bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MATURATION AND FECUNDITY OF THE SPUR‐THROATED LOCUST, AUSTRACRIS GUTTULOSA (WALKER), IN NEW SOUTH WALES DURING THE 1974/75 PLAGUE
Authors: FARROW R. A.
Published: August 2010

The maturation and fecundity of the spur‐throated locust were measured in populations of three different densities in northern and central western New South Wales during spring and summer, 1974/75.

Adults overwinter in a non‐reproductive condition and the females mature in spring. The initial ovarian cycle of the female, from the first appearance of yolk in the terminal oocyte of the ovary to ovulation and oviposition, covered an eight‐week period during October and November, 1974u Subsequent cycles, leading to successive ovipositions, during the remainder of the seasonal breeding period of this univoltine species, were much shorter although delayed initially by dry conditions in December, 1974.

The number of eggs detached in the oviduct and about to be laid, averaged 136 per female and was only 15% less than the maximum possible, which was equivalent to the ovariole number of 160 per female. Seasonal variations in clutch size were small and were not affected by dry conditions. Approximately five pods were laid by each female between November and April.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: McRae T. M.
Published: August 2010

Insects, Hygiene and History: J. R. Busvine. The Athlone Press of the University of London. 1976. 262 pp. approximately $20.
INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA (HÜBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN AREAS OF QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA
Authors: KAY I. R.
Published: August 2010

Testing of Heliothis armigera larvae by topical application during 1973‐74 and 1974‐75 showed high levels of resistance to DDT in strains from Brookstead (>100‐fold), Bowen (>100‐fold), St. George (97‐fold) and Capella (66‐fold). Lower levels of resistance were shown in strains from Mareeba (37‐fold), Bundaberg (22‐fold), Redland Bay (30‐fold) and Cambooya (15‐fold). The Capella and St. George strains were less susceptible to DDT + camphechlor than the Brookstead strain, but resistance to this insecticide mixture was not considered to have been proven. The St. George strain was 21 times more resistant to endosulfan than the Brookstead strain. No evidence of resistance to parathion‐methyl was demonstrated. Two strains of H. punctigera showed no resistance to DDT.
FIRST CAPTURES OF THE MIGRATORY LOCUST, LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA L., AT LIGHT‐TRAPS AND THEIR ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: FARROW R. A.
Published: August 2010

Records of the migratory locust from specially designed light traps provide the first demonstration, known to the author, of systematic catches of the tropical race of this species in light traps. Variations in the catches between 1973 and 1976 are related to population changes in the field and suggest that population displacement at night can be monitored in relation to synoptic weather by means of a network of such traps. A comparison is made between the catches of migratory locust with those of the plague and spur‐throated locust and reflects changes in the plague status of these three species.
MOTOR NERVE RESPONSE TO A FORMAMIDINE IN BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS
Authors: BINNINGTON K. C. , RICE M. J.
Published: August 2010

The acaricidal formamidine BTS‐27271 [N'‐(2,4‐dimethylphenyl)‐N‐methyl formamidine] was shown to cause a rapid transient increase of spike frequency in a coxal nerve of the tick B. microplus.
THE GENUS ONTHOPHILUS LEACH IN AUSTRALIA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: HISTERIDAE)
Authors: HELAVA J. , HOWDEN H. F.
Published: August 2010

The genus Onthophilus is recorded as new for the Australian region and O. australis sp. n., from northern Queensland, is described and figured.
A NEW GENUS MYRASCIA FOR A GROUP OF AUSTRALIAN OECOPHORIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) PREVIOUSLY REFERRED TO PHILOBOTA MEYRICK
Authors: COMMON I. F. B.
Published: August 2010

A new genus Myrascia is proposed for 12 species of Oecophoridae from southern Australia, four of which are described as new. The larvae of three species feed on the foliage of Melaleuca Linnaeus, Leptospermum J. R. and G. Forster and Kunzea Reichenbach (Myrtaceae). A key to the adults is given, the larvae of two species are described, and the venation, mouthparts, genitalia of both sexes and wing patterns of adults, as well as the chaetotaxy of the larvae, are figured.
LARVAL DEVELOPMENT AND EMERGENCE IN HEMIANAX PAPUENSIS (BURMEISTER) (ODONATA: AESHNIDAE)
Authors: Rowe R. J.
Published: August 2010

Hemianax papuensis was raised in the laboratory from oviposition to pharate adult in 240 days. Changes in external morphology during development are described. Seasonality and emergence data indicate that in New Zealand development in the field is much slower than that in the laboratory.
A SMALL UNIT FOR HOLDING AND TRANSPORTING LIVE APHIDS ON FOLIAGE
Authors: Hughes M. A.
Published: August 2010

A small sealed unit to hold live aphids maintenance‐free for a week or more is described. The unit is particularly useful for the despatch of live material by public carrier.
TWO PEST THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA) NEW TO AUSTRALIA, WITH NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND STRUCTURAL VARIATION OF OTHER SPECIES
Authors: Houston K. J. , Mound L. A. , Palmer J. M.
Published: August 2010

The serious pest species Thrips palmi Karny and Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter), Thripidae, are newly recorded from Australia. The recorded distributions within Australia of a further 8 thrips are extended, and notes are given on the remarkable variation of Mecynothrips wallacei Bagnall, Phlaeothripidae, in Queensland.
GALL FORMATION ON THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF SKELETON WEED BY CYSTIPHORA SCHMIDTI RÜBSAAMEN (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Moore A. D.
Published: August 2010

