bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eco-Audit and Environmental Impacts of Products
Authors: Gheorghiță Cătălin , Gheorghiță Vlad
Published: April 2016

Eco-audit is a tool to find the environmental impact of the product across all life cycle stages and for identify the problems in all aspects of a supply chain, from extraction of raw materials to manufacturing, distribution, use and disposal. The purpose of an analysis of a product is to establish the embodied energy, water usage, annual CO2 to atmosphere, carbon foot print, recycle fraction in current supply, toxicity, approximate processing energy and sustainability criteria. Knowledges to guide design decisions are needed to minimize or eliminate adverse eco-impacts. In eco-audit analysis, will be created material charts, processes selection and life cycle analysis allowing alternative design choices to meet the engineering requirements and reduce the environmental impact. The application presented in this paper uses only environmentally friendly properties of Ashby's database.
Aligning Tools on a Press by Means of 3D Scanning
Authors: Drăgoi Mircea Viorel , Manolescu Alexandru , Vasiloni Mircea Anton
Published: April 2016

The paper presents the way the 3D scanning was used to correct miss-alignment of the tools on a metal sheet bending press. Parts obtained by bending where not conform to requirements, and the reason was unknown. In order to find the error, the shape, size, and alignment of bending board and stamp had to be checked. The particular very long tools imposed as the single appropriate method of measurement: 3D scanning. The point clouds gathered by 3D scanning were processed to get the 3D models of the tools. Analyzing the models of the tools and their relative position led to conclusions that revealed the error and allowed fixing the problem.
Recognition of Machining Features Based on Identification of Inner/Outer Loops on Basic Face
Authors: Armasoiu Giorgiana Elena
Published: April 2016

There exists different feature definitions, but they all agree upon the point of view that considers features as high level entities. Solid models are built from features instances, which are designated as feature attributes, consisting of feature shape attributes, position and orientation of feature with respect to established coordinate system, material characteristics, geometric tolerances. The definition of manufacturing features links the ensemble of interrelated geometric elements to appropriate manufacturing method. This paper proposes a feature recognition algorithm that identifies features, such as simple hole, tapered hole, counterbored hole, counterdrilled hole, countersunk hole, step through/blind, slot through/blind, pocket through/blind, chamfer, fillet, filleted/chamfered slot, filleted/chamfered pocket, pocket/slot island or boss, based on a set of established definitions, with exemplification on slot features.
Influence of CAM Strategies on the Wear of Cutting Tools
Authors: Zaujec Rudolf , Pokorný Peter
Published: April 2016

This paper presents research on the influence of CAM strategies for wear and durability of milling tools. We used two machining principles in this process. In the first instance was constant point of contact with the tool and machining surface. The second method was changing point of the cutting edge in the milling process. Material of tool was hard alloy and high speed steel for machining steel 40CrMnMo7 and C45. The shape of cutting tool was a “Ball Nose” end mill. A DMU 85 monoBLOCK 5-axis CNC milling machine was used. The cutting tool wear was measured in Zoller Genius 3, universal measuring machine and digital microscope, Dino lite 2. The results show differences of cutting tool wear depending on the milling strategy and material of tool.
A prospective comparative clinical study of peripheral blood counts and indices in patients with primary brain tumors
Authors: Subeikshanan V , Dutt A , Basu D , Tejus MN , Maurya VP , Madhugiri VS
Published: April 2016

Background:

Elevation of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been shown to be an indicator of poor prognosis in many malignancies including recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Objectives: This study was aimed at assessing if the NLR and other leukocyte counts and indices were deranged in treatment-naïve patients with primary brain tumors when compared with an age-matched healthy control group.

Materials and Methods:

This was a prospective comparative clinical observational study by design. A healthy control population was compared with treatment-naïve patients diagnosed with intra- and extraaxial brain tumors. Leukocyte counts (neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts) as well as leukocyte ratios such as the NLR and the monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR) were calculated. We also evaluated if the counts and indices were related to the tumor volume.

Results:

In all patients with tumors, the platelet and neutrophil counts were elevated when compared to the controls. In contrast, monocyte counts and the MLR were found to be decreased in patients with tumors when compared to the controls. The subset of patients with glioblastoma showed a significant increase in NLR when compared to the controls.

Conclusions:

Significant changes in the neutrophil, monocyte, and platelet counts as well as NLR and MLR were observed. Prospective longitudinal studies are required to determine the prognostic and therapeutic implications of these findings.
Utilization of fecal occult blood test in the acute hospital setting and its impact on clinical management and outcomes
Authors: Mosadeghi S , Ren H , Catungal J , Yen I , Liu B , Wong RJ , Bhuket T
Published: April 2016

Background:

Despite lack of evidence supporting the use of fecal occult blood test (FOBT) in the acute hospital setting, FOBT is commonly used in the inpatient setting for reasons other than colorectal cancer (CRC) screening.

Aims:

To evaluate practice trends in utilizing FOBT on inpatients and its impact on affecting clinical management and outcomes.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study of consecutive adult patients undergoing FOBT from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2011 during an acute medical admission at a large urban safety net hospital was performed. Indications for FOBT, and the impact of FOBT results on endoscopic procedures performed and clinical outcomes were assessed. The number of inpatient endoscopic procedures before and after discontinuing inpatient FOBT was also assessed.

