bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the evolution of ecological sex differences: Integrating character displacement and the Darwin-Bateman paradigm
Authors: De Lisle Stephen P.
Published: August 2019

Sex differences in selection arise for at least two possible reasons: (1) differences originating from anisogamy—the Darwin-Bateman paradigm—and (2) competition-driven ecological character displacement (ECD), agnostic of anisogamy. Despite mounting evidence of ECD and increasing focus on the ecological causes and consequences of sexual dimorphism, progress in understanding the evolution of ecological sex differences has likely been hindered because ecological dimorphisms are not exclusive to ECD. I argue that embracing nonexclusivity of causal models of sexual dimorphism itself may provide insight into evolution of sex differences. This integrated view of the evolution of sexual dimorphism leads to four predictions for how sex-specific selection and phenotypic divergence between the sexes change over the course of the evolution of sexual dimorphism. First, dimorphism resulting directly from anisogamy likely precedes evolution of ecological dimorphism driven by ECD. Second, ecological sexual dimorphism driven by ECD may (initially) evolve in directions in trait space favored by other sources of sex-specific selection. Third, we may expect correlated evolution of ecological dimorphism and other forms of sexual dimorphism. Finally, ecological optima may be sex specific even when competition plays a role in reaching them. Rather than simply a less-parsimonious alternative explanation for ecological sex differences, ECD should be seen as one likely contributor to sex-specific selection that could act at predictable times during the evolution of ecological sexual dimorphisms.
Factors influencing missed nursing care in public hospitals in Australia: An exploratory mixed methods study
Authors: Albsoul Rania , FitzGerald Gerard , Finucane Julie , Borkoles Erika
Published: August 2019

Background

Missed nursing care (MNC) is a significant health care issue that impacts on the quality of health care and patient safety. It refers to delayed or omitted aspects of nursing care (totally or partially). MNC is an under‐researched area in the Australian health care context.

Objective

This research sought to further explore the MNC phenomenon in the context of an acute care hospital and to identify its common elements and the factors influencing its occurrence.

Design

A convergent parallel mixed methods design was employed involving secondary analysis of routinely collected hospital data and a survey of 44 nursing staff using the MISSCARE survey instrument. The two sources of data were converged to address the objective.

Findings

The study found that the most common elements of missed nursing care include failure of patient ambulation, emotional support for patients and/or family, and the provision of full documentation. These elements are consistent with previous international studies conducted in acute care hospital settings. This study identified that local context impacting on MNC was also important and included interruptions to workflow, “perceived” lack of management support, poor handover, and communication breakdown between the nursing team and medical staff.

Conclusion

Consideration of the local health care context is foundational in understanding the MNC phenomenon. The findings of this research may help nursing managers mitigate the possible effects of MNC and therefore improve patient safety in their acute care environment. Additional multisite studies are required to further explore factors associated with MNC in both general and local contexts.
Computational unsteady flow analysis for third‐grade fluid from an isothermal vertical cylinder through a Darcian porous medium
Authors: Hiremath Ashwini , Reddy G. Janardhana , Bég O. Anwar
Published: August 2019

The present study describes a mathematical model for free‐convective laminar incompressible boundary layer flow of a third‐grade fluid of the Reiner‐Rivlin differential type, external to an evenly heated semi‐infinite vertical cylinder through a two‐dimensional porous medium. Assuming a homogenous‐isotropic porous medium, simulation of bulk drag effects at low Reynolds number is conducted with the Darcy model. The resulting partial differential equation boundary value problem is normalized using suitable transformation variables. The highly nonlinear time‐dependent coupled conservation equations along with boundary conditions are resolved computationally with an optimized Crank‐Nicolson finite difference code. Validation with previous studies is included. The heat transport and skin‐friction coefficients are computed for different values of emerging nondimensional parameters. Furthermore, steady‐state and transient fluid flow variables are shown graphically. An enhanced fluid velocity is observed for increased Darcy number and the reverse trend is computed for higher values of third‐grade viscoelastic parameter. Also, the rate of heat transfer is observed to increase with greater Darcy number and a reduction in third‐grade viscoelastic parameter. A key observation which is drawn from the present study is that for third‐grade fluid the flow variables deviate significantly from a hot cylindrical wall as compared with a Newtonian fluid. The study is relevant to thermal polymer coating applications in aerospace materials processing.
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION FOR CROP MANAGEMENT OF WINTER WHEAT AND MAIZE IN THE SEMI‐ARID REGION OF IRAN
Authors: Khordadi Mohammad Javad , Olesen Jørgen Eivind , Alizadeh Amin , Nassiri Mahallati Mehdi , Ansari Hossein , Sanaeinejad Hossein
Published: August 2019

