bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns and mechanisms of genetic and phenotypic differentiation in marine microbes
Authors: Polz Martin F , Hunt Dana E , Preheim Sarah P , Weinreich Daniel M
Published: October 2006

Microbes in the ocean dominate biogeochemical processes and are far more diverse than anticipated. Thus, in order to understand the ocean system, we need to delineate microbial populations with predictable ecological functions. Recent observations suggest that ocean communities comprise diverse groups of bacteria organized into genotypic (and phenotypic) clusters of closely related organisms. Although such patterns are similar to metazoan communities, the underlying mechanisms for microbial communities may differ substantially. Indeed, the potential among ocean microbes for vast population sizes, extensive migration and both homologous and illegitimate genetic recombinations, which are uncoupled from reproduction, challenges classical population models primarily developed for sexually reproducing animals. We examine possible mechanisms leading to the formation of genotypic clusters and consider alternative population genetic models for differentiation at individual loci as well as gene content at the level of whole genomes. We further suggest that ocean bacteria follow at least two different adaptive strategies, which constrain rates and bounds of evolutionary processes: the ‘opportuni-troph’, exploiting spatially and temporally variable resources; and the passive oligotroph, efficiently using low nutrient concentrations. These ecological lifestyle differences may represent a fundamental divide with major consequences for growth and predation rates, genome evolution and population diversity, as emergent properties driving the division of labour within microbial communities.
Improving Task Performance: The Relationship Between Morningness and Proactive Thinking1
Authors: Kirby Eric G. , Kirby Susan L.
Published: October 2006

Proactivity and morningness have been variables of considerable study. Although many studies have examined the impact of either proactivity or morningness on performance, none have examined the impact of both concurrently. This study examines the relationship between proactivity and morningness empirically, as well as their impact on task performance. Using a pre‐/post‐test design, 189 students received training in proactive thinking. The training was conducted at two different times of day. The results indicate that proactivity and morningness both accounted for a significant portion of the variance in task performance. Also, the training was more effective when conducted at a time consistent with participants' time‐of‐day preferences.
CD34+ stem cell top‐ups without conditioning after initial haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for correction of incomplete haematopoietic and immunological recovery in severe congenital immunodeficiencies
Authors: Booth Claire , Ribeil Jean‐Antoine , Audat Françoise , Dal‐Cortivo Liliane , A Veys Paul , J Thrasher Adrian , Davies E. Graham , Lefrère François , Fischer Alain , Cavazzana‐Calvo Marina , Bobby Gaspar H.
Published: October 2006

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be limited by ineffective haematopoiesis and poor immune recovery. A CD34+ cell infusion without conditioning has the potential to improve stem cell function with limited toxicity. Eighteen patients with congenital immunodeficiencies received CD34+ boosts for various defects. When given <1 year after the original graft, six of seven cytopenic patients achieved transfusion independence. A second cohort (n = 11) received boosts >1 year after the original graft; only minimal changes in immune function or chimaerism were noted. Unconditioned stem cell boosts have limited toxicity but should be given early after the original graft to be effective.
Human leucocyte antigen‐C in B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Montes‐Ares Olga , Moya‐Quiles M. Rosa , Montes‐Casado María , Guerra‐Pérez Natalia , Campillo J. Antonio , González Consuelo , López‐Bermejo Antonio , Tamayo Manuel , Majado M. Juliana , Parrado Antonio , Muro Manuel , Marín Luis , Álvarez‐López M. Rocío
Published: October 2006

This study aimed at characterising the distribution of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐C alleles in a large group of patients with B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia from Southeastern Spain. Ninety‐eight adult patients and 194 geographically and ethnically matched controls were studied. HLA‐C was determined by polymerase chain reaction sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) and PCR‐sequence‐specific oligonucleotides (SSO) methods. The HLA‐Cw*16 allele frequency was found to be significantly increased amongst patients compared with controls in our population (27·6% vs. 12·4%, P = 0·0012, Pc = 0·016). HLA‐C dimorphism was also analysed but no association was found.
Why do we need a diagnosis? A qualitative study of parents’ experiences, coping and needs, when the newborn child is severely disabled
Authors: Graungaard A. H. , Skov L.
Published: October 2006

Background  Communication with parents who are realizing their child is severely disabled is a difficult task for professionals. Parents are experiencing great emotional stress during the diagnostic process and dissatisfaction with disclosure is widespread. The aim of this study was to investigate parents’ reactions when realizing their child’s disability, the impact of the diagnosis and parents’ ways of coping.

Methods  This was a qualitative, longitudinal study, using in‐depth interviews with 16 parents of a physically and mentally disabled child who had recently been diagnosed as such. Children’s age at inclusion ranged from 1 to 27 months. Half of the children had an unknown diagnosis. Data were analysed using the Grounded Theory method. Results were validated and approved by the interviewed parents.

