bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Deservingness Approach to Respect as a Relationally Based Fairness Judgment
Authors: Heuer Larry , Blumenthal Eva , Douglas Amber , Weinblatt Tara
Published: June 2007

Value judgments, attributional judgments, and self-esteem are predicted to moderate the relationship between respectful treatment and procedural justice. In three studies, the moderation hypothesis is supported. In Studies 1 and 2, attributional and value judgments are shown to moderate the effect of respect so that respect is most important for those individuals who perform positively valued behaviors, particularly those who are responsible for those behaviors. Path analyses in Study 2 reveal that the respect-justice relationship is mediated by perceptions of deservingness. Study 3, a field survey, shows that respect is more important for the procedural fairness judgments of high self-esteem individuals. Several theoretical perspectives support the argument that these variables moderate the relation between respectful treatment and procedural fairness because of their impact on deservingness judgments. This deservingness effect is proposed to have implications for understanding the moderating effects of situational and personality variables for numerous fairness models.
The Influence of Decision Aids on High School Students’ Satisfaction with their College Choice Decision
Authors: Kmett Carla M. , Arkes Hal R. , Jones Steven K.
Published: June 2007

Research by Wilson suggests that examining the bases of one’s decision can lower satisfaction with the outcome of that decision. However, several investigators have found that using decision aids that cause people to consider the bases of their decisions leads to greater satisfaction with the decision. In the present study, high school students used either no decision aid, a pro/con list, or a computer program in making their actual college choice. Among students whose recall of the basis for their college choice was less accurate, the two aids resulted in significantly higher satisfaction with their decision when assessed after one college term compared to the satisfaction level of the control group. The authors suggest that use of a decision aid will heighten satisfaction with one’s choice if the aid promotes the identification of the appropriate bases on which the decision will be made.
The Effects of a Self-Esteem Boost and Mortality Salience on Responses to Boost Relevant and Irrelevant Worldview Threats
Authors: Arndt Jamie , Greenberg Jeff
Published: June 2007

Previous research found that raising self-esteem attenuates mortality salience effects on reactions to cultural worldview threats. The present study assessed whether raising self-esteem attenuates such effects when a target specifically threatened the dimension on which the boost was predicated. Participants (a) received positive personality feedback emphasizing likelihood of success either in their major or a different domain or neutral feedback, (b) contemplated their mortality or a control topic, and (c) evaluated targets threatening beliefs about the United States and the participant’s major. Replicating earlier findings, after mortality salience, neutral feedback participants derogated the anti-U.S. target, whereas positive feedback participants did not. However, if the feedback mentioned participants’ major, mortality salience led to derogation of the anti-major target, even if the feedback was positive. These findings indicate that when a target threatens a dimension on which a self-esteem boost is predicated, such a boost will not deter derogation following mortality salience.
The Systematic Influence of Gain-and Loss-Framed Messages on Interest in and Use of Different Types of Health Behavior
Authors: Rothman Alexander J. , Martino Steven C. , Bedell Brian T. , Detweiler Jerusha B. , Salovey Peter
Published: June 2007

Framing health messages systematically in terms of either gains or losses influences the behaviors that people adopt. Rothman and Salovey proposed that the relative influence of gain-and loss-framed messages is contingent on people’s perception of the risk or uncertainty associated with adopting the recommended behavior. Specifically, loss-framed messages are more effective when promoting illness-detecting (screening) behaviors, but gain-framed messages are more effective when promoting health-affirming (prevention) behaviors. Two experiments provide a direct test of this conceptual framework. In Experiment 1, participants’ willingness to act after reading about a new disease was a function of how the information was framed and the type of behavior promoted. Experiment 2 replicated and extended these findings with a real health concern—gum disease. Gain-framed pamphlets heightened interest in a plaque-fighting mouth rinse, whereas loss-framed pamphlets heightened interest in a plaque-detecting disclosing rinse. Research on message framing provides a theoretically based guide for the development of effective health messages.
Compensating for Failure through Social Comparison
Authors: Wood Joanne V. , Giordano-Beech Maria , Ducharme Mary Jo
Published: June 2007

Three studies tested the hypothesis that the motive to compensate—to cast favorable light on the self after a threat to self-esteem—can lead people to seek social comparisons. Participants were high self-esteem undergraduates. In Experiment 1, participants who had failed sought more comparisons when they were allowed to compare on their strongest attributes than when they were allowed to compare on their weakest attributes. In Experiment 2, participants had a choice between comparing on a coparticipant’s “superior” or “average” dimension. Success participants selected the other’s strength for comparison, whereas failure participants selected the other’s relative weakness. In Experiment 3, failure participants were less likely to seek comparisons if they had already compensated via a self-affirmation task. These studies employed novel or rarely used measures of social comparison, and the results have implications for both the social comparison and self-esteem literatures.
Assessing the Accuracy of Predictions about Dating Relationships: How and Why Do Lovers’ Predictions Differ from those Made by Observers?
Authors: MacDonald Tara K. , Ross Michael
Published: June 2007