Climate change is expected to lead to declining crop yields in semi‐arid regions due to higher temperatures and more severe droughts, which calls for adaptations in crop management. We used the WOFOST and AquaCrop crop simulation models to examine the response of crop yield in winter wheat and maize to a set of climate change scenarios up to 2040 in the semi‐arid climate of Mashhad in north‐east Iran. Modelled climate change from six AOGCMs including GFCM21, HADCM3, INCM3, IPCM4, MPEH5 and NCCCSM under IPCC SRES A2 and B1 emission scenarios was used. The crop models were calibrated and validated against 7 years of observed crop yield data, confirming that the models adequately simulated yields of wheat and maize in the study area. The bootstrap method was used to estimate the uncertainty of crop yield projections. The results showed a mean yield decrease of 10–34% for winter wheat and 8–18% for maize, depending on the crop model and climate change scenario. The period of flowering to maturity of winter wheat and maize would be shortened on average by 9 and 5 days, respectively. Changes in crop management were considered for adaptation to climate change. Simulation results indicated that early sowing of winter wheat and late sowing of maize enhanced yield and water productivity across all climate change scenarios and that late‐maturity cultivars of winter wheat and early‐maturity hybrids of maize generally have higher productivity than standard cultivars. Increasing heat tolerance of the crops and changing irrigation management of winter wheat were also found to be beneficial adaptation options. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical and economic burden of pre‐emptive therapy of cytomegalovirus infection in hospitalized allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients
Authors: El Haddad Lynn , Ghantoji Shashank S. , Park Anne K. , Batista Marjorie V. , Schelfhout Jonathan , Hachem Jack , Lobo Yadira , Jiang Ying , Rondon Gabriela , Champlin Richard , Chemaly Roy F.
Published: August 2019

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo‐HCT). We conducted a retrospective study to determine the clinical and economic burden of pre‐emptive therapy (PET) for CMV infection in 100 consecutive hospitalized adult CMV positive serostatus allo‐HCT recipients and compared their hospitalization cost with allo‐HCT recipients hospitalized with graft vs host disease without CMV infection (control group) and across 19 US cancer centers for hospitalized patients with CMV infection between 2012 and 2015 (Vizient database). A total of 192 CMV episodes of PET for CMV infection occurred within 1 year post‐HCT. PET consisted of ganciclovir (41% of episodes), foscarnet (40%), and valganciclovir (38%) with the longest average length of stay in foscarnet‐treated patients (41 days). The average direct cost per patient admitted for PET was $116 976 (range: $7866‐$641 841) compared with $12 496 (range: $2004‐$43 069) in the control group (P < .0001). The total direct cost per encounter was significantly higher in patients treated with foscarnet and had nephrotoxicity ($284 006) compared with those who did not ($112 195). The average cost amongst the 19 US cancer centers, including our institution, was $42 327 with major disparities in cost and clinical outcomes. PET for CMV infection is associated with high economic burden in allo‐HCT recipients.
Intergenerational differences in customer engagement behaviours: An analysis of social tourism websites
Authors: Bravo Rafael , Catalán Sara , Pina José Miguel
Published: August 2019

This paper explores differences among Generations X, Y, and Z in customer engagement behaviours. Specifically, it analyses differences in customer behaviours in social tourism websites and the effects of self‐efficacy and satisfaction on these behaviours. On the basis of an empirical study with a sample of 346 social tourism websites users, the results show that, in Generation X, self‐efficacy exerts a higher effect on word of mouth than in the other generations. In Generation Y, satisfaction influences information searches and hotel bookings more than for the others. Generation Z is more prone to give referrals than are the other two generations.
Clinical Results of Ultrasound‐Guided Carpal Tunnel Release Performed by a Primary Care Sports Medicine Physician
Authors: Joseph Anthony E. , Leiby Braeden M. , Beckman John P.
Published: August 2019

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of ultrasound‐guided carpal tunnel release (USCTR) in a consecutive group of patients treated by a single primary care sports medicine physician.

Methods

The study group consisted of 35 USCTRs performed on 22 consecutive patients for whom clinical outcomes were available before USCTR and at 1 to 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months after USCTR. All procedures were performed by the same operator using a single USCTR technique. Outcomes included complications, Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores, Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire symptom severity and functional status scores, and a 5‐point global satisfaction score.

Results

The 22 patients included 13 female and 9 male patients (ages 31–82 years). Eleven patients (22 wrists) had bilateral simultaneous USCTRs; 2 patients (4 wrists) had staged bilateral USCTRs; and 9 patients had unilateral USCTRs. No complications occurred in any patient. Statistically and clinically significant reductions in Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores and Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire symptom severity and functional status scores occurred by 1 to 2 weeks after USCTR (mean 1‐ to 2‐week changes, –29.23, –1.74, and –1.18, respectively), and further improvements occurred during the 3‐month follow‐up period (mean 3‐month changes, –51.11, –2.29, and –1.91; P < .0001 for all values versus before USCTR). Mean global satisfaction scores at 1 to 2 weeks and 3 months were 4.63 and 4.66.

