bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Medication Adherence Across the Posttransplant Period in Pediatric Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Killian Michael O. , Little Callie W. , Mayewski Sonnie E.
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Limited research has explored immunosuppressant medication adherence over time in pediatric transplant patients, who often struggle with posttransplant regimen adherence, resulting in poor outcomes.

Methods

This study investigated the longitudinal growth in immunosuppressive medication levels following transplantation. Medication level variability index (MLVI) scores from tacrolimus blood levels of pediatric organ transplant recipients at a major medical center were analyzed. Linear mixed effect models (LMEM) assessed individual MLVI change trajectories and predictors of growth, exploring both linear and curvilinear growth patterns posttransplant.

Results

A sample of 181 patients with at least 4 years of MLVI data were analyzed. Growth curve modeling identified the cubic model as the best fit for the quarterly MLVI values, which significantly decreased within the first 2 years posttransplant before stabilizing. Gender significantly predicted MLVI change, with females showing greater MLVI decreases, while age at transplant did not significantly predict changes. Significant variation in MLVI among individual patients was found in all models.

Conclusions

The study demonstrated a significant decrease in MLVI values over time, indicating improved medication adherence in pediatric transplant patients, with females exhibiting more adherent growth patterns than males. Future research should aim to identify pediatric patients at high risk of nonadherence.
Lineage tracing of Shh+ floor plate cells and dynamics of dorsal–ventral gene expression in the regenerating axolotl spinal cord
Authors: Arbanas Laura I. , Cura Costa Emanuel , Chara Osvaldo , Otsuki Leo , Tanaka Elly M.
Published: October 2024

Both development and regeneration depend on signaling centers, which are sources of locally secreted tissue‐patterning molecules. As many signaling centers are decommissioned before the end of embryogenesis, a fundamental question is how signaling centers can be re‐induced later in life to promote regeneration after injury. Here, we use the axolotl salamander model (Ambystoma mexicanum) to address how the floor plate is assembled for spinal cord regeneration. The floor plate is an archetypal vertebrate signaling center that secretes Shh ligand and patterns neural progenitor cells during embryogenesis. Unlike mammals, axolotls continue to express floor plate genes (including Shh) and downstream dorsal–ventral patterning genes in their spinal cord throughout life, including at steady state. The parsimonious hypothesis that Shh+ cells give rise to functional floor plate cells for regeneration had not been tested. Using HCR in situ hybridization and mathematical modeling, we first quantified the behaviors of dorsal–ventral spinal cord domains, identifying significant increases in gene expression level and floor plate size during regeneration. Next, we established a transgenic axolotl to specifically label and fate map Shh+ cells in vivo. We found that labeled Shh+ cells gave rise to regeneration floor plate, and not to other neural progenitor domains, after tail amputation. Thus, despite changes in domain size and downstream patterning gene expression, Shh+ cells retain their floor plate identity during regeneration, acting as a stable cellular source for this regeneration signaling center in the axolotl spinal cord.
Impact of Non‐Valvular Atrial Fibrillation on Mitral Valve Anatomic Features: A Study of Three‐Dimensional Mitral Valve by Transesophageal Echocardiography and Automatic Analysis Software
Authors: Chang Shuai , Zeng Decai , Zhang Xiaofeng , Huang Liuliu , Cai Yongzhi , Huang Tongtong , Zhong Yanfen , Wu Ji
Published: October 2024

Background/Aim

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is frequently observed in non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients and is a significant risk factor for its progression. This study aims to investigate the three‐dimensional anatomical characteristics of the mitral valve (MV) in patients with different types of NVAF to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of MR.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 82 paroxysmal atrial fibrillation patients (PAF group) and 66 persistent atrial fibrillation patients (PerAF group) who underwent real‐time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (RT 3D‐TEE) before initial ablation. Additionally, 30 patients undergoing RT 3D‐TEE for the assessment of patent foramen ovale were selected as the control group. Basic echocardiographic variables were measured, left atrioventricular volume and strain parameters were calculated using automated software (Dynamic‐HeartModel and AutoStrain). MV anatomic features were analyzed using the 4D‐MV Assessment software (TomTec Imaging Systems).

Results

The maximum left atrial volume (LAVmax) was highest in the PerAF group, followed by the PAF and control groups, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.01). Left atrial reservoir strain (LASr) showed an opposite trend, being the lowest in the PerAF group (p < 0.01). The proportion of moderate to severe MR was significantly higher in the PerAF group (27.3%) compared to the PAF group (11.0%) (p < 0.01). Compared to controls, the AF groups exhibited mitral annular (MA) dilation, flattening of the MA plane, and increased leaflet area (all p < 0.05). Correlation analysis between effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) and left atrioventricular structure and function parameters, as well as various annular parameters, showed that EROA was significantly correlated with left ventricular end‐diastolic volume (LVEDV), LAVmax, LASr, anterior and posterior diameter, annular area, ratio of annular height to commissural diameter (AH/CD ratio), posterior leaflet area, posterior leaflet length, and the C‐shaped annulus length (all p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Significant remodeling of the MV apparatus occurs in NVAF patients, with more pronounced changes in PerAF patients, contributing to a higher incidence of moderate to severe MR. RT 3D‐TEE‐based MV automated assessment offers significant advantages in accurately diagnosing MV remodeling and supporting the evaluation of MR in NVAF patients.
Efficacy and safety of benralizumab in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A meta‐analysis of eight studies
Authors: Spataro Federico , Solimando Antonio Giovanni , Di Girolamo Attilio , Vacca Angelo , Ria Roberto
Published: October 2024

