bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The LPM effect in sequential bremsstrahlung: nearly complete results for QCD
Authors: Arnold Peter , Gorda Tyler , Iqbal Shahin
Published: November 2020

Abstract

The splitting processes of bremsstrahlung and pair production in a medium are coherent over large distances in the very high energy limit, which leads to a suppression known as the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect. We continue study of the case when the coherence lengths of two consecutive splitting processes overlap (which is important for understanding corrections to standard treatments of the LPM effect in QCD), avoiding soft-emission approximations. Previous work has computed overlap effects for double splittingg→gg→ggg. To make use of those results, one also needs calculations of related virtual loop corrections to single splittingg→ggin order to cancel severe (power-law) infrared (IR) divergences. This paper provides calculations of nearly all such processes involving gluons and discusses how to organize the results to demonstrate the cancellation. In the soft emission limit, our results reproduce the known double-log behavior of earlier authors who worked in leading-log approximation. We also present a first (albeit numerical and not yet analytic) investigation of sub-leading, single IR logarithms. Ultraviolet divergences appearing in our calculations correctly renormalize the couplingαsin the usual LPM result for leading-orderg→gg.
Effect of diet on incipient colony success for two long-tongued bumblebee species in the laboratory
Authors: Carnell J. D. , Hulse R. A. , Page S. , Goulson D. , Hughes W. O. H.
Published: November 2020

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.) are ecologically and economically important pollinating insects and nutritional stress is one of the most significant factors causing their decline. However, our knowledge of the nutritional requirements of bumblebees is largely limited to just a small number of species that can be easily reared in the laboratory, so there is an important need to understand the nutritional requirements of a greater range of bumblebee species. In particular, the long-tongued, pocket maker species that have been intractable to laboratory rearing, yet are often of greatest conservation concern. Here, we compare the development and success of incipient colonies in two species of pocket maker bumblebees (B. pascuorum and B. hortorum) when fed either a less diverse or more diverse pollen diet. Our results show that both diets were sufficiently good for queens of both species to rear workers, but they performed significantly better for some variables on the less diverse diet. Our findings support previous work that suggests that a less diverse diet can be as good as a highly diverse mix in some respects. We also observed significant differences between species, demonstrating why we must not rely only on one or two model species to understand the effects of nutritional stress on bumblebee communities.
Moralischer Stress bei Medizinstudierenden und ärztlichen Berufseinsteigenden: Forschungsdesiderate im Rahmen der COVID-19-Pandemie
Authors: Kühlmeyer Katja , Kuhn Eva , Knochel Kathrin , Hildesheim Hanna , Witt Victoria Dorothea , Friedrich Orsolya , Rogge Annette
Published: November 2020

Hintergrund

Die COVID-19-Pandemie stellt Menschen, die in der medizinischen Versorgung arbeiten, vor besondere Herausforderungen. Ein Teil der Medizinstudierenden und ärztlichen Berufseinsteigenden, die in dieser Zeit in Einrichtungen der Gesundheitsversorgung ihre Mitarbeit beginnen, wird mit außergewöhnlichen moralischen Herausforderungen konfrontiert. Einige verfügen noch nicht über ausreichend Bewältigungsmöglichkeiten, um adäquat mit diesen Herausforderungen umzugehen. Dies kann zu sogenanntem moralischen Stress (MoS; Englisch: „moral distress“, MoD) führen. Dauerhafte oder intensive Belastung durch MoS kann gravierende Folgen haben. Geeignete Unterstützungsangebote haben das Potenzial, den Umgang mit MoS zu verbessern.

Ziel

Der Beitrag hat das Ziel, einen Überblick über den Stand der Forschung zu MoS von Medizinstudierenden und ärztlichen Berufseinsteigenden zu geben, um Lehrende mit Aus- und Weiterbildungsverantwortung und Ärzt*innen in Leitungspositionen für die Problematik zu sensibilisieren.

Hauptteil

In diesem Beitrag werden das wissenschaftliche Konzept MoS, bekannte Auslöser sowie Präventions- und Interventionsmöglichkeiten vorgestellt. Dazu wird das Thema Bezug nehmend auf die Veränderungen in der Patientenversorgung im Kontext der COVID-19-Pandemie analysiert und es werden Forschungsdesiderate aufgezeigt.

Fazit

Der Beitrag verdeutlicht die Notwendigkeit eines deutschsprachigen, interdisziplinären Diskurses über MoS bei Medizinstudierenden und Berufseinsteigenden.
Coordination of verification activities with incentives: a two-firm model
Authors: Kulkarni Aditya U. , Wernz Christian , Salado Alejandro
Published: November 2020

In systems engineering, verification activities evaluate the extent to which a system under development satisfies its requirements. In large systems engineering projects, multiple firms are involved in the system development, and hence verification activities must be coordinated. Self-interest impedes the implementation of verification strategies that are beneficial for all firms while encouraging each firm to choose a verification strategy beneficial to itself. Incentives for verification activities can motivate a single firm to adopt verification strategies beneficial to all firms in the project, but these incentives must be offered judiciously to minimize unnecessary expenditures and prevent the abuse of goodwill. In this paper, we use game theory to model a contractor-subcontractor scenario, in which the subcontractor provides a component to the contractor, who further integrates it into their system. Our model uses belief distributions to capture each firm’s epistemic uncertainty in their component’s state prior to verification, and we use multiscale decision theory to model interdependencies between the contractor and subcontractor’s design. We propose an incentive mechanism that aligns the verification strategies of the two firms and using our game-theoretic model, we identify those scenarios where the contractor benefits from incentivizing the subcontractor’s verification activities.
Streaming Algorithms for Bin Packing and Vector Scheduling
Authors: Cormode Graham , Veselý Pavel
Published: November 2020