Conclusions

Ultrasound‐guided CTR is a safe and effective procedure that can be performed by an experienced primary care sports medicine physician and typically results in significant improvements within the first 2 weeks after the procedure. Furthermore, bilateral simultaneous USCTRs are feasible and may provide significant advantages for patients who are candidates for bilateral CTRs.
Factors associated with black bear density and implications for management
Authors: Welfelt Lindsay S. , Beausoleil Richard A. , Wielgus Robert B.
Published: August 2019

Wildlife density estimates are important to accurately formulate population management objectives and understand the relationship between habitat characteristics and a species’ abundance. Despite advances in density and abundance estimation methods, management of common game species continues to be challenged by a lack of reliable population estimates. In Washington, USA, statewide American black bear (Ursus americanus) abundance estimates are predicated on density estimates derived from research in the 1970s and are hypothesized to be a function of precipitation and vegetation, with higher densities in western Washington. To evaluate current black bear density and landscape relationships in Washington, we conducted a 4‐year capture‐recapture study in 2 areas of the North Cascade Mountains using 2 detection methods, non‐invasive DNA collection and physical capture and deployment of global positioning system (GPS) collars. We integrated GPS telemetry from collared bears with spatial capture‐recapture (SCR) data and created a SCR‐resource selection model to estimate density as a function of spatial covariates and test the hypothesis that density is higher in areas with greater vegetative food resources. We captured and collared 118 bears 132 times and collected 7,863 hair samples at hair traps where we identified 537 bears from 1,237 detections via DNA. The most‐supported model in the western North Cascades depicted a negative relationship between black bear density and an index of human development. We estimated bear density at 20.1 bears/100 km2, but density varied from 13.5/100 km2to 27.8 bears/100 km2depending on degree of human development. The model best supported by the data in the eastern North Cascades estimated an average density of 19.2 bears/100 km2, which was positively correlated with primary productivity, with resulting density estimates ranging from 7.1/100 km2to 33.6 bears/100 km2. The hypothesis that greater precipitation and associated vegetative production in western Washington supports greater bear density compared to eastern Washington was not supported by our data. In western Washington, empirically derived average density estimates (including cubs) were nearly 50% lower than managers expected prior to our research. In eastern Washington average black bear density was predominantly as expected, but localized areas of high primary productivity supported greater than anticipated bear densities. Our findings underscore the importance that black bear density is not likely uniform and management risk may be increased if an average density is applied at too large a scale. Disparities between expected and empirically derived bear density illustrate the need for more rigorous monitoring to understand processes that affect population numbers throughout the jurisdiction, and suggest that management plans may need to be reevaluated to determine if current harvest strategies are achieving population objectives. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
A Walker exponent corrected model for estimating fatigue life of metallic materials in loading with mean stress
Authors: Li J. , Qiu Y.Y , Li C.W. , Zhang Z.P.
Published: August 2019

Mean stress significantly influence the fatigue life predictions of metallic materials. The Walker mean stress equation with its additional material parameter w provides good predictions for a wide range of materials. Unfortunately, additional tests are necessary to determine the Walker exponent w. In order to overcome this shortcoming, for aluminum alloys, the Walker exponent w was correlated linearly with the sum of ultimate tensile strength and true fracture strength. Then, a Walker exponent corrected effective strain energy density criterion was developed by incorporating the Walker mean stress equation into the strain life curve. The capability of fatigue life prediction for the developed model was checked against the tested data of 304 L stainless steel, SAE 1045 steel, 7075‐T651 aluminum alloy, and Incoloy 901 superalloy, and comparisons were also performed by using the Lv's Walker exponent corrected model. The developed model provides more satisfactory results, especially for the considered materials in loading with mean stress.
Home‐Based Monitoring of Falls Using Wearable Sensors in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Silva de Lima Ana Lígia , Smits Tine , Darweesh Sirwan K. L. , Valenti Giulio , Milosevic Mladen , Pijl Marten , Baldus Heribert , de Vries Nienke M , Meinders Marjan J. , Bloem Bastiaan R.
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Falling is among the most serious clinical problems in Parkinson's disease (PD). We used body‐worn sensors (falls detector worn as a necklace) to quantify the hazard ratio of falls in PD patients in real life.

Methods

We matched all 2063 elderly individuals with self‐reported PD to 2063 elderly individuals without PD based on age, gender, comorbidity, and living conditions. We analyzed fall events collected at home via a wearable sensor. Fall events were collected either automatically using the wearable falls detector or were registered by a button push on the same device. We extracted fall events from a 2.5‐year window, with an average follow‐up of 1.1 years. All falls included were confirmed immediately by a subsequent telephone call. The outcomes evaluated were (1) incidence rate of any fall, (2) incidence rate of a new fall after enrollment (ie, hazard ratio), and (3) 1‐year cumulative incidence of falling.

Results

The incidence rate of any fall was higher among self‐reported PD patients than controls (2.1 vs. 0.7 falls/person, respectively; P < .0001). The incidence rate of a new fall after enrollment (ie, hazard ratio) was 1.8 times higher for self‐reported PD patients than controls (95% confidence interval, 1.6–2.0).

Conclusion

Having PD nearly doubles the incidence of falling in real life. These findings highlight PD as a prime “falling disease.” The results also point to the feasibility of using body‐worn sensors to monitor falls in daily life. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Unpopular housing policies reflect deeper concerns over discrimination
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: August 2019

Last week's issuance of a proposed federal rule that could make it harder for plaintiffs to prevail in discrimination claims under the Fair Housing Act caught the eye of some housing advocates nationally. But in the mental health advocacy community, the study of individual regulations in housing takes a back seat to much broader worries about how persons with mental illness are historically ill‐served in housing — concerns that have only grown deeper under the current administration in Washington.
MDI issues position statement on Wit v. UBH standards of care
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: August 2019

