bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subcellular Pathology of Human Neurodegenerative Disorders: Alzheimer‐Type Dementia and Huntington's Disease
Authors: Cross A. J. , Crow T. J. , Dawson J. M. , Ferrier I. N. , Johnson J. A. , Peters T. J. , Reynolds G. P.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Activities of enzyme markers of subcellular organelles have been measured in brain tissue from subjects with Alzheimer‐type dementia (ATD) and Huntington's disease (HD). Significant increases in the activity of the lysosomal enzyme β‐glucuronidase were observed in both ATD temporal cortex and HD putamen. It is suggested that β‐glucuronidase activity may be a useful biochemical indicator of cellular damage in the CNS. A significant reduction in neutral α‐glucosidase activity was observed in ATD temporal cortex and HD putamen. This change may reflect an alteration in glycoconjugate processing and may relate to the susceptibility of neurones to the degenerative processes of ATD and HD.
Biochemical and Immunocytochemical Evidence for a Deficiency of Normal Interfascicular Oligodendroglia in the CNS of the Dysmyelinating Mutant (md) Rat
Authors: Kahn Susan , Tansey Francine A. , Cammer Wendy
Published: July 2010

Abstract Carbonic anhydrase was assayed and carbonic an‐hydrase and 5′‐nucIeotidase were localized in the CNS of myelin‐deficient mutant rats and normal littermates. The carbonic anhydrase specific activities were reduced by 61% and 29% in the mutants' forebrains and cerebella, respectively, and the total carbonic anhydrase activity in the spinal cords was reduced by 35%. Immunostained cells were found in gray matter from both normal and mutant rats, but, in the mutants, there was a marked deficiency of interfascicular oligodendrocytes in the regions that are normally occupied by white matter. It is suggested that a developmental study could indicate the step(s) at which normal differentiation of interfascicular oligodendroglia is blocked in this mutant.
Synaptosomal Sialyltransferase Glycosylates Surface Proteins that Are Inaccessible to the Action of Membrane‐Bound Sialidase
Authors: Breen Kieran C. , Regan Ciaran M.
Published: July 2010

Abstract Sialyltransferase has been characterized in P2 pellets derived from animals of increasing age. The enzyme was found to be associated with the plasma membrane and to be developmentally regulated at times coincident with cell migration and fibre outgrowth. This regulation appeared to be due, in part, to an endogenous competitive inhibitor in the P2 pellet but not in the synaptosome. Optimal transfer of [14C]N‐acetylneuraminic acid to endogenous synaptosomal acceptors was achieved only in the absence of detergent. Furthermore, the transferred sialic acid was found to be inaccessible to the action of membrane‐bound sialidase. The significance of these findings is discussed.
A New Form of Myelin Basic Protein Found in Human Brain
Authors: Deibler Gladys E. , Krutzsch Henry C. , Kies Marian W.
Published: July 2010

Abstract Human myelin basic protein was subjected to ionexchange chromatography at high pH to separate the differently charged components. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of the fractions showed that the less basic fractions 3, 4, and 5 contained significant amounts of a protein somewhat smaller than the more common 18.5‐kDa form. Fraction 3 consisted of approximately equal amounts of this smaller polypeptide and component 3, the 18.5‐kDa form found in other mammalian myelin basic protein preparations. The two proteins in fraction 3 were separated by fast protein liquid chromatography. Both have blocked N termini and identical C termini (‐Met‐Ala‐Arg‐Arg). When the tryptic digests of the two proteins were fractionated by HPLC, the elution profiles were similar, except that four peaks found in the chromatogram of the larger protein were missing from the chromatogram of the smaller one. In addition, an extra peak was found in the elution pattern of the latter chromatogram. Amino acid analysis of the individual tryptic peptides indicated that the smaller protein lacked residues 106–116 (‐Gly‐Arg‐Gly‐Leu‐Ser‐Leu‐Ser‐Arg‐Phe‐Ser‐Trp‐). The deleted portion corresponds exactly to the amino acid sequence encoded by exon 5 of the mouse basic protein gene. This new form of myelin basic protein has a molecular weight of 17,200, calculated from its amino acid composition.
Modulation of β‐amyloid metabolism by non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in neuronal cell cultures
Authors: Gasparini Laura , Rusconi Laura , Xu Huaxi , Del Soldato Piero , Ongini Ennio
Published: July 2010

Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by cerebral deposits of β‐amyloid (Aβ) peptides, which are surrounded by neuroinflammatory cells. Epidemiological studies have shown that prolonged use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces the risk of developing AD. In addition, biological data indicate that certain NSAIDs specifically lower Aβ42 levels in cultures of peripheral cells independently of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and reduce cerebral Aβ levels in AD transgenic mice. Whether other NSAIDs, including COX‐selective compounds, modulate Aβ levels in neuronal cells remains unexploited. Here, we investigated the effects of compounds from every chemical class of NSAIDs on Aβ40 and Aβ42 secretion using both Neuro‐2a cells and rat primary cortical neurons. Among non‐selective NSAIDs, flurbiprofen and sulindac sulfide concentration‐dependently reduced the secretion not only of Aβ42 but also of Aβ40. Surprisingly, both COX‐2 (celecoxib; sc‐125) or COX‐1 (sc‐560) selective compounds significantly increased Aβ42 secretion, and either did not alter (sc‐560; sc‐125) or reduced (celecoxib) Aβ40 levels. The levels of βAPP C‐terminal fragments and Notch cleavage were not altered by any of the NSAIDs, indicating that γ‐secretase activity was not overall changed by these drugs. The present findings show that only a few non‐selective NSAIDs possess Aβ‐lowering properties and therefore have a profile potentially relevant to their clinical use in AD.
Compost can successfully replace mineral fertilizers in the nutrient management of commercial peach orchard
Authors: Baldi E. , Toselli M. , Marcolini G. , Quartieri M. , Cirillo E. , Innocenti A. , Marangoni B.
Published: July 2010