Problems involving the efficient arrangement of simple objects, as captured by bin packing and makespan scheduling, are fundamental tasks in combinatorial optimization. These are well understood in the traditional online and offline cases, but have been less well-studied when the volume of the input is truly massive, and cannot even be read into memory. This is captured by the streaming model of computation, where the aim is to approximate the cost of the solution in one pass over the data, using small space. As a result, streaming algorithms produce concise input summaries that approximately preserve the optimum value. We design the first efficient streaming algorithms for these fundamental problems in combinatorial optimization. For Bin Packing, we provide a streaming asymptotic (1 + ε)-approximation with $\widetilde {O}$

O

~

$\left (\frac {1}{\varepsilon }\right )$

1

ε

, where $\widetilde {{{O}}}$

O

~

hides logarithmic factors. Moreover, such a space bound is essentially optimal. Our algorithm implies a streaming (d + ε)-approximation for Vector Bin Packing in d dimensions, running in space $\widetilde {{{O}}}\left (\frac {d}{\varepsilon }\right )$

O

~

d

ε

. For the related Vector Scheduling problem, we show how to construct an input summary in space $\widetilde {{{O}}}(d^{2}\cdot m / \varepsilon ^{2})$

O

~

(

d

2

⋅
m
/

ε

2

)
that preserves the optimum value up to a factor of $2 - \frac {1}{m} +\varepsilon $
2
−

1

m

+
ε
, where m is the number of identical machines.
HER2-directed antibodies, affibodies and nanobodies as drug-delivery vehicles in breast cancer with a specific focus on radioimmunotherapy and radioimmunoimaging
Authors: Altunay Betül , Morgenroth Agnieszka , Beheshti Mohsen , Vogg Andreas , Wong Nicholas C. L. , Ting Hong Hoi , Biersack Hans-Jürgen , Stickeler Elmar , Mottaghy Felix M.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

The aim of the present paper is to review the role of HER2 antibodies, affibodies and nanobodies as vehicles for imaging and therapy approaches in breast cancer, including a detailed look at recent clinical data from antibody drug conjugates and nanobodies as well as affibodies that are currently under development.

Results

Clinical and preclinical studies have shown that the use of monoclonal antibodies in molecular imaging is impaired by slow blood clearance, associated with slow and low tumor uptake and with limited tumor penetration potential. Antibody fragments, such as nanobodies, on the other hand, can be radiolabelled with short-lived radioisotopes and provide high-contrast images within a few hours after injection, allowing early diagnosis and reduced radiation exposure of patients. Even in therapy, the small radioactively labeled nanobodies prove to be superior to radioactively labeled monoclonal antibodies due to their higher specificity and their ability to penetrate the tumor.

Conclusion

While monoclonal antibodies are well established drug delivery vehicles, the current literature on molecular imaging supports the notion that antibody fragments, such as affibodies or nanobodies, might be superior in this approach.
Different community compositions between obligate and facultative oomycete plant parasites in a landscape-scale metabarcoding survey
Authors: Fiore-Donno Anna Maria , Bonkowski Michael
Published: November 2020

Oomycetes are a ubiquitous protistan lineage including devastating crop parasites. Although their ecology in agrosystems has been widely studied, little is known of their distribution in natural and semi-natural ecosystems and how they respond to edaphic and environmental factors. We provide here a baseline of the diversity and distribution of soil oomycetes, classified by lifestyles (biotrophy, hemibiotrophy and saprotrophy), at the landscape scale in temperate grassland and forest. From 600 soil samples, we obtained 1148 operational taxonomy units representing ~ 20 million Illumina reads (region V4, 18S rRNA gene). We found a majority of hemibiotrophic plant pathogens, which are parasites spending part of their life cycle as saprotrophs after the death of the host. Overall both grassland and forest constitute an important reservoir of plant pathogens. Distance-based RDA models identified soil type and mineral soil C/N ratio as the most influential factors in shaping oomycete communities in grassland and forest. Edaphic conditions and human-induced management intensification in forest triggered opposite responses in the relative abundances of obligate biotrophs and hemibiotrophs, suggesting different ecological requirements of these two lifestyles.
Sinus heart rate post pulmonary vein ablation and long-term risk of recurrences
Authors: von Olshausen Gesa , Saluveer Ott , Schwieler Jonas , Drca Nikola , Bastani Hamid , Tapanainen Jari , Bourke Tara , Paul-Nordin Astrid , Kennebäck Göran , Insulander Per , Jensen-Urstad Mats , Braunschweig Frieder
Published: November 2020

Purpose

Cather ablation is known to influence the autonomic nervous system. This study sought to investigate the association of sinus heart rate pre-/post-ablation and recurrences in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing pulmonary vein isolation (PVI).

