bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Harvesting electrons and holes from photodriven symmetry-breaking charge separation within a perylenediimide photosynthetic model dimer
Authors: Bradley Jillian M. , Coleman Adam F. , Brown Paige J. , Huang Yuheng , Young Ryan M. , Wasielewski Michael R.
Published: November 2023

Understanding how to utilize symmetry-breaking charge separation (SB-CS) offers a path toward increasingly efficient light-harvesting technologies. This process plays a central role in the first step of photosynthesis, in which the dimeric “special pair” of the photosynthetic reaction center enters a coherent SB-CS state after photoexcitation. Previous research on SB-CS in both biological and synthetic chromophore dimers has focused on increasing the efficiency of light-driven processes. In a chromophore dimer undergoing SB-CS, the energy of the radical ion pair product is nearly isoenergetic with that of the lowest excited singlet (S
1
) state of the dimer. This means that very little energy is lost from the absorbed photon. In principle, the relatively high energy electron and hole generated by SB-CS within the chromophore dimer can each be transferred to adjacent charge acceptors to extend the lifetime of the electron–hole pair, which can increase the efficiency of solar energy conversion. To investigate this possibility, we have designed a bis-perylenediimide cyclophane (
m
PDI
2
) covalently linked to a secondary electron donor,
peri
-xanthenoxanthene (PXX) and a secondary electron acceptor, partially fluorinated naphthalenediimide (FNDI). Upon selective photoexcitation of
m
PDI
2
, transient absorption spectroscopy shows that
m
PDI
2
undergoes SB-CS, followed by two secondary charge transfer reactions to generate a PXX
•+
-
m
PDI
2
-FNDI
•−
radical ion pair having a nearly 3 µs lifetime. This strategy has the potential to increase the efficiency of molecular systems for artificial photosynthesis and photovoltaics.
Electrochemical interfacial catalysis in Co-based battery electrodes involving spin-polarized electron transfer
Authors: Zuo Fengkai , Zhang Hao , Ding Yu , Liu Yongshuai , Li Yuhao , Liu Hengjun , Gu Fangchao , Li Qiang , Wang Yaqun , Zhu Yue , Li Hongsen , Yu Guihua
Published: November 2023

Interfacial catalysis occurs ubiquitously in electrochemical systems, such as batteries, fuel cells, and photocatalytic devices. Frequently, in such a system, the electrode material evolves dynamically at different operating voltages, and this electrochemically driven transformation usually dictates the catalytic reactivity of the material and ultimately the electrochemical performance of the device. Despite the importance of the process, comprehension of the underlying structural and compositional evolutions of the electrode material with direct visualization and quantification is still a significant challenge. In this work, we demonstrate a protocol for studying the dynamic evolution of the electrode material under electrochemical processes by integrating microscopic and spectroscopic analyses, operando magnetometry techniques, and density functional theory calculations. The presented methodology provides a real-time picture of the chemical, physical, and electronic structures of the material and its link to the electrochemical performance. Using Co(OH)
2
as a prototype battery electrode and by monitoring the Co metal center under different applied voltages, we show that before a well-known catalytic reaction proceeds, an interfacial storage process occurs at the metallic Co nanoparticles/LiOH interface due to injection of spin-polarized electrons. Subsequently, the metallic Co nanoparticles act as catalytic activation centers and promote LiOH decomposition by transferring these interfacially residing electrons. Most intriguingly, at the LiOH decomposition potential, electronic structure of the metallic Co nanoparticles involving spin-polarized electrons transfer has been shown to exhibit a dynamic variation. This work illustrates a viable approach to access key information inside interfacial catalytic processes and provides useful insights in controlling complex interfaces for wide-ranging electrochemical systems.
The Bojo Algouinsan Ecotourism Initiative: Crisis Mitigation Through Community Tourism Development
Authors: Ibrahim Zainub , Gemmell Paul
Published: November 2023

Faced with many environmental threats to the ecologically sensitive Tañon Strait in the Filipino province of Cebu, the town of Aloguinsan and the village of Bojo turn to tourism to protect their community from oil drilling and cement manufacturing. Guided by Mr Joselito “Boboi” Costas, the Bojo community has created an award-winning ecotourism destination. The aim of this case study is to highlight how a community successfully employed tourism as a tool to mitigate various risks and to provide a much-needed extra source of income to the community.

Information

© The Authors 2023
Displacement of PAMAM-Au via acoustic streaming on an electrochemical immunosensing platform
Authors: Syamila Noor , Hamzah Amir Syahir Amir , Laurell Thomas , Sulaiman Yusran , Ikeno Shinya , Siang Tan Wen , Ahmad Tajudin Asilah
Published: November 2023

