bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Herpesvirus-8 Infection Associated with Kaposi Sarcoma, Multicentric Castleman's Disease, and Plasmablastic Microlymphoma in a Man with AIDS: A Case Report with Review of Pathophysiologic Processes
Authors: Eaton Christian , Dorer Russell , Aboulafia David M.
Published: January 2011

Kaposi sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), and plasmablastic microlymphoma, are all linked to human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) infection and HIV-induced immunodeficiency. Herein, we describe the case of a Kenyan man diagnosed with HIV in 2000. He deferred highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and remained in good health until his CD4+ count declined in 2006. He was hospitalized with bacterial pneumonia in 2008, after which he agreed to take HAART but did so sporadically. In 2010, he was hospitalized with fever, lymphadenopathy, pancytopenia, and an elevated HHV-8 viral load. A lymph node biopsy showed findings consistent with KS, MCD, and plasmablastic microlymphoma. Eight months after starting liposomal doxorubicin, Rituximab, and a new HAART regimen, he has improved clinically, and his HIV and HHV-8 viral loads are suppressed. These three conditions, found in the same lymph node, underscore the inflammatory and malignant potential of HHV-8, particularly in the milieu of HIV-induced immunodeficiency.
Canine and Human Dirofilariosis in the Rostov Region (Southern Russia)
Authors: Kartashev Vladimir , Batashova Irina , Kartashov Sergey , Ermakov Alexey , Mironova Anna , Kuleshova Yulia , Ilyasov Boris , Kolodiy Irina , Klyuchnikov Alexander , Ryabikina Elena , Babicheva Marina , Levchenko Yulia , Pavlova Raisa , Pantchev Nicola , Morchón Rodrigo , Simón Fernando
Published: January 2011

Epidemiological data on canine and human dirofilariosis in the Rostov Region (Southern Russia) are presented. Prevalence ofDirofilariaspp. infections in 795 autochthonous dogs, assessed by the Knott test, was 20.25%. The highest prevalence was found in Novocherkassk (38.3%) and Rostov-on-Don (18.5%), while prevalences were lower in other points of the region. Prevalence ofD. repenswas 44.7%, prevalence ofD. immitiswas 30.3%, and coinfections were observed in 25.0% of the dog population. A case finding study carried out during 9 years (2000–2009) revealed 131 cases of human dirofilariosis in the Rostov Region, 129 of subcutaneous dirofilariosis and 2 of pulmonary dirofilariosis. Seroprevalence among 317 healthy blood donors from the Rostov Region was 10.4%, while seroprevalence in policemen living in Rostov city and working in training dogs was 19%. These data show high infection rates ofDirofilariaspp. in both human and dog populations of Rostov, probably because of the existence of favorable conditions for the transmission in this region.
A Digital Photographic Measurement Method for Quantifying Foot Posture: Validity, Reliability, and Descriptive Data
Authors: Cobb Stephen C. , James C. Roger , Hjertstedt Matthew , Kruk James
Published: January 2011

Context:

Although abnormal foot posture long has been associated with lower extremity injury risk, the evidence is equivocal. Poor intertester reliability of traditional foot measures might contribute to the inconsistency.

Objectives:

To investigate the validity and reliability of a digital photographic measurement method (DPMM) technology, the reliability of DPMM-quantified foot measures, and the concurrent validity of the DPMM with clinical-measurement methods (CMMs) and to report descriptive data for DPMM measures with moderate to high intratester and intertester reliability.

Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting:

Biomechanics research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 159 people participated in 3 groups. Twenty-eight people (11 men, 17 women; age  =  25 ± 5 years, height  =  1.71 ± 0.10 m, mass  =  77.6 ± 17.3 kg) were recruited for investigation of intratester and intertester reliability of the DPMM technology; 20 (10 men, 10 women; age  =  24 ± 2 years, height  =  1.71 ± 0.09 m, mass  =  76 ± 16 kg) for investigation of DPMM and CMM reliability and concurrent validity; and 111 (42 men, 69 women; age  =  22.8 ± 4.7 years, height  =  168.5 ± 10.4 cm, mass  =  69.8 ± 13.3 kg) for development of a descriptive data set of the DPMM foot measurements with moderate to high intratester and intertester reliabilities.

Intervention(s):

The dimensions of 10 model rectangles and the 28 participants' feet were measured, and DPMM foot posture was measured in the 111 participants. Two clinicians assessed the DPMM and CMM foot measures of the 20 participants.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Validity and reliability were evaluated using mean absolute and percentage errors and intraclass correlation coefficients. Descriptive data were computed from the DPMM foot posture measures.

Results:

The DPMM technology intratester and intertester reliability intraclass correlation coefficients were 1.0 for each tester and variable. Mean absolute errors were equal to or less than 0.2 mm for the bottom and right-side variables and 0.1° for the calculated angle variable. Mean percentage errors between the DPMM and criterion reference values were equal to or less than 0.4%. Intratester and intertester reliabilities of DPMM-computed structural measures of arch and navicular indices were moderate to high (>0.78), and concurrent validity was moderate to strong.

