bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stress‐hybrid quadrilateral finite element with embedded strong discontinuity for failure analysis of plane stress solids
Authors: Dujc Jaka , Brank Boštjan , Ibrahimbegovic Adnan
Published: April 2013

A formulation of a quadrilateral finite element with embedded strong discontinuity, suitable for the material failure numerical analysis of plane stress solids, is presented. The kinematics of standard finite element is enhanced by displacement jumps that vary linearly along the embedded discontinuity line. They are described by four kinematic parameters that are related to four element separation modes. The modes are designed for no stress transfer over the discontinuity line at its fully softened (opened) state. As for the material, the bulk of the element is assumed to be elastic, and the softening plasticity, in terms of discontinuity tractions and displacement jumps, is assumed along the discontinuity line. The bulk stresses are described by the optimal five‐parameter interpolation. The combination of stress interpolation and enhanced kinematics yields simple form of the element stiffness matrix. To achieve efficient implementation, the stiffness matrix is statically condensed for both the enhanced kinematic parameters and the stress parameters. In a set of numerical examples, the performance of the derived element is illustrated. Obtained results are compared with some other representative embedded discontinuity quadrilateral elements (displacement‐based and enhanced assumed strain based). It turns out that the element performs very well. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical formulas for refraction of radiowaves from exoatmospheric sources
Authors: Holleman Iwan , Huuskonen Asko
Published: April 2013

We present new analytical formulas for the atmospheric refraction of radiowaves from exoatmospheric sources, such as the Sun. The refraction formulas are derived from the so‐called Effective Earth's Radius Model (k‐Model) or 4/3‐Model which is widely used for atmospheric radars. The new formulas for the refraction angle as a function of elevation are compared to numerical results from the atmospheric refraction routines of the Starlink positional astronomy library and to refraction observations of operational weather radars in the Netherlands and Finland. It is concluded that the refraction formulas from the k‐Model are in good agreement (within 0.02°) with the reference calculations and radar observations. As the k‐Model is used in numerous radar applications, it is expected that these easy‐to‐use refraction formulas, which are consistent with this physical model, can be of wide use.
“We lost all we had in a second”: coping with grief and loss after a natural disaster
Authors: Ekanayake Samanthika , Prince Martin , Sumathipala Athula , Siribaddana Sisira , Morgan Craig
Published: April 2013

Natural disasters cause immense suffering among affected communities. Most occur in developing countries, which have fewer resources to respond to the resulting traumas and difficulties. As a consequence, most survivors have to rely on their own coping resources and draw from what support remains within family, social networks and the wider community to manage and deal with their losses and consequent emotional distress. Taking the 2004 Asian tsunami as an example, this article reports findings from a qualitative study designed to investigate how survivors responded in Sri Lanka, and the range of coping strategies adopted and resources mobilized. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 38 survivors purposively sampled from the Matara district of southern Sri Lanka. Survivors' accounts emphasized the importance of extended supportive networks, religious faith and practices, and cultural traditions in facilitating recovery and sustaining emotional well‐being. Government and external aid responses that promoted these, through contributing to the re‐establishment of social, cultural, and economic life, were particularly valued by participants. Recourse to professional mental health care and Western psychological interventions was limited and survivors preferred to seek help from traditional and religious healers. Our findings tentatively suggest that long‐term mental health following disaster may, in the first instance, be promoted by supporting the re‐establishment of those naturally occurring resources through which communities traditionally respond to suffering.
Coherent structures in flow over two‐dimensional dunes
Authors: Chang Kyungsik , Constantinescu George
Published: April 2013

Key Points

streaks penetrate away from dunes over a distance of about 3 times their dunes

large scale streaks are due to formation of arrays of large scale hairpins

new mechanism for formation of large‐scale hairpins over dunes
Deformed $ \mathcal{N}=2 $ theories, generalized recursion relations and S-duality
Authors: Billó M. , Frau M. , Gallot L. , Lerda A. , Pesando I.
Published: April 2013

Abstract

We study the non-perturbative properties of
$ \mathcal{N}=2 $
super conformal field theories in four dimensions using localization techniques. In particular we consider SU(2) gauge theories, deformed by a generic ϵ-background, with four fundamental flavors or with one adjoint hypermultiplet. In both cases we explicitly compute the first few instanton corrections to the partition function and the prepotential using Nekrasov’s approach. These results allow us to reconstruct exact expressions involving quasi-modular functions of the bare gauge coupling constant and to show that the prepotential terms satisfy a modular anomaly equation that takes the form of a recursion relation with an explicitly ϵ-dependent term. We then investigate the implications of this recursion relation on the modular properties of the effective theory and find that with a suitable redefinition of the prepotential and of the effective coupling it is possible, at least up to the third order in the deformation parameters, to cast the S-duality relations in the same form as they appear in the Seiberg-Witten solution of the undeformed theory.
Searching for sgluons in multitop events at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV
Authors: Calvet Samuel , Fuks Benjamin , Gris Philippe , Valéry Loïc
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Large classes of new physics theories predict the existence of new scalar states, commonly dubbed sgluons, lying in the adjoint representation of the QCD gauge group. Since these new fields are expected to decay into colored Standard Model particles, and in particular into one or two top quarks, these theories predict a possible enhancement of the hadroproduction rate associated with multitop final states. We therefore investigate multitop events produced at the Large Hadron Collider, running at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV, and employ those events to probe the possible existence of color adjoint scalar particles. We first construct a simplified effective field theory motivated byR-symmetric supersymmetric models where sgluon fields decay dominantly into top quarks. We then use this model to analyze the sensitivity of the Large Hadron Collider in both a multilepton plus jets and a single lepton plus jets channel. After having based our event selection strategy on the possible presence of two, three and four top quarks in the final state, we find that sgluon-induced new physics contributions to multitop cross sections as low as 10-100 fb can be excluded at the 95% confidence level, assuming an integrated luminosity of 20 fb−1. Equivalently, sgluon masses of about 500–700 GeV can be reached for several classes of benchmark scenarios.
Vangl2, the planner cell polarity protein, is complexed with postsynaptic density protein PSD‐95
Authors: Yoshioka Toshinori , Hagiwara Akari , Hida Yamato , Ohtsuka Toshihisa
Published: April 2013

