bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of productivity-defined indicators to assess exposure of grassland-based livestock systems to climate change and variability
Authors: Sautier Marion , Duru Michel , Martin-Clouaire Roger
Published: October 2013

Climate change research that aims to accelerate the adaptation process of agricultural production systems first requires understanding their climatic vulnerability, which is in part characterised by their exposure. This paper’s approach moves beyond traditional metrics of climate variables and proposes specific indicators for grassland-based livestock systems. The indicators focus on the variation in seasonal boundaries and seasonal and yearly herbage productivity in response to weather conditions. The paper shows how statistical interpretations of these indicators over several sites and climatic years (past and future) enable the characterisation of classes of climatic years and seasons as well as their frequencies of occurrence and their variation from the past to the expected future. The frequency of occurrence and succession of seasonal extremes is also examined by analysing the difference between observed or predicted seasonal productivity and past mean productivity. The data analysis and corresponding statistical graphics used in our approach can help farmers, advisers, and scientists envision site-specific impacts of climate change on herbage production patterns. An illustrative analysis is performed on three sites in south-western France using a series of climatic years covering two 30-year periods in the past and the future. We found that the herbage production of several clusters of climatic years can be identified as ‘normal’ (i.e. frequent) and that the most frequent clusters in the past become less common in the future, although some clusters remain common. In addition, the year-to-year variability and the contrast between spring and summer–fall (autumn) herbage production are expected to increase.
Interspecific introgression of male sterility from tetraploid oilseed Brassica napus to diploid vegetable B. rapa through hybridisation and backcrossing
Authors: Wan Zhengjie , Tan Yuanbao , Shi Minhui , Xu Yuejin , Aryamanesh Nader , Yan Guijun
Published: October 2013

Interspecific F1 hybrids were obtained from a cross between a male sterile Brassica napus (2n = 4x = 38, AA (20) and CC (18) genomes) and an inbreeding line B. rapa (Purple Cai-Tai inbred line 9418, 2n = 2x = 20, AA (20) genome) to introgress male sterility from a tetraploid into a diploid through backcrossing. The morphological characteristics of F1 plants were more like the female parent B. napus and segregated considerably in BC1 when backcrossed to the recurrent parent Purple Cai-Tai. The progeny became stable and more similar to Purple Cai-Tai by BC4. Most C genome chromosomes were found to be eliminated, based on cytogenetic analysis. The majority of chromosomes were eliminated at very early backcross stages, with only 20–26 chromosomes in BC1 plants, and some chromosomes were eliminated gradually with increased backcross generations. The BC4 plants were generally stable with exactly 20 chromosomes. Analysis by AFLP indicated that 49.5–68.7% of the total bands eliminated from F1 to BC4 were female parent specific, and ~12% of B. napus bands were retained with increased backcrossing. The genetic materials controlling sterility from the female parent B. napus were introgressed successfully into the BC4 plants even though most B. napus chromosomes/genetic materials were eliminated during the backcross process.
A geometric construction of types for the smooth representations of PGL(2) over a local field
Authors: Broussous Paul
Published: October 2013

We show that almost all (Bushnell and Kutzko) types of

PGL

(
2
,
F
)

\textrm {PGL}(2,F)

,

F
F

a non-Archimedean locally compact field of odd residue characteristic, naturally appear in the cohomology of finite graphs.
iPEAP: integrating multiple omics and genetic data for pathway enrichment analysis
Authors: Sun Haoqi , Wang Haiping , Zhu Ruixin , Tang Kailin , Gong Qin , Cui Juan , Cao Zhiwei , Liu Qi
Published: October 2013

Summary: A challenge in biodata analysis is to understand the underlying phenomena among many interactions in signaling pathways. Such study is formulated as the pathway enrichment analysis, which identifies relevant pathways functional enriched in high-throughput data. The question faced here is how to analyze different data types in a unified and integrative way by characterizing pathways that these data simultaneously reveal. To this end, we developed integrative Pathway Enrichment Analysis Platform, iPEAP, which handles transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and GWAS data under a unified aggregation schema. iPEAP emphasizes on the ability to aggregate various pathway enrichment results generated in different high-throughput experiments, as well as the quantitative measurements of different ranking results, thus providing the first benchmark platform for integration, comparison and evaluation of multiple types of data and enrichment methods.

Availability and implementation: iPEAP is freely available at http://www.tongji.edu.cn/∼qiliu/ipeap.html.