In two longitudinal studies, university students, their roommates, and parents assessed the quality and forecast the longevity of the students’ dating relationships. The longitudinal nature of this research allowed assessment of the relative accuracy of predictions offered by students and observers. Students assessed their relationships more positively, focusing primarily on the strengths of their relationships, and made more optimistic predictions than did parents and roommates. Although students were more confident in their predictions, their explicit forecasts tended to be less accurate than those of the two observer groups. Students, however, possessed information that could have yielded more accurate forecasts: In comparison to parents’ and roommates’ evaluations of relationship quality, students’ assessments of relationship quality were more predictive of stability at 1 year. Implications of these findings for understanding biases and accuracy in prediction are discussed.
Against Cultural Essentialism: Media Reception among South African Youth
Authors: Strelitz Larry
Published: June 2007

Drawing on interviews with students on the Grahamstown campus of Rhodes University, South Africa, this article argues against a number of claims central to the media imperialism thesis. It argues that centuries of cultural mixing that have taken place historically between locals from different continents and cultural traditions undermine the claims for an internally pure and authentic indigenous culture which has recently become corrupted by foreign influence. Furthermore, given the deep social divisions in South Africa, it is difficult to identify the national culture and identity supposedly being undermined by global culture. Given this, the article supports Massey’s claim that places should be seen as ‘spaces of interaction’ in which local identities are constructed out of material and symbolic resources that may not be local in their origins, but should still be considered authentic.
Questioning Globalization: Gender and Export Processing in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Safa Helen I.
Published: June 2007

This article questions the benefits of globalization for low-income women through an analysis of 1997 data on women export-processing workers in the Dominican Republic. Export processing has contributed to an increase in women’s labor-force participation and their greater economic autonomy. But the percentage of men employed in export processing has also increased and efforts to improve working conditions through collective bargaining or other means are still weak. The increasing percentage of female heads of household, who rely heavily on extended kin for financial and emotional support, provides additional evidence of the erosion of the male-breadwinner model.
Families on the Verge of Breakdown? Views on Contemporary Trends in Family Life in Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Authors: Chant Sylvia
Published: June 2007

As in many other countries, family life in Costa Rica has changed in recent decades. Marriage is declining, divorce and separation are on the rise, out-of-wedlock births are increasing, and women head a growing number and proportion of households. Nationally and internationally, statements issued by the media, government bodies and the religious establishment indicate that these trends have provoked anxiety about “family breakdown.” Yet it is less well known if similar concerns are felt at the grassroots.

The present paper explores reactions to family change among 176 low-and middle-income women and men from different age groups in Guanacaste province, northwest Costa Rica. A key finding is that although some trajectories in family life are perceived as encompassing possibilities for new, more flexible and egalitarian domestic arrangements, others are regarded as weakening family unity. Moreover, concerns about “family breakdown” are more common among adult males than their female counterparts or younger people. The reasons behind these disparate views relate to social, legal, and economic processes that have destabilized “traditional” gendered divisions of labor, power, and rights within Costa Rican households.
Households and Income: Ageing and Gender Inequalities in Urban Brazil and Colombia
Authors: Cristina Maria , Da Conceição Gomes
Published: June 2007

This paper discusses the ageing process in Brazil and Colombia according to gender and socioeconomic inequalities. The ageing process is related to reforms in social policies in each country. Reforms in the pension systems show contrasting results for the family structure and income. In Brazil, the extension of pensions to rural and informal workers leads to empowering poorer elderly women and men in economic and domestic relationships. Universalizing pensions allows the elderly to chose to live alone or to support adult children. On the other hand, in Colombia the reform created the individual saving system, reinforcing social exclusion and inequalities at the end of the life course. At the same time, the structural adjustments of the economy have generated new social contracts and economic order, but in different ways. The universal or individual character of the new pension system redefines in each country the profile of gender, generations, and socioeconomic inequalities. The universal reform can mitigate the economic and domestic exclusion of poorer and rural elderly, as in Brazil; and the individual reform can reinforce inequalities and, as a result, reproduce gender roles of domestic submission and dependence for poorer women in advanced ages.
Organizing a Space of their Own? Global/Local Processes in a Nicaraguan Women’s Organization
Authors: Mendez Jennifer Bickham
Published: June 2007

