bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

Complex systems are often said to be “self-organizing”: consider, for example, the strong, structured bridges made by army ants; the synchronous flashing of fireflies; the mutually sustaining markets of an economy; and the development of specialized organs by stem cells—all are examples of self-organization. Order is created out of disorder, upending the usual turn of events in which order decays and disorder (or entropy) wins out. A complete account of how such entropy-defying self-organization takes place is the holy grail of complex systems science. But before this can be tackled, we need to understand what is meant by “order” and “disorder” and how people have thought about measuring such abstract qualities.
Computation
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

People usually think of computation as the thing that a computer does, such as calculations in spreadsheets, word processing, e-mail, and the like. And they usually think of a computer as the machine on one’s desk (or lap) that has electronic circuits inside, and usually a color monitor and a mouse, and that in the distant past used old-fashioned technology such as vacuum tubes. We also have a vague idea that our brains themselves are roughly like computers, with logic, memory, input, and output.
Genetics, Simplified
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

Some of the challenges to the Modern Synthesis have found support in the last several decades in results coming from molecular biology, which have changed most biologists’ views of how evolution takes place.
Evolution, Complexified
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

In chapter 1 I asked, “How did evolution produce creatures with such an enormous contrast between their individual simplicity and their collective sophistication?” Indeed, as illustrated by the examples we’ve seen in this book, the closer one looks at living systems, the more astonishing it seems that such intricate complexity could have been formed by the gradual accumulation of favorable mutations or the whims of historical accident. This very argument has been used from Darwin’s time to the present by believers in divine creation or other supernatural means of “intelligent design.” The questions of how, why, and even if evolution creates complexity, and how complexity in biology might be characterized and measured, are still very much open. One of the most important contributions of complex systems research over the last few decades has been to demonstrate new ways to approach these age-old questions. In this chapter I describe some of the recent discoveries in genetics and the dynamics of genetic regulation that are giving us surprising new insights into the evolution of complex systems.
The Past and Future of the Sciences of Complexity
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

In 1995, the science journalist John Horgan published an article in Scientific American, arguably the world’s leading popular science magazine, attacking the field of complex systems in general and the Santa Fe Institute in particular. His article was advertised on the magazine’s cover under the label “Is Complexity a Sham?” (figure 19.1).
New York Roots: Black Broadway, James Reese Europe, Early Pianists
Authors: Riis Thomas L
Published: November 2023

New York’s significance for jazz history lies in its open embrace of all things theatrical and seemingly all life forms with a dramatic or dramatizable element. Because the city possesses a long history of hospitality to the marginalized of the world-not merely twentieth-century immigrants arriving at Ellis Island, but Dutch sailors in the seventeenth century, English loyalists during the American Revolution, Atlantic pirates in search of safe haven, and all manner of scoundrels, scalawags, traders, and freebooters over the last several hundred years-its openness to unusual custom, indeed its flamboyant penchant for self-promotion, has conduced to the process of creating characters in costume, storytellers, and other citizens who work at being visible, striking, and larger than life.

Of course there was black music and drama in New York long before jazz. Musical interpolations were part and parcel of the African Grove Theatre productions in Five Points dating as far back as 1821. In the same decade free blacks “danced for eels” in Catherine Market. At the nearby Chatham Theatre such dance customs were immortalized in the landmark play New York as It Is twenty years later.
Bix Beiderbecke
Authors: Fairweather Digby
Published: November 2023

As the twenty-first century approaches, the days of the individual voice in jazz are largely gone. Players today draw luxuriously from the collected innovations of previous generations to produce highly trained, musically efficient composites which seldom sound truly new. But it wasn’t always so. Back in the formative years of the music, styles were hewn in magnificence from the unshaped stone of jazz. And with Louis Armstrong, Bix Beiderbecke was the most striking of jazz’s cornet (and, of course, trumpet) fathers; a player who first captivated his 1920s generation and after his premature death, founded a dynasty of distinguished followers beginning with Jimmy McPartland and moving on down from there.

Beyond his musical legacy, Beiderbecke became the first high-profile romantic hero of jazz music. He was the first “young man with a horn”; the prototype artist whose creative flair shone more brightly because of its premature self-destruction. The concept of selfabnegation for art’s sake is a seductive one, and, just seven years after his death in 1931, Beiderbecke was the inspiration for Dorothy Baker’s romanticized fantasy Young Man With a Hom (1938), filmed by Warner Bros.
Streamlining Jazz: Major Soloists of the 1930s and 1940s
Authors: McDonough John
Published: November 2023

In the ‘30s and ‘40s streamlining became the essence of a modern sensibility that found many expressions. It was a beauty born out of motion, not emotion. And because jazz itself was an expression of motion in rhythmic terms, it inevitably felt its influence. This essay is about that confluence and the work of a second generation of soloists who got jazz moving in the form of swing.

