bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Study on Prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases and their Association with Physical activity among the Urban Geriatric Population
Authors: Majumder Sneha , Arlappa Nimmathota , Palla Suryanarayana , Vadakattu Sai Santhosh
Published: June 2022

Background: India is experiencing a rapid health transition with a rising burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and inappropriate lifestyle is the most remarkable risk factor associated to NCDs. Aims & Objectives: To assess the prevalence of NCDs and their association with physical activity among urban elderly. Material and methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 112 geriatric population (?60 years) in cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. The data on medical history, lifestyle, diet and physical activity was obtained using a pre-tested questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements such as weight, height and waist circumference were measured. Intravenous blood samples were collected to estimate the biochemical parameters. Result:  About 64.3 % of elderly have been practicing physical activity i.e. predominantly walking, while 35.7% were sedentary. The prevalence of hypertension (87.5%), diabetes (65.3%), central obesity (77.8%) and metabolic syndrome (59.7%) was higher among walkers as compared to non-walkers and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly (p<0.005) high among the elderly suffering from Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs). Conclusion: In general, the prevalence of non-communicable diseases was high among urban geriatric population. Therefore, primordial and primary preventive measures should be adopted during adolescence and early adulthood for the prevention and control of NCDs.
Caring for you is straining me! -Strain among the informal caregivers of the elderly attending Health Centres of a Coastal City in Karnataka
Authors: Jacob Ankeeta Menona , Kundapur Rashmi , Ramachandra Kavya
Published: June 2022

Background: Census 2011 estimated 104 million elderly in India. Unprecedented demand for informal caregivers of elderly has resulted in physical, emotional and economic difficulties called caregiver strain. Aim & Objective: To determine the association between levels of strain among informal caregivers and the dependency levels of the elderly. Material & Methods: A cross-sectional study during January -March 2018 was conducted in the health centres attached to field practice areas of a tertiary care hospital. Data collection was done using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire after informed consent from elderly and informal caregivers meeting the inclusion criteria. Statistical Analysis used: Data was entered in MS Excel and analysed using SPSS version 20. Percentages and proportions of Activities of daily living (ADL) and informal caregiver strain of Modified Caregivers Strain Index (MSCI) and their scores were expressed in median and interquartile range. Spearman’s Rho was used to determine the association of ADL and MCSI scores. Results: 47.5% of informal caregivers experienced mild stress; 70 % of the 200 elderly were fully functional. Strain level of the informal caregivers showed a negative correlation (0.557) with the dependency level of the elderly. Conclusion: With increasing dependency level of elderly, informal caregiver strain should be assessed.
Compliance and its determinants to pharmacologic management of hypertension
Authors: Johnson Jincy , Vijayakumar Krishnapillai , Nujum Zinia Thajudeen , Thankamoniamma Prathibha Madhavanpillai
Published: June 2022

Background: Compliance to medications and lifestyle modifications is important in the management of hypertension. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure the compliance and its determinants to pharmacological management of hypertension. Material & Methods: A population based cross sectional survey was conducted among 221 known hypertensives in medical college health unit area of urban Trivandrum. Results: Mean age of the study subjects was 64.6 yrs (SD 10.6). The overall compliance with antihypertensives was 62.4%. Male gender, joint/extended family type, family support, co-morbidities, once daily regimen, awareness about the BP control status and adequacy of BP control were the predictors of good compliance. The barriers to compliance were alcohol abuse, out of pocket expenditure and more number of pills/day. Conclusion: Drug compliance among the study population was low compared to previous studies. Low drug compliance and poor blood pressure control among the hypertensives in the area warrants immediate actions to prevent the development of complications. The burden of morbidity and mortality due to hypertension and related complications on the family and health system will be immense if the situation is left unattended.
Determinants of immunization coverage among 12-23 months children: A study from Haryana
Authors: Bhonsla Suresh Kumar , Bhardwaj Anu , Mittal Anshu , Singla Gagan , Garg Shalu , Rani Sujata
Published: June 2022

Background: Immunization is safe, powerful and proven tool for elimination and controlling various highly infectious diseases and in spite of every possible effort put by the Government still there is a big gap between reported and evaluated coverage. Aims & Objectives: To find out the immunization coverage and its determinants among children in the age group 12 – 23 months in urban and rural area of district Ambala. Material and Methods: It was a cross sectional study carried out by WHO recommended 30 by 7 cluster survey technique. Results: It was observed that overall 83.1% children were fully immunized, 14% were partially immunized and 2.9% were unimmunized. In present study Educational status of mothers, Occupation of mothers, Religion, Sex, Monthly Family Income and Caste were found to be significantly associated with immunization coverage. “Fear of side effects” of vaccination was found to be the main reason for failure to fully immunize the child. Conclusion: To conclude, immunization coverage was found to be reasonably but still there is a lot of scope for improvement.
Prevalence and Correlates of Substance Use in rural Bhubaneswar – A Community based Cross sectional Study
Authors: Giri Prajna Paramita , Tripathy Debabrata , Sahoo Soumya Swaroop , Bhatia Vikas
Published: June 2022

