bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Hayes Christine
Published: November 2017

In part II, we examined Jewish writings to the end of the first century CE that navigate the incongruity between Greco-Roman and biblical conceptions of divine law. For the most part, these writings accept and work within the framework set by the Greco-Roman dichotomy of divine law vs. human law. Philo and Paul are two of the clearest examples of writers who employ this dichotomy and seek to assimilate Mosaic Law to one or the other of its terms. They arrive at radically different conclusions as to whether the Mosaic Law can be classified as divine law or positive human law, and they rely on different elements of biblical divine law discourse to support their particular classification. Philo identified the Mosaic Law with the divine natural law of Greco-Roman (primarily Stoic) tradition. Paul differentiated Mosaic Law from the universal law written on the heart....
The (Ir)rationality of Torah
Authors: Hayes Christine
Published: November 2017

This chapter continues to explore the rabbinic conception of Mosaic Law in an attempt to discern the extent to which and the manner in which that conception may have been informed by Greco-Roman discourses of natural law and positive law. Because the primary discourses of natural law in the Greco-Roman tradition underscore the rational character of the law, it takes up the question of the rationality of the Mosaic Law as represented by the rabbis. The chapter examines rabbinic sources that shed light on a constellation of questions that address the matter of the Law's essential rationality: Is the Law depicted as rational in the sense that it is not arbitrary and contains no contradiction or absurdity, no illogical or paradoxical claim, or does it defy logic and natural reason? Is it depicted as possessing intrinsic rationales or only an extrinsic utility of some kind? Is the Mosaic Law represented as rationally accessible or inaccessible? And does it derive its authority from its rational character or from a coercive sovereign will?
Optimal Control Imaging of Extended Inclusions
Authors: Ammari Habib , Bretin Elie , Garnier Josselin , Kang Hyeonbae , Lee Hyundae , Wahab Abdul
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the use of time-reversal imaging techniques for optimal control of extended inclusions. It first considers the problem of reconstructing shape deformations of an extended elastic target before reconstructing the perturbations from boundary measurements of the displacement field. As for small-volume inclusions, direct imaging algorithms based on an asymptotic expansion for the perturbations in the data due to small shape deformations is introduced. The chapter also presents a concept equivalent to the polarization tensor for small-volume inclusions as well as the nonlinear optimization problem for reconstructing the shape of an extended inclusion from boundary displacement measurements. Finally, it develops iterative algorithms to address the nonlinearity of the problem.
Imaging from Internal Data
Authors: Ammari Habib , Bretin Elie , Garnier Josselin , Kang Hyeonbae , Lee Hyundae , Wahab Abdul
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces efficient methods for reconstructing both the shape and the elasticity parameters of an inclusion using internal displacement measurements. It first considers the inverse problem of recovering the shape and the (constant) shear modulus of an inclusion from internal measurements. The small-volume asymptotic framework is used to separate the information in the measurements into a near-field and a far-field part. A discrepancy function is then presented and a regularization is discussed. The chapter proceeds by describing the more general case of shear distributions, taking into account the discrepancy between the measured and computed displacement fields. In order to write down a descent gradient scheme in the case of a heterogeneous shear distribution, the derivative of the discrepancy function with respect to the shear modulus is computed.
To Take or to Make
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2017

This chapter details capitalism's dual character, its bees and its locusts. The first face of capitalism is productive, creating better products and services, from smarter looms for textiles to smarter ways of running a shop. This side of capitalism has transformed living conditions through millions of small improvements and thousands of big ones. It is the capitalism that offers fair rewards in place of expropriation by oppressive states or feudal lords. The other face of capitalism is that of a predator, taking value from people or nature and giving little or nothing back. Moreover, the forms of predation change—and are now as much about minds and hopes as about material things. But the presence of predation in capitalism has not changed, and explains its dubious legitimacy.
Anticapitalist Utopias and Neotopias
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies the radical alternatives that can be found in the traditions of utopian thinking that have offered fully formed alternatives to a flawed present, from Thomas More to Ursula LeGuin, and from William Morris to Ivan Efremov. Utopias are one of the ways societies imagine alternative futures, and many utopians put their ideas into practice too, creating islands of the future. Then as now they were healthy antidotes to the lazy pessimism which claims that all attempts at progress are futile. If utopias are worlds where predators have been eliminated, dystopias are ones where they rule. But utopias both promise too much and deliver too little, their greatest weakness now as in the past being that they lack an account of how change will happen.
Why Marriage Matters
Authors: Macedo Stephen
Published: November 2017