A newly released position statement by the Medical Director Institute (MDI) indicates, in part, that effective treatment of mental health and substance use disorders includes services needed to maintain functioning or prevent deterioration. The statement is among the generally accepted standards of care for behavioral health following the ruling earlier this year in Wit v. United Behavioral Health, a class‐action suit brought against the largest behavioral health insurer.
NEMA NU‐4 2008 performance evaluation of Xtrim‐PET: A prototype SiPM‐based preclinical scanner
Authors: Amirrashedi Mahsa , Sarkar Saeed , Ghafarian Pardis , Hashemi Shahraki Reza , Geramifar Parham , Zaidi Habib , Ay Mohammad Reza
Published: August 2019

Purpose

Xtrim‐PET is a newly designed Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs)‐based prototype PET scanner dedicated for small laboratory animal imaging. We present the performance evaluation of the Xtrim‐PET scanner following NEMA NU‐4 2008 standards to help optimizing scanning protocols which can be achieved through standard and reliable system performance characterization.

Methods

The performance assessment was conducted according to the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NU‐4 2008 standards in terms of spatial resolution, sensitivity, counting rate performance, scatter fraction and image quality. The in vivo imaging capability of the scanner is also showcased through scanning a normal mouse injected with 18F‐FDG. Furthermore, the performance characteristics of the developed scanner are compared with commercially available systems and current prototypes.

Results

The volumetric spatial resolution at 5 mm radial offset from the central axis of the scanner is 6.81 µl, whereas a peak absolute sensitivity of 2.99% was achieved using a 250–650 keV energy window and a 10 ns timing window. The peak noise‐equivalent count rate (NECR) using a mouse‐like phantom is 113.18 kcps at 0.34 KBq/cc with 12.5% scatter fraction, whereas the NECR peaked at 82.76 kcps for an activity concentration level of 0.048 KBq/cc with a scatter fraction of 25.8% for rat‐like phantom. An excellent uniformity (3.8%) was obtained using NEMA image quality phantom. Recovery coefficients of 90%, 86%, 68%, 40% and 12% were calculated for rod diameters of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 mm, respectively. Spill‐over ratios for air‐filled and water‐filled chambers were 35% and 25% without applying any correction for attenuation and Compton scattering effects.

Conclusion

Our findings revealed that beyond compactness, lightweight, easy installation and good energy resolution, the Xtrim‐PET prototype presents a reasonable performance making it suitable for preclinical molecular imaging‐based research.
Evidence for mouse sulfhydryl oxidase‐assisted cross‐linking of major seminal vesicle proteins
Authors: Balu Rubhadevi , Ramachandran Shiyam Sundar , Paramasivam Sudhakar Gandhi
Published: August 2019

Copulatory plug formation in animals is a general phenomenon by which competition is reduced among rival males. In mouse, the copulatory plug formation results from the coagulation of highly viscous seminal vesicle secretion (SVS) that is rich in proteins, such as dimers of SVS I, SVS I + II + III, and SVS II. These high‐molecular‐weight complexes (HMWCs) are also reported to be the bulk of proteins in the copulatory plug of the female mouse following copulation. In addition, mouse SVS contributes to the existence of sulfhydryl oxidase (Sox), which mediates the disulfide bond formation between cysteine residues. In this study, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)‐dependent Sox was purified from mouse SVS using ion exchange and high‐performance liquid chromatography. The purified enzyme was identified to be Sox, based on western blot analysis with Sox antiserum and its capability of oxidizing dithiothreitol as substrate. The pH optima and thermal stability of the enzyme were determined. Among the metal ions tested, zinc showed an inhibitory effect on Sox activity. A prosthetic group of the enzyme was identified as FAD. The Km and Vmax of the enzyme was also determined. In addition to purification and biochemical characterization of seminal vesicle Sox, the major breakthrough of this study was proving its cross‐linking activity among SVS I–III monomers to form HMWCs in SVS.
A flame‐retardant DOPO‐MgAl‐LDH was prepared and applied in poly (methyl methacrylate) resin
Authors: Meng Dehai , Ma Zhongying , Leng Qian , Zhang Zhihao , Ning Haozhe , Peng Xingping , Wang Yuhua
Published: August 2019

A novel inorganic and organic composite flame retardant (9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide [DOPO]–layered double hydroxide [LDH]) was synthesized via grafting DOPO with organic‐modified Mg/Al‐LDH, which was introduced into poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resin to prepare the flame‐retardant PMMA composites. Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) showed that the T‐50% of DOPO‐LDH/PMMA composites enhanced by about 20°C, and with the 20% flame retardant, the residual char content can be increased by 39.8% in the air atmosphere compared with LDH/PMMA composites. In the UL‐94 and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, it can be found that compared with LDH/PMMA composites, the LOI value of DOPO‐LDH/PMMA composites were raised evidently with the increased flame retardants, and the droplet combustion was greatly improved. These results could be ascribed to the action of DOPO free‐radical, catalytic charring of polymer and the effect of LDH physical barrier. Moreover, the novel DOPO‐LDH not only given PMMA a good flame‐retardant property and thermal stability, but also have higher visible light transmittance, ultraviolet‐shielding effect, and low loss of mechanical properties, which could further facilitate the wide application of inorganic environment‐friendly flame retardants in general resins and engineering resins and broaden the application of polymers.
Strengths‐based reading assessment for deaf and hard‐of‐hearing students
Authors: Luft Pamela
Published: August 2019