The displacement of an electroactive monitoring agent, i.e., polyamidoamine dendrimers encapsulated gold nanoparticles (PAMAM-Au) upon the presence of a target antibody via acoustic streaming has been studied. Acoustic streaming has been used to improve the mass transfer and reduce the sample incubation rate, thus this study investigated its ability in enhancing the PAMAM-Au displacement efficiency of our immunosensor. For this purpose, the bio-nanogate components of maltose-binding protein carrying the antigenic determinant (MBP-aD) of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as a bioreceptor was functionalized, followed by the monitoring agent i.e. PAMAM-Au on the electrode prior to the incubation with targeted anti-hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBsAg) antibody. The modified electrode was then coupled with a piezotransducer and connected to the signal transducer to induce acoustic streaming upon sample incubation. Under optimal acoustic actuation, the sample incubation time has been reduced from 20 min to 8 min via the enhancement of PAMAM-Au displacement induced by acoustic streaming. The result also demonstrated that the specificity and selectivity of the sensing platform under acoustic actuation are comparable to the static incubation in detecting the targeted antibody.
A newly predicted stable calcium argon compound by ab initio calculations under high pressure
Authors: Gao Xinlei , Wei Shuli , Guo Yanhui , Yin Guowei , Meng Yue , Ju Xiaoshi , Chang Qiang , Sun Yuping
Published: November 2023

High pressure can change the valence electron arrangement of the elements, and it can be as a new method for the emergence of unexpected new compounds. In this paper, the Ca–Ar compounds at 0–200 GPa are systematically investigated by using CALYPSO structure prediction methods combined with first principles calculations. The study of the Ca–Ar system can provide theoretical guidance for the exploration of new structures of inert elemental Ar compounds under high pressure. A stable structure: P63/mmc-CaAr and six metastable structures: Rm-CaAr2, P4/mmm-CaAr2, Pm1-CaAr3, P4/mmm-CaAr3, P21/m-CaAr4 and Pm1-CaAr5 were obtained. Our calculations show that the only stable phase P63/mmc-CaAr can be synthesized at high pressure of 90 GPa. All the structures are ionic compounds of metallic nature, and surprisingly all Ar atoms attract electrons and act as an oxidant under high pressure conditions. The calculation results of ab initio molecular dynamics show that P63/mmc-CaAr compound maintains significant thermodynamic stability at high temperatures up to 1000 K. The high-pressure structures and electronic behaviors of the Ca–Ar system are expected to expand the understanding of the high-pressure chemical reactivity of compounds containing inert elements, and provide important theoretical support for the search of novel anomalous alkaline-earth metal inert element compounds.
Advancing occupational health in mining: investigating low-cost sensors suitability for improved coal dust exposure monitoring
Authors: Zaid Mirza Muhammad , Amoah Nana , Kakoria Ashish , Wang Yang , Xu Guang
Published: November 2023

Exposure to coal dust in underground coal mines poses significant health risks to workers, including the development of diseases such as coal workers’ pneumoconiosis and silicosis. Current available methods for monitoring coal dust exposure are expensive and time-consuming, necessitating the exploration of alternative approaches. Low-cost light scattering particulate matter sensors offer a promising solution, and its development in recent years has demonstrated some success in air quality monitoring However, its application in sensing coal particles is limited partially due to that the operating condition in a mine is different than the atmosphere. Thus, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact of common factors encountered in a mining environment on these sensors. The findings revealed that the Air trek and Gaslab sensors were unsuitable, showing poor correlation with reference monitors. SPS30 was promising for low concentrations (0–1.0 mg m−3), while PMS5003 effectively monitored up to 3.0 mg m−3. Changing sensor orientation reduced accuracy. Higher wind speeds (3 m s−1) improved results. Low-cost sensors performed well with coal dust but poorly with Arizona road dust. This study underscores the imperative for enhancing these sensors, thereby facilitating their potential application to enhance the occupational health of miners.
Multisource information fusion considering the weight of focal element’s beliefs: a Gaussian kernel similarity approach
Authors: Yang Rui-Shi , Li Hai-Bin , Huang Hong-Zhong
Published: November 2023

Similarity has been extensively utilized to measure the degree of conflicts between evidences in multisource information fusion. The existent works, however, assumed that the contribution of each focal element’s belief to the similarity measure is the same, and the influence of the weights of focal element’s belief is not considered, which is unreasonable. This article proposes a new Gaussian kernel similarity approach to measure the similarity between evidences. The proposed Gaussian kernel similarity coefficient can effectively take account of the weights of focal element’s beliefs. In addition, it possesses some preferable properties, such as, bounded, consistent, and symmetrical. A multisource information fusion method based on the Gaussian kernel similarity coefficient is, therefore, investigated. The developed method mainly contains three steps: (1) the Gaussian kernel similarity coefficient, as a connection, is leveraged to calculate the weight of evidences based on the weight of focal element’s beliefs; (2) the initial evidences are, thereby, modified based on the weight of evidence via the weight-average method; and (3) the final multisource information fusion can be achieved by the Dempster’s combination rule using the modified evidences. An illustrative example with single-element subset and an application with multi-element subset are presented, and it is verified that the proposed method is effective in dealing with conflicting evidences.
A time–frequency ridge extraction diagnostic method for composite faults of bearing gears in wind turbine gearboxes
Authors: Zhiyu Zhang , Xiangfeng Zhang , Hong Jiang
Published: November 2023

