bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A metodologia sistêmica na geografia agrária: um estudo sobre a territorialização dos assentamentos rurais
Authors: Alves Flamarion Dutra , Silveira Vicente Celestino Pires
Published: April 2009

Este artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar a importância da metodologia sistêmica em pesquisas nas Ciências Humanas, em especial na Geografia Agrária, através da avaliação das alterações socioeconômicas e territoriais dos assentamentos rurais. O artigo foi divido em partes, primeiro foi realizado um estudo teórico da metodologia sistêmica e em seguida, a aplicação dessa metodologia para avaliar os impactos da territorialização dos assentamentos rurais, na organização espacial de Candiota no estado do Rio Grande do Sul.
Proposta de estradas-parque como unidade de conservação: dilemas e diálogos entre o Jalapão e a Chapada dos Veadeiros
Authors: Dutra Veruska , Colares Aracélio , Adorno Lúcio Flavo Marini , Magalhães Keile , Gomes Kelson
Published: April 2009

Este artigo é resultado de um estudo realizado em duas diferentes Unidades de Conservação de forte interesse ecoturístico e conservacionista, por meio de pesquisas bibliográficas e entrevistas abertas sobre Estrada-Parque. Objetivou-se analisar os fundamentos que dão sustentação ao conceito, compreender os desafios colocados e o nível de adequação que revelam a necessidade de legitimidade do uso dessa categoria de unidade de conservação como ferramenta da política ambiental.
Rodovias em áreas urbanizadas e seus impactos na percepção dos pedestres
Authors: Silva Júnior Sílvio Barbosa da , Ferreira Marcos Antonio Garcia
Published: April 2009

Esse trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa de opinião, aplicada em pessoas residentes numa faixa da área urbana de Uberlândia - MG, localizada ao longo da rodovia BR-050, realizada para caracterizar e determinar a importância dos impactos resultantes do Efeito Barreira. O Efeito Barreira refere-se aos efeitos das infra-estruturas de transporte sobre os deslocamentos realizados por modos não motorizados. O método empregado para determinar o grau de importância das variáveis de caracterização dos impactos resultantes do Efeito Barreira e dos atributos de definição dessas variáveis consistiu na aplicação de um questionário elaborado segundo as recomendações propostas por Likert e da utilização do Método dos intervalos sucessivos para determinar as distâncias entre os elementos de uma escala. Tal método apresentou-se apropriado, de fácil aplicação e produziu elementos suficientes para a análise. Os resultados mostraram que existem restrições aos deslocamentos a pé realizados pelos moradores de uma área urbana seccionada por uma rodovia (os efeitos), resultantes do Efeito Barreira, como também permitiram identificar a importância dos atributos de definição dessas restrições (as causas).
Caracterização do clima urbano em Teodoro Sampaio/SP: uma introdução
Authors: Viana Simone Scatolon Menotti , Amorim Margarete Cristiane de Costa Trindade
Published: April 2009

Este estudo teve como objetivo principal investigar as características da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar intra-urbana e da zona rural próxima a Teodoro Sampaio, SP, cidade de pequeno porte que está localizada a 22º 53' 25" S e 52º 16' 75" W, no extremo Oeste do Estado de São Paulo/Brasil. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados miniabrigos meteorológicos. Os miniabrigos meteorológicos foram equipados com psicrômetros e distribuídos em sete pontos, sendo seis na área urbana e um na área rural, sendo que as coletas de dados foram realizadas às 7h, 9h, 15h e 21h. As coletas de dados aconteceram em dias representativos de janeiro de 2005 - verão; e em julho de 2005 - inverno. Esse estudo concluiu que Teodoro Sampaio, cidade de pequeno porte com aproximadamente 16.000 habitantes, já possui um clima urbano específico, conseqüência da ocupação do solo e das funcionalidades urbanas, o que acabou gerando para a cidade ilhas de calor e de frescor.
Exportação de carga poluidora para identificação de áreas úmidas sob risco ambiental na bacia hidrográfica da Lagoa Mirim
Authors: Steinke Valdir Adilson , Saito Carlos Hiroo
Published: April 2009

Para compreender bacias hidrográficas, é necessário que todos os elementos da paisagem sejam analisados de maneira transversal, no tempo e no espaço. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a bacia de contribuição direta da Lagoa Mirim por meio dos tipos de uso da terra e seus impactos nas áreas úmidas nela situadas. Utilizando um Sistema de Informações Geográficas, foram calculados, por meio de dois modelos, o MQUAL e o PLOAD, parâmetros de carga poluidora e identificadas áreas mais ameaçadas por poluição, a partir do tipo de uso da terra. As análises revelaram a necessidade de uma gestão compartilhada da bacia.
O zoneamento morfológico funcional das cidades médias mineiras: o exemplo de Barão de Cocais
Authors: Alves Melina Amoni Silveira , Diniz Alexandre Magno Alves
Published: April 2009

