bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Root organic acid exudates and properties of rhizosphere soils of white spruce (Picea glauca) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)
Authors: Tuason M. M.S. , Arocena J. M.
Published: March 2010

Rhizosphere processes, such as the production and release of organic acids, contribute to differences in properties between rhizosphere (R) and nonrhizosphere (NR) soils. We compared the organic acid composition/concentrations in the R and NR soil extracts of Picea glauca and Abies lasiocarpa, and in the root exudates of the same tree species. We also evaluated the chemical properties and mineral composition of the soil samples. Higher concentrations of organic acids were observed in R than in NR soils with aliphatic acids predominating in both soil extracts and root exudates. Acetic, formic, and protocatechuic acids were the predominant aliphatic and aromatic organic acids in R and NR soil extracts. Several organic acids in R soil extracts were not detected in NR soil extracts, with the reverse being true as well. Malonic and oxalic acids were predominant in the root exudates of both plant species. The total organic acid concentration was higher in P. glauca than in A. lasiocarpa. Glutaric and isocitric acids were found only in A. lasiocarpa, while gluconic, succinic, and protocatechuic acids were exclusive to P. glauca. Acetic and formic acids were detected in all R soil extracts, but not in root exudates. Glutaric acid (in P. glauca) and gluconic/succinic acids (A. lasiocarpa) were undetectable in root exudates, but were present in the corresponding R soil extracts. Soil pH was lower in the R than NR soil of P. glauca. Cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable Ca2+ and K+ were higher in R than in NR soils except for the A. lasiocarpa LFH horizon. Chlorite, mica, kaolinite, and vermiculite were detected in all soil samples. Smectite was detected more frequently in R than NR soils. Our results suggest that high amounts of organic acids might have played a significant role in the transformation of mica and chlorite into smectite in R soils.Key words: Rhizosphere, root exudates, organic acids
Solute transport in sub-irrigated peat-based growing media
Authors: Boudreau J. , Caron J. , Elrick D. , Fortin J. , Gallichand J.
Published: March 2010

New legislation to reduce the amount of fertilizer leached into the environment by horticultural growers and the need to implement water-saving irrigation systems require an understanding of salt build-up and of nutrient cycles in order to develop efficient water-use strategies for growers. Solute transport in growing media is central to this process, but has received little attention thus far. The objectives of this study were to determine how solutes behave in sub-irrigated growing media and to assess a solute transport model for these media. A steady state evaporation (upward water flow) experiment was carried out with three different growing media in packed columns in the laboratory. Bromide, potassium and copper concentrations were determined using in-column pore water solution samplers and by sectioning the columns at the end of the experiment to obtain concentration profiles. The Hydrus-1D model was fitted to the solution sampler data assuming non-linear Freundlich adsorption, and then used to obtain favorable predictions of the measured concentration profiles. Independent adsorption isotherm results from batch experiments were found to be inadequate when used to predict solute movement and the results indicate that the preferred approach is an in-column evaluation of the transport parameters.Key words: Solute transport, sub-irrigation, peat, growing media
Effects of a single cycle of tillage on long-term no-till prairie soils
Authors: Baan C D , Grevers M C. J , Schoenau J J
Published: March 2010

A study was conducted to examine the effect of tillage on soil conditions and crop growth at three long-term (> 10 yr) no-till sites, one in each of the Brown, Black, and Gray soil zones of Saskatchewan. The four tillage treatments consisted of one cycle of tillage at three levels of intensity: spring cultivation only, fall + spring cultivation, and fall + spring + disc cultivation, all applied to no-till and also a no-till control. Total and particulate soil organic carbon, soil pH, and soil aggregation were not affected by the tillage operations. Tillage decreased the bulk density in the 5- to 10-cm soil depth, but did not affect soil water content (0-10 cm) or spring soil temperature (0-5 cm). Tillage decreased stratification of available phosphorus to some extent, but there appeared to be no associated effect on crop P uptake. Tillage did not effect crop production in any of the 3 yr following its imposition, except at one site where, in the first year, apparent tillage-induced nutrient immobilization resulted in lower yields. Overall, the imposition of one cycle of tillage on long-term no-till soils appears to have little effect on soil properties or crop growth.Key words: No-till, nutrient stratification, soil organic carbon, tillage
Effects of increased residue biomass under elevated CO2 on carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregate size classes (rice-wheat rotation system, China)
Authors: Ma H L , Zhu J G , Xie Z B , Liu G , Zeng Q
Published: March 2010

