bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A fish perspective: detecting flow features while moving using an artificial lateral line in steady and unsteady flow
Authors: Chambers L. D. , Akanyeti O. , Venturelli R. , Ježov J. , Brown J. , Kruusmaa M. , Fiorini P. , Megill W. M.
Published: July 2014

For underwater vehicles to successfully detect and navigate turbulent flows, sensing the fluid interactions that occur is required. Fish possess a unique sensory organ called the lateral line. Sensory units called neuromasts are distributed over their body, and provide fish with flow-related information. In this study, a three-dimensional fish-shaped head, instrumented with pressure sensors, was used to investigate the pressure signals for relevant hydrodynamic stimuli to an artificial lateral line system. Unsteady wakes were sensed with the objective to detect the edges of the hydrodynamic trail and then explore and characterize the periodicity of the vorticity. The investigated wakes (Kármán vortex streets) were formed behind a range of cylinder diameter sizes (2.5, 4.5 and 10 cm) and flow velocities (9.9, 19.6 and 26.1 cm s−1). Results highlight that moving in the flow is advantageous to characterize the flow environment when compared with static analysis. The pressure difference from foremost to side sensors in the frontal plane provides us a useful measure of transition from steady to unsteady flow. The vortex shedding frequency (VSF) and its magnitude can be used to differentiate the source size and flow speed. Moreover, the distribution of the sensing array vertically as well as the laterally allows the Kármán vortex paired vortices to be detected in the pressure signal as twice the VSF.
Exact, time-independent estimation of clone size distributions in normal and mutated cells
Authors: Roshan A. , Jones P. H. , Greenman C. D.
Published: July 2014

Biological tools such as genetic lineage tracing, three-dimensional confocal microscopy and next-generation DNA sequencing are providing new ways to quantify the distribution of clones of normal and mutated cells. Understanding population-wide clone size distributionsin vivois complicated by multiple cell types within observed tissues, and overlapping birth and death processes. This has led to the increased need for mathematically informed models to understand their biological significance. Standard approaches usually require knowledge of clonal age. We show that modelling on clone size independent of time is an alternative method that offers certain analytical advantages; it can help parametrize these models, and obtain distributions for counts of mutated or proliferating cells, for example. When applied to a general birth–death process common in epithelial progenitors, this takes the form of a gambler's ruin problem, the solution of which relates to counting Motzkin lattice paths. Applying this approach to mutational processes, alternative, exact, formulations of classic Luria–Delbrück-type problems emerge. This approach can be extended beyond neutral models of mutant clonal evolution. Applications of these approaches are twofold. First, we resolve the probability of progenitor cells generating proliferating or differentiating progeny in clonal lineage tracing experimentsin vivoor cell culture assays where clone age is not known. Second, we model mutation frequency distributions that deep sequencing of subclonal samples produce.
A remark on constrained von Kármán theories
Authors: Hornung Peter
Published: July 2014

We derive the Euler–Lagrange equation corresponding to ‘non-Euclidean’ convex constrained von Kármán theories.
Detecting the mass and position of an adsorbate on a drum resonator
Authors: Zhang Y. , Zhao Y. P.
Published: July 2014

The resonant frequency shifts of a circular membrane caused by an adsorbate are the sensing mechanism for a drum resonator. The adsorbate mass and position are the two major (unknown) parameters determining the resonant frequency shifts. There are infinite combinations of mass and position which can cause the same shift of one resonant frequency. Finding the mass and position of an adsorbate from the experimentally measured resonant frequencies forms an inverse problem. This study presents a straightforward method to determine the adsorbate mass and position by using the changes of two resonant frequencies. Because detecting the position of an adsorbate can be extremely difficult, especially when the adsorbate is as small as an atom or a molecule, this new inverse problem-solving method should be of some help to the mass resonator sensor application of detecting a single adsorbate. How to apply this method to the case of multiple adsorbates is also discussed.
Neolithic dairy farming at the extreme of agriculture in northern Europe
Authors: Cramp Lucy J. E. , Evershed Richard P. , Lavento Mika , Halinen Petri , Mannermaa Kristiina , Oinonen Markku , Kettunen Johannes , Perola Markus , Onkamo Päivi , Heyd Volker
Published: July 2014

The conventional ‘Neolithic package’ comprised animals and plants originally domesticated in the Near East. As farming spread on a generally northwest trajectory across Europe, early pastoralists would have been faced with the challenge of making farming viable in regions in which the organisms were poorly adapted to providing optimal yields or even surviving. Hence, it has long been debated whether Neolithic economies were ever established at the modern limits of agriculture. Here, we examine food residues in pottery, testing a hypothesis that Neolithic farming was practiced beyond the 60th parallel north. Our findings, based on diagnostic biomarker lipids and δ
13
C values of preserved fatty acids, reveal a transition at
ca
2500 BC from the exploitation of aquatic organisms to processing of ruminant products, specifically milk, confirming farming was practiced at high latitudes. Combining this with genetic, environmental and archaeological information, we demonstrate the origins of dairying probably accompanied an incoming, genetically distinct, population successfully establishing this new subsistence ‘package’.
Usage of CO2microbubbles as flow-tracing contrast media in X-ray dynamic imaging of blood flows
Authors: Lee Sang Joon , Park Han Wook , Jung Sung Yong
Published: July 2014

