Role of colony stimulating factor-1 in the establishment and regulation of tissue macrophages during postnatal development of the mouse
Authors: Cecchini Marco G. , Dominguez Melissa G. , Mocci Simonetta , Wetterwald Antoinette , Felix Rolf , Fleisch Herbert , Chisholm Orin , Hofstetter Willy , Pollard Jeffrey W. , Stanley E. Richard 
Published: April 2021

Colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) regulates the survival, proliferation and differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes. The osteopetrotic (op/op) mutant mouse is devoid of CSF-1 due to an inactivating mutation in the CSF-1 gene and is deficient in several mononuclear phagocyte subpopulations. To analyze more fully the requirement for CSF-1 in the establishment and maintenance of mononuclear phagocytes, the postnatal development of cells bearing the macrophage marker antigens F4/80 and MOMA-1, in op/op mice and their normal (+/op or +/+) littermates, were studied during the first three months of life. In normal mice, maximum expression of tissue F4/80+ cells was generally correlated with the period of maximum organo-genesis and/or cell turnover. Depending on the tissue, the F4/80+ cell density either decreased, transiently increased or gradually increased with age. In op/op mice, tissues that normally contain F4/80+ cells could be classified into those in which F4/80+ cells were absent and those in which the F4/80+ cell densities were either reduced, normal or initially normal then subsequently reduced. To assess which F4/80+ populations were regulated by circulating CSF-1 in normal mice, op/op mice in which the circulating CSF-1 concentration was restored to above normal levels by daily subcutaneous injection of human recombinant CSF-1 from day 3 were analyzed. These studies suggest that circulating CSF-1 exclusively regulates both the F4/80+ cells in the liver, spleen and kidney and the MOMA-1+ metallophilic macrophages in the spleen. Macrophages of the dermis, bladder, bone marrow and salivary gland, together with a subpopulation in the gut, were partially restored by circulating CSF-1, whereas macrophages of the muscle, tendon, periosteum, synovial membrane, adrenals and the macrophages intimately associated with the epithelia of the digestive tract, were not corrected by restoration of circulating CSF-1, suggesting that they are exclusively locally regulated by this growth factor. Langer-hans cells, bone marrow monocytes and macrophages of the thymus and lymph nodes were not significantly affected by circulating CSF-1 nor decreased in op/op mice, consistent with their regulation by other growth factors. These results indicate that important differences exist among mononuclear phagocytes in their dependency on CSF-1 and the way in which CSF-1 is presented to them. They also suggest that the prevalent role of CSF-1 is to influence organogenesis and tissue turnover by stimulating the production of tissue macrophages with local trophic and/or scavenger (physiological) functions. Macrophages involved in inflammatory and immune (pathological) responses appear to be dependent on other factors for their ontogenesis and function. This study provides a base from which to analyze further the mechanisms of regulation and physiological roles of CSF-1-dependent tissue macrophages.