bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ON METRIBUZIN PHYTOTOXICITY TO TOMATO
Authors: PHATAK S. C. , STEPHENSON G. R.
Published: March 2010

Growth-chamber studies were conducted to identify the light and temperature factors associated with metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)one) injury to tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Plants exposed to 4 days of low light (6,500 lx) were more susceptible to metribuzin injury than those grown in high light (22,000 lx). Injury to tomatoes was greatest under conditions of low light prior to and high light after application of metribuzin to the foliage. Every increase in temperature from 21 C days and 13 C nights, to 25 C days and 18 C nights, to 27 C days and 18 C nights resulted in increased metribuzin injury to tomato.
CALCIUM DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS IN GREENHOUSE CUCUMBERS
Authors: WARD G. M.
Published: March 2010

In a sand culture experiment with seeded and seedless greenhouse cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.), induced Ca deficiency over a range of nutrient Ca applications produced characteristic foliar and plant symptoms. Severe deficiency was associated with top leaf tissue levels of 0.20% Ca and less. Fruit symptoms were a proportionate stunting, center and stem-end constriction in Burpee hybrid, and a progressively darker green color in Sporu. Mild symptoms were difficult to recognize and could only be confirmed by tissue analysis, although it was not possible to determine an exact threshold value for incipient deficiency.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND STALK POSITION ON POLYPHENOLS AND CARBOHYDRATES IN THE AIR-CURED LEAF OF THREE TOBACCO GENOTYPES
Authors: SHEEN S. J. , GRUNWALD C. , SIMS J. L.
Published: March 2010

Air-cured leaves from three stalk positions of the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cult Burley 21 and two breeding lines cultured with 112, 224, and 336 kg/ha of N fertilizer were analyzed for the concentration of polyphenols, carbohydrates, and related compounds. The two breeding lines were low alkaloid (LA) Burley 21 and low polyphenol (LP) Burley 21. Concentrations of polyphenols and brown pigments were distributed in a decreasing gradient from upper to lower stalk positions. Distribution of cellulose content showed a reverse pattern. Lignin was highest in the upper leaves. In comparison with Burley 21, LA Burley 21 contained more polyphenols and carbohydrates, whereas LP Burley 21 was low in total polyphenols but high in total soluble sugars. Polyphenol accumulation was greater with low than high N fertilizer treatments, and, generally, an inverse relationship existed between N rate and concentrations of the carbohydrates measured. Starch was not detected in the leaf samples. Results point to the importance of N fertilization, genotype, and selection of leaf grades for altering the polyphenol and carbohydrate fractions of tobacco leaves, many of which are suspected precursors of tumorigenic agents in cigarette smoke.
CHANGES IN COLD HARDINESS OF OVERWINTERING WINTER WHEAT
Authors: ANDREWS C. J. , POMEROY M. K. , ROCHE I. A. DE LA
Published: March 2010

Plantings of Rideau and Cappelle Desprez winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were made on 12, 21, and 28 September 1972, and sampled for cold hardiness and survival throughout the fall, winter, and spring. Samplings in winter from frozen soil were made with the aid of a concrete chipper with a vertically oscillating blade. Both wheat cultivars hardened rapidly in fall but the decline in hardiness and vigor under ice during winter was more rapid in Cappelle Desprez plants. Rideau plants rehardened after thawing of the ice cover. The greater hardiness and survival of Rideau plants was due possibly to their lower metabolic rate and consequent energy conservation under ice cover.
SOME CONDITIONS FAVORING PRODUCTION OF OCHRATOXIN A AND CITRININ BY PENICILLIUM VIRIDICATUM IN WHEAT AND BARLEY
Authors: HARWIG J. , CHEN Y.-K.
Published: March 2010

Wheat, ground wheat, barley, and heat-treated wheat and barley were inoculated with different strains of Penicillium viridicatum Westling and incubated under different conditions of moisture content, relative humidity, temperature, and time. An important factor for production of ochratoxin A and citrinin was humidity. A water activity (aw) of 0.90–0.93 produced high concentrations of the mycotoxins. Below this aw, the native mycoflora developed along with P. viridicatum and concentrations of the mycotoxins were significantly lower. A temperature of 5 C did not prevent production of the toxins under conditions of high aw and extended storage. Viable barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat seed (Triticum aestivum L.) were less prone to mycotoxin production than nonviable seed. Samples exposed for short periods to conditions most favorable for P. viridicatum were not visibly moldy but contained ochratoxin A. Such material, if used, may present a hazard to farm animals and man.
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF WHEAT, OATS, AND BARLEY
Authors: HOBBS E. H. , KROGMAN K. K.
Published: March 2010

Daily and seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) from irrigated plots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were measured during a 3-yr period. All plots were treated alike but each was irrigated individually when soil tension at a depth of 30 cm reached 400 mbars. Seasonal ET differed among years and was less for barley than for wheat and oats. Daily ET differed slightly among years but not significantly among crops. Oats tended to produce the most grain and, on the basis of grain production, to use water most efficiently. On the basis of stage of maturity, the three crops can be considered alike for irrigation scheduling purposes.
COMBINING ABILITY FOR KERNEL PLUMPNESS IN A DIALLEL CROSS OF FIVE CANADIAN BARLEY CULTIVARS
Authors: BRIGGS K. G.
Published: March 2010

