bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OLES: an instrument for refining the design of e‐learning environments
Authors: Pearson J. , Trinidad S.
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Designing and implementing effective e‐learning is a complex process, which involves many factors. Lecturers need to constantly consider, evaluate and adjust these factors to provide effective e‐learning environments for students. In this paper, we report on the design and development of the Online Learning Environment Survey (OLES), an instrument which can be used to gather and represent data on students' ‘actual’ (experienced) and ‘preferred’ (ideal) learning environments. We describe the use of this instrument in blended learning environments with university classes, illustrating how OLES can be used by educators striving for good practice in the design of effective online learning environments.
A computer‐assisted test design and diagnosis system for use by classroom teachers
Authors: He Q. , Tymms P.
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Computer‐assisted assessment (CAA) has become increasingly important in education in recent years. A variety of computer software systems have been developed to help assess the performance of students at various levels. However, such systems are primarily designed to provide objective assessment of students and analysis of test items, and focus has been mainly placed on higher and further education. Although there are commercial professional systems available for use by primary and secondary educational institutions, such systems are generally expensive and require skilled expertise to operate. In view of the rapid progress made in the use of computer‐based assessment for primary and secondary students by education authorities here in the UK and elsewhere, there is a need to develop systems which are economic and easy to use and can provide the necessary information that can help teachers improve students' performance. This paper presents the development of a software system that provides a range of functions including generating items and building item banks, designing tests, conducting tests on computers and analysing test results. Specifically, the system can generate information on the performance of students and test items that can be easily used to identify curriculum areas where students are under performing. A case study based on data collected from five secondary schools in Hong Kong involved in the Curriculum, Evaluation and Management Centre's Middle Years Information System Project, Durham University, UK, has been undertaken to demonstrate the use of the system for diagnostic and performance analysis.
Activity Theory and Higher Education: evaluating learning technologies
Authors: Scanlon E. , Issroff K.
Published: November 2005

Abstract
This paper examines current practice in the evaluation of learning technology in the UK and proposes a new approach informed by Activity Theory. It is based on our experiences of using Activity Theory to understand students' and lecturers' experiences of technology‐based teaching environments. We discuss the activity of evaluating learning technologies in higher education, and some frameworks currently in use that assume an efficiency criteria for their evaluations. We use the evaluation criteria proposed by Breen et al. (2001) as a starting point for alternative criteria to review a number of examples of technology based teaching in Higher Education. We identify a need for a broader view of the outcomes and value of using learning technologies and relate this activity to a new approach based on an Activity Theory augmented view of evaluation.
Multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification to detect subtelomeric rearrangements in routine diagnostics
Authors: Rooms L , Reyniers E , Wuyts W , Storm K , Van Luijk R , Scheers S , Wauters J , Van Den Ende J , Biervliet M , Eyskens F , Van Goethem G , Laridon A , Ceulemans B , Courtens W , Kooy RF
Published: November 2005

Subtelomeric rearrangements are believed to be responsible for 5–7% of idiopathic mental retardation cases. Due to the relative complexity and high cost of the screening methods used till now, only preselected patient populations including mostly the more severely affected cases have been screened. Recently, multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) has been adapted for use in subtelomeric screening, and we have incorporated this technique into routine diagnostics of our laboratory. Since the evaluation of MLPA as a screening method, we tested 275 unselected patients with idiopathic mental retardation and detected 12 possible subtelomeric aberrations: a der(11)t(11;20)(qter;qter), a 19pter duplication, a der(18)t(18;10)(qter; pter), a 15qter deletion, a 8pter deletion, a 6qter deletion, a der(X)t(X;1)(pter;qter), a der(X)t(X;3)(pter;pter), a 5qter duplication, a 3pter deletion, and two 3qter duplications. The patients can be subdivided into two groups: the first containing de novo rearrangements that are likely related to the clinical presentation of the patient and the second including aberrations also present in one of the parents that may or may not be causative of the mental retardation. In our patient cohort, five (1.8%) subtelomeric rearrangements were de novo, three (1.1%) rearrangements were familial and suggestively disease causing, and four (1.5%) were possible polymorphisms. This high frequency of subtelomeric abnormalities detected in an unselected population warrants further investigation about the feasibility of routine screening for subtelomeric aberrations in mentally retarded patients.
Hail to the Editor‐in‐Chief: Congratulatory wishes and special commentaries to Victor J. Hruby from both past and present students, postdoctoral fellows, visiting scientists, collaborators, colleagues and friends in peptide research
Authors: Sawyer T. K. , Barany G. , Hodges R. S.
Published: November 2005

