bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antigen-dependent and –independent contributions to primary memory CD8 T cell activation and protection following infection
Authors: Martin Matthew D. , Badovinac Vladimir P.
Published: December 2015

Memory CD8 T-cell activation, including expression of IFN-γ and granzymeB, can be induced by antigen (Ag)-dependent signals through the T-cell-receptor, or by pathogen-derived inflammatory cytokines in an Ag-independent manner. Recent studies have come to conflicting results regarding the contributions of Ag and/or inflammation to memory CD8 T-cell activation. Additionally, research has indicated that inflammation-driven CD8 T-cell responses during un-related infections (bystander activation) have the potential to provide protection, but whether protection occurs in immuno-competent hosts is unclear. To investigate these questions, we examined activation of virus-specific memory CD8 T-cells following infection with L. monocytogenes either expressing or not cognate Ag. We show that Ag and inflammation act synergistically in vitro to induce memory activation. In vivo, we found that when memory CD8 T-cells significantly contribute to clearance of infection, early activation and continued responses by these cells are enhanced by cognate Ag recognition. Mechanistically, we show that bystander responses by memory are dependent upon the dose of infection and the amount of inflammation elicited following infection and are able to provide protection in IFN-γ deficient mice, but not in immuno-competent hosts. The data elucidate the requirements for memory CD8 T-cell activation and the protective role of bystander responses.
Cross-species conservation of complementary amino acid-ribonucleobase interactions and their potential for ribosome-free encoding
Authors: Cannon John G. D. , Sherman Rachel M. , Wang Victoria M. Y. , Newman Grace A.
Published: December 2015

The role of amino acid-RNA nucleobase interactions in the evolution of RNA translation and protein-mRNA autoregulation remains an open area of research. We describe the inference of pairwise amino acid-RNA nucleobase interaction preferences using structural data from known RNA-protein complexes. We observed significant matching between an amino acid’s nucleobase affinity and corresponding codon content in both the standard genetic code and mitochondrial variants. Furthermore, we showed that knowledge of nucleobase preferences allows statistically significant prediction of protein primary sequence from mRNA using purely physiochemical information. Interestingly, ribosomal primary sequences were more accurately predicted than non-ribosomal sequences, suggesting a potential role for direct amino acid-nucleobase interactions in the genesis of amino acid-based ribosomal components. Finally, we observed matching between amino acid-nucleobase affinities and corresponding mRNA sequences in 35 evolutionarily diverse proteomes. We believe these results have important implications for the study of the evolutionary origins of the genetic code and protein-mRNA cross-regulation.
Constructing 3D microtubule networks using holographic optical trapping
Authors: Bergman J. , Osunbayo O. , Vershinin M.
Published: December 2015

Developing abilities to assemble nanoscale structures is a major scientific and engineering challenge. We report a technique which allows precise positioning and manipulation of individual rigid filaments, enabling construction of custom-designed 3D filament networks. This approach uses holographic optical trapping (HOT) for nano-positioning and microtubules (MTs) as network building blocks. MTs are desirable engineering components due to their high aspect ratio, rigidity and their ability to serve as substrate for directed nano-transport, reflecting their roles in the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. The 3D architecture of MT cytoskeleton is a significant component of its function, however experimental tools to study the roles of this geometric complexity in a controlled environment have been lacking. We demonstrate the broad capabilities of our system by building a self-supporting 3D MT-based nanostructure and by conducting a MT-based transport experiment on a dynamically adjustable 3D MT intersection. Our methodology not only will advance studies of cytoskeletal networks (and associated processes such as MT-based transport) but will also likely find use in engineering nanostructures and devices.
Holographic leaky-wave metasurfaces for dual-sensor imaging
Authors: Li Yun Bo , Li Lian Lin , Cai Ben Geng , Cheng Qiang , Cui Tie Jun
Published: December 2015

Metasurfaces have huge potentials to develop new type imaging systems due to their abilities of controlling electromagnetic waves. Here, we propose a new method for dual-sensor imaging based on cross-like holographic leaky-wave metasurfaces which are composed of hybrid isotropic and anisotropic surface impedance textures. The holographic leaky-wave radiations are generated by special impedance modulations of surface waves excited by the sensor ports. For one independent sensor, the main leaky-wave radiation beam can be scanned by frequency in one-dimensional space, while the frequency scanning in the orthogonal spatial dimension is accomplished by the other sensor. Thus, for a probed object, the imaging plane can be illuminated adequately to obtain the two-dimensional backward scattered fields by the dual-sensor for reconstructing the object. The relativity of beams under different frequencies is very low due to the frequency-scanning beam performance rather than the random beam radiations operated by frequency and the multi-illuminations with low relativity are very appropriate for multi-mode imaging method with high resolution and anti- noise. Good reconstruction results are given to validate the proposed imaging method.
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces the Warburg effect in mouse lungs
Authors: Shi Lanbo , Salamon Hugh , Eugenin Eliseo A. , Pine Richard , Cooper Andrea , Gennaro Maria L.
Published: December 2015

