bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boiling Conditions
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Ulysses S. Grant becomes president of the United States. Washington appoints James B. McKean as Utah’s new chief justice. McKean appoints Robert N. Baskin as Utah’s interim federal district attorney. Prosecutors charge Brigham Young with lascivious cohabitation and murder. Latter-day Saints fear Young will be murdered in jail as was his predecessor, Joseph Smith. Young could have escaped into Arizona but chose to fight the charges. John Wesley Powell’s men encounter Jacob Hamblin, Isaac Haight, George Adair, and some Navajos. They spend a night together on the banks of the Colorado River. Hamblin decides the Saints should own the crossing and asks John D. Lee to settle it. Hamblin writes to Young, telling some of what he knows about the Mountain Meadows Massacre. George C. Bates becomes Utah’s district attorney and gets a copy of Philip Klingensmith’s affidavit. He prepares to prosecute the massacre participants.
Surviving in the 1930s Movie Studio Jungle
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: May 2023

In sharp contrast to those of his contemporaries, the film adaptations of Jerome Kern’s film musicals exhibited a degree of fidelity to their stage models, especially in the amount of music they retained, seldom found before the 1950s. The focus of this chapter is three stage musicals by Kern and their film adaptations: Show Boat, The Cat and the Fiddle, and Roberta. Show Boat was a pioneering stage musical that dealt seriously with racial attitudes and featured Black actors in important roles, and its 1936 film adaptation with Paul Robeson signing “Ol’ Man River” is an acknowledged film classic. The film version of the little-known stage musical The Cat and the Fiddle starring Jeanette MacDonald retained most of the songs but presented them in altered dramatic contexts, whereas the film adaptation of Roberta, another undeservedly little-known stage show, transformed the stage original into a dance musical that became one of the great early successes of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers.
Challenging the Hollywood Studio Model
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: May 2023

This chapter is about the transition away from the film adaptations that reinforce the studio system values in place since the beginning of the sound era. Before 1950 most film adaptations regularly allowed studio composers to replace stage songs with new film songs and in general took great liberties with the stage sources. The first film musical discussed in the chapter, On the Town (1949), illustrates this approach when it famously removed most of Leonard Bernstein’s stage score from the film. With the new decade studios came to realize that audiences familiar with the stage cast albums desired more faithful film adaptations, including films that featured most of the original stage score and one or more cast members from the original stage version. The new fidelity is exemplified by the second work discussed in this chapter, Call Me Madam, which in its film adaptation retained nearly the entire Broadway score and cast Ethel Merman, its stage star, in the lead.
ISIS in Iraq
Authors: Dagher Munqith , Kaltenthaler Karl , Gelfand Michele J. , Kruglanksi Arie , McCulloh Ian
Published: May 2023

This study follows the human side of ISIS’s amazing rise and fall in Iraq. It does not do this as a battle-by-battle history of the group, but rather explores how common Iraqis viewed the group, interacted with the group, joined the group, fought in the group, and ultimately suffered under its brutal rule. Specifically, we seek to answer the following questions: What factors conditioned public support and opposition toward ISIS in Iraq? Why did some Iraqis move from passive support for the group to actively participating in the group’s activities, including fighting? This study uses a social psychological approach to understand the trajectory of ISIS in Iraq. The book argues that ISIS derived support from how it was perceived to either meet or threaten basic human needs for individual Iraqis. The three basic human needs in question are the physical needs for security and sustenance and the psychological need for a feeling of individual significance. Our analysis is based on a unique array of public opinion data from surveys, focus groups, and in-depth face-to-face interviews with forty detained ISIS foot soldiers and four senior leaders to explain why some Iraqis came to join and acquiesce to ISIS while others opposed it, why ISIS lost the hearts and minds of Iraqi Sunni Arabs, and how this contributed decidedly to its battlefield defeats.
The Rise of ISIS
Authors: Dagher Munqith , Kaltenthaler Karl , Gelfand Michele J. , Kruglanski Arie W. , McCulloh Ian
Published: May 2023

Nouri al Maliki, Iraq’s prime minister in 2012, was the single most important factor in driving the rise of ISIS in that year. Deeply sectarian, the Shia prime minister turned to marginalizing and intimidating the Sunni Iraqi population with the goal of ensuring the political dominance of Iraq’s Shia majority. The result of Maliki’s efforts was an Iraqi Sunni population that viewed itself as physically threatened and deeply disrespected. ISIS was able to use this Sunni disaffection with the Iraqi state to build a social base of support for a renewed insurgency and conquer significant swathes of territory in Sunni-majority areas of Iraq.
The Decline of the ISIS Caliphate
Authors: Dagher Munqith , Kaltenthaler Karl , Gelfand Michele J. , Kruglanski Arie W. , McCulloh Ian
Published: May 2023

