bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitochondria‐targeted antioxidant therapy reverses age‐related arterial stiffening
Authors: Hearon C.M. , Gioscia-Ryan Rachel A. , Seals Douglas R. , LaRocca Thomas J.
Published: June 2021

Aging leads to large elastic artery stiffening mediated by increases in superoxide‐dependent oxidative stress and related changes/damage to structural proteins. Mitochondria are a major source of cellular superoxide and may therefore be a therapeutic target for the treatment of arterial stiffening. We studied young (Y: 5 mo, n=5) and old (O: 27–29 mo, n=5) male C57BL6 mice, and O mice treated with the mitochondria targeted antioxidant MitoQ10 (OMQ: 28–29 mo, n=5). Aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV), an index of arterial stiffness, was higher in O vs. Y mice (485 ± 24 vs. 405 ± 15 cm/s, p<0.05) and was associated with increased aortic superoxide production (electron paramagnetic resonance, O: 7200 ± 1950 vs. Y: 2800 ± 515 AU, p<0.05). O mice also had greater aortic levels of nitrotyrosine (NT), a marker of oxidative stress, and lower levels of manganese (mitochondrial) superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) (western blotting, both p<0.05 vs. Y). MQ treatment (250 μM in water x 3w) normalized aortic stiffening (OMQ: 378 ± 33 cm/s), superoxide production (OMQ: 2835 ± 1131 AU), MnSOD and NT in O mice. MQ also increased expression of complex IV and the mitochondrial biogenesis marker PGC‐1α (both p<0.05 vs. O). Incubation of aortas from Y mice with the mitochondrial superoxide inducer rotenone (0.5 μM, 48h) increased NT by ~300% (p<0.05) and this was inhibited by coincubation with MQ, an effect associated with enhanced MnSOD expression. MQ treatment may be a novel therapy for age‐related stiffening of large elastic arteries by reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress and perhaps increasing mitochondrial biogenesis.

NIH AG013038, AG039210
Exercise induced cardioprotection is mediated via delta opioid receptors
Authors: Miller Lindsey , McGinnis Graham , Peters Bridget , Ballmann Chris , Kliszczewicz Brian , Amin Rajesh , Quindry John
Published: June 2021

Acute exercise exposure dramatically reduces cellular death that results during ischemic reperfusion (IR). Existing evidence indicates endogenous opioids are a critical component of this protection; however the specific opioid receptor subtype responsible for these effects is unknown. The role of the delta opioid receptor in exercise induced cardioprotection was examined. Rats were randomly assigned into Sham, Sedentary (S) or Exercise (Ex) groups. A selective delta‐opioid receptor antagonist, Naltrindole, was administered 15 minutes prior to exercise in a subset of animals (ExD), and at a corresponding time in a subset of S animals (SD). 24hr following the final exercise bout animals received surgically induced IR in vivo. Significant between group differences existed for tissue necrosis, p < 0.0001. Compared to Sham, S, SD, and ExD animals exhibited significant tissue necrosis post IR, while Ex hearts were protected. S increased necrosis compared to Ex, but was not different from SD. Significant between group differences existed for tissue apoptosis, p = 0.013 following IR. Apoptosis levels were elevated in S and SD compared to Sham while Ex and ExD were protected. These data provide evidence that the delta opioid receptor mediates exercise induced cardioprotection against necrosis but not apoptotic tissue death. Supported by JCQ Auburn University Intramural Grant Program.
Characterization of KISS‐1 Expression and Cell Viability in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells After Exposure to Gamma‐Hexachlorocyclohexane
Authors: Joseph Shanelle , D'Auvergne Oswald
Published: June 2021

While it is known that exposure to organochlorines may cause epigenetic birth defects in the offspring of individuals exposed to such chemicals, the role of organochlorines in cancer progression is unknown. KISS‐1 is presumed to be a metastasis suppressor gene and large amounts of its associated protein, kisspeptin‐54, has been associated with aggressive and fatal cases of breast cancer without further elucidation. In an effort to define the role of organochlorines in breast cancer progression we have exposed MCF7 breast cancer cells to a 0.2 millimolar solution of gamma‐hexachlorocyclohexane at 2.5 and 5 microliters per millimeter for a period of twenty‐four hours. MTT cell proliferation assays revealed that cell viability decreased as the concentration of chemical exposure increased. p53 was expressed in all samples during pcr analyses while expression of cyclin‐A2 struggled to persist. There was a significant loss of cytoplasm and decreased nuclear visualization in the treated cells as compared to the control which suggests the chemical promotes death in the cancer cell line. KISS‐1 which was expressed in all parts of the MCF7 cells whether treated or control showed significant nuclear translocation and a diminutive increase in concentration in small populations of cells exposed to gamma‐HCH. This data suggests that exposure to gamma‐HCH does not contribute to aggressive behavior nor metastasis in MCF7 cells.
Effect of propranolol treatment on adipocyte lipases and perilipin in severely burned children
Authors: Yfanti Christina , Zhang Chaoying , Collins Sheila , Finnerty Celeste C , Herndon David N , Sidossis Labros S
Published: June 2021

Severe burn injury is associated with increased peripheral lipolysis, which can be inhibited by administration of propranolol, a non‐selective beta‐adrenoreceptor antagonist. However, the mechanisms responsible for the effect of propranolol on the lipolytic response after severe burn injury are not known.

Protein contents of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) and perilipin were assessed by western blotting in adipose tissue of 4 patients with severe burn injury and 4 patients with severe burn injury receiving propranolol. Subjects were matched for age (4±3 vs 4±6 years), % total body surface area burn (43±7 vs 49±10), and % 3rd degree burn (40±7 vs 45±6).

