bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome-wide analysis of DNA G-quadruplex motifs across 37 species provides insights into G4 evolution
Authors: Wu Feng , Niu Kangkang , Cui Yong , Li Cencen , Lyu Mo , Ren Yandong , Chen Yanfei , Deng Huimin , Huang Lihua , Zheng Sichun , Liu Lin , Wang Jian , Song Qisheng , Xiang Hui , Feng Qili
Published: January 2021

G-quadruplex (G4) structures have been predicted in the genomes of many organisms and proven to play regulatory roles in diverse cellular activities. However, there is little information on the evolutionary history and distribution characteristics of G4s. Here, whole-genome characteristics of potential G4s were studied in 37 evolutionarily representative species. During evolution, the number, length, and density of G4s generally increased. Immunofluorescence in seven species confirmed G4s’ presence and evolutionary pattern. G4s tended to cluster in chromosomes and were enriched in genetic regions. Short-loop G4s were conserved in most species, while loop-length diversity also existed, especially in mammals. The proportion of G4-bearing genes and orthologue genes, which appeared to be increasingly enriched in transcription factors, gradually increased. The antagonistic relationship between G4s and DNA methylation sites was detected. These findings imply that organisms may have evolutionarily developed G4 into a novel reversible and elaborate transcriptional regulatory mechanism benefiting multiple physiological activities of higher organisms.
Nuclear Niño response observed in simulations of nuclear war scenarios
Authors: Coupe Joshua , Stevenson Samantha , Lovenduski Nicole S. , Rohr Tyler , Harrison Cheryl S. , Robock Alan , Olivarez Holly , Bardeen Charles G. , Toon Owen B.
Published: January 2021

The climate impacts of smoke from fires ignited by nuclear war would include global cooling and crop failure. Facing increased reliance on ocean-based food sources, it is critical to understand the physical and biological state of the post-war oceans. Here we use an Earth system model to simulate six nuclear war scenarios. We show that global cooling can generate a large, sustained response in the equatorial Pacific, resembling an El Niño but persisting for up to seven years. The El Niño following nuclear war, or Nuclear Niño, would be characterized by westerly trade wind anomalies and a shutdown of equatorial Pacific upwelling, caused primarily by cooling of the Maritime Continent and tropical Africa. Reduced incident sunlight and ocean circulation changes would cause a 40% reduction in equatorial Pacific phytoplankton productivity. These results indicate nuclear war could trigger extreme climate change and compromise food security beyond the impacts of crop failure.
Isolation of potential α-glucosidase inhibitor fromInonotus obliquusby combining ultrafiltration-liquid chromatography and consecutive high-speed countercurrent chromatography
Authors: Wang Yueqi , Guo Liping , Liu Chunming , Zhang Yuchi , Li Sainan
Published: January 2021

Inonotus obliquusis a rare medicinal fungus that contains several potential therapeutic ingredients.
Structural motifs and intramolecular interactions in non-canonical G-quadruplexes
Authors: Jana Jagannath , Mohr Swantje , Vianney Yoanes Maria , Weisz Klaus
Published: January 2021

G-rich nucleic acid sequences encompassing G-tracts of varying lengths can fold into different non-canonical G-quadruplexes with distinct structural features.
Nitrogen doped carbon spheres with wrinkled cages for the selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid
Authors: Zhu Jiaping , Yao Chaojian , Maity Ayan , Xu Jielai , Zhan Tong , Liu Weibing , Sun Mingtai , Wang Suhua , Polshettiwar Vivek , Tan Hua
Published: January 2021

Nitrogen doped carbon spheres with wrinkled cages exhibited high catalytic activity and selectivity in the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid using TBHP as the oxidant.
Electrochemically captured Zintl cluster-induced bismuthene for sodium-ion storage
Authors: Li Jiayang , Xu Laiqiang , Shuai Honglei , Deng Wentao , Chen Jun , Zou Kangyu , Zou Guoqiang , Hou Hongshuai , Ji Xiaobo
Published: January 2021

Bismuthene prepared through the oxidation of Zintl clusters by electrochemical cathodic corrosion shows excellent sodium storage performance.
The H2+ + HD reaction at low collision energies: H3+/H2D+ branching ratio and product-kinetic-energy distributions
Authors: Höveler Katharina , Deiglmayr Johannes , Agner Josef A. , Schmutz Hansjürg , Merkt Frédéric
Published: January 2021

The reactions between H2+ and HD forming H3+ + D as well as H2D+ + H were measured at collision energies between 0 and kB·30 K and a resolution of 75 mK and the H3+/H2D+ product branching ratio and the product kinetic-energy distribution were determined.
Families of asymmetrically functionalized germanene films as promising quantum spin Hall insulators
Authors: Shi Lawrence , Li Qiliang
Published: January 2021

Asymmetric functionalization and strain engineering of germanene are excellent methods to design new 2D TIs with large SOC band gaps.
Liquid dibromomethane under pressure: a computational study
Authors: Jasiok Bernadeta , Chorążewski Mirosław , Postnikov Eugene B. , Millot Claude
Published: January 2021

Thermophysical properties of liquid dibromomethane are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations between 268 and 328 K at pressures up to 3000 bar. Notably, the isotherms of the isobaric thermal expansivity cross around 800 bar.
Peroxy radical kinetics and new particle formation
Authors: Schervish Meredith , Donahue Neil M.
Published: January 2021