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate in the long‐term (9 years), the suitability of compost as a fertilizer in commercial peach orchard. The experiment was carried out on nectarine trees (Prunus persica var.nectarina), Stark RedGold grafted on GF677 peach × almond (P. amygdalus L.) hybrid. The treatments were: (1) unfertilized control; (2) mineral fertilization including phosphorus (P at 100 kg/ha) and potassium (K at 200 kg/ha) applied at planting and nitrogen (N at 70–130 kg/ha/yr) split in two applications at 40 days after full bloom (60%) and in September (40%); (3) cow manure supplied at planting [10 t dry weight (dw)/ha] and then, from the forth year at the rate of 5 t dw/ha/yr in spring; (4) compost supplied at planting (10 t dw/ha) and then, from the forth year at the rate of 5 t dw/ha/yr in spring; (5) compost supply at a rate of 5 t dw/ha/yr, and (6) 10 t dw/ha/yr, both treatment 5 and 6 split as described for treatment 2. Nitrate‐N soil concentration was usually not affected by treatments. Soil microbial carbon, organic matter, total N, P, K were increased by application of organic fertilizers. SOM and total N were positively correlated to soil microbial biomass. Aggregate stability, humic and fulvic acid concentration were not affected by fertilization treatment. Only the application of compost at 10 t dw/ha/yr (6) increased fruit production.
Long‐term changes in soil phosphorus status related to P budgets under maize monoculture and mineral P fertilization
Authors: Messiga A. J. , Ziadi N. , Plénet D. , Parent L.‐E. , Morel C.
Published: July 2010

Monitoring soil phosphorus (P) changes under continuous cropping over decades is an important agronomic and environmental issue. The aim was to determine soil P dynamics in the plough layer as a function of cumulative P budgets (Bcum) across extended cropping periods (7, 12, and 17 yr) for four rates of mineral P fertilization. This field experiment was established in 1975 on a slightly alkaline, sandy loamy soil (luvic Arenosol). Soil P was assessed by three P tests: the concentration of P ions in solution (Cp), Olsen (POl), and Mehlich‐3 P (PM3). Annual P budget was calculated as P applied minus P exported by the grain. The Bcum values were the sum of annual P budgets. Bcum, Cp, POl, and PM3 values were significantly influenced by cropping periods and P rates. The nine combinations (3 periods × 3 soil P tests) of P dynamics versus Bcum were described by linear regressions. For each soil P test, all means fell on the same regression line for the three cropping periods indicating that the P transformation rates were similar for positive and negative P budgets. Relationships depended on soil test P but did not vary for cropping periods. For this specific soil, we calculated that a change in P budget of 100 kg/ha would change Cp, POl, and PM3 by 0.11 mg/L, 3.3 mg/kg, and 14 mg/kg, respectively. Although this result needs to be confirmed and extended to other soil types, we conclude that a single year of soil sampling after a decade of experimentation would be sufficient to establish the relationship between soil P status and P budgets.
Reaction‐induced nucleation and growth v. grain coarsening in contact metamorphic, impure carbonates
Authors: BERGER A. , BRODHAG S. H. , HERWEGH M.
Published: July 2010

The understanding of the evolution of microstructures in a metamorphic rock requires insights into the nucleation and growth history of individual grains, as well as the coarsening processes of the entire aggregate. These two processes are compared in impure carbonates from the contact metamorphic aureole of the Adamello pluton (N‐Italy). As a function of increasing distance from the pluton contact, the investigated samples have peak metamorphic temperatures ranging from the stability field of diopside/tremolite down to diagenetic conditions. All samples consist of calcite as the dominant matrix phase, but additionally contain variable amounts of other minerals, the so‐called second phases. These second phases are mostly silicate minerals and can be described in a KCMASHC system (K2O, CaO, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, H2O, CO2), but with variable K/Mg ratios. The modelled and observed metamorphic evolution of these samples are combined with the quantification of the microstructures, i.e. mean grain sizes and crystal size distributions. Growth of the matrix phase and second phases strongly depends on each other owing to coupled grain coarsening. The matrix phase is controlled by the interparticle distances between the second phases, while the second phases need the matrix grain boundary network for mass transfer processes during both grain coarsening and mineral reactions. Interestingly, similar final mean grain sizes of primary second phase and second phases newly formed by nucleation are observed, although the latter formed later but at higher temperatures. Moreover, different kinetic processes, attributed to different driving forces for growth of the newly nucleated grains in comparison with coarsening processes of the pre‐existing phases, must have been involved. Chemically induced driving forces of grain growth during reactions are orders of magnitudes larger compared to surface energy, allowing new reaction products subjected to fast growth rates to attain similar grain sizes as phases which underwent long‐term grain coarsening. In contrast, observed variations in grain size of the same mineral in samples with a similar T–t history indicate that transport properties depend not only on the growth and coarsening kinetics of the second phases but also on the microstructure of the dominant matrix phase during coupled grain coarsening. Resulting microstructural phenomena such as overgrowth and therefore preservation of former stable minerals by the matrix phase may provide new constraints on the temporal variation of microstructures and provide a unique source for the interpretation of the evolution of metamorphic microstructures.
Student Relationships Across Social Markers of Difference in a Baltimore County, Maryland, Comprehensive High School, 1950–1969
Authors: Eick Caroline
Published: July 2010

