bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isomerization and Transalkylation of Alkylaromatics
Authors: Stern David L. , Brown Stephen H. , Beck Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Catalysts

Catalyst Acid Strength

Catalyst Structure

Shape Selectivity and Diffusional Restriction

Xylenes

Aromatic Feedstocks and Reformate Separations

Xylene Separations

Toluene Conversion to Benzene

Xylene Isomerization

Fundamentals of Xylene Isomerization

Ethylbenzene Conversion in Xylene Isomerization Processes

Ethylbenzene Hydrocracking Processes in Xylene Isomerization

Ethylbenzene Hydroisomerization Processes in Xylene Isomerization

Ethylbenzene Disproportionation Processes in Xylene Isomerization

Methylaromatics Transalkylation

Fundamental Aspects of Methylaromatics Transalkylation

Methylaromatics Transalkylation Catalysts and Process Chemistry

Methylaromatics Transalkylation Processes

Selective Toluene Disproportionation (STDP)

Shape Selectivity inSTDP

Selective Toluene Disproportionation Processes

Ethylbenzene and Cumene Transalkylation

Catalysts for Ethylbenzene and Cumene Transalkylation

Feeds and Products of Ethylbenzene and Cumene Transalkylation

Ethylbenzene and Cumene Transalkylation Processes

p‐Diethylbenzene

Diisopropylbenzene

Mechanisms of Aromatic Transformations

Relative Reactivity of Alkylaromatics

Initiation of Alkylaromatic Conversion Chemistry

Unimolecular Aromatic Conversion Chemistry

Bimolecular Aromatic Conversion Chemistry

Process Implications of Alkylaromatic Transformation Mechanisms

Xylene Isomerization

Conversion of Ethylbenzene to Xylenes

Methylaromatic Transalkylation

Ethylbenzene Disproportionation to Diethylbenzene

Methylnaphthalene and Dimethylnaphthalene Isomerization and Transalkylation

Olefin Reactivity and Coking in Transformations of Alkylaromatics

Light and Heavy Product Distributions in Selective Toluene Disproportionation (STDP)

Byproduct Formation in Ethylbenzene and Cumene Transalkylation

Catalyst Coking

Conclusions
Dehydrogenation of Alcohols: Formaldehyde
Authors: Dai Weilin , Ren Liping
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Direct Dehydrogenation of Methanol to Formaldehyde

Silver‐Containing Catalysts

Copper‐Containing Catalysts

Zinc‐Containing Catalysts

Other Catalysts

Industrial Applications
Oxyfunctionalization of Alkanes
Authors: Schunk Stephan Andreas
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Analyzing the Challenge of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Alkane Oxidation

Analysis on a Microscopic Basis of the Critical Steps of Paraffin Oxidation Utilizing Solid Catalysts Utilizing Solid Catalysts

AActivation of Oxygen and Paraffin

BModels for the Active Site

CThe Role ofCo‐Feeds in the Educt Stream

DThe Role of the Crystalline Nature and the Admixture of Different Crystalline Phases for the Catalyst

EThe Role of the Acid–Base Interaction of Reactant and Catalyst

Analysis of the Technical Challenges of Paraffin Oxidation Utilizing Solid Catalysts

Conversion of Butane to Maleic Anhydride: An Overview of a Mature Technology

Manufacturing Technologies forMAfromn‐Butane

TheVPO‐Catalyst: Structural Basis and Synthetic Pathways

TheVPO‐Catalyst: Reaction Pathways and Potential Active Sites of the Catalyst

Propane Oxidation to Acrylic Acid and Acrylonitrile: Getting Closer to a Technical Solution

Rutile‐Based Structures for Selective Propane Oxidation

Complex Bronze Structures Based on Molybdenum for Selective Propane Oxidation

Ethane to Acetic Acid: The Search for a Viable Pathway

Outlook

Acknowledgments
Acetoxylation of Ethylene
Authors: Schunk Stephan Andreas , de Oliveira Armin Lange
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

History of the Process and Overview of Related Technologies

The
B
ayer Process

Early Developments: The Liquid Phase Route to Vinyl Acetate

The
B
ayer Process: Process and Catalyst

A
Description of the
B
ayer Process

B
Description of the Catalyst Employed in the
B
ayer Process

Steps Towards Process Intensification: The
BP
Processes

A Schematic Overview of the Fluid‐Bed
BP
Process to Vinyl Acetate

The Catalyst System Used in the Fluid‐Bed
BP
Process to Vinyl Acetate

One Step Further: Vinyl Acetate from Ethylene or Ethane in an Integrated Process Scheme

A Structural Insight into the Catalyst System

Palladium Catalysts

Palladium–Gold Catalysts

Palladium Catalysts in Related Acetoxylation Reactions

A Mechanistic Insight into the Gas‐Phase Acetoxylation of Ethylene

Acetoxylation of Ethylene in Supported Liquid Phase

Rate Laws for the Acetoxylation of Ethylene

Reaction Mechanisms for the Acetoxylation of Ethylene in the Gas Phase

Beyond Ethylene Acetoxylation: Reaction Mechanisms for the Acetoxylation of Related Substrates

Mechanisms Effective in the Homogeneous Liquid‐Phase Acetoxylation of Ethylene

Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments
Oxidation of Low‐Molecular‐Weight Hydrocarbons
Authors: Grasselli Robert K. , Burrington James D.
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Oxidation of Propylene to Acrolein and Acrylic Acid

