bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of corn stalk and corn stalk biochar application on the strategy of phosphorus sorption and release in brown earth
Authors: Cao Dianyun , Cao Yufeng , Tong Shishi , Liu Sainan , Chen Wenfu , Meng Jun , Lan Yu
Published: September 2024

The characteristics of soil phosphorus (P) fixation and release have a critical impact on the availability of P and the risk of environmental loss. Investigation of the effects of corn stalk and corn stalk biochar on the P adsorption–desorption characteristics of brown earth can provide a theoretical basis for the rational return of crop stalk to the field and improving the availability of soil P. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation provided a better fit than the Freundlich equation for the curve of soil P adsorption and equilibrium solution P concentration. Biochar application increased the maximum adsorption capacity (MAC) and maximum buffer capacity (MBC) of the soil for P by 8.5% and 17.2%, respectively. Corn stalk and its biochar reduced the P adsorption saturation (DPS) by 41.8% and 31.9%, respectively, but increased the amount of readily desorbable P (RDP) by 39.7% and 154.4%, respectively. The application of corn stalk and its biochar improved the soil P desorption rate at substrate P concentrations of less than 5 mg L−1, whereas significant reductions in the soil P desorption rate were observed between 5 mg L−1 and 30 mg L−1, and no significant effects were observed at P concentrations over 40 mg L−1. In addition, the total P and Olsen‐P contents of the soil were significantly associated with the P adsorption–desorption process (p < .05). Therefore, corn stalk and corn stalk biochar can enhance the capacity of soil for P adsorption, with a stronger effect observed for biochar than for corn stalk, and the rate of P desorption from treated soil is dependent on P concentration in the soil solution.
On tame ramification and centers of F$F$‐purity
Authors: Carvajal‐Rojas Javier , Fayolle Anne
Published: September 2024

We introduce a notion of tame ramification for general finite covers. When specialized to the separable case, it extends to higher dimensions the classical notion of tame ramification for Dedekind domains and curves and sits nicely in between other notions of tame ramification in arithmetic geometry. However, when applied to the Frobenius map, it naturally yields the notion of center of ‐purity (aka compatibly ‐split subvariety). As an application, we describe the behavior of centers of ‐purity under finite covers — it all comes down to a transitivity property for tame ramification in towers.
Poissonian pair correlation for higher dimensional real sequences
Authors: Bera Tanmoy , Das Mithun Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Anirban
Published: September 2024

In this article, we examine the Poissonian pair correlation (PPC) statistic for higher dimensional real sequences. Specifically, we demonstrate that for , almost all , the sequence in has PPC conditionally on the additive energy bound of . This bound is more relaxed compared to the additive energy bound for one dimension as discussed in [Aistleitner, El‐Baz, and Munsch, Geom. Funct. Anal. 31 (2021), 483–512]. More generally, we derive the PPC for for almost all . As a consequence we establish the metric PPC for provided that all of the are greater than two.
БИОМЕТРИЧЕСКИЕ ПАРАМЕТРЫ СЕМЯН КАК ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ МЕТОД ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ РЕДКИХ ВИДОВ РОДА TULIPA L. (LILIACEAE JUSS.) ИЗ ВОСТОЧНО-КАЗАХСТАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (КАЗАХСТАН)
Authors: Сумбембаев А.А. , Данилова А.Н.
Published: September 2024

Род Tulipa L. – один из наиболее крупных в семействе Liliaceae Juss., ареал которого имеет огромную протяженность с запада на восток, от Португалии и северных районов Африки через весь евразийский континент до южных островов Японии.
Учитывая такие лимитирующие факторы, как узкая экологическая амплитуда вида и антропогенное влияние, многие виды тюльпанов, в том числе Tulipa biflora Pall., T. patens Agardh ex Schult. & Schult. fil, T. uniflora (L.) Bess. еx Baker, T. heteropetala Ledeb., произрастающие на территории Восточного Казахстана, включены в Красную книгу Казахстана, а T. altaica Pall. имеет охраняемый статус в сопредельном регионе – Алтайском крае.
Исследование морфологии семян у Tulipa patens, T. altaica, T. biflora, T. uniflora, T. heteropetala, собранных в 31 популяциях, из разных эколого-географических условий в исследуемом регионе, позволило выявить морфологические параметры, характеризующие наружные и внутренние признаки семян тюльпанов, для практического использования при выяснении систематических связей этого рода и определения видовой принадлежности. Были проведены промеры длины, ширины и толщины семян в 20-кратной повторности, а также определена масса 1000 шт. семян. Кроме того, изучены такие признаки семян как цвет семян, форма семян, поверхность тесты, состояние микропиле, халазальный конец, семенной рубчик, строение и поверхность рафе, эндосперм и зародыш.
Установленные морфологические признаки семян позволили разработать определительный ключ видов рода Tulipa Восточного Казахстана.
Ключ для определения видов рода тюльпан (Tulipa L.) Восточного Казахстана по биометрическим параметрам семян:

Семена заметно утолщенные в базальной части, искривленно-ладьевидной формы; носик семени и халаза повернуты в сторону рафе; семенная кожура продольно-бороздчатая; халазальный конец поперечно-бороздчатый  T. uniflora (L.) Bess. Ex Baker.