In order to study how soil carbon and nitrogen contents of different aggregate size fractions are affected by an increase in crop biomass and additional carbon inputs to soil due to elevated [CO2], a field experiment under a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) system was conducted. The experiment was set up with two CO2 levels [ambient CO2 and elevated CO2 (ambient + 200 ?mol mol-1)] and three N levels [low N (LN), 150 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg N ha-1, normal N (NN), 250 kg N ha-1 and 180 kg N ha-1, and high N (HN), 350 kg N ha-1 and 250 kg N ha-1, during the rice season and the wheat season, respectively] and straw was added at the same soil:biomass ratio as in the field during the rice and wheat seasons. Compared with ambient CO2, little change was observed in the percentage distribution of soil fractions, carbon and nitrogen content, and C:N ratio in each soil fraction under elevated CO2 from 2001 to 2003. However, after the soil was cultivated with straw at two CO2 levels, as a ratio of biomass to field area for 1 yr, elevated CO2 decreased the percentage distribution of the macroaggregate (> 250 µm) and microaggregate (53-250 µm) fractions by 28.9% (P < 0.01) and 27.8% (P < 0.01), respectively, and increased that of the clay- and silt-sized (< 53 µm) fraction by 38.2% (P < 0.01). Elevated CO2 increased the carbon concentration by 4-41% and increased the nitrogen concentration by 0-30% compared with ambient CO2, with the largest increases of 41.2% (P < 0.01) and 30.2% (P < 0.05), respectively, in the macroaggregate fraction with NN. Elevated CO2 decreased the contributions of soil carbon and nitrogen contents, respectively, in each fraction, to the whole soil by 13.1 and 17.2% in macroaggregates, by 12.9% (P < 0.05) and 16.9% (P < 0.01) in microaggregate, but increased them, on average, by 47.6% (P < 0.01) and 44.4% (P < 0.01), respectively, in the clay- and silt-sized fractions. The changes in soil C:N due to elevated CO2 were largest in the <53 µm fraction with LN and in the >250 µm fraction with NN and HN. These results suggest that adding straw is an important factor for soil structure and function with regard to soil carbon and nitrogen storage and cycling under FACE.Key words: Elevated CO2, nitrogen levels, aggregate turnover, carbon and nitrogen fractions, rice-wheat cropping, addition of straw
Compositional nutrient diagnosis of corn using the Mahalanobis distance as nutrient imbalance index
Authors: Parent L E , Natale W , Ziadi N
Published: March 2010

Compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) provides a plant nutrient imbalance index (CND - r2) with assumed χ2 distribution. The Mahalanobis distance D2, which detects outliers in compositional data sets, has a χ2 distribution. The objective of this paper was to compare D2 and CND – r2 nutrient imbalance indexes in corn (Zea mays L.). We measured grain yield as well as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations in the ear leaf at silk stage for 210 calibration sites in the St. Lawrence Lowlands [2300–2700 corn thermal units (CTU)] as well as 30 phosphorus (2300–2700 CTU; 10 sites) and 10 nitrogen (1900–2100 CTU; one site) replicated fertilizer treatments for validation. We derived CND norms as mean, standard deviation, and the inverse covariance matrix of centred log ratios (clr) for high yielding specimens (≥9.0 Mg grain ha–1 at 150 g H2O kg–1 moisture content) in the 2300–2700 CTU zone. Using χ2 = 17 (P < 0.05) with nine degrees of freedom (i.e., nine nutrients) as a rejection criterion for outliers and a yield threshold of 8.6 Mg ha–1 after Cate-Nelson partitioning between low- and high-yielders in the P validation data set, D2 misclassified two specimens compared with nine for CND –r2. The D2 classification was not significantly different from a χ2 classification (P > 0.05), but the CND – r2 classification differed significantly from χ2 or D2 (P < 0.001). A threshold value for nutrient imbalance could thus be derived probabilistically for conducting D2 diagnosis, while the CND – r2 nutrient imbalance threshold must be calibrated using fertilizer trials. In the proposed CND –D2 procedure, D2 is first computed to classify the specimen as possible outlier. Thereafter, nutrient indices are ranked in their order of limitation. The D2 norms appeared less effective in the 1900–2100 CTU zone. Key words: Nutrient balance, simplex closure, variance-covariance matrix, χ2 distribution, grain corn, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization
Use of sonication to determine the size distributions of soil particles and organic matter
Authors: Yang X M , Drury C F , Reynolds W D , MacTavish D C
Published: March 2010

Applying ultrasound energy to soil-water suspensions (sonication) is an established method of determining the size distributions of soil primary mineral particles and associated organic matter. The size distributions may vary, however, with sonication input energy and soil type. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sonication input energy on the size distributions of soil mineral particles and organic matter for a range of soil textures and carbon contents typical of agricultural soils in southwestern Ontario. The soils included a Brookston clay loam, a Brookston clay, a Huron silt loam, a Perth silt loam and a Harrow sandy loam. All soils were under no-tillage management. Nine sonication energies ranging from 50 to 1500 J mL–1 were applied to soil-water suspensions (1:4 mass ratio), and the soil particle size distribution results were compared with those obtained using the standard chemical dispersion (pipette) method. The three medium- and coarse-textured soils (Huron, Perth, Harrow) required about 250 J mL–1 for complete dissociation of soil aggregates, while the two fine-textured soils (Brookston) required sonication energies of 600-750 J mL–1. Increasing sonication energy increased the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) measured in the clay-size fraction and decreased the amounts in the sand and silt fractions. Therefore, accurate determinations of particle size distribution and SOC contents require an initial assessment of the amount of sonication energy required for the complete dispersion of the particle size fractions. For the Brookston clay loam and Brookston clay soils, 40–52% less particulate SOC was found in the sand fraction at 750 J mL–1 sonication energy than that obtained using the standard pipette method, indicating particle size reduction by sonication of particle organic matter. It should be noted that the sand-size SOC typically represents a small fraction. Furthermore, sonication had a minor effect on the SOC content of the clay fraction. It was concluded that sonication is a viable technique for determining the size distribution of soil primary mineral particles, as well as the amount of SOC associated with the silt and clay fractions. Key words: Sonication, ultrasound energy, particle size distribution, organic carbon fractionation, clay soil
Carbon and nitrogen contents of different-sized light fraction organic matter as influenced by tillage and residue management
Authors: Soon Y K , Haq A , Arshad M A
Published: March 2010