Objective

Eosinophilic granulomatous polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by multisystemic inflammation, with eosinophils playing a central role in its pathogenesis. Traditional management relies heavily on corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, which are associated with significant side effects. The emergence of biologic agents, such as benralizumab, offers targeted therapeutic options by inhibiting the interleukin‐5 receptor α, thereby reducing eosinophilic inflammation.

Methods

This systematic review and meta‐analysis comprehensively evaluate the efficacy and safety of benralizumab in EGPA patients, focusing on its ability to reduce oral corticosteroid (OCS) use, facilitate remission and spare immunosuppressants. We searched MEDLINE, LILACS and ISI Web of Science databases for relevant studies up to July 2024.

Results

Eight studies, including both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies, were included in the meta‐analysis, involving a total of 396 EGPA patients. The pooled analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in OCS dose, with an overall estimated effect of −8.25 mg/day (95% CI, −9.39 to −7.10). Complete remission was achieved in 56.8% of patients, and immunosuppressants were reduced or discontinued in 28.1% of cases. Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 21.9% of patients, with only one discontinuation due to an AE.

Conclusion

These findings provide robust evidence supporting the use of benralizumab as an effective and well‐tolerated treatment option for EGPA, significantly reducing OCS requirements and offering promising remission rates. Future research should focus on larger, multicentre RCTs to confirm these findings and further elucidate the long‐term benefits and safety profile of benralizumab in EGPA.
Environmental suitability throughout the late quaternary explains population genetic diversity
Authors: Hernández Norma Alicia Hernández , Fernández Ángel Luis Robles , Upham Nathan
Published: October 2024

Genetic variation among populations is reflected in biogeographic patterns for many species, but general rules of spatial genetic variation have not been established. In this paper, we establish a theoretical framework based on projecting environmental Grinellian niches back through time to relate the present geographic distribution of population genetic structure to a given species' historical evolutionary context. Thanks to advances in next‐generation sequencing technologies, as well as more accurate climate models and the amassing of information stored in biological collections, it is possible to implement this theoretical framework directly. We develop a case study of the tassel‐eared squirrel Sciurus aberti to jointly analyze spatial, environmental, and genetic data to predict the historical endemic area of this species. Our results reveal that in cases of genetic isolation by geographic distance, the prevalence of environmental suitability over time corresponds to the genetic fixation index (Fst) of populations with respect to a source population. Populations closer to the historical endemic area show higher genetic diversity and a lower Fst value. This empirical example relates back to the theoretical framework, allowing two further advances: 1) a layer of biogeographic explanation for the results obtained from population genomic methods; and 2) predictive maps of this genetic structure to support biodiversity conservation efforts. Overall, this work advances a perspective that integrates population genetics with historical patterns of species distribution. The limitations posed in the theoretical framework should be considered before implementing the suitability prevalence area (SPA) in a general way over different taxa. Otherwise, the predictability of the genetic diversity of populations as a product of environmental stability over time may not be adequate.
The failed promise of freedom—Emancipation and wealth inequality in the Caribbean
Authors: Theodoridis Dimitrios , Rönnbäck Klas , Galli Stefania
Published: October 2024

Was there any redistribution of resources in the Caribbean societies after emancipation from slavery? What were formerly enslaved persons’ prospects to improve their socio‐economic status like after emancipation? To shed some light on these questions, this paper provides unique empirical evidence on patterns of wealth inequality before and after emancipation for the island of St. Croix, a typical slavery‐based sugar island in the Caribbean. Our findings suggest that there was no decrease in inequality following the institutional break of emancipation. A key explanation, we argue, rests on factor endowments and more specifically on the restrictive land–labour ratios that prevailed on several Caribbean islands such as St. Croix. Due to these factor endowments, formerly enslaved persons remained unable to accumulate any substantial amounts of wealth for decades after emancipation.
Demystifying Adequate Growth Percentiles
Authors: Castellano Katherine E. , McCaffrey Daniel F. , Martineau Joseph A.
Published: October 2024

Growth‐to‐standard models evaluate student growth against the growth needed to reach a future standard or target of interest, such as proficiency. A common growth‐to‐standard model involves comparing the popular Student Growth Percentile (SGP) to Adequate Growth Percentiles (AGPs). AGPs follow from an involved process based on fitting a series of nonlinear quantile regression models to longitudinal student test score data. This paper demystifies AGPs by deriving them in the more familiar linear regression framework. It further shows that unlike SGPs, AGPs and on‐track classifications based on AGPs are strongly related to status. Lastly, AGPs are evaluated in terms of their classification accuracy. An empirical study and analytic derivations reveal AGPs can be problematic indicators of students’ future performance with previously not proficient students being more likely incorrectly flagged as not on‐track and previously proficient students as on track. These classification errors have equity implications at the individual and school levels.
Buying knowledge‐intensive business services: Overarching themes, actor relationships, and future research agenda
Authors: Schlee Dominik , Foerstl Kai , Gutmann Tobias
Published: October 2024

