bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POVERTY DYNAMICS DURING TRADE REFORM: EVIDENCE FROM RURAL VIETNAM
Authors: Justino Patricia , Litchfield Julie , Pham Hung Thai
Published: May 2008

This paper implements and adapts the conceptual framework developed by Winters (2002) that identifies the transmission mechanisms between trade policy reform and household welfare outcomes. We make use of household panel data from Vietnam collected in two years, 1992–93 and 1997–98 that span the very earliest years of the reform period and its immediate after effects. Poverty dynamics are modeled using changes in consumption expenditure and poverty transition models. The trade effect is captured by a set of variables that are most likely to have an impact on rural poverty, namely prices of staples and employment in the export sector. We show that trade liberalization has a material and positive effect on rural household welfare and this trade effect is largely transmitted to the poor through the labor market channel.
THE RENT‐PRICE RATIO FOR THE AGGREGATE STOCK OF OWNER‐OCCUPIED HOUSING
Authors: Davis Morris A. , Lehnert Andreas , Martin Robert F.
Published: May 2008

We construct a quarterly time series of the rent‐price ratio for the aggregate stock of owner‐occupied housing in the United States, starting in 1960, by merging micro data from the last five Decennial Censuses of Housing surveys with price indexes for house prices and rents. We show that the rent‐price ratio ranged between 5 and 5.5 percent between 1960 and 1995, but rapidly declined after 1995. By year‐end 2006, the rent‐price ratio reached a historic low of 3.5 percent. For the rent‐price ratio to return to its historical average over, say, the next five years, house prices likely would have to fall considerably.
Do Bonding, Bridging, and Linking Social Capital Affect Preventable Hospitalizations?
Authors: Derose Kathryn Pitkin
Published: May 2008

Objective. To examine the relationship between social capital and preventable hospitalizations (PHs).

Data Sources. Administrative and secondary data for Florida (hospital discharge, U.S. Census, voting, nonprofits, faith‐based congregations, uninsured, safety net and primary care providers, and hospital beds).

Study Design. Cross‐sectional, zip code‐level multivariate analyses to examine the associations among social capital, primary care resources, and adult PHs and pediatric asthma hospitalizations.

Data Extraction. Data were merged at the zip code‐level (n=837).

Principal Findings. Few of the social capital measures were independently associated with PHs: longer mean commute times (reduced bonding social capital) were related to higher adult rates; more racial and ethnic diversity (increased bridging social capital) was related to lower nonelderly adult rates but higher pediatric rates; more faith‐based organizations (linking social capital) were associated with higher nonelderly adult rates. Having a safety net clinic within 20 miles was associated with lower adult rates, while general internists were associated with higher rates. More pediatricians per capita were related to higher pediatric rates.

Conclusions. The importance of social capital for health care access is unclear. Some bonding and bridging ties were related to PHs, but differentially across age groups; more work is needed to operationalize linking ties.
Performance Characterization of a Rotary Centrifugal Left Ventricular Assist Device With Magnetic Suspension
Authors: Jahanmir Said , Hunsberger Andrew Z. , Heshmat Hooshang , Tomaszewski Michael J. , Walton James F. , Weiss William J. , Lukic Branka , Pae William E. , Zapanta Conrad M. , Khalapyan Tigran Z.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  The MiTiHeart (MiTiHeart Corporation, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) left ventricular assist device (LVAD), a third‐generation blood pump, is being developed for destination therapy for adult heart failure patients of small to medium frame that are not being served by present pulsatile devices. The pump design is based on a novel, patented, hybrid passive/active magnetic bearing system with backup hydrodynamic thrust bearing and exhibits low power loss, low vibration, and low hemolysis. Performance of the titanium alloy prototype was evaluated in a series of in vitro tests with blood analogue to map out the performance envelop of the pump. The LVAD prototype was implanted in a calf animal model, and the in vivo pump performance was evaluated. The animal's native heart imparted a strong pulsatility to the flow rate. These tests confirmed the efficacy of the MiTiHeart LVAD design and confirmed that the pulsatility does not adversely affect the pump performance.
Headache and Behavioral Medicine: A 50‐Year Retrospective
Authors: Lake Alvin E.
Published: May 2008

This article reviews all behaviorally oriented articles published in Headache from 1961(1:1) through the first 3 issues of 2008 and provides an analysis of trends in categories of articles by decade. A mean of 21.6% of all articles included significant attention to behavioral variables; this percentage was relatively stable from 1980 through 2008. The top 5 categories, accounting for 64% of all behavioral articles since the inception of Headache, were: behavioral treatment (19.2%), psychiatric comorbidity (14.0%), psychophysiology (11.2%), behavioral risk factors (9.8%), and psychobiological concepts (9.8%). There is an accelerating trend toward publication of articles related to psychiatric comorbidity, behavioral risk factors, and functional performance/disability.
Headache Progress in Canada Over the Decades
Authors: Becker Werner J.
Published: May 2008

As elsewhere in the world, migraine and other headache disorders have always produced very significant disability amongst Canadians. Over the last 50 years, progress has been made by health professionals to improve the care received by patients with headache, and to reduce the headache‐related burden carried by patients and their families. Milestones in this progress have included programs for better education for the public, for neurologists, and for other physicians about migraine. Highlights in the Canadian battle against migraine and other headaches include those listed below:
Functionalized magnetonanoparticles for MRI diagnosis and localization in epilepsy
Authors: Akhtari Massoud , Bragin Anatol , Cohen Mark , Moats Rex , Brenker Frank , Lynch Mattew D. , Vinters Harry V. , Engel Jr Jerome
Published: May 2008