General

Active Phases and Reaction Mechanism

Oxidation of Propane to Acrylic Acid

Introduction

TheMoVNbTeOCatalyst System

Reaction Mechanism overMoVNbTeOCatalysts

Future Approaches

Epoxidation of Propene to Propene Oxide

Oxidation of Isobutene to Methacrolein and Methacrylic Acid

Oxidation of Isobutane to Methacrylic Acid

Acknowledgments
Ammoxidation
Authors: Grasselli Robert K. , Tenhover Michael A.
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Ammoxidation of Alkenes

General

Propene Ammoxidation to Acrylonitrile

TheSOHIOAcrylonitrile Process

Key Catalytic Functionalities

Role of Lattice Oxygen‐Catalyst as Redox Solid

Generalized Mechanism of Alkene Ammoxidation

Bifunctional Nature of Active Sites

Ammoxidation Mechanism (Molybdates, Antimonates)

Molybdate Catalysts

Multicomponent Molybdates

Role of Excess Molybdenum

Commercial Molybdate Catalysts

Antimonate Catalysts

Role of Excess Antimony

Commercial Antimony Catalysts

Ammoxidation of Substituted Alkenes

Isobutene Ammoxidation to Methacrylonitrile

α‐Methylstyrene Ammoxidation to Atroponitrile

Ammoxidation of Alkanes

Structure ofMoVNbTeOCatalysts

Symbiosis betweenM1andM2Phases

Reaction Network and Mechanism

Future Research

Ammoxidation of Aromatics

Toluene Ammoxidation to Benzonitrile

Xylene Ammoxidation to Corresponding Mono‐ and Di‐nitriles

Ammoxidation of Heteroaromatics

3‐Methylpyridine Ammoxidation to Nicotinonitrile

Ammoxidation of 4‐Methylthiazole to 4‐Cyanothiazole

Acknowledgments
Ammoximation
Authors: Grasselli Robert K. , Trifirò Ferruccio , Forni Laura
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Cyclohexanone Ammoximation to Cyclohexanone Oxime

Vapor‐Phase Ammoximation with
O
2

Liquid‐Phase Ammoximation with
O
2

Liquid‐Phase Ammoximation with H
2
O
2
Oxidation of Alcohols with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Mallat Tamas , Baiker Alfons
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Oxidation in the Gas Phase

Metals

Oxides

Phosphates

Zeolites

Oxidation in the Liquid Phase

Platinum‐Group Metals

Gold

Oxides

Molecular Sieves

Hydrotalcites

Phosphates and Apatites

Heterogenized Metal Complexes
Phenol Hydroxylation and Related Oxidations
Authors: Bellussi Giuseppe , Perego Carlo
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Early Industrial Processes for Dihydroxybenzenes

Phenol Hydroxylation with H
2
O
2
: Homogeneous Catalysis

Phenol Hydroxylation with H
2
O
2
: Heterogeneous Catalysis

The
E
ni
C
hem Synthesis Process

TS
‐1 Catalyst and Reaction Mechanism

Phenol Hydroxylation with N
2
O

Conclusions
Halogenation Reactions
Authors: Ratnasamy Paul , Singh A. P.
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Halogenation and Halogenating Agents

Halogenation Over Solid Heterogeneous Catalysts

Fluorination

Chlorination

Bromination

Iodination

Conclusions
Acylation of Aromatics
Authors: Kouwenhoven Herman W. , van Bekkum Herman
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Zeolite‐Catalyzed Acylation of Aromatics

Acylation of Alkylbenzenes

Acylation of Naphthalene

Acylation of Aromatic Ethers

Acylation of Phenols and Fries Rearrangement

Ring Closure to Coumarin Derivatives

Acylation of Heteroarenes

Ordered Mesoporous Materials as Catalysts in Aromatics Acylation

Sulfated Zirconium Oxide Catalysts

Heteropolyacid Catalysts

Activated Clays

Nafion®‐Type Materials

Conclusions
Chiral Surfaces and Enantioselective Catalysis
Authors: Mallat Tamas , Diezi Simon , Baiker Alfons
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Approaches to Induce Enantioselectivity at Surfaces

Intrinsically Chiral Surfaces

Preparation of a Chiral Solid in the Presence of a Chiral Auxiliary

Metal on a Chiral Support

Chirally Modified Surfaces

Chiral Reconstruction of an Achiral Surface

Chirally Modified Metals: Application Range and Mechanism

Platinum

AApplication Range

BChiral Modifiers

CMechanistic Ideas

DKinetics and the Role of Side Reactions

EInversion of Enantioselectivity

FThe Non‐Linear Phenomenon

Palladium

Aα,β‐Unsaturated Ketones

Bα,β‐Unsaturated and Heteroaromatic Carboxylic Acids and Esters

C2‐Pyrones

Iridium, Rhodium, and Ruthenium

Nickel

ACatalyst Preparation, Application Range

BMechanistic Considerations

Summary and Outlook
Chemicals from Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Ratnasamy Paul , Darbha Srinivas
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

CO
2
Activation on Metals and Metal Oxides

General Features

CO
2
Activation on Metals

CO
2
Activation on Metal Oxides

Synthesis of Chemicals from
CO
2
on Heterogeneous Catalysts

CO
2
Insertion and
C

O
Bond Formation

A
Cyclic Carbonates

a 
Cycloaddition of
CO
2
to Epoxides

b 
Oxidative Carboxylation of Alkenes

B
Dimethyl Carbonate

a 
Synthesis of
DMC
from Epoxides,
CO
2
, and Methanol

b 
Direct Synthesis of
DMC
from Methanol and
CO
2

C
Polycarbonates

CO
2
Insertion and
C

H
/
O

H
Bond Formation

A
Formic Acid

B
Acetic Acid

CO
2
Insertion and
C

N
Bond Formation

A
Methylamine

B

N

,

N

‐Dimethylformamide and Methylformate

C
Alkyl and Aryl Carbamates

CO
2
Insertion and
C

C
Bond Formation

Conclusions and Challenges
Reactions on Immobilized Biocatalysts1A list of symbols used in the text is provided at the end of the chapter.
Authors: Horn Annett , Kumar Shefali , Liese Andreas , Kragl Udo
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