Chamber experiments may over emphasize peroxy radical cross reactions due to lower concentrations of reactants that directly convert OH into HO2.
Selective catalytic oxidation of diglycerol
Authors: Wang Huan , Vu Nam Duc , Chen Guo-Rong , Métay Estelle , Duguet Nicolas , Lemaire Marc
Published: January 2021

The selective catalytic oxidation of diglycerol using oxygen gives new biobased platform molecules named “diglycerose”.
Ordered surface crack patterns in situ formed under confinement on fluidic microchannel boundaries in polydimethylsiloxane
Authors: Bu Yang , Ni Sheng , Yobas Levent
Published: January 2021

Compression applied to microfluidic chips in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) results in ordered surface crack patterns on oxidized microchannel boundaries with patterns showing variations with fluidic layout as well as material compliance.
Cu(ii/i) redox couples: potential alternatives to traditional electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Srivishnu K. S. , Prasanthkumar Seelam , Giribabu Lingamallu
Published: January 2021

DSSCs have reached certified efficiency of 11.9% and device efficiency of 14.3% using I−/I3− or Co(ii/iii) redox shuttles. But, they have many constraints and Cu(i/ii) electrolytes are found to be best alternatives and the efficiency has crossed 30% under low light conditions, potential applications in Internet of things.
Controllable self-patterning behaviours of flexible self-assembling peptide nanofibers
Authors: Chen Yongzhu , Qiu Feng , Tang Chengkang , Xing Zhihua , Zhao Xiaojun
Published: January 2021

Extremely long flexible self-assembling peptide nanofibers can be manipulated to form various two-dimensional patterns.
Copper-fixed quat: a hybrid nanoparticle for application as a locally systemic pesticide (LSP) to manage bacterial spot disease of tomato
Authors: Ozcan Ali , Young Mikaeel , Lee Briana , Liao Ying-Yu , Da Silva Susannah , Godden Dylan , Colee James , Huang Ziyang , Mendis Hajeewaka C. , Campos Maria G. N. , Jones Jeffrey B. , Freeman Joshua H. , Paret Mathews L. , Tetard Laurene , Santra Swadeshmukul
Published: January 2021

A hybrid core–shell silica nanoparticle system integrating Cu nanoclusters and Quat combats resistance development of Xanthomonas perforans responsible for bacterial spot disease of tomatoes.
A single layer deposition of Li-doped mesoporous TiO2 beads for low-cost and efficient dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Golvari P. , Nouri E. , Mohsenzadegan N. , Mohammadi M. R. , Martinez-Chapa S. O.
Published: January 2021

Cost-effective DSCs with superior electronic properties are gained by a reduction in electronic trap states and outstanding light scattering and harvesting.
Synthesis and ethylene-promoted metathesis of adducts of tandem [4+2]/[4+2] cycloaddition between bis-furyl dienes and maleic acid derivatives
Authors: Kvyatkovskaya Elizaveta A. , Epifanova Polina P. , Nikitina Eugeniya V. , Senin Aleksey A. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Polyanskii Kirill B. , Zubkov Fedor I.
Published: January 2021

A series of 1,4:5,8-diepoxynaphthalenes, annellated with carbo- and heterocycles, was synthesized based on the tandem intermolecular/intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition of bis-furyl dienes with moderately to highly reactive cyclic dienophiles (maleic anhydride and maleinimides).
Enantiopure methoxetamine stereoisomers: chiral resolution, conformational analysis, UV-circular dichroism spectroscopy and electronic circular dichroism
Authors: Lee Kun Won , Hassan Ahmed H. E. , Jeong Youngdo , Yoon Seolmin , Kim Seung-Hwan , Lee Cheol Jung , Jeon Hye Rim , Chang Suk Woo , Kim Ji-Young , Jang Dae Sik , Kim Hee Jin , Cheong Jae Hoon , Lee Yong Sup
Published: January 2021

Enantioseparation and assignment of absolute configuration of methoxetamine (MXE) enantiopure stereoisomers; a promising novel antidepressant for management of treatment-resistant depression.
Periodic DFT insights into hydrogen storage of a B4CN3 nanosheet
Authors: Rahimi Rezvan , Solimannejad Mohammad
Published: January 2021

The B4CN3 monolayer is fulfilling both the conditions for utilizing it as a hydrogen storage material. First, favorable averaged adsorption energy per H2 molecule which is within the ideal range for faster adsorption/desorption kinetics and second, the H2 uptake capacity of B4CN3 monolayer is higher than the target set by DOE (5.5 wt% by 2020).
Disclosing biosynthetic connections and functions of atypical angucyclinones with a fragmented C-ring
Authors: Mikhaylov Andrey A. , Ikonnikova Viktoria A. , Solyev Pavel N.
Published: January 2021

The phenomenon of angucyclinones resulting from angucycline C-ring fragmentation is analyzed in terms of generality, biosynthetic origin and plausible function.
Design and synthesis of herboxidiene derivatives that potently inhibit in vitro splicing
Authors: Ghosh Arun K. , Allu Srinivasa Rao , Reddy Guddeti Chandrashekar , Lopez Adriana Gamboa , Mendez Patricia , Jurica Melissa S.
Published: January 2021

Enantioselective syntheses of C-6 modified derivatives of herboxidiene and their biological evaluation in splicing inhibitory assay.
Antibacterial plasticizers based on bio-based engineering elastomers for medical PVC: synthesis, characterization and properties
Authors: Xie Yao , Yu Bingran , Zhang Yaocheng , Wang Yue , Li Pengfei , Zhang Qinan , Duan Shun , Ding Xuejia , Xu Fu-Jian
Published: January 2021