Summary

Purpose: The development of nonradioactive and targeted magnetonanoparticles (MNP) capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and of concentrating in the epileptogenic tissues of acute and chronic animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy to render these tissues visible on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods: Nonradioactive alpha methyl tryptophan (AMT) was covalently attached to MNP composed of iron oxide and dextran. A rodent model of temporal lobe epilepsy was prepared by injecting kainic acid into the right hippocampus. AMT‐MNP or plain MNP was injected in the tail‐vein of two animals during the acute stage 3 days after status epilepticus, and AMT‐MNP in five animals during the chronic stage. MRIs were obtained before and after particle injection in all animals. Intracranial EEGs were obtained in all chronic animals after completion of MRI studies.

Results: AMT‐MNP crossed the BBB and intraparenchymal uptake was visible on MRI. In the acute condition, AMT‐MNP appeared to localize to both hippocampi, whereas plain MNP only identified unilateral, presumably inflammatory, changes. In the chronic condition, AMT‐MNP uptake correlated with the occurrence of spontaneous seizures, and the location of uptake appeared to agree with bilateral or unilateral epileptogenicity confirmed by subsequent intracranial EEG.

Discussion: Nonradioactive AMT‐MNP can cross the BBB and may accurately localize epileptogenic cerebral regions. The MNP‐MRI approach is potentially applicable to the use of any bioactive molecules as ligands for imaging normal and abnormal localized cerebral functions, accurately, safely, and inexpensively.
Introduction: Second Language Development as a Dynamic Process
Authors: DE BOT KEES
Published: May 2008

In this contribution, some of the basic characteristics of complex adaptive systems, collectively labeled Dynamic Systems Theory (DST), are discussed. Such systems are self‐organizing, dependent on initial conditions, sometimes chaotic, and they show emergent properties. The focus in DST is on development over time. Language is seen as a dynamic system, and language development, both acquisition and attrition, as a dynamic process. A number of examples of possible applications of DST in the field of applied linguistics are mentioned. After a short presentation of each of the individual articles, some possible lines of research are discussed.
The Dynamic Systems Approach in the Study of L1 and L2 Acquisition: An Introduction
Authors: VAN GEERT PAUL
Published: May 2008

The basic properties and concepts of dynamic systems theory are introduced by means of an imaginary, literary example, namely, Alice (from Wonderland) walking to the Queen inThrough the Looking Glass(Carroll, 1871). The discussion encompasses notions such as time evolution, evolution term, attractor, self‐organization, and timescales. These abstract notions are then applied to the study of first language (L1) and second language (L2) acquisition. The steps that should be taken toward the construction of dynamic systems models of L2 learning are described, including a discussion of the difficulties and the theoretical opportunities that accompany this model building. Finally, a concrete example of model building and of the study of variability as an indicator of developmental transitions in L1 acquisition is given.
Price determinants in top‐quality e‐auctioned specialty coffees
Authors: Donnet M. Laura , Weatherspoon Dave D. , Hoehn John P.
Published: May 2008

We analyze the price determinants of specialty coffees traded at e‐auctions. We hypothesize that since specialty coffees are a highly differentiated product, prices will be determined by both sensory and reputation attributes. To test our hypotheses, we estimate a hedonic price function using data from Central and South American e‐auctions and calculate the implicit prices of sensory and reputation attributes. The results show that market clearing prices are a function of sensory characteristics and reputation variables including third‐party quality ranking, country of origin, coffee variety, and quantity. The additional attribute information disclosed at e‐auctions results in substantially higher prices relative to conventional commodity coffee market prices.
Dynamics of rice prices and agricultural wages in the Philippines
Authors: Lasco Christine D. , Myers Robert J. , Bernsten Richard H.
Published: May 2008

Rice trade liberalization in the Philippines should decrease domestic rice prices impacting both agricultural wages and the welfare of agricultural wage earners. This study examines the short‐run and long‐run relationship between rice prices and agricultural wages in the Philippines using a neoclassical wage determination model. Three empirical frameworks are used—a cointegration/error correction framework, which assumes nonstationary variables in long‐run equilibrium, a first difference model that assumes nonstationary variables but no long‐run equilibrium, and an OLS framework that assumes the model variables are stationary. Conclusions are reasonably robust across the three empirical frameworks with wages adjusting positively to rice price changes with a short‐run elasticity of 0.29 to 0.57, and a long‐run elasticity of 0.70 to 1.0 in preferred models. An analysis of welfare implications suggests that although households that are heavily reliant on agricultural wages for income will be adversely affected by rice price decreases, other households will benefit.
Estrogen receptor β expression in nevi during pregnancy
Authors: Nading Mary Alice , Nanney Lillian B. , Boyd Alan S. , Ellis Darrel L.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Estrogen levels increase during pregnancy and clinical evidence has long suggested that melanocytes are estrogen‐responsive. We hypothesized that nevi from pregnant patients would exhibit increased expression of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) and thus enhanced potential to respond to altered estrogen levels. Normal, dysplastic and congenital nevi (n = 212) were collected from pregnant and non‐pregnant women ranging from 18 to 45 years of age. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on these nevi using antibodies specifically directed against estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ. ERα was not observed in any lesions; thus, ERβ was the predominant estrogen receptor in melanocytic cells from all types of nevi. Enhanced positivity for ERβ in normal nevi during pregnancy was noted, compared with non‐pregnant controls including nevocytes residing in both the epidermal and dermal micro‐environments (P = 0.005 and P = 0.001 respectively). Nevi with increasingly melanocytic atypia showed increased ERβ in nevocytes nested within the epidermis. No additional increase in ERβ in atypical nevi was observed during pregnancy. For normal and congenital nevi, regardless of pregnancy status, dermally associated nevocytes tended to have greater ERβ immunoreactivity. Significant decreases in ERβ immunoreactivity were observed in congenital nevi from pregnant women compared with normal and dysplastic nevi from pregnant women. Our data suggest that nevi possess the capacity to be estrogen‐responsive. Factors such as pregnancy and degree of atypia are associated with enhanced ERβ with the exception of congenital nevi where the melanocytes were unique in their response to pregnancy.
Membrane Localization is Critical for Activation of the PICK1 BAR Domain
Authors: Madsen Kenneth L. , Eriksen Jacob , Milan‐Lobo Laura , Han Daniel S. , Niv Masha Y. , Ammendrup‐Johnsen Ina , Henriksen Ulla , Bhatia Vikram K. , Stamou Dimitrios , Sitte Harald H. , McMahon Harvey T. , Weinstein Harel , Gether Ulrik
Published: May 2008

