bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in Preparative and Labeling Technology for Microscopy and Imaging of the Developing Nervous System: Transport Studies of Novel Multi-Functional Correlative Probes
Authors: Rosa-Molinar E. , Rodriguez-Cortes A , Serrano Velez J. L. , Rosario-Garcia M. G. , Rivera-Ortiz J. M.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Multiple Labeling for EM using Colloidal Particles of Gold, Palladium and Platinum as Markers
Authors: Bleher Reiner , Meyer Daryl A , Albrecht Ralph M
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Improvements of Elemental Mapping via X-ray Spectrum Imaging Combined with Principal Component Analysis and Zero-Peak Deconvolution
Authors: Watanabe M. , Williams D.B.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Fiber Optic Arrays: A Universal Platform for Sensing
Authors: Epstein Jason R
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
A Wide Area Scanning Atomic Force Profiler
Authors: Batchelor A D , Galhouse Brian , Griffis Dieter P , Stevie Fred A , Russell Phillip E
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
The Characterization and Performance of NiAl-Hf Coatings
Authors: Weaver Mark
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Electronic Transport in Individual Carbon Nanotubes and Nanotube Networks by Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Kalinin S V , Meunier Vincent , Jesse Steven , Shin J S , Baddorf A P , Harrison Robert J , Geohegan D B
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Development of Microanalytical Reference Materials for Geochemical Analysis
Authors: Wilson Stephen A , Potts Phil A
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Magnetic Manipulation: Biology and Biomimetic Materials
Authors: Superfine R. , Fisher J. , Vicci L. , Wilde B. , Taylor II R. M. , Carroll R. L. , Hao J.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Force Fields Measured with Nanoscale Resolution Using Scanned Probe Microscopy
Authors: Eppell Steven J , Todd Brian A
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Macro Quantity of Isolated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized by High Temperature Pulse-Arc Discharge
Authors: Murooka Yoshie , Tanaka Hiromochi , Ichikawa Tatsuya
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Infrared Imaging and Pathological Analysis of Tissues: Is There a Road to Clinical Acceptance?
Authors: Jackson Mike
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
The Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on Etching Aluminum Alloys with Fluoroboric Acid
Authors: Lorcharoensery Kai
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Use of Vibrational Spectroscopy to Elucidate the Atherosclerotic Disease Process in the Apo E Knock-out Mouse Model
Authors: Adar Fran , Jelicks Linda , Naudin Coralie , Rousseau Denis , Whitley Andrew , Yeh S
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Electron Microscopy Imaging of Electrical Transport Through Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Networks in Polymers
Authors: Jesse Stephen , Guillorn Michael A , Ivanov Ilia N , Puretkzy Alex A , Geohegan David B
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Development of an Integrated Near-Field Acoustic Holography (NFAH) System on a Scanning Probe Microscopy Platform
Authors: Shekhawat Gajendra , Dravid Vinayak P
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
ELNES and EDS Mapping in HfOxNy Thin Films and AlN/TiN Superlattices
Authors: Couillard Martin , Lee M-S , Landheer Dolf , Pankov Vladimir V. , Prince Robert H. , Botton Gianluigi A.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Development and Fabrication of Multifunctional Scanning Probes and Sensors with Focused Ion Beam Techniques
Authors: Mizaikoff Boris , Kranz Christine
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Site-specific 3D Imaging of Cells and Tissues Using DualBeam Technology
Authors: Gestmann Ingo , Hayles Mike , Shi Dan , Kumar Ganesh , Giannuzzi Lucille A , Lich Ben , Subramaniam Sriram
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
TEM Analysis of an Actinide-Bearing Sorbent: Monosodium Titanate
Authors: Dietz N.L. , Duff M.C. , Hobbs D.T. , Hunter D.B.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
SEM and FTIR Analysis Field Aged vs. Laboratory Aged Polymeric Surge Arresters
Authors: Liu Z. , Sundarajan R. , Mohammed A. , Graves J.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation of Single-crystal Indium Phosphide
Authors: Khalil A.S. , Llewellyn D.J. , Ridgway M.C. , Stewart A.M. , Byrne A.P. , Chadderton L.T.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Growth and Characterization of Large Arrays of Oriented Nanostructures
Authors: Liu J. Y
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Storing Your Data? A Look at the CD (R/RW), DVD (R/RW), and Hard Disk
Authors: Cheng P-C.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Using Photoshop in the Scientific World: Advances and Companion Programs
Authors: Kost J.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy on Ultra-thin Films in 2-D and 3-D
Authors: Leblanc R.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Manipulation Inside SEM: Nanotube Oscillators and Mobile Structures
Authors: Superfine R. , Papadakis S. , Hall A. , Sul O. , Taylor II R.M. , Falvo M. , Washburn S.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Damage in III–V Compounds during Focused Ion Beam Milling
Authors: Rubanov S. , Munroe P.R.
Published: January 2008

