bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTEGRATED FLOOD RISK ANALYSIS FOR EXTREME STORM SURGES (XTREMRISK)
Authors: Burzel Andreas , Dassanayake Dilani R. , Naulin Marie , Kortenhaus Andreas , Oumeraci Hocine , Wahl Thomas , Mudersbach Christoph , Jensen Jurgen , Gönnert Gabriele , Sossidi Kristina , Ujeyl Gehad , Pasche Erik
Published: October 2012

Extreme storm surges have frequently led to major damages also along the German coastline. The joint research project 'XtremRisK' was initiated to improve the understanding of risk-related issues due to extreme storm surges and to quantify the flood risk for two pilot sites at the open coast and in an estuarine area under present and future climate scenarios. In this context, an integrated flood risk analysis is performed based on the source-pathway-receptor concept under consideration of possible tangible and intangible losses. This paper describes the structure of the project, the methodology of the subprojects, and first results. Moreover, integration approaches are discussed. The results of 'XtremRisK' will be used to propose flood risk mitigation measures for the prospective end-users.
A SHORELINE MODEL FOR BREAKING WAVES
Authors: Lo Re Carlo , Musumeci Rosaria Ester , Foti Enrico
Published: October 2012

In order to simulate the wave motion and, in turn, the flow, within the nearshore region, in the last decades the derivation and the application of depth-integrated type of models have been widely investigated and developed. However, in such models, the problems of facing wave breaking and the moving shoreline are not trivial and therefore several approaches have been proposed. About wave breaking, approaches both based on the adoption of an artificial eddy viscosity Zelt (1991) and on the concept of roller Veeramony (2000), Karambas (2003), Musumeci (2005) have been implemented. As regards the shoreline boundary condition, a couple of numerical techniques have been mainly adopted, namely the porous beach method, also known as slot method Kennedy (2000), and the extrapolating method proposed by Lynett (2002). Such methods seems to be not very fiscally based.

In the present work an effort toward a more physically based model of the surf and the swash zone (see Figure 1) has been accomplished. In particularly, a new version of the fixed grid shoreline model introduced by Prasad (2003) is proposed here and implemented in a Boussinesq type model for breaking waves Musumeci (2005). Moreover, in order to get over the numerical instabilities generated at the time of rapid variation of the flow, the aforementioned shoreline model has been coupled with the extrapolation method presented by Lynett, (2002) and a bottom friction term has been also included. To validate the model a classical test which adopts monochromatic waves along with other application with non breaking and breaking solitary waves have been performed.
INTERNAL TIDE AND ITS ASSOCIATED COOLING SYSTEM IN GENKA BAY, OKINAWA, JAPAN
Authors: Abdur Rouf Muhammad , Nakaza Eizo
Published: October 2012

Poster
REFINED HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE GIRONDE ESTUARY, FRANCE
Authors: Huybrechts Nicolas , Van Lan Anh , Hervouet Jean-Michel , Villaret Catherine
Published: October 2012

In the centre of the Gironde estuary, EDF exploits a power plant. A hydrodynamic model is required to prevent different risks. Indeed, accurate water levels and velocity field are needed for flood control, sediment transport and associated deposition and transport of algae or pollutant. In order to enhance the accuracy of the hydrodynamic results and to tend to a fully predictive model, two attempts have been envisaged. The first one focuses on the tide imposed at the border by a combination of different harmonic waves whose constant harmonics are extracted from a tide model. Harmonic constants from different tide models have been compared and the influence of the harmonics number have been studied. The second attempt focuses on the friction coefficient. The values of the friction coefficient have been calibrated and compared to values predicted by the equation of van Rijn 2007.

With the calibrated values, the differences between the measured and computed water levels are less than 10 cm.

With the predictive friction formula, limited accuracy losses have been observed, which demonstrates the feasibility of using van Rijn formula for a configuration such as the Gironde.
LOW-MOBILITY TRANSPORT OF COARSE-GRAINED BED MATERIAL
Authors: Van den Bos Jeroen , Verhagen Henk Jan , Olthof Jelle
Published: October 2012

The Paintal (1967) formula can be used to estimate transport rates of coarse-grained bed material (such as stones from a bed protection) under low hydraulic loads just above the threshold of motion; the application however is limited to steady currents. This paper presents research aimed at extending the range of application to a combination of regular non-breaking waves and a steady current.
EROSION DUE TO HIGH FLOW VELOCITIES: A DESCRIPTION OF RELEVANT PROCESSES
Authors: Bisschop Frederik , Visser Paul , Van Rhee Cees , Verhagen Henk Jan
Published: October 2012

