bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weight stigma experienced by patients with obesity in healthcare settings: A qualitative evidence synthesis
Authors: Ryan Leona , Coyne Rory , Heary Caroline , Birney Susie , Crotty Michael , Dunne Rosie , Conlan Owen , Walsh Jane C.
Published: August 2023

Weight stigma research is largely focused on quantifiable outcomes with inadequate representation of the perspectives of those that are affected by it. This study offers a comprehensive systematic review and synthesis of weight stigma experienced in healthcare settings, from the perspective of patients living with obesity. A total of 1340 studies was screened, of which 32 were included in the final synthesis. Thematic synthesis generated three overarching analytical themes: (1) verbal and non‐verbal communication of stigma, (2) weight stigma impacts the provision of care, and (3) weight stigma and systemic barriers to healthcare. The first theme relates to the communication of weight stigma perceived by patients within patient–provider interactions. The second theme describes the patients' perceptions of how weight stigma impacts upon care provision. The third theme highlighted the perceived systemic barriers faced by patients when negotiating the healthcare system. Patient suggestions to reduce weight stigma in healthcare settings are also presented. Weight stigma experienced within interpersonal interactions migrates to the provision of care, mediates gaining equitable access to services, and perpetuates a poor systemic infrastructure to support the needs of patients with obesity. A non‐collaborative approach to practice and treatment renders patients feeling they have no control over their own healthcare requirements.
Association between regional oxygen saturation and central venous saturation in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A prospective observational study
Authors: Hirai Naoki , Saito Junichi , Nakai Kishiko , Noguchi Satoko , Hashiba Eiji , Hirota Kazuyoshi
Published: August 2023

Background

We evaluated the correlation between regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) in the frontal and right renal dorsum (cerebral rSO2 and somatic rSO2) measured by near‐infrared spectroscopy (INVOS™ 5100C, Medtronic) and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) measured with a fiber‐optic oximetry catheter (PediaSat™, Edwards Lifesciences) during surgery in order to determine whether noninvasive rSO2 could be used as an alternative to ScvO2 in pediatric cardiac surgery patients. We evaluated the correlation between regional tissue oxygen saturation (cerebral rSO2 and somatic rSO2) measured by near‐infrared spectroscopy and other patient measures with central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) measured with a fiber‐optic oximetry catheter to track global oxygen supply demand as a potential alternative or supplement to ScvO2.

Patients and Methods

This single‐center prospective observational study enrolled 33 children (weight < 10 kg) who underwent cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease between February 2018 and November 2021. ScvO2, cerebral rSO2, and somatic rSO2 were recorded simultaneously after anesthesia induction and central venous catheter placement. Pearson's correlation coefficient and Bland–Altman analysis were used to determine the relationship between ScvO2 and rSO2. We conducted correlation, Bland Altman, and multiple regression analyses to identify associations between rSO2, patient measures, and ScvO2 values.

Results

The patients' median age was 11.0 (quartile 2.0–16.0) months. Their weight was 7.2 (quartile 4.5–9.2) kg. Cerebral rSO2 was significantly positively correlated with ScvO2 (r2 = 0.29, p = .002 in all patients; r2 = 0.61, p = .013 in the patients without mixing at the atrial level), whereas somatic rSO2 was not. The Bland–Altman analysis demonstrated biases [95% confidence interval; 95% CI] (lower and upper limits of agreement [95% CI]) of 0.27% [−4.26 to 4.80] (−24.79 [−32.61 to −16.96] to 25.33 [17.50 to 33.16]) between cerebral rSO2 and ScvO2 and 0.91% [−5.48 to 7.30] (−34.43 [−45.47 to −23.39] to 36.25 [25.21 to 47.29]) between somatic rSO2 and ScvO2. Preoperative brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and SpO2 were independent variables associated with ScvO2 and cerebral and somatic rSO2.

Conclusion

Cerebral rSO2, SpO2, and BNP were significantly correlated with ScvO2, although the cerebral rSO2 correlation was greater for lesions without atrial mixing. rSO2, BNP, and SpO2 might be used to track changes in ScvO2 but cerebral rSO2 is not sufficiently precise to replace it.
“Rely (only) on the rigorous evidence” is bad advice
Authors: Pritchett Lant
Published: August 2023

A popular interpretation of “evidence‐based” decision‐making is “rely (only) on the rigorous evidence” (RORE) via “systematic” reviews that: use objective protocols to generating the potentially relevant papers from the literature; then filter those to retain only the small subset that provide impact estimates regarded as “rigorous”; and summarize only those estimates. I use two sets of cross‐country impact estimates—on wage gains for migrants and private school learning gains—to illustrate this seemingly attractive approach is both empirically and conceptually unsound. First, the cross‐country variation in the rigorous estimates of impact is very large, which implies the average(s) from a systematic review is of little predictive use. In both empirical examples the “systematic review of the rigorous estimates” approach leads to worse predictions of impact across countries than the naïve use of country‐specific ordinary least squares estimates. Second, I contrast a systematic review—RORE approach with an “understanding” approach—which seeks to encompass all of the available evidence into coherent understandings in forming judgments. In both examples the notion that the impact effects are constant across countries—“external validity”—is easily rejected. Insisting on privileged reliance on “rigorous” estimates in making context‐specific decisions is logically incoherent and deeply anti‐scientific.
Freezing limits for Calogero–Moser–Sutherland particle models
Authors: Voit Michael
Published: August 2023

