrawal Mahima , Sharma Poonam , Jha Abhijeet K. , Errichetti Enzo , Lallas Aimilios , Sehgal Virendra N.
Published: October 2019

The technique of dermoscopy has come a long way since its inception for characterization of suspicious nevi for early detection of dysplastic changes in predisposed individuals. Not only has its scope expanded to aid in quick diagnosis of a majority of nonmelanocytic disorders of the skin, hair, and nails, but it is being rightfully exploited for a plethora of nondiagnostic uses. Its use in the diagnosis of various pigmentary, papulosquamous, and infectious disorders and disorders of the scalp and hair, nails, and mucosa bears testimony to the ongoing expansion of its protean indications across skin types. Dermoscopy has transformed the conventional approach to dermatological diagnosis from clinicopathological correlation to clinico-dermoscopic-pathological correlation. It aids in convincing an otherwise reluctant patient to agree to biopsy and guides the selection of optimum site for the same. Dermoscopic clues suggestive of stability or activity of the lesion and/or disease in various dermatoses are being accrued. Early assessment of therapeutic response to treatment is helpful for physicians, patients, and researchers conducting clinical studies. Aesthetic uses of dermoscopy are opulent and being explored. Dermoscopy has also provided the much-needed balancing act of interaction between practitioners and the new generation of patients. Last but not the least, dermoscopy has resulted in patients’ better understanding of their disorders and improved compliance with treatment protocols.
Befogging reason, undermining will: Understanding the prohibition of sleep deprivation as torture and ill-treatment in international law
Authors: Cakal Ergün
Published: October 2019

Background: Sleep deprivation is a prevalent method of psychological torture. However, difficulties in documentation have meant that it is not adequately appreciated by courts and other quasijudicial institutions such as UN treaty bodies. Method: This paper aims to review the legal literature on deprivation of sleep, the definition, and prohibition of torture and ill-treatment, and its health impacts. A number of texts were identified and analyzed based on contextual relevance: criminal justice processes as well as medical literature on health impacts. The texts were identified via a search of key legal and health databases using the search terms “sleep deprivation,” “sleep adjustment,” and “sleep regulation.” These texts were limited to English-language journal articles, NGO reports, court-cases and UN documents since 1950. They were then analyzed for their approaches to conceptualizing sleep deprivation from the perspective of assessing “severe pain and suffering” and the “diminishment of mental capacity”. Results/Discussion: Sleep deprivation is an ill-defined and, in turn, poorly documented method of torture, particularly when prolonged or inflicted in combination with othermethods (e.g., threats) and conditions (e.g., disruptive environment or time of day). More nuanced legal principles, informed by medical evidence, are lacking. Applying these principles would sharpen its conceptualization.
Sleep deprivation does not work: Epidemiology, impacts and outcomes of incidental and systematic sleep deprivation in a sample of Palestinian detainees
Authors: Sehwail Mahmud , Pérez-Sales Pau , Rasras Khader M.A , Sehwail Wisam , Guasch Alba , Galan Andrea
Published: October 2019

Background: Sleep deprivation (SD) is a method used in the context of interrogations aimed to obtain submission, information and confessions. Its impact on producing false confessions has been documented. Even information obtained is true, it will be unreliable as it cannot be separated with what has been suggested by interrogators. The use of SD has been documented in the interrogation of detainees in Israel and two patterns can be identified: one incidental due to the conditions of detention set out here as secondary sleep deprivation (SSD), and one systematic, intentional and linked to continued interrogation, set out here as primary sleep deprivation (PSD). This paper aims to study the prevalence of PSD and SSD in a sample of Palestinian detainees, compare its usage before and after the 1999 Israeli Supreme Court judgment, and compare the impacts and outcomes of SD. Method: The study included a sample of 600 ex-detainees who answered questions related to psychological and coercive methods, subjective psychological impact, clinical measures, psychosocial measures, and medical impact. Classification of SD was built taking into consideration the items related to SD and interrogation. Results: Most detainees reported SSD with around 13% reporting PSD. Prevalence of PSD has been found larger among people over 25 years old who were detained before 1999. Related to the psychological suffering from the overall detention environment including SD, detainees with PSD and SSD reported significantly higher acute and chronic suffering. It has also been found that detainees with PSD reported long term family, social and physical impacts. Regarding the outcome of SD, the number of signed confessions with either true or false statements increases with SD, but in this case, this did not lead neither to a significantly higher number of convictions nor longer sentences. Conclusion: Sleep deprivation in the framework of interrogations seems ineffective.
Protocol on Medico-Legal Documentation of Sleep Deprivation
Authors: Pérez-Sales Pau , Søndergaard Elna , Shir Efrat , Cakal Ergün , Brasholt Marie
Published: October 2019

This Protocol originates from a joint project regarding documentation of psychological torture initiated by the Public Committee against Torture in Israel (PCATI), REDRESS and DIGNITY - Danish Institute Against Torture (DIGNITY) in 2015 after the Copenhagen Conference on Psychological Torture. The project is a vehicle to establish a common understanding between health and legal professions as to how to best ensure the most accurate documentation of torture.

