bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A NEW METHODOLOGY FOR EXTREME WAVES ANALYSIS BASED ON WEATHER-PATTERNS CLASSIFICATION METHODS
Authors: Solari SebastiÃ¡n , Alonso Rodrigo
Published: June 2017

Extreme Value Analysis is usually based on the assumption that the data is independent and homogeneous. Historically the hypothesis of independence has received more attention than the hypothesis of homogeneity. The two most common ways of ensuring independence is to use annual maxima or peaks over threshold approaches. In wave and wind extreme analysis, the usual approaches to achieve homogeneous series have been to work to differentiate according to type of process generating the extreme value (e.g. differentiate between hurricanes and cyclones) and conduct directional analyzes. In this work an alternative approach is proposed, based on the use of cluster analysis methodologies to identify weather circulation patterns that results in extreme wave conditions. The proposed methodology is successfully applied to a case study in the Uruguayan South Atlantic coast. From the obtained results it seems that the proposed methodology is able to differentiate the data in homogenous subsets, not only in terms of the target variable (significant wave height) but also in terms of relevant covariables, like wave direction or sea level, and that the extreme value distribution of the whole data, obtained from the distributions fitted to each subset, is fairly insensitive to the number of weather patterns used in the analysis.
A COUPLED RANS-VOF AND FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR WAVE INTERACTION WITH HIGHLY FLEXIBLE VEGETATION
Authors: Chen Haifei , Zou Qingping , Liu Zhilong
Published: June 2017

This paper presents a coupled wave-vegetation interaction model suitable for very flexible vegetation with large deflections. The wave hydrodynamics is modeled by a Navier-Stokes flow solver along with a Volume of Fluid surface capturing method. The governing equation for flexible vegetation motion is solved by a Finite Element Method using a semi-implicit time differencing scheme. The coupling between wave hydrodynamics and vegetation motion is achieved using an immersed boundary method. The model is validated with experimental measurements for a single-stem vegetation and a large-scale vegetation patch in a wave flume.
AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION OF A WAVE MODEL WITH AN EVOLUTIONARY BAYESIAN METHOD
Authors: Alonso Rodrigo , Solari SebastiÃ¡n
Published: June 2017

Bayesian Inference has been widely applied with success in science and engineering. One of its main uses is the inference of model parameters in order to reconcile model outputs with evidence provided by measures. In this article we propose this application for coastal engineering problems. Specifically, it is proposed to infer the parameters of a numerical wave model used to downscale wave reanalysis data to a coastal site. The proposed method is applied to a case study on the Uruguayan Atlantic coast, where a few month wave measure data series is available and needs to be extended in order to be used on an engineering project. The wave model used is SWAN and the data in deep waters and the wind data were obtained from the ERA-Interim reanalysis. At first, the method was tested with one and two parameters, since in these cases it is possible to compare the obtained results with a plot of the target function. Finally it was used to calibrate four parameters of the wave model and assess the uncertainty introduced by the selection of a set of parameters.
NUMERICAL MODELLING OF BREAKER DEPTH INDEX
Authors: D'Alessandro Felice , Tomasicchio Giuseppe , Chiaia Giancarlo , Ciardulli Francesco , Francone Antonio
Published: June 2017

The breaker depth index, Î³b, is commonly used to determine the wave height to water depth ratio where the wave will break (Horikawa, 1988). In the present study, Î³b has been calculated using a fully nonlinear Boussinesq Type Equations (BTE) wave model with implemented BCI (Breaking Celerity Index). The BCI is a phase-resolving type breaking criterion for calculating the incipient wave breaking conditions (Dâ€™Alessandro and Tomasicchio, 2008). The model suitability in predicting Î³b has been verified against physical data from an experimental investigation conducted with incident regular waves propagating along uniform 1:20 and 1:50 slope beaches (G.V. dos Reis, 1992), and estimates of Î³b from five existing empirical formulae (Battjes, 1974; Ostendorf and Madsen, 1979; Singamsetti and Wind, 1980; Smith and Kraus, 1990; Goda, 2010). The comparisons showed that BCI presents a better agreement with the physical data with respect to the other investigated formulae in determining the value of Î³b, independently from the breaker type. In addition, the verification of the BCI in determining Î³b has been extended to the observed data from a large-scale laboratory experiment on wave hydrodynamics performed over a fixed-bed barred beach (Tomasicchio and Sancho, 2002).
PARAMETERIZATION OF EVOLUTION OF BIPHASE DURING NONLINEAR TRANSFORMATION OF WAVES IN COASTAL ZONE
Authors: Saprykina Yana , Kuznetsov Sergey , Shtremel Margarita
Published: June 2017

