bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indian hedgehog promotes the migration of rat activated pancreatic stellate cells by increasing membrane type‐1 matrix metalloproteinase on the plasma membrane
Authors: Shinozaki Satoshi , Ohnishi Hirohide , Hama Kouji , Kita Hiroto , Yamamoto Hironori , Osawa Hiroyuki , Sato Kiichi , Tamada Kiichi , Mashima Hirosato , Sugano Kentaro
Published: February 2008

Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is a member of hedgehog peptides family that exerts diverse effects on multiple cellular functions. Since Ihh expression is elevated in the pancreas of chronic pancreatitis patients, Ihh has been assumed to participate in the chronic pancreatic injury, especially in pancreatic fibrosis. However, its function in pancreatic fibrosis is still unknown. We thus examined Ihh effects on rat activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) that play a central role in pancreatic fibrosis. Activated PSCs express both patched‐1 and smoothened that are essential components of hedgehog receptor system. Ihh did not alter the PSC expression of collagen‐1 or α‐smooth muscle actin, a parameter of PSC transformation, or did not change PSC proliferation. However, Ihh enhanced PSC migration in both chemotactic and chemokinetic manners. Furthermore, Ihh increased the amount of membrane‐type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1‐MMP) and altered its localization on the plasma membrane, which plays a stimulatory role in cellular migration. In addition, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐2 (TIMP‐2) attenuated Ihh‐stimulated PSC migration. Since most hedgehog intracellular signals are mediated by Gli‐1 transcription factor, we investigated its contribution to Ihh‐enhancement of PSC migration. Ihh induced Gli‐1 nuclear accumulation in PSCs, indicating that Ihh stimulates Gli‐1‐dependent signaling pathway in PSCs. Unexpectedly, however, adenovirus‐mediated Gli‐1 overexpression blocked the Ihh enhancement of both MT1‐MMP localization on the plasma membrane and PSC migration. Furthermore, reduction of Gli‐1 expression with RNA interference augmented Ihh‐stimulated PSC migration. These data indicate that Ihh promotes PSC migration by enhancing MT1‐MMP localization on the plasma membrane but is negatively regulated by Gli‐1. J. Cell. Physiol. 216: 38–46, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
bag3 gene expression is regulated by heat shock factor 1
Authors: Franceschelli Silvia , Rosati Alessandra , Lerose Rosa , De Nicola Serena , Turco Maria Caterina , Pascale Maria
Published: February 2008

BAG3 protein, a member of the BAG co‐chaperones family, sustains cell survival, through its interaction with the heat shock protein (HSP) 70, in a variety of normal and neoplastic cell types. bag3 gene expression is induced by stressful stimuli. Here we report for the first time that two of the three putative heat shock‐responsive elements (HSEs) in bag3 promoter interact with the heat shock factor (HSF) 1 in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, downmodulation of HSF1 protein levels by specific small interfering (si) RNAs results in reducing BAG3 protein levels, indicating that the transcription factor plays a major role in bag3 gene expression. Because of the anti‐apoptotic role of BAG3 protein, these results disclose a previously unrecognized pathway, through which HSF1 maintains cell survival. J. Cell. Physiol. 215: 575–577, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short‐ and long‐term A3 adenosine receptor activation inhibits the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 activity and expression in opossum kidney cells
Authors: Di Sole Francesca , Cerull Robert , Babich Victor , Casavola Valeria , Helmle‐Roth Corinna , Burckhardt Gerhard
Published: February 2008

The renal function of the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) is poorly characterized. In this study, we report that the A3AR‐selective agonist, 1‐[2‐chloro‐6‐[[(3‐iodophenyl)methyl]amino]‐9H‐purine‐9‐yl]‐1‐deoxy‐N‐methyl‐b‐D‐ribofuranuronamide (2‐Cl‐IBMECA) regulates the Na+/H+ exchanger‐3 (NHE3) in a dose‐ and time‐dependent fashion. In opossum kidney (OK) cells, 2‐Cl‐IBMECA at high (10−6 M) and low (10−8 M) dose inhibits NHE3 by a multiphasic time course with an acute phase of NHE3 inhibition from 15 min to 1 h, followed by a chronic phase of NHE3 inhibition from 24 to 48 h. Pre‐incubation with either the selective A3AR‐antagonist MRS1523 (10−7 M) or the protein kinase C inhibitor, Calphostin C (10−8 M) completely blocked 10−6 M 2‐Cl‐IBMECA‐induced acute (15 min) and chronic (24 h) phases of NHE3 inhibition. In contrast, the acute inhibitory phase (15 min) of 10−8 M 2‐Cl‐IBMECA was completely prevented only when Calphostin C (10−8 M) was added in conjunction with the protein kinase A inhibitor, H89 (10−7 M). Acute (15 or 30 min depending on the A3AR‐agonist concentration) A3AR‐dependent inhibition of NHE3 activity was accompanied by decrease in cell surface NHE3 protein with no change in total NHE3 antigen. Chronic (24 h) A3AR‐mediated down‐regulation of NHE3 was associated with reduction of surface NHE3, decreased total NHE3 protein (70%) and a paradoxical rise of NHE3 RNA (40%). In summary, these results indicate that A3AR directly regulates NHE3 at multiple levels in a complex pattern. A3AR‐dependent short‐ and long‐term inhibition of NHE3 may be a fundamental mechanism of net sodium and fluid balance. J. Cell. Physiol. 216: 221–233, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FGFR3 contributes to intestinal crypt cell growth arrest
Authors: Arnaud‐Dabernat Sandrine , Yadav Deepak , Sarvetnick Nora
Published: February 2008