This book offers arguments in defense of same-sex marriage, marriage (as a distinctive relationship defined by law), and monogamy. It considers the acrimonious debate over same-sex marriage and two sets of issues that arise from this debate and that are closely intertwined with marriage: sexual ethics and children's wellbeing. It also examines the ramifications of same-sex marriage for the meaning and future of marriage and asks whether the recognition of same-sex marriage will end marriage as we have known it, or whether civil marriage and monogamy are still justifiable and viable. Finally, the book explores the wider and deeper questions raised by the debate over marriage concerning liberalism as public philosophy. Parts 1 and 2 of the book make the cases for same-sex wedlock and marriage as a special status in civil law, whereas Part 3 focuses on the intersection of polygamy, monogamy, and democracy. The introduction provides an overview of the chapters that follow.
Dramatic Means and Ideological Ends
Authors: Wohl Victoria
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows how ideological attachments are generated out of the suspense between narrative means and ends in Ion. It argues that for all their openness and questioning, Euripides' plays produce a kind of closure, an investment in a secure dramatic and ideological end. That closure should not be moralized as the antithesis of democratic freedom; instead, it should be imagined as the passionate attachment to certain ideological tenets that is essential to any political system, even one as relatively open as Athens's radical democracy. Ion shows how that attachment not only survives critique—including the play's own— but is in fact strengthened by it: the more contingent ideology is shown to be, the more necessary it becomes.
Linked Tori, I
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter investigates the consequences of the assumption that one Moufang set is weakly isomorphic to another. It first introduces some well-known facts about involutions which are assembled in a few lemmas, including those dealing with an involutory set, a biquaternion division algebra, and a quaternion division algebra with a standard involution. It then presents a notation for a non-trivial anisotropic quadratic space and another for an involutory set are presented, along with assumptions for a pointed anisotropic quadratic space and the standard involution of a quaternion. It also makes a number of propositions regarding the standard involution of a quaternion and a biquaternion. Results about weak isomorphisms between Moufang sets arising from involutory sets are given.
Residues
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with the residues of a Bruhat-Tits building whose building at infinity is an exceptional quadrangle. It begins with the remark that if Λ‎ is an arbitrary quadratic space of type Eℓ for ℓ = 6, 7 or 8 or of typeF₄ over a field K that is complete with respect to a discrete valuation, and if in the F4-case the subfield F is closed with respect to this valuation and if Δ‎ is the corresponding Moufang quadrangle of type Eℓ or F₄, then there always exists a unique affine building Ξ‎ such that Δ‎ is the building at infinity of Ξ‎ with respect to its complete system of apartments. The chapter also considers the standard embedding of the apartment A in the Euclidean plane which takes the intersection of A and R to the set of eight triangles containing the origin. Finally, it describes a Moufang polygon with two root group sequences.
Ramified Quadrangles of Type E6, E7 and E8
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with the case that the building at infinity of the Bruhat-Tits building Ξ‎ is a Moufang ramified quadrangle of type E⁶, E₇ and E₈. The basic proposition is that Ξ‎ is a ramified quadrangle if δ‎Λ‎ = δ‎Ψ‎ = 1 holds. The chapter proves the theorem that if δ‎Ψ‎ = 1 and the Moufang residues R₀ and R₁ are not both indifferent, there exists an involutory set. It also discusses the cases ℓ = 6, ℓ = 7, and ℓ = 8, in which D is a quaternion division algebra.
Quadrangles of Type E6, E7 and E8: Summary
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter summarizes the different cases about Moufang quadrangles of type E⁶, E₇ and E₈. The first case is that the building at infinity of the Bruhat-Tits building Ξ‎ is an unramified quadrangle; the second, a semi-ramified quadrangle; and the third, a ramified quadrangle. The chapter considers a theorem that takes into account two root group sequences, both of which are either indifferent or the various dimensions, types, etc., are as indicated in exactly one of twenty-three cases. It also presents a number of propositions relating to a quaternion division algebra and a quadratic space of type Eℓ for ℓ = 6, 7 or 8. Finally, it emphasizes the fact that the quadrangles of type F₄ could have been overlooked in the classification of Moufang polygons.
Totally Wild Quadratic Forms of Type E7
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter assumes that (K, L, q) is a totally wild quadratic space of type E₇. The goal is to prove the proposition that takes into account Λ‎ of type E₇, D as the quaternion division algebra over K whose image in Br(K) is the Clifford invariant of q, and the trace and trace map. The chapter also considers two other propositions: the first states that if the trace map is not equal to zero, then the Moufang residues R₀ and R₁ are not indifferent; the second states that if the trace map is equal to zero, then the Moufang residues R₀ and R₁ are both indifferent.
Moufang Structures
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter uses the notion of a Moufang structure to show that if Δ‎ is a spherical building satisfying the Moufang condition and Γ‎ is a descent group of Δ‎, then the fixed point building Δ‎Γ‎ also satisfies the Moufang condition. The discussion begins with the notation: Let (W, S) denote the type of Δ‎, let G = Aut(Δ‎) and let G° denote the group of type-preserving elements of G. The chapter then presents the conditions for an element g of G to be unipotent and for a subgroup U of G to be unipotent. It also describes a unipotent group U stabilizing a residue R and a unipotent element fixing two chambers x and y. Finally, it considers the set of extensions that forms a group acting faithfully on R.
Fixed Apartments
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the conditions which force a group of order 2 acting on a building to stabilize various kinds of substructures. It shows that a group of order 2 acting on a spherical building must fix an apartment. The discussion begins with the assumption that (Δ‎, δ‎) is a building of type (W, S) and that τ‎ is an automorphism of Δ‎ of order 2. This is followed by the proposition that there exists a spherical residue R stabilized by Γ‎ such that dist(x, xτ‎) = diam(R) for all x ∈ R. The chapter also analyzes the case where either τ‎ stabilizes two opposite residues of Σ‎ or τ‎ maps every chamber of Σ‎ to its opposite in Σ‎.
Affine Fixed Point Buildings
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows that if Ξ‎ is an affine building and Γ‎ is a finite descent group of Ξ‎, then Γ‎ is a descent group of Ξ‎∞ and (Ξ‎∞) is congruent to (Ξ‎∞). Ξ‎Γ‎ and Ξ‎ can be viewed as metric spaces. The chapter first considers the assumptions that Π‎ is an irreducible affine Coxeter diagram, Ξ‎ is a thick building of type Ξ‎, Γ‎is a finite descent group of Ξ‎, and Tits index �� = (Π‎, Θ‎, A). It then describes apartments that are endowed with reflection hyperplanes and reflection half-spaces before concluding with a theorem about a canonical isomorphism from the fixed point building Ξ‎Γ‎ to (Ξ‎Γ‎).
Linear Automorphisms
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the notion of a linear automorphism of an arbitrary spherical building satisfying the Moufang property. It begins with the notation whereby Ω‎ = (U₊, U₁, ..., Uₙ) is the root group sequence and x₁, ... , xₙ the isomorphisms obtained by applying the recipe in [60, 16.x] for x = 1, 2, 3, ... or 9 to a parameter system Λ‎ of the suitable type (and for suitable n) and Δ‎ is the corresponding Moufang n-gon. The chapter proceeds by looking at cases where Λ‎ is a proper anisotropic pseudo-quadratic space defined over an involutory set or a quadratic space of type E⁶, E₇ or E₈. It also describes a notation dealing with the Moufang spherical building with Coxeter diagram Λ‎, an apartment of Δ‎, and a chamber of Σ‎.
Indices for the Exceptional Bruhat-Tits Buildings
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the affine Tits indices for exceptional Bruhat-Tits buildings. It begins with a few small observations and some notations dealing with the relative type of the affine Tits indices, the canonical correspondence between the circles in a Tits index and the vertices of its relative Coxeter diagram, and Moufang sets. It then presents a proposition about an involutory set, a quaternion division algebra, a root group sequence, and standard involution. It also describes Θ‎-orbits in S which are disjoint from A and which correspond to the vertices of the Coxeter diagram of Ξ‎ and hence to the types of the panels of Ξ‎. Finally, it shows how it is possible in many cases to determine properties of the Moufang set and the Tits index for all exceptional Bruhat-Tits buildings of type other than Latin Capital Letter G with Tilde₂.
Epistemological Disjunctivism and the Factivity of Reasons
Authors: Pritchard Duncan
Published: November 2017

