bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autoimagem corporal e prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em estudantes universitários
Authors: Ponte Michelle Alves Vasconcelos , Fonseca Sandra Sandra Celina Fernandes , Carvalhal Maria Isabel Martins Mourão , Da Fonseca João José Saraiva
Published: April 2019

Objetivo: Investigar o sobrepeso/obesidade, a autopercepção da imagem corporal de universitários e as associações entre essas variáveis com características sociodemográficas, vinculadas à Universidade e aos comportamentos relacionados à saúde. Métodos: Estudo transversal, exploratório e quantitativo, realizado entre janeiro e fevereiro de 2017, com 324 universitários das áreas da Saúde, Exatas e Humanas. Utilizou-se questionário de Indicadores de Saúde e Qualidade de Vida de Acadêmicos para avaliar características sociodemográficas, vínculo com a universidade e comportamentos relacionados à saúde. Avaliou-se a autopercepção da imagem corporal, através da escala de silhuetas, e o estado nutricional, pelo índice de massa corporal. Realizaram-se análises descritivas e regressão Logística Multinominal. Resultados: A prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade foi de 43,2% (n= 141) e de insatisfação com a imagem corporal foi de 76,5% (n= 248). As universitárias apresentaram maiores chances de sobrepeso e obesidade (IC 95%:1,0-2,7; p 0,03). Os estudantes casados (IC 95%:1,8-5,9; p 0,01), que trabalham (IC 95%:1,4-3,7; p 0,01), com renda igual ou superior a um salário mínimo (IC 95%:1,4-4,8; p 0,01), tiveram maior chance de sobrepeso. O estado de saúde regular relacionou-se com maior insatisfação com a imagem corporal (IC 95%:1,4-5,7; p 0,01). A melhor aptidão física associou-se com menor chance de insatisfação corporal (IC 95%: 0,06-0,47; p 0,01). Conclusão: Elevada prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade e de insatisfação com a imagem corporal entre os universitários. Existe associação da prevalência de sobrepeso com faixa etária, sexo, estado civil, trabalho, renda, consumo de carne vermelha, assim como entre a autopercepção da imagem corporal com a autopercepção do estado de saúde, aptidão física e turno de estudo.
Percepções da equipe de enfermagem acerca da humanização em terapia intensiva
Authors: Castro Ariane Da Silva , Arboit Éder Luís , Ely Gabriela Zenatti , Motta Dias Cristiane Appio , Arboit Jaqueline , Camponogara Silviamar
Published: April 2019

Objetivo: Conhecer as percepções da equipe de Enfermagem acerca da humanização da assistência em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Métodos: Estudo com abordagem qualitativa realizado em 2017, em uma instituição hospitalar cujos participantes foram quatro enfermeiros e oito técnicos de enfermagem atuantes na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulto de um hospital do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram analisados pela análise temática, a partir da qual emergiu uma categoria temática, qual seja: O cotidiano de trabalho na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva no contexto da humanização da assistência. Resultados: Os achados revelam que os profissionais percebem a importância da assistência qualificada, embasada numa prática acolhedora e humanizada. Apontam a importância de atender não somente às necessidades biológicas dos pacientes por eles assistidos, mas o uso da comunicação como prática intimamente relacionada com a humanização do cuidado. No entanto, pode-se identificar, por vezes, a falta de conhecimento em relação à política nacional de humanização. Conclusão: O estudo traz subsídios para que os profissionais de Enfermagem possam re(pensar) a sua prática assistencial, tendo em vista aliar a alta densidade tecnológica com a humanização e a segurança do paciente em terapia intensiva.
Linkage disequilibrium and within-breed genetic diversity in Iranian Zandi sheep
Authors: Ghoreishifar Seyed Mohammad , Moradi-Shahrbabak Hossein , Parna Nahid , Davoudi Pourya , Khansefid Majid
Published: April 2019

