bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Moral or Educative Influence of Criminal Law
Authors: Andenaes Johannes
Published: April 2010

The threat of punishment contained in criminal law does not only work through fear, but may also have moral or educative effects. This article analyzes these effects and assesses the scanty evidence regarding their importance; it also includes a discussion of the relevance of psychological theory and research for an evaluation of the deterrent effects of criminal law. Although psychological theory and experiment may give suggestions, concepts, and research methods of interest to the lawyer, there is little which can be of direct application. The questions confronting the lawyer are so specific that they ask for specific research.
Developing Senses of Law and Legal Justice
Authors: Tapp June L. , Kohlberg Lawrence
Published: April 2010

A theory of legal development, derived from cognitive developmental theory, is explicated using U.S. kindergarten to college and cross‐national preadolescent data. Paralleling evidence on universal moral levels, the development of individual orientations vis‐à‐vis legal or rule systems reveals consistent movement from a preconventional law‐obeying, to a conventional law‐maintaining, to a postconventional lawmaking perspective. In both the U.S. and cross‐national samples, “law and order” conventional reasoning is modal reflecting that socialization experiences can accelerate, retard, or crystallize the growth of legal values and roles. Implications of the theory and findings are discussed for legal socialization.
Legal Guarantees of Individual Freedom: A Cross‐National Study of the Development of Political Thought
Authors: Gallatin Judith , Adelson Joseph
Published: April 2010

American, British, and German adolescents between the ages of 11 and 18 were asked to weigh the merits of two potentially intrusive laws and to state whether or not individual freedoms ought to enjoy certain legal safeguards. Older subjects were both more aware that the proposed laws might constitute an invasion of privacy and more interested in obtaining legal guarantees of individual liberties, even in the event of an emergency. While the developmental results were more striking than the cross‐national ones, the concern for preserving individual liberties was especially marked among American adolescents. These findings are taken as evidence for the development of an “ideology” or “feeling for ideals” during adolescence.
Childhood Origins of Tolerance for Dissent1
Authors: Zellman Gail L. , Sears David O.
Published: April 2010

The origins of children's attitudes toward freedom of dissent were investigated using questionnaire data from 1384 children in grades 5 through 9. Political socialization of attitudes toward free speech apparently does occur during late childhood and early adolescence. Most children acquire support for the abstract principle of free speech in slogan form, without learning its concrete implications. Support for free speech in concrete instances is dictated largely by the child's attitude toward the dissenting out‐group in question and only rarely by the general principle of free expression. There are indications that the child's confidence in his ability to think divergently contributes to tolerance, presumably by reducing the personal threat posed by deviant out‐groups.
The Value Gap between Police and Policed1
Authors: Rokeach Milton , Miller Martin G. , Snyder John A.
Published: April 2010

This article describes a study on the value patterns of a midwestern municipal police force, and compares police values with those of representative samples of black and white Americans. The data on police values support the hypotheses that personality factors and social backgrounds are more important than occupational socialization in understanding police value systems. The police values are not necessarily representative of American value patterns, either black or white, suggesting that either more differential recruitment and/or more direct resocialization procedures are needed for improving police‐citizen relations in this country.
The Idea of Right as a Social and Legal Concept
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: April 2010

The legal system consists of authorizations and rights, as well as commands. Some claims of right are demands for major changes in society. These claims may act as an important alternative to violence; on the other hand, denial of such claims may lead to serious frustration. This is particularly so because although the essence of a right is that it is theoretically without limits as to supply, in actual practice no right can be absolute, and rights are in constant conflict. The use of claims of right to bring about social change seems to be rapidly increasing in the United States; and the socialization process that leads to a consciousness of right should be further explored.
The Institutionalization of Conflict: Jury Acquittals
Authors: Kadish Mortimer R. , Kadish Sanford H.
Published: April 2010

Legal systems, like other social systems, sometimes adjust to the circumstances of human life otherwise than through the procedures for controlled change explicitly built into them. One primary way is through the institutionalization of powers, rights, privileges, and duties that engender conflict for individuals who must reach their decisions with respect to such powers, rights, privileges, and duties. A prime example is the jury role in acquittals. The obligation to defer to the court's instructions, while binding on the juror, exists side by side with a protected power and privilege to override that obligation. The result is the legitimated interposition of the juror's judgment between the consequences of the court's instructions and the fate of the defendant. There follows the possibility of a justified departure from rules by agents acting in role, a possibility that may serve social ends of major significance.
“Please, Morris, Don't Make Trouble”: Two Lessons in Courtroom Confrontation
Authors: Kalven Harry
Published: April 2010