X-ray imaging techniques have been employed to visualize various biofluid flow phenomena in a non-destructive manner. X-ray particle image velocimetry (PIV) was developed to measure velocity fields of blood flows to obtain hemodynamic information. A time-resolved X-ray PIV technique that is capable of measuring the velocity fields of blood flows under real physiological conditions was recently developed. However, technical limitations still remained in the measurement of blood flows with high image contrast and sufficient biocapability. In this study, CO2microbubbles as flow-tracing contrast media for X-ray PIV measurements of biofluid flows was developed. Human serum albumin and CO2gas were mechanically agitated to fabricate CO2microbubbles. The optimal fabricating conditions of CO2microbubbles were found by comparing the size and amount of microbubbles fabricated under various operating conditions. The average size and quantity of CO2microbubbles were measured by using a synchrotron X-ray imaging technique with a high spatial resolution. The quantity and size of the fabricated microbubbles decrease with increasing speed and operation time of the mechanical agitation. The feasibility of CO2microbubbles as a flow-tracing contrast media was checked for a 40% hematocrit blood flow. Particle images of the blood flow were consecutively captured by the time-resolved X-ray PIV system to obtain velocity field information of the flow. The experimental results were compared with a theoretically amassed velocity profile. Results show that the CO2microbubbles can be used as effective flow-tracing contrast media in X-ray PIV experiments.
Charge-density distribution in sodium bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate
Authors: Starynowicz Przemysław , Lis Tadeusz
Published: July 2014

The electron-density distribution in sodium bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate has been analyzed using the multipole refinement of X-ray diffraction data and of theoretical density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. The ester P—O bonds are particularly long and their topological parameters (density at the bond critical point, Laplacian) are lower than for other P—O bonds. Some disagreement between the experimental and theoretical charges of atoms constituting the nitro groups has been observed and the possible reasons are discussed. Weak polarization effects produced by sodium cations may be observed within the phosphate fragment; they are more manifest in the case of the nitro groups.
Structure of decagonal Al–Ni–Rh
Authors: Logvinovich Dmitry , Simonov Arkadiy , Steurer Walter
Published: July 2014

The crystal structure of the decagonal phase in the system Al–Ni–Rh (d-Al-Ni-Rh) was analyzed in the five-dimensional embedding approach based on single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction data. The structure can be described as a quasiperiodic packing of partially overlapping decagonal and pentagonal columnar clusters with ∼ 21 Å diameter and ∼ 4 Å period along the tenfold axis.
Supramolecular structures and physicochemical properties of norfloxacin salts
Authors: Xu Yun , Jiang Linglei , Mei Xuefeng
Published: July 2014

Seven new molecular salts of norfloxacin (1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-yl-1H-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid; abbreviated as NF) with various organic acids (adipic acid, mucic acid,o-OH-benzoic acid,m-OH-benzoic acid,p-OH-benzoic acid, naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonic acid and naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid) were synthesized and their crystal structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. Supramolecular structures and reccurring packing patterns are discussed to understand the influence of non-covalent interactions in determination of the crystal packing and hydrate inclusion. The formation of hydrates was commonly observed among various NF salts, except for the adipate salt which exists as an anhydrous form. The physicochemical properties of salts were fully characterized with a variety of analytical techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform IR (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hot-stage microscopy (HSM) and dynamic vapour sorption (DVS)etc. The synthesized norfloxacin salts were found to have different physicochemical properties, superior solubility and hygroscopicity. Particularly, NF adipate was found to be a desirable candidate for further development.
The use of Mo Kα radiation in the assignment of the absolute configuration of light-atom molecules; the importance of high-resolution data
Authors: Escudero-Adán Eduardo C. , Benet-Buchholz Jordi , Ballester Pablo
Published: July 2014

Recent studies have confirmed the usefulness of the Hooft and Parsons methodologies for determination of the absolute crystal structures of enantiopure light-atom compounds using CuKα radiation. While many single-crystal diffractometers used for small-molecule structure determination are equipped with molybdenum anodes, use of data from such instruments for the absolute structure determination of light-atom crystal structures is rarely documented and has often been found to be unsuccessful. The Hooft and Parsons methodologies have been applied to 44 data sets obtained from single crystals containing light-atom molecules of known chirality using Mo Kαradiation. Several factors influencing the calculation of accurate and precise values for the Hooft and Parsons parameters obtained from these data sets have been identified, the inclusion of high-resolution diffraction data being particularly important. The correct absolute structure was obtained in all cases, with the standard uncertainties of the final absolute structure parameters below 0.1 for the great majority.
Above‐ground carbon assessment in theKom‐Mengamé forest conservation complex,SouthCameroon: Exploring the potential of managing forests for biodiversity and carbon
Authors: Fongnzossie Evariste Fedoung , Sonwa Denis Jean , Kemeuze Victor , Auzel Phillipe , Nkongmeneck Bernard‐Aloys
Published: July 2014

