bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects with the Amplatzer device: Technical and morphological considerations
Authors: Pedra Carlos A.C. , Pedra Simone R.F. , Esteves Cesar A. , Pontes Sérgio C. , Braga Sérgio L.N. , Arrieta S. Raul , Santana M. Virgínia T. , Fontes Valmir F. , Masura Jozef
Published: November 2004

Percutaneous closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects (VSDs) has been feasible, safe, and effective with the new Amplatzer membranous septal occluder. We report further experience with this device with emphasis on morphological aspects of the VSDs and technical issues. Ten patients (median age and weight, 14 years and 34.5 kg, respectively) with volume‐overloaded left ventricles underwent closure under general anesthesia and transesophageal guidance (TEE). The VSD diameter was 7.1 ± 4.0 mm by angiography and 7.8 ± 3.7 mm by TEE. Three patients had defects associated with aneurysm‐like formations (two with multiple exit holes), four had defects shrouded by extensive tricuspid valve tissue, two had defects with little or no tricuspid valve involvement, and one had a right aortic cusp prolapse with trivial aortic regurgitation. Implantation was successful in all patients, although in two the initial device had to be changed for a larger one. Kinkings in the delivery sheath, inability to position the sheath near the left ventricular apex, and device prolapse through the VSD prompted modifications in the standard technique of implantation. Device orientation was excellent except in one case. Nine patients had complete occlusion within 1–3 months. Device‐related aortic or tricuspid insufficiency, arrhythmias, and embolization were not observed. Two patients had slight gradients across the left ventricular outflow tract, normalizing after 3 months. The Amplatzer membranous septal occluder was suitable to close a wide range of perimembranous VSD sizes and morphologies with good short‐term outcomes. Longer follow‐up is required. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;61:403–410. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gastroepiploic artery graft angiography via brachial approach using a Yumiko catheter
Authors: Kamiya Hiroyuki , Ushijima Teruaki , Ikeda Chikako , Watanabe Go
Published: November 2004

We report here our initial experience in angiography of gastroepiploic artery (GEA) grafts via a brachial approach using the Yumiko catheter regarding technical aspect. Good‐quality GEA angiography was obtained in 12 (86%) of 14 patients using our technique. GEA graft angiography can be performed using the Yumiko catheter via a brachial approach. This technique may be less stressful for patients receiving coronary catheterization, including GEA graft angiography. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;61:350–353. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous coronary intervention in a patient with immune thrombocytopenia purpura
Authors: Stouffer George A. , Hirmerova Jana , Moll Stephan , Rubery Bryon , Napoli Mark , Ohman E. Magnus , Simpson Ross
Published: November 2004

The appropriate regimen of platelet inhibitors that should be used in patients with immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP; formerly called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) who are undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention is unclear. We report the case of a patient with ITP who underwent two separate coronary interventions. The first involved the use of aspirin and a cutting balloon to treat obstructive disease of the left circumflex. When the patient presented with restenosis, he received eptifibatide, clopidogrel, and an intracoronary stent. He is currently 16 months removed from his second procedure and remains physically active without any anginal symptoms. Percutaneous revascularization in patients with ITP remains a challenge and this therapeutic approach, while ultimately successful in the patient, requires further validation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;61:364–367. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hybridization and Melting Behavior of Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) Oligonucleotide Chimeras Conjugated to Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Murphy Deirdre , Redmond Gareth , de la Torre Beatriz G. , Eritja Ramon
Published: November 2004

Peptide nucleic acids (PNA) and PNA–DNA chimeras carrying thiol groups were used for surface functionalization of Au nanoparticles. Conjugation of PNA to citrate‐stabilized Au nanoparticles destabilized the nanoparticles causing them to precipitate. Addition of a tail of glutamic acid to the PNA prevented destabilization of the nanoparticles but resulted in loss of interaction with complementary sequences. Importantly, PNA–DNA chimeras gave stable conjugates with Au nanoparticles. The hybridization and melting properties of complexes formed from chimera–nanoparticle conjugates and oligonucleotide–nanoparticle conjugates are described for the first time. Similar to oligonucleotide–nanoparticle conjugates, conjugates with PNA–DNA chimeras gave sharper and more‐defined melting profiles than those obtained with unmodified oligonucleotides. In addition, mismatch discrimination was found to be more efficient than with unmodified oligonucleotides.
Lipophilicity Measurement by Reversed‐Phase High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP‐HPLC): A Comparison of Two Stationary Phases Based on Retention Mechanisms
Authors: Liu Xiangli , Tanaka Hideji , Yamauchi Aiko , Testa Bernard , Chuman Hiroshi
Published: November 2004

