bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient Legendre spectral tau algorithm for solving the two-sided space–time Caputo fractional advection–dispersion equation
Authors: Bhrawy AH , Zaky MA , Tenreiro Machado JA
Published: January 2015

In this paper we present the operational matrices of the left Caputo fractional derivative, right Caputo fractional derivative and Riemann–Liouville fractional integral for shifted Legendre polynomials. We develop an accurate numerical algorithm to solve the two-sided space–time fractional advection–dispersion equation (FADE) based on a spectral shifted Legendre tau (SLT) method in combination with the derived shifted Legendre operational matrices. The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. We propose a spectral SLT method, both in temporal and spatial discretizations for the two-sided space–time FADE. This technique reduces the two-sided space–time FADE to a system of algebraic equations that simplifies the problem. Numerical results carried out to confirm the spectral accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. By selecting relatively few Legendre polynomial degrees, we are able to get very accurate approximations, demonstrating the utility of the new approach over other numerical methods.
Emergent data-driven approaches to school improvement: The journey of three schools through self-evaluation
Authors: Karagiorgi Yiasemina , Nicolaidou Maria , Yiasemis Christos , Georghiades Petros
Published: January 2015

This article aims to illustrate a school self-evaluation project implemented in three Cyprus primary schools. The project adopted three theoretical assumptions, namely, an orientation towards school improvement, a participatory school-level approach allowing support from a critical friend and a focus on effective teaching. In line with a seven-stage model, the project employed action-research strategies, involving data collection to inform the development of school plans. To highlight paths towards school improvement in the particular context, the article discusses researchers’ and participants’ perspectives. Repercussions are then drawn for the implementation of similar practices, drawing on the roles of teachers, school leaders and critical friends, as well as appropriate resources, in support of self-evaluative activity.
Sociologies of terrorism: Holographic metaphors for qualitative research
Authors: Howie Luke , Kelly Peter
Published: January 2015

In the years following 9/11, we spoke to residents of an Australian city who had witnessed the attacks on television in a research process that we came to describe as holographic. This metaphor emerged as we struggled to represent data generated in these interviews. This struggle over meaning provoked us to ask fundamental questions about the collection of knowledge in sociologies of terrorism – about the encounter of Self–Other in interviews; the embodied, situated location of researcher and researched in such encounters; how this location exists in particular configurations of time and space but is continually re-animated in other configurations of time and space as processes of meaning-making unfold in the production of a variety of texts (recordings, transcripts, papers, articles). To study terrorism, researchers grapple, knowingly or not, with an unstable and volatile concept. It is a volatility that should be embraced, not marginalised, in sociological research into terrorism.
The Therapeutic Efficacy of Domestic Violence Victim Interventions
Authors: Hackett Shannon , McWhirter Paula T. , Lesher Susan
Published: January 2015

A meta-analysis on domestic violence interventions was conducted to determine overall effectiveness of mental health programs involving women and children in joint treatment. These interventions were further analyzed to determine whether outcomes are differentially affected based on the outcome measure employed. To date, no meta-analyses have been published on domestic violence victim intervention efficacy. The 17 investigations that met study criteria yielded findings indicating that domestic violence interventions have a large effect size ( d = .812), which decreases to a medium effect size when compared to control groups ( d = .518). Effect sizes were assessed to determine whether treatment differed according to the focus of the outcome measure employed: (a) external stress (behavioral problems, aggression, or alcohol use); (b) psychological adjustment (depression, anxiety, or happiness); (c) self-concept (self-esteem, perceived competence, or internal locus of control); (d) social adjustment (popularity, loneliness, or cooperativeness); (e) family relations (mother–child relations, affection, or quality of interaction); and (f) maltreatment events (reoccurrence of violence, return to partner). Results reveal that domestic violence interventions across all outcome categories yield effects in the medium to large range for both internalized and externalized symptomatology. Implications for greater awareness and support for domestic violence treatment and programming are discussed.
Blinded by the light: why the treatment of metastatic melanoma has created a new paradigm for the management of cancer
Authors: Lindsay Colin R. , Spiliopoulou Pavlina , Waterston Ashita
Published: January 2015

Until recently, treatment for metastatic melanoma was characterised by a limited availability of treatment options that offer objective survival benefit. Cytotoxic agents fundamentally lack the ability to achieve disease control and cytokine therapy with interleukin-2 has an unacceptably high – for the use across all patient cohorts – rate of toxicities. The validation of braf as an oncogene driving melanoma tumorigenesis, as well as the discovery of the role of CTLA-4 receptor in the evasion of anticancer immune response by melanoma, has revolutionised our treatment options against a disease with dismal prognosis. Quick implementation of translational discoveries brought about BRAF/MEK inhibition in clinic, while at the same time, wider experience with CTLA-4 blockade enabled clinicians to manage previously fatal immune-related toxicities with greater confidence. The suitability for clinical use of other oncogenic drivers such as NRAS and c-kit is currently being tested whilst the PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 axis has emerged as a new immunotherapy target with exciting early phase results. The recent exponential progress in treatment of melanoma has set an example of translational medicine and the current review aims to explain why, as well as suggesting new goals for the future.
Forecasting elections in Europe: Synthetic models
Authors: Lewis-Beck Michael S. , Dassonneville Ruth
Published: January 2015