Ever since Louis Armstrong’s lionhearted cadenza at the top of “West End Blues” or his three-chorus aria on “Tight Like This” (Okeh/Columbia) first sounded the call, the hero-soloist has been the spiritual essence of jazz: manifestly original, defiant, and the supreme symbol of the primacy of the individual over the group.

But heroes must have limits to conquer. Jazz in the ‘30s and ‘40s was a music challenging the limits of its origins. In its early days passion was inclined to count more than polish, and no one judged another’s often self-taught intonation or attack too severely if the feeling was there. What changed in the ‘30s was that important soloists came to judge these matters very seriously indeed.
Jazz Singing: Between Blues and Bebop
Authors: Siegel Joel E
Published: November 2023

Debates about what constitutes jazz singing, and which vocalists should be embraced by or excluded from the jazz community, have raged for decades. Earlier in the century such definitions and discriminations were of less consequence. From the mid-’20s through World

War II, American music evolved and flourished in a myriad of over-lapping styles-folk, gospel, blues, jazz, musical theater, swing, and Tin Pan Alley ballads and novelties. These two decades of artistic ferment and fusion were, arguably, the most fertile epoch in the development of our national popular music. In such a fecund era, there was little need or time for categories.

If Al Jolson, who derived his style from vaudeville and minstrel shows, could be celebrated as “the jazz singer,” it’s evident that the term has never been precisely defined. Some singers (Ethel Waters, Bing Crosby) began performing and recording with jazz accompaniment, then expanded their horizons (and downplayed the jazz elements) to conquer Broadway, Hollywood, and the Hit Parade. Others (Annette Hanshaw, Lee Wiley) grew increasingly influenced by jazz musicians as their careers evolved.
Jazz and the American Song
Authors: Lees Gene
Published: November 2023

John Lewis, the composer, pianist, and music director of the Modern Jazz Quartet, has noted-indeed emphasized-that jazz evolved in a symbiotic relationship with the American popular song: “Jazz developed while the great popular music was being turned out. It was a golden age for songs. They had a classic quality in length and shape and form and flexibility of harmony. The jazz musicians were drawn to this music as a source of material. It gave an opportunity to players.”
The New Orleans Revival
Authors: Hadlock Richard
Published: November 2023

The revival of New Orleans jazz probably began in 1917, when the first Victor records by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band, led by cornetist Nick LaRocca, were issued. As representatives of New Orleans polyphony-spontaneous improvised part-playing-the ODJB had profound influence, for several years, upon coming-of-age musicians. Clarinetist Benny Goodman and cornetist Bix Beiderbecke were but two youngsters who memorized entire passages recorded by LaRocca’s quintet of seemingly “illiterate” instrumentalists. (Actually, trombonist Eddie Edwards could read music quite well.)

The ODJB enjoyed success in Chicago, New York, and London, inspiring countless new dixieland bands, all attempting to play improvised counterpoint according to New Orleans rules. “Original Fives” (not always very original) or “Hot Fives” (some not so hot) turned up on recordings frequently until 1928 or so. After that time dance orchestras prevailed, with radio broadcasts from ballrooms replacing records in many Depression-struck homes. Due in part to the brilliance of New Orleans trumpeter Louis Armstrong, jazz after the late twenties became a soloist’s art, generally supported by sympathetic orchestral arrangers.
Jazz Repertory
Authors: Sultanof Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The phrase jazz repertory has many definitions and dimensions. Perhaps the most basic definition is: the study, preservation, and performance of the many diverse musical styles in jazz. In recent years, the phrase most often applies to big bands and jazz ensembles performing classic and new music written for reeds, brass, and rhythm section in various sizes and combinations.

In a sense, the small-group jazz repertoire movement began in the late 1930s. There had always been a core of traditional jazz fans and artists during the big band era, but a national focus on older styles was evident from new recordings made in the late ‘30s by Jelly Roll Morton, the Original Dixieland Jazz Band, Sidney Bechet, et al. The rediscovery of trumpeter Bunk Johnson prompted new activity in older styles by such ensembles as those led by Lu Watters and Turk Murphy. Younger musicians such as Bob Wilber and Kenny Davern felt more sympathy with the music of an earlier era. Wilber even studied with his hero, Sidney Bechet, and became his protege.

Further interest in older styles of jazz was prompted by the publication of They All Played Ragtime, written by Rudi Blesh and Harriet Janis. Blesh’s own record label, Circle, concentrated on ragtime and older jazz styles.
Jazz in Japan
Authors: Koyama Kiyoshi
Published: November 2023

The history of jazz in Japan has an age of imitation in its beginning. The oldest jazz record in Japan, “Walla Walla” (Nitto/King), was recorded in 1925 by the Nitto Jazz Band, whose members are now unknown. From this incunabulum to “Blues Suite No. 3” (Victor), recorded in

1962 by the Hideo Shiraki Quintet, almost all of the jazz in Japan was more or less imitative of the jazz heard on records. The performance of the Nitto Jazz Band was clearly a copy of the idea heard in “Livery Stable Blues” by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band, featuring mimics of animal bleats. “Blues Suite No. 3” was nothing more than another version of “Senor Blues,” recorded by Horace Silver in the 1950s.