To elucidate the little-known bioenergetic pathways of host immune cells in tuberculosis, a granulomatous disease caused by the intracellular pathogenMycobacterium tuberculosis, we characterized infected murine lung tissue by transcriptomic profiling and confocal imaging. Transcriptomic analysis revealed changes of host energy metabolism during the course of infection that are characterized by upregulation of key glycolytic enzymes and transporters for glucose uptake and downregulation of enzymes participating in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Consistent with elevated glycolysis, we also observed upregulation of a transporter for lactate secretion and a V type H+-ATPase involved in cytosolic pH homeostasis. Transcription profiling results were corroborated by immunofluorescence microscopy showing increased expression of key glycolytic enzymes in macrophages and T cells in granulomatous lesions. Moreover, we found increased mRNA and protein levels in macrophages and T cells of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), the regulatory subunit of HIF-1, a master transcriptional regulator. Thus, our findings suggest that immune cells predominantly utilize aerobic glycolysis in response toM. tuberculosisinfection. This bioenergetic shift is similar to the Warburg effect, the metabolic signature of cancer cells. Finding immunometabolic changes duringM. tuberculosisinfection opens the way to new strategies for immunotherapy against tuberculosis.
Image routing via atomic spin coherence
Authors: Wang Lei , Sun Jia-Xiang , Luo Meng-Xi , Sun Yuan-Hang , Wang Xiao-Xiao , Chen Yi , Kang Zhi-Hui , Wang Hai-Hua , Wu Jin-Hui , Gao Jin-Yue
Published: December 2015

Coherent storage of optical image in a coherently-driven medium is a promising method with possible applications in many fields. In this work, we experimentally report a controllable spatial-frequency routing of image via atomic spin coherence in a solid-state medium driven by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Under the EIT-based light-storage regime, a transverse spatial image carried by the probe field is stored into atomic spin coherence. By manipulating the frequency and spatial propagation direction of the read control field, the stored image is transferred into a new spatial-frequency channel. When two read control fields are used to retrieve the stored information, the image information is converted into a superposition of two spatial-frequency modes. Through this technique, the image is manipulated coherently and all-optically in a controlled fashion.
Selective micro solid-phase extraction of epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine from human urine and plasma using aminophenylboronic acid covalently immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection
Authors: Saraji Mohammad , Shahvar Ali
Published: December 2015

Micro solid-phase extraction of catecholamines using selective aminophenylboronic acid immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles followed by HPLC-FLD.
Anion-induced palladium nanoparticle formation during the on-surface growth of molecular assemblies
Authors: Morozov Michael , Bendikov Tatyana , Evmenenko Guennadi , Dutta Pulak , Lahav Michal , van der Boom Milko E.
Published: December 2015

We demonstrate a process that results in the formation of palladium nanoparticles during the assembly of molecular thin films.
Electrical conductivity and electroluminescence of a new anthracene-based metal–organic framework with π-conjugated zigzag chains
Authors: Chen Dashu , Xing Hongzhu , Su Zhongmin , Wang Chungang
Published: December 2015

A new metal–organic framework with π-conjugated zigzag chains of an anthracene-based ligand exhibits electrical conductivity and electroluminescence.
MoS2/graphene cathodes for reversibly storing Mg2+ and Mg2+/Li+ in rechargeable magnesium-anode batteries
Authors: Hsu Cheng-Jui , Chou Chih-Yu , Yang Cheng-Hsien , Lee Tai-Chou , Chang Jeng-Kuei
Published: December 2015

Commercial micron-scale low-cost MoS2 is subjected to an electrochemically derived 2H-to-1T phase transformation, which makes it capable of reversibly storing Mg2+/Li+ and Mg2+ in all-phenyl-complex (APC) electrolytes with and without Li+, respectively.
An effective strategy to boost the robustness of metal–organic frameworks via introduction of size-matching ligand braces
Authors: Wang Xiuli , Gao Wen-Yang , Luan Jian , Wojtas Lukasz , Ma Shengqian
Published: December 2015

The introduction of size-matching ligand braces has been illustrated as an effective strategy to boost the robustness of MOFs.
Manipulating the voltage drop in graphene nanojunctions using a gate potential
Authors: Papior Nick , Gunst Tue , Stradi Daniele , Brandbyge Mads
Published: December 2015

Graphene is an attractive electrode material to contact nanostructured devices. Electrostatically gating a graphene device shows a control of the potential drop dependent on electrode polarities.
An open framework crystal structure and physical properties of RbCuAl(PO4)2
Authors: Yakubovich Olga V. , Kiriukhina Galina V. , Dimitrova Olga V. , Zvereva Elena A. , Shvanskaya Larisa V. , Volkova Olga S. , Vasiliev Alexander N.
Published: December 2015

Single crystals of the RbCuAl(PO4)2 compound with an open 3D framework structure were obtained by a hydrothermal route. The compound orders antiferromagnetically at TN = 10.5 K and exhibits spontaneous magnetization at lower temperature.
Polyurethane nanomicelles: a novel eco-friendly and efficient polymeric ionic solvent for the Cannizzaro reaction
Authors: Daemi Hamed , Barikani Mehdi , Jahani Mehdi
Published: December 2015

The Cannizzaro reaction is performed under very mild alkaline conditions using anionic polyurethane nanomicelles as a novel reusable polymeric ionic solvent.
Fully conjugated block copolymers for single-component solar cells: synthesis, purification, and characterization
Authors: Wang Shifan , Yang Qingqing , Tao Youtian , Guo Yan , Yang Jie , Liu Yanan , Zhao Lingyun , Xie Zhiyuan , Huang Wei
Published: December 2015