The bearing and gear faults in the gearbox interact with each other, and the weak fault characteristics are often masked by the strong fault characteristics, making it difficult to accurately extract complete fault information. To solve this problem, a time–frequency ridge extraction diagnosis method based on multisynchrosqueezing transform (MSST) is proposed. This method utilizes MSST to enhance the compound fault features, especially the gear fault amplitude modulation components. It also utilizes the time–frequency ridge extraction method to separate the gear fault amplitude modulation components and the bearing fault impact pulse components. Additionally, it uses time shifting to substitute data and verifies the independence of the harmonic zero hypothesis to determine the accuracy of the fault components. This method provides a favorable basis for the extraction and identification of compound faults, especially weak faults, in complex dynamic signals of the gearbox. The effectiveness of this method is validated through simulation examples and practical applications.
Anomaly detection method based on temporal spatial information enhancement
Authors: Wang Lin , Wang Xiangjun , Li Mingyang , Liu Feng
Published: November 2023

The proposed Anomaly Detection Method Based on Temporal Spatial Information Enhancement addresses the limitations of unsupervised techniques in detecting abnormal events beyond boundaries and limited samples. It incorporates a Serial Depth Separable Residual Block (Serial Block) as the backbone for predicting future frame. Additionally, a DenseReserve Subsample Module (DRSM) facilitates feature scale scaling, and a U-shaped Pyramid Attention Module (UPAM) guides feature fusion and enhances spatial details. During the prediction stage, reconstructed optical flow information aids in distinguishing abnormal and normal event features, with the abnormal score determined by a weighted fusion of optical flow reconstruction error and prediction error for future frames. Experimental results demonstrate the method’s outstanding performance, achieving area under the curve metrics of 99.7%, 92.1%, and 78.3% on UCSD Ped2, CUHK Avenue, and ShahanghaiTech datasets, respectively. This method offers significant advancements in detecting anomalous events in complex and multi-scene surveillance videos, with improved operational speed and reduced parameters.
A thin film resistive humidity sensor based on polymer and carbon black nanoparticle composites
Authors: Zhang Wei , Huang Yubo , Lin Sijian , Xiao Hongyang , Huang Chun , Yu Wei , Wang Zhuqing , Xia Cao
Published: November 2023

This paper proposes a resistive humidity sensor that uses a carbon-black and polyvinyl alcohol composites thin film, fabricated with a unique film coating method for thinner thickness and higher sensitivity. Improving the sensitivity of sensing films is still of great importance in the research field of gas sensors. The humidity sensor devices with thin composite film and microelectrode structure are fabricated on the glass substrate for a low cost and a simple fabrication process. The sensor gives a rapid response for humidity levels from 10.9% relative humidity (RH) to 73.7% RH, and the response time is about 5.77 s. Experimental results reveal that the sensor has good sensitivity, reproducibility, fast reaction time, and wide range. In addition to humidity, the sensor also responds well to gases such as ethanol. The proposed gas sensor in this paper can be applied to the other combinations of polymers and nanoparticles to form new gas sensors, which have the potential to be used as a gas sensor array for detecting the composition of complex gases such as volatile organic components.
Torque estimation in three-phase induction motors under broken bars and voltage variations using airgap flux measurement and a machine learning model
Authors: Dias Cleber Gustavo , Custódio da Costa José Garcia , Fontenele Jhone
Published: November 2023

This paper proposes a new approach for load torque estimation in squirrel cage induction motors using airgap flux measurement, by means of a Hall effect sensor installed between two stator slots of the machine. The rotor speed was estimated from the Hall sensor signal using a previous method designed by the authors, and the root mean square and mean value were also computed from the Hall signal to serve as inputs to a multi-layer perceptron model.The positioning of the Hall sensor inside the machine was also investigated during different experiments for torque prediction and considered as an additional input for the regression task. The present methodology does not require motor parameters for torque prediction. This research has been validated using some simulated and experimental results for different motor operational conditions. The performance metrics disclosed a good torque prediction for the machine fed not only by a rated voltage, but also by overvoltage/undervoltage power supply and with broken rotor bars, even for low loads. Both experimental and simulation results showed a mean absolute percentage error lower than 4% for a 7.5 kW induction motor.
A novel time-frequency analysis method for fault diagnosis based on generalized S-transform and synchroextracting transform
Authors: Wang Hongwei , Fang Zhiwen , Wang Hongli , Li Yong’an , Geng Yide , Chen Long , Chang Xin
Published: November 2023

Rotating machinery usually operates under variable-speed conditions, and how to effectively handle nonstationary signal in fault diagnosis is a critical task. The time-frequency analysis (TFA) method is widely used in the processing of nonstationary signal. To improve the time-frequency resolution and clearly identify instantaneous frequency (IF) characteristics, the adaptive generalized S-synchroextracting transform (AGSSET), which is a novel TFA method proposed in this paper. Firstly, a new transform named adaptive generalized S-transform (AGST) is put forward by optimizing the window function of generalized S transform. In this paper, an adaptive window function optimization method based on the frequency spectrum of the vibration signal is introduced, and the energy concentration measure is used to determine the window function’s parameters in AGST. Simultaneously, the synchrony extraction idea is incorporated into the AGST, then the AGSSET is derived. To address more complex IF characteristics, the synchronous extraction operator (SEO) is reconstructed. In the simulation experiment, the GMLC signal model is selected to represent nonstationary signal and to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. In addition, bearing fault data is also used for fault diagnosis experiments. The results of both numerical simulation and experimental analysis indicate that AGSSET performs well in identifying the time-varying IF characteristic in nonstationary signals. It can also efficiently detect faults with high accuracy and strong stability.
Intelligent Levenberg–Marquardt neural network solution to flow of carbon nanotubes in a nozzle of liquid rocket engine
Authors: Muhammad Noor , Ahmed Naveed
Published: November 2023