Convential models for the erosion of non-cohesive sediments overestimate the erosion rate induced by high flow velocities. These high flow velocities occur, for instance, in breaching of embankments or dunes (flow velocities up to 10 m/s) or in jetting sand with a trailing suction hopper dredger (30 to 60 m/s). At these very large flow velocities the erosion process is significantly influenced by the properties of the soil mass (non-cohesive particles). Governing parameters at higher flow velocities are dilatancy, permeability and the (un)drained shear strength of the soil. The sediment concentration in the water also influences the erosion process, especially in case of higher erosion rates. Based on the concept of Van Rhee (2007, 2010) a simple analytical formula is derived that gives a clear insight into the parameters influencing hindered erosion. The concept of hindered erosion is explained by two properties of granular soils: dilatancy and permeability. This implicates that the erosion behaviour of granular soils cannot be described by the behaviour of single particles alone. The properties of the whole soil mass should be considered in predicting erosion at higher flow velocities. Results of a large-scale breach experiment performed in 1994 in the Zwin Channel in the Netherlands (Visser, 1998) are analyzed to evaluate the formula.
GRAIN-SIZE SORTING IN THE SWASH ZONE ON UNEQUILIBRIUM BEACHES AT THE TIMESCALE OF INDIVIDUAL WAVES
Authors: Kakinoki Tetsuya , Tsujimoto Gozo , Uno Kohji
Published: October 2012

In comparison with hydrodynamics of the swash motion, measurements of sediment load using conventional method can be highly problematic, due to the difficulties, particularly wets and dries, very small water depths, aerated and high velocity, in measurements. For this reason, it is not clear that the sediment transport for each size of particle and sediment sorting in the swash zone. The purpose of this study is to investigate process of grain-size sorting in the swash zone at the time scale of individual waves in laboratory.
APPLICATION AND VALIDATION OF XBEACH FOR THREE DIFFERENT FIELD SITES
Authors: Bolle Annelies , Mercelis Peter , Roelvink Dano , Haerens Piet , Trouw Koen
Published: October 2012

The XBeach model has been applied for different field sites, each having its specific problems. Cases were ranging from typical 1D beach erosion tests during storm conditions (to compare with Durosta results) which were extended to full 2D models to include the effects of curved coasts. For these kind of applications the XBeach model proved to be at least as good as Durosta for the 1D cases, but also giving the opportunity to include the 2D effects. Other examples are situated on high energy coasts (with long swell waves). Applications there are for example the design of a new coastal protection scheme, but also the study of sedimentation patterns in a shallow harbour surrounded by breakwaters and beaches. XBeach proved to be a powerful tool to get insight into these complex situations.
CROSS-SHORE TRANSPORT ON GRAVEL BEACHES
Authors: Hicks Betsy S. , Kobayashi Nobuhisa , Puleo Jack A. , Farhadzadeh Ali
Published: October 2012

A numerical and experimental investigation of profile evolution was completed on a laboratory gravel beach. A total of four tests were completed on a gravel beach constructed in a small-scale wave flume, with different incident wave conditions and initial beach slopes. The tests allowed for an examination of erosional, accretional, and migratory bar conditions as well as how the differences affected the final quasi-equilibrium profiles. Profile evolution and hydrodynamic data were collected for comparison with the time- and depth- averaged numerical model CSHORE. The numerical formulations developed for damage progression on a stone armor layer were found to predict the profile evolution on the steeper test conditions but required modifications to the bedload formula to better predict the accretional and bar migration tests.
BEACH MORPHOLOGIES AT NOTSUKEZAKI SAND SPIT, JAPAN
Authors: Hayashi Kentaro , Hayashimoto Koji , Yagisawa Kazuki , Kobayashi Nobuhisa
Published: October 2012

Notsukezaki Sand Spit is the longest sand spit in Japan and the wave and morphological characteristics vary along the spit. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the morphological changes of the sand spit for long-term and mid-term field observations and aerial photos. The natural and morphological characteristics are investigated based on the field observations and aerial photos for a long-term period (decades). The regional sediment budget is estimated using the shoreline changes and the result of wave hindcast simulation for five years. Finally, the cross-shore beach processes are examined using the numerical model, CSHORE.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE MORPHODYNAMIC CHANGE OF INTERTIDAL FLATS DUE TO TIDAL AND COASTAL CURRENTS
Authors: Uzaki Ken-ichi , Kuriyama Yoshiaki , Sakamoto Hikari
Published: October 2012

Numerical model of the morphodynamic change of intertidal flats is very important to maintain intertidal flats and construct artificial flats. In this study, three-dimensional morphodynamic model considering tidal and coastal currents, sand and cohesive sediments was developed and applied to the Shirakawa intertidal flat in the Ariake Sea in Japan. From comparisons between numerical and observation results around the rivermouth of Shirakawa River, we could recognize the qualitative validity of the numerical model. Furthermore, the simultaneous simulation of tidal and coastal currents and the importance of mud content on the calculation of morphodynamic change of intertidal flats were shown.
WHAT DETERMINES NEARSHORE SANDBAR RESPONSE?
Authors: Smit Marije W.J. , Reniers Ad J.H.M. , Stive Marcel J.F.
Published: October 2012

Nearshore sandbars appear with various patterns which may change over time. From observations, these changes seem to be related to changes in hydrodynamic conditions, although observed length scales could not be related directly to occurring wave conditions. The current work investigated the role of both the concurrent and previous hydrodynamics as well as the role of the pre-existing morphological variability of a nearshore bar system. A suite of modeling efforts using a depth-averaged process-based model was analysed on predicted length scales, response times and evolving levels of variability. It was found that with small or moderate hydrodynamic forcing, an existing pattern would remain. Only when the existing pattern was alongshore uniform, the bar pattern would change in response to the conditions. When the hydrodynamic conditions are extreme, an existing pattern can be erased, resulting in an alongshore uniform bathymetry - a reset-event.
TURBULENT BEHAVIOR OF FLUIDIZED SEDIMENTS IN COMPOSITE SHEAR FLOW
Authors: Saruwatari Ayumi , Matsuzaki Wataru , Watanabe Yasunori
Published: October 2012

