bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FORMATION OF CENTAURS’ RINGS THROUGH THEIR PARTIAL TIDAL DISRUPTION DURING PLANETARY ENCOUNTERS
Authors: Hyodo Ryuki , Charnoz Sébastien , Genda Hidenori , Ohtsuki Keiji
Published: August 2016

Centaurs are minor planets orbiting between Jupiter and Neptune that have or had crossing orbits with one or more giant planets. Recent observations and reinterpretation of previous observations have revealed the existence of ring systems around 10199 Chariklo and 2060 Chiron. However, the origin of the ring systems around such a minor planet is still an open question. Here, we propose that the tidal disruption of a differentiated object that experiences a close encounter with a giant planet could naturally form diverse ring–satellite systems around the Centaurs. During the close encounter, the icy mantle of the passing object is preferentially ripped off by the planet's tidal force and the debris is distributed mostly within the Roche limit of the largest remnant body. Assuming the existence of a 20−50 wt% silicate core below the icy mantle, a disk of particles is formed when the objects pass within 0.4–0.8 of the planet's Roche limit with the relative velocity at infinity 3−6 km s−1 and 8 hr initial spin period of the body. The resultant ring mass is 0.1%–10% of the central object's mass. Such particle disks are expected to spread radially, and materials spreading beyond the Roche limit would accrete into satellites. Our numerical results suggest that ring formation would be a natural outcome of such extreme close encounters, and Centaurs can naturally have such ring systems because they cross the orbits of the giant planets.
L’impact de l’électrification rurale : enjeux et perspectives
Authors: Torero Maximo
Published: August 2016

Les impacts positifs potentiels de l’électrification rurale sur le développement semblent faire l’objet d’un consensus dans la littérature scientifique. Cependant, les différentes méthodes permettant d’évaluer précisément ces impacts font débat et il apparaît essentiel de souligner les difficultés auxquelles sont confrontées ces études d’impact. Bien que difficiles du point de vue méthodologique, les évaluations sont absolument indispensables car elles servent à justifier les projets.
Common Value Auctions with Voluntary and Qualified Entry
Authors: Casari Marco , Cason Timothy N.
Published: August 2016

Nous étudions les enchères sous différentes règles d’entrée. En pratique, les individus choisissent eux-mêmes de participer aux enchères et les réglementations exigent souvent qu’ils remplissent certains critères de qualification. Notre expérience évalue le rôle joué par l’entrée volontaire et par les exigences financières dans la fréquence des offres excessives et des faillites, qui sont très répandues dans les enchères à valeur commune. Nous montrons que l’entrée volontaire amplifie les offres excessives et accroît les taux de faillite. L’entrée par qualification n’a qu’un impact modeste sur les offres excessives. Cette étude apporte de nouveaux enseignements par rapport aux expériences existantes puisque dans ces dernières, les sujets sont en général placés dans les enchères de manière exogène. JEL  Codes: D44, D03, C92.
Crise de la dette souveraine dans l’Union européenne : transparence des banques et spreads de CDS
Authors: Alexandre Hervé , Guillemin François , Refait-Alexandre Catherine
Published: August 2016

Nous étudions l’impact de la transparence des banques sur l’évolution des spreads de leurs credit default swaps (CDS) pendant la crise de la dette souveraine au sein de l’Union européenne. La transparence aide les investisseurs à fonder leurs anticipations et peut réduire la prime de risque informationnelle ainsi que les spreads de CDS. Nous calculons la variation anormale cumulée du spread (VACS) lors de seize annonces de dégradation de notation souveraine, de 2011 à mi-2013. Nous construisons deux indices de transparence : l’un mesure la transparence globale de la banque, l’autre mesure sa transparence vis-à-vis de l’exposition au risque souverain. Nous montrons que l’exposition au risque souverain accroît la VACS, alors que la transparence de la banque vis-à-vis de ce risque réduit la VACS ; l’information tend donc à réduire la prime de risque. Cependant, la transparence globale augmente la VACS ; les investisseurs semblent désapprouver une communication trop large et trop abondante.
D’un indice de détection d’anomalies à l’usage des investisseurs
Authors: Bernard Philippe , El Mekkaoui de Freitas Najat , Maillet Bertrand , Modesto Alejandro
Published: August 2016

