bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Der Hilfeschrei des Mais
Authors: Held Matthias , D'Alessandro Marco , Hiltpold Ivan , Turlings Ted
Published: November 2010

Wenn Gefahr in Form von Larven oder Raupen droht, locken viele Pflanzen die Fressfeinde der Plagegeister an: Mit flüchtigen Verbindungen ruft die Pflanze um Hilfe.
”Im Großen und Ganzen ein Grund zum Feiern“
Authors: Remenyi Christian , Guggolz Ernst
Published: November 2010

20 Jahre Einigungsvertrag: Was bedeutete die Einheit für die Universitäten, und ist aus dem Erinnern schon Erinnerung geworden?
Hürden des Studentenlebens
Authors: Sachs Julia
Published: November 2010

Wie beurteilen Sie Ihre zeitliche Belastung durch das Studium? Wie viel Geld steht Ihnen durchschnittlich im Monat zur Verfügung? Welches ist der höchste Schulabschluss Ihres Vaters/Ihrer Mutter? Antworten gab jeder 27. Student im Mai letzten Jahres. Die Auswertung gibt es jetzt.
Wie die Schweiz jetzt Lebensmittelchemiker ausbildet
Authors: Kaufmann Markus
Published: November 2010

Führungskräfte in der Lebensmittelsicherheit müssen analytisch‐methodisch fit sein und sich im internationalen Warenverkehr, bei der Ernährungspolitik und der Toxikologie gut auskennen. Zudem sollten sie Kompetenzen in Betriebsführung und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit mitbringen. In der Schweiz trägt ein neues Ausbildungskonzept für Lebensmittelchemiker diesen Ansprüchen Rechnung.
DNA‐Forensik schützt Biotech‐Patente
Authors: Wiehler Jens , Schubbert Rainer
Published: November 2010

Pharma, Chemie sowie Pflanzen‐ und Tierzucht nutzen Biotechnik. Um die Früchte aufwendiger Forschungsarbeit dafür selbst zu ernten, ist der konsequente Schutz der Eigentumsrechte notwendig.
Membranen für alle
Authors: Sommer Björn
Published: November 2010

Ein von Studenten entwickeltes, frei verfügbares Programm modelliert Lipidschichten. Jedes einzelne Lipid ist dabei verschiebbar. Schnell und komfortabel lassen sich mit oberflächenbasierten Algorithmen Membranzusammensetzungen erzeugen.
Electrosynthesis and capacitive performance of polyaniline–polypyrrole composite
Authors: Zhang Ai‐Qin , Zhang Yong , Wang Li‐Zhen , Li Xiao‐Feng
Published: November 2010

The composite of polyaniline and polypyrrole (PPY‐PANI) was prepared by two‐step electrochemical polymerization method. Techniques of scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal gravity analysis (TG/DTG) measurements were used to characterize the morphology and structure of the composite. The electrochemical properties of the composite were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge‐discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicated that the polyaniline–polypyrrole composite showed better electrochemical capacitive performance than polypyrrole (PPY) and polyaniline (PANI). The specific capacitance of the composite electrode was 523 F/g at a current of 6 mA/cm2 in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effects of novolac resin modification on mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites
Authors: He Hongwei , Li Kaixi , Wang Jianlong , Wang Jian , Gu Jianyu , Li Renjie
Published: November 2010

The epoxy resin matrix of carbon fiber (CF)‐reinforced epoxy composites was modified with novolac resin (NR) to improve the matrix‐dominated mechanical properties of composites. Flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), and impact strength were measured with unfilled, 7 wt% NR, 13 wt% NR, and 18 wt% NR filled to epoxy to identify the effect of adding NR on the mechanical properties of composites. The results showed that both interfacial and impact properties of composites were improved except for flexural property. The largest improvement in ILSS and impact strength were obtained with 13 wt% loading of NR. ILSS and impact strength were improved by 7.3% and 38.6%, respectively, compared with the composite without NR. The fracture and surface morphologies of the composite specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Intimate bonding of the fibers and the matrix was evident with the content of 7–13 wt% NR range. Decrease of crosslinking density and formation of NR transition layer were deduced with adding NR. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Poly(ethylene‐vinyl co‐vinyl acetate)/clay nanocomposites: Mechanical, morphology, and thermal behavior
Authors: Joseph Susan , Focke Walter W.
Published: November 2010

Nanocomposites of ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAL) with Dellite organoclay were prepared in a laboratory extruder. The extent of intercalation of the nanocomposites was studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. It was established that the organoclay is well dispersed and preferentially embedded in the EVAL phase. Further, the intercalation degree of the organoclay decreased with increasing organoclay content. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were studied as a function of clay loading and EVAL type. The nanocomposites exhibited enhanced thermal stability as seen in thermogravimetric studies. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Quantitative protein expression and cell surface characteristics of Escherichia coli MG1655 biofilms
Authors: Mukherjee Joy , Ow Saw Yen , Noirel Josselin , Biggs Catherine A.
Published: November 2010