A particle imaging measurement of granular particles was applied to fluidized and suspended solid particles involved in steady and unsteady shear flows. In this measurement, 42% sodium iodide solution was used as a fluid medium to coincide the refraction index with the transparent bed material (silica gel). Therefore, the vertical distributions of the granular velocity and turbulent behavior within the bed can be measured by tracking the dyed particles mixed with the bed material. The turbulent kinetic energy in the fluidized layer and particle concentration can also be measured using this technique. The turbulence developed over the bed disturbed the bed material, and as a result the surface particles were lifted and suspended. The underlying mechanism of fluidization and suspension of the sediment seabed in complex turbulent shear flow is believed to be understood through further parametric studies based on the present imaging technique.
MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GREAT YARMOUTH SANDBANK & CHANNEL SYSTEM
Authors: Bakare Anna-Marie , Simons Richard , Morley Jeremy , Guillas Serge
Published: October 2012

This paper investigates the morphological history of a sandbank system from the 19th century to the present and evaluates the applicability of a new data-driven method for morphological modelling that accounts for multi-dimensional spatial relationships. Trend analyses of point locations, profile transects and contours were carried out to investigate the morphological evolution of the domain, while the spatial regression model is used for modelling. Results from the trend analysis indicate there is a constant northern migration of the sandbank features. Furthermore the physical extents of the banks are increasing in the alongshore direction. There is also a lateral shift in the bank positions, which occurs on a multi-decadal periodicity, and where changing bank configurations coincide with channel formation and disappearance at the 10m contour. Predictions with the spatial regression model show it represents the behaviour inherent in the data and system, demonstrated by the prediction RMSE being less than the mean seabed variability. In addition, the model predicts bed depth to an accuracy of ±0.25m on the top of the banks or where the gradient of the seabed is shallow. However, where there is a large change in depth over a short distance the prediction error is increased.
SEDIMENT BUDGETS BASED ON THE MASS OF SILT AND CLAY ON INTERTIDAL FLAT ADJACENT TO RIVER MOUTH
Authors: Yamada Fumihiko , Kobayashi Nobuhisa , Shirakawa Yuichiro , Sakanishi Yoshihiro
Published: October 2012

Fine-grained sediment budgets based on the monthly bed level and net sediment flux monitoring during October 2006 to October 2007 are estimated to examine the relative significance of tides and river discharges on mud transport on an intertidal flat adjacent to a river mouth in the semi-closed sound. The intertidal flat accreted during normal discharge conditions mainly due to the alongshore sediment flux toward the river mouth. However, the flat eroded during large discharge conditions at the time of low tides. The offshore sediment transport during the large discharge was four times larger than that during the normal discharge. The spatial variations of tidal currents cause alongshore sediment fluxes toward the river mouth on the intertidal flat adjacent to the river mouth. The proposed fine-grained sediment budgets are useful to understand and assess the transport pathways for silt and clay on the intertidal flat.
LONG-TERM MONITORING ON THE SAND SPIT MORPHODYNAMICS AT THE TENRYU RIVER MOUTH
Authors: Liu Haijiang , Tajima Yoshimitsu , Sato Shinji
Published: October 2012

In this study, long-term monitoring on the sand spit morphodynamics at the Tenryu River mouth was carried out based on the time series of sand spit profiles extracted from the field camera recorded images between Apr 2007 and Dec 2009. Time stack images were applied to qualitatively characterize the variation of sand spit morphology at the representative longshore location. Primarily analyses were conducted by focusing on the bulk statistical properties of the recorded sand spit profile data. Detailed insight into the evolution process of the sand spit shoreline location was estimated through the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. Sand spit riverside morphodynamics presents a short-term, but intensive variation pattern and is found to be closely related to the overtopping or flood events. Modification on the sand spit shoreline location shows an asymmetric nearshore process. In the first two years, slow beach accretion accompanying with the eastward longshore sand movement prevailed; whereas, rapid shoreline erosion, together with the westward longshore sand movement, became predominant in the following half year.
CHARACTERISATION OF MIXED BEACH SEDIMENT
Authors: She Kaiming , Yu Xiao Wei , Thomas Ian
Published: October 2012

This paper presents a field study of a mixed sand-gavel beach which is subjected to all-year round maintenance activities including an annual recharge and recycling and/or re-profiling following storm events. Over one year period, sediment samples are collected weekly for the first month immediately after the annual recharge and then monthly afterwards. Special collections are also made before and after major storm events. The primary focus is on how the sediment characteristics varies in space and over time. In addition, the impact of the beach maintenance on the sediment sorting process is also investigated.
ACCOUNTING FOR LEVEE OVERTOPPING DURATION: A TEST WITH HURRICANE KATRINA CONDITIONS
Authors: Dean Robert , Van Ledden Mathijs
Published: October 2012