Abstract. This research aimed to measure the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD), effective population size (Ne), and runs of homozygosity (ROHs) in one of the major Iranian sheep breeds (Zandi) using 96 samples genotyped with Illumina Ovine SNP50 BeadChip. The amount of LD (r2) for single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) pairs in short distances (10–20 kb) was 0.21±0.25 but rapidly decreased to 0.10±0.16 by increasing the distance between SNP pairs (40–60 kb). The Ne of Zandi sheep in past (approximately 3500 generations ago) and recent (five generations ago) populations was estimated to be 6475 and 122, respectively. The ROH-based inbreeding was 0.023. We found 558 ROH regions, of which 37 % were relatively long (> 10 Mb). Compared with the rate of LD reduction in other species (e.g., cattle and pigs), in Zandi, it was reduced more rapidly by increasing the distance between SNP pairs. According to the LD pattern and high genetic diversity of Zandi sheep, we need to use an SNP panel with a higher density than Illumina Ovine SNP50 BeadChip for genomic selection and genome-wide association studies in this breed.
Mechanistic and kinetics investigations of oligomer formation from Criegee intermediate reactions with hydroxyalkyl hydroperoxides
Authors: Chen Long , Huang Yu , Xue Yonggang , Shen Zhenxing , Cao Junji , Wang Wenliang
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Although secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a major component of PM2.5
and organic aerosol (OA) particles and therefore profoundly influences air
quality, climate forcing, and human health, the mechanism of SOA formation
via Criegee chemistry is poorly understood. Herein, we perform high-level
theoretical calculations to study the gas-phase reaction mechanism and
kinetics of four Criegee intermediate (CI) reactions with four
hydroxyalkyl hydroperoxides (HHPs) for the first time. The calculated
results show that the consecutive reactions of CIs with HHPs are both
thermochemically and kinetically favored, and the oligomers contain CIs
as chain units. The addition of an −OOH group in HHPs to the central carbon
atom of CIs is identified as the most energetically favorable channel, with
a barrier height strongly dependent on both CI substituent number (one or
two) and position (syn- or anti-). In particular, the introduction of a methyl
group into the anti-position significantly increases the rate
coefficient, and a
dramatic decrease is observed when the methyl group is introduced into the
syn-position. These findings are expected to broaden the reactivity profile and
deepen our understanding of atmospheric SOA formation processes.
The distribution of sea-salt aerosol in the global troposphere
Authors: Murphy Daniel M. , Froyd Karl D. , Bian Huisheng , Brock Charles A. , Dibb Jack E. , DiGangi Joshua P. , Diskin Glenn , Dollner Maximillian , Kupc Agnieszka , Scheuer Eric M. , Schill Gregory P. , Weinzierl Bernadett , Williamson Christina J. , Yu Pengfei
Published: April 2019

Abstract. We present the first data on the concentration of sea-salt aerosol throughout
most of the depth of the troposphere and over a wide range of latitudes,
which were obtained during the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission.
Sea-salt concentrations in the upper troposphere are very small, usually less
than 10 ng per standard m3 (about 10 parts per trillion by mass) and
often less than 1 ng m−3. This puts stringent limits on the
contribution of sea-salt aerosol to halogen and nitric acid chemistry in the
upper troposphere. Within broad regions the concentration of sea-salt aerosol
is roughly proportional to water vapor, supporting a dominant role for wet
scavenging in removing sea-salt aerosol from the atmosphere. Concentrations
of sea-salt aerosol in the winter upper troposphere are not as low as in the
summer and the tropics. This is mostly a consequence of less wet scavenging
in the drier, colder winter atmosphere. There is also a source of sea-salt
aerosol over pack ice that is distinct from that over open water. With a
well-studied and widely distributed source, sea-salt aerosol provides an
excellent test of wet scavenging and vertical transport of aerosols in
chemical transport models.
The global climatology of the intensity of the ionospheric sporadic E layer
Authors: Yu Bingkun , Xue Xianghui , Yue Xin'an , Yang Chengyun , Yu Chao , Dou Xiankang , Ning Baiqi , Hu Lianhuan
Published: April 2019