Methods

Between January 2012 and December 2017, data of 482 patients undergoing their first PVI were included. Sinus heart rate was recorded before (PRE), directly post-ablation (POST) and 3 months post-ablation (3 M). All patients were screened for atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrences during the one-year follow-up.

Results

In the total study cohort, the mean resting sinus heart rate at PRE [mean 57.9 bpm (95% CI 57.1–58.7 bpm)] increased by over 10 bpm to POST [mean 69.4 bpm (95% CI 68.5–70.3 bpm); p < 0.001] followed by a slight decrease at 3 M [mean 67.3 bpm (95% CI 66.4–68.2 bpm)] but still remaining higher compared to PRE (p < 0.001). This pattern was observed in patients with and without recurrences at POST and 3 M (both p < 0.001 compared to PRE). However, at 3 M the mean sinus heart rate was significantly lower in patients with compared to patients without recurrences (p = 0.031). In this regard, patients with a heart rate change < 11 bpm (PRE to 3 M) or, as an alternative parameter, patients with a heart rate < 60 bpm at 3 M had a significantly higher risk of recurrences compared to the remaining patients (Hazard ratio (HR) 1.82 (95% CI 1.32–2.49), p < 0.001 and HR 1.64 (95% CI 1.20–2.25), p = 0.002, respectively).

Conclusion

Our study confirms the impact of PVI on cardiac autonomic function with a significant sinus heart rate increase post-ablation. Patients with a sinus heart rate change < 11 bpm (PRE to 3 M) are at higher risk for recurrences during one-year post-PVI.
New aspects in digital breast assessment: further refinement of a method for automated digital anthropometry
Authors: Hartmann Robin , Weiherer Maximilian , Schiltz Daniel , Baringer Magnus , Noisser Vivien , Hösl Vanessa , Eigenberger Andreas , Seitz Stephan , Palm Christoph , Prantl Lukas , Brébant Vanessa
Published: November 2020

Purpose

In this trial, we used a previously developed prototype software to assess aesthetic results after reconstructive surgery for congenital breast asymmetry using automated anthropometry. To prove the consensus between the manual and automatic digital measurements, we evaluated the software by comparing the manual and automatic measurements of 46 breasts.

Methods

Twenty-three patients who underwent reconstructive surgery for congenital breast asymmetry at our institution were examined and underwent 3D surface imaging. Per patient, 14 manual and 14 computer-based anthropometric measurements were obtained according to a standardized protocol. Manual and automatic measurements, as well as the previously proposed Symmetry Index (SI), were compared.

Results

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed no significant differences in six of the seven measurements between the automatic and manual assessments. The SI showed robust agreement between the automatic and manual methods.

Conclusion

The present trial validates our method for digital anthropometry. Despite the discrepancy in one measurement, all remaining measurements, including the SI, showed high agreement between the manual and automatic methods. The proposed data bring us one step closer to the long-term goal of establishing robust instruments to evaluate the results of breast surgery.

Level of evidence: IV.
Red nucleus structure and function: from anatomy to clinical neurosciences
Authors: Basile Gianpaolo Antonio , Quartu Marina , Bertino Salvatore , Serra Maria Pina , Boi Marianna , Bramanti Alessia , Anastasi Giuseppe Pio , Milardi Demetrio , Cacciola Alberto
Published: November 2020

The red nucleus (RN) is a large subcortical structure located in the ventral midbrain. Although it originated as a primitive relay between the cerebellum and the spinal cord, during its phylogenesis the RN shows a progressive segregation between a magnocellular part, involved in the rubrospinal system, and a parvocellular part, involved in the olivocerebellar system. Despite exhibiting distinct evolutionary trajectories, these two regions are strictly tied together and play a prominent role in motor and non-motor behavior in different animal species. However, little is known about their function in the human brain. This lack of knowledge may have been conditioned both by the notable differences between human and non-human RN and by inherent difficulties in studying this structure directly in the human brain, leading to a general decrease of interest in the last decades. In the present review, we identify the crucial issues in the current knowledge and summarize the results of several decades of research about the RN, ranging from animal models to human diseases. Connecting the dots between morphology, experimental physiology and neuroimaging, we try to draw a comprehensive overview on RN functional anatomy and bridge the gap between basic and translational research.
Cocoon vaccination for influenza in patients with a solid tumor: a retrospective study
Authors: Rensink M. J. , van Laarhoven H. W. M. , Holleman F.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

Oncological patients are susceptible to various severe viral infections, including influenza. Vaccinating oncological patients and their household contacts (“cocoon vaccination”) may protect these patients from contracting influenza. To understand the potential of cocoon vaccination in oncological patients, this study assesses the influenza vaccination status of oncological patients and their household contacts and their considerations regarding the vaccination.

Methods

In this retrospective study, oncological patients with a solid tumor were asked to fill in a questionnaire about their own and their household contacts’ influenza vaccination status in the influenza season of 2018–2019.

