bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE CATHODIC PROTECTION OF OIL WELL CASINGS
Authors: WATTS F.S.
Published: February 2008

The cathodic protection of oil well casings is a most absorbing branch of the technology and combines in its solution the application of basic electrochemical fundamentals, mathematical analyses and a deductive theory of approach. Other, specialised, problems arise when the cathodic protection of multi‐well arrays in developing oilfields is considered; not the least because of the constantly changing geometry of the oilfield itself. The story of oil well cathodic protection in Kuwait, Arabia, is one adding up to some two decades of calculation, experiment and research, during which time the extent and development of the technique has been continuous. The analytical techniques available for a solution of the many problems involved are discussed in a technical appendix to this article.
Splash zone corrosion of a piled structure in a marine environment evaluated by a statistical method
Authors: WATTS F.S.
Published: February 2008

INTRODUCTION Of paramount importance in promoting the growth of Kuwait to the front ranks of the oil producing nations has been the role played by the oil exporting terminals. Such an installation is the Kuwait Oil Company's South Pier, Fig. 1 which was commissioned in 1949, then being the largest oil loading terminal of its type in the world. The pier is an all‐welded open steel structure built in an asymetrical T shape with an approach roadway reaching 4,410 feet into the sea; the T head comprising the oil and cargo piers is 3,882 feet in length overall. The total structure is carried upon some 4,000 steel piles, each one a 14in. H beam section weighing 73 lb./ft. and averaging 90 feet in length. The total quantity of all materials used in the construction of the South Pier was just short of 38,000 tons.
AUTOMOBILE BODY FINISHING
Authors: Quick H.L.
Published: February 2008

The early bodies comprised a hard wood frame on which wooden panels were planned, the whole being finished with many coats of brush applied linseed oil based paints followed by coats of clear varnish. Corrosion problems were not a matter of any great moment.
ANILINE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS AS CORROSION INHIBITORS
Authors: DESAI M.N. , SHAH V.K. , GANDHI M.H.
Published: February 2008

Due to the constituent nitrogen atom of the amino group, amines have been extensively used as inhibitors of metallic corrosion. This article reviews the reported uses of aniline and related aromatic amines as corrosion inhibitors.
CORROSION RESISTANCE OF HIGH MANGANESE COPPER ALUMINIUM ALLOYS IN SEA WATER
Authors: AHMAD Z. , GHAFELEHBASHI M. , NATEGH S.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The degree of adsorption of organic inhibitors on a metal surface in presence of halide anion is predominantly influenced by the synergistic effect. The synergistic effect brings about an improvement in inhibition as a result of chemisorption or physical adsorption depending on the nature of the interaction between the halide and the cation of the inhibitor. This effect is partly attributed to the stabilization of the adsorbed anion layer by an organic cation through a possible covalent linkage. The degree of availability of electrons influences the mode of adsorption. Investigations on ferric ion corrosion have shown that the synergistic inhibition effects the corrosion processes by primarily increasing the polarization of the cathodic reaction. The adsorption of quinoline on 18–8 steel in the presence of halider ions is predominantly influenced by the synergistic effect. It has been found that the addition of smaller concentration of quinoline inhibits the cathodic reaction and higher concentrations of quinoline inhibit the anodic reaction as well. According to Iofa the formation of an adsorbed layer of positively charged ion retards the transfer of cation through a binary layer and lowers the transfer rate. Work on amines has shown that tertiary and secondary amines are stronger than the primary amines as a result of increase of dipole moment of the doublet, increase of ionisation energy and increase of polarizability. Basicity and stearic effects, both are important. The high effectiveness of cyclic amines with more than seven carbon atoms appears to be correlated with the character of the free electron. It has been shown that whereas the organic compounds of cationic type were weakly absorbed on the iron surface in H2SO4 the addition of halides produced a considerable increase in the adsorption. Cavallaro and others have shown that several nitrogen molecules inhibit both the anodic and cathodic reactions.
MEASURING THE COATING THICKNESS — THE FUTURE IS HERE
Authors: Latter T.D.
Published: February 2008

Who cares? What does it matter? Why bother? Such phrases have often been used when the subject of the measurement of coating thickness has arisen, Despite this, the use of coating thickness measuring instruments has more than doubled in recent years.
‘IMPREZ’ 100—The Development of the Market
Authors: Rowley PJ
Published: February 2008

1. THE TRADITIONAL RESINS ‘Resin’ is a term covering a wide range of materials both thermoplastic and thermosetting. In this market, we limit the definition to low‐softening point, non‐structural thermoplastic materials (usually, but not necessarily, polymers) used for their properties of binding and tack.
Amines as Corrosion Inhibitor for B26S Aluminium in Phosphoric Acid
Authors: Talati J.D. , Pandya J.M.
Published: February 2008