Cystiphora schmidti produced similar numbers and densities of galls on the 3 Australian forms of its host weed Chondrilla juncea. The total number of galls increased with available leaf area. Density of galls was similar on all leaf areas offered. Low temperature significantly reduced the number and density of galls on all forms of the weed.
A NEW AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF STOMATODEX FAIN (ACARI: DEMODECIDAE) FROM THE OESOPHAGUS OF CERCARTETUS NANUS (DESMAREST) (MARSUPIALIA)
Authors: Desch Clifford E.
Published: August 2010

Stomatodex cercarteti sp.n. is described from adults and immatures from the oesophageal lining of the eastern pygmy possum, Cercartetus nanus. This is the first record of this genus from Australia and from a marsupial host.
EFFECT OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURES ON EGG DEVELOPMENT IN NOMADACRIS GUTTULOSA (WALKER) AND LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA (L.) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Elder R. J.
Published: August 2010

Eggs of N. guttulosa and L. migratoria were held until hatching at temperatures from 21.9 to 36.5°C and 21.8 to 37.3°C, respectively. At these temperatures development times for N. guttulosa ranged from 61.6 d to 18.7 d and for L. migratoria from 58.8 to 11.3 d. N. guttulosa eggs held at 40.0°C and L. migratoria at 19.8, 41.3, 42.5 and 42.9°C failed to hatch. Continuous development occurred in the eggs of both species with no evidence of interrupted development.
NEW SPECIES OF PSEUDOGAURAX MALLOCH (DIPTERA: CHLOROPIDAE) FROM AUSTRALIA AND PAPUA NEW GUINEA1
Authors: Ismay J. W.
Published: August 2010

Pseudogaurax flavidorsatus sp.n. from Queensland and P. cassideus sp.n. from Papua New Guinea are described and illustrated.
COOPERATIVE NESTING AND OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN FEMALES OF THE PREDOMINANTLY SOCIAL BEE EXONEURA BICOLOR SMITH (HYMENOPTERA: ANTHOPHORIDAE) AFTER FORCED SOLITARY ECLOSION
Authors: Schwarz M. P. , O'Keefe K. J.
Published: August 2010

Cooperative nesting is frequent in montane populations of the Australian allodapine bee Exoneura bicolor. In natural populations, multifemale colonies primarily arise from cooperative re‐use of natal nests or by the cofounding of new nests by groups of female relatives. In this study we examine ovarian enlargement of females that are artificially placed in solitary nests prior to adult eclosion. After eclosion, females were allowed to move around freely prior to overwintering. Of the females recovered at the end of our experiment, 74% had joined to form either 2 or 3‐female colonies. We found no evidence of ovarian inhibition between colony members. However, inseminated females showed significantly greater ovarian development than their uninseminated nestmates. These results indicate that the benefits of cooperative nesting are great, even when nestmates are unrelated. This may have consequences for kin selection models of altruism in Australian allodapine bees.
Review of the spider genus Yoroa Baert (Araneae: Theridiidae: Hadrotarsinae)
Authors: Harvey Mark S , Waldock Julianne M
Published: August 2010

A new species of Yoroa Baert, Yoroa taylori sp. n., is described from northern Queensland, and the type species, Yoroa clypeoglandularis Baert from Papua New Guinea, is redescribed. The previously unknown females of Y. clypeoglandularis possess identical clypeal openings to those of the males, and possess two pairs of spermathecae and a dorsoventrally flattened pedipalpal claw. These are character states that are apomorphic for the Hadrotarsinae.
The mortality of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) neonate larvae in relation to drop‐off and soil surface temperature: the dangers of bungy jumping
Authors: Perović David J , Johnson Marie‐Louise , Scholz Brad , Zalucki Myron P
Published: August 2010

The first larval instar has been identified as a critical stage for population mortality in Lepidoptera, yet due to the body size of these larvae, the factors that contribute to mortality under field conditions are still not clear. Dispersal behaviour has been suggested as a significant, but ignored factor contributing to mortality in first‐instar lepidopteran larvae. The impact that leaving the host plant has on the mortality rate of Helicoverpa armigera neonates was examined in field crops and laboratory trials. In this study the following are examined: (1) the effects of soil surface temperature, and the level of shade within the crop, on the mortality of neonates on the soil after dropping off from the host plant; (2) the percentage of neonates that dropped off from a host plant and landed on the soil; and (3) the effects of exposure to different soil surface temperatures on the development and mortality of neonates. The findings of this study showed that: (1) on the soil, surface temperatures above 43°C were lethal for neonates, and exposure to these temperatures contributed greatly to the overall mortality rate observed; however, the fate of neonates on the soil varied significantly depending on canopy closure within the crop; (2) at least 15% of neonates dropped off from the host plant and landed on the soil, meaning that the proportion of neonates exposed to these condition is not trivial; and (3) 30 min exposure to soil surface temperatures approaching the lethal level (>43°C) has no significant negative effects on the development and mortality of larvae through to the second instar. Overall leaving the plant through drop‐off contributes to first‐instar mortality in crops with open canopies; however, survival of neonates that have lost contact with a host plant is possible, and becomes more likely later in the crop growing season.
Abundance and mortality of overwintering pupae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on the Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Authors: Lloyd Richard J , Murray David A H , Hopkinson Jamie E
Published: August 2010