Scientific work on national election forecasting has become most developed for the United States case, where three dominant approaches can be identified: Structuralists, Aggregators, and Synthesizers. For European cases, election forecasting models remain almost exclusively Structuralist. Here we join together structural modeling and aggregate polling results, to form a hybrid, which we label a Synthetic Model. This model contains a political economy core, to which poll numbers are added (to tap omitted variables). We apply this model to a sample of three Western European countries: Germany, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. This combinatory strategy appears to offer clear forecasting gains, in terms of lead and accuracy.
Modernization of Legal Education in India: The Interdisciplinary Approach to Education
Authors: Sengupta Arpita , Rakshit Devrupa
Published: January 2015

This article endeavours to present a succinct analysis of the legal education system in India in the context of changes inspired in it by globalization and the subsequent modernization of society. The introduction reconnoitres the significance of legal education in any civilization. Encompassing the evolution of legal education by tracing its emergence from the Vedic period to the twenty-first century, the article reflects profoundly upon the rise of the national law universities across the country, which not only revolutionized the system, but also changed the manner in which legal education was perceived by the society. While scrutinizing their controversial aspects, the article acknowledges the debates that have been spurred amongst legal luminaries since their inception. Addressing the core issues in the deliberations surrounding the ongoing debate over the 5-year curriculum as opposed to a 4-year curriculum coupled with a year of compulsory internship experience, the article proceeds to analyze the feasibility of the model in the Indian context. While expounding the progressive and regressive elements of the legal education system in India, the article intends to cast a cursory glance upon the prevalent education system of the United States in an attempt to paint a clearer picture of the state of affairs. Harping on the point of modernization of legal education, the article delves into the concepts of legal aid clinics and clinical legal education that have materialized among the significant aspects of modern legal education. This review of the legal education system is an attempt to ‘critically appraise’ its facets, and in doing so, maintaining a neutral approach.
Book Review: Legal Education in Asia. Edited by Shuvro Prosun Sarker
Authors: Schukoske Jane E.
Published: January 2015

Legal Education in Asia. Edited by Shuvro Prosun Sarker, Eleven International Publishing, The Hague, 2014. Pp. 298, 75 Euro.
Surface Electromyography of the Forearm Musculature During the Windmill Softball Pitch
Authors: Remaley D. Trey , Fincham Bryce , McCullough Bryan , Davis Kirk , Nofsinger Charles , Armstrong Charles , Stausmire Julie M.
Published: January 2015

Background:

Previous studies investigating the windmill softball pitch have focused primarily on shoulder musculature and function, collecting limited data on elbow and forearm musculature. Little information is available in the literature regarding the forearm. This study documents forearm muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity that has not been previously published.

Purpose:

Elbow and upper extremity overuse injuries are on the rise in fast-pitch softball pitchers. This study attempts to describe forearm muscle activity in softball pitchers during the windmill softball pitch. Overuse injuries can be prevented if a better understanding of mechanics is defined.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Surface EMG and high-speed videography was used to study forearm muscle activation patterns during the windmill softball pitch on 10 female collegiate-level pitchers. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction of each muscle was used as a normalizing value. Each subject was tested during a single laboratory session per pitcher. Data included peak muscle activation, average muscle activation, and time to peak activation for 6 pitch types: fastball, changeup, riseball, curveball, screwball, and dropball.

Results:

During the first 4 phases, muscle activity (seen as signal strength on the EMG recordings) was limited and static in nature. The greatest activation occurred in phases 5 and 6, with increased signal strength, evidence of stretch-shortening cycle, and different muscle characteristics with each pitch style. These 2 phases of the windmill pitch are where the arm is placed in the 6 o’clock position and then at release of the ball. The flexor carpi ulnaris signal strength was significantly greater than the other forearm flexors. Timing of phases 1 through 5 was successively shorter for each pitch. There was a secondary pattern of activation in the flexor carpi ulnaris in phase 4 for all pitches except the fastball and riseball.

Conclusion:

During the 6 pitches, the greatest muscular activity was in phases 5 and 6. Flexor carpi ulnaris activity was greatest among the muscles tested. The riseball had the highest peak activity, but the curveball and dropball had the highest average signal strength. This muscle activity correlates with increasing distraction in the elbow, suggesting that flexor muscles act to counterdistract the elbow as they do for the baseball pitch.

