bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internet of Things (IoT) Current Research Challenges and Opportunities and Blockchain As A Potential Solution: A Review
Authors: Tundalwar Dinesh S. , Pandhare Rashmi A. , Digalwar Mayuri A.
Published: June 2024

The Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming the physical and digital worlds. Our everyday objects are transformed into smart devices, from dustbins to toothbrushes. In spite of the IoT being relatively young, its growth is brisk. By 2025, it is expected that 80 billion IoT devices will be used in practice. This would not be possible without addressing the challenges associated with the IoT. By using a state-of-the-art survey, this paper explores recent research topics related to IoT, such as scalability, energy efficiency, M2M communications, communication protocols, interoperability, heterogeneity, security, and privacy. Survey results reveal that security and privacy are identified by the majority of researchers as major research challenges. Subsequently, this paper explores the recent security trends such as AES, DES, RSA, BLOWFISH, DH, SHA-1/SHA-256, NTRU, hybrid security techniques, fog computing, edge computing, software-defined networking, lightweight cryptography, homomorphic and searchable encryption, machine learning-based solutions, blockchain-based solutions, and IOTA. Blockchains are unique in their properties such as immutability, trust, privacy, integrity, and resiliency, which isolate the technology from other existing security solutions and place it among the potential security solutions among existing trends. In addition to this overview of blockchain technology, applications of blockchain in IoT and the architecture of IoT with blockchain are also presented. Finally, the challenges of integrating Blockchain technology with IoT such as scalability, security, the privacy of information, smart contracts, legal issues, throughput, latency, computational requirements, and storage with solutions were discussed, along with future directions of research while designing Blockchain-based IoT applications with low power consumption and high scalability.
Development of the study of Islamic education in Scopus indexed international publications in 2017-2022: Bibliometric analysis
Authors: Sumanti Solihah Titin , Salminawati Salminawati , Budianti Yusnaili , Wibowo Budi Santoso , Syarif Jamal , Hamidah Dewi , Usman Jamiluddin
Published: June 2024

Various journals and publications on Islamic Education have been produced by many researchers. Various studies related to Islamic education continues to be developed and published in various academic discourses. This study is a bibliographic study on the Scopus database, to study the structure and dynamics of the field of Islamic educational sciences. This study aims to map research trends related to Islamic education by collecting and analyzing articles from 2017 to 2022. This research uses quantitative methods to identify trends research in the theme of Islamic Education. The results of the research show that Islamic Education will continue to develop and be widely studied in various countries. Currently the most influential countries are the countries of South Asia and Southeast Asia. This is because in this area the dominant population is Muslim . It can be concluded that the publication of Islamic Education has attracted many groups, both writers from Muslim countries and from Western countries.
Pharmacognostic, Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical Sceening Of Cinnamon Verum and Ocimum Tenuiflorum Leaf Extract for Its Antiseptic Activity
Authors: Farman Farman , Martolia Jaya , Painuly Neelam
Published: June 2024

The study encompasses multiple stages, starting with the meticulous the collection of plant and the preparation of plant materials. The extraction of the Cinnamon verum and Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extract is performed using established techniques to optimize the yield of bioactive compounds. The extraction process may involve Cinnamon verum and Ocimum tenuiflorum plant leaf extracts to harness potential synergistic effects, thereby enhancing the extract's overall efficacy. Phytochemical analysis plays a pivotal role in this study, involving both qualitative and quantitative assessments. Various classes of phytochemicals, including eugenol, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyphenols, are screened to identify and quantify their presence. The ultimate goal of this research is to assess the in vivo antiseptic activity of the Cinnamon verum and Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extract, addressing its ability to inhibit or eliminate microorganisms within living organisms. In vitro studies, DNA lab testing, and field studies are undertaken to evaluate the extract's effectiveness in real-life biological systems, including its safety and potential side effects in clinical settings. The findings from this research hold the promise of a novel and potent antiseptic solution, contributing to the ongoing efforts to combat infectious diseases and enhance public health.
Core Competencies for Nurse’s Role in Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Farias Isabelle Ribeiro de , Leite Marina de Jesus , Santos Rafaela Vilela Alves dos , Coelho Filipi Utuari de Andrade , Oliveira Priscilla Caroliny de
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) replaces diseased or damaged bone marrow with another that normally functions. In Brazil, a nurse supervises nursing activities related to direct patient care, with other activities being exclusive to this profession. Due to the complexity of these patients, some BMT programs may choose to provide nursing care exclusively by registered nurses. Objectives: (i) To unveil nurses’ perceptions regarding the competencies required during the care process for patients in the Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit; and (ii) to identify whether nurses recognize an increase in quality in BMT units that implement nursing care exclusively by registered nurses. Methods: A descriptive-exploratory study with a concurrent mixed-methods approach was conducted in a large hospital in the South Zone of São Paulo city with nurses working in BMT in 2023. Results: From the analysis of interviews, it was possible to categorize the results into three categories: a) the competencies required for nurses in BMT; b) BMT as a specialization for nursing; c) the relationship between exclusive nursing care and outcomes in BMT. Conclusion: Five core competencies were identified: clinical reasoning, decision-making, teamwork, health education, and leadership. Professionals recognize an increase in the quality of nursing care provided in BMT when exclusively performed by registered nurses.
The Effectiveness of CLT-Based STAD to Improve Speaking Skill of Phase F Student at Islamic Senior High School 2 Surakarta
Authors: Shofia Arina Nuriyana , Sujito Sujito
Published: June 2024