All-polymer solar cells using the preparative GPC separated block copolymer P3HT-b-PBIT2 as a simple active layer show a power conversion efficiency of 1.0%.
Highly narrow nanogap-containing Au@Au core–shell SERS nanoparticles: size-dependent Raman enhancement and applications in cancer cell imaging
Authors: Hu Chongya , Shen Jianlei , Yan Juan , Zhong Jian , Qin Weiwei , Liu Rui , Aldalbahi Ali , Zuo Xiaolei , Song Shiping , Fan Chunhai , He Dannong
Published: December 2015

Nanogap-containing SERS nanoparticles have been prepared which have size-dependent SERS activity and generate strong, reproducible SERS signals for cellular imaging.
Photocatalytic properties of polydopamine-modified Ag NP/TiO2 porous nanofibers prepared by electrospinning
Authors: Wang Huaiyuan , Jiang Feng , Zhu Yanji , Zhao Ya’nan
Published: December 2015

A polydopamine-modified Ag/TiO2 porous nanofibercomposite catalyst was successfully prepared via a simple electrospinning process, demonstrating not only superior degradation properties but also excellent adsorption capacity.
Synthesis and characterization of geometrically tunable nano-size hollow silicate particles and their dip-coating prepared films for thermal management applications
Authors: Rivera Virtudazo Raymond V. , Lin Ye , Wu Rudder T.
Published: December 2015

The thermal insulating properties of NHSPs were demonstrated by coating glass with NHSPs. A reduction of approximately 29.9% in thermal conductivity was observed, which was evaluated by a contactless approach using a xenon flash lamp set-up.
Stabilising a Mn3O4 nanosheet on graphene via forming a 2D–2D nanostructure for improvement of lithium storage
Authors: Zhao Yanhong , Chen Gang , Yan Chunshuang , Lv Chade , Wang Rui , Sun Jingxue
Published: December 2015

The 2D–2D nanostructured composite of Mn3O4 nanosheet stabilising on graphene sheet presents the enhanced electrochemical performances.
Strong ferromagnetism beyond the mechanism of uncompensated surface spins in nanocrystalline GaCMn3
Authors: Song B. , Lin J. C. , Tong P. , Wang M. , Yang C. , Guo X. G. , Lin S. , Sun Y. P.
Published: December 2015

Bulk antiperovskite compound GaCMn3 has an antiferromagnetic ground state. However, in nanocrystalline GaCMn3, strong ferromagnetism with large coercive field beyond the scenario of uncompensated surface spins was observed.
Construction of a turn-on probe for fast detection of H2S in living cells based on a novel H2S trap group with an electron rich dye
Authors: Yang Qian , Zhan Fuxu , Wang Qiufen , Zhuang Zhiyuan , Zhang Guangyou , Zheng Gengxiu
Published: December 2015

A fluorescent probeANRbased on a novel H2S trap group was synthesized for discriminating detection of H2S in living cells.
Determination of zirconium in water, dental materials and artificial saliva after surfactant assisted dispersive ionic liquid based microextraction
Authors: Bağda Esra , Tüzen Mustafa
Published: December 2015

A green, simple, low cost extraction method was developed for the spectrophotometric determination of Zr. The proposed method was applied to water, artificial saliva and dental materials.
Synthesis and evaluation of 6-substituted 3-arylcoumarin derivatives as multifunctional acetylcholinesterase/monoamine oxidase B dual inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Wang Zhi-Min , Li Xue-Mei , Xue Gui-Min , Xu Wei , Wang Xiao-Bing , Kong Ling-Yi
Published: December 2015

Compounds5oand5pwere both multifunctional hAChE/hMAO-B dual inhibitors for the treatment of AD.
Preparation of luminescent titania/dye hybrid nanoparticles and their dissolution properties for controlling cellular environments
Authors: Shiba K. , Tagaya M. , Sugiyama T. , Hanagata N.
Published: December 2015

Monodispersed titania/octadecylamine/fluorescein-isothiocyanate hybrid nanoparticles are synthesized to demonstrate a proof-of-concept for nanomedicines: an indirect molecular delivery system with no cytotoxicity.
Electrochemical enhancement of acetylene black film as sensitive sensing platform for toxic tetrabromobisphenol A
Authors: Chen Xuerong , Zheng Meng , Zhou Yikai , Tong Jianhua , Wu Kangbing
Published: December 2015

A sensitive and rapid electrochemical method was developed for TBBPA based on enhancement effects of acetylene black particles.
Electrodeposition synthesis of reduced graphene oxide–carbon nanotube hybrids on indium tin oxide electrode for simultaneous electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid
Authors: Zhang Yong , Ji Ye , Wang Ziying , Liu Sen , Zhang Tong
Published: December 2015

Reduced graphene oxide–carbon nanotube (rGO–CNT) hybrids have been synthesized by electrodeposition of GO stabilized CNT using indium tin oxide (ITO) as working electrode, followed by electrochemical reduction of GO–CNT into rGO–CNT.
Robust vaccine formulation produced by assembling a hybrid coating of polyethyleneimine–silica
Authors: Wang Guangchuan , Zhou Hangyu , Nian Qing-Gong , Yang Yuling , Qin Cheng-Feng , Tang Ruikang
Published: December 2015