Surveys were conducted between 1997 and 2001 to investigate the incidence of overwintering Helicoverpa spp. pupae under summer crop residues on the Darling Downs, Queensland. Only Helicoverpa armigera was represented in collections of overwintering pupae. The results indicated that late‐season crops of cotton, sorghum, maize, soybean, mungbean and sunflower were equally likely to have overwintering pupae under them. In the absence of tillage practices, these crops had the potential to produce similar numbers of moths/ha in the spring. There were expected differences between years in the densities of overwintering pupae and the number of emerged moths/ha. Irrigated crops produced 2.5 times more moths/ha than dryland crops. Overall survival from autumn‐formed pupae to emerged moths averaged 44%, with a higher proportion of pupae under maize surviving to produce moths than each of the other crops. Parasitoids killed 44.1% of pupae, with Heteropelma scaposum representing 83.3% of all parasitoids reared from pupae. Percentage parasitism levels were lower in irrigated crops (27.6%) compared with dryland crops (40.5%). Recent changes to Helicoverpa spp. management in cotton/grain‐farming systems in south‐eastern Queensland, including widespread adoption of Bt cotton, and use of more effective and more selective insecticides, could lead to lower densities of overwintering pupae under late summer crops.
The nomenclature, taxonomy and conservation status of Ogyris waterhouseri (Bethune‐Baker, 1905) stat. nov. (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), a threatened butterfly from southern Australia
Authors: Braby Michael F , Douglas Fabian
Published: August 2010

The nomenclature and taxonomic status of Ogyris waterhouseri is revised and considered to be specifically distinct from Ogyris idmo (Hewitson 1862) based on fundamental differences in juvenile and adult morphology. For the past 94 years, O. waterhouseri has been treated either as a geographical subspecies or as synonym of O. idmo, and for the last 36 years it has been known under the name O. idmo halmaturia (Tepper 1890), which we show to be a junior synonym of O. otanes (C. & R. Felder 1865). Assessment of the conservation status of O. waterhouseri indicates that the butterfly warrants listing as Endangered nationally according to IUCN criteria. The species is restricted to habitats comprising heathland, mallee‐heathland or mallee low open‐woodland with a heath understorey on sand where colonies of the associated ant, Camponotus terebrans Lowne, 1865, occur abundantly. Ogyris waterhouseri formerly had a wide range in the coastal and semi‐arid areas of southern Australia (western and south‐western Victoria, southern South Australia); however, its geographic range is estimated to have contracted by about 88–98%, primarily due to habitat loss. Currently, the species is known from only two fragmented populations comprising a total of six extant sites. The common name Eastern Bronze Azure is proposed for O. waterhouseri.
Laparoscopic management of a retained heavily encrusted ureteral stent
Authors: BHANSALI MANISH , PATANKAR SURESH , DOBHADA SATYEN
Published: August 2010

Abstract  The indwelling ureteral stent is a fundamental part of today’s urologic practice. Since its introduction in 1978, many improvements have been made in stent design and composition to minimize patient discomfort. As a consequence, the patient can forget about the stent. A known and well‐documented complication of this situation is encrustations of the ureteral stent which causes significant morbidity to the patient, and at times, they are very difficult to manage. Reports in the literature describe techniques that require several procedures and anaesthetic sessions to effect stent extraction. Here, we report the one‐sitting laparoscopic management of a heavily encrusted and stuck DJ stent, with minimal morbidity and very short hospital stay. Laparoscopic management of this common urologic problem has not been reported before. A comprehensive discussion is also presented regarding the management of such problems and their prevention.
High‐dose chemotherapy for male germ cell tumor
Authors: HARA ISAO , MIYAKE HIDEAKI , YAMADA YUJI , TAKENAKA ATSUSHI , FUJISAWA MASATO
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Today, 20–30% of male patients with advanced germ cell tumor (GCT) do not have durable, complete remission in spite of cis‐platinum (CDDP)‐based chemotherapy. High‐dose chemotherapy (HDCT) has been tried in CDDP refractory GCT patients. Initially HDCT was performed with autologous bone marrow transplantation in heavily treated patients. However, the clinical outcome was not good and the treatment‐related death rate was not ignorable. Therefore, earlier introduction of HDCT with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation was preferable as it renders HDCT more effective and less toxic, and multicycle HDCT is feasible. The durable free rate of recent HDCT for refractory GCT patients is 32–65%. HDCT is also performed as first line chemotherapy for poor prognosis GCT patients. Induction chemotherapy followed by multicycles of HDCT was tried. The durable free rate of recent HDCT as first line chemotherapy is 43–73%. Although previous reports suggest the superiority of HDCT, one recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) failed to show an improvement with one cycle of HDCT followed by three cycles of standard‐dose chemotherapy (SDCT) compared with four cycles of SDCT. Ongoing RCT comparing multicycles of HDCT with SDCT for poor prognostic GCT patients will clarify the role of HDCT. Recently, new regimens of HDCT containing paclitaxel have been devised. In this review, the history, current status and future of HDCT for advanced or refractory GCT will be discussed.
Complete response of a recurrent advanced urachal carcinoma treated by S‐1/cisplatin combination chemotherapy
Authors: KOJIMA YOSHIYUKI , YAMADA YASUYUKI , KAMISAWA HIDEYUKI , SASAKI SHOICHI , HAYASHI YUTARO , KOHRI KENJIRO
Published: August 2010