Overtopping of earthen levees can result in lee side erosion, levee failure and severe flooding consequences. Erosion takes time and early design guidance did not account for overtopping duration. The potential overtopping durations associated with hurricanes depends on the time histories of the surges and waves and are usually shorter than for riverine or coastal flooding by other storm types. With significant advancements in hurricane-induced storm surge modeling, it is appropriate to improve the levee erosion response characteristics. This paper presents the results of a blind-folded comparison of a method developed by Dean, et al (2010) to two levee locations in the New Orleans area. The levees failed in one area where the waves were larger than the second area where the levees performed well. The method applied accounts for surge and wave time histories, levee geometry and grass cover quality. Results are consistent with failure at the location of higher wave heights; however, the method also predicts failure at the location where levee function was retained. At the latter location, for good quality grass cover and a wave period of 4 s, a required levee crest elevation of 5.9 m is determined compared to an actual elevation of 5.8 m. For poor grass quality and a wave period of 8 s, the method indicates a required crest elevation of 7.4 m. The method can be applied to optimize levee design, for example, through investigating the trade offs between crest elevation and levee side slopes.
WEATHERING OF ROCK AS ARMOURSTONE: A CASE STUDY ON BAHRAIN LIMESTONE
Authors: Caricato Andrea , Woods Leo , Mohan Chandra
Published: October 2012

Locally-sourced armourstone is used extensively in the construction of new sea defence structures throughout Bahrain, with hundreds of thousands of tonnes being placed on single reclamation projects. This armourstone is won almost exclusively from the local quarry, which outputs limestone of variable quality. An evaluation has been made into the quality of local rock for usage as armourstone, using observations on sites and at the quarry, as well as compliance test results from various projects undertaken in recent years. Attempts are made to quantify potential losses in-service, by using the two degradation models described in the CIRIA Rock Manual, which give markedly different estimates. The envisaged loss of mass is difficult to predict with great accuracy due to the high sensitivity of the models to material and site parameters. Plots of estimated mass loss over time are presented for different rock sizes and different levels of rock armour mobility.
EVOLUTION OF DAMAGED ARMOR LAYER PROFILE
Authors: Farhadzadeh Ali , Kobayashi Nobuhisa , Melby Jeffrey
Published: October 2012

A probabilistic hydrodynamic model for the wet and dry zone on a permeable structure is developed to predict irregular wave action on the structure above the still water level. The model is based on the time-averaged continuity and momentum equations for nonlinear shallow-water waves coupled with the exponential probability distribution of the water depth. The model predicts the cross-shore variations of the mean and standard deviation of the water depth and horizontal velocity. Damage progression of a stone armor layer is predicted by modifying a formula for bed load on beaches with input from the hydrodynamic model. The damage progression model is compared with three tests by
Melby and Kobayashi (1998) that lasted up to 28.5 hours. The model predicts the temporal progression of the eroded area quite well. The numerical model is very efficient and suited for a risk-based design of rubble mound structures.
MODIFIED GODA FORMULA TO SIMULATE SLIDING OF COMPOSITE CAISSON BREAKWATER
Authors: Esteban Miguel , Takagi Hiroshi , Shibayama Tomoya
Published: October 2012

Caisson breakwaters can continue to maintain their function if a limited amount of sliding or tilting occurs. Although this has been the focus of much research during the last years, little attention has been paid to the design of composite caisson breakwaters (i.e. caissons protected with armour layers). The present paper outlines laboratory experiments that were carried out to propose a modification of the Goda formula (1974) that takes into account the increased pressures that can be exerted by waves due incomplete armour layers at the seaside face of the caisson. The effect that this modification can have on the expected deformations in the rubble mound after one storm are also evaluated by means of a Monte Carlo Simulation, showing how incomplete armour layers will result in much greater expected vertical movements in the caisson.
STABILITY AGAINST WAVES AND CURRENTS OF GRAVEL RUBBLE MOUNDS OVER PIPELINES AND FLAT GRAVEL BEDS
Authors: T¸rum Alf , Arntsen ˜ivind , Kuester Colin
Published: October 2012

For different reasons oil/gas pipelines or parts of oil/gas pipelines have to be covered with rubble mounds. The question is then what the size of the stones/gravel in the mound should be to withstand waves and currents of the area. In order to obtain more information on the stability of gravel mounds over pipelines, laboratory tests in a wave/current flume have been carried out and are summarized herein. In addition data from other similar investigations elsewhere are discussed. A brief analysis of the stability of a flat gravel bed subjected to irregular waves has also been included, using the concept of the statistical distribution of the bed shear stress.
VALIDATION OF A DOUBLE-LAYER BOUSSINESQ-TYPE MODEL FOR HIGHLY NONLINEAR AND DISPERSIVE WAVES
Authors: Chazel Florent , Benoit Michel , Ern Alexandre
Published: October 2012

