bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dermal lipofibromatosis‐like neural tumor
Authors: Llamas‐Velasco Mar , Itlinger‐Monshi Babak , Flucke Uta , Mentzel Thomas
Published: February 2022

Background

Lipofibromatosis‐like neural tumor (LPF‐NT) is a rare soft tissue typically occurring in the subcutis, characterized by a cellular proliferation of CD34‐ and S100‐protein positive spindle‐shaped tumor cells with an infiltrative growth pattern.

Objective

To describe five cases arising mainly in the dermis in order to expand their morphologic spectrum.

Methods

H&E slides were reviewed, and all cases were stained for CD34, SOX10, S100, ALK, and NTRK1 and some of them with additional staining.

Results

Patients were three males and two females with a mean age of 44.8 years (14–68 years). Histopathologically, all cases were characterized by a dense dermal infiltration by monomorphous, mildly atypical, plump to spindle‐shaped tumor cells, staining diffusely positive for CD34, S100, and NTRK1 but were negative for S100, EMA, NKIC3, MNF116, SMA, ALK, and desmin.

Limitations

Limited clinical information.

Conclusion

LPL‐NT can be located mainly in the dermis. Sixty percent of our cases showed typical areas of LPL‐NT intermingled with more plump cells like the ones in fibrous hamartoma of infancy. We recommend a panel of CD34, S100, and NTRK1 antibodies not only in subcutaneous spindle cell neoplasms but also in the ones predominantly involving the dermis in order to make an accurate diagnosis.
Transactional longitudinal relations between accuracy and reaction time on a measure of cognitive flexibility at 5, 6, and 7 years of age
Authors: Dumont Émilie , Castellanos‐Ryan Natalie , Parent Sophie , Jacques Sophie , Séguin Jean R. , Zelazo Philip David
Published: February 2022

Whereas accuracy is used as an indicator of cognitive flexibility in preschool‐age children, reaction time (RT), or a combination of accuracy and RT, provide better indices of performance as children transition to school. Theoretical models and cross‐sectional studies suggest that a speed‐accuracy tradeoff may be operating across this transition, but the lack of longitudinal studies makes this transition difficult to understand. The current study explored the longitudinal and bidirectional associations between accuracy and RT on the DCCS (mixed block) at 5, 6, and 7 years of age using cross‐lagged panel analyses. The study also examined the roles of working memory and language, as potential longitudinal mediators between RT at Time X and accuracy at Time X + 1, and explored the role of inhibitory control. The sample consisted of 425 children from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. Results show lagged associations from slower RT to greater improvements in accuracy between 5 and 6 years and between 6 and 7 years. Further, higher accuracy at 6 years predicted faster RT at 7 years. Only working memory acted as a partial mediator between RT at 5 years and accuracy at 6 years. These results provide needed longitudinal evidence to support theoretical claims that slower RT precedes improved accuracy in the development of cognitive flexibility, that working memory may be involved in the early stage of this process, and that accuracy and reaction time become more efficient in later stages of this process.
Beyond rich and poor: Identifying global development constellations
Authors: Hackenesch Christine , Koch Svea , Ziaja Sebastian
Published: February 2022

Motivation

The COVID‐19 pandemic is the most recent instance of global development problems being liable to occur anywhere, challenging the assumption of a world divided into “developed” and “developing” countries. Recent scholarship has increasingly opted for the term “global development” to capture this changing geography of development problems.

Purpose

Our article contributes to these debates by proposing a novel empirical approach to localize global development problems in country contexts worldwide.

Methods and approach

Our approach rests on a universal understanding of “development.” We identify countries that are particularly relevant for global problem‐solving and consider not only the problem dimension but also countries' capacities to address these problems.

Findings

Our results show that countries with the most severe combinations of problems cover a range as broad as Afghanistan, Nigeria, and the United States. Two thirds of countries with above‐average contributions to global problems are governed by authoritarian regimes. We also find that middle income countries, whether lower‐middle or upper‐middle as defined by the World Bank, have little in common apart from their income level.

Policy implications

Our analysis shows that traditional development concepts of a binary world order and of foreign aid as financial transfer to remedy imbalances are not enough to address constellations of global problems and capacity that have long evolved beyond rich and poor.
Short‐ and long‐term outcome and predictors in an international cohort of patients with neuro‐COVID‐19
Authors: Beghi Ettore , Helbok Raimund , Ozturk Serefnur , Karadas Omer , Lisnic Vitalie , Grosu Oxana , Kovács Tibor , Dobronyi Levente , Bereczki Daniel , Cotelli Maria Sofia , Turla Marinella , Davidescu Eugenia Irene , Popescu Bogdan Ovidiu , Valzania Franco , Cavallieri Francesco , Ulmer Hanno , Maia Luis F. , Amodt Anne Hege , Armon Carmel , Brola Waldemer , Victoria Gryb , Riahi Anis , Krehan Ingomar , von Oertzen Tim , Azab Mohammed A , Crean Michael , Lolich Maria , Lima Maria João , Sellner Johann , Perneczky Julian , Jenkins Tom , Meoni Sara , Bianchi Elisa , Moro Elena , Bassetti Claudio L. A. ,   the ENERGY Study Group
Published: February 2022

Background and purpose

Despite the increasing number of reports on the spectrum of neurological manifestations of COVID‐19 (neuro‐COVID), few studies have assessed short‐ and long‐term outcome of the disease.

