bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maximal axion misalignment from a minimal model
Authors: Huang Junwu , Madden Amalia , Racco Davide , Reig Mario
Published: October 2020

Abstract

The QCD axion is one of the best motivated dark matter candidates. The misalignment mechanism is well known to produce an abundance of the QCD axion consistent with dark matter for an axion decay constant of order 1012 GeV. For a smaller decay constant, the QCD axion, with Peccei-Quinn symmetry broken during inflation, makes up only a fraction of dark matter unless the axion field starts oscillating very close to the top of its potential, in a scenario called “large-misalignment”. In this scenario, QCD axion dark matter with a small axion decay constant is partially comprised of very dense structures. We present a simple dynamical model realising the large-misalignment mechanism. During inflation, the axion classically rolls down its potential approaching its minimum. After inflation, the Universe reheats to a high temperature and a modulus (real scalar field) changes the sign of its minimum dynamically, which changes the sign of the mass of a vector-like fermion charged under QCD. As a result, the minimum of the axion potential during inflation becomes the maximum of the potential after the Universe has cooled through the QCD phase transition and the axion starts oscillating. In this model, we can produce QCD axion dark matter with a decay constant as low as 6 × 109 GeV and an axion mass up to 1 meV. We also summarise the phenomenological implications of this mechanism for dark matter experiments and colliders.
Anomalous dimensions from thermal AdS partition functions
Authors: Kraus Per , Megas Stathis , Sivaramakrishnan Allic
Published: October 2020

Abstract

We develop an efficient method for computing thermal partition functions of weakly coupled scalar fields in AdS. We consider quartic contact interactions and show how to evaluate the relevant two-loop vacuum diagrams without performing any explicit AdS integration, the key step being the use of Källén-Lehmann type identities. This leads to a simple method for extracting double-trace anomalous dimensions in any spacetime dimension, recovering known first-order results in a streamlined fashion.
Diabetes management interventions for homeless adults: a systematic review
Authors: Constance Janice , Lusher Joanne M.
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Recent studies investigating diabetes show that inequalities to access appropriate care still persists. Whilst most of the general population are able to access a suitable quality of care, there are a number of groups who fail to receive the same standard. The objective of this review was to identify existing diabetes management interventions for homeless adults.

Methods

A literature search was conducted in February 2017, and repeated in September 2020.

Results

Of the 223 potentially relevant articles identified, only 26 were retrieved for detailed evaluation, and 6 met the inclusion criteria. Papers focusing on the management of diabetes in homeless people were included. The studies used interventions including diabetes education; medication support and supplies for blood monitoring; improvements in self-care behaviours; improvements in diabetes control; patient empowerment/engagement; and community engagement/partnerships.

Conclusions

Effective strategies for addressing the challenges and obstacles that the homeless population face, requires innovative, multi-sectored, flexible and well-coordinated models of care. Without appropriate support, these groups of people are prone to experience poor control of their diabetes; resulting in an increased risk of developing major health complications.
Fallzahlaufkommen und Qualitätsindikatoren bei der Versorgung des abdominellen Bauchaortenaneurysmas
Authors: Ahmadzadeh Y. Carmen , Schmitz-Rixen Th. , Böckler D. , Grundmann R. T.
Published: October 2020

Hintergrund

Der MTL30 (Mortalität, Transfer, Liegezeit) wurde als Surrogatparameter zur Evaluation der Qualität potenziell komplikationsträchtiger viszeralchirurgischer Eingriffe vorgeschlagen.

Zielsetzung

Es wurde überprüft, inwieweit sich der MTL30 zu den Ergebnissen des Bauchaortenaneurysma(AAA)-Registers des Deutschen Instituts für Gefäßmedizinische Gesundheitsforschung (DIGG) der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gefäßchirurgie und Gefäßmedizin (DGG) und zum Fallaufkommen der Kliniken korrelieren lässt.

Material und Methoden

Insgesamt 14.282 Patienten wurden endovaskulär (EVAR) und 3923 Patienten offen (OAR) elektiv wegen eines AAA versorgt. Bestimmt wurden Fallaufkommen der behandelnden Kliniken, Klinikletalität, Liegezeit und Verlegung in ein anderes Akutkrankenhaus 30 Tage nach dem Indexeingriff.

Ergebnisse

Die Klinikletalität machte bei EVAR 1,3 %, bei OAR 4,9 % aus (p = 0,000), der MTL30 5,0 % vs. 14,4 % (p = 0,000). Für EVAR ließ sich keine Beziehung zwischen Fallaufkommen und Klinikletalität (Quintile 1: 1,0 %; Quintile 5: 1,3 %) sowie Fallaufkommen und MTL30 (Quintile 1: 5,3 %; Quintile 5: 5,3 %) nachweisen. Auch bei OAR bestand keine signifikante Beziehung zwischen Fallaufkommen und Klinikletalität (Quintile 1: 5,8 %, Quintile 5: 3,5 %; p = 0,505) und Fallaufkommen und MTL30 (Quintile 1: 16,4 %, Quintile 5: 12,2 %, p = 0,110). Bei einer Klinikletalität von 7,2 (5–10) % betrug der MTL30 bei OAR 17,6 %. Sowohl bei EVAR als auch bei OAR korrelierte die stationäre Aufenthaltsdauer signifikant mit Klinikletalität und MTL30.

