bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sliding doors: how their opening affects particulate matter levels?
Authors: Della Camera A , Spataro G , Cevenini G , Nante N , De Marco F M , Messina G
Published: October 2020

Background

The operating theatres (OTs) have adequate conditions to perform safe operations and to prevent surgical site infections. Opening doors can compromise these situations. Measurement of particulate contamination is a key point to check the effectiveness of preventive measures in the OTs. We analysed how openings impact in different type of OTs.

Methods

Between January/February 2020 a transversal study was conducted in 5 different types of OTs in a university hospital. Two had laminar flows, with 55 and 60 air changes/h; three had turbulent flows: OT-A (18 air changes/h, with 4 inlets from the ceiling), OT-B (23 air changes/h and air flow from the ceiling plenum), OT-C (16 air changes/h, air flow directed from one wall to the opposite wall and the main door laterally to the flow). Particulate matter (PM) measurements were carried out in 7 different points in each OT, alternating two conditions: a) doors closed; b) opening/closing the main door twice per minute. For each spot, in each condition, we recorded for several minutes the following parameters: particles (0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10µ), room temperature (Ta), Relative Humidity (Rh), airspeed (Va). Comparison with the Wilcoxon test were made using STATA 14.

Results

In laminar flow, classified with better ISO levels (4), opening and closing the door the PM, for any size, increased not significantly (p > 0.05). The OTs with turbulent flows (ISO 5-6) had a higher particulate level than the laminar ones and greater variations with door openings. OT-A worsened significantly for all particles (p < 0.05) closing/opening the door. In contrast, OT-B and OT-C had a significant reduction of PM (p < 0.05). All 5 OTs had pressure falling to 0 at door opening; Ta, Rh and Va may be affected by different type air flows and design.

Conclusions

OTs parameters during door openings are influenced by different ventilation systems and room design. Laminar flows OTs are less affected, but innovative turbulent flows OTs can be just as effective.

Key messages

The operating rooms are affected by the door opening. Laminar flows operating rooms are less influenced by door openings than turbulent flows ones. Turbulent flow rooms have different performance depending on their construction characteristics.
Associating school doctor interventions with the benefit of the health check: an observational study
Authors: Nikander K , Kosola S , Vahlberg T , Kaila M , Hermanson E
Published: October 2020

Background

In Finland, most school doctor resources are dedicated to general health checks at predetermined ages in addition to annual health checks by school nurses. This study explored the association of school doctor interventions with the doctor- and the parent-evaluated benefit of the appointment.

Methods

Between August 2017 and August 2018, we recruited a random sample of 1341 children from grades one and five, aged seven and eleven years, respectively, from 21 Finnish elementary schools in four municipalities. Doctors routinely examined all children accompanied by parents and reported their interventions. They estimated the benefit/harm of the appointment according to predetermined criteria, whereas parents provided their subjective perceptions. Multilevel logistic regression was used for comparisons.

Results

The doctors conducted interventions for 78% of the participating 1013 children. The interventions included: referrals to secondary care (5%), laboratory tests or medical imaging (8%), prescriptions (10%), referrals to experts (13%), instructions/significant discussions (60%), and additional appointments (17%). The doctors and parents found 41% and 83% of the health checks beneficial, respectively. The doctors reported 52% and the parents 87% of the appointments with interventions beneficial. The doctors considered none and the parents 68% of the appointments with no interventions beneficial. All interventions were associated with the doctor-evaluated benefit. All interventions except referrals to secondary care, guidance to experts, and additional appointments were associated with the parent-evaluated benefit.

Conclusions

Parents valued immediate help and testing from the doctor instead of referrals to other experts or follow-up. Doctors mostly valued the appointments that required their expertise. These findings support the evidence for directing school doctor resources to the children who need doctor's expertise.

Key messages

Parents could benefit from information when school doctor’s expertise is pivotal. Doctors are frequently not essential in general health checks of elementary school children. This supports the evidence for focusing school doctor resources to the children who need them most.
Individual and local socioeconomic status: associations in adolescents’ health (Barcelona province)
Authors: Camprubi L , Chavero S , Valero O , Frias C
Published: October 2020

Individual-level and local socioeconomic status (SES) are both significant social determinants of adolescents' health, but usually their distinct effects are not properly disentangled. A validated health survey of 76 items was conducted among last compulsory education course students (15/16 years old) in 59 municipalities from Barcelona province, Spain (N = 7351). Individual SES was defined by the Family Affluence Scale and municipal SES by its Gross Disposable Household Income. Both were dichotomized and crossed.

Bivariate analyses were performed for all variables, comparing Low (L) and High (H) Individual (i) SES, L and H Municipal (m) SES and then the 4 groups: LiLm, LiHm, HiLm, HiHm. Chi square tests were performed with SAS. The significance level was set to 0.05. Most of the items (self-perceived health, general mood, night leisure, excessive use of internet, and unsafe sex, among others) were only related to individual SES (in the direction usually described in literature) without municipal influence.