La détection de fraudes est un enjeu essentiel pour les investisseurs et les autorités financières. Le système de Ponzi mis en place par Bernard Madoff est une illustration emblématique d’une fraude de grande envergure, toujours possible lorsqu’elle est bien orchestrée. Les méthodes traditionnelles pour détecter les fraudes exigent de longues et coûteuses enquêtes, nécessitant des connaissances financières et juridiques pointues, et des professionnels hautement qualifiés. Nous poursuivons et étendons ici l’intuition de Billio et al. [2015], qui suggèrent l’utilisation d’une mesure de performance – dénommée GUN – pour construire un indice de détection de fraude. Afin d’illustrer la méthodologie et d’en montrer son utilité, nous analysons d’abord le cas Madoff, puis, sur plusieurs marchés d’OPCVM internationaux d’actions commercialisables en France, le nombre de fonds potentiellement susceptibles de fraude (ou de sous-performance avérée). Le système d’alerte proposé permet de détecter des anomalies sur plusieurs dizaines de fonds, qui devraient ainsi faire l’objet d’une attention particulière.
Refonder le droit de la famille au Sénégal et au Maroc : l’intérêt d’une comparaison aux frontières
Authors: N’Diaye Marième
Published: August 2016

À partir de l’étude de la politique du droit de la famille au Sénégal et au Maroc, l’article propose une réflexion sur l’intérêt d’une comparaison aux frontières. Il s’agit plus précisément de montrer comment les comparables peuvent se construire en s’affranchissant des limites posées a priori par les aires culturelles. Assumant la part de pragmatisme et de bricolage à l’origine de la comparaison, l’article montre comment la démarche méthodologique permet ensuite de bien préciser le sens, les objectifs et les apports d’une analyse comparée. Principalement fondée sur les différences significatives entre les États sénégalais et marocain en termes de capacité et de légitimité, la comparaison de leurs politiques du droit de la famille permet de proposer une réflexion plus large sur le processus d’institutionnalisation de l’État au sud.
Nail Dynamization for Delayed Union and Nonunion in Femur and Tibia Fractures
Authors: Vaughn Josh , Gotha Heather , Cohen Eric , Fantry Amanda J. , Feller Ross J. , Van Meter Jake , Hayda Roman , Born Christopher T.
Published: August 2016

Femoral and tibial shaft fractures are common injuries in the United States. Since their introduction, reamed intramedullary nails have become the treatment of choice for most of these fractures. However, delayed union and nonunion can complicate treatment in up to 10% of patients. Removal of interlocking screws, or dynamization, can promote fracture healing in cases of delayed union or nonunion. The efficacy of nail dynamization has been reported to range from 19% to 82%. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dynamization, identify the factors associated with its success or failure, and analyze the cost compared with exchange nailing. The authors retrospectively reviewed charts from 2011 to 2014 and searched billing records for Current Procedural Terminology codes 27506 and 27759, for intramedullary nailing of femoral and tibial shaft fractures, and code 20680, for removal of deep hardware. This search identified 34 patients with 35 fractures treated with dynamization for delayed union or nonunion. Dynamization was effective in creating union in 54% of patients. The factor that best correlated with the success of dynamization was the diameter of the fracture callus at the time of dynamization. Direct costs associated with dynamization were nearly $10,000 less than those associated with exchange nailing. Dynamization can be an effective first-line treatment for delayed union and nonunion of femoral and tibial shaft fractures. The union rate in the current study is similar to previously published rates, and cost data suggest that dynamization is a viable alternative to exchange nailing for some patients with delayed union or nonunion. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(6):e1117–e1123.]
Effect of Illness Representations and Catastrophizing on Quality of Life in Adults With Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Sherwin LeeAnne B. , Leary Emily , Henderson Wendy A.
Published: August 2016

There is limited understanding of the influence of psychosocial factors on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which contributes to management difficulties and ineffective long-term treatment. The goal of the current study was to assess the effect illness representations and coping had on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adults with IBS. Self-report data were collected from 101 adults with IBS. Illness representations were measured with the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire; catastrophizing was measured with the catastrophizing subscale of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire; and HRQOL was measured using the IBS-Quality of Life Measure. Participants perceived their IBS to be a chronic, cyclical condition with negative consequences, moderate symptomatology, and strong negative emotional impact. Their quality of life was poor and catastrophic thinking was noted to be used. Therefore, integrating illness beliefs and coping style into the management of IBS may improve well-being and minimize suffering. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 54
(9), 44–53.]
Methylene Blue: The Long and Winding Road from Stain to Brain: Part 1
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: August 2016

Methylene blue, first discovered and used as a dye in the textile industry, has long been used for biological staining in histology, bacteriology, and hematology. Because of its unique physiochemical properties, it was the first synthetic drug used in medicine, having been used to treat malaria more than one century ago. Methylene blue was also one of the first drugs used for the treatment of patients with psychosis at the end of the 19th century and was the lead drug in the serendipitous development of phenothiazine antipsychotic drugs in the mid-20th century. It was studied in bipolar disorder in the 1980s and has been investigated in neurodegenerative disorders in recent years. The history of methylene blue from its discovery as a dye to its use as a stain and then its therapeutic application in medicine is an example of how a drug's use can evolve over time through careful observation, clinical needs, serendipity, and the integration of concepts from different disciplines. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 54
(9), 21–24.]
Virtual Environments in Higher Education – Immersion as a Key Construct for Learning 4.0
Authors: Janssen Daniela , Tummel Christian , Richert Anja , Isenhardt Ingrid
Published: August 2016