Diskussion

Eine eindeutige Beziehung zwischen Krankenhausfallaufkommen und Klinikletalität ließ sich im AAA-Register des DIGG nicht aufzeigen. Das gleiche galt für den MTL30. Ob demnach der MTL30 gegenüber der Erfassung von Klinikletalität und stationärer Liegezeit als Qualitätsparameter einen Zusatznutzen bietet, muss offenbleiben.
Labor market effects of a work-first policy for refugees
Authors: Arendt Jacob Nielsen
Published: October 2020

This study estimates the labor market effects of a work-first policy aimed at speeding up the labor market integration of refugees. The policy added new requirements for refugees to actively search for jobs and to participate in on-the-job training immediately upon arrival in the host country, Denmark. The requirements were added to an existing policy that emphasizes human capital investments in language training. The results show that the work-first policy speeded up entry into regular jobs for men, but they find work in precarious jobs with few hours. Long-run effects are uncertain since the policy crowds out language investments but raises enrollment in education. The policy had no or very small effects for women, which is partly explained by a lower treatment intensity for women.
Modelling indentation of human lower-limb soft tissue: simulation parameters and their effects
Authors: Marinopoulos Theodoros , Zani Lorenzo , Li Simin , Silberschmidt Vadim V.
Published: October 2020

Modern developments of biomedical applications demand a better understanding of mechanical behaviour of soft biological tissues. As human soft tissues demonstrate a significant structural and functional diversity, characterisation of their mechanical behaviour still remains a challenge. Limitations related with implementation of mechanical experiments on human participants lead to a use of finite-element models for analysis of mechanical responses of soft tissues to different loads. This study focuses on parameters of numerical simulation considered for modelling of indentation of a human lower limb. Assessment of the effect of boundary conditions on the model size shows that at a ratio of its length to the tissue’s thickness of 1.7 for the 3D model this effect vanishes. The numerical results obtained with models employing various sets of mechanical parameters of the first-order Ogden scheme were compared with original experimental data. Furthermore, high sensitivity of the resulting reaction forces to the indenting direction is demonstrated for cases of both linear and angular misalignments of the indenter. Finally, the effect of changes in material parameters and their domain on their contribution to the reaction forces is discussed with the aim to improve our understanding of mechanical behaviour of soft tissues based on numerical methods. The undertaken research with its results on minimal requirements for finite-element models of indentation of soft tissues can support inverse analysis of their mechanical properties and underpin orthopaedic and medical procedures.
Anticipatory plastic response of the cellular immune system in the face of future injury: chronic high perceived predation risk induces lymphocytosis in a cichlid fish
Authors: Meuthen Denis , Meuthen Ingo , Bakker Theo C. M. , Thünken Timo
Published: October 2020

Vertebrate cellular immunity displays substantial variation among taxa and environments. Hematological parameters such as white blood-cell counts have emerged as a valuable tool to understand this variation by assessing the immunological status of individuals. These tools have long revealed that vertebrate cellular immune systems are highly plastic and respond to injury and infection. However, cellular immune systems may also be able to anticipate a high risk of injury from environmental cues (e.g., predation-related cues) and respond plastically ahead of time. We studied white blood-cell (leukocyte) profiles in African cichlidsPelvicachromis taeniatusthat were raised for 4 years under different levels of perceived predation risk. In a split-clutch design, we raised fish from hatching onwards under chronic exposure to either conspecific alarm cues (communicating high predation risk) or a distilled water control treatment. Differential blood analysis revealed that alarm cue-exposed fish had twice as many lymphocytes in peripheral blood as did controls, a condition called lymphocytosis. The presence of a higher number of lymphocytes makes the cellular immune response more potent, which accelerates the removal of invading foreign antigens from the bloodstream, and, therefore, may be putatively beneficial in the face of injury. This observed lymphocytosis after long-term exposure to conspecific alarm cues constitutes first evidence for an anticipatory and adaptive plastic response of the cellular immune system to future immunological challenges.
Is Covid-19 lockdown related to an increase of accesses for seizures in the emergency department? An observational analysis of a paediatric cohort in the Southern Italy
Authors: Palladino Federica , Merolla Eugenio , Solimeno Marella , de Leva Maria Fulvia , Lenta Selvaggia , Di Mita Onorina , Bonadies Anna , Striano Pasquale , Tipo Vincenzo , Varone Antonio
Published: October 2020

Background

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global pandemic of Covid-19 on 11 March 2020. The lockdown caused a lifestyle changes: an increase in the use of mobile media devices (MMDs), sleep and psychiatric disorders, incorrect habits regarding food and physical activities.

We investigate prevalence of admission for seizures at our emergency department (ED), during Italian lockdown, comparing with that of the same period of the previous year (2019), and the relationship with some lifestyle changes.

Methods

In this observational study, patients (4–14 years) with seizures that accessed at our ED, during Italian lockdown, were eligible. Non-epileptic events and febrile seizures were excluded. We describe two groups: patients with new-onset seizures and not. Moreover, a questionnaire concerning use of MMDs and sleep habits was administered.

