bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tarascan Historicity: Narrative Structure and the Production of the Past in the Case of the Two Tariacuris
Authors: Haskell David L.
Published: October 2013

The recent translation and description of La memoria de don Melchor Caltzin, produced in 1543 and the earliest document written in the Tarascan (Purhépecha) language, opens an important window into the study of Tarascan historiography and state formation, which has generally been an understudied region of Mesoamerica. For too long, a more extensive document, the Relación de Michoacán, has dominated investigations of the Tarascan state, a late pre-Hispanic polity centered in West-Central Mexico, and wider Tarascan culture and history. I discuss how reading both documents in light of one another sheds light on the selective and ideologically skewed way in which they represent the past. While La memoria de don Melchor Caltzin focuses on a strict set of events to argue for the preservation of the rights of a Nahua community residing in the pre-Hispanic capital of Tzintzuntzan, it also sheds further light on the conspicuous silences in the Relación de Michoacán. Furthermore, the information contained in the Memoria indicates that an important stage in the development and consolidation of the state occurred thanks to an alliance between a king and foreign merchants. These data suggest that political consolidation was an ongoing process within the Tarascan state. The data indicating that merchants were key to this king's accession to power are indicative of a struggle to monopolize elite trade goods and lead to the discussion of the possibility that this struggle may also have been a factor in an earlier phase of state formation.
Rural Castas, State Projects, and Ethnic Transformation in Western Guatemala, 1800–1821
Authors: Schwartzkopf Stacey
Published: October 2013

Nonindigenous, non-Spanish castas were a significant presence in late colonial Central America, yet their lives have remained opaque to historians, particularly in heavily indigenous rural areas such as western Guatemala. Drawing on detailed census correspondence, this article describes casta populations in the Huehuetenango region in the final decades of colonial rule by examining census categorization, patterns of migration, occupations, land tenure, and casta relations with indigenous communities and royal authorities. These data question current assumptions regarding the timing and nature of ethnic transformation among these populations, arguing that the key shift to a generic ladino identity occurred later than previously proposed. They also suggest the need for greater attention to the role of state formation in ethnic change, as the casta population described here repeatedly struggled with and adapted themselves to the identities promoted in state projects during the early nineteenth century, with enduring effects on later ethnic relations.
Juxtaposed Narratives of the Battle of Crowheart Butte
Authors: Williams (Ngäi Tahu) Jim
Published: October 2013

As history is usually recorded by the victors, it is instructive to have an opportunity to contrast a perspective from the vanquished. However, when both parties are from colonized minorities, and there is also a colonizer's view, the opportunity exists for the almost unique comparison of one etic and two emic accounts. The battle of Crowheart Butte, Wyoming, in 1866, provides such an opportunity, illustrating how each group maintains its own historicity and how the different versions can offer some additional insight into one another.
Dysregulated phosphatidylinositol signaling promotes endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-mediated intestinal mucosal injury and inflammation in zebrafish
Authors: Thakur Prakash C. , Davison Jon M. , Stuckenholz Carsten , Lu Lili , Bahary Nathan
Published: October 2013

Dysregulated phosphoinositide (PI) signaling has been implicated in human gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies and inflammatory states, underlining the need to study pathophysiological roles of PI in an in vivo genetic model. Here, we study the significance of PI in GI pathophysiology using the zebrafish mutant cdipthi559, which lacks PI synthesis, and unravel a crucial role of PI in intestinal mucosal integrity and inflammation. The cdipthi559 mutants exhibit abnormal villous architecture and disorganized proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), with pathologies reminiscent of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including apoptosis of goblet cells, abnormal mucosecretion, bacterial overgrowth and leukocyte infiltration. The mutant IECs exhibit vacuolation, microvillus atrophy and impaired proliferation. The cdipthi559 gene expression profile shows enrichment of acute phase response signaling, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress factors hspa5 and xbp1 are robustly activated in the mutant GI tissue. Temporal electron micrographic analyses reveal that PI-deficient IECs undergo sequential ER-Golgi disruption, mitochondrial depletion, macroautophagy and cell death, consistent with chronic ER-stress-mediated cytopathology. Furthermore, pharmacological induction of ER stress by inhibiting protein glycosylation or PI synthase inhibition in leukocyte-specific reporter lines replicates the cdipthi559 inflammatory phenotype, suggesting a fundamental role of PI metabolism and ER stress in mucosal inflammation. Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs resolved the inflammation, but not the autophagic necroapoptosis of IECs, suggesting that bacterial overgrowth can exacerbate ER stress pathology, whereas persistent ER stress is sufficient to trigger inflammation. Interestingly, the intestinal phenotype was partially alleviated by chemical chaperones, suggesting their therapeutic potential. Using zebrafish genetic and pharmacological models, this study demonstrates a newly identified link between intracellular PI signaling and ER-stress-mediated mucosal inflammation. The zebrafish cdipt mutants provide a powerful tool for dissecting the fundamental mechanisms of ER-stress-mediated human GI diseases and a platform to develop molecularly targeted therapies.
Scope and Limitation for FeSO4-Mediated Direct Arylation of Heteroarenes with Arylboronic Acids and Its Synthetic Applications
Authors: Komeyama Kimihiro , Nagao Yuya , Abe Manabu , Takaki Ken
Published: October 2013