Abstract  We report a case of recurrent advanced urachal carcinoma with right internal iliac node and left lung metastases in a 34‐year‐old man. After receiving partial cystectomy including en bloc resection of the urachus and with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection, he was treated with five courses of S‐1 and cisplatin combination chemotherapy. He remains free from the disease after a 30‐month follow‐up period. S‐1/cisplatin combination chemotherapy is suggested to be a potent tool for controlling advanced urachal carcinoma.
Lower urinary tract symptoms and risk of prostate cancer in Japanese men
Authors: MATSUBARA AKIO , YASUMOTO HIROAKI , TEISHIMA JUN , SEKI MITSUHIRO , MITA KOJI , HASEGAWA YASUHISA , YOSHINO TATEKI , KATO MASAO , USUI TSUGURU
Published: August 2010

Aim: Our aim was to investigate whether or not men with lower urinary tract symptoms are at increased risk of prostate cancer.

Methods: A total of 3511 men aged 50–79 years who underwent mass screening for prostate cancer between 2002 and 2004 for the first time, and completed the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire at the time of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test, were enrolled in the present study. All men with PSA values greater than 4.0 ng/mL were advised and encouraged to undergo transrectal systematic sextant biopsy. The number of cancers subsequently detected was compared between men with IPSS scores of 0–7 and 8–35.

Results: Of the 3511 men, 219 (6.2%) had PSA values greater than 4 ng/mL, 178 (5.1%) underwent biopsy, and 51 (1.5%) were found to have prostate cancer. Although the PSA positivity rate for men with IPSS scores of 8–35 was significantly higher than that in the 0–7 group, there were no significant intergroup differences in the cancer detection rates for biopsied men and for total screened subjects. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that prostate volume was the dominant predictor for the detection of prostate cancer, followed by PSA level, but the IPSS made no significant contribution. No significant difference was noted in the IPSS scores between men with cancer and the others of the same age group.

Conclusions: Symptomatic Japanese men are not at higher risk of prostate cancer despite their higher PSA values compared with asymptomatic men of the same age group.
Testicular metastasis of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: An unusual site
Authors: THWAINI ALI , KALUBA JOSEPH , SHERGILL IQBAL , KUMAR RAVI , LEWI HENRY
Published: August 2010

Abstract  We present a 74‐year‐old man with a testicular metastasis originating from a transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Initially, radical cystectomy and ileal‐conduit urinary diversion were performed. Three years later, he presented with a tumor in the left testicle, proved to harbor transitional cell carcinoma.
Cystadenoma of the seminal vesicle
Authors: LEE CHOONG BUM , CHOI HYUN‐JOO , CHO DAE HAENG , HA U‐SYN
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Primary tumors of the seminal vesicle are quite rare with most reported cases being carcinomas. However, benign tumors of the seminal vesicle are extremely rare. We report a case of a cystadenomas of the seminal vesicles in a 46‐year‐old asymptomatic man, which was detected incidentally by computed tomography.
Collecting duct carcinoma with acquired cystic disease of the kidney in a long‐term hemodialysis patient
Authors: Sakura Mizuaki , Masuda Hitoshi , Saito Kazutaka , Koga Fumitaka , Kawakami Satoru , Kihara Kazunori
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  We report a very rare case of collecting or Bellini duct carcinoma (CDC) found in a 60‐year‐old male who had received hemodialysis therapy for 21 years. Screening with ultrasonography revealed a solid tumor originating from the cyst wall in the right kidney with acquired cystic disease of the kidney. Subsequent computed tomography (CT) and angiography could not detect another renal tumor. Right radical nephrectomy was performed. The tumor detected preoperatively was composed of papillary renal cell tumor (RCC) and multiple clear cell carcinoma, pathologically. In addition to the tumors, CDC was revealed in the central medulla with the involvement of regional lymph nodes. Three months later, left nephrectomy was performed because left RCC was suspected during CT. The histological diagnosis was multiple clear cell carcinomas. Peritonitis carcinomatosa appeared and the patient died 13 months later.
Late malignant change in an ileal conduit
Authors: Wielding Sally , Fineron Paul , Driscoll Peter J , Anderson David N
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Around 3000 bowel segment transpositions are performed in the UK each year and although malignancy is well‐recognized following ureterosigmoidostomy, reports of similar changes in ileal conduits are sparse. We report a case of ileal adenocarcinoma in a 67‐year‐old lady some 49 years after ileal conduit, demonstrating previously unassociated histopathological features similar to those seen in collagenous colitis.
THE COMMON VISUAL DISORDERS: THEIR EFFECT ON JOB PERFORMANCE
Authors: Johnston Alan W.
Published: August 2010

Common visual disorders are subdivided into two major groups — the ametropias and anomalies of binocular vision. Myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism are discussed from Sorsby's aetiological standpoint of correlation and component mechanisms, and the incidence of these conditions and presbyopia is detailed with some figures on the necessity for correction. Binocular anomalies of heterophoria, strabismus and amblyopia are described, together with some data on the performance of the one‐eyed person. The relationship between visual acuity and illumination is explained with particular reference to the common disorders of vision.
DEVELOPING HYDROPHILIC LENSES FOR CONTINUOUS WEARING
Authors: Carle John
Published: August 2010