Results:

A total of 207 inpatient FOBTs were performed in 2011. The most common reason cited for FOBT was anemia (36%, n = 74) followed by gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (27%, n = 55). Interestingly, 23% (n = 47) of the patients undergoing inpatient FOBT had overt GI bleeding. As expected, patients with positive FOBT were significantly more likely to undergo endoscopic examinations (P < 0.01). After discontinuing the availability of inpatient FOBT, patients were less likely to undergo endoscopic examinations [odds ratio (OR) 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75-0.85].

Conclusion:

Inappropriate utilization of FOBT in the inpatient setting is common, even when the indication does not support its use. Setting limitations on inpatient FOBT may reduce the inappropriate utilization of inpatient FOBT. Quality improvement initiatives are needed to educate clinicians on the appropriate use of FOBT, which is primarily for average risk CRC screening.
Distribution of Acanthamoeba Genotypes Isolated from Recreational and Therapeutic Geothermal Water Sources in Southwestern Iran
Authors: Niyyati Maryam , Saberi Reza , Latifi Alireza , Lasjerdi Zohreh
Published: April 2016

A comprehensive survey was conducted along 10 km of geothermal rivers in southwestern Iran. A total of 40 water samples were tested for the presence of Acanthamoeba spp., and genotypes were determined by targeting the diagnostic fragment 3 region of the 18S rRNA gene. The pathogenic potential of all positive isolates was also identified using tolerance ability test. High occurrences of Acanthamoeba (50%) were detected in the sampling areas. Based on sequencing analysis, isolates belonging to T4 (93.7%) and T2 (6.25%) genotypes were reported. Thermo- and osmotolerance tests revealed that five strains are highly pathogenic. Since every collection site of this study was associated with high human activity, posting of warning signs, monitoring of recreational water sources, and awareness of high-risk people are of utmost importance. To the best of our knowledge, the present research is the first to report T2 genotype from geothermal water sources in Iran.
Effects of Feeding Garlic and Juniper Berry Essential Oils on Milk Fatty Acid Composition of Dairy Cows
Authors: Yang Wen Zhu , He Mao Long
Published: April 2016

Essential oils (EOs) from plant extracts have been reported to have an antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Several of the gram-positive bacteria are involved in ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids (FAs), thus suggesting that feeding EOs could lower biohydrogenation of FA because of a decrease in the number of bacteria involved in that process. As a result, milk FA profiles are expected to be modified. In addition, monensin was approved as an antibiotic to be fed in dairy cattle, and it was reported that dairy cows supplemented with monensin produced milk containing higher concentration of 18:1 t10 and 18:1 t11. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two EOs (garlic and juniper berry oils) and monensin on FA profiles of milk fat. Four ruminally fistulated Holstein dairy cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment. Cows were fed for ad libitum intake a total mixed ration without supplementation (control), or supplemented with monensin (330 mg/head per day), garlic oil (5 g/head per day), or juniper berry oil (2 g/head per day). The FA composition of saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated was not affected by supplementation of EO and monensin. However, proportion of conjugated linoleic acid trans 10, cis 12 (CLA t10, c12) was higher ( P < 0.05) for cows fed EO or monensin than for control cows. Supplementation of monensin increased ( P < 0.05) the proportion of total trans FA compared with the control. These results indicate that supplementation of the dairy cow diet with garlic or juniper berry EO or monensin had the potential to increase the proportion of CLA t10, c12 in milk fat with minimal overall effects on FA of milk fat. The results also confirm the increase of 18:1 t10 in milk fat by feeding monensin to dairy cows.
Characteristics of gravity waves generated in the jet-front system in a baroclinic instability simulation
Authors: Kim Young-Ha , Chun Hye-Yeong , Park Sang-Hun , Song In-Sun , Choi Hyun-Joo
Published: April 2016

Abstract. An idealized baroclinic instability case is simulated using a  ∼  10 km resolution global model to investigate the characteristics of gravity waves generated in the baroclinic life cycle. Three groups of gravity waves appear around the high-latitude surface trough at the mature stage of the baroclinic wave. They have horizontal and vertical wavelengths of 40–400 and 2.9–9.8 km, respectively, in the upper troposphere. The two-dimensional phase-velocity spectrum of the waves is arc shaped with a peak at 17 m s−1 eastward. These waves have difficulty in propagating upward through the tropospheric westerly jet. At the breaking stage of the baroclinic wave, a midlatitude surface low is isolated from the higher-latitude trough, and two groups of quasi-stationary gravity waves appear near the surface low. These waves have horizontal and vertical wavelengths of 60–400 and 4.9–14 km, respectively, and are able to propagate vertically for long distances. The simulated gravity waves seem to be generated by surface fronts, given that the structures and speeds of wave phases are coherent with those of the fronts.
Modeling and measurements of urban aerosol processes on the neighborhood scale in Rotterdam, Oslo and Helsinki
Authors: Karl Matthias , Kukkonen Jaakko , Keuken Menno P. , Lützenkirchen Susanne , Pirjola Liisa , Hussein Tareq
Published: April 2016