Based on experimental data, the problem of parametrization of spatial variation of the phase shift (biphase) between the first and second nonlinear harmonics of wave motion during wave transformation over sloping bottom in the coastal zone is discussed. It is revealed that the biphase values vary in the range [â€“Ï€/2, Ï€/2]. Biphase variations rigorously follow fluctuations in amplitudes of the first and second harmonics and the periodicity of energy exchange between them. The empirical relation applied in modern practice to calculate the biphase, which depends on the Ursell number, is incorrect for calculating the biphase for wave evolution in the coastal zone, because it does not take into account periodic energy exchange between the nonlinear harmonics. The new approximations of the biphase values for typical scenarios of wave transformations are suggested. It was demonstrated that the biphase of breaking waves defines breaking index and breaking type.
NUMERICAL MODELING OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NONLINEAR WAVES AND ARBITRARILY FLEXIBLE VEGETATION
Authors: Tahvildari Navid
Published: June 2017

Coastal wetlands are among the natural features with the capability to dissipate wave energy and reduce storm damage. Inadequate representation of wave and vegetation characteristics in numerical models may reduce their capability in predicting wave processes over wetlands. Previous numerical wave models have typically applied
simplifications on vegetation behavior. For instance, vegetation stems were usually assumed to be rigid or semi-flexible and thus extreme stem deflections could not be captured. In this study, a time-domain nonlinear numerical model based on extended Boussinesq formulation is developed and coupled with a numerical model for vegetation
blade dynamics that allows for arbitrary flexibility. Comparison with analytical and laboratory experiments show that the coupled model can adequately predict flow as well as vegetation blade dynamics without the need for any parameter tuning. The model is then used to obtain wave-induced forces on a stem and vegetation blade orientation. Model results indicate that the variation of the vegetative drag coefficient with wave frequency is non-monotonic.
THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NETHERLAND DIKES AFTER THE STORM OF FEBRUARY 1953
Authors: Schijf J. B.
Published: June 2017

The reconstruction of the damage to the dikes by the flood of February 1953 presented an enormous task. From the hydraulic engineer's point of view the most interesting part was the closing of the major or tidal breaches, that is to say, the places where a dike for a certain length was totally destroyed and where, therefore, the tides had free entrance to the inundated interior, scouring out deep gullies. This called into action the resources of tidal hydraulics, theoretical considerations, and model experiments.
THE HYDRAULIC DREDGING AND PUMPING OF LAKE AREA DEPOSITS
Authors: Pfarrer V. H.
Published: June 2017

First let me say that it is a sincere pleasure and an honor to address such a distinguished audience. More people should be made aware of the work that you are doing in the protection of our shores and coastline. It is a great satisfaction to me to he associated with an industry that is instrumental in rebuilding our shores along the lines of your extensive studies and recommendations. I recall laboring over the trochoidal wave theory in my study of naval architecture quite a few years ago. Frankly, it is not used very much in dredge design except in the larger molded form sea going hopper dredges. There is no doubt that you have made great strides in the theory of wave motion and transmitted energy since that time.
SOURCE MATERIALS FOR LAKE MICHIGAN BEACHES
Authors: Powers William E.
Published: June 2017

The extensive wave erosion which has occurred in many parts of the Lake Michigan shoreline since I9I4.3 has centered interest on the materials composing the bluffs above the water line and on the amount and grain size of beach sediments yielded by wave erosion of these bluffs. The present study grew out of a preliminary mapping of the landform types and shore materials of the Lake Michigan basin carried out in 1952-53 for the Beach Erosion Board of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The report prepared for the Beach Erosion Board summarized the geology of the Lake Michigan shoreline. Types of bedrock were indicated not only where such rocks form cliffs or reefs above water level but also beneath the unconsolidated materials which form three-quarters of the actual shoreline. Such unconsolidated materials were also mapped as to type and present form, and on these bases the shoreline was divided into physiographic units. These physiographic units and materials will be evaluated with respect to the total proportion of each type along the shoreline and the sediments yielded to the beach zone by wave erosion.
HARMONICS OF A WAVE
Authors: Apte A.S.
Published: June 2017

In a hydraulics laboratory, waves are produced generally by a flap generator ; such a wave propagates in an open canal with a horizontal bottom and with a rectangular section. Because of the importance of its applications in practice, the detailed study of such a wave has a major interest. Considerable efforts are devoted, at present, to the production of a wave as pure as possible.

Experience has shown, that in spite of all precautions taken, the wave is propagated always with some of its harmonics. It is useful to investigate analytically, on the basis of Stokes' linear theory, the conditions in which these harmonics originate. The conclusions of the theory presented here are not yet tested experimentally; it forms part of a programme of research of the laboratoire de Mdcanique des Fluides of the Institut Polytechnique of Grenoble.