Abstract. On the basis of S4max data retrieved from COSMIC GPS radio occultation
measurements, the long-term climatology of the intensity of Es layers is
investigated for the period from December 2006 to January 2014. Global maps
of Es intensity show the high-spatial-resolution geographical distribution
and strong seasonal dependence of Es layers. The maximum intensity of
Es occurs over the mid-latitudes, and its value in summer is 2–3 times
larger than that in winter. A relatively strong Es layer is observed at
the North Pole and South Pole, with a distinct boundary dividing the mid-latitudes
and high latitudes along the 60–80∘ geomagnetic
latitude band. The simulation results show that the convergence of vertical
ion velocity could partially explain the seasonal dependence of Es
intensity. Furthermore, some disagreements between the distributions of the
calculated divergence of vertical ion velocity and the observed Es
intensity indicate that other processes, such as the vertical motions of
gravity waves, magnetic-field effects, meteoric mass influx into Earth's
atmosphere, and the chemical processes of metallic ions, should also be
considered as they may also play an important role in the spatial and
seasonal variations in Es layers.
Multi-decadal atmospheric and marine climate variability in southern Iberia during the mid- to late-Holocene
Authors: Schirrmacher Julien , Weinelt Mara , Blanz Thomas , Andersen Nils , Salgueiro Emília , Schneider Ralph R.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. To assess the regional multi-decadal to multi-centennial climate variability along the
southern Iberian Peninsula during the mid- to late-Holocene record of paleo-environmental
indicators from marine sediments were established for two sites in the Alboran Sea
(ODP-161-976A) and the Gulf of Cádiz (GeoB5901-2). High-resolution records of organic
geochemical properties and planktic foraminiferal assemblages are used to decipher
precipitation and vegetation changes as well as hydrological conditions with respect to
sea surface temperature (SST) and marine primary productivity (MPP). As a proxy for
precipitation change, records of plant-derived n-alkane composition suggest a series of
five distinct dry episodes in southern Iberia at 5.4±0.3 ka cal BP, from 5.1 to
4.9±0.1 ka cal BP, from 4.8 to 4.7±0.1 ka cal BP, from 4.4 to 4.3±0.1 ka cal BP, and at 3.7±0.1 ka cal BP. During each dry episode the
vegetation suffered from reduced water availability. Interestingly, the dry phase from
4.4 to 4.3±0.1 ka cal BP is followed by a rapid shift towards wetter conditions
revealing a more complex pattern in terms of its timing and duration than was described
for the 4.2 ka event in other regions. The series of dry episodes as well as closely
connected hydrological variability in the Alboran Sea were probably driven by NAO-like
(North Atlantic Oscillation) variability. In contrast, surface waters in the Gulf of
Cádiz appear to have responded more directly to North Atlantic cooling associated
with Bond events. In particular, during Bond events 3 and 4, a pronounced increase in
seasonality with summer warming and winter cooling is found.
Freshwater resources under success and failure of the Paris climate agreement
Authors: Heinke Jens , Müller Christoph , Lannerstad Mats , Gerten Dieter , Lucht Wolfgang
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Population growth will in many regions increase the pressure on water resources and
likely increase the number of people affected by water scarcity. In parallel, global
warming causes hydrological changes which will affect freshwater supply for human use in
many regions. This study estimates the exposure of future population to severe
hydrological changes relevant from a freshwater resource perspective at different levels
of global mean temperature rise above pre-industrial level (ΔTglob).
The analysis is complemented by an assessment of water scarcity that would occur without
additional climate change due to population change alone; this is done to identify the
population groups that are faced with particularly high adaptation challenges. The
results are analysed in the context of success and failure of implementing the Paris
Agreement to evaluate how climate mitigation can reduce the future number of people
exposed to severe hydrological change. The results show that without climate mitigation
efforts, in the year 2100 about 4.9 billion people in the SSP2 population scenario would
more likely than not be exposed to severe hydrological change, and about
2.1 billion of them would be faced with particularly high adaptation challenges due to
already prevailing water scarcity. Limiting warming to 2 ∘C by a successful
implementation of the Paris Agreement would strongly reduce these numbers to 615 million
and 290 million, respectively. At the regional scale, substantial water-related risks
remain at 2 ∘C, with more than 12 % of the population exposed to severe
hydrological change and high adaptation challenges in Latin America and the Middle East
and north Africa region. Constraining ΔTglob to 1.5 ∘C would
limit this share to about 5 % in these regions.
Clustering CAMELS using hydrological signatures with high spatial predictability
Authors: Jehn Florian Ulrich , Bestian Konrad , Breuer Lutz , Kraft Philipp , Houska Tobias
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The behavior of every catchment is unique. Still, we need ways to classify them as this helps to improve hydrological theories. Usually catchments are classified along either their attributes classes (e.g. climate, topography) or their discharge characteristics, which is often captured in hydrological signatures. However, recent studies have shown that many hydrological signatures have a low predictability in space and therefore only dubious hydrological meaning. Therefore, this study uses hydrological signatures with the highest predictability in space to cluster 643 catchments from the continental United States (CAMELS (Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-Sample Studies) dataset) into ten groups. We then evaluated the connection between catchment attributes with the hydrological signatures with quadratic regression, both in the overall CAMELS dataset and the ten clusters. In the overall dataset, aridity had the strongest connection to the hydrological signatures, especially in the eastern United States. However, the clusters in the western United States showed a more heterogeneous pattern with a larger influence of forest fraction, the mean elevation or the snow fraction. From this, we conclude that catchment behavior can be mainly attributed to climate in regions with homogenous topography. In regions with a heterogeneous topography, there is no clear pattern of the catchment behavior, as catchments show high spatial variability in their attributes. The classification of the CAMELS dataset with the hydrological signatures allows testing hydrological models in contrasting environments.
The benefits of spatial resolution increase in global simulations of the hydrological cycle evaluated for the Rhine and Mississippi basins
Authors: Benedict Imme , van Heerwaarden Chiel C. , Weerts Albrecht H. , Hazeleger Wilco
Published: April 2019

