bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration and control: the nervous system
Authors: Burton Derek , Burton Margaret
Published: December 2017

The complexity of fish behaviour and information processing indicates high levels of neural, anatomical and functional organization. Neural cells are conducting neurons and neuroglia with putative support and physiological roles. Neuronal conduction, synaptic transmission, reflexes and neuropils are factors in integrative activity and information processing. Fish nervous systems are organized into central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (including autonomic) components. Interestingly the structure and function of the fish optic tectum have been considered comparable to those of the tetrapod cerebral cortex. Also of interest are the bilaterally paired large Mauthner fibres in the teleost central nervous system, which mediate startle responses. The autonomic nervous system in fish occupies a pivotal position amongst vertebrates, including uncertainty about the existence of a posterior parasympathetic component. The trend is to regard it in terms of spinal autonomic (sympathetic) cranial autonomic (parasympathetic) and enteric systems. Accounts of the autonomic control of individual effector systems are included.
Fish behaviour
Authors: Burton Derek , Burton Margaret
Published: December 2017

Behaviour involves reacting to stimuli and may be innate (colour change) or include input via cognition (learning, memory). Understanding the complex behaviour of some fish, as in interaction with conspecifics, potential prey or predators, may require consideration of neurobiology and endocrinology. Whereas fish may show behaviours associated with tetrapods (play, sleep), some of their behaviour follows a preset pattern, for example in feeding and reproduction. Communication between fish depends on cues such as colour, sound, electroception or pheromones. Long-term behaviour includes migration and territoriality, with schooling a group phenomenon. Within the brain a neuropil may indicate a region capable of memory, in fish it is abundant in the optic tectum with up to 15 laminae (layers), with some in the olfactory bulb; however, the laminated cerebral cortex of mammals is lacking. Current research includes the role of engrams in memory and the use of zebrafish as models.
Obtaining information
Authors: Burton Derek , Burton Margaret
Published: December 2017

Large numbers of scientific publications about fish appear each year, resulting in accumulation of a vast quantity of information, and this has become a major enterprise. However, much of the information concerns identification of fish and their habitats, and logistical considerations result in concentration of experimental work on relatively few species. Commercial exploitation of fish species also influences decisions on which to study. The main types of information sources are reviewed as well as ‘type’ fish for particular studies in anatomy and physiology. However, given the large number of fish species and adaptive diversity extrapolation of information from any single one should be conservative and may give rise to problems, including skewed conclusions.
Wolff’s Close Shave with Fatalism
Authors: Leuenberger Stephan
Published: December 2017

Modality played a central role in Christian Wolff’s philosophy. In his extensive writings on the topic, he was unusually explicit about the definitions of modal notions and what sort of principles they satisfy. His alleged endorsement of fatalism prompted his expulsion from Prussia in 1723, an event that caused a major stir among Europe’s intellectual circles. This chapter examines whether Wolff was indeed committed to fatalism, despite his protestations to the contrary. It is argued that Wolff’s theory of propositions allows him to avoid the letter of view: there are truths that are not necessary. However, Wolff fails to make room for the kind of contingency in which his opponents were interested. On the interpretation proposed, Wolff’s view is in the spirit of fatalism.
Optically Induced and Detected Spin Current
Authors: Hirohata A. , Kim J.-Y.
Published: December 2017

This chapter presents an alternative method of injecting spin-polarized electrons into a nonmagnetic semiconductor through photoexcitation. This method uses circularly-polarized light, whose energy needs to be the same as, or slightly larger than, the semiconductor band-gap, to excite spin-polarized electrons. This process will introduce a spin-polarized electron-hole pair, which can be detected as electrical signals. Such an optically induced spin-polarized current can only be generated in a direct band-gap semiconductor due to the selection rule described in the following sections. This introduction of circularly polarized light can also be used for spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy.
Introduction
Authors: Valenzuela S. O.
Published: December 2017

This chapter begins with a definition of spin Hall effects, which are a group of phenomena that result from spin–orbit interaction. These phenomena link orbital motion to spin direction and act as a spin-dependent magnetic field. In its simplest form, an electrical current gives rise to a transverse spin current that induces spin accumulation at the boundaries of the sample, the direction of the spins being opposite at opposing boundaries. It can be intuitively understood by analogy with the Magnus effect, where a spinning ball in a fluid deviates from its straight path in a direction that depends on the sense of rotation. spin Hall effects can be associated with a variety of spin-orbit mechanisms, which can have intrinsic or extrinsic origin, and depend on the sample geometry, impurity band structure, and carrier density but do not require a magnetic field or any kind of magnetic order to occur.
Experimental observation of the spin Hall effect using electronic nonlocal detection
Authors: Valenzuela S. O. , Kimura T.
Published: December 2017

