bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MicroRNA candidate miRcand137 in apple is induced by Botryosphaeria dothidea for impairing host defense
Authors: Yu Xinyi , Hou Yingjun , Cao Lifang , Zhou Tingting , Wang Sanhong , Hu Kaixu , Chen Jingrui , Qu Shenchun
Published: April 2022

MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated gene silencing is a master gene regulatory pathway in plant–pathogen interactions. The differential accumulation of miRNAs among plant varieties alters the expression of target genes, affecting plant defense responses and causing resistance differences among varieties. Botryosphaeria dothidea is an important phytopathogenic fungus of apple (Malus domestica). Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehder, a wild apple species, is highly resistant, whereas the apple cultivar “Fuji” is highly susceptible. Here, we identified a 22-nt miRNA candidate named miRcand137 that compromises host resistance to B. dothidea infection and whose processing was affected by precursor sequence variation between M. hupehensis and “Fuji.” miRcand137 guides the direct cleavage of and produced target-derived secondary siRNA against Ethylene response factor 14 (ERF14), a transcriptional activator of pathogenesis-related homologs that confers disease resistance to apple. We showed that miRcand137 acts as an inhibitor of apple immunity by compromising ERF14-mediated anti-fungal defense and revealed a negative association between miRcand137 expression and B. dothidea sensitivity in both resistant and susceptible apples. Furthermore, MIRCAND137 was transcriptionally activated by the invading fungi but not by the fungal elicitor, implying B. dothidea induced host miRcand137 as an infection strategy. We propose that the inefficient miRcand137 processing in M. hupehensis decreased pathogen-initiated miRcand137 accumulation, leading to higher resistance against B. dothidea.
Oryza sativa PECTIN DEFECTIVE TAPETUM1 affects anther development through a pectin-mediated signaling pathway in rice
Authors: Yin Wuzhong , Yang Hongxia , Wang Yantong , Feng Ping , Deng Yao , Zhang Lisha , He Guanghua , Wang Nan
Published: April 2022

Galacturonosyltransferase (GalAT) is required for the synthesis of pectin, an important component of plant cell walls that is also involved in signal transduction. Here, we describe the rice (Oryza sativa) male-sterile mutant O. sativa pectin-defective tapetum1 (ospdt1), in which GalAT is mutated. The ospdt1 mutant exhibited premature programmed cell death (PCD) of the tapetum and disordered pollen walls, resulting in aborted pollen grains. Pectin distribution in the anther sac was comparable between the mutant and the wild-type, suggesting that the structural pectin was not dramatically affected in ospdt1. Wall-associated kinases are necessary for the signal transduction of pectin, and the intracellular distribution of O. sativa indica WALL-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (OsiWAK1), which binds pectic polysaccharides to its extracellular domain, was affected in ospdt1. OsiWAK1 RNA interference lines exhibited earlier tapetal PCD, similar to ospdt1. Furthermore, overexpression of OsiWAK1 in ospdt1 lines partially rescued the defects observed in ospdt1, suggesting that OsiWAK1 plays pivotal roles in the function of OsPDT1. These results suggest that the mutation of OsPDT1 does not dramatically affect structural pectin but affects components of the pectin-mediated signaling pathway, such as OsiWAK1, and causes male sterility.
Defining Success in Transitions from Pediatric to Adult Chronic Pain Care: A Descriptive Qualitative Study of Perspectives of Young Adults Living with Chronic Pain
Authors: Oreper Julie , Khalid Ayesha , Sheffe Sarah , Mustafa Nida , Vader Kyle , Bosma Rachael
Published: April 2022

Objective

To explore how young adults with chronic pain define a successful transition from pediatric to adult chronic pain care and how they would like to be empowered to achieve a successful transition.

Design

A descriptive qualitative design.

Setting

Participants were recruited from a hospital-based chronic pain clinic in Toronto, Canada, and through social media.

Subjects

Young adults (18–25 years of age, inclusive) who received chronic pain care in a pediatric setting and continued to self-identify as having a need for chronic pain care in an adult chronic pain care setting.

Methods

Semistructured interviews were used to understand the perspectives of young adults with chronic pain. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and checked for accuracy. Qualitative inductive content analysis was used to analyze the interview data.

Results

Eight young adults with chronic pain were interviewed (all women; median age=19 years). Five themes that addressed the study objectives are described: 1) Young adults value skill-building and knowledge about the transition, 2) establishment of a strong therapeutic alliance with health care providers, 3) coordinated and planned transition, 4) social and environmental support, and 5) respect for young adults’ independence and autonomy.