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are important regulators of the dynamic development and turnover of tissues. Among FGF receptors, FGFR3 expression is confined in the intestinal crypts. We examined FGFR3‐deficient mice and saw increased intestinal crypt depth but no change in villae length or in the distribution of differentiated intestinal cells, suggesting that the impact of lack of FGFR3 was limited to the progenitor cell compartment. Accordingly, enhancement of intestinal crypt proliferation was observed in FGFR3 mutant mice and interestingly, upon anti‐FGFR3 antibody administration in wild type mice. Moreover, injection of FGF18, a ligand of FGFR3, in wild type mice resulted in decreased cell proliferation within the intestinal crypts. In addition, we found that ERK level of activation was increased in FGFR3‐deficient intestinal epithelium. In vitro studies showed that ERK, AKT and activation was regulated by FGFs and that ERK level of activation was inversely correlated to FGFR3 level of expression in the intestinal crypt cells. Furthermore, effects of FGF18 on ERK and AKT activation paralleled FGFR3 effects on these intracellular targets. Our data indicate that FGF18 and FGFR3 are involved, possibly as partners, in the control of intestinal precursor cell proliferation. J. Cell. Physiol. 216: 261–268, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Grb10/Nedd4‐mediated multiubiquitination of the insulin‐like growth factor receptor regulates receptor internalization
Authors: Monami Giada , Emiliozzi Velia , Morrione Andrea
Published: February 2008

The adaptor protein Grb10 is an interacting partner of the IGF‐I receptor (IGF‐IR) and the insulin receptor (IR). Previous work from our laboratory has established the role of Grb10 as a negative regulator of IGF‐IR‐dependent cell proliferation. We have shown that Grb10 binds the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 and promotes IGF‐I‐stimulated ubiquitination, internalization, and degradation of the IGF‐IR, thereby giving rise to long‐term attenuation of signaling. Recent biochemical evidence suggests that tyrosine‐kinase receptors (RTK) may not be polyubiquitinated but monoubiquitinated at multiple sites (multiubiquitinated). However, the type of ubiquitination of the IGF‐IR is still not defined. Here we show that the Grb10/Nedd4 complex upon ligand stimulation mediates multiubiquitination of the IGF‐IR, which is required for receptor internalization. Moreover, Nedd4 by promoting IGF‐IR ubiquitination and internalization contributes with Grb10 to negatively regulate IGF‐IR‐dependent cell proliferation. We also demonstrate that the IGF‐IR is internalized through clathrin‐dependent and‐independent pathways. Grb10 and Nedd4 remain associated with the IGF‐IR in early endosomes and caveosomes, where they may participate in sorting internalized receptors. Grb10 and Nedd4, unlike the IGF‐IR, which is targeted for lysosomal degradation are not degraded and likely directed into recycling endosomes. These results indicate that Grb10 and Nedd4 play a critical role in mediating IGF‐IR down‐regulation by promoting ligand‐dependent multiubiquitination of the IGF‐IR, which is required for receptor internalization and regulates mitogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 216: 426–437, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intravascular ultrasound‐guided central vein angioplasty and stenting without the use of radiographic contrast agents
Authors: Matthews Ray , Thomas Joseph
Published: February 2008

Patients with contraindications to iodinated radiographic contrast agents present a significant challenge during endovascular intervention. A 46‐year‐old man with end‐stage renal disease and a normally functioning left upper extremity arteriovenous fistula presented with severe left arm edema. The patient's history included repeated severe anaphylactoid reactions with severe respiratory distress upon exposure to iodinated contrast. In an attempt to avoid the use of iodinated contrast, angioplasty and stent placement of a severe central venous stenosis were performed using only fluoroscopy and intravascular sonography. In patients unable to receive iodinated contrast secondary to anaphylactoid reactions, intravascular sonography can be used to guide angioplasty and stenting of central venous stenosis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008.
Role of power Doppler sonography in early diagnosis of osteomyelitis in children
Authors: Collado Paz , Naredo Esperanza , Calvo Cristina , Crespo Manuel
Published: February 2008

We describe 2 children complaining of leg pain associated with elevated C‐reactive protein levels in whom power Doppler (PD) sonography suggested the diagnosis of early osteomyelitis. PD sonography detected increased blood flow that resulted in a high‐intensity signal area adjacent to the symptomatic tibia surface. Antibiotic therapy led to prompt improvement. These cases suggest that PD sonography is useful in the evaluation of possible early osteomyelitis in children. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008.
Leiomyoma of the testis: A rare testicular mass
Authors: O'Brien Julie , Loftus Barbara , Barrett Ciara , Torreggiani William
Published: February 2008

