bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kidney Injury Molecule-1 Is Upregulated in Renal Lipotoxicity and Mediates Palmitate-Induced Tubular Cell Injury and Inflammatory Response
Authors: Zhao Xueying , Chen Xiaoming , Zhang Yuanyuan , George Jasmine , Cobbs Alyssa , Wang Guoshen , Li Lingyun , Emmett Nerimiah
Published: July 2019

Diabetic nephropathy is increasingly recognized as a major contributor to kidney failure in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. This study was designed to identify the molecular mediators of kidney injury associated with metabolic syndrome with or without hyperglycemia. We compared renal gene expression profiles in Zucker lean (ZL), Zucker obese (ZO), and Zucker diabetic (ZD) rats using cDNA microarray with quantitative verification of selected transcripts by real-time PCR. Compared to the 20-week-old ZL control (glucose: 110 ± 8 mg/dL), both prediabetic ZO (glucose: 157 ± 11 mg/dL) and diabetic ZD (glucose: 481 ± 37 mg/dL) rats displayed hyperlipidemia and kidney injury with a high degree of proteinuria. cDNA microarray identified 25 inflammation and injury-related transcriptomes whose expression levels were similarly increased in ZO and ZD kidneys. Among them, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) was found to be the most highly upregulated in both ZO and ZD kidneys. Immunofluorescence staining of kidney sections revealed a strong correlation between lipid overload and KIM-1 upregulation in proximal tubules of ZO and ZD rats. In cultured primary renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs), administration of saturated fatty acid palmitate resulted in an upregulation of KIM-1, osteopontin, and CD44, which was greatly attenuated by U0126, an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. Moreover, knockdown of KIM-1 by siRNA interference inhibited palmitate-induced cleaved caspase-3, osteopontin, and CD44 proteins in primary TECs. Our results indicate that KIM-1 expression is upregulated in renal lipotoxicity and may play an important role in fatty acid-induced inflammation and tubular cell damage in obesity and diabetic kidney disease.
Loss of Non-Apoptotic Role of Caspase-3 in the PINK1 Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Imbriani Paola , Tassone Annalisa , Meringolo Maria , Ponterio Giulia , Madeo Graziella , Pisani Antonio , Bonsi Paola , Martella Giuseppina
Published: July 2019

Caspases are a family of conserved cysteine proteases that play key roles in multiple cellular processes, including programmed cell death and inflammation. Recent evidence shows that caspases are also involved in crucial non-apoptotic functions, such as dendrite development, axon pruning, and synaptic plasticity mechanisms underlying learning and memory processes. The activated form of caspase-3, which is known to trigger widespread damage and degeneration, can also modulate synaptic function in the adult brain. Thus, in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that caspase-3 modulates synaptic plasticity at corticostriatal synapses in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) induced kinase 1 (PINK1) mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Loss of PINK1 has been previously associated with an impairment of corticostriatal long-term depression (LTD), rescued by amphetamine-induced dopamine release. Here, we show that caspase-3 activity, measured after LTD induction, is significantly decreased in the PINK1 knockout model compared with wild-type mice. Accordingly, pretreatment of striatal slices with the caspase-3 activator α-(Trichloromethyl)-4-pyridineethanol (PETCM) rescues a physiological LTD in PINK1 knockout mice. Furthermore, the inhibition of caspase-3 prevents the amphetamine-induced rescue of LTD in the same model. Our data support a hormesis-based double role of caspase-3; when massively activated, it induces apoptosis, while at lower level of activation, it modulates physiological phenomena, like the expression of corticostriatal LTD. Exploring the non-apoptotic activation of caspase-3 may contribute to clarify the mechanisms involved in synaptic failure in PD, as well as in view of new potential pharmacological targets.
Auraptene Mitigates Parkinson’s Disease-Like Behavior by Protecting Inhibition of Mitochondrial Respiration and Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Jang Yunseon , Choo Hyosun , Lee Min Joung , Han Jeongsu , Kim Soo Jeong , Ju Xianshu , Cui Jianchen , Lee Yu Lim , Ryu Min Jeong , Oh Eung Seok , Choi Song-Yi , Chung Woosuk , Kweon Gi Ryang , Heo Jun Young
Published: July 2019

Current therapeutics for Parkinson’s disease (PD) are only effective in providing relief of symptoms such as rigidity, tremors and bradykinesia, and do not exert disease-modifying effects by directly modulating mitochondrial function. Here, we investigated auraptene (AUR) as a potent therapeutic reagent that specifically protects neurotoxin-induced reduction of mitochondrial respiration and inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Further, we explored the mechanism and potency of AUR in protecting dopaminergic neurons. Treatment with AUR significantly increased the viability of substantia nigra (SN)-derived SN4741 embryonic dopaminergic neuronal cells and reduced rotenone-induced mitochondrial ROS production. By inducing antioxidant enzymes AUR treatment also increased oxygen consumption rate. These results indicate that AUR exerts a protective effect against rotenone-induced mitochondrial oxidative damage. We further assessed AUR effects in vivo, investigating tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the striatum and substantia nigra of MPTP-induced PD model mice and behavioral changes after injection of AUR. AUR treatment improved movement, consistent with the observed increase in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. These results demonstrate that AUR targets dual pathogenic mechanisms, enhancing mitochondrial respiration and attenuating ROS production, suggesting that the preventative potential of this natural compound could lead to improvement in PD-related neurobiological changes.
Identification of QTLs for Stripe Rust Resistance in a Recombinant Inbred Line Population
Authors: Yang Manyu , Li Guangrong , Wan Hongshen , Li Liping , Li Jun , Yang Wuyun , Pu Zongjun , Yang Zujun , Yang Ennian
Published: July 2019

