bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regression equation for estimation of total humeral length using measurements of its proximal segments among Indian population
Authors: BM Lakshmi Kantha , NS Naveen , Kulkarni Ronpa , V. Veena
Published: November 2019

Background: The aim of the present study was to calculate regression equation for the estimation of total length of the humerus using the measurements of its proximal fragments in Indian population. This equation is essential for forensic investigators for estimating the humeral length and also height of individual using humeral length when fragments ofhumerus are available in forensic investigation. Materials and Methods: In the present study 150 (75 left and 75 right) adult, fully ossified, dry and processed humerii were taken to analyze the morphometric details of the humeral segments which were measured using osteometric board and scale. The distance between three different segments namely, from most proximal point in the head to most distal point of the circumference of the head (segment­1), from most distal point of the circumference of the head to the convergence of two areas of muscle attachment (segment-2), the convergence of two areas of muscle attachment to the deltoid tuberosity (segment-3) and maximum length of humerus were measured to the nearest millimeter. The association between the humeral segments and maximum humeral length was calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and later linear regression was applied considering left and right humerii separately. Results: The regression equation of humerus segments -1, 2 and 3 were MHL­ Maximum humeral length= 175.05 + [3.58(Hl)], MHL = 185.80 + [2.18(H2)], MHL = 161.44 + [2.18(H3)] on left and MHL = 171.91 + [3.74(Hl)], MHL = 195.54 + [1.95(H2)], MHL = 229.03 + [1.24(H3)] on right side of humerus respectively. This regression equation of Mean total length of humerus using its proximal fragmentary bone length will help for the stature estimation of individual Conclusion: This study helps in forensic, anatomic and archeological fields in order to identify human remains of unknown persons.
An age related study of morphology of human uterus
Authors: Dutta Malamoni , Bayan H
Published: November 2019

Background and aims: The uterus is subjected to a wide range of normal variation in both its anatomy and physiology e.g. the changes of childhood to puberty and into the reproductive years, the variations of menstrual cycle, the changes consequent to pregnancy and parturition and fmally regression associated with menopause and postmenopausal years. It is a very important organ of female reproductive system and is subjected to investigation for size, shape and position in cases of infertility. The study of normal morphological architecture is of prime importance to have the basic knowledge of the various pathological entities. Materials and methods : 30 samples each from reproductive and postmenopausal women were collected from fresh unembalmed human cadavers. Biometrical values of the two different groups were recorded and statistically analyzed for Mean. The 'z' test was employed to find out the significant difference between mean values of length, breadth, thickness and weight. Results: The Length, Breadth , Thickness and weight of uterus in Reproductive age group and Post - menopausal age group differ significantly. The length, breadth, thickness and weight ranged from 6.2-9.0 em, 4.9-6.1 em, 2-3.5 em, 35.4-73 gm respectively in reproductive age group. In the postmenopausal group the length, breadth, thickness and weight ranged from 3.8-6.5 em, 1.8-5.0 em, 1-2.3 em, 18-40.0 gm respectively. Conclusion: A clear conception of the age related morphological changes ofuterus is a prerequisite for the radiologists for pelvic imaging and for clinicians for diagnosis and management of various diseases like benign and malignant neoplasms and infertility.
Questionnaire based study showing role of anatomy in post-graduate courses in clinical subjects
Authors: Lalit Monika , Azad Harbans S , Piplani Sanjay
Published: November 2019

Background and aims : Clinical skills are built upon the anatomical knowledge, the study of which must not be reduced to a level where it becomes detrimental to the care of patients. The drastic curtailment of period in basic teaching of anatomy in the curriculum of undergraduate medical students from one and a half year to one year, non availability of cadavers and decline in faculty have further reduced the general level of its applied aspect. This situation illustrates the need for organized teaching of clinically relevant Anatomy as part of post-graduate curriculum. The aim of the present study is to assess and evaluate the group's perception towards organized teaching of clinically relevant Anatomy as part of clinicaVsurgical subjects. Materials and methods : Three groups were made which reflect their perception in the form of questionnaire responses towards organized teaching of clinically relevant anatomy as a part of clinicaVsurgical subjects. The questionnaire were framed to assess whether these visits were of any help in betterment of their understanding of clinical subjects. Results : Based on groups perception in the form of questionnaire responses the results were observed, recorded and tabulated. Before viewing the sections of regional anatomy 63.3% (19) of group I and 80% (72) of group II and in group ill 86.7% (26) were in favour of having the moderate knowledge of the structures while attending the operation. After viewing the specimens out of 150 participants 86.7% rated this method of great help. 70% (105) were in view that the knowledge of normal histology also helps in understanding the subject of pathology. 91.3% (137) commented that of all the basic sciences, Anatomy is the most clinically relevant and should be revised thoroughly during post graduation courses. Conclusion: Anatomy forms back-bone of all specialties, without which foundation of clinical specialties could not be strengthened. Thus anatomy as it applies to all aspects of surgery and other clinical subjects should be revised thoroughly during their post-graduation.
Writer's bump - a case report
Authors: Srinivasan Padmasini , Chakravarthy J Pranu
Published: November 2019