Abstract. To study the global hydrological cycle and its response to a
changing climate, we rely on global climate models (GCMs) and global
hydrological models (GHMs). The spatial resolution of these models is
restricted by computational resources and therefore limits the processes and
level of detail that can be resolved. Increase in computer power therefore
permits increase in resolution, but it is an open question where this
resolution is invested best: in the GCM or GHM. In this study, we evaluated
the benefits of increased resolution, without modifying the representation of
physical processes in the models. By doing so, we can evaluate the benefits
of resolution alone. We assess and compare the benefits of an increased
resolution for a GCM and a GHM for two basins with long observational
records: the Rhine and Mississippi basins. Increasing the resolution of a GCM
(1.125 to 0.25∘) results in an improved precipitation budget over the
Rhine basin, attributed to a more realistic large-scale circulation. These
improvements with increased resolution are not found for the Mississippi
basin, possibly because precipitation is strongly dependent on the
representation of still unresolved convective processes. Increasing the
resolution of the GCM improved the simulations of the monthly-averaged
discharge for the Rhine, but did not improve the representation of extreme
streamflow events. For the Mississippi basin, no substantial differences in
precipitation and discharge were found with the higher-resolution GCM
and GHM. Increasing the
resolution of parameters describing vegetation and orography in the
high-resolution GHM (from 0.5 to 0.05∘) shows no significant
differences in discharge for both basins. A straightforward resolution
increase in the GHM is thus most likely not the best method to improve
discharge predictions, which emphasizes the need for better representation of
processes and improved parameterizations that go hand in hand with resolution
increase in a GHM.
Event-based probabilistic risk assessment of livestock snow disasters in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Ye Tao , Liu Weihang , Wu Jidong , Li Yijia , Shi Peijun , Zhang Qiang
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Understanding risk using quantitative risk assessment
offers critical information for risk-informed reduction actions, investing
in building resilience, and planning for adaptation. This study develops an
event-based probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) model for livestock snow
disasters in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) region and derives risk
assessment results based on historical climate conditions (1980–2015) and
present-day prevention capacity. In the model, a hazard module was developed
to identify and simulate individual snow disaster events based on boosted
regression trees. By combining a fitted quantitative vulnerability function and
exposure derived from vegetation type and grassland carrying capacity, we
estimated risk metrics based on livestock mortality and mortality rate. In
our results, high-risk regions include the Nyainqêntanglha Range,
Tanggula Range, Bayankhar Mountains and the region between the Kailas Range
and the neighbouring Himalayas. In these regions, annual livestock mortality
rates were estimated as >2 % and mortality was estimated as
>2 sheep unit km−1 at a return period of 20 years.
Prefectures identified with extremely high risk include Guoluo in Qinghai
Province and Naqu, and Shigatse in the Tibet Autonomous Region. In these
prefectures, a snow disaster event with a return period of 20 years or higher
can easily claim total losses of more than 500 000 sheep units. Our
event-based PRA results provide a quantitative reference for preparedness
and insurance solutions in reducing mortality risk. The methodology
developed here can be further adapted to future climate change risk analyses
and provide important information for planning climate change adaption in
the QTP region.
Brief communication: Rethinking the 1998 China floods to prepare for a nonstationary future
Authors: Du Shiqiang , Cheng Xiaotao , Huang Qingxu , Chen Ruishan , Ward Philip J. , Aerts Jeroen C. J. H.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. A mega-flood in 1998 caused tremendous losses in China
and triggered major policy adjustments in flood-risk management. This paper
aims to retrospectively examine these policy adjustments and discuss how
China should adapt to newly emerging flood challenges. We show that China
suffers annually from floods despite large-scale investments and policy
adjustments. Rapid urbanization and climate change will exacerbate future
flood risk in China, with cascading impacts on other countries through
global trade networks. Therefore, novel flood-risk management approaches are
required, such as a risk-based urban planning and coordinated water
governance systems with public participation, in addition to traditional
structural protection.
Ensemble models from machine learning: an example of wave runup and coastal dune erosion
Authors: Beuzen Tomas , Goldstein Evan B. , Splinter Kristen D.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. After decades of study and significant data collection of time-varying swash on sandy beaches, there is no single deterministic prediction scheme for wave runup that eliminates prediction error – even bespoke, locally tuned predictors present scatter when compared to observations. Scatter in runup prediction is meaningful and can be used to create probabilistic predictions of runup for a given wave climate and beach slope. This contribution demonstrates this using a data-driven Gaussian process predictor; a probabilistic machine learning technique. The runup predictor is developed using one year of hourly wave runup data (8328 observations) collected by a fixed LIDAR at Narrabeen Beach, Sydney, Australia. The Gaussian process predictor accurately predicts hourly wave runup elevation when tested on unseen data with a root mean-squared-error of 0.18 m and bias of 0.02 m. The uncertainty estimates output from the probabilistic GP predictor are then used practically in a deterministic numerical model of coastal dune erosion, which relies on a parameterization of wave runup, to generate ensemble predictions. When applied to a dataset of dune erosion caused by a storm event that impacted Narrabeen Beach in 2011, the ensemble approach reproduced ~ 85 % of the observed variability in dune erosion along the 3.5 km beach and provided clear uncertainty estimates around these predictions. This work demonstrates how data-driven methods can be used with traditional deterministic models to develop ensemble predictions that provide more information and greater forecasting skill when compared to a single model using a deterministic parameterization; an idea that could be applied more generally to other numerical models of geomorphic systems.
Langston Hughes, African American Literature, and the Religious Futures of Black Studies
Authors: Sorett Josef
Published: April 2019

Following the propositions Elizabeth Alexander's keynote address, this essay begins by asking, How might a religious genealogy of Langston Hughes (and African American literature, in general) invite us to think differently about the future(s) of black studies? In response to this question, this essay traces a religious genealogy of Hughes's writing by moving backward across the span of his life from the 1960s, the decade in which he died, back to the 1920s, the decade in which we first achieved a degree of literary celebrity in the midst of the Harlem Renaissance. As a provisional response to the question of a religious genealogy of African American literature, this rendering of Hughes's long literary career seeks to accomplish three tasks. First, this novel genealogy of Langston Hughes highlights a range of sources that, in turn, reveal a religious history in African American letters that has only just begun to receive scholarly attention. Second, in shedding new light on these ostensibly familiar sources, this essay suggests that such histories present scholars of African American literature, culture, and religion with a fecund set of possibilities for future work. Third, by bringing this genealogy to the fore, this essay also hopes to call attention to how a set of religious ideas often circulate (and are left unquestioned) in and around our conceptions of black studies.
Words on a Tightrope
Authors: Williams Carmaletta M.
Published: April 2019