Contact: qiliu@tongji.edu.cn or zwcao@tongji.edu.cn

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Impacts of SSIIa‐A Null Allele on Durum Wheat Noodle Quality
Authors: Martin John M. , Hogg Andrew C. , Hofer Petrea , Manthey Frank A. , Giroux Michael J.
Published: October 2013

A small increase in amylose content may impact end‐product quality of wheat. The effect of elevated amylose content in durum wheat is not known. We surveyed 255 durum wheat accessions and found two genotypes that lacked the SGP‐A1 protein. These genotypes were crossed to Mountrail, an adapted durum genotype, to create populations segregating for the SSIIa‐Ab null allele. Our goal was to determine the influence of allelic variation at the SSIIa‐A locus on semolina properties and end‐product quality with noodles as a test product. Amylose content increased 3% and cooked noodle firmness increased 2.8 g·cm for the SSIIa‐Ab class compared with the SSIIa‐Aa class for the PI 330546 source, but no change in either trait was detected between classes for the IG 86304 source. The SSIIa‐Ab class had a 10% reduction in flour swelling compared with the SSIIa‐Aa class for both crosses. Grain protein and semolina yield did not differ between SSIIa‐A classes. The relationship between flour swelling power and noodle firmness did not differ between SSIIa‐A allelic classes within a cross. The different results for amylose content and noodle firmness between these sources may be because the two sources of the SSIIa‐Ab null mutation contributed different linkages to the segregating populations. Results show that the SSIIa‐Ab allele could be used to produce durum‐based products that are slightly more firm in texture. However, the effect of the SSIIa‐Ab allele may depend on the source.
Emergence of Prochloraz-Resistant Populations ofCalonectria pauciramosaandCalonectria polizziiin Ornamental Nurseries of Southern Italy
Authors: Guarnaccia Vladimiro , Aiello Dalia , Polizzi Giancarlo , Perrone Giancarlo , Stea Gaetano , Vitale Alessandro
Published: October 2013

Management of Calonectria spp. infections in nurseries requires scheduled fungicide applications, particularly with methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBCs) and sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). Due to rising concerns about the occurrence of MBC resistance in different Calonectria populations and variability in prochloraz efficacy in controlling these pathogens, a detailed study on prochloraz sensitivity distributions of Calonectria isolates belonging to the Calonectria scoparia complex was carried out. In total, 105 isolates collected in two distinct periods (1993 to 1996 and 2005 to 2009) were analyzed for prochloraz sensitivity. Based on DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of β-tubulin, histone H3, and translation elongation factor-1α gene sequences, 69 and 36 isolates were identified as C. pauciramosa and C. polizzii, respectively. The isolates collected more recently (group B) had a reduced prochloraz sensitivity, as indicated by greater values for the effective dose to reduce growth by 50% than those collected earlier (group A). The reduced sensitivity detected in vitro corresponded to partial loss of fungicide efficacy in controlling infections in red clover and feijoa under controlled and semi-field conditions, respectively. Frequent prochloraz application in nurseries for controlling Calonectria spp. infections is discouraged.
Phytophthora cinnamomi as a Contributor to White Oak Decline in Mid-Atlantic United States Forests
Authors: McConnell M. E. , Balci Y.
Published: October 2013

To evaluate Phytophthora cinnamomi as a cause of white oak (Quercus alba) decline in mid-Atlantic forests, sampling was conducted at 102 sites from 2011 to 2012. Soil and roots from healthy and declining white oak trees were collected. Phytophthora spp. were isolated using baiting and CFU of P. cinnamomi quantified using wet-sieving. Fine roots were scanned and measured. Phytophthora spp. were isolated from 43% of the sites. P. cinnamomi was common; six other species were isolated infrequently. Little difference in lesion size existed on white oak seedlings inoculated with 32 isolates of P. cinnamomi; only 13 isolates caused significant mortality. Soils from white oak versus nine other hosts did not have significantly different CFU. P. cinnamomi was restricted to United States Department of Agriculture hardiness zones six and seven and never found in zone five. The presence of Phytophthora spp. in soil can be associated with white oak fine root health. When Phytophthora spp. were present, white oak trees in zones five and six had less fine roots. In mid-Atlantic oak forests, however, environmental conditions appear to play a key role in determining the impact of P. cinnamomi on the root system. P. cinnamomi alone does not appear to be a causal factor of white oak decline.
First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne arenaria Infecting Noni in China
Authors: Fu M. Y. , Wang H. F. , Chen M. C.
Published: October 2013

Noni (Morinda citrifolia) is an important medicinal plant and its fruit and root are of high value. In recent years, noni has been cultivated widely on Hainan Island, China. A survey of eight commercial noni fields in four counties found that most fields had plants with symptoms consistent with damage caused by root-knot nematodes. Above-ground symptoms included reduced vigor, plant stunting, and chlorosis. Affected roots were galled, swollen, cracked, and rotten. Fruit loss associated with diseased plants was quantified as 85%. In each field, three samples were taken consisting of 15 cm wide × 20 cm deep soil (containing roots). The nematode population was extracted and quantified according to Barker (1). Nematodes were found in all soil and root samples with population densities ranging from 450 to 835 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2s) per 200 g subsample of soil, and 685 to 985 eggs and J2s per 10 g sub-sample of fresh roots. Three single egg masses were respectively hand-picked from one sample of diseased noni roots and inoculated onto tomato plants grown with sterilized soil at 20 to 28°C in the greenhouse. After 8 weeks, nematodes were extracted from the roots of tomato plants and identified by morphology, enzyme analysis, and molecular characterization. Morphology of the female perineal patterns showed a low dorsal arch with large lateral lines separating the striae of the dorsal and ventral sectors, leading to the tail terminus; and wavy, coarse striae with forking at lateral lines and short irregular striae near the lateral lines. Enzyme analysis of the esterase phenotype was also typical of the A1 phenotype in M. arenaria. Based on the perineal pattern and esterase phenotype, the Meloidogyne species was identified as M. arenaria (Est A1) (3). Total genomic DNA was extracted from ca. 10 μl of packed second-stage juveniles (J2s) using the method of Cenis (2). The primers C2F3 (5′-GGTCAATGTTCAGAAATTTGTGG-3′) and 1108 (5′-TACCTTTGACCAATCACGCT-3′) (4) was used to amplify the intergenic region between COII and LrRNA genes of the mtDNA and an amplification product (1,700 bp) was obtained, similar to M. hispanica, M. incognita, and M. javanica. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) have been reported to be cause disease on noni in Hawaii. However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of M. arenaria (Est A1) infecting noni in China.

