bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delayed Facial Nerve Paralysis Following Tympanomastoid Surgery
Authors: Swain Santosh Kumar
Published: December 2021

Facial nerve paralysis is the most severe form of cranial neuropathy that causes facial deformity. Late-onset or delayed facial nerve palsy is uncommon following tympanomastoid surgery, although it can occur up to 2 weeks following the procedure. Although pinpointing the specific reason for delayed facial nerve paralysis following tympanomastoid surgery is complex, several variables such as facial nerve injury and/or viral reactivation can play a role. Late facial nerve paralysis after tympanomastoid surgery is caused by exposure of the facial nerve and fallopian canal dehiscence. Late facial nerve paralysis may be produced by viral reactivation and damage to the chorda tympani nerve. This study aims to look at the prevalence, etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and current treatment options for delayed facial nerve paralysis following tympanomastoid surgery. The exact cause of delayed facial nerve paralysis after tympanomastoid surgery has significant consequences for therapy and prognosis. The use of steroid and antiviral drugs is helpful for the treatment of the delayed facial nerve paralysis due to viral reactivation. The overall prognosis of the delayed facial nerve paralysis following tympanomastoid operation is good. This article discusses the prevalence, etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and present treatment of late/delayed facial nerve palsy following the tympanomastoid operation.
Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Following Peripheral Endovascular Intervention and Its Long-Term Morbidity
Authors: Hudgi V Vishal , Nishan B , Sivakrishna K , Kiran I Surya , Rodney Roshan , Motukuru Vishnu
Published: December 2021

Background and Objectives:

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is an acute deterioration of renal function seen following the administration of iodinated contrast media for various diagnostic procedures. Although extensive study has been done in various fields, the data on CIN are lacking in peripheral endovascular procedures. This study was conducted to analyze the incidence, risk factors, and long-term renal morbidity of CIN after endovascular procedure for critical limb ischemia (CLI) of lower limbs.

Methods:

This was a prospective, observational study and the patients undergoing peripheral endovascular procedure for CLI in a referral center were included. The patients were followed up for the development of CIN with serum creatinine levels on the 5th day postprocedure and till 6 months.

Results:

A total of 211 patients with various comorbidities were included. The incidence of CIN was found to be 7.5%. The risk factors and multiple comorbidities were compared between CIN and non CIN patients. The higher preprocedure creatinine (mean 1.03 mg/dl vs. 0.92 mg/dl, P < 0.045), higher contrast volume (mean 73.8 ml vs. 52.1 ml, P < 0.001), and lower hemoglobin (mean 10.5 g/dl vs. 11.8 g/dl, P < 0.008) were significantly associated with CIN. The follow-up at 6 months showed CIN patients had increased serum creatinine and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate as compared to non-CIN patients.

Conclusion:

CIN is a substantial problem in peripheral endovascular procedures with long-term renal morbidity. The strategies to prevent CIN should be included in all patients undergoing endovascular procedures irrespective of risk profile and long-term renal function monitoring of CIN patients is warranted.
An Unusual Cause for Median Nerve Palsy After Brachial Catheterization
Authors: Gunawardena Thilina , Godakandage Manujaya , Cassim Rezni , Wijeyaratne Mandika
Published: December 2021

Median nerve palsy is an uncommon complication of brachial artery catheterization. Compression from a pseudoaneurysm at the puncture site is rarely implicated as the cause for such median nerve dysfunction. Here, we report two patients who developed median nerve palsy secondary to compression from pseudoaneurysms after brachial catheterizations done for chronic lower limb ischemia. Both underwent operative repair of the culprit lesions. Despite months of aggressive physiotherapy, recovery of nerve function remains poor in both.
Comparative analysis of umbilical artery doppler indices of normal and suspected IUGR fetuses in the third trimester
Authors: Nnamani AO , Ibewuike CU , Okere PC , Obikili EN
Published: December 2021

Background:

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is an important cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, the prevalence of which is six times higher in developing countries. The sequelae of IUGR extend into adulthood with higher risk of neurodegenerative diseases for the patients. Umbilical artery (UA) Doppler is an affordable and noninvasive tool for predicting perinatal outcome in IUGR pregnancies.

Aims:

The objective of this study is to compare the predictive ability of UA Doppler ultrasonography in discriminating normal from growth-restricted pregnancies and to find out if there is any relationship between antenatal Doppler indices and perinatal outcomes.

Patients and Methods:

This is a cross-sectional study including 100 normal and 100 IUGR-suspected pregnancies, respectively. Each participant had a third trimester UA Doppler scan. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0 (PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0, Chicago: SPSS Inc.). Means were compared using Student's t-test and ANOVA. Tests of relationship and prediction were done using linear regression analysis and receiver operating characteristics. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

As pregnancy advanced, the mean values of UA Doppler indices decreased in normal and IUGR fetuses; however, they were significantly higher in the latter. UA systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio showed the highest sensitivity (0.80) and specificity (0.91) for predicting IUGR compared to PI and RI. Cutoff values for PI, RI, and S/D ratio were 0.93, 0.67, and 2.93, respectively.