In his writings, Langston Hughes very carefully, yet subtly, reveals that his literary activities, for the most part, have been performance art. In explaining the “tightrope of words” he has had to traverse in order to reach the self-identification he wanted for himself from early childhood, he explains how a mastery of language was his first step. Accommodating the interests of his audiences was the next. In this essay, Carmaletta Williams takes us through Hughes's revelations about his art, family, and journey to self-identification primarily through his second autobiography, I Wonder as I Wander.
Modern Implant Options for the Treatment of Distal Femur Fractures
Authors: Hake Mark E. , Davis Max E. , Perdue Aaron M. , Goulet James A.
Published: April 2019

Distal femur fractures occur in a periarticular fracture pattern and disproportionately afflict an aging population. Although the goals of treatment have not changed, the emergence of new surgical techniques and devices has recently been developed and refined to treat this challenging fracture pattern. Treatment options include open reduction and internal fixation with periarticular locking plates, intramedullary nails, or distal femur replacement. Despite rapid adoption, these modern solutions display a concerning complication rate, specifically from nonunion and malunion. The indications for each of these treatment strategies are not well defined and are the subject of current debate. As with the use of any orthopaedic implant, the knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of each construct is paramount to successful treatment of these fractures. Recently, as the understanding of the biomechanics of distal femur fracture healing has improved, the literature has demonstrated clinical and theoretical improvements in the outcomes after distal femur fracture repair.
Inappropriate Sexual Behaviours as Perceived by Students in the Institute of Education, Delta State University, Abraka: Implication for Counselling
Authors: Omoni Grace , Onoyase Anna
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the perception of students in the Institute of Education on the incidence of inappropriate sexual behaviours among students at Delta State University, Abraka. A total of 334 students in Business Education and Library Science Education completed a questionnaire with items on pre-marital sex, pornographic materials, sexual abuse and indecent dressing. The instrument for the study was a 22 – item “Youth Assessment of Inappropriate Sexual Behaviour Interest Inventory” (YASPII). The instrument had acceptable content and face validity. It had a Cronbach alpha reliability index of .75. Four research hypotheses were tested. Findings of the study revealed that pre-marital sex, pornographic films and indecent dressing were perceived by students as common forms of inappropriate sexual behaviour. There was however disparity in their perception of sexual abuse as a form of inappropriate behaviour. It was recommended that sexuality education be scaled up in Nigerian higher education institutions.Counselors and other stakeholders should sensitize students on the consequences of viewing pornographic materials, engaging in pre-marital sex and wearing indecent clothing.
An Assessment of Total Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Potential of Mauby Bark Extracts (Colubrina arborescens) Brewed for Different Lengths of Time
Authors: Embola Jeremy , Rock Cheryl , Wang Long , Reiboldt Wendy , Ahmed Saba , Aliabadi Simindokht
Published: April 2019

Mauby bark (Colubrina arborescens) is commonly used to make a beverage,“Mauby”, in the Caribbean and is believed to possess antiglycemic, antilipidemic, and anticarcinogenic properties. However, limited studies have been conducted to substantiate the compounds present that may confer these benefits. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to quantify the total polyphenolic content and evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Mauby bark extracts brewed in water at 30, 45, and 60 minutes. In the extracts, the Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) ranged from 1.93 - 3.17 mg CE/mL and the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) ranged from 2.10 mg ± 0.11 GAE/mL (45 minutes) - 2.36 mg ± 0.067 GAE/mL (30 minutes). Moreover, their antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2 Diphenyl 1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and  Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. The DPPH scavenging activity observed from Mauby extracts ranged from 75% ± 4.02 (30 minutes) to 83% ± 0.66 (60 minutes) and the FRAP values ranged from 6.29± 0.84 (30 minutes) to 6.90 ± 1.54 mM FeSO4 equivalents/ 0.2 mL Mauby extract (45 minutes). Although, polyphenolic content at 30 minutes was greater than 60 minutes of brewing for TFC (p < 0.001) and TPC (p = 0.002), the scavenging activity was greater at 60 minutes than 30 minutes (p = 0.014) while antioxidant power was not affected by brewing time (p = 0.736). In summary, brewing the bark at 60 minutes was observed to provide the highest antioxidant activity.
Voorbij Public Administration en New Public Management
Authors: Bossert Hans , van der Steen Martijn
Published: April 2019

Beyond public administration and new public management: South Africa in search of a new system for public facilities

South Africa underwent an unprecedented transition in 1994. The country changed from the Apartheid regime into a system founded on the principles of the rule of law and equal treatment for all. Along with this political regime change, a wide range of social rights were included in the Constitution, which grants al citizens a constitutional right to a wide range of social services. Moreover, the system of governance and organisation of services was designed according to the latest insights from the then emerging new public management paradigm. Now, twenty years later, the system is crumbling; many of the basic services are not properly provided to citizens. Partly, this is a consequence of a basic absence of integrity in parts of the political class and in elements of the civil service. However, as we illustrate in a case analysis of the Water Boards in the Western Cape Province, the problem is also a consequence of the design of the system of governance. The combination of unlimited constitutional access to services and a stringent regime of new public management principles in the organisation of service provision has led to a serious crisis of performance. Therefore, the solution for the problem may be to redesign the system according to other governance principles, such as learning governance and networked governance.
Bestuur in een low-trust context
Authors: Peeters Rik
Published: April 2019