A Short History of Biotransformations

Need for Immobilization

Characterization of Immobilized Biocatalysts

Reactors for Immobilized Biocatalysts

Application of Immobilized Biocatalysts

Industrial Application of Immobilized Biocatalysts

Production of 7‐Aminocephalosporanic Acid and 6‐Aminopenicillanic Acid

Production ofL‐Amino Acids Using Aminoacylase

Several Selected Processes that Use Lipase in Manufacturing Fine Chemicals

Production of Acrylamide by Means of Nitrile Hydratase

Production of High‐Fructose Corn Syrup Using Xylose Isomerase

Production of Lactose‐Free Milk Using β‐Galactosidase

Production ofL‐Malic Acid Using Fumarase

Production of Glycerol‐3‐Phosphate Using Glycerol Kinase

Miscellaneous Industrial Processes Using Immobilized Enzymes

Analytical and Medical Applications

Waste Treatment

Application of Whole Cells (Not Immobilized) in Industrial Biotransformation Process

Production of Epoxides Using Monooxygenase

Production of Malic Acid Using Fumarase

Conclusion and Outlook
Synthese von Platensimycin
Authors: Tiefenbacher Konrad , Mulzer Johann
Published: March 2008

In der modernen Medikamentenentwicklung werden Antikörper oder Bibliotheken von einfachen synthetischen organischen Verbindungen, meist Heterocyclen, bevorzugt. Naturstoffe spielen eine immer geringere Rolle, denn ihre Strukturen gelten als zu komplex, sie sind nur in begrenzter Menge verfügbar und schwer zu synthetisieren, zu handhaben und zu derivatisieren. Deshalb war es eine Sensation, als eine Merck‐Forschungsgruppe durch klassisches Screening der Stoffwechselprodukte von Streptomyces platensis eine niedermolekulare organische Verbindung mit beachtlichen antibiotischen Eigenschaften entdeckte.
Synthesis of Platensimycin
Authors: Tiefenbacher Konrad , Mulzer Johann
Published: March 2008

In modern drug discovery, antibodies or libraries of simple synthetic organic compounds, mostly of heterocyclic origin, are favored. Natural products play an increasingly inferior role as they are considered structurally too complex, limited in quantity, and difficult to synthesize, manipulate, and derivatize. Thus it was a sensation when a Merck research group reported that classical screening of metabolites from Streptomyces platensis has unearthed a low‐molecular‐weight organic compound with remarkable antibiotic properties.
Interaction of dimethyltin(IV) dichloride with 5′‐IMP and 5′‐UMP
Authors: Gharib Farrokh , Jaberi Fatemeh , Zandevakili Mahla
Published: March 2008

The formation constants of the species formed in the systems H+ + dimethyltin(IV) + 5′‐IMP and 5′‐UMP, H+ + 5′‐IMP and H+ + 5′‐UMP have been determined in aqueous solution in the pH range 1.5–9.5 at constant temperature (25 °C) and constant ionic strength (0.1 mol dm−3 NaClO4), using spectrophotometric and potentiometric techniques. 1H and 31P NMR investigations in aqueous solution confirmed the species formation. The precipitated complexes of IMP and UMP by Me2Sn(IV)2+ at low pH values were characterized by elemental analysis and FTIR spectroscopy methods, the bonding sites of the ligands were determined and ruled out purine and pyrimidine moieties (N‐7 and N‐1 in IMP and N‐3 in UMP, respectively) while a bidentated coordination of the phosphate group is concluded in both cases. Finally, the experiments revealed the existence of complexes with trigonal bipyramidal structures that is in agreement with similar systems resulted previously. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of screw configurations on the grafting of maleic anhydride grafted low‐density polyethylene in reactive extrusion
Authors: Fang Hui , Ma Xiuqing , Feng Lianxun , Wang Kuisheng , Cao Bin
Published: March 2008

The effects of screw configurations, that is, the staggering angles and disc widths of the kneading blocks, on grafting reactive extrusion for maleic anhydride grafted low‐density polyethylene were investigated in a corotating twin‐screw extruder. Samples were collected from three positions along the screw and the die exit. The grafting degree (GD) of the specimens was evaluated by titration. It was found that the kneading block configurations had a significant influence on the grafting reactive extrusion. In addition, another three groups of extrusion experiments were performed to explore the intrinsic relationship between the GD, the degree of fill in the screw channel, the residence time distribution (RTD), and the mixing intensity in various screw configurations. The experimental results indicated that the location of the melting endpoint significantly affected the position at which the reaction began; the degree of fill, RTD, and mixing performance of the screw played important roles in the grafting reaction. The reverse kneading blocks with a narrow disc width, which had a high degree of fill and good mixing capacity, enhanced the increase in GD along the screw during the reactive extrusion. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Cortical patterns of category‐selective activation for faces, places and objects in adults with autism
Authors: Humphreys Kate , Hasson Uri , Avidan Galia , Minshew Nancy , Behrmann Marlene
Published: March 2008