Knowledge‐intensive business services (KIBS) provide industry‐changing inputs to the business processes of other organizations that face complex tendering procedures. Service triads emerge as a response to resource and capability constraints due to high procedure benchmarks. Despite calls, research remains fragmented. Recent challenges driven by a pandemic and conflicts call for a systematic literature review that coherently integrates and describes the body of knowledge on sourcing KIBS triads. Employing the SPAR‐4‐SLR protocol to systematically review 205 articles, we integrate and describe key areas such as sourcing strategies, service delivery, ante‐contract considerations, and overarching relationship dynamics. We highlight future research avenues toward bridging domain linkages including the development of an integrated model and the exploration of environmental uncertainties and individual behaviors in the sourcing of KIBS triads.
Autonomic nervous system education in Europe: EAN/EFAS/INUS survey on curricula and skills in autonomic medicine of European neurology residents and consultants
Authors: Reis‐Carneiro Diogo , Skoric Magdalena Krbot , Habek Mario , Adamec Ivan , Calandra‐Buonaura Giovanna , Cortelli Pietro , van Dijk J. Gert , Falup‐Pecurariu Cristian , Guaraldi Pietro , Hilz Max J. , Iodice Valeria , Jordan Jens , Rocha Isabel , Struhal Walter , Terkelsen Astrid Juhl , Thijs Roland , Tijero Beatriz , Berger Thomas , Rektorova Irena , Moro Elena , Traon Anne Pavy‐Le , Wenning Gregor , Panicker Jalesh N. , Fanciulli Alessandra
Published: October 2024

Background and purpose

Centers for training in autonomic nervous system (ANS) disorders are not widely available and the recent coronavirus 2019 pandemic temporarily reduced training opportunities in autonomic medicine across European countries. Here we evaluated the current state of education, clinical skills and postgraduate educational preferences on ANS disorders of European neurology residents and consultants.

Methods

A 23‐item questionnaire was developed and distributed online amongst European neurology residents and consultants via mailing lists of the European Academy of Neurology. The questions assessed demographics, current training opportunities and learning preferences in ANS disorders. Six multiple‐choice questions were used to self‐evaluate knowledge of ANS disorders.

Results

In all, 285 individuals answered the survey (60% female, mostly 25–34 years of age). All respondents considered clinical autonomic skills necessary for good clinical neurological practice, and 92% would like to increase their ANS knowledge. Female respondents and those who trained in Southern/Eastern/Greater Europe more frequently judged ANS skills important for clinical practice than male respondents (p = 0.012) and respondents from Northern/Western Europe (p = 0.011). Female and younger respondents felt less confident in managing ANS disorders (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Respondents below 45 years of age (p < 0.001) and those with lower confidence in managing ANS disorders (p = 0.004) were more likely to recommend that ANS education is embedded in the residency curriculum.

Conclusions

Most European neurology residents and consultants reported a need for more autonomic education, with additional gender, age and regional differences. These findings underscore the importance of increasing the educational content on autonomic medicine in European medical and postgraduate curricula.
Unraveling the Complexity of the Ne/Nc Ratio for Conservation of Large and Widespread Pelagic Fish Species: Current Status and Challenges
Authors: Delord Chrystelle , Arnaud‐Haond Sophie , Leone Agostino , Rolland Jonathan , Nikolic Natacha
Published: October 2024

Estimating and understanding the ratio between effective population size (Ne) and census population size (Nc) are pivotal in the conservation of large marine pelagic fish species, including bony fish such as tunas and cartilaginous fish such as sharks, given the challenges associated with obtaining accurate estimates of their abundance. The difficulties inherent in capturing and monitoring these species in vast and dynamic marine environments often make direct estimation of their population size challenging. By focusing on Ne, it is conceivable in certain cases to approximate census size once the Ne/Nc ratio is known, although this ratio can vary and does not always increase linearly, as it is influenced by various ecological and evolutionary factors. Thus, this ratio presents challenges and complexities in the context of pelagic species conservation. To delve deeper into these challenges, firstly, we recall the diverse types of effective population sizes, including contemporary and historical sizes, and their implications in conservation biology. Secondly, we outline current knowledge about the influence of life history traits on the Ne/Nc ratio in the light of examples drawn from large and abundant pelagic fish species. Despite efforts to document an increasing number of marine species using recent technologies and statistical methods, establishing general rules to predict Ne/Nc remains elusive, necessitating further research and investment. Finally, we recall statistical challenges in relating Ne and Nc emphasizing the necessity of aligning temporal and spatial scales. This last part discusses the roles of generation and reproductive cycle effective population sizes to predict genetic erosion and guiding management strategies. Collectively, these sections underscore the multifaceted nature of effective population size estimation, crucial for preserving genetic diversity and ensuring the long‐term viability of populations. By navigating statistical and theoretical complexities, and addressing methodological challenges, scientists should be able to advance our understanding of the Ne/Nc ratio.
How Have American Migration Patterns Changed in the COVID Era?
Authors: Kane Kevin
Published: October 2024