Methods

This is a cohort study enrolling adult patients with neuro‐COVID seen in neurological consultation. Data were collected prospectively or retrospectively in the European Academy of Neurology NEuro‐covid ReGistrY ((ENERGY). The outcome at discharge was measured using the modified Rankin Scale and defined as ‘stable/improved’ if the modified Rankin Scale score was equal to or lower than the pre‐morbid score, ‘worse’ if the score was higher than the pre‐morbid score. Status at 6 months was also recorded. Demographic and clinical variables were assessed as predictors of outcome at discharge and 6 months.

Results

From July 2020 to March 2021, 971 patients from 19 countries were included. 810 (83.4%) were hospitalized. 432 (53.3%) were discharged with worse functional status. Older age, stupor/coma, stroke and intensive care unit (ICU) admission were predictors of worse outcome at discharge. 132 (16.3%) died in hospital. Older age, cancer, cardiovascular complications, refractory shock, stupor/coma and ICU admission were associated with death. 262 were followed for 6 months. Acute stroke or ataxia, ICU admission and degree of functional impairment at discharge were predictors of worse outcome. 65/221 hospitalized patients (29.4%) and 10/32 non‐hospitalized patients (24.4%) experienced persisting neurological symptoms/signs. 10/262 patients (3.8%) developed new neurological complaints during the 6 months of follow‐up.

Conclusions

Neuro‐COVID is a severe disease associated with worse functional status at discharge, particularly in older subjects and those with comorbidities and acute complications of infection.
Higher temperature sensitivity of flowering than leaf‐out alters the time between phenophases across temperate tree species
Authors: Geng Xiaojun , Fu Yongshuo H. , Piao Shilong , Hao Fanghua , De Boeck Hans J. , Zhang Xuan , Chen Shouzhi , Guo Yahui , Prevéy Janet S. , Vitasse Yann , Peñuelas Josep , Janssens Ivan A. , Stenseth Nils Chr.
Published: February 2022

Aim

The aims of this study were to evaluate the changes in the length of the time period between leaf‐out and flowering across temperate tree species, and associate these changes with potential physiological and environmental drivers to enhance mechanistic insight into these phenomena.

Location

Central Europe.

Time period

1980–2016.

Major taxa studied

Six temperate woody species.

Methods

Statistical analyses were carried out based on long‐term ground observations of both spring leaf‐out and flowering across temperate tree species during 1980–2016, a period characterized by rapid warming.

Results

The temperature sensitivity of flowering (−5.4 ± 0.04 days/℃, mean ± SE) was higher than that of leaf‐out (−4.6 ± 0.04 days/℃) across all species, regardless of whether leaf‐out occurred before or after flowering. This study postulates a hypothesis attributing the different temperature sensitivities to different thermal sensitivities, thermal requirements, and photoperiodic controls.

Main conclusions

The larger temperature sensitivity of flowering than leaf‐out resulted in an extended time period between flowering and leaf‐out in species that bloom before leafing out, but a shorter time period between these phenophases in species with the opposite strategy. We would like to emphasize the importance of changes in time period between different phenophases, and we recommend conducting experimental research to reveal the underlying mechanisms of plant phenology response to climate change, and to explore its potential ecological implications.
THE VIEW FROM 1933: ERNST TOLLER'S EINE JUGEND IN DEUTSCHLAND AS EXILE LITERATURE – ON THE FINAL AMENDMENTS BEFORE PUBLICATION OF THE BOOK EDITION
Authors: Langemeyer Peter
Published: February 2022

Until now it has in the main only been possible to identify the changes that Toller made to Eine Jugend in Deutschland during his exile by comparing the two book editions. This showed that Toller's edits were restricted to the paratexts. The two complete text versions that have recently been rediscovered – one typescript in the Bavarian State Library in Munich and one copy in the Berner Tagwacht, which represent stages of the text that are older than the book version – make it possible for the first time to verify larger edits that Toller introduced for the first book edition. This article shows that the changes made by Toller after the publication of the first book edition, which, as Wolfgang Frühwald asserted, shifted ‘die Akzente von der literarisch‐ästhetischen Ebene stärker auf die kämpferisch‐propagandistische’, continue a tendency that can in fact be dated back to the months or even weeks immediately before the publication of the book. It is not only the second edition of Eine Jugend in Deutschland that can be identified as a ‘book of exile’, as researchers maintained because of the absence of complete preliminary versions, but also the first edition; the ‘Blick 1933’ characterises both the introduction and the main body of the work.
Physcomitrium patens pentatricopeptide repeat protein PpPPR_32 is involved in the accumulation of psaC mRNA encoding the iron sulfur protein of photosystem I
Authors: Suzuki Ryo , Sugita Chieko , Aoki Setsuyuki , Sugita Mamoru
Published: February 2022

Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are involved in RNA metabolism and also play a role in posttranscriptional regulation during plant organellar gene expression. Although a hundred of PPR proteins exist in the moss Physcomitrium patens, their functions are not fully understood. Here, we report the function of P‐class PPR protein PpPPR_32 in P. patens. A transient expression assay using green fluorescent protein demonstrated that the N‐terminal region of PpPPR_32 functions as a chloroplast‐targeting transit peptide, indicating that PpPPR_32 is localized in chloroplasts. PpPPR_32 knockout mutants grew autotrophically but with reduced protonema growth and the poor formation of photosystem I (PSI) complexes. Quantitative real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and RNA gel blot hybridization analyses revealed a significant reduction in the transcript level of the psaC gene encoding the iron sulfur protein of PSI but no alteration to the transcript levels of other PSI genes. This suggests that PpPPR_32 is specifically involved in the expression level of the psaC gene. Our results indicate that PpPPR_32 is essential for the accumulation of psaC transcript and PSI complexes.
XRCC1 counteracts poly(ADP ribose)polymerase (PARP) poisons, olaparib and talazoparib, and a clinical alkylating agent, temozolomide, by promoting the removal of trapped PARP1 from broken DNA
Authors: Hirota Kouji , Ooka Masato , Shimizu Naoto , Yamada Kousei , Tsuda Masataka , Ibrahim Mahmoud Abdelghany , Yamada Shintaro , Sasanuma Hiroyuki , Masutani Mitsuko , Takeda Shunichi
Published: February 2022

Base excision repair (BER) removes damaged bases by generating single‐strand breaks (SSBs), gap‐filling by DNA polymerase β (POLβ), and resealing SSBs. A base‐damaging agent, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) is widely used to study BER. BER increases cellular tolerance to MMS, anti‐cancer base‐damaging drugs, temozolomide, carmustine, and lomustine, and to clinical poly(ADP ribose)polymerase (PARP) poisons, olaparib and talazoparib. The poisons stabilize PARP1/SSB complexes, inhibiting access of BER factors to SSBs. PARP1 and XRCC1 collaboratively promote SSB resealing by recruiting POLβ to SSBs, but XRCC1−/− cells are much more sensitive to MMS than PARP1−/− cells. We recently report that the PARP1 loss in XRCC1−/− cells restores their MMS tolerance and conclude that XPCC1 facilitates the release of PARP1 from SSBs by maintaining its autoPARylation. We here show that the PARP1 loss in XRCC1−/− cells also restores their tolerance to the three anti‐cancer base‐damaging drugs, although they and MMS induce different sets of base damage. We reveal the synthetic lethality of the XRCC1−/− mutation, but not POLβ−/−, with olaparib and talazoparib, indicating that XRCC1 is a unique BER factor in suppressing toxic PARP1/SSB complex and can suppress even when PARP1 catalysis is inhibited. In conclusion, XRCC1 suppresses the PARP1/SSB complex via PARP1 catalysis‐dependent and independent mechanisms.
A qualitative study of the health information seeking behaviour of adolescent girls in Iran indicates that public libraries could help supply information required about puberty
Authors: Taheri Abolfazl , Yousefianzadeh Omid , Saeedizadeh Marziyeh
Published: February 2022

Introduction

The present study aimed to identify the puberty related information seeking behaviour of adolescent female members of Zarrinshahr public libraries.

Methodology

Using a phenomenology approach, this study sought to identify the puberty related information seeking behaviours for a population of female adolescent public library patrons located in the Middle East. The data were collected via event based interviews and the samples were selected by purposeful sampling method. After converting the audio to text, the transcripts were imported into MAXQDA 10, they were coded and then, the relevant categories were extracted.

Results

The information needs of girls experiencing puberty were identified and divided into four thematic categories: health issues, psychological issues, religious issues (religious precepts), and issues related to physical activity. Girls get this information from a variety of resources such as people, the Internet, social networks, documents, and libraries. The process of information seeking is so problematic for them because they are faced with content, family, social, and financial barriers and mainly lack Internet literacy and search skills.

Conclusion

Health information seeking constitutes the main part of adolescent girls’ daily lives. Identification of adolescent girls’ health information needs, the main channels of information seeking, and the barriers the girls face while information seeking can help public libraries adopt the right policies regarding the provision of health information services.
Distinguishing activated T regulatory cell and T conventional cells by single‐cell technologies
Authors: Reinhardt Julia , Sharma Virag , Stavridou Antigoni , Lindner Annett , Reinhardt Susanne , Petzold Andreas , Lesche Mathias , Rost Fabian , Bonifacio Ezio , Eugster Anne
Published: February 2022

Resting conventional T cells (Tconv) can be distinguished from T regulatory cells (Treg) by the canonical markers FOXP3, CD25 and CD127. However, the expression of these proteins alters after T‐cell activation leading to overlap between Tconv and Treg. The objective of this study was to distinguish resting and antigen‐responsive T effector (Tconv) and Treg using single‐cell technologies. CD4+ Treg and Tconv cells were stimulated with antigen and responsive and non‐responsive populations processed for targeted and non‐targeted single‐cell RNAseq. Machine learning was used to generate a limited set of genes that could distinguish responding and non‐responding Treg and Tconv cells and which was used for single‐cell multiplex qPCR and to design a flow cytometry panel. Targeted scRNAseq clearly distinguished the four‐cell populations. A minimal set of 27 genes was identified by machine learning algorithms to provide discrimination of the four populations at >95% accuracy. In all, 15 of the genes were validated to be differentially expressed by single‐cell multiplex qPCR. Discrimination of responding Treg from responding Tconv could be achieved by a flow cytometry strategy that included staining for CD25, CD127, FOXP3, IKZF2, ITGA4, and the novel marker TRIM which was strongly expressed in Tconv and weakly expressed in both responding and non‐responding Treg. A minimal set of genes was identified that discriminates responding and non‐responding CD4+ Treg and Tconv cells and, which have identified TRIM as a marker to distinguish Treg by flow cytometry.
Synthesis and thermophysical properties of ATa2O6 (A = Co, Ni, Mg, Ca) tantalates with robust CMAS resistance
Authors: Li Baihui , Chen Lin , Luo Keren , Guo Jun , Wang Jiankun , Zhang Luyang , Feng Jing
Published: February 2022

