bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ship Hull Diagnostics with the Use of Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle
Authors: Третьяков  , Tretyakov Evgeniy , Бритвин  , Britvin Vladimir , Вельтищев  , Veltischev Vadim , Григорьев  , Grigoriev Mikhail , Алёшин  , Aleshin Nikolay , Кульга  , Kulga Aleksandr
Published: August 2015

Introduction. Nowadays ship hull diagnostics is carried out in dry-dock or using divers in the road. The both technologies are time consuming, labour and material resource demanding.

Specialists from Bauman Moscow State Technical University have developed a diagnostics system that allows the ship hull underwater part inspection to be performed without calling at dry-dock and without divers.

The system includes the following main elements: remotely operated vehicle that contains diagnostics tools; hydro acoustic navigation system; software; and diagnostics technology.

Method. The technology is based on an acoustic method of non-destructive testing (NDT). SH-waves with elastic vibrations excitation by non-contact method are used without necessity of thorough surface preparation before testing. SH-waves are also used for flaw detection within damaged areas (areas of different thicknesses). As the research has shown, the mirror-shadow technique with bottom signal attenuation as a criterion for corrosion crack detection is most effective. The minimum detectable deep of the corrosion cracks is 1.5–2 mm. The proposed diagnostics technology uses electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMAT) with a 5 MHz frequency.

Results. The diagnostics system was successfully tested in the pool. The test results confirmed the system’s ability to perform automatic metal diagnostics with wall thickness measurements and defect detection within areas of corrosion.

Discussions. Nowadays the system is under the process of Russian Maritime Register of Shipping approval. It is planned to develop a system with arc welding tools for underwater objects repair. Prospects of diagnostics system usage for the various underwater steel structures including ones located on the Russian Federation Arctic shelf are under consideration.
Demagnetization Experience in Shipbuilding. Application to Different Industries
Authors: Сорокина  , Sorokina Nataliya , Закомолдин  , Zakomoldin Igor , Богачева  , Bogachyova Nina , Коптяева  , Koptiaeva Darya
Published: August 2015

The article proves the necessity for a demagnetization process in mechanical engineering, nondestructive testing, welding. Analysis of demagnetization methods of offshore facilities in shipbuilding, proven experimentally, gives examples of their effective use in other areas of technology. The article gives in general terms a theoretical basis of demagnetization and highlights the need to achieve a stable demagnetized state for large-scale structures. Taking into account the demagnetization experience in shipbuilding, the authors offer a simplified version of a stationary stand designed to reduce a level of products’ residual magnetization. It is shown that the use of demagnetization in various fields of technology has the prospect of improving the quality and efficiency of industrial equipment.
Effective Method of Correction of Acoustic Losses in a Contact Layer at Ultrasonic Flaw Detection
Authors: Щербинский  , Shcherbinskii Viktor
Published: August 2015

At ultrasonic flaw detection it is necessary to take into account an acoustic loss in a contact layer, especially for products with a statistically rough surface (roughness, waviness). Using samples with the surface identical to the product’s one is the most desirable variant, it is regulated in many techniques, but in practice in vast majority of cases this is not so. Measurements with profilographs or profilometers are taken on a very small area (less than the piezoelectric transducer size) and cannot give an estimation of a real contact layer condition under the whole transducer area. For integral roughness estimation in “CNIITMASH” the capacitance-type sensor DShV has been developed. The sensor is compatible with flaw detectors of any type; it forms a service signal with amplitude that is inversely proportional to a roughness height.

Within a frequency rate of 1.8–5 MHz and an incident angle rate of 35–70° the correlation between sensor readings and acoustic losses in a contact layer has been ascertained; a general dependence for them has been obtained, a heuristic equation has been derived and nomograms for piezoelectric transducers of different manufacturers on the sample basis of 123 measurements have been plotted.

As a result the new technique of ultrasonic flaw detection has been developed that includes: estimation of tested object real surface roughness with the DShV sensor, flaw detector sensitivity adjustment using a sample with a smooth surface, a gain factor correction by the value taken from a nomogram or calculated on the formula basis. Equivalent defect area should also be measured according to the algorithm described. This technique on principle increases repeatability and reliability of flaw detection results.
High-Energy Computed Tomography for Additive Manufacturing of Critical Metal Products
Authors: Цыганов  , Tsyganov Sergey , Вайнберг  , Vainberg Eduard , Вайнберг  , Vainberg Irina , Сидорин  , Sidorin Vadim
Published: August 2015

The current state of digital additive technologies and areas of their application is analyzed in the paper.

The main sources and sizes of geometry errors as well as porosity of additive metal products are estimated. It is shown that post-processing of matching surfaces is necessary at assembling critical mechanical units containing additive parts.

Non-destructive testing of critical additive metal articles with complex internal structure does not conform to capabilities of traditional NDT methods; new NDT problems of additive parts are formulated.

