bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local Times of Bernoulli Walk
Authors: de Vos J.C. , Vervaat W.
Published: May 2008

The joint probability generating functions of local times of Bernoulli walk at various stopping times are determined by simple functional equations. The results can be interpreted by means of branching processes with immigration satisfying the same equations. One way of working with these results is to specialize and evaluate the derived equations, but a more elegant and efficient way is to compare these equations with corresponding functional equations for branching processes.
Rank tests and random blocking of classified data
Authors: Engel J.
Published: May 2008

From the literature on nonparametric rank tests, limiting distributions of Wilcoxon's test tor symmetry and ot Friedman's test for treatment effect are known for observations that are classified in blocks. It is assumed that there is no interaction between blocks and treatments. In the case of fixed blocks this assumption is quite reasonable, in the case of random blocks it is not, as the presence of a random interaction does not make testing for treatment effect superfluous. For classified, categorical data in random blocks the limiting distribution will be derived in this paper of Wilcoxon's rank test in a model which includes a random interaction between blocks and treatments.

An illustration is given by some data from a judgement comparison experiment for the image quality of Video Long Play discs.
On a simple sequential decision problem
Authors: Scarsini M.
Published: May 2008

We consider a simple sequential problem that generalizes the gamble with a fair coin. A sequence [Xn] ot {0,1} r.v.'s is observed, and at each step the gambler can bet on either 0 or 1. The sequence (Xn) is assumed exchangeable. Except for the case of i.i.d. r.v.'s with even probability (the fair coin), there exists a strategy such that the cumulated expected gain diverges to +∞.
First‐Order Integer‐Valued Autoregressive (INAR (1)) Process: Distributional and Regression Properties
Authors: Alzaid A. , Al‐Osh M.
Published: May 2008

Some properties of a first‐order integer‐valued autoregressive process (INAR)) are investigated. The approach begins with discussing the self‐decomposability and unimodality of the 1‐dimensional marginals of the process {Xn} generated according to the scheme Xn=α°Xn‐i +en, where α°Xn‐1denotes a sum of Xn ‐ 1, independent 0 ‐ 1 random variables Y(n‐1), independent ofXn‐1withPr‐(y(n ‐ 1)= 1) = 1 ‐Pr(y(n‐i)= 0) =α. The distribution of the innovation process (en) is obtained when the marginal distribution of the process (Xn) is geometric. Regression behavior of the INAR(1) process shows that the linear regression property in the backward direction is true only for the Poisson INAR(1) process.
The asymptotic distribution of the sum of weighted squared residuals in binary choice models
Authors: Windmeijer F.A.G.
Published: May 2008

It is claimed by some authors that the distribution of the sum of weighted squared residuals, used as a goodness of fit measure in binary choice models, behaves for large n as a x2n– k–1 distribution. This claim seems to be based on a false analogy with the well–known Pearson x2 statistic for frequency tables with a fixed number of cells and cell sizes tending to infinity. We derive the asymptotic (normal) distribution and show that the approximation by the x2 distribution in general will not be valid. A new x2 test is proposed based on the asymptotic normality of the measure.
THE OPEC SPECIAL FUND: SOME BASIC FEATURES OF THE FUND AND ITS OPERATIONS
Authors: Shihata Ibrahim F. I.
Published: May 2008

The OPEC Special Fund presents the most outstanding example of a recently emerging phenomenon on the international economic scene; the establishment of multilateral financial facilities exclusively designed to assist non‐member countries, with the donors standing to gain no economic return. This paper delineates the basic features of this facility and the novel approach it introduces to international economic cooperation.
NORTH‐SOUTH DIALOGUE MUST END IN SUCCESS
Authors: Guerrero Manuel Perez
Published: May 2008

This article underlines the importance of a successful outcome of the forthcoming resumption of the North‐South Dialogue in Paris, and suggests that the prospects are at least more favourable than in the past.
A CONCEPT AND METHODOLOGY FOR EFFICIENT EXPLOITATION OF HYDROCARBON RESOURCES THROUGH DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM PRODUCTION PROFILE *
Authors: Al‐Hadithi Naman H.
Published: May 2008

The objective of this paper is to present a concept for consideration and elaboration relating t o mode of exploitation of hydrocarbon resources in OPEC Member Countries. This concept has been translated into a simple, flexible programme that could be easily utilized, and vatious scenarios could be used for clarification of consequences, depending on rhe choice ofparamerers applied.
OPEC AND THE STRATEGY OF EXPORT SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION
Authors: Alnasrawi Abbas
Published: May 2008