Results

Fifty-seven patients were included; median age 8.03 years. Considering only paediatric medical emergencies, the prevalence of accesses for seizures was 2.6% (CI 95% 0.020–0.034), while the incidence was 0.94% (CI 95% 0.006–0.0149). There was a statistically significant difference with prevalence of previous years, χ2102.21 (p= 0.0001). We also reported a difference in daily screen time (DST) (p= 0.001) and total sleep time (TST) (p= 0.045), in all population, between period pre- and during lockdown. A negative correlation between DST and seizures latency (Spearman’s ρ-0.426,p= 0.038) was found. In the two groups, the results were partially overlapping.

Conclusions

During lockdown period, we assisted to an increase of accesses for seizures. It is conceivable that a sleep time change and/or higher MMD use could act as triggers for seizures.
Are we expecting too much from the private sector in flood adaptation? Scenario-based field experiments with small- and medium-sized firms in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Authors: Leitold Roxana , Revilla Diez Javier , Tran Van
Published: October 2020

Adaptive governance approaches emphasize the crucial role of the private sector in enabling climate change adaptation. Yet, the participation of local firms is still lacking, and little is known about the conditions potentially influencing firms’ adaptation decisions and mechanisms that might encourage private sector engagement. We address this gap with an empirical analysis of the willingness of manufacturing small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to participate financially in collective flood adaptation in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), a hotspot of future climate change risk. Using scenario-based field experiments, we shed light on internal and external conditions that influence potential investments in collective initiatives and explain what role SMEs can play in flood adaptation. We find that direct impacts of floods, perceived self-responsibility, and strong local ties motivate firms to participate in collective adaptation, whereas government support, sufficient financial resources, and previously implemented flood protection strategies reduce the necessity to act collectively. Here, opportunity costs and the handling of other business risks play a decisive role in investment decisions. This study shows that although private sector engagement appears to be a promising approach, it is not a panacea. Collective initiatives on flood adaptation need formal guidance and should involve local business networks and partnerships to give voice to the needs and capacities of SMEs, but such initiatives should not overstretch firms’ responsibilities.
Comparison of the response to geometrical complexity of methods for unstationary simulations in discrete fracture networks with conforming, polygonal, and non-matching grids
Authors: Borio Andrea , Fumagalli Alessio , Scialò Stefano
Published: October 2020

The aim of this study is to compare numerical methods for the simulation of single-phase flow and transport in fractured media, described here by means of the discrete fracture network (DFN) model. A Darcy problem is solved to compute the advective field, then used in a subsequent time-dependent transport-diffusion-reaction problem. The numerical schemes are benchmarked in terms of flexibility in handling geometrical complexity, mass conservation, and stability issues for advection-dominated flow regimes. To this end, two benchmark cases, along with an additional one from a previous work, have been specifically designed and are here proposed and investigated, representing some of the most critical issues encountered in DFN simulations.
Fast and reliable procedure developed to generate soft rot Pectobacteriaceae (Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.) Tn5 mutants resistant to bacteriophage infection
Authors: Czajkowski Robert
Published: October 2020

A simple and fast procedure has been developed to generate soft rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRP: Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.) Tn5 mutants in genes encoding receptors used by bacteriophages to interact with their hosts, for the follow-up studies. The procedure is inexpensive and does not require any specialized tools and/or dedicated technical support. The neomycin-resistant SRP Tn5 mutants are generated via conjugation with a transposon donor Escherichia coli ST18 strain (requiring 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) to survive) carrying pFAJ1819-mini-Tn5-neoR. The conjugation is done on solid medium supplemented with 5-ALA. After conjugation bacterial cells are collected, suspended in liquid bacterial medium, added to the suspension containing lytic bacteriophages and incubated for the additional 30 min with shaking (120 rpm). During this stage, the transposon recipients (Pectobacterium spp. and/or Dickeya spp. Tn5 mutants), susceptible to bacteriophage infection are lysed. Likewise, due to the lack of 5-ALA in the growth medium, E. coli ST18 (transposon donor) cells die at this stage. Finally, after incubation, the bacterial mutants with the Tn5 insertions, resistant to phage infection are selected on solid growth medium supplemented with neomycin. The Tn5 insertion sites are sequenced to acquire knowledge about the Tn5-distrupted genes and their putative function in phage-host interactions. The proposed assay allows generation of a number of immediately-available Tn5 mutants expressing phage-resistant phenotypes in a short time (ca. 48 h) that can be later characterized for various other phenotypic features. In this study, as a proof-of-concept, this method has been used to generate Dickeya solani IPO2222 Tn5 mutants resistant to infection caused by the lytic bacteriophage ɸD5.
Social Rituals of Pain: The Socio-Symbolic Meaning of Violence in Gang Initiations
Authors: Murer Jeffrey Stevenson , Schwarze Tilman
Published: October 2020