Results  The certainty of the diagnosis was central for parents’ experiences. First, the emotional reaction of the parents is highly influenced by the diagnostic process. Second, parents needed possibilities for taking action, and third they found difficulty in coping with an uncertain future. These three themes all related to the meaning that parents ascribed to the stating of a diagnosis. Parents’ needs in relation to communication were identified as equality in co‐operation with doctors, an empathic professional approach, and the child being seen with possibilities despite his or her disabilities.

Conclusions  Parents’ process of realization was related to the diagnostic process, and information and communication should be individualized accordingly. Parents wanted to co‐operate and they needed possibilities for active coping with their situation.
Major histocompatibility complex class II (DR) antigen and costimulatory molecules on in vitro and in vivo activated human polymorphonuclear neutrophils
Authors: Sandilands Gavin P. , McCrae Jame , Hill Kathryn , Perry Martin , Baxter Derek
Published: October 2006

We have previously shown that normal human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) contain cytoplasmic ‘stores’ of three key molecules normally associated with antigen presentation and T‐cell costimulation, i.e. major histocompatibility complex class II (DR) antigen, CD80 (B7‐1) and CD86 (B7‐2). These cytoplasmic molecules were found to translocate to the cell surface within a few minutes following cross‐linking (X‐L) of Mac‐1: an early neutrophil activation signal. In this study we have compared X‐L of Mac −1 in parallel with four other well documented in vitro neutrophil activators: phorbol myristate acetate, N‐formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine, lipopolysaccharide, and phagocytosis of immunoglobulin G–Latex particles. In addition, we have used paired samples of neutrophils obtained from peripheral blood (as a control) and synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis as a source of in vivo activated cells. With the exception of phagocytosis, all activators resulted in the rapid (within 30 min) generation of two populations of activated neutrophils (designated P1 and P2) based on flow‐cytometry measurements of size, granularity and phenotype. Significant up‐regulation of DR and costimulatory molecules was observed, predominantly on P2 cells, with all activators except phagocytosis. CD80 and CD86 were noted to respond to the various activation signals in a different pattern suggesting that their intracellular granule location may be different. Dual‐staining confocal laser microscopy studies showed that CD80 is largely confined to secretory vesicles (SVs) while CD86 appears to have a much wider distribution being found in SVs and within secondary (specific) and primary (azurophilic) granules. Increased surface expression of these antigens was also observed on P2 synovial fluid neutrophils appearing as large heterogeneous clusters on the cell surface when visualized by confocal laser microscopy.
Wine waste treatment methodology
Authors: Arvanitoyannis Ioannis S. , Ladas Demetrios , Mavromatis Athanasios
Published: October 2006

As more than 20% of wine production is waste, the latter constitutes a serious environmental problem that has to be solved urgently. Several methodologies such as composting, aerobic and anaerobic digestion, thermophilic anaerobic digestion, electrodialysis, pyrolysis, ozonation and wet oxidation among others were launched in an effort to solve effectively the wine waste management. This review aims at presenting comparatively and critically the characteristics of the currently employed waste treatment methods (properties, advantages and disadvantages, effectiveness) in order to emerge (with the aid of numerous tables and figures) the most promising and effective method.
People with severe dementia exhibit episodes of lucidity. A population‐based study
Authors: Normann Hans K , Asplund Kenneth , Karlsson Stig , Sandman Per‐Olof , Norberg Astrid
Published: October 2006

Aims and objectives.  To describe frequency and characteristics of people with severe dementia who according to care providers, exhibit ELs in a population of those with dementia in institutional care.

Background.  There are reports in the literature concerning episodes when the resident unexpectedly says or acts in a way that surprises the care provider because the resident seems to be much more aware of her/his situation than usual. This is labelled ‘episodes of lucidity’ (ELs).

Design.  The study is based on data from a point prevalence study from institutions for the older people in northern Sweden in May 2000.

Methods.  Out of 3804 residents, assessed by key care providers, by means of the Multi‐Dimensional Dementia Assessment Scale (MDDAS) with questions about ELs added, 92 residents were found to have severe dementia and difficulties with verbal communication. The key care providers’ competence in assessing severe dementia was not evaluated. An ethics committee approved the study.

Results.  Fifty‐two residents (57%) were assessed as exhibiting ELs. Residents who showed ELs had higher orientation scores and expressed more emotions than residents who did not show ELs. More residents who exhibited ELs took outdoor walks with their care providers exhibited ELs than those who did not (P = 0·001).

Conclusions.  Every second resident with severe dementia and difficulties with verbal communication showed ELs.

