bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contrast Ratios and Chromatic Value of IPS E.max LT Framework Materials
Authors: Shao Long Quan , Sun Ting , Zhou Shan Yu , Deng Bin , Yi Yuan Fu , Wen Ning
Published: September 2011

Cylindrical specimens of IPS E.max LT frameworks of C and D color series with a diameter of 13mm and thicknesses of 0.3mm and 0.5mm respectively were made with customized methods to determine the relative translucency and chromatic values. Reflectivity values (Yb and Yw) of all samples were determined with CM-5 chromatism instrument and contrast ratios (Yb/Yw) were then calculated. Chromatic values of IPS E.max LT blanks provided by the manufacturer were also determined. L valueS of ceramic blanks were significantly different among specimen groups (P< 0.01). From C1 to C4 and D2 to D4 L value declined. Contrast ratios were not significantly different for specimens of the same thickness and color series ranging from 0.3105 to 0.5134. Significant difference was found for specimens of different thicknesses but the same color (P< 0.05). Thickness is an important correlative factor for the relative translucency of IPS E.max LT framework materials.
Damage Mechanism of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced SiC-Based Composite
Authors: Wei Jie , Chen Yu Hong , Jiang Liang
Published: September 2011

Short carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (SiC)composites were prepared with boron (B) and carbon (C) as sintering additives via pressureless sintering at 2150°C. The damage mechanism of fiber was investigated as following: (1) The carbon fiber was seriously physically damaged in the process of material mixing; (2) The chemical damage of the carbon fiber was happened in the reaction with matrix as the high sintering temperature; (3) Numerous cavities exist between the carbon fiber and the matrix leads to the weak interfacial strength.
Infrared and Visible Spectrum Study on Yellowish Green Peridot from Jinlin
Authors: Ma Li Xia , Guo Ying , Tang Wei Xi
Published: September 2011

10 pieces of yellowish green peridot from Jilin province with fine and pure texture were selected to analyze the relationship between frequency drift in middle-infrared band and color appearance, through the replacement of Fe2+. The actual crystal chemical formula of the samples calculated by Oxygen atom method is: (Mg1.84,Fe0.19)2.04[(Si0.982,Al0.001)0.983O4], so prove that it is chrysolite [1] and the replacement of Fe2+ and Mg2+ in the position M, which led to the yellowish green appearance. With the help of Fourier infrared spectrometer TENSOR27 and One Way ANOVA analysis study the infrared spectra of 10 samples and analyze the impact Fe2+ had on frequency drift, getting the Correlation coefficient r between Fe2+ and the wave-number near 1040cm-1, 622cm-1, 522cm-1, and the value of r are -0.896,-0.884,-0.903, therefore, with Fe2+ increasing ,three reflection peaks drift to the lower frequency. Compare the reflectivity in the visible area (360nm ~ 750nm) tested by colorimeter Color i5 with the mafic peridot end of forsterite solid solution, finding that with the reflectance peaks drift to low frequency, reflection of blue and purple light decrease, blue and purple tone in peridot decreasing; reflection of the red and orange light increases, red and orange tone increasing. It is concluded that in the transformation of mafic Peridot end to chrysolite peridot end, reflection peaks in infrared band drift to lower frequency, causing the increase of red and orange tone, decrease of blue and purple tone in Peridot.
Phases Transformation of Boron Mud during Carbothermal Reduction Process
Authors: Li Xiao Chao , Huang Zhao Hui , Liu Yang Gai , Fang Ming Hao
Published: September 2011

By using the industrial waste boron mud as raw material, graphite as reductant, coke particles as burying materials. During carbothermal reduction process, the Mg-Fe forsterite phase in boron mud row materials can transformed into forsterite and Fe2O3 at 1550°C and 1600°C for 3 h, and the Fe3C can be generated from the partial reduction of Fe2O3 with graphite, The main phase in samples calcined under 1650°C for 3 h contained forsterite, Fe2O3, Fe3C and β-SiC. The compound powder of Mg2SiO4 and β-SiC was prepared through the carbothermal reduction process. The effects of different graphite proportion (theoretical proportion, exceeding 10%, 50% and 100%) and firing temperature (1550°C, 1600°C and 1650°C) on the phase transformation and microstructure of the products were investigated by XRD, SEM and EDS. The results show that β-SiC powders were obtained at 1650°C for 3 h when graphite content was theoretical.
Effects of Internal Standards and Peak Profile Functions on Quantitative XRD Phase Analysis of Cement and its Hydrates
Authors: Wei Yong Qi , Yao Wu , Wang Wei
Published: September 2011

Quantitative X-Ray diffraction (QXRD) combined with the Rietveld refinement method allows direct determination of crystalline phase content of cement and its hydrates. However, relatively precise results need the correction of proper internal standards and the use of matched peak profile functions with masterly refinement strategies. The aim of this paper is to research and discuss effects of these factors on the quantitative phase analysis results. For this purpose, different internal standards and peak profile functions with corresponding refinement strategies were attempted in experiments and refinements. The results indicate that Al2O3as internal standard is more suitable for cement and its hydrates than ZnO, and the better peak profile function is CW function 2 rather than function 3 in GSAS.
Influence of Temperature on Phase Composition of Nitridation Products from Rutile and Fly Ash
Authors: Ji Hai Peng , Chen Kai , Huang Zhao Hui , Liu Yang Gai , Fang Ming Hao
Published: September 2011