The inhibition of corrosion of Al‐Cu (4%) alloy B26S in decinormal solutions of phosphoric acid by different amines has been studied. The efficiency of the inhibitors increases in the order: triethylamine, di‐cyclohexylamine, diethylamine, cyclohexylamine, di‐n‐propylamine, isopropylamine, ethylenediamine, trimethylamine, n‐butylamine, dimethylamine, ethylamine, hexamine, n‐propylamine, methylamine. At constant acid concentration, the inhibitor efficiency increases with increase in the concentration of the inhibitor whereas at constant inhibitor concentration the efficiency decreases with increase in the concentration of the acid. Very little correlation appears to exist between either the pKb values or the molecular weight and the extent of inhibition. Maximum inhibition is achieved in those cases where the pH of the inhibited solution lies in the non‐corrosive range (4.5–8.5).
Behaviour of titanium and its alloys with hafnium in selected corrosive media
Authors: Shibad P.B. , Balachandra J.
Published: February 2008

Ti and its alloys with Hf additions up to 50% (by weight) have been subjected to corrosion in organic acids and their mixtures, and 3% NaCl, 5% NaOH solutions under boiling conditions for their performance by weight change measurements. These alloys are found to be unaffected in boiling 3% NaCl and 5% NaOH solutions. Amongst titanium and Ti‐Hf alloys, Ti 50%‐Hf 50% behaves the best in the acids and their mixtures with the exception of HNO3. Correlation between polarisation characteristics and dissolution rates in boiling acids is seen only in 20% ortho H3PO4.
Introduction to Corrosion Measurement Techniques
Authors: Britton C.F.
Published: February 2008

Until recently the measurement of corrosion was limited to methods that were time consuming, required special skills, did not permit evaluation of inhibitors, process variables, or materials in a reasonable time, and, in general, left much to be desired where knowledge of corrosive effects was important. Magna, through its Instrument and Control Division, has developed a series of electronic instruments that conveniently measure corrosion in virtually any imaginable environment. The following discussion outlines some techniques used to study and measure corrosion.
The Control of Corrosion in Refinery Vacuum Plants
Authors: Danilov Boris
Published: February 2008

This paper is concerned with the practical aspects of corrosion control of vacuum plant equipment such as fractionation towers, vessels, pipes, furnace tubes, heat‐exchangers, condensers, pumps, etc.
Colloids as corrosion inhibitors for aluminium‐copper alloy in sodium hydroxide
Authors: Talati J.D. , Modi R.M.
Published: February 2008

The inhibition of corrosion of B26S aluminium by various colloidal substances in aqueous sodium hydroxide has been studied. The extent of corrosion decreased with increase in the concentration of the inhibition. At an inhibition concentration of 0.5% and above. The efficiency of the colloids in decimolar sodium hydroxide increased in the order: gelatin < dextrin < glue < agar agar < acacia < tragacanth (86%). The efficiency decreased with increase in the concentration of alkali, the P.I. at an inhibitor concentration of 1.5% in 1M sodium hydroxide being, glue (23%), gelatin (39%), dextrin (47%), agar agar (64%), acacia (71%) and tragacanth (86%). The inhibition appears to be due to the absorption of the inhibitor on the aluminium surface. An increase in temperature also decreased the extent of inhibition. The aver‐age energy of activation for corrosion of B26S aluminium in 0.1M sodium hydroxide appeared to be 12.5 KCal, the value in the presence of the inhibitor being somewhat higher.
2, 4‐Dinitrophenylhydrazine as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Copper in Sulphuric Acid
Authors: Siddagangappa S. , Mayanna S.M. , Pushpanadan F.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion rates of copper in 1N sulphuric acid with various concentrations (10−8 to 10−4 M) of 2, 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine (2, 4‐DNP) are determined by weight loss method. The corrosion rates (under diffusion control), are a function of the stirring rate and the concentration of 2, 4‐DNP. The corrosion rate decreased markedly on increasing the concentration of 2, 4‐DNP. The maximum corrosion inhibition (85%) is observed at 10−4 M 2, 4‐DNP. The anodic polarization data and the drift in corrosion potential with time towards the less noble direction reveal the inhibition of cathodic reaction of the corrosion process by 2, 4‐DNP. A mechanism is proposed to explain the inhibitor action of 2, 4‐DNP on copper during corrosion in 1N sulphuric acid.
Shotblasting: a look at the future
Authors: Singer Richard J.
Published: February 2008

The Zero Blast‐N‐Peen Division of Singer Products Inc. (UK) Ltd., Frimley, Surrey, will be announcing in January 1977 a comprehensive programme of new products, plus revision and redesign to its leading range of shot blast equipment.
The Corrosion Story
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

1. Zinc Zinc was closely linked with copper as a sacrificial partner and because of this relationship an increased use was found for the metal in the 19th century. Around 1838 particular interest was being shown by scientists in the protective power of zinc when in contact with other metals and articles indicate that a scientific appreciation of the principles involved was evident.
Coating Economics
Authors: Roebuck A.H. , McCage D.L.
Published: February 2008