Propranolol administration for up to 1 week decreased protein content of perilipin by 71% (P=0.06) and Ser‐563‐phosphorylated HSL (pHSL‐563) by 55% (P=0.05). Total HSL content decreased by 32% but did not reach statistical significance (P=0.08). ATGL and Ser‐660‐phosphorylated HSL (pHSL‐660) were not different in the two groups.

These preliminary data suggest that propranolol administration acutely regulates specific molecules involved in adipose tissue lipolysis, providing a mechanism for the inhibitory effect of propranolol on adipose tissue lipolysis in severe burn injury.

Sources of support: NIDRR (H133A070026 & H133A70019), NIH (P50‐GM60338, R01‐HD049471 & T32‐GM8256), and SHC (84080, 8741, 8660, 9145 & 8760).
Seasonal changes in the hemolymph biochemistry of the snail Helix aspersa
Authors: Bislimi Kemajl Rexhep , Bojniku Hazbije , Gashi Agim , Grapci Linda , Halili Jeton , Mazreku Ilir , Halili Fetah
Published: June 2021

The seasonal rhythm of the annual concentration of glucose, total proteins, albumins, cholesterol, triglycerides and the activity of aspartate aminotranspherase (AST) and the alanin aminotranspherase (ALT) enzymes in the hemolymph of the snail Helix aspersa (N=180) was researched. The results of the research show seasonal oscillations of the aforementioned parameters in the hemolymph. The highest concentration of the researched biochemical parameters was recorded in the winter, with the significant changes in autumn‐winter (glucose, P<0.001), and summer‐winter (total proteins, albumins, cholesterol and triglycerides (P<0.01). The increased activity of AST and ALT transaminases has been recorded during the summer and early autumn, whereas their lower activity has been recorded in the winter and early spring.

The higher concentration of biochemical parameters in the hemolymph during the winter is probably connected with their crioprotector role, whereas the increased activity of the AST and ALT enzymes in the summer could probably be connected to the nutrition and the metabolic level.
Acute Exercise Improves Insulin‐Induced Glucose Uptake in Chow Fed and High Fat Fed Rats, with Differing Effects on Akt Phosphorylation
Authors: Castorena Carlos Michel , Arias Edward B , Xia Yuanyan , Cartee Gregory D
Published: June 2021

Multiple studies have shown that a single bout of exercise can increase insulin sensitivity in rats fed chow or a high fat diet (HFD). However, few studies have investigated signaling mechanisms for the improved insulin sensitivity following exercise in rats fed a HFD. Our purpose was to assess the effect of a physiologic insulin dose on skeletal muscle glucose uptake (GU) and Akt phosphorylation (pAkt) after acute exercise in rats fed either chow or HFD. Rats were randomly separated into 2 diet groups and either maintained on rat chow (low fat diet, LFD: 14% kcal fat) or provided HFD (60% kcal fat). After 2 wk of the diet, half of the rats from each group remained sedentary (LFD‐Sed & HFD‐Sed) or performed acute exercise (LFD‐Ex & HFD‐Ex; 4 × 30 min swim). At 3h post‐exercise (3hPEX), epitrochlearis muscles were isolated and incubated ex vivo (−/+ 100μU/mL insulin) for GU and pAkt measurements. Muscles from HFD‐Sed vs. LFD‐Sed rats had reduced insulin‐induced GU (~36%) and pAkt (~25%). At 3hPEX insulin‐induced GU and pAkt were restored in muscles from HFD‐Ex rats to LFD‐Sed levels. However, muscles from LFD‐Ex rats at 3hPEX vs LFD‐Sed rats had greater insulin‐induced GU (~65%) without increased pAkt. These results indicate that although exercise can enhance insulin‐induced GU in rats fed either LFD or HFD, greater insulin‐induced pAkt appears to be a potential mechanism for this benefit at 3hPEX only in HFD fed rats.
One Life Scientist's Experience with Mid‐Career Transitions
Authors: Robertson Andrew D
Published: June 2021

Transitioning from tenured‐professor investigating protein structure to industry‐scientist deeply embedded in vaccine clinical trials felt like a natural step for me back in 2004. I have been fortunate that subsequent transitions to a non‐profit, then a major European research center, and then back to a non‐profit in the US have also gone off smoothly. In this talk, I will share some of my experiences as well as anecdotes shared by other scientists who have made mid‐career transitions, highlighting what I think are key elements that have helped ease the move from one position to another. These key elements include regularly exploring and articulating what interests and motivates one at work; possessing good written and oral communication skills; having professional contacts for career discussions and to serve as references; researching new positions enough to be able to visualize and describe oneself in these positions; identifying skills and experiences that are relevant for a new position; recounting one's career path as a story where experiences and personal motivations naturally drive the story to the new position; having family support; and taking chances and embracing change.
Use of Recombinent Casein Peptides as Inhibitors of spPEP
Authors: BASAK SWARNALI , CLACK BEATRICE
Published: June 2021

Eurygaster integreceps (Sunn pest) causes major damage in wheat grains by injecting their saliva into the grain degrading the gluten proteins. This saliva protein has been identified and characterized as a prolyl endoprotease (spPEP) in our lab (Darkoh et al, 2010). A natural, biological friendly inhibitor to the spPEP is being sought. Previous studies have shown that casein peptides generated by Lactobacillis species have inhibitory effects on mammalian and bacterial prolyl endoproteases (PEP). The Objective of this study was to clone the four bovine casein genes, α1, α2, β and κ for use in expressing each isomer to identify which peptides inhibit the spPEP. The nucleotide sequences corresponding to bovine casein isomers were identified from the NCBI database to design gene specific primers that would amplify the full length casein proteins. Total RNA was extracted from bovine mammary gland biopsy tissue kindly donated by Dr. Erin Connor, Research Leader, USDA‐ARS, Beltsville, MD and subsequent cDNA has been synthesized. Each casein subunit was cloned into the pGEM T‐Easy vector for sequencing. Verified sequences were cloned into the pET15b E.coli expression vector for protein expression and purification using IMAC chromatography. Purified proteins will be used for subsequent incubation with L. helveticus at varying times. The resulting peptide mixture will be incubated with the spPEP in the presence of the GPpNA substrate to determine which isomer/s contains the spPEP inhibitory sequences.