Most of the results presented here have been already published; a bibliography is given at the end of this article. It was thought desirable, however, to give a succinct review of the question, in the hope that it might be useful to the engineer.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE TRAVEL OF SHORE MATERIAL ALONG A CHALK FORESHORE
Authors: Coultas H. W.
Published: June 2017

The paper deals with the results of a few experiments on the travel of shingle carried out at Rottingdean, near Brighton, by the Author, whilst he was in charge of the sea defence works, which were being erected for the East Sussex County Council. The defence works consist of a number of concrete groynes connected together at the cliff ends by reinforced concrete sea walls. The groynes are 500 feet apart, and it was between two of these that the experiments were carried out. The foreshore is of chalk, and the amount of shingle between the groynes was very small. Often this shingle was heaped up in one of the corners made by the sea wall and the groyne; the remainder of the shore was absolutely bare. This was an advantage, as the specimens could be placed on the clear portion of the shore, and their movements observed, with a minimum danger of their being lost and unrecognised by being in a large mass of shingle. In order to recognise the test pieces, specimens of brick, concrete and granite were used to distinguish them from the shingle flints. But in spite of this and a long clear run of shore, there was sufficient shingle between the groynes to hide the test specimens once,they had got into the main heap after a rough sea.
COMPARISON BETWEEN TURBIDITY MEASURED IN AN ESTUARY AND TURBIDITY CALCULATED FROM LABORATORY TESTS
Authors: Wallet Andre
Published: June 2017

The study of navigation conditions in the Seine estuary has led to scale model tests which are now being carried out by the NEYBPIC Laboratory, Grenoble; for the Port of Rouen Authority.

In order to calibrate the model correctly, that is to say to ensure that the natural conditions would be reproduced on the model, it was necessary to carry out laboratory studies on the sand from the estuary bed to determine the solid discharge of this material for definite hydraulic conditions.

This was necessary because, while at some distance above the bed direct measurements of the solid transport are relatively easy to make in nature by means of samples, they are practically impossible in the immediate neighborhood of the bottom when the sand is fine, as is the case in the Seine estuary.

On the other hand, by taking certain precautions it is possible to measure the solid discharge in the immediate neighborhood of the bottom when.the transport of sand is studied in the laboratory. The two methods, direct measurements of the suspended load in nature and measurements of solid discharge near the bottom in the laboratory therefore complement one another.

However, it seemed interesting to justify this method by comparing the results where nature and the laboratory coincide, i.e. for material in suspension.

This paper gives details on the procedure followed for these laboratory tests on an experimental canal. The main results of these tests will be reviewed by examining the relationship between the concentration in the neighbourhood of the bottom and the solid discharge on the one hand, and the bottom shear stress on the other.
FUNDAMENTALS OF COAST EROSION AND DEFENCE
Authors: Minikin R. R.
Published: June 2017

"Every ultimate fact is but the first of a new series and every general law only a particular fact of some more general law presently to disclose itself. Ralph Waldo Emerson was not a scientist but he wrote many wise things about human ways and notions. The words of this quotation condense with brevity the whole history of the studies relative to that branch of oceanography devoted to sea behaviour about our shores. Within the last half century there has been a great deal of research on the subject although with different ends in view; some were concerned with marine life and fisheries, some with variation of gravity, others with hydrography and others with the movement of the mobile material on the sea bed, currents and tides. Another type of research of no less importance was the delving into relevant historical records of centuries past of Dutch, French and Italian sea-going map makers. In this connection it was a well known Italian engineer who brought to light the works of a great English chart maker of the Mediterranean, Admiral Henry Smyth (1810) who for twenty years sailed that sea. It is only within recent years that there has been a dissemination of the data collated by these specialist compartmental researches through such Associations as this and it is all to the good of man.

The difficulties of hydrodynamic studies are too well-known to require emphasis here excepting to underline the fact that most of the popular quantitative formulae are of a semi-empirical nature. It is therefore easy to appreciate the divergences of opinions of what is essential to a clear understanding and evaluation of the factors that must weigh in the diagnosis of beach behaviour subjected to the complex sea action.

It is the purpose of this paper to examine briefly those things recorded from authoritative observations of the phenomena and the reasons and the remedies more usually proposed, or executed for the given conditions in various countries. The author has already suggested elsewhere that the personal approach to these problems should be definitely linked to a sea-sense, in other words a keen interest in and contact with the sea in all its moods.
THE DUTCH PROGRAM OF INVESTIGATIONS ON STORM SURGES IN THE NORTH SEA
Authors: Schijf J. B.
Published: June 2017

The North Sea is a shallow sea and therefore it is very sensitive to wind effects. As a result the water levels along the coasts are, in addition to the tidal oscillations subject to a considerable wind setup and exceptionally severe gales throughout history have been accompanied by inundations of the low-lying regions bordering the North Sea, in particular its southern part.

No stretch of coast has suffered more than that belonging to the Netherlands and the adjacent parts of Belgium and North Western Germany. Several factors combine to bestow on us this doubtful privilege.
CONSIDERATIONS ON THE PROBLEM OF FENDERING SYSTEMS
Authors: D'Auriac P. Angles
Published: June 2017

Two problems arise :

(a) What performances can reasonably be expected of fendering systems?

(b) Once these performances have been established, how should the fendering system be constructed ?