Clinical Relevance:

Windmill pitchers are unique among overhead athletes as they throw, on average, more pitches per overhead athlete. Understanding the mechanics and physiology of the elbow in windmill pitchers is crucial to prevention and treatment of these increasingly common elbow injuries. This study establishes baseline data that will be useful to further prevent windmill pitch elbow injury.
The Sonographic Reasoning Method
Authors: Penny Steven M. , Zachariason Anna
Published: January 2015

A vital component of clinical sonography is the approach the sonographer uses to analyze both the patient’s clinical history and the sonographic findings of each examination. Although every study is different, the sonographer is obligated to obtain the optimal information from both clinical history assessment and sonographic imaging in order for the interpreting physician to make an accurate diagnosis. One of the essential roles of sonography education is to provide instruction that allows students to gradually develop into clinically aware and proficient sonographers who are consistently capable of exploiting critical thinking and reasoning skills. Teaching both critical thinking and reasoning skills is a challenge for sonography educators, as both of these abilities tend to steadily improve with clinical experience. For the student, frustration can manifest as a result of this inexperience. Consequently, a standard framework for analysis would allow the sonography student a fundamental approach to use for every sonographic examination, thereby gradually, but possibly more rapidly, improving both reasoning and critical thinking skills in the clinical and classroom setting. The Sonographic Reasoning Method is a process created to provide this essential framework, combining critical thinking with reasoning skills, establishing structured thought, and promoting both competent and accurate patient care.
Corrosion and tribological behaviour of electroless Ni–P/nano-SiC composite coating on aluminium 6061
Authors: Soleimani R. , Mahboubi F. , Kazemi M. , Arman S. Y.
Published: January 2015

Ni–P/nano-SiC composite coating was successfully deposited on 6061 aluminium alloy by electroless coating process. Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy as well as Vickers hardness tester was utilised to examine the effect of nano-SiC particle incorporation on the morphological and hardness properties. Pin on disc method was applied to investigate the tribological properties of the coatings. Moreover, the corrosion behaviour of coatings for the protection of 6061 aluminium alloy in 3·5 wt-%NaCl solutions was studied using potentiodynamic polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results showed that incorporation of silicon carbide nanoparticles in the coatings enhances the corrosion and tribological properties of the composite coatings.
Riociguat for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: a long-term extension study (PATENT-2)
Authors: Rubin Lewis J. , Galiè Nazzareno , Grimminger Friedrich , Grünig Ekkehard , Humbert Marc , Jing Zhi-Cheng , Keogh Anne , Langleben David , Fritsch Arno , Menezes Flavia , Davie Neil , Ghofrani Hossein-Ardeschir
Published: January 2015

Riociguat is a soluble, guanylate cyclase stimulator, approved for pulmonary arterial hypertension. In the 12-week PATENT-1 study, riociguat was well tolerated and improved several clinically relevant end-points in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension who were treatment naïve or had been pretreated with endothelin-receptor antagonists or prostanoids. The PATENT-2 open-label extension evaluated the long-term safety and efficacy of riociguat.

Eligible patients from the PATENT-1 study received riociguat individually adjusted up to a maximum dose of 2.5 mg three times daily. The primary objective was to assess the safety and tolerability of riociguat; exploratory efficacy assessments included 6-min walking distance and World Health Organization (WHO) functional class.

Overall, 396 patients entered the PATENT-2 study and 324 (82%) were ongoing at this interim analysis (March 2013). The safety profile of riociguat in PATENT-2 was similar to that observed in PATENT-1, with cases of haemoptysis and pulmonary haemorrhage also being observed in PATENT-2. Improvements in the patients', 6-min walking distance and WHO functional class observed in PATENT-1 persisted for up to 1 year in PATENT-2. In the observed population at the 1-year time point, mean±sd6-min walking distance had changed by 51±74 m and WHO functional class had improved in 33%, stabilised in 61% and worsened in 6% of the patientsversusthe PATENT-1 baseline.

Long-term riociguat was well tolerated in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, and led to sustained improvements in exercise capacity and functional capacity for up to 1 year.
Bacteraemia and antibiotic-resistant pathogens in community acquired pneumonia: risk and prognosis
Authors: Torres Antoni , Cillóniz Catia , Ferrer Miquel , Gabarrús Albert , Polverino Eva , Villegas Santiago , Marco Francesc , Mensa Josep , Menéndez Rosario , Niederman Michael
Published: January 2015

The sensitivity of blood cultures in the diagnosis of bacteraemia for community-acquired pneumonia is low. Recommendations, by guidelines, to perform blood cultures are discordant. We aimed to determine the incidence, microbial aetiology, risk factors and outcomes of bacteraemic patients with community-acquired pneumonia, including cases with antibiotic-resistant pathogens (ARP).

A prospective, observational study was undertaken on consecutive adult patients admitted to the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (Barcelona, Spain) with community-acquired pneumonia and blood cultures were obtained.