A callus is a localized thickened part of skin occurring in regions of pressure like bands and feet. The following case report describes a case of callosity of right middle finger near the distal interphalangeal joint on the lateral aspect persisting from six years of age due to writing. This condition is otherwise called as a writer's bump. Callosities are acquired, superficial, circumscribed yellow white flat thickened patches of hyper keratotic material. They occur in areas of skin exposed to rubbing and pressure. In this case it is due to pencil holding. Paring of the lesion may be done by a fully trained chiropodist. Laser treatment is also given nowadays. Callosities are commonly found in bands and feet in areas exposed to frictional forces. They may have a genetic basis too. In this case it is inherited as autosomal dominant trait from the father.
Morphometric study of renal artery and its variations in level of origin
Authors: Sankaran P K , Karthikeyan G , Kumaresan M
Published: November 2019

Background : Knowledge of morphometry and variations of renal artery is of utmost surgical importance. Forcible retraction of vascular pedicle can cause rupture of blood vessel and can lead to fatal hemorrhage. So, the exact measurement of renal artery and its variation in level of origin is important for renal transplantation surgeries, stent surgeries and in cases of renal vascular hypertension. Aim: To determine the length and diameter of main renal artery and to find out the variation in the level of origin. Materials and Methods: In tbis study, CT images of kidneys of 100 males of above 20 years of age were collected from scan center in Chennai. The length of renal artery was measured from the level of origin to the hilum and diameter was measured near the ostium and hilum of kidney. Also the variation in the level of origin of renal artery was observed. Measurements were compared between right and left side. Results: Mean length of main right renal artery was 3.73 ± 1.28cms and diameter near ostium and hilum was 0.63 ± 0.12cm and 0.55 ± 0.12cm respectively. Mean length of main left renal artery was 2.84 ± 1.18cm and diameter near ostium and hilum was 0.65 ± 0.98cm and 0.54 ± 0.11cm respectively. Majority of renal arteries arise at the level of Ll on both side. Conclusion: The most common level of origin of renal artery is at the level of L1 vertebra on both sides. The average length of right renal artery is greater than left renal artery and the diameter of left renal artery is greater than right renal artery.
Multiple abnormalities in a foetus: a possibility of multifactorial inheritance disorder
Authors: Sinha D N
Published: November 2019

A female foetus of 3.23 kg was delivered by a primigravida of 23 years, after scanning by ultrasound, depicting findings of oligohydramnios and congenital abnormalities. The foetus showed bilateral polydactyly (six digits) in both upper and lower limbs, polycystic enlarged bilateral kidneys, anencephaly, hypoplastic lung, small heart, deformed liver etc. The deformed foetus appeared to be the product of multifactorial inheritance disorders in sequential manner where survival of the foetus could not be possible beyond a period.
Retroversion angle of the glenoid cavity in South Indian population
Authors: SV Uma , N. Balasubramanyam
Published: November 2019

Background and aims: Glenoid version angle is tilt of glenoid cavity in relation to the plane of scapula, it is recorded as anteversion if glenoid is open anteriorly, and retroversion if it faces posteriorly. The tilting angle of the glenoid cavity bas a role in shoulder stability. In end-stage glenohumeral arthritis, wear is usually greater in the posterior half of the glenoid articular surface effectively increasing glenoid retroversion (RV). Aligning the glenoid prosthesis to the face of retroverted glenoid increases the risk for glenoid implant loosening. As Indian literature for retroversion is limited, this study was undertaken. The aim was to estimate and compare the version angle of the glenoid cavity of right (Rt) and left (Lt) dry scapulae. Materials and Methods: Superior view of 200 dry scapulae (100 right and 100 left) were photographed using a digital camera. The images were transferred to Microsoft power point R 2007 software and using Image J software glenoid version angle were measured. Results were analysed using SPSS 16. Independent sample t test was used to compare right and left sides. Results: Ninety eight of hundred Lt glenoid were retroverted with a mean angle -5.02 ± 2.07°, two were anteverted with mean value+1.65°. All the I 00 Rt glenoid were retroverted with mean of -6.90 ± 3.48°. There is significant difference in the angle of glenoid version of left and right glenoid cavity with p value <0.01. Conclusion : Proper implant positioning is key issue in shoulder arthroplasty for efficient postoperative function and long-term survival of the implant. Hence preoperative assessment of glenoid version is essential.
Norms for size and closure time of anterior fontanelle: a study on babies in Nagpur region
Authors: Tirpude Amit , Fulpatil M P , Kole Swapan
Published: November 2019