One‐dimensional interacting particle models of Calogero–Moser–Sutherland type with N particles can be regarded as diffusion processes on suitable subsets of like Weyl chambers and alcoves with second‐order differential operators as generators of the transition semigroups, where these operators are singular on the boundaries of the state spaces. The most relevant examples are multivariate Bessel processes and Heckman–Opdam processes in a compact and noncompact setting where in all cases, these processes are related to special functions associated with root systems. More precisely, the transition probabilities can be described with the aid of multivariate Bessel functions, Jack and Heckman–Opdam Jacobi polynomials, and Heckman–Opdam hypergeometric functions, respectively. These models, in particular, form dynamic eigenvalue evolutions of the classical random matrix models like β‐Hermite, β‐ Laguerre, and β‐Jacobi, that is, MANOVA, ensembles. In particular, Dyson's Brownian motions and multivariate Jacobi processes are included. In all cases, the processes depend on so‐called coupling parameters. We review several freezing limit theorems for these diffusions where, for fixed N, one or several of the coupling parameters tend to ∞. In many cases, the limits will be N‐dimensional normal distributions and, in the process case, Gauss processes. However, in some cases, normal distributions on half spaces and distributions related to some other ensembles appear as limits. In all cases, the limits are connected with the zeros of the classical one‐dimensional orthogonal polynomials of order N.
What does it mean to belong? An interdisciplinary integration of theory and research on belonging
Authors: Covarrubias Rebecca
Published: August 2023

Feelings and questions of belonging are central to daily life. Highlighting this centrality, research and theory in higher education have offered robust definitions and frameworks for understanding what it means to belong, how it shapes meaningful life outcomes, and how to foster it. This chapter offers an interdisciplinary structure for putting these perspectives in conversation. To do this, I first briefly review and weave discussion about some common definitions and frameworks on belonging. Then, drawing from a place‐belongingness and a politics of belonging framework—which describes how belonging is both an intimate feeling and bounded by intersecting social forces that serve to include and exclude various social realities—I highlight key factors (autobiographical, relational, cultural, economic, legal, elective) that constitute belonging. I offer concrete examples for attending to each factor as a pathway for building relational spaces that critically foster belonging for college students.
The HLA‐B*38:110 allele identified in a volunteer bone marrow donor
Authors: Loginova Maria , Repnicyna Kristina , Paramonov Igor , Gerasimova Vilena
Published: August 2023

HLA‐B*38:110 allele differs from HLA‐B*38:01:01:01 in codon 202 in exon 4.
Evisceration with implantation of an intrascleral silicone prosthesis in dogs: A retrospective study of 107 cases (2010–2019)
Authors: Barbry Jean‐Baptiste , Poinsard Anne‐Sophie , Cappelle Julien , Balland Olivier , Isard Pierre‐François , Dulaurent Thomas
Published: August 2023

Objective

To retrospectively analyze the preoperative clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of evisceration with implantation of an intrascleral silicone prosthesis (EIISP) procedures in dogs and evaluate whether brachycephalic dogs are more prone than non‐brachycephalic dogs to develop postoperative complications after EIISP.

Animal studied

Ninety‐One dogs (19 of which were brachycephalic) were included.

Procedures

Medical records from 2010 to 2019 were reviewed. Signalment, reason for EIISP, postoperative complications, follow‐up time, and postoperative eye appearance were analyzed.

Results

The most frequently represented breeds were French Bulldog [11/91 (12%) dogs], Jack Russell Terrier [6/91 (7%)], and Shih Tzu [6/91 (7%)]. Brachycephalic dogs were statistically younger than non‐brachycephalic dogs at the time of EIISP (p = 1.61 × 10−5). Uncontrolled glaucoma was the most common reason for EIISP in both groups. Short‐term complications (from D0 to D15) seen in 7/91 (8%) dogs included epithelial corneal ulcers (n = 3), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) (n = 2), and prosthesis extrusion (n = 2). Long‐term complications seen in 26/91 (29%) dogs included KCS (n = 11), epithelial corneal ulcers (n = 7), stromal ulcers (n = 3), entropion (n = 4), and prosthesis extrusion (n = 1). Extrusion of the prosthesis occurred twice in eyes that had undergone diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation. The risk of postoperative complications was not significantly different between brachycephalic and non‐brachycephalic dogs (p = .3).