As the last of a trilogy of special tribute series honoring Editor‐in‐Chief Victor J. Hruby, this final published issue of the Journal of Peptide Research includes a collection of congratulatory wishes and special commentaries (vide infra) from a wide range of both academic and industrial scientists who have been influenced by him over the past several decades. Also, this tribute issue encompasses an appropriate blend of both invited and regular submission manuscripts to capture the traditional essence of the journal as championed by Victor and his editorial team during the times of Victor's reign as Editor‐in‐Chief of the Journal of Peptide Research.
Synthesis and biologic activity of conformationally constrained analogs of L‐363,301
Authors: Moore S.B. , Grant M. , Rew Y. , Bosa E. , Fabbri M. , Kumar U. , Goodman M.
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  We report the synthesis, biological activity and conformational analysis of analogs of the cyclic hexapeptide L‐363,301, c[Pro6‐Phe7‐d‐Trp8‐Lys9‐Thr10‐Phe11] (numbering as in the native hormone somatostatin‐14). The d‐Trp in position 8 was replaced with (2R,3S)‐ and (2R,3R)‐β‐MeTrp respectively, with an added methyl group in the beta position of Trp. The objective of our study was to determine the potency and selectivity generated by the added constraint in the beta position of the d‐Trp upon binding to human somatostatin receptors hsst1‐5. We synthesized the building blocks enantioselectively and incorporated them into the peptides by SPPS. Competition binding assays revealed that both compounds 2 and 3 were selective for hsst2 over hsst5. The (2R,3S) analog 2 was approximately 30 times more potent at hsst2 than the (2R,3R) analog 3. Interestingly, the (2R,3R) compound showed no binding affinity at hsst5.
Facile solid‐phase synthesis of C‐terminal peptide aldehydes and hydroxamates from a common Backbone Amide‐Linked (BAL) intermediate*†
Authors: Gazal S. , Masterson L.R. , Barany G.
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  C‐Terminal peptide aldehydes and hydroxamates comprise two separate classes of effective inhibitors of a number of serine, aspartate, cysteine, and metalloproteases. Presented here is a method for preparation of both classes of peptide derivatives from the same resin‐bound Weinreb amide precursor. Thus, 5‐[(2 or 4)‐formyl‐3,5‐dimethoxyphenoxy]butyramido‐polyethylene glycol‐polystyrene (BAL‐PEG‐PS) was treated with methoxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride to provide a resin‐bound methoxylamine, which was efficiently acylated by different Fmoc‐amino acids upon bromo‐tris‐pyrrolidone‐phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBrOP) activation. Solid‐phase chain elongation gave backbone amide‐linked (BAL) peptide Weinreb amides, which were cleaved either by trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in the presence of scavengers to provide the corresponding peptide hydroxamates, or by lithium aluminum hydride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) to provide the corresponding C‐terminal peptide aldehydes. With several model sequences, peptide hydroxamates were obtained in crude yields of 68–83% and initial purities of at least 85%, whereas peptide aldehydes were obtained in crude yields of 16–53% and initial purities in the range of 30–40%. Under the LiAlH4 cleavage conditions used, those model peptides containing t‐Bu‐protected aspartate residues underwent partial side chain reduction to the corresponding homoserine‐containing peptides. Similar results were obtained when working with high‐load aminomethyl‐polystyrene, suggesting that this chemistry will be generally applicable to a range of supporting materials.
Combined bromodeoxyuridine immunocapture and terminal‐restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis highlights differences in the active soil bacterial metagenome due to Glomus mosseae inoculation or plant species
Authors: Artursson Veronica , Finlay Roger D. , Jansson Janet K.
Published: November 2005

High numbers of bacteria are associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, but their functions and in situ activities are largely unknown and most have never been characterized. The aim of the present study was to study the impact of Glomus mosseae inoculation and plant type on the active bacterial communities in soil by using a molecular approach, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunocapture in combination with terminal‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP). This approach combined with sequence information from clone libraries, enabled the identification of actively growing populations, within the total bacterial community. Distinct differences in active bacterial community compositions were found according to G. mosseae inoculation, treatment with an antifungal compound (Benomyl) and plant type. The putative identities of the dominant bacterial species that were activated as a result of G. mosseae inoculation were found to be mostly uncultured bacteria and Paenibacillus species. These populations may represent novel bacterial groups that are able to influence the AM relationship and its subsequent effect on plant growth.
Aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis genes and operons in uncultured bacteria in the Delaware River
Authors: Waidner Lisa A. , Kirchman David L.
Published: November 2005

Photosynthesis genes and operons of aerobic anoxygenic photosynthetic (AAP) bacteria have been examined in a variety of marine habitats, but genomic information about freshwater AAP bacteria is lacking. The goal of this study was to examine photosynthesis genes of AAP bacteria in the Delaware River. In a fosmid library, we found two clones bearing photosynthesis gene clusters with unique gene content and organization. Both clones contained 37 open reading frames, with most of those genes encoding known AAP bacterial proteins. The genes in one fosmid were most closely related to those of AAP bacteria in the Rhodobacter genus. The genes of the other clone were related to those of freshwater beta‐proteobacteria. Both clones contained the acsF gene, which is required for aerobic bacteriochlorophyll synthesis, suggesting that these bacteria are not anaerobes. The beta‐proteobacterial fosmid has the puf operon B‐A‐L‐M‐C and is the first example of an uncultured bacterium with this operon structure. The alpha‐3‐proteobacterial fosmid has a rare gene order (Q‐B‐A‐L‐M‐X), previously observed only in the Rhodobacter genus. Phylogenetic analyses of photosynthesis genes revealed a possible freshwater cluster of AAP beta‐proteobacteria. The data from both Delaware River clones suggest there are groups of freshwater or estuarine AAP bacteria distinct from those found in marine environments.
Europe and the Crisis in Scientific Vocations
Authors: CONVERT BERNARD
Published: November 2005