In light of the increasing technological developments, working life and education is changing and becoming more complex, interconnected and digital. These changed circumstances require new and modified competences of future employees. Education has to respond to the changing requirements in working life. To prepare for this, a technological-oriented teaching and learning process as well as gaining practical experience is crucial for students. In this context, Virtual Reality (VR) technologies provide new opportunities for practical experience in higher education, where they can further intensify the students learning experiences to a more immersive and engaging involvement in the learning process. To evaluate the potential of immersive virtual learning environments (VLE) for higher education and to understand more deeply which kind of experiences students gain while learning in immersive virtual environments (VE) an experimental research study is carried out. The paper describes education in light of industry 4.0 first and gives an overall view of immersive learning and the role of VR Technologies. Then the user study to measure user experience (UX) in immersive VLE is presented. Preliminary results are outlined and discussed with a view of further research.
openSAP: Evaluating xMOOC Usage and Challenges for Scalable and Open Enterprise Education
Authors: Renz Jan , Schwerer Florian , Meinel Christoph
Published: August 2016

The openSAP University is a co-innovative initiative founded in 2013 by SAP SE in partnership with the Hasso-Plattner-Institute (HPI) located in Potsdam, Germany. With its new course offering, SAP responds to a rising demand for scalable knowledge transfer due to the digital transformation by making use of the Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) format. This paper provides a brief introduction to the first Enterprise MOOC platform openSAP, including details about the learning environment and the underlying platform, different team roles and usage statistics. In addition, the topic of dropouts in enterprise MOOCs will be addressed and discussed. A standardized calculation model for enterprise MOOCs to measure completion and consumption rates is proposed. The paper closes with an outlook about the future work on enterprise MOOCs. 
Virtual Labs of Analog Oscillator
Authors: Fuada Syifaul , Salman Amy Hamidah
Published: August 2016

This paper discusses the functional system of a learning media product development; the design and implementation of a virtual lab with analog oscillator comprised of the following: i) Wien Bridge oscillator, ii) Colpitts oscillator, iii) Hartley oscillator and, iv) Astable Multivibrator. The virtual laboratory was built using Adobe Flash CS6 Action Script 3.0. This media can be accessed offline on a computer standalone based on the extension .exe or .swf and constructed with 24 frames per second (fps). This media can be operated by changing the Resistor (R), Inductor (L) and Capacitor (C) components via ‘plug and play’ to the tool-kit, or trainer kit, while the output can be seen in the measuring devices, namely: the frequnecy counter and oscilloscope. The second product is a digital jobsheet as a supplementary element for the practical, which contains prequisites for conducting practical use, introductory, and anatomic information of the virtual lab, as well as the directions for using the e-jobsheet and virtual lab, the practical procedures, and the test items for evaluation.
Current and Future Developments in Remote Laboratory NetLab
Authors: Teng Ming , Considine Hugh , Nedic Zorica , Nafalski Andrew
Published: August 2016

In this paper we report on current and future developments in the remote laboratory NetLab. After a short review of real, virtual and remote laboratories, NetLab – a remote laboratory created and operated at the University of South Australia since 2002, is introduced. Experiments conducted in 2015 using real laboratory and NetLab are presented and student feedback on those reported. Increasingly, both academics and students accept that properly structured, documented and supported remote laboratories constitute a valid complementation to and/or replacement of real laboratories. To increase the students’ learning support in remote laboratories a development of an intelligent tutoring system based on the learning analytics is proposed and outlined in this paper.
Remote Monitoring System Based on GPRS - A Case Study for Water Withdrawal
Authors: Wang Meng , Bian Guangrong , He Ninghui , Chao Hu
Published: August 2016

In order to realize supervision of water withdrawal, it is necessary to establish a modern monitoring system. This study focuses on the design of a remote monitoring terminal system that is operating in a south province in China. This terminal system adopts GPRS mode to establish communication with monitoring center. Detailed hardware design is provided, as well as its software functions. This terminal device finishes the basic function of water quantity collection. At the meantime, remote upgrade function and picture collection function are proposed in order to perfect the overall function of the system. Kinds of tests were conducted to verify its performances and functionalities. We conclude that the proposed remote monitoring terminal might become a useful tool for supervision of water withdrawal in the dispersed areas.
L’évaluation par les services écosystémiques des rivières ordinaires est-elle durable ?
Authors: Lespez Laurent , Germaine Marie-Anne , Barraud Régis
Published: August 2016

