bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of pulse oximeter in hemodynamic assessment
Authors: Pereira Luciana Mendonça , Max Priscilla , Da Silva Renata Flávia Abreu
Published: November 2014

Objetivos: Identificar e Analisar a produção científica sobre o oximetro de pulso com pletismografo para avaliação hemodinâmica da perfusão. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura  desenvolvida entre os períodos de janeiro a fevereiro de 2012 nos sites da Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde. foram estipulados os artigos dos últimos 11 anos (2000-2011). RESULTADOS: Após leitura de seus títulos, foram selecionados 24 artigos para leitura dos resumos. Sendo excluídos 17 artigos por não abordarem a temática, restando 7 artigos na seleção final. CONCLUSÃO: Os cuidados de enfermagem e de toda equipe multprofissional ao paciente em uso do oximetro de pulso com pletismógrafo poderá associar parâmetros não invasivos na avaliação hemodinâmica da perfusão, utilizando tecnologia existente no oximetro de pulso já utilizado na prática clínica.
Profile of organ donors in a public hospital in western Santa Catarina
Authors: Silva Olvani Martins , Muniz Thais , Ascari Rosana Amora , Kolhs Marta , Kessler Marciane , Ferraboli Silvia
Published: November 2014

Objetivo: Conhecer o perfil epidemiológico dos doadores de órgãos e tecidos humanos de um hospital público do Oeste de Santa Catarina. Métodos: Análise documental descritiva, retrospectiva, sendo a amostra constituída por prontuários de pacientes que efetivaram doação de órgãos no período de 2005 a 2010, e que se encaixaram nos critérios de efetivação da doação. Utilizou-se um instrumento semi-estruturado para coletados dados. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram predominância de doadores do sexo masculino com 68%; na faixa etária de 20 à 30 anos (54%); grau de instrução 48% possuíam ensino fundamental incompleto; religião, 73% eram católicos; o diagnóstico 52% de trauma crânio encefálico; os órgãos mais doados foram fígado e rim, ambos com 52%; coração com 42%. Conclusão: A maioria dos doadores constitui-se do sexo masculino, adulto jovem, baixa escolaridade, sendo a causa a principal de morte o traumatismo crânio encefálico (TCE). Descritores: Perfil de saúde, Doadores de tecidos, Saúde publica.
Cost of hematopoietic stem cell’s allogeneic transplantation: an integrative review
Authors: Barbosa Solange dos Santos Moragas , Peregrino Antônio Augusto de Freitas , Tolentino Ana Clara de Melo Souza , Machado Daniel Aragão , Schutz Vivian
Published: November 2014

OBJETIVO: Identificar o que se tem sido produzido sobre análise de custos do transplante alogênico de células tronco Hematopoéticas; MÉTODO: Consta de uma revisão integrativa, onde se fez a busca de estudos sobre análise de custos em transplante alogênico; RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 265 artigos que após aplicação dos fatores de inclusão e exclusão foram selecionados 13 artigos, sendo doze de língua inglesa e dois de língua portuguesa. Onze destes artigos fizeram análise parcial de custos, um estudo fez revisão sistemática sobre custo-efetividade, um fez avaliação econômica de custo-efetividade e um estudo fez avaliação de custo sobre cobertura para curativo de cateter no transplante. CONCLUSÃO: Existe uma lacuna na área de estudos de avaliação econômica e o Enfermeiro deveria ocupar este espaço, como gerenciador não só do cuidado, mas também de custos.
Density, temperature, and composition of the North American lithosphere—New insights from a joint analysis of seismic, gravity, and mineral physics data: 1. Density structure of the crust and upper mantle
Authors: Kaban Mikhail K. , Tesauro Magdala , Mooney Walter D. , Cloetingh Sierd A. P. L.
Published: November 2014

We introduce a new method to construct integrated 3‐D models of density, temperature, and compositional variations of the crust and upper mantle based on a combined analysis of gravity, seismic, and tomography data with mineral physics constraints. The new technique is applied to North America. In the first stage, we remove the effect of the crust from the observed gravity field and topography, using a new crustal model (NACr2014). In the second step, the residual mantle gravity field and residual topography are inverted to obtain a 3‐D density model of the upper mantle. The inversion technique accounts for the notion that these fields are controlled by the same factors but in a different way, e.g., depending on depth and horizontal dimension. This enables us to locate the position of principal density anomalies in the upper mantle. Afterward, we estimate the thermal contribution to the density structure by inverting two tomography models for temperature (NA07 and SL2013sv), assuming a laterally and vertically uniform “fertile” mantle composition. Both models show the cold internal part and the hot western margin of the continent, while in some Proterozoic regions (e.g., Grenville province) NA07 at a depth of 100 km is >200°C colder than SL2013sv. After removing this effect from the total mantle anomalies, the residual “compositional” fields are obtained. Some features of the composition density distribution, which are invisible in the seismic tomography data, are detected for the first time in the upper mantle. These results serve as a basis for the second part of the study, in which we improve the thermal and compositional models by applying an iterative approach to account for the effect of composition on the thermal model.
Towards a Science of Interrogation
Authors: Brandon Susan E.
Published: November 2014

A 2006 report sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense claimed there had been almost no behavioral science research on interrogation since the 1950s. As demonstrated in this Special Edition, we have made considerable progress towards developing science‐based, ethical interrogation methods. Challenges for the future include assessing these methods in the field. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collaboration Between Practice and Science Will Enhance Interrogations
Authors: Fallon Mark
Published: November 2014