Conclusion:

IUGR fetuses had higher UA flow velocimetric indices compared with normal fetuses. UA Doppler study is highly sensitive in the prediction of IUGR.
One-pot synthesis of N-benzyl-2-aminobenzoic acid, via ring opening of isatoic anhydride derivative, and its antibacterial screening
Authors: Odion Emmanuel E. , Ajibosin Gbemisola , Usifoh Cyril O.
Published: December 2021

2-(N-Benzyl) amino benzoic acid is a bifunctional molecule that could be produced from the reaction between isatoic anhydride and aryl halide. Analogues and derivatives of isatoic anhydride have wide application in pharmaceuticalsincluding antibacterial activity. The aim of this study is to synthesize, characterize and screen N-benzyl isatoic anhydride and 2-(N-benzyl) amino benzoic acid for antibacterial activity. The reaction of isatoic anhydride and benzyl bromide in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMSO at room temperature yielded N-benzyl isatoic anhydride, which under hydrolysis yielded 2-(N-benzyl) amino benzoic acid in which the anhydride ring is opened up. This compound was screened against Gram positive and negative bacteria. Moderate yield of 2-(N-benzyl) amino benzoic acid, a yellow crystal (melting point of 160-162oC, percentage yield 65 %, Rf 0.19) formed by ring opening of N-benzyl isatoic anhydride. The compound showed no antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas pyocyanea, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. 2-(N-benzyl)amino benzoic was synthesized, characterized and showed no activity against bacteria.
Altered Haematological Variables of Pre-Eclamptic Patients in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
Authors: Egbe Stella B. , Akpan Patience A. , Akwiwu Euphoria C. , Akpotuzor Josephine O.
Published: December 2021

Pre-eclampsia is a gestational complication with immense outcomes on foetal/ infant and maternal health. This study assessed haematological variables of pre-eclamptic pregnant women receiving antenatal care at University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Calabar. Following due ethical considerations, 90 subjects aged 18-45 years were enrolled. They comprised 30 pre-eclamptic patients admitted into the antenatal ward, UCTH; 30 pregnant women with no medical condition attending antenatal clinic, UCTH and 30 apparently healthy non-pregnant women of same age range as control subjects. Weight, height and blood pressure were measured while a pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to obtain demographic data. Packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (HB), red blood cell count (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cell count (WBC) with differentials, platelet count and mean platelet volume (MPV) were determined using Sysmex Haematology autoanalyzer (Sysmex, Japan). Significantly lower (p<0.05) PCV, HB, MCV and platelet count were recorded among pre-eclamptic patients compared to the pregnant and non-pregnant controls. Conversely, body mass index, blood pressures, MCHC, WBC and MPV of pre-eclamptic patients were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to pregnant and non-pregnant controls. There were also significant differences (p<0.05) in RBC and differential white cell count among the three groups. Also, we observed appearance of protein in urine associated with increased blood pressure. It is concluded that haematological changes occur in pre-eclampsia and these changes reflect the bodys response to systemic inflammation induced by pregnancy and amplified by the presence of hypertension.
Conceptual and model support for the development of an innovative-active university
Authors:   International Science Group, V. Ponomarenko , O. Rayevnyeva , V. Yermachenko
Published: December 2021

The monograph is devoted to the development of theoretical-methodical and model- information basis for the construction of innovative- active HEI on the basis of autonomy of its activities, quality of education, anti-corruption. Trends in the modernization of the world system of higher education have been identified, a study of the phenomenon of "autonomous, innovative- active university" has been conducted, and a list of factors influencing the increase in the competitiveness of individual HEIs has been formed. Based on the analysis of the legislative basis and state initiatives, the opportunities for the development of an innovative-active university (IAU) have been identified. The stratification of HEI of Ukraine according to the level of their educational, scientific and technical, innovative and international activities was carried out. Conceptual and methodological bases of IAU construction are developed, the mechanism of its functioning is formed and conceptual bases of formation of system of corporate management of rendering of HEI educational services on the principles of counteraction of corruption are offered. Recommended for researchers, professionals in education, economics, information management and protection, teachers, graduate students and students of higher education institutions.
Diyarbakır Ermeni Katolik Kilisesi Çorbahanesi’nin Yeniden Yapımı ve Yapısal Yönden Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: IŞIK Nursen
Published: December 2021

Geleneksel Diyarbakır evleri, kent tarihinde önemli yeri bulunan sivil mimari örnekleridir. Evler yığma yapım tekniğiyle yapılmış, bir veya birkaç kanattan oluşmuştur. İklimin etkisine göre konumlanmış kanatlar, bodrum ve tek katlı ya da iki katlı olarak inşa edilmiştir. Geleneksel Diyarbakır evlerinde kullanılan ana yapım malzemesi bazalttır. Taşıyıcı duvar ve döşemelerde bazalt malzeme dışında, ahşap, kerpiç ve kalker malzemenin birlikte kullanıldığı örnekler bulunmaktadır. 2015-2016 yılları sonrasında Suriçi bölgesinde meydana gelen olayların etkisiyle bölgenin güneydoğusundaki geleneksel evlerde tahribatlar meydana gelmiş, bazı evler ve yapılar kısmen ya da tümüyle yıkılmıştır. Hasara uğrayan evlerin bir kısmında tamamlamalar yapılmasına rağmen ağır hasarlı evlerde yeniden yapım süreçleri başlatılmıştır. Ermeni Katolik Kilisesi Vakfı’na ait çorbahane binası, Diyarbakır geleneksel mimarisini yansıtan, sivil mimari örneklerden biridir. Ancak 2016 yılında yapı, ağır hasara uğramıştır. Ağır hasarlı yapıda sadece zemin kotunda duvar izleri kalmıştır. 2019 yılında, yapının kalan izleri ve kayıtlarda bulunan geçmiş kullanımlarına bakılarak, Vakıflar Bölge Müdürlüğü tarafından yeniden yapımına (rekonstrüksiyon) karar verilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, çorbahane olarak yeniden yapımı tamamlanan yapıda kullanılan malzeme ve teknikler incelenmiş, bu malzeme ve tekniğin tarihi çevre içinde değerlendirmesi yapılmış ve yapının yeniden yapım süreci ve sonrasında öneriler sunularak, çalışma tamamlanmıştır.
Yoksulluk ve Suç: Ceza Adaleti Üzerine Sınıfsal Bir Değerlendirme
Authors: MAVİŞ Volkan
Published: December 2021