Only for sexual harassment was found a significant association with the municipal SES (more on Lm) but no differences between individual SES groups. Different patterns emerged when individual and municipal significant associations were detected. In a LiLm-LiHm-HiLm-HiHm order, a healthy gradient was observed in frequency of sport and physical activity, neighbourhood assessment and adherence to Mediterranean Diet. On the contrary, a risk gradient appeared on tobacco, cannabis and alcohol consumption. An opposite SES effect was found on gender violence and on sexual health information demands: Individual SES was positively associated with demand while Municipal SES was negatively associated.

No association with neither individual nor municipal SES was found on information interest on bullying. The different effect of individual and municipal SES and their interactions on various aspects of adolescents' health should be taken into account in health promotion.

Key messages

Individual SES have stronger association with most of adolescents’ health items than Municipal SES. The latter reinforces, except on gender and sexual health information demands where link is opposed. Different effects and interactions between individual and municipal socioeconomic status in adolescents’ health should be incorporated in health promotion priorization.
Health services research in France: bridging the gap between academia and policymaking
Authors: Spaak Marine , Cipriano Marion , Alla François , Benamouzig Daniel
Published: October 2020

Background

—We aimed to identify the knowledge producers, the knowledge that they produce and the main areas of interest for health services research (HSR) in France, which is one of the priorities for public health research planning.

Methods

—A two-phase approach comprising a bibliometric analysis and semi-structured interviews with 20 researchers and 13 staff members of public health bodies was used.

Results

—In France today, interdisciplinary research teams are being organized in the main cities despite a lack of critical mass. The interviews showed that the term ‘health services research’ is vague with fuzzy boundaries between research, scientific expertise and evaluation. A keyword cluster analysis showed that French HSR is more hospital-centric compared to those countries that publish most frequently. The analysis also revealed a lack of research on methodological aspects.

Conclusions

—We analyzed the structure of HSR in France and the specificity of the French publications in this field, compared with other countries. The results indicate the obstacles faced by researchers and decision-makers and offer insight into how these barriers may be removed.
Immune response to Leishmania mexicana: the host–parasite relationship
Authors: Rodríguez-Serrato Mayra A , Salinas-Carmona Mario C , Limón-Flores Alberto Yairh
Published: October 2020

Leishmaniosis is currently considered a serious public health problem and it is listed as a neglected tropical disease by World Health Organization (WHO). Despite the efforts of the scientific community, it has not been possible to develop an effective vaccine. Current treatment consists of antimonials that is expensive and can cause adverse effects. It is essential to fully understand the immunopathogenesis of the disease to develop new strategies to prevent, treat and eradicate the disease. Studies on animal models have shown a new paradigm in the resolution or establishment of infection by Leishmania mexicana where a wide range of cytokines, antibodies and cells are involved. In recent years, the possibility of a new therapy with monoclonal antibodies has been considered, where isotype, specificity and concentration are critical for effective therapy. Would be better to create/generate a vaccine to induce host protection or produce passive immunization with engineering monoclonal antibodies to a defined antigen? This review provides an overview that includes the current known information on the immune response that are involved in the complex host–parasite relationship infection caused by L. mexicana.
Combining asynchronous data sets in regional body-wave tomography
Authors: Maupin Valérie
Published: October 2020

Regional body-wave tomography is a very popular tomographic method consisting in inverting relative traveltime residuals of teleseismic body waves measured at regional networks. It is well known that the resulting inverse seismic model is relative to an unknown vertically varying reference model. If jointly inverting data obtained with networks in the vicinity of each other but operating at different times, the relative velocity anomalies in different areas of the model may have different reference levels, possibly introducing large-scale biases in the model that may compromise the interpretation. This is very unfortunate as we have numerous examples of asynchronous network deployments which would benefit from a joint analysis. We show here how a simple improvement in the formulation of the sensitivity kernels allows us to mitigate this problem. Using sensitivity kernels that take into account that data processing implies a zero mean residual for each event, the large-scale biases that otherwise arise in the inverse model using data from asynchronous station deployment are largely removed. We illustrate this first with a very simple 3-station example, and then compare the results obtained using the usual and the relative kernels in synthetic tests with more realistic station coverage, simulating data acquisition at two neighbouring asynchronous networks.
Representation of discontinuous seismic velocity fields by sigmoidal functions for ray tracing and traveltime modelling
Authors: Oliveira Saulo P , Azevedo Juarez S , Figueiró Wilson M , Guimarães Rodrigo A , Silva Winicius J , de Oliveira Andressa
Published: October 2020

Wave-modelling methods based on asymptotic ray theory have a lower computational cost than full wave-equation methods but require a smooth velocity field, though discontinuities may be handled by imposing interface conditions between adjacent blocks. We propose to approximate discontinuous velocity fields with model parametrizations based on smooth, rapidly varying functions known as sigmoidal functions. We have implemented the proposed technique on Cartesian grids using the wavelet theory formalism. Numerical experiments with 2-D and 3-D initial-value and two-point ray tracing in heterogeneous media show that the ray paths and traveltimes produced with the sigmoidal representation are consistent with the results produced by conventional ray tracing in block structures, broadening the scope of classical algorithms based on smooth velocity fields.
Reconstruction of inclusions in electrical conductors
Authors: Di Cristo Michele , Milan Giacomo
Published: October 2020