A new family of ceramic environmental/thermal barrier coating (E/TBC) materials, that is, ATa2O6 (A = Co, Ni, Mg, Ca), for high‐temperature applications, are investigated and reported in this study. We focus on the synthesis and features of crystal structures, and on the mechanical and high‐temperature properties. ATa2O6 oxides have an extraordinary phase stability (up to 1300°C), and their thermal expansion coefficients (6.2–7.3 × 10−6 K−1) match those of SiC fiber‐enhanced SiC ceramic matrix composites (3–7 × 10−6 K−1). Their low thermal conductivities (min: 1.15 W·m−1·K−1) root in the slow phonon spreading speed and fierce phonon‐phonon scattering process, and they will provide exceptional thermal insulation. Moreover, their hardness (5.6–8.8 GPa), toughness (1.4–1.9 MPa·m1/2), and moduli (100–210 GPa) have good comparability with current E/TBCs. We propose the 33CaO‐9MgO‐13AlO1.5‐45SiO2 (CMAS) corrosion mechanisms of ATa2O6 ceramics, and their robust CMAS resistance relies on the phase stability of CaTa2O6 oxides. The excellent high‐temperature properties ensure that ATa2O6 can be used as E/TBCs to provide thermal insulation and CMAS corrosion protection.
Comparing the Taiwanese learning effects of Shaking‐On and Kahoot!
Authors: Hong Jon‐Chao , Tai Kai‐Hsin , Luo Wan‐Lun , Sher Yung‐Ji , Kao Yi‐Wen
Published: February 2022

Background

Many gamification applications (apps) have been designed to motivate students to learn particular content. Based on the brain activation approach, the present study adapted an app, named Shaking‐On, which requires students to shake their mobile devices to send their answers to multiple‐choice questions to the teacher. Students then learn from their performance.

Objectives

To understand how this approach can stimulate participants' emotions when achieving their learning goals, the present study compared Shaking‐On to Kahoot! by checking participants' gameplay anxiety, learning interest, perceived learning value, and learning achievement while learning the Taiwanese language.

Methods

The students were divided into two groups to play with one of the two apps, Shaking‐On or Kahoot!, as part of a quasi‐experimental study in which they used the assigned app six times in 6 weeks. Moreover, a questionnaire was distributed to participants and 151 useful responses from the Shaking‐On group, and 148 from the Kahoot! group were returned.

Results and Conclusions

After statistical analysis, the results of this study revealed that besides no difference in gameplay anxiety when comparing the two groups of students, there were significant differences in game interest, flow experience, perceived learning value, and learning achievement, further indicating that Shaking‐On with hands‐on shaking outperformed Kahoot!.
Optimization of the sampling method to monitor Drosophila suzukii infestation in vineyards
Authors: Kehrli Patrik , Monnier Jérémy , Vonlanthen Olivier , Cara Corrado , Jelmini Luca , Steiner Theresa , Stäheli Nicola , Linder Christian
Published: February 2022

Drosophila suzukii is a highly polyphagous pest species that can also attack grape. To prevent economic damage in vineyards, it is important to detect D. suzukii infestation early in order to protect grapes efficiently. Here, we firstly examined if peripheral zones adjacent to natural habitats and central zones within a vineyard differ in infestation levels, and, secondly, where within a grape cluster most eggs are laid. Among the eight infested vineyards studied, seven had higher D. suzukii infestation levels in peripheral zones adjacent to hedgerows, forests or gardens. Females laid 2.0‐fold more eggs on berries in the interior of grape clusters than on berries on the exterior of the cluster. Based on the finding that berries in the interior of grape clusters are more vulnerable, we developed a novel sampling method to estimate D. suzukii infestation level in vineyards more effectively. The so‐called ‘whole cluster method’ consists of a representative but random collection of five grape clusters per plot and a visual inspection of five berries each from the inner and outer part of a cluster totalling 50 checked berries per plot. We then compared our newly developed method to two established sampling methods to estimate D. suzukii infestations (i.e. ‘single berry method’ and ‘cluster fragment method’), which rarely collect and inspect berries from the interior of clusters. In 87 comparisons conducted in 35 different plots, the ‘whole cluster method’ was the most sensitive sampling method as the calculated mean infestation rate was highest and it identified eggs earlier and in more samples than the other two methods. We therefore believe that the ‘whole cluster method’ is currently the most effective method to assess D. suzukii infestations in commercial vineyards.
Pragmatic Trials in Long‐Term Care: Implementation and Dissemination Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Levy Cari , Zimmerman Sheryl , Mor Vincent , Gifford David , Greenberg Sherry A. , Klinger Juliet Holt , Lieblich Cathy , Linnebur Sunny , McAllister Angie , Nazir Arif , Pace Douglas , Stone Robyn , Resnick Barbara , Sloane Philip D. , Ouslander Joseph , Gaugler Joseph E.
Published: February 2022