The light fraction (LF) has a variable elemental content because it comprises a pool of soil organic matter that is in transition between fresh residues and stable, humified organic matter. Our aim was to assess the influence of time, tillage (CT vs. NT) and straw management (removed or retained) practices on the C and N contents of two particle sizes of LF materials from a Gray Luvisol in Alberta. The LF C and N concentrations were not affected by tillage and straw treatments. The C concentration was higher in LF > 1 mm (coarse LF) than in the < 1 mm LF (fine LF), while the converse was observed for N concentration, resulting in C:N ratios of 45-59 in the coarse fraction and 18-19 for the finer materials. The C concentration of the fine LF decreased and the N concentration increased with time. After 4 yr, LF C and N stocks were higher under NT than under CT mainly because of faster decomposition of litter under CT. Retaining straw resulted in bigger increases in C and N stocks in the coarse LF compared with straw removal; with the fine LF, the C stock decreased more quickly and the N stock increased less rapidly with straw removal. Our results show that time strongly affected the LF C and N stocks and concentrations, and that separating the fraction by size can lead to a more meaningful interpretation of those data.Key words: Light fraction, carbon, nitrogen, tillage, crop residue, straw management
Spatial variability in organic carbon stocks on level sites: Relation to vertical penetration of the A horizon
Authors: Chan C , Kay B D , Gregorich E G
Published: March 2010

Understanding the source of spatial variability in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks will contribute to improved sampling strategies to detect changes in stocks. Most of the variability in SOC stocks in cores collected from small (2 × 3 m) level plots on seven soils with similar cropping histories was related to variation in A horizon depth. Increased variability in horizon depth within plots coincided with the development of zones where the A horizon penetrated to greater depths. Consequently, accurate estimates of SOC stocks cannot be made from shallow measurements at the soil surface (e.g., 10 cm) and minimizing the spatial variability in locations of repeated sampling is necessary when characterizing changes in SOC stocks.Key words: Carbon sequestration, soil organic carbon, spatial variability, soil profile, A horizon
Opportunities for, and limitations of, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy applications in soil analysis: A review
Authors: Nduwamungu C , Ziadi N , Parent L -É , Tremblay G F , Thuriès L
Published: March 2010

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a cost- and time-effective and environmentally friendly technique that could be an alternative to conventional soil analysis methods. In this review, we focussed on factors that hamper the potential application of NIRS in soil analysis. The reported studies differed in many aspects, including sample preparation, reference methods, spectrum acquisition and pre-treatments, and regression methods. The most significant opportunities provided by NIRS in soil analysis include its potential use in situ, the determination of various biological, chemical, and physical properties using a single spectrum per sample, and an estimated reduction of analytical cost of at least 50%. Contradictory results among studies on NIRS utilisation in soil analysis are partly related to variations in sample preparation and reference methods. The following calibration statistics appear to be most appropriate for comparing NIRS performance across soil attributes: (i) coefficient of determination (r2), (ii) ratio of performance deviation (RPD), (iii) coefficient of regression (b), and (iv) ratio of the standard error of prediction (SEP) to the standard error of the reference method (SER), i.e., the ratio of standard errors (RSE). Further investigations on issues such as (i) RSE guidelines, (ii) correlation between NIRS spectrophotometers, (iii) correlation of different reference methods for a given attribute to soil spectra, (iv) identification of key factors affecting the accuracy of NIRS predictions, and (v) efficient use of spectral libraries are required to enhance the acceptability of NIRS as a soil analysis technique and to make it more user-friendly. Standardized guidelines are proposed for the assessment of the accuracy of NIRS predictions of soil attributes.Key words: Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, soil analysis, calibration
Biowaste usage for soil erosion control and soil physical improvement under potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Edwards L.
Published: March 2010

Using potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L) as a test crop and standard erosion plots, a long-term study was done to assess the overall effects of straw mulch, compost (potato culls + manure + sawdust) and liquid pig manure (LPM) on soil physical properties, soil organic matter (SOM), erosion amounts and crop yield on a fine sandy loam in Prince Edward Island. The study occurred in two experimental phases separated by fallow periods. Phase 1 assessed treatment effects of straw mulch and compost during 1996-1999, and Phase 2 assessed treatment effects of LPM and compost during 2001-2002 and 2005-2006. Soil physical properties, mostly compaction-related, were penetration resistance, shear strength (TO), bulk density (BD), saturated hydraulic conductivity (HC), water content (SWC) and aggregate stability (AgSt), which, overall, were improved up to 27% with compost, the outstanding amendment. In Phase 1, compost significantly increased potato yield 9%. Runoff and sediment were, respectively, reduced with compost by 15 and 33%, and with mulching by 42 and 73%. Potato yield showed significant negative relations to soil compaction, whereby BD and TO, respectively, accounted for up to 89 and 70% of variation attributable to regression. In Phase 2, compost and LPM significantly increased yield by 23 to 38%. Compost alleviated soil compaction significantly, reducing BD by 14% and TO by 15 to 22%. It increased SOM almost 30%, AgSt almost 10%, SWC about 6% and HC more than twofold. Pig manure did not affect soil compaction for the most part or SOM, but increased AgSt and HC by 5 and 67%, respectively.Key words: Compost usage, straw mulching, liquid pig manure, soil organic matter, land degradation, soil erosion, soil conservation, soil improvement
Réponses des variétés interspécifiques du riz de plateau aux applications de phosphate en zone de forêt au Nigeria
Authors: Koné B , Diatta S , Saïdou A , Akintayo I , Cissé B
Published: March 2010