We investigate the reciprocity gap functional method, which has been developed in the inverse scattering theory, in the context of electrical impedance tomography. In particular, we aim to reconstruct an inclusion contained in a body, whose conductivity is different from the conductivity of the surrounding material. Numerical examples are given, showing the performance of our algorithm.
Sensitivity of resonance frequency in the detection of thin layer using nano-slit structures
Authors: Lin Junshan , Oh Sang-Hyun , Zhang Hai
Published: October 2020

We derive the formulas for the resonance frequencies and their sensitivity when the nano-slit structures are used in the detection of thin layers. For a thin layer with a thickness of $H$ deposited over the nanostructure, we show quantitatively that for both single and periodic slit structures with slit aperture size $\delta $, the sensitivity of resonance frequency reduces as $H$ increases. Specifically, the sensitivity is of order $O(\delta /H)$ if $H>\delta $ and of order $O(1+\ln H/\delta )$ otherwise. The evanescent wave modes are present along the interface between the thin dielectric film and ambient medium above. From the mathematical derivations, it is observed that the sensitivity of the resonance frequency highly depends on the effect of evanescent wave modes on the tiny slit apertures.
Robusta posteriorierror estimation for mixed finite element approximation of linear poroelasticity
Authors: Khan Arbaz , Silvester David J
Published: October 2020

This work is dedicated to the memory of John W. Barrett, who introduced the concept of inf–sup stability to the corresponding author in the bar at the MAFELAP conference in 1981.

We analyze a posteriori error estimators for locking-free mixed finite element approximation of Biot’s consolidation model. Three estimators are described. The simplest of these is a conventional residual-based estimator. We establish bounds relating the estimated and true errors, and show that these are independent of the physical parameters. The other two estimators require the solution of local problems. These local problem estimators are also shown to be reliable, efficient and robust. Numerical results are presented that validate the theoretical estimates, and illustrate the effectiveness of the estimators in guiding adaptive solution algorithms. The IFISS and T-IFISS software packages used for the computational experiments are available online.
Comparing Clinical Characteristics of Influenza and Common Coronavirus Infections Using Electronic Health Records
Authors: Li Dadong , Wolk Donna M , Cantor Michael N
Published: October 2020

Background

We compared outcomes in inpatients and outpatients, pre-COVID-19, who were infected with either coronavirus or influenza.

Methods

Using deidentified electronic health records data from the Geisinger-Regeneron partnership, we compared patients with RT-PCR–positive tests for the 4 common coronaviruses (229E, HKU1, NL63, OC43) or influenza (A and B) from June 2016 to February 2019.

Results

Overall, 52 833 patients were tested for coronaviruses and influenza. For patients ≥21 years old, 1555 and 3991 patient encounters had confirmed positive coronavirus and influenza tests, respectively. Both groups had similar intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates (7.2% vs 6.1%, P = .12), although patients with coronavirus had significantly more pneumonia (15% vs 7.4%, P < .001) and higher death rate within 30 days (4.9% vs 3.0%, P < .001). After controlling for other covariates, coronavirus infection still had a higher risk of death and pneumonia than influenza (odds ratio, 1.64 and 2.05, P < .001), with no significant difference in ICU admission rates.

Conclusions

Common coronaviruses cause significant morbidity, with potentially worse outcomes than influenza. Identifying a subset of patients who are more susceptible to poor outcomes from common coronavirus infections may help plan clinical interventions in patients with suspected infections.
Functional Evaluation and Genetic Evolution of Human T-Cell Responses After Vaccination With a Conditionally Replication-Defective Cytomegalovirus Vaccine
Authors: Cox Kara S , Zhang Lu , Freed Daniel C , Tang Aimin , Zhang Shifang , Zhou Yu , Wang I-Ming , Rupp Richard E , Adler Stuart P , Musey Luwy K , Wang Dai , Vora Kalpit A , Fu Tong-Ming
Published: October 2020

Background

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause congenital infection and is the leading cause of nongenetic newborn disabilities. V160, a conditionally replication-defective virus, is an investigational vaccine under evaluation for prevention of congenital CMV. The vaccine was well tolerated and induced both humoral and cellular immunity in CMV-seronegative trial participants. T-cell–mediated immunity is important for immune control of CMV. Here we describe efforts to understand the quality attributes of the T-cell responses induced by vaccination.

Methods

Using multicolor flow cytometry, we analyzed vaccine-induced T cells for memory phenotype, antigen specificity, cytokine profiles, and cytolytic potential. Moreover, antigen-specific T cells were sorted from 4 participants, and next-generation sequencing was used to trace clonal lineage development during the course of vaccination using T-cell receptor β-chain sequences as identifiers.

Results

The results demonstrated that vaccination elicited polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells to 2 dominant antigens, pp65 and IE1, with a predominantly effector phenotype. Analysis of T-cell receptor repertoires showed polyclonal expansion of pp65- and IE1-specific T cells after vaccination.