Funding Sources: Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX and Ed and Gwen Cole, Nacogdoches, TX.
Iron stimulates insulin secretion in clonal pancreatic β‐cells and dissociated rat islets
Authors: Erion Karel Arnt , Ferrante Tom , Corkey Barbara , Deeney Jude
Published: June 2021

Dysregulation of iron homeostasis as observed in people with hemochromatosis and is associated with an increased risk of developing type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Also it has recently been shown that dietary iron restriction or iron chelation can prevent the development of diabetes in mouse models of obesity. Our goal was to determine the role of iron in the process of insulin secretion. Clonal pancreatic β‐cells (INS‐1 832/13) and dissociated rat islets were incubated in increasing concentrations of holotransferrin or iron citrate for 1–2 hours. Additionally, perifusions were performed on INS‐1 and whole rat islets. Insulin secretion (HTRF), lipolysis (glycerol release), O2 consumption (seahorse), reactive oxygen species (2′,7′‐Dichlorofluorescein), and PKC activity (MARKS protein) were all measured. Acute exposure of INS‐1 and dissociated rat islets to transferrin bound iron and cell permeable iron salts increases both basal and glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). This effect is transient and is readily reversible if cells are given a recovery period or are treated with an antioxidant. Acute exposure of both INS‐1 and dissociated rat islets to iron readily increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can be blocked using an antioxidant. Iron also increases PKC activity and increases lipolysis in β‐cells. Exposure to iron quickly and reversibly increases both basal and GSIS via a ROS dependent mechanism. Increased PKC activity and lipolysis may play a primary role in this effect.

Funding provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
SELECTIVE TARGETING OF CYTOCHROME C–CARDIOLIPIN COMPLEX TO PROTECT MITOCHONDRIAL CRISTAE AND INHIBIT APOPTOSIS
Authors: Birk Alexander V. , Liu Shaoyi , Soong Yi , Warren J. David , Szeto Hazel H.
Published: June 2021

Cardiolipin (CL) plays a major role in mitochondrial cristae formation and ATP synthesis. Peroxidation of CL during mitochondrial oxidative stress causes cristae remodeling and initiates apoptosis. Cardiolipin peroxidation may occur by free radical lipid oxidation or by peroxidase activity of cyt c. Cyt c peroxidase activity is greatly enhanced when it is in a complex with CL, whereby an acyl chain impales cyt c, exposing the heme Fe to H2O2. Here we report the first mitochondria‐targeted compound that selectively targets CL and inhibits cyt c peroxidase activity. Using a polarity‐sensitive amino acid (aladan), we demonstrate that SS‐31, a tetrapeptide that targets inner mitochondrial membrane, interacts with CL via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. SS‐31 inhibits cyt c peroxidase activity induced by CL in a dose‐dependent manner. Circular dichroism indicates that this inhibitory activity is due to the ability of the [CL/SS‐31] complex to protect the heme Fe. This inhibition does not rely on the ability of SS‐31 to scavenge H2O2 as the non‐scavenging analog (SS‐20) also inhibits cyt c peroxidase. Both SS‐31 and SS‐20 inhibits basal and Ca2+‐stimulated cyt c peroxidase activity. Furthermore, we have evidence that SS‐31 and SS‐20 prevent cristae remodeling during ischemia‐reperfusion (IR) and inhibit apoptosis. SS‐31 is the first cyt c peroxidase inhibitor in clinical trial for cardiorenal IR injury
Estrogen Regulation of Jun and Fos in MCF‐7 Cells
Authors: Geck Renee , Magill Jessica N. , Schmitt John M.
Published: June 2021

C‐Fos and c‐Jun are transcription factors that form the dimer Activator Protein 1 (AP‐1) and bind DNA to initiate transcription. C‐Fos, c‐Jun are targets of the Extracellular Signal‐Regulated Kinase (ERK) in multiple cell types, including MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. The hormone estrogen (E2) can increase intracellular calcium levels which activates calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinase (CaM Kinase) proteins, which control ERK and gene transcription. Our goal was to evaluate the ability of E2 to activate c‐Fos and c‐Jun and induce their dimerization, via CaM KK and ERK, in MCF‐7 cells. Interestingly, E2 stimulation of MCF‐7 cells triggered phosphorylation of c‐Jun and c‐Fos an effect that was blocked with STO‐609 and U0126, which target CaM KK and ERK, respectively. siRNA inhibition of CaM KK and ERK blocked E2‐stimulated c‐Jun and c‐Fos phosphorylation. Additionally, E2 triggered AP‐1 directed luciferase activity in MCF‐7 cells that was blocked by inhibiting either CaM KK or ERK with siRNA. In summary, our data suggests that E2 utilizes both CaM KK and ERK to phosphorylate c‐Jun and c‐Fos and regulate their transcriptional activity in breast cancer cells.
Effects of short‐term protein supplementation on muscle work efficiency in elderly adults
Authors: Sands Kathryn Anne , Clark Kristen L , McKenzie Steven P , Haddad Jeffrey M , Rietdyk Shirley , Campbell Wayne W
Published: June 2021

Objective

This study assessed the effect of increased dietary protein intake on adaptation of energy expenditure and skeletal muscle function at rest and during low‐intensity physical activity in elderly adults.