Pour améliorer la production du riz sur les sols acides en zone de forêt humide de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et approfondir la connaissance de la nutrition en phosphore (P) des variétés interspécifiques du riz de plateau, le potentiel de production de certaines variétés a été évalué à l’application du phosphate sur un hyperdystric ferralsol à Ikwo au Nigeria. Cinq variétés de riz dont un sativa (V1 = WAB 56 - 104) et quatre interspécifiques (V2 = WAB450-1-B-P-38-HB, V3 = WAB450-11-1-P-40-HB, V4 = WAB450-11-1-P-P-40-1-H et V5 = WAB450-24-3-2-P-18-HB) ont été semées dans un dispositif de blocs complets randomisés à trois répétitions. Le phosphore a été appliqué annuellement à 50, 100 et 150 kg P ha-1 sous forme de triple super phosphate-TSP durant trois ans, ou en application unique du phosphate naturel du Mali (Ma) aux doses proportionnelles (150, 300 et 450 kg P ha-1) à la première année de l’étude. Les rendements en grain (1,6-3,7 t ha-1), les efficacités agronomiques (2-40 kg kg-1) et les efficiences agronomiques relatives (5-53 %) ont révélé des différences significatives (P <0,05) entre les interspécifiques selon leurs besoins en P et la meilleure productivité de certains (V3 et V4) d’entre eux sur sol acide par rapport à V1. L’usage combiné de ces variétés et de 30 kg P ha-1 an-1 (Ma) ou 45 kg P ha-1 an-1 (TSP) ont été recommandés pour l’obtention de hauts rendements du riz. Le maintient d’un bon équilibre des rapports des cations (Ca : Mg et K : Mg) dans le sol a été jugé nécessaire pour améliorer la réponse du riz à la fertilisation phosphatée pour une production rizicole durable sur les hyperdystric ferralsols.Mots clés : Afrique de l’Ouest, interspécifiques, riziculture pluviale, hyperdystric ferralsol, phosphate
Emergence, height, grain yield and oil content of camelina and canola grown in saline media
Authors: Steppuhn H. , Falk K C , Zhou R.
Published: March 2010

Crops of CS15 camelina and InVigor 9590 canola, grown under field conditions in Canada’s Salinity Tolerance Testing Facility, were evaluated for plant emergence, height, shoot biomass, grain yield, oil content and composition. The crops were seeded directly into sand tanks flushed four times daily with hydroponics consisting of nutrients and salts ranging in salinity from negligible to severe. Sulphate-based solutions averaging 1.4 (nutrients only), 3.0, 6.0, 10.0, 14.7, 19.9, and 27.0 dS m-1 in electrical conductivity (ECsol) resulted in respective cumulative emergence of 99.0 to 42.1% for the camelina and 99.3 to 79.6% for the canola and showed statistical differences only at the two highest salinity treatments. Plant height differences between the camelina and the canola increased as salinity increased: from 16% at 1.4 dS m-1 to 60% at 19.9 dS m-1. Grain yields under salinity relative to the salt-free yield decreased more for the camelina than for the canola at all ECsol-levels. The salinity tolerance index based on the ECsol -value at 50% of the maximum grain yield indicated that the camelina registered less than half (7.4) of that for the canola (18.0). The percentage oil content of the canola oilseed averaged 40% until salinity exceeded 20 dS m-1, while that of the camelina averaged 35% until 10 dS m-1, before declining. Key words: Camelina sativa, false flax, salinity tolerance, salt resistance, Brassica napus, canola
Environmental impact of repeated applications of combined paper mill biosolids in silage corn production
Authors: Gagnon B. , Ziadi N. , Côté C. , Foisy M.
Published: March 2010

Paper mill biosolids (PB) may provide benefits for crop yields and soil nutrients. However, few data are available on metal accumulation and pathogenic populations resulting from applications in silage corn production. A study was initiated to determine the effect of annual spring application of combined PB during 3 consecutive years, with or without calcitic lime, on yield and on the environmental risk posed by N, P, heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Mo) and Escherichia coli to a silage corn cropped in a loamy sand in eastern Ontario, Canada. Treatments consisted of complete mineral NPK fertilization (PB0), 30 Mg wet weight ha-1 with supplemental N and K, and 60 and 120 Mg wet ha-1 supplemented with K, either with or without 2.5 Mg ha-1 calcitic lime. The PB at 30 Mg wet ha-1 with reduced mineral N and PB at 60 Mg wet ha-1 provided comparable yields to the mineral N fertilization in all years, whereas application of PB at 120 Mg wet ha-1 increased corn yield by 6.0 Mg ha-1 in the third year. After 3 yr, contents of soil NO3-N and the P saturation index (P/Al) were increased, indicating a possible risk of nitrate and P leaching. Lime increased soil pH by 0.8 unit, which in turn caused a large increase in the tissue Mo concentration and Mo uptake by silage corn. The PB, particularly at 120 Mg wet ha-1, produced significant accumulations of Cd and Zn in soil, plant tissue and uptake. The PB showed small counts of E. coli, and consequently very little contamination was observed in the soil and on the harvested crop. Based on these results, the PB used are a good source of nutrients that benefits silage corn yields and represent as well a low risk for human and animal health and for the environment when the application does not exceed 60 Mg wet ha-1 yr-1.Key words: Zea mays L., paper mill biosolids, lime, heavy metals, cadmium, molybdenum, Escherichia coli
Bird Flu Outbreak in Dairy Cows Is Widespread, Raising Public Health Concerns
Authors: Abbasi Jennifer
Published: May 2024