Ana akım kriminolojinin kabullerini sorgulayan eleştirel kriminoloji, pek çok kriminolojik perspektifi içeren bir çatı kavramdır. Her ne kadar Marx suçluluğa ilişkin özellikle çalışmamış olsa da eleştirel kriminolojinin kökleri onun yazdıklarına dayanır. Eleştirel kriminologlara göre; ceza adaleti sistemi üst sınıfların pozisyonlarını korumada ideolojik bir rol oynar. Öyle ki, kimi akademisyenler ceza adaleti sisteminin esasen yoksul insanları kontrol etmek amacıyla tasarlandığını savunurlar. İlk olarak, alt sınıftan bireylerin gerçekleştirdiği eylemlerin suç olarak etiketlenmesi daha olasıdır. İkinci olarak, ceza adaleti sisteminin üst sınıfa mensup bireylere kıyasla yoksul bireyleri soruşturması, yargılaması ve cezalandırması muhtemeldir. Bu makalede, Marksist kriminologların argümanları Türkçe ve İngilizce çalışmalar ışığında irdelenecektir.
ISCD 2019 official position. Bone Densitometry in adults
Authors: Brance María Lorena
Published: December 2021

The International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) convenes a Position Development Conference (PDC) to make recommendations for standards in the field of bone densitometry.
This year the new official positions in pediatric bone health were published. Topics considered included relevant technical and clinical issues for dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), other bone evaluation technologies other than central DXA and the evaluation of vertebral fractures, interest of regions, serial densitometric scan, DXA utility in evaluation of atypical femur fractures, evaluation in patients with spinal cord injury, and the official position in transgender and gender non-conforming individuals. Other topics are DXA cross-calibration and least significant change, and peri-prosthetic and orthopedic bone health.
MultiSystemic Inflammatory Syndrome Associated with COVID-19 in Pediatrics
Authors: López Eduardo
Published: December 2021

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the pandemic caused by the coronavirus called SARS COV-2 causing the disease called Covid-19. This pandemic had and has a planetary impact never seen before with a virus that demonstrated high transmissibility and dissemination capacity. For several months, it was considered that adults were the most affected age group with high mortality in the elderly, considering that children could be infected but having the disease in a benign way.
Sektor Pembangkit Perekonomian Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah Selama Pandemik COVID-19
Authors: Maulana Arif , Suryaningrum Nugrahayu
Published: December 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic has spread out in Indonesia include in Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency. In 2020, this pandemic caused a deep economic contraction that needs to be a concern for local governments. This study aims to determine the potential sectors of the Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency during the Covid-19 pandemic to be able to rise from economic contraction. The data used are sourced from BPS-Statistics including Gross Regional Domestic Product at constant prices 2010 by industry, PDRB at current prices by industry, population, the share of economic sectors, Economic Growth during 2016-2020. The analysis used was Typology Klassen Analysis and Location Quotient which resulted that the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries; Information and Communication sectors becoming the potential sectors that lead the economy of Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency during the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on information technology and focus on potential sectors, the growth of other sectors such as Manufacturing; Trading; Accommodation, Food, and Beverage will grow to increase the added value of the regional economy of Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency.
Analisa Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal Desa Mojomalang Kecamatan Parengan Kabupaten Tuban
Authors: Hariyoko Yusuf
Published: December 2021

Based on Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning The Village, village development has to utilize the local economic resources. Mojomolang Village, as one of the developing villages based on the Building Village Index (BVI), does not yet have a local economy to develop. This study aims to analyze local economic development in Mojomolang Village. This research is qualitative with a case study approach. The data were collected through interviews and observations. Aspects of local economic development used as research parameters are locality, economic base, job opportunities, community resources, knowledge, and communication. The results of the study indicate that local economic development has not been well implemented in Mojomalang Village. The local potential has not been used optimally; local economy-based jobs are not yet available for village communities; the knowledge of human resources is still low, seen from the lack of utilization of innovation and technology. Based on this, the village government needs to develop local potential based on the economic sector of the majority of the community and take advantage of BUMDes to move the village community's economy.
Abstrak
Pembangunan desa menjadi ujung tombak setelah adanya Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa. Indeks Desa Membangun (IDM) yang mengadopsi pendekatan pembangunan berkelanjutan mengharuskan adanya pemanfaatan sumber daya ekonomi lokal dalam rangka pembangunan desa yang inklusif. Desa Mojomolang, sebagai salah satu desa berstatus membangun berdasarkan IDM, belum memiliki pengembangan ekonomi lokal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengembangan ekonomi lokal di Desa Mojomolang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Pengambilan data dilakukan melalui wawancara dan observasi. Aspek pengembangan ekonomi lokal yang digunakan sebagai fokus penelitian adalah lokalitas, basis ekonomi, kesempatan kerja, sumberdaya komunitas, pengetahuan, dan komunikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan ekonomi lokal di Desa Mojomalang masih belum terlaksana. Lokalitas dan basis ekonomi sesuai potensi lokal masih belum tergarap dengan baik;  kesempatan dan lapangan kerja dari ekonomi lokal belum tersedia untuk masyarakat desa; aspek pengetahuan yang dimiliki SDM masih minim dilihat dari kurangnya pemanfaatan inovasi dan teknologi. Berdasarkan hal ini, maka pemerintah desa perlu mengembangkan potensi lokal yang berbasis pada sektor ekonomi mayoritas masyarakat atau sektor ekonomi buatan serta menggunakan BUMDes sebagai entitas baru dalam menggerakkan perekonomian masyarakat desa.
What Justice? Whose justice?: Rethinking climate justice through climate change impacts and options for adaptation in Africa
Authors: Mugambiwa Shingirai Stanely
Published: December 2021