Much of criminological scholarship on street gangs focuses on the deviant and delinquent aspects of gang violence. Although the research tradition acknowledges that violence is central to the life in a gang, it often labels this form of violence as an “anti-social” behaviour. This article challenges this conceptualisation of gang violence and proposes instead that gang violence is a social performance. By using the example of gang initiation rites, this article suggests that violence in such rites possesses a socio-symbolic and performative function that informs about the social status of gang members. This article draws on Jeffrey Stevenson Murer’s theory of the performative and communicative function of violence as well as on Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of social field, habitus and social capital in order to demonstrate that violence during gang initiation rites is an inherently social act that reinforces and strengthens the social ties and bonds among the members of a gang. The aim of this piece is to broaden scholarship on gangs towards a more critical theorisation of the performative and communicative functions of gang violence. We suggest that a stronger engagement with critical social theory on collective identity, violence and social capital can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the socio-symbolic and cultural processes that underlie gang membership.
Almost-Periodic Response Solutions for a Forced Quasi-Linear Airy Equation
Authors: Corsi Livia , Montalto Riccardo , Procesi Michela
Published: October 2020

We prove the existence of almost-periodic solutions for quasi-linear perturbations of the Airy equation. This is the first result about the existence of this type of solutions for a quasi-linear PDE. The solutions turn out to be analytic in time and space. To prove our result we use a Craig–Wayne approach combined with a KAM reducibility scheme and pseudo-differential calculus on $$\mathbb {T}^\infty $$

T

∞

.
Smartphone-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment of Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Future Studies
Authors: de Vries Lianne P. , Baselmans Bart M. L. , Bartels Meike
Published: October 2020

Feelings of well-being and happiness fluctuate over time and contexts. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) studies can capture fluctuations in momentary behavior, and experiences by assessing these multiple times per day. Traditionally, EMA was performed using pen and paper. Recently, due to technological advances EMA studies can be conducted more easily with smartphones, a device ubiquitous in our society. The goal of this review was to evaluate the literature on smartphone-based EMA in well-being research in healthy subjects. The systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Searching PubMed and Web of Science, we identified 53 studies using smartphone-based EMA of well-being. Studies were heterogeneous in designs, context, and measures. The average study duration was 12.8 days, with well-being assessed 2–12 times per day. Half of the studies included objective data (e.g. location). Only 47.2% reported compliance, indicating a mean of 71.6%. Well-being fluctuated daily and weekly, with higher well-being in evenings and weekends. These fluctuations disappeared when location and activity were accounted for. On average, being in nature and physical activity relates to higher well-being. Working relates to lower well-being, but workplace and company do influence well-being. The important advantages of using smartphones instead of other devices to collect EMAs are the easier data collection and flexible designs. Smartphone-based EMA reach far larger maximum sample sizes and more easily add objective data to their designs than palm-top/PDA studies. Smartphone-based EMA research is feasible to gain insight in well-being fluctuations and its determinants and offers the opportunity for parallel objective data collection. Most studies currently focus on group comparisons, while studies on individual differences in well-being patterns and fluctuations are lacking. We provide recommendations for future smartphone-based EMA research regarding measures, objective data and analyses.
Young Generations' Activism in Italy: Comparing Political Engagement and Participation of Native Youths and Youths from a Migrant Background
Authors: Riniolo Veronica , Ortensi Livia Elisa
Published: October 2020

Focusing on individuals aged 14–35 still living with their family of origin, we compare the political activism of Italian natives with their first and second-generation migrant peers. We based our analysis on two different national household surveys, carried out by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) in 2011–2012: the survey 'Condizione e integrazione sociale dei cittadini stranieri' [Condition and Social Integration of Foreign Citizens] and 'Aspetti della vita quotidiana' [Multipurpose Survey on the Aspects of Everyday Life]. Our results revealed that natives are more likely to be involved in politics compared to their migrant peers. However, the migrant background is not a factor negatively affecting youth participation or involvement in politics in itself. The gap with native is fully explained by differences in socio-economic background and family political socialisation. When these aspects are controlled, data suggest that no differences exist in participation to most time-consuming acts (such as taking part in political meetings, demonstrations, participation in a political association, etc.). More of it, young people with migrant backgrounds are more likely to be engaged in activities that reflect a general interest in politics, such as discussing politics, seeking information on Italian politics, and listening to political debates, compared to their native counterparts.
Zur Rationalität der Intuition
Authors: Willke Helmut
Published: October 2020

Immer dann, wenn eine Entscheidungssituation zu schwierig, zu unübersichtlich, zu drängend, insgesamt also zu komplex erscheint, muss Entscheiden nach Intuition als Erklärung oder als Ausrede herhalten. Da niemand weiß, was nun genau Intuition ist, vielmehr sie irgendwie mit Gefühl, Bauch, Unbewusstem, Vorrationalem etc. zusammenhängen soll, eignet sich Intuition bestens dafür, Unerklärliches zu erklären. Ausgangspunkt dieses Textes ist, dass es sich bei Intuition um einen Modus der Entscheidungsfindung handelt. Es werden daher Argumentationen unterschiedlicher Entscheidungstheorien genutzt, um zu begründen, dass auch intuitives Entscheiden erfahrungsbasiertes Entscheiden ist.
The Road to Approval: a Perspective on the Role of Icosapent Ethyl in Cardiovascular Risk Reduction
Authors: Wang Xiaowen , Verma Subodh , Mason R. Preston , Bhatt Deepak L.
Published: October 2020

Purpose of Review

Epidemiological studies have long suggested the cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acids (OM3FAs). However, until recently, clinical trials using OM3FAs have been largely negative with respect to their cardioprotective effects. In this review, we aim to summarize key clinical trials, examine the clinical benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and potential mechanisms, and review the changes in guidelines and recommendations.