This Medical News article discusses the current H5N1 avian influenza outbreak in US dairy cattle and its implications for occupational and public health.
Complete vs Culprit-Only Revascularization in Older Patients With Myocardial Infarction and High Bleeding Risk
Authors: Erriquez Andrea , Campo Gianluca , Guiducci Vincenzo , Escaned Javier , Moreno Raul , Casella Gianni , Menozzi Mila , Cerrato Enrico , Sacchetta Giorgio , Menozzi Alberto , Santos Ignacio Amat , Ibañes Enrique Gutiérrez , Scarsini Roberto , Vadalà Giuseppe , Andò Giuseppe , Díez-Gil José Luis , d’Amore Sergio Musto , Capecchi Alessandro , Colaiori Iginio , Gallo Francesco , Pavasini Rita , Marrone Andrea , Pompei Graziella , Lanzilotti Valerio , Dudek Dariusz , Barbato Emanuele , Tebaldi Matteo , Biscaglia Simone
Published: May 2024

Importance

Patients with high bleeding risk (HBR) have a poor prognosis, and it is not known if they may benefit from complete revascularization after myocardial infarction (MI).

Objective

To investigate the benefit of physiology-guided complete revascularization vs a culprit-only strategy in patients with HBR, MI, and multivessel disease.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a prespecified analysis of the Functional Assessment in Elderly MI Patients With Multivessel Disease (FIRE) randomized clinical trial data. FIRE was an investigator-initiated, open-label, multicenter trial. Patients 75 years or older with MI and multivessel disease were enrolled at 34 European centers from July 2019 through October 2021. Physiology treatment was performed either by angiography- or wire-based assessment. Patients were divided into HBR or non-HBR categories in accordance with the Academic Research Consortium HBR document.

Interventions

Patients were randomized to either physiology-guided complete revascularization or culprit-only strategy.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome comprised a composite of death, MI, stroke, or revascularization at 1 year. Secondary outcomes included a composite of cardiovascular death or MI and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) types 3 to 5.

Results

Among 1445 patients (mean [SD] age, 81 [5] years; 917 male [63%]), 1025 (71%) met HBR criteria. Patients with HBR were at higher risk for the primary end point (hazard ratio [HR], 2.01; 95% CI, 1.47-2.76), cardiovascular death or MI (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.26-2.83), and BARC types 3 to 5 (HR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.40-7.64). The primary end point was significantly reduced with physiology-guided complete revascularization as compared with culprit-only strategy in patients with HBR (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.55-0.96). No indication of interaction was noted between revascularization strategy and HBR status for primary and secondary end points.

Conclusions and Relevance

HBR status is prevalent among older patients with MI, significantly increasing the likelihood of adverse events. Physiology-guided complete revascularization emerges as an effective strategy, in comparison with culprit-only revascularization, for mitigating ischemic adverse events, including cardiovascular death and MI.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03772743
Role of Inflammation in Short Sleep Duration Across Childhood and Psychosis in Young Adulthood
Authors: Morales-Muñoz Isabel , Marwaha Steven , Upthegrove Rachel , Cropley Vanessa
Published: May 2024

Importance

Short sleep duration over a prolonged period in childhood could have a detrimental impact on long-term mental health, including the development of psychosis. Further, potential underlying mechanisms of these associations remain unknown.

Objective

To examine the association between persistent shorter nighttime sleep duration throughout childhood with psychotic experiences (PEs) and/or psychotic disorder (PD) at age 24 years and whether inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein [CRP] and interleukin 6 [IL-6]) potentially mediate any association.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Data analysis was conducted from January 30 to August 1, 2023.

Exposures

Nighttime sleep duration was collected at 6, 18, and 30 months and at 3.5, 4 to 5, 5 to 6, and 6 to 7 years.

Main Outcomes and Measures

PEs and PD were assessed at age 24 years from the Psychosislike Symptoms Interview. CRP level at ages 9 and 15 years and IL-6 level at 9 years were used as mediators. Latent class growth analyses (LCGAs) were applied to detect trajectories of nighttime sleep duration, and logistic regressions were applied for the longitudinal associations between trajectories of nighttime sleep duration and psychotic outcomes at 24 years. Path analyses were applied to test CRP and IL-6 as potential mediators.

Results

Data were available on 12 394 children (6254 female [50.5%]) for the LCGA and on 3962 young adults (2429 female [61.3%]) for the logistic regression and path analyses. The LCGA identified a group of individuals with persistent shorter nighttime sleep duration across childhood. These individuals were more likely to develop PD (odds ratio [OR], 2.50; 95% CI, 1.51-4.15; P < .001) and PEs (OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 2.23-5.95; P < .001) at age 24 years. Increased levels of IL-6 at 9 years, but not CRP at 9 or 15 years, partially mediated the associations between persistent shorter sleep duration and PD (bias-corrected estimate = 0.003; 95% CI, 0.002-0.005; P = .007) and PEs (bias-corrected estimate = 0.002; 95% CI, 0-0.003; P = .03) in young adulthood.

Conclusions and Relevance

Findings of this cohort study highlight the necessity of addressing short sleep duration in children, as persistence of this sleep problem was associated with subsequent psychosis. This study also provides preliminary evidence for future targeted interventions in children addressing both sleep and inflammatory responses.
Variance Decomposition of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Colon Cancer
Authors: Rajasekar Ganesh , Arnow Katherine D. , Dawes Aaron J.
Published: May 2024

This cohort study examines the hospital factors associated with disparities in access and quality of colon cancer care among Hispanic patients.
Aseptic meningitis and Fabry disease
Authors: Montardi Camille , Gaudemer Augustin , Zuber Mathieu , Vuillemet Francis , Alexandra Jean‐François , Lidove Olivier , Mauhin Wladimir
Published: May 2024

Objective

Fabry disease is caused by enzymatic defects in alpha‐galactosidase A that leads to the accumulation of glycosphingolipids throughout the body, resulting in a multisystemic disorder. The most common neurological manifestations are neuropathic pain, autonomic nervous system dysfunction and strokes, but some rarer neurological manifestations exist. Among these, aseptic meningitis is a possible complication. Our objectives were to measure the prevalence of this complication in a cohort of patients with Fabry disease, and to describe its clinical features.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of Fabry disease patients followed at our tertiary referral center between 1995 and September 2023 with at least one episode of meningitis, and performed a systematic review to identify similar published cases.