Speaking is the skill on which students will be most evaluated in real-life situations. It's an important part of everyday interaction and more often than not, a person's first impression is based on a student's ability to express themselves fluently and understandably. This research of the objectives of this research are generally to: 1) improve the speaking skills of Phase F students through the application of the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) Based Student Team Achievement Division (STAD)-Type method in speaking learning, 2) improve the vocabulary of Phase F students through the application of the CLT Based STAD-Type method in speaking learning, 3) increase grammar to improve speaking skills and learning achievement of Phase F students through the application of the CLT Based STAD-Type method in speaking learning. While specifically aiming to: 1) find out the results of the application of the CLT Based STAD-Type method in improving speaking ability of phase F students, 2) increase vocabulary of Phase F students, 3) increase grammar to improve speaking skills and learning achievement of Phase F students. Using experimental research for data collection is done through tests, observations, field notes and documentation. The subject of this study was conducted on grade XI or Phase F students in Independent Curriculum, as many as 36 students consisting of 24 female students and 12 male students. The results showed an increase ability and learning outcomes of speaking, in the initial condition the ability to speak English only 27.78% increase in cycle I to 69.4% and increased again in cycle II which was 83.3%. Similarly, the learning achievement in the initial condition of students was completed by 36.1% or 13 students from 36 students and increased in the cycle I to 63.8% or 23 students from 36 students and again increased in the cycle II to 80.56% or 29 students from 36 students. This research concluded that: 1) The application of the CLT Based STAD-Type method can increase to improve students' speaking skills in speaking lessons which are characterized by student activeness when learning speaking material, student awareness to memorize vocabulary to be able to express ideas to speak, students can be actively involved in speaking and answering questions in discussion and argument, 2) The application of the CLT Based STAD-Type method can improve the English learning achievement of Phase F students which can be seen from the test scores in the initial condition of the learning completeness level of 36.1% with KKM 75 with an average score of 73.00 increased in the cycle II by 80.56% with an average value of 82.00.
PELAKSANAAN LAYANAN PENEMPATAN DAN PENYALURAN TERHADAP PEMILIHAN JURUSAN DI TINGKAT SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS (SMA)
Authors: Seplyana Desy
Published: June 2024

Peserta didik akan menghadapi dunia kerja setelah mereka lulus dari sekolah, permasalahannya adalah diantara peserta didik tidak tahu orientasi karier yang baik yang sesuai dengan bakat dan minat mereka, dari alasan itulah layanan penempatan dan penyaluran diberikan kepada peserta didik dengan tujuan mereka memperoleh tempat yang sesuai untuk mengembangkan diri mereka secara maksimal.Layanan penempatan dan penyaluran adalah layanan bimbingan konseling yang memungkinkan peserta didik memperoleh penempatan yang tepat sesuai dengan potensi, bakat dan minat serta kondisi pribadinya. Pada tingkat SMA  layanan penempatan dan penyaluran sangat penting dimana layanan tersebut dilakukan dengan prosedur yang baik dan akan menghantarkan peserta didik untuk penjurusan yang tepat, hal tersebut akan sangat berpengaruh pada pilihan karir yang akan dipilih kelak.Aplikasilayananpenampatan dan penyaluran antara lain penempatan yang tepat didalam kelas, kelompok belajar, jurusan/program studi, program latihan, magang dan kegiatan ekstrakurikuler.Pelaksanaanlayananpenempatan dan penyalurandisudahterlaksanaakantetapibelum optimal, seperti layanan penempatan dan penyaluran siswa dalam kelas, kelompokbelajar, ekstrakulikuler dan penjurusan. Faktorpendukunglayananiniadalahkerjasama yang apikantara guru BK, walikelas dan guru bidangmatapelajaran.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI RENDAHNYA MINAT SISWA MEMANFAATKAN LAYANAN BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING
Authors: Aini Jannatun , Sari Dewi Purnama , Nasution Aida Rahmi
Published: June 2024

