bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, attitude and practices about oral cancers among dental students in H.P Government Dental College, Shimla-Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Fotedar Shailee , Bhardwaj Vinay , Manchanda Kavita , Fotedar Vikas , Sarkar Avishek De , Sood Naintara
Published: April 2015

Aim: The aim was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices among undergraduate dental students about oral cancer. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted among undergraduate dental students between the 3rd and 5th years in H.P Government Dental College, Shimla. The questionnaire consisted of 15 questions, five each on knowledge, attitudes and practices. The data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., version 16 for Windows, Chicago, IL, USA). Results: The response rate of the study was 90.6%. There were 23 (21.5%) males and 84 (78.5%) females in the study. There was a predominance of females (78.5%). The average knowledge percentage for the entire population is 81.9% (excellent knowledge). Tobacco and alcohol were correctly identified by 63.5% of the subjects. Squamous cell carcinoma was described as the most common type of oral cancer by 105 (98.3%) of the students. 60.7% of the subjects strongly disagreed that their knowledge regarding the prevention and detection of oral cancer is current and adequate, and 99% agreed that there is a need for additional training/information regarding oral cancer. About 92.5% of the subjects used to educate their subjects about the harmful effects of tobacco and alcohol. Conclusion: The study implies that the knowledge, especially about the etiological factors of oral cancer needs to be reinforced throughout the undergraduate dental courses so that they can use the same in educating and motivating the masses to adapt healthy lifestyles.
Anticancer activity of Cynodon dactylon L. root extract against diethyl nitrosamine induced hepatic carcinoma
Authors: Kowsalya R. , Kaliaperumal Jagatheesh , Vaishnavi M. , Namasivayam Elangovan
Published: April 2015

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers and a lethal disease. In view of the limited treatment and a grave prognosis of liver cancer, preventive control has been emphasized. Materials and Methods: The methanolic extract of roots of Cynodon dactylon was screened for its hepato-protective activity in diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) induced liver cancer in Swiss albino mice. The plant extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg was administered orally once a week, up to 30 days after DEN administration. The animals were sacrificed; blood sample and liver tissue were collected and used for enzyme assay such as, asparatate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The liver marker enzymes AST and ALT produced signifi cant results in the protective action. Results: The antioxidant enzyme assay results concerning the improved activity of GPx, GST and CAT. These results concluded that enhanced levels of antioxidant enzyme and reduced amount of serum amino transaminase, which are suggested to be the major mechanisms of C. dactylon root extract in protecting the mice from hepatocarcinoma induced by DEN. These biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological examination of liver sections. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of C. dactylon possesses signifi cant anticancer properties
Correlation of p53 immunoexpression with DNA ploidy and apoptotic index in subsets of prostate cancer: A marker reiterated in progression and recurrence of prostate cancer
Authors: Bansal Anju , Gupta Anup , Saxena Sunita
Published: April 2015

Background: Prediction of biological behavior in patients of prostate cancer (CaP) is a major challenge as current parameters only partially meet the need for prognostication. p53 as a prognostic indicator has been studied in several human cancers, including breast, lung, and colorectal carcinoma. However, its significance as a predictive biomarker for CaP is less well-studied. Materials and Methods: This study included 125 cases of CaP, 27 cases of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and 25 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Immunohistochemical assessment for p53 nuclear protein was performed. Assessment for apoptotic index and DNA ploidy status by flow cytometry were also done. Results: p53 immunoreactivity was low in organ confined CaP cases having Gleason score ≤3 (P < 0.003). More hormone resistant cases 37 (83%) were aneuploid when compared with hormone sensitive cases 26 (33%) (P < 0.005). 93% of p53 positive cases and none of the p53 negative patient were aneuploid suggesting a significant relation between p53 immunoreactivity and aneuploidy. p53 positivity and DNA aneuploidy, independently, were also predictors of progression and relapse. Conclusion: DNA ploidy and p53 positivity go hand in hand and together yield additional prognostic information in CaP. p53 positivity is possibly a late event in carcinogenesis in CaP and a marker of change in biological behavior of CaP.
The Neumann eigenvalue problem for the $\infty$-Laplacian
Authors: Esposito L. , Kawohl Bernd , Nitsch Carlo , Trombetti Cristina
Published: April 2015

The first nontrivial eigenfunction of the Neumann eigenvalue problem for the

p

-Laplacian, suitably normalized, converges to a viscosity solution of an eigenvalue problem for the

\infty

-Laplacian as

p \to \infty

. We show among other things that the limiting eigenvalue, at least for convex sets, is in fact the first nonzero eigenvalue of the limiting problem. We then derive a number of consequences, which are nonlinear analogues of well-known inequalities for the linear (2-)Laplacian.
Maximal regularity for gradient systems with boundary degeneracy
Authors: Cannarsa Piermarco , Da Prato Giuseppe , Metafune Giorgio , Pallara Diego
Published: April 2015

We study a class of elliptic operators

L

that degenerate at the boundary of a bounded open set

{\mathcal O}\subset \mathbb R^d

and possess a symmetrizing invariant measure

\mu

. Such operators are associated with diffusion processes in

\mathcal O

which are invariant for time reversal. After showing that the corresponding elliptic equation

