bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulating Potato Growth and Nitrogen Uptake in Eastern Canada with the STICS Model
Authors: Morissette René , Jégo Guillaume , Bélanger Gilles , Cambouris Athyna N. , Nyiraneza Judith , Zebarth Bernie J.
Published: July 2016

The ability of process‐based soil–crop models to simulate potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield and N uptake for a range of N fertilization under the conditions of eastern Canada has never been tested. Our objectives were (i) to calibrate and evaluate the performance of the STICS model for the Shepody and Russet Burbank cultivars with cultivar‐specific critical N concentration dilution curves, and (ii) to quantify the gain in model performance with cultivar‐specific N concentration curves rather than a generic curve. Data sets including measurements of leaf area index (LAI), total and tuber biomass, and total and tuber N uptake for several N rates (0–280 kg N ha−1) collected at Charlottetown, PE; Fredericton, NB; and Québec, QC, Canada were used. Calibration was done with one data set from Charlottetown for Shepody and one data set from Québec for Russet Burbank, while all the other data sets were used to evaluate model performance. Following calibration, the STICS model generally performed well, with a normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) < 30% and a normalized mean error (NME) ranging from –8% to 23%, for LAI and biomass. Model performance was slightly worse for total and tuber N uptake, although cultivar‐specific N concentration curves for Shepody and Russet Burbank improved model performance compared with a generic curve with a lower NRMSE (18–50% vs. 21–63%) and NME (–9 to 23% vs. –14 to 23%). Cultivar‐specific critical N concentration curves should therefore be used for assessing the N budget of potato cropping systems.

Core Ideas

The STICS soil–crop model was calibrated and evaluated for two potato cultivars.

Calibrated and evaluated variables were LAI, total and tuber biomass, and total and tuber N uptake.

Cultivar‐specific critical N concentration curves are recommended for N budget assessment.
Novel Sources of Partial Resistance against Phytophthora sojae in Soybean PI 399036
Authors: Abeysekara Nilwala S. , Matthiesen Rashelle L. , Cianzio Silvia R. , Bhattacharyya Madan K. , Robertson Alison E.
Published: July 2016

With the rapid emergence of novel pathogen pathotypes, durable sources of resistance against Phytophthora sojae in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] are needed to manage Phytopthora stem and root rot (PRR). This study used an inoculum source composed of multiple isolates of the pathogen to characterize partial resistance (PR) to P. sojae in plant introduction (PI) 399036. Two recombinant inbred line (RIL) F5:7 populations developed by crossing PI 399036 (high PR), with two germplasm lines (low PR), AR2 (AX20925) and AR3 (AX20931), were screened. Corrected dry weights (CDW—root and shoot) and percentage root rot data were collected. Inclusive composite interval mapping identified one putative quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 2 by all disease assessment parameters in the AX20925 population that explained 6 to 14% of the total phenotypic variation and five putative minor QTL on 5 chromosomes (3, 6, 12, 15, and 19) that individually explained 5 to 9% of the phenotypic variation. In the AX20931 population, two QTL, mapped to chromosome 9 and 17, were commonly identified by CDW while the QTL identified on chromosome 9 accounted for 21 to 30% of the total phenotypic variation. Additional QTL identified by CDW on chromosomes 9, 13, 14, and 15 individually accounted for 5 to 8% of the phenotypic variation. PI 399036 contributed the favorable alleles for the majority of the identified QTL. This study demonstrates the usefulness of PI 399036 as a novel source for breeding for resistance to PRR and that an inoculum mixture of P. sojae isolates with varying pathotypes can be used to identify putative QTL for PR to P. sojae using the rice (Oryza sativa) method.
End‐Use Quality and Agronomic Characteristics Associated with the Glu‐B1al High‐Molecular‐Weight Glutenin Allele in U.S. Hard Winter Wheat
Authors: Cooper Jessica K. , Stromberger John A. , Morris Craig F. , Bai Guihua , Haley Scott D.
Published: July 2016

High‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS) conferred by alleles at the, Glu‐B1, and Glu‐D1 loci confer unique end‐use quality properties for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The Glu‐B1al allele at the Glu‐B1 locus has not been widely used for cultivar development in the U.S. hard winter wheat region. We evaluated four groups of near‐isogenic lines (NILs) with different combinations of alleles at Glu‐B1, allele b (encoding subunits Bx7 + By8) or a1 (subunits Bx7OE + By8), and at Glu‐D1, allele a (subunits Dx2 + Dy12) or d (subunits Dx5 + Dy10), to assess direct and indirect effects attributed to the Glu‐B1al allele. Kernel characteristics, dough‐mixing properties, and agronomic traits were determined from field experiments in Colorado in 2012 (six environments) and 2013 (five environments). Lower grain hardness was observed in several environments for the Glu‐B1al/Glu‐D1d NIL group. Greater dough‐mixing strength (midline peak time) and mixograph tolerance (bandwidth 2 min after peak) were conferred by the Glu‐B1al allele, particularly when in combination with the Glu‐D1d allele. No consistent agronomic advantages or disadvantages were conferred by the Glu‐B1al allele, although significantly earlier heading was observed with the Glu‐B1al/Glu‐D1a NIL group. Deployment of the Glu‐B1al allele in U.S. hard winter wheat cultivars would appear to offer several end‐use quality attributes with little or no adverse effects on other characteristics.
Maize and Prairie Root Contributions to Soil CO2 Emissions in the Field
Authors: Nichols Virginia , Miguez Fernando , Sauer Thomas , Dietzel Ranae
Published: July 2016