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of wheat worldwide. It is essential to discover more sources of stripe rust resistance genes for wheat breeding programs. Specific locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) is a powerful tool for the construction of high-density genetic maps. In this study, a set of 200 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between wheat cultivars Chuanmai 42 (CH42) and Chuanmai 55 (CH55) was used to construct a high-density genetic map and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for stripe rust resistance using SLAF-seq technology. A genetic map of 2828.51 cM, including 21 linkage groups, contained 6732 single nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNP). Resistance QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1B, 2A, and 7B; Qyr.saas-7B was derived from CH42, whereas Qyr.saas-1B and Qyr.saas-2A were from CH55. The physical location of Qyr.saas-1B, which explained 6.24–34.22% of the phenotypic variation, overlapped with the resistance gene Yr29. Qyr.saas-7B accounted for up to 20.64% of the phenotypic variation. Qyr.saas-2A, a minor QTL, was found to be a likely new stripe rust resistance locus. A significant additive effect was observed when all three QTLs were combined. The combined resistance genes could be of value in breeding wheat for stripe rust resistance.
Emerging Perspectives on Pain Management by Modulation of TRP Channels and ANO1
Authors: Takayama Yasunori , Derouiche Sandra , Maruyama Kenta , Tominaga Makoto
Published: July 2019

Receptor-type ion channels are critical for detection of noxious stimuli in primary sensory neurons. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels mediate pain sensations and promote a variety of neuronal signals that elicit secondary neural functions (such as calcitonin gene-related peptide [CGRP] secretion), which are important for physiological functions throughout the body. In this review, we focus on the involvement of TRP channels in sensing acute pain, inflammatory pain, headache, migraine, pain due to fungal infections, and osteo-inflammation. Furthermore, action potentials mediated via interactions between TRP channels and the chloride channel, anoctamin 1 (ANO1), can also generate strong pain sensations in primary sensory neurons. Thus, we also discuss mechanisms that enhance neuronal excitation and are dependent on ANO1, and consider modulation of pain sensation from the perspective of both cation and anion dynamics.
Arsenic Neurotoxicity in Humans
Authors: Mochizuki Hitoshi
Published: July 2019

Arsenic (As) contamination affects hundreds of millions of people globally. Although the number of patients with chronic As exposure is large, the symptoms and long-term clinical courses of the patients remain unclear. In addition to reviewing the literature on As contamination and toxicity, we provide useful clinical information on medical care for As-exposed patients. Further, As metabolite pathways, toxicity, speculated toxicity mechanisms, and clinical neurological symptoms are documented. Several mechanisms that seem to play key roles in As-induced neurotoxicity, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, thiamine deficiency, and decreased acetyl cholinesterase activity, are described. The observed neurotoxicity predominantly affects peripheral nerves in sensory fibers, with a lesser effect on motor fibers. A sural nerve biopsy showed the axonal degeneration of peripheral nerves mainly in small myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Exposure to high concentrations of As causes severe central nervous system impairment in infants, but no or minimal impairment in adults. The exposure dose–response relationship was observed in various organs including neurological systems. The symptoms caused by heavy metal pollution (including As) are often nonspecific. Therefore, in order to recognize patients experiencing health problems caused by As, a multifaceted approach is needed, including not only clinicians, but also specialists from multiple fields.
Multi-Modal Emotion Aware System Based on Fusion of Speech and Brain Information
Authors: Ghoniem Rania M. , Algarni Abeer D. , Shaalan Khaled
Published: July 2019

In multi-modal emotion aware frameworks, it is essential to estimate the emotional features then fuse them to different degrees. This basically follows either a feature-level or decision-level strategy. In all likelihood, while features from several modalities may enhance the classification performance, they might exhibit high dimensionality and make the learning process complex for the most used machine learning algorithms. To overcome issues of feature extraction and multi-modal fusion, hybrid fuzzy-evolutionary computation methodologies are employed to demonstrate ultra-strong capability of learning features and dimensionality reduction. This paper proposes a novel multi-modal emotion aware system by fusing speech with EEG modalities. Firstly, a mixing feature set of speaker-dependent and independent characteristics is estimated from speech signal. Further, EEG is utilized as inner channel complementing speech for more authoritative recognition, by extracting multiple features belonging to time, frequency, and time–frequency. For classifying unimodal data of either speech or EEG, a hybrid fuzzy c-means-genetic algorithm-neural network model is proposed, where its fitness function finds the optimal fuzzy cluster number reducing the classification error. To fuse speech with EEG information, a separate classifier is used for each modality, then output is computed by integrating their posterior probabilities. Results show the superiority of the proposed model, where the overall performance in terms of accuracy average rates is 98.06%, and 97.28%, and 98.53% for EEG, speech, and multi-modal recognition, respectively. The proposed model is also applied to two public databases for speech and EEG, namely: SAVEE and MAHNOB, which achieve accuracies of 98.21% and 98.26%, respectively.
Rainfastness of Insecticides Used to Control Spotted-Wing Drosophila in Tart Cherry Production
Authors: Andika Ignatius P. , Vandervoort Christine , Wise John C.
Published: July 2019