The damage layers generated in III–V compounds exposed to energetic gallium ions in a focused ion beam (FIB) instrument have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The damage on the side walls of the milled trenches is in the form of amorphous layers associated with direct amorphization from the gallium beam, rather than from redeposition of milled material. However, the damage on the bottom of the milled trenches is more complex. For InP and InAs the damage layers include the presence of crystalline phases resulting from recrystallization associated heating from the incident beam and gallium implantation. In contrast, such crystalline phases are not present in GaAs. The thicknesses of the damage layers are greater than those calculated from theoretical models of ion implantation. These differences arise because the dynamic nature of FIB milling means that the energetic ion beams pass through already damaged layers. In InP recoil phosphorus atoms also cause significant damage.
Recent Advances in Electron Tomography: TEM and HAADF-STEM Tomography for Materials Science and Semiconductor Applications
Authors: Kübel Christian , Voigt Andreas , Schoenmakers Remco , Otten Max , Su David , Lee Tan-Chen , Carlsson Anna , Bradley John
Published: January 2008

Electron tomography is a well-established technique for three-dimensional structure determination of (almost) amorphous specimens in life sciences applications. With the recent advances in nanotechnology and the semiconductor industry, there is also an increasing need for high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) structural information in physical sciences. In this article, we evaluate the capabilities and limitations of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-angle-annular-dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) tomography for the 3D structural characterization of partially crystalline to highly crystalline materials. Our analysis of catalysts, a hydrogen storage material, and different semiconductor devices shows that features with a diameter as small as 1–2 nm can be resolved in three dimensions by electron tomography. For partially crystalline materials with small single crystalline domains, bright-field TEM tomography provides reliable 3D structural information. HAADF-STEM tomography is more versatile and can also be used for high-resolution 3D imaging of highly crystalline materials such as semiconductor devices.
Self-Assembled Nanostructures on VSe2Surfaces Induced by Cu Deposition
Authors: Spiecker Erdmann , Hollensteiner Stefan , Jäger Wolfgang , Haselier Hans , Schroeder Herbert
Published: January 2008

Analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been applied for the characterization of evolution, lateral arrangements, orientations, and the microscopic nature of nanostructures formed during the early stages of ultrahigh vacuum electron beam evaporation of Cu onto surfaces of VSe2layered crystals. Linear nanostructure of relatively large lateral dimension (100–500 nm) and networks of smaller nanostructures (lateral dimension: 15–30 nm; mesh sizes: 500–2000 nm) are subsequently formed on the substrate surfaces. Both types of nanostructures are not Cu nanowires but are composed of two strands of crystalline substrate material elevating above the substrate surface. For the large nanostructures a symmetric roof structure with an inclination angle of ∼30° with respect to the substrate surface could be deduced from detailed diffraction contrast experiments. In addition to the nanostructure networks a thin layer of a Cu-VSe2intercalation phase of 3R polytype is observed at the substrate surface. A dense network of interface dislocations indicates that the phase formation is accompanied by in-plane strain. We present a model that explains the formation of large and small nanostructures as consequences of compressive layer strains that are relaxed by the formation of rooflike nanostructures, finally evolving into the observed networks with increasing deposition time. The dominating contributions to the compressive layer strains are considered to be an electronic charge transfer from the Cu adsorbate to the substrate and the formation of a Cu-VSe2intercalation compound in a thin surface layer.
Structure Determination of Atomically Controlled Crystal
Architectures Grown within Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Kirkland Angus I. , Meyer Rüdiger R. , Sloan J. , Hutchison J.L.
Published: January 2008

Indirect high resolution electron microscopy using one of several
possible data-set geometries offers advantages over conventional
high-resolution imaging in enabling the recovery of the complex
wavefunction at the specimen exit plane and simultaneously eliminating the
aberrations present in the objective lens. This article discusses results
obtained using this method from structures formed by inorganic materials
confined within the bores of carbon nanotubes. Such materials are shown to
be atomically regulated due to their confinement, leading to integral
layer architectures that we have termed “Feynman crystals.”
These one-dimensional (1D) crystals also show a wide range of structural
deviations from the bulk, including unexpected lattice distortions, and in
some cases entirely new forms have been observed.
Introduction: A Special Issue on Cardiovascular Development and
Disease
Authors: Price Robert L.
Published: January 2008

According to statistics provided by the American Heart Association
for 2002, the latest year available, cardiovascular diseases are the
leading cause of death in both males and females in the United States
with over 434,000 males and 494,000 females dying each year from
cardiovascular-related diseases. This is 36.6% of all deaths in males
and 39.8% in females and represents billions of dollars in health care
costs. Cardiovascular-associated diseases run the gamut from congenital
defects that manifest early in development through diseases such as
stroke and infarcts frequently associated with advanced age.
Investigative techniques to study these diseases are varied and include
a full range of imaging, genomic, and proteomic technologies.
Confocal Imaging of the Embryonic Heart: How Deep?
Authors: Miller Christine E. , Thompson Robert P. , Bigelow Michael R. , Gittinger George , Trusk Thomas C. , Sedmera David
Published: January 2008