FeSO4-mediated direct arylation of heteroarenes with arylboronic acids in the presence of K2S2O8 has been developed. A slow addition of an aqueous solution of an iron complex was crucial in the arylation. Scope and limitation of the heteroarenes and arylboronic acids are discussed. Furthermore, the direct arylation was applied to the formal total synthesis botryllazine B and sodium channel inhibitor.
The use of electronic medical records in primary health care in the Podlaskie Voivodeship
Authors: Pędziński Bartosz , Sowa Paweł , Kołpak Małgorzata , Pędziński Waldemar , Szpak Andrzej
Published: October 2013

Introduction. Despite the statutory obligation to keep medical records only in electronic form from August 1, 2014, there are no publications in the scientific literature on the current level of preparation of institutions in this regard.
Aim. The aim of this study is to determine the current level of the use of electronic medical records by primary care physicians in the Podlaskie Voivodeship.
Material and methods. The study was conducted using the CATI (Computer Aided Telephone Interviews) and the CAWI (Computer Aided Web Interview) methods. In total, results were obtained from 104 Primary Health Care units (PHC), which accounts for 44% of all health care providers having a contract for the provision the primary care physician services in the Podlaskie Voivodeship.
Results. The results show that only 14.7% of primary care physicians use the individual electronic medical record. As regards external medical records, prescription are generated and printed by 71.6%, medical referrals – by 39.8% and medical certificates – by 11.8% of the respondents. Transmission of medical data over the Internet practically does not exist, except for the access to the results of laboratory tests, which is declared by 28.2% of respondents.
Discussion. Despite the fact that currently all the doctors declare access to computers and the Internet in the PHC institutions, these resources are used primarily for the purpose of billing and verification of patient insurance status, not for keeping electronic medical records. The case of Denmark, where the use of electronic medical records among general practitioners reaches 100% indicates that the process is long-lasting, and it was achieved with strong substantial and financial support from the state.
Conclusions. In view of the computerization of the health care system in Poland, special attention should be paid to the computerization of healthcare providers themselves, including in particular providers of primary health care level. The concentration of efforts and resources only on central projects and computerization of hospitals may be a highly inefficient solution.
The waiting list as an instrument, rationalizing access to health care benefits
Authors: Jacek Anna , Kędzior Klaudia , Porada Sławomir
Published: October 2013

Introduction. In the system of universal health insurance, a patient cannot expect unlimited access to health care, therefore, the right to use a reliable procedure, being based on medical criteria and determining order of access to health care benefits, has become a key issue. This solution is described as a waiting list for health care benefits.
Aim. Becoming acquainted with opinions on the role of waiting list as an instrument rationalizing access to benefits in the system of universal health insurance.
Material and methods. The study involved 300 people, making use of health care benefits in therapeutic entities,
in the area of Jaroslaw. The goal of this study was achieved by means of the author’s questionnaire.
Results. It was shown that 68% of the respondents were not able to find a better solution than keeping waiting list, regarding the access to services funded from the public means. And 32% of them believed that keeping waiting list was pointless, as service providers did not follow the rules of doing it.
Conclusions. It was stated that a form of giving information about appointed date of health care benefit provision should be standardized by creating one kind of form that would be given to every patient (on their first visit) at the moment of being signed in waiting list for health care benefits. Patient’s knowledge of using sources of information about waiting time for particular health care service is highly demanded.
Reasons for delays in treatment of patients suffering from malignant cancers in Podkarpackie voivodeship
Authors: Podgórska Justyna , Kruk Wacław , Cichocka Izabela
Published: October 2013

Introduction. In the case of oncological patients, early implementation of treatment is a key matter. Any delays occurring on each of the levels of diagnostic and therapeutic processes may affect the outliving of the patients. Elimination of their reasons could reduce the time scale of the delays, increase the percentage of cancer instances detected in initial stages, as well as improve patients’ prognoses.
Aim. The basic objective of this thesis was to identify the main reasons for the delays in the treatment of oncological patients. The additional goal was to establish the sources of information on prophylaxis collected by the patients.
Material and methods. The research comprised108 people who were treated in a stationary treatment system in two specialized oncology centers in Podkarpacie. The method consisted in a diagnostic poll and the employed technique was a survey carried out in the form of a standardized interview.
Results. Among the reasons for the delays that patients contributed to the most commonly mentioned were: lack of knowledge about the symptoms that could suggest cancer and as well as disregarding the symptoms. Eighty-one per cent of the respondents gave more than one reason. Among all respondents, 84% do not know the symptoms that may suggest cancer, 98% claim that actions, which promote this area of knowledge, are needed, and the highest rated source of information is a GP.
Conclusions. The majority of the reasons for the delays in cancer treatment are those, which lie on the side of patients and these are also responsible for the longest average time of procrastination. Delays in treatment on account of the health care system organization seem to be a relatively smaller problem in comparison to those on the side of patients. General practitioner, who constitutes an essential link in the system of fight against cancer in the population, is considered by the patients to be the most reliable source of information on oncological prophylaxis.
Assessment of patient satisfaction carried out in the Hospital Emergency Department in Kraśnik
Authors: Kos Marek , Dziewa Agnieszka , Drop Bartłomiej ,   Independent Public Healthcare Unit in Kraśnik, Poland
Published: October 2013