Taking courtroom etiquette and decorum as a complex instance of socialization, the article explores current challenges to the courtroom as the last citadel of etiquette by looking in detail at two famous instances of courtroom confrontation: the Scopes trial in Dayton, Tennessee in 1925, and the Conspiracy trial before Judge Hoffman in Chicago in 1970. The article concludes with an assessment of the viability of the courtroom, given the current styles of protest.
Current Research on Marijuana
Authors: Hollister Leo E.
Published: April 2010

Pharmacological studies of marijuana during the past three years have confirmed most of the clinical effects of the drug reported before. The outstanding effects are an initial alteration of mood characterized by euphoria, followed by alteration of consciousness characterized by sleepiness. Other mental effects reminiscent of those observed with psychotomimetic drugs, such as alterations in time perception, visual perception, auditory perception, changes in ability to remember or keep track of things, and depersonalization, may be observed after higher doses of the drug. In general, the severity of effects parallels the dose of drug closely, so that generalizations about effects of marijuana must be qualified according to the dose used. As most use of marijuana in Western society employs relatively small doses, the drug may appear to be more innocuous than would be the case if the dosage pattern should be changed by use of increasingly potent materials.
Legal Controls on Mind‐ and Mood‐Altering Drugs
Authors: Rosenthal Michael P.
Published: April 2010

A discussion of foreseeable changes in our laws relating to mind‐ and mood‐altering drugs and the implications and consequences thereof. For marijuana the major question is legalization in its several alternative forms and the ramifications and problems which would be generated. For narcotics the problems concern methadone maintenance programs and civil commitment and preventive detention plans. Other categories of drugs—amphetamines, barbiturates, the various hallucinogens—each pose unique questions and complications. The author discusses the future of drug research and the effects (potentially discouraging) on it of changes in legal control. What is required is a shift away from fearful and panic‐like responses to “the drug problem“; we must learn to live with the fact of the presence and the probably increasing use of these substances.
Exploration in Semantic Space: A Personal Diary1
Authors: Osgood Charles E.
Published: April 2010

Following a brief bit of personal history about the origins of the author's interest in the measurement of meaning (M), three models of M—spatial analogue, factor analytic measurement, and underlying behavior theoretic—are described and integrated. Extension of the semantic differential technique (SD), which was developed during the 1950s and applied to many samples of American English speakers and to some 25 language‐culture communities around the world during the 1960s, is reported. Evidence for the universality of Evaluation, Potency, and Activity as affective features of M is given, along with a discussion of the powers and limitations of this technique. Application of comparable SDs in the development of a 620‐concept Atlas of Affective Meanings for 23 cultures is described, along with the problems of interpretation.
Law and the Fireside Inductions: Some Reflections of a Clinical Psychologist1, 2,
Authors: Meehl Paul E.
Published: April 2010

Legislators and judges have relied upon the “fireside inductions” (common sense, anecdotal, introspective, and culturally transmitted beliefs about human behavior) in making and enforcing law as a mode of social control. The behavior sciences conflict at times with the fireside inductions. While the sources of error in “common knowledge” about behavior are considerable, the behavior sciences are plagued with methodological problems which often render their generalized conclusions equally dubious. Legal applications of generalizations from experimental research on humans and animals in laboratory contexts often involve risky parametric and population extrapolations. Statistical analysis of file data suffers from inherent interpretative ambiguities as to causal inference from correlations. Quasi‐experiments in the “real‐life” setting may often be the methodologically optimal data‐source.
The Potential for Violence in Germany
Authors: Mantell David Mark
Published: April 2010

Three variations of Milgram's experimental test of obedience behavior were carried out in Munich, West Germany. Milgram's base‐line condition, a model variation, and also a third variation which removed experimenter compliance pressures were performed. Large differences were observed under the three experimental conditions: 85% of the base‐line, 52% of the modeling, and 7% of the “non‐pressured” subjects administered all 30 shocks to their immobilized victims. Nearly all subjects were completely convinced of the genuineness of the experiment. These and Milgram's published results with American subjects are compared and an attempt is made to put the findings into an empirically justified perspective.
Powerlessness, Social‐Political Action, Social‐Political Views: Their Interrelation among College Students1
Authors: Silvern Louise E. , Nakamura Charles Y.
Published: April 2010

Powerlessness, as measured by externality on the I‐E Scale, was investigated as an individual difference between college students who take social‐political action and those who do not. Questionnaires, including Rotter's I‐E Scale, measures of social‐political activity, and measures of social‐political views were administered to UCLA undergraduates. For males, externality was positively correlated with social‐political activity, particularly protest activity, and with left‐wing views. These correlations primarily reflected the externality of left‐wing activists and the internality of non‐left‐wing nonactivists. For females, I‐E scores were unrelated to views or to action. Implications for the meaning of the I‐E Scale and the nature of student activism were discussed.
The Relations among Anomie, Dogmatism, and Selected Personal‐Social Factors in Asocial Adolescent Boys
Authors: Ewing Dorlesa B.
Published: April 2010

