bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NRS-2002 components, nutritional score and severity of disease score, and their association with hospital length of stay and mortality
Authors: Sahli Luca , Hagenbuch Niels , Ballmer Peter E. , Rühlin Maya , Imoberdorf Reinhard
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND
Malnutrition is a substantial issue in hospitals, leading to prolonged length of hospital stay, increased perioperative morbidity and increased mortality. There are several validated screening tools for malnutrition, one of which is the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS). It screens patients based on recent weight loss, reduction of recent food intake, body mass index (BMI), severity of disease and age. Higher NRS scores have been shown to be negatively associated with patients’ outcomes such as increased morbidity and mortality.

OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to evaluate how the two NRS components Nutritional Score (NS) and Severity of Disease Score (SDS) are associated with patients’ length of hospital stay and mortality.

METHODS
All patients admitted to the medical department of a large community hospital in Switzerland were screened for malnutrition using the nutrition screening NRS during the years 2014 to 2017. Data on patients’ NRS, primary diagnosis, number of secondary diagnoses, mortality, length of stay (LOS), discharge, sex and age were collected. The association between the NRS components and LOS/mortality was estimated using a linear mixed-effects regression model and a logistic regression model, respectively, with adjustment for confounders (age, sex, comorbidity, diagnosis group, mode of discharge and year of hospitalisation).

RESULTS
The evaluation of the outcomes of 21,855 hospitalisations demonstrated that the NS was associated with an increment in the LOS of 5.5–12.3% per score point, depending on the diagnosis group. An increase in the SDS by one point was associated with an increase in the LOS of 2.2–11.3%. The odds for all-cause in-hospital mortality were increased by 44.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 33.7–55.2%) per point in the NS, and by 73% (95% CI 57.5–90.1%) per point in the SDS.

CONCLUSIONS
Increases in both components of the NRS are associated with longer LOS. The NS has a slightly stronger impact on LOS compared to the SDS and its effect is dependent on the patient’s diagnosis group. Increases in the SDS are linked to a higher mortality than increases in the NS.
Stephen Báthory’s attitude towards the University of Krakow
Authors: Graff Tomasz
Published: July 2021

This research paper discusses the evolution of the attitude of Stefan Bathory (1576–1586), king of Poland, towards the University of Krakow. Being aware of the university’s obsolete structures and its functioning, the king planned to create an elite royal college, in which foreign scholars, especially Italians, were to provide education. Due to the failure of his plan, Batory changed his attitude towards the University, and became its important patron and benefactor. At the same time, however, he also contributed to the establishment of the Jesuit Vilnius University (1578/1579). The author analyses the monarch’s relations with the Krakow Alma Mater over ten years of his reign, trying to explain the circumstances and motives of his conduct towards Krakow’s university elites.
Generał Reinhard Gehlen i jego raport o polskim podziemiu
Authors: Rydel Jan
Published: July 2021

General Reinhard Gehlen and his report on the Polish underground

The article presents the brilliant military career of Wehrmacht officer Reinhard Gehlen, who led the intelligence of the German land forces on the eastern front from 1942 to 1945. He developed this intelligence and became Germany’s best expert in the Soviet Army, which made it easier for him to establish close cooperation with the CIA after the war and become head of West German Intelligence (BND ). During the war, General Gehlen’s intelligence was, among other things, involved in the development of the Polish resistance movement. For this reason, when in the last weeks of the war, the German leadership considered the creation of a major Nazi resistance movement after the Third Reich’s capitulation, Gehlen presented an extensive one in April 1945, The final report under the title Militärische und nachrichtendienstliche Kräfte im Gesamtrahmen der Polnischen Widerstandsbewegung [Military and Intelligence Forces within the overall framework of the Polish Resistance], because he considered the Polish underground to be the best resistance movement in Europe. The report contains, among others, positive opinions about the will to survive and the resistance of the Polish society, high professional evaluations of the Polish underground army and even words of admiration for the activities of Polish military intelligence.
Polsko-niemieckie stosunki w sejmowej i senackiej debacie w latach 1989−1991
Authors: Kastory Agnieszka Małgorzata
Published: July 2021

German-Polish Relations in the Sejm and Senate Debate

The paper concerns the position of Polish MPs and senators on shaping the principles of German-Polish cooperation in a situation in which Poland regains full sovereignty in foreign policy. The position of Polish deputies was analysed on the basis of stenographic reports from plenary sessions of the Sejm and Senate concerning the preparation and ratification of treaties with Germany on confirming the border and on good neighbourhood. In particular, it was a question of examining whether MPs and senators supported the concept of a G erman-Polish community of interest, which was defined and presented in the Sejm by Foreign Minister Krzysztof Skubiszewski. During the ratification debate, supporters of both treaties pointed out that they enabled Poland to leave the Eastern Bloc, making Poland independent of the support of the USSR for the western border. They also provided an opportunity for German support on Poland’s way to the European Communities. MPs and senators understood that it was possible to build a G erman-Polish community of interest on the basis of supporting and expanding the integration process and thus completely change Poland’s geopolitical situation. This did not mean that the solutions adopted in the treaty on good neighbourhood, especially with regard to compensation, the status of Poles in Germany and the German minority in Poland, were fully accepted.
Odwołania do Konstytucji RP z 17 marca 1921 roku i ewolucja rozwiązań konstytucyjnych w projektach ustawy zasadniczej RP z lat 90. XX wieku. Analiza zagadnienia na wybranych przykładach
Authors: Skorut Paweł
Published: July 2021