Introduction. Knowledge about patients’ requirements during hospital stay is very important in the management of healthcare institutions. Studying the level of patients’ satisfaction is a good example of recognition of their expectations.
Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate patients’ level of satisfaction with stay and service at the District Hospital Emergency Department of Autonomous Public Health Care Unit in Kraśnik (SPZOZ).
Material and methods. In December 2011, a survey was conducted among patients treated in the emergency department of the District Hospital Emergency Department in Kraśnik SPZOZ. The study was based on voluntarily completed anonymous patient satisfaction surveys. The survey consisted of 29 closed questions, grouped into seven thematic blocks (modules).
Results. The obtained results have given more than good overall result (4.56). Very good rating has been given to modules: admission to Hospital Emergency Department (HED), HED premises, nursing care, diagnosis, medical care. The worst scores have been given to the environment module, where the respondents expressed their dissatisfaction with hospital parking and the number of shops and service facilities in the hospital.
Conclusions. Patients of HED in Kraśnik positively assess the quality of care there. The study of satisfaction level of outpatients in the hospital is a good way to learn the strengths and weaknesses of the HED.
Analysis of eating habits among women from rural and urban areas after becoming pregnant
Authors: Wójtowicz-Chomicz Katarzyna , Majewska Anna , Borzęcki Andrzej
Published: October 2013

Introduction. Improper eating habits among pregnant women may have a negative impact on fetal development and pregnancy. Balanced diet during pregnancy period should provide women with the right amount of energy as well as contain essential nutrients in the correct quantities and ratios.
Aim. Evaluation of nutritional habits among pregnant women.
Material and methods. The study was conducted among 100 pregnant women aged 21-38 years from urban and rural areas from different neighborhoods of Świdnik. Information on diet was obtained based on questionnaire survey.
Results. Inadequate intake of fish and high intake of sweets was reported. Fruit and vegetables intake was found to be at satisfactory level. Habit of eating fast food products among expectant mothers remains as worrying issue.
Conclusions. Among examined group of expectant mothers, incorrect eating habits such as getting on food between meals and insufficient consumption of fish was reported. It is important to carry out activities in the field of health education in perinatal care that promotes healthy eating.
Exposure to drugs, medications and stress during pregnancy
Authors: Zalewska Luiza , Horbaczewska Joanna , Zalewski Grzegorz , Fałkowski Adam , Włoch Krzysztof , Książek Piotr
Published: October 2013

Introduction. Literature provides much evidence of negative effects of alcohol, nicotine, or drugs in pregnancy. There are also data indicating the relationship of stress and physical work with many complications during this period.
Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the exposure of pregnant women to tobacco smoking, alcohol, stress, exercise, medications, and analysis of their awareness and knowledge on the subject, indicating the high-risk groups.
Material and methods. The study was conducted in August and September 2012 in gynecology and obstetric clinics in Lublin with 138 pregnant women. A questionnaire containing 26 questions was a proprietary research tool.
Results. In the study group, 25.3% of women were exposed to harmful tobacco compounds in the first trimester. Smoking was observed statistically more often among young women and the women exposed to high stress. Every fifth woman has abnormal knowledge of alcohol use observed significantly more often among women with unplanned pregnancy, young and under high stress level. Fifty per cent of economically active participants were performing physical work during pregnancy and 20.2% were exposed to high stress, which correlated significantly with higher education and performed “desk job”. Every fourth respondent among half of the respondents who use the self-treatment in case of complaint would apply NSAIDs.
Conclusions. Lack of knowledge and awareness of pregnant women make them reach for harmful substances. Some pregnant women perform heavy physical work as well as are exposed to stress, which results in more frequent recourses to drugs. Some drugs are often seen as safe and accepted by pregnant women without consulting a doctor.
Oral hygiene habits among Polish students of dentistry, medicine and the students of English Division of Medical University of Lublin
Authors: Wilczyńska Karolina , Książek Katarzyna , Pietrak Justyna , Maślanko Monika , Wilczyński Michał , Jankowski Karol , Wójtowicz Wioleta , Pels Elżbieta , Mielnik-Błaszczak Maria
Published: October 2013