A two-layer Boussinesq-type mathematical model has been recently introduced by the authors with the goal of modeling highly nonlinear and dispersive waves (Chazel et al. 2009). The analysis of this model has previously shown that it possesses excellent linear properties, up to kh = 10 at least, for dispersion, shoaling coefficient and vertical profile of orbital velocities. In the present work a numerical one-dimensional (1DH) version of model is developed based on a finite difference technique for meshing the spatial domain. It is then applied and verified against a set of three one-dimensional (1DH) test-cases for which either numerical or experimental reference results are available: i. nonlinear and dispersive regular waves of permanent form; ii. propagation of regular waves on a trapezoidal bar (laboratory experiments by Dingemans (1994)); iii. shoaling and propagation of irregular waves on a barred beach profile (laboratory experiments by Becq-Girard et al. (1999)). The test-cases considered in this study confirm the very good capabilities of the model to reproduce either exact solutions, high-precision numerical simulations and experimental measurements in a variety of non-breaking wave conditions and types of bottom profiles. Nonlinearity, dispersion and bathymetric effects are well accounted for by the model, which appears to possess a rather wide domain of validity while maintaining a reasonable level of complexity.
SPECTRAL DESCRIPTION OF ENERGY DISSIPATION IN BREAKING WAVE GROUPS
Authors: Kaihatu James , El Safty Hoda M.
Published: October 2012

The dissipation characteristics of laboratory breaking wave groups and random waves are studied. A time-domain eddy viscosity model is used to represent the breaking wave, and the instantaneous dissipation time series deduced from measurements of free surface elevation. Fourier series of these time series yields the dissipation rate as a function of frequency, the frequency dependence of which has been shown to be the inverse of that of the spectral density of free surface elevation for random waves. It is shown that the inverse relationship between the dissipation rate and the free surface spectral density does not appear to hold for wave groups, likely due to the presence of generated long waves in the dissipation time series. These long waves introduce a periodicity into the dissipation time series and inhibit any true randomness from developing. The overall bulk dissipation is calculated from the dissipation rate for both the wave groups and random waves. It appears that, overall, the wave groups undergo a greater degree of dissipation than equivalent random waves.
OBLIQUE WAVE TRANSMISSION THROUGH ROUGH IMPERMEABLE RUBBLE MOUND SUBMERGED BREAWATERS
Authors: Vanlishout Valérie , Verhagen Henk Jan , Troch Peter
Published: October 2012

There is a growing interest in the application of submerged rubble mound breakwaters as coastal defence structures. As their defensive ability highly depends on the amount of wave energy remaining at their lee side, the accurate prediction of the energy in the lee of such structures is of utmost importance. Past experiments have shown that the behaviour of rough permeable rubble mound structures under oblique wave attack was found to be significantly different from that of smooth impermeable low crested structures. This behavioural difference has led to the research objective of this present study which is to investigate oblique wave transmission by rough impermeable rubble mound submerged breakwaters using 3D physical model tests. This study intentionally uncouples two parameters, being the permeability of the core and the roughness of the breakwater. Analysing the data of this study shows that the permeability of the core has no visible influence on the structure's behaviour with respect to the influence of oblique wave attack. The fully permeable rough rubble mound breakwater behaves analogous to the fully impermeable rough rubble mound breakwater.
LOCALLY CONCENTRATED DAMAGE AT SHIMONIIKAWA COAST, TOYAMA BAY, JAPAN DUE TO GIANT SWELL WAVES
Authors: Ranasinghe Roshan Suminda , Fukase Yutaro , Sato Shinji , Tajima Yoshimitsu
Published: October 2012

This paper summarizes results of the preliminary research work, which was completed on identifying and assessing the details of locally concentrated damage along the Shimoniikawa coast, Toyama Bay, Japan due to high swell waves (Yorimawari waves, in Japanese), which occurred on 24th February 2008. A comprehensive analysis has been performed on water surface elevations converted from the total water pressure data, which were obtained at Tanaka observation point from 14th February - 29th February 2008 to investigate the strength of these waves. The spectrum analysis showed a perceptible development of long wave components during this event, which was generated by the nonlinear (secondary) interactions of free waves. Several other mechanisms were also found to be in existence, which were responsible for the high wave overtopping and damage due to concentration of waves at some sites along the Shimoniikawa coast. Furthermore, numerical simulations have been performed to verify the wave transformation and concentration of waves at damaged sites using a model developed based on Nwogu (1993) Boussinesq-type equations.
WAVES IN WETLANDS: HURRICANE GUSTAV
Authors: Smith Jane McKee , Jensen Robert E. , Kennedy Andrew B. , Dietrich J. Casey , Westerink Joannes J.
Published: October 2012

Few wave measurements have been made in wetlands during high-energy, surge events, such as hurricanes. During Hurricane Gustav in 2008, many nearshore wave measurements were made in Southeastern Louisiana. These data are used to verify a nearshore wave modeling system and to explore the characteristics of hurricane waves in wetlands. The modeling system consists of the wave generation model WAM, the nearhsore wave model STWAVE, and the circulation model ADCIRC. The measurements confirm reasonable success in modeling the waves. The measurements and modeling also expose some of the problems of measuring waves in highly-variable water depths under hurricane forcing and modeling waves in rapidly degrading wetlands.
ATTENUATION OF GRAVITY WAVES BY TURBULENCE
Authors: Beya Jose , Peirson William , Banner Michael
Published: October 2012

