bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mayor Clinton
Authors: Cornog Evan
Published: October 2023

THE CITY CLINTON CAME back to lead in 1803 was a flourishing port whose population would grow during that decade from 60,000 to nearly 1oo,ooo. Al though in 1803 Philadelphia was still the nation’s largest city, by 1815, when Clinton left the mayoralty for good, New York would be firmly in the lead. One obvious difference between the mayoralty then and now was that the office was appointive, one of the thousands of posts, large and small, disposed of by the Council of Appointment in Albany. But other differences are even more striking. The city had a population in 1800 that was less than a hundredth the size of the present metropolis. The scope of city government was much smaller: police protection was minimal, fire protection was the responsibility of volunteers, there was no public education, and ‘social services’ were provided at a rudimentary level by the public almshouse and by private charity.
Launching The Canal
Authors: Cornog Evan
Published: October 2023

AFAVORITE THEME OF historians is the way the actions of individuals and of nations have unintended consequences. But in the case of the Erie Canal, and DeWitt Clinton’s promotion of the project, the story is largely one of intended consequences. The backers of the canal saw an opportunity for New York to lead the way in the expansion of the American economy, and they took advantage of it. DeWitt Clinton saw a chance to repair his political fortunes, and he seized it.
A “Warrior of the Kingdom” Frank Pick’s City of Dreams, 1878-1915
Authors: Saler Michael T
Published: October 2023

No single individual did more to realize, and then to undo, Ruskin and Morris’s dream of restoring the unity and the social function of art during the interwar period than Frank Pick. (Figure 2.1) Known to contemporaries as “the Maecenas of our time”as well as the “virtual dictator” of the London Underground, Pick’s thought and career demonstrate the centrality of the arts and crafts tradition to the reception and assimilation of modern art in England, as well as the tensions inherent within this pairing that contributed to the breakdown of the matrix of medieval modernism. Like his fellow Yorkshiremen Sir William Rothenstein, Sir Herbert Read, and Sir Michael Sadler, Frank Pick was one of the few to patronize and promote modern art and artists in the interwar period, but he never secured a knighthood despite the significance of his contributions.
Morris, the Machine, and Modernism, 1915-1934
Authors: Saler Michael T
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines how the discourse of medieval modernism emerged during the First World War and developed in the 1920s, particularly through the influence of the Design and Industries Association. Established in 1915, the DIA set out to reconcile the ideas of Ruskin and Morris to the machine age by integrating art with industry, commerce, and education. Their aesthetic combined Fry and Bell’s emphasis on “significant form” with the nineteenth-century romantic medievalists’ stress on “fitness for purpose,” uniting formalism with functionalism. While small numerically, the DIA’s membership was prominent socially, and the organization’s ideas concerning the social function of modern art were widely disseminated as well as appropriated by artists, teachers, government officials, and the media. Frank Pick was one of the earliest and most prominent members; we shall see in the next chapter how he and his associates at the DIA went beyond rhetoric by using the Underground to demonstrate the viability of integrating modern art with modern life. Through the efforts of the medieval modernists, the London Underground became the culminating project of the arts and crafts movement.
The Earthly Paradise of the London Underground
Authors: Saler Michael T
Published: October 2023

Rank pick was one of the most influential members of the DIA, and the London Underground was to become the most persuasive embodiment of medieval modern principles in the interwar period. The aims expressed in Pick’s earlier writings for the Salem Chapel Guild were clarified and reinforced through his membership in this society of like-minded individuals: the DIA was in some respects a replacement for the guild, with its own spiritual mission and reformist creed.Pick was indebted to the support of a number of its members, many of whom came from a similar nonconformist, provincial background and shared Pick’s enthusiasm for Ruskin and Morris. His social aims and spiritual outlook remained essentially the same as they had in York but were now influenced by the terms and activities of his new associates in London. He shucked the elaborate Victorian mannerisms of his writing style and began to compose in the spare, “efficient” style favored by Edwardian writers. Whether or not the DIA directly affected his writing, making it more fit for its purpose, is hard to know, but the organization did have profound effects in other ways: as we shall see in this chapter, Pick’s new colleagues at the DIA helped him to transform the Underground into the crowning project of the arts and crafts movement during the twenties.
Educating the Consumer
Authors: Saler Michael T
Published: October 2023

The discourse of medieval modernism gained momentum in the early 1930s, and Frank Pick continued to play a significant role in defining its terms. The decade marked a high point for the medieval modernists’ dream of reintegrating art with life: by the middle of the decade the DIA’s message that art was a thing of use as well as beauty had become widely accepted among civil servants, critics, artists, and educators, and perhaps among many of the public (who remain the “silent majority” to historians). But just as the interwar rhetoric calling for the union of the arts under the rubric of “design” appeared to reach a crescendo, Pick began to redefine anew the relationship between artist and designer, which in turn had important consequences for the viability of medieval modernism.
Case Studies
Authors: Murray David M
Published: October 2023

