bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of patient satisfaction and masticatory performance in mandible single implant-assisted overdenture
Authors: Kashyap Swati , Mittal Sanjeev , Sharma Navneet , Sukhija Urvashi , Kamra Mohit , Gupta Nitika
Published: April 2021

Objectives:

Many authors’ have advocated a minimum of two implants to support a mandibular overdenture, but financial restraints specifically among the geriatric population in developing countries made this treatment plan economically difficult. Hence, this study was planned to assess the symphyseal (midline) single implant-assisted complete overdenture for patient satisfaction and masticatory performance.

Materials and Methods:

In this clinical study, 12 edentulous first-time denture wearers underwent placement of a single implant in the mandibular symphyseal region. After 1 week, new complete dentures were fabricated and delivered to the patients. Post 3 months, the denture was fixed with a nylon cap-ball attachment to the anchor implant. Patients were questioned about comparison in the level of satisfaction and complaint before loading the implant (control group) and after 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. The implant-assisted overdenture was fabricated with the help of a questionnaire. Masticatory performance was calculated with the help of a bite force measuring device at the same time intervals. SPSS 17.0 statistical software was used to analyze the data.

Results:

It was found that single implant anchorage of the mandibular complete denture resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in patient's subjective satisfaction and a decrease (P < 0.05) in complaints at the end of 3 months. There was a significant (P < 0.01) increase in bite force in implant overdenture after 3 months (5.459 kgf) as compared to that of the complete denture (3.406 kgf).

Conclusion:

Single implant-assisted overdenture can be an appropriate treatment modality to treat edentulousness in the geriatric population. It insinuates the remarkable improvement of prosthesis function and oral comfort with minor surgical procedures.
Potential urine biomarkers in bladder outlet obstruction-related detrusor underactivity
Authors: Jiang Yuan-Hong , Jhang Jia-Fong , Hsu Yung-Hsiang , Ho Han-Chen , Kuo Hann-Chorng
Published: April 2021

Detrusor underactivity (DU), an important but under-researched issue, is thought to be complex and multifactorial in etiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis. Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) is one of the important known etiologies of DU, with significant morphologic and physiologic changes of the urothelium, suburothelium, and detrusor muscle in the urinary bladder. Chronic urinary bladder ischemia and repeated cycles of ischemia and reperfusion injury cause excessive oxidative stress, and it is thought to be responsible for the development of DU. DU might be the late phase or decompensated status of BOO, with the possible mechanisms of afferent nervous dysfunction, increased inflammation, denervation of the detrusor muscle, and myogenic failure. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) involves in the physiological detrusor contraction, and might provide the prognostic value for the recoverability of DU. Neurotrophins, including nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, involve in the neuroplastic changes in many inflammatory bladder diseases, including BOO and DU. Oxidative stress biomarkers, including 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, F2-isoprostane, and the involved pro-inflammatory cytokines, have been applied in BOO due to their involvements in chronic bladder ischemia. PGE2, neurotrophins, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress biomarkers are the potential urine biomarkers in BOO-related DU.
Presumed diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis and cat-scratch disease
Authors: Siti-Khadijah Abdul Rahman , Azhany Yaakub , Norwazilah Mohd Ansul , Nor-Azita Ahmad Tarmidzi
Published: April 2021

A healthy 35-year-old Malay woman presented with left eye pain for 1 week, and ocular examination showed evidence of panuveitis. She had granulomatous type of anterior uveitis with secondary high intraocular pressure (IOP). Fundus showed optic disc swelling, mild vitritis, and multiple subretinal lesions, which later formed a migratory track. A diagnosis of presumed diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis was made. At the same time, the serology test for Bartonella henselae was positive. The patient was treated with antiglaucoma medicine and topical steroids. An antihelminthic was initially used, and later, an antibiotic for cat-scratch disease was added. In addition, focal laser photocoagulation was performed. After 3 months, her visual acuity improved together with a reduction in inflammation and well-controlled IOP.
Nanoteknoloji ve Nanomimarlık
Authors: SARI TEKİN Cansu , SARI ÇETİN Aysu
Published: April 2021

Uygulama alanlarının çeşitliliğinden dolayı ülkeler için önemli bir yere sahip olan nanoteknoloji 21. Yüzyılın en önemli gelişmesi arasında yer almaktadır ve milyarlarca dolar yatırım yapılmaktadır. 1 ile 100 nanometre boyutundaki yapıların yüksek performanslı bir amaca hizmet etmesi için tasarlanması ve kullanılmasına nanoteknoloji denilmektedir. Malzeme bilimi alanında kullanılmasının yanı sıra gıda, tekstil, eczacılık, tıp, fizik, kimya, biyoloji, elektronik, gibi pek çok alanda uygulanmasıyla yenilikler getiren nanoteknoloji mimarlık alanında da yapı sektöründe birçok konuda gelişmeler göstermektedir. Nanomimarlık bağlamında mekanın dışında ve içerisinde kullanılan malzemelerde sağlam, kaliteli, uygun ve hafif yapıların ortaya çıkmasında nanoteknolojinin etkisi hızla devam etmektedir. Kullanım alanları arasında üretim tekniklerinde, yüzeylerin kendini temizleyebilme özelliği, ısı yalıtım malzemeleri, nanokompozit malzeme, aydınlatma, havalandırma ve hava kalitesini arttıran malzemeler,  beton yüzeyler, yangın korunumu, lotus etkisi ile boya malzemeleri, kaplama uygulama yüzeyleri, fotovoltaik paneller, yansıma önleyici malzemeler ve enerji gibi alanlarda sürdürülebilir yapılarda kullanılmaktadır. Dünya üzerinde nanoteknolojinin kullanım alanının geniş olduğu görülmektedir.
Siyah Kuğu Pandeminin Türk Firmaları Üzerine Etkileri ve Yakın Gelecekte Firmalarin Yüzyüze Satışa Yönelik Öngörüleri
Authors: UNAL KESTANE Serpil
Published: April 2021