\lambda\varphi -L\varphi=f

has a unique weak solution for any

\lambda>0

and

f\in L^2(\mathcal O,\mu)

, we obtain new results for the characterization of the domain of

L

.
Functions determining locally solid topological Riesz spaces continuously embedded in $L^0$
Authors: Cavaliere Paola , de Lucia Paolo , De Simone Anna
Published: April 2015

We present a class of non-negative functions, acting on a solid vector subspace

X

of

L^0

, enjoying the following property: each member of the class determines on

X

a locally solid topological Riesz space structure which is continuously embedded into

L^0

. These functions are neither necessarily monotone, nor subadditive. Special instances are provided by function norms and quasi-norms on

X

.
Creative Coercion in Post-Katrina New Orleans: a Neighborhood Strategy to Address Conflict in Networks
Authors: Danley Stephen
Published: April 2015

The study of relationships within networks has traditionally focused on concepts such as cooperation, collaboration and other forms of partnership (Brown & Keast 2003). The assumption has been that actors in a network have shared vision and are working together. This study tests that idea by using mixed methods and ethnography to examine 15 neighborhood associations in post-Katrina New Orleans, and 71 of their relationships within policy networks. Contrary to our typical understanding of networks, neighborhood associations engage not just in partnership, but also in power struggles. When excluded from policy networks, neighborhood associations use creative coercion to ensure their voice is heard. Facing a power deficit, these associations look for informal levers to assert themselves into policy negotiation. The result is creative and coercive measures, such as co-opting elections, bribery, blackmail and what one neighborhood activist calls ‘guerrilla warfare.’ These conflicts force a reconsideration of networks. Networks are not solely homes of collaborative action; they are also the location of sharp power struggles over priorities.
Indigenous Participation in Australian Sport: The Perils of the ‘Panacea’ Proposition
Authors: Evans John Robert , Wilson Rachel , Dalton Bronwen , Georgakis Steve
Published: April 2015

The argument that participation in sport among disadvantaged populations can produce positive outcomes in wide range of areas has been a consistent theme in academic literature. It is argued that sport participation can promote women’s empowerment, sexuality, lifestyle, peacemaking, youth development, poverty reduction and conflict resolution. Similarly, in Australia, participation in sport among Indigenous Australians has been proffered as a ‘panacea’ for many Indigenous problems; from promoting better health and education outcomes, to encouraging community building, good citizenship and entrepreneurship. Parallel to this has been a focus on documenting and analysing sport participation among Indigenous Australians in elite sport which often concludes that Indigenous Australians have an innate and ‘natural ability’ in sports. These two assumptions, first, that sport participation can help realise a wide range of positive social outcomes; and second, that Indigenous Australians are natural athletes, have driven significant public investment in numerous sport focused programs. This paper questions these assumptions and outlines some of the challenges inherent with an emphasis on sport as a solution to Indigenous disadvantage. We highlight how participation in sport has often been tied to ambitious, ill-defined and, in terms of evaluation, often elusive social outcome goals. Second, we also argue that there is limited research to indicate that participation in either elite or grassroots level sport has led to any discernible social progress in addressing inequality. We contrast historical Indigenous participation in a range of sporting codes to demonstrate the influence of factors beyond the ‘natural ability’ and ‘born to play’ propositions. Finally, we outline six ‘perils’ associated with viewing sport as a panacea; including how privileging sport can not only perpetuate disadvantage by reinforcing stereotypes and also contribute to a diversion of attention and resources away from other approaches that have been proven to have a greater positive social impact.
Working across Cultural Spheres: The Knowledge Sharing Practices of Boundary spanners in a Global Insurance Firm
Authors: Heizmann Helena
Published: April 2015