A unique role of high-energy computed tomography is substantiated and experimentally confirmed; CT can become an important factor in further development of additive technologies by providing a feedback between a technology, an internal structure and performance abilities of the products.
Ultrasonic Testing of Railway Transport Units with Phased Array Flaw Detectors
Authors: Макарова  , Makarova Taisiya , Мелешко  , Meleshko Nataliya , Жаринов  , Zharinov Sergey
Published: August 2015

The article describes possibilities of phased array flaw detectors application for testing of railway transport units, such as wheel set axles, all-rolled wheels, solebars of freight cars. The task was to reproduce the standard testing procedures using phased array flaw detectors and demonstrate their advantages in visibility, efficiency, repeatability, results validity. Unfortunately, one of the main advantages of phased array flaw detectors, namely – a possibility to control the focusing depth – are lost while testing of large scale objects.

Sector scanning technique with the phased array flaw detectors OmniScan and Isonic 2010 in the minimum configuration was used for the research. In the all cases acoustical images of the following reflectors were obtained within the range of selected angles: saw-cuts in axles, spot-drillings and saw-cuts in wheels, side drilled holes and natural defects in solebars.

The Multi Group software (Isonic 2000) at testing of wheel set axles has enabled the testing schemes to be realized with one prism and one phased array instead of several classical piezoelectric transducers.

Circumferential testing of all-rolled wheels from internal lateral surface under the roll surface level has allowed transverse cracks and flange embedded defects to be detected.

Solebar testing has been more complicated because of a form and irregularity of scanning surface, necessity of its cleaning and a complex profile of back surface. Nevertheless the usage of phased array flaw detectors has made it possible to identify the back surface profile.

Application of phased arrays substantially increases testing efficiency and improves visibility of obtained results.
Why Are Firms Rigid? A General Framework and Empirical Tests
Authors: de Figueiredo Rui J. P. , Rawley Evan , Rider Christopher I.
Published: August 2015

We present a general framework for understanding why firms are slow to make major strategic changes in a wide range of empirical settings. We then apply this framework to investigate, more specifically, the relationship between firm age and scope in hedge funds. Our empirical analyses demonstrate that younger hedge funds outperform older hedge funds both before and after the launch of a new fund. Based on our framework, these results suggest that age-based rigidity in hedge funds is more attributable to internal political frictions that influence project selection than to constraints associated with exchange partners or implementation costs. We conclude by discussing how our framework can be used to identify the dominant source of rigidity in other contexts.
The 10 ‘R's of safe multidisciplinary drug administration
Authors: Edwards Sharon , Axe Sue
Published: August 2015

Nurses are responsible for medication administration, and, as with many other nursing interventions, some risk is involved. If an error occurs, a patient may suffer harm or injury, which may lead to a permanent disability or a fatality. To ensure safe drug administration, nurses are encouraged to follow the five rights (‘R's; patient, drug, route, time and dose) of medication administration to prevent errors in administration. The five ‘R's do not consider all causes of drug errors; instead, they focus on medication administration at the bedside so they relate only to this stage of a drug prescription. A drug's journey is more than what happens at the bedside; therefore, the reduction of errors requires more than just the five ‘R's. This article proposes a multi-professional, evidence-based approach to medicines management, which all clinicians can work towards, together. Clinicians can achieve this approach by considering the National Patients Safety Agency's definition of a medication error and the values set out by the National Prescribing Centre. The approach utilizes 10 ‘R's, which provide a benchmark for good practice. The 10 ‘Rs’ advocate the need for the knowledge of the causes of drug errors, how to implement strategies to reduce drug errors, how to ensure safe practice throughout the medication journey, from chemical preparation, to monitoring outcomes, to response.
Hand dysfunction: encouraging development
Authors: Swann Julie
Published: August 2015

In the second article looking into how the hand functions, Julie Swann suggests that if care staff understand how dexterity can be affected by various conditions, they can anticipate difficulties that residents may have with general, everyday activities
Transition into permanent care: the effect on the family
Authors: Westacott Debbie , Ragdale Stephanie
Published: August 2015

Family caregivers undergo what can be a traumatic transition when placing their loved one into nursing and residential care. Care staff can positively influence this transition by developing supportive relationships with the family caregivers
WORDS FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Authors: Mu Enrique
Published: August 2015

I am pleased to introduce our first special issue about the status of AHP/ANP applications in Brazil. This issue has a distinguished guest editor, Prof. Valerio Salomon, currently an associate professor at Sao Paulo State University, who has had vast experience in the field of AHP/ANP...

http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v2i1.66
WORDS FROM SPECIAL ISSUE EDITOR
Authors: Salomon Valerio
Published: August 2015

As in the world, AHP/ANP is the most applied MCDM method in Brazil. There are AHP/ANP researchers and users from Northeastern to Southern Brazilian States. However, the Brazilian economy (63%) and population (42%) are concentrated in the Southeast Region. In this issue, we have works from three Southeast Brazilian States: Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo.

http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v2i1.68
AN AHP APPLICATION TO EVALUATE SCORING CRITERIA FOR FAILURE MODE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS (FMEA)
Authors: Aguiar Dimas Campos , De Souza Helder Jose Celani , Salomon Valerio
Published: August 2015

The Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) has been developed by several researchers who have proposed distinct reference tables to score the Severity, Occurrence and Detection of a failure. This paper aims to evaluate, using AHP, several proposals for the application of Process FMEA, as well as to obtain and offer recommendations for its application. Five reference tables for Severity, six tables for Occurrence, and six tables for Detection are presented. These reference tables are evaluated for their application in the Brazilian automotive industry by using critical analysis and proper judgments. The scientific contribution of this paper is to provide a way to select a reference table, available in the FMEA literature, for the application of the FMEA process.

http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v2i1.69
CONSTRUCTION OF AN AHP-BASED MODEL TO CATCH CRITERIA WEIGHTS IN POST-OCCUPANCY EVALUATION
Authors: Costa Helder Gomes , Correa Pedro de Seixas
Published: August 2015

The comprehension of customer’s perceptions is a necessity in all types of business. In the context of Architecture and Civil Engineer, Post-Occupancy Evaluation is the main strategy adopted to catch customer’s perception about building performance. Usually, questionnaires adopted in POE, take in account subjective criteria whose importance degree are estimated in an arbitrary way. The present work proposes an original variation of POE which makes it able to evaluate criteria degree importance, taking into account the analysis of coherency degree of the arbitrary evaluations. The proposal was applied in a case which results showed the applicability of the proposal and, also, the main difficulties found in its implementation.

http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v2i1.71
Words from the Editor-in-Chief
Authors: Mu Enrique
Published: August 2015

Dear IJAHP Readers:

This is the second and last IJAHP issue for this year and with this we are proud to announce we are completing our second year of existence...

Enjoy the Issue!

Enrique Mu

http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v2i2.85
Words from the Managing Editor
Authors: Saaty Rozann
Published: August 2015

At the ISAHP 2009 meeting in Pittsburgh, Thomas L. Saaty offered a challenge to the attendees to explain the eigenvector solution of the pairwise comparison judgment matrix that is the basis of the Analytic Hierarchy Process so that it would be understandable to any intelligent layman. He wrote an essay himself on it during the meeting, and submitted it as his offering. A second essay on the subject, also during the meeting, was written by Stan Lipovetsky. These two papers appear in this issue of the journal.

Rozann Saaty

http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v2i2.86
VALIDITY OF THE AHP/ANP: COMPARING APPLES AND ORANGES
Authors: Von Solms Sibs
Published: August 2015

Determining the validity of the AHP/ANP is an important issue. This paper discusses the complex and often controversial field of validation. The debate regarding the validity of the AHP/ANP is evaluated, from which the need for a different approach is identified. The AHP/ANP is a decision-making methodology that should be located within a qualitative, subjectivist or constructivist paradigm where different measures of validating research become relevant. The goal of this paper is three-fold: First, to locate the AHP/ANP within the field of Interpretivist qualitative research; Second, to argue for the importance of validating the AHP/ANP in terms of criteria important to the decision makers rather than some objectively given or normatively defined criteria; Third, to stimulate research specifically aimed at testing the validity of the AHP/ANP in terms of decision makers’ criteria.

http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v3i1.60
DECISION-MAKING WITH MODELING OF PROBLEM SITUATIONS USING THE ANALYTIC NETWORK HIERARCHY PROCESS
Authors: Kravchenko Tatiana , Seredenko Natalia
Published: August 2015

The Modeling of problem situations is a very important issue in decision-making theory. Actually, there are no decision support systems which include decision making methods under risk and uncertainty. The main advantage of a proposed approach is the ability to process dependences and feedbacks which may exist between conditions, sub-conditions and their realizations.

http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v3i1.81
APPLICATION OF MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING PROCESS TO DETERMINE CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR PROCUREMENT OF CAPITAL PROJECTS UNDER PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
Authors: Amponsah Christian Tabi
Published: August 2015

Investigation about project success has attracted the interest of many researches and practitioners. Determining the critical success factors for procurement of capital projects is a contemporary phenomenon. This paper presents the outcome of an investigation into the critical success factors in Public-Private-Partnerships (P-P-P) for procurement of capital projects using the multi-criteria decision making process. Drawing from the results of responses to a survey of 705 experts involved in P-P-P projects worldwide, the paper presents the critical success factors (CSF) from a list of 47 factors, identified as contributing to the successful delivery of capital projects. The study revealed that owner satisfaction with the delivered project, adherence to schedules/budget/quality/ safety/environmental controls, and appropriate funding mechanisms were predictable factors while lack of legal encumbrances, clearly defined project mission and adequate planning and control techniques were less commonly expected factors.

http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v3i2.121
THE SERIOUS OMISSION OF COMPARISONS IN ARISTOTLE'S LAW OF THOUGHT
Authors: Saaty Thomas L.
Published: August 2015

Saaty lecturing at ISAHP2011 in Sorrento, Italy.