Hayatın her yönünü değişik şekillerde etkileyen ve siyah kuğu olarak adlandırabileceğimiz PANDEMİ, özellikle ekonomik yaşamın temel taşı olan firmaları da farklı şekillerde etkilemiştir. Bu döneme özgü bazı kısıtlamalar yüz yüze satışları olumsuz yönde etkilemiş, tüketici ve firmaları dijital platformlara sevk etmiştir. 
Bu araştırmanın da ana amacı pandeminin firmaları ne şekilde etkilediği ve firmaların bu özel koşullardan kendileri adına ne gibi dersler çıkardığının belirlenmesidir.  Ayrıca, kısıtlamalar nedeniyle aksayan yüzyüze satış ve bu dönemde firmaların satış elemanlarından beklentilerinin neler olduğunun belirlenmesi de araştırmanın alt amaçları arasındadır.
Araştırmada nitel araştırma tekniklerinden “görüşme tekniği” kullanılmış ve 48 firma ile yüzyüze ya da çevrimiçi olarak görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşmelerde firmalara “yüz yüze satış, satış elemanlarından beklentiler ve pandemi” ile ilgili olarak yaklaşık 11 adet soru yöneltilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda firmaların, dijital satışa yönelik yatırımlarını büyük ölçüde artırdığı ve özellikle sosyal medya konusunda uzman olan, e ticareti bilen satış elemanlarına daha fazla ihtiyaç duydukları görülmüştür. Ancak firmalar, yüz yüze satışın yerini hiçbir satış tekniğinin dolduramayacağı ve yeni düzende de yüz yüze satışın asla sona ermeyeceği konusunda hemfikirdirler.
Criminal-Legal and Penal Enforcement Regulation of the Use of Firearms by Employees of the Penitentiary System of Russia
Authors: Ponikarov Vladimir A.
Published: April 2021

Introduction: the paper investigates criminal and penal enforcement inconsistencies in the legislative regulation on the use of firearms by the staff of the penal system in their official activities. Legal details consist in the fact that we put forward scientifically substantiated proposals to reform criminal-legal and penal enforcement aspects associated with the use of firearms by employees (guns, submachine guns, rifles, which are operated by the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia). We analyze Article 86 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes relevant security measures. We also consider the practice of foreign countries related to this problem. Aim: to investigate the criminal-legal and penal enforcement aspects related to the use of firearms by staff of the penal system for example, in relation to convicts. Methods: we use dialectical method as methodological and theoretical basis for the study, and deductive method to analyze the norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation regarding the use of firearms. We also use systematized methods to study articles of the Criminal Code and the Penal Enforcement Code. They help to classify the legal facts that establish the legal right of staff to use firearms. We use empirical methods of mastering in order to improve penal officers’ performance in the use of firearms. The article presents the results of a survey of 318 employees. Results: we have investigated the essence of criminal-legal relations in terms of the use of firearms by employees of the penal system; we have also studied the practice of implementing the norms concerning the use of firearms by law enforcement officers; we propose a theoretical model for improving criminal legislation related to the use of firearms In addition, we provide scientifically substantiated ideas and empirical studies aimed at improving criminal and penal enforcement legislation on the use of firearms. Research findings of our paper include new ideas concerning the use of firearms within the boundaries of criminal and penal enforcement legislation (we suggest that the foundations associated with the use of firearms should be contained in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

Key words: criminal legislation; penal enforcement legislation; use of firearms; legal facts; legal relations; security measures; Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia; penal enforcement system.
IMPACT OF BUSINESS EDUCATION ON CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)
Authors:   Pakistan Institute for Parliamentary Services., Asghar Rana Jimshaid
Published: April 2021

Objective:- Corporate social responsibility is basically focused by the organizations for the better environment of the organization. A Current study has discussed some variables which have direct and indirect impact on CSR, Such as Business education, Manager Profile, subordinate of ethics and social responsibility. This research explored the impact of Business education on CSR. Methodology:- Education sector was selected for the analysis and is quantitative approach. The sampling technique was simple random sampling with the sample of 300 employees. A Standardized questionnaire was used for the data collection. The results were analyzed by using Multiple Regressions on AMOS. Findings:- Reliability of the variables are shown as, Manager Profile was (69%), Business Education (80.7%), subordinate of ethics and social responsibility reliability (83.8%). Findings show positive impact of manager’s profile and business education on CSR. Practical Implications:- As managers are the leaders of the organization and the whole organizational environment based on managerial performances. If management is active and efficient ethically and socially towards the employees and the organizational goals it’s obvious that organizational performance will be positive.
INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF MICRO FINANCE ON ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF PEOPLE: A CASE STUDY OF RURAL AREAS OF SIND, PAKISTAN
Authors: Tariq Muhammad
Published: April 2021