This chapter seeks to understand why ISIS lost the hearts and minds of most of Iraq’s Sunni Arabs between 2014 and 2017. As data collected in several waves of surveys in Iraq show, by the end of 2017, the vast majority of Iraqi Sunni Arabs were desperate to see the end of ISIS. ISIS lost the willingness of the population to cooperate and aid it in its fight against the Iraqi state and its allies. In fact, some brave Sunni Arabs actively worked to undermine ISIS from within its area of occupation. More Iraqi Sunnis tried to avoid ISIS’s ire and welcomed the arrival of the Iraqi Army and its allies as they retook territory from the extremist group.
Conclusion
Authors: Dagher Munqith , Kaltenthaler Karl , Gelfand Michele J. , Kruglanski Arie W. , McCulloh Ian
Published: May 2023

This chapter summarizes the main findings of the book. It also lays out some main implications from this study. One of the most important takeaways from the study is that ISIS in Iraq is down but not out. While ISIS is not a potent military force in Iraq now, if Iraq’s Sunnis are made to feel marginalized and threatened again, it could breathe new life into the group. Iraq’s largely dysfunctional and underperforming central government does not have the luxury of taking Sunni Iraqi support for granted in the long run. Generational change in Iraq could be an important source of new support for ISIS in the country’s Sunni population, as younger Sunnis who did not experience the degradation and pain of ISIS occupation may come to believe ISIS represents an alternative to poor governance by the central government.
Prologue: Popular Music as Political Theory
Authors: Tochka Nicholas
Published: May 2023

How did Americans learn that rock music could make you free? In the Fifties, many Americans worried that rock ’n’ roll engendered conformity among young people and thus threatened democracy. By the Eighties, however, rock critics and musicians claimed that the music represented a transcendent cultural form capable of personal and political emancipation. This prologue introduces these perspectives, situating their emergence within a larger set of debates about popular music and democracy in the Cold War United States.
How Americans Rocked Cairo (and London, and Moscow, and Tehran, and . . .)
Authors: Tochka Nicholas
Published: May 2023

In the mid-Fifties, Blackboard Jungle—and its soundtrack, which included Bill Haley’s “Rock Around The Clock”—made rock ’n’ roll a global phenomenon. As critics at home at home debated whether this new music was really “American,” its spread worldwide provided a forum for journalists and commentators to examine the relationship of the United States, and especially its role as “leader of the free world,” to the communist Second World and the developing Third World. Debates about the music—as a form of soft power abroad, but also as a symbol of racial integration at home—sowed the seeds for new ways of thinking about rock ’n’ roll as a potentially emancipatory force, and for novel ways of narrating the global role of the United States and its popular culture as an expression of liberal democracy during the early Cold War.
How the Counterculture Dug Deeper
Authors: Tochka Nicholas
Published: May 2023

During a remarkable four-year period from 1966 to 1969, rock seemed to have revolutionary potentials. The “rock revolution” (to use the title of one early book about the music) had allowed listeners to discover the reality of social life lurking underneath the surface of the everyday, whether by ingesting psychedelics, staging utopian dances, exploring hidden states of consciousness, engaging in absurdist political theatre, or broadcasting important social messages. This chapter examines rock dances, musicians’ experimentation with non-Western musics, larger countercultural experimentation with consciousness-altering substances, and the recruitment of music to political causes to outline how commentators in Sixties America viewed the promise of rock music as a political force.
How Rock Got Real Again
Authors: Tochka Nicholas
Published: May 2023

Rock musicians and critics began narrating new histories for rock music in the Seventies. While mainstream critics, especially the writers at Rolling Stone, traced an unbroken chain of individual rebellion back to the Fifties, a new group of upstart writers, most prominently Lester Bangs, argued that rock had lost its way in the Sixties. They lionized Sixties garage rock and championed the new, harder, more aggressive sound of punk and then hardcore music. This chapter focuses on the historical consciousness of rock writers to explain how punk and hardcore scenes could be viewed as utopian, democratic spaces in contrast to mainstream rock. Situating this shift against broader contemporary anxieties about the conservative turn in American politics and the changing economic opportunities for average citizens, it explores how punk and hardcore musicians acquired powerful new associations with democracy and personal liberation as part of an important new counternarrative in rock history.
Women Mobilized
Authors: Williams Rina Verma
Published: May 2023