We report the sonographic appearance of a testicular leiomyoma, which is a rare smooth muscle tumor of the testis. The patient presented with a painless testicular mass that was confirmed as an intratesticular tumor on sonographic examination. Histopathologic examination revealed a testicular leiomyoma. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008.
Mammary duct ectasia in infant breast with bloody nipple discharge: Sonographic findings
Authors: Bayrak Ilkay Koray , Yalin Turkay , Nural Mehmet Selim , Ceyhan Meltem
Published: February 2008

Bloody nipple discharge is very rare in childhood. We report the sonographic findings of mammary duct ectasia and cystic changes under the nipple with abnormal content involving a 3‐month‐old boy with bloody nipple discharge. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008.
Nomograms of fetal thyroid measurements estimated by 2‐dimensional sonography
Authors: Bernardes Lisandra Stein , Ruano Rodrigo , Sapienza Andreia David , Maganha Carlos Alberto , Zugaib Marcelo
Published: February 2008

Purpose.

To build nomograms of fetal thyroid circumference (FTC), fetal thyroid area (FTA), and fetal thyroid transverse diameter (FTTD) throughout gestational age (GA).

Method.

Between January 2006 and July 2006, FTC, FTA, and FTTD were measured once in 196 normal fetuses examined at a GA of 22–35 weeks. Inclusion criteria were a healthy mother with normal maternal thyrotropin level during pregnancy, a singleton pregnancy with normal fetal morphology on sonography, and GA confirmed via first‐trimester sonographic examination.

Results.

Mean FTC, FTA, and FTTD ranged from 3.21 cm, 0.58 cm2, and 1.19 cm at 22 weeks to 5.11 cm, 1.69 cm2, and 1.89 cm at 35 weeks, respectively. Linear regression analysis yielded the following formulas for FTC, FTA, and FTTD according to GA: FTC (cm) = 0.146 × GA (weeks); FTA (cm2) = −1.289 + 0.085 × GA (weeks); FTTD (cm) = 0.054 × GA (weeks). The following logarithmic formulas were obtained for the expected fetal thyroid measurements according to estimated fetal weight (FW): FTC (cm) = −4.791 + 1.265 × logN FW; FTA (cm2) = −1.676 + 0.455 × logN FW; and FTTD (cm) = 0.399 + 0.001 × logN FW.

Conclusion.

We describe new nomograms of fetal thyroid measurements throughout gestation that may be useful in case of thyroid dysfunction. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008.
Definition and predictability of an OLR‐based West African monsoon onset
Authors: Fontaine Bernard , Louvet Samuel , Roucou Pascal
Published: February 2008

The monsoon onset is documented in terms of latitudinal shift of deep convection areas within the ITCZ using an interpolated version of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) at a 5‐day time‐step over West Africa for the period 1979–2004. Signals in moist convection derived from OLR values lower than 180 W/m2 allow better determination of onset dates (ODs) than the use of other thresholds or of the raw values of OLR. Such ODs are defined without any time filtering or spatial averaging along the meridional plane. They are also significantly correlated with ODs based on other datasets such as the CMAP and Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) rainfall estimates, and seem more realistic, especially during years when the latitudinal shift is unclear and delayed. However, the respective means [30 June for ODs based on OLR (vs) 25 June for ODs based on CMAP and GPCP] and standard deviations [15.6 (vs) 8.1 days] are slightly different. These differences illustrate the fact that the monsoon onset corresponds to a 10–15‐day transition in the West African monsoon seasonal evolution which does not affect, concomitantly, all variables describing the system.

The onset is clearly linked to the time evolution of a few key‐descriptors of the monsoon system at regional scale such as the installation of northward meridional gradients of moist static energy in low levels and of the monsoon cell over the continent. It is also associated with specific variations of the relative vorticity in low troposphere and of the velocity potential in upper levels over the Sahel region. Moreover, OD time series exhibits good predictability. Multivariate linear regressions have been performed in a leave‐one‐out cross‐validation way using OLR and selected atmospheric predictors in May. The best results explain 60% of the OD variance and are obtained with 2 types of predictors: the OLR gradients between the Gulf of Guinea and the African continent, and the northward migration of the West African Monsoon cell. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
An objective climatology of the dynamical forcing of polar lows in the Nordic seas
Authors: Bracegirdle Thomas J. , Gray Suzanne L.
Published: February 2008

A new objective climatology of polar lows in the Nordic (Norwegian and Barents) seas has been derived from a database of diagnostics of objectively identified cyclones spanning the period January 2000 to April 2004. There are two distinct parts to this study: the development of the objective climatology and a characterization of the dynamical forcing of the polar lows identified.

Polar lows are an intense subset of polar mesocyclones. Polar mesocyclones are distinguished from other cyclones in the database as those that occur in cold air outbreaks over the open ocean. The difference between the wet‐bulb potential temperature at 700 hPa and the sea surface temperature (SST) is found to be an effective discriminator between the atmospheric conditions associated with polar lows and other cyclones in the Nordic seas. A verification study shows that the objective identification method is reliable in the Nordic seas region.