This chapter reviews six published studies selected to illustrate recent group- randomized trials. The studies vary considerably in their size, their outcomes, and certainly in their design. They were chosen because of the design and analysis issues they illustrate, not because of their results. Each was planned and executed by skilled and intelligent scientists.
Life Everlasting: Tocqueville in America
Authors: Kloppenberg James T
Published: October 2023

The topic of this essay-the status of Tocqueville in America-has generated so much attention that merely summarizing what has already been written on the subject could fill a short book. Instead I will trace only in barest outline the shifting varieties of interpretation and levels of interest in Tocqueville among Americans, then hazard a tentative explanation of the current obsession with him, which may be the only thing Pat Buchanan and Hillary Clinton have in common.
Psychological Effects of Military Combat
Authors: Keane Terence M
Published: October 2023

Until the 20th century, chronicling the psychological effects of exposure to war on soldiers was the domain of poets such as Homer (The Iliad, The Odyssey), playwrights such as Shakespeare (Henry N), and novelists such as Stephen Crane (The Red Badge of Courage). Beginning with Freud and continuing into the early part of this century, the psychological and physiological effects of war were seen as sequelae of exposure to massive deprivation and rigorous physical conditions as well as explosives (e.g., the term “shell shock” was used to describe a psychological condition that was thought to have developed as a function of proximity to explosions). This work clearly placed the psychological effects of war in the medical arena, and both neurologists and psychiatrists began to study more closely the effects of exposure to overwhelming and life-threatening stressors (see Weathers et al., 199,5).
Collapsing Empires (1930-1940)
Authors: Geisst Charles R
Published: October 2023

When the stock market crashed in 1929, it put an end to the dreams of more than one industrialist who had entertained notions of empire. In quick succession, the organizations built by Clarence Hatry in Britain, Ivar Kreuger in Sweden, Europe, and the United States, Samuel Insull, and the Van Sweringen brothers all collapsed in a tangle of holding companies and overextended finances.
Conclusion: The Course of Persecution Assessed
Authors: Lewy Guenter
Published: October 2023

In this concluding chapter I review the overall course of the persecution of the Gypsies by the Nazi regime in order to discuss three issues: (1) the development and gradual radicalization of Nazi policy toward the Gypsies, (2) the question of whether the mass killings that eventually took place should be considered genocide and (3) the difference between the persecution of the Gypsies and the Jewish Holocaust, with which the Gypsies’ experience has often been compared. The three sections of the chapter examine the same set of historical events but raise different questions of interpretation about these occurrences.
The Seats of Power, II
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: October 2023

In England, as in France and America, planter representatives maintained that slave property was immune from any interference by the central government. Reminding their legislative colleagues of the recent precedent of 1776, they warned that the security of their property was an essential requirement for political union. And as one might expect, direct challenges to slavery within the national assemblies were neither frequent nor threatening. James Sloan’s move in Congress for abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia was as futile as Philip Francis’s proposal in Parliament for gradual emanicipation in the West Indies. The Constituent Assembly similarly ignored a plea from La Rochefoucauld d’Enville, orginally elected as a deputy for the nobility of Paris, asking that the abolition of slavery be considered before the Assembly finished its work. On the critical night of August 4, 1789, when the Assembly stripped the nobility of most of their privileges, La Rochefoucauld made an impassioned speech on behalf of the slaves.1 But even the organized abolitionists of the three countries prudently disavowed any desire to free slaves by the direct action of a national government.
Casuistry, Virtue, and the Slippery Slope: Major Problems with Producing Human Embryonic Life for Research Purposes
Authors: James Keenan S J
Published: October 2023

Contemporary proponents of producing human embryos for research purposes fail in three ways to make their case: They do not provide a standard to legitimate the new endeavors on which they want society to embark; they contradict by their recommended practices the legitimating attitude that they invoke; and they offer no grounds for public confidence that we can effectively safeguard against likely abuses. These three issues are treated respectively under the topics of casuistry, virtue, and the slippery slope.
Responsibility and Regulation: Reproductive Technologies, Cloning, and Embryo Research
Authors: Tauer Carol A
Published: October 2023

In the United States, public policy prohibits federal funding of research involving in vitro fertilization or preimplantation human embryos.1 At the same time, it sets no limitations on research conducted in the private sector or on private provision of reproductive technology services. In this chapter, I will show why this twofold policy is ethically problematic and will argue that public policy ought to choose between the following alternatives: (1) support research and provide regulation of both research and clinical use of reproductive technologies or (2) require that untested reproductive technologies and unregulated services be abandoned.
Introduction
Authors: Klarman Michael J .
Published: October 2023