This chapter demonstrates that epistemological disjunctivism represents a viable theoretical option when it comes to our understanding of perceptual knowledge. It also shows that this proposal has direct application to the underdeterminationRK-based radical skeptical paradox. In particular, epistemological disjunctivism rejects the new evil demon intuition and the insularity of reasons thesis that underlies it, and hence is in a position to deny one of the claims that makes up this paradox. Moreover, epistemological disjunctivism can also lay claim to being an undercutting anti-skeptical proposal. Finally, the chapter discusses how epistemological disjunctivism is able to trade on the general epistemological distinction that has been drawn between favoring and discriminating epistemic support.
On Knowledge and Practices
Authors: Ferreirós José
Published: November 2017

This book proposes a novel analysis of mathematical knowledge from a practice-oriented standpoint and within the context of the philosophy of mathematics. The approach it is advocating is a cognitive, pragmatist, historical one. It emphasizes a view of mathematics as knowledge produced by human agents, on the basis of their biological and cognitive abilities, the latter being mediated by culture. It also gives importance to the practical roots of mathematics—that is, its roots in everyday practices, technical practices, mathematical practices themselves, and scientific practices. Finally, the approach stresses the importance of analyzing mathematics' historical development, and of accepting the presence of hypothetical elements in advanced mathematics. The book's main thesis is that several different levels of knowledge and practice are coexistent, and that their links and interplay are crucial to mathematical knowledge. This chapter offers some remarks that may help readers locate the book's arguments within a general scheme.
The Problem of Conceptual Understanding
Authors: Ferreirós José
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers one of the most intriguing questions that philosophy of mathematics in practice must, sooner or later, confront: how understanding of mathematics is obtained. In particular, it examines how issues of meaning and understanding in relation to practice and use relate to the question of the acceptability of “classical” or postulational mathematics, a question usually formulated in terms of consistency. The chapter begins with a discussion of the iterative conception of the universe of sets and its presuppositions, analyzing it from the standpoint of the web of practices. It then addresses the issue of conceptual understanding in mathematics, as exemplifid by the theory Zermelo–Fraenkel axiom system (ZFC). Finally, it looks at arguments based on the idea of the real-number continuum as a source of justification for the axioms of set theory.
Psychologies of Ethics
Authors: Keane Webb
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores some of the major findings in developmental, cognitive, and moral psychology that have been taken as evidence for the foundations of ethics. It looks at research on human capacities and propensities for things such as sharing and cooperation, intention-seeking, empathy, self-consciousness, norm-seeking and enforcement, discrimination, and role-swapping. While these human capacities are necessary, they are not sufficient conditions for ethical life. What they help explain is what it is about humans that makes them prone to taking an ethical stance. For the psychology of ethics to have a full social existence, it must be manifest in ways that are taken to be ethical by someone. Ethics must be embodied in certain palpable media such as words or deeds or bodily habits. The ethical implications must be at least potentially recognizable to other people.
Awareness and Change
Authors: Keane Webb
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the idea of ethical history, looking at situations in which hitherto taken-for-granted aspects of everyday life came to be the focus of attention, such as feminist consciousness-raising in the 1960s and 1970s. Indeed, the American feminist movement is the invention and promulgation of the technique of consciousness-raising. Consciousness-raising is interesting for several reasons: it took very seriously the effects of problematizing the habits of everyday life, it succeeded in changing the descriptions and evaluations of actions and persons that were available for many Americans, and it ultimately foundered, in part, on an unresolved tension between subjective experience and objective social analysis. The chapter then argues that processes like this play an important role in the historical transformations of ethical and moral worlds.
Made in the World
Authors: Antràs Pol
Published: November 2017

