bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allometric growth in three species of digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Belize
Authors: Fischthal Jacob H.
Published: June 2009

Allometric growth of body proportions and organs is determined for three species of digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Belize: Apocreadium mexicanum Manter, 1937 (Apocreadiidae), Pseudocreadium lamelliforme (Linton. 1907) Manter, 1946 (Lepocreadiidae), Paracryptogonimus americanus Manter, 1940 (Cryptogonimidae). These are compared with three other species in which allometric growth has been studied. In all species only the hindbody shows positive growth, whereas the forebody, suckers, and pharynx are consistently negative. The body width, posttesticular body, testes, and ovary are positive in some species and negative in others. In some instances the body proportion or organ is growing at the same rate as the body length.
New schistorophine nematodes (Acuariidae) from New Zealand shore birds
Authors: Clark W. C.
Published: June 2009

Viktorocara torea and Sciadiocara tarapunga n. spp. are described from specimens from the gizzards of Haematopus ostralegus finschi and Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus respectively. All hosts were collected in the South Island, New Zealand. V. torea is characterised by the possession of the doubly bifid apices to the long spicule and absence of a subterminal spicular spur; presence of six preanal papillae, the first and second widely spaced: the muscular region of the oesophagus constituting about one quarter of the total length of the oesophagus. S. tarapunga is similar to S. umbellifera, but differs in having the muscular region of the oesophagus shorter than the glandular region, a more slender body in both sexes, much smaller spicules (78–91 μm and 275–359 μm) with the right spicule not more than one-third as long as the left one. The long spicule bears a pair of similar, rounded, laterally placed spatulate apices. It is suggested that Sciadiocara umbellifera of previous authors may encompass more than one species.
Activity of disaccharidases in the intestinal contents of piglets infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and activity in these nematodes
Authors: Enigk K. , Dey-Hazra A.
Published: June 2009

The activity of maltase, saccharase, cellobiase, trehalase and lactase was estimated in the intestinal contents of non-infected pigs and pigs infected with several gastrointestinal nematodes and in the nematodes themselves.

Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents of pigs infected with Hyostrongylus rubidus were similar to those in uninfected control pigs. However the enzyme activity of the contents of the whole intestine was increased in Strongyloides ransomi infections and moderately increased in Ascaris suum infection. In Trichuris and Oesophagostomum infections activity was only increased in the large intestine contents.

Ascaris suum contained high activity of maltase and saccharase in its intestine and lower levels in other organs, while levels were much lower in other pig nematodes. Hyostrongylus rubidus and its third-stage larva did not contain any disaccharidases activity.

The disaccharidases in the pig nematodes, especially in Strongyloides, were more sensitive to high temperatures (70°C) than those in the contents of the pig intestine.

Some disaccharidases were demonstrable in embryonated Ascaris and Trichuris eggs and in third-stage larvae of Strongyloides and Oesophagostomum.
Two new species of Enenterum Linton, 1910 (Digenea) in the marine fish Neoscorpis lithophilus (Kyphosidae) from the south-western Indian Ocean
Authors: Bray R. A.
Published: June 2009

Enenterum elsti sp. nov. and E. prudhoei sp. nov. are described from the intestine of Neoscorpis lithophilus off Mapelane, Natal, South Africa. These species differ from others of the genus Enenterum in the ratio of the oral sucker to body-length and in the length of the prepharynx. E. elsti differs from. E. prudhoei in size, in sucker-ratio and in the number and configuration of the oral lobes. A key to the species of Enenterum is presented and the status of the genus briefly discussed.
Factors affecting the acquisition of resistance against Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse. 2. The time at which resistance to reinfection develops
Authors: Long E. , Doenhoff M. , Bain J.
Published: June 2009

Mice developed a partial resistance against homologous challenge with Schistosoma mansoni as early as two weeks after primary infections of 35 to 75 cercariae, and the degree of protection increased to an apparent maximum by 6 weeks. Animals given a primary infection of only 25 cercariae required a longer period to acquire maximum resistance.
Helminths of the pig on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria: relative prevalence, abundance and economic significance
Authors: Fabiyi J. P.
Published: June 2009

During the period October 1972 to July 1973 inclusive, 450 pigs of various age groups, belonging mainly to the native breed (white variety), born and raised on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria, were examined for helminth infections. Post-mortem worm recovery indicated that 15 species of helminths were present: Hyostrongylus rubidus, Ascarops strongylina, Physocephalus sexalatus, Ascaris suum, Globocephalus urosubulatus, Strongyloides ransomi, Trichuris suis, Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum, Oesophagostomum dentatum, Metastrongylus salmi, Stephanurus dentatus, Cysticercus cellulosae, Cysticercus tenuicollis, hydatid cyst of Echinococcus granulosus and sparganum of Spirometra erinacei.

The records of A. strongylina, P. sexalatus, O. quadrispinulatum, M. salmi, C. tenuicollis, hydatid cyst and sparganum are new for pigs in Nigeria.

It is possible that pigs may play some role in the local epizootiology of C. tenuicollis and E. granulosus. C. cellulosae, E. granulosus, S. erinacei, A. suum and T. suis may be of significance as zoonoses.
Preliminary survey ofCapillaria hepatica(Bancroft, 1893) in Malaysia
Authors: Sinniah B. , Singh Manmohan , Anuar Khairul
Published: June 2009

The prevalence ofCapillaria hepatica(Bancroft, 1893) infection in a total of 2324 rats trapped from 25 localities in West Malaysia was 15.5%. Infection rates in males (16.0%) and females (15.1%) are similar. A significantly higher percentage of adults (18.1%) than young (7.7%) was infected.Capillaria hepaticainfection rates amoung urban (0.7%) and jungle (0.0%) rats was very low as compared to field rats (17.7%) trapped from agricultural areas such as oil palm estates and rice growing areas.