The lack of evidence‐based research on interrogations has contributed to a murky climate, with proponents of torture cherry‐picking information to support their dubious claims, and it was within that void of knowledge that the United States engaged in conduct that President Obama recently admitted was torture. The research discussed in this issue helps fill the information void and will allow for informed decision making in the interest of the public safety. It will have a direct impact on how interrogators operate and could lead to a cadre of more capable interrogation professionals who are able to artfully apply the science. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors Associated With Hallux Valgus in a Community‐Based Cross‐Sectional Study of Adults With and Without Osteoarthritis
Authors: Golightly Yvonne M. , Hannan Marian T. , Dufour Alyssa B. , Renner Jordan B. , Jordan Joanne M.
Published: November 2014

Objective

To determine whether hallux valgus (HV) was associated with potential risk factors, including foot pain in a large, biracial cohort of older men and women.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of cohort members of the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project, of whom 1,502 had complete clinical and demographic data available (mean age 68 years, mean body mass index [BMI] 31.3 kg/m2, 68% women, and 30% African American). The presence of HV was assessed visually using a validated examination. Multivariate logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations for the total sample and for each sex and race subgroup were used to examine the effect of age, BMI, foot pain, pes planus, and knee or hip radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) on HV.

Results

HV was present in 64% of the total sample (69% for African American men, 70% for African American women, 54% for white men, and 65% for white women). The association between HV and foot pain was elevated but not statistically significant (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.21, 95% confidence interval 0.99–1.47). Women, African Americans, older individuals, and those with pes planus or knee/hip OA had significantly higher odds of HV (aOR 1.17–1.48). Participants with higher BMI had lower odds of HV compared to those with normal BMI (aOR 0.54–0.72). Overall, patterns of associations were similar across subgroups.

Conclusion

HV was associated with female sex, African American race, older age, pes planus, and knee/hip OA, and inversely associated with higher BMI. Early prevention and intervention approaches may be needed in high‐risk groups; longitudinal studies would inform these approaches.
Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Coronary Artery Calcification in Adults With Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis: A Danish Multicenter Study
Authors: Diederichsen Louise P. , Diederichsen Axel C. P. , Simonsen Jane A. , Junker Peter , Søndergaard Klaus , Lundberg Ingrid E. , Tvede Niels , Gerke Oke , Christensen Anne F. , Dreyer Lene , Petersen Henrik , Ejstrup Leif , Kay Susan D. , Jacobsen Søren
Published: November 2014

Objective

To determine the occurrence of traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in adults with polymyositis (PM) or dermatomyositis (DM) compared to healthy controls and to assess the association between CV risk factors, PM/DM, and CAC score.

Methods

Traditional CV risk factors were assessed in a cross‐sectional, observational study of 76 patients with PM/DM and in 48 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy controls. CAC was quantified by means of cardiac computed tomography scan and expressed in Agatston units. The associations between CV risk factors, PM/DM, and CAC were studied by multivariate analyses.

Results

Thirty‐three percent of the patients were obese compared to 11% of the controls (P = 0.005). Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were more frequent in patients (71% versus 42%; P = 0.002, and 13% versus 0%; P = 0.007), and patients had higher levels of triglycerides (P = 0.0009). High CAC score occurred more frequently in patients (20% versus 4%; P = 0.04). In multivariate analysis of patient factors associated with CAC were age (P = 0.02) and smoking (P = 0.02).

Conclusion

In this study, traditional CV risk factors and severe CAC were commonly found in patients with PM/DM. However, severe CAC was not associated with PM/DM per se, but rather with age and smoking in these patients.
Capture and Concentration of Light to a Spot in Plastic Lightguides by Circular Luminophore Arrangements
Authors: Bruijnaers Bardo J. , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Debije Michael G.
Published: November 2014

In this work, it is demonstrated how organic dichroic fluorescent dye molecules embedded in a polymerizable liquid crystal host can be aligned in circular patterns so that sunlight is captured by the fluorophores and the emissions of the dye molecules are all directed primarily towards either a small spot along the edge or towards the center of the plastic lightguide for maximal concentration. By attaching a photovoltaic cell to this spot, the concentrated light can be converted into electricity.
Revisiting Cytochrome P450‐Mediated Oxyfunctionalization of Linear and Cyclic Alkanes
Authors: Pennec Alizé , Jacobs Cheri L. , Opperman Diederik J. , Smit Martha S.
Published: November 2014