Governance in a low-trust context: The vicious circles in the reform of the Mexican government

Since the late eighties, Mexico has experienced profound economic modernisation and political democratisation. However, the corresponding administrative reforms have lagged: professionalisation of the public sector, improvement of public service delivery and development of modern management principles are plagued by a lack of coherence, implementation, and continuity. This can be traced back to several historically rooted and structural characteristics of Mexican public administration, which reproduce vicious circles of low trust and dysfunction. For example, (1) the extreme spoils system maintains a culture of distrust towards civil servants; (2) Mexico’s weak state capacity is a consequence of a lack of collective action, but also further undermines citizens’ trust in government; (3) strong labour unions are a response to poor labour rights, but also uphold a system of capture and confrontation; and (4) corruption is inevitable if cooperation depends on personal loyalties.
Het Wetsvoorstel bestuur en toezicht rechtspersonen in relatie tot sectorale regels en governancecodes voor stichtingen
Authors: van Uchelen-Schipper M.J.
Published: April 2019

Het Wetsvoorstel bestuur en toezicht rechtspersonen in relatie tot sectorale regels en governancecodes voor stichtingen

Nu (de herziene versie van) het Wetsvoorstel bestuur en toezicht rechtspersonen weer volop in behandeling is bij de Tweede Kamer komen belangrijke wijzigingen in Boek 2 BW voor stichtingen steeds dichterbij. Voor veel soorten stichtingen gelden aanvullende sectorale wetten en governancecodes. In dit artikel komt aan de orde hoe de aankomende wijzigingen zich verhouden tot dergelijke sectorwetten en codes.
Het non-concurrentiebeding in de ondernemingsrechtpraktijk: vergeet het mededingingsrecht niet!
Authors: Haanraadts L.E. , de Jong G.
Published: April 2019

Het non-concurrentiebeding in de ondernemingsrechtpraktijk: vergeet het mededingingsrecht niet!

In dit artikel wordt aan de hand van wet- en regelgeving en jurisprudentie het wettelijk kader besproken dat geldt voor non-concurrentiebedingen in overnameovereenkomsten en aandeelhoudersovereenkomsten. Ook worden mogelijke sancties in geval van een inbreuk op het mededingingsrecht behandeld. Afgesloten wordt met enkele aanbevelingen en aandachtspunten bij het opstellen van non-concurrentiebedingen.
Bestuurdersaansprakelijkheid en internetcriminaliteit in de bioscoop: een spannende film?
Authors: Westenbroek W.A.
Published: April 2019

Bestuurdersaansprakelijkheid en internetcriminaliteit in de bioscoop: een spannende film? Rb. Amsterdam (kanton) 31 oktober 2018, ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2018:7881 (CEO-fraude Pathé)

In deze praktisch-wetenschappelijke bijdrage wordt aan de hand van de CEO-fraude bij Pathé stilgestaan bij het onderscheid tussen de aansprakelijkheidspositie van de bestuurder en de aansprakelijkheidspositie van de werknemer en de in dat verband gehanteerde terminologie.
Verslag WONO-symposium 25 januari 2019
Authors: Bakker K.J. , Kreileman N.
Published: April 2019

Verslag WONO-symposium 25 januari 2019

Verslag van het symposium van de Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Notarieel) Ondernemingsrecht (WONO) van 25 januari 2019 met lezingen over loyaliteitsaandelen, waarderingsvragen in het ondernemingsrecht, dual class-aandelen bij beursvennootschappen en ‘Coding for Lawyers’.
UNCITRAL and a New International Legislative Framework on Mediation
Authors: Knieper Judith , Montineri Corinne
Published: April 2019

UNCITRAL and a New International Legislative Framework on Mediation

More than sixty years after the adoption of the New York Convention, UNCITRAL finalised at its annual session, in July 2018, an instrument akin to the New York Convention in the area of mediation: the United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation (‘the Singapore Convention on Mediation’ or ‘the Convention’), which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 20 December 2018. In addition, UNCITRAL adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Mediation and International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation, (2018, amending the Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation (2002); ‘the revised Model Law’).