Vangl is a component of the non‐canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway, which is implicated in various cell polarity functions. However, little is known about its synaptic localization in neurons. Here, we show that Vangl1 and Vangl2 are expressed in adult rat neurons, where they are tightly associated with the postsynaptic density (PSD) fraction. Vangl2 forms a complex with PSD‐95 through direct binding. Furthermore, the C‐terminal PDZ‐binding motif of Vangl2 is required for localization to dendritic spines. These results suggest that Vangl2 is a new component of the PSD that forms a complex with PSD‐95 in the adult brain.
Trends in the management and outcome of HIV‐1‐infected women and their infants in the NISDI Perinatal and LILAC cohorts, 2002–2009
Authors: Stoszek Sonia K. , Duarte Geraldo , Hance Laura Freimanis , Pinto Jorge , Gouvea Maria I. , Cohen Rachel A. , Santos Breno , Teles Elizabete , Succi Regina , Alarcon Jorge O. , Read Jennifer S. ,   NISDI Perinatal/LILAC Study Group
Published: April 2013

Objective

To describe temporal management and outcome trends among HIV‐1‐infected pregnant women and their infants enrolled in the NISDI Perinatal and LILAC cohorts.

Methods

A prospective cohort of 1548 HIV‐1‐infected pregnant women and their 1481 singleton live‐born infants was analyzed. Participants were enrolled at 24 Latin American and Caribbean sites and followed‐up for at least 6 months postpartum. Variables were compared by 2‐year enrollment periods from September 27, 2002, to June 30, 2009, using logistic and linear regression modeling.

Results

Antiretroviral (ARV) use during pregnancy remained high (99.0%). ARVs became increasingly used for treatment (P < 0.001). Regimens containing 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a protease inhibitor became more common in later years (P < 0.001). The proportion of women with viral loads below 1000 copies/mL at hospital discharge after delivery (HD) increased over time (P = 0.0031). Median CD4 lymphocyte counts also rose at HD, from 441 cell/mm3 to 515 cells/mm3 (P < 0.05). Elective cesarean deliveries increased from 30.5% to 42.0% (P = 0.018). Most infants received ARV prophylaxis (99.7%). Few infants were breastfed (0.5%) or became infected with HIV‐1 (1.2%).

Conclusion

The results indicate that national HIV‐1 treatment and transmission prevention policies are effective among patients with healthcare access in the region.
Drug‐induced Brugada syndrome
Authors: Minoura Yoshino , Kobayashi Youichi , Antzelevitch Charles
Published: April 2013

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited cardiac disorder that is associated with an electrocardiogram pattern of ST segment elevation on right precordial leads and a high incidence of sudden death. Diagnosis requires documentation of a coved‐type ST segment that occurs spontaneously or in the presence of a class IA or IC antiarrhythmic agent. A wide variety of other drugs, including antianginals, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and antihistamines, have been reported to unmask or induce the electrocardiographic and arrhythmic manifestations of BrS. This review focuses on drug‐induced BrS phenotypes, prevalence, and underlying mechanisms.
Joining Battle in Homer
Authors: Hainsworth J. B.
Published: April 2013

More that thirty years ago W. Arend decisively showed that in Homer routine operations such as sacrificing and arming conform to a regular pattern. When a warrior arms himself, first are mentioned his greaves, then his cuirass, sword, shield, helmet, and spear(s), invariably in this order; at a sacrifice, first comes prayer and barley sprinkling, then the slaughter of the victim and its flaying, the cutting of the meat, its preparation, roasting, and serving. The embellishing varies a good deal, I suppose in accordance with the pace of the narrative or other aesthetic considerations; thus theOpfermahlscene has 21 possible operations: in theIliadA 447 ff. has 18, B 402 ff. 17, H 314 ff. 6, Ω. 621 ff. 4, and ψ 166 a mere ἔδερόν τε κα⋯ ἄμεπον.
Origin of power-law composition dependence in ionic transport glasses
Authors: Shimakawa K. , Wagner T.
Published: April 2013