Conclusion

Findings suggest the need for a collaborative and individualized approach to the successful transition of young adults across the continuum of chronic pain care that addresses their unique needs. To promote successful transition, clinicians should build relationships with young adults that facilitate choice and autonomy while enhancing skill-building and education on available resources.
Ranking the information content of distance measures
Authors: Glielmo Aldo , Zeni Claudio , Cheng Bingqing , Csányi Gábor , Laio Alessandro
Published: April 2022

Real-world data typically contain a large number of features that are often heterogeneous in nature, relevance, and also units of measure. When assessing the similarity between data points, one can build various distance measures using subsets of these features. Finding a small set of features that still retains sufficient information about the dataset is important for the successful application of many statistical learning approaches. We introduce a statistical test that can assess the relative information retained when using 2 different distance measures, and determine if they are equivalent, independent, or if one is more informative than the other. This ranking can in turn be used to identify the most informative distance measure and, therefore, the most informative set of features, out of a pool of candidates. To illustrate the general applicability of our approach, we show that it reproduces the known importance ranking of policy variables for Covid-19 control, and also identifies compact yet informative descriptors for atomic structures. We further provide initial evidence that the information asymmetry measured by the proposed test can be used to infer relationships of causality between the features of a dataset. The method is general and should be applicable to many branches of science.
Female Health Across the Tree of Life: Insights at the Intersection of Women's Health, One Health and Planetary Health
Authors: Natterson-Horowitz B , Boddy Amy M , Zimmerman Dawn
Published: April 2022

Across the tree of life, female animals share biological characteristics that place them at risk for similar diseases and disorders. Greater awareness of these shared vulnerabilities can accelerate insight and innovation in women's health. We present a broadly comparative approach to female health that can inform issues ranging from mammary, ovarian, and endometrial cancer to preeclampsia, osteoporosis, and infertility. Our focus on female health highlights the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health. As the boundaries between human and animal environments become blurred, female animals across species are exposed to increasingly similar environmental hazards. As such, the health of female animals has unprecedented relevance to the field of woman's health. Expanding surveillance of animal populations beyond zoonoses to include noncommunicable diseases can strengthen women's health prevention efforts as environmental factors are increasingly implicated in human mortality. The physiology of nonhuman females can also spark innovation in women's health. There is growing interest in those species of which the females appear to have a level of resistance to pathologies that claim millions of human lives every year. These physiologic adaptations highlight the importance of biodiversity to human health. Insights at the intersection of women's health and planetary health can be a rich source of innovations benefitting the health of all animals across the tree of life.
The Prospect of Antiracism
Authors: Davis Darren W , Wilson David C
Published: April 2022

Racial reckoning in response to racial injustice has compelled individuals, organizations, and institutions to acknowledge and adopt policies that actively challenge racial injustice. A central tenet of this era of reckoning is that it is no longer acceptable to ignore racist behaviors and expressions. To the extent that active opposition to racial prejudice is an effective strategy for individuals to pursue, we examine individual inclinations to act on matters of racial prejudice. We argue that in spite of best intentions, the motivation to act against racism, what we call “antiracism action orientation,” can be disrupted by system-justifying beliefs that raise questions about deservingness, legitimize the status quo, and therefore defend inaction. Survey data from the 2020 Congressional Election Study show that antiracism action orientation is strongest among African Americans, and those with more positive affect toward racial-ethnic minorities, and supporters of change. Among Whites, racial resentment dominates the motivations for antiracism to the point that typical political allies like Democrats, liberals, and those who acknowledge White privilege reduce their antiracism action orientation to lower levels than Republicans, conservatives, and deniers of White privilege. We conclude that most Americans, but especially Whites, have a high bar for change, making racism an ongoing American dilemma because of both racial attitudes and the costs of change.
Police Abuse or Just Deserts?
Authors: Israel-Trummel Mackenzie , Streeter Shea
Published: April 2022

Divergent public responses to police brutality incidents demonstrate that for some, police violence is an injustice that demands remediation, while for others state violence is justice served. We develop a novel survey experiment in which we randomize the race and gender of a victim of police violence, and then provide respondents with an opportunity to establish justice via compensation. We uncover small but consistent effects that financial restitution is most supported for a White female detainee and least supported for a Black female detainee, and this is largely driven by White respondents. Beyond the treatment effects, we show that Black respondents are much more likely to perceive detainees as deserving of restitution; across all treatments, Black respondents are 58 percent more likely than Whites to support a financial settlement. We further show that White respondents’ perceptions of deservingness are highly related to their perceptions of who is at fault for the beating—the detainee or the police—and whether the detainee was involved in crime. Black respondents remain likely to award a settlement even if they think the detainee was at fault and involved in crime. Our results provide further evidence that perceptions of who deserves restorative justice for state violence are entangled with race in targeted ways.
Racial Identity, Reparations, and Modern Views of Justice Concerning Slavery
Authors: Reichelmann Ashley V , Roos J Micah , Hughes Michael
Published: April 2022