Inspired by biomineralized core–shell structures, we suggest a polyethyleneimine–silica hybrid coated vaccine formulation to improve both thermostability and immunogenicity.
Guest-dependent single-ion magnet behaviour in a cobalt(ii) metal–organic framework
Authors: Vallejo Julia , Fortea-Pérez Francisco R. , Pardo Emilio , Benmansour Samia , Castro Isabel , Krzystek J. , Armentano Donatella , Cano Joan
Published: December 2015

Such exciting properties as porosity and single-ion magnetic behavior are merged into a single unique material which affords the first in-depth study of guest-dependent SIM behavior in a MOF.
Review: carbon onions for electrochemical energy storage
Authors: Zeiger Marco , Jäckel Nicolas , Mochalin Vadym N. , Presser Volker
Published: December 2015

Carbon onions are a relatively new member of the carbon nanomaterials family. They consist of multiple concentric fullerene-like carbon shells which are highly defective and disordered.
Nanophotonic perovskite solar cell architecture with a three-dimensional TiO2 nanodendrite scaffold for light trapping and electron collection
Authors: Lin Sih-Han , Su Yen-Hsun , Cho Hsun-Wei , Kung Po-Yen , Liao Wen-Pin , Wu Jih-Jen
Published: December 2015

Nanophotonic perovskite solar cells with a three-dimensional TiO2 nanodendrite scaffold have been fabricated for excellent light trapping and electron collection.
Cytokine loaded layer-by-layer ultrathin matrices to deliver single dermal papilla cells for spot-by-spot hair follicle regeneration
Authors: Lin Bo-jie , Wang Jin , Miao Yong , Liu Yu-qing , Jiang Wei , Fan Zhe-xiang , Darabi Mohammad-Ali , Hu Zhi-qi , Xing Malcolm
Published: December 2015

Polymer nanocoated dermal papilla cells promoting hair regeneration.
Development of a FRET-based recombinant tension sensor to visualize cell–material interactions
Authors: Kambe Yusuke , Kojima Katsura , Tomita Naohide , Tamada Yasushi , Yamaoka Tetsuji
Published: December 2015

A recombinant tension sensor immobilized to a surface enables the real-time visualization of cell traction force at the focal adhesion level.
Studies on the charging behaviors of copper chromite black in nonpolar media with nonionic surfactants for electrophoretic displays
Authors: Liu Hongli , Wang Shirong , Sun Zheng , Xiao Yin , Li Xianggao
Published: December 2015

Copper chromite black obtained an impressive high charge of −17.43 × 10−10 m2 V−1 s−1 with the addition of T151, which contributes to the quite quick response time (189.6 ms) of its electrophoretic display.
Light-triggered generation of multifunctional gas-filled capsules on-demand
Authors: Wang Lei , Wang Jianying , Song Kai , Li Weilong , Huang Zhiqi , Zhu Jintao , Han Xiaojun , Nie Zhihong
Published: December 2015

This communication describes a novel strategy for the generation of gas-filled capsules embedded with functional species in the membranes on demand.
Hardware‐efficient frequency offset and phase noise mitigation in coherent optical quadrature amplitude modulation systems
Authors: Abrar S. , Zerguine A. , Nandi A.K.
Published: December 2015

A hardware‐efficient adaptive algorithm for frequency offset and phase noise mitigation in coherent optical quadrature amplitude modulation systems is presented and analysed. Hardware efficiency for the mitigation of imperfections is achieved by computing directly the complex exponential, thus avoiding a CORDIC processor in the phase recovery loop. The design includes a square‐root‐ and trigonometry‐free update. Simulation results substantiate the theoretical findings.
Link fault identification using dependent failure in wireless communication networks
Authors: Zhang Xiaojuan , Zhang Zhixia
Published: December 2015

The study of various communication networks has attracted many researchers from various academic fields in recent years. It is a major research to identify the faulty links in communication networks. A dependent failure approach is presented to identify the faulty links in wireless communication networks. The node importance evaluation is introduced to overcome the limitations of traditional independent failure methods. Faulty nodes effect on their direct links in the network. The dependent failure topology graph (DFTG) model and faulty link identification method take into consideration the failure probability of different nodes. The management node can autonomously identify, in real time, the most probable failed network links through building the DFTG model. Experimental validation and actual application are carried out separately. The identification method of faulty links applies to satellite networks with the connection‐oriented network structure. From the simulation analyses and the actual satellite network, the test results demonstrate that this proposed method is valid, efficient, and suitable for wireless communication network applications.
Two‐transistor and two‐magnetic‐tunnel‐junction multi‐level cell structured spin‐transfer torque magnetic random access memory with optimisations on power and reliability
Authors: Tao Zihao , Jia Ze
Published: December 2015

A two‐transistor and two‐magnetic‐tunnel‐junction (MTJ) multi‐level cell (MLC) structure of spin‐transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT‐RAM) is proposed. Compared with the conventional one‐transistor and two‐magnetic‐tunnel‐junction MLC STT‐RAMs, by adding an extra access transistor and adjusting the connection of the two MTJs, the extra write power consumption on the soft bit MTJ can be reduced, which will also have a benefit to the lifetime of the soft bit. Specifically, the simulation results show that more than 75% write power consumption on the soft bit can be wiped out, and the area cost caused by the extra access transistor is negligible.
Highly efficient W‐band 2.5 GHz bandwidth pulse generator with −1 dBm output power in 65 nm CMOS
Authors: Oh Juntaek , Jang Jingyu , Hong Songcheol
Published: December 2015