The mechanisms of retention of two recent stationary phases of interest in lipophilicity measurements, namely of the silica‐based Discovery‐RP‐Amide‐C16 phase and the polymer‐based ODP‐50‐4B phase, were assessed and compared. A set of 41 model solutes and drugs with well‐defined solvatochromic parameters were selected to allow a broad distribution of property spaces. The chromatographic results showed that, under the conditions of study, the lipophilicity index log kw obtained with the former stationary phase was more closely related to experimental log Poct values than was log kw obtained with the ODP‐50‐4B phase. Linear solvation/free‐energy relationship (LSER) analyses showed that the retention mechanisms of the two stationary phases are different, retention on the Discovery‐RP‐Amide‐C16 phase and partitioning in octan‐1‐ol/H2O being controlled by the same balance of intermolecular forces (Van der Waals volume Vw, H‐bond acceptor basicity β, and dipolarity/polarizability π*).
Up‐to‐date on parathyroid carcinoma: Analysis of an experience of 19 cases
Authors: Iacobone Maurizio , Lumachi Franco , Favia Gennaro
Published: November 2004

Background and Objectives

Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare disease; experience with its management is limited. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate a relatively large series of patients suffering from PC.

Methods

Since 1980, PC was diagnosed in the 4.7% of cases of primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) (19 patients). Clinical and biochemical features, and surgical outcome were analyzed.

Results

In patients with PC, the mean serum calcium was 3.34 mmol/L; the tumor size 30.5 mm. Malignancy was never diagnosed preoperatively. Thirty‐two operations were performed; six patients underwent repeated surgery. Recurrence of HPT was observed in 100% of patients. The median disease‐free interval was 15 months (range 2–74 months). Fifteen patients died because of the disease; median survival was 29 months (range 20–146 months). A significant correlation was found between late recurrences and prolonged survival; less advanced age and higher preoperative calcium levels predicted early recurrences.

Conclusions

Preoperative diagnosis of PC is difficult. Preoperative severe hypercalcemia should alert the surgeon. En bloc resection of the PC and the adjacent structures is the treatment of choice. Unfortunately, recurrences are common and long‐term survival rate is low. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;88:223–228. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flatness‐Based Trajectory Tracking Control of an Underconstrained Cable Suspension Manipulator
Authors: Heyden Thomas , Woernle Christoph
Published: November 2004

Cable suspension manipulators support a payload platform in space by several spatially arranged cables with computercontrolled winches. The winches are mounted either fixed or on movable trolleys. Compared to conventional cranes, it is possible to control not only the translational motion of the payload but also its orientation in order to perform, for example, assembly tasks. By this, cable suspension manipulators combine the ability of cranes to support heavy payloads in a large workspace with the dexterity of robot manipulators.

The present contribution treats nonlinear trajectory tracking control of cable suspension manipulators that are kinematically undetermined and statically determined. In particular, the cable suspension manipulator Cablev [4] is considered that has been developed at University of Rostock (Fig. 1). Its payload platform is supported by three cables with winches mounted on trolleys that move themselves on a gantry. Thus, the payload platform may perform sway motions with three degrees of freedom while the cable lengths are kept fixed. Applications are, for example, precise handling and assembling large and heavy components on construction sites or on shipyards. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A serological testing algorithm for the diagnosis of primary CMV infection in pregnant women
Authors: Macé M. , Sissoeff L. , Rudent A. , Grangeot‐Keros L.
Published: November 2004

Objectives

Serological diagnosis of CMV primary infection is usually based on the detection of specific IgM antibody. However, as the presence of IgM antibody is not always correlated with primary infection, measurement of IgG avidity must be performed. The aim of our study was to evaluate the best procedure for serological diagnosis of CMV primary infection. In other words, is it better to first search for IgM antibody, and, if positive, then measure IgG avidity, or first measure IgG avidity without the detection of IgM antibody?

Materials

CMV‐IgM detection and CMV‐IgG avidity measurement were performed on 310 IgG positive sera from pregnant women.

Results

CMV‐IgM antibody was detected positive for 9 of 310 sera. Using CMV‐IgG avidity index (AI), dating of infection was difficult in 81/310 cases (26%), while it failed in only 3/310 cases using CMV‐IgM plus CMV‐IgG AI.

Conclusion

The diagnosis of primary CMV infection can be based on the detection of CMV‐IgM antibody first and then on the measurement of CMV‐IgG AI. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnostic procedures used in pregnancies with congenital malformations in 14 regions of Europe
Authors: Garne Ester , Loane Maria , de Vigan Catherine , Scarano Gioacchino , de Walle Hermien , Gillerot Yves , Stoll Claude , Addor Marie‐Claude , Stone David , Gener Blanca , Feijoo Maria , Mosquera‐Tenreiro Carmen , Gatt Miriam , Queisser‐Luft Annette , Baena Neus , Dolk Helen
Published: November 2004

Objective

To investigate outcomes of ultrasound investigations (US) and invasive diagnostic procedures in cases of congenital malformations (CM), and to compare the use of invasive prenatal test techniques (amniocentesis (AC) versus chorionic villus sampling (CVS)) among European populations.

Design

Analysis of data from population‐based registries of CM.

Subjects

25 400 cases of CM recorded by 14 EUROCAT registries covering a total population of 1 013 352 births 1995–99.

Results

US were performed in 91% of cases, and positively detected CM in 35% of cases. AC was performed in 24% of the cases and CVS in 3% of cases. Thirty‐eight percent of invasive tests gave positive results. Fifty‐two percent of cases with maternal age ≥ 35 years had an invasive test performed compared to 20% of cases with younger mothers.