– Семена, характеризующиеся другими признаками. 2

Семена довольно-крупные, до 7 мм в длину, с заметно вытянутым носиком; теста мелкожильчатая; халазальный конец гладкий  2. T. altaica Pall. ex Spreng.

– Семена мелкие, без удлиненного кончика; халазальный конец шероховатый (бугорчато-морщинистый) 3

Семенная кожура мелкоребристая; семенной зародыш сильно изогнут в сторону рафе T. biflora Pall.

– Семенная кожура шероховато-морщинистая; зародыш прямолинейной формы 4

Семена коричневого цвета; семенной рубчик выступающий, продольно-щелевидной формы; рафе имеет гладкую поверхность T. patens Agardh ex Schult. & Schult. fil.

– Семена от охряного до красновато-бурого цвета; семенной рубчик вогнутый, элипсоидальной формы; рафе бороздчатое. T. heteropetala Ledeb.
Научное исследование проведено в рамках НТП BR18574125 «Изучение современного состояния видового разнообразия сосудистых растений Казахстана с использованием современных методов ботаники, молекулярной генетики и биоинформатики» на 2022-2024 гг.
ОЦЕНКА ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОГО РАЗНООБРАЗИЯ РАСТЕНИЙ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ РЕТРОТРАНСПОЗОНОВ
Authors: Хапилина О.Н. , Туржанова А.С. , Магзумова С.М. , Календарь Р.Н.
Published: September 2024

Изучение и сохранение биологического разнообразия является одной из важнейших проблем современного мира. Сокращение или исчезновение видового и генетического разнообразия представляет угрозу для воспроизводства природных экосистем, приводит к нарушению их стабильности и сохранности. Редкие и эндемичные виды растений обладают меньшим генетическим потенциалом, более подвержены угрозе исчезновения при изменении условий окружающей среды и воздействии антропогенного фактора. В этой связи необходим постоянный мониторинг генетического потенциала редких и исчезающих видов растений. В эти мероприятия входит анализ внутрипопуляционного полиморфизма, генетической дифференциации популяций, с комплексным изучением их морфолого-биологических особенностей. Применение существующих на сегодняшний день молекулярно-генетических методов исследований очень важно при выборе стратегии сохранения редких и исчезающих видов растений, так как данные методы позволяют выявить генетическое разнообразие в популяциях и предпринять меры для снижения генетического дрейфа и сохранения редких генотипов.
Для исследования генетического разнообразия растений используются различные типы молекулярно-генетических маркеров, в том числе и ретротранспозоны, мобильные элементы, составляющие большую часть генома у всех эукариот. Метод Inter Primer Binding Sequence (iPBS), разработанный Kalendar et al. позволяет без знаний последовательностей геномов использовать высококонсервативный домен PBS, характерный для всех LTR-ретротранспозонов, для связывания с праймерами. Нуклеотидные последовательности PBS-участков универсальны для всех ретротранспозонов и относятся к высокоповторяющимся повторам, характерным для всех высших эукариот. Поэтому данный метод является универсальной и эффективной маркерной системой для исследования генетического разнообразия между и внутри различных популяций, а также видов и разновидностей.
Исследования, проведенные на различных видах растений, таких как Allium sp., Rhodiola sp., Tulipa sp., Paeonia sp.. показали, что данный тип маркеров может быть успешно применен для исследования генетического полиморфизма популяций, а также для выявления сомаклональной изменчивости всех эукариотических организмов. В результате исследований были выявлены популяции с низким уровнем разнообразия, имеющие дефицит эффективных аллелей, что указывает на необходимость разработки стратегии их сохранения. Также были выявлены корреляции между PBS-полиморфизмом и адаптивным потенциалом растений, что подтверждает непосредственное участие мобильных элементов в адаптации растений к экологическим стрессам.
Таким образом, анализ биоразнообразия с использованием в качестве маркеров ретротранспозонов позволяет повысить понимание структуры и генетических взаимоотношений популяций дикорастущих растений для последующей разработки стратегии их сохранения.
СОЗДАНИЕ ЭЛЕКТРОННОЙ БАЗЫ ДАННЫХ ДЛЯ СИСТЕМАТИЗАЦИИ ФЛОРЫ КАЗАХСТАНА
Authors: Шевцов В.А. , Назарец Н.А.
Published: September 2024