The 1980s and 1990s comprised the foundational period of the BJP’s initial rise to national political power, and the participation of women was critical to that ascent. This chapter shows how the BJP’s gendered mobilization of women unfolded in the 1980s and 1990s. In this period, the BJP deployed gendered discourses in the Shah Bano controversy over Islamic law; challenged feminism in the Roop Kanwar controversy over sati; and rallied women into the streets in the Ayodhya campaign to destroy the Babri Masjid. Gendered mobilization expanded some women’s access to the public sphere—primarily Hindu women in the northern and western parts of the country—in support of Hindu nationalist ideology. But ultimately, this access was not transformative for Indian women overall in that it did nothing to undermine—and even reinforced—underlying patriarchal structures that continued to tether women to their social roles in the private sphere.
Of Questions and Contexts
Authors: Williams Rina Verma
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the interdisciplinary literature on women in Hindu nationalism as well as disciplinary political science literatures on women’s political participation, religion, and political parties, arguing that the minimal engagement between bodies of literature stems from the different questions they ask. The interdisciplinary literature tends to ask why women participate in Hindu nationalist politics (along with the question of whether such participation can be considered empowering for women), while much disciplinary literature tends to ask why women don’t participate. To complete the context of the research, the chapter ends with an analysis of the author’s positionality in carrying out the fieldwork for the book, focusing on access to research participants and the author’s status as both insider and outsider in negotiating the space between being read as an overt ally or opponent of the movement.
Women Marginalized
Authors: Williams Rina Verma
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the marginalization of women from the Hindu Mahasabha from 1915 until 1951, both internally and electorally—including leadership and governance structures, a women’s wing, as candidates, and as subjects or objects of party platforms and political agendas. It examines newly uncovered archival documents on a women’s wing of the Hindu Mahasabha from 1935 to 1950: Jankibai Joshi of Pune worked ceaselessly but ultimately unsuccessfully to convince male party leaders to actively recruit Hindu women into the party. The marginalization of women corresponded with almost total political failure for the party. The ideological underpinnings and gendered discourses of Hindu nationalism constrained the vision of women’s possible roles in Hindu nationalist politics. The marginalization of women in the early, formative years of Hindu nationalist politics suggests that the participation of women in religious nationalist politics was not natural, or automatic, or inevitable, but had to be constructed over time.
Women Incorporated
Authors: Williams Rina Verma
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores how the BJP incorporated women immediately before and after the landmark 2014 election. Hindu nationalist politics has created some restricted spaces for women’s participation, bringing women into existing power structures without fundamentally altering them. This chapter draws on fieldwork between 2013 and 2016, including interviews, ethnographic observation of party events, and visual analysis of campaign materials. The incorporation of women has correlated with significant political success for the BJP. Yet the gendered ideologies of Hindu nationalism continue to tether women to the private sphere through tropes of “family support” and the kin-like structures of Hindu nationalism. The question of whether incorporation can empower women remains vexed: to deny it seems to deny women agency, but to support it remains anathema for many feminist scholars and activists. While incorporation empowers certain women in certain ways, it does not dismantle—but rather reinforces—broader patriarchal and oppressive social structures.
Denouement
Authors: Williams Rina Verma
Published: May 2023

Taking women’s political participation as a good, this concluding chapter asks: which women? which politics? and which (forms of) participation? This study has elucidated women’s marginalization, mobilization, and incorporation as forms of women’s political participation in Hindu nationalist political parties, placing them into historical and comparative context from the early 1900s to today. Marginalizing women corresponded with electoral failure, while mobilizing and incorporating women corresponded with electoral success. But mobilizing and incorporating women have not, in turn, substantively advanced women’s issues or women’s rights in India. The corrosive effects of BJP rule on Indian democracy are already apparent. Since 2019, attacks have accelerated on key pillars of Indian secularism, protections of minority rights, and civil rights and freedoms. If the mobilization and incorporation of Hindu nationalist women has been part and parcel of the rise of a movement that is undermining democracy, then more robust feminist voices and activism may be necessary to counter that rise.
An Integrated Approach to Health and Wellbeing in Response to Climate Change
Authors: Vardoulakis Sotiris , Bambrick Hilary
Published: May 2023