One of the most pressing policy objectives of oil producing countries is that of transforming a raw material producing! exporting economy to one that is capable of exporting semi‐processed, processed and manufactured goods. This policy objective was stressed by OPEC Secretary General Ali M. Jaidah when he addressed representatives of the international oil industry in October of last year in Vienna. On that occasion, the Secretary Generai spoke of the need for “the speedy transformation of the role of OPEC Member Countries from that of raw material exporters to manufacturers by carrying out certain downstream operations, especially with regard to refining and petrochemicals.” In this way, the Secretary General said, the national oil industries should become the central pivot in the process of industrialization. In the following article, Professor Alnasrawi outlines the main theoretical arguments for an industrialization strategy based on the concept of export substitution – i.e. placing the emphasis of development policy on non‐traditional, non‐primary exports; some of the difficulties which such a strategy is bound to encounter; and, finally, the applicability of that strategy to OPEC Member Countries.
THE IMPACT OF LANDSAT IMAGERY ON SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ORIENTATION
Authors: Halbouty Michel T.
Published: May 2008

Remotely sensed data from spacecraft (Land‐satellites) are enabling scientists in multi‐disciplines to obtain a greater knowledge of the Earth. In this absorbing Paper, one of the world's most outstanding geologists and petroleum engineers shows how data thus gathered has led to a vastly increased understanding of our planet's key resources – water, vegetation, soil and minerals, and to the detection of heretofore unknown and extremely important geological information. It has been found that the Earth's features have distinct and unique multi‐spectral light signatures and that these signatures can be identified and interpreted from data produced through the technique of remote sensing. Hundreds of scientists have analyzed and interpreted thousands of images, which studies have revealed that Landsat imagery would be most helpful in the search for much‐needed, harder‐to‐find reserves of minerals and energy producing substances, thereby improving the world's resource base in a shorter time and at a more reasonable cost than is now otherwise possible.
LIMA AND THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE THIRD WORLD
Authors: Khane Abd‐El Rahman
Published: May 2008

For nearly 25 years – from the end of the Second World War up to the beginning of the 1970s – the OECD countries enjoyed a rate of industrial expansion unparalleled in their history. That growth, and the prosperity it engendered, were based on oil, the cheapness and seeming inexhaustibility of which led, inevitably, to waste on a vast scale. The developing countries, on the other hand, remained in the backward state to which their own poverty and the indifference of the rich nations, had condemned them. Today, the plight of the non‐oil producing developing countries is, if anything, worse; their only hope lies in the creation of a new and more equitable international economic order; and it is with the efforts that are being made to bring this about, and the sacrifices which those efforts will call for on the part of both developing (including OPEC Member Countries) and developed countries, especially in the energy sector, that this article is concerned. Here, Dr. Khane examines the Lima target for the industrialization of the Third World and its energy dimension, and presents his views on the prospects of attainment.
VENEZUELAN EXPERIENCE AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN HEAVY OIL EXPLOITATION*
Authors: Borregales Carlos J.
Published: May 2008

For many years, very large heavy oil deposits have been known to exist in Venezuela, Canada and several other countries. Due to economical and technological factors, however, these deposits have not been significantly developed. Heavy oils represent only four per cent of current world crude oil output, but this low share should increase substantially in the future as higher world oil prices and a reduced availability of light and medium crudes have made the development of heavy crudes competitive, and have also created a growing demand for them.

Modest technological advances in the recovery and upgrading of heavy oils can lead to substantial economic benefits. Available technology, such as steam injection, has been successfully applied to raise the recovery of heavy crude oil reserves. But more research is required to further increase the efficiency of these recovery methods and of the accompanying thermal energy generation. Also, more research is needed to make economic the upgrading of heavy crude oil with high metals content, by hydrogen addition, since this route yields a higher production of light premium syncrude than the proven carbon rejection processes.

The use of an integrated production‐upgrading complex for exploiting heavy oil can increase the overall economics of heavy oil exploitation, since it can lead to a balanced energy supply‐demand system, increasing liquid production and using as fuel, for steam and electricity production, the low value by‐product of the upgrading plant.

Both Venezuela and Canada are developing firm plans to raise the production rates of heavy crudes. In Venezuela, their output averaged 725,000 barrels per day in 1979, and programmes are in progress to increase production capacity to 1.3 million b/d by 1985 and to 1.7 mb/d by the end of the century.
The pollution versus cost dilemma in electricity supply — a case st udy of Turkey
Authors: Birol Fatih , Gürer Nadir
Published: May 2008

Turkey, in common with most developing countries, is faced with the problem of electricity supply. On the one hand, the lack of financial resources determines the economic nature of the problem. On the other hand, the environmental issues associated with electricity production bring another dimension which nowadays receives widespread attention. Taking both these factors into consideration, MOCEP (multiple objective clean electricity production model for Turkey) attempts to determine an optimal electric power‐generating system for Turkey.
The Impact of Taft‐Hartley Job Discrimination Victories
Authors: SAMOFF BERNARD
Published: May 2008

Summary. Neither industrial nor nonindustrial rehired workers were markedly aided by the decisions. Union officials and fellow workers both displayed open hostility to reinstated employees, particularly to those who had breached union‐fixed working rules. Furthermore, with the exception of the factionalists, rehired workers were unlikely to overcome union hostility. As one subject reported in graphic terms, “the NLRB case turned into a fight to the finish, and when I won the union did not surrender but just continued fighting me.” Given such conditions, discriminated workers could hardly be expected to re‐establish and reassert their membership rights.