This chapter shows how the spin Hall effect (SHE) has been described as a source of spin-polarized electrons for electronic applications without the need for ferromagnets or optical injection. Because spin accumulation does not produce an obvious measurable electrical signal, electronic detection of the SHE proved to be elusive and was preceded by optical demonstrations. Several experimental schemes for the electronic detection of the SHE had been originally proposed, including the use of ferromagnetic electrodes to determine the spin accumulation at the edges of the sample. However, the difficulty of sample fabrication and the presence of spin-related phenomena such as anisotropic magnetoresistance or the anomalous Hall effect in the ferromagnetic electrodes could mask or even mimic the SHE signal in the sample layouts.
Experimental observation of the spin Hall effect using spin dynamics
Authors: Saitoh E. , Ando K.
Published: December 2017

This chapter describes an experiment on the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) induced by spin pumping. Spin pumping is the generation of spin currents as a result of magnetization M(t) precession; in a ferromagnetic/paramagnetic bilayer system, a conduction-electron spin current is pumped out of the ferromagnetic layer into the paramagnetic conduction layer in a ferromagnetic resonance condition. The sample used in the experiment is a Ni81Fe19/Pt bilayer film comprising a 10-nm-thick ferromagnetic Ni81Fe19layer and a 10-nm-thick paramagnetic Pt layer. For the measurement, the sample system is placed near the centre of a TE011 microwave cavity at which the magnetic-field component of the microwave mode is maximized while the electric-field component is minimized.
Spin-injection Hall effect
Authors: Wunderlich J. , Olejník K. , Zârbo L. P. , Amin V. P. , Sinova J. , Jungwirth T.
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the Spin-injection Hall effect (SiHE), another member of the spin-dependent Hall effects that is closely related to the anomalous Hall effect (AHE), the spin Hall effect (SHE), and the inverse spin Hall effect (iSHE). The microscopic origins responsible for the appearance of spin-dependent Hall effects are due to the spin-orbit (SO) coupling-related asymmetrical deflections of spin carriers. Depending on the relative strength of the SO coupling compared to the energy-level broadening of the quasi-particle states due to disorder scattering, scattering-related extrinsic mechanisms or intrinsic band structure-related deflection dominate the spin-dependent Hall response. Both the iSHE and the SiHE require spin injection into a nonmagnetic system. Similar to the AHE, a spin-polarized charge current flows in the case of the SiHE and the SO coupling generates the spin-dependent Hall signal.
Introduction of spin torques
Authors: Kimura T.
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the spin-transfer effect, which is described as the transfer of the spin angular momentum between the conduction electrons and the magnetization of the ferromagnet that occurs due to the conservation of the spin angular momentum. L. Berger, who introduced the concept in 1984, considered the exchange interaction between the conduction electron and the localized magnetic moment, and predicted that a magnetic domain wall can be moved by flowing the spin current. The spin-transfer effect was brought into the limelight by the progress in microfabrication techniques and the discovery of the giant magnetoresistance effect in magnetic multilayers. Berger, at the same time, separately studied the spin-transfer torque in a system similar to Slonczewski’s magnetic multilayered system and predicted spontaneous magnetization precession.
The dynamics of magnetic vortices and skyrmions
Authors: Antos R. , Otani Y.
Published: December 2017

This chapter argues that control of magnetic domains and domain wall structures is one of the most important issues from the viewpoint of both applied and basic research in magnetism. Its discussion is however limited to static and dynamic properties of magnetic vortex structures. It has been revealed both theoretically and experimentally that for particular ranges of dimensions of cylindrical and other magnetic elements, a curling in-plane spin configuration is energetically favored, with a small region of the out-of-plane magnetization appearing at the core of the vortex. Such a system, which is sometimes referred to as a magnetic soliton, is characterized by two binary properties: A chirality and a polarity, each of which suggests an independent bit of information in future high-density nonvolatile recording media.
Theory of Rashba Torques
Authors: Manchon A. , Zhang S.
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on the theory of current-driven Rashba torque, a special type of spin–orbit mediated spin torque that requires broken spatial-inversion symmetry. This specific form of spin-orbit interaction enables the electrical generation of a non-equilibrium spin density that yields both damping-like and field-like torques on the local magnetic moments. We review the recent results obtained in (ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic) two-dimensional electron gases, bulk magnetic semiconductors, and at the surface of topological insulators. We conclude by summarizing recent experimental results that support the emergence of Rashba torques in magnets lacking inversion symmetry.
Introduction
Authors: Godfrey Barry , Cox Pam , Shore Heather , Alker Zoe
Published: December 2017