Introduction. Proper oral hygiene has a significant effect on the health of the entire body, but frequent brushing of teeth and proper diet can substantially reduce dental caries risks.
Aim. The aim of the work is the comparison of oral hygiene habits among Polish and foreign students of Medical University of Lublin.
Material and methods. We have carried out a survey among 279 Students of Medical University of Lublin. The respondents comprised 189 students from Poland and 90 students of English Division who come from USA, Canada, Taiwan, India, and Norway. The survey questions concerned the frequency of tooth brushing, consumption of sweets, and dental office visits. The results were statistically analysed.
Results. The results are summarized in Tables 1-5. The respondents were divided into two groups: Polish and foreign students. Statistical analysis has revealed statistically significant difference between Polish and foreign students concerning the frequency of dental office visits, brushing teeth, tongue cleaning, and subjective evaluation of oral health condition. There is no statistically significant difference in frequency of sweets consumption.
Discussion. Research results concerning oral health care awareness of the students of Medical University of Lublin were compared to the results of Kawamura from Hiroshima, Usman from India, Wędrychowicz-Welman from Poznań, among others.
Conclusions. Students of Medical University of Lublin demonstrate sufficient level of oral health awareness. Foreign students visit dental office more often to check-up their teeth. Both groups of respondents usually brush their teeth two times a day, regularly clean tongue and evaluate their oral health condition as good.
Symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with chronic low back pain syndrome
Authors: Pawłowska Beata , Tarczyńska Marta , Gawęda Krzysztof , Kukuła Barbara , Pić Jarosław , Szwarc Beata ,   Chair and Department of Psychiatry Medical University of Lublin, Poland
Published: October 2013

Introduction. Back pain syndromes are some of the most frequent causes of discomfort in contemporary humans, which have health-related, emotional, social and economic consequences.
Aim. The aim of this study was to assess the severity of symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic low back pain.
Material and methods. The study included 60 patients of the Neurology Unit of the Non-public Healthcare Center Neuro-Psycho-Centrum in Lublin treated for chronic pain syndrome of the lumbosacral spine (30 women and 30 men) and a control group of 60 healthy subjects (30 women and 30 men). All the patients were treated conservatively. The mean age of the patients was 43 years and the mean duration of symptoms was more than two years. The control group was selected randomly from among healthy individuals and was matched to the clinical test group by gender, age, place of residence and level of education. The level of depression in the participants was determined using the Beck Depression Inventory, and the severity of anxiety was tested using Spielberger’s STAI questionnaire.
Results. Statistically significant differences were found between patients with low back pain syndromes and healthy individuals regarding the severity of symptoms of depression and state and trait anxiety.
Conclusions. Patients with chronic low back pain are characterized by significantly higher levels of state and trait anxiety than healthy controls. Degenerative disc disease patients suffering from low back pain syndromes have significantly higher levels of depression than healthy individuals.The differences in the severity of symptoms of depression and state and trait anxiety between men with lumbosacral spine pain and healthy men are larger than those between female patients and controls.
Effects of working in the studied profession during a Master’s degree Nursing course on self-assessment of vocational preparation of students
Authors: Gotlib Joanna , Synowiec Joanna
Published: October 2013

Introduction. According to the National Qualification Framework (binding in Poland since the academic year 2012/2013), the analysis of self-assessment of students shall be one of mandatory components of evaluation of outcomes of education.
Aim. The aim of the study was to analyse the self-assessment of nursing students of WMU regarding their vocational preparation as well as to compare the self-assessment of students who have taken on employment in their profession and those who have not.
Material and methods. A group of 573 nursing students of the Faculty of Health Science, WMU (74.4% of students); 39% of the first year students and 55% of the second year students; women: 96%. Group 1 (446 persons, 78%) comprised those who were working as nurses; Group 2 (126 persons, 22%) included those who were not working as nurses. An anonymous, voluntary questionnaire developed by the authors, a personalized link to the questionnaire http://www.ankieter.pl/wypelnij/ankiete/id/5612/. A non-parametric statistical Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis (p<0.05).
Results. The self-assessment of the students regarding their general professional and specific competences did not vary significantly between persons working and those not working in their profession (p=NS).
Conclusions. Among the study group of students, taking on employment in the profession of a nurse did not influence the self-assessment of their vocational preparation or their professional competences. The self-assessment of vocational preparation among the study group of nursing students was high, which may be a sign that their expectations concerning the chosen major, curricula, and teaching content offered by the university were met and that the quality of teaching was high. Among the study group of nursing students, taking on employment in their profession during the studies did not decrease the self-assessment of the competences typical of the profession. This may be suggestive of sufficient vocational preparation acquired as early as during a Bachelor’s degree course.
Phase angle measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis in Polish College students. Preliminary observations
Authors: Małecka-Massalska Teresa , Gołębiowski Paweł , Chara Krzysztof , Władysiuk Magdalena , Smoleń Agata , Lupa-Zatwarnicka Krystyna
Published: October 2013