Prevalence ofC. hepaticainfection in rats is not evenly distributed throughout West Malaysia. There seem to be localised foci of infection. In some areas as many as 77.8% of the adult rats are found to be infected while in other areas the same species of rats are found free of infection.
Vitamin absorption in thein vivointestine of normal and infected (Hymenolepis diminuta: Cestoda) rats
Authors: Mettrick D. F. , Jackson D. J.
Published: June 2009

Uptake and serosal transfer of the vitamins thiamine, riboflavin and folic acid have been studiedin vivoin normal and parasitized rats infected withHymenolepis diminuta(Cestoda).

Regional differences in intestinal uptake of all three vitamins in both uninfected and parasitized animals were not statistically significant.

In the parasitized intestine mucosal uptake and serosal transfer of thiamine were significantly inhibited, with increased mucosal accumulation of the vitamin as luminal thiamine concentration increased.

Apparent increased riboflavin mucosal uptake in parasitized animals, was not matched by the reduced serosal transfer, suggesting adsorption of the vitamin in the unstirred aqueous layers.

Mucosal uptake of folic acid increased in the parasitized gut; serosal transfer and mucosal accumulation were not affected.

These results, indicating vitamin malabsorption associated with infection byH. diminuta, are consistent with the parasite inhibiting mucosal passive transport mechanisms. This conclusion is supported by the changes in net water fluxes associated with vitamin uptake in the parasitized intestine.
Spinicauda regiensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Heterakoidea), a parasite of the ball python (Python regius)
Authors: Platt T. R. , Bush A. O.
Published: June 2009

Spinicauda regiensis n. sp. is described from a captive ball python, Python regius. The new species differs from all other species of Spinicauda by the presence of a papilla in the precloacal sucker of the male.
Histochemical studies on Raillietina (Raillietina) johri (Cestoda: Davaineidae). III. Esterases
Authors: Roy T. K.
Published: June 2009

Nonspecific esterase (NSE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and pseudocholinesterase (ChE) have been localized by histochemical methods in various tissues of a cestode, Raillietina (Raillietina) johri obtained from the intestine of pigeon.

NSE has been found in the rostellum, suckers, hooks, tegument, subtegumental muscle, excretory canal, cirrus sac, vagina and eggs. Two types of cells have been recognized on the scolex surface—some are NSE positive and others are NSE negative. AChE, besides being localized in nerves, has also been visualized in almost all the structures as in case of NSE except in hooks, excretory canal and eggs. Additionally AChE has been observed in the vas deferens and sperm ductules. ChE has been observed only in nerves, vas deferens, cirrus sac and vagina; the intensity of enzyme activity being low when compared with AChE. Possible involvement of these enzymes in the physiology of the parasite has been discussed.
Some Digenetic Trematodes of Marine Fishes from Sierra Leone
Authors: Fischthal Jacob H. , Williams Modupe O.
Published: June 2009

Eight species of digenetic trematodes, 3 of them new, are reported in fishes from Sierra Leone. Stephanostomum africanum n.sp. (Acanthocolpidae) is from Pseudotolithus senegalensis, S.sierraleonensis n.sp. from Galeoides decadactylus, Pycnadena africana n.sp. (Opistholebetidae) from Lutjanus modestus, Megasolena hysterospina (Manter, 1931) Overstreet, 1969 (Haploporidae) from Chaetodipterus lippei, Aephnidiogenes senegalensis Dollfus, and Capron 1958 (Lepocreadiidae) from Pomadasys jubelini, Lepocreadioides cynoglossi Fischthal and Thomas, 1970, (Lepocreadiidae) from Cynoglossus senegalensis, Lasiotocus cynoglossi Thomas, 1959 (Monorchiidae) from Cynoglossus senegalensis, and Poracanthium ghanensis Fischthal and Thomas, 1970 (Opecoelidae) from Galeoides decadactylus.
On Some New and Known Digenetic Trematodes from Marine Fishes of India
Authors: Hafeezullah M.
Published: June 2009

Five new species are described and nine known species and one new combination are reported from new hosts and new localities. The new species are:Prosogonotrema pritchardae, Uroproctinella attenuata, Bivesiculoides scari, Stephanostomum attenuatumandS. adinterruptum. The known species are:Genolopa trifoliferNicoll, 1915,Anaporrhutum albidumBrandes in Ofenheim, 1900,Hymenocotta mulliManter, 1961,Pleorchis sciaenaeYamaguti, 1938,Mehratrema dollfusiSrivastava, 1939,Buckleytrema indicaGupta, 1956,Acanthocolpus tenuisManter, 1963,A. liodorusLühe, 1906, andA. luheiSrivastava, 1939. The new combination isAlloheterolebes indicus(Gupta, 1968).
Single sex cercariae ofSchistosoma mansoni, a comparison of male and female infectivity
Authors: Rowntree Susan , James C.
Published: June 2009