Conclusions:

The DPMM is a valid and reliable clinical and research tool for quantifying foot structure. The DPMM and the descriptive data might be used to define groups in future studies in which the relationship between foot posture and function or injury risk is investigated.
Core Temperature and Sweat Responses in Professional Women's Tennis Players During Tournament Play in the Heat
Authors: Tippet Melissa L. , Stofan John R. , Lacambra Magie , Horswill Craig A.
Published: January 2011

Context:

Tennis is often played in hot, humid environments, intensifying the thermoregulatory strain placed on the athletes. As a safety measure, some tennis organizations allow for a 10-minute break in play between the second and third sets when environmental conditions are extreme. However, the actual effect of these breaks in reducing core temperature is unknown.

Objective:

To determine change in core temperature after a 10-minute break in play and assess fluid balance in professional female tennis players during tournament matches in the heat.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

A Women's Tennis Association Tour–sanctioned outdoor tournament on hard courts under hot conditions (30.3°C ± 2.3°C).

Patients or Other Participants:

Seven professional tennis players.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Change in core temperature after a 10-minute break in tournament play, fluid intake, and sweat losses during match play.

Results:

Core temperature was reduced from 38.92°C to 38.67°C (change of −0.25°C ± 0.20°C) when a break was taken (P  =  .02). Mean sweat rate during match play was 2.0 ± 0.5 L/h. During that time, mean fluid intake was 1.5 ± 0.5 L/h, resulting in a 1.2% ± 1.0% reduction in body mass.

Conclusions:

Female professional tennis players are subjected to high heat loads during match play in hot environments. However, a 10-minute break in play decreased core temperature in 6 of 7 players by an average of 0.25°C, indicating that the break provides practical benefits in the field. Furthermore, although mean sweat rate in this group of female tennis players was high, most athletes were still able to minimize mass loss to less than 2% of their prematch weight.
Sex Differences in Concussion Symptoms of High School Athletes
Authors: Frommer Leah J. , Gurka Kelly K. , Cross Kevin M. , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Comstock R. Dawn , Saliba Susan A.
Published: January 2011

Context:

More than 1.6 million sport-related concussions occur every year in the United States, affecting greater than 5% of all high school athletes who participate in contact sports. As more females participate in sports, understanding possible differences in concussion symptoms between sexes becomes more important.

Objective:

To compare symptoms, symptom resolution time, and time to return to sport between males and females with sport-related concussions.

Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting:

Data were collected from 100 high schools via High School RIO (Reporting Information Online).

Patients or Other Participants:

Athletes from participating schools who sustained concussions while involved in interscholastic sports practice or competition in 9 sports (boys' football, soccer, basketball, wrestling, and baseball and girls' soccer, volleyball, basketball, and softball) during the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 school years. A total of 812 sport concussions were reported (610 males, 202 females).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Reported symptoms, symptom resolution time, and return-to-play time.

Results:

No difference was found between the number of symptoms reported (P  =  .30). However, a difference was seen in the types of symptoms reported. In year 1, males reported amnesia (exact P  =  .03) and confusion/disorientation (exact P  =  .04) more frequently than did females. In year 2, males reported more amnesia (exact P  =  .002) and confusion/disorientation (exact P  =  .002) than did females, whereas females reported more drowsiness (exact P  =  .02) and sensitivity to noise (exact P  =  .002) than did males. No differences were observed for symptom resolution time (P  =  .40) or return-to-play time (P  =  .43) between sexes.

Conclusions:

The types of symptoms reported differed between sexes after sport-related concussion, but symptom resolution time and return-to-play timelines were similar.
Vardenafil in Erectile Dysfunction: The Evidence of Its Therapeutic Value
Authors: Rice Kevin R. , Dean Robert C.
Published: January 2011

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a condition that affects approximately 18 million American men. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5i's) have revolutionized the treatment of erectile dysfunction by providing the first highly-effective oral medication. Vardenafil is one of 3 PDE5i's commercially available for the treatment of ED in the United States. It has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in the management of uncomplicated ED as well as more refractory cases associated with diabetes and surgery for prostate cancer. The physiology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and primary literature evaluating vardenafil are reviewed.
Development and Validation of the Modified Occupational Questionnaire
Authors: Scanlan Justin Newton , Bundy Anita C.
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVE. We developed the Modified Occupational Questionnaire (MOQ), a simple, quantitative measure of meaningful time use.

METHOD. The MOQ, a time diary based on the Occupational Questionnaire, was piloted with a group of occupational therapy students and revised before use in a larger investigation involving young unemployed Australians (N = 228). External validity was examined by comparing MOQ time-use data with data from the 2006 Australian Time Use Survey. Internal validity was examined through Rasch analysis procedures.

RESULTS. The MOQ demonstrated very good external validity (correlations >.85); acceptable rating scale, item function, and person performance validity; very good item and person reliability indexes (1.00 and 0.93, respectively); and a good person separation index (3.52).