References to the Polish Constitution of March 17, 1921 and the Evolution Constitutional Solution in the draft Constitution of the Republic of Poland of the 1990s. An Analysis of Selected Examples

The Polish constitutional drafts from the 1990s were one of the source texts of the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of Poland. Some of them tried very hard to refer to the solutions of the Polish Constitution of 1921. The article carried out an analysis to what extent the individual constitutional drafts referred to the solutions of the 1921 Constitution. The analysis of constitutional drafts and their similarities to the solutions of the 1921 Constitution were carried out on the basis of comparisons regarding, among others, the parliament, the president of Republic of Poland and legislative initiative.
The Impact of Democratic Changes in Poland Upon the Political Transformation and Breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Authors: Škrijelj Redžep
Published: July 2021

The fall of the deeply rooted communism in the countries of the Eastern Bloc in the 1980s has differed according to the level of achieved rights and freedoms, especially in Poland, as it was finalized with the breakup of the Soviet Union. The changes announced with the foundation of “Solidarity” – the first independent syndicate – which spread to the factories and enterprises across Poland beginning in the Lenin Shipyard. The staunch national pride and freedoms, empowered with the strength of the Catholic Church effectively eliminated the weak Soviet-imposed communism. The foundation of the first independent and free Polish syndicate in the strong Soviet Bloc catalyzed the initiation of abrupt and serious reforms in the countries of the Eastern Bloc. The fall of the Berlin Wall intensified the initiated processes of reintegration and independence from external political torture and poverty. The initiated processes intensified amplified changes in SFR Yugoslavia even though the breakup of this country in the early 1990s cost more than its establishment.
Sfera symboliczna w procesach transformacyjnych krajów byłej Jugosławii. Pomniki
Authors: Moroz-Grzelak Lilla
Published: July 2021

The Symbolic Sphere in the Transformation Processes of the former Yugoslavia. Monuments The article focuses on the ways of treating the monumental memory of the past in the states that were established after the disintegration of Yugoslavia. These examples, which are not exhaustive, show that the process of transformation in the symbolic sphere does not create a uniform image in all countries. It oscillates between the destruction of the monuments of the past period in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also the different intensity of the events of the tragic war of the last decade of the 20th century. Breaking such a description, Serbia protects the monuments of the Yugoslavian era, while at the same time recalling the memory of the Serbian liberation struggle in the anti-Turkish uprising of 1804. The protection of the monuments of the NOB (struggle for national liberation) period in Montenegro not only proves the connection with the federal Yugoslavia, but also reflects a kind of Yugonostalgia. In turn, the monuments of this period on Macedonian territory, preserved in various states, gave way to a “flood of monuments” referring to the ancient and medieval history of this land. The changes in the monumental sphere in all countries, however, prove the willingness to justify the ideological existence of independent state entities embedded in the native tradition confirming their sovereignty.
Macedonian Domestic and International Problems (1990−2019)
Authors: Todoroska Katerina
Published: July 2021

The article addresses the complex relations between the Republic of Macedonia and the neighboring countries formed after the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991. Several reasons behind said difficulties are discussed, namely: the dispute between Serbia and Macedonia concerning Belgrade’s lack of recognition of the Autocephaly of the Macedonian Orthodox church, the conflict with Albanians, who point out to human rights violations by the government in Skopje, and the contestations between North Macedonia and Bulgaria addressing Bulgaria’s suppression of Macedonian national identity and language in the province of Pirin Macedonia (Blagoevgrad Province). Finally, we discuss the conflict with Greece concerning the name of the Macedonian state and the rights of Macedonian immigrants.
Macedonia – nowe wyzwania i trudne kompromisy (2016−2019)
Authors: Stawowy-Kawka Irena
Published: July 2021

Macedonia – New Challenges and Difficult Compromises (2016−2019)