This chapter gives an overview of the state of global production networks in the present age, particularly in the “slicing of the value chain” phenomenon, which refers to the gradual disintegration of production processes across borders. Another important characteristic of global production networks is that they necessarily entail intensive contracting between parties located in different countries and thus subject to distinct legal systems. In a world with perfect (or complete) contracting across borders, this of course would be of little relevance. Unfortunately, this is not the case at present, and from here the chapter examines the issues surrounding the use of contracts in international trade.
The Euler-Reynolds System
Authors: Isett Philip
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides a background on the Euler-Reynolds system, starting with some of the underlying philosophy behind the argument. It describes low frequency parts and ensemble averages of Euler flows and shows that the average of any family of solutions to Euler will be a solution of the Euler-Reynolds equations. It explains how the most relevant type of averaging to convex integration arises during the operation of taking weak limits, which can be regarded as an averaging process. The chapter proceeds by focusing on weak limits of Euler flows and the hierarchy of frequencies, concluding with a discussion of the method of convex integration and the h-principle for weak limits. The method inherently proves that weak solutions to Euler may fail to be solutions.
Notation
Authors: Isett Philip
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains the notation for the basic construction of the correction. It employs the Einstein summation convention, according to which there is an implied summation when a pair of indices is repeated, and the conventions of abstract index notation, so that upper indices and lower indices distinguish contravariant and covariant tensors. It also presents the notation concerning multi-indices which will later prove helpful for expressing higher order derivatives of a composition. In this notation, a K-tuple of multi-indices is said to form an ordered K-partition of a multi-index if there is a partition whereby the subsets are pairwise disjoint and are ordered by their largest elements.
The Divergence Equation
Authors: Isett Philip
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the divergence equation. A key ingredient in the proof of the Main Lemma for continuous solutions is to find special solutions to this divergence equation, which includes a smooth function and a smooth vector field on ³, plus an unknown, symmetric (2, 0) tensor. The chapter presents a proposition that takes into account a condition relating to the conservation of momentum as well as a condition that reflects Newton's law, which states that every action must have an equal and opposite reaction. This axiom, in turn, implies the conservation of momentum in classical mechanics. In view of Noether's theorem, the constant vector fields which act as Galilean symmetries of the Euler equation are responsible for the conservation of momentum. The chapter shows proof that all solutions to the Euler-Reynolds equations conserve momentum.
Constructing Continuous Solutions
Authors: Isett Philip
Published: November 2017

This chapter demonstrates how the preceding construction, combined with a few estimates from Part V, can be used to prove the Main Lemma for continuous solutions. The first step is to mollify the velocity, followed by mollification of the stress. The lifespan is then chosen, preferring a small parameter to ensure that the first term in the parametrix for the High–High term is controlled. The chapter proceeds by discussing the bounds for the new stress and solving the divergence equation, along with the bounds for the corrections and finally, control of the energy increment. The equation for the energy increment includes a smooth vector field and involves bounding the error term.
Frequency and Energy Levels
Authors: Isett Philip
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows how to measure the Hölder regularity of the weak solutions that are constructed when the scheme is executed more carefully. For this aspect of the convex integration scheme, a notion of frequency energy levels is introduced. This notion is meant to accurately record the bounds which apply to the (v, p, R) coming from the previous stage of the construction. The chapter presents an example of a candidate definition for frequency and energy levels. Based on this definition, the effect of one iteration of the convex integration procedure can be summarized in a single lemma, which states that there is a solution to the Euler-Reynolds equations with new frequency and energy levels. The chapter also considers the High–Low Interaction term and the Transport term.
The Main Iteration Lemma
Authors: Isett Philip
Published: November 2017