CONCLUSION. The MOQ is a simple and valid measure of the basic elements of meaningful time use. Future research is required to further develop the MOQ, particularly in populations other than people who are unemployed.
Systematic Review and Analysis of Work-Related Injuries to and Conditions of the Elbow
Authors: Bohr Paula Christine
Published: January 2011

This systematic review of literature examines and synthesizes research findings related to interventions for people with work-related elbow injuries, particularly epicondylitis. It was carried out as part of the Evidence-Based Literature Review Project of the American Occupational Therapy Association. The 11 articles included in this review suggest multiple approaches to intervention but do not provide sufficient evidence to determine which methods or approaches are best practice. Research has provided little evidence to support the use of commonly prescribed interventions for epicondylitis, the most frequently reported work-related elbow injury. Collectively, the evidence to support the use of splinting, exercise, or physical agent modalities is weak and provides little guidance for approaching management of elbow injuries. The implications for education and research are discussed, as is the application of the evidence to clinical practice in occupational therapy.
Retirement: Institutional Pathways and Individual Trajectories in Britain and Germany
Authors: Fasang Anette E.
Published: January 2011

Since the 1970s people have retired increasingly early across advanced societies. Parallel to this trend, numerous institutional early retirement pathways evolved, such as bridge unemployment and pre-retirement schemes. This article compares retirement in Britain and Germany to show how individuals progress through these institutional retirement pathways. The analysis uses longitudinal data and recent innovations in sequence analysis to capture the sequential nature of retirement as a series of transitions over time. As expected, prominent institutional retirement pathways are mirrored in individual retirement trajectories. Beyond these expected patterns, there are pronounced regularities in individual retirement trajectories outside of explicit institutional pathways. The ‘institution of the family’ is an additional powerful force in structuring women's retirement. Access to advantageous institutional retirement pathways is stratified by gender, education, income, and health. The article concludes that specific population groups, particularly women, are systematically excluded from protective institutional early retirement pathways in Britain and Germany.
“If I Shut My Eyes, I Cannot Hear You”: The Regulation of Parent and Adolescent Communication about Sexual Practices and Identities in the Family Context
Authors: Elley Sharon
Published: January 2011

This paper examines parent-adolescent communication about sexuality in the family context. Of central concern is how parents and their adolescent children interact and communicate about sexual identities and practices. The paper focuses on kinship and familial relations between parents and adolescents, family dynamics and the processes impacting on young people's emergent sexual development and informal sex education in the home. The data is drawn from interviews with 38 young people aged 15-21 years with another 31 participating in focus-groups. The paper argues that mutual and open dialogue about sexuality between parents and adolescents remains highly circumscribed due to how sexuality is relational and regulated in the family context. The data reveals that despite strong family relationships, complex patterns of surveillance and negotiation mean that parents and children monitor and control situations related to expressing sexuality. Instead of ‘passive’ processes operating to manage sexual identities, this paper finds that parents and young people necessarily draw on more sophisticated practices of what can be conceptually termed as the ‘active acknowledgement’ and ‘active avoidance’ of sexuality as a means to manage sexual identities across different family contexts.
Let's Get Organised: Practicing and Valuing Scientific Work inside and outside the Laboratory
Authors: Garforth Lisa , Kerr Anne
Published: January 2011

Over the past thirty years there has been a significant turn towards practice and away from institutions in sociological frameworks for understanding science. This new emphasis on studying ‘science in action’ ( LATOUR 1987 ) and ‘epistemic cultures’ ( KNORR CETINA 1999 ) has not been shared by academic and policy literatures on the problem of women and science, which have focused on the marginalisation and under-representation of women in science careers and academic institutions. In this paper we draw on elements of both these approaches to think about epistemic communities as simultaneously practical and organisational. We argue that an understanding of organisational structures is missing in science studies, and that studies of the under-representation of women lack attention to the detail of how scientific work is done in practice. Both are necessary to understand the gendering of science work. Our arguments are based on findings of a qualitative study of bioscience researchers in a British university. Conducted as part of a European project on knowledge production, institutions and gender the UK study involved interviews, focus groups and participant observation in two laboratories. Drawing on extracts from our data we look first at laboratories as relatively unhierarchical communities of practice. We go on to show the ways in which institutional forces, particularly contractual insecurity and the linear career, work to reproduce patterns of gendered inequality. Finally, we analyse how these patterns shape the gendered value and performance of ‘housekeeping work’ in the laboratory.
Caring for Weak Ties - the Natural History Museum as a Place of Encounter between Amateur and Professional Science
Authors: Meyer Morgan
Published: January 2011

This article is concerned with a community of practitioners that does not hold together well: amateur scientists. It examines the interrelationships between amateurs and professionals in a museum of natural history and focuses, in particular, upon two ‘community-making devices’ through which they meet: an annual conference and a journal. I consider these devices as a place of encounter, or ‘boundary encounter’, between amateurs and professionals. These encounters provide for a combination of several practices – practices of naming, assuring linguistic heterogeneity and thematic flexibility, exchanging knowledge and symbolic gifts – that enables the museum to keep the heterogeneous group of the amateurs somehow together. Since the connections between amateurs and professionals are not permanent, nor strong, but rather partial and fragile, they have therefore to be nurtured and cultivated with care. In fact, the museum and its professionals cannot continue to control – to use technical and ‘cold’ devices to discipline subjects – but have to care by fostering a ‘warm’ world of people. As I will show then, beyond their role as a place that brings together an epistemic collective, the encounters described in this paper also function as devices that nurture weak ties.
‘What Science Says is Best’: Parenting Practices, Scientific Authority and Maternal Identity
Authors: Faircloth Charlotte
Published: January 2011

Based on research in London with mothers from a breastfeeding support organisation this paper explores the narratives of women who breastfeed ‘to full term’ (typically for a period of several years) as part of a philosophy of ‘attachment parenting’, an approach to parenting which validates long term proximity between child and care-taker.