This article contributes to our historical understanding of student experience in general, and more particularly, to our understanding of developing cross-group relationships within desegregated schools over the second half of the twentieth century. The article draws from a broader study that examines students' evolving relationships within a matrix of intersecting identities in a Baltimore County comprehensive high school in Maryland between 1950 and 2000. The focus in this article is on Miller High students of the 1950s and 1960s during the early years of desegregation. Relationships remembered by graduates bring to light the hierarchical structure that distinguished white students along class and gender lines within an academically tracked system and the limitations and possibilities afforded African-American youth across class and gender as they encountered Miller High established norms for the first time in 1956 when the school desegregated.
Neurological soft signs in juvenile patients with Asperger syndrome, early‐onset psychosis, and healthy controls
Authors: Mayoral María , Merchán‐Naranjo Jessica , Rapado Marta , Leiva Marta , Moreno Carmen , Giráldez Marisa , Arango Celso , Parellada Mara
Published: July 2010

Aim: The study of neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients with Asperger syndrome may help us to elucidate the neurological basis of this disorder and to clarify its relationship with other neurodevelopmental disorders. The goal of this study was to compare the prevalence of NSS in a sample of patients with Asperger syndrome, early‐onset psychosis and healthy controls.

Method: NSS were assessed by means of the Neurological Evaluation Scale in a sample of 29 patients with Asperger syndrome (mean age = 12.86 ± 2.58 years), 30 patients with first‐episode early‐onset psychoses (mean age 14.17 ± 1.02 years) and 30 healthy controls (mean age 12.33 ± 2.69 years).

Results: Significant group differences were found between Asperger syndrome patients and healthy controls both in all the Neurological Evaluation Scale subscales and in the Neurological Evaluation Scale total score. There were no significant differences between both groups of patients in any of the Neurological Evaluation Scale scores.

Conclusions: NSS are more prevalent in Asperger syndrome than in healthy controls. The NSS profile was not disorder‐specific in our samples of patients with Asperger syndrome and early‐onset psychoses.
Local Caspase for Fertility, Not Death
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: July 2010

Through gradients of inhibitors, fly spermatids control caspase activation to promote differentiation without death.
Let There Be Light
Authors: Hines Pamela J.
Published: July 2010

A bacterial ion pump rescues visual function in damaged cone-photoreceptor cells in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa.
Making the Final Cut
Authors: Pickersgill Helen
Published: July 2010

Network modeling reveals an RNA splicing network in the brain and uncovers complex mechanisms of regulation.
Endocytotic Notch Signal
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: July 2010

Low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein-1 promotes endocytosis that influences non–cell autonomous Notch signaling.
A case study from the perspective of medical ethics: refusal of treatment in an ambulance
Authors: Erbay Hasan , Alan Sultan , Kadıoğlu Selim
Published: July 2010

This paper will examine a sample case encountered by ambulance staff in the context of the basic principles of medical ethics.

An accident takes place on an intercity highway. Ambulance staff pick up the injured driver and medical intervention is initiated. The driver suffers from a severe stomach ache, which is also affecting his back. Evaluating the patient, the ambulance doctor suspects that he might be experiencing internal bleeding. For this reason, venous access, in the doctor's opinion, should be achieved and the patient should be quickly started on an intravenous serum.

The patient, however, who has so far kept his silence, objects to the administration of the serum. The day this is taking place is within the month of Ramadan and the patient is fasting. The patient states that he is fasting and that his fast will be broken and his religious practice disrupted in the event that the serum is administered. The ambulance doctor informs him that his condition is life-threatening and that the serum must be administered immediately. The patient now takes a more vehement stand. ‘If I am to die, I want to die while I am fasting. Today is Friday and I have always wanted to die on such a holy day,’ he says.

The ambulance physician has little time to decide. How should the patient be treated? Which type of behaviour will create the least erosion of his values?
ON THE SINGULAR SCHEME OF CODIMENSION ONE HOLOMORPHIC FOLIATIONS IN ℙ3
Authors: GIRALDO LUIS , PAN-COLLANTES ANTONIO J.
Published: July 2010

In this work, we begin by showing that a holomorphic foliation with singularities is reduced if and only if its normal sheaf is torsion-free. In addition, when the codimension of the singular locus is at least two, it is shown that being reduced is equivalent to the reflexivity of the tangent sheaf. Our main results state on one hand, that the tangent sheaf of a codimension one foliation in ℙ3 is locally free if and only if the singular scheme is a curve, and that it splits if and only if it is arithmetically Cohen–Macaulay. On the other hand, we discuss when a split foliation in ℙ3 is determined by its singular scheme.
ELECTRICITY RESTRUCTURING IN CHINA: HOW COMPETITIVE WILL GENERATION MARKETS BE?
Authors: PITTMAN RUSSELL , ZHANG VANESSA YANHUA
Published: July 2010