Protected areas are important for biodiversity conservation and the maintenance of ecosystem services, including climate regulation through carbon storage. Yet, there is little knowledge of their carbon storage potential. This study assesses the above‐ground carbon stock and the congruence between carbon stock and tree diversity in theKom‐Mengamé forest conservation complex (KMFCC) inSouth‐Cameroon, based on an inventory of trees withDBH≥ 10 cm in 1,366 plots (100 × 5 m each) covering 63.8 ha, established in different land use types (terra firma forest, swamp forest and cultivated areas). Above‐ground carbon was estimated using generic allometric equation and species‐specific wood density derived from wood density databases. Results showed high carbon stock inKMFCCwith values ranging from 143.29 ± 124.37 Mg/ha‐1 in swamp areas to 240 ± 204.35 Mg/ha‐1 in terra firma forests. Mean carbon stock in managed areas differed from that of terra firma forests. Petersianthus macrocarpus showed the greatest carbon stock. The study demonstrates the need for integrated approaches for carbon management in secondary forests where agroforests might be important to maintain biodiversity associated with high carbon storage. These approaches are particularly relevant to theCongo basin region where protected areas are threatened by poor management of their periphery.
Impact of Essential Oils on the Taste Acceptance of Tomato Juice, Vegetable Soup, or Poultry Burgers
Authors: Espina Laura , García‐Gonzalo Diego , Pagán Rafael
Published: July 2014

Despite the vast body of available literature on the possibilities of essential oils (EOs) as food preservatives or functional ingredients, the sensory impact of their addition to foods has barely been approached. This work focuses on the hedonic taste acceptance of 3 food products (tomato juice, vegetable soup, and poultry burgers) when they are incorporated with potentially antimicrobial concentrations (20 to 200 μL/L) of 6 selected EOs (lemon, pennyroyal mint, thyme, and rosemary) and individual compounds (carvacrol, p‐cymene). Although addition of 20 μL/L of pennyroyal mint or lemon EO did not change the taste acceptance of tomato juice, higher concentrations of these compounds or any concentration of the other 4 compounds did. In vegetable soup, the tolerance limit for rosemary EO, thyme EO, carvacrol, or p‐cymene was 20 μL/L, while the addition of 200 μL/L of lemon EO was accepted. Tolerance limits in poultry burgers were established in 20 μL/L for carvacrol and thyme EOs, 100 μL/L for pennyroyal mint EO and p‐cymene, and 200 μL/L for lemon and rosemary EOs. Moreover, incorporation of pennyroyal mint EO to tomato juice or poultry burgers, and enrichment of vegetable soup with lemon EO, could contribute to the development of food products with an improved sensory appeal.
Colonization by endophytic Ochrobactrum anthropi Mn1 promotes growth of Jerusalem artichoke
Authors: Meng Xianfa , Yan Dekai , Long Xiaohua , Wang Changhai , Liu Zhaopu , Rengel Zed
Published: July 2014

The Ochrobactrum anthropi Mn1 strain, taxonomically identified using 16S ribosomal DNA sequence, was isolated from roots of Jerusalem artichoke. Its endophytic colonization was investigated microscopically using green fluorescent protein introduced by vector pHC60. The strain entered Jerusalem artichoke tissues through the root, and was localized in the roots and stems. The plant growth‐promoting (PGP) effects of O. anthropi Mn1 were assessed in greenhouse as well as field trials with different nitrogen supplies. Only under moderate to ample nitrogen supply, could O. anthropi Mn1 promoted growth of host plant. The PGP effects of the strain were symbiotic nitrogen fixation, root morphological optimization and enhanced nutrient uptake. We hypothesize that the symbiotic interspecies interaction might be quorum sensing related.
Does preconception care work?
Authors: Beckmann Michael M. , Widmer Tania , Bolton Elize
Published: July 2014

Background

To date, there is a lack of evidence to suggest that a systematic and coordinated approach to prepregnancy care might make a difference.

Aims

To evaluate whether women who receive preconception care through a structured approach will be more likely to be healthy around the time of conception compared with women who plan their pregnancy but have not been exposed to preconception care.

Methods

A case control study was undertaken of women who attended the preconception care service and subsequently conceived, received maternity care and gave birth at Mater Health Services Brisbane between January 2010 and January 2013. Pregnancy information and birth outcomes for each woman who attended the service were matched with those of three women who reported that they had planned their pregnancy but did not attend the service. Records were matched for prepregnancy BMI, age, parity, prepregnancy smoking status and number of health conditions.