Background: Substance use is an ever-increasing public health problem in the Indian society. Besides being a personal health risk, it is also a social and economic issue. The present study was undertaken to find out the prevalence and pattern of substance use in rural Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Material & Methods: A cross sectional community-based study was undertaken in rural Bhubaneswar in two phases, a pre survey qualitative assessment followed by the quantitative assessment. The prevalence, pattern and habit of use of different psychoactive substances were accessed using a predesigned pretested questionnaire among 574 study participants of greater than ten years of age. Results: The prevalence of use of at least one substance was 44.1%. Tobacco (smokeless) was the most commonly used substance followed by alcohol and smoked tobacco. Male gender, age greater than 40 years, joint family and being illiterate were the important predictors of substance use. Conclusions: A predominance of smokeless tobacco consumption was found in our study. Family members’ being the source of introduction in majority of users is a matter of serious concern. Community based intervention strategies can be helpful in targeting the rural population for deaddiction and delivering a social message for curbing the use of harmful substances.
Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption among Adults & Elderly- a Community based Study in Uttarakhand
Authors: Ravi Satish , Kishore Surekha , Pasi Rachna , Verma Neha
Published: June 2022

Background: Alcohol is one of the leading causes of the death and disability globally. About two billion people worldwide consume alcoholic beverages and about one-third (nearly 7.6 million) are likely to have one or more diagnosable alcohol use disorders. In India, the economic returns from alcohol override public health issues with the situation being one of “getting less and losing more”. Aims & Objectives: To find out the prevalence of alcohol consumption in relation to socio-demographic characteristics among adults and elderly population of Uttarakhand. Methods and materials: This is a cross sectional study. In this study we included four different geographic settings (urban, rural, town and slum) of Uttarakhand. A simple random methodology was adopted. Results: Out of 400 participants interviewed, alcohol consumption was reported higher in 30-49 years age group (45%), married (38%), employed (58%), males (72%), residing in rural areas (43%). Conclusion: In Uttarakhand percentage of alcohol consumption is higher among middle age group (30-49 year). Males are more alcoholic than females.
Assessment of level of stress and depression among adolescents in Udupi taluk, Karnataka
Authors: Verma Ashwani , Rao Arathi P , Andrews Teddy , S Binu V
Published: June 2022

Background: Adolescent is a period of age group from 10-19 years and are more prone to develop stress and depression because of hormonal changes, conflicts, negative behavior, and parental disapproval. Aims and Objective: To study the prevalence of stress and depression among adolescents in Udupi taluk, Karnataka. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among adolescents within the age group of 14-17 years. Two stage stratified random sampling technique was employed. Stratification was done among schools into government, aided and private schools in first stage. In the second stage, proportional allocation was done among study participants of schools. The total sample size was 1058 respondents. A validated tool was used to collect data. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16.0. Results: Prevalence of stress and depression was 30.5% and 40% respectively. The prevalence of stress and depression was higher in girls and among adolescents of 15 years of age group. Age of adolescent, type of school and stream were found to be statistically significant with stress and father’s education was found to be statistically significant with depression. Conclusions: There is a scope of making policies to tackle stress and depression among adolescents.
Healthcare Scenario: Health for All to Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Kakkar Rakesh , Aggarwal Pradeep
Published: June 2022

Poor quality care in public sector hospitals coupled with the costs of care in the private sector have trapped India's poor in a vicious cycle of poverty, ill health and debt for many decades. There is a huge cross section of the population that continues to struggle to gain access to affordable good quality healthcare. Although the rich can access healthcare by paying large sums of money, the poor are under major threat of financial duress. In Primary health care level public share is more with affordable cost but with compromised quality while in tertiary level private share is more with quality but at high cost and is focused in urban areas. Government has started spending at tertiary care level (newer AIIMS) to broaden the care spectrum but without much improvement at primary health care level.Accountable health care remains challenge for middle and low income countries. Accountability refers to “the principle that individuals, organizations and the community are responsible for their actions and may be required to explain them to others” (1). Low levels of public health financing, supply side gaps, an acute shortage of human resources and the rising cost of healthcare continue to severely affect access, affordability and quality of health services across the country. These issues make difficult for the public sector to remain accountable. The government has been attempting to address two main challenges: to ensure that all citizens can access healthcare equitably and to ensure that healthcare is made available at an affordable cost and without compromising on quality. So three important pillars for effective HCDS are cost, Access & Quality.
Nipah virus outbreak: A comparative study from Southeast Asia
Authors: Sachan Divyata , Verma Manoj K , Jain Pankaj K , Kumar Sandip , Kharya Pradip
Published: June 2022