References: (1) K. R. Barker. Pp. 19 in: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Vol. II, Methodology. K. R. Barker et al. eds. North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, 1985. (2) J. L. Cenis. Phytopathology 83:76,1993. (3) P. E. Esbenshade and A. C. Triantaphyllou. J. Nematol. 17:6,1990. (4) T. O. Power and T. S. Harris J. Nematol. 25:1,1993.
Competition Between Pyrimorph-Sensitive and Pyrimorph-Resistant Isolates of Phytophthora capsici
Authors: Pang Zhili , Shao JingPeng , Hu Jian , Chen Lei , Wang Zhiwen , Qin Zhaohai , Liu Xili
Published: October 2013

Phytophthora capsici causes significant losses to vegetable production worldwide. Pyrimorph, a new carboxylic acid amide fungicide, has been registered to control P. capsici in China. A mutation (Q1077K) in cellulose synthase 3 has been reported to confer resistance to pyrimorph. In this study, we measured the competition between pyrimorph-resistant and pyrimorph-sensitive isolates of P. capsici. Mixed zoospore suspensions of resistant (R) and sensitive (S) isolates at five ratios (1R:9S, 3R:7S, 5R:5S, 7R:3S, and 9R:1S) were applied to carrot agar in vitro test (with five successive transfers) and to the soil surface around pepper plants in planta test (with 10 successive disease cycles). The proportion of resistant isolates was measured by a conventional assay in which single zoospore isolates recovered after transfers or disease cycles were grown on agar medium with a discriminatory concentration of pyrimorph. The results were then compared with those of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method developed here, the results were similar. Both assays showed that the competitive ability of the resistant isolates was similar to or less than that of the sensitive isolates. The real-time PCR assay developed will be useful for high-throughput analysis and monitoring the development of pyrimorph resistance in field populations of P. capsici.
Induction of Rhizopus oryzae Germination Under Starvation Using Host Metabolites Increases Spore Susceptibility to Heat Stress
Authors: Turgeman Tidhar , Kakongi Nathan , Schneider Avishai , Vinokur Yakov , Teper-Bamnolker Paula , Carmeli Shmuel , Levy Maggie , Skory Christopher D. , Lichter Amnon , Eshel Dani
Published: October 2013

Sweetpotato is a nutritional source worldwide. Soft rot caused by Rhizopus spp. is a major limiting factor in the storage of produce, rendering it potentially unsafe for human consumption. In this study, Rhizopus oryzae was used to develop a concept of postharvest disease control by weakening the pathogen through induction of spore germination under starvation conditions. We isolated the sweetpotato active fractions (SPAFs) that induce spore germination and used them at a low dose to enhance spore weakening caused by starvation. Germination in SPAF at 1 mg/ml weakened the pathogen spores by delaying their ability to form colonies on rich media and by increasing their sensitivity to heat stress. The weakening effect was also supported by reduced metabolic activity, as detected by Alarmar Blue fluorescent dye assays. Spores incubated with SPAF at 1 mg/ml showed DNA fragmentation in some of their nuclei, as observed by TUNEL assay. In addition, these spores exhibited changes in ultrastructural morphology (i.e., shrinkage of germ tubes, nucleus deformation, and vacuole formation) which are hallmarks of programmed cell death. We suggest that induction of spore germination under starvation conditions increases their susceptibility to stress and, therefore, might be considered a new strategy for pathogen control.
Taxonomic study of the genera

Halogeometricum

and

Halosarcina

: transfer of

Halosarcina limi

and

Halosarcina pallida

to the genus

Halogeometricum

as

Halogeometricum

limi comb. nov. and

Halogeometricum

pallidum comb. nov., respectively
Authors: Qiu Xing-Xing , Zhao Mei-Lin , Han Dong , Zhang Wen-Jiao , Dyall-Smith Mike L. , Cui Heng-Lin
Published: October 2013

Members of the haloarchaeal genera

Halosarcina

and

Halogeometricum

(family

Halobacteriaceae

) are closely related to each other and show 96.6–98 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. This is higher than the accepted threshold value (95 %) to separate two genera, and a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach of all four members of the two genera was conducted to clarify their relationships. Polar lipid profiles indicated that