Of the 2892 patients included, bacteraemia was present in 297 (10%) patients; 30 (10%) of whom had ARP (multidrug-resistantStreptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and an extended spectrum of beta-lactamase producingEnterobacteriaceae). In multivariate analyses, pleuritic pain, C-reactive protein ≥21.6 mg·dL−1and intensive care unit admissions were independently associated with bacteraemia, while prior antibiotic treatment and pneumococcal vaccine were protective factors. The risk factors for ARP bacteraemia were previous antibiotics and C-reactive protein <22.2 mg·dL−1, while pleuritic pain was the only protective factor in the multivariate analysis. Bacteraemia (excluding ARP), appropriate empiric treatment, neurological disease, arterial oxygen tension/inspiratory oxygen fraction <250, pneumonia severity index risk classes IV and V, and intensive care unit admission were independently associated with a 30-day hospital mortality in the multivariate analysis. Inappropriate therapy was more frequent in ARP bacteraemia, compared with other bacteraemias (27%versus3%, respectively, p<0.001).

Antibiotic therapy protected against bacteraemia, but increased specifically the risk of bacteraemia from ARP due to the inappropriate coverage of these pathogens. Identifying patients at risk of ARP bacteraemia would help in deciding appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy. The results from this study provide evidence concerning community-acquired pneumonia patients in whom blood cultures should not be performed.
Age-adjusted high-sensitivity troponin T cut-off value for risk stratification of pulmonary embolism
Authors: Kaeberich Anja , Seeber Valerie , Jiménez David , Kostrubiec Maciej , Dellas Claudia , Hasenfuß Gerd , Giannitsis Evangelos , Pruszczyk Piotr , Konstantinides Stavros , Lankeit Mareike
Published: January 2015

High-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT) helps in identifying pulmonary embolism patients at low risk of an adverse outcome. In 682 normotensive pulmonary embolism patients we investigate whether an optimised hsTnT cut-off value and adjustment for age improve the identification of patients at elevated risk.

Overall, 25 (3.7%) patients had an adverse 30-day outcome. The established hsTnT cut-off value of 14 pg·mL−1retained its high prognostic value (OR (95% CI) 16.64 (2.24–123.74); p=0.006) compared with the cut-off value of 33 pg·mL−1calculated by receiver operating characteristic analysis (7.14 (2.64–19.26); p<0.001). In elderly (aged ≥75 years) patients, an age-optimised hsTnT cut-off value of 45 pg·mL−1but not the established cut-off value of 14 pg·mL−1predicted an adverse outcome. An age-adjusted hsTnT cut-off value (≥14 pg·mL−1for patients aged <75 years and ≥45 pg·mL−1for patients aged ≥75 years) provided additive and independent prognostic information on top of the simplified pulmonary embolism severity index (sPESI) and echocardiography (OR 4.56 (1.30–16.01); p=0.018, C-index=0.77). A three-step approach based on the sPESI, hsTnT and echocardiography identified 16.6% of all patients as being at higher risk (12.4% adverse outcome).

Risk assessment of normotensive pulmonary embolism patients was improved by the introduction of an age-adjusted hsTnT cut-off value. A three-step approach helped identify patients at higher risk of an adverse outcome who might benefit from advanced therapy.
Gastric tonometry guided therapy in critical care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Xin , Xuan Wei , Yin Ping , Wang Linlin , Wu Xiaodan , Wu Qingping
Published: January 2015

Introduction

The value of gastric intramucosal pH (pHi) can be calculated from the tonometrically measured partial pressure of carbon dioxide ($$ {P}_{C{O}_2} $$

P

C

O
2

) in the stomach and the arterial bicarbonate content. Low pHi and increase of the difference between gastric mucosal and arterial $$ {P}_{C{O}_2} $$

P

C

O
2

($$ {P}_{C{O}_2} $$

P

C

O
2

gap) reflect splanchnic hypoperfusion and are good indicators of poor prognosis. Some randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were performed based on the theory that normalizing the low pHi or $$ {P}_{C{O}_2} $$

P

C

O
2

gap could improve the outcomes of critical care patients. However, the conclusions of these RCTs were divergent. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of this goal directed therapy on patient outcome in Intensive Care Units (ICUs).

Methods

We searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomized controlled trials comparing gastric tonometry guided therapy with control groups. Baseline characteristics of each included RCT were extracted and displayed in a table. We calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dichotomous outcomes. Another measure of effect (risk difference, RD) was used to reassess the effects of gastric tonometry on total mortality. We performed sensitivity analysis for total mortality. Continuous outcomes were presented as standardised mean differences (SMDs) together with 95% CIs.

Results

The gastric tonometry guided therapy significantly reduced total mortality (OR, 0.732; 95% CI, 0.536 to 0.999, P = 0.049; I2 = 0%; RD, −0.056; 95% CI, −0.109 to −0.003, P = 0.038; I2 = 0%) when compared with control groups. However, after excluding the patients with normal pHi on admission, the beneficial effects of this therapy did not exist (OR, 0.736; 95% CI 0.506 to 1.071, P = 0.109; I2 = 0%). ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay and days intubated were not significantly improved by this therapy.