Tart cherry production is challenged by precipitation events that may reduce crop protection against spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) (SWD). Due to SWD’s devastating impacts on yield, growers are often faced with the option of insecticide reapplication. Semi-field bioassays were used to assess simulated rainfall effects towards adult mortality, immature survival, and residue wash-off from different plant tissues for several compounds. Tart cherry shoots were treated with 0, 12.7 or 25.4 mm of simulated rainfall and infested with SWD for 5 days. Adult mortality was recorded 1, 3, and 5 days after shoots were infested, while immature stage individuals were counted 9 days after the first infestation day. All insecticides demonstrated higher adult mortality and lower immature survival compared with the untreated control at 0 mm of rainfall. Adult mortality and immature survival caused by phosmet, zeta-cypermethrin, and spinetoram were adversely affected by simulated rainfall. In all bioassays, acetamiprid was the least affected by simulated rainfall. Residue analysis demonstrated phosmet and spinetoram residues to be the most sensitive to wash-off. This study demonstrates different rainfall effects on SWD control for several compounds. This information may provide a basis for making an informed decision on whether reapplication is required.
Growth Equation of the General Fractional Calculus
Authors: Kochubei Anatoly , Kondratiev Yuri
Published: July 2019

We consider the Cauchy problem ( D ( k ) u ) ( t ) = λ u ( t ) , u ( 0 ) = 1 , where D ( k ) is the general convolutional derivative introduced in the paper (A. N. Kochubei, Integral Equations Oper. Theory 71 (2011), 583–600), λ > 0 . The solution is a generalization of the function t ↦ E α ( λ t α ) , where 0 < α < 1 , E α is the Mittag–Leffler function. The asymptotics of this solution, as t → ∞ , are studied.
Some New Oscillation Criteria for Second Order Neutral Differential Equations with Delayed Arguments
Authors: Bazighifan Omar , Cesarano Clemente
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we study the oscillation of second-order neutral differential equations with delayed arguments. Some new oscillatory criteria are obtained by a Riccati transformation. To illustrate the importance of the results, one example is also given.
The Effect of Females’ Reproductive Factors on Pituitary Gland Size in Women at Reproductive Age
Authors: Daghighi Mohammad Hossein , Seifar Fatemeh , Parviz Alireza , Poureisa Masoud , Hajibonabi Farid , Daghighi Shadi , Golshan Rosa
Published: July 2019

Background and Objectives: The brain imaging of the pituitary gland in females has shown a change in pituitary size and volume in the female’s population. It has been proven that the pituitary gland is affected by pregnancy, giving birth, and hormone-related factors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the factors which may have an impact on the pituitary size in females at reproductive age and compare the pituitary size in females with a history of pregnancy, those at the postpartum period, and nullipara females. Materials and Methods: This population-based study was conducted on 208 healthy women aged 12–55 years old. Participants underwent cranial Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and pituitary diameters (craniocaudal, anteroposterior, and transverse) and volume were measured for each subject. The correlation of age, gravity, parity, lactation, and intake of oral contraceptives with pituitary size were analyzed. Results: One-hundred and eighty females met the criteria for participation. The pituitary volume correlated negatively with hormone-related factors. The gravity (r = −0.35) and parity (r = −0.35) had significant negative effects on the pituitary volume (p < 0.001). The use of oral contraceptives and lactation were also in negative correlation with the pituitary volume (r = −0.20, p = 0.006, r = −0.56, p < 0.001, respectively). The craniocaudal diameter was also affected by gravity (r = −0.62), parity (r = −0.57), intake of contraceptives (r = −0.32), and lactation (r = −0.70), p < 0.001. The anteroposterior diameter of the pituitary gland associated significantly with gravity (r = −0.19, p = 0.009), parity (r = −0.20, p = 0.007), and lactation (r = −0.25, p = 0.001). The transverse diameter of the pituitary gland also related negatively with reproductive factors such as gravity (r = −0.15, p = 0.04), parity (r = −0.17, p = 0.02), and lactation (r = −0.17, p = 0.02). The pituitary gland of nullipara females was the greatest in size. Recent pregnancy led to increased craniocaudal and anteroposterior diameters. Conclusions: In this study, we found a negative effect of pregnancy and giving birth on pituitary size. Nullipara females were found to have the greatest pituitaries, even greater than the females in the postpartum period.
Composite Membranes for High Temperature PEM Fuel Cells and Electrolysers: A Critical Review
Authors: Sun Xinwei , Simonsen Stian , Norby Truls , Chatzitakis Athanasios
Published: July 2019