Most standardized reading assessments used with deaf and hard‐of‐hearing (d/Dhh) students do not accommodate their frequent lack of spoken language fluency. Such tests are rarely normed on d/Dhh individuals and do not adjust for potentially biased test items. Yet, accurate and valid measures of reading skills are essential for making appropriate instructional and programmatic decisions. The miscue analysis procedure is an individualized reading assessment using an authentic reading experience with systematic procedures for evaluating a reader's meaning‐making processes. It has been used successfully with struggling, successful, bilingual, and diverse hearing readers to identify distinctive skill patterns. Its flexible and individualized procedures may lead to similar insights regarding the reading processes utilized by d/Dhh students. This manuscript describes adaptations of the reading miscue analysis for d/Dhh students who use spoken language, English‐based sign systems, or American Sign Language. Similar to running record procedures, the miscue analysis utilizes a comprehensive analytic process. In addition, each miscue is categorized across graphophonic/visual, semantic, and syntactic aspects of the reading process to identify unique meaning making patterns. This type of comprehensive and authentic assessment can lead to an improved understanding of the strengths and needs of d/Dhh students that result in improved achievement.
Protocadherin 7 is overexpressed in castration resistant prostate cancer and promotes aberrant MEK and AKT signaling
Authors: Shishodia Gauri , Koul Sweaty , Koul Hari K.
Published: August 2019

Background

Castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) accounts for almost all prostate cancer (PCa) deaths. Aberrant activation of ERK/MEK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways plays an important role in subsets of patients with CRPC. The role of protocadherin 7 (PCDH7) in modulating these signaling pathways is investigated for the first time in PCa in the present investigation.

Methods

PCDH7 expression was analyzed in CRPC/neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) dataset. Protein expression was assessed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, and messenger RNA (mRNA) by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Small hairpin ribonucleic acid was used to knockdown PCDH7. Colony formation, cell migration, and invasion studies were done using standard protocols.

Results

PCDH7 amplification/mRNA upregulation was observed in 41% of patients in CRPC/NEPC dataset. PCDH7 was also overexpressed in CRPC cells. Increased PCDH protein expression was observed during tumor progression in PCa tissues and in TRAMP mice. Epidermal growth factor treatment resulted in aberrant activation of ERK/AKT. Knockdown of PCDH7 decreased ERK, AKT, and RB phosphorylation and reduced colony formation, decreased cell invasion, and cell migration.

Conclusions

These data show for the first time that PCDH7 is overexpressed in a large number of patients with CRPC and suggest that PCDH7 may be an attractive target in subsets of patients with CRPC for whom there is no cure to‐date.
Computed tomography imaging‐based observation of the aggressive growth of angiosarcoma: a case study
Authors: Kubo Sousuke , Kobayashi Nobuaki , Kaneko Ayami , Aiko Hiroko , Kudo Makoto , Kaneko Takeshi
Published: August 2019

An 82‐year‐old man with chronic tuberculous empyema visited our hospital for an annual computed tomography (CT) scan. No differences were noted between the CT scan at presentation and a scan performed a year previously in August 2017. He began experiencing right chest, epigastrium, and back pain since the end of October 2017. A CT scan taken in November of 2017 to evaluate the pain in his right chest, epigastrium, and back showed an irregular thickening of the pleura adjacent to the empyema and an abnormal right seventh costal mass infiltrating the vertebral body. CT‐guided needle biopsy of the mass showed angiosarcoma. Positron emission tomography/CT revealed multiple metastases in his bones and liver. Chemotherapy was not recommended owing to his poor performance status, which was related to angiosarcoma. Therefore, he was offered palliative radiotherapy for the metastasis to the vertebral body.
Microwave‐Assisted Nanocatalysed Synthesis of Phenacyl Halides as Future Anti‐Platelet Agents
Authors: Jangid Dinesh K , Dhadda Surbhi , Goswami Prakash G. , Guleria Anjali , Pareek Kapil , Jangir Nidhi , Poonam
Published: August 2019

An efficient, environmentally benign and novel method for the synthesis of phenacyl halides as antiplatelet agents has been reported in the presence of nanocatalyst (TiO2) by using N‐halosuccinimides (NXS, X=Cl, Br) as a source of halogen and tert‐Butyl Hydrogen Peroxide (TBHP) under microwave irradiation. Compound 2a showed best in vitro antiplatelet activity with 540 and 480 sec as clotting time in prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) assay respectively. Rest compounds showed good to moderate activity. Structures of all synthesized compounds were elucidated by IR, NMR and Mass spectrometry.
Phosphonium‐Based Ionic Liquids Used as Reagents or Catalysts
Authors: Macarie Lavinia , Simulescu Vasile , Ilia Gheorghe
Published: August 2019