O presente artigo analisa o zoneamento morfológico funcional de Barão de Cocais (MG), a partir do modelo proposto por Amorim Filho (2005), que identifica a organização do espaço intra-urbano, apontando funções e relações com suas áreas de influência. A razão fundamental deste estudo é a constatação de que Barão de Cocais é um claro exemplo de um Centro Urbano Emergente, resultante do processo de desenvolvimento econômico local. Além disso, nas últimas décadas a cidade vem experimentando intenso crescimento econômico, passando por significativas mudanças ambientais e sociais, o que influencia na (re) organização do espaço intra-urbano. Os estudos morfológicos funcionais das cidades médias apontam novas perspectivas a serem analisadas e a Geografia tem um campo privilegiado para execução destes. Este trabalho aborda os mais variados aspectos urbanos de Barão de Cocais, trazendo à tona múltiplas facetas geográficas.
Veraneio marítimo na metrópole: o caso de Aquiraz, Ceará-Brasil
Authors: Pereira Alexandre Queiroz , Dantas Eustógio Wanderley Correia
Published: April 2009

As modernas práticas marítimas, em especial o veraneio, representam novas possibilidades de aproximação da sociedade com o mar, destacando o espaço litorâneo como prioritário para o lazer e moradia das populações das grandes aglomerações urbanas. Desta forma, a urbanização torna-se processo dialeticamente relacionado à disseminação da maritimidade moderna. Para compreender este processo, tomar-se-á como estudo de caso a expansão do veraneio marítimo em direção ao espaço litorâneo de Aquiraz. O cerne é entender a influência da Metrópole na diluição do veraneio marítimo no espaço revelado como litoral, em destaque as zonas de praia, inscritas ao tecido urbano da Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza. Os veranistas, os empreendedores imobiliários, o poder público municipal e estadual são sujeitos sociais envolvidos no processo gerador de uma morfologia urbana descontínua, caracterizada por parcelamentos urbanos e por aglomerados de segundas residências. Evidencia-se, nestes termos, a valorização dos espaços litorâneos como condicionante para a expansão da Metrópole.
Literatura de explorações e aventuras: as "viagens extraordinárias" de Júlio Verne
Authors: Amorim Filho Oswaldo Bueno
Published: April 2009

O forte desenvolvimento dos estudos humanistas-culturais, na geografia mundial, nas últimas décadas facilitou um novo florescimento de uma antiga colaboração entre geografia e literatura. O presente ensaio introdutório busca resgatar uma das manifestações literárias mais próximas da geografia, ou seja, a "literatura de viagens, explorações e aventuras". Esta literatura teve seu apogeu na Europa do século XIX, especialmente na Alemanha, no Reino Unido e na França. Neste último país, o escritor Júlio Verne é o melhor exemplo deste tipo de literatura, com sua extensa coleção das "Voyages extraordinaires". Uma análise das ligações desta coleção literária com a geografia é o principal objetivo do presente ensaio.
Relación entre agroindustrias y empresas agrocomerciales con la explotación primaria agrícola en el Área Aledaña a la ciudad de Río Cuarto, República Argentina. Modificaciones socio-territoriales
Authors: Bustamante Marina , Zalazar Diego Fabián , Agüero Ricardo Oscar
Published: April 2009

En los últimos años se ha asistido a una profunda transformación en la estructura económica de nuestro país, que ha traído aparejado un fuerte desdibujamiento de los roles desempeñados por los agentes laborales tradicionales, llevando a agudizar las desigualdades existentes entre los actores implicados. El presente trabajo -circunscripto al área aledaña a la ciudad de Río Cuarto, en la Región Pampeana argentina- constituye una aproximación a la injerencia que tienen las agroindustrias y empresas agrocomerciales sobre la actividad primaria agrícola mediante la explotación de tierras en propiedad, arrendadas, en sociedad, etc, conformando para ello asociaciones de diversa índole entre los diferentes actores del mundo rural a través de un complejo entramado de relaciones socio-económicas. Nuestro principal propósito es detectar el peso económico de las agroindustrias y empresas agrocomerciales sobre la estructura agraria, enfatizando en sus formas operativas de trabajo con respecto a la explotación primaria agrícola y en los efectos socioeconómicos que desencadena, especialmente entre los pequeños productores. A su vez, se procura desentrañar el rol y las estrategias de adaptación desarrolladas por estos últimos. Por otra parte, se analizan las progresivas transformaciones espaciales producidas como consecuencia de estos procesos. Las transformaciones manifestadas han llevado a intensificar los procesos de integración, evidenciando un significativo cambio de roles de los actores tradicionales y la incorporación de nuevos agentes con tendencia hegemónica sobre los anteriores. Este fenómeno va acompañado de inusitados incrementos en la producción e importantes desigualdades sociales y desarticulaciones territoriales.
Regiões culturais: a construção de identidades culturais no Rio Grande do Sul e sua manifestação na paisagem gaúcha
Authors: Brum Neto Helena , Bezzi Meri Lourdes
Published: April 2009