Historically, sleep deprivation has been used for different objectives but, primarily, to cause stress and duress for the purpose of extracting information and confessions. Detention centers with poor conditions is another context in which sleep deprivation, as a consequence of sleep disruption, takes place. This is often due to overcrowding, insufficient or no mattresses, and poor conditions of transportation between the courts and detention facilities. The aim of the Protocol is to improve documentation of sleep deprivation used in such settings (most often during interrogation) and therefore to clarify the facts of the case so that stronger legal claims can subsequently be submitted to local and international complaints mechanisms. The Protocol has been developed based on a methodology involving: compilation and review of legal and health knowledge on sleep deprivation, also in non-torture contexts; drafting by first author; discussion in the group of international experts; pilot- testing by PCATI; and evaluation by the three organizations and the group of experts. Despite generic elements of sleep deprivation, the context in a specific country will determine many aspects of the factual situation. Each context differs and as such this Protocol could serve as a guideline or a checklist of elements to be considered in a specific context. We hope that this Protocol will assist in the discussions between the various stakeholders and provide guidance on what can be documented and how to document sleep deprivation.
Intelligent Parking Space Control in a System with Reservations
Authors: Stepanov Saša , Šunjka Zoran , Čabilovski Đorđe
Published: October 2019

The aim of the system with reservations is to reduce the time the user needs to reach the parking space as well as to rationalize the controlling of demands in the central business districts. When applying the system with reservations, it is necessary to know the user’s travel time to the parking space, as well as the time of parking. The sum of these two periods represents the parking space “occupancy”. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a model for determining the total occupancy of a parking space based on 1) the user’s travel time to the parking space; 2) the user’s duration of parking. Considering the fact that we are dealing with values which cannot be exactly estimated, the fuzzy logic system (FLS) is used. A Neural Network (NN) is trained on the basis of data about the estimated values of the input parameters and the real value of output parameters. Thus, a hybrid model of fuzzy logic and neural networks (ANFIS) is obtained. Finally, there is an example based on the real data which shows the application possibilities of this model.
Maternally regulated gastrulation as a source of variation contributing to cavefish forebrain evolution
Authors: Torres-Paz Jorge , Leclercq Julien , Rétaux Sylvie
Published: October 2019

Sequential developmental events, starting from the moment of fertilization, are crucial for the acquisition of animal body plan. Subtle modifications in such early events are likely to have major impacts in later morphogenesis, bringing along morphological diversification. Here, comparing the blind cave and the surface morphotypes of Astyanax mexicanus fish, we found heterochronies during gastrulation that produce organizer and axial mesoderm tissues with different properties (including differences in the expression of dkk1b) that may have contributed to cavefish brain evolution. These variations observed during gastrulation depend fully on maternal factors. The developmental evolution of retinal morphogenesis and hypothalamic patterning are among those traits that retained significant maternal influence at larval stages. Transcriptomic analysis of fertilized eggs from both morphotypes and reciprocal F1 hybrids showed a strong and specific maternal signature. Our work strongly suggests that maternal effect genes and developmental heterochronies that occur during gastrulation have impacted morphological brain change during cavefish evolution.
A microtranslatome coordinately regulates sodium and potassium currents in the human heart
Authors: Eichel Catherine A , Ríos-Pérez Erick B , Liu Fang , Jameson Margaret B , Jones David K , Knickelbine Jennifer J , Robertson Gail A
Published: October 2019

Catastrophic arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death can occur with even a small imbalance between inward sodium currents and outward potassium currents, but mechanisms establishing this critical balance are not understood. Here, we show that mRNA transcripts encoding INa and IKr channels (SCN5A and hERG, respectively) are associated in defined complexes during protein translation. Using biochemical, electrophysiological and single-molecule fluorescence localization approaches, we find that roughly half the hERG translational complexes contain SCN5A transcripts. Moreover, the transcripts are regulated in a way that alters functional expression of both channels at the membrane. Association and coordinate regulation of transcripts in discrete ‘microtranslatomes’ represents a new paradigm controlling electrical activity in heart and other excitable tissues.
New information on the early Permian lanthanosuchoid Feeserpeton oklahomensis based on computed tomography
Authors: MacDougall Mark J. , Winge Anika , Ponstein Jasper , Jansen Maren , Reisz Robert R. , Fröbisch Jörg
Published: October 2019

The cave deposits of the Lower Permian Richards Spur locality in Oklahoma, USA, have produced an incredible number of terrestrial tetrapod taxa, many of which are currently only known from this locality. One of the many recent taxa to be described from the locality was the small lanthanosuchoid parareptile Feeserpeton oklahomensis. Represented by a well-preserved, near complete skull, F. oklahomensis would have been a small predatory reptile, likely preying upon arthropods, and contributes to the extensive tetrapod fauna that was present at Richards Spur. New computed tomography data of the holotype and only specimen has allowed us to visualize and describe previously obscured and inaccessible anatomy of this taxon. These areas include the mandibular ramus, the palate, the sphenethmoid, the epipterygoids, and the braincase. Furthermore, this new anatomical information allowed formerly unknown character codings to be updated, thus we also performed new phylogenetic analyses that incorporated this new information. The results of these updated phylogenetic analyses are very similar to those of past studies, with F. oklahomensis being found as the sister taxon to all other lanthanosuchoids.
Appendicular anatomy of the artiopodEmeraldella brutonifrom the middle Cambrian (Drumian) of western Utah
Authors: Lerosey-Aubril Rudy , Ortega-Hernández Javier
Published: October 2019