The origin of a power-law correlation between ionic conductivity and cation-contents, found commonly in oxide and chalcogenide glasses, is discussed using the concept of configuration entropy. It is suggested that power-law dependence is primarily attributed to an increase in configuration entropy with mixing cation components into glasses. This effect reduces the potential barrier height to be surmounted by mobile ions, which results in a higher diffusion coefficient (and hence conductivity). The origin of anomalous pre-exponential factors of diffusion coefficient and conductivity can be interpreted in terms of the present context.
Self-adjoint extensions of Dirac operators with Coulomb type singularity
Authors: Arrizabalaga Naiara , Duoandikoetxea Javier , Vega Luis
Published: April 2013

In this work we construct self-adjoint extensions of the Dirac operator associated to Hermitian matrix potentials with Coulomb decay and prove that the domain is maximal. The result is obtained by means of a Hardy-Dirac type inequality. In particular, we can work with some electromagnetic potentials such that both, the electric potential and the magnetic one, have Coulomb type singularity.
Adsorption geometry, conformation, and electronic structure of 2H-octaethylporphyrin on Ag(111) and Fe metalation in ultra high vacuum
Authors: Borghetti Patrizia , Santo Giovanni Di , Castellarin-Cudia Carla , Fanetti Mattia , Sangaletti Luigi , Magnano Elena , Bondino Federica , Goldoni Andrea
Published: April 2013

Due to the growing interest in the ferromagnetic properties of Fe-octaethylporphyrins (Fe-OEP) for applications in spintronics, methods to produce stable Fe-porphyrins with no Cl atoms are highly demanded. Here, we demonstrate the formation of Fe-OEP layers on Ag(111) single crystal by the ultra high vacuum in situ metalation of the free-base 2H-2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrin (2H-OEP) molecules. The metalation proceeds exactly as in the case of 2H-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (2H-TPP) on the same substrate. An extensive surface characterization by means of X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, valence band photoemission, and NEXAFS with synchrotron radiation light provides information on molecular conformation and electronic structure in the monolayer and multilayer cases. We demonstrate that the presence of the ethyl groups affects the tilt of the adsorbed molecules, the conformation of the macrocycle, and the polarization screening in multilayers, but has only a minor effect in the metalation process with respect to 2H-TPP.
Sparse tensor framework for implementation of general local correlation methods
Authors: Kats Daniel , Manby Frederick R.
Published: April 2013

Coupled-cluster methods offer unprecedented accuracy for a wide range of chemically important properties, but the steep scaling of computational cost with system size makes widespread use challenging. Local approximations, building on the short-range nature of electron correlation effects in insulators, help a great deal, but are much more complicated than their canonical counterparts. In this work we discuss an automated implementation scheme for local coupled-cluster methods, based on an interpreter and an underlying representation of sparse tensors. We demonstrate the efficacy of the approach through implementation of a very wide range of singles-and-doubles-based coupled-cluster schemes.
The influence of gas absorption on the efficiency of carbon nanotube/Si solar cells
Authors: Bai X. , Wei J. Q. , Jia Y. , He S. Q. , Sun H. H. , Zhu H. W. , Wang K. L. , Wu D. H.
Published: April 2013

We study the influence of gas absorption on the photovoltaic properties of carbon nanotube/Si solar cells (CSSCs). The power efficiency of CSSCs changes evidently when exposed in gas, resulting from the resistance change of carbon nanotube (CNT) by gas absorption. The performances of CSSCs degrade when they are long time exposed in air, which results mainly from excessive gas absorption. Gas desorption on CNTs is accelerated by applying a current through the cells, making recovery of efficiency. By applying a current through the cells before light illumination, CSSCs show stable efficiency at ∼10% in one month.
Nucleation-related defect-free GaP/Si(100) heteroepitaxy via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Grassman T. J. , Carlin J. A. , Galiana B. , Yang L.-M. , Yang F. , Mills M. J. , Ringel S. A.
Published: April 2013

GaP/Si heterostructures were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition in which the formation of all heterovalent nucleation-related defects (antiphase domains, stacking faults, and microtwins) were fully and simultaneously suppressed, as observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This was achieved through a combination of intentional Si(100) substrate misorientation, Si homoepitaxy prior to GaP growth, and GaP nucleation by Ga-initiated atomic layer epitaxy. Unintentional (311) Si surface faceting due to biatomic step-bunching during Si homoepitaxy was observed by atomic force microscopy and TEM and was found to also yield defect-free GaP/Si interfaces.
Dual angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibition as an alternative to angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibition in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: rationale for and design of the Prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and morbidity in Heart Failure trial (PARADIGM‐HF)
Authors: McMurray John J. V. , Packer Milton , Desai Akshay S. , Gong Jim , Lefkowitz Martin P. , Rizkala Adel R. , Rouleau Jean , Shi Victor C. , Solomon Scott D. , Swedberg Karl , Zile Michael R. ,   on behalf of the PARADIGM‐HF Committees and Investigators
Published: April 2013

Aims

Although the focus of therapeutic intervention has been on neurohormonal pathways thought to be harmful in heart failure (HF), such as the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), potentially beneficial counter‐regulatory systems are also active in HF. These promote vasodilatation and natriuresis, inhibit abnormal growth, suppress the RAAS and sympathetic nervous system, and augment parasympathetic activity. The best understood of these mediators are the natriuretic peptides which are metabolized by the enzyme neprilysin. LCZ696 belongs to a new class of drugs, the angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), which both block the RAAS and augment natriuretic peptides.