Purpose: This study is designed to investigate the role of microfinance on the economic and social development of people in the rural areas of the Province of Sind Pakistan. This study considers and compares two situations of the respondents: economic and social conditions before and after taking micro loan. Methodology/Sampling: The target population for this study is those people who planned to take microcredit from the banks with the objective to change their lives by investing such funds in their existing business or opening new business. We conducted a survey about their economic well-being before taking microcredit (Feb-July 2013) and then revisited to them after a year and determined their status after taking microcredit. The study considers descriptive as well as statistical analysis such as Chi square, OLS estimation and one sample T test. Findings: The study concludes that there is no change in Economic Conditions of Borrowers after accusation of Micro finance. The microfinance could not improve their Business growth as well. However, in Social Development, there is significant improvement in the Lifestyle of borrowers, whereas, there is no significant improvement in Health and Education needs of Buyers before and after taking of microfinance. The study further concludes that borrowers believe that the Loan Amount provided is not sufficient for their needs and both the repayment schedule and interest rate are not reasonable to facilitate them. Practical Implications: this study provides bases for new dimensions especially for the policymakers and the regulatory bodies that the term structure of Micro credit should be revised as well as the amount of loan should also be sufficient for the borrowers’ need.
Chebyshev Polynomials for Certain Subclass of Bazilevic Functions Associated with Ruscheweyh Derivative
Authors: JUMA A. R. S. , AL-KHAFAJI S. N. , ENGEL O.
Published: April 2021

In this paper, through the instrument of the well-known Chebyshev polynomials and subordination, we deﬁned a family of functions, consisting of Bazilević functions of type α, involving the Ruscheweyh derivative operator. Also, we investigate coeﬃcient bounds and Fekete-Szegö inequalities for this class.
Some Refinements of the Numerical Radius Inequalities via Young Inequality
Authors: HEYDARBEYGI Z. , AMYARI M.
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we get an improvement of the Hölder-McCarthy operator inequality in the case when r ≥ 1 and reﬁne generalized inequalities involving powers of the numerical radius for sums and products of Hilbert space operators.
A Note on Pair of Left Centralizers in Prime Ring with Involution
Authors: MOZUMDER MUZIBUR RAHMAN , ABBASI ADNAN , DAR NADEEM AHMAD , SHAH AFTAB HUSSAIN
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this paper is to study pair of left centralizers in prime rings with involution satisfying certain identities.
Some Remarks on Differential Identities in Rings
Authors: RAZA MOHD ARIF , ALHAZMI HUSAIN , ALI SHAKIR
Published: April 2021

Let 1 < k and m,k ∈ ℤ+. In this manuscript, we analyse the action of (semi)-prime rings satisfying certain diﬀerential identities on some suitable subset of rings. To be more speciﬁc, we discuss the behaviour of the semiprime ring ℛ satisfying the diﬀerential identities ([d([s,t]m), [s,t]m])k = [d([s,t]m), [s,t]m] for every s,t ∈ℛ.
Continuous-Time Linear Systems
Authors: KAISSERLI ZINEB , BOUAGADA DJILLALI
Published: April 2021

In this work, Sumudu transform is used to establish the solution of a regular fractional continuous-time linear system based on Caputo fractional derivative-integral. First results of the proposed method are presented and compared to the existing ones.
Lyapunov Type Inequality for an Anti-Periodic Conformable Boundary Value Problem
Authors: JONNALAGADDA JAGAN MOHAN , BASUA DEBANANDA , SATPATHI DIPAK KUMAR
Published: April 2021

In this article, we present a Lyapunov-type inequality for a conformable boundary value problem associated with anti-periodic boundary conditions. To demonstrate the applicability of established result, we obtain a lower bound on the eigenvalue of the corresponding eigenvalue problem.
Summation-Integral Type Operators Based on Lupas-Jain Functions
Authors: MANAV NESIBE , ISPIR NURHAYAT
Published: April 2021

We introduce a genuine summation-integral type operators based on Lupaş-Jain type base functions related to the unbounded sequences. We investigated their degree of approximation in terms of modulus of continuity and ????-functional for the functions from bounded and continuous functions space. Furthermore, we give some theorems for the local approximation properties of functions belonging to Lipschitz class. Also, we give Voronovskaja theorem for these operators.
Conditioned Aversion for a Cocaine-Predictive Cue is Associated withCocaine Seeking and Taking in Rats
Authors: Colechio Elizabeth M. , Grigson Patricia S.
Published: April 2021

Rats emit aversive taste reactivity (TR) behavior (i.e., gapes) following intraoral delivery of a cocaine-paired taste cue, and greater conditioned aversive TR in well-trained rats predicts greater drug-taking. Here, we used a between-groups design and tracked the development of this conditioned aversive TR behavior on a trial by trial basis in an effort to determine when the change in behavior occurs and at what point individual differences in cue reactivity become predictive of cocaine-seeking and cocaine-taking. The results demonstrate that conditioned aversive TR to a cocaine-predictive flavor cue appears very early in training (i.e., following as few as 1 – 2 taste-drug pairings), stabilizes quickly, and becomes predictive of “terminal” self-administration within 3 – 4 trials. Indeed, rats exhibiting high conditioned aversive TR to the cocaine-paired cue also exhibited greater goal-directed behavior, were faster to take drug, self-administered more cocaine, and exhibited greater seeking during periods of drug non-availability. High conditioned aversive TR, then, develops quickly and is indicative of a greater motivation for drug.
Incentive Relativity: Gene-Environment Interactions
Authors: Torres Carmen , Sabariego Marta
Published: April 2021