This article analyzes the internal, organizational processes within a Nicaraguan women worker’s organization, the Working and Unemployed Women’s Movement, “María Elena Cuadra” (MEC) to explore the ways in which place-centered, locally constituted political identities articulate with transnational flows of ideas and discourses to shape actors’ collective practices. MEC’s changing organizational practices reflect the influence of strategies and practices employed in the mass organizations of the FSLN and transnational flows of discourses and ideas about issues such as feminism, personal and political autonomy, and the relationship between individuals and a collective. I explore the impact of members’ experiences within the Sandinista mass organizations on MEC’s organizational practices and analyze MEC’s uneasy relationship with feminist organizations and Northern-based NGOs. While transnational linkages have opened new opportunities for groups like MEC, certain relations of inequality, such as those based on neocolonialism, persist. The case of MEC sheds light on the complex ways in which power operates through and within transnational organizational relations.
An Assessment of the Demographic Transition in China
Authors: Ji Jianjun
Published: June 2007

Many Chinese scholars hold the view that demographic transition in China has been completed. Some even argue that the country has already entered a “post-demographic transition period.” Inspired by John R. Week’s reformulated perspective on demographic transition, this study examines China’s demographic transition with regard to five aspects: epidemiological transition, fertility transition, age transition, family transition, and urban transition. The results indicate that while the epidemiological transition and the fertility transition may well have been accomplished, the transitions in age structure, family, and urbanization have not. The study concludes that the demographic transition in China is not yet finished but still under way. Considering the country’s weak infrastructure in general and the overall low standard of living for the vast rural population in particular, China still faces severe challenges. Policy implications are discussed.
Sanctuary: A Women’s Refuge in India
Authors: Gibbons-Trikha Jacqueline A.
Published: June 2007

This research addresses delineations of gender roles, agency, and change in a modern urban women’s residence in north India. It explores the social relations of residents in a women’s hostel where the shaping of special community creates empowermenf through self-reflection, interaction, and negotiation, yet where also reside tensions, paradoxes, and constraints, in the merging and interplay of traditional values and those of modernity.
Social Aspects of Labor Organizing: Maquiladora Workers in a Grassroots Development Effort
Authors: Huesca Robert
Published: June 2007

Beginning in the mid-1960s, Mexico encouraged the development of industrial assembly plants known as maquiladoras along its northern border and in selected areas of the interior. Although it began as a stopgap measure to employ men returning from the U.S. bracero worker program, the Border Industrialization Program soon became Mexico’s principal development initiative for the border region. Since then, numerous scholars have evaluated the success of the plants by examining their impacts on the economy, the environment, and labor. This study adds to this research literature by assessing the impact of the maquiladora program from the perspective of the assembly line workers. It describes and analyzes the activities of a grassroots, participatory development effort to organize maquiladora workers for more than 20 years. Participatory approaches to development are defined and described in terms of the problems and challenges that animate this field of research. The findings demonstrate how participatory efforts at organizing constitute one of the few avenues available to workers to resist factory exploitation and improve their general well-being. The study confirms some of the shortcomings of participatory development theory, such as its conceptual ambiguity, significant time commitment, and general cumbersomeness, but it provides justifications for its continuance.
Harnessing Globalization: Rio Grande Do Sul’s Successful Effort to Attract Dell Computer Corporation
Authors: Nelson Roy C.
Published: June 2007

Dell Computer Corporation’s recent site selection process for its manufacturing plant in Brazil involved bargaining with five of Brazil’s 26 states. The state government of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), eager to transform the state into a centre for high technology investment, offered Dell generous incentives and “won” this large investment project. Although the incentives were important, Rio Grande do Sul’s success can also be attributed to the government’s ability to work effectively with a private development agency, Pólo, which provided the state with a domestic embeddedness and a transnational strategic network that facilitated its ability to attract foreign investment.
The Concept of Sem Terra and the Peasantry in Brazil
Authors: Fanelli Luca , Sarzynski Sarah
Published: June 2007

This article explores the meanings and uses of the term sem terra (landless) in relation to the social movement MST and tries to provide provisory answers to the following questions: What is the relationship between small landholders, rural workers, and the term sem terra ? Is the idea of sem terra class-based or does it stretch beyond “class”? Which rural populations use the term sem terra to identify themselves? Does sem terra continue to be a useful tool for MST participants who have already obtained stable access to land? Finally, do different (and conflicting) meanings of sem terra exist for the leaders of the MST and the rank-and-file members? The sources for the present article are the interviews collected during field research, some texts published by the MST, and general sources about the matter.
Action Plans To Make Your Vision a Reality
Authors: Herman Jerry J.
Published: June 2007