Results

Pregnant women who attended preconception care were more likely to have received adequate peri‐conceptual folate, to report being vaccinated against influenza and hepatitis B, to have consulted with a specialist with the specific aim of optimising a pre‐existing health condition and to report less weight gain up until booking. Preterm birth and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were less common amongst women who had attended preconception care, and there were trends towards a decreased incidence of gestational diabetes, LGA and fetal anomalies.

Conclusion

These preliminary data provide some optimism that a comprehensive preconception care service may positively influence maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Laparoscopy assisted middle‐segment–preserving pancreatectomy for multiple pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Report of a case
Authors: Usui Masanobu , Kuriyama Naohisa , Uchida Katsunori , Kishiwada Masashi , Mizuno Shugo , Sakurai Hiroyuki , Tabata Masami , Shiraishi Taizo , Isaji Shuji
Published: July 2014

For multiple low‐grade malignant tumors located in the pancreatic head and tail, middle‐segment–preserving pancreatectomy (MSPP) is sometimes indicated. However, MSPP has rarely been performed laparoscopically. Here we report the first case of laparoscopic MSPP for multiple pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors diagnosed preoperatively under an endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. A 70‐year‐old man had multiple small tumors located in the pancreatic head, body and tail. Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy with immunohistochemical staining made a definitive diagnosis of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (G1). To preserve the 5‐cm pancreas body, we successfully performed laparoscopic MSPP: subtotal stomach‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy followed by distal pancreatosplenectomy. Pathological examination revealed negative surgical margin after resection. Postoperative course was uneventful, and at 14 months after the operation, the patient remains tumor‐free. The patient has discontinued insulin supplement therapy but does use an oral hypoglycemic agent. Laparoscopy‐assisted MSPP, with reconstruction through a 6‐cm transverse incision, can be safely performed for selected cases of borderline and malignant lesions.
Political Transition in Myanmar: Prospects and Problems
Authors: Kingsbury Damien
Published: July 2014

Since 2011, Myanmar has been undergoing a political transition that, in keeping with the Myanmar government's own claims, has been hailed by many previously critical countries as the start of a process of democratization. Myanmar has become a substantially more liberal country, and in particular its economy has been increasingly liberalized, away from the tight restrictions of the past. However, Myanmar's economic liberalization primarily benefits its entrenched and usually military‐dominated or linked elites, while its political liberalization may be just enough to satisfy an appearance of democratization without the army giving up real power. This article looks at Myanmar's process of political liberalization set against some of the literature on political transitions, and highlights some factors that could militate against extensive reform, much less democratization. It concludes by noting that while Myanmar's military has started to step back from direct political control, it still retains ultimate state authority.
South Korea's National Energy Plan Six Years On
Authors: Duffield John S.
Published: July 2014

In 2008, South Korea adopted ambitious targets for reducing its dependence on energy imports and its carbon emissions simultaneously. The first National Energy Plan called for cutting energy intensity by nearly half and reducing the country's dependence on imported fossil fuels by more than one‐quarter by 2030. Fossil fuels would be replaced by nuclear power and renewable sources of energy, which together would meet nearly 40% of South Korea's energy needs. The achievement of these targets has been impeded by a number of obstacles, however. In response, the government has adjusted its goals, most recently with the adoption of a second national energy plan in January 2014. But especially in the critical area of nuclear power, the targets remain highly ambitious, and there are still reasons to question their feasibility. As a result, South Korea may have to moderate further its energy ambitions or redouble its efforts to achieve them.
Is Democracy Being Consolidated in Bhutan?
Authors: Turner Mark , Tshering Jit
Published: July 2014

This article examines the early years of democratization in the small Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan. Once a reclusive country, Bhutan embarked on a gradual path of socioeconomic modernization and opening up to the rest of the world. A most significant step on that path was the decision to democratize. The first national democratic elections were held in 2007–2008. In 2013, the second national elections took place and marked an appropriate moment to assess the progress of democratization in Bhutan. This article not only analyzes the electoral experience but also evaluates what has occurred in other areas of democratization including the rule of law, accountability of government, civil society, and freedom of expression. The article concludes that Bhutan has made good progress in democratization on many fronts but that its trajectory is unique, reflecting the particular context of Bhutan and the overriding concern with stability in political and social life.
Split‐Ticket Voting inSouthKorea's 2012 National Assembly Election
Authors: Rich Timothy S.
Published: July 2014

What motivates split‐ticket voting in mixed electoral systems? These systems allocate seats in single‐member districts (SMDs) and by proportional representation (PR) to the same legislative house and have proliferated inAsia as well as globally. Using public opinion data fromSouthKorea's 2012 National Assembly election, this article identifies that supporters of smaller parties are more likely to split their tickets. This is consistent with the “best of both worlds” thesis that presumes two‐party competition inSMDs and multiparty competition underPR. The results suggest that despite scholarly claims of an Asian divergence in electoral outputs, theSouthKorean case appears consistent with theoretical expectations from outside the region.
Assessing university students' perceptions of their Physics instructors' TPACK development in two contexts
Authors: Chang Yahui , Jang Syh‐Jong , Chen Yang‐Hsueh
Published: July 2014

Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) has been gaining traction among educational researchers; however, studies documenting university students' perceptions of their teachers' TPACK remain limited. This study intends to investigate the professional development of two physics instructors through the lens of the TPACK framework. Moreover, this study spans an 18‐week semester within both the contexts of Taiwan and China. Multiple data were collected and analyzed, including the pretest and posttest TPACK surveys, instructor interviews, in‐class observations and students' feedback and opinions. The results revealed that John's instructional representations and strategies and technology integration and application scores increased significantly, as well as Mike's knowledge of students' understanding score showing a significant increase from the middle to the end of semester. John (Taiwan) emphasized life examples and the use of multimedia while Mike (China) chose to emphasize students' knowledge and evaluation. Such results showed different teaching characteristics in the two contexts. Implications and suggestions are put forward based on the results of this study.
Transplantation in inborn errors of metabolism: current considerations and future perspectives
Authors: Boelens Jaap Jan , Orchard Paul J. , Wynn Robert F.
Published: July 2014

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) comprise an assorted group of inherited diseases, some of which are due to disordered lysosomal or peroxisomal function and some of which might be improved following haemopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). In these disorders, the onset in infancy or early childhood is typically accompanied by rapid deterioration, resulting in early death in the more severe phenotypes. Timely diagnosis and immediate referral to an IEM specialist are essential steps in optimal management. Treatment recommendations are based on the diagnosis, its phenotype, rate of progression, prior extent of disease, family values and expectations and the risks and benefits associated with available therapies, including HCT. International collaborative efforts are of utmost importance in determining outcomes of therapy for these rare diseases, and have improved those outcomes significantly over recent decades. This discussion focusses on HCT in IEM, providing an international perspective on progress, limitations, and future directions.
Urodynamic testing: physiological background, setting‐up, calibration and artefacts
Authors: Raz Orit , Tse Vincent , Chan Lewis
Published: July 2014

Urodynamics (UDS) is an interactive diagnostic study of lower urinary tract function. It is composed of several tests that can be used to obtain functional information about urine storage and expulsion. Its main goal is to reproduce the patients' symptoms and determine their cause.

The present article is a review of the physiological concepts behind UDS, and explains the various normal and abnormal forces and parameters that are measured and used during the tests to assist the physician in making a diagnosis. It outlines the importance and methods of the calibration of UDS equipment to optimise diagnostic accuracy and reliability, which would have a crucial impact over the treatment's decision, and consequently the patient's outcome.
Epigenetics in the perioperative period
Authors: Lirk P , Fiegl H , Weber N C , Hollmann M W
Published: July 2014

The perioperative period is characterized by profound changes in the body's homoeostatic processes. This review seeks to address whether epigenetic mechanisms may influence an individual's reaction to surgery and anaesthesia. Evidence from animal and human studies suggests that epigenetic mechanisms can explain many facets of susceptibility to acute and chronic pain, making them potential therapeutic targets. Modern pain management is still based upon opiates, and both the developmental expression of opioid receptors and opioid‐induced hyperalgesia have been linked to epigenetic mechanisms. In general, opiates seem to increase global DNA methylation levels. This is in contrast to local anaesthetics, which have been ascribed a global demethylating effect. Even though no direct investigations have been carried out, the potential influence of epigenetics on the inflammatory response that follows surgery seems a promising area for research. There is a considerable body of evidence that supports the involvement of epigenetics in the complex process of wound healing. Epigenetics is an important emerging research topic in perioperative medicine, with a huge potential to positively influence patient outcome.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Epigenetics and Therapy. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue‐11
Viable Ramsey economies
Authors: Bonneuil Noël , Boucekkine Raouf
Published: July 2014

The Ramsey model of economic growth is revisited from the perspective of viability theory. The Ramsey model, augmented with minimal consumption and sustainability criteria, becomes a viability problem. The framework allows for a clear picture of optimal viable, optimal non‐viable, and viable non‐optimal paths. The drastic sacrifices in terms of present consumption required by the implementation of Brundtland sustainability are visualized, the rich countries bearing the major part of the burden. The econometric analysis of viability sets enhances the role of technological progress in ensuring Brundtland sustainability. Preference parameters such as the pure time preference rate are statistically non‐significant.
Social evaluations when populations differ in size
Authors: Duclos Jean‐Yves , Zabsonré Agnès
Published: July 2014