Black, Mexican, and white American high school boys were studied to examine relations between observed asocial behavior and anomie, dogmatism, and selected personal‐social variables. Hypotheses were predicated on the assumptions that belief systems of anomie adolescent boys would center about a dim world view, indicating closed‐mindedness (dogmatism); anomie, closed‐minded boys would be more likely than their counterparts to pursue illegitimate goals in order to reduce their anomie condition. The study investigates whether boys who exhibit observed asocial school behavior also manifest high anomie, dogmatism, and self‐reported asociality (tested predelinquency).
The Relationship of Commitment‐Free Behavior and Commitment Behavior: A Study of Attitude Toward Organ Transplantation
Authors: Goodmonson Courtney , Glaudin Vincent
Published: April 2010

A highly reliable Likert‐type summated rating scale was constructed to measure attitude toward organ transplantation, judged to be a contemporary topic with ambiguous normative guidelines. Subsequently, a sample of subjects was presented the opportunity to sign a legal document providing for posthumous donation of their organs. Responses to the criterion situation provided an eight‐point Guttman scale of commitment behavior. There was a substantial relationship between attitude scores and criterion behavior as expressed in a Pearson correlation coefficient of .58.
Race of Interviewer and the Language Elaboration of Black Interviewees1
Authors: Ledvinka James
Published: April 2010

The interviews given job‐seekers by the state employment service of a large midwestern city were examined. Each of 75 black job‐seekers was interviewed once by a black interviewer and once by a white interviewer, with race‐order of interviewers counterbalanced. On six measures of language elaboration, black interviewers elicited more elaboration from the black job‐seekers than did white interviewers. Four of the interviewer‐race differences were statistically significant (p < .05); however, an experimental bias casts doubt on one of those four. Explanations and implications are offered, and directions are suggested for further research.
Mass Media and Racial Crisis: A Study of the New Bethel Church Incident in Detroit1
Authors: Warren Donald I.
Published: April 2010

An exchange of gunfire between Detroit police and persons in the proximity of a meeting of black separatists provided an opportunity to evaluate the impact of the mass media in creating, supporting, or reducing racial polarization. Based on responses from 1130 interviews in black and white neighborhoods, perceptions of what occurred outside of the New Bethel Church were linked to reported mass media and primary‐group sources of information. In terms both of immediate and of long‐term effects, different media combinations were associated differently with how whites and blacks relying on these sources perceived the incident. Where newspapers were relied on more than other media, the original perspective projected in the mass media underwent extinction. Where television was the more important information source, persistence of the original view by whites and increased polarization were the patterns of impact.
The Justification of Violence: Social Problems and Social Solutions1
Authors: Kahn Robert L.
Published: April 2010

This paper proposes four functions in terms of which social indicators can be judged successful or unsuccessful: description, explanation, valuation, and utilization. These criteria are applied to the findings of a current nation‐wide study on the attitudes of American men toward violence. Two indexes—the level of force that men consider justifiable for social control and the level of force that they consider justifiable for social change—are shown to be essentially uncorrelated and to present very different descriptive patterns. Most men consider injury or property damage to be unnecessary for social change, but are prepared to justify substantial force for social control. The explanation of these attitudes is sought in terms of background and demographic characteristics, and in terms of such psychological characteristics as values, group identification, semantics, and perception of social issues.
New Social Psychological Perspectives on Women
Authors: Mednick Martha Shuch , Tangri Sandra Schwartz
Published: April 2010

This issue reflects the growing awareness of “shibboleths and lacunae (Laws, 1969)” in the study of women, and includes some of the recent attempts to correct these. The issue focusses on methodological and theoretical criticism, analysis of female stereotypes and roles, and achievement and achievement motivation in women. The feminist movement which is responsible for these new perspectives on women also raises fundamental questions regarding present institutions like the family, and provides fresh views on such vital issues as peace, racism, population, and environment.
Sex‐Role Stereotypes: A Current Appraisal1
Authors: Broverman Inge K. , Vogel Susan Raymond , Broverman Donald M. , Clarkson Frank E. , Rosenkrantz Paul S.
Published: April 2010

Consensus about the differing characteristics of men and women exists across groups differing in sex, age, marital status, and education. Masculine characteristics are positively valued more often than feminine characteristics. Positively‐valued masculine traits form a cluster entailing competence; positively‐valued feminine traits reflect warmth‐expressiveness. Sex‐role definitions are incorporated into the self‐concepts of both men and women; moreover, these sex‐role differences are considered desirable by college students and healthy by mental health professionals. Individual differences in sex related self‐concepts are related to sex‐role relevant behaviors such as achieved and ideal family size. Sex‐role perceptions also vary as a function of maternal employment.
Sex‐Role Attitudes and Psychological Well‐Being
Authors: Gump Janice Porter
Published: April 2010