The PSD‐95/Discs‐large/ZO‐1 homology (PDZ) domain protein, protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1) contains a C‐terminal Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain mediating recognition of curved membranes; however, the molecular mechanisms controlling the activity of this domain are poorly understood. In agreement with negative regulation of the BAR domain by the N‐terminal PDZ domain, PICK1 distributed evenly in the cytoplasm, whereas truncation of the PDZ domain caused BAR domain‐dependent redistribution to clusters colocalizing with markers of recycling endosomal compartments. A similar clustering was observed both upon truncation of a short putative α‐helical segment in the linker between the PDZ and the BAR domains and upon coexpression of PICK1 with a transmembrane PDZ ligand, including the alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor GluR2 subunit, the GluR2 C‐terminus transferred to the single transmembrane protein Tac or the dopamine transporter C‐terminus transferred to Tac. In contrast, transfer of the GluR2 C‐terminus to cyan fluorescent protein, a cytosolic protein, did not elicit BAR domain‐dependent clustering. Instead, localizing PICK1 to the membrane by introducing an N‐terminal myristoylation site produced BAR domain‐dependent, but ligand‐independent, PICK1 clustering. The data support that in the absence of PDZ ligand, the PICK1 BAR domain is inhibited through a PDZ domain‐dependent and linker‐dependent mechanism. Moreover, they suggest that unmasking of the BAR domain’s membrane‐binding capacity is not a consequence of ligand binding to the PDZ domain per se but results from, and coincides with, recruitment of PICK1 to a membrane compartment.
Introduction of Chlamydia trachomatis screening for young women in Germany
Authors: Mund Monika , Sander Gabriele , Potthoff Peter , Schicht Helga , Matthias Katja
Published: May 2008

Screening for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections for young sexually active women was incorporated into routine medical care of German statutory health insured patients starting in January 2008.The primary goal of this new preventive measure is the reduction of severe sequelae for women such as tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancies. The course of the deliberations leading to the Federal Joint Committee's decision is summarized in this review.
The significance of itraconazole for treatment of fungal infections of skin, nails and mucous membranes
Authors: Korting Hans Christian , Schöllmann Claudia
Published: May 2008

Itraconazole is an antifungal drug from the triazole group with distinct in vitro activity against dermatophytes, yeasts and some molds. Itraconazole has a primarily fungistatic activity. Itraconazole accumulates in the stratum corneum and in nail material due to its high affinity to keratin, as well as in sebum and vaginal mucosa. Together with terbinafine and fluconazole, itraconazole belongs to the modern highly effective systemic antifungal drugs with a favorable risk‐benefit ratio and for this reason is a preferred therapy option for fungal infections of skin, nails and mucous membranes. Compared to terbinafine in the treatment of fingernail and toenail fungal infections, itraconazole offers the advantage of a broad antifungal spectrum and better effectiveness against onychomycosis caused by yeasts yet appears inferior with regard to the more common dermatophyte infections. Itraconazole constitutes an important therapy option, along with fluconazole, terbinafine, ketoconazole and griseofulvin, for the treatment of dermatophyte infections of glabrous skin (tinea pedis, tinea manuum, tinea corporis and tinea cruris) in adults following unsuccessful topical therapy. In the oral therapy of tinea capitis, itraconazole plays an especially important role, in particular for disease caused by Microsporum canis (for children, however, only off‐label use is feasible currently). In the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis, candidiasis of the skin and vulvovaginal candidiasis, itraconazole and fluconazole are the preferred treatment options in cases in which topical therapy has proven unsuccessful.
Vitiligo and melanoma‐associated hypopigmentation (MAH):shared and discriminative features
Authors: Hartmann Anke , Bedenk Christina , Keikavoussi Petra , Becker Jürgen C. , Hamm Henning , Bröcker Eva‐Bettina
Published: May 2008

Background: It is unclear if differences between melanoma‐associated hypopigmentation (MAH) and classical vitiligo exist.