Climate change is considered a justice issue based on the causes of the phenomenon, its impacts and polices designed to manage it. Previous studies have revealed that Africa and the entire developing world contribute less to Green House Gas emissions (GHG) which is the leading cause of climate change, but they suffer the most from its consequences, whereas the first world, whose contribution to GHG is immense but the impact of the phenomenon to them is minimal. In this article, I made use of climate change impacts and adaptation options to scrutinise the concept of climate justice in Africa. The article sought to establish whether or not climate justice has a place on the African continent. To achieve that objective, I critically assessed climate change impacts and options for adaptation in various African countries vis-à-vis climate justice. The study found that climate justice is a farce for Africa because climate disruptions affect nations differently and adaptive capacities differ as well. It also emerged that climate change-based impacts in Africa largely affect women and poor people. Lastly, the desire for profit among developed countries and climate-based organisations deters the urgency for climate justice across the globe.
So Close Yet So Far: Perspectives on the South African Police Service’s Response to Murder Cases in the Wallacedene Policing Area
Authors: Tsoho Nthabiseng Patricia , Mofokeng Jacob Tseko , Dorcas Khosa
Published: December 2021

The aim of this study was to determine views of the South African Police Service’s (SAPS) response to murder cases in the Wallacedene policing area; the contributing factors that lead to the failure of the police to prosecute offenders; the effectiveness of strategies to reduce murder-related incidents in the study area; the contributing factors to murder in the Wallacedene policing area; and to make recommendations to improve the conviction rate. Twenty-five participants were selected for this study. A qualitative approach was used, with semi-structured interviews as the data-collection tool. The findings highlighted that there is a lack of partnership between SAPS detectives and the community. The contributing factors for the police to fail prosecuting offenders. Reasons for the current problem include inexperienced detectives and lack of resources. In order to increase the performance of the detectives and the first responders to the scene, the research explored the challenges encountered by the SAPS detectives and makes suggestions and recommendations to increase their efficiency.
The Value of Public Participation in Land-Use Planning for Redeeming Congestion in South African Municipalities
Authors: Kgobe France Khutso Lavhelani , Mamokhere John
Published: December 2021

This paper captures the value of public participation as a redeemer of South African municipalities in land use planning. In this paper, it is argued that there is scant public participation in local government developmental matters, especially in land-use planning. South African municipalities are congested due to lack of public participation in land-use planning in the municipal arena. This is despite the fact that the constitution requires active public engagement in questions of developing local administration. The challenge of inactive public participation endures throughout the IDP, and this is now perceived as a dream wish. It is further argued that it is important to involve the public in land-use, especially in the following categories: commercial, residential, public facilities, industrial, and open spaces. The arguments in this paper were also founded on Patsy Healey's 1997 theory of collaborative planning. Collaborative planning theory has been used to develop ideas and arguments. This is a conceptual paper based on secondary data. The paper relied heavily on current literature on public participation and land-use planning. Despite the arrival of democracy in South Africa, the theoretical findings of this research indicated that there is still apartheid in spatial planning. It is also discovered that the adopted South African apartheid spatial planning continues to overlook community involvement in municipal land-use planning. When it comes to planning, the study proposes that municipal authorities follow the Batho Pele principles. At the municipal level, public engagement should not be passive but interactive and consultative. Finally, the paper advocates for land-use planning reforms and the use of active public engagement to save South African municipalities from congestion.
Ethical leadership and public accountability: Problematiques of South Africa’s State-Owned Enterprises
Authors: Kgobe F. K. L. , Chauke K. R.
Published: December 2021