Sex‐role concepts of 162 senior college women are explored in relationship to ego strength, happiness, and achievement plans. The majority of women believe it possible to assume the roles of wife and mother while concomitantly pursuing extra‐familial interests. Neither happiness nor the establishing of relationships with men differentiated women traditional in sex‐role orientation from women primarily interested in realizing their own potential. Differences in ego strength were found to be associated with plans for marriage and career: Subjects who obtained the highest ego‐strength scores were actively pursuing both objectives. The latter finding suggests that ego strength may be negatively related to the adoption of the traditional female sex‐role.

The traditional conceptions of masculine and feminine are [assumed to be] inappropriate to the kind of world we can live in in the second half of the twentieth century. An androgynous conception of sex role means that each sex will cultivate some of the characteristics usually associated with the other in traditional sex role definitions … tenderness and expressiveness should be cultivated in boys and socially approved in men … [and] achievement need, workmanship and constructive aggression should be cultivated in girls and approved in women [Rossi, 1964, p. 608].
Sex‐Role Attitudes in Finland, 1966–19701
Authors: Haavio‐Mannila Elina
Published: April 2010

Debate on the position of women and men in Scandinavian society reached Finland in 1965. Since then the roles of men and women have been actively discussed in the mass media, and a state committee report on the position of women was presented in 1970. Though Finnish women are internationally seen as emancipated there are still many practical problems with regard to the position of both women and men.

Attitudes concerning various aspects of sex‐roles, surveyed in 1960 and 1970, have in general changed toward a more egalitarian viewpoint. However, half of the male respondents still think that household tasks should be left to women. Further, though it seems to be accepted that women should have an opportunity to occupy leading positions, a great majority of both men and women still state that they prefer jobs with male superiors. Personally held attitudes have thus remained more traditional than the more superficial ones. Popular movements like the current sex‐role debate seem to have an effect on general public opinion, but deeper attitudes and actual behavior may be more difficult to change.
Conscious Factors Entering into Decisions of Women To Study Medicine1
Authors: Cartwright Lillian Kaufman
Published: April 2010

The data presented discuss the motivations and personality of the female medical school student from the University of California, San Francisco campus. Inductive analyses of conscious reasons for entering medical school reveal the importance of encouragement from others, long‐standing interest, self‐development motives, and altruism. In contrast to studies reported on male subjects, economic and prestige factors as well as the unreachable aspect of other occupations are seldom mentioned by women.
The Emancipation of Man1
Authors: Palme Olof
Published: April 2010

A fundamental idea embraced today in Sweden is that one must aim for change which emancipates men as well as women from the restrictive effects engendered by the traditional sex‐roles — culturally conditioned expectations on an individual on account of sex. Implications and consequences of changes which may evolve are considered and an example of taxation reform recently instituted in Sweden is presented.
Positive Forms of Social Behavior: An Overview
Authors: Wispé Lauren G.
Published: April 2010

The possibility exists that during the past decade some important social psychological theory and research and some salient social forces may have interacted to produce a subtle shift in the Zeitgeist from studies concerned with more negative to studies of more prosocial or positive forms of social behavior. The history of the term “prosocial” is first explored. Some different forms of prosocial behavior are indicated, along with the different research strategies and operational definitions involved, and a working definition of prosocial behavior is suggested. Finally, each chapter is overviewed and some indications are made of various intersections of agreement as well as countervailing arguments.
On the Genetics of Altruism and the Counter‐Hedonic Components in Human Culture1
Authors: Campbell Donald T.
Published: April 2010

Man is more similar to the social insects than to the wolf and chimpanzee in complex social coordination, division of labor, and self‐sacrificial altruism. In the social insects, the behavioral dispositions involved are genetically determined, an evolution made possible by the absence of genetic competition among the cooperators. In man, genetic competition precludes the evolution of such genetic altruism. The behavioral dispositions which produce complex social interdependence and self‐sacrificial altruism must instead be products of culturally evolved indoctrination, which has had to counter self‐serving genetic tendencies. Thus unlike the social insect, man — as Freud noted — is profoundly ambivalent in his social role.
Altruism and Sympathy: Their History in Philosophy and Some Implications for Psychology
Authors: Katz Joseph
Published: April 2010