Randomized controlled trials are considered the most rigorous research design in efficacy and effectiveness research; however, such trials present numerous challenges that limit their applicability in real‐world settings. As a consequence, pragmatic trials are increasingly viewed as a research design that overcomes some of these barriers with the potential to produce findings that are more reproducible. Although pragmatic methodology in long‐term care is receiving increasing attention as an approach to improve successful dissemination and implementation, pragmatic trials present complexities of their own. To address these complexities and related issues, experts with experience conducting pragmatic trials, developing nursing home policy, participating in advocacy efforts, and providing clinical care in long‐term care settings participated in a virtual consensus conference funded by the National Institute on Aging in Spring 2021. Participants identified 4 cross‐cutting principles key to dissemination and implementation of pragmatic trial interventions: (1) stakeholder engagement, (2) diversity and inclusion, (3) organizational strain and readiness, and (4) learn from adaptations. Participants emphasized that implementation processes must be grounded in the perspectives of the people who will ultimately be responsible for implementing the intervention once it is proven to be effective. In addition, messaging must speak to long‐term care staff and all others who have a stake in its outcomes. Although our understanding of dissemination and implementation strategies remains underdeveloped, this article is designed to guide long‐term care researchers and community providers who are increasingly aware of the need for pragmatism in disseminating and implementing evidence‐based care interventions.
Reconciling communication repertoires: navigating interactions involving persons with severe/profound intellectual disability, a classic grounded theory study
Authors: Martin A.‐M. , Andrews T. , Goldbart J. , Landers M.
Published: February 2022

Background

A rights‐based agenda, informed by the UNCRPD, that advocates person‐centredness, inclusion, empowerment and self‐determination is shaping service provision to people with intellectual disability (ID). Listening to their perspectives is fundamental to meeting these goals. However, communication with people with severe/profound ID is challenging and difficult. Therefore, this study aims to generate a theory that explains how people communicate with and understand each other in these interactions.

Methods

Classic grounded theory (CGT) methodology was used as it recognises that knowledge can be captured rather than interpreted. According to CGT, capturing rather than interpreting experiences strengthens findings, particularly in relation to participants with severe/profound ID. Concurrent theoretical sampling, data collection and analysis were undertaken. Twenty‐two individuals participated in the study: 3 people with severe/profound ID and 19 people with whom they interact. Data were collected over a 9‐month period and involved video recordings, field notes, individual and group interviews. Data were analysed using CGT methods of coding, constant comparison and memoing.

Results

The Theory of Reconciling Communication Repertoires was generated. Nurturing a sense of belonging emerged as the main concern and core category that is resolved by reconciling communication repertoires. A communication repertoire refers to the cache of communication skills a person has available to them. To reconcile repertoires is to harmonise or make them compatible with each other in order to communicate. Interactions are navigated through five stages: motivation to interact, connection establishment, reciprocally engaging, navigating understanding and confusion resolution.

Conclusions

The Theory of Reconciling Communication Repertoires explains how interactions involving people with severe/profound ID are navigated. While this is a substantive rather than formal theory, it has the potential to inform practice, policy, management, education and research as it outlines how communication with people with severe/profound ID can take place to design, inform and plan person‐centred care.
Expectation‐Driven Cycles and the Changing Dynamics of Unemployment
Authors: D'AGOSTINO ANTONELLO , MENDICINO CATERINA , PUGLISI FEDERICO
Published: February 2022

This paper provides new evidence on the role of expectations for the change in unemployment dynamics over time. We show that unanticipated changes in expectations display large and persistent effects on the unemployment rate in the 2007–09 downturn, contributing to maintain unemployment high well after the most recent recession. We also find that the changes in the autocorrelation of the unemployment rate and its correlation with inflation generated by unanticipated changes in unemployment expectations help to rationalize the pattern observed in the data in the post‐1990 recessions.
Feeding tactics of resident Bryde's whales in New Zealand
Authors: Izadi Sahar , Aguilar de Soto Natacha , Constantine Rochelle , Johnson Mark
Published: February 2022

Large predators typically feed on proportionally sized prey but the world's largest animals, baleen whales, bulk feed on plankton and small fishes. While most baleen whales migrate to feed on polar aggregations of nutritious zooplankton prey, Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni brydei and B. e. edeni) inhabit less productive warm‐temperate waters with variable prey abundance and quality. Off New Zealand, Bryde's whales target both fish and zooplankton, some with lower calorific value. We use multisensor tags (n = 4) and visual observations from drones and boats (n = 52) to reveal that Bryde's whales employ specialized feeding tactics matched to prey type. Zooplankton‐feeding at the surface involved multiple head‐slaps that presumably aggregate zooplankton followed by a side‐lunge. Whales exploiting plankton patches swam in tight circles, performing up to 33 lunges (M = 5.5 ± 6.1) per feeding bout. In contrast, whales targeting fish performed faster vertical lunges. With both prey types, whales concluded lunges with a ~90° roll probably to minimize prey escape at the surface. The diet plasticity and dynamic behaviors of Bryde's whales are key to increasing their foraging efficiency. This may be essential for the whales to meet energetic demands year‐round with a variety of prey in New Zealand waters.
White‐matter microstructural alterations in patients with functional constipation: A tract‐based spatial statistics study
Authors: Hu Yang , Jia Zhenzhen , Zhang Lei , Zhang Zhida , Li Hao , Tan Zongxin , Lv Shuai , von Deneen Karen M. , Duan Shijun , Cui Guangbin , Nie Yongzhan , Zhang Yi
Published: February 2022

Background

Highly prevalent functional constipation (FC) belongs to the category of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated brain functional and morphometric changes in patients with FC. However, whether FC is associated with white‐matter (WM) microstructural alterations remains unclear.