Background and aims : Anterior fontanelle development in children is affected by several factors ranging from physical to geographical. While the impact of factors such as gestational age (GA) and gender are clearly established, the influences of region and ethnicity vary in the published literature. The objectives of the study were: 1. To measure the anterior fontanelle size (AFS) and closure time of babies aging from newborn to two years of age in respect to its gender and term status in Nagpur babies. 2. To evaluate the relationship of our fmdings with growth parameters. Methods : Measurements were done on 808 babies according to Popich and Smith method. Measurements on newborn were done after 48 hours of birth. Z-test of significance and Pearson's correlation coefficient are used for analysis. Results : Mean AFS ranged from 4.95±2.15 to 0.94±0.05 cms in preterm babies and 4.24±2.21 to 1.32±0.21 cms in full term babies. Mean AFS ranging from 4.48±2.26 to 1.31±0.22 and 4.02±2.20 to 1.24±0.13 cms were observed in male and female babies respectively. Study revealed no significant difference in AFS between full term and preterm & male and female babies. Around 20% fontanels are closed around sixth month. Less than 1% fontanels were open around 22-24 months. No significant difference in closure time was found. AF size had significant correlation with growth parameters of full term babies (weight r = - 0.37, p = 0.00) (head circumference r = - 0.30, p = 0.00) (crown heel length r = - 0.39, p = 0.00). AF closure time showed a significant relationship with growth parameters (weight r = 0.77, p = 0.00) (head circumference r = 0.72, p = 0.00) (crown heel length r = 0.85, p = 0.00). Conclusion : AF sizes obtained in this study are recommended for use as local values for reference in assessing term and preterm babies born in Nagpur.
A study on maxillary sinus dimensions by computed tomography in population of Tamil Nadu
Authors: Muthukumaravel N , Manjunath K.Y
Published: November 2019

Background and aims: Maxillary sinuses are the largest of the paranasal sinuses known for variability in their dimensions. The maxillary sinus dimensions can be better ascertained in living by using computed tomography instead of plain radiography. This study was planned for highlighting the variations in the dimensions of the maxillary sinuses of population of Tamil Nadu region. The aims of the present study were to estimate dimensions of the maxillary sinuses on computed tomographic (CT) scan of the head of patients from Tamil Nadu and to compare the data gender wise and sidewise. Material and methods: Maximum width, height and depth of maxillary sinus of both sides were measured in CT - head images of 100 males and 100 females of 20-50 years of age in Tamil Nadu.
Comparison of data between genders and sides by applying unpaired student "t" test was done. Results : The mean depth, height and width of both right and left maxillary sinuses were comparatively less in females than the males and the difference was found to be statistically significant ( P <.0001). On comparison between the sides of maxillary sinuses, the depth and the height of maxillary sinus did not show any significant difference in the measurements (p >.05), whereas the width of the left side (23.96 mm) was higher than that of the right side (23.69) and the difference was found to be statistically significant (P<.05). The combined average maxillary sinus dimensions (in mm) for both genders in the study population of Tamil Nadu are as follows: Right side depth: 33.71 ± 1.00; Left side depth : 33.65 ± 1.22; Right side height: 34.66 ± 2.71; Left side height: 34.74± 2.48; Right side width: 23.69 ± 0.78 and Left side width: 23.96 ± 0.86. Conclusion: The dimensions of maxillary sinuses in males were found to be larger than those of females and this difference was statistically significant. The average width of the maxillary sinuses on the left side is significantly more than that of right sided sinuses. Computed tomography measurements of maxillary sinuses may be useful in gender determination.
Histogenesis of gastric mucosa in human fetal stomach
Authors: Roy Nivedita , Roy Sagnik
Published: November 2019

Background and aims: Human fetal stomach starts developing at 4th week of gestational age. The precise knowledge of development of gastric mucosa is important for better understanding, diagnosis and treatment of different clinical conditions like Intestinal metaplasia, pernicious anaemia, heterotopic pancreatic tissue, atrophic gastritis etc. All these conditions are related to anomalous histogenesis of stomach. The aim of the study was to find out development of lining epithelium, gastric pits and glands and their ratio, time of appearance of different gastric mucosal cells in different weeks of gestation. Materials and methods: Sixty three normal fresh aborted fetuses were collected from obstetrics and gynaecology department of Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal. The fetuses were dissected and stomach was gently taken out, fixed in
10% normal saline and Bouin's fluid followed by processing of the tissue. Staining was done with Haematoxylin and Eosin and Masson's Trichrome. Results: The lining epithelium of stomach was seen to be simple cuboidal at 15 to 16 weeks which changed to columnar at 17th week of age. Gastric pits were seen to be very shallow in fundic part at 15th week and attained adult pattern by 28th week where as in pyloric part pits were deeper than fundic part from 17th week onwards. Parietal cells were frrst appreciated by 19th-20th week, chief cells and mucous neck cell were first seen by 25th-26th and 23rd-24th weeks respectively. Entero­ endocrine cells were seen from 26th week onwards. No funding was suggestive of intestinal metaplasia or heterotopic pancreatic tissue or any other histogenetic anomaly. Conclusion: Very few studies have been conducted so far regarding histogenesis of human fetal stomach in India. The present study is expected to supplement known data and knowledge regarding histogenesis of human fetal stomach and help in diagnosis and treatment of related congenital anomalies.
Magnetic resonance evaluation with staging of biopsy proven cases of cancer cervix and to compare with FIGO staging
Authors: Dutta Parul , Baruah Prabahita , Padmanabhan Aswin , Hazarika Karuna
Published: November 2019