Conclusions

Brachycephalic status in dogs does not appear to influence the risk of complications from EIISP. Nevertheless, the present study is a reminder that EIISP focuses on esthetics, and considering the possible complications associated with it, it does not provide a benefit to the patient compared to enucleation.
Metacomputing for Directly Computable Multiphysics Models
Authors: Michopoulos John G. , Iliopoulos Athanasios P. , Steuben John C. , Apetre Nicoleta A.
Published: August 2023

When it comes to multiphysics modeling and simulation, the ever-improving advances of computational technologies have forced the user to manage higher resource complexity while at the same time they are motivating the modeling of more complex systems than before. Consequently, the time for the user’s iterations within the context space characterizing all choices required for a successful computation far exceeds the time required for the runtime software execution to produce acceptable results. This paper presents metacomputing as an approach to address this issue, starting with describing this high-dimensional context space. Then it highlights the abstract process of multiphysics model generation/solution and proposes performing top-down and bottom-up metacomputing. In the top-down approach, metacomputing is used for automating the process of generating theories, raising the semantic dimensionality of these theories in higher dimensional algebraic systems that enable simplification of the equational representation, and raising the syntactic dimensionality of equational representation from 1D equational forms to 2D and 3D algebraic solution graphs that reduce solving to path-following. In the bottom-up approach, already existing legacy codes evolving over multiple decades are encapsulated at the bottom layer of a multilayer semantic framework that utilizes category theory based operations on specifications to enable the user to spend time only for defining the physics of the relevant problem and not have to deal with the rest of the details involved in deploying and executing the solution of the problem at hand. Consequently, these two metacomputing approaches enable the automated generation, composition, deployment, and execution of directly computable multiphysics models.
Sparse Metapiles for Shear Wave Attenuation in Half-Spaces
Authors: Celli Paolo , Nunzi Ilaria , Calabrese Andrea , Lenci Stefano , Daraio Chiara
Published: August 2023

We show that shear waves traveling toward the surface of a half-space medium can be attenuated via buried one-dimensional arrays of resonators—here called metapiles—arranged according to sparse patterns around a site to be isolated. Our focus is on shear waves approaching the surface along a direction perpendicular to the surface itself. First, we illustrate the behavior of metapiles, both experimentally and numerically, using 3D printed resonators embedded in an acrylic plate. Then, via numerical simulations, we extend this idea to the case study of an idealized half-space and elucidate the influence of various design parameters on wave attenuation. Results of this work demonstrate that significant wave attenuation can be achieved by installing sparse resonating piles around a selected site on the free surface of the medium, rather than placing resonators directly underneath that same site. This work might have implications in metamaterial-based wave attenuation applications across scales.
Influence of PTFE-Based Dry Lubricants on Friction and Wear Behavior in Dry Lubricated Steel–Bronze Contact
Authors: Simo Kamga Lionel , Emrich Stefan , Merz Rolf , Oehler Manuel , Gedan-Smolka Michaela , Kopnarski Michael , Sauer Bernd , Koch Oliver
Published: August 2023

In this article, solid lubricants are investigated to examine their tribological performance in a dry lubricated steel–bronze contact. The examined solid lubricants are made of polyamide (PA) and irradiated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which are chemically bonded by reactive melt extrusion. For the tribological investigations, a block-twin-disc test rig, on the one hand, and a three-disc test rig, on the other hand, were used under ambient conditions, where the solid lubricant for lubricating the steel–bronze contact was released from a block or a disc. Results from the tribological investigations are presented here, showing the friction and wear behavior in a steel–bronze contact depending on the slide-to-roll ratio in the contact between the steel disc and the compound body. Furthermore, surface analytical investigations on the steel and bronze discs were carried out. These studies showed that the chemical bonding of 20 wt% of irradiated PTFE in PA12 improves the wear and friction behavior in steel–bronze contact significantly, due to the buildup of a transfer film of PTFE on the steel surface.
Study of the structure, structural transition, interface model, and magnetic moments of CrN grown on MgO(001) by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Alam Khan , Ponce-Pérez Rodrigo , Sun Kai , Foley Andrew , Takeuchi Noboru , Smith Arthur R.
Published: August 2023

Structural phase transition is studied in high quality CrN thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on MgO(001) substrates. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction reveal that the epitaxial relationship between CrN film and MgO substrate is [100]CrN/[100]MgO, [110]CrN/[110]MgO, and [001]CrN/[001]MgO. The films show tensile strain/compression at the CrN/MgO(001) interface, which relaxes gradually with the film growth. Temperature dependent x-ray diffraction measurements show a first-order structural phase transition. In addition to the experimental measurements, first-principles theoretical calculations have been carried out for finding a stable model for the CrN/MgO interface. These calculations determine two possible models for the interface, where a monolayer of chromium oxide is formed between the CrN and MgO layers.
A review of ultrasonic vocalizations in mice and how they relate to human speech
Authors: Yao Kylie , Bergamasco Maria , Scattoni Maria Luisa , Vogel Adam P.
Published: August 2023

Mice communicate through audible vocalizations, which are within the human hearing range, and ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), which are above the upper limit of human hearing. USVs are produced by rodents in social contexts including pup separation, territorial, and courting assays. Like birdsong, an established model for human speech, USVs in mice have been used as a model for understanding human communication. Their utility as a model of social communication is illustrated in neurodevelopmental conditions with a genetic basis, like autism spectrum disorders and Rett syndrome. As mice do not exhibit clear visual cues when they vocalize, the source of vocalization is often assumed. Therefore, there is potential to better discern the true vocal contribution of individual mice if the upper limit of human hearing were to be extended. Currently, there are efforts to increase the precision of sound-localizing technology, which will develop our understanding of communication in mice and other animal models.
Anaerobic Speed Reserve and Performance Relationships Between International and World-Class Short-Track Speed Skating
Authors: Deguire Simon , Sandford Gareth N. , Bieuzen François
Published: August 2023