In their attempt to give rational foundations to the commonsense belief that one ought to help other people, philosophers have resorted to a wide range of theories making such diverse factors as self‐realization, pleasure, or duty the motivators of helping behavior. Their theoretical explorations have led to rethinking the basic concepts of “self” and “other” as preparatory to answering the question of what principles ought to or might govern helping relations between people. Recent psychological investigations fall short in the area of theoretical articulation of basic concepts and rely too much on common sense meanings. Refinement of concepts can result from fuller attention to personality factors, personality theory, and the many different social contexts of helping.
Individual Orientations to Prosocial Behavior1
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gergen Mary M. , Meter Kenneth
Published: April 2010

Findings relating personality and demographic variables to prosocial behavior are reviewed. Original research results are then presented. These results show that different personal dispositions are related to various forms of prosocial behavior in different ways. The traditional search for general correlates of prosocial behavior is viewed as shortsighted. Attention is drawn to the relation of situational payoffs to personal dispositions, interactions among predictors, assessment of independence among predictors, and to situational shifts in personality.
Instigation to Goodness: The Role of Social Norms and Interpersonal Influence
Authors: Staub Ervin
Published: April 2010

Norms are only one of a variety of determinants of prosocial behavior. The distinction between knowing and personally accepting a norm is stressed. Two specific norms of prosocial behavior are discussed: the norm of reciprocity, and the norm of social responsibility. Reciprocity seems to guide both return of benefits and retaliation of harm. However, the intent attributed to another, the degree of his self sacrifice, and other conditions affect the degree of reciprocity. The evidence that a norm of responsibility guides helping behavior is less convincing. In emergencies (and probably other situations), not only normative (generalized) expectations, but also (specific) expectations communicated by other people who are present and rules applicable to the specific situation seem to greatly affect behavior. This may be due both to people's concern about others' reactions to them and to a social definition of reality.
Children in Harlem's Community Controlled Schools1
Authors: Guttentag Marcia
Published: April 2010

A community controlled school district in Harlem compared with a non‐community controlled district showed: stronger intellectual and expressive climate in the schools, greater parent use of school buildings, more positive teacher‐pupil‐classroom interactions, and shifts in children's expectancies toward greater awareness of the power of parents and teachers in the schools. Children's achievement improved. Within the district, preschool children showed increased racial preference for same race dolls. The success of this community controlled school district was related to its small size, frequent parent‐teacher contacts, and unified social ideology. The district studied no longer exists. Although unsanctioned social experiments in public organizations are quickly subverted by the larger organization, such social experiments yield data on new forms for urban public organizations, their optimal size, and how they can be made accountable to the people they serve.
The Land Ethic Realized: Some Social Psychological Explanations for Changing Environmental Attitudes1
Authors: Heberlein Thomas A.
Published: April 2010

Changing environmental attitudes from an economic to a moral orientation are discussed in terms of the activation of moral norms to guide and evaluate behavior. In controlled experimental situations, increasing levels of two variables (awareness of the negative interpersonal consequences and ascription of responsibility) increased the likelihood that moral norms influenced behavior. Changes in the social system are discussed which have increased both our awareness of, and the actual adverse consequences stemming from, a strict economic approach to the environment. Other modifications have made decision‐makers responsible for these consequences. These changes have fostered the current moral fervor concerning the natural environment.
Personality and Achievement in a Suburban and an Inner City School1
Authors: Alker Henry A. , Wohl Jonathan
Published: April 2010

Three approaches to predicting academic achievement are compared: Rotter's external vs. internal fate control, Kogan and Wallach's rational vs. irrational risk taking, and Gough's role‐enactment capabilities for achievement in contexts demanding either independence or conformity. The Gough formulation accomplished the largest prediction in both the suburban and urban contexts; it also evidences the greatest sensitivity to context differences, with capability for achievement via conformity being significantly more highly rewarded in the urban school. A proposed integration of the findings from all formulations tested emphasizes the ambiguity prevalent in the urban setting between intellectual achievement and moral conformity.
Psychological Research and the Black Self‐Concept: A Critical Review
Authors: Nobles Wade W.
Published: April 2010

Distinctive theoretical features characterizing research in the area of the self‐concept, with attention paid to the approaches of phenomenology, existentialism, behaviorism, and symbolic interaction, are related to investigations into the nature of the black self‐concept. A modification of Mead's symbolic interactional approaches is developed. The grounding of research on the black self‐concept in non‐African epistemologies is considered sufficient reason to discard most, if not all, previously published research in the area.
IQ Tests and Their Educational Supporters
Authors: Jorgensen Carl C.
Published: April 2010

IQ tests are used to judge the mental capacities of black Americans, a fact which places a tremendous ethical responsibility on those involved in IQ test research and administration. It is argued that most IQ test developers and administrators have abrogated this responsibility by ignoring clear cultural and racial biases in the content, administration, and interpretation of IQ tests. This article examines the validity of present IQ tests for measuring the intelligence of black Americans. It is concluded that such tests have little validity, and the issue facing contemporary psychologists is why the discipline should continue to condone their use in black communities.
White Research in Black Communities: When Solutions Become a Part of the Problem
Authors: Brazziel William F.
Published: April 2010