In the 1950s, two exceptions to this rule of imitation were two very talented pianists, Shotaro Moriyasu and Toshiko Akiyoshi. Moriyasu was one of the pioneers of modern jazz in Japan; he interpreted the concept of bebop and put it into practice. With his rich knowledge of music, utmost skill, and natural but still perfect talent, Moriyasu had a great impact on the younger generation, but tragically, he killed himself at the age of thirty-one in September 1955, a few months after his idol Charlie Parker died.
Jazz in Canada and Australia
Authors: Martin Terry
Published: November 2023

So near, so far”-or is it rather “Too near, too far”: the polar situations of would-be jazz musicians in Canada and Australia. In considering their situations we immediately face the question of individual voice versus local dialect. Can we speak of shared musical attributes that could define a Canadian or Australian jazz sound? And how can the individual voices that will generate the dialect form in the first place?

Canadian jazz historian Mark Miller poses the “so near” syndrome. Not only is the north-of-border jazzman likely to be well informed of the latest developments to the south by the availability of recordings and by the relative ease of experiencing the U.S. jazz scene in the flesh. Canada is also only a slight northerly swing in any tour of the States. A successful Canadian musician is likely to be subsumed readily into the American or international jazz network, ceasing to be generally recognized as Canadian; witness the notable examples of composer-arranger Gil Evans, pianists Oscar Peterson and Paul Bley, and trumpeters Maynard Ferguson and Kenny Wheeler. That the emigration of future jazzmen of note from Canada began early is illustrated by the example of pianist Tiny Parham, who recorded in Chicago in the 1920s.
The Saxophone in Jazz
Authors: Heckman Don
Published: November 2023

Adolphe Sax was, by every indication, a dreamer. And an ambitious one, at that. But it’s doubtful that the Belgian musician-inventor, even in his most visionary fantasies, ever imagined the impact that his most successful invention-the saxophone-would have upon the world. Ironically, the instrument’s birth was almost accidental. It happened in 1841, when Sax was developing a family of valved brass that he called “Saxhorns”-similar to today’s tubas, flugelhorns, and baritone horns.

Sometime during the working process, Sax experimentally attached a bass clarinet mouthpiece (and reed) to an ophicleide, a brass instrument with keys instead of valves. Intrigued by the results, he explored further and, in 1842, produced a bass saxophone in the key of C. On February 3, 1844, it was heard for the first time in concert in a demonstration with a chamber wind ensemble. The performer was Sax, and the performance was impressive.

He patented his invention and quickly signed an exclusive contract with the French army to supply saxhorns and saxophones for their various bands. By 1846 he had produced an entire family of saxophones-seven in F and C, and seven in E flat and B flat.
The Trombone in Jazz
Authors: Schuller Gunther
Published: November 2023

The trombone is the only instrument in the Western music tradition that is virtually unchanged in its basic construction (shape and size) and technical function since its first appearance in the late fifteenth century. All other instruments-whether the violin, the organ, or even the trumpet-have experienced important changes or physical additions (such as valves on trumpets). Although a valve trombone was developed eventually in the early nineteenth century, it never replaced in classical music or in jazz the so-called slide trombone, the instrument with which this article will be primarily concerned.

Thus, given the trombone’s stable and venerable history, it is some-what ironic that it was originally developed as an offshoot of the Renaissance slide trumpet, in use in late medieval music, extending the brass family’s registral range to the tenor and baritone regions. Moreover, from its very beginnings the trombone, with its inherent agility of movement and potential freedom from fixed pitches (a limitation, for example, for valved or keyed instruments), was considered no less versatile than a violin or cornetto. This goes a long way toward explaining the instrument’s central and consistent place in the music literature of the last five hundred years.
Jazz and American Literature
Authors: Early Gerald
Published: November 2023

Doubtless, the most farnous American novel about a jazz musician, and arguably the most seminal, in part, because it was the first and most commercially and critically successful novel about jazz, is Dorothy Baker’s Young Man With a Horn, published in 1938. It certainly established or intensified a number of conventions about jazz

musicians as they have come to be portrayed in popular and literary culture, two most especially. First, the novel gives us the highly romantic image of the jazz musician as brooding, self-destructive, antidomestic genius, without formal training, dedicated only to the sound that he hears in his head. Second, Young Man With a Hom gives us the charismatic white jazz musician as a kind of political and moral innocent-combining Billy Budd and Huckleberry Finn-drawn to blacks, the authentic source of jazz, in a quest for artistic purity as only blacks can embody as against the white world’s superficiality, bourgeois respectability, and commercialism.
Recorded Jazz
Authors: Morgenstern Dan
Published: November 2023

Jazz and the phonograph were made for each other. Without the medium of recording, a music so defined by spontaneity of invention, individuality of instrumental sound, and rhythmic complexity that defies musical notation could not have been so rapidly or widely disseminated, nor lent itself so readily to rehearing, studying, and copying. Without recordings, jazz might have remained a temporary regional phenomenon.

