bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentiating purging and nonpurging bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder
Authors: Núñez‐Navarro Araceli , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana , Álvarez‐Moya Eva , Villarejo Cynthia , Díaz Isabel Sanchez , Augmantell Cristina Masuet , Granero Roser , Penelo Eva , Krug Isabel , Tinahones Francisco J. , Bulik Cynthia M. , Fernández‐Aranda Fernando
Published: September 2010

Objective

To explore similarities and differences in clinical and personality variables across three groups: binge eating disorder (BED), bulimia nervosa‐purging type (BN‐P), and bulimia nervosa‐non purging type (BN‐NP).

Method

The participants were 102 female eating disorders patients (34 BED, 34 BN‐P, and 34 BN‐NP) consecutively admitted to the eating disorders unit, at the University Hospital of Bellvitge, and diagnosed according to DSM‐IV criteria.

Results

BED patients were older, and more likely to have personal and family history of obesity. A gradient in psychopathological scores emerged with BN‐P patients having higher pathological scores on the SCL‐90‐R, followed by BN‐NP and BED patients. No statistically significant differences were observed in personality traits.

Discussion

Our data supported that eating disorders (namely BED, BN‐NP, and BN‐P) followed a linear trend in general psychopathology. Whereas personality may represent a shared vulnerability factor, differences in clinical severity suggest there to be a continuum with BN‐P being the most severe and BED being the least severe. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2011
Long‐term outcome of pediatric eating pathology and predictors for the onset of loss of control over eating following weight‐loss treatment
Authors: Goossens Lien , Braet Caroline , Verbeken Sandra , Decaluwé Veerle , Bosmans Guy
Published: September 2010

Objective

To investigate the stability of eating pathology over a 6‐year period and predictors for the onset of loss of control (LC) over eating among overweight youngsters having undergone weight‐loss treatment.

Method

Structured clinical interviews and self‐report questionnaires were administered to a sample of 56 overweight youngsters (M age = 13 years) who were at the start of weight‐loss treatment in 2000 and again 6 years later.

Results

Mean levels of eating concerns, drive for thinness, bulimic symptoms, and body dissatisfaction decreased over the 6‐year period. Dietary restraint, weight, and shape concerns were stable over time. Also, in 50% of those reporting objective binge eating at baseline, binge‐eating episodes remained stable. Youngsters characterized by symptoms of depression in early adolescence were at a higher risk for developing new episodes of LC 6 years later. Neither concerns about eating, shape, and weight nor dietary restraint independently predicted LC.

Discussion

Six years after following structured weight‐loss treatment, some eating pathology variables still remain stable. Especially youngsters who already report LC at young ages appear to develop a more stable pattern of disordered eating behavior. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
Slit effect of common ground patterns in affecting crosstalk noise between two parallel signal traces on printed circuit boards
Authors: Maeno Tsuyoshi , Sakurai Yukihiko , Unou Takanori , Ichikawa Kouji , Fujiwara Osamu
Published: September 2010

It is well known that electromagnetic (EM) disturbances in vehicle‐mounted radios are mainly caused by conducted noise currents flowing through wiring harnesses from vehicle‐mounted printed circuit boards (PCBs) having common ground patterns with slits. To evaluate the noise current outflows from PCBs of this kind, we previously measured noise current outflows from four types of simple three‐layer PCBs having two perpendicular signal traces and different ground patterns with or without slits, and showed that slits on a ground pattern allow conducted noise currents to flow out from PCBs, while the levels for the symmetric slit ground type are smaller than in the case of two asymmetric slit ground types. In the present study, to further investigate the above finding, we fabricated six types of simple two‐layer PCBs having two parallel signal traces and different ground patterns with and without slits, and measured the crosstalk noise between the traces. We found that the ground patterns with the slits perpendicular to the traces increased the crosstalk noise levels, which were 19 to 42 dB larger than those for the ground pattern with no slits, while the ground patterns with the slits parallel to the traces were able to reduce the noise levels, which were slightly smaller (by 2.5 to 4.5 dB) than in the case of the no‐slit ground pattern. These results were confirmed by FDTD simulation, and were also qualitatively explained by means of an equivalent bridge circuit model that we previously proposed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(10): 19–24, 2010; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10287
Basic research on a consecutive educational system including design, trial fabrication, and evaluation of integrated crcuits
Authors: Kataoka Hiroyuki , Yamada Akihiro , Kamizono Hiroki , Ando Hideyuki , Tanaka Takeshi
Published: September 2010

Progress in integrated‐circuit technology in recent years has led to a significant increase in the performance of system large‐scale integrated circuits (LSI). However, since a long time is required in order to learn the aspects of system LSI, such as design, trial fabrication, and device evaluation, it is difficult for company employees and students to learn system LSI technology. Basic research on a consecutive educational system consisting of the design, trial fabrication, and evaluation of an integrated circuits (IC) system is described. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(10): 12–18, 2010; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10290 5
Purification of low‐concentration phenazine‐1‐carboxylic acid from fermentation broth of Pseudomonas sp. M18 via free flow electrophoresis with gratis gravity
Authors: Shao Jing , Fan Liu‐Yin , Zhang Wei , Guo Chen‐Gang , Li Si , Xu Yu‐Quan , Cao Cheng‐Xi
Published: September 2010