This—another in an ongoing series of articles in a series on school- based management—empha— sizes that the only way to achieve your vision of "what should be" for your school is by developing detailed road maps.
Throwing Like a Girl
Authors: Fredrickson Barbara L. , Harrison Kristen
Published: June 2007

Objectification theory posits that Western culture socializes girls and women to self-objectify by adopting a third-person perspective on their bodies. Feminist philosopher Iris Young (1990) argued that such self-objectification accounts for “throwing like a girl” and other constrained and ineffective motor performances. The authors’ hypothesis was that higher self-objectification among adolescent girls would predict poorer throwing performance. The authors tested 202 girls, ages 10 to 17 (32% Anglo-American, 47% African American, and 20% other ethnic minorities). Each was asked to complete written measures of self-objectification and to throw a softball, three times, as hard as she could. Throwing performance was coded from video records. Results show that self-objectification predicted throwing performance above and beyond differences due to age and prior throwing experience. There were no differences by race. Discussion centers on how self-objectification limits girls’ and women’s physical activity, with implications for emotional well-being, physical health and safety, as well as cognitive functioning.
“America’s Sweetheart” And “Czech-Mate”
Authors: Spencer Nancy E.
Published: June 2007

The tennis rivalry between Chris Evert and Martina Navratilova was among the most compelling in sport history. Although it ended with Evert’s retirement in 1989, memories of that rivalry were evoked by their inclusion in ESPN Sportscentury’s “top 50” athletes of the 20th century in North America. In this article, the author examines how the half-hour segments provide useful insights into the cultural construction of gendered and national identities. More specifically, this article scrutinizes how ESPN's coverage re-creates impressions of Evert as “America’s sweetheart”/“Chris America” while positioning Navratilova as Czechoslovakian/lesbian (read: “other”). Finally, this article explores how media representations work to naturalize difference, thus leaving the impression that identities are fixed and unrelated to historical and cultural conditions.
Staging The Nation
Authors: Hogan Jackie
Published: June 2007

Nations are more than geopolitical entities; they are discursive constructs—constructions of the character, the culture, and the historical trajectory of a people. Such constructions, by their very nature, are acts of inclusion and exclusion. They symbolically delineate membership in the national “imagined community.” Recent scholarship suggests that in diverse national contexts, discourses of national identity are gendered and ethnicized. These gendered and ethnicized discourses of national identity at times both reflect current social hierarchies and contribute to the maintenance of these hierarchies by naturalizing the marginalization of women and ethnic minorities within these nations. However, such discourses are inherently dynamic and open to contestation, with the potential to mirror and amplify changes in the status of subordinated social groups. This article examines gendered and ethnicized constructions of Japaneseness, Australianness, and Americanness in the opening ceremonies of the Nagano 1998, Sydney 2000, and Salt Lake City 2002 Olympic Games, respectively.
The Inclusion of the Paralympics in the Olympic and Amateur Sports Act
Authors: Hums Mary A. , Moorman Anita M. , Wolff Eli A.
Published: June 2007

The governance of disability sport is a complex and evolving area. In particular, the passage of the Stevens Amendment of 1998 altered the responsibilities of the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) in terms of its relationship to disability sport, specifically Paralympic sport. Now the USOC, along with the various national governing bodies (NGBs) and disabled sports organizations (DSOs), is grappling with the implementation of the Stevens Amendment. The policy implications of this legal mandate to be more inclusive of athletes with disabilities are unclear, as Congress did not specify how the act should be implemented. This article provides background information on disability sport governance and presents the legal and policy implications of the Stevens Amendment for the various sport governing bodies.
Losing Control of the Ball
Authors: Phillips Murray G. , Hutchins Brett
Published: June 2007

This article examines the political economy of one of Australia’s prominent football codes: Rugby League. A Marxist-influenced political economy approach is used to emphasize processes of domination, subordination, and resistance in the production and reproduction of power relations within capitalist sporting relations and structures. Analysis, framed around the concepts of MediaSport and the media sport cultural complex, shows how Rugby League is bound up in both national and global media processes. Key areas under examination include the historical development of the commodification of Rugby League, the growth of the media sport cultural complex, the role of pay television and the control of Rugby League vested in the transnational company News Corporation, and the supporter resistance to corporate media control in the sport.
Intertextuality, Tobacco Sponsorship of Sports, and Adolescent Male Smoking Culture
Authors: Dewhirst Timothy , Sparks Robert
Published: June 2007