Yet the ideal union between two near-contemporaneous artistic and technical inventions took time to be consummated. The fledgling record industry saw jazz as strictly a salable new kind of dance music and had not the slightest awareness of or interest in its potential as art. (Nor, admittedly, did all but a handful of its practitioners.)

The first genuine jazz captured by a recording device was played by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band in the New York studio of Columbia Records on January 30, 1917. Just two weeks earlier, these five young white New Orleans musicians had opened at a midtown Manhattan spot for dining and dancing, creating more of a stir than during an entire previous year in Chicago. But when Columbia’s managers heard the sounds they had recorded, they cried “cacophony” and shelved the masters.
Introduction
Authors: Rothery David A
Published: November 2023

Galileo made a remarkable discovery during the winter of 1610 when he turned one of the earliest telescopes on to the planet Jupiter and saw that four smaller bodies were moving round it. Many philosophers of the time refused to accept the truth of this observation, because it undermined the long-held belief that Earth was at the center of the universe and that all the heavenly bodies (the Sun included) must go around it.
Manners Over Minors
Authors: Hemphill C Dallett
Published: November 2023

It would be Samuel Sewall’s last visit to his father, for Henry Sewall, at eighty-six, was failing fast. On this May evening, Samuel brought his friend Wait Winthrop along. The two visitors shared social status as well as friendship. Both had attained high positions in middle age (Sewall was forty-eight): they were colleagues on the Massachusetts Superior Court bench and the Governor’s Council. Henry Sewall must have been proud of his son. The visitors arrived “a little before sunset,” and found the old man in bed. Samuel entered and called Winthrop into the room. Henry greeted them by taking and kissing Winthrop’s hand, and then his son’s. Winthrop did not return the gesture of deference. Samuel did. The next day, when Samuel entered the room to pray with his father, the latter attempted to rise from his chair. But “I persuaded him to sit still,” Samuel recorded in his diary. Henry Sewall died the following day.1
Youth Rising
Authors: Hemphill C Dallett
Published: November 2023

When your Children comes to about the age of twelve or fourteen . . . now is the time to lead them out to See the variety of necessary temporal! affairs like the bees that Lead their young out to the fields. . . . [N]ow take them amongst your friends and Relations or other ways where your business may call you. . . . [I]t emboldens them and makes them more familiar with Strangers and Different branches of business and much improves their Carridg and behaviour.
Spanning The World
Authors: Kimmel Michael S
Published: November 2023

Biological models assume that sex determines gender, that innate biological differences lead to behavioral differences which lead to social arrangements. By this account, social inequalities are encoded into our physiological composition. Biological anomalies alone should account for variation. But the evidence suggests otherwise. When children like the Dominican pseudohermaphrodites are raised as the other gender they can easily make the transition to the other sex. And how do we account for the dramatic differences in the definitions of masculinity and femininity around the world? And how come some societies have much wider levels of gender inequality than others? On these questions, the biological record is mute.
The Gendered Workplace
Authors: Kimmel Michael S
Published: November 2023

Freud once wrote that the two great tasks for all human beings were “to work and to love.” And it is certainly true that people have always worked—to satisfy their basic material needs for food, clothing, and shelter, to provide for children and loved ones, to participate in community life, as well as to satisfy more culturally and historically specific desires to leave a mark on the world and to move up the social ladder. So it shouldn’t surprise us that virtually every society has developed a division of labor, a way of dividing the tasks that must be done in order for the society as a whole to survive. And since gender, as we have seen, is a system of classification and identity as well as a structure of power relations, it shouldn’t surprise us that virtually every society has a gendered division of labor. There are very few tasks, in very few societies, that are not allocated by gender. This doesn’t necessarily imply that the tasks assigned to one gender are less or more significant to the life of the community than the other’s. One might use a variety of criteria to assign tasks, and one might determine the relative values of each in a variety of ways. Valuing women’s work over men’s work, or vice versa, is not inevitable; it is an artifact of cultural relationships.
Aging, Senescence, and Lifespan
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

We are all aware of aging in humans from our earliest years, through normal, daily contacts with family members, neighbors, and others who have reached an advanced age. Perhaps because aging seems such an intuitively obvious phenomenon, it was quite late in becoming an object of formal study. Magical cures and restorative waters aside, the first serious scientific studies of aging did not get under way until the early part of the present century. The initial pace of research in the entire field of aging was slow; respectable scientists and physicians were doubtless deterred by the unsavory history of quack remedies and practices aimed at increasing human lifespan that had characterized the previous several centuries, as well as the first part of the twentieth century.
Aesthetic Perspectivism
Authors: Higgins Kathleen Marie
Published: November 2023