During the 1990s, the number of students enrolling in science subjects at universities was declining each year in Germany, France, Italy, amongst other countries. These decreases are too readily attributed to a general disaffection caused by the image that younger generations have of scientific studies: they are seen as being the most ‘difficult’. This explanation is true but not sufficient. Over and above the similarities that can be seen between European countries — which stem from the fact that they are simultaneously experiencing strong growth in and democratisation of their student populations —, profound differences continue to exist, resulting in apparently similar effects, but with very different causes. Not only do higher education structures taken as a whole remain very different despite the Bologna process, but more fundamentally, the very meaning of the higher education system within each national society, its relationship with employment, and its position in individuals’ personal career paths all vary. A comparison between Germany, Italy and France shows three ideal types of relationship between training and employment and three ways of explaining symptoms that appear similar.
Doctoral and Postdoctoral Education in Science and Engineering: Europe in the international competition
Authors: MOGUÉROU PHILIPPE
Published: November 2005

In this article, we discuss the recent evolutions of science and engineering doctoral and postdoctoral education in Europe. Indeed, Ph.Ds are crucial to the conduct of research and innovation in the national innovation systems, as they provide a large amount of input into creating the competitive advantage, notably through basic research. First, we show that Asia, and notably China, is producing more Ph.Ds than the United States and Europe. In many EU countries, the number of Ph.Ds has levelled off or even declined recently in many natural sciences and engineering fields. Second, we discuss the European situation in the international competition for talents. We study the European brain drain question, mainly at the doctoral and postdoctoral level. We find that there is an asymmetry in the flows of Ph.D students and postdoctorates between Europe and the United States, at the advantage of this latter country. These two points — production of Ph.Ds, international flows of doctorates and postdoctorates — lead us to be concerned about the future growth and innovation in Europe. In conclusion, we outline some European policy responses in the perspective of building the European Research Area and the European Higher Education Area.
How Can We Measure the Success of National Science Policies in the Short or Medium Term?
Authors: COTGREAVE PETER , DAVIES ROSEMARY
Published: November 2005

As science and engineering are taking on an increasing political importance in a knowledge‐driven economy, there is growing need for Governments, scientists, industrialists and voluntary groups to measure the degree to which national science policies are contributing effectively to economic and social wellbeing. However, the long‐term and diffuse nature of their effects makes it difficult to ascertain with great confidence the likely benefits of particular science policies. As a pressure group concerned with the scientific strength of the UK, the Campaign for Science and Engineering has developed a series of five tests that must be met if politicians and others are to have a reasonable level of certainty that the country has robust policies in terms of public investment in research; the career structure of scientists and engineers; the system of science education; private sector investment in research; and the use of scientific advice by public bodies. These tests could be used or adapted by other nations or supranational bodies to give a broad picture of their strengths and weaknesses in science and technology policy. At present, the UK does not meet any of these simple criteria.
The Situation in Industry and the Loss of Interest in Science Education
Authors: HAAS JOACHIM
Published: November 2005

The case of Germany is taken as an example of cyclical variation in higher education enrolment in the sciences. The article argues that the mechanism underpinning these fluctuations is the cobweb model. This model establishes a recursive loop between trends in enrolments in a discipline and trends in the labour market associated with this discipline. The analysis highlights two conditions that are required for the model to apply: the elasticity of higher education capacity and the segmentation of the labour market.
Scientific Vocations in Crisis in France: explanatory social developments and mechanisms
Authors: CONVERT BERNARD , GUGENHEIM FRANCIS
Published: November 2005

Bernard Convert, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CLERSE, Lille, France), Francis Gugenheim, OFIP‐Université de Lille 1, France

This article examines why numbers have declined in French science universities. It shows that the main causes of this decline are the growth in student numbers between 1985 and 1995 and the changes that this brought about in the educational and social composition of the student population.