Autism is associated with widespread atypicalities in perception, cognition and social behavior. A crucial question concerns how these atypicalities are reflected in the underlying brain activation. One way to examine possible perturbations of cortical organization in autism is to analyze the activation of category‐selective ventral visual cortex, already clearly delineated in typical populations. We mapped out the neural correlates of face, place and common object processing, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), in a group of high‐functioning adults with autism and a typical comparison group, under both controlled and more naturalistic, viewing conditions. There were no consistent group differences in place‐related regions. Although there were no significant differences in the extent of the object‐related regions, there was more variability for these regions in the autism group. The most marked group differences were in face‐selective cortex, with individuals with autism evincing reduced activation, not only in fusiform face area but also in superior temporal sulcus and occipital face area. Ventral visual cortex appears to be organized differently in high‐functioning adults with autism, at least for face‐selective regions, although subtle differences may also exist for other categories. We propose that cascading developmental effects of low‐level differences in neuronal connectivity result in a much more pronounced effect on later developing cortical systems, such as that for face‐processing, than earlier maturing systems (those for objects and places).
The potential role for emergence in autism
Authors: Anderson George M.
Published: March 2008

Although most research on autistic behavior has considered autism categorically, the increasingly apparent genetic and phenotypic complexities of autism are prompting a more dimensional approach to this area. The long‐standing interest in a less categorical approach is made clear from a review of literature. The accumulating empirical support for viewing autism‐related phenomena as separable and fractionable is outlined and includes data indicating that many of the behaviors occur in isolation in family members and the general population, are not highly correlated within individuals, and appear to be inherited separately. However, it is emphasized that some of the most common and characteristic phenomena observed in individuals diagnosed with autism do not run in their families. It is suggested that these novel, “emergent,” phenomena may arise in the individual from interacting configurations of co‐occurring traits or from the interaction of genetic and biological factors underlying the traits. A number of autism‐related phenomena including intellectual disability, seizures, persistence of primitive reflexes, stereotypies, self‐injurious behavior, savant abilities, and morphological abnormalities, among others, are discussed as potentially being emergent. It is concluded that consideration of the role of emergence in autistic behavior and related phenomena should complement a reductionist approach and might help illuminate the components and complexities of autism.
Ein Algorithmus zur Bestimmung und Optimierung von Fließlinienfiguren für beliebige Polygonplatten
Authors: Wüst Jochen , Wagner Werner
Published: March 2008

Als Ergänzung zur weit verbreiteten Finite‐Element‐Methode wurden in den vergangenen Jahren verschiedene Optimierungsansätze zur Fließlinientheorie entwickelt. Dieser Artikel stellt einen neuartigen, systematisierten Algorithmus vor, um Ausgangskonfigurationen von Fließliniennetzen für beliebig berandete Polygonplatten zu bestimmen. Dem Anwender bietet sich somit eine Lösung für die Aufgabe, im Vorfeld eines Optimierungsprozesses eine geeignete Fließlinienfigur zu wählen. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein Verfahren zur Codierung von Fließlinienfiguren eingeführt und ein bislang unerkannter Aspekt zur Anwendung der Catalanschen Zahlenreihe im Zusammenhang mit Binärbäumen aufgezeigt. Nach einer weiterführenen Verfeinerung des Netzes kommt ein Dreieckselement in Verbindung mit einem Simplex‐Optimierungsverfahren zum Einsatz, um die Traglast der untersuchten Fließlinienkonfiguration zu bestimmen. Darüber hinaus führen andere Optimierungsstrategien wie die direkte Suchmethode oder die konjugierte Gradientenmethode zur endgültigen Lösung des Problems. Die Verwendung und die Leistungsfähigkeit dieses neuen Ansatzes wird anhand von drei Beispielen aufgezeigt.
Das Geschäft mit den Schutzplanken – Wissenschaftliche und andere Interessen
Authors: Gülich Hans‐A.
Published: March 2008

Als Schutzeinrichtungen am Rande von Straßen und Brücken konnten Stahlschutzplanken fast ein halbes Jahrhundert lang einen unangefochtenen Spitzenplatz einnehmen. Zu ihrer erfolgreichen Vermarktung haben eine wirksame Interessenvertretung sowie unkritische Betrachtungen des Anprallvorgangs beigetragen. Unter Vernachlässigung der an einer Schnittstelle von Bau‐, Fahrzeug‐ und Verkehrstechnik notwendigen interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit kam auf europäischer Ebene eine fragwürdige Norm zustande. Daran geäußerte Kritik störte das gesicherte Geschäft mit Schutzplanken und wurde mit disziplinarischen Maßnahmen beantwortet. Nachdem auch auf deutschen Straßen Vorteile von Schutzwänden aus Beton sichtbar werden, bedürfen frühere Fehleinschätzungen und Festlegungen einer Korrektur.
Removal of Copper, Nickel and Zinc Ions from Aqueous Solution by Chitosan‐8‐Hydroxyquinoline Beads
Authors: Barros Francisco C. F. , Sousa Francisco W. , Cavalcante Rivelino M. , Carvalho Tecia V. , Dias Francisco S. , Queiroz Danilo C. , Vasconcellos Luiz C. G. , Nascimento Ronaldo F.
Published: March 2008