Results

Four patients out of 107 (3.7%) had at least one episode of aseptic meningitis. Our systematic review identified 25 other observations. The median age of these 29 patients was 29.0 years, the median cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count was 24 cells/mm3 with a predominance of lymphocytes in 64.7% of cases. In 82.8% of the patients, the diagnosis of Fabry disease was unknown before the meningitis. Large artery stenosis was present in 17.2% of patients and 57.1% of patients had a recent stroke concomitant with the meningitis. Several differential diagnoses were evoked, such as multiple sclerosis or central nervous system vasculitis.

Interpretation

Our study suggests that Fabry disease should be considered as a cause of aseptic meningitis. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying meningeal inflammation remain largely unknown but may reflect the dysregulation of pro‐inflammatory signaling pathways.
Competition to Explain Stable Prevalence of Seasonal Viral Respiratory Infections in Temperate Climates
Authors: Pfäfflin Albrecht
Published: May 2024

The prevalence of seasonal viral respiratory infections in temperate climates is relatively stable, but individual viruses vary. This phenomenon is not explained via the conventional view of influenza seasonality which is still incomplete. The viral‐flow theory, an outsider theory about the seasonality of influenza, where insects buffer viruses, is able to explain the stable prevalence of viral respiratory infections. Alternative hypotheses to explain this phenomenon are discussed.
3D Conjugated Hole Transporting Materials for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules
Authors: Zhang Xianfu , Liu Xuepeng , Ding Yunxuan , Ding Bin , Shi Pengju , Syzgantseva Olga A. , Syzgantseva Maria A. , Fei Zhaofu , Chen Jianlin , Rahim Ghadari , Han Mingyuan , Zhang Kai , Zhou Ying , Brooks Keith G. , Wang Rui , Sun Licheng , Dyson Paul J. , Dai Songyuan , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Kahaj Khaja , Ding Yong
Published: May 2024

The orthogonal structure of the widely used hole transporting material (HTM) 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis(N, N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamino)−9,9′‐spirobifluorene (Spiro‐OMeTAD) imparts isotropic conductivity and excellent film‐forming capability. However, inherently weak intra‐ and inter‐molecular π–π interactions result in low intrinsic hole mobility. Herein, a novel HTM, termed FTPE‐ST, with a twist conjugated dibenzo(g,p)chrysene core and coplanar 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) as extended donor units, is designed to enhance π–π interactions, without compromising on solubility. The three‐dimensional (3D) configuration provides the material multi‐direction charge transport as well as excellent solubility even in 2‐methylanisole, and its large conjugated backbone endows the HTM with a high hole mobility. Moreover, the sulfur donors in EDOT units coordinate with lead ions on the perovskite surface, leading to stronger interfacial interactions and the suppression of defects at the perovskite/HTM interface. As a result, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) employing FTPE‐ST achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.21% with excellent long‐time stability, one of the highest PCEs for non‐spiro HTMs in n‐i‐p PSCs. In addition, the excellent film‐forming capacity of the HTM enables the fabrication of FTPE‐ST‐based large‐scale PSCs (1.0 cm2) and modules (29.0 cm2), which achieve PCEs of 24.21% (certificated 24.17%) and 21.27%, respectively.
Peptide‐AIE Nanofibers Functionalized Sutures with Antimicrobial Activity and Subcutaneous Traceability
Authors: Cai Junyi , Zhang Meng , Peng Jingqi , Wei Yingqi , Zhu Wenchao , Guo Kunzhong , Gao Meng , Wang Hui , Wang Huaiming , Wang Lin
Published: May 2024

As one of the most widely used medical devices, sutures face challenges related to surgical site infections (SSIs) and lack of subcutaneous traceability. In the present study, a facile and effective approach using peptide‐AIE nanofibers (NFs‐K18) to create fluorescent‐traceable antimicrobial sutures, which have been applied to four commercially available sutures is developed. The functionalized sutures of PGAS‐NFs‐K18 and PGLAS‐NFs‐K18 exhibit fluorescence with excellent penetration from 4 mm chicken breasts. They also demonstrate remarkable stability after 24 h of white light illumination and threading through chicken breasts 10 times. These sutures efficiently generate ROS, resulting in significant suppression of four clinical bacteria, with the highest antimicrobial rate of ≈100%. Moreover, the sutures exhibit favorable hemocompatibility and biocompatibility. In vivo experiments demonstrate that the optimized PGLAS‐NFs‐K18 suture displays potent antimicrobial activity against MRSA, effectively inhibiting inflammation and promoting tissue healing in both skin wound and abdominal wall wound models, outperforming the commercially available Coated VICRYL Plus Antibacterial suture. Importantly, PGLAS‐NFs‐K18 exhibits sensitive subcutaneous traceability, allowing for accurate in situ monitoring of its degradation. It is believed that this straightforward strategy offers a new pathway for inhibiting SSIs and monitoring the status of sutures.
A Synergistic Chemoimmunotherapy System Leveraging PD‐L1 Blocking and Bioorthogonal Prodrug Activation
Authors: Wang Kewei , Jiang Maolin , Li Tao , Liu Ye , Zong Qingyu , Xu Qing , Ullah Ihsan , Chen Yahui , Xue Wei , Yuan Youyong
Published: May 2024