As organisations are becoming increasingly complex from a cultural perspective, it is important to understand how practitioners manage the differences that arise when working with peers that engage in different cultural (national cultural, professional, functional) spheres. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to practice-based research on knowledge sharing by using a discourse analytic lens which exposes the link between the knowledge (sharing) practices of boundary spanners at cultural interfaces and its immediate power effects for the subjects involved. The paper examines how a community of in-house consultants in a global insurance firm shifts from translating to transformational knowledge sharing practices depending on the power relations that link them to their audiences, highlighting: (1) the political nature of boundary spanners’ knowledge sharing practices, (2) the power effects for the subjects involved and (3) the relational character of communities of practice. The study suggests that knowledge (sharing) practices are not neutral but have power implications that need to be considered in cross-cultural boundary work if participants want to achieve more meaningful forms of mutual engagement.
The role of blowing snow in the activation of bromine over first-year Antarctic sea ice
Authors: Lieb-Lappen R. M. , Obbard R. W.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. It is well known that during polar springtime halide sea salt ions, in particular Br−, are photochemically activated into reactive halogen species (e.g. Br and BrO), where they break down tropospheric ozone. This research investigated the role of blowing snow in transporting salts from the sea ice/snow surface into reactive bromine species in the air. At two different locations over first-year ice in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, collection baskets captured blowing snow at different heights. In addition, sea ice cores and surface snow samples were collected throughout the month-long campaign. Over this time, sea ice and surface snow Cl−/Br− mass ratios remained constant and equivalent to seawater, and only in lofted snow did bromide become depleted relative to chloride. This suggests that replenishment of bromide in the snowpack occurs faster than bromine activation in mid-strength wind conditions (approximately 10 m s−1). Additionally, lofted snow was found to be depleted in sulfate and enriched in nitrate relative to surface snow.
User awareness concerning feedback data and input observations used in reanalysis systems
Authors: Gregow H. , Poli P. , Mäkelä H. M. , Jylhä K. , Kaiser-Weiss A. K. , Obregon A. , Tan D. G. H. , Kekki S. , Kaspar F.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. A web-based survey to assess the benefits and gaps in reanalyses as part of growing climate services was carried out in 2013–2014. The survey elicited responses from about 2500 users of climate information. One of the eleven survey points specifically addressed the observations used in reanalysis, with a multiple-choice question "Have you used reanalysis input observations and feedback data?". Almost half of the respondents admitted to not knowing what such data were about. Among the others, specific queries asked for these observations to be made available more openly. This paper summarizes the main findings in regard to use of existing reanalyses as well as user awareness and needs in regard to reanalysis feedback data and input observations. In the future, the information obtained via the survey makes it possible to perform various statistically robust analyses addressing different aspects of the use of reanalysis data.
Natural manganese deposits as catalyst for decomposing hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Knol A. H. , Lekkerkerker-Teunissen K. , van Dijk J. C.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Drinking water companies (are intending to) implement advanced oxidation processes (AOP) in their treatment schemes to increase the barrier against organic micropollutants (OMPs). It is necessary to decompose the excessive hydrogen peroxide after applying AOP to avoid negative effects in the following, often biological, treatment steps. A drinking water company in the western part of the Netherlands investigated decomposition of about 5.75 mg L−1 hydrogen peroxide in pre-treated Meuse river water with different catalysts on pilot scale. In down flow operation, the necessary reactor empty bed contact time (EBCT) with the commonly used granulated activated carbon (GAC) and waste ground water filter gravel (MCFgw) were found equal with 149 s, corresponding with a conversion rate constant r of 0.021 s−1. The EBCT of the fine coating of ground water filter gravel (MC) was significantly shorter with a little more than 10 s (r = 0.30 s−1). In up flow operation, with a flow rate of 20 m h−1, the EBCT of coating MC increased till about 100 s (r = 0.031 s−1), from which can be concluded, that the performance of this waste material is better compared with GAC, in both up and down flow operation. The necessary EBCT at average filtration rate of full scale dual layer filter material (MCFsw) amounted to 209 s (r= 0.015 s−1). Regarding the average residence time in the full scale filters of 700 s, applying AOP in front of the filters could be an interesting alternative which makes a separate decomposition installation superfluous, on the condition that the primary functions of the filters are not affected.
Acoustic–electromagnetic effects of tectonic movements of the crust – borehole survey
Authors: Uvarov V. N. , Malkin E. I. , Druzhin G. I. , Sannikov D. V. , Pukhov V. M.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Borehole radiophysical properties are briefly described. Borehole investigation of lithosphere acoustic-electromagnetic radiation was carried out in a seismically active region. Four main types of anomalies of acoustic-electromagnetic radiation were distinguished. They correspond to shear and bulk relaxations of tectonic stress. Stability of phase relations of acoustic and electromagnetic signals in the region of anomalies was detected that allows us to state their coherence. It was concluded that the reason of mutual coherence of acoustic and electromagnetic signals is the magnetoelastic effect of the casing pipe. A mechanism of generation of rock self-induced vibrations during tectonic stress relaxation causing acoustic-electromagnetic emission was suggested. It was concluded that "sigmoid" anomalies may correlate with excitation of eigen vibrations in a fracture cavity during brittle shear relaxation of rock tectonic stress. An explanation of the change of anomalous "sigmoid" signal frequency was given. It is considered to be the result of growth of rock fracture cavity and the decrease of tectonic stress relaxation. It was concluded that a borehole, cased in a steel pipe, together with a system of inductance coils and a hydrophone is the effective sounding sensor for acoustic fields of interior deep layers. It may be applied to investigate and to monitor the geodynamic activity, in particular, in earthquake forecasts and in monitoring of hydrocarbon deposits during their production.
Disaster Preparedness Pays Dividends
Authors: Hanlay Kipp
Published: April 2015

One utility's years‐long effort toward resiliency and enhanced utility management paid off in a crisis situation last fall. Now, with an established, proactive approach in place, the Prince William County (Va.) Service Authority is well prepared for water and wastewater emergencies.
Demandes d’euthanasie dans les prisons belges. Entre souffrance psychique, dignité humaine et peine de mort
Authors: Snacken Sonja , Devynck Caroline , Distelmans Willem , Gutwirth Serge , Lemmens Christophe
Published: April 2015

En Belgique, l’euthanasie peut être appliquée légalement par des médecins à la demande expresse et répétée d’un patient qui se trouve dans une situation médicale sans issue et fait état d’une souffrance physique ou psychique constante et insupportable qui ne peut être apaisée et qui résulte d’une affection accidentelle ou pathologique grave et incurable. Au cours des deux dernières années, 17 demandes d’euthanasie ont été formulées par des détenus belges pour cause de souffrance psychique insupportable. Ils purgent tous une longue peine de prison ou une mesure de protection pour malades mentaux à durée indéterminée. Les auteurs examinent les questions éthiques, juridiques et criminologiques soulevées par ces demandes, car si les normes nationales et internationales garantissent aux détenus un droit à l’équivalence des soins médicaux, l’impact potentiel du contexte pénitentiaire sur leur souffrance psychique doit être pris en compte.
Les violences motivées par la haine. Idéologies et modes d’action des extrémistes de droite au Canada
Authors: Bérubé1 Maxime , Campana Aurélie
Published: April 2015