This chapter properly formalizes the Main Lemma, first by discussing the frequency energy levels for the Euler-Reynolds equations. Here the bounds are all consistent with the symmetries of the Euler equations, and the scaling symmetry is reflected by dimensional analysis. The chapter proceeds by making assumptions that are consistent with the Galilean invariance of the Euler equations and the Euler-Reynolds equations. If (v, p, R) solve the Euler-Reynolds equations, then a new solution to Euler-Reynolds with the same frequency energy levels can be obtained. The chapter also states the Main Lemma, taking into account dimensional analysis, energy regularity, and Onsager's conjecture. Finally, it introduces the main theorem (Theorem 10.1), which states that there exists a nonzero solution to the Euler equations with compact support in time.
Gluing Solutions
Authors: Isett Philip
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with the gluing of solutions and the relevant theorem (Theorem 12.1), which states the condition for a Hölder continuous solution to exist. By taking a Galilean transformation if necessary, the solution can be assumed to have zero total momentum. The cut off velocity and pressure form a smooth solution to the Euler-Reynolds equations with compact support when coupled to a smooth stress tensor. The proof of Theorem (12.1) proceeds by iterating Lemma (10.1) just as in the proof of Theorem (10.1). Applying another Galilean transformation to return to the original frame of reference, the theorem is obtained.
The Coarse Scale Flow and Commutator Estimates
Authors: Isett Philip
Published: November 2017

This chapter derives estimates for the coarse scale flow and commutator. Instead of mollifying the velocity field in the time variable, it derives a Transport equation for vsubscript Element and some estimates that will be necessary for the proof. Here the quadratic term arises from the failure of the nonlinearity to commute with the averaging. Commutator estimates are then derived. To observe cancellation in the quadratic term, the control over the higher-frequency part of v is used, and cancellation is obtained from the lower-frequency parts. It becomes clear that the commutator terms can be estimated using the control of only the derivatives of v. The chapter concludes by presenting the theorem for coarse scale flow estimates.
Bounds for the Vector Amplitudes
Authors: Isett Philip
Published: November 2017

This chapter estimates the bounds for the vector amplitudes vsubscript I and wsubscript I of the correction. It first presents the proposition about deriving the estimates for the transport part of vsubscript I and proceeds by computing estimates for vsubscript I, starting with the spatial derivatives. It then introduces a second proposition dealing with spatial derivatives of vector amplitudes and a third proposition for the first material derivative of vector amplitudes. The fourth proposition is concerned with the second material derivative of the vector amplitudes. The chapter shows that all the bounds for γ‎subscript I and α‎subscript I are identical until the second material derivative. It concludes with a corollary about estimates for corrected amplitudes.
Bounds for the Corrections
Authors: Isett Philip
Published: November 2017

This chapter derives the bounds for the correction terms, starting with bounds for the velocity correction. Based on V of the form V = Δ‎ x W, it introduces a proposition for estimating the spatial derivatives of W. Since the number of Wsubscript I supported at any given region of ℝ x ³ is bounded by a universal constant, it suffices to estimate Wsubscript I uniformly in I. For an individual wave, it is easy to see that the estimate will hold. During repeated differentiation, the derivative hits either the oscillatory factor, the phase direction, or the amplitude wsubscript I or one of its derivatives. In any case, the largest cost happens when differentiating the phase function. The chapter also gives estimates for derivatives of the coarse scale material derivative of W and concludes with bounds for the pressure correction.
Introduction
Authors: Isett Philip
Published: November 2017

In the paper [DLS13], De Lellis and Székelyhidi introduce a method for constructing periodic weak solutions to the incompressible Euler equations

{∂tv+div v⊗v+∇p=0                       div v=0

in three spatial dimensions that are continuous but do not conserve energy. The motivation for constructing such solutions comes from a conjecture of Lars Onsager [Ons49] on the theory of turbulence in an ideal fluid. In the modern language of PDE, Onsager's conjecture can be translated as follows....
Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum Ekstrak Daun Sawo (Achras Zapota L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus Aureus Secara In Vitro
Authors: Yunika Novia
Published: November 2017

Sapodilla (Achras zapota L.) is a plant commonly found on the island of Java, West Sumatra and West Nusa Tenggara. Sapodilla plant contains flavonoids, saponins and tannins. In leaf the dominant are flavonoids. The content of flavonoids in the plant tissue may act as an antioxidant and antibacterial. As an alternative natural antibacterial, sapodilla leaves should also be tested minimum inhibitory concentration effective to inhibit the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. This study aims to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration sapodilla leaf extract (Achras zapota L.) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The research was conducted from January to February 2015 in the Laboratory of Microbiology  UNP. Research method is descriptive by observing turbidity levels at each test tube as well as comparison increment Optical Density (OD) before incubation and after incubation of zeroes. Sapodilla leaf extract concentration ranging from 10% - 50%, amoxilin as a positive control, and negative controls (without extract). Study results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of Sapodilla leaf extract on the growthbacteria present in a concentration of 50%. Keywords : Sapodilla leaf extract , Minimun Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Staphylococcus aureus
Materiais curriculares de Matemática e suas relações com políticas públicas brasileiras
Authors: Pacheco Débora , Pires Célia
Published: November 2017