Conclusions

In critical care patients, gastric tonometry guided therapy can reduce total mortality. Patients with normal pHi on admission contributed to the ultimate result of this outcome; it may indicate that these patients may be more sensitive to this therapy.
Rapid reprogramming of epigenetic and transcriptional profiles in mammalian culture systems
Authors: Nestor Colm E , Ottaviano Raffaele , Reinhardt Diana , Cruickshanks Hazel A , Mjoseng Heidi K , McPherson Rhoanne C , Lentini Antonio , Thomson John P , Dunican Donncha S , Pennings Sari , Anderton Stephen M , Benson Mikael , Meehan Richard R
Published: January 2015

Background

The DNA methylation profiles of mammalian cell lines differ from those of the primary tissues from which they were derived, exhibiting increasing divergence from the in vivo methylation profile with extended time in culture. Few studies have directly examined the initial epigenetic and transcriptional consequences of adaptation of primary mammalian cells to culture, and the potential mechanisms through which this epigenetic dysregulation occurs is unknown.

Results

We demonstrate that adaptation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts to cell culture results in a rapid reprogramming of epigenetic and transcriptional states. We observed global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) erasure within three days of culture initiation. Loss of genic 5hmC was independent of global 5-methylcytosine (5mC) levels and could be partially rescued by addition of vitamin C. Significantly, 5hmC loss was not linked to concomitant changes in transcription. Discrete promoter-specific gains of 5mC were also observed within seven days of culture initiation. Against this background of global 5hmC loss we identified a handful of developmentally important genes that maintained their 5hmC profile in culture, including the imprinted loci Gnas and H19. Similar outcomes were identified in the adaption of CD4+ T cells to culture.

Conclusions

We report a dramatic and novel consequence of adaptation of mammalian cells to culture in which global loss of 5hmC occurs, suggesting rapid concomitant loss of methylcytosine dioxygenase activity. The observed epigenetic and transcriptional re-programming occurs much earlier than previously assumed, and has significant implications for the use of cell lines as faithful mimics of in vivo epigenetic and physiological processes.
Update to recommended best practice for verification and validation of ICME methods and models for aerospace applications
Authors: Cowles Bradford A , Backman Daniel G , Dutton Roland E
Published: January 2015

Background

Rigorous verification and validation practices are regarded essential for successful implementation of Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) for aerospace applications. Guidelines and a recommended best practice for ICME verification and validation were developed in 2011 under Air Force Research Laboratory sponsorship and were published in 2012. These included general guidelines for ICME verification and validation, a recommended best practice, practitioner aides in the form of checklists for planning and status assessment, a Tool Maturity Level assessment guide, and a recommended approach for risk vs. consequence assessment for specific ICME applications. ICME development programs and expert practitioners have since reviewed and used the guidelines and provided constructive feedback for improvements.

Findings

This feedback was used to generate a comprehensive revision to the original guidelines and recommended best practice, as well as to the corresponding practitioner aides. The System-Level and Model-Level Checklists were simplified and improved, as was the Tool Maturity Level assessment guide. A template for a one-page summary chart was also generated to facilitate communication of status.

Conclusions

Experience with several ICME-related programs and expert practitioners reinforced the conclusion that guidelines and a recommended best practice are important tools to ensure that rigorous, comprehensive verification and validation practices are employed during ICME development and implementation efforts.
The Chantiers de la Jeunesse, General de la Porte du Theil, and the Myth of the Rescue of Jews in Vichy France
Authors: Lee Daniel
Published: January 2015

The rescue of Jews in Vichy France continues to receive a great deal of attention. Recently, the justes, non-Jews who risked their lives to assist persecuted Jews, have become an important category of historical inquiry. With the justes arguably at the center of the nation’s collective memory of Vichy, a number of groups seeking to better their wartime image have rewritten their narratives to promote the rescue of Jews in their histories. Like the police and the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français, former members of Vichy’s Chantiers de la Jeunesse represent one such organization. Even though some Jews were sheltered in the Chantiers de la Jeunesse, this article calls into question the account of the Chantiers’ leader, General de la Porte du Theil, and those of some of his disciples, who later claimed that they created an official policy for rescue. Such claims are symptomatic of a “myth of rescue,” an emerging trend that posits rescue as the norm for the French population’s relationship with the Jews during the Occupation.