After demonstrating success at identifying polar lows using the above method, the dynamical forcing of the polar lows in the Nordic seas is characterized. Diagnostics of the ratio of mid‐level vertical motion attributable to quasi‐geostrophic forcing from upper and lower levels (U/L ratio) are used to determine the prevalence of a recently proposed category of extratropical cyclogenesis, type C, for which latent heat release is crucial to development. Thirty‐one percent of the objectively identified polar low events (36 from 115) exceeded the U/L ratio of 4.0, previously identified as a threshold for type C cyclones. There is a contrast between polar lows to the north and south of the Nordic seas. In the southern Norwegian Sea, the population of polar low events is dominated by type C cyclones. These possess strong convection and weak low‐level baroclinicity. Over the Barents and northern Norwegian seas, the well‐known cyclogenesis types A and B dominate. These possess stronger low‐level baroclinicity and weaker convection. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
The first Raman spectroscopic study of San rock art in the Ukhahlamba Drakensberg Park, South Africa
Authors: Prinsloo Linda C. , Barnard Werner , Meiklejohn Ian , Hall Kevin
Published: February 2008

San rock art sites are found throughout southern Africa; unfortunately this unique heritage is rapidly being lost through natural weathering processes, which have been the focus of various studies conducted in the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park since 1992. It has recently been shown that the ability of Raman spectroscopy to identify salts on rock faces on a micro, as well as nano scale, can make a contribution to these projects.

In order to test the feasibility of undertaking on‐site analyses, a small rock fragment with red and white pigments still attached, which had weathered off the rock face, was analysed with Raman spectroscopy under laboratory conditions, using a Dilor XY Raman instrument and a DeltaNu Inspector Raman portable instrument. A small sample of black pigment (<1 mm2), collected from a badly deteriorated painting and a few relevant samples collected on site, were analysed as well. It was possible to identify most of the inorganic pigments and minerals detected with previous XRD and EDX measurements including whewellite and weddellite coatings, which could be a tool for carbon dating purposes. Two carotenoid pigments were detected for the first time in San rock art pigments. Animal fat was also observed for the first time on both red and white pigments, on the rock face adjacent to the paintings and in highest concentrations on the back of the rock fragment. The spectra quality makes successful on‐site measurements a good prospect. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modification of characteristics of kefiran by changing the carbon source of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens
Authors: Wang Miao , Bi Jie
Published: February 2008

BACKGROUND: Kefiran is an exopolysaccharide that is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that kefiran with different chemical structures can be obtained by changing the composition of the Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens fermentation medium.

RESULTS: When using maltose as the sole carbon source: (1) the average molecular mass of kefiran was 1.5 × 105 Da, only 62.5% of that of the control (with lactose as the sole carbon source); (2) the glucose/galactose molar ratio of kefiran from the optimised medium was 1:10; (3) two variable‐angle CH bonds existed in the structure of kefiran; (4) the maximum viscosity of kefiran was [η] = 73.86 ± 5.3 dL g−1 and its specific rotatory power was [α]D = + 68°. Increasing the proportion of maltose in a mixed carbon source (maltose and lactose) from 20 to 100 g L−1 decreased the average molecular mass and glucose/galactose molar ratio of kefiran by 35 and 60% respectively.

CONCLUSION: Kefiran with different chemical structures was obtained by changing the composition of the fermentation medium. The results presented here will facilitate further study of the relationship between the chemical structure and biological role of kefiran. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Sarcoma of the pulmonary trunk and the main pulmonary arteries
Authors: Huwer Hanno , Özbek Cem , Waldmann Rita , Winning Johannes , Isringhaus Helmut , Kalweit Gerhard
Published: February 2008

We report on a sarcoma of the central pulmonary arteries. Surgical therapy consisted in replacing both main pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary trunk including the pulmonary valve. Six months later a left‐sided pneumonectomy had to be performed due to an intravascular tumor. Fifteen months after first resection treatment, recurrent tumors of the right pulmonary artery and the right ventricle were resected. Two years after the first operation the patient has no detectable tumor. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:476–478. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pediatric sarcomas occurring in adults
Authors: Maki Robert G.
Published: February 2008

Sarcomas arise in any part of the body, in any age group. Some sarcomas have a particular predilection for the pediatric population, and often bear specific chromosomal translocations. These “pediatric” sarcomas still occur in adults, often times with higher risk of dying of disease compared to children with a comparable diagnosis. The management of some of these rare tumors is discussed herein, including osteogenic sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:360–368. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: Molecular pathogenesis and current management considerations
Authors: Grobmyer Stephen R. , Reith John D. , Shahlaee Amir , Bush Charles H. , Hochwald Steven N.
Published: February 2008

Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors (MPNSTs) are rare tumors that often occur in patients with neurofibromatosis 1. Surgical resection represents the mainstay of treatment. Radiation and chemotherapy have a role in selected patients with MPNST. Accurate pathologic diagnosis remains a challenge in many cases of MPNST. There are many recent advances in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of MPNST which represent the best opportunities to develop new strategies for management of patients with MPNST. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:340–349. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Malignant tumors of blood vessels: Angiosarcomas, hemangioendotheliomas, and hemangioperictyomas
Authors: Koch Moritz , Nielsen G. Petur , Yoon Sam S.
Published: February 2008

Sarcomas that arise from or resemble the components of blood vessels are uncommon and include angiosarcomas, hemangioendotheliomas, and hemangiopericytomas. This article reviews the management of these three types of sarcomas. Diagnosis can sometimes be difficult, with the diagnosis of hemangiopericytoma versus solitary fibrous tumor currently in debate. Each of these sarcomas subtypes has certain unique clinical traits. The mainstay of treatment is surgical resection, sometimes combined with radiation therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is unproven but can be considered. For patients with advanced disease, various chemotherapeutic regimens may result in meaningful responses in a minority of patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:321–329. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carcinomas arising in the submandibular gland: High propensity for systemic failure
Authors: Roh Jong‐Lyel , Choi Seung‐Ho , Lee Sang‐Wook , Cho Kyung‐Ja , Nam Soon Yuhl , Kim Sang Yoon
Published: February 2008

Background

Cancers of the submandibular gland are uncommon and only a few small series have reported patient survival and prognosis.