L’évaluation par les services écosystémiques s’est fortement développée depuis le début des années 2000 et l’évaluation des écosystèmes pour le millénaire. Alors que les démarches entreprises pour promouvoir une gestion écologique des cours d’eau se traduisent dans l’Ouest de la France par de nombreuses opérations de restauration écologique, les conflits entre gestionnaires de l’environnement, élus, propriétaires d’ouvrages en travers (seuils, barrages) et population locale se multiplient. Face à cette situation, élus et gestionnaires expriment sur le terrain le besoin de développer des outils ou méthodes permettant de rendre plus légitimes leurs choix, de réduire les incertitudes voire de structurer le débat localement. Leur demande rencontre ainsi l’approche par les services écosystémiques promue par la Directive Cadre sur l’eau (2000) et de nombreuses institutions responsables de la gestion de l’eau. Au-delà des incertitudes méthodologiques et des difficultés techniques, cette stratégie confirme l’émergence d’un nouveau paradigme de gestion pour les rivières ordinaires. Celles-ci correspondent aux cours d’eau non-domaniaux, soumis au droit privé de propriété, inséré au sein d’espaces ruraux à l’écart des grands foyers urbains. Elles constituent l’essentiel du chevelu hydrographique dans l’ouest de la France et proposent des environnements communs à l’ensemble des petits cours d’eau de la Façade Atlantique de l’Europe. C’est au prisme de l’analyse de la temporalité des systèmes productifs, des représentations et valeurs successives associées, et de l’émergence et de la transformation des politiques publiques que nous interrogeons la signification d’une évaluation par l’intermédiaire des services écosystémiques. Il s’agit de situer la relation contemporaine entre les experts et les politiques dans une trajectoire, de montrer la précarité des représentations à l’œuvre et la difficulté de définir durablement le bien commun dans des systèmes socio-environnementaux en mutation. Cet examen révèle une trajectoire contrôlée par la succession de dispositifs complexes ayant pour objectif de maintenir la cohérence des pratiques et des principes de gestion. Nous faisons ainsi l’hypothèse que le nouveau paradigme de gestion promu constitue la pierre angulaire d’un nouveau « dispositif de pouvoir ». Appliqué à la rivière aménagée, ce dispositif met en avant l’expertise scientifique des processus biophysiques contemporains dans les décisions de gestion.
The Importance of National, Regional Laws and Globally Enforceable International Agreements
Authors: Ojo Marianne
Published: August 2016

As well as highlighting the importance of effectively engaging different actors and implementing and enforcing rules, principles and standards, at various levels, this chapter contrasts the pyramids of regulatory and punitive strategies, Nestle's pyramid of Shared Value, and Carroll's pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility in deriving an optimal mix of how regulation should be applied. In deriving such a regulatory mix and recommendation, acknowledgement is accorded to Ayres and Braithwaite's argument that “the greatest challenge facing regulatory design is not to be found at the apex of the pyramid of regulatory strategies – where a variety of well-tested punitive strategies exist – nor at the base of the pyramid, where there is experience of successes and failures of the free market, but that the need for innovation is at the intermediate levels of the pyramid of regulatory strategies. In so doing, the Enforced Self-Regulation Model which involves and incorporates the role of governments in self-regulation, is implemented in recommending desired regulatory designs.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Azham Ali , Ojo Marianne , Heang Lee Teck , Yusof Nor Zalina Mohamad
Published: August 2016

As well as highlighting the importance of corporate governance mechanisms such as audits in facilitating Corporate Social Responsibility objectives and Foreign Direct Investment – where corporate social objectives are not unduly compromised, this chapter applies the political economic theory introduced by Tinker (1980) and refined by Cooper and Sherer (1984), which emphasizes social relations aspects of professional activity rather than economic forces alone. In a case study format where qualitative data was gathered mainly from primary and secondary source materials, the study found that the function of auditing in the Malaysian society in most cases is devoid of any essence of mission; instead it is created, shaped and changed by the pressures which give rise to its development over time. The largely insignificant role that it serves is intertwined within the contexts in which it operates. Furthermore, chapter is aimed at highlighting the importance and role of external audits – particularly in the aftermath of the 2008/09 global Financial Crisis.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Development
Authors: Dupont Genevieve , Ojo Marianne , Rossi James
Published: August 2016

This chapter not only attempts to identify those variables which govern and impact the relationship and interplay between Corporate Social Responsibility and Foreign Direct Investment, but illustrate the conditions under which such variables are likely to be most susceptible to change and fluctuations – as well as consequences that are likely to be generated as a result of such fluctuations. In so doing it also contributes to the literature in highlighting why greater focus and priority should be accorded to Foreign Direct Investment and Corporate Social Responsibility, as tools for poverty alleviation. Further, as well as accentuating, under the conclusion section, why the UK Government strategy for building more plants after Hinkley Point, implies that the UK would not reap all benefits of the Project, the chapter expansiates on contributory factors which have resulted in the decision of the UK Government to delay its decision on the Hinkley Point Project. Contributory factors, which include among a notable few, the need for flexible generating capacity was also cited, since renewable energy cannot be easily converted at Hinkley Point.
Promoting Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: DeLarosiere Jose J Haspa , DiGabriele Maria
Published: August 2016