Neste artigo temos como objetivo apresentar alguns argumentos sobre a necessidade de investigar materiais curriculares de Matemática que emergem de políticas públicas. Para isso, analisamos duas políticas públicas que produziram materiais curriculares de Matemática, sendo uma do estado do Ceará e outra do estado de São Paulo. Nossa discussão tem como base principalmente os estudos sobre políticas públicas de Stephen Ball e sobre materiais curriculares de Martínez Bonafé. Em uma análise pontual, destacamos a presença das preocupações com avaliações da aprendizagem na proposição das políticas e no uso de materiais por professores. Por se tratar de uma investigação em andamento, finalizamos o artigo apresentando uma possibilidade de pesquisa sobre materiais curriculares, relacionada aos elementos que circundam e influenciam a produção e uso destes instrumentos no contexto das políticas públicas.
Palavras-chave: Materiais Curriculares de Matemática. Políticas Públicas. Educação Matemática.
O campo multiplicativo na formação inicial de professores de Matemática com suporte das tecnologias digitais
Authors: Carvalho Rodrigo , Castro Filho José , Ferreira Luis
Published: November 2017

O presente artigo visa identificar pesquisas sobre o processo de construção dos conceitos de estruturas multiplicativas e de função na formação docente, a partir do uso das tecnologias digitais. Para este artigo, realizamos um levantamento de trabalhos envolvendo o estudo do campo conceitual multiplicativo, especificamente de funções, a partir da utilização das tecnologias digitais na formação docente. Pretendemos que este levantamento contribua com os futuros professores no avanço da relação do campo conceitual das estruturas multiplicativas e o conceito de função e a relevância de seu ensino por meio das tecnologias digitais. Consideramos que nosso trabalho contribuiu para a formação inicial de professores, pois as tecnologias digitais mapeadas na experiência de formação entre os futuros professores assumiram dimensões favoráveis ao desenvolvimento do conceito de funções.
Palavras-chave: Formação de Professores de Matemática. Conceito de Função. Tecnologias Digitais. Estruturas Multiplicativas.
Bullying na escola: uma revisão literária
Authors: Bernardo da Silva José Lindemberg , Gomes Eridiany Bezerra , Lima Isaac De Souza
Published: November 2017

O trabalho aborda conceitos contemporâneos sobre o Bullying na Escola, a partir disto temos como objetivo principal a discussão de problemas causados no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, sendo um fator para a causa do alto nível de evasão nas escolas. A metodologia utilizada, foi uma revisão literária de caráter qualitativa e documental, também através de pesquisa de artigos acadêmicos que tratasse acerca do tema exposto. Verificou-se que o bullying está associado, em parte, a preconceitos sociais, a dificuldades decorrentes da formação moral/ética/cidadã de personalidades ligadas à fragilidade de modelos sociais encontrados no âmbito familiar e social. A pesquisa empírica revelou que o bullying é um dos principais fatores para a causa da evasão escolar, contudo, existe a despreparação do professor para enfrentar este problema escolar, isto torna a ser um dos papéis do professor no mundo contemporâneo, que é lidar e mediar relações que causem o desequilíbrio harmônico do ambiente escolar, utilizando metodologias ativas que busca a integralidade escolar embasada no processo de respeito mútuo, causando um melhor desempenho escolar. Portanto, conclui-se que o bullying é um problema gravíssimo encontrado no meio escolar, todavia, vemos que deve existir uma interligação entre escola/família/sociedade, buscando métodos que possibilite a amenização deste problema.

 

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Bullying; Escola; Reflexão.
O PAPEL DAS TIC NAS EMPRESAS SOCIAIS BRASILEIRAS: UMA COMPARAÇÃO DAS CAPACIDADES TECNOLÓGICAS DE EMPRESAS COM E SEM FINS LUCRATIVOS
Authors: Okano Marcelo T. , Meirelles Fernando , Cunha Maria Alexandra
Published: November 2017

Este trabalho explora o papel das TICs nas empresas sociais através das teorias das capacidades, pois a tecnologia da informação e da comunicação (TIC) tem sido reconhecida como um importante catalisador do progresso nacional e da transformação social, uma visão que motivou as normas de telecomunicações do início do século XX, garantindo o acesso universal a todos os cidadãos. O nosso objetivo é estudar o papel das TIC nas empresas sociais através da comparação das capacidades tecnológicas nas organizações com fins lucrativos e sem Fins Lucrativos (OSFIL). Este estudo trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, baseada em dados secundários, com análise qualitativa de dados e amparada na literatura científica. Após o estudo destes indicadores/habilidades comparativos as organizações com fins lucrativos, nas cincos capacidades/recursos hardware, governo eletrônico, internet, recurso humano e telefonia celular demonstraram índices de capacidades menores que as organizações com fins lucrativos, mas em nenhum dos indicadores tivemos ausência de recurso.
Viver em Pinheiros, São Paulo (1850-1950)
Authors: Abreu e Souza Rafael de
Published: November 2017