При изучении биоразнообразия флоры актуальны исследования, направленные на создание Национальной информационной инфраструктуры, включающей виртуальный гербарий, платформу обмена цифровыми образцами для ботанических садов, заповедников и национальных парков, а также банк фотографий растений и образовательные платформы. Создание цифровых гербариев значительно расширяет возможности ученых во всем мире для проведения экологических исследований, связанных с изменением климата, распространением и сохранением растений. В этой связи очевидна острая необходимость разработки цифрового документирования флоры Казахстана как одного из инструментов изучения и систематизации биоразнообразия.
На сегодняшний день казахстанский гербарий, как например, “Единый Гербарный Фонд” насчитывает около 3 тыс. видов растений по всей стране, однако, коллекции гербарного материала сосредоточенны в разных научных институтах и ботанических садах. Таким образом нет полной картины видового разнообразия гербарного материала флоры Казахстана, в связи с чем возникает потребность формирования единой базы данных с «дружелюбным» интерфейсом, которая представляет собой интегрированное и согласованное представление коллекции гербариев из разных областей и институтов.
В настоящее время Национальным центром биотехнологии проводится разработка архитектуры базы данных с возможностью доступа к ней в онлайн режиме. База данных включает в себя информацию о биоразнообразии высших сосудистых растений из 5 административных регионов Казахстана, а также гербарные образцы и статистическое представление данных.
Система способна обеспечить короткое время ожидания результата запроса, надежность, функциональный веб-интерфейс и использование стандартов, которые разрабатываются для информатических систем биоразнообразия. Cистема построена на современной архитектуре, основанной на центральной индексной базе данных и использующей стандартный интерфейс для сбора записей из каждой гербарной базы данных с механизмом обмена данными c международной базой данных GBIF. Для достижения этой цели были внедрены такие технологии как .Net core 8 версии, обеспечивающий кроссплатформенность веб-приложения, среда разработки Visual Studio code для реализации гибкого веб-интерфейса и PgAdmin - инструмент отображения базы данных для управления реляционными базами данных.
В рамках реализуемой программы предусмотрен сбор данных из 5 административных регионов, тем не менее архитектура может быть дополнена данными из других регионов Казахстана.
СКРИНИНГ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ ЭКСТРАКТА DACTYLORHIZA FUCHSII (DRUCE) SOO ЦЕНТРАЛЬНО-КАЗАХСТАНСКОГО МЕЛКОСОПОЧНИКА
Authors: Халымбетова А.Е. , Мухтубаева С.К. , Искакова Ж.Б. , Абиев С.А.
Published: September 2024

Орхидеи тысячелетиями использовались в качестве лекарственного средства для лечения различных заболеваний и недугов, включая инфекционные заболевание дыхательных путей, паралич, расстройства желудка, экзему, опухоли, воспаления, нарушение менструального цикла, сперматорея и т.д.
Орхидеи, как и другие растения, производят большое количество фитохимических веществ. Лишь некоторые из них были исследованы на предмет их биологических функций, остальные до сих пор неизвестны. Фитохимические вещества орхидей обычно делятся на алкалоиды, флавоноиды, каротиноиды, антоцианы и стерины. Хотя орхидеи издавна использовались и используются в качестве лекарственных средств во всех частях света, фармакологические и токсикологические исследования фитохимических веществ орхидей очень редки, что необходимо для клинического применения.
Целью работы явилось изучение цитотоксической активности этилацетатного экстракта корней Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soo. 
В настоящем исследовании экстракты подземной части D. fuchsii различной концентрации (1, 5, 10 мкг/мл) были проверены на цитотоксическую активность в отношении Artemia salina.
Для определения цитотоксической активности, 20-40 личинок помещали в 990 мл морской воды в каждой из 24 микроплашек. Подсчитывали мертвых личинок под микроскопом. Добавляли по 10 мл раствора диметилсульфоксида на 10 мг/мл образца. В качестве препарата сравнения использовали актиномицин Д. Для отрицательного контроля добавляли только 10 мл диметилсульфоксида. После 24 ч инкубации и дальнейшем выдерживании микроплашки в течение 24 ч (для обеспечения неподвижности) посчитывали мертвые личинки под микроскопом. Эта методика основана на установлении различия между количеством погибших личинок в анализируемой пробе (опыт) и воде, которая не содержит токсических веществ (контроль). Критерием острой летальной токсичности раствора вещества является гибель 50% личинок и более в опыте по сравнению с контролем. Разведение производили из расчета 1мг вещества на 1мл растворителя. Проводили при температуре 20 20С, естественном световом периоде. Соленность контрольной искусственной воды равна 8,0-8,5 (рН).
Для получения экстракта была использована подземная часть растения. Этилацетатный экстракт подземной части D. fuchsii не показали цитотоксическую активность против личинок A. salina. Смертность личинок в концентрации 1 мг/мл – 16%, в 5 мг/мл – 20%, а в 10 мг/мл – 26%. Наши результаты дают основание для дальнейшего изучения D. fuchsii с целью потенциального поиска новых химических соединений с терапевтическими противораковыми свойствами. Выяснение механизма действия, которым обусловлены эти противораковые свойства идентифицированных соединений, и их оптимизация с целью достижения лекарственной эффективности и безопасности имеют огромное значение в будущем.
Bayesian Data Assimilation in Cold Flow Experiments on an Industrial Thermoacoustic Rig
Authors: Zheng Jingquan , Fischer André , Lahiri Claus , Yoko Matthew , Juniper Matthew P.
Published: September 2024

We assimilate experimental data from nonreacting flow in the SCARLET (SCaled Acoustic Rig for Low Emission Technologies) test rig using physics-based Bayesian inference. We model the complex geometry of the combustor with a qualitatively accurate one-dimensional low-order network model. At the first level of Bayesian inference, we assimilate experimental data to optimize the parameter values by minimizing the negative log posterior probability of the parameters of each model, given the prior assumptions and the data. At the second level of inference, we find the best model by comparing the marginal likelihoods of candidate models. We apply Laplace's method accelerated with first and second order adjoint methods to assimilate data efficiently. The first order adjoint is used for rapid data assimilation and optimization. The first and second order adjoints are used for inverse uncertainty quantification. We propose six candidate models for the burner and select the model with most evidence given the data. This produces an improved physical model of the rig, with known uncertainties.
Equivalence Ratio-Driven Flame Response of an Industrial Premixed Burner: Experiments and Modeling
Authors: John Tony , Magina Nicholas , Han Fei , Kaufmann Jan , Vogel Manuel , Sattelmayer Thomas
Published: September 2024