We need further study here, but it seems that among industrial subjects there was a correlation between unwilling union membership and discrimination. It appears more than mere chance that industrial workers who cared little for unions, tried to evade paying dues, subverted union rules, and were independent‐minded found themselves the victims of union‐caused discrimination. When rehired, they rarely changed their attitudes and conduct, and locals were unlikely to welcome them with open arms.

By contrast, labor pool subjects in the main were staunch unionists before discrimination and after reinstatement. The data suggest that either certain types of workers enter craft occupations or the characteristics of the industries they work in tend to compel employees to behave in a certain manner within their unions. Since such workers looked to their unions for employment and the enforcement of standards and working rules, strong internal cohesion was not surprising.

Two reservations should be noted to the above generalizations. Where the subjects suffered discrimination because they had been protecting group rights or supporting factions or rival unions, their reinstatement led them to even greater union participation. Where the local was dominated by a single, powerful leader, the reinstated worker's union activity tended to decrease.
Crosscurrents in Workers Participation
Authors: DERBER MILTON
Published: May 2008

As I contemplate developments in recent years relating to participation in management, I am impressed by the uncertainties, the shifting tides of thought, the atmosphere of experimentation. At the level of participation theory, there is more rather than less doubt. A few years ago in the United States, optimistic theories like those of McGregor and Likert regarding workers needs and desires for self‐actualization seemed to be sweeping the field; today they are regarded as psychologically inadequate and faulty. In England the theory of joint consultation is confronted with something of a polarization ‐ either toward apathy or toward codetermination. In Israel the ideology of participation, derived originally from socialist theory, has been subjected to increasing challenge from pragmatic considerations of efficiency and profitability. Profit‐sharing plans, after a hundred years of experience and a widening acceptability, do not necessarily entail increased worker participation.

At the level of practice, the dominant note once again is uncertainty rather than a clear progression toward either success or failure. Neither the Scanlon Plan in the US nor the Glacier Metals experiment in England have generated many followers. Joint consultation schemes appear generally to have declined in number. In Israel Koor experiments in joint management at the plant level have frittered away. Participation has not even been seriously tried in Australia. Reports from Yugoslavia and Germany, where participation programs have been most fully developed, raise questions about the impact of participation on the productivity and efficiency of the enterprises involved, as well as the degree of involvement of workers.

On the other hand, there are some positive currents. The spread of collective bargaining to the local level in England and other European countries, the rising interest in productivity bargaining, the absorption of joint consultation committees by unions ‐ all point in the direction of more worker participation in management, although the model may be one of bargaining rather than integration.

Out of these crosscurrents we can distinguish some of the main problems confronting the advocates of greater workers participation in management:

How to persuade managers that their professional interests are best served by cooperating, if not taking the lead, in different types of participation schemes.

How to convince workers that “participating” is worth the effort, and how to educate them in various forms of the process.

How to involve worker representatives in both administration and policy‐making on a basis other than bargaining that will not estrange them from their constituents.

Resolution of these problems will depend in part at least on recognition that participation is a multi‐dimensional process, that different types of participation may work better with regard to different issues or subjects (depending on requirements of technical knowledge and time), and that participation expectations and arrangements may vary with the different levels of an enterprise.
Hospital Demography and Turnover Among Nurses
Authors: PFEFFER JEFFREY , III CHARLES A. O'REILLY
Published: May 2008

There has been increasing interest in examining turnover at the organizational level of analysis. In a study using a sample of more than 250 hospitals, turnover among nurses is found to be negatively related to the local unemployment rate and positively related to two demographic measures which assess the degree of inequality or heterogeneity in length of service among nurses. Turnover in this study is shown to be related to heterogeneity among cohorts, not individuals or groups. The results are consistent with earlier studies which have shown the importance of organizational demography for understanding turnover and demonstrate important differences in the way in which demography can be measured.
Effect of Comparable Worth Policies on Earnings
Authors: SORENSEN ELAINE
Published: May 2008

The initial impact of comparable worth legislation on male and female earnings is estimated using five public sector comparable worth studies. We find that women would earn an average 17 per cent more if a comparable worth policy were implemented and men would earn an average 1 per cent more. In addition, about half of the earnings gap between women and men in the sample jurisdictions would be eliminated. We also discuss the limitations of previous analyses by examining Aldrich and Buchele's recent empirical work.
Correlates of Union Support in NLRB Elections
Authors: DICKENS WILLIAM T. , WHOLEY DOUGLAS R. , ROBINSON JAMES C.
Published: May 2008

Bargaining unit, union, industry, and geographic correlates of union support in NLRB certification and decertification elections for the period 1977 to 1979 are analyzed using similar regression specifications. Several relationships are found to be significant; however, an examination of the magnitude of the estimated coefficients suggests only unit size and union organizing effort affect outcomes in more than a small percentage of all certification elections.
Hispanic Immigration and Labor Market Segmentation
Authors: DeFreitas Gregory
Published: May 2008