Halogeometricum rufum

RO1-4T,

Halosarcina pallida

BZ256T and

Halosarcina limi

RO1-6T are related more to each other than to

Halogeometricum borinquense

CGMCC 1.6168T. Phylogenetic analyses using the sequences of three different genes (16S rRNA gene, rpoB′ and EF-2) strongly supported the monophyly of these four species, showing that they formed a distinct clade, separate from the related genera

Halopelagius

,

Halobellus

,

Haloquadratum

,

Haloferax

and

Halogranum

. The results indicate that the four species should be assigned to the same genus, and it is proposed that

Halosarcina pallida

and

Halosarcina limi

be transferred to the genus

Halogeometricum

as

Halogeometricum

pallidum comb. nov. (type strain, BZ256T = KCTC 4017T = JCM 14848T) and

Halogeometricum

limi comb. nov. (type strain, RO1-6T = CGMCC 1.8711T = JCM 16054T).
Notification that new names of prokaryotes and new combinations have appeared in volume 63, part 7, of the IJSEM
Authors: Oren Aharon , Garrity George M.
Published: October 2013

This listing of names of prokaryotes published in a previous issue of the IJSEM is provided as a service to bacteriology to assist in the recognition of new names and new combinations. This procedure was proposed by the Judicial Commission [Minute 11(ii), Int J Syst Bacteriol
41 (1991), p. 185]. The names given herein are listed according to the Rules of priority (i.e. page number and order of valid publication of names in the original articles). Taxonomic opinions included in this List (i.e. the creation of synonyms or the emendation of circumscriptions) cannot be considered as validly published nor, in any other way, approved by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes and its Judicial Commission.
Sites under positive selection modulate the RNA silencing suppressor activity of rice yellow mottle virus movement protein P1
Authors: Sérémé Drissa , Lacombe Séverine , Konaté Moumouni , Bangratz Martine , Pinel-Galzi Agnès , Fargette Denis , Traoré Alfred S. , Konaté Gnissa , Brugidou Christophe
Published: October 2013

RNA silencing is a eukaryotic mechanism for RNA-based gene regulation that plays an essential role in diverse biological processes, such as defence against viral infections. The P1 of rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) is a movement protein and displays RNA silencing suppression activity with variable efficiency, depending on the origin of the isolates. In this study, the positive selection pressure acting on the P1 protein gene was assessed. A site-by-site analysis of thedN/dSratio was performed and 18 positively selected sites were identified. Four of these were mutated, and the ability to suppress RNA silencing was evaluated for the resulting mutants in a transient expression assay. All mutations affected quantitatively RNA silencing suppression, one caused a significant decrease in the activity and three significantly increased it. This work demonstrates, for what is to the best of our knowledge the first time, that the RYMV gene encoding the P1 RNA silencing suppressor is under adaptive evolution.
A one-dimensional coordination polymer createdvia in situligand synthesis involving C—N bond formation
Authors: Cai Hua , Guo Ying , Li Jian-Gang
Published: October 2013

The novel cadmium complexcatena-poly[cadmium(II)-μ3-{2-[3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]butanedioato}], [Cd(C12H9N3O4)]n, has been prepared by the conjugate addition reaction of 2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine to fumaric acid in the presence of Cd(OAc)2·3H2O (OAc is acetate) at 413 K. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the complex consists of one-dimensional ladders constructed from [Cd2(COO)2] dimeric subunits. A combination of hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions extend the one-dimensional ladders into a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture.
Direct phasing of nanocrystal diffraction
Authors: Elser Veit
Published: October 2013

Recent experiments at free-electron laser X-ray sources have been able to resolve the intensity distributions about Bragg peaks in nanocrystals of large biomolecules. Information derived from small shifts in the peak positions augment the Bragg samples of the particle intensity with samples of its gradients. Working on the assumption that the nanocrystal is entirely generated by lattice translations of a particle, an algorithm is developed that reconstructs the particle from intensities and intensity gradients. Unlike traditional direct phasing methods that require very high resolution data in order to exploit sparsity of the electron density, this method imposes no constraints on the contrast other than positivity and works well at low resolution. Successful reconstructions are demonstrated with simulatedP1 lysozyme nanocrystal data down to a signal-to-noise ratio of 2 in the intensity gradients.
Evidence‐based policy: Some pitfalls in the meeting of scientific research politics (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Vohnsen Nina
Published: October 2013

A current ambition in welfare states as diverse as Denmark, the UK, and the USA, is to base political decision‐making on rigorous research. Sound as this might seem the ambition has nevertheless been problematized by both policy‐makers and the research community. This article intends to draw out some general pitfalls in the curious meeting of science and politics by focusing on one particular attempt to make evidence‐based legislation in. These insights will be relevant for anthropological researchers of legislative processes who wish to move beyond a merely discursive approach to the study of policy and politics.
Diagnosis and treatment of food allergies in off‐reserve Aboriginal children in Canada
Authors: Harrington Daniel W. , Wilson Kathi , Elliott Susan J. , Clarke Ann E.
Published: October 2013