Chapter 1 starts with descriptions of the life courses of two individuals and goes on to explain the remit of this study, which follows the life courses and life chances of 500 people born in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century England. Their lives are linked by virtue of their shared experiences within, or at the margins of, the early youth justice system. The chapter then summarizes key themes within the literatures that have inspired this study: life course criminology, crime history, and socio-economic history. The life course has become a rich research terrain in recent years, one that requires researchers to find ways of tracking the twists, turns, and tipping points of their subjects’ lives as they change over time. Finally, the contents of the following chapters are summarized.
After Care
Authors: Godfrey Barry , Cox Pam , Shore Heather , Alker Zoe
Published: December 2017

Chapter 7 focuses on the experiences of the small minority who—to our knowledge—went on to become persistent offenders and often to experience lasting social exclusion. This group could be described as life course persistent offenders although it should be noted that there are many challenges in comparing ‘persistence’ across time and space. Significantly, this chapter asks whether the early life experiences of these ‘persisters’ (as documented in official sources) are markedly different from those of ‘desisters’. It finds little evidence setting the two groups apart. Thus it seems that early high risk profiles are not always accurate predictors of persistent offending; and that desistance tends to follow where individuals are supported by strong informal social controls to make wise choices, even later in life.
History, Child Removal, and Youth Justice Policy
Authors: Godfrey Barry , Cox Pam , Shore Heather , Alker Zoe
Published: December 2017

Chapter 9 starts by summarizing the findings of the current study. Young Criminal Lives is the first study of its kind to use a life course approach to ask whether the early English youth justice system ‘worked’. Within that, it has focused on whether child removal to an institution ‘worked’. The chapter then considers the youth justice system in England and Wales today, which is overseen by the Youth Justice Board. There is then discussion of what can be learned from aspects of the Victorian and Edwardian regimes, and what is no longer possible or acceptable in current conditions. The chapter concludes that Victorian liberalism believed in the public value of ‘the social’ whereas neo-liberalism seeks to segment and monetize it. In the authors’ view, this runs counter to the nurturing of an ethic of care which, as Young Criminal Lives has shown, can never be fully commodified.
The secret of my life
Authors: Boyd Maunsell Jerome
Published: December 2017

This chapter describes the genesis and composition of Conrad’s two books of reminiscences, The Mirror of the Sea (1906) and A Personal Record (1912), tracing the pivotal role played by Ford Madox Hueffer (later Ford) in the creation of these books. The effects of dictation are discussed, as well as the role of the ghostwriter in autobiography and the interplay of fact and fiction in both the Mirror of the Sea and A Personal Record. The partiality and framing of both memoirs are central themes, as are the roles of evasion, omission, interruption, serialization, and adjustment of chronology. Conrad’s shorter pieces “The First Thing I Remember” and “Poland Revisited” are also discussed, primarily in terms of the role of memory and family in life-writing.
For facts a most profound contempt
Authors: Boyd Maunsell Jerome
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines Ford’s reminiscences—Ancient Lights and Certain New Reflections (1911), Thus to Revisit (1921), Joseph Conrad: A Personal Remembrance (1924), Return to Yesterday (1931), and It Was the Nightingale (1934). The chapter begins with a discussion of different degrees of autobiography, and the difference between autobiography and autobiographical forms including the roman à clef. It then traces the evolution of Ford’s reminiscences from his early “Literary Portraits” up to Mightier Than the Sword (1938). It argues that Ford forged a new genre, fusing fact and fiction to portray his contemporaries. Ford’s reminiscences are seen as group portraits, and Ford’s accounts of Conrad, James, Lewis, Stein, and Wells are discussed. The chapter also examines how the pivotal experience of the First World War was avoided by Ford in all his autobiographies, and how Ford also omitted his relationships with women in his reminiscences.
Alive and kicking
Authors: Boyd Maunsell Jerome
Published: December 2017

This chapter begins with an account of H. G. Wells’s extremely autobiographical tendencies in his fiction, and discomfort with these elements. The World of William Clissold (1926), a late novel very close to “an” autobiography, is discussed early on. The chapter then examines Wells’s thoughts about the genre of biography, before moving on to his “formal” autobiographies: the two-volume Experiment in Autobiography (1934), and his posthumous autobiography H. G. Wells in Love (1984). The implicatory nature of autobiography and its impact on others is discussed, as well as the revision of autobiography, as Wells rewrote his life in official and more explicit, secret posthumous versions. The biographical circumstances around the writing of all three volumes, beginning in the spring of 1932, are explored in detail. Wells’s portrayals of Conrad, Ford, and James are also studied, as are his satirical “picshuas,” his notions of character, and his relations with women.
My life being so difficult a one to live
Authors: Boyd Maunsell Jerome
Published: December 2017