The non-biomineralized artiopodEmeraldella brutoniStein, Church & Robison, from the middle Cambrian (Drumian) Wheeler Formation in Utah represents the only confirmed occurrence of the genusEmeraldellaoutside of the stratigraphically older (Wuliuan) Burgess Shale Konservat-Lagerstätte in British Columbia. The hitherto known sole specimen of this species is preserved in dorsal view and lacks critical information on the ventral appendages. Here, we redescribeE. brutonibased on a new completely articulated specimen that illustrates the appendage organization in exceptional detail. The main body consists of a cephalic region covered by a semicircular head shield, a trunk including 10 tergites with expanded pleurae plus a cylindrical terminal segment, and a long articulated tailspine. The head carries a pair of elongate and flexible antennae, a pair of lateral eyes, and three pairs of post-antennal appendages. We report the presence of eyes inEmeraldellafor the first time. The first post-antennal limb solely consists of an endopod with well-developed paired spiniform endites. The remaining cephalic appendages and those associated with all but the last trunk segments possess exopods terminating in paddle-shaped, distal lobes fringed with robust setae. The cylindrical terminal segment bears a pair of posteriorly oriented caudal flaps reminiscent of trunk exopods, and a styliform, possibly uniarticulate tailspine longer than the main body. The new data onE. brutonisuggests an exopodal origin for the paired caudal structures in Vicissicaudata, and improve our understanding of the fundamental organization of this major clade within Artiopoda.
Capitalismo dependente e questão regional no século XXI: o caso do Centro-Oeste brasileiro
Authors: Aruto Pietro Caldeirini
Published: October 2019

O objetivo do artigo é relacionar os determinantes internacionais e nacionais do desenvolvimento capitalista dependente brasileiro com a questão regional, destacando o caso do Centro-Oeste. Metodologicamente, parte-se da teoria marxista da dependência para analisar a inserção da economia brasileira no sistema internacional e a superexploração da força de trabalho. Complementarmente, utilizam-se dados secundários para averiguar as mudanças na estrutura econômica e ocupacional no Brasil e no Centro-Oeste, os quais evidenciam a importância de criação rápida e elevada de um exército industrial de reserva, a extensão da jornada de trabalho e o rendimento setorial dos trabalhadores comparativamente ao Brasil. A análise teórica e empírica aponta que essa extroversão do capital sobre o território teve como base uma nova e específica forma de reprodução da força de trabalho no Centro-Oeste.
Bridge Essay:Orientalia
Authors: Jullien Dominique
Published: October 2019

For Jorge Luis Borges, the major event in the history of the West was the discovery of the East. This chapter discusses the West's infatuation with the “Orient” and “things Oriental,” highlighting in particular its political, social, and cultural aspects, the importance ofThe 1001 Nights, and the legacy of Edward Said's polemicalOrientalism.
Joint Location–Specific JAK‐STAT Signaling in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast‐like Synoviocytes
Authors: Hammaker Deepa , Nygaard Gyrid , Kuhs Amanda , Ai Rizi , Boyle David L. , Wang Wei , Firestein Gary S.
Published: October 2019

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) derived from hip and knee have distinctive DNA methylation and transcriptome patterns in interleukin (IL)‐6 signaling and Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathways. To determine the functional effects of these joint‐specific signatures, we evaluated how RA hip and knee FLS differ in their response to IL‐6.

Methods

Hip or knee RA FLS were obtained after arthroplasty. Previously published datasets on epigenetic landscape of FLS were mined to identify joint‐specific IL‐6–related epigenomic differences. RNA sequencing was performed on five RA hip and five knee FLS treated with or without IL‐6. Differential gene expression was determined using edgeR software. STAT3 phosphorylation was measured using bead assays. Sensitivity to tofacitinib was evaluated by measuring CCL2 inhibition using quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Assay for Transposase‐Accessible Chromatin sequencing and histone chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing datasets from RA FLS were analyzed to identify epigenomic differences between hip and knee. Differential chromatin accessibility was associated with IL‐6, IL‐6R, and JAK1 genes. H3K27ac was also differentially marked at other JAK‐STAT–related genes, including STAT3‐STAT5A region. Principal component analysis of RNA sequencing data confirmed segregation between RA hip and knee FLS under basal conditions, that persisted following IL‐6 treatment. STAT3 phosphorylation after IL‐6 was significantly higher in knee than hip FLS and was highly correlated with JAK1 protein levels. Knee FLS were less sensitive to the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib than hip FLS.

Conclusion

RA hip and knee FLS have distinct transcriptomes, epigenetic marks, and STAT3 activation patterns in the IL‐6 pathway. These joint‐specific differences might contribute to a differential clinical response in individual joints to targeted therapies such as JAK inhibitors.
On the Determination of the Enthalpy of Fusion of α‐Crystalline Isotactic Polypropylene Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry, X‐Ray Diffraction, and Fourier‐Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: An Old Story Revisited
Authors: Lanyi Franz J. , Wenzke Nicolai , Kaschta Joachim , Schubert Dirk W.
Published: October 2019

The crystallinity determination of polymers using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a standard procedure in industrial and university research. Its value strongly depends on the enthalpy of fusion, which cannot be determined directly using DSC, but must be calibrated using external methods such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD) or density measurements. In addition, the determination of the enthalpy or heat of fusion is not trivial and thus error‐prone; hence, values from 60 to 260 J g−1 are quoted for polypropylene in the literature. It is therefore of great relevance to devise a consistent method to determine the heat of fusion. To determine the heat of fusion for polypropylene, a sample set with a broad range of crystallinities is produced using cooling rates between 1 and ≈3500 K min−1. The melting enthalpy of the samples is determined using DSC measurements. The determination of the melting enthalpy based on XRD measurements is discussed in detail, validated using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and compared with values quoted in the open literature. Although two different approaches are used to determine the enthalpy of fusion, a value of 170 ± 3 J g−1 is determined.
Stable Omniphobic Anisotropic Covalently Grafted Slippery Surfaces for Directional Transportation of Drops and Bubbles
Authors: Wang Xuan , Wang Zubin , Heng Liping , Jiang Lei
Published: October 2019