Nipah Virus is a recently emerging zoonotic virus with disease causing potential in both animals and humans. Nipah virus belongs to the family of paramyxovirida, genus Henipavirus along with Hendra virus. (1) The knowledge of human infection with Henipavirus was limited to a very small number of cases infected with Hendra virus in Australia during 1994-1999 which was responsible for deaths of two humans and seventeen horses. (2) Nipah virus was first identified and isolated in 1999 in Malaysia during an outbreak of febrile illness among pig farmers and people who were in close contacts with pigs. (3) In 2001, Nipah virus was identified as the causative agent of outbreak in Bangladesh. Since then number of outbreaks has been reported in various districts of Bangladesh. (4) In India, a total of three outbreaks of Nipah have been reported, latest being on 19th May 2018, from Kozhikode district of Kerala. (5) With a fatality rate of 58%, Nipah virus is primarily seen to cause encephalitis and severe respiratory distress. Despite of the severe pathogenicity and high pandemic potential there is no specific treatment for Nipah virus encephalitis except for supportive and symptomatic treatment.
Why road safety is the need of the hour? A study among youth of District Dehradun, Uttarakhand
Authors: Jain Rajneesh , Vyas Shaili , Semwal Jayanti , Srivastava Malini
Published: June 2022

Background: Road traffic injuries are the eighth leading cause of death globally, and the leading cause of death for young people aged 15–29 years. Each year, almost 400,000 young people under 25 years old are killed in a road traffic crash - about 1049 youngsters every day. Aims and objectives: To find out the prevalence of road safety related health risk behaviours and its determinants amongst young males of District Dehradun. Methodology: It was a cross sectional study conducted over 12 months of duration. The study sample comprised of 1800 male youth aged 15-24years studying in various schools and colleges of District Dehradun. A pre-tested and pre-structured questionnaire (YRBSS) was used. The data was entered and analysed using SPSS-version 20.0. Results: Approximately three-fourth of youth reported never using seat-belt while driving and only 4.4% reported always using helmet whereas 24.0% accepted never use of helmet. Approximately one-fourth of the total 1168 at risk subjects in past 30 days, accepted driving a vehicle while drunk and 39.9% reported use of mobile phones while driving. Personality traits (extrovert, neuroticism and lack of direction) turned out to be the major factor in road safety related health risk behaviour. Conclusion: Although, road safety related health risk was found to be more among urban youth as compared to their rural counterparts, yet it was found alarmingly high for both rural and urban study population.
Road Traffic Injuries in Tamil Nadu: A Growing Public Health Issue
Authors: Joseph Alex , Kumar Dhasarathi , Bagavandas Mappillairaju , Geetha Roshini Nair
Published: June 2022

Background: Every year about 5 million people die worldwide due to Injuries, Road traffic Injuries are a neglected public health problem. In the state of Tamil Nadu, India the total number of road accidents has been on a constant rise. Objective: This study aims to provide a description of the reported road traffic accidents in Tamil Nadu based on location, injury rates and fatality rates. Methods: Secondary data on Road traffic accidents was collected from state and national reports published on various authentic sources. Cluster analysis was carried. Result: Two-wheelers accounted for the highest share in total road accidents, Males were found to have higher risk than females. The districts with high injury rates were Villupuram, Ariyalur, Cuddalore, Thiruvarur, Kanchipuram and Nagapatinam. If the current circumstances continue, we predicted that, by the year 2023 the total number of accidents will be approximately 75985 in Tamilnadu. Conclusion: The Tamil Nadu Governments efforts to stop and reverse the increasing trend in the number of road traffic accidents, deaths, injuries through adoption of comprehensive measures covering Engineering, Education, Emergency care and Enforcement is seeing its results, but there is a need for more effective implementation across the state.
Choking – A Public Health Problem- Are We Prepared?
Authors: Kumar Amit , Varshney Saurabh , Tyagi Amit Kumar , Patro Sourabha Kumar , Malhotra Manu , . Madhupriya , Bhardwaj Abhishek
Published: June 2022

Choking or acute airway obstruction is the emergency condition which is usually first dealt by general public and only then by health professionals. It has been documented in literature that educating the public about choking hazards and its management can positively affect the incidence of choking events and mortality. (1) In the developed countries, Basic Life Support (BLS) courses and First Aid courses are routinely done by public and are aggressively pursued by government and health care givers but in India there is no such uniform program. Indian Society of Anesthesiologists (ISA) has developed indigenous CPR guidelines and they are also organizing affordable nationwide CPR training modules, at present their program does not deal with the choking, but hopefully as their program will gain more acceptance, they will also incorporate choking modules. (2)

Etiology of choking varies according to the age group and different preventive and management strategies are required for different age groups to tackle this problem. Although data from India is not much, but some common strategies followed by other nations can also be applied to the Indian Population, thus preventing these fatal choking episodes.