In line with wider cultural trends, one of the most prominent ‘accountability strategies’ used by this group of mothers to explain their long-term breastfeeding is recourse to scientific evidence, both about the nutritional benefits of breastfeeding and about the broader cognitive and developmental benefits of attachment parenting more broadly. Women's accounts internalize and reflect popular literature around attachment parenting, which is explored here in-depth as a means of contextualizing shifting patterns of ‘scientisation’. What follows is a reflection on how ‘scientific evidence’ is given credence in narratives of mothering, and what the implications of this are for individuals in their experience of parenting, and for society more broadly. As a form of ‘Authoritative Knowledge’ ( JORDAN 1997 ) women utilise ‘science’ when they talk about their decisions to breastfeed long-term, since it has the effect of placing these non-conventional practices beyond debate (they are simply what is ‘healthiest’). The article therefore makes a contribution to wider sociological debates around the ways in which society and behaviour are regulated, and the ways in which ‘science’ is interpreted, internalized and mobilized by individuals in the course of their ‘identity work’.
Tensions in Young People's Conceptualisation and Practice of Politics
Authors: Manning Nathan
Published: January 2011

Young people have been characterised as apathetic and disengaged from mainstream politics. This discourse draws upon a narrow, regulatory and hegemonic model of politics that centres on parliamentary politics. This paper reports findings from a qualitative study of young people drawn from across the political spectrum that also found most participants to adhere to this dominant model of politics. However, this conceptualisation of politics did not match their forms of socio-political engagement, instead it generated a series of tensions and worked to discount their actions as not ‘genuine’ or ‘real’ politics. It is argued that this narrow, regulatory model of politics does not reflect contemporary social conditions and actually militates against young people understanding themselves as political actors and beings.
Temperature-induced volatility of molecular markers in ambient airborne particulate matter
Authors: Ruehl C. R. , Ham W. A. , Kleeman M. J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Molecular markers are organic compounds used to represent known sources of particulate matter (PM) in statistical source apportionment studies. The utility of molecular markers depends on, among other things, their ability to represent PM volatility under realistic atmospheric conditions. We measured the particle-phase concentrations and temperature-induced volatility of commonly-used molecular markers in California's heavily polluted San Joaqin Valley. Concentrations of elemental carbon, organic carbon, levoglucosan, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were not reduced by mild (~10 K) heating. In contrast, both hopane/sterane and n-alkane concentrations were reduced, especially during the summer sampling events at the urban site. These results suggest that hopanes and steranes have effective saturation concentrations ~1 μg m−3, and therefore can be considered semi-volatile. The volatility of an individual compound depends both on its inherent properties (primarily vapour pressure) and the interactions between itself and any potential absorbing phase. The volatility behavior of n-alkanes during the urban summer is consistent with that predicted for absorption by suberic acid (a C8 diacid) using a group contribution modelling method. Observations can also be matched by an absorbent whose composition is based on recently-obtained high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer factors (approximately 33% "hydrocarbon-like" and 67% oxygenated organic aerosol). The reduced evaporation of the n-alkanes, hopanes, and steranes with mild heating during rural and/or winter experiments could be explained by a more oxygenated absorbing phase along with a non-absorptive partitioning mechanism, such as adsorption to soot. This suggests that the temperature-induced volatility of large hydrocarbons in PM is most important if a relatively non-polar absorbing organic phase exists. While the activity coefficients of most organic aerosol compounds may be close to unity, the assumption of ideality for large hydrocarbons (e.g., hopanes) may result in large errors in partitioning calculations.
Metals releases and disinfection byproduct formation in domestic wells following shock chlorination
Authors: Walker M. , Newman J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Shock chlorination is used for rapid disinfection to control pathogens and nuisance bacteria in domestic wells. A typical shock chlorination procedure involves adding sodium hypochlorite in liquid bleach solutions to achieve concentrations of free chlorine of up to 200 mg L−1 in the standing water of a well. The change in pH and oxidation potential may bring trace metals from aquifer materials into solution and chlorine may react with dissolved organic carbon to form disinfection byproducts. We carried out experiments with four wells to observe and determine the persistence of increased concentrations of metals and disinfection byproducts. Water samples from shock chlorinated wells were analyzed for Pb, Cu, As, radionuclides and disinfection byproducts (haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes), immediately prior to treatment, after sufficient treatment time with chlorine had elapsed, and at intervals determined by the number of casing volumes purged, for up to four times the well casing volume. Elevated concentrations of lead and copper dissipated in proportion to free chlorine (measured semi-quantitatively) during the purging process. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were formed in wells during disinfection. In one of two wells tested, disinfection byproducts dissipated in proportion to free chlorine during purging. However, one well retained disinfection byproducts and free chlorine after 4 WV had been purged. Although metals returned to background concentrations in this well, disinfection byproducts remained elevated, though below the MCL. This may have been due to well construction characteristics and interactions with aquifer materials. Simple chlorine test strips may be a useful method for indicating when purging is adequate to remove metals and disinfection by-products mobilized and formed by shock chlorination.
A summer climate regime over Europe modulated by the North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Wang G. , Dolman A. J. , Alessandri A.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Recent summer heat waves in Europe were found to be preceded by precipitation deficits in winter. Numerical studies suggest that these phenomena are dynamically linked by land-atmosphere interactions. However, there exists as yet no complete observational evidence that connects summer climate variability to winter precipitation and the relevant circulation patterns. In this paper, we investigate the functional responses of summer mean and maximum temperature (June–August, Tmean and Tmax) as well as soil moisture proxied by the self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index (scPDSI) to preceding winter precipitation (January–March, PJFM) for the period 1901–2005. All the analyzed summer fields show distinctive responses to PJFM over the Mediterranean. We estimate that 10 ~ 15% of the interannual variability of Tmax and Tmean over the Mediterranean is statistically forced by PJFM. For the scPDSI this amounts to 10 ~ 25%. Further analysis shows that these responses are highly correlated to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) regime over the Mediterranean. We suggest that NAO modulates European summer temperature by controlling winter precipitation that initializes the moisture states that subsequently interact with temperature. This picture of relations between European summer climate and NAO as well as winter precipitation suggests potential for improved seasonal prediction of summer climate for particular extreme events.
Rational Divide-and-Conquer Relations
Authors: Hengkrawit Charinthip , Laohakosol Vichian , Pimsert Watcharapon
Published: January 2011