Since the mid‐1990s, increasingly fewer French students have been enrolling for science subjects at university. Speaking of a ‘loss of interest in science among young people’ is nevertheless premature. The phenomenon is primarily due to socio‐demographic changes. As a result of their position in French higher education, universities, which do not operate a selective admission policy, are a last resort for students rejected by the selective options. Between 1985 and 1995, when student demographics grew apace, universities absorbed most of this growth. After 1995, the supply of selective training increased, while student demographics stagnated. As a result, university enrolments have declined, especially in the sciences. At the same time, holders of science baccalaureates have not been as top‐notch, educationally and socially, as they were fifteen years previously. These students from more modest backgrounds and performing less well in education are shying away from the sciences which are reputed to be more difficult and less ‘profitable’ than other subjects.
Opting for Science and Technology!
Authors: BIERMANS MAARTEN , DE JONG UULKJE , VAN LEEUWEN MARKO , ROELEVELD JAAP
Published: November 2005

This study focuses on the shortage of graduates in science/technology in the Netherlands. First, the potential reserves of students in science/technology are mapped. Second, the effects of measures to mobilise the reserves are investigated in terms of size and cost effectiveness. Efforts aimed at solving the enormous shortage of higher education graduates in science and technology in the Netherlands should start by evaluating what is available in this area. Research shows that the country's vast resources include considerable reserves of science and technology talent. These reserves comprise students who, although having met the entry requirements, ultimately did not opt for a technical or science study programme. Several measures could mobilise these reserves; some are presented in this article along with the influence they are estimated to have. Although the effect of these measures seems to be substantial, they leave much to be desired in terms of cost effectiveness. Moreover, they are still simulations, and the measures have not (yet) been tested in practice. Therefore, additional (experimental) research on such policy measures continues to be desirable.
Class, Race and Residence in Black Johannesburg, 1923–1970
Authors: CRANKSHAW OWEN
Published: November 2005

Abstract  This study examines the relationship between social class and residential differentiation in Johannesburg's African population on the eve of apartheid. During the high apartheid period, access by the African population to education, housing, jobs and even the right to live in the city bore little relationship to differences of social class. By contrast, in the 1940s and early 1950s, state policy on education, urbanisation and housing still differentiated the African population along the lines of social class. State control over housing for Africans was relatively unregulated, with the result that housing conditions varied tremendously by social class, ranging from squatter camps, rental accommodation in the form of slums and council housing, and even some respectable homes held in freehold title.
WELL‐BEHAVED PRODUCTION ECONOMIES
Authors: Mandler Michael
Published: November 2005

We show that production economies are tâtonnement stable if consumers satisfy the weak axiom of revealed preference. To ensure that producer supply decisions are well defined, we restrict prices in the tâtonnement so that positive profits cannot occur but do allow supply decisions to be multi‐valued. The model therefore permits linear activities and hence the technologies that admit capital theory paradoxes. The result thus shows that if the consumer side of the economy is well behaved then capital theory paradoxes are irrelevant for stability. Other features of the Walrasian general‐equilibrium model that have aroused suspicion (e.g. that a price below its equilibrium value may have negative excess demand and thus temporarily move even lower in a tâtonnement) may be a sign of trouble but also have nothing to do with capital theory paradoxes. We show that these phenomena arise even when there is no choice of technique and there is an aggregate production function.
Illuminations and distortions: Gregory King's Scheme calculated for the year 1688 and the social structure of later Stuart England1
Authors: ARKELL TOM
Published: November 2005

This critique of King's well‐known Scheme of the social order in 1688 examines his purposes, the Scheme's evolutionary process, and the taxation data (hearth, poll, window, and marriage duty) that King used to construct it, before contrasting his conclusions with recent research. His social hierarchy emerges as a rather crude and backward‐looking stereotype based on too many intelligent guesses, with his treatment of the poorer families being least satisfactory. Overall, King's population totals appear sound, his national income estimate low, and various mean household sizes and family and children's totals unreliable.
A survey of users and non‐users of a UK teaching hospital library and information service
Authors: Turtle Kathleen M.
Published: November 2005

Background:  The Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust was formed in 2002 with the merger of two existing trusts. The library services unified to create a new expanded service with 11 staff.

Objectives:  The librarians wanted to test out users’ opinions of the service, as a basis for a developmental strategy. They also wanted to find out to what extent they were offering a multi‐disciplinary service, available to all staff. Therefore it was decided to include both users and non‐users in the survey.

Methods:  A twenty‐question questionnaire was sent out to a 10% sample of registered users in all staff categories. The same questionnaire was sent out to a 10% sample of non‐users, with the help of the Human Resources Department.

Results:  The library staff and facilities were generally well regarded. The stock needed expansion in various areas, especially allied health and biomedical science. Non‐users were in fact often occasional or remote users. Other non‐users needed informing that they were entitled to use the service.

Conclusions:  Further research is required, especially concerning the information needs of allied health and scientific staff. There is a need for stock expansion. A marketing strategy is required to capture the interest of potential users.
Learning resource needs of UK NHS support staff
Authors: Devaney Anne , Outhwaite Helen
Published: November 2005

Background:  A report on the findings of research into the learning resource needs of support staff conducted at York Hospital.