This research was aimed to know factors influencing interest to utilize guidance and counseling service at school. This was a qualitative research by an explorative method. The research subject selection used a proportionate stratified random sampling numbered 161 students of State Senior High School MA Negeri 1 of Lubuklinggau. Data gathering technique used a questionaire filling. Data was analyzed using data reduction, data display, then conclusion drawing. The research results showed that factors influencing interest to utilize gudance and counseling service in forms of internal and external factors. Internal factor covered: the emerging problems, self motivation and the attitude shown. External factors covered: family influence, guidance and counseling teachers, guidance and counseling service facilities, associate friends and media used. Factor influencing motivation to utuilize guidance and counseling service in forms of internal and external factors. Internal factors covered: needs, the emerging behavior and having purpose in utilizing guidance and counseling service. External factors covered: parents influence, guidance and counseling teacher and also guidance and counseling service facilities, associate friends.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi minat memanfaatkan layanan bimbingan dan konseling di sekolah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode eksploratif. Pemilihan subyek penelitian menggunakan proportionate stratified random sampling, sejumlah 161 siswa MA Negeri 1 Lubuklinggau. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan pengisian angket. Teknik analisis data menggunakan reduksi data, display data, lalu kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi minat memanfaatkan layanan BK berupa faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal meliputi: adanya masalah yang timbul, motivasi diri, dan sikap yang ditunjukan. Faktor eksternal meliputi: pengaruh keluarga, guru BK, fasilitas layanan BK, teman pergaulan, dan media yang digunakan. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi motivasi memanfaatkan layanan BK berupa faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal meliputi: adanya kebutuhan, perilaku yang muncul, dan memiliki tujuan dalam memanfaatkan layanan BK. Faktor eksternal meliputi: pengaruh orang tua, guru BK serta fasilitas layanan BK, dan teman pergaulan.
PENGEMBANGAN KETERAMPILAN SOSIAL DAN KERJASAMA SISWA MELALUI LAYANAN BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING : PENDEKATAN COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (STUDI KASUS DI SMPIT ANNIDA)
Authors: Seprianto Seprianto , Kardina Nina
Published: June 2024

Social skills and cooperation abilities are essential aspects in an individual's life. These skills not only help someone interact effectively with others but also play a significant role in personal and professional success. The research focused on relevant parties, including educators who influence students' social skills and cooperation. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis employed qualitative descriptive methods to clarify phenomena in society.
The research findings indicate that the CBT counseling process plays a crucial role in developing students' social skills and cooperation at SMPIT Annida. The steps involved in this process include initial evaluation, establishing therapeutic relationships, identifying negative thoughts, changing thought patterns, social skills learning, practical application, monitoring and evaluating progress, reinforcement, collaboration with teachers and parents, as well as follow-up and future planning. CBT at SMPIT Annida yielded supportive results for enhancing students' social skills and cooperation, such as skill improvement, mindset transformation, increased self-confidence, social relationships, and positive impact on the school environment. This study emphasizes the importance of social skills and cooperation in students' lives and their implications for CBT approaches in educational settings.
Keterampilan sosial dan kemampuan kerjasama merupakan aspek penting dalam kehidupan individu. Keterampilan ini tidak hanya membantu seseorang dalam berinteraksi dengan orang lain secara efektif, tetapi juga berperan penting dalam kesuksesan pribadi dan profesional. jek penelitian adalah pihak-pihak terkait, termasuk pendidik yang berpengaruh terhadap keterampilan sosial dan kerjasama siswa. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif untuk memperjelas fenomena di masyarakat.
 
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses konseling CBT berperan penting dalam pengembangan keterampilan sosial dan kerjasama siswa di SMPIT Annida. Langkah-langkahnya meliputi evaluasi awal, pembentukan hubungan terapeutik, identifikasi pikiran negatif, pengubahan pola pikir, pembelajaran keterampilan sosial, penerapan praktik, pemantauan dan evaluasi progres, penguatan, kolaborasi dengan guru dan orang tua, serta tindak lanjut dan perencanaan masa depan. CBT di SMPIT Annida memberikan hasil yang mendukung pengembangan keterampilan sosial dan kerjasama siswa, termasuk peningkatan keterampilan, perubahan pola pikir, rasa percaya diri, hubungan sosial, dan dampak positif pada lingkungan sekolah. Penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya keterampilan sosial dan kerjasama dalam kehidupan siswa dan implikasinya dalam pendekatan CBT di lingkungan pendidikan.
As contratações da administração pública do Estado do Pará à luz dos critérios de sustentabilidade: análise dos editais de licitação no período de 2018-2022
Authors: Gonçalves Erika do Socorro Oliveira , Brito Rodolfo Pereira , Penna Heriberto Wagner Amanajás , Dourado Junior Octavio Cascaes , Bispo Carlos José Capela , Coutinho Erik Cuellar , Loureiro Renata Silva de , Coutinho Eliane de Castro
Published: June 2024