Public opinion polls frequently demonstrate that the American debate on reparations for slavery falls along racial lines. However, less attention has been paid to how social psychological factors such as views of deservingness mediate that relationship. This manuscript highlights how identity, deservingness, and views of justice affect attitudes about symbolic reparations—a step that many believe is necessary to achieve closure and pave a path for racial equality. Using survey data from an opt-in sample, we demonstrate how both in-group pride and myths of undeservingness of Black Americans function through racial identity to uniquely affect a respondent’s understanding of the lasting harms of slavery. Increases in pride result in opposition to symbolic reparations among white Americans, but they lead to support among Black Americans and Latinx Americans. Racial/ethnic pride has no impact on support for such reparations among Asian Americans. We find that agreement with myths of Black Americans’ undeservingness largely explains the effect of pride among white Americans but not among racialized minority groups, and we argue that this is largely due to the socio- historical context of their identities. We conclude by discussing the implications this has for reparations as a form of justice 155 years after formal slavery ended in the United States.
Sexual Harassment and Gender Inequality in the Labor Market
Authors: Folke Olle , Rickne Johanna
Published: April 2022

We describe how sexual harassment contributes to sex segregation and pay inequality in the labor market. Combining nationally representative survey data and administrative data, we show that both harassment and wages vary strongly and systematically across workplaces. Women self-report more harassment from colleagues and managers in male-dominated workplaces where wages are relatively high, and men self-report more harassment in female-dominated workplaces where wages are low. These patterns imply two ways that harassment may contribute to gender inequality. First, harassment deters women and men from applying for jobs in workplaces where they are the gender minority. A survey experiment with hypothetical job choices supports this mechanism. Respondents are highly averse to accepting jobs in workplaces with a higher harassment risk for their own gender, but less averse when people of the opposite sex are at higher risk. A second way that harassment contributes to inequality is by making workplace gender minorities leave their workplaces for new jobs. An analysis of workplace transitions supports this mechanism. Women who self-report harassment are more likely to switch to new workplaces with more female colleagues and lower pay.
Asymptotically sharp discrete nonlinear Hausdorff–Young inequalities for the SU(1,1)-valued Fourier products
Authors: Kovač Vjekoslav , Oliveira E Silva Diogo , RupčIć Jelena
Published: April 2022

We work in a discrete model of the nonlinear Fourier transform (following the terminology of Tao and Thiele), which appears in the study of orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. The corresponding nonlinear variant of the Hausdorff–Young inequality can be deduced by adapting the ideas of Christ and Kiselev to the present discrete setting. However, the behavior of sharp constants remains largely unresolved. In this short note we give two results on these constants, after restricting our attention to either sufficiently small sequences or sequences that are far from being the extremizers of the linear Hausdorff–Young inequality.
The funding and research trends in library and information science of NSSFC: Comparison of awards and papers
Authors: Xiang Jianqin , Wang Haiyan
Published: April 2022

Subject to various restrictive requirements on project application and completion, funded projects are often affected by funding policies for the selection of research objects. This study explored the impact of scientific research funding policies on the funding and research by comparing the topic distribution of awards and papers. A total of 1,870 awards and 16,491 papers of the National Social Science Foundation of China (NSSFC) in library and information science (LIS) were collected from a Chinese research project database. According to the results, the growth rate of awards on most topics is higher than that of papers, while the growth rate of papers on the relevant topics to users, technology, and metrology is higher than that of awards. It was found out in the study that the topics funded by NSSFC were imbalanced. NSSFC provides much more funding to traditional topics rather than emerging topics. As indicated by the funding provided to the projects on traditional topics for research on a large number of papers on emerging topics, however, the innovation and diversity of academic research have yet to be restricted. This study demonstrated that the effect of funding policies on the research topics in LIS is significant. Topic suggestions and funding structure of NSSFC have more impacts on award topics than on paper topics. The influence of NSSFC-recommended topics on paper topics is declining year by year. Additionally, awards with high funding intensity are more susceptible to topic suggestions.
STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRITIUM IN MICE
Authors: Umata Toshiyuki
Published: April 2022

The mutation, apoptosis and chromosomal aberration induced by tritiated water (HTO) in spleen T lymphocytes of mice were investigated and compared with those by acute or chronic 137Cs gamma irradiation. p53 wild-type (p53+/+) and null (p53−/−) mice were exposed to tritium (3H) beta rays via a single injection of HTO. 137Cs gamma irradiation was carried out at dose-rate of 0.86Gy min−1 (acute) and at a low dose-rate (0.71–0.09 mGy min−1) that mimicked internal exposure (gamma simulation-irradiation). Each dose of irradiation was 3Gy. When compared on the basis of the induced TCR variant fractions in p53−/− mice at 3Gy, 3H beta rays appeared to be more mutagenic than chronic gamma ray reference. On the other hand, both of the frequency chromosomal aberration was not different significantly between HTO injected and 137Cs gamma irradiated mice.
ACTIVATION OF HUMAN FIBROBLASTS BY CHRONIC RADIATION RATHER THAN ACUTE RADIATION
Authors: Shimura T , Zaharieva E , Sasatani M , Kawai H , Kamiya K , Ushiyama A
Published: April 2022

Cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF), an activated type of fibroblast, is a major stromal cell that contributes to tumor initiation and development in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We previously reported that fractionated radiation rather than acute radiation causes progressive damage to mitochondria and increases the generation of reactive oxygen species, playing an important role in the fibroblast activation in normal tissue injury. Activated fibroblasts then become CAF by interacting with tumor cells, promoting tumor growth in vivo. We here examined the chronic radiation effect on fibroblast activation. Acute radiation (<2.5 Gy) did not increase alpha-Smooth muscle actin, a CAF marker expression in healthy human cells, whereas chronic radiation (2.5 Gy) did. It can be concluded that the induction of fibroblast activation changes across acute radiation, fractionated radiation, and chronic radiation depending on the irradiation technique. This study highlights that radiation activates fibroblasts, playing a role in radiation-related tumor development via TME formation.
Improving the Applicability of AI for Psychiatric Applications through Human-in-the-loop Methodologies
Authors: Chandler Chelsea , Foltz Peter W , Elvevåg Brita
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Machine learning (ML) and natural language processing have great potential to improve efficiency and accuracy in diagnosis, treatment recommendations, predictive interventions, and scarce resource allocation within psychiatry. Researchers often conceptualize such an approach as operating in isolation without much need for human involvement, yet it remains crucial to harness human-in-the-loop practices when developing and implementing such techniques as their absence may be catastrophic. We advocate for building ML-based technologies that collaborate with experts within psychiatry in all stages of implementation and use to increase model performance while simultaneously increasing the practicality, robustness, and reliability of the process.

Methods

We showcase pitfalls of the traditional ML framework and explain how it can be improved with human-in-the-loop techniques. Specifically, we applied active learning strategies to the automatic scoring of a story recall task and compared the results to a traditional approach.

Results

Human-in-the-loop methodologies supplied a greater understanding of where the model was least confident or had knowledge gaps during training. As compared to the traditional framework, less than half of the training data were needed to reach a given accuracy.

Conclusions

Human-in-the-loop ML is an approach to data collection and model creation that harnesses active learning to select the most critical data needed to increase a model’s accuracy and generalizability more efficiently than classic random sampling would otherwise allow. Such techniques may additionally operate as safeguards from spurious predictions and can aid in decreasing disparities that artificial intelligence systems otherwise propagate.
Optimal Doses of Specific Antipsychotics for Relapse Prevention in a Nationwide Cohort of Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Taipale Heidi , Tanskanen Antti , Luykx Jurjen J , Solmi Marco , Leucht Stefan , Correll Christoph U , Tiihonen Jari
Published: April 2022

Background and Hypothesis

Optimal doses of most antipsychotics in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia are unknown. We aimed to study the risk of severe relapse indicated by rehospitalization for different dose categories of 15 most frequently used antipsychotics in monotherapy in Finland.

Study Methods

We studied the risk of rehospitalization (Adjusted Hazard Ratio, aHR) associated with six antipsychotic monotherapy dose categories (as time-varying dose, measured in defined daily dose, DDDs/day) in a nationwide cohort of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia (n = 61 889), using within-individual analyses to eliminate selection bias.

Study Results

Among the 15 most widely used antipsychotics, 13 had a U- or J-shaped dose-response curve, showing the lowest risks of relapse for doses of 0.6–<1.1 DDDs/day vs nonuse of antipsychotics. The exceptions were oral perphenazine (aHR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.68–0.76, <0.6 DDDs/day), and olanzapine-long-acting injectable (LAI), which had the lowest aHR of any antipsychotic (aHR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.11–0.25, 1.4–<1.6 DDDs/day). Certain risperidone and perphenazine doses <0.9 DDD/day were associated with 21%–45% lower risk of rehospitalization (P < .001) than the standard dose of 0.9–1.1 DDD/day (ie, 5 mg for risperidone and 30 mg for perphenazine).

Conclusions

For most antipsychotics, the risk of severe relapse was the lowest during use of standard dose. Our results suggest that olanzapine LAI is highly effective in dose ranges >0.9 DDD/day, and especially at 1.4–<1.6 DDDs/day (405 mg/4 weeks) associated with substantially lower risk of rehospitalization than any dose of any other antipsychotic. The current WHO standard dose definitions appear to be clearly too high for perphenazine and somewhat too high for risperidone.
Peer effects of the young returnee scientists: Evidence from the state key laboratories in China
Authors: Yang Xi , Cai Xinlan , Li Tingsong
Published: April 2022