Food allergies have emerged as an important public health risk in many countries, Canada included, affecting children at a disproportionate rate. However, we know very little about food allergies among Aboriginal children in Canada, who are often characterized as representing a particularly vulnerable population with respect to health and life conditions more generally. Our objective was to address this gap by exploring the prevalence and management of food allergies in this population. Data from the 2006 Aboriginal Children's Survey were used for this analysis. Descriptive analyses were undertaken to determine the prevalence of diagnosed food allergies among off‐reserve Aboriginal children, and logistic regression was used to explore factors associated with diagnosis, and the determinants of receiving treatment. Estimates of prevalence (2.9%) appear lower than the general population in Canada. Controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors, co‐morbidity of asthma and access to family physicians and specialists (e.g., allergists) most strongly predicted both prevalence and treatment. Lower prevalence rates suggest either truly lower rates or lower rates of detection in this population. Access to treatment appears most significant for diagnosis and treatment for this population, raising important directions for future research addressing disparities in the management of food allergies among Aboriginal children.
No sign of quitting: incidental exposure to “no smoking” signs ironically boosts cigarette‐approach tendencies in smokers
Authors: Earp Brian D. , Dill Brendan , Harris Jennifer L. , Ackerman Joshua M. , Bargh John A.
Published: October 2013

The unconscious mind tends to disregard negations in its processing of semantic meaning. Therefore, messages containing negated concepts can ironically prime mental representations and evaluations that are opposite to those intended. We hypothesized that the subtle presentation of a negated concept (e.g., “no smoking”) would activate ironic motivational orientations as well. We tested this hypothesis in a public health context. Smokers viewed photographs in which “no smoking” signs were either inconspicuously embedded (prime condition) or edited out (control condition). Primed smokers showed amplified automatic approach tendencies toward smoking‐related stimuli, but not toward smoking‐unrelated stimuli: an ironic motivational response to exposure to the signs. Since passive priming effects generally serve to facilitate forms of action, not inhibit them, antismoking and other public health campaigns may ironically increase the very behaviors they seek to reduce.
Static and Vibration Analyses of a Three-Dimensional Snake-Like Micropositioning Stage
Authors: Scuor Nicola , Gallina Paolo , Giovagnoni Marco
Published: October 2013

This paper presets three degrees of freedom (DOF) piezoelectric micropositioning stage. The stage is composed of a stack of piezodisk bender actuators actuated in such a way to prevent the end-effector from rotating; this way the end-effector can only translate along the x, y, and z axes. Thanks to its snake-like configuration, the system is capable of large displacements (of the order of 50 μm) with low driving voltages (of the order of 100 V). Several lumped-mass static and dynamic models of the device have been implemented. Static experimental results, which are in agreement with simulation data, confirmed the performances of the device. A dynamic model showed the natural frequencies of the mechanism. Also dynamic tests have been conducted in order to validate the dynamic model.
Quantum Limit of Heat Flow Across a Single Electronic Channel
Authors: Jezouin S. , Parmentier F. D. , Anthore A. , Gennser U. , Cavanna A. , Jin Y. , Pierre F.
Published: October 2013

Quantum Heating

Mesoscopic wires exhibit peculiar properties at low temperatures. Their electric conductance can show plateaus at evenly spaced values, which reflects the sequential opening of “quantum transport channels,” each of which can only carry a finite amount of charge or heat. Whereas the step size for the electric conductance depends on the type of the particle carrying the charge, for heat conduction this “quantum” is universal.

Jezouin
et al.

(p.
601
, published online 3 October; see the Perspective by

Sothmann and Flindt

) measured the quantum of heat conduction through a single electronic channel by comparing the amount of heat needed to heat a small metal plate to a constant temperature, while varying the number of electronic channels through which the heat was dissipated from the plate. Encouragingly, the measurement was in agreement with the theoretical prediction.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strain 43-16836, Belonging to the Indo-Oceanic Lineage, Isolated From Tuberculous Meningitis in Thailand
Authors: Viratyosin W. , Kulawonganunchai S. , Smittipat N. , Juthayothin T. , Penpassakarn P. , Pasomsub E. , Chantratita W. , Chaiprasert A. , Palittapongarnpim P.
Published: October 2013

We present the draft genome sequence of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strain 43-16836, belonging to the Indo-Oceanic lineage, isolated from a tuberculous meningitis patient in Thailand. The genome is 4,381,942 bp long with 4,316 protein-coding genes and contains new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including SNPs of genes that may encode cell wall components and possibly influence virulence.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two O104:H21 Escherichia coli Isolates Causing Hemorrhagic Colitis during a 1994 Montana Outbreak Provide Insight into Their Pathogenicity
Authors: Gonzalez-Escalona Narjol , McFarland Melinda A. , Rump Lydia V. , Payne Justin , Andrzejewski Denis , Brown Eric W. , Evans Peter S. , Croley Timothy R.
Published: October 2013