A rational divide-and-conquer relation, which is a natural generalization of the classical divide-and-conquer relation, is a recursive equation of the form f(bn)=R(f(n),f(n),…,f(b−1)n)+g(n), where b is a positive integer ≥2;
R a rational function in b−1 variables and g a given function. Closed-form solutions of certain rational divide-and-conquer relations which can be used to characterize the trigonometric cotangent-tangent and the hyperbolic cotangent-tangent function solutions are derived and their global behaviors are investigated.
Functional Composite Materials Based on Chemically Converted Graphene
Authors: Bai Hua , Li Chun , Shi Gaoquan
Published: January 2011

Graphene, a one‐atom layer of graphite, possesses a unique two‐dimensional structure and excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Thus, it has been regarded as an important component for making various functional composite materials. Graphene can be prepared through physical, chemical and electrochemical approaches. Among them, chemical methods were tested to be effective for producing chemically converted graphene (CCG) from various precursors (such as graphite, carbon nanotubes, and polymers) in large scale and at low costs. Therefore, CCG is more suitable for synthesizing high‐performance graphene based composites. In this progress report, we review the recent advancements in the studies of the composites of CCG and small molecules, polymers, inorganic nanoparticles or other carbon nanomaterials. The methodology for preparing CCG and its composites has been summarized. The applications of CCG‐based functional composite materials are also discussed.
Protein adsorption on functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes with amino‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Li Lili , Feng Wei , Ji Peijun
Published: January 2011

A novel amino‐cyclodextrin was synthesized, and it was covalently attached to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The functionalized MWNTs (f‐MWNTs) have very good aqueous dispersibility. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was adsorbed onto f‐MWNTs through noncovalent interactions, including the hydrophobic interaction of the residues of BSA with the wall of MWNT and the guest–host interaction of the residues with the cyclodextrin (CD) moieties of f‐MWNTs. The ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption of the f‐MWNT‐BSA hybrid was measured with UV–vis spectrometer, and the absorbance can be described well with the Beer–Lambert law. The X‐ray diffraction patterns have indicated that the crystalline form of BSA has been changed after the adsorption of BSA on f‐MWNTs. The circular dichroism spectra have shown that a high percentage of α‐helical content can be retained for BSA adsorbed on f‐MWNTs. The results also indicate that the change of secondary structure of BSA is mainly due to the hydrophobic interaction of the residues of BSA with the wall of f‐MWNT, whereas the secondary structure is much less affected by the interaction of the CD moieties with BSA. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Solar gasification of carbonaceous waste feedstocks in a packed‐bed reactor—Dynamic modeling and experimental validation
Authors: Piatkowski Nicolas , Steinfeld Aldo
Published: January 2011

Thermochemical gasification of carbonaceous waste feedstocks (specifically: scrap tire powder, industrial sludge, and sewage sludge) for high‐quality syngas production is numerically modeled and experimentally validated using concentrated solar process heat. The solar reactor consists of two cavities separated by a radiant emitter, with the upper one serving as the solar radiative absorber and the lower one containing the reacting packed bed. The reactor is modeled by considering combined heat transfer coupled to the reaction kinetics, driven by the applied solar flux at the reactor's aperture. Model validation is accomplished in terms of converted mass, reactor temperatures, efficiency, and solar upgrade based on experiments with an 8‐kW reactor subjected to solar fluxes up to 2560 suns and packed bed temperatures up to 1490 K. The transient operation of a 200‐kW pilot‐scale reactor for gasifying industrial sludge is simulated for a solar day, yielding a maximum solar‐to‐fuel energy conversion efficiency of 89%. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Pflanzliche Polyphenole: chemische Eigenschaften, biologische Aktivität und Synthese
Authors: Quideau Stéphane , Deffieux Denis , Douat‐Casassus Céline , Pouységu Laurent
Published: January 2011

Fünf Portionen Obst und Gemüse am Tag! Das ist nach heutigen Maßgaben nötig, um fit und gesund zu bleiben, das wird überall empfohlen und ebenso heftig beworben. Regelmäßig grüner Tee, ab und zu Schokolade sowie der Genuss von ein paar Gläschen Rotwein am Tag sollen zusätzlich lebensverlängernd wirken. Warum? Eine vollständige Antwort darauf kann die Wissenschaft noch nicht geben, aber eine bestimmte Klasse von natürlichen Substanzen, die in Obst und Gemüse vorkommt, gilt allgemein als besonders gesundheitsfördernd: die Polyphenole! Was aber sind diese pflanzlichen Stoffe genau? Welche physikalisch‐chemischen Eigenschaften haben sie? Wie entfalten sie ihre biologische Wirkung? Können sie wirklich der Vorbeugung von Krankheiten dienen? Können aus ihnen neue Arzneimittel entwickelt werden? Wie weit ist die organische Synthese, um sie herzustellen? Dieser Aufsatz gibt einige Antwort aus der chemischen Perspektive, fasst den aktuellen Stand der Dinge zusammen und stellt die wichtigsten Fortschritte in der Polyphenolforschung vor.
Use of MRI images to measure tissue thickness over the ischial tuberosity at different hip flexion
Authors: Makhsous Mohsen , Lin Fang , Cichowski Andrew , Cheng Iris , Fasanati Charles , Grant Thomas , Hendrix Ronald W.
Published: January 2011