This paper aims to explore the potency of ethical frameworks in the advent of a democratic dispensation in State-Owned Enterprises in an attempt to address conundrums of unethical leadership and devastating public accountability. This paper argues that South Africa is grappling with fitting in the notion of ethos and accountability. On the same line, the contestation about the impasse of the State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) befits germane in the topical and constant political transformation in South Africa. SOEs endure eccentric to those serving it and those who benefit from it, leading to a lack of orthodoxy by public officials to ethical framework prescribed and contemplated in legislation for good conduct in public services. Ethical leadership and public accountability are two sides of the same coin; however, they serve as a nut and bolt of a well-functioning public administration. The two are inseparable. The paper is theoretical as such, and it is epistemologically juxtaposed and grounded or underpinned by agency theory and its ideals. Be that as it may, it further depends on literature base review for its premise, argument, crux, and purpose and drawing up results and conclusion. Thus, the paper gathers information regarding the various scholars’ notions on ethical leadership and public accountability from related articles, journals, and books.  The paper reveals that the South African State-Owned Enterprises are antagonized and branded by unethical leaders and public accountability challenges. At this juncture, the SOEs are faced with poor fiscal coordination and management. The paper further reveals that the SOEs are swimming in the pool of debts. The conclusion that can be deduced from this paper is that it calls for strengthening and reforming all legislative prescripts that govern the State-Owned Enterprises. Public administrators must avoid incubating politicians as it creates the ground for corruption and various types of ethical dilemmas.
From New Public Management to Public Sector Management Reforms during the pandemic. The effects of Covid-19 on public management reforms and effectiveness
Authors: Xanthopoulou Panagiota , Plimakis Iosif
Published: December 2021

The current paper presents some aspects and criticisms from the theoretical literature concerning the New Public Management (NPM). The article also critically examines whether the NPM model is appropriate and the drivers that affected its efficiency and effectiveness in the public sector especially in Greece, during the current pandemic. The research concluded that the process of managerial reform and the specific criteria in order to evaluate NPM’s effectiveness are not completed yet and that there are some key barriers such as the statist perception of citizens and politicians, the corruption of public, the fragmented organizational structures, the resistance to change that hinder the success of change and of NPM’s effective implementation in public sector. However, Covid-19 was a situation that helped many aspects of NPM such as digitalization, digital transformation, e-governance etc. to effectively be introduced and implemented in public governance of Greek organisations.
INFLUENCE OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE RADIO-FREQUENCY SPUTTERING ATMOSPHERE ON THE DENSITY OF STATES AND INTERBAND LIGHT ABSORPTION IN THIN Y2O3 FILMS
Authors: Bordun O. M. , Bordun I. O. , Kofliuk I. M. , Kukharskyy I. Yo. , Medvid I. I.
Published: December 2021

The long-wavelength edge of the fundamental absorption band of thin Y2O3 films obtained by radiofrequency ion-plasma sputtering is investigated. The edge of interband absorption after annealing of the films in an atmosphere of argon, oxygen, or a mixture of these gases is shown to be approximated well by the

Urbach empirical rule. Diffractograms of the obtained films were studied and a model of a heavily doped or defective semiconductor in the quasi-classical approximation was used to analyze the experimental results. This model allows determining the radius of the basic electronic state, the screening radius, and the rootmean-square potential depending on the sputtering atmosphere.
INFLUENCE OF THE THICKNESS OF THE n-Si SUBSTRATE AND ITS DOPING LEVEL ON THE ABSORBING PROPERTIES OF SILICON PLASMON STRUCTURES IN THE INFRARED RANGE
Authors: Mukhammad A. I. , Gaiduk P. I.
Published: December 2021

The absorption spectra of Si/SiO2/Si3N4/Si+ and Si/SiO2/Si+ structures with an island surface layer are calculated using the finite difference time domain method. The absorption spectra were modeled depending on the thickness of the substrate and its doping level. It was found that the thickness of the i-Si substrate does not affect the overall absorption of the structure. At the same time, an increase in the thickness of the n-Si substrate leads to an expansion of the absorption band with an intensity of more than 70%. It is established that the doping level of the substrate affects the absorption value of the structures and bandwidth with an absorption value above 80%. It is shown that a wide absorption band with intensity of more than 80% occurs at the doping level of the substrate in the range of 2 . 1019—5 . 1019 cm–3. Dispersion relations in the Si+/SiO2/Si+ structure with an unstructured surface layer are obtained. These dispersion relations may indicate the existence of plasmon oscillations in the system. It is established that a violation of the phase synchronization of the modes at both Si/dielectric interfaces at a significant difference between the doping levels of the substrate and the surface layer can lead to a decrease in the absorption.
EFFECT OF THE DENSITY OF SURFACE V-DEFECTS ON LASER PROPERTIES OF InGaN/GaN HETEROSCTRUCTURES WITH MULTIPLE QUANTUM WELLS GROWN ON SILICON SUBSTRATES
Authors: Danilchyk A. V. , Nagornyi A. V. , Rzheutskyi N. V. , Voinilovich A. G. , Pavlovskyi V. N. , Lutsenko E. V.
Published: December 2021

We investigated the radiative properties of InGaN/GaN heterostructures with multiple quantum wells (MQWs) grown on silicon substrates with different thicknesses of quantum wells at optical excitation. The correlation of laser and photoluminescent properties with the surface morphology of the gallium nitride coating layers and the density of V-defects has been established. It is shown that, with a growth in the density of V-defects, the threshold power density of the excitation of the generation of InGaN/GaN heterostructures with MQWs increases.
DEFENSA Y PROMOCIÓN DE LAS LENGUAS OFICIALES COMO RAZÓN IMPERIOSA DE INTERÉS GENERAL DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA A LA LUZ DE LA JURISPRUDENCIA DEL TJCE
Authors: URRUTIA LIBARONA IÑIGO
Published: December 2021

El nivel de acomodación de las justifi caciones lingüísticas
como valores que pueden justifi car restricciones a las libertades comunitarias
y a la libre competencia no ha encontrado una respuesta certera
en el Derecho originario europeo. Ante la ausencia de legislación comunitaria
de carácter horizontal que pudiera aclarar la medida de la intervención
lingüística admisible, el punto de equilibrio lo ha ido fi jando el
Tribunal de Justicia CE. Este trabajo analiza la jurisprudencia del TJCE
en esa labor de delimitación lingüística de las libertades comunitarias,
prestando atención a los pronunciamientos más recientes que han abierto
una vía de enfoque de gran alcance a través de las llamadas «razones
imperativas de interés general de la Unión». La cuestión básica a analizar
es si la política de normalización lingüística puede considerarse una
razón imperativa de interés general de la Unión sobre la base de la cual
pueda justificarse un cierto grado de distorsión de las libertades de circulación
y en qué medida.