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells and electrolysers offer efficient use and production of hydrogen for emission-free transport and sustainable energy systems. Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes like Nafion® and Aquivion® are the state-of-the-art PEMs, but there is a need to increase the operating temperature to improve mass transport, avoid catalyst poisoning and electrode flooding, increase efficiency, and reduce the cost and complexity of the system. However, PSFAs-based membranes exhibit lower mechanical and chemical stability, as well as proton conductivity at lower relative humidities and temperatures above 80 °C. One approach to sustain performance is to introduce inorganic fillers and improve water retention due to their hydrophilicity. Alternatively, polymers where protons are not conducted as hydrated H3O+ ions through liquid-like water channels as in the PSFAs, but as free protons (H+) via Brønsted acid sites on the polymer backbone, can be developed. Polybenzimidazole (PBI) and sulfonated polyetheretherketone (SPEEK) are such materials, but need considerable acid doping. Different composites are being investigated to solve some of the accompanying problems and reach sufficient conductivities. Herein, we critically discuss a few representative investigations of composite PEMs and evaluate their significance. Moreover, we present advances in introducing electronic conductivity in the polymer binder in the catalyst layers.
Influence of Microstructure on Mechanical Properties of Bainitic Steels in Railway Applications
Authors: Hajizad Omid , Kumar Ankit , Li Zili , Petrov Roumen H. , Sietsma Jilt , Dollevoet Rolf
Published: July 2019

Wheel–rail contact creates high stresses in both rails and wheels, which can lead to different damage, such as plastic deformation, wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF). It is important to use high-quality steels that are resistant to these damages. Mechanical properties and failure of steels are determined by various microstructural features, such as grain size, phase fraction, as well as spatial distribution and morphology of these phases in the microstructure. To quantify the mechanical behavior of bainitic rail steels, uniaxial tensile experiments and hardness measurements were performed. In order to characterize the influence of microstructure on the mechanical behavior, various microscopy techniques, such as light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), were used. Three bainitic grades industrially known as B360, B1400 plus and Cr-Bainitic together with commonly used R350HT pearlitic grade were studied. Influence of isothermal bainitic heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the bainitic grades was investigated and compared with B360, B1400 plus, Cr-Bainitic and R350HT in as-received (AR) condition from the industry. The results show that the carbide-free bainitic steel (B360) after an isothermal heat treatment offers the best mechanical performance among these steels due to a very fine, carbide-free bainitic microstructure consisting of bainitic ferrite and retained austenite laths.
Ancient Danish Apple Cultivars—A Comprehensive Metabolite and Sensory Profiling of Apple Juices
Authors: Iaccarino Nunzia , Varming Camilla , Agerlin Petersen Mikael , Viereck Nanna , Schütz Birk , Toldam-Andersen Torben Bo , Randazzo Antonio , Balling Engelsen Søren
Published: July 2019

In recent decades, intensive selective breeding programs have allowed the development of disease-resistant and flavorsome apple cultivars while leading to a gradual decline of a large number of ancient varieties in many countries. However, the re-evaluation of such cultivars could lead to the production new apple-based products with health beneficial properties and/or unique flavor qualities. Herein, we report the comprehensive characterization of juices obtained from 86 old, mostly Danish, apple cultivars, by employing traditional analysis (ion chromatography, °Brix, headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and panel test evaluation) as well as an innovative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based screening method developed by Bruker for fruit juices, known as Spin Generated Fingerprint (SGF) Profiling™. Principal component analysis showed large differences in aroma components and sensory characteristics, including odd peculiar odors and flavors such as apricot and peach, and very different levels of phenolic compounds, acids and sugars among the analyzed juices. Moreover, we observed a tendency for late-season juices to be characterized by higher °Brix values, sugar content and they were perceived to be sweeter and more flavor intense than early-season juices. Our findings are useful for the production of specialty vintage-cultivar apple juices or mixed juices to obtain final products that are characterized both by healthy properties and peculiar sensory attributes.
Metabolic Regulation of Glycolysis and AMP Activated Protein Kinase Pathways during Black Raspberry-Mediated Oral Cancer Chemoprevention
Authors: Knobloch Thomas J. , Ryan Nathan M. , Bruschweiler-Li Lei , Wang Cheng , Bernier Matthew C. , Somogyi Arpad , Yan Pearlly S. , Cooperstone Jessica L. , Mo Xiaokui , Brüschweiler Rafael P. , Weghorst Christopher M. , Oghumu Steve
Published: July 2019

Oral cancer is a public health problem with an incidence of almost 50,000 and a mortality of 10,000 each year in the USA alone. Black raspberries (BRBs) have been shown to inhibit oral carcinogenesis in several preclinical models, but our understanding of how BRB phytochemicals affect the metabolic pathways during oral carcinogenesis remains incomplete. We used a well-established rat oral cancer model to determine potential metabolic pathways impacted by BRBs during oral carcinogenesis. F344 rats were exposed to the oral carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in drinking water for 14 weeks, then regular drinking water for six weeks. Carcinogen exposed rats were fed a 5% or 10% BRB supplemented diet or control diet for six weeks after carcinogen exposure. RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis on rat tongue, and mass spectrometry and NMR metabolomics analysis on rat urine were performed. We tentatively identified 57 differentially or uniquely expressed metabolites and over 662 modulated genes in rats being fed with BRB. Glycolysis and AMPK pathways were modulated during BRB-mediated oral cancer chemoprevention. Glycolytic enzymes Aldoa, Hk2, Tpi1, Pgam2, Pfkl, and Pkm2 as well as the PKA-AMPK pathway genes Prkaa2, Pde4a, Pde10a, Ywhag, and Crebbp were downregulated by BRBs during oral cancer chemoprevention. Furthermore, the glycolysis metabolite glucose-6-phosphate decreased in BRB-administered rats. Our data reveal the novel metabolic pathways modulated by BRB phytochemicals that can be targeted during the chemoprevention of oral cancer.
Flexible Electrowetting-on-Dielectric Microlens Array Sheet
Authors: Van Grinsven Kari , Ousati Ashtiani Alireza , Jiang Hongrui
Published: July 2019