Introduction. Phase angle (PA) is an indicator based on resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) received from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Although the biological significance of PA is still not clear, it appears to have an important prognostic role in nutrition state assessment.
Aim. The study aimed to investigate the differences in resistance, reactance and phase angle in the group of Polish men and women.
Material and methods. The whole-body analyses were made with ImpediMed bioimpedance analysis SFB7 BioImp v1.55 (Pinkeba Qld 4008, Australia) in the group of 30 women and 30 men – the students of Lublin University of Technology. Phase angle was calculated directly from body Xc and R (PA=arcus tangens Xc/R x 180 stopni/π). R and Xc were measured directly in ohms at 5, 50, 100 and 200 kHz. For group comparisons of metric data the t-Student test was used. The value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results. At 50 kHz there was no statistically significant difference between the male and female university students’ groups in reactance (59.63±6.46 ohm vs. 61.54±8.56 ohm, respectively; p=0.34). There was a statistically significant difference between the male and female university students’ group in resistance (595.46±62.84 ohm vs. 725.28±74.40 ohm, respectively; p<0.000001) and PA (5.75º±0.65 vs. 4.86º±0.53, respectively; p<0.000001).
Conclusions. The evaluation of phase angle computed by resistance and reactance measurements by bioimpedance analysis differ in group of Polish university male and female students. Further observational research investigating these properties in larger groups would be welcomed to elucidate and/or confirm these findings.
The importance of cryotherapy in rehabilitation
Authors: Derewiecki Tomasz , Mroczek Krzysztof , Duda Marta , Majcher Piotr ,   Department of Physiotherapy in Zamośc University of Management and Administration
Published: October 2013

Introduction. Cryotherapy reduces the swellings, the production of irritants and pain. It is applied to treat many different diseases, as well as surgical treatments. It has become more and more common and accessible form of therapy.
Aim. The aim of the present work was to check the availability of cryotherapy in rural and urban areas.
Material and methods. The study involved 102 patients of Zamość Rehabilitation Center of University of Management and Administration, including 68 women (66.67%) and 34 men (33.33%). The research tool was an author’s questionnaire survey.
Results. Availability of cryotherapy according to 55.88% of the respondents is sufficient, whereas 44.12% of respondents believe that it is insufficient. Sufficient availability of cryotherapy was reported by 54% of respondents living in the urban area and 56% - in rural area. Most patients use the cryotherapy treatments in non-public healthcare centers (NZOZ).
Conclusions. Cryotherapy is a treatment more and more commonly available, both for those living in rural and urban areas. Doctors prescribing cryotherapy should pay special
attention to contraindications and coexisting diseases.
Improving the quality of human capital as part of the development of the knowledge based economy – selected projects in the field of health care implemented under the Human Capital Operational Program
Authors: Borek-Wojciechowska Regina , Kłokow Sylwia
Published: October 2013

Improving the quality of human capital as part of the development of the knowledge based economy – selected projects in the field of health care implemented under the Human Capital Operational Program In the economy based on knowledge, the demand for the knowledge and qualified employees is constantly growing and consequently the human capital and all of the processes aiming at raising the level of the human capital are becoming more and more important. It is particularly visible in the area of health care which due to the rapid develop-ment of medical sciences as well as demographic changes in the society requires making thought over investments in human capital. Simultaneously, one should remember that the high quality in health care sector service is one
of the basic factors strengthening human capital of the entire society. The aim of the article is to introduce the projects connected with the improvement in the quality of human capital in health care system, which are carried out as part of The Human Capital Operational Programme.
Prevention of dental caries in children – opportunities and limitations`
Authors: Olczak-Kowalczyk Dorota , Kowalczyk Wojciech ,   Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Warsaw Medical University, Poland
Published: October 2013

According to the results of epidemiological study – “Monitoring Zdrowia Jamy Ustnej” (Monitoring of Oral Health), Poland belongs to the countries of persistent high prevalence and intensity of caries disease. Caries lesions appear in early childhood and occur in over 50% of children of the age of 3 and in over 80% of children of 12. The analysis of basic determinants of planning prophylactic activity and strategy proposal of prevention against caries disease in children and adolescents is very important.
The paper discusses etiologic factors of caries disease directly and indirectly connected with the development of the disease process. The authors point to the relationship between the occurrence of early childhood caries and colonization time of oral cavity by cariogenic germs and present the relationship between caries in deciduous and permanent teeth. The authors emphasize the necessity of early prophylactic activity already in fetal period (primary primal prophylaxis) and the importance of long-term prophylaxis. Prophylactic strategies are discussed: population and corporate strategies based on the assessment of caries risk.
Attention has been paid to the advantages and disadvantages of prophylactic strategies from Public Health point of view. Epidemiologic data are presented indicating the necessity of combining prevention in population with high prophylaxis and individual risk prophylaxis carried out by dentists. The principles of individual caries prophylaxis and methods of proceeding recommended for patients with risk assessed as low, moderate and high are discussed.
Depression and the ischemic heart disease
Authors: Opielak Grzegorz , Tsyganok Mykola , Piotrkowicz Jakub , Szeszko Łukasz , Maciejewski Ryszard , Dworzański Wojciech ,   Chair and Department of Human Anatomy, medical University of Lublin, Poland
Published: October 2013

