bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Diachronic Development of Subject Clitics in North Eastern Italian Dialects*
Authors: Poletto Cecilia
Published: November 2023

The aim of this paper is to provide some insight into the evolution of subject clitics of Northern Italian Dialects from the Renaissance period to the present stage. It will be shown that subject clitics are strictly related to the head of the Agreement projection. In particular it will be argued that subject clitics have been reanalyzed as heads that take on functions normally related to the Agr head in Standard Italian.
White Women ‘s Rights
Authors: Newman Louise Michele
Published: November 2023

This study reinterprets a crucial period (1870s-1920s) in the history of women's rights, focusing attention on a core contradiction at the heart of early feminist theory. At a time when white elites were concerned with imperialist projects and civilizing missions, progressive white women developed an explicit racial ideology to promote their cause, defending patriarchy for "primitives" while calling for its elimination among the "civilized." By exploring how progressive white women at the turn of the century laid the intellectual groundwork for the feminist social movements that followed, Louise Michele Newman speaks directly to contemporary debates about the effect of race on current feminist scholarship. " White Women's Rights is an important book. It is a fascinating and informative account of the numerous and complex ties which bound feminist thought to the practices and ideas which shaped and gave meaning to America as a racialized society. A compelling read, it moves very gracefully between the general history of the feminist movement and the particular histories of individual women."--Hazel Carby, Yale University
The Anomalies of Corporate Governance
Authors: Bowman Edward H , Useem Michael
Published: November 2023

Few areas of organizational life are as full of ironies as the governance of publicly traded companies. While the governing board in theory oversees the company on behalf of the owners, in practice, the board is often overseen by management. By law directors are elected by shareholders, but in fact their nomination by management is usually tantamount to election. While executives would emulate a Japanese-style long-term orientation if they could, short-term investor demands foreshorten all strategic horizons. By law managers are empowered to work on behalf of investor interests, yet in fact some investors seemingly prevent them from doing so.

Organizational ironies are curious when isolated. When they become widespread, however, they cease being curiosities and emerge as major challenges to conventional business practice. We have now reached the latter stage in the area of corporate governance. A wholesale rethinking of the theory and practice of governance is in order. Those who wish to redesign the firm need to consider not just the organizational ladder but those who peer over the top rung.
Product Innovation in Mature Firms
Authors: Dougherty Deborah , Cohen Morris A
Published: November 2023

Launching an innovative product is one thing, sustaining innovation is another. All too often, firms successfully produce one or two innovative products, then fail to replicate their success (for example, IBM’s PC or GM’s Saturn project). This is especially true for firms that have been operating in stable markets for some time. Old habits and routines can thwart attempts to become innovative, even when management sets up interdisciplinary teams, encourages coordination and information-sharing across functional lines, and embraces other tenets of concurrent engineering.

How can older organizations transform themselves so they can sustain innovation? Bringing together all the functions involved in developing a new product is important, but insufficient. Firms must also align new products with their current product offerings and their overall corporate strategy. Sustained innovation requires concurrent management, not just concurrent engineering.

The framework introduced here defines at least three critical requirements for becoming innovative. The framework is based on the concept of concurrence, or simultaneity, whereby different functions, projects, and organizational units coordinate their innovation activities. This framework goes beyond concurrent engineering, which focuses on coordination across business functions, to include two other dimensions—concurrence within the portfolio of new and existing products and concurrence with respect to different institutional levels of managemnet.
Strategies for Product Variety: Lessons from the Auto Industry
Authors: Fisher Marshall , Jain Anjani , Macduffie John Paul
Published: November 2023

Driven by the market’s “pull” for increasingly differentiated products and by manufacturers’ “push” to seek finely targeted niche segments, the variety of products offered in most industries has increased steadily over the last several decades. The “pull” comes from customers who seem to reward companies that can offer high variety while matching the price and quality of competitors with narrower product lines. Modern marketing methods accelerate this trend by identifying once-obscure specifics of consumer preferences. As more companies compete internationally, product markets become more crowded and product differentiation more important, both to make a product stand out in a popular product category and to help tailor a product to niche markets. The “push” comes from new firm capabilities as the increased sophistication and declining price of flexible, programmable automation bring the opportunity for greater product variety within the grasp of many more companies.
Ideological Dissonance in the American Legal System
Authors: O’Barr William M , Conley John M
Published: November 2023

In this essay, we present the results of a study of lay ideologies of law as revealed in the narratives told by small-claims litigants. Small-claims courts are the lowest civil courts in most American jurisdictions. They vary from state to state but are generally limited to hearing cases where the awards sought do not exceed a specified amount, usually $1,000 to $2,000. Litigants represent themselves in most instances, and some states actually prohibit lawyers from appearing in court.
Three Kinds of Subject Clitics in Basso Polesano and the Theory of pro
Authors: Poletto Cecilia
Published: November 2023