Over 90% ofSchistosoma haematobiumandS. mansoniinfections show a dominance of male worms in experimental animals. Male: female ratios as high as 5: 1 are common inS. haematobium(Ghana) infections and 1·5: 1 is a typical ratio inS. mansoniinfections. The male parasite seems to be more successful than the female in reaching maturity. To test this theory experiments were set up to compare the infectivity of male and female cercariae.
Bioecology of the parasites of high altitude homeothermic host-parasite systems. I. Influence of season and temperature on infections by strobilocerci of three species of Hydatigera in Indian house rat
Authors: Malhotra Sandeep K.
Published: June 2009

Seasonal fluctuations in the infrapopulation size of strobilocerci of Hydatigera balaniceps (Hall, 1911), H. laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) and H. parva (Baer, 1926) infesting liver lobes of Indian house rat populations at high altitude (1400 to 1600m) appear to be correlated with climatic oscillations in temperature. Greater susceptibility of Rattus rattus to infection was evident at lower temperatures. The distribution of strobilocerci in rodent populations could be described by the Poisson model (P<0-20-P<0001).
Demonstration of carboxyl and thiol protease activities in adultSchistosoma mansoni, Dirofilaria immitis, Angiostrongylus cantonensisandAscaris suum
Authors: Maki Jun , Yanagisawa Toshio
Published: June 2009

Evidence has been presented showing two kinds of acidic protease activities in adultSchistosoma mansoni, Dirofilaria immitis, Angiostrongylus cantonensisandAscaris suum. A haemoglobinolytic activity without adding any SH-containing compounds was maximal at pH 3.5, 2.5, 30 and 3.5 inS. mansoni, D. immitis, Angiostrongylus cantonensisandAscaris suumrespectively. The inhibitor studies demonstrated that this activity is ascribable to carboxyl protease(s). In the presence of dithiothreitol, activity on Azocoll (azo-dye coupled hide powder) was maximal at pH 4.6, 4.6, 3.5 and 5.6 inS. mansoni, D. immitis, Angiostrongylus cantonensisandAscaris suumrespectively. The effects of inhibitors demonstrated that this activity belongs to the thiol protease class. The intraspecific distribution of the protease activities was studied in some of the nematodes from which the organs could be anatomically separated. The distribution patterns of the haemoglobinolytic and azocollytic activities were quite different inAn. cantonensisand much the same inAs. suum. Based on the present results, acidic haemoglobinolytic activities reported in adultS. mansoniby other authors are thought to be due to carboxyl and thiol protease(s) respectively.
Studies on the cryopreservation of Dictyocaulus viviparus (Nematoda) third-stage larvae
Authors: James E. R. , Peacock R.
Published: June 2009

Various cooling (01–5.100 Cmin−1) and warming (2O–6,8OO½Cmin−1) rates, stepped cooling schedules and four cryoprotective additives (dimethyl sulphoxide, methanol, ethanediol and glycerol) were investigated in cryopreservation studies with Dictyocaulus viviparus third-stage larvae. Exsheathment with sodium hypochlorite was essential to achieve significant survival. With uninterrupted cooling, highest survival (30% normally motile) was achieved with rates of 10–70½C min−1. Survival was higher (50–75%) using 1 ½C min−1 to — 10½C followed by plunging into liquid nitrogen. The optimum warming rate was 6,8OO½C min−1. The use of cryoprotectants led to marginally lower survival while varying the suspending media had no significant effect on survival. X-irradiated, exsheathed third-stage larvae cryopreserved by the optimum protocol yielded 38–3 ±4–2% survival. Two calves each infected with 45,000 (15,000 viable) exsheathed, unirradiated, C“ryopreserved third-stage larvae harboured 494 worms (11% infectivity) and 355 worms (0-8%) at necropsy. Numbers of first-stage larvae in the faeces reached 420/G and 105/G respectively 27 days after infection.
Immunization of zebu calves againstFasciola gigantica, using irradiated metacercariae
Authors: Younis S. A. , Yagi A. I. , Haroun E. M. , Gameel A. A. , Taylor M. G.
Published: June 2009

The pathogenesis of unirradiated, 3 krad-irradiated and 20 krad-irradiated metacercarial infections was compared in zebu calves studied over a 10-week period. Calves exposed to 1000 unirradiated metacercariae (mc) became hypoalbuminaemic, and showed elevated serum concentrations of liver enzymes, whereas neither of the other groups was significantly affected. At slaughter, a mean of 332 flukes was recovered from the 0 krad group, while only 23% and 12% of this number were recovered from the 3 krad and 20 krad groups, respectively. All the worms recovered from the 20 krad group were stunted, and found in biliary ductules, but a mean of 13% of the flukes recovered from the 3 krad group were large, and dwelling in main bile-ducts. Liver lesions typical of acute fascioliasis were present in the 0 krad group, but lesions in the other groups, and particularly the 20 krad group, were far less severe. Judged on clinico-pathological criteria, a single vaccination of calves with 1000 3 krad-irradiated mc induced partial resistance to a challenge with 1000 normal mc eight weeks later, but the reduction in worm recovery was not statistically significant. There was less evidence of protection when two vaccinating doses of 3 krad mc were given within four weeks, with challenge at week 8, and a single vaccination was ineffective aganist a challenge four weeks later. However, when the irradiation dose was increased to 20 krad, a high level of resistance (69% worm reduction) was induced by a single vaccination, given eight weeks before challenge, and liver pathology was strikingly reduced in the vaccinated animals.
An in vitro study of the forcible ejection of the metacercaria of the strigeid digenean Apatemon (Australapatemon) minor Yamaguti, 1933 by rapid inward expansion of the cyst wall
Authors: Kearn G. C. , Cleveland G. , Wilkins S.
Published: June 2009