The first of these questions, which the author has barely touched on, involves the calculation of probabilities and a rational solution could only be found on the basis of copious and reliable statistics.

The second question is dealt with much more comprehensively, the different systems used are reviewed, their advantages and disadvantages are compared and the conclusion reached is that every time the amount of energy to be absorbed may happen to be larger than expected, a dashpot type of shock-absorber would seem to be the most efficient system.

Consequently, the author focuses his discussion on this solution and establishes a mathematical theory making it possible either to design a dashpot for a given problem or to calculate the operating characteristics for a given dashpot under given conditions.
WINDSCREENS FOR HARBOURS
Authors: Valensi Jacques
Published: June 2017

Big ships may sometimes be prevented from mooring when piers are not shielded against gusts from cross winds. Forces large enough to break the mooring cables can also develop.

To prevent these difficulties, a windscreen had to be built in 1947 in Le Havre harbour. It was a plain concrete wall, 240 m long and 21.5 m high, with a curved side facing the most frequent wind. Quite a few wide-apertures were provided across the wall, so as to feed, in a way, the wake downstream from the wall.

The question of building a protecting screen has been raised again recently in Marseille, to provide a shield along one of the piers which is open to cross winds (Mistral). I have suggested designing a porous screen, made of a plane thin wall with numerous small holes regularly spaced, as in a perforated plate. I had reasons to believe, and it has been confirmed by experiment on small scale models, that a porous screen could provide a shield as efficiently as a plane wall. On the other hand a porous screen would offer many advantages when compared to a plain wall, as a) reduced stresses from gust effects, b) lighter and simpler structure, and c) eddies in the wake would not be as large.
Complete Proceedings - Single PDF Download
Authors: Johnson J. W.
Published: June 2017

This conference was sponsored jointly by the Council on Wave Research and the University of Florida The National Science Foundation assisted by making a grant to pay the travel expenses of some of the foreign authors. Appreciation is expressed to the University of Florida Coastal Engineering Laboratory and to the Jacksonville District of the Corps of Engineers for photographs supplied to illustrate the cover and the section title pages of this publication.
DETERMINATION OF THE WAVE HEIGHT IN NATURE FROM MODEL TESTS SUPPLEMENTED BY CALCULATION
Authors: Diephuis J. G.H.R. , Gerritze J. G.
Published: June 2017

This paper deals with the problem of determining the wave characteristics in shallow water from those in deep water. In general this can be done by means of a refraction calculation. If the sea bottom topography is too irregular the height of the waves can be determined by means of a small-scale refraction model. In both cases, however, some additional effects have to be taken into account, viz. the influence of the bottom friction and the influence of the wind.
LEGAL ASPECTS IN COASTAL PROTECTION ENGINEERING
Authors: Wallis W. Turner
Published: June 2017

In modern systems of democratic government the basic recourse for the necessary authority and power for solving problems is in the enactment of laws. These laws may vary extensively in character and content from the comprehensive acts of a congressional body to the simplest ordinances of a town council, but each provides a means acceptable to the people for implementing a desired program. Such is the case in the preservation of beaches and the protection of coastlines.
HYDRAULIC STUDIES IN ESTUARIES
Authors: Kivisild Hans R.
Published: June 2017

There is a region in estuaries where water velocities are far below critical, and where sea level variations greatly affect the hydraulic conditions, but where still distinct channels exist.
USE OF MODEL EXPERIMENTS IN SOLVING QUESTIONS OF NAVIGATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ENTRANCE OF ST. ANNA BAY, CURACAO, NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
Authors: Leendertse J. J.
Published: June 2017

For a great many years model experiments with ships have been carried out in towing tanks in order to ascertain the reactive movements of ships under different wave and current conditions. Such experiments do not only pertain to the stability of the ships but also to forces brought to bear on the hulls of the ships. A recent development in the coastal engineering field includes the use of ship models in questions of navigation.
HURRICANE WAVE STATISTICS FOR THE GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: Wilson Basil W.
Published: June 2017

This paper contains the results of a statistical hindcast study of the heights and periods of significant waves generated by hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico in the period 1900 to 1949. Results are presented in a series of polar plots of frequencies of occurrence of waves of given height and period at deep-water (100 fathoms depth) stations at different bearings offshore from five coastal stations (Brownsville, Tex., Gilchrist, Tex., Burrwood, Miss., Apalachicola, Fla., Tampa, Fla.).