Rutile and fly ash powders were nitridized at different temperatures for 4 h. The influence of temperature on phase composition of nitridation products from rutile and fly ash was studied. XRD, SEM and EDS analyses show that: the phase compositions of the products was quite dependent on the reaction temperature. Mullite, O'-Sialon and X-Sialon were formed from 1400 °C to 1450 °C. Rising temperature would get Mullite nitrided. Meanwhile, O'-Sialon and X-Sialon would be nitrided and transformed into β-Sialon. At temperatures above 1550 °C, the main phases of the products were hexagonal columnar β-Sialon and irregular TiC0.3N0.7 grains.
Purification of Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized by Pyrolysis Flame
Authors: Ding Zhao Yong , Sun Bao Min , Bi Jin Sheng , Ding Xiao Lian
Published: September 2011

Pyramid shaped pyrolysis flame is a new method for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) synthesis, using this method has successfully produced high properties carbon nanotubes. But, because at the first 1min of sampling time, there are not tubes produced, so catalyst particles and carbon atom clusters assemble on the sampling substrate in the first 1min. Also, lots of amorphous carbon, deformity tubes, and graphite segment were produced in the experimental. In order to eliminate these impurities, ultrasonic treatment, aether cleaning, acid pickling, and co-processing were used. Ultrasonic treatment can separate particles from tubes, aether can clear amorphous carbon and graphite segment while acid pickling can dissolve catalyst particles. Using ultrasonic oscillation separation and aether as diluent can gain pure sample. Ultrasonic oscillation and nitric acid as diluent can purify products also, but not as good as aether as diluent. Concentrated nitric acid and long time immersion will destroy the structure of carbon nanotubes.
Minocycline Modification of Gelatin-Hydroxylapatite Composite by Co-Precipitation Method
Authors: Zhu Xiao Peng , Ning Tian Yun , Xu Xiao Hua , Liu Wei , Li Quan Li
Published: September 2011

Minocycline, a semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic, was incorporated into gelatin- hydroxyapatite (HA) composite by using a biomimetic co-precipitation method, Firstly, a certain amount of acidic solution of hydroxyapatite was added into gelatin solution dropwise. After that, different amounts of minocycline (0mg, 50mg, 100mg, 200mg, 300mg) solution was added into the reaction system respectively , and obtain the hydroxyapatite - gelatin- minocycline composite. The results showed that the amount of the minocycline impacted the structure of the composite, and minocycline affects HA crystal growth by maybe bonding to 300 face. The approach described here may provide a basis for the preparation of an antibacterial biomaterial for bone regeneration.
Establishment of Energy Efficiency Evaluation System for New Suspension Preheater Cement Enterprise in China
Authors: Yuan Xiu Xia
Published: September 2011

Through collecting and analyzing thermal data from on-site testing of more than 30 cement plants, combining with design indicators of production line and control parameters in practical operation, the paper has summarized 4 first level, 5 second level and 133 third level energy efficiency evaluation indicators of cement enterprises after an in-depth study on the main factors influencing coal and power consumption of cement plants. On this basis, an energy efficiency evaluation system of new suspension preheater cement enterprise is to be established in China. It is expected to provide cement enterprise the basis of mastering the level of energy management and checking questions of energy utilization, to play guiding functions in settlement of energy-saving measures, development of energy-saving potential and reduction of energy consumption.
The Analysis of the Function and Principle on Air Cooling PV Double-Glass Window
Authors: Li Wei Hong , Li Cong
Published: September 2011

This article presents a new kind of photovoltaic window - Air-cooling PV double-glass window. The structure and principle of air-cooling PV double-glass window is introduced. The study pointed out that photoelectric transformation efficiency of photovoltaic cells hpv is an important parameter to evaluate the electric performance of PV systems, and also gives a expectation on future work.
Mechanical Properties of Y-TZP Ceramic after Different Surface Treatments
Authors: Liu Qi , Shao Long Quan , Hu Chen , Deng Bin , Yi Yuan Fu , Wen Ning
Published: September 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties of yttrium- stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP) ceramics after different surface treatments. Cercon Smart Ceramics samples were divided into groups: (1) bland control (no treatment), (2) hand grinding, (3) Al2O3air-abration, (4) irradiation with 200mJ Er:YAG laser. Tensile bond strength, shear bond strength and flexural strength were evaluated after 24h storage at 37°C. Each group had 10 samples for different test. Data were evaluated using ANOVA analysis (α=0.05). Laser and air-abration achieved higher tensile and shear bond strength when air-abration presented the best flexural strength. Surface modifications significantly increased the mechanical properties of the Y-TZP ceramics.
Preparation of MgO-Partially Stabilized Zirconia Nano-Powder by Coprecipitation Pressing
Authors: Xia Jin Feng , Li Cai Xia , Wang Zheng , Jiang Dan Yu , Li Qiang
Published: September 2011