Recent Findings

The Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT) has demonstrated significant cardiovascular mortality benefits of purified EPA ethyl ester, with a 25% relative risk reduction in major cardiovascular events.

As first of its class to be approved, icosapent ethyl offers a new option to further reduce cardiovascular risks in patients already treated with maximally tolerated statins.
Primary Endoscopic Stapes Surgery: A Comparison of Adipose Tissue and Gelfoam Seal
Authors: Pradhan Pradeep , Nayak Anindya , Pradhan Sidharth , Sharma Prity , Preetam Chappity , Parida Pradipta Kumar
Published: October 2020

To compare the efficacy between the commonly used sealing materials, i.e., adipose tissue and the gelfoam in primary endoscopic stapedotomy. Lobular fat and gelfoam have been used in patients who underwent endoscopic stapedotomy between two groups, each containing 29 patients. The hearing outcomes and postoperative complications were compared at the end of 12 weeks between two groups. The ABG of ≤ 10 dB was achieved in 69% of cases in group A and 76% of cases in group B. There was a significant short-term (1 week) improvement in the Dizziness Handicap Inventory score (p = 00) with patients of adipose tissue seal compared to the gelfoam. Although the audiological outcomes were comparable between the two groups, the use of the adipose tissue can be a better alternative than gelfoam to control vertigo in the early postoperative period without causing any significant morbidity to the patient.
Modification of used commercial reverse osmosis membranes to nanofiltration modules for the production of mineral-rich packaged drinking water
Authors: Govardhan B. , Fatima S. , Madhumala M. , Sridhar S.
Published: October 2020

Global supply of commercial reverse osmosis (RO) membranes is growing exponentially due to rapid population growth, industrialization, and urbanization. The continuous demand for enormous quantity of drinking water has brought about process improvements and technological advancements in membrane preparation. The transformation of used RO membranes into nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration membranes by opening up the pores using chemical treatment by inexpensive oxidizing agents could be one of the cost-effective options. The present study investigates the chemical oxidation of the indigenously synthesized RO membrane using aqueous sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The performance of the membrane was evaluated by conducting experiments under varying operating conditions of operating time, feed pressure, and total dissolved solids (TDS) in raw water for calculation of flux and salt rejection (%). From an initial flux of 25.2 L/m2 h and TDS rejection of 97.5% for original RO membrane, the values reached 80 L/m2 h and 25.5%, which is in NF range, after a reaction time of 780 min with 4000 ppm concentration of NaOCl oxidizing agent. Further extension of treatment time to 900 min enhanced the flux to 130 L/m2 h with salt rejection lowering to 5.67%. Membrane cleaning was performed efficiently using an advanced technique in which chlorine dioxide (ClO2) was used in combination with citric acid. This combination ensured rapid cleaning with restoration of water flux and % salt rejection. The process was scaled up to pilot plant level using RO membranes modified to NF range of pore size. Permeate water enriched with minerals was further packed using an indigenously designed semi-automatic bottling unit. The studies revealed that the indigenously developed RO membranes are easy to alter into high-performance NF membranes. Overall, the process for production of packaged drinking water was cost-effective, easy to operate, and environmentally friendly.
Applying low-salinity water to alter wettability in carbonate oil reservoirs: an experimental study
Authors: Hosseini Erfan , Chen Zhongwei , Sarmadivaleh Mohammad , Mohammadnazar Dana
Published: October 2020

Seawater has been widely used as an injection fluid for maintaining pressure in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. In the literature related to EOR research, it was noted that diluted seawater (low-salinity water) can highly improve recovery due to the specific ions (such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42−). Such conclusions lead to the application of “Smart Water” in which changing the ion composition of injected water alters wettability and enhances recovery. Although many theories have been established to explain the mechanism of this phenomenon, almost all of them are limited to sandstone rocks, and the impact of smart water on carbonated reservoirs has rarely been explored. This study experimentally investigates the impact of the injection of high- and low-salinity and smart water on the change of wettability and recovery improvement in an Iranian South oil reservoir. Two different sets of experimental work were conducted. In the first set of experiments, the effect of formation water, diluted formation water (from 223,969 to 5000 ppm and 2000 ppm), seawater (initially 51,400 ppm), and diluted seawater on wettability alteration is investigated by monitoring the contact angle and relative permeability variation. The results showed that dilution of seawater to 2000 ppm has the most impact on wettability alteration. The relative permeability changed, and the contact angle decreased by a significant value of 100°, and recovery increased by about 71%. In the second set, the effect of ion change on the result was studied. For this purpose, the sulfate ion of diluted seawater (2000 ppm) is substituted by phosphate ion (H2PO4−). The results show the wettability alteration similar to the sulfate one. This study sheds light on the possible mechanism of wettability alteration in the carbonate reservoir, and the result will help to design a better low-salinity injection scenario.
Four New Limonoids from the Barks of Toona ciliata
Authors: Zhang Pan-Pan , Bu Yun-Ge , Xue Shang , Cui Zhi-Rong , Tang Peng-Fei , Luo Jun , Kong Ling-Yi
Published: October 2020