We report new laboratory measurements of the interaction between mechanically-generated gravity waves and turbulence generated by simulated rain. Wave attenuation coefficients and vertical profiles of turbulent velocity fluctuations were measured. Observations are in broad agreement with Teixeira and Belcher (2002) despite substantial differences between assumed and measured turbulence profiles. Wave attenuation due to surface turbulence appears to be stronger than theoretical estimates. These finding could have significant implications for the next generation of spectral wave models and the understanding of wave dissipation processes.
MODELLING WAVE-TIDE INTERACTIONS AT A WAVE FARM
Authors: Gonzalez-Santamaria Raul , Zou Qingping , Pan Shunqi , Padilla-Hernandez Roberto
Published: October 2012

The Wave Hub project will create the world's largest wave farm off the coast of Cornwall, Southwest England. This study is to investigate wave and tide interactions, in particular their effects on bottom friction and sediment transport at the wave-farm coast. This is an ambitious project research which includes the use of a very complex numerical modelling system. The main question to answer is how waves, tidal currents and winds affect the bottom friction at the Wave Hub site and the near-shore zone, as well as their impact on the sediment transport. Results show that tidal elevation and tidal currents have a significant effect on the wave height predictions, tidal forcing and wind waves have a significant effect on the bed shear-stress, relevant to sediment transport, waves via radiation stresses have an important effect on the long-shore and cross-shore velocity components, particularly during the spring tides, waves can impact on bottom boundary layer and the mixing in the water column. Interactions between waves and tides at the Wave Hub site is important when modelling coastal morphology influenced by wave energy devices, this open-source modelling system tool will help the study of physical impacts on the Wave Hub farm area.
OPTIMIZING METHODS TO MEASURE HYDRODYNAMICS IN COASTAL WETLANDS: EVALUATING THE USE AND POSITIONING OF ADV, ADCP AND HR-ADCP
Authors: Horstman Erik , Balke Thorsten , Bouma Tjeerd , Dohmen-Janssen Marjolein , Hulscher Suzanne
Published: October 2012

Hydrodynamic impacts of vegetation in the intertidal zone are highly important to coastal protection. However, most studies on hydrodynamic impacts of vegetation in the intertidal zone are carried out in flumes. This results in a lack of field data for validating models that describe short-term hydrodynamic impacts of vegetation. The current research focuses on field measurements of flow patterns and waves in vegetated intertidal areas. Ample measurement devices are available to measure hydrodynamic processes in the field. Examples are: acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP), high resolution acoustic Doppler current profilers (HR-ADCP) and acoustic Doppler velocity meters (ADV). This study focuses on the differences in the performance of these devices, to determine which of them can be best deployed in a future fieldwork campaign in mangroves. Major points of attention in this comparison are the accuracy of the data and the potential disturbance of the measurements by the presence of vegetation. It is concluded that ADV's perform very well in vegetated intertidal areas, while (HR-)ADCP's show difficulties when deployed upward looking. Furthermore, ADV's are preferred over (HR-)ADCP's due to their ability of combining high frequent wave and current measurements and their convenient deployment.
MODELLING STORM SURGE WAVE OVERTOPPING OF SEAWALLS WITH NEGATIVE FREEBOARD
Authors: Jones David K , Zou Qingping , Reeve Dominic E
Published: October 2012

A Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes based wave model (RANS) is used to simulate storm surge wave overtopping of embankments. The model uses a wave generating boundary condition that accepts a wave time history as an input and reproduces the time history in the model. This allows a direct wave by wave simulation of recorded data. To investigate the success of the model at reproducing the wave generation, transformation and overtopping processes the model is compared with experimental laboratory data. A wave-by-wave comparison is performed for overtopping parameters such as discharge, depth and velocity. Finally the overtopping discharge predicted by the model is compared against design formulae.
BORE PROPAGATION SPEED AT THE TERMINATION OF WAVE BREAKING
Authors: Okamoto Takashi , Fortes Conceição Juana , Basco David R.
Published: October 2012

Wave breaking is the most important event in nearshore hydrodynamics because of the energy exertion and mass transportation during the event drive all the nearshore phenomena, such as wave set-up/down, long shore current, and nearshore circulation. Wave celerity is a key parameter in wave breaking especially for the mass transportation, the energy dissipation during the wave breaking event, and the wave breaking index calculation, for example. There are many models to calculate the wave celerity during the breaking event (bore propagation speed) and it is well known that the bore propagation speed is faster than that is given by linear wave theory. But Okamoto et al. (2008) found the bore propagation speed at the termination location of wave breaking becomes much slower than the theoretical estimation when the termination of wave breaking occurs on inversely sloped bottom. In this paper, the bore propagation speed at the termination location of wave breaking is examined with the experimental data collected in a wave tank with simplified bar-trough beach settings. Comparisons with theoretical models are presented. Fourier analysis is performed to investigate the evolution of higher harmonics and synthesized time series, which is a simple summation of linear wave components, is constructed by using the obtained information to calculate the wave celerity during and after the wave breaking. Calculation result reveals that as the breaking wave approaches to the termination, the bore propagation speed decreases towards the value which can be explained by the existence of slowly and independently propagating higher harmonics.
Engineering Designer Transcription Activator‐‐Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) by REAL or REAL‐Fast Assembly
Authors: Reyon Deepak , Khayter Cyd , Regan Maureen R. , Joung J. Keith , Sander Jeffry D.
Published: October 2012