Confocal microscopy allows for optical sectioning of tissues, thus obviating the need for physical sectioning and subsequent registration to obtain a three-dimensional representation of tissue architecture. However, practicalities such as tissue opacity, light penetration, and detector sensitivity have usually limited the available depth of imaging to 200 μm. With the emergence of newer, more powerful systems, we attempted to push these limits to those dictated by the working distance of the objective. We used whole-mount immunohistochemical staining followed by clearing with benzyl alcohol-benzyl benzoate (BABB) to visualize three-dimensional myocardial architecture. Confocal imaging of entire chick embryonic hearts up to a depth of 1.5 mm with voxel dimensions of 3 μm was achieved with a 10× dry objective. For the purpose of screening for congenital heart defects, we used endocardial painting with fluorescently labeled poly-L-lysine and imaged BABB-cleared hearts with a 5× objective up to a depth of 2 mm. Two-photon imaging of whole-mount specimens stained with Hoechst nuclear dye produced clear images all the way through stage 29 hearts without significant signal attenuation. Thus, currently available systems allow confocal imaging of fixed samples to previously unattainable depths, the current limiting factors being objective working distance, antibody penetration, specimen autofluorescence, and incomplete clearing.
The Expression and Role of Protein Kinase C in Neonatal Cardiac Myocyte Attachment, Cell Volume, and Myofibril Formation Is Dependent on the Composition of the Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Bullard Tara A. , Borg Thomas K. , Price Robert L.
Published: January 2008

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic component of tissues that influences cellular phenotype and behavior. We sought to determine the role of specific ECM substrates in the regulation of protein kinase C (PKC) isozyme expression and function in cardiac myocyte attachment, cell volume, and myofibril formation. PKC isozyme expression was ECM substrate specific. Increasing concentrations of the PKC δ inhibitor rottlerin attenuated myocyte attachment to randomly organized collagen (1, 5, and 10 μM), laminin (5 and 10 μM), aligned collagen (5 and 10 μM), and fibronectin (10 μM). Rottlerin significantly decreased cell volume on laminin and randomly organized collagen, and inhibited myofibril formation on laminin. The PKC α inhibitor Gö 6976 inhibited attachment to randomly organized collagen at 6 nM but did not affect cell volume. The general PKC inhibitor Bisindolylmalemide I (10 and 30 μM) did not affect myocyte attachment; however, it significantly decreased cell volume on randomly organized collagen. Our data indicate that PKC isozymes are expressed and utilized by neonatal cardiac myocytes during attachment, cell growth, and myofibril formation. Specifically, it appears that PKC δ and/or its downstream effectors play an important role in the interaction between cardiac myocytes and laminin, providing further evidence that the ECM influences cardiac myocyte behavior.
Quantitative Analysis of ZO-1 Colocalization with Cx43 Gap Junction Plaques in Cultures of Rat Neonatal Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Zhu Ching , Barker Ralph J. , Hunter Andrew W. , Zhang Yuhua , Jourdan Jane , Gourdie Robert G.
Published: January 2008

The gap junction (GJ) is an aggregate of intercellular channels that facilitates cytoplasmic interchange of ions, second messengers, and other molecules of less than 1000 Da between cells. In excitable organs such as heart and brain, GJs configure extended intercellular pathways for stable and long-term propagation of action potential. In a previous study in adult rat heart, we have shown that the Drosophila disks-large related protein ZO-1 shows low to moderate colocalization at myocyte borders with the GJ protein Cx43. In the present study, we detail a protocol for characterizing the pattern and level of colocalization of ZO-1 with Cx43 in cultures of neonatal myocytes at the level of individual GJ plaques. The data indicate that ZO-1 shows on average a partial 26.6% overlap (SD= 11.3%) with Cx43 GJ plaques. There is a strong positive correlation between GJ plaque size and area of ZO-1 colocalization, indicating that the level of associated ZO-1 scales with the area of the GJ plaque. Qualitatively, the most prominent colocalization occurs at the plaque perimeter. These studies may provide insight into the presently unknown biological function of ZO-1 interaction with Cx43.
Microstructured Cocultures of Cardiac Myocytes and Fibroblasts: A Two-DimensionalIn VitroModel of Cardiac Tissue
Authors: Camelliti Patrizia , McCulloch Andrew D. , Kohl Peter
Published: January 2008

Cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts are essential elements of myocardial tissue structure and function.In vivo, myocytes constitute the majority of cardiac tissue volume, whereas fibroblasts dominate in numbers.In vitro, cardiac cell cultures are usually designed to exclude fibroblasts, which, because of their maintained proliferative potential, tend to overgrow the myocytes. Recent advances in microstructuring of cultures and cell growth on elastic membranes have greatly enhancedin vitropreservation of tissue properties and offer a novel platform technology for producing morein vivo-like models of myocardium. We used microfluidic techniques to grow two-dimensional structured cardiac tissue models, containing both myocytes and fibroblasts, and characterized cell morphology, distribution, and coupling using immunohistochemical techniques.In vitrofindings were compared within vivoventricular cyto-architecture. Cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts, cultured on intersecting 30-μm-wide collagen tracks, acquire anin vivo-like phenotype. Their spatial arrangement closely resembles that observed in native tissue: Strands of highly aligned myocytes are surrounded by parallel threads of fibroblasts. In thisin vitrosystem, fibroblasts form contacts with other fibroblasts and myocytes, which can support homogeneous and heterogeneous gap junctional coupling, as observedin vivo. We conclude that structured cocultures of cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts mimicin vivoventricular tissue organization and provide a novel tool forin vitroresearch into cardiac electromechanical function.
WELCOME FROM THE PROGRAM COMMITTEE
Authors: Price Bob , Kotula Paul , Marko Mike , Scott John Henry , Vander Voort George , Manilova Elena , Ng Mary Mah Lee , Smith Kath , Griffin Brendan , Smith Peter
Published: January 2008

Microscopy and Microanalysis 2005 promises to be a dynamic meeting
proving that good science can transcend national boundaries. In
addition to the usual sponsoring societies, the Microscopy Society of
America (MSA) and the Microbeam Analysis Society (MAS), the
International Metallographic Society (IMS) will again be a
co-sponsoring society of the meeting. We are also fortunate that with
the prime location of the meeting in Hawaii, many of the Pacific Rim
Microscopy Societies will be joining us for the meeting. These include
the Committee of Asia-Pacific Societies for Microscopy (CAPSM), the
Australian Microscopy and Microanalysis Society (AMMS, Inc.), the
Australian Microbeam Analysis Society (AMAS), and Microscopy New
Zealand (MNZ). This truly international representation will provide
attendees with the opportunity to observe how microscopy and
microanalysis are advancing multiple fields of science in much of the
world. The M&M 2005 Executive Program Committee, comprised of
co-chairs from each of the participating societies, has put together a
comprehensive scientific program that will address a variety of
cutting-edge topics in the applications of microscopy in the biological
and physical sciences and in the development of new instrumentation and
techniques.
MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA
Authors: Burke M. Grace
Published: January 2008

Message from the President and lists of MSA council members, MSA appointed
officers, MSA sustaining members, and MSA awards and award winners.
MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY
Authors: Musselman Inga
Published: January 2008

Message from the President; MAS calendar of events; and lists of MAS
council officers, past MAS presidents, MAS sustaining members, MAS award
winners, MAS distinguished scholars, and previous MAS award winners.
INTERNATIONAL METALLOGRAPHIC SOCIETY
Authors: Lockley Allan
Published: January 2008

Message from the President; IMS calendar of events; and lists of IMS
board of directors, IMS appointments, IMS corporate sponsors, past
IMS presidents, IMS award winners, competition judges, and the IMS
conference organizing committee.
AUSTRALIAN MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS SOCIETY
Authors: Smith Katherine
Published: January 2008

Message from the President; and lists of the executive committee,
non-executive officers, AMMS Inc. state representatives, past AMMS
presidents, and AMMS awards.
Guarded hybrid knowledge bases
Authors: HEYMANS STIJN , DE BRUIJN JOS , PREDOIU LIVIA , FEIER CRISTINA , VAN NIEWENBORGH DAVY
Published: January 2008

Recently, there has been a lot of interest in the integration of Description Logics (DL) and rules on the Semantic Web. We defineguarded hybrid knowledge bases(org-hybrid knowledge bases) as knowledge bases that consist of a Description Logic knowledge base and aguardedlogic program, similar to the$\mathcal{DL}$+logknowledge bases from Rosati (In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA, 2006, pp. 68–78.). g-Hybrid knowledge bases enable an integration of Description Logics and Logic Programming where, unlike in other approaches, variables in the rules of a guarded program do not need to appear in positive non-DL atoms of the body, i.e., DL atoms can act asguardsas well. Decidability of satisfiability checking of g-hybrid knowledge bases is shown for the particular DL$\mathcal{DLRO}^{\-{le}}$, which is close to OWL DL, by a reduction to guarded programs under the open answer set semantics. Moreover, we show 2-Exptime-completeness for satisfiability checking of such g-hybrid knowledge bases. Finally, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of our approach compared with$\mathcal{DL}$+logknowledge bases.
New capabilities for studies using isotopes in the water cycle
Authors: Aggarwal Pradeep K. , Alduchov Oleg , Araguás Araguás Luis , Dogramaci Shawan , Katzlberger Gernot , Kriz Karel , Kulkarni Kshitij M. , Kurttas Türker , Newman Brent D. , Purcher Alexander
Published: January 2008