The continuation of China's remarkable economic growth will depend on continued increases in electricity supply. China has commenced a program of electricity sector restructuring, with the announced aim of relying on markets and competition to provide incentives for attracting private investment and encouraging efficiency. However, a close examination of the generation markets being created suggests that truly free wholesale prices are likely to be both high and volatile. This may be the reason that these prices have not yet been freed — and it may not bode well for true market liberalization in the future.
DYNAMICAL SIMULATION OF EMISSION ANGLE DEPENDENCE OF FRAGMENTS SPIN IN HEAVY ION FUSION–FISSION REACTIONS
Authors: PAHLAVANI M. R. , NADERI D. , MIRFATHI S. M.
Published: July 2010

In this paper, a formalism consisting of multi-dimensional Langevin equation (LE) and Scission point Transition State Model (SCTSM) have been applied to study the angle dependence of fragment's average spin for 16 O + 209 Bi and 16 O + 232 Th systems. The influence of asymmetry and deformation parameters, neck thickness of compound nucleus and pre-scission neutron multiplicity on the fragment's average spin is discussed. Results obtained using this approach are in better agreement with the experimental data as compared with the SCTSM.
RADIOLUNATE FUSION USING VASCULARIZED RADIUS BRIDGING GRAFT FOR THE TREATMENT OF ADVANCED KIENBÖCK DISEASE: TWO CASES REPORT
Authors: Ono H. , Furuta K. , Fujitani R.
Published: July 2010

We present here two cases wherein we performed radiolunate fusion using vascularized radius graft with the vascular pedicle of the fourth extensor compartment artery (fourth ECA) for the treatment of Bain's grade 2A Kienböck disease with incongruity of the radiolunate joint. The dorsodistal radius graft was levered out and mobilized on the pedicle of the fourth ECA; then the vascularized dorsodistal radius was shifted 1 cm distally and bridges were created between the radius and the lunate. The radiolunate joint was completely fused in both cases at three months after surgery. The capitolunate joint maintained congruity after surgery. The Mayo wrist score was 75 points, and the DASH (JSSH version) score for the two cases was 2.5 and 4.2 points, respectively. Radiolunate fusion using the vascularized radius bridging procedure is one of the satisfactory methods for treating advanced Kienböck disease, especially in Bain's grade 2A cases.
A NEW DIAGNOSTIC PROVOCATION TEST FOR CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME: OKUTSU TEST
Authors: Yoshida A. , Okutsu I. , Hamanaka I.
Published: July 2010

Many authors have reported various clinical provocation tests for diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome, however, some tests cannot be administered correctly on patients who suffer from restricted wrist joint movement. We compiled positive rates from a new diagnostic provocation test (Okutsu test) carried out on 3474 hands, and compared them and their success rates with results from other provocation tests performed on these same hands. The Okutsu test positive rate was 72.4%. There were statistical differences between Phalen test (69.8%) and wrist-extension test (60.2%) results. The Okutsu test success rate was 99.9% and there were statistical differences between Phalen test (52.8%) and wrist-extension test (56.8%) results. There were no statistical differences between percussion test at the wrist results in positive rate (71.1%) and in success rate (99.7%). The Okutsu test positive rate is high and it serves as a reliable screening test for clinical diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome.
STOCHASTIC SOLUTIONS OF A CLASS OF HIGHER ORDER CAUCHY PROBLEMS IN ℝd
Authors: NANE ERKAN
Published: July 2010

We study solutions of a class of higher order partial differential equations in bounded domains. These partial differential equations appeared first time in the papers of Allouba and Zheng [4], Baeumer, Meerschaert and Nane [10], Meerschaert, Nane and Vellaisamy [37], and Nane [42]. We express the solutions by subordinating a killed Markov process by a hitting time of a stable subordinator of index 0 < β < 1, or by the absolute value of a symmetric α-stable process with 0 < α ≤ 2, independent of the Markov process. In some special cases we represent the solutions by running composition of k independent Brownian motions, called k-iterated Brownian motion for an integer k ≥ 2. We make use of a connection between fractional-time diffusions and higher order partial differential equations established first by Allouba and Zheng [4] and later extended in several directions by Baeumer, Meerschaert and Nane [10].
EXISTENCE OF STRONG SOLUTIONS FOR NEURONAL NETWORK DYNAMICS DRIVEN BY FRACTIONAL BROWNIAN MOTIONS
Authors: BONACCORSI STEFANO , MUGNOLO DELIO
Published: July 2010

We study the existence of strong solutions for a class of stochastic differential equations in an infinite dimensional space. Our investigation is specially motivated by the stochastic version of a common model of potential spread in a dendritic tree. We do not assume the noise in the junction points to be Markovian. In fact, we allow for long-range dependence in time of the stochastic perturbation. This leads to an abstract formulation in terms of a stochastic diffusion with dynamic boundary conditions, featuring fractional Brownian motion. We prove results on existence, uniqueness and asymptotics of weak and strong solutions to such a stochastic differential equation.
C-SPARQL: A CONTINUOUS QUERY LANGUAGE FOR RDF DATA STREAMS
Authors: BARBIERI DAVIDE FRANCESCO , BRAGA DANIELE , CERI STEFANO , VALLE EMANUELE DELLA , GROSSNIKLAUS MICHAEL
Published: July 2010

This article defines C-SPARQL, an extension of SPARQL whose distinguishing feature is the support of continuous queries, i.e. queries registered over RDF data streams and then continuously executed. Queries consider windows, i.e. the most recent triples of such streams, observed while data is continuously flowing. Supporting streams in RDF format guarantees interoperability and opens up important applications, in which reasoners can deal with evolving knowledge over time.