A W‐band 2.5 GHz bandwidth pulse generator comprising a voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) and a novel pulse former in a 65 nm CMOS technology is presented. The proposed sub‐harmonic pumped pulse former, which plays roles as both a frequency doubler and a pulse former, is designed to obtain high efficiency using a transformer‐based current reuse circuit. The VCO is implemented with a parallel combining transformer, which makes it insensitive to load variations due to pulse formation. Measurements show that the pulse generator achieves −1 dBm peak output power at 79 GHz. It can generate 800 ps pulse signals with an RF carrier of 76.1–79.6 GHz, achieving the energy cost rate of 50 pJ/pulse with a 1.25 GHz pulse repetition period.
Split frequency high‐voltage driver for dynamic load modulated RF amplifiers
Authors: Watkins G.T. , Mimis K.
Published: December 2015

Dynamic load modulation is a technique for increasing RF power amplifier efficiency by manipulating a tuneable matching network (TMN) between the RF transistor and the antenna in harmony with the envelope of the transmitted signal. Generally, TMNs are based on varactor diodes with control voltage swings approaching 100 V, but future devices are likely to need far greater. The varactor driver amplifier proposed here uses a split frequency architecture to amplify a 3 MHz bandwidth 3GPP 4G long‐term evolution envelope signal. Under these conditions, it can produce a peak voltage of 166 V at a power consumption of 0.7 W.
Closed and quasi‐closed yoke configurations for travelling wave induction heaters
Authors: Al‐shaikhli Ali K. , Humod Abdul‐Rahim T. , Abbas Fadhil
Published: December 2015

The salient features of the travelling wave induction heating (TWIH) make them very important technique in the field of heating flat metals. This study proposed two novel configurations, closed and quasi‐closed, of the heater yoke. The proposed yokes designed to reduce the problems of slot effects and reduce the leakage flux, in order to focus the magnetic field within the heating region, which lead to improve the performance of the TWIH system. A finite‐element simulation and analysis is represented in this study by using ANSYS® programme code. A comparison analysis between the proposed configurations and the traditional one shows a superior performance of the proposed types for workpiece thickness >2 mm. The proposed methods give progress in produced power, efficiency and temperature about; 7–23, 15–40 and 10–25%, respectively, for thickness >2 mm. Moreover, wider and uniformed heat distributions are achieved with conjunction of typical yoke.
A dual wavelength imaging system for plasma-surface interaction studies on the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade
Authors: Scotti F. , Soukhanovskii V. A.
Published: December 2015

A two-channel spectral imaging system based on a charge injection device radiation-hardened intensified camera was built for studies of plasma-surface interactions on divertor plasma facing components in the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) tokamak. By means of commercially available mechanically referenced optical components, the two-wavelength setup images the light from the plasma, relayed by a fiber optic bundle, at two different wavelengths side-by-side on the same detector. Remotely controlled filter wheels are used for narrow bandpass and neutral density filters on each optical path allowing for simultaneous imaging of emission at wavelengths differing in brightness up to 3 orders of magnitude. Applications on NSTX-U will include the measurement of impurity influxes in the lower divertor strike point region and the imaging of plasma-material interaction on the head of the surface analysis probe MAPP (Material Analysis and Particle Probe). The diagnostic setup and initial results from its application on the lithium tokamak experiment are presented.
Review of selective laser melting: Materials and applications
Authors: Yap C. Y. , Chua C. K. , Dong Z. L. , Liu Z. H. , Zhang D. Q. , Loh L. E. , Sing S. L.
Published: December 2015

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a particular rapid prototyping, 3D printing, or Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique designed to use high power-density laser to melt and fuse metallic powders. A component is built by selectively melting and fusing powders within and between layers. The SLM technique is also commonly known as direct selective laser sintering, LaserCusing, and direct metal laser sintering, and this technique has been proven to produce near net-shape parts up to 99.9% relative density. This enables the process to build near full density functional parts and has viable economic benefits. Recent developments of fibre optics and high-power laser have also enabled SLM to process different metallic materials, such as copper, aluminium, and tungsten. Similarly, this has also opened up research opportunities in SLM of ceramic and composite materials. The review presents the SLM process and some of the common physical phenomena associated with this AM technology. It then focuses on the following areas: (a) applications of SLM materials and (b) mechanical properties of SLM parts achieved in research publications. The review is not meant to put a ceiling on the capabilities of the SLM process but to enable readers to have an overview on the material properties achieved by the SLM process so far. Trends in research of SLM are also elaborated in the last section.
Development of an ion beam analyzing system for the KBSI heavy-ion accelerator
Authors: Bahng Jungbae , Hong Jonggi , Park Jin Yong , Kim Seong Jun , Ok Jung-Woo , Choi Seyong , Shin Chang Seouk , Yoon Jang-Hee , Won Mi-Sook , Lee Byoung-Seob , Kim Eun-San
Published: December 2015

The Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) has been developing a heavy ion accelerator system to accelerate high current, multi-charge state ions produced by a 28 GHz superconducting electron cyclotron ion source. A beam analyzing system as a part of the low energy beam transport apparatus was developed to select charged particles with desirable charge states from the ion beams. The desired species of ion, which is generated and extracted from the ECR ion source including various ion particles, can be selected by 90° dipole electromagnet. Due to the non-symmetrical structure in the coil as well as the non-linear permeability of the yoke material coil, a three dimensional analysis was carried out to confirm the design parameters. In this paper, we present the experimental results obtained as result of an analysis of KBSI accelerator. The effectiveness of beam selection was confirmed during the test of the analyzing system by injecting an ion beam from an ECR ion source.
Acoustoelastic effect of textured (Ba,Sr)TiO3 thin films under an initial mechanical stress
Authors: Kamel Marwa , Mseddi Souhir , Njeh Anouar , Donner Wolfgang , Ben Ghozlen Mohamed Hédi
Published: December 2015

Acoustoelastic (AE) analysis of initial stresses plays an important role as a nondestructive tool in current engineering. Two textured BST (Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3) thin films, with different substrate to target distance, were grown on Pt(111)/TiO2/SiO2/Si(001) substrate by rf-magnetron sputtering deposition techniques. A conventional “sin2 ψ” method to determine residual stress and strain in BST films by X-ray diffraction is applied. A laser acoustic waves (LA-waves) technique is used to generate surface acoustic waves (SAW) propagating in both samples. Young's modulus E and Poisson ratio ν of BST films in different propagation directions are derived from the measured dispersion curves. Estimation of effective second-order elastic constants of BST thin films in stressed states is served in SAW study. This paper presents an original investigation of AE effect in prestressed Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3 films, where the effective elastic constants and the effect of texture on second and third order elastic tensor are considered and used. The propagation behavior of Rayleigh and Love waves in BST thin films under residual stress is explored and discussed. The guiding velocities affected by residual stresses, reveal some shifts which do not exceed four percent mainly in the low frequency range.
Communication: High pressure specific heat spectroscopy reveals simple relaxation behavior of glass forming molecular liquid
Authors: Roed Lisa Anita , Niss Kristine , Jakobsen Bo
Published: December 2015

The frequency dependent specific heat has been measured under pressure for the molecular glass forming liquid 5-polyphenyl-4-ether in the viscous regime close to the glass transition. The temperature and pressure dependences of the characteristic time scale associated with the specific heat is compared to the equivalent time scale from dielectric spectroscopy performed under identical conditions. It is shown that the ratio between the two time scales is independent of both temperature and pressure. This observation is non-trivial and demonstrates the existence of specially simple molecular liquids in which different physical relaxation processes are both as function of temperature and pressure/density governed by the same underlying “inner clock.” Furthermore, the results are discussed in terms of the recent conjecture that van der Waals liquids, like the measured liquid, comply to the isomorph theory.
Vibrational investigations of CO2-H2O, CO2-(H2O)2, and (CO2)2-H2O complexes isolated in solid neon
Authors: Soulard P. , Tremblay B.
Published: December 2015

The van der Waals complex of H2O with CO2 has attracted considerable theoretical interest as a typical example of a weak binding complex with a dissociation energy less than 3 kcal/mol. Up to now, experimental vibrational data are sparse. We have studied by FTIR the complexes involving CO2 and water molecules in solid neon. Many new absorption bands close to the well known monomers fundamentals give evidence for at least three (CO2)n-(H2O)m complexes, noted n:m. Concentration effects combined with a detailed vibrational analysis allow for the identification of sixteen, twelve, and five transitions for the 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 complexes, respectively. Careful examination of the far infrared spectral region allows the assignment of several 1:1 and 1:2 intermolecular modes, confirmed by the observation of combinations of intra + intermolecular transitions, and anharmonic coupling constants have been derived. Our results demonstrate the high sensibility of the solid neon isolation to investigate the hydrogen-bonded complexes in contrast with the gas phase experiments for which two quanta transitions cannot be easily observed.
New development of laser ion source for highly charged ion beam production at Institute of Modern Physics (invited)
Authors: Zhao H. Y. , Zhang J. J. , Jin Q. Y. , Liu W. , Wang G. C. , Sun L. T. , Zhang X. Z. , Zhao H. W.
Published: December 2015

A laser ion source based on Nd:YAG laser has been being studied at the Institute of Modern Physics for the production of high intensity high charge state heavy ion beams in the past ten years, for possible applications both in a future accelerator complex and in heavy ion cancer therapy facilities. Based on the previous results for the production of multiple-charged ions from a wide range of heavy elements with a 3 J/8 ns Nd:YAG laser [Zhao et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 02B910 (2014)], higher laser energy and intensity in the focal spot are necessary for the production of highly charged ions from the elements heavier than aluminum. Therefore, the laser ion source was upgraded with a new Nd:YAG laser, the maximum energy of which is 8 J and the pulse duration can be adjusted from 8 to 18 ns. Since then, the charge state distributions of ions from various elements generated by the 8 J Nd:YAG laser were investigated for different experimental conditions, such as laser energy, pulse duration, power density in the focal spot, and incidence angle. It was shown that the incidence angle is one of the most important parameters for the production of highly charged ions. The capability of producing highly charged ions from the elements lighter than silver was demonstrated with the incidence angle of 10° and laser power density of 8 × 1013 W cm−2 in the focal spot, which makes a laser ion source complementary to the superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source for the future accelerator complex especially in terms of the ion beam production from some refractory elements. Nevertheless, great efforts with regard to the extraction of intense ion beams, modification of the ion beam pulse duration, and reliability of the ion source still need to be made for practical applications.
The dynamics of Al/Pt reactive multilayer ignition via pulsed-laser irradiation
Authors: Murphy Ryan D. , Reeves Robert V. , Yarrington Cole D. , Adams David P.
Published: December 2015