Cell surface physicochemical characterization techniques were combined with quantitative changes in protein expression, to investigate the biological and biophysical changes of Escherichia coli MG1655 cells when grown as a biofilm (BIO). The overall surface charge of BIO cells was found to be less negative, highlighting the need for a lower electrophoretic mobility for attachment to occur. Comparison of the chemical functional groups on the cell surface showed similar profiles, with the absorbance intensity higher for proteins and carbohydrates in the BIO cells. Quantitative proteomic analysis demonstrated that 3 proteins were significantly increased, and 9 proteins significantly decreased in abundance, in cells grown as a BIO compared to their planktonic counterparts, with 7 of these total 12 proteins unique to this study. Proteins showing significant increased or decreased abundance include proteins involved in acid resistance, DNA protection and binding and ABC transporters. Further predictive analysis of the metabolic pathways showed an increased abundance of the amino acid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, with a decrease in expression within the pentose phosphate and glycolysis pathways. It is therefore hypothesized that cells grown as a BIO are still energetically viable potentially using amino acids as an indirect carbon backbone source into the TCA cycle.
Bacillus subtilis YqjG is required for genetic competence development
Authors: Saller Manfred J. , Otto Andreas , Berrelkamp‐Lahpor Greetje A. , Becher Dörte , Hecker Michael , Driessen Arnold J. M.
Published: November 2010

Members of the evolutionary conserved Oxa1/Alb3/YidC family have been shown to play an important role in membrane protein insertion, folding and/or assembly. Bacillus subtilis contains two YidC‐like proteins, denoted as SpoIIIJ and YqjG. SpoIIIJ and YqjG are largely exchangeable, but SpoIIIJ is essential for spore formation and YqjG cannot complement this activity. To elucidate the role of YqjG, we determined the membrane proteome and functional aspects of B. subtilis cells devoid of SpoIIIJ, YqjG or both. The data show that SpoIIIJ and YqjG have complementary functions in membrane protein insertion and assembly. The reduced levels of F1FO ATP synthase in cells devoid of both SpoIIIJ and YqjG are due to a defective assembly of the F1‐domain onto the F0‐domain. Importantly, for the first time, a specific function is demonstrated for YqjG in genetic competence development.
Proteomic investigation of a neural substrate intimately related to brain death
Authors: Chou Jimmy Li‐Jer , Wu Carol Hsin‐Yi , Tsai Ching‐yi , Chang Alice Y. W. , Chan Samuel H. H.
Published: November 2010

Our current understanding on brain death remains limited despite its clinical importance. This study evaluated whether the proteome expressed in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a neural substrate that our laboratory identified previously to be intimately related to brain death, is uniquely different from other brain areas, using the cerebral cortex, which is defunct under persistent vegetative state for comparison. We found that a group of antioxidant proteins, including members of the peroxiredoxin (Prx) family (Prx‐1, Prx‐2, Prx‐5, Prx‐6), thioredoxin and mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase, exhibited significantly higher protein and mRNA expression levels in RVLM when compared to cerebral cortex. Tissue oxygen, ATP contents and ATP synthase subunits α and β in RVLM were also significantly elevated. On the other hand, protein and mRNA levels of members of the ubiquitin–proteasome system, including proteasome subunit α type‐1, ubiquitin, uniquitin‐conjugating enzyme E2 N, ubiquitin carboxyl‐terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 and L3, were comparable in both brain regions. We conclude that a significantly elevated level of antioxidant proteins and mRNA in RVLM is consistent with the exhibition of higher tissue oxygen tension and metabolic energy production in this neural substrate, which together constitute a safeguard mechanism against brain death.
PRIDEViewer: A novel user‐friendly interface to visualize PRIDE XML files
Authors: Medina‐Aunon J. Alberto , Carazo José M. , Albar Juan Pablo
Published: November 2010

Current standardization initiatives have greatly contributed to share the information derived by proteomics experiments. One of these initiatives is the XML‐based repository PRIDE (PRoteomics IDEntification database), although an XML‐based document does not appear to present a user‐friendly view at the first glance. PRIDEViewer is a novel Java‐based application that presents the information available in a PRIDE XML file in a user‐friendly manner, facilitating the interaction among end users as well as the understanding and evaluation of the compiled information. PRIDEViewer is freely available at: http://proteo.cnb.csic.es/prideviewer/.
Inelastic scattering of cosmic ray muons on iron nuclei and the virtual photon shadowing
Authors: Okada A. , Mitsui K. , Kitamura T. , Ohashi Y. , Muraki Y. , Suda T. , Nakamura I. , Kawashima Y. , Matsuno S. , Kajino F. , Aoki T. , Higashi S. , Ozaki S. , Takahashi T. , Honda K. , Kobayakawa K. , Inazawa H. , Minorikawa Y. , Shibata M. , Shibata H. , Kamiya Y. , Teramoto Y.
Published: November 2010

Hadronic cascade showers originating from inelastic interactions of cosmic ray muons with iron nuclei have been observed in a calorimeter located between two magnetic spectrometers. The separation of those events from the electromagnetic showers has been successfully done in the ranges of the transferred energy v ≳ 50 GeV and its ratio to muon energy v/E ≳ 0,1, by utilizing the difference of their longitudinal cascade developments.