In this research, we utilized artificial neural networks along with the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (ANN-LMA) to interpret numerical computations related to the efficiency of heat transfer in a regenerative cooling channel of a rocket engine. We used a mixture of Kerosene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for this purpose, examining both single-wall carbon nanotubes and multi-wall carbon nanotubes. The primary equations were converted into a dimensionless form using a similarity transformation technique. To establish a reference dataset for ANN- LMA and to analyze the movement and heat transfer properties of CNTs, we employed a numerical computation method called bvp4c, which is a solver for boundary value problems in ordinary differential equations using finite difference schemes combined with the Lobatto IIIA algorithm in MATLAB mathematical software. The ANN- LMA method was trained, tested and validated using these reference datasets to approximate the solutions of the flow model under different scenarios involving various significant physical parameters. We evaluated the accuracy of the proposed ANN- LMA model by comparing its results with the reference outcomes. We validated the performance of ANN- LMA in solving the Kerosene-based flow with CNTs in a rocket engine through regression analysis, histogram studies, and the calculation of the mean square error. The comprehensive examination of parameters undertaken in this research endeavor is poised to provide invaluable support to aerospace engineers as they endeavor to craft regenerative equipment with optimal efficiency. The pragmatic implications of our study are wide-ranging, encompassing domains as diverse as aerospace technology, materials science, and artificial intelligence. This research holds the potential to catalyze progress across multiple sectors and foster the evolution of increasingly efficient and sustainable systems.
Markerless head motion tracking and event-by-event correction in brain PET
Authors: Zeng Tianyi , Lu Yihuan , Jiang Weize , Zheng Jiaxu , Zhang Jiazhen , Gravel Paul , Wan Qianqian , Fontaine Kathryn , Mulnix Tim , Jiang Yulin , Yang Zhaohui , Revilla Enette Mae , Naganawa Mika , Toyonaga Takuya , Henry Shannan , Zhang Xinyue , Cao Tuoyu , Hu Lingzhi , Carson Richard E
Published: November 2023

Objective. Head motion correction (MC) is an essential process in brain positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. We have used the Polaris Vicra, an optical hardware-based motion tracking (HMT) device, for PET head MC. However, this requires attachment of a marker to the subject’s head. Markerless HMT (MLMT) methods are more convenient for clinical translation than HMT with external markers. In this study, we validated the United Imaging Healthcare motion tracking (UMT) MLMT system using phantom and human point source studies, and tested its effectiveness on eight 18F-FPEB and four 11C-LSN3172176 human studies, with frame-based region of interest (ROI) analysis. We also proposed an evaluation metric, registration quality (RQ), and compared it to a data-driven evaluation method, motion-corrected centroid-of-distribution (MCCOD). Approach. UMT utilized a stereovision camera with infrared structured light to capture the subject’s real-time 3D facial surface. Each point cloud, acquired at up to 30 Hz, was registered to the reference cloud using a rigid-body iterative closest point registration algorithm. Main results. In the phantom point source study, UMT exhibited superior reconstruction results than the Vicra with higher spatial resolution (0.35 ± 0.27 mm) and smaller residual displacements (0.12 ± 0.10 mm). In the human point source study, UMT achieved comparable performance as Vicra on spatial resolution with lower noise. Moreover, UMT achieved comparable ROI values as Vicra for all the human studies, with negligible mean standard uptake value differences, while no MC results showed significant negative bias. The RQ evaluation metric demonstrated the effectiveness of UMT and yielded comparable results to MCCOD. Significance. We performed an initial validation of a commercial MLMT system against the Vicra. Generally, UMT achieved comparable motion-tracking results in all studies and the effectiveness of UMT-based MC was demonstrated.
Efficient estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters from breast dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI based on a convolutional neural network for predicting molecular subtypes
Authors: Zhang Liangliang , Fan Ming , Li Lihua
Published: November 2023