Climate change caused by the emission of greenhouse gasses from the burning of fossil fuels and other sources is detrimental to health and wellbeing. From intensified and more frequent extreme weather to long-term geographic and seasonal shifts in temperature and rainfall, the adverse health effects are both direct and indirect and unevenly distributed, with poorer nations and people disproportionately affected. From injuries and loss of life from extreme events such as heatwaves, wildfires, and floods, to effects on allergens and pollutants, to reduced food yields and changing patterns of infectious diseases, climate change endangers human lives. Mental health and social capital may also be diminished by climate change as communities and livelihoods are hit by drought, rising sea levels, or through trauma triggered by extreme events. As some level of climate change is already occurring and will continue for some decades even with urgent action to reduce fossil fuel use, adaptation to protect health from its worst effects is now essential. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change can bring multiple benefits to health and wellbeing from improved air quality in cities, healthier diets, and more sustainable healthcare, transport, and housing conditions.
“A to Z, we’ve been through it all”
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 1 introduces the five youth featured in the book: Plato, Solana, Titi, Matty, and Jaden. Beginning with a presentation of their early childhood and circumstances that led up to the child welfare system removing them from their parents, the chapter describes their “care careers” within foster care. The stories of youth demonstrate the extensive trauma they experienced prior to entering foster care. Trauma and hardships did not abruptly end when they became involved in the foster care system; the youth experienced sibling separation, placement instability, caseworker turnover, and abuse within foster homes. The chapter concludes with a primer about foster care that describes the process, placement types, case plan goals, and aging out.
Keystone County
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 3 offers background about the county before examining the lives of Solana, Plato, Jaden, Titi, and Matty as they turned 18. Frustrated with their lack of autonomy while in foster care, Titi, Matty, and Plato left care immediately on their 18th birthday. Plato graduated high school before doing so, but Titi and Matty did not complete high school. Solana and Jaden wanted to take advantage of the supports provided in extended foster care (i.e., stipends, housing, and bus passes). Jaden remained in care, living in a supervised living apartment, and started attending community college. Solana remained in care and started working on her GED. All youth experiences significant instability and had little support during this time.
Realities of Aging Out
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 4 presents research about what is known about youth aging out. After offering evidence of resilience and stressing that youth aging out are a heterogenous group, the chapter reviews domains where, compared to their peers, youth aging out experience more negative outcomes. In detail, the chapter presents research about youth aging out in the domains of housing, employment, education, health, mental health, substance misuse, justice system involvement, and early parenting. The chapter concludes with an argument that among these domains there are complex reciprocal interactions that impact youths’ daily life as well as their life trajectories.
What Were They Thinking?
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 6 shares the mindset of youth aging out. It describes how youth had not been aware how challenging it would be to be on their own. Many youth leave disillusioned and frustrated with the system. This “systemitis,” youths’ deep desire to have autonomy and escape the confines of foster care, drives many youth to leave care as soon as possible. The chapter explores how youth aging out frequently adopt an “I do me” mentality where they are insistent that they are on their own and do not rely on others to meet their needs. The chapter includes an in-depth look at Solana as she leaves care. It concludes with an argument that it may appear that youth aging out make “bad decisions,” yet when the greater context is considered there are really few great options.
“Life’s a game”: A Capital Development Framework
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 10 presents a capital development framework to understand the problems youth aging out face. Rather than identifying youth deficiencies and individual failures, the framework highlights larger factors that inhibit the success of youth aging out. The chapter illustrates how youths’ human, social, cultural, and economic capital contributes to their struggles. These ideas are emphasized through reflections about a presentation of Mr. Solomon, a service provider with a background similar to the youth with whom he works. He stressed “life’s a game” and articulated the obstacles that youth encounter by not knowing “the rules” or social norms and by not being connected to those in power. The chapter explores Titi’s life as an example of the impact of limited capital.
“Launching Youth”: An Examination of a Job Readiness Program
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 12 presents Launch, an employment program for youth aging out. After introducing the staff, the chapter describes the week-long job readiness program where youth received a $25 daily stipend to attend trainings about employment expectations and applying for jobs. It explains how youth wrote their resumes, completed a “mock interview,” and received job leads. In addition, the chapter explains how Launch staff teach youth about professional behaviors in the workforce. The chapter explores how social workers at Launch assist youth with addressing the complex issues that prevent youth from being considered “employable.” The chapter also details how additional training through Launch are provided to help youth with other skills.
Challenges to Helping Youth
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 13 describes the difficulties service providers face in helping youth. It begins by examining the time and effort it takes to build trust and relationships with youth. The chapter explores how foster care may have ill-prepared youth to be on their own and may have fostered dependency in youth, and as they age out they are not ready to be on their own. The chapter describes the challenges service providers face with the logistics of their work, including keeping track of youth who are transient, never-ending unplanned crises, and time-demanding problems. The chapter concludes with an example of a challenging day at Launch, which highlights why burnout is common in even the most dedicated service providers.
“I fell off the path many times”: Engaged and Disengaged Youth
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 14 explores the experiences of two youth aging out: Plato and Victor. One key difference between the youth is Plato is engaged in services while Victor is not. Another key difference is the level of violence in their lives; Victor’s life is actively filled with violence, and he has been in jail several times. The chapter explores the many things Plato and Victor have in common. They left care at age 18. They both are raising a child with their girlfriends and want to provide for their children. They have unstable housing. The chapter concludes that those engaged with services may be faring better.
Testimony
Authors: Davis Colin
Published: May 2023