We hereby discuss this problem according to different age groups and we have made an attempt to recommend some of the preventive strategies in context of Indian scenario

Etiology of choking varies according to the age group and different preventive and management strategies are required for different age groups to tackle this problem. We hereby discuss this problem according to different age groups and we have made an attempt to recommend some preventive strategies keeping in mind Indian scenario. Although data from India is not much, but some common strategies which other nations are following can also be applied to the Indian Population, thus preventing these fatal choking episodes.
Documenting catastrophic spending on health by migrant slum population
Authors: Mehnaz Saira , Abedi Ali Jafar , Fazli Shazia Farooq , Mushfiq Sakeena , Khan Zulfia , Ansari M Athar
Published: June 2022

Background: India ranks among the bottom five countries in public health spending. Out of pocket spending of households on healthcare is almost 70% of income and reimbursement in any form availed by households whose members are employed in the formal sector is negligible. Objectives: To determine the usual source of medical care opted for by the study population. To find out the illness pattern and its age/sex distribution in the study population. To find out the expenditure incurred on illness and its source of procurement by the study population. Methodology: 52.42% urban Aligarh resides in slums. A cross sectional study was done to study the newer slum pockets. 3409 households with a population of 16,978 were studied with the help of pretested questionnaire; SPSS 20 was used for statistical analysis. Results: In our study, we found that almost all the households suffered from catastrophic health expenditure. The study population, which was already vulnerable owing to their low socio-economic and migrant status was further forced into poverty and indebtedness on account of expenditure on illness. Conclusions: National health financing systems should be designed to protect households from financial catastrophe, by reducing out-of-pocket spending.
Awareness and utilization of Geriatric Welfare Schemes among urban elderly population of District Gautam Budh Nagar
Authors: Agrawal Deepika , Tyagi Neha , Dhakar Jagmohan Singh , Chaturvedi Manish
Published: June 2022

Background: India has 8.6% elderly population which is going to increase to 12% by 2025. Government of India is providing for the elderly through various social security and welfare schemes as well as legislations. But various studies, mostly in rural areas have shown that the awareness regarding these schemes was poor and incomplete. Utilization of schemes by the beneficiaries was even poorer. Very few studies have assessed the same in urban areas. Aims & Objectives: To assess the awareness and utilization of geriatric welfare schemes and factors associated with them among urban elderly. Material & Methods: The study was conducted in urban field practice area of Dept of Community Medicine, SMS&R, Greater Noida. 402 elderly living in slums of Bhangel, Noida, were interviewed using semi structured questionnaire assuming 50% awareness levels in the urban area with 10% relative precision and 95% confidence interval. Results: Awareness regarding any one scheme was 31.6%, of whom only one fourth subjects knew about more than one scheme. Among those who knew about the schemes, only 40% were utilizing them. The awareness as well as utilization was found to be significantly associated with religion, caste and educational status of the subject. Conclusion: The study shows poor awareness and even poorer utilization of geriatric welfare schemes among elderly people of urban slums. Further studies are required for judging the influencing factors.
Impact of Playing Violent Video Games Among School Going Children
Authors: Khalil Salman , Sultana Farheen , Muzammil Khursheed , Alim Farzana , Nasir Nazim , Hassan Atiq ul , Mahmood Syed Esam
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Children who play violent video games can become violent and aggressive. An aggressive emotional change in their behavior and deviation in academic performance is usually noticed. Aim: To assess the impact of violent video games playing among school going adolescents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a random sample of 400 adolescents recruited from four selected English medium schools of a City of Northern India by convenient sampling. Each student was interviewed by using a self-structured questionnaire which covered demographics, video gaming behaviors, and effects of video game playing on adolescents. Statistical Analysis: Collected data were entered in Microsoft Excel and subjected to suitable statistical tests. Results: 83.75% of the participants play video games while 1/3rd preferred to play violent games. 72.24% of the parents did not monitor the video game content of their children. Both boys (58.56%) and girls (17.12%) got aggressive during parent’s interference while playing violent video games. Most of the male (62.07%) were willing to apply actions of violent video games in real life. About 63.21% male violent video gamers showed poor academic performance as compared to girls (33.33%). Conclusion: Adolescents and their parents should be updated about the negative impact of excessive video game playing on health and psychosocial functioning.
A study on knowledge, attitude and practice about rabies among pharmacy students in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Baruah Chetanjit , Rabha Alpana Priya
Published: June 2022