After the SDSM (Socijaldemokratski sojuz na Makedonija – Social Democratic Union of Macedonia) took over the government in 2017, the party proposed reforms which, although fundamental for the future of the country, were difficult to accept by the majority of Macedonian society. Nevertheless, SDSM’s policy, approved and monitored by the European Union and the US, was to lead to Macedonia joining NATO and EU structures in the near future. It should also be noted that both the US and the EU are strategic partners of the Republic, which actively support the processes taking place there.
Having signed the agreement with Greece, on 17 June 2018 the Republic of Macedonia changed its official name. After the entry into force of the amendments to the Constitution and ratification of the Greek-Macedonian bilateral agreement by both parties, the country adopted the name of the Republic of North Macedonia (mac. Република Серверна Македонија). In February 2019, just after the parliaments of North Macedonia and Greece ratified the Prespa Agreement, the accession process of North Macedonia to NATO began. The condition for accession was the consent of the parliaments of all members of the Alliance for enlargement. Immediately after such approval, on 27 March 2020, the decision on membership was announced in Brussels by its chairman, Jens Stoltenberg.
Macedonia’s relations with Bulgaria and Serbia have also changed, and the Albanians have been granted further privileges and rights in this country – in the opinion of the Macedonians it is very difficult to accept and implement. The escalation of nationalist sentiment in the country’s internal relations is important, caused not only by foreign policy but also by concessions to the Albanians. The Law on the Use of Languages, also known as the ‘language law’, criticized not only by the Macedonian scientific elite, but also by the Venice Commission, which sees certain threats to Macedonia in granting such extensive rights to the Albanian population, strengthens the opposition.
On 26 March 2020, the EU gave its consent to start accession negotiations with Albania and the Republic of North Macedonia. Negotiations with Bulgaria are ongoing and it will be difficult to find a compromise. The biggest challenge for the government will be to convince the public that it is in the interest of its citizens to make compromises with both Greeks and Albanians and in the future with Bulgarians. In this case, the EU position will be very important, both in relation to the Albanian and Bulgarian demands.
Dyplomacja Nicolae Ceauşescu wobec przemian politycznych w Polsce w 1989 roku
Authors: Nowak Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

Nicolae Ceauşescu’s Diplomacy in the Face of Political Changes in Poland in 1989

In 1989, Romania belonged to the communist countries, which particularly strongly attacked communist Poland for carrying out democratic reforms. For many months the diplomacy of communist leader Nicolae Ceaşescu tried to organize a conference of socialist countries on the subject of Poland, but as a result of Moscow’s opposition it did not come to fruition. During the Gorbachev era, the Soviet Union rejected the Brezhnev doctrine, while Romania actually urged its restoration. This was in contradiction with the current political line of Ceauşescu in favor of not interfering in the internal affairs of socialist countries. However, in 1989 it was a threat to communism, which is why historians also have polemics about Romanian suggestions for the armed intervention of the Warsaw Pact in Poland. In turn, Romania did not allow Poland to interfere in the problems of the Polish minority in Bukovina.
Changes in the urinary system in children with enterovirus infection
Authors: Kokoreva Svetlana P. , Kazartseva Natalya V.
Published: July 2021

A significant increase in the incidence of enterovirus infections (EVI) with the development of multiple organ damage does not exclude the involvement of the urinary system organs in the pathological process. Materials and methods. 151 EVI children (103 cases with enterovirus meningitis (EVM), 48 children with other forms of EVI without damage of central nervous system) aged from 1 to 18 years. The frequency and nature of changes in urinary sediment and kidney function in patients with various EVI forms were studied. A highly sensitive marker of acute kidney injury - KIM-1 was used as a marker along with standard methods (determination of blood creatinine level with calculation of glomerular filtration rate) in 25 EVM patients. Results. Pathological changes in urinary sediment in EVI are registered in 37.75% of cases (27.1-42.72%, depending on the clinical form), more often in preschool children, are represented by unexpressed proteinuria and abacterial leukocyturia, and are of a short-term transient nature. 40% of EVM children patients showed an increase in the KIM-1 level above the standard values. Conclusion. The detection of KIM-1 in the urine of EVM children patients indicates the possible development of acute transient tubulointerstitial renal damage. At risk there are children with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis greater than 200×106/L, abacterial leukocyturia, and decreased glomerular filtration rate.
Stakeholder Perceptions on the Implementation of Performance Management by Heads of Public Secondary Schools in Nyamagana District, Tanzania
Authors: Juma Deusdedith , Oduor Onyango Daniel , Herman George
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of stakeholder perceptions towards the implementation of PM by the heads of schools in public secondary schools in Nyamagana District. The study adopted a mixed approach through the use of the questionnaire and the interview schedule. The target population of the study comprised a DEO, WEOs, heads of public secondary schools and teachers from Nyamagana District totaling 1249. A total of 194 respondents were selected by using purposive and simple random sampling techniques which included 174 teachers, 12 heads of schools, 7 WEOs and 1 DEO. The study used questionnaires and semi-structured interview as data collection tools. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and themes. The study revealed that both teachers and heads of schools are aware of their role in implementing performance management. The study recommends that the government should conduct seminars and workshops so that teachers can appreciate the role of heads of schools in implementing PM so that they can support its implementation. Furthermore, the government and policy makers should provide adequate resources and simplify the process so that it is easily embraced by teachers and implemented by the heads of schools.
Sports Injury Risks and Opportunity Costs: The Conspicuous
Landscape of Handball among Tertiary Teachers’
Colleges in Zimbabwe
Authors: Chimonero Prince
Published: July 2021