Directional transportation and collection of liquids and bubbles are highly desirable in human life and industrial production. As one of the most promising types of functional surfaces, the reported anisotropic slippery liquid‐infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) demonstrate unique advantages in liquid directional transportation. However, anisotropic SLIPSs readily suffer from the depletion of lubricant when used to manipulate droplets and bubbles, which leads to unstable surface properties. Therefore, fabricating stable anisotropic slippery surfaces for the directional transportation of drops and bubbles remains a challenge. Here, stable anisotropic covalently grafted slippery surfaces are fabricated by grafting polydimethylsiloxane molecular brushes onto directional microgrooved surfaces. The fabricated surfaces show remarkable anisotropic omniphobic sliding behaviors towards droplets with different surface tensions ranging from 72.8 to 37.7 mN m−1 in air and towards bubbles underwater. Impressively, the surface maintains outstanding stability for the transportation of droplets (in air) and air bubbles (underwater) even after 240 d. Furthermore, anisotropic self‐cleaning towards various dust particles in air and directional bubble collection underwater are achieved on this surface. This stable anisotropic slippery surface has great potential for applications in the directional transportation of liquids and bubbles, microfluidic devices, directional drag reduction, directional antifouling, and beyond.
The Jeff = 1/2 Antiferromagnet Sr2IrO4: A Golden Avenue toward New Physics and Functions
Authors: Lu Chengliang , Liu Jun‐Ming
Published: October 2019

Iridates have been providing a fertile ground for studying emergent phases of matter that arise from the delicate interplay of various fundamental interactions with approximate energy scale. Among these highly focused quantum materials, the perovskite Sr2IrO4, which belongs to the Ruddlesden–Popper series, stands out and has been intensively addressed in the last decade, since it hosts a novel Jeff = 1/2 state that is a profound manifestation of strong spin–orbit coupling. Moreover, the Jeff = 1/2 state represents a rare example of iridates that is better understood both theoretically and experimentally. Here, Sr2IrO4 is taken as an example to review the recent advances of the Jeff = 1/2 state in two aspects: materials fundamentals and functionality potentials. In the fundamentals part, the basic issues for the layered canted antiferromagnetic order of the Jeff = 1/2 magnetic moments in Sr2IrO4 are illustrated, and then the progress of the antiferromagnetic order modulation through diverse routes is highlighted. Subsequently, for the functionality potentials, fascinating properties such as atomic‐scale giant magnetoresistance, anisotropic magnetoresistance, and nonvolatile memory, are addressed. To conclude, prospective remarks and an outlook are given.
Barriers and Solutions to Advancing Emergency Medicine Simulation–based Research: A Call to Action
Authors: Bentley Suzanne , Stapleton Stephanie N. , Moschella Phillip C. , Ray Jessica M. , Zucker Shana M. , Hernandez Jessica , Rosenman Elizabeth D. , Wong Ambrose H.
Published: October 2019

Simulation technology has successfully improved patient safety and care quality through training and assessment of individuals, teams, and health care systems. Emergency medicine (EM) continues to be a leader and pioneer of simulation, including administration of simulation‐based fellowships and training programs. However, EM simulation–based research has been limited by low rates of publication and poor methodologic rigor. The Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Simulation Academy is leading efforts to improve the quality of scholarship generated by the EM simulation community and to foster successful research careers for future generations of EM simulationists. Through a needs assessment survey of our membership and a year‐long consensus‐based approach, we identified two main clusters of barriers to simulation‐based research: lack of protected time and dedicated resources and limited training and mentorship. As a result, we generated four position statements with implications for education, training, and research in EM simulation and as a call to action for the academic EM community. Recommendations include expansion of funding opportunities for simulation‐based research, creation of multi‐institutional simulation collaboratives, and development of mentorship and training pathways that promote rigor in design and methodology within EM simulation scholarship.
Examining the support–supply and bud‐packing hypotheses for the increase in toothed leaf margins in northern deciduous floras
Authors: Zohner Constantin M. , Ramm Elisabeth , Renner Susanne S.
Published: October 2019

Premise

The proportion of woody dicots with toothed leaves increases toward colder regions, a relationship used to reconstruct past mean annual temperatures. Recent hypotheses explaining this relationship are that (1) leaves in colder regions are thinner, requiring thick veins for support and water supply, with the resulting craspedodromous venation leading to marginal teeth (support–supply hypothesis) or that (2) teeth are associated with the packing of leaf primordia in winter buds (bud‐packing hypothesis).

Methods

We addressed these hypotheses by examining leaf thickness, number of primordia in buds, growing season length (mean annual temperature, MAT), and other traits in 151 deciduous woody species using georeferenced occurrences and a Bayesian model controlling for phylogeny. We excluded evergreen species because longer leaf life spans correlate with higher leaf mass per area, precluding the detection of independent effects of leaf thickness on leaf‐margin type.

Results

The best model predicted toothed leaves with 94% accuracy, with growing season length the strongest predictor. Neither leaf thickness nor number of leaves preformed in buds significantly influenced margin type, rejecting the support–supply and bud‐packing hypotheses.