Methods

We examined the treatment outcomes of 62 patients with surgically treated submandibular gland carcinomas. All patients underwent surgical excision with/without neck dissection, and 41 received postoperative radiotherapy for high‐grade, invasive, positive margin, or regionally metastatic tumors. The locoregional control and survival rates were calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method and prognostic factors were calculated from uni‐ and multivariate analyses.

Results

Of the 62 submandibular gland carcinomas, 19 were adenoid cystic, 11 were mucoepidermoid, and 10 were salivary duct carcinomas, and 8 were carcinomas in pleomorphic adenoma. Actuarial 5‐year locoregional control, distant metastasis‐free survival, disease‐free and overall survival rates were 69.7%, 65.8%, 52.8%, and 56.8%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, T category and histological grading were prognostic for disease‐free survival (P < 0.01), and T category and resection margins were prognostic for locoregional control (P < 0.02). Distant metastases were found in 21 patients (33.9%) at initial staging (n = 2) or follow‐up (n = 19).

Conclusions

Despite effective locoregional treatment, approximately one‐third of patients with submandibular gland carcinomas may fail systemically, resulting in poor survival. New, more effective therapies may be required for these patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:533–537. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of corrosion inhibitors on the initiation of chloride‐induced corrosion on reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Ormellese M. , Bolzoni F. , Lazzari L. , Pedeferri P.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion of carbon steel rebars is the main cause of failure of reinforced concrete structures. To prevent and delay the occurrence of corrosion, a high quality concrete with a proper cover and a good mixture proportion should be designed. Additional prevention methods are used if severe environmental conditions occur, or when structures require very long service life. Corrosion inhibitors seem to be attractive because of their low cost and easy handling, compared to other preventive methods. This paper analyses results of a 10‐year investigation on the effectiveness of four commercial inhibitors and two pure organic compounds in preventing chloride‐induced corrosion. Tested inhibitors seem to be able to increase time‐to‐corrosion: their effects on chloride penetration rate and on critical chloride threshold are discussed.
Electrochemical inhibitor injection for control of reinforcement corrosion in carbonated concrete
Authors: Kubo J. , Sawada S. , Page C. L. , Page M. M.
Published: February 2008

This paper describes preliminary investigations into the effectiveness of an electrochemical method of injecting organic base corrosion inhibitors into carbonated concrete containing embedded steel bars on which corrosion had been pre‐initiated. The corrosion inhibitors studied were pure compounds of ethanolamine (pKa ∼ 9.5) and guanidine (pKa ∼ 13.6). They were injected from aqueous solutions placed in contact with the surfaces of the water‐saturated concrete specimens by applying constant current electrolysis between anodes located within the inhibitor solutions and embedded steel bars acting as cathodes. The concentration profiles of the inhibitors penetrating the concrete cover were examined and the influence of the various treatments on the corrosion rates of the embedded steel bars was estimated by linear polarisation resistance measurements, carried out repeatedly during exposure of the treated specimens to cyclic wetting and drying over several months. The stability of the concentration profiles of the inhibitors was evaluated and measurements of corrosion weight losses of the steel bars were also undertaken on completion of the exposure regimes. It was found that the specimens treated with the inhibitors showed significantly reduced corrosion when compared with untreated control specimens that were subjected to similar exposure.
Numerical modelling of macrocells occurring during corrosion of steel in concrete
Authors: Warkus J. , Raupach M.
Published: February 2008

Reinforcement in concrete members is usually protected against corrosion by the alkalinity of the pore solution, but as a result of chloride ingress or carbonation (initiation stage) the reinforcing steel can be depassivated and corrosion can proceed (propagation stage). During the past few years numerous research activities have been carried out—mainly by laboratory experiments—to investigate reinforcement corrosion. Another approach, which will be presented within this paper, is given by using the finite or boundary element method. The results of the simulations will be compared to measurements and used to investigate the impact of single parameters.
A universal alternating immersion simulator for accelerated cyclic corrosion tests
Authors: Hassel A. W. , Bonk S. , Tsuri S. , Stratmann M.
Published: February 2008

A new device for performing accelerated cyclic immersion tests is described. The main achievement is to realise a high cycling rate without a proportional increase in the test duration. The device is also capable of performing tests according to EU ISO 11130 specification. A minimal invasive drying system is used that neither heats air nor sample and the flow rate is still low as to prevent a mechanical delamination of paints or loose corrosion products. A multiple sample set‐up is realised that provides individual reference electrodes. The random access through a multiplexer allows individual investigation of the samples even by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under immersion conditions.