Subject clitics of the northern Italian dialects (NIDs) have been researched in a number of studies in the field of generative syntax, primarily because they seem to constitute a case of intermediate pro-drop, in which only some persons of the verb can have a null subject, while others need a subject clitic pronoun.
Jews in the Slave Trade
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

Blame Jews for participating in the Atlantic slave trade is a bit like blaming Native Americans for contributing to the oil industry that now threatens the earth with atmospheric pollution and global warming. After eastern Indian tribes were expelled westward to Oklahoma, some members of the small Osage group profited from the immense reserves of oil discovered beneath their barren and seemingly unproductive land. In the early twentieth century, after tribal leaders distributed fabulous royalties to previously indigent Indians, oil riggers were soon outnumbered by swarms of white vultures including luxury car salesmen and fancy prostitutes. Money was so plentiful that, in addition to extravagant spending, Indian oil profits also led to the founding of the great Gilcrease Museum in Tulsa.
An F Position in Western Romance
Authors: Uriagereka Juan
Published: November 2023

It is has been argued that functional categories other than C, I, and D exist. The Infl skeleton has been “split” into categories that include several Agr nodes, Tense, and Aspect; likewise, the Det skeleton has been argued to present various Agr nodes, Number, or a Possession node. Splitting the Comp skeleton has a long tradition. Reinhart’s (1979) analysis was based on the premise of two such nodes in certain languages, the origin of what is now commonly referred to as “CP recursion”. And again several nodes have been argued to correspond to the Comp skeleton, a matter I want to discuss here.
Particles
Authors: Dikken Marcel den
Published: November 2023

Particles are words that do not change their form through inflection and do not fit easily into the established system of parts of speech. Examples include the negative particle “not,” the infinitival particle “to” (as in “to go”), and do and let in “do tell me” and “let’s go.” Particles investigates the constraints on the distribution and placement of verbal particles. A proper understanding of these constraints yields insight into the structure of various secondary predicative constructions. Starting out from a detailed analysis of complex particle constructions, den Dikken brings forth accounts of triadic constructions and Dative Shift, and the relationship between dative and transitive causative constructions--all of them built on the basic structural template proposed from complex particle constructions. Drawing on data from Norwegian, English, Dutch, German, West Flemish, and other languages, this book will interest a wide audience of students and specialists.
Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we saw that the distinctive approach of Western philosophy to knowledge has profoundly shaped the way organizational theorists treat knowledge. The Cartesian split be tween subject and object, the knower and the known, has given birth to a view of the organization as a mechanism for “information processing.” According to this view, an organization processes information from the external environment in order to adapt to new circumstances. Although this view has proven to be effective in explaining how organizations function, it has a fundamental limitation. From our perspective, it does not really explain innovation. When organizations innovate, they do not simply process information, from the outside in, in order to solve existing problems and adapt to a changing environment. They actually create new knowledge and information, from the inside out, in order to redefine both problems and solutions and, in the process, to re-create their environment.
Language and National Development
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

Twenty years ago an international, interdisciplinary conference on language and national development was held at the Airlie House conference center in Warrenton, Virginia, under the sponsorship of the Social Science Research Council (USA). One of the results of that conference was the volume edited by Fishman and colleagues, Language Problems of Developing Nations, published in 1968. Although there has been a considerable number of research and policy initiatives in this general area during the succeeding years, no international conference of comparable scope has been held and no comparable volume has appeared. Accordingly, one of the purposes of the Hyderabad conference is to assess the progress made since the Airlie House conference. India, which has been the site of an impressive amount of research and policy implementation with respect to language issues in national development, provides an ideal venue for the successor conference, and as one of the “sociolinguistic giants” provides an excellent exemplar through which we can examine the general issues and explanatory principles.
Plastic Glasses and Church Fathers
Authors: Kronenfeld David B
Published: November 2023

Kronenfeld aims to present a comprehensive understanding of the process by which we use words in speech to refer to things in the world, and to develop a theory of the semantics of natural language which can account adequately for native speakers' intuitions regarding word meanings and their word usage.
Tails that Wag Dogs: The Influence of Software-based “Network Externalities” on the Creation of Dominant, Designs in RISC Technologies
Authors: Khazam Jonathan , Mowery David C
Published: November 2023

Innovation in the computer workstation hardware and software industry has been rapid since the development of workstations in the early 1980s. Workstations based on reduced-instruction-set computing (RISC) microprocessors recently have challenged (and in some cases have overtaken) those designed around complex-instruction-set computing (CISC) processors. This chapter explores the history and development of RISC and the commercialization strategies of Sun Microsystems, the former MIPS Computer Systems, and other producers of microprocessors and workstations.
A Comparative Look at Property Rights and the Software Industry
Authors: Merges Robert P
Published: November 2023