This paper presents an analysis of the unsteady heat release rate response of premixed flames to equivalence ratio perturbations for an industrial premixed swirl-based burner. During this investigation, perfectly and technically premixed flames were acoustically forced via fuel/air mixture flow and air flow modulations, respectively, at the same operating conditions. From the resulting flame transfer functions (FTFs), measured using the multimicrophone method, the equivalence ratio driven FTF was isolated and extracted by removing the velocity driven component, i.e., the measured FTF from the perfectly premixed flame, from the technically premixed FTF with two novel extraction techniques. The results are compared with FTFs obtained directly in a previous experimental campaign where the fuel flow was acoustically forced, the resulting equivalence ratio fluctuations measured via an infrared absorption technique, and the heat release rate response to the forcing was quantified using chemiluminescence measurements. The results from both measurement approaches agreed well highlighting the validity of the techniques. Further, to understand the governing features of the equivalence ratio driven FTF, a physics-based analytical model following the G-equation approach was developed. The contributions from flame surface area, flame speed, and heat of reaction oscillations were modeled to describe the heat release rate dynamics. A limited number of physical parameters in the analytical model were anchored on one test condition, optimized and restricted to values, which were all physically reasonable, and were subsequently used for model predictions at other operating conditions. The FTF model predictions compared well with experimental data across a range of different operating conditions. Finally, the relative contributions from flame surface area, flame speed, and heat of reaction oscillations on the features of the FTFs were identified and explored.
Ball Bearing Dynamic Stiffness Prediction Considering an Uncertain Position of Rolling Elements
Authors: Kochurov Roman , Martynenko Volodymyr , Moroz Leonid , Govorushchenko Yuriy
Published: September 2024

This paper considers the challenge of calculating accurate ball bearing stiffness, which is attributed to the uncertainty in the rolling element positions; and it solves that issue based on the simultaneous consideration of these positions and the physical effects of the rotating components. The novelty of the paper consists of the suggested methodology to resolve the uncertainty of the rolling element circumferential position when calculating bearing stiffness. The problem is solved through various formulations of dry and lubricated contact and validated based on the consideration of the finite-element (FE) model. The algorithms presented in the paper allow for the calculation of the resulting stiffness based on the stiffness values evaluated through different ball bearing positions. The approach presented in the paper is validated based on the experimental data. For this purpose, the model of the rotor in ball bearings is built, along with further calculation of the rotor dynamics. The comparison of the critical speeds calculated for the rotor in bearings, which have stiffness evaluated by the proposed approach with the measurements for the real machine, indicates a high accuracy of the suggested method in comparison with the methods that consider the single position of the rolling element when estimating their stiffness. In the paper, further recommendations for the use of the presented method are given, which will be useful for engineers in the field of turbomachinery dynamics.
Robust Controller Development Via Iterative Model Updating for Active Magnetic Bearing Rotor Systems
Authors: Donati Giovanni , Neri Massimiliano Ortiz , Mugnaini Marco , Basso Michele , Sawicki Jerzy T.
Published: September 2024

Modern turbomachinery equipped with active magnetic bearings (AMBs) requires increasingly high-performance controllers to ensure safe and efficient operations. These controllers are typically tuned based on frequency responses, or in more advanced cases based on the plant models. However, effects such as interference fits and shrink fits can significantly impact rotor dynamics, reducing the accuracy and reliability of these models. This study proposes a novel model updating method to deal with problems related to practical applications of model-based controllers. First, this paper presents an iterative model updating method based on an optimization algorithm to adjust the finite element (FE) model of complex rotors used in oil and gas applications, exploiting frequency measurements from the actual rotor. Subsequently, the proposed iterative updating method is utilized to develop a set of rotor models that differ only for some designed rotor modal shapes that are not well identified by the rotor frequency measurements. This set of rotor models is then exploited by a nonsmooth optimization algorithm to synthesize a robust controller—an augmented PID—optimized to ensure a specified level of performance across all scenarios described by the developed set of rotor models, thereby guaranteeing safe operations over time.
A Data Driven Black Box Approach for the Inverse Quantification of Set-Theoretical Uncertainty
Authors: Bogaerts Lars , Faes Matthias G.R. , Moens David
Published: September 2024