The goal of this experiment was to investigate changes in the thickness of the soft tissue overlying the ischial tuberosity (IT) due to changes in hip flexion angle and the addition of a sitting load. Eleven healthy subjects were tested. An apparatus constructed from foam blocks and an air bladder was used to position the subjects in different postures within an MRI tube. MRI images of the buttocks and thigh were obtained for four postures: Supine, 45° Hip Flexion, Non‐Weight‐Bearing 90° Hip‐Flexion, and Weight‐Bearing 90° Hip‐Flexion. The thickness of muscle, adipose tissue, and skin was measured between the IT tip and skin surface, perpendicular to the cushion placed beneath the thighs. The tissue overlying the IT was found to be significantly (P < 0.001) thinner in 90° Hip‐Flexion (73.8 ± 9.0 mm) than in the supine position (135.9 ± 8.1 mm). Muscle thickness decreased significantly from Supine to Non‐Weight‐Bearing 90° Hip‐Flexion (59.1 ± 8.5%, P < 0.001), and further decreased from Non‐Weight‐Bearing to Weight‐Bearing 90° Hip‐Flexion (46.2 ± 7.9%, P < 0.001). Under Weight‐Bearing 90° Hip‐Flexion, the muscle tissue deformed significantly (P < 0.001) more than the adipose tissue and skin. We concluded that the tissue thickness covering the IT significantly decreased with hip flexion, and further decreased by nearly half during loading caused by sitting. In addition, the muscle tissue experienced the largest deformation during sitting. The results of this study may improve our understanding of risk factors for pressure ulcer development due to changes in tissue padding over the IT in different postures. Clin. Anat. 24:638–645, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CO2 Capture for Fossil Fuel‐Fired Power Plants
Authors: Notz R. J. , Tönnies I. , McCann N. , Scheffknecht G. , Hasse H.
Published: January 2011

An overview of technologies for fossil fuel‐fired power plants with drastically reduced CO2 emissions is given. Post‐combustion capture, pre‐combustion capture, and oxyfuel technology are introduced and compared. Current research results indicate that post‐combustion capture may lead to slightly higher losses in power plant efficiency than the two other technologies. However, retrofitting of existing plants with oxyfuel technology is complex and costly, and retrofitting of pre‐combustion capture is not possible. On the other hand, post‐combustion capture can be retrofitted to existing power plants with only minimal effort. Based on the mature technology of reactive absorption, it can be implemented on a large scale in the near future. Therefore, post‐combustion capture using reactive absorption is discussed here in some detail.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Michael Additions of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Boddaert Thomas , Coquerel Yoann , Rodriguez Jean
Published: January 2011

A study of the organocatalytic activity of N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) in the Michael addition of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds has allowed us to identify 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene (IPr) as an excellent catalyst for this transformation (up to 99 % yield with a 2.5 mol % catalyst loading), and the reaction was found to be of broad scope. Two early applications of this unprecedented catalytic activity of NHCs are described, that is, the domino carbocyclization reactions of simple cyclic 1,3‐dicarbonyl and malonic acid derivatives, which allow stereoselective access to bridged bicyclic compounds, and the stereoselective synthesis of cyclohexanols (or cyclohexene). Early mechanistic investigations are also reported.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Red‐Emitting Phosphors K2Ba(MoO4)2: Eu3+, Sm3+ and Improvement of Luminescent Properties for Light Emitting Diodes.
Authors: Li Qiuxia , Huang Jiaping , Chen Donghua
Published: January 2011

The new red emitting title phosphors are prepared by reaction of (NH4)6Mo7O24, BaCO3, K2CO3, Eu2O3, Sm2O3, NH4X (X: F, Cl, Br), polyethylene glycol, and EtOH (800 °C, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Solvothermal Synthesis of Two Polymorphs of an Indium Germanate Incorporating an Organic Amine Ligand: β‐ and γ‐In2Ge6O15 (NH2CH2CH2NH2)2.
Authors: Wang Chih‐Min , Yang Ciao‐Wei , Lin Chia‐Hui , Lii Kwang‐Hwa
Published: January 2011

Colorless thin‐plate crystals of the β‐form (II) are synthesized as shown.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis by Organic Molten Salt Method and Characterization of Chalcopyrite AgInS2 Nanorods.
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , Huang Yi
Published: January 2011

AgInS2 nanorods are prepared by the organic molten salt method from AgNO3, InCl3, and thiourea in a eutectic mixture of urea and choline chloride (200 °C, 6 h, 82% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,4‐Addition of Bis(iodozincio)methane to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones: Chemical and Theoretical/Computational Studies.
Authors: Sada Mutsumi , Furuyama Taniyuki , Komagawa Shinsuke , Uchiyama Masanobu , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: January 2011