Analysis was conducted by selecting a sample of 9 hurricanes and hindcasting by graphical moving fetch techniques, wave heights, periods and arrival times along eleven approach-directions to the five coastal stations for one storm, and from two to three approach directions for the remaining eight storms. Maximum heights and periods were correlated with hurricane characteristics (pressure, radius of maximum winds, forward velocity and direction). From the correlation the sample was increased by an additional 23 hurricanes whose characteristics were known. Heights and periods plotted against frequencies of occurrence gave mainly normal probability distribution Finally taking account of the total number of tropical storms occurring in the Gulf of Mexico in 50 years and the incidences of waves from various direction at the five stations, the chances of occurrence of full hurricane waves were evaluated.
WAVE EFFECT ON THE COAST FORMATION AND EROSION
Authors: Jarocki Walenty
Published: June 2017

Various authors explain differently the mechanism of action of waves on the_ sediment movement. Some authors consider that the waves are raising the soil fractions from the bottom and water currents transfer them along the seaboard. The other authors suppose that each wave shears some soil in the bottom in littoral zone of the waves and wind is oblique to the shoreline. Beach currents catch and transport the sediment particles along the seaboard. These authors suppose when the wind is in the direction of seaboard /from sea/ then the bottom currents move in the opposite direction. These currents transport the ground particles in the direction of sea and thus the seaboard erosion arises. When the wind direction is opposite, the botto currents arise in the direction of seaboard and they cause the transportation of ground and the accumulation of seaboards. These reasons show that the action of waves would cause only the separation of ground particles and their asoeading. Our last investigations and observations of the sediment movement have led the conclusion that the waves may cause the raise of the sediment partciles and also their transport. The character of this transport depends on the wave kind and on the height and length of waves. General quantity of the lifted particles by means of waves increases as the power of waves or height and length of waves increases. If the power of waves decreases these particles fall. The waves are able to transport the bed load and detritus load without cooperation of the water current in spite of horizontal or inclined bottom. Under the action of waves the sediment moves the oscillatory movement. The waves move the bed load in the shallow exterior zones with the horizontal bottom only, towards the wave propagation. This material may be moved perpendicular the slope, according to the wave direction or in the opposite on< If the approaching wave creates the acute angle to the shoreline then the bed load moves near the seaboard. The transport of the bed load and of detritus loai change if the water current and waves appear simultaneously. The water current acts generally on the detritus load because the water moves this material easier than the bed load which rolls on the bottom.
THE QUALITY OF TABULATED DECK LOG SWELL OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Burkhart Marvin D. , Cline Clifford H.
Published: June 2017

To determine the areas of data deficiencies, the totals of sea and swell observations were summarized by unit Marsden squares for the world. An interesting result of this summary was a comparison of the totals of sea and swell observations. The totals of swell observations averaged two-thirds those of sea observations. Although this ratio was fairly representative of the ocean basins, considerable variation occurred in semi-enclosed seas where swell observations averaged only one-tenth those of sea observations. A few ocean basin locations had totals of swell observations that approached those of sea observations, but no Marsden square had more swell observations than sea observations. Strangely enough, swell tabulations, in areas where the ratio of swell to sea observations were smallest (semi-enclosed basins), appeared least reliable although it was suspected at the time that this was probably due to smallness of the sample. Subsequent additions of card decks have neither changed these ratios appreciably nor the suspect reliability. Thus, due to the relative sparseness of observations in some areas and the inexplainable ratios of swell to sea observations in others, the quality of observations contained in IBM listings have for some time been questioned.
REJET DE MATERIAUX A LA MER PAR REFOULEMENT HYDRAULIQUE RISQUES DE POLLUTION DES PLAGES
Authors: Greslou Louis
Published: June 2017

II peut paraitre interessant lorsqu'une installation est implantee au bord de la mer de rejeter dans celleci les residus de fabrication, qu'il s'agisse des cendres et suies d'une usine thermique, des steriles d'une mine, etc. Divers procedds peuvent alors etre utilises et nous en enumererons rapidement quelques uns avant d1examiner plus en detail celui qui fait l'objet de la presente communication. Le transport au large par chalands est une solution qui peut permettre le rejet du mate"riau a une grande distance dans une zone prealablement choisie pour eviter au maximum toute pollution dventuelle du rivage. Ce procede" suppose evidemment non seulement le materiel nautique necessaire mais la proximite d'un port ou d'un abri naturel pour ces bateaux. Le transport a une certame distance du rivage par telefenque est une solution employee pour certains chargements de minerals. Mais 1'installation que n^cessite un tel dispositif risque d'entrainer des travaux trop onereux pour 1*evacuation de residus de fabrication.
MODEL INVESTIGATIONS OF WIND-WAVE FORCES
Authors: Prins J.E.
Published: June 2017

The load caused by wave attack had to he determined in connection with the design of a steel structure located adjacent to the open sea. This load had to he expressed in such a way that the designer: a) Could "base the dimensioning of his structure on a consideration of the probability of failure b) Would have at his disposal data from which could be derived the number of stress alternations together with the distribution of their amplitudes during the lifetime of the structure. The data required for this is: 1) The probability of occurrence of significant waves of any given magnitude 2) The load spectra associated with the wave spectra of significant waves of any given magnitude. With regard to l) a prognosis was made by the "lijkswaterstaat" from wave records and meteorological conditions at the prototype location? The load spectra were evaluated in the laboratory "de Voorst" by exposing a small scale model to wind generated waves. In the following? a review is given of the preliminary studies made to compare the wave characteristics in model and prototype, the investigation of wave form and the forces exerted on the structure, and the representation of the final results.
MODERN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS AND DIKES BUILT WITH THE USE OF ASPHALT
Authors: Van Asberk Baron W.F.
Published: June 2017