Le sauvetage des Juifs sous le régime de Vichy continue à susciter beaucoup d’intérêt dans le milieu universitaire et ailleurs. Récemment, les justes, des non-juifs venus en aide aux Juifs persécutés, sont devenus un sujet d’étude essentiel à l’analyse historique de cette période, et sont aujourd’hui au cœur de la mémoire collective de Vichy. Influencées par cette tendance à glorifier les sauveurs non-juifs, certaines organisations ont récemment revisité leur histoire pour promouvoir le sauvetage des Juifs, et tout comme la police et la SNCF, les anciens des Chantiers de la Jeunesse sont un exemple de ce phénomène. Même si certains Juifs ont été hébergés dans des Chantiers de la Jeunesse, cet article remet en question l’argument du chef des Chantiers, le général de la Porte du Theil, et de certains de ses disciples, qui après la guerre ont prétendu avoir mis en place une politique officielle de « sauvetage ». Ce genre d’attitude n’est pas unique aux Chantiers et est symptomatique d’un « mythe du sauvetage » : une nouvelle tendance qui essaie de situer le sauvetage comme une réponse normale de la population française envers les Juifs pendant l’Occupation.
Muting Dissent
Authors: Radovac Lilian
Published: January 2015

This essay examines the regulation of amplified public speech in New York City from 1930 to 1948. It documents the emergence of the public address system as a political communication tool and traces its use by radical organizations and minor parties to expand the acoustic territory of street speech, highlighting the city's efforts to restrict this territory through antinoise ordinances and targeted permit denials. This lingering tension culminated in an “aural panic” after a riot that occurred during a 1939 meeting of the German American Bund, which prompted new municipal and national strategies to bring sound into the arena of permissible liberal discourse. The essay concludes with a discussion of postwar legal challenges to the city's sound device ordinance and their impact on New York's street-based public sphere.
Speaking Like Intelligent Men
Authors: Hoegaerts Josephine
Published: January 2015

This article focuses on the acoustic aspect of parliamentary government in nineteenth-century Britain, demonstrating the continued importance of speech and audibility for representatives in the reformed House of Commons. Notions of what constituted a proper parliamentary voice changed as electoral reforms, the rise of the “fourth estate,” and scientific discoveries in laryngology influenced evaluations of political speech. Most notably, rhetorical brilliance and a theatrical delivery lost legitimacy and were increasingly replaced by a “polite” and conversational style. The vocal sounds of modern, polite representatives were extensively transcribed and commented upon by journalists and satirists. By the end of the nineteenth century, the rise of the written press made the careful management of the vocal organs more, rather than less, politically relevant.
“Just Be Quiet Pu-leeze”
Authors: Stoever Jennifer
Published: January 2015

Using archival and rhetorical methods, “Just Be Quiet” analyzes discourse about “noise” produced by New York City's leading black newspaper, the New York Amsterdam News, from 1945 to 1955, a period when many white Americans came to perceive cities as loud, dangerous, and increasingly brown. The Amsterdam News provides an important new perspective on “noise,” differing from the now well-documented perceptions of white police and complainants, and helps sound studies rethink bifurcated definitions of noise as either “silenced” or “resistant.” I argue that the Amsterdam News' coverage assumes “noise” to be both community defining and key to forging shared space, contributing toward what I call “decolonizing listening” among its readers, a critical practice making connections between black and Puerto Rican New Yorkers much more audible while amplifying the fact that Harlem's noisiest elements actually stemmed from forced segregation: overcrowding, little zoning and code enforcement, antiquated transportation, and over- or underpolicing.
Accountability and delegation explained
Authors: Mullen Chris
Published: January 2015

The focus of this paper is to provide an understanding of accountability and delegation in the context of the roles of healthcare assistants (HCAs) and assistant practitioners (APs). The RCN has produced a number of useful documents on accountability and delegation (2006, 2008, and 2011) for support workers, which are referred to in this article. The aim of the article is to provide the HCAs and the APs with:

• An overview of the legal aspects of accountability and delegation • An understanding of what accountability means to all practitioners (both registered and unregistered) in everyday working practices • An understanding of the concept of ‘safe delegation’, the key principles of good practice for both the delegator and the person being delegated to • An overview of accountability and delegation responsibilities in relation to HCAs and APs.
HCSW education and training at Cardiff UHB: a local partnership that offers unemployed individuals accredited training and experience in healthcare
Authors: Ledsam Robert , Lord Margo
Published: January 2015

The Welsh Government advocates initiatives that develop the healthcare workforce in a more flexible, yet sustainable manner ( Welsh Assembly Government (WAG), 2006 ; National Leadership and Innovation Agency Healthcare (NLIAH), 2008 ).

It has also initiated work-based programmes for long-term unemployed individuals. Cardiff and Vale University Health Board (UHB), along with the Welsh Government and in partnership with social purpose company A4E, have developed, delivered and audited a programme that offers unemployed local individuals the opportunity to gain both work experience and relevant accredited learning as healthcare support workers (HCSWs).