Methods:  A qualitative method of focus groups was used to explore the views and experiences of support staff. This provided a rich source of data and allowed an often overlooked group to give their own experiences of learning and libraries. This was supplemented by one‐to‐one interviews using more in‐depth questions. A literacy and numeracy test gave a general picture of essential skill levels within the sample group.

Results:  An improvement in communication to support staff needs to take place to ensure that all support staff know about the library, how and where to access training and obtain a network computer password. The project confirmed the need to expand library resources for support staff. It was found that there were no obvious essential skills resources within the Trust and a lack of awareness of essential skill issues.

Conclusion:  The learning needs of support staff need to be addressed sensitively. Many have had unfavourable experiences. Lack of access to computers and information technology (IT) training contributed to the group favouring written communication. More work needs to be done on essential skills for all staff.
Health information in Italian public health websites: moving from inaccessibility to accessibility
Authors: Mancini Cristina , Zedda Monica , Barbaro Annarita
Published: November 2005

Aims:  In January 2004, the Italian government passed new legislation designed to give people with disabilities access to online services. Starting from the new legislation requirements, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether Italian Local Health Authorities websites are accessible to users with different abilities.

Methods:  One hundred and seventy websites were analysed evaluating their compliance to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Priority 1 guidelines via a combination of appropriate accessibility testing methods. This review was carried out twice: the first time it took place between the end of 2003 and May–June 2004. The same survey was repeated again in December 2004, after the issuing of the draft of the Implementation Regulations for The Stanca Law in July 2004. In this second survey, all the websites analysed before were checked again to establish if some measures to make those sites accessible were taken.

Results:  Seventy‐six per cent of the analysed websites fail to satisfy the most basic W3C requirements, but Italian Local Health Authorities websites are likely to present significant improvements to access for some disabled user groups: the number of accessible websites increased consistently between the first and the second review.

Conclusions:  It seems that awareness of web accessibility issues is increasing among developers of health information websites because of law enforcement. Recommendations for future research and development are offered.
Access to learning resources for students on placement in the UK: what are the issues and how can we resolve them?
Authors: Marriott Richard
Published: November 2005

Aim:  To compile a list of the issues regarding access to learning resources which affect students on placement in the UK and suggest some ways in which these can be resolved.

Results:  Issues relating to PC access, network access, software, firewalls, disciplinary procedures, electronic information resources, virtual learning environments, service level agreements, physical access to libraries, book loans, reading lists and course committees are identified and discussed in relation to NHS libraries.

Conclusions:  Successful resolution of the IT and library issues, which are increasingly inter‐linked, can help to ensure that students have a positive placement experience. Resolution will depend on close, regular liaison and can be assisted by negotiation of a clear Service Level Agreement.
Availability of accessible publications: designing a methodology to provide reliable estimates for the Right to Read Alliance
Authors: Lockyer Suzanne , Creaser Claire , Davies J. Eric
Published: November 2005

Objectives:  To establish reliable estimates of the proportion of books available in formats accessible to visually impaired people; to recommend a practical method of updating the estimates.

Methods:  The project had two stages. Stage one estimated the overall availability of all categories of books. The British National Bibliography (BNB) for 1999–2003 was chosen as the sampling frame. A sample of 2069 titles over the 5 years was selected using a systematic sample design. These titles were then checked for availability against the catalogues of four major producer/suppliers of materials in accessible formats. The second stage involved checking the availability of books in six genres; about 400 titles for each genre were examined.

Results:  Of the titles selected for the overall estimate, 92 (4.4%) were found to be available in one or more accessible formats. Availability of titles in accessible formats varied greatly between categories. Adult fiction had the highest number of available publications (26.3%), least represented were cookery (1.9%) and gardening (1.8%).

Conclusions:  This study provided baseline figures and a methodology for the Right to Read Alliance to monitor their progress in campaigning for more books to be accessible to visually impaired people.
Rational function model‐based image matching for digital elevation models
Authors: Sohn Hong‐Gyoo , Park Choung‐Hwan , Chang Hoon
Published: November 2005

This paper presents an image matching technique for IKONOS satellite imagery based on rational function models (RFMs). This algorithm adopts the object‐space approach and reduces the search space to within the confined line‐shaped area called the piecewise matching line (PML). Also, the detailed procedure of generating 3D surface information using the RFM coefficients (RFCs) is introduced to illustrate an end‐user's point of view. The final digital elevation model (DEM) generated using the proposed scheme shows a mean error of 2·2 m and rmse of 3·8 m compared with that from a 1:5000 scale digital map.
COMMON EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN OF STARCH BIOSYNTHETIC ENZYMES IN GREEN AND RED ALGAE1
Authors: Patron Nicola J. , Keeling Patrick J.
Published: November 2005