In the years 1895–1900, an average of 101 blacks were lynched a year—mostly in the South. In 1898, a white supremacist campaign to eliminate black political influence culminated in a race riot in Wilmington, North Carolina, which killed at least a dozen blacks. In 1897, President William McKinley declared that “the north and the south no longer divide on the old [sectional] lines,” as he and the Republican party turned an increasingly blind eye to violations of the civil and political rights of southern blacks. In 1895, the acknowledged leader of southern blacks, Booker T. Washington, acquiesced in racial segregation and black disfranchisement and urged blacks instead to pursue education and economic advancement. Segregation spread through most spheres of southern life, and blacks were almost entirely barred from voting and from serving on southern juries. Most scientists agreed that the black race was biologically inferior.
Diseases of The Spine and Spinal Cord
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G
Published: October 2023

Diseases of the Spine and Spinal Cord reviews the full spectrum of disorders affecting this region including primary spinal tumors and metastases, infection, degenerative diseases, and trauma. Presenting an inter-disciplinary perspective, the book includes up-to-date information on therapy [including neurosurgical], new information on developmental disorders of the spine, and a definitive chapter on trauma, including information on biomechanics. A separate chapter on pain syndromes also is included.
Intradural-Extramedullary and intramedullary tumors and Vascular Malformations
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G
Published: October 2023

Neoplastic disease involving the spine may be classified according to the location of the tumor: epidural, intraduralextramedullary, or intramedullary (Fig. 6-1). As reviewed in Chapter 5, most epidural neoplasms are metastatic. Intradural-extramedullary tumors and intramedullary tumors, on the other hand, are often primary tumors of the spine. Their clinical importance is demonstrated by the fact that among neurosurgical series, which tend to exclude cases of metastatic disease, intradural-extramedullary and intramedullary tumors compose the majority of spinal tumors.

In some cases, a definite distinction cannot be made between an intramedullary and intradural-extramedullary location because the tumor may extend into both locations. In the present chapter, tumors are grouped according to where they most frequently occur.
Battling Booze
Authors: Herlihy Patricia
Published: October 2023

A British war correspondent who spent two years with the Russian army in the Far East assessed Russia’s defeat in the war with Japan in 1905: “A great people with a great army, who could not defeat the Japanese in a single battle, must first have been the victims not of the enemy, but of themselves.” He further identified the problem by saying that “the chief enemy of an army is the nation’s moral diseases,” which he defined as corruption and gambling and, above all, alcoholism. A German correspondent had the same idea when he observed: “‘Who defeated the Russians?’ ask foreigners, and they answer, ‘The Japanese did not conquer, but alcohol triumphed, alcohol, alcohol.’“

Although Russian war correspondents did not play up drunkenness in the military, individuals did note the role played by alcohol in the debacle.3 The entry dated October 7, 1905, in the diary of a Russian engineer on board one of the ships of the Baltic Sea fleet en route to the Tsushima Straits (where he would lose his life) reads:
Women’s Physical and Political Use of Alcohol
Authors: Herlihy Patricia
Published: October 2023

In 1899, a correspondent from Orenburg Province related an incident in a village he identified only as “P.” A widow ran an illegal tavern, which was also a house of prostitution. The wives of the village, angered that their husbands were her regular customers, secretly denounced her to the fiscal authorities but would not make their accusations publicly and officially.When the local fiscal agent finally accumulated enough evidence to arrest the widow, the other women thanked him—but still privately. “Thus are the habits and customs,” the correspondent observed, “in our backward corner of the world.” Presumably, women were afraid of retribution from the woman or from their husbands who patronized the business.
Rita Dove’s Micro-Poetics of Space
Authors: Stephen Therese
Published: October 2023

Crossing Color examines cultural space, a single subject that embraces three levels: first, it focuses on borders and boundaries that decide inclusion and exclusion; second, it explores movement; and third, it concentrates on the nature of cultural space. We best picture these levels as concentric circles. To be at the center of meaningful cultural space then is to be, simultaneously, at the center of all three,1 “for our house is our corner of the world” (Bachelard 1994: 4).