Results

Ninety-eight patients were included (response rate 88%). The influenza vaccination rates of oncological patients and their first household contacts were 43.9% and 44.9%, respectively. The majority of vaccinated patients and vaccinated first household contacts had been advised by their general practitioner to get the vaccination. A minority of the first household contacts reported getting vaccinated specifically because of the patient’s vulnerability. Unvaccinated patients and unvaccinated household contacts mainly believed the vaccination was unnecessary or were afraid of side effects. None of the included patients had been hospitalized with influenza.

Conclusion

The oncological patients’ and first household contacts’ vaccination rates in this study were lower than the vaccination rates of the general Dutch population of over 60 years old, possibly due to a lack of knowledge and misconceptions about the vaccination. Further research is required to establish whether cocoon vaccination can contribute to protecting oncological patients from contracting an influenza infection.
Body Anthropometry and Bone Strength Conjointly Determine the Risk of Hip Fracture in a Sideways Fall
Authors: Palanca Marco , Perilli Egon , Martelli Saulo
Published: November 2020

We hypothesize that variations of body anthropometry, conjointly with the bone strength, determine the risk of hip fracture. To test the hypothesis, we compared, in a simulated sideways fall, the hip impact energy to the energy needed to fracture the femur. Ten femurs from elderly donors were tested using a novel drop-tower protocol for replicating the hip fracture dynamics during a fall on the side. The impact energy was varied for each femur according to the donor’s body weight, height and soft-tissue thickness, by adjusting the drop height and mass. The fracture pattern, force, energy, strain in the superior femoral neck, bone morphology and microarchitecture were evaluated. Fracture patterns were consistent with clinically relevant hip fractures, and the superior neck strains and timings were comparable with the literature. The hip impact energy (11 – 95 J) and the fracture energy (11 – 39 J) ranges overlapped and showed comparable variance (CV = 69 and 61%, respectively). The aBMD-based definition of osteoporosis correctly classified 7 (70%) fracture/non-fracture cases. The incorrectly classified cases presented large impact energy variations, morphology variations and large subcortical voids as seen in microcomputed tomography. In conclusion, the risk of osteoporotic hip fracture in a sideways fall depends on both body anthropometry and bone strength.
The optimization of the control logic of a redundant six axis milling machine
Authors: Caputi Antonio , Russo Davide
Published: November 2020

The primary task of machine tools is simultaneously positioning and orienting the cutting tool with respect to the work piece. The mechanism must avoid positioning errors, and limit forces and torques required to the motors. A novel approach for combined design and control of manufacturing means is proposed in this work. The focus is on the optimization of the control logic of a redundant 6 axis milling machine, derived from the 5 axis milling machine by adding redundant degree of freedom to the work piece table. The new mechanism is able to fulfill a secondary task due to the introduction of redundancy. The proposed methodology sets as secondary task the minimization of the rotary motors torque, or the minimization of the norm of the positioning error. The control is based on the solution of a constrained optimization problem, where the constraints equations are the kinematic closure equations, and the objective function is the table motor torque or the positioning error of the tool tip. The implementation of this framework in the virtual machine model of the mechanism shows an improvement of the performances: actually, the introduction of a redundant axis allows the minimization of the torques and position errors.
Connecting teachers’ classroom instructions with children’s metacognition and learning in elementary school
Authors: van Loon Mariëtte H. , Bayard Natalie S. , Steiner Martina , Roebers Claudia M.
Published: November 2020

Many children have difficulties with accurate self-monitoring and effective regulation of study, and this may cause them to miss learning opportunities. In the classroom, teachers play a key role in supporting children with metacognition and learning. The present study aimed to acquire insights into how teachers’ cognitive and metacognitive strategy instruction, as well as teacher-directed and child-centered instructional practices are related to children’s self-monitoring accuracy, regulation of study, and learning performance. Twenty-one teachers and 308 children (2nd and 4th grade elementary school) participated. Teachers instructed a secret code task, children had to learn the match between letters of the alphabet and corresponding symbols. Teachers were observed and audio-recordings were made of their instructions. Then, children were asked to (a) make restudy selections, (b) complete a test, and (c) self-monitor test performance. Although teachers both addressed cognitive and metacognitive strategies, they more often instructed children about cognitive strategies. Further, teaching practices were more often teacher-directed than child-centered. Although there were no relations between teachers’ instructions for metacognitive strategies and children’s outcome measures, teaching cognitive strategies was positively associated with children’s performance and self-monitoring accuracy. However, teaching cognitive strategies did not predict effective restudy selections. Rather, child-centered instructions (i.e., giving children autonomy to regulate their own learning) positively predicted children’s restudy, and further, children’s self-monitoring was more accurate in classrooms where teachers more often used child-centered instructional practices. This seems to imply that not only the content of the instructions itself, but particularly the way these are given, affects children’s metacognition.
Understanding Brain Mechanisms of Reactive Aggression
Authors: Bertsch Katja , Florange Julian , Herpertz Sabine C.
Published: November 2020

Purpose of Review

To review the current literature on biobehavioral mechanisms involved in reactive aggression in a transdiagnostic approach.

Recent Findings

Aggressive reactions are closely related to activations in the brain’s threat circuitry. They occur in response to social threat that is experienced as inescapable, which, in turn, facilitates angry approach rather than fearful avoidance. Provocation-induced aggression is strongly associated with anger and deficits in cognitive control including emotion regulation and inhibitory control. Furthermore, the brain’s reward system plays a particular role in anger-related, tit-for-tat-like retaliatory aggression in response to frustration. More research is needed to further disentangle specific brain responses to social threat, provocation, and frustration.