Justifi kazio linguistikoak komunitateen askatasunari nahiz
norberaren ahalmenei murrizketak egitea justifi katzen duten baloretzat
jotzeak ez du oraindik erantzun zehatzik jaso Europako jatorrizko zuzenbidean.
Zenbateko esku-hartze linguistikoa den onartzekoa, horren neurria
emango duen legedia komunitario horizontalik ez dagoenez, EBko Justizia
Epaitegiak jarri izan du horretan oreka. Mugaketa linguistiko hori egiten
Europar Batasuneko Justizia Epaitegiak zer-nolako jurisprudentzia
daukan aztertuko du lan honetan, bereziki erreparatuz azkeneko adierazpenei,
«Europar Batasuneko interes orokorrerako arrazoi inperatibo» direlakoen
bitartez hedapen handiko enfoke berria ekarri baitute. Aztertu
beharreko oinarrizko kontua da hizkuntza normalizatzeko politika Europar
Batasuneko interes orokorreko arrazoi inperatibotzat jo daitekeen, eta
hala balitz, justifikatzekoa ote litzatekeen, eta zein neurri arte, zirkulatzeko
eskubidea apur bat distortsionatzea.

The level of accomodation of linguistic justifi cations as values
that might justify restriction to the Community freedoms and free
competition has not found a good answer in European primary law. In
view of the lack of Community horizontal legislation clarifying to what
extent linguistic intervention is to be considered admissible, the breakeven
point has been fi xed by the European Court of Justice of the European
Communities. This work analyzes the ECJ¿s case law on the linguistic
delimitation of the Community freedoms, paying attention to the most recent rulings which have given way to a greater scope approach
by means of the so-called «overriding reasons of general interest for the
Union». The main question to analyze is whether the linguistic normalization
can be considered an overriding reason of general interest for the
Union on the basis of whom a certain degree of distortion to the freedom
of movement might be justifi ed, and to what extent.
JORNADA DE ESTUDIO SOBRE «REFORMAS EN EL DERECHO LOCAL: NUEVOS ESTATUTOS, NUEVAS LEYES DE RÉGIMEN LOCAL»
Authors: ARANA AGUIRRE LAURA
Published: December 2021

En la presente crónica se exponen el contenido de las seis
ponencias tratadas en la Jornada de estudio sobre «Reformas en el derecho
laboral: nuevos estatutos, nuevas leyes de régimen local» que se celebró
el 14 de mayo de 2009 en Vitoria-Gasteiz.
A lo largo del texto puede observarse que tras la aparente pluralidad
de los temas planteados subyace una idea común: la conveniencia de reducir
la normativa básica del Estado a una verdadera ley de mínimos que
dé protagonismo a las Comunidades Autónomas en la fijación del marco
organizativo de las Entidades Locales.
En este sentido se tratan tanto el Estatuto Andaluz como el Estatuto
Catalán, y en la Mesa Redonda con la que finalizó el acto se establece la
necesidad de un cambio similar en el País Vasco.

Kronika honetan, 2009ko maiatzaren 14an Gasteizen egin
zen azterketa-jardunaldian («Lan-merkatuko erreformak: estatutu berriak,
toki-araubideko lege berriak») jorratutako sei txostenen edukia azaltzen
da.
Testuan barna ikus daiteke plazaratzen diren gaien itxurazko askotarikotasunaren
atzean ideia bakar bat datzala: Estatuaren oinarrizko araudia
gutxienekoen benetako lege batera murriztu beharra, toki-araubideen
antolaketa-esparrua finkatzerakoan protagonismoa autonomia-erkidegoei
emango diena, hain zuzen ere.
Hori dela eta, Andaluziako Estatutua zein Kataluniako Estatutua jorratu
dira, eta ekitaldia amaitzeko egin zen mahainguruan aipatu zen beharrezkoa
dela antzeko aldaketa bat Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoan.

This chronicle sets out the content of the six papers addressed
in the Workshop carried out last May 14, 2009 in Vitoria-Gazteiz
with the title of «Amendments in Labour Law: new Statutes of Autonomy,
new Acts for Local Entities».
Along the text, it can be seen that behind the apparent plurality of
topics discussed a common idea was underlying: the convenience of reducing
the State basic normative to a true de minimis Act which would
allow the Autonomous Communities to play a central role in fixing the
organizational frame of Local Entities.
In that respect, both the Statute of Andalucia and the Statute of Cataluña
are studied, and the pannel that put end to the Workshop did also
show the need for a similar change for the Basque Country.
EL PLANEAMIENTO URBANÍSTICO Y LA MOVILIDAD SOSTENIBLE
Authors: AGOUÉS MENDIZABAL CARMEN
Published: December 2021

El presente trabajo pretende analizar las posibilidades que ofrece
el planeamiento urbanístico en la consecución de una movilidad más sostenible.
Con este objetivo, se analizan los documentos sobre movilidad a escala comunitaria,
la naturaleza jurídica de dichos documentos y su incidencia en el planeamiento
urbanístico local. Dentro del ordenamiento estatal y autonómico, se
examinan los principios relativos a la movilidad que enmarcan y condicionan la
potestad de planeamiento. Para ello, se parte de aquellos principios consagrados
en el nuevo Texto Refundido estatal regulador del suelo y se examinan algunas
determinaciones de la legislación autonómica en aspectos como los distintos estándares
urbanísticos y las infraestructuras vinculadas a la movilidad. Finalmente,
el trabajo concluye con un breve análisis relativo al control del cumplimiento del
principio de movilidad sostenible.