The comparison of the obtained μ‐Fe cross section with available μ‐, e‐ and σ‐proton data as well as μ‐, e‐ and σ‐nucleus data indicates that;

At v ˜ 100 GeV, the virtual photon cross section on iron nucleus is almost the same as the real photon one, at least Q2 ≳ 0.1 GeV2/c2, and is about 70% of the cross section on proton times the atomic mass number of iron, i.e. the shadowing effect is clearly seen.

Up to TeV region, this virtual photon cross section on iron does not increase significantly. contrary to the tendency of the real photon cross section on proton around 100 GeV. This suggests most likely that the shadowing still increases with energy at such high energies.
The Kaluza‐Klein idea. Status and prospects
Authors: Mecklenburg W.
Published: November 2010

The present status of the Kaluza‐Klein idea is reviewed, including a discussion of the fermionic sector. Formalism and geometrical methods necessary for the formulation of high‐dimensional field theories are described in some detail. The mechanism of spontaneous compactification is explained and a description of presently available models is given. A chapter on coset space reduction of high‐dimensional Yang‐Mills theories is included. The review concludes with an outlook on supersymmetric models.
Physical charged sectors in quantum electrodynamics. II. The charge operator
Authors: d'Emilio Emilio , Mintchev Mihail
Published: November 2010

The properties of Maxwell type equations and the related problem of approximation of physical charged states are studied in the framework of axiomatic gauge quantum field theory. The charge operator and the physical charged sectors of quantum electrodynamics are constructed under a set of hypotheses which can be verified in perturbation theory and are supported by some nonperturbative arguments.
Calculations in external fields in quantum chromodynamics. Technical review
Authors: Novikov V. A. , Shifman M. A. , Vainshtein A. I. , Zakharov V. I.
Published: November 2010

We review the technique of calculation of operator expansion coefficients. The main emphasis is put on gluon operators which appear in expansion of n‐point functions induced by colourless quark currents. Two convenient schemes are discussed in detail: the abstract operator method and the method based on the Fock‐Schwinger gauge for the vacuum gluon field. We consider a large number of instructive examples important from the point of view of physical applications.
The one‐loop effective action of the supersymmetric CP(N‐1) model
Authors: Gaigg P. , Schweda M. , Piguet O. , Sibold K.
Published: November 2010

Using superfields we evaluate the superspace one‐loop effective action for the supersymmetric CP(N ‐ 1) model and investigate whether there is supersymmetry breaking and confinement.
On pseudoparticle solutions in the poincaré gauge theory of gravity
Authors: Mielke Eckehard W.
Published: November 2010

The dynamical structure of the Poincaré gauge field theory coupled to matter fields and some of its implications for a quantum theory of gravity are investigated.

Essentially, the method of BELAVIN et al. for generating instanton solutions in Yang‐Mills theory is transferred to the gravitational gauge model. The result are as follows: For configurations obeying a modified double duality Ansatz for the curvature the metrical background is determined by Einstein‐type field equations coupled almost canonically to the stress‐energy content of external fields.

Exact electrovac solutions with non‐trivial torsion are derived from the duality Ansatz. In a Euclidean space‐time the corresponding pseudoparticle solutions are expected to play a dominant rǒle in the quantization of gravity via Freynman's method of path integrals.
Crystal structure of the carbon monoxide complex of human cytoglobin
Authors: Makino Masatomo , Sawai Hitomi , Shiro Yoshitsugu , Sugimoto Hiroshi
Published: November 2010

Cytoglobin (Cgb) is a vertebrate heme‐containing globin‐protein expressed in a broad range of mammalian tissues. Unlike myoglobin, Cgb displays a hexa‐coordinated (bis‐hystidyl) heme iron atom, having the heme distal His81(E7) residue as the endogenous sixth ligand. In the present study, we crystallized human Cgb in the presence of a reductant Na2S2O4 under a carbon monoxide (CO) atmosphere, and determined the crystal structure at 2.6 Å resolution. The CO ligand occupies the sixth axial position of the heme ferrous iron. Eventually, the imidazole group of His81(E7) is expelled from the sixth position and swings out of the distal heme pocket. The flipping motion of the His81 imidazole group accompanies structural readjustments of some residues (Gln62, Phe63, Gln72, and Ser75) in both the CD‐corner and D‐helix regions of Cgb. On the other hand, no significant structural changes were observed in other Cgb regions, for example, on the proximal side. These structural alterations that occurred as a result of exogenous ligand (CO) binding are clearly different from those observed in other vertebrate hexa‐coordinated globins (mouse neuroglobin, Drosophila melanogaster hemoglobin) and penta‐coordinated sperm whale myoglobin. The present study provides the structural basis for further discussion of the unique ligand‐binding properties of Cgb. Proteins 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural and functional analysis of the Lmo2642 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase fromListeria monocytogenes
Authors: Kim Yeon‐Gil , Jeong Jae‐Hee , Ha Nam‐Chul , Kim Kyung‐Jin
Published: November 2010