Methods

Patients with chronic HF, NYHA class II–IV symptoms, an elevated plasma BNP or NT‐proBNP level, and an LVEF of ≤40% were enrolled in the Prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortailty and morbidity in Heart Failure trial (PARADIGM‐HF). Patients entered a single‐blind enalapril run‐in period (titrated to 10 mg b.i.d.), followed by an LCZ696 run‐in period (100 mg titrated to 200 mg b.i.d.). A total of 8436 patients tolerating both periods were randomized 1:1 to either enalapril 10 mg b.i.d. or LCZ696 200 mg b.i.d. The primary outcome is the composite of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization, although the trial is powered to detect a 15% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular death.

Perspectives

PARADIGM‐HF will determine the place of the ARNI LCZ696 as an alternative to enalapril in patients with systolic HF. PARADIGM‐HF may change our approach to neurohormonal modulation in HF.

Trial registration

NCT01035255
How Safe Are Money Market Funds?*
Authors: Kacperczyk Marcin , Schnabl Philipp
Published: April 2013

We examine the risk-taking behavior of money market funds during the financial crisis of 2007–2010. We find that (1) money market funds experienced an unprecedented expansion in their risk-taking opportunities; (2) funds had strong incentives to take on risk because fund inflows were highly responsive to fund yields; (3) funds sponsored by financial intermediaries with more money fund business took on more risk; and (4) funds suffered runs as a result of their risk taking. This evidence suggests that money market funds lack safety because they have strong incentives to take on risk when the opportunity arises and are vulnerable to runs.
Marriage Institutions and Sibling Competition: Evidence from South Asia*
Authors: Vogl Tom S.
Published: April 2013

Using data from South Asia, this article examines how arranged marriage cultivates rivalry among sisters. During marriage search, parents with multiple daughters reduce the reservation quality for an older daughter’s groom, rushing her marriage to allow sufficient time to marry off her younger sisters. Relative to younger brothers, younger sisters increase a girl’s marriage risk; relative to younger singleton sisters, younger twin sisters have the same effect. These effects intensify in marriage markets with lower sex ratios or greater parental involvement in marriage arrangements. In contrast, older sisters delay a girl’s marriage. Because girls leave school when they marry and face limited earning opportunities when they reach adulthood, the number of sisters has well-being consequences over the life cycle. Younger sisters cause earlier school-leaving, lower literacy, a match to a husband with less education and a less skilled occupation, and (marginally) lower adult economic status. Data from a broader set of countries indicate that these cross-sister pressures on marriage age are common throughout the developing world, although the schooling costs vary by setting.
Halomicroarcula pellucida gen. nov., sp. nov., a non-pigmented, transparent-colony-forming, halophilic archaeon isolated from solar salt
Authors: Echigo Akinobu , Minegishi Hiroaki , Shimane Yasuhiro , Kamekura Masahiro , Itoh Takashi , Usami Ron
Published: April 2013

A novel halophilic strain, BNERC31T, was isolated from solar salt, ‘Sel marin de Guérande’, imported from France. Colonies on agar medium containing soluble starch, sodium citrate, sodium glutamate and inorganic salts were non-pigmented and transparent, while cells obtained by centrifuging liquid cultures were red-pigmented. Cells of strain BNERC31T were non-motile, pleomorphic, stained Gram-negative and lysed in distilled water. Growth occurred with 20–30 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 25 %, w/v), with 0–500 mM MgCl2 (optimum, 10 mM), at pH 6.0–8.5 (optimum, pH 7.0) and at 25–55 °C (optimum, 40 °C). Growth was dependent on soluble starch, and inhibited completely by 0.5 % organic nutrients, such as Casamino acids or yeast extract. The DNA G+C content was 64.1 mol%. Strain BNERC31T possessed at least two heterogeneous 16S rRNA genes, and the sequence of the orthologous gene (preceded by the dihydroorotate oxidase gene, pyrD) showed the highest similarity (96.5 %) to that of

Haloarcula marismortui

JCM 8966T. The RNA polymerase subunit B′ gene sequence showed the highest similarity (91.7 %) to that of

Haloarcula amylolytica

JCM 13557T. The polar lipids of strain BNERC31T were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate, diglycosyl diether and sulfated diglycosyl diether, similar to those of species of the genus

Halomicrobium

. The phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics showed that strain BNERC31T differed from species of the genera

Haloarcula

and

Halomicrobium

and indicated that it represents a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Halomicroarcula pellucida gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is BNERC31T ( = JCM 17820T = CECT 7537T).
A Common Histone Modification Code on C4 Genes in Maize and Its Conservation in Sorghum and Setaria italica
Authors: Heimann Louisa , Horst Ina , Perduns Renke , Dreesen Björn , Offermann Sascha , Peterhansel Christoph
Published: April 2013