This study explored injury risks associated with sport participation among handball players in Zimbabwean Tertiary Institutions between 2016 and 2019. The study employed a descriptive, prospective cohort design anchored on quantitative methodology and informed by Positivism Philosophy. The population comprised technocrats (coaches, fitness trainers, physiotherapists, psychologists and players) from selected Zimbabwe Teachers’ Colleges Sports Association handball teams. Stratified random sampling was used to select the respondents. Questionnaire was used as data collection tool and IBM SPSS Statistic Version 23 was used for data analysis. Findings revealed critical knowledge-service gaps on sports medicine professionals regarding lack of players’ informational sources on pre-participation medical health-checks as evidence-based practices for addressing activity limitations and risks upon return-to-sport. Ego-oriented administration characteristic of pain-injury paradox environment prevailed with pre-mature ending of players’ rehabilitation routes. Well formulated guideline-inclined preventive injury risk management protocols resonating player-centered medicine approaches that could effectively abate epidemiologic opportunity injury risks and costs were non-existent. Furthermore, regularized in-service professional development clinics lacked. Players’ objective injury records, profiles and pre-participation medical examination health-checks should be considered as critical informational sources for fully resolving physiological defects prior to return-to competitive contexts. Formulation of guideline-inclined preventive injury risk management protocols entrenching player-centered medicine practices could effectively trim down epidemiologic opportunity injury risks and costs and improve the critical base for players’ odds of participation. Regularized in-service professional development trainings for sports medicine professionals through symposiums should inexorably be an esteemed epitomic pedestal delved towards improving their expert base levels in view of contemporary preventive and injury risk management dynamics in sports.
What Is “The Good” Of Arts-Based Peacebuilding? Questions of Value and Evaluation in Current Practice
Authors: Hunter Mary Ann , Page Linda
Published: July 2021

In a context of growing attention to the benefits of the arts in peacebuilding, this article reports on the findings of a small scoping study that aimed to identify how the arts are perceived and supported by international development agencies. Based on a 2012 analysis of five international aid agencies working in the South East Asia and Pacific region, the study found that arts and creative practices are not, as yet, afforded a significant role in current policy or strategy, although arts activity is recognised as a social development tool by agencies working in partnership with local organisations. Resulting from an analysis of participating agencies’ publicly available documentation, and interviews with staff, arts practitioners and volunteers working in field-based arts projects, this article argues that the value of arts-based interventions in peacebuilding and development is yet to be fully realised. Bringing field experience as well as policy and research backgrounds to the analysis, the authors consider why this might be the case and pose broader questions about the communication, role and influence of evaluation as one factor in this. They argue for a better acknowledgment of the diverse applications and implications of the “use” of the arts within complex social, political, and cultural systems by linking this call with evaluation methodologies that may better reveal the ways in which such projects “raise possibilities” rather than “confirm probabilities.” This article suggests a four-question schema for augmenting the documentation and evaluation of arts-based work to more authentically capture “the good” that may arise from the emergent nature of artmaking itself.
Evaluating Peace Support Operations to Enhance International Policy
Authors: Towle Noreen
Published: July 2021

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization created from the express consent of states and established upon a multilateral international treaty between those states in order to perform the functions of promoting international peace and security, aid in the development of international relations, promote human rights, and aid in “harmonizing actions” between nations. The most ardent of these functions falls to the UN Security Council due to its responsibility for maintaining peace and security. UN peacekeeping missions were originally an alternative to collective security but they have evolved into Peace Support Operations (PSO) and are deployed with a strategy and mission in mind that will coordinate the multitude of organizations joining in to support the society undergoing a complex emergency. Evaluations of PSOs is imperative in order to effectively provide policy makers with the knowledge necessary to improve strategy and resource allocation for future PSOs.
The Togolese Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission: Lessons for Transitional Justice Processes Elsewhere
Authors: Sarkin Jeremy , Davi Tetevi
Published: July 2021

Certain truth and reconciliation processes around the world remain understudied. This means that valuable lessons for transitional justice processes elsewhere are not learned. This article therefore examines lessons from the Togolese Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation Commission (CVJR). It examines the historical context of violence in Togo in order to understand why the country decided to establish a truth commission and looks at how previous inquiries established the need for such a process. Other issues examined are the CVJR’s mandate, the time period provided to do its work, and the pros and cons of the choices made with respect to these matters. The article looks at the powers of the CVJR, its recommendations, and examines issues related to truth recovery, victims’ needs, and the Commission’s ability to combat impunity. Finally, the Commission’s effectiveness and legacy for the country are assessed. The article argues that for an under-resourced process the commission performed well in some areas but not so well in other areas. It is argued that it was a useful process in some respects, but that more could have been done had the process optimally worked. The article provides lessons that can be ascertained from the Togolese process.
Colonialism and Peace and Conflict Studies
Authors: Byrne Sean , Clarke Mary Anne , Rahman Aziz
Published: July 2021