Background : Cervical cancer in India and many other developing countries is a public health concern affecting women of all age groups. The prognosis of cervical cancer is based on the stage, size, and histological grade of the primary tumour and the status of the lymph nodes. Assessment of the stage of disease is important in determining whether the patient may benefit from surgery or will receive radiation therapy. Currently MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) due to its excellent soft-tissue contrast resolution, which exceeds that of CT (Computed Tomography) scanning and ultrasonography, is slowly gaining momentum in pre-treatment evaluation of cancer cervix. Materials and methods: The study was conducted as an analytical study comparing Clinical and MRI staging methods for carcinoma cervix using the same basic staging criteria advised by FIGO (The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics). Total of 48 cases were studied. Results: MRI evaluation of cancer cervix cases with vaginal invasion, parametrial invasion, bowel and bladder invasion etc. were done and compared with histopathological findings. Conclusion: it is recommended that MRI could be included in routine staging of all cases of cancer cervix.
Abnormal formation of medial cord of brachial plexus - a case report
Authors: Baishya Rupak Jyoti , Saikia Rubi , Medhi Shobhana
Published: November 2019

Brachial plexus is the plexus of nerves that supplies the upper limb. The anterior divisions of upper and middle trunks form lateral cord and that of the lower trunk form medial cord. Posterior divisions of all the three trunks form the posterior cord. Here we report a case of unilateral variation in the formation of medial cord of brachial plexus during dissection of a female perinatal cadaver of 34 weeks of gestation which was dissected as a part of Congenital Malformation Survey conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh with necessary ethical clearance. Medial cord was formed by the anterior division of lower trunk and this cord had a communication from the posterior division of middle trunk. It is very important to be aware of the variations of the cords of the brachial plexus during different invasive procedures in that region.
Occipitalization of atlas - a case report
Authors: Barma Saranya Deb , Rabba Gunamani , Talukdar Kunjalal
Published: November 2019

The atlas vertebra articulates with the occipital bone of the skull by a pair of sunovial joints. Occipitalization is a congenital fusion of the atlas to the base of the occiput which reduces the foramen mangnum dimension leading to neurological complications due to compression of spinal cord. Individuals with occipitalization of the atlas may have low hairline, torticollis, restricted neck movement and abnormal short neck. During routine osteology demonstration class for undergraduate students, a total atlanto-occipital fusion was seen. The clinical implications of altanto-occipitalization may be beneficial for neurosurgeons, neurologists, orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists in day-to-day clinical practice.
Unilateral high division of brachial artery
Authors: Sucharitha T. M. , Hema L. , Phanindra S. V.
Published: November 2019

Arterial variations in the arm are of great clinical importance as this area is commonly involved in many surgical and invasive procedures. During dissection, we observed in the right upper limb a variation in the division and branching pattern of brachial artery in a female cadaver. The short segmented brachial artery divided about 6 cms. above the line joining the epicondyles of the humerus, but not in the cubital fossa. The course of the two divisions in the forearm is normal. Knowledge of these variation patterns is useful during surgeries.
Study of prehilar branching pattern of renal artery in human cadaveric kidneys
Authors: Kumar Uday , Prabha Ratna
Published: November 2019

Background and aims: Kidneys are the pair of excretory organs situated retroperitoneally in the lumbar region on either side of vertebral column. Classically there is a single renal artery supplying each kidney which arises from abdominal aorta. Understanding the anatomy of vascular pattern of kidney is important for clinicians to perform renal transplantation, interventional radiological stodies. The present stody was undertaken for studying the prehilar vascular pattern of renal artery. Material and methods: Kidneys were collected from the department of Anatomy, Navodaya Medical College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka. Totally 84 kidneys were collected, the kidney containing full renal arteries from aorta were selected. The abnormal shaped kidneys were excluded from the stody. The blunt dissection was done to remove fat, loose connective tissue at the hilum and the artery was coloured with fabric red colour and photographed. Results: Out of 84 kidneys, single renal artery was seen in 72 cases and 12 kidney specimens showed double renal arteries. The single renal artery divided into anterior and posterior divisions. The anterior division was classified into three types of which, type I showed 43.06% incidence, type II showed 33.33% and type III showed 23.61% incidence. The posterior division was classified into two types of which type I showed 69.44% and type II showed 30.56%. Superior polar arteries were seen in 13.09% and inferior polar artery was seen in 5.95% cases. Conclusion : A sound knowledge of branching pattern of renal artery is important for urologists and radiologists for giving proper diagnosis and treatment. The present study mainly aims for prehilar vascular pattern of renal artery which may be usefull for renal transplantation and microvascular surgeries of kidneys.
1.1.2 Palladium/Copper and Palladium/Nickel Dual Catalysis
Authors: Riant O. , Rout S. K.
Published: November 2019

Recent years have witnessed significant advances in molecular synthesis through rationally designed dual catalysis. Major achievements in dual catalysis have been accomplished with the aid of highly chemoselective palladium/copper and palladium/nickel catalyst systems. These examples have showcased the full compatibility of transition-metal catalysts with one another. To date, numerous examples of palladium/copper or palladium/nickel catalysis have been successfully performed, demonstrating the achievement of chemical syntheses via greener processes with alternative energy sources.
1.1.3 Rhodium/Palladium Dual Catalysis
Authors: Kim U B. , Lee S.-g.
Published: November 2019