We sequenced the genomes of two strains of O104:H21 enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(EHEC) isolated during an outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis in Montana in 1994. These strains carried a plasmid that contains several virulence genes not present in pO157. The genome sequences will improve phylogenetic analysis of other non-O157
E. coli
strains in the future.
Overactive bladder after female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) type III
Authors: Abdulcadir Jasmine , Dällenbach Patrick
Published: October 2013

A 27-year-old Somali woman with type III a–b female genital mutilation/cutting, consulted because of slow micturition, voiding efforts, urgency and urge incontinence (overactive bladder). She also referred primary dysmenorrhoea and superficial dyspareunia making complete sexual intercourses impossible. We treated her by defibulation and biofeedback re-educative therapy. We also offered a multidisciplinary counselling. At 5 months follow-up, urgency and urge incontinence had resolved and she became pregnant.
A review of the specificity of exercises designed for conditioning the lumbar extensors
Authors: Steele James , Bruce-Low Stewart , Smith Dave
Published: October 2013

Objective

To review the specificity of exercises designed to condition the lumbar extensor musculature (ie, lumbar erector spinae and multifidus).

Methods

A review of studies examining effects of exercises designed to condition the lumbar extensors was conducted. Included were studies that examined the acute activation and chronic adaptation of the lumbar extensor musculature in response to benches and roman chair trunk extensions, free weights exercises (ie, deadlifts, squats, good-mornings, etc), floor and stability ball exercise (ie, trunk extensions, bridging, four-point kneeling, etc) and resistance machines (ie, those with and without pelvic restraints).

Results

Evidence suggests that the reviewed exercises designed to condition the lumbar extensors all may result in significant activation of this musculature during their performance. However, examination of training studies shows that for benches and roman chair trunk extensions, free weights exercises, floor and stability ball exercise and resistance machines without appropriate pelvic restraints, evidence suggests that they may be less effective for inducing chronic adaptations in the lumbar extensors as a result of their performance. Contrastingly, resistance machines that employ appropriate pelvic restraint to isolate lumbar extension are better evidenced to confer specific adaptations to the lumbar extensors.

Conclusions

Numerous exercise approaches have been designed with the intention of conditioning the lumbar extensors. Those examined appear to activate the lumbar extensors; however, the specificity of many of these exercises for producing chronic adaptations may be questionable, potentially due to the compound nature of them allowing involvement of other musculature such as the hip extensors. Many of the reviewed exercises offer potential to condition the lumbar extensors, however, isolation of lumbar extension through appropriate pelvic restraint appears important for optimising specific adaptations in the lumbar extensors.
The cow that got up
Authors: Uehlinger Fabienne
Published: October 2013

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘The cow that did get up’, was submitted by a reader and is presented and discussed by Fabienne Uehlinger. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Confronting bad husbandry’, which was published in the September issue of In Practice, appears on page 543.

The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Choosing the right software
Authors: Crick Jerry
Published: October 2013

Buying practice software for a practice can be a daunting task given all the options currently on the market. Jerry Crick discusses how best to prioritise a practice's requirements to get the most effective software for its specific needs.
Recognising the gross pathology of tuberculosis in South American camelids, deer, goats, pigs and sheep
Authors: Crawshaw Tim , de la Rua‐Domenech Ricardo , Brown Ele
Published: October 2013

Tuberculosis (TB) can be difficult to recognise owing to its diverse pathology and similar gross pathology to other conditions. Early detection of TB outbreaks goes a long way to preventing further spread of the disease. This article describes the spectrum of possible gross pathology of TB in a range of non‐bovine farmed species for which there is no routine antemortem surveillance. For these species, detection of the disease is dependent on gross pathology at slaughter or postmortem examination findings.
Deep venous structures distortion in spontaneous intracranial hypotension as an explanation for altered level of consciousness
Authors: Ajlan Abdulrazag M , Al-Jehani Hosam , Torres Carlos , Marcoux Judith
Published: October 2013

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a syndrome of low pressure headache associated with low CSF pressure. The condition is generally considered benign but extreme cases of SIH can lead to changes in the level of consciousness. We describe a case in which alteration in the level of consciousness was prolonged and severe, and could not be explained solely by the presence of subdural collections. MRI of the brain showed evidence of impaired venous flow secondary to brain sagging causing distortion of deep venous structures.
Lactoferrin ameliorates prostaglandin E2-mediated inhibition of Na+-glucose cotransport in enterocytes
Authors: Talukder Jamilur R. , Griffin Ashley , Jaima Antara , Boyd Brittney , Wright Jaleesa
Published: October 2013