Patients and Methods: Hypopigmented areas and associated lesions (halo nevi, hypopigmented scars) in 15 melanoma patients and 31 patients with classical vitiligo were analyzed by digital photography. The activity of the respective lesions was assessed by the vitiligo disease activity (VIDA) score.Associated diseases were recorded by history and serological tests;genotyping of HLA class I antigens as well as histology/immunohistology were performed.

Results: MAH were diagnosed in 12 of 15 melanoma patients;mean onset was 4.8 years after the primary diagnosis of the melanoma. Three melanoma patients reported hypopigmentation more than 15 years before diagnosis of melanoma. In the history and family history of vitiligo patients, autoimmune diseases were much more frequent and haplotype HLA‐A2 was twice as common compared to MAH patients.MAH lesions were most often distributed in a bilateral symmetrical pattern,corresponding to vitiligo.MAH was less progressive compared to classical vitiligo;however,it was more often associated with other acquired leukodermas. In both groups hypopigmentation spread centripetally to the trunk. Histological and immunohistological differences were not found.

Conclusions: Whereas differences exist concerning associated autoimmune dis‐eases,MAH and vitiligo shared many common clinical and histological features. Further studies are needed to assess the clinical relevance of vitiligo‐like alterations in melanoma patients.
Children with chronic organ failure possibly ending in organ transplantation: a survey in an Italian region of 5 000 000 inhabitants
Authors: Camilla R , Magnetti F , Barbera C , Bignamini E , Riggi C , Coppo R ,   On behalf of the core group of the Children with Chronic Organ disease Network
Published: May 2008

Aim: The Italian Piedmont region sponsored in 2005 a population‐based registry to assess the epidemiology of childhood chronic organ failure involving kidneys, liver, heart or lungs.

Methods: Patients in chronic organ failure who were younger than 18 years were selected, and entered the registry when accomplishing the standard failure criteria for each organ. The cases were reported by the general paediatricians of the region and integrated with the data gathered by the Children University Hospital, a tertiary care centre.

Results: In Piedmont (647 727 inhabitants < 18 years), a total of 146 children (217 cases per million of paediatric population) were found to be affected by chronic organ failure (mean age 10 years; range 0–17). The organ failure involved kidneys in 68 subjects (48%), liver in 24 (17%), heart in 21 (15%) and lungs in 28 (20%), and was severe in 32 subjects (6 on transplantation waiting list). The most represented disease leading to chronic renal failure was renal hypodysplasia (79%). Chronic liver failure was mostly caused by biliary atresia (30%), autoimmune hepatitis (25%) and Wilson's disease (21%). Dilated cardiomyopathy (62%) and surgically treated congenital cardiopathy were the two leading causes of chronic heart failure. The most represented disease leading to chronic lung failure was cystic fibrosis (89%).

Conclusion: This is the first report of the literature focusing on the epidemiology of chronic organ failure in children encompassing a region of 4 000 000 inhabitants. This clinical condition is rare, but medically and socially very demanding not only in childhood but the life along, as most of these patients will need solid organ transplantation decades later.
Greek young men grow taller
Authors: Papadimitriou Anastasios , Fytanidis Grigorios , Douros Konstandinos , Papadimitriou Dimitrios T , Nicolaidou Polyxeni , Fretzayas Andreas
Published: May 2008

Aim: To examine whether a secular trend for greater height is still observed in young Greek men.

Method: Height and weight of 3982 Greek conscripts, aged 18–26 years, were measured and correlated with the level of education and place of residence. Our data were collected from May 2006 to May 2007 from pre‐selected army camps all over Greece. The data were compared with those of a similar study performed in 1990.

Results: Mean height (±SD) of the conscripts was 178.06 (±7.05) cm. From 1990 until 2006, mean height increased from 175.7 cm to 178.06 cm (p < 0.001), corresponding to 1.47 cm/decade. Height was positively correlated with the place of residence (p = 0.007) and the level of education (p < 0.001) of the conscripts.

Conclusions: Our data show a further increase in the stature of young Greek men in the last 16 years. It appears that the male Greek population has still not exhausted its growth potential.
Brandeis' Policeman: Results from a Laboratory Experiment on How to Prevent Corporate Fraud
Authors: Guttentag Michael D. , Porath Christine L. , Fraidin Samuel N.
Published: May 2008

We use a laboratory experiment to study how to prevent corporate fraud. Our experiment is the first to replicate the salient features of corporate fraud in a controlled setting. We find that requiring additional disclosures significantly reduces fraud. This finding runs counter to implications from previous research, but that research does not include many of the defining aspects of corporate fraud. Our results support the federal government's continued reliance on disclosure as a way to reduce fraud, a reliance that dates back to Louis Brandeis' observation that “publicity is justly commended as a remedy for social and industrial diseases. Sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants; electric light the most efficient policeman.”
Hexameric ring structure of the N‐terminal domain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DnaB helicase
Authors: Biswas Tapan , Tsodikov Oleg V.
Published: May 2008

Hexameric DnaB helicase unwinds the DNA double helix during replication of genetic material in bacteria. DnaB is an essential bacterial protein; therefore, it is an important potential target for antibacterial drug discovery. We report a crystal structure of the N‐terminal region of DnaB from the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtDnaBn), determined at 2.0 Å resolution. This structure provides atomic resolution details of formation of the hexameric ring of DnaB by two distinct interfaces. An extensive hydrophobic interface stabilizes a dimer of MtDnaBn by forming a four‐helix bundle. The other, less extensive, interface is formed between the dimers, connecting three of them into a hexameric ring. On the basis of crystal packing interactions between MtDnaBn rings, we suggest a model of a helicase–primase complex that explains previously observed effects of DnaB mutations on DNA priming.
Dimers of light‐harvesting complex 2 from Rhodobacter sphaeroides characterized in reconstituted 2D crystals with atomic force microscopy
Authors: Liu Lu‐Ning , Aartsma Thijs J. , Frese Raoul N.
Published: May 2008