The programme has worked across both clerical and clinical areas and has had a positive impact on those attending and delivering this unique development and in doing so drawn together 2 Welsh initiatives.
Hand hygiene compliance for patient safety
Authors: Aziz Ann-Marie
Published: January 2015

Published evidence suggests that healthcare associated infections (HCAIs) are avoidable and infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies provide cost-effective solutions. The NHS Outcomes Framework ( Department of Health, 2010 ) Domain 5 recognises that patient safety is of paramount importance in terms of quality of care and to delivering better health outcomes. Preventing HCAIs is necessary in reducing the severity of harm and is a key performance indicator. It is vital that NHS organisations ask themselves how they can help to improve the safety of patients. The seven steps to patient safety ( National Patient Safety Agency, 2004 ) is a guide to good practice, which covers building a safer culture and managing, reporting and learning from patient safety incidents. This article highlights how improving hand hygiene compliance can improve patient care, prevents HCAIs and is fundamentality a patient safety prerequisite.
Markets, mergers and mixed messages
Authors: Sturgeon David
Published: January 2015

Choice has become the defining characteristic of service users' relationship with the NHS in England. Decades of market-orientated policy have encouraged greater customer focus, and the NHS is now subject to the same consumer drivers that can be identified elsewhere in society. Competition between service providers is intended to encourage improvements in efficiency and ensure services are more responsive to users' needs. In 2013, the Competition Commission intervened for the first time in the English NHS to prevent a merger between two hospital trusts on the basis that it would damage patients' interests by eliminating competition and choice. At the same time, senior healthcare professionals and managers are warning that hospital closures are essential if the NHS is to continue to offer high quality care to all. This article examines whether market principles encourage or deter the equitable provision of hospital services in England as consumer rights are increasingly upheld in law. It also considers the difficulties of persuading service users that service reconfiguration will be of benefit having been promised greater choice and personalisation of care.
Paying for the NHS pay freeze
Authors: Timmins Nick
Published: January 2015

Nick Timmins, senior fellow at the Institute for Government and the King's Fund asks when and how the NHS pay freeze will inevitably be paid for?
Postmodernism and maternity care
Authors: Walsh Denis
Published: January 2015

Recently a GP told me that it was the ‘protocolizing of labour’ in a stand-alone, midwifery-led unit that reassured obstetricians and risk managers at the linked acute hospital trust and staved off closure for another year. Protocolizing of labour suggests streamlining its management, controlling it and subjecting it to evidence-based care pathways
Auditing the development of guidelines for shoulder dystocia
Authors: Brown Lyn
Published: January 2015

This article reports the findings of three audits relating to shoulder dystocia carried out over a 3–year period. It demonstrates how audit can change practice and that audit is an important part of guideline development. Shoulder dystocia is an obstetric emergency that can result in significant neonatal and maternal morbidity. With the clinical and medicolegal implications of shoulder dystocia it is important that midwives are able to recognize and handle such an emergency with appropriate assistance.
Monitoring uteroplacental insufficiency
Authors: Harrison Julie
Published: January 2015

The exact cause of uteroplacental insufficiency is not known, although the effects on the fetus have been demonstrated in research studies involving animals and humans. This article focuses on placental development and the remarkable adaptations which take place in the fetal circulation when normal placental development fails to occur. The contribution of Doppler studies to fetal surveillance is discussed and how studies of the uteroplacental circulation could be used to predict the woman at risk of developing preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction.
Group B Streptococcus: silent but deadly
Authors: Atherton Cathy
Published: January 2015

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) lives harmlessly in the gastrointestinal and genital tracts of many adults. However, during pregnancy, labour and in the postnatal period it has the capacity to cause serious disease. During the last decade, the research of GBS has been directed towards prevention. This article will review the recommended prophylactic treatment, and discuss early and late onset GBS infections in the neonate.
An introduction to back and pelvic pain during pregnancy
Authors: Lennard Fiona
Published: January 2015

This article outlines the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy which have been reported to be possible causes of antenatal back and pelvic pain. Women often report their symptoms of back pain during pregnancy initially to their midwives. It is therefore important that midwives have a good understanding of the possible causes in order to be able to advise women appropriately and screen those women who need to be referred on to other health-care professionals for treatment.
The birth of the midwifery profession
Authors: Ridgway Samantha
Published: January 2015

This article follows the progress made to regulate midwifery education and practice, since Eleanor Pead, the first midwife to be licensed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, took the Oath in 1567. It examines how midwifery was outlawed by the physicians and surgeons, the setting up of formal education for midwives and the 66–year struggle to develop a diploma in midwifery. It outlines some of the mortality statistics available and how these, together with the tenacity of some midwives and doctors, helped to inspire change. From the introduction of the first Midwives Bill, in 1813, it outlines why another 89 years passed before the final Midwives Bill, introduced in 1900, led to 1902 Midwives Act.
The duty of care for oneself
Authors: Dimond Bridgit
Published: January 2015

This article analyzes the duty one owes to oneself, and considers the implications of the law on contributory negligence, congenital disabilities and the duty of the mother to the unborn child, counselling and abortion. It also examines the possibility of tobacco companies and food and drinks companies contributing to NHS costs.
Letters
Authors: Hayes Jane , Mason Liz , Devane Declan , Lalor Joan , Rusling Edward
Published: January 2015

Response to ‘Free CTG’ poster advertisment

Inconsistent breastfeeding advice photograph

Editorial response
Parents' choice of non-supine sleep position for newborns: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Wright Charlotte , Beard Hanna , Cox Jennifer , Scott Paula , Miller Joyce
Published: January 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the sleeping position of infants attending an outpatient clinic, considering the influences of the back to sleep (BTS) campaign. A paper survey was given to 678 parents who presented their infant (under 1 year of age) to the paediatric chiropractic clinic for care asking their infant's sleep position.