Since the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic, popular accounts and new data have contributed to a narrative of major deconcentration to less dense neighborhoods and smaller regions. In turn, this informs long‐range regional growth policies. Pandemic‐period deconcentration is thought to be fueled by the constraints of restricted public activity and the widespread emergence of remote and hybrid work. This paper develops a regression model of the push‐and‐pull factors of interregional migration using 2015–2019 origin‐destination data and compares it with newly‐available US Postal Service address change data, which provide monthly in‐ and out‐moves at the relatively fine ZIP‐code level. Model results highlight the continued pull of job growth for migrants and find that household overcrowding—as a regional measure of housing supply—is more closely linked to migration than housing cost. Address change data covering the pandemic's peak confirm the increase in large‐region out‐migration and a corresponding influx in small places. However, in the later stage of the pandemic from July 2021 to June 2022, the highest population regions returned to their previous migration trends and dense ZIPs rebounded further to their previous migration levels, suggesting that a shorter‐term, COVID‐induced deconcentration process differed from the background trend of moves down the urban hierarchy.
“TESTIMONY STOPS WHERE HISTORY BEGINS”: UNDERSTANDING AND ETHICS IN RELATION TO HISTORICAL AND PRACTICAL PASTS
Authors: AHLSKOG JONAS
Published: October 2024

This article explores the relation between testimony and history by considering the recent “ethical turn” toward experience and memory in historical research. By way of a brief history of the concept of testimony in historical research, the article pinpoints current discussions as being about historical understanding rather than factual knowledge about the past. With reference to the revaluation of history within the linguistic turn, influential historical theorists have argued that abandoning objectivism calls for a rapprochement between historical research and attempts to make sense of the past in accounts of memory. Both history and memory accounts, they argue, offer forms of understanding that are equally conditioned by language as well as politics, culture, and identity. Thus, the inclusion of testimony has been framed as not only legitimate but also important for an “ethical” understanding of the past within historiographical discourse. In relation to this development, the article shows that abandoning objectivism in the wake of the linguistic turn cannot justify a general rapprochement between history and memory accounts. On the contrary, abandoning objectivism only increases the importance of appreciating the conceptual distinction between testimony and history as different forms of understanding. For clarifying the conceptual distinction, the article reexamines R. G. Collingwood's (in)famous contention that “testimony … stops where history begins.” Collingwood's main point was not, as previous interpreters have argued, only about epistemology but was about the qualitative difference between historical and practical pasts. In conclusion, the article articulates the importance of the distinction between history and practice in relation to questions about the historian's ethical responsibility.
Ultrastructural evaluation of adverse effects on dentine formation from systemic fluoride application in an experimental mouse model
Authors: Okamoto Motoki , Yamashita Shohei , Mendonca Melanie , Brueckner Susanne , Achong‐Bowe Ria , Thompson Jeffrey , Kuriki Nanako , Mizuhira Manabu , Benjamin Yehuda , Duncan Henry Fergus , Everett Eric T. , Suzuki Maiko
Published: October 2024

Aim

Fluoride is widely used in dentistry for its caries prevention. To reduce dental caries, the optimal fluoride concentration of public water supplies in the United States is 0.7 ppm. However, excessive systemic fluoride consumption can lead to dental/enamel fluorosis. Numerous studies have explored the effects of fluoride on enamel and enamel‐forming cells. However, research on systemic fluoride's impact on dentine is limited, particularly the effect of fluoride on the structure of the dentine–pulp complex. Therefore, this study aimed to identify how excessive fluoride affects dentine microstructure using an experimental mouse model.

Methodology

C57BL6/J male mice (6–9 weeks old) were randomized into four groups (Fluoride at 0, 50, 100, or 125 ppm in drinking water) (n = 4/group). Mice were provided water ad libitum for 6 weeks along with fluoride‐free food. Thereafter, mandibular incisors were analysed. Enamel phenotypes were evaluated using light microscopy and quantitative light‐induced fluorescence (QLF) to measure fluorosis levels. Dentine morphology was evaluated using micro‐CT, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SEM–EDX (energy‐dispersive X‐ray), microhardness test and histological imaging. Data were analysed using one‐way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparisons as a post hoc test and the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparisons post hoc test (p < .05).

Results

Mice treated with fluoride at 50–125 ppm developed enamel hypoplasia in their erupting incisors and micro‐CT imaging revealed that fluoride 125 ppm caused external resorption of the growing incisor. Dentine mineral density, dentine volume decreased compared with the 0 ppm control, while pulp volume increased compared with the 0 ppm control group. SEM showed wider predentine layer and abnormalities in calcified matrix vesicles derived from odontoblasts in fluoride 100 and 125 ppm groups. Vickers microhardness of dentine significantly decreased in the high‐dose group. Fluoride‐induced dentine hypoplasia in a dose‐dependent manner. Histological evaluation showed excessive fluoride 125 ppm induced micro abscess formation and inflammatory cell infiltration. Fluoride induced dentine dysplasia with a dentine microstructure resembling hypophosphatasia.