Various immunoinflammatory cytokines are produced during chronic intestinal inflammation, which inhibits Na+-glucose cotransport (SGLT1) in villus cells. Lactoferrin (Lf), abundantly present in colostrum, is a multifunctional glycoprotein that is absorbed by receptor-mediated transcytosis in humans and animals and has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether Lf would prevent PGE2effect on SGLT1 for glucose absorption in enterocytes. Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) were grown on transwell plates, treated with phlorizin, PGE2, AH6809, and Lf, and 3-O-methyl d-glucopyranose (OMG) uptake was measured in 10 days postconfluent. Na+-dependent OMG uptake, phlorizin, and immunoblotting studies established the activity and apical membrane localization of SGLT1 in IEC-6 cells. PGE2inhibited SGLT1 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner with an inhibitory constant (Ki) of 50.0 nmol/L and that was antagonized by prostanoid receptor inhibitor, AH6809. PGE2did not alter Na+/K+-ATPase activity. In contrast, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses revealed that SGLT1-specific transcripts and protein expression level were decreased 3-fold by PGE2. Furthermore, PGE2treatment increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and Ca2+concentrations and decreased SGLT1 expression on the apical membrane, and these effects were ameliorated by Lf. Therefore, we conclude that Lf ameliorates the PGE2inhibition of SGLT1 most likely via the Ca2+- and cAMP-signaling pathways.
CONTACT HYPERSURFACES IN NONCOMPACT COMPLEX GRASSMANNIANS OF RANK TWO
Authors: BERNDT JÜRGEN , LEE HYUNJIN , SUH YOUNG JIN
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we classify certain contact hypersurfaces in the Riemannian symmetric space SU2,m/S(U2Um), m ≥ 3.
THE GLOBAL β-FUNCTIONS FROM SOLUTIONS OF DYSON–SCHWINGER EQUATIONS
Authors: SHOJAEI-FARD ALI
Published: October 2013

We apply the geometric interpretation of Dyson–Schwinger equations (DSEs) in terms of equi-singular flat connections to provide a process which relates β-functions of a DSE under different regularization schemes.
NEUTRINO ENERGIES IN A NEUTRINOSPHERE
Authors: KISSLINGER LEONARD S.
Published: October 2013

The energies of neutrinos in a neutrinosphere, the dense matter created after the gravitational collapse of a massive star are estimated. Cubic equations for energy eigenvalues of neutrinos are used with the effective masses found by taking the neutrinos at rest in neutrinosphere matter. Large differences in the effective mass of some neutrino species in a neutrinosphere compared to vacuum are found.
DECOHERENCE IN QUANTUM COSMOLOGY AND THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT
Authors: ASSELMEYER-MALUGA TORSTEN , KRÓL JERZY
Published: October 2013

We discuss a spacetime having the topology of S3×ℝ but with a different smoothness structure. The initial state of the cosmos in our model is identified with a wildly embedded 3-sphere (or a fractal space). In previous work we showed that a wild embedding is obtained by a quantization of a usual (or tame) embedding. Then a wild embedding can be identified with a (geometrical) quantum state. During a decoherence process this wild 3-sphere is changed to a homology 3-sphere. We are able to calculate the decoherence time for this process. After the formation of the homology 3-sphere, we obtain a spacetime with an accelerated expansion enforced by a cosmological constant. The calculation of this cosmological constant gives a qualitative agreement with the current measured value.
NEW STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR EARTHQUAKE RESILIENT DESIGN
Authors: LU XILIN , MAO YUANJUN , CHEN YUN , LIU JINGJING , ZHOU YING
Published: October 2013

The concept of self-centering structure and replaceable structural member or fuse is a new approach of earthquake resilient structural design. The new structural system is not only capable of preventing from failure of the structure and life safety of the occupants during earthquakes, but also quickly restoring its basic function in a short time following earthquakes. Restoring the original position through self-weight or pre-stressing forces, this kind of structures is defined as a rocking or self-centering structure. The replaceable elements of the other new kind of structural system, which includes coupling beams, energy dissipation devices, and rubber bearings and so on, are designed to be inelastic or failure, like a fuse, and to protect the main structure from damage in the region of high seismicity. The authors of this paper will report three different tests on new earthquake resilient structures, which are shaking table tests on a self-centering RC frame, quasi-static cyclic tests on RC wall with replaceable coupling beams and the ones with replaceable foot parts. All of the three new kind structural systems present an efficient resilient ability under severe horizontal forces in the tests.
Britton Chance's lab and thereafter: From NIR spectroscopy to molecular sensing via nanotechnology
Authors: Kang Kyung A.
Published: October 2013

I was fortunate to work with/for Dr Britton Chance as his postdoctoral fellow, in the Biochemistry and Biophysics Department at the University of Pennsylvania, between August 1991 and January 1994. As anyone who worked for him, I had a sufficient dosage of "Britton Chance" over the years. Initially, to me, I felt that he was someone who was above regular people and far away to reach. Then I became to know him as a person, who was simple and complicated at the same time, with a persistent pursuit for his life interests, i.e., the advancement in science related to human health. As far as it goes to science (and perhaps with sailing), he had few boundary: He communicated with any age group, any one from any country with any cultural background. Any scientists were welcomed to his lab, his own house, and even his boat. He was happy with minimal material things. He kept his friendship faithfully. From him, I came to know how much one person can actually do during a life time. I am very grateful that I got to know him during my life path. In this paper, I list some of my experiences with him scientifically and also how and what I learned from him impacted my research and personal life.
Longevity Chance
Authors: Liu Timon Cheng-Yi , Zhu Ling , Yang Xiang-Bo
Published: October 2013