If audits serve as formidable internal monitoring tools which facilitate corporate governance, and Corporate Social Responsibility has been proven to serve as “an extension of corporate governance”, as well as a signaling device, are both tools not instrumental in promoting Foreign Direct Investment? Through an analysis and evaluation of the literature relating to audits and Corporate Social Responsibility, this chapter aims to investigate the above claim and question on how Corporate Social Responsibility, as “an extension of corporate governance”, as well as a signaling mechanism, could facilitate and promote Foreign Direct Investment.
Foreign Direct Investment in China
Authors: Adi Agya Atabani , Rossi James A.
Published: August 2016

In accounting for the gaps in the literature between the period 2011 and 2016, more recent literature – particularly empirical related studies on the topic have been consulted to consolidate on the paper “Foreign Direct Investment in China: Its Sectoral and Aggregate Impact on Economic Growth”. As highlighted by Wei (2013), it is important to recognize and acknowledge that the relationship between FDI and employment is affected by many variables, such as growth of the national population, increased exports, and growth of the domestic economy. Furthermore, as illustrated by Iamsiraroj and Doucouliagos (2015), whilst positive and negative effects may be demonstrated in relation to economic growth, in some countries, no effects can be deduced as regards the relationship between economic growth and FDI in certain other countries. This chapter also aims to accentuate the need for greater focus on environmental issues - as well as poverty alleviation - than is currently the case within the sphere and framework of Carroll's pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility.
Foreign Direct Investments, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Economic Development
Authors: Odia James O.
Published: August 2016

The increase in FDIs to developing countries has also been accompanied with rising societal expectations from the MNCs and TNCs to demonstrate more commitments to CSR. Owing to the natural resources curse, there is increasing expectations by governments, investors, consumers and local communities that businesses, particularly the MNCs and TNCs, should go beyond local regulatory compliance to earn their ‘license to operate' by demonstrating that their operations provide a beneficial impact by helping to remedy the societal problems. Although it is doubtful whether businesses will take up such responsibilities, some companies have started to engage in sustainable CSR in area of operations. Therefore, the paper recommends that conscious and sustainable CSR practices of these MNCs/TNCs must be accomplished with corporate accountability in order to have the greatest positive impact on people, environment and foster economic development.
Developing Diversity Neutral Organizational Culture
Authors: Bhattacharyya Dipak Kumar
Published: August 2016

Workplace diversity issues have now generated enormous activities in organizations. Diversity management practices are positively seen by the stakeholders, and also contribute to organizational value-stream. Worldwide through various government actions, discriminatory employment practices based on race, colour, religion, age, disability, gender, culture, and ethnicity have now been prohibited. With diverse workforces, culture of organization becomes complex. Hence organizations need to change to accommodate the principles of valuing diversity. Among others, this requires focus on changing employees' attitudes and eliminating discriminatory behaviours. Based on literature survey on organizational practices and diversity management practices of two public sector organizations, this book chapter discusses two core diversity issues, i.e., gender neutrality and cross-cultural diversity and then outlines the diversity management principles, which can benefit Indian organizations in long-term sustainability and growth.
Re-Centering Culture in Development Administration in Africa
Authors: Akinola Olabanji , Ogunbowale Mopelolade Oreoluwa
Published: August 2016

The role of culture in development remains controversial in the literature. However, within the African context, both historically and in contemporary times, arguments vilifying culture remain rife. This continues a process of decentering culture from the discourse and practice of development on the continent. This chapter argues against this trend and calls for a recentering of culture as a positive element in the administration of development in Africa. Drawing on the Nigerian experience, the chapter provides some remedies for the country in particular and the rest of Africa in general. The chapter maintains that without bringing culture back into the practice of development on the continent, current developmental challenges are likely to persist into the future.
The Influence of Migration and Crime on Development in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Ayodele Johnson Oluwole
Published: August 2016

Considering the implications of population movements for places of origin and destinations, migration has garnered significant interest in recent scholarship. To advance this objective, this chapter examines the influence of migration and crime on development in Lagos, Nigeria. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data from 310 respondents. Data were analysed. Results show that 84.4% of Hausa, Yoruba (76%), others (73.3%) and Igbo (57.8%), planned their migration to Lagos. Overall, 95.8% of the respondents acknowledged that they had no assurances of jobs before migrating to Lagos. As frustration develops, some migrants embrace crime and endanger development. The study concluded that if development is inclusive, migration will be naturally controlled as individuals will remain in their places of origin rather than constituting nuisance to development in Lagos. It therefore suggests that government should control crime so that the people can see the possible constructive interactions between migration and development.
Islamic Extremists in Africa
Authors: Dawson Maurice , Adeboje Wale
Published: August 2016