Considerable variation was found between registries in the uptake rate of invasive tests in cases with older maternal age and on the use of invasive tests with only four regions employing CVS techniques in at least a third of the cases having invasive tests. For chromosomal anomalies US gave positive results in 46% of cases with maternal age < 35 years with US performed and in 36% of cases with maternal age ≥ 35 years with US performed.

Conclusion

Prenatal US was performed in 91% of all pregnancies with CM but the test was only positive in a third of the cases. There was large regional variation in the uptake rate of invasive tests with maternal age of 35 years or more. For every CVS carried out there were nine AC tests. US is an important tool in the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal anomalies in Europe. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclic deformation behavior of an epoxy polymer. Part I: Experimental investigation
Authors: Shen Xinghe , Xia Zihui , Ellyin Fernand
Published: November 2004

A series of uniaxial cyclic tests were carried out on solid cylindrical specimens of an epoxy resin, Epon 826/Epi‐Cure Curing Agent 9551. The focus of the study was to investigate time‐dependent viscoelastic behavior of this thermosetting polymer material under cyclic loading and to develop a constitutive model with the capabilities to simulate the observed deformation response. The tests include stress‐controlled or strain‐controlled cyclic loading with/without mean stress or mean strain at various amplitudes and loading rates. It was found that the cyclic stress‐strain response of this material is amplitude‐dependent and rate‐dependent, and the response to axial tension is different from that in compression. The stress‐strain loops exhibit more pronounced nonlinearity with high amplitudes or low loading rates. For stress‐controlled cyclic loading with mean stress, ratcheting strain is accumulated, which is of viscoelastic nature, and this is confirmed by its full recovery after load removal. For strain‐controlled cyclic loading with mean strain, the mean stress relaxation occurs, which contributes to the observed longer life in comparison to the stress‐controlled cyclic loading with mean stress. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2240–2246, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Extrusion of broad‐molecular‐weight‐distribution polyethylenes
Authors: Krishnaswamy Rajendra K. , Rohlfing David C. , Sukhadia Ashish M. , Slusarz Kevin R.
Published: November 2004

The extrusion (single‐screw) characteristics of four high‐molecular‐weight, broad‐molecular‐weight‐distribution (MWD) polyethylene resins are discussed with an emphasis on the output rate. Despite the high molecular weights of the subject polyethylenes, their broad MWD (Mw/Mn range: 10 to 50) does not limit the pressure and torque developed during extrusion. However, the specific output of the four polymers was quite varied. First, the dynamics of the solids conveying section were examined with the highest‐molecular‐weight polyethylene exhibiting lower solids‐conveying rate than the other three. Further, a simple and quick method to evaluate the relative solids‐conveying efficiencies for various polyethylenes is presented. Finally, the dependence of the specific output on the melt rheology of the polymers is also addressed; specifically, the shear‐thinning extent of the melt in the metering section was found to influence output rate. The unique and counterintuitive temperature‐dependence of the shear‐thinning character for one of the four polymers will also be addressed in relation to its extrusion characteristics. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2266–2273, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Temperature control in injection molding. Part II: Controller design, simulation, and implementation
Authors: Dubay Rickey , Diduch Chris , Li Wan Gui
Published: November 2004

This paper presents a new approach for temperature control of an injection molding machine (IMM) that uses a model predictive control (MPC) strategy. The control system consists of a number of single‐input‐single‐output model predictive controllers, each associated with a particular temperature zone. What distinguishes this approach from others is how the MPC strategy exploits knowledge of temperature interaction between adjacent zones and the effects of back pressure, to develop individual temperature controllers for each zone. This is achieved by decoupling the interaction between zones. The new thermal controller was simulated and implemented with good results on a 150‐tonne IMM using a series of comparative experiments. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2318–2326, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Preparation and characterization of poly(methyl methacrylate)‐intercalated graphite oxide/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite
Authors: Wen‐Ping Wang , Cai‐Yuan Pan
Published: November 2004

A poly(methyl methacrylate)‐intercalated graphite oxide/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite was prepared by emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of graphite oxide (GO). GO was synthesized by the oxidization of natural graphite powder with KMnO4 in concentrated sulfuric acid. The functional groups and microstructure of the oxidized graphite and the composite were carefully characterized by use of X‐ray diffraction, infrared, transmission electron microscopy, and elemental analysis. The electrical conductivity and mechanical properties were also measured. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2335–2339, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Florale Transparenz: Das neue Dach über dem Innenhof der IHK in Würzburg
Authors: Schöne Lutz
Published: November 2004

Anwendungen von einlagigen, mechanisch vorgespannten und seilgestützten ETFE‐Folien als Wetterhäute im Hochbau sind kaum bekannt – es gibt, wenn überhaupt, wohl erst sehr wenige Konstruktionen dieser Art. Das Interesse verdienen sie vor allem aufgrund der Verbindung der besonderen physikalischen Eigenschaften der Folie (Durchlässigkeit für ein sehr weites Wellenlängenspektrum, geringes Gewicht, “selbstreinigend”) mit den bekannten Möglichkeiten und Eigenschaften mechanisch gespannter Membranen.