O artigo busca tecer reﬂexões em torno dos grupos médios que habitaram bairros afastados da cidade de São Paulo, como Pinheiros, entre o fnal do século XIX e as primeiras décadas do XX. Serão analisados os refugos localizados na Área 5 do sítio Pinheiros 2, relacionada a uma unidade doméstica, abordada sob ótica da household archaeology. Além da pouca literatura disponível sobre o bairro, assim como sobre as camadas médias paulistanas, em zonas perirurbanas, os estudos partem de artefatos referentes ao novecentos, pouco estudados pela Arqueologia Brasileira.
A musealização da arqueologia: Um estudo dos museus de arqueologia de Xingó e do Sambaqui de Joinville
Authors: Ribeiro Diego Lemos
Published: November 2017

Este artigo tem como inspiração a tese de doutorado homônima, defendida em 2012 no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arqueologia, da Universidade de São Paulo. Como premissa basilar, defendemos que existem barreiras, muitas vezes intransponíveis, entre a produção de conhecimento em arqueologia e a sociedade. Nesse cenário, os museus figuram como as principais janelas que se abrem entre o conhecimento construído em arqueologia e o público não especialista. Buscamos, com este artigo, identificar e apontar para aqueles ruídos que interferem nos fluxos de informações gerados pela cadeia operatória de musealização daarqueologia, por intermédio de um diagnóstico museológico, aplicado em dois estudos de caso: Museu de Arqueologia de Xingó (MAX) e o Museu Arqueológico de Sambaqui de Joinville (MASJ).
Espaço de resistência e trocas culturais no meio rural brasileiro: Apontamentos sobre o quilombo do Jaó
Authors: Marques Sílvia Corrêa
Published: November 2017

Este artigo apresenta a metodologia e os resultados da pesquisa de doutorado Paisagens reveladas: o Jaó caboclo, quilombola, brasileiro, realizada em uma das áreas do Estado de São Paulo categorizada como comunidade remanescente de quilombo. Através da arqueologia da paisagem, do cotejamento de fontes diversas e da interface entre arqueologia e musealização, busca-se apresentar uma discussão sobre a categoria remanescente de quilombo a partir das experiências vividas pelos habitantes do Jaó. Propõe-se que este seja um caminho para se pensar os grupos marginalizados na sociedade brasileira, e os quilombos como espaço de resistência e trocas culturais. Isto significou considerar a participação dos moradores notrabalho de campo, na identificação, valorização e ressignificação dos objetos, paisagens e lugares da memória como referências patrimoniais para o grupo.
Em território desconhecido: sobre o abandono de seres e coletivos
Authors: Melquíades Vinicius
Published: November 2017

A partir dos pressupostos da Arqueologia Simétrica e do conceito de história de vida de uma população de artefatos, o presente artigo tem como objetivo específico abordar a interface entre as perspectivas arqueológicas contemporâneas, museológicas e de produção e gestão do conhecimento e patrimônio cultural brasileiro. Como caso, serão apresentadas três etapas de vida das vasilhas de pedra-sabão em Minas Gerais nas quais aparecem relações de extrema assimetria, que desconsideram a participação de seres (humanos e não humanos) e coletivos (associação de humanos de não humanos) no processo histórico e nas propostas e ações contemporâneas. Com isso, exclui potenciais protagonistas, (re)produzindo assimetrias econtribuindo com a manutenção de um colonialismo histórico.
Museologia arqueológica participativa: um novo método para o estudo da comunicação
Authors: Antas Mário Nuno do Bento
Published: November 2017

A museologia arqueológica participativa visa a construção de estratégias de comunicação e de ambientes de aprendizagem expressas em ações comunicativas e educativas no sentido de tornar os visitantes participativos, através da mediação, da museologia e dos recursos museográficos. Assim, o objetivo final passa por tornar o museu num centro de aprendizagem e participativo onde os visitantes possam fazer os seus próprios caminhos de aprendizagem e de produção de conhecimento. Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de método de análise para os estudos de comunicação nos museus de arqueologia
Tomando chá com o chapeleiro
Authors: Pellini José Roberto
Published: November 2017

A infância é realmente um momento mágico, em que podemos sonhar, fantasiar e brincar. Podemos falar com objetos, com animais e até sozinhos em voz altano meio da rua: ninguém irá achar estranho. Mas quando crescemos tudo muda. Passamos a considerar objetos como seres inanimados, animais como seres sem consciência, e sonhos como algo infantil. A situação piora quando nos tornamos cientistas, pois passamos a buscar verdades. Propõe-se, assim, uma ruptura dos discursos hegemônicos, cujo caminho pode ser a arqueologia sensorial. Ela tem o potencial de mudar não apenas o discurso arqueológico, mas também o arqueólogo, ao possibilitar diferentes contatos com os objetos, ao permitir que se fale a língua deles novamente.
Relacionalidad, prácticas, ontologías y arte rupestre en el centro norte de Chile (2000 A.C. A 1.540 D.C.)
Authors: Troncoso Andrés
Published: November 2017