Conclusions

High doses of systemic fluoride can cause dentine dysplasia. Both three‐dimensional and microstructural analyses showed the structural, chemical and mechanical changes in the dentine and the mineralized tissue components, along with external resorption and pulp inflammation.
Does HLA‐DQA1*05 carriage have a greater impact on the outcome of infliximab therapy for isolated small‐bowel Crohn's disease?
Authors: Wu Juan , Zhu Nannan , Hu Jing , Zhang Chenyu , Fang Yuanyuan , Wu Yumei , Shi Yongrong , Liu Qiuyuan , Ding Hao , Mei Qiao , Bai Bingqing , Han Wei
Published: October 2024

Carriage of HLA‐DQA1*05 is thought to increase the formation of anti‐tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) antibodies, reducing the drug efficacy in Crohn's disease (CD) patients. However, little data are currently available for small‐bowel Crohn's disease (SB‐CD). A specific assessment of the impact of HLA‐DQA1*05 on the clinical response to treatment with infliximab (IFX), a TNF‐α antagonists, in SB‐CD patients is necessary. We conducted a single‐center retrospective study that included 106 SB‐CD patients treated with IFX. The serum samples were collected for antibodies to infliximab (ATI) testing and HLA‐DQA1*05 genotyping. Double‐balloon enteroscopy (DBE) was performed following the IFX treatment, with endoscopic outcomes evaluated using the partial simple endoscopic score for CD (pSES‐CD), whereas the clinical response was assessed with the Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI). Multivariate logistic regression and multivariate COX regression analyses were employed to analyze the correlation of the HLA‐DQA1*05 genotypes with other clinical variables. In this study, 30.2% of SB‐CD patients carried the HLA‐DQA1*05 allele, which significantly increased their risk of ATI generation (odds ratio [OR] = 2.337, p = .043), but it was not associated with the clinical response to IFX and drug persistence (OR = 2.356, p = .145; OR = 0.457, p = .249). The endoscopic remission rates were 40.6% (13/32) and 55.4% (41/74) in HLA‐DQA1*05 carriers and non‐carriers, respectively. HLA‐DQA1*05 was not associated with endoscopic remission (OR = 0.684, p = .414). The HLA‐DQA1*05 variant is identified as a significant risk factor of ATI formation in Chinese patients with SB‐CD, but is not associated with the clinical response of IFX treatment and endoscopic remission of SB lesions.
Prognostic Evaluation of Hemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocyte, and Platelet (HALP) Score and Hematological Indices in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Patir Pusem , Cerci Kubra , Kurtoglu Erdal
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) constitutes 10% of all lymphoma diagnoses and accounts for 5% of lymphoma‐related deaths. Accurate prognostication in HL remains crucial, particularly given that 10%–20% of patients may receive either insufficient or excessive treatment. This study investigates the effect of hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score, which is a marker of inflammation status and nutrition, at the time of diagnosis for the patients with HL on prognosis.

Materials and Methods

A total of 147 patients diagnosed with cHL were included in the study, and their data were analyzed retrospectively. The significance of the HALP score and hematological indices [neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte‐monocyte ratio (LMR), and platelet‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR)] as predictors of overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) was evaluated.

Results

Patients were grouped according to median values for the HALP score and hematological indices. High HALP score (p = 0.034), low NLR (p = 0.033), high LMR (p = 0.003), and low PLR (p = 0.014) were statistically significant in the early‐stage favorable group. DFS and OS were not statistically significant according to the HALP score NLR, LMR, and PLR groups.

Conclusion

The need for readily applicable, reliable prognostic markers in cHL, where immunotherapy treatments have led to significantly improved survival outcomes, remains persistent.
Root System Architecture and Salt Stress Responses in Cereal Crops
Authors: Farooq Muhammad , Rafique Suphia , Zahra Noreen , Rehman Abdul , Siddique Kadambot H. M.
Published: October 2024

Cereal crops are cultivated across diverse regions globally, facing numerous environmental challenges, with salinity posing a significant threat to their growth and productivity. Plants respond to salinity stress (SS) through various morphological and physiological mechanisms. Notably, root system architecture (RSA) has emerged as a crucial factor in aiding nutrient uptake and ensuring efficient water supply, reshaping plant responses, particularly under SS. However, assessing and visualizing RSA and growth patterns in different crops is more challenging than aboveground parts, often leading to neglect in research. Roots serve a dual role in SS: preventing Na+ (sodium) uptake from soil and its accumulation into shoots. This review highlights the impact of SS on remodeling RSA, encompassing phenology, cytology, and genetic regulation. It offers comprehensive insights into root architecture, functionalities, hormonal crosstalk, and agronomic strategies tailored for cereals crops. These insights aim to optimize resource capture, mitigate Na+ uptake—known to reduce yield in saline conditions—and explore potential avenues for engineering roots to circumvent SS.
What Guidance Do Violence Journals Provide for Reporting on Sexual and Gender Diversity? A Document Analysis
Authors: MacGregor Jennifer C. D. , Ogunpitan Yetunde A. , Wathen C. Nadine
Published: October 2024

Background

Gender‐based violence is a worldwide health and social problem with negative short‐ and long‐term health impacts. Sexual and gender minority people experience more gender‐based violence and significant barriers to support. These populations are often not included in, or are actively excluded from, gender‐based violence research, and sexual orientation and gender are generally poorly measured and reported. One recommendation put forth to improve the evidence base with regard to sexual and gender diversity is higher standards of research and reporting by academic journals. Given the leading role of nurse researchers in this area of women's health, this is a topic of particular importance for nursing research and education.