Economics of surface coatings on metals are discussed with emphasis on surface preparation, especially when large scale coating operations are conducted. Relative cost and other parameters affecting the choice between manual and machine blasting are considered, including the area cost of surface preparation, health and safety factors, incidental pollution, and other variations. Advantages of high build surface and multi‐purpose primer application are related along with comparisons of cost between initial and manual recoating of structures after erection. Importance of proper coating maintenance is emphasised. Economic case histories are given, including large scale surface preparation of tank plates and piping, differences between sand abrasive and centrifugal blasting, factors related to intercoat adhesion, cost of Zn rich with epoxy or alkyd topcoats, and the high cost of repainting when scaffolding is necessary. Regulations on surface preparations, ecological controls, and safety are discussed. Two coat simplified systems are recommended, along with automatic and semiautomatic surface preparation when the size of the job makes either one possible. Tabulated data on area costs of various modes an locations for surface preparation and coating costs for various metal configurations are provided.
Corrosion Inhibition of Copper‐Cadmium Alloy Electroplates in Nitric Acid Solutions
Authors: Srivastava Ram D. , Agarwal Anil K.
Published: February 2008

Urea and thiourea have been investigated as corrosion inhibitors for 94/6 and 80/20 copper‐cadmium alloy electroplates in nitric acid solutions by weight‐loss and polarisation measurements. Both inhibitors are found to be quite effective for shorter duration of immersion. Potential and polarisation data indicate a predominant role of local cathodic areas in corrosion protection.
The application of ultrasonics to corrosion monitoring
Authors: Edwards G.
Published: February 2008

1.0 Introduction Corrosion monitoring has two important aims. Firstly to establish a fixed replacement period or safe life for a component determined through periodic inspections and secondly to detect flaws and levels of wear well in advance of critical damage being incurred.
Assessing the quality of corrosion protection coatings on aluminium—Part 3
Authors: Gühring Ing. grad. W.H.
Published: February 2008

Considering the equivalent circuit in Fig 1 (see November issue) it should be noted that the magnitude of Co and Ro is hardly affected by the sealing process, the progressive filling up of pores manifesting itself in C1·1 and C1·2 changes. These tend to decrease rapidly as the sealing process progresses, whilst the dielectric losses, represented by R1·1 and R1·2, slowly increase. The barrier layer capacitance and resistance, C2·0 R2·0, on the other hand, are hardly affected by the sealing process (see Fig. 13).
Case histories of refinery corrosion
Authors: Jassem Bedri S.
Published: February 2008

This paper deals with actual corrosion cases encountered in Daura Refinery, Baghdad, over a ten‐year period. The paper explains the types of corrosion seen, their causes and the methods which have been used to combat them. Also the effectiveness of the methods of prevention or cure is outlined. The paper contains a short introduction, presenting the main activities of the refinery, and a tabulation of the types of crudes used with their important and related properties.
Seamless floorings for chemical resistance and safety in the food and drinks industry
Authors: Okell K.L.
Published: February 2008

Flooring systems in food and drinks industries have to be resistant to chemical attack from the products, as well as safe not only from the point of view of hygiene, but also to avoid the danger of injury to personnel working in wet areas. This article describes the Reinau range of seamless floorings, mainly based on epoxy resins.
Improving the corrosion protection of copper‐nickel‐chromium plating
Authors: Hairsine G.
Published: February 2008

Introduction There is no doubt that the development of duplex nickel was a major step forward in enhancing the corrosion resistance of nickel/chromium deposits. Various multilayer nickel deposit systems followed, but it became increasingly obvious that any further corrosion protection could only be achieved by improved chromium deposits. Chromium, due to the thin, passive oxide film formed on its surface, under normal circumstances is very resistant to most atmospheric corrosive conditions. However, it is an acknowledged fact that conventional chromium cannot be deposited free from random discontinuities, thus creating relatively active galvanic corrosion cells in the presence of electrolytes such as salt solutions (conditions arising from de‐icing and snow melting operations), sulphurous acid (produced from sulphur dioxide in industrial areas), etc. Since nickel is anodic to chromium, these cells are quite active, and with a small area of nickel exposed the effect is that of having a large cathode area in a cell with a small anode. With the galvanic current thus concentrated at a few sites, the corrosion of the nickel is rapid and penetration to the base metal quickly follows.
Protective polymer and resin systems for offshore structures
Authors: Watson Don
Published: February 2008

Partially submerged structures associated with undersea exploitation present some of the worst corrosion protection problems to be met with. Large quantities of steel are incorporated in structures and the combination of salt water and highly variable weather conditions, especially in the North Sea fields, make extreme demands upon all coating systems used, while also presenting unusual problems in the methods of application made necessary.
Early protection techniques: Part 6
Authors: Smith Anthony
Published: February 2008

In this sixth article we review the equipment that was developed to protect sheets plates, lubes, pipes and similar equipment from corrosion at the beginning of the 20th century.
The effect of chemical composition of water on corrosion problems in plant
Authors: Campbell Hector S.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Demineralised oxygen‐free water with a pH of 7–8 is practically non‐corrosive to most metals, but the range of water compositions that we more commonly meet in water supply and in cooling water systems are all corrosive to a greater or less extent and the metals with which we use them are all corrodible. The extent to which significant corrosion occurs depends upon the combination of metal and water composition concerned and is determined principally by the protective properties of the corrosion products and scale deposits that form on the metal in service. Corrosion may result in (a) thinning of the metal leading to perforation or to mechanical failure; (b) localised pitting attack causing perforation; (c) obstruction or blockage of pipes or valves by corrosion products and (d) contamination of the water by slight metal dissolution. The last is of importance principally in potable and process water supplies but pick‐up of small amounts of copper can result in the water becoming very much more corrosive towards galvanized steel and aluminium if it comes in contact with them subsequently.
Studies on metal corrosion in lindane plant and quantitative estimation by SEM
Authors: Venugopal J.S. , Jayaram M. , Majumder S.K.
Published: February 2008