The low‐concentration phenazine‐1‐carboxylic acid (PCA) (=0.3 mM) extracted from fermentation broth of Pseudomonas sp. M18 was selected to be purified with a newly facile free flow electrophoresis (FFE) device with gratis gravity. Three factors of pH value and concentration of background buffer, and the cooling circle of FFE device were investigated for the purification of PCA in the FFE device. It was found that the pH value and concentration of background buffer had mild influences on the separation of PCA whether with cooling circle or not. However, the cooling circle had a much greater impact on the separation of PCA. The controlling of the band zone of PCA in FFE chamber would be difficult if without cooling circle, while the controlling would become easy if with cooling circle. Under the optimal conditions (10 mM pH 5.5 phosphate as background buffer, 30 mM pH 5.5 phosphate buffer as electrode solution, 5.46 mL/min background flux, 10 min residence time of injected sample, and 500 V), PCA could be continuously prepared from its impurities with relative high purity. The flux of sample injection was 115 μL/min, viz. 7 mL sample throughput per hour, and the recovery was up to 85%. All of the experiments indicated that the FFE technique was a good alternative tool for the study on natural biological control agents.
The rat gut micronucleus assay: A good choice for alternative in vivo genetic toxicology testing strategies
Authors: Coffing Stephanie , Engel Maria , Dickinson Donna , Thiffeault Catherine , Spellman Richard , Shutsky Thomas , Schuler Maik
Published: September 2010

The in vivo bone marrow (BM) micronucleus assay is one of the three tests in the standard test battery to assess the genotoxic potential of a pharmaceutical candidate. In some cases, depending on results of in vitro studies, the route of administration or the degree of systemic exposure, in vivo assessment of genotoxicity in the BM alone may not be sufficient. Based on the potential for high gut exposures to orally administered compounds with low systemic exposures as well as the potential susceptibility of rapidly dividing cells of the intestinal tissues, we have developed a modified technique for evaluating micronuclei formation in both the duodenum and colon of rats based on earlier publications. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were treated once daily for 2 days with either vehicle control or with the test articles acetyl salicylic acid (ASA), carbendazim (CAR), cyclophosphamide (CP), dimethylhydrazine (DMH), mitomycin C (MMC) or vinblastine sulfate (VIN). The duodenum, colon, and BM were harvested, processed, and analyzed for micronucleus induction. Results from these studies demonstrated differences in the susceptibility for different test compounds in the three tissues tested. When MMC and VIN were dosed by different routes at the same dose levels both compounds produced positive results in all three tissues by intraperitoneal injection but not oral administration. These studies suggest that overall the GI micronucleus assay might be a useful tool for clastogenic and aneugenic compounds that are expected to produce high sustained concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract with little systemic exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Miniaturized flow cytometry‐based CHO‐K1 micronucleus assay discriminates aneugenic and clastogenic modes of action
Authors: Bryce Steven M. , Avlasevich Svetlana L. , Bemis Jeffrey C. , Dertinger Stephen D.
Published: September 2010

A well recognized advantage of the in vitro micronucleus assay is its ability to detect both aneugens and clastogens. This laboratory has previously described a flow cytometric approach for scoring in vitro micronuclei (MN) (Avlasevich et al. [2006]: Environ Mol Mutagen 47:56–66). More recently, based on work with Chinese hamster cells, evidence has accumulated that the multiparametric data acquired by the flow cytometric process is capable of discriminating between aneugenic and clastogenic modes of action (MOA). That is, in the case of CHO‐K1 cells, clastogens are observed to induce MN with minimal effects on the incidence of hypodiploid nuclei or the median size of MN (i.e., fluorescence intensity), whereas aneugens are observed to affect all three parameters. To systematically test whether these “signatures” are indeed reliable indicators of genotoxic MOA, CHO‐K1 cells were treated with eight prototypical clastogens, eight aneugens, and 15 nongenotoxicants. Exposure was continuous (18–24 hrs) with harvest occurring immediately thereafter. Treatment and all subsequent processing and analysis steps occurred in the same 96‐well plate, making this an efficient, miniaturized assay. The resulting flow cytometric MN data correlated well with expected in vitro cytogenetics: sensitivity = 16/16, specificity = 14/15. In addition, MOA signatures were identified that classified each of the 16 genotoxicants correctly as clastogenic or aneugenic. Taken together, these data indicate that flow cytometry represents an analytical platform that is capable of rapidly and objectively acquiring MN counts while simultaneously providing information on genotoxic MOA. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Divergent effects of oxidatively induced modification to the C8 of 2′‐deoxyadenosine on transcription factor binding: 8,5′(S)‐cyclo‐2′‐deoxyadenosine inhibits the binding of multiple sequence specific transcription factors, while 8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyadenosine increases binding of CREB and NF‐kappa B to DNA
Authors: Abraham Jessy , Brooks Philip J.
Published: September 2010