It has been established that the wall of the metacercarial cyst of the strigeid digenean Apatemon (Australapatemon) minor from the leech Erpobdella octoculata shares with Apatemon (Apatemon) gracilis the remarkable ability to expel the metacercaria forcibly from the cyst, an event which presumably occurs when the cysts are eaten by the bird definitive host. When cysts of A. minor are treated in vitro with a solution containing a mixture of bile salts and trypsin following pretreatment with acid pepsin, the metacercaria is expelled in an explosive manner through a canal at the narrow end of the pear-shaped cyst. This expulsion is produced by a sudden and substantial inward expansion of the birefringent wall, as a consequence of which the cyst lumen is virtually eliminated. Expulsion of the metacercaria in this explosive manner also occurs when similarly pretreated cysts are exposed to either bile salts alone or to trypsin, but cysts treated with the latter take longer to respond. When the cyst wall is perforated with a needle, inward expansion of the wall occurs and the metacercaria is forcibly ejected through the perforation. A variety of other pretreatments and treatments was tested but pepsin appears to be the most effective “primer”, apparently producing localized changes which permit the exit of the metacercaria. These observations are discussed in relation to the mechanism of expulsion.
Distribution of zinc in parasitic helminths
Authors: Chowdhury N. , Singh Rajvir
Published: June 2009

The distribution of zinc in representative groups of parasitic helminths was determined by the use of the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of these analyses have shown that growing flukes (smaller forms) with active oogenesis and spermatogenesis contained more zinc than old (large) or very old adults with an empty uterus and large lobulated testes. In cestodes, the neck region and immature proglottids showed more zinc concentration than mature and gravid proglottids and fully grown cyst walls. Similarly, the youngest endogenous daughter cysts ofEchinococcus granulosuscontained more zinc in their walls than those of larger/older forms. Zinc was concentrated more in nematode eggs than in adult females.
The immune response of male DSN hamsters to a primary infection withAncylostoma ceylanicum
Authors: Garside Paul , Behnke Jerzy M. , Rose Richard A.
Published: June 2009

The immune response of hamsters to a chronic hookworm infection has been investigated.Ancylostoma ceylanicumcaused long term infections in hamsters which were associated with prominent changes in secondary lymphoid organs. The mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens increased rapidly in size stabilizing at approximately 3–4 times the weight in control animals by weeks 3–7. Cells from both the mesenteric lymph node and spleen, after an initial period of increased blast cell activity, became less reactive in the latter stages of infection. Serum antibody responses were marked, commencing in weeks 3–4 and increasing in intensity throughout the 10 week period of measurement. The results are discussed in relation to their contribution to the understanding of human hookworm infection.
Metacercaria of Galactosomum ussuriense Oshmarin, 1963 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from brackish water fishes of Bheemunipatnam (India)
Authors: Rekharani Z. , Madhavi R.
Published: June 2009

Metacercariae identified as those of the heterophyid trematode, Galactosomum ussuriense were collected from 3 species of brackish water fishes from Bheemunipatnam. The organization of the the larva is described in detail. This is the first record of the metacercaria of this species although the adult has not so far been recorded from India.
Taenia crassiceps ultrastructural observations on the oncosphere and associated structures
Authors: Chew M. W. K.
Published: June 2009

Electron microscopic observations were made on unhatched eggs of Taenia crassiceps in utero. The outermost envelope consists of a thin, relatively smooth capsule over a highly convoluted outer envelope which contains a highly granulated cytoplasm and numerous mitochrondria. The inner envelope, consisting of a thick embryophore and the cytoplasmic component of the embryophore cell, resembles that found in most other taeniids. Three epithelial layers separate the oncosphere from the embryophore. While these layers are narrow and difficult to distinguish, the ‘oncospheral membrane’ is distinct, darkly stained and relatively thick. The oncospheral hook lies within the oncoblast with its blade portion held by cytoplasmic folds within a modified ‘sheath’ in the ‘basal epithelial layer’. Round, dense bodies are concentrated at the epithelial membranes around the ‘sheaths’. Hook muscles insert on the basal lamina at the ‘collar’ region of the hooks. Penetration gland cells are packed with numerous dense disc-shaped secretory bodies.
Translation products of mRNA from infective larvae ofTrichinella spiralisinclude an antigenic polypeptide
Authors: Sugane Kazuo , Matsuura Tadashi , Maekawa Hideaki
Published: June 2009

Total RNA was extracted from packed infective larvae ofTrichinella spiralisby centrifugation through a 5·7 M caesium chloride cushion. Polyadenylated messenger RNA was separated from total RNA in an oligothymidylic acid-cellulose gel column. Thein vitrotranslation of the mRNA, isolated from infective larvae ofT. spiralis, was carried out using the rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translation system. Incorporation of35S-methionine into trichloracetic acid precipitates in the lysate containing mRNA was 5 times greater than that in control. The translation products were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by autoradiography. Many polypeptides with molecular weights of less than 100 000 were synthesized in the lysate. AT. spiralispositive mouse serum was mixed with translation products to form antigen-antibody complexes, which were then absorbed by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 strain and analysed by autoradiography of SDS-PAGE. An antigenic polypeptide with a molecular weight of 48 000 was demonstrated to react specifically with IgG antibody inT. spiralispositive mouse serum.T. spiralislarvae were cultured in methionine-free medium containing35S-methionine, and antigenic polypeptides in somatic extracts and ES products were compared with those in translation products by autoradiography of SDS-PAGE. Several polypeptides in ES products and somatic extracts reacted specifically with IgG anitbodies in positive serum. Especially the polypeptide with a molecular weight of 48 000 in ES products strongly reacted with IgG antibody in positive serum.
Field experiments on the ability of Arthrobotrys oligospora (Hyphomycetales) to reduce the number of larvae of Cooperia oncophora (Trichostrongylidae) in cow pats and surrounding grass
Authors: Grønvold J. , Wolstrup J. , Henriksen S. A. , Nansen P.
Published: June 2009