The role and enlarged importance of ionic liquids (ILs) in chemical reactions were already exhaustively demonstrated. The aim of this review is to promote the family of the phosphonium‐based ILs used as reagents and catalysts, which gained increased interest in the last decade. The common and beneficial properties of ILs refer to their negligible vapour pressure, non‐toxicity, reusability, and high thermal stability. Therefore, phosphonium‐based ionic liquids are used successfully as catalysts and reagents in many chemical reactions, and additionally allow the syntheses in mild reaction conditions. Phosphonium ILs have proved their catalytic efficiency in many reactions such as epoxidation of olefins and allylic alcohol, in synthesis of alpha‐aminophosphonates, beta‐ketophosphonates, nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates, the Michaelis‐Arbuzov reactions, esterification, coupling reaction, aromatic chlorination, dehydrogenation. The major advantage of phosphonium‐based ILs used as catalysts is that they can be reused with only little loss of catalytic activity. Phosphonium ILs revealed their potential as Wittig reagents, halogenation reagents for bromination and bromo‐chlorination reactions with alkenes and alkynes, as monomer and as initiator in frontal polymerization of acrylates. From the literature data, it can be concluded that due to their structure and physical‐chemical properties phosphonium ILs can be tailored function of their purpose.
Controlled Production of Monodisperse Plant‐Mediated AgNP Catalysts Using Microwave Chemistry: A Desirability‐Function‐Based Multiple‐Response Optimization Approach
Authors: Ertürk Ali Serol
Published: August 2019

This study introduces a new straightforward strategy for screening the formation of catalytically active and monodisperse silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Epilobium parviflorum green tea extract and microwave technology. The method facilitates from multivariate statistical analysis for the optimization of the reaction conditions at which the produced AgNPs exhibit the best catalytic response for the model reduction reaction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP). A five‐level two‐factor Central Composite (CCD) design of experiments (DOE) together with a response surface methodology (RSM) based desirability function approach was applied for the optimization of two variables, which are microwave exposure time and amount of silver nitrate, to obtain the desired monodisperse AgNPs displaying the best catalytic activity with the green and biogenic synthesis methods. The overall desirability of 82.2% for the measure of dispersity function of AgNPs (
) and the first‐order‐reaction rate constants (
) were obtained. The nanospheres with the TEM mean diameter of 19.10±2.06 nm were successfully synthesized in the optimized conditions: 15 min of microwave exposure time and 4 mL of AgNO3 (10 mM) at 100 °C with a laboratory‐grade microwave reactor and the formed nanoparticles were fully characterized. Verification experiments
and
s−1) confirmed the validity of the predicted model
and
−1) (p<0.05).
Unraveling Structural Information of Turkevich Synthesized Plasmonic Gold–Silver Bimetallic Nanoparticles
Authors: Blommaerts Natan , Vanrompay Hans , Nuti Silvia , Lenaerts Silvia , Bals Sara , Verbruggen Sammy W.
Published: August 2019

For the synthesis of gold–silver bimetallic nanoparticles, the Turkevich method has been the state‐of‐the‐art method for several decades. It is presumed that this procedure results in a homogeneous alloy, although this has been debatable for many years. In this work, it is shown that neither a full alloy, nor a perfect core–shell particle is formed but rather a core–shell‐like particle with altering metal composition along the radial direction. In‐depth wet‐chemical experiments are performed in combination with advanced transmission electron microscopy, including energy‐dispersive X‐ray tomography, and finite element method modeling to support the observations. From the electron tomography results, the core–shell structure can be clearly visualized and the spatial distribution of gold and silver atoms can be quantified. Theoretical simulations are performed to demonstrate that even though UV–vis spectra show only one plasmon band, this still originates from core–shell type structures. The simulations also indicate that the core–shell morphology does not so much affect the location of the plasmon band, but mainly results in significant band broadening. Wet‐chemistry experiments provide the evidence that the synthesis pathway starts with gold enriched alloy cores, and later on in the synthesis mainly silver is incorporated to end up with a silver enriched alloy shell.
Global Innovative R&D Offshoring with Heterogeneous Labor: The Role of IPR‐Protection on Technology Transfer and the Brain Drain Effect
Authors: Cohle Zachary
Published: August 2019

Using a North–South framework, this study proposes a theoretical general equilibrium model with multiple Northern firms offshoring innovative R&D to the South. Northern firms vary in their ability to manage Southern researchers, and Southern researchers vary in quality. Southern researchers of higher quality are more productive but also more likely to leave the firm and start a competing firm through imitation of the product. A strengthening of Southern IPR‐protection increases offshoring, global welfare, and innovation while eliminating employment opportunities for skilled Southern researchers. Therefore, stronger Southern IPR‐protection has the potential to contribute to the emigration of highly qualified researchers. The model then predicts the effects of changes to the Northern country as a result of this increased emigration. Increases in Northern technology increase offshoring and innovation while decreasing the amount of technology transferred. The effect of an increase in Northern researcher quality depends on the degree of the increase in productivity as a result of the higher quality workers.
Resistant weeds were controlled by the combined use of herbicides and bioherbicides
Authors: Camargo Aline Frumi , Stefanski Fábio Spitza , Scapini Thamarys , Weirich Sabrina Natalia , Ulkovski Cleiton , Carezia Carine , Bordin Eduarda Roberta , Rossetto Vanusa , Júnior Francisco Reichert , Galon Leandro , Fongaro Gislaine , Mossi Altemir José , Treichel Helen
Published: August 2019