The characterization and quantification of hydrological fluxes within components of the water cycle and across interfaces (e.g., atmosphere/land surface, aquifer/river, soil/plant) are critical for assessing and managing water resources and for understanding the impacts of climate change and variability on the hydrological cycle. Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen, and radioactive isotopes such as tritium and carbon‐14, provide unique insights into hydrological and climatic processes at local, regional, and global scales, including the role of groundwater in rivers and lakes, groundwater recharge rates, and sources and recycling rates of atmospheric moisture [Aggarwal et al., 2005; Gat, 1996; Kendall and McDonnell, 1998]. Isotopes also provide critical insights into understanding feedbacks and interactions between physical and biological processes (e.g., ecohydrology).
New map of Antarctica
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2008

A new map of Antarctica that provides the most geographically accurate, true‐color, high‐resolution views of the continent to date was unveiled on 27 November. The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica—completed by researchers from NASA, the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. National Science Foundation, and the British Antarctic Survey—is a realistic, nearly cloudless satellite view of the continent, piecing together 1100 Landsat images.

The map “will open new windows of opportunity for scientific research as well as enable the public to become much more familiar with Antarctica and how scientists use imagery in their research. This innovation is like watching high‐definition TV in living color versus watching the picture on a grainy black‐and‐white television,” said Robert Bindschadler, chief scientist of the Hydrospheric and Biospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. For more details, visit http://lima.usgs.gov, http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/lima_press_conf.html, and http://lima.nasa.gov.
Research needs for finely resolved fossil carbon emissions
Authors: Gurney Kevin , Ansley William , Mendoza Daniel , Petron Gabrielle , Frost Greg , Gregg Jay , Fischer Marc , Pataki Diane , Ackerman Kate , Houweling Sander , Corbin Kathy , Andres Robert , Biasing T. J.
Published: January 2008

Scientific research on the global carbon cycle has emerged as a high priority in biogeochemistry, climate studies, and global change policy. The emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel combustion is a dominant driver of the current net carbon fluxes between the land, the oceans, and the atmosphere, and it is a key contributor to the rise in modern radiative forcing. Contrary to a commonly held perception, our quantitative knowledge about these emissions is insufficient to satisfy current scientific and policy needs. A more highly spatially and temporally resolved quantification of the social and economic drivers of fossil fuel combustion, and the resulting CO2 emissions, is essential to supporting scientific and policy progress. In this article, a new community of emissions researchers called the CO2 Fossil Fuel Emission Effort (CO2FFEE) outlines a research agenda to meet the need for improved fossil fuel CO2 emissions information and solicits comment from the scientific community and research agencies.
High‐school‐age science assessments
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2008

Students in Finland had the highest science scores in a 57‐country survey of 15‐year‐olds. According to a 4 December report issued by the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD), other high‐scoring countries included Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Hong Kong‐ China, Chinese Taipei, and Estonia. More than 400,000 students from 57 countries participated in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a triennial survey of the knowledge and skills of 15‐year‐olds. The study found that on average across OECD countries, 1.3% of 15‐year‐olds reached level 6, the highest proficiency level on the science scale. These students could consistently identify, explain, and apply scientific knowledge in many situations. The number of students at that level could not be reliably predicted from a country's overall performance. For instance, while Korea had an overall high score of 522 points (above the average 500) and the United States had a score of 489, both countries had similar percentages of students at level 6. For more information, visit the Website: http://www.oecd.org.
Attracting, retaining, and engaging early career scientists
Authors: Jones Alan , Heal Kate , Pringle Daniel
Published: January 2008

This young scientists event was organized to engage younger scientists with the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) and to provide a specific forum to express their views at the General Assembly. It comprised a panel discussion chaired by Kate Heal and with three young geosciences panelists (Masaki Hayashi, University of Calgary, Canada; Kalachand Sain, National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India; and Simona Stefanescu, National Meteorological Administration, Bucharest). The group, which had identified several topics relevant to young geoscientists, presented their views in open discussion session. Thirty IUGG conference attendees were present.
Synchrotron radiation needs for molecular environmental science
Authors: Reeder Richard J. , Bargar John , Kemner Kenneth , Lanzirotti Antonio , Shuh David K.
Published: January 2008

Synchrotron facilities provide exceptionally high brightness, tunable X‐ray sources that make possible a range of novel techniques allowing molecular‐scale and sometimes time‐resolved characterization of diverse types of materials. Focusing the X‐ray beam to nanometer to micrometer sizes enables spectroscopic and scattering measurements at high spatial resolution, thereby allowing study of complex, heterogeneous environmental samples in which elements of interest are commonly dilute. Such molecular‐scale characterization provides the basis for understanding fundamental reaction mechanisms, chemical speciation of trace and major elements, contaminant mobility/bioavailability, and element cycling in the hydrosphere.