Britton Chance pursued his research and sailing until his death at age 97. His 100th anniversary was memorialized in this paper from longevity viewpoint. His lifelong work was very creative. His life was very colorful. His aging was very successful. He has lived a longevity.
Multimodal nonlinear microscopy: A powerful label-free method for supporting standard diagnostics on biological tissues
Authors: Cicchi Riccardo , Pavone Francesco Saverio
Published: October 2013

The large use of nonlinear laser scanning microscopy in the past decade paved the way for potential clinical application of this imaging technique. Modern nonlinear microscopy techniques offer promising label-free solutions to improve diagnostic performances on tissues. In particular, the combination of multiple nonlinear imaging techniques in the same microscope allows integrating morphological with functional information in a morpho-functional scheme. Such approach provides a high-resolution label-free alternative to both histological and immunohistochemical examination of tissues and is becoming increasingly popular among the clinical community. Nevertheless, several technical improvements, including automatic scanning and image analysis, are required before the technique represents a standard diagnostic method. In this review paper, we highlight the capabilities of multimodal nonlinear microscopy for tissue imaging, by providing various examples on colon, arterial and skin tissues. The comparison between images acquired using multimodal nonlinear microscopy and histology shows a good agreement between the two methods. The results demonstrate that multimodal nonlinear microscopy is a powerful label-free alternative to standard histopathological methods and has the potential to find a stable place in the clinical setting in the near future.
The application of near-infrared spectra micro-image in the imaging analysis of biology samples
Authors: Wang Dong , Ding Yun-Sheng , Guo Zhong-Hua , Min Shun-Geng
Published: October 2013

In this research, suitable imaging methods were used for acquiring single compound images of biology samples of chicken pectorales tissue section, tobacco dry leaf, fresh leaf and plant glandular hair, respectively. The adverse effects caused by the high water content and the thermal effect of near infrared (NIR) light were effectively solved during the experiment procedures and the data processing. PCA algorithm was applied to the NIR micro-image of chicken pectorales tissue. Comparing the loading vector of PC3 with the NIR spectrum of dry albumen, the information of PC3 was confirmed to be provided mainly by protein, i.e., the 3rd score image represents the distribution trend of protein mainly. PCA algorithm was applied to the NIR micro-image of tobacco dry leaf. The information of PC2 was confirmed to be provided by carbohydrate including starch mainly. Compared to the 2nd score image of tobacco dry leaf, the compared correlation image with the reference spectrum of starch had the same distribution trend as the 2nd score image. The comparative correlation images with the reference spectra of protein, glucose, fructose and the total plant alkaloid were acquired to confirm the distribution trend of these compounds in tobacco dry leaf respectively. Comparative correlation images of fresh leaf with the reference spectra of protein, starch, fructose, glucose and water were acquired to confirm the distribution trend of these compounds in fresh leaf. Chemimap imaging of plant glandular hair was acquired to show the tubular structure clearly.
Application of near-infrared spectroscopy for the rapid analysis ofLonicerae Japonicae Flossolution extracted by water
Authors: Xiao Xue , Ma Jinfang , Ge Fahuan , Zhang Xiangdong , Yang Huihua , Liang Qionglin , Wang Yiming , Luo Guoan
Published: October 2013

A rapid quantitative analytical method for three components of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos solution (Lonicera Japonica Thumb.) extracted by water was developed using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and the partial least-squares (PLS) method. The NIR spectra of 81 samples collected from a production line were obtained. The concentrations of secologanic acid, chlorogenic acid and galuteolin were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection as the reference method. Several pretreatment methods for the NIR spectra were used during PLS calibration. The most appropriate latent variable number of the PLS factor was selected based on the standard error of cross-validation (SECV). The performance of the final PLS models was evaluated according to SECV, standard error of prediction (SEP) and determination coefficient (R2). The compounds secologanic acid, chlorogenic acid and galuteolin had SEP values of 0.030, 0.061 and 1.668 μg/mL, respectively and R2values over 0.85. This work shows that NIR spectroscopy is a rapid and convenient method for the analysis of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos solution extracted by water. The proposed method can help in the application of process analytical technology in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in traditional Chinese medicine injections.
LiMn2O4-based materials as anodes for lithium-ion battery
Authors: Chen Kunfeng , Donahoe Ailaura C. , Noh Young Dong , Komarneni Sridhar , Xue Dongfeng
Published: October 2013

LiMn 2 O 4-based materials such as LiMn 2 O 4 and LiMn 1.53 Ni 0.47 O 3.67 were synthesized by both conventional-hydrothermal (CH), microwave-hydrothermal (MH) methods and calcination route. Both reaction temperature and reaction time during MH routes were lower than those of CH routes. LiMn 2 O 4 electrode materials were assembled into lithium-ion battery anodes and their electrochemical performances were studied. The results proved that these LiMn 2 O 4 electrodes can be served as conversion anode materials, and show electrochemical activity during the potential range of 0.01–3.0 V versus Li +/ Li . For LiMn 1.53 Ni 0.47 O 3.67 materials when used as lithium-ion battery anodes, we found that the introduction of Ni can change their electrochemical reaction and thus improve their electrochemical performances.