Methods

Using a randomized, crossover design, 12 adults (7 F, 5 M), aged 82 ± 7 y (mean ± SD) completed two 6‐day periods of consuming fruit‐smoothie beverages twice daily (with breakfast and lunch) containing 230 kcal and 25 g whey protein (WPro) or 25 g corn‐derived glucose polymer (CHO) (total 460 kcal/day and 50 g/day WPro or CHO).

Results

On day 7 of each period, fasting blood urea nitrogen was 28 ± 9% higher in WPro vs. CHO (P=0.003), consistent with higher total protein intake. Fasting state energy expenditure and respiratory ratio at rest and while exercising on a stationary cycle at 1, 10, 20 watts were not different between WPro and CHO. Gross mechanical efficiency of skeletal muscle progressively increased from 1 to 10 to 20 watts, but this response was not different between WPro and CHO.

Conclusion

Short‐term supplementation with either whey protein or glucose polymer does not differentially influence fasting state whole body substrate utilization or skeletal muscle work efficiency in elderly adults.

Support: NIH CTSI Grant # TR000006
Association between serum levels of vitamin D with body fat mass, fasting glucose and lipid profile in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Peters Barbara Santarosa Emo , Lazaretti‐Castro Marise , Hayashi Lilian F. , Costa Aline Vasques , Martini Lígia Araújo
Published: June 2021

Aim

Evaluate the associations between serum levels of 25(OH)D with body fat mass, glicidic and lipid profile in patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI).

Methods

Thirty (30) patients, 16 with OI type I and 14 with OI type III, mean age 26.2 (10.8) years old, were selected at the Bone Fragility outpatient clinic of the Federal University of São Paulo. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and fat mass (%FM) (DEXA) were evaluated. Serum levels of 25(OH)D3 were measured by chemiluminescence assay; fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides by enzymatic colorimetric assay, and plasma insulin by chemiluminescence detection.

Results

Excess %FM was present in 66.7% of subjects. Only 6.7% of OI patients presented high levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. All patients presented normal levels of fasting glucose (86.4 ± 8.8 mg/dL) and plasma insulin (7.4 ± 4.9 μUI/mL). The mean serum levels of 25(OH)D3 was 66.5 ± 19.0 nmol/L. No statistical significant difference in biochemical parameters between subjects of OI type I and III were observed. An inverse correlation between serum levels of 25(OH)D3 and fasting glucose was observed (r: −0.652; p:0.03). In OI patients type III there was an inverse correlation between 25(OH)D3 and %FM (r: −0.566; P:0.04).

Conclusion

There were associations between 25(OH)D with body fat mass and fasting glucose in patients with OI.

Grant Funding Source: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
Overweight and obesity in children of Arandas, Mexico during the nutrition transition
Authors: Vasquez‐Garibay Edgar Manuel , Rios Lizette Miranda , Velarde Enrique Romero , Cosio Maria Eugenia Nuño , Sanroman Rogelio Troyo , Barrera Liliana Campos , Sabido Erika Caro , Diaz Joanie Ramirez , Tremblay Mark
Published: June 2021

With the purpose to demonstrate changes on the malnutrition syndrome during nutrition transition a comparison was made in 2000 vs 2010. In the earlier, a cross sectional study carried out in children (60–120 mo) of the Instituto Alteño para el Desarrollo de Jalisco (INADEJ); in the latter a case‐control study with children (60–144 mo) from INADEJ (cases) and children of similar age and sex randomly selected from the education system (Controls). Anthropometric and biochemical indicators, and socio‐demographic variables were included, table 1. Chi square test and odds ratio were estimated.

During the last decade, the nutritional status of children living in Arandas, Jalisco are being influenced by socio‐demographic factors of the epidemiological and nutrition transition. This study was sponsored by National Council for Science and Technology, Mexico & Teasdale Corti Grant # 103460–044, Canada.
Cultural definitions of healthy eating: views from poor Salvadorian communities
Authors: Fuster Melissa , Messer Ellen , Houser Robert F. , Palma Patricia , Deman Hedi , Bermudez Odilia I.
Published: June 2021

Global nutrition transitions are driving the rise in chronic, diet‐related diseases, mostly affecting the poor. While food availability and access are essential for healthy eating (HE), perceptions concerning HE can influence food choices leading to diet quality. This study presents an assessment of cultural definitions and barriers related to HE in four resource‐poor Salvadorian communities using focus groups, interviews, and an evaluation of the food environment. Cultural definitions of HE were compared to the national Salvadorian dietary guidelines recommendations, revealing areas of overlap (including the importance of dietary variety, fruits, and vegetables, among others) and omission (mention of limiting sweets/candy, salt, sugar, and alcohol). Informants expressed concerns over the origin of their foods and whether it contained harmful chemicals. Identified barriers to HE included competing household priorities, food availability, loss of cooking knowledge, and personal factors (motivation and food preferences). The study underscores a dilemma between nutrition knowledge and preference for foods classified as unhealthy, prestigious and/or more convenient affecting food choices in this resource‐poor setting, which increases the risk of diet‐related conditions.

Grant Funding Source: PRESANCA
A cardiovascular risk reduction intervention in patients with hypertension and/or type 2 diabetes in San José, Costa Rica and Chiapas, México
Authors: Martinez Homero , Fort Meredith , Dengo Ana Laura , Castro Maricruz , Peña Liz , Alvarado Nadia , de Beausset Indira , Ramírez‐Zea Manuel , Murillo Sandra
Published: June 2021

Given the growing epidemics of chronic diseases in developing countries, we launched an intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk in adult men and women diagnosed with hypertension and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus, in Chiapas and Costa Rica.

Intervention (INT) consists of 6 educations sessions to promote healthy life styles, offered by primary health care workers on a monthly schedule. INT is compared with standard care (SC) following a quasi‐experimental design. All participants are followed up at the clinic for 8‐months.