It is no surprise therefore that synchrotron radiation techniques, such as X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and scattering, have become core techniques in the fields of molecular environmental science (MES) and low‐temperature geochemistry (LTG). The synchrotron user group EnviroSync organized a workshop in Rockville, Md., to assess current capabilities at U.S. synchrotron facilities and future needs for these communities. Sponsorship was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Basic Energy Sciences and Office of Biological and Environmental Remediation and by the U.S. National Science Foundation's Earth Sciences Directorate. The 50+ participants included academic and national laboratory researchers, beam line scientists, instrument designers, and facility directors and representatives. Program managers from funding agencies provided perspectives from Washington.
Sandy signs of a tsunami's onshore depth and speed
Authors: Huntington Katharine , Bourgeois Joanne , Gelfenbaum Guy , Lynett Patrick , Jaffe Bruce , Yeh Harry , Weiss Robert
Published: January 2008

Tsunamis rank among the most devastating and unpredictable natural hazards to affect coastal areas. Just 3 years ago, in December 2004, the Indian Ocean tsunami caused more than 225,000 deaths. Like many extreme events, however, destructive tsunamis strike rarely enough that written records span too little time to quantify tsunami hazard and risk. Tsunami deposits preserved in the geologic record have been used to extend the record of tsunami occurrence but not the magnitude of past events. To quantify tsunami hazard further, we asked the following question: Can ancient deposits also provide guidance on the expectable water depths and speeds for future tsunamis?
En route to comet Hartley 2
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2008

NASA has given the go‐ahead for the Deep Impact spacecraft to fly to comet Hartley 2 after the original target, comet Boethin, could not be found despite extensive searching. The spacecraft, which successfully guided an impactor into comet Tempel 1 in July 2005, will fly by comet Hartley 2 on 11 October 2010 as part of a two‐part extended mission known as EPOXI. During the first part of the mission—Extrasolar Planet Observation and Characterization—a large telescope on the spacecraft will observe and study several previously discovered extrasolar planetary systems. During the second part of the mission—the Deep Impact Extended Investigation—the spacecraft will fly to within 1000 kilometers of the 0.8‐kilometer‐wide comet and study it with two telescopes and an infrared spectrometer.
Minimal mass transfer across dolomitic granular fault cores
Authors: Billi Andrea , Primavera Paolo , Soligo Michele , Tuccimei Paola
Published: January 2008

The role of chemical changes and mass transfer in the formation of granular fault cores across carbonate strata is still unclear. Thirteen granular fault cores across strata of dolostone from Sperlonga, central Italy, are analyzed by chemical and physical methods. The analyzed faults are reverse or transpressional, up to about 1 m thick, and flanked by a host rock affected by a widely developed solution cleavage. Grain size distributions of fault core rocks are determined by a sieving procedure for grains larger than 63 μm. Mechanisms of grain comminution are inferred by microscopic analyses on a set of thin sections obtained from epoxy‐impregnated fault rock samples. Concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the fault cores and in the adjacent host rock are determined by titrimetry. Results show that both the breccia and the gouge forming the fault cores show little evidence for mass transfer, regardless of the fault type and grain size distribution of fault rocks. We interpret these results as chiefly the effect, within the fault core, of a strongly reduced permeability, which impeded significant mass transfer processes through solute transport. It follows that grain comminution occurred mostly by brittle processes such as crushing and abrasive wear. Previous work suggests that these results are rather generalizable; some exceptions, however, compel further research on the role of circulating fluids and mass transfer in the formation of carbonate fault rocks.
Wildfires dynamic in the larch dominance zone
Authors: Kharuk Viacheslav I. , Ranson K. Jon , Dvinskaya Maria L.
Published: January 2008

A fire return intervals (FRI) for zone of larch dominance and “larch‐mixed taiga” ecotone was studied. Extreme fire events were connected with summer air temperature deviations. Average FRI determined from stem fire scar dating was 82 ± 7 years for the zone of larch dominance, and 77 ± 20 for the “larch‐mixed taiga” ecotone. For the zone of larch dominance FRI on north‐east facing slopes was 86 ± 11 years, for south‐west facing slopes at 61 ± 8 years, for flat terrain at 68 ± 14 years, and for bogs 139 ± 17 years. FRI decreased from 101 years in the 19th century to 65 years in the 20th century, for the zone of larch dominance, and from 97 years to 50 years for the “larch‐mixed taiga” ecotone. A climate and anthropogenic impact on this phenomenon was analyzed. The decrease of FRI may interfere with climate‐driven migration of competitor species into zone of larch dominance, affecting biodiversity at high latitudes.
Coupled infrared extinction and size distribution measurements for several clay components of mineral dust aerosol
Authors: Hudson Paula K. , Gibson Elizabeth R. , Young Mark A. , Kleiber Paul D. , Grassian Vicki H.
Published: January 2008