A distinction is made between the intellectual caliber of white researchers who have studied black people in the past, and those who study us today. Today's white researchers are perhaps counterproductive in black communities not because they are white, but because they are poorly trained. While race or skin color may be highly correlated with the amount of community legitimation a researcher acquires, it is not a determinant. Equally if not more important are the values which the researcher acquires as a result of his professional training. The problems associated with the influence of these values on black communities can be solved if action is taken with regard to several concrete issues. Conceivably white researchers may have the willingness and capacity to deal effectively with these.
Notes from a White Researcher in Black Society
Authors: Couchman Iain S. B.
Published: April 2010

A practicing white investigator reports reflexively on his experiences in conducting research in black communities, complementing in a more specific sense the comments made by the various black authors in this issue. The established set of beliefs, or ideology, possessed by many “lower class” blacks is seen as important inasmuch as many researchers tend to operate on the assumption that their subjects do not have a set of logically related beliefs about their life in this country. The adequacy of traditional academic training for the conduct of research in black communities is also questioned.
The Role of the Researcher in Educational Settings: Perspectives on Research and Evaluation
Authors: Crockett Stanley
Published: April 2010

The problem of the white researcher in black communities is approached from a systems perspective with emphasis on relationships, as opposed to variables. The relationships of concern are those between black communities and educational systems in the communities. The political nature of educational systems and the activities of those involved in them are reflected in the concepts and methods employed by researchers. Selective attention on the part of the researcher, systematically excluding elements distinctive to black culture, has helped maintain his superordinate role vis‐à‐vis black people in America. The crisis of legitimation presently characterizing the white researcher is viewed as a consequence of the inflexibility of the concepts and methods typically employed in behavioral research.
Notes on White and Black Psychology
Authors: Gordon Thomas
Published: April 2010

The distinctive characteristic of the black psychology of the future is its adoption of an explicit goal, the liberation of black people. Traditional psychology has not been merely apathetic towards this goal; it has actively opposed it. This is seen not so much in the behavior of individual whites as in the behavior of the systems of which they are a part. Four specific areas in which traditional psychology is found wanting with respect to black needs and concerns are ethics, concepts, methods, and politics. The implication is that black students should shift their attention away from traditional psychology and turn it towards the development of a new black psychology.
Intermarriage and Ethnic Boundaries: The Japanese American Case1
Authors: Tinker John N.
Published: April 2010

Intermarriage is an especially sensitive indicator of the permeability of ethnic boundaries: The rate can tell us something about how rigid the boundaries are, while the pattern can suggest the forces that maintain or reduce them. A survey of the marriage records of Japanese Americans in Fresno, California indicates that both the pattern of intermarriage (that is, whether the minority group partners are male or female) and the rate of intermarriage have changed noticeably in the last decade. Explanations are suggested for these changes and implications for the boundary surrounding the Japanese Americans are discussed.
Myopic Perceptions and Textbooks: Chinese Americans' Search for Identity1
Authors: Yee Albert H.
Published: April 2010

Americans have perpetuated inaccurate images and attitudes concerning the Chinese that suggest the operation of social‐psychological anomalies and prevent the growth of healthy human relations. Narrow stereotypic perceptions of and prejudice toward the Chinese have been so pervasive and tenable that Americans of Chinese ancestry do not perceive themselves with a meaningful identity. Examination of American social studies textbooks for elementary and secondary schools shows that Asian studies and the involvement of Asians in American history are barely mentioned or neglected completely; furthermore what information is given reinforces stereotypic illusions. There is rising protest and counterresponse to the restrictive perceptions among younger Asian Americans who seek the identity and acceptance they have been denied by others and themselves.
A Typological Approach to the Psychological Study of Chinese and Japanese American College Males1
Authors: Sue Derald W. , Frank Austin C.
Published: April 2010

A typology formed from scores on the School and College Ability Test, Strong Vocational Interest Blank, and the Omnibus Personality Inventory was applied to 104 Chinese and 50 Japanese American males to identify certain homogeneous subgroups and their resultant psychological characteristics. Chinese and Japanese American males tended to concentrate in certain groups and exhibit unique characteristics that seem explicable in terms of their cultural background and historical experience in America. In addition, our results seem to indicate that Asian Americans are experiencing more stress than their Caucasian counterparts.
Pornography: The Emergence of a Social Issue and the Beginning of Psychological Study
Authors: Wilson W. Cody
Published: April 2010