Bien que les violences politiques soient, depuis le début du siècle, principalement abordées sous l’angle de l’extrémisme islamiste, les crimes motivés par la haine existaient au Canada bien avant les attentats du 11 septembre 2001. Notamment, plusieurs groupes d’extrême droite y ont toujours défendu leurs idéologies racistes et fascistes en utilisant différentes formes de violence pour se faire entendre. Cette étude se propose d’explorer ce phénomène par une analyse des principaux modes d’action utilisés et thèses véhiculées par la commission d’actes de violence haineuse en sol canadien entre 1977 et 2010. L’approche méthodologique mixte s’appuie sur un total de 214 crimes haineux répertoriés pendant la période étudiée. Les résultats démontrent, d’une part, une forme de traditionalisme dans les modes d’action choisis et, d’autre part, une relation inversement liée entre la fréquence des idéologies mises en cause et la gravité des modes d’action utilisés.
Vers un modèle écologique de la victimisation en milieu scolaire
Authors: Côté1 Anne-Marie , Blais Étienne , Ouellet Frédéric
Published: April 2015

Cet article s’inspire de la perspective écologique pour vérifier la contribution des effets de facteurs individuels, contextuels et environnementaux sur le risque de victimisation en milieu scolaire. L’accent est mis particulièrement sur le rôle des gardiens potentiels, des superviseurs et des victimes. Pour ce faire, un questionnaire a été administré aux élèves de 16 écoles primaires d’une région urbaine du Québec (N = 838) afin de sonder leurs expériences de violence en milieu scolaire. Les données ont été analysées à l’aide d’un modèle linéaire hiérarchique généralisé (MLHG), ce qui permet d’intégrer simultanément des variables sur le plan de l’école et de l’élève. Les résultats indiquent que 44,2 %, 74 % et 22,3 % des élèves ont été respectivement victimes de violence physique, verbale et sur Internet au cours du dernier mois. Les résultats montrent que l’adoption de comportements violents augmente le risque de victimisation verbale et physique chez les élèves. Les interventions des témoins (gardiens potentiels) réduisent significativement le risque de victimisation tout comme l’autodéfense de la part des victimes. Demander de l’aide aux superviseurs (enseignants, surveillants ou parents) accroît le risque de victimisation. Inciter les témoins à intervenir représente une piste qui pourrait être éventuellement intégrée aux programmes de prévention.
Görüntü ve lidar verisinden bina tespitinde farkli yöntemler
Authors: Demir Nusret
Published: April 2015

Özet

Bu çalışmada dört farklı bina tespit yöntemi incelenmiştir. Her bir yöntem farklı işlem adımlarına sahiptir ve bina tespiti için farklı üstünlüklere sahiptir. İlk yöntem, çok bantlı sınıflandırma ve sayısal yükseklik modeli filtrelenmesine dayanmaktadır. İkinci yöntem, sayısal arazi modeli üzerinde tespit edilmiş arazi üzeri nesneleri ile NDVI görüntüsünün eğitimsiz sınıflandırması ile ağaç nesnelerinin elemine edilmesi ile binaları tespit etmektedir. Üçüncü yöntem, LIDAR arazi noktaları üzerinde yoğunluk analizi ile arazi üzeri nesnelerin tespiti ve yine NDVI kullanarak binaları tespit etmektedir. Dördüncü yöntem ise tamamen LIDAR noktalarına dayanmaktadır, dikey ve yatay düzlem üzerinde yoğunluk analizi ile bina ve ağaçların birbirlerinden ayrışmasını inceleyerek binalar tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra, yöntemlerin özelliklerine, avantaj ve dezavantajlarına bağlı olarak sonuçlar bütünleştirilmiş ve sırasıyla %94 ve %92 doğruluk ve tamlık değerlerine ulaşılmıştır.
Geração e manejo dos resíduos sólidos resultantes das atividades turísticas de Porto de Galinhas - PE
Authors: Santos Jaqueline Guimarães , Cândido Gesinaldo Ataíde
Published: April 2015

A expressiva geração de resíduos sólidos, aliada à falta de manejo adequado do lixo gerado, vem sendo uma das questões de preocupação e incitando a realização de pesquisas por parte dos estudiosos da área. O turismo, como uma atividade que impacta, positiva e negativamente, uma dada localidade, vem se destacando como uma atividade que pode gerar um elevado volume de resíduos, sobretudo nos períodos de alta estação, haja vista o aumento de pessoas que se deslocam para os destinos turísticos. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar a geração e o manejo dos resíduos sólidos resultantes das atividades turísticas de Porto de Galinhas - PE. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa, conduzida sob a forma de um estudo de caso realizado em Porto de Galinhas - PE. Para a coleta dos dados, foram feitas entrevistas com os atores sociais e observação não participante. Os principais resultados da pesquisa apontaram que as atividades turísticas de Porto de Galinhas resultam em uma elevada quantidade de resíduos sólidos, que são direcionados para locais inadequados. Embora o destino apresente uma associação de matérias recicláveis -a RECICLE - ela não reaproveita uma quantidade significativa, devido à proporção de resíduos gerados.
A geração de resíduos sólidos aeroportuários e suas interfaces com o turismo: o caso do Aeroporto Hugo Cantergiani, Caxias do Sul-RS, Brasil
Authors: Kunz Jaciel Gustavo , De Conto Suzana Maria , Demori Morgana Klipp
Published: April 2015