We have fabricated a fully-flexible, focus-tunable microlens array on a sheet and demonstrated its imaging capabilities. Each liquid lens of the array is individually tunable via electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) actuation and is situated on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate, which allows the lens array to operate as a reconfigurable optical system. In particular, we observed a significant increase in the field of view (FOV) of the system to 40.4° by wrapping it on a cylindrical surface as compared to the FOV of 21.5° obtained by the array on a planer surface. We also characterized the liquid lenses of the system, observing a range of focus length from 20.2 mm to 9.2 mm as increased voltage was applied to each EWOD lens. A Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS) was used to measure the wavefront of the lens as it was actuated, and the aberrations of the lens were assessed by reporting the Zernike coefficients of the wavefronts.
Editorial for Special Issue “Recent Advances in Hydro- and Biohydrometallurgy”
Authors: Komnitsas Kostas A.
Published: July 2019

Securing reliable and continuous access to raw materials and extraction of metals are important priorities in almost all countries in order to meet industrial needs, enable high-tech applications, maintain quality of life, and guarantee millions of jobs [...]
Using Rare Earth Elements (REE) to Decipher the Origin of Ore Fluids Associated with Granite Intrusions
Authors: Yang Xue-Ming
Published: July 2019

A practical method is presented to estimate rare earth element (REE) concentrations in a magmatic fluid phase in equilibrium with water-saturated granitic melts based on empirical fluid–melt partition coefficients of REE ( k P R E E ). The values of k P R E E can be calculated from a set of new polynomial equations linking to the Cl molality ( m C l v ) of the magmatic fluid phase associated with granitic melts, which are established via a statistical analysis of the existing experimental dataset. These equations may be applied to the entire pressure range (0.1 to 10.0 kb) within the continental crust. Also, the results indicate that light REEs (LREE) behave differently in magmatic fluids, i.e., either being fluid compatible with higher m C l v or fluid incompatible with lower m C l v values. In contrast, heavy REEs (HREE) are exclusively fluid incompatible, and partition favorably into granitic melts. Consequently, magmatic fluids tend to be rich in LREE relative to HREE, leading to REE fractionation during the evolution of magmatic hydrothermal systems. The maximum k P R E E value for each element is predicted and presented in a REE distribution diagram constrained by the threshold value of m C l v . The REE contents of the granitic melt are approximated by whole-rock analysis, so that REE concentrations in the associated magmatic fluid phase would be estimated from the value of k P R E E given chemical equilibrium. Two examples are provided, which show the use of this method as a REE tracer to fingerprint the source of ore fluids responsible for the Lake George intrusion-related Au–Sb deposit in New Brunswick (Canada), and the Bakircay Cu–Au (–Mo) porphyry systems in northern Turkey.
Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of Softgels Cross-Linked with Cactus Mucilage Extracted from Cladodes of Opuntia Ficus-Indica
Authors: Camelo Caballero Luis R. , Wilches-Torres Andrea , Cárdenas-Chaparro Agobardo , Gómez Castaño Jovanny A. , Otálora María Carolina
Published: July 2019