Increasing soil carbon content via agricultural practices not only enhances the production potential of the land, but also counteracts rising atmospheric CO2 levels. When predicting production systems’ effects on soil carbon, quantifying CO2 efflux derived from live roots is of particular importance as it is a through‐flux and does not signify depletion of soil carbon. This field study aimed to measure and compare soil CO2 emissions derived from roots in annual and perennial agroecosystems. We used periodic 48‐hour shading over two growing seasons to estimate root growth‐derived CO2 in continuously grown maize (CC) with grain and 50% stover harvested each year, unfertilized reconstructed tallgrass prairie (P), and the same prairie grown with spring nitrogen fertilization (PF), both which had biomass harvested post‐frost. In CC, P, and PF root‐derived CO2 contributed to 28, 31, and 30% of each crop's respective growing season cumulative CO2 emissions in 2012, and 19, 24, and 28% in 2013, respectively. Season‐cumulative root‐derived CO2 was not proportional to end‐of‐season belowground biomass (BGB): P had nearly twice the BGB of PF, but their cumulative root‐derived fluxes were not significantly different in either year. A significant proportion of soil CO2 emissions is derived from roots, making it a critical process to consider when comparing or modeling soil emissions of cropped or prairie soils. Using BGB alone may not be a useful proxy for estimating root contributions.
Research project on â€œSystems of traditional education in Malawiâ€ (the continuation: September 1983 to February 1984) by Dr. Gerhard Kubik
Authors: Kubik Gerhard
Published: July 2016

Since my first report on the research in Mangochi District July/August 1983 (see: African Music, Vol.VI No.3 pp. 132-137) our team, now comprising four members: Mr Moya Aliya (cultural research student), Mr Donald Kachamba (musician) and Miss Lidiya Malamusi (assistant) besides myself, has been able to continue studies in more districts. These were carried out with permission granted in a letter by the Secretary of the National Research Council, Lilongwe, dated Nov. 16, 1983.
Educação e Qualidade de Vida de Idosos: Uma Reflexão Necessária
Authors: Da Rocha Fátima Niemeyer , Bartholo Maria Elisa Carvalho
Published: July 2016

A qualidade de vida do idoso vem assumindo grande importância, sob vários aspectos, principalmente em função do envelhecimento crescente da população, decorrente do aumento da expectativa de vida gerada pelos desenvolvimentos na área da saúde e no setor tecnológico, refletindo uma sensível modificação na quantidade e na qualidade de vida de grande parte das pessoas. Assim, o presente artigo discute a questão do envelhecimento na atualidade e a necessidade de implementação da educação continuada do idoso no âmbito da universidade, frente à possibilidade de realização de ações efetivas de responsabilidade social, como alternativa para minimizar os efeitos da exclusão social desse grupo etário.
Leitura e Transversalidade em Aulas de Espanhol no Ensino Médio
Authors: Rola Ana Paula Carneiro , Alves Ana Beatriz Lago
Published: July 2016

Este artigo apresenta reflexões sobre as práticas de letramento em aulas de língua estrangeira. Na investigação sobre a construção do letramento em aulas de Espanhol no Ensino Médio, focalizamos a importância da elaboração de materiais didáticos interdisciplinares com abertura ao tratamento dos Temas Transversais. Apresentamos a proposta de uma unidade didática sobre o meio ambiente, com interpretação de textos autênticos que oportunizam a utilização do conhecimento de mundo dos alunos e aplicação de suas experiências na construção de significados.
Arte e Desenvolvimento Municipal
Authors: Peixoto Junior Hélio M. A. , Capute Magda Elaine Sayão , Fernandes Margareth
Published: July 2016

Este artigo pretende discutir uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico de municípios do denominado Vale do Café que possuem menos de 40.000 habitantes e localizam-se, mas não exclusivamente, na região sul fluminense, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. No momento que o Brasil recebe mais indústrias esta região precisa caminhar no sentido oposto ou no mesmo sentido dos países desenvolvidos, qual seja o da produção de ideias. O investimento deve ser nos meios de ideação, que são as universidades, os laboratórios de pesquisa, os bancos de dados, os investimentos em pesquisa tecnológica, em editoras que produzem pesquisa científica, na produção de filmes, música, programas de televisão, produção cultural e entretenimento. Aqui se pretende discutir o caminho da utilização da arte como instrumento de educação não formal, para o desenvolvimento da capacidade criativa dos indivíduos e da união entre os vários agentes dos municípios. Cabendo ao gestor público o papel de mediador e incentivador das mudanças necessárias a esse novo formato de desenvolvimento.
Docência Crítica, Reflexos de Autonomia
Authors: De Souza Ariel Erick Paulo , Da Silva Cláudio Rodrigo Gomes , Da Silva Cláudio Rodrigo Gomes , Da Silva Lucas Ferreira Rodrigues , Da Silva Lucas Ferreira Rodrigues , Da Fonseca Rafael Italo Fernandes , Da Fonseca Rafael Italo Fernandes , Alves William Teixeira , Alves William Teixeira
Published: July 2016

Este ensaio objetiva considerar a prática educativa, de modo a contemplar uma postura crítico-reflexiva do docente, conforme o ideário de António Nóvoa (2007), nas construções da própria identidade e da busca por gerar caráter autônomo na edificação discente dos saberes. Ademais, visa a suscitar – ao corpo docente interessado e aos que se graduam em proximidade a temas educacionais – o desejo de querer trabalhar práticas que possibilitem universos de liberdade e reflexão na sala de aula proposta por Paulo Freire (2010). Outro ponto que será considerado é a proposta em tríade de Schön: reflexão na ação, reflexão sobre a ação e reflexão sobre a reflexão na ação. Além dos autores citados, estabeleceremos base também em Alarcão (1996), Azzi (2009) e Garrido Pimenta (2009).
Implantação e Ampliação da Cultura Cafeeira e a formação do Estado Nacional
Authors: Borges Magno Fonseca , Reis Thiago De Souza dos
Published: July 2016