Conclusions

A direct selective benefit of leaf teeth via a carbon gain early in the spring as proposed by Royer and Wilf (2006) would match the strong correlation between toothed species occurrence and short growing season found here using Bayesian hierarchical models. Efforts should be directed to physiological work quantifying seasonal photosynthate production in toothed and nontoothed leaves.
Gesteuerte Reaktionsorthogonalität in der Polymer‐ und Materialwissenschaft
Authors: Corrigan Nathaniel , Ciftci Mustafa , Jung Kenward , Boyer Cyrille
Published: October 2019

Die selektive Steuerung chemischer Reaktionen ist entscheidend für die genaue Regelung von Prozessen, die von komplizierten biologischen Systemen bis hin zur industriellen Fertigung in großem Maßstab reichen. Die Entwicklung der synthetischen Chemie hin zu einer Komplexität, wie sie in der Natur zu beobachten ist, erfordert eine erhöhte Kontrolle über viele konkurrierende chemische Reaktionen in einer nicht interferierenden (orthogonalen) Weise. Glücklicherweise kann der praktisch unerschöpfliche Pool der bisher entwickelten synthetischen chemischen Reaktionen oft auf orthogonale Weise kombiniert werden, um elegante Lösungen für komplexe chemische Probleme zu finden. In diesem Aufsatz werden zunächst einige der vielen photochemischen Reaktionen hervorgehoben, die in orthogonalen Reaktionsführungen angewendet wurden; die hochselektive Natur der photochemischen Reaktionen macht sie gut geeignet für eine unabhängige Aktivierung in Gegenwart anderer Reaktionskomponenten. Die Anwendung solcher orthogonalen Reaktionen, insbesondere der photochemischen Reaktionen, für die Synthese und Modifikation von Polymeren und polymeren Materialien wird ebenfalls zusammengefasst. Hervorzuheben ist, dass die Anwendung orthogonaler chemischer Reaktionen im Vergleich zu traditionellen Syntheseverfahren zusätzliche Möglichkeiten für die Synthese moderner und funktioneller Polymermaterialien bieten kann.
Divergente Synthese von B,N,B‐Benzo[4]helicenen durch intramolekulare Borylierung unter sequenzieller B‐Mes‐Bindungsspaltung
Authors: Knöller Julius A. , Meng Guoyun , Wang Xiang , Hall David , Pershin Anton , Beljonne David , Olivier Yoann , Laschat Sabine , Zysman‐Colman Eli , Wang Suning
Published: October 2019

Symmetrisch und unsymmetrisch substituierte B,N,B‐Benzo[4]helicene konnten in einem dreistufigen Verfahren, ausgehend von N(tolyl)3, in hohen Ausbeuten hergestellt werden (sieben Beispiele). Die unerwartete Reaktivität des Borinsäure‐funktionalisierten 1,4‐B,N‐Anthracens1gegen BBr3erlaubte die einfache Herstellung der Brom‐B,N,B‐benzo[4]helicene2 a/bdurch intramolekulare Borylierung und stufenweisen B‐Mes‐Bindungsbruch. Umsetzung der reaktiven Verbindungen2 a/bmit Ar‐Li ermöglichte die hoch divergente Synthese von symmetrisch/unsymmetrisch funktionalisierten B,N,B‐Helicenen. Eine Kombination aus hohen Quantenausbeuten und kleinem ΔEST‐Wert unterstreicht das Potenzial der neuen Verbindungen als TADF‐Emitter für organische Leuchtdioden.
Intramolecular Borylation via Sequential B−Mes Bond Cleavage for the Divergent Synthesis of B,N,B‐Doped Benzo[4]helicenes
Authors: Knöller Julius A. , Meng Guoyun , Wang Xiang , Hall David , Pershin Anton , Beljonne David , Olivier Yoann , Laschat Sabine , Zysman‐Colman Eli , Wang Suning
Published: October 2019

New symmetric and unsymmetric B,N,B‐doped benzo[4]helicenes3–6 a/bhave been achieved in good yields, using a three‐step process, starting from N(tolyl)3in a highly divergent manner (7 examples). A borinic acid functionalized 1,4‐B,N‐anthracene1was found to display unprecedented reactivity, acting as a convenient and highly effective precursor for selective formation of bromo‐substituted B,N,B‐benzo[4]helicenes2 a/2 bvia intramolecular borylation and sequential B−Mes bond cleavage in the presence of BBr3. Subsequent reaction of2 a/2 bwith Ar‐Li provided a highly effective toolbox for the preparation of symmetrically/unsymmetrically functionalized B,N,B‐helicenes. Their high photoluminescence quantum yields along with the small ΔESTsuggest their potential as thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Binuclear and polymeric Hg(II) complexes of an ambidentate phosphorus ylide: Synthesis, crystal structure, antibacterial activity, and theoretical studies
Authors: Sabounchei Seyyed Javad , Kazemi Andalib Faeze , Hosseinzadeh Marjan , Sedghi Asieh , Hashemi Ali , Karamian Roya , Van Hecke Kristof
Published: October 2019