The growing importance of intellectual property rights affects many industries. The questions raised by strengthening rights, and the increase in enforcement actions this brings, are not restricted to any industry in particular. But the questions seem especially acute in some industries-those in which the policies sought to be furthered by strengthening rights are most in doubt. For a variety of reasons, the software industry is one of these. There is one well-known reason why intellectual property policy affects the software industry so much: because of the nature of software, firms cannot appropriate much of the benefit of product innovation without some form of legal protection. 1 Even with relatively strong legal protection, outright piracy still skims off several billion dollars in revenues in the United States alone.
Tracking Desiderata for Law-Making Institutions
Authors: Gaus Gerald F
Published: November 2023

Let us suppose that liberal citizens have partially completed their constitutional task: They have achieved widespread, though of course not complete, consensus on what substantive principles are publicly justified. We have seen that liberal citizens committed to public justification would restrict the set of feasible procedures to those that umpire through law. A justified umpiring procedure must conform to the internal morality of the law, including the principle of equality; it must specify and respect the rights of citizens; and it must respect fundamental law. The critical justificatory task now confronts our liberal citizens: To justify an umpiring procedure to resolve their disputes about the proper interpretation of the demands of fundamental law. The complete umpiring procedure will be complex; it requires both (1) a legislative procedure that adjudicates citizens’ competing inconclusive judgments about the requirements of liberal principles by formulating laws, which are the definitive voice of public reason, and (2) a judicial system to adjudicate competing judgments about the application of laws to specific cases. In addition, a complete account of the juridical state would have to consider the justification of the executive, which enforces the definitive public judgments articulated by law. In what follows, however, I shall focus on the main adjudicative functions of government. In chapters 13-15 I examine legislative adjudicative procedures; I turn to the judiciary in chapter 16.
Introduction
Authors: Williams Joan
Published: November 2023

The common assumption is that we are seeing the demise of domesticity in America. Domesticity is a gender system comprising most centrally of both the particular organization of market work and family work that arose around 1780, and the gender norms that justify, sustain, and reproduce that organization. Before then, market work and family work were not sharply separated in space or time. By the turn of the nineteenth century this way of life was changing, as domesticity set up the system of men working in factories and offices, while women (in theory) stayed behind to rear the children and tend the “home sweet home.”
The American Street Gang
Authors: Klein Malcolm W
Published: November 2023

When the Soviet Union collapsed, the White House announced with great fanfare that 100 FBI counterintelligence agents would be reassigned. Their new target: street gangs. Americans—filled with fear of crack-dealing gangs—cheered the decision, as did many big-city police departments. But this highly publicized move could be an experience in futility, suggests Malcolm Klein: for one thing, most street gangs have little to do with the drug trade. The American Street Gang provides the finest portrait of this subject ever produced—a detailed accounting, through statistics, interviews, and personal experience, of what street gangs are, how they have changed, their involvement in drug sales, and why we have not been able to stop them. Klein has been studying street gangs for more than thirty years, and he brings a sophisticated understanding of the problem to bear in this often surprising book. In contrast to the image of rigid organization and military-style leadership we see in the press, he writes, street gangs are usually loose bodies of associates, with informal and multiple leadership. Street gangs, he makes clear, are quite distinct from drug gangs—though they may share individual members. In a drug-selling operation tight discipline is required—the members are more like employees—whereas street gangs are held together by affiliation and common rivalries, with far less discipline. With statistics and revealing anecdotes, Klein offers a strong critique of the approach of many law enforcement agencies, which have demonized street gangs while ignoring the fact that they are the worst possible bodies for running disciplined criminal operations—let alone colonizing other cities. On the other hand, he shows that street gangs do spur criminal activity, and he demonstrates the shocking rise in gang homicides and the proliferation of gangs across America. Ironically, he writes, the liberal approach to gangs advocated by many (assigning a social worker to a gang, organizing non-violent gang activities) can actually increase group cohesion, which leads to still more criminal activity. And programs to erode that cohesion, Klein tells us from personal experience, can work—but they require intensive, exhausting effort. Street gangs are a real and growing problem in America—but the media and many law enforcement officials continue to dispense misleading ideas about what they are and what they do. In The American Street Gang, Malcolm Klein challenges these assumptions with startling new evidence that must be understood if we are to come to grips with this perceived crisis.
Integrating Suppliers into Fast-Cycle Product Development
Authors: Liker Jeffrey K , Kamath Rajan R , Wasti S Nazli , Nagamachi Mitsuo
Published: November 2023