The device and its test principle are applicable in both industrial and laboratorial scale applications. Two application examples are given to demonstrate the versatility of the alternating immersion tester. One addresses the corrosion protection performance of different zinc‐coated steel sheets; the other quantifies the patina formation kinetics of low‐alloyed steels with weathering properties.
Fracture toughness variation induced by stress corrosion cracking of prestressing steels
Authors: Sanchez J. , Fullea J. , Andrade C.
Published: February 2008

The stress corrosion cracking process developing in metals is at present an unknown mechanism of deterioration. It is a surface process that implies a corrosion and stress synergy, but the most practical consequence is that stress corrosion cracking can modify the mechanical characteristics of the metal. Due to that it leads to brittle failures; it generally involves high level of uncertainty in the prediction.

This research deals with steels for prestressed concrete and aims to show that the fracture toughness changes when the steel is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking, questioning the idea that the toughness is an intrinsic characteristic of the material. The reduction in the fracture toughness of prestressing steels when they are in contact with aggressive media, involves that the material, for the same stress level, may reach a fracture having a lower crack size. That means the material becomes less damage tolerant, which implies that it is necessary to develop techniques able to detect defects of smaller size, as for example, small notches, pits or superficial cracks.
Combined BubR1 protein down‐regulation and RASSF1A hypermethylation in Wilms tumors with diverse cytogenetic changes
Authors: Haruta Masayuki , Matsumoto Yoshiyuki , Izumi Hideki , Watanabe Naoki , Fukuzawa Masahiro , Matsuura Shinya , Kaneko Yasuhiko
Published: February 2008

BUB1B and RASSF1A genes play specific roles in the mitotic checkpoint, and their defects may cause chromosome instability or aneuploidy in mouse fibroblasts and human cancer cell lines; however, few studies have reported a correlation between defects in these genes and chromosome changes in human tumor samples. We examined chromosome abnormalities in 25 Wilms tumors by metaphase comparative genomic hybridization, and classified them into 14 hyperdiploid (50 ≥ chromosomes), 2 near‐or‐pseudodiploid, and 9 diploid tumors. We also examined various molecular aspects of BUB1B and RASSF1A, and evaluated the relationship between chromosome changes and the status of both genes. No tumors showed BUB1B mutation. BubR1 protein (BUB1B gene product) expression was undetectable or decreased in five of six hyperdiploid or near‐or‐pseudodiploid tumors and increased in four of five diploid tumors, whereas all seven tumors examined showed BUB1B mRNA expression irrespective of their chromosome pattern. Furthermore, while complete promoter methylation of RASSF1A was found in 13 of 16 hyperdiploid or near‐or‐pseudodiploid tumors, unmethylated RASSF1A was found in 5 of 9 diploid tumors. Partial RASSF1A methylation was found in three hyperdiploid or near‐or‐pseudodiploid tumors and in four diploid tumors. Thus, BubR1 protein expression decreased, and the promoter region of RASSF1A was completely methylated in the great majority of hyperdiploid or near‐or‐pseudodiploid tumors, BubR1 protein expression increased and RASSF1A was unmethylated in the majority of diploid tumors. These findings suggest that the combined BubR1 protein down‐regulation and RASSF1A hypermethylation might be implicated in the formation of chromosomal changes found in Wilms tumors. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resveratrol and X rays affect gap junction intercellular communications in human glioblastoma cells
Authors: Leone Stefano , Fiore Mario , Lauro M. Giuliana , Pino Samanta , Cornetta Tommaso , Cozzi Renata
Published: February 2008

Resveratrol (3,4′,5‐trihydroxystilbene) is a polyphenol synthesized by a wide variety of plant species in response to injury, UV irradiation and fungal attack. Many studies have revealed a variety of resveratrol intracellular targets whose modulation gives rise to overlapping responses leading to growth arrest and death. Many authors have reported different human cancer cell lines, treated with resveratrol at micromolar concentrations, arrested their proliferative cycle in the G1/S boundary or in the S phase and this cell cycle arrest was followed by apoptotic death. Less is known about the ability of resveratrol to modify the effect of radiation exposure in normal and cancer cells. Considering that controlled exposure to ionizing radiation is one of the most used treatments in cancer patients and that these schedules are not always effective in medical practice, as in the case of glioma patients, the testing of combined treatment protocols (resveratrol and ionizing radiation) could be of interest, opening the door to future studies which would examine the pharmacological activity of resveratrol. In this study we have looked into whether resveratrol is able to modulate cell cycle progression in human glioblastoma cells and to regulate GJs expression in cancer cells. With this aim in mind we have performed a cytofluorimetric multiparameter assay to quantify the presence of GJs in U87 glioma cells treated with resveratrol and/or X rays. We report that resveratrol induces a delay in cell cycle progression and both alone and in combination with X rays is able to enhance gap junction Intercellular Communications. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychometric characteristics of Cloninger's criteria for personality disorder in a population of French prisoners
Authors: Pelissolo Antoine , Ecochard Pierre , Falissard Bruno
Published: February 2008