Antibacterial plasticizers for medical PVC have been synthesized by the modification of bio-based engineering elastomers with a quaternary ammonium salt. PVC blended with such plasticizers showed good antibacterial properties and biocompatibility.
Dimethyl amino phenyl substituted silver phthalocyanine as a UV- and visible-light absorbing photoinitiator: in situ preparation of silver/polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Breloy Louise , Alcay Yusuf , Yilmaz Ismail , Breza Martin , Bourgon Julie , Brezová Vlasta , Yagci Yusuf , Versace Davy-Louis
Published: January 2021

Synthesis of a novel phthalocyanine for dual free-radical and cationic photopolymerizations and the in situ preparation of nanocomposites without using metal salts.
Novel strategy to prepare fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles based on aggregation-induced emission via precipitation polymerization for fluorescent lateral flow assay
Authors: Wang Guan , Yang Liming , Li Chunbin , Yu Hao , He Zhentao , Yang Chunyu , Sun Jiangman , Zhang Pengfei , Gu Xinggui , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: January 2021

A novel strategy to prepare fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles based on aggregation-induced emission via precipitation polymerization for fluorescent lateral flow assay.
A novel catalytic heme cofactor in SfmD with a single thioether bond and a bis-His ligand set revealed by a de novo crystal structural and spectroscopic study
Authors: Shin Inchul , Davis Ian , Nieves-Merced Karinel , Wang Yifan , McHardy Stanton , Liu Aimin
Published: January 2021

The de novo crystal structure of SfmD reveals a novel c-type heme cofactor for promoting a monooxygenation reaction in the biosynthetic pathway of saframycin A.
Correction: A lipid droplet targeted fluorescent probe for high-efficiency image-guided photodynamic therapy of renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Tan Ping , Zhuang Weihua , Li Shufen , Zhang Jiapeng , Xu Hang , Yang Lu , Liao Yanbiao , Chen Mao , Wei Qiang
Published: January 2021

Correction for ‘A lipid droplet targeted fluorescent probe for high-efficiency image-guided photodynamic therapy of renal cell carcinoma’ by Ping Tan et al., Chem. Commun., 2021, DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07336a.
Retraction: MicroRNA-135a alleviates lipid accumulation and inflammation of atherosclerosis through targeting lipoprotein lipase
Authors: Fisher Laura
Published: January 2021

Retraction of ‘MicroRNA-135a alleviates lipid accumulation and inflammation of atherosclerosis through targeting lipoprotein lipase’ by Juan Li et al., RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 28213–28221, DOI: 10.1039/C9RA05176G.
Spectroscopic observations of a flare-related coronal jet
Authors: Zhang Q. M. , Huang Z. H. , Hou Y. J. , Li D. , Ning Z. J. , Wu Z.
Published: January 2021

Context. Coronal jets are ubiquitous in active regions and coronal holes.

Aims. In this paper, we study a coronal jet related to a C3.4 circular-ribbon flare in the active region 12434 on 2015 October 16.

Methods. The flare and jet were observed in ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet wavelengths by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The line-of-sight magnetograms of the photosphere were observed by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board SDO. The whole event was covered by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph during its imaging and spectroscopic observations. Soft X-ray fluxes of the flare were recorded by the GOES spacecraft. Hard X-ray (HXR) fluxes at 4−50 keV were obtained from observations of RHESSI and Fermi. Radio dynamic spectra of the flare were recorded by the ground-based stations belonging to the e-Callisto network.

Results. Two minifilaments were located under a 3D fan-spine structure before flare. The flare was generated by the eruption of one filament. The kinetic evolution of the jet was divided into two phases: a slow rise phase at a speed of ∼131 km s−1 and a fast rise phase at a speed of ∼363 km s−1 in the plane-of-sky. The slow rise phase may correspond to the impulsive reconnection at the breakout current sheet. The fast rise phase may correspond to magnetic reconnection at the flare current sheet. The transition between the two phases occurred at ∼09:00:40 UT. The blueshifted Doppler velocities of the jet in the Si IV 1402.80 Å line range from −34 to −120 km s−1. The accelerated high-energy electrons are composed of three groups. Those propagating upward along the open field generate type III radio bursts, while those propagating downward produce HXR emissions and drive chromospheric condensation observed in the Si IV line. The electrons trapped in the rising filament generate a microwave burst lasting for ≤40 s. Bidirectional outflows at the base of jet are manifested by significant line broadenings of the Si IV line. The blueshifted Doppler velocities of outflows range from −13 to −101 km s−1. The redshifted Doppler velocities of outflows range from ∼17 to ∼170 km s−1.