This article uses the concept of intertextuality (Kristeva, 1984) to analyze the sport sponsorship strategies of tobacco manufacturers in Canada; it is based on evidence taken from tobacco industry documents that were publicly accessible from Canadian and U.S. court proceedings. Through commissioned research on adolescent male smoking, the industry has endeavored to isolate those groups most likely to start smoking; then, it has sought to reach and influence these groups through sponsored activities that link the sponsoring cigarette brands intertextually to desirable, peer-defined attributes, identities, and personalities. The article focuses on the sponsorship strategies of the following three Canadian cigarette brands: Player's, Export `A,' and Dunhill. They are manufactured by Imperial Tobacco Ltd., JTI-Macdonald Corp., and Rothmans, Benson & Hedges Inc., respectively.
This Is Not an Indian
Authors: King C. Richard
Published: June 2007

This article reviews the history and significance of Native Americanmascots as well as the ongoing controversy over the continued use of pseudo-Indian imagery in athletics. It offers a succinct review of the literature, identifying three key foci: stereotyping, historical structures, and institutional arrangements. Against this background, it underscores the central concerns and core contribution of the special: the examination of the competing and contradictory claims made on, off, about, and through Indianness in the creation and contestation of Native American mascots. It attends to the appropriation of Indianness at the heart of American imperialism as well as recent efforts to reclaimcontrol over Indianness through a decolonization of sporting worlds. A summary of the scope and significance of each of the contributions to the special issue follows.
The Fancy Dance of Racializing Discourse
Authors: Farnell Brenda
Published: June 2007

In the United States, the Euro-American practice of using stereotypical Native American imagery and dancing in association with athletic mascots continues despite vigorous protest. This suggests that American Indians occupy a different semiotic space than other U.S. minorities who are no longer subject to such explicit racializing representations. This article asks how and why non–Native Americans endow Indian mascots with significance. Analysis of the discursive formations associated with one such local practice—the dancing Indianmascot at the University of Illinois known as Chief Illiniwek—suggests that the dominant “race-making” population, who are themascot’s ardent supporters, create and passionately defend a “White public space” in which any contemporaryNativeAmerican presence is positioned as disorderly. This article seeks to advance the understanding of how racializing discourses create the cultural logic that stigmatizes and stereotypes (in this case) American Indian people.
Environmental Ambiance as a New Window on Wandering
Authors: Yao Lan , Algase Donna
Published: June 2007

This cross-sectional study explored relations between environmental ambiance and locomotion behaviors of elders with dementia (EWD), addressing the larger goal of developing theory explaining how environment affects wandering and other behaviors, thereby illuminating a pathway to intervention. A sample of 47 EWD (older than age 65, Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] ≤ 23) from nursing homes and assisted-living facilities were studied through a random, cluster, sampling strategy. Participants were measured once for stable characteristics and videotaped for 12, randomly chosen, 20-minute periods over 2 separate days at least 48 hours apart. Hierarchical liner modeling was used to analyze data that focused on the observation as the unit of analysis, with repeated observations nested within participants. Results validated an influence of ambiance on locomoting behaviors, highlighting the importance of addressing the emotional valence of social and physical environments in care of EWD.
Web of Hate: a Fantasy Theme Analysis of the Rhetorical Vision of Hate Groups Online
Authors: Duffy Margaret E.
Published: June 2007

The development and growth of the Internet and World Wide Web have provided a new and persuasive medium for business, education, and social interaction. Examination of hate group Web sites reveal world views that cast organizations' aims in mainstream and traditionally American terms. This article uses Ernest Bormann's fantasy theme analysis to examine hate group Web sites as a means to understand the world views expressed and the resulting potential for persuasion.
Imagining the Homeland: The Internet and Diasporic Discourse of Nationalism
Authors: Chan Brenda
Published: June 2007

This article examines the identity discourses of Chinese migrants in cyberspace in the light of contemporary theorizing of Chinese national identities and Chinese nationalism. The study adopts a qualitative methodology, based on the textual analysis of postings on Internet forums frequented by migrants from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) who are currently studying and working in Singapore, and in-depth interviews with the forum participants. Findings show that the Internet opens up liminal spaces from which migrants can resist, challenge, and speak against regimes of truth imposed on them by their homeland and the host society. Furthermore, the combination of text and image on the forums enable the migrants from the PRC to produce an online imaginary of China as a superpower and an empire, thus articulating a form of resistance against the perceived hegemony of the United States in the international system and the disciplining of the host state.
Using the Legislative Assembly for Social Reform: the Sarda Act of 1929
Authors: Mukherjee Sumita
Published: June 2007

In 1929, the Legislative Assembly of India, a body of representative Indian politicians, passed a law making the minimum age of marriage 14 years for girls. In contrast to the debates in the 1890s from which the 1891 Age of Consent Act was passed by the imperial legislature, there were intense debates in 1920s India involving British and Indian social reformers on the issue of marriage. Marriage affected the majority of the population and involved all communities, and this was the first legislation to impose a minimum age. Child marriage was seen in the eyes of some Indians and outsiders as an outdated and particularly harmful tradition, but many Hindus justified the practice as a religious necessity. The article explores how Indian reformers were able to defy opposition and use the new governing mechanisms given to them to pass legislation on a matter of national concern.
Teaching braille to children
Authors: Keil Sue
Published: June 2007