A complete diallel cross of Bonanza, Conquest, Galt, Jubilee, and Olli barley was made and the parents, F1 and F2 bulks, were subjected to a kernel-sizing procedure, using five different standard sieves. Mean values for the P, F1, and F2 were obtained and heritabilities and estimates of general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability were calculated. Reciprocal effects were not significant in either F1 or F2. For the F1 data significant differences could only be found on the 19 × 2.4-mm (3/4 × 6/64-inch) sieve. Only GCA was significant for the F1, suggesting additive gene action. By contrast, in the F2 GCA was highly significant for all sieve sizes from 19 × 2.2 mm (3/4 × 11/128 inch) upwards, and SCA was significant on those of size 19 × 2.4 mm (3/4 × 6/64 inch) upwards. For the F2 on the 2.4-mm (6/64-inch) screen, the SCA effect exceeded the GCA effect in magnitude, and was in a negative direction, contributing to the two cases of negative heterosis for kernel plumpness. No significant positive heterosis was found in F2, and F2 bulks were normally intermediate in value to their parents. The amount of SCA effect was unrelated to the degree of similarity of the parents by pedigree, or to whether they were malting or feed types. Bonanza, Conquest, and Jubilee were significantly plumper than Galt and Olli, and Olli transmitted its less plump kernel type to the F2 generation, as indicated by its large negative GCA effect. None of the other cultivars exhibited significant GCA effects. Little progress in increasing kernel plumpness can be expected from crosses between these cultivars, as heritabilities were also generally low.
FREE AMINO ACIDS IN RYE SEEDLING EMBRYOS DURING VERNALIZATION
Authors: THOMSON LAWRENCE W. , ZALIK SAUL
Published: March 2010

The time to heading of Sangaste winter rye (Secale cereale L.) decreased to approximate that of a spring cultivar (Prolific) as the chilling period was extended from 1 to 8 wk. An increased accumulation in the total alcohol-soluble amino acids and amides occurred during the initial 3 wk of chilling and was followed by a decline in both cultivars. The early accumulation was more pronounced in Sangaste than in Prolific and the major differences between the two were in the higher amount of proline, alanine, and glutamine in the winter cultivar. After 3 wk of chilling, Sangaste attained a much higher level of these than its visually comparable seedlings that were not chilled.
KODIAK WINTER RYE
Authors: BRRG R. , BRIGGS K. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPRING VIGOR AND GRAIN YIELD IN CORN
Authors: GLENN F. B. , DAYNARD T. B. , WATSON J. T.
Published: March 2010

In an experiment designed to study the relationship between seedling vigor and grain yield in corn (Zea mays L.), 25 single-cross hybrids, of a range in spring vigor (6 involved crosses between inbred parents of high seedling vigor, 6 were crosses between parents of low seedling vigor, and 13 were crosses between inbreds of high and low vigor) were grown in test for 2 yr near Woodstock, Ontario. In the 1st yr, hybrids were evaluated for differences in: rate of emergence; visual vigor rating; plant height, dry weight, and leaf number at several dates during early vegetative development; leaf area index (measured after pollination); and final grain yield. In the 2nd yr, hybrids were evaluated for differences in seed size (weight/kernel), visual vigor rating, and grain yield. No differences were detected among hybrids in rate of emergence. In the 1st yr, the visual vigor score was positively related to early plant height, but not to any of the other measures of seedling vigor. A positive relationship between seed weight and visual vigor rating was observed in the 2nd yr. The mean grain yield of the three groups of hybrids corresponded directly with their initial vigor rating in the 1st yr (i.e., crosses among high vigor inbreds outyielded high × low crosses; high × low crosses outyielded low × low), but not in the 2nd yr. Among individual genotypes, no relationship was evident between any measure of spring vigor and grain yield, in either year.
APPLE-CRAB "TRAILMAN"
Authors: HARRIS R. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDER OF HARDWOOD CUTTINGS OF BOLLEANA POPLAR
Authors: EGGENS J. L. , HILTON R. J. , LOUGHEED E. C.
Published: March 2010

The primary deterrent to the successful propagation of Bolleana poplar (Populus alba pyramidalis Bunge; Rehder 1967) by hardwood cuttings was the development of a physiological disorder termed basal necrosis. Although the severity of basal necrosis was significantly correlated with shoot weight, which in turn was influenced by the breaking of rest, the rest influence did not appear to be the primary cause. Except for February when no basal necrosis was recorded, basal necrosis was more severe if the cuttings were collected during the period from December to March than during autumn or early spring. Bottom heat and indolebutyric acid (IBA) treatment contributed to the severity of basal necrosis but were not the primary causes. Disbudding the cuttings reduced basal necrosis in some instances. Leaching of the cuttings with running water for 5 days decreased basal necrosis and accentuated the effect of IBA in inducing basal necrosis. Leaching for longer times decreased both basal necrosis and the sensitivity of cuttings to IBA-induced basal necrosis. Rooting of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) cuttings in the crude leachate obtained from cuttings with buds was proportional to the concentration of the leachate. Examination of cuttings with basal necrosis revealed no causal pathogen.
AN OPEN SYSTEM FOR PLANT GAS-EXCHANGE ANALYSIS
Authors: BEADLE C. L. , STEVENSON K. R. , THURTELL G. W. , DUBÉ P. A.
Published: March 2010