Methods

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS) were introduced to investigate WM microstructural changes as calculated by fractional anisotropy (FA), mean (MD), axial (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) in 26 FC patients and 31 healthy controls.

Key Results

Patients with FC relative to healthy controls had significantly decreased FA with increased MD/RD in the genu (GCC) and body (BCC) of the corpus callosum, right cingulum (Cing), bilateral anterior corona radiata (ACR), bilateral superior corona radiata (SCR), and left posterior corona radiata (PCR) (pFWE < 0.05). Between‐group difference was only in the left SCR and PCR when regressing out anxiety and depression as covariates.

Conclusions and Inferences

These WM tracts are mainly responsible for sensory and emotional information communication and corresponding functional integration; thus, our findings indicate an association between FC and WM microstructural abnormalities in regions involved with visceral afferent and emotional‐arousal processing. Alterations in WM microstructures including the CC, cingulum, and ACR are more related to psychological symptoms than constipation, which might have greater impact on brain structures.
Pollination‐precision hypothesis: support from native honey bees and nectar bats
Authors: Stewart Alyssa B. , Diller Carolina , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B.
Published: February 2022

The evolution of floral traits is often considered to reflect selection for increased pollination efficiency. Known as the pollination‐precision hypothesis, increased pollination efficiency is achieved by enhancing pollen deposition on precise areas of the pollinator. Most research to date addressing this hypothesis has examined plant species that are a priori predicted to place pollen precisely, but we still lack comparisons with species predicted to have low pollination efficiency.

We studied 39 plant species with diverse floral morphologies and measured the precision of pollen placement on two pollinator groups: honey bees (genus Apis) and nectar bats (family Pteropodidae). Pollen was collected from four locations of each pollinator’s body (bees: dorsal thorax, ventral thorax, dorsal abdomen, ventral abdomen; bats: crown, face, chest, wing) to calculate pollen placement precision using Pielou’s evenness index. We also quantified variation in floral design by scoring floral symmetry, corolla fusion, floral orientation and stamen number.

We confirm the importance of four floral character states (bilateral symmetry, fused corollas, horizontal orientation and reduced stamen number) in promoting precise pollen placement on diverse pollinators.

Our findings provide phylogenetically corrected, empirical support that the evolution of the four floral characters reflect selection for enhanced precision of pollen placed on pollinators.
Charting platform capitalism: Definitions, concepts and ideologies
Authors: Liang Yin , Aroles Jeremy , Brandl Bernd
Published: February 2022

The term ‘platform capitalism’ captures a dynamic set of new work modalities that are mediated by platforms and have been brought about through advances in Information and Communication Technologies, adjustments in consumption modes and preferences, and changes in how work is conceived. Beyond work‐related changes, the ascent of platform capitalism reflects wider societal and political as well as economic changes. While research on platform capitalism and its manifold manifestations abounds, there is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding its key features and characteristics. Seeking to provide conceptual clarity and to contribute to efforts of theorization, we here analyse four main facets of platform capitalism, namely, crowdsourcing, sharing economy, gig economy and platform economy. We review key definitions of each term and provide an overview of their distinctive features. This allows us to identify both similarities and differences in the framing of these four terms. We also delve into the ideologies underlying these four terms, thus providing a critique of the neophilia characterizing the discourse framing platform capitalism.
Genomic comparison of malignant melanoma and atypical Spitz tumor in the pediatric population
Authors: Church Alanna J. , Moustafa Danna , Pinches Robert Seth , Hawryluk Elena B. , Schmidt Birgitta A. R.
Published: February 2022

Background/Objectives

The diagnostic distinction between atypical Spitz tumor (AST) and malignant melanoma (MM) in pediatric tumors is challenging. Molecular tests are increasingly used to characterize these neoplasms; however, limited studies are available in pediatric patients. This study aimed to provide a genomic comparison of pediatric MM and AST in the context of comprehensive clinical annotation.

Methods

Pediatric patients diagnosed with MM (n=11) and AST (n=12) were compared to a cohort of 693 adult melanoma patients. DNA next‐generation sequencing assessed kinase gene fusions, tumor mutational burden, sequence variants, copy number alterations, structural variants, microsatellite instability, and mutational signatures.

Results

Seven AST cases and eight MM cases were successfully sequenced. Kinase gene fusions were identified in both the MM and AST cohorts (NTRK1, ROS1, and MET). MM cases had TERT, BRAF, and CDKN2A alterations, which were not identified in the AST cohort. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) analysis showed pediatric ASTs had an average of 2.82 mutations/Mb, pediatric MM had an average of 5.7 mutations/Mb, and adult MM cases averaged 18.8 mut/Mb. One pediatric MM case had an elevated TMB of 15 mutations/Mb and a UV mutational signature.