Simultaneous size distributions and Fourier transform infrared extinction spectra have been measured for several clay components of mineral dust aerosol (illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite) in the fine particle–sized mode (D = 0.1–1 μm). Published optical constants have been used in combination with the measured size distributions in spectral simulations for comparison to the measured extinction spectrum. In general, the Mie theory simulation does not accurately reproduce the peak position or band shape for the prominent Si—O stretch resonance near 9.5 μm (ca. 1050 cm−1) for any of the clays. The resonance peak in the Mie simulation is consistently blue shifted (27–44 cm−1) relative to the experimental spectrum. Additionally, the integrated absorbance in the resonance band is underpredicted for all three clay compounds. Spectral simulations based on various distributions of ellipsoid‐shaped particles better reproduce the experimental spectrum including the peak position, band shape, and integrated absorbance for these fine clay aerosols.
Issues of experimental design for comparing the performance of hydrologic models
Authors: Clarke Robin T.
Published: January 2008

Research to compare the performance of precipitation‐runoff models (and indeed models of other hydrologic and geophysical processes) is increasingly reported in the literature. A characteristic of almost all such intercomparisons at present is that each model is tested only by the research group (the “operator”) that has developed it, so that differences between models are confounded with differences between operators. It has long been recognized that each model should be tested using data from a range of watersheds, giving replication of results under different conditions of climate, vegetation, geology, and other factors. This paper argues that in addition, models must be tested by more than one operator and that the other necessary feature of good experimental practice (namely, the use of randomization procedures where models are to be tested in sequence) is also needed in model intercomparison studies. This removes possible bias, inadvertent or otherwise, and allows the uncertainties in estimates of model performance to be calculated. In the context of intercomparison experiments, the paper discusses a number of issues: (1) experimental design as a means of eliminating operator bias; (2) the comparability between models for which different numbers of parameters must be estimated; (3) the consequence for estimates of uncertainty (as measured by standard errors of mean measures of model performance) of assuming that the watersheds used in an intercomparison experiment are sampled from a wider population of watersheds; (4) the “representativity” of the hydrologic records used for calibration and validation of models; (5) whether the periods of record used in calibration/validation from different watersheds should be synchronized for each model run; and (6) procedures for estimating how well models would perform on ungaged basins.
Monitoring Earth Surface Dynamics With Optical Imagery
Authors: Leprince Sébastien , Berthier Etienne , Ayoub François , Delacourt Christophe , Avouac Jean‐Philippe
Published: January 2008

The increasing availability of high‐quality optical satellite images should allow, in principle, continuous monitoring of Earth's surface changes due to geologic processes, climate change, or anthropic activity. For instance, sequential optical images have been used to measure displacements at Earth's surface due to coseismic ground deformation [e.g., Van Puymbroeck et al., 2000], ice flow [Scambos et al., 1992; Berthier et al., 2005], sand dune migration [Crippen, 1992], and landslides [Kääb, 2002; Delacourt et al., 2004].

Surface changes related to agriculture, deforestation, urbanization, and erosion—which do not involve ground displacement—might also be monitored, provided that the images can be registered with sufficient accuracy. Although the approach is simple in principle, its use is still limited, mainly because of geometric distortion of the images induced by the imaging system, biased correlation techniques, and implementation difficulties.
Mitigating Climate Change in the American Southwest: New Mexico Climate Change Ecology and Adaptation Workshop; Albuquerque, New Mexico, 22 October 2007
Authors: McCarthy Patrick D. , Enquist Carolyn A. F. , Garfin Gregg
Published: January 2008

Climate change has had greater impacts on the American Southwest than perhaps anywhere else in the contiguous United States. The future likely holds even more dramatic impacts for the region's ecosystems. Managers of deserts, forests, grasslands, rivers, and streams in this vast and scenic region are under pressure to respond to the unprecedented wildfires, forest dieback, and insect outbreaks that have resulted from years of record warm temperatures and drought. Already faced with urban encroachment and water shortages, managers need to better understand the regional implications of global climate change in order to take informed action to build the adaptive capacity of the landscapes that provide ecosystem services to our communities and habitat for a great diversity of species.
The Science of Chocolate
Authors: Beckett Stephen T
Published: January 2008