An open system was designed for studies of photosynthesis and transpiration on single leaves of crop plants. The system contained several features that facilitated the measurement of gaseous exchange between leaves and their environment. An inexpensive unit, requiring little attention, was developed to control the humidity of the influx air. Also, a system of solenoid valves was arranged to control the sequence of sample analysis. This allowed several cuvettes to be monitored sequentially in a short period of time. The valve system was designed to minimize lag time to obtain stable readings following valve activation. A 2-min sampling period was used for each cuvette. A dew-point hygrometer was used to measure water vapor content of the air. The dew-point hygrometer, designed for unattended outdoor use, was modified for cuvetting studies. The performance of the system is described and evaluated.
ACCUMULATION OF NITRATE AND CHLORIDE BY BURLEY TOBACCO
Authors: FUQUA B. D. , LEGGETT J. E. , SIMS J. L.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted to study the NO3− and Cl− interactions during uptake by burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cult Ky 14) and the effects of their interactions on plant composition over long growth periods. Results indicated that NO3− or Cl− inhibited the absorption of the other anion by burley tobacco plants but did not influence the composition of cations. Positive linear relationships were found between NO3− and Cl− levels in solution, and the NO3− and Cl− contents in the plants in the laboratory and greenhouse studies. The inhibition of NO3− by Cl− during accumulation was also evident for tobacco plants grown under field conditions for longer periods. The interaction between NO3− and Cl− appears to be competitive during accumulation by burley tobacco. Competition between NO3− and Cl− during accumulation is proposed to be localized in the leaf cell rather than at the root–media interface.
LEAF WATER CONTENT AND POTENTIAL IN CORN, SORGHUM, SOYBEAN, AND SUNFLOWER
Authors: NEUMANN H. H. , THURTELL G. W. , STEVENSON K. R. , BEADLE C. L.
Published: March 2010

The Peltier-cooled thermocouple dewpoint hygrometer technique of in situ measurement of leaf water potential was further developed. The observed response of the instrument agreed so well with theoretical analysis that calibration based on theory was within 1% of that obtained using salt solutions of known water potential. Simultaneous measurements with the hygrometer and a beta gauge were made to derive the leaf water content–potential relationships for several crop plants. Results showed relative water contents dropping only to near 0.95 for mature corn (Zea mays L.); sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.); and sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) leaves, and to 0.90 for not quite mature soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) leaves as potentials declined from near −1 bar to the plant wilting point (−8 to −14 bars). Further decline of leaf water potential resulted in relatively much greater loss of leaf water.
A RAPID AND SENSITIVE SPOT TEST FOR LINOLENIC ACID LEVELS IN RAPESEED
Authors: McGREGOR D. I.
Published: March 2010

not available
DEVELOPMENT OF CYTOLYTIC ENZYME ACTIVITIES DURING GERMINATION OF DIFFERENT BARLEYS
Authors: BALLANCE G. M. , MEREDITH W. O. S.
Published: March 2010

The development of three cytolytic enzyme activities was assessed at sequential stages of germination for water-steeped and also gibberellic acid-treated samples of six barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars. The cytolytic enzymes were barley-β-glucan endo-hydrolase, endo-β 1,4-glucanase and endo-β 1,3-glucanase. Significant differences in the activity development profiles of the three enzymes were noted. Differences between cultivars were quite apparent for the barley-β-glucan endo-hydrolase activities but not for the other two activities. Gibberellic acid enhanced the barley-β-glucan endo-hydrolase activity within cultivars to varying degrees, slightly increased endo-β 1,3-glucanase activity and had no effect on endo-β 1,4-glucanase activities.
GERMINATION RESPONSE OF FORAGE GRASSES TO CONSTANT AND ALTERNATING TEMPERATURES
Authors: McELGUNN J. D.
Published: March 2010

Daily germination counts were made on 11 forage grass species germinated at four constant and four alternating regimes for 20 days. The 2C/12h/13C/12h regime had a drastic effect on mean total germination. Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.), Russian wild ryegrass (E. junceus Fisch.), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) reacted strongly to this regime. The alternating temperature regimes generally initiated germination more rapidly than the comparable constant regimes; however, after day 6 the comparable alternating and constant regimes had similar rates of germination. The rates of germination differed between some species with intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv.) germinating the most rapidly and Altai wild ryegrass the most slowly. The data indicate that low alternating seedbed temperatures can reduce total germination to an unsatisfactory level for good stand establishment. The low temperature of seedbeds can also delay germination rate so that the earlier plantings do not emerge as soon as later plantings in warmer soil.
EFFECTS OF GROWING BARLEY CONTINUOUSLY ON YIELDS, CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, AND DISEASE PREVALENCE
Authors: CLARK R. V. , MACK A. R.
Published: March 2010