Section 1 of The Gay Science functions as an overture. Like Wagner’s overture to Tristan und Isolde, it defies tradition by offering not a firm point of reference, but a vertiginous lunge into the body of the book. Again like the overture, it avoids any stable cadence, precluding any sense of the direction of the book as a whole.
Fred Lerdahl
Authors: McCutchan Ann
Published: November 2023

Fred Lerdahl grew up in Wisconsin, learned the piano as a child, and played the oboe in his high school band and orchestra. He studied composition with James Ming at Lawrence University, Earl Kim at Princeton, and Arthur Berger and Roger Sessions at Tanglewood. He has been commissioned by the Spoleto Festival, the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra, the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, and others. His works have been performed by the New York Philharmonic, the Pittsburgh Symphony, the San Francisco Symphony, the Boston Symphony Chamber Players, and the Juilliard Quartet.
Shulamit Ran
Authors: McCutchan Ann
Published: November 2023

Shulamit Ran was born in Tel Aviv, Israel, and came to the United States at the age of fourteen, having received scholarships from the Mannes College of Music in New York and the America Israel Cultural Founder. Her composition teachers in Israel and in the United States included A. U. Boskovich, Paul Ben Haim, Norman Delio Joio, and Ralph Shapey.
John Zorn
Authors: McCutchan Ann
Published: November 2023

Drawing on his experience in a variety of genres, including jazz, rock, hard-core punk, classical, klezmer, film, cartoon, popular, and improvised music, John Zorn is creating a body of work that defies academic categories. Zorn says he feels most connected to the tradition of the avant-garde; he most admires the maverick musicians, theoreticians, film-makers, painters, and writers of the past and present who have consistently questioned given boundaries, “creating a universe all their own:’
Michael Daugherty
Authors: McCutchan Ann
Published: November 2023

Michael Daugherty finds much of his inspiration in American pop culture; one has only to glance at the titles in his catalogue to see the “connections. Metropolis Symphony (based on Superman) and Elvis Everywhere (for string quartet and tape) are prime examples, as is Daugherty’s opera Jackie 0, commissioned by the Houston Grand Opera and described at its1997 premiere as “a window on American celebrity culture of the 1960s, ‘70s, and ‘sos:’ Daugherty was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. As a boy he studied classical piano, played percussion in a drum and bugle corps, and formed a funk band with his four younger brothers. He attended North Texas State University and the Manhattan School of Music and spent a year in Paris studying at IRCAM (Institut de Recherche et de Coordination Acoustique/Musique, France’s institute for musical research). He also studied with jazz arranger and composer Gil Evans, with Gyorgy Ligeti, and with Earle Brown, Jacob Druckman, Bernard Rands, and Roger Reynolds at Yale, where he earned a doctorate.
Bruce Adolphe
Authors: McCutchan Ann
Published: November 2023

Bruce Adolphe enjoys a triple career as composer, author, and educator. Since 1992 he has been education director of the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, a position that draws on his talent to communicate in a lively, authoritative way with music lovers. He has composed pieces for Itzhak Perlman, the Beaux Arts Trio, and the National Symphony Orchestra, among others, and has been composer-in-residence at Chamber Music Northwest, the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival, and Music from Angel Fire. Adolphe is a native of West Hempstead, Long Island. A number of his pieces have been inspired by memories of his parents, who both died before Adolphe finished college. Indeed, memory is one of Adolphe’s passions. As a “fanatic reader” of cognitive neuroscience, he often discovers ideas for pieces in descriptions of the ways the brain works.
The Burger Court Surprises
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

Rarely in American history has the membership of the Supreme Court changed as rapidly as it did in the next three years to the end of 1971. Presidem Johnson, a lame duck in the summer of 1968, resolved to replace Earl Warren by elevating his friend and dose adviser, Justice Abe Fortas, to the position of Chief Republicans, however, anticipated victory in the angrily contested presidential election of 1968. Nixon, their candidate, had angrily denounced the Court for “coddling criminals’’ and was eager if elected to nan1e a conservative Chief His yearning to do so exposed a lasting legacy of the Warren years: appointments to the Court, which had come to play a key role in American life during Warren’s tenure, were becoming ever more contested. A host of controversial constitutional issues-involving the Vieman1 War, the death penalty, affirmative action, busing, abortion, and welfare rights, among others—might reach the Court in the near future. If Nixon could name a conservative, he might begin to banish the curse, as he saw it, of liberal judicial accivism.
Legacies and Lessons
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