Listeria monocytogenesis a facultative intracellular pathogen invading humans and animals with the highest fatality rate among the food‐borne pathogens. TheListeriapathogenic processes, such as cell entry and escape from phagosomes, depend on the actions of diverse bacterial factors, including lipoproteins. Here, we report the crystal structure of Lmo2642, a conserved putative lipoprotein containing a Ser/Thr phosphatase domain. The protein consists of two distinct domains: a catalytic domain that belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily and an auxiliary α‐helical bundle domain. The active site in the catalytic domain of Lmo2642 contains a dinuclear metal center in which Mn2+and Fe3+are preferentially positioned at the site1 and site2, respectively. On the basis of the structural analysis and enzymatic assays, we identified the biochemical activity of the protein as a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase toward 2′,3′‐ and 3′,5′‐cyclic nucleotides. Considering the cNMP phosphodiesterase activity and the putative surface localization of Lmo2642, we speculate that Lmo2642 has some potential roles in the host‐pathogen interactions by changing the cAMP concentration of host cells duringL. monocytogenesinfection. Proteins 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of multiple antigenic peptides (MAPs)—strategies and limitations
Authors: Kowalczyk Wioleta , Monsó Marta , de la Torre Beatriz G. , Andreu David
Published: November 2010

Dendrimeric platforms such as MAPs can be synthesized either entirely by solid‐phase methods (SPPS, direct approach) or by conjugation in solution of preformed, SPPS‐made building blocks (indirect approach). Although MAPs and MAP‐like constructs have been extensively and successfully used for various biological (mainly immunological) applications, experimental reports are most often lacking in chemical detail about their preparation and characterization. Here, we provide complete accounts of the synthesis and analytical documentation of MAPs and similar dendrimers by either all‐SPPS (direct) or chemoselective thioether ligation (indirect) methods. We have chosen as model epitopes a 24‐residue sequence of the ectodomain of protein M2 from influenza virus (M2e), which is found to be a rather challenging peptide epitope, and a far more manageable, shortened (12‐residue) version of the same peptide. The advantages and shortcomings of both direct and indirect methods are discussed. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bacterial membrane lipids in the action of antimicrobial agents
Authors: Epand Richard M. , Epand Raquel F.
Published: November 2010

Many antimicrobial agents that target bacteria are cationic and can interact with the anionic lipid components that are exposed on the bacterial membrane. Bacteria vary widely in the nature of the major lipid components that are in the cell membrane. Those bacteria with both anionic as well as zwitterionic or neutral lipids can be induced to form domains in the presence of antimicrobial peptides possessing several cationic charges. This segregation of anionic and zwitterionic lipids into domains can result in the arrest of cell growth or in cell death. Such agents are generally more toxic to Gram‐negative bacteria, than to Gram‐positive ones. These findings emphasize the importance of the lipid composition of bacterial membranes in determining the susceptibility of the organism to the action of certain antimicrobial agents. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Housing density as a predictor of neighbourhood satisfaction among families with young children in urban England
Authors: McCulloch Andrew
Published: November 2010

Patterns of residential mobility suggest that urban areas in the UK are considered unpopular places to live, in particular by families with young children. The unpopularity of urban areas has been attributed to characteristics of the built environment as well as to levels of deprivation. This paper examines the relationship between levels of neighbourhood satisfaction and the density of housing in the local area using a sample of mothers with young children living in urban areas in England. Separate analyses were conducted for mothers resident in private sector housing and in social housing. The main finding is that for both groups there is a negative relationship between neighbourhood satisfaction and housing density. The relationship between housing density and the reported level of neighbourhood satisfaction was largely independent of individual and household characteristics. The adjustment for different aspects of neighbourhood deprivation significantly attenuated the gradient in neighbourhood satisfaction. For respondents in social housing, the economic dimension of neighbourhood deprivation accounted for the association between housing density and neighbourhood satisfaction. However, for respondents in private sector housing, housing density remained a significant predictor of neighbourhood satisfaction. These results show that families with young children would prefer to live in neighbourhoods with lower housing densities. However, to the extent that the factors producing neighbourhood deprivation are modifiable it may be possible to increase the number of households in urban areas without making them less attractive places for families to live. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantum Monte Carlo calculations of bond dissociation energies for some nitro and amino molecules
Authors: Zhang Hong , Cheng Xin‐Lu , Chiesa Simone
Published: November 2010

Bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for some nitro or amino contained prototypical molecules in energetic materials are computed by fixed‐node diffusion quantum Monte Carlo method. The nodes are determined from a Slater determinant calculated within density functional theory at the B3LYP/6‐311G** level. The possible errors, the nodal error, and the cancellation of nodal errors in calculating BDE are discussed, and the accuracy is compared with other available ab
initio computations and experimental results. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Sensitivity analysis for multiple right censoring processes: Investigating mortality in psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Siannis Fotios
Published: November 2010