Relevance for clinical practice.  The fact that every second resident with severe dementia and difficulties with verbal communication showed ELs and that this was noticed especially when care providers took outdoor walks with the residents imply that closer contact between care providers and residents with severe dementia could change the care providers’ expectations and enhance communication between the parties.
Fibre‐free diet leads to impairment of neuronally mediated muscle contractile response in rat distal colon
Authors: Mitsui R. , Karaki S.‐i. , Kubo Y. , Sugiura Y. , Kuwahara A.
Published: October 2006

Abstract  Dietary fibre consumption is known to be beneficial to increase stool bulk and frequency. In contrast, it is unclear whether chronic dietary fibre deficiency affects colonic motor functions, especially neuronally mediated muscle contractions. In this study, rats were fed a fibre‐free diet or diet containing dietary fibre (cellulose or guar gum) for 27 days. Furthermore, neurogenic and myogenic contractions were evaluated in circular and longitudinal muscle strips of the distal colon. Additionally, the number of enterochromaffin (EC) cells, which play important roles in the initiation of the peristaltic reflex, was also examined by immunohistochemistry for serotonin. Myogenic contractions induced by carbachol or substance P were examined in the presence of tetrodotoxin. Circular muscle was hyposensitive to carbachol, but longitudinal muscle was hypersensitive to substance P in the fibre‐free group. Nerve‐mediated circular (5–20 Hz) and longitudinal (1–2 Hz) muscle contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation were attenuated in the fibre‐free group and the latter response was almost abolished by atropine, suggesting functional changes of cholinergic neurons. EC cell number was decreased in the fibre‐free group. In conclusion, changes in neurogenic and myogenic contractions and a decrease in EC cell number observed may affect colonic motility of the fibre‐free group.
Estimates of intraclass correlation coefficient and design effect for surveys and cluster randomized trials on injection use in Pakistan and developing countries
Authors: Janjua Naveed Zafar , Khan Mohammad Imran , Clemens John D.
Published: October 2006

Background  To assess injection practices and to test interventions aimed at reducing unsafe injections in developing countries, cluster surveys and cluster randomized trials are needed. The design of cluster‐based studies requires estimates of intraclass correlation coefficients that have to be obtained from previous studies. This study presents such estimates.

Methods  Data were derived from a cross‐sectional study of injection use and health seeking in Pakistan that used 34 clusters to select 1150 study subjects aged ≥3 months. We analysed variance to separate its components.

Results  Most of intraclass correlation coefficients were in the range of 0.01–0.05. For proportion of injections received during last 3 months, mean number of injections received and health seeking during the past 3 months the intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.02, 0.04 and 0.02, respectively.

Conclusion  These estimates can be useful in designing cluster surveys and cluster randomized trials for injection safety in Pakistan and other developing countries.
Functional CD25bright+ alloresponsive T cells in fully immunosuppressed renal allograft recipients
Authors: Baan Carla C. , Velthuis Jurjen H.L. , Van Gurp Evelien A.F.J. , Mol Wendy M. , Klepper Mariska , Ijzermans Jan N.M. , Weimar Willem
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Background:  Evidence from animal studies indicate a crucial role for CD25bright+ regulatory T cells in transplantation tolerance.

Methods:  To assess whether peripheral CD25bright+ T cells control immune responses in immunosuppressed kidney transplant patients, we analyzed the suppressive capacities of these cells using mixed lymphocytes reactions.

Results:  Allogeneic stimulation of patients peripheral blood mononuclear cells was associated with IL‐2 production and T‐cell proliferation. Depletion of CD25bright+ T cells resulted in a 35% (median) higher IL‐2 production and a 38% higher proliferative response against third party cells, showing that functional regulatory CD25bright+ T cells were present (p = 0.03 and 0.02 respectively). In eight out of 11 patients, we also demonstrated regulation activity against donor‐activated T cells (p = 0.03). These data were confirmed in coculture experiments with isolated CD25−/dim T cells plus CD25bright+ T cells. At a 1:2 ratio, the CD25bright+ T cells suppressed the proliferation of CD25−/dim donor‐ and third party‐stimulated responder T cells.

Conclusions:  CD25bright+ T cells with immune regulatory activities against anti‐donor‐responsive T cells are readily detectable in renal allograft recipients during treatment with full dosage immunosuppression. Whether CD25bright+ T cells indeed play a role in graft acceptance after organ transplantation in patients remains to be elucidated.
Metastatic Bowen carcinoma
Authors: Ooi Colin G , James Craig L , Huilgol Shyamala C
Published: October 2006

A 72‐year‐old man presented with basaloid squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to both lungs that was morphologically similar to recurrent, invasive moderately to poorly differentiated carcinoma arising from persistent Bowen’s disease of the right cheek. The original lesion of invasive moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma arising in Bowen’s disease had been excised 11 years previously. Mohs’ surgery was performed for the recurrent lesion on the cheek 12 months prior to detection of lung metastases. He died of respiratory failure 19 months following diagnosis of his metastatic disease. Our case reflects the potentially aggressive nature of invasive squamous cell carcinoma arising from Bowen’s disease and highlights the importance of approaching this entity with a view to complete surgical excision with adequate margins.
The syndrome of hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC): The clinical features of an individual with a fumarate hydratase gene mutation
Authors: Varol Alexandra , Stapleton Karen , Roscioli Tony
Published: October 2006

A 55‐year‐old woman presented with multiple cutaneous leiomyomas and multiple uterine leiomyomas (fibroids). The clinical diagnosis of the autosomal dominant hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) syndrome was confirmed by identification of a fumarate hydratase gene mutation. This case highlights the need to consider the possibility of renal and uterine cancer in members of cutaneous leiomyomatosis families.
A complicated blistering disease case demonstrating the usefulness of immunoblotting and ELISA for the diagnosis of immunobullous diseases
Authors: Martin Linda , Rubin Adam , Tran Kim , Pas Hendri , Marr Penelope , Edmonds John , Murrell Dedee
Published: October 2006

A 51 year old female was referred for evaluation of a transient pruritic blistering eruption located on the trunk and extremities. She had a complicated medical background including rheumatoid arthritis and drug‐induced lupus erythematosus from the TNF blocker adalimubab. Her medications included prednisone 4 mg/day and hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day. On examination a few large tense blisters were noted and the Nikolsky sign was negative.