Purpose: Short-track speed skating race distances of 500, 1000, and 1500 m that last ∼40 seconds to ∼2.5 minutes and require a maximal intensity at speeds beyond maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Recently, the anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) has been applied by scientists and coaches in middle-distance sports to deepen understanding of 1- to 5-minute event performance where different physiological profiles (speed, hybrid, and endurance) can have success. Methods: World-class (women, n = 2; men, n = 3) and international-level (women, n = 4; men, n = 5) short-track speed skaters completed maximal aerobic speed and maximal skating speed tests. ASR characteristics were compared between profiles and associated with on-ice performance. Results: World-class athletes raced at a lower %ASR in the 1000- (3.1%; large; almost certainly) and 1500-m (1.8%; large; possibly) events than international athletes. Men’s and women’s speed profiles operated at a higher %ASR in the 500-m than hybrid and endurance profiles, whereas in the 1500-m, endurance profiles worked at a substantially lower %ASR than hybrid and speed profiles. Women’s 500-m performance is very largely associated with maximal skating speed, while women’s maximal aerobic speed appears to be a key determining factor in the 1000- and 1500-m performance. Conclusion: World-class short-track speed skaters can be developed in speed, hybrid, and endurance profiles but achieve their performance differently by leveraging their strongest characteristics. These results show nuanced differences between men’s and women’s 500-, 1000- and 1500-m event performance across ASR profile that unlock new insights for individualizing athlete performance in these disciplines.
Programmed fluorine binding engineering in anion-pillared metal-organic framework for record trace acetylene capture from ethylene
Authors: Gu Xiao-Wen , Wu Enyu , Wang Jia-Xin , Wen Hui-Min , Chen Banglin , Li Bin , Qian Guodong
Published: August 2023

Porous physisorbents are attractive candidates for selective capture of trace gas or volatile compounds due to their low energy footprints. However, many physisorbents suffer from insufficient sorbate-sorbent interactions, resulting in low uptake or inadequate selectivity when gases are present at trace levels. Here, we report a strategy of programmed fluorine binding engineering in anion-pillared metal-organic frameworks to maximize C
2
H
2
binding affinity for benchmark trace C
2
H
2
capture from C
2
H
4
. A robust material (ZJU-300a) was elaborately designed to provide multiple-site fluorine binding model, resulting in an ultrastrong C
2
H
2
binding affinity. ZJU-300a exhibits a record-high C
2
H
2
uptake of 3.23 millimoles per gram (at 0.01 bar and 296 kelvin) and one of the highest C
2
H
2
/C
2
H
4
selectivity (1672). The adsorption binding of C
2
H
2
and C
2
H
4
was visualized by gas-loaded ZJU-300a structures. The separation capacity was confirmed by breakthrough experiments for 1/99 C
2
H
2
/C
2
H
4
mixtures, affording the maximal dynamic selectivity (264) and C
2
H
4
productivity of 436.7 millimoles per gram.
Peptide YY: A Paneth cell antimicrobial peptide that maintains
Candida
gut commensalism
Authors: Pierre Joseph F. , Peters Brian M. , La Torre Diana , Sidebottom Ashley M. , Tao Yun , Zhu Xiaorong , Cham Candace M. , Wang Ling , Kambal Amal , Harris Katharine G. , Silva Julian F. , Zaborina Olga , Alverdy John C. , Herzog Herbert , Witchley Jessica , Noble Suzanne M. , Leone Vanessa A. , Chang Eugene B.
Published: August 2023

The mammalian gut secretes a family of multifunctional peptides that affect appetite, intestinal secretions, and motility whereas others regulate the microbiota. We have found that peptide YY (PYY
1-36
), but not endocrine PYY
3-36
, acts as an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expressed by gut epithelial paneth cells (PC). PC-PYY is packaged into secretory granules and is secreted into and retained by surface mucus, which optimizes PC-PYY activity. Although PC-PYY shows some antibacterial activity, it displays selective antifungal activity against virulent
Candida albicans
hyphae—but not the yeast form. PC-PYY is a cationic molecule that interacts with the anionic surfaces of fungal hyphae to cause membrane disruption and transcriptional reprogramming that selects for the yeast phenotype. Hence, PC-PYY is an antifungal AMP that contributes to the maintenance of gut fungal commensalism.
Tremor signals during fluid injection are generated by fault slip
Authors: Niyogi Shankho , Ghosh Abhijit , Kumar Abhash , Hammack Richard W.
Published: August 2023

Seismic tremor signals, also known as long-period, long-duration signals, have been reported in several locations where fluid injection for enhanced oil and gas exploration is taking place. However, the origin of these signals remains poorly constrained. We studied seismic tremor signals in Wellington Field, Kansas, using a seismic array during a carbon dioxide injection program. We show that these signals are generated below the surface during the time of carbon dioxide injection. They have a distinct spectral signature, similar to those observed in glacial and volcanic environments. The tremor sources are located near the injection site and aligned with preexisting faults. Modeling results imply that such tremors are generated by frictional slip on fault. These observations may reveal an important deformation mode, which is useful for studying associated stress, seismicity, and triggering, as well as for tracking fault activities during injection operations of all fluids, including supercritical carbon dioxide.
Tagging neurons with light
Authors: Kim Christina K.
Published: August 2023