Comparisons are the bedrock of all human thinking no matter where it is done on this earth in every culture. We compare things with one another and with themselves through memory to know if they are what we are looking for. We need memory and time to do that regardless of how brief and spontaneous a comparison may be. Thus thought is a dynamic process in its minutest form and needs time to be connected and unfolded to draw meaning as we compare it to other thoughts.

http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v3i2.124
AN APPLICATION OF ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS TO EVALUATE SUPPLY CHAIN LOGISTICS STRATEGIES
Authors: Jayant Arvind , Gupta Pardeep , Garg Suresh Kumar
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this work is to describe an application of the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method to model the influence of various factors on supply chain logistics strategic decision making in competitive business environment. Logistics plays an increasingly important strategic role for organizations that strive to keep pace with market changes and supply chain integration. Logistics and supply chain management are currently evolving due to external factors such as strategic alliances, technological changes, cycle time compression and an increasingly competitive environment. The present model is flexible enough to structure this complexity by evaluating logistics strategic strategies by utilizing a systemic multi-attribute analytical technique. This paper explores and illustrates an analytical framework in a real life environment to assess an organization’s logistics strategy and challenges with varying levels of success.

http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v3i2.76
INTERVAL UNCERTAINTY OF ESTIMATES AND JUDGMENTS OF SUBJECT IN DECISION MAKING IN MULTI-CRITERIA PROBLEMS
Authors: Madera Alexander
Published: August 2015

In this article, we propose a method of decision making in multi-criteria problems given an interval uncertainty of the estimates given by the subject in reference to the importance of one criterion over another and various alternatives for each criterion. The method is the development of the deterministic process of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, which uses deterministic point estimates of the importance of criteria and alternatives for each criterion for decision making in multi-criteria problems. While in the standard Analytic Hierarchy Process the values of global priorities corresponding to different alternatives are deterministic and unambiguous, in the interval process developed in this article the global priorities and alternatives are interval and uncertain. If in the standard deterministic Analytic Hierarchy Process the best alternative is selected by the maximum value of the global priority, then, to select the best interval alternative, here we introduce a criterion corresponding to the maximum values of the lower and upper boundaries of the intervals of global priorities of the alternatives. The application of the proposed method is demonstrated by a specific example. 
“Never Do What Your Mother Tells You to Do”: Nonsense and the Interrogative Function in Annie M. G. Schmidt’s Children’s Poetry
Authors: de Bruijn Annette
Published: August 2015

Hans Christian Andersen Award (of 1988) winning author Annie M.G. Schmidt is as well-known for her work as she is for the aftereffects of her work in the Netherlands. In post-WWII 1950s Dutch society, children’s literature was supposed to stop the alleged cultural and social ‘decay’ among children. “Nonsense!” Annie M.G. Schmidt must have thought to herself, not to deny children’s literature its societal relevance but as a much healthier alternative to the moralistic pedagogy of her predecessors. This article will illustrate how Schmidt’s innovation of Dutch children’s literature, and especially children’s poetry, is indebted to the nonsense tradition. After a short introduction of Annie M.G. Schmidt, a parade of characters from her children’s poetry will pass by to attest to Schmidt’s rightful admission to the international gallery of nonsense authors. Moreover, specific examples will show how Schmidt employed nonsense strategies to playfully subvert received paradigms of morality, adult superiority, and literary genres associated with children’s poetry at the time. It is especially this more ideological, carnivalesque, interrogative function, I argue, that ultimately earned Schmidt the status of “innovator of Dutch children’s poetry.”
Challenging the Impossibility of Children’s Literature: The Emancipatory Qualities of Edward Lear’s Nonsense
Authors: Minslow Sarah
Published: August 2015

This paper offers a Bakhtinian analysis of Edward Lear’s limericks to reveal how from a dialogic perspective, the polyphony within the limericks draws readers’ attention to the ways language is used to construct, convey, and deconstruct social hierarchies and power relationships that traditionally depended on the unquestioning obedience and ignorance of children. In doing so, the paper also argues that Lear’s works exemplify anti-colonizing children’s literature that gives the child a voice and positions him or her as an active, decision-making participant in the process of interpretation. Dialogic engagement with the limericks allows the child to challenge strictures imposed by adult concepts of the child and children’s literature, without trying to indoctrinate the child reader into one way of conceptualizing self, otherness, and the social world. It is from the basis of Lear’s nonsense as innovative and radical that I extend a study of Lear’s limericks and their contribution to contemporary discussions of children’s literature. A dialogic analysis of Lear’s limericks reveals that they allow a space where anyone can laugh at and question dominant society because the critical gaze is deflected from the other to the self and dominant social attitudes and conventions.
Nonsensing Translation: How to Turn the Spotlight on the Blind Spots of Interpretation
Authors: Almansi Daniela
Published: August 2015