Attracting overseas scientists back to their home countries is an important scientific policy in the era of globalization. The returnee scientists not only have the potential to make high academic achievements by themselves but are also expected to influence other scientists. Using a data-set of 1,006 scientists from Chinese State Key Laboratories, this study finds that recruiting young returnee scientists has a positive effect on the number of their peer’s highly-cited articles. It is also found that the peer effect is not achieved through the promotion of international collaborations of local scientists. It may be realized through other mechanisms, such as knowledge spillovers. As shown in the heterogeneity analysis, the adaptation of returnee scientists and the absorptive capacity of local scientists have an impact on the peer effects of the returnees, which reflects that knowledge dissemination and absorption play significant roles in the returnee’s peer effect.
Do households live the family model they prefer? Household’s work patterns across European policy regimes
Authors: Lütolf Meret , Stadelmann-Steffen Isabelle
Published: April 2022

Studies have investigated the equalizing effect of childcare provision and parental leave schemes on gendered work patterns. However, as the relationship between policies and individual time allocations to paid work is complex and challenging to empirically assess, previous research has clarified single aspects of this complexity. The present study theoretically and empirically combines a household perspective by considering the work behaviours of two partners within one household (i.e. a household’s lived family model) with a comparative approach to systematically analyse relationships between specific policy designs and households’ paid work patterns in a large sample. The findings imply that extensive childcare policies are systematically related to an egalitarian household organization, mostly among those with small children. This association can be observed across households with varying levels of egalitarian norms. Conversely, the findings suggest that the current design of parental leave policies in the 21 European countries does not allow for a true assessment of the potential of leave schemes to influence the within-household division of labor.
Intellectual rivalry in American economics: intergenerational social cohesion and the rise of the Chicago school
Authors: Henriksen Lasse Folke , Seabrooke Leonard , Young Kevin L
Published: April 2022

Neoliberal economics has reshaped societies. How did this doctrine ascend? While existing explanations emphasize a variety of factors, one neglected aspect is intellectual rivalry within the US economics profession. Neoliberalism had to attain prestige against the grain of the intelligentsia prior to becoming a force to organize political power. Using qualitative and quantitative evidence, we examine key rivals in US economics from 1960 to 1985: the Chicago School of Economics, neoliberal pioneers and the ‘Charles River Group’ (Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), the mainstream Keynesian stronghold. We identify socialization mechanisms from historical accounts, which suggest forms of social cohesion between elite professors and their students. We measure social cohesion and network structure from salient relations within and between generations, using a new a dataset focused on elite economics professors and their graduate students. What differentiated the Chicago School from Charles River was its fostering of social cohesion and its effective transmission of value orientations across generations.
Gender Sensitivity in the National Roma Integration Strategies of Member States of the European Union
Authors: Sanchís-Ramón María-José , La Parra-Casado Daniel , Gil-González Diana , Estévez-García Jesús F , Vives-Cases Carmen
Published: April 2022

A large part of the European Roma community faces prejudices, discrimination, and social exclusion. This situation is more visible in Roma women. This study assesses gender sensitivity in the National Roma Integration Strategies (NRIS) of the Member States of the European Union. To do so, an adapted ad hoc tool was applied to the twenty-seven NRIS documents, making it possible to identify gender sensitivity in its “symbolic dimension”—declaration of principles and values that guide the action and/or proposing reasons of the intervention; and in its “operational dimension”—formal aspects of the intervention. In addition, this tool allowed us to classify the documents according to their gender approach. A low gender sensitivity is observed, which is more developed in the symbolic part. The line of action with greater gender sensitivity is health, followed by employment and education. Gender sensitivity is nonexistent for housing.
The Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated Gene Rnf113a Regulates Survival and Differentiation Properties of Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Tsampoula Matina , Tarampoulous Isaak , Manolakou Theodora , Ninou Elpinickie , Politis Panagiotis K
Published: April 2022

RNF113A (Ring Finger Protein 113A) is genetically associated with autism spectrum disorders and X-linked trichothiodystrophy (TTD) syndrome. Loss-of-function mutations in human RNF113A are causally linked to TTD, which is characterized by abnormal development of the central nervous system (CNS) and mental retardation. How the loss of RNF113A activity affects brain development is not known. Here we identify Rnf113a1 as a critical regulator of cell death and neurogenesis during mouse brain development. Rnf113a1 gene exhibits widespread expression in the embryonic CNS. Knockdown studies in embryonic cortical neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) and the mouse cortex suggest that Rnf113a1 controls the survival, proliferation, and differentiation properties of progenitor cells. Importantly, Rnf113a1 deficiency triggers cell apoptosis via a combined action on essential regulators of cell survival, including p53, Nupr1, and Rad51. Collectively, these observations establish Rnf113a1 as a regulatory factor in CNS development and provide insights into its role in neurodevelopmental defects associated with TTD and autism.
The COVID-19 Pandemic: Health Impact on Unaccompanied Migrant Children
Authors: Siegel Jennifer L
Published: April 2022