Of the total survey sample, 50‥ of parents selected the supine position as the preferred position they placed the baby to sleep, 19‥ of parents preferred to place their babies prone, 34‥ on the babies side and 2‥ selected other. Some mothers selected more than one preferred sleeping position.

The initial decline of mothers using non-supine positioning, seen shortly after the implementation of the BTS campaign, is no longer evident. Recent research implies approximately half of infants are now placed in a non-compliant sleeping position. If an infant’s most preferred sleeping position is not that of current guidelines, manual therapy such as chiropractic care should be sought to help infants sleep supine with comfort.
The imperative of implementing delayed cord clamping to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes
Authors: Holvey Nicola
Published: January 2015

Immediately following birth, the newborn remains attached to the mother via the placenta and umbilical cord. During this period, the blood transferred from the placenta to newborn is known as placental transfusion. Placental transfusion can contribute between one-quarter and one-third of the total blood volume of the newborn (80–85 ml/kg) and delayed cord clamping (DCC), can reduce the hypovolemic damage, long term difficulties and even disability associated with early cord clamping (ECC). DCC also increases iron stores in infancy ( Andersson et al, 2011 ); higher iron levels have been found to correlate with improved neurological and cognitive development (Szajewska, 2010). Through integrating DCC into routine third stage management, both mother and newborn can benefit from improved outcomes. With such compelling evidence, why do hospital protocols and guidelines not reflect the latest evidence? And why are women not being given the opportunity for informed choice on such an important issue?.
Faecal management systems for disabling incontinence or wounds
Authors: Whiteley Ian , Sinclair Gael
Published: January 2015

Protecting the perineum from faecal enzymes and preventing faeces from spreading to wounds has been a major challenge for nurses and doctors. Clinicians whose patients are at risk of faecal contamination of wounds have used various methods and many non-standard devices have been trialled, including: large French urinary catheters; rigid rectal catheters; faecal collection bags; mushroom-tipped catheters; nasopharyngeal airway; pharmacological and dietary interventions; incontinence pads; and barrier creams. An initial literature review identified a number of papers of possible interest, but overall we found that little work has been done to evaluate the various ad hoc devices used to manage faecal incontinence, or indeed to consider more formal, purpose-designed systems, such as the ConvaTec Flexi-Seal® faecal management system (FMS). The purpose of this paper is to consider the use of purpose-designed faecal or bowel-management systems—the ConvaTec Flexi-Seal® FMS and Hollister InstaFlo® and ActiFlo® bowel management systems (BMS)—available in Australia at the time of writing. Overall, the authors believe that such purpose-designed systems are more efficient and cost-effective than other ad hoc measures.
Understanding the Ebola threat: the UK government's response
Authors: Glasper Alan
Published: January 2015

Professor Alan Glasper discusses the spread of the Ebola virus, the development of emergency plans and the impact on nurses, and the role of government in preventing the virus from spreading
Theory to reality: the role of the transition nurse coordinator
Authors: Kelly Debbie
Published: January 2015

Transition from children's to adult services has long been recognised as challenging. Yet many young people and their families continue to have poor experiences, with a lack of collaboration and communication between the different agencies involved in the transition process. This article highlights the complexities of transition and how it is addressed for young people with complex health needs in Hertfordshire with a dedicated transition nurse coordinator providing support for the young people on the caseload; bridging the gaps between children's and adult services; and providing continuity until the young person is established in adult services.
Making sick hospitals better: important lessons for all
Authors: Tingle John
Published: January 2015

John Tingle discusses the Care Quality Commission's (CQC) report into the progress made at 11 NHS put into ‘special measures’ last year
Clean intermittent self-catheterisation: working with patients
Authors: Wilson Mary
Published: January 2015

Clean intermittent self-catheterisation is carried out when the bladder cannot be emptied adequately by voiding. Because learning how to self-catheterise can be daunting, it is essential that the nurse has the time, knowledge and skills necessary support the patient during the learning phase, so that he or she can develop confidence and master the technique. Causes for urinary retention are considered and step-by-step instructions are given for both female and male patients, including problems that may be encountered and how these can be overcome. Examples of catheters and other aids available are suggested, with reference to particular features they may have, to overcome difficulties or to assist patients with particular needs. Issues including infection, frequency of catheterisation and fluid intake are also discussed.