Assessments of “social welfare” do not usually take into account population sizes. This can lead to serious social evaluation flaws, particularly in contexts in which policies can affect demographic growth. We develop in this paper a little‐known though ethically attractive approach to correcting the flaws of traditional social evaluations, an approach that is sensitive to population sizes and that is based on critical‐level generalized utilitarianism (CLGU). Traditional CLGU is extended by considering arbitrary orders of welfare dominance and ranges of “poverty lines,” as well as values for the “critical level” of how much a life must be minimally worth to contribute to social welfare. We apply these social evaluation methods to rank Canada across 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2006 and to estimate normatively and statistically robust lower and upper bounds of critical levels over which these rankings can be made.
Trend shocks and the countercyclical U.S. current account
Authors: Amdur David , Kiziler Eylem Ersal
Published: July 2014

From 1960 to 2009, the U.S. current account balance has tended to decline during expansions and improve in recessions. We argue that shocks to the trend growth rate of productivity can help explain the countercyclical U.S. current account. Our framework is a two‐country, two‐good business cycle model in which international asset trade is limited to a single, non‐contingent bond. We identify trend and transitory shocks to U.S. productivity using generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation. The specification that best matches the data assigns a large role to trend shocks. The estimated model also captures key facts regarding international co‐movement.
Competing mechanisms
Authors: Peters Michael
Published: July 2014

The recent literature on competing mechanisms has devoted a lot of effort at understanding a very complex and abstract issue. In particular, an agent's type in a competitive environment is hard to conceptualize because it depends on information the agent has about what is going on in the rest of the market. This paper explains why this is such an important practical problem and illustrates how the literature has “solved” it.
Through the lens of our cameras: children's lived experience with food security in a Canadian Indigenous community
Authors: Genuis S. K. , Willows N. ,   Alexander First Nation, Jardine C.
Published: July 2014

Background

The related issues of food security and obesity among North American Indigenous children are serious public health concerns. This community‐based participatory study sought to gain deeper understanding of young First Nation children's lived experience with food and to learn, from their perspective, about food security issues in their community.

Methods

In this Photovoice investigation 26 young children attending a rural reserve school in Canada were asked to take photographs of the food they ate. Nine high school students from the same school were trained as co‐researchers: they interviewed the younger students, helped identify emerging themes and contributed to knowledge translation. Data analysis incorporated conventional content analysis, grounded theory's constant‐comparative method, and examination of photos and texts.

Results

Five primary findings emerged from photographs and interviews: (1) children had a dualistic understanding of healthy vs. unhealthy foods; (2) packaged, quick‐preparation foods played a dominant role in children's everyday food experiences; (3) families were critical to children's food‐related experiences; (4) although traditional foods are viewed as central to Aboriginal health, few were depicted in the photographs; and (5) photos do not tell the whole story – despite the smaller numbers of fruits and vegetables in photos, children like to eat these foods when they are available at home.

Conclusions

The study improved understanding of children's everyday food‐related experiences, provided insight into community food security, and demonstrated the contribution of children and youth as experts on their lives and matters affecting them. A photobook representing findings provided a rich, visual tool for communicating the food‐related experiences of children and messages about healthy eating within the school and to community members and leaders. Intervention efforts can build on participants' understanding of healthy versus unhealthy foods and on the critical role of family for healthy eating.
Prevalence of simple and abdominal obesity in Greek adolescents: the ADONUT study
Authors: Grammatikopoulou M. G. , Poulimeneas D. , Gounitsioti I. S. , Gerothanasi K. , Tsigga M. , Kiranas E. ,   The ADONUT Study Group
Published: July 2014

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of underweight, normal body weight, overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity in Greek adolescents. A nationally representative sample of 37 344 Greek adolescents, aged 12–19 years old, was recruited from schools throughout the country during 2010–2012. Body weight, stature and waist circumference were measured. The prevalence of each weight status category was defined according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria and abdominal obesity was diagnosed according to the International Diabetes Federation. One‐third of the participants were either overweight or obese. Among adolescent boys, the prevalence of underweight was 3.3%, 27.9% were overweight and 8.9% were considered obese. Among the girls, 5.8% of the population were underweight, 19.4% were considered overweight and 6.0% obese. Abdominal obesity was diagnosed in 9.1% of the sample (8.9% of the boys and 9.2% of the girls). In 4.5% of the population, simple and central obesity coincided. The pooled prevalence of overweight and obesity as well as the rate of abdominal obesity appear to level off during the course of adolescence. The results indicate a high prevalence of overweight among Greek adolescents.
Minimizing the Short‐Term Impacts of Marine Reserves on Fisheries While Meeting Long‐Term Goals for Recovery
Authors: Brown Christopher J. , Abdullah Sabah , Mumby Peter J.
Published: July 2014