C4 photosynthesis evolved more than 60 times independently in different plant lineages. Each time, multiple genes were recruited into C4 metabolism. The corresponding promoters acquired new regulatory features such as high expression, light induction, or cell type-specific expression in mesophyll or bundle sheath cells. We have previously shown that histone modifications contribute to the regulation of the model C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (C4-Pepc) promoter in maize (Zea mays). We here tested the light- and cell type-specific responses of three selected histone acetylations and two histone methylations on five additional C4 genes (C4-Ca, C4-Ppdk, C4-Me, C4-Pepck, and C4-RbcS2) in maize. Histone acetylation and nucleosome occupancy assays indicated extended promoter regions with regulatory upstream regions more than 1,000 bp from the transcription initiation site for most of these genes. Despite any detectable homology of the promoters on the primary sequence level, histone modification patterns were highly coregulated. Specifically, H3K9ac was regulated by illumination, whereas H3K4me3 was regulated in a cell type-specific manner. We further compared histone modifications on the C4-Pepc and C4-Me genes from maize and the homologous genes from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Setaria italica. Whereas sorghum and maize share a common C4 origin, C4 metabolism evolved independently in S. italica. The distribution of histone modifications over the promoters differed between the species, but differential regulation of light-induced histone acetylation and cell type-specific histone methylation were evident in all three species. We propose that a preexisting histone code was recruited into C4 promoter control during the evolution of C4 metabolism.
Autophagy Contributes to Leaf Starch Degradation
Authors: Wang Yan , Yu Bingjie , Zhao Jinping , Guo Jiangbo , Li Ying , Han Shaojie , Huang Lei , Du Yumei , Hong Yiguo , Tang Dingzhong , Liu Yule
Published: April 2013

Transitory starch, a major photosynthetic product in the leaves of land plants, accumulates in chloroplasts during the day and is hydrolyzed to maltose and Glc at night to support respiration and metabolism. Previous studies in Arabidopsis thaliana indicated that the degradation of transitory starch only occurs in the chloroplasts. Here, we report that autophagy, a nonplastidial process, participates in leaf starch degradation. Excessive starch accumulation was observed in Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings treated with an autophagy inhibitor and in autophagy-related (ATG) gene-silenced N. benthamiana and in Arabidopsis atg mutants. Autophagic activity in the leaves responded to the dynamic starch contents during the night. Microscopy showed that a type of small starch granule-like structure (SSGL) was localized outside the chloroplast and was sequestered by autophagic bodies. Moreover, an increased number of SSGLs was observed during starch depletion, and disruption of autophagy reduced the number of vacuole-localized SSGLs. These data suggest that autophagy contributes to transitory starch degradation by sequestering SSGLs to the vacuole for their subsequent breakdown.
The AAAS 2012 Annual Meeting: flattening the world: building a global knowledge society
Authors: Mihram Danielle , Arthur Mihram G.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report on six Symposia offered at the 2012 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), held 16‐20 February 2012, in Vancouver, Canada. The theme of this 178th Meeting was: “Flattening the world: building a global knowledge society.”

Design/methodology/approach

This report includes summaries of the salient points in each panelist's presentation for the selected Symposia, and it provides internet links to further support the content of the presenters' comments.

Findings

The AAAS 2012 Annual Meeting aimed at exploring a broad range of recent discoveries and looming global challenges. The program focused on the current complex, interconnected challenges of the twenty‐first century and on pathways to global solutions through international, multidisciplinary efforts.

Originality/value

This report provides insights on the current research themes such as interdisciplinary collaboration, community‐engaged scholarship, global outreach by sharing science and research data with the public, building collaboratories for research on a global scale, and reducing international knowledge isolation of the “Global South” (the nations of Africa, Central and Latin America, and most of Asia).
A review of issues in information and communication technology (ICT) planning and implementation in academic libraries in Nigeria
Authors: Oghenovo Kelvin Onoriode , Oghenetega Ivwighreghweta , Jackson Akpojaro
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to take a look at some issues in information and communication technology (ICT) planning and implementation in academic libraries in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper highlights ICT planning and implementation, ICT policy guide for academic libraries and the training of personnel for ICT planning and implementation.

Findings

The paper concludes that planning can help the libraries to outline steps that must be taken to implement ICT, which will be binding on all stakeholders and accepted by all, in line with the mission, objective and goals of the library and the university towards provision of information for its community.

Research limitations/implications

The study was restricted to academic libraries in Delta Central District in Delta State, Nigeria.

Practical implications

The paper shows how to improve the delivery of library services through planning and implementation of ICT.

Social implications

The paper increases awareness of the importance of ICT planning and implementation in academic libraries in developing countries.