In this work, 8‐hydroxyquinoline is used as the active sites in cross‐linked chitosan beads with epichlorohydrin (CT‐8HQ). The CT‐8HQ material was shaped in bead form and used for heavy metal removal from aqueous solution. The study was carried out at pH 5.0 with both batch and column methods and the maximum adsorption capacity of metal ions by the CT‐8HQ was attained in 4 h in the batch experiment. The adsorption capacity order was: Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ for both mono‐ and multi‐component systems with batch conditions. From breakthrough curves with column conditions, the adsorption capacity followed the order Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Ni2+ for both mono‐ and multi‐component systems. The CT‐8HQ beads maintained good metal adsorption capacity for all five cycles with absorbent restoration achieved with the use of 1.0 mol L–1 HCl solution, with 90% regeneration.
Water Quality of the River Yamuna in the Delhi Stretch: Key Determinants and Management Issues
Authors: Trisal Chaman , Tabassum Tanveera , Kumar Ritesh
Published: March 2008

The assessment of water quality of the River Yamuna in the Delhi stretch was carried out by determining changes in the concentration levels of 19 physico‐chemical parameters. It was observed that vegetation plays an important role in acting as a biological sink for mineral nutrients, thereby restoring the water quality. It is proposed that restoration of the inundation pattern of floodplains would greatly help in re‐aeration of the overlying water and re‐absorption of pollutants through mud/water exchanges.
Biosorption of Nickel from Synthetic and Electroplating Industrial Solutions using a Green Marine Algae Ulva reticulata
Authors: Vijayaraghavan Kuppusamy
Published: March 2008

The present work investigated the biosorption of nickel from synthetic and electroplating industrial effluents using a green marine algae Ulva reticulata. Preliminary batch results imply that pH 4.5 was optimum for nickel uptake and the isotherm experiments conducted at this pH condition indicated that U. reticulata can biosorb 62.3 mg g–1 nickel ions from synthetic solutions, according to the Langmuir model. Desorption was effective and practical using 0.1 M CaCl2 (pH 2.5, HCl) and the biomass was regenerated and reused for three cycles. Continuous biosorption experiments were performed in an upflow packed column (2 cm I.D and 35 cm height). Among the two electroplating effluents used, effluent‐1 is characterized by excess co‐ions and high nickel ion content. This influenced the column nickel uptake with U. reticulata exhibiting 52.1 mg g–1 in the case of effluent‐1 compared to 56.5 mg g–1 in the case of synthetic solution. On the other hand U. reticulata performed well in effluent‐2 with uptakes of 53.3 and 54.3 mg g–1 for effluent‐2 and synthetic solution, respectively. Mathematical modeling of column experimental data was performed using nonlinear forms of the Thomas‐ and modified dose‐response models, with the latter able to simulate breakthrough curves with high correlation coefficients.
New Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Effects of Smoking: Reducing the Level of N‐nitrosamines in Mainstream Smoke by NaA Zeolite and In vitro and In vivo Investigations
Authors: Gao Ling , Wang Ying , Xu Yang , Zhou Shi Lu , Zhuang Ting Ting , Wu Zheng Ying , Zhu Jian Hua
Published: March 2008

A new effort to control the pollution caused by smoking by use of zeolite sieving the N‐nitrosamines in smoke is depicted and assessed in this paper, which is a first preliminary approach to demonstrate the performance characteristics of zeolite for the reduction of the concentration of N‐nitrosamines in the cigarette smoke. Smoking causes global pollution and is difficult to control because smoke is a complex system containing thousands of components. A new strategy is presented here for the reduction of the harmful effects of smoking through dispersion of zeolite into the tobacco rod of cigarettes to eliminate the N‐nitrosamines once they form in the smoke, and both in vitro and in vivo tests were employed to check the efficiency of this strategy. The impact of zeolite on the combustion of tobacco and the total toxicity of smoke are evaluated for the first time. Lower mutagenic activity and higher CHO cell livability were found for the test cigarette containing zeolite in comparison with the control, and no significant damage was detected in 30‐day animal experiments when exposed to the cigarette smoke. This confirms the feasibility of the new strategy and promotes the potential application of zeolite for protecting public health.
Improving the Quality of Municipal Solid Waste Compost by Using Expanded Perlite and Natural Zeolite
Authors: Turan N. Gamze , Ergun Osman Nuri
Published: March 2008

The scope of this study was to investigate the effects of natural zeolite and expanded perlite on the quality of municipal solid waste compost. Various ratios of the materials were added as supplements to the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. These applications were periodically compared with an untreated control process. The results obtained from experimental studies clearly showed that municipal solid waste collected from the metropolitan city center of Samsun, Turkey could not be composted without any additions due to the very high moisture content, which reached up to 75–80%. In the untreated control process, thermophilic temperatures were not supported during the composting. In this system, ammonia and other odors became a problem because of the high pH levels, and the electrical conductivity was too high for aged compost. However, the addition of natural zeolite and expanded perlite had a positive affect on the quality of the final compost. Natural zeolite trapped ammonium and reduced nitrogen losses from the compost. Expanded perlite held excess moisture and supported improved aeration. The results also indicated that the use of natural zeolite together with expanded perlite in municipal solid waste composting processes produced mature and stable compost.
Concentration of Ciprofloxacin in Brazilian Hospital Effluent and Preliminary Risk Assessment: A Case Study
Authors: Martins Ayrton F. , Vasconcelos Tibiriçá G. , Henriques Danielle M. , Frank Carla da S. , König Armin , Kümmerer Klaus
Published: March 2008