O consumo e produção sustentáveis é o Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável – ODS nº 12 constante na Agenda 2030 da qual o Brasil é um país signatário, neste ODS tem-se a meta 12.7 que trata da promoção das práticas de compras públicas sustentáveis, com intuito de utilizar o poder de compra da Administração Pública para fomentar práticas sustentáveis no mercado. Dessarte, o Governo do Estado do Pará assumiu o compromisso de implementar todos os 17 ODS da agenda, assim optou-se em identificar os critérios de sustentabilidade presentes nos editais de licitação das contratações da Administração Pública Estadual – APE, do Estado do Pará, a partir dos critérios contidos no Decreto Estadual do Pará nº 1.354 de 25/08/15, o qual estabelece diretrizes para a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável nas contratações realizadas pela Administração Pública Estadual, e no Guia Nacional de Contratação Sustentável da Controladoria Geral da União. A amostra foi composta de 60 editais de licitação, separados por 6 classes de materiais e serviços comuns adquiridos por 18 órgãos e entidades, no período de 2018 a 2022. Os resultados encontrados na pesquisa demonstraram uma baixa efetividade quanto a implementação dos critérios de sustentabilidade, pois menos de 50% das contratações cumpriram com as orientações contidas no decreto, e em relação ao Guia, o percentual da presença dos critérios foi menor que 30%, o que demonstra que as práticas estabelecidas nas contratações públicas dos órgãos e entidades da Administração Pública desse estado devem sofrer melhorias para o alcançe do cumprimento da meta 12.7 da Agenda 2030.
Façonner le texte et l’œuvre
Authors: Dourdy Laura-Maï , Baddeley Susan , Colombo Timelli Maria , Maillet Fanny , Montorsi Francesco , Neumann Marko , Parussa Gabriella , Veneziale Marco , Voeste Anja
Published: June 2024

Les contributions de ce volume esquissent les figures des imprimeurs, protes et libraires qui fabriquent les livres et les rendent identifiables par les acheteurs et les lecteurs du XVIe siècle. Qu’ils affrontent la censure ou soient confrontés à des pénuries de papier, en pleine prospérité ou au bord de la faillite, ils développent des stratégies éditoriales qui leur permettent de diversifier et d’élargir leur lectorat. Cet ouvrage permet donc de mieux comprendre les hommes et femmes qui ont façonné la langue, la littérature et les pratiques de lecture à la fin du Moyen Âge et à la Renaissance.
Fantasmagoria Callas: l'icona dell'opera al Teatro alla Scala
Authors: Limongi Douglas
Published: June 2024

Fantasmagoria Callas: l'icona dell'opera al Teatro alla Scala
Revisiting Daubert: Ensuring Equity and Integrity in the Admissibility of Scientific Testimony
Authors: Lee William J.
Published: June 2024

In litigation, where justice hinges on the impartial examination of evidence, recent trends in federal courts raise significant concerns. Plaintiffs’ scientific and medical experts are increasingly restricted in their testimony, being limited to what is already published in the peer-reviewed literature, or precluded from drawing conclusions that exceed limitations identified in the literature.[i] This restriction not only tilts the scales of justice, but also exacerbates an inherent power differential, favoring defense experts who can and often rely on literature sponsored by defendants and industry generally. Such a trend increasingly undermines the pursuit of truth and jeopardizes the very foundation of fair legal proceedings.
BẢO TỒN VÀ PHÁT HUY GIÁ TRỊ VĂN HÓA DÂN TỘC DAO LÀNG NẶM ĐĂM, XÃ QUẢN BẠ, HUYỆN QUẢN BẠ, TỈNH HÀ GIANG TRONG PHÁT TRIỂN DU LỊCH
Authors: Dương Thùy Linh Linh
Published: June 2024

Một trong những định hướng phát triển kinh tế xã hội vùng DTTS miền núi phía Bắc hiện nay là khai thác du lịch từ những giá trị văn hóa độc đáo, đa dạng của các tộc người, điển hình là du lịch cộng đồng. Khi các sản phẩm văn hóa được đưa vào phục vụ du lịch, trở thành các sản phẩm du lịch sẽ mang lại nguồn lực về kinh tế, góp phần nâng cao đời sống, trình độ nhận thức cho cộng đồng. Bên cạnh đó còn là sự chú trọng, nâng cao ý thức tự giác của chủ thể trong bảo tồn và phát huy giá trị văn hóa tộc người. Du lịch cộng đồng là hướng đi mang tính bền vững trong mục tiêu bảo tồn và phát huy giá trị văn hóa song song với phát triển kinh tế - xã hội.
KHOA HỌC CÔNG NGHỆ VÀ ĐỔI MỚI SÁNG TẠO LÀ YÊU CẦU, ĐỘNG LỰC THÚC ĐẨY CHO SỰ PHÁT TRIỂN KINH TẾ CỦA NƯỚC TA TRONG GIAI ĐOẠN HIỆN NAY
Authors: Phan Thị Thành
Published: June 2024

Trong bối cảnh Việt Nam hội nhập sâu rộng vào nền kinh tế thế giới, tác động đa chiều của toàn cầu hóa, tự do hoá thương mại, cuộc cách mạng công nghiệp lần thứ tư diễn ra mạnh mẽ, cạnh tranh quốc tế hết sức gay gắt, quyết liệt, yêu cầu đẩy mạnh công nghiệp hóa, hiện đại hóa, nâng cao năng suất chất lượng, hiệu quả, sức cạnh tranh của nền kinh tế thì sự phát triển của khoa học công nghệ và đổi mới sáng tạo luôn được coi là cơ sở, nguồn lực quan trọng hàng đầu cho quá trình phát triển kinh tế của đất nước.
CÔNG NGHIỆP HOÁ, HIỆN ĐẠI HOÁ GẮN VỚI XÂY DỰNG ĐÔ THỊ THÔNG MINH TẠI THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH
Authors: Nguyễn Tân Vinh Nam
Published: June 2024

Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh tiếp tục được xây dựng với mục tiêu đổi mới, phát triển công nghiệp hoá, hiện đại hoá, hội nhập nền kinh tế khu vực và quốc tế. Có nhiều thuận lợi và cơ hội lớn, Thành phố cũng đã bị ảnh hưởng bởi một số khó khăn và thử thách đến từ những cường quốc xung đột, biến đổi khí hậu, dịch Covid-19 và cách mạng công nghệ 4.0… Do đó, quá trình công nghiệp hoá và hiện đại hoá ở Thành phố này cần được thực hiện trong thời gian dài, xây dựng Thành phố thông minh với xử lý tái tạo đô thị, ngoài ra, con người được đặt ở trung tâm.
The Possible Effects of Music Therapy Based on Computer Generation on Depression
Authors: Chen Hengyi
Published: June 2024

As a matter of fact, music therapy becomes a novel method on accout of the rapid development of high performances computation for music generation based on computing. The essay provides an in-depth look at how computer-assisted music synthesis has developed and how AI is increasingly being integrated into the creation of music for mental health applications, especially in the treatment of depressive disorders. It begins with a review of the historical context of computer music and the progression of AI in music generation, then moves on to discuss the underlying principles and clinical applications of music therapy.The study highlights how AI can enhance therapeutic interventions, acknowledges current limitations, and proposes future directions. By examining foundational concepts, theoretical underpinnings, practical applications, and emerging challenges, this paper contributes to understanding music's role in promoting well-being and addressing mental health disorders. The transformative potential of AI-driven music interventions is emphasized, advocating for interdisciplinary collaboration and responsible AI practices to enhance personalized treatment strategies.
Empowering Teachers' Learning into Practice: The Case of Flipped Classroom Learning Management
Authors: Thammasarot Supansa , Sanrattana Wirot , Phrasrivajiravati Phrasrivajiravati
Published: June 2024

This research aimed to conduct a study to develop an educational innovation called "Online Self-Training Program to Empower Teachers' Learning into Practice: The Case of Flipped Classroom Learning Management," efficiently using the Research and Development (R&D) methodology. This online self-training program consists of two projects: 1) A Teacher Development Project: It includes self-training modules for teacher learning, comprising 10 modules. 2) A Teacher Implementation Project: It involves a self-training module for teachers to use as a practical guideline, consisting of 1 module. The results of the experimental research in the first project revealed that among the experimental group of 16 teachers, their post-test scores met the standardized criteria of 90/90, and they had statistically significantly higher scores compared to their pretest scores. In the second project's experimental research, it was found that the post-test scores of 640 students showed a statistically significant increase in their perception of flipped classroom learning management when compared to their pre-test scores. The research results were consistent with the predefined research hypotheses, indicating that the educational innovation produced by this research has been confirmed to be effective. It can be beneficially applied to teachers and students in schools that are the target population for disseminating the research findings in the future.
Urban law and sustainable cities: Reasonable analysis of the case in the Republic of Ecuador
Authors: Márquez José Albert , Alarcón Zambrano Jaime Alfredo
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this article is to analyse the current relationship between urban law and sustainable cities, based on concepts of a general nature, the case of Ecuador. In this regard, the current reality in Ecuador is a model, because there are a limited number of appropriate legal regulations, the lack of practice in the academic community of urban planning law, the lack of policies to implement these regulations and, in your case, sanctions for non-compliance. From another perspective, this situation provides the possibility to propose real policies conducive to sustainable urban development. Finally, the purpose of this study is to test the following hypothesis, that is, the laws and regulations of the urban law are not truly autonomous, enough, consistent and appropriate, and can not guarantee the sustainable urban development. We will take the realistic temporal and spatial framework of Ecuador as a reference.
Medellin: City of crossroads—Poverty, urban model and social change of the green belt project
Authors: Echeverry Tamayo Juan David
Published: June 2024

Over the years, Medellin has faced a series of problems that hinder its clear vision for the future, which will make it more than drug trafficking and prostitution in the world. However, Medellin and many of its residents are currently acting to obtain better material conditions and facilitate the lives of their residents, who continue to suffer from appalling poverty, marginalization and violence due to the vulnerability of the state in vast territorial areas. Despite this difficult cultural landscape, the city has made far-reaching efforts, albeit limited, to improve Medellin’s observed prospects, so today it is considered an example of urban and social transformation in Latin America. In this way, large-scale projects such as green space and garden around the city have begun to overcome the extreme violence and decentralization of the state in recent years, which has enabled cities to expand to areas where human life and the environment are at high risk.
Environmental ethics support for eco city construction
Authors: Zhou Guowen , Li Shuangshuang
Published: June 2024