A new crosslinking formulation using gelatin (G) and cactus mucilage (CM) biopolymers was developed, physicochemically characterized and proposed as an alternative wall material to traditional gelatin capsules (softgels). The effect of G concentration at different G/CM ratios (3:1, 1:1 and 1:3) was analyzed. Transparency, moisture content (MC), solubility in water (SW), morphology (scanning electron microscopy, SEM), vibrational characterization (Fourier transform infrared, FTIR), color parameters (CIELab) and thermal (differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric analysis, DSC/TGA) properties of the prepared composite (CMC) capsules were estimated and compared with control (CC) capsules containing only G and glycerol. In addition, the dietary fiber (DF) content was also evaluated. Our results showed that the transparency of composite samples decreased gradually with the presence of CM, the G/CM ratio of 3:1 being suitable to form the softgels. The addition of CM decreased the MC, the SW and the lightness of the capsules. Furthermore, the presence of polysaccharide had significant effects on the morphology and thermal behavior of CMC in contrast to CC. FTIR spectra confirmed the CMC formation by crosslinking between CM and G biopolymers. The addition of CM to the softgels formulation influenced the DF content. Our findings support the feasibility of developing softgels using a formulation of CM and G as wall material with nutritional properties.
Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Croton hypoleucus Extract in an Induced-Necrosis Model in Rats
Authors: Urrutia-Hernández Thania Alejandra , Santos-López Jorge Arturo , Benedí Juana , Sánchez-Muniz Francisco Jose , Velázquez-González Claudia , De la O-Arciniega Minarda , Jaramillo-Morales Osmar Antonio , Bautista Mirandeli
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Croton hypoleucus (EC). The present work reports the first pharmacological, toxicological, and antioxidant studies of EC extract on liver injury. Liver necrosis was induced by thioacetamide (TAA). Five groups were established: Croton Extract (EC), thioacetamide (TAA), Croton extract with thioacetamide (EC + TAA), vitamin E with thioacetamide (VE + TAA) and the positive control and vehicle (CT). For EC and EC + TAA, Wistar rats (n = 8) were intragastrically pre-administered for 4 days with EC (300 mg/kg.day) and on the last day, EC + TAA received a single dose of TAA (400 mg/kg). At 24 h after damage induction, animals were sacrificed. In vitro activity and gene expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (Cat), and Nrf2 nuclear factor were measured. The results show that EC has medium antioxidant properties, with an IC50 of 0.63 mg/mL and a ferric-reducing power of 279.8 µM/mg. Additionally, EC reduced hepatic damage markers at 24 h after TAA intoxication; also, it increased SOD and Cat gene expression against TAA by controlling antioxidant defense levels. Our findings demonstrated the hepatoprotective effect of EC by reducing hepatic damage markers and controlling antioxidant defense levels. Further studies are necessary to identify the mechanism of this protection.
Fabrication and Characterization of Zein Composite Particles Coated by Caseinate-Pectin Electrostatic Complexes with Improved Structural Stability in Acidic Aqueous Environments
Authors: Zhang Yaqiong , Wang Bo , Wu Yan , Gao Boyan , Yu Liangli (Lucy)
Published: July 2019

Zein composite particles coated with caseinate-pectin electrostatic complexes (zein-caseinate-pectin particles) were fabricated using an electrostatic deposition and liquid-liquid dispersion method without heating treatment. Compared to zein particles coated only with caseinate, the acidic stability of zein-caseinate-pectin particles was greatly improved, and the particle aggregation was suppressed at pH 3–6, especially at pH values near the isoelectric point of caseinate (pH 4–5). Besides, desirable long-term storage stability and re-dispersibility were observed. Under different zein to curcumin (Cur) feeding ratios (10:1, 20:1, 30:1 and 40:1, w/w), the Cur-loaded zein-caseinate-pectin particles had a spherical shape with an average diameter ranging from 358.37 to 369.20 nm, a narrow size distribution (polydispersity index < 0.2) and a negative surface charge ranging from −18.87 to −19.53 mV. The relatively high encapsulation efficiencies of Cur (81.27% to 94.00%) and desirable re-dispersibility were also achieved. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the encapsulated Cur interacted with carrier materials mainly through hydrophobic interactions. The in-vitro release profile showed a sustained release of Cur from zein-caseinate-pectin particles in acidic aqueous environment (pH 4) up to 24 h, without any burst effect. In addition, the encapsulation retained more ABTS•+ radical scavenging capacity of Cur during 4 weeks of storage. These results suggest that zein-caseinate-pectin particles may be used as a potential delivery system for lipophilic nutrients in acidic beverages.
Analysis of the Overlapped Electrochemical Signals of Hydrochlorothiazide and Pyridoxine on the Ethylenediamine-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode by Use of Chemometrics Methods
Authors: Zhang Yue , Zhou Yan , Chen Shujun , You Yashi , Qiu Ping , Ni Yongnian
Published: July 2019

In this work, the electrochemical behavior of hydrochlorothiazide and pyridoxine on the ethylenediamine-modified glassy carbon electrode were investigated by differential pulse voltammetry. In pH 3.4 Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer solution, both hydrochlorothiazide and pyridoxine had a pair of sensitive irreversible oxidation peaks, that overlapped in the 1.10 V to 1.20 V potential range. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the peak current was linearly related to hydrochlorothiazide and pyridoxine in the concentration range of 0.10–2.0 μg/mL and 0.02–0.40 μg/mL, respectively. Chemometrics methods, including classical least squares (CLS), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS), were introduced to resolve the overlapped signals and determine the two components in mixtures, which avoided the troublesome steps of separation and purification. Finally, the simultaneous determination of the two components in commercial pharmaceuticals was performed with satisfactory results.
Encapsulation of Essential Oils for the Development of Biosourced Pesticides with Controlled Release: A Review
Authors: Maes Chloë , Bouquillon Sandrine , Fauconnier Marie-Laure
Published: July 2019

Essential oil (EO) encapsulation can be carried out via a multitude of techniques, depending on applications. Because of EOs’ biological activities, the development of biosourced pesticides with EO encapsulation is of great interest. A lot of methods have been developed; they are presented in this review, together with the properties of the final products. Encapsulation conserves and protects EOs from outside aggression, but also allows for controlled release, which is useful for applications in agronomy. The focus is on the matrices that are of interest for the controlled release of their content, namely: alginate, chitosan, and cyclodextrin. Those three matrices are used with several methods in order to create EO encapsulation with different structures, capacities, and release profiles.
Lignin-Based Hollow Nanoparticles for Controlled Drug Delivery: Grafting Preparation Using β-Cyclodextrin/Enzymatic-Hydrolysis Lignin
Authors: Zhou Yu , Han Yanming , Li Gaiyun , Yang Sheng , Chu Fuxiang
Published: July 2019