This study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of the fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent ciprofloxacin (CIP) in the effluent of the Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria (HUSM). Measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of CIP in the hospital wastewater, both before (P1) and after (P2) cesspit/filter system treatment (CFTS), were determined by means of solid phase extraction and reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC‐FLD) and reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (LC‐MS/MS). The MECs (n = 7 daily composed samples) were 19 to 155 μg L–1 (average: 54 ± 21 μg L–1) and 32 to 99 μg L–1 (average: 65 ± 45 μg L–1) in P1 and P2, respectively. No relevant removal was observed from P1 to P2. In a worst case scenario, the final effluent was regarded as MECs of surface water. These MECs were generally 5 to 20,000‐fold higher than what was previously known. If the present data is drawn on to form a model of the situation in developing countries, the picture provides a first rough indication that the environmental risk associated with the use and emission of pharmaceuticals into the environment in developing countries might be higher than in developed countries.
Randomized, placebo‐controlled, pilot study evaluating aprepitant single dose plus palonosetron and dexamethasone for the prevention of acute and delayed chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting
Authors: Herrington Jon D. , Jaskiewicz Adam D. , Song Juhee
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND.

The combination of palonosetron and aprepitant is safe and effective in the prevention of chemotherapy‐induced emesis (CIE). The purpose of this pilot study was to ascertain the effectiveness of 1‐day versus 3‐day aprepitant in the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting in patients who were receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy.

METHODS.

This study was institutional review board‐approved and informed consent was obtained before this study was begun. This was a pilot, single‐institution, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial that evaluated 3 different treatment arms. All groups received palonosetron 0.25 mg intravenously on Day 1 and dexamethasone on Days 1–4. Arm A received aprepitant 125 mg orally on Day 1 followed by 80 mg on Days 2–3. Arm B received aprepitant 125 mg orally on Day 1 and placebo on Days 2–3. Arm C received placebos on Days 1–3. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the proportion of patients with acute and delayed emesis within each group.

RESULTS.

Seventy‐five patients were included in the analysis. The study commenced with 3 groups; however, an interim analysis displayed unacceptable emesis events in Arm C, and this group was terminated. There were no significant differences between Arms A and B for emesis, nausea, or the use of breakthrough antiemetics. In Arms A and B, 93% of patients were emesis‐free from Days 1–5 compared with only 50% in Arm C.

CONCLUSIONS.

From this pilot study of patients who were receiving palonosetron, aprepitant, and dexamethasone for highly emetogenic chemotherapy, a single dose of aprepitant displayed similar effectiveness compared with 3‐day aprepitant. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Renal sparing surgery for children with bilateral Wilms tumor
Authors: Ritchey Michael
Published: March 2008

Renal‐sparing surgery is feasible in children with bilateral Wilms tumor even if large bilateral masses are present. Careful monitoring of renal function after surgery is necessary in these patients.
Decreased expression of methyl methansulfonate and ultraviolet‐sensitive gene clone 81 (Mus81) is correlated with a poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Wu Fan , Liu Si‐Yu , Tao Yi‐Ming , Ou Di‐Peng , Fang Feng , Yang Lian‐Yue
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND.

Recent work has demonstrated that methyl methansulfonate and ultraviolet‐sensitive gene clone 81 (Mus81) is critical in the maintenance of chromosome stability and tumor suppression in mice. To investigate its role in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which currently is unknown, the authors examined the correlation between Mus81 expression and prognosis in patients with HCC.

METHODS.

Reverse transcriptase‐polymersase chain reaction and Western blot analyses were used to determine Mus81 expression levels in 41 paired HCC and paracarcinomatous liver tissue (PCLT) specimens. Immunohistochemistry analysis was also performed on 104 HCC specimens from patients with follow‐up information.

RESULTS.

Both Mus81 messenger RNA and protein expression levels were decreased significantly in HCC specimens. Moreover, lower Mus81 expression levels were detected in nodular HCC (NHCC) than in solitary large HCC (SLHCC) specimens. Among 104 specimens of HCC, the positive rate of Mus81 was significantly lower than the rate in PCLT (P = .017), and the decreased Mus81expression was correlated significantly with high Edmondson‐Steiner grade, multiple tumor nodes, and venous invasion. Patients with HCC who had low Mus81 expression had either poorer disease‐free survival or poorer overall survival than patients who had with high Mus81 expression (P = .0027 and P = .0001, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that low Mus81 expression was an independent prognostic factor for patients with HCC (risk ratio, 5.74; P = .012).

CONCLUSIONS.

Mus81 expression levels were decreased significantly in HCC specimens, and the decreased levels were correlated with a poor prognosis in patients with HCC, implicating Mus81 as a candidate prognostic marker in HCC. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Twenty years of follow‐up among survivors of childhood and young adult acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Mulrooney Daniel A. , Dover Douglas C. , Li Suwen , Yasui Yutaka , Ness Kirsten K. , Mertens Ann C. , Neglia Joseph P. , Sklar Charles A. , Robison Leslie L. , Davies Stella M. ,   and the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND

Limited data exist on the comprehensive assessment of late medical and social effects experienced by survivors of childhood and young adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

METHODS

This analysis included 272 5‐year AML survivors who participated in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS). All patients were diagnosed at age ≤21 years between the years 1970 and 1986, and none underwent stem cell transplantation. Rates of survival, relapse, and late outcomes were analyzed.