From the point of apprehension by U.S. Customs and Border Protection at the U.S.–Mexican border to their reunification with sponsors in U.S. communities, unaccompanied children (UC) face political, social, and economic conditions, heightening their risk for mental and physical health burdens that may be exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such risk underscores the importance of social work practice and advocacy for the improved treatment and experiences of UC. This article uses a structural vulnerability conceptual lens to summarize the existing literature regarding UC and argues that UC’s liminal immigration status, economic precarity, and lack of healthcare access place this group at high structural vulnerability during the pandemic. Further, this article identifies and describes three contexts of structural vulnerability of UC that are important points of social work intervention: (1) at the border, where migrant children are denied their legal right to seek protection; (2) in detention and shelter facilities; and (3) during reunification with sponsors. This article concludes with important practice and policy opportunities for social workers to pursue to obtain social justice for an important and highly vulnerable migrant child population.
Social Work and Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR): Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Teixeira Samantha , Kennedy Heather
Published: April 2022

The social work profession has made tremendous contributions to youth well-being, laying the foundation for social welfare systems and child protection laws. However, deficit-based constructions of youth are deeply engrained in the profession. Social work researchers have called for attention to critical approaches like youth participatory action research (YPAR). YPAR has an action-oriented epistemology and engages youth as coresearchers, providing an opportunity to shift social work research and practice paradigms. Yet, social work scholars lag behind cognate disciplines in adopting YPAR. This article examines challenges that have stymied YPAR in social work. The authors review the historical roots of the profession and its relationship to youth; examine present challenges, including social work’s training and career progression; and make suggestions for the future, calling social work to affirm our values by reevaluating the way we do research on youth, the way we train future social workers, and the paradigms driving our practice.
How onerous is the role of protector?
Authors: Chien Nancy
Published: April 2022

This article examines the role of protectors and how the role has developed in recent case law. Specifically, the article will consider whether the duties of protectors are the same where they hold a positive power versus where they merely hold a so-called power of veto (where the positive power is held by another person such as the trustee).

This article will examine primarily the case law in Jersey; however, it will also look at the recent cases from Bermuda and England and Wales.1
Study programme driven engineering education: interplay between mathematics and engineering subjects
Authors: Bolstad Torstein , Høyvik Ida-Marie , Lundheim Lars , Nome Morten , Rønning Frode
Published: April 2022

This paper presents a report from an early phase of the project Mathematics as a Thinking Tool. The primary goal of this project is to increase engineering students’ perception of the relevance of mathematics by developing a close connection between mathematics and engineering subjects, and to develop an approach driven by the learning goals of the study programme rather than the learning goals in specific subjects. We will present examples from electrical engineering and chemistry to show how mathematics may play along with the other fields in order to develop deep conceptual understanding. Some preliminary results from student surveys are also included.
Coexistence of Rhabdomyolysis, Myocarditis and Arrhythmia after Spider Bite: A Case Report
Authors: Yılmaz Münevver , Akçay Gürbüz , Gürses Dolunay
Published: April 2022

Background

Rhabdomyolysis after spider bite has been reported in a small number of patients, and myocarditis in even fewer. However, arrhythmia associated with latrodectism in children has not been described in the literature to date.

Case summary

A girl presented approximately 4.5 h after being bitten on the left ankle by a black spider. Two unifocal premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) were observed on the electrocardiogram. In laboratory tests, creatine kinase was elevated. On day 2, levels of troponin, pro-brain and natriuretic peptide were elevated. Electrocardiogram revealed inverted and biphasic T waves. Echocardiography revealed mild left ventricular dilation, mitral and aortic valve regurgitation. Holter electrocardiogram showed PVCs. Her laboratory and echocardiography findings completely normalized after discharge, and no arrhythmia was observed on the Holter electrocardiogram during outpatient follow-up.

Conclusion

Although spider bites are uncommon, they can cause serious systemic effects. These patients should be evaluated for arrhythmia, rhabdomyolysis and myocarditis.
Prevalence of anaemia and its associated factors among lactating mothers in eastern Sudan: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Abdelbagi Omer M , Hassan Bahaeldin , Eltayeb Reem , ALhabardi Nadiah , Adam Ishag
Published: April 2022

Background

Lactating mothers are susceptible to anaemia. Little published data are available on lactational anaemia in Africa, including Sudan. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of and associated factors for anaemia among lactating mothers in eastern Sudan.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were gathered through a questionnaire.

Results

A total of 650 lactating mothers were included in the analysis. Their median age and parity were 28.0 y (interquartile range [IQR] 23.7‒32.0) and 3.0 (IQR 2.0‒4.0), respectively. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels ranged from 7.0 to 15.0 g/dL (median 11.2 [IQR 10.4‒12.0]). Of the 650 lactating mothers, 442 (68.0%) had anaemia (Hb <12.0 g/dL). In multivariate analysis, lactating mothers with education less than the secondary level (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.58 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.05 to 2.37]) and lactating mothers who underwent caesarean delivery (AOR 1.74 [95% CI 1.17 to 2.58]) had a higher probability of being anaemic. Employment was associated to a lower frequency of anaemia (AOR 0.39 [95% CI 0.20 to 0.79]).