C-SPARQL is presented by means of a full specification of the syntax, a formal semantics, and a comprehensive set of examples, relative to urban computing applications, that systematically cover the SPARQL extensions. The expression of meaningful queries over streaming data is strictly connected to the availability of aggregation primitives, thus C-SPARQL also includes extensions in this respect.
In silico Estimates of Tissue Components in Surgical Samples Based on Expression Profiling Data
Authors: Wang Yipeng , Xia Xiao-Qin , Jia Zhenyu , Sawyers Anne , Yao Huazhen , Wang-Rodriquez Jessica , Mercola Dan , McClelland Michael
Published: July 2010

Tissue samples from many diseases have been used for gene expression profiling studies, but these samples often vary widely in the cell types they contain. Such variation could confound efforts to correlate expression with clinical parameters. In principle, the proportion of each major tissue component can be estimated from the profiling data and used to triage samples before studying correlations with disease parameters. Four large gene expression microarray data sets from prostate cancer, whose tissue components were estimated by pathologists, were used to test the performance of multivariate linear regression models for in silico prediction of major tissue components. Ten-fold cross-validation within each data set yielded average differences between the pathologists' predictions and the in silico predictions of 8% to 14% for the tumor component and 13% to 17% for the stroma component. Across independent data sets that used similar platforms and fresh frozen samples, the average differences were 11% to 12% for tumor and 12% to 17% for stroma. When the models were applied to 219 arrays of “tumor-enriched” samples in the literature, almost one quarter were predicted to have 30% or less tumor cells. Furthermore, there was a 10.5% difference in the average predicted tumor content between 37 recurrent and 42 nonrecurrent cancer patients. As a result, genes that correlated with tissue percentage generally also correlated with recurrence. If such a correlation is not desired, then some samples might be removed to rebalance the data set or tissue percentages might be incorporated into the prediction algorithm. A web service, “CellPred,” has been designed for the in silico prediction of sample tissue components based on expression data. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6448–55. ©2010 AACR.
A Hermeneutic Framework for Psychopathology
Authors: Stanghellini Giovanni
Published: July 2010

After briefly reviewing the scope and limitations of descriptive and clinical psychopathology, this paper focuses on the method and intention of structural psychopathology. Structural psychopathology goes beyond the description of isolated symptoms and the use of some of those symptoms to establish a diagnosis. It aims to understand the meaning of a given world of experiences and actions grasping the underlying characteristic modification that keeps the symptoms meaningfully interconnected. Building on and expanding some basic phenomenological and hermeneutical principles, and applying them to the study of abnormal human subjectivity, this paper suggests the methodological guidelines for a structurally informed psychopathological interview.
Physiological levels of TNFα stimulation induce stochastic dynamics of NF-κB responses in single living cells
Authors: Turner David A. , Paszek Pawel , Woodcock Dan J. , Nelson David E. , Horton Caroline A. , Wang Yunjiao , Spiller David G. , Rand David A. , White Michael R. H. , Harper Claire V.
Published: July 2010

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling is activated by cellular stress and inflammation and regulates cytokine expression. We applied single-cell imaging to investigate dynamic responses to different doses of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Lower doses activated fewer cells and those responding showed an increasingly variable delay in the initial NF-κB nuclear translocation and associated IκBα degradation. Robust 100 minute nuclear:cytoplasmic NF-κB oscillations were observed over a wide range of TNFα concentrations. The result is supported by computational analyses, which identified a limit cycle in the system with a stable 100 minute period over a range of stimuli, and indicated no co-operativity in the pathway activation. These results suggest that a stochastic threshold controls functional all-or-nothing responses in individual cells. Deterministic and stochastic models simulated the experimentally observed activation threshold and gave rise to new predictions about the structure of the system and open the way for better mechanistic understanding of physiological TNFα activation of inflammatory responses in cells and tissues.
Optimization of Zry-2 for High Burnups
Authors: Garzarolli F. , Cox B. , Rudling P.
Published: July 2010

Two major high burnup boiling water reactor (BWR) issues today are (1) shadow corrosion (hydrogen) induced fuel channel bowing and (2) accelerated hydrogen pickup fraction, HPUF of fuel claddings. Both these issues occur only at high burnups. Several factors impact the tendency for fuel channel bowing, the most recent one that is responsible for the current issue of difficulties to insert control rods is due to differences in hydrogen pickup of the different facing surfaces of the fuel channel. Accelerated HPUF of fuel cladding at high burnups may result in reducing fuel clad integrity during reactivity initiated accidents and cask drop accident during dry storage conditions. Some fuel vendors are now shifting from Zry-2 to Zry-4 in structural components to mitigate the fuel channel bowing issue. All BWR fuel vendors are also looking into new alloys (other than Zry-2 and Zry-4) for structural materials. However, one should keep in mind that it is imperative that a mechanistic understanding of the accelerated HPUF is developed to understand the accelerated HPUF tendency in Zry-2. Without such an understanding, it is not possible to rule out that accelerated HPUF can occur also for the new alloys under certain in-pile conditions. This paper summarizes the state of knowledge on the accelerated HPUF and provides suggestions on (1) the mechanism responsible for the accelerated HPUF of Zry-2 at high burnups and (2) how the currently used Zry-2 material for fuel rods and structural materials in BWRs can be modified to delay the accelerated HPUF at high burnups.
Lipid bilayer standing wave conformations in aqueous cubic phases
Authors: Jacob M. , Larsson K. , Andersson S.
Published: July 2010