We have 95 INT participants and 90 SC participants in Chiapas, and 84 INT and 86 SC in Costa Rica. Almost 80% of all participants are overweight or obese in both countries. The INT group in Costa Rica presents 50% co‐morbidity of hypertension and diabetes, and 9% co‐morbidity in Chiapas. INT participants present systolic blood pressure of 134 ± 23 mmHg in Chiapas and 140 ±20 mmHg in Cost Rica; and fasting glucose levels of 144.2 ± 66.5 mg/dl in Chiapas and 119.0 ± 48.4 mg/dl in Costa Rica. Over 90% of participants report taking medication. Baseline CVD risk is lower in both groups from Chiapas compared to INT and SC groups in Costa Rica.

Most INT participants in both countries present uncontrolled metabolic risk factors, offering an opportunity for the intervention to demonstrate a beneficial effect as compared to those receiving standard care. Challenges include limited attendance to education sessions.
Soluble corn fiber modulates calcium absorption by altering colonic microbiota
Authors: Whisner Corrie Marie , Nakatsu Cindy H , Martin Berdine R , McCabe Linda D , McCabe George P , Weaver Connie M
Published: June 2021

Soluble corn fiber (SCF) has been shown to increase calcium (Ca) absorption. Animal models suggest colonic bacteria can influence Ca absorption; the mechanism is not understood in humans. This study assessed the effect of SCF on fecal microbiota in relation to Ca absorption in a racially diverse group of teens. Twenty‐four boys and girls (12–15 y; 45.8% Asian, 25% Hispanic, 29.2% Multiracial) participated in two 3‐week metabolic Ca balance studies testing 0 and 12 g/d SCF on a low Ca diet (600 mg/d), characteristic of usual intakes. Microbial community composition, evaluated in fecal samples collected during each treatment, was assessed with 454 pyrosequencing of PCR amplified 16S rRNA genes. Ca absorption increased by 12% with SCF consumption compared to no SCF. This increase correlated with a decrease in other Erysipelotrichaceae (P<0.04) and increases in Bacteroides (P<0.03), Alistipes (P<0.05), Butyricicoccus (P<0.04), Oscillibacter (P<0.008) and Dialister (P<0.003) but not changes in Lactobacillus (P=0.07) and Parabacteroides (P=0.07). These bacterial genera have been identified as short chain fatty acid producers while Bacteroides is capable of fermenting fibers like SCF. The bacterial changes suggest SCF may increase Ca absorption through fermentation. This is the first study to show that increases in specific bacteria were significantly correlated with the observed increase in calcium absorption.

Grant Funding Source: Tate & Lyle Health & Nutrition Sciences
A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials of Internetbased diabetes self management intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Kim Yeonsoo , McCollum Heather
Published: June 2021

With an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, diabetes self‐management education (DSME) is a critical process through which patients with diabetes obtain knowledge and skills in order to improve their lifestyle behavior and self‐manage their diabetes successfully. The internet provides information and interactive sources to patients with diabetes efficiently and at a minimal cost. Web‐based education has recently been utilized to prevent and manage chronic diseases. The objective of the current study was to systemically review previous reports of published, randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of web‐based diabetes education on glycemic control in individuals with type 2diabetes. A literature search in two scientific databases from January 1990 and October 2012 was conducted based on established criteria for quality and inclusion/exclusion in the study. The seven included studies included 869 patients with type 2 diabetes. The meta‐analysis showed 0.40% improvement (95% CI −0.604 – −0.209) in HbA1c among diabetic people who received diabetes self‐management education through Internet. In addition, the analysis reported an improvement in fasting blood glucose concentration (0.368, 95% CI −0.491 – −0.245) among individuals who had Internet‐based diabetes self‐management education. In conclusion, improvements in glycemic control was observed in patients with type 2 diabetes who had Internet‐based diabetes self‐management education compared with patients with type 2 diabetes who had either diabetes self‐management education through lectures and booklets or no education.
Title: The impact of preschoolers on household food and beverage purchases changed significantly between 2000 and 2011
Authors: Ford Christopher Nicholaus , Ng Shuwen , Popkin Barry M.
Published: June 2021

We examine differences in household purchases of consumer packaged foods/beverages among those with and without preschool children in 2000 and 2011

This analysis included 152,008 households from years 2000 and 2011 of a nationally representative survey of household purchases (Nielsen Homescan). Foods and beverages with universal product codes were linked with nutrition facts panel data to compute total calories and volume purchased for key food and beverage categories corresponding to top sources of per capita calorie intake among preschoolers (from NHANES). Random‐effects longitudinal models examined differences in per capita household food and beverage purchases by race among those with and without preschoolers (children 2–5 y) for each food/beverage group.

Preschool households in 2011 purchased less milk (−24 kcal), sweet snacks (−42 kcal), juice (−15 kcal) and carbonated beverages (−22 kcal) per capita/d than those in 2000. White preschool households decreased the most in purchases of sweet snacks (−48 kcal/d). Hispanic preschool households had the greatest decrease in purchases of milk per capita (−25 kcal/d, vs. −23 kcal/d for White); the decrease in purchases of milk was lowest among Blacks (−21 kcal/d). Whites saw the greatest decrease in savory snacks (−17 kcal).

There were major declines in purchases of milk as well as foods/beverages that are major sources of empty calories between 2000 and 2011 for households with preschoolers.