In a mortality study in psoriatic arthritis (PsA), censored observations are generated from the fact that patients fail to attend their scheduled appointments at the clinic. As a result, more than one types of right‐censored observations are available. In survival analysis, the treatment of censored observations remains a concern. The assumption of ignorable censoring, although in many cases justified, is an important assumption made often for convenience rather than any other reason. In this paper we discuss a semi–parametric model for the analysis of survival data, where sensitivity analysis on quantities of interest can be performed when small levels of association between the failure and the censoring processes are assumed. Extension of the model allows for the presence of more than one censoring processes, where one may be characterized as ignorable and the other not. This model will be used to analyze the PsA mortality data, where a sensitivity analysis on parameters can be done under the assumption of non‐ignorable censoring. Sensitivity analysis will also be performed in the presence of two censoring processes, one of which will be classified as non‐ignorable. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint modeling of longitudinal data and informative dropout time in the presence of multiple changepoints
Authors: Ghosh Pulak , Ghosh Kaushik , Tiwari Ram C.
Published: November 2010

In longitudinal studies of patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), objectives of interest often include modeling of individual‐level trajectories of HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) as a function of time. Such models can be used to predict the effects of different treatment regimens or to classify subjects into subgroups with similar trajectories. Empirical evidence, however, suggests that individual trajectories often possess multiple points of rapid change, which may vary from subject to subject. Additionally, some individuals may end up dropping out of the study and the tendency to drop out may be related to the level of the biomarker. Modeling of individual viral RNA profiles is challenging in the presence of these changes, and currently available methods do not address all the issues such as multiple changes, informative dropout, clustering, etc. in a single model.

In this article, we propose a new joint model, where a multiple‐changepoint model is proposed for the longitudinal viral RNA response and a proportional hazards model for the time of dropout process. Dirichlet process (DP) priors are used to model the distribution of the individual random effects and error distribution. In addition to robustifying the model against possible misspecifications, the DP leads to a natural clustering of subjects with similar trajectories which can be of importance in itself. Sharing of information among subjects with similar trajectories also results in improved parameter estimation.

A fully Bayesian approach for model fitting and prediction is implemented using MCMC procedures on the ACTG 398 clinical trial data. The proposed model is seen to give rise to improved estimates of individual trajectories when compared with a parametric approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parametric mixture models to evaluate and summarize hazard ratios in the presence of competing risks with time‐dependent hazards and delayed entry
Authors: Lau Bryan , Cole Stephen R. , Gange Stephen J.
Published: November 2010

In the analysis of survival data, there are often competing events that preclude an event of interest from occurring. Regression analysis with competing risks is typically undertaken using a cause‐specific proportional hazards model. However, modern alternative methods exist for the analysis of the subdistribution hazard with a corresponding subdistribution proportional hazards model. In this paper, we introduce a flexible parametric mixture model as a unifying method to obtain estimates of the cause‐specific and subdistribution hazards and hazard‐ratio functions. We describe how these estimates can be summarized over time to give a single number comparable to the hazard ratio that is obtained from a corresponding cause‐specific or subdistribution proportional hazards model. An application to the Women's Interagency HIV Study is provided to investigate injection drug use and the time to either the initiation of effective antiretroviral therapy, or clinical disease progression as a competing event. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method to estimate treatment efficacy among latent subgroups of a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Altstein Lily L. , Li Gang , Elashoff Robert M.
Published: November 2010

Subgroup analysis arises in clinical trials research when we wish to estimate a treatment effect on a specific subgroup of the population distinguished by baseline characteristics. Many trial designs induce latent subgroups such that subgroup membership is observable in one arm of the trial and unidentified in the other. This occurs, for example, in oncology trials when a biopsy or dissection is performed only on subjects randomized to active treatment. We discuss a general framework to estimate a biological treatment effect on the latent subgroup of interest when the survival outcome is right‐censored and can be appropriately modelled as a parametric function of covariate effects. Our framework builds on the application of instrumental variables methods to all‐or‐none treatment noncompliance. We derive a computational method to estimate model parameters via the EM algorithm and provide guidance on its implementation in standard software packages. The research is illustrated through an analysis of a seminal melanoma trial that proposed a new standard of care for the disease and involved a biopsy that is available only on patients in the treatment arm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of socioeconomic globalization on health and aging in highlanders compared to lowlanders in Yunnan, China, and Kochi, Japan
Authors: Okumiya Kiyohito , Ishine Masayuki , Kasahara Yoriko , Wada Taizo , Sakamoto Ryota , Kosaka Yasuyuki , Ishimoto Yasuko , Hirosaki Mayumi , Kimura Yumi , Fujisawa Michiko , Otsuka Kuniaki , Tan Xiaoxia , Zhang Hai , Zhao Haijuan , Er Wu Ni , Yin Shaoting , Matsubayashi Kozo
Published: November 2010