The 1,4‐addition of bis(iodozincio)methane to α,β‐unsaturated ketones proceeds in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane and affords silyl enol ethers of β‐zincinomethyl ketone.
ChemInform Abstract: Redox Catalysis of Halide Ion for Formal Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling: Bromide Ion‐Catalyzed Direct Oxidative α‐Acetoxylation of Ketones.
Authors: Nagano Takashi , Jia Zhenhua , Li Xingshu , Yan Ming , Lu Gui , Chan Albert S. C. , Hayashi Tamio
Published: January 2011

Simple bromide salts can act as catalyst for the direct oxidative α‐acetoxylation of Ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Imidazole‐Catalyzed Monoacylation of Symmetrical Diamines.
Authors: Verma Sanjeev K. , Acharya B. N. , Kaushik M. P.
Published: January 2011

The highest yields are achieved if amino dihydrochloride salts are used in an ethanol—water system.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Chloro‐1,3‐diene Derivatives from Alkynols and Alkenes.
Authors: Jiang Huanfeng , Qiao Chunli , Liu Weibing
Published: January 2011

The Pd‐catalyzed reaction of alkynols with terminal alkenes proceeds smoothly in the presence of CuCl2 to give chlorodienes, e.g. (III), (V) and (VII), with excellent regio‐ and diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Simple Diynals, Diynones, Their Hydrazones, and Diazo Compounds: Precursors to a Family of Dialkynyl Carbenes (R1—CC—C—CC—R2).
Authors: Bowling Nathan P. , Burrmann Nicola J. , Halter Robert J. , Hodges Jonathan A. , McMahon Robert J.
Published: January 2011

Various approaches are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: ortho‐Directed Functionalization of Arenes Using Magnesate Bases.
Authors: Bellamy Estelle , Bayh Omar , Hoarau Christophe , Trecourt Francois , Queguiner Guy , Marsais Francis
Published: January 2011

An efficient procedure for the ortho‐magnesation of five main classes of arenes is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium‐Mediated Reaction of 1‐Bromo‐1‐nitroalkenes with Aldehydes: Access to 2‐Nitroalkan‐1‐ols.
Authors: Soengas Raquel G. , Estevez Amalia M.
Published: January 2011

Indium‐mediated addition of bromonitromethane derivatives towards aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes represents a useful alternative to classical nitro‐aldol reaction in the synthesis of nitroalkanols like (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Alkyne Hydroacylation: The Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐ and β‐Substituted Ketones by Kinetic Resolution.
Authors: Gonzalez‐Rodriguez Carlos , Parsons Scott R. , Thompson Amber L. , Willis Michael C.
Published: January 2011

The Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric addition of α‐ (VII) or β‐substituted S‐chelating aldehydes (I), (V) towards terminal alkynes (II) is successfully used as kinetic resolution procedure to afford the corresponding α‐ and β‐substituted enones in up to 90% optical purity.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Reaction of Imidazo[1,5‐a]pyridine Carbenes with Aldehydes and Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate or Allenoates: A Straightforward Approach to Fully Substituted Furans.
Authors: Pan Huan‐Rui , Li Yong‐Jia , Yan Cai‐Xia , Xing Juan , Cheng Ying
Published: January 2011

Treatment of the title carbenes with aldehydes and DMAD results in formation of aminofurans such as (IV) and/or (V) depending on the nature of substituents and conditions used.
ChemInform Abstract: 5a,10b‐Dihydrobenzofuro[2,3‐b]benzofuran Type Compounds and Related Products from p‐Substituted Phenols and Glyoxal.
Authors: Rahmatpour Ali
Published: January 2011

The present synthesis route involves the use of cheap raw material and common, inexpensive reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Indium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction: General and Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted Pyrroles.
Authors: Lin Min , Hao Lu , Ma Rui‐da , Zhan Zhuang‐ping
Published: January 2011

A cascade reaction consisting of propargylation, imination and cycloisomerization allows the synthesis of highly functionalized pyrroles.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic and Electrophilic Approach to Oxindoles with C3‐Quaternary Stereocenters.
Authors: Peng Jing , Huang Xin , Cui Hai‐Lei , Chen Ying‐Chun
Published: January 2011

The choice of solvent has a drastic effect on yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: New and Convenient Route for the Synthesis of Some New Pyrazol‐5‐yl‐1H‐imidazole Derivatives.
Authors: Zonouzi Afsaneh , Mirzazadeh Roghieh , Talebi Marzieh , Jafarypoor Razieh , Peivandi Azadeh , Ng Seik Weng
Published: January 2011

An efficient multicomponent, solvent‐free one‐pot protocol for the synthesis of eight new members of title series (IV) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Reduction of 2,4‐Dinitro‐ and 4,5‐Dinitroimidazole Derivatives Using Iron Dust.
Authors: Olender Dorota , Zwawiak Justyna , Zaprutko Lucjusz
Published: January 2011

In all cases, 4,5‐diamino derivatives are not observed.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Cyclic N‐Sulfonylimines with Phosphine‐Free Chiral Cationic Ru‐MsDPEN Catalysts.
Authors: Chen Fei , Li Zhiwei , He Yanmei , Fan Qinghua
Published: January 2011