Grant Funding Source: We thank the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Grant 67506) and the National Institutes of Health (R01 HL104580 and CPC 5 R24 HD050924) for financial support. We also wish to thank Dr. Phil Bardsley for exceptional assistance with the data management and programming, Ms. Frances L. Dancy for administrative assistance, Mr. Tom Swasey for graphics support, and Carmen Piernas for assistance in this effort.
Beverage consumption among school‐age children of different race/ethnic backgrounds from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Authors: Quann Erin E. , Auestad Nancy , Fulgoni Victor L.
Published: June 2021

Beverage choices are a way to improve children's diets and reduce race/ethnic disparities given their contribution to calorie and nutrient intakes in the U.S. Beverage intakes and associated calories and nutrients were examined using NHANES 2009–2010 for non‐Hispanic white (NHW), non‐Hispanic black (NHB) and Hispanic American (HA) children 6–17 y (n=2,129) with reliable Day 1 24‐hr recalls. NHB (57% of children) are least likely to drink milk and those that do drink 2–3 oz./d less than NHW or HA (p<0.01). While NHW are most likely to drink milk (p<0.01), 30% do not drink any milk. All milk drinkers consume <2 cups/d on average. NHB are most likely to consume fruit drinks (49% vs. 34% HA, 28% NHW; p<0.01), consuming 13.8 oz./d, but are least likely to drink soda (35%; p<0.05). Half of NHW drink soda, and they consume the largest amounts (18.6 oz./d; p<0.05). NHW are least likely to drink 100% fruit juice (24% vs. 44% NHB, 41% HA; p<0.01). For milk drinkers, milk contributes 62–66% of total daily vitamin D, 37–41% of calcium and 22–27% of potassium intakes, while providing 11–12% of calories. For those who drink soda and fruit drinks, these beverages supply 39–46 and 28–36% of added sugar and 9 and 7–9% of calorie intakes, respectively. There is room to improve beverage habits for all race/ethnic groups, which will help improve intakes of nutrients of concern for school‐age kids. Supported by the Dairy Research Institute/National Dairy Council.
Sandwiches are an important source of both nutrients to increase and nutrients to reduce: Results from What We Eat in America, NHANES 2009–2010
Authors: Sebastian Rhonda S , Enns Cecilia Wilkinson , Goldman Joseph D , Moshfegh Alanna J
Published: June 2021

Sandwiches are ubiquitous in the American diet, but little is known about their consumption or whether they are associated with greater or lesser adherence to Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommendations. The purpose of this study was to (1) measure the relative contribution of sandwiches to adults’ nutrient intakes and (2) compare intakes of DGA nutrients to reduce/increase by those who consumed a sandwich on the intake day (reporters) and those who did not (nonreporters). One day of dietary intake data from 5,762 adults age 20+ years in WWEIA, NHANES 2009–2010 was analyzed. Regression analyses estimated total nutrient intakes for sandwich reporters and nonreporters, and t‐tests identified differences between the two groups. On any given day, 49% of adults ate at least one sandwich. For all adults (men and women combined), sandwiches provided 13% of calories and 14–19% of saturated fat, cholesterol, vitamin B‐12, calcium, iron, and sodium intake. Compared with nonreporters, sandwich reporters had higher (p<.001) intakes of calories, 2 nutrients to reduce (saturated fat and sodium), and 3 nutrients to increase (calcium, iron, and potassium). Sandwiches are a major source of nutrients for US adults. Modifying sandwiches to include foods lower in sodium and saturated fat, more vegetables, and more whole grain bread would have a substantial positive effect on total dietary intake. Funding source: ARS/USDA.
DAIRY PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION IN FRENCH CHILDREN IN 2010
Authors: Marmonier Corinne , Chazelle Elisabeth , Coudray Brigitte
Published: June 2021

To evaluate dairy products consumption (DP) in French children and relate it with the French dietary guidelines for dairy and calcium intakes, food intake of 1171 children aged 3–17 years were analyzed from a French cross‐sectional dietary survey (CCAF‐Crédoc 2010). Total DP consumption decreases with age (372 g/d in 3–5, 278 g/d in 15–17) and varies according to gender (334 g/d in boys, 298 g/d in girls). Milk consumption follows the same trends (237 g/d in 3–5, 155 g/d in 15–17; 208 g/d in boys, 181 g/d in girls). This boy/girl difference is more pronounced in 15–17. Milk is preferably consumed at breakfast and represents 72% of breakfast drinks consumed in 3–11, 57% in 12–17. 88% of 3–11 eat 7 breakfasts/week compared to 63% of 12–17. Fresh DP consumption decreases with age (120 g/d in 3–5, 85 g/d in 12–14). Cheese consumption does not vary according to age or gender. Related to French dietary guidelines, 73% of 15–17 consume fewer than 3 DP/d. The children proportion below the threshold of 2/3 of Recommended Dietary Allowances increases with age, reaching 49% in 12–14 and up to 59% in 12–14 aged girls. To conclude DP consumption decreases with age due to milk consumption decrease in adolescence. Half of adolescents are at calcium deficiency risk. This gives particular cause for concern at an age when bone mass is being built and calcium requirements increase. As milk is consumed mainly at breakfast, encouraging DP consumption at breakfast for children and adolescents is important.
HbA1c levels in non‐diabetic overweight (OW) and obese (O) subjects
Authors: Zago Liliana , Weisstaub Adriana , del Carmen Masselli Maria , Ortiz Victoria , Felipoff Ana Lía , Dupraz Hernán , Perdomo Clara , Rio Maria Esther , Presner Natalia , Rivera Santiago , Infantino Carlos González
Published: June 2021