Seed and forage yields of three barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown on the same land for 4 yr after fallow without fertilizer declined annually by 12–15%. Decline in yield occurred also with moderate to high rates of fertilization (335 and 670 kg/ha of 10-4-8) in high yielding years but not in low yielding years. Under continuous cropping, the osil NO3-N increased, the pH and NaHCO3-extractable P remained at the same general level, and exchangeable K decreased. The decrease in yields after the first barley crop on fallow land was accompanied generally by a decrease in foliage N and K concentration and some increase in the P concentration. Disease prevalence varied each year but, with the possible exception of leaf spot caused by Cochliobolus sativus (Ito & Kurib.) Drechsl. ex Dastur, did not increase with continuous cropping. Loose smut Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr.) increased rapidly for 2 yr on the cultivar York and then decreased. It appeared to be affected more by weather conditions than by number of years in continuous barley.
EFFECTS OF GENOTYPE, PLANTING PATTERN, AND PLANT DENSITY ON PLANT-TO-PLANT VARIABILITY AND GRAIN YIELD OF CORN
Authors: GLENN F. B. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were conducted near Guelph in 1971 and 1972 with the objectives of studying (1) the effect of planting pattern, plant density, and genotype on plant-to-plant variability in corn (Zea mays L.), and (2) the effect of this variability on grain yield. All three studies entailed detailed measurements of the height of individual plants at various times during vegetative development, and of per plant grain yields. Frequency distributions of individual plant height and grain yield were normal; a coefficient of variability was used to characterize the variation within each treatment. In the first experiment, plant density was found to have a significant effect on plant-to-plant variability in grain yield; row spacing did not affect variation among individuals in either plant height or yield. The second experiment involved study of five double-cross hybrids, five single-cross hybrids, and the 10 possible 50:50 mixtures of the single-cross hybrids. Single-cross hybrids were more uniform and higher yielding than their double-cross counterparts. Mixtures did not vary in yield or variability from the mean of their pure-stand components. In the third experiment, corn was over-planted and differentially thinned in early July (when plants were approximately 60 cm tall) to produce two treatments: uniformly and non-uniformly thinned. Uniformly thinned plots were higher yielding, particularly at a high plant density (103,000 plants/ha). The results lend support to the hypothesis that variability per se can have a significant effect on the grain yield of corn. Reduced variability may represent a partial explanation of the generally higher yield of elite single-cross hybrids over their double-cross counterparts.
SURVIVAL OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA IN ASSOCIATION WITH MATURE APPLE FRUIT
Authors: DUECK J.
Published: March 2010

Mature fruit from naturally infected apple (Malus sylvestris Mill. ’Wealthy’) trees was free from a detectable population of Erwinia amylovora in the calyx, stem, peel and cortex. The pathogen failed to survive for 24 h on the surface of artificially inoculated fruit of Red and Golden Delicious apple in the orchard. In the laboratory, survival of the bacterium was excellent on the surface of apples when applied as natural ooze, or in a water suspension. Bacteria injected into the cortex of fruit of several cultivars survived as long as the apples were physiologically sound. Apples even from resistant cultivars developed symptoms of fireblight in storage. However, the absence of E. amylovora from symptomless fruit of naturally infected trees suggests that mature fruit presents a negligible risk for dissemination of fireblight bacteria.
FOUR NATURAL SPUR-TYPE MUTANTS OF McINTOSH APPLE
Authors: LAPINS K. O. , FISHER D. V.
Published: March 2010

The size of trees and the degree of spurriness of four spontaneous mutants of McIntosh apple (Malus pumila Mill.) were evaluated in 3- and 4-yr-old orchard trees in 1971 and 1972. The trunk-cross-sectional area was 13% smaller in MacSpur than in standard McIntosh. The number of fruiting spurs, either per 2-yr-old branch or in relation to the number of vegetative shoots, was used as a measure of spurriness. The degree of spurriness was very high in Morspur and MacSpur, high in Dewar, and moderate in Starkspur and standard McIntosh.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 4. PLANTAGO MAJOR AND P. RUGELII
Authors: HAWTHORN WAYNE R.
Published: March 2010

This summary of biological information of Plantago major L. (broad-leaved plantain) and P. rugelii Decne. (Rugel’s plantain) is part of a series on the biology of Canadian weeds. P. major is a weed of disturbed habitats throughout Canada whereas P. rugelii is restricted to similar habitats in eastern Canada.
DISTRIBUTION OF DDT-14C IN NICOTIANA TABACUM
Authors: ROSA NESTOR , CHENG H. H.
Published: March 2010

Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., when grown in aerated nutrient solution, quartz sand or field soil, took up p,p′-DDT from the medium. The major portion of the total DDT in the plant was located in the root although the stem portions of the plant also accumulated the pesticide. The distribution of DDT varied within the shoot portion, with the largest concentration being in the lower leaves of the plant. When the DDT in the shoot was expressed in quantity (μg DDT per sample), the leaves of mid-stalk insertion contained the most DDT. The pattern of DDT distribution in the leaves and stalk showed that tobacco can take up and translocate DDT throughout the plant.
TORCH SUMMER TURNIP RAPE
Authors: DOWNEY R. K. , KLASSEN A. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFLUENCE OF HERBICIDE MIXTURES ON CORN OIL QUANTITY AND COMPOSITION
Authors: WILKINSON R. E. , HARDCASTLE W. S.
Published: March 2010

Influence of tank mixtures of commercially available, recommended herbicides on the "oil content" (actually, the total fatty acid content) and the fatty acid composition for the subsequent corn (Zea mays L.) crop was measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Changes in total fatty acids and in fatty acid composition were caused by atrazine + cyanazine, atrazine + alachlor, atrazine + prometryne, atrazine + linuron, and alachlor + cyanazine. DCPA + 2,4-D and alachlor + linuron did not cause any changes in the fatty acid composition.
TIME OF FLORAL INITIATION IN BROMUS SPP.
Authors: CLARKE J. M. , ELLIOTT C. R.
Published: March 2010

The floral initiation times of northern and southern climatypes of cultivated bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and a native bromegrass (B. pumpellianus Scribn.) were determined under field conditions at Beaverlodge, Alberta. Both climatypes of B. inermis underwent floral initiation in the spring with no differences in time or degree of initiation. B. pumpellianus completed floral initiation in the fall prior to freeze-up. Initiated meristems survived the winter and resumed development in the spring.
DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY: APPLICATIONS IN MEASURING MITE-FEEDING INJURY TO ORCHARD LEAVES
Authors: MACNEIL J. D. , DOWNING R. S. , HIKICHI M.
Published: March 2010