Conclusions. Our multiwavelength observations of the flare-related jet are in favor of the breakout jet model and are important for understanding the acceleration and transport of nonthermal electrons.
Cyanogen, cyanoacetylene, and acetonitrile in comet 67P and their relation to the cyano radical
Authors: Hänni N. , Altwegg K. , Balsiger H. , Combi M. , Fuselier S. A. , De Keyser J. , Pestoni B. , Rubin M. , Wampfler S. F.
Published: January 2021

The cyano radical (CN) is one of the most frequently remotely observed species in space, and is also often observed in comets. Data for the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko collected by the high-resolution Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS) on board the Rosetta orbiter revealed an unexpected chemical complexity, and, recently, also more CN than expected from photodissociation of its most likely parent, hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Here, we derive abundances relative to HCN of three cometary nitriles (including structural isomers) from DFMS data. Mass spectrometry of complex mixtures does not always allow isolation of structural isomers, and therefore in our analysis we assume the most stable and abundant (in similar environments) structure, that is HCN for CHN, CH3CN for C2H3N, HC3N for C3HN, and NCCN for C2N2. For cyanoacetylene (HC3N) and acetonitrile (CH3CN), the complete mission time-line was evaluated, while cyanogen (NCCN) was often below the detection limit. By carefully selecting periods where cyanogen was above the detection limit, we were able to follow the abundance ratio between NCCN and HCN from 3.16 au inbound to 3.42 au outbound. These are the first measurements of NCCN in a comet. We find that neither NCCN nor either of the other two nitriles is sufficiently abundant to be a relevant alternative parent to CN.
Direct evidence for magnetic reconnection at the boundaries of magnetic switchbacks with Parker Solar Probe
Authors: Froment C. , Krasnoselskikh V. , Dudok de Wit T. , Agapitov O. , Fargette N. , Lavraud B. , Larosa A. , Kretzschmar M. , Jagarlamudi V. K. , Velli M. , Malaspina D. , Whittlesey P. L. , Bale S. D. , Case A. W. , Goetz K. , Kasper J. C. , Korreck K. E. , Larson D. E. , MacDowall R. J. , Mozer F. S. , Pulupa M. , Revillet C. , Stevens M. L.
Published: January 2021

Context.The first encounters of Parker Solar Probe (PSP) with the Sun revealed the presence of ubiquitous localised magnetic deflections in the inner heliosphere; these structures, often called switchbacks, are particularly striking in solar wind streams originating from coronal holes.

Aims.We report the direct piece of evidence for magnetic reconnection occurring at the boundaries of three switchbacks crossed by PSP at a distance of 45 to 48 solar radii to the Sun during its first encounter.

Methods.We analyse the magnetic field and plasma parameters from the FIELDS and Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons instruments.

Results.The three structures analysed all show typical signatures of magnetic reconnection. The ion velocity and magnetic field are first correlated and then anti-correlated at the inbound and outbound edges of the bifurcated current sheets with a central ion flow jet. Most of the reconnection events have a strong guide field and moderate magnetic shear, but one current sheet shows indications of quasi anti-parallel reconnection in conjunction with a magnetic field magnitude decrease by 90%.

Conclusions.Given the wealth of intense current sheets observed by PSP, reconnection at switchback boundaries appears to be rare. However, as the switchback boundaries accomodate currents, one can conjecture that the geometry of these boundaries offers favourable conditions for magnetic reconnection to occur. Such a mechanism would thus contribute in reconfiguring the magnetic field of the switchbacks, affecting the dynamics of the solar wind and eventually contributing to the blending of the structures with the regular wind as they propagate away from the Sun.
Impact quantitatif de sollicitations hydriques sur la microstructure d’un sol gonflant traité à la chaux
Authors: Cuisinier Olivier
Published: January 2021

L’objectif de cet article est de montrer comment l’analyse de la microstructure d’un sol gonflant peut contribuer à comprendre et expliquer certains traits de son comportement macroscopique. L’article s’appuie des études réalisées sur un sol gonflant traité à la chaux, ce traitement permettant de réduire le potentiel de gonflement et de diminuer la compressibilité du sol. Ces études avaient pour principal but de déterminer comment les caractéristiques hydromécaniques d’un sol gonflant traité pouvaient évoluer lorsque celui-ci est soumis à des sollicitations hydriques, monotones ou cycliques. Deux approches pour aborder la microstructure ont été employées et sont successivement abordées. La première s’appuie sur la porosimétrie par intrusion de mercure qui permet de quantifier directement les modifications de la microstructure du sol gonflant traité soumis à des cycles hydriques. Les résultats obtenus montrent notamment que bien que le gonflement macroscopique puisse être supprimé par traitement, la microstructure du sol subit des modifications significatives lorsque le sol est soumis à un séchage ou une humidification. La deuxième approche s’appuie sur une stratégie permettant de quantifier la structure d’un point de vue mécanique macroscopique en analysant les courbes de compressibilité. Les résultats montrent que les sollicitations hydriques cycliques altèrent de manière significative la performance mécanique du sol gonflant traité bien que le comportement volumique du sol traité soit élastique lorsque des cycles hydriques successifs lui sont imposés.
One-Shot Deprotonative Metalation/Transmetalation/Polymerization of Halothiophenes Catalyzed by Nickel Complex for Polythiophene Synthesis
Authors: Mori Atsunori , Yamamoto Sonoka , Shibuya Yushin , Suzuki Toyoko , Okano Kentaro , Horie Masaki
Published: January 2021

Effect of divalent metals was studied in the cross-coupling polymerization of thiophenes leading to head-to-tail-type poly-3-hexyl­thiophene. Deprotonation of the C–H bond at the 5-position of 2-halo-3-hexylthiophene by LDA followed by metal exchange was carried out in one pot and following addition of nickel catalyst underwent polymerization. One-shot reaction involving deprotonation/transmetalation/ cross coupling polymerization was also examined with manganese(II) chloride and nickel(II) catalyst.
Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation in Osteoporosis and Fragility Hip Fracture Patients: A Retrospective NHANES Study
Authors: Nigh Evan D. , Summers Spencer H. , Nguyen Duc M. , Conway Sheila A.
Published: January 2021