Abstract. This study evaluates the influence of aerosol processes on the particle number (PN) concentrations in three major European cities on the temporal scale of 1 h, i.e., on the neighborhood and city scales. We have used selected measured data of particle size distributions from previous campaigns in the cities of Helsinki, Oslo and Rotterdam. The aerosol transformation processes were evaluated using the aerosol dynamics model MAFOR, combined with a simplified treatment of roadside and urban atmospheric dispersion. We have compared the model predictions of particle number size distributions with the measured data, and conducted sensitivity analyses regarding the influence of various model input variables. We also present a simplified parameterization for aerosol processes, which is based on the more complex aerosol process computations; this simple model can easily be implemented to both Gaussian and Eulerian urban dispersion models. Aerosol processes considered in this study were (i) the coagulation of particles, (ii) the condensation and evaporation of two organic vapors, and (iii) dry deposition. The chemical transformation of gas-phase compounds was not taken into account. By choosing concentrations and particle size distributions at roadside as starting point of the computations, nucleation of gas-phase vapors from the exhaust has been regarded as post tail-pipe emission, avoiding the need to include nucleation in the process analysis. Dry deposition and coagulation of particles were identified to be the most important aerosol dynamic processes that control the evolution and removal of particles. The error of the contribution from dry deposition to PN losses due to the uncertainty of measured deposition velocities ranges from −76 to +64 %. The removal of nanoparticles by coagulation enhanced considerably when considering the fractal nature of soot aggregates and the combined effect of van der Waals and viscous interactions. The effect of condensation and evaporation of organic vapors emitted by vehicles on particle numbers and on particle size distributions was examined. Under inefficient dispersion conditions, the model predicts that condensational growth contributes to the evolution of PN from roadside to the neighborhood scale. The simplified parameterization of aerosol processes predicts the change in particle number concentrations between roadside and urban background within 10 % of that predicted by the fully size-resolved MAFOR model.
Effect of data gaps: comparison of different spectral analysis methods
Authors: Munteanu Costel , Negrea Catalin , Echim Marius , Mursula Kalevi
Published: April 2016

Abstract. In this paper we investigate quantitatively the effect of data gaps for four methods of estimating the amplitude spectrum of a time series: fast Fourier transform (FFT), discrete Fourier transform (DFT), Z transform (ZTR) and the Lomb–Scargle algorithm (LST). We devise two tests: the single-large-gap test, which can probe the effect of a single data gap of varying size and the multiple-small-gaps test, used to study the effect of numerous small gaps of variable size distributed within the time series. The tests are applied on two data sets: a synthetic data set composed of a superposition of four sinusoidal modes, and one component of the magnetic field measured by the Venus Express (VEX) spacecraft in orbit around the planet Venus. For single data gaps, FFT and DFT give an amplitude monotonically decreasing with gap size. However, the shape of their amplitude spectrum remains unmodified even for a large data gap. On the other hand, ZTR and LST preserve the absolute level of amplitude but lead to greatly increased spectral noise for increasing gap size. For multiple small data gaps, DFT, ZTR and LST can, unlike FFT, find the correct amplitude of sinusoidal modes even for large data gap percentage. However, for in-situ data collected in a turbulent plasma environment, these three methods overestimate the high frequency part of the amplitude spectrum above a threshold depending on the maximum gap size, while FFT slightly underestimates it.
Development and evaluation of CNRM Earth system model – CNRM-ESM1
Authors: Séférian Roland , Delire Christine , Decharme Bertrand , Voldoire Aurore , Salas y Melia David , Chevallier Matthieu , Saint-Martin David , Aumont Olivier , Calvet Jean-Christophe , Carrer Dominique , Douville Hervé , Franchistéguy Laurent , Joetzjer Emilie , Sénési Séphane
Published: April 2016

Abstract. We document the first version of the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques Earth system model (CNRM-ESM1). This model is based on the physical core of the CNRM climate model version 5 (CNRM-CM5) model and employs the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere and Atmosphere (ISBA) and the Pelagic Interaction Scheme for Carbon and Ecosystem Studies (PISCES) as terrestrial and oceanic components of the global carbon cycle. We describe a preindustrial and 20th century climate simulation following the CMIP5 protocol. We detail how the various carbon reservoirs were initialized and analyze the behavior of the carbon cycle and its prominent physical drivers. Over the 1986–2005 period, CNRM-ESM1 reproduces satisfactorily several aspects of the modern carbon cycle. On land, the model captures the carbon cycling through vegetation and soil, resulting in a net terrestrial carbon sink of 2.2 Pg C year−1. In the ocean, the large-scale distribution of hydrodynamical and biogeochemical tracers agrees with a modern climatology from the World Ocean Atlas. The combination of biological and physical processes induces a net CO2 uptake of 1.7 Pg C year−1 that falls within the range of recent estimates. Our analysis shows that the atmospheric climate of CNRM-ESM1 compares well with that of CNRM-CM5. Biases in precipitation and shortwave radiation over the tropics generate errors in gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration. Compared to CNRM-CM5, the revised ocean–sea ice coupling has modified the sea-ice cover and ocean ventilation, unrealistically strengthening the flow of North Atlantic deep water (26.1 ± 2 Sv). It results in an accumulation of anthropogenic carbon in the deep ocean.
Un “tuiterazo” por la independencia: una experiencia del uso de Twitter para la enseñanza de Historia
Authors: Zerega-Garaycoa María Mercedes
Published: April 2016