A better understanding of the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms involved in reactive aggression may pave the way for specific mechanism-based treatments, involving biological or psychotherapeutic approaches or a combination of the two.
Contested borders: organized crime, governance, and bordering practices in Colombia-Venezuela borderlands
Authors: García Pinzón Viviana , Mantilla Jorge
Published: November 2020

Based on the conceptualizations of organized crime as both an enterprise and a form of governance, borderland as a spatial category, and borders as institutions, this paper looks at the politics of bordering practices by organized crime in the Colombian-Venezuelan borderlands. It posits that contrary to the common assumptions about transnational organized crime, criminal organizations not only blur or erode the border but rather enforce it to their own benefit. In doing so, these groups set norms to regulate socio-spatial practices, informal and illegal economies, and migration flows, creating overlapping social orders and, lastly, (re)shaping the borderland. Theoretically, the analysis brings together insights from political geography, border studies, and organized crime literature, while empirically, it draws on direct observation, criminal justice data, and in-depth interviews.
$$(\alpha ,\beta )$$-Metrics Satisfying the T-Condition or the $$\sigma T$$-Condition
Authors: Elgendi Salah G. , Kozma László
Published: November 2020

We describe the $$(\alpha ,\beta )$$

(
α
,
β
)

-metrics whose the T-tensor vanishes (T-condition) and the $$(\alpha ,\beta )$$

(
α
,
β
)

-metrics that satisfy the $$\sigma T$$

σ
T

-condition $$\sigma _hT^h_{ijk}=0$$

σ
h

T

ijk

h

=
0

, where $$\sigma _h=\frac{\partial \sigma }{\partial x^h}$$

σ
h

=

∂
σ

∂

x
h

and $$\sigma $$
σ
is a smooth function on M. These classes have already been obtained by Shen and Asanov in a completely different approach. The Finsler metrics of the first class are Berwaldian, the metrics of the second class are almost regular non-Berwaldian Landsberg metrics.
Patient-reported outcomes of ductoscopy procedures for pathologic nipple discharge
Authors: Filipe M. D. , Simons J. M. , Moeliker L. , Waaijer L. , Vriens M. R. , van Diest P. J. , Witkamp A. J.
Published: November 2020

Background

Pathologic nipple discharge (PND) is a common complaint often associated with breast cancer. However, when ultrasound and mammography are negative, the chances of malignancy are lower than 5%. Currently, major duct excision and microdochectomy are often recommended to alleviate symptoms and definitely rule out malignancy, but can cause infections and breastfeeding problems. Ductoscopy is a minimally invasive endoscopy technique that allows visualization of the mammary ducts and may not only obviate surgery but also detect malignancy. The aim of this study was to determine quality of life (QOL) after ductoscopy in patients with PND.

Materials and methods

All PND patients referred for ductoscopy between 2014 and 2015 to our hospital were included. Ductoscopy procedures were performed under local anaesthesia in the outpatient clinic. Patients were asked to fill out questionnaires (Breast-Q, EQ-5D-5L and SF-36) on the day of ductoscopy, and after 2 weeks, 3 and 6 months. Additionally, we performed reliability analysis to determine if these questionnaires were suitable for PND patients.

Results

Fifty consecutive patients underwent ductoscopy of whom 47 patients participated in this study. One domain of SF-36 (vitality) varied significantly over time. Breast-Q, SF-36 and EQ-5D-5L showed that QOL after ductoscopy for PND was unaffected by ductoscopy. Success of the ductoscopy procedure was a significant predictor for satisfaction with the result domain.

Conclusion

Ductoscopy is a minimally invasive technique that does not seem to impact QoL of PND patients over time. Breast-Q, SF-36 and EQ-5D-5L seem to be suitable existing QOL tests for PND patients undergoing ductoscopy, whereas SF-36 would require modifications.
Source rock geochemistry of shale samples from Ege-1 and Ege-2 wells, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Fadiya S. L. , Adekola S. A. , Oyebamiji B. M. , Akinsanpe O. T.
Published: November 2020

Selected shale samples within the middle Miocene Agbada Formation of Ege-1 and Ege-2 wells, Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria, were evaluated using total organic carbon content (TOC) and Rock–Eval pyrolysis examination with the aim of determining their hydrocarbon potential. The results obtained reveal TOC values varying from 1.64 to 2.77 wt% with an average value of 2.29 wt% for Ege-1 well, while Ege-2 well TOC values ranged from 1.27 to 3.28 wt% (average of 2.27 wt%) values which both fall above the minimum threshold (0.5%) for hydrocarbon generation potential in the Niger Delta. Rock–Eval pyrolysis data revealed that the shale source rock samples from Ege-1 well are characterized by Type II–Type III kerogens which are thermally mature to generate oil or gas/oil. The Ege-2 well pyrolysis result showed that some of the ditch cutting samples are comprised of Type II (oil prone) and Type III (gas-prone kerogen) which are thermally immature to marginal maturity (Tmax 346–439 °C). This study concludes that the shale intercalations between reservoir sands of the Agbada Formation are good source rocks in early maturity and also must have contributed to the vast petroleum reserve in the Niger Delta Basin because of the subsidence of the basin.
What is Interpretability?
Authors: Erasmus Adrian , Brunet Tyler D. P. , Fisher Eyal
Published: November 2020