The modern city based on the principle of anthropocentrism has caused many urban environmental problems, resulting in the contradiction between man and nature gradually developing into a state of binary opposition, and promoting the urban ecosystem to be on the verge of danger. On the basis of deep reflection on modern urban environmental problems, eco city construction came into being and developed rapidly. Eco city is an urban development model to solve the current urban environmental crisis and realize the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, man and man, man and societyeco city has internal consistency with environmental ethics, which contains the environmental ethics of non anthropocentrism, sustainable development and environmental justice, environmental ethics guides the construction of ecological city and is an important support for the construction of ecological city. First of all, environmental ethical values such as environmental ethical values, environmental ethical codes of ethics and environmental ethical beliefs provide theoretical support for the construction of ecological citysecondly, environmental ethical practices such as ecological ethical culture, ecological moral education, low-carbon economic model and ecological ethical legal system provide practical support for the construction of ecological cities.
Quality evaluation of low carbon ecological city based on development stage—Take Shandong Province as an example
Authors: Lei Gang , Wu Xianhua
Published: June 2024

Aiming at the problems existing in the current evaluation of low-carbon ecological city, based on the comprehensive interpretation of the scientific law of the development of low-carbon ecological city, this paper distinguishes the path index and evaluation index, constructs the evaluation index system of low-carbon ecological city according to the evaluation index, adopts the quadrant method, establishes a set of technical methods for the evaluation of low-carbon ecological city based on the development law and development stage, and makes an empirical analysis with Shandong Province as an example. The results show that Shandong has crossed the peak of the inverted U-shaped curve of carbon emission intensity, but it is still in the rising period on the left of per capita carbon emission and total carbon emission; According to the situation of each city, there are 10 cities of high-carbon development type. Most cities have entered the critical period of low-carbon ecological transformation and development. The high low-carbon index of some cities has a great relationship with the low level of economic development, and they are in the primary development stage of low-carbon and low economy.
The enforcement of ECB sanctions in light of the proportionality principle: Is there a need for a guide to define a solid legal framework?
Authors: Allegrezza Silvia , Lasagni Giulia
Published: June 2024

This article first provides an overview of the various dimensions of the principle of proportionality and its evolution in the multi-layered European legal framework in light of the increasing expansion of punitive powers of executive bodies. Second, and more specifically, it outlines the limits of the principle of proportionality in the sanctioning procedure of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) within the ECB, comparing it with other relevant EU bodies and national supervisors. Finally, a new and, hopefully, productive step forwards is proposed that could be implemented to ensure a more coherent application of the principle of proportionality within the SSM, aimed at achieving a fairer and more efficient sanctioning procedure.
In Principle, (Im)possible: Harmonizing an EU Arm’s Length Principle
Authors: Doeleman Ruby
Published: June 2024

The arm’s length principle should maintain a tax-level playing field between multinational groups of taxpayers and standalone enterprises. Despite the fact that all EU Member States implemented an arm’s length principle in their domestic transfer pricing rules, differences in the application of the arm’s length principle remain. These differences create two challenges for the EU internal market. The first issue is a potentially unjustified restriction of the fundamental freedoms when the arm’s length principle is only applied in a cross-border context, thereby impeding the free and competitive allocation of resources within the EU internal market and favouring domestic transactions. The second issue is that EU Member States can use the arm’s length principle as a tax competition instrument through transfer pricing rulings that result in reduced tax liability, thereby potentially granting illegal State aid benefits. In light of these threats to the EU internal market, the subsidiarity and proportionality requirements could warrant harmonization of the arm’s length principle. However, the fundamental nature of the arm’s length principle as an open legal standard would render harmonization efforts less effective than intended.
VAT and Purchases that Are Also Used by Third Parties
Authors: Vries Joël de , Bijl Jeroen
Published: June 2024

In this article, the authors provide a critical analysis and categorization of the CJEU case law and EU legislation as regards the VAT treatment of the purchase of goods and services by businesses, where third parties (also) benefit from these purchases. EU VAT rules seem to offer two possible outcomes: either full VAT deduction, usually followed by taxing the third party use; or, based on more recent CJEU case law, a restriction of the VAT deduction related to third party use. The authors conclude that, under current EU VAT Directive provisions and CJEU case law, VAT deduction followed by taxation is the main rule. A VAT deduction restriction will only apply in situations where the costs incurred are also used for transactions performed by the third parties, and not for their private use or consumption.
The ATAD GAAR: A Little Older, but are We Wiser?
Authors: Velthoven Max
Published: June 2024

Article 6 of the EU Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive (ATAD) introduced an EU law obligation for Member States to include a general anti-abuse rule (GAAR) in their corporate tax systems (ATAD GAAR). This article summarizes the findings of a PhD research of the ATAD GAAR. The main conclusion is that the ATAD GAAR codifies the existing general anti-abuse concept of EU law whilst it at the same time expands the reach of this concept to also cover non-harmonized areas of corporate tax. This means that Member States must prevent the abuse of their entire corporate tax systems as if it concerned abuse of EU law. The significant consequences of these changes are analysed, including the timing aspects, taxes in scope, and whether the provision is a minimum standard or full harmonization. This article also analyses the procedural tax aspects of the ATAD GAAR and its impact to the state aid framework. The ATAD GAAR is subsequently criticized with reference to ideas of Karl Popper’s The Open Society. Finally, the article provides an outlook to the future of the provision.
The Hague District Court’s Judgment in the ‘Climate Case of the Century’: How a Dutch Court Fell Through the Cellar Hatch (Part 2)
Authors: Bergkamp Lucas
Published: June 2024