DNA is exposed to endogenous and environmental factors that can form stable lesions. If not repaired, these lesions can lead to transcription/replication blocking or mutagenic bypass. Our previous work has focused on 8,5′‐cyclopurine 2′‐deoxyribonucleosides, a unique class of oxidatively induced DNA lesions that are specifically repaired by the NER pathway (see Brooks PJ [2008]: DNA Repair 7:1168–1179). Here we used EMSA to monitor the ability of sequence‐specific transcription factors, HSF1, CREB, and NF‐kappaB and “architectural” transcription factor, HMGA, to bind to their target sequences when 8, 5′(S)‐cyclo‐2′‐deoxyadenosine (cyclo‐dAdo) is present within their recognition sequences. For comparison, we also tested the effect of 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyadenosine (8‐oxo‐dAdo) in the same recognition sequences. The presence of a cyclo‐dAdo lesion in the target sequence essentially eliminated the binding activity of HSF1, CREB, and NF‐kappa B whereas HMGA retained some of its binding activity. In contrast, 8‐oxo‐dAdo had no obvious effect on the binding activity of HSF1 and HMGA in comparison to lesion‐free DNA. Notably, though, CREB and NFκB binding increased when an 8‐oxo‐dAdo lesion was present in their target sequence. Competition EMSA showed about 2–3‐fold increased affinity of both proteins for the 8‐oxo‐dAdo containing target sequence compared to lesion‐free DNA. Molecular modeling of the lesions in the NF‐kappaB sequence indicated that 8‐oxo‐dAdo may form an additional hydrogen bond with the protein, thereby strengthening the binding of NF‐kappa B to its DNA target. The cyclo‐dAdo lesion, in contrast, distorted the DNA structure, providing an explanation for the inhibition of NF‐kappaB binding. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Possible structural and functional determinants contributing to the clastogenicity of pharmaceuticals
Authors: Snyder Ronald D.
Published: September 2010

The battery of regulatory genotoxicity studies required in support of new drug registration has remained largely static since its inception some thirty years ago. The Ames mutagenicity assay still forms the foundation for this testing being highly reproducible and, for the most part, transparent. The same is not necessarily true of in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration assays since there is a fairly large and growing number of molecules without clear structural genotoxicity alerts (DEREK, MCASE), which are negative in Ames testing but positive in aberration studies, often only at high concentrations and/or cytotoxicity. Interpretation and risk assessment of these positive results can be problematic since there is no clear understanding of the process that generates them. The present paper builds on our previous observations suggesting that non covalent drug/DNA interactions, which are not adequately modeled in computational programs, may help explain some of these unexpected positive results. In particular, it is suggested that N‐dimethyl groups and certain pyridine/piperidine aryl ketones may play a contributory role in genotoxicity, perhaps via DNA intercalation and topoisomerase inhibition. Clastogenicity arising from topoisomerase inhibition would be expected to be a threshold phenomenon and, as such, may carry a distinctly reduced risk relative to clastogenicity associated with covalent drug/DNA interactions. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical‐chemical and microbiological characterization, and mutagenic activity of airborne PM sampled in a biomass‐fueled electrical production facility
Authors: Cohn Corey A. , Lemieux Christine L. , Long Alexandra S. , Kystol Jørgen , Vogel Ulla , White Paul A. , Madsen Anne Mette
Published: September 2010

Biomass combustion is used in heating and electric power generation in many areas of the world. Airborne particulate matter (PM) is released when biomass is brought to a facility, stored, and combusted. Occupational exposure to airborne PM within biomass‐fueled facilities may lead to health problems. In March and August of 2006, airborne PM was collected from a biomass‐fueled facility located in Denmark. In addition, source‐specific PM was generated from straw and wood pellets using a rotating drum. The PM was analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, microbial components, mutagenic activity, and ability to generate highly reactive oxygen species (hROS) in cell‐free aqueous suspensions. PM collected from the boiler room and the biomass storage hall had higher levels of mutagenic activity, PAHs and metals, and a higher hROS generating potential than the source specific PM. The mutagenic activity was generally more potent without S9 activation, and on the metabolically enhanced strain YG1041, relative to TA98. Significant correlations were found between mutagenicity on YG1041 (without S9) and PAH concentration and mutagenicity on YG1041 (with S9) and hROS generating ability. PM collected in March was more toxic than PM collected in August. Overall, airborne PM collected from the facility, especially that from the boiler room, were more toxic than PM generated from straw and wood chips. The results suggest that exposure to combustion PM in a biomass‐fueled facility, which likely includes PM from biomass combustion as well as internal combustion vehicles, may contribute to an elevated risk of adverse health effects. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization and modeling of multiple friction pendulum isolation system with numerous sliding interfaces
Authors: Tsai C. S. , Lin Y. C. , Su H. C.
Published: September 2010