Japanese companies are frequently cited as world-class models of effective manufacturer-supplier relationships (Clark & Fujimoto, 1991; Cusumano & Takeishi, 1991; Helper, 1991; Smitka, 1991; Womack, Jones, & Roos, 1990). The Japanese approach includes such features as a high percentage of outsourced (as opposed to internally produced) parts, long-term relationships with a small number of dedicated suppliers, and the early involvement of suppliers in the design process (Clark & Fujimoto, 1991). The close working relationship with outside suppliers in product development is cited as one way that Japanese auto manufacturers have reduced their product development time from approved concept to production to under three years, whereas U.S. auto companies usually take four or more years to develop new vehicles. An automobile consists of 10,000 to 20,000 separate parts, and in Japan about 70 percent of these parts are purchased from outside suppliers (Smitka, 1991). Therefore, any serious attempt to engage in concurrent engineering and reduce product-development time must provide a role for parts suppliers.
Claiming Power in Doctor–Patient Talk
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy
Published: November 2023

Nancy Ainsworth-Vaughn studied stories, topic control, "true" questions, and rhetorical questions in 101 medical encounters in US private-practice settings. In exceptionally lucid and accessible style, Ainsworth-Vaughn explains how power was claimed by and co-constructed for both patients and doctors (previous studies have focused upon doctors' power). The discourse varied along a continuum from interview-like talk to conversational talk. Six chapters are organized around data and include extended examples of actual talk in detailed transcription; four of these data-oriented chapters focus upon dynamic, moment-to-moment use of speech activities in emerging discourse, such as doctors' and patients' stories that co-constructed selves, and a patient's sexual rhetorical questions. Two more chapters offer non-statistical quantitative data on the frequency of questioning and sudden topic changes in relation to gender, diagnosis, and other factors. Contributing to discourse theory, Ainsworth-Vaughn significantly modifies previous definitions for topic transitions and rhetorical questions and discovers the role of storytelling in diagnosis. The final chapter provides implications for physicians and medical educators.
Free Public Reason
Authors: D’Agostino Fred
Published: November 2023

This book examines the idea of public justification, stressing its importance but also questioning the coherence of the concept itself. D’Agostino shows that the concept is composed of various values, interests, and notions of the good, and that no ranking of these is possible. The notion of public justification is thus shown to be itself contestable. In showing this to be so, D’Agostino undermines many current political theories that rely on the concept of public justification, including those by Rawls, Waldron, and Nagel.
Peruvian Independence Day
Authors: Harvey Penelope
Published: November 2023

Peruvian Independence is commemorated annually on 28th July. Throughout the nation, this date is marked as significant by official ceremonies, speeches, parades, and other public displays of “patriotic civic consciousness”. In many small Andean towns, these official ceremonies are followed by sporting events and in some places by a bullfight, which is billed as the highlight and grand finale of the celebrations.
Writing from Within
Authors: Lienhard Martin
Published: November 2023

Before the European conquest, the autochthonous societies of the continent to the west of Europe carried out their basic semiotic practices within a communicative framework which-but only for the sake of contrast with those systems which privilege (even fetishise) writing-I shall call “oral”. The colonial and modern groups made up of their descendants (direct or indirect), despite having reproduced a similar system for their own internal purposes, not only interiorised the writing fetishism (cf. Platt, in this volume), but succeeded in mastering writing for the purpose of dialogue with the “other”.
Symbols and Organizations: From Barnard to the lnstitutionalists
Authors: Scott W Richard
Published: November 2023

An important benefit of receiving invitations to participate in events such as that being celebrated by the present volume is that it forces us to do what we should be doing as a matter of course: reread the classics. And Chester I. Barnard’s Functions of the Executive is a classic! I had forgotten how many of our current ideas concerning organizations stem from his early ingenuity; and I was surprised to find, tucked in among the more familiar arguments, neglected suggestions and unexpected insights.
The Politics of Structural Choice: Toward a Theory of Public Bureaucracy
Authors: Moe Terry M
Published: November 2023

Political scientists have long relied on organization theory as their foundation for understanding public bureaucracy. This approach makes good sense, but so far the payoffs have been rather limited. The surface problem is that organization theory, as the creature of sociologists, social psychologists, and, in more recent years, economists, has developed around explanatory concerns having little or nothing to do with government. The more fundamental problem is that political scientists have allowed this to happen by largely abandoning the field of organizations.
Games of Stance :Conflict and Footing in Hopscotch
Authors: Goodwin Marjorie Harness
Published: November 2023

Recent work in the social sciences has reified stereotypes of gender differences in children; girls are reputedly more interested in cooperative interaction and a morality based on principles of relatedness, relationships, care, equity, flexibility, and responsibility, whereas boys are concerned with dominance and an ethic based on principles of objectivity, individual rights, and rule-governed justice. For ex ample, psychologists Miller, Danaher, and Forbes (1986:543) write that while boys are “more concerned with and more forceful in pursuing their own agendae ... girls are more concerned with maintaining interpersonal harmony.”
Multiple Codes, Multiple Identities: Puerto Rican Children in New York City
Authors: Zentella Ana Celia
Published: November 2023