Nonetheless, it is useful to discuss a micro-poetics of space on various levels and from different perspectives, particularly in view of Rita Dove’s extraordinary boundary crossing and fusion of cultural realms. The decisive structures and the process of layering will come alive in representative poems. How does she envision a psychotopology of transcultural enspacements? How does she renegotiate spatiotemporal relations in the history and geography she revises to illuminate a hybrid cultural ground at the century’s edge? How does she recreate the past—in the Ghanaian notion of sankofa which roughly translates as “return to the source and fetch”—while concurrently envisioning the future?
The Voyage Out
Authors: Stephen Therese
Published: October 2023

Poetry as well as criticism have attempted to separate the personal from the politically engaged poem. For that reason Seamus Heaney and Rita Dove have drawn criticism and admiration: they use both modes. Dove’s 1999 poetry col­ lection On the Bus with Rosa Parks offers critical and political introspection as well as a poetic celebration of the complexities of black life and of desegregation and its effects, particularly in the 1950s. Crossing color, getting on (the bus) poetically and politically, and paying homage to black women’s stamina are the five-part sequence’s pivotal aims. Never before has Dove’s sense of time rendered as space covered and shaped African-American History and histories throughout the twentieth century. DF reincarnates the Oedipal conflict within the institution of slavery from 1820 to 1840, TB deals with the lives of a couple from the Great Migration to the March on Washington, and IG presents a Bildungsroman in the 1970s.
Broad Street
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael
Published: October 2023

Sarah Lewis’s Five-Month-Old Daughter had never been very healthy, nor had Mrs. Lewis herself, for that matter. Unable to suckle the child, she had to feed her from the bottle on boiled ground rice and milk. She had fed her son that way several years before, and he had been extremely sickly and had died at ten months. For a while it looked as if the little girl was going to do better, but then she had a bout of diarrhea in June. Dr. William R. Rogers of Berners Street treated her, and she was better after about five days. This morning Mrs. Lewis had to send for Dr. Rogers again. The same diarrhea was back, he said—pale or green, slimy, watery, offensive-smelling stools. Now the baby was also vomiting, unable to keep down food or medicine.

The Lewis family lived in the back parlor at 40 Broad Street, an attached multistoried house of eleven rooms. They were relatively fortunate; nineteen or twenty people lived in the house, while elsewhere in the district four or five to a room was not uncommon. Even so, the back of the house was near the yard of the public house at 7 Cambridge Street, and the bad smells from the water closet there had been bothersome for a long time.
Snow and the Mapping of Cholera Epidemics
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael
Published: October 2023

On The Evening of 3 June 1851 Snow delivered the second part of a paper on the propagation of cholera at the monthly meeting of the London Epidemiological Society. The society had again rented the library of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society in Berners Street.

Snow began the paper by offering a general principle of “epidemic diseases, the whole of which I look upon as communicable from one patient to another, this communication being probably the real feature of distinction between epidemic and other diseases,” and he reviewed several local outbreaks that conformed to this principle. He proposed to show that “cholera was often communicated through the water, on a more extensive scale, by means of sewers which empty themselves into various rivers, from which the population of many towns derive their supply of water” (610). A map extracted from the second Report on the Health of Towns, suspended in the room, indicated which water companies supplied particular districts in London. Snow then pointed to another map (Fig. 12.1), produced by Mr. Richard Grainger from the Board of Health, that depicted the “relative prevalence of the late [1849] epidemic in different parts of London” in varying shades of blue.
Snow’s Multiple Legacies
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael
Published: October 2023

On Wednesday, 10 June 1858, John Snow had his mind on his magnum opus, On Chloroform. He was working from his case notes dating back to the summer of 1851, when he had tried out chlorated muriatic ether (ethyl chloride) on patients at King’s College Hospital. The substance had worked fairly well and might have proved safer than chloroform, but it was unstable and difficult to obtain. Snow had procured only enough for operations on twenty patients, and that pint had to be brought specially from Paris. Although the cases were old and small in number, it was important to give the substance its own chapter. Perhaps some other chemist or anesthetist might find a better way to synthesize this agent and bring it into common use. It was all part of Snow’s long search for a safer, better anesthetic. In a matter-of-fact way he was listing cases, describing all the types of surgery in which the drug had been used. He had just penned the name of Fergusson, a surgeon he had worked with from the beginning of inhaled anesthesia and a name he must have written in his casebooks a thousand times when he was stricken and fell off his chair. He told his housekeeper that he did not understand the nature of his complaint. He appeared to have suffered a stroke and tried to treat himself, resting on a couch for a day, selfmedicating with ether for the pain, and hoping that whatever was wrong would soon right itself.
Islamic Revivalism: Popular Roots of Islamism (Pan-Islamism)
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

The last decades of Ottoman history cannot be understood properly without taking into account the revolution from below caused by the revivalist movements. The most important event in the history of Islamic societies was the disintegration of the old social order and the resultant restructuring of almost all the traditional social and political institutions and the emergence of new modes of thought all deemed to be “contemporary” or modern. That vast structural transformation was caused, first, by the market forces of capitalism and the often ensuing European occupation of the Muslim lands and, second, by the reforms that the Ottoman state, and other Muslim governments that had preserved their political independence, instituted to assure their survival.
Russia, Islam, and Modernism: The Legacy of the Past
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