Reactive multilayers consisting of alternating layers of Al and Pt were irradiated by single laser pulses ranging from 100 μs to 100 ms in duration, resulting in the initiation of rapid, self-propagating reactions. The threshold intensities for ignition vary with the focused laser beam diameter, bilayer thickness, and pulse length and are affected by solid state reactions and conduction of heat away from the irradiated regions. High-speed photography was used to observe ignition dynamics during irradiation and elucidate the effects of heat transfer into a multilayer foil. For an increasing laser pulse length, the ignition process transitioned from a more uniform to a less uniform temperature profile within the laser-heated zone. A more uniform temperature profile is attributed to rapid heating rates and heat localization for shorter laser pulses, and a less uniform temperature profile is due to slower heating of reactants and conduction during irradiation by longer laser pulses. Finite element simulations of laser heating using measured threshold intensities indicate that micron-scale ignition of Al/Pt occurs at low temperatures, below the melting point of both reactants.
The impact of P(NDI2OD-T2) crystalline domains on the open-circuit voltage of bilayer all-polymer solar cells with an inverted configuration
Authors: Kim Yu Jin , Park Chan Eon
Published: December 2015

We fabricated P(NDI2OD-T2)/PTB7 bilayer all-polymer solar cells with an inverted configuration, where the annealing temperature was systematically varied. The current density–voltage behavior was investigated and the structural properties of the P(NDI2OD-T2) layers were characterized. Absorption spectroscopy, surface morphology, and crystallite analysis showed that increasing phase segregation of P(NDI2OD-T2) films occurred as the annealing temperature increased. We found that, as the P(NDI2OD-T2) stacking improved, with larger domains, the open-circuit voltage decreased and the saturation dark current density increased. This work provides a guide for the processing of P(NDI2OD-T2) layers to maximize the power conversion efficiency of all-polymer solar cells.
Facile synthesis of Zn doped CuO hierarchical nanostructures: Structural, optical and antibacterial properties
Authors: Iqbal Javed , Jan Tariq , Ul-Hassan Sibt , Ahmed Ishaq , Mansoor Qaisar , Umair Ali M. , Abbas Fazal , Ismail Muhammad
Published: December 2015

ZnxCu1−xO (where x= 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.1 mol%) hierarchical nanostructures have been prepared via soft chemical route. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of the synthesized samples reveal the monoclinic structure of CuO without any impurity related phases. The micro-structural parameters such as crystallite size and microstrain have been strongly influenced by Zn doping. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses depict the formation of hierarchical nanostructures having average particle size in the range of 26-43 nm. The surface area of CuO nanostructures has been reduced systematically with the increase in Zn content which is linked with the variations in particle size. An obvious decrease in the optical band gap energy of the synthesized CuO hierarchical nanostructures has been observed with Zn doping which is assigned to the formation of shallow levels in the band gap of CuO and combined transition from oxygen 2p states to d sates of Cu and Zn ions. The bactericidal potency of the CuO hierarchical nanostructures have been found to be enhanced remarkably with Zn doping.
Empowerment in healthcare policy making: three domains of substantive controversy
Authors: Chiapperino Luca , Tengland Per‐Anders
Published: December 2015

This paper distinguishes between the uses of empowerment across different contexts in healthcare policy and health promotion, providing a model for the ethical and political scrutiny of those uses. We argue that the controversies currently engendered by empowerment are better understood by means of a historical distinction between two concepts of empowerment, namely, what we call the radical empowerment approach and the new wave of empowerment. Building on this distinction, we present a research agenda for ethicists and policy makers, highlighting three domains of controversy raised by the new wave of empowerment, namely: (1) the relationship between empowerment and paternalistic interferences on the part of professionals; (2) the evaluative commitment of empowerment strategies to the achievement of health‐related goals; and (3) the problems arising from the emphasis on responsibility for health in recent uses of empowerment. Finally, we encourage the explicit theorisation of these moral controversies as a necessary step for the development and implementation of ethically legitimate empowerment processes.
Diversity of ammonia-oxidising bacteria and archaea in seven different estuarine sediments from Poyang Lake
Authors: Sheng Ping , Yu Yizun , Tian Xiaojuan , Wang Dongsheng , Zhang Zhihong , Ding Jiannan
Published: December 2015

In the present study, we used a culture-independent method based on library construction and sequencing to analyse the genetic diversity of the ammonia monooxygenase genes (amoA) of ammonia-oxidising archaea and bacteria in seven different estuarine sediments of Poyang Lake. The total of 67 and 38 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (similarity <95%) of archaeal (AOA) and bacterial (AOB) amoA genes were retrieved respectively. AOA had higher diversity of amoA genes than did AOB. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AOA amoA sequences were closely related to amoA sequences from Crenarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota and some other uncultured archaea. Fragments from AOB were most associated with sequences from betaproteobacteria and some other uncultured bacteria. On the basis of Kendall’s correlation coefficient, there was a significant positive correlation between AOA amoA gene diversity and temperature, and the AOB diversity was positively correlated with total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentration, and negatively correlated with pH in the sediments, suggesting that AOA and AOB were probably sensitive to several environmental factors. Our work could enhance our understanding of the roles of ammonia-oxidising microorganisms in these seven estuarine sediments from Poyang Lake.
In a Weakly Dominated Strategy Is Strength: Evolution of Optimality in Stag Hunt Augmented with a Punishment Option
Authors: Vanderschraaf Peter
Published: December 2015