A organização do espaço analisada pelo viés cultural permite visualizar uma gama de aspectos materiais e imateriais que perpassam o tempo e se materializam no espaço, como um legado cultural, que se manifesta através da descendência. Nessa perspectiva, essa pesquisa centra-se na análise da construção de identidades culturais no Rio Grande do Sul e sua manifestação na paisagem gaúcha, salientando as principais regiões culturais existentes no Estado atualmente. Teve-se como meta regionalizar o Estado mediante critérios culturais, ou seja, estabelecer recortes espaciais de acordo com a etnia predominante, tendo como base os limites municipais. Delineados os recortes regionais, fez-se a análise das regiões culturais, de acordo com a expressividade e a manifestação do sistema simbólico que acompanha cada sociedade em sua relação com o espaço e com os seus semelhantes. Salienta-se que, a identificação dos principais códigos culturais que emanam de cada grupo social, subsidiou a análise da contribuição de cada etnia para a construção da cultura gaúcha. Nesse contexto, pode-se considerar a complexidade da composição étno-cultural do território gaúcho, oriunda de fluxos populacionais, que se inseriram mediante processos controlados por políticas específicas de incentivo ao povoamento e a colonização. Tal situação originou porções do espaço dotadas de significados que, por sua vez formam uma pluralidade cultural, ou seja, atualmente, o Estado constitui-se em um mosaico étno-cultural, composto por etnias diversificadas, ao mesmo tempo em que se reconhecem como essencialmente gaúchas.
Monitoramento de erosão laminar em diferentes usos da terra, Uberlândia - MG
Authors: Pinese Júnior José Fernando , Cruz Lísia Moreira , Rodrigues Sílvio Carlos
Published: April 2009

O processo erosivo quando agravado pela ação do homem traz problemas econômicos e ambientais, pois influenciam no nível de estabilidade do ambiente. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Experimental do Glória/UFU com o objetivo de analisar e comparar a diferença do processo de erosão pluvial entre sete tipos de usos da terra. Para isso, foram coletados dados de umidade, escoamento superficial, transporte de sedimentos e ainda imagens da cobertura foliar de cada parcela para a foto-comparação. Para o experimento foram utilizadas parcelas experimentais ou parcelas de erosão, com inclinação de 5º e uma calha de captação da água em sua parte inferior, permitindo assim que fosse coletado todo o material erodido. Como primeiro resultado foi visto que qualquer tipo de cobertura vegetal auxilia na contenção da erosão, com a interceptação das gotas da chuva e da radiação solar por parte das folhas. É visível também que com o escoamento superficial são transportadas partículas de solo e nutrientes e desta forma, os nutrientes presentes nas camadas superiores do solo são perdidos facilmente por erosão.
As unidades de paisagem como uma categoria de análise geográfica: o exemplo do município de São Vicente-SP
Authors: Amorim Raul Reis , Oliveira Regina Célia de
Published: April 2009

O município de São Vicente objeto de estudo desta pesquisa, incluiu-se na Baixada Santista no domínio Geomorfológico da Província Costeira no Estado de São Paulo, caracteriza-se pela ocorrência de paisagens diversas sob domínio das zonas de Serranias e Planície Costeira. Apresenta um intenso uso urbano que se estabelece sob áreas de risco vulneráveis a eventos relacionados a movimentos de massa e inundações, fatos que se agravam em razão do crescente processo de ocupação. Tendo em vista o exposto, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi a identificação e caracterização dos agentes e processos físico-ambientais, atuantes na área costeira no Município de São Vicente, como subsídio para a efetivação da proposta de definição de unidades da paisagem que representem os diversos níveis de fragilidades ambientais acentuadas pelo modelo de uso em que se consolida a organização do espaço na área do município. Com o propósito de alcançar tal objetivo, foi realizada a caracterização fisiográfica e o levantamento de dados de campo que subsidiou a análise dos parâmetros geomórficos, climáticos e hidrodinâmicos.
Quota per capita de água, fatores intervenientes e modelagem: estudo de caso para classes socioeconômicas de Cuiabá-MT
Authors: Silva Welitom Ttatom Pereira da , Santos Aldecy Almeida , Gomes Luiz Airton , Musis Carlo Ralph de
Published: April 2009

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estimar modelos matemáticos que projetem quotas per capita de água em cada classe de rendimento (alta, médio-alta, média, médio-baixa, baixa) a partir de variáveis intervenientes no município de Cuiabá-MT. Os resultados indicaram a variável econômica como variável explicativa (tarifa da água), e as climáticas, pouco relevantes ao estudo. Foram propostos modelos matemáticos à projeção de quota per capita de água para as classes de rendimento alta e médio-alta. As baixas correlações entre a quota per capita e variáveis dependentes não permitiram a estimativa de modelos matemáticos às classes de rendimento média, médio-baixa e baixa.
Thyroid hormone regulation of mRNAs encoding thyrotropin β-subunit, glycoprotein α-subunit, and thyroid hormone receptors α and β in brain, pituitary gland, liver, and gonads of an adult teleost, Pimephales promelas
Authors: Lema Sean C , Dickey Jon T , Schultz Irvin R , Swanson Penny
Published: April 2009

Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate growth, morphological development, and migratory behaviors in teleost fish, yet little is known about the transcriptional dynamics of gene targets for THs in these taxa. Here, we characterized TH regulation of mRNAs encoding thyrotropin subunits and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in an adult teleost fish model, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Breeding pairs of adult minnows were fed diets containing 3,5,3′-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) or the goitrogen methimazole for 10 days. In males and females, dietary intake of exogenous T3 elevated circulating total T3, while methimazole depressed plasma levels of total thyroxine (T4). In both sexes, this methimazole-induced reduction in T4 led to elevated mRNA abundance for thyrotropin β-subunit (tshβ) in the pituitary gland. Fish treated with T3 had elevated transcript levels for TR isoforms α and β (trα and trβ) in the liver and brain, but reduced levels of brain mRNA for the immediate-early gene basic transcription factor-binding protein (bteb). In the ovary and testis, exogenous T3 elevated gene transcripts for tshβ, glycoprotein hormone α-subunit (gphα), and trβ, while not affecting trα levels. Taken together, these results demonstrate negative feedback of T4 on pituitary tshβ, identify trα and trβ as T3-autoinduced genes in the brain and liver, and provide new evidence that tshβ, gphα, and trβ are THs regulated in the gonad of teleosts. Adult teleost models are increasingly used to evaluate the endocrine-disrupting effects of chemical contaminants, and our results provide a systemic assessment of TH-responsive genes during that life stage.
Defining the intelligent public sector construction client
Authors: Aritua B. , Male S. , Bower D.
Published: April 2009