Pan-Islamism and pan-Turkism were born in nineteenth-century Russia as part of the process of nation formation and the rise of nationalism among the Muslims there. Inseparably linked together, the two movements represented an advanced stage in the struggle of the various Muslim communities of Russia for cultural selfpreservation, using their intellectual, cultural, moral, and economic resources to reconstruct themselves, inadvertently perhaps, into a series of new sociopolitical entities. It should be noted that Russia’s Muslims were among the first to lose their Islamic political structures—that is, the state government that had had guaranteed their Islamic institutions and way of life: Kazan in 1552, Crimea in 1783, the Azeri and Central Asian hanates in 1806–75. It is not surprising therefore that the most widespread and profound movement of modernist reconstruction started in Kazan, Azerbaycan (Azerbaijan), and Crimea, which had ample time to develop a strong local modern network of leaders and reformulate their Islamo-Turkic identity in a new form. The new forces compelled the community to undergo rapid structural and cultural change and prevented the old traditional culture from withering away.
The New Middle Classes and the Nakşbandia
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

The rise of the new middle classes played a key role in the recasting of Islamic thought, in the modernization of the Islamic societies, and in spurring the involvement of the community in political action. This rise was either accompanied or preceded by the gradual globalization of the capitalist economy and the spread of private land ownership, which undermined the economic foundations of two key Islamic institutions, the imaret and the vakif. In the wake of capitalism came the occupation of most peripheral Muslim lands by England, France, Russia, the Netherlands, and Italy, although the center—that is, the territorially reduced Ottoman Empire—maintained its political independence. Within Ottoman territory, the passage of state lands to private individuals diminished greatly the economic leverage of the government over the countryside and allowed the community to gain power under the leadership of the new classes—many of whom derived their power and influence from land ownership. By inadvertently contributing to the transformation of the community into an informal political constituency, European occupation and economic influence thus provided the middle classes with a political-economic foundation for promoting their vision of society, culture, and progress and recasting tradition, Islam, and community into a “modern” form.1
Ottoman-European Relations and Islamism
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

After the signing of the Berlin Treaty in July 1878 there was a waiting period of some twenty-one months during which adverse British foreign policy actions vis-à-vis the Porte were held in abeyance. There was no let up in the anti-Ottoman, antisultan propaganda war, which only intensified. For the Ottomans, this period was simply the calm before the storm. In April 1880 the Liberal Party won an overwhelming election victory over the Conservatives in England. The election had been fought largely over the issue of Lord Beaconsfield’s (Disraeli’s) foreign policy—that is, the policy of cultivating the friendship of the Ottomans and helping to maintain the territorial integrity of the Empire, which had been initiated by Palmerston some forty years earlier. The Ottoman leaders were well aware of the anti-Turkish views of William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898). He had caused irreparable harm to the Empire when he was prime minister in the 1876–78 period; now he had been elected to the post once again. Musurus pa3a, the Ottoman ambassador in London, cabled the results of the election to Istanbul but reassured the sultan that the “GOM” (grand old man) would not necessarily make the Eastern Question a partisan issue.
Formation of Modern Nationhood: Turkism and Pan-Islamism in Russia and the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

Pan-Islamism, pan-Turkism, and nationalism in both the Ottoman and Russian Empires were the consequence of the interactions between modern education, the new social classes, and political liberalism, which operated within specific historical settings and preexisting relations that accounted for both the similarities and the differences between the two empires. This chapter proposes to study how new forces of change during the latter part of the nineteenth century not only helped engender Islamism (pan-Islamism) and nationalism in the Ottoman and Russian Empires but also to reveal how the different historical, cultural, and social circumstances and government policies prevailing in each county, produced a different type of Islamism and nationalism in each.
Introduction
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Riskin Carl
Published: October 2023

China’s development since the period of transition to a market economy began in 1979 has had a number of remarkable features. The most obvious of these is the astonishingly rapid rate of economic growth that followed the introduction of reforms. The average annual rate of growth of GDP was 10.2% during the 1980s and 12.8% during the first half of the 1990s, as compared to 5.5% during the 1970s.1 During the period from the beginning of reforms to the terminal year covered by the present study—i.e., between 1979 and 1995—China’s annual rate of population growth was just under 1.4%. Thus, per capita GDP almost quadrupled over this period. Never before in the course of human history has a quadrupling of per capita GDP of more than one fifth of humankind occurred over such a short period.
The Distribution of Income Evolution of Inequality, 1988–1995
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Riskin Carl
Published: October 2023