Nano-sized 8mol% MgO-PSZ powder was prepared via coprecipitation, Afterwards, the prepared powders were characterized by XRD and SEM technologies. The results clearly demonstrate that the calcined temperature can be feasible for the MgO-ZrO2composite, crystal structure and particle size.
Method and Equipment for the Measurement of the Uniformity and Cohesiveness of Concrete Mixture
Authors: Yang Wen , Wang Jun , Wu Jun Long
Published: September 2011

This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of existing measurement methods of flowability, uniformity and cohesiveness of concrete. Based on the fully understanding of the concrete workability, a new test method and equipment is designed not only for making quantitative analysis on concrete uniformity but also on cohesiveness.
Microstructure and Properties Evaluation of WTi(C,N)-06 Cemented Carbide with TaC and NbC
Authors: Gao Yuan Fei , Huang Zhao Hui , Chen Kai , Fang Ming Hao , Liu Yang Gai
Published: September 2011

A WTi(C,N)-06 cemented carbide with TaC and NbC is studied as the research objective in this paper. The phase composition of the cemented carbide was analyzed by using XRD method, and the microstructure of the cemented carbide was studied and evaluated by using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. According to the comparison with a general-grained cemented carbide, the addition of TaC and NbC can suppress the grain growth of WC crystal, and it is also good for improving mechanism performance. The average grain size of WTi(C,N)-06 cemented carbide is 2.1μm, density 12.9g/cm3, hardness 74HRC, and bending strength 2378MPa.
Tribological Design of Zirconia Nanocomposite Ceramic Tool and Die Material
Authors: Yi Ming Dong , Xu Chong Hai , Wang X.H. , Zhang Hui Fa
Published: September 2011

A new ZrO2 nano-composite ceramic tool and die material was prepared with vacuum hot pressing technology. The friction and wear behaviors of ZrO2 nano-composite ceramic tool and die materials in sliding against 45 chilled steel rings under dry friction were investigated by using an MMW-1A abrasion wear tester. The mechanical properties and the friction and wear properties of the composites with various compositions and contents were studied. It is indicated that the changing trends of the wear rate and the mechanical properties of the composites with the change of TiB2 and Al2O3 contents are roughly the same, but the friction coefficient is not obviously. The friction and wear properties and the mechanical properties are finer when the TiB2 and Al2O3 content is both 10%.
An Experimental Study of Radial-Mode Abrasive Waterjet Turning of Steels
Authors: Li W.Y. , Wang Jun , Ali Yasser M.
Published: September 2011

An experimental study of a radial-mode abrasive waterjet (AWJ) turning of AISI4340 high tensile steel is presented. The major process parameters, i.e. feed speed, waterjet pressure, abrasive flow rate, nozzle tilt angle, and workpiece surface speed, are considered in a statistical experimental design. The advantages of the radial-mode AWJ turning over the offset-mode turning include maximum jet energy utilization, high surface speed, a variety of nozzle tilt angles and small nozzle standoff distance, to enable high material removal rate (MRR). It is found that the depth of cut is considerably increased when large nozzle tilt angle and high surface speed are used. It also shows that feed speed and waterjet pressure are the two most significant parameters to control the MRR. This preliminary study suggests that the radial-mode AWJ turning is feasible and can yield high material removal rates. Future research to advance the knowledge about this new machining process is also proposed.
Study on Micro Growth Process and Characteristics of Deposited Material in Micro EDM Deposition
Authors: Peng Zi Long , Li Yi Nan , Wang Z.L.
Published: September 2011

The micro growth process and characteristics of deposited material in micro EDM deposition are researched in this paper. In the initial stage of the deposition the deposited material is not an even layer in the diameter direction of tool electrode. The emergence of deposited material will affect the next pulse discharge distribution between tool electrode and workpiece. A micro cylinder with the diameter of 85µm, height of 255µm formed successfully with the fine surface quality using the tool electrode diameter of 200µm. It has shown that micro EDM deposition process has the ability to fabrication more finer micro structures with thinner electrode. The characteristics of deposited material including bonding behavior between deposited material and workpiece, energy spectrum analysis, hardness test and resist compression test of the deposited material have been tested. Results show that the deposited material has compact microstructure and bonds close to the workpiece, which can be used in the occasion of withstanding compress.
Laser Shock Processing of Ni-Base Superalloy and High Cycle Fatigue Properties
Authors: Zhou L. , Li Y.H. , He W.F. , Wang X.D. , Li Q.P.
Published: September 2011

A plasma sound wave detection method of laser shock processing (LSP) technology is proposed. Speciments of Ni-base superalloy are used in this paper. A convergent lens is used to deliver 1.2 J, 10 ns laser pulses by a Q-switch Nd:YAG laser, operating at 1 Hz. The influence of the laser density to the shock wave is investigated in detail for two different wavelength lasers. Constant amplitude fatigue data are generated in room environment using notch specimens tested at an amplitude of vibration 2.8 mm and first-order flextensional mode. The results show that LSP is an effective surface treatment technique for improving the high cycle fatigue performance of Ni-base superalloys having a factor of 1.62 improvement in fatigue life.
Machining of Free-Form Surface Method and Implementation Research with Ball-End Cutter
Authors: Zhang Ke Hua , Min Li , Wen Dong Hui
Published: September 2011