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) of the CYP153 family catalyse terminal hydroxylation of n‐alkanes. Alkane hydroxylating mutants of self‐sufficient CYP102A1 have also been described. We evaluated two CYP153s (a three‐component system and a fused self‐sufficient CYP), wild‐type CYP102A1 and nine CYP102A1 mutants, for the conversion of three cycloalkanes (C6, C7 and C8) and three n‐alkanes (C6, C8 and C10) using whole cells (WCs) and crude cell‐free extracts (CFEs). The aim was to identify substrate–enzyme combinations that give high product titres and space‐time yields (STYs). Comparisons were made using total turnover numbers (TTNs) and turnover frequencies (TOFs) to normalize for CYP expression. Reactions were carried out using high enzyme and substrate concentrations compatible with high STYs. Under these conditions CYP102A1 and the double R47L,Y51F mutant, although not regioselective, performed better on all substrates in terms of product titres over 8 h, and thus STYs and TTNs, than heavily mutated variants that have been reported to give very high TOFs. CYP153A6, with its ferredoxin (Fdx) and ferredoxin reductase (FdR), emerged as the superior catalyst for conversion of n‐alkanes. In addition to its excellent regioselectivity it also gave the highest final product titres and STYs in WC conversions of hexane and octane. Interaction with FdR and Fdx initially limited performance in CFEs, but with additional FdR and Fdx gave 1‐octanol titres of 50 mmol⋅LBRM−1 and TTNs exceeding 12,000 over 18 h, rivalling results reported with self‐sufficient CYPs. Selecting biocatalysts for application requires caution, since experimental conditions such as amount of substrate added and solubility as well as cofactor dependence and regeneration can have a profound effect on catalyst performance, while stability and efficiency with regard to cofactor usage (coupling efficiency) are at least as important as TOFs when high product titres and STYs are the target.

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Latest achievements in generalized Lorenz‐Mie theories: A commented reference database
Authors: Gouesbet G.
Published: November 2014

Generalized Lorenz‐Mie theories form a set of analytical approaches dealing with the interaction between electromagnetic arbitrary shaped beams and a class of particles possessing enough symmetries to allow one to use the method of separation of variables. This paper provides a commented reference database concerning generalized Lorenz‐Mie theories for the period 2009‐2013.
Profiling of Ribose Methylations in RNA by High‐Throughput Sequencing
Authors: Birkedal Ulf , Christensen‐Dalsgaard Mikkel , Krogh Nicolai , Sabarinathan Radhakrishnan , Gorodkin Jan , Nielsen Henrik
Published: November 2014

Ribose methylations are the most abundant chemical modifications of ribosomal RNA and are critical for ribosome assembly and fidelity of translation. Many aspects of ribose methylations have been difficult to study due to lack of efficient mapping methods. Here, we present a sequencing‐based method (RiboMeth‐seq) and its application to yeast ribosomes, presently the best‐studied eukaryotic model system. We demonstrate detection of the known as well as new modifications, reveal partial modifications and unexpected communication between modification events, and determine the order of modification at several sites during ribosome biogenesis. Surprisingly, the method also provides information on a subset of other modifications. Hence, RiboMeth‐seq enables a detailed evaluation of the importance of RNA modifications in the cells most sophisticated molecular machine. RiboMeth‐seq can be adapted to other RNA classes, for example, mRNA, to reveal new biology involving RNA modifications.
Endohedral and Exohedral Metalloborospherenes: M@B40 (M=Ca, Sr) and M&B40 (M=Be, Mg)
Authors: Bai Hui , Chen Qiang , Zhai Hua‐Jin , Li Si‐Dian
Published: November 2014

The recent discovery of the all‐boron fullerenes or borospherenes, D2d B40−/0, paves the way for borospherene chemistry. Here we report a density functional theory study on the viability of metalloborospherenes: endohedral M@B40 (M=Ca, Sr) and exohedral M&B40 (M=Be, Mg). Extensive global structural searches indicate that Ca@B40 (1, C2v, 1A1) and Sr@B40 (3, D2d, 1A1) possess almost perfect endohedral borospherene structures with a metal atom at the center, while Be&B40 (5, Cs, 1A′) and Mg&B40 (7, Cs, 1A′) favor exohedral borospherene geometries with a η7‐M atom face‐capping a heptagon on the waist. Metalloborospherenes provide indirect evidence for the robustness of the borospherene structural motif. The metalloborospherenes are characterized as charge‐transfer complexes (M2+B402−), where an alkaline earth metal atom donates two electrons to the B40 cage. The high stability of endohedral Ca@B40 (1) and Sr@B40 (3) is due to the match in size between the host cage and the dopant. Bonding analyses indicate that all 122 valence electrons in the systems are delocalized as σ or π bonds, being distributed evenly on the cage surface, akin to the D2d B40 borospherene.
Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production in Alkaline Solutions Using Cu2O Coated with Earth‐Abundant Hydrogen Evolution Catalysts
Authors: Morales‐Guio Carlos G. , Liardet Laurent , Mayer Matthew T. , Tilley S. David , Grätzel Michael , Hu Xile
Published: November 2014

The splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen molecules using sunlight is an attractive method for solar energy storage. Until now, photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution is mostly studied in acidic solutions, in which the hydrogen evolution is more facile than in alkaline solutions. Herein, we report photoelectrochemical hydrogen production in alkaline solutions, which are more favorable than acidic solutions for the complementary oxygen evolution half‐reaction. We show for the first time that amorphous molybdenum sulfide is a highly active hydrogen evolution catalyst in basic medium. The amorphous molybdenum sulfide catalyst and a Ni–Mo catalyst are then deposited on surface‐protected cuprous oxide photocathodes to catalyze sunlight‐driven hydrogen production in 1 M KOH. The photocathodes give photocurrents of −6.3 mA cm−2 at the reversible hydrogen evolution potential, the highest yet reported for a metal oxide photocathode using an earth‐abundant hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst.
Structure and Dynamics of Oligonucleotides in the Gas Phase
Authors: Arcella Annalisa , Dreyer Jens , Ippoliti Emiliano , Ivani Ivan , Portella Guillem , Gabelica Valérie , Carloni Paolo , Orozco Modesto
Published: November 2014