A routine skin biopsy showed intraepidermal vesicles, eosinophilic spongiosis and significant subepidermal oedema, but no acantholysis. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) showed IgG depositions in an intercellular pattern in the upper epidermis, and IgM depositions in a granular pattern at the dermo‐epidermal junction. Indirect immunofluorescence on monkey oesophagus and rat bladder was negative, whereas salt‐split skin showed positive staining for IgG in the roof of the blister.

As it was difficult to establish a unifying diagnosis given these clinical and histopathological features, the auto‐antigenic targets were studied by ELISA and immunoblotting techniques. ELISA showed IgG reactivity to the 165 kd desmoglein 1 antigen, but not to desmoglein 3. Immunoblotting to basement membrane components was negative. These results supported a unifying final diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus. She has been treated with minomycin and topical corticosteroids and has had a benign course.

This case demonstrates the concurrence of multiple serious autoimmune diseases, which represent an ongoing diagnostic and management challenge. Although the molecular pathogenesis of autoimmune blistering diseases is well understood, clinico‐pathological correlation may not always be achieved with routine dermatohistopathology and immunofluorescence examination. This case demonstrates the utility of additional molecular techniques in differentiating blistering diseases, which has important implications for management and prognosis.
Multiple nail fold nodules in a child
Authors: Tallon B. , Rademaker M. , Thorburn M.
Published: October 2006

A case is presented of a 5 year old girl, who over 12 months developed multiple asymptomatic yellow‐brown nodules over the distal digits and nail beds, in association with joint stiffness and swelling. Biopsy of a representative nodule showed a nodular non‐encapsulated dermal histiocytic infiltrate. Within this were scattered multinucleate giant cells with a ground glass eosinophilic cytoplasm consistent with multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MR). This is a rare subgroup of the non‐Langerhans cell histiocytoses which in contrast to solitary giant cell reticulohistiocytomas, is associated with a destructive arthritis. Typically MR affects Caucasian adults, with paediatric cases being rarely reported. Coeliac antibodies, strongly positive in this case, have only once been described in association with this disease, and may support an autoimmune pathogenesis.
Phylogeny and classification of diving beetles in the tribe Cybistrini (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Dytiscinae)
Authors: Miller Kelly B. , Bergsten Johannes , Whiting Michael F.
Published: October 2006

Phylogenetic relationships among members of the diving beetle tribe Cybistrini (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) were inferred from analysis of 47 adult and larval morphological characters and sequences from portions of the genes cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and II (COII), histone III (H3) and wingless. Thirty‐three species of Cybistrini were included, representing all genus‐groups except Regimbartina Chatanay and Megadytes (Bifurcitus) Brinck, and most historically recognized species groups and subgenera used in the tribe. Outgroups include six species from other tribes within Dytiscinae and Lancetinae. Analyses included parsimony analysis of the combined data, likelihood analysis of combined molecular data and partitioned Bayesian analysis of the combined data. Results indicate that Cybistrini is well supported as a monophyletic group. Within the tribe, all currently recognized genus groups were found to be monophyletic with the exception of Onychohydrus Schaum, which is paraphyletic with respect to Austrodytes Watts in the parsimony analysis, but monophyletic in the likelihood and Bayesian analyses, and Cybister sensu stricto, which is paraphyletic with respect to C. (Melanectes) Brinck and C. (Scaphinectes) Ádám in the parsimony analysis or only the latter in the likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Results also suggest that some, but not all, historically recognized species groups or subgenera in the large genus Cybister Curtis are monophyletic, and this is discussed and compared. To improve the classification, the name Sternhydrus Brinck is elevated from subgenus to genus rank (new status). Four subgenera in the genus Cybister are recognized: C. (Melanectes) Brinck, C. (Megadytoides) Brinck (resurrected), C. (Neocybister) Miller, Bergsten and Whiting (new subgenus) and C. (Cybister) Curtis. The following new synonyms are established: Trochalus Dejean (new synonym), and ScaphinectesÁdám = Cybister (Cybister) (new synonym). The Neotropical species Cybister parvus Trémouilles (not examined) apparently does not fit any historical or currently recognized genus‐group diagnosis in Cybistrini, so it is retained in Cybister but incertae sedis with respect to subgenus. In addition to classification, the evolution of the unique character combinations present in cybistrines are discussed. A key to the adults of genera and subgenera is presented.
Treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis using wet‐wrap dressings with diluted steroids and/or emollients. An expert panel's opinion and review of the literature
Authors: Oranje AP , Devillers ACA , Kunz B , Jones SL , DeRaeve L , Gysel D Van , De Waard‐van der Spek FB , Grimalt R , Torrelo A , Stevens J , Harper J
Published: October 2006

Background  The use of dampened bandages to reduce inflamed eczema (synonyme dermatitis) is an old remedy. In order to evaluate the current indications for so‐called wet‐wrap treatment (WWT) for atopic dermatitis (AD), and to compare the different currently recognized methods, a group of experts critically reviewed their own expertise on WWT in respect to the existing literature on the subject.