Aims

We examined the sexual and gender diversity‐related guidance provided by academic violence journals to authors, editors and peer‐reviewers.

Methods

We conducted a descriptive document analysis. Two researchers independently searched for, and coded, guidance related to sexual and gender diversity from 16 websites of academic journals focused on violence research.

Results

While most journals included some mention of diversity or inclusion, only about half provided in‐depth guidance for authors, editors and/or peer‐reviewers. Guidance related to gender was more common than guidance for sexual diversity. The journals gave varied prominence to diversity‐related guidance, and it was often difficult to locate.

Conclusions

To reflect the spectrum of lived experiences of gender and sexuality, publishers must actively direct authors, editors and reviewers to include, measure and report these experiences. This has not yet been fully achieved in the important area of gender‐based violence research, and is of direct concern to nurse researchers who contribute significantly to this body of knowledge.
Consensus‐Building Processes for Implementing Perioperative Care Pathways in Common Elective Surgeries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pagano Lisa , Gumuskaya Oya , Long Janet C. , Arnolda Gaston , Patel Romika , Pagano Rebecca , Braithwaite Jeffrey , Francis‐Auton Emilie , Hirschhorn Andrew , Sarkies Mitchell N.
Published: October 2024

Aims

To identify and understand the different approaches to local consensus discussions that have been used to implement perioperative pathways for common elective surgeries.

Design

Systematic review.

Data Sources

Five databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library) were searched electronically for literature published between 1 January 2000 and 6 April 2023.

Methods

Two reviewers independently screened studies for inclusion and assessed quality. Data were extracted using a structured extraction tool. A narrative synthesis was undertaken to identify and categorise the core elements of local consensus discussions reported. Data were synthesised into process models for undertaking local consensus discussions.

Results

The initial search returned 1159 articles after duplicates were removed. Following title and abstract screening, 135 articles underwent full‐text review. A total of 63 articles met the inclusion criteria. Reporting of local consensus discussions varied substantially across the included studies. Four elements were consistently reported, which together define a structured process for undertaking local consensus discussions.

Conclusions

Local consensus discussions are a common implementation strategy used to reduce unwarranted clinical variation in surgical care. Several models for undertaking local consensus discussions and their implementation are presented.

Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care

Advancing our understanding of consensus building processes in perioperative pathway development could be significantly improved by refining reporting standards to include criteria for achieving consensus and assessing implementation fidelity, alongside advocating for a systematic approach to employing consensus discussions in hospitals.

Impact

These findings contribute to recognised gaps in the literature, including how decisions are commonly made in the design and implementation of perioperative pathways, furthering our understanding of the meaning of consensus processes that can be used by clinicians undertaking improvement initiatives.

Reporting Method

This review adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.

No patient or public contribution.

Trial Registration: CRD42023413817
Historical Biogeography of Sub‐Saharan African Spleenworts
Authors: Howard Cody Coyotee , Kamau Peris , Väre Henry , Hannula Liina , Juslén Aino , Rikkinen Jouko , Sessa Emily B.
Published: October 2024

Aim

Ferns are globally distributed, yet the number of studies examining the historical evolution of African taxa is relatively low. Investigation of the evolution of African fern diversity is critical in order to understand patterns and processes that have global relevance (e.g., the pantropical diversity disparity [PDD] pattern). This study aims to examine when and from where a globally distributed fern lineage arrived in sub‐Saharan Africa, to obtain a better understanding of potential processes contributing to patterns of diversity across the region.

Location

Global, sub‐Saharan Africa.

Taxon

Asplenium (Aspleniaceae).

Methods

We analysed five loci from 537 Asplenium taxa using a maximum likelihood (IQ‐Tree) phylogenetic framework. For age estimation, we performed penalised likelihood as implemented in treePL, and executed a Bayesian analysis using BEAST. Biogeographical analyses were carried out using BioGeoBEARS.

Results

Most dispersals into Africa occurred within the last ~55 myr, with the highest diversity of sub‐Saharan African taxa concentrated in two clades, each of which descended from an Asian ancestor. Additional dispersals to sub‐Saharan Africa can be found throughout the phylogeny. Lastly, potential cryptic species diversity exists within Asplenium as evidenced by several polyphyletic taxa.