In this chapter we estimate the indices of inequality in the distribution of per capita household income in rural and urban China, and in China as a whole, for the year 1995 by using the data from the survey. By comparing these indices with the ones estimated from the 1988 survey, we demonstrate the direction and extent of change in the distribution of income during the intervening period. We also identify the sources of inequality and their change over the period under review. Finally, we discuss some of the outstanding aspects of public policy that have contributed to the evolution of inequality in China.
Telling the Story: Three Narratives
Authors: Linenthal Edward T
Published: October 2023

During our meeting in January 1998, Charles Van Rysselberge, president of the Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce, spoke with justifiable pride about Oklahomans’ outpouring of generosity in response to the bombing. He hoped that widespread respect for these efforts would transform what many in Oklahoma believed was an enduring national image of “ignorant Okies” and that the same civic energies evident in response to the bombing would spark a revitalization of the city. “This tragedy,” he wrote several months after the bombing, “has been a defining moment for Oklahoma City.
The Place of the Butterflies
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

Another development was pulling the Nez Perces and their neighbors into the expanding nation, and like the trade in horses, guns and the rest, at first they welcomed, even courted it. Early in the fall of 1831, four Indians from the far Northwest arrived in St. Louis with an employee of the American Fur Company.
Going to Hell
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

On November 19 the Nez Perce prisoners, headed by Miles and Joseph on horseback, entered Bismarck, Dakota Territory. They were exhausted from the war and more than six weeks of on-and-off travel since the surrender. Much of the town had gathered along the route, and in case of trouble the troops formed a protective line around the refugees. At Fourth and Main Streets, the townsfolk made their move: they launched a major food assault. Men and women surged forward and broke through the perimeter with armloads of eatables. “I seen our restaurant waitress beating her way through the hollow square with one half of a boiled ham,” a witness remembered. Its defenses overwhelmed, the procession stopped until each prisoner and most soldiers had received something.
Housing Subsidies
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

For many of the key actors in the housing sector, the issue of housing subsidies-and by extension of housing-related taxes—is considered the central issue of housing policy. It has been unfortunate that discussions of subsidies have dominated so many housing policy debates, with the result that the effects of other aspects of the policy environment-from property rights to the regulatory regime—on the performance of the housing sector as a whole, and especially on housing the poor, have been neglected. This is not to suggest, however, that housing subsidies and taxes are not essential parts of housing policy. They are essential and they should continue to be, in the face of the present onslaught on most housing subsidies as fiscally irresponsible, risky, distorting, regressive, humiliating, or failing to achieve their designated goals. In our definition of enabling housing policies-that is, setting boundaries and providing support, while relinquishing control-subsidies are, in essence, one of the fundamental supports needed to make the housing sector work efficiently and equitably and to overcome market and policy failures.
Behavioral Neurology
Authors: Pincus Jonathan H , Tucker Gary J
Published: October 2023

This is a thorough revision of one of the landmark books in the field of neuropsychiatry. The authors, one a distinguished neurologist and the other an eminent psychiatrist, provide a clear, well-integrated account of the behavioral aspects of neurological conditions and the neurological aspects of psychiatric disorders. Earlier editions presented the view, then provocative, that disordered brain function underlies psychiatric illnesses. A more balanced view characterizes the Fourth Edition, in which the authors discuss the most recent data from the neurosciences and molecular biology, including changes in the brain induced by the environment and by emotions. There is also a valuable new clinical chapter on differentiating the etiologies of disturbed behavior. Avoiding the deluge of information in multi-authored volumes, this very readable text provides a consistent approach to the understanding and diagnosis of disturbances of behavior. While the book is directed toward medical students, residents, psychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists, and psychology students (particularly those taking abnormal psychology courses), it has also been used by a wide variety of health professionals and attorneys.
Epilepsy and Behavior
Authors: Pincus Jonathan H , Tucker Gary J
Published: October 2023

Epilepsy is a recurring behavioral, sensory, or subjective experience caused by an abnormal electrical discharge in the brain. Though abnormal electrical changes accompany seizures of any kind, they may not be reflected in the electroencephalogram (EEG) between seizures and sometimes epileptic EEG discharges occur in the absence of clinically apparent seizures. Generalized seizures always cause a disturbance in consciousness and the EEG is virtually always abnormal during such seizures. Partial seizures may not be associated with unconsciousness, with any abnormal movement, or with an epileptiform, scalprecorded EEG, even during the episode.