This contribution gives an overview of these two texts and their drafting process, starting with an overview of the works done by UNCITRAL over the past decades in the field of international mediation.
UNCITRAL Instruments on Enforcement of International Commercial Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation
Authors: Verbist Herman
Published: April 2019

UNCITRAL Instruments on Enforcement of International Commercial Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation

On 20 December 2018, the Commission of UNCITRAL adopted the Model Law on International Commercial Mediation and International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation, 2018 (amending the Uncitral Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation, 2002). On 20 December 2018 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the ‘United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation’. Herman Verbist provides an overview of the Convention and the amended Model Law. This contribution ends with the complete Convention in Annex.
Nieuw in België: Collaboratieve Onderhandelingen Wettelijk Geregeld
Authors: Meuwissen Willem
Published: April 2019

New in Belgium: A Statutory Basis for Collaborative Negotiations

The ADR Act of 18 June 2018 provides for an insertion into the ‘Gerechtelijk Wetboek’ (Judicial Code), entitled ‘Collaboratieve onderhandelingen’ (Collaborative Negotiations), which came into force on 1 January 2019.
Die Auswirkungen des référé-expertise auf deutsche Zivilgerichtsverfahren - Die Brüssel-la-VO auf dem Prüfstand
Authors: Lenz Christiane
Published: April 2019

This book provides comprehensive guidance on litigation tactics in relation to the pre-trial taking of evidence and the recast Brussels Ia Regulation.
Is the pre-trial taking of evidence before a French Court permissible even if the parties involved have previously agreed on a choice of court agreement in favour of a German Court? Can a German judge base his judgement on a French expert’s findings? Which law is applicable to the decision with respect to the costs and the exclusion of evidence?
The book also focusses on these questions with regard to supply chains and third-party notice. In addition, it refines the European law concepts of lis pendens and res iudicata. It is addressed to lawyers, judges and other parties involved in Franco-German trade relations.
Individual Rights under European Union Law
Authors: Warin Catherine
Published: April 2019

Instead of approaching rights by categorising them into various substantive types or distinguishing them from other concepts, such as principles, this book suggests that individual rights are better understood through a relational definition. An individual right under EU law can thus be defined as the correlative of an obligation, triggered into existence by an individual’s interest in the fulfilment of this obligation. Scanning CJEU case law over successive generations of rights, the book demonstrates that this definition of individual rights resists the test of time and the successive reconfigurations of the EU’s legal order.
Catherine Warin, a practising lawyer at the Luxembourg bar, holds a PhD in law from the University of Luxembourg. This book is based on her PhD thesis, for which she was awarded the Pierre Pescatore Prize by the University of Luxembourg’s Doctoral School of Law.
Free-Surface Effects on Interaction of Multiple Ships Moving at Different Speeds
Authors: Yuan Zhi-Ming , Li Liang , Yeung Ronald W.
Published: April 2019

Ships often have to pass each other in proximity in harbor areas and waterways in dense shipping-traffic environment. Hydrodynamic interaction occurs when a ship is overtaking (or being overtaken) or encountering other ships. Such an interactive effect could be magnified in confined waterways, e.g., shallow and narrow rivers. Since Yeung published his initial work on ship interaction in shallow water, progress on unsteady interaction among multiple ships has been slow, though steady, over the following decades. With some exceptions, nearly all the published studies on ship-to-ship problem neglected free-surface effects, and a rigid-wall condition has often been applied on the water surface as the boundary condition. When the speed of the ships is low, this assumption is reasonably accurate as the hydrodynamic interaction is mainly induced by near-field disturbances. However, in many maneuvering operations, the encountering or overtaking speeds are actually moderately high (Froude number Fn > 0.2, where (equation) U is ship speed, g is the gravitational acceleration, and L is the ship length), especially when the lateral separation between ships is the order of ship length. Here, the far-field effects arising from ship waves can be important. The hydrodynamic interaction model must take into account the surface-wave effects. Classical potential-flow formulation is only able to deal with the boundary value problem when there is only one speed involved in the free-surface boundary condition. For multiple ships traveling with different speeds, it is not possible to express the free surface boundary condition by a single velocity potential. Instead, a superposition method can be applied to account for the velocity field induced by each vessel with its own and unique speed. The main objective of the present article is to propose a rational superposition method to handle the unsteady free-surface boundary condition containing two or more speed terms, and validate its feasibility in predicting the hydrodynamic behavior in ship encountering. The methodology used in the present article is a three-dimensional boundary-element method based on a Rankine-type (infinite-space) source function, initially introduced by Bai and Yeung. The numerical simulations are conducted by using an in-house-developed multibody hydrodynamic interaction program "MHydro." Waves generated and forces (or moments) are calculated when ships are encountering or passing each other. Published model-test results are used to validate our calculations, and very good agreement has been observed. The numerical results show that free-surface effects need to be taken into account for Fn > 0.2.
Proyecto de intervención. Protégete contra la violencia de género.
Authors: Egea Puerta Maria Teresa Teresa
Published: April 2019

El presente trabajo surge a partir de la necesidad detectada de prevenir y concienciar a los jóvenes sobre los riesgos y consecuencias de la violencia de género. En consecuencia, el objetivo del proyecto es dar conocimientos, desarrollar habilidades y actitudes que favorezcan una convivencia basada en la igualdad y el respeto mutuo, previniendo al adolescente de cualquier tipo de violencia dentro de sus relaciones. El proyecto se llevó a cabo durante cuatro semanas en un centro de Educación Secundaria dónde se trabajaron habilidades sociales, lenguaje sexista, roles de género y otros contenidos, empleándose una metodología de carácter participativo, dinámico y activo. Por último, este artículo consta de un primer apartado denominado introducción y justificación, de un marco teórico, una planificación del proyecto, la aplicación del mismo, una valoración final y conclusiones y por último la bibliografía.
End-tidal kuldioxid monitorering af den ikke-intuberede, akutte patient giver potentiel diagnostisk og patientsikkerhedsmæssig værdi
Authors: Betzer Martin , Lyngby Rasmus
Published: April 2019

Baggrund

End-tidal carbondioxid (etCO2) monitorering anvendes rutinemæssigt hos alle intuberede patienter. Kapnografi er ligeledes tilgængelig til den ikke-intuberede, akutte patient, hvor brugen i diagnostisk og patientsikkerhedsmæssigt øjemed er sparsomt beskrevet.