This research looked at the population of children learning braille in Britain, where they are being educated, and issues concerned with teaching braille and with training of teachers of braille. A national postal questionnaire survey of local education authority (LEA) visual impairment (VI) advisory services and one specialist school for blind and partially sighted pupils suggested that braillists constitute a diverse population that includes many pupils with other difficulties in addition to a severe visual impairment. The studies provided examples of difference models of support for braillists and demonstrated that braillists can be educated in a variety of contexts. The findings highlight the need for further research into teaching braille literacy and the literacy needs of pupils with learning difficulties in addition to a severe visual impairment. A need for a range of training for teachers of the visually impaired and of support staff was also identified.
Memories of Thika
Authors: Maley Tom
Published: June 2007

The personal reflections, many years later, of a young blind teacher on his first paid appointment developing integrated education for blind children in Africa in the 1960s.
Reflections on my lovely deafblind daughter
Authors: Spigel Robert
Published: June 2007

A father reflects on the early years in the life of his deafblind daughter and on how he has come to understand the nature and consequences of her unusual condition. His interactions with professional workers in the medical and educational fields are described, and he touches on the needs of a family in a situation where one of the members is severely disabled.
Loneliness in Married, Widowed, Divorced, and Never-Married Older Adults
Authors: Pinquart Martin
Published: June 2007

Predictors of loneliness were investigated in married, widowed, divorced, and never-married older adults. Contacts with adult children, siblings, friends, and neighbors showed a stronger negative relationship with loneliness in unmarried than in married adults. However, divorced and widowed adults were more likely to profit from contact with adult children, whereas never-married and childless unmarried respondents profited most from contacts with siblings, friends, and neighbors. A better functional status was associated with less loneliness in divorced, widowed, and nevermarried adults, but not in married adults. Furthermore, unmarried men showed higher levels of loneliness than unmarried women, whereas only small sex differences in loneliness were found in married respondents. Sex differences in the loneliness of divorced and never-married adults were eliminated by controlling for sex differences in contact with children, siblings, and friends. However, widowers were lonelier than widows even after controlling for sex differences in these contacts.
Positive Feelings in Friendship: Does Imbalance in the Relationship Matter?
Authors: Mendelson Morton J. , Kay Aaron C.
Published: June 2007

We examined predictors of positive feelings in friendship. Pairs of same-sex (female–female) and cross-sex (female–male) friends completed questionnaires about each other. Positive feelings covaried directly with friendship level (e.g., best versus good) and with benefits from the relationship (i.e., the degree to which friendship functions were fulfilled); but various measures of imbalance in the relationship–net benefit, unsigned net benefit, and inequality–did not improve prediction. Nonetheless, there was limited evidence that, independent of other predictors, positive feelings covaried inversely with inequity (i.e., with the degree to which the net benefit-to-contribution ratios of the two friends differed). Because positive feelings mainly reflect the degree to which friendship functions are fulfilled, the data support a functional view of friendship. However, if imbalance in a friendship is at all important, it appears to be imbalance measured in terms of inequity.
A Generalizability Approach to Assessing the Effects of Ethnicity and Training on Observer Ratings of Family Interactions
Authors: Melby Janet N. , Hoyt William T. , Bryant Chalandra M.
Published: June 2007

This exploratory investigation assessed the utility of generalizability analyses for investigating race of coder and race of family member (‘target’) as contributors to bias in observer ratings of family interaction processes. Thirty behavioral scales were rated on three occasions during an initial 5-week (100-hour) training period. African-American and European-American coders observed videotaped interactions occurring in one African-American and one European-American parent–child dyad. For each scale, levels of rater bias and rater agreement were examined over time. Although most scales showed decreasing levels of bias with training (as expected), some did not. For scales showing a main effect for coder race, European-American coders rated targets more favorably than did African-American coders. For scales susceptible to coder race by target race interactions, coders tended to favor otherrace rather than same-race targets. Suggestions for applying the generalizability approach in future family interaction research are presented.
Public Health Sealant Delivery Programs: Optimal Delivery and the Cost of Practice Acts
Authors: Scherrer Christina R. , Griffin Paul M. , Swann Julie L.
Published: June 2007