Health projections alert about Type‐2 Diabetes increase as a result of obesity rise in the last decades. In this study HbA1c levels of 150 subjects 19–79 Y, 121 F, 29 M, all OW (n=42), O grade I (n=51), II (n=29) or III (n=28), were analyzed. HbA1c (X±SD) was 5.39±0.50%; 110 were <5.7% (73.3%), 35 were 5.7–6.4% (23.3%), and 5 ≥6.5% (3.3%). No significant differences among OW (5.36±0.40), O I (5.30±0.41), II (5.40±0.50) and III (5.57±0.70) were founded. As might be expected, HbA1c showed a significant increase with glucose ranges: 5.26±0.40 for serum glucose <100 (n=91), 5.48±0.47 for 100–109 range (n=46), 5.68±0.72 for 110–125 (n=9) and 6.68±0.71 for ≥126 mg/dl (n=4) (P<0.0001, ANOVA), even between those for glucose <100 and 100–109 mg/dl, P<0.01. The ratio TG/HDL, associated with insulin resistance, presented an increasing gradient with increased HbA1c ranges: 2.80±2.43 for <5.7%, 3.03±1.87 for 5.7–6.4%, and 5.55±3.96 for ≥6.5% (P=0.0405, Kruskal Wallis); values >;3 were founded in 29%, 43% and 60%, respectively. It is noteworthy that HbA1c values founded in this study indicate alteration of protein glycation in 27% of patients, a higher number than those with glucose >;110 mg/dl, and a high percentage since a non‐diabetic population was studied. As expected, HbA1c showed a positive association with glucose and the TG/HDL ratio. These events were more frequent in patients with higher BMI. Supported by UBACyT CB03.
The effects of the acute phase response on biomarkers of iron status differ in the presence of malaria infection
Authors: Wessells Ryan , Hess Sonja , Ouedraogo Zinewende , Rouamba Noel , Erhardt Juergen , Ouedraogo Jean‐Bosco , Brown Kenneth
Published: June 2021

Plasma ferritin (pF) is affected by the acute phase (AP) response, independent of iron (Fe) status. To remove the confounding effect of subclinical inflammation in the assessment of Fe deficiency, a correction method has been proposed, based on the ratios of log pF among groups with different stages of infection, as classified by AP proteins (APP): C‐reactive protein (CRP) >;5 mg/L (incubation); α‐1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP) >;1 g/L and CRP >; 5mg/L (early convalescence); AGP >; 1g/L (late convalescence); and non‐elevated CRP and AGP (reference). It is unknown whether malaria affects these relationships, so we compared pF conc in relation to CRP, AGP, and presence of malaria antigenemia among 451 asymptomatic children aged 6–23 mo in Burkina Faso. Correction factors for pF based on aforementioned categories of APP were 0.57, 0.23, 0.49 and 1, respectively. 48.5% of children had current or recent malarial parasitemia (histidine rich protein II (HRP2) >; 0.75 ng/mL); these children had higher geometric mean (± SE) pF conc than children without malaria, even after adjusting for APP (23.5 ± 1.5 vs. 11.1 ± 0.8 μg/L, p<0.001). The estimated prevalence of Fe deficiency after adjusting for APP was 24.1% and 52.0% in those with and without elevated HRP2, respectively. Adjusting pF based only on APP (CRP >;5 mg/L and/or AGP >; 1 g/L) may underestimate the prevalence of Fe deficiency in settings with a high prevalence of malaria and inflammation.

Grant Funding Source: Nutsiset, SAS (Malaunay, France); Henry A. Jastro Graduate Research Scholarship Award (UC Davis); Bristol‐Myers Squibb Freedom to Discover Award
Risk factors for age‐related macular degeneration appear early in life
Authors: Buck Michael J , Durham Holiday A , Smither Allison R , Woods Brittany G , Nickens Emily L , Lewis Markita M , Lammi‐Keefe Carol
Published: June 2021

Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss and is most prevalent in women. Low docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake is associated with risk for AMD. AMD research has been focused primarily on older populations with AMD. In this study we evaluated known risk factors for AMD such as body mass index (BMI), gender, dietary DHA intake, and macular pigment optical density (MPOD), a measure of the thickness of the macula, in young, college‐aged students. Health histories and 24‐hour dietary intakes were obtained and MPOD was measured using a macular metrics densitometer. Pearson correlations and analysis of variance were used to evaluate MPOD and risk factors. Females had lower MPOD than males (p‐value= 0.06) which may be a reflection of lower intake of dietary and supplementary DHA [Mean±SD: males= 215±375 mg, females= 51± 101 mg](p <0.01). There was a correlation between MPOD and omega‐3 dietary intake (r=0.26, p <0.01) We conclude dietary intake of DHA coupled with low MPOD, may partially explain why women are at greater risk later in life for AMD. Further exploration is needed to evaluate dietary and lifestyle behaviors in early adulthood and the risk for AMD later in life. Funded by College of Agriculture Undergraduate Research Award.
Dietary protein requirement of 65–75 year old adult males using indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique
Authors: Courtney‐Martin Glenda , Rafii Mahroukh , Chapman Karen , Elango Rajavel , Campbell Wayne W , Ball Ronald O , Pencharz Paul B
Published: June 2021

Current dietary protein requirement for adult males aged 65–75 are based on nitrogen balance data and suggest no difference in requirement between the elderly and young adults. Recent studies in young adult males using IAAO technique suggest that nitrogen balance estimates are too low. The objective of this study was to determine the protein requirement of elderly men using the IAAO technique with L‐[1‐13C]‐phenylalanine as the indicator. Preliminary studies have been conducted in 3/7 (65–75 year old) men. Each received a minimum of 7 protein intakes (0.2 – 1.8 g.kg−1.d−1) in random order after a 2 day adaptation providing energy at 1.7 times measured resting energy expenditure and protein at 1.0 g.kg−1.d−1. Oxidation study day diets were amino acid based liquid diets patterned after egg protein. The mean protein requirement was determined by visual inspection of the preliminary F13CO2 obtained from the oxidation of L‐[1‐13C]‐phenylalanine in response to graded protein intakes. Preliminary estimates suggest a mean protein requirement of 0.8 g.kg−1.d−1. This preliminary data suggest that the mean protein requirement of elderly men aged 65–75 years is 20% higher than current recommendations.