Conclusions

These data expand our understanding of pediatric malignant melanoma. The differences between the molecular signatures for AST and MM are not statistically significant, and histopathology remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of pediatric AST and MM at this time. With more data, molecular studies may provide additional support for diagnosis and targeted therapeutics.
Does immigration enforcement affect whereless‐educatedUS natives and Hispanic immigrants live?
Authors: Orrenius Pia M. , Zavodny Madeline
Published: February 2022

Previous research shows that unauthorized Hispanic immigrants are less likely to live in areas that implement tough immigration enforcement policies. Less is known about whether such policies affect where US citizens live. We examine whether implementation of employment‐ and police‐based enforcement measures affected less‐educated US citizens' and unauthorized Hispanic immigrants' interstate mobility during 2006–2018. The results indicate that Hispanic US citizens are repelled from states with police‐based enforcement, with the impact on inflows versus outflows depending on whether they are married to an unauthorized immigrant. White and Black US natives' mobility tends to respond less to enforcement measures. The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in OpenICPSR athttps://doi.org/10.3886/E158681V1. These data were derived from the following resources available in the public domain: IPUMS USA athttps://doi.org/10.18128/D010.V11.0.
Post-Strata Based on Sample Quantiles
Authors: Fuller Wayne A.
Published: February 2022

The standard method of creating post-strata is to define the boundaries of the strata on the basis of population characteristics of auxiliary variables. Estimation treats the post-strata as strata for standard stratified-sample estimation. Samples often contain empty post-strata requiring adjustment to the estimation procedure. To avoid empty post-strata, we propose using the sample distribution function of an auxiliary variable to define the post-strata. We show that the large-sample efficiency of the sample-based post-stratification procedure is the same as that of the equivalently defined population-based procedure. In the simulation, the sample-based procedure was slightly more efficient than the classical procedure. The Monte Carlo coverage of a nominal 95% interval was approximately 95% for the sample-based procedure and approximately 94% for the classical procedure.
Acute physiological and psychophysical responses to different modes of heat stress
Authors: Campbell Holly A. , Akerman Ashley P. , Kissling Lorenz S. , Prout Jamie R. , Gibbons Travis D. , Thomas Kate N. , Cotter James D.
Published: February 2022

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

What are the profiles of acute physiological and psychophysical strain during and in recovery from different modes of heating, and to what extent do these diminish after repeated exposure?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Mode of heating affects the strain profiles during heat stress and recovery. Exercise in the heat incurred the greatest cardiovascular strain during heating and recovery. Humid heat was poorly tolerated despite heat strain being no greater than in other heating modes, and tolerance did not improve with multiple exposures.

Heat stress is common and arises endogenously and exogenously. It can be acutely hazardous while also increasingly advocated to drive health and performance‐related adaptations. Yet, the nature of strain (deviation in regulated variables) imposed by different heating modes is not well established, despite the potential for important differences. We, therefore, compared three modes of heat stress for thermal, cardiovascular and perceptual strain profiles during exposure and recovery when experienced as a novel stimulus and an accustomed stimulus. In a crossover design, 13 physically active participants (five females) underwent 5 days of 60‐min exposures to hot water immersion (40°C), sauna (55°C, 54% relative humidity) and exercise in the heat (40°C, 52% relative humidity), and a thermoneutral water immersion control (36.5°C), each separated by ≥4 weeks. Physiological (thermal, cardiovascular, haemodynamic) and psychophysical strain responses were assessed on days 1 and 5. Sauna evoked the warmest skin (40°C; P < 0.001) but exercise in the heat caused the largest increase in core temperature, sweat rate, heart rate (post hoc comparisons all P < 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (P ≤ 0.002), and possibly decrease in diastolic blood pressures (P ≤ 0.130), regardless of day. Thermal sensation and feeling state were more favourable on day 5 than on day 1 (P ≤ 0.021), with all modes of heat being equivalently uncomfortable (P ≥ 0.215). Plasma volume expanded the largest extent during immersions (P < 0.001). The current data highlight that exercising in the heat generates a more complex strain profile, while passive heat stress in humid heat has lower tolerance and more cardiovascular strain than hot water immersion.
Perceptual consequences of native and non-native clear speech
Authors: Kato Misaki , Baese-Berk Melissa M.
Published: February 2022

Native talkers are able to enhance acoustic characteristics of their speech in a speaking style known as “clear speech,” which is better understood by listeners than “plain speech.” However, despite substantial research in the area of clear speech, it is less clear whether non-native talkers of various proficiency levels are able to adopt a clear speaking style and if so, whether this style has perceptual benefits for native listeners. In the present study, native English listeners evaluated plain and clear speech produced by three groups: native English talkers, non-native talkers with lower proficiency, and non-native talkers with higher proficiency. Listeners completed a transcription task (i.e., an objective measure of the speech intelligibility). We investigated intelligibility as a function of language background and proficiency and also investigated the acoustic modifications that are associated with these perceptual benefits. The results of the study suggest that both native and non-native talkers modulate their speech when asked to adopt a clear speaking style, but that the size of the acoustic modifications, as well as consequences of this speaking style for perception differ as a function of language background and language proficiency.
Non-Time-Loss and Time-Loss Injuries in Secondary School Girls’ Volleyball Athletes: A Report From the National Athletic Treatment, Injury, and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program
Authors: Williams Richelle M. , Huxel Bliven Kellie C. , Morris Sarah N. , Boltz Adrian J. , Robison Hannah J. , Chandran Avinash , Snyder Valier Alison R.
Published: February 2022