This paper investigates the wage and employment effects of Hispanic immigration on native‐born, low‐skilled urban workers. The study develops a multiquation model to counter simultaneity bias, isolates the impact of recent illegal aliens from that of settled immigrants and of native interstate movers, calculates separate estimates for female and male employees, subdivided by race and Spanish origin, and tests both conventional and dual labor market theories. The results indicate that recent immigration has not had substantial adverse wage or employment effects.
Hazardous Occupations Within the Job Hierarchy
Authors: Robinson James C.
Published: May 2008

Firms using hazardous technologies face strong incentives to reduce job skill and training requirements so as to minimize the level of compensating wage differentials they must pay. This note examines the outcome of this process in terms of the location of hazardous occupations within the overall structure of jobs. Using four independent sources of data for the period 1974 to 1982, hazardous Occupations are found to offer significantly less worker autonomy, less on‐the‐job training, poorer promotion possibilities, greater risk of temporary and permanent layoff, and lower wage levels than safe occupations.
Quality Circle Survival: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: DRAGO ROBERT
Published: May 2008

This paper examines the extent and causes of the abandonment of individual workgroup meetings (or circles) within ongoing quality circle programs. Data are drawn from a cross‐sectional survey of quality circles in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin area. The data suggest that circles that are started during a program's first year tend to decay over time, but their survival increases with high levels of participatory management, job insecurity, low worker skill levels, and unions. Analysis of the union effect suggests that circle survival increases where unions are actively involved in and benefit from quality circle programs.
Employee Attitude Surveys in Historical Perspective
Authors: JACOBY SANFORD M.
Published: May 2008

The history of employee attitude testing in American industry is presented as an example of how behavioral science has been used by management as a tool for solving industrial relations problems. Developed in the twenties, worker attitude surveys were widely used during the late thirties and after World War II to improve employee relations and employee loyalty. Problems associated with surveying, including the inexperience and naiveté of the survey takers, led industry to form close ties with academic behavioral scientists.
The Effects of Mechanisms of Managerial Control on Unionization
Authors: EVANSOHN JOHN
Published: May 2008

This study, utilizing data from the 1977 Quality of Employment Survey, finds important differences in the way labor is managed among unionized and nonunion workers, as well as among unorganized workers who are willing to vote for unionization and those who are not. Furthermore, components of “bureaucratic control” are found to inhibit unionization and the desire to unionize. The effect of these labor management mechanisms persists even in a structural model of the determinants of unionization.
Evidence on Attitudes Toward Alternative Sharing Arrangements
Authors: EGAN DANIEL , HERRMANN DOUGLAS J. , JONES DEREK C.
Published: May 2008

Attitudes of undergraduates toward a range of alternative organizational forms are surveyed. Results show that students prefer firms where employees have significant ownership and control. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis of a strong gender effect influencing undergraduates' preferences for different tyes of firms. Results also indicate the importance of political orientation in influencing respondents' preferences.
The Economics of Federal Compensation
Authors: LINNEMAN PETER D. , WACHTER MICHAEL L.
Published: May 2008

The problem investigated in this paper is the economic interpretation of federal wages comparability laws. We show that estimating wages differentials to test whether federal wages comport with the law is more complex than typically treated in the literature. Although the issue is largely one of the econometric interpretation, it addresses the central question of which private sector workers should be compared to federal workers. We demonstrate the determining which explanatory variables in the wage regression equation are job‐descriptive and which are skill‐descriptive defines the comparison group.
Who Queues for a Union Job?
Authors: HEYWOOD JOHN S.
Published: May 2008

A survey of unemployed workers was undertaken to determine these individuals' union membership preference. Standard probit specifications reveal that those unemployed workers more likely to require a union position to return to work include female, minorities, workers with greater experience, and those with higher reservation wages. However, both the duration of unemployment and the perception of widespread unemployment lower the likelihood of such a requirement. These results are consistent with the wage and tenure effects of unions and with the influence of unemployment characteristics on job search.
Member–Union Relations and Union Satisfaction
Authors: JARLEY PAUL , KURUVILLA SAROSH , CASTEEL DOUGLAS
Published: May 2008

This paper examines the importance of various facets of satisfaction with union representation in determining overall satisfaction with the union. Samples of union members from Iowa and Sweden are used in the analysis. The results clearly support the view that member–union relations is a major determinant of overall satisfaction with union representation.
Arbitration Decisions in Subcontracting Disputes
Authors: McCAMMON MARLISE , COTTON JOHN L.
Published: May 2008