Microscopic and light spectroscopic investigations on the supramolecular architecture of bacterial photosynthetic membranes have revealed the photosynthetic protein complexes to be arranged in a densely packed energy‐transducing network. Protein packing may play a determining role in the formation of functional photosynthetic domains and membrane curvature. To further investigate in detail the packing effects of like‐protein photosynthetic complexes, we report an atomic force microscopy investigation on artificially created 2D crystals of the peripheral photosynthetic light‐harvesting complexes 2 (LH2's) from the bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Instead of the usually observed one or two different crystallization lattices for one specific preparation protocol, we find seven different packing lattices. The most abundant crystal types all show a tilting of LH2. Most surprisingly, although LH2 is a monomeric protein complex in vivo, we find an LH2 dimer packing motif. We further characterize two different dimer configurations: in type 1, the LH2's are tilted inwards, and in type 2, they are titlted outwards. Closer inspection of the lattices surrounding the LH2 dimers indicates their close resemblance to those LH2's that constitute a lattice of zig‐zagging LH2's. In addition, analyses of the tilt of the LH2's within the zig‐zag lattice and that observed within the dimers corroborate their similar packing motifs. The type 2 dimer configuration exhibits a tilt that, in the absence of up‐down packing, could bend the lipid bilayer, leading to the strong curvature of the LH2 domains as observed in Rhodobacter sphaeroides photosynthetic membranes in vivo.
Evaluation of IL10, IL19 and IL20 gene polymorphisms and chronic hepatitis B infection outcome
Authors: Truelove Ann L. , Oleksyk Taras K. , Shrestha Sadeep , Thio Chloe L. , Goedert James J. , Donfield Sharyne M. , Kirk Gregory D. , Thomas David L. , O’Brien Stephen J. , Smith Michael W.
Published: May 2008

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a serious global health problem despite the availability of a highly effective vaccine. Approximately 5% of HBV‐infected adults develop chronic hepatitis B, which may result in liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Variants of interleukin‐10 (IL10) have been previously associated with chronic hepatitis B infection and progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP; n = 42) from the IL10, IL19 and IL20 gene regions were examined for an association with HBV infection outcome, either chronic or recovered, in a nested case–control study of African Americans and European Americans. Among African Americans, three nominally statistically significant SNP associations in IL10, two in IL20, and one haplotype association were observed with different HBV infection outcomes (P = 0.005–0.04). A SNP (rs1518108) in IL20 deviated significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in African Americans, with a large excess of heterozygotes in chronic HBV‐infected cases (P = 0.0006), which suggests a strong genetic effect. Among European Americans, a nominally statistically significant SNP association in IL20 and an IL20 haplotype were associated with HBV recovery (P = 0.01–0.04). These results suggest that IL10 and IL20 gene variants influence HBV infection outcome and encourage the pursuit of further studies of these cytokines in HBV pathogenesis.
A META‐ANALYSIS OF TEAMWORK PROCESSES: TESTS OF A MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODEL AND RELATIONSHIPS WITH TEAM EFFECTIVENESS CRITERIA
Authors: LePINE JEFFERY A. , PICCOLO RONALD F. , JACKSON CHRISTINE L. , MATHIEU JOHN E. , SAUL JESSICA R.
Published: May 2008

Drawing from Marks, Mathieu, and Zaccaro (2001), we proposed that narrowly focused teamwork processes load onto 3 higher‐order teamwork process dimensions, which in turn load onto a general teamwork process factor. Results of model testing using meta‐analyses of relationships among narrow teamwork processes provided support for the structure of this multidimensional theory of teamwork process. Meta‐analytic results also indicated that teamwork processes have positive relationships with team performance and member satisfaction, and that the relationships are similar across the teamwork dimensions and levels of process specificity. Supplemental analyses revealed that the 3 intermediate‐level teamwork processes are positively and strongly related to cohesion and potency. Results of moderator analyses suggested that relationships among teamwork processes and team performance are somewhat dependent on task interdependence and team size.
Declining Youth In‐migration in Rural Western Australia: the Role of Perceptions of Rural Employment and Lifestyle Opportunities
Authors: DAVIES AMANDA
Published: May 2008

Over the last two decades there has been a steady decline in youth migration to Australian rural communities. Generally, inland agricultural communities are the most seriously impacted by this trend. Coupled with high rates of youth out‐migration, many rural communities face difficulties in attracting young people to fill skilled job vacancies and apprentice positions. Declining youth in‐migration also has social consequences, effectively reducing the capacity of rural communities to replenish their skill base and social networks. This research identifies how urban‐based youth perceive rural lifestyles and employment opportunities and how this is linked to their willingness to move to rural areas. The study reveals that young people attach undesirable aesthetic values to the physical environment of inland rural communities and perceive them as socially isolating and as having minimal opportunities for career advancement. However, the perceptions of those who live, or had lived, in rural areas are far more positive than those who have had little experience in rural communities. Accordingly, those who had previously lived in inland regions were far more likely to move to rural areas than those who had limited lived experience of rural communities. Overall, the research found that perceptions of lifestyle and employment opportunities were important influences on young people's willingness to move to rural communities.
Youthful Creativity in Regional Australia: Panacea for Unemployment and Out‐Migration?
Authors: GIBSON CHRIS
Published: May 2008