Background: Rabies, a disease of antiquity, continues to be a major public health problem in India and itis 100% fatal. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice about rabies among pharmacy students of Assam Medical College and Hospital, to assess whether there is any difference of knowledge, attitude and practice among male and female students and study the socio-demographic profile of the students. Materials &Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 156 pharmacy students by purposive sampling using pre designed structured close ended questionnaire. Knowledge and attitude was assessed by a scoring system. Statistical analysis was done by percentage and chi square test. Results: The mean age of the students was 20.64 ± 1.42 years. Most (63.5%) of the students were males and most (46.7%) of them belong to the Hindu religion. Almost all (97.4%) the students had heard the word rabies. Conclusion: Most (61.2%) of the students had average knowledge, 38.8 % had good knowledge, 48.7 % had negative attitude and 51.3 % had positive attitude about rabies.
Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections and its Associated factors among women living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Alvi Yasir , Khalique Najam , Ahmad Anees , . Urfi
Published: June 2022

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are significant public health problem in India. Studies have shown a considerably higher prevalence of STIs among females as well as in high-risk groups. Thus, we conducted this study to estimate the prevalence of STIs and to find out its associated factors among women living with HIV/AIDS. Material & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the ART centre, Aligarh. A total of 170 HIV positive women were approached with study tools comprising of pre-structured proforma. NACO STIs Syndromes were used to estimate STIs. Data was analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0, keeping significance at p<0.05. Results: We found the self-reported prevalence of STIs in HIV positive women to be 18.2% (31/170) at the time of interview and 49.4% (84/170) ever since the diagnosis of HIV. Most of the HIV women were presently having vaginal/cervical or urethral discharge syndrome (93.5%) and genital ulcer syndrome (16.1%). STIs were significantly associated with uneducated females and with irregular use of condoms. Conclusion: This study found the prevalence of STIs to be still higher among HIV positive women, in spite of years of targeted interventions reducing it. A proper action and further researches are required to explore and manage variables associating STIs for reducing its prevalence
Outcome analysis of Neonates admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a Border District of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Agrawal Renu , Negi Rudresh , Kaushal Suneel Kumar , Misra Sunil Kumar
Published: June 2022

Background: As per the Child Mortality Report 2018 by UNICEF the current neonatal mortality rate in India stands at 24 per 1000 live births with it being more than the national average for Uttar Pradesh. The neonatal morbidity and outcome pattern in terms of discharge or otherwise shows considerable national, state, district and sub- district variations due to a multitude of diverse factors contributing to it at various levels. Aim & Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the mortality rate and outcome in NICU setting, and factors influencing the outcomes. Methods and Material: This government NICU based follow-up study comprised of data analysed from 450 neonates through a semi-structured questionnaire using face to face interview technique. Data was evaluated in SPSS and; independent t test and chi square test were applied. Statistical analysis used: Data was evaluated in SPSS and; independent t test and chi square test were applied. Results: For morbidity low birth weight (LBW) (14.4%) and for mortality LBW/prematurity (56%) were the most common causes. The discharge rate was 64.4%. Good outcome in the form of successful discharge was statistically significant with birth weight (p=0.000), gestational age (0.001), length of stay at NICU (p=0.003) male sex (p=0.003) and feeding of newborn (p=0.002) Conclusions: The study enunciates a high discharge rate in tertiary care government NICU with a mixed morbidity and mortality profile. The causes are mainly preventable and hence can be largely mitigated through dedicated ante natal, intra natal and post-natal care.
Participation of Village Health Nutrition and Sanitation Committees (VHNSC) on Social determinants of health (SDH) in a District in Maharashtra.
Authors: Kamble Raviraj Uttamrao , Garg Bishan Swarup , Raut Abhishek V , Bharambe Madhukar S
Published: June 2022

Background: Community participation is one of the core principles of Primary Health Care. VHNSC is example of community participation and is formed to take collective actions on health issues and its social determinants of health (SDH). It is envisaged as being central to local level community action to support decentralized health planning. Work on actual participation of VHSNC on SDH is almost negligible. Therefore, the present research study was conducted to find out the participation of VHNSC on SDH. Aim: To assess the involvement of VHNSC on SDH. Methods and Material: Knowledge on SDH and health actions of VHNSCs were studied using a questionnaire which was pretested and suitably modified. The study was conducted in all the 83 VHNSCs under 4 PHCs namely Waiphad, Anji, Kharangana Gode and Talegaon were choosen as per feasibility. Results: Members of all VHNSCs had knowledge about access to safe drinking water, sanitation and nutrition as SDH. Members from 6 (7.2%) VHNSCs could not relate literacy with health. Most had to be probed regarding knowledge about addiction to tobacco and alcohol; social deprivation and availability of emergency transport. Conclusions: VHNSC are moving in the right direction however they require continuous support, hand holding and monitoring from government and other NGOs.
Maternal and Perinatal Complications from a Hospital-based Intra-partum Complications Registry Established in Remote Referral Hospitals of a Desert District of India
Authors: Gehani Manish , Balasubramaniam Sudharsanam Manni , Johnson Avita Rose , Goklani Ghanshyam
Published: June 2022