Adequate vitamin D and calcium supplementation therapy in osteoporosis reduces the risk of fragility fractures and correlates with improved mortality outcomes in postoperative fragility hip fracture patients. However, the prevalence of adequate supplementation in this population remains unclear. Our purpose was to describe supplement use among the adult population in United States who have been told they had osteoporosis and identify factors associated with adequate supplementation, particularly in patients with history of hip fracture. The study sample comprised a total of 15,968 respondents from the National Health and Examinations Survey (NHANES 2007–2010, 2013–2014); 1,065 self-reported a diagnosis of osteoporosis and 266 self-reported a history of hip fracture. Additional patient factors were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression to assess associated factors of adequate vitamin D (≥ 600 international unit [IU]/day) and calcium (≥ 1000 mg/day) supplementation. The prevalence of vitamin D and calcium supplementation was significantly higher in the osteoporosis group than without (p = 0.001). However, supplemental intake reached adequate levels (≥ 600 IU/day of vitamin D and ≥ 1000mg/day of calcium) in only 28.8% of individuals with osteoporosis for vitamin D, 51.6% for calcium, and 19.2% for both. Of individuals with additional history of hip fracture, only 14% reported adequate intake of both nutrients. Female sex (odds ratio [OR]: 2.35, p < 0.001), older age (OR: 1.02, p < 0.001), and Caucasian race (OR: 1.456, p = 0.004) were positive factors of adequate supplementation, while Hispanic ethnicity was a negative factor (OR: 0.658, p = 0.009). Unexpectedly, a history of hip fracture did not affect the odds of adequate treatment (OR: 0.685, p = 0.176). Adults with known osteoporosis in the United States are self-reporting inadequate supplementation therapy, and significant gender and racial disparities exist. There is a broad need for improved supplementation to help manage this disease, particularly among adults with prior hip fracture, a vulnerable population most relevant for orthopaedic surgeons. This study serves as a call-to-action for orthopaedic surgeons to ensure their fragility hip fracture patients receive adequate supplementation postoperatively to maximize their health and recovery. This was a Level III, retrospective cohort study.
Effect of Adhatoda zeylanica Ethanolic Extract on Attenuated Kidney in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: D’souza Prima Swetha , Holla Rajendra , Swamy Gangadhara
Published: January 2021

Objective The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of Adhatoda zeylanica (EAZ) leaves on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) and its renal complications in male Wistar albino rats.

Materials and Methods Adult male Wistar albino rats were randomly selected from a colony, divided into four groups, namely, A, B, C, and D, with each having six rats (n = 6) and each weighing between 200 and 250 g. Group A served as control and received only water per oral (p.o.). Group B, C, and D animals received a single dose of STZ at 45 mg/kg body weight (kbw) intraperitoneal administration (i.p.) on day 1 and observed for fasting blood glucose (FBG) to induce DM for next 72 hours. After the DM was induced, group B served as DM control, group C received the standard drug glibenclamide (GL) at 5 mg/kbw p.o. once daily, and group D received EAZ of 500 mg/kbw p.o. once daily for 35 days. After the observation period, the animals were euthanized, serum creatinine and blood urea, antioxidants in the kidney tissue homogenate, and histopathological studies were assessed to know the ameliorative effect of the test drugs.

Results Renal parameters, such as serum creatinine, blood urea, antioxidants activities, in group D were nearer to the control when compared with groups B and C. Histopathological studies revealed that there was minimal renal damage in group D when compared with groups B and C.

Conclusion Administration of ethanolic EAZ showed significant ameliorative effects on the FBG, biochemical, oxidative, and histopathological parameters on kidney tissues treated with STZ to induce DM.
The challenges of rural family physician program in Iran: a discourse analysis of the introduction to criticizing power imbalance between rural health and mainstream urban health
Authors: Tamasizadeh Navekh Ghasem , Khosrobeigi Bozchalouie Reza , Hamidian Alireza
Published: January 2021

Compared with many metropolitan residents, Iranians living in rural areas have a poorer health status partly due to the inequitable access to healthcare services. However, despite policy efforts to ameliorate the disparities, the gap in healthcare between rural and urban residents is growing wider according to several published studies. Among the fundamental causes of these disparities, dominant discourses play a critical role. This paper seeks to unpack the relations of power operated by socio-politically constructed discourses around rural health-promoting interventions, including rural Family Physician Program (FPP). We adopted a Foucauldian Discourse Analysis (FDA) to examine how well-intentioned efforts to advance equity policy may unintentionally maintain discourse and practices that reinforce inequity. We followed the analytic steps, outlined by Carabine, for distinguishing discourses in order to select and analyze 25 documents, 31 interviews, and 21 observations. The analysis revealed three interconnected discourses with supporting roles constructed in opposition to the putative role of the designed program: the rural FPP to achieve the government’s ideological purposes about justice and equality (the discourse of deficits), the rural FPP to align with the urban-oriented medical curriculum (the discourse of career disadvantages) and the rural FPP to represent discipline perceptions about rural communities (the discourse of rural inferiority). These oppositional role constructions can hinder the proper functioning of this policy, usually in favor of urban claims on rural space.
Optimizing a laser plasma-based X-ray source to study warm dense matter
Authors: Kim Meeri
Published: January 2021