Neste artigo buscamos compreender as mudanças econômicas e demográficas ocorridas no Médio Vale do Paraíba Fluminense, a partir de uma perspectiva que avalia as transformações sociais como vinculadas a construção do Estado Nacional Brasileiro.
O Professor de matemática frente aos diferentes registros de representações dos números reais
Authors: Lehmann Monique Sequeira
Published: July 2016

O texto apresenta resenha de uma dissertação de mestrado, intitulada "Concepções do professor do ensino médio relativas à densidade do conjunto dos números reais e suas reações frente a procedimentos para a abordagem desta propriedade", naqual são apresentados os objetivos do trabalho, a metodologia da pesquisa e explorados os passos da realização da mesma.
O refluxo de uma tradição: o marxismo, o ensino de História e a ditadura empresarial-militar (1964-1975)
Authors: Paulo Diego
Published: July 2016

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o recuo da influência marxista sobre a pesquisa e o ensino de História durante a ditadura empresarial-militar brasileira (1964-1988). Para tanto, analisa as medidas que, por meio da coerção, buscaram interditar o marxismo como horizonte de pensamento no campo acadêmico ainda no rescaldo do golpe de primeiro de abril. Considera-se ainda as deliberações para o ensino e pesquisa de História no Brasil contidas na contrarreforma universitária de 1968 e no II Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento, de 1975, como importantes para compreender o refluxo daquela tradição.
O poder das chaves de São Pedro: um breve histórico das indulgências no magistério da Igreja Católica.
Authors: Medeiros Laureano Gabriel Moreira
Published: July 2016

A partir do século XI, se iniciaram na Europa uma série de peregrinações rumo a Terra Santa em busca do perdão dos pecados e da misericórdia divina. Tais movimentações foram motivadas pelo temor da condenação no Juízo Final, que acreditava-se estar bem próximo. A partir daí, por meio dos Concílios, a Igreja foi sistematizando e formalizando os vários instrumentos da misericórdia divina, que ela, enquanto dispensadora e guardiã desses tesouros, podia distribuir aos seus filhos. Desse modo, o presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar como a concepção de indulgência foi tratada pela Igreja ao longo de seus Concílios, e assim também oferecer subsídios para melhor compreensão da própria Reforma Protestante, cujo mote inicial foi a crítica às indulgências pelo então Frei Martinho Lutero.
Flavonóides glicosilados sulfatados: agentes antitrombóticos com atividade dual
Authors: Silva Marta Correia da , Sousa Emília , Pinto Madalena Maria De Magalhães
Published: July 2016

Na procura de novas alternativas para a terapêutica antitrombótica foi seguida uma estratégia de hibridização molecular de polissacáridos sulfatados e flavonóides sulfatados. Assim, foi efetuada a síntese e avaliação de pequenas moléculas glicosiladas polissulfatadas, pertencentes à classe química dos flavonóides. Concluiu-se que os novos compostos desenvolvidos combinam atividades anticoagulante e antiagregante plaquetária, e poderão permitir, desta forma, a prevenção tanto da trombose arterial como venosa. Estes resultados, acrescidos ao fato de terem apresentado estabilidade em plasma humano e um efeito anticoagulante eficaz, após a administração intraperitoneal em ratinhos, sem sinais preliminares de hepatotoxicidade, permitiram considerar o seu potencial para virem a constituir alternativas, na prevenção e tratamento, das doenças cardiovasculares.
Interação Humano - Computador usando Visão Computacional
Authors: Barbosa Bernardo Bucher B. , Silva Júlio César
Published: July 2016

Este trabalho visa estudar maneiras de se explorar a Interação Humano Computador, usando Visão Computacional. A idéia tem como objetivo um esforço para tornar o computador mais interativo com o usuário, sem a necessidade da compra de um hardware ou acessório específico para tal. O produto final deste trabalho em desenvolvimento é um software que contempla esta funcionalidade, tornando o computador mais interativo.
SCD I1: uma Ferramenta Computacional Educacional para a Visualização, Modelagem e Inversão de Funções Matemáticas
Authors: Ribeiro Bruno Nunes Myrrha
Published: July 2016

Este artigo apresenta o sistema computacional educacional SCDI 1 – Sistema de Cálculo Diferencial e Integral 1. Sua proposta pedagógica está direcionada a complementar o processo ensino-aprendizagem na disciplina de Cálculo I (Cálculo Diferencial e Integral), disciplina básica dos cursos de engenharia. Em sua primeira versão aborda tópicos elementares de funções matemáticas, possibilitando também, sua aplicação em conteúdos relativos às disciplinas de Matemática do ensino médio. Em sua primeira versão, seu objetivo principal é visualizar e modelar diversas funções em uma variável e suas inversas, em suas representações: algébrica, gráfica e numérica, permitindo a alteração dos coeficientes, área de visualização e bissetrizes. Como desenvolvimento e implementação futura, destacam-se assuntos relativos à combinação e composição, limites, continuidade, derivada e integral, de funções em uma variável.
Tratamento combinado de lixiviado de aterro sanitário e esgoto doméstico: Aspectos operacionais e microbiológicos
Authors: Nascentes Alexandre Lioi , Do Nascimento Mariana Mattos Pereira , Brasil Felipe Da Costa , Campos Juacyara Carbonelli , Ferreira João Alberto
Published: July 2016