By combining ion‐mobility mass spectrometry experiments with sub‐millisecond classical and ab initio molecular dynamics we fully characterized, for the first time, the dynamic ensemble of a model nucleic acid in the gas phase under electrospray ionization conditions. The studied oligonucleotide unfolds upon vaporization, loses memory of the solution structure, and explores true gas‐phase conformational space. Contrary to our original expectations, the oligonucleotide shows very rich dynamics in three different timescales (multi‐picosecond, nanosecond, and sub‐millisecond). The shorter timescale dynamics has a quantum mechanical nature and leads to changes in the covalent structure, whereas the other two are of classical origin. Overall, this study suggests that a re‐evaluation on our view of the physics of nucleic acids upon vaporization is needed.
Photomagnetic Response in Highly Conductive Iron(II) Spin‐Crossover Complexes with TCNQ Radicals
Authors: Phan Hoa , Benjamin Shermane M. , Steven Eden , Brooks James S. , Shatruk Michael
Published: November 2014

Co‐crystallization of a cationic FeII complex with a partially charged TCNQ.δ− (7,7′,8,8′‐tetracyanoquinodimethane) radical anion has afforded molecular materials that behave as narrow band‐gap semiconductors, [Fe(tpma)(xbim)](X)(TCNQ)1.5⋅DMF (X=ClO4− or BF4−; tpma=tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine, xbim=1,1′‐(α,α′‐o‐xylyl)‐2,2′‐bisimidazole). Remarkably, these complexes also exhibit temperature‐and light‐driven spin crossover at the FeII center, and are thus the first structurally defined magnetically bistable semiconductors assembled with the TCNQ.δ− radical anion. Transport measurements reveal the conductivity of 0.2 S cm−1 at 300 K, with the low activation energy of 0.11 eV.
Correlation of Low CD73 Expression on Synovial Lymphocytes With Reduced Adenosine Generation and Higher Disease Severity in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Botta Gordon‐Smith Sophie , Ursu Simona , Eaton Simon , Moncrieffe Halima , Wedderburn Lucy R.
Published: November 2014

Objective

To investigate the expression and adenosine‐generating activity of the ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase CD73 on synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

Methods

Given the role of CD73 protein in the production of antiinflammatory adenosine and its intersection with inflammatory biologic pathways, the expression of CD73 on SF and PB lymphocytes from patients with JIA and PB lymphocytes from healthy control subjects was determined by flow cytometry. The AMPase activity of CD73 on PBMCs and SFMCs was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The effects of cell activation on CD73 expression were examined by in vitro culture of PBMCs.

Results

CD8+ and CD19+ SFMCs from patients with JIA expressed decreased levels of CD73 when compared to paired PBMCs from JIA patients and PBMCs from healthy controls. When the percentages of CD73+ synovial lymphocytes were compared between the 2 clinical forms of oligoarthritis, children with extended oligoarthritis showed lower CD73 expression compared to those with the milder form of the disease. CD8+ SFMCs had a lower ability to produce adenosine from etheno‐AMP compared to CD8+ PBMCs. T cell activation through the T cell receptor (TLR) of CD8+CD73+ cells and B cell activation through TLR‐9 resulted in reduced expression of CD73. This down‐regulation occurred on dividing cells.

Conclusion

These findings show that low CD73 expression on T and B cells in the inflamed site is related to cell proliferation and is correlated with the clinical severity of oligoarticular JIA. The decreased CD73 expression on SFMCs, in turn, results in reduced adenosine production, which leads to a decreased potential for antiinflammatory activity.
Cotranscriptionally Folded RNA Nanostructures Pave the Way to Intracellular Nanofabrication
Authors: Li Jiang , Chao Jie , Shi Jiye , Fan Chunhai
Published: November 2014

A very attractive goal in nanotechnology is to manufacture smart nanodevices that integrate multiple biological/biomedical functions and autonomously function in vivo in a predefined and well‐controlled manner. For decades, researchers have been developing many different ways toward this target, using bottom‐up assembly of types of nanomaterials or top‐down fabrication of devices with nanometer‐scale precision. However, the practical application of these nanodevices remains challenging. One possible barrier lies in the spatiotemporal separation between fabrication and use, which poses a great challenge for the non‐invasive delivery of fully functional nanodevice into live cells. Indeed, cells themselves are highly complex natural machines with membrane barriers and finely regulated pathways for intracellular delivery. However, there is plenty of evidence that nanomaterials or nanodevices are easily aggregated or trapped inside of the cells.
A Ternary Composite Based on Graphene, Hemin, and Gold Nanorods with High Catalytic Activity for the Detection of Cell‐Surface Glycan Expression
Authors: Liu Jing , Xin Xiaoyan , Zhou Hong , Zhang Shusheng
Published: November 2014