The photorecombination continuum emission of solid-density plasma can create a featureless spectral continuum with high intensity.
Evidence of E × B staircase in HL-2A L-mode tokamak discharges
Authors: Liu Wenbin , Chen Yihang , Ke Rui , McKee George , Yan Zheng , Fang Kairui , Yang Zengchen , Gao Zhe , Tan Yi , Tynan George R.
Published: January 2021

Theory and simulation suggest the existence of an E ×B staircase in the plasma core consisting of a series of nested m/n = 0/0 E×B shear layers that regulate turbulent transport across the layers together with mesoscale transport events occurring between them. Here, we show evidence for these phenomena in HL-2A L-mode discharges. Both high resolution electron cyclotron emission Te profiles and frequency modulated continuous wave reflectometer ne profiles show multiple gradient corrugations. The analysis of simultaneous poloidally and radially separated beam emission spectroscopy turbulent density fluctuation measurements over most of the minor radius of the plasma provides the evidence of eddy tilting and propagation direction reversals largely coincident with the profile corrugations, with long-range transport events occurring between these locations. The results provide significant additional evidence for the existence of an E × B staircase that influences particle and heat transport in L-mode discharges.
A new one-site coarse-grained model for water: Bottom-up many-body projected water (BUMPer). I. General theory and model
Authors: Jin Jaehyeok , Han Yining , Pak Alexander J. , Voth Gregory A.
Published: January 2021

Water is undoubtedly one of the most important molecules for a variety of chemical and physical systems, and constructing precise yet effective coarse-grained (CG) water models has been a high priority for computer simulations. To recapitulate important local correlations in the CG water model, explicit higher-order interactions are often included. However, the advantages of coarse-graining may then be offset by the larger computational cost in the model parameterization and simulation execution. To leverage both the computational efficiency of the CG simulation and the inclusion of higher-order interactions, we propose a new statistical mechanical theory that effectively projects many-body interactions onto pairwise basis sets. The many-body projection theory presented in this work shares similar physics from liquid state theory, providing an efficient approach to account for higher-order interactions within the reduced model. We apply this theory to project the widely used Stillinger–Weber three-body interaction onto a pairwise (two-body) interaction for water. Based on the projected interaction with the correct long-range behavior, we denote the new CG water model as the Bottom-Up Many-Body Projected Water (BUMPer) model, where the resultant CG interaction corresponds to a prior model, the iteratively force-matched model. Unlike other pairwise CG models, BUMPer provides high-fidelity recapitulation of pair correlation functions and three-body distributions, as well as N-body correlation functions. BUMPer extensively improves upon the existing bottom-up CG water models by extending the accuracy and applicability of such models while maintaining a reduced computational cost.
A new one-site coarse-grained model for water: Bottom-up many-body projected water (BUMPer). II. Temperature transferability and structural properties at low temperature
Authors: Jin Jaehyeok , Pak Alexander J. , Han Yining , Voth Gregory A.
Published: January 2021

A number of studies have constructed coarse-grained (CG) models of water to understand its anomalous properties. Most of these properties emerge at low temperatures, and an accurate CG model needs to be applicable to these low-temperature ranges. However, direct use of CG models parameterized from other temperatures, e.g., room temperature, encounters a problem known as transferability, as the CG potential essentially follows the form of the many-body CG free energy function. Therefore, temperature-dependent changes to CG interactions must be accounted for. The collective behavior of water at low temperature is generally a many-body process, which often motivates the use of expensive many-body terms in the CG interactions. To surmount the aforementioned problems, we apply the Bottom-Up Many-Body Projected Water (BUMPer) CG model constructed from Paper I to study the low-temperature behavior of water. We report for the first time that the embedded three-body interaction enables BUMPer, despite its pairwise form, to capture the growth of ice at the ice/water interface with corroborating many-body correlations during the crystal growth. Furthermore, we propose temperature transferable BUMPer models that are indirectly constructed from the free energy decomposition scheme. Changes in CG interactions and corresponding structures are faithfully recapitulated by this framework. We further extend BUMPer to examine its ability to predict the structure, density, and diffusion anomalies by employing an alternative analysis based on structural correlations and pairwise potential forms to predict such anomalies. The presented analysis highlights the existence of these anomalies in the low-temperature regime and overcomes potential transferability problems.
Existence and concentration behavior of solutions to Kirchhoff type equation with steep potential well and critical growth
Authors: Zhang Jian , Lou Zhenluo
Published: January 2021

We consider the Kirchhoff type equation with steep potential well and critical growth. By developing some techniques in variational methods, we obtain existence, multiplicity, and concentration behavior of positive solutions under suitable conditions.
A novel photomultiplier tube neutron time-of-flight detector
Authors: Glebov V. Yu. , Stoeckl C. , Forrest C. J. , Knauer J. P. , Mannion O. M. , Romanofsky M. H. , Sangster T. C. , Regan S. P.
Published: January 2021

A traditional neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) detector used in inertial confinement fusion consists of a scintillator coupled with a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The instrument response function (IRF) of such a detector is dominated by the scintillator-light decay. In DT implosions with neutron yield larger than 1013, a novel detector consisting of a microchannel-plate (MCP) photomultiplier tube in a housing without a scintillator (PMT nTOF) can be used to measure DT yield, ion temperature, and neutron velocity. Most of the neutron signals in PMT nTOF detectors are produced from neutron interaction with a PMT window. The direct interaction of neutrons with the MCP provides negligible contribution. The elimination of the scintillator removes the scintillator decay from the instrument response function and makes the IRF of the PMT nTOF detector faster, which makes the ion temperature and neutron velocity measurements more accurate. Three PMT nTOF detectors were deployed in the OMEGA laser system for the first time to diagnose inertial confinement fusion plasma. The design details, characteristics, and calibration results of these detectors in DT implosions on OMEGA are presented. Recommendations on the use of different PMTs for specific applications are provided.
Comment on “The staged z-pinch as a potential fusion energy source” [Phys. Plasmas 27, 042709 (2020)]
Authors: Lindemuth Irvin R.
Published: January 2021