Plastidic starch synthesis in green algae and plants occurs via ADP‐glucose in likeness to prokaryotes from which plastids have evolved. In contrast, floridean starch synthesis in red algae proceeds via uridine diphosphate‐glucose in semblance to eukaryotic glycogen synthesis and occurs in the cytosol rather than the plastid. Given the monophyletic origin of all plastids, we investigated the origin of the enzymes of the plastid and cytosolic starch synthetic pathways to determine whether their location reflects their origin—either from the cyanobacterial endosymbiont or from the eukaryotic host. We report that, despite the compartmentalization of starch synthesis differing in green and red lineages, all but one of the enzymes of the synthetic pathways shares a common origin. Overall, the pathway of starch synthesis in both lineages represents a chimera of the host and endosymbiont glycogen synthesis pathways. Moreover, host‐derived proteins function in the plastid in green algae, whereas endosymbiont‐derived proteins function in the cytosol in red algae. This complexity demonstrates the impacts of integrating pathways of host with those of both primary and secondary endosymbionts during plastid evolution.
COMBINATION OF FLOW CYTOMETRY AND SINGLE CELL ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY TO STUDY THE PHYTOPLANKTON STRUCTURE AND TO CALCULATE THE CHL A SPECIFIC ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS AT THE TAXON LEVEL1
Authors: Toepel Jörg , Langner Uwe , Wilhelm Christian
Published: November 2005

The phytoplankton community structure of a hypertrophic lake was quantitatively determined with the aid of flow cytometry. The flow cytometry signals were calibrated to obtain cell‐specific information, such as the chl a content and the biovolume per cell. The reliability of this method was tested with laboratory cultures. The results of the phytoplankton structure in a hypertrophic lake with respect to chl distribution in the different algal groups obtained by flow cytometry were compared with the results from HPLC pigment fingerprinting. Both methods yield the percentage contribution of the different algal groups to total chl a. The chl a specific absorption coefficient of the phytoplankton (a*Phy) was determined via visible (VIS) spectroscopy of samples taken from a hypertrophic lake (Auensee) in 2003. The results indicated that a*Phy of the total cell suspension is dependent on the phytoplankton structure as well as on environmental factors. The linear relationship between a*Phy at 675 nm and the product of the chl a content per cell and the biovolume offered the possibility to normalize phytoplankton absorption spectra to acquire the taxon‐specific a*Phy. The estimated a*Phy (675 nm) values were used to normalize single cell absorption spectra at this wavelength to obtain the a*Phy between 400 and 750 nm for representatives of the major algal groups. Our measurements show that the absorption coefficient for the whole phytoplankton community varies within the season. Finally, we used the a*Phy and the chl a distribution to calculate the light absorption of each algal group in the hypertrophic lake.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN UV‐B EXPOSURE AND PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION. I. EFFECTS ON GROWTH, PHOSPHATE UPTAKE, AND CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE1
Authors: Shelly Kirsten , Roberts Simon , Heraud Philip , Beardall John
Published: November 2005

The interactive effects of P starvation and exposure to UV radiation on growth rates, quantum efficiency of PSII electron transport, and P‐uptake capacity of the chlorophyte microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher are presented. Ultraviolet radiation did not in itself cause marked changes in growth rate, though it did induce changes in the effective quantum yield of PSII. Depriving cells of phosphate resulted in significant changes in all parameters examined. The decline of growth rate and fluorescence parameters after P starvation was significantly faster in the presence of UV radiation. Ultraviolet radiation also stimulated the magnitude of the transient changes in chl fluorescence (nutrient‐induced fluorescence transient) exhibited by P‐starved cells after resupply of that nutrient.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN UV‐B EXPOSURE AND PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION. II. EFFECTS ON RATES OF DAMAGE AND REPAIR1
Authors: Heraud Philip , Roberts Simon , Shelly Kirsten , Beardall John
Published: November 2005

The interactive effects of P starvation and exposure to UV radiation (UVR) on rates of damage (k) and repair (r), modeled from exposure response curves (ERCs), in the chlorophyte microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher were investigated. When nutrient‐replete cells were exposed to the UVR during growth, k and r both increased by approximately 62% and 100%, respectively. However, when cells were starved of phosphorus, k increased by a similar amount as observed in replete cells, but r decreased by about 70%, explaining the increased susceptibility of cells to UVR‐induced inhibition of photosynthesis under P starvation. Although not specifically investigated in this study, it is argued that the decreased repair capacity under P starvation is due to a decline in nucleotides such as ATP and GTP, which are necessary for protein repair.
IDENTIFICATION OF STRESS GENE TRANSCRIPTS INLAMINARIA DIGITATA(PHAEOPHYCEAE) PROTOPLAST CULTURES BY EXPRESSED SEQUENCE TAG ANALYSIS1
Authors: Roeder Vincent , Collén Jonas , Rousvoal Sylvie , Corre Erwan , Leblanc Catherine , Boyen Catherine
Published: November 2005