RESULTS

The average follow‐up was 20.5 years (range, 5–33 years). The overall survival rate was 97% at 10 years (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 94%–98%) and 94% at 20 years (95% CI, 90%–96%). Six survivors reported 8 recurrences. The cumulative incidence of recurrent AML was 6.6% at 10 years (95% CI, 3.7%–9.6%) and 8.6% at 20 years (95% CI, 5.1%–12.1%). Ten subsequent malignant neoplasms (SMN) were reported, including 4 with a history of radiation therapy, for a 20‐year cumulative incidence of 1.7% (95% CI, 0.02%–3.4%). Six cardiac events were reported, for a 20‐year cumulative incidence 4.7% (95% CI, 2.1%–7.3%). Half of the survivors reported a chronic medical condition and, compared with siblings, were at increased risk for severe or life‐threatening chronic medical conditions (16% vs 5.8%; P < .001). Among those aged ≥25 years, the age‐adjusted marriage rates were similar among survivors and the general United States population (57% for both) and lower compared with siblings (67%; P < .01). Survivors' college graduation rates were lower compared with siblings but higher than the general population (40% vs 52% vs 34%, respectively; P < .01). Employment rates were similar between survivors, siblings, and the general population (93%, 97.6%, and 95.8%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Long‐term survival from childhood AML ≥5‐years after diagnosis was favorable. Late‐occurring medical events remained a concern with socioeconomic achievement lower than expected within the individual family unit, although it was not different from the general United States population. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in head and neck squamous carcinoma
Authors: Mandal Mahitosh , Myers Jeffery N. , Lippman Scott M. , Johnson Faye M. , Williams Michelle D. , Rayala Suresh , Ohshiro Kazufumi , Rosenthal David I. , Weber Randal S. , Gallick Gary E. , El‐Naggar Adel K.
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND

Epithelial–mesenchymal transformations (EMT) are critical for the invasion, progression, and metastasis of epithelial carcinogenesis. The role of EMT in head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC) tumorigenesis remains unexplored. In the current study, the expressions of several factors associated with the induction of EMT in HNSC cell lines and tumor specimens were investigated to define their functional and pathologic role in HNSC.

METHODS

Eleven HNSC cell lines and 50 primary tumor tissue specimens formed the materials of this study. Western blot analysis as well as immunohistochemical, and functional techniques were used to assess the status of activated Src (p‐Src), E‐cadherin, and vimentin in both cell lines and tumor tissues and the results were correlated with patients' clinicopathologic parameters.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated the inverse expression of p‐Src and E‐cadherin in the majority of cell lines and in primary tumor tissues compared with normal squamous mucosa. Elevated levels of p‐Src were accompanied by down‐regulation of E‐cadherin and the expression of vimentin in epithelial tumor cells. In vitro inhibition of Src led to E‐cadherin reexpression and increased cell contact in squamous carcinoma cell lines. Immunophenotypic analysis of these markers in primary tumor tissues demonstrated a significant correlation between increased p‐Src, decreased E‐cadherin, and vimentin expression and aggressive tumor features including penetrating invasive fronts, high‐grade sarcomatoid transformation, and lymph node metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study indicate that Src and E‐cadherin may play an important role in EMT, invasion, and aggressive clinicopathologic features of HNSC. These proteins may be targeted for the therapeutic intervention of patients with HNSC. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Alternative promoter usage generates multiple evolutionarily conserved isoforms of Drosophila DOA kinase
Authors: Kpebe Arlette , Rabinow Leonard
Published: March 2008

The unique LAMMER (or Clk) protein kinase of Drosophila is encoded at the Doa locus. To better understand the pleiotropic effects of Doa mutations, we describe the structure and expression of the multiple RNA and protein products of the locus, as well as their evolutionary conservation among Drosophila. The gene produces at least six different protein isoforms, primarily through alternative promoter usage, generating kinases with virtually identical catalytic domains but variable N‐terminal noncatalytic domains. The single known alternative splicing event generates a kinase with the insertion of six additional amino‐acids in the catalytic domain. Two independent predicted genes nested within Doa introns actually encode additional alternative N‐termini of the locus. An alternative polyadenylation site utilized exclusively during early embryogenesis generates a transcript with a short half‐life, apparently to ensure a “burst” of kinase expression at the onset of development. Ecdysone induction of Doa transcripts affects all isoforms during pupariation. Finally, extensive conservation of amino‐acid sequences of both the catalytic and N‐terminal noncatalytic exons observed in alignments between D. melanogaster exons and the genome sequences of 11 other Drosophila species suggest that the multiple isoforms serve important and nonredundant functions. genesis 46:132–143, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of absorbent in solid‐phase extraction on quantification of phospholipids in palm‐pressed fiber
Authors: Chua Seong Chea , Tan Chin Ping , Lai Oi Ming , Long Kamariah , Mirhosseini Hamed , Baharin Badlishah Sham
Published: March 2008

Palm‐pressed fiber (PPF) is a by‐product of palm oil milling and it has been found to contain a high percentage of phospholipids (PL). The aim of this work was to evaluate the best solid‐phase extraction (SPE) method to purify PL from PPF. The purified PL were analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an evaporative light‐scattering detector (ELSD). The oil was extracted from PPF using the Folch method and classes of PL were purified using SPE. Different solvent phases and normal‐phase SPE cartridges [silica (Si), aminopropyl‐bonded silica (NH2) and diol‐bonded silica (2OH)] at the same ratio of oil to sorbent mass were used to study the separation of PL from the extracted oil. The recovery of each standard PL was performed in a model oil system with the same amount of standard PL being added, and the repeatability of the SPE method was investigated. The isolation of PL by SPE diol cartridge and subsequent analysis by HPLC/ELSD have shown to be an accurate and reproducible analytical method for the determination of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine in PPF. This method provided a high yield and rapid separation of PL in PPF with less contamination from other lipid groups.
Medium optimization for lipid production through co‐fermentation of glucose and xylose by the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi
Authors: Zhao Xin , Kong Xiangli , Hua Yanyan , Feng Bin , Zhao Zongbao (Kent)
Published: March 2008