Pornography has not always been a social issue. Indeed societal concern about it has waxed and waned several times in the past 200 years, and this concern seems to have been a function of accessibility, religious influences, and social manners. The emergence of pornography as a current social issue is associated with a series of Supreme Court cases beginning in the late 1950s, posing the question as to whether or not legal prohibition of obscenity violates the First Amendment guarantees of freedom of speech and freedom of the press. The ensuing discussion was based primarily on fear and speculation because there were few empirical facts to inform the discussion. In 1967 Congress declared that obscenity and pornography were matters of national concern, raised questions about the effects of these materials, called for a thorough study, and authorized the use of funds for the collection of relevant scientific data. Thus the beginning of extensive “scientific” analysis of the social issue of pornography.
Experience with and Attitudes toward Explicit Sexual Materials1
Authors: Wilson W. Cody , Abelson Herbert I.
Published: April 2010

The data reported in this paper come from a national probability sample survey designed to provide an empirical description of the national experience with explicit sexual materials, the public's attitudes toward these types of material, and social‐psychological correlates of both experience and attitudes. An overwhelming majority of adults report having been exposed at some time in their life to very explicit sexual materials that are often labeled pornography. Nevertheless, considerable variation in experience does exist. Differential exposure is related to the content of depictions, mode of depiction, and characteristics of the viewer. The data do not support a concept of a “contemporary community standard” relating to the representation of sexual matters: There does not exist anything approaching consensus in attitudes regarding the availability of sexual materials; attitudes toward availability vary greatly according to the circumstances of availability; and attitudes vary considerably among groups formed on the basis of demographic characteristics.
Obscenity and Contemporary Community Standards: A Survey1
Authors: Wallace Douglas H.
Published: April 2010

Erotic materials may be declared legally obscene only after they have passed a series of tests, one being the application of “contemporary community standards.” A survey of 1083 adult volunteers from the Detroit Metropolitan Area indicated that there was no single standard used by the respondents in their evaluation of a series of erotic pictures. Significant differences between “sexual liberals” and “sexual conservatives” were obtained for several picture rating dimensions.
Ad Hoc Antipornography Organizations and Their Active Members: A Research Summary1
Authors: Zurcher Louis A. , Kirkpatrick R. George , Gushing Robert G. , Bowman Charles K.
Published: April 2010

This paper summarizes an intensive field study of two ad hoc antipornography organizations, the campaigns they conducted, and their leaders and active participants. Data were gathered by extensive observation and document search, unstructured interviews with campaign‐knowledgeable respondents, and by structured interviews with 85 leaders (Conporns), 51 opponents (Proporns), and 40 Controls. Comparative analyses of the two antipornography campaigns supported the hypothesis that the campaigns were norm‐oriented social movements which could be described by Smelser's value‐added stages of collective behavior. Conporns were found to be status discontents defending with a symbolic crusade the dominance and prestige of a lifestyle to which they were committed. Conporns were found, again as hypothesized, to differ from Proporns in selected demographic and social‐psychological characteristics. Research problems which occurred during the course of the field study are discussed, and suggestions made for further investigations.
In the Pursuit of Happiness?: Consumers of Erotica in San Francisco
Authors: Nawy Harold
Published: April 2010

This study of consumers of erotica is based upon observational data from adult movie theaters, bookstores, and arcades, and upon indepth questionnaires from two samples of movie theater patrons. Data from over 4000 observations and 251 questionnaires were compared. The average consumer of erotica in San Francisco appears as a white, middle‐aged, married male, neatly attired and shopping alone. Questionnaire data reveal that these patrons are also well‐educated, highly paid, and employed in white‐collar or above occupations. Most consumers lead an active and varied sex life and report that involvement in the erotic marketplace increases their social and sexual interaction.
Exposure to Erotic Stimuli and Sexual Deviance
Authors: Goldstein Michael J.
Published: April 2010

Samples of convicted male rapists, pedophiles, homosexuals, transsexuals, heavy pornography users, and to a community control group were interviewed to assess experience with erotic material in photographs, films, and books, during adolescence and adulthood. Adolescent exposure to erotica was significantly less for all nonheterosexual and offender groups compared to the controls. During adulthood, the sex offenders and transsexuals continued to report less exposure to erotic stimuli than controls. The homosexuals and users, however, both report greater exposure during adulthood. Less than a quarter of the respondents in any group imitated sexual behavior seen in the erotic material immediately or shortly after its' viewing. The hypothesis that extent of exposure to erotica during adolescence is positively associated with the later emergence of sexual pathology is not borne out by this study. The control groups sampled had significantly greater exposure to erotic materials during adolescence than the deviants, convicted sex offenders, or heavy adult users of pornography.
Attitudes, Values, and Ascription of Responsibility: The Calley Case1
Authors: Suedfeld Peter , Epstein Yakov M.
Published: April 2010