Originality/value

The paper shows that planning may help the libraries to outline steps that must be taken to implement ICT, which will be binding on all stakeholders and accepted by all in line with the mission, objective and goals of the library and the university towards providing valued information for its populace.
Biomedical PhD Education – An International Perspective
Authors: Mulvany Michael J.
Published: April 2013

The PhD, otherwise known as the doctor of philosophy or Dr. Phil., is an internationally recognized degree, indicating that the PhD graduate has received training in research under supervision. Traditionally, the PhD was the route to an academic career, with most successful PhD graduates receiving tenured university positions. However, over the past 20–30 years, and particularly the past 10 years, the situation has changed dramatically. Governments in many countries have invested massively in PhD education, believing that trained researchers will contribute to the ‘knowledge society’, and thus increase the competitiveness of their countries in the future economies of the world. Thus, only a small fraction of PhD graduates now end up in academic research. Yet, the PhD remains a research degree, and indeed, institutions have become heavily dependent on PhD students for their research output. The situation has thus created a paradox. On the one hand, it has become essential for institutions to have many PhD students and for the research performed to be of the highest level. On the other hand, the careers of PhD students are not necessarily going to be directly related to the research performed during their PhD studies. The purpose of this article is to explore how this seeming paradox is being addressed in biomedicine and to show that far from being inconsistent that the two aspects are in fact complementary. The article is based on the author's experience as Head of Aarhus Graduate School of Health Sciences 2002–2011 and his work with graduate schools across Europe and internationally through the organization ORPHEUS.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of laparoscopic vs open restorative proctocolectomy
Authors: Singh P. , Bhangu A. , Nicholls R. J. , Tekkis P.
Published: April 2013

Aim

The benefits of a laparoscopic approach to restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) are controversial. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to compare the outcome following laparoscopic and open RPC, with particular attention to adverse events and long‐term function.

Method

A systematic search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Ovid databases was performed for studies published until March 2012. The primary end‐point was long‐term function. Secondary end‐points were intra‐operative details, short‐term postoperative outcome and postoperative adverse events. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and odds ratio (OR) were calculated using fixed/random effect meta‐analytic techniques.

Results

The final analysis included 27 comparative studies of 2428 patients, of whom 1097 (45.1%) underwent laparoscopic surgery. A laparoscopic approach was associated with a significantly longer operation time (WMD 70.1 min, P < 0.001), shorter length of hospital stay (WMD −1.00 day, P < 0.001), reduced intra‐operative blood loss (WMD −89.10 ml, P < 0.001) and a lower incidence of wound infection (OR 0.60, P < 0.005). No significant differences were observed in the rate of pouch failure. Although there was no significant difference in the number of daily bowel movements (OR 0.04, P = 0.950), laparoscopic surgery led to fewer nocturnal bowel movements (WMD −1.14, P < 0.001) and reduced pad usage during the day (OR 0.22, P < 0.001) and night (OR 0.33, P < 0.001). The post hoc power to detect differences in adverse event rates ranged from 5% to 42%.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic and open approaches to RPC produced equivalent adverse event rates and long‐term functional results. However, the present evidence is underpowered to detect true differences in adverse event rates.
Risk factors for early re‐bleeding and associated hospitalization in patients with colonic diverticular bleeding
Authors: Fujino Y. , Inoue Y. , Onodera M. , Kikuchi S. , Endo S. , Shozushima T. , Suzuki K.
Published: April 2013

Aim

The annual incidence of colonic diverticular bleeding is increasing, but treatments are not yet well established. Here we aimed to identify the risk factors for early re‐bleeding and to determine the associated duration of hospitalization.

Method

Records of 90 emergent patients with colonic diverticular bleeding between 1999 and May 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. They were divided into an early re‐bleeding within 1 month group (n = 24) and a no re‐bleeding group (n = 66) and we investigated the risk factors for early re‐bleeding. In the former group, we calculated the time from the first haemostasis to early re‐bleeding and the associated duration of hospitalization.

Results

Univariate analysis showed that there were significantly more patients with signs of shock (P = 0.00055) and active bleeding on the first colonoscopy after admission (P = 0.020) in the early re‐bleeding group. Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis using stepwise variable selection showed that signs of shock on admission (odds ratio, 5.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.84–14.90; P = 0.0019) remained statistically significant. All patients who re‐bled without signs of shock (n = 7) and 16 of 17 with signs of shock re‐bled within 126 h (5.25 days) of initial hospitalization.

Conclusion

Shock was an independent risk factor for early re‐bleeding. The associated duration of hospitalization was 6 days.
Incidence and phylogenetic analyses of Armillaria spp. associated with root disease in peach orchards in the State of Mexico, Mexico
Authors: Elías‐Román R. D. , Guzmán‐Plazola R. A. , Klopfenstein N. B. , Alvarado‐Rosales D. , Calderón‐Zavala G. , Mora‐Aguilera J. A. , Kim M.‐S. , García‐Espinosa R.
Published: April 2013