Conclusion

V160 induced a genetically diverse and polyfunctional T-cell response and the data support further clinical development of V160 for prevention of CMV infection and congenital transmission.

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT01986010.
Clinical and molecular characterization of Acinetobacter seifertii in Taiwan
Authors: Li Li-Hua , Yang Ya-Sung , Sun Jun-Ren , Huang Tzu-Wen , Huang Wei-Cheng , Chen Feng-Jui , Wang Yung-Chih , Kuo Ting-Hao , Kuo Shu-Chen , Chen Te-Li , Lee Yi-Tzu ,   the ACTION study group, Chang Yea-Yuan , Yang Ya-Sung , Liu Yuag-Meng , Kuo Shu-Chen , Liu Chang-Pan , Chen Te-Li , Lee Yi-Tzu
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Acinetobacter seifertii, a new member of the Acinetobacter baumannii group, has emerged as a cause of severe infections in humans. We investigated the clinical and molecular characteristics of A. seifertii.

Patients and methods

This retrospective study enrolled 80 adults with A. seifertii bloodstream infection (BSI) at four medical centres over an 8 year period. Species identification was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS, rpoB sequencing and WGS. Molecular typing was performed by MLST. Clinical information, antimicrobial susceptibility and the mechanisms of carbapenem and colistin resistance were analysed. Transmissibility of the carbapenem-resistance determinants was examined by conjugation experiments.

Results

The main source of A. seifertii BSI was the respiratory tract (46.3%). The 28 day and in-hospital mortality rates of A. seifertii BSI were 18.8% and 30.0%, respectively. High APACHE II scores and immunosuppressant therapy were independent risk factors for 28 day mortality. The most common MLST type was ST553 (58.8%). Most A. seifertii isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin (86.2%), and only 37.5% were susceptible to colistin. Carbapenem resistance was observed in 16.3% of isolates, mostly caused by the plasmid-borne ISAba1-blaOXA-51-like genetic structure. A. seifertii could transfer various carbapenem-resistance determinants to A. baumannii, Acinetobacter nosocomialis and other A. seifertii isolates. Variations of pmrCAB and lpxCAD genes were not associated with colistin resistance of A. seifertii.

Conclusions

Levofloxacin and carbapenems, but not colistin, have the potential to be the drug of choice for A. seifertii infections. A. seifertii can transfer carbapenem-resistance determinants to other species of the A. baumannii group and warrants close monitoring.
Supporting antimicrobial stewardship in Ghana: evaluation of the impact of training on knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals in two hospitals
Authors: Sneddon Jacqueline , Cooper Lesley , Afriyie Daniel Kwame , Sefah Israel A , Cockburn Alison , Kerr Frances , Cameron Elaine , Goldthorpe Joanna , Kurdi Amanj , Seaton R Andrew
Published: October 2020

Background

A Commonwealth Partnership for Antimicrobial Stewardship was created between the Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group (SAPG), Ghana Police Hospital and Keta Municipal Hospital. During a scoping visit, requirements for implementing antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), areas for improvement and training needs were identified.

Methods

A multidisciplinary team from SAPG and health psychologists from The Change Exchange developed and delivered multi-professional evidence-based teaching incorporating behavioural science, supported by partner pharmacists in each hospital. Four sessions were delivered over 2 days to 60 participants across both sites. Before and after the sessions, participants were asked to complete a knowledge quiz and a behaviours survey. Results were analysed using t-tests.

Results

Comparison of the participants’ pre- and post-test quiz scores (Keta Municipal Hospital 9.4 and 10.9, Ghana Police Hospital 9.2 and 11.1, respectively) demonstrated statistically significant improvement in knowledge of antimicrobial resistance and appropriate use of antibiotics. Comparison of survey responses before and after the education sessions indicated that the education had a positive impact on participants’ attitudes towards the issue of antimicrobial resistance, their role in AMS and confidence in using the Ghana Standard Treatment Guidelines. Participants were also more likely to question colleagues about compliance with guidelines. Forty-eight participants (80%) completed a training evaluation and all responded positively.

Conclusions

The education sessions appeared to be successful in improving knowledge and behaviours of hospital staff. Cascade of an abbreviated version of the training by partner pharmacists and AMS teams in Ghana will ensure that all staff have the opportunity to develop skills and knowledge to support AMS.
Occurrence of Omura’s whale, Balaenoptera omurai (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae), in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean based on Passive Acoustic Monitoring
Authors: Moreira Sergio C , Weksler Marcelo , Sousa-Lima Renata S , Maia Marcia , Sukhovich Alexey , Royer Jean-Yves , Marcondes Milton C C , Cerchio Salvatore
Published: October 2020

