bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scaffolding student teachers' information‐seeking behaviours with a network‐based tutoring system
Authors: Poitras Eric , Mayne Zachary , Huang Lingyun , Udy Laurel , Lajoie Susanne
Published: July 2019

Student teachers' instructional planning requires them to regulate certain aspects of their own learning while designing lessons. The aim of this study is to support student teachers' self‐regulated learning through the convergence effect, where network‐based tutors are designed to optimize system recommendations of online resources based on information‐seeking behaviours. A total of 68 student teachers were randomly assigned to either a dynamic or static version of nBrowser, which converged a network or not towards an optimal configuration. The structural equation model suggests that student teachers spent less time during the learning session using the dynamic version of nBrowser. Although student teachers were found to be more efficient in seeking and acquiring information and reported knowledge gains, they failed to perform better than those assigned to the static condition on the lesson plan design task. We discuss the implications for the convergence effect in the context of network‐based tutors.
Predictors and moderators of recurring self‐harm in adolescents participating in a comparative treatment trial of psychological interventions
Authors: Adrian Molly , McCauley Elizabeth , Berk Michele S. , Asarnow Joan R. , Korslund Kathryn , Avina Claudia , Gallop Robert , Linehan Marsha M.
Published: July 2019

Background

In primary analyses, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was associated with greater reduction in self‐harm during treatment than individual/group supportive therapy (IGST). The objective of this paper was to examine predictors and moderators of treatment outcomes for suicidal adolescents who participated in a randomized controlled trial evaluating DBT and IGST.

Methods

Adolescents (N = 173) were included in the intent‐to‐treat sample and randomized to receive 6 months of DBT or IGST. Potential baseline predictors and moderators were identified within four categories: demographics, severity markers, parental psychopathology, and psychosocial variables. Primary outcomes were suicide attempts (SA) and nonsuicidal self‐injury evaluated at baseline, midtreatment (3 months), and end of treatment (6 months) via the Suicide Attempt and Self‐Injury Interview (Psychological Assessment, 18, 2006, 303). For each moderator or predictor, a generalized linear mixed model was conducted to examine main and interactive effects of treatment and the candidate variable on outcomes.

Results

Adolescents with higher family conflict, more extensive self‐harm histories, and more externalizing problems produced on average more reduction on SH frequency from baseline to post‐treatment. Adolescents meeting BPD diagnosis were more likely to have high SH frequency at post‐treatment. Analyses indicated significant moderation effects for emotion dysregulation on NSSI and SH. DBT was associated with better rates of improvement compared to IGST for adolescents with higher baseline emotion dysregulation and those whose parents reported greater psychopathology and emotion dysregulation. A significant moderation effect for ethnicity on SA over the treatment period was observed, where DBT produced better rate of improvement compared to IGST for Hispanic/Latino individuals.

Conclusions

These findings may help to inform salient treatment targets and guide treatment planning. Adolescents that have high levels of family conflict, externalizing problems, and increased level of severity markers demonstrated the most change in self‐harm behaviors over the course of treatment and benefitted from both treatment interventions. Those with higher levels of emotion dysregulation and parent psychopathology may benefit more from the DBT.
Agenesis of a maxillary lateral incisor associated with bilateral canine inclusions: A noninvasive multidisciplinary approach
Authors: Savi Andrea , Crescini Aldo , Manfredi Maddalena , De Maria Andrea , Bresciano Mario
Published: July 2019

Objective

The treatment of congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors is often complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach, which demands continuous collaboration among the different specialists involved in the rehabilitation. In young patients, implant therapy or the preparation of intact teeth for fixed prostheses is not indicated.

Clinical Considerations

Two complex cases of double maxillary canine inclusion were treated with combined surgical, orthodontic, and conservative prosthetic treatments. Orthodontic therapy allowed the creation of the necessary interocclusal space to fabricate the all‐ceramic resin‐bonded fixed partial dentures without the preparation of the abutment teeth.

Conclusions

Carefully planned and meticulously executed orthodontic and prosthetic therapies allowed for a noninvasive rehabilitation of patients with maxillary lateral incisor agenesis.

Clinical Significance

This article provides clinicians with a noninvasive solution for agenesis of lateral incisors associated with canine inclusions. Indications for the choice of material of all‐ceramic resin‐bonded fixed partial dentures are discussed and presented.
Interannual fine‐scale site fidelity of male ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta revealed by photo‐identification and tagging
Authors: Mucientes Gonzalo , Irisarri José , Villegas‐Ríos David
Published: July 2019

The site fidelity of ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta was studied using photo‐identification and external tagging. Five male individuals were observed to defend the same small territory composed of a few rocks during several reproductive seasons spanning 2 to 15 years. These results provide one of the strongest indications of long‐term very fine‐scale site fidelity in marine fishes.
Ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from coffee silverskin: Impact on phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and morphological characteristics
Authors: Wen Le , Zhang Zhihang , Rai Dilip , Sun Da‐Wen , Tiwari Brijesh K.
Published: July 2019

Coffee silverskin (CSS) has various nutritional and functional properties, enabling it for valuable applications. Ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) is an efficient and economic extraction technique. In this research, UAE was employed in the extraction of bioactive compounds from CSS with water and methanol–water mixture as solvent. Extraction efficacy between the UAE‐treated extracts and the UAE‐untreated (control) was assessed in terms of the total phenolic content (TPC), caffeine content, chlorogenic acids (CGAs), and antioxidant capacities. The yields of TPC were in the range from 5.80 ± 0.06 to 8.94 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g sample. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity were highly enhanced by applying UAE compared to the controls. Noticeable caffeine content in the range from 3.27 ± 0.10 to 4.29 ± 0.01 g/100 g sample was found in the CSS samples. CGAs (3‐CGA, 4‐CGA, and 5‐CGA) were all quantified. Methanol–water extracts showed significantly (p < .05) higher TPC, caffeine content, and antioxidant capacity than water extracts. The micro‐structure investigation of CSS indicated UAE can cause cell disruption and micro cracks so that it can be an effective extraction technique. Peleg's model showed a good fitting (R2 > 0.94) to the experimental results on the kinetics of UAE of phenolics compounds.

Practical applications

Coffee is a most consumed beverage internationally. Due to its great production, large quantities of residues including coffee pulp and husk, coffee silver skin, and spent coffee grounds are generated in the coffee industry. Among them, coffee silverskin (CSS) is a by‐product during the coffee roasting process, which contains nutritional and functional properties. As an efficient and economic novel extraction technique, ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) was employed in the current study to extract bioactive compounds from coffee silverskin with water and methanol–water mixture as solvent in order to overcome various disadvantages encountered by the conventional extraction methods. Results indicated that application of UAE pretreatment showed significantly higher recovery of phenolic compounds compared to the controls and high ultrasound intensity (38 W/cm2) was more effective in recovering polyphenols compared to 5 W/cm2 ultrasonic treatments. Therefore, results from the current study provide useful and practical information for the coffee industry.
Atorvastatin in combination with conventional antimicrobial treatment of Helicobacter pylori eradication: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Sarkeshikian Seyed Saeed , Ghadir Mohammad Reza , Alemi Faezeh , Jalali Seyed Mahdi , Hormati Ahmad , Mohammadbeigi Abolfazl
Published: July 2019

Background and Aim

Helicobacter pylori is one of the main causes of digestive diseases, which is difficult to treat and requires the administration of several antimicrobial agents. Considering the anti‐inflammatory and antibacterial effect of atorvastatin, the present study aimed at adding this agent to a four‐drug regimen in order to eradicate H. pylori.

Methods

A total of 220 patients with H. pylori infection were included in the current randomized controlled clinical trial. In the current study, 110 patients in the control group received a 14‐day regimen of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, bismuth, and esomeprazole, and 110 patients in the intervention group received 40 mg of atorvastatin daily plus the antibiotic regimen for 14 weeks. The treatment results were evaluated 1 month later using H. pylori stool antigen test. Data were collected using checklist and analyzed using chi‐squared and Fisher's exact tests with spss version 18.

Results

Helicobacter pylori eradication rate in the intervention and control groups was 78.18% and 65.45%, respectively (P = 0.025), and there was a significant difference in terms of non‐ulcer dyspepsia between the groups (P = 0.049), but there was no significant difference in age, gender, and body mass index between the two groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The present study results showed that adding atorvastatin to the four‐drug regimen of omeprazole, clarithromycin, bismuth, and amoxicillin is effective in the eradication of H. pylori. Also, the addition of atorvastatin to H. pylori eradication therapy is more effective in patients with non‐ulcer dyspepsia.
MAP(ASH): A new scoring system for the prediction of intervention and mortality in upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: Redondo‐Cerezo Eduardo , Vadillo‐Calles Francisco , Stanley Adrian J , Laursen Stig , Laine Loren , Dalton Harry R , Ngu Jing H , Schultz Michael , Jiménez‐Rosales Rita
Published: July 2019

Background and Aim

Risk stratification for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is recommended. However, scoring system accuracy is suboptimal, and score calculation can be complex. Our aim was to develop a new score, the MAP(ASH) score, with information available in the emergency room and to validate it.

Methods

The score was built from a prospective database of patients with UGIB and validated in an international database of 3012 patients from six hospitals. Outcomes were 30‐day mortality, endoscopic intervention, any intervention (red blood transfusion, endoscopic treatment, interventional radiology, surgery, or death), and rebleeding. Accuracy to predict outcomes was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).

Results

Five hundred forty‐seven patients were included in the development cohort. Impaired mental status, albumin < 2.5 g/dL, pulse > 100, American Society of Anesthesiologists score > 2, systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg, and hemoglobin < 10 g/dL were included in the score. The model had a good predictive accuracy for intervention (AUROC = 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.79–0.88) and fair for mortality (AUROC = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.68–0.81). Regarding endoscopic intervention, AUROC was 0.61 (95% CI: 0.56–0.66) in the original cohort and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.66–0.71) in the validation cohort, showing a poor performance, similar to other scores. For rebleeding, the MAP(ASH) (AUROC 0.73; 95% CI: 0.69–0.77) was similar to Glasgow Blatchford score (AUROC = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.67–0.76) but superior to AIMS65 (AUROC = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.59–0.68).

Conclusion

MAP(ASH) is a simple pre‐endoscopy risk score to predict intervention after UGIB, with fair discrimination at predicting mortality. Because of its applicability, it could be an option in clinical practice.
Micro work‐family decision‐making of dual‐income couples with young children: What does a couple like us do in a situation like this?
Authors: Cluley Heather , Hecht Tracy D.
Published: July 2019

The goal of this study was to address the following research question: How do couples with young children make micro work‐family decisions? Using a qualitative approach, we interviewed 29 couples, both together and apart, about work‐family decision‐making, including common routines (work hours, childcare/school drop‐offs, and pickups) and daily decisions (dealing with sick kids and unexpected work). We analysed over 200 decisions using thematic and critical incident analysis, and came to understand the stories in our data from the lens of decision logics. We observed that different types of couples made different choices because they had different rules for appropriate behaviour guiding their decisions. This way of making decisions is consistent with the logic of appropriateness model of decision‐making, in which decisions are made by following rules that are derived from identity construals. We observed that couples’ rules emanated from their joint family identity construals, rather than their individual construals. This is a novel finding that drives theory on decision‐making forward by showing how this decision logic can apply when couples are the decision‐making unit. Practically, our results can be applied to broaden employers’ awareness of how work and family responsibilities can be met by different employees and to increase couples’ knowledge of alternative approaches.

Practitioner points

Employees who are part of dual‐income couples make work‐family decisions based on their family identities, but there are numerous ways to construe family identities and employers should not assume that all men see their family roles as providers, nor do all women see their family roles as caregivers.

Employers should welcome employees’ suggestions about how they can best complete their work and should recognize that employees can be creative when it comes to managing work and family demands.

Employers should promote a more open environment in which employees and managers can discuss their work and family situations, and how they approach meeting family demands.

Interventions could be designed to help dual‐income couples increase their own understanding of their family identities and their awareness of different ways to be a dual‐income couple.
Repression of metastasis‐associated protein 2 for inhibiting metastasis of human oral cancer cells by promoting the p‐cofilin‐1/ LC3‐II expression
Authors: Tseng Tsai‐Yi , Chiou Hui‐Ling , Lin Chiao‐Wen , Chen Yong‐Syuan , Hsu Li‐Sung , Lee Chien‐Hsing , Hsieh Yi‐Hsien
Published: July 2019

Background

The overexpression of metastasis‐associated protein 2 (MTA2) contributes to human tumor progression and metastasis in various tumor cells. However, the role of MTA2 in human oral cancer progression remains unknown.

Materials and methods

MTA2 expression in human oral tumor tissues and cell lines was measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Cell proliferation and cell cycle were analyzed using MTT assay and flow cytometry. The effects of MTA2 on oral cell migration and invasion were investigated using migration and invasion assays. The expression of MTA2, p‐cofilin‐1, and MTA2‐induced LC3‐II levels were measured using Western blotting and an immunofluorescence assay.

Results

Based on the human oral cancer tissue array and TCGA database, we found that MTA2 was increased in oral cancer tissues than in non‐tumor oral tissues (P < .01). Moreover, MTA2 is significantly associated with tumor grade (P < .01) and the overall survival rate of patients with grade III tumor (P < .05). MTA2 expression in oral cancer cells was markedly higher than that in normal oral cells. Cell proliferation and cell cycle were not significantly changed in the cells inhibited by MTA2. MTA2 knockdown can inhibit cell migration and invasion of human oral cancer cells. Furthermore, we suggest that MTA2 inhibition enhances p‐cofilin and LC3‐II expression, and the knockdown of LC3‐II expression in cells inhibited by MTA2 had the opposite effect.

Conclusion

These results indicate that MTA2 may serve as a candidate prognostic biomarker and that targeting autophagy is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating human oral cancer.
How parents use, search for and appraise online health information on their child's medical condition: A pilot study
Authors: Benedicta Benedicta , Caldwell Patrina HY , Scott Karen M
Published: July 2019

Aim

The internet has rapidly developed to become a default information source for parents when searching for information about their child's medical condition. This study aims to understand how parents use, search for and appraise the relevance and credibility of online information relating to children's health.

Methods

This research involved a practical task with parents of in‐patients with subacute health conditions at The Children's Hospital at Westmead. Each was presented with a scenario detailing symptoms of a paediatric health condition and asked to search for online health information on their mobile device. Participants' search was video‐recorded. A semi‐structured interview was then conducted to explore participants' use, search and appraisal of online health information. Interview audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Videos of practical tasks were analysed using an observation checklist.

Results

Twenty‐two parents participated. Four themes were identified: Wide spectrum of online health information utilisation, techniques in searching for online health information, appraising relevance and appraising credibility. Most parents used online health information flexibly in conjunction with consultations with health professionals, depending on assumptions about the severity of their child's condition, availability of health professionals and relationship with their child's doctor. Most focused on website titles and descriptions more than website sources when selecting a website.

Conclusion

Most parents exhibited a wide use of online health information utilisation, from minimal to extensive. There are disparities between parents' perceived knowledge and performance during search and appraisal, emphasising the need for education to improve parents' eHealth literacy.
Melatonin promotes human oocyte maturation and early embryo development by enhancing clathrin‐mediated endocytosis
Authors: Li Yue , Liu Hui , Wu Keliang , Liu Hongbin , Huang Tao , Chen Zi‐Jiang , Zhao Shigang , Ma Jinlong , Zhao Han
Published: July 2019

Embryo development potential and reproductive clinical outcomes are all deeply rooted in oocyte maturation. Melatonin has been reported to promote oocyte maturation as an antioxidant in nonprimate species. Its antioxidative functions also help reduce plasma membrane rigidity, which facilitates clathrin‐mediated endocytosis (CME). Whether melatonin has effects on human oocyte maturation by regulating CME is worthy of exploration. In this study, we found that the optimal melatonin concentration for human oocyte maturation was 10−11 M, and the maturation rate of this group was 71.9% (P = .03). The metaphase II (MII) stage oocytes obtained by in vitro maturation with 10−11 M melatonin had a significantly higher fertilization rate (81.4% vs 61.4%, respectively, P = .017) and blastocyst rate (32.2% vs 15.8%, respectively, P = .039) compared to controls. During maturation, antioxidative melatonin greatly enhanced CME and decreased intra‐oocyte cAMP level. The former was evidenced by the increasing numbers of coated pits and vesicles, and the upregulated expression of two major CME markers—clathrin and adaptor protein‐2 (AP2). CME inhibitor dynasore increased intra‐oocyte cAMP level and blocked oocyte maturation, and melatonin could partly rescue oocyte maturation and significantly elevate the expression of clathrin and AP2 in the presence of dynasore. Therefore, we conclude that melatonin could promote human oocyte maturation and early embryo development through enhancing CME.
Variability and Consistency in First and Second Language Processing: A Masked Morphological Priming Study on Prefixation and Suffixation
Authors: Ciaccio Laura Anna , Clahsen Harald
Published: July 2019

Word forms such as walked or walker are decomposed into their morphological constituents (walk + –ed/–er) during language comprehension. Yet, the efficiency of morphological decomposition seems to vary for different languages and morphological types, as well as for first and second language speakers. The current study reports results from a visual masked priming experiment focusing on different types of derived word forms (specifically prefixed vs. suffixed) in first and second language speakers of German. We compared the present findings with results from previous studies on inflection and compounding and proposed an account of morphological decomposition that captures both the variability and the consistency of morphological decomposition for different morphological types and for first and second language speakers.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. Study materials are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/vja85. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
The influence of cryoballoon manipulation on luminal esophageal temperature during ablation for atrial fibrillation
Authors: Chen Hongwu , Liu Qiang , Shehata Michael , Ma Wei , Xu Jing , Cao Jianing , Cingolani Eugenio , Ehdaie Ashkan , Jiang Chenyang , Chen Minglong , Chugh Sumeet S. , Wang Xunzhang
Published: July 2019

Background

Esophageal injury is related to a reduction in luminal esophageal temperature (LET) in second‐generation cryoballoon (CB) ablation; however, methods to prevent these reductions in temperature have not been well characterized.

Methods

Esophageal temperature was continuously monitored using a LET probe in patients undergoing pulmonary vein (PV) isolation using the second‐generation CB. A rotational maneuver of the CB was performed if the initial ablation resulted in a decrease of more than 4℃ in LET. The refrigerant injector near the distal CB pole was used as a fluoroscopic marker to measure the nearest distance between the CB and the LET probe.

Results

A total of 52 consecutive patients were enrolled in this study. The rotation was applied in 19 patients and 20 PVs (seven left superior pulmonary veins [LSPVs], seven left inferior PVs [LIPVs], and six right inferior PVs [RIPVs]) with a reduction in LET of more than 4℃ during freezing. The nadir temperature of CB applications was similar before and after CB rotation in all PVs. There was significant difference in the minimum LET before and after rotation during freezing in LSPVs (28.4 ± 3.7 vs 32.4 ± 2.3℃, P = .02), LIPVs (28.4 ± 1.4 vs 32.6 ± 2.7, P = .01) and RIPVs (26.1 ± 4.3 vs 34.0 ± 1.3℃, P = .002). The differences in mean balloon to LET distance were measured for all veins before and after rotation; LSPV (right anterior oblique [RAO], 11.0 ± 1.7 vs 13.8 ± 4.5 mm, P = .05); LIPV (RAO, 10.7 ± 4.3 vs 14.6 ± 6.1 mm, P = .03); RIPV (LAO, 11.8 ± 5.5 vs 14.2 ± 5.7 mm, P = .01).

Conclusions

CB rotational maneuvers during ablation can prevent significant reduction in LET and may prevent esophageal injury during the procedure.
Thomas J. Dougherty: An Appreciation
Authors: Kessel David
Published: July 2019

Without the efforts of Tom Dougherty, it is unlikely that photodynamic therapy would have been more than a minor biomedical curiosity. His contributions to the field not only involved demonstrating the clinical relevance of the procedure but organizing that eventually led to FDA approval. This report summarizes his contributions to the field and illustrates the scope of discoveries that became feasible after his work brought PDT to the attention of others and to assorted funding agencies.
Composition of airway bacterial community correlates with chest HRCT in adults with bronchiectasis
Authors: O'Neill Katherine , Einarsson Gisli G. , Rowan Stephen , McIlreavey Leanne , Lee Andrew J. , Lawson John , Lynch Tom , Horsley Alex , Bradley Judy M. , Elborn J. Stuart , Tunney Michael M.
Published: July 2019

Background and objective

In bronchiectasis (BE) not caused by cystic fibrosis, chronic, polymicrobial airway infection contributes to the underlying pathogenesis of disease. There is little information on whether bacterial community composition relates to clinical status. We determined the relationship between bacterial community composition, chest high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scores and clinical markers in BE.

Methods

A subgroup of BE patients from a previous cross‐sectional study were analysed. Spontaneously expectorated sputum was analysed using culture‐independent sequencing on the Roche 454‐FLX platform covering the V1–V3 region of the 16S rRNA marker gene. Chest HRCT scans, multiple breath washout, spirometry and blood inflammatory markers were collected. Spearman's rank (r) correlation coefficient was used to assess relationships.

Results

Data from 21 patients were analysed (mean (SD) age: 64.0 (7.7); female : male 14:7; mean (SD) forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1): 76.5 (17.2)). All bacterial community composition metrics (bacterial richness, diversity, evenness and dominance) correlated with percentage BE score, with more severe HRCT abnormality relating to lower bacterial richness, evenness and diversity (range r = −0.47 to −0.66;P < 0.05). Inflammation (C‐reactive protein and white cell count) was greater in patients with lower diversity and richness (range r = −0.44 to −0.47;P < 0.05). Bacterial community characteristics did not correlate with lung function.

Conclusion

This is the first study to indicate a relationship between bacterial community characteristics by 16S rRNA marker gene sequencing, structural damage as determined by chest HRCT and clinical measures in BE. The association between loss of diversity and chest HRCT severity suggests that bacterial dominance with pathogenic bacteria may contribute to disease pathology.
Supernumerary teeth in a patient with Turner syndrome: An unusual finding
Authors: Andrade Natália Silva , Tenório Jefferson R. , Gallottini Marina
Published: July 2019

Aims

Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic disorder associated with abnormalities of the X‐chromosome, occurring in about 1 in 2000 to 1 in 3000 live‐born girls. We present a case of a 14‐year‐old girl with TS, who was referred to our outpatient clinic in 2016 because of an ectopic eruption.

Methods and results

Dental clinical examination and radiographic investigation revealed eight supernumerary teeth, short roots, enamel hypoplasia, increased overjet, rotation and displacement of teeth, moderate gingivitis and morphological alteration of the upper right central incisor. Dental treatment included extraction of erupted supernumerary teeth, composite resin restoration, supragingival scaling and oral hygiene for plaque control.

Conclusions

The unpublished finding of supernumerary teeth in our patient has led us to suggest the investigation of this dental developmental anomaly in other patients with Turner syndrome.
Self‐esteem as a monitor of fundamental psychological need satisfaction
Authors: Howell Jennifer L. , Sosa Nicholas , Osborn Hannah J.
Published: July 2019

Researchers have long theorized about the function of self‐esteem. Theories such as sociometer, terror management, and self‐determination have each received substantial empirical support, but all purport a different function of self‐esteem. Despite each theory's persuasiveness, they are sometimes at odds, and there remains no clear consensus regarding the function of self‐esteem. In the present paper, we propose the notion that self‐esteem monitors the meeting of multiple fundamental psychological needs, a theory we call the Need‐Satisfaction Framework of self‐esteem. We outline existing empirical support for our theory in the context of three well‐documented fundamental needs: belonging, self‐determination (i.e.,autonomy and competence), and meaning. Across all three needs, we review converging evidence supporting two hypotheses for self‐esteem's need‐monitoring function: (1) threats to needs lower self‐esteem and (2) high self‐esteem buffers defensive responses to need threats. We expand on established theoretical and empirical work in the domain of self‐esteem and also discuss testable future hypotheses.
Hierarchical Structure in Sequence Processing: How to Measure It and Determine Its Neural Implementation
Authors: Uddén Julia , de Jesus Dias Martins Mauricio , Zuidema Willem , Tecumseh Fitch W.
Published: July 2019

In many domains of human cognition, hierarchically structured representations are thought to play a key role. In this paper, we start with some foundational definitions of key phenomena like “sequence” and “hierarchy," and then outline potential signatures of hierarchical structure that can be observed in behavioral and neuroimaging data. Appropriate behavioral methods include classic ones from psycholinguistics along with some from the more recent artificial grammar learning and sentence processing literature. We then turn to neuroimaging evidence for hierarchical structure with a focus on the functional MRI literature. We conclude that, although a broad consensus exists about a role for a neural circuit incorporating the inferior frontal gyrus, the superior temporal sulcus, and the arcuate fasciculus, considerable uncertainty remains about the precise computational function(s) of this circuitry. An explicit theoretical framework, combined with an empirical approach focusing on distinguishing between plausible alternative hypotheses, will be necessary for further progress.
A contribuição da auditoria interna para a governança: estudo de caso em uma organização social vinculada ao governo federal
Authors: Alves da Silva Alana , Barros Costa Abimael De Jesus
Published: July 2019

Em 1995 foi desenvolvido pelo Estado um novo modelo de parceria público-privada para a delegação de funções de relevância pública: as Organizações Sociais. Este estudo visou examinar a contribuição da unidade de auditoria interna de uma organização social para a governança. Para este fim foi realizado um estudo de caso no qual foram avaliados: o nível de aderência da unidade às normas internacionais de auditoria interna emitidas pelo The Institute of Internal Auditors –IIA– e a concepção dos auditores internos acerca da governança. Os resultados obtidos atestaram a conformidade da auditoria interna da organização social, por meio do cumprimento parcial das normas internacionais (68,45%). Pode-se concluir que a existência de auditoria interna em conformidade com as Normas contribuiu para a governança da Organização Social, entretanto, ainda existe um vácuo normativo para a orientação destas unidades do terceiro setor, relacionado com a não obrigatoriedade deste elemento de controle interno nestas organizações.
É financeiramente viável ser verde? A relação entre as práticas de divulgação e a performance financeira de empresas brasileiras de alto impacto ambienta
Authors: Nunes Da Silva Márcio , Nonato Rodrigues Raimundo , Teixeira Lagioia Umbelina Cravo
Published: July 2019

O presente estudo analisa a relação entre as práticas de divulgação ambiental e o desempenho financeiro de empresas de alto impacto ambiental listadas na Bolsa de valores brasileira. Foi selecionada uma amostra de todas as empresas de alto impacto, de acordo com o Relatório de sustentabilidade de 2016 da Global Reporting Initiative. 34 indicadores ambientais foram correlacionados com três indicadores financeiros (crescimento das vendas, o retorno sobre o patrimônio líquido e o fluxo de caixa operacional / receitas). Enquanto algumas subcategorias ambientais mostraram uma correlação positiva com os indicadores financeiros, outras revelaram correlações negativas. Além disso, os resultados demonstraram que a maioria dos indicadores não apresentaram correlações significativas. Isto pode indicar a necessidade de ações governamentais e corporativas mais efetivas no intuito de se alcançar um desempenho mais sustentável das empresas brasileiras.
Tunable Dirac cones in two-dimensional acoustic metamaterials with matryoshka structure
Authors: Chen Meng , Xu Wenshuai , Liu Yu , Zhang Mangong , Pei Dongliang , Jiang Heng , Wang Yuren
Published: July 2019

Dirac cones of an acoustic system are the foundation of most topological phase transitions and topological states and have recently become a research hotspot. Although the Dirac cones, Dirac-like cones, double Dirac cones, and semi-Dirac points are all skillfully designed, it is still indispensable to realize a tunable Dirac cone in a novel acoustic structure. This paper proposes two-dimensional acoustic metamaterials with matryoshka structure to achieve tunable Dirac cones and topological spin states. Dirac points can be obtained on the dispersion curves owing to the high symmetry. The concentric circular scattering units of the matryoshka structure are arranged in honeycomb lattices. By a rotating-scatterer mechanism to break the symmetry, the Dirac cone at K (K') is split and the topological spin states appear at the band valley. The existence of a topological transition with opposite Chern numbers as the rotating angle varies is also verified, and helical edge states are obtained along the interfaces separating the topologically opposite spin states insulators. Moreover, the frequency of the Dirac cone is tuned by rotating the inner structure in a double-layer matryoshka structure.
Acoustic valley edge states in a graphene-like system with sub-wavelength resonator
Authors: Jiang Heng , Chen Meng , Liu Yu , Yang Tao , Xu Wenshuai , Liu Yihan , Zhang Mangong , Wang Yuren
Published: July 2019

Recently, the study of topological phase transitions and edge states for acoustic wave systems has become a research hotspot. However, most current studies on topological edge states are based on Bragg scattering, which is not practical to apply in situations involving low-frequency sound because of the large structural dimensions. Therefore, the authors construct, in this study, a graphene-like structure based on a sub-wavelength resonant unit Helmholtz resonator and adjust the acoustic capacitance diameter of adjacent units to change the local resonance frequency, and thereby impose the degeneracy of the Dirac cone and topological spin states, which is characterized by valley Chern numbers of opposite sign. The authors also check topological valley edge states at zigzag and armchair interfaces and find that gapless topological valley edge states only appear at zigzag interfaces, whereas armchair interfaces host gap edge states. Moreover, the results show that the transmission properties of edge states in a zigzag rectangular waveguide are immune to backscattering and defects.
Examining the Influence of Shared Leadership and Organizational Capacity on Performance and Innovative Work Behavior in Sport for Development and Peace
Authors: Svensson Per G. , Kang Seungmin , Ha Jae-Pil
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of shared leadership and organizational capacity on organizational performance and innovative work behavior (IWB) in sport for development and peace. An electronic survey was distributed to 1,120 sport for development and peace practitioners. A total of 215 completed surveys were recorded for a response rate of 19.2%. Structural equation modeling revealed significant relationships between shared leadership and both organizational performance and IWB. In addition, shared leadership fully mediated the relationship between capacity and IWB, and partially mediated the relationship between capacity and organizational performance. Altogether, the results indicate that shared leadership and capacity combined to explain a significant proportion of variance in performance and IWB. The results provide empirical support for the significant role of shared leadership in sport for development and peace. In addition, the significant direct and indirect effects in the tested model highlight the value of examining both capacity and shared leadership.
The androgen receptor regulates a druggable translational regulon in advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Liu Yuzhen , Horn Jessie L. , Banda Kalyan , Goodman Asha Z. , Lim Yiting , Jana Sujata , Arora Sonali , Germanos Alexandre A. , Wen Lexiaochuan , Hardin William R. , Yang Yu C. , Coleman Ilsa M. , Tharakan Robin G. , Cai Elise Y. , Uo Takuma , Pillai Smitha P. S. , Corey Eva , Morrissey Colm , Chen Yu , Carver Brett S. , Plymate Stephen R. , Beronja Slobodan , Nelson Peter S. , Hsieh Andrew C.
Published: July 2019

The androgen receptor (AR) regulates mRNA-specific translation through 4EBP1, which is a druggable vulnerability in AR-deficient prostate cancer.
Signal Sensing and Transduction Are Conserved between the Periplasmic Sensory Domains of BifA and SagS
Authors: Dingemans Jozef , Al-Feghali Rebecca E. , Sondermann Holger , Sauer Karin
Published: July 2019

Biofilms have been associated with more than 60% of all recalcitrant and chronic infections and can render bacterial cells up to a thousand times more resistant to antibiotics than planktonic cells. Although it is known that the transition from the planktonic to the biofilm mode of growth involves two-component regulatory systems, increased c-di-GMP levels, and quorum sensing systems among others, the exact signaling events that lead to biofilm formation remain unknown. In the opportunistic pathogen
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, the hybrid sensor kinase SagS regulates biofilm formation and antibiotic tolerance through two independent pathways via distinct residues in its periplasmic sensory domain. Interestingly, the sensory domains of SagS and BifA show great predicted structural similarity despite moderate sequence conservation. Here we show that the sensory domains of BifA and SagS are functionally interchangeable and that they use a similar mechanism of signal sensing and transduction, which broadens our understanding of how bacteria perceive and transduce signals when transitioning to the biofilm mode of growth.
Inundation, flow dynamics, and damage in the 9 January 2018 Montecito debris-flow event, California, USA: Opportunities and challenges for post-wildfire risk assessment
Authors: Kean J.W. , Staley D.M. , Lancaster J.T. , Rengers F.K. , Swanson B.J. , Coe J.A. , Hernandez J.L. , Sigman A.J. , Allstadt K.E. , Lindsay D.N.
Published: July 2019

Shortly before the beginning of the 2017–2018 winter rainy season, one of the largest fires in California (USA) history (Thomas fire) substantially increased the susceptibility of steep slopes in Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties to debris flows. On 9 January 2018, before the fire was fully contained, an intense burst of rain fell on the portion of the burn area above Montecito, California. The rainfall and associated runoff triggered a series of debris flows that mobilized ∼680,000 m3 of sediment (including boulders >6 m in diameter) at velocities up to 4 m/s down coalescing urbanized alluvial fans. The resulting destruction (including 23 fatalities, at least 167 injuries, and 408 damaged homes) underscores the need for improved understanding of debris-flow runout in the built environment, and the need for a comprehensive framework to assess the potential loss from debris flows following wildfire. We present observations of the inundation, debris-flow dynamics, and damage from the event. The data include field measurements of flow depth and deposit characteristics made within the first 12 days after the event (before ephemeral features of the deposits were lost to recovery operations); an inventory of building damage; estimates of flow velocity; information on flow timing; soil-hydrologic properties; and post-event imagery and lidar. Together, these data provide rare spatial and dynamic constraints for testing debris-flow runout models, which are needed for advancing post-fire debris-flow hazard assessments. Our analysis also outlines a framework for translating the results of these models into estimates of economic loss based on an adaptation of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Hazus model for tsunamis.
What interventions are effective in improving uptake and retention of HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women and their infants in prevention of mother to child transmission care programmes in low-income and middle-income countries? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Puchalski Ritchie Lisa M , van Lettow Monique , Pham Ba , Straus Sharon E , Hosseinipour Mina C , Rosenberg Nora E , Phiri Sam , Landes Megan , Cataldo Fabian
Published: July 2019

Objective

This review was conducted to identify interventions effective in improving uptake and retention of HIV-positive mothers and their infants in prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) services in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) in order to inform programme planning.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of studies comparing usual care with any intervention to improve uptake and retention of HIV-positive pregnant or breastfeeding women and their children from birth to 2 years of age in PMTCT services in LMICs. Twenty-two electronic databases were searched from inception to 15 January 2018, for randomised, quasi-randomised and non-randomised controlled trials, and interrupted time series studies; reference lists of included articles were searched for relevant articles. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care group criteria. Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted for studies reporting similar interventions and outcomes.

Results

We identified 29 837 articles, of which 18 studies were included in our review. Because of heterogeneity in interventions and outcome measures, only one meta-analysis of two studies and one outcome was conducted; we found a statistically significant increase in antiretroviral therapy (ART) use during pregnancy for integration of HIV and antenatal care relative to standard non-integrated care (pooled AOR=2.69; 95% CI 1.25 to 5.78, p=0.0113). The remaining studies assessing other patient, provider or health system interventions were synthesised narratively, with small effects seen across intervention categories for both maternal and infant PMTCT outcomes based predominately on evidence with moderate to high risk of bias.

Conclusions

Evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to improve uptake and retention of mothers and infants in PMTCT care is lacking. Our findings suggest that integration of HIV and antenatal care may improve ART use during pregnancy. Future studies to replicate promising approaches are needed. Improved reporting of key methodological criteria will facilitate interpretation of findings and improve the utility of evidence to PMTCT programme planners.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42015020829.
Effect of metformin on neurodegenerative disease among elderly adult US veterans with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Shi Qian , Liu Shuqian , Fonseca Vivian A , Thethi Tina K , Shi Lizheng
Published: July 2019

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the association between metformin treatment and the risk of neurodegenerative disease (ND) among elderly adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Design/Setting/Participants

This retrospective longitudinal cohort study examined the effects of the length of metformin exposure on ND among elderly US veterans with T2DM and insulin treatment using the Veterans Affairs electronic medical record database.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

The primary clinical outcome was defined as diagnosis of ND including dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD) and mild cognitive impairment during the follow-up period. The secondary clinical outcomes were separately measured by AD, PD, HD, dementia and mild cognitive impairment.

Result

Adjusted by propensity score weight, a total of 5528 patients (mean age, 63.2±10.9 years; male, 98%; white, 60%) with a median follow-up of 5.2 years were selected. Those with ND or other mental disorders at baseline or who were on insulin for less than two-thirds of the study period were excluded. The incidence rate of ND was 11.48 per 1000 person-years among patients with metformin treatment, compared with 25.45 per 1000 person-years for those without metformin. Compared with no metformin use, 2–4 years and >4 years of metformin exposure were significantly associated with lower risk of ND (adjusted HR (aHR)=0.62, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.85; aHR=0.19, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.31, respectively), while metformin exposure in the first 2 years showed no significant influence.

Conclusion

We conclude that long-term metformin therapy (>2 years) was associated with lower incidence of ND among elderly veterans with T2DM. We need to conduct a study with more representative population and more robust method for causal inferences. Further investigation into the mechanism involved is needed along with randomised trials to confirm a potential neuroprotective effect of metformin.
Relative contributions of the correlates of stunting in explaining the mean length-for-age z-score difference between 24-month-old stunted and non-stunted children living in a slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh: results from a decomposition analysis
Authors: Das Subhasish , Alam Md Ashraful , Mahfuz Mustafa , Arifeen Shams El , Ahmed Tahmeed
Published: July 2019

Objective

Using MAL-ED (Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health) Bangladesh birth cohort data, we sought to measure the relative contributions of the most predictive correlates of stunting to mean length-for-age z (LAZ) score difference between stunted and non-stunted children at 24 months of age.

Setting

Dhaka, Bangladesh

Participants

211 slum-dwelling children enrolled within 17 days of their birth.

Variables and method

The explanatory variables were identified from the following groups: maternal characteristics, birth characteristics, macronutrient intake, socioeconomic status, morbidity and serum micronutrient level. At step 1, predictive correlates of stunting were identified longitudinally (from 9 to 24 months of age) using generalized estimating equations (GEE) model. Then, the relative contributions of the most predictive correlates of stunting to mean LAZ score difference between stunted and non-stunted children at 24 months of age was measured using Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis

Results

The GEE multivariable model identified maternal height, birth weight, people per room, gender, having separate room for kitchen and energy intake as the most predictive correlates of stunting. At 24 months, mean LAZ score difference between stunted and non-stunted children was 1.48. The variable by variable decomposition of the LAZ gap identified maternal height (coefficient: −3.04; 95% CI: 0.35 to -6.44), birth weight (coefficient: −0.21; 95% CI: 0.88 to -1.30), people per room (coefficient: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.92 to -0.30) and energy intake (coefficient: −0.12; 95% CI: 0.22 to -0.46) as the top most factors responsible for the mean LAZ score difference between stunted and non-stunted children at 24 months of age.

Conclusions

The relative contributions of maternal height and birth weight to LAZ gap signifies that improvement in nutritional status of a women during her adolescence and pregnancy would have an impact on birth weight of her offspring, and ultimately, on linear growth of the child.