This study examines factors underlying arbitrators' decisions in disputes involving subcontracting. A framework devised by Dash (1963) is used to code arbitration decisions according to the issues arbitrators raised in reaching their conclusions. In addition, external factors such as geographical location, background of the arbitrator, industry, and when the decision occurred are evaluated. The results of logit analyses indicate that Dash's framework explains much of the variance in the arbitrators' decisions. External factors are unrelated to the decisions.
Employee Ownership and Company Performance
Authors: BRADLEY KEITH , ESTRIN SAUL , TAYLOR SIMON
Published: May 2008

This paper investigates how Britain's largest employee‐owned firm, the John Lewis Partnership, performs relative to its major competitors. In the context of John Lewis's unique constitutional structure, employee ownership appears to offer significant advantages in the market place. It is difficult to assess the relative importance of particular policies; as a group, employee ownership, open information flows, high wages, and profit share are clearly associated with high productivity.
What Can Explain the Increase in Earnings Inequality Among Males?
Authors: BLACKBURN McKINLEY L.
Published: May 2008

Increases in the inequality of earnings among male workers since the late sixties have been attributed primarily to shifts in employment from goods‐producing to service‐producing activities and the baby‐boom cohort's entry into the labor market. This paper provides empirical estimates of the magnitude of these and other potential causes of the increase in earnings inequality from 1967 to 1985. The results show that changes related to the age composition of the labor force and to the industrial composition of the labor force account for only a portion of the increase in inequality. Most of the increase in unexplained by either factor. Other contributing factors include a rise in the return to education, a change in the relationship between age and education among males, and a decline in the marriage rate among younger males.
Employment and Changing Technology in the Postwar Railroad Industry
Authors: YOCHUM GILBERT , RHIEL G. STEVEN
Published: May 2008

Secularly declining employment has characterized the postwar railroad industry. This study identifies some causes of this decline by testing an industry employment function. The introduction of new techniques of production, especially the conversion from steam to diesel locomotives, along with rising wages and deregulation, are found to be the primary factors behind the fall in industry employment.
Determinants of Decertification Activity: An Interstate Analysis
Authors: KOELLER C. TIMOTHY
Published: May 2008

In this paper, a model of union decertification activity in the U.S. is estimated for 1960, 1970, 1975, and 1980. Cross‐state data permit the use of regressors capturing the effects of demographic, political, and organizational factors not included in previous research on decertification. The estimated results confirm these effects. Tests for stability over the pooled sample periods 1960–1970 and 1975–1980 show some variability in the strength of the variables' effects.
Unions and the U.S. Comparative Advantage
Authors: KARIER THOMAS
Published: May 2008

Analysis of data covering 134, three‐digit (SIC) manufacturing industries from the mid‐sixties to the mid‐eighties undermines the claim that unions are responsible for altering the composition of U.S. trade flows. Heavily unionized industries are not found to have lost any more to imports nor gained any more in exports than comparable U.S. industries. On the other hand, industrial concentration appears to be a significant disadvantage.
Enforcing OSHA: The Role of Labor Unions
Authors: WEIL DAVID
Published: May 2008

This study examines the role of unions in implementing the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) by using a data set that provides information on regulatory enforcement. The analysis demonstrates that unionized establishments are more likely to receive safety and health inspections, face greater scrutiny in the course of those inspections, and pay higher penalties for violating health and safety standards than comparable nonunion establishments. Implementation of OSHA therefore seems highly dependent upon the presence of a union at the workplace.
Information Sharing and Firm Performance in Japan
Authors: MORISHIMA MOTOHIRO
Published: May 2008

North American firms have begun to show greater interest in sharing private business information with unions and employees, a labor relations practice widely institutionalized in Japan. This study uses a survey of Japanese joint consultation committees and publicly available business data to examine the effects of information sharing on a firm's profitability, productivity, and labor cost. The results generally show a positive association of information sharing with profitability and productivity and a negative association with labor cost.
The Impact of Surplus Schooling on Worker Productivity
Authors: TSANG MUN C. , RUMBERGER RUSSELL W. , LEVIN HENRY M.
Published: May 2008

Human capital theory suggests that education enhances worker productivity and is reflected in higher individual earnings. We use data from the 1969 Survey of Working Conditions and the 1973 and 1977 Quality of Employment Surveys, and a model derived from the industrial psychology literature, to test the proposition that workers' education in excess of what their jobs require can have adverse effects on job satisfaction and other correlates of worker productivity. Our results support earlier studies that have found surplus schooling has a negative effect on job satisfaction. Our findings also indicate that the negative impact of surplus schooling on job satisfaction and turnover is more significant for workers with a higher level of surplus education. Finally, the negative effects of surplus schooling appear to change over time.
More Uncertainties: German Unions Facing 1992
Authors: STREECK WOLFGANG
Published: May 2008

West German unions' early endorsement of European integration set them apart from many other European unions, but it was in agreement with German business and governments. The completion of the European Internal Market in 1992 and the weakness of its “Social Dimension” are likely negatively to affect German unions' national institutional power base. Nevertheless, German unions have little choice but to continue to support integration at the European level.
Five Reasons Why Wages Vary Among Employers
Authors: GROSHEN ERICA L.
Published: May 2008