Introdução: É necessário que os alunos deixem de entender um evento histórico de forma unidimensional e abordá-lo a partir dos relatos de seus atores. Como fazer que tais alunos o façam desenvolvendo empatia? Como se pode usar a tecnologia para "jogar" com o passado? Este estudo resume um projeto de sala de aula na qual se organizou um "role play game" utilizando-se o Twitter, e que foi chamado de "tuiteraço pela independência". A atividade ocorreu na área de conhecimento de história e com base na proposta de Ensino para a Compreensão (EPC). Assim, o objetivo foi compreender as posições de "atores" da independência latino-americana e desenvolver um processo empático. Método: avaliou-se o nível de compreensão e conscientização dos estudantes sobre o desenvolvimento da empatia promovido pela atividade, assim como a satisfação dos estudantes frente a atividade. Para tal, aplicou-se um questionário composto de perguntas abertas e fechadas visando avaliar a aprendizagem, assim como escalas para medir empatia e satisfação. O instrumento foi aplicado a 72 jovens estudantes do ensino médio. Resultados: Os alunos entendem que, para compreender um acontecimento histórico, é necessário entender o ponto de vista diferentes atores e consideraram que houve um bom nível de compreensão do papel de cada ator no cenário da independência latino-americana. Indicaram que a atividade contribuiu de maneira ampla para o desenvolvimento da empatia e declararam-se satisfeitos. Conclusões: A rede social Twitter pode ser usada para o desenvolvimento de role-playing games voltados ao reforço do entendimentos de fatos históricos como um conjunto de narrativas produzidas por atores que têm diferentes papéis e posições em torno dos acontecimentos.
Experience Abroad and Its Relation to Intercultural Competence and Cross-Cultural Tolerance
Authors: Genkova Petia
Published: April 2016

Successfully managing diversity is becoming more and more important in today's working environment. In this context, the development of intercultural competencies is of significant importance. The presented study gives an overview of the relationship between dimensions of multicultural effectiveness and two factors that are relevant in diversity settings: xenophobia, and international experience. It is shown that, while sole personality dimensions only have limited impact on a positive attitude towards persons with a migration background, a multicultural personality, as a whole, is very important in this context. Furthermore, a person with international experience shows higher values in open-mindedness, but is often also characterized by a lower degree of emotional stability.
Effects of Occupational Health and Safety Practices on Organizational Commitment, Work Alienation, and Job Performance: Using the PLS-SEM Approach
Authors: Kaynak Ramazan , Tuygun Toklu Arzu , Elci Meral , Tamer Toklu Ismail
Published: April 2016

Recent occupational accidents urged enterprises to put more importance on occupational health and safety practices. The pressure by both the public authority and the business and social milieu has played an important role in it. The present study investigated occupational health and safety (OHS) practices in five dimensions, i.e. safety procedures and risk management, safety and health rules, first aid support and training, occupational accident prevention, and organizational safety support. A survey form was developed in order to investigate the effect of OHS practices on work alienation, organizational commitment, and job performance as a throughput of such practices. The data set obtained from private sector enterprises was analyzed by structural equation modeling using least squares method. The findings of the analysis suggested that such OHS practices as safety procedures and risk management, safety and health rules, first aid support and training, and organizational safety support had a positive effect on organizational commitment. Moreover, it was seen that safety and health rules and organizational safety support decreased alienation, where first aid support and training played a role in increasing work alienation. Finally, safety procedures and risk management, safety and health rules, and organizational safety support had indirect effects on job performance of the employees.
Microbial Vitality of Probiotic Milks Supplemented With Cereal or Pseudocereal Grain Flours
Authors: Maselli Lisa , Hekmat Sharareh
Published: April 2016

Probiotic products containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 have been shown to help decrease the risk of urogenital infections, delay the decline of CD4 lymphocytes in patients with human immunodeficiency virus, and survive in the intestinal tract without stimulating immune or inflammatory responses. Cereal and pseudocereal grains can act as prebiotic agents and could be an economical way of improving the nutritional value, functional qualities, and overall health benefits of probiotic products. The purpose of this study was to measure the growth and survival of L. rhamnosus GR-1 in fermented probiotic skim milk supplemented with a grain flour over a 28-day storage period. The objective was to determine if supplementation of the grain flours would have a positive effect on the microbial vitality of L. rhamnosus GR-1 in the final product and during storage. Five probiotic skim milk samples supplemented with a grain flour were prepared: oat (3% weight to volume ratio), lentil (3% w/v), rice (3% w/v), barley (3% w/v), and quinoa (3% w/v) along with one control probiotic skim milk sample. Results showed that the oat, rice, barley and quinoa flours supported the growth of L. rhamnosus GR-1 at viable levels (108CFU/mL) during the first 14 days of storage; however, only skim milk supplemented with rice flour sustained the growth over the 28-day storage period. Future studies should conduct a sensory evaluation of this fermented probiotic rice flour milk as well as study rice milk inoculated with probiotics to produce a dairy-free and possible gluten-free product.
« La Guerre et ce qui s’ensuivit »
Authors: Mangeon Anthony
Published: April 2016

Cet article étudie la manière dont l’implication des troupes africaines dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale s’est trouvée mise en scène par des écrivains français (Aragon, Céline), puis par des écrivains africains. Après avoir constaté quels traitements partiels, car historiquement allusifs, sont offerts par les écrivains congolais Tchicaya U Tam’si et Henri Lopes, l’étude se déplace vers les modes ironiques par lesquels le Malien Yambo Ouologuem et l’Ivoirien Ahmadou Kourouma abordèrent à leur tour l’histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Une troisième partie est enfin consacrée aux infléchissements contemporains apportés par les romanciers Tierno Monénembo et Patrice Nganang, dans leur souci de représenter une Afrique guerrière autant en résistance qu’en guerre, en France et sur le continent africain.
Thiaroye, Oradour-sur-Glane et les défis d’une mémoire partagée. Une lecture croisée de Camp de Thiaroye et du Vieux Fusil
Authors: Imorou Abdoulaye
Published: April 2016