Analysis is presented that shows that the recent paper by Ruskov et al. [Phys. Plasmas 27, 042709, (2020)] has a number of errors. In particular, it is shown that the Mach2 code, as used in the paper, behaves in a number of nonphysical ways.
Initial competing chemical pathways during floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition carbon nanotube growth
Authors: McLean Ben , Kauppinen Esko I. , Page Alister J.
Published: January 2021

Ferrocene (Fc) is an effective precursor for the direct synthesis of high quality single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) via floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD). However, the formation mechanism of the Fe floating catalyst and the SWNCT growth precursors, such as carbon chains, during Fc decomposition are not well understood. Here, we report first principles nonequilibrium quantum chemical molecular dynamics simulations that investigate the decomposition of Fc during FCCVD. We examine the influence of additional growth precursors including ethylene, methane, CO, and CO2 on the Fc decomposition mechanism and show that the dissociation of these species into C2Hx radicals and C atoms provides the key growth agents for the nucleation of carbon chains from Fc-derived species such as cyclopentadienyl rings. Without an additional growth precursor, Fc decomposes via the spontaneous cleavage of Fe–C and C–H bonds, thereby enabling Fe atoms to cluster and form the floating catalyst. On the basis of these simulations, we detail the two competing chemical pathways present during the initial stages of FCCVD: Fe catalyst nanoparticle growth and carbon chain growth. The latter is accelerated in the presence of the additional growth precursors, with the identity of the precursor determining the nature of the balance between these competing pathways.
Gamma-ray induced photo emission from GaN single crystal wafer
Authors: Nakamura Toshihiro , Nishimura Tomoaki , Kuriyama Kazuo , Nakamura Tohru , Kinomura Atsushi
Published: January 2021

Gamma-ray-induced photoemissions from GaN are investigated for as-grown and gamma-ray-irradiated single crystal wafers at room temperature. The GaN crystals are irradiated with gamma rays of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV from a cobalt-60 source. The gamma-ray-induced photoemission is analyzed by a spectroscope using the optical fiber cable placed in front of GaN. In the gamma-ray-induced photoemission from as-grown GaN wafers, the yellow luminescence (YL) is observed with a peak at around 600 nm in the spectrum around 440 nm–900 nm. The main YL peak is attributed to the Ga vacancy. The emission intensity increases almost in proportion to the wafer thickness when the thickness of the single crystal wafer increases from 0.25 mm to 0.75 mm due to the strong penetration of gamma rays in the crystal. In He–Cd laser excitation, the emission intensity does not depend on the thickness of the sample because the penetration of He–Cd laser light is near the surface. On the other hand, a gamma-ray-induced photoemission from GaN irradiated with a total gamma-ray dose of 990 kGy is observed with a peak at around 700 nm in the spectrum around 450 nm to 850 nm. The energy of the emission peak is close to the transition energy (1.83 eV) from the +1 state to the +2 state of the Ga interstitial. The gamma-ray-induced photoemission from GaN at room temperature suggests the possibility of GaN single crystal wafers to be used as a gamma-ray detector.
Investigation of active species in low-pressure capacitively coupled N2/Ar plasmas
Authors: Liang Ying-Shuang , Xue Chan , Zhang Yu-Ru , Wang You-Nian
Published: January 2021

In this paper, a self-consistent fluid model is developed focusing on the plasma parameters in capacitively coupled 20% N2–80% Ar discharges. Measurements of ion density are performed with the help of a floating double probe, and the emission intensities from Ar(4p) and N2(B) transitions are detected by an optical emission spectroscopy to estimate their relative densities. The consistency between the numerical and experimental results confirms the reliability of the simulation. Then the plasma characteristics, specifically the reaction mechanisms of active species, are analyzed under various voltages. The increasing voltage leads to a monotonous increase in species density, whereas a less homogeneous radial distribution is observed at a higher voltage. Due to the high concentration of Ar gas, Ar+ becomes the main ion, followed by the N2+ ion. Besides the electron impact ionization of neutrals, the charge transfer processes of Ar+/N2 and N2+/Ar are found to have an impact on the ionic species. The results indicate that adopting the lower charge transfer reaction rate coefficients weakens the Ar+ ion density and yields a higher N2+ ion density. However, the effect on the species spatial distributions and other species densities is limited. As for the excited-state species, the electron impact excitation of background gases remains overwhelming in the formation of Ar(4p), N2(B), and N2(a′), whereas the N2(A) molecules are mainly formed by the decay of N2(B). In addition, the dissociation of N2 collided by excited-state Ar atoms dominates the N generation, which are mostly depleted to produce N+ ions.
Simultaneous thermometry and magnetometry using a fiber-coupled quantum diamond sensor
Authors: Hatano Yuji , Shin Jaewon , Nishitani Daisuke , Iwatsuka Haruki , Masuyama Yuta , Sugiyama Hiroki , Ishii Makoto , Onoda Shinobu , Ohshima Takeshi , Arai Keigo , Iwasaki Takayuki , Hatano Mutsuko
Published: January 2021