Twenty‐nine peace demonstrators (PD), 21 Army Reserve officers (AO), and 40 individuals in the waiting rooms (WR) of an airport and bus terminal in the New York City area differed widely on a variety of measures related to violence, war crimes, and the Calley case. PDs were the highest and AOs the lowest on measures of the general value of human life, the approval of violence to effect societal change, and conceptual complexity; the reverse was true for approval of violence to ensure social stability. There was relatively high disapproval of Lt. Calley's actions, especially among AOs, and a general rejection of “orders” as defense by people accused of atrocities. For the dimension of responsibility ascription‐rejection (based on whether or not Ss were willing to name any specific individual as deserving punishment in cases of war crimes, any specific nation as the perpetrator of the worst war crimes, and to ascribe responsibility to Calley for his own actions), the percentage of RA subjects was 31.3 in the PD group, 56.3 in the WR, and 84.6 in the AO.
Belief in a Just World and Reactions to Another's Lot: A Study of Participants in the National Draft Lottery1
Authors: Rubin Zick , Peplau Anne
Published: April 2010

Six‐man groups of 19‐year‐old men listened to the live broadcast of the 1971 national draft lottery as they received either good or bad lots—i.e., either low‐ or high‐priority lottery numbers. Overall, subjects reacted more favorably to losers (people who received high‐priority numbers) than to winners. But this sympathetic pattern of reactions was absent among subjects who received high scores on a scale assessing their belief that the world is a just place where good people are rewarded and bad people are punished. Among these subjects, the tendency to justify the lots of others seemed to counteract the sympathetic pattern; they reacted at least as favorably to winners as to losers, and “resented” losers more than winners. Additional survey data lend support to the suggestion that the belief in a just world is a perceptual bias which helps to perpetuate social injustice.
An Analysis of the Relationship between Students' Political Position and the Extent to Which They Deviate from Parents' Position1
Authors: Silvern Louise E. , Nakamura Charles Y.
Published: April 2010

Alternative interpretations of the relationship between college students' and parents' political positions were investigated. As in previous research, parents' and students' political positions were positively correlated. However, present results additionally indicated that left‐(compared to right‐) wing students were more discrepant from parents' political position, while left‐ (compared to right‐) wing parents were less discrepant from offspring. This was interpreted as reflecting differences between student and parent political position distributions. Results raise doubts about the common hypothesis drawn from the literature that left‐wing students are directly socialized and supported by their parents and that family conflict reported by left‐wing students reflects certain attributes of their liberal homes rather than objectively greater disagreement. Results also fail to support the “generational conflict” hypothesis that left‐wing students are in rebellion against their parents. Instead emphasis is placed on the role of the college Zeitgeist in the development of the students' views, and on the inter‐action of the Zeitgeist with family background.
A Sociometric View of Some Integrated Open Classrooms1
Authors: Bartel Helmut W. , Bartel Nettie R. , Grill J. Jeffrey
Published: April 2010

A sixteen‐item sociometric device was administered to 160 children in Grades K‐4 in integrated open classrooms. Four items dealt with each of the following areas of evaluation: Positive Social (PS), Positive Intellectual (PI), Negative Social (NS), and Negative Intellectual (NI). Results indicated that black children selected more black children overall; white children selected more black children on NS and NI items, more white on PS and PI. On PS and PI items, both groups tended to select members of their own race; on NS and NI items, both tended to select black children.
Operating a Free Clinic from Day to Day
Authors: Peterson Ted
Published: April 2010

The Director takes us through his clinic as if we were a woman patient who comes in for assistance. A medical history chart is filled out by a woman intake person and the patient is referred to the Triage person, the bridge between the patient, the medical section, and the laboratory. Further material deals with very basic questions that any free clinic should ask itself before it opens: What are the health problems in this community? Who are its community leaders and how can we contact them? What are the health laws? And what are the pharmaceutical regulations in the city and the state? There is discussion of malpractice insurance and tax status. The importance of counselor sensitization is brought out, as well as the importance of training. A very thorough and detailed presentation of the organization and the materials required in the examining room, the pharmacy, and the laboratory is given, as well as the procedures for the sterilization of nondisposable instruments, and how to obtain medical and dental supplies.
History of the Waikiki Clinic
Authors: Molica Gregory J. , Winn Neal E.
Published: April 2010

Molica and Winn present the philosophy of a free clinic. They describe setting up of an advisory board, the miscalculations that they made in the type of clients they thought they would be seeing, and the fact that they did not foresee that they would not receive cooperation from the local medical facilities and counseling centers. The article goes into the struggles that ensued among the board and the staff, struggles that almost lead to closing down the Waikiki clinic. There is then a discussion of reorganization, the definition of the Executive Director's job functions, the opening of a halfway house, and the consequent good utilization of the community.