We argue that artificial networks are explainable and offer a novel theory of interpretability. Two sets of conceptual questions are prominent in theoretical engagements with artificial neural networks, especially in the context of medical artificial intelligence: (1) Are networksexplainable, and if so, what does it mean to explain the output of a network? And (2) what does it mean for a network to beinterpretable? We argue that accounts of “explanation” tailored specifically to neural networks have ineffectively reinvented the wheel. In response to (1), we show how four familiar accounts of explanation apply to neural networks as they would to any scientific phenomenon. We diagnose the confusion about explaining neural networks within the machine learning literature as an equivocation on “explainability,” “understandability” and “interpretability.” To remedy this, we distinguish between these notions, and answer (2) by offering a theory and typology of interpretation in machine learning. Interpretation is something one does to an explanation with the aim of producing another, more understandable, explanation. As with explanation, there are various concepts and methods involved in interpretation:TotalorPartial,GlobalorLocal, andApproximativeorIsomorphic. Our account of “interpretability” is consistent with uses in the machine learning literature, in keeping with the philosophy of explanation and understanding, and pays special attention to medical artificial intelligence systems.
Furan Derivatives and Polyketides from the Fungus Irpex lacteus
Authors: Wang Meng , Li Zheng-Hui , Isaka Masahiko , Liu Ji-Kai , Feng Tao
Published: November 2020

Eight new furan derivatives, irpexins A‒H (1‒8), two new polyketides, irpexins I and J (9 and 10), together with nine known compounds were isolated from the fermentation of Irpex lacteus. The structures and absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods and Mosher ester reaction. All compounds shows no cytotoxicity to human MCF-7 and Hela cancer cell lines at the concentration of 10 μM.

Graphic Abstract
Developing Integrated Clinical Pathways for the Management of Clinically Severe Adult Obesity: a Critique of NHS England Policy
Authors: Hazlehurst Jonathan M. , Logue Jennifer , Parretti Helen M. , Abbott Sally , Brown Adrian , Pournaras Dimitri J. , Tahrani Abd A.
Published: November 2020

Purpose of the Review

Pathways for obesity prevention and treatment are well documented, yet the prevalence of obesity is rising, and access to treatment (including bariatric surgery) is limited. This review seeks to assess the current integrated clinical pathway for obesity management in England and determine the major challenges.

Recent Findings

Evidence for tier 2 (community-based lifestyle intervention) and tier 3 (specialist weight management services) is limited, and how it facilitates care and improve outcomes in tier 4 remains uncertain. Treatment access, rigidity in pathways, uncertain treatment outcomes and weight stigma seems to be major barriers to improved care.

More emphasis must be placed on access to effective treatments, treatment flexibility, addressing stigma and ensuring treatment efficacy including long-term health outcomes. Prevention and treatment should both receive significant focus though should be considered to be largely separate pathways. A simplified system for weight management is needed to allow flexibility and the delivery of personalized care including post-bariatric surgery care for those who need it.
Diagnostic Bone Marrow Haematopathology
Authors: van der Walt Jon , Orazi Attilio , Arber Daniel A.
Published: November 2020

Written by global experts, this indispensable guide includes over 200 illustrations and essential information in clear tabular formatting, giving hematopathologists rapid access to diagnostic criteria at the microscope. General principles of bone marrow biopsy and aspirate processing are covered, together with the normal and reactive bone marrow, infective, infiltrative and neoplastic diseases. Chapters also guide readers through the use of immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and molecular diagnosis, whilst extensive referencing provides further reading in specialist and rare topics. Whether working as a generalist, specialist, trainee or resident, this in an essential bench guide for hematopathologists at all levels of experience. The print book comes with access to the text and expandable figures online at Cambridge Core, which can be accessed via the code printed on the inside of the cover.
Optimism despite profound uncertainty: school and social relationships in adolescents with single ventricle heart disease
Authors: Peterson Jennifer K. , Olshansky Ellen F. , Guo Yuqing , Evangelista Lorraine S. , Pike Nancy A.
Published: November 2020

Background:

Survivors of single ventricle heart disease must cope with the physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychosocial sequelae of their cardiac disease, which may also affect academic achievement and social relationships. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively examine the experiences of school and social relationships in adolescents with single ventricle heart disease.

Methods:

A descriptive phenomenological methodology was employed, utilising semi-structured interviews. Demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained via chart review.

Results:

Fourteen adolescents (aged 14 to 19 years) with single ventricle heart disease participated. Interviews ranged from 25 to 80 minutes in duration. Four themes emerged from the interviews, including “Don’t assume”: Pervasive ableism; “The elephant in the room”: Uncertain future; “Everyone finds something to pick on”: Bullying at school; “They know what I have been through”: Social support. The overall essence generated from the data was “optimism despite profound uncertainty.”