Honako lan honek aztertu nahi ditu nolako aukerak eskaintzen
dituen hirigintza-plangintzak mugikortasun iraunkorrago bat lortzeko. Helburu horrekin,
erkidego mailako mugikortasunari buruzko dokumentuak, dokumentu horien
izatasun juridikoa eta dokumentuok tokiko hirigintza-plangintzan duten eragina
aztertzen dira. Ordenamendu estatalean eta autonomikoan, plangintzaren ahala
zedarritzen eta baldintzatzen duten mugikortasunari buruzko printzipioak aztertzen
dira. Horretarako, lurzorua arautzen duen estatu mailako testu bateratu berrian finkatutako
printzipioetatik abiatzen da, eta legedi autonomikoko zehaztapen batzuk
aztertzen dira hainbat alderditan, hala nola hirigintza arloko estandar guztiak eta
mugikortasunari lotutako azpiegiturak. Azkenik, lan hau azterketa txiki batekin amaitzen
da, mugikortasun iraunkorreko printzipioa betetzearen kontrolari buruzkoa.

his present work purtports to analyze the options provided by the
city planning for a more sustainable mobility. For that purpose, documents about
mobility to Community scale, the legal nature of them and their impact on local
urban planning are scrutinized. As far as the State and Autonomic legal order are
concerned, the principles related to movility that frame and determine the legal
authority for planning are examined. In order to do so, this article starts from those
principles laid down by the new State consolidated drafting text on land and some
decisions adopted by the Autonomic legislatures on issues like the different urban
standards and the infrastructures linked to mobility. Finally, the work ends with a
brief analysis related to the control of the compliance with the principle of sustainable
mobility.
EL EUSKERA Y LOS DOCUMENTOS NOTARIALES
Authors: LASAGABASTER HERRARTE IÑAKI
Published: December 2021

La oficialidad de una lengua tiene consecuencias en el régimen jurídico
de la actividad notarial. La ciudadanía tiene derecho a elevar a escritura pública
los documentos que desee tanto en euskera como en castellano. Este derecho
existe también en el silencio de la Ley. La normativa notarial no ha satisfecho
hasta el momento este derecho. La solución acorde con la legalidad sería la dotación
de plazas de notario en las que fuera obligatorio el conocimiento de la lengua.
Mientras tanto, y si existen notarios capacitados lingüísticamente en euskera,
sería sencillo organizar un sistema en el que se garantizase el derecho de la ciudadanía
a utilizar el euskera en las actuaciones ante notario, previendo un sistema de
compensación colegial para aquellos notarios que pudieran verse perjudicados,
bien por no poder prestar su actividad notarial, como por deber hacerlo fuera de
su circunscripción a causa precisamente de sus conocimientos lingüísticos.

Hizkuntzaren ofizialtasunak hainbat ondorio ditu notario-jardunaren
araubide juridikoan. Herritarrek eskubidea dute nahi dituzten dokumentuak eskritura
publiko bihurtzeko, dela euskaraz, dela gaztelaniaz. Eskubide hori Legearen
isiltasunean ere badago. Notario arloko araudiak ez du asebete orain arte eskubide
hori. Legezkotasuaren araberako irtenbidea honako hau litzateke: euskara jakitea
nahitaezko den notario-plaza batzuk hornitzea. Bien bitartean, eta euskarazko hizkuntza-
gaitasuna duten notariorik badago, erraza litzateke sistema bat antolatzea, notarioen
aurreko jardunetan herritarrei euskara erabiltzea bermatuko dien sistema bat,
alegia, eta elkargo bidezko konpentsazio-sistema bat aurreikustea kalteren bat jasan
dezaketen notarioentzat, bai notario-zerbitzua eman ez dezaketenentzat, bai beren
hizkuntza arloko jakite-maila dela-eta zerbitzua euren notario-barrutitik kanpo eman
behar dutenentzat.

The officialisation of a language has consequences for the legal regime
of the notarial services. Citizens have the right to notarise documents both in
Basque and Spanish. This right also exists due to the legal vacuum. The notarial legislation
has failed to comply with this right up to now. According to legality, the
solution would be to provide with posts where notaries should compulsorily know
the language. Meanwhile, if there were notaries fluent in Basque, it would be easy
to organize a system by means of whom citizenship¿s right to use Basque in their
activities in front of a notary should be respected, by planning a system of compensation
among notaries for those of whom might be worst affected, either because
they cannot provide their services in Basque or because they have to work
outside their district due to their linguistic knowledge.
UNIVERSIDAD Y LENGUA: UNIVERSIDADES MULTILINGÜES PARA UNA EUROPA PLURILINGÜE
Authors: AGIRREAZKUENAGA ZIGORRAGA IÑAKI
Published: December 2021