Depression and coronary heart disease are more and more frequently co-occurring illnesses. It is noticed that individuals falling to the severe episode of the ischemic heart disease are more often struck by depression. Individuals, at whom disorders appeared with the depressive background, present an increased risk of the ischemic heart disease development. An inherent prognostic element in the course of cardio-vascular illnesses is a mental state of the sick person. The key element of prevention and curing in cardio-vascular illnesses is an appropriate contact, full understanding of the problem of the ischemic heart disease, which in the course of depression are made difficult.
Key insights and new approaches that are advancing the understanding of Internet Addiction Disorder and Depression in adolescents and university students
Authors: E.Wallace Brian , Masiak Jolanta , Pabis Matthew R.
Published: October 2013

The Internet is a popular and useful tool that has become an integral part of the lifestyle in many cultures but it can also be the focus and cause of psychosocial problems leading to Pathological Internet Use (PIU) or Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD). IAD is a growing international concern which involves a small but significant number of the Internet users who gradually lose control of the time allotted to their online activity and continue “surfing” the Internet despite its damaging effects regarding their social and psychological welfare. Overuse of the Internet often has negative impacts with regard to an affected individual’s occupation or academic performance as well as their relationships and finances.
IAD commonly incorporates a myriad of symptoms, which may include craving, preoccupation, loss of control, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, hostility, withdrawal, and depression. Although the associations of IAD with social, educational, and physical variables have often been investigated since the disorder was first recognized in the late 1990s, less attention has been paid to documenting its correlations with mental variables such as depression, anxiety, and stress. However, an increasing proportion of psychological research is beginning to focus on the relationship between problematic Internet usage and depression.
This review article examines the current scientific literature discussing the associations between IAD and depression in adolescents and university students. Specifically, this article will examine several studies dealing with depression as a symptom, comorbidity, an essential component of an emerging cycle that may enhance symptoms of IAD, and as a multidimensional symptom measure in IAD. The article will also discuss new research approaches for dealing with the adolescent and university student populations, the importance of recognizing and treating underlying depression in IAD, and the need to increase regional IAD research, especially in central and eastern Europe.
Application of drainage devices in rehabilitation of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis
Authors: Czenczek Ewelina , Lewandowski Bogumił , Szeliga Ewa ,   Institute of Physiotherapy, University of Rzeszów, Poland
Published: October 2013

Cystic fibrosis is a chronic and incurable disease, caused by a mutation of a gene, which codes the ionic canal CFTR, which ensures correct hydration of the mucus of the epithelial glands (95% of water in healthy people). In the case a mutation is detected, a considerable concentration of mu-cus occurs in numerous organs of the organism, in particular the respiratory and digestive systems. Applying active techniques of bronchi cleaning with the use of drainage devices constitutes one of the most important elements of comprehensive physiotherapeutic procedure. Nowadays, it is recommended to teach, as early as possible, to practically use drainage devices increasing the expiratory pressure or changing the pressure in the lumen of the bronchial tree, i.e.: PEP mask, Flutter or Acapella. Apart from the high efficiency of the therapy, they provide independent functioning of the patient in social life, without the dependence on people from the outside.
An attempt to evaluate the acceptance of homosexuality in Polish society
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Dariusz Wojciech , Marek Alina , Miela Robert Joseph , Wójcik Halina
Published: October 2013

Homosexuality has always been considered an embarrassing subject by most Judaic, Christian and Islamic societies, a phenomenon contrary to the accepted social norms and the teachings of the Church and especially contrary to the Catholic Church doctrines. Only in 1975, The American Psychiatric Association eliminated homosexuality from the DSM classification, as not being a mental disorder. Sixteen years later World Health Organisation did the same by removing the terms regarding homosexuality from the ICD.
In 1976, the government of the Federal Republic of Germany lifted the ban of homosexual contacts for people under 21 years of age a year later, while the government of Great Britain passed a legislation abolishing the differentiation of the legal age of initiation for homosexuals. In 1981, discrimination for sexual orientation was banned in Norway by an appropriate legislation.It is unquestionable that a punishment for homosexual acts would still be inflicted in 50% of the states in the United States of America in 1993.
It has been established that the evaluation of the distribution of sexual identity in the society (including homosexual ones) is extremely difficult which may be proven by the fact that “in the legal and canonical rulings, homosexuality is one of the most commonly occurring psychosexual disorder”. The issue regarding the role of a parent in the problem of homosexual identity gives rise to social controversies.
It should be taken for granted that currently, Polish society is not prepared to approve homosexuality in all areas of social and family life to be on a par with the formal or informal heretosexual relationships and all their “entitelements”.
Expression of Calcium-Binding Proteins in Layer 1 Reelin-Immunoreactive Cells during Rat and Mouse Neocortical Development
Authors: Martinez-Galan Juan R. , Moncho-Bogani Jose , Caminos Elena
Published: October 2013