Este trabalho avaliou a influência da presença de lixiviado de aterro sanitário nas condições operacionais e na microbiota de um sistema de lodos ativados tratando esgoto doméstico. Para isto, foram utilizados dois reatores em escala de bancada. O reator 1 foi alimentado com misturas de lixiviado e esgoto sintético a 0,5% e 5% e o reator 2 funcionou como controle (apenas esgoto sintético). A alimentação se deu por meio de bomba dosadora e o fornecimento de ar foi realizado por bombas de aquário. Os reatores foram operados com TRH de 16 e 23 horas, tendo-se registrado micrografias para identificação dos microrganismos de importância no processo. Ao longo do experimento foi possível observar que logo após a introdução ou aumento da concentração de lixiviado houve queda significativa de biodiversidade e redução na atividade dos microrganismos e que após alguns dias a diversidade e a atividade se reestabeleciam no sistema, mostrando que apesar da introdução de uma matriz mais complexa, os microrganismos foram capazes de se adaptar.
Efeitos da pasteurização sobre características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e teor de antocianinas da polpa de juçaí (Euterpe edulis Martius)
Authors: Barros Érica Cristina Marins , Costa Gislaine Natiele dos Santos , Ribeiro Leilson De Oliveira , Mendes Marisa Fernandes , Pereira Cristiane De Souza Siqueira
Published: July 2016

A Juçara (Euterpe edulis Mart.), é uma palmeira nativa do bioma da Mata Atlântica, sendo encontrada do Rio Grande do Sul até o sul da Bahia. Visando melhorar a conservação dos alimentos em diversos processos são utilizados métodos físicos e químicos de conservação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo dos efeitos do processamento térmico sobre a polpa de juçaí. O produto foi submetido ao processo de pasteurização em três diferentes temperaturas (72ºC, 80ºC e 88ºC) durante 60 segundos. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas e determinação de antocianinas com o intuito de avaliar a influência do tratamento térmico nas propriedades e qualidade da polpa.
Microbial Communities and their Functions with Reference to Ecological Factors
Authors: Dwivedi S.K. , Gopal Ram , - Sangeeta
Published: July 2016

Soil microbial communities play a very vital role in soil ecosystem as they regulate the biogeochemical cycles. They are also responsible for most of the organic matter decomposition. Therefore a certain change in the climate directly or indirectly influences the structure and function of soil microbial communities in soil, which in turn influence the nutrient cycle in ecosystem. However, little is known about how such increase influences soil microbial communities. In the present review we have focused on the role of the microbial communities in soil ecosystem as well as impact of CO , temperature, precipitation, etc. on soil microbial communities.
Tijdelijke huur: een permanent randverschijnsel
Authors: Treffers Fulco , Van Dorresteijn Jos
Published: July 2016

Het tijdelijk (ver)huren of gebruiken van een woonruimte is een complex verschijnsel dat voorkomt in de marge van regulier, permanent gebruik. Het is tevens brandend actueel: er gaat geen dag voorbij of iemand heeft er mee te maken. En er is bijna niemand die er nooit eens mee te maken krijgt.
Aandacht voor ruimte én tijd
Authors: Meeus Bruno , Schuermans Nick , Vermeiren Karolien
Published: July 2016

Kritisch omgaan met tijd is in de ruimtelijke wetenschappen eigenlijk nooit een prioriteit geweest. Tijd loopt en lijkt een eenvoudig constant gegeven. Maar is dat wel zo? Was het niet Einstein die beweerde dat de tijd relatief is? Dat tijd verschilt naargelang waar je je bevindt?
Tijd en bereikbaarheid
Authors: Neutens Tijs
Published: July 2016

Welke temporele beleidsinstrumenten kunnen worden aangewend om de bereikbaarheid van voorzieningen en de stedelijke levenskwaliteit te verbeteren? En hoe kunnen de effecten hiervan worden ingeschat?
Biedt tijd perspectief?
Authors: Cassiers Tim , Hermia Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2016

DESTINY onderzoekt het levenspad van mensen in België. Zijn mensen onderaan de sociale ladder gedoemd om daar te blijven? Of bestaat de mogelijkheid tot opklimmen in de maatschappij? En wie slaagt daar dan in?
(H)erken krimp en doe iets!
Authors: Verhijde Mark
Published: July 2016

Masterscriptie recensie van: Koen Elzerman (2010) A future with shrinkage. What is a suitable response to shrinkage? Master Thesis, University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences.
Interview: Fietsen in Amsterdam
Authors: Van Loon Jesper , Pelzer Peter
Published: July 2016

Zet twee Amsterdamse gemeenteraadsleden van uiteenlopende politieke signatuur (Robert Flos, VVD, Fjodor Molenaar, Groen Links) en een hoogleraar vervoersplanologie (Luca Bertolini) bij elkaar in een kamer en laat ze een uur lang fietsen en mobiliteit bekritiseren, prijzen en oplossingen aandragen. AGORA deed een poging wetenschap en de politieke realiteit dichter bij elkaar te brengen. De uitkomsten waren verrassend.
Untersuchungen ueber die Entwicklungsdynamik von eingebutteten Aufforstungen von korsikanischer Schwarzfoehre
Authors: Van Miegroet M. , Lust N.
Published: July 2016