This study was supported by a grant from the Canadian Institute for Health Research (CIHR).
Low‐fat dairy intake improves endothelial function in subjects with pre‐hypertension or stage I hypertension and impaired endothelial dysfunction
Authors: Maki Kevin , Rains Tia , Schild Arianne , Dicklin Mary , Lawless Andrea , Kelley Kathleen , Park Keigan
Published: June 2021

This was a subgroup analysis of subjects with baseline endothelial dysfunction [EndoPAT reactive hyperemia index (RHI) ≤1.67] from a randomized crossover trial which assessed the effects of 5 wk consumption of low‐fat dairy (1 serving/d each of 1% fluid milk, low‐fat cheese and low‐fat yogurt) vs. non‐dairy products (1 serving/d each of apple juice, pretzels and cereal bar) on vascular function, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures, and plasma lipids. Subjects were 14 men and women (mean age 56.7 yr, body mass index 29.5 kg/m2) with pre‐hypertension or stage I hypertension (mean resting SBP/DBP 128.1/79.5 mm Hg) while not receiving antihypertensive medications. At the end of each treatment period, a standard breakfast meal challenge including 2 servings of study products was administered. Pre‐meal RHI was significantly higher in the dairy vs. non‐dairy condition (2.32 vs. 1.50, p = 0.002), but 2‐hr post‐meal RHI (2.34 vs. 2.27) did not differ. Mean SBP and DBP values from pre‐meal to 3.5‐hr post‐meal (SBP, 124.1 vs. 121.3; DBP, 75.5 vs. 73.1 mm Hg) did not differ significantly between treatments. Higher pre‐meal RHI after 5 wk of dairy consumption is consistent with the hypothesis that dairy foods might be of value in those with endothelial dysfunction and further research is warranted to investigate this possibility.

Funded by Dairy Research Institute
L. reuteri NCIMB 30242: A Probiotic with Benefits
Authors: Jones Mitchell L. , Martoni Christopher J , Prakash Satya
Published: June 2021

Objectives

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotic bile salt hydrolase‐active Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 on cholesterol lowering, mechanism of action and gastrointestinal (GI) symptomatology in hypercholesterolemic adults.

Methods

127 subjects consumed either L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 or placebo capsules over a 9‐week intervention period in a randomized controlled trial.

Results

L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 capsules reduced LDL‐cholesterol by 11.6% (P=0.001), total cholesterol by 9.1%, (P<0.001), non‐HDL‐cholesterol by 11.3% (P<0.001), apoB‐100 by 8.4% (P=0.002) and cholesteryl ester saturated fatty acids by 8.8% (P=0.002) relative to placebo over the intervention period. Treated subjects showed a significant increase in plasma deconjugated bile acids (P<0.05), indicating increased intraluminal deconjugation, and a significant decrease in plasma plant sterols (P<0.05). hs‐CRP was reduced by 1.05 mg/l (P=0.005) in treated subjects relative to placebo with changes positively correlated to interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α. Further, a higher proportion of treated subjects reported improved symptoms for diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome and unspecified functional bowel disorders (P<0.05).

Conclusions

L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 capsules should be considered as an adjunctive therapy for hypercholesterolemia and may be useful for promoting GI health.
Fucosterol, a liver X receptors agonist, stimulates RCT and regulates the expression of key genes in cholesterol homeostasis in vitro
Authors: Hien Hoang Minh , Lee Sung‐Joon
Published: June 2021

We investigated whether fucosterol,sterol riches in marine algae, could activate liver X receptors (LXRs) activity, the critical transcription factors in the reverse cholesterol transport. Fucosterol dose‐dependently stimulated the transcriptional activity of both LXR‐α and LXR‐β in a reporter gene assay, responses that were attenuated by the LXR antagonist As2O3. Fucosterol also activated coactivator recruitment in cell‐free time‐resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis. In THP‐1‐derived macrophages, it induced the transcriptional activation of ABCA1, ABCG1, and apoE, key genes in reverse cholesterol transport, and thereby significantly increased the efflux of cholesterol. Fucosterol also regulated intestinal NPC1L1 and ABCA1 in Caco‐2 cells. Notably, fucosterol did not induce cellular triglyceride accumulation in HepG2 cells, primarily due to its upregulation of Insig‐2a, which delays nuclear translocation of SREBP‐1c, a key hepatic lipogenic transcription factor. These results suggest that fucosterol is a dual‐LXR agonist that regulates the expression of key genes in cholesterol homeostasis in multiple cell lines without inducing hepatic triglyceride accumulation.
ssDNA Aptamer guided “nanobomb” specific for cancer cells
Authors: Lu Wentong , Lukianova‐Hleb Ekaterina Y , Parekh Parag , Lapotko Dmitri O , Zu Youli
Published: June 2021

Plasmonic nanobubbling phenomenon generated by clusters of gold nanoparticles under a short laser irradiation shows a promising therapeutic approach, as a “nanobomb”, for cancers treatemtn. In response to laser irradiatino, plasmonic nanobubbles can expand to maximal volume and rapidly break down to form an exploration within the targeted cells and kill cancer cells. To formulate a targeting gold nanoparticle and generate cancer cell‐specific “nanobom”, a ssDNA‐based aptamer with 31 nucleic acids, which is specific for the cancer cells, was developed in our lab by using a unique hybrid SELEX technique. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the developed ssDNA aptamers specifically bound to the target cancer cells at a final concentration of ≤10 nM. Subsequently, the ssDNA aptamers chemically conjugated on to the surface of the synthesized gold sphere nanoparticles, which are 60nm in diameter. Cell binding assays confirmed that the aptamer‐conjugated gold nanoparticles could specifically target the cancer cells and did not react to the control cells which do not have the biomarker on the surface. The potential therapeutic effect of the “nanobomb” generated by the aptamer‐conjugated gold nanoparticles on cancer cells is under investigation now and results will be discussed.