This paper reviews the literature on wage differences among industries and establishments. After surveying the empirical evidence on intra‐ and interindustry wage differentials, five alternative explanations for employer‐based wage differentials among observation equivalent workers are described. The paper concludes with a summary, a discussion of policy implications, and directions for future research.
Getting a Good Job: Mobility in a Segmented Labor Market
Authors: WIAL HOWARD
Published: May 2008

This study examines the process by which men in three ethnic neighborhoods of Boston move from secondary to primary employment in a segmented labor market. Workers who successfully make this transition belong to neighborhood‐based social groups that have customary linkages to particular primary jobs. Members of such groups costlessly learn how to perceive and act in the labor market in ways that faciliate their entry into the primary sector. Workers' labor market perceptions reflect objective characteristics of the primary jobs to which their social groups are linked.
Race and Post‐Displacement Earnings Among High‐Tech Workers
Authors: ONG PAUL M.
Published: May 2008

This study examines racial variations in post‐layoff earnings among a cohort of workers displaced in 1985 from Silicon Valley's high‐technology industries. The analysis shows that blacks and Hispanics suffered greater earnings losses than non‐Hispanic whites, and that this racial disparity occurred both among those who found other jobs within the high‐tech sector and among those who were reemployed outside the high‐tech sector. There were no statistical differences in outcomes between Asians and non‐Hispanic whites.
Teacher Unions and Black Students' Scores on College Entrance Exams
Authors: GRIMES PAUL W. , REGISTER CHARLES A.
Published: May 2008

Using data from the National Assessment of Economic Education survey, this paper examines the influence of teachers' unions and students' race on college entrance examination scores. An “education production function” is estimated for a sample of white and black high school seniors. The model accounts for variations in school distrits and student inputs and controls for the self‐selection nature of taking an entrance exam. The results indicate that students in unionized schools score higher on the SAT than like students in nonunion schools, ceteris paribus. Black students who attend unionized schools are estimated to score 13.11 percent above the black SAT mean. These findings suggest a positive productivity effect of collective bargaining for teachers which significantly benefits minority students.
Employee Response to Compulsory Short‐Time Work
Authors: FUCHS VICTOR R. , JACOBSEN JOYCE P.
Published: May 2008

We surveyed 1, 500 workers at a large manufacturing firm who had experienced compulsory reductions in hours and earnings to discover their use of time off and their opinion of the company's short‐time compensation program. We estimated time use using a three‐way split among working for the firm without pay, nonmarket work, and leisure. In an ordered probit equation designed to explain worker opinion, time use emerged as significant, as did gender and marital status.
The Impact of Plant Modernization on Organizational Work Practices
Authors: CHAYKOWSKI RICHARD P. , SLOTSVE GEORGE A.
Published: May 2008

Employee survey data from a single Canadian firm are examined to determine the extent to which various work practices and job dimensions have been transformed as a consequence of the introduction of new production technologies. The modernization resulted in the creation of new jobs, while many previous tasks were either made redundant or altered. Although supervisor‐worker consultation and planning were minimal throughout the modernization process, the results provide no evidence to suggest that deskilling had occurred.
The Causes of Impasses in Labor Disputes
Authors: BABCOCK LINDA C. , OLSON CRAIG A.
Published: May 2008

Using data on teacher contract negotiations under final‐offer arbitration, this paper investigates the causes of impasses in contract negotiations and finds some support for each of three perspectives: game‐theoretic, psychological, and political. The large number of “consent awards” suggests that negotiators frequently wish to avoid the political costs of a compromise settlement, preferring to blame arbitrators for the outcome. The positive correlation between the probability of an impasse and the variance in comparable negotiated settlements suggests that the parties base their judgments of fairness using evidence most consistent with their own position.
Unions and Firm Profits
Authors: BECKER BRIAN E. , OLSON CRAIG A.
Published: May 2008

This study examines the effect of unionization on manufacturing firm profits, extending earlier research by combining industry‐level and firm‐level measures of unionization. Using several profit measures, we find that quasi‐rents from firm investments in intangible assets are a relatively greater source of union profit effects than product market concentration and that union profit effects occur largely in the first 10 percent of firm coverage, suggesting spillover effects on nonunion employees.
Japanese Employees' Attitudes Toward Changes in Traditional Employment Practices
Authors: MORISHIMA MOTOHIRO
Published: May 2008

This study examines Japanese employees' attitudinal opposition to changes in such employment practices asnenko(seniority)‐based wages and promotions, and implicit long‐term employment guarantees for the regular workforce. The study shows that (1) overall, Japanese employees are strongly opposed to placing a cap on senior employees' pay and to mid‐career transfers to subsidiary companies, and (2) the level of opposition is a function of their perceptions of unions' past performance and of employers' human resource policies.
Organizational Innovation in the Apparel Industry
Authors: BAILEY THOMAS
Published: May 2008