The nature of colonialism is examined in this comparison of British colonial policy in Ireland and Canada toward Indigenous people. The histories and realities of Indigenous peoples’ experiences of colonizing violence are not adequately addressed by the dominant approaches of the democratic peace theory’s universalist neoliberal technocratic values, expectations, and assumptions (see Mac Ginty, 2013). PACS scholars and practitioners need new interpretive frames to make sense of the impact and consequences of colonialism and the intent of genocidal destruction across different colonial contexts in order to understand the deep roots of conflict (economic exploitation, internalization of oppression, racist ideology), and how we should go about critical and emancipatory peace building, theory building, and practice. The study of colonialism is required to understand conflict milieus characterized by structural violence in order to create a justpeace (see Lederach, 1997) that includes restorative and reconciliatory processes, and recognition of local people’s resilience and resistance to structural violence and social injustice (see Chandler, 2017).
Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience
Authors: Karari Peter
Published: July 2021

Colonialism can be traced back to the dawn of the “age of discovery” that was pioneered by the Portuguese and the Spanish empires in the 15th century. It was not until the 1870s that “New Imperialism” characterized by the ideology of European expansionism envisioned acquiring new territories overseas. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 prepared the ground for the direct rule and occupation of Africa by European powers. In 1895, Kenya became part of the British East Africa Protectorate. From 1920, the British colonized Kenya until her independence in 1963. As in many other former British colonies around the world, most conspicuous and appalling was the modus operandi that was employed to colonize the targeted territories. Part one of this article discusses the tactics of subjugation used by the British to oppress, humiliate, subdue, conquer and colonize the Kenyan communities. These tactics included crown land ordinances; capitalist estate production; the establishment of African reserves and squatter systems; the formation of the “white” highlands; the imposition of taxes and forced labor; the imposition of the pass or Kipande System; missionary churches; the declaration of a state of emergency; military operations; villigilization; ethnic divide and rule; and flogging, torture, incarceration and execution. The findings offer a comparative template about the tactics used by the British in other colonies. Part two of this study addresses a new focus about the link between British colonialism and ethnopolitical conflicts in Kenya. This presents a new avenue for more focused interventionism in addressing such conflicts. Part three of this study introduces a new important inquiry about “what next?” for the victims and survivors of British colonialism in Kenya. The argument is that the study of British colonialism cannot be complete without interrogating transitional justice for the victims and survivors of colonial atrocities. The focus on transitional justice introduces a new debate about the need for collaborative action in facilitating restitution, reparations, healing and closure for victims and survivors of British colonial atrocities. Although resistance to colonial invasion was experienced in many parts of Kenya, this study concentrates on the Mount Kenya region where it was most intensive and dominant.
Environmental Insecurity: Another Case for Concept Change
Authors: Broadhead Lee-Anne
Published: July 2021

For decades, scholars and policy-makers have disputed whether environmental degradation caused by human-induced climate change needs to be addressed and reversed in order to prevent conflict, or whether the instabilities generated by such degradation (resource scarcity, reduction of arable land, mass migration of so-called environmental refugees, etc.) provides a compelling new rationale for preparing militarily to fight the "climate change conflicts" of the future. Exploring the tension between these perspectives, the paper argues that any effective practical response implies and requires a change in the conceptual climate of the debate sufficient to discredit a literally devastating circular argument: that environmental problems, caused in part by the multiple impacts of industrial militarism, can be adequately addressed by new military strategies and spending, a "war reflex" only serving to exacerbate political tensions, widen and deepen already chronic inequalities, and inflict further ecological harm. The paper contrasts the state-centric status quo with the human-centric agenda of sustainable peace, a concept with the potential – if defined with sufficiently radical, transnational rigor – to disrupt and transform the sovereignty paradigm. The paper concludes by drawing on both Western and Indigenous political theory to ask what we think we mean by – or have come to accept as – "peace" and "power."
Küçük Çocukların COVID 19 Sürecinde Teknolojik Araç Kullanımının Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi
Authors: ARI ARAT Ceren , GÜLAY OGELMAN Hülya
Published: July 2021

Bu çalışmada, küçük çocukların COVID 19 sürecinde teknolojik araç kullanımının çeşitli değişkenler (teknolojik araç kullanım süresi, teknolojik araç kullanım içeriklerinin kontrol edilmesi, anne çalışma durumu, anne yaşı, anne eğitim düzeyi ve çocuk sayısı) açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu Bayburt ilinde okul öncesi eğitim alan ve normal gelişim özelliği gösteren 5 yaş grubundan 163 (n=91 kız, n=71 erkek) çocuk ve annelerinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen Online Görüşme Formu kullanılmıştır. Veriler normal dağılım göstermediği için Mann Whitney U ve Kruskal Wallis H testleri ile analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulgularında; çocukların TV izleme ile toplam teknolojik araç kullanma sürelerinin anne çalışma değişkenine göre anlamlı biçimde farklılaştığı belirlenmiştir. Çocukların TV izleme süresi ile teknolojik araç içeriklerinin anneler tarafından kontrol edilmesinin anne yaşına göre farklılaştığı belirlenmiştir. Çocukların TV izleme, bilgisayar kullanma ve toplam teknolojik araç kullanma süreleri ile teknolojik araçların kullanma içeriklerinin kontrol edilmesinin anne eğitim düzeyine ve çocuk sayısına göre farklılaşabildiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, anne ile ilgili bazı değişkenlerin küçük çocukların teknolojik araç kullanmaları üzerinde etkili olabildiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Küçük çocukların teknolojik araç kullanımlarıyla ilgili boylamsal çalışmaların arttırılması önem taşımaktadır. Konu ile ilgili sonraki çalışmalarda, küçük çocukların teknolojik araç kullanımlarını etkileyen farklı değişkenler ele alınabilir. Ayrıca anne-babalara evde kaliteli zaman geçirme, teknolojik araçların eğitim amacıyla kullanılması gibi konularda eğitimler verilebilir.
Analysis of gut microbiota and immune-related genes during sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) response to dietary supplementation with Codonopsis pilosula
Authors: Wang Xiaolu , Fan Ying , Yu Xiaoqing , Wang Youhong , Ye Haibin , Diao Jing , Wang Shuxian , Liu Hongjun , Xu La , Ma Danping , Gai Chunlei , Zhang Tao
Published: July 2021