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measured damage to leaves of McIntosh, Red Delicious and Golden Delicious apple (Malus sylvestrus Mill.) trees caused by varying population levels of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch). The ratio of yellow pigment to green pigment in the leaves increased with increasing mite populations. Results were compared with those obtained by chlorophyll analyses. Transpiration burn injury was found to obscure such relationships, if they exist, on Bartlett pear (Pyrus communis L.) leaves on which mites had been feeding. The results indicate that reflectance spectroscopy will measure damage caused by leaf-feeding mites and is a more rapid and sensitive method of measurement than the analysis of chlorophyll in solution.
VARIATIONS AMONG RED RASPBERRY CULTIVARS AND SELECTIONS IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THE FRUIT ROT CAUSAL ORGANISMS BOTRYTIS CINEREA AND RHIZOPUS SPP.
Authors: DAUBENY HUGH A. , PEPIN H. S.
Published: March 2010

Variations in postharvest susceptibility to the fruit rot causal organisms, Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. and Rhizopus spp. (probably R. stolonifer [Ehr ex Fr.] Vuill) were observed among red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars and selections (clones). Clones which showed low susceptibility to both organisms were Matsqui, Cuthbert, Ottawa and K 56-7. Those showing high susceptibility to both organisms were Malling Exploit, Malling Promise, Puyallup and St. Walfried. Malling Jewel showed low susceptibility to B. cinerea and high susceptibility to Rhizopus spp., whereas Sumner showed the reverse relationship. Cuthbert appeared to be a source of genes for low susceptibility to both organisms.
MUSHROOM PRODUCTION IN RESPECT OF MERCURY CONTENT
Authors: FRANK R. , RAINFORTH J. R. , SANGSTER D.
Published: March 2010

The actionable level of total mercury in mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing.) is set at 0.05 ppm and when it was discovered that a small percentage of Ontario grown commercial mushrooms exceeded this level (0.06–0.33 ppm), a survey was undertaken to determine the source. Compost was found to be the most likely source. Mushrooms with the highest residues of total mercury were grown on compost that contained from 0.42 to 0.61 ppm mercury. Mushrooms with low residues were grown on compost with only 0.08–0.23 ppm mercury. The ingredient of compost that had contributed the highest mercury content was horse manure. This ingredient contained residues that ranged from 0.23–0.42 ppm in the elevated compost and 0.05–0.25 ppm in the others. The mercury in compost, manure and mushrooms was not methyl mercury and was deemed inorganic.
VIABILITY OF RUMEX CRISPUS SEEDS HARVESTED AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF MATURITY
Authors: MAUN M. A.
Published: March 2010

Seeds of Rumex crispus (curled dock) collected from the parent plants at different stages of maturity exhibited a progressive increase in germination with increased maturity. The seeds reached physiological maturity 18 days past anthesis. After-ripening of seeds did not alter their germinability. The seeds enclosed in the perianth segments produced higher germination values than naked seeds, probably because the green perianth segments continue to provide photosynthates to the developing seeds. Panicles severed from the parent plant and placed among mowed herbage or buried in the soil produced viable seeds even when they were clipped 2–6 days after anthesis. However, panicles of the same age dried immediately after harvest failed to produce any viable seeds. The dry matter (DM) content of seeds increased until 30 days after anthesis, then levelled off.
OXYGEN IN WATER CULTURE INFLUENCES GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF JACK PINE, BLACK SPRUCE AND WHITE SPRUCE SEEDLINGS
Authors: ZINKAN C. G. , JEGLUM J. K. , HARVEY D. E.
Published: March 2010

Seedlings of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) showed significant reductions in all measures of growth and vitality at the 2.0 ppm O2 level (27% saturation), and relatively low values for root lengths and root length/shoot length ratios at the 3.3 ppm O2 level (44% saturation). Nitrogen was marginally deficient in white spruce needles in the 2.0 ppm treatment. Foliar N and K attained lower values for all species in the 2.0 ppm O2 treatment, whereas Mg, Ca and Fe generally attained highest values at 2.0 ppm O2. Similar measures of growth, vitality and foliar nutrient concentrations were obtained for 4.5, 5.4 and 7.5 ppm O2 (60, 72 and 100% saturation), indicating that all these levels provided optimal aeration. Differences in measures of growth, vitality and foliar nutrient concentration suggest that the order of species tolerance to poor aeration from greatest to least is black spruce, jack pine and white spruce.
ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS FOR WINTER PASTURE
Authors: LAWRENCE T. , HEINRICHS D. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF LIME ON YIELD OF FIELD BEANS
Authors: CUTCLIFFE J. A. , SIMPSON W. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION OF SUNFLOWER
Authors: WARDER F. G. , VIJAYALAKSHMI K.
Published: March 2010

not available
YIELD AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH OATS FOR FORAGE AND GRAIN PRODUCTION
Authors: FOLKINS L. P. , KAUFMANN M. L.
Published: March 2010

Five oat cultivars (Avena sativa L.) were seeded at 38, 67, and 95 kg/ha in 1969, and six cultivars in 1970 and 1972. There were differences between cultivars in grain yield in each year, but in only 1 yr in forage yield. Seeding rates did not affect grain yields in any year or forage yields on the average of the 3 yr; nor did they affect the leanness or ratio of seed to the vegetative parts of the plant. Stem size and plant height decreased with increasing seeding rate.
YIELD AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF WHOLE-PLANT CEREALS AT A SILAGE STAGE
Authors: TINGLE J. N. , DAWLEY W. K.
Published: March 2010