Discussions of multicultural diversity often stress differences and similarities among groups at the expense of intragroup diversity. Latinos in the United States number 22 million and have roots in twenty nations. In New York City, where the children who are the subject of this chapter live, 50% of the city’s l. 7 million Latinos are Puerto Ricans, but Dominicans and Colombians have been growing at a faster pace over the last decade. There are also significant numbers of Cubans, Ecuadorians, Mexicans, Salvadorians, Hondurans, and Nicaraguans, each with distinct immigration, geographic, racial, and economic patterns. Latinos constituted 24% of the city’s population in 1990; that proportion is expected to reach 30% in the year 2000 with Latinos outnumbering African Americans and other minorities by the year 2010 (Bouvier & Briggs 1988).
Working through Language
Authors: Heath Shirley Brice
Published: November 2023

Poetry speaks rarely of older children. In contrast to their younger counterparts, youth attract little attention except when adults express frustration when they fail to understand the differences they see between the child that was and the preteen or teen that now is. The older child’s gyrations between likes and dislikes, inaction and constant motion, noise and silence, silliness and wisdom strike adults as inex plicable. Overheard language and attempted conversations with youth leave adults at a loss as to how much of a mutual communication system they actually share with young people.
Health Prospects for Children Born to HIV-Infected Women
Authors: Hutton Nancy
Published: November 2023

In making reproductive decisions, women may consider a number of different issues affecting many domains of their lives. A particularly poignant one for women with HIV infection is the potential for their children also to be HIV infected and what that might mean for their children’s well-being. This discus sion reviews what is currently known about the risks of mother-to-child transmis sion of HIV, the natural history of HIV disease in children, and the health interventions available to children infected with HIV.

As of June 1994, the CDC reports 5,734 cases of AIDS in children under the age of 13 years. Of the cases reported, 19% are white, 56% African-American, 24% Hispanic, and fewer than 1% were Asian/Pacific Islander or Native American. Eighty-nine percent of children with AIDS were born to women with, or at risk of, HIV infection, though almost all new cases of HIV infection in children are the result of mother-to-child transmission given that transfusion-associated trans mission virtually has been eliminated.HIV infection is currently the seventh leading cause of death for children aged 1–4 years.
The Bounded Career and the Demise of the Civil Society
Authors: Perrow Charles
Published: November 2023

From the late nineteenth century to about 1973, U.S. organizations-public and private-steadily increased in size. Since 1973, selected evidence has shown that for-profit organizations have been decreasing in size; for example, the size of the top Fortune 500 has declined by about 8%. (I do not know of similar data on non profit and government organizations.) This decrease is small and predictions of the demise of the giant corporation are premature; indeed, the merger rate increased in the first half of the 1990s. Nevertheless, the downsizing of for-profit organizations has prompted attention to boundary less careers, as evidenced in this book. I welcome anything that increases one’s independence from large organizations (Perrow, 1992). I am also sure that for a small minority of the workforce, new technologies and structures make it possible for more people than ever before (in this century) to have a career that takes more of its gratification from exercising one’s skills and enjoying satisfaction from one’s output, rather than from wages and benefits.
Moving In, Up, or Out: Tournaments and Other Institutional Signals of Career Attainments
Authors: Rosenbaum James E , Miller Shazia Rafiullah
Published: November 2023

The company man, if not entirely extinct, is a rapidly dying species. As with many endangered species, his environment has changed and become inhospitable, and a new species, more adaptive to the changed environment, is taking his place. This person is known as the mobile worker, and the environment is the boundaryless career. Mobile workers identify themselves by the skills and positions they have achieved, not by their affiliation with a particular institution. Their careers are delineated not by the traditional constraints of an institution, but only by their ability to navigate the new boundaryless terrain. While the old company man moved up the company ladder, mobile workers move up any ladders onto which they can get a foot. They rise in their careers by hopping from firm to firm, with an eye toward ever-better positions, and the firms which employ them often benefit by gaining ambitious employees who bring new ideas, creativity, and the enthusiasm of new blood.
Cognitive Foundations of Grammar
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: November 2023

The main function of language is to convey meaning. Therefore, argues Bernd Heine in these pages, the question of why language is structured the way it is must first of all be answered with reference to this function. Linguistic explanations offered in terms of other exponents of language structure (for example, syntax) are likely to highlight peripheral or epiphenomenal—rather than central—characteristics of language structure. Heine provides a solid introductory treatment of the ways in which language structure (that is, grammar) and language usage can be explained with reference to the processes underlying human conceptualization and communication. Exploring and area of linguistics that has developed only recently and is rapidly expanding, Cognitive Foundations of Grammar will appeal to students of linguistics, psychology, and anthropology, especially those interested in grammaticalization processess.
Prefixed-verbs and Adjunct Identification
Authors: Sciullo Anna-Maria Di
Published: November 2023