In recent years quite a number of important coast protection and harbour construction works in Europe, in the U.S.A. and in Japan have been built or strengthened with the use of asphalt according to established methods of construction in various countries. These works have proved to be not only technically sound and durable but also economical in initial capital investment as well as in maintenance costs. Moreover, as the results obtained have been very encouraging, new outlets and methods of construction with asphalt are being sought, and systematically investigated and developed to cover a wider field of application for coast protection and harbour construction works. Although there are many purposes and means of applying asphalt constructions for these works, the author has limited the scope of his paper to describe in particular the fundamental problems related to the hydraulic and asphalt-technical aspects of building dams and dikes of sand according to the hydraulic fill process, covered and protected by a two course hot-mix asphalt revetment or layer. Assuming a general knowledge of the various facets of hydraulic dam and dike constructions and of asphalt construction methods the author deals with essential items concerning the hydraulic and strength design of asphalt revetments for dikes and dams and describes certain details of construction that require particular attention and perhaps further investigation as experience has proved.
RHYTHMIC PATTERN OF LONGSHORE BARS RELATED TO SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Hom-ma Masashi , Sonu Choule
Published: June 2017

Despite a number of valuable contributions by many predecessors, namely F. F. Shepard (Ref. 1) and Q. H. Keulegan (Ref. 2), our knowledge regarding the effect of a longshore bar on the sedimentary process of a coast has long remained a plausible, qualitative understanding that a longshore bar constitutes a zone of active migration of bottom deposit due to agitation of breakers and currents. This was probably due mainly to the difficulty of performing an accurate hydrographic survey near the breaker zone. On the other hand, the geometrical characteristics along a single bar profile, which was sounded off either from a stable pier (Ref. 1) or a suspended cable (Ref. 3) resulted in a hopeless scatter.

An aerial photograph, if taken under favorable conditions, may show an Interesting picture of submerged topographies In a distinct contrast made by the bright tone of a shallow bar crest or a shoal, against the dark background of a deep trough or a rock bottom. By comparing such photographic records with convenient soundings derived from some of the Japanese coasts, an Interesting topographical feature of a longshore bar has been disclosed. A longshore bar may attain a rhythmic pattern consisting of echelons of arcuate (or lunate) bar unit, which in entire appearance strongly resembles that of a honeycomb. It has also been discovered that a rhythmic bar pattern is correlated with other Important factors either dynamic or static, which participate in the general processes of a coast, namely the shoreline configuration, the shoreface slope and deposit, the topographies on the offshore bottom, transformation of Incident waves, the longshore currents and the littoral drifts. The authors have further attempted to develop a hypothetical concept on the origin of littoral rhythms as well as the behaviors of alongshore movement of sediment, and to consider their engineering lmplications on the basis of such findings. Although our success which has been achieved so far is yet incomplete due to lack of available data, it is believed that the approach and concept as proposed in the present paper may suggest an encouraging line of research toward formulating a unified macroscopic view on the mechanics of the littoral process.
MODES OF SEDIMENT BEHAVIOR AND SELECTION OF HARBOR DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE TECHNIQUES FOR MINIMUM SHOALING IN ESTUARIES
Authors: Krone R.B. , Einstein H.A.
Published: June 2017

Recent field and laboratory studies on San Francisco Bay sediment have revealed modes of sediment transport and shoaling processes there. These studies have been partially described in reports (Krone et al., 1959> i960) and articles (Einstein and Krone, 1961a, b) and sufficient information has now been accumulated to encourage qualitative recommendations for selecting harbor designs and maintenance programs causing minimum shoaling in this bay. San Francisco Bay is a transitional region between the nearly steady uniform fresh-water flows in contiguous rivers and the marine environment. In this region unsteady quasiperiodic flows and water depths prevail, and salinities range from very low values in the rivers to that of sea water. Water density variations due to salinity differences complicate hydraulic conditions resulting from the transition from river to tide-induced flows, particularly in channels, to the extent that flows in opposite directions are found near the channel bottom and near the water surface. Large areas exist in the Bay with MLLW depths less than six feet. In these areas wind and tide-induced currents having low flow velocities, and wave action are the important hydraulic conditions. The sediments transported into the Bay generally range from fine sand downward in size, and compose the "wash loads" of entering streams that have found conditions in the Bay favoring deposition. Sediments involved in shoaling problems are generally composed of more than half clay minerals. These minerals are a heterogeneous mixture but are predominately montmorillonite and illite. Organic matter content of deposits within the Bay are of the order of .02 by dry weight. Similar estuarial conditions and clayey sediments to those in San Francisco Bay are believed to occur widely in other areas, with variations in detail of configuration, flows, salinities, wave action, and sediment composition and loads. Such details are more or less subject to modification, however, and are the principal interest of those concerned with harbor design. This paper first presents descriptions of the factors and physical processes important to sediment transport and shoaling in an estuarial environment as bases of later general recommendations for harbor design and maintenance. These descriptions are based on the San Francisco Bay studies, with supplementary information from other estuarial regions when known.
ARTIFICIAL BEACH BUILDING ON THE CROISETTE WATERFRONT AT CANNES
Authors: Tourmen Louis
Published: June 2017