Ru/diamine complexes effectively catalyze the asymmetric hydrogenation of N‐sulfonylimines (I) and (III) affording the chiral sultam derivatives (II) and (IV), resp., with good to very good enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Chelation‐Assisted, Copper(II)‐Acetate‐Accelerated Azide—Alkyne Cycloaddition.
Authors: Kuang Gui‐Chao , Michaels Heather A. , Simmons J. Tyler , Clark Ronald J. , Zhu Lei
Published: January 2011

Azides bearing N‐substituents or carboxylic acid units react with alkynes to afford triazoles like (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Symmetric and Asymmetric Viologens.
Authors: Lamberto Massimiliano , Rastede Elizabeth E. , Decker Justyne , Raymo Francisco M.
Published: January 2011

Optimized reaction conditions including microwave irradiation allow the preparation of the target compounds via N‐alkylation of 4,4′‐bipyridine with alkyl halides.
ChemInform Abstract: Azaanthraquinone Assembly from N‐Propargylamino Quinone via Iodine‐Induced 6‐endo‐dig Electrophilic Cyclization.
Authors: Fei Na , Hou Qiwen , Wang Shaozhong , Wang Huaqin , Yao Zhu‐Jun
Published: January 2011

The metal‐free protocol features mild conditions for installation of an iodine atom on the azaanthraquinone ring and benign functional group compatibility.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine: Selectively Promote the Synthesis of Mono Substituted Quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones and 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones in One‐Pot.
Authors: Zeng Li‐Yan , Cai Chun
Published: January 2011

Novel and versatile methods for the selective synthesis of substituted quinazolinones or related dihydroquinazolinones are developed using iodine‐catalyzed multicomponent reactions of isatoic anhydride.
ChemInform Abstract: Water‐Accelerated Cationic π‐(7‐endo) Cyclization: Application to Indole‐Based Peri‐Annulated Polyheterocycles.
Authors: Saifuddin Mohammad , Agarwal Piyush K. , Sharma Sudhir K. , Mandadapu Anil K. , Gupta Sahaj , Harit Vimal K. , Kundu Bijoy
Published: January 2011

Indole‐ and azaindole‐based biaryl compounds undergo the cyclization with aromatic or aliphatic aldehydes in the presence of catalytic amounts of TFA within 30 minutes to give fused benzazepines.
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Si—O Coupling of Dihydrosilanes: Silylene Protection of Diols.
Authors: Grajewska Agnieszka , Oestreich Martin
Published: January 2011

Dehydrogenative coupling of 1,3‐ and 1,4‐diols and dihydrosilanes in the presence of Cs2CO3 affords six‐ and seven‐membered 1,3‐dioxo‐2‐silacycles, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc‐Mediated Asymmetric Additions of Dialkylphosphine Oxides to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones and N‐Sulfinylimines.
Authors: Zhao Depeng , Mao Lijuan , Yang Dongxu , Wang Rui
Published: January 2011

A number of β‐phosphorylated ketones is prepared in high yield and enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminocadambines A and B, Two Novel Indole Alkaloids from Neolamarckia cadamba.
Authors: Liu Ling‐Li , Di Ying‐Tong , Zhang Qiang , Fang Xin , Zhu Feng , Chen Dong‐Lin , Hao Xiao‐Jiang , He Hong‐Ping
Published: January 2011

The absolute configuration is established for aminocadambine A (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient and Facile Synthesis of 5‐Azido‐2′‐deoxyuridine.
Authors: Gourdain Stephanie , Petermann Christian , Harakat Dominique , Clivio Pascale
Published: January 2011

A safe, convenient and easily reproducible synthesis of the photoaffinity label (V) starting from commercially available nucleoside (I) is given.
ChemInform Abstract: New Prenylated Xanthone from the Branch of Garcinia costata.
Authors: Nuangnaowarat Warraphong , Phupong Worrapong , Intereya Kamolphan , Isaka Masahiko
Published: January 2011

The new xanthone costatin (I) exhibits significant antimalarial activity (IC50 1.57 μg/mL).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of Nitrones to Heterosubstituted Alkenes. Part 1. Oxa‐ and Aza‐Substituted Alkenes
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Binh , Martel Arnaud , Gaulon Catherine , Dhal Robert , Dujardin Gilles
Published: January 2011

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Pentacoordinated Antiapicophilic Phosphorus Compounds
Authors: Kobayashi Junji , Kawashima Takayuki
Published: January 2011

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Effective Strategy of P,N‐Containing Macrocycle Design
Authors: Karasik Andrey A. , Balueva Anna S. , Sinyashin Oleg G.
Published: January 2011

Review: 17 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Donor‐Functionalized Phosphinines
Authors: Mueller Christian , Vogt Dieter
Published: January 2011

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Natural Product Inspired Synthesis of Thiazolidine and Thiazolidinone Compounds and Their Anticancer Activities
Authors: Zhang Qiu , Zhou Hongyu , Zhai Shumei , Yan Bing
Published: January 2011

Review: 160 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Catalytic Reductions of Amides and Nitriles to Amines
Authors: Das Shoubhik , Zhou Shaolin , Addis Daniele , Enthaler Stephan , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: January 2011

Review: 90 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Zeolites Containing Organic Frameworks
Authors: Yamamoto Katsutoshi , Tatsumi Takashi
Published: January 2011

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From Phosphorus‐Containing Macrocycles to Phosphorus‐Containing Dendrimers
Authors: Caminade Anne‐Marie , Majoral Jean‐Pierre
Published: January 2011

Review: 79 refs.