Certain lipid bilayers in water adapt cubic conformations of hyperbolic geometry, like periodic minimal- or nodal surfaces, and these can be dispersed into particles called cubosomes. The hyperbolic geometry requires a wide span of molecular conformations in this packing environment, and a high degree of mobility in the bilayers is therefore likely in order to provide the packing equilibrium between molecules at the flat points and those at the necks. It is here proposed that the lipid bilayers form standing waves, with the middle of the bilayers represented by the corresponding nodal surface. Transversal vibrations result in a vibration mode and longitudinal in a breathing mode, both of them being more emphasised at the flat points. The standing wave description is extended to cubosome particles, and as examples cubosomes with D-surface internal structure and tetrahedral external boundaries are presented.
Pigmentação exógena em pododáctilos simulando isquemia de extremidades: um desafio diagnóstico provocado por artrópodos da classe Diplopoda ("piolhos-de-cobra")
Authors: Lima Carlos Alberto Jatobá , Cardoso João Luiz Costa , Magela Antônio , Oliveira Francisco G. M. de , Talhari Sinésio , Haddad Junior Vidal
Published: July 2010

Um paciente de 24 anos relatou ter pisado em um "piolho de cobra". Ao ser examinado, este apresentava máculas eritêmato-cianóticas, nos três primeiros pododáctilos do pé direito, com queixas de dor local e parestesias, com fluxos arteriais palpáveis. Os diplopodas são artrópodos cilíndricos segmentados que assumem posição enrodilhada - quando ameaçados - liberam quinonas e outros agentes irritativos e pigmentantes. A coloração de aspecto cianótico lembra sofrimento tissular isquêmico, o que pode confundir profissionais em atendimentos de Emergência, quando a história não apresenta clareza e coerência.
Nitrogen in the Life of Plants and in the Agriculture of the USSR
Authors: Wilde S. A.
Published: July 2010

By D. N. Prianishnikov. Moscow‐Leningrad: USSR Academy of Science. () 197 pages, illus. 1945. 17 Rbs
Inheritance of Branched Inflorescence and Vestigial Flower in Alfalfa, Medicago sativa, L1
Authors: Dudley J. W. , Wilsie C. P.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Four F2 families segregated for normal and branched racemes in ratios approaching 9:7, 10:1, and 3:1; backcross ratios were 3:5, 2.7:1, and 1:1. F2 families segregated for normal and vestigial flowers in ratios of 9:7, 3:1, 2.7:1, and 2.4:1; backcross ratios were 3:5, 1:1, 5:3, and 7:9. Tetra‐disomic inheritance is proposed, assuming 2 complementary genes for each normal character.
Wetting Ability of Aqueous Herbicidal Sprays as a Factor Influencing Stands of Alfalfa Seedlings1
Authors: Dorschner K. P. , Buchholtz K. P.
Published: July 2010

Wetting ability of an herbicidal solution was found to be a significant factor in determining the toxicity of preparations and rates of any one compound, but was of minor importance in explaining differences in toxicity between chemicals. 2,4‐D was the most toxic, followed by 2,4,5‐T, MCP, 3,4‐D, and 2,5‐D in that descending order. Artificial shading indicated that light available to alfalfa seedings in oats‐ was important in maintaining alfalfa stand. Shading increased the wettability of alfalfa leaves and presumably increased the toxicity of herbicides applied.
Some Effects of Moisture, Nitrogen Fertilizer, and Clipping On Yield and Botanical Composition of Ladino Clover‐Orchardgrass Pasture Under Irrigation1
Authors: Nelson C. E. , Robins J. S.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