Cloninger has proposed a new procedure to assess personality disorders on the basis of his model of temperament and character. We explored the psychometric characteristics of this instrument in 560 male prisoners, using factor analyses. Results showed that the 20 items relating to the general personality criteria have acceptable internal consistency and that the three‐factor structure of the temperament items used to subtype personality disorder are correctly identified by a maximum likelihood factor analysis model with varimax rotation. Overall, 32% of prisoners had a personality disorder according to this model, and it was possible to subtype 68% of these. This new diagnostic procedure for personality disorder seemed to have satisfactory basic psychometric characteristics but further study is required to explore the concurrent validity and the reliability of this instrument. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk‐sensitive sizing of responsive facilities
Authors: Chayet Sergio , Hopp Wallace J.
Published: February 2008

We develop a risk‐sensitive strategic facility sizing model that makes use of readily obtainable data and addresses both capacity and responsiveness considerations. We focus on facilities whose original size cannot be adjusted over time and limits the total production equipment they can hold, which is added sequentially during a finite planning horizon. The model is parsimonious by design for compatibility with the nature of available data during early planning stages. We model demand via a univariate random variable with arbitrary forecast profiles for equipment expansion, and assume the supporting equipment additions are continuous and decided ex‐post. Under constant absolute risk aversion, operating profits are the closed‐form solution to a nontrivial linear program, thus characterizing the sizing decision via a single first‐order condition. This solution has several desired features, including the optimal facility size being eventually decreasing in forecast uncertainty and decreasing in risk aversion, as well as being generally robust to demand forecast uncertainty and cost errors. We provide structural results and show that ignoring risk considerations can lead to poor facility sizing decisions that deteriorate with increased forecast uncertainty. Existing models ignore risk considerations and assume the facility size can be adjusted over time, effectively shortening the planning horizon. Our main contribution is in addressing the problem that arises when that assumption is relaxed and, as a result, risk sensitivity and the challenges introduced by longer planning horizons and higher uncertainty must be considered. Finally, we derive accurate spreadsheet‐implementable approximations to the optimal solution, which make this model a practical capacity planning tool.© 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2008
A control volume‐based finite element method for plane micropolar elasticity
Authors: Wheel M. A.
Published: February 2008

This paper describes the development of a numerical procedure for predicting deformations and stresses in a loaded two‐dimensional membrane exhibiting micropolar or Cosserat constitutive behaviour. The procedure employs a conventional finite element (FE) mesh together with a dual mesh of interconnected control volumes, each of which must satisfy equilibrium. A series of patch tests covering a variety of simple strain states are used to validate the procedure that is then employed to predict the stress concentration in a membrane containing a small hole. The predictions provided by the procedure are compared with those given previously by FEs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NURBS‐enhanced finite element method (NEFEM)
Authors: Sevilla Ruben , Fernández‐Méndez Sonia , Huerta Antonio
Published: February 2008

An improvement to the classical finite element (FE) method is proposed. It is able to exactly represent the geometry by means of the usual CAD description of the boundary with non‐uniform rational B‐splines (NURBS). Here, the 2D case is presented. For elements not intersecting the boundary, a standard FE interpolation and numerical integration are used. But elements intersecting the NURBS boundary need a specifically designed piecewise polynomial interpolation and numerical integration. A priori error estimates are also presented. Finally, some examples demonstrate the applicability and benefits of the proposed methodology. NURBS‐enhanced finite element method (NEFEM) is at least one order of magnitude more precise than the corresponding isoparametric FE in every numerical example shown. This is the case for both continuous and discontinuous Galerkin formulations. Moreover, for a desired precision, NEFEM is also more computationally efficient, as shown in the numerical examples. The use of NEFEM is strongly recommended in the presence of curved boundaries and/or when the boundary of the domain has complex geometric details. The possibility of computing an accurate solution with coarse meshes and high‐order interpolations makes NEFEM a more efficient strategy than classical isoparametric FE. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Holocene economic specialisation through aquatic resource exploitation at Kobadi in the Méma, Mali
Authors: Jousse H. , Obermaier H. , Raimbault M. , Peters J.
Published: February 2008

Following the last humid phase of the Late Holocene, human groups left the Saharan latitudes of northern Mali at around 2500 cal. years BC to settle further south. The Kobadi population was among the first Neolithic human groups to enter the Niger Inland Delta in central Mali. People adapted to their new environment by intensifying one of their former subsistence practices, namely fishing. The rich and diversified ichthyofauna exploited was dominated by large Nile perches and a variety of catfish taxa. It testifies to relatively stable hydrological conditions: a fluvial lake which was probably linked permanently to the main Niger River. Fish were caught with harpoons and probably also with diverse fishing devices such as nets, baskets and fences. Preparation processes prior to cooking cannot be determined, but fish were probably cooked on hot coals or stones, the left‐overs of the meals being discarded randomly at the site.