Die beschriebenen Trichterschirme stehen hierfür exemplarisch: Zum einen kann die antiklastische Fläche der Trichter nur über eine mechanische Vorspannung realisiert werden, zum anderen wird für den Innenhof und die angrenzenden Büroräume eine maximale Bandbreite des natürlichen Lichtes bereitgestellt.

Die architektonische Qualität erreicht die Konstruktion im Zusammenspiel von Folie, Seilen und Stahl. Die Stützen sind so schlank wie möglich gehalten – geplant mit aufwendigem ingeniösem Handwerkszeug; die Fügungen möglichst einfach und klar – meist einfache Lasche‐Bolzen‐Verbindungen; Folie und Seile kaum sichtbar und die Funktion zuverlässig und robust.
The differential association of intimate partner physical, sexual, psychological, and stalking violence and posttraumatic stress symptoms in a nationally representative sample of women
Authors: Basile Kathleen C. , Arias Ileana , Desai Sujata , Thompson Martie P.
Published: November 2004

This study examines whether experiences with four different types of intimate partner violence (IPV) increase risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. We examined impacts of physical, sexual, psychological, and stalking victimization by a current partner on PTSD symptoms, the extent to which each type of IPV accounted for significant variance in PTSD symptoms when controlling for other forms, and the increase in PTSD symptoms from multiple forms of IPV. Findings reveal that all types of violence were associated with increased PTSD symptoms. When controlling for other types of violence, physical, psychological, and stalking violence were still associated with PTSD symptoms. There was evidence of a dose response in which the more types of violence experienced, the more PTSD symptoms.
Shame‐proneness as a diathesis for dissociation in women with histories of childhood sexual abuse
Authors: Talbot Jean A. , Talbot Nancy L. , Tu Xin
Published: November 2004

This study examined whether shame‐proneness is associated with dissociation among abused women. Participants were 99 hospitalized women with and without reported histories of childhood sexual abuse. Hypotheses were that childhood sexual abuse and shame‐proneness would each be associated with dissociation, and that the relationship between sexual abuse and dissociation would be greater among women with higher shame‐proneness. Multiple regression analysis indicated that shame‐proneness was independently related to dissociation, but childhood sexual abuse was not. As predicted, the combination of shame‐proneness and childhood sexual abuse was associated with dissociation.
Precise determination of the relative wave propagation parameters of similar events using a small‐aperture seismic array
Authors: Almendros Javier , Carmona Enrique , Ibáñez Jesús
Published: November 2004

We propose a method to determine accurately the relative wave propagation parameters (apparent slowness and propagation azimuth) of a cluster of seismic events with similar waveforms recorded on a seismic array. This relative slowness estimate (RelSE) method is based on precise measurements of the delays among arrivals of different earthquakes to each of the array receivers. Delays are determined using interpolations of the cross‐correlation functions of the earthquake waveforms. Accurate relative slowness vectors are estimated using a least squares fit of the observed delays to the delays corresponding to the arrivals of plane wave fronts. We tested the method using both synthetics and real data, in order to understand its resolution capabilities in presence of seismic noise and to assess the uncertainty regions associated with the slowness vector estimates. From these analyses, we establish a procedure to determine the 90% uncertainty regions associated with the estimates of relative slowness vectors. As an example of application of the RelSE method, we analyzed a multiplet composed of 16 similar earthquakes recorded during the 1999 seismic crisis at Deception Island volcano, Antarctica. Using a conventional slowness estimate method produces virtually the same result for every earthquake, because of the large uncertainties. Alternatively, using the RelSE method reduces the uncertainties of the estimates and allows to resolve the detailed distribution of (relative) apparent slowness vectors. Our results show that the slowness vectors are aligned within a narrow, north‐south trending band, which represents a clue toward the features of the source region and/or source distribution. We repeated the procedure using different earthquakes as master events. The estimated distribution of slowness vectors is similar in every case, which demonstrates that our results are independent of the choice of reference event.
How federal farm programs affect water use, quality, and allocation among sectors
Authors: Frisvold George B.
Published: November 2004

This article examines the effects of U.S. federal farm programs on agricultural water use, water quality, and the allocation of water between agriculture and other sectors of the economy. Agriculture is central to policy debates over how to allocate water between competing uses and how to control water pollution. Agriculture accounts for 80% of U.S. consumptive use of freshwater and has been identified as the largest contributor to nonpoint source water pollution. Over the last 20 years, agricultural policy reforms have greatly reduced, though not eliminated, incentives to overuse water and chemical inputs and have improved targeting of conservation programs to achieve environmental benefits. Recent changes provide greater incentives for voluntary reallocation of water from agriculture to other uses. The 2002 farm bill reverses some reforms, increasing some distortionary subsidies, while shifting conservation program priorities from environmental to income transfer objectives.
Antihyperalgesic effect of pentoxifylline on experimental inflammatory pain
Authors: Vale Mariana L , Benevides Verônica M , Sachs Daniela , Brito Gerly A C , da Rocha Francisco A C , Poole Stephen , Ferreira Sérgio H , Cunha Fernando Q , Ribeiro Ronaldo A
Published: November 2004

The antihyperalgesic effect of pentoxifylline was investigated in three experimental pain models.