This chapter reviews the development and applications of rhodium/palladium dual catalysis in organic synthesis. Dual catalysis can be broadly classified into two types: (1) Synergistic dual catalysis, where two independent rhodium and palladium catalytic cycles operate simultaneously to activate two different starting materials with balanced kinetics to afford two catalytically activated intermediates. These activated intermediates react with each other to afford the final product. (2) Orthogonal tandem dual catalysis, where two catalytic cycles operate in a sequential manner, one after the other, to promote two or more mechanistically distinct reaction steps in a single pot to furnish the product. The first part of the chapter covers synergistic rhodium/palladium dual catalysis, detailing examples that feature a direct reaction between rhodium-activated intermediates and orthogonal, palladium-activated intermediates. The second part of the chapter describes one-pot reactions that utilize initial rhodium catalysis and sequential palladium catalysis. A single example where initial palladium catalysis is followed by subsequent rhodium catalysis is also presented.
1.1.4 Iridium/Zinc and Iridium/Copper Dual Catalysis
Authors: Huo X. , He R. , Zhang W.
Published: November 2019

Synergistic bimetallic catalysis is gaining increasing attention due to its advantages over traditional catalytic methodologies. These advantages include double activation, accurate control of reaction sites, double stereochemical control, and potential in stereodivergent synthesis. This review documents advances in the field and provides an up-to-date overview of recent developments in the use of iridium/zinc and iridium/copper catalyst systems.
1.1.5 Gold/Iron Dual Catalysis
Authors: Shi X. , Wang J.
Published: November 2019

Dual gold/iron catalysis has emerged in the past decade as a fast, efficient and economical method to access molecular complexity. Preliminary results are reviewed herein.
1.1.6 Gold Dual Catalysis with Palladium, Nickel, or Rhodium
Authors: Patil N. T. , Tathe A. G. , Bhoyare V. W.
Published: November 2019

The unique intermediates accessible by exploiting the soft π-acid character of gold catalysts, make them an attractive option for dual metal catalysis reactions. Together with palladium, nickel, or rhodium, each having their own distinct character, dual catalysis with gold offers exclusive opportunities for reactivity and selectivity in installing carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom linkages. For instance, gold dual catalysis with palladium can be an advanced tool for cross-coupling reactions. On the other hand, unlike palladium, nickel is more readily susceptible to single-electron redox processes and hence can offer reactivity both parallel to and different from that of palladium. Another potential candidate, rhodium, is considered for dual catalysis with gold because it showcases unique reactivity such as C–H activation/transmetalation and conjugate addition. When compared to using single-metal catalyst systems, such dual-metal associations result in efficient one-pot approaches to highly regio- and stereoselective syntheses of molecules via cross couplings, cycloadditions, or rearrangements.
1.1.7 Gold/Gold Dual Catalysis
Authors: Hashmi A. S. K.
Published: November 2019

This chapter summarizes the reactions that have been reported that are based on dual gold catalysis. The chemistry typically involves diyne substrates, and leads to a broad range of carbo- and heterocycles. The literature up to 2019 is covered.
1.2.1 General Principles of Transition-Metal/Photocatalyst Dual Catalysis
Authors: Tellis J. C.
Published: November 2019

The combination of transition-metal catalysis and visible-light photocatalysis offers opportunities for the development of unique new forms of reactivity. Presented in this chapter is an overview of the various strategies that can be used to design these dual catalytic transformations. Emphasis is placed on understanding the specific role that a photocatalyst can play in augmenting the reactivity of a substrate or cocatalyst to achieve otherwise challenging transformations.
1.2.2 Nickel/Photocatalyst Dual Catalysis
Authors: Primer D. N. , Molander G. A.
Published: November 2019

This chapter outlines the broad scope of photoredox/nickel dual catalysis. Among the newer approaches to organic synthesis that engender the concept of dual catalysis, photoredox/nickel dual-catalytic cross-coupling reactions comprise one of the most rapidly developing and powerful tactics. Taken as a whole, these transformations enable novel carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond constructions that were previously challenging, if not impossible, to carry out. Most remarkably, these processes are most often carried out under near-neutral reaction conditions at ambient temperatures, with the energy to drive the reactions being provided solely by visible-light sources, thus enabling the incorporation of a broad range of diverse functional groups. As described, the development of these processes therefore provides one means to address the longstanding challenge of late-stage assembly of highly functionalized molecules via cross-coupling strategies.
1.2.3 Palladium/Photocatalyst Dual Catalysis
Authors: Muralirajan K. , Rueping M.
Published: November 2019

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are of great importance in chemistry. Merging palladium catalysis with photoredox catalysis has recently led to promising improvements, and typical problems associated with the use of stoichiometric oxidants, higher temperature, and harsh reaction conditions could be addressed. This chapter outlines recent developments in palladium/photoredox dual catalyzed C–C and C–N bond-formation reactions using visible-light irradiation.
1.2.4 Gold/Photocatalyst Dual Catalysis
Authors: Barriault L. , Zidan M. , Rohe S.
Published: November 2019