Marine reserves are a promising tool for recovering overfished ecosystems. However, reserves designed to rebuild profits in the long‐term may cause short‐term losses—a serious issue in regions where fisheries are key for food security. We examine the tension between the long‐term benefits of reserves and short‐term losses, using a multispecies model of coral reef fisheries. Reserves designed to maximize long‐term profits caused significant short‐term losses. We model several policy solutions, where we incrementally increased either: the number of months per year that the reserve is closed to fishing; the size of the reserve; or the number species protected within the reserve. Protecting species sequentially, starting with the most valued species, provided the best outcome in the short‐term with the most rapid recovery of profits. Solving the dilemma of meeting short‐ and long‐term goals will ultimately improve the effectiveness of marine reserves for managing fisheries and conserving ecosystems.
On using integral projection models to generate demographically driven predictions of species' distributions: development and validation using sparse data
Authors: Merow Cory , Latimer Andrew M. , Wilson Adam M. , McMahon Sean M. , Rebelo Anthony G. , Silander John A.
Published: July 2014

Knowledge of species' geographic distributions is critical for understanding and forecasting population dynamics, responses to environmental change, biodiversity patterns, and conservation planning. While many suggestive correlative occurrence models have been used to these ends, progress lies in understanding the underlying population biology that generates patterns of range dynamics. Here, we show how to use a limited quantity of demographic data to produce demographic distribution models (DDMs) using integral projection models for size‐structured populations. By modeling survival, growth, and fecundity using regression, integral projection models can interpolate across missing size data and environmental conditions to compensate for limited data. To accommodate the uncertainty associated with limited data and model assumptions, we use Bayesian models to propagate uncertainty through all stages of model development to predictions. DDMs have a number of strengths: 1) DDMs allow a mechanistic understanding of spatial occurrence patterns; 2) DDMs can predict spatial and temporal variation in local population dynamics; 3) DDMs can facilitate extrapolation under altered environmental conditions because one can evaluate the consequences for individual vital rates. To illustrate these features, we construct DDMs for an overstory perennial shrub in the Proteaceae family in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. We find that the species' population growth rate is limited most strongly by adult survival throughout the range and by individual growth in higher rainfall regions. While the models predict higher population growth rates in the core of the range under projected climates for 2050, they also suggest that the species faces a threat along arid range margins from the interaction of more frequent fire and drying climate. The results (and uncertainties) are helpful for prioritizing additional sampling of particular demographic parameters along these gradients to iteratively refine projections. In the appendices, we provide fully functional R code to perform all analyses.
Topical ceramides neither enhance UVB‐induced apoptosis in normal human keratinocytes nor affect viability in UVB‐irradiated reconstructed human epidermis
Authors: Grether‐Beck Susanne , Felsner Ingo , Koehler Tim , Farwick Mike , Lersch Peter , Rawlings Anthony V. , Krutmann Jean
Published: July 2014

Ceramides are the major lipid of lamellar sheets present in intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum contributing to epidermal barrier properties. Therefore, ceramides and their analogues have been studied for barrier enhancing and water‐holding properties for decades. In vitro studies have indicated cytotoxic potential for cell‐permeable ceramides thereby raising the question whether topical ceramide application might contribute to UVB‐induced apoptosis. Phytosphingosine, N‐hexanoyl‐phytosphingosine and N‐stearoylphytosphingosine (ceramide III) in concentrations ≤5 μm have been used for co‐stimulation with low (160 J/m2) or high (600 J/m2) UVB doses in subconfluent basal and confluent differentiating keratinocytes. Significantly, increased caspase‐3 activity was observed in basal keratinocytes irradiated with 600 J/m2 UVB and in differentiating keratinocytes with both UVB doses. Co‐stimulation with the named ceramides did not further increase (i) caspase‐3 activity and (ii) nucleosomal fragmentation in differentiating keratinocytes. Moreover, co‐stimulation with 1‐mm ceramides did not further affect viability/lactate dehydrogenase release in UVB‐irradiated reconstructed human epidermis corroborating the safety of these ceramides.
Skills across the Urban–Rural Hierarchy
Authors: Abel Jaison R. , Gabe Todd M. , Stolarick Kevin
Published: July 2014

This paper examines the vertical and horizontal dimensions of human capital across regions within the U.S., ranging from densely populated city centers to isolated and sparsely populated rural areas. To do so, we classify detailed geographic areas into categories along the entire urban–rural hierarchy. An occupation‐based cluster analysis is then used to complement the conventional measure of human capital, based on college attainment, by measuring the types of skills available in the regional workforce. We find that differences in human capital across the urban–rural hierarchy are related to both the types of work performed in urban and rural areas and that a higher share of college‐educated workers is present in urban areas regardless of the skills typically required to perform the job.
Effects of Land‐Related Policies on Land Development during a Real Estate Boom and a Recession
Authors: Cho Seong‐Hoon , Kim Seung Gyu , Roberts Roland K. , Lambert Dayton M. , Kim Taeyoung
Published: July 2014