In field experiments, conducted on parasite-free grass plots in two consecutive summers, artificially prepared cow pats containing Cooperia oncophora eggs were inoculated with the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Numbers of infective C. oncophora larvae isolated from the pats as well as from the surrounding herbage were subject to an approximately teh-fold reduction as compared with numbers in fungus-free pats and herbage surrounding these. This reduction was undoubtedly a result of entrapment of the parasite larvae within the faecal pats.
Genetic variability of Schistosoma bovis cercarial production according to miracidial dose
Authors: Mouahid A. , Combes C.
Published: June 2009

Cercarial production related to miracidial dose variation with Schistosoma bovis strains from Sudan and Spain in Bulinus truncatus from Tunisia was studied. Results showed that an increase in the miracidial dose proposed to the host-mollusc (1 and 5 miracidia) gave rise to a decrease in cercarial productivity of Sudanese S. bovis and to an increase for Spanish s. bovis. It is concluded that this response difference tothe miracidial dose variation depends on genetic characters peculiar to the parasite strain and represents a new aspect of genetic variability of schistosome populations.
The Protective effect of irradiated metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica against homologous challenge in sheep
Authors: A/gadir Haga , Haroun E. M. , Gameel A. A.
Published: June 2009

Five lambs were each sensitized with 400 metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica irradiated at 3 kr gammarays. Eight weeks later, they were each challenged together with 5 controls with 500 non-irradiated metacercariae. Eight weeks later, all of the animals were necropsied and the worm burdens determined. The lambs which received the sensitizing infections had 80% less worms than the controls. The sensitized lambs also showed less hepatic damage compared with the controls as indicated by lower levels of the serum enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase. The blood indices showed insigicant reductions in the sensitized lambs whereas marked reductions were found in the erythrocytes, packed cell volume and haemoglobin values of the challenge controls. Bilirubinaemia was also evident in this latter group.
Purification and properties of haemoglobin from Gastrothylax crumenifer (Trematode:Paramphistomatidae)
Authors: Siddiqui Jawed , Siddiqi Ather H.
Published: June 2009

Gastrothylax crumenifer haemoglobin was isolated, purified, chromatographed, and its molecular weight determined on a calibrated Sephadex G–100 column as well as by sodium dodecyl sulphate by the former and 16 500 by the latter method. The oxygen affinity of the pigment (P50O2) was found to be 6·1 mm Hg at pH 7·4.
Development, growth and migration of Philophthalmus gralli (Trematoda) from Jordan in the eyes of chicks
Authors: Ismail Naim S. , Issa Issam M.
Published: June 2009

The growth of Philophthalmus gralli from jordan was studied experimentally by inoculating 10 excysted metacercariae around the right eye of 47 day-old chicks. The growth rate was slow in the first three days during which flukes did not exceed 0·30 mm long. Then growth become rapid reaching 2·70 mm long on day 24. This was followed by a low growth rate during which the flukes grew from 2·70 mm to 2·90 mm on day 40. The flukes started to appear in the left eye on the day 12 post-inoculation of metacercariae in the development of P.gralli from Jordan was the same as of other species of Philophthalmus. However, a sixth stage, post-maturation stage, is suggested in addition to the 5 developmental stages of Philophthalmus. The ratio of the transverse diameter of the ovary to that of testes in the post-maturation stage was 1:1·1–1:1·2.
Comparison of the live vaccine potential of different geographic isolates of Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Bickle Q. D. , Doenhoff M. J.
Published: June 2009

We have investigated the capacity of irradiated larvae of each of six different isolates of Schistosoma mansoni to protect mice against challenge infections from the homologous or a different isolate. The isolates differed in respect of their geographic origins, and in the lengths of time they had been maintained in the laboratory. All isolates induced significant protection against unattenuated challenge infections, and neither the degree of geographic disimilarity between vaccinating and challenge parasites, nor the numbers of laboratory cycles, appeared to influence the degree of protection induced by irradiation-attenuated larvae.
Purification and characterization of a glycoprotein from the surface ofAscaridia galli
Authors: Masood Khalid , Sircar K. P. , Srivastava V. M. L.
Published: June 2009

Employing papain as the enzyme and agarose boundRicinus communisagglutinin as the affinity gel, a glycoprotein has been isolated and purified from the surface ofAscaridia galli. The glycoprotein shows an apparent molecular weight of 68 kilo daltons and contains fucose, galactose, rhamnose and glucosamine as sugar moieties. Only 2% of its entire molecule has been found to possess α-helical configuration.
Cercarial shedding patterns of Schistosoma bovis and S. haematobium from single and mixed infections of Bulinus truncatus
Authors: Mouahid A. , Moné H. , Chaib A. , Théron A.
Published: June 2009