In order to systematically investigate the mechanical characteristic of a multiple friction pendulum system with numerous concave sliding interfaces and one articulated slider located between these concave sliding interfaces, general mathematical formulations have been derived from the proposed concept of subsystems. In addition, based on the plasticity theory, an analytical model called the multiple yield and bounding surfaces model has been proposed in this study. On the basis of the subsystem concept, the mathematical formulations and the plasticity model for the entire system can be obtained via the general formulations for each subsystem. The first subsystem includes the concave sliding interfaces above the articulated slider and the second subsystem consists of the concave sliding interfaces below the articulated slider. The proposed plasticity model has two separate groups of multiple yield and bounding surfaces. The first and second groups are adopted to model the mechanical behavior of the sliding motions of the first and second subsystems, respectively. The connection of these two subsystems in series forms the mechanical characteristic of the entire MFPS isolation system. By virtue of the derived mathematical formulations and the proposed plasticity model, the phenomena of the sliding motions of the MFPS isolator with numerous concave sliding interfaces under uni‐ and bi‐directional cyclical loadings can be clearly understood. Numerical analyses are in good agreement with the experimental results and infer that the natural frequency and damping effect of the MFPS isolator with multiple concave sliding interfaces change continually during earthquakes and are controllable through appropriate designs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid incision of a small, coarse and steep fan‐delta in response to base‐level fall: the case of Nahal Qedem, the Dead Sea, Israel
Authors: Storz‐Peretz Yael , Bowman Dan , Laronne Jonathan B. , Svoray Tal
Published: September 2010

The Dead Sea has been continuously dropping 0·4–1·0 m yr−1 since the middle of the 20th century and thus provides a unique field laboratory for studying in real time the response of drainage systems to a non‐tectonic base‐level fall. The aim of this work is to study the short‐term ongoing erosive response to a rapid base‐level drop in a small, steep‐fronted, erodible fan‐delta setting. The work explores the controls of the steep Qedem fan‐delta, guided by its clinoform structure, on its incision.

Longitudinal profiles of the fan‐delta and of its entrenched channel were measured in the field. Sedimentary facies changes – fluviatile, shallow lacustrine and beach – were followed along exposures. The existence of large boulders provided an opportunity to examine the uncertain role of armouring and boulder flux on incision. The field study was combined with digital elevation models (DEMs) that were extracted from pairs of overlapping aerial photos. Maps of erosion and deposition were prepared using a change detection algorithm.

The longitudinal profile of the entrenched channel was found to be steep and linear. The outlet temporarily ‘hangs’ elevated and ungraded above the retreating lake level, indicating years without incision flow events, which cause lags in response to the rapid lake level drop. In spite of the large boulders, the small drainage basin and precipitation volume over the basin of the Qedem, the recorded vertical incision rates in the unconsolidated sediments are as high as 0·8 m yr−1, i.e. similar to those of the largest wadis draining to the Dead Sea. The steep front of the fan‐delta is suggested to be a main factor controlling the efficient incision. A unique transport mechanism of rolling boulders, following undercutting, contributed to the entrenchment efficiency. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's dementia
Authors: Salami Oludamilola , Lyketsos Constantine , Rao Vani
Published: September 2010

Objective

To review the evidence‐base behind current treatment options for sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's dementia.

Design

A systematic review synthesized the qualitative and quantitative evidence on the treatment of sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's dementia. Studies with interventions targeting sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's dementia or other aspects of the neuropsychiatric symptoms, but which reported an effect on sleep, were included. The Oxford Center for Evidence‐Based Medicine criteria was used in the evaluation and scoring of each study based on the quality of the evidence.

Results

Thirty‐eight studies were included. Majority of the studies enrolled participants with mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia. Outcome measures included objective sleep assessments including polysomnography (PSG) or actigraphy, caregiver reports, sleep logs, and rating scales. The effectiveness of current treatments for sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's dementia is poor. Of the non‐pharmacological treatments, bright light therapy (BLT) has the best results. The pharmacological agents produce inconsistent results and their use is further limited by their potential adverse effects.

Conclusion

Most current treatments targeting sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's dementia are ineffective. There is a need for further investigation of interventions for treating sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's dementia. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between white matter T2 hyperintensity and cortical volume changes on magnetic resonance imaging in healthy elders
Authors: Ota Miho , Nemoto Kiyotaka , Sato Noriko , Mizukami Katsutoshi , Yamashita Fumio , Asada Takashi
Published: September 2010

Objective

T2 white matter hyperintensity (WMH) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is associated with brain atrophy. Some previous studies examined the relation between the WMH and cortical atrophy, however, little is known about how the WMHs affect the pattern of cortical atrophy. Recent studies have revealed that patho‐physiological role of WMH in affecting cortical atrophy may be different between hyperintensities in basal ganglia and thalami (B&T) and those in other regions. Based on a longitudinal study up to 5 years, we attempt to examine the temporal relation between the WMHs and cortical atrophy with special attention to the hyperintensities in the B&T.