It may not always be clear how much of a patient’s behavior can be attributed to epilepsy and there may be disagreement among competent neurologists as to the relation of abnormal behavior to the seizure state. In such cases, a therapeutic trial of anticonvulsants may appear to resolve the medical problem, but the pragmatic definition of epilepsy as abnormal thought and behavior that resolves with the use of antiepileptic medications is medically and scientifically weak. Mental symptoms in mania and other disorders can improve during therapy with antiepileptic drugs in patients who do not have epilepsy.
Violence and Neurobiology
Authors: Pincus Jonathan H , Tucker Gary J
Published: October 2023

It is impossible to make a one-to-one correlation between violence and specific forms of neurological dysfunction or the brain regions involved. There is no “violence center” in the brain, that, when stimulated or destroyed, always produces violent behavior, though occasional case reports of such a sequence exist (Mark and Ervin, 1970; Ashford et al., 1980; St Hilaire et al., 1980). There is no region of the brain identified on positron emission tomography (PET) or other imaging techniques whose abnormal activity allows doctors to predict that the individual whose brain is abnormal will be violent. If one believes, however, that all thought and behavior derive from the brain, including morality and ethics (Greene et al., 2001), then the brain would be a reasonable starting point for studies of the origins of violence. As we will see below, the neurological status of most violent prisoners is abnormal (Blake et al., 1995); yet the relationship between neurological dysfunction of the brain and the propensity to violence is complex.
Disorders of Cognitive Function
Authors: Pincus Jonathan H , Tucker Gary J
Published: October 2023

The terms organic brain syndrome and dementia are applied to those acquired disorders of thinking and cognitive functions where altered structure or function of the brain can be identified. Generally, neurologists care for patients with these disorders. When no lesion or physiologic change is apparent, cognitive dysfunctions are often labeled functional or psychological disorders. Psychiatrists care for these patients. The inadequacy of this distinction is immediately apparent: any change in behavior must be the result of altered brain activity. In 1994 DSM-IV recognized this arbitrary distinction and did away with the division of behavior disorders into organic and nonorganic conditions. The section called “Organic Disorders” in previous DSM editions is called “Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders” in DSM-IV; this category now stands alongside Affective, Anxiety, Schizophrenic Disorders, etc., removing any implication that there is one group of disorders related to the brain and another group that is just psychological (Tucker et al., 1994). To some degree, cognitive, affective, and behavioral symptoms characterize all disorders of the brain. There are cognitive disturbances in most of the major psychiatric disorders (see Chapters 3 and 5). However, the primary symptoms of delirium, dementia, and amnestic disorders are disturbances of cognition. Cognition comes from the Latin cognitio, which means to think.
How Can I Be Sure It’s Really Osteoarthritis?
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

Osteoarthritis is like many chronic diseases. With heart disease, for example, narrowing of the arteries begins many years before a patient develops chest pain, the chief symptom of atherosclerotic heart disease. A doctor evaluates the coronary arteries of someone with chest pain to find out how much narrowing is present. Osteoarthritis is very similar to heart disease in that articular cartilage begins to degenerate silently, and it is many years after this process has begun that a patient develops joint pain and consults a doctor. When the joint pain begins there is usually irreversible cartilage damage. However, the amount of cartilage damage at the time joint pain develops varies with each person. Some people do not develop joint pain until all of the articular cartilage has been destroyed, while others develop it very early in the disease process. However, by the time someone develops joint pain, cartilage damage has already begun. Once joint pain from osteoarthritis begins, the course is also variable. In some people the remaining cartilage is rapidly destroyed, their joint pain becomes very severe, and they need to have a joint replacement. However, other individuals may develop pain from osteoarthritis that remains very mild for many years.
Medications that Work for Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

Thus far, we have reviewed treatments of osteoarthritis that do not involve taking medicine. While diet, exercise, assistive devices, and behavioral modification play an important role, the fact remains that medication is perhaps the most important intervention we have available. By the time an osteoarthritis patient needs to take a medicine for their discomfort, articular cartilage damage can be extensive. There are no medications available to rebuild articular cartilage or slow its degeneration. Osteoarthritis does not shorten an individual’s lifespan, but it can make it less enjoyable. This chapter will review the two major classes of drugs used to manage osteoarthritis: acetaminophen and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). Subsequent chapters will discuss local and topical treatments, pain killers, alternative treatments, and surgery.
Local Medical Therapie
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

“Doctor, my knee really hurts. Isn’t there something I can do locally without taking pills?” “Can’t you just give me a cortisone shot?” “I’ve heard that there is something safer than cortisone that you can inject. Is that true?” We hear at least one of these questions daily from our patients. And the answer, fortunately, is yes. This chapter will review treatments that approach osteoarthritis with local medications. Topical Anti-Inflammatories Arthritis patients have applied salves and ointments to painful joints since antiquity. Paraffin, camphor, and menthol preparations are soothing and provide temporary pain relief. Unfortunately, they do nothing about the underlying problem. Over the years, some drug companies have marketed topical products that contained salicylate-based (aspirin) products with camphor or menthol (e.g., Ben Gay). These combinations have mild anti-inflammatory effects and are well tolerated.
Alternative Therapies
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