Reward loss experiences are among the main sources of emotional stress that humans face throughout their lives. In the animal laboratory, it has been repeatedly shown that the unexpected omission or devaluation of a reinforcer triggers a physiological, cognitive, and behavioral state called frustration. This state involves emotional mechanisms that resemble those unleashed by the presentation of other aversive stimuli, inducing similar stress responses through the activation of brain circuits involved in fear and anxiety. Although this hypothesis has been supported by behavioral, pharmacological, hormonal, and neurobiological evidence, only a few studies have focused on the neurogenetic basis of frustration in animals. This review focuses on the gene-environment interactions that determine the emotional response under conditions of reward loss. Behavioral and genetic correlates of frustration are reviewed in two strains of animals selected on the basis of extreme differences in active avoidance learning: inbred Roman High- (RHA-I) and Roman Low-Avoidance (RLA-I) rats. The review shows the usefulness of Roman strains for neurogenetic research and sets out unsolved questions regarding gene-environment interactions underlying behavior induced by incentive loss.
Diversity of Adjustments to Reward Downshifts in Vertebrates
Authors: Papini Mauricio R.
Published: April 2021

This review focuses on reward-schedule effects, a family of learning phenomena involving surprising devaluations in reward quality or quantity (as in incentive contrast), and reward omissions (as in appetitive extinction), as studied in three taxonomic groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, and amphibians. The largest database of dependable data comes from research with mammals in general, and with rats in particular. These experiments show a variety of behavioral adjustments to situations involving reward downshifts. For example, rats show disruption of instrumental and consummatory behavior directed at a small reward after receiving a substantially larger reward (called successive negative contrast, SNC)—a reward-schedule effect. However, instrumental SNC does not seem to occur when animals work for sucrose solutions—a reversed reward-schedule effect. Similar modes of adjustment have been reported in analogous experiments with avian and amphibian species. A review of the evidence suggests that carry-over signals across successive trials can acquire control over behavior under massed practice, but emotional memory is required to account for reward-schedule effects observed under widely spaced practice. There is evidence for an emotional component to reward-schedule effects in mammals, but similar evidence for other vertebrates is scanty and inconsistent. Progress in the comparative analysis of reward-schedule effects will require the intense study of a set of selected species, in selected reward-downshift situations, and aiming at identifying underlying neural mechanisms.
Cognitive Deficits in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington’s disease and their Amelioration with Donepezil
Authors: Murphy Carol A. , Paterson Neil E. , Chen Angela , Arias Washington , He Dansha , Alosio William , Oakeshott Steven , Farrar Andrew , Menalled Liliana , Ramboz Sylvie , Brunner Dani , Howland David , Park Larry C.
Published: April 2021

The neurodegenerative disorder Huntington’s disease (HD) is characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptoms. The R6/2 (120 CAG repeats) mouse model of HD recapitulates many of the symptoms of the disease, including marked impairments in cognition and severe motor deficits. As cholinergic function has been reported to be affected in both HD patients and this mouse model, we tested whether treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil could improve the R6/2 mice performance in the two-choice swim tank visual discrimination and reversal task. In this test mice are trained to swim towards a light cued platform located on one side of a water-filled tank. Once mice reach an acquisition criterion a reversal ensues. Wild-type and R6/2 mice were dosed with donepezil (0.6 mg/kg/day) or vehicle starting at 8 weeks of age and tested starting at 9 weeks of age. In experiment 1, vehicle-treated R6/2 mice showed a significant deficit during acquisition and reversal as compared to vehicle-treated WT mice. Donepezil improved reversal in the R6/2 group. In experiment 2, we confirmed the beneficial effect of donepezil on reversal in similar conditions. Donepezil had no effect on activity as measured in the open field test or through the latency to reach the platform during the swim test. We suggest that the donepezil-induced improvements in cognitive function observed in the R6/2 transgenic model of HD may reflect amelioration of deficits in cholinergic function that have been reported previously in this model. Further work is required to confirm the findings of these interesting although preliminary studies.
The Development of Strain Typical Defensive Patterns in the Play Fighting of Laboratory Rats
Authors: Himmler Stephanie M. , Lewis Jena M. , Pellis Sergio M.
Published: April 2021

During play fighting, rats attack and defend the nape, which if contacted is nuzzled with the snout. While all strains of rats can use all defensive tactics to protect the nape, there are strain-typical preferences for using particular tactics This study tests two hypotheses for this strain difference: (1) that each strain has strain-specific thresholds for each tactic, or (2) that each strain attacks differently which leads to strain differences in which defense tactics are used. Juvenile Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley males were tested with both unfamiliar (experiment 1) and familiar (experiment 2) same-strain and different-strain partners. Experiment two was conducted to determine if familiarity with a different strain might allow rats to modify their strain-typical pattern of play. If hypothesis (1) were true, they would maintain strain-typical defense patterns irrespective of partner strain, whereas for (2) it would vary with partner strain. Hypothesis (1) was supported in the first experiment; all the rats maintained their strain-typical patterns regardless of the partner’s strain. However, the second experiment supported neither hypothesis, as each animal displayed strain-divergent behavior when playing with partners of a different strain as well as with partners of the same strain. Given that in the second experiment subjects were reared in mixed-strain groups, it is possible that, during the early juvenile period, animals are susceptible to discordant social experiences
The Instrumentally Derived Incentive-Motivational Function
Authors: Weiss Stanley J.
Published: April 2021