Security is a growing concern on the African continent as the Regional Economic Communities (REC) move toward economic integration. Furthermore, these regions collectively make up the African Union (AU) which has an objective to promote peace, security, and stability on the African continent. In recent years, Africa has been plagued with political uprisings, civil wars, extremists, corrupt politicians, and the battle for natural resources. In particular, Kenya and Nigeria are facing Islamic extremists that threaten the foundation of multiple nations. In both countries, they are using military force to combat these threats. This chapter provides insight into these West and East African nations and their means to provide security assurances to their citizens.
Border Security and Cooperative Initiatives to Counter Illicit Drug Trafficking
Authors: Haughton Suzette A.
Published: August 2016

The illegal flow of drugs continues to undermine states border security. The chapter utilizes a document analysis of secondary source data from the USA Homeland Security and border security agencies in Jamaica. It aims to assess the security challenges posed by the Jamaica-USA trafficking of drugs and explores how border security measures function in reducing this problem. The Container Security Initiative, Customs Trade Partnership against Terrorism, the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative, the Jamaica-USA Maritime Counter Drug Agreement (Shiprider Agreement) and the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative will be explored to assess how these border security initiatives aid in curtailing drug flows to the USA. The chapter discusses the role of border security in detection, deterrence and apprehension via coordinated intelligence driven strategies. It concludes that the trans-border nature of illegal drug flows necessitate increased state-to-state sustained future cooperation especially within the context of globalisation.
Multi-Factor Authentication and Dynamic Biometric Signatures
Authors: Smejkal Vladimír
Published: August 2016

Multi-factor authentication is a necessity for the adequate security of information systems. Dynamic biometric methods, which are increasingly being used, are based on the use of behavioral characteristics that are unique to each person. The authors of this paper will discuss the issue of the uniqueness of Dynamic Biometric Signatures (DBS) in relation to the characteristic behavior of individuals under different conditions and situations and hence the validity of the parameters required within user identification and authentication models in the world of electronics. The conclusions are based, amongst other things, on the results of experiments using dynamic biometric signatures. Attention has also been paid to the legal aspects of the DBS, including Regulation (EU) No. 910/2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market.
Battlefield Cyberspace
Authors: Dawson Maurice , Omar Marwan , Abramson Jonathan , Leonard Brian , Bessette Dustin
Published: August 2016

The threat of cyber terrorism has become a reality with recent attacks such as Stuxtnet, Flame, Sony Pictures, and North Korea's websites. As the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to become more hyperconnected it will be imperative that cyber security experts to develop new security architectures for multiple platforms such as mobile devices, laptops, embedded systems, and even wearable displays. The futures of national and international security rely on complex countermeasures to ensure that a proper security posture is maintained during this state of hyperconnectivity. To protect these systems from exploitation of vulnerabilities it is essential to understand current and future threats to include the laws that drive their need to be secured. Examined within this chapter are the potential security related threats with the use of social media, mobile devices, virtual worlds, augmented reality, and mixed reality.
A Wrapper-Based Classification Approach for Personal Identification through Keystroke Dynamics Using Soft Computing Techniques
Authors: Shanmugapriya D.  , Ganapathi Padmavathi
Published: August 2016

The password is the most widely used identity verification method in computer security domain. However, due to its simplicity, it is vulnerable to imposters. A way to strengthen the password is to combine Biometric technology with password. Keystroke dynamics is one of the behavioural biometric approaches which is cheaper and does not require any sophisticated hardware other than the keyboard. The chapter uses a new feature called Virtual Key Force along with the commonly extracted timing features. Features are normalized using Z-Score method. For feature subset selection, Particle Swarm Optimization wrapped with Extreme Learning Machine is proposed. Classification is done with wrapper based PSO-ELM approach. The proposed methodology is tested with publically available benchmark dataset and real time dataset. The proposed method yields the average accuracy of 97.92% and takes less training and testing time when compared with the traditional Back Propagation Neural Network.
Security Solutions for Intelligent and Complex Systems
Authors: Armstrong Stuart , Yampolskiy Roman V.
Published: August 2016

Superintelligent systems are likely to present serious safety issues, since such entities would have great power to control the future according to their possibly misaligned goals or motivation systems. Oracle AIs (OAI) are confined AIs that can only answer questions and do not act in the world, represent one particular solution to this problem. However even Oracles are not particularly safe: humans are still vulnerable to traps, social engineering, or simply becoming dependent on the OAI. But OAIs are still strictly safer than general AIs, and there are many extra layers of precautions we can add on top of these. This paper begins with the definition of the OAI Confinement Problem. After analysis of existing solutions and their shortcomings, a protocol is proposed aimed at making a more secure confinement environment which might delay negative effects from a potentially unfriendly superintelligence while allowing for future research and development of superintelligent systems.
Privacy and Security
Authors: Eltayeb Mohamed
Published: August 2016