Inverse uncertainty quantification commonly uses the well established Bayesian framework. Recently, alternative interval methodologies have been introduced. However, in their current state of the art implementation, both techniques suffer from a large and usually unpredictable computational effort. Thus, both techniques are not applicable in a real-time context. To achieve a low-cost, real-time solution to this inverse problem, we introduce a deep-learning framework consisting of unsupervised auto-encoders and a shallow neural network. This framework is trained by means of a numerically generated dataset that captures typical relations between the model parameters and selected measured system responses. The performance and efficacy of the technique is illustrated using two distinct case studies. The first case involves the DLR AIRMOD, a benchmark case that has served as reference case for the inverse uncertainty quantification problem. The results demonstrate that the achieved accuracy is on par with the existing interval method found in literature, while requiring only a fraction of its computational resources. The second case study examines a resistance pressure welding process, which is known to require extremely fast monitoring and control due to the high process throughput. Based on the proposed method, and with only a limited selection of simulated responses of the process, it is possible to identify the interval uncertainty of the crucial parameters of the process. The computational cost in this case makes it possible for an inverse uncertainty quantification in a real-time setting.
A FMEA Optimization Method Based on TODIM and Best Worst Method-Water Filling Theory in Pythagorean Fuzzy Language Environment for Reliability Assessment of Industrial Robot
Authors: Pang Jihong , Dai Jinkun
Published: September 2024

In view of the shortcomings of traditional failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) in risk evaluation language, weight information, risk priority number (RPN), this paper proposes an FMEA optimization method. First, using the Pythagorean fuzzy language as the evaluation language, the hesitation psychology of the evaluator is truly reflected. Then, the best worst method (BWM) is used to calculate the weight of the evaluator, it can reduce the number of pairwise comparison evaluations. Second, water filling theory (WFT) uses mean values instead of extreme values to determine the discreteness of evaluation information, which is more consistent with FMEA. Therefore, WFT is used to calculate the weight of influencing factors. Finally, the tomada de-decisao iterativa multicriterio (TODIM) method is used for compromise calculation to obtain the risk ranking of failure modes. Compared with RPN, TODIM can avoid the situation that the failure mode scores are the same. At the end of the paper, the robustness and superiority of the new method are verified by taking the reliability assessment of reversing system of industrial robots as an example.
Semicoherent symmetric quantum processes: Theory and applications
Authors: Wang Yan , Chehade Sarah , Dumitrescu Eugene
Published: September 2024

Discovering pragmatic and efficient approaches to construct ε-approximations of quantum operators such as real (imaginary) time-evolution propagators in terms of the basic quantum operations (gates) is challenging. Prior ε-approximations are invaluable, in that they enable the compilation of classical and quantum algorithm modeling of, e.g., dynamical and thermodynamic quantum properties. In parallel, symmetries are powerful tools concisely describing the fundamental laws of nature; the symmetric underpinnings of physical laws have consistently provided profound insights and substantially increased predictive power. In this work, we consider the interplay between the ε-approximate processes and the exact symmetries in a semicoherent context—where measurements occur at each logical clock cycle. We draw inspiration from Pascual Jordan's groundbreaking formulation of nonassociative, but commutative, symmetric algebraic form. Our symmetrized formalism is then applied in various domains such as quantum random walks, real-time evolutions, variational algorithm ansatzes, and efficient entanglement verification. Our work paves the way for a deeper understanding and greater appreciation of how symmetries can be used to control quantum dynamics in settings where coherence is a limited resource.
Dietary Calcium-to-Phosphorous Ratio, Metabolic Risk Factors and Lipid Accumulation Product, Skeletal Muscle Mass, and Visceral Fat Area Among Healthy Young Individuals
Authors: Jin Xuanshang , Jin Xiangchuan , Guan Wen , Tang Maolin
Published: September 2024

Background: Numerous studies have revealed the role of low dietary calcium-to-phosphorous ratio and low bone health. However, its possible role in visceral adiposity, skeletal muscle mass (SMM), and metabolic parameters has not been investigated before. Therefore, the aim of the current cross-sectional study was to evaluate the relation between dietary calcium-to-phosphorous ratio, metabolic risk factors, SMM, and visceral fat area (VFA) among physically active young individuals. Methods: In the current study, the sample was composed of 391 healthy young individuals (e.g., 205 men and 186 women), aged between 20 and 35 years old, who were engaged in moderate physical activity for at least 4 hr per week and were recruited thorough cluster sampling from seven sport clubs. Anthropometric measurements were performed, and VFA and SMM index (SMI) were calculated. Biochemical assays were also performed by standard kits. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, analysis of co-variance, and multinomial logistic regression analysis using SPSS software. Results: Those in the fourth quartile of dietary calcium-to-phosphorous ratio were more likely to have lower VFA (odds ratio [OR] = 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.97, 0.99]; p = .023) and a nonsignificantly higher SMI (OR = 1.15; 95% CI [0.99, 1.34]; p = .058) after adjustment for the effects of confounders (e.g., age, gender, body mass index, physical activity level, dietary energy intake). Also, being in the third quartile of dietary calcium-to-phosphorous ratio made the subjects more susceptible to have lower insulin concentration (OR = 0.99; 95% CI [0.88, 0.93]; p = .026) in the adjusted model. Conclusion: The findings of the current study revealed that a higher dietary calcium-to-phosphorous ratio in the habitual diet was negatively associated with visceral adiposity and insulin concentrations and higher SMM among physically active young individuals. Further interventional studies are required to confer causality that was not inferable in the current study because of cross-sectional design.
Agility Ladder Training Combined With Plyometric or Multidirectional Speed Drills: Short-Term Adaptations on Jump, Speed, and Change of Direction Performance in Young Female Volleyball Players
Authors: Bassa Eleni , Lola Afroditi C. , Melliou Alexandra , Prassa Maria , Stavropoulou Georgia , Ziogas Nikolaos
Published: September 2024