Testimony stands or falls by its appeal to truthfulness, even if it is no simple matter to distinguish between truth and lies. Narrative hermeneutics provides a context for understanding how the entanglement of experience, storytelling, and interpretation does not inevitably lead to the abandonment of a commitment to tell and respect the truth. The chapter revisits the Nayirah testimony given before the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1990. Nayirah was a fifteen-year-old girl who movingly described murderous abuses after Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, including the looting of incubators which left babies to die. Doubts were later raised about the veracity of Nayirah’s testimony, but it had already served its purpose of helping to mobilize American public opinion in favor of the First Gulf War. The case illustrates how the plausibility and power of testimony may be separate from its truthfulness. The final section of the chapter discusses the hermeneutics of suspicion associated with the work of Paul Ricoeur to examine how far it can help us through the difficulties involved here. If meaning is unstable, are there nevertheless means of distinguishing between the problematically truthful and the downright false? Instead of offering a simple resolution, the chapter argues for the political and ethical importance of addressing the post-truth era without delusion or cynicism.
Narrative as an Interpretation of Self-Pattern
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: May 2023

Narrative is primarily about actions, which are often intersubjective interactions, and often involve social-cultural practices. This chapter focuses on self-narratives, their interpretation and use in self-understanding and in how others come to understand who self-narrators are as existing subjects and agents. The author argues that self-narratives reflect or mirror all other aspects of the self, understood as a self-pattern, taking narrative practice as one aspect of a self-pattern that plays a special role in an integration process that involves identity formation and social understanding. The chapter outlines the pattern theory of self and the idea that narrative is one element of that pattern, then explains how narrative plays a hermeneutical role that helps people understand all other aspects of the self, including social and intersubjective relations. The idea of the integration of diverse processes in the self-pattern is less about synthesis and more about dynamical instabilities which importantly keep the processes going. The formation of self-narrative is one part of an integrative process that pushes for a hermeneutical coherence and against the discordances that threaten the stability of the self-pattern.
Identity, Understanding, and Narrative
Authors: Warnke Georgia
Published: May 2023

Many artists and storytellers protest portrayals of the experiences of historically marginalized people by those who do not come from their communities. Examples include a protest against the 2017 Whitney Biennial for exhibiting a painting by a White woman of Emmett Till’s mutilated body in his coffin and a 2020 protest against the publishing industry’s promotion of a novel by a non-Mexican about a Mexican immigrant. Such examples raise the question of the relation between identity, experience, understanding, and narrative. Do reliable narratives and portrayals of the experiences of others depend on being like those others? This chapter explores this question with the help of Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics. Gadamer is interested in the conditions of understanding, including the conditions of understanding the experiences of others that is interwoven with the possibility of reliable narratives. Yet while he relates understanding to experience, he suggests that it is related less to a sameness in experience than to the experience of difference.
Narrative Medicine
Authors: Spencer Danielle
Published: May 2023

Narrative medicine is narrative hermeneutics put into practice in healthcare. Reflecting key aspects of the narrative turn, it is a methodology of clinical care conducted with attentiveness to narrative as well as an interdisciplinary field of inquiry at the nexus of healthcare and the humanities. The methodic claim is that narrative skills abet clinical practice—good readers make good doctors—and such utility secures a place for narrative medicine within the closed gates of biomedicine. Yet once inside, hermeneutics emerges, and the very nature of the textual roles and of the text itself are fruitfully explored. This tension between method and a more contemporary understanding of narrative hermeneutics evinces Gadamer’s distinction between methodic and hermeneutical epistemological frameworks. It proves valuable, drawing attention to interpretation within medicine itself and empowering all who engage in healthcare—clinicians and nonclinicians alike—to become emboldened as readers, writers, and interpreters and to engage in meaning-making as an ongoing interpretive process.
Introduction
Authors: Linstrum Erik
Published: May 2023

Knowledge of colonial violence rippled through British society in the era of decolonization. While brutality in the colonies was nothing new, its reverberations were felt more deeply in Britain after 1945. The reasons for this include changing perceptions of state violence as a result of the Second World War, the use of conscripted soldiers, the expansion and sophistication of communication networks, and the political consequences of increased migration from the colonies. For the British people, learning to live with the violence committed in their name was a conscious process: a confrontation with uncomfortable truths that could be minimized in various ways but never fully suppressed.
Out of Apathy
Authors: Linstrum Erik
Published: May 2023

Most of what British people heard about brutality in colonial war did not come from impartial fact-finders but from radicals with agendas. These activists included literary intellectuals, African and Asian envoys, Christian pacifists, Communist apparatchiks, black and Cypriot migrants, university students, socialist internationalists, and trade-union organizers. Together, they built a counter-narrative to the justifications for colonial war that were routinely trumpeted by political leaders and the media. They created spaces—physically and metaphorically, in print and in speech, in private and in public—where events in the colonies were treated as moral emergencies. In meeting halls and city squares, in letters to newspapers and politicians, in student unions and conscientious objector tribunals, contemporaries dissented from the waging of colonial war.
Covering Colonial War
Authors: Linstrum Erik
Published: May 2023