Due to its abundance, degradability, and low toxicity, lignin is a promising raw material for the preparation of nanomaterials. However, efficient encapsulation using lignin-nanomaterial for sustained-release medications remains a challenge. This study involves grafting β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), with a hollow toroidal structure, onto the enzymatic-hydrolysis lignin (EHL) to form CD-EHL. The modified lignin was next used to prepare hollow nanoparticles (LHNPs) via self-assembly to encapsulate the antitumor drug hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT). The results indicated that β-CD improved the network structure of modified lignin molecules. Moreover, LHNPs that self-assembled using CD-EHL had an increased specific surface area and greater porosity, and exhibited a spherical hollow structure and stability in phosphate-buffered saline. The drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of HCPT were 70.6 ± 9% and 22.02 ± 2%, respectively. An in vitro study showed that lignin-based nanoparticles have low toxicity, and the modified LHNPs demonstrated a good sustained-release capability. This study broadened the potential application of lignin as a renewable biomass material.
Synthesis of Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 Porous Microspheres as Support of Pd Catalyst for Hydrogenation Reaction
Authors: Wang Tingting , Liu Chenyuan , Ma Xinxin , Zhu Wancheng , Lv Xiaoxia , Zhang Heng
Published: July 2019

Nickel phyllosilicates have attracted much attention owing to their potential applications in various fields. Herein, Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 porous microspheres (NiSi-PMs) with a diameter of 1.2 to 3.2 μm were successfully fabricated via a urea-assisted hydrothermal method, and subsequently used to prepare supported Pd catalyst. Characterizations of the NiSi-PMs and the obtained catalyst, combined with the catalytic performance for the hydrogenation reaction, are presented and discussed. The BET surface area and pore volume of the NiSi-PMs were 196.2 m2 g−1 and 0.70 cm3 g−1, respectively. The Pd/NiSi-PMs catalyst exhibited remarkable catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of styrene under mild conditions, with a turnover frequency of 5234 h−1, and the catalyst was recovered and recycled for six consecutive cycles without any discernible loss of activity. H2-TPR and H2-TPD revealed that the activity of the catalysts was closely related to the adsorption property for hydrogen. The present Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 supported Pd catalyst afforded a promising and competitive candidate for heterogeneous catalysis.
Growth Mechanism of Seed-Layer Free ZnSnO3 Nanowires: Effect of Physical Parameters
Authors: Rovisco Ana , Branquinho Rita , Martins Jorge , Fortunato Elvira , Martins Rodrigo , Barquinha Pedro
Published: July 2019

ZnSnO3 semiconductor nanostructures have several applications as photocatalysis, gas sensors, and energy harvesting. However, due to its multicomponent nature, the synthesis is far more complex than its binary counter parts. The complexity increases even more when aiming for low-cost and low-temperature processes as in hydrothermal methods. Knowing in detail the influence of all the parameters involved in these processes is imperative, in order to properly control the synthesis to achieve the desired final product. Thus, this paper presents a study of the influence of the physical parameters involved in the hydrothermal synthesis of ZnSnO3 nanowires, namely volume, reaction time, and process temperature. Based on this study a growth mechanism for the complex Zn:Sn:O system is proposed. Two zinc precursors, zinc chloride and zinc acetate, were studied, showing that although the growth mechanism is inherent to the material itself, the chemical reactions for different conditions need to be considered.
Anti-Obesity Effect of Carotenoids: Direct Impact on Adipose Tissue and Adipose Tissue-Driven Indirect Effects
Authors: Mounien Lourdes , Tourniaire Franck , Landrier Jean-Francois
Published: July 2019

This review summarizes current knowledge on the biological relevance of carotenoids and some of their metabolites in obesity management. The relationship between carotenoids and obesity is considered in clinical studies and in preclinical studies. Adipose tissue is a key organ in obesity etiology and the main storage site for carotenoids. We thus first describe carotenoid metabolism in adipocyte and adipose tissue and the effects of carotenoids on biological processes in adipose tissue that may be linked to obesity management in in vitro and preclinical studies. It is also now well established that the brain is strongly involved in obesity processes. A section is accordingly devoted to the potential effect of carotenoids on obesity via their direct and/or adipose tissue-driven indirect biological effects on the brain.
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Associated Early-Life Factors among Chinese and Spanish Adolescents: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wang Jiao , Perona Javier S. , Schmidt-RioValle Jacqueline , Chen Yajun , Jing Jin , González-Jiménez Emilio
Published: July 2019