Novel strategies to facilitate tumor‐specific drug delivery and restore immune attacks remain challenging in overcoming the current limitations of chemoimmunotherapy. An antitumor chemoimmunotherapy system comprising bioorthogonal reaction‐ready group tetrazine (TZ) modified with an anti‐PD‐L1 antibody (αPD‐L1TZ) and TZ‐activatable prodrug vinyl ether‐doxorubicin (DOX‐VE) for self‐reinforced anti‐tumor chemoimmunotherapy is proposed. The αPD‐L1TZ effectively disrupts the PD‐L1/PD‐1 interaction and activates the DOX prodrug in situ through the bioorthogonal click reaction of TZ and VE. Conversely, the activated DOX upregulates PD‐L1 on the surface of tumor cells, facilitating tumor accumulation of αPD‐L1TZ and enhancing DOX‐VE activation. Furthermore, the activated DOX‐induced immunogenic cell death of tumor cells, substantially improving the response efficiency of αPD‐L1 in an immune‐suppressive tumor microenvironment. Thus, PD‐L1 blocking and bioorthogonal in situ prodrug activation synergistically enhance the antitumor efficacy of the chemoimmunotherapy system. Therefore, the system significantly enhances αPD‐L1 tumor accumulation and prodrug activation and induces a robust immunological memory effect to prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis. Thus, a feasible chemoimmunotherapy combination regimen is presented.
Brain Delivery of Protein Therapeutics by Cell Matrix‐Inspired Biomimetic Nanocarrier
Authors: Huang Jialin , Fu Yuli , Wang Antian , shi Kexing , Peng Yidong , Yi Yao , Yu Renhe , Gao Jinchao , Feng Junfeng , Jiang Gan , Song Qingxiang , Jiang Jiyao , Chen Hongzhuan , Gao Xiaoling
Published: May 2024

Protein therapeutics are anticipated to offer significant treatment options for central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, the majority of proteins are unable to traverse the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and reach their CNS target sites. Inspired by the natural environment of active proteins, the cell matrix components hyaluronic acid (HA) and protamine (PRTM) are used to self‐assemble with proteins to form a protein‐loaded biomimetic core and then incorporated into ApoE3‐reconstituted high‐density lipoprotein (rHDL) to form a protein‐loaded biomimetic nanocarrier (Protein‐HA‐PRTM‐rHDL). This cell matrix‐inspired biomimetic nanocarrier facilitates the penetration of protein therapeutics across the BBB and enables their access to intracellular target sites. Specifically, CAT‐HA‐PRTM‐rHDL facilitates rapid intracellular delivery and release of catalase (CAT) via macropinocytosis‐activated membrane fusion, resulting in improved spatial learning and memory in traumatic brain injury (TBI) model mice (significantly reduces the latency of TBI mice and doubles the number of crossing platforms), and enhances motor function and prolongs survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) model mice (extended the median survival of ALS mice by more than 10 days). Collectively, this cell matrix‐inspired nanoplatform enables the efficient CNS delivery of protein therapeutics and provides a novel approach for the treatment of CNS diseases.
Design Approaches and Electromechanical Modeling of Conformable Piezoelectric‐Based Ultrasound Systems
Authors: Amiri Nikta , Shah Aastha , Bhayadia Amit Kumar , Yu Chia‐Chen , Karami M. Amin , Dagdeviren Canan
Published: May 2024

Painless, needleless delivery of drugs through the skin can be realized through aphenomenon called sonophoresis by applying an ultrasound field to the biological tissue. Development of wearable embodiments of such systems demands comprehensive characterization of both the physical mechanism of sonophoresisas well as wearability parameters. Here, we present a framework for analyzing disk‐type piezoelectric transducers in a polymeric substrate to create acoustic cavitation in a fluid coupling medium for sonophoresis applications. The device design and operating parameters such as the working frequency, applied voltage range, acoustic pressure distribution, and transducer spacing were determine dusing a finite element methods (FEM),and verified with experimental measurements. The influence of the surrounding water and tank reflections on the acoustic pressure field, and the interaction between the elements in the array structure were also studied.Finally, the impact of skin and the substrate geometry on the acoustic pressure fields was characterized to simulate the invivo use‐case of the system. These analytical models can be used to guide critical parameters for device design such as the separation distance of the piezoelectric transducer from the skin boundary. We envision that this tool boxwill support rapid design iteration for realization of wearable ultrasound systems.
Mitochondria Energy Metabolism Depression as Novel Adjuvant to Sensitize Radiotherapy and Inhibit Radiation Induced‐Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Zhou Zaigang , Jiang Xin , Yi Lei , Li Cheng , Wang Haoxiang , Xiong Wei , Li Zhipeng , Shen Jianliang
Published: May 2024