O fenômeno turístico é indissociável dos sistemas de transporte, necessitando ser estudado sob a dimensão ambiental, em especial o modal aéreo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a situação da geração de resíduos sólidos no Aeroporto Hugo Cantergiani, situado em Caxias do Sul–RS. A pesquisa, de tipo descritivo-exploratória, envolveu levantamento documental, observação direta e caracterização de resíduos sólidos. Amostrou-se um período de dezoito dias e meio, distribuídos em três semanas/meses em 2012. A movimentação operacional no aeroporto durante a pesquisa foi de 15.543 passageiros. Foram pesados, no período, 878,76kg de resíduos, tendo sido segregados e caracterizados 606,83kg. Desse montante, cerca de 70% foram oriundos de serviços prestados no sítio aeroportuário e cerca de 30% provenientes das aeronaves. Verificou-se uma produção por passageiro em aeronaves de 30g/passageiro/viagem e no sítio aeroportuário uma produção per capita de 40g/pessoa/dia. Os componentes mais representativos foram: contaminante biológico (29,54%), matéria orgânica putrescível (27,16%), plástico (19,15%) e papel e papelão (14,04%). Estudos dessa natureza contribuem para o preenchimento de lacunas no conhecimento relacionadas à composição gravimétrica de resíduos sólidos aeroportuários, para a avaliação do impacto ambiental ocasionado pela geração desses resíduos e para o fornecimento de diretrizes voltadas a planos de gestão de resíduos sólidos em aeroportos, infraestruturas de apoio ao turismo.
High‐temperature fracturing and subsequent grain‐size‐sensitive creep in lower crustal gabbros: Evidence for coseismic loading followed by creep during decaying stress in the lower crust?
Authors: Okudaira Takamoto , Jeřábek Petr , Stünitz Holger , Fusseis Florian
Published: April 2015

The mechanism of shear zone formation in lower crustal, relatively “dry” rocks is still poorly understood. We have studied the high‐temperature deformation of the Hasvik gabbro (northern Norway) which commences by fracturing. The 10–20 µm wide fractures show little displacement. The fine‐grained plagioclase and orthopyroxene in the fractures lack a crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) or a systematic crystallographic orientation with respect to the host grains. Fractures grade into narrow shear zones, which are composed of fine (10–20 µm), equant grains of recrystallized plagioclase, amphibole, and pyroxene. Recrystallized plagioclase and pyroxene have compositions different from the magmatic grains, suggesting that they have formed by nucleation and growth. Based on conventional plagioclase‐amphibole thermobarometry, the shear zones have formed at temperatures and pressures of 700–750°C and 0.5–0.6 GPa. The observed primary minerals cut by fractures suggest high‐temperature fracturing in the absence of high pore pressures, which implies a high strength of the lower crustal gabbros and high stresses at fracturing. The shear zones are characterized by the lack of CPO and a small grain size, suggesting that the mechanism of deformation of the fine‐grained plagioclase and orthopyroxene has been grain boundary sliding accommodated by diffusive mass transfer. The amphibole grains have strong CPOs, which most likely result from oriented growth and/or rigid body rotations during deformation. The process that initiated the fracturing and subsequent viscous creep in the Hasvik gabbro may have resulted from a process of coseismic loading followed by creep during decaying stress in the lower crust.
The evolution of a Gondwanan collisional orogen: A structural and geochronological appraisal from the Southern Granulite Terrane, South India
Authors: Plavsa Diana , Collins Alan S. , Foden John D. , Clark Chris
Published: April 2015

Gondwana amalgamated along a suite of Himalayan‐scale collisional orogens, the roots of which lace the continents of Africa, South America, and Antarctica. The Southern Granulite Terrane of India is a generally well‐exposed, exhumed, Gondwana‐forming orogen that preserves a record of the tectonic evolution of the eastern margin of the East African Orogen during the Ediacaran‐Cambrian (circa 600–500 Ma) as central Gondwana formed. The deformation associated with the closure of the Mozambique Ocean and collision of the Indian and East African/Madagascan cratonic domains is believed to have taken place along the southern margin of the Salem Block (the Palghat‐Cauvery Shear System, PCSS) in the Southern Granulite Terrane. Investigation of the structural fabrics and the geochronology of the high‐grade shear zones within the PCSS system shows that the Moyar‐Salem‐Attur shear zone to the north of the PCSS system is early Paleoproterozoic in age and associated with dextral strike‐slip motion, while the Cauvery shear zone (CSZ) to the south of the PCSS system can be loosely constrained to circa 740–550 Ma and is associated with dip‐slip dextral transpression and north side‐up motion. To the south of the proposed suture zone (the Cauvery shear zone), the structural fabrics of the Northern Madurai Block suggest four deformational events (D1–D4), some of which are likely to be contemporaneous. The timing of high pressure‐ultrahigh temperature metamorphism and deformation (D1–D3) in the Madurai Block (here interpreted as the southern extension of Azania) is constrained to circa 550–500 Ma and interpreted as representing collisional orogeny and subsequent orogenic collapse of the eastern margin of the East African Orogen. The disparity in the nature of the structural fabrics and the timing of the deformation in the Salem and the Madurai Blocks suggest that the two experienced distinct tectonothermal events prior to their amalgamation along the Cauvery shear zone during the Ediacaran/Cambrian.
Observations indicative of rain‐induced double diffusion in the ocean surface boundary layer
Authors: Walesby K. , Vialard J. , Minnett P. J. , Callaghan A. H. , Ward B.
Published: April 2015