Molecular circuits for activity-guided optogenetics
Genome characterization of
Dickeya solani
bacteriophage W2B
Authors: Balasubramaniam Heama Maleini , Tze Yan Fong , Michelle JiaMin Loh , Parimannan Sivachandran , Mutusamy Prasanna , Jaya Jothi Sasireigga , Rajandas Heera
Published: August 2023

We have successfully characterized the complete genome sequence of the lytic
Dickeya solani
bacteriophage W2B, isolated from the Bunus Sewage Treatment Plant. The lytic phage from the Ningirsuvirus family has a 40,385-bp linear double-stranded DNA genome containing 51 coding sequences (CDSs).
Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by the Biocontrol Agent Pythium oligandrum Contribute to Ginger Plant Growth and Disease Resistance
Authors: Sheikh Taha Majid Mahmood , Zhou Dongmei , Ali Haider , Hussain Sarfraz , Wang Nan , Chen Siqiao , Zhao Yishen , Wen Xian , Wang Xiaoyu , Zhang Jinfeng , Wang Lunji , Deng Sheng , Feng Hui , Raza Waseem , Fu Pengxiao , Peng Hao , Wei Lihui , Daly Paul
Published: August 2023

Plant growth promotion plays a vital role in enhancing production of agricultural crops, and
Pythium oligandrum
is known for its plant growth-promoting potential through production of auxins and induction of resistance by elicitors. This study highlights the significance of
P. oligandrum
-produced VOCs in plant growth promotion and disease resistance.
Ex vivo
gut cultures of
Aedes aegypti
are efficiently infected by mosquito-borne alpha- and flaviviruses
Authors: Rosales Rosas Ana Lucia , Wang Lanjiao , Goossens Sara , Cuvry Arno , Li Li-Hsin , Santos-Ferreira Nanci , Soto Alina , Dallmeier Kai , Rocha-Pereira Joana , Delang Leen
Published: August 2023

Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes can transmit several arboviruses, including chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). When blood-feeding on a virus-infected human, the mosquito ingests the virus into the midgut (stomach), where it replicates and must overcome the midgut barrier to disseminate to other organs and ultimately be transmitted via the saliva. Current tools to study mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs) include 2D-cell culture systems and
in vivo
mosquito infection models, which offer great advantages, yet have some limitations. Here, we describe a long-term
ex vivo
culture of
Ae. aegypti
guts. Cultured guts were metabolically active for 7 d in a 96-well plate at 28°C and were permissive to ZIKV, DENV, Ross River virus, and CHIKV.
Ex vivo
guts from
Culex pipiens
mosquitoes were found to be permissive to Usutu virus. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed viral protein synthesis in CHIKV-infected guts of
Ae. aegypti
. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy revealed replication and spread of a reporter DENV in specific regions of the midgut. In addition, two known antiviral molecules, β-
d
-N
4
-hydroxycytidine and 7-deaza-2′-C-methyladenosine, were able to inhibit CHIKV and ZIKV replication, respectively, in the
ex vivo
model. Together, our results show that
ex vivo
guts can be efficiently infected with mosquito-borne alpha- and flaviviruses and employed to evaluate antiviral drugs. Furthermore, the setup can be extended to other mosquito species.
Ex vivo
gut cultures could thus be a new model to study MBVs, offering the advantage of reduced biosafety measures compared to infecting living mosquitoes.

IMPORTANCE

Mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs) are a significant global health threat since they can cause severe diseases in humans, such as hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and chronic arthritis. MBVs rely on the mosquito vector to infect new hosts and perpetuate virus transmission. No therapeutics are currently available. The study of arbovirus infection in the mosquito vector can greatly contribute to elucidating strategies for controlling arbovirus transmission. This work investigated the infection of guts from
Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes in an
ex vivo
platform. We found several MBVs capable of replicating in the gut tissue, including viruses of major health importance, such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. In addition, antiviral compounds reduced arbovirus infection in the cultured gut tissue. Overall, the gut model emerges as a useful tool for diverse applications such as studying tissue-specific responses to virus infection and screening potential anti-arboviral molecules.
Identification and management of foreign body in the primary teeth
Authors: Mehta Vivek , Raheja Anupma , Singh Rajeev Kumar
Published: August 2023

Paediatric dentists encounter many emergencies in child patients and entrapment of foreign bodies in teeth is a commonly anticipated complication. It is more frequently seen in children with chronic carious lesions or due to teeth with wide open pulp chambers and pulp canals affected with caries or traumatic dental injuries. Here, we report a case of successful management of foreign body lodgement in the primary teeth of a middle childhood female patient along with a literature review of various foreign bodies identified in the past and some practical recommendations for the prevention of such incidents in the future.
Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among adults in South Africa: multimethod evidence from a population-based longitudinal study
Authors: Maughan-Brown Brendan , Eyal Katherine Claire , Njozela Lindokuhle , Buttenheim Alison M
Published: August 2023

Background

COVID-19 vaccine coverage remains low in many low and middle-income countries despite widespread access. To understand the dynamic decision-making process around vaccination and provide evidence for future vaccine promotion campaigns, we identified predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among South African adults, including those who did not believe in the vaccine’s safety or efficacy.