Cet article s’appuie sur Camp de Thiaroye d’Ousmane Sembène et Le Vieux Fusil de Robert Enrico pour réfléchir aux modalités de la fabrique de la mémoire concernant les massacres de Thiaroye et d’Oradour-sur-Glane. Il rappelle que ces événements ont eu lieu alors que la France et ses colonies africaines combattent côte-à-côte contre les forces de l’Axe. Ils devraient, pour cette raison, être les objets d’une mémoire commune. Cependant, un certain nombre de phénomènes vont conduire les deux régions à nationaliser les pratiques mémorielles. L’article montre que, d’une part, les contextes d’énonciation de Camp de Thiaroye et du Vieux fusil sont marqués par cette nationalisation des mémoires et que, d’autre part, ces films contiennent, malgré tout, des éléments de nature à appeler à des mémoires partagées.
La Seconde Guerre mondiale, la guerre de l’Autre ? Le conflit mondial dans la littérature arabe (Égypte et Soudan)
Authors: Luffin Xavier
Published: April 2016

Si la Seconde Guerre mondiale est présente dans la littérature arabe, elle y apparaît toutefois autrement que dans la littérature occidentale, parce qu’il s’agit d’un conflit dont les acteurs principaux sont essentiellement européens, mais aussi parce que, parmi ces acteurs, certains – en l’occurrence la Grande-Bretagne, la France et l’Italie – occupent une partie du monde arabe.

Le conflit marque par exemple l’oeuvre de Naguib Mahfouz, notamment dans Le Jardin du passé. Cinquante ans plus tard, il figure aussi dans le roman d’un écrivain soudanais, ‘Adil Sa’ad Yusuf. Si les deux romans présentent bien des points communs, dus notamment à un voisinage culturel et à une occupation britannique commune, le fait notamment que le Soudan a été dominé aussi par l’égypte confère au concept d’impérialisme une dimension particulière.
Exploring the pedagogic relation	- Supporting six-year-olds in making sense of physical motion
Authors: Åkerblom Annika
Published: April 2016

This article explores how verbal relations between child and researcher may support the child’s reasoning and making sense of physical motion. In an earlier study, 64 children aged 6–14 participated in one-to-one reflective dialogues. Some of them developed their reasoning during the dialogue, and used an exploring approach to make sense of physical motion. For the present study, 6 transcripts were re-analyzed concerning the interplay between the researcher and the 6-year-olds who used this approach, aiming to explore the pedagogic relation, namely how the children used language to understand physical motion and how they were supported by the researcher. The analysis revealed some conditions for a pedagogic relation: the adult uses an inviting approach, directing the child’s awareness by framing the phenomenon, directing and reflecting the child’s awareness towards their use of language, and asking for the child’s perspective. Children who used an exploring approach spoke of the phenomenon ‘as’, expressed awareness of their own use of language, and tested and developed meanings. The results are discussed in relation to science education in early childhood settings, and ways of helping children expand their reasoning using an exploring approach to scientific phenomena.
Testing the potential of a ribosomal 16S marker for DNA metabarcoding of insects
Authors: Elbrecht Vasco , Taberlet Pierre , Dejean Tony , Valentini Alice , Usseglio-Polatera Philippe , Beisel Jean-Nicolas , Coissac Eric , Boyer Frederic , Leese Florian
Published: April 2016

Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) is a powerful marker for DNA barcoding of animals, with good taxonomic resolution and a large reference database. However, when used for DNA metabarcoding, estimation of taxa abundances and species detection are limited due to primer bias caused by highly variable primer binding sites across the COI gene. Therefore, we explored the ability of the 16S ribosomal DNA gene as an alternative metabarcoding marker for species level assessments. Ten bulk samples, each containing equal amounts of tissue from 52 freshwater invertebrate taxa, were sequenced with the Illumina NextSeq 500 system. The 16S primers amplified three more insect species than the Folmer COI primers and amplified more equally, probably due to decreased primer bias. Estimation of biomass might be less biased with 16S than with COI, although variation in read abundances of two orders of magnitudes is still observed. According to these results, the marker choice depends on the scientific question. If the goal is to obtain a taxonomic identification at the species level, then COI is more appropriate due to established reference databases and known taxonomic resolution of this marker, knowing that a greater proportion of insects will be missed using COI Folmer primers. If the goal is to obtain a more comprehensive survey the 16S marker, which requires building a local reference database, or optimised degenerated COI primers could be more appropriate.
From Archive to Archival Practices
Authors: Hirschler Konrad
Published: April 2016

This article proposes a new approach to the question of why so few Arabic documents have survived in their original archival context. Taking the Mamluk period as a case study it argues that the category “archive” itself needs to be reconfigured, away from the idea of fixed archival spaces, or even a Mamluk state archive, toward archival practices. These archival practices were spread across the Mamluk realm and involved numerous actors, which included the central bureaucracy in Cairo, individual secretaries, and, most importantly, the small-scale administration managed by officers. These archival practices emerge not from normative and narrative texts, but primarily from a consideration of archival traces on surviving documents.
Approaching Ancient Near Eastern Treaties, Laws, and Covenants
Authors: Lauinger Jacob
Published: April 2016