Incidence of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] tree mortality attributed to Armillaria root disease was assessed from 2009 to 2011 in 15 orchards in the State of Mexico, Mexico. Incidence increased gradually every year of assessment, reaching average values of 9.7, 15.3 and 20.3% tree mortality and 23.2, 24.7 and 28.3% disease‐impacted area of the orchards during 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The cultivars ‘Nemaguard’ and ‘Criollo of La Goleta’, a local rootstock used in the region, were both susceptible to the disease. To identify species of Armillaria isolated from infected peach trees, two nuclear rDNA regions (partial 5.8S‐ITS2‐LSU D‐domains and partial 3′ LSU‐IGS1) and the translation elongation factor‐1α (tef‐1α) gene were sequenced and compared with sequences of known Armillaria species. DNA sequence analysis from 49 Armillaria isolates revealed that five isolates (10.2%) were Armillaria mellea and eight isolates (16.3%) were Armillaria gallica. DNA sequences from the remaining 36 isolates (73.5%) showed no close similarity to Armillaria sequences in GenBank, and apparently represent an undescribed Armillaria species. This undescribed species was the most widely distributed in the region of study. Separate phylogenetic analyses of the LSU region (D1–D3 domains concatenated with the partial 3′ end) and the tef‐1α region show that the undescribed species is quite distinct from other Armillaria spp. reported in North America.
Cell cycle regulation score predicts relapse‐free survival in non‐germinal centre diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma patients treated by means of immunochemotherapy
Authors: Pasanen Anna Kaisa , Haapasaari Kirsi‐Maria , Peltonen Jenni , Soini Ylermi , Jantunen Esa , Bloigu Risto , Turpeenniemi‐Hujanen Taina , Kuittinen Outi
Published: April 2013

Objectives

The cell cycle is under strict regulation by the retinoblastoma, p53 and p27 pathways, and the disruption of these pathways is an important characteristic of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In this study, we wanted to assess the function and prognostic significance of these pathways in DLBCL patients.

Methods

Tissue samples from 120 DLBCL patients treated by means of R‐CHOP‐type chemotherapy were stained for the cell cycle–regulating proteins p16, p21, p27 and p53, and the germinal centre (GC) phenotype was determined according to Hans' algorithm. Based on the number of impaired cell cycle–regulating pathways a predictive score was obtained, covering three different prognostic groups: a ‘favourable’ group with damage in 0–1 of the studied pathways, a ‘poor’ group with damage in all three pathways and an ‘intermediate’ group comprising the rest of the patients.

Results

The prognosis of non‐GC DLBCL patients was significantly poorer vs. GC phenotype patients (P = 0.015). The prognostic score proved especially useful among non‐GC phenotype patients, with 3‐yrs relapse‐free survival of 100% vs. 62.6% vs. 24.3% in the ‘favourable‐’, ‘intermediate‐’ and ‘poor prognosis’ groups, respectively (P = 0.003).

Conclusion

The prognosis of non‐GC DLBCL patients is progressively impaired with the accumulation of damage in different cell cycle–regulating pathways.
Clinical correlates of acute pulmonary events in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease
Authors: Paul Rabindra , Minniti Caterina P. , Nouraie Mehdi , Luchtman‐Jones Lori , Campbell Andrew , Rana Sohail , Onyekwere Onyinye , Darbari Deepika S. , Ajayi Olaid , Arteta Manuel , Ensing Gregory , Sable Craig , Dham Niti , Kato Gregory J. , Gladwin Mark T. , Castro Oswaldo L. , Gordeuk Victor R.
Published: April 2013

Objectives

We aimed to identify risk factors for acute pulmonary events in children and adolescents in the Pulmonary Hypertension and the Hypoxic Response in SCD (PUSH) study.

Methods

Patients with hemoglobin SS (n = 376) and other sickle cell genotypes (n = 127) aged 3–20 yrs were studied at four centers in a cross‐sectional manner. A subgroup (n = 293) was followed for a median of 21 months (range 9–35).

Results

A patient‐reported history of one or more acute pulmonary events, either acute chest syndrome (ACS) or pneumonia, was obtained in 195 hemoglobin SS patients (52%) and 51 patients with other genotypes (40%). By logistic regression, history of acute pulmonary events was independently associated with patient‐reported history of asthma (P < 0.0001), older age (P = 0.001), >3 severe pain episodes in the preceding 12 months (P = 0.002), higher tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) (P = 0.028), and higher white blood cell (WBC) count (P = 0.043) among hemoglobin SS patients. History of acute pulmonary events was associated with >3 severe pain episodes (P = 0.009) among patients with other genotypes. During follow‐up, 43 patients (15%) had at least one new ACS episode including 11 without a baseline history of acute pulmonary events. History of acute pulmonary events (odds ratio 5.0; P < 0.0001) and younger age (odds ratio 0.9; P = 0.007) were independently associated with developing a new episode during follow‐up.

Conclusions

Asthma history, frequent pain, and higher values for TRV and WBC count were independently associated with history of acute pulmonary events in hemoglobin SS patients and frequent pain was associated in those with other genotypes. Measures to reduce pain episodes and control asthma may help to decrease the incidence of acute pulmonary events in SCD.
Metal‐dependent protein phosphatase 1A functions as an extracellular signal‐regulated kinase phosphatase
Authors: Li Rong , Gong Zheng , Pan Chang , Xie Di‐Dong , Tang Jun‐Yi , Cui Min , Xu Yun‐Fei , Yao Wei , Pang Qi , Xu Zhi‐gang , Li Min‐yong , Yu Xiao , Sun Jin‐Peng
Published: April 2013