Methods

Data from two longitudinal telephone surveys in late 2021 and early 2022 of unvaccinated South African adults were used to model COVID-19 uptake. Predictors of interest informed by the theory of planned behaviour included vaccine attitudes and beliefs, social norms, perceived behavioural control and vaccine intentions. Responses to open-ended questions provided insights into key reasons for getting vaccinated.

Results

Among panel participants (n=1772), 19% reported being vaccinated between Survey 1 and Survey 2. Vaccine uptake was greater among participants who reported wanting to get vaccinated ‘as soon as possible’ (+27 percentage points, p<0.01). Vaccine uptake was greater among participants who believed that the vaccine is effective in preventing COVID-19 infection and/or death (+12 percentage points, p<0.01) and lower among those who believed that the vaccine is unsafe (−9 percentage points, p<0.01). Among participants who did not believe the vaccine is safe, living with someone already vaccinated against COVID-19 increased vaccine uptake (+6 percentage points, p<0.05). At Survey 1, the intention to get vaccinated as soon as possible was positively associated with perceived risk of illness from COVID-19 (+9.2 percentage points, p<0.05), the belief that most people in their area had been vaccinated (+7.0 percentage points, p<0.05) and living with someone already vaccinated against COVID-19 (+6.6 percentage points, p<0.05).

Conclusion

Study findings underscore the predictive power of intentions and of beliefs about disease risk, vaccine safety and vaccine efficacy. Social proof interventions hold promise for increasing vaccination intentions and overcoming concerns about vaccine safety.
Dexamethasone intravitreal implant in diabetic macular oedema refractory to anti-vascular endothelial growth factors: the AUSSIEDEX study
Authors: Mitchell Paul , Arnold Jennifer , Fraser-Bell Samantha , Kang Hyong Kwon , Chang Andrew A , Tainton Jodi , Simonyi Susan
Published: August 2023

Aim

To evaluate effectiveness of dexamethasone intravitreal implant 0.7 mg (DEX) monotherapy in the AUSSIEDEX study non-responder subgroup, defined by diabetic macular oedema (DME) refractory to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents.

Methods

This prospective, open-label, observational, real-world study included pseudophakic and phakic (scheduled for cataract surgery) eyes that did not achieve a ≥5-letter best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) gain and/or clinically significant central subfield retinal thickness (CRT) improvement after 3–6 anti-VEGF injections for DME (N=143 eyes), regardless of baseline BCVA and CRT. After an initial DEX injection (baseline visit), reinjection was permitted at ≥16-week intervals. Primary endpoints: changes in mean BCVA and CRT from baseline to week 52. Safety assessments included adverse events.

Results

Of 143 eyes, 53 (37.1%) and 89 (62.2%) switched to DEX after 3–6 (early) and >6 (late) anti-VEGF injections, respectively; 1 (0.7%) had missing information. With 2.3 injections (mean) over 52 weeks, the change in mean BCVA from a baseline of 57.8 letters was not significant at week 52. Mean CRT improved significantly from a baseline of 417.8 μm at week 52 (mean change –60.9 μm; p<0.001). Outcomes were similar in eyes switched to DEX early and late. No unexpected adverse events were reported; no filtration surgeries were required.

Conclusion

To date, AUSSIEDEX is the largest prospective, real-world study of DEX monotherapy for treatment-naïve or anti-VEGF-refractory DME. Following early or late switch from anti-VEGF agents, DEX significantly improved anatomic outcomes at 52 weeks without new safety concerns, supporting use in anti-VEGF-refractory DME.

Trial registration number

NCT02731911.
Securitising public health emergencies: a qualitative examination of the origins of military intervention in Sierra Leone’s Ebola Epidemic
Authors: Boland Samuel T , Mayhew Susannah , Balabanova Dina
Published: August 2023

Introduction

The 2013–2016 West Africa Ebola Epidemic remains the largest recorded Ebola outbreak. In response to the escalating number of cases in Sierra Leone in the summer and early autumn of 2014, the British Armed Forces and Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces intervened in support of the outbreak response. Among other contributions, the militaries established and subsequently helped to lead a national network of bespoke (and inherently militarised) coordination centres, from which almost all formal Ebola response operations were organised. Their contributions were therefore central to the outbreak response. However, the decision and process by which these actors first intervened is not well documented.

Methods

In order to examine the historical origin of the militaries’ intervention, 110 semistructured qualitative interviews with key stakeholders at the international, national and subnational level were conducted and analysed.

Results

Military support to Sierra Leone’s Ebola response was found to result from the advocacy and careful planning of a small number of individuals operating in Freetown, alongside closed-door negotiations occurring at the highest level of government in the UK.