A new tool path generation method based on Z-buffer method is proposed for free-form surface machining by using ball-end cutters. Firstly, to avoid ball-end mill cutting the workpiece, we make the cutter shaft which is perpendicular to machining surface tilt angle θ, then determine the examining area and then judge there is or not a interference occurring between ball-end mill and examining area, if there is, then make a adjustment for cutter shaft. The discretized points within the examining area are efficiently read in and stored directly by the computer hardware; no extra searching and iterative methods are needed. Simulation results show that, comparing with the traditional algorithm, the tool-position calculation time is shorter, and the phenomenon of workpiece squeezed and scratched is less in this algorithm. It meets the basic needs of five axis machining accuracy. Finally we make a practical machining experiment for cutter location generated.
The Research and Application of Multi-Point and Time-Sharing Measurement Method on NC Machine Tool
Authors: Deng Yu Fen , Guo Jun Jie , Wang Jin Dong , Wang H.
Published: September 2011

The paper presents the principle and algorithm of multi-point and time-sharing measurement method to detect the machine geometric accuracy.Its basic principle is based on laser tracker and the multilateral method,moreover,only one laser tracker is used in the measurement.Its cost is lower than multi-point and simultaneous measurement.Then the application of the method is introduced on a glass measuring instrument.The geometric error of the machine is separated in x and y direction.
A New Method for Identifying Geometric Errors Inherent to Revolving Axle of Multi-Axis Machine Tool
Authors: Ding Guo Fu , Jiang Lei , Zhu Shao Wei , Ma Shu Wen
Published: September 2011

Geometric errors identification of revolving axle of multi-axis machine tool has encountered a great difficulty in geometric errors compensation. This paper describes a new method to identify geometric errors inherent to revolving axle of multi-axis machine tool based on a ball-bar system. Under RTCP (Rotation Around Tool Center Point) or RPCP (Rotation Around Part Center Point) function, the displacement errors of revolving axle in X, Y and Z direction can be obtained by the ball-bar system respectively at every measurement angle. With the corresponding identification algorithm proposed in this paper, the whole six geometric errors of revolving axle can be identified. This new method is suitable for any type of multi-axis machine tool and without structural constraints. To confirm the validity of the proposed method, an experiment has been conducted on a five-axis machine tool, and the results show that this method is effective and applicable.
A New Method for Single-Measurement and Compensating the Position Errors of a Three-Axis Machine Tool
Authors: He C.Y. , Li W.M. , Huang T.
Published: September 2011

There is great practical significance in error compensation of CNC machine tools. In this dissertation, the measurement theory and application methods of some advanced measure were analyzed. From those measurement methods, we found the drawback of comprehensive error measurement. Further more, this paper has detailed a new defined as single-measurement for the sake of the double-frequency laser interferometer to measure 14 geometric errors of three-axis system. The method facilitates measurements and shortens the machine shutdown time.
Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion for Methane Production from Corn Stalks with Stack-Pretreated
Authors: Zhou S.X. , Dong Y.P. , Zhang Y.L.
Published: September 2011

Microbial pretreatment was applied to enhance biogas production from corn stover through solid-state anaerobic digestion, but the price of microbial strains is high. The objective of this study was to find the effects on biogas production by the naturally microbial pretreatment method. The highest cumulative biogas yield for 60-day solid-state anaerobic digestion was obtained in B group (the pretreated corn straws with cow dung), which was 19.6% higher than that of the untreated samples. The D group（the pretreated corn straws with the sludge）cumulative biogas yield for 60-day solid-state anaerobic digestion was obtained, which was 18.87% higher than that of the untreted samples. The biogas of D group increased to the range of 55%～60% methane content, while B group with the range of 75%～80%.The results indicated that the pretreated corn straws mixing cow manure can improve both the biogas production yield and the content of methane in CH4。
Experimental Study on Impact Force for Engineering Ceramics Machining with Micro-Detonation of Striking Arc
Authors: Tian Xin Li , Zhang Bao Guo , Lin K.L. , Guo Fang , Wang Jian Quan
Published: September 2011

The impact force of micro-detonation of striking arc machining is studied. The orthogonal experimental design and regression analysis method are employed to build the prediction model and the influencing laws of processing parameters on impact force are educed. Experimental results show that the impact force decreases with the increment of working current and increases with the growth of working pressure and nozzle diameter. The exponential type model is consistent with experiment results. The research can offer an important reference for the process control of micro-detonation of striking arc machining.
A Deterministic Method of Application Region of Clamping Forces for Fixture Design
Authors: Guo X.Y. , Qin Guo Hua , Ye Hai Chao
Published: September 2011

After being located, cutting force and torques will exert on a workpiece during the machining operation. In order to guarantee the location accuracy and production safety, the feasible clamping forces must be planned to stabilize the workpiece in the entire processing. Therefore, the workpiece stability is taken as a core to create a deterministic algorithm to the application region of clamping forces for the complex workpiece. Firstly, on the basis of the combination of the screw theory with the linear programming technology, an analysis algorithm is subjected to judge the workpiece stability. Secondly, according to the surface discretization method, a deterministic algorithm is further established to plan the application region of clamping force by analyzing the workpiece stability at all nodes in sequence. The proposed method can be utilized for the determination of the application region of clamping forces as well as the verification of the feasibility of the magnitudes of clamping forces.
Study on Working Hardening for the Sheet with Different Hardening Index by Fine-Blanking with Negative Clearance
Authors: Fan W.F. , Zhang Zhong Mei
Published: September 2011