The new α‐keto‐stabilized phosphorus ylide Ph3PCHC(O)PhCN (Y) was synthesized by addition of triphenylphosphine to 2‐bromo‐4′‐cyanoacetophenone, followed by treatment with NaOH 10%. Reaction of ligand (Y) with methanolic solution of mercury(II) halides under mild conditions yielded the binuclear complexes [Y·HgX2]2 [X=Cl (1), Br (2), I (3)]. The new organic/inorganic composite polymer [Hg(NO3)2(Y)]n (4) was synthesized by the reaction of mercury(II) nitrate with the phosphorus ylide Y. Compounds synthesized were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared, 1H, 31P, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic methods, which confirmed the coordination of ylide to the metal center through the ylidic carbon atom. Single‐crystal X‐ray structures of phosphorus ylide Y and polymeric complex 4 were also determined and the crystallographic data of complex 4 showed that the title complex has an infinite one‐dimensional structure. Furthermore, the electronic and molecular structures of complexes 1–3 were investigated at the BP86/def2‐SVP level of theory, indicating an increasing trend for C→M bond lengths: Hg2I2 > Hg2Br2 > Hg2Cl2 in [Y→HgX2]2 (X = Cl, Br, I) complexes. In addition, the antibacterial activity of ligand Y and all complexes using the agar disc diffusion method was examined against both selected gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. Results indicated that the ligand Y and complexes 1 and 4 show good antibacterial effect against gram‐positive bacteria tested; besides, the inhibition zones of complexes were significantly larger than those of chloramphenicol as standard.
Impact of bank credit on exports to Association of South East Asian Nations countries: Empirical study of Vietnam
Authors: Trần Thị Thanh Tú , Nguyễn Thị Nhung , Nguyễn Phương Thảo , Bùi Trinh
Published: October 2019

Using 2012 and 2016 input–output tables, the paper aims to assess the dispersion effects of bank credit on value added created by exporting activities of 17 sectors from Vietnam to Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries. The research contributes to the literature with respect to the role of the banks on providing credit to export in developing countries. Despite the increasing demand for export credit to ASEAN countries in the period of 2013–2017, Vietnamese export credit only accounted for roughly 30% of total credit. The research results indicate that capital requirements for exporting are always higher than other activities and keep growing during the recent period. It shows the importance of bank loans for exporting activities in Vietnam. Moreover, according to the research, exports to ASEAN countries have greater dispersion impact than exporting to other countries, and capital requirements for exporting to ASEAN countries are also higher. This implies bank credit for exporting activities to ASEAN countries should be encouraged. As a result of empirical evidence regarding the power of dispersion and level of value added induced by the increase of final demand, the study recommends that Vietnam should pay more attention to potential target countries like Laos, Malaysia, and Thailand, as well as prioritize some business sectors related to agriculture and services for funding.
Salinity tolerance during early development of threatened Murray hardyhead (Craterocephalus fluviatilis) to guide environmental watering
Authors: Stoessel Daniel J. , Fairbrother Peter S. , Fanson Ben G. , Raymond Scott M.C. , Raadik Tarmo A. , Nicol Michael D. , Johnson Lauren A.
Published: October 2019

The worldwide reduction in wetlands has led to the large‐scale decline of wetland‐dependent species. In Australia, to redress some of the decline, partial restoration of the hydrology of a small number of wetlands has been attempted using allocations of environmental water.

A common goal of the watering is the maintenance and enhancement of native fish communities, which historically have included populations of the salt tolerant Murray hardyhead (Craterocephalus fluviatilis), a small, short‐lived fish, endemic to the lower Murray–Darling Basin.

Despite the addition of environmental water to several sites at which the species is known to persist, populations continue to decline. This decline is, at least in part, suspected to be a consequence of salinities that conflict with the breeding ecology and survival of early life stages.

Here the effect of salinity on egg hatch rate and the upper salinity tolerance of larval and juvenile Murray hardyhead was determined under laboratory conditions. It was found that eggs were vulnerable to elevated salinities, whereas juveniles were capable of tolerating salinities up to 105 ppt.

Based on the results of the experiment, brackish wetlands managed for Murray hardyhead should be maintained, where possible, between 12 and 45 ppt. Such a salinity regime will necessitate less intensive management of salinity, and a reduced volume of environmental water, providing both environmental and fiscal benefits. The research highlights the benefits of investment in targeted research.
Differential expression of transcripts with potential relevance to chlorantraniliprole response in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Authors: Dumas Pascal , Sambou Mariama , Gaudet Josée D. , Morin Mathieu D. , Moffat Chandra E. , Boquel Sébastien , Jr Morin Pier
Published: October 2019

The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata [Say]) is an insect pest that can significantly harm potato plants worldwide. Control of this insect relies heavily on chemical insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole. Nevertheless, the complete molecular signature associated with response to this compound is lacking in L. decemlineata. In this study, amplification and quantification by qRT‐PCR (quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction) of targets relevant to chlorantraniliprole were undertaken in insects exposed to this chemical. This approach showed modulation of numerous cytochrome P450s, such as CYP350D1 and CYP4Q3, as well as upregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs), including miR‐1‐3p and miR‐305‐5p, in chlorantraniliprole‐exposed insects. Functional assessment of transcript targets predicted to be regulated by these miRNAs was performed and revealed their likely impact on transcriptional regulation. RNAi‐based targeting of CYP350D1 notably provided preliminary evidence of its underlying implication for chlorantraniliprole response in L. decemlineata. Overall, this study strengthens the current knowledge of the molecular changes linked to chlorantraniliprole response in L. decemlineata and provides novel targets with potential relevance to chlorantraniliprole susceptibility in this insect pest of global relevance.
Diarylprolinol‐Mediated Asymmetric Direct Cross‐Aldol Reaction of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehyde as an Electrophilic Aldehyde
Authors: Hayashi Yujiro , Nagai Kaito , Umemiya Shigenobu
Published: October 2019