The development and structure of afforestations completed by  replanting of Pinus nigra var calabrica. -   Measurements have been done in a 10 years old stand of Pinus nigra var. calabrica, planted at a distance of  1 m X 1 m with 2 years old transplanted plants and in which after one year 20  to 25 % of the plants were filled in. It was the aim to research what's the  role, the function, the efficiency of the repair planting.     The study of the yearly growth, the structure, the differentiation and the  morphological characteristics permits to conclude, 1. the plants filled in  are always smaller than the dominating older ones, 2. only a small part of  them are able to take a co-dominating place in the stand, and 3. the quality  of the co-dominating plants, which were filled in, isn't better than that of  the original stand.     The efficiency of the repair planting is therefore rather doubtful,  especially when the distance of plants is small (1 X 1 m), the loss is  moderate, the station is of good quality and the repair planting doesn't  happen immediately.
Le choix des réserves forestières dans la zone caspienne en Iran
Authors: Mossadegh A.
Published: July 2016

Dans  le cadre de l'aménagement de territoire et du choix de l'utilisation des  terres, il est très urgent en premier lieu de choisir l'emplacement des Parcs-Nationaux et des réserves. Il  faut choisir des réserves forestières ou botaniques car dans les forêts on  peut observer comment se developpent différentes espèces d'arbres sans  l'influence humaine.    Il faut mentionner certaines régions où on devrait choisir des réserves.  Région d'Assalem dans des forêts de Fagetum. Toute la forêt naturelle de  cupressus sempervirens de la vallée de Hassanabad. Au sud d'Aliabad se trouve  la plus vieille forêt pure de Taxus baccata L. en deux parties sur deux versants d'environ 150 ha près  d'Afra-Takhté.
La structure forestière du mont Babor
Authors: De Smet K. , Bouanza F.
Published: July 2016

The  Babor forest is situated in the central part of north Algeria. It is  dominated by two conifers, namely Cedrus atlantica and the endemic fir Abies numidica, as well as one decidious oak  Quercus faginea. The percentage of conifers  increases on higher altitude while around the top (~ 2000 m) the oak totally  disappears. Between 1650 and 1950 m a mixture of the above-mentioned species  occurs; although they may grow in equal proportions, oak and fir are more  widespread. The distribution of the different forest types is shown on a map  and the applied classification is compared with two other types of  classifications, mentioned in the literature.           The forest structure of the oak-fir-cedar type has been illustrated by two  drawings, each with the horizontal and vertical projection of a transect. The  behaviour of each of the six main species has been analysed in terms of their  role in forest dynamics. Some propositions were made for the procedure of the  fundamental research to be done in the near future.
The choice of tree species as a strategical concept
Authors: Van Miegroet M.
Published: July 2016

The  choice of species is not a goal in itself, but a means to an end. It is a  natural phenomenon and part of the management of a vulnerable ecosystem. It  has to do with the plantation and the forest sensu-stricto and with all  possible transitions between these fundamental types. It has a double  objective: the stability of the ecosystem and the continuity of its use,  needing the acceptance of a dual strategy and a broad conceptual vision on  forest use and forest care.     The choice of species is not unique and never definitive. It has to be done  at several occasions and on different levels of forest development. It must  acknowledge the multiple realities of change.     The choice must not be made between fast growth and slow growth, between  tolerant and intolerant species, but aim at rightful use of species in  adequate combinations of time sequences and space patterns. Homogenisation by  choosing a single species should be the exception, because of the ecological  and functional limitations.     The choice of species should be part of a coherent strategy recognising and  respecting the natural strategies for colonisation, exploitation, adaptation,  differentiation and conservation.
N excess in the forest: effects and possible meausures
Authors: Muys B.
Published: July 2016

In  Western Europe, high amounts of nitrogen, originating from traffic, industry  and agriculture, invade the forest and result in various, often negative,  effects. It can be expected that nitrogen excess will cause serious damage of  trees and even threaten the forest in the near future. Different prophylactic  and curative measures are proposed and discussed.
Characterisation of small-scale stand types in a mixed hardwood forest
Authors: Neirynck J. , Lust N.
Published: July 2016

Gradients  in soil moisture, texture, nutrient state and spacing patterns enable us to  divide stands into separate substands, which have their own tree species  composition and structures. Nevertheless, such a separation is just the  beginning of a set of conclusions and observations. It is based upon  differences in flora and chemical characteristics. As a matter of fact, every  separate sub stand has its own microclimate in which a well defined complex  of environmental variables regulates regeneration, flora presence and leaf  decomposition.     The results of such an intensive research should lead to the improvement of  the stand tending.
Performance of wood preserving and wood finishing systems for external joinery exposed to natural weathering
Authors: Valcke A. , Stevens M.
Published: July 2016

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Soil and forest floor characteristics of Scots pine stands on drift sands
Authors: Maddelein D. , Lust N.
Published: July 2016

In  Flanders, important drift sand areas were afforestated with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) during the last  century. Drought stress and limited nutrient availability are two major  factors limiting tree growth on these sites. Nevertheless, afforestation  succeeded extremely well and tree growth can be considered as satisfactory.      Chemical soil analysis stresses the very poor quality of the mineral soil.  Nutrient content of the mineral soil is even poorer than that of neighbouring  heathland soils.     The formation of a well developed forest floor is the most important  feature of soil evolution during the last century. A seventy year old stand  has built up a thick forest floor, with a biomass of over 10 kg/m2. This  layer functions as a main nutrient source in the ecosystem.     Annually, 4000 to 5000 kg of tree litter per hectare return to the forest  soil. Sixty percent of this fraction consists of shed needles. Needles also  have a dominant share in the nutrient amounts returned with tree litter.  Annually, about 42 kg of N, 8 kg of K, 15 kg of Ca and 2 kg of P and Mg are  returned to the soil with tree litter. These values are, with exception of N,  very low compared to other forest ecosystems.    The herbaceous layer, poor in species and dominated by wavy-hair grass (Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.),  also produces over 2500 kg of litter per year and per hectare, and plays an  equally important role in the nutrient supply of the growing vegetation.          Key words: Scots pine, drift sand, forest floor, litter
Ecology, practice and policy of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) management in Belgium
Authors: Muys B. , Maddelein D. , Lust N.
Published: July 2016