Though differential reinforcement, a discriminative stimulus (SD) acquires two properties. The operant contingency is responsible for the SDs response-discriminative property. However, as stimulus control develops an SD also acquires incentive-motivational properties through its association with reinforcement changes. A systematic series of experiments are described that breaks the usual co-variation of response and reinforcement rates in most discriminative operant situations. In three groups, SDs (a tone and a light) occasioned steady moderate lever pressing in rats that ceased when neither SD was present. Probably of reinforcement in these SDs, relative to when both were off, was systematically manipulated to make them incentive-motivationally excitatory, neutral or inhibitory. In each SD, for the “excitatory” group reinforcement (food) probability increased from 0 to 100%, for the “neutral” group it was unchanged and for the “inhibitory” group it decreased from 100 to 0%. Although behaviorally indistinguishable in training, a stimulus-compounding assay revealed that tone-plus-light tripled response rate in the incentive-excitatory group, doubled rate in the incentive-neutral group and didn’t increase rate in the incentive-inhibitory group – producing the instrumentally derived incentive-motivational function for the first time. This is discussed context of two-process learning theory, a functional analysis of transfer-of-control research plus how the response-discriminative and incentive-motivational properties acquired by an SD contribute to the stimulus control of behavior.
Pavlov + Skinner = Premack
Authors: Killeen Peter R.
Published: April 2021

Behavior is a sequence of actions. Premackian conditioning occurs when one of those actions permits an animal to engage in more biologically potent positive responses—reinforcement—or forces them to engage in less positive (or negative) responses —punishment. Signals of the transition from one class of actions to another focus the instrumental responses in the first class and inform the contingent responses in the second class. The signals may be innate (USs) or learned (sign-learning); excitatory (leading to more positive actions) or inhibitory (leading to less positive actions). The potency of an action has phylogenetic origins, but may be conditioned by proximity to more potent responses, such as consummation of a reinforcer. With practice instrumental responses may take on increased strength, and in some cases become motivationally autonomous—become habits. Stimuli or responses that signal the availability of more positive actions may become incentive motivators that animals will approach. Discriminative stimuli do not have intrinsic value as reinforcers, but only the value derived from the responses that they release. These forces bend an animal’s trajectory through its stimulus-action-time context into a path that leads more directly to positive actions. The association of actions (conditioned responses, operants, and observing responses) with actions of different potency (ultimately unconditioned responses or consummatory behavior) is the primary association in Premackian conditioning. All other types of conditioning may be interpreted as instances of such Premackian conditioning.
Operant/Classical Conditioning: Comparisons,Intersections and Interactions The 2014 Winter Conference on Animal Learning and Behavior Focus and Research Seminar Sessions
Authors: Weiss Stanley J. , Rosales-Ruiz Jesús
Published: April 2021

The Keynote Speaker at Winter Conference on Animal Learning and Behavior (WCALB) 2014 was Dr. Björn Brembs whose address was titled, Pavlovian and Skinnerian Processes Are Genetically Separable. The essence of the address, that describes the research on which Dr. Brembs based this conclusion, is described below. Articles in this issue representing the related Focus Session include: The Many Faces of Pavlovian Conditioning by Dr. Jozefowiez, Pavlov + Skinner = Premack by Dr. Killeen, Evocation of Behavioral Change by the Reinforcer is the Critical Event in Both the Classical and Operant Procedures by Dr. Donahoe, On Choice and the Law of Effect by Dr. Staddon, Response-Outcome versus Outcome-Response Associations in Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer: Effects of Instrumental Training Context by Gilroy, Everett and Delamater, and The Instrumentally-Derived Incentive-Motivational Function by Dr. Weiss. As a whole, they attempt to increase our contact with, and get at the essence of, what is actually happening with these operant and classical contingencies in the laboratory and nature. The Research Seminar Session revealed the current tendency for explanations of behavior to be reduced to physiology, neuroscience, and genetics. However, anti-reductionists saw shortcomings in this approach. They recommended an interconnected holistic approach which shifts the focus away from the structure of discrete behaviors and toward examining the environment in which the behavior occurs and the consequences produced. The distinction between structural and functional analysis points to a difficulty of integrating facts about behavior with other levels of analysis that requires our attention.
The Frequency and Nature of Allocare by a Group of Belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) in Human Care
Authors: Hill Heather M. , Campbell Carolyn A.
Published: April 2021