Methods

We evaluated the temporal pattern of cortical atrophy in 74 cognitively normal subjects lacking hyperintensities in B&T (first analysis) and 13 cognitively normal subjects with hyperintensities in B&T (second analysis). The relationship between the baseline WMH severity and the cortical volume change during the observation period (mean: 3.8 years) was voxel basically evaluated on the images.

Results

The first analysis showed fairly axisymmetrical atrophy pattern in parietal, occipital, and precentral cortices, while the findings gained from the second appear to lack such systematic orderliness of the atrophy.

Conclusion

This result shows that WMH may affect atrophy in multiple cerebral cortices even in cognitively normal subjects. Understanding the impact of WMH on the shrinkage shown in the brains of cognitively healthy older individuals is an important base for assessing the temporal pattern of atrophy of the individual with neurodegenerative disorder like AD. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coping in Parkinson's disease: an examination of the coping inventory for stressful situations
Authors: Hurt C. S. , Thomas B. A. , Burn D. J. , Hindle J. V. , Landau S. , Samuel M. , Wilson K. C. M. , Brown R. G.
Published: September 2010

Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) brings with it a range of stresses and challenges with which a patient must cope. The type of coping strategies employed can impact upon well‐being, although findings from coping studies in PD remain inconsistent. The variety of coping scales used without validation in PD has been cited as a possible cause of this inconsistency. The present study sought to examine the validity of the coping inventory for stressful situations (CISS) in a sample of patients with PD.

Methods

Five hundred and twenty‐five patients with PD were recruited as part of a longitudinal investigation of mood states in PD. Four hundred and seventy‐one participants completed the CISS. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to explore the structural validity of the scale. Internal reliability, test–retest reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity were assessed using Cronbach's alpha, intraclass correlations and Pearson's correlations.

Results

Both three and four factor solutions were examined. The four factor model was found to provide a better fit of the data than the three factor model. The internal reliability, discriminant validity, convergent validity, and test–retest reliability of the CISS scales were shown to be good. Use of emotion‐focused coping was associated with greater depression and anxiety whilst, task‐oriented coping was associated with better psychological well‐being.

Conclusion

The results provide support for the validity and reliability of the CISS as a measure of coping in patients with PD. Further research into the relationship between coping and well‐being is warranted. The identification of helpful and unhelpful coping strategies may guide the development of evidence‐based therapies to improve well‐being in patients with PD. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and spectral characterization of N‐[2‐(4‐halophenoxy)‐3‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3, 4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,3,2‐λ5‐benzoxazaphosphinin‐2‐yliden]‐N‐substituted amines by the Staudinger reaction
Authors: Venkateswarlu C. , Satyanarayana P. V. V. , Rao C. V. Nageswara , Naidu K. Reddy Mohan , Raju C. Naga
Published: September 2010

The synthesis of the title compounds was accomplished in four steps. The synthetic route involves the preparation of Schiff's base by reacting salicylaldehyde with m‐chloroaniline in EtOH. The Schiff's base was then reduced with NaBH4/MeOH. In the second step, PCl3 was reacted with p‐chlorophenol/p‐bromophenol in THF in the presence of Et3N to obtain P(III) dichloride derivatives. The reduced Schiff's base and dichloride derivatives were reacted in equimolar quantities in the presence of Et3N in THF to get the cyclized product. Alkyl azides were prepared by reacting alkyl bromides with sodium azide, and then alkyl azides were treated with the cyclized product to obtain the title compounds. The structure of these novel compounds was elucidated by elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, and mass spectroscopy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:499–504, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20639
Mobilizing for an outbreak and its aftermath
Authors: Goldstein Samantha
Published: September 2010

Babson College learns that it can manage and survive a crisis.
Conveying the meaning of the economic crisis
Authors: Anderson Luke A.
Published: September 2010

Three university presidents publicly frame their responses to the financial catastrophe.
The future of shared governance
Authors: Crellin Matthew A.
Published: September 2010

Shared governance between administration and faculty needs to be viewed as a sanctioned vehicle of collaboration, not a rivalry.
The Rose Art Museum crisis
Authors: Dillon Paul
Published: September 2010

A decision to close a famous art museum exposes ambiguities in governance and leadership.
A contested institutional culture
Authors: Morin Stephanie A.
Published: September 2010

A new president finds himself at odds with defining traditions of his institution.
Tumor necrosis factor α sensitizes primary murine hepatocytes to Fas/CD95-induced apoptosis in a Bim- and Bid-dependent manner
Authors: Schmich Kathrin , Schlatter Rebekka , Corazza Nadia , Ferreira Karine Sá , Ederer Michael , Brunner Thomas , Borner Christoph , Merfort Irmgard
Published: September 2010