Four new limonoids, toonayunnanaes F − I (1 − 4), and six known compounds (5 − 10) were isolated from the barks of Toona ciliata. Their structures were elucidated by thoroughly analyzing of NMR and HRMS data, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction of 1. The oxetane ring moiety in 1 was rare in limonoids and other natural products. Compound 1 showed nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory effect with an IC50 38.45 ± 0.41 µM in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Graphic Abstract
Nonlinear Controller Design for a Flexible Spacecraft
Authors: Gutiérrez Jose Luis Redondo , Heidecker Ansgar
Published: October 2020

This paper combines the nonlinear Udwadia-Kalaba control approach with the Assumed Mode Method to model flexible structures and derives an attitude controller for a spacecraft. The study case of this paper is a satellite with four flexible cantilever beams attached to a rigid central hub. Two main topics are covered in this paper. The first one is the formulation of the equation of motion and the second one is the nonlinear controller design. The combination of these two techniques is able to provide a controller that damps the vibration of a flexible structure while achieving the desired rigid-motion state.
Beyond Virtue
Authors: Jackson Liz , Suissa Judith
Published: October 2020

Educating students for emotional wellbeing is a vital task in schools. However, educating emotions is not straightforward. Emotional processes can be challenging to identify and control. How emotions are valued varies across societies, while individuals within societies face different emotional expectations. For example, girls face pressure to be happy and caring, while boys are often encouraged to be brave. This text analyses the best practices of educating emotions. The focus is not just on the psychological benefits of emotional regulation, but also on how calls for educating emotions connect to the aims of society. The book explores psychology's understanding of emotions, 'the politics of emotions', and philosophy. It also discusses education for happiness, compassion, gratitude, resilience, mindfulness, courage, vulnerability, anger, sadness, and fear.
Songs for a Revolution
Authors: John Eckhard , Robb David
Published: October 2020

Makes available twenty-two protest songs of the period up to and including the 1848 Revolution in Germany along with a reception history of the songs through their revival after 1945.
Augusta Browne
Authors: Miller Bonny H.
Published: October 2020

The first comprehensive biography of any American woman musician born before the Civil War brings to life a composer whose story is both old-fashioned and strikingly modern.
Knowledge, Awareness, and Practices Regarding the Novel Coronavirus Among a Sample of a Pakistani Population: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Tariq Saba , Tariq Sundus , Baig Mukhtiar , Saeed Muhammad
Published: October 2020

Objectives:

We aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the new coronavirus in a sample of the general Pakistani population.

Methods:

This survey was carried out through The University of Faisalabad (TUF), Pakistan, between February 2020 and April 2020. The questionnaire was circulated on various online platforms to gather information. The data were analyzed on SPSS-22.

Results:

Out of 2121 respondents (13.7% were male, and 86.3% were females), 7.4% were married, 4.5% had a high income, and 5.8% had fewer family members. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) knowledge scores were significantly low in the < 21 years age group as compared to the 21 to 25 years age group (P < 0.001) and > 25 years age group (P < 0.001). The males, married community, high income people, and few family members groups had significantly higher coronavirus knowledge than their respective groups (P = 0.033; P = 0.001; P < 0.001; P = 0.042, respectively).

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that the knowledge score among our study population was not up to the mark. However, a positive correlation between the correct knowledge and appropriate attitude and practice was found among study participants. Older age groups and the high income group were associated with adequate knowledge scores.
Preventive Measures for COVID-19 in Dental Treatments
Authors: Guo Jincai , Xie Hui , Wu Hao
Published: October 2020

Objective:

The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread to most countries around the world, infecting millions of people and resulting in the pandemic. This presents great challenges for dental professionals. It is necessary to explore preventive measures for COVID-19 in dental treatments.

Methods:

In this paper, we outline several measures designed to prevent COVID-19 in dental treatments, such as 3-level pre-examination triage and 2-body temperature tests, 3-level protection for medical personnel, gargling before oral treatment, implementing the 4-hand operation, suctioning saliva during oral treatment, using a rubber dam, and strict enforcement of hand hygiene. These measures include recommendations for medical staff and give practical advice for managing treatment.

Results:

The epidemic has been brought under control, and routine oral examination and treatments have gradually been resumed from March 9, 2020, in Hunan Province, China. From January 24 to March 8, 2020, a total of 4272 patients received oral therapy during the COVID-19 epidemic in our hospital. We followed these guidelines during the COVID-19 epidemic, and none of the clinical dental staff, other workers, or patients were infected with COVID-19.