Anyone who reads this far will be aware of the many disappointments and triumphs surrounding Brown. A few examples still stand out in the twenty-first century. One involves race and legal education. Thurgood Marshall had celebrated in 1950 when the Supreme Court ordered the all-white Texas Law School to admit Heman Sweatt, a black mail carrier. By the 1980s, the University of Texas (UT) was educating more minorities than any law school in the United States. In March 1996, however, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals prohibited the UT Law School from enforcing affirmative action guidelines that had reserved places for African Americans and other minorities. Enrollment of blacks plummeted from thirty-one in 1996 to four in 1997.
The Impact of Chronic Illness on the Self System
Authors: Leventhal Howard , Idler Ellen L , Leventhal Elaine A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we integrate a model of illness cognition with self and identity concepts to develop hypotheses about the interactions between the self and chronic illness. By chronic illness, we refer to conditions that typically are multiply determined, slowly developing, incurable, and degenerative, such as cardiovascular disorders, many cancers, and diabetes. We begin by describing the central features of our model of illness cognition, the common-sense model of illness representation. Our discussion of the common-sense model characterizes the content of people ‘s mental representations of acute and chronic illness and presents hypotheses and data describing how these representations are constructed. The common-sense model is also used to show how representations of illness and its treatment interact with representations of personal and social resources for combating illness threats. These include the individual ‘s evaluation of his or her own skills and knowledge and of the tangible, emotional, and other supports available from friends, family, community, and systems for health care. In sum, the common-sense model provides a framework for understanding how representations of illness threat, treatment options, and coping resources are integrated to define goals and to generate coping procedures for managing and living with chronic illness.
Conflict of Interest in Engineering
Authors: Luebke Neil R
Published: November 2023

On the basis of several sorts of evidence. conflict of interest is an important topic of professional ethics for engineers. The codes of ethics of major U.S. engineering professional societies include provisions dealing with conflicts of interest. although the wording and the amount of specificity vary. Conflict of interest is the largest category of ethical problems to be addressed between 1958 and 1998 by the National Society of Professional Engineers’ Board of Ethical Review. Then, too, virtually every major corporation that employs engineers has policies governing conflicts of interest, and engineers in military or government service usually work under statutes or administrative rules that apply to conflicts of interest.
Resisting Reasonableness(Including a Response by Eric Hayot and Jeff King)
Authors: Gallop Jane
Published: November 2023

In Feminist Accused of Sexual Harassment, in the chapter “Consensual Amorous Relations,” I argued that whatever the actual policy on consensual relations, the very inclusion of such relations within harassment policies is a theoretical mistake with far-reaching practical consequences.
The Economics of the Critic
Authors: Cowen Tyler
Published: November 2023

When the time approaches for the Golden Globe awards, Hollywood studios bestow gifts, parties, and out-of-town junkets on the relevant critics. Theater, ballet, and musical companies pay critics to write their program notes, hoping to receive favorable reviews in return. It is not uncommon for critics to accept bribes to praise a product or to give it publicity.
Conflict of Interest and Physical Therapy
Authors: Martin Mike W , Gabard Donald L
Published: November 2023

Most philosophical attention to health care ethics has focused on physicians and nurses, neglecting the moral issues faced by physical therapists and other members of allied health care fields. The neglect is compounded by misperceptions that physical therapists are technicians rather than professionals, that they do not have fiduciary relationships with patients, and that they lack all discretion in allocation matters. In fact, physical therapists possess discretionary power in treatment selection, advising, and duration and intensity of therapy-all areas in which trust and trustworthiness are paramount. In addition, their work tends to make possible longer time spent with patients. And their contributions to health care are distinctive in terms of the techniques used in restoring persons to a more functional, pain-free, independent life, as well as in preventing injury and pain. For all these reasons, the neglect of physical therapy ethics fosters a lack of vigilance that sometimes masks abuses, such as those arising from conflicts of interest. The definition of conflicts of interest is itself contested, quite apart from physical therapy ethics. We begin by proposing a definition and providing a rationale for it, using examples from several professions. Then we make a few general comments about evaluating conflicts of interest.
An Analysis of Meaning-Making
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T
Published: November 2023

Appearing in collections of interviews with well-known writers (e.g., Cowley, 1959; Plimpton, 1984, 1989) is a motif of active construction. The process of making meaning is not typically a neat and tidy matter of retrieving prefabricated personal symbols from long-term memory and then translating these into the consensual symbols of written text. Instead, more often the process is a struggle to generate and shape ideas, with the translation from the personal realm of thought to the public realm of text spurring further invention and insight on the part of the writer (Murray, 1982). As E. M. Forster wrote through a character in a novel: ‘‘How do I know what I think until I see what I say?’’
Idea Processors
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T
Published: November 2023

Word processors may best be thought of as the ultimate tool for a typist. But what might be the ultimate tool for a writer, the one who must discover ideas in the realm of personal symbols and express them through consensual symbols? The knowledgeusage framework suggests the potential value of computer aids that help a writer to retrieve and apply content and discourse knowledge effectively. Theoretically, tools that attempt to help writers make meaning, to use their knowledge to create text, may amplify writing performance as well as restructure the process of writing.
The Never-Ending Story? The Political and Legal Controversies over HIV and the Blood Supply in Denmark
Authors: Albrek Erik
Published: November 2023