The diarylprolinol‐mediated asymmetric direct cross‐aldol reaction of α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde as an electrophilic aldehyde was developed. The reaction becomes accelerated by an acid when a carbonyl group is introduced at the γ‐position of the α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde. Synthetically useful γ,δ‐unsaturated β‐hydroxy aldehydes were obtained with high anti‐selectivity and excellent enantioselectivity.
Evaluation of scientific complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor sensors for sky survey applications
Authors: Karpov Sergey , Bajat Armelle , Christov Asen , Prouza Michael
Published: October 2019

Scientific complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors are a modern alternative for typical charge‐coupled device detectors, as they offer low read‐out noise, large sensitive area, and high frame rates. All these make them promising devices for a modern wide‐field sky surveys. However, the peculiarities of CMOS technology have to be properly taken into account when analyzing the data. In order to characterize these, we performed extensive laboratory testing of Andor Marana scientific CMOS (sCMOS) camera. Here, we report its results, especially on the temporal stability and linearity, and compare it with the previous versions of Andor sCMOS cameras. We also present the results of an on‐sky testing of this sensor connected to a wide‐field lens and discuss its applications for astronomical sky surveys.
Transient detection capabilities of small satellite gamma‐ray detectors
Authors: Bagoly Zsolt , Balázs Lajos G. , Galgóczi Gábor , Ohno Masanori , Pál András , Řípa Jakub , Tóth L. Viktor , Werner Norbert
Published: October 2019

The new, small satellite‐based gamma‐ray detectors, like Cubesats Applied for MEasuring and Localizing Transients, will provide a new way to detect gamma transients in the multimessenger era. The efficiency and the detection capabilities of such a system will be compared with current missions, for example, Fermi Gamma‐ray Burst Monitor (GBM). We used the Fermi GBM's observed short gamma‐ray burst light curves aggregated from observed discrete detector event for the simulation input. The corresponding direction‐dependent detector response matrices were used to generate photon counts and light curves around a simulated event, enabling to determine the statistics. This method can be used in the future for trigger algorithm and detector system development, and also to estimate the efficiency of the data analysis pipeline regarding the observable gamma‐ray bursts' parameters as well as other electromagnetic transients.
Konzeptionierung und Errichtung eines originalmaßstäblichen Parabolrinnenkollektors aus Hochleistungsbeton
Authors: Penkert Sebastian , Forman Patrick , Mark Peter , Schnell Jürgen
Published: October 2019

Parabolrinnen sind die etablierteste Technologie konzentrierender solarthermischer Kraftwerke, welche die direkte solare Strahlung linienartig zur nachträglichen Stromerzeugung mittels Kraftwerksblock bündeln (Concentrated Solar Power). Bisherige Kollektoren bestehen überwiegend aus Stahlfachwerken, die parabolisch gekrümmte Spiegel punktartig stützen. Dabei entsteht eine Trennung von Trag‐ und Reflektorstruktur. Diese Separation wurde durch eine Betonschale mit einem kleinformatigen Demonstrator aus Hochleistungsbeton mit neuartiger Abrolllagerung aufgehoben [3]. Im Projekt ConSol („Concrete Solar Collector“) wurde von einem Konsortium unter Führung des Deutschen Zentrums für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR) dieses konzeptionelle Design aufgegriffen und auf originalmaßstäbliche Parabolrinnen mit einer Aperturweite von 5,77 m und einer Gesamtlänge von 24 m weiterentwickelt. Dazu wurde eine verformungsoptimierte, filigrane Betonschale von nur i. M. 4,5 cm Dicke entwickelt, welche auf einer sichelförmigen Abrolllagerung der Sonne nachgeführt wird. Ein Kippen bzw. Abrutschen wird durch Betonverzahnungen verhindert. Die Nachführung gelingt über ein eigens entwickeltes Antriebssystem mit Kettenverbindungen und einer Leistung von nur 180 W. Eine Qualifizierung der optischen Wirksamkeit erfolgte mithilfe digitaler Nahbereichsphotogrammetrie.
Querkrafttragfähigkeit carbonbewehrter Betonbauteile ohne Querkraftbewehrung
Authors: Ghadioui Redouan El , Graubner Carl‐Alexander
Published: October 2019

Faserverstärkte Kunststoffe bzw. Faserverbundkunststoffe (FVK) als Bewehrung für Betonbauteile im konstruktiven Ingenieurbau gewinnen immer mehr an Bedeutung. Sie unterscheiden sich im Vergleich zu konventioneller Betonstahlbewehrung hinsichtlich des Elastizitätsmoduls, der hohen möglichen Zugfestigkeiten sowie des Verbundverhaltens. Wenn Betondruckversagen ausgeschlossen wird, verringert sich bei gleichem mechanischem Längsbewehrungsgrad und damit einhergehend gleicher Biegetragfähigkeit durch die hohe Zugfestigkeit der erforderliche Bewehrungsquerschnitt und damit auch der geometrische Längsbewehrungsgrad. Dieser Effekt führt zu einer verringerten Querkrafttragfähigkeit und vergrößerten Rissbreiten und ‐abständen.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Betonbauteilen ohne Querkraftbewehrung vorgestellt und ausgewertet. Bei den Bauteilen handelt es sich zum einen um Bauteile mit plattenförmigem Querschnitt und textiler Carbonbewehrung und zum anderen um Balken mit Carbonstäben. Für einen direkten Vergleich zu konventionell bewehrten Bauteilen wurden Referenzversuche mit Betonstahl und vergleichbarem mechanischem Bewehrungsgrad durchgeführt. Neben einer detaillierten Beschreibung der Kennwerte der verwendeten Materialien sowie einem direkten Vergleich des Trag‐ und Verformungsverhaltens der Bauteile erfolgt eine Auswertung des Rissverhaltens. Abschließend wird der Einfluss des Bewehrungsgrads auf die Querkrafttragfähigkeit dargestellt und die daraus resultierenden Schlussfolgerungen zusammengefasst.
Ancestral Eukaryotes Reproduced Asexually, Facilitated by Polyploidy: A Hypothesis
Authors: Maciver Sutherland K.
Published: October 2019