Pentoxifylline (0.5–1.6 mg kg−1) given 30 min before the stimulus significantly inhibited the writhing response induced by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of either acetic acid (−90%) or zymosan (−83%), but not that of iloprost, in mice, as well as the zymosan‐induced articular hyperalgesia in the zymosan arthritis in rats (−50%).

Pentoxifylline also inhibited the mechanical hypernociception in rats induced by the intraplantar injection of either carrageenin (−81%), bradykinin (−56%) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α; −46%), but not that induced by interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).

Pentoxifylline did not inhibit the nociceptive response in the hot plate test in mice. Further, the antinociceptive effect of pentoxifylline in the writhing test in mice and the zymosan‐induced articular hyperalgesia were not reversed by the coadministration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. Thus, pentoxifylline antinociceptive effect is probably not mediated at a central level.

Pentoxifylline significantly reduced TNF‐α (−43%) and IL‐1β (−42%) concentrations in the joint exudates of rats stimulated by intra‐articular injection of zymosan and the production of both cytokines (−66 and −86%, respectively) by mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated in vivo with zymosan as well as the expression of TNF‐α at the tissue level in carrageenin‐injected rat paws.

In conclusion, the antinociceptive activity of pentoxifylline is associated with the inhibition of the release of both TNF‐α and IL‐1β.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 833–844. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705999
Production and characterization of hemicellulase activities from Trichoderma harzianum strain T4
Authors: Franco Paula Fernandes , Ferreira Humberto Malheiros , Filho Edivaldo Ximenes Ferreira
Published: November 2004

Xylan and mannan are the major constituent groups of hemicellulose in the cell wall of higher plants. The mesophilic fungus Trichoderma harzianum strain T4 produces extracellular xylanase and mannanase activities when grown in the presence of oat (Avena sativa)‐spelt xylan and wheat bran as the carbon sources respectively. After the growth procedure, the crude extracts were submitted to ultrafiltration in an Amicon system fitted with a 10 kDa‐cut‐off membrane. Mannanase activity was only detected in the concentrated sample, whereas xylanase was also found in the permeate after ultrafiltration. Xylanase from the concentrated sample showed highest activity at 40 °C and pH 5.0. Mannanase activity was optimal at 65 °C and pH 2.6. Xylanase was stable in the temperature range 40–70 °C, presenting full stability for at least 48 h. Xylanase retained 100% of its original activity after incubation for 48 h at 70 °C. Xylanase was also stable at pH 5.0 and 6.0 for 48 h. However, mannanase activity was markedly less stable. The enzyme lost 50% of its activity at 55 °C after 45 min, whereas at 60 °C its half‐life was 20 min. The Michaelis–Menten constant Km and Vmax for mannanase and xylanase activities were also calculated. Xylanase had more affinity for soluble xylan, with Km and Vmax values of 1.61 mg/ml and 10.03 units/ml respectively. The Km and Vmax values for crude mannanase were 6.0 mg/ml and 20.1 units/ml respectively. Xylanase and mannanase were activated by dithiothreitol, l‐cysteine and l‐tryptophan. Xylanase was partially purified by gel‐filtration (Sephadex G‐50) and hydrophobic‐interaction (Phenyl‐Sepharose) chromatographies. The partially purified enzyme was stable over the pH range 5–7 and temperature range of 40–60 °C. It was more active on soluble oat‐spelt xylan and was activated by dithiothreitol, l‐cysteine and l‐tryptophan.
Detection and quantification of the human IgG4 half‐molecule, HL, from unpurified cell‐culture supernatants
Authors: Deng Liang , Wylie David , Tsao Yung S. , Larkin Brittany , Voloch Marcio , Ling Wai Lam Wong
Published: November 2004

The presence and absence of inter‐heavy‐chain disulphide linkages contribute to the existence of the tetrameric (H2L2) and half (HL) human IgG molecules, respectively [Schuurman, Perdok, Gorter and Aalberse (2001) Mol. Immunol. 38, 1–8]. Reduced effector response in the human IgG4 subclass presents an alternative therapeutic platform in a monoclonal‐antibody (mAb) development program. During the initial cell‐selection stage, titres of the recombinant human antibody present in crude cell‐culture supernatants are determined by ELISA, a technique requiring nanogram quantities of mAb. In the case of an IgG4 antibody, this material is represented mainly by the combination of the tetrameric (H2L2) and dimeric (HL) forms of the antibody. The determination of concentrations or ratios of tetramer and dimer usually requires at least one chromatographic purification step, and thus frequently this is evaluated later in the mAb development process when the number of potential clones has been reduced. In the present paper we describe a Western‐blot‐based method that detects and quantifies IgG4 half‐molecules, HL, from crude cell‐culture supernatants without purification so that H2L2/HL ratios can be included as a part of early clonal evaluation along with the screening of mAb titres. This method was demonstrated (1) to have a linear HL detection range of 0.5–10 ng, (2) to require microlitre volumes of culture and (3) to react specifically with human IgG4 produced from hybridoma and Chinese‐hamster ovary cell cultures. Moreover, this protocol is applicable to evaluate and monitor potential H2L2/HL variations as a result of changes during the process‐development stage of a mAb development program.
Biotechnological applications for surface‐engineered bacteria
Authors: Wernérus Henrik , Ståhl Stefan
Published: November 2004