Objective. Tracer kinetic models allow for estimating pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, which are related to pathological characteristics, from breast dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. However, existing tracer kinetic models subject to inaccuracy are time-consuming for PK parameters estimation. This study aimed to accurately and efficiently estimate PK parameters for predicting molecular subtypes based on convolutional neural network (CNN). Approach. A CNN integrating global and local features (GL-CNN) was trained using synthetic data where known PK parameters map was used as the ground truth, and subsequently used to directly estimate PK parameters (volume transfer constant K
trans and flux rate constant K
ep) map. The accuracy assessed by the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity (SSIM), and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was compared between the GL-CNN and Tofts-based PK parameters in synthetic data. Radiomic features were calculated from the PK parameters map in 208 breast tumors. A random forest classifier was constructed to predict molecular subtypes using a discovery cohort (n = 144). The diagnostic performance evaluated on a validation cohort (n = 64) using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was compared between the GL-CNN and Tofts-based PK parameters. Main results. The average PSNR (48.8884), SSIM (0.9995), and CCC (0.9995) between the GL-CNN-based K
trans map and ground truth were significantly higher than those between the Tofts-based K
trans map and ground truth. The GL-CNN-based K
trans obtained significantly better diagnostic performance (AUCs = 0.7658 and 0.8528) than the Tofts-based K
trans for luminal B and HER2 tumors. The GL-CNN method accelerated the computation by speed approximately 79 times compared to the Tofts method for the whole breast of all patients. Significance. Our results indicate that the GL-CNN method can be used to accurately and efficiently estimate PK parameters for predicting molecular subtypes.
Analysis of the neutral fluxes in the divertor region of Wendelstein 7-X under attached and detached conditions using EMC3-EIRENE
Authors: Boeyaert Dieter , Feng Yuhe , Frerichs Heinke , Kremeyer Thierry , Naujoks Dirk , Reimold Felix , Schmitz Oliver , Winters Victoria , Bozhenkov Sergey , Fellinger Joris , Jakubowski Marcin , König Ralf , Krychowiak Maciej , Perseo Valeria , Schlisio Georg , Wenzel Uwe ,   the W7-X Team
Published: November 2023

This paper analyzes the neutral fluxes in the divertor region of the W7-X standard configuration for different input powers, both under attached and detached conditions. The performed analysis is conducted through EMC3-EIRENE simulations. They show the importance of the horizontal divertor to generate neutrals, and resolve the neutral plugging in the divertor region. Simulations of detached cases show a decrease in the number of generated neutrals compared to the attached simulations, in addition to a higher fraction of the ion flux arriving on the baffles during detachment. As the ionization takes place further inside the plasma during detachment, a larger percentage of the generated neutral particles leave the divertor as neutrals. The leakage in the poloidal and toroidal direction increases, just as the fraction of collected particles at the pumping gap. The fraction of pumped particles increases with a factor two, but stays below one percent. This demonstrates that detachment with the current target geometry, although it improves the power exhaust, is not yet leading to an increased particle exhaust.
A randomized benchmarking suite for mid-circuit measurements
Authors: Govia L C G , Jurcevic P , Wood C J , Kanazawa N , Merkel S T , McKay D C
Published: November 2023

Mid-circuit measurements are a key component in many quantum information computing protocols, including quantum error correction, fault-tolerant logical operations, and measurement based quantum computing. As such, techniques to quickly and efficiently characterize or benchmark their performance are of great interest. Beyond the measured qubit, it is also relevant to determine what, if any, impact mid-circuit measurement has on adjacent, unmeasured, spectator qubits. Here, we present a mid-circuit measurement benchmarking suite developed from the ubiquitous paradigm of randomized benchmarking. We show how our benchmarking suite can be used to both detect as well as quantify errors on both measured and spectator qubits, including measurement-induced errors on spectator qubits and entangling errors between measured and spectator qubits. We demonstrate the scalability of our suite by simultaneously characterizing mid-circuit measurement on multiple qubits from an IBM Quantum Falcon device, and support our experimental results with numerical simulations. Further, using a mid-circuit measurement tomography protocol we establish the nature of the errors identified by our benchmarking suite.
Imperfect many-body localization in exchange-disordered isotropic spin chains
Authors: Siegl Julian , Schliemann John
Published: November 2023

We investigate many-body localization in isotropic Heisenberg spin chains with the local exchange parameters being subject to quenched disorder. Such systems incorporate a nonabelian symmetry in their Hamiltonian by invariance under global SU(2)-rotations. Nonabelian symmetries are predicted to hinder the emergence of a many-body localized phase even in the presence of strong disorder. We report on numerical studies using exact diagonalization for chains of common spin length

1

/

2

and 1. The averaged consecutive-gap ratios display a transition compatible with a crossover from an ergodic phase at small disorder strength to an incompletely localized phase at stronger disorder. Studying the sample-to-sample variance of the averaged consecutive-gap ratio, we distinguish this incompletely localized phase from the fully many-body localized phase by its scaling behavior.
Longitudinal spatial coherence of computational ghost imaging through atmospheric turbulence
Authors: Deng Hanling , Ren Yichong , Tao Zhiwei , Li Xinmiao , Abdukirim Azezigul , Li Yanling , Rao Ruizhong , Wu Pengfei
Published: November 2023

The resolution and imaging quality of ghost imaging is determined by the longitudinal spatial coherence (LSC) of speckle beams on the signal and reference arms. Based on the cross-correlation function, long-exposure and short-exposure computational ghost imaging through turbulent atmosphere is investigated analytically and numerically in the framework of the traditional imaging theory. According to the point spread function (PSF), the modulation transfer function (MTF) is derived, both of which are utilized to evaluate imaging resolution and imaging quality of computational ghost imaging (CGI), respectively. By simulating long-exposure and short-exposure ghost imaging through atmospheric turbulence, the comprehensive effects of atmospheric turbulence and beam initial parameters on the complex degree of coherence (CDC), PSF, and MTF are studied, respectively. It is found that the degradation of LSC between the two planes on the reference and signal path implies a narrower PSF and increased MTF values, which represent the better resolution and imaging quality. Thus, reducing the atmospheric turbulence strength, the speckle particle size, the wavelength and the propagation distance, and increasing the source size contribute to improving resolution and image quality of CGI because of the degradation of LSC. Furthermore, short-exposure CGI can provide imaging performance superior to long-exposure CGI in terms of resolution and imaging quality due to the decrease of LSC.
Evaluating the performance of an AlGaN based deep ultraviolet laser diode using graded waveguide layer and graded cladding layer
Authors: Sang Xien , Di Haotian , Zong Shanchun , Xu Yuan , Yin Mengshuang , Wang Fang , Liou Juin J , Liu Yuhuai
Published: November 2023