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a growing problem worldwide in adolescents. This study compared two sample populations of young people in Spain and China, and analyzed the association of birth weight and breastfeeding duration with MetS. A cross-sectional study was conducted in adolescents (10–15 years old); 1150 Chinese and 976 Spanish adolescents. The variables analyzed were anthropometric characteristics, biochemical markers, and demographic characteristics using the same methodology and data collection protocol. Also, birth weight and breastfeeding were retrospectively analyzed during the first year of life. The results showed statistically significant differences between the two groups in reference to body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, triglyceride, glucose, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. The MetS prevalence was higher in Spanish adolescents (2.5%) than in the Chinese group (0.5%). Breastfeeding duration was inversely associated with hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, and MetS, whereas higher birth weight was associated with hyperglycemia, low HDL-C, hypertriglyceridemia, and abdominal obesity. Spanish adolescents showed more altered MetS components, and consequently, a higher MetS prevalence than the Chinese adolescents. This made them more vulnerable to cardiometabolic risk. Our results highlight the need for interventions designed by health professionals, which would encourage pregnant women to breastfeed their children.
Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effects of the Hydroethanolic Extract from the Leaves of Aloysia polystachya (Griseb.) Moldenke: A Study on Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Costa de Melo Nayara , Sánchez-Ortiz Brenda Lorena , dos Santos Sampaio Tafnis Ingret , Matias Pereira Arlindo César , Pinheiro da Silva Neto Fernando Luiz , Ribeiro da Silva Heitor , Alves Soares Cruz Rodrigo , Keita Hady , Soares Pereira Ana Maria , Tavares Carvalho José Carlos
Published: July 2019

Medicinal plants such as Aloysia polystachya are often used in the treatment of psychiatric diseases, including anxiety- and depression-related humor disturbances. In folk medicine, A. polystachya is used to treat digestive and respiratory tract disturbances, as a sedative and antidepressant agent, and as a tonic for the nerves. This study aimed to evaluate the antidepressant and anxiolytic effect from the hydroethanolic extract from the leaves of Aloysia polystachya (HELAp) in zebrafish. The extract was analyzed through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS) and the main compound detected was acteoside. HELAp was administered orally (10 mg/kg) and through immersion (mg/L). The anxiolytic activity was evaluated through the scototaxis (light–dark) test using caffeine as an anxiogenic agent and buspirone as a positive control. The parameters assessed were: period spent in the white compartment (s), latency (s), alternations (n), erratic swims (n), period of freezing (s), thigmotaxis (s), and risk evaluation (n). The antidepressant effect was evaluated through the novel tank diving test using 1% ethanol, unpredictable chronic stress, and social isolation as depressors; fluoxetine was used as a positive control. The parameters assessed were: period spent at the top of the tank, latency, quadrants crossed, erratic swim, period of freezing, and distance of swam. The main chemical compound of HELAp was acteoside. The administration of the extract on zebrafish managed to revert the anxiogenic effect of caffeine without impairing their locomotion. Additionally, the treatment exerted antidepressant activity similarly to fluoxetine. Overall, the results suggest a significant anxiolytic and antidepressant activity to the extract, which is probably due to the presence of the major compound, acteoside.
Hollow Microcapsules as Periocular Drug Depot for Sustained Release of Anti-VEGF Protein
Authors: Radhakrishnan Krishna , Vincent Anita , Joseph Rini Rachel , Moreno Miguel , Dickescheid Andreas , Agrawal Rupesh , Venkatraman Subbu
Published: July 2019

Diseases affecting the posterior segment of the eye such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy are leading causes of blindness all over the world. The current treatment regimen for such diseases involves repeated intravitreal injections of anti- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) proteins. This method is highly invasive and can lead to severe complications. In an attempt to develop less invasive alternatives, we propose the use of a controlled release system consisting of anti-VEGF loaded hollow microcapsules that can be administered periocularly to form drug eluting depots on the episcleral surface. The microcapsules with either positive or negative surface charge were prepared by a layer by layer approach and showed pH responsive permeability switching. An ex vivo experiment using porcine sclera indicated positively charged microcapsules remained on the episcleral surface over four days while the negatively charged microcapsules were washed away. These positively charged microcapsules were then loaded with anti-VEGF protein ranibizumab using pH dependent permeability switching and protein release from the microcapsules were studied using an in vitro setup. An ex vivo experiment utilizing porcine sclera demonstrated sustained release of ranibizumab over seven days with zero-order kinetics.
Young People and the Management of Chronic Illness by Primary Care Pharmacists: A Systematic Review
Authors: Almunef Mohammed , Mason Julie , Curtis Chris , Jalal Zahraa
Published: July 2019

Recent evidence has shown that the incidence of long-term illnesses in young people aged 10–24 years is increasing. It is essential to highlight the importance of long-term health conditions in this age group and understand young people’s health needs to be able to improve current support for young people. Pharmacists, as medicine experts, are in a unique position to promote young people’s health. The role of primary care pharmacists in the management of chronic illnesses in young people has not been widely researched. The aim of this review was to explore the current role of primary care pharmacists in the management of chronic illnesses in young people aged 10–24 years. A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Embase subject headings (Emtree) terms, covering three main themes: Pharmacists, young people and chronic illnesses. Articles were critically appraised using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tools. Eight articles were included in this review. Seven articles included original research studies (one observational study, two surveys, two qualitative interview studies and two interventions). The remaining article was a literature review. All of the articles made reference to community pharmacists, while there was no information about GP pharmacists. Roles that community pharmacists identified as high-priority in their practice when dealing with young people included supporting young people to develop generic healthcare skills, counselling and building trusted relationships directly with young people, helping young people to find credible health information and the provision of specialist services. Community pharmacists feel that they have a role to play in supporting young people with chronic illness and have identified many areas where they can provide services and support.