Recent efforts and aspirations to transform the delivery of major capital programmes and projects in UK public sector construction by focusing on achievement of value for money, whole-life asset management and sustainable procurement have led to the adoption of integrated procurement routes characterised by multiplicity of stakeholders with a diversity of differing and often competing requirements. A study of the challenges faced by the public sector to deliver present and future major capital programmes and projects gravitates to the role of the intelligent client, and concomitant skills and capabilities. The results of the multiple case studies research show that the challenges of this role are especially evident at the interface between the internal organisation and the external suppliers and advisors from the private sector. The research concludes that the intelligent client role requires an individual champion with a unique set of skills working in an environment of a supporting team and capable organisation.
A role for assisted evolution in designing native plant materials for domesticated landscapes
Authors: Jones Thomas A , Monaco Thomas A
Published: April 2009

Developers of native plant propagation materials for wildland restoration may emphasize naturally occurring genetic patterns or, in contrast, the material's empirical performance in comparative field trials. We contend that both approaches have value and need not be mutually exclusive. Anthropogenic influences have pushed many ecosystems across ecological thresholds, to less desirable states, so that actively managing for “domesticated nature” – nature as modified, either intentionally or inadvertently, by humans – is more realistic and more likely to succeed than recreating the original ecosystem. Furthermore, when domesticated nature is the most reasonable objective, empirical performance, together with geographical origin, are plausible criteria for choosing restoration plant material. For altered ecosystems, we suggest that evolution should be assisted by the inclusion of plants that (1) reflect general historical evolutionary patterns, (2) are particularly suited to the modified environment, (3) are able to adapt to contemporary selection pressures, and (4) contribute to the restoration of ecosystem structure and function.
Root Water Extraction under Combined Water and Osmotic Stress
Authors: de Jong van Lier Q. , van Dam J.C. , Metselaar K.
Published: April 2009

Using a numerical implicit model for root water extraction by a single root in a symmetric radial flow problem, based on the Richards equation and the combined convection‐dispersion equation, we investigated some aspects of the response of root water uptake to combined water and osmotic stress. The model implicitly incorporates the effect of simultaneous pressure head and osmotic head on root water uptake, and does not require additional assumptions (additive or multiplicative) to derive the combined effect of water and salt stress. Simulation results showed that relative transpiration equals relative matric flux potential, which is defined as the matric flux potential calculated with an osmotic pressure head‐dependent lower bound of integration, divided by the matric flux potential at the onset of limiting hydraulic conditions. In the falling rate phase, the osmotic head near the root surface was shown to increase in time due to decreasing root water extraction rates, causing a more gradual decline of relative transpiration than with water stress alone. Results furthermore show that osmotic stress effects on uptake depend on pressure head or water content, allowing a refinement of the approach in which fixed reduction factors based on the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil solution extract are used. One of the consequences is that osmotic stress is predicted to occur in situations not predicted by the saturation extract analysis approach. It is also shown that this way of combining salinity and water as stressors yields results that are different from a purely multiplicative approach. An analytical steady state solution is presented to calculate the solute content at the root surface, and compared with the outputs of the numerical model. Using the analytical solution, a method has been developed to estimate relative transpiration as a function of system parameters, which are often already used in vadose zone models: potential transpiration rate, root length density, minimum root surface pressure head, and soil θ‐h and K‐h functions.
Animal performance and carcass characteristics of growing Hereford bulls under insulated, uninsulated and outdoor housing conditions in Northern Finland
Authors: HUUSKONEN A. , TUOMISTO L. , JOKI-TOKOLA E.
Published: April 2009

The objective of the present study was to compare the performance of Hereford bulls in an insulated tie-stall, an uninsulated barn and a forest paddock in Northern Finland (Ruukki: 64°44N, 25°15E). In November 1999, thirty Hereford bulls (age 6.8±0.5 (mean±SD) months; live weight (LW) 285±35 kg) were divided into six groups of five animals according to their LW and the groups were randomly allotted to one of three treatments: tie-stall in an insulated barn (IB bulls, ten animals in individual stalls), pen in an uninsulated barn (UB bulls, 5 animals per pen, two pens) and forest paddock (PAD bulls, 5 animals per paddock, two paddocks). The experiment ended in October 2000, when the bulls were 18.3±0.5 months of age and 772±51 kg LW. During the entire experiment the live weight gain (LWG) of the UB bulls was 7% higher than that of the IB bulls (1436 vs. 1339 g d-1, p
Pyrolysis of Acetylene for Vacuum Carburizing of Steel: Modeling with Detailed Kinetics
Authors: Khan Rafi U , Buchholz Dominic , Graf Frank , Reimert Rainer
Published: April 2009