The cercarial shedding of Schistosoma bovis and S. haematobium were studied in single and mixed infections in the snail host Bulinus truncatus. The two species displayed a distinctive diurnal cercarial emergence with an earlier shedding pattern for S. bovis than S. haematobium (the average emergence peaks were respectively at 0800 h and 1200 h). In mixed infections, each species kept its own cercarial shedding rhythm with no marked alterations. The cercarial emergence pattern is proposed as a new method to identify natural mixed infections in the snail intermediate hosts. The interactions between the two parasites are discussed.
Diplostomum spathaceum (Rud. 1819): effect of miracidial age and lifespan on miracidial infectivity
Authors: Waadu G. D. B.
Published: June 2009

Experiments were performed to study the effect of age and lifespan on the infection success of Diplostomum spathaceum miracidia. Specimens of Lymnaea peregra and L. stagnalis were individually exposed to single miracidia of D. spathaceum of different ages under conditions of constant illumination at 20°C. The life-span of the free-swimming miracidium of D. spathaceum is 24 h at 20°C. It was observed that as the miracidium ages, its ability to successfully infect snails declines rapidly.
Lecithochirium furcolabiatum (Jones, 1933), Dawes 1947: the miracidium and mother sporocyst
Authors: Matthews B. F. , Matthews R. A.
Published: June 2009

Experimental infections of the marine topshell Gibbula umbilicalis with Lecithochirium furcolabiatum (Digenea: Hemiuroidea) have allowed the development of a model system which will enable further studies of the molluscan host response. The long-lived intertidal prosobranch host is easily maintained in the laboratory, and experimental infection rates of 98% were consistently achieved. The miracidium and mother sporocyst have been studied at both light and ultrastructural levels, providing the first account of the morphology of these stages in Hemiuridae. The ingested egg hatches within the host intestine, treatment with L-cysteine and alkaline pH stimulating miracidial emergence in vitro. The general body surface of the miracidium is devoid of spines or cilia, the latter being restricted to four plates near the anterior extremity. The miracidium swims actively prior to penetration of the gut wall, the sporocyst being released from the miracidial epidermal Coat within the haemocoel. Within 5 weeks of infection, the filamentous mother sporocyst Contains 1 to 3 oval germ balls, daughter sporocysts being recorded free within the digestive gland haemocoel 7 weeks later. Twenty three weeks after ingestion of eggs, the daughter sporocyst extends into the host gill filaments, containing cystophorous cercariae ready for emergence.
Scanning and transmission electron microscopical observations on the tegument of excysted metacercariae and adults of Zygocotyle lunata
Authors: Irwin S. W. B. , McCloughlin T. J. J. , Fried B.
Published: June 2009

Scanning and transmission electron microscopical obervations were made on the tegument of excysted metacercariae and adults of the paramphistome. Zygocotyle lunata (Digenea: Trematoda). In accord with other paramphistomes studied, this species lacks spines and mitochondria in the tegumentary syncytium and associated cytons. The newly excysted metacercarie, which possessed relatively few tegumental papillae, were cylindrical in comparison to adults which were distinctly flat. The adults had large numbers of tegumental papillae in the region of the oral sucker and acetabulum.
The adhesive attitudes of some gill-parasitic capsalid monogeneans
Authors: Whittington I. D. , Kearn G. C.
Published: June 2009

A description is given of three contrasting adhesive attitudes exhibited by three species of capsalid monogeneans from the gills of three different species of teleost fish from Heron Island, Queensland, Australia. The proximal end of the primary lamella of the coral trout, Plectropomus maculatus has a wide inner border, free from secondary lamellae, on each flat face. The haptor of Trochopus plectropomi is small enough to attach to this flat surface without folding. Benedenia sp. 1 attaches itself to the gills of stripey, Lutjanus carponatatus, by folding the haptor longitudinally around the inner edge of the primary lamella. Most specimens of T. plectropomi and all specimens of Benedenia sp. 1 were orientated with the anterior end projecting towards the tip of the primary lamella. Benedenia sp. 2 generally prefers relatively flat surfaces in the gill chamber but is more versatile in its choice of attachment sites on its host, the blacktip cod, Epinephelus fasciatus; two specimens were attached to the gill arch, one to a gill raker and one to the dorsal pharyngeal tooth pad.
Uptake of adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate and isoproterenol by filarial parasites
Authors: Masood Khalid , Srivastava V. M. L. , Singh D. P. , Chatterjee R. K. , Sen A. B.
Published: June 2009

The filarial parasitesLitomosoides cariniiandDipetalonema viteaeboth show transcuticular uptake of adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate but isoproterenol is taken up byD. viteaeonly. The importance of this difference is discussed from the point of view of metabolic regulation. Inhibition of uptake by lectins indicates the involvement of surface sugar moieties in the transport processes.
Diagnostic Mr31/32 000 Schistosoma mansoni proteins (Sm31/32): Reaction with sera from Sudanese patients infected with S. mansoni or S. haematobium
Authors: Idris Mohamed A. , Ruppel Andreas
Published: June 2009

Sera of Sudanese patients with active infections of Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium were tested in immunoblots for their reactivity with Mr31/32 000 proteins of adult S. mansoni (Sm31/32). All sera from patients with intestinal (n=123) and all but one from those with urinary schistosomiasis (n=35) had antibodies against Sm31/32. These and additional data suggest that both specificity and sensitivity of Sm31/32 to detect schistosome infections are close to 100%. Antibodies against these proteins developed also in monkeys after experimental infection with S. haematobium. Sm31/32 antigens reacted in immunoblots as a doublet with most S. haematobium-patient sera and as a broad band with many S. mansoni-sera suggesting that at least two components are present in the molecular weight region of Mr31/32 000. The data demonstrate the potential use of Sm31/32 from adult worms to diagnose patients with intestinal or urinary schistosomiasis in endemic areas.
Differential recoveries from faecal cultures of larvae of some gastro-intestinal nematodes of cattle
Authors: Berrie D. A. , East I. J. , Bourne A. S. , Bremner K. C.
Published: June 2009