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of agility ladder training combined with plyometric or multidirection speed drills, on performance in young female volleyball players. Methods: Seventy-six young female volleyball players were randomly distributed into 3 maturity-matched groups: (1) the agility ladder + plyometric drills group, (2) the agility ladder + multidirection speed drills group, and (3) the control group. Both experimental groups followed a 6-week training program, twice weekly, in addition to the regular volleyball training sessions, while the control group participated only in the regular volleyball training sessions. Assessments pretraining and posttraining included countermovement jump, 20-m sprint, and agility T test. Results: Both experimental groups improved T-test performance (P < .005) but only agility ladder + multidirection speed drills group outperformed the control group (P < .05). Conclusions: Agility ladder training programs combined with either plyometric or speed drills can improve change of direction performance in young female volleyball players but only the combination of agility ladder with multidirection speed drills is more effective than volleyball training per se. The small effectiveness of these protocols may be attributed to the short training period, or to the fact that training elements were combined in a single session. This hypothesis remains to be further investigated.
Lithium extraction from brine through a decoupled and membrane-free electrochemical cell design
Authors: Li Zhen , Chen I-Chun , Cao Li , Liu Xiaowei , Huang Kuo-Wei , Lai Zhiping
Published: September 2024

The sustainability of lithium-based energy storage or conversion systems, e.g., lithium-ion batteries, can be enhanced by establishing methods of efficient lithium extraction from harsh brines. In this work, we describe a decoupled membrane-free electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions between iron-phosphate electrodes and features cathode (brine) and anode (fresh water) compartments that are isolated from each other yet electrochemically connected through a pair of silver/silver-halide redox electrodes. This design is compatible with harsh brines having magnesium/lithium molar ratios of up to 3258 and lithium concentrations down to 0.15 millimolar, enabling the production of battery-grade (>99.95% pure) lithium carbonate. Energy savings of up to ~21.5% were realized by efficiently harvesting the osmotic energy of the brines. A pilot-scale cell with an electrode surface area of 33.75 square meters was used to realize lithium extraction from Dead Sea brine with a recovery rate of 84.0%.
Solar transpiration–powered lithium extraction and storage
Authors: Song Yan , Fang Shiqi , Xu Ning , Wang Monong , Chen Shuying , Chen Jun , Mi Baoxia , Zhu Jia
Published: September 2024

Lithium mining is energy intensive and environmentally costly. This is because lithium ions are typically present in brines as a minor component mixed with physiochemically similar cations that are difficult to separate. Inspired by nature’s ability to selectively extract species in transpiration, we report a solar transpiration–powered lithium extraction and storage (STLES) device that can extract and store lithium from brines using natural sunlight. Specifically, the device uses a hierarchically structured solar transpirational evaporator to create a pressure gradient, which allows for the extraction of lithium from brines through a membrane and its storage in a vascular storage layer. Long-term experiments, various membrane tests, and different size assessments demonstrate the stability, compatibility, and scalability of STLES. This solar-powered mining technology provides an alternative developing pathway toward the sustainable extraction of critical resources.
A kalihinol analog disrupts apicoplast function and vesicular trafficking in
P. falciparum
malaria
Authors: Chahine Z. , Abel S. , Hollin T. , Barnes G. L. , Chung J. H. , Daub M. E. , Renard I. , Choi J. Y. , Vydyam P. , Pal A. , Alba-Argomaniz M. , Banks C. A. S. , Kirkwood J. , Saraf A. , Camino I. , Castaneda P. , Cuevas M. C. , De Mercado-Arnanz J. , Fernandez-Alvaro E. , Garcia-Perez A. , Ibarz N. , Viera-Morilla S. , Prudhomme J. , Joyner C. J. , Bei A. K. , Florens L. , Ben Mamoun C. , Vanderwal C. D. , Le Roch K. G.
Published: September 2024

We report the discovery of MED6-189, an analog of the kalihinol family of isocyanoterpene natural products that is effective against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant
Plasmodium falciparum
strains, blocking both asexual replication and sexual differentiation. In vivo studies using a humanized mouse model of malaria confirm strong efficacy of the compound in animals with no apparent hemolytic activity or toxicity. Complementary chemical, molecular, and genomics analyses revealed that MED6-189 targets the parasite apicoplast and acts by inhibiting lipid biogenesis and cellular trafficking. Genetic analyses revealed that a mutation in
PfSec13
, which encodes a component of the parasite secretory machinery, reduced susceptibility to the drug. Its high potency, excellent therapeutic profile, and distinctive mode of action make MED6-189 an excellent addition to the antimalarial drug pipeline.
Neuromodulator and neuropeptide sensors and probes for precise circuit interrogation in vivo
Authors: Muir J. , Anguiano M. , Kim C. K.
Published: September 2024