News about counterinsurgency was less a steady stream of propaganda than a fractured field of ideologies and pressures. The paradox of counterinsurgency reporting was that, in order to justify the brutality of counterinsurgency, it was sometimes necessary to draw attention to it. The irony was that codes and standards designed to enforce neutrality in journalism actually favored war and empire. When journalists decided against making violence the story, it was not because professional strictures fell apart on the front lines, but precisely because they remained in force. Many details about brutality were seen and heard by reporters but either kept from the public or undermined with conflicting information.
The Gerry Mulligan 1950s Quartets
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: May 2023

The book places Gerry Mulligan’s 1950s pianoless quartet in its historical and musical context by a detailed discussion of its recordings. Mulligan’s early arrangements from his teens are explored, for bandleaders Elliot Lawrence and Gene Krupa, before he joins Miles Davis’s “Birth of the Cool” nonet. Moving to the West Coast, he arranges for Stan Kenton, and then forms his pianoless quartet at the Haig Club in Los Angeles with trumpeter Chet Baker and they experience commercial success, helping to launch the Pacific Jazz label, before Mulligan is imprisoned for heroin offenses. The group’s records create a template for his subsequent small-group work during the rest of the decade and its harmonic innovation is explored. Mulligan’s reworking of his compositions for bands of ten and six pieces is also examined, as is his first tour to Europe and later international work with Jazz at the Philharmonic. His tempestuous relationship with valve-trombonist Bob Brookmeyer is discussed, as is his marriage to Arlene Mulligan, who became his manager. The later quartets with Jon Eardley and Art Farmer are covered, as well as a successful couple of reunions with Brookmeyer, the final one in the context of the Mulligan Concert Jazz Band at the dawn of the 1960s.
Police Power and Commerce Power
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the tensions between local and federal regulation of mobility in the antebellum era. Southern and midwestern states used their police power to impose bonds, taxes, and registration on free black people. The Seamen Acts jailed free black sailors who entered southern ports from abroad, or from other states, for the duration of their stay. Critics objected that these acts violated the commerce clause, the treaty-making power of the United States, and the privileges and immunities of black citizens. When John Marshall defined federal commerce power in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) to include navigation, Southerners feared that Congress might use this power to regulate the mobility of free and enslaved black people. Slaveholders therefore welcomed the decision in New York v. Miln (1837) upholding a state immigration law as a legitimate exercise of police power, similar to laws regulating the mobility of free black people. Immigration, black mobility, and slavery remained tightly intertwined throughout the antebellum era.
America the Lost?
Authors: Toft Monica Duffy , Kushi Sidita
Published: May 2023

This final chapter traces the United States’ path toward kinetic diplomacy and evaluates trends and implications for the future of US power, prosperity, and international security. It also summarizes the empirical and historical journey of US foreign policy strategies and outcomes. The chapter provides five contemporary lessons extending from our analysis of the data on US military interventions across the eras. It follows these lessons with a list of policy recommendations for the future of US foreign policy, military interventions, and defense spending based on several grand strategic visions, ranging from primacy, selective engagement to restraint. The chapter concludes with a call to drastically reassess long-standing, path-dependent US foreign policy trends.
Counseling Youth
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Winburn Amanda , Schmit Erika L. , Mendoza Samantha M.
Published: May 2023

Counseling Youth: Systemic Issues and Interventions highlights the nature of counseling youth and implementing interventions from a systemic perspective. Included in this text is a brief overview of child-adolescent development and then a focus on issues, policies, and services for counseling youth in schools, communities, and clinical settings. Central to this book are the issues that families, schools, and communities are having difficulty addressing such as trauma, abuse, suicide, teen pregnancy, and antisocial behavior, and the key to addressing these issues is to utilize a variety of resources within the system and advocate for systemic change. The authors utilize a multidimensional focus on development, issues, and strategies, providing an integrative approach so that clinicians (present and future) have an understanding of the theory, concerns, policies, and approaches for working with youth. The authors also utilize a transtheoretical approach, attempting to provide an overview of approaches and interventions regardless of theoretical underpinnings. Unlike books that focus on a singular model, the authors’ approach is to speak to a variety of individuals training to be clinicians from a variety of backgrounds (e.g., social work, marriage and family therapy, counseling, psychology). The systemic perspective focuses on the multitude of issues and systems that impact youth development and mental health, such as academic progress and achievement, emotional and behavioral problems, and overall behaviors that impact physiological and emotional well-being. As the authors address these issues, they highlight the roles of various systems, including schools, mental health facilities, medical facilities, juvenile justice systems, and refugee services, as well as services geared to special populations such as LGBT+ youth and undocumented immigrant minors.
Defining a Systemic Approach to Working with Youth
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Winburn Amanda , Schmit Erika L. , Mendoza Samantha M
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the systemic perspective. The term “systemic” refers to the various services, agencies, and organizations that youth may come into contact with when receiving mental health services. Agencies and organizations essential to youth development are often underresourced or perhaps even hindered from providing effective services. A nonexhaustive list of these services includes vaccinations, vision and hearing screening, sex/abstinence-based education, free/reduced cost breakfast and lunch, early or after-school childcare, transportation, and medical services for children with special needs. While the efforts and resources put forward are pertinent and noteworthy, the effectiveness and accountability of services are often called into question. An orientation toward advocacy, a collaborative approach from a multidisciplinary perspective, and a knowledge of resources are essential to address the challenges of today’s youth.
The Interloper
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