The paper examines whether, how, and why the theme of translation can be used as a device to produce nonsense. Starting from the more conventional problem of translating nonsense, I introduce the opposite notion of nonsensing translation and present different possible expressions of this practice with the help of examples drawn from Morgenstern, Taylor, du Maurier, van Rooten, and the French cartoon Les Shadoks . I conclude by suggesting that the reason why translation lends itself so fruitfully to nonsense manipulations is that it itself relies on rather counterintuitive premises, such as pretending to carry concepts across linguistically incompatible universes or to be two texts at the same time.
Collaborative Complexities: Co-Authorship, Voice, and African American Rhetoric in Oral History Community Literacy Projects
Authors: Grobman Laurie , Orr Meeghan , Meagher Chris , Yatron Cassandra , Shelton Jonathan
Published: August 2015

This co-authored article describes a community literacy oral history project involving 14 undergraduate students. It is intellectually situated at the intersection of writing studies, oral history, and African American rhetoric and distinguished by two features: 1) we were a combined team of 20 collaborators, and 2) our narrator, Frank Gilyard, the founder and former director of the Central Pennsylvania African American Museum (CPAAM), was deceased. Because oral history is narrator-driven, Gilyard’s death required us to remain especially attentive to the epistemic value of his voice.
Major Problems, Few Solutions: Cuba’s Demographic Outlook
Authors: Díaz-Briquets Sergio
Published: August 2015

En las próximas décadas, Cuba enfrentará grandes retos demográficos. Debido a la persistencia de la baja fecundidad y altas tasas de emigración, la población se está contrayendo a medida que gradualmente envejece. La tendencia al envejecimiento poblacional, como sugieren varias proyecciones de población recientes, es irreversible al corto y mediano plazo, lo que plantea futuros dilemas sociales y económicos. Cómo satisfacer las necesidades de la población envejecida será tema central dentro del debate sobre políticas económicas a seguir. Muchos países ricos enfrentando retos comparables están considerando o implementando varias opciones de política—en consonancia con su régimen de bienestar social—para enfrentar la crisis del envejecimiento. Cuba, aunque confronta circunstancias económicas mucho más adversas, tendrá que elegir de entre estas opciones a medida que implementa inevitables reformas a su sistema de bienestar social.
Caminos de la historia crítica
Authors: Rojas Rafael
Published: August 2015

These papers were prepared for the roundtable “Cuban Historiography: Trends, Themes, Debates,” LASA 2013, Washington, DC. The roundtable sought to gather a group of historians based in Cuba and abroad. Using different perspectives and approaches, defined along thematic, generational and methodological lines, these papers assess some of the most important changes and continuities that have characterized the historiography of Cuba during the past twenty years.
Los pasados de este presente: La polémica en torno al Partido Independiente de Color
Authors: de la Fuente Alejandro
Published: August 2015

These papers were prepared for the roundtable “Cuban Historiography: Trends, Themes, Debates,” LASA 2013, Washington, DC. The roundtable sought to gather a group of historians based in Cuba and abroad. Using different perspectives and approaches, defined along thematic, generational and methodological lines, these papers assess some of the most important changes and continuities that have characterized the historiography of Cuba during the past twenty years.
Intelectuales, izquierda(s) y poder en Cuba: Oteando el horizonte en tiempos de cambio
Authors: Chaguaceda Armando
Published: August 2015

The text, which is based on a number of works and recent events, covers some of the theoretical problems, public positioning, and political repercussions that characterize the constitution and actions of leftist intellectuals—and specific positions within it—in contemporary Cuba.
Teatro Buendía: Performing Dissent “Dentro de la Revolución”
Authors: de los Ángeles Torres María
Published: August 2015

Este artículo documenta los parámetros a través de los cuales la producción cultural de Cuba ha evolucionado, para contextualizar el trabajo del Teatro Buendía, moviéndose desde el texto de sus obras al contexto social en el cual estas residen. De esta manera, se examinan los momentos dinámicos cuando el Teatro Buendía ha ido mas allá de los límites, y cuando el Estado ha permitido el disentimiento, para así dar una ojeada a lo complicado de los conflictos entre el control del Estado y las exigencias de una producción cultural mas libre. El contexto de cambio de la isla, así como las realidades económicas que han forzado al régimen a encontrar formas de contentar a múltiples sectores de la población, hacen este análisis particularmente interesante. El precio que tal vez pague el Estado para mantener a los artistas en la isla es que exista una plataforma cultural mas abierta. Sin embargo, para la generación más joven de artistas y activistas, esta situación les conlleva a la pregunta ¿será suficiente la actuación de la disidencia?
“The Fist of Lázaro Is the Fist of His Generation”: Lázaro Saavedra and New Cuban Art as Dissidence
Authors: Snyder Emily
Published: August 2015

Esta nota de investigación brinda un análisis original de tres piezas de arte de Lázaro Saavedra y las sitúa como parte del esfuerzo cubano por la auto-definición y la representación. Saavedra, a través del arte, rechaza la manipulación de ideas por parte del Estado comunista de Cuba y, por el contrario, reta a su audiencia a buscar verdad e identidad mas allá de lo definido por el Estado. Su trabajo es un testamento al poder, utilidad e importancia de la memoria—tanto para el individuo como para la nación. Como líder del “nuevo arte cubano”, el trabajo de Saavedra ofrece un fascinante caso de estudio, y una ventana para comprender como los cubanos usaron el arte para provocar cambio social.
La historiografía cubana (siglo XX–XXI): Presencias y ausencias
Authors: Barcia María del Carmen
Published: August 2015