The current known distribution of Omura’s whale includes the tropical and warm temperate waters of the western Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans. Evidence of their presence in the Atlantic Ocean is based on beach cast specimens found on the coasts of Mauritania (North Atlantic) and Northeastern Brazil (South Atlantic). The present study characterizes the occurrence of this species in the São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago (SPSPA), on the mid-Atlantic ridge between South America and Africa, based on autonomous recording systems. Acoustic signals were similar, but not identical, to B. omurai vocalizations recorded off the coast of Madagascar. Although these signals were recorded for only 11 months, there are peaks in vocal activity between May and June in the vicinities of SPSPA, suggesting either a shift in distribution within the Atlantic equatorial waters or seasonality in the species’ vocal behavior in this region. The first acoustic records of Omura’s whales in the Equatorial Atlantic suggest that these animals may also use deep-water habitats, in addition to the shallow-water habitat use observed in other regions.
A Modified Tumor-Node-Metastasis Classification for Primary Operable Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Zhang Chundong , Mei Zubing , Pei Junpeng , Abe Masanobu , Zeng Xiantao , Huang Qiao , Nishiyama Kazuhiro , Akimoto Naohiko , Haruki Koichiro , Nan Hongmei , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A , Zhang Rui , Li Xinxiang , Ogino Shuji , Ugai Tomotaka
Published: October 2020

Background

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification for colorectal cancer (CRC) has limited ability to predict prognosis.

Methods

We included 45 379 eligible stage I-III CRC patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Patients were randomly assigned individually to a training (n = 31 772) or an internal validation cohort (n = 13 607). External validation was performed in 10 902 additional patients. Patients were divided according to T and N stage permutations. Survival analyses were conducted by a Cox proportional hazard model and Kaplan-Meier analysis, with T1N0 as the reference. Area under receiver operating characteristic curve and Akaike information criteria were applied for prognostic discrimination and model fitting, respectively. Clinical benefits were further assessed by decision curve analyses.

Results

We created a modified TNM (mTNM) classification: stages I (T1-2N0-1a); IIA (T1N1b, T2N1b, T3N0); IIB (T1-2N2a-2b, T3N1a-1b, T4aN0); IIC (T3N2a, T4aN1a-2a, T4bN0); IIIA (T3N2b, T4bN1a); IIIB (T4aN2b, T4bN1b); and IIIC (T4bN2a-2b). In the internal validation cohort, compared with the AJCC 8th TNM classification, the mTNM classification showed superior prognostic discrimination (area under receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.675 vs 0.667, respectively; 2-sided P < .001) and better model fitting (Akaike information criteria = 70 937 vs 71 238, respectively). Similar findings were obtained in the external validation cohort. Decision curve analyses revealed that the mTNM had superior net benefits over the AJCC 8th TNM classification in the internal and external validation cohorts.

Conclusions

The mTNM classification provides better prognostic discrimination than AJCC 8th TNM classification, with good applicability in various populations and settings, to help better stratify stage I-III CRC patients into prognostic groups.
Bayesian model predicts the aboveground biomass of Caragana microphylla in sandy lands better than OLS regression models
Authors: Tang Yi , Ali Arshad , Feng Li-Huan
Published: October 2020

Aims

In forest ecosystems, different types of regression models have been frequently used for the estimation of aboveground biomass, where Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression models are the most common prediction models. Yet, the relative performance of Bayesian and OLS models in predicting aboveground biomass of shrubs, especially multi-stem shrubs, has relatively been less studied in forests.

Methods

In this study, we developed the biomass prediction models for Caragana microphylla Lam. which is a widely distributed multi-stems shrub, and contributes to the decrease of wind erosion and the fixation of sand dunes in the Horqin Sand Land, one of the largest sand lands in China. We developed six types of formulations under the framework of the regression models, and then, selected the best model based on specific criteria. Consequently, we estimated the parameters of the best model with OLS and Bayesian methods with training and test data under different sample sizes with the bootstrap method. Lastly, we compared the performance of the OLS and Bayesian models in predicting the aboveground biomass of C. microphylla.

Important Findings

The performance of the allometric equation (power = 1) was best among six types of equations, even though all of those models were significant. The results showed that mean squared error of test data with non-informative prior Bayesian method and the informative prior Bayesian method was lower than with the OLS method. Among the tested predictors (i.e. plant height and basal diameter), we found that basal diameter was not a significant predictor either in OLS or Bayesian methods, indicating that suitable predictors and well-fitted models should be seriously considered. This study highlights that Bayesian methods, the bootstrap method and the type of allometric equation could help to improve the model accuracy in predicting shrub biomass in sandy lands.
A rare case of fat embolism syndrome secondary to abdominal liposuction and gluteal fat infiltration
Authors: Recinos Salvador , Barillas Sabrina , Rodas Alejandra , Ardebol Javier
Published: October 2020