The care of offspring by non-parental caregivers, or allocare, is common across many taxa. Several functions of allocare have been proposed, including opportunities to rest or forage for the mother, experiences to learn about caring for young animals for naïve females, or additional nourishment and protection for the offspring. Belugas, like many cetaceans, display allocare. However, the frequency and contexts in which allocare occurs have not been studied extensively. The purpose of the current study was to document the frequency of allocare in a group of belugas in human care that steadily increased in its number of offspring over a period of four years. The results suggested that allocare did not occur as frequently as mother-calf swims and occurred when adult females without calves were available in the social grouping. Additionally, certain allocare partners seemed to be preferred by specific mother-calf pairs. The results also indicated that the calf may play a more active role in the selection of an allocare partner than previously acknowledged. This study supports the importance of social composition when young offspring are present.
Effect of Body Position on Oxygenation and Hemodynamic Status among Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Ismail Abdullah Sh. , Mohammad Sahar Y. , Mourad Amira H.
Published: April 2021

Context: Positioning is one of the most frequently performed nursing activities in the critical care unit. It is often providing a central pivotal focus for planning other nursing activities. Therapeutic positioning of the patient's head, different degrees of the head of the bed elevation has been suggested as a low-cost and simple approach to preventing secondary brain injury.

Aim: determine the effect of body position on oxygenation and hemodynamic status among patients with traumatic brain injury.

Methods: Quasi-experiments (single group pre/posttest design). The study was conducted in the Critical Care Units in El-Mansoura general hospital at El-Mansoura city. A purposive sample of (67) adult patients diagnosed with traumatic brain injuries was recruited in this study. A structured socio-demographic interview questionnaire, patients’ medical records to elicit clinical variables and record cardiorespiratory assessment findings, Glasgow Coma Scale, and Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale were used to either include or exclude the patient according to the study criteria.

Results: There was a significant increase in oxygen saturation in post right lateral position from (94.93 ± 1.25 to 95.37 ± 1.17) and the semi fowler position from (95.37 ± 1.17 to 97.31 ± 11.13) compared to pre-positioning. The hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure) were significantly decreased in the post-semi-fowler position and then right lateral position compared to pre. Besides, the CVP is significantly increased in the semi-fowler position.

Conclusion: Oxygen saturation and all hemodynamic parameters were significantly improved compared to their normal range in post-semi-fowler position, then right lateral position. Develop nursing practice protocol for critical care nurses to position patients at the semi-fowler position after traumatic brain injury can improve oxygenation and hemodynamic parameters. Moreover, further studies should be carried out to assess the effect of other body positions in other medical conditions.
The Influence of Woman on Board of Commissioner and Woman on Board of Director on Company Financial Performance
Authors:   Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics-Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia, Seso Damianus John
Published: April 2021

This study aims to examine the effect of woman on board of commissioner and woman on board of director on company financial performance. This study uses secondary data accessed through IDX.co.id and idnfinancials.com. The population in this study are companies in the manufacturing sector with a span of years 2017-2019. Determination of the sample using purposive sampling method with certain criteria. The final number of samples is 393 data. The analysis technique used in this study is multiple linear regression with the SPSS 25 version. There are two hypothesizes, namely, woman on board of commissioner and woman on board of director have a positive influence on the company's financial performance. The t-test show that both, woman on board of commissioner and woman on board of director did not have positive influence on the company's financial performance. it means that gender doesn’t matter.
Avaliação da qualidade da dieta de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 atendidos no Ambulatório de Nutrição da Universidade Federal de Pelotas
Authors: Vargas Larissa Barz de , Santos Olivia Farias , Magalhães Larissa Sander , Kilpp Débora Simone , Bertacco Renata Abib , Marques Anne Y Castro , Borges Lúcia Rota
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade da dieta de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 atendidos no Ambulatório de Nutrição da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Método: Estudo transversal com pacientes diabéticos tipo 2, maiores de 18 anos, atendidos no ambulatório de nutrição da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Foram avaliados de forma retrospectiva, dados obtidos a partir dos prontuários dos pacientes, sendo traçado o perfil clínico, demográfico e nutricional. Para avaliar a qualidade da dieta foi aplicado o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado, a partir do recordatório de 24 horas dos pacientes na primeira consulta. Resultados: Foram avaliados 221 diabéticos tipo 2, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (67,42%) e obeso (59,55%). A média geral do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado foi de 60,63±9,88 pontos. Os componentes com menor contribuição para a média do escore total foram frutas integrais, vegetais totais e leguminosas, cereais integrais, sódio, frutas totais e leite e derivados. Indivíduos idosos obtiveram escores significativamente maiores, além disso, houve correlação negativa entre o índice de qualidade da dieta e o índice de massa corporal, evidenciando que, quanto maior o índice de massa corporal menor o escore e pior a qualidade da dieta. Conclusão: Verificou-se inadequação na qualidade da dieta de pacientes diabéticos, principalmente entre aqueles que apresentaram sobrepeso e/ou obesidade, ressaltando a necessidade de intervenções nutricionais adequadas para essa população, visando à melhora de hábitos alimentares, com repercussões positivas no controle glicêmico e na qualidade de vida dos mesmos.
Ambiente obesogênico universitário: achados de uma cidade brasileira
Authors: Sodré Bianca Elidia , Leite Maria Alvim , Binoti Mirella Lima
Published: April 2021