To characterize stress and defense‐induced genes in the brown algaLaminaria digitata(Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux, 1985 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated fromL. digitataprotoplasts. Comparison of the ESTs with public databases allowed putative functions to be assigned to 45% of the sequences. Comparison with ESTs fromL. digitatasporophytes showed that protoplasts expressed more stress genes than intact thalli. Several transcripts in the stress gene class coded for proteins involved in cell protection against oxygen radicals, including thioredoxins (six ESTs), thioredoxin peroxidases (two ESTs), and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) (41 ESTs). The GSTs appear to be part of the sigma class, making them the first GST sigma identified in a photosynthetic organism. Other stress genes included a new type of vanadium‐dependent bromoperoxidases (vBPO) showing 71% similarity with vBPOs previously identified in the sporophytic‐thalli phase ofL. digitata. The ESTs coding for 22 different mannuronan‐C5‐epimerases were identified among the cell wall biosynthesis genes, and several ESTs showed similarity with the genome of theEctocarpus siliculosusvirus.
AKINETE PRODUCTION OF ANABAENA LEMMERMANNII AND A. CYLINDRICA (CYANOPHYCEAE) IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF N‐ AND P‐LIMITED COASTAL MESOCOSMS1
Authors: Olli Kalle , Kangro Kersti , Kabel Mari
Published: November 2005

A strong biomass increase of two Anabaena species was observed in natural plankton community enclosed into nine large mesocosms (51 m3) and manipulated with mineral nutrients and an organic carbon source during a 3‐week period in the coastal Baltic Sea. The water column and settled material from the bottom of the mesocosms were sampled at 2‐day intervals. Planktonic populations of Anabaena lemmermannii Richter and A. cylindrica Lemmermann and sedimentation rates of akinetes to the bottom were quantified. Comparing mesocosms with artificially induced nitrogen and phosphorus limitation, we found that during the third week of the experiment, the population size of A. lemmermannii was clearly higher in nitrogen‐limited units (by a factor of 2.4), whereas the production rate of akinetes was higher in the phosphorus‐limited units (by a factor of 2.5). Input of freshly produced A. lemmermannii akinetes to the benthos was on average 15 × 106 and 6 × 106 cells· m−2·d−1 in the P− and N− limited mesocosms, respectively. Our estimates of specific akinete production rate of A. lemmermannii in P− and N− limited mesocosms revealed an even larger divergence (a factor of 5.5), being on average 2.4 and 0.4 akinetes·10−3 vegetative cells−1·d−1, respectively. The phosphorus addition effectively reduced akinete production of A. lemmermannii. Differences in the nutrient manipulation had no apparent effect on the biomass and akinete production of A. cylindrica. The akinete production pattern of A. cylindrica revealed a 1‐week delay compared with the vegetative population peak, whereas such a delay was not obvious in A. lemmermannii.
Television Characterizations of Homeless People in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hodgetts Darrin , Cullen Andrea , Radley Alan
Published: November 2005

Media link events in society into meaningful plotlines for public consumption. For social issues such as homelessness this storytelling process continues until an issue is resolved or another concern takes precedence. This article investigates British Independent Television News1(ITN) portrayals of homelessness from January 1993 to December 2002 (n= 99). News items are explored as instalments in a larger news narrative through which the public is offered engagements with homeless characters. A quantitative content analysis was used to establish the general prevalence of items throughout the year, story locations, causes and solutions offered for homelessness, and character roles. A qualitative narrative analysis was used to explore the function of these story elements in the overall patterning of the ITN story of homelessness. Of particular note was the promotion of a philanthropic approach to service delivery through the characterization of homeless people as needy victims and the maintenance of estranged relationships between the viewing public and homeless people. The significance of ITN's exclusion of homeless people from public deliberations regarding their needs is discussed in relation to the failure of this wealthy nation to resolve homelessness.
The War of the Words: How Linguistic Differences in Reporting Shape Perceptions of Terrorism
Authors: Dunn Elizabeth W. , Moore Moriah , Nosek Brian A.
Published: November 2005

In four studies, we demonstrate that subtle linguistic differences in news reporting are sufficient to influence whether people interpret violent acts as patriotism or terrorism. In Study 1, a content analysis of newspaper articles describing violence in Iraq revealed that words implying destruction and devious intent were typically used in reference to violent actions associated with Iraq and opponents of the United States, while more benign words were used in reference to the United States and its allies. These observed differences in word usage establish schemas that guide perception of violence as terrorism or patriotism, thereby affecting people's attitudes toward (Study 2) and memory for (Studies 3 and 4) violent events. Implications for the media's impact on public policy are discussed.
Are Public Expenditures Associated with Better Child Outcomes in the U.S.? A Comparison across 50 States
Authors: Harknett Kristen , Garfinkel Irwin , Bainbridge Jay , Smeeding Timothy , Folbre Nancy , McLanahan Sara
Published: November 2005