Display of heterologous proteins on the surface of micro‐organisms, enabled by means of recombinant DNA technology, has become an increasingly popular strategy in microbiology, biotechnology and vaccinology. Both Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria have been investigated for potential applications. The present review will describe the most commonly used systems for bacterial display, with a focus on the biotechnology applications. Live bacterial vaccine‐delivery vehicles have long been investigated through the surface display of foreign antigens and, recently, ‘second‐generation’ vaccine‐delivery vehicles have been generated by the addition of mucosal targeting signals, as a means to increase immune responses. Engineered bacteria have also the potential to act as novel microbial biocatalysts with heterologous enzymes immobilized as surface exposed on the bacterial cell surface. They provide the potential for new types of whole‐cell diagnostic devices, since single‐chain antibodies and other type of tailor‐made binding proteins can be displayed on bacteria. Bacteria with increased binding capacity for certain metal ions can be created, and potential environmental or biosensor applications for such recombinant bacteria as biosorbents are being explored. Certain bacteria have also been employed to display various polypeptide libraries for use as devices in in vitro selection applications. Part of the present review has been devoted to a more in‐depth description of a promising Gram‐positive display system, i.e. Staphylococcus carnosus, and its applications. The review describes the basic principles of the different bacterial display systems and discusses current uses and possible future trends of these emerging technologies.
Cross-linking with O-raffinose lowers oxygen affinity and stabilizes haemoglobin in a non-cooperative T-state conformation
Authors: JIA Yiping , RAMASAMY Somasundaram , WOOD Francine , ALAYASH Abdu I. , RIFKIND Joseph M.
Published: November 2004

O-R-polyHbA0 is an intra- and intermolecularly O-raffinose cross-linked derivative of deoxygenated human haemoglobin developed as an oxygen therapeutic. When compared with its native protein (HbA0), O-R-polyHbA0 was found to be locked in the T (tense) quaternary conformation with a lower oxygen affinity, a reduced Bohr effect (50% of HbA0) and no measurable cooperativity (h=1). The kinetics of oxygen and CO binding to the protein indicate lower ‘on’ rates and faster ‘off’ rates than HbA0 and the absence of effects of inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) on the kinetics. Other properties consistent with a T-like conformation are inaccessibility of the βCys-93 thiol group of O-R-polyHbA0, the hyperfine splitting from nitrogen in the EPR spectrum of the Fe(II)NO complex of O-R-polyHbA0 and decreased flexibility in the distal haem pocket, as indicated by low-spin bis-histidine complexes detected by EPR of oxidized chains. A comparison of the properties of O-R-polyHbA0 with those of HbA0 with and without IHP, as well as the reaction of nitrite with deoxygenated haemoglobin, provide additional insights into the variations in the conformation of T-state haemoglobin in solution (modifications of the T state produced by adding organic phosphates, like IHP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate). Although the physiological ramifications of locking HbA0 in the T conformation with the O-raffinose are still unknown, valuable insights into haemoglobin function are provided by these studies of O-R-polyHbA0.
Voluntary physical exercise-induced vascular effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: HÄGG Ulrika , ANDERSSON Irene , NAYLOR Andrew S. , GRÖNROS Julia , JONSDOTTIR Ingibjörg H. , BERGSTRÖM Göran , GAN Li-ming
Published: November 2004

Forced training has been shown to have beneficial vascular effects in various animal exercise models. In the present study, we explored possible physiological and molecular effects of voluntary physical exercise on various vascular beds. SHR (spontaneously hypertensive rats) performed voluntary exercise for 5 weeks in a computerized wheel cage facility. Ex vivo myograph studies revealed an increased sensitivity of the ACh (acetylcholine)-mediated vasodilation in resistance arteries of the exercised animals (ED50=15.0±3.5 nmol/l) compared with the controls (ED50=37.0±8.8 nmol/l; P=0.05). The exercise/control difference was abolished after scavenging reactive oxygen radicals. In conduit arteries, ACh induced a similar vasodilatory response in both groups. The in vivo aortic wall stiffness, assessed by means of Doppler tissue echography, was significantly lower in the exercising animals than in controls. This was demonstrated by significantly increased peak systolic aortic wall velocity (P=0.03) and the velocity time integral (P=0.01) in exercising animals compared with controls. The relative gene expression of eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) was similar in both groups of animals, whereas Cu/ZnSOD (copper/zinc superoxide dismutase) gene expression was significantly increased (+111%; P=0.0007) in the exercising animal compared with controls. In conclusion, voluntary physical exercise differentially improves vascular function in various vascular beds. Increased vascular compliance and antioxidative capacity may contribute to the atheroprotective effects associated with physical exercise in conduit vessels.
Biomimetic titanium dioxide film with structural color and extremely stable hydrophilicity
Authors: Gu Zhong-Ze , Fujishima Akira , Sato Osamu
Published: November 2004