The gut microbiota composition of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicas) was investigated using high-throughput sequencing techniques. The mRNA expression of complement component 3 and lysozyme genes was evaluated using quantitative fluorescence PCR. Sea cucumbers were fed with a basal diet (control group) and an experimental diet supplemented with Codonopsis pilosula (experimental group) for 30 days. The results showed that the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota was changed in different indices, including Chao1, the abundance-based coverage estimator, the Shannon index, and Good’s coverage. Dietary C. pilosula promoted the proliferation of the Flavobacteriaceae family of the Proteobacteria phylum and reduced the relative abundance of the Verrucomicrobiaceae family of the Verrucomicrobia phylum. We concluded that dietary C. pilosula supplementation could alter the network interactions among different microbial functional groups by changing the ecological network’s microbial community composition and biological evolution. A positive effect on A. japonicus immune responses in the gut was seen via increasing the mRNA expression of the complement component 3 and lysozyme genes. It seems to happen via modulating the balance in gut microbiota.
Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Kodlama Eğitimine İlişkin Görüşleri
Authors: BAĞRA Akgül , KILINÇ Hasan Hüseyin
Published: July 2021

Günümüzde kodlama eğitimi gün geçtikçe önemini artırmaktadır. Teknolojideki gelişim ve değişim ile kodlama eğitimi ilkokuldan itibaren müfredatlar da yer almaya başlamıştır. Son yıllarda kodlama alanındaki gelişmeler kodlama eğitimi alan bireylerin problemlere çözüm üretebildikleri, yaratıcı düşünebildikleri yapılan çalışmalarda ortaya konulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı ortaokul öğrencilerinin kodlamaya ilişkin algılarını, kodlama eğitimi alırken karşılaştığı sorunları incelemek ve bunlarla ilgili öğrencilerin görüşlerini alarak değerlendirmektedir. Araştırmada veri toplama süreci 2020-2021 öğretim yılı güz döneminde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmaya Nevşehir ilinde bulunan bir ortaokulun beş ve altıncı sınıflarında öğrenim görmekte olan 15 öğrenci katılmıştır. Öğrencilerin kodlama kavramına ilişkin algılarını ve kodlama eğitimi alırken karşılaştığı sorunları belirlemek için öğrencilerle görüşme yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmada veriler yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formları yardımıyla toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın verilerinin çözümlemesi için içerik analizi yapılarak N-VIVO programından faydalanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak teknolojinin gelişmesi ile kodlama alanındaki gelişmelerin hız kazanması ile öğrencilerin kodlamaya ilişkin algılarını izlemeye yönelik çalışmaların sürdürülmesi gerektiği düşünülebilir.
Non-medical Factors Affecting the Decision of Caesarean: A Study through Path Analysis
Authors:   Lecturer, Department of Statistics & Comilla University, Shapna Kulsum Akter
Published: July 2021

When life-threatening conditions occur during pregnancy or childbirth, Caesarean section (CS) is among the most important procedures for protecting the lives of mothers and babies [1]. Non-medical causes have been proposed as primary contributors to excessive CS [2]. Over the last few decades, global CS concentrations have gradually increased [3]. Aside from the potential for negative health consequences, unnecessary CS places a significant financial burden on individuals, families, and society as a whole. The expenditure of post-pregnancy clinical consideration and cross as a result of prolonged CS is projected to be around US$ 2.32 billion globally. The expenditure of post-pregnancy clinical consideration and cross as a result of prolonged CS is projected to be around US$ 2.32 billion globally. We looked at variables like education, occupation, wealth index, respondent’s media exposure, and child alive in this project, all of which have a major causal association with our dependent variable CS delivery. Based on the BDHS 2017-18 data, we used path analysis to look at the cultural and racial factors that influence the choice of CS in Bangladesh. For this, we used the SPSS AMOS program. Aside from binary logistic analysis, multivariate analysis was performed. Furthermore, correlation was used to identify the variables that had the greatest impact on the choice of CS.
Study of Health Implications Effects in Laser Paint Removal Process Based on PM1.0 and PM10.0 Measurements
Authors: Abdul Razab Mohammad Khairul Azhar , Jaafar Mohamad Suhaimi , Abdul Rahman Azhar , Mamat Sarizam , Ahmad Muhammad Iqbal
Published: July 2021