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a rare, life-threatening condition habitually associated with traumatic events such as fractures and, less commonly, burns, liposuction and bone marrow harvesting and transplant [ 1]. The biochemical theory for this condition suggests that fat droplets embolize and convert into fatty acids, eventually leading to toxic injury and inflammation, which results in increased vascular permeability, edema and hemorrhage [ 2]. FES may have an asymptomatic interval lasting 12–72 hours after the insult; however, in some cases, signs have also been seen intraoperatively. Pulmonary signs and symptoms are customarily the earliest and manifest in 75% of patients. Nevertheless, neurologic and dermatologic manifestations are also characteristic, and most severe cases could perhaps present with disseminated intravascular coagulation, right ventricular dysfunction, shock or death. The following case consists of a 37-year-old patient that presented with fat embolism syndrome during liposuction and gluteal fat infiltration.
A First Description of Arabic on The South Coast of Iran: The Arabic Dialect of Bandar Moqām, Hormozgan
Authors: Leitner Bettina , Anonby Erik , Taheri-Ardali Mortaza , Zarka Dina El , Moqami Ali
Published: October 2020

Arabic has been spoken as a mother tongue in Iran since pre-Islamic times, but a number of the Arabic dialect groups scattered across the country have not been documented. In this study, we provide a first account of Arabic on Iran's southern coast, with a description of the dialect of Bandar Moqām in western Hormozgan Province. Using the Atlas of the Languages of Iran (ALI) linguistic data questionnaire as well as supplementary elicitation and oral texts, we have documented salient elements of its lexicon, phonology and morphosyntax. Our analysis confirms that Bandar Moqām Arabic fits into the wider Gulf Arabic dialect area, yet is internally heterogenous. On the one hand, it shares many features with the regionally dominant ‘Bedouin’ type Gulf Arabic koine, but it also aligns with distinctive structures—both retentions and innovations—in the more ancient ‘Sedentary’ Gulf dialects that originated in southern Arabia. Further, it exhibits a series of structures in common with Mesopotamian Arabic and its descendants that reached as far as Central Asia during the Arab con-quest of greater Persia and are still spoken there today.
Newly discovered viruses
Authors: Froude Susannah J.A. , Hughes Harriet C.
Published: October 2020

Although humans are affected by an enormous range of microorganisms, almost all newly discovered emerging pathogens are viruses that are often zoonotic or vector-borne. These emerging viruses often have high baseline mutation rates, allowing them to adapt relatively easily to new hosts and enabling them to take advantage of new epidemiological opportunities provided by the changing environment. A range of apparently new human viral pathogens has been reported increasingly in international outbreak information over the last few years, most recently SARS-CoV-2 as the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic that started in Wuhan (China) in December 2019 and has now spread worldwide with devastating consequences. In addition to respiratory coronaviruses, emerging viruses that might be of particular global public health importance includeZika virus and severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. Other emerging viruses of importance include bocavirus, Bufavirus, PARV4, human parechovirus, Itaya, Heartland, and Bourbon virus. The human pathogenicity of other emerging viruses is less certain.
Cancer biology through immunohistology
Authors: Pulford Karen , Gatter Kevin
Published: October 2020

Immunohistology is the microscopic study of cells and tissues using specific antibodies that bind to individual molecules expressed by the cellular and non-cellular components of the tissues. This branch of science is an essential link in the analysis and interpretation of data from high throughput genomic and proteomic technologies. Its use, both in the research and in the clinical arenas, has led to an increased understanding of cancer biology. This knowledge has also resulted in improvements in diagnosis, the provision of prognostic and predictive information, and highlighted the use of appropriate treatments. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry is a critical component in the search for personalized treatments. The ongoing advances in the availability of specific validated antibodies, continued improvements in staining and image analysis, and the integration of different technologies will ensure that immunohistochemistry becomes an even more essential tool in the study of cancer biology.
Antirheumatic drugs in pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Marshall Tarnya , Abdulkader Rita , Sharma Poonam , Malpas Alice
Published: October 2020

Antirheumatic drugs in pregnancy and lactation are increasingly a common clinical dilemma. With the shift towards early, aggressive control of autoimmune diseases and with the advent of newer therapeutic agents, there is a need to understand the effects of these medicines in pregnancy and lactation, on fertility in both men and women, and on the process of spermatogenesis, in order to understand the risk of teratogenesis. Although there are some limited data available for the use of antirheumatic drugs in pregnancy and lactation, much of our knowledge is derived from animal models and from limited clinical experience in human pregnancy. The balance of therapeutic benefits and risks of harm to mother and fetus should always be carefully considered: it may vary between individuals and should be assessed on a case by case basis. Because of these issues, pregnancy should always be discussed and planned in advance, in part to reduce disease activity prior to conception but also to minimize risk to the fetus. In this chapter we use the available evidence to discuss medicines which are commonly used in the treatment of rheumatological autoimmune diseases, and cover disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) and biological agents.
Large-vessel vasculitis
Authors: Pipitone Nicolò , Versari Annibale , Salvarani Carlo
Published: October 2020