Ten cereal cultivars and two cereal mixtures were sown at two locations in 3 yr to determine the effects of species, cultivar and location on dry matter (DM) yield, protein and digestibility levels at the soft-dough stage. Jubilee barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and a 40:60 mixture of Glen oats (Avena sativa L.) and Jubilee barley, respectively, produced significantly higher DM yields than Warrior and Piroline barley and Pitic 62 spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Rosner triticale (Triticosecale Whitmack) was lower yielding than all cultivars except Warrior at one location. The average DM digestibility and protein levels for barley exceeded those for oats by 6.5 and 1.4 units, respectively. Likewise, the actual values for Pitic 62 spring wheat were 8.2 digestible units and 1.1 protein units above those of oats. Rosner triticale was intermediate between oats and barley for digestibility and crude protein. Jubilee in mixture with Glen produced more digestible DM than Pitic 62, Rosner, Sioux, Glen, Warrior and Piroline sown alone.
PERSISTENCE OF FENSULFOTHION IN SOIL AND UPTAKE BY RUTABAGAS AND CARROTS
Authors: CHISHOLM D.
Published: March 2010

Fensulfothion (Dasanit®, 0,0-diethyl 0-[p-(methylsulfinyl) phenyl] phosphorothioate) degraded rapidly in a sandy loam soil to a moderately persistent metabolite fensulfothion sulfone (0,0-diethyl 0-[p-(methylsuffonyl) phenyl] phosphorothioate). Traces of fensulfothion sulfone were found in rutabagas (Brassica napobrassica Mill.) grown on fensulfothion-treated field plots, but were confined, for the most part, to the peel. The sulfone was detected in carrots at 0.10 ppm on a fresh weight basis. Fensulfothion sulfone persisted in frozen carrots (Daucus carota var. sativa DC.) during a storage period of 4 yr. A simplified gas–liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of fensulfothion and some of its metabolic products is described.
INSECTICIDE RESIDUE IN SOIL, POTATOES, CARROTS, BEETS, RUTABAGAS, WHEAT PLANTS AND GRAIN FOLLOWING TREATMENT OF THE SOIL WITH DYFONATE
Authors: SAHA J. G. , BURRAGE R. H. , LEE Y. W. , SAHA M. , SUMNER A. K.
Published: March 2010

Dyfonate (O-ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate) was incorporated into soil at the rate of 5.6 or 11.2 kg/ha as granules or emulsifiable concentrate and its persistence in soil and its absorption by potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), carrots (Daucus carota L.), beets (Beta vulgaris L.), rutabagas (Brassica napobrassica (L.) Mill), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants were studied in four locations in Saskatchewan. Proportionately more residue persisted in the soil from the higher rate of application. About 33–35% of the Dyfonate applied as granules at the lower rate remained in the soil 4 mo after application, whereas about 38–41% remained from the emulsifiable concentrate. At the end of the same period, 52–64% of the granules applied at the higher rate remained in the soil as compared to 50–71% from the emulsifiable concentrate. Only 3–10% of the applied chemical remained in the soil 29 mo after application. No residue of dyfoxon (O-ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonothioate) was detected in any soil. Potatoes, beets and rutabagas harvested 4 mo after application of Dyfonate had little (0.005 to 0.009 ppm) or no detectable (less than 0.005 ppm) residue, irrespective of the rate of application. Wheat seedlings had between 0.01–0.07 ppm Dyfonate and little or no detectable residue in the more mature plant or in the grain. Carrots grown in soil treated at the lower rate had about 0.35 and 0.04 ppm Dyfonate and dyfoxon, respectively, and at the higher rate, 0.81 and 0.06 ppm. About 77–94% of the residues in carrots could be removed by peeling.
NEW TYPES OF VIRULENCE IN PYRENOPHORA TERES IN CANADA
Authors: TEKAUZ A. , MILLS J. T.
Published: March 2010

Isolates of Pyrenophora teres (Died.) Drechsl. causing either net- or spot-type symptoms on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were collected in 1973 from fields near Winnipeg, Manitoba. Spot-type symptoms were similar to those of spot blotch incited by Cochliobolus sativus (Ito and Kurib.) Drechsl. ex Dastur. The cultivars Herta and Fergus, previously reported to be moderately resistant, were susceptible to both types of isolates. These two cultivars presently account for virtually all of the two-rowed barley and about half of the total barley acreage in Manitoba. The resistant hybrid lines CI 5791 and BT 201 retained their resistance to the isolates which produced net-type symptoms but were less resistant to those producing the spot type.
CONTRIBUTION OF STEMS AND LEAVES TO THE YIELD AND NUTRIENT LEVEL OF IRRIGATED ALFALFA AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: KILCHER M. R. , HEINRICHS D. H.
Published: March 2010

In Roamer alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.) the nutritive value in leaves deteriorated much more slowly than that in stems. The percentage of N declined 29% in leaves and 49% in stems; percentage P declined 4% in leaves and 34% in stems, and percentage digestible energy declined 3% in leaves and 34% in stems between early leaf and late bloom growth stages. The total yield of nutrient increased rapidly to the early bloom stage, but quite slowly thereafter. Because of possible leaf loss, delayed harvesting of an alfalfa crop beyond the mid-bloom stage would not be warranted to gain yield even when only one cutting is taken.
ADDITIONAL HOST PLANTS OF CLOVER PHYLLODY IN CANADA
Authors: CHIYKOWSKI L. N.
Published: March 2010