In highland areas worldwide, socioeconomic globalization is progressing urbanization and environmental destruction. Urbanization is caused by socioeconomic globalization of development of transportation, movement or immigration of people, and prevailing market economy. Lifestyle‐related diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, are increasing worldwide with greater longevity and changes in lifestyles. Highland areas may also be affected by globalization and the people living there may be especially vulnerable. Our objective was to disclose the features of lifestyle‐related diseases and the human aging phenomena of highland people affected by their increasingly urbanized lifestyles by undertaking a detailed geriatric assessment. Our assessment included firstly comparing the prevalence of hypertension and neurobehavioral functions in community‐dwelling Tibetan elderly in Shangri‐la, Yunnan, China (altitude 3,300 m) with Thai elderly in the city of Jing Hong, Yunnan, China (altitude 500 m) and Japanese in Tosa, Kochi, Japan (altitude 300 m). Secondly, differences in the prevalence of hypertension, obesity, and neurobehavioral function were analyzed between people in an urban area, Jiang Tang, and rural areas and in association with their economic status in Nish in Shangri‐la. High prevalences of lifestyle‐related diseases such as hypertension and obesity were shown in highlanders, especially those in an urban area. Geriatric functional ability was associated with economic status. Notwithstanding a higher prevalence of physical disorders and lowered functional abilities, a higher quantitative quality of life was found in Shangri‐la than in Tosa. We concluded that highland‐dwelling people were vulnerable and susceptible to lifestyle‐related diseases resulting from socioeconomic globalization.
Reproduction, Familiarity, Love, and Humaneness: How Did Confucius Reveal “Humaneness”?
Authors: Hongxing CHEN
Published: November 2010

This article draws out the subtle connections among the various sorts of categories—“sheng 生 (reproduction),” “qin 亲 (familiarity),” “ai 爱 (love),” and “ren 仁 (humaneness)”—focusing on the following: Confucius found the original significance of “reproduction” to be sympathy between males and females, and upon further study he found it extended to the .affinity of blood relations, namely “familiarity.” From “familiarity” he came to understand “love” that one generates and has for people and things beyond one’s blood relations, in other words, the empathic heart or the feeling of empathy itself. From here he anticipated rende 仁德 (the humane and virtuous) level of “fan’ai zhong 泛爱众 (universal love for all people)” or “fan’ai wanwu 泛爱万物 (universal love for all creatures).” The article further makes the point that in order to meet the conditions for the perfection of “humaneness” which has neither any excesses nor any deficiencies, Confucius ultimately developed a means, that is, “the golden mean,” which indicates that his ancient understanding of life and growth produced in Confucius a profound shift in the focus of human concern from “ming 命 (fate)” to “Dao 道 (the Way).”
The Significance of Xuwu 虚无 (Nothingness) in Chinese Aesthetics
Authors: Minghua FAN
Published: November 2010

Just as nothingness is a fundamental concept in Daoist philosophy, it is also a fundamental concept in Chinese aesthetics, where it has multiple meanings: First, nothingness, as a reaction against unaesthetic psychical activity, is a primary precondition of aesthetic and artistic activity. Second, as the void or intangible “stuff” juxtaposed to “substance,” it is an indispensable compositional property of artworks as well as an essential condition for the manifestation of an artistic form. Finally, as a reaction against the unaesthetic world of daily life—the experiential world—nothingness is the fundamental basis and essential provision for establishing an artistic world.
Use of a “kickstand” modification for external fixation of lower extremity fractures in children
Authors: Sawyer Jeffrey R. , Kelly Derek M. , Rhodes Leslie N. , Beaty James H. , Terry Canale S. , Warner William C.
Published: November 2010

Purpose

To evaluate and describe the kickstand modification and its use in children with lower extremity fractures.

Methods

Retrospective review identified eight children in whom the kickstand technique was used during treatment of their lower extremity fractures. The seven boys and one girl had a mean age of 11.8 years. All fractures were caused by high-energy trauma. Five of the eight tibial fractures were open fractures (one type 1, one type 2, and three type 3B), and five of the eight patients had multiple extremity fractures.

Results

Additional procedures were required in six of the eight children, four of whom had multiple lower extremity fractures. No additional pressure-relieving modalities were used in any patient. The kickstand did not affect the fracture reduction, prevent patient mobilization, or require operative adjustment in any patient, and none had any skin pressure-related complications on the heel of the affected extremity.

Conclusion

In pediatric patients with lower extremity trauma, the addition of a kickstand to the external fixator provides a simple, inexpensive, lightweight, adjustable, and adaptable method for encouraging elevation of the injured extremity, which facilitates edema control; it also allows easy neurovascular monitoring and wound care.
Common inventory modeling assumptions that fall short: Arborescent networks, Poisson demand, and single‐echelon approximations
Authors: Cattani Kyle D. , Jacobs F. Robert , Schoenfelder Jan
Published: November 2010

Traditional multi‐echelon inventory theory focuses on arborescent supply chains that use a central warehouse which replenishes remote warehouses. The remote warehouses serve customers in their respective regions. Common assumptions in the academic literature include use of the Poisson demand process and instantaneous unit‐by‐unit replenishment. In the practitioner literature, single‐echelon approximations are advised for setting safety stock to deal with lead time, demand, and supply variations in these settings. Using data from a U.S. supplier of home improvement products, we find that neither the assumptions from the academic literature nor the approximations from the practitioner literature necessarily work well in practice.