Health implications to the staff incharged was studied by measuring mass density (N) of two types of particulate matter (PM1.0 and PM10.0) concentration produced during laser paint removal process over three different types of car coated substrate samples A, B and C. The lowest PM1.0 and PM10.0 concentrations detected for those substrate samples during 10 minute laser irradiation were 0.693 mg/m3 and 1.586 mg/m3, which was far exceed compared to the recommendation suggested by World Health Organization (WHO). However, laser paint removal techniques was considered safe compared than chemical paint stripping technique if smooth air ventilation in workplace was properly set-up and inhalation to PM1.0 and PM10.0 was greatly prevented by using protective mask.
Nutritional Value of the Concoction of Sauropusandrogynus, Morindacitrofolia, Clitoriaternatea, Curcuma zanthorrhiza and Curcuma longa Used for Herbs Rice
Authors: Aweng E.R. , Noor Syuhadah S. , Norashikin M.F. , Anwar Ismail A. , Nur Izzati S. , Ahmad Fadli A.S.
Published: July 2021

Old folks especially in Kelantan, Malaysia like to consume specially prepared herbal rice or what is gastronomically known as “Nasi Kerabu”. In this preparation, white rice is soaked with the concoction of some local herbal plants for a few minutes and cooked without having the knowledge of the nutritional values of the herbal plants used. Without knowing the nutritional contents of the herbal plants used may lead to nutrient imbalance in the body and this was believed to be the root of other illnesses. So, the study was carried out with the objective of identifying the nutritional values of the concoction of Sauropus androgynus, Morinda citrofolia, Clitoria ternatea, Curcuma zanthorrhiza and Curcuma longa. The methods used for sample analysis and extraction were simple water extraction to extract plants sample, Nitric Acid Digestion to digest extracted samples, extraction procedure which was published by Behr Labor-Technik to analyze the fat content and sample analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results shows that, concoction of 20 ml of Sauropus androgynus, Morinda citrofolia, Clitoria ternatea, Curcuma zanthorrhiza and Curcuma longa consists of 0.2 g of fat, 2 mg of Calcium, 5 mg of Magnesium, 50 mg of Potassium and 3 mg of Sodium. The fat, macronutrients (potassium and sodium) and minerals (calcium and magnesium) in the concoction are considered to be sufficient to meet the requirements of Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) used by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) especially when cooked with white rice.
Macromoths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) in Jeli, Kelantan : A Preliminary Checklist
Authors: Norashikin M.F. , Kamarul Ariffin H. , Foong K.E.
Published: July 2021

An initial checklist of moths of Jeli, Kelantan is presented. A total of 673 individuals of macromoths (Heterocera) comprising of 161 species belonging to 12 families were recorded from light traps samples. Among the 12 families encountered, two major families of macromoths namely Noctuidae and Geometridae represented the most diverse families with 28 and 44 species respectively. Overall, the four least diverse families were Limacodidae, Europtidae, Uraniidae and Saturniidae with 2,3,3 and 5 species encountered.
Effect of the ruminal liquid extraction method in the in vitro gas technique
Authors: Ramírez Díaz Roselia , Pinto Ruiz René , Guevara Hernández Francisco , Venegas Venegas José , Reyes Sosa Mariela , Miranda Romero Luis
Published: July 2021

In vitro gas studies require the use of cannulated animals; however, the high cost of the surgery limits its application. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the ruminal fluid extraction technique by oro-ruminal probe affects the results derived from the in vitro gas production technique (GPT). Elaeis guineensis meal was used as a substrate. Ruminal fluid was obtained in two ways: cannulated animals and oro-ruminal probe. Dry matter degradation was estimated (DMD), parameters of fermentation kinetics and fractional volume by the GPT. The comparison of means was carried out using the Tukey procedure (p<0,05). The results indicated the lack of significant statistical differences (p>0,05). It was concluded that the ruminal fluid extraction technique did not modify the DGRMS, the parameters and fermentation fractions of E. guineensis.
“Post-COVID syndrome”: The focus is on musculoskeletal pain
Authors: Karateev A. E. , Amirdzhanova V. N. , Nasonov E. L. , Lila A. M. , Alekseeva L. I. , Pogozheva E. Yu. , Filatova E. S. , Nesterenko V. A.
Published: July 2021