Introdução: O contexto em que as populações vivem pode influenciar negativamente a qualidade da sua alimentação, constituindo os chamados ambientes obesogênicos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os tipos de comércios existentes e a disponibilidade de alimentos comercializados em relação ao seu grau de processamento industrial, dentro e ao redor da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo exploratório, no qual foram avaliados todos os comércios de alimentos localizados dentro de um buffer de raio de 500 metros. Foram coletados dados de latitude e longitude dos estabelecimentos e informações dos alimentos comercializados. Os estabelecimentos foram agrupados de acordo com suas características e de acordo com grau de processamento da maioria dos alimentos vendidos. Utilizou-se o Teste Exato de Fisher para testar a associação entre tipo de estabelecimento e grau de processamento da predominância dos alimentos comercializados. Para avaliar possíveis aglomerações, foram feitos mapas de densidade de Kernel. Resultados: Foram avaliados 39 comércios que ofereciam, predominantemente, alimentos ultraprocessados e aglomeravam-se no centro da área estudada. Conclusão: Observa-se que o ambiente alimentar no qual os frequentadores da instituição estão expostos pode ser classificado como ambiente não promotor de uma alimentação saudável
Akdeniz Meyve Sineği Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)’nın Kayısı Bahçelerinde Popülasyon Değişimleri Üzerinde Araştırmalar
Authors: TİFTİKCİ Papatya
Published: April 2021

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), başta turunçgiller olmak üzere birçok meyve türünde önemli bir dış karantina zararlısıdır. Bu çalışma, 2016-2019 yılları arasında Çanakkale’de yürütülmüştür. Akdeniz meyve sineğinin popülasyon değişimlerini tespit etmek amacıyla kayısı bahçelerine Trimedlure içeren delta tipi feromon tuzaklar yerleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, Akdeniz meyve sineğinin popülasyonunun 2016 ve 2018 yıllarında yüksek seviyelerde, 2017 ve 2019 yıllarında ise düşük değerlerde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada, Akdeniz meyve sineğinin 2016 yılında temmuz-aralık aylarında, 2017 yılında eylül-kasım aylarında, 2018 yılında temmuz-kasım aylarında, 2019 yılında ise ağustos-aralık aylarında popülasyonu gözlenmiştir. Akdeniz meyve sineği, 10.10.2016 tarihinde tuzak başına 630 ergin, 24.10.2017 tarihinde tuzak başına 3 ergin, 12.9.2018 tarihinde tuzak başına 581 ergin, 24.10.2019 tarihinde ise tuzak başına 20 ergin ile tepe noktası oluşturmuştur.
Karar Teorisinin Tarım Sektöründe Uygulanması
Authors: ÖZCAN Burcu , ÖZER Erdoğan Hakkı
Published: April 2021

Karar analizi, karşılaşılan problemleri dikkate alarak çeşitli ölçütler sunmakta ve değerlendirme fırsatı sağlamaktadır. Tarım sektöründe karşılaşılacak problemlerin belirsizlik ve risk taşıması karar analizinin sektörde kullanılmasını sağlamıştır. Bu çalışmada Tekirdağ’ın Şarköy ilçesinde tarım işleri ile uğraşan çiftçinin arazisinde yapacağı faaliyete karar verme aşamasında karar analizi çalışması yapılmıştır. Çalışmada yer alan durumlar belirsizlik ve risk altında değerlendirilmiş ve karar ağacı çizilerek sonuçlar yorumlanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı çiftçiye belirlenen karar durumlarına bağlı olarak uygun olan seçeneği sunmak ve karar analizini tarım sektöründe uygulamaktır. Araştırma için gerekli bilgilere konu ile ilgili bilgi sahibi kişi ile yapılan görüşme yoluyla ulaşılmıştır. Ulaşılan verilerin analizi sonucunda belirsizlik ve risk altında değerlendirilmiştir. Veriler aracılığı ile çizilen karar ağacında olasılıklar iki farklı yol ile bulunmuştur. Karar ağacında olasılıkların atanma yolu değişmesine rağmen her iki durumda da seçilmesi uygun olan faaliyetin zeytin olduğuna karar verilmiştir.
Seckel Syndrome in a 9 Year Old Child
Authors: Dias Edwin , P. Sonali , A. Deeksha , M. Zulqarnain
Published: April 2021

Seckel Syndrome first defined by Seckel in 1959, is a rare (incidence 1:10000) genetically heterogeneous, autosomal recessive disorder presenting at birth. This syndrome is characterised by a proportionate dwarfism of prenatal onset, severe microcephaly with a bird headed appearance (beaked nose, receding forehead, prominent eyes and micrognathia) and mental retardation in addition to the characteristics craniofacial dysmorphism and skeletal defects, abnormalities have been described in the cardiovascular hematopoietic, endocrine, gastrointestinal and central nervous system. Usually such patients have poor psychomotor development.
Social Perception on HIV Positive People in Dakshina Kannada
Authors: D’Mello Laveena , B. M. Govindaraju
Published: April 2021

Human Immuno-deficiency Virus and Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is one of the most effective diseases which is associated with different terms and concept like labeling, stereo typing, separating and discriminating the people who are positive. Even though, there is a reason, causes and preventive measures of HIV/AIDS society has considered the positive people are very dangerous and treated them as useless, as social evil and God’s curse etc and also discriminate them. This different attitude of publics have made them to keep themselves isolate from family, community and society. Due to this strong social stigma the positive people try the maximum part of their life in maintaining the secrecy. The present paper deals with demographic status of HIV/AIDS positive people i Dakshina Kannada and their degree of interaction in the family, community and society and also the problems they going to face in their day to day life. The researcher had collected information from various centers, hospitals, agencies and support group. The methodology is used in this study is field survey, interview and case studies method. 25 cases have been studied in depth. The main objectives are to know the impact of HIV on the people, family and in society, and to find out perception of peoples attitude, stigma and discrimination towards the HIV positive people.
THE ILLUSION OF FLAWLESS LIFE ON SOCIAL MEDIA: VLOGS AND REAL LIFE
Authors: COSKUN Cicek
Published: April 2021