Prefixes pose an interesting puzzle. In some cases, they seem to determine the category as well as the argument structure of the projections they are a part of, and in other cases they do not seem to have this effect. The question then arises of whether prefixes are heads or not, and if not, what kind of categories they are. Also puzzling is how to determine the licensing conditions they are subject to. Even though they are bound morphemes, they share properties with prepositions and adverbs, and the question arises of whether prefixes, prepositions, and adverbs are subject to the same conditions. Another piece of the puzzle to explain is why there is variation in prefixation among languages that do not exhibit major differences with respect to the distribution of prepositions and adverbs. A modular theory of grammar, along the lines of Chomsky (1993, 1994) and Di Sciullo (1990, 1993), provides a principled approach to this set of questions.
On the Syntax and Semantics of Local Anaphors in French and English
Authors: Pierre Pica , William Snyder
Published: November 2023

Local anaphors in French and in English have a variety of lexical and morphological properties that are unexpected on conventional approaches to Binding theory. We propose an account in which these characteristics follow from the fact that reflexives are essentially pronominals. On our approach, Principle This the core of Binding theory, and the surprising properties of local anaphors derive from the need for local anaphors to escape Principle B. We argue that all local anaphors are bimorphemic (sometimes in contrast to surface appearances), and that this structure is related to a semantics of “partition,” by which local anaphors escape Principle B. In support of these views, we present a variety of facts that follow in a natural way from our syntactic and semantic proposals, but that to our knowledge have not previously been explained within the framework of generative grammar. Our theory is shown to have a modular character, with distinct roles attributed to Principle B, the morphological structure of local anaphors, and the broader architecture of human cognition.
Les Molles et les chausses: Mapping the Isle of Hermaphrodites in Premodern France
Authors: Conner Randy
Published: November 2023

“Chest le langage Fracases, ‘” Pauline M. Smith writes of the French language as spoken and written in the sixteenth century in her introduction to Henri Estienne ‘s Deluxe dialogues du nouveau langageJranrois (1578), “with its mania for adverbs, extravagant metaphors, outrageous obscenities” (Estienne 1980: 23). In Philibert­ Joseph Le Roux ‘s Dictionnaire comique (1786), we find that to” ‘faire une fricassee ‘ signifie faire une melange de plusieurs choses ensemble,” that is, “it signifies ‘to create a mixture by blending several items together” ‘ (Le Roux 1786: v. I, 546). Late-twentieth-century writers, including Terence Cave in The Cornucopian Text: Problems of Writing in the French Renaissance (1979) and Giancarlo Maiorino in The Cornucupian Mind and the Baroque Unity of the Arts (1990), have, as one may decipher from their respective titles, described the sensibility that produced this “langage fricasse” as “cornucopian: ‘ To arrive at his conception of “cornucopian” language, Cave draws on the works of the philosopher Erasmus (1469-1536), who tells us, “Nature herself rejoices particularly in variety, for there is nothing anywhere in the immense multitude of things which she has left unpainted with the wonderful coat of variety ‘ ‘ (22), and on the image of Gargantua ‘s codpiece in Rabelais ‘s (1490-ca. 1553) satire Gargantua and Pantagruel. This giant ‘s codpiece, we learn, “took twenty-four and a quarter yards” of cloth and was “set with rich diamonds, precious rubies, rare turquoises, magnificent emeralds, and Persian pearls (Rabelais 1981: 55): ‘
Sappho, or the Importance of Culture in the Language of Love: Tribade, Lesbienne, Homosexuelle
Authors: Bonnet Marie-Jo
Published: November 2023

Although we now recognize that love between women has always existed, the terms used to describe it have varied over the years. The word lesbienne gained its present meaning only in the second half of the nineteenth century, while homosexually was created at the end of the nineteenth century, appearing in a French dictionary for the first time in the 1904 supplement to the Nouveau Larousse illustre. Before this period, only one term was commonly used in French; this was tribade, a word of Greek origin, that was brought to France during the Renaissance by Latin writers and adopted into the French language in the middle of the sixteenth century.
‘Narrative Iconicity in Electronic- Mail Lesbian Coming-Out Stories
Authors: Wood Kathleen M
Published: November 2023