The traditional mass production process in apparel manufacturing is contrasted with innovative techniques based on teamwork and greater employee participation. Although economic forces have encouraged the spread of innovative work organization, so far, these techniques have been implemented only within traditional human resource strategies that maintain sharp distinctions between production workers, on the one hand, and managers, supervisors, and engineers, on the other.
Industrial Relations and Relative Income Shares in the United States
Authors: BUCHELE ROBERT , CHRISTIANSEN JENS
Published: May 2008

This paper examines the effects of unemployment on the relative incomeshares of labor and capital in the post‐World War II U.S. economy. In our econometric model, the “reserve army” effect of unemployment is mediated by the “inertia” effect of prevailing bargaining norms. Estimates of this model indicate: (1) the presence of a significant reserve army effect through the mid‐1960s, a diminished effect in the late 1960s and 1970s, and a restored effect in the 1980s; and (2) a significant decline in the inertia effect of bargaining norms in the 1980s.
Do Immigrants Have Lower Unionization Propensities than Natives?
Authors: FUNKHOUSER EDWARD
Published: May 2008

Using a unique source of data‐the April 1983 Current Population Survey‐this paper examines unionization behavior by nativity. The results indicate that the unionization propensity of immigrants is similar to that of natives, even when controlling for individual, regional, and industrial characteristics. The explanation lies in the lower unionization propensity of all recent entrants to the U.S. labor force, whether immigrant or native.
Satei (Personal Assessment) and Interworker Competition in Japanese Firms
Authors: ENDO KOSHI
Published: May 2008

Satei (personal assessment) has an important influence on the rate of promotion and amount of monthly pay of Japanese workers, resulting in widespread interworker competition. The existence of satei is partially responsible for limited leisure time and high obedience to management among Japanese workers. Individual workers and enterprise unions, however, generally accept the satei system.
Unionism in State and Local Governments: Ohio and Illinois, 1982‐87
Authors: HINDMAN HUGH D. , PATTON DAVID B.
Published: May 2008

Census of Governments (COG) data for 1982 and 1987 were analyzed to assess growth in state and local government unionism in Ohio and Illinois, two states that enacted comprehensive public employee bargaining legislation in 1983. Against a backdrop of stable state and local government unionism across the United States, Ohio and Illinois recorded substantial gains in certain sectors. The greatest gains were observed in sectors that had been only lightly unionized prior to enactment of law. Laws had much less impact on more heavily unionized sectors. In spite of the gains, Ohio and Illinois remain substantially less unionized, on average, than do states that enacted comprehensive bargaining legislation earlier.
Evidence on the Causes of the Rising Dispersion of Relative Wages
Authors: MONTGOMERY EDWARD , STOCKTON DAVID
Published: May 2008

In this paper, a neoclassical model of interindustry wage dispersion is derived and used to examine explicitly the fundamental role of microeconomic variables in determining relative wage movements. The empirical results demonstrate that the variance of labor quality and capital intensities across sectors are the primary determinants of the movement of the dispersion of relative wages within the manufacturing sector in the postwar period. Although the relative wage structure exhibits some response to unemployment, it is not sensitive to changes in inflation. The macro variables were also of limited quantitative importance in explaining changes in the relative wage structure.
The Role of Supplemental Disability Benefits in Income Security for Injured Workers
Authors: ROBERTS KAREN
Published: May 2008

Using a stratified random sample from the Michigan Bureua of Workers' Disabilitys Compensation claims files, the author examined the distribution of disability benefits across injured workers to detemine which workers have access to disability benefits in addition to workers' compensation. Using a ligit model, the result indicate that low‐income workers employed by smaller, less financially stable firms are more likely to depend exclusively on workers' compensation for income while disabled The policy implication is that the burden of the problems with workers' compensation is more likely to fall on those workers who are least able to bear it.
Managerial Perceptions of Labor‐Management Cooperation
Authors: PERLILINE MARTIN M. , SEXTON EDWIN A.
Published: May 2008

Using data from a survey of executives in charge of the labor relatins or human resource management funciton ar large U.S. corporations, athe authors to test the hypothesis of some unionists that management's perception of a cooperative relationship with the union is one in which the unions are pasive, willing to make concessions. and Satisfied with little or no role in the decision‐making process. We find, as have others, that those managers who are most likely to view their relationship with the union as cooperative are those who also peceive the smallest role for unions in the decision‐making process.
The Determinants Of Employment Probation Lengths
Authors: SENGLOH ENG
Published: May 2008

Casual observations suggest that employment probation is widely used by employers but virtually no attention has been paid to the topic in the industrial relations or labor economic literature. This paper examines the reasons for the incidence of probation us in the labor market and the dispersion of observed probation lengths. The findings broaden our knowledge of this employment feature and are relevant to topics such as wage growth, employee screening, turnove, and optimal contracts because they reveal whethe theroretical medels often used to study these issues are well‐founded.
Selected by the institute of industrial Relations Libray University of California at Berkeley
Authors: HUWE TEENCE K. , KIMBALL JANICE
Published: May 2008

Abuse in the Workplace: Management Remedies and Bottom Line Impact. By Emily S. Bassman.