We biomimeticly fabricated titanium dioxide films with three-dimensionally ordered structure. These films exhibit structural color, photocatalysis, and photoinduced superhydrophilicity. In addition, this biomimetic approach solves the problem of the stability of the superhydrophilicity of titanium dioxide.
Production of high-density capacitively coupled radio-frequency discharge plasma by high-secondary-electron-emission oxide
Authors: Ohtsu Yasunori , Fujita Hiroharu
Published: November 2004

High-density capacitively coupled radio-frequency plasma with electron density ne>1010cm−3 was produced using MgO electrodes with a high secondary-electron-emission coefficient. It was found that in the case of MgO electrodes, both plasma density and optical emission intensity were about one order of magnitude higher than those in the case of Al electrodes.
Structural and dielectric properties of epitaxial Ba1−xSrxTiO3 films grown on LaAlO3 substrates by polymer-assisted deposition
Authors: Lin Y. , Lee Jang-Sik , Wang H. , Li Y. , Foltyn S. R. , Jia Q. X. , Collis G. E. , Burrell A. K. , McCleskey T. M.
Published: November 2004

Epitaxial Ba1−xSrxTiO3 (BST) thin films with different Ba∕Sr ratio (x=0.1–0.9 with an interval of 0.1) have been grown on (001) LaAlO3 substrates using polymer-assisted deposition. Dielectric measurements show that the films have dielectric properties comparable to the BST films grown by the pulsed laser deposition. Systematic changes in the lattice parameters and dielectric behavior with x values have been measured. The highest dielectric constant (∼1010) and tunability (∼69%) at 1MHz and room temperature have been obtained at x=0.3, which is at the phase boundary of tetragonal and cubic structures.
A dynamic algorithm for wildfire mapping with NOAA/AVHRR data
Authors: Pu R. , Gong P. , Li Z. , Scarborough J.
Published: November 2004

A wildfire-mapping algorithm is proposed based on fire dynamics, called the dynamic algorithm. It is applied to daily NOAA/AVHRR/HRPT data for wildland areas (scrub, chaparral, grassland, marsh, riparian forest, woodland, rangeland and forests) in California for September and October 1999. Daily AVHRR images acquired from two successive days are compared for active fire detection and burn scar mapping. The algorithm consists of four stages: data preparation; hotspot detection; burn scar mapping; and final confirmation of potential burn scar pixels. Preliminary comparisons between the result mapped by the dynamic algorithm and the fire polygons collected by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection through ground survey indicate that the algorithm can track burn scars at different developmental stages at a daily level. The comparisons between wildfire mapping results produced by a modified version of an existing algorithm and the dynamic algorithm also indicate this point. This is the major contribution of this algorithm to wildfire detection methods. The dynamic algorithm requires highly precise registration between consecutive images.
Measuring duff moisture content in the field using a portable meter sensitive to dielectric permittivity
Authors: Robichaud P. R. , Gasvoda D. S. , Hungerford R. D. , Bilskie J. , Ashmun L. E. , Reardon J.
Published: November 2004

Duff water content is an important consideration for fire managers when determining favourable timing for prescribed fire ignition. The duff consumption during burning depends largely on the duff water content at the time of ignition. A portable duff moisture meter was developed for real-time water content measurements of non-homogenous material such as forest duff. Using circuitry developed from time and frequency domain reflectometry (TDR and FDR) technologies, this sensor measures a change in frequency that is responsive to the dielectric permittivity of the duff material placed in a sample chamber and compressed. Duff samples from four forest cover types—Douglas fir, larch, lodgepole pine and spruce/alpine fir—were used to calibrate the frequency output to volumetric water content. A second-order polynomial (R2 = 0.97) provides the best fit of the data to volumetric water content. The accuracy of the duff moisture meter is ±1.5% at 30% volumetric water content and ±4% at 60% volumetric water content. The volumetric water content can readily be converted to gravimetric water content, which is used more frequently by fire managers and as an input to predictive models of duff consumption.
Characterizing and mapping fuels for Malaysia and western Indonesia
Authors: Dymond Caren C. , Roswintiarti Orbita , Brady Michael
Published: November 2004

Fire management systems are being developed in many tropical countries, including Indonesia and Malaysia. As part of that development, this study set out to develop a fuel classification system and map for Malaysia and western Indonesia. We developed a template of fuel characteristics from temperate fuel classification systems and gathered data from literature and the field. The result was eight fuel types and two soil modifiers, which were characterized in terms that affect fire occurrence, fire behaviour and therefore fire management. Furthermore, we developed a method to map those fuel types based on existing global vegetation data. The result was a fuel type map at 1 km resolution suitable for coordination of international fire management efforts. This new map was also suitable for emission and smoke modelling efforts.
A semi-automated object-oriented model for burned area mapping in the Mediterranean region using Landsat-TM imagery
Authors: Mitri G. H. , Gitas I. Z.
Published: November 2004