Large-vessel vasculitis includes giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu’s arteritis (TAK). GCA affects patients aged over 50, mainly of white European ethnicity. GCA occurs together with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) more frequently than expected by chance. In both conditions, females are affected two to three times more often than males. GCA mainly involves large- and medium-sized arteries, particularly the branches of the proximal aorta including the temporal arteries. Vasculitic involvement results in the typical manifestations of GCA including temporal headache, jaw claudication, and visual loss. A systemic inflammatory response and a marked response to glucocorticoids is characteristic of GCA. GCA usually remits within 6 months to 2 years from disease onset. However, some patients have a chronic-relapsing course and may require longstanding treatment. Mortality is not increased, but there is significant morbidity mainly related to chronic glucocorticoid use and cranial ischaemic events, especially visual loss. The diagnosis of GCA rests on the characteristic clinical features and raised inflammatory markers, but temporal artery biopsy remains the gold standard to support the clinical suspicion. Imaging techniques are also used to demonstrate large-vessel involvement in GCA. Glucocorticoids are the mainstay of treatment for GCA, but other therapeutic approaches have been proposed and novel ones are being developed. TAK mainly involves the aorta and its main branches. Women are particularly affected with a female:male ratio of 9:1. In most patients, age of onset is between 20 and 30 years. Early manifestations of TAK are non-specific and include constitutional and musculoskeletal symptoms. Later on, vascular complications become manifest. Most patients develop vessel stenoses, particularly in the branches of the aortic artery, leading to manifestations of vascular hypoperfusion. Aneurysms occur in a minority of cases. There are no specific laboratory tests to diagnose TAK, although most patients have raised inflammatory markers, therefore, imaging techniques are required to secure the diagnosis. Glucocorticoids are the mainstay of treatment of TAK. However, many patients have an insufficient response to glucocorticoids alone, or relapse when they are tapered or discontinued. Immunosuppressive agents and, in refractory cases, biological drugs can often attain disease control and prevent vascular complications. Revascularization procedures are required in patients with severe established stenoses or occlusions.
Haemochromatosis
Authors: Carroll Graeme J. , Breidahl William H. , Olynyk John K.
Published: October 2020

The arthropathy of haemochromatosis is relatively common even in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) recruited from the community. It is a chronic, progressive arthropathy with a level of inflammatory activity that is both clinically and histopathologically intermediate between that of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. There is a predilection for the finger metacarpophalangeal joints and it is variably, but not commonly accompanied by chondrocalcinosis. The precise mechanism responsible for tissue damage in affected joints remains unknown, however there is growing evidence that iron load is a major determinant of the arthropathy. HH arthropathy is variably responsive to phlebotomy. Whether earlier diagnosis and treatment targeted to achieve tight control of iron metabolism from an early age or as soon as possible after diagnosis could produce better outcomes remains to be determined. Novel and more effective approaches to management with a view to prevention of structural joint damage still need to be developed.
The imprint of dark subhaloes on the circumgalactic medium
Authors: McCarthy Ian G , Font Andreea S
Published: October 2020

The standard model of cosmology, the Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model, robustly predicts the existence of a multitude of dark matter ‘subhaloes’ around galaxies like the Milky Way. A wide variety of observations have been proposed to look for the gravitational effects such subhaloes would induce in observable matter. Most of these approaches pertain to the stellar or cool gaseous phases of matter. Here we propose a new approach, which is to search for the perturbations that such dark subhaloes would source in the warm/hot circumgalactic medium (CGM) around normal galaxies. With a combination of analytic theory, carefully controlled high-resolution idealized simulations, and full cosmological hydrodynamical simulations (the artemis simulations), we calculate the expected signal and how it depends on important physical parameters (subhalo mass, CGM temperature, and relative velocity). We find that dark subhaloes enhance both the local CGM temperature and density and, therefore, also the pressure. For the pressure and density, the fluctuations can vary in magnitude from tens of per cent (for subhaloes with Msub = 1010 M⊙) to a few per cent (for subhaloes with Msub = 108 M⊙), although this depends strongly on the CGM temperature. The subhaloes also induce fluctuations in the velocity field ranging in magnitude from a few km s−1 up to 25 km s−1. We propose that X-ray, Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect, radio dispersion measure, and quasar absorption line observations can be used to measure these fluctuations and place constraints on the abundance and distribution of dark subhaloes, thereby placing constraints on the nature of dark matter.
simba: the average properties of the circumgalactic medium of 2 ≤ z ≤ 3 quasars are determined primarily by stellar feedback
Authors: Sorini Daniele , Davé Romeel , Anglés-Alcázar Daniel
Published: October 2020

We use the simba cosmological hydrodynamic simulation suite to explore the impact of feedback on the circumgalactic medium (CGM) and intergalactic medium (IGM) around 2 ≤ z ≤ 3 quasars. We identify quasars in simba as the most rapidly accreting black holes, and show that they are well matched in bolometric luminosity and correlation strength to real quasars. We extract Lyα absorption in spectra passing at different transverse distances ($10 \, \mathrm{kpc} \lesssim b \lesssim 10 \, \rm Mpc$) around those quasars, and compare to observations of the mean Lyα absorption profile. The observations are well reproduced, except within $100 \, \, \rm kpc$ from the foreground quasar, where simba overproduces absorption; this could potentially be mitigated by including ionization from the quasar itself. By comparing runs with different feedback modules activated, we find that (mechanical) AGN feedback has little impact on the surrounding CGM even around these most highly luminous black holes, while stellar feedback has a significant impact. By further investigating thermodynamic and kinematic properties of CGM gas, we find that stellar feedback, and not AGN feedback, is the primary physical driver in determining the average properties of the CGM around z ∼ 2–3 quasars. We also compare our results with previous works, and find that simba predicts much more absorption within $100 \, \rm kpc$ than the nyx and illustris simulations, showing that the Lyα absorption profile can be a powerful constraint on simulations. Instruments such as VLT-MUSE and upcoming surveys (e.g. WEAVE and DESI) promise to further improve such constraints.
emerge – empirical constraints on the formation of passive galaxies
Authors: Moster Benjamin P , Naab Thorsten , White Simon D M
Published: October 2020