Because mainstream heterosexist society would have it that everyone be hetero­ sexual until proven otherwise, gay men and lesbians have, throughout the course of a lifetime, an infinite number of situations in which we must experience and reveal ourselves as “other! ‘ Although not every gay man or lesbian makes a conscious decision to “come out of the closet” and declare his or her homosexuality, those who do often recount these experiences in coming-out stories. Penelope and Wolfe (1989:10) explain that coming-out stories often describe a process of self­ recognition and acceptance that extends over years, even decades.
“Falling Short of God ‘s Ideal”: Public Discourse about Lesbians and Gays
Authors: Morrish Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Since consenting homosexual acts between men, in private, were made legal in Great Britain in 1967, gay sex and the gay lifestyle have been brought further and further within the remit of the criminal and civil law. Discriminatory reforms and accompaJJ.ying public statements have been couched in a discourse that transmits and maintains homophobic attitudes. Lesbians and gays in Britain have not been slow to realize that public discourse, including the language of the law and pro­ nouncements by politicians, journalists, educators, chief constables, and leading churchmen, has a powerful ideological effect. I shall take as a starting point Gunther Kress ‘s (1988) definition of the effects of ideology as “imposing a prior and systematically organized set of values on nature and on the objects of other cultures-as though they too were nature” (69).
Not Talking Straight in Hausa
Authors: Gaudio Rudolf p.
Published: November 2023

‘Yan daudu, Hausa-speaking men who talk and act like women, employ so-called indirect forms of speech in ways that are widely perceived to be annoying and insulting, artful and clever. Although a number of sociolinguists have discussed in­ directness in relation to women ‘s politeness and powerlessness (e.g., Lakoff1975; Brown 1993), the uses ‘yan daudu make of certain so-called indirect speech gen­ res, primarily karin magana ‘proverbs ‘ and habaici ‘innuendo, insinuation ‘, suggest that sociolinguists must broaden the scope of their analyses to investigate the resistive and confrontational qualities of indirectness as well. The familiar and humorous nature of many of ‘yen dude ‘s indirect utterances supports Deborah Tannen ‘s (1993) call to consider the ways in which indirectness enhances rapport and solidarity among speakers. Indeed, the (not always so) indirect insults that ‘yen daudu throw at each other reflect their participation in a culturally situated conversational style that includes often intense sparring among friends (cf Labov 1974; Tannen 1981; Schiffrin 1984; Hall this volume).
“Today There Is No Respect”: Nostalgia, “Respect,ȍ and Oppositional Discourse in Mexicano (Nahuatl) Language Ideology
Authors: Hill Jane H
Published: November 2023

“Today there is no respect” (āxān āmo cah respēto) is one formula of a discursive system through which speakers of Mexicano (Nahuatl) in the Malinche Volcano region of Central Mexico express “nostalgia” about days gone by, in achto. The discourse of nostalgia consists of formulaic pronouncements on a restricted list of themes: in achto, language was unmixed; no one knew, or needed to know, castilla ‘Spanish’ but instead spoke puro mexicano. In Mexicano, ritual kinsmen greeted each other on the village paths, parents commanded children, and neighbors spoke to each other of the ancient tasks of cultivation. Work was hard, but goods were cheap, measured in traditional quantities and paid for with small coins with ancient names. People ate traditional foods with Mexicano labels, especially neuctli ‘pulque’, fermented from the sap of agaves. The interactional qualities of in achto can be summarized as in achto ōcatca respēto ‘in those days, there was respect’. Today people are educated and know Spanish, but the Spanish is full of errors, and children come out of school groseros--that is, rude and disrespectful.
Linguistic Ideology and Praxis in U.S. Law School Classrooms
Authors: Mertz Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

This article explores the relationship between linguistic ideology and praxis through an examination of the language of U.S. law school classrooms. These classrooms afford an exciting opportunity for examining the socially powerful role of linguistic ideology as it intersects with and regiments linguistic practice. The language of professional socialization is at once a key part of the process whereby social identities are forged and changed and an expression of the epistemologies of professional cultures that have important connections with the power structures of our society.
Mediating Unity and Diversity
Authors: Spitulnik Debra
Published: November 2023

The central concern of this chapter is to investigate the role of powerful institutions in the production and reproduction of language ideologies. While language ideologies are most readily identifiable in explicit metalinguistic discourse (i.e., language about language), I demonstrate here how language ideologies are also embodied in a very fundamental and implicit sense within the everyday practices of institutions.
Language Ideologies in Institutions of Power
Authors: Philips Susan U
Published: November 2023

Chapters 7, 8, and 9 in Part II are distinguished from those in the rest of this book by their focus on language ideology in specific institutional settings. Jan Blommaert and Jef Verschueren (chapter 9) deal with language ideology promulgated by Western European newspapers. Debra Spitulnik (chapter 8) addresses language ideology in Zambian radio broadcasting. And Elizabeth Mertz (chapter 7) focuses her attention on language ideology in classrooms in law schools, which are both legal and educational institutions. Like Errington, and Schieffelin and Doucet in chapters 13 and 14, Part III of this book, these authors are concerned with language ideologies that play a role in the constitution of nation-states as political and social units, but the chapters I am concerned with here provide analyses that are more connected to a specific institutional context.
Communities and Crime
Authors: Wikstrom Per-Olof H
Published: November 2023