The notion that eukaryotes are ancestrally sexual has been gaining attention. This idea comes in part from the discovery of sets of “meiosis‐specific genes” in the genomes of protists. The existence of these genes has persuaded many that these organisms may be engaging in sex, even though this has gone undetected. The involvement of sex in protists is supported by the view that asexual reproduction results in the accumulation of mutations that would inevitably result in the decline and extinction of such lineages. It is argued that this phenomenon can be obviated by polyploidy and that the “meiosis‐specific genes” are used in other processes, including polyploidy control and homologous recombination, independent of meiosis. These phenomena account for the finding that these genes are expressed in cultures devoid of apparent cell fusion events. Hence, it is also proposed that asexual, and not sexual, reproduction is the ancestral condition.
50 bp deletion in promoter superoxide dismutase 1 gene and increasing risk of cardiovascular disease in Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorder cohort study
Authors: Darroudi Susan , Tajbakhsh Amir , Esmaily Habibollah , Ghazizadeh Hamideh , Zamani Parvin , Sadabadi Fatemeh , Tayefi Maryam , Tayefi Batool , Fereydouni Narges , Mouhebati Mohsen , Akbari Sark Noushin , Avan Amir , Ferns Gordon A. , Mohammadpour Amir H. , Asadi Zahra , Ghayour‐Mobarhan Majid
Published: October 2019

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the main mortality causes worldwide is considered to be affected by general oxidative stress and inadequacy antioxidant system. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), a cytosolic antioxidant enzyme has a key role in neutralizing the excessive prooxidant by scavenging the super oxide anions. SOD1 polymorphic variants exhibit the altered activity properties. In the current study, we are aimed to investigate the association between the SOD1 polymorphism and CVD prevalence. A 6‐years case control follow up study was designed to genotype the 526 participants (311 controls and 215 cases) for studying the 50 bp INS/DEL polymorphism at SOD1 promoter gene and analyze their blood lipid profile and anthropometric characteristics. Among the two possible alleles of the SOD1 gene (Wild [W] and Mutant [M]) the meaningful association was detected between the Mutants’ frequency and the prevalence of CVD patients (p‐value <.001). The W and M allele refer to inserted and deleted 50 bp in the polymorphic site of the SOD1 promoter, respectively. The WM and MM genotypes' frequency which indicate the wild heterozygotes and Mutant homozygotes, respectively, were significantly correlated with the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (p‐value <.001). The present study has the potential to introduce the 50 bp INS/DEL polymorphism of SOD1 genotyping as a novel unique diagnostic approach for screening the high risk CVD.
Chemotherapy treatments, costs of care, and survival for patients diagnosed with small cell lung cancer: A SEER‐Medicare study
Authors: Shao Changxia , He Jinghua , Kachroo Sumesh , Jin Fan
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The effectiveness and costs of new treatments should be assessed in relation to existing practice. We describe treatments, survival and costs for advanced or metastatic small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients receiving systemic therapy in the period preceding the introduction of immunotherapies.

Materials and Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of patients aged ≥65 years, identified using linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results and Medicare databases. Individuals with a new primary diagnosis of SCLC between January 2007 and December 2013 were followed until December 2014. Chemotherapy treatments, health care visits and costs (in 2016 USD), and survival were determined by line of therapy.

Results

A total of 11 812 patients were identified with SCLC. First‐line (1L) chemotherapy was received by 6509 (55.1%) patients, most (93.2%) with carboplatin‐ (71.0%) or cisplatin‐ (22.2%) based therapies, typically combined with etoposide (79.2%). Second‐ (2L) and third‐ (3L) line chemotherapies were received by 2238 (18.9%) and 679 (5.7%) patients, of which 48.4% and 30.9%, respectively, were platinum‐based. The median durations of 1L, 2L, and 3L carboplatin‐based therapies were 5.9, 4.8, and 5.4 months, respectively, and the corresponding durations of cisplatin‐based therapies were 5.3, 4.2, and 5.3 months. During 1L, 2L, and 3L chemotherapies, patients averaged 8.2, 7.4, and 7.3 health care visits per month, respectively, and incurred total mean health care costs of $60 223, $42 636, and $35 903 per patient, respectively. Median survival from the start of 1L, 2L, and 3L chemotherapy was 9.2, 6.0, and 5.7 months, respectively.

Conclusion

First‐line chemotherapy was primarily platinum‐based, and a plethora of different regimens was used for 2L and 3L chemotherapies. Median survival from the start of 1L chemotherapy was 9 months, with an associated health care cost of $60 000. These data highlight an unmet medical need among SCLC patients receiving systemic therapy.