Conclusions

This has important implications for understanding elite decision-making related to the militarisation of aid and the wider securitisation agenda.
Circulating immune cell dynamics as outcome predictors for immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Marcos Rubio Alvaro , Everaert Celine , Van Damme Eufra , De Preter Katleen , Vermaelen Karim
Published: August 2023

The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) continues to transform the therapeutic landscape of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with these drugs now being evaluated at every stage of the disease. In contrast to these advances, little progress has been made with respect to reliable predictive biomarkers that can inform clinicians on therapeutic efficacy. All current biomarkers for outcome prediction, including PD-L1, tumor mutational burden or complex immune gene expression signatures, require access to tumor tissue. Besides the invasive nature of the sampling procedure, other disadvantages of tumor tissue biopsies are the inability to capture the complete spatial heterogeneity of the tumor and the difficulty to perform longitudinal follow-up on treatment. A concept emerges in which systemic immune events developing at a distance from the tumor reflect local response or resistance to immunotherapy. The importance of this cancer ‘macroenvironment’, which can be deciphered by comprehensive analysis of peripheral blood immune cell subsets, has been demonstrated in several cutting-edge preclinical reports, and is corroborated by intriguing data emerging from ICI-treated patients. In this review, we will provide the biological rationale underlying the potential of blood immune cell-based biomarkers in guiding treatment decision in immunotherapy-eligible NSCLC patients. Finally, we will describe new techniques that will facilitate the discovery of more immune cell subpopulations with potential to become predictive biomarkers, and reflect on ways and the remaining challenges to bring this type of analysis to the routine clinical care in the near future.
Adjuvant dendritic cell-based immunotherapy after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in patients with malignant peritoneal mesothelioma: a phase II clinical trial
Authors: Dietz Michelle V , Quintelier Katrien L A , van Kooten Job P , de Boer Nadine L , Vink Madelief , Brandt-Kerkhof Alexandra R M , Verhoef Cornelis , Saeys Yvan , Aerts Joachim G J V , Willemsen Marcella , Van Gassen Sofie , Madsen Eva V E
Published: August 2023

Background

Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) improves survival outcomes, but recurrence rates remain high. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy (DCBI) showed promising results in patients with pleural mesothelioma. The primary aim of this trial was to determine feasibility of adjuvant DCBI after CRS-HIPEC.

Methods

This open-label, single-center, phase II clinical trial, performed in the Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Rotterdam, the Netherlands, included patients with epithelioid MPM. 4–6 weeks before CRS-HIPEC leukapheresis was performed. 8–10 weeks after surgery, DCBI was administered three times biweekly. Feasibility was defined as administration of at least three adjuvant vaccinations in 75% of patients. Comprehensive immune cell profiling was performed on peripheral blood samples prior to and during treatment.

Results

All patients who received CRS-HIPEC (n=16) were successfully treated with adjuvant DCBI. No severe toxicity related to DCBI was observed. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 12 months (IQR 5–23) and median overall survival was not reached. DCBI was associated with increased proliferation of circulating natural killer cells and CD4+ T-helper (Th) cells. Co-stimulatory molecules, including ICOS, HLA-DR, and CD28 were upregulated predominantly on memory or proliferating Th-cells and minimally on CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) after treatment. However, an increase in CD8+ terminally differentiated effector memory (Temra) cells positively correlated with PFS, whereas co-expression of ICOS and Ki67 on CTLs trended towards a positive correlation.

Conclusions

Adjuvant DCBI after CRS-HIPEC in patients with MPM was feasible and safe, and showed promising survival outcomes. DCBI had an immune modulatory effect on lymphoid cells and induced memory T-cell activation. Moreover, an increase of CD8+ Temra cells was more pronounced in patients with longer PFS. These data provide rationale for future combination treatment strategies.

Trial registration number

NTR7060; Dutch Trial Register (NTR).
CHEK2is not a Li-Fraumeni syndrome gene: time to update public resources
Authors: Fortuno Cristina , Richardson Marcy , Pesaran Tina , Yussuf Amal , Horton Carolyn , James Paul A , Spurdle Amanda B
Published: August 2023

The gene-disease relationship forCHEK2remains listed as ‘Li-Fraumeni syndrome 2’ in public resources such as OMIM and MONDO, despite published evidence to the contrary, causing frustration among Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) clinical experts. Here, we compared personal cancer characteristics of 2095CHEK2and 248TP53pathogenic variant carriers undergoing multigene panel testing at Ambry Genetics against 15 135 individuals with no known pathogenic variant. Our results from a within-cohort logistic regression approach highlight obvious differences between clinical presentation ofTP53andCHEK2pathogenic variant carriers, with no evidence ofCHEK2being associated with any of theTP53-related core LFS cancers. These findings emphasise the need to replace ‘Li-Fraumeni syndrome 2’ as theCHEK2-associated disease name, thereby limiting potential confusion.
Phenox HPC and Phenox flow modulation devices for the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bilgin Cem , Senol Yigit Can , Kobeissi Hassan , Orscelik Atakan , Ghozy Sherief , Oliver Alexander A , Kadirvel Ramanathan , Brinjikji Waleed , Kallmes David F
Published: August 2023

Background

Surface-modified flow diverters are increasingly used in clinical settings. However, their safety profiles and additional benefits over non-coated devices still need to be explored. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate and compare the clinical outcomes of the uncoated Phenox and coated Phenox HPC flow diverters.