Double diffusion can result in the formation of thermohaline staircases, typically observed in the ocean interior. The observations presented here were acquired in the ocean surface boundary layer with the autonomous microstructure Air‐Sea Interaction Profiler. An intense rain event (rainfall rates of up to 35 mm/h) resulted in cooler, fresher water (up to 0.15 practical salinity unit (psu) over the upper 7–10 m) overlaying warmer, saltier water, a situation potentially conducive to double‐diffusive mixing. Although not as crisp as interfaces in the interior ocean because of elevated background mixing, a total of 303 thermohaline interfaces were detected within and at the base of the fresh layer, with mean changes in temperature (T) and salinity (S) across interfaces of 20 × 10−3∘C and 22 × 10−3 psu, respectively. These results call for new studies to disambiguate whether such interfaces are formed through double‐diffusive mixing or shear instabilities and understand any long‐term impacts on near‐surface stratification.
A thermospheric Na layer event observed up to 140 km over Syowa Station (69.0°S, 39.6°E) in Antarctica
Authors: Tsuda T. T. , Chu X. , Nakamura T. , Ejiri M. K. , Kawahara T. D. , Yukimatu A. S. , Hosokawa K.
Published: April 2015

We report a thermospheric Na layer event (up to 140 km) observed by lidar in the night of 23–24 September 2000 at Syowa (69.0°S, 39.6°E), Antarctica. The thermospheric Na number densities were 2–9 cm−3 at 110–140 km, 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the peak density of the normal layer at 80–110 km. The thermospheric Na layers exhibited a wave‐like structure with a period of 1–2 h. The colocated ionospheric/auroral observations showed sporadic E layers over Syowa through the night and an enhancement of the ionospheric/auroral activity around south side of Syowa at the event beginning. Adopting the theory by Chu et al. (2011), we hypothesize that the thermospheric Na layers are neutralized from converged Na+ layers. An envelope calculation shows good consistency with the observations.
High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells with Broadband Absorption Enhancement and Reliable Reproducibility Enabled by Collective Plasmonic Effects
Authors: Li Xuanhua , Ren Xingang , Xie Fengxian , Zhang Yongxing , Xu Tingting , Wei Bingqing , Choy Wallace C. H.
Published: April 2015

Broadband absorption enhancement in metal nanomaterials for high‐performance organic solar cells (OSCs) is highly desirable in the plasmonic‐enhanced OSCs. Here, a new dual plasmonic device is proposed by strategically designing device structures and managing two types of plasmonic structures (e.g., metal grating and metal nanoparticles (NPs)) in one device to achieve the broadband enhancement with better reproducibility, including (a) selecting Ag grating with 600 nm period as an anode, (b) introducing metal NPs into the electron transport layer (not active layer), and (c) adopting ZnO as the electron transport layer (not TiO2). The device shows broadband absorption enhancement in the range of 350–800 nm due to multiple plasmonic effects. As a result, the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.62% has been achieved from the device, which is one of the highest efficiencies in plasmonic OSCs reported for a single junction OSC. Importantly, the as‐proposed dual device in this work shows an excellent reproducibility of high PCE in experiment, which is much more applicable for practical applications. This work demonstrates the significance of rational design of the device structure and plasmonic nanostructures in achieving high‐performance plasmonic OSCs with broadband plasmonic absorption enhancement and reliable reproducibility.
Polymer Solar Cells with Efficiency >10% Enabled via a Facile Solution‐Processed Al‐Doped ZnO Electron Transporting Layer
Authors: Jagadamma Lethy Krishnan , Al‐Senani Mohammed , El‐Labban Abdulrahman , Gereige Issam , Ngongang Ndjawa Guy O. , Faria Jorge C. D. , Kim Taesoo , Zhao Kui , Cruciani Federico , Anjum Dalaver H. , McLachlan Martyn A. , Beaujuge Pierre M. , Amassian Aram
Published: April 2015