Fas/CD95 is a critical mediator of cell death in many chronic and acute liver diseases and induces apoptosis in primary hepatocytes

in vitro

. In contrast, the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) fails to provoke cell death in isolated hepatocytes but has been implicated in hepatocyte apoptosis during liver diseases associated with chronic inflammation. Here we report that TNFα sensitizes primary murine hepatocytes cultured on collagen to Fas ligand (FasL)–induced apoptosis. This synergism is time-dependent and is specifically mediated by TNFα. Fas itself is essential for the sensitization, but neither Fas up-regulation nor endogenous FasL is responsible for this effect. Although FasL is shown to induce Bid-independent apoptosis in hepatocytes cultured on collagen, the sensitizing effect of TNFα is clearly dependent on Bid. Moreover, both c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation and Bim, another B cell lymphoma 2 homology domain 3 (BH3)–only protein, are crucial mediators of TNFα-induced apoptosis sensitization. Bim and Bid activate the mitochondrial amplification loop and induce cytochrome c release, a hallmark of type II apoptosis. The mechanism of TNFα-induced sensitization is supported by a mathematical model that correctly reproduces the biological findings. Finally, our results are physiologically relevant because TNFα also induces sensitivity to agonistic anti-Fas–induced liver damage.

Conclusion:

Our data suggest that TNFα can cooperate with FasL to induce hepatocyte apoptosis by activating the BH3-only proteins Bim and Bid. (Hepatology 2011.)
C-reactive protein impairs hepatic insulin sensitivity and insulin signaling in rats: Role of mitogen-activated protein kinases
Authors: Xi Liang , Xiao Changting , Bandsma Robert H.J. , Naples Mark , Adeli Khosrow , Lewis Gary F.
Published: September 2010

Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration is increased in the metabolic syndrome, which consists of a cluster of cardiovascular disease risk factors, including insulin resistance. It is not known, however, whether CRP is merely a marker of accompanying inflammation or whether it contributes causally to insulin resistance. The objective of this study is to investigate the role that CRP may play in the development of insulin resistance. We examined the effect of single-dose intravenous administration of purified human (h)CRP on insulin sensitivity in Sprague-Dawley rats using the euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp technique. hCRP was associated with impaired insulin suppression of endogenous glucose production with no reduction in peripheral tissue glucose uptake, suggesting that hCRP mediated insulin resistance in the liver but not extrahepatic tissues. We further assessed components of the insulin signaling pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the liver. Liver tissues derived from hCRP-treated rats showed reduced insulin-stimulated insulin receptor substrate (IRS) tyrosine phosphorylation, IRS/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) association, and Akt phosphorylation, consistent with hCRP-induced impairment of hepatic insulin signaling. Furthermore, hCRP enhanced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and p38 MAPK as well as IRS-1 Ser612. Finally, we observed in primary cultured rat hepatocytes that U0126 (a selective inhibitor of MAPK/ERK kinase1/2) corrected hCRP-induced impairment of insulin signaling.

Conclusions:

hCRP plays an active role in inducing hepatic insulin resistance in the rat, at least in part by activating ERK1/2, with downstream impairment in the insulin signaling pathway. (Hepatology 2011)
Lineage restriction of human hepatic stem cells to mature fates is made efficient by tissue-specific biomatrix scaffolds
Authors: Wang Yunfang , Cui Cai-Bin , Yamauchi Mitsuo , Miguez Patricia , Roach Marsha , Malavarca Richard , Costello Joseph M. , Cardinale Vincenzo , Wauthier Eliane , Barbier Claire , Gerber David A. , Alvaro Domenico , Reid Lola M.
Published: September 2010

Current protocols for differentiation of stem cells make use of multiple treatments of soluble signals and/or matrix factors and result typically in partial differentiation to mature cells with under- or overexpression of adult tissue-specific genes. We developed a strategy for rapid and efficient differentiation of stem cells using substrata of biomatrix scaffolds, tissue-specific extracts enriched in extracellular matrix, and associated growth factors and cytokines, in combination with a serum-free, hormonally defined medium (HDM) tailored for the adult cell type of interest. Biomatrix scaffolds were prepared by a novel, four-step perfusion decellularization protocol using conditions designed to keep all collagen types insoluble. The scaffolds maintained native histology, patent vasculatures, and ≈1% of the tissue's proteins but >95% of its collagens, most of the tissue's collagen-associated matrix components, and physiological levels of matrix-bound growth factors and cytokines. Collagens increased from almost undetectable levels to >15% of the scaffold's proteins with the remainder including laminins, fibronectins, elastin, nidogen/entactin, proteoglycans, and matrix-bound cytokines and growth factors in patterns that correlate with histology. Human hepatic stem cells (hHpSCs), seeded onto liver biomatrix scaffolds and in an HDM tailored for adult liver cells, lost stem cell markers and differentiated to mature, functional parenchymal cells in ≈1 week, remaining viable and with stable mature cell phenotypes for more than 8 weeks.