Faecal cultures were established using bovine faeces containing known numbers of eggs from either Oesophagostomum radiatum, Haemonchus placei, Cooperia pectinata or a mixture of all three. A substantially greater percentage of larvae was recovered from cultures of O. radiatum and C. pectinata than was recovered from cultures of H. placei. The same pattern was observed in mixed cultures although yields of larvae from all species in mixed cultures were significantly reduced (p<0·001). The lower recovery of H. placei was not associated with a lower viability of H. placei eggs. Of the three different methods of harvesting larvae, the jar and mesh recovery technique was the least effective and significantly fewer larvae were recovered with this technique than with the Baermann and inversion techniques (p<0·05). The results are discussed with reference to the use of faecal culture and larval differentiation in the diagnosis of mixed species nematode infections of cattle.
Dracunculus insignis: experimental infection in the ferret,Mustela putorius furo
Authors: Eberhard M. L. , Ruiz-Tiben E. , Wallace S. V.
Published: June 2009

The laboratory study of dracunculiasis has suffered from the lack of a suitable, readily available animal model. We have been able to experimentally infect ferrets,Mustela putorius furo, with the North American dracunculid,Dracunculus insignis. Ferrets were inoculated with 75 to 100 infective larvae and were necropsied 90 to 240 days later. Guinea worms were recovered from 10 (56%) of 18 ferrets. A total of 44 worms were recovered, for an average of 4.4 worms per infected ferret. Gravid female worms were recovered as early as 128 days postinoculation. Thirteen (87%) of 15 gravid female worms were recovered from the extremities. Living male worms were recovered at 200 days of age, indicating that not all male worms die shortly after mating. First-stage larvae recovered from gravid females as early as 200 days of age were found to be infective to the copepod.Acanthocyclops vernalis. These observations suggest that the ferret is an excellent laboratory animal for dracunculiasis research.
Effective pretreatment by cysteine proteinase inhibitor for improved analysis of protein components of trematodes on SDS-PAGE
Authors: Itoh M. , Sato S. , Moriyama A. , Sasaki M.
Published: June 2009

Since Fasciola sp. contained proteolytic enzyme(s), it was confirmed that degradation took place in protein components in extracts of the liver flukes, which resulted in lack of clarity of sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Degradation was shown to occur mostly during a heating process of the extract samples. The proteolytic activity in the extracts was completely blocked and electrophoretic patterns were improved only by the use of cysteine proteinase inhibitor N-[N-(L-3-trans-carboxyoxiran-2-carbonyl)-L-leucyl]-agmatine (E-64). Great improvement was also noted in electrophoretic patterns of the extracts of other trematodes, such as Paragonimus westermani, P. miyazakii and Clonorchis sinensis, when their extracts were treated with E-64.
Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) on the incorporation of32P-inorganic phosphate into phospholipids inHymenolepis diminuta(Cestoda)
Authors: Ip Y. K. , Khan M. M.
Published: June 2009

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (1, 2 and 5 mM) significantly stimulated the incorporation of radioactive inorganic phosphate (32Pi) into phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidyiethanolamine, phosphatidic acid and also total phospholipid fraction ofHymenolepis diminutaafter one hour of incubation. Such effect was both time and concentration dependent. In the presence of 5-HT early labelling of phosphatidylinositol was observed. Also, the percentage stimulation by 5-HT was the highest in this fraction under all experimental conditions. The inorganic, organic, total and phosphatidylcholine-bound phosphate ofH. diminutaincubated with 5-HT were not significantly different from those of the control under all incubation conditions. Results reported herein suggest that messenger molecules that are derived from phosphoinositides may be involved in the stimulatory mechanism of 5-HT inH. diminuta.
Variation in the morphology of the dorsal and dorso-lateral tegument of male Schistosoma haematobium from southern Africa
Authors: Kruger F. J. , Wolmarans C. T.
Published: June 2009

The teguments of Schistosoma haematobium males from three localities in the Eastern Transvaal and one in the eastern Caprivi were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. Eastern Transvaal S. haematobium, which occurs sympatrically with S. mattheei, a bovine schistosome also infecting man and which hybridizes with S. haematobium, exhibited certain S. mattheei characteristics. The occurrence of these characteristics were neither related to the prevalence of human S. mattheei infections nor could they be attributed exclusively to phenotypic plasticity. The variation therefore may be geographical and possibly related to the phylogeny of the two species.
On an infection of a human eye with Parastrongylus (=Angiostrongylus) sp. in Sri Lanka
Authors: Durette-Desset M.-C. , Chabaud A. G. , Cassim M. H. S. , Ismail M. M. , Premaratne U. N. , Abeyewickreme W. , Dissanaike A. S.
Published: June 2009

A metastrongyle worm extracted from the anterior chamber of the right eye of a patient in Sri Lanka belongs to the genus Parastrongylus and probably to a yet undescribed species, related to P. cantonensis well known to infect man. It is mostly a parasite of rodents, wandering in man and unadapted to this host. Evidence for this lack of adaptation are that the specimen is undergoing necrosis (teratological specimen) and is located in an organ with little immunological defences.
Studies on the karyotype and gametogenesis in Trichuris muris
Authors: Špakulová M. , Králová I. , Cutillas C.
Published: June 2009