Conclusions

This study showed a high prevalence of anaemia among lactating mothers. Public health intervention activities designed towards education would be helpful to reduce anaemia.
Child Labor under Cash and In-Kind Transfers
Authors: Tagliati Federico
Published: April 2022

This paper studies the effects of cash versus in-kind transfers on the time allocation of children exploiting the randomized rollout of a program which transferred either cash or a basket of food to poor households in Mexico. Children in cash-recipient households experience a significantly larger decrease in paid employment and hours of work, and an increase in schooling, as compared to children in in-kind-recipient households. Both transfers are given to a female member of the household to enhance women’s participation in household decision-making. The difference between the cash and in-kind impacts on child time allocation is entirely driven by households presenting characteristics associated with lower female decision-making power. Thus, differences in child employment responses across transfer modalities are likely related to women-targeted transfers having larger effects on female empowerment when provided in cash.
Mobile Money and Economic Activity: Evidence from Kenya
Authors: Fabregas Raissa , Yokossi Tite
Published: April 2022

This paper estimates the impact of access to mobile money services on local economic activity. The analysis combines data from the early expansion of the mobile agent network in Kenya with a local-level measure of economic performance proxied by the intensity of nighttime lights. Leveraging the variation in areas that gained access to mobile money services at different times and the high resolution of the data, the paper shows that access to mobile money services increased local economic activity and that these effects increased over time. The positive effects are more pronounced for areas that were initially more affluent, urban, and better connected to infrastructure. These results suggest that mobile money can complement, rather than just substitute for, other alternatives that enable people to connect, trade, and allocate investments within their networks.
A new taxonomist-curated reference library of DNA barcodes for Neotropical electric fish (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes)
Authors: Janzen Francesco H , Crampton William G R , Lovejoy Nathan R
Published: April 2022

DNA barcoding is a useful tool for identifying species; however, successful barcode-based identification requires a reference library of barcode sequences from accurately identified specimens. Here we present a reference library of COI barcode sequences for the Neotropical electric knifefish, order Gymnotiformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi), a model taxon for studies of tropical diversification and biogeography, genomics, behaviour and neurobiology. Our library contains barcodes for 167 of the c. 270 valid species of gymnotiforms derived from geo-referenced museum voucher specimens, and includes sequences from 26 type specimens and 21 specimens from type localities, most of which we collected. To assess the state of gymnotiform barcodes in two main public barcode repositories, GenBank and BOLD, we compared the barcodes in these databases to our reference library. Our analysis shows that a considerable proportion of gymnotiform barcodes in GenBank and BOLD are mis- or unidentified. We encourage taxonomists to develop and publish barcode reference libraries composed of carefully curated barcode sequences.
Diagnosis, management, and prevention of acute rheumatic fever in the United States
Authors: Schoenfuss Erin S.
Published: April 2022

Acute rheumatic fever is a multisystem autoimmune disease caused by infection with group A streptococcus. The condition most commonly affects children ages 5 to 14 years who are from low-income populations. The diagnosis is clinical; however, the 2015 Jones Criteria can help support it. Acute rheumatic fever poses a significant health risk secondary to rheumatic heart disease. Although acute rheumatic fever is rare in the United States, outbreaks still occur, and certain populations continue to be at increased risk. This article describes how to identify acute rheumatic fever and provides prompt management and prevention strategies to reduce patient risk for lifelong complications.
The Implementation and Evaluation of an Innovative Clinical Immersion Experience for Undergraduate Nursing Students
Authors: Phillips Brad , Sand-Jecklin Kari , Watson Joanne , Pinto Susan
Published: April 2022

The demand for clinical placement sites for nursing students requires the development of alternative clinical settings. This study aimed to evaluate an innovative learning experience for nursing students at the World Scout Jamboree. Nineteen students and four faculty were assigned to base camp medical facilities, providing care for more than 45,000 campers. Student pre- and posttests reported significant increases in cultural awareness, communication skills, and clinical problem-solving ability; students rated interprofessional teamwork highly. Findings reveal promising direction for use of alternative clinical sites to fill the gap in clinical placements while offering unique learning experiences.
A Case Report of Collaborative Online International Learning in Nursing and Health Studies Between the United States and Japan
Authors: Niitsu Kosuke , Kondo Akiko , Hua Jing , Dyba Natalia A.
Published: April 2022