The history and development of hydrophilic contact lenses is described. The author continues with an account of his experiments to produce a lens with a higher water content and a higher oxygen flow rate through the lens. This has been achleved and many patients are now wearing lenses made from this material for over a year without removal.
BETWEEN CONTACT LENS AND CORNEA
Authors: Hill Richard M.
Published: August 2010

A description is given of new clinical (office) tests being used to evaluate the tears in relation to pathology detection and the selection of contact lens patients.
Pro‐Indigenous Reforms in Bolivia: Is there an Andean Way to Escape Poverty?
Authors: Zoomers Annelies
Published: August 2010

Nowadays, the old assumption that indigenous peoples should give up their cultural practices and identities in order to assimilate and ‘progress’, has been replaced by a more flexible and dynamic perception of indigeneity. This article — based on fieldwork carried out in the southern part of the Bolivian Andes between 1995 and 2004 — offers a micro‐level description of whatAndinidad, the Andean way of doing things, means for daily life. What are the particularities of Andean lives, what are the implications for livelihoods and social mobility? The central question is whether or not people in the rural Andes have a special way of building their livelihoods and, more specifically, whether and how distinct traditions help people to move out of poverty.
Transnational Migration and the Economy of Funerals: Changing Practices in Ghana
Authors: Mazzucato Valentina , Kabki Mirjam , Smith Lothar
Published: August 2010

Migrants are increasingly leading transnational lives, impacting the institutions that shape local economies both in their place of residence and in their home communities. One example of this is the institution of funerals in developing countries. Funerals are becoming multi‐sited events as migrants from developing countries play important roles in the organization, financing and practice of funeral ceremonies in their home countries. Funerals thus give rise to flows of money, goods and people across national borders, ultimately affecting different economies around the world. This article uses a multi‐sited research design to follow the flows associated with a funeral held in a village in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Detailed data were collected simultaneously in four locations involved in the funeral, and a multiplier analysis was used to trace funeral spending in different locations and sectors. The analysis shows that funeral spending supports various economic sectors in Ghana and across the globe, reinforcing the nature of funerals as (partly) economic events, which should be included in economic analyses of remittances and migration. Funeral practices are modified in various ways to accommodate transnational elements. At the same time, funerals continue to act, even in a transnational context, as occasions for reaffirming ties and a sense of belonging; they form a way for home communities, both rural and urban, to keep migrants interested in them.
Confronting Conservation at Mount Elgon, Uganda
Authors: Norgrove Linda , Hulme David
Published: August 2010

National parks remain at the centre of conservation efforts in Africa, although the long established strategy of conservation through law enforcement is now supplemented by participatory strategies such as community conservation. These new strategies have not changed the preservationist thrust of conservation policy and action. The relationships between parks and people are best understood as struggles in which ‘park neighbours’ use covert and overt ‘weapons of the weak’ to challenge the hegemony of conservation. This study of a national park in Uganda describes and analyses these forms of resistance.
Restoring the Shine to a Pearl: Recycling Behaviour in Penang, Malaysia
Authors: Meen‐Chee Hong , Narayanan Suresh
Published: August 2010

Despite serious waste management problems in Penang Island, a recycling campaign launched in 2001 has met with little success. This may be because the campaign was not backed up with knowledge about factors that motivate recycling. This article develops a simple economic framework to explain individual recycling behaviour. A logit model that utilizes survey data drawn from a sample of 760 respondents was used to test the insights gained from the framework. As predicted by the framework, recycling was negatively related to factors that increased the private costs of recycling, such as the lack of storage space and low income. Recycling increased among respondents who recognized its benefits: they include the environmentally conscious, those who were aware of the recycling campaign and respondents in the twenty‐five to thirty‐five year age category. Interestingly, neither gender nor distance to recycling centres were reliable predictors of recycling behaviour.
China and India: The Institutional Roots of Differential Performance
Authors: Saith Ashwani
Published: August 2010

At the start of the so‐called development race sixty years ago, China, showcasing revolutionary socialism, and India, boasting parliamentary democracy, had close similarities in economic structures and levels of development, but striking differences in terms of cultural cohesion, institutional flexibility and political orientation. The outcome of the race is unambiguous: the question is not who won, but why and how? It is argued here that a wide margin had already opened up in China's favour by the time of the systemic or policy‐regime switch‐points, 1978 in China, and shortly thereafter in India. The author seeks explanations for this differential performance in the divergent institutional configurations of the two societies and economies, especially in the rural sector in the pre‐reform period, and highlights the contrast between the power of the Chinese mass mobilization mode of transformation and the persistent institutional rigidities and obstacles in the Indian case. Post‐reforms, processes of ‘pervergence’— an emerging congruence in negative social features — appear to dominate over tendencies towards conventional convergence. The author reflects on the historical significance of the two development paths: did Nehruvian state‐led planned development and Maoist socialism serve essentially as pioneers of capitalism, leveraging the re‐launching of the two once‐powerful Asian giants back into the global capitalist game on dramatically revised terms of engagement?
Entitled to Health? Social Protection in Chile's Plan AUGE
Authors: Dannreuther Charles , Gideon Jasmine
Published: August 2010