These papers were prepared for the roundtable “Cuban Historiography: Trends, Themes, Debates,” LASA 2013, Washington, DC. The roundtable sought to gather a group of historians based in Cuba and abroad. Using different perspectives and approaches, defined along thematic, generational and methodological lines, these papers assess some of the most important changes and continuities that have characterized the historiography of Cuba during the past twenty years.
The Decomposition of Philosophy: Quentin Meillassoux’s Speculative Messianism in The Number and the Siren
Authors: Wall-Romana Christophe
Published: August 2015

A critical review essay on Quentin Meillassoux’s The Number and the Siren: A Decipherment of Mallarmé’s “Coup de dés” (2012). The first part examines in detail the claims and methods of the book, particularly the skeleton key approach based on word count. It then questions why Meillassoux follows so closely and surreptitiously three key texts of Edgar Allan Poe’s about chance and necessity, which leads to expanding the essay’s critical horizon to his philosophical enterprise as a whole. Taking up his central notion of “absolute contingency” and its correlative dismissal of continental philosophy, the essay interprets Meillassoux’s project as a radical and messianic re-envisioning of chance, necessity and address in literature and philosophy. In spite of its unimpressive scholarship on poetry and Mallarmé, and an overall weak indictment of continental philosophy, The Number and the Siren must be read for what it is: an attempt at performing the parousia of speculative temporality.
Epochs, Elephants, and Parts: On the Concept of History in Literary Studies
Authors: Alpert Avram
Published: August 2015

This review essay takes Kenneth Warren’s What Was African American Literature? as an opportunity to reflect on the theory of history operative in literary studies. I suggest that Warren employs the idea that history is defined by shifting epochal units determined by legal structures. Building on the recent work of critical theorist Gabriel Rockhill, I propose that we should instead understand all histories as partial histories of the various strata that make up the present. Such a conception of history can more adequately handle the complexity of the relations between literature, race, and class today. The essay thus proposes that we can resituate Warren’s book alongside the strong responses it has elicited as a series of partial histories that can profitably speak to each other. In this way I hope to show the valuable insights that both Warren and his critics provide, while reframing the debate around the background question of the concept of history in literary studies.
Dead Men Running
Authors: McGrath Brian
Published: August 2015

“Dead Men Running” explores the frequency with which the dead win election in contemporary US politics and connects the results of these elections to the poetic trope prosopopoeia (granting a face and voice to the dead or inanimate). In recent decades readers of poetry have worked to show that poetry is deeply embedded within historical and political discourse. In this essay, and with specific attention to a poem by Lucille Clifton, “jasper texas 1998,” I focus on the ways political discourse relies on poetic tropes. The election of the dead to public office makes newly legible the poetic tropes, like prosopopoeia, that condition representative government, as one’s vote (one’s voice) is lent to another, even a deceased one. In this way, the election of the dead offers readers a chance to think differently the relation between poetry and politics. In other words, just as poetry is political so too is politics poetical.
The Privatization of Water Services: The Quest for Enhanced Human Rights Accountability
Authors: Moyo Khulekani , Liebenberg Sandra
Published: August 2015

Water has been regarded as the last frontier of privatization across the world. Most privatization arrangements do not involve any transfer of state assets to the private sector. Rather, the arrangements focus on the transfer of operational and managerial functions to the private sector. Several human rights concerns arise in any water privatization initiative. The fundamental question that arises is whether this transfer of functional responsibility gives rise to corresponding human rights duties on such nonstate actors and, if so, what the precise nature of these duties is. This article discusses the potential of voluntary initiatives for holding corporations responsible for the right to water in privatized contexts. It argues that although these voluntary initiatives contain flexible norms and procedures, from a legal pluralist perspective, these norms may be seen as law for participating firms. Such voluntary norms constitute an important development in a bid to hold corporations accountable for the right to water in the absence of binding international law norms on corporations.
Ratification, Reporting, and Rights: Quality of Participation in the Convention against Torture
Authors: Creamer Cosette D. , Simmons Beth A.
Published: August 2015

The core international human rights treaty bodies play an important role in monitoring implementation of human rights standards through consideration of states parties’ reports. Yet very little research explores how seriously governments take their reporting obligations. This article examines the reporting record of parties to the Convention against Torture, finding that report submission is heavily conditioned by the practices of neighboring countries and by a government’s human rights commitment and institutional capacity. This article also introduces original data on the quality and responsiveness of reports, finding that more democratic—and particularly newly democratic—governments tend to render higher quality reports.
Former Combatants on Sexual Violence During Warfare: A Comparative Study of the Perspectives of Perpetrators, Victims, and Witnesses
Authors: Haer Roos , Hecker Tobias , Maedl Anna
Published: August 2015