The volume under review is an ambitious undertaking in three parts to edit and analyze the treaties, laws, and covenants of the ancient Near Eastern world, and the authors are to be congratulated for assembling the anthology of texts in part 1. Unfortunately, both the analytic resources provided in part 2 and the historical survey in part 3 are flawed. This article explores the various factors that compromise the comparative approach employed by the authors in these two parts.
World of a Tiny Insect: A Memoir of the Taiping Rebellion and Its Aftermath. By Zhang Daye, translated by Xiaofei Tian
Authors: Kilcourse Carl
Published: April 2016

The World of a Tiny Insect: A Memoir of the Taiping Rebellion and Its Aftermath. By Zhang Daye, translated by XiaofeI Tian. Seattle: University of  Washington Press, 2013. Pp. viii + 200. $75 (cloth); $30 (paper).
Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. Translated by Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton
Authors: Tucker Elizabeth
Published: April 2016

The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. Translated by Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton. South Asia Research. New York. Oxford University Press, 2014. 3 vols. Pp. 1693. $420.
Landschenkungsurkunden hethitischer Könige. By Christel Rüster and Gernot Wilhelm
Authors: Beal Richard H.
Published: April 2016

Landschenkungsurkunden hethitischer Könige. By Christel Rüster and Gernot Wilhelm. Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten, Beiheft 4. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2012. Pp. 271, 75 plts. €94.
Food in Ancient Judah: Domestic Cooking in the Time of the Hebrew Bible. By Cynthia Shafer-Elliott
Authors: Borowski Oded
Published: April 2016

Food in Ancient Judah: Domestic Cooking in the Time of the Hebrew Bible. By Cynthia Shafer-Elliott. Bible World. Sheffield: Equinox Publishing, 2013. Pp. xiii + 239, illus. $99.95.
Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān, vol. 1: Allah, Ahmad, A—Beautiful Names of Allah. Edited by Muzaffar Iqbal
Authors: Rippin Andrew
Published: April 2016

Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān, vol. 1: Allah, Ahmad, A—Beautiful Names of Allah. Edited by Muzaffar Iqbal. Sherwood Park AB, Canada: Center for Islamic Sciences, 2013. Pp. xxx + 378. $295, £198.
Islamic Theological Themes: A Primary Source Reader. Edited by John Renard
Authors: Rippin Andrew
Published: April 2016

Islamic Theological Themes: A Primary Source Reader. Edited by John Renard. Oakland, Calif.: uNI- versITy Of caLIfOrNIa press, 2014. Pp. xviii + 461. $70, £48.95 (cloth); $35.95, £27.95 (paper).
"Pray with Your Leader"
Authors: Aerts Stijn
Published: April 2016

The Prophetic hadith “pray with your leader,” which G. H. A. Juynboll argued originated with Shuʿba b. al-Ḥajjāj (d. 160/776), urges Muslims to observe the prayer both at its appointed time and with an imam who delays its performance. An isnād analysis that factors in the different readings of the tradition could not reproduce Juynboll’s result and yielded significantly earlier dates of origin for the oldest two variants: the early 60s/680s and the early 80s/700s. It is argued that the tradition was invented and distributed in reaction to activists who disapproved of Umayyad religious practice, especially the postponement of the ṣalāt. Two of the regime’s representatives in Iraq, the governors Ibn Ziyād and al-Ḥajjāj, were publicly accused of delaying the ṣalāt at the time the tradition was circulated. The tradition constituted thus an early articulation of the quietism that would later become a characteristic of Sunnism.
Back Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: April 2016

Back matter
Analysis of nitrate in the snow and atmosphere at Summit, Greenland: Chemistry and transport
Authors: Fibiger Dorothy L. , Dibb Jack E. , Chen Dexian , Thomas Jennie L. , Burkhart John F. , Huey L. Gregory , Hastings Meredith G.
Published: April 2016

As a major sink of atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2), nitrate (NO3−) in polar snow can reflect the long‐range transport of NOx and related species (e.g., peroxyacetyl nitrate). On the other hand, because NO3− in snow can be photolyzed, potentially producing gas phase NOx locally, NO3− in snow (and thus, ice) may reflect local processes. Here we investigate the relationship between local atmospheric composition at Summit, Greenland (72°35′N, 38°25′W) and the isotopic composition of NO3− to determine the degree to which local processes influence atmospheric and snow NO3−. Based on snow and atmospheric observations during May–June 2010 and 2011, we find no connection between the local atmospheric concentrations of a suite of gases (BrO, NO, NOy, HNO3, and nitrite (NO2−)) and the NO3− isotopic composition or concentration in snow. This suggests that (1) the snow NO3− at Summit is primarily derived from long‐range transport and (2) this NO3− is largely preserved in the snow. Additionally, three isotopically distinct NO3− sources were found to be contributing to the NO3− in the snow at Summit during both 2010 and 2011. Through the complete isotopic composition of NO3−, we suggest that these sources are local anthropogenic particulate NO3− from station activities (δ15N = 16‰, Δ17O = 4‰, and δ18O = 23‰), NO3− formed from midlatitude NOx (δ15N = −10‰, Δ17O = 29‰, δ18O = 78‰) and a NO3− source that is possibly influenced by or derived from stratospheric ozone NO3− (δ15N = 5‰, Δ17O = 39‰, δ18O = 100‰).
Interplay of drought and tropical cyclone activity in SE U.S. gross primary productivity
Authors: Lowman Lauren E. L. , Barros Ana P.
Published: April 2016