Our research evaluates and compares the effects of three land‐related policies on land development in a sprawling metropolitan area during a real estate boom and a recession. Our findings suggest that during a real estate boom 1) the urban growth boundary (UGB) serves its purpose of attracting urban development inside the given boundary during a boom while its effectiveness diminishes with increased development pressure from lower‐valued land outside of the UGB during a recession period, 2) the agricultural zone works well for restraining new development during a boom period while agriculture zoned parcels are more likely developed during a recession period, and 3) an increase in the land‐value tax bill increases the incentive for development during a recession period while higher tax bills do not affect development during a boom period. In anticipation of a re‐emergence of urban sprawl with the recovery of the real estate market, our findings imply that land planners and others concerned with sprawling development should pay more attention to development in sprawl‐prone areas during recession periods.
An historical perspective on health‐risk awareness and unhealthy behaviour: cigarette smoking in the United States 1949–1981
Authors: Leidner Andrew J. , Shaw W. Douglass , Yen Steven T.
Published: July 2014

Objective

This paper investigates the change through time in the perception of smoking‐related health harm and smoking behaviour from 1949 to 1981.

Background and context

A variety of common behaviours can be linked to chronic disease risk—smoking, over‐eating, and excessive sitting, to name a few. Changing behaviours to reduce exposure to such risks can be an effort that spans generations and decades.

Setting and participants

Respondents to Gallup Poll surveys in the United States from 1949, 1954, 1957, 1971, 1972, 1977 and 1981.

Methods

Graphical analysis and probit regression are used to investigate trends through time and statistical associations of smoking with the perception of smoking‐related health risks and other socio‐demographic variables.

Intervention and main variable studied

Perceived smoking health risk.

Main outcome measure

Smoking participation.

Results and conclusion

Our findings include the proportions of individuals who were self‐reported smokers fell between 1949 and 1981, from 0.48 to 0.34. Among smokers, the proportion who believed smoking was harmful increased from 0.52 in 1949 to 0.81 in 1981. By 1981, the proportion of non‐smokers who believed smoking was harmful was 0.98. A negative association between belief in smoking harm and the decision to smoke was shown in regression analysis. This association became more pronounced over the three decades under study.
Education as Arikara Spiritual Renewal and Cultural Evolution
Authors: Kroupa KuuNUx TeeRIt
Published: July 2014

In May 2009, the Arikara returned to the land of their ancestors along the Missouri River in South Dakota. For the first time in more than a half century, a Medicine Lodge was built for ceremony. The lodge has returned from its dormant state to regain its permanent place in Arikara culture. This event will be remembered as a significant moment in the history of the Arikara because it symbolizes a new beginning and hope for the people. Following this historic event, Arikara spiritual leader Jasper Young Bear offered to share his experience and deep insight into Arikara thought:

You have to know that the universe is the Creator's dream, the Creator's mind, everything from the stars all the way to the deepest part of the ocean, to the most microscopic particle of the creation, to the creation itself, on a macro level, on a micro level. You have to understand all of those aspects to understand what the lodge represents. The lodge is a fractal, a symbolic representation of the universe itself. How do we as human beings try to make sense of that? That understanding, of how the power in the universe flows, was gifted to us through millennia of prayer and cultural development… It is important for us to internalize our stories, internalize the star knowledge, internalize those things and make that your way, make that your belief, because we're going to play it out inside the lodge. It only lives by us guys interacting with it and praying with it and bringing it to life… We're going to play out the wise sayings of the old people… So you see that it's an Arikara worldview. A learning process of how the universe functions is what you're actually experiencing [inside the Medicine Lodge]. What the old people were describing was the functioning of how we believed the universe behaves. And we had a deep, deep understanding of what that meant and how it was for us. So that's what you're actually seeing in the Medicine Lodge.
History without Silos, Ignorance versus Knowledge, Education beyond Schools
Authors: Lomawaima K. Tsianina
Published: July 2014

Contributors to this thematic issue of theQuarterlycall education historians' scholarly attention to the particularities of Native histories and the diverse ways that Native people experience and think about our worlds. Their call to envision—or re-vision—histories of Indigenous education weaves together suggestive directions for productive scholarly inquiry. In my commentary, I focus on three of their main points. First, they note the unfortunate phenomenon of academic “silo-ization” that all too often leads to a disciplinary tunnel vision blocking our view of useful—even necessary—sources, archives, methods, evidence, perspectives, questions, and analytic frameworks. Second, they point out the vast and critical difference between two common interpretations of the phrase “American Indian education,” which is to say the difference between Indigenous self-education and colonial education of Indians by settlers and their institutions. Over the last five centuries, the divide between educationbyIndians and educationforIndians has been glaringly obvious to Native peoples but often conveniently ignored by others. That willful ignorance, of course, has been necessary to the settler colonial imperative to “eliminate the Native” and thus solidify settler claims to lands and national identity itself. Third, they make an urgent and timely call for more attention to Indigenous educational philosophies and practices in Indigenous contexts, that is,education(in Bailyn's terms) outside of the walls of (usually colonial)schools.They direct our attention to teaching, learning, and intergenerational transmission of knowledge embedded within and constitutive of Native histories.