Conclusions:

These preventive measures for COVID-19 in dental treatments can be used as a reference for oral clinics and stomatological hospitals.
Examples of exponentially many collisions in a hard ball system
Authors: BURAGO DMITRI , IVANOV SERGEI
Published: October 2020

Consider the system ofnidentical hard balls in${\mathbb {R}}^3$moving freely and colliding elastically. We show that there exist initial conditions such that the number of collisions is exponential inn.
Nanoparticle Interactions and Molecular Relaxation in PLA/PBAT/Nanoclay Blends
Authors: Nofar M. , Heuzey M.-C. , Carreau P.J. , Kamal M.R.
Published: October 2020

Organo-modified clay nanoparticles were mixed at 1 and 5 wt% concentrations with a molten blend of 75 wt% of polylactide (PLA) and 25 wt% poly[(butylene adipate)-co-terephthalate] (PBAT). Three mixing strategies were used to control the localization of nanoclay. Small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and stress growth tests were conducted to clarify the nanoclay interactions with the blend components and its effect on the molecular relaxation behavior. SAOS and weighted relaxation spectra properties were determined before and after pre-shearing at a rate of 0.01 s−1. Molecular relaxation and its characteristics were influenced by PLA degradation, PBAT droplet coalescence, and nanoclay localization.
Do paleontologists dream of electric dinosaurs? Investigating the presumed inefficiency of dinosaurs contact incubating partially buried eggs
Authors: Hogan Jason D. , Varricchio David J.
Published: October 2020

Troodon formosus, a theropod from the Late Cretaceous, is one of the few species of dinosaurs with multiple nest sites uncovered. It has been consistently demonstrated that eggs within these nests would have been partially buried in life—an exceedingly rare state in modern vertebrates. There has been debate over Troodon's capacity to engage in thermoregulatory contact incubation, especially regarding an adult's ability to efficiently supply partially buried eggs with energy. An actualistic investigation was undertaken to determine the thermodynamic efficiency of contact incubating partially buried eggs. An efficient system would keep eggs at temperatures closer to the surrogate parent than the ambient, without prohibitively high energy input. For the experiment, a surrogate dinosaur was created and used in both indoor controlled ambient temperature trials and in an outdoor variant. Even with ambient temperatures that were likely cooler than Cretaceous averages, the results showed that contact incubating partially buried eggs did seem to confer an energetic advantage; egg temperatures remained closer to the surrogate than ambient in both indoor and outdoor tests. Still, critics of contact incubating partially buried eggs are correct in that there is a depth at which adult energy would fail to make much of an impact—perhaps more relevant to buried eggs, as partially buried eggs would be in contact with an adult and likely above the thermal input threshold. Additionally, results from this experiment provide evidence for a possible evolutionary path from guarding behavior to thermoregulatory contact incubation.
A new ELISA and western blot technique based on recombinant TES antigen and/or larval antigen for the detection of toxocariasis in humans
Authors: Raulf Marie-Kristin , Jordan Daniela , Auer Herbert , Warnecke Jens M. , Lepenies Bernd , Strube Christina
Published: October 2020

Serological antibody detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)- and immunoblot-based methods constitutes the best indicator of humanToxocarainfection. Nevertheless, the availability of serological tests, particularly western blots (WB), evaluated for sensitivity and specificity is limited. Therefore, an Anti-Toxocara-ELISA immunoglobulin g (IgG) prototype (Proto-ELISA) and an Anti-Toxocara-Westernblot (IgG) prototype (Proto-WB) were evaluated by testing 541 human sera pre-determined forToxocarainfection by an establishedin-houseAnti-Toxocara-ELISA (IH-ELISA). To evaluate sensitivity and specificity of the newly developed ELISA and WB prototypes, results were compared to IH-ELISA and a commercial WB (Com-WB). Compared to the IH-ELISA, a sensitivity of 93.1% (229/246) and a specificity of 94.6% (279/295) of the Proto-ELISA with a Cohen'sκof 0.88 were obtained. The sensitivity of the Proto-WB was 76.7% (240/313) and specificity was 99.6% (227/228) with a Cohen'sκof 0.73 compared to those of Com-WB. A comparison to the IH-ELISA revealed 91.5% (225/246) sensitivity and 94.6% (279/295) specificity of the Proto-WB with a Cohen'sκof 0.86. Cross-reactivity was observed for some samples positive forAscarisandTrichinellaspp. in the Proto-ELISA, Proto-WB and Com-WB. Overall, the evaluated ELISA and WB prototypes showed high sensitivity and specificity, indicating high reliability of these newly developed tests.
Conceptualising place in historical fact and creative fiction: rural
communities and regional landscapes in Bernard Samuel Gilbert’s ‘Old
England’ (c. 1910–1920)
Authors: Jackson Andrew J. H.
Published: October 2020

The theme of place guides much exploration in rural history and local
history. Attempts have been made to create definitions and typologies of
place, but these have had to contend with the diverse, complex and dynamic
realities of historical pattern and process, local and regional.
Nonetheless, historians and those in other disciplines have evolved
different approaches to the concept. This study considers how these can
inform the investigation of places existing in historical fact in particular
periods in the past, and can do similarly for those places located
contemporaneously in fictional constructions. Reference is made to various
academic writings on place, including by the local historian, David Dymond.
The analysis takes the work of the author of fiction, Bernard Samuel
Gilbert. Gilbert, although relatively obscure now, incorporated a feature of
special note into his later literary output, and one meriting greater
attention. This was his personalised, reflective and explicitly articulated
approach to forming and expressing place. Moreover, Gilbert’s ‘Old England’,
with its imaginary district of 'Bly', can be recognised as corresponding to
landscapes and communities existing more broadly in the years up to and
through the First World War, and with creations by other authors of regional
fiction.
Children, poverty and mental health in rural and urban England (1850–1907)
Authors: Taylor Steven J.
Published: October 2020