This is part 2 of an rigorous analysis of the judgment of the Hague District Court in Milieudefensie v. Shell. Part 1 was published in the previous issue of European Energy and Environmental Law Review.
Global Offshore Energy Installations: Implications for Environmental Pollution Liability Insurance in Relation to Major Oil Spill Incidents
Authors: Noussia Kyriaki
Published: June 2024

Post the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) incident, offshore energy insurance underwriters reassessed their risk exposures in response to newly perceived operational risks involving blowouts, fires, explosions, lost control of well and other non-hurricane risks. Already in the aftermath of the DWH incident, it has been noted that it would be crucial to consider the willingness of the global offshore energy insurance market to participate in efforts to establish and fix a new liability limit for environmental pollution liability insurance. In relation to the approach followed by the USA administrations, this has been fragmented, with the current administration in office introducing a moratorium on new oil and gas leasing on federal lands and waters and in terms of its policy relating to its climate agenda. Against this background, this article describes the insurance implications of environmental pollution liability in case of offshore drilling operations incidents (such as the DWH) resulting in major oil spills. In doing so it discusses in detail the legal framework and the position in the EU and draws a comparison with other jurisdictions. It also contains proposals for future measures so as to be able to offer better insurance coverage for such offshore drilling disasters, such as the introduction and collection of data on damages, or an EU wide and an international agreement especially focusing on offshore-related incidents with a transboundary character, as well as a mechanism to facilitate early compensation payments to potentially vulnerable victims.
The Clash of the Energy Commons
Authors: Hoops Björn
Published: June 2024

The Energy Commons embody the small-scale generation of renewable energy by groups of citizens. In times of rampant energy poverty, Energy Commons are often seen as a key to an inclusive energy transition that improves the situation of vulnerable households. In practice, however, bans on new members, existing inequalities and segregation as well as high up-front investment requirements systematically disadvantage vulnerable households in accessing the Energy Commons. Article 22(4) of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) requires Member States to ensure the accessibility of renewable energy communities for vulnerable households. The transpositions in the Member States do not provide immediate solace because the Member States count on incentives and the influence of local authorities to open up the Energy Commons to vulnerable households. Can vulnerable households rely upon Commons theory to force open the Energy Commons and get access to affordable energy? Applying the criteria developed by Commons scholars, this contribution argues that vulnerable households should have a claim to access the Energy Commons under certain conditions. Only Energy Commons that have excess energy available for energy sharing can be forced to admit vulnerable households. Also, the Commoners must still be able to make an appropriate return on their investment. Finally, energy must be unaffordable on the market, while the shared energy within the Energy Commons must be cheaper.
Decoding the Intersection of Trade and Security in the EU’s Anti-Coercion Instrument
Authors: Schaupp Lukas
Published: June 2024

The article reviews the dynamics that shaped the recently adopted Regulation (EU) 2023/2675, known as the Anti-Coercion Instrument (ACI), which represents the EU’s latest autonomous trade measure aimed at protecting the Union and its Member States from economic coercion by third countries. Unlike other legal instruments focusing on international trade, the ACI addresses geopolitical tensions and disputes fought through economic means, thereby departing from traditional trade policy objectives, and entering the sphere of foreign and security policy. This nexus was reflected during the interinstitutional negotiations of the ACI that significantly changed the instrument, whereas the main controversy revolved around determining instances of economic coercion and the subsequent selection of Union response measures. The paper engages with the question of how the genesis of the ACI can be understood by considering both the legal dimension and the critical influence of political and institutional factors. It contends that while the EU’s legal framework provides the leeway to overcome the separation of trade and security foreseen by the Treaties, the institutional dynamics resulted in the instrument being decisively shaped by internal factors related to the division of competence within the EU, rather than external threats. The article advocates for a stronger political vision to determine what role the EU’s trade policy can and should play within the overall shift towards greater strategic autonomy.
Securities in movable property within the Common Market
Authors: Kieninger Eva-Maria
Published: June 2024

The period of economic growth of the 19th century created a huge demand for increased credit. Under the pre-existing law of all European legal systems, it was not possible to create a security right in movable property without transferring actual possession to the creditor. This requirement was increasingly seen as unsuited to commercial needs, and new methods of creating security rights were introduced. Each legal system devised its own way of doing this. As a result there are several mutually incompatible approaches to the creation of security rights in the different European legal systems. This leads to problems in international trade, notably when a trader believes that he has obtained a security right over property in his home state, but that right is not recognised in the state to which the property is delivered. The rules of conflict of laws have only been able to provide limited solutions to this problem. Attempts to harmonise the law on securities in movable property within the European Community have also so far proved fruitless. However, a partial solution may also be available under article 30 of the EC Treaty. It is possible to regard differences in the law relating to securities between Member States as measures having effect to quantitative restrictions within the meaning of that article. For example, the use of aretention of title clause is a method of extending credit which constitutes a marketing device. If such clauses can only be used in certain Member States, a seller will have lo modify his marketing strategy in relation to other Member States and will consequently have to bear the extra expense associated with maintaining different marketing strategies which puts him at a disadvantage as compared with domestic traders. Since laws relating to security in movable property apply equally to imported goods and domestic products, Member States may be able to justify them on the basis of the need to protect third parties purchasers. To succeed in this, however, they must also be able to prove that the rules adopted are necessary and proportionate to the aim to be achieved. An examination of the case law indicates that in some cases this requirement would prevent Member States insisting on a strict application of their domestic rules and would ameliorate the situation of foreign exporters.
Digital Platforms as Second-Order Lead Firms: Beyond the Industrial/Digital Divide in Regulating Value Chains
Authors: Hendrik Eller Klaas , Viljanen Mika , Sobel-Read Kevin B. , Salminen Jaakko
Published: June 2024