To determine how neuronal circuits encode and drive behavior, it is often necessary to measure and manipulate different aspects of neurochemical signaling in awake animals. Optogenetics and calcium sensors have paved the way for these types of studies, allowing for the perturbation and readout of spiking activity within genetically defined cell types. However, these methods lack the ability to further disentangle the roles of individual neuromodulator and neuropeptides on circuits and behavior. We review recent advances in chemical biology tools that enable precise spatiotemporal monitoring and control over individual neuroeffectors and their receptors in vivo. We also highlight discoveries enabled by such tools, revealing how these molecules signal across different timescales to drive learning, orchestrate behavioral changes, and modulate circuit activity.
Confronting challenges together
What If We Get it Right? Visions of Climate Futures
Ayana Elizabeth Johnson
One World, 2024. 496 pp.
Authors: Aczel Miriam R.
Published: September 2024

Community, collaboration, and collective action are key to moving the climate needle
Pronouns reactivate conceptual representations in human hippocampal neurons
Authors: Dijksterhuis D. E. , Self M. W. , Possel J. K. , Peters J. C. , van Straaten E. C. W. , Idema S. , Baaijen J. C. , van der Salm S. M. A. , Aarnoutse E. J. , van Klink N. C. E. , van Eijsden P. , Hanslmayr S. , Chelvarajah R. , Roux F. , Kolibius L. D. , Sawlani V. , Rollings D. T. , Dehaene S. , Roelfsema P. R.
Published: September 2024

During discourse comprehension, every new word adds to an evolving representation of meaning that accumulates over consecutive sentences and constrains the next words. To minimize repetition and utterance length, languages use pronouns, like the word “she,” to refer to nouns and phrases that were previously introduced. It has been suggested that language comprehension requires that pronouns activate the same neuronal representations as the nouns themselves. We recorded from individual neurons in the human hippocampus during a reading task. Cells that were selective to a particular noun were later reactivated by pronouns that refer to the cells’ preferred noun. These results imply that concept cells contribute to a rapid and dynamic semantic memory network that is recruited during language comprehension.
Food for thought: The molecular basis of nutrient uptake into the brain
Authors: Cater Rosemary J.
Published: September 2024

The molecular basis of nutrient uptake into the brain
Rewiring movements: A single neuronal population in the spinal cord is crucial to restore walking after paralysis
Authors: Kathe Claudia
Published: September 2024

A single neuronal population in the spinal cord is crucial to restore walking after paralysis
Can evolution-based studies inform modern medicine?
Authors: Landim-Vieira Maicon , Pinto Jose Renato
Published: September 2024

Comparative genomic analyses provide mechanistic clues to cardiac muscle regulation
A woody biomass burial
Authors: Yao Yuan
Published: September 2024

Ancient, buried wood points to a possible low-cost method to store carbon
The brine of the times
Authors: Darling Seth B.
Published: September 2024

New processes directly extract lithium from dilute sources
The revolution in high-throughput proteomics and AI
Authors: Topol Eric J.
Published: September 2024

The recent capability to measure thousands of plasma proteins from a tiny blood sample has provided a new dimension of expansive data that can advance our understanding of human health. For example, the company
SomaLogic
has developed the means to measure more than 10,000 proteins and
Thermo Fisher’s Olink assays
over 5400 proteins from as little as 2 μl. When these rich data are integrated with other layers of information from large patient cohorts, such as the UK Biobank’s genetic, health, and lifestyle information from half a million participants, we get new insights about the underpinnings of disease, the aging process, and the potential ability to forecast an individual’s health trajectory.
Context matters in social media
Authors: Thorp H. Holden , Vinson Valda
Published: September 2024

Does the information that people see on social media influence their political views? Is it making people politically more divided? In July 2023,
Science
published three papers on an unprecedented study of the effects of social media and social media algorithms on political polarization during the United States 2020 presidential election. The authors, who included independent academics and Facebook employees, analyzed a massive dataset on the users of Facebook and Instagram whose news feed was filtered either by the site’s default algorithm, which presents posts in a manner most likely to keep users on the site, or delivered chronologically in the order that they came in. The chronological feed led to users’ spending less time on the site but did not substantially change their attitudes about politics. The finding has surprised many observers who thought that Facebook contributed to political division. Moreover, the studies signal that research on social media is complicated and requires even more attention.
In Science Journals
Authors: Scanlon Seth T. , Yeston Jake S. , Stern Peter , Ross Sarah H. , Vignieri Sacha , Ferrarelli Leslie K. , Yashinski Melisa , Maroso Mattia , Ash Caroline , Lavine Marc S. , Lopez Bianca , Grocholski Brent , Nusinovich Yevgeniya , Matsiko Amos , Malo Courtney
Published: September 2024

Highlights from the
Science
family of journals
Doomsday delayed at vulnerable Antarctic glacier
Authors: Voosen Paul
Published: September 2024

Thwaites collaboration finds glacier has stabilized somewhat—in the short term
Synergistic blockade of TIGIT and PD-L1 increases type-1 inflammation and improves parasite control during murine blood-stage
Plasmodium yoelii
non-lethal infection
Authors: Dookie Rebecca S. , Villegas-Mendez Ana , Cheeseman Antonn , Jones Adam P. , Barroso Ruben , Barrett Jordan R. , Draper Simon J. , Janse Chris J. , Grogan Jane L. , MacDonald Andrew S. , Couper Kevin N.
Published: September 2024