Intense exploitation of the aquatic environment near Kobadi provided an abundant, secure and predictable source of protein. Besides fish and riparian mammals, reptiles such as turtles, monitors and crocodile were hunted. Domestic cattle provided milk and/or meat. These animals were either raised at the site or obtained by means of exchange with pastoral groups roaming the hinterlands. From the 2ndmillennium BC, the focus on aquatic resources at Kobadi, mostly through the intensification of fish exploitation, may demonstrate the beginning of economic specialisation in the Niger Inland Delta. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of children with metastatic soft tissue sarcoma with oral maintenance compared to high dose chemotherapy: Report of the HD CWS‐96 trial
Authors: Klingebiel Thomas , Boos Joachim , Beske Florian , Hallmen Erika , Int‐Veen Christoph , Dantonello Tobias , Treuner Joern , Gadner Helmut , Marky Ildiko , Kazanowska Bernarda , Koscielniak Ewa
Published: February 2008

Purpose

We prospectively studied the efficacy of high dose therapy (HDT) versus an oral maintenance treatment (OMT) in patients with stage IV soft tissue sarcoma (STS).

Patients and Methods

Both groups were pretreated with the CEVAIE combination consisting of carboplatin, etoposide, vincristine, actinomycin D, ifosfamide, and epirubicin. HDT consisted of a tandem cycle of thiotepa (600 mg/m2) plus cyclophosphamide (4,500 mg/m2) and melphalan (120 mg/m2) plus etoposide (1,800 mg/m2). This treatment was compared with OMT, consisting of four cycles trofosfamide (10 days 2 × 75 mg/m2/day) plus etoposide (10 days 2 × 25 mg/m2/day), and 4 cycles trofosfamide (10 days 2 × 75 mg/m2/day) plus idarubicin (10 days 4 × 5 mg/m2). Eligibility criteria were: diagnosis confirmed by reference pathology, primary stage IV, below 22 years of age, and having completed the study therapy.

Results

From 96 patients 45 were treated with HDT and 51 with OMT. The main risk parameters were equally distributed in both arms. After a median follow‐up of 57.4 months, 11/45 (24.4%) patients in the HDT‐arm and 26/51 (57.8%) patients in OMT‐arm were alive. Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated an overall survival for the whole group of 0.27 (OMT group: 0.52, HDT group 0.27, log rank P = 0.03). The proportional hazard analysis for patients with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) or “RMS‐like” tumors (77.1% of all patients) demonstrated an independent benefit of OMT on outcome.

Conclusion

Oral maintenance therapy seems to be a promising option for patients with RMS‐like stage IV tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:739–745. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Severe hypercholesterolemia mediated by lipoprotein X in a pediatric patient with chronic graft‐versus‐host disease of the liver
Authors: Zidan Hanaa , Lo Stanley , Wiebe Donald , Talano Julie , Alemzadeh Ramin
Published: February 2008

We describe a case of extreme hypercholesterolemia, mediated by lipoprotein X, in a 12‐year‐old Caucasian female who underwent an unrelated allogenic bone marrow transplant for relapsed acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Her post‐transplant course was complicated by severe chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) of the liver. Previously normal serum cholesterol and triglycerides rose to 1,122 mg/dl (29.0 mmol/L) and 1,100 mg/dl (12.4 mmol/L), respectively. Serum cholesterol appeared to be dominantly carried by lipoprotein X. Intra‐hepatic cholestasis leading to reflux of bile lipoproteins into the blood stream and subsequent formation of lipoprotein X appears to be the mechanism underlying this phenomenon. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:1280–1281. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of balloon‐expandable metallic stent in a premature infant with congenital tracheobronchial stenosis
Authors: Törer Birgin , Gülcan Hande , Oğuzkurt Levent , Oğuzkurt Pelin , Tarcan Aylin
Published: February 2008

A congenital tracheobronchial stenosis is a rare obstructive lesion of the airway characterized by intrinsic narrowing of a segment of the trachea and bronchi. In this report, we present the smallest premature infant with a congenital tracheobronchial stenosis who has been successfully treated with balloon dilatation and placement of a balloon‐expandable metallic stent. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:414–417. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Airway stents in children
Authors: Nicolai T.
Published: February 2008

Airway obstruction in children is a rare, but difficult clinical problem, with no clear agreement on optimal therapeutic approach. Stenting of the airway has been used successfully in adults, and is an attractive alternative in children. Fundamental differences of pediatric compared to adult use include the benign nature of most stenoses, the narrow and soft airways of children, the required long‐term tolerance and adaptation to growth. These differences may significantly alter the therapeutic balance, calling into question the precise role stents play in the treatment of airway obstruction in children. Stent placement can be technically demanding but is not exceedingly difficult. Experience is necessary to select the proper size and type of stent. Metal stents usually achieve airway patency and clinical improvement in the majority of cases, while this is less frequently the case with silicone stents. Some complications such as granulation and secretion retention seem to occur in most children after stent implantation. Unfortunately, severe complications including death have been reported in a significant proportion of children. Stent related mortality can be estimated at 12.9% from published data, but these include complication centered reports. The initial euphoria for airway stents in children has largely abated and most authors agree that they should only be employed in circumstances with no good alternatives. It is crucial that all surgical and medical alternatives are considered and the decision to place a stent is not made because other options are overlooked or not available locally. Stent use in a palliative setting has also been reported and is probably reasonable. Stents will only allow limited adaptation for the growth of pediatric airways by balloon dilatation. All metal stents should be considered as potentially permanent, and removal sometimes may only be possible through a surgical and sometimes risky approach. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:330–344. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.