Combating the consequences of COVID-19, a disease caused by the new coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2, is a serious and very urgent task facing modern medicine. COVID-19 often has a severe course and is accompanied by multiple organ damage, systemic immune inflammation, coagulopathy, neuroendocrine and metabolic disorders. Even with a relatively favorable course, the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection can be degenerative changes in many organs (pulmonary fibrosis, cardiosclerosis), various functional and psychoemotional disorders. As a result, in 10–50% of patients, various unpleasant symptoms persist for a long time after the acute manifestations of COVID-19 subside and the virus is eliminated. This pathology is referred to as “post-COVID syndrome” (PCS). The main elements of PCS are chronic pain, fatigue, and psychoemotional problems. Functional disorders, autoimmune processes, and severe psychological distress after COVID-19 can cause the development and exacerbation of diseases characterized by chronic pain and fatigue, such as fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Therapy and prevention of PCS include correction of functional disorders, pain control, and consistent physical, psychological, and social rehabilitation.
Problems in patient management and the impact of osteoporosis therapy on the incidence of clinical infection
Authors: Lesnyak O. M. , Gladkova E. N. , Zotkina K. E. , Grigoryeva A. L. , Safonova Yu. A. , Kuznetsova O. Yu. , Pokhaznikova M. A.
Published: July 2021

The global diversion of health resources during the COVID-19 pandemic from the provision of routine medical care, and the more frequent and severe course of this infection in older patients justify the need to study the impact of the pandemic on the management of patients with osteoporosis.

Aim – to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the management of patients with osteoporosis, as well as the impact of anti-osteoporotic drugs on the incidence of COVID-19.

Material and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted, including a telephone survey and analysis of outpatient records of 304 patients with osteoporosis, who were recommended therapy with anti-osteoporotic medications. The average age was 70.8±8.8 years. The vast majority of patients took bisphosphonates in oral or parenteral forms.

Results. Problems with the timely conduct of laboratory tests were noted by 91 (30.4%) subjects, DXA testing – 98 (32.8%). 65 (22.1%) were unable to receive the drug in a timely manner. Problems were more common when taking parenteral drugs (p=0.002). The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 was 12.2%, which is twice as high as in the population. There was a tendency to a lower incidence of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection when treated with denosumab or zoledronic acid. COVID-19 cases were not associated with either a vitamin D dose or a 25(OH)D level.

Conclusions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a significant decline in the quality of medical care for patients with osteoporosis, which cannot but lead to a new epidemic in the future – an epidemic of low-energy fractures. Our data confirmed the predisposition of older age groups to a higher incidence of COVID-19. However, there is no clear association of osteoporosis therapy with the risk of developing clinical manifestations of COVID-19.
Body composition and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Toroptsova N. V. , Dobrovolskaya O. V. , Nikitinskaya O. A. , Efremova A. O. , Feklistov A. Yu. , Demin N. V.
Published: July 2021

Aim – to study the relationship between body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Material and methods. 68 postmenopausal women, median age 59 [54; 63] years, with RA were included in the study. Bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were assessed with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Results. 33 (48.5%) women had osteopenia, and 17 (25.0%) – osteoporosis (OP). Low lean muscle mass was found in 10 (14.7%) patients. There were positive correlations between different areal BMD and body weight, trunk fat, trunk lean muscle mass and total lean muscle mass. In the multivariate linear regression analysis total lean muscle mass was associated with BMD of lumbar spine (β=0.638; p=0.001) and total hip (β=0.473; p=0.008), and appendicular lean muscle mass, estimated using the appendicular muscle index, with femoral neck BMD (β=0.360; p=0.014).

Conclusion. 73.5% of patients with RA had a reduced BMD, and 14.7% women – low muscle mass. The revealed significant association between the lean muscle mass and BMD of lumbar spine and proximal femur indicates the importance of detecting and correcting low lean muscle mass, as well as preventing its decline in order to prevent loss of BMD and osteoporotic fractures.
Total hip arthroplasty in patients with active psoriatic arhtritis (preliminary report)
Authors: Volchenko D. V. , Akhtiamov I. F. , Terskov A. Yu. , Sozonov O. A. , Velichko M. N. , Shpiz E. Ya.
Published: July 2021

Aim of the research – to evaluate the effectiveness, to analyze the complications and long-term results of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

Materials and methods. The results of THA were studied in 26 patients with PsA (19 men, 7 women; average age 54.8±3.1 years, from 38 to 56 years) up to 2 years after surgery. The diagnosis of PsA was established according to CASPAR criteria.

Results. The visual analogue scale assessment showed a significant decrease in the intensity of pain in the hip joint in the postoperative period. The average DAPSA activity index before surgery was 25.9 (11–34), after 2 months – 31.3 (16–38), after 6 months – 30.5 (12–37), with a further decrease to 26.1 (12–35) by 24th month. The results of clinical and functional assessment according to Harris in 19 (73%) patients corresponded to an excellent level, in 7 (27%) – to a good level. No infectious, thromboembolic complications were detected. In 1 (4%) patient periprosthetic intraoperative fracture of the femur was diagnosed No new skin psoriatic elements in the field of surgical intervention was fixed.

Conclusion. Our data indicate the effectiveness of THA in active PsA, provided that the requirements for careful planning of the intervention, prevention of possible complications and an individualized approach to rehabilitation are met.