Results  WWT is well tolerated in eczema due to the cooling effect on the skin and the rapid improvement in skin inflammation. It has been shown to be an extremely effective treatment for acute erythrodermic dermatitis, therapy‐resistant AD and intolerable pruritus. Advantages of WWT include rapid response to therapy, reduction in itch and sleep disturbance, and potential for reduction in usage of topical corticosteroids (TCS). However, disadvantages include high cost, the necessity for special training in usage, potential for increased TCS absorption, increased cutaneous infections and folliculitis, and poor tolerability. Precautions to reduce the risks of long‐term treatment should include education, monitoring of weight and height and, if necessary, serum cortisol levels. In adolescents the risk of striae from TCS absorption around puberty is high, and WWT with TCS in this age group should be used as a short‐term therapy only and with extreme caution. To reduce risks, dilutions of steroids may be used ranging from 5 to 10%. In the maintenance phase this treatment can be rotated with the use of emollients only. Low potency TCS should be used on the face (with a mask).

Conclusion  WWT using diluted steroids is a relatively safe addition to the therapeutic treatment options for children and adults with severe and/or refractory AD. Explanation and education is extremely important in the treatment of AD and WWT should only be employed by practitioners trained in its use. Specialized nursing care is essential, especially when using WWT for prolonged periods.
Do systemic antibiotics increase the survival of a full thickness graft on the nose?
Authors: Kuijpers DIM , Smeets NWJ , Lapière K , Thissen MRTM , Krekels GAM , Neumann HAM
Published: October 2006

Background  Full thickness grafts on the nose do not always heal without problems. Partial or entire necrosis of the graft is likely to lead to less favourable cosmetic results and prolonged wound care. No consensus exists as to the use of systemic antibiotics to increase the success rate of survival of a full thickness skin graft on the nose after non‐melanoma skin cancer surgery.

Objective  The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of systemic antibiotics on the survival of full thickness grafts on the nose.

Methods  We performed a randomized, controlled trial in which we compared azithromycin with standard treatment in 30 patients, who underwent a full thickness graft reconstruction of a surgical defect on the nose after surgery for non‐melanoma skin cancer. Percentage survival of the graft was the main outcome measure.

Results  A statistically significant difference in favour of the grafts treated with azithromycin was seen (P = 0.002). Of all the variables analysed, only smoking had a significant negative effect on the survival of the graft.

Conclusions  Systemic antibiotics with an accurate bacterial spectrum should be advised in full thickness skin graft reconstruction after surgery for non‐melanoma skin cancer of the nose. Smoking should be strongly discouraged.
Analysis of the surface characteristics and mineralization status of feline teeth using scanning electron microscopy
Authors: DeLaurier A. , Boyde A. , Horton M. A. , Price J. S.
Published: October 2006

External resorption of teeth by odontoclasts is a common condition of unknown origin affecting domestic cats. Odontoclastic resorptive lesions involve the enamel cementum junction (ECJ, cervix) and root surface, leading to extensive loss of enamel, dentine and cementum. This study was undertaken in order to determine whether features of the surface anatomy and mineralization of feline teeth could explain why odontoclastic resorptive lesions are so prevalent in this species. Backscattered electron scanning electron microscopy was used to study enamel, cementum and dentine in non‐resorbed, undemineralized teeth from adult cats. Analysis of the ECJ revealed thin enamel and cementum and exposed dentine at this site. Furthermore, enamel mineralization decreased from the crown tip to the ECJ, and dentine mineralization was lowest at the ECJ and cervical root. Analysis of cementum revealed variations in the organization and composition of fibres between the cervical, mid‐ and apical root although no significant differences in mineralization of cementum were detected between different regions of the root. Reparative patches associated with resorption of cementum by odontoclasts and repair by cementoblasts were present on the root surface. In conclusion, results suggest that the ECJ and cervical dentine could be at a greater risk of destruction by odontoclasts compared with other regions of the tooth. The relationship of these features to the development and progression of resorption now requires further examination.
In vitroculture of enzymatically isolated chondrons: a possible model for the initiation of osteoarthritis
Authors: Ross J. M. , Sherwin A. F. , Poole C. A.
Published: October 2006