Background. The greatest unmet health need for US children is dental care. School-based sealant programs target low-income, high-risk second graders and are effective in preventing caries for as long as the sealant material remains in place. However, it is not clear whether such programs make efficient use of available resources and staffing. Methods. The authors used discrete event simulation to determine the optimal combinations of staffing levels and sealant stations for school-based sealant programs. Using data provided by state programs and the literature, they modeled different-sized programs under different practice act constraints and determined times and associated costs. A detailed economic analysis was done for Wisconsin. Results. For general, direct, or indirect supervision, it is optimal to have only 1 dentist or no dentists for no supervision. For general supervision, it is optimal to have the dentist and dental assistant to come on separate days to screen. The cost savings for adding an assistant and chair averaged over all of the program sizes and travel distances ranged from 4.50% (SE= 0.89) to 10.94% (SE= 0.56). Significant cost savings also result from reducing the required supervision level (8.72% [SE = 1.61] to 29.96% [SE= 1.67]). The cost of the practice act for the state of Wisconsin for 2003 was from $83,041 to $346,156, significantly more than its annual budget. Conclusions. States could save money by relaxing restrictions on the type of personnel who can deliver sealants in public health settings and by productivity gains through proper consideration of staffing. The savings could be used to improve access to sealant programs and further reduce disparities in oral health.
Journal Authors as an Indicator of Scientific Manpower; a Methodological Study Using Data for the Two Germanies and Europe
Authors: Spiegel-Rösing I.S.
Published: June 2007

I am greatly indebted to the Institute for Scientific Information for two volumes of the IDR&DS not available at the Ruhr-University, to Derek J. de Solla Price of Yale University for a critical review of this paper, to Helmut Baitsch of University of Ulm for many valuable suggestions, to Helga Niehr, Werner Ruzicka, Lothar Schneidt and Ulrich König for helping me in the counting and computing, and to Günter Keim for drawing the figures.
Incidence of Nonsexual Violence I n Incest Offenders
Authors: Stermac Lana , Davidson Alison , Sheridan Peter M.
Published: June 2007

A number of reports have emphasized the lack of physical aggression and violence used by incest offenders despite evidence to the contrary from victims. The current study investigated the extent of sexual and nonsexual violence committed by incest offenders against members of their family. Two groups of offenders (38 incest offenders and 52 non-sex offenders) were compared on ratings of threats, violence, and amounts of physical aggression used in their index offenses as well as outside of their index offenses within their homes. The results of the study revealed that a large percentage of both groups of offenders used physical, nonsexual violence directed towards both partners and children within their homes. The results of this study are discussed in terms of viewing incest in isolation from other behaviours and the protection of incest victims.
Women in sports: Some misconceptions
Authors: Harris Dorothy Virginia
Published: June 2007

No evidence has yet been produced that strenuous physical activity has any deleterious effect upon menstruation, fertility, or childbirth in the female athlete.
Treatment for acute drug reactions
Authors: Heimoff Leonard L.
Published: June 2007

The physical educator, team coach, school nurse and physi cian must be prepared to recognize and cope with prob lems of drug reaction among adolescents and young adults.
The effect of local steroid injections on tendon
Authors: Unverferth Louis J. , Olix Melvin L.
Published: June 2007

The repeated use of local steroid injections in the treatment of tenosynovitis in the active athlete is to be abandoned, not only because it masks the symptoms of tenosynovitis, giving the patient a false sense of security, but also because local injection of steroid decreases the tensile strength of tendon and predisposes it to complete rupture.
The etiology and treatment of tennis elbow
Authors: Nirschl Robert P.
Published: June 2007

The primary etiological factor in tennis elbow is a mechanical predisposition of the human elbow associated with force overload Additional etiological factors in clude lack of forearm strength and endur ance, age, and a tendency toward mus culo-tendinous inflammatory abnormali ties

Treatment includes relief of inflamma tion, improvement of tissue quality by exercise, decrease in the moments of force to which the forearm is subjected, and surgery when indicated
Tennis elbow: Further considerations
Authors: Nirschl Robert P.
Published: June 2007

The following is in response to the comments of Dr. Jeffrey Minkoff, New York City, regarding Dr. Nirschl's pa per, The Etiology and Treatment of Tennis Elbow (The Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 2, Number 6 , 1974) .
Infectious hepatitis in a college football player
Authors: Bowman James F.
Published: June 2007

The diagnosis of infectious hepatitis was made in a football player at East Carolina University in the 3rd week of fall practice in 1974. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of all persons involved in the program followed. All participants received immune serum globulin. No further cases were identified. Serum chemistry and enzyme levels were determined under uncontrolled conditions. Lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were generally elevated.
The patient's view of the pes anserinus transfer operation for rotatory instability of the knee
Authors: Fox James M. , Blazina Martin E. , Jobe Frank W. , Kerlan Robert K. , Carter Vincent S. , Shields Clarence L. , Carlson G. Joanne
Published: June 2007

A review of 82 patients was performed to ascertain their subjective evaluations of the pes anserinus transfer procedure for rotatory instability of the knee. Analysis demonstrated a slow improvement in symptoms which occurred over a 12- month period. At that time, 62% of the patients had regained 90% of their preinjury confidence in knee stability.
Methods and rationale for closed treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures
Authors: Stein Stephen R. , Luekens Claude A.
Published: June 2007

Significant recent interest in closed treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures has been noted in the literature, as well as in clinical practice. This interest has grown out of dissatisfaction with operative treatment and its attendant high complication rates.