Pixel-based classification methods that make use of the spectral information derived from satellite images have been repeatedly reported to create confusion between burned areas and non-vegetation categories, especially water bodies and shaded areas. As a result of the aforementioned, these methods cannot be used on an operational basis for mapping burned areas using satellite images. On the other hand, object-based image classification allows the integration of a broad spectrum of different object features, such as spectral values, shape and texture. Sophisticated classification, incorporating contextual and semantic information, can be performed by using not only image object attributes, but also the relationship between networked image objects. In this study, the synergy of all these features allowed us to address image analysis tasks that, up until now, have not been possible. The aim of this work was to develop an object-based classification model for burned area mapping in the Mediterranean using Landsat-TM imagery. The object-oriented model developed to map a burned area on the Greek island of Thasos was then used to map other burned areas in the Mediterranean region after the Landsat-TM images had been radiometrically, geometrically and topographically corrected. The results of the research showed that the developed object-oriented model was transferable and that it could be effectively used as an operative tool for identifying and mapping the three different burned areas (~98% overall accuracy).
Molecular Characterization of Radial Spoke Subcomplex Containing Radial Spoke Protein 3 and Heat Shock Protein 40 in Sperm Flagella of the AscidianCiona intestinalis
Authors: Satouh Yuhkoh , Padma Potturi , Toda Toshifusa , Satoh Nori , Ide Hiroyuki , Inaba Kazuo
Published: November 2004

Members of the heat-shock protein (HSP)40 regulate the protein folding activity of HSP70 proteins and help the functional specialization of this molecular chaperone system in various types of cellular events. We have recently identified Hsp40 as a component of flagellar axoneme in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, suggesting a correlation between Hsp40 related chaperone system and flagellar function. In this study, we have found that Ciona 37-kDa Hsp40 is extracted from KCl-treated axonemes with 0.5 M KI solution and comigrates with radial spoke protein (RSP)3 along with several proteins as a complex through gel filtration and ion exchange columns. Peptide mass fingerprinting with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight/mass spectrometry revealed that other proteins in the complex include a homolog of sea urchin spokehead protein (homolog of RSP4/6), a membrane occupation and recognition nexus repeat protein with sequence similarity with meichroacidin, and a functionally unknown 33-kDa protein. A spoke head protein, LRR37, is not included in the complex, suggesting that the complex constructs the stalk of radial spoke. Immunoelectron microscopy indicates that Hsp40 is localized in the distal portion of spoke stalk, possibly at the junction between spoke head and the stalk.
SEASONAL PRODUCTIVITY OF TWO RED ALGAE IN A CENTRAL CALIFORNIA KELP FOREST1
Authors: Heine John N.
Published: November 2004

The in situ productivity of Botryocladia pseudodichotoma (Farl.) Kyl. and Rhodymenia californica var. californica Kyl., two common understory macrophytes in Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag. forests, was determined once per month for one year. Gross productivity for B. pseudodichotoma was highest in October (1.23 mgC · g dry wt.−1· h−1), but rates were generally greater in spring and lower in summer. Respiration was variable throughout the year, especially in proportion to gross productivity. Gross productivity for R. californica var. californica was also highest in October (4.62 mgC · g dry wt.−1· h−1), and lowest in summer. Respiration was highly variable throughout the year. Deep (11 m) populations o/B. pseudodichotoma had 50% higher productivity than shallow (3 m) populations when incubated in shallow water, and 45% higher productivity when incubated in deep water. Populations of B. pseudodichotoma growing in shade at 3 m had 77% higher productivity than populations growing in sun at the same depth when incubated in a sun exposed location at 3 m. Respiration of the shade‐adapted plants was only one‐half that of the sun‐adapted plants. In comparison with similar studies in other sub‐tidal communities, net productivity of these two understory red algae is somewhat lower. Lack of strong seasonal productivity patterns and the highly variable underwater light regime suggests that understory algae may be adapted for rapid growth during short periods of high light, regardless of the time of year.
CENTROCERAS INTERNITENS N. SP. (RHODOPHYCEAE, CERAMIACEAE) FROM THE WESTERN TROPICAL NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN1
Authors: Gallagher Susan B. , Humm Harold J.
Published: November 2004

Centroceras internitens n. sp. (Rhodophyceae, Ceramiaceae) was found in the Florida Keys and Bermuda only as an epiphyte on Ceramium nitens (C. Agardh) J. Agardh. It is described on the basis of many collections, including an abundance of reproductive material representing all stages of the life history. Laboratory culture has not been successful. The type locality is a well‐known limestone platform on the Atlantic Ocean side of West Summerland Key, Florida Keys. In addition to living material, C. internitens was found on eight herbarium specimens of Ceramium nitens at the United States National Museum, thereby establishing records of its occurrence throughout the Caribbean Sea and dating back to 1887.