The aim of this study was to assess whether enzymatically isolated chondrons from normal adult articular cartilage could be used as a model for the onset of osteoarthritis, by comparison with mechanically extracted chondrons from osteoarthritic cartilage. Enzymatically isolated chondrons (EC) were cultured for 4 weeks in alginate beads and agarose gel constructs. Samples were collected at days 1 and 2, and weekly thereafter. Samples were immunolabelled for types II and VI collagen, keratan sulphate and fibronectin and imaged using confocal microscopy. Mechanically extracted chondrons (MC) were isolated, immunohistochemically stained for type VI collagen and examined by confocal microscopy. In culture, EC showed the following characteristics: swelling of the chondron capsule, cell division within the capsule and remodelling of the pericellular microenvironment. This was followed by chondrocyte migration through gaps in the chondron capsule. Four types of cell clusters formed over time in both alginate beads and agarose constructs. Cells within clusters exhibited quite distinct morphologies and also differed in their patterns of matrix deposition. These differences in behaviour may be due to the origin of the chondrocytes in the intact tissue. The behaviour of EC in culture paralleled the range of morphologies observed in MC, which presented as single and double chondrons and large chondron clusters. This preliminary study indicates that EC in culture share similar structural characteristics with MC isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, confirming that some processes that occur in osteoarthritis, such as pericellular remodelling, take place in EC cultures. The study of EC in culture may therefore provide an additional tool to investigate the mechanisms operating during the initial stages of osteoarthritis. Further investigation of specific osteoarthritic phenotype markers will, however, be required in order to validate the value of this model.
The effects of the spontaneous presence of a spouse/partner and others on cardiovascular reactions to an acute psychological challenge
Authors: Phillips Anna C. , Carroll Douglas , Hunt Kate , Der Geoff
Published: October 2006

The presence of supportive others has been associated with attenuated cardiovascular reactivity in the laboratory. The effects of the presence of a spouse and others in a more naturalistic setting have received little attention. Blood pressure and heart rate reactions to mental stress were recorded at home in 1028 married/partnered individuals. For 112 participants, their spouse/partner was present; for 78, at least one other person was present. Women tested with a spouse/partner present showed lower magnitude systolic blood pressure and heart rate reactivity than those tested without. Individuals tested with at least one nonspousal other present also displayed attenuated reactivity. This extends the results of laboratory studies and indicates that the spontaneous presence of others is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular reactivity in an everyday environment; spouse/partner presence would appear to be especially effective for women.
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, emotion, and emotion regulation during social interaction
Authors: Butler Emily A. , Wilhelm Frank H. , Gross James J.
Published: October 2006

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) figures prominently in emotional responding, but its exact role remains unclear. The present study tests two hypotheses: (1) Between‐person differences in resting RSA are related to emotional reactivity, and (2) within‐person changes in RSA are related to regulatory efforts. Pairs of women watched an upsetting film and discussed it. One woman in each of the experimental dyads was asked to either suppress or to reappraise during the conversation. Their partners and both members of the control dyads conversed naturally. Between‐person differences in resting RSA were assessed with paced breathing, and within‐person changes in RSA were calculated from baseline to the conversation accounting for respiration. Women with higher resting RSA experienced and expressed more negative emotion, and women who attempted to regulate their emotions either by suppressing or reappraising showed larger increases in RSA than controls.
Evidence‐based Medicine
Authors: Mayer Dan
Published: October 2006

Summary:  Evidence‐based medicine (EBM) has become a watchword for “the new” medical practice in the new century. Whether it represents a paradigm shift or simply a codification of the scientific method in medicine will be debated for years to come. Regardless of the place of EBM in medicine, this “movement” has served an important role in moving physician practice into the realm of becoming more scientific (albeit empirical) and transparent. There are still many problems to be addressed in the global application of the best evidence for medical practice. These include low‐quality studies, delays in implementation of clear‐cut improvements, outright fraud and deceit, and wariness on the part of physicians to change their practice. By working to understand the underpinnings of EBM (basic statistical concepts and critical thinking) we can advance the practice of medicine along the moral high road of science.
How Confident Are We of the Diagnosis of Epilepsy?
Authors: Van Donselaar Cees A. , Stroink Hans , Arts Willem‐Frans ,   for the Dutch Study Group of Epilepsy in Childhood
Published: October 2006

Summary: The diagnosis of a first seizure or epilepsy may be subject to interobserver variation and inaccuracy with possibly far‐reaching consequences for the patients involved. We reviewed the current literature.

 Studies on the interobserver variation of the diagnosis of a first seizure show that such a diagnosis is subject to considerable interobserver disagreement. Interpretation of the electroencephalogram (EEG) findings is also subject to interobserver disagreement and is influenced by the threshold of the reader to classify EEG findings as epileptiform. The accuracy of the diagnosis of epilepsy varies from a misdiagnosis rate of 5% in a prospective childhood epilepsy study in which the diagnosis was made by a panel of three experienced pediatric neurologists to at least 23% in a British population‐based study, and may be even higher in everyday practice. The level of experience of the treating physician plays an important role. The EEG may be helpful but one should be reluctant to make a diagnosis of epilepsy mainly on the EEG findings without a reasonable clinical suspicion based on the history.