The intensive and abundant use of synthetic herbicides has been questioned in recent decades due to the strong dependence and also the resistance effects that are identified in weeds. Several grain crops suffer from the weed control system because many of the weeds are already resistant to the main herbicides that are used. In recent years, there has been a large gap in the market without the addition of new synthetic herbicides with mechanisms of action that differ from those already existing. The objective of this short piece is to address and overcome this challenge and bring an innovative and alternative solution that proposes a synergistic action system between bioherbicides produced by the fungus Trichoderma koningiopsis and synthetic herbicides (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, glyphosate, and ammonium glufosinate). The plants included in this study were Bidens pilosa (amor seco, or in the United States, beggar ticks or Spanish needle), Euphorbia heterophylla (adeus‐brasil), and Conyza bonariensis (margaridinha‐do‐campo, or, in the United States, hairy fleabane or asthmaweed). It was verified that, in the application of the biocomposites in the presence of chemical herbicides, potentiation of the phytotoxic action (100%) occurred under the target plants, emphasizing phytotoxicity to the weed, C. bonariensis, which is currently resistant to available herbicides. The bioherbicides studied have promising characteristics to be explored in the biocontrol of weeds.
Geradlinig bewegte Schallquellen
Authors: Billing H.
Published: August 2019

Es werden die Schallfelder einfacher geradlinig bewegter Schallquellen berechnet unter Ausnutzung der Tatsache, daß auch bei Wirbelbildung die Wellengleichung für das Beschleunigungspotential anwendbar bleibt. Es lassen sich dadurch neue Erkenntnisse über das Anströmgeräusch an Rundstäben gewinnen.
Zur Theorie des Gasdrucks gegen eine bewegte Wand
Authors: Schweikert G.
Published: August 2019

Auf der Grundlage der kinetischen Theorie der Gase wird eine Theorie des Gasdruckes gegen eine bewegte Wand entwickelt, die der Änderung des Impulses und der Geschwindigkeitskomponente der stoßenden Mole kule in Abhängigkeit von der Geschwindigkeit der Wand Rechnung trägt, aber gegebene Dichte und Temperatur des Gases unmittelbar an der bewegten Wand voraussetzt. Es wird eine wichtige Formel gewonnen die zeigt, daß der Gasdruck für ein ideales Gas mit wachsender Wandgeschwindigkeit asymptotisch gegen Null geht, während für die realen Gase der Gasdruck bereits bei endlichen Werten der Wandgeschwindigkeit — je nach der Größe der Abweichung vom idealen Gaszustand — auf Null herabsinkt.
Besondere Reihenentwicklungen für eine häufig vorkommende zweireihige Determinante mit Zylinderfunktionen und ihre Nullstellen
Authors: Buchholz Herbert
Published: August 2019

Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden für die Ausdrücke (1) und (2) einige anscheinend bisher unbekannte Reihenentwicklungen aufgestellt. Sie schreiten entweder nach den Kugelfunktionen mit λ = 0, 1, 2… oder nach halbzahligen Besselschen Funktionen wachsender Ordnungszahl fort, oder es sind Neumannsche Reihen zweiter Art. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden diese Entwicklungen dazu benutzt, um die Nullstellen von (2) in bezug auf z oder die von (1) in bezug auf v angenähert darzustellen. Dabei wird eine Nullstelle von (2) berücksichtigt, die bisher anscheinend übersehen worden ist.
Berechnung an den Rändern belasteter, allgemeiner Schalen
Authors: Zerna W.
Published: August 2019

Nach einer kurzen Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der allgemeinen Theorie dünner elastischer Schalen in der von Green und Zerna entwickelten Form wird der Fall der an den Rändern belasteten, beliebigen Schale behandelt. Das Problem wird auf eine einzige komplexe Differentialgleichung vierter Ordnung zurückgeführt. Der Realteil der Lösungsfunktion liefert eine mit den Normalverschiebungen zusammenhängende Größe, der Imaginärteil eine Spannungsfunktion. Mittels dieser beiden Größen lassen sich die übrigen Verschiebungskomponenten, sowie die Längskräfte, Querkräfte und Momente der Schale leicht berechnen.
Innovativeness of railway transport in the context of the development of tourism in Poland
Authors: Kozłowski Maciej , Pawełczyk Marek , Piotrowska-Piątek Agnieszka
Published: August 2019

The article discusses the issue of innovation activities of companies in railway transport in Poland in the context of the development of tourism. Transport infrastructure and organization, along with economic, social, ecological and political factors, are the basic stimulators for the development of tourism. In literature on the subject, this problem is rarely discussed. This article is of a review and research nature. The aim of it is to consider the condition of innovativeness of railway transport companies in Poland in the context of its role in the development of tourism in Poland. To attain the goals of this research, a critical analysis of literature on the subject and desk research have been carried out, the latter drawing on the unpublished data of Statistics Poland, referring to Polish companies from section Transportation and storage, class Passenger rail transport, interurban (according to NACE rev.2). The data derive from the three latest editions of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS). In the article, there was used data concerning: innovation activity, types of innovation, co-operation during innovative activity, importance of the source of information for innovation activity, importance of the reasons and barriers to not innovate. The data analysis reveals a rather low level of innovativeness of railway transport companies in Poland. In the authors’ opinion, this state of affairs is connected with historical and political factors: the structure and failed reforms in this sector and granting development priority to other branches of transport during the structural transformation in Poland.
Modeling Heterogeneous Peer Assortment Effects Using Finite Mixture Exponential Random Graph Models
Authors: Henry Teague R. , Gates Kathleen M. , Prinstein Mitchell J. , Steinley Douglas
Published: August 2019