Major parts of global trade in commodities and services are shifting to digital platforms. Yet, current regulatory debates surrounding global value chains (GVCs) and digital platforms are mostly siloed from each other. They share however the challenge of adjusting regulation to a novel mode of economic organization that breaks with our established cognitive frames in both law and economics. By consequence, we contend that both debates should be read in an interlinked manner – overcoming the industrial/digital divide. Digital platform operators should be understood as a ‘second-order lead firm’. To illustrate this, we assess the compatibility of the platform economy with the reigning model of GVC capitalism and its regulatory underpinnings. The imaginary of the platform as an intermediary separate from its users is pervasive in economic and legal thought. As a result, platforms are not explicitly targeted by GVC regulation focused on sustainability or security of supply. Neither do regulatory proposals focused on the interface between users and platforms, such as the EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA) and the Digital Services Act (DSA), address the radical effects of platforms on deeper tiers of production. To counter the legal arbitrage offered by digital platforms, we draw on recent GVC regulation and private law doctrine and contend that platform operators should conduct due diligence vis-à-vis the value chains intersecting on their platforms. Foundations exist to broaden conceptualizations of ‘lead firm’ and ‘value chain’ to cover ‘second-order lead firms’ and the value chains of their users, even if extra-territorial platforms pose a unique problem.
L’impossibilité d’exercer un droit. Pour une évolution du droit belge de la force majeure à la lumière des droits français et néerlandais
Authors: Van Zuylen Jean
Published: June 2024

In Belgian and French law, force majeure traditionally refers to an obstacle, subsequent to the conclusion of the contract, which makes it impossible for the debtor to perform his obligation, without this non-performance being attributable to him. However, it is necessary to examine whether this ground can be invoked when the impossibility applies not to the debtor’s obligation but to the creditor’s right. The article thus analyses to what extent a creditor can rely on force majeure when he is prevented (for example, because of illness) from benefiting from the performance due to him. Based on a decision of the French Court of Cassation of 25 November 2020, which has been commented on extensively, the author first explains the position of legal scholars and case law – both Belgian and French – on the question of whether a creditor can invoke force majeure when he is unable to exercise a right, and points out that the solutions are inconsistent or, at the very least, marked by hesitation. The author then shows that certain situations in which the creditor cannot benefit from the promised performance can in fact be linked to the traditional definition of force majeure. Thus, the creditor who is prevented from exercising his right can be released from his obligation to pay, sometimes because another – non-monetary – obligation can be identified for him, and sometimes because of the application of the risk theory. Nevertheless, he points out that the classical approach – in terms of the impossibility of performance of an obligation – is hardly satisfactory for solving all cases of impossibility of exercising a right, and that it sometimes has artificial sides. Thirdly, the study of Dutch law, including the notions of schuldeisersverzuim (mora creditoris) and schuldeisersovermacht (‘creditor’s force majeure’), suggests that situations of impossibility to exercise a right should be approached more in terms of a ‘sphere of risks’. Finally, the author examines to what extent the lessons learned from the analysis of Dutch law can be transposed to Belgian law. He proposes certain evolutions of the theoretical framework of force majeure, which would make it possible to provide a more appropriate response to the hypotheses of impossibility to exercise a right.
AI as a Tool to Manage Contracts Consequences and Challenges in Applying Legal Tech to Contracts Management
Authors: Martinelli Silvia
Published: June 2024

The article analyses the consequences and challenges of new technologies’ application to contracts. The change occurring in the application of AI and, broadly, automation systems to contracts affects the creation of the contract, the professionals involved, the market, regulations, and regulatory systems, as well as contract law. Two main consequences of this change. The first one is the application to the legal sector and to the contract of a larger phenomenon: the servitization or productification/mercification of professional performance. The second disruptive factor introduced by these technologies, less underlined, is the possibility to use data to manage, conclude and analyse contracts. Contracts are no longer represented by paper documents. The contract is moving from document to data, represented as a set of fluid information and it can be organized and managed by technology for the efficient (and peaceful) relationship of the parties. The paper describes this contract revolution analysing: (1) the effects on the legal products, legal market, and legal professionals; (2) the role of the legal tech company as a new intermediary; (3) compliance and regtech new possibilities; (4) applications to asymmetries and clauses evaluation.