An account of Wyndham Lewis’s career as a portrait painter opens this chapter, with a focus on the many self-portraits he painted during his life. The theme of the difference between visual and literary self-portraiture is explored, and the role of satire in portraiture. The chapter examines Lewis’s first autobiography Blasting and Bombardiering (1937), and his depiction of the period leading up to and through the First World War. It also analyzes Lewis’s self-imposed exile during the Second World War during his emigration to America and Canada with his wife Anne, portrayed in Self Condemned (1954), and the subsequent writing of Rude Assignment (1950) after Lewis’s return to England. Lewis’s word portraits of Ford and Stein in his autobiographies are discussed, as are the omissions in these autobiographies.
The Indispensable Commodity
Authors: Harris William V.
Published: December 2017

A model for the timber trade in the Roman Empire must distinguish between fuel wood (often in the form of charcoal) and timber used for building and making things. It must also cohere with whatever idea we form about Roman-era deforestation. The high level of demand for fuel wood is clear from the high levels of iron, silver, lead, copper and glass production reached in the Roman world, especially from the first to third centuries AD. These resources were renewable, but only because of rising levels of technical knowledge, woodland management and commercial complexity. As for timber, demand for specific types of wood created a large volume of medium- and long-distance trade (though only in rare instances, apparently, between east and west). Alert officials seem to have often given thought to timber supply of both kinds.
An Overview of the Circulation of Glass in Antiquity
Authors: Foy Daniele
Published: December 2017

This chapter presents new data from archaeological finds, the study of stamps, and the results of laboratory analysis, on local and inter-regional trade in different glass products in the Roman period—raw glass, glass for recycling, windowpanes of different types, glass drinking and table vessels and containers. Raw glass, remelted and blown in western workshops, originates from several primary production centres in the eastern Mediterranean: until the mid-second century AD, glass from the Syro-Palestinian coast dominates. Large containers, for alcoholic drinks, oils, or garum, were traded over short distances. The unguentaria of the second and third centuries, containing perfumed oil, travelled further. Some of these containers are stamped and enable a more precise study revealing local, regional, and inter-regional exchange. These stamps, referring to the producer of the contents and not to the maker of the object, emanate from private individuals, the imperial power, and perhaps also towns.
Prices and Costs in the Textile Industry in the Light of the Lead Tags from Siscia
Authors: Radman-Livaja Ivan
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers a collection of nearly 1,200 inscribed lead tags from the ancient city of Siscia (south-west Pannonia). Most of the tags were reused several times, showing traces of older inscriptions. On one side, one can read personal names, while the other side of the tag usually carries an inscription mentioning the merchandise, usually in an abbreviated form, as well as a price and often an indication of quantity or weight. Most if not all the tags are linked to the wool trade and the textile industry, the prices indicating the value of the goods or the cost of a given service such as cleaning, fulling, or dyeing. They appear to be labels used by fullers and dyers to ensure that they could easily return their property to the clients and charge them the right fee.
Trade across Rome’s Southern Frontier
Authors: Wilson Andrew
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the interplay between political and military events and the evolution of trade between the Sahara and Roman territory in North Africa. It reassesses the chronology of Roman expeditions into the Sahara in the Flavian period, arguing that the expedition of Septimius Flaccus took place in AD 77–81, and that Julius Maternus’ expedition must have occurred in 82–5. In the light of the evidence from fieldwork in southern Libya since the late 1990s, the chapter looks at the development of Saharan trade in antiquity, the relations between Roman frontier systems and the control of trade routes, and the fluctuations in intensity of trade over time, and considers the extent to which the Roman state may have been interested in customs duties from Saharan trade.
Reinventing Business Models
Authors: Volberda Henk , Van Den Bosch Frans A.J. , Heij Kevin
Published: December 2017

Although research on business model innovation is flourishing internationally, important questions on the ‘how’, ‘what’, and ‘when’ of this process remain largely unanswered, particularly in regard to the role of top management. Using new knowledge derived from a survey among firms from various industries and several case studies, this book seeks to give us better understanding of ‘how’ firms can innovate their business model, ‘what’ kind of levers management should work on, and ‘when’ management should change the business model. It particularly considers one key question: is it better to replicate existing models or develop new ones? Renewal is especially vital in highly competitive environments. Nonetheless, whatever the environment, high levels of both replication and renewal will be key for a firm to succeed. This book looks at four levers that can be used by managers to innovate their business model: management itself, organizational form, technology, and co-creation with external parties are analysed. Furthermore, specific combinations which strengthen business model innovation are analysed. To help firms, the book also explores the different factors that can either enable or inhibit business model innovation. Through an investigation of replication versus renewal and of strategy-driven versus client-driven change, four distinct modes of business model innovation are identified: exploit and improve (replication which is strategy-driven); exploit and connect (replication which is customer-driven); explore and connect (renewal which is customer-driven); and explore and dominate (renewal which is strategy-driven). This book ends with a list of managerial dos and don’ts for business model innovation.
Introduction
Authors: Drury Joseph
Published: December 2017

New Historicist critics typically approached the novel as if it were a ‘technology of power’ whose main effect was to discipline readers. Recent scholarship, by contrast, has provided a richer understanding of the narrative machinery of eighteenth-century fiction by emphasizing the variety of different technologies available to authors as models for thinking about the different effects their narratives could have on readers. As the Introduction explains, this book aims to reconcile these two approaches by drawing on the work of ‘constructivist’ sociologists and philosophers of technology to argue that although eighteenth-century authors thought in different ways about the mechanics of narrative, they shared a common preoccupation with the problem of how novels mediate human subjectivity. Complementing recent New Formalist work on Romantic organicism, Novel Machines offers a genealogy of modern structuralist approaches to the mechanics and dynamics of narrative and recovers the complexity of the eighteenth-century idea of ‘mechanical form’.
Narratives and Machines in Enlightenment Britain
Authors: Drury Joseph
Published: December 2017

The affinity between narratives and machines in the eighteenth century reflects the early modern effort to break down the traditional barriers separating the arts and sciences. Leading practitioners sought to establish the foundation of their arts in the sciences and natural philosophers transformed the sciences by incorporating the machines and techniques of artisans. Inspired by these developments, neoclassical critics sought to identify the fundamental mechanics of narrative. Like the machines used in other arts, the novel was understood to be a technical ‘invention’, recently imported from Europe, which needed to be rationalized for an enlightened nation. Once established on scientific principles, the novel could become a simulation device that produced useful knowledge of the principles underlying human behaviour. From these circumstances emerged one of the dominant technical codes of eighteenth-century fiction, a narrative of progress that extended the practical goals of the Industrial Enlightenment into the realm of individual moral development.
Realism’s Ghosts
Authors: Drury Joseph
Published: December 2017

Accounts of the enlightened philosophical principles of Fielding’s fiction have struggled to explain the performativity of his narrator and the miraculous implausibilities of his plot. This chapter shows, however, that just as performances with spectacular machines played a key role in establishing the epistemological authority of the new science in the eighteenth century, so Fielding’s narration in Tom Jones must be seen as a constitutive element in his effort to establish the philosophical utility of the modern novel. Eighteenth-century natural philosophers performed ‘boundary-work’ that distinguished their experimental apparatus from the devices exhibited by magicians and projectors. Similarly, Fielding sought to contrast the orderly principles of his clockwork plot with the supernatural machinery of older literary forms. But natural philosophers were also sometimes accused of exploiting the popular appetite for wonder, which explains why Fielding often ironically presents himself not as a philosopher but as an unscrupulous hack or projector.
Partial Volume Effects
Authors: Chappell Michael , MacIntosh Bradley , Okell Thomas
Published: December 2017

Partial volume effects are present in all medical imaging methods, and they play a specific role in arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI measurements of perfusion. This chapter demonstrates how differences in the perfusion properties of gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid give rise to the distinctive visual appearance of cerebral perfusion images. The implications of this for quantification of perfusion in gray matter are discussed and solutions to correct for partial volume effects presented.
Using ASL to Measure Perfusion in and between Groups of Individuals
Authors: Chappell Michael , MacIntosh Bradley , Okell Thomas
Published: December 2017

The ultimate aim of many neuroimaging studies is to examine effects seen in the brain replicated across a group of individuals from a given population. The methodology for performing group studies using neuroimaging data is now well established. This chapter examines how this methodology applies to arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI measures of perfusion, and what specific considerations should be made when using ASL data.
Gustave Charpentier
Authors: Abbott Helen
Published: December 2017

Known for his 1900 opera, Louise, Gustave Charpentier also published seven Baudelaire songs: four as a set called Les Fleurs du mal; three alongside settings of other poets in Poèmes chantés, a collection of sixteen songs. Charpentier’s Baudelaire songs stand out, and challenge their status as melodies, for their use of refrains for female mini-chorus. The analysis covers: the context of composition; the connections established between selected poems; the statistical data generated from the adhesion strength tests; and how the data shape an evaluation of Charpentier’s settings of Baudelaire. The findings reveal highly intermingled bonds between poem and music. Despite this close connection, the songs themselves are not always stable, creating an uncertain (sometimes dilutive, sometimes accretive) outcome. This indicates a composer attempting to develop new text-setting techniques, alongside an expansive aesthetic agenda informed by a social conscience, as he sought to open up musique savante to wider audiences.
Louis Vierne
Authors: Abbott Helen
Published: December 2017

Organiste-titulaire of Notre-Dame de Paris for nearly forty years, Louis Vierne composed over sixty songs, including a set of five Baudelaire songs, Cinq Poèmes de Baudelaire, published in 1921. This analysis covers: (a) the context of composition; (b) the connections established between selected poems; (c) the statistical data generated from the adhesion strength tests; and (d) how the data shape an evaluation of Vierne’s settings of Baudelaire. Findings reveal how the poetic line is minimally disrupted in these songs, as the vocal line remains very independent of the piano. As a result, the bonds between poem and music are largely abhesive, which means it is possible to recover the poem intact from the song score. As complex mélodies, the lack of interference with the fabric of Baudelaire’s versification, together with limited musical-semantic interpretation, means that Vierne’s music remains attentive towards Baudelaire’s poetic vision, offering an accretive outcome overall.
Conclusions
Authors: Abbott Helen
Published: December 2017

Baudelaire’s appearance in song is not a chance by-product of his reception history but an integral part of it. The 1880–1930 period covered in this book shows how Baudelaire’s poetry adapted to new musical soundscapes during an era of development in song forms across Europe. Not all agree that Baudelaire’s poetry is ‘well-suited’ to musical settings, but the reach of his poetry is extensive, and the varying levels of ‘success’ of each song confirm that song is predicated on impermanence. Baudelaire settings remain open to new interpretations and resist conformity of treatment. While there are commonalities around the extent of note-per-syllable writing, treatment of the e surnuméraire, and the setting of one musical phrase per poetic line, most features examined show limited correlation. All of the poems undergo some deformation, because composers need to prepare the surface of the text to enable their music to bond with it.
Introduction
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

This chapter provides a short introduction to the book, defining the roles of leadership and management in general and as applied to science in particular. Management in modern society is inescapable. However much people might complain about it (and everyone does, sometimes with reason), it is necessary. It organizes and facilitates the achievement of collective or individual goals by ensuring that’things happen’. But the management that is the subject of this book is at a higher level–defining the scientific objectives, recruiting the team to achieve those objectives, garnering the resources needed and ensuring that the achievements, when achieved, are properly recognized and publicized. This is the ’leadership’ side of management. This chapter discusses the role of challenge in science and in science management, as well as the importance of teams. In addition, it provides a layout of the book.
Managing Projects
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

This chapter reviews and provides examples of elements and techniques of project management. In the good old days, when conception to completion was a few months, the process of project management was relatively informal. However, with the increasing complexity and cost of projects, many routinely costing millions and some costing billions, the process has become more formalized. This chapter discusses the roles of the client, the sponsor, the leader, the manager and the team member. In addition, the three key parameters of project management, quality, cost and schedule, are defined and discussed. Finally, various project management methodologies and tools, such as work breakdown structures, Gantt charts and milestones, are presented.
Transfiguring Love
Authors: McPherson David
Published: December 2017

This chapter seeks to show how the spiritual practice of an “active” or “engaged” love is integral to the sort of “epistemology of involvement” through which we come to a religious understanding of the world. Such an understanding is one that gives proper recognition to the sacred or reverence-worthy character of the world. The chapter discusses how a religiously inflected language of love and the practice it informs can transfigure the world for us and enable its sacred or reverence-worthy character to come into view (supposing it is there in any case). It also seeks to show how this is connected to a process of spiritual formation (or Bildung).
Modal Structuralism and Theism
Authors: Jonas Silvia
Published: December 2017

Drawing an analogy between modal structuralism about mathematics and theism, this chapter offers a structuralist account that implicitly defines theism in terms of three basic relations: logical and metaphysical priority, and epistemic superiority. On this view, statements like “God is omniscient” have a hypothetical and a categorical component. The hypothetical component provides a translation pattern according to which statements in theistic language are converted into statements of second-order modal logic. The categorical component asserts the logical possibility of the theism structure on the basis of uncontroversial facts about the physical world. This structuralist reading of theism preserves objective truth-values for theistic statements while remaining neutral on the question of ontology. Thus, it offers a way of understanding theism to which a naturalist cannot object, and it accommodates the fact that religious belief, for many theists, is an essentially relational matter.
Introduction
Authors: O'Donnell Ian
Published: December 2017

Before the First World War capital punishment was practically obsolete in Ireland. It was used by the British during the Easter Rising of 1916 and the War of Independence, and with greater enthusiasm by the nascent Irish Free State during the civil war, when eighty-one prisoners (inaccurately eulogized as ‘the seventy-seven’) were executed. Kevin O’Higgins, instrumental in these executions, was himself assassinated by the IRA. The level of executions remained high throughout the 1920s despite the continued secular decline in lethal violence. Annie Walsh, the only woman executed during independence, went to the gallows in 1925. Governments had become accustomed to widespread loss of life, making capital punishment a less weighty matter. Executions increased again during the Second World War (known in Ireland as ‘the Emergency’) when the homicide rate was heading towards an all-time low. Capital punishment was touted as a vital safeguard against subversion but most executions involved killings with no conceivable political dimension.
Classifying Clemency
Authors: O'Donnell Ian
Published: December 2017

‘Clemency’ refers to a reduction, by politicians, in the severity of punishments lawfully imposed by judges. It includes reprieve, commutation, remission, pardon, and amnesty. A considerable amount can be learned from the primary sources about the attributes of those to whom clemency was shown and how they differed from those who were executed in terms of age, gender, homicide method, and motivation. It is suggested that there were three routes to clemency—justice, mercy, and caprice—and these are set out after the pertinent case characteristics are reviewed and the various stages between the imposition of a death sentence and its implementation are outlined. Justice was about tailoring the punishment to the individual’s circumstances so that variations in culpability and harm were taken fully into account. Mercy was when deserved punishment was softened out of compassion for the offender’s plight. Caprice was when clemency resulted from an unexpected turn of events.
Governments
Authors: O'Donnell Ian
Published: December 2017

By deciding whom to execute and whom to spare, the fledgling Irish state was asserting its sovereignty and flagrantly displaying its power to deflect the law from the lethal outcome it was otherwise bound to reach. The unregulated nature of executive clemency stood out against a background of bureaucratic decision-making which strove to be open, consistent, and dispassionate. This chapter examines what can be learned about how executive clemency was debated around the cabinet table, to what extent it was vulnerable to public opinion and petitions for mercy, other factors which affected the exercise of discretion (including the role of Department of Justice officials), and the relevance of the make-up of the government, in particular, the character of the Minister for Justice. (e.g. P.J. Ruttledge versus his successor Gerald Boland). The concept of groupthink in relation to government decision-making is explored.
Undoing Death I
Authors: O'Donnell Ian
Published: December 2017

Capital punishment has been described as a ‘lottery’, implying that it operates at random; but in Ireland a pattern can be discerned. Murderers who avoided execution fell into one of six categories, with a clear gradient in how sympathetically they were viewed, as indicated by the duration of their coercive confinement and the likelihood that mercy would be recommended. At one end of the scale were those who destroyed an unwanted child, 92 per cent of whom aroused the sympathy of judge and jury and who were denied their liberty for 44 months, on average. At the other extreme were those whose treatment was capricious, only 20 per cent of whom received recommendations to mercy and whose average period of coercive confinement was 115 months. This chapter explores cases where the death penalty was imposed for the murder of an infant (usually, but not always, by the mother), romantic entanglements that had lethally soured, and sexual violence resulting in death.
Release
Authors: O'Donnell Ian
Published: December 2017

This chapter analyses the onward destinations of prisoners sentenced to death who avoided execution. The trend in time served by men convicted after jury trial varied, with those convicted in the 1930s serving longest. For non-jury cases the trajectory was emphatically upwards: 21 months for the single case in the 1930s compared with an average of 287 months for those processed in the 1980s. Men whose sentences were commuted served more than twice as long as women—but the range was narrower. It was common for women to be transferred to the care of a religious congregation, such as the Sisters of Charity, or to Our Lady’s Home for Discharged Female Prisoners, or to a Magdalen asylum. The result was that the duration of coercive confinement extended beyond what was ever envisaged or what any man had to endure. The impact of the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 and the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 on prisoner releases is reviewed.
Introduction
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: December 2017

This introductory chapter presents some general remarks on the design of a comprehensive program of critical analysis of social orders of justification, exploring what it means to regard such an undertaking as “critical.” The critical theory this volume seeks to formulate is a connection between reflection in philosophy and in social science, and it is informed by an interest in emancipation. This theory inquires into the rational form of a social order that is both historically possible and normatively justified in general terms. At the same time, this theory asks why the existing power relations within (and beyond) a society prevent the emergence of such an order. Given the sheer volume of ideas and disciplines thus involved in this theory, the chapter attempts to summarize its major points to set the stage for more specialized discussion in the succeeding chapters.
Critique of Justifying Reason
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: December 2017

This chapter studies normativity through a critique of justifying reason. Because of the immanent relation between reason, justification, and normativity, only such a critique can throw light on the phenomenon of normativity. The chapter then goes on to analyze the justification of practical assertions or norms—on answers to the question of what I should do or of what should hold for me or for us in our actions and social relations. It focuses in particular on morality and how it relates to the concepts of justifications and normativity. Finally, the chapter turns to political and social justice, which is situated at the intersection between ethics, morality, law, and politics.
Noumenal Power
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: December 2017

This chapter suggests a new way to conceive of power. It argues that we only understand what power is and how it is exercised once we understand its essentially noumenal nature. The chapter places emphasis on the power of justifications, and asserts that the real and general phenomenon of power is to be found in the noumenal realm, or in “the space of reasons.” On that basis, this chapter defends a normatively neutral notion of power that enables us to distinguish more particular forms of power, such as rule, coercion, and domination. This analysis then aims to prepare the way for a critical theory of power.
On the Concept of a Justification Narrative
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the concept of a justification narrative. Such a concept serves as a heuristic device to connect the normative dimension of justification that aims at rational persuasion with the dimension of socially effective justifications which are recognized and practiced by those involved as persuasive and are constituted by their respective experiences and expectations. Justification narratives are regarded as embodiments of contextual rationality. In them, images, individual stories, rituals, facts, and myths are condensed into powerful grand narratives that serve as a resource for generating a sense of order. Insofar as normative orders are framed in narratives, they have a special binding power and authority; they acquire historical significance and at the same time the emotional power to inspire identification.
Justice after Marx
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers the relevance of Marx for contemporary philosophical thinking about justice. It asserts that Marx has provided essential insights into the correct understanding of social and political justice. At the same time, the chapter points out some problems and ambivalences in his theory. The primary concern of this chapter is that Marx can save us from adopting a one-sided and truncated view of justice, but that his thought also involves the danger of a reduced notion of justice. Thus, this chapter proposes a dialectical reading of Marxist thought, and emphasizes the importance of reconstructing Marx's critique of alienated social forms within the framework of a discourse theory of political and social justice.
Transnational Justice and Non-Domination
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: December 2017

This chapter argues that we cannot make progress in thinking about justice beyond the state unless we develop a realistic and critical view of the many and complex relations of domination within, between, and beyond states that mark our current global predicament. To supplement the argument, the chapter first introduces a conception of justice as non-domination. Next, the chapter explains the difference between the book's Kantian, discourse-theoretical conception of non-domination and Philip Pettit's neo-republican conception of non-domination. The book's conception of justice as non-domination is then applied to transnational contexts. To conclude, the chapter explains the difference between the book's view and Pettit's notion of international justice.
Introduction
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Rosta Gergely
Published: December 2017

A new discourse on religion in modern societies has established itself in the social sciences and humanities. Perspectives in the social sciences are no longer dominated by the master narrative that claims that religion is waning in significance. The new keywords are now the de-privatization of religion, the return of the Gods, and de-secularization. Instead of assuming a strained relationship between religion and modernity, scholars nowadays emphasize the compatibility of religion and modernity. They also draw attention to the blurred boundaries between tradition and modernity and underline the religious roots of modern institutions and ideas. Faced with such a rejection of secularization theory, the book wishes to hold two questions open. Do we really already know what the dominant tendencies of religious change are in modern societies? Are we in a position to explain these tendencies? The analyses collected in the book are intended to deal with these questions.
Introduction
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Rosta Gergely
Published: December 2017

In recantation of his earlier approach, Peter L. Berger now claims: ‘The world today, with some exceptions […], is as furiously religious as it ever was, and in some places more so than ever.’ The most important exception that Berger refers to is Western Europe. The introduction to Part II provides an overview of the religious landscape in Western Europe. The data show that the current religious situation in the countries of Western Europe is in fact subject to considerable variation. It would therefore be erroneous to describe Western Europe as secularized. At the same time, the data reveal that there have been clear secularization tendencies over the last few decades. To grasp the diversity of religious tendencies, Part II deals with three cases: West Germany with moderate downward tendencies, Italy with a considerably high degree of stability, and the Netherlands displaying disproportionately strong secularizing tendencies.
East Germany
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Rosta Gergely
Published: December 2017

The case of East Germany raises the question of why religion and church, which had fallen to an unprecedentedly low level after four decades of suppression, have not recovered since 1989. The repressive church politics of the SED were undoubtedly the decisive factor in the unique process of minoritizing churches in the GDR. However, other external factors such as increasing prosperity, socio-structural transformation, and the expansion of the leisure and entertainment sector played an important role, too. In addition, church activity itself probably also helped to weaken the social position of churches. The absence of a church renaissance after 1990 can be explained by several factors, such as the long-term effects of the break with tradition caused by the GDR system, the political and moral discrediting of the church by the state security service, and people’s dwindling confidence in the church, which was suddenly seen as a non-representative Western institution.