This article develops a class of models called sender/receiver finite mixture exponential random graph models (SRFM-ERGMs). This class of models extends the existing exponential random graph modeling framework to allow analysts to model unobserved heterogeneity in the effects of nodal covariates and network features without a block structure. An empirical example regarding substance use among adolescents is presented. Simulations across a variety of conditions are used to evaluate the performance of this technique. We conclude that unobserved heterogeneity in effects of nodal covariates can be a major cause of misfit in network models, and the SRFM-ERGM approach can alleviate this misfit. Implications for the analysis of social networks in psychological science are discussed.
On the Deformation of Dendrites During Directional Solidification of a Nickel-Based Superalloy
Authors: Aveson J. W. , Reinhart G. , Goddard C. J. L. , Nguyen-Thi H. , Mangelinck-Noël N. , Tandjaoui A. , Davenport J. R. , Warnken N. , di Gioacchino F. , Lafford T. A. , D’Souza N. , Billia B. , Stone H. J.
Published: August 2019

Synchrotron X-ray imaging has been used to examine in situ the deformation of dendrites that takes place during the solidification of a nickel-based superalloy. By combining absorption and diffraction contrast imaging, deformation events could be classified by their localization and permanence. In particular, a deformation mechanism arising from thermal contraction in a temperature gradient was elucidated through digital image correlation. It was concluded that this mechanism may explain the small misorientations typically observed in single crystal castings.
Volatile oil well test analysis: application of two-phase pseudo-pressure approach
Authors: Baniasadi Hamid , Rashidi Fariborz
Published: August 2019

This study investigates flow behavior in the volatile oil reservoirs with two‐phase flow around the wellbore and the application of two-phase pseudo-pressure function for well test analysis in such volatile oil reservoirs. To this end, flow behavior and saturation profile of the volatile oil reservoirs with flowing bottom-hole pressure below the bubble point pressure are investigated using a synthetic reservoir model. Subsequently, well test behavior of this reservoir in drawdown and buildup tests are examined. Finally, the application of two-phase pseudo‐pressure concept is examined for analyzing well test data of the volatile oil reservoir. It is shown that two-phase flow near the wellbore causes a composite behavior in well test data with decreasing mobility during drawdowns and increasing mobility during buildups. Moreover, employing normalized two-phase pseudo-pressure function introduced in this study is found to be a suitable method for well test analysis in volatile oil reservoirs. Using the aforementioned method, effective permeability and wellbore skin are estimated by eliminating the effect of gas saturation on the well test results.
Niche differentiation among annually recurrent coastal Marine Group II Euryarchaeota
Authors: Orellana Luis H , Francis T Ben , Krüger Karen , Teeling Hanno , Müller Marie-Caroline , Fuchs Bernhard M , Konstantinidis Konstantinos T , Amann Rudolf I
Published: August 2019

Since the discovery of archaeoplankton in 1992, the euryarchaeotal Marine Group II (MGII) remains uncultured and less understood than other planktonic archaea. We characterized the seasonal dynamics of MGII populations in the southern North Sea on a genomic and microscopic level over the course of four years. We recovered 34 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of MGIIa and MGIIb that corroborated proteorhodopsin-based photoheterotrophic lifestyles. However, MGIIa and MGIIb MAG genome sizes differed considerably (~1.9 vs. ~1.4 Mbp), as did their transporter, peptidase, flagella and sulfate assimilation gene repertoires. MGIIb populations were characteristic of winter samples, whereas MGIIa accounted for up to 23% of the community at the beginning of summer. Both clades consisted of annually recurring, sequence-discrete populations with low intra-population sequence diversity. Oligotyping of filtered cell-size fractions and microscopy consistently suggested that MGII cells were predominantly free-living. Cells were coccoid and ~0.7 µm in diameter, likely resulting in grazing avoidance. Based on multiple lines of evidence, we propose distinct niche adaptations of MGIIa and MGIIb Euryarchaeota populations that are characteristic of summer and winter conditions in the coastal North Sea.
Carbon dioxide electroreduction to C2 products over copper-cuprous oxide derived from electrosynthesized copper complex
Authors: Zhu Qinggong , Sun Xiaofu , Yang Dexin , Ma Jun , Kang Xinchen , Zheng Lirong , Zhang Jing , Wu Zhonghua , Han Buxing
Published: August 2019

Efficient electroreduction of carbon dioxide to multicarbon products in aqueous solution is of great importance and challenging. Unfortunately, the low efficiency of the production of C2 products limits implementation at scale. Here, we report reduction of carbon dioxide to C2 products (acetic acid and ethanol) over a 3D dendritic copper-cuprous oxide composite fabricated by in situ reduction of an electrodeposited copper complex. In potassium chloride aqueous electrolyte, the applied potential was as low as −0.4 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode, the overpotential is only 0.53 V (for acetic acid) and 0.48 V (for ethanol) with high C2 Faradaic efficiency of 80% and a current density of 11.5 mA cm−2. The outstanding performance of the electrode for producing the C2 products results mainly from near zero contacting resistance between the electrocatalysts and copper substrate, abundant exposed active sites in the 3D dendritic structure and suitable copper(I)/copper(0) ratio of the electrocatalysts.