Cajal-Retzius cells in layer 1 of the developing cerebral cortex and their product of secretion, reelin, an extracellular matrix protein, play a crucial role in establishing the correct lamination pattern in this tissue. As many studies into reelin signaling routes and pathological alterations are conducted in murine models, we used double-labeling and confocal microscopy to compare the distribution of the cell-specific markers, calretinin and calbindin, in reelin-immunoreactive cells during postnatal rat and mouse neocortical development. In the rat, neither calretinin nor calbindin colocalized with reelin in Cajal-Retzius cells at P0-P2. From P5 to P14, the colocalization of reelin and calretinin was commonly found in presumptive rat subpial piriform cells. These cells progressively lacked calretinin expression and persisted into adulthood as part of the pool of layer 1 reelin-positive interneurons. Conversely, in the mouse, reelin-immunoreactive Cajal-Retzius cells colocalized with calretinin and/or calbindin. Subpial piriform cells containing reelin and calretinin were identified at P5-P7, but lacked calretinin expression at P14. In adult mice, as in the rat, reelin-immunoreactive cells did not colocalize with calcium-binding proteins. Our results reveal a complex neurochemical profile of layer 1 cells in the rat neocortex, which makes using a single calcium-binding protein as a marker of rodent reelin-immunoreactive cells difficult.
Responding to humanoid robots: A call to examine the role of instincts
Authors: Gorman Lawrence , Polski Maria
Published: October 2013

Using concepts from media ecology and cognitive science, the article examines some mechanisms that underlie our responses to humanoid robots. It suggests that ‘tertiary orality’ (talking to robots and computers) requires caution: humans are prompted by their instincts to personalize the voices, faces and body language of robots and computers; humans also seem to be designed to attribute intention and emotion where none is present. We argue that the combination of new technology and ancient human instincts creates the uncanny: the familiar in the strange and the strange in the familiar, which is simultaneously seductive and alienating; we argue that people should be educated to understand these phenomena. This is an area where media ecology can make an important contribution.
Metaphors and morality: Are digital media epistemologically compatible with moral socialization?
Authors: McMullen Janet L.
Published: October 2013

Recent neurological research supports a media ecology approach to suggest an epistemological incompatibility between digital and mobile media and moral and ethical socialization. The digital transformation of social and interpersonal discourse may cause succeeding generations of digital natives to develop an inability to conceptualize, contemplate and subsequently act on moral concepts and ethical principles. Media ecology, as defined by Neil Postman (1970), examines how media influence perception, understanding and value, and their impact on our survival. These issues are at the heart of morality and ethics. Neurological research has shown the brain’s plasticity allows use of media technology to alter how we think as well as the anatomy of the brain itself. A comparison of the epistemological requirements of moral socialization and the epistemological characteristics of media indicates that digital media may be particularly ineffective in communicating essential moral concepts. Implications for future research and the associated responsibility of educators and media practitioners are discussed.
Light scattering of interference coatings from the IR to the EUV spectral regions
Authors: Schröder Sven , Trost Marcus , Herffurth Tobias , von Finck Alexander , Duparré Angela
Published: October 2013

Light scattering of optical components caused by residual imperfections can be a critical factor for their practical application. In particular, the scattering properties of optical interference coatings are rather complex. Yet, simple theoretical models and comparisons with experimental results provide valuable insight into the main impact factors and mechanisms. The magnitude of scattering and the dominating factors strongly depend on the wavelength of application in connection with the types of coatings used in the corresponding ranges. The paper, therefore, gives an overview of the scattering properties of coatings in different spectral regions including the visible, deep ultraviolet, and extreme ultraviolet and discusses strong in-band variations of the scattering characteristics that have been neglected so far.
Comparison of antitermite properties of 2-thioxocoumarins against Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki
Authors: Ninomiya Masayuki , Aoki Tatsuyuki , Adfa Morina , Yoshimura Tsuyoshi , Koketsu Mamoru
Published: October 2013

The antitermite effects of several thione analogues of naturally occurring coumarins have been tested against Coptotermes formosanus by the no-choice test. 2-Thioxogrevillone exhibited the strongest antitermite potential. The thione analogues proved to be more effective as termite pesticide than their natural counterparts.
Improved weathering performance and wettability of wood protected by CeO2 coating deposited onto the surface
Authors: Lu Yun , Xiao Shaoliang , Gao Runan , Li Jian , Sun Qingfeng
Published: October 2013