Lindane, a powerful and widely used insecticide is manufactured from hexachlorocyclohexane. One of the many by‐products in the process is X‐factor, a highly potent insecticide, but equally corrosive causing damage to the plant wares. The commonly used metal wares were screened for their resistance to X‐factor attack by scanning electron microscopy. A new technique of quantitative determination of corrosion intensity has been described. The study also revealed the most resistant metal for X‐factor action.
Design parameters and optimization of anodic protection systems
Authors: Foroulis Z.A.
Published: February 2008

Anodic protection (A.P.) for corrosion control is based on the principle of protecting a metal or alloy from corrosion by raising the electrochemical potential of its surface to a value at which a protective oxide film (passive film) is formed and maintained. The principles of design of anodic protection systems are not very well developed. This paper discusses several important basic design concepts and describes several equations which can be used for the design and optimization of anodic protection systems for corrosion control.
Appraisal of cathodic protection for use on jetties
Authors: Mason S.
Published: February 2008

Introduction It has long been a contentious issue whether one ought, when designing a jetty to:—
Causes, mechanisms and prevention of internal corrosion in storage tanks for crude oil and distillates
Authors: Foroulis Z.A.
Published: February 2008

This paper deals with the causes and mechanisms of internal corrosion of tanks used for the storage of crude oil and distillates. Services which are considered in this paper include crude oil storage tanks, gasoline blending and/or storage tanks and storage tanks for kerosene and heavier distillates. Fixed‐roof, as well as floating‐roof tanks, are considered. Methods for corrosion prevention and control are discussed.
Metals for sea‐water systems
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: February 2008

A review of the main metals and alloys in commercial use for resisting sea‐water corrosion
Real‐time Corrosion Monitoring Systems using Microprocessors
Authors: Rose G.
Published: February 2008

The need for real‐time corrosion monitoring has become increasingly important to the oil production and petrochemical industries for several reasons.
Application of stainless steels in chemical plant corrosive environments
Authors: Glover T.J.
Published: February 2008

The design engineer concerned with the construction of chemical plant is faced with a bewildering diversity of materials from which he can select; this diversity continues to increase with the major progress that has been made in the development of improved materials. Metallic materials, which play a dominant role in the chemical industry for major components, are exposed to increasingly aggressive environments. Important advances have been made in developing modified steels and alloys to meet these new demands in a cost effective manner. Traditionally, high nickel alloys and stainless steels have featured strongly in this industry; new knowledge of the working environment and new materials development will ensure that they continue to do so.
The technique of surface preparation by mechanical descaling for application of coatings
Authors: Goetz R.L. , Wright R.H.
Published: February 2008

The continued introduction of improved surface coatings for the structural fabricating industry has resulted in increasingly stringent requirements for correct surface preparation prior to the application of these coatings. Consistent surface treatment to the correct degree of cleanliness with the required profile and surface roughness is essential if the full life expectancy of the coatings system is to be realised.
The influence of germanium on zinc electrolysis
Authors: Barišin D. , Jelačič C.
Published: February 2008

Summary It has been noticed that during electrolysis of zinc from sulphate solutions in the presence of Germanium, the utilisation of current varies with the change of concentration of Ge in the electrolyte, and from the neutral electrolyte it decreases with the increase of current which passed through the electrolyte. Therefore dependencies of current utilisation on concentration of acid and concentration of Ge in the electrolyte have been investigated. It has been found the current utilisation decreases when the acidity increases, the decrease being also proportional to the increase of concentration of Ge. The activity of Ge is the more intensive with the higher the acidity. The cause of the fact that concentration of Ge in the electrolyte remains constant after a certain duration of electrolysis has been explained, as well as that the absolute value of this concentration depends only on the initial concentration of Ge. It has been stated that deposition of Ge on the cathode ceases (either in the form of metal or hydride) when the electrolyte has reached an acidity value of about 120 g/l H2SO4.
Hydral 2: a semi‐continuously cast aluminium anode — Part I
Authors: Reboul M.C. , Delatte M.C. , Pieraerts J.M.
Published: February 2008

Hydral‐2 aluminium anodes are industrially produced by the vertical semi‐continuous casting process. The results of a comparative study, conducted on large offshore anodes, of the chemical and electrochemical homogenieties of fixed mould cast anodes and semi‐continuous cast anodes are detailed. The effects that alloy solidification after casting have upon grain structure and upon contact between insert and alloy are discussed. We report the preliminary results of field tests at Pechiney's test facility in Vlissengen, Holland. These trials were conducted in the North Sea with full‐size production anodes.
Hydral 2: a semi‐continuously cast aluminium anode — Part 2
Authors: Reboul M.C. , Delatte M.C. , Pieraerts J.M.
Published: February 2008