The idea that communities (and change) have a strong influence on crime and offending is central within criminology. It is probably as important as the idea that individual characteristics and individual development are crucial for understanding offending. However, the links between the two approaches are not well developed. In recent decades there has been increasing awareness that if criminology is to advance, more attention must be given to integration of individual and ecological/environmental approaches (e.g., Reiss 1986; Bottoms 1993; LeBlanc 1993). It boils down to the classical question of how individuals and environments interact.
Crime Prevention
Authors: Bennett Trevor
Published: November 2023

During the latter half of the nineteenth century, crime control in many advanced industrial societies was provided primarily by a small number of national institutions. In England and Wales, the new police (first established in London in 1829, with the specific task of preventing crime) were seen as important providers of crime control through the potential deterrent effect of street patrols, their powers relating to public order, and their powers of arrest (Critchley 1978). The use of imprisonment as a national strategy for crime control also grew throughout the nineteenth century as the primary means of punishing, deterring, and reforming convicted offenders (Emsley 1994). During the early part of the twentieth century, the probation service was established with the objective of providing (among other things) various forms of therapeutic regime in order to control criminality by reforming offenders (May 1994). At the time of the inception of each of these national organizations in England and similar institutions in most other Western countries, there was a strong conviction that they would provide an effective means of controlling crime and criminality. However, by the second half of the twentieth century, some of the presumed benefits of these institutions came into question, and by the early 1970s (in part inspired by the findings of criminological research) there was substantial loss of faith in the ability of any of these institutions to control crime (Clarke and Hough 1980; Brody 1976; Lipton, Martinson, and Wilks 1975).
Osler
Authors: Bryan Charles S
Published: November 2023

Sir William Osler (1849-1919), one of the world’s most influential physicians at the turn of the twentieth century, remained popular long after his death largely due to his inspirational texts. Regretfully, changing times and literary tastes have lessened the impact of Osler’s addresses despite the timelessness of his ideals and practical advice. Charles Bryan has successfully mended the disfavour in the present volume. Framing the great physician’s message in contemporary, easily accessible terms, he allows modern readers to rediscover the immense appeal and pragmatism of Osler’s invigorating writings. This volume is based on the author’s conviction that Osler was, above all, a motivator. He set high personal goals, achieved them, and inspired others to do the same. Bryan merges what Osler wrote, said, and did with the main themes of today’s motivational literature—time management, mentoring, positive thinking, and seeking a balanced life are some examples. He also draws upon the great writers—Shakespeare, Cervantes, Montaigne, Plutarch, and others—whom Osler prescribed as bedside reading for his medical students. Osler emerges as a real-life human being, not a paper saint, but a person who sought the best from his culture and knowledge, and managed to give his best in return. Readers will find this book useful not only as an index to Oslerian thought but also as a guide to principle-based yet pragmatic everyday living.
Taking an Ethical Approach to Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Hitt Michael A , Harrison Jeffrey S , Ireland R Duane
Published: November 2023

In July 1996, Al Dunlap, sometimes referred to as “chainsaw Al” because of his penchant for drastically downsizing firms and selling off assets, was hired as CEO to help turn around Sunbeam Corporation. True to his nickname, actions by Dunlap included laying off almost 50 percent of Sunbeam’s 12,000 employees and reducing the firm’s product offerings. In 1996, he took extremely large write-offs against profits amounting to $338 million, including $100 million of inventory.
Studies on the Metabolic Fate of ($)-Nicotine and Its Pyrrolic Analog –Nicotyrine
Authors: Castagnoli Neal , Liu Xin , Shigenaga Mark K , Wardrop, Richard , Castagnoli Kay
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the possibility that nicotine, and/or some of the minor tobacco alkaloids, may be biotransformed to chemically reactive intermediates that, following chronic exposure, could give rise to health hazards, including cancer. It will be useful to define the metabolic profile of (S)-nicotine in order to identify possible chemical links to the biological properties of this important component. This chapter examines the pathways responsible for these conversions and the metabolic fate of the cyclic tertiary amine (S)-nicotine (1) and its pyrrolic analognicotyrine (2) (Fig. 6-1), with particular emphasis on the possible formation of chemically reactive metabolites that may contribute to the adverse health outcomes associated with chronic tobacco use.
Abuse Liability of Nicotine
Authors: Stitzer Maxine L , de Wit Harriet
Published: November 2023

Abuse liability is one aspect of a drug’s pharmacology that must be considered in evaluating toxicity. It is usually regarded as an undesirable property of drugs, leading to dependence and associated physical and behavioral hazards. If a compound is found to have high abuse liability, measures to restrict access by the general population may be required. Restricted access may thus be needed even in the case of medically useful compounds such as nicotine replacement products, developed for use as smoking cessation aids.