 Being aware of the possible interobserver variation and inaccuracy, adopting a systematic approach to the diagnostic process, and timely referral to specialized care may be helpful to prevent the misdiagnosis of epilepsy.
EEG Is an Essential Clinical Tool: Pro and Con
Authors: Fountain Nathan B. , Freeman John M.
Published: October 2006

Summary:  The authors debate whether routine EEG is an essential clinical tool for evaluation of a first seizure. One author suggests that because of the positive predictive value of interictal spikes for seizure recurrence, the EEG is a useful tool. The other author argues that since many clinicians would not treat after a single seizure, even if the EEG were abnormal, the EEG is not essential. Both authors agree that the EEG should only be ordered with forethought to answer a specific question.
Epilepsy‐related Injuries
Authors: Wirrell Elaine C.
Published: October 2006

Summary:  Only one prospective, controlled study has compared the risk of accidental injury in persons with epilepsy to controls without seizures. A mildly increased risk in the epilepsy group was found, predominantly due to injuries that result directly from a seizure. With regard to injury type, this study found significantly higher rates of only head and soft tissue injury; however, most injuries were minor. Several retrospective, population‐based studies have suggested increased rates of more serious injury types. Submersion injury has a high mortality; the risk of submersion in children with epilepsy is 7.5–13.9 fold higher than in the general population. The risk of fracture is elevated approximately twofold, either resulting directly from seizure‐induced injury or predisposed by drug‐induced reduction in bone mineral density. Burns due to seizures account for between 1.6% and 3.7% of burn unit admissions. The risk of motor vehicle accidents in drivers with epilepsy also appears increased, albeit marginally.

Several factors predispose to a higher risk of injury among those with epilepsy. Seizures resulting in falls increase the risk of concussion and other injuries. Higher seizure frequency, lack of a prolonged seizure‐free interval, comorbid attention deficit disorder, or cognitive handicap may also increase the risk of injury.

While some restrictions are necessary to protect the safety of the person with epilepsy, undue limitations may further limit achievement of independence. Given the high morbidity and mortality of submersion injury, those with active epilepsy should bathe or swim only with supervision; however, showering is a reasonable option. Appropriate vitamin D and calcium supplementation and periodic measurement of bone mineral density in those at risk for osteopenia are recommended.
Glutamate Decarboxylase Genes and Alcoholism in Han Taiwanese Men
Authors: Loh El‐Wui , Lane Hsien‐Yuan , Chen Chien‐Hsiun , Chang Pi‐Shan , Ku Li‐Wen , Wang Kathy H.T. , Cheng Andrew T.A.
Published: October 2006

Objective:Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the rate‐limiting enzyme in the synthesis ofγ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), may be involved in the development of alcoholism. This study examined the possible roles of the genes that code for 2 forms of GAD (GAD1 and GAD2) in the development of alcoholism.

Method:An association study was conducted among 140 male alcoholic subjects meeting the DSM‐III‐R criteria for alcohol dependence and 146 controls recruited from the Han Taiwanese in community and clinical settings. Psychiatric assessment of drinking conditions was conducted using a Chinese version of the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. The SHEsis and Haploview programs were used in statistical analyses.

Results:Nine single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the GAD1 gene were valid for further statistics. Between alcoholic subjects and controls, significant differences were found in genotype distributions of SNP1 (p=0.000), SNP2 (p=0.015), SNP4 (p=0.015), SNP5 (p=0.031), SNP6 (p=0.012), and SNP8 (p=0.004) and in allele distributions of SNP1 (p=0.001), SNP2 (p=0.009), and SNP8 (p=0.009). Permutation tests of SNP1, SNP2, and SNP8 demonstrated significant differences in allele frequencies but not in 2 major haplotype blocks. Three valid SNPs at the GAD2 gene demonstrated no associations with alcoholism. Further permutation tests in the only 1 haplotype block or individual SNPs demonstrated no significant differences.

Conclusions:This is the first report indicating a possible significant role of the GAD1 gene in the development of alcohol dependence and/or the course of alcohol withdrawal and outcome of alcoholism.
Reduced Glial and Neuronal Packing Density in the Orbitofrontal Cortex in Alcohol Dependence and Its Relationship with Suicide and Duration of Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Miguel‐Hidalgo Jose J. , Overholser James C. , Meltzer Herbert Y. , Stockmeier Craig A. , Rajkowska Grazyna
Published: October 2006

Background: Reduced metabolism, blood flow, and tissue volume have been detected in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) of neurologically intact alcoholic subjects and these deficits are accompanied by lower density of neurons and glial cells. Another prefrontal region, the orbitofrontal cortex (ORB), functionally and structurally differentiated from the dlPFC, and heavily involved in decision‐making processes, also shows functional alterations in alcoholic subjects. However, it is unknown whether changes in the packing density of neurons or glial cells also occur in the ORB and whether that density may be related to the increased suicide probability of alcoholic subjects or to the duration of alcohol dependence.