As we have mentioned, there is no real cure for osteoarthritis, and some of the interventions practitioners recommend have complications or undesirable side effects. It is logical that many individuals seek out other options. Alternative or complementary approaches refer to a broad range of therapies or health care practices not generally learned in conventional medical training or used in general medical practice. In 1997, Americans spent $15 billion in out-of-pocket expenses on alternative therapies. Some of these approaches must work, or people would not continue to waste their money. This section will attempt to place complementary therapies in perspective. Who Provides Or Prescribes Alternative Therapies? Any physician, allied health professional or alternative practioner can advocate or prescribe complementary regimens, and patients can undergo these approaches without seeing a musculoskeletal practitioner. In certain countries (e.g., China), what we consider to be alternative therapies are the remedies most commonly prescribed by mainstream physicians.
When public opinion counts: inserting public opinion into health policy
Authors: Greenberg Stanley B , Danis Marion
Published: October 2023

This book stresses the importance of giving a voice to those with a stake in policy. While the public as a whole has a great deal at stake in health policy, it is often difficult to envision how people’s views might be taken into account. Polling provides a mechanism for doing so, as public opinion surveys are increasingly prominent in the American political landscape. In this chapter we present a brief history of polling, its nature, and its limitations. We then describe the way in which surveys have provided a voice for public opinion during periods of change in health policy. Finally, we consider the extent to which public opinion influences policy making and the ethical implications of this interaction for those who sponsor, conduct, and make use of public opinion surveys.
Perspectives on accountability: past, present, and future
Authors: Malone Ruth E , Lutt Harold S
Published: October 2023

Beginning in the early 1990s and continuing to the present, multiple structural changes within health care have contributed to a sense of instability and increased concern about ensuring accountability for health services. These changes include the economic incentives arising from new financial relationships among patients, clinicians, insurers, and payers; new organizational settings for the delivery of care; and new decision-making roles for patients. Changes of such magnitude and pervasiveness engender debate and resistance, and an unfortunate amount of finger-pointing has characterized much of the discussion to date.
Ethical consideration in conducting health-care research: protecting privacy
Authors: Iezzoni Lisa I
Published: October 2023

What ethical values should inform future research about health care, especially relating to data privacy?1 What gives somebody a right to ask about a person’s health or health care and expect to get a valid answer?2 This chapter examines this issue in the context of research about the health care system.
Civil jurisdiction and the clergy
Authors: Helmholz R H
Published: October 2023

Among the aspirations of the medieval canon law, one of the most emphatic was that the clergy should occupy a special place in the world. “There are two species of Christians,” pro- claimed an ancient text that Gratian placed in his Decretum (C. 12 q. 1 c. 7). There was the clergy, and then there was everyone else. It was not doubted which of the two was meant to hold the preeminent place. As Professor C. R. Cheney once stated it, the law of the church encouraged the clergy “to take a high view of their office” and taught them the desirability of maintaining a certain “separateness from the rest of the world.” A distinctive style of dress is the most visible reminder of this status that is noticeable today, but during the Middle Ages there were others—the clerical tonsure being the most remarkable. Separation from lay society was also more than a matter of appearances. Prohibitions against bearing arms or carrying on a trade were part of it. Clerical celibacy was another, a strong statement of the distance meant to divide the clerical order from the society around it.
The Genesis of Pain during Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction
Authors: Sylvén Christer
Published: October 2023

Heberdeen first described angina pectoris in 1772. At the time it was not possible to differentiate between reversible ischemia and acute myocardial infarction. Keefer and Resnik made that distinction in 1932 through electrocardiographic analysis. They were the first to describe reversible myocardial ischemia with transient ST changes, as opposed to acute myocardial infarction with definitive changes of the QRS complex. A few years later, Lewis formulated the idea that angina pectoris might be due to an imbalance in the oxygen supply/ demand ratio of the myocardium. He applied the concept of ischemia put forward by Virchow in 1858 to the heart. This term was derived from the two Greek words, ischo, to keep back, and haima, blood. In Virchow’s own words: “So habe Ich den neuen Ausdruck der ischaemie vorgeschlagen, um damit die Hemmung der Blutziifuhr, die Vermehrung des Einstromens zu bezeichnen.” “Thereby, I have suggested the new concept of ischemia in order to describe obstruction of the arterial blood supply.” Lewis advanced the hypothesis that the pain thus produced was due to the local release of a substance with the following characteris­ tics: (1) substantial release during ischemia, (2) capacity to excite sensory neurites, and (3) capacity to provoke painful sensations. A number of can­ didate substances have been proposed for such a role, including potassium, acetylcholine, bradykinin, serotonin, substance P, and adenosine. So far only adenosine fulfils all of the criteria proposed by Lewis, and this has led to hypotheses about the molecular basis for the etiology of angina pectoris.