Classrooms in the Workplace: Workplace Literacy Programs in Small‐ and Medium‐Sized Firms. By Kevin Hollenbeck.

Culture, Self‐Identity and Work. By Miriam Erez and P. Christopher Earley.

Cultures in Organizations: Three Perspectives. By Joanne Martin.

Eastern's Armageddon: Labor Conflict and the Destruction of Eastern Airlines. By Martha Saunders.

Employee Representation: Alternatives and Future Directions. Edited by Bruce E. Kaufman and Morris M. Kleiner.

Grand Designs: The Impact of Corporate Strategies on Workers, Unions and Communities. Edited by Charles Craypo and Bruce Nissen.

Hybrid Factory: The Japanese Production System in the United States. Edited by Tetsuo Abo.

In the Rings of Saturn. By Joe Sherman.

The New American Workplace: Transforming Work Systems in the United States. By Eileen Appelbaum and Rosemary Batt.
Productivity Gains from the Implementation of Employee Training Programs
Authors: BARTEL ANN P.
Published: May 2008

This study uses data on the personnel policies and economic characteristics of businesses in the manufacturing sector to measure the impact of formal training programs on labor productivity. The major finding is that businesses that were operating below their expected labor productivity levels in 1983 implemented new employee training programs after 1983 that resulted in significantly larger increases in labor productivity growth between 1983 and 1986. This higher rate of productivity growth was sufficient to bring these businesses up to the labor productivity levels of comparable businesses by 1986.
Nursing Turnover and Hospital Efficiency: An Organization‐Level Analysis
Authors: ALEXANDER JEFFREY A. , BLOOM JOAN R. , NUCHOLS BEVERLY A.
Published: May 2008

This study tests the competing arguments that organization‐level turnover is positively associated with organizational inefficiency or, alternatively, positively related to organizational inefficiency only in those organizations experiencing very high or very low turnover. Findings from multivariate analyses support the former argument: in a national sample of 333 hospitals, turnover among registered nurses was found to be associated in a positive linear fashion with both nonpersonnel operating and personnel costs per adjusted inpatient day.
Selected by the Institute of Industrial Relations Library University of California at Berkeley
Authors: HUWE TERENCE K. , KIMBALL JANICE
Published: May 2008

Activist Unionism: The Institutional Economics of Solomon Barkin. By Donald R. Stabile

Citizen Worker: The Experience of Workers in the United States with Democracy and the Free Market during the Nineteenth Century. By David Montgomery.

Collective Bargaining As an Instrument of Social Change. By David C. Jacobs.

Forging Revolution: Metalworkers, Managers, and the State in St. Petersburg, 1890–1914. By Heather Hogan.

The Global Economic Mismatch: High Technology and Low Pay. By Henry B. Schechter.

Industrial Democracy in Europe Revisited. By the Industrial Democracy in Europe (IDE), International Research Group.

Labor and an Integrated Europe. Edited by Lloyd Ulman, Barry Eichengreen, and William T. Dickens.

A Primer on American Labor Law. Third edition. By William Gould IV.

Planning for Change: Industrial Policy and Japanese Economic Development, 1945–1990. By James Vestal.

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Managing Corporate Policy. By Julie Tamminen.

Workers and Working Classes in the Middle East: Struggles, Histories, Historiographies. Edited by Zachary Lockman.
Monitoring, Grievances, and Plant Performance
Authors: KLEINER MORRIS M. , NICKELSBURG GERALD , PILARSKI ADAM
Published: May 2008

This study develops the theory and an in‐depth longitudinal study of the role of residual grievance activity as a suggested proxy for managerial monitoring within the context of manufacturing production. In the empirical section, we test the theory and practice within the firm for the optimal level of monitoring/grievances in an establishment with monthly data over a ten‐year period. We find that production‐related residual grievances could indicate increased managerial monitoring of a kind that has a positive impact on productivity.
Advance Notice and Job Search: More on the Value of an Early Start
Authors: ADDISON JOHN T. , BLACKBURN MCKINLEY
Published: May 2008

This paper investigates the effects of advance notice of impending job loss on the length of jobless spells of displaced workers. We evaluate the performance of a formal search model and offer a generalization of the model that provides an alternative but related approach to the most recent empirically based literature. Evidence of gains from early search are found for all broad gender‐occupation groups except blue‐collar males.
Evaluating Pay Equity in Michigan: A Strategic Choice Perspective
Authors: FIGART DEBORAH M.
Published: May 2008

The strategic choice model provides one framework for analyzing pay equity reform in the public sector. Michigan was experiencing many of the same political and economic forces as other state civil services implementing comparable worth. However, the institutional structure of civil service industrial relations, coupled with the values of officials, undermined the reform process. Rather than adjusting relative wage rates to reflect the new Equitable Classification Plan, civil service officials reaffirmed market criteria in wage setting.