Methods: The present study used a 3‐dimensional cell‐counting method in postmortem brain tissue to determine the packing density of neurons and glial cells in the ORB (area 47) of 15 subjects with alcohol dependence (8 suicides, 7 nonsuicides) and 8 normal controls and to determine whether cell density is correlated with suicide and duration of alcohol dependence.

Results: There was a significantly lower density of both neurons (by 27%) and glial cells (by 25%) in the ORB of alcoholic subjects compared with controls. Packing density of either neurons or glial cells was not significantly different in alcoholic suicides compared with alcoholic nonsuicides. Age was not correlated with neuronal or glial density in either group. However, the duration of alcohol dependence and the ratio of that duration to the length of life span were significantly and negatively correlated to the overall density of neurons.

Conclusion: The present results indicate that alcohol dependence is associated with a decrease in the packing density of neurons and glia in the ORB and that the reduction in neuronal but not glial density progresses with the duration of alcohol dependence.
Fast Alcohol Consumption Evaluation: A Screening Instrument Adapted for French General Practitioners
Authors: Dewost Anne‐Violaine , Michaud Philippe , Arfaoui Sonia , Gache Pascal , Lancrenon Sylvie
Published: October 2006

Background: To meet the needs of French general practitioners (GPs), we created a short (5 questions) interview/screening test for alcohol‐related problems that is similar to AUDIT in terms of (1) test values and (2) identification of 3 groups: (a) abstainers and low‐risk drinkers; (b) heavy drinkers; and (c) alcohol abusers or showing dependence.

Method: Nine questions (from AUDIT, CAGE, TWEAK, Five‐shot Questionnaire) were given systematically to their patients (aged 18 or more) by 41 volunteer GPs. Before the consultation, patients confidentially completed the AUDIT questionnaire in the waiting room. After the consultation, an addiction specialist evaluated each patient's alcohol consumption and DSM‐IV criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence and these were used as gold standards.

Results: The analysis included 564 patient records and used stepwise logistic regression to select 7 questions, from which a second selection resulted in a 5‐item questionnaire. These questions are: AUDIT questions 1 (Frequency) and 2 (Usual quantity), CAGE questions 2 (Annoyed) and 4 (Eye‐opener), and TWEAK question 5 (Black‐out), with each question scored 0 to 4. High levels of sensitivity and specificity were obtained for each diagnosis (sensitivity 75%–87.8%; specificity 74%–95.8%).

Conclusion: FACE is an appropriate screening method for French general practitioners.
Low Alanine Aminotransferase Activity in Older People Is Associated with Greater Long‐Term Mortality
Authors: Elinav Eran , Ackerman Zvi , Maaravi Yoram , Ben‐Dov Iddo Z. , Ein‐Mor Eliana , Stessman Jochanan
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVES: To find possible association between liver enzymes and mortality in older people.

DESIGN: A prospective cohort study.

SETTING: Jerusalem.

PARTICIPANTS: A systematically selected representative sample of 455 70‐year‐old ambulatory individuals was prospectively followed for 12 years.

MEASUREMENTS: An extensive social and medical profile was developed at age 70 using a detailed interview and physical and ancillary examination. Information on mortality was obtained annually. Differences in survival between subjects stratified according to liver enzyme levels were assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariable survival analyses using a Cox proportional hazards model were performed to determine the association between liver enzyme levels at age 70 and mortality over 12 years.

RESULTS: Median alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity of the study population was 11.00 U/L for women and 13.00 U/L for men. Twelve‐year survival rates for women with ALT below and above the median levels were similar (78%). For men, these rates were 54% and 65%, respectively (P<.001). Proportional hazards models demonstrated that this greater mortality risk was independent of numerous common risk factors for mortality (hazard ratio (HR)=1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.08–2.19). Adding an interaction between sex and low ALT to the model demonstrated a higher risk of mortality for men with low ALT levels (HR=2.42, 95% CI=1.15–5.08). No such risk was demonstrated for the other liver enzymes.

CONCLUSION: ALT activity represents a strong and independent surrogate marker for mortality in community‐dwelling elderly men.
Is Green Tea Really Good for You?
Authors: Chiu Stephanie
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT:  One of the core competencies in the IFT Education standards is for students to achieve competency in communications skills (that is, oral and written communication, listening, interviewing, and so on). According to the IFT guidelines, by the time students graduate, they should not only be able to search for and condense information but also be able to “communicate technical information to a non‐technical audience.” The Education Division of IFT sponsors an annual writing competition for undergraduate students to bring attention to and promote the development of communication skills. The short essays can be on any technical subject or latest development in the food science and technology field that may be important to the consumer. The article must be written in nontechnical language such that someone reading a local newspaper could understand it. Due date for submissions is typically the first week in June. More information on eligibility, rules, submission, and judging criteria will be posted on IFT's Education Division website. Monetary prizes are awarded to the authors of the top 3 papers, and the winning entry is published in the Journal of Food Science Education (JFSE) each year. JFSE is pleased to publish this year's winning entry submitted by Stephanie Chiu from the Univ. of British Columbia.