I explore the evolution of strategies in an Augmented Stag Hunt game that adds a punishing strategy to the ordinary Stag Hunt strategies of cooperating, which aims for optimality, and defecting, which “plays it safe.” Cooperating weakly dominates punishing and defecting is the unique evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). Nevertheless, for a wide class of Augmented Stag Hunts, polymorphic strategies combining punishing and cooperating collectively have greater attracting power for replicator dynamics than that of the ESS. The analysis here lends theoretical support to the altruistic punishment hypothesis in the social sciences.
Alter Apelles: Dürer’s 1500Self-Portrait
Authors: Sullivan Margaret A.
Published: December 2015

The persistence of interpretations that view Dürer’s 1500Self-Portraitas a Christlike image in spite of the issue of blasphemy it raises is due in large part to the lack of a competing historical narrative, one that accounts for the unusual aspects of the painting without recourse to religious imagery. In this article, Dürer’s motivation in creating this unprecedented painting and the strategies he used in constructing it are analyzed from the perspective of his contemporaries. In this alternative view, the humanist context is crucial, with Dürer emulating the greatest artist of the ancient world by composing the 1500Self-Portraitin ways that accord with Apelles’s art, practice, and reputation as it was transmitted through the literature of the ancient world.
Exorcising the Borgia from Urbino: Timoteo Viti’s Arrivabene Chapel
Authors: La France Robert G.
Published: December 2015

Bishop of Urbino Giovanni Pietro Arrivabene selected the foreign saints Thomas Becket and Martin of Tours as patrons for his burial chapel. Montefeltro court artist Timoteo Viti decorated the chapel with the saints’ images, including a fresco of Saint Martin exorcising a demon from a cow. This article argues that the chapel’s unusual, allegorical iconographic program condemns Cesare Borgia’s campaigns to dominate Central Italy. It also proposes that the kneeling figure in the altarpiece’s lower right register portrays the bishop’s heir. Finally, the accomplishment of the Arrivabene chapel demonstrates Timoteo Viti’s artistic independence from his famous colleague and collaborator, Raphael.
Evidence for a bimodal distribution of hybrid indices in a hybrid zone with high admixture
Authors: McKenzie Jessica L. , Dhillon Rashpal S. , Schulte Patricia M.
Published: December 2015

The genetic structure of a hybrid zone can provide insights into the relative roles of the various factors that maintain the zone. Here, we use a multilocus approach to characterize a hybrid zone between two subspecies of killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus, Walbaum 1792) found along the Atlantic coast of North America. We first analysed clinal variation along the Atlantic coast using a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) displacement loop (D-loop) and a panel of nine nuclear microsatellite markers. A model constraining all clines to the same width and centre was not significantly different from a model in which the clines were allowed to vary independently. Locus-by-locus analysis indicated that the majority of nuclear clines shared the same centre as the mtDNA cline, and the widths of these clines were also narrower than that predicted by a neutral model, suggesting that selection is operating to maintain the hybrid zone. However, two of the nuclear clines had widths greater than the neutral prediction and had centres that were displaced relative to the mtDNA cline centre. We also found that a marsh located near the centre of the mtDNA cline demonstrated a bimodal distribution of nuclear hybrid index values, suggesting a deficit of first-generation hybrids and backcrossed genotypes. Thus, selection against hybrid genotypes may be playing a role in maintaining this hybrid zone and the associated steep nuclear and mtDNA clines.
Nucleolar dominance and maternal control of 45S rDNA expression
Authors: Michalak Katarzyna , Maciak Sebastian , Kim Young Bun , Santopietro Graciela , Oh Jung Hun , Kang Lin , Garner Harold R. , Michalak Pawel
Published: December 2015

Using a system of interspecies hybrids, trihybrids, and recombinants with varying proportions of genomes from three distinct
Xenopus
species, we provide evidence for de novo epigenetic silencing of paternal 45S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes and their species-dependent expression dominance that escapes transcriptional inactivation after homologous recombination. The same pattern of imprinting is maintained in the offspring from mothers being genetic males (ZZ) sex-reversed to females, indicating that maternal control of ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) expression is not sex-chromosome linked. Nucleolar dominance (nucleolus underdevelopment) in
Xenopus
hybrids appears to be associated with a major non-Mendelian reduction in the number of 45S rDNA gene copies rather than a specific pattern of their expression. The loss of rRNA gene copies in F
1
hybrids was non-random with respect to the parental species, with the transcriptionally dominant variant preferentially removed from hybrid zygotes. This dramatic disruption in the structure and function of 45S rDNA impacts transcriptome patterns of small nucleolar RNAs and messenger RNAs, with genes from the ribosome and oxidative stress pathways being among the most affected. Unorthodoxies of rDNA inheritance and expression may be interpreted as hallmarks of genetic conflicts between parental genomes, as well as defensive epigenetic mechanisms employed to restore genome integrity.