On October 3, 1996, the Danish Supreme Court pronounced its judgment in a case brought by three Danish hemophiliacs against the Ministry of Health, the National Board of Health, and a Danish pharmaceutical company. The court’s judgment was the conclusion of what had become a never-ending story about the struggle of Danish hemophiliacs to protect themselves from HIV and to place the responsibility for their becoming infected. It was a struggle that became publicly known as the blood scandal. This scandal had the most extensive and protracted judicial sequel in Danish political-administrative history. Although the many judicial tribunals that reviewed claims of the aggrieved found grounds for criticizing Danish blood policy and its implementation, they did not sustain the hemophiliacs’ central charge. Politicians, civil servants, and blood product manufacturers had not endangered lives by acting negligently when they had postponed the introduction of heat treatment of blood products and HIV antibody testing of blood donations. Indeed, the conclusion to be drawn from the many judicial interpretations of the Danish hemophiliac case is that despite the widespread perception in the Danish population, there was in legal terms never a “blood scandal”.
Brunswikian Research on Social Perception, Interpersonal Learning and Conflict, and Negotiation
Authors: Mumpower Jeryl L
Published: November 2023

Brunswik emphasized the critical importance of the relationship between environment and organ ism in social as well as physical domains. Bruns wik’s insistence on the central role of the interaction between organism and environment for a functional psychology has now inspired more than four decades of productive research on social and interpersonal processes. Some of this re search follows directly along lines that Brunswik himself initiated. In other instances, Brunswikian ideas have been extended in fruitful ways that his own work never explicitly anticipated.
Greensboro, North Carolina A Window on Race in the American South
Authors: Chafe William H
Published: November 2023

I remember with warmth how much I looked forward, as a child in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to going to the local Woolworth’s with my mother and eating egg salad sandwiches. I also recall my experience growing up in a Baptist church in Central Square. There, I had gleaned the idea that the gospel of Jesus had something to say about social relations in my own time. So at age 15 I dismayed the deacons at my church by asking why we did not have black members, especially in a church that was located within four blocks of thousands of black residents. It was a naive question for many reasons (not the least of which was the strength of the black Baptist church a few thousand yards away), but it led to an abiding personal as well as academic interest in understanding why race has been so pivotal to the way America is organized, socially, economically, and politically. In graduate school, I had focused on another central (and very related) issue-the experience of womenand now, with my book on that subject about to come out, I decided to return to my earlier locus of concern.
The Americanized Mannheim Of 1945-1946
Authors: Davis David Brow
Published: November 2023

In the past century of wars and disasters, the American occupation of much of western Germany, reinforced by the Marshall Plan, stands out as one of the few undeniable examples of historical success. Overcoming more than twelve years of Nazi indoctrination, we helped build the foundations for a prosperous democracy at the center of Europe, reversing a pattern of instability and conflict that had led to two world wars. But the early years of American occupation were also a microcosm of the racial and civil rights struggles that would dominate America in the 1950s and 1960s and finally succeed in eradicating much of the evil of a Jim Crow South.
A Fan’s Homage To Fenway(Or, Why We Love It When They Always Break Our Hearts)
Authors: Demos John
Published: November 2023

ctober I, 1978. Final day of the regular season. The Red Sox comfortably ahead, at home. The Yankees losing badly, in New York, If these results hold, there tvill be a playoff game tomorrow, in Boston. After an entire season of back-and-forth struggle, the ttvo best teams in baseball will be tied-and will play one more to decide it all. In the eighth inning I go upstam to put on sweats. With ttvo out in the ninth, I am poised halfivay bettveen the television set and the front do01; As soon as it ends, I am out that door and onto the street in full stride. Fans by the thousands, I am sure, are at this moment piling into cars, buses, and subways, in a mad dash to the box office. The best way, the most certain approach, to playoff tickets ts to avoid all that-by running.
San Juan Island, Washington The “Pig War” and the Vagaries of Identity and History
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

Originally published in the Atlantic Monthly in December 1863, Hale’s celebrated yarn relates the bizarre fate of one Philip Nolan. As a gullible young army officer in the early nineteenth century, Nolan is seduced by Aaron Burr’s promises of adventure, somehow finds himself implicated in Burr’s shadowy conspiracy aimed at the lower Mississippi Valley, is arrested, tried for treason, and found guilty. Asked at his court-martial if he wishes to make a statement, a bamboozled Nolan blurts out, “D--n the United States! I wish I may never hear of the United States again!” That outcry quite literally determines Nolan’s sentence: “that you never hear the name of the United States again.” That faintly gothic opening scene arrested my attention, and I read eagerly on.
1048 Fifth Avenue
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice
Published: November 2023

As such things go it is certainly one of the lesser mansions on Fifth Avenue. Number 1048 sits unobtrusively on the southeast corner of 86th Street, its gray brick stones tucked into the surrounding neighborhood. It boasts no sweeping circular driveway: no generous portico flanked by brass or iron balustrades: no defenses against the pedestrian traffic on the sidewalk it directly abuts. This was once the home of a banker who earned his riches in the Gilded Age and who passed it on to a Vanderbilt family widow. Its quiet elegance, its clean lines, its understated solidity, testify to the wealth that once flowed through its rooms. And yet, for many years, these lines concealed a quintessentially American institution that literally captured the efforts of immigrants to meld their New and Old World roots. For nearly forty years, 1048 Fifth Avenue did not function as a mansion at all: it housed the collections of the Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut, now officially known as YIVO Institute for Jewish Research.
Queens
Authors: Leuchtenburg Willaims E
Published: November 2023