On Ephrata fine sandy loam, greater acre yields were obtained from mid‐summer irrigation at 7‐ to 11‐day frequency and 12‐inch clipping height than at longer frequency and less height. Clover percentage was highest under most frequent treatments. Clipping height did not affect botanical composition. Third‐year results showed greatest total yield from 100 lbs. N per acre applied in equal increments in April, June, and August.
Performance of Corn Synthetics in Advanced Generations of Synthesis and after Two Cycles of Recurrent Selection1
Authors: Lonnquist J. H. , McGill D. P.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Yields of 4 second cycle synthetics averaged 96% of hybrid U.S. 13 as check compared with 82% for the first cycle populations. Moisture at harvest averaged 105% and 103% of check for the second and first cycle synthetics. This improved performance indicates that the method might benefit areas where production of corn hybrids is not yet feasible, or where a stop‐gap procedure is needed during development of suitable hybrids.
Biometrical Studies of Yield in Segregating Populations of Korean Lespedeza1
Authors: Hanson C. H. , Robinson H. F. , Comstock R. E.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Studies of 3 populations of F2 families in the F3 and F4 generations grown at 2 locations revealed the following factors: genotype year interactions relatively large; seed yield generally more heritable than total yield; heritability of vigor lower for scores on July 1 than those on Aug. 15; and exceptionally low genetic coefficient of variation and heritability of vigor scores for the population segregating for procumbency.
Some Effects of Foliar Applications of Maleic Hydrazide on Guineagrass1
Authors: Silva Servando , Vicente Jose
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Four pounds per acre of maleic hydrazide stopped growth of 40‐day old Guineagrass for about 20 days immediately following the spray application. After 20 days, the grass resumed its normal growth rate. When grass was cut a few days after spraying, growth was greatly curtailed for at least 60 days. Forty days after application, the grass had considerably higher protein content than untreated grass of the same age. Foliar application of urea when growth was stopped by maleic hydrazide significantly increased the crude protein content 10 days after application. Only traces of soluble N were found in the samples.
Influence of Population and Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Protein and Oil Contents of Nine Corn Hybrids1
Authors: Lang A. L. , Pendleton J. W. , Dungan G. H.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Protein and oil content of grain was found to decrease with higher plant populations and lower N levels. Of yield components, ears per 100 plants was influenced most by varying populations and fertility levels. The 9 single‐cross hybrids tested showed different yield responses to N levels and populations.
Inheritance of Combining Ability for Forage Traits in Bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss)1
Authors: Grissom D. B. , Kalton R. R.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Topcross progeny evaluations of 18 S0 clones of bromegrass and 10 S1 selections from each in solid seedings indicated that combining ability is heritable and that segregation for combining ability occurs upon selfing. S0 clones averaged significantly higher than their S1 progenies in mean combining ability for forage yield and leaf disease score. Previous evaluations of parental material in spaced and wide‐row plantings were of little value for predicting combining ability as measured by topcross performance in solid seedings. S1 progenies showing most inbreeding depression and yielding least tended to give best topcross yields.
The Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Clipping Frequency upon the Yield, Protein Content and Certain Morphological Characteristics of Coastal Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon, (L) Pers.)1
Authors: Prine Gordon M. , Burton Glenn W.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Increasing the nitrogen rate from 0 to 900 pounds per acre annually increased hay yield, protein percentage, protein yield, stem length, leaf length, internode length and internode number in Coastal Bermudagrass, but decreased leaf percentage, seed‐head frequency, and percentage nitrogen recovery. Increasing the clipping interval from 1 to 8 weeks increased hay yield, stem length, leaf length, plant height, seed‐head frequency, internode length, and internode number, had little effect on protein yield and percentage nitrogen recovery, and decreased the protein percentage and leaf percentage of this grass.
Response of Corn to Within‐row Competition1
Authors: Haynes J. L. , Sayre J. D.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

In rows 81/2 feet apart, highest ear corn yields occurred at closer within‐row spacings than those which usually give maximum yields at closer between‐row spacings. Differences in within‐row spacings from 1 to 4 inches had little effect on total plant weight per acre, but the closer spacings within this range increased the stover: ear ratio. Root pattern of individual plants changed from circular to oblong at within‐row spacings below 8 inches.
Effects of Thermal Neutrons on Dormant Seeds of Sorghum vulgare Per1
Authors: Kaukis Karl , Webster O. J.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Studies on sorghum seed irradiated with X‐rays and thermal neutrons produced the following general results: The height of seedlings from irradiated seed was reduced with increases in dosage. Plants grown from irradiated seed exhibited depressed stature. All radiation dosages delayed the anthesis and shortened the blooming period. The average sterility ranged from 12.5 to 75.8% in the lowest and the highest radiation doses, respectively. The corresponding averages of number of bridges per cell were 0.2 and 1.53 and frequencies of seedling mutants 2.7 and 7.3%. Estimates for biological equivalence of thermal neutrons to 1 r of X radiation were obtained.
Scissor Emasculation of Wheat and Barley1
Authors: Wells D. G. , Caffey H. R.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Clipping barley and wheat florets just below the anther tips with scissors several days before normal dehiscense proved to be an efficient and effective new emasculation procedure. The green anther bases were not removed from the clipped florets. Bulk pollination 3 days after scissor emasculation produced good seed sets. Emasculation by clipping the florets across the anther bases too severely pruned the pistils of wheat for seeds to form after bulk pollination but had little apparent effect on barley. Clipping florets above the anthers was not an effective emasculation procedure.
The Value of Forage Species and Mixtures for Fattening Steers1
Authors: Blaser R. E. , Hammes R. C. , Bryant H. T. , Kincaid C. M. , Skrdla W. H. , Taylor T. H. , Griffeth W. L.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Data from 6 growing seasons show the following general comparisons: less gains from tall fescue‐clover than from other mixtures; less daily gains from grasses alone fertilized with N than from Ladino mixture with no N; less gains from tall fescue alone with N and in Ladino mixture than from orchardgrass in these same treatments; lowest carrying capacity and lowest live weight gains per acre from orchardgrass ‐ lespedeza ‐white clover; higher gains per acre from orchardgrass and tall fescue fertilized with N than from the same grasses in Ladino mixture with no N; highest carrying capacity from tall fescue fertilized with N.
A Comparison of the Chromogen and Clipping Methods for Determining the Consumption of Dry Matter and Total Digestible Nutrients by Beef Steers on Alfalfa Pasture1
Authors: Peterson Maurice L. , Lofgreen G. P. , Meyers J. H.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The chromogen and clipping methods for determining the consumption of dry matter and total digestible nutrients by beef steers on alfalfa pasture were compared using rotational and strip‐grazing systems. Forage was utilized 71.0 and 76.2% with the respective grazing systems. The clipping method estimated dry matter and TDN 40 and 44% greater than did the chromogen method. These methods, however, provided almost identical results in comparing the two grazing systems. The clipping system was concluded to be satisfactory for preliminary pasture evaluation but actual grazing data would be necessary for final interpretation. Strip grazing probably did not justify the extra labor.
Response of Alfalfa Varieties to Temperatures and Daylengths1
Authors: Schonhorst M. H. , Davis R. L. , Carter A. S.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Ten varieties and a mixture of alfalfa were grown at 60°, 70°, and 80° F. at 8‐, 12‐, and 16‐hour daylengths for each temperature. Growth responses measured in cm. showed the greatest height differences at 60° F. and 12‐hour daylength. At this temperature, the varieties and mixtures could be divided into three groups according to the magnitude of the variances. Varieties within each group were significantly different in height from varieties in other groups.
A Single Gene‐Pair Controlling Segregation for European Corn Borer Resistance1
Authors: Penny L. H. , Dicke F. F.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Ratings of leaf feeding of the European corn borer on plants in F2 and backcross progenies from two susceptible × resistant corn crosses indicated that resistance differences were conditioned by segregation of genes at a single locus. The resistance gene was linked with the gl7 and V17 genes of the resistant parent with cross‐over frequencies estimated at from 31% to 37%.
Identification of Chromosomes Carrying Genes for Stem Rust Resistance in Four Varieties of Wheat1
Authors: Sears E. R. , Loegering W. Q. , Rodenhiser H. A.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Lines of wheat that represent chromosome substitutions into Chinese from Hope, Thatcher, Red Egyptian, and Timstein, have been tested for resistance to a number of cultures of stem lust. Chromosomes VII and XVII from Hopt; III, XIII, and XIX from Thatcher; VI, XIII, and XX From Red Egyptian; X from Timstein; and XI from Chinese carry genes for resistance to one or more of the cultures.
Effect of Flowering on the Persistence of White Clover1
Authors: Gibson Pryce B.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Persistence and flowering of white clover were studied under normal daylight and daylight extended by use of lights. The relative lack of persistence of profuse‐flowering white clover which occurred in some strains under normal daylight and was induced in other strains by the extended daylight indicated that flowering reduced persistence. The flowering and persistence of Ladino from seed produced at different latitudes for several generations were different under the extended daylight.
Methods for Determining Natural Areas for Oat Varietal Recommendations1
Authors: Horner T. W. , Frey K. J.
Published: July 2010