Background: Despite increase in institutional deliveries, maternal and neonatal mortality has reduced slower than expected. It is important to know the reasons of maternal and perinatal deaths for doing focused efforts for reducing them. Objective: The objective of this study was to establish a system to improve estimation of maternal and perinatal complications among deliveries. Methods: The study was designed as a descriptive study. An Intrapartum Complications Registry was set up in eleven government hospitals of Bikaner. In each facility, a “champion” nurse ensured the complete documentation in case sheets and delivery register, and entered all maternal and perinatal complications into an Intrapartum Complications Register which was digitized into a registry database. The data for a six-month period in 2014 was analysed. Results: Out of 3675 women admitted to the labour rooms of the study facilities, 295 women were referred out with complications before delivery, and 3380 mothers delivered 3386 new-borns (including 6 twins). The registry documented 828 cases (22.5%) (512 mothers and 363 new-borns, 47 cases having both mother and new-born complications) with 1014 complications (535 maternal and 479 perinatal complications). The commonest maternal complications were haemorrhage (47.1%), prolonged or obstructed labour (28.4%) and hypertensive disorders (15.3%). The commonest perinatal complications were low birth weight (33.6%), birth asphyxia (18.6%) and neonatal sepsis (16.2%). No maternal or neonatal deaths occurred up to the first 48 hours. Conclusion: Intrapartum Complications Registry improved the documentation of and revealed the profile of maternal and perinatal complications in the study area.
Community Medicine Buster
Authors: Sarker Gautam , Das Palash
Published: June 2022

In the 2nd edition of Community Medicine Buster compilation of 17 university questions all over India to cover wide range of questions for undergraduates, Post graduate students and Researchers. Chapter wise long essay questions along with short notes and relevant questions chronological arranged for the reader, they will feel that they are reading a book with all sorts of questions in question answer form. Moreover, it is an examination preparatory book for the 3rd professional part -1 students. This chapter wise different university questions unique in India.
EBOLA: IMPACT AND RESPONSE
Authors: Alsabaani Abdullah A. , Muzammil Khursheed , Mahmood Syed Esam
Published: June 2022

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe illness caused by  Ebola viruses affecting man and non human primates.  This Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola, is often deadly in nature. The virus is transmitted to man from wild animals such as fruit bats. It is thought that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus host and act as normal carrier in nature. The WHO affirmed the EVD outbreak as a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern” on August 8th, 2014. EVD is manifested by fever, fatigue, muscle, pain, headache, and sore throat. There is no proven treatment for Ebola. Simple interventions can significantly improve chances of survival. Supportive treatment includes rehydration with fluids and body salts.. EVD has a risk of death in those infected, between 25% and 90%. Rapid geographic dissemination, nonspecific clinical presentation, lack of vaccine, and specific diagnostic test are the possible challenges to combat this dreaded public health menace. Hand hygiene is the most effective way to prevent the spread of the Ebola virus. Ebola vaccine candidates against Ebola have been developed in the decade prior to 2014, but none have yet been approved for clinical use in humans. Most recently, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has approved the first ever Ebola vaccine (rVSV-ZEBOV-GP vaccine). This development has been appreciated from all the corners as it is in the interest of mankind and will always be considered as an important milestone in the field of public health.
Framework to Improve Coordination Amongst Ministries to Strengthen ASHA Program in India: Based on the Assessment of ASHA program in Rural Rajasthan
Authors: Khanna Rajat , Prakash Nirupama , Sharma Alka
Published: June 2022

Background: Community Health Workers (CHW) are groomed under community established healthcare programmes and supported by primary health care approach. Under the Community Health Programme (CHP) of National Health Mission (NHM), trained female CHW named as Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) has been deployed in every village of India to serve the most marginalized and vulnerable rural population. Methodology: A mix method with qualitative and quantitative data collection was used in this research in three districts of Alwar, Bharatpur and Dausa in Rajasthan. Quantitative data was collected from 309 ASHAs selected through Simple Random Sampling Method and Qualitative data was collected from 30 ASHAs, selected through purposive sampling. Results: A significant relationship was found between ASHA Knowledge, Skills and Practices as a dependent variable and ASHAs trained on Community Mobilization and Inter-personal Communication, Supportive Supervision Visits received and Timely Incentives as Independent Variables. 65% ASHAs received Supportive Supervision, 56% ASHAs received support from Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRI), 17% were able to meet PRIs and 13% ASHAs were able to request PRIs for support in community mobilization. ASHAs revealed heavy workload, societal & personal issues and socio-cultural beliefs & practices as important factors. ASHAs felt they need better quality of training material and methodology on community & social mobilization. This study provides a framework to improve coordination amongst ministries of Government of India to strengthen ASHA program.
Neck Circumference: A valid anthropometric tool to predict Obesity in Adults of Davanagere, South India
Authors: Murthy Sanjana , Palegar Rajeev , Davalagi Shubha Bakkappa
Published: June 2022