This study explores the reasons behind sexual violence. In doing so, we focus on structured information given by 224 former combatants from different Congolese armed groups. Unlike other studies on sexual violence, we have controlled for the combatant’s experience with sexual violence: we have self-reports on whether they have witnessed, experienced, or perpetrated sexual assault themselves. Ultimately, by asking the former combatants themselves to react on particular statements on the reasons behind sexual violence, we can glimpse the logic behind this phenomenon. The results of the comparative analysis show that perpetrators differ from nonperpetrators by emphasizing that sexual violence occurs out of frustration or as revenge. Victims, however, emphasize the lack of punishment and the fact that perpetrators want to prove their strength. All in all, we found high levels of agreement surrounding the opportunity argument behind sexual violence during warfare, i.e. it occurs because war provides the perpetrator with an opportunity for this kind of behavior.
Human Rights and Development: Putting Power and Politics at the Center
Authors: Crawford Gordon , Andreassen Bård A.
Published: August 2015

Human rights are not primarily technical-legal issues. While much research and debate has revolved around the legal nature of human rights, comparatively little attention has been offered to their political character. Human rights define basic norms, values and interests in human and social life, but they are, at the same time, always secured or denied in political and social contexts of power, and situations of competition over resources. This article reports on a research project that made detailed empirical analyses of how different forms of power constrain human rights activism in six different countries, and examines the construction of countervailing empowerment to challenge such power structures. It argues that more systematic analytical attention should be paid to power and political analysis of human rights in development contexts.
The Shi͑a Isma͑ili Da͑wat in Khurasan: From its Early Beginning to the Ghaznawid Era
Authors: Baiza Yahia
Published: August 2015

This paper focuses on the rise and development of the Shi͑a Isma͑ili (hereafter, Isma͑ili) history in Khurasan, from its earliest beginning to the end of the Ghaznawid era. It demonstrates that the Isma͑ili da͑wat (summons) in Khursan has been a successful endeavour. Its success has mainly been due to the fact that the Isma͑ili imams always valued Khurasan as an important and promising land for their da͑wat mission, which was led and carried by the hard work of the Isma͑ili da͑i s (summoners), who were able to create a strong and resilient da͑wat network, and convert both laypeople as well as intellectual, military and political elites to the Isma͑ili esoteric doctrine. However, this history has often been overlooked and largely remains underexplored because of at least two factors. First, conventional historiography, which still dominates mainstream historiography, mainly focuses on big narratives, and rarely pays attention to the history and events of minority groups. Secondly, anti-Isma͑ili polemicists intentionally fabricated many narratives about Isma͑ili history in order to obscure and disrepute the origin of the Isma͑ili imams, their da͑i s, da͑wat school, and history. Until the mid-twentieth century, the fabricated accounts, which were considered to be historical facts, dominated the field of Isma͑ili history. With these two historical realities in mind, this article aims at (a) opening a space for Isma͑ili history in Khurasan, which has often been kept in the margin of mainstream interpretations; and (b) contributing to our knowledge of the subject by analysing it, from its earliest beginning until the end of the Ghaznawid era, in the light of modern scholarship.
Latina Shi͑a Women in the United States of America: Converging Identities in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Shahmoradi Maryam , Hosseini Hasan
Published: August 2015

Conversion to Islam among Latinas/os in the United States has been gaining increased media and academic attention. This study explores the experiences of a doubly understudied group of converts in the United States: Latinas who convert to Shi͑ism. It looks at their pre-conversion, conversion, and post-conversion experiences to explore what unique aspects of conversion to Shi͑ism are shared among these Latinas. It also looks at how their gender affected their conversion. Special attention is given to the negotiation of multiple minority identities and how they synthesised a Latina-Muslim-American identity.
Tomboyism and Familial Belonging in Carson McCullers’s The Member of the Wedding : Queer Sentiments
Authors: Proehl Kristen B.
Published: August 2015

This article brings queer-theoretical scholarship on the Southern Gothic into dialogue with the history of childhood and sentimental studies. Published in 1946, Carson McCullers’s The Member of the Wedding introduces readers to Frankie Addams, an awkward, unruly adolescent protagonist who resists the rigid gender and sexual norms of early twentieth-century Southern United States. While McCullers’s writing is often characterized as “Gothic” and “unsentimental,” this paper argues that her tomboy narrative invokes and revises the sentimental Bildungsroman of the mid-nineteenth century. Specifically, McCullers draws upon sentimental tropes of non-traditional families as she reimagines Frankie’s “family.” Like many sentimental child protagonists, Frankie endures the early fracturing of her nuclear family due to the death of her mother but forges a surrogate family with her African American housekeeper, Berenice Sadie Brown, and her cousin, John Henry West. Through her juxtaposition of queer children and non-normative families, McCullers critiques heteronormative institutions and rituals, meditates upon issues of membership in the body politic, and demonstrates how sentimentalism crystallizes persistently around the intersections of race, girlhood, and the family.
Toward a Theory of Adolescence: Queer Disruptions in Representations of Adolescent Reading
Authors: Owen Gabrielle
Published: August 2015