Acetylene was pyrolyzed in a thermogravimetric reactor system under the vacuum carburizing conditions of steel. The products of pyrolysis were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography. The reactor was numerically simulated by using a detailed reaction mechanism. Sensitivity analysis and reaction flow analysis was performed under the investigated conditions to identify important reaction steps. The comparison of experimental and modeling results is discussed in this paper.
Direct Reaction of Silicon with Ethyl Chloride in a Fluidized Bed Reactor
Authors: Hamawand Ihsan , Mohammed Thamer , Jalhoom Moayyed G.
Published: April 2009

The aim of this work was to study the production of diethyldichlorosilane [(C2H5)2SiCl2]. The catalytic reaction of silicon (Si) of purity 99.9% with ethylchloride (C2H5Cl) was investigated in a fluidized bed reactor. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) of purity 99.9% was used as a catalyst of the reaction. Gas chromatography was used on-line for analysis of the reaction products. The experimental work was carried out using a stainless steel column of 5cm internal diameter and 50cm height as the fluidized bed reactor.The experiments start with different bed temperatures between 200 and 300 C to identify the optimum reaction temperature. This temperature was found to be at 250 C, which resulted in the maximum of ethylchloride (EtCl) conversion and diethyldichlorosilane yield. In fifteen runs, the variables considered were sieve-analysis average particle size dp (50,100, and 150 µm), contact mass weight wt (100  200 gm) and reacted gas velocity Ug (1.41  2.83 cm/s). It was found that the conversion of EtCl increases with decreasing reacted gas velocity, increasing bed contact mass and particle diameter. The yield of Et2SiCl2 was not affected by these variables, but bed temperature was found to have a significant affect.Two mathematical models, the Orcut model and the continuous CSTR model were used to predict theoretical data for the conversion of EtCl. The comparison between the experimental and the theoretical data showed good agreement with an absolute error of less than 9%.
Beyond Soft Law? An Assessment of International Labour Organisation Freedom of Association Complaints as a Means to Protect Collective Bargaining Rights in the United States
Authors: Ziaja Andrew J
Published: April 2009

This article examines the effectiveness of International Labour Organisation Complaints (ILO) as a means to protect workers' ability to bargain collectively in the United States. It focuses, as a case study, on an ILO Committee on Freedom of Association (“CFA") report that was issued in 2007. Two years prior, in 2005, The United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America (“UE") filed an ILO complaint alleging that a North Carolina statute, NCGS § 95-98, which prohibits any public entity from entering into a collective bargaining agreement with a trade union, violated international law and the United States' treaty obligations under the ILO regime. The CFA agreed and recommended that the statute be repealed.Any attempt to enforce the CFA's report (UE Report) in a U.S. district court would be fraught with obstacles. This article addresses these obstacles in turn. Part I discusses the UE Report in relation to domestic precedent upholding NCGS § 95-98 under United States constitutional law. Part II examines the legal basis of the UE Report under international law, including whether the right to bargain collectively is a preemptory norm. Part III, finally, considers the domestic enforceability of ILO treaty law and the UE Report under the U.S. Supreme Court's recent ruling in Medellín v. Texas, an immediately important transnational law decision.
Combined Experimental and Simulation (CFD) Analysis on Thermal Performance of Plate Heat Exchanger Using Kerosene as Working Fluid
Authors: Thayalan K.Dheena , Kalaichelvi Ponnusamy
Published: April 2009

The plate heat exchanger exhibits excellent heat transfer characteristic, which allows a very compact design with ease of maintenance and modification of heat transfer area by adding (or) removing plates. Constructional parameters such as flow path, trough angle and corrugation can affect the performance of plate heat exchangers by altering effectiveness (?) and number of transfer unit (NTU). Especially plate heat exchangers play a vital role in petroleum industries for wide range of temperature application. Hence, it was proposed to choose kerosene as cold fluid and hot water as hot fluid in this present investigation. A vertical type of plate heat exchanger, in which flow pattern is maintained as co-current, has been used to conduct the experimental runs. The numbers of plates in the plate heat exchanger used in the present study are 10. The number of flow channels (space maintained between two consecutive channels) allocated for both fluids are 9. Experimental runs have been conducted for different combinations of hot fluid flow rates and cold fluid flow rates for single phase flow, in which hot water is considered as hot streams and kerosene as cold fluid. The thermal performance of plate heat exchanger has been analyzed based on calculated parameters using experimental data set. A similar corrugated plate heat exchanger model having the same dimensions as that of the experimental one was developed with aid of CFD tool. The model was simulated at different operating conditions and compared with experimental results. The simulated results are in good agreement with experimental data. The percentage deviation between experimental results and simulation results for over all heat transfer coefficient is less than ±6%.
Practitioners' Experiences of Personal Ownership and Autonomy in Their Support for Young Children's Thinking
Authors: Robson Sue , Fumoto Hiroko
Published: April 2009