Conclusion:

Biomatrix scaffolds can be used for biological and pharmaceutical studies of lineage-restricted stem cells, for maintenance of mature cells, and, in the future, for implantable, vascularized engineered tissues or organs. (Hepatology 2011.)
Experimental study of the effect of roughness and Reynolds number on fluid flow in rough‐walled single fractures: a check of local cubic law
Authors: Qian Jiazhong , Chen Zhou , Zhan Hongbin , Guan Houchun
Published: September 2010

Local cubic law (LCL) is one of the most commonly applied physical laws for flow in single fractures (SF) and fractured media. The foundation of LCL is Darcian flow. This experimental study examines if LCL is valid for flow in a single rough fracture and how the fracture roughness and Reynolds number (Re) affect flow. Similar to the Moody diagram for flow in pipes, a diagram for flow in a single rough fracture has been generated to relate the friction coefficient with Re and the roughness. Under the experimental condition of this study, flow appears to be substantially different from Darcian flow. The flow law of q ∝ enJm appears to be valid for describing the flow scheme where q, e, and J are the unit width flux, the average aperture, and the hydraulic gradient. The value of the power index m is found to be around 0·83 ∼ 0·98, less than what has been used in Darcian flow (m = 1). The power index n is around 11·2 and 13·0, much greater than the n value used in the LCL (n = 3), and it increases with the average velocity. The Moody type of diagram shows that the friction factor for flow in SFs is influenced by Re and the roughness. It decreases with Re when Re is small, and becomes less sensitive to Re when Re is large enough. It also increases with the roughness. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal and spatial variation in groundwater quality along the hillslope of an agricultural research catchment (Western France)
Authors: Rouxel Matthieu , Molénat Jérôme , Ruiz Laurent , Legout Cédric , Faucheux Mickaël , Gascuel‐Odoux Chantal
Published: September 2010

Shallow groundwater that develops on hillslopes is the main compartment in headwater catchments for flow and solute transport to rivers. Although spatial and temporal variations in its chemical composition are reported in the literature, there is no coherent description of the way these variations are organized, nor is there an accepted conceptual model for the mechanism involved. On the basis of the results from an experimental hillslope, we propose a description of the variation in spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater chemical composition and discuss the mechanisms involved. We instrumented a headwater catchment with a network of 42 nested piezometers along a 200 m hillslope and monitored major anion composition frequently over a 2‐year period. The results demonstrated that (i) the anionic composition in water table fluctuation zone varied significantly compared to deeper portions of the aquifer on the hillslope, confirming that this layer constitutes a main compartment for the mixing of new recharge water and old groundwater, (ii) deeper parts of the aquifer exhibited seasonal variations with structured hysteretic patterns, suggesting that mixing processes also occurred at greater depths and (iii) these hysteretic patterns were dampered from upslope to downslope, indicating an increased influence of lateral flow downslope. We recommend that the generality of these observations be assessed in different environments, as they can constitute a new set of processes to include in hydrological models. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precipitation and hydrological variations and related associations with large‐scale circulation in the Poyang Lake basin, China
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Liu Ying , Yang Guishan , Zhang Zengxi
Published: September 2010

Long streamflow series and precipitation data are analysed in this study with aim to investigate changing properties of precipitation and associated impacts on hydrological processes of the Poyang Lake basin. Underlying causes behind the precipitation variations are also explored based on the analysis of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis data. Besides, water intrusion from the Yangtze River to the Poyang Lake basin is studied. The results indicate that (1) seasonal transitions of precipitation are observed, showing increasing precipitation in winter, slight increase and even decrease of precipitation in summer; (2) analysis of water vapour circulation indicates decreasing/increasing water vapour flux in summer/winter; in winter, water vapour flux tends to be from the Pacific. Altered water vapour flux is the major cause behind the altered precipitation changes across the Poyang Lake basin and (3) occurrence of water intrusion from the Yangtze River to the Poyang Lake basin is heavily influenced by hydrological processes of the Poyang Lake basin. Effects of the hydrological processes from the middle Yangtze River on the occurrence of water intrusion events are not significant. The results of this study indicate that floods and droughts should share the same concerns from the scholars and policy makers. Besides, the altered hydrological circulation and associated seasonal transition of precipitation drive us to face new challenges in terms of conservations of wetlands and ecological environment under the changing climate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial soil moisture scaling structure during Soil Moisture Experiment 2005
Authors: Choi Minha , Jacobs Jennifer M.
Published: September 2010

Soil moisture state and variability control many hydrological and ecological processes as well as exchanges of energy and water between the land surface and the atmosphere. However, its state and variability are poorly understood at spatial scales larger than the fields (i.e. 1 km2) as well as the ability to extrapolate field scale to larger spatial scales. This study investigates soil moisture profiles, their spatial organization, and physical drivers of variability within the Walnut Creek watershed, Iowa, during Soil Moisture Experiment 2005 and relates the watershed scale findings to previous field‐scale results. For all depths, the watershed soil moisture variability was negatively correlated with the watershed mean soil moisture and followed an exponential relationship that was nearly identical to that for field scales. This relationship differed during drying and wetting. While the overall time stability characteristics were improved with observation depth, the relatively wet and dry locations were consistent for all depths. The most time stable locations, capturing the mean soil moisture of the watershed within ± 0·9% volumetric soil moisture, were typically found on hill slopes regardless of vegetation type. These mild slope locations consistently preserve the time stability patterns from field to watershed scales. Soil properties also appear to impact stability but the findings are sensitive to local variations that may not be well defined by existing soil maps. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TGF‐β3 immobilized PLGA‐gelatin/chondroitin sulfate/hyaluronic acid hybrid scaffold for cartilage regeneration
Authors: Fan Hongbin , Tao Huiren , Wu Yingnan , Hu Yunyu , Yan Yongnian , Luo Zhuojin
Published: September 2010