The use of gold catalysts in classical two-electron cross-couplings is notoriously impractical due to the high oxidation potential of gold(I)/gold(III) [e.g., E0 (AuI/AuIII) = +1.36 V]. However, when used in tandem with photocatalysts, the gold center can be oxidized one electron at a time, making cross-coupling style reactions with gold more viable. The gold(III) intermediate also has the potential to act as a Lewis acid prior to its reductive elimination step, which has spurred development of multi-bond-forming dual catalytic transformations. This dual-catalytic strategy is also applied in reactions with gold as a photocatalyst in conjunction with an organocatalyst to effectuate traditionally challenging cross couplings.
Risk assessment for wildland fire aerial detection patrol route planning in Ontario, Canada
Authors: McFayden Colin B. , Woolford Douglas G. , Stacey Aaron , Boychuk Den , Johnston Joshua M. , Wheatley Melanie J. , Martell David L.
Published: December 2019

This study presents a model developed using a risk-based framework that is calibrated by experts, and provides a spatially explicit measure of need for aerial detection daily in Ontario, Canada. This framework accounts for potential fire occurrence, behaviour and impact as well as the likelihood of detection by the public. A three-step assessment process of risk, opportunity and tolerance is employed, and the results represent the risk of not searching a specified area for the detection of wildland fires. Subjective assessment of the relative importance of these factors was elicited from Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry experts to develop an index that captures their behaviour when they plan aerial detection patrol routes. The model is implemented to automatically produce a province-wide, fine-scale risk index map each day. A retrospective analysis found a statistically significant association between points that aerial detection patrols passed over and their aerial detection demand index values: detection patrols were more likely to pass over areas where the index was higher.
Engineering geometrical 3-dimensional untethered in vitro neural tissue mimic
Authors: Pagan-Diaz Gelson J. , Ramos-Cruz Karla P. , Sam Richard , Kandel Mikhail E. , Aydin Onur , Saif M. Taher A. , Popescu Gabriel , Bashir Rashid
Published: December 2019

Significance

Forward design of tissue-like structures is very important for biomedical and engineering applications. We developed a methodology for designing 3-dimensional (3D) neural tissue mimics that can be formed into desired shapes and sizes, while maintaining their electrical functionality, and can be physically transferred to different platforms. These biofabricated neural constructs could facilitate assembling biological machines, advance methods for assessment of neural functionality in vitro, and support the development of improved models for disease studies.
Dielectric or plasmonic Mie object at air–liquid interface: The transferred and the traveling momenta of photon*
Authors: Mahdy M R C , Rivy Hamim Mahmud , Jony Ziaur Rahman , Alam Nabila Binte , Masud Nabila , Quaderi Golam Dastegir Al , Moosa Ibraheem Muhammad , Rahman Chowdhury Mofizur , Sohel Rahman M
Published: December 2019

Considering the inhomogeneous or heterogeneous background, we have demonstrated that if the background and the half-immersed object are both non-absorbing, the transferred photon momentum to the pulled object can be considered as the one of Minkowski exactly at the interface. In contrast, the presence of loss inside matter, either in the half-immersed object or in the background, causes optical pushing of the object. Our analysis suggests that for half-immersed plasmonic or lossy dielectric, the transferred momentum of photon can mathematically be modeled as the type of Minkowski and also of Abraham. However, according to a final critical analysis, the idea of Abraham momentum transfer has been rejected. Hence, an obvious question arises: whence the Abraham momentum? It is demonstrated that though the transferred momentum to a half-immersed Mie object (lossy or lossless) can better be considered as the Minkowski momentum, Lorentz force analysis suggests that the momentum of a photon traveling through the continuous background, however, can be modeled as the type of Abraham. Finally, as an interesting sidewalk, a machine learning based system has been developed to predict the time-averaged force within a very short time avoiding time-consuming full wave simulation.
Cyclotron dynamics of neutral atoms in optical lattices with additional magnetic field and harmonic trap potential*
Authors: Zhang Ai-Xia , Zhang Ying , Jiang Yan-Fang , Yu Zi-Fa , Cai Li-Xia , Xue Ju-Kui
Published: December 2019

We analytically and numerically discuss the stability and dynamics of neutral atoms in a two-dimensional optical lattice subjected to an additional harmonic trap potential and artificial magnetic field. The harmonic trap potential plays a key role in modifying the equilibrium state properties of the system and stabilizing the cyclotron orbits of the condensate. Meanwhile, the presence of the harmonic trap potential and lattice potential results in rich cyclotron dynamics of the condensate. The coupling effects of lattice potential, artificial magnetic field, and harmonic trap potential lead to single periodic, multi-periodic or quasi-periodic cyclotron orbits of the condensate. So we can control the cyclotron dynamics of neutral atoms in optical lattice by manipulating the strength of harmonic confinement, artificial magnetic field, and initial conditions. Our results provide a direct theoretical evidence for the cyclotron dynamics of neutral atoms in optical lattices exposed to the artificial gauge magnetic field and harmonic trap potential.
The present status of fixed lift net fishing in Banten Bay Indonesia
Authors: Susanto A , Nurdin H S
Published: December 2019