To improve the output power and reduce electron leakage of a deep ultraviolet laser diode and optimize its performance,in this paper, the graded waveguide layer was first applied to a traditional AlGaN based deep ultraviolet laser diode, and four different combinations of the waveguide layer structure were simulated. Then a graded cladding layer structure with reduced thickness was added. Finally, the carrier concentration, energy band diagram, P-I curve, and optical confinement factor were numerically analysed and studied. The results demonstrate that, by using an Al-graded waveguide layer/p-cladding layer structure, the optical confinement factor of a laser diode with an emission wavelength of 267 nm, was 29.34%, and the maximum power was 89.81 mW at 100 mA current.
Simulation study of organosilicon coating of a spherical nanoparticle immersed in a low-pressure HMDSO/O2 plasma
Authors: Rayatnia M , Foroutan G
Published: November 2023

Using numerical simulations of the multi-fluid equations along with a surface model, the deposition of thin organosilicon films on a spherical nanoparticle immersed in a low-pressure HMDSO/O2 plasma is studied. The effects of variation in the O2 fraction, electron temperature, gas pressure, and the processing temperature on the incident fluxes of the film precursors, the deposition rate, and film thickness, as well as on the relative concentrations of the silicon, oxygen, and carbon in the film structure are investigated. The results revealed that the deposition dynamics is dominated by the SiOC3H9 radical, produced mainly by the electron impact dissociation of the HMDSO molecules.

Si

2

OC

5

H

15

+

is the most populated ion and plays a prominent role in the deposition process via both direct incorporation and ion-induced stitching. The deposition rate and consequently the film thickness are enhanced with an increase in the electron temperature and the total gas pressure but are reduced with an increase in O2 fraction and the gas temperature. The increase in O2/HMDSO ratio and also the elevation of the electron and gas temperatures lead to an enhanced oxygen/carbon ratio in the film structure, an indication of a high degree of cross-linking. As the pressure rises, the oxygen content of the film increases initially while the carbon content declines, but the reverse is true at higher pressures, due to less effective fragmentation.
Pressure sensor based on Hetero-stack L-shape TFET: simulation study
Authors: Shukla Prajjwal , Khosla Mamta , Sood Neetu , Singh Sarabdeep , Chawla Tulika
Published: November 2023

In this paper, the first-time-ever pressure sensor based on Hetero-stack L-shape TFET has been proposed and investigated through the SILVACO ATLAS TCAD tool. Owing to the hetero-stacking of Germanium material and Silicon material, an enhanced Ion and reduced sub-threshold swing is obtained by the proposed device leading to enhanced Pressure sensor sensitivity. The basic working principle of this proposed pressure sensor device is when pressure is applied to the diaphragm, the diaphragm bends which varies the metal-dielectric thickness of the oxide layer which further alters the electrical characteristics of the proposed pressure sensor. The diaphragm bendings considered in the study are 0, 1, 2, and 2.5 nm. The performance of the proposed pressure sensor device is analyzed through different electrical performance characteristics such as energy band diagrams, electric field, potential, Ion, sub-threshold swing, electron band-to-band tunneling rate, and various other analog/RF parameters at different diaphragm bendings. The effects of ITCs at various bendings are also analyzed to provide an in-depth effect of the factors that might affect the performance of the sensor. The proposed sensor design will be proven as a milestone in the array of sensors built for ultra-sensitive pressure sensing applications.
The spiral phase spectrum of the composite power Gaussian vortex beam in plasma sheath turbulence
Authors: Chen Maike , Wang Xinguang , Qin Changjian , Yuan Qiujie , Wang Le
Published: November 2023

This paper establishes an evolution model for the spiral phase spectrum of a composite power Gaussian (CPG) vortex beam in plasma sheath turbulence (PST) based on the Rytov approximation theory and the modified von Karman spectrum. The impact of various parameters, including turbulence and beam attributes, on the spiral phase spectrum of the CPG vortex beam in PST is investigated through numerical simulations. Our numerical results reveal that the spiral phase spectrum of beam exhibits asymmetry which modulated by the structural parameter. Meanwhile, the resistance of the CPG vortex beam against turbulence strengthens as the wavelength increases and the topological charge decreases. The findings also demonstrate that the spiral phase spectrum of the CPG vortex beam incorporates a broader range of modes in isotropic PST compared to anisotropic PST. Furthermore, the impact of PST on the beam is intensified with a higher refractive index undulation variance and a smaller outer scale parameter.
The universe is worth 643 pixels: convolution neural network and vision transformers for cosmology
Authors: Hwang Se Yeon , Sabiu Cristiano G. , Park Inkyu , Hong Sungwook E.
Published: November 2023