Symptoms were observed on 35 out of 74 plant species, in 15 families inoculated with clover phyllody by the aster leafhopper (Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal)). Symptomatology for some of the hosts is described and illustrated. There were differences in numbers of plants infected, length of time for symptom development, and numbers of insects surviving on the various species of plants, but these were not correlated. Although the clover phyllody agent was transmitted to asters from 17 of 19 infected plant species the number of leafhoppers that became inoculative varied considerably depending on the source plant species.
VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH OF DETERMINATE TOMATOES AS INFLUENCED BY APPLICATIONS OF ETHEPHON, DCIB, NAA AND SADH AT THE SIX-CLUSTER STAGE
Authors: VELIATH J. A. , FERGUSON A. C.
Published: March 2010

In an attempt to control fruit set and thereby increase fruit size, 2-(chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon), sodium 2,3-dichloroisobutyrate (DCIB), naphthaleueacetic acid (NAA) and N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (SADH) were applied as sprays to plants of the determinate tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Summit’ when fruit was set on six clusters. In comparison, one set of plants was deblossomed manually after the six-cluster stage, and another untreated. Although none of the chemicals provided perfect control of fruit load, NAA (100 ppm), SADH (4,000 ppm) + NAA (100 ppm), DCIB (4,000 ppm) + ethephon (500 ppm) and DCIB (6,000 ppm) were approximately 81, 77, 75 and 73% effective, respectively, in reducing fruit load. However, decreases in fruit load were not accompanied by corresponding increases in fruit size. In all probability, this was due to the impairment of normal growth by the chemicals. Several of the treatments produced substantial increases in early and total yield, by maturing a greater number of fruits and thus may be of potential use to commercial growers.
EFFECTS OF ALTERNARIA BLACKSPOT ON YIELD, OIL CONTENT AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF RAPESEED
Authors: DEGENHARDT K. J. , SKOROPAD W. P. , KONDRA Z. P.
Published: March 2010

Two cultivars of rapeseed, Span (Brassica campestris, L.) and Zephyr (B. napus, L.) were inoculated at various intervals, beginning at 36 days after seeding, with Alternaria brassicae, A. raphani, or a combination of these fungal species. At harvest time plants were ranked into slightly, moderately and severely diseased categories. Seed from these plants was analyzed for yield, oil content and protein content. Yield reductions in plants with a severe incidence of alternaria blackspot, caused by different inoculation treatments, in Span and Zephyr, respectively, were: both species of Alternaria, 70 and 42%; A. brassicae, 63 and 42%; and, A. raphani, 42 and 34%. Reductions in kernel weight of severely diseased plants were significant, but accounted only partially for yield reductions. Significant reductions in oil content occurred in Span in all severely diseased plants, but there were no significant reductions in oil content of Zephyr. Protein content of Span was reduced in all disease ranks of plants inoculated with A. brassicae. In Zephyr, reductions in protein content occurred in plants that were slightly or moderately affected by A. brassicae or both species. Thus, in most instances Span was affected more than Zephyr by alternaria blackspot.
WINDSOR BARLEY
Authors: BRIGGS K. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
AMELIORATION GENETIQUE DE LA LUZERNE A LA RESISTANCE AU FROID APRES UNE GENERATION DE SELECTION
Authors: GASSER H. , WILLEMOT C.
Published: March 2010

not available
MACFREE APPLE
Authors: SPANGELO L. P. S. , LEUTY S. J. , HEENEY H. B. , MODDERMAN L. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND PROTEIN QUALITY OF EIGHT FABA BEAN CULTIVARS
Authors: KALDY M. S. , KASTING R.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF SEVERAL GROWTH REGULATORS ON RUNNER PLANT PRODUCTION, YIELD AND FRUIT MATURITY OF THE STRAWBERRY
Authors: BLATT C R. , SPONAGLE A. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS FOR SEGREGATING CANADIAN WHEAT BY PROTEIN CONTENT
Authors: DUNNE W. , ANDERSON J. A.
Published: March 2010

Studies prerequisite to introduction of protein segregation of wheat were undertaken in collaboration with the Canadian Grain Commission. The principal data comprised a 5% stratified sampling of all carlots of wheat unloaded in the Western Division since 1 August, 1939, with records of origin, destination, unloading date, grade, protein content, etc.. Nine crop years were selected with protein levels of 14.4, 14.1, 13.7, 13.7, 13.6, 13.5, 13.4, 13.1, and 12.2%, and data for the 94,894 carlots were read onto magnetic tape for computer studies. Nos. 1 and 2 Northern were combined to simulate the new grade of No. 1 Canada Western. The Commission’s original proposal, that this grade be divided into three subgrades by protein content, namely, over 14.2%, 13.0 to 14.2%, and under 13.0%, was then examined by superimposing it on data for the 9 selected yr. The middle subgrade was reasonably satisfactory, containing 40–60% of the main grade in all but extreme years, and with a protein level varying between 13.75 and 13.35%; but the other two subgrades varied in amount from less than 10% to over 50%, and the protein level of the upper subgrades varied from 14.5 to 15.1%. In accordance with revised thinking, systems were then examined for guaranteeing subgrades at 15.0, 14.0 and 13.0%, or at 14.5, 13.5 and 12.5% (and at higher or lower levels when available). If boundaries are set low enough to meet guarantees in low protein years, levels 0.25–0.6% above guarantees occur in high protein years. Three subgrades, though not necessarily the same three, differing in protein level by 1.0% were feasible in all years, but strict uniformity in protein level could not be achieved within subgrades with systems involving constant boundaries between subgrades. Promotion of carlots from one subgrade to the next, on unload at terminal elevators, was then examined. In effect, this involves moveable boundaries, e.g. to guarantee 14.0% protein, the middle subgrade would have boundaries of 13.8–14.8% when the main grade has a mean of 13.0% protein, and of 13.9–14.3% with a mean of 14.5%. By comparison with constant boundary systems, from 8 to 25% of all carlots would be promoted by one subgrade, and strict uniformity of protein levels is achieved for all but the bottom subgrade. New data were collected to examine the practicability of systems involving moveable boundaries, and these studies will be reported in a second paper.
ASSIMILATION AND REMOBILIZATION OF NITROGEN AND CARBOHYDRATES IN OATS, ESPECIALLY AS RELATED TO GROAT PROTEIN CONCENTRATION
Authors: PETERSON DAVID M. , YOUNGS V. L. , SCHRADER L. E. , SMITH DALE , CATALDO D. A.
Published: March 2010