Banten Bay is the main fishing ground for small scale fishing activity in Banten Province. The fishers use several fishing gears, such as gillnet, trap, hook and line, danish seine, and lift net. However, a lift net fishery has a significant contribution to fish production in Archipelagic Fishing Port of Karangantu, Serang City. The purpose of this study is to analyze the status of fixed lift net fishing in Banten Bay. The research was conducted on Mei to July 2019 through survey and field observation. There are more than 150 units of fixed lift net operated in Banten Bay, that have landing place in Karangantu and Panjang Island. The rectangle lift nets (10Wx10L m2) are fixed at six to ten-meter depth. The fishers used four to six pressure kerosene lamps as a light source before 2010. However, since 2010 the fishers changed the lamp to the electrical light source due to high price, and limited availability of kerosene. In peak season, the lift nets have high productivity (500-1000 kg/trip). The productivity was decreased in the low season (< 100 kg/trip). The main target species in fixed lift net fishing are anchovies and squids with a potential margin more than IDR 60 million per year.
Empowerment of farmers in increasing production of environmentally friendly soybean plants: case study in Pandeglang regency Indonesia
Authors: Mulyaningsih A , Sumantri A T
Published: December 2019

Soybean is one of the food commodities needed as a supplement to food nutrition because it is rich in vegetable protein, carbohydrates and fats. This study aims to analyze the empowerment of soybean farmers in Pandeglang Regency. The population in this study were soybean farmers in two sub-districts in Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province, namely Carita and Panimbang Subdistricts, which are centers of soybean plants. The number of samples is 150 farmers, soybean, two sub-districts in Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province. The research activities were carried out for three months (April to June 2019). Data is collected and processed using descriptive statistics and inferencing statistics. Data analysis with Different Mann Withney Test. The results showed that there were significant differences in the empowerment of farmers in the two sub-districts in Pandeglang District, where the empowerment of soybean farmers in Carita District was lower than that of Soybean Farmers in Panimbang District. For this reason, it is necessary to increase the empowerment of soybean farmers in Carita Subdistrict by increasing technical capabilities in managing soybean farming, the ability to overcome problems in soybean farming, to improve soybean farming planning capabilities. In addition, it is also necessary to increase the perception of soybean farmers that soybean commodities are potential commodities to be developed.
Development strategies of agricultural sector toward environmental externalities: case study in East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Wirakusuma G , Irham  , Hartono S , Mulyo J
Published: December 2019

This research was conducted to measure the agricultural sector’s externalities and to generate a model of proper strategies to encourage sustainable economic development through the agricultural sector. This research employed time-series data of 1987-2016 periods at selected province in Indonesia (East Java). Agricultural sector’s externalities were addressed by environmental degradation variables (greenhouse gas emissions) and environmental carrying capacity variable. The 2006 IPCC guidelines for green house gas inventories tier 1 and land balance approach was utilized to calculate those externalities. Furthermore, for generating a model of proper strategies, the second law of thermodynamics was applied through a simultaneous equation model that was analyzed with Two-Stage Least Square method. This research revealed that agricultural income, environmental degradation, and environmental capacity have simultaneously significant interrelationship. Intensifying credit allocation for rural farm household and adding direct investment in the agriculture sector can decrease environmental degradation, escalate environmental carrying capacity, and increase agricultural income.
Response growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus l.) to giving dosage levels of chicken manure and variation of plants spacing
Authors: Kartina A M , Utama P , Dimyati I
Published: December 2019

This research was aimed to the response of dosage of chicken manure and variation of plants spacing on the growth and yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). This research was conducted from December 2018 until March 2019 in the Experimental Garden of Indonesia Vegetables Research Institute, Situ Gadung, Tangerang, Banten. This research used a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with two factors, the first factor was a dosage of chicken manure consisting of three levels P1 (25 ton/ha), P2 (30 ton/ha), and P3 (35 ton/ha) and the second factor was variation of plants spacing consisting of three levels J1 (40 cm x 50 cm), J2 (50 cm x 50 cm), and J3 (60 cm x 50 cm). The results showed that treatment of 35 ton/ha chicken manure (P3) had the best effect at plant height (24.89 cm) and number of leaves (7.59 leaf) on 30 days after planting, number of flowers (10.48 flowers) and number of fruits per plant (10.00 fruits) on 80 days after planting, number of fruits per plot (154.44 fruits) and mass of fruits per plot (4.02 ton/ha) on 90 days after planting, and mass of fruits per plant (4.64 ton/ha) on 100 days after planting. The variation of plants spacing had the best effect to number of fruits per plot (114.67 fruits) on 80 days after planting and mass of fruits per plot (1.9 ton/ha) on 70 days after planting. There was interaction between dosage of chicken manure and variation of plants spacing at number of leaves on 30 days after planting, number of flowers on 70, 80, and 100 days after planting, number of fruits per plant on 50, 70, 80, and 100 days after planting, number of fruits per plot on 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 days after planting.
Water quality at silvoaquaculture pond in indramayu regency
Authors: Muarif  , Wahyudin Y , Merdekawati D
Published: December 2019