We present constraints on the emergence and evolution of passive galaxies with the empirical model emerge, which reproduces the evolution of stellar mass functions (SMFs), specific and cosmic star formation rates since $z$ ≈ 10, ‘quenched’ galaxy fractions, and correlation functions. At fixed halo mass, present-day passive galaxies are more massive than active galaxies, whereas at fixed stellar mass passive galaxies populate more massive haloes in agreement with observations. This effect naturally results from the shape and scatter of the stellar-to-halo mass relation. The stellar mass assembly of present-day passive galaxies is dominated by ‘in situ’ star formation below ∼3 × 1011 M⊙ and by merging and accretion of ‘ex situ’ formed stars at higher mass. The mass dependence is in tension with current cosmological simulations. Lower mass passive galaxies show extended star formation towards low redshift in agreement with IFU surveys. All passive galaxies have main progenitors on the ‘main sequence of star formation’ with the ‘red sequence’ appearing at $z$ ≈ 2. Above this redshift, over 95 per cent of the progenitors of passive galaxies are active. More than 90 per cent of $z$ ≈ 2 ‘main sequence’ galaxies with m* > 1010 M⊙ evolve into present-day passive galaxies. Above redshift 6, more than 80 per cent of the observed SMFs above 109 M⊙ can be accounted for by progenitors of passive galaxies with m* > 1010 M⊙. This implies that high-redshift observations mainly probe the birth of present-day passive galaxies. emerge is available at github.com/bmoster/emerge.
3D hydrodynamic simulations of large-scale precessing jets: radio morphology
Authors: Horton Maya A , Krause Martin G H , Hardcastle Martin J
Published: October 2020

The prospect of relativistic jets exhibiting complex morphologies as a consequence of geodetic precession has long been hypothesized. We have carried out a 3D hydrodynamics simulation study varying the precession cone angle, jet injection speed, and number of turns per simulation time. Using proxies for the radio emission we project the sources with different inclinations to the line of sight to the observer. We find that a number of different precession combinations result in characteristic ‘X’ shaped sources which are frequently observed in radio data, and some precessing jet morphologies may mimic the morphological signatures of restarting radio sources. We look at jets ranging in scale from tens to hundreds of kiloparsecs and develop tools for identifying known precession indicators of point symmetry, curvature, and jet misalignment from the lobe axis and show that, based on our simulation sample of precessing and non-precessing jets, a radio source that displays any of these indicators has a 98 per cent chance of being a precessing source.
Analysis of eclipsing binaries in multiple stellar systems: the case of V1200 Centauri
Authors: Marcadon F , Hełminiak K G , Marques J P , Pawłaszek R , Sybilski P , Kozłowski S K , Ratajczak M , Konacki M
Published: October 2020

We present a new analysis of the multiple-star V1200 Centauri based on the most recent observations for this system. We used the photometric observations from the Solaris network and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite telescope, combined with the new radial velocities from the CHIRON spectrograph and those published in the literature. We confirmed that V1200 Cen consists of a 2.5-d eclipsing binary orbited by a third body. We derived the parameters of the eclipsing components, which are $M_{\mathrm{ Aa}} = 1.393\pm 0.018\,$M⊙, $R_{\mathrm{ Aa}} = 1.407\pm 0.014\,$R⊙, and $T_{{\rm eff},\mathrm{ Aa}} = 6588\pm 58\,$K for the primary, and $M_{\mathrm{ Ab}} = 0.8633\pm 0.0081\,$M⊙, $R_{\mathrm{ Ab}} = 1.154\pm 0.014\,$R⊙, and $T_{{\rm eff},\mathrm{ Ab}} = 4475\pm 68\,$K for the secondary. Regarding the third body, we obtained significantly different results than those previously published. The period of the outer orbit is found to be 180.4 d, implying a minimum mass of $M_\mathrm{ B} = 0.871\pm 0.020\,$M⊙. Thus, we argue that V1200 Cen is a quadruple system with a secondary pair composed of two low-mass stars. Finally, we determined the ages of each eclipsing component using two evolution codes, namely mesa and cestam. We obtained ages of 16–18.5 and 5.5–7 Myr for the primary and the secondary, respectively. In particular, the secondary appears larger and hotter than that predicted at the age of the primary. We concluded that dynamical and tidal interactions occurring in multiples may alter the stellar properties and explain the apparent non-coevality of V1200 Centauri.