This article reports the third phase of the Froebel Research Fellowship Project: ‘The Voice of the Child: ownership and autonomy in early learning’. Building on the first and second phases of this study, this phase examined early years practitioners' experiences of supporting young children's thinking in relation to the personal ownership and autonomy they felt in their practice. Thirteen early years practitioners (1 male, 12 female) working in private, voluntary and local authority nursery schools and reception classes in England took part in the informal one-to-one semi-structured interview study. Themes such as (1) dealing with constraints, (2) the importance of flexibility based on shared understandings amongst the team of practitioners and (3) interpersonal relationships emerged as central to practitioners' views about concepts of ownership and autonomy, and the ways in which practitioners endeavour to exercise agency in directing the course of their practice in extending children's thinking.
Comparison of protein patterns among some Salmonella serovars and E. coli by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Authors: Begum F , Adachi Y , Khan MSR
Published: April 2009

The study was conducted to compare the protein patterns among some Salmonella serovars and E. coli using Two Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electophoresis. The Two Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electophoresis showed a 37.81 kDa well separated protein spots with all Salmonella serovars at the same time with E. coli a 36.5 kDa protein. However, these protein spots of Two Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electophoresis were further tested with Immunoblotting analysis with specific antiserum against Salmonella typhimurium infected chicks. All selected Salmonella serovars successfully identified a common 37.81 kDa protein whereas E. coli spots identified as 36.5 kDa protein instead of 37.81 kDa. As a further monitoring of these proteins as to check the homogeneity and heterogeneity for N-terminal amino acid sequencing, the specific protein bands from all Salmonella serovars and E. coli were excised, purified and subjected to sequence analysis. The amino acid sequence alignment showed the 37.81 kDa proteins of some Salmonella serovars were identical or homologous among the Salmonella serovars. The N-terminal amino acid alignments of the 37.81 kDa proteins were determined as alanineglutamine- valine-isoleucine-asparagine-threonine-asparagine. On the other hand, the N-terminal amino acid alignment of the 36.5 kDa protein of E. coli ACLD2201 was found to be heterologous as alanine-proline-lysine-aspartic acid-aspararginethreonine- tryptophan. The findings of this study can be concluded that the 37.81 kDa protein of some Salmonella serovars and 36.5 kDa protein of E. coli were completely different though there is some identity of these organisms due to the presence of Enterobacterial common antigen. Key words: Salmonella, 2D-PAGE, amino acid sequence doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2324 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 127-138
Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and its effects on milk production in Red Chittagong cattle
Authors: Rahman MA , Samad MA
Published: April 2009

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one of the most prevalent economically important zoonotic diseases and tuberculin test has been widely used to detect its prevalence worldwide. This study used a commercial immunochromatographic assay (ICGA) to detect the prevalence of bTB and to evaluate the differences in milk production between lactating cows with positive and negative results in Bangladesh. Thirty Red Chittagong (indigenous) cattle (RCC) were randomly selected from a herd of 87 RCC maintained at the Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm (BAUDF), Mymensingh during the period from March to July 2008, of which 30% cattle showed positive reaction to bTB. Of the 30 tested cattle, 35.29% (6/17) lactating cows, 20.0% (1/5) non-lactating pregnant cows, 33.33% (1/3) weaned calves and 20.0% (1/5) unweaned calves showed positive reaction to bTB. The detection of bTB in two calves and their respective mother cows indicates the possible transmission of TB organism through their colostrums / milk. Of the 17 lactating cows, 6 cows had positive and 11 had negative results to bTB. Cows with positive results produced less milk ( mean 1.29 litre / day / cow ) in comparison to cows with negative test ( mean 1.57 litre / day/ cow ) results which appeared as 17.83% reduction of milk production. Further study on the mastitis with or without bTB and its effect on milk production require data of more herds for conclusion of these results. Key words: Red Chittagong cattle, bovine tuberculosis, immunochromatographic assay, milk production doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2332 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 175-178
Sero-surveillance and immunization in sheep and goats against peste des petits ruminants in Bangladesh
Authors: Banik SC , Podder SC , Samad MA , Islam MT
Published: April 2009

The sero-surveillance and immunization studies on Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in non-descriptive indigenous sheep and Black Bengal goats aged between 5 to 12 months were carried out in the district of Mymensingh during the period from June to November 2003. Sero-prevalence of PPR by using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) was conducted on 100 sheep and 100 goats which were selected randomly from 10 different areas in the district of Mymensingh. Of the 100 sheep and 100 goats tested, 27% sheep and 25% goats had positive (â¥ 50) antibody titre. This indicates that 27% sheep and 25% goats might have the capability to resist natural PPR infection and accordingly, sero-monitoring could be required to give a better indication of nation herd immunity. The immunization study against PPR with a commercial PPR VACÂ® was conducted on 10 sheep and 10 goats by inoculating @ 1.0 ml vaccine / animal subcutaneously. The clinical, haematological, biochemical and antibody levels were determined at pre-immunization and at 7th, 14th and 21st day of postimmunization. The mean antibody titre at 7th, 14th and 21st day of post-immunization in sheep (38.28 Â± 4.34, 58.63 Â± 3.60 & 68.27 Â± 3.09) and goats (49.84 Â± 4.37, 63.23 Â± 3.64 & 76.60 Â± 4.07) were significantly (p < 0.01) increased in comparison to the respective pre-immunization mean titre of sheep (20.0 Â± 6.78) and goats (14.00 Â± 6.96). Results of haematological examination showed that the PPR VACÂ® has no effects on haemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), packed celled volume (PCV) and total erythrocyte count (TEC). The TLC was markedly increased at all the stages of postimmunization in both sheep and goats but significantly (p < 0.05) increased at 21st day (10.08 Â± 1.55 103 / mm3) in sheep and at 14th day (14.76 Â± 0.84 103 / mm3) in goats in comparison to pre-immunization values of sheep (7.95 Â± 0.97 103 / mm3) and goats (9.00 Â± 1.28 103 / mm3). No distinct difference was observed on rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory rate between the pre- and post-immunization values which indicates PPR-VACÂ® has no clinical effects in vaccinated animals. No significant differences on calcium, albumin, total serum protein (TSP) and glucose levels were observed between the pre- and post-immunization values in both the sheep and goats. But the TSP in both the sheep 8.43 Â± 0.69 g/dl) and goats (8.26 Â± 0.50 g / dl) at 21st day of post-immunization increased insignificantly (p > 0.05) in comparison to the pre-immunization values of sheep (7.66 Â± 0.79 g / dl) and goats (7.89 Â± 0.92 g / dl). The results of humoral immune response produced by PPR-VACÂ® indicates the activity of the inoculated vaccine but challenge studies with virulent PPR virus would be required to confirm its efficacy. Key words: PPR, sheep, goats, sero-surveillance, C-ELISA, PPR-VACÂ®, haematology, biochemistry Â  doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2334 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 185-190
Compliance efficacy of modified curing methods to control black bengal goat skin deterioration
Authors: Rashid MHO , Siddique MP , Zinnah MA , Huq MA , Samad MA , Rahman MM
Published: April 2009