Context: Volleyball is a popular sport with a risk of injury to the entire body. Insight into non-time-loss (NTL) and time-loss (TL) injuries is needed to inform seasonal injury trends that may lead to appropriate prevention and management strategies. This study provides a descriptive analysis of volleyball injuries among secondary school athletes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Data were collected from 72 secondary schools, representing 135 team seasons of data from the National Athletic Treatment, Injury, and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program (2014–2015 to 2018–2019 academic years). Injury counts, injury rates (IR) per 1000 athlete exposures (AEs), and incidence rate ratios (IRR) were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: In total, 529 injuries over 193,858 AEs for girls’ volleyball were captured, producing an IR of 2.73/1000AEs (95% CI = 2.50–2.96). The overall IR was highest during the preseason compared with regular season (IRR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.09–1.59). Overall IRs were higher in competition (IR: 3.56, 95% CI = 3.07–4.05) compared with practice (IR: 2.38, 95% CI = 2.12–2.64; IRR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.25–1.79). Common body locations injured were ankle (n = 141, 26.7%; NTL: n = 56, 21.7%; TL: n = 85, 31.7%), knee (n = 61, 11.5%; NTL: n = 33, 12.8%, TL: n = 28, 10.5%), hand/wrist (n = 59, 11.2%; NTL: n = 32, 12.4%, TL: n = 27, 10.1%), and head/face (n = 62, 11.7%; NTL: n = 14, 5.4%; TL: n = 47, 17.5%). Conclusions: Volleyball IRs were highest in preseason and during competition. Most injuries affected the lower-extremity which is notable considering the high upper-extremity load in volleyball. Consideration of strategies to reduce injuries prior to the start of the formal sports season may be needed to help reduce the incidence of preseason injuries.
Mobile Mega-Event Expertise in an “East Asian Era”
Authors: Horne John , Takahashi Yoshio
Published: February 2022

An “East Asian Era” is unfolding in the hosting of the Olympic and Paralympic Games and other sports, and nonsports, mega-events. In addition to three editions of the Olympics and Paralympics, several other not as large mega-events have been or are set to be staged in East Asia over the next 5 years. How long the interest in hosting sports mega-events will continue and, if it does, who will be involved in the production of these events are the questions explored in this article. The article consists of five sections. First, we outline the context in which the growth of sports mega-events in the past four decades has occurred. Second, we sketch the theoretical and methodological approaches we use drawing on mobilities research and actor–network theory. Third, studies of knowledge management and policy transfer and mobilities associated with sports mega-events are discussed as a way of understanding the development of mobile mega-event expertise. Fourth, we examine career mobilities, networks, and the extent to which an East Asian “Mega-Event Caravan” could be said to exist or be in formation. Finally, we draw preliminary conclusions and indicate where further research is required.
A circuit from dorsal hippocampal CA3 to parvafox nucleus mediates chronic social defeat stress–induced deficits in preference for social novelty
Authors: Liu Yang , Deng Si-Long , Li Liang-Xia , Zhou Zi-Xiang , Lv Qiu , Wang Zhong-Yuan , Wang Fang , Chen Jian-Guo
Published: February 2022

The preference for social novelty is crucial to the social life of humans and rodents. However, the neural mechanisms underlying social novelty preference are poorly understood. Here, we found that chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) reduced the preference for social novelty in mice by impairing the response of CaMKIIα
+
neurons in the CA3 region of dorsal hippocampus (dCA3) during approach to an unfamiliar mouse. The deficits of social novelty preference in CSDS-treated mice were reversed by activating the output from dCA3 to the GABAergic neurons in the lateral septum (LS). The activation of GABAergic projection from LS recruited a circuit that inhibited the Foxb1
+
neurons in the parvafox nucleus (PFN), which drove social avoidance by projecting to the lateral periaqueductal gray (lPAG). These results suggest that a previously unidentified circuit of dCA3
CaMKIIα+
→LS
GABA+
→PFN
Foxb1+
→lPAG mediates the deficits of social novelty preference induced by CSDS.
Convergent consequences of parthenogenesis on stick insect genomes
Authors: Jaron Kamil S. , Parker Darren J. , Anselmetti Yoann , Tran Van Patrick , Bast Jens , Dumas Zoé , Figuet Emeric , François Clémentine M. , Hayward Keith , Rossier Victor , Simion Paul , Robinson-Rechavi Marc , Galtier Nicolas , Schwander Tanja
Published: February 2022

The shift from sexual reproduction to parthenogenesis has occurred repeatedly in animals, but how the loss of sex affects genome evolution remains poorly understood. We generated reference genomes for five independently evolved parthenogenetic species in the stick insect genus
Timema
and their closest sexual relatives. Using these references and population genomic data, we show that parthenogenesis results in an extreme reduction of heterozygosity and often leads to genetically uniform populations. We also find evidence for less effective positive selection in parthenogenetic species, suggesting that sex is ubiquitous in natural populations because it facilitates fast rates of adaptation. Parthenogenetic species did not show increased transposable element (TE) accumulation, likely because there is little TE activity in the genus. By using replicated sexual-parthenogenetic comparisons, our study reveals how the absence of sex affects genome evolution in natural populations, providing empirical support for the negative consequences of parthenogenesis as predicted by theory.