This paper addresses the theme of youth out‐migration from rural Australia, in the context of recent policy discussions about creativity and its role in regional development. Ethnographic fieldwork in one rural location – the New South Wales Far North Coast – is drawn upon to highlight how creative industries are being cast as a potential way of promoting cultural activities and jobs for young people, and in turn, how they might be imagined as a means to mitigate youth out‐migration. Yet, creative industries have contradictory employment and social outcomes. Creative industries are likely to generate higher rates of youth participation in economic activities than public data reveal. However, strategies for future job growth should also consider the limitations and instabilities of creative industry employment. Second, and more broadly, the paper discusses those socio‐cultural dimensions of nascent creative industries that may have a more substantial impact when conceived as part of strategies to stem youth exodus from rural areas. Creative activities may contribute to rural development in indirect ways, especially if linked to policy goals of increased tolerance of youth activities, better provision of cultural services, and improved well‐being for young people. While formal job‐creation may be limited, creative industries could mitigate some of the impacts of youth migration to cities by enriching regional social life and mediating perceptions of the advantages and drawbacks of rural versus urban life. This kind of policy imagination requires a shift in attitudes towards young people and a more genuine commitment to encourage young people to feel that they belong in non‐metropolitan areas.
Role of Infragravity Energy in Bar Formation in a Strong‐Wind Bay: Observations from Seaford Beach, Port Phillip Bay, Australia
Authors: GOODFELLOW B.W. , STEPHENSON W.J.
Published: May 2008

Measurements of the surf zone wave field and morphology were obtained from a multi‐barred beach in a fetch‐limited, strong‐wind bay (Seaford, southeastern Australia) during both low‐ and high‐energy conditions. Analysis of the infragravity energy present during high‐energy events (onshore winds >7 ms−1) revealed that it was broad‐banded, consisting of a mixture of standing and progressive motions and displaying daily variations in standing wave length scales. Infragravity standing waves were therefore not considered significant to the formation and migration of bars at Seaford during this study, with bar behaviour during high energy events potentially attributable to either breaking wave‐bed return flow and/or self‐organisational mechanisms.
The Accident Case—V. The Diagnosis of Thoracic Injuries
Authors: Hall L. W.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— Diagnosis of thoracic injuries must be prompt and be made without unduly disturbing the animal. The clinical signs are detected by inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation of the thorax.

Radiographic examination is complementary to the physical examination. The severity and extent of trauma to the thorax may sometimes only be assessed by the response to treatment.

Résumé— Le diagnostic des traumatismes thoraciques doit être établi rapidement et sans trop agiter l'animal. Les signes cliniques sont mis en valeur par inspection, palpation, percussion et auscultation du thorax.

L'examen radiographique complète l'examen clinique. La gravité et l'importance du traumatisme thoracique ne peuvent parfois être évaluées que par l'épreuve thérapeutique.

Zusanrmenfassung—Die Diagnosis von thorakalen Verletzungen muss sofort gestellt werden, wobei das Tier nicht mehr als unbedingt nötig gestört werden darf. Die klinischen. Anzeichen können durch Untersuchen, Befühlen, Beklopfen und Abhorchen des Brustkorbes festgestellt werden.

Zusätzjich zu der körperlichen Untersuchung kann auch eine röntgenologische Untersuchung ausgeführt werden. Die Schwere und das Ausmass der thorakalen Verletzung kann manchmal nur nach der Art, wie die Behandlung angschlägt, beurteilt werden.
The Sterilization of Surgical Materials*
Authors: Vaughan L. C.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The advantages and disadvantages of various methods of sterilization of surgical materials are reviewed. The methods discussed are boiling, hot air, steam under pressure, chemicals and gamma rays.

Résumé— Les avantages et désavantages des differentes méthodes der stvrilisation du matériel chirurgical sont passés en revue. Les méthodes discutées sont l'ébullition, I'air chaud, la vapeur sous pression, les produits chimiques et les rayons gamma.

Zusammenfassung— Es wird ein Überblick über die Vor‐ und Nachteile der verschiedenen Methoden zur Sterilisierung aller in der Chirurgie verwendeten Gegenstände gegeben. Folgende Methoden werden besprochen: Kochen, die Verwendung von Heissluft, von unter Druck stehendem Dampf, von aktischen Strahlen und Gammastrahlen.
Intrapulmonary Anaesthesia with Pentobarbitone Sodium in Cats
Authors: Strande Anders
Published: May 2008

Abstract— Intrapulmonary anaesthesia with pentobarbitone sodium was carried out on a total of sixty cats. The injection was performed in the 8th and 9th intercostal space over the middle of the diaphragmatic lobe. In most cases both lungs were used with an intervening period. A total of ninety‐five injections were given. The drug was given in doses varying from 30–45 mg/kg body weight. The cats were destroyed from 10 to 180 days after the injection. The changes in the lung were investigated. They were significant and long lasting. Many cats died in connection with the injections, indicating that the method is too dangerous to be recommended in practice.