A facile and low‐temperature (125 °C) solution‐processed Al‐doped ZnO (AZO) buffer layer functioning very effectively as electron accepting/hole blocking layer for a wide range of polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction systems, yielding power conversion efficiency in excess of 10% (8%) on glass (plastic) substrates is described. The ammonia‐treatment of the aqueous AZO nanoparticle solution produces compact, crystalline, and smooth thin films, which retain the aluminum doping, and eliminates/reduces the native defects by nitrogen incorporation, making them good electron transporters and energetically matched with the fullerene acceptor. It is demonstrated that highly efficient solar cells can be achieved without the need for additional surface chemical modifications of the buffer layer, which is a common requirement for many metal oxide buffer layers to yield efficient solar cells. Also highly efficient solar cells are achieved with thick AZO films (>50 nm), highlighting the suitability of this material for roll‐to‐roll coating. Preliminary results on the applicability of AZO as electron injection layer in F8BT‐based polymer light emitting diode are also presented.
Effect of ionic strength on bubble coalescence in inorganic salt and seawater solutions
Authors: Sovechles Joshua M. , Waters Kristian E.
Published: April 2015

Bubble size is of fundamental importance in the flotation process, as it provides the surface area for particle collection. Typically, weak surfactants (frothers) are added to process water to reduce bubble coalescence. Certain inorganic electrolytes, which occur naturally in some flotation process water, have been shown to mimic the role of frothers. The concentration at which bubble coalescence is inhibited, the critical coalescence concentration, was determined in a 5.5‐L mechanical flotation cell for a series of coalescence inhibiting inorganic salts. To mimic some industrial flotation process water, a synthetic sea salt solution was also tested. It was found that when the multicomponent sea salt solution was broken down into its constituent parts, the addition of the ionic strength of each ion correlated well with the overall ionic strength curve of all the salts tested. The critical coalescence ionic strength ranged from 0.22 to 0.35, with sea salt being 0.26. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2489–2496, 2015
Efficient tuning of microstructure and surface chemistry of nanocarbon catalysts for ethylbenzene direct dehydrogenation
Authors: Zhao Zhongkui , Dai Yitao , Ge Guifang , Wang Guiru
Published: April 2015

A facile and scalable approach to efficiently tune microstructure and surface chemical properties of N‐doped carbocatalysts through the controlled glucose hydrothermal treatment with diverse parameters and subsequent pyrolysis of pretreated carbonaceous materials with melamine (GHT‐PCM) was presented. Various characterization techniques including high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), N2 adsorption desorption (BET), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to investigate the effect of prior GHT on the microstructure and surface chemical properties of N‐doped carbocatalysts, as well as to reveal the relationship between catalyst nature and catalytic performance in oxidant‐ and steam‐free direct dehydrogenation (DDH) of ethylbenzene for styrene production. It was found that the GHT process and its conditions significantly affect microstructure and surface chemical properties of the N‐doped carbocatalysts, which subsequently influences their catalytic performance in DDH reaction dramatically. Interestingly, the prior GHT can remove the carbon nitride layer formed on parent nanocarbon in the process of melamine pyrolysis, produce structural defects, and tune surface element component, through the “detonation” of polysaccharide coating on nanocarbon. The as‐prepared N‐doped CNT (M‐Glu‐CNT) by the established GHT‐PCM approach demonstrates higher catalytic performance (4.6 mmol g−1h−1 styrene rate with 98% selectivity) to the common N‐doped CNT (M‐CNT, 3.4 mmol g−1 h−1 styrene rate with 98.2% selectivity) as well as to pristine CNT (2.8 mmol g−1 h−1 styrene rate with 96.8% selectivity), mainly ascribed to increased structural defects, enriched surface ketonic CO groups, and improved basic properties from N‐doping on the M‐Glu‐CNT, those strongly depend on GHT conditions. The excellent catalytic performance of the developed M‐Glu‐CNT catalyst endows it with great potential for future clean production of styrene via oxidant‐ and steam‐free conditions. Moreover, the directed GHT‐PCM strategy can be extended to the other N‐doped carbonaceous materials with enhanced catalytic performance in diverse reactions by tuning their microstructure and surface chemistry. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2543–2561, 2015
3p14 deletion is a rare contiguous gene syndrome: Report of 2 new patients and an overview of 14 patients
Authors: Dimitrov B. I. , Ogilvie C. , Wieczorek D. , Wakeling E. , Sikkema‐Raddatz B. , van Ravenswaaij‐Arts C. M. A. , Josifova D.
Published: April 2015

Interstitial deletions of chromosome 3p14p12 are a rare chromosome rearrangement. Twenty‐six patients have been reported in the literature to date, however, a specific clinical phenotype has not yet been delineated. We describe three patients (two new) with overlapping chromosome 3p14p12 deletions and review the clinical and molecular data of 11 well‐characterized, published cases. These patients had a number of features in common, such as short stature, failure to thrive, facial dysmorphism, congenital heart defects, urogenital abnormalities, neurological problems, hearing loss, and global developmental delay, suggesting that the interstitial chromosome 3p14p12 deletion gives rise to a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome. Some of the patients show clinical overlap with other complex syndromes such as CHARGE syndrome. Genotype–phenotype analysis revealed candidate genes for parts of the clinical features suggesting that the 3p14 deletion is a contiguous gene syndrome. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deletion 1q43‐44 in a patient with clinical diagnosis of Warburg–Micro syndrome
Authors: Arroyo‐Carrera Ignacio , de Zaldívar Tristancho María Solo , Bermejo‐Sánchez Eva , Martínez‐Fernández María Luisa , López‐Lafuente Amparo , MacDonald Alexandra , Zúñiga Ángel , Luis Gómez‐Skarmeta José , Luisa Martínez‐Frías María
Published: April 2015