Our article utilizes variation across the 50 U.S. states to examine the relationship between public expenditures on children and child outcomes. We find that public expenditures on children are related to better child outcomes across a wide range of indicators including measures of child mortality, elementary school test scores, and adolescent behavioral outcomes. States that spend more on children have better child outcomes even after taking into account a number of potential confounding influences. Our results are robust to numerous variations in model specifications and to the inclusion of proxies for unobserved characteristics of states. Our sensitivity analyses suggest that the results we present may be conservative, yet our findings reveal a strong relationship between state generosity toward children and children's well‐being.
Moral Values, Moralism, and the 2004 Presidential Election
Authors: Lovett Benjamin J. , Jordan Alexander H.
Published: November 2005

The “moral values vote” in the 2004 American presidential election should be interpreted more broadly than as a reflection of concerns about same‐sex marriage and abortion. Instead of specific hot‐button social policy issues, a general personality trait of moralism—the tendency to perceive a moral dimension in everyday decisions—may have contributed to the election outcome. Specifically, we hypothesize that some Bush supporters shared Bush's high level of moralism (as reflected in his rhetoric) and that this moralism motivated their votes. Consistent with our hypothesis, a preliminary empirical investigation suggests that Bush voters were, indeed, higher in moralism than were Kerry voters. Plans for further research and political strategy implications are discussed.
American Roulette: The Effect of Reminders of Death on Support for George W. Bush in the 2004 Presidential Election
Authors: Cohen Florette , Ogilvie Daniel M. , Solomon Sheldon , Greenberg Jeff , Pyszczynski Tom
Published: November 2005

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of a subtle reminder of death on voting intentions for the 2004 U.S. presidential election. On the basis of terror management theory and previous research, we hypothesized that a mortality salience induction would increase support for President George W. Bush and decrease support for Senator John Kerry. In late September 2004, following a mortality salience or control induction, registered voters were asked which candidate they intended to vote for. In accord with predictions, Senator John Kerry received substantially more votes than George Bush in the control condition, but Bush was favored over Kerry following a reminder of death, suggesting that President Bush's re‐election may have been facilitated by nonconscious concerns about mortality in the aftermath of September 11, 2001.
Lies in a Time of Threat: Betrayal Blindness and the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election
Authors: Zurbriggen Eileen L.
Published: November 2005

Exit polls from the 2004 U.S. presidential election indicated overwhelming support for President Bush among voters who said they valued honesty, even though the Bush administration had been sharply criticized for deceiving the public, especially concerning the reasons for invading Iraq. A psychological theory recently developed to help explain memory loss in trauma survivors sheds light on this paradox. Betrayal Trauma Theory (Freyd, 1996) states that memory impairment is greatest when a victim is dependent on the perpetrator. The theory also predicts who will be “blind” to signs of deception—those who are emotionally or financially dependent on the person who is lying. Although every American is dependent on the U.S. President to some extent, religious conservatives may be more psychologically dependent than others. Because they believe their core values are under attack, they depend on powerful leaders such as President Bush to defend these values. This psychological dependence may make it difficult for them to notice the administration's deceptions.
The Pendulum Effect: Explaining Shifts in the Democratic Response to Terrorism
Authors: Matthew Richard , Shambaugh George
Published: November 2005

Successful modern democracies act to balance the twin obligations of maintaining secure and tolerant environments for their citizens. When faced with external threats such as global terrorism, democracies respond in a pendulum fashion—acting initially by giving security precedence over other values and then swinging back towards moderation, the pursuit of tolerance, and the promotion of policies that match the preferences of the median voter in society. Understanding this behavior helps to explain shifts in U.S. security policy since 9/11, and suggests fruitful avenues for research in political psychology.
The Sacred and the Search for Significance: Religion as a Unique Process
Authors: Pargament Kenneth I. , Magyar‐Russell Gina M. , Murray‐Swank Nichole A.
Published: November 2005

Although many social scientists have assumed that religion can be reduced to more basic processes, there may be something unique about religion. By definition, religion has a distinctively meaningful point of reference, the sacred. Empirically, studies also suggest that religion may be a unique: form of motivation; source of value and significance; contributor to mortality and health; source of coping; and source of distress. These findings point to the need for: theory and research on the sacred; attention to the pluralization of religious beliefs and practices; evaluation of individual and social interventions that address spiritual problems and apply spiritual resources to their resolution; and collaboration between psychological and religious groups that draws on their unique identities and strengths.
Striving for the Sacred: Personal Goals, Life Meaning, and Religion
Authors: Emmons Robert A.
Published: November 2005

Religion invests human existence with meaning by establishing goals and value systems that potentially pertain to all aspects of a persons' life. A goals approach provides a general unifying framework to capture the dynamic aspect of religion in people's lives. Empirical research on the measurement of spirituality and religion through personal goals is described. To illustrate the application of the goals framework, data from the author's research program on personal goals and quality of life in persons with neuromuscular diseases are described. Framing subjective quality‐of‐life outcomes in terms of goals can lead to new possibilities for understanding adaptation to physical disabilities and in particular, the understanding of the religious and spiritual dimensions of disability and rehabilitation.