The study was conducted to determine microbial spoilage of skins of Black Bengal goats at various stages and to assess the efficacy of modified curing processes of that skins, during the period of July to November 2006. A total number of six intact skins from Black Bengal goat of two years of age were obtained from markets located at Bangladesh Agricultural University Campus and Mymensingh town. After the usual traditional method of flaying these skins were properly washed prior to curing process. Raw or green skin samples without subjected to treatment process were used as control. Two categories of samples were prepared, one immediately after the completion of flaying, i.e. considered as zero hour of sampling and the other after twenty-four hours of storage at the ambient temperature. The rest of the samples were treated with different preparations of Neem oil, Tolcide (30L), and Busan (40L) and common salt and kept for various periods. From each of the differently treated skins, bacteriological samples were taken aseptically from the regions of shoulder, belly and butt each sampling weighing about 10 grams. The bacteriological analysis of the samples was performed by determining total viable count in order to find out the extent of contamination and varying bacterial load of the three different regions. Moreover, the isolation and identification of various bacteria contaminating the skin samples was done and the efficacy of curing agents to minimize bacterial load and the survivability of microbes were studied. The results showed that Staphylococci, E. coli, Bacillus, Pseudomonas etc bacteria were isolated from raw and cured skin samples and Tolcide (30L) 0.04% and Busan (40L) 0.04% and Neem oil 10% and common salt 20% were the best curing agents from microbial quality point of view. Key words: Goats skin, curing agent, bacterial load, TVC, TCC, TSC Â  doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2335 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 191-196
Morphology of esophagus of Black Bengal Goat
Authors: Islam MS , Awal MA , Quasem MA , Asaduzzaman M , Das SK
Published: April 2009

The morphology of esophagus of Black Bengal goat was studied 6 Black Bengal goats of over six months of age of both sex in the Department of Anatomy and Histology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh using. The topography, shape, size, esophageal length including cervical and thoracic parts were measured. The esophagus was sampled at six sites - cranial cervical, middle cervical, caudal cervical, at the level of thoracic inlet, at the middle mediastinum and at the level of cardia. The esophagus was 45-50 cm long. The cervical part of esophagus was 13-15 cm long and the thoracic part was 32-30 cm long. The highest and lowest diameter was found 5.1 cm and 3.2 cm at the cardia and at the cranial cervical part of the esophagus respectively. Key words: Morphology, esophagus, Black Bengal goat doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2340 Â  Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 223-225
A MEMS-based Benzene Gas Sensor with a Self-heating WO3 Sensing Layer
Authors: Ke Ming-Tsun , Lee Mu-Tsun , Lee Chia-Yen , Fu Lung-Ming
Published: April 2009

In the study, a MEMS-based benzene gas sensor is presented, consisting of a quartz substrate, a thin-film WO3 sensing layer, an integrated Pt micro-heater, and Pt interdigitated electrodes (IDEs). When benzene is present in the atmosphere, oxidation occurs on the heated WO3 sensing layer. This causes a change in the electrical conductivity of the WO3 film, and hence changes the resistance between the IDEs. The benzene concentration is then computed from the change in the measured resistance. A specific orientation of the WO3 layer is obtained by optimizing the sputtering process parameters. It is found that the sensitivity of the gas sensor is optimized at a working temperature of 300 °C. At the optimal working temperature, the experimental results show that the sensor has a high degree of sensitivity (1.0 KΩ ppm-1), a low detection limit (0.2 ppm) and a rapid response time (35 s).
Arthrodesis of the Knee Using Computer Navigation in Failed Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Jung Kwang Am , Lee Su Chan , Song Moon Bok
Published: April 2009

Arthrodesis is used most commonly as a salvage procedure for failed total knee arthroplasty (TKA). For successful arthrodesis, a stable fusion technique and acceptable limb mechanical alignment are needed. Although the use of TKA intramedullary alignment rods may be helpful in terms of achieving an acceptable limb mechanical axis, fat embolism and intramedullary dissemination of an infection or reactivation of latent infection may occur in failed TKA cases with an active infection or a past history of infections. In this situation, computer-assisted surgery allows precise cuts to be made in the frontal and sagittal planes without breaching medullary cavities.