Tropical cyclones (TCs), often associated with massive flooding and landslides in the Southeast U.S. (SE U.S.), provide a significant input of freshwater to the hydrologic system, and their timing and trajectory significantly impact drought severity and persistence. This manuscript investigates the sensitivity of gross primary productivity (GPP) in the SE U.S. to TC activity using the 1‐D column implementation of the Duke Coupled Hydrology Model with Vegetation (DCHM‐V) including coupled water and energy cycles and a biochemical representation of photosynthesis. Decadal‐scale simulations of water, energy, and carbon fluxes were conducted at high temporal (30 min) and spatial (4 km) resolution over the period 2002–2012. At local scales, model results without calibration compare well against AmeriFlux tower data. At regional scales, differences between the DCHM‐V estimates and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer GPP product reflect the spatial organization of soil hydraulic properties and soil moisture dynamics by physiographic region, highlighting the links between the water and carbon cycles. To isolate the contribution of TC precipitation to SE U.S. productivity, control forcing simulations are contrasted with simulations where periods of TC activity in the atmospheric forcing data were replaced with climatology. During wet years, TC activity impacts productivity in 40–50% of the SE U.S. domain and explains a regional GPP increase of 3–5 Mg C/m2 that is 9% of the warm season total. In dry years, 23–34% of the domain exhibits a smaller positive response that corresponds to 4–8% of the seasonal carbon uptake, depending on TC timing and trajectory.
Lagged response of tropical tropospheric temperature to solar ultraviolet variations on intraseasonal time scales
Authors: Hood L. L.
Published: April 2016

Correlative and regression analyses of daily ERA‐Interim reanalysis data for three separate solar maximum periods confirm the existence of a temperature response to short‐term (mainly ∼27 day) solar ultraviolet variations at tropical latitudes in both the lower stratosphere and troposphere. The response, which occurs at a phase lag of 6–10 days after the solar forcing peak, consists of a warming in the lower stratosphere, consistent with relative downwelling and a slowing of the mean meridional (Brewer‐Dobson) circulation, and a cooling in the troposphere. The midtropospheric cooling response is most significant in the tropical Pacific, especially under positive El Niño–Southern Oscillation conditions and may be related to a reduction in the number of Madden‐Julian oscillation events that propagate eastward into the central Pacific following peaks in short‐term solar forcing.
Expeditious and Convenient Synthesis of Polycyclic Difluoroboron Complexes of 2‐Oxoindoline‐3‐carboxamides by Tandem Reaction
Authors: Mo Shanyan , Xu Chuangchuang , Xu Jiaxi
Published: April 2016

N‐Aryl‐2‐cyanodiazoacetamides produce polycyclic difluoroboron 2‐oxoindoline‐3‐carboxamide complexes (up to pentacyclic conjugative and fused systems) directly and expeditiously in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate. The boron trifluoride serves as both a catalyst and reactant in the tandem reaction. The tandem reaction includes the carbene aromatic CH insertion, hydrolysis of the cyano group into an amide group, and boronation of the two amide carbonyl groups. The synthetic method features the advantages of wide substrate scope and excellent chemoselectivity.

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Cardiac arrest due to massive hemorrhage from uterine adenomyosis with leiomyoma successfully treated with damage control resuscitation
Authors: Yagi Takeshi , Fujita Motoki , Inoue Tomoaki , Otsuji Mari , Koga Yasutaka , Nakahara Takashi , Miyauchi Takashi , Kaneda Kotaro , Oda Yasutaka , Tsuruta Ryosuke
Published: April 2016

Case

A 57‐year‐old woman was transferred to our emergency department by ambulance with cardiopulmonary arrest caused by massive genital bleeding. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, including massive transfusion, was carried out and the return of spontaneous circulation was achieved. A giant uterine tumor was considered the source of the bleeding. Although hysterectomy was necessary to achieve definitive hemostasis, the patient was unable to tolerate the operation because of hemodynamic instability, acidosis, and coagulopathy. Therefore, we undertook vaginal gauze packing and uterine artery embolization to attain temporary hemostasis, which resulted in hemodynamic stabilization. Abdominal hysterectomy for definitive hemostasis was carried out 10 h after the embolization.

Outcome

The patient made a good post‐surgical recovery without any complications.

Conclusion

In treating hemorrhagic shock due to uterine leiomyoma, damage‐control resuscitation may be useful as a bridge prior to definitive hemostasis through hysterectomy.
Upregulation of inflammatory gene transcripts in periosteum of chronic migraineurs: Implications for extracranial origin of headache
Authors: Perry Carlton J. , Blake Pamela , Buettner Catherine , Papavassiliou Efstathios , Schain Aaron J. , Bhasin Manoj K. , Burstein Rami
Published: April 2016

Objective

Chronic migraine (CM) is often associated with chronic tenderness of pericranial muscles. A distinct increase in muscle tenderness prior to onset of occipital headache that eventually progresses into a full‐blown migraine attack is common. This experience raises the possibility that some CM attacks originate outside the cranium. The objective of this study was to determine whether there are extracranial pathophysiologies in these headaches.

Methods

We biopsied and measured the expression of gene transcripts (mRNA) encoding proteins that play roles in immune and inflammatory responses in affected (ie, where the head hurts) calvarial periosteum of (1) patients whose CMs are associated with muscle tenderness and (2) patients with no history of headache.