Main Conclusions

We recover multiple dispersals of Asplenium to sub‐Saharan Africa, with two major lineages likely diversifying after arrival.
Clustering‐based risk stratification of prediabetes populations: Insights from the Taiwan and UK Biobanks
Authors: Onthoni Djeane Debora , Chen Ying‐Erh , Lai Yi‐Hsuan , Li Guo‐Hung , Zhuang Yong‐Sheng , Lin Hong‐Ming , Hsiao Yu‐Ping , Onthoni Ade Indra , Chiou Hung‐Yi , Chung Ren‐Hua
Published: October 2024

Aims/Introduction

This study aimed to identify low‐ and high‐risk diabetes groups within prediabetes populations using data from the Taiwan Biobank (TWB) and UK Biobank (UKB) through a clustering‐based Unsupervised Learning (UL) approach, to inform targeted type 2 diabetes (T2D) interventions.

Materials and Methods

Data from TWB and UKB, comprising clinical and genetic information, were analyzed. Prediabetes was defined by glucose thresholds, and incident T2D was identified through follow‐up data. K‐means clustering was performed on prediabetes participants using significant features determined through logistic regression and LASSO. Cluster stability was assessed using mean Jaccard similarity, silhouette score, and the elbow method.

Results

We identified two stable clusters representing high‐ and low‐risk diabetes groups in both biobanks. The high‐risk clusters showed higher diabetes incidence, with 15.7% in TWB and 13.0% in UKB, compared to 7.3% and 9.1% in the low‐risk clusters, respectively. Notably, males were predominant in the high‐risk groups, constituting 76.6% in TWB and 52.7% in UKB. In TWB, the high‐risk group also exhibited significantly higher BMI, fasting glucose, and triglycerides, while UKB showed marginal significance in BMI and other metabolic indicators. Current smoking was significantly associated with increased diabetes risk in the TWB high‐risk group (P < 0.001). Kaplan–Meier curves indicated significant differences in diabetes complication incidences between clusters.

Conclusions

UL effectively identified risk‐specific groups within prediabetes populations, with high‐risk groups strongly associated male gender, higher BMI, smoking, and metabolic markers. Tailored preventive strategies, particularly for young males in Taiwan, are crucial to reducing T2D risk.
Spatio‐temporal variation in reproductive characteristics of invasive fish Pseudorasbora parva (Temmick & Schlegel, 1846) in the lakes region of Türkiye
Authors: Küçük Fahrettin , Bahrioğlu Ergi , Güçlü Salim Serkan , Nazıroğlu Mevlüt , Gülle İskender , Kabadayı Yıldırım Sera Övgü
Published: October 2024

Invasive species present a serious peril to aquatic ecosystems worldwide, thus it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the reproductive dynamics, spreading characteristics, and biological properties of these species in order to effectively manage their population structure and mitigate both the ecological damage and economic loss they can cause. For this reason, we delved into the reproductive dynamics of Pseudorasbora parva, an invasive species of inland water fish found in Türkiye. We focused on three populations inhabiting Beyşehir (Konya, Isparta) and Eğirdir Lakes (Isparta) and Onaç Reservoir (Burdur). Sampling was carried out on a monthly basis from March 2021 to June 2022, utilizing a variety of tools such as multimesh nets, seine nets, and electrofishing. The developmental stages of gonads and reproductive cells were determined through morphological and microscopic examinations. A total of 1186 P. parva individuals were captured from all three lakes. Our results showed that the Beyşehir Lake population spawned from March to July, while the Eğirdir Lake population did so between May and October, and the Onaç Reservoir population laid their eggs from June to August. Female individuals in Beyşehir Lake, Eğirdir Lake, and Onaç Reservoir had initial breeding lengths of 3.49, 4.89, and 5.35 cm, respectively. In comparison, male individuals measured 5.56, 4.80, and 5.40 cm. Interestingly, the Beyşehir Lake population exhibited the highest egg fecundity, with each individual at 2 years producing a remarkable 2949 eggs. The present findings provide valuable information for us to further understand the reproductive biology and dynamics of P. parva, which could be useful in managing and preventing the spread of this invasive species in inland aquatic ecosystems.
Temperature, dietary lipids, and Aeromonas hydrophila modulate self‐protection mechanisms in pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg 1887
Authors: de Faria Camila de Fátima Pereira , Gonçalez Fábio Lopes , Urbinati Elisabeth Criscuolo
Published: October 2024

Water temperature has a direct influence on several physiological processes in fish. This study investigated the effects of the exposure of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) to 10 days of reduced temperature in stress and innate immune and antioxidant systems, all of which are involved in energy mobilization. Two groups of fish, fed a control diet or a diet with a higher lipid level, were exposed for 10 days to 16°C and then inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila bacterin. Samples were taken before and after 5 and 10 days of exposure. The results showed that the low temperature (16°C) was a stressor, increasing cortisol levels. Higher levels of cortisol were seen in fish with more body fat, especially at 16°C, compared to those fed control diet. The immune system was enhanced by low temperature that activated the hemolytic activity of the complement system (HAC50) and lysozyme after 10 days of exposure in fish with more body fat. Bacterin inoculation, regardless of temperature and body fat, impaired the respiratory activity of leukocytes, but the complement system activity remained at the levels seen before cold activation. Similarly, lysozyme remained at the levels seen before cold activation, showing later activation. Furthermore, soon after inoculation (at 3 and 6 h), bacterin induced oxidative stress that decreased at 24 h when the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) showed lower levels, suggesting that GSH was consumed to attenuate the oxidative stress. Pacu was resilient to the reduced temperature, displaying protective responses to the stressful condition using lipids to modulate these responses.
Enhanced Antibacterial and Anti‐Biofilm Functions of Black Bean Skin Anthocyanins Against V. parahaemolyticus
Authors: Liu Dan , Zhou Zhengwei , Pang Yaokun , Sun Jianxia
Published: October 2024