In theory everyone has the right to health. However, in reality many low income households are unable to fully access health services and therefore cannot fully claim their rights. Recently, in an attempt to overcome these limitations, health reforms in Chile under the Plan AUGE have proposed a series of legal entitlements to health care that are available to everyone regardless of income level. While this is an important starting point in ensuring more universal access to health, the process has raised a number of important issues, particularly on how these entitlements have been defined and how far they will be able to transform (gender) inequalities within the health system. Looking at this from a gender perspective enables us to see that despite the shift from a health care system based on redistributive rights towards one based on the right of recognition, certain sectors of the population remain excluded. Decision‐making processes have remained technocratic, and women's groups have been marginalized from the debate around the reform. Moreover, health policy makers continue to ignore the role of the unpaid care economy in health care provision. The current reform has served to reinforce the gender roles around health care.
DEMOCRATIC VIRTUE, COMPARATIVE ETHICS, AND CONTEMPORARY ISLAM
Authors: Kelsay John
Published: August 2010

This essay illustrates the kind of moral analysis Jeffrey Stout advocates in Democracy and Tradition by way of examining a conversation among Muslims that took place between June and December 2002. Their debate centers on al‐Qaída's legitimacy as God's chosen defender of Islam, which is called into question due to the tension between al‐Qaída's military tactics and the concepts of honorable combat held within the Islamic tradition. This giving and taking of reasons in both defense and detraction of al‐Qaída's tactics demonstrates the living reality of Islamic tradition—the ongoing process of striving to discern God's will in light of communal agreements about the authority of certain texts and the validity of established rules for interpreting them.
COMMENTS ON SIX RESPONSES TO DEMOCRACY AND TRADITION
Authors: Stout Jeffrey
Published: August 2010

This paper is a rejoinder to papers by Sabina Lovibond, Nicholas Wolterstorff, Sumner B. Twiss, G. Scott Davis, M. Cathleen Kaveny, and John Kelsay on the author's recent book Democracy and Tradition. The argument covers a host of topics, ranging from epistemology and methodology to human rights, the common law, and Islamic ethics.
EUDAIMONIA AND AGAPE IN MACINTYRE AND KIERKEGAARD'SWORKS OF LOVE
Authors: Mendham Matthew D.
Published: August 2010

This essay explores connections and divergences between Alasdair MacIntyre's eudaimonistic ethic and Søren Kierkegaard's agapeistic ethic—perhaps the greatest proponents of these ethical paradigms from the past two centuries. The purpose of the work is threefold. First, to demonstrate an impressive amount of convergence and complementarity in their approaches to the transcendent grounds of an ethic of flourishing, the rigors necessary for a proper self‐love, and the other‐directed nature of proper social relations. Second, given the inapplicability of common dichotomies, to pinpoint more precisely where Kierkegaard departs from eudaimonism, and where MacIntyre departs from agapeism. Finally, to show that both Kierkegaard's and MacIntyre's grounds for departure are inadequate, and thus that the most central insights of eudaimonist and agapeist ethics can be harmonized to a greater extent than either Kierkegaard's or MacIntyre's framework can allow.
THE SERMON ON MOUNT MORIAH: FAITH AND THE SECRET IN THE GIFT OF DEATH
Authors: KOTSKO ADAM
Published: August 2010