In view of the persistent increase m traffic density on the Croisette and the restrictions caused by a one-way system which had to be introduced, the Cannes municipality decided to ease the situation by widening the road to handle two-way traffic. Numerous schemes for widening the road on the seaward side were proposed but none were satisfactory for the resulting gains were minimal, and the beach, which is at present very narrow and even non-existent at certain places (see fig. 2), would have suffered accordingly. Consulted on this problem, Sogreah decided to examine the possibility of rebuilding the beach to start with, to be followed by the construction of a new, wide promenade, the net effect being a wider beach than the existing one. Since the beach could not be expected to extend naturally, this involved the construction of a completely man-made beach. This artificial beach building is extremely attractive from a technical point of view, since it presents no snags but it was nevertheless considered advisable to verify that this method could be applied to the Croisette beach. The Cannes Council Technical Department commissioned Sogreah to do a study, the aim of which was to discover whether the artificial beach would be sufficiently stable without extensive maintenance. This report is a record of these studies and the practical achievements they made possible.
EFFECT OF ENTRANCE ON SEICHE MOTION IN OCEAN PORTS
Authors: Roy Nikhilesh
Published: June 2017

The seiche motion induced in a partially open harbour is uniquely determined by the standing wave pattern formed in the outside ocean. The variable location and size of the coupling makes the problem essentially three-dimensional. Existing potential theory has been extended, for the case of a simple rectangular port, to simulate ocean conditions by approximating the open ocean by another rectangular basin of large size. The theoretical problem then reduces to solving the Neunan problem for the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation V*F + K*F m o for a polygonal contour. The finite dimensional approximation of an infinite domain is, however, unsatisfactory at least from the analytical point of view.

This difficulty has been removed, in this paper, by using elliptic-cylindrical co-ordinates for the semi-infinite domain in which the perturbation potential has been expanded in terms periodic Mathieu functions. These theoretical developments have been verified by a series of numerical calculations and experimental studies.
Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Alleles Influence Induction of Pathogenic Antiphospholipid Antibodies in a Mouse Model of Thrombosis
Authors: Papalardo Elizabeth , Romay‐Penabad Zurina , Willis Rohan , Christadoss Premkumar , Carrera‐Marin Ana Laura , Reyes‐Maldonado Elba , Rudrangi Rajani , Alfieri‐Papalardo Silvana , Garcia‐Latorre Ethel , Blank Miri , Pierangeli Silvia , Brasier Allan R. , Gonzalez Emilio B.
Published: June 2017

Objective

Both environmental and genetic factors are important in the development of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Currently, the only available data on predisposing genetic factors have been obtained from epidemiologic studies, without mechanistic evidence. Therefore, we studied the influence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II alleles on the production of aPL in a mouse model of APS.

Methods

Three groups of mice, MHC class II–deficient (MHCII−/−) mice, MHCII−/− mice transgenic for human HLA–DQ6 (DQ6), DQ8, or DR4 alleles, and the corresponding wild‐type (WT) mouse strains were immunized; half were immunized with human β2‐glycoprotein I (β2GPI), and the other half were immunized with control ovalbumin (OVA) protein. Thrombus formation in vivo, tissue factor activity in carotid and peritoneal macrophages, and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IgG anticardiolipin (aCL), antibodies, and anti‐OVA antibodies were determined.

Results

Immunization with β2GPI induced significant production of aCL and anti‐β2GPI in WT mice compared with control mice immunized with OVA (P < 0.001) but diminished aCL (P < 0.001) and anti‐β2GPI (P = 0.016) production in MHCII−/− mice. Anti‐β2GPI production was fully restored in DQ6 and DQ8 mice, while levels of anti‐β2GPI in DR4 mice and aCL in all transgenic lines were only partially restored (P < 0.001 to P < 0.046). Thrombus size in WT mice was twice that in MHCII−/− mice (P < 0.001) but similar to that in all transgenic lines. Carotid and peritoneal macrophage tissue factor levels decreased by >50% in MHCII−/− mice compared with wild‐type B6 mice and were restored in DQ8 mice but not DR4 mice or DQ6 mice. TNF levels decreased 4‐fold in MHCII−/− mice (P < 0.001) and were not restored in transgenic mice.