Using queer and psychoanalytic schemas, this essay develops a theory of adolescence to shed light on the ways in which categories of age shape our experiences of ourselves and others. It draws from social discourse surrounding adolescent reading and from fictional scenes of reading in nineteenth-century novels, twentieth-century classics, and contemporary young adult fiction in order to unravel the cultural logic of adolescence as it has been deployed throughout the twentieth century.
Hard Candy , Revenge, and the “Aftermath” of Feminism: “A Teenage Girl Doesn’t Do This”
Authors: Richards Chris
Published: August 2015

This article discusses the film Hard Candy in relation to debates surrounding the meanings of feminism, post-feminism, and girl power. In particular, it explores the rape-revenge narrative as an articulation of ambiguous representations of young women and their relationship to both second-wave and third-wave feminisms. The central example discussed in this article presents a challenging and unsettling representation of a young teenage girl confronting an apparently sexually predatory photographer in his thirties. This article explores the construction of such a teenage avenger with reference to a range of precedents in both film and television. In particular, the article considers on what terms Hard Candy contradicts the positioning of teenage girls as weak and vulnerable.
The Obligation of Perfect and Perpetual Continence and Married Deacons in the Latin Church: Canonical Implications
Authors: McLaughlin Anthony K. W.
Published: August 2015

Through the reception of diaconate a man becomes a cleric. Canon 277 §1 states: “Clerics are obliged to observe perfect and perpetual continence for the sake of the kingdom of Heaven and therefore are bound to celibacy.” Accordingly, it would seem that clerics have two distinct obligations: perfect and perpetual continence and celibacy with continence presented as the fundamental norm. While canon 288 of the 1983 code exempts permanent deacons (no distinction is made between married and unmarried deacons) from some obligations common to all clerics, canon 277 §1 is not one of them. This raises a fundamental question: “Are married deacons, though dispensed from the obligation of celibacy unless their wife dies, obliged to observe perfect and perpetual continence?” The author establishes why diaconal continence is even a question by examining the long canonical history associated with continence for clergy, and demonstrates that depending on how one answers the question there are significant implications for the current interpretation and implementation of the prescripts of canon 277 §1.
Ongoing Difficulties in the Judicial Praxis of American Tribunals in Causes of the Nullity of Marriage
Authors: Daniel William L.
Published: August 2015

Despite the traditional appreciation for the supernatural importance and proper finality of the administration of justice in the Church, the 1960s witnessed the introduction of a new juridical culture in American Tribunals that undermined the nature of the marriage nullity trial as a search for the objective truth about the alleged nullity. The application of the American Procedural Norms of 1970 eroded the proper meaning of moral certitude and de facto eliminated the obligation for the double conformity of sentences. Despite their abrogation by the 1983 code, tribunals continued and in many ways still continue the irregular practices of issuing an immoderate number of affirmative decisions, minimizing the role of the defender of the bond, instructing causes without the judicial method, and not treating the respondent as a party totally equal to the petitioner. These problems can be addressed through canonical formation, better collaboration, and more careful episcopal vigilance.
Killing a Career: Homicide and the Development of Medieval Clerical Discipline
Authors: Larson Atria A.
Published: August 2015

Medieval canonical jurisprudence developed sophisticated theories of culpability and liability in connection with homicide. It did so especially in the context of considering whether clerics involved in the death of another could retain their office or be promoted to a higher one. This jurisprudence had not been present in the early Middle Ages, when bishops considering how to discipline clerics involved in homicides would have had to rely on a small body of canons that was by no means standardized. A standardized and systematic consideration of the discipline of clerics in connection to homicide emerged primarily from Gratian’s discussion of lapsed clerics in his Decretum D.50 and the commentary on it. By the decretals of Innocent III, clerics involved in the death of another person faced a longer and more systematic process. That process involved at least two or three investigations into their actions; these involved precise terminology and categories for considering levels of culpability and especially for considering whether they could retain their office or face promotion to higher orders.
The Enduring Force of the Canonical Prohibition of Masonic Membership in the 1983 Code of Canon Law
Authors: Condon Edward
Published: August 2015

The canonical prohibition of Catholic membership of a Masonic Lodge or society was expressly articulated in canon 2335 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law, with attached a penalty of excommunication, latae sententiae . Further canonical effects explicitly linked to Masonry were contained six additional canons spread throughout the Code. The 1983 Code of Canon Law contains no explicit mention of Freemasonry. Canon 1374 provids for indeterminate penalties for those who joined societies which “plot against the Church”, but there is no consensus of what the canonical definition of plotting ( machinationem ) means, nor which societies, if any, might be intended by the canon. This article traces the origins of the Church’s opposition to Freemasonry, along with the canonical provisions made against it, through the formulation of both Codes of Canon Law, and establishes the existence, necessity, and justice of an enduring universal canonical prohibition of Catholic membership of the Freemasons.