Collaborative online international learning (COIL) is an innovative and cost-effective pedagogy to develop cross-cultural awareness through digital technology across shared multicultural learning environments. We implemented our first COIL virtual exchange for undergraduate students at universities in the United States and Japan. We used Padlet for asynchronous discussions to build rapport among students at each institution and Zoom for synchronous discussions to deliver oral presentations. Feedback from students indicate an overall increase in intercultural competence and cultural sensitivity. COIL can provide meaningful, affordable, and feasible health education that enhances cultural understanding through virtual exchange.
First Feed Type Is Associated With Birth/Lactating Parent's Own Milk Use During NICU Stay Among Infants Who Require Surgery
Authors: Davis Jessica A. , Glasser Melissa , Spatz Diane L. , Scott Paul , Demirci Jill R.
Published: April 2022

Background:

Early exclusive birth/lactating parent's own milk (B/LPOM) feeds have been associated with longer duration of B/LPOM use for infant feedings in healthy term and hospitalized preterm infants. This relationship has not been explored in infants undergoing neonatal surgery (surgical infants).

Purpose:

To evaluate the relationship between early exclusive B/LPOM feeds and cumulative B/LPOM patterns during surgical infants' neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization.

Methods:

A secondary cross-sectional analysis was performed using the electronic health record data of surgical infants admitted to a level IV NICU between January 2014 and March 2015. Multiple linear regression and Fisher's exact test were used to examine the associations between first NICU feed type and total percentage of diet composed of B/LPOM during NICU stay and continuation of any or exclusive B/LPOM feedings at NICU discharge, respectively.

Results:

The analysis included 59 infants who required surgery for gastrointestinal, cardiac, or multisystem defects or pregnancy-related complications. Receipt of B/LPOM as the first NICU feed was associated with higher percentage of B/LPOM feeds (P < .001) throughout NICU stay, as well as continuation of any or exclusive B/LPOM feedings at NICU discharge (P = .03).

Implications for Practice:

Early exclusive B/LPOM feeds may be an important predictor for continuation of any B/LPOM use throughout the NICU stay and at NICU discharge. Continued efforts to identify and address gaps in prenatal and postpartum lactation support for parents of surgical infants are needed.

Implications for Research:

Powered studies are needed to corroborate these findings and to explore the potential impact of other factors on duration and exclusivity of B/LPOM use.

Video Abstract available at:

https://journals.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/Pages/videogallery.aspx.
Poor Outcomes of Pediatric Acute Compartment Syndrome in the Setting of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Multicenter Case Series
Authors: Peek Kacy , Schmale Gregory , Lindberg Antoinette , Ho Christine , Miller Mark , Steinman Suzanne
Published: April 2022

Background:

Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a well-described condition that merits emergent surgical decompression. Peripheral arterial cannulation can increase the likelihood of ACS in patients requiring extracorporeal membranous oxygen (ECMO). Comorbidities in these critically ill patients may portend negative consequences of decompressive fasciotomy. This study investigated the clinical short-term and mid-term outcomes in pediatric patients with ECMO-associated ACS.

Methods:

This is a retrospective case series at 3 pediatric hospitals from 2006 to 2019, including children ages 0 to 19 years who underwent peripheral arterial cannulation and developed ACS.

Results:

Eighteen patients developed ACS after receiving peripheral cannulation ECMO. Mean time to diagnosis after cannulation was 63.1 hours. All patients were diagnosed clinically; the most common findings were tight compartments, swelling, and loss of peripheral pulses. Eight patients (44%) died due to underlying illness. Treating physicians decided against decompression for 5 patients due to their underlying illness, instability, and concern for infection. Thirteen patients (72%) underwent decompressive fasciotomies. Ten surgical patients required subsequent surgeries and 6 (33%) developed surgical site infections. Of the 7 surviving surgical patients, 4 (57%) required extremity amputations and 4 had lower extremity neurological deficits on follow-up. Two of 3 nonsurgical patients (66%) had functional lower extremity motor deficits on follow-up. No surviving nonoperative patients developed infections or required amputations.

Conclusions:

ACS on ECMO is associated with high rates of complications including neurologic deficits, infection, and amputation. Patients treated nonoperatively avoided complications such as infection and amputation, but had more functional neurological deficits than surgical patients. Orthopaedic surgeons should consider the high morbidity of compartment release in these critically ill patients and, with critical care teams, assess whether the potential benefits of surgery outweigh expected risks.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV.
Palmar Venous Malformation: A Case Report of a Rare Occurrence and a Treatment Algorithm
Authors: Hazboun Rajaie G. , Patnaik Ronit , Karamanos Efstathios , Wang Howard T.
Published: April 2022

Palmar venous malformations are not well described in the surgical literature and are a therapeutic challenge due to the intricate anatomy of the hand. We present the case of a 19-year-old right-handed female patient from Mexico who was referred to us with a right palmar lesion present since birth, previously diagnosed as a venous malformation. The patient reported that she had undergone sclerotherapy 10 years before in addition to a prior aborted attempt at excision. Venous palmar malformations are rare occurrences. Although an individualized approach is important, the development of an algorithm may assist in the standardization of the treatment of this pathology to preserve the hand’s functional status.