Electrochemical results:
Evaluation of galvanised coating thickness measurement methods
Authors: de Araújo Marcelo M. , Serra Eduardo T. , Cabral Eva R.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Zinc weight per unit area is a crucial factor in the durability of galvanised parts with respect to corrosion and may be correlated with the thickness of the galvanised coating by means of the latter's density. Thus, the thicker the coating, the longer the part is bound to last.
Influence of molybdenum on stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Pleva J.
Published: February 2008

The resistance to stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels has been investigated and discussed with respect to the influence of molybdenum.
Aspects of tinplate research at I.T.R.I.
Authors: Warwick M.E.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The International Tin Research Institute has approximately 80 staff working at the Headquarters and Laboratories of the organisation near London. Half of these are directly engaged in research into existing and potential uses for tin and the work is organised into two main Divisions. One of these, the Metallurgy and Tinplate Division contains a section devoted to tinplate research and additional support is drawn from the Analytical Chemistry and Metallography Sections as it is required.
Recent developments in the use of corrosion resistant plastics
Authors: Frings Andrew
Published: February 2008

Plastic Constructions are the UK's leading stockists and fabricators of corrosion resistant plastics providing industry with a wide range of pollution control equipment, process plant, general fabrications and special projects. Despite today's recessionary economic climate the company has over the past twelve months seen the introduction of many new products and applications, which illustrate a variety of developments in the use of engineering plastics to resist corrosion in the following fields (a) fluids handling, (b) effluent and water treatment, (c) ventilation and air conditioning, (d) air pollution control and (e) process plant and special projects. Of particular interest is the continuing expansion of glass fibre reinforced plastics (GRP) into markets where previously only conventional materials of construction have been considered. Major innovations in these areas and the increased use of GRP are discussed below.
Towards environmentally acceptable corrosion protection by organic coating
Authors: Funke Werner
Published: February 2008

In the original paper, after reviewing the mechanism of corrosion protection by active anti‐corrosive pigments and corrosive influences, the barrier principle is discussed as an alternative to develop environmentally safer corrosion protective coatings. It is demonstrated how, by using barrier pigments, good protective properties may be achieved which may also operate when coatings are damaged.
High temperature corrosion behaviour of ceramic‐based coatings on mild steel
Authors: Malik A.U. , Ahmed Sharif
Published: February 2008

High temperature oxidation and hot corrosion behaviour of some ceramic‐based coatings, e.g. borate, silicate‐chromate and carbide‐oxide on mild steel has been investigated in the temperature range of 400–850°C. The coated steel in general shows much better oxidation and hot corrosion resistance than the uncoated steel specially at higher temperatures. The borate coating has better hot corrosion resistance performance between 700 and 800°C whereas silicate‐chromate is suitable at temperatures above 800°C. The coated steels show parabolic behaviour during oxidation. In presence of Na2SO4, the corrosion rate increases with increasing salt concentration till a maxima is reached. The amount of Na2SO4 corresponding to the maximum corrosion rate decreases with increasing temperature. A self‐sustained fluxing cum sulphidation mechanism has been proposed to explain hot corrosion behaviour of uncoated or coated mild steel.
Marine oil separation systems
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: February 2008

Introduction Since the world oil crisis in the mid‐seventies, there has been an ever increasing tendency to use high distillate heavy fuels as a substitute for conventional marine fuels. The policy by shipping companies to use this lower cost fuel has proved to have long‐term detrimental effects through increased corrosion, both in the engine and auxiliary equipment unless remedial action was taken. The basic problem has been the level of hydrocarbon content in the fuel. Inadequate combustion of the hydrocarbons during the burning of the oil has led to free carbon formation. There has also been fouling due to impurities in the fuel and problems with sludge deposition and fuel stratification in the fuel lines and storage tanks.
Long term testing of aluminium and aluminium alloys in Arabian Gulf water
Authors: Ahmed Zaki , Meißner H.
Published: February 2008

In order to evaluate the suitability of aluminium alloys for engineering applications in Arabian Gulf Water a joint corrosion research program between the University of Petroleum & Minerals (UPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia and OFZS, Austria, was initiated in 1978. Considerable interest in aluminium and its alloys, particularly 5000 series, for marine applications has been shown in recent years. Aluminium alloys having low copper and zinc contents and alloys containing Mg have shown good application potentials in marine environments. Recent attempts to improve the corrosion resistance of AI‐Mg alloys by alloy modifications and optimising the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties have met with some success. Several records obtained from OTEC heat exchangers and Aluminium Association desalination plants show promising application potentials of aluminium and certain aluminium alloys. In view of the rapid growth of desalination technology in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia a great demand has been placed on the understanding of the corrosion behaviour of important engineering materials in local environments, and the need for development of alternate materials. A field test rig was therefore built in co‐operation with CFZS, Austria and installed at the UPM (Dhahran, Saudi Arabia) beach in 1978 for long term corrosion testing. This paper describes the results of a joint test program on the corrosion of aluminium and selected aluminium alloys in Arabian Gulf Water obtained from test rig, and laboratory studies.
Ion plated aluminium coatings for the corrosion protection of steel
Authors: Ahmed N.A.G.
Published: February 2008