Wood in outdoor exposure undergoes photochemical degradation mainly caused by the combination of UV radiation and moisture, thus appropriate coatings are desirable. In this paper, the wood surface was first treated with CeO2 sol and then treated with a layer of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) and the created coating was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDXA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and FTIR spectroscopy (FTIR). The surface became superhydrophobic as the contact angle (CA) for water of the modified wood was 152°. Accelerated aging tests revealed that the modified wood has an excellent weathering resistance.
Getting dirty with humor: Co-constructing workplace identities through performative scripts
Authors: Schaefer Zachary A.
Published: October 2013

This paper shows how blue-collar workers co-construct humorous scripts to manage their workplace identities. It repositions humorous scripts as performative and highlights the process of co-construction to draw attention to the significance of script form and content during identity production. This case study is part of a year-long ethnographic project that identified the norms of blue-collar humor at a furniture moving company. It explores the process of co-constructing three humorous scripts: infusion, recalibration, and free behaviors (Ashforth and Kreiner 1999). The article shows the paradoxical processes through which employees used the scripts, both as a form of resistance to and a reinforcement of negative stereotypes. By showing how the scripts were used to resist and to reinforce negative stereotypes regarding blue-collar identities, the study concludes with several implications for identity management research. The three humorous scripts served as the discursive means through which workers navigated and reified their occupational identities.
The impact of gelotophobia, gelotophilia and katagelasticism on creativity
Authors: Chan Yu-Chen , Chen Hsueh-Chih , Lavallee Joseph
Published: October 2013

A number of studies have found that humor has a positive short-term effect in terms of enhancing creativity, but few have examined its long-term effects, and few have considered different personality traits when exploring this connection. The present study seeks to address this gap by examining the relationship between creativity and dispositions towards ridicule and being laughed at. We conceptualized humor-induced mirth as a positive emotion within the framework of broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson 1998), with the potential to foster an individual's disposition towards creative behavior. We hypothesized that this potential would depend on different dispositions towards ridicule and being laughed at. Path analysis was then used to explore the impact of gelotophobia, gelotophilia and katagelasticism on creative performance, with creative disposition as a mediating variable. Gelotophobia, the fear of being laughed at, was found to correlate negatively with creative disposition, and may also exert an indirect negative influence on creative performance through its association with creative disposition. Gelotophilia, the joy of being laughed at, on the other hand, appears to have a partially mediated influence on creativity, exhibiting both a direct and an indirect positive relation through its positive association with creative disposition. No significant relation was observed between katagelasticism (the joy of laughing at others) and creativity.
An existentialist account of the role of humor against oppression
Authors: Kramer Chris A.
Published: October 2013

I argue that the overt subjugation in the system of American slavery and its subsequent effects offer a case study for an existentialist analysis of freedom, oppression and humor. Concentrating on the writings and experiences of Frederick Douglass and the existentialists Simone De Beauvoir and Lewis Gordon, I investigate how the concepts of “spirit of seriousness”, “mystification”, and an existentialist reading of “double consciousness” for example, can elucidate the forms of explicit and concealed oppression. I then make the case that subversive humor is an effective means to bring to consciousness the inconsistencies and incongruities of the
Imagining a Battlefield at a Civil War Mistake
Authors: Barth Aaron L.
Published: October 2013

In early September of 1863, Alfred Sully’s command engaged a Dakota encampment at Whitestone Hill in southeastern North Dakota, and the U.S. Army killed 150 to 300 Native men, women and children. In the first decade of the twentieth century, North Dakota Congressman Thomas Marshall and the Grand Army of the Republic erected a Civil War “battlefield” monument at Whitestone Hill. The term “battlefield” reflects the political interpretation of an elite minority, and it has persistently shirked and slighted Whitestone Hill’s multivocal majority.
Estudo comparativo sobre a perspectiva de futuro dos estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas
Authors: Oliveira Isabel Cristina Vasconcelos de , Saldanha Ana Alayde Werba
Published: October 2013

A perspectiva de futuro, que é um tema recorrente entre os jovens, foi objeto de estudo desta investigação cujo objetivo foi comparar as expectativas dos estudantes das escolas públicas e privadas. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo exploratório com 296 estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio de ambas as instituições, para responderem à Escala "Como você vê seu futuro" e escreverem discursivamente como imaginam o futuro deles, analisados por meio de testes de hipóteses e procedimentos de categorização. Observou-se que os estudantes diferem em poucos itens (como ingressar em uma universidade ou confiar nos dirigentes do país), ao passo que se assemelham na maioria (como conclusão dos estudos e conseguir emprego que trouxesse qualidade de vida), dados estes também encontrados na questão discursiva. Conclui-se, dessa forma, que os estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas diferem em poucas questões e possuem aspirações similares quanto à forma como idealizam seu futuro.