Black  cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.),  a tree native of North America, was introduced in Europe in the 17th century  and applied as a forest tree from the end of the 19th century onwards. It was  expected to produce valuable timber, even on poor sandy soils, but it seldom  did. Until the fifties, it was massively underplanted in Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) stands where it  was believed to ameliorate the soil. Nowadays, as a consequence of its  offensive reproduction strategy and important atmospheric ammonia immissions,  black cherry has completely overgrown the substorey of thousands of hectares  of Scots pine forest in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands, preventing  regeneration of any species but itself. Some ecological, silvicultural and  forest political aspects of this issue are presented and discussed.     This paper shows that the soil ameliorating properties of black cherry are  doubtful and suggests that it might be an important competitor of the timber  crop for nutrients and water.     Furthermore, it illustrates that the abundance of black cherry forces  silviculture to maintain an everlasting age class system with clearcutting  and very costful black cherry combat operations (mechanical or/and chemical)  during each regeneration period.    It finally states that the present forest policy in Belgium, that made the  option to reconvert the first generation pine stands into mixed and more  uneven aged stands, only can be realized with an efficient control of black  cherry. In that respect, an integrated black cherry management plan issuing a  total prohibition of planting and trade, an obligatory control of seed trees  in public forests and a subsidized combat in private forests, is proposed in  this paper.
Multitemporal Landsat TM data for stand-based management in northern US forest ecosystems
Authors: Coppin P.
Published: July 2016

Multitemporal  Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery was processed and forest canopy change  information was extracted over a 415 km2 area in north central Minnesota. The study covered two-,  four-, and six-year disturbance monitoring cycles. At the pixel level, the  detection of canopy depletion and increment dynamics over the six-year  interval was 94% accurate. The stand-based accuracy was 714 out of 759 (also  94%). Here change was detected in at least 50% of the total number of pixels  that made up the individual stands. This paper specifically discusses the  information content of multitemporal multispectral satellite data from the perspective  of traditional stand management. Cross-verification using contingency  matrices and geographical information system (GIS) modelling, combined with  intensive field verification, has shown that the majority of the so-called  "change classification errors" were not errors at all, but a  powerful source of substand information that can significantly impact  sustainable resource management. While the digital disturbance monitoring  methodology as developed for this study does not perform its task at the  stand level, stand data on change can be readily extracted with the  additional benefit of explicit substand information being made available to  the resource manager.
Enhancing sustainable forest management in Indonesia
Authors: Pratiwi - , Lust N.
Published: July 2016

This  paper gives an overview of the problems of forest management and proposed  strategy to enhance sustainable forest management in Indonesia. The increase  of the population number leads to need of land to support their activities,  particularly for agriculture, pasture, settlement, etc. Since forest is the  major land-use in Indonesia, deforestation is inevitable. Deforestation rate  in Indonesia increased, from 0.3 percent in 1970s to 0.6 percent of total  land in 1980's, causing socio-economic and ecological consequences. Based on  the awareness of the multiple forest functions concerning the ecological,  social and economical aspects, declined forest land area might lead to local  and global catastrophes. Hence forest resources should be stabilized or even  the area should be increased through declining deforestation, increasing  reforestation areas on degraded land, etc. In addition the forest should be  maintained based on the principles of sustainable forest management. Efforts  in sustaining forest existence and forest management in Indonesia have been  started since long time, but the success of these efforts is still to be  increased by enhancing sustainable forest management.
Windthrow, what comes after the storm?
Authors: Van den Meersschaut D. , Lust N.
Published: July 2016

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Comparison of mechanical, biological and chemical methods for controlling Black cherry (Prunus serotina) in Flanders (Belgium)
Authors: Van den Meersschaut D. , Lust N.
Published: July 2016

Large  scale application of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in forestry and the typical ecological    characteristics of the species resulted in its dominance of the shrublayer  in homogeneous pine    forests on poor sandy soils in Flanders. For reasons of nature conservation  Flemish forest policy and    management tries to transform these forests into more natural and  structural deciduous forests.    Controlling Black cherry is seen as a major condition for succes in this  matter.    In this study the lethal effect of mechanical, biological and chemical  control methods was tested using    an experimental block design. The methods consisted of girdling and felling  with periodical removal of    new sprouts, stump and stem treatment with mycoherbicide based on the  Silverleaf disease fungus    (Chondrostereum purpureum Pouzar), leaf and stump treatment with the herbicide  glyphosate and    stem treatments with the same herbicide using different techniques like the  Hack & Squirt method,    the EZject Capsule Injection System and the Silvaxe Tree Injector. The  results indicated that a proper    comparison can only be made after evaluation in the second autumn after  treatment at the earliest.    All chemical control methods, except one (Silvaxe Tree Injector System),  showed a significant higher    proportional mortality than mechanical and biological control methods. No  statistical proof was found    of a seasonal influence on mortality for the chemical methods. Application  of the Hack & Squirt    method and the EZject Capsule Injection System in summertime resulted in a  significantly higher    proportional mortality than leaf treatment and stump treatment in autumn.  Lethal doses of glyphosate    for different dbh-classes were calculated resulting in easy to use application  procedures for stem    treatment. The high lethal effect of the Hack & Squirt method confirmed  their practical value. No    significant seasonal influence on mortality nor any significant impact of  mycoherbicide concentration    was found for the biological stump treatments. Stem treatment with  mycoherbicide proved inappropriate. The best season for girdling appears to be springtime while additional test indicate that    wintertime could be even more appropriate. The lowest Significant  proportional mortality for girdling    and felling with one additional removal of sprouts was found in summertime.  A high variability in    proportional mortality was detected for the mechanical methods and in a  lesser degree for the    biological methods, sometimes approximating or even equaling the mortality  rate of chemical    methods. If environmental considerations have to be taken into account or  if chemical control is    legally forbidden (e.g. forest reserves in Flanders) biological stump  treatment and girdling offer a    valuable alternative. Their variable mortality can lead to unpredictable  results though.
Kenntnis und Einstellung der Bevölkerung in Bezug auf den Wald in relativ waldreichen und waldarmen Regionen in Flandern
Authors: Vanderlinden L. , Lust N.
Published: July 2016