We present a novel approach for estimating cosmological parameters, Ω
m
, σ8
, w
0, and one derived parameter, S
8, from 3D lightcone data of dark matter halos in redshift space covering a sky area of 40° × 40° and redshift range of 0.3 < z < 0.8, binned to 643 voxels. Using two deep learning algorithms — Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Vision Transformer (ViT) — we compare their performance with the standard two-point correlation (2pcf) function. Our results indicate that CNN yields the best performance, while ViT also demonstrates significant potential in predicting cosmological parameters. By combining the outcomes of Vision Transformer, Convolution Neural Network, and 2pcf, we achieved a substantial reduction in error compared to the 2pcf alone. To better understand the inner workings of the machine learning algorithms, we employed the Grad-CAM method to investigate the sources of essential information in heatmaps of the CNN and ViT.
Our findings suggest that the algorithms focus on different parts of the density field and redshift depending on which parameter they are predicting. This proof-of-concept work paves the way for incorporating deep learning methods to estimate cosmological parameters from large-scale structures, potentially leading to tighter constraints and improved understanding of the Universe.
Optical design of a novel near-infrared phase contrast imaging (NI-PCI) diagnostic on the HL-2A tokamak
Authors: XU 徐 Hao 皓 , GONG 龚 Shaobo 少博 , YU 余 Yi 羿 , XU 许 Min 敏 , LAN 兰 Tao 涛 , WANG 王 Zhibin 志斌 , SHI 石 Zhongbing 中兵 , NIE 聂 Lin 林 , ZHAO 赵 Guangyi 光义 , LIU 刘 Hao 灏 , ZHOU 周 Yixuan 艺轩 , YUAN 袁 Zihao 子豪 , XIAO 肖 Chenyu 晨雨 , CHEN 陈 Jian 坚
Published: November 2023

The optical design of near-infrared phase contrast imaging (NI-PCI) diagnosis on HL-2A is introduced in this paper. This scheme benefits from the great progress of near-infrared laser technology and is a broadening of traditional phase contrast technology. This diagnostic can work as a keen tool to measure plasma wavenumber spectra by inferring string-integrated plasma density fluctuations. Design of both the front optical path which is the path before the laser transmitting into the tokamak plasma and the rear optics which is the path after the laser passing through the plasma is detailed. The 1550 nm laser is chosen as the probe beam and high-precision optical components are designed to fit the laser beam, in which a phase plate with a 194-nm-deep silver groove is the key. Compared with the conventional 10.6

m laser-based PCI system on HL-2A, NI-PCI significantly overcomes the unwanted phase scintillation effect and promotes the measurement capability of high-wavenumber turbulence with an increased maximal measurable wavenumber from 15 cm−1 to 32.6 cm−1.
Associations of Anti–COVID-19 Measures and Lifestyle Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic With Sleep Patterns in the Netherlands: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Sandoval-Diez Nekane , Smit Lidwien A M , Boer Jolanda M A , de Rooij Myrna M T , Koppelman Gerard H , van Kersen Warner , Vonk Judith M , Vermeulen Roel , Gehring Ulrike , Huss Anke
Published: November 2023

Although there is scientific evidence for an increased prevalence of sleep disorders during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there is still limited information on how lifestyle factors might have affected sleep patterns. Therefore, we followed a large cohort of participants in the Netherlands (n = 5,420) for up to 1 year (September 2020–2021) via monthly Web-based questionnaires to identify lifestyle changes (physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, electronic device use, and social media use) driven by anti–COVID-19 measures and their potential associations with self-reported sleep (latency, duration, and quality). We used the Containment and Health Index (CHI) to assess the stringency of anti–COVID-19 measures and analyzed associations through multilevel ordinal response models. We found that more stringent anti–COVID-19 measures were associated with higher use of electronic devices (per interquartile-range increase in CHI, odds ratio (OR) = 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.40, 1.53), less physical activity (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90, 0.98), lower frequency of alcohol consumption (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.66), and longer sleep duration (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.16). Lower alcohol consumption frequency and higher use of electronic devices and social media were associated with longer sleep latency. Lower physical activity levels and higher social media and electronic device use were related to poorer sleep quality and shorter sleep duration.
Longitudinal Transitions Between Use of Combustible, Noncombustible, and Multiple Cannabis Products From Adolescence to Young Adulthood and Intersections With Nicotine Use
Authors: Han Dae-Hee , Cho Junhan , Vogel Erin A , Harlow Alyssa F , Tackett Alayna P , Eckel Sandrah P , McConnell Rob , Barrington-Trimis Jessica L , Leventhal Adam M
Published: November 2023