A novel graphene‐family ternary composite with high catalytic activity has been developed by using simple synthetic methods. The graphene‐based ternary composite has abundant positively charged Au NRs, which greatly improved the catalytic properties of the graphene‐family of peroxidase mimetics, because of the high electron‐transfer rate of graphene and the synergistic interaction of three components. Sensitive detection of glycan expression on K562 cell surface can be achieved with a low detection limit of 10 cells. This finding constitutes a novel graphene‐family hybrid nanomaterials‐based peroxidase mimetic that is expected to be applied widely in the construction of simple, sensitive, and selective biosensors for nucleic acids and proteins both inside and outside of cells through catalytic reaction of H2O2.
Visible‐Light Photoresponse of Gold Nanoparticles Supported on TiO2: A Combined Photocatalytic, Photoelectrochemical, and Transient Spectroscopy Study
Authors: Baldovi Herme G. , Albarracin Ferran , Atienzar Pedro , Ferrer Belen , Alvaro Mercedes , Garcia Hermenegildo
Published: November 2014

In the context of gaining understanding on the origin of the visible‐light photoresponse of TiO2 containing gold nanoparticles, the photocurrent spectra and photocatalytic H2 evolution of titania (P25) and Au–P25 were compared. Whereas no photocurrent was detected upon visible‐light irradiation for either of the two photocatalysts, Au–P25 exhibited photocatalytic H2 evolution for wavelengths between 400 and 575 nm. This contradictory behavior under visible‐light irradiation of Au–P25 was rationalized by transient absorption spectroscopy. It was suggested that photocatalytic H2 generation results from methanol quenching of the charge‐separation state in each semiconductor nanoparticle, but the lack of photocurrent is due to the short lifetime of the charge separation, which makes interparticle charge migration for micrometric distances unlikely.
Synthesis of Mono and Bis[60]fullerene‐Based Dicationic Peptoids
Authors: Jennepalli Sreenu , Hammer Katherine A. , Riley Thomas V. , Pyne Stephen G. , Keller Paul A.
Published: November 2014

Increasing numbers of biological applications of fullerenyl amino acids and their derivatives encouraged us to synthesise [60]fullerenyldihydropyrrole peptides, prepared from the coupling of mono‐ and bis[60]fullerenyldihydropyrrolecarboxylic acids 4, 5 and 41 with presynthesised peptides 13, 16, 24, 28, 29 and 46. The resulting hydrophobic scaffolded di‐ and tetra‐cationic derivatives were tested against Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571 and Escherichia coli NCTC 10418. The synthesis, characterisation and biological results are discussed in this paper.
Chiral Auxiliary Induced Diastereoselective Synthesis of (R,R)‐N,N′‐Di(tert‐butoxycarbonyl)cyclohex‐4‐ene‐1,2‐diamine
Authors: Balestri Davide , Grilli Stefano , Romano Ciro , Savoia Diego
Published: November 2014

The synthesis of optically pure N,N′‐di(tert‐butoxycarbonyl)‐trans‐cyclohex‐4‐ene‐1,2‐diamine was accomplished from the diimine, which was obtained by condensation of glyoxal and (R)‐1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)ethanamine. The synthetic sequence involved the highly diastereoselective addition of allylzinc bromide to the diimine to give the N,N′‐disubstituted octa‐1,7‐diene‐4,5‐diamine, followed by removal of the N‐substituents by using an excess amount of boron trichloride, routine conversion to the di(N‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl) derivative, and final ring‐closing metathesis by using Grubbs Ru catalyst. The sequence of the two latter steps could be inverted. Removal of the chiral auxiliaries with trifluoroacetic acid or hydrochloric acid gave less satisfactory results. Moreover, N,N′‐dibenzoylocta‐1,7‐diene‐4,5‐diamine was similarly prepared.
High Performance Pd, PdNi, PdSn and PdSnNi Nanocatalysts Supported on Carbon Nanotubes for Electrooxidation of C2C4 Alcohols
Authors: Yi Qingfeng , Chu Hao , Chen Qinghua , Yang Zheng , Liu Xiaoping
Published: November 2014

Nanocatalysts Pd, Pd8Ni2, Pd8Sn2 and Pd8Sn1Ni1 supported on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were successively synthesized by the chemical reduction method in the glycol‐water mixture solvent. Transmission electron microscopy results show that the prepared Pd, Pd8Ni2, Pd8Sn2 and Pd8Sn1Ni1 nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed on the surface of MWCNTs. The average particle sizes of the nanocatalysts are 3.5–3.8 nm. Electroactivity of the prepared catalysts towards oxidation of ethanol, 1‐propanol, 2‐propanol, n‐butanol, iso‐butanol and sec‐butanol (C2C4 alcohols) in alkaline medium was studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The current density obtained for the electrooxidation of C2C4 alcohols depends on the catalysts and the various structures of the alcohols. Addition of Sn or/and Ni to Pd nanoparticles enhances the electroactivity of the Pd/MWCNT catalyst. Furthermore, the ternary Pd8Sn1Ni1/MWCNT catalyst presents the highest electroactivity for the oxidation of C2C4 alcohols among the prepared catalysts. Electrocatalytic activity order among propanol isomers and butanol isomers is as follows respectively: 1‐propanol > 2‐propanol, and n‐butanol > iso‐butanol > sec‐butanol > tert‐butanol. This is consistent with the Mulliken charge value of the carbon atom bonded with hydroxyl group in the corresponding alcohol molecule.
International Economics: India's Lack of Electricity Is Major Impediment
Authors: Kansal Vishrut
Published: November 2014