Formål

Formålet med denne statusartikel er at beskrive og diskutere eventuelle diagnostiske og patientsikkerhedsmæssige fordele og ulemper ved kapnografimonitorering af ikke-intuberede, akutte patienter.

Metode

Artiklen er baseret på resultatet af en systematisk litteratursøgning, hvor tilgængelig evidens fra 1990-2016 blev identificeret fra databaserne MEDLINE, Cinahl, Scopus, Cochrane og Academic Search Complete. Litteratur relevant for denne artikels emne blev udvalgt og gennemgået.

Resultat

Artiklen beskriver og diskuterer den udvalgte litteratur. Overordnet vidner denne om en diagnostisk og patientsikkerhedsmæssig fordel ved kapnografi til patienter med vejrtrækningsbesvær, til vurdering af effekt af medicinsk behandling samt til kontinuerlig monitorering. Artiklen diskuterer ligeledes anvendelsen af kapnografi præhospitalt og potentialet for brugen i Akutafdelingen.

Konklusion Kapnografi findes i varierende grad at have potentiale indenfor diagnostik og kontinuerlig monitorering af akutte patienter, efter adækvat uddannelse i brugen.

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Background End-tidal carbon dioxide (etCO2) monitoring is routinely used in intubated patients. Capnography is also available for the non-intubated patient but its use as a diagnostic and patient safety tool is sparsely described. Aim The aim of this article was to describe and discuss potential diagnostic and patient safety benefits of capnography monitoring in acute, non-intubated patients.

Methods The article is based on the results of a systematic literature search, where available evidence from 1990-2016 was located from the databases MEDLINE, Cinahl, Scopus, Cochrane and Academic Search Complete. Literature relevant for this article was selected and reviewed. Results The article describes and discusses the selected literature. Overall, there is evidence of a diagnostic and patient safety benefit for patients with breathing difficulties, assessment of the effect of medical treatment and capnography used as continuous monitoring. The article further discusses the prehospital use of capnography in Denmark and the possible advantages for its use in the Emergency Department. Conclusions After adequate training in its use, capnography seems to have potential in diagnostics and continuous monitoring of acute, non-intubated patients.
Difficulty in dislodging biofilms from inner surface of drinking water pipelines
Authors: Ng Wenfa
Published: April 2019

Microorganisms tend to adhere to any surface in contact with water and forms architecturally complex community of organisms known as biofilms. Biofilms reside on many environmental surfaces and has been utilized in wastewater treatment. However, their presence in drinking water pipelines is undesirable and is the subject of intense research effort aimed at characterizing their cellular composition, mechanical and physiological properties, and susceptibility to various environmental and antimicrobial challenges. Subsisting on the small amount of assimilable organic carbon in drinking water, biofilms in drinking water pipelines are difficult to dislodge via a variety of methods such as pulsating flow and elevation of residual disinfectant concentration. Indeed, potable drinking water poses severe constraints to the use of chemical additives for inhibiting the growth of biofilms. Hence, mechanical methods such as increasing hydraulic pressure for enabling biofilm dislodgement through elevated shear stress are preferred. However, periods of stagnation are unavoidable in drinking water pipelines, and microbes have been known to repopulate to areas of pipelines where biofilms have previously been dislodged. More importantly, possibility exists that microbes in biofilms have adapted to fluctuating shear stress through a combination of secretion of adherent extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and activation of cellular responses to mechanical stress sensed by the cell envelope. So, how do we dislodge biofilms from the inner surfaces of drinking water pipelines? Or, if dislodgement of biofilm is difficult to achieve, how do we manage the problem? One approach to mitigate the problem would be to maintain sufficient residual disinfectant in drinking water to both ensure the safety of drinking water as well as imposing a constant survival pressure on microbes in drinking water biofilms. Even if live cells are dislodged from biofilms into drinking water, presence of a high residual disinfectant concentration would render the cells inactivated. Beyond approved residual disinfectant such as monochloramine, use of other antimicrobial agents appear limited due to concerns for public health and safety. Hence, there exists a narrow operating window in which only residual disinfectant concentration and frequency and strength of pulsating flow could be used as levers to control biofilm growth on inner surfaces of drinking water pipelines. Overall, the problem of dislodging drinking water biofilms from pipelines is an important one, but there is paucity of new methods for controlling biofilm growth and facilitating their dislodgement due to constrains imposed by drinking water safety. Hence, focus has shifted to development of new pipelines surfaces that prevent the adherence of microbes and biofilm formation. Efforts in this direction may provide answers in resolving the long-standing question of preventing biofilm growth in drinking water pipelines.