Die  Untersuchung beabsichtigt die Kenntnis und die Einstellung der Bevölkerung in  Flandern in    Bezug auf den Wald besser zu studieren. Die wichtigste Hypothese ist, dass  das Wohnen in    einer relativ waldreichen oder waldarmen Umgebung einen Einfluss auf die  Kenntnis und auf die    WaideinsteIlung ausübt. Gleichzeitig wird von der Wichtigkeit von sozialen  Hintergrunden und    vom Kenntnisniveau für die Einstellung ausgegangen. Die Untersuchung wurde  via einer telefonischen Befragung durchgeführt. Sowohl von einer waldreichen  (Limburg) als von einer waldarmen (West-Flandern) Region wurden 100 Personen  befragt. Die Daten wurden mit SPSS 7.0 verarbeitet. Sowohl parametrische  (t-Test, ANOVA,    Faktoranalyse und Zuverlässigkeitstest) als nicht parametrische Tests (χ2-Test,  Mann-Whitney    Test, Kruskal-Wallis Test) wurden angewendet. Das Wohnen in einer  waldreichen Umgebung hat nur einen beschränkten Einfluss auf die Kenntnis und  die WaideinsteIlung. Die Bevölkerung dieser Gebiete besucht wohl mehr den  Wald und ist auch mehr bereit den Wald zu schützen. Auch der soziale  Hintergrund ist nicht so    bestimmend. Es gibt auch keine grossen Unterschiede zwischen Stadt- und  Landbewohnern. Im    allgemeinem anerkennt die Bevölkerung nur zwei Funktionen, die wirtschaftliche  Funktion und    den Rest. Die wirtschaftliche Funktion wird nicht als wichtig betrachtet.  Die nicht-wirtschaftliche    Funktion dagegen wird als äusserst wertvoll beurteilt.
Nutrient uptake of a mixed oak/beech forest in Flanders (Belgium)
Authors: Mussche S. , Bussche B. , De Schrijver A. , Neirynck J. , Nachtergale L. , Lust N.
Published: July 2016

A  72-year-old mixed oak/beech stand has been studied on the element (N, P, K,  Ca and Mg)    content in its woody biomass, in the wood increment and in the litter fall.  Crown leaching and nutrient uptake have been calculated respectively according to Ulrich (1983) and to Cole & Rapp    (1981). Eight oaks and six beeches have been sampled, regression equations  between the tree    element content and the stem volume have been calculated in order to scale  up from the tree to    the stand level.    The annual amount of elements taken up is 70 kg N, 4,9 kg P, 69,3 kg K, 43  kg Ca and 6,1 kg    Mg per ha. For K, Ca and Mg a large part of the nutrient uptake is due to  crown leaching. The    amount of N and P in the litter fall constituted the largest part of the  uptake of N and P. For the    elements K, Ca and Mg, crown leaching is very important in the nutrient  cycling: crown leaching    amounts respectively 63%, 21% and 43% of the annual return of these  elements from the    canopy to the forest floor.
Perspectives of silviculture as discipline in Greece
Authors: Zagas T. , Tsitsoni T. , Gkanatsas P.
Published: July 2016

Greek  Forestry relies basically on the principle of sustainability. Recently, this  term, eventhough    it is very old, has acquired a special interest as it redefines the  relation between man and    nature. Greek silviculturists adopted this principle many years ago, in the  form of providing    perpetually equal wood volumes, annually or periodically as well as other  social benefits.    Keep in mind, that the priorities and perspectives of silviculture as  discipline in Greece are the    following: The contribution to the protection of greek forests by applying  the most appropriate    silvicultural treatments as well as the rehabilitation of degraded forest  ecosystems (conversion    of coppices, cover of bare lands etc.), the maintenance of the existing  mixed forests and the    transformation of the pure conifer forests into mixed ones as well as the  improvement of structure of the high forests, the use of natural regeneration in the future in the same way it was    used so far, the prohibition of clear-cuttings in all forests and the use  of low impact management    methods, the application of selective harvesting and the keeping of  individual old trees until    their biological death, the protection of rare species and the creation of  a network of special    protected areas.
Einstellung der Flämischen Umweltschutzbewegung in Bezug auf die Europäische Umweltpolitik betreffs Land- und Forstwirtschaft
Authors: Lust N.
Published: July 2016