In 2011, India was estimated to have the largest population without access to electricity despite having consistently witnessed positive economic growth rate of 6.6 percent, 10.3 percent, and 8.5 percent in 2011, 2010, and 2009, respectively.1 Thus, India is a major thrust area of international conventions and policies focused on universalizing access to sustainable energy.
Faces as Organ Donations: Who Has the Last Word?
Authors: Parent Brendan
Published: November 2014

Recent policy changes enacted by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network designate faces as organs for the purposes of donation and transplantation. The OPTN policy includes no requirement that donors be made aware that faces are among donatable parts, but it does require specific consent to face donation (not just organ donation in general) from either the donor or donor's family before a face can be transplanted. If you are a registered donor and you do not record your refusal, your family might be approached for your face. If your next of kin says yes, your face will be donated. On the other side, if you do want to donate your face and have recorded your specific consent, but your family says no, tough luck. Should families have greater control than donors over the disposition of the donors’ faces?
Can Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Escape Its Troubled History?
Authors: Ikemoto Lisa C.
Published: November 2014

Combining human embryonic stem cells with SCNT has been a gold standard of stem cell research. Adding a particular individual's genes to pluripotent stem cells might lead to the development of personalized tissue repair or replacement. Enthusiasm for human embryonic stem cell research had flagged in recent years due to controversy over the moral status of in vitro embryos, scientific misconduct by researcher Woo Suk Hwang, and the discovery that induced pluripotent stem cells could be produced from somatic cells. Energy shifted to research on somatic cells, but three successes in the United States during 2013 and 2014 may reinvigorate embryonic stem cell research.
Duty, Distress, and Organ Donation
Authors: Milliken Aimee , Wall Anji
Published: November 2014

A man of twenty‐two is admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU)after intentionally overdosing on Tylenol. The nurse asks the intensivist on call if someone from the local organ procurement organization should be called in to speak to the family, given a worsening clinical picture and the likelihood that the patient will progress to brain death. The patient's condition is such that multiple organs, including his heart and lungs, could be donated. The intensivist instructs the nurse not to call, as he wishes to have an end‐of‐life discussion with the parents. He believes that the parents should know that death is imminent and that further interventions will not save their son. He argues that introducing the OPO at this point will cause the family more distress. He wants the parents to be able to give their son a peaceful death without additional stressors. What are the broader implications of not calling the OPO at this juncture? Does the nurse involved have an ethical obligation to override the intensivist's instructions by calling the OPO? Should the fact that multiple healthy organs could be harvested from this patient's body have any bearing on the decision to call the OPO?
Laws that Conflict with the Ethics of Medicine: What Should Doctors Do?
Authors: Davis Dena S. , Kodish Eric
Published: November 2014

This past July, five professional societies, whose members together provide the majority of clinical care in the United States, published a statement objecting to “inappropriate legislative interference” with the physician‐patient relationship and reiterated the importance of “putting patients’ best interests first.” Such a collective response is helpful, but given the apparently growing interest among legislators in legislating aspects of physician‐patient communications, individual physicians, too, may have to face this problem. What should a physician do when confronted with a law that attempts to intervene in the doctor‐patient relationship in a way that the physician believes undercuts good medical care?
Public Health Emergencies: What Counts?
Authors: Gostin Lawrence O.
Published: November 2014

Although Jonathan Herington, Angus Dawson, and Heather Draper offer valuable insights on how to conceptualize health hazards and understand their effects on populations, I resist the label “public health emergency” for obesity, and here is why. It is important—politically and pragmatically—to be judicious with words that have legal and real‐world consequences. Once a concept is stretched to encompass a broad swath of events, it loses its power. The broader the application of the term “public health emergency,” the more it loses the core idea of an emergent event. Thus, framing a long‐simmering health hazard such as obesity as an emergency would mute the voices of public health authorities seeking a surge response to a truly emergent event, such as a rapidly spreading novel disease or a natural or man‐made disaster.
Biological Engineering, Risk, and Uncertainty
Authors: Relman David A.
Published: November 2014

Most discussions about the risks associated with synthetic biology tend to begin and end with the same message. That is, in these revolutionary times, when the capabilities for designing and reengineer­ing biological agents are advancing at previously unimag­inable rates but have still not realized their full potential, when risks therefore remain uncertain, and where the actors are generally well‐meaning people who seek im­portant benefits for society and environment, the most reasonable approach is to exercise “prudent vigilance,” to minimize proscriptive oversight, and to avoid judgments about and limitations on research until some elusive date when greater clarity might be achieved. This approach may be useful in allowing scientific research to move forward, but it strikes me as a politi­cal expedient that minimizes conflict between would‐be opposing factions with different values and backgrounds and as an excuse to avoid some difficult problems. Uncertainties about key features of the landscape seem to justify a reluctance to formulate judgments and promote action. I believe there are reasonable kinds of conclusions that can be made right now about when and how to con­duct and publish potentially dangerous research in the life sciences. These conclusions are enabled by a more rigorous examination of the nature of uncertainty in the conduct of experiments in synthetic biology and genetic engineering.
Recent US Food and Drug Administration warnings on hepatitis B reactivation with immune‐suppressing and anticancer drugs: Just the tip of the iceberg?
Authors: Di Bisceglie Adrian M. , Lok Anna S. , Martin Paul , Terrault Norah , Perrillo Robert P. , Hoofnagle Jay H.
Published: November 2014