Resume— Det er foretatt en intrapulmonal anestesi med pentobarbitone sodium på ialt 60 katter. Injeksjonen er foretatt i 8. og 9. intercostalrom midt over diafragmalappen. En har for det meste brukt begge lunger med et tidsintervall. Ialt er det foretatt 95. injeksjoner. Midlet er gitt i doser varierende fra 30–45 mg/kg legemsvekt. Kattene er avlivet fra 10 ti1 180 dager etter injeksjonen. En har undersøkt de forandringer som er oppstått i lungen. Disse forandringene var såpass store og langvarige og for mange katter døde i tilknytning ti1 injeksjonen slik at metoden er for risikalbel ti1 å bli anbefalt brukt i praksk.

Résumé— L'anesthésie au pentothal par voie intrapulmonaire a été administrée à un groupe de soixante chats. L'injection a été pratiquée dans la 8ème ou 9ème espace intercostal au‐dessus du milieu du lobe diaphragmatique. Dans la plupart des cas l'injection a été pratiquée dans les deux poumons avec un intervalle entre les deux injections. Un total de quatre‐vingt‐quinze injections a été pratiqué. La dose pratiquée variait entre 30 et 45 mg par kilo. Les chats ont été sacrifiés 10 à 180 jours après l'injection. Les modifications pulmonaires ont été ttudiées. Ces modifications étaient appréciables et prolongées. De nombreux chats ant succombéà l'injection, ce qui indique que la méthode comporte trop de risques pour que l'on puisse la préconiser en pratique.

Zusammenfassung— Es wurde bei insgesamt sechzig Katzen eine intrapulmonäre Anästhesie mit phenobarbitone sodium ausgeführt. Die Einspritzung erfolgte im 8. und 9. Interkostalraum, über der Mitte des Zwerchfellappens. In den meisten Fällen wurde erst der eine und nach einer gewissen Zeit auch der zweite Lungenflügel anasthesiert. Im Ganzen wurden fünfundneunzig Injektionen gegeben. Die Dosen des eingespritzten Medikamentes variierten von 30 bis zu 45 mg pro kg Körper‐gewicht. Die Katzen wurden innerhalb von 10 bis zu 180 Tagen nach der Injektion getötet. An‐schliessend wurden die Veränderungen in der Lunge untersucht, und es stellte sich heraus, dass diese bedeutend und von dauerhafter Natur waren. Viele Katzen starben anlässlich der Injektion, was darauf hinweist, dass diese Methode zu gefahrvoll ist, als dass sie der medizinischen Praxis empfohlen werden könnte.
The Urinary Excretion of Riboflavin by the Cat
Authors: Waterhouse C. E. , Taylor T. , Partington H.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The daily riboflavin excretion of five adult cats has been studied for periods ranging from 7 to 11 days. The cats were housed in metabolism cages and were provided with a diet of cooked rabbit meat, wholemeal bread and water. The total amount of riboflavin excreted does not appear to be related to the dietary intake. The concentration of riboflavin in the urine does appear to be characteristic for a given cat under our experimental conditions.

Résumé— L'excrétion quotidienne de riboflavine chez cinq chats adultes a étéétudié pendant des périodes allant de 7 à 11 jours. Les chats étaient casés dans des cages à métabolisme et recevaient un régime de viande de lapin cuite, de pain entier et d'eau. La quantité totale de riboflavine excrétée ne semble pas être en rapport avec la quantité ingérée. Dans les conditions expérimentales que nous avons utilisées la concentration urinaire de riboflavine parait caractéristique pour un chat donné.

Zusammenfassung— In einer von 7 bis zu 11 Tagen reichenden Zeitspanne wurde untersucht, wieviel Laktoflavin fünf ausgewachsene Katzen täglich ausscheiden. Die Katzen wurden in Käfigen untergebracht, in denen der Stoffwechsel ständig überprüft werden kann, und sie wurden mit einer aus gekochtem Kaninchenfleisch, Vollkornbrot und Wasser bestehenden Diät gefüttert. Die Gesamt‐menge des ausgeschiedenen Laktoflavins scheint in keiner Beziehung zu der Nahrungsaufnahme zu stehen. Die Konzentration des Laktoflavin im Urin scheint für eine unter unseren Versuchs‐bedingungen stehende Katze charakteristisch zu sein.
The Use of Skin for the Replacement of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament in the Dog: A Review of Thirty Cases
Authors: Vaughan L. C. , Bowden N. L. R.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— A review is presented of thirty cases, in the dog, where repair of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament was undertaken using skin as a ligament substitution material. The results of this series are examined and the authors recommend the employment of whole thickness skin grafts for cruciate ligament replacement.

Résumé— Une étude est présentée de trente cas de réparation de la rupture du ligament croisé antérieur chez le chien, utilisant la peau come matériel de substitution de tissu ligamentaire. Les résultats obtenus dans ce groupe sont étudiés et les auteurs recommandent l'emploi de greffes de peau entière pour le remplacement de ligaments croisés.

Zusammenfassung— Es werden dreissig Fälle beschrieben, in denen bei Hunden ein Riss des vorderen Kreuzbandes unter Verwendung von Haut als Ligamenturnersatz ausgebessert wurde. Die Ergebnisse dieser Serie wurden untersucht, und die Autoren empfehlen, Hauttransplantate ganzer Dicke zur Ausbesserung des gerissenen Kreuzbandes zu verwenden.
The Working Sheep Dog—A Survey of Diseases and Methods of Husbandry, with a Review of Recent Advances in Canine Nutrition
Authors: Fox M. W.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The paper presents surveyed data to establish the present methods of feeding and management of the working sheep dog. Figures as to the incidence of disease and causes of mortality are also included and references to recent advances in canine nutrition and medicine integrated with these findings.