Background: Neck Circumference (NC) can prove as a useful tool to predict obesity and overweight due to its advantages over the other anthropometric measurements. There have been fewer studies to assess its validity in a South Indian population. Aim & Objective: To validate Neck Circumference as a screening tool to predict obesity and to identify critical cut off points for obesity in Adults using Neck Circumference. Settings and Design: A cross sectional study involving 512 study subjects was conducted in the field practice area of a tertiary care hospital. Stratified sampling was used. Methods and Material: Data was collected using a pre designed semi structured questionnaire which included clinico-social details and anthropometric measurements of the respondents as per standard guidelines. Statistical analysis used: Data was analyzed using MS Excel and SPSS v.16.0 Results: In our study population BMI and body fat % was greater in females. NC showed positive correlation with Weight, Height, Waist Circumference and BMI. A cut off for NC of 36 cm in males and 29 cm in females was obtained with a sensitivity of 83.3% and 65.6% respectively. Conclusions: Neck circumference can be an important screening tool for overweight and obesity in adult population.
Utilization of Postnatal Care Services and Factors Affecting It among Women of Urban Slums in Dehradun, Uttarakhand
Authors: Upadhyai Neha , Gupta Sudhir Kumar
Published: June 2022

Background: India has made tremendous progress in reducing MMR by77 % since 1990, but still efforts are required to keep it up to achieve the new SDG target. Postnatal care is one of the interventions that can help the country to realize this aspiration. Present study is done to highlight this aspect of maternal care. Aims and Objectives: To assess utilization of postnatal care services among women residing in urban slums of Dehradun and factors affecting it. Materials and methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out among recently delivered mothers, residing in urban slums. 488 women were studied by systematic random sampling with the help of pre-tested questionaire. Data analysis was done using statistical software. Results: Out of 488 women, 52.5% received postnatal care at least once within first 48 hours of delivery. Only 76(15.5%) received all recommended PNC visits. 83(17%) reported to have some health problems after delivery. Socio-economic status, Education, number of ANC visits, place of delivery, type of delivery, and perceived health problem after delivery were found to be significant factors affecting postnatal care utilization. Conclusion: The study shows low level of complete utilization of postnatal care among women. Therefore, mothers should be educated about its importance to reduce both maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Aerosols exposure and respiratory morbidity among dental health care Professionals of Lucknow
Authors: Mahmood Syed Esam , Ahmad Ausaf , Ahmad Nadeem , Muzammil Khursheed , Chander Mahesh , Siddiqui Shireen
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Dentists use high-energy equipment, such as drills and scalers in the presence of bodily fluids such as blood and saliva, and dental plaque. This combined effect generates aerosols of oral micro-organisms, and blood. Objective: To determine the prevalence of respiratory morbidities and practices for protection against aerosols exposure at work place among dental health care professionals in District Lucknow. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved private dental practitioners registered with Indian Dental Association chosen by Simple Random Sampling. Dentists who gave consent and who were practicing for at least 1 year were included. Aerosol exposure and respiratory morbidity was assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. SPSS software version 16.0 was used for data analysis. Results: Total number of study participants were 0. Mean age in years of study subjects were 33.5 ±11.6. Their average years of involvement in clinical practice were 10.0 ±12.75. Majority of dental practitioners used hand scalers (70%) and power scalers (80%) on patients. A higher proportion changed their masks by the day (60%).  Majority used protective eye goggles (70%). Only 30% used high efficiency particulate room filters while 20% used humidifiers and air purification systems. One fifth of respondents usually had cough. Conclusion: Respiratory morbidity is associated with workplace generated aerosol among dental health professionals. Awareness regarding occupational exposure and implementation of preventive strategies is required to provide a safe working environment.
Regional variation in the prevalence of undernutrition and its correlates among under 5 year children in Western India
Authors: Meshram Indrapal I , K. Mallikharjuna Rao , K. Sreeramakrishna , R. Harikumar , K. Venkaiah , A. Laxmaiah
Published: June 2022

Background: undernutrition is an important public health problems in India with more than 40% children under 5 years are undernourished. Objectives: To assess prevalence of undernutrition, regional variation and its correlates among under 5 year children. Materials & Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional study was carried out in all the districts of Gujarat covering all regions, using systematic sampling to assess nutritional status of under 5 year children. Nutritional assessment was done using WHO child growth standard. Results: The overall prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was 44%, 42% and 20% respectively. The prevalence of undernutrition was significantly (p<0.01) higher in central region (52.4%, 49.1% & 24.2% respectively) as compared to Saurashtra & Kachchh region (31.1%, 34.9%, 12.3% respectively). Minimum dietary diversity was more in Sourashtra region (87%) and low in North region (78%). The odds of undernutrition was significantly higher among children belonging to Scheduled tribe communities (OR: 1.62, 1.46 & 1.61 respectively), children of illiterate mothers (OR: 1.23, 1.24 & 1.18 respectively), among children belonging to lower socio-economic groups (OR: 1.39, 1.23 & 1.18 respectively) and with history of morbidity and hygienic practices of mother. The odds of underweight and stunting was 1.3 times higher among children from households not having sanitary latrine and separate kitchen. Conclusions: The prevalence of undernutrition was high in central as compared to Saurashtra & Kachchh region and is associated with community, household income, sanitary latrine and literacy status of mother. Therefore, multi-component health and nutrition intervention along with improving household income, sanitation and hygiene may help in prevention and control of undernutrition.
Effect of competition level on functional movement screening scores in soccer players: a retrospective study
Authors: Dinç Engin , Arslan Serdar
Published: June 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the scores of the functional movement screen (FMS) of professional male soccer players in different leagues.