Sypnosis

Substantial reduction of the variety‐location interaction affecting genotypic progress resulted from proper subdivision of Iowa into subregions, following a procedure described herein. For example, optimum subdivision into four parts resulted in a reduction of 30%. Implications with respect to a breeding program were briefly discussed. The data involved 9 locations, 5 years and oat varieties previously selected for wide adaptability.
Estimates of Cost and Optimum Plot Size and Shape for Measuring Yield and Chemical Characters in Soybeans1
Authors: Weber Charles R. , Horner Theodore W.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Seed yield was 6 to 28 times more variable than chemical characters (oil, protein, iodine number). Use of incomplete block designs and other considerations justified long, narrow plots. Total cost (in hours) was 39.0% for obtaining yield and 61.0% for chemical attributes. Optimum plot size, apportioning cost among characters, was 3.2 times the basic unit ( 8 × 2 feet). Yield required 33, 50 and 700 times more replication than oil, protein and iodine number for comparable precision.
Reaction of Inbred Lines of Corn to Helminthosporium turcicum Pass. in Different Seasons1
Authors: Jenkins Merle T. , Robert Alice L. , Findley William R.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Fifty‐eight inbred lines of corn were compared under heavy epidemics of Helminthosporium turcicum leaf blight for 6 seasons. There were highly significant differences among the lines and among the seasons. The variance for lines × seasons interaction also was highly significant but small and of minor importance. Some lines were highly resistant in all seasons, indicating the possibility of developing inbred lines with sufficient resistance to afford adequate protection to this disease under most conditions.
The Use of Antibiotics in the Making of Silage1
Authors: Dexter S. T.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Chopped alfalfa was treated with several antibiotics in concentration of from 1 to 200 parts per million before being ensiled in containers ranging from one quart to 40 tons capacity. In the first year, the initiation of fermentation was greatly delayed by antibiotic treatment, with ultimately much improved silage resulting; in 1955 and 1956, no differences between treated and untreated silages were observed.
Effect of Lodging on Yield, Test Weight, and Other Seed Characteristics of Spring Barley Grown Under Flood Irrigation as a Winter Annual1
Authors: Day A. D.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The grain yield, test weight, and weight per 1,000 seeds were decreased as a result of 90° lodging treatments of irrigated spring barley grown as a winter annual. Lodging treatments of 45° and 90° resulted in a decrease in the percentage of plump kernels and the grain color score. The percentage of thin kernels was increased as a result of 90° lodging treatments.
Chemical Defoliation of Cotton VII. Effectiveness of Adjuvants Under Several Specific Plant and Environmental Conditions1
Authors: Brown Lamar C.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The use of adjuvants with chemical defoliants increased the amount of leaf fall and rapidity of defoliation under limiting conditions such as wilted, toughened and inactive leaves, immature leaves and bolls, low temperatures, and conditions due to excessive applications of nitrogen. Under conditions considered favorable for defoliation, the use of adjuvants with chemical defoliants hastened leaf fall but no significant increase in total leaf fall was evident. The use of adjuvants with chemical defoliants did not retard defoliation.