The hardening layer of blanking boundary could enhance structure intensity and wear resistance of blanking work piece evidently. Therefore it could enhance fatigue strength and the working life of work piece greatly. This paper carried through fine-blanking with negative clearance processing experiment for the sheet with different hardening index and measured the blanking force and the punch stroke relations curves. The micro hardness of the blanking work pieces sheared surface were measured by Vickers Hardness instrument(MH-6), which obtained the relations curves of punch stroke and the micro hardness of the blanking work pieces. The level of working hardening were compared with different hardening index materials by fine-blanking with negative clearance, and the blanking work pieces working hardening were enhanced evidently by fine-blanking with negative clearance.
Study on Multi-Factor Blanking Parameters for Fine-Blanking with Negative Clearance through Simulation Optimization
Authors: Li J.H. , Zhang Zhong Mei
Published: September 2011

The plastic analysis software DEFORM was used to simulate the blanking process of metal plastic without burr. Based on theory of the rigid FEM, the geometry model used for blanking with a negative clearance was established. The facts of influence the quality of the blanking work pieces were analyzed and concluded, at the same time, the parameters were indicated to improve the quality of the blanking work pieces. Through the experiment, the blanking load was measured with different clearance, thickness and material in group. The reciprocity between these facts was analyzed and the clearance was optimized. After the blanking load was regress analysis, the coefficient of the load and these facts were researched. Using quality analysis of the work pieces in the experiment, the thickness and the material were obtained which were suitable for blanking of metal plastic without burr. The reactions which were used to separate the metal were studied, which offered thereunder for proper remaining based on the better quality and smaller blanking load.
Quasi-Optimal Parameter Design of Five-Axis Tool Grinders Based on Taguchi Method
Authors: Chen Jenn Yih , Lee Bean Yin , Huang Z.H.
Published: September 2011

In order to improve precision of grinding as well as accuracy of ball nose end mills, the Taguchi approach was adopted to figure out quasi-optimal parameter values of the XYZ axes drives and the controller for a five-axis tool grinder. Firstly, the backlash and pitch errors of the transmission system and rotational axes were measured via a laser interferometer, and these errors were compensated by setting compensation values on a human machine interface of the controller. Four control factors with three levels and an L9 orthogonal array were used in the experiments, and each experiment was repeated three times. Next, this parameter design was applied to obtain quasi-optimal values of the drives and the controller, and further a tool grinder was employed to grind five ball nose end mills to confirm the practicability. Finally, a tool measuring and inspection machine was utilized to measure the tool geometry of each end mill for the initial and optimal designs. Experimental results were shown to indicate the considerable improvement of the accuracy of the end mills and demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.
A New Vari-Speed Cutting Scheme for Chatter Suppression
Authors: Mao Kuan Min , Zhu Ming , Zhang Min
Published: September 2011

From the view of implementation and machine protection, this paper presents a novel scheme of programming spindle-speed variation for regenerative chatter suppression. It is based on the research of the necessary conditions of chatter, from a new perspective. Through standard test method, research are carried on the influence of the interval time and the speed variation amplitude on vibration suppression effectiveness. In this work, cutting process keeps relatively more stable without motor continuous overload, which is verified by theoretical analysis and experiments.
On Medium Frequency Induction Heating Applied in the Energy-Saving Light Industrial Equipments and its Electromagnetic Radiation
Authors: Zhang Zi Qiang , Yu G.Y. , Chen S.B. , Zheng Z.D. , Li R.D. , Li Y.
Published: September 2011

Increasingly, induction heaters are being widely applied to the energy-saving light industrial equipment. But their electromagnetic radiation’s impact on the environment can’t be ignored. In the paper, several medium frequency induction heaters had been studied under different experimental conditions using E61 electromagnetic field strength analyzer, and as its supplement, the racetrack-coils induction heater had been simulated using ANSYS. According to ICNIRP guidelines, the results show that their radiation is generally in critical state, and magnetic field strength is superstandard in some areas. And countermeasures to the problems are advised.
Research on the Pulse Width Modulated Pneumatic Servo Systems with Long Transmission Lines
Authors: Zheng P. , Jiang Shan , Liu J. , Guo J. , Feng W.H.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a nonlinear model of the pulse width modulated(PWM) pneumatic servo systems with long transmission lines which has a huge potential to be used in the automatic production lines and other industrial applications, for the advantages of low cost and clean. An averaging approach is adopted to describe the equivalent continuous-time dynamics of a PWM controlled nonlinear system. With this model, the simulation is taken with a fuzzy logic controller. The simulation results indicate that the PWM pneumatic servo system with long lines have good performance both in the position control and tracking ability.
A Critical Chain Project Scheduling Problem with Multi-Mode
Authors: Peng Wu Liang , Jiao Q.J.
Published: September 2011