In a variation of the strictly arborescent supply chain, the central warehouse at our real company not only replenishes other warehouses but also meets demand from customers in the region near the central warehouse. In this paper, we study this dual‐role central warehouse structure, which we believe is common in practice. Using high and low volume product demand data from this company, we use Monte Carlo simulations to study the impact of (1) the use of a dual‐role centralized warehouse, (2) common demand assumptions made in multi‐echelon research, and (3) single‐echelon approximations for managing a multi‐echelon supply chain. We explore each of these under both centralized and decentralized control logic. We find that the common assumptions of theoretical models impede their usefulness and that heuristics that ignore the actual supply chain structure fail to account for additional opportunities to utilize safety stock more effectively. Researchers should be aware of the gap between standard assumptions in traditional literature and actual practice, and critically evaluate their assumptions to find a reasonable balance between tractability and relevance.
The estrogen receptor alpha‐derived peptide ERα17p (P295‐T311) exerts pro‐apoptotic actions in breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, independently from their ERα status
Authors: Pelekanou Vassiliki , Kampa Marilena , Gallo Dominique , Notas George , Troullinaki Maria , Duvillier Hugues , Jacquot Yves , Stathopoulos Efstathios N. , Castanas Elias , Leclercq Guy
Published: November 2010

In recent years, our knowledge on estrogen receptors (ER) has been modified profoundly with the identification and the deciphering of the role of its protein effectors, as well as with the deeper insight of its molecular structure/function dynamics, characteristics associated with its nucleo‐cytoplasmic‐membrane shuttling properties. Also, significant progress has been made concerning its turn‐over and associated final proteasomal degradation processes. These advances could lead in the near future to the design and the synthesis of novel receptor‐interacting drugs. Recently, a number of receptor‐related peptides acting as specific ER ligands have been identified and extensively studied with respect to their estrogenic/antiestrogenic activities. Among them, ERα17p, a synthetic analog of the P295‐T311 sequence of ERα, has been shown to exert pseudo‐estrogenic effects by interacting in the close vicinity of its hinge region (BF3 domain). Remarkably, this sequence appears as the epicenter of a number of post‐transcriptional modifications as well as of the recruitment of co‐regulators, suggesting that it would play a key role in ERα functions. Here, we provide evidence that ERα17p induces apoptosis in ERα‐positive (MCF‐7, T47D) and ‐negative (MDA‐MB‐231, SK‐BR‐3) breast cancer cells by an ERα‐independent membrane mechanism, triggering major pro‐apoptotic signaling cascades. Finally, ERα17p induces the regression of breast ERα‐negative cancer tumor xenografts, without apparent toxicity, suggesting that it could represent a new attractive tool for the development of future promising therapeutic approaches, and providing a novel insight to ER regulation of cell fate.
Young coconut juice, a potential therapeutic agent that could significantly reduce some pathologies associated with Alzheimer's disease: novel findings
Authors: Radenahmad Nisaudah , Saleh Farid , Sawangjaroen Kitja , Vongvatcharanon Uraporn , Subhadhirasakul Patchara , Rundorn Wilart , Withyachumnarnkul Boonsirm , Connor James R.
Published: November 2010

Brains from ovariectomised (ovx) rats can display features similar to those observed in menopausal women with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and oestrogen seems to play a key role. Preliminary studies on young coconut juice (YCJ) have reported the presence of oestrogen-like components in it. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of YCJ on the AD pathological changes in the brains of ovx rats. Rat groups included sham-operated, ovx, ovx+oestradiol benzoate (EB) and ovx+YCJ. Brain sections (4 μm) were taken and were immunostained with β-amyloid (Aβ) 1–42, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (an intermediate neurofilament of astrocytes) and Tau-1 antibodies. Aβ 1–42, GFAP and Tau-1 are considered as reliable biomarkers of amyloidosis, astrogliosis and tauopathy (neurofibrillary tangles), respectively, which in turn are characteristic features associated with AD. The serum oestradiol (E2) level was measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay technique. YCJ restored the serum E2 to levels significantly (P < 0·001) higher than that of the ovx group, and even that of the sham group. Aβ deposition was significantly (P < 0·0001) reduced in the cerebral cortex of the YCJ group, as compared with the ovx group and with the sham and ovx+EB groups (P < 0·01). A similar trend was observed in relation to GFAP expression in the cerebral cortex and to Tau-1 expression in the hippocampus. This is a novel study demonstrating that YCJ could have positive future implications in the prevention and treatment of AD in menopausal women.
Influence of a fat overload on lipogenic regulators in metabolic syndrome patients
Authors: Dolores Mayas Maria , Isabel Queipo-Ortuño Maria , Clemente-Postigo Mercedes , Macias Manuel , El Bekay Rajaa , Tinahones Francisco Jose , Cardona Fernando
Published: November 2010

Several epidemiological studies have related an increase of lipids in the postprandial state to an individual risk for the development of CVD, possibly due to the increased plasma levels of TAG and fatty acids (FA) through enzymes of FA metabolism. The interaction between nutrition and the human genome determines gene expression and metabolic response. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of a fat overload on the gene mRNA levels of lipogenic regulators in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with the metabolic syndrome. The study included twenty-one patients with criteria for the metabolic syndrome who underwent a fat overload. Measurements were made before and after the fat overload of anthropometric and biochemical variables and also the gene mRNA levels of lipogenic factors. The main results were that the fat overload led to an increased mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP1), retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) and liver X receptor α (LXRα) in PBMC, and this increase was associated with the FA synthase (FASN) mRNA levels. We also found that TAG levels correlated with FASN mRNA levels. In addition, there was a positive correlation of SREBP1 with RXRα and of LXRα with the plasma lipoperoxide concentration. The fat overload led to an increase in regulators of lipogenesis in PBMC from patients with the metabolic syndrome.
Controlling the dual cascade of two-dimensional turbulence
Authors: FARAZMAND M. M. , KEVLAHAN N. K.-R. , PROTAS B.
Published: November 2010