Reactivation of hepatitis B in the context of immunosuppressive therapy may be severe and potentially fatal. The US Food and Drug Administration has recently drawn attention to the potentially fatal risk of hepatitis B reactivation in patients receiving the anti‐CD20 agents ofatumumab or rituximab. This action focuses attention on the broader issue of hepatitis B virus reactivation, which may occur with a wide variety of immunosuppressive therapies in benign or malignant disease. This article summarizes the data behind this issue. These data support the recommendation that all patients undergoing chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or solid organ transplantation be screened for active or prior hepatitis B viral infection by testing for hepatitis B surface antigen and the antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in serum. Those who are found to be hepatitis B surface antigen–positive should start appropriate antiviral therapy to prevent reactivation. Additionally, even those who have recovered from hepatitis B will benefit from antiviral therapy in certain circumstances because of the risks associated with a form of hepatitis B virus reactivation referred to as “reverse seroconversion.” There remain many uncertain areas that warrant further study, and further advances will benefit from close interactions between various medical specialties, regulatory agencies, and researchers. Conclusions: There is good evidence to support routine screening of all patients for hepatitis B prior to undergoing chemotherapy or immunosuppressive treatment; use of prompt antiviral treatment appears to diminish the risk of severe or fatal reactivation of hepatitis B. (Hepatology 2015;61:703‐711)
Development of risk scoring system for stratifying population for hepatocellular carcinoma screening
Authors: Hung Yi‐Chun , Lin Chih‐Lin , Liu Chun‐Jen , Hung Hung , Lin Shi‐Ming , Lee Shou‐Dong , Chen Pei‐Jer , Chuang Shu‐Chun , Yu Ming‐Whei
Published: November 2014

The age and risk level that warrants hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening remains to be defined. To develop risk scores for stratifying average‐risk population for mass HCC screening, we conducted a pooled analysis using data from three cohorts involving 12,377 Taiwanese adults 20‐80 years of age. During 191,240.3 person‐years of follow‐up, 387 HCCs occurred. We derived risk scores from Cox's model in two thirds of participants and used another one third for model validation. Besides assessing discrimination and calibration, we performed decision curve analysis to translate findings into public health policy. A risk score according to age, sex, alanine aminotransferase, previous chronic liver disease, family history of HCC, and cumulative smoking had good discriminatory accuracy in both model derivation and validation sets (c‐statistics for 3‐, 5‐, and 10‐year risk prediction: 0.76‐0.83). It also performed well across cohorts and diverse subgroups. Decision curve analyses revealed that use of the score in selecting persons for screening improved benefit at threshold probabilities of >2% 10‐year risk, compared with current guidelines and a strategy of screening all hepatitis B carriers. Using 10‐year risk 2% as a threshold for initiating screening, the screening age ranged from 20 to ≥60 years, depending on the tertile of risk scores and status of hepatitis B/C virus infection. Combining risk‐score tertile levels and hepatitis virus status to stratify participants was more sensitive than current guidelines for HCC detection within 10 years (89.4% vs. 76.8%), especially for young‐onset HCCs <50 years (79.4% vs. 40.6%), under slightly lower specificity (67.8% vs. 71.8%). Conclusion: A simple HCC prediction algorithm was developed using accessible variables combined with hepatitis virus status, which allows selection of asymptomatic persons for priority of HCC screening. (Hepatology 2015;61:1934‐1944)
Looking Back and Looking Forward: Trends in Training and Development Research
Authors: Kraiger Kurt
Published: November 2014

In connection with the 25th anniversary of Human Resource Development Quarterly, I have been asked to comment briefly on current and emerging trends in research on training and development, a core function of Human Resource Development (HRD). I will do this in three sections: a summary of past research, an examination of state‐of‐the‐art research, and a brief glimpse forward to the future.
Guest Editors’ Introduction: People Management and Emerging Market Multinationals
Authors: Wilkinson Adrian , Wood Geoffrey , Demirbag Mehmet
Published: November 2014

There is a very extensive body of literature on how multinationals manage their people in different national contexts. However, the bulk of this literature focuses on the case of multinationals from the advanced industrial economies, and to a considerable extent, the United States. Very much less has been written on multinationals with their country of origin being an emerging market, and what little there is has focused on a very limited number of preferred cases. The growing importance of emerging economies has led to an upsurge of strategy research on the topic (Wright, Filatotchev, Hoskisson, & Peng, 2005); however, research on human resource management has not paid enough attention to emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs). ManyEMNEstend to be smaller in size with considerably fewer resources and less international experience than their counterparts from developed markets, limiting their ability to transfer management practice across their subsidiaries (Thite, Wilkinson, & Shah, 2012), although there are important exceptions to this rule. This introductory article seeks to contribute to the emerging body of literature in this area, through seeking to encourage fresh insights, particularly on the varieties of people management encountered in different national contexts. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anti‐Inflammatory/Tissue Repair Macrophages Enhance the Cartilage‐Forming Capacity of Human Bone Marrow‐Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Authors: Sesia Sergio B. , Duhr Ralph , Medeiros da Cunha Carolina , Todorov Atanas , Schaeren Stefan , Padovan Elisabetta , Spagnoli Giulio , Martin Ivan , Barbero Andrea
Published: November 2014