Energy conservation and battery life extension are key challenges for the next-generation hybrid electric vehicles. In particular, the temperature and electric currents in a storage battery need to be monitored simultaneously with ∼1 kHz signal bandwidth for optimum battery usage. Here we introduce a centimeter-scale portable quantum sensor head, consisting of a diamond substrate hosting an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers with a density of ∼3 × 1017 cm−3. One diamond surface is attached to a multi-mode fiber for simultaneous optical excitation and readout of the NV centers, while the other diamond surface is attached to a coplanar microwave guide for NV spin ground-state mixing. Signal bandwidth of 1 kHz was realized through time-domain multiplexing of the two-tone microwave frequency modulation at 20 kHz. Two microwave frequencies were locked to the two resonance points that were determined from the optically detected magnetic resonance spectrum. From the mean and the difference of the deviation from the two locked frequencies, the temperature and magnetic field were obtained simultaneously and independently, with sensitivities of 3.5 nT/Hz1/2 and 1.3 mK/Hz1/2, respectively. We also showed that our sensor reached a minimum detectable magnetic field of 5 pT by accumulating signals for over 10 000 s.
Magnetic and geometric effects on the electronic transport of metallic nanotubes
Authors: Serafim Felipe , Santos F. A. N. , Lima Jonas R. F. , Fumeron Sébastien , Berche Bertrand , Moraes Fernando
Published: January 2021

The investigation of curved low-dimensional systems is a topic of great research interest. Such investigations include two-dimensional systems with cylindrical symmetry. In this work, we present a numerical study of the electronic transport properties of metallic nanotubes deviating from the cylindrical form either by having a bump or a depression, and under the influence of a magnetic field. Under these circumstances, it is found that the nanotube may be used as an energy high-pass filter for electrons. It is also shown that the device can be used to tune the angular momentum of transmitted electrons.
Electron density measurement via dual-angle Thomson scattering diagnosis
Authors: Tan Wei-qiang , Liu Yao-yuan , Li Xin-yan , Yuan Peng , Zhao Hang , Li Zhi-chao , Zheng Jian
Published: January 2021

In this article, we present experiments measuring the electron density of a blown-off aluminum plasma created by a 2ω (532 nm) laser using dual-angle Thomson scattering diagnosis. By fitting two ion-acoustic-wave feature spectra collected from two angles simultaneously, in a typical shot, the electron density obtained 400 μm in front of the target as given by Thomson scattering diagnosis was (5.9±0.6)×1018cm−3, which is 35% higher than the average result of (4.4±0.7)×1018cm−3 as measured by digital holography diagnosis. The distribution of the electron density along the laser axis from 400 μm to 700 μm as given by dual-angle Thomson scattering was broadly consistent with that obtained from digital holography diagnosis. At a location of 250 μm in front of the target, a unique set of plasma parameters cannot be obtained by dual-angle Thomson scattering diagnosis. This may be a result of the steep density gradient visible in the hologram in this region. Dual-angle Thomson scattering diagnosis can provide a good estimation of the electron density in plasma parameter regimes similar to those in these experiments, in which the scattering parameter α<2. This technique may be useful for small laser facilities that cannot afford a second probe laser with a different wavelength and for measuring electron density with 4ω Thomson scattering on large laser facilities. This article presents several factors that need to be considered when employing this method.
Current-induced phase transition of moving vortices in untwinned YBa2Cu3O7−δ single crystals
Authors: Naito Tomoyuki , Nishizaki Terukazu , Kobayashi Norio
Published: January 2021

To study the phase transition of vortices induced by current flow, the electrical resistivity and the voltage–current characteristic have been measured on untwinned YBa2Cu3O7−δ single crystals in a magnetic field parallel to the c axis. Near a first-order melting transition (FOMT) line, the well-known counterclockwise hysteresis of resistivity drop disappears completely above a certain current density while a novel clockwise hysteresis appears just below this resistivity drop. Moreover, the voltage–current characteristic does not show any Ohmic behavior as the current increases near the FOMT line. The obtained results are explained by the current-induced melting of the vortex lattice or smectic similar to an increase in the temperature or the magnetic field.
A scaled explicitly correlated F12 correction to second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory
Authors: Urban L. , Thompson T. H. , Ochsenfeld C.
Published: January 2021

An empirically scaled version of the explicitly correlated F12 correction to second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2-F12) is introduced. The scaling eliminates the need for many of the most costly terms of the F12 correction while reproducing the unscaled explicitly correlated F12 interaction energy correction to a high degree of accuracy. The method requires a single, basis set dependent scaling factor that is determined by fitting to a set of test molecules. We present factors for the cc-pVXZ-F12 (X = D, T, Q) basis set family obtained by minimizing interaction energies of the S66 set of small- to medium-sized molecular complexes and show that our new method can be applied to accurately describe a wide range of systems. Remarkably good explicitly correlated corrections to the interaction energy are obtained for the S22 and L7 test sets, with mean percentage errors for the double-zeta basis of 0.60% for the F12 correction to the interaction energy, 0.05% for the total electron correlation interaction energy, and 0.03% for the total interaction energy, respectively. Additionally, mean interaction energy errors introduced by our new approach are below 0.01 kcal mol−1 for each test set and are thus negligible for second-order perturbation theory based methods. The efficiency of the new method compared to the unscaled F12 correction is shown for all considered systems, with distinct speedups for medium- to large-sized structures.