The Kraichnan–Leith–Batchelor (KLB) theory of statistically stationary forced homogeneous isotropic two-dimensional turbulence predicts the existence of two inertial ranges: an energy inertial range with an energy spectrum scaling ofk−5/3, and an enstrophy inertial range with an energy spectrum scaling ofk−3. However, unlike the analogous Kolmogorov theory for three-dimensional turbulence, the scaling of the enstrophy range in the two-dimensional turbulence seems to be Reynolds-number-dependent: numerical simulations have shown that as Reynolds number tends to infinity, the enstrophy range of the energy spectrum converges to the KLB prediction, i.e.E~k−3. The present paper uses a novel optimal control approach to find a forcing that does produce the KLB scaling of the energy spectrum in a moderate Reynolds number flow. We show that the time–space structure of the forcing can significantly alter the scaling of the energy spectrum over inertial ranges. A careful analysis of the optimal forcing suggests that it is unlikely to be realized in nature, or by a simple numerical model.
A numerical investigation of the propulsion of water walkers
Authors: GAO PENG , FENG JAMES J.
Published: November 2010

This paper presents a finite-element simulation of the interfacial flow during propulsion of water walkers such as fishing spiders and water striders. The unsteady stroke of the driving leg is represented by a two-dimensional cylinder moving on a specified trajectory. The interface and the moving contact lines are handled by a diffuse-interface model. We explore the mechanism of thrust generation in terms of the interfacial morphology and flow structures. Results show that the most important component of the thrust is the curvature force related to the deformation of the menisci and the asymmetry of the dimple. For water walkers with thick legs, the pressure force due to the inertia of the water being displaced by the leg is also important. The viscous force is negligible. An extensive parametric study is performed on the effect of leg velocity, stroke depth, leg diameter and surface wettability. The propulsive force is insensitive to the contact angle on the leg. However, the hydrophobicity of the leg helps it detach from the surface during the recovery stroke and thus decreases the resistance. It is also important for averting or delaying penetration of the interface at large rowing velocity and depth. In two dimensions, surface waves are more efficient than vortices in transferring the momentum imparted by the leg to the water.
Helminth infections of wild boars (Sus scrofa) in the Bursa province of Turkey
Authors: Senlik B. , Cirak V.Y. , Girisgin O. , Akyol C.V.
Published: November 2010

The present study aimed to investigate the status of helminth infections in wild boars in the Bursa province of Turkey. For this purpose, during 2007–2008, 27 wild boars were necropsied and examined for helminths. Individual samples of tongue and diaphragm from 27 necropsied wild boars and an additional 22 tongue and diaphragm samples provided by hunters were examined by trichinoscopy and artificial digestion for Trichinella spp. larvae. Twenty animals (74%) were identified as being infected with at least one helminth species. Twelve species of helminths were detected, with the following prevalence rates: Metastrongylus apri (59%), Metastrongylus salmi (52%), Metastrongylus pudendotectus (52%), Dicrocoelium dendriticum (33%), Globocephalus urosubulatus (22%), Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (19%), Gongylonema pulchrum (11%), Physocephalus sexalatus (7%), Trichuris suis (7%), Ascarops strongylina (4%), Hyostrongylus rubidus (4%) and Taenia hydatigena larvae (4%). Generally, lungworms were the predominant helminths. The highest mean abundance was observed for M. pudendotectus, and the lowest was determined for T. hydatigena larvae. Significant differences in the prevalence and intensity were found for D. dendriticum with respect to host age and sex, respectively. The mean intensity of M. pudendotectus was significantly influenced by the sex and age of the wild boars. This study is the first report describing the presence of M. salmi, M. pudendotectus, D. dendriticum,G. urosubulatus, M. hirudinaceus, P. sexalatus, A. strongylina and H. rubidus in wild boars in Turkey. All analysed muscle samples were negative for Trichinella spp. larvae.
CONSTITUTION AND FUNDAMENTAL LAW: THE LESSON OF CLASSICAL ATHENS
Authors: Lewis John David
Published: November 2010

The question of what constitutions should do is deeply connected to what constitutions are. In the American founding conception, a constitution was a fundamental law, hierarchically superior to the decisions of the legislature, and intended to act as a restraint on legislative action. Despite the massive gulf between the ancient Greeks and the Americans, classical Athens offers an important lesson about how the failure to recognize fundamental laws can lead to catastrophic consequences. The evidence suggests that the Athenians understood the need for conceptual, procedural, and institutional distinctions between the fundamental laws and the more specific decrees of the governing institutions. The Athenian and American experiences also suggest that certain philosophical positions conditioned their understanding of their fundamental laws, and guided the practices that followed from that understanding.