This essay is an investigation of three attempts to think faith. I find my starting place in Jacques Derrida's The Gift of Death,1 one of the most important treatments of Christianity in Derrida's later thought, which was increasingly insistent in its engagement with religious questions up until his death in 2004. This reading of The Gift of Death will focus particularly on the question of secrecy and its relationship with faith, leading necessarily to an account of Derrida's reading of two of his primary references in this text: the second essay of Nietzsche's Genealogy of Morals2 and Kierkegaard's Fear and Trembling.3 Rather than simply rendering a judgment on Derrida's reading, I will endeavor to read these texts together, extending (or expanding upon) Derrida's reading while questioning some of the positive formulations he makes in his own name – all the while remaining attentive to the gambles involved in thinking faith.
The Information Content of Australian Managed Fund Ratings
Authors: Faff Robert W. , Parwada Jerry T. , Poh Hun‐Lune
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  We examine the information content of managed fund ratings for Australian retail investors. Because fund ratings, premised on a quantitative‐qualitative model, are highly transitory, we question whether investors formulate their investment decisions with respect to changes in ratings and whether ratings, in turn, react to fund flows. We find that information regarding fund flows can be obtained from ratings, and that rating changes can have far‐reaching effects. Investors flock to newly upgraded funds while they penalize those that have been downgraded by withdrawing funds. Investors are constantly anticipating ratings revisions, particularly downgrades, and we attribute this phenomenon to the role of qualitative factors in the ratings.
Market Timing the Trading of International Mutual Funds: Weekend, Weekday and Serial Correlation Strategies
Authors: Mazumder M. Imtiaz , Miller Edward M. , Varela Oscar A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Predictability and exploitability of daily anomalies in returns for US‐based international mutual funds is this paper's focus. Market timing strategies examined include simple weekend, complex weekday, and restricted weekend strategies, and those related to serial correlation in foreign indexes. All are compared to a buy‐and‐hold strategy, are adjusted for risk, and include investments in money market funds when called for, in contrast to most other studies. The 123 funds examined are in nine fund categories, including Europe, Asia, Japan, Latin America, and emerging markets and combinations thereof. These are matched to foreign market indexes that approximate their country or regional composition using country indexes or Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) indexes. Over the daily period January 4, 1993 to October 31, 2002, the foreign indexes are tested for day‐of‐the‐week and serial correlation effects. Trading strategies using these effects with the most related foreign indexes are imposed on the funds and the equally weighted portfolio of funds in each category. Superior performance is associated with the serial correlation strategy, when compared to buy‐and‐hold, as well as simple weekend, complex, and restricted weekend strategies. These also perform better than a buy‐and‐hold, with the complex being best. All results are robust to Sharpe, Treynor and Jensen measures of performance. The strategies, especially those based on serial correlation, are also superior in terms of Treynor‐Mazuy and Henriksson‐Merton market timing models. Further, our results are robust to different time periods surrounding the 1997 Asian currency crisis and September 11, 2001, different hold‐out samples, and to sub‐samples of load versus no‐load funds.
The Information Content of Abnormal Trading Volume
Authors: Bajo Emanuele
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  This paper investigates the way in which abnormal trading volume reveals new information to market participants. It is generally thought that trading volume is an efficient proxy for information flow and enhances the information set of investors. However, no research has related the presence of abnormal trading volume to firm characteristics, such as ownership and governance structure, which also have a theoretical link to information quality. I find strong excess returns around extreme trading levels, which are only moderately attributable to information disclosure. Moreover, these returns are not caused by liquidity fluctuations since prices do not reverse over the following period. In contrast, there is evidence of price momentum, suggesting that traders can implement successful portfolio strategies based on observation of current volumes.
Method‐Shifting in Aggressive Earnings Reporting: The Case of the US Software Industry's Response to New US Regulation
Authors: Zhong Ke , Welker Robert B. , Gribbin Donald W.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Under rationality, firms should shift to alternative earnings management methods to achieve their earnings management goals whenever the alternatives provide greater benefit. New accounting regulation can alter the net benefit derivable from existing earnings management methods and thus may provide the impetus for method‐shifting. This study investigates whether firms circumvent regulatory‐imposed restrictions on their use of specific methods for accelerating earnings by shifting to alternative methods. Specifically, the study examines whether the US's adoption of a reporting standard that placed restrictions on the recognition of software revenue prompted US software‐firm managers to method‐shift to expense components for accelerated earnings reporting. A comparison of discretionary revenue and expense accruals and discretionary R&D expenses before and after the adoption of the standard confirmed a reduction of accelerated revenue recognition after the adoption and supported the hypothesized method‐shift to expense components for accelerated earnings reporting.
Munc18‐1 as a key regulator of neurosecretion
Authors: Han Gayoung A. , Malintan Nancy T. , Collins Brett M. , Meunier Frederic A. , Sugita Shuzo
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1–10.

Munc18‐1 plays essential roles in neurosecretion by interacting with syntaxin‐1 and controlling the formation of the soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) complex. At least three important functions of Munc18‐1 have been proposed: (i) molecular chaperone of syntaxin‐1 for appropriate localization and expression of syntaxin‐1, (ii) priming/stimulation of the SNARE‐mediated membrane fusion, and (iii) docking of large dense‐core vesicles to the plasma membrane. Similarly, at least two different binding modes have been proposed for the interaction between Munc18‐1 and syntaxin‐1: (i) binary binding to a ‘closed’ conformation of syntaxin‐1, and (ii) binding to the N‐terminal peptide of syntaxin‐1, which is thought to enable an interaction with the quaternary SNARE complex and/or further stabilize the binary interaction between Munc18‐1 and closed syntaxin‐1. Recent structural analyses have identified critical Munc18‐1 residues implicated in these different modes of binding. These have recently been tested functionally in rescue experiments using Munc18‐1 null neurons, chromaffin cells and Munc18‐1/‐2 knockdown PC12 cells, allowing remarkable progress to be made in the structural/functional understanding of Munc18‐1. In this review, we summarize these recent advances and attempt to propose an updated model of the pleiotropic functions of Munc18‐1 in neuroexocytosis.
Pituitary Hormones as Neurotrophic Signals: Update on Hypothalamic Differentiation in Genetic Models of Altered Feedback2
Authors: Phelps Carol J. , Hurley David L.
Published: August 2010