Résumé— L'article présente les résultats d'une enquête sur les méthodes d'alimentation et de régime de travail chez le chien berger. Des chiffres sont présentés en ce qui concerne l'incidence de la maladie et les causes de mortalité et des corrélations établies entre ces chiffres et les progrès récents en matière de nutrition et de médecine canine.

Zusammenfassung— Dieser Vortrag bringt auf einer Untersuchung beruhende Angaben zur Festsetzung der gegenwärtig besten Methoden zur Fütterung und Behandlung des arbeitenden Schäferhundes. Ausserdem werden Zahlen über das Auftreten von Krankheiten und Grüde für die Sterblichkeit gegeben, und es wird auf die jüngsten Fortschritte bei der Hundeernährung und die diese Untersuchungsergebnisse ergänzende Medizin hingewiesen.
The use of Bandages and Splints for the Support of Limbs in Cats and Dogs*
Authors: Vaughan L. G.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The various methods that are currently used for the support of the limbs of small animals are described, together with their advantages and disadvantages. Attention is drawn to the possible complications of external fixation methods and advice is given on the means for preventing untoward sequelae.

Résumé— –L'auteur décrit les différentes méthodes couramment en usage pour la contention des membres des petits animaux, ainsi que leur savantages et leurs inconvénients. Il attir l'attention sur les complications possibles des méthodes de fixation externe et indique les moyens de prévenir les séquelles ultérieures.

Zusammenfassung— Die verschiedenen Methoden, die zur Zeit zum Stützen der Gliedmassen kleiner Tiere verwendet werden, werden mit ihren Vorzügen und Nachteilen beschrieben. Es wird auf die möglichen Komplikationen äusserer Methoden der Ruhigstellung hingewiesen, und es wird Rat erteilt, wie man unliebsame Folgen vermeiden kann.
Behaviour and Socialization of the Wild Timber‐Wolf
Authors: Fox M. W.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— A review article dealing with the social behaviour patterns of the wild timber‐wolf, an ancestor of the domesticated dog. Investigation of these patterns may help to understand more clearly the behaviour of the dog and the influence of selection and domestication. Such behaviour patterns as flight distance, approach and avoidance behaviour, fear biting and the extinction of fear responses are discussed.

Résumé— –Article rendant compte des types de comportement social du loup des bois, ancêtre du chien domestique. Il se peut que l'étude de ces types aide à comprendre plus clairement le comportement du chien et l'influence de la sélection et de la domestication. On y discute certains types de comportement tels que la fuite, l'approche, l'esquive, l'acte de mordre sous l'effet de la peur, et la disparition des réponses à la peur.

Zusammenfassung— Ein kritischer Artikel, der sich mit den sozialen Verhaltensformen des wilden Canis occidentalis, eines Vorfahrens des Haushundes, befasst. Eine Untersuchung derselben kann dazu beitragen, das Verhalten des Hundes und den Einfluss von Zuchtwahl und Domestikation besser zu verstehen. Es werden Verhaltensformen wie Fluchtweite, Annäherungs‐ und Ausweichens‐verhalten, Beissen aus Furcht und das Erlöschen von Furchtreaktionen diskutiert.
A Note on Catmint
Authors: Sellwood E. H. B.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The literature on catmint, Nepeta cataria, an old herbal remedy, the oil of which contains the substance nepetalactone, responsible for the attractiveness of the plant to cats, is reviewed briefly.

Résumé— –Bref compte‐rendu de la littérature sur l'herbe‐aux‐chats, Népéta chataire, Nepeta cataria, vieux remède végétal, dont l'huile contient la “nepetalactone”, substance responsable de l'attirance des chats pour cette plante.

Zusammenfassung— Die Literatur über Katzenminze, Nepeta cataria, ein altes Kräuterheilmittel, dessen Ol die Substanz Nepetalakton enthält, welches für die Anziehungskraft der Pflanze auf Katzen verantwortlich ist, wird kurz rezensiert.
Observations on the Upper Respiratory Tract of the Dog and Cat
Authors: Cook W. R.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The author presents a survey based on clinical material examined over a four‐year period of conditions affecting the upper respiratory tract of the dog and cat. The anatomy and physiology of the area is reviewed together with the routine of examination of this area. The diseases observed are discussed under the regional headings: anterior nares, nasal chamber, pharynx, larynx and trachea.

Résumé— –Se basant sur une expérience clinique de quatre années, Pauteur donne un apercu de la pathologie des voies respiratoires supérieures du chien et du chat. II passe en revue l'anatomie, la physiologie et les méthodes d'examen clinique courantes de cette région. Il discute les maladies observées en suivant la classification topographique: narines, fosses nasales, pharynx, larynx et trachée.

Zusammenfassung— Der Verfasser gibt einen auf klinischem Material, das in einer Zeit von vier Jahren gesammelt und untersucht wurde, aufgebauten Überblick über die Krankheiten, die die oberen Atemwege von Hunden und Katzen angreifen. Es werden die Anatomie und Physiologie, sowie das übliche Verfahren einer Untersuchung dieser Körpergegend besprochen. Die festgestellten Krankheiten werden unter folgenden, in Bezirke aufgeteilten Überschriften erörtert: Vordere Nasenlöcher, Nasenhöhle, Rachenhöhle, Kehlkopf und Luftröhre.