Conclusions:

Adolescents with single ventricle heart disease identified physical limitations and school challenges in the face of an uncertain health-related future. Despite physical and psychosocial limitations, most remained optimistic for the future and found activities that were congruent with their abilities. These experiences reflect “optimism despite profound uncertainty.”
The Negative Consequences of Stuttering for Perceptions of Leadership	Ability
Authors: Zeigler-Hill Virgil , Besser Avi , Besser Yuval
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The purpose of the present study was to extend previous research concerning the negative perceptions of stuttering by considering the perceived leadership ability of targets who stuttered compared with targets who did not stutter. We were also interested in the possibility that negative perceptions of the targets (i.e., low levels of self-esteem, intelligence, dominance-based status motivation, and prestige-based status motivation) would mediate the association between stuttering and a lack of perceived leadership ability as well as the possibility that manipulating the ostensible self-esteem level of the target would further moderate these associations. The results for 838 Israeli community members revealed a negative association between stuttering and perceived leadership ability that was mediated by the perceived self-esteem level and dominance-based status motivation of the target. Further, the associations between stuttering and perceptions of leadership ability were moderated by the ostensible self-esteem level of the target. Discussion focuses on the implications of these results for understanding the negative halo that surrounds stuttering.
Comparison of Laser Ablation and Solution‐Based ICP‐MS Results for Individual Foraminifer Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca Analyses
Authors: Fehrenbacher Jennifer , Marchitto Thomas , Spero Howard J.
Published: November 2020

The trace element and isotopic composition of foraminifera shells are widely used in paleoceanography to reconstruct past ocean conditions. Individual foraminifer analysis (IFA) is a rapidly expanding technique for obtaining trace element and/or isotope data from individual foraminifer specimens. IFA permits an assessment of population variability, which can be linked to environmental conditions at the time of calcification or can be used to assess postdepositional diagenesis. Uniform interpretation of IFA depends on the assumption that the data are not impacted by analytical technique. Here, we compare paired trace element (Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca) data for the same specimens analyzed first using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), followed by solution ICP‐MS. Foraminiferal trace element (TE) to calcium ratios compare well between the two methods for foraminifera of simple morphology (Orbulina universa), heavily calcified specimens with TE‐homogeneous outer calcite (Pulleniatina obliquiloculata), or when all chambers in multichambered species are analyzed by the laser and averaged together (Trilobatus sacculifer and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei). We highlight potential issues in interpreting and comparing studies that use different analytical techniques and recommend that the paleoceanographic community establish accepted protocols for generating IFA that would maximize our ability to cross‐compare paleoceanographic data and reconstructions when different analytical techniques are used.
Statistical Properties of Electron Curtain Precipitation Estimated With AeroCube‐6
Authors: Shumko M. , Johnson A. T. , O'Brien T. P. , Turner D. L. , Greeley A. D. , Sample J. G. , Blake J. B. , Blum L. W. , Halford A. J.
Published: November 2020

Curtain precipitation is a recently discovered stationary, persistent, and latitudinally narrow electron precipitation phenomenon in low Earth orbit. Curtains are observed over consecutive passes of the dual AeroCube‐6 CubeSats while their in‐track lag varied from a fraction of a second to 65 s, with dosimeters that are sensitive to >35‐keV electrons. This study uses the AeroCube‐6 mission to quantify the statistical properties of 1,634 curtains observed over 3 years. We found that many curtains are narrower than 10 km in the latitudinal direction with 90% narrower than 20 km. We examined the geographic, magnetic local time, and geomagnetic dependence of curtains. We found that curtains are observed in the late‐morning and premidnight magnetic local times, with a higher occurrence rate at premidnight, and curtains are observed more often during times of enhanced Auroral Electrojet. We found a few curtains in the bounce loss cone region above the North Atlantic, whose electrons were continuously scattered for at least 6 s. Such observations suggest that continuous curtain precipitation may be a significant loss of >35‐keV electrons from the magnetosphere into the atmosphere. We hypothesize that the curtains observed in the bounce loss cone were accelerated by parallel electric fields, and we show that this mechanism is consistent with the observations.
Evolution Model for the Absheron Mud Volcano: From Stratified Sediments to Fluid Mud Generation
Authors: Blouin Arthur , Sultan Nabil , Pierron Alexandra , Imbert Patrice , Callot Jean‐Paul
Published: November 2020

Submarine mud volcanoes (MVs) are one of the most spectacular methane expulsion features at the seafloor and they represent a significant geohazard worldwide. In this work, we focus on the physical processes controlling the initiation and early evolution of the Absheron mud volcano (AMV). Our analyses were carried out based on basin modeling calibrated thanks to existing seismic interpretation of the AMV, analysis of sediment samples from seabed, and data from two exploration wells. Acquired laboratory geotechnical data allowed us to derive laws considering the impact of gas exsolution on host sediment behaviors. In this study, we identified key geological and physical conditions that led to MV formation: by coupling diffusion processes with hydrofracturing and fluid advection, we were able to simulate the conditions required to generate mud 3.5 km below the AMV. Mud remobilization up to the seabed was reproduced by using Navier‐Stokes equations modified to account for the impact of gas expansion on mud density. Considering density inversion only, simulations indicate that mud would be extruded at the seabed 100 years after its generation, an ascent rate similar to extrusion rates measured at the active Kotyrdag MV in Azerbaijan.
Barriers and Facilitators to Integrating Behavioral Health Services and Pediatric Primary Care
Authors: Brady Keri J. S. , Durham Michelle P. , Francoeur Alex , Henneberg Cameron , Adhia Avanti , Morley Debra , Tamene Mahader , Singerman Amanda , Morris Anita , Fortuna Lisa R. , Feinberg Emily , Bair-Merritt Megan
Published: November 2020