Las ontologías son sistemas relacionales inconscientes que se producen y reproducen a partir de un conjunto de prácticas y materialidades. A través de ellas, nociones claves a la vida social como el concepto de persona, y de comunidad se construyen históricamente, así como la misma idea de animación de los objetos. En este trabajo esbozamos una aproximación a las ontologías prehispánicas en el Centro Norte de Chile usando las propuestas de Descola como recursos heurísticos para interrogar el registro y explorar las particularidades locales e históricas de los distintos sistemas ontológicos desplegados entre el 2000 a.C. y 1540 d.C. Usando el arte rupestre como ejemplo, exploramos un enfoque ontológico que no reifique al animismo como recurso interpretativo básico.
Os sítios pré-colombianos com estruturas de terra na região de fronteira entre o Acre, Brasil, e Riberalta, Bolívia, Amazônia sul-ocidental
Authors: Saunaluoma Sanna
Published: November 2017

Este artigo visa apresentar uma síntese das pesquisas arqueológicas realizadas nos sítios com estruturas de terra em Riberalta e no estado do Acre, na Amazônia Sul-Ocidental. Os sítios nas duas regiões vizinhas foram comparados discutindo seus paralelos e diferenças. Os sítios bolivianos, sendo estruturalmente menos complexos, são interpretados como assentamentos permanentes, enquanto no Acre as estruturas de terra foram construídas principalmente para fins cerimoniais. A prática da engenharia de terra prevaleceu em Riberalta de 200 a.C. até o Período Colonial. No Acre, a tradição começou mais cedo, ca. 1200 a.C. As populações formativas que ocuparam estes sítios demonstram um sedentarismo emergente e desenvolvimento organizacional. No contexto do Acre os povos foram unidos por um sistema ideológico materializado na arquitetura das estruturas de terra geométricas.
Kocuria kristinae-caused sepsis in an infant with congenital tufting enteropathy
Authors: Aydin Malik , Ganschow Rainer , Jankofsky Martin
Published: November 2017

Congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE) is characterized by the early-onset of chronic diarrhea and the inability to develop. It is a rare congenital disease with a low prevalence of 1:50,000 - 100,000 live births p.a. The histopathology is characterized by villous atrophy and the characteristic epithelial tufts. Recent identification of causative mutations in EpCAM has enhanced our understanding of this disease. Due to its severe clinical course, patients are dependent on parenteral nutrition to thrive successfully. Catheter-associated blood stream infections have become the primary problem for pediatric patients. Infections with Kocuria kristinae are rare. This report is about a 3-month-old girl with CTE suffering from a central venous catheter related mono-sepsis by K. kristinae. A sepsis therapy with meropenem and vancomycin improved her general state rapidly. Only few cases in the literature with CTE and K. kristinae are described. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report presenting two coincidences in one case.
Efecto de las condiciones de proceso en el desarrollo del color durante la elaboración de pan: uso de técnicas de análisis de imagen para evaluación del color
Authors: Chuquizuta Trigoso Tony Steven , Florián Solar Gianmarco , Castro Silupu Wilson Manuel , Fito Pedro
Published: November 2017

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo principal, determinar el efecto de la relación azúcar/harina, el tiempo y la temperatura de horneado, en el desarrollo del color de la corteza de pan, tipo popular de Chachapoyas, mediante visión computacional. Para este fin se diseñó y construyó un sistema de visión artificial, cuyos algoritmos de análisis de imágenes se implementaron en el software matemático Matlab 2010ª mediante funciones (*.m). La labor experimental empleó un diseño de superficie de respuesta (RS), Box-Behnken, con 15 ensayos experimentales (sin replica). Siendo las variables en estudio: ratio azúcar/harina, de 0,08 a 0,12; temperatura, de 160 a 170ºC y tiempo de horneado, de 16 - 20 min. Las imágenes fueron adquiridas durante el horneado a intervalos de 4,5 min, almacenados, pre-procesadas y analizas en formato *.jpeg., para parámetros de color en coordenadas CIE L*ab. Los resultados han demostrado que la única variable de estudio con efecto significativo sobre una de las coordenadas de color (b*) fue el tiempo (valor-p < 0,05), además, de viabilidad de la técnica de análisis de imagen en el monitoreo y la valuación del desarrollo de color de la superficie del pan tipo chachapoyano.
ANALISIS STRATEGI DAN EVALUASI KINERJA PENGENTASAN KEMISKINAN DALAM PROGRAM PEMBANGUNAN DESA PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI MIKRO ISLAM
Authors: Zakiyah Zakiyah , Maulida Atika Zahra
Published: November 2017

The purpose of this study is for knowing the strategy of economic development in the village used in poverty reduction particularly in Nagara, Hulu Sungai Selatan, reviewed in perspective of micro Islam economic.The method of this research is qualitative research with the descriptive approach. Where data used is the primary data and secondary data.The results of this research are to improve the availability of distribution and expansion of various daily needs products such as health, food and clothing. Improved the life that is not only for the income, but also includes the addition of the provision of employment, improved the quality of education, and increased the cultural values and humanity. The expansion of economic and social to every individu and the whole nation. Rural development program understanding how to implement and empowering communities in any development activities, facilities, and infrastructures with a did the creativity trainings that aimed to ealleviate poverty.