Internet and social media use are an integral part of life today. Many people spend a significant part of their day on social media. However, people often post on social media as if everything is fine and flawless in their lives. The aim of this study, which is designed as a qualitative research, is to examine the flawless life image represented on social media through selected vlogs. With this aim, after the literature review, 10 vlog accounts were selected by random sampling among the most subscribed vlogs on YouTube. These accounts are analyzed according to the fitness, beauty, family, life style and travel categories. In the study, in line with the main idea of the study and research problems, it is seen that vloggers present themselves as happy and very satisfied with their lives and do not mention the problematic and sad aspects of life.
Utilization of Calcined Gypsum in Water and Wastewater Treatment:
Removal of Ibuprofen
Authors: Al-Rawajfeh Aiman
Published: April 2021

Adsorption is a widely used technique for the removal of pharmaceutical organic micro-pollutants. In this article, calcined gypsum
(CaSO4.0.5H2O) was utilized for the removal of ibuprofen medicine from polluted water. Several factors including the
adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature were studied. The influence of the ions in the solution on the
precipitation of gypsum and its setting time was investigated because it significantly affects the percentage removal.
The fast the setting time gypsum, the lower the percentage removal precipitate. From thermodynamic parameters, the
negative values of ΔGo indicated a spontaneous and physisorption of ibuprofen onto the calcined gypsum surface.
Kinetic study results showed that the adsorption of ibuprofen on gypsum follows pseudo-first-order kinetics.
Avoiding Being Trapped in False Analogical Modeling of
Composite Wall Thermal Resistance
Authors: Aliedeh* Mohammed
Published: April 2021

Because Analogy is considered as a double-edged sword, thermal engineers should be cautious in analogical maneuvering between
electrical and thermal domains in order not to be slipped into building misconceptions about thermal resistance concept. Composite
wall thermal resistance (CWTR) modeling is one of the practical examples that illustrates the probability of misusing analogy. Heat
transfer undergraduate textbooks coverage of CWTR suffers a lean towards “cookbook” coverage that reports concise statements
that lack deep clarification and illustration. Transparent Thinking Approach (TTA) is employed to present a detailed calculation and
illustration of a typical CWTR modeling based on isothermal and adiabatic assumptions. The calculation of a typical CWTR for
different values of wall thermal conductivities shows that the difference in parallel walls thermal conductivity is creating a large
discrepancy that may reach 80% between heat flows calculated based on isothermal and adiabatic assumptions. It is found that for
a series-parallel arrangement of composite walls with high difference in parallel wall thermal conductivity values, the true value of
heat flow is bracketed between the isothermal and adiabatic heat flow values. The transparent way of presenting CWTR modeling
can be readily included in any standard heat transfer textbook and result in greatly enhancing CWTR modeling coverage.
Theoretical Study of Photovoltaic Thermal Integrated Absorption
Cooling System under Jordan Climate
Authors: Al-Odat Mohammed
Published: April 2021

This paper presents a theoretical investigation to simulate the utilization of (PV/T) technology to drive an absorption refrigeration
system that is used for air conditioning of a classroom under Jordan climate conditions. The absorption refrigeration cycle uses the hot
water from the PV/T collector with an assisted electrical heater as a heat source in the generator. In addition to the capability to utilize
the PV/T to supply the building by domestic hot water and electricity if no need to run the refrigeration cycle. This analysis was carried
using excel program and theoretical equations for the system. It was found that (PV/T) technology is very useful for thermal
applications with high efficiency. Also, absorption refrigeration cycle has a good coefficient of performance because it main ly depends
on the thermal energy with low electrical energy consumption to run the pump. Moreover, this system has a short payback period, low
energy consumption, low running cost, and minimum environmental impact. The results of this study show that the system needs about
(84 m
2 PV/T collectors) to cover 16 tons cooling load.
The Ceramic TiO2 Low-Pressure Nano-Filtration Membrane Separation
Behavior for Single and Mixed Ion Salt Solutions
Authors: Hudaib Banan
Published: April 2021

The objective of this work is to study the separation performance of a tubular TiO2 ceramic nanofiltration membrane
operate at low pressures (2 bar), and the parameters that would affect the membrane rejection behavior, such as the
ions valences, ions type, transmembrane pressure (TMP) values, and membrane zeta-potential. The membrane was
used to desalinate water samples containing NaCl, NaNO3, and Na2SO4 in single and tertiary salts solution. The
rejection of ions solutions took the following trend: R of sulphate (SO4
2-
) > R of nitrate (NO3
1-
)>R of chloride (Cl1-
)>R of
sodium (Na1+). The highest SO4
2-
rejection was about 62%, the highest NO3
1-
rejection was about 51%, the highest Cl1-
rejection was about 42%, and highest Na1+ rejection was about 37%.