Ion plating or ion vapour deposition has become a widely accepted process for the application of dense, uniform and very adherent aluminium coatings for corrosion protection. Because of its performance advantages, this process is expected to replace cadmium electroplating in the near future. Recently, General Engineering Radcliffe Ltd took out a UK licence from McDonnell Aircraft Corporation to manufacture commercial machines called ‘Ivadizer’ for applying aluminium coatings for corrosion protection. The purpose of this paper is to present the physical and technical aspects of the ion plating process and its unique characteristics in corrosion prevention.
Anodic behaviour of cobalt in methanol‐, ethanol‐ and acetonitrile‐water in the presence of HCl and NaClO4
Authors: Al‐Abdallah M.M. , Al‐Omari MA.S.
Published: February 2008

The electrochemical behaviour of Co has been studied in methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile using 1M HCl and 0.1M NaClO4 as electrolytes containing different amounts of H2O under deaerated conditions using the potentiostatic technique. The rate of dissolution of Co increases in all organic solvents as water content increases. Acetonitrile was shown to be more reactive in 0.1M NaCIO4 than in 1M HCl. All solvents behave as an interface inhibitor.
Carboxylic acids as corrosion inhibitors for aluminium in acidic and alkaline solutions
Authors: Moussa M.N. , El‐Tagoury M.M. , Radi A.A. , Hassan S.M.
Published: February 2008

Inhibition of carboxylic acids of aluminium corrosion in hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions has been studied using weight‐loss and hydrogen evolution methods. The order of inhibition action of aromatic acids depends on the number and position of the carboxylic groups and the other substituents in the benzene ring. Increase of the chain length increases the inhibiting power of aliphatic acids. The inhibition efficiency in NaOH is higher than that in HCI solutions. The action of inhibition was discussed in terms of the chemical structure of the inhibitors.
Cathodic protection for corrosion control of ships and other steel structures in seawater
Authors: Seymour Alan J
Published: February 2008

As shipowners and shiprepairers will certainly be aware, costs of steel repairs resulting from corrosion, particularly in older and more vulnerable vessels such as tankers and bulk carriers are a significant proportion of the total maintenance expenditure. The economic problems of the industry in recent years have inevitably led to economies in maintenance budgets and, now the market has improved, the corrosion problems which have accumulated will have to be dealt with. In general, the two major techniques for corrosion protection, coatings and cathodic protection are complementary to one another and neither, on its own, can provide the complete answer.
Close interval polarised potential surveys of buried pipelines: The truth
Authors: Hickman A.L.
Published: February 2008

The technique of monitoring cathodic protection effectiveness on buried pipelines by the close interval ‘on‐off’ method is now well established. Many pipeline operators appreciate the need to have confidence in the true state of cathodic protection throughout a pipeline system rather than depending upon the often misleading measurements traditionally made at fixed test points, which at best can only provide information on levels of effectiveness in the immediate vicinity of the test point.
Corrosion in storage and transit — avoidable problems
Authors: Parkinson A.R.
Published: February 2008

Billions of pounds worth of metal parts and assembled and part‐assembled machinery are stored and transported within, and exported from, the U.K. annually. It is a matter of general knowledge that, unless the correct steps are taken, corrosion will damage or effectively destroy a large proportion of these goods.
Problems do not stop when the fire is extinguished
Authors: White Barry
Published: February 2008

The after effects of a fire can be a severe as those of the fire itself. The cause of the deterioration which occurs in buildings and equipment days after the fire has been extinguished is corrosion, and this corrosion can be prevented.
Influence of silicon/iron ratio on corrosion behaviour of aluminium‐silicon alloys in inorganic and organic acids
Authors: Bhattamishra A.K. , Mishra G.S. , Banerjee M.K.
Published: February 2008

Iron and silicon are the two inherent impurities present in commercial aluminium which impair its corrosion resistance. Influence of silicon/iron ratio present in aluminium alloys containing different amounts of silicon has been studied through electrochemical polarization in some inorganic and organic acids (0.1 N). It has been observed that Si/Fe ratio has potential role on corrosion rates in different acids studied.
The corrosion behaviour of metals and alloys in hot phosphoric acid
Authors: Smith F.N. , Van Droffelaar H.
Published: February 2008

The presence of excess quantities of phosphoric acid in a process stream led to severe corrosion in a Type 316L stainless steel (T316L S.S.) reactor and in associated piping. The pipes were steam‐jacketed and the reactor was heated with Dowtherm. Laboratory tests, which were carried out using 75% phosphoric acid at temperatures of 200° and 250°C, confirmed the high corrosion rates on T316L S.S. and determined the rates for thirty‐nine other metals and alloys. Copper alloys (particularly cupro‐nickels) and high nickel alloys (particularly Ni‐28Mo) demonstrated much better resistance than T316L S.S, as did the following pure metals: platinum, tantalum, molybdenum and silver. Ferrous alloys, zirconium, lead, titanium and aluminium were found to have extremely high corrosion rates.
Diffusion controlled dissolution of metal powder in acidic solutions in stirred vessels
Authors: Zarraa Mahmoud A.
Published: February 2008