Co‐fermentation of lignocellulose‐based carbohydrates is a potential solution to improve the economics of microbial lipid production. In the present paper, experiments were performed to optimize the media composition for lipid production by the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi AS 2.1560 through co‐fermentation of glucose and xylose (2 : 1 wt/wt). Statistical screening of nine media variables was performed by a Plackett–Burman design. Three factors, namely mixed sugar, yeast extract and FeSO4, were found as significant components influencing cellular lipid accumulation. Further optimization was carried out using a Box–Behnken factorial design to study the effects of these three variables on lipid production. A mathematical model with the R2 value at 96.66% was developed to show the effect of each medium composition and their interactions on the lipid production. The model estimated that a maximal lipid content of 61.0 wt‐% could be obtained when the concentrations of mixed sugar, yeast extract and FeSO4 were at 73.3 g/L (glucose 48.9 g/L, xylose 24.4 g/L), 7.9 g/L and 4.0 mg/L, respectively. The predicted value was in good accordance with the experimental data of 61.5%. Compared with the initial media, the optimized media gave 1.59‐fold and 2.03‐fold increases for lipid content and lipid productivity, respectively.
The first contribution of capillary electrophoresis to the study of abiotic origins of homochirality: Investigation of the enantioselective adsorption of 3‐carboxy adipic acid on minerals
Authors: Castro‐Puyana María , Salgado Antonio , Hazen Robert M. , Crego Antonio L. , Alegre María Luisa Marina
Published: March 2008

CE with UV detection was used for the first time to determine the enantioselective adsorption of the short‐chain tricarboxylic acid, 3‐carboxy adipic acid, on minerals as a mean of investigating plausible mechanisms for the origin of biochemical homochirality on Earth. The use of vancomycine as chiral selector in the separation buffer using the partial filling technique enabled the separation of the two enantiomers of this organic acid in about 12 min. Taking into account that this compound has a low absorption of the UV light, and in order to achieve the sensitivity needed to determine the enantiomeric excess of samples of 3‐carboxy adipic acid adsorbed on minerals, we applied a strategy consisting of a field‐amplified sample stacking together with the use of a bubble capillary and detection at low wavelength (192 nm). This combination enabled an LOD of about 10−7 M and the determination of the enantiomeric excess of 3‐carboxy adipic acid adsorbed on calcite and feldspar mineral samples at subnanomol levels of this acid. Results showed that an enantioselective adsorption of the enantiomers of 3‐carboxy adipic acid on minerals took place.
The monitoring of nucleotide diphosphate kinase activity by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Authors: Mailloux Ryan J. , Darwich Rami , Lemire Joseph , Appanna Vasu
Published: March 2008

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) has been shown to play a pivotal role in modulating a plethora of cellular processes. In this study, we report on a blue native (BN) PAGE technique which allows the facile assessment of NDPK activity and expression. The in‐gel detection of NDPK relies on the precipitation of formazan at the site of immobilized enzyme activity. This is achieved by coupling the formation of ATP, as a consequence of γ‐phosphate transfer from NTP to ADP, to hexokinase (HK), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), phenazine methosulfate (PMS), and iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT). 2‐D denaturing gel analysis confirmed that the activity bands corresponded to NDPK as indicated by subunit composition. Furthermore, the sensitivity and specificity of this readily accessible procedure was assessed by monitoring the in‐gel activity of NDPK using different concentrations of GTP and CTP as well as deoxynucleoside triphosphates. This electrophoretic technique allows the quick and easy detection of NDPK, a housekeeping enzyme crucial to cell survival.
Fibular free flaps in the management of osteomyelitis of the mandible
Authors: Slough Cristian M. , Woo Brian M. , Ueeck Brett A. , Wax Mark K.
Published: March 2008

Background

Fibular free flaps are an alternative method in the management of chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible without osteoradionecrosis.

Methods

A prospective review of 2 cases of chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible managed with a fibular free flap was conducted. Patient satisfaction and aesthetic results were examined. Follow‐up to 9 months was achieved and radiographic studies conducted. The current literature on the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible and the use of free flaps in its management was reviewed.

Results

The 2 patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible whose conservative management failed were effectively treated with the use of a fibular free flap reconstruction.

Conclusion

Microvascular reconstruction with a fibular free flap should be considered as a treatment option in the management of chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Prospective trial of the ultrasonic dissector in thyroid surgery
Authors: Leonard David S. , Timon Conrad
Published: March 2008

Background

Use of the ultrasonic dissector in thyroid surgery is becoming more prevalent, with reduced operative time and incision size reported. We assessed the value of the harmonic scalpel in routine thyroid lobectomy.

Methods

We conducted a single blind, prospective pilot study of 52 euthyroid patients requiring thyroid lobectomy. Those with lesions not suitable for resection through a 4‐cm incision, a history of thyroiditis, or uncontrolled thyroid dysfunction were excluded. Patients were allocated to 1 of 2 groups: group I (n = 31), thyroid lobectomies using conventional surgical techniques; or group II (n = 21), thyroid lobectomies using the ultrasonic dissector.

Results

Outcomes for the 2 patient groups were comparable. There was no significant difference in operative time or incision size.

Conclusions

The ultrasonic dissector does not confer any quantifiable benefit in routine thyroid lobectomy when compared with conventional techniques. This is the first reported series in which its use has not reduced operative time. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008