The method of closed treatment consists of a gravity equinus, long leg, slightly bent knee cast for 6 weeks. This is followed by a short leg cast for a period of 4 weeks. A 2-cm heel lift is then used. Closed approximation of the tendon is easily demonstrated at the time of equinus casting. Results obtained have been gratifying.

Observations were made on the Achilles tendon in dissected, fresh amputated specimens. Prominent transverse vessels in the paratenon, continuous with those of the anterior mesentery, illustrate well reports of the important role of these vessels in circulation to the midportion of the tendon, and its paratenon sheath is well demonstrated.

An experimental study to document and compare closed methods of treatment of Achilles tendon injuries with open surgical methods has been done in mature rabbits. Results of tensile strength analysis at 1, 2, and 3 weeks demonstrate no significant difference between these two modes of treatment; at 3 weeks, tensile strength was 17.25 kg per cm' in the sutured side and 29.95 kg per cm' in the nonsutured side. Macroscopic examination demonstrated early tendon callus formation in all specimens ; this was more prominent in those treated closed where the paratenon was left in place. Surgical repair tended to destroy the paratenon envelope surrounding the tendon. However, an increased tendency toward separation of the tendon ends was seen in the nonsutured specimens ; yet both sutured and nonsutured tendons revealed a linear increase with time of immobilization. Microscopic examination presented clear evidence of progressive tendon healing in both types of specimens. By 24 days, organized fibroplasia can be seen spanning the tendon ends in an impressive fashion.

The rationale for closed treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures is well supported through anatomical dissection and demonstration of a vascular paratenon and anterior mesentery. The maintenance of an intact paratenon sheath in nonsurgical treatment favors rapid healing, avoiding the complications of open surgical management. Experimental evidence in rabbits also supports this method of closed treatment as a satisfactory method which allows tendon healing to occur.
The injury problem in wrestling
Authors: Snook George A.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents an over-all view of the injuries associated with intercollegiate and interscholastic wrestling as conducted in the United States. It classifies injuries according to the mechanism of injury in wrestling and analyzes these mechanisms together with recommendations for treatment and prevention of these conditions.
Integrated electromyography of the vastus medialis muscle after meniscectomy
Authors: Santavirta Seppo
Published: June 2007

Integrated electromyography (IEMG) is a valuable method for evaluating a muscle and documenting muscle rehabilitation. In a study of six adult males who had meniscectomies following tears of the medial meniscus, IEMG was performed to record the condition of the vastus medialis muscle preoperatively and at intervals (1 week, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months) after the operation. The evidence shows that at 3 months postoper atively, all patients had a normal range of motion, and the extension force of the quadriceps muscle had reached values of the control leg; but the IEMG relative to the extension force revealed that the vastus medialis portion of the quadriceps was far from restored and needed a significantly higher activity to produce the same force as it had in the control leg.
Acute acromioclavicular separations
Authors: Smith Michael J. , Stewart Marcus J.
Published: June 2007

One hundred and twenty-two acromioclavicular separations treated surgically at the Campbell Clinic from 1956 to 1976 have been studied. One group of 44 patients who had primary excision of the distal clavicle with repair of ligaments. was compared with another group of 78 patients who had primary repair of the ligaments only. Of the original 122 patients (average age, 27 years; range, 12 to 64 years), 112 were male and 10 were female. Eighty-six of the 122 patients were re evaluated (average follow-up, 4.4 years; range, 1 to 16 years). No difference in the two groups was apparent in range of motion or in muscle power/weakness, as tested by resistive examination. There was no correlation between presence or amount of degenerative changes in the acromioclavicular joint and the patient's symptomatology. Of the group who had excision of the distal end of the clavicle, only 4.5% had degen erative joint disease as compared with 24.3% of the other group. Repair of the coracoclavicular and acromioclavicular ligaments, with a beveled excision of the distal 1 cm of clavicle, has been a successful and reliable method for treating Type III (complete disruption of acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments and tears of deltoid and trapezius muscle attachments from the clavicle) and some Type II (complete disruption of capsule and acromioclavicular ligaments) injuries.