The rate of diffusion controlled dissolution of copper powder in acidified chromate solution under forced convection conditions was studied. Variables investigated were, rotational speed, initial concentration and physical properties of the acidic solution. Increasing the initial concentration was found to decrease the volumetric mass transfer coefficient. Within the range w = 150–600 rev/min, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient was found to be directly related to the rotational speed according to the following k a w0.6 On the other hand, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient was found to be inversely proportional to the kinematic viscosity of the solution according to the following relation k a v0.7
Rust inhibiting rubber gaskets based on anticorrosive pigments
Authors: El‐Sawy S.M. , Helaly M.
Published: February 2008

Rubber gaskets find wide applications in steel structures. Gaskets are usually used on the edges or on the nail hole positions. These are the weakest positions, where corrosion starts, whether the structure is protected by paint or by other methods. In this work, anticorrosive pigments were incorporated in rubber formulations. They are tested by corrosion protection when used as gaskets with steel panels. Results showed that the presence of anticorrosive pigments in rubber gaskets prevents early rusting under it in comparison with the blank. Zinc‐tetroxy chromate pigment exhibited the highest rust inhibiting power when chloroprene rubber formulations were used. The change of the pigment percent barely affect the quality of protection when syrenebutadiene rubber formulation were used. Zinc tetroxy chromate pigment improved the physico‐mechanical properties of chloroprene rubber under investigation. The used formulations can tolerate thermal oxidative aging at 90°C up to 8 days. The rate of vulcanization was not affected by increasing the concentration of the inhibitive pitments.
Trouble shooting and oilfield corrosion monitoring
Authors: Emenike C.O.
Published: February 2008

The increasing incidence of corrosion induced failures query the efficiency of corrosion prevention measures and/or their monitoring techniques. Of concern too, is the phenomenon of twelve o'clock corrosion and the subsequent rupture. This indicated that the inhibitor was not protecting the upper surface of the pipe wall which could be possibly averted by batching a slug of inhibitor solution ahead of a pig or between pigs on regular (e.g. monthly) basis.
A structured approach for reliable plant condition management
Authors: Browne W.
Published: February 2008

The battle against corrosion, and the necessity for regular plant inspection to satisfy statutory or insurance company criteria are part of wider management objectives to maximise plant availability, reduce overall costs, improve safety and reduce risk.
Initiation of Pitting Corrosion on Zinc in Neutral Inhibited Conditions
Authors: Abd El Aal E.E. , Abd El Aal A. , Abd El Haleem S.M.
Published: February 2008

The effect of the addition of aggressive salts such as LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl and MgCl2 on the steady‐state potential of a Zn electrode previously equilibrated in a passivating chromate solution is established. S‐shaped curves are obtained for the variation of the steady‐state potential with the quantity of aggressive salt added. For each inhibitor concentration, Cinh, the addition of aggressive ions up to a certain concentration has no effect on the passivity of Zn. However, higher Cl ion concentration causes destruction of the passive film and initiation of pitting corrosion. Destruction of passivity occurs after an induction period which decreases with the increase in the concentration of the attacking ion and/or the decrease in that of the inhibiting ions. The concentration of aggressive ion, Cagg, that can be tolerated by a certain concentration of the inhibiting ions, Cinh, is given by the relation : log Cinh =K + n log CCl−, where K and n are constants. The efficiency of these salts in initiating pitting corrosion increases in the order RbCl ≤ MgCl2, ≤ KCl < NaCl < LiCl. The change in the degree of aggressivity of these salts could be attributed either to the incorporation of the cations in the passive film or to their effect on pH.
n‐Octylamine as the Inhibitor for the Corrosion of Mild Steel in Acidic Solutions
Authors: Muralidharan S. , Chandrakumari P. , Madhavan K. , Vasudevan T. , Venkatakrishna Iyer S.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Amines have been known for a number of years as effective corrosion inhibitors. Their efficiency is attributed to the presence of the nitrogen atom acting as the active centre for the adsorption of organic molecules on the metal surface. Several aliphatic and aromatic amines have been reported to serve as effective corrosion inhibitors for iron and steel in acidic solutions. The nitrogen‐containing corrosion inhibitor exhibited a very good performance in hydrochloric acid, but very little effect in sulphuric acid. Hence a study of the mechanism by which the corrosion rate is reduced when these organic compounds are added to solutions is of interest. In this study the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in HCl and H2SO4 has been studied using different electrochemical techniques. Results are reported and discussed.
Diffusion‐controlled corrosion of agitated vessels containing oil‐water emulsions
Authors: Sedahmed G.H. , Hosny A. , Khamis E. , Kandil S. , El‐Maghrabi M.
Published: February 2008