Black bean skin anthocyanins (BBSAs), as by‐products of black beans, have not been fully exploited. BBSAs are rich in anthocyanins and have a wide range of health benefits. In this study, the antibacterial and antibiofilm action mode of BBSAs against Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) was evaluated. The antibacterial and antibiofilm efficiency was evaluated under different conditions, shedding light on their mode of action against V. parahaemolyticus. The results showed that the inactivation efficacy of BBSAs on V. parahaemolyticus was positively correlated with its concentration and incubating time. The MIC value for BBSAs was determined to be 10 μg/mL. The formation of V. parahaemolyticus biofilm was hindered by the presence of the BBSAs, especially at higher concentrations of BBSAs and during the early intervention stage. After exposure to 1 MIC of BBSA, the inhibition rate of biofilm reached 91.94%. The release of cellular components and alterations in membrane morphology indicated that BBSAs can damage the integrity of V. parahaemolyticus cell membrane. Furthermore, BBSAs may interact with membrane proteins, causing a notable conformational change in membrane proteins. HPLC and UPLC‐MS analysis confirmed that the major antibacterial compound in BBSAs was Cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside (C3G), which can form a stable complex with LolB protein in the outer membrane via hydrogen bonding. This study can provide strong technical support for the accurate control of V. parahaemolyticus and pave the way for the application of natural antibacterial agents in the realm of food‐borne bacterial control.
Neuropsychiatric presentations of common dementia syndromes: A concise review for primary care team members
Authors: Bell Zoë , O'Connor Maureen K. , Moo Lauren R.
Published: October 2024

Dementia is a syndrome characterized by cognitive changes which interfere with daily functioning. Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are also pervasive and may even occur prior to any noticeable cognitive decline. Still, NPS are less associated with the early stages of the disease course, despite mounting research evidence that NPS present early and often in several dementia syndromes, even in the absence of cognitive decline (i.e., mild behavioral impairment [MBI]). Primary care teams are at the forefront of dementia care, yet they frequently report insufficient training in dementia diagnosis and management. This poses a serious problem considering that timely diagnosis of dementia is critical for optimal outcomes and maximum efficacy of intervention. We provide a concise narrative review of four dementia syndromes (Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia) and their associated neuropsychiatric presentations, as well as at‐a‐glance clinical guides, to help primary care team members recognize possible prodromal neurodegenerative disease and to prompt further workup. We also review next steps in the management of dementia and symptoms of MBI for primary care team members. As evidenced by the NPS profiles of these dementia syndromes, subacute new onset of psychiatric symptoms in an older adult should prompt consideration of an emerging dementia process and possible further workup of such, even in the absence of cognitive decline.
Differential roles of NR4A2 (NURR1) paralogs in the brain and behavior of zebrafish
Authors: Kalyn Michael , Garvey Rose , Lee Hyojin , Mbesha Herman Aishi , Curry Jory , Saxena Vishal , Mennigen Jan A. , Ekker Marc
Published: October 2024

Dopaminergic (DAnergic) dysfunction and imbalanced dopamine (DA) levels are known contributors to the pathogenesis of numerous psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Of the many identified risk factors for DA‐associated disorders, nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A2 (NR4A2; or nuclear receptor related‐1 protein (NURR1)), a transcription factor involved in DAnergic differentiation, has been associated with Parkinson's disease and attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). In zebrafish, transient loss of nr4a2 was previously shown to decrease tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and impair locomotion. To further characterize the roles of the two zebrafish nr4a2 paralogs, nr4a2a, and nr4a2b, we produced targeted loss‐of‐function mutants and examined DAnergic neuron regeneration, oxidative respiration, and behavioral traits. The loss of nr4a2a function more closely recapitulated Parkinsonian phenotypes and affected neurotrophic factor gene expression. Conversely, nr4a2b mutants displayed behavioral symptoms reminiscent of mice deficient in Nr4a2 with increased neurotrophic output. In contrast, nr4a2b mutants also displayed increased metabolic input from non‐mitochondrial sources indicative of high cytosolic reactive oxygen species and perturbed mitochondrial function. The nr4a2a mutants also showed increased maximal respiration, which may suggest a compensatory mechanism to meet the metabolic requirements of DAnergic neuron health. Overall, the zebrafish mutants generated in this study helped uncover molecular mechanisms involved in DA‐related disease pathologies, and in the regeneration of DAnergic neurons.

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