Results

Expression of proinflammatory genes (eg, CCL8, TLR2) in the calvarial periosteum significantly increased in CM patients attesting to muscle tenderness, whereas expression of genes that suppress inflammation and immune cell differentiation (eg, IL10RA, CSF1R) decreased.

Interpretation

Because the upregulated genes were linked to activation of white blood cells, production of cytokines, and inhibition of NF‐κB, and the downregulated genes were linked to prevention of macrophage activation and cell lysis, we suggest that the molecular environment surrounding periosteal pain fibers is inflamed and in turn activates trigeminovascular nociceptors that reach the affected periosteum through suture branches of intracranial meningeal nociceptors and/or somatic branches of the occipital nerve. This study provides the first set of evidence for localized extracranial pathophysiology in CM. Ann Neurol 2016;79:1000–1013
Recent advances in low‐toxic lead‐free metal halide perovskite materials for solar cell application
Authors: Zhang Meng , Lyu Miaoqiang , Chen Peng , Hao Mengmeng , Yun Jung‐Ho , Wang Lianzhou
Published: April 2016

Organic–inorganic hybrid metal halide perovskite materials have attracted exponentially increased attention for photovoltaic applications in the past few years, while the toxic lead component remains a big concern. Herein, we present the recent progress in researching lead‐free perovskite light absorbers for solar cell application, and the challenges in this field are also discussed, which may shed light on further investigation of low‐toxic, lead‐free and efficient perovskite solar cells for sustainable solar energy utilization. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing Well‐being of Homeless Individuals by Building Group Memberships
Authors: Johnstone Melissa , Jetten Jolanda , Dingle Genevieve A. , Parsell Cameron , Walter Zoe C.
Published: April 2016

There is growing recognition that social isolation and a lack of connectedness with social groups is one of the reasons why the subjective well‐being of homeless individuals is generally worse than the rest of the population. Past research amongst a range of populations suggests that the ability of an individual to take on new group memberships and/or their ability to maintain their memberships in meaningful groups is an important predictor of well‐being. In a mixed method study (N = 119), we examined the extent to which experiences at homeless accommodation form building blocks for the formation of multiple group memberships and to what extent this predicts positive well‐being. Qualitative analysis reveals the importance of feeling connected to the homeless service and supported by homeless accommodation staff. Linking these data to quantitative data from a second wave, we found that these experiences predicted well‐being. These findings provide further support for a strength‐based approach to homelessness, by providing insights into the ways that experiences at homeless accommodation can contribute to the development of multiple group memberships (i.e. social capital), and enhance the well‐being of those experiencing, and exiting, homelessness. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UV‐Enhanced Gas‐Solid Chlorination of Polyvinyl Chloride for Cleaner Production of Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
Authors: Mao Ding , Yang Qianli , Zhang Xiong , Cheng Yi
Published: April 2016

A vibrated‐bed reactor with an online UV‐Vis measuring system was established in order to reveal the dynamic process of UV‐enhanced chlorination of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Influences of temperature, radiation time, and interval time of intermittent initiation on chlorination process as well as the overlapping enhanced effect of adjacent UV radiations were analyzed. By properly controlling the intermittent UV radiation, one can obtain a considerable steady reaction rate during the chlorination process to avoid the temperature runaway due to over‐accelerated reaction. Solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance identified the microstructure change of chlorinated PVC particles. The whiteness value after thermal aging was determined to uncover the relationship between thermal stability and double‐bond content, where the results accorded with the related theory on polymer dehydrochlorination.
ChemInform Abstract: ESR STUDY OF COPPER‐AMMONIA COMPLEXES IN SOLUTION ADSORBED ON SILICA GELS. 1. IDE‐PORE SILICA GELS
Authors: MARTINI G. , BURLAMACCHI L.
Published: April 2016

Das Verhalten von H2O‐NH3‐Lösung in den Poren von Silicagelen mit Porendurchmessem von 20 nm wird durch DSC und ESR mit Cu(II) als paramagnetischer Sonde untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ANODIC POLARIZATION OF NIOBIUM IN VARIOUS OXYACID MEDIA AND IN SODIUM HYDROXIDE ‐ ROLE OF PREVAILING ANION ON OXIDE‐FILM FORMATION
Authors: SAMMOUR H. M. , KAMEL L. A. , SHAWKY N.
Published: April 2016

Aus Untersuchungen des anodischen Verhaltens mechanisch polierter und kathodisch vorbehandelter Nb‐Elektroden bei konstanter niedriger Stromdichte in ungerührten N2‐entlüfteten IN Lösungen von H3PO4, HClO4, H2SO4,HNO3 und in NaOH‐Lösung folgt eine signifikante Abhängigkeit von der Natur des Elektrolyten und vom pH.
ChemInform Abstract: CORROSION OF CADMIUM IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF MONO‐ AND TRICHLORO‐ACETIC ACIDS
Authors: KAMEL L. A. , GOUDA A. , HASSEN E. A. , HAFEZ F. M.
Published: April 2016

Das Korrosionsverhalten einer Cd‐Elektrode in Mono‐ (1‐5 M) und Trichloressigsäure (1‐5·10‐2 M) wird mit Hilfe galvanostatischer Methoden sowie Potential‐Zeit‐ und Gewichtsverlustexperimenten untersucht.