Pro-inflammatory immune responses are rapidly suppressed during blood-stage malaria but the molecular mechanisms driving this regulation are still incompletely understood. In this study, we show that the co-inhibitory receptors TIGIT and PD-1 are upregulated and co-expressed by antigen-specific CD4
+
T cells (ovalbumin-specific OT-II cells) during non-lethal
Plasmodium yoelii
expressing ovalbumin (
Py
NL
-OVA
) blood-stage infection. Synergistic blockade of TIGIT and PD-L1, but not individual blockade of each receptor, during the early stages of infection significantly improved parasite control during the peak stages (days 10–15) of infection. Mechanistically, this protection was correlated with significantly increased plasma levels of IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-2, and an increase in the frequencies of IFN-γ-producing antigen-specific T-bet
+
CD4
+
T cells (OT-II cells), but not antigen-specific CD8
+
T cells (OT-I cells), along with expansion of the splenic red pulp and monocyte-derived macrophage populations. Collectively, our study identifies a novel role for TIGIT in combination with the PD1-PD-L1 axis in regulating specific components of the pro-inflammatory immune response and restricting parasite control during the acute stages of blood-stage
Py
NL infection.
Basilar artery fenestration and ischaemic stroke: cause, sieve, or both?
Authors: Zhang Kevin , Bell Donnie
Published: September 2024

This is a case of a young male patient with no known prior risk factors who presented for acute-onset right-sided neurological deficits suspicious for stroke, and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) identified the development of an occlusion at the level of a basilar artery (BA) fenestration in the setting of right vertebral artery occlusion. The patient was treated with dual-antiplatelet therapy in the hospital and was able to return to work shortly after discharge. The case provides insights into several possibilities for the clinical significance of BA fenestration and its potential causal or contributory relationship with ischaemic stroke of the brainstem.
Cumulative ADHD medication use and risk of type 2 diabetes in adults: a Swedish Register study
Authors: Dong Zihan , Zhang Le , Li Lin , Liu Shengxin , Brikell Isabell , Kuja-Halkola Ralf , D’Onofrio Brian M , Butwicka Agnieszka , Gudbjornsdottir Soffia , Larsson Henrik , Chang Zheng , Du Rietz Ebba
Published: September 2024

Background

Little is known about the impact of cumulative attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication use on the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Objective

The objective is to examine the association between cumulative use of ADHD medication and risk of incident T2D.

Methods

A nested case–control study was conducted in a national cohort of individuals aged 18–70 years with incident ADHD (n=138 778) between 2007 and 2020 through Swedish registers. Individuals with incident T2D after ADHD were selected as cases (n=2355) and matched with up to five controls (n=11 681) on age at baseline, sex and birth year. Conditional logistic regression models examined the association between cumulative duration of ADHD medication use and T2D.

Findings

Compared with no use, a decreased risk of T2D was observed for those on cumulative use of ADHD medications up to 3 years (ORs: 0<duration≤1 year, 0.79 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.91); 13 years, 0.97 (95% CI, 0.84 to 1.12)). When investigating medication types separately, methylphenidate showed results similar to main analyses, lisdexamfetamine showed no association with T2D, whereas long-term (>3 years) use of atomoxetine was associated with an increased risk of T2D (OR: 1.44 (95% CI, 1.01 to 2.04)).

Conclusion

Cumulative use of ADHD medication does not increase the risk for T2D, with the exception of long-term use of atomoxetine.

Clinical implications

Findings suggest that clinicians should be aware of the potential risk of T2D associated with the cumulative use of atomoxetine among patients with ADHD; however, further replication is strongly needed.
Neonatal encephalopathy: a systematic review of reported treatment outcomes
Authors: Quirke Fiona , Biesty Linda , Battin Malcolm , Bloomfield Frank Harry , Daly Mandy , Finucane Elaine , Healy Patricia , Hurley Tim , Kirkham Jamie J , Molloy Eleanor , Haas David M , Meher Shireen , Ní Bhraonáin Elaine , Walker Karen , Webbe James , Devane Declan
Published: September 2024

Background

Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a multi-organ condition potentially leading to death or long-term neurodisability. Therapeutic hypothermia is the standard treatment for NE; however, long-term impairments remain common. Studies of new treatments for NE often measure and report different outcomes. Core outcome sets (COSs), a minimum set of outcomes to be measured and reported in all studies for a condition, address this problem. This paper aimed to identify outcomes reported (primary, secondary, adverse events and other reported outcomes) in (1) randomised trials and (2) systematic reviews of randomised trials of interventions for the treatment of NE in the process of developing a COS for interventions for the treatment of NE.

Methods

We completed a systematic search for outcomes used to evaluate treatments for NE using MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Two reviewers screened all included articles independently. Outcomes were extracted verbatim, similar outcomes were grouped and outcome domains were developed.

Results

386 outcomes were reported in 116 papers, from 85 studies. Outcomes were categorised into 18 domains. No outcome was reported by all studies, a single study reported 11 outcomes and it was not explicitly stated that outcomes had input from parents.

Discussion

Heterogeneity in reported outcomes means that synthesis of studies evaluating new treatments for NE remains difficult. A COS, that includes parental/family input, is needed to ensure consistency in measuring and reporting outcomes, and to enable comparison of randomised trials.