Studies of mutant mice that are growth hormone (GH)‐ and prolactin (PRL)‐deficient have provided evidence that these pituitary hormones have trophic, as well as dynamic, feedback effects on the hypothalamic neurons that regulate GH and PRL secretion (1). This review examines further evidence, from those animals and from recent transgenic models, for GH and PRL effects on neuronal differentiation. Characterization of the Ames dwarf (Prop‐1〈df〉) mutation and discovery of other genes important to pituitary differentiation reveal an expression sequence of transcription factors, Hesx1 (Rpx) to P‐Lim to Prop‐1 to Pit‐1, that heralds influence on hypothalamic differentiation. Occasional expression of GH and PRL in the Ames dwarf pituitary may result from the “partial loss of function” nature of the Ames Prop‐1 mutation. In transgenic mice with moderately or extremely elevated GH levels, neurons that regulate GH exhibit respective maximum and minimum expression and cell number in inhibitory somatostatin (SRIH) and in stimulatory GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH). The phenomenon is inverted in GH‐lacking dwarfs, and patterns of SRIH underexpression and GHRH overexpression are established early in postnatal development. The differentiation of PRL‐inhibiting dopaminergic (DA) neurons is supported not only by PRL, but by human GH, which is lactogenic in rodents. Transgenic mice with peripherally expressed hGH have increased numbers of DA neurons, as opposed to the decreased DA population in PRL‐deficient dwarf mice. Rats engineered to express hGH in GHRH neurons do not show this increase, whereas spontaneously GH‐deficient dwarf rats show increased DA neuron number. These findings may be explained by feedback on neurons that co‐express GHRH and DA. Current studies suggest that Snell (Pit‐1〈dw〉) dwarf mice show a more severe and earlier DA neuron deficiency than Ames dwarfs, and that PRL feedback must occur prior to 20 days of postnatal age to maintain the DA neuronal phenotype. Insights into the mechanisms of GH and PRL effects on hypophysiotropic neurons include receptor localization on identified neuronal phenotypes, including intermediate neurons that mediate dynamic feedback, and elucidation of signal transduction pathways for GH and PRL in peripheral cell types. New transgenic models of altered GH, PRL, or receptor expression offer further study of neurotrophic effects.
Effect of Genistein on Steroid Hormone Production in the Pregnant Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Harrison Richard M. , Phillippi Patricia P. , Swan Kenneth F. , Henson Michael C.
Published: August 2010

Genistein is a phytoestrogen found in soy beans. Phytoestrogens have been reported to cause reproductive problems in sheep and rats. This research was conducted to determine the effects of genistein fed to rhesus monkeys during pregnancy, with specific interest on fetal growth and steroidogenesis in the maternal‐fetoplacental unit. Two groups of five monkeys each were selected in early stages of pregnancy. One group was administered genistein in a fruit treat each weekday until Cesarean section 10 days prior to term. The second, control group, received fruit treats without genistein. Maternal blood samples were collected on Tuesday and Friday of each week. At delivery, samples were collected from the maternal peripheral circulation, uterine veins, uterine‐ovarian veins, and the fetal heart. Comparisons between control and genistein‐treated monkeys revealed no differences in the maternal weight gained during pregnancy, or in fetal weights or placental weights at delivery. Serum was assayed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for estradiol, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA‐S), and estrone. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were noted in progesterone or DHEA‐S levels at delivery or during the pregnancy; however, estradiol levels were higher (P < 0.05) in the four areas studied at delivery and in the maternal blood with advancing gestation. Additionally, estrone levels tended to increase more rapidly (P = 0.057) in the maternal blood of monkeys receiving genistein than in untreated controls, suggesting that genistein may stimulate the deconjugation of estrone in the gut, thus allowing its reabsorption into the peripheral circulation and conversion to estradiol.
Recognition, Diagnosis, and Management of Wilson's Disease
Authors: Brewer George J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Wilson's disease is a relatively rare inherited disorder of copper accumulation and toxicity, caused by a defect in an enzyme that is part of the pathway of biliary excretion of excess copper. Clinically, patients usually present as older children or young adults with hepatic, neurologic, or psychiatric manifestations, or some combination of these. Wilson's disease is unusual among genetic diseases in that it can be very effectively treated. The prevention of severe permanent damage depends upon early recognition and diagnosis by the physician, followed by appropriate anticopper treatment. Anticopper treatments have evolved considerably since the days when the only drug available was penicillamine. Zinc is now the recommended therapy for long‐term management of the disease.
Cytokines Are Not a Requisite Part of the Pathophysiology Leading to Cardiac Decompensation
Authors: Recchia Fabio A. , Bernstein Robert D. , Sehgal Pravin B. , Ferreri Nicholas R. , Hintze Thomas H.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. An increase in circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines has been proposed as an important pathogenic factor contributing to cardiac injury during chronic heart failure. To determine whether plasma levels of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) increase during pacing‐induced heart failure, we paced the hearts of seven dogs at 210 beats/min for 3 weeks and at 240 beats/min for an additional week to induce severe clinical signs of cardiac decompensation. Hemodynamic measurements and blood samples from the aorta and coronary sinus (CS) were taken at control, at 3 weeks, and in end‐stage failure. Decompensated heart failure occurred at 29 ± 1.8 days, when left ventricular (LV) end‐diastolic pressure was 25 ± 1.3 mmHg, LV systolic pressure was 92 ± 4 mmHg, mean arterial pressure was 77 ± 3 mmHg, and dP/dtmax was 1219 ± 73 (all P < 0.05 vs control). Arterial concentration of IL‐6 was 12 ± 4.0 U/ml at control, 11 ± 2.7 U/ml at 3 weeks, and 10 ± 1.7 U/ml in end‐stage failure (NS). At the same time points, IL‐6 in CS plasma was 12 ± 3.5, 13 ± 2.8 and 11 ± 2.4 U/ml, respectively (NS vs control and vs arterial concentrations). TNF‐α did not reach detectable concentrations in arterial or CS blood at any time. TNF‐α and IL‐6 concentrations did not increase in arterial blood, were not released in the CS from the heart during the development of pacing‐induced heart failure, and can not universally be implicated in the pathogenesis of all forms of cardiac dysfunction. Our findings are consistent with other data from patients in which severe heart failure was not associated with increased levels of circulating cytokines.