The second edition of this international best seller has been fully revised and updated describing the complete chocolate making process, from the growing of the beans to the sale in the shops. The Science of Chocolate takes the reader on the journey of chocolate, to discover how confectionery is made and the way in which basic science plays a vital role. The second edition contains new chapters, covering topics which include nutrition - why chocolate is good for you - how to stop it melting in hot countries and possible methods of putting bubble inside a chocolate bar. This book will appeal to those with a fascination for chocolate and will be of specialist interest to those studying food sciences and working in the confectionery industry. A series of experiments, which can be adapted to suit students, are included to demonstrate the physical, chemical and mathematical principles involved.
Mammalian GPI-anchored proteins require p24 proteins for their efficient transport from the ER to the plasma membrane
Authors: Takida Satoshi , Maeda Yusuke , Kinoshita Taroh
Published: January 2008

The GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) moiety is attached to newly synthesized proteins in the lumen of the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). The modified proteins are then directed to the PM (plasma membrane). Less well understood is how nascent mammalian GPI-anchored proteins are targeted from the ER to the PM. In the present study, we investigated mechanisms underlying membrane trafficking of the GPI-anchored proteins, focusing on the early secretory pathway. We first established a cell line that stably expresses inducible temperature-sensitive GPI-fused proteins as a reporter and examined roles of transport-vesicle constituents called p24 proteins in the traffic of the GPI-anchored proteins. We selectively suppressed one of the p24 proteins, namely p23, employing RNAi (RNA interference) techniques. The suppression resulted in pronounced delays of PM expression of the GPI-fused reporter proteins. Furthermore, maturation of DAF (decay-accelerating factor), one of the GPI-anchored proteins in mammals, was slowed by the suppression of p23, indicating delayed trafficking of DAF from the ER to the Golgi. Trafficking of non-GPI-linked cargo proteins was barely affected by p23 knockdown. This is the first to demonstrate direct evidence for the transport of mammalian GPI-anchored proteins being mediated by p24 proteins.
A novel zinc-dependent D-serine dehydratase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ito Tomokazu , Hemmi Hisashi , Kataoka Kunishige , Mukai Yukio , Yoshimura Tohru
Published: January 2008

YGL196W of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a putative protein that is unidentified but is predicted to have a motif similar to that of the N-terminal domain of the bacterial alanine racemase. In the present study we found that YGL196W encodes a novel D-serine dehydratase, which belongs to a different protein family from that of the known bacterial enzyme. The yeast D-serine dehydratase purified from recombinant Escherichia coli cells depends on pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and zinc, and catalyses the conversion of D-serine into pyruvate and ammonia with the Km and kcat values of 0.39 mM and 13.1 s−1 respectively. D-Threonine and β-Cl-D-alanine also serve as substrates with catalytic efficiencies which are approx. 3 and 2% of D-serine respectively. L-Serine, L-threonine and β-Cl-L-alanine are inert as substrates. Atomic absorption analysis revealed that the enzyme contains one zinc atom per enzyme monomer. The enzyme activities toward D-serine and D-threonine were decreased by EDTA treatment and recovered by the addition of Zn2+. Little recovery was observed with Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, K+ or Na+. In contrast, the activity towards β-Cl-D-alanine was retained after EDTA treatment. These results suggest that zinc is involved in the elimination of the hydroxy group of D-serine and D-threonine. D-Serine dehydratase of S. cerevisiae is probably the first example of a eukaryotic D-serine dehydratase and that of a specifically zinc-dependent pyridoxal enzyme as well.
Glucosylated free oligosaccharides are biomarkers of endoplasmic- reticulum α-glucosidase inhibition
Authors: Alonzi Dominic S. , Neville David C. A. , Lachmann Robin H. , Dwek Raymond A. , Butters Terry D.
Published: January 2008

The inhibition of ER (endoplasmic reticulum) α-glucosidases I and II by imino sugars, including NB-DNJ (N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin), causes the retention of glucose residues on N-linked oligosaccharides. Therefore, normal glycoprotein trafficking and processing through the glycosylation pathway is abrogated and glycoproteins are directed to undergo ERAD (ER-associated degradation), a consequence of which is the production of cytosolic FOS (free oligosaccharides). Following treatment with NB-DNJ, FOS were extracted from cells, murine tissues and human plasma and urine. Improved protocols for analysis were developed using ion-exchange chromatography followed by fluorescent labelling with 2-AA (2-aminobenzoic acid) and purification by lectin-affinity chromatography. Separation of 2-AA-labelled FOS by HPLC provided a rapid and sensitive method that enabled the detection of all FOS species resulting from the degradation of glycoproteins exported from the ER. The generation of oligosaccharides derived from glucosylated protein degradation was rapid, reversible, and time- and inhibitor concentration-dependent in cultured cells and in vivo. Long-term inhibition in cultured cells and in vivo indicated a slow rate of clearance of glucosylated FOS. In mouse and human urine, glucosylated FOS were detected as a result of transrenal excretion and provide unique and quantifiable biomarkers of ER-glucosidase inhibition.