Engineered transcription activator–like effector nucleases (TALENs) are broadly useful tools for performing targeted genome editing in a wide variety of organisms and cell types including plants, zebrafish, C. elegans, rat, human somatic cells, and human pluripotent stem cells. Here we describe detailed protocols for the serial, hierarchical assembly of TALENs that require neither PCR nor specialized multi‐fragment ligations and that can be implemented by any laboratory. These restriction enzyme and ligation (REAL)–based protocols can be practiced using plasmid libraries and user‐friendly, Web‐based software that both identifies target sites in sequences of interest and generates printable graphical guides that facilitate assembly of TALENs. With the described platform of reagents, protocols, and software, researchers can easily engineer multiple TALENs within 2 weeks using standard cloning techniques. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 100:12.15.1‐12.15.14. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using Cell‐ID 1.4 with R for Microscope‐Based Cytometry
Authors: Bush Alan , Chernomoretz Ariel , Yu Richard , Gordon Andrew , Colman‐Lerner Alejandro
Published: October 2012

This unit describes a method for quantifying various cellular features (e.g., volume, total and subcellular fluorescence localization) from sets of microscope images of individual cells. It includes procedures for tracking cells over time. One purposely defocused transmission image (sometimes referred to as bright‐field or BF) is acquired to segment the image and locate each cell. Fluorescence images (one for each of the color channels to be analyzed) are then acquired by conventional wide‐field epifluorescence or confocal microscopy. This method uses the image‐processing capabilities of Cell‐ID and data analysis by the statistical programming framework R, which is supplemented with a package of routines for analyzing Cell‐ID output. Both Cell‐ID and the analysis package are open‐source. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 100:14.18.1‐14.18.26. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ChIP‐exo Method for Identifying Genomic Location of DNA‐Binding Proteins with Near‐Single‐Nucleotide Accuracy
Authors: Rhee Ho Sung , Pugh B. Franklin
Published: October 2012

This unit describes the ChIP‐exo methodology, which combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with lambda exonuclease digestion followed by high‐throughput sequencing. ChIP‐exo allows identification of a nearly complete set of the binding locations of DNA‐binding proteins at near‐single‐nucleotide resolution with almost no background. The process is initiated by cross‐linking DNA and associated proteins. Chromatin is then isolated from nuclei and subjected to sonication. Subsequently, an antibody against the desired protein is used to immunoprecipitate specific DNA‐protein complexes. ChIP DNA is purified, sequencing adaptors are ligated, and the adaptor‐ligated DNA is then digested by lambda exonuclease, generating 25‐ to 50‐nucleotide fragments for high‐throughput sequencing. The sequences of the fragments are mapped back to the reference genome to determine the binding locations. The 5′ ends of DNA fragments on the forward and reverse strands indicate the left and right boundaries of the DNA‐protein binding regions, respectively. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 100:21.24.1‐21.24.14. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interaction of Carbon Coating on LiFePO4: A Local Visualization Study of the Influence of Impurity Phases
Authors: Wang Jiajun , Yang Jinli , Zhang Yong , Li Yongliang , Tang Yongji , Banis Mohammad Norouzi , Li Xifei , Liang Guoxian , Li Ruying , Sun Xueliang
Published: October 2012

Carbon coating is a proven successful approach for improving the conductivity of LiFePO4 used in rechargeable Li‐ion batteries. Different impurity phases can be formed during LiFePO4 synthesis. Here, a direct visualization of the impact of impurity phases in LiFePO4 on a carbon coating is presented; they are investigated on a model material using various surface‐characterization techniques. By using polished ingot model materials, impurity phases can be clearly observed, identified, and located on the surface of the sample by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focused‐ion‐beam lithography (FIB), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. During the carbon‐coating process, the phosphorus‐rich phase is found to have an inhibiting effect (or no positive catalytic effect) on carbon formation, while iron‐rich phases (mainly iron phosphides) promote carbon growth by contributing to more carbon deposition and a higher graphitic carbon content. This finding, and the methodological evaluation here, will help us to understand and reveal the influencing factors of impurity phases on the basic carbon‐deposition process to obtain high‐performance LiFePO4 material for future energy‐storage devices.
Doping‐Induced Screening of the Built‐in‐Field in Organic Solar Cells: Effect on Charge Transport and Recombination
Authors: Armin Ardalan , Juska Gytis , Philippa Bronson W. , Burn Paul L. , Meredith Paul , White Ronald D. , Pivrikas Almantas
Published: October 2012