Objective: To describe the barriers and facilitators to integrating behavioral health services and pediatric primary care in federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) during the early stages of implementation. Method: We conducted 34 semistructured interviews with primary care providers ( n = 11), behavioral health clinicians ( n = 12), community health workers, and other pediatric staff ( n = 11) at 3 FQHCs. Themes were identified inductively using methods informed by grounded theory; inductively identified themes were then deductively organized within the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Results: Interviewees perceived that the adoption and sustainability of behavioral health integration (BHI) in the pediatric practices of FQHCs were most dependent on barriers and facilitators in the outer setting (the health system context, including financing, partnerships with community organizations and providers, local supply of specialty behavioral health providers, and characteristics of their patient population) and internal clinic structures (resources to support protected provider/staff time, colocation, professional development, and adequate staffing). In turn, adequate clinic structure was perceived as a foundational component in facilitating the process, relational, and individual changes required for BHI implementation, including improving provider and staff collaboration and communication, reducing staff stigma, improving provider compassion, and supporting provider and staff well-being. Conclusions: The successful adoption and sustainability of BHI in the pediatric primary care practices of urban FQHCs may depend highly on the health system context and internal clinic structures. Implications for implementing pediatric BHI interventions in FQHCs are discussed.

Implications for Impact Statement

The findings of this research suggest that the successful adoption and sustainability of behavioral health integration (BHI) in the pediatric primary care practices of urban federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) may be most impacted by the health system context (reimbursement policies and practices, partnerships with community organizations and providers, the local supply of specialty behavioral health providers, and characteristics of their patient population) and internal clinic structures (resources to support protected provider/staff time, colocation, professional development, and adequate staffing). Our findings can be used by pediatric psychologists, health care professionals, administrators, and health policymakers to inform the design of future pediatric BHI interventions within urban FQHCs.
Induction of NEDD8-conjugating enzyme E2 UBE2F by platinum protects lung cancer cells from apoptosis and confers to platinum-insensitivity
Authors: Zhou Lisha , Zhu Jin , Chen Wangyang , Jiang Yanyu , Hu Tao , Wang Yinxia , Ye Xiaoling , Zhan Mengxi , Ji Chenghao , Xu Zhuoming , Wang Xinran , Gu Yuanlong , Jia Lijun
Published: November 2020

Platinum is a widely used first-line chemotherapy in treating non-small cell lung cancer of adenocarcinoma. Unfortunately, platinum resistance leads to relapse and therapeutic failure, enabling the development of platinum-sensitization strategies to be of great clinical significance. Here, we report that the upregulation of the NEDD8-conjugating enzyme UBE2F is an important way for lung cancer cells to escape platinum-induced cell apoptosis, which confers to insensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy. Mechanistically, platinum treatment impairs the complex formation for proteasome-mediated UBE2F degradation, evidenced by the weaker association between UBE2F and Ring-box protein 1 (RBX1), an essential component of Cullin-Ring E3 ligases (CRLs), thus leading to the accumulation of UBE2F. The accumulated UBE2F promotes the neddylation levels and activity of Cullin5, in accord with the lower expression of pro-apoptotic protein NOXA, a well-known substrate of Cullin-Ring E3 ligase 5 (CRL5). Additionally, knockout of UBE2F significantly sensitizes lung cancer cells to platinum treatment by enhancing the protein levels of NOXA and subsequently promoting cell apoptosis. Our observations uncover a previously unknown regulatory mechanism of UBE2F stability upon platinum chemotherapy and suggest that UBE2F might be a novel therapy target for sensitizing lung cancer cells to platinum-based chemotherapy.
3D-printed cellular tips for tuning fork atomic force microscopy in shear mode
Authors: Sun Liangdong , Gu Hongcheng , Liu Xiaojiang , Ni Haibin , Li Qiwei , Zeng Yi , Chang Ning , Zhang Di , Chen Hongyuan , Li Zhiyong , Zhao Xiangwei , Gu Zhongze
Published: November 2020

Conventional atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips have remained largely unchanged in nanomachining processes, constituent materials, and microstructural constructions for decades, which limits the measurement performance based on force-sensing feedbacks. In order to save the scanning images from distortions due to excessive mechanical interactions in the intermittent shear-mode contact between scanning tips and sample, we propose the application of controlled microstructural architectured material to construct AFM tips by exploiting material-related energy-absorbing behavior in response to the tip–sample impact, leading to visual promotions of imaging quality. Evidenced by numerical analysis of compressive responses and practical scanning tests on various samples, the essential scanning functionality and the unique contribution of the cellular buffer layer to imaging optimization are strongly proved. This approach opens new avenues towards the specific applications of cellular solids in the energy-absorption field and sheds light on novel AFM studies based on 3D-printed tips possessing exotic properties.