Many different *Serbi (Ch. Xianbei) dynasties emerged in the third century ce. Chapter 5, “The Interloper,” describes the establishment of one of them, that of the *Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba). Despite claims of dynastic myth, the rule of the *Taghbach line can only reliably be said to have begun in the time of Liwei (d. 277), more than a century before his dynasty renamed itself as “Northern Wei.” An upstart and interloper, Liwei appeared in the frontier highlands in a vacuum left by disappearance of Xiongnu power, and on the eve of collapse of Han’s last heir, the Western Jin (266–316). Supposedly of divine birth, he grew up to usurp the dynasty of another man, his father-in-law. To establish himself as a khaghan in the Yinshan region, Liwei used the two key technologies of any state: coercive force and manipulative symbol. His death in 277 led to temporary collapse. But the dynasty survived, with a grandson, Yilu (r. 295–316), who at least began the process of building state structures such as taxation and military draft; as well as Yilu’s sister-in-law, who after his death became a power behind the throne, establishing a precedent for the rule of women within the dynasty.
The World Shegui Entered
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

In Chapter 8 we step back in time to look at the world that the first emperor of Northern Wei, Daowu, entered in the year 396: the heavily populated and richly productive Yellow River plains. In earlier times these had been core territories of the Han empire (206 bce–220 ce) and its short-lived successor, Western Jin (266–316). When Daowu arrived there almost a century later, he found the wreckage of an empire destroyed by the “disorders of the Eight Princes,” the inter-familial power struggle that destroyed Western Jin. Though led by Chinese princes, the armies engaged in those internecine conflicts had been increasingly made up of soldiery of Tibetan or Inner Asian origin. In the end, the soldiers would themselves become princes, of new kinds of states conventionally called in the Chinese historiographical tradition the “Sixteen Kingdoms.” Shegui’s was one of the last of these to emerge, and in the end the most successful. Emerging from Western Jin collapse within the Chinese world itself was the “eminent lineage,” or “great family,” local leaders who were the sole repository of order in a traumatized world. Among other things done by such people was the building of a vast array of small fortresses (wu bi), to attempt to protect themselves from bandits, or each other, or alien armies (such as that of Shegui).
Hunting and Gathering in the Land of Dai
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

Hunting—of either animals, or other humans—was one of the great preoccupations of the society that took shape at Pingcheng, the capital of Northern Wei in the Datong Basin. It was a way both to discipline the soldiery, and more practically, to feed those hungry men. In Chapter 13, drawing on murals from those people’s tombs, we examine their great preoccupation with such undertakings, which is in the murals often paired with delight in the feast. Reflecting the power of women in this society, the feasts’ hosts were often not generals, but generals’ wives, in this case the Poduoluo Lady. Going further, however, the chapter unpacks the murals to give a sense not only of the rich and powerful, but of the ordinary people who tended these people’s herds, and who served them their feasts.
A Transitional Age
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

As we see in Chapter 14, with the completion of the major conquests under Taiwu, and then the death of Taiwu himself, the central place of the army and its leadership declined in the Wei court. In the vacuum, women came to play ever more prominent roles. These powerful figures were not, it needs noted, those who had actually borne the reigning monarch—forced suicide was imposed on those unfortunates—but senior women within the dynastic family, whether raised to that position because they had been wet nurse for the emperor as a baby, or because they had been primary wife of a former emperor. The most important figure thus to emerge was the Wenming empress dowager (442–490), who having taken control of the rearing of her stepson’s son, eventually killed the father and in the name of the nine-year-old on the throne took over as regent.
The Two Buddhas
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

Chapter 15 looks at how Wenming and her step-grandson, the emperor Xiaowen (r. 471–499), co-ruled as “two Buddhas,” in a realm ever more shaped by the Buddhist religion. From a probably mixed-blood frontier family, Wenming knew Chinese tradition, and as she raised the boy, inculcated him with a strong sense of the duty of “filial piety,” xiao, in this case directed not to his actual parents, who were both dead, but to the one who had raised him, Wenming. Showing a strong affinity toward this tradition, not previously seen among *Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba) monarchs, Xiaowen obeyed her without reservation. With the empress dowager frequently the final voice on matters, they together began reform of the administration. Of particular importance was the Equal Fields system, by which, using the power of the Wei army, they reimposed on the farmer new adaptations of the old practices of control and taxation that had first emerged under the Qin and Han. Equal Fields would continue to play an important role in East Asian states for centuries to come.
To Luoyang
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