I grew up in a place now closing in on a population of two million which does not get a line in the history texts-unlike much less populous communities such as Boston, Charleston, and San Francisco. A land where Late Woodland people roamed and both the Dutch flag and the Union Jack unfurled, an area settled nearly two centuries before Chicago was much more than an outpost, home to two Signers of the Declaration of Independence, it has rarely been regarded as “historic.” In the more than seventy years that I have known it, few have thought of it, if they have thought of it at all, as an “American place:’
Monticello
Authors: Peterson Merrille D
Published: November 2023

On April r3, 1782, Thomas Jefferson, lately governor of Virginia, welcomed to his home, Monticello, a distinguished guest, the chevalier de Chastellux. It happened to be Jetler­son’s thirty-ninth birthday. Chastellux, a member of the French Academy, author of De la Fe!tciti publique, had traveled westward from Williamsburg, where he was stationed with General Rochambeau’s victorious army. His literary portrait of Jefferson was the first to present him to the world in philosophical colors, and it was only enhanced by placing it in the context of the remarkable house this Virginian had raised on a mountaintop in Albemarle County. Chastellux’s Traz,efs in North America appeared in Paris in 1786 and the next year in English translation.
The Musso & Frank Grill In Hollywood
Authors: Starr Kevin
Published: November 2023

I knew it the moment I walked in. This was it: the rich wood paneling, the red leather booths, the equally red-jacketed waiters moving to and fro at their own pace, the long and crowded bar alight with fine-stemmed martini glasses, the steaks and chops on patrons· plates, and, above all else, the joyous reverberations of the room. This was Hollywood, this was Los Angeles in its golden agel This was the Musso & Frank Grill at 6667 Hollywood Boulevard between Las Palmas and Cherokee avenues in the heart of Hollywood: at the center of a dream as well, at the center of my own hopes for an imaginative connection to the City of the Angels and the larger Southern California past.
Psychosis
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan
Published: November 2023

The DSM separates “psychotic disorders” from “mood disorders,” defining psychotic disorders as conditions in which hallucinations, delusions, or related behaviors (e.g., grossly “disorganized” speech, thought, or social behaviors) must be present. Depression and mania can be severe enough to produce hallucinations and delusions, but these and related phenomena are not necessary for a diagnosis of mood disorder. This dichotomy is dangerous because it influences you to not diagnose mood disorder when a patient is also psychotic. However, 20% of melancholic and 30%-50% of manic episodes are of psychotic severity, and if you understand the treatment needs of such patients their response to treatment is good.
Obsessional Syndromes
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan
Published: November 2023

Several seemingly distinct syndromes, upon close scrutiny, share the common feature of recurrent, intrusive thoughts or actions. These syndromes include obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), Gilles de la Tourette’s disorder (GTS), trichotillomania, kleptomania, pathologic gambling, some extreme forms of hypochondriasis (particularly when limited to one or a few recurrent health concerns), hoarding, some sexual disorders (e.g., exhibitionism), self-mutilation behavior, and some patients with substance abuse, anorexia nervosa (and perhaps bulimia), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Table 14.1 lists OCD syndromes.
Iatrogenesis In Health Promotion
Authors: Buchanan David R
Published: November 2023

Iatrogenesis is a term of art used to describe the inadvertent harm inflicted by medical practitioners. This chapter presents case studies of the iatrogenic effects of the application of three theories used in designing health promotion interventions: social learning theory, social marketing, and empowerment. The case studies illustrate the ethical pitfalls outlined in the last chapter in concrete terms. The analysis shows how the use of these theories exacerbates, rather than relieves, the dissolution of values underlying so many modem social health problems.
Health And Well-Being
Authors: Buchanan David R
Published: November 2023

There is something sick about how we think about health. “When polled, Americans commonly list health at the top of their preoccupations, ahead of love, work, or money, and identify good health ahead of any other alternative, including love, as the chief source of happiness,” writes Michael Ignatieff in his essay “Modern Dying.” “The gyms, squash courts, Nautilus rooms, swimming lanes, and saunas of the big cities resound with the thud and the grunt of the last men and women in pursuit of their grail."1 Health is now an integral part of popular concerns, with plenty of bedside reading. Perusal of the health section of any bookstore reveals innumerable books on diet, exercise, stress, recovery, vitamins, biofeedback, and on and on. Indeed, health books have replaced philosophy books as guides to the good life. True to Nietzsche’s portents, we seem to have reduced the idea of the human good to the glow of physical fitness and the ideals of self-knowledge and self-control to a dawn-to-dusk regimen of diet and exercise. We have a bad case of hypochondria.