Warburg–Micro syndrome (WARBM) is an autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by microcephaly, microphthalmia, microcornea, congenital cataracts, optic atrophy and central nervous system malformations. This syndrome is caused by mutations in the RAB3GAP1/2 and RAB18 genes, part of the Rab family, and in the TBC1D20 gene, which contributes to lipid droplet formation/metabolism. Here we present a patient with clinical diagnosis of WARBM syndrome, who did not have mutations in either the RAB3GAP1/2 genes, in the main exons of RAB18, nor in the TBC1D20 gene. However, the analysis with CGH‐array detected a 9.6 Mb deletion at 1q43‐qter. We performed a genotype–phenotype correlation using 20 previously published patients in whom the coordinates of the deleted regions were defined. The comparative analysis revealed that the current patient and three of the other 20 patients share the loss of six genes, four of which are related with the family of G proteins, and are strongly expressed in the brain, retina, heart and kidney. Consequently, their haploinsufficiency may result in different combinations of clinical alterations, including some of those of WARBM syndrome. In addition, the haploinsufficiency of other genes may contribute to other defects and clinical variability. Additionally, for the genotype–phenotype correlation, one must also consider molecular pathways that can result in the observed alterations. To early confirm a genetic diagnosis is essential for the patient and family. The current patient was considered as having a recessive syndrome, but since he had a “de novo” deletion, there was not an increased recurrence risk. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cornelia de Lange syndrome caused by heterozygous deletions of chromosome 8q24: Comments on the article by Pereza et al. [2012]
Authors: Pereza Nina , Severinski Srećko , Ostojić Saša , Volk Marija , Maver Aleš , Dekanić Kristina Baraba , Kapović Miljenko , Peterlin Borut
Published: April 2015

In the March issue of the Journal in 2012, we reported on a girl with Langer‐Giedion syndrome (LGS) phenotype and a 7.5 Mb interstitial deletion at 8q23.3q24.13, encompassing the EXT1, but not the TRPS1 gene. Recent discoveries have shown that heterozygous intragenic mutations or contiguous gene deletions including the RAD21 gene, which is located downstream of the TRPS1 gene, are the cause of Cornelia de Lange syndrome‐4. Considering that the interstitial deletion in our patient included the RAD21 and 30 other RefSeq genes, we would like to suggest a revision of the diagnosis reported in our previous paper and compare our patient to other reported patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome‐4 caused by heterozygous deletions of chromosome 8q24. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elevation of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐2 level in Pallister–Killian syndrome: Implications for the postnatal growth retardation phenotype
Authors: Izumi Kosuke , Kellogg Emily , Fujiki Katsunori , Kaur Maninder , Tilton Richard K. , Noon Sarah , Wilkens Alisha , Shirahige Katsuhiko , Krantz Ian D.
Published: April 2015

Pallister–Killian syndrome (PKS) is a multi‐system developmental disorder caused by tetrasomy 12p that exhibits tissue‐limited mosaicism. Probands with PKS often demonstrate a unique growth profile consisting of macrosomia at birth with deceleration of growth postnatally. We have previously demonstrated that cultured skin fibroblasts from PKS probands have significantly elevated expression of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐2 (IGFBP2). To further evaluate the role of IGFBP2 in PKS, the amount of IGFBP2 secreted from cultured skin fibroblast cell lines and serum IGFBP2 levels were measured in probands with PKS. Approximately 60% of PKS fibroblast cell lines secreted higher levels of IGFBP2 compared to control fibroblasts, although the remaining 40% of PKS samples produced comparable level of IGFBP2 to that of control fibroblasts. Serum IGFBP2 levels were also measured in PKS probands and were elevated in 40% of PKS probands. PKS probands with elevated IGFBP2 manifested with severe postnatal growth retardation. IGFBPs are the family of related proteins that bind IGFs with high affinity and are typically thought to attenuate IGF action. We suggest that elevated IGFBP2 levels might play a role in the growth retardation phenotype of PKS. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patients with isolated oligo/hypodontia caused by RUNX2 duplication
Authors: Molin Arnaud , Lopez‐Cazaux Serena , Pichon Olivier , Vincent Marie , Isidor Bertrand , Le Caignec Cédric
Published: April 2015

Loss‐of‐function mutations of RUNX2 are responsible for cleidocranial dysplasia, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by delayed closure of cranial sutures, aplastic or hypoplastic clavicles, moderate short stature and supernumerary teeth. By contrast, an increased gene dosage is expected for duplication of the entire RUNX2 sequence and thus, a phenotype different from cleidocranial dysplasia. To date, two cousins with a duplication including the entire RUNX2 sequence in addition to MIR586, CLIC5 and the 5' half of SUPT3H have been reported. These patients presented with metopic synostosis and hypodontia.

Here, we report on a family with an affected mother and three affected children. The four patients carried a 285 kb duplication identified by array comparative genomic hybridization. The duplication includes the entire sequence of RUNX2 and the 5′ half of SUPT3H. We confirmed the duplication by real‐time quantitative PCR in the four patients. Two children presented with the association of metopic craniosynostosis and oligo/hypodontia previously described, confirming the phenotype caused by RUNX2 duplication. Interestingly, the mother and one child had isolated hypodontia without craniosynostosis, broadening the phenotype observed in patients with such duplications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.