Macrophages are key players in healing processes. However, little is known on their capacity to modulate the differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC). Here we investigated whether macrophages (Mf) with, respectively, pro‐inflammatory and tissue‐remodeling traits differentially modulate chondrogenesis of bone marrow derived‐MSC (BM‐MSC). We demonstrated that coculture in collagen scaffolds of BM‐MSC with Mf derived from monocytes polarized with M‐CSF (M‐Mf), but not with GM‐CSF (GM‐Mf) resulted in significantly higher glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content than what would be expected from an equal number of BM‐MSC alone (defined as chondro‐induction). Moreover, type II collagen was expressed at significantly higher levels in BM‐MSC/M‐Mf as compared to BM‐MSC/GM‐Mf constructs, while type X collagen expression was unaffected. In order to understand the possible cellular mechanism accounting for chondro‐induction, developing monoculture and coculture tissues were digested and the properties of the isolated BM‐MSC analysed. We observed that as compared to monocultures, in coculture with M‐Mf, BM‐MSC decreased less markedly in number and exhibited higher clonogenic and chondrogenic capacity. Despite their chondro‐inductive effect in vitro, M‐Mf did not modulate the cartilage tissue maturation in subcutaneous pockets of nude mice, as evidenced by similar accumulation of type X collagen and calcified tissue. Our results demonstrate that coculture of BM‐MSC with M‐Mf results in synergistic cartilage tissue formation in vitro. Such effect seems to result from the survival of BM‐MSC with high chondrogenic capacity. Studies in an orthotopic in vivo model are necessary to assess the clinical relevance of our findings in the context of cartilage repair. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 1258–1269, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
Behavioral economic analysis of stress effects on acute motivation for alcohol
Authors: Owens Max M. , Ray Lara A. , MacKillop James
Published: November 2014

Due to issues of definition and measurement, the heavy emphasis on subjective craving in the measurement of acute motivation for alcohol and other drugs remains controversial. Behavioral economic approaches have increasingly been applied to better understand acute drug motivation, particularly using demand curve modeling via purchase tasks to characterize the perceived reinforcing value of the drug. This approach has focused on using putatively more objective indices of motivation, such as units of consumption, monetary expenditure, and price sensitivity. To extend this line of research, the current study used an alcohol purchase task to determine if, compared to a neutral induction, a personalized stress induction would increase alcohol demand in a sample of heavy drinkers. The stress induction significantly increased multiple measures of the reinforcing value of alcohol to the individual, including consumption at zero price (intensity), the maximum total amount of money spent on alcohol (Omax), the first price where consumption was reduced to zero (breakpoint), and the general responsiveness of consumption to increases in price (elasticity). These measures correlated only modestly with craving and mood. Self‐reported income was largely unrelated to demand but moderated the influence of stress on Omax. Moderation based on CRH‐BP genotype (rs10055255) was present for Omax, with T allele homozygotes exhibiting more pronounced increases in response to stress. These results provide further support for a behavioral economic approach to measuring acute drug motivation. The findings also highlight the potential relevance of income and genetic factors in understanding state effects on the perceived reinforcing value of alcohol.
Comparison of DSM‐IV and Proposed ICD‐11 Formulations of PTSD Among Civilian Survivors of War and War Veterans
Authors: Morina Nexhmedin , van Emmerik Arnold A. P. , Andrews Bernice , Brewin Chris R.
Published: November 2014

The World Health Organization recently proposed a reformulation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐11), employing only 6 symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of this reformulation of PTSD as compared to criteria according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) on the prevalence of current PTSD as well as comorbid major depressive episode and anxiety disorders other than PTSD. Study 1 involved previously collected interviews with 560 Kosovar civilian war survivors; Study 2 employed a previously collected sample of 142 British war veterans. Results revealed no change in the diagnostic status under the criteria proposed for ICD‐11 in 87.5% of civilian war survivors and 91.5% of war veterans. Participants who only met the newly proposed criteria showed lower rates of comorbid major depressive episode than participants who only met DSM‐IV criteria (13.6% vs. 43.8% respectively). Rates of comorbid anxiety disorders did not significantly differ between participants who lost or gained a PTSD diagnosis under the proposed criteria.
Treating Maladaptive Grief and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Orphaned Children in Tanzania: Group‐Based Trauma‐Focused Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
Authors: O'Donnell Karen , Dorsey Shannon , Gong Wenfeng , Ostermann Jan , Whetten Rachel , Cohen Judith A. , Itemba Dafrosa , Manongi Rachel , Whetten Kathryn
Published: November 2014

This study was designed to test the feasibility and child clinical outcomes for group‐based trauma‐focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF‐CBT) for orphaned children in Tanzania. There were 64 children with at least mild symptoms of grief and/or traumatic stress and their guardians who participated in this open trial. The TF‐CBT for Child Traumatic Grief protocol was adapted for use with a group, resulting in 12 weekly sessions for children and guardians separately with conjoint activities and 3 individual visits with child and guardian. Using a task‐sharing approach, the intervention was delivered by lay counselors with no prior mental health experience. Primary child outcomes assessed were symptoms of grief and posttraumatic stress (PTS); secondary outcomes included symptoms of depression and overall behavioral adjustment. All assessments were conducted pretreatment, posttreatment, and 3 and 12 months after the end of treatment. Results showed improved scores on all outcomes posttreatment, sustained at 3 and 12 months. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) for baseline to posttreatment were 1.36 for child reported grief symptoms, 1.87 for child‐reported PTS, and 1.15 for guardian report of child PTS.