The rate of diffusion‐controlled corrosion of the copper walls of a cylindrical agitated vessel in acidified FeCl3 solution was studied by measuring the weight loss and the increase of Cu2+ concentration with time using iodometry. Variables studied were impeller rotation speed, physical properties of the blank solution and oil concentration in the emulsion. The rate of dissolution of copper was found to increase with increase in impeller speed according to the equation: K = a′ V0.1, where K is the mass transfer coefficient, a′ is a function of oil concentration; V is the linear velocity of the impeller. The mass transfer coefficient of the corrosion process in blank solution was related to other variables by the equation: Sh = 0.000575 Re0.1 Sc0.33, where Sh is the Sherwood number, Re the Reynolds number and Sc Schmidt number. This equation could be used in the design stage, to calculate the thickness of the vessel which covers a certain life span in service under a given set of operating conditions.
Corrosion resistant alloys — an industry‐wide overview of applications
Authors: Bendall Keith C.
Published: February 2008

A very wide variety of alloy types are available for selection to combat the potential corrosion problems posed in a diverse range of industries. Although in today's climate cost reduction is an important goal, the price of unexpected failure of equipment is often measured as risk to human life, and materials selection must always be given a prime place in design, engineering and construction. Material selection should not be based simply on low installed cost of equipment — the need to maintain safety standards and effective long‐term utilization of a production asset, with minimum costly maintenance and downtime, mandate the selection of materials which can be justified on the basis of life‐cycle cost and risk analysis. The material chosen should provide the lowest cost viable, and if possible, “fit and forget” solution. In the Offshore Oil and Gas industry in the North Sea the solution adopted would need to address the CRINE cost reduction strategy.
Identification of the corrosion mechanism in a boiler drum by corrosion product analysis
Authors: Chattoraj I. , Bhattamishra A.K. , Joarder A. , Bhattacharya D.K.
Published: February 2008

The corrosion of boiler drums is intimately linked to the deterioration of the protective oxide film separating the steel substrate from the boiler fluid, which often contains constituents conducive to corrosion. Various forms of corrosion occur in the boiler drums and such occurrences can be due to:
Cathodic protection of reinforced concrete
Authors: Lambert Paul
Published: February 2008

Steel reinforcement embedded in concrete is normally protected from corrosion by the formation of a thin passive surface film in the highly alkaline environment provided by the cement paste and pore solution surrounding the steel. Atmospheric carbon dioxide reacts with the alkaline cement paste reducing the level of alkalinity, a process known as carbonation. Steel in carbonated concrete is no longer protected and in the presence of moisture and oxygen can corrode freely. Alternatively, the presence of sufficient quantities of chloride ions at the surface of the steel can cause local depassivation of the reinforcement resulting in pitting corrosion. Chloride ions may be present as a result of admixtures in the original mix or permeation into the concrete from external sources, such as road de‐icing salts or sea spray.
Kinetics of the acid corrosion of aluminium and zinc in binary
Authors: El‐Shazly Sh.A. , Zaghloul A.A. , Mohamed M.T. , Abdullah R.M.
Published: February 2008

The results of the corrosion of metals and alloys with the use of solvent mixtures covering a wide range of compositions are limited in the literature. These mixed solvent systems possess a wide range of viscosity, dielectric constant and acid‐base properties. With this view, a kinetic study on the corrosion of metals in different aquo‐organic solvent systems has been undertaken. The corrosion of metals and alloys is strongly affected by the presence of water, the latter being found to have a passivating effect and sometimes a passivity breakdown effect. It is therefore of much interest to study the influence of varying water concentration on the corrosion and electrochemical behaviour of metal and alloys. The present work is a continuation of our studies on the kinetic of corrosion of metals in mixed aqueous‐organic solvents. Also, the corrosion rates are correlated to the dielectric constant and the total number of moles (n1 + n2) of water and ethylene glycol. This latter new correlation is described by El‐Shazly et al. for calculating the chemical potential (Δμ*) from kinetic data and molar thermodynamic excess functions for binary mixtures.
Metastability and corrosion in mine wires
Authors: Mukherjee D.
Published: February 2008

Mine rope‐wire profile is prone to stress concentration zones by virtue of its manufacturing style and reveals a metastable surface. Metastability, being a non‐equilibrium state, tends to revert back to stability. Such a process of reversion may generate a number of non‐equilibrium states on the surface, which in contact with the mining‐environment foster the growth of a stable and adherent passive‐film.
Studies on corrosion behaviour of Cu‐Si alloys in Sulphide and Chloride media
Authors: Basil D.K. , Bhattamishra A.K. , Dev S.C. , Singh Inder
Published: February 2008

Introduction It is well established that Si in silicon bronzes imparts high strength and corrosion resistance which are essential requirements for applications in hydraulic pressure lines, heat exchangers, propeller shafts, storage tanks and other equipments for chemical industries. They have high corrosion resistance towards marine environments, but possess inferior corrosion resistance in sulphide bearing atmosphere although more resistant to stress corrosion cracking and season cracking than brass on exposure to polluted atmospheres. In general, corrosion resistance of alloys depends on alloy chemistry, heat treatment schedule, presence of second phase, precipitation morphology and specific environment. However, studies on influence of heat treatment and variation of silicon content in (Binary) Cu‐Si alloys with particular reference to their corrosion resistance in chloride and sulphide bearing environments are scanty in literature. The present work has been designed to study the corrosion behaviour and to generate data on three types of commercially important Cu‐Si alloys in 3.5 per cent sodium chloride and 1 per cent sodium sulphide solutions.