The Internet of Things (IoT) has demonstrated significant potential due to its scalability and agility. As such, it has become increasingly popular and has attracted significant attention from researchers, scholars and innovators alike. The vast amount of interconnected sensors that surround us allow data to be collected, transmitted, stored, aggregated, and shared. However, this data is extremely valuable to those with malicious intent, and collecting and sharing data in the IoT environment is becoming increasingly risky. In recent years, some distinct privacy and security concerns have arisen in relation to the increasing popularity of the IOT. These concerns are not limited to privacy and security values alone, but include issues relating to trust in information security. This chapter takes a detailed look at the privacy and security threats that can arise from the use of IoT services and how they can be potentially overcome.
Prevention of Blackhole Attack using Certificateless Signature (CLS) Scheme in MANET
Authors: Kumar Vimal , Kumar Rakesh
Published: August 2016

One of the generally used routing protocols for MANET is AODV (Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector), which is vulnerable to one of the particular type of security attack called blackhole attack. The characteristics of blackhole attack, a malicious node sends a false route reply without having any fresh route to a destination and is also drop all receiving packets and replay packet in the entire network. A certificateless based signature scheme enables users to generate their public key and private key without using any certificate. Due to this reason, we do not need any certificate authority (CA). In this paper, we propose a novel CLS scheme for prevention of a blackhole attack and also provide secure communication based on CLS scheme. Simulation results show that CLS scheme prevents blackhole attack successfully and is provide better performance to other existing schemes in the presence of blackhole node and also ensuring authentication, integrity and non-repudiation.
Trust Management in Cloud Computing
Authors: Hallappanavar Vijay L. , Birje Mahantesh N.
Published: August 2016

Cloud computing is a model for enabling everywhere, suitable, on-demand network access. There are a number of challenges to provide cloud computing services and to accomplish this, it is necessary to establish trust across the cloud, between the user and the service provider. It is becoming increasingly complex for cloud users to make distinction among service providers offering similar kinds of services. There must be some mechanisms in the hands of users to determine trustworthiness of service providers so that they can select service providers with confidence and with some degree of assurance that service provider will not behave unpredictably or maliciously. An effective trust management system helps cloud service providers and consumers reap the benefits brought about by cloud computing technologies. Hence the objective of this chapter is to describe existing mechanisms that are used to determine a trust worthiness of a cloud service, various models that are used for calculating a trust value and method to establish trust management system.
Impulse Noise Filtering
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Maity Srideep
Published: August 2016

Digital images are often corrupted by various types of noises amongst which impulse noise is most prevalent. Impulse noise appears during transmission and/or acquisition of images. Intrusion of impulse noise degrades the quality of the image and causes the loss of fine image details. Reducing the effect of impulse noise from corrupted images is therefore considered as an essential task to be performed before letting the image for further processing. However, the process of noise reduction from an image should also take proper care towards the preservation of edges and fine details of an image. A number of efficient noise reduction algorithms have already been proposed in the literature over the last few decades which have nurtured this issue with utmost importance. Design and development of new two dimensional (2D) filters has grown sufficient interest amongst the researchers. This chapter attempts to throw enough light on the advancement in this field by illustratively describing existing state-of-the-art filtering techniques along with their capability of denoising impulse noises.
ECG-Based Biometrics
Authors: Majumder Swanirbhar , Pal Saurabh
Published: August 2016

Like all human beings have different fingerprints, they have differently shaped hearts. The ECG, or the electrocardiogram, is the signature of the movements by the human heart, and thus, all ECGs are different. ECG biometrics is an area of biometric identification by the usage of the ECG features in time or frequency/transform domain. Along with these, if the present-day cloud servers also come to play, one has an efficient and cost-effective ECG-based biometric system using cloud computing to provide real-time identification via a secure connection. This chapter focuses on ECG-based biometrics with an overview at the end about how cloud-based big databases of stored ECG signatures and cloud servers can play a part in it.
Image Mining
Authors: Taşci Tuğrul
Published: August 2016

In today's World, huge multi-media databases have become evident due to the fact that Internet usage has reached at a very-high level via various types of smart devices. Both willingness to come into prominence commercially and to increase the quality of services in leading areas such as education, health, security and transportation imply querying on those huge multi-media databases. It is clear that description-based querying is almost impossible on such a big unstructured data. Image mining has emerged to that end as a multi-disciplinary field of research which provides example-based querying on image databases. Image mining allows a wide variety of image retrieval and image matching applications intensely required for certain sectors including production, marketing, medicine and web publishing by combining the classical data mining techniques with the implementations of underlying fields such as computer vision, image processing, pattern recognition, machine learning and artificial intelligence.
Swarm Intelligence for Automatic Video Image Contrast Adjustment
Authors: Aparna RR
Published: August 2016