The cytological study of males and females of Trichuris muris (Schrank, 1788) revealed the diploid number of chromosomes to be 2n=6. The sex determining mechanism was XX♀/XY♂. All the chromosomes were subtelocentric. Sex chromosomes formed the smallest pair, but X and Y were difficult to distinguish morphologically. Chromosome changes during gametogenesis in both sexes followed a classical pattern except in the male prophase and metaphase I. Four male autosomes formed two bivalents, each with one proximal chiasma with strict localization, while sex chromosomes X and Y formed two univalents. Female chromosomes formed three rod bivalents type, which possessed three, two and two chiasmata.
Rhythmicity of egg production by Heligmosomoides polygyrus in wild wood mice, Apodemus sylvaticus
Authors: Brown E.D. , Macdonald D.W. , Tew T.E. , Todd I.A.
Published: June 2009

The rhythmicity of egg production by Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda) in wild caught wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) was studied. Faecal production followed a 24 h cycle, with peaks at 0400 h and troughs at 1300–1900 h. The patterns in eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and total eggs were similar to each other, though the former was more accentuated. Both of these followed a 24 h cycle, with peaks coinciding with troughs in faecal production and vice versa. Faecal weight was inversely correlated with EPG, but was not significantly correlated with total eggs. The pattern in EPG presumably reflected the effect of faecal production on the total eggs excreted in each 3 h period. The observed cycle in total eggs probably describes the pattern of egg production by the worm, although other factors, such as the host's intestinal rhythms, may contribute to this cycle.
The differentiation of parasitic nematodes using random amplified polymorphic DNA
Authors: Chacón M.R. , Rodriguez E. , Parkhouse R.M.E. , Burrows P.R. , Garate T.
Published: June 2009

DNA from species and races of plant parasitic nematodes (Meloidogyne, Globodera and Heterodera) and a human parasitic nematode (Trichinella) were subjected to polymerase chain reaction amplification using one arbitrary primer (M-10). This technique results in relatively simple DNA profiles that include polymorphic markers known as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs). The RAPD profiles of the plant nematode species of Meloidogyne made possible the identification of M. incognita and M. hapla, but no differences were found between the patterns of M. javanica, M. arenaria and M. graminicola. Moreover, the four races of M. incognita were indistinguishable by this primer. In contrast, when races of the plant nematode Globodera rostochiensis (Ro1 and Ro2/3) were studied under the same RAPDs conditions, a race specific profile allows these two most devastating races to be differentiated. When DNAs of eight Trichinella isolates were subjected to RAPD studies, four different patterns were identified, corresponding to the four Trichinella clusters previously defined by isozyme polymorphism.
Investigation into the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the Agulu Lake area of Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Emejulu A.C. , Alabaronye F.F. , Ezenwaji H.M.G. , Okafor F.C.
Published: June 2009

In epidemiological surveys for urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium in communities around Agulu Lake, Anambra State, Nigeria, between 1990 and 1992, the infection was found to be endemic in the area, especially in three towns: Nri, Agulu, and Adazi Nnukwu. The prevalence rates varied between these communities and with the year. Inter-town prevalence rates ranged from 5.96% to 54.00%. Intravillage prevalence rates ranged between 5.50% to 96.43%. Prevalence rates were highest in villages very close to Agulu lake. There was no significant difference in prevalence between the schools. Host age, but not sex, was found to play a significant role in prevalence and intensity of infection. There was also a strong correlation between visible haematuria and egg count per 10 ml urine, but eggs could be isolated in urine samples of different shades of coloration. Analysis of incidence of infection in these communities shows that Schistosoma haematobium incidence is high in Nri (55.17%) and low at Adazi Nnukwu (5.26%). Both Bulinus globosus and B. truncatus were found in the lake and both shed mammalian bifid schistosome cercariae.
An attempt to implement the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans in biological control of trichostrongyle infections of first year grazing calves
Authors: Wolstrup J. , Grønvold J. , Henriksen S.A. , Nansen P. , Larsen M. , Bøgh H.O. , Ilsøe B.
Published: June 2009

An attempt was made to control Ostertagia ostertagi by feeding the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans (DSM 6703) to grazing calves. One group of calves (group E) was fed the fungal material in the first two months of the grazing season while another group was a non-treated control group (group C). Group E showed significantly lower faecal egg count in August and September. On four occasions in July and September, the herbage larval counts were significantly lower on the plot with the fungal-treated group than those recorded on the control plot. The average abomasal larval and adult worm counts were significantly reduced in August in group E and the average total worm count in the abomasum of group E was reduced by 87% in August compared to the non-treated group C. In October, the difference in average abomasal worm counts between group E and C was insignificant. Due to weight loss at the end of the grazing season, the control group showed a significantly lower average weight increase.
Echinococcus granulosus: observations on strobilar development in in vitro monophasic culture
Authors: Gordo F. Ponce , Bandera C. Cuesta
Published: June 2009

The in vitro cultivation technique of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces usually states the necessity of a biphasic medium with a solid protein substrate for strobilar development to take place; otherwise, in a monophasic medium, protoscoleces follow a vesicular development. However, in some monocphasic cultures, the development of several strobilate individuals (in different quantities and stages of development, depending on the culture) were observed. The only known diference form cultures made previously and snice, where the development was vesicular, was the batch of foetal calf serum used in the constitution of the liquid medium, and this is presumed to be the cause of this unexpected strobilar development.