La coexistencia armoniosa de numerosas lenguas en Europa es
un símbolo claro de la aspiración de la Unión Europea de unidad en la diversidad.
Una política a favor del multilingüismo mejora las oportunidades de los ciudadanos,
aumentando su aptitud para el empleo, a la vez que contribuye al refuerzo
del diálogo intercultural. Asimismo, el conocimiento de idiomas constituye una
cuestión de primera magnitud tanto para la consecución de los objetivos del espacio
europeo común impulsado por el proceso de Bolonia, como para el impulso
en el marco estatal de titulaciones conjuntas con Universidades extranjeras, titulaciones
bilingües, o la incorporación en la enseñanza superior de docencia en otras
lenguas comunitarias. Todo ello sin olvidar la enseñanza en las lenguas propias en
aquellas CCAA dotadas de doble ofi cialidad lingüística.

Europan hizkuntza ugari bizi dira elkarrekin, era orekatsuan bizi
ere; horra hor Europar Batasunak aniztasunaren barruan batasuna lortzeko duen
asmoaren adierazgarri argia. Hizkuntza-aniztasunaren aldeko politika egiteak herritarren
aukerak hobetzen ditu, lagundu egiten baitu enplegu bat lortzeko gaitasuna
areagotzen, eta, era berean, kulturen arteko elkarrizketa sendotzen. Halaber,
hizkuntzak jakitea oso garrantzitsua da hala Bolognako prozesuak bultzatutako Europako
esparru erkidearen helburuak lortzeko, nola Estatuaren barruan atzerriko
unibertsitateekin bi hizkuntzazko titulazio bateratuak bultzatzeko ere, edo Europako
beste hizkuntza batzuk goi-mailako irakaskuntzan gehitzeko. Hori guztia hizkuntza
ofi zial bi duten autonomia erkidegoek irakaskuntza bertoko hizkuntzan eskaini
behar dutela ahaztu Gabe.

The harmonious coexistence among numerous languages in
Europe is a clear symbol for the aspiration by the EU of unity in diversity. One
policy in favour of multilingualism improves the citizens¿ opportunities, broadening
their abilities for work, and at the same time it contributes to strengthten the
intercultural dialogue. Likewise, the knowledge of languages means a full-scale
issue both for reaching the common european area objectives as promoted
by the Bologna process and for the stimulus within the state framework of
common degrees and diplomas with foreign Universities, bilingual degrees, or the
involvement of teaching in other community languages in the higher education.
And non forgetting teaching in own languages of those Autonomous Communities
which have double linguistic offi cial character
LOS RETOS DE BOLONIA
Authors: LOPERENA ROTA DEMETRIO
Published: December 2021

La implantación de un nuevo sistema universitario a través del denominado
proceso Bolonia ha despertado una serie de expectativas, en unos, y de temores,
en otros que han de ser estudiadas con fundamentos críticos y legales. Además
los procesos de globalización y de las nuevas tecnologías añaden ingredientes
que han de analizarse en conjunto. A ellos dedicamos las siguientes páginas.

Bolognako prozesuaren bidez etorri den unibertsitate-sistema
berriaren ezarpenak itxaropena piztu du batzuengan eta beldurra beste batzuengan;
bada, itxaropen zein beldur horiek guztiak aztertu beharra dago, oinarri kritiko
batetik eta legeak kontuan hartuta. Horrez gain, globalizazioaren eta teknologia
berrien prozesuek ere beste osagai batzuk gehitzen dituzte, denak batera aztertu
beharrekoak. Horiei buruz arituko gara hurrengo orrialdeetan.

The introduction of a new university system by means of the
so called Bologna process has awoken a group of expectations in some, and fear
in others, which have to be studied on a critical and legal basis. Moreover, the
globalization processes and new technologies add ingredients to be analized on
the whole. We devote next pages to them.
Social Engineering Attacks on Facebook – A Case Study
Authors: Pallivalappil Abdul Shareef , S. N. Jagadeesha , K. Krishna Prasad
Published: December 2021

Background/Purpose: Facebook is an American business that offer online social networking services. Facebook was founded in 2004 by Harvard University freshmen Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes. Free access to Facebook enables new users to create profiles, upload photos to existing groups, and start new ones. Every user's profile page has a Timeline area where they can upload material and their social network connections may reply with messages and Status updates informing them of their current location or condition. Additionally, Facebook includes a function called News Feed that notifies users of updates to their friends' profiles and statuses. Users can communicate with one another and exchange private messages using Facebook Messenger. Additionally, Facebook users may express their approval of a type of content by clicking the "Like" button. Every day, more than a billion people use Facebook, making it the most common social network on the planet. Menlo Park, California, is where the company's headquarters are located.
Objective: To analyse how Facebook is misused and turned into an attack platform, in order to get sensitive information that can be used to create an attack profile against an individual.
Design/Methodology/Approach: SWOT framework is being used to analyse and display information gathered from scholarly publications, web articles, and other sources.
Findings/Results: Social Engineering Attacks using Facebook help the attackers to steal sensitive private information from unaware users. Using a false profile is one of the most frequent techniques to execute a large-scale data harvesting attack. Cyber Criminals use Facebook as the main target for social engineering attacks because of its high number of users and popularity.
Originality/Value: This paper study gives a brief overview of Social Engineering Attacks on Facebook based on a variety of data collected.
Paper Type: Case study-based Research Analysis