Currently, the typical combination therapy of programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) antibodies with radiotherapy (RT) still exhibits impaired immunogenic antitumor response in clinical due to lessened DNA damage and acquired immune tolerance via the upregulation of some other immune checkpoint inhibitors. Apart from this, such combination therapy may raise the occurrence rate of radiation‐induced lung fibrosis (RIPF) due to enhanced systemic inflammation, leading to the ultimate death of cancer patients (average survival time of about 3 years). Therefore, it is newly revealed that mitochondria energy metabolism regulation can be used as a novel effective PD‐L1 and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) dual‐downregulation method. Following this, IR‐TAM is prepared by conjugating mitochondria‐targeted heptamethine cyanine dye IR‐68 with oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor Tamoxifen (TAM), which then self‐assembled with albumin (Alb) to form IR‐TAM@Alb nanoparticles. By doing this, tumor‐targeting IR‐TAM@Alb nanoparticle effectively reversed tumor hypoxia and depressed PD‐L1 and TGF‐β expression to sensitize RT. Meanwhile, due to the capacity of heptamethine cyanine dye in targeting RIPF and the function of TAM in depressing TGF‐β, IR‐TAM@Alb also ameliorated fibrosis development induced by RT.
Expanded prenatal phenotype of ALG12‐associated congenital disorder of glycosylation including bilateral multicystic kidneys
Authors: Shanmugasundaram Manjushree , Wang Amanda , Morand Megan , Bixler Colin , Jain Sangeeta , Ray Joseph
Published: May 2024

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of rare autosomal recessive genetic disorders caused by pathogenic variants in genes coding for N‐glycosylated glycoproteins, which play a role in folding, degrading, and transport of glycoproteins in their pathway. ALG12‐CDG specifically is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in ALG12. Currently reported features of ALG12‐CDG include: developmental delay, hypotonia, failure to thrive and/or short stature, brain anomalies, recurrent infections, hypogammaglobulinemia, coagulation abnormalities, and genitourinary abnormalities. In addition, skeletal abnormalities resembling a skeletal dysplasia including shortened long bones and talipes equinovarus have been seen in more severe neonatal presentation of this disorder. We report on a case expanding the phenotype of ALG12‐CDG to include bilateral, multicystic kidneys in a neonatal demise identified with homozygous pathogenic variants in the ALG12 gene at c.1001del (p.N334Tfs*15) through clinical trio exome sequencing.
Orbital decompression surgery among Medicare beneficiaries in the post‐teprotumumab era
Authors: Bhat Akash M. , Soler Zachary M. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Metson Ralph B. , Rathi Vinay K.
Published: May 2024

Key points

Utilization of orbital decompressions (ODS) increased (CAGR: +3.2%) from 2000 to 2019.

FDA approved teprotumumab in January 2020; ODS utilization decreased (CAGR: −14.9%) from 2019 to 2022.

In 2022, total spending was substantially higher for teprotumumab ($325 million) than surgery ($580,000).
Antidepressant exposure and long‐term dementia risk in a nationwide retrospective study on US veterans with midlife major depressive disorder
Authors: Ramos‐Cejudo Jaime , Corrigan June K. , Zheng Chunlei , Swinnerton Kaitlin N. , Jacobson Sean R. , La Jennifer , Betensky Rebecca A. , Osorio Ricardo S. , Madanes Sharon , Pomara Nunzio , Iosifescu Dan , Brophy Mary , Do Nhan V. , Fillmore Nathanael R.
Published: May 2024

INTRODUCTION

The use of antidepressants in major depressive disorder (MDD) has been reported to influence long‐term risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD‐related dementias (AD/ADRD), but studies are conflicting.

METHODS

We used inverse probability weighted (IPW) Cox models with time‐varying covariates in a retrospective cohort study among midlife veterans with MDD within the US Veterans Affairs healthcare system from January 1, 2000 to June 1, 2022.

RESULTS

A total of 35,200 patients with MDD were identified. No associations were seen regarding the effect of being exposed to any antidepressant versus no exposure on AD/ADRD risk (events = 1,056, hazard ratio = 0.94, 95% confidence interval: 0.81 to 1.09) or the exposure to specific antidepressant classes versus no exposure. A risk reduction was observed for female patients in a stratified analysis; however, the number of cases was small.

DISCUSSION

Our study suggests that antidepressant exposure has no effect on AD/ADRD risk. The association in female patients should be interpreted with caution and requires further attention.

Highlights

We studied whether antidepressant use was associated with future dementia risk.

We specifically focused on patients after their first‐ever diagnosis of depression.

We used IPW Cox models with time‐varying covariates and a large observation window.

Our study did not identify an effect of antidepressant use on dementia risk.

A risk reduction was observed in female patients, but the number of cases was small.
Adaptive Response to Solvation in Flexible Molecules: Oligo Hydrates of 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐butanone
Authors: Li Meng , Li Wenqin , Pérez Cristóbal , Lesarri Alberto , Grabow Jens‐Uwe
Published: May 2024

Structural changes induced by water play a pivotal role in chemistry and biology but remain challenging to predict, measure, and control at molecular level. Here we explore size‐governed gas‐phase water aggregation in the flexible molecule 4‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, modeling the conformational adaptability of flexible substrates to host water scaffolds and the preference for sequential droplet growth. The experiment was conducted using broadband rotational spectroscopy, rationalized with quantum chemical calculations. Two different isomers were observed experimentally from the di‐ to the pentahydrates (4‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone‐(H2O)n=2–5), including the 18O isotopologues for the di‐ and trihydrates. Interestingly, to accommodate water molecules effectively, the heavy atom skeleton of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone reshapes in every observed isomer and does not correspond to the stable conformer of the free monomer. All solvates initiate from the alcohol group (proton donor) but retain the carbonyl group as secondary binding point. The water scaffolds closely resemble those found in the pure water clusters, balancing between the capability of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone for steering the orientation and position of the water molecules and the ability of water to modulate the monomer's conformation. The present work thus provides an accurate molecular description on how torsionally flexible molecules dynamically adapt to water along progressing solvation.