Navigated femoral and tibial bone resections were performed perpendicular to the coronal mechanical axis. Also, femoral resection was conducted at 0° of flexion to the sagittal axis, and the tibial resection at 7° of flexion to the sagittal axis. The arthrodesis was held in proper axial and rotational alignment. First, the tibia was placed against the femur, ensuring good bony apposition mediolaterally and anteroposteriorly. Second, the rotational alignment was also rechecked based on the information obtained from the navigation system, suggesting that the mechanical axis will be neutral if the rotational alignment is correct because the tibial slope was increased posteriorly. Knee arthrodesis was completed using the Ilizarov method. Postoperative radiographs revealed satisfactory alignment.

We believe that computer navigation could be an alternative surgical option for arthrodesis for failed TKA secondary to intra-articular infection and could be used for failed TKA with extra-articular deformity.
Fracture of a Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Retentive Liner
Authors: Samuelson Eric M. , Cordero Gustavo X. , Fehringer Edward V.
Published: April 2009

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty may be indicated in shoulders that cannot be effectively managed by conventional reconstruction procedures. Reported complications include instability, infection, hematoma, scapular notching, and premature component loosening. To our knowledge, however, fracture of a humeral component polyethylene inlay has not been described.

A 72-year-old man presented with unstable, painful shoulders after undergoing unsuccessful open repairs and acromioplasties at an outside institution for bilateral massive rotator cuff tears. We performed a left reversed shoulder arthroplasty with a 36-mm glenosphere and a +9-mm polyethylene liner. In the operating room under general anesthesia with chemical paralysis and an interscalene block, his shoulder was stable. The patient required revision with a metal 9-mm lateralizer following an atraumatic dislocation 4 weeks postoperatively. Four weeks following the revision, the patient again presented with a dislocated left shoulder without antecedent trauma. During this second revision, the +6-mm standard polyethylene liner was replaced with a +6-mm lateral retentive polyethylene liner. A third revision surgery was performed after the patient experienced 2 more dislocations with minor activity. Intraoperatively, a fracture of the previously placed +6-mm retentive polyethylene liner was noted.

This article may represent a case of dramatic scapular impingement by the humeral components. More subtle forms of scapular notching are common and may suggest significant long-term problems. Many reverse shoulder prostheses are being refined or modified in an attempt to eliminate or reduce the scapular notching phenomenon.
Small Cell Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma
Authors: Yang Jun Young , Kim Jin Man
Published: April 2009

Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is a rare malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that accounts for <4% of all osteosarcomas and approximately 1.2% of all soft tissue sarcomas. Among the extraskeletal osteosarcomas, the small cell type is extremely rare. This article describes a 31-year-old man who had small cell extraskeletal osteosarcoma arising from the semimembranosus muscle. An incisional biopsy was performed and the histopathological findings showed many small cells and osteoid formation. The results were reported as a malignant small round cell tumor, consistent with an extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma or primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Immunohistochemically, the tumor showed reactivity with antibodies against CD99 and neuron-specific enolase, but not with antibodies against S100 protein, CD138, α smooth muscle actin, chromogranin, Ki-67, leukocyte common antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, CD30, or desmin.

The patient refused neoadjuvant chemotherapy. One week after an open biopsy, a wide marginal resection was performed. The final diagnosis was small cell extraskeletal osteosarcoma. Adjuvant chemotherapy was performed using doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and cisplatin together with a total of 60 Gy of radiation therapy. At 2-year followup, the functional Enneking score of the operated lower extremity was 28 points. We performed chest computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography–computed tomography. There were no regional recurrence and distant metastasis. Presently the patient is disease free.
Current Practice in Airway Management: A Descriptive Evaluation
Authors: Kjonegaard Rebecca , Fields Willa , King Major L.
Published: April 2009

Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia, a common complication of mechanical ventilation, could be reduced if health care workers implemented evidence-based practices that decrease the risk for this complication.

Objectives To determine current practice and differences in practices between registered nurses and respiratory therapists in managing patients receiving mechanical ventilation.

Methods A descriptive comparative design was used. A convenience sample of 41 registered nurses and 25 respiratory therapists who manage critical care patients treated with mechanical ventilation at Sharp Grossmont Hospital, La Mesa, California, completed a survey on suctioning techniques and airway management practices. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data.

Results Significant differences existed between nurses and respiratory therapists for hyperoxygenation before suctioning (P =.03). In the 2 groups, nurses used the ventilator for hyper-oxygenation more often, and respiratory therapists used a bag-valve device more often (P =.03). Respiratory therapists instilled saline (P <.001) and rinsed the closed system with saline after suctioning (P =.003) more often than nurses did. Nurses suctioned oral secretions (P <.001) and the nose of orally intubated patients (P =.01), brushed patients’ teeth with a toothbrush (P<.001), and used oral swabs to clean the mouth (P <.001) more frequently than respiratory therapists did.

Conclusion Nurses and respiratory therapists differed significantly in the management of patients receiving mechanical ventilation. To reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia, both nurses and respiratory therapists must be consistent in using best practices when managing patients treated with mechanical ventilation.