Protein phosphorylation is an important post‐translational modification that regulates almost every aspect of signal transduction in cells. Activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) family kinase extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) is a point of convergence for many cellular activities in response to external stimulation. With stimuli, ERK activity is significantly increased by the phosphorylation of Thr202 and Tyr204 at its activation loop. Downregulation of ERK phosphorylation at these two sites by several phosphatases, such as protein phosphatase 2A, HePTP and MAPK phosphatase 3, is essential for maintaining appropriate ERK function in different cellular processes. However, it is unknown whether metal‐dependent protein phosphatase (PPM) family phosphatases directly dephosphorylate ERK. In this study, we found that PPM1A negatively regulated ERK by directly dephosphorylating its pThr202 position early in EGF stimulation. Additional kinetic studies revealed that key residues participated in phospho‐ERK recognition by PPM1A. Importantly, PPM1A preferred the phospho‐ERK peptide sequence over a panel of other phosphopeptides through the interactions of basic residues in the active site of PPM1A with the pThr‐Glu‐pTyr motif of ERK. Whereas Lys165 and Arg33 were required for efficient catalysis or phosphosubstrate binding of PPM1A, Gln185 and Arg186 were determinants of PPM1A substrate specificity. The interaction between Arg186 of PPM1A and Glu203 and pTyr204 of phospho‐ERK was identified as a hot‐spot for phospho‐ERK–PPM1A interaction.

Structured digital abstract

PPM1A physically interacts with ERK2 by pull down (View interaction)

PPM1A dephosphorylates p38 by phosphatase assay (View Interaction: 1, 2)

PPM1A binds to ERK2 by pull down (View interaction)

PPM1A dephosphorylates ERK2 by phosphatase assay (View Interaction: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20)
Detection of Epstein–Barr virus‐specific memory CD4+T cells using a peptide‐based cultured enzyme‐linked immunospot assay
Authors: Calarota Sandra A. , Chiesa Antonella , Zelini Paola , Comolli Giuditta , Minoli Lorenzo , Baldanti Fausto
Published: April 2013

Approaches to evaluate T‐cell responses to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) include enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISPOT), which quantifies cells capable of immediate interferon‐γ secretion upon antigen stimulation. However, evaluation of expandable EBV‐specific memory T cells in an ELISPOT format has not been described previously. We quantified EBV‐specific T‐cell precursors with high proliferative capacity by using a peptide‐based cultured interferon‐γ ELISPOT assay. Standard and cultured ELISPOT responses to overlapping peptide pools (15‐mers overlapping by 11 amino acids) covering the lytic (BZLF1 and BMRF1) and latent (EBNA1, EBNA3a, EBNA3b, EBNA3c, LMP1 and LMP2) EBV proteins were evaluated in 20 healthy subjects with remote EBV infection and, for comparison, in four solid organ transplant recipients. Cultured ELISPOT responses to both lytic and latent EBV antigens were significantly higher than standard ELISPOT responses. The distribution of EBV‐specific T‐cell responses detected in healthy virus carriers showed more consistent cultured ELISPOT responses compared with standard ELISPOT responses. T‐cell responses quantified by cultured ELISPOT were mainly mediated by CD4+ T cells and a marked pattern of immunodominance to latent‐phase antigens (EBNA1 > EBNA3 family antigens > LMP2 > LMP1) was shown. Both the magnitude and distribution of EBV‐specific T‐cell responses were altered in solid organ transplant recipients; in particular, cultured ELISPOT responses were almost undetectable in a lung‐transplanted patient with EBV‐associated diseases. Analysis of T‐cell responses to EBV by ELISPOT assays might provide new insights into the pathogenesis of EBV‐related diseases and serve as new tools in the monitoring of EBV infection in immunocompromised patients.
The Role of Waixenicin A as Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 Blocker
Authors: Kim Byung J. , Nam Joo H. , Kwon Young K. , So Insuk , Kim Seon J.
Published: April 2013

Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) plays a role in a number of physiological and pharmacological functions in variety of cells. The aim of this study was to clarify the role for TRPM7 channels and the effect of waixenicin A on the pacemaking activity of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and on the cell viability of the human gastric and breast adenocarcinoma cell lines, AGS and MCF‐7, respectively. Waixenicin A decreased the amplitude of pacemaker potentials in cultured ICC clusters and inhibited TRPM7 currents, but had no effect on Ca2+‐activated Cl− conductance (ANO1). Furthermore, waixenicin A was found to inhibit the growth and survival of AGS and MCF‐7 cells. These findings indicate that TRPM7 channel modulates intestinal motility and regulates the pathophysiology of human gastric and breast adenocarcinoma cells. These findings suggest that TRPM7 channel be considered a potential target for the treatment of gut motor disorders and gastric and breast cancer.
Software Dedicated for the Curation of Geochemical Data Sets in Analytical Laboratories
Authors: Yachi Yusuke , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Kunihiro Tak , Nakamura Eizo
Published: April 2013

Software designed for analytical laboratories to guarantee traceability and accessibility of rocks with their geochemical properties has been developed. The software documents the sample origin, current sample location and the location of any sample subsets (e.g., thin sections, solutions, etc.), and archives all associated geochemical data sets. The software can be installed on a personal computer so is available for use in any laboratory and allows curation before and after publication. The software will be of use in integrating and sharing geological reference materials within and among institutes. In this article, the system design and implementation are detailed. All source codes for the software are available at http://dream.misasa.okayama-u.ac.jp/.