Video surveillance has become an integrated part of today's life. We are surrounded by video cameras in all the public places and organizations in our day to day life. Many useful information like face detection, traffic analysis, object classification, crime analysis can be assessed from the recorded videos. Image enhancement plays a vital role to extract any useful information from the images. Enhancing the video frames is a major part as it serves the further analysis of video sequences. The proposed paper discusses the automatic contrast adjustment in the video frames. A new hybrid algorithm was developed using the spatial domain method and Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ABC), a swarm intelligence based technique for image enhancement. The proposed algorithm was tested using the traffic surveillance images. The proposed method produced good results and better quality picture for varied levels of poor quality video frames.
Biometric Authentication for Cloud Computing
Authors: Bhatia Tarunpreet , Verma A. K.
Published: August 2016

Cloud computing is a way of providing unlimited storage capacity and enhancing parallel processing capabilities without investing in new infrastructure or licensing new software. Designing a secure data access for cloud computing platform is a big challenge as more and more information is placed over cloud by individuals and companies. It is not enough to authenticate a device, or even a user to a device. Cloud computing requires a level of trust that can only be possible through biometric identity assurance, as biometrics offer the unique ability to bind an identity to an actual user, not just to a logical or physical token or credential. This chapter evaluates cloud security by identifying unique security requirements and attempts to present viable solutions based on biometrics to eliminate possible threats. It provides a comprehensive and structured overview of biometric authentication for enhancing cloud security.
Computational Intelligence-Based Cell Nuclei Segmentation from Pap Smear Images
Authors: Balakrishnan Savitha , Parthasarathy Subashini , Marimuthu Krishnaveni
Published: August 2016

Automated Segmentation of cell nuclei in Pap smear images plays an important role in the cervical cancer cell analysis systems to make a correct diagnosis decision. The aim of this chapter is to detail about the variety of computational intelligence and image processing approaches developed and used for the nuclei segmentation. In additional, the threshold based segmentation problem is treated as an optimization problem with an objective of preserving both the size and volume of the cell nuclei and also to segment the nuclei region from the original microscopic Pap smear image with the help of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Ant Colony Optimization techniques (ACO). Experimental results are shown, compared in quantitative and qualitative manner as well as the main advantages and limitations of each algorithm are explained.
Biometrics in Cloud Computing
Authors: Adhikari Mainak
Published: August 2016

Biometric-based authentication is automatic identity verification, based on individual physiological or behavioural characteristics, such as fingerprints, voice, face, iris, etc. Over the next few years, the amount of biological data will increase rapidly and require enormous amounts of storage space and huge processing power. To face those challenges, the Service Providers are looking towards a distributed approach, Cloud Computing, which can improve the Quality of Service (QoS) of overall systems and handle the challenges quite efficiently with its unlimited storage space, and parallel processing power, using the help of virtualization technology and rapid data distribution capacity. This chapter presents the important standards and recommendation of Biometric Services in Cloud Platform and elaborates the potential value of Cloud-Based Biometric Services by presenting two important case studies.
Online Spatial HIV/AIDS Surveillance and Monitoring System for Nigeria
Authors: Idowu Peter Adebayo
Published: August 2016

HIV/AIDS has now become a big threat to the world generally, most especially the Sub-Saharan Africa region as it continues to increase drastically in the region. This disease has increased the poverty level of the countries in the region. In Nigeria, millions of people infected with this deadly disease are in their productive years between 15 and 49. This surge is having a negative effect on Nigeria and other Sub-Saharan Africa countries as it lowers life expectancy, slows population growth and social and economic effect on the country. Presently, health officers in Nigeria primarily rely on monitoring HIV/AIDS prevalence only among women attending antenatal clinics as that is the only source of getting data from HIV/AIDS patients. In the country, there is no electronic HIV/AIDS database, no electronic means of capturing HIV/AIDS data and no electronic monitoring of HIV/AIDS patients. This chapter presents a prototypical HIV/AIDS surveillance and monitoring system and the prototype was developed using Dreamweaver, PHP and MySQL. With this system, users could spatially query the pattern and distribution of any HIV/AIDS disease using any known location. Also, queries based on occupation, level of education, and gender among other things are possible with this system. Though the system was developed for Nigeria, it can also be extended to other countries within Sub-Saharan Africa region.
Before Smart Phones and Social Media
Authors: Yesil Bilge
Published: August 2016

Using social media platforms to document excessive police force at times of social unrest has become common practice among protestors around the world, from Cairo, Egypt to Ferguson, USA. Smart phones and social media have become indispensable tools to demonstrators as they organize, communicate, express dissent, and document any police brutality aimed at them. This chapter discusses the function of mobile communication technology as tool of sousveillance through an analysis of camera phones and the user-generated images in the mid-to-late 2000s. It argues that camera phones facilitated lateral surveillance and sousveillance practices, enabling ordinary individuals to watch social peers or those in power positions, albeit in non-systematic, non-continuous and spontaneous ways.