Silvoaquaculture is one of environmentally friendly aquaculture, which is integration between fish ponds (brackish water aquaculture) and mangrove tree in the coastal area. In Indramayu Regency, silvo-aquacultures are located in Karangsong, Brondong and Tegur village. Milk fish (Chanos chanos) was cultured at silvo-aquaculture in Indramayu Regency. The objective of this study is to know water quality at silvo-aquaculture ponds in Indramayu Regency. The water quality has been measured includes temperature, salinity, pH, brightness, DO, nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia. The ranges of water quality values at silvo-aquaculture ponds in Indramayu Regency are Brondong Village {temperature (29.8-33.0 °C), salinity (26-30 ppt), pH (7.27-7.80), brightness (26.5-91 cm), DO (3.1-10.7 mgL−1), nitrates (12.5 mgL−1), phosphates (0.03 mgL−1), and ammonia (0.25 mgL−1)}; Karangsong Village {temperature (29.5-31.0 °C), salinity (17-25 ppt), pH (7.29-7.51), brightness (39.5-47 cm), DO (2.2-4.4 mgL−1), nitrates (12.5 mgL−1), phosphates (0.03 mgL−1), and ammonia (0.25 mgL−1)}; and Tegur Village {temperature (30.4-31.8 °C), salinity (15-19 ppt), pH (7.14-8.18), brightness (32.25-48.25 cm), DO (8.8-9.5 mgL−1), nitrates (12.5 mgL−1), phosphates (0.03 mgL−1), and ammonia (0.25 mgL−1)}. Analysis of variance showed temperature, pH, brightness, phosphate, nitrate, and ammonia were not significantly different between locations, but salinity and DO were significantly different between locations. These results indicate all water-quality parameters are suitable for fish culture. The lower salinity presented in Tegur Village was affected by rainy. Interestingly, DO concentrations in the Karangsong silvo-aquaculture pond are lower than optimal value (<5.00 mg/l), but they are still suitable for milkfish life (> 2 mg/l).
Characterization of chemical properties and color of starch from Talas Beneng (Xanthosoma undipesh K. Koch) extraction as a source of indigenous carbohydrate from Pandeglang regency, Banten province
Authors: Nurtiana W , Pamela V Y
Published: December 2019

Indonesian are very dependent on wheat flour, even though wheat are subtropical plant. Therefore, the Indonesian government must import wheat continuously to supply the demand. While there are many potential local carbohydrates sources that have not been utilized such as tubers. One of local carbohydrates source is Talas beneng which only grows in Pandeglang Regency, Banten. This tuber grows wildly and is underutilized because it contains oxalate which causes itching when consumed. Oxalate reducing is done by soaking the taro in 1% NaCl for 60 minutes. To easier application on food products, this tuber can be made as starch. The aim of this study were to choose the best extraction method in producing starch and determine the color and chemical characteristics. The extraction method used was carried out with five attempts and two repetitions, with a ratio of taro and water 1:1, 1:2, 1:3.1:4, and 1:5. The results showed that the ratio that produces the biggest yield is 1:3 with the result 12.67%. Chemical characteristics of talas beneng starch are produce an L value 100, 00, a* 10.92, b* -15.54, and contains moisture 6.21%, ash 0.25%, fat 10.56%, protein 0.66%, starch 82.32%, amylose 28.91%, amylopectin 53.41%, and oxalate reduction 97.4%.
Assessing nutritive value and in vitro ruminal dry matter digestibility of paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L.) at the different cutting heights
Authors: Wang X , Tang C , Lin Y , Ni K , Yang F , Guo L , Liu X , Yang X
Published: December 2019

Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L.) is a type of emerging feed and very popular with its high nutrition and low-cost value. Purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the nutrient contents, amino acids content and in vitro ruminal dry matter digestibility of paper mulberry cut at four different heights (60, 90, 120, and 150 cm). Paper mulberry harvested at 60 and 90 cm increased the content of crude protein water-soluble carbohydrate, calcium and total amino acids (P<0.05). There were 10 of 16 kinds of amino acids at relatively high content at 120 cm (P<0.05) while phosphorus content was the highest (P<0.05). The harvesting height of 150 cm showed higher content of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber than the other treatments (P<0.05). No significant difference appeared in the content of hydrolysable tannins (P>0.05), but the lowest content of condensed tannin was measured at 150 cm (P<0.05). In terms of in vitro ruminal dry matter digestibility, the sample cut at 150 cm was the lowest in all samples (P<0.05). In summary, the recommended choice of harvesting at 90 cm gave the best quality paper mulberry raw material.
Development of soybean production technique by living mulch method with Rhodes grass in southwestern Japan
Authors: Prasojo Y S , Ishigaki G , Fukuyama K , Akashi R
Published: December 2019

Tropical grasses mainly utilized in southwestern Japan exhibited that the dry matter yield is increased as the growth stage. However, the nutritive value, such as crude protein (CP) and non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) decreased strikingly. Therefore, breeding for the new grass or crops with high potential as protein source is an urgent problem. The aim of the study were to investigate the dry matter yield of two soybean cultivars (‘Miyakonojo’ and ‘Williams82’) with Rhodes grass as living mulch plant after 1st cutting and to investigate the nutritive value of the silage. The growth of the Rhodes grass hampered the growth of soybean at the initial and the subsequent growth stages. Hence, the dry matter yield of soybean ranged from 9.8 kg/10a to 26.6 kg/10a, correspond to about 3 to 10% of total dry matter yield. The nutritive value of EE, CA and CP in Rhodes grass with soybean silage higher than those of Rhodes grass silage. These results suggest that the addition of soybean biomass could be useful for increasing the nutrition value of silage. Moreover, it is necessary to choose an appropriate sowing date to increase dry matter yield of soybean biomass in southwestern of Japan.