Although most in vitro studies indicate that transforming growth factor β3 (TGF‐β3) immobilized scaffold is suitable for cartilage tissue engineering, in vivo studies of implanting immobilized scaffold for chondral defect repair are still lacking. This study is to evaluate the potentials of TGF‐β3 immobilized poly‐(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)‐gelatin/chondroitin sulfate/hyaluronic acid (PLGA‐GCH) hybrid scaffold for cartilage regeneration. The scaffold was fabricated by incorporating GCH micro‐sponges into PLGA frameworks and then crosslinked with TGF‐β3 to mimic natural cartilaginous extra cellular matrix (ECM). In vitro study demonstrated that MSCs proliferated vigorously and produced abundant ECM on scaffold. The immunohistochemistry staining and alcian blue staining confirmed the cartilaginous ECM production. The chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs on scaffold was proved by the expression of collagen II gene in mRNA and protein level. Then MSCs/TGF‐β3 immobilized scaffolds were implanted in rabbits for chondral defects repair. After eight weeks, histological observation showed that differentiated MSCs were located in lacunae within the metachromatic staining matrix and exhibited typical chondrocyte morphology. Histological grading scores also indicated the congruent cartilage was regenerated. In conclusion, the TGF‐β3 immobilized PLGA‐GCH hybrid scaffold has great potential in constructing the tissue‐engineered cartilage. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Biocorrosion and uptake of titanium by human osteoclasts
Authors: Cadosch Dieter , Al‐Mushaiqri Mohamed S. , Gautschi Oliver P. , Meagher James , Simmen Hans‐Peter , Filgueira Luis
Published: September 2010

All metals in contact with a biological system undergo corrosion through an electrochemical redox reaction. This study investigated whether human osteoclasts (OC) are able to grow on titanium and aluminum, and directly corrode the metals leading to the release of corresponding metal ions, which are believed to cause inflammatory reactions and activate osteoclastic differentiation. Scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated long‐term viable OC cultures on the surface of titanium and aluminum foils. Atomic emission spectrometry investigations showed significantly increased levels of aluminum in the supernatant of OC cultured on aluminum; however, all measurements in the supernatants of cell cultures on titanium were below detection limits. Despite this, confocal microscopy analysis with Newport Green DCF diacetate ester staining depicted intense fluorescence throughout the cytoplasm and nucleolus of OC cultured on titanium foils. Comparable fluorescence intensities were not observed in monocytes and control cells cultured on glass. The present study demonstrated that human osteoclast precursors are able to grow and differentiate toward mature OC on titanium and aluminum. Furthermore, it established that the mature cells are able to directly corrode the metal surface and take up corresponding metal ions, which subsequently may be released and thereby induce the formation of osteolytic lesions in the periprosthetic bone, contributing to the loosening of the implant. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Bone marrow stromal cells cultured on poly (lactide‐co‐glycolide)/nano‐hydroxyapatite composites with chemical immobilization of Arg‐Gly‐Asp peptide and preliminary bone regeneration of mandibular defect thereof
Authors: Huang Yanxia , Ren Jie , Ren Tianbin , Gu Shuying , Tan Qinggang , Zhang Lihong , Lv Kaige , Pan Kefeng , Jiang Xinquan
Published: September 2010

Polyethyleneimine (PEI) was used to create active groups on the poly (lactide‐co‐glycolide)/nano‐hydroxyapatite (PLGA/NHA) surface and Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) was grafted on the active groups and novel PLGA/NHA 2‐D membranes and 3D scaffolds modified with RGD were obtained. X‐ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS) results show that sulfur displays only on the modified surface. The RGD‐modified PLGA/NHA materials also have much lower static water contact angle and much higher water‐absorption ability, which shows that after chemical treatment, the modified materials show better hydrophilic properties. Atomic force microscope (AFM) shows that after surface modification, the surface morphology of PLGA is greatly changed. All these results indicate that RGD peptide has successfully grafted on the surface of PLGA. Rabbit bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) were seeded in the 2D membranes and 3D scaffolds materials. The influences of the RGD on the cell attachment, growth and differentiation, and proliferation on the different materials were studied. The modified scaffolds were implanted into rabbits to observe preliminary application in regeneration of mandibular defect. The PLGA/NHA‐RGD presents better results in bone regeneration in rabbit mandibular defect. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.