Materials and Methods: Previously collected data of 64 athletes who were competing in three different soccer leagues, using the FMS test battery procedure were analyzed. Asymmetry and dysfunction rates, total FMS scores, scores of FMS subgroups and scores of each test were compared.

Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the FMS scores of soccer players who were competing in different leagues (p˃0.05). In addition, the difference between motor control, mobility and reflex core stabilization subgroup scores were not statistically significant (p˃0.05). When the tests were compared individually, only the rotatory stability test score was found to be statistically significantly different (p<0.05).

Conclusions: The rate of asymmetry and dysfunction is high in professional soccer players along with the scores of FMS tests were not significantly different according to the levels of players playing in the professional league, except for the rotation stability test. Players in the top professional league have higher scores in the rotation stability test and less dysfunction. Therefore, postural control is affected by the professional league level in soccer.
Training in values in university education, a resource for professional ethics
Authors: Morales Palao Blanca , Rivera Caycho Diego , Bedoya Zaira Gerardo Adolfo , Paucar Ccalli Alexander Jhonathan
Published: June 2022

A paper is presented that describes the importance of ethics in the academic training of professionals and highlights how the ethical aspects of the person are necessary for the application of the profession in all areas. A careful review is carried out to discover those academic and professional contributions that have described ethics as a tool of integrity in the attitude of people, but also as a consequence of the family, social, and cultural values of the individual.

Keywords: Professional training, human values, professional ethics.
Teachers’ Views About the Intricacies of Learner-On-Teacher Violence and the Implications for School Leadership
Authors: Makhasane Sekitla Daniel
Published: June 2022

Despite a global concern and interest in researching school violence, little is known about the nature of violence perpetrated by learners against the teachers. The in loco-parentis status of teachers position them in a situation where they are expected to address various challenges that learners encounter. These challenges include, inter alia, school violence. However, teachers are sometimes victims of violence that they experience from their own learners. Thus, school violence is a complicated phenomenon. This paper is intended to add to the debates about school violence with a focus on physical violence and threats of violence perpetrated by learners against teachers and the leadership implications thereof. The paper uses eco-systemic theory to interpret and explain the said violence. I used semi-structured interviews to generate data from 12 teachers and 2 principals. The participants were purposely selected from two South African high schools. The findings revealed that learner-on-teacher violence in general and physical as well as threats of violence in particular are complicated in that they occur within the parameters of interconnected systems and subsystems. The paper argue that it is imperative for principals and other teachers to provide a vision and direction for non-violent relationships between learners and teachers.
Environmental Regime and Conventional Security Issues in the US Politics
Authors: Ahmed Faheem
Published: June 2022

Historically, environmentalism has not served the US long-term objectives and goals to advance its influence and hegemony in the world. From the Post-cold war period onwards, US politics took war interventions as a top security issue and denied the non-traditional threats such as climate change to be a part of its national security agenda. On the other hand, many countries have included the threat of climate change in their national security domain. Meanwhile, in the US, climate action has never been a central part of its national security and foreign policy objective. The first section of this paper aims to critically evaluate the US domestic policies and foreign policy from the Nixon administration to Trump’s administration. It shows that the US has a promising start in addressing nontraditional threats but soon became a laggard in the subsequent years. Secondly, this paper tries to answer a very pertinent question that why does the US remain a laggard to consider environmentalism to be part of its national security agenda?
Reconstructing Others via Translation in the Late Qing and the Early Republic of China
Authors: Yin Peng
Published: June 2022

Conceiving translation as a cultural construction tool, this paper, resting on the translation of “foreigners” in China during the late Qing and the early Republic, explores how the West and the Westerners as Others are constructed diachronically in the period. It finds that the prominent scholars in the period, most of whom were educated in the Western academic institutions, produced the discourses on foreigners’ superiority. Foreigner was initially used to describe the phenotypic differences between those born and grown up in China and those who are not. Chinese cultural homogeneity endows foreigners with derogatory connotations. In contrast, the Chinese constitution of discourses on foreigners in the late Qing and the early Republic moves foreigners from a periphery position to a central one in Chinese society.