Over the course of the nineteenth century children increasingly became social, economic and scientific concerns. Their physical and mental well-being was deemed intrinsic to the future development of Britain and its Empire, and thus maintaining healthy youngsters was, by the turn of the twentieth century, considered a national priority. This article explores the interconnectivity between poverty and the child residents of pauper lunatic asylums in England. It draws on a corpus of extant patient case files from four pauper lunatic asylums between 1851 and 1907 and engages with detailed information about the children and their mental conditions. Additionally, there will be a focus on understanding family backgrounds, parental occupations, the correlation between diagnoses and class, and methods of ‘treatment’ designed to equip children for independent working lifestyles. The overarching objective is to consider the socio-economic ramifications of child mental illness for parents and families and better understand how Victorian institutions accommodated this specific class of patient.
‘There wasn’t all that much to do … at least not here’: memories of
growing up in rural south-west England in the early twentieth
century
Authors: Harrison Laura
Published: October 2020

Stan was born in 1911 in a small village near the north Somerset coast.
When recalling his life in the countryside, he felt that ‘there wasn’t much
to do in the evenings … at least not here’. Drawing upon evidence from
personal accounts of growing up in the south-west of England in the early
twentieth century, this article examines memories of youth in the
countryside, with a particular focus on the leisure lives of young people
and their experiences of rural space and place. In addition to adding to our
knowledge on the lives of rural youth, this study also provides new insights
into the complex relationship between people and their environment, and has
implications for our understandings of the early formation of a distinct
youthful identity in England. The countryside was not simply a backdrop in
these recollections; rather, it was formative in how those that grew up in
rural communities understood their experience of being young.
Parasomnias in patients with addictions—a systematic review
Authors: Jiménez-Correa Ulises , Santana-Miranda Rafael , Barrera-Medina Andrés , Martínez-Núñez Juan M. , Marín-Agudelo Hernán A. , Poblano Adrián , Schenck Carlos H. , Hernández-Berber Irma
Published: October 2020

Parasomnias are involuntary behaviors or subjective experiences during sleep. Our objective was to review existing information on the presence of parasomnias in patients with addictions or during treatment for addictions. Information about parasomnias related to rapid-eye-movement (REM) and non-REM sleep in patients with addictions, while using substances or in abstinence, was reviewed. A systematic search of published articles reporting parasomnias as a consequence of drug use or abuse was conducted in the PubMed and SciELO databases. The search for the studies was performed in three phases: (1) by title, (2) by abstract, and (3) by complete text. The search was performed independently by two researchers, who then compared their results from each screening phase. Seventeen articles were found. The consumption of alcohol was reported in association with arousal disorders, such as sexsomnia and sleep-related eating disorder; and REM sleep behavior disorder was reported during alcohol withdrawal. Cocaine abuse was associated with REM sleep behavior disorder with drug consumption dream content. Overall, we found that several types of parasomnias were very frequent in patients with addictions. To avoid accidents in bedroom, legal problems, and improve evolution and prognosis; must be mandatory to include security measures related to sleep period; avoid pharmacological therapy described as potential trigger factor; improve sleep hygiene; and give pharmacological and behavioral treatments for patients with these comorbid sleep disorders.
Parental food choices for children when eating out: attitudes and impact of healthy choice menu labelling based on a hypothetical scenario
Authors: Brindal Emily , James-Martin Genevieve , Bowen Jane
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To understand how healthy menu labelling information is used by parents/caregivers and where it fits within predictors of healthy meal choices when eating out.

Design:

Parents were recruited to complete a 15-min observational, online survey regarding their experiences and hypothetical choices when eating out with their child/ren.

Setting:

Australia.

Participants:

Eligible participants had one or more child/ren aged between 2 and 12 years and attended cafes, restaurants, hotels and clubs (CRHC) for lunch or dinner at least four times a year. Of initial respondents (n 1802), 92·5 % provided complete and valid data. Participants were 84·7 % female, ranging from 18 to 68 years old.

Results:

98·3 % believed that healthier alternatives should be available for children in CRHC. For general food choices, health was a strong motivator (45·7 %); however, parents reported eating at CRHC mainly for pleasure or a treat (61·2 %) and being driven by children’s taste preferences (85·9 %) when selecting menu items. 59·0 % of orders included a combination of healthy and traditional items. 42·0 % of the sample were influenced by the healthy choice (HC) labelling. Multiple regression revealed that, in addition to some demographic variables, the percent of HC ordered was positively associated with self-reported parent vegetable consumption, making food choices for the children for health reasons, familiarity with HC items and making order choices due to dietary needs and good nutrition.

Conclusions:

Despite a preference for availability of healthier children’s menu choices in CRHC, menu labelling highlighting healthy options may have limited impact relative to child preferences.