Understanding transitions across use of different types of cannabis products and multiple cannabis products and how they intersect with nicotine use in young people can inform etiology and prevention. In this study, we examined transitions across use of combustible and noncombustible forms of cannabis and multiple types of cannabis from adolescence to young adulthood and the role of nicotine use in transitions. In a Southern California longitudinal cohort study (n = 3,298; baseline mean age = 16.1 (standard deviation, 0.4) years) with 9 semiannual survey waves (2015–2021), we used Markov multistate transition modeling to estimate short-term (2-wave) and long-term (9-wave) probabilities of transition across 5 cannabis use states: never use of any product, prior use with no past-6-month (P6M) use of any product, and P6M use of exclusively noncombustible products, exclusively combustible products, and multiple (noncombustible + combustible) products. Sizable transition probabilities from prior and exclusive P6M noncombustible or combustible cannabis use to P6M poly–cannabis-product use were observed in short-term (10.7%–38.9%) and long-term (43.4%–43.8%) analyses. P6M nicotine use increased risk of transitioning from never and prior use to exclusive P6M noncombustible and combustible cannabis use. Cannabis use in any form, even temporary use, during midadolescence may often be followed by poly–cannabis-product use. Nicotine use may amplify the probability of future cannabis use onset or recurrence.
Neutrophil Elastase Inhibition by Sivelestat (ONO-5046) Attenuates AngII-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice
Authors: Hada Yoshiko , Uchida Haruhito A , Okamoto Shugo , Otaka Nozomu , Katayama Katsuyoshi , Subramanian Venkateswaran , Daugherty Alan , Wada Jun
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an arterial disease characterized by dilatation of the aortic wall. It has been suggested that neutrophil counts and neutrophil elastase activity are associated with AAA. We investigated whether a neutrophil elastase (NE) inhibitor, sivelestat (Siv), had a protective effect against angiotensin II (AngII)-induced AAAs.

METHODS

Male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were assigned into three groups: Vehicle + saline, AngII + saline, and AngII + Siv. All mice were administered intraperitoneally with either Siv or vehicle twice daily after AngII infusion.

RESULTS

In the 4-week AngII infusion study, plasma NE concentration (P = 0.041) and its activity (P = 0.011) were elevated by AngII. These increases were attenuated by Siv (concentration:P = 0.010, activity:P = 0.027). Further, plasma elastase activity was closely correlated with aortic width (R = 0.6976, P < 0.001). In the 1-week AngII infusion study, plasma and tissue elastase activity increased by AngII (plasma:P = 0.034, tissue:P < 0.001), but were reduced by Siv (plasma:P = 0.014, tissue:P = 0.024). AngII increased aortic width (P = 0.011) but was attenuated by co-administration of Siv (P = 0.022). Moreover, Siv decreased the incidence of AAAs (P = 0.009). Elastin fragmentation induced by AngII was reduced by Siv. Many inflammatory cells that were either CD68 or Gr-1 positive were observed in the AngII + saline group, whereas few inflammatory cells were accumulated in the AngII + Siv group. MMP-2 and MMP-9 were enhanced by AngII, but were reduced by Siv. In vitro, MMP-2 activity was induced by human NE (medium:P < 0.001, cells:P = 0.001), which was attenuated by co-incubation of Siv in medium (P < 0.001) and protein of human aortic smooth muscle cells (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Siv attenuated AngII-induced AAA through the inhibition of NE.
Use of remote patient monitoring kits to reduce hospitalization and mortality rates for patients with heart failure
Authors: Ehringer Daniel S , Mughmaw Taylor E , Albers Ryan C
Published: November 2023

Purpose

Patients with heart failure (HF) are at an increased risk of volume overload, which can lead to hospital admission. Use of noninvasive remote patient monitoring (RPM) devices utilizing biometric sensors and weighing scales to track vital signs and body weight has uncertain benefits. At the Baptist Health Louisville (BHLOU) HF Clinic, high-risk patients were given RPM kits. The purpose of this study was to determine whether RPM led to reductions in HF hospitalizations and mortality.

Methods

This single-center, retrospective chart review evaluated adult patients presenting to the BHLOU HF Clinic after a recent hospitalization for HF or need for intravenous diuretics within the past 60 days. The study evaluated patients before and after implementation of RPM kits. The primary endpoints were differences in the rates of 30-day HF hospitalization and 30-day mortality. Secondary endpoints included differences in the number of interventions in 90 days, the 90-day rate of HF hospitalization, and the 90-day rate of mortality.

Results

The final analysis included 58 patients in the preimplementation group and 34 patients in the postimplementation group. The rate of 30-day HF hospitalization was 10.3% in the preimplementation group and 0% in the postimplementation group. The rate of 30-day mortality was 3.4% in the preimplementation group and 0% in the postimplementation group. For the secondary endpoints, the number of interventions in 90 days was 3 vs 4, the 90-day rate of HF hospitalization was 22.4% vs 11.8%, and the rate of 90-day mortality was 6.9% vs 5.9% in the preimplementation vs postimplementation group, respectively.

Conclusion

Implementation of RPM in patients with acutely decompensated HF led to numerically lower 30-day and 90-day rates of HF hospitalization.
Parenting Practices and Children’s Quality of Life in China: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem
Authors: Sun Xiaoyue , He Xuesong
Published: November 2023

Drawing upon a sample of 1,482 primary school students and their parents in Shanghai, China, this study investigated the relationship between parenting practices, children’s self-esteem and children’s quality of life. The results from the correlation analysis and structural equation modelling showed that parenting practices were significantly associated with children’s quality of life. In addition, children’s self-esteem could mediate the relationship between parenting practices and children’s quality of life. Children’s self-esteem can promote the positive effects of positive parenting practices and alleviate the negative effects of negative parenting practices on their quality of life. Interventions could consider strengthening positive parenting skills and children’s self-esteem to improve children’s quality of life.