Nicht  nur die Land- und die Forstwirtschaft betrachten die EU Verordnungen 2078/92  und    2080/92 als wichtig, auch die Umweltschutzbewegung. Obwohl die  Umweltschutzbewegung    (eigentlich die Naturschutzbewegung) eine Reihe von positiven Punkten  anerkennt, sowie die Unterstützung von nicht staatlichen Organisationen und die Förderung der Waldausbreitung an    sich, betont sie hauptsächlich die negativen Punkte. Die zwei wichtigsten  Beschwerden sind,    dass die vorgeschlagenen Masssnahmen ungenügend sind um die Umweltprobleme  in Landund    Forstwirtschaft zu lösen und dass die vorgeschlagenen Massnahmen teilweise  für die    Verbesserung der Naturwerte ungünstig sind. Im allgemeinem plädiert die  Naturbewegung    einerseits für einen expliziten Schutz einer Reihe von extensiven  landwirtschaftlichen Gebieten    und andererseits für eine "geplante Waldausbreitung". Bestimmte  Bedingungen vorausgesetzt    kann Wald ausbreitung auch mit schnellwachsenden Baumarten und eben  Holzplantagen sind    annehmbar. Alle Aufforstungen sollen jedoch unter Berücksichtigung eigener  Kriterien für    nachhaltige Aufforstung und nachhaltige Forstwirtschaft geschehen.    Die flämische Regierung hat in grossem Mass Verständnisse für die  Naturschutzbewegung. Sie    strebt den Anbau von ökologisch wertvollen Wäldern an und in fraglichen  Fällen holt sie dabei    ein Gutachten der Abteilung Natur ein.
Aboveground biomass of Pinus halepensis Mill. forests in the Kassandra Peninsula - Chalkidiki
Authors: Smiris P. , Maris F. , Vitoris K. , Stamou N. , Kalambokidis K.
Published: July 2016

Pinus halepensis occupies a large  area of Mediterranean coastal forests. Kassandra    Peninsula Pinus halepensis forests could be characterized as the representative forests  in    the Mediterranean. These forests are very important, due to their vicinity  to urban and coastal    areas. The knowledge of biomass distribution in these forests will help  with the correct time    and space planning, in order to fulfil the multifunctional management of  ecosystems (wood    production, water, forest protection, recreation etc.).
Distribution of soil moisture content and its effect on the potential growth of the over-story species in North-East Chalkidiki
Authors: Aslanidou M. , Smiris P.
Published: July 2016

This  study deals with the soil moisture distribution and its effect on the  potential growth and    adaptation of the over-story species in north-east Chalkidiki. These  species are: Quercus    dalechampii Ten, Quercus  conferta Kit, Quercus  pubescens Willd, Castanea  sativa Mill, Fagus    moesiaca Maly-Domin and also Taxus baccata L. in mixed stands  with Fagus moesiaca.    Samples of soil, 1-2 kg per 20cm depth, were taken and the moisture content  of each sample    was measured in order to determine soil moisture distribution and its  contribution to the growth    of the forest species. The most important results are: i) available water  is influenced by the soil    depth. During the summer, at a soil depth of 10 cm a significant  restriction was observed. ii) the    large duration of the dry period in the deep soil layers has less adverse  effect on stands growth than in the case of the soil surface layers, due to the fact that the root system mainly spreads out    at a soil depth of 40 cm iii) in the beginning of the growing season, the  soil moisture content is    greater than 30 % at a soil depth of 60 cm, in beech and mixed beech-yew  stands, is 10-15 % in    the Q. pubescens  stands and it's more than 30 % at a soil depth of 60 cm in Q. dalechampii    stands.
Long Term Plan Forestry and Action Plan Forestry in Flanders
Authors: Lust N. , Nachtergale L. , Serbruyns I.
Published: July 2016

In  Flanders, the first serious regulations to set up a "National Forest  Program" (NFP) were taken    by the Forest Act in 1990. Consequently, a comprehensive scientific study  and analysis of the    forest and forest policy were carried out. A first Action Plan Forestry was  drawn up in 1994, but it    never got a legal character.    The Flemish Environmental Policy Plan of 1977 insisted to set up an Action  Plan Forestry. In    1998 the Flemish Forest Service launched two documents: the "Long Term  Plan Forestry" and    the "Action Plan Forestry". Together they were considered as the  Flemish National Forest    Program, in accordance with the recommendations of the International Panel  on Forestry.    However, although approved by several advice committees, these documents  have never been    legally approved.    The Long Term Plan Forestry is based on four touchstones: sustainability,  multiple use,    international developments and commitments, and social support. In this  frame four key notions    are distinguished: forest maintenance quantitatively, forest maintenance  qualitatively, forest    extension, and integrated task fulfillment. To concretize this plan an  Action Plan Forestry with 29    actions and 19 regulating initiatives was launched.    The objectives of both action plans were only partly implemented. The too  ambitious program    was probably the most important reason.    The great challenge in Flanders is to legally approve an NFP. It is clear  that such a program can    only be approved when its ambitions are not too high, so that the interest  of other sectors are not    directly threatened. The value of such a minimal NFP is, however, very  limited. Therefore it is    probably better to draw up regularly an ambitious, actualized and well  founded forestry    document, which is not legally approved, but with a high moral value.
Adózás, megtakarítás, hatékonyság I.
Authors: Erdős Tibor
Published: July 2016

Jelen cikk a gazdaságpolitika megtakarításokra gyakorolt hatásával foglalkozik zárt gazdaságot feltételezve. Az adópolitika magán megtakarításokra gyakorolt hatásánál arra a következtetésre jutunk, hogy améltányossági elv gyakran ütközik a megtakarításokat ösztönző politikai szándékkal. Részletesen elemezzük a vállalatok megtakarításaival kapcsolatban a nyereségadó és az amortizációs szabályok beruházásokat befolyásoló szerepét. Az államháztartás megtakarításánál számba vesszük a mérési problémákat, és hogy az államháztartás megtakarításainak változása milyen esetekben lenne képes makroszinten befolyásolni a megtakarítások arányát, és ezzel elősegíteni a gazdasági növekedést.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: E 21, E 22, E 62, H24, H25