Conclusion

Our mechanistic study is the first to show that MHC class II alleles influence not only quantitative aPL production but also the pathogenic capacity of induced aPL.
IM‐based and EDP‐based decision models for the verification of the seismic collapse safety of buildings
Authors: Dolšek Matjaž , Lazar Sinković Nuša , Žižmond Jure
Published: June 2017

Decision models for the verification of seismic collapse safety of buildings are introduced. The derivations are based on the concept of the acceptable (target) annual probability of collapse, whereas the decision making involves comparisons between seismic demand and capacity, which is familiar to engineering practitioners. Seismic demand, which corresponds to the design seismic action associated with a selected return period, can be expressed either in terms of an intensity measure (IM) or an engineering demand parameter (EDP). Seismic capacity, on the other hand, is defined by dividing the near‐collapse limit‐state IM or EDP by an appropriate risk‐targeted safety factor (γim or γedp), which is the only safety factor used in the proposed decision model. Consequently, the seismic performance assessment of a building should be based on the best possible estimate. For a case study, it is shown that if the target collapse risk is set to 10−4 (0.5% over a period of 50 years), and if the seismic demand corresponds to a return period of 475 years (10% over a period of 50 years), then it can be demonstrated that γim is approximately equal to 2.5 for very stiff buildings, whereas for buildings with long periods the value of γim can increase up to a value of approximately 5. The model using γedp is equal to that using γim only if it can be assumed that displacements, with consideration of nonlinear behavior, are equal to displacements from linear elastic analysis.
A graph‐based postoptimization approach for covering arrays
Authors: Perez‐Torres Jose Carlos , Torres‐Jimenez Jose
Published: June 2017

Covering arrays (CAs) are combinatorial objects with interesting features that have practical applications such as experimental design and fault detection in hardware and software. We introduce a graph‐based postoptimization (GBPO) approach to reduce the size of CAs exploiting the redundancy in CAs previously constructed. To evidence the advantages of using GBPO, we have instantiated it with 2 sets of CAs: (1) 560 CAs of strength 2≤t≤6, alphabet 2≤v≤6, and parameters 3≤k≤32 generated by an optimized version of In‐Parameter‐Order‐Generalized (IPOG‐F) and GBPO improved all CAs, and 37 cases matched the best‐known upper bounds; and (2) 32 CAs of strength t=2, alphabet 3≤v≤6, and number of parameters 8≤k≤146; in this set, 16 cases were improved, and 16 cases were matched.
Assertive Interventions for First Episode Psychoses: The Danish Experience
Authors: Nordentoft M. , Albert N. , Hjorthoj C. , Jensen H. , Melau M.
Published: June 2017

Early Intervention services with team-based intensive case management and family involvement are superior to standard treatment in reducing psychotic and negative symptoms and comorbid substance abuse and improving social functioning and user satisfaction. The results of the OPUS-trial will be presented together with meta-analyses based on similar trials. The implementation of OPUS all over Denmark will be presented together with the Danish OPUS-fidelity study. Specialized elements are being are being developed such as inclusion of new methods in CBT for psychotic and negative symptoms, neurocognitive and social cognitive training programs, interventions for supported employment and focus on physical health. Results of long term follow-up studies indicate that the prognosis of first episode psychosis is very diverse with the extremes represented by one group being well functioning and able to quit medication without relapse; and another group having a long term chronic course of illness with a need for support to maintain daily activities. The Danish TAILOR-trial–testing dose reduction versus maintenance therapy will be presented. It will be of immense value to be able to intervene in risk groups identified in the premorbid phase, and there are few examples of ongoing trial for children of parent with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Inflammation and Pruning May Inform Risk to Psychiatric Disorders. Lessons From Large Genetic Data
Authors: Crisafulli C.
Published: June 2017

Background

It's known that psychiatric disorders are caused to either environmental and genetics factors. Through the years several hypotheses were tested and many genes were screened for association, resulting in a huge amount of data available for the scientific community. Despite that, the molecular mechanics behind psychiatric disorders remains largely unknown. Traditional association studies may be not enough to pinpoint the molecular underpinnings of psychiatric disorder. We tried to applying a methodology that investigates molecular-pathway-analysis that takes into account several genes per time, clustered in consistent molecular groups and may successfully capture the signal of a number of genetic variations with a small single effect on the disease. This approach might reveal more of the molecular basis of psychiatric disorders.

Methods

i)We collected data on studies available in literature for the studied disorder (e.g. Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder);ii)We extracted a pool of genes that are likely involved with the disease;iii)We used these genes as starting point to map molecular cascades function-linked. The molecular cascades are then analyzed and pathways and sub-pathways, possibly involved with them, are identified and tested for association.

Results/discussion

We obtained interesting results. In particular, signals of enrichment (association) were obtained multiple times on the molecular pathway associated with the pruning activity and inflammation. Molecular mechanics related to neuronal pruning were focused as a major and new hypothesis for the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders and the role of inflammatory events has been extensively investigated in psychiatry. intersting, inflammatory mechanics in the brain may also play a role in neuronal pruning during the early development of CNS.

Disclosure of interest

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.