We report on the effects of screening of the electric field by doping‐induced mobile charges on photocurrent collection in operational organic solar cells. Charge transport and recombination were studied using double injection (DI) and charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (CELIV) transient techniques in bulk‐heterojunction solar cells made from acceptor‐donor blends of poly(3‐n‐hexylthiophene):phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PC60BM). It is shown that the screening of the built‐in field in operational solar cells can be controlled by an external voltage while the influence on charge transport and recombination is measured. An analytical theory to extract the bimolecular recombination coefficient as a function of electric field from the injection current is also reported. The results demonstrate that the suppressed (non‐Langevin) bimolecular recombination rate and charge collection are not strongly affected by native doping levels in this materials combination. Hence, it is not necessary to reduce the level of doping further to improve the device performance of P3HT‐based solar cells.
Chemical Differences Between Voided and Bladder Urine in the Aye‐Aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis): Implications for Olfactory Communication Studies
Authors: DELBARCO‐TRILLO JAVIER , HARELIMANA INNOCENT H. , GOODWIN THOMAS E. , DREA CHRISTINE M.
Published: October 2012

Urine serves a communicative function in many mammalian species. In some species, the signaling function of urine can be enhanced by the addition of chemical compounds from glands along the distal portion of the urogenital tract. Although urine marking is the main mode of chemical communication in many primate species, there has been no study of the contribution of urogenital secretions to the chemical complexity of primate urine. Here, we compared the chemical composition of bladder urine versus voided urine in the aye‐aye, Daubentonia madagascariensis, a strepsirrhine primate that relies on urine in intraspecific communication. Both types of urine, collected from each of 11 aye‐ayes representing both sexes of varying adult ages, underwent headspace analysis via gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Although the average number of compounds was similar in bladder and voided urine, 17% of the compounds detected occurred exclusively in voided urine (but only in a subset of individuals). An overall measure of chemical complexity (using a nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis) showed that both types of urine were chemically different at the individual level. There was no apparent sex or age differences in the chemical components found in aye‐aye urine. Nonetheless, the individual dissimilarities between bladder urine and voided urine indicate chemical contributions from structures along the urogenital tract and offer further support for the relevance of urinary communication in the aye‐aye. Am. J. Primatol. 75:695‐702, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Processing aids for biodegradable polymers
Authors: Jazrawi Bashar , Noroozi Nazbanoo , Ansari Mahmoud , Hatzikiriakos Savvas G.
Published: October 2012

The melt fracture behavior of several commercial polylactides (PLAs) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) is investigated. PLAs and PCL with molecular weights greater than a certain value were found to exhibit melt fracture phenomena in capillary extrusion, which manifests itself as distortions on their surface once the extrusion rate exceeds a critical value. It was found that the addition of a small amount of PCL (typically 0.5 wt %) into the PLA and vice versa is effective in eliminating and delaying the onset of melt fracture to higher shear rates in the capillary extrusion of PLA and PCL, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and characterization of organic/inorganic epoxy nanocomposites from poly(aminopropyl/phenyl)silsesquioxanes
Authors: Samthong Chavakorn , Laine Richard M. , Somwangthanaroj Anongnat
Published: October 2012

Organic/inorganic epoxy nanocomposites containing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), 4‐methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) and poly(aminopropyl/phenyl) silsesquioxanes (PAPPS) were prepared and characterized. PAPPS were synthesized via fluoride‐catalyzed cage formation from random‐structured poly(phenyl)silsesquioxane (PPS) and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) using tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) catalyst containing substantial water. The PPS/APTES stoichiometric ratios were varied. The FTIR, 1H, solid‐state 29Si‐NMR studies show that PAPPS probably consists of cages, partial cages, and some linear structures containing phenyl and aminopropyl functional groups. The amine content was determined by back titration and elemental analysis. In comparison with neat epoxy, incorporation of these materials can improve the resultant thermal stabilities, raise glass transition temperatures (Tgs), and reduce coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) of epoxy nanocomposites as confirmed by TG/DTA, DMA and TMA tests, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Surgical stress after robot-assisted distal gastrectomy and its economic implications
Authors: Park J Y , Jo M J , Nam B-H , Kim Y , Eom B W , Yoon H M , Ryu K W , Kim Y-W , Lee J H
Published: October 2012

Background

There is a lack of reports evaluating the outcomes of robotic gastrectomy and conventional laparoscopic surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the surgical stress response and costs of robot-assisted distal gastrectomy (RADG) with those of laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG).

Methods

This prospective study compared a cohort of patients who had RADG with a cohort that underwent conventional LADG for early gastric cancer between March 2010 and May 2011. The surgical outcomes including Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status and complications, surgical stress response and overall costs were compared between the two groups.

Results

Thirty patients were enrolled in the RADG group and 120 in the LADG group. There were no conversions. Median duration of operation was longer in the RADG group (218 (interquartile range 200–254) versus 140 (118–175) min; P < 0·001). Postoperative abdominal drain production was less (P = 0·001) and postoperative performance status was worse (P < 0·001) in the RADG group. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels on postoperative days 1 and 3, and interleukin (IL) 6 level on the third postoperative day, were lower in the LADG compared with the RADG group (CRP: P = 0·002 and P = 0·014 respectively; IL-6: P < 0·001). Costs for robotic surgery were much higher than for laparoscopic surgery (difference €3189).

Conclusion

RADG did not reduce surgical stress compared with LADG. The substantial RADG costs due to robotic system expenses may not be justified.