Critical chain method (CCM) is a new project method which combines project network technologies and management arts. Although there are lots of researches on it, the existing critical chain method has some drawbacks limiting its decision level in practical application. To improve the decision level and application range of critical chain method, the critical chain method with multi-mode is studied. The project network technology is the foundation of project scheduling problem. All the existing project management tools can only support single mode project network, that is, all the project activities have only one executive mode. We study the multi-mode project network as the foundation of multi-mode CC. Furthermore, by relating multi-mode project network to critical chain method, the critical chain method with multi-mode is presented, and the implementation procedure is proposed. In the implementation of multi-mode CCM, the activity priority rules and mode priority rules are investigated.
Buckling Optimization of Perforated Curved Shells
Authors: Wang D. , Zhang W.H. , Zhu Ji Hong , Yang J.G. , Zhang M.M.
Published: September 2011

Shape optimization design is carried out in the paper aiming at the feature of openings on curved shells to enhance the structural stability and reduce the stress concentration. In order to make sure that the hole boundary curve are always located on the prescribed curved shell, the parametrical mapping method is employed to describe the hole boundary on the curved shells with shape design variables defined in the intrinsic reference domain. Then, different optimization models are established and the specific sensitivity is calculated for buckling optimization. Finally, it concludes from numerical examples that the structural stability and the intensity benefit together for a curved surface with a large curvature, and they are contradictory for a curved surface with a small curvature.
The Application of AD Theory in the Study of Active Steering System
Authors: Shen Bin , Ji P.K.
Published: September 2011

A new type of steering system so called Ackerman active steering system is put forward through combining the active steering with Ackerman geometry theory. The application of axiomatic design concepts to the steering system design is presented. The fundamental function requirements and the relative design parameters of desirable steering systems are introduced according to the trend of steering system evolution. The uncoupling control system is proposed and the simulation is conducted to verify the concept. The result shows that the coupled system can be converted into an uncoupled one via further design on control system.
Reliability Analysis on Friction-Pressurized Drilling Rod of Rotary Drilling Rig
Authors: Sun G.Q. , Zhang Guan Wei , Chen Yong Liang
Published: September 2011

For the reliability problems of drilling rod of rotary drilling rig that need to be resolved currently, the paper took the friction-pressurized drilling rod for example, firstly analysised the failure modes of drilling rod with the joint method of FTA-FMECA; then established the structural reliability model of drilling rod according to the dominant failure modes respectively, and solved the failure probability; finally, made recommendations of reliability improvement. In the paper, the calculation of failure probability was done with Monte-Carlo simulation method, and the accurate solution was obtained with Matlab program.
Chip Thickness Analysis in Peripheral Milling of Curved Surfaces with Variable Curvature Considering Cutter Runout
Authors: Yang Y. , Wan Min , Zhang Wei Hong , Li Y.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of instantaneous uncut chip thickness (IUCT) in peripheral milling of curved surface with variable curvature is nontrivial due to the combined influences of both process geometry and cutter runout. This paper gives a systematic analysis of IUCT including the effects of changing workpiece geometry and the cutter runout in peripheral milling. The prominent feature of this analysis procedure lies in that the novel equation for computing the IUCT is mathematically derived in detail. Numerical simulations are performed to study the effect of workpiece curvature and cutter runout on IUCT. The proposed model is validated by comparing the measured cutting forces with those predicted based on the IUCT which is obtained using the current approach.
Empirical Models between User Requirements and Product Structural Variables: A Hydraulic Forging Press Case Study
Authors: Li X. , Huang Yan Qun
Published: September 2011

To effectively determine the key parameters of a model for complex mechanical products like hydraulic forging press (HFP), design cases were analyzed, user requirements (URs) quantified, and important mechanical structural variables (SVs) addressed to identify the underlying relationships between URs and SVs. By including experts’ experiences, empirical models were mathematically built and verified basing on the linear regression theory, and then applied to estimate practical variable values. The programmatic framework presented for the preliminary design of a product was implemented and successfully demonstrated on the preliminary design of an HFP company.
Research on the Influence Factors for the Deflection of Micro-Ball-End Cutter in Micro-End-Milling Process
Authors: Chen Ming Jun , Wang Zhi Jun , Wu Chun Ya , Ni Hai Bo
Published: September 2011

Machining parameters and spindle radial runout have great influence on the micro-ball-end cutter deflection in the micro-end-milling process. In this study, a 3D (three-dimensional) thermal-mechanical FEM (finite element method) model of micro-milling with non-rigid cutter is built to study how radial runout, cutting depth, feed and spindle speed influence the cutter deflection when feed has the same direction with the spindle radial runout. Cutter deflection under different groove lengths, cutting depths, feeds and spindle speeds is investigated, which shows that cutter deflection increases with spindle radial runout significantly. The largest deflections with runout of 2μm are 3.26μm, 3.26μm, 4.71μm and 4.52μm respectively under the adopted machining conditions, while the largest deflections without runout are 1.85μm, 1.85μm, 2.26μm and 3.79μm respectively. It is also shown that the runout effect increases with groove length, cutting depth, while it decreases with feed.
Experimental Electronic Structure of the Thermoelectric Materials Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3
Authors: Akilan T. , Robert M. Charles , Saravanan R.
Published: September 2011