Though an innovator, Empress Dowager Wenming was in some ways more conservative than her step-grandson, Emperor Xiaowen. In particular, she wished to keep the capital at Pingcheng, up in the highlands. As described in Chapter 16, however, after Wenming’s death in 490, Xiaowen mourned her according to Chinese ritual stipulations. When mourning was done, he put her wishes aside and in 493 moved his capital down to the ancient Chinese city of Luoyang. From Luoyang he reached out in a variety of ways to the poets and statesmen of the rival empire of Jiankang, including the refugee Wang Su. He simultaneously attempted to remake his dynasty’s original following, the Dai people, ordering them to speak Chinese and wear the robes of the Chinese gentleman, rather than the cap and trousers of the *Serbi (Ch. Xianbei) horseman. Some of those of Inner Asian extraction who accompanied Xiaowen south liked these changes; others did not.
Narrative Ethics and Dementia
Authors: Ringkamp Daniela
Published: May 2023

According to proponents of external narrations, such as Marya Schechtman and Jeffrey Blustein, the personal identity of dementia patients can be reconstructed by having relatives, friends, or caretakers narrate the patient’s life story. However, there are some problems inherent in this view. First, it is unclear which conditions an external narrative must fulfill to count as a narrative. Second, there is a risk of paternalistic influences by those persons who continue the patient’s life story. At very least, it may be unclear if external narrations primarily concern the biographical narrative of the patient or the narrator. Therefore, the concept of narration requires revisions if it should be regarded as a means of constructing identity. This chapter proposes a more episodic understanding of narration as well as of personal identity, and also foregrounds the importance of including nonverbal expressions like gestures and facial expressions performed by the dementia patient.
Narrative Experiments with Medical Categorization and Normalization in B. S. Johnson’s House Mother Normal
Authors: Strauss Sara
Published: May 2023

Cultural discourses on mental health increasingly focus on medical categorization and normative classifications. In the case of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, the gradual decline in persons’ cognitive and linguistic faculties complicates insights into their subjective experiences of the conditions. By imagining the point of view of characters with neurodegenerative impairments, fictional narratives, however, attempt to convey inside perspectives into living with dementia. In his experimental novel House Mother Normal (1971), B. S. Johnson contrasts normative approaches towards mental health with the interior monologues of several fictional care home residents. It is through his experiments with formal elements and narrative techniques, like multiple focalization, stream of consciousness, fragmentation, and blank spaces, that Johnson portrays characters in different stages of dementia. Thereby his narrative can elicit processes of identification in the reader and arouse empathy with the characters portrayed. Simultaneously, Johnson’s satire also ironically questions mechanisms of medical categorization and cultural conceptions of “normality.”
Narrating Shame in Contemporary Mental Distress Memoirs by Female British Authors
Authors: Röder Katrin
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores shame and humiliation as deeply ambivalent and strongly embodied forms of communication. They are also shown to be narrative strategies through which two contemporary mental distress memoirs, Joanne Limburg’s The Woman Who Thought Too Much (2010) and Amanda Green’s My Alien Self, My Journey Back to Me (2013), examine the social stigma of mental illness in relation to gender norms, while also establishing affective ties with their readers. In the texts, shame manifests itself as a fragmentary narrative structure that is characterized by ellipses and paralipses as well as by scenes with dense affective atmospheres. Through this form of narration, both texts trace the forceful, dynamic, and transformative interactions between mentally distressed relational subjects and their social and therapeutic environments.
Spiritual Sons
Authors: Penman Leigh T.I.
Published: May 2023

This chapter details the struggles over Gifftheil’s legacy following the prophet’s death in 1661, and charts efforts to transform Gifftheil’s doctrines from militarist bluster to writings of service to Christian missionaries. In particular, it addresses Friedrich Breckling’s transformation of Gifftheil’s legacy into a spiritualist missionary endeavour in light of his meetings with Johann Georg Gichtel and Justinian Ernst von Welz. But Breckling’s monopoly on Gifftheil’s memory was challenged by the radical prophets Johannes Rothé and Quirinus Kuhlmann, both of whom insist on military insurrection. Following the death or incapacitation of both men, Breckling’s attempts to interest Pietists like Philipp Jakob Spener and August Hermann Francke in Gifftheil’s mission are documented, and the possibility that Gifftheil’s works were read by Francke’s missionaries is raised.