Methods

A systematic literature review was performed using PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Collected data were pooled and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Outcomes of interest included aneurysm occlusion (>6 months) and complication rates. Additionally, the safety outcomes of prophylactic single (SAPT) and dual antiplatelet treatment (DAPT) approaches were compared for patients treated with coated Phenox HPC flow diverters.

Results

We included 17 studies with 1238 patients. The overall complete occlusion rates were 80% (95% CI 74.01% to 86.56%) for Phenox HPC and 71.3% (95% CI 59.71% to 85.20%) for non-coated Phenox flow diverters (p=0.24). Ischemic complication rates were 7.3% (95% CI 4.6% to 11.39%) with the Phenox HPC and 5.3% (95% CI 4.07% to 6.91%) with the Phenox (p=0.24). For patients treated with Phenox HPC, the SAPT (5.5%; 95% CI 2.83% to 10.85%) and DAPT (7.1%; 95% CI 1.23% to 41.45%) approaches resulted in comparable ischemic complication rates (p=0.79). The DAPT group (4.8%; 95% CI 1.46% to 16.24%) had higher hemorrhagic complication rates than the SAPT group (1.7%; 95% CI 0.52% to 6.09%), but the difference was not statistically significant for patients treated with Phenox HPC (p=0.25).

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that Phenox HPC is equally as safe and effective as non-coated Phenox devices. Additionally, our results suggest that prasugrel monotherapy might effectively prevent ischemic complications in patients treated with Phenox HPC flow diverters.
Calcification is a risk factor for intracranial in-stent restenosis: an optical coherence tomography study
Authors: Li Tianhua , Xu Ran , Ma Yan , Wang Tao , Yang Bin , Jiao Liqun
Published: August 2023

Background

The frequent occurrence of calcification in intracranial artery stenosis increases the risk of ischemic stroke. In previous cases, we have observed a possible relationship between calcification and intracranial in-stent restenosis (ISR) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Therefore, our study aimed to demonstrate the relationship between intracranial calcification and ISR with a larger sample size.

Methods

For our study patients who underwent OCT for intracranial artery stenosis before stenting were included from May 2020 to October 2022. Follow-up assessments were performed using transcranial color-coded duplex (TCCD) sonography ultrasonography to detect cases of ISR.

Results

We recruited 54 patients, 15 of them were excluded as they did not meet the study criteria. Our study included 39 patients, of whom 21 had calcification, and 18 did not. The results of our study revealed a significant association between calcification and intracranial ISR (9 (42.86) vs 2 (11.11), p=0.0375). Notably, patients with macrocalcification were more likely to undergo ISR than patients with spotty calcification (77.78% vs 22.22%, p=0.03).

Conclusion

OCT imaging demonstrates that calcification is an essential risk factor for intracranial ISR. These findings have important implications for individualized treatment. They provide valuable insights for optimizing stent design and exploring potential mechanisms of intracranial ISR.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT05550077.
Early postpartum treatment strategies and early postpartum relapses in women with active multiple sclerosis
Authors: Haben Sabrina , Ciplea Andrea I , Tokic Marianne , Timmesfeld Nina , Thiel Sandra , Gold Ralf , Langer-Gould Annette Magdalene , Hellwig Kerstin
Published: August 2023

Background

Relapse risk after delivery is increased in women with active multiple sclerosis (MS), the best strategy to reduce it is unknown. We aimed to assess the association of four different postpartum strategies with relapses during the first 6 months post partum.

Methods

This cohort study includes data prospectively collected through structured telephone interviews from the German Multiple Sclerosis and Pregnancy Registry. Pregnancies with active MS (fingolimod or natalizumab treatment OR relapse within 1 year before pregnancy) and postpartum follow-up of ≥6 months were included. We compared four strategies: (1) intention to breastfeed exclusively without disease-modifying therapy (DMT) (exclusive breast feeding ≥2 months or switching to non-exclusive/weaning within 2 weeks after a relapse during the first 2 months), (2) early treatment with natalizumab/fingolimod and (3) other DMT initiated within 6 weeks post partum before a relapse. If women did not or only partially breastfed, or started DMT≤6 weeks after delivery after a relapse or later, we assumed (4) no-DMT-no-exclusive- breastfeeding-strategy. Main outcome was time to postpartum MS relapses.

Results

In 867 women with 911 pregnancies, most (n=416) intended to breastfeed exclusively or had no-DMT-no-exclusive-breastfeeding-strategy (n=290); fewer started fingolimod (n=38), natalizumab (n=74) or another DMT (n=93) early. Recurrent time-to-event analysis showed a statistically significant reduction in relapse hazard only with the natalizumab/fingolimod-strategy as of months 3–4 post partum compared with intention-to-breastfeed-exclusively-strategy. The very early relapse risk was highest in no-DMT-no-exclusive-breastfeeding-strategy.

Conclusion

In active MS, an early postpartum treatment strategy should be determined well before delivery. Natalizumab/fingolimod-strategy reduced postpartum relapse hazard from month 3, but none diminished the early postpartum relapse hazard.