Experiments with field-grown oats (Avena sativa L.) were conducted to determine (1) the relationships between assimilation and remobilization of N and carbohydrates and the groat protein concentration, (2) the carbohydrate composition of plant parts at anthesis and maturity, and (3) the contribution to the grain of N and carbohydrates assimilated before anthesis, as compared to post-anthesis assimilates. Six cultivars, varying in groat protein concentration, were harvested at intervals throughout development until maturity. Total shoot assimilation of N, on either a plant or land-area basis, was unrelated to groat protein concentration. However, the relative ability of the cultivars to remobilize N out of leaf and culm tissues into the panicle was correlated with groat protein concentration. Starch (plus total sugars) comprised most of the total nonstructural carbohydrates of all shoot parts. Fructosans, which were low at anthesis, declined to maturity. Net losses of N from leaf and culm tissue between anthesis and maturity accounted for 27–47% of the gain in panicle N during this interval. For total nonstructural carbohydrates, leaf and culm net loss was 15–24% of panicle gain in total nonstructural carbohydrates. Thus, the majority of panicle N and carbohydrate was derived from assimilation of N and CO2 after anthesis.
DISTRIBUTION OF α-AMYLASE IN THE TRITICALE KERNEL DURING DEVELOPMENT
Authors: DEDIO W. , SIMMONDS D. H. , HILL R. D. , SHEALY H.
Published: March 2010

Seed of four triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) cultivars, two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, and one rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivar were harvested at 4-day intervals from 6 to 42 days post-anthesis. Alpha-amylase activity was determined in the embryo, pericarp, aleurone, and endosperm of the seed. In all cases, the α-amylase activity in the embryo was low. The pericarp activity reached a maximum in all samples at approximately 10–15 days post-anthesis. Aleurone and endosperm activity remained low throughout the development period in all but one triticale cultivar. In triticale cultivar 6A 190, the aleurone and endosperm α-amylase activity remained low until approximately 20–25 days post-anthesis, at which point the activity increased to levels normally associated with sprouted grain. Light microscopic examination of the 6A 190 at 10 days post-anthesis showed that the starch in the inner portion of the pericarp was digested. At 22 days, all pericarp starch had disappeared. Specific lesions in the endosperm and aleurone cells were observed beyond 22 days. Areas of the endosperm where starch damage due to α-amylase could be seen were often associated with regions possessing necrotic tissue located between the aleurone and endosperm. In some areas, aleurone cells were completely absent.
YIELD PERFORMANCE OF EIGHT WHEAT CULTIVARS IN TWO- AND THREE-ROW PLOTS
Authors: PAUW R. M. De
Published: March 2010

Yield performance of eight wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) was compared in two-row plots with 38 cm between rows and in three-row plots with 19 cm between rows. The cultivar × row spacing interaction was nonsignificant in each of four tests. The range of cultivar yield from two-row plots as a percentage of the mean was similar to that for cultivar yield from three-row plots. Duncan’s multiple range test was applied to yield of cultivars grown in two-row and three-row plots. The grouping of cultivar yield from two-row plots was very similar to the grouping of cultivar yield from three-row plots. The standard error of a mean and coefficient of variation were consistently lower for three-row plots than for two-row plots. The relationship between yield performance of a line in two-row plots and three-row plots was positive, such that two-row plots would be suitable for early generation progeny yield tests with final evaluation in multiple-row plots.
EFFECTS OF SEEDING DATE, SEED TREATMENT AND FOLIAR SPRAYS ON YIELD AND OTHER AGRONOMIC CHARACTERS OF WHEAT, OATS AND BARLEY
Authors: NASS H. G. , JOHNSTON H. W. , MACLEOD J. A. , STERLING J. D. E.
Published: March 2010

Late seeding of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the spring resulted in large yield reductions, which involved decreased hectoliter weight, 1,000-kernel weight and grain protein yield, increased disease severity and delayed crop maturity. Seed treatment with Vitaflo increased the yield of Keystone barley by an average of 301 kg/ha for all seeding dates during the 2 yr of the study. The seed treatment also increased yield of Garry oats and Opal wheat and increased emergence of oats and barley seedlings. Seedling emergence of wheat was not affected. At several seeding dates, hectoliter weight, kernel weight and grain protein yield of the three crops were increased by seed treatment. Four to six spray applications of Manzate during the growing season increased the average yields of oats and barley at the last three seedings in 1973 by 390 and 554 kg/ha respectively. Spraying with Manzate also increased hectoliter weight and kernel weight, and reduced lodging for both crops. Early seeding appears to be the best way of minimizing the effects of cereal diseases in the Atlantic Region.