In this work, high vacuum (10-6Torr) annealed (at 500°C) samples of the thermoelectric materials Bi2Te3and Sb2Te3were analyzed in terms of local structures and electron density distribution. After annealing, the samples were analyzed for their structural properties using powder X- ray diffraction data. The electron density distribution has been analyzed using the MEM (maximum entropy method) and the precise bonding in Bi2Te3and Sb2Te3has been determined. Since Bi2Te3and Sb2Te3and their combinations are the latest high figure of merit thermoelectric materials, with immediate application in many fields, particularly the electrical power harvesting devices, a study on the local structure of these materials becomes important which has been carried out in this work. Also the particle size variation due to annealing effect is studied and reported and the bond distance between neighboring atoms in bismuth telluride and antimony telluride has been analyzed.
Automation of Photoacoustic Spectrometer for NDE Applications
Authors: Palanichamy P. , Kalyanasundaram P. , Jeyadheepan K. , Jeyaprakasam M. , Ramachandran K. , Sanjeeviraja C.
Published: September 2011

New software using VEE Pro was developed to integrate the various components of photoacoustic spectrometer through RS-232 interface and this is the first time such an effort is made not only to integrate but also to automatically acquire the data for depth profile and wave length scanning. The performance and validity was rigorously tested for repeatability and standard error for samples like air, glass and silicon wafer. As an application towards NDE, the thermal parameters obtained from photoacoustics are compared with ultrasonics and discussed.
Template Synthesis, Spectral and Redox Behavior of Metal Complexes of Macrocyclic Tetraaza Schiff Base and their Interaction with Herring Sperm DNA
Authors: Malarvizhi M. , Subramanian G. , Athappan PR.
Published: September 2011

This paper documents the detailed investigation of the relationship between molecular structure and biological activity of few tetraaza macrocyclic metal (II) complexes equipped by the template condensation of o-bromoaniline, ethylenediamine and salbenz in 2:1:1 ratio with metal (II) salts (1mM). All these complexes are found to be stable in air and soluble in CN3CN or DMSO, and are characterized through spectral (UV-Vis, IR, EPR) and electrochemical methods. A square planar geometry is proposed for Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes, while an octahedral geometry is suggested for Mn(II) and Fe(II). The IR spectra indicate that the NH groups of the amine exist as such even after complexation without deprotonation, and all the complexes show a strong band in 1580-1590 cm-1region corresponding to ν(C=N), due to coordinated azomethine group to the metal. The solution electronic spectra of these complexes show intense LMCT bands around 400 nm. Intense electronic absorption spectra as well as the four line pattern in EPR spectra with broad g⊥suggests that the copper(II) complexes have distorted square planar geometry. On titration with herring sperm DNA, CuN4,CoN4,NiN4and MnN4complexes exhibit an abrupt amend in their electronic spectrum and cyclic voltammogram. The intense intraligand π-π* transition in the region 350–420 nm is found to show hypochromicity on titration with DNA in all these complexes, due to their electrostatic interaction with DNA. All these complexes show one well–defined quasi-reversible redox couple with values ranging from ∆Ep 137 to 337 mV. Their spectral and electrochemical outcome designate that the square planar complexes Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) interact much better than the axially coordinated octahedral complexes Mn(II) and Fe(II). The decrease found in the negative absorption peak, characteristic peak due to helicity of DNA, in circular dichroism studies reflects the perversion in the helical nature of B-DNA upon the addition of complex. The binding of plasmid DNA by these complexes has also been investigated by agarose gel electrophoresis, remarkably Ni(II) complex was found to cleave the DNA double helix.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ligand and its Metal Complexes
Authors: Xavier A. , Sathya R , Usha D. , Harikrishnan P.S.
Published: September 2011

A series of metal complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of Schiff base with metal (II) salt solution. The complexes were characterized by UV and FT- IR studies. The study reveals that the geometry of the complexes were octahedral. The electronic spectra of these complexes show a strong absorption band in 550 – 580 nm region. This confirms the coordination of ligand with metal. The FT-IR shows a very strong band at 1606cm-1 assigned to C=N stretching vibration. It is shifted to lower wave number because of the complex formation, suggesting that coordination of the Schiff base groups through N- atoms with the metal ion. The band at 3056cm-1 is due to aromatic O-H stretching, the sharp peak at 750 cm-1 and 688 cm-1 are due to halogens substituted in the para position.
Phenol and Formaldehyde Cationic Resin Blended with Sulphonated Aegle Marmelos Charcoal
Authors: Sayee Kannan R. , Siva S. , Kavitha K. , Kannan N.
Published: September 2011

This paper represents a simple method for preparing and characterizing of low-cost ion exchangers of sulfonated carbon prepared from Aegle Marmelos., as a source of cheap plant material blended with phenol-formaldehyde as a cross linking agent. The prepared ion exchange resins (IERS) are characterized by infrared (IR) spectral and thermal studies. All the important physico chemical properties of the ion exchangers have been determined. It is concluded from the present study that PER sample could be blended with 30% (W/W) of sulfonated Aegle Marmelos charcoal (SAMC) without affecting its physico chemical, spectral and thermal properties. Hence blending with SAMC will be finitely lower the cost of the ion exchange resin. Ion exchange process is suitable in the treatment of waste water containing metal ions discharge from plating and other industries. Also, it is a convenient way to concentrate and remove the ions of valuable metals like copper, mercury, cadmium, Nickel and Barium special processes using selective IERS are also available for the recovery of precisious noble metals like gold, platinum and silver. The present study is aimed at to synthesize and characterize new composite ion exchangers of PhOH – HCHO type, blended with SAMC and to determine the column/cation exchange capacity (or) ion exchange capacity (IEC) for some selective metal ions.
The Anomalous Photoluminescence and Thermally Stimulated Luminescence from Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Fan Jung Chuan , Sung Huang Huei , Lin Chun Rong
Published: September 2011

The semiconducting property of carbon nanotubes have been investigated by the luminescence measurement. The morphology of carbon nanotubes has been detected by the scanning electric microscope, and the X ray diffraction determines the atomic structure of carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotubes can be luminescence under laser irradiation. Using the photoluminescence measurement, the emitting spectrum of carbon naotubes is very spread in a near-red emission range and a main peak at 1.3 eV . The temperature dependent of photoluminescence effect indicates that the semiconducting property of carbon nanotubes is very clearly. According to the thermally photoluminescence experiment, the luminescent property of carbon nanotubes is due to the center of energy trap of defect. It is suggested that the luminescence of the semiconducting property result is dominated by the electron trap of defect in the carbon nanotubes system.
High Electro-Optic Coefficient in Organic NLO Polymers: Poling and Study of the Relaxation Process
Authors: Kutuvantavida Yasar , Williams Grant V. M. , Quilty James W. , Bhuiyan M. Delower H. , Kay Andrew J.
Published: September 2011

We report a high electo-optic coefficient (r33) of 175 pm/V in guest-host polymer films made by mixing amorphous polycarbonate with the chromophore, PYR-3 that was synthesized by our team. We have previously shown that PYR-3 has a large 2nd order nonlinear optical figure of merit. The measured r33 is five times larger than that of conventional inorganic materials such as lithium niobate. The decay of r33 with time has been studied for more than 1000 hours at room temperature and ambient atmosphere, and we find that the r33 value gradually reduced to a stable value of 34 pm/V after 40 days.
High-Throughput Microfluidic Sorting of C. elegans for Automated Force Pattern Measurement
Authors: Johari Shazlina , Nock Volker , Alkaisi Maan M. , Wang Wen
Published: September 2011

With a reduced set of 300 neurons and a fully sequenced genome, the multicellular nematodeCaenorhabditis eleganshas recently gained increasing interest as a model organism for neurobiological studies. One particular area of interest is related to worm locomotion and the investigation of the correlation between individual genes, neurons, muscle arms and the motion pattern of the nematodes. To characterize motion patterns of movingC. eleganswe have previously demonstrated an automated force measurement setup using microfabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pillars and image processing. In this paper we introduce an integrated microfluidic device for worm sorting and force measurement. The device allows for high-throughput measurements by combining sorting functions on-chip with the existing force pattern measurement system. A horizontal sorting channel and branching vertical pillar array channels are utilized for worm sorting. Using the former, the nematodes can be flow-directed into arrays of 40 µm and 60 µm diameter pillars based on worm size and type. This improves animal survival and increases the relevance of the force measurement by allowing one to match the amplitude of the worm movement to the pillar spacing. The PDMS based device consists of three layers: a fluidic layer with pillars for force measurement at the bottom, a gas layer on top and a thin PDMS layer sandwiched between them. By applying pressure to the gas layer, the membrane in the middle will be deflected thus restricting the worms’ movement in the fluidic channel.
Microfabrication Process for XYZ Stage-Needle Assembly for Cellular Delivery and Surgery
Authors: Banerjee Arunav S. , Blaikie Richard , Wang Wen Hui
Published: September 2011

In this paper, we present our ongoing work on developing a microfabricated XYZ stage-needle arrayed single crystal silicon (SCS) structure for cellular delivery and surgery. We discuss the device design and working principle based on electrostatic actuation. We also briefly discuss our microfabrication process flow and show some preliminary results of fabricating arrays of microneedles that are 250 µm long and 5 µm at the tip diameter.
Neutron Powder Diffraction Study of the Effect of Mn-Doping on SrTiO3
Authors: Fujioka Yukari , Frantti Johannes , Vogel Sven C. , Zhang Jian Zhong , Lin Zhi Jun , Reiche Helmut , Losko Adrian , Daemen Luke L.
Published: September 2011

The effect of manganese doping on the magnetic and structural properties of strontiumtitanate (SrTiO3) was studied. Neutron powder diffraction, x-ray diffraction, magneticmeasurements, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy of x-rays wereutilized. Air-sintered Sr(MnxTi1-x)O3 (SMT) with x = 0:02 and x = 0:05 were homogeneoussingle phase orthorhombic (space group Pbnm) perovskite samples. The symmetry was orthorhombicalready at room temperature, and no symmetry change was observed down to 11K. An anomaly in the magnetic susceptibility was observed in x = 0:02 sample at 75 K. Incontrast to earlier reports, no ferromagnetism was observed.