bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obsessive‐compulsive disorder in children and youth: neurocognitive function in clinic and community samples
Authors: Schachar Russell J. , Dupuis Annie , Anagnostou Evdokia , Georgiades Stelios , Soreni Noam , Arnold Paul D. , Burton Christie L. , Crosbie Jennifer
Published: October 2021

Background

Neurocognitive impairments are common in OCD, although not well studied in children and youth with the disorder.

Method

Using the stop‐signal task (SST), we measured response inhibition (stop‐signal reaction time—SSRT), sustained attention (reaction time variability—RTV), reaction time (RT), and performance monitoring (post‐error slowing—PES) in OCD cases and controls from two samples of children and youth. A Clinic OCD group (n = 171, aged 7–17 years) was recruited from a specialty clinic after rigorous assessment. A typically developing (Clinic TD, n = 157) group was enlisted through advertisement. A community OCD sample (Community OCD, n = 147) and controls (Community TD n = 13,832, aged 6‐17 years) were recruited at a science museum. We also identified a community group with high OCD traits without an OCD diagnosis (Community High Trait; n = 125).

Results

Clinic OCD participants had longer SSRT and greater RTV than Clinic TD. These effects were greater in younger OCD participants and, for SSRT, in those on medication for OCD. The Community OCD group did not differ from Controls but was similar to the Clinic OCD group in ADHD and ASD comorbidity and medication usage. The Community High Trait group had longer SSRT and atypical PES suggesting that symptom severity predicts neurocognitive function. No group differences were found in RT.

Conclusions

In the largest study of neurocognitive performance in children with OCD to date, we found impaired response inhibition and sustained attention in OCD participants in comparison to typically developing peers. Performance was worse in younger OCD participants. In the community sample, participants with high OCD trait scores but no OCD diagnosis had impaired response inhibition and error processing, suggesting that OCD might be under‐recognized.
The tarnished silver spoon? Trade‐off between prenatal growth and telomere length in wild boar
Authors: Spießberger Magdalena , Hoelzl Franz , Smith Steve , Vetter Sebastian , Ruf Thomas , Nowack Julia
Published: October 2021

Life‐history theory predicts a trade‐off between growth rates and lifespan, which is reflected by telomere length, a biomarker of somatic state. We investigated the correlation between telomere length and early‐life growth of wild boar piglets, Sus scrofa, kept under semi‐natural conditions with high food availability to examine our hypothesis that increased pre‐ and postnatal growth will lead to telomere length attrition, but that a high supply of nutrient may provide the possibility to compensate telomere loss via telomere repair mechanisms. As predicted, our data showed a clear negative correlation between birth body mass and initial telomere length: heavier neonates had shorter telomeres at birth, and we did not find an influence of the mother on initial telomere length. Body mass at birth correlated with body mass later in life and postnatal growth rate did not affect telomere length. We observed an increase in telomere length during postnatal development, suggesting that high food availability allowed piglets to invest into both, growth and telomere restoration. The increase in telomere length over the duration of the study was not accompanied by telomerase activity; thus, telomere elongation was caused either by alternative mechanisms or by short pulses of telomerase activity that we missed. Taken together, this study suggests a trade‐off between investment into growth and telomere maintenance even before birth and the possibility to compensate telomere attrition during growth under high amounts of available energy.
First historical cements in France from Boulogne sur Mer: Investigations on 19th century's manufactured cement‐based monuments
Authors: Jebbawy Marwa , Thiery Vincent , Bouichou Myriam , Marie‐Victoire Elisabeth , Davy Catherine , Izoret Laurent , Albert‐Mercier Cyrille , Moreau Myriam
Published: October 2021

The Boulogne‐Sur‐Mer area in the North of France is one of the cradles of the French cement industry (the other main one is Grenoble region due to Joseph Vicat's first cement works). From fast setting (Roman) to Portland, those cements were famous in France and have been used throughout the entire country. The main objective of this study is to give a preliminary insight of the type of binders used since there is currently few and scattered data on those specific structures and to assess the efficiency of traditional analytical techniques [X‐ray diffraction (XRD), optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, coupled with EDS analysis] used to differentiate natural and artificial cements.
Cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations of park coverage, greenness exposure and neighbourhood median household income with children's depressive and anxiety symptoms
Authors: Naya Christine H , Yi Li , Chu Daniel , Dunton Genevieve F , Mason Tyler B
Published: October 2021

Aim

Internalising symptoms and disorders often emerge in childhood and are associated with negative health outcomes into adulthood. Studies have shown neighbourhood characteristics (e.g. socio‐economic composition, greenspace exposure) to be associated with depression and anxiety symptoms in adults; however, research that explores these relationships longitudinally in children is lacking. This study examined cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations of neighbourhood characteristics with developmental trajectories of internalising symptoms in 202 children (ages 8–12) from the Mothers' and Their Children's Health (MATCH) Study.

Methods

The MATCH Study is a Los Angeles‐based longitudinal observational investigation of children's health outcomes with six semi‐annual assessment waves across 3 years. Latent growth curve modelling was used to examine cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between child's self‐reported anxiety or depressive symptoms and their neighbourhood's park coverage, greenness exposure and median household income. All models included the following as covariates: child's age, sex, ethnicity, family household income and mother's mental health measures.

Results

Cross‐sectionally, results indicated that neighbourhood median household income was negatively associated with children's depressive symptoms at baseline. Longitudinally, neighbourhood median household income was associated with steeper increases in children's depressive symptoms. Neither greenness exposure nor park coverage was associated with children's depressive or anxiety symptoms cross‐sectionally or longitudinally.

Conclusions

Childhood plays a key factor in setting the foundations for healthy mental, social, physical and cognitive growth. Our study suggests future mental health prevention programmes in youth should cater to a multilevel approach that integrates individual, familial and neighbourhood interventions and pay special attention to their neighbourhood SES levels.
Heart failure with recovered ejection fraction (HFrecEF): A new entity with improved cardiac outcome
Authors: Zeller Judith , Hubauer Ute , Schober Andreas , Schober Alexander , Keyser Andreas , Fredersdorf Sabine , Uecer Ekrem , Maier Lars S. , Jungbauer Carsten
Published: October 2021

Background

Aim of the study was a better characterization of heart failure (HF) with recovered ejection fraction (HFrecEF) and undulating EF (HFuEF) with regard to re‐hospitalization due to congestive HF (CHF), adequate electric therapies (AETs) and mortality compared to HF with reduced EF (HFrEF), mid‐range EF (HFmrEF) and preserved EF (pEF).

Methods

Retrospective study of 342 participants with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) for primary or secondary prevention. Type of HF was classified according to left ventricular EF with 4.7 ± 3.1 investigations for each patient.

Results

Re‐hospitalization due to CHF was similar in HFrecEF (7 (9.5%)), HFmrEF (2(9.0%)) and pEF (8(12.9%); p = n.s.) and significantly higher in HFrEF (62(38.0%)) and HFuEF (6(28.6%); p < .001 compared to HFrecEF and HFrEF). AETs were significantly lower in HFrecEF (13(17.6%)) compared to HFrEF (57(35.0%)), HFmrEF (7(31.8%)), pEF (18(29.0%)) and HFuEF (6(28.6%); each p < .01 compared to HFrecEF). Mortality was similar in HFrecEF (6(8.1%)) compared to HFuEF (0(0%)), pEF (4(6.5%)) and HFmrEF (2(9.0%), p = n.s.) and significantly lower compared to HFrEF (52(31.9%), p < .001). HFrEF was the strongest predictor for mortality besides age and chronic renal insufficiency according to Cox Regression (each p < .05) opposite to arterial hypertension, diabetes, type of cardiomyopathy and secondary prevention ICD indication (each p = n.s.).

Conclusions

HFrecEF indicates as a new entity of HF with similar prognosis as pEF and HFmrEF with regard to re‐hospitalization due to CHF and mortality and even better prognosis with regard to AETs. HFuEF showed similar rates of re‐hospitalization due to CHF and AETs compared to HFrEF, but lower rates of mortality.
Diagnosis and treatment of cryptococcal osteomyelitis in a pediatric lung transplant patient
Authors: Schrader Anna , Melicoff Ernestina , Munoz Flor , Mallory George B. , Curry Choladda V. , Gazzaneo Maria C.
Published: October 2021

Background

Asymptomatic pulmonary nodules may appear at any point after lung transplantation. The differential diagnosis is broad and includes serious life‐threatening disease entities.

Methods

A retrospective case report of a single patient who developed a pulmonary nodule after lung transplantation.

Results

At 2 years post‐transplant, an 11‐year‐old with cystic fibrosis was asymptomatic and had normal lung function. A single nodule was noted on surveillance chest CT scan. Initial evaluation was negative, but subsequently, he was diagnosed with cryptococcal osteomyelitis in a thoracic rib. He responded well to an extended course of antifungal therapy without loss of allograft function or infectious complications.

Conclusion

Pulmonary nodules after lung transplantation may be a harbinger of serious complications. A systematic approach to evaluation and follow‐up is recommended.
Surgical technique and the long‐term outcomes of pediatric living donor domino liver transplantation from patients with maple syrup urine disease
Authors: Shimizu Seiichi , Sakamoto Seisuke , Fukuda Akinari , Yanagi Yusuke , Uchida Hajime , Mimori Kotaro , Nakao Toshimasa , Sun Chao , Horikawa Reiko , Kasahara Mureo
Published: October 2021

Background

The native liver of patients with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) (1st recipients) can be used as a graft for non‐MSUD patients with end‐stage liver disease (2nd recipients). This study aimed to demonstrate the optimal operational procedures and the long‐term outcomes of 2nd recipients.

Methods

Six 2nd recipients of living donor domino liver transplantation (LD‐DLT) (age: 42.5 [22–169] months at DLT) received a native liver as a graft from an MSUD patient at our hospital between June 2014 and April 2020. We reviewed the operational procedures and outcomes of 2nd recipients after LD‐DLT.

Results

The 2nd recipients' original diseases included biliary atresia, congenital hepatic fibrosis, congenital protein C deficiency, familial hypercholesterolemia, hepatoblastoma, and mitochondrial hepatopathy. Five of the six recipients had a whole liver and one had a right lobe graft. The site at which the vessels of the MSUD liver were dissected prioritized the safety of the 1st recipient. At the end of follow‐up, all recipients were doing well without surgical complications. The mean serum amino acid values of the 2nd recipients did not exceed the upper limit of the reference values during the long‐term observation period. All patients showed normal growth while maintaining the same z‐score of height and weight after LD‐DLT as the preoperative level.

Conclusion

The liver of patients with MSUD can be used safely without concern regarding long‐term complications or de novo MSUD development. LD‐DLT using the MSUD liver can expand the donor pool as an alternative graft in pediatric LT.
Conidial production and viability of Calonectria pseudonaviculata on infected boxwood leaves as affected by temperature, wetness, and dryness periods
Authors: Avenot Herve F. , Baudoin Anton , Hong Chuanxue
Published: October 2021

Calonectria pseudonaviculata causes lesions on boxwood leaves and twigs. Controlled‐environment experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature and leaf wetness period on C. pseudonaviculata sporulation on diseased (cv. Suffruticosa) leaves and of dryness periods and high temperature on conidial survival. Infected leaves were incubated in moist chambers and subjected to six temperatures (9, 13, 17, 21, 25, and 29°C) and six leaf wetness periods (0, 12, 24, 40, 48, and 72 h). Spore production was influenced significantly by wetness period, temperature, and their interaction. Increasing duration of leaf wetness and increasing temperature generally increased sporulation, with no sporulation occurring at 29°C or 9 and 13°C, except at 72 h of wetness exposure, while it was optimal at 21°C. Detached leaves with profuse conidia were subjected to a range of drying (relative humidity at 65%) times (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h) at two temperatures of 21 and 29°C. Conidia were then harvested and plated on water agar. Germinating conidia were counted to measure the spore viability. Spore mortality increased with increasing dryness duration at both temperatures but occurred more quickly and severely at 29 than 21°C. Overall, this study extended biological knowledge of conditions required for crucial stages of the C. pseudonaviculata disease cycle and the obtained results will be vital for developing boxwood blight forecasting and management tools.
Abundance and phenology drive plant–pollinator network responses to restoration in the Southern Atlantic rainforest in Brazil
Authors: de Souza Jana M. T. , Vázquez Diego P. , Varassin Isabela G.
Published: October 2021

Ecological restoration has been increasingly considering biotic interactions. Different restoration strategies usually rely on different composition and abundance of plants with potential impact on the establishment of plant–pollinator interactions. We evaluated the restoration of plant–pollinator interaction networks in young restoration areas in the South Atlantic rainforest, Brazil. We assessed the relative contribution of two restoration strategies (natural regeneration vs. reforestation), geographic distance, plant composition, pollinator composition, abundance of flowers and insects, and plant–pollinator temporal overlap, that is, phenological coupling, to predict the establishment of pairwise interactions. We expected that restoration strategies would indirectly affect the patterns (identity and frequency) of pairwise interactions due to their influence on the processes driving interactions. We sampled monthly pollinators and the plants they visited on six reforestation sites and six natural regeneration sites during 20 months. We surveyed flower abundance in summer. We analyzed the relative contribution of each factor to predict the identity and frequency of pairwise interactions using structural equation modeling. Contrary to expectations, the restoration strategy did not predict interactions, probably because the sites under restoration were surrounded by natural and conserved landscapes. Since we found no effect of restoration strategies on plant composition, abundance, and phenological coupling, the restoration strategy did not predict interactions. Phenological coupling explained more than half of the interaction patterns, representing the best predictor of interactions followed by abundance and plant composition. Therefore, these predictors should be considered to select plant species in restoration projects that encompass interactions and pollination services.
Risk Attenuation and Amplification in the U.S. Opioid Crisis
Authors: Cantor Robin , Bates Heather , MacKoul Claire
Published: October 2021

The evolution of risk identification and ultimately the public and private responses that have become known collectively as the “opioid crisis” is an important case study in risk management due to the reach and magnitude of its impacts. This article examines a number of “signals” related to opioid risks using the social amplification of risk framework (SARF) to investigate a limited set of public‐sector activities and policy responses. We evaluate whether the SARF presents an effective lens to examine the serious shortcomings of risk management of opioid use, which has a history of risk attenuation and, more recently, evidence of risk amplification. Our goal in this article is limited to addressing “goodness of fit” of the SARF as a descriptive tool. We consider whether the SARF effectively reveals important gaps in public risk management responses for the opioid example and other similarly situated societal risk problems. Applying SARF supports that its suggested relationship between risk signals and inappropriate attenuated public response does generate useful insights into regulatory efficacy for examples of public risk management. Similar such conclusions about inappropriate public responses stemming from the amplification factors are less supported because, in this case, the risk is, and continues to be, large. Overall, we find that the SARF's particular focus on the signaling function of risk information performs best as an organizational aid to study historical information rather than as a predictive tool for determining inappropriate risk management responses.
On Bayesian estimation of densities and sampling distributions: The posterior predictive distribution as the Bayes estimator
Authors: Nogales Agustín G.
Published: October 2021

Optimality results for three interesting Bayesian estimation problems are presented in this paper: the estimation of the sampling distribution for the squared total variation function, the estimation of the density for the ‐squared loss function and the estimation of a real distribution function for the ‐squared loss function. The posterior predictive distribution provides the solution to these problems. Some examples are presented to illustrate it.
Bending the Elbow During Shoulder Flexion Facilitates Greater Scapular Upward Rotation and a More Favorable Scapular Muscle Activation Pattern
Authors: Rabin Alon , Tabi Brakha R. , Uhl Timothy L. , Kozol Zvi
Published: October 2021

Context: Decreased scapular upward rotation (UR) and diminished activation of the serratus anterior (SA) and lower trapezius (LT) are often observed among patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. Maintaining the elbow fully flexed during shoulder flexion may limit glenohumeral motion due to passive insufficiency of the triceps brachii and therefore facilitate greater scapular UR and increased scapular muscle activation. Objectives: To compare scapular UR, SA, upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius, and LT activation levels between shoulder flexion with the elbow extended (Flexion-EE) to shoulder flexion with the elbow fully flexed (Flexion-EF). This study hypothesized that Flexion-EF would result in greater scapular UR, greater SA and LT activation, and a lower UT/SA and UT/LT activation ratio compared with Flexion-EE. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: A clinical biomechanics laboratory. Participants: Twenty-two healthy individuals. Main Outcome Measures: Scapular UR and electromyography signal of the SA, UT, middle trapezius, and LT, as well as UT/SA and UT/LT activation ratio were measured during Flexion-EE and Flexion-EF. Results: Flexion-EF resulted in greater scapular UR compared with Flexion-EE (P < .001). Flexion-EF resulted in greater SA activation, lower UT activation, and a lower UT/SA activation ratio compared with Flexion-EE (P < .001). Conclusions: Fully flexing the elbow during shoulder flexion leads to increased scapular UR primarily through greater activation of the SA. This exercise may be of value in circumstances involving diminished scapular UR, decreased activation of the SA, and an overly active UT such as among patients with subacromial impingement syndrome.
Alexithymia and the Anxiolytic Effect of Endurance Running
Authors: Woodman Tim , Welch Charlotte
Published: October 2021

Individuals high in alexithymia use high-risk sport to regulate their anxiety. Given the conceptual similarities between arduous high-risk sports and extreme endurance running, we investigated the relationship between alexithymia and the anxiolytic effects of endurance running. We measured marathon and ultramarathon runners (n = 35) on alexithymia, and pre- and postrace anxiety. Bootstrapped regression analyses using MEMORE revealed that alexithymia moderated the relationship between pre- and postrace anxiety such that there was a significant anxiety reduction for individuals high in alexithymia only. In conclusion, extreme endurance running provides an emotion regulation function for individuals high in alexithymia. The modest sample size points to the need for replication and further exploration.
Ocean-induced melt volume directly paces ice loss from Pine Island Glacier
Authors: Joughin Ian , Shapero Daniel , Dutrieux Pierre , Smith Ben
Published: October 2021

Glacier response to ice-shelf thinning is driven largely by the total melt rather than its spatial distribution.
Functions predict horizontal gene transfer and the emergence of antibiotic resistance
Authors: Zhou Hao , Beltrán Juan Felipe , Brito Ilana Lauren
Published: October 2021

Transfer machinery, niche-specific, and metabolic genes are predictive of gene transfer events across diverse bacterial species.
Errata
Authors: McMillan Edwin M.
Published: October 2021

In our recent article ("Production of Mesons by X-Rays," by Edwin M. McMillan, Jack M. Peterson, and R. Stephen White,"
Science
, December 2), the second sentence in the last paragraph on page 581 contains a typographical error. When a negative π-meson is made by a photon striking a neutron, the products are π
–
and p
+
, not π
–
and π
+
. Also, near the center of page 580, in the third paragraph "π=mesons" was incorrectly printed for π-meson."
Correction: Influence of Peripheral Cholinergic Blocking Drugs on Survival Time in X-Ray Irradiated Mice
Authors: Haley Thomas J.
Published: October 2021

In the paper by Haley and Rhodes that appeared on page 139, SCIENCE, February 6, there is reference to the compound Win-2299. This compound is known chemically as 2-diethyl-aminoethyl cyclopentylhydroxy-2-thienyl-acetate hydrochloride.
Erratum: Newer Synthetic Structures of Interest as Tuberculostatic Drugs
Authors: Fox H. Herbert
Published: October 2021

In the article "Newer Synthetic Structures of Interest as Tuberculostatic Drugs," SCIENCE 118, 497 (1953), an error appeared in the data in Table 1, p. 501. Under the heading "Approx. dose, mg/kg," in column 1, the figure should be 50 in every case instead of 125. These data were culled from the publication by Grunberg and Leiwant (
21
) and the error in translation can be ascribed to sheer inadvertency.
Correction: Ultrasonic Lesions in Mammalian Central Nervous System
Authors: Fry W. J.
Published: October 2021

The ultrasonic dosages given in W. J. Fry
et al.
, "Ultrasonic lesions in the mammalian central nervous system" [
Science
122, 517 (1955)] should be corrected as follows: For the lesion illustrated in Fig. 1, the dosage was 40 atm acoustic pressure amplitude and 3.9(10
2
) cm/sec acoustic particle velocity amplitude. For the lesions illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3, the dosage was 41 atm acoustic pressure amplitude and 4.0(10
2
) cm/sec acoustic particle velocity amplitude.
Ionium-Thorium Chronology in Deep-Sea Sediments of the Pacific
Authors: Goldberg Edward D. , Koide Minoru
Published: October 2021

The ratio of ionium to thorium varies exponentially with depths in deepsea sediments of the Pacific Ocean and gives rates of accumulation of the order of millimeters per thousand of years. Surface values of the ratio were not constant over the eastern Pacific Ocean. This observation may result from differences in thorium isotope concentrations in near bottom waters which furnish these isotopes to the sediments.
Histology of Mammoth Bone
Authors: Ezra H. C. , Cook S. F.
Published: October 2021

Compact bone from a frozen Alaskan mammoth was examined histologically and chemically to determine whether there had been any detectable alterations since the death of the animal. Histological sections closely resembled similar specimens from modern elephants. Total nitrogen and acid-extractable carbonate were at levels to be expected in fresh bone.
Redox Absorption Spectra from Single Pigment Cells of Squid
Authors: Bayer Manfred , Meyer-Arendt Jurgen
Published: October 2021

Single pigment cells from the squid
Loligo forbesi
have been studied by microspectrophotometry. The absorption spectra obtained show characteristic changes on reduction and oxidation which are compatible with those found in ommochromes. The presence of melanoid substances, however, cannot be excluded.
Ascites Induced in Mice by
Staphylococcus
Authors: Lieberman Rose , Douglas John O. A. , Humphrey William
Published: October 2021

Ascitic fluid containing high titers of antibody was induced in mice by
Staphylococcus
. Two to three intraperitoneal inoculations of 0.3 ml of a killed suspension of
S. aureus
mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant, given at 5-day intervals, produced ascites in 100 percent of the mice tested.
Proposed System of Terminology for Preparations of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Authors: Li Choh Hao
Published: October 2021

During the past few years there has been a considerable amount of confusion with respect to the terminology used for adrenocorticotropins (ACTH) isolated from the pituitary glands of various species. In this paper (
1
) a unified system of nomenclature for these hormones is proposed. It is hoped that this system will furnish readily and at a glance, from the terminology itself, pertinent information about the source of the particular preparation as well as the chemical formula of any active degraded product derived from the natural hormone.
Carotenogenesis and Resistance of
Micrococcus pyogenes
to Tetracyclines
Authors: Suzue Ginzaburo , Tanaka Shozo
Published: October 2021

Although reddish-yellow pigments, mainly δ-carotene and rubixanthine, were present in the original strain of
Micrococcus pyogenes
var.
aureus
, mutants highly resistant to tetracyclines were observed to become colorless. All strains lack lipoxidase activity. The colorless strains probably reflect blocking by tetracyclines during carotenogenesis.
Density-Gradient Centrifugation with Infectious Ribonucleic Acid of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Strohmaier K. , Mussgay M.
Published: October 2021

The sedimentation constant of an infectious component in ribonucleic acid preparations from foot-and-mouth disease virus has been determined by density-gradient centrifugation. A sedimentation constant of 37 Svedberg units (
S
ƒ
) was obtained. On the assumption that the relation between the molecular weight and the sedimentation constant found by Gierer is applicable to our system as well, a value of 3.1 × 10
6
was calculated for the molecular weight of the infectious component.
Absorption of Iron from Iron Chelate by Sunflower Roots
Authors: Tiffin Lee O. , Brown John C.
Published: October 2021

Roots of decapitated sunflower plants absorbed iron from the ferric chelate of ethylenediamine di(
o
-hydroxyphenylacetic acid), leaving most of the acid in the nutrient solution. The chelating capacity of the nutrient solution increased as iron was absorbed by the plants. Most of the absorbed iron was found in the plant exudate.
Mechanism of Enzymatic Oxidation of Purines
Authors: Kwietny Hanna , Levin Gershon , Bergmann Felix , Brown D. J.
Published: October 2021

Tautomeric forms of 2-hydroxypurine, in which the structure has been fixed by introduction of an N-methyl group, are oxidized differently by xanthine oxidase. The 1-methyl derivative is attacked at position 8 and the 3-methyl derivative at carbon atom 6. These observations indicate that 2-hydroxypurine itself reacts in a tautomeric form, corresponding to the structure of its 1-methyl derivative.
Albinism in the California Hagfish
Eptatretus stoutii
Authors: Jensen David
Published: October 2021

The discovery of an albino specimen of the hagfish,
Eptatretus stoutii
(Lockington), is reported, together with general notes regarding collection of this species for research purposes. The extreme abundance of hagfish in the area described refutes the generally accepted notion that they are of infrequent occurrence in southern California waters.
Instatement of Stuttering in Normally Fluent Individuals through Operant Procedures
Authors: Flanagan Bruce , Goldiamond Israel , Azrin Nathan H.
Published: October 2021

Normally fluent subjects were required to read from printed pages, and a recording was made of nonfluencies until a stable rate was established. A persistent shock was then introduced. Its cessation for a limited period was made contingent upon nonfluency. Chronic stuttering was instated and eliminated as a function of the change in stimulus.
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Isolated from
Culex nigripalpus
in Trinidad
Authors: Downs W. G. , Aitken T. H. G. , Spence L.
Published: October 2021

The isolation of the first strain of eastern equine encephalitis virus in Trinidad, West Indies, is described. The virus came from a pool of
Culex nigripalpus
mosquitoes collected from chicken-baited traps in May 1959.
Carbon Isotope Fractionation in Bacterial Production of Methane
Authors: Rosenfeld William D. , Silverman Sol R.
Published: October 2021

Anaerobic bacteria from a Pacific Ocean mud cause unusually large carbon isotope fractionations during fermentation of methanol. The methane produced is about 8 percent enriched in C
12
, relative to the original methanol. Fractionation factors determined at 30°C and 23°C were 1.081 and 1.094, respectively, which indicates that this process is dependent on temperature.
Induction of Fechner Colors in Black and White Photographs
Authors: Brown John Lott
Published: October 2021

Fechner colors are visible when two black and white photographs of a scene which have been taken with long-wavelength and short-wavelength light, respectively, are viewed in an alternating sequence. Such colors may be combined with spatially induced, two-primary colors to enhance or reduce the vividness of the latter.
Serine Derivative with Antitumor Activity
Authors: Levi Irving , Blondal Harold , Lozinski Ezra
Published: October 2021

The sodium salt of N-dichloroacetyl-DL-serine depresses the growth of sarcoma-37 in mice, causing complete regressions of the tumor. The compound is nontoxic to mice in doses up to 4 gm/kg of body weight. The animals do not lose body weight and show no alteration in the formed elements of the blood or in hemoglobin content.
The Error Hypothesis of Mutation
Authors: Kubitschek Herbert E.
Published: October 2021

Accumulation of mutants in glucose-limited chemostats is proportional to growth rate, while in tryptophan-limited chemostats it is independent of growth rate. This behavior, which implies the failure of the error hypothesis, may be explainable on the basis of a unitary hypothesis: the results with glucose may be due to reversion or loss of latent mutants.
Primary Site of Gene Action Anterior Pituitary Dwarf Mice
Authors: Carsner Robert L. , Rennels Edward G.
Published: October 2021

The transplantation of anterior pituitary glands of normal mice into hypophysectomized dwarf littermates has resulted in mice that are normal in appearance and growth rate. In contrast, the anterior pituitary gland of dwarf animals, when placed in the sella of hypophysectomized normal littermates, failed to promote the growth of these animals. These results indicate that the primary site of gene action in dwarfism lies in the anterior pituitary itself rather than in the hypothalamus.
Chlorophyll-Sensitized Photoreduction in the Thionine-Ferrous System
Authors: Ichimura Shoji , Rabinowitch Eugene
Published: October 2021

The reduction of thionine in aqueous solution to leucothionine by ferrous ions in light can be sensitized by chlorophyll in the colloidal state, as obtained by diluting alcoholic solution with water.
Rapid and Reversible Block of Electrical Activity by Powerful Marine Biotoxins
Authors: Dettbarn W. D. , Higman H. , Rosenberg P. , Nachmansohn D.
Published: October 2021

Puffer-fish poison and clam poison reversibly inhibit conduction in single nerve fiber preparation of frog in a concentration of 3 × 10
-10
M.
In the isolated electroplax of
Electrophorus electricus
higher concentrations block both transmission and conduction. Neither toxin is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. The mechanism of action of these toxins in blocking transmission and conduction has not yet been established.
Effect of Reserpine on Release of Noradrenaline from Transmitter Granules in Adrenergic Nerves
Authors: von Euler U. S. , Lishajko F.
Published: October 2021

Direct evidence is given that reserpine, in concentrations of 0.125 to 0.625 m
M
, effects a release of noradrenaline from a suspension of transmitter granules isolated from bovine splenic nerves.
Capacity Electrode for Chronic Stimulation
Authors: Mauro Alexander
Published: October 2021

An electrode is described which can be used for electrical stimulation over prolonged periods without danger of contaminating tissue with electrode products. Use of a thoroughly insulated metal surface precludes all electrode processes, although a transient current can occur to stimulate the tissue.
Inhibition of Photosynthesis in Some Algae by Extreme-Red Light
Authors: Rabinowitch Eugene , Govindjee  , Thomas Jan B.
Published: October 2021

Photosynthesis produced by far-red light (about 700 mμ) is reversibly inhibited in some algae by extreme-red light (∼ 750 mμ).
Demonstration of Canonic Gonial Mitosis and Meiosis in
Parascaris equorum
Authors: Serra J. A. , Picciochi P. G. C.
Published: October 2021

It is shown that, contrary to what has been held, separate canonic chromosomes, without fusion into a chromatin mass, occur in the meiotic prophase of
Parascaris equorum
. In mitosis no club-shaped chromosome ends are visible. These results, obtained with a modified fixation procedure, which is described, have been checked by supravital observation.
Thermodynamic Treatment of Radio-Tracer Movements across Biological Membranes
Authors: Tasaki I.
Published: October 2021

The movements of radioactive tracers across living cell membranes are discussed on the basis of thermodynamics of irreversible processes. Krogh's equation describing the flux of a tracer as a function of time is derived, and the significance of the "permeability" constant is clarified.
Protactinium-231 Content of Ocean Water and Sediments
Authors: Sackett William M.
Published: October 2021

By means of a direct method for determining the nuclide protactinium-231, a deficiency in ocean water was found to be accompanied by unsupported Pa
231
in ocean sediments. Protactinium-ionium ratios obtained for a surface and a deep section in the same equatorial core yielded apparent ages which were in agreement with predicted ages.
Hole Drilling by Octopus
Authors: Pilson M. E. Q. , Taylor P. B.
Published: October 2021

Octopus bimaculoides
and
O. bimaculatus
can drill holes in the shells of their molluscan prey, through which they appear to inject a paralyzing venom.
Proof of an Adaptive Linkage Association
Authors: Levitan Max
Published: October 2021

Linked X-chromosome inversions of an eastern woods fly,
Drosophila robusta,
occur in two different nonrandom arrays. Since only one can be the nonrandom condition expected on the approach toward random equilibrium, at least one of the observed arrays must have an adaptive basis.
Stimulus Generalization of Imprinting
Authors: Cofoid Dianne A. , Honig Werner K.
Published: October 2021

Chicks were imprinted with a bluish object, then tested with different spectral values ranging to yellow-green. A systematic decrement in following was related to the stimulus series, although there was considerable generalization to all test values, which increased during testing. These data lead us to question the "irreversibility" of imprinting.
Effect of Enzymes on Partially Purified Japanese B Encephalitis and Related Arbor Viruses
Authors: Takehara Manabu , Hotta Susumu
Published: October 2021

Japanese B encephalitis and some other arbor viruses were partially purified by cellulose column chromatography or by fluorocarbon deproteinization and tested for sensitivity to enzymes. Infectivity decreased markedly when the viruses were mixed with trypsin or pancreatic lipase at 37°C. The enzymes also impair the immunogenicity of the virus in rabbits. Poliovirus is resistant to the enzymes.
A Protozoon (
Dileptus
; Ciliata) Predatory upon Metazoa
Authors: Brown Harley P. , Jenkins Marie M.
Published: October 2021

Dileptus
, a common holotrich, may function as a predator upon a variety of metazoan animals representing such varied phyla as Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, and Mollusca. Very young animals and wounded animals are especially vulnerable. Effective predation is directly related to the concentration of
Dileptus
to which the victim is exposed.
Absence of Carbon-14 Activity in Dolomite from Florida Bay
Authors: Deffeyes Kenneth S. , Martin E. L.
Published: October 2021

A sample of dolomite crystals concentrated from Recent carbonate sediments in Florida Bay gave a carbon-14 age greater than 35,000 years. Since Recent sedimentation in Florida Bay began less than 4000 years ago, the dolomite must be derived from older rocks, and Taft's hypothesis that dolomite is forming today is incorrect.
Carbon Dioxide Fixation in Lobster Nerve
Authors: Cheng Sze-Chuh , Waelsch Heinrich
Published: October 2021

Aspartic, glutamic, malic, and citric (isocitric) acids were isolated by chromatographic methods from lobster nerves incubated with Ringer's solution containing C
14
-bicarbonate. All the compounds were labeled; the bulk of the radioactivity appeared in the aspartic acid. The findings suggest the operation in lobster nerves of the citric acid cycle including CO
2
fixation.
Sleep Deprivation, Age, and Exhaustion Time in the Rat
Authors: Webb Wilse B. , Agnew Harman W.
Published: October 2021

Male rats were maintained on a constantly moving wheel in a study of prolonged sleep deprivation. The results obtained revealed a striking negative relationship between age and resistance to exhaustion.
Enhanced Afterglow in Neon by Removal of Electrical Excitation
Authors: Rogers Gerald T. , Edgerton Harold E.
Published: October 2021

An unusual increase in light output results when a neon strobe tube is suddenly short-circuited during the transient. Experimental measurements have been made of the emitted light from the discharge when the capacitor is short-circuited at different times after the initiation of the discharge.
Schistosoma mansoni:
Natural Infection of Cattle in Brazil
Authors: Barbosa F. S. , Barbosa I. , Arruda F.
Published: October 2021

In an area in Brazil where schistosomiasis has long been endemic, examination of cattle which were slaughtered for food disclosed the presence of adult
Schistosoma mansoni
in the mesenteric veins of four animals. Eggs of
S. mansoni
were found in the feces and rectal mucosa of one animal.
Assumptions in Tests for Meiotic Drive
Authors: Reed T. Edward
Published: October 2021

Recent claims for the existence of meiotic drive in the ABO blood groups require the assumption of equal fertility (if there is no other selection operating) for the various mating types. There is evidence that does not support this assumption, and there are no convincing a priori grounds for making it.
Dopamine: Its Occurrence in Molluscan Ganglia
Authors: Sweeney Daryl
Published: October 2021

Fluorometric and paper chromatographic evidence indicates that dopamine is the only catecholamine present in the ganglia of a number of lamellibranch and gastropod species.
Indium Antimonide: the Metallic Form at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Darnell A. J. , Libby W. F.
Published: October 2021

The crystal structure of metallic indium antimonide at atmospheric pressure and -197°C is essentially identical with that of white tin at 26°C.
"Applejack" Technique: New Application of an Old Approach to Solute Concentration
Authors: Habermann Helen M.
Published: October 2021

Freezing and slow thawing is a simple and inexpensive means for preparing concentrated solutions from large volumes of water-soluble compounds. Particularly appropriate for colored compounds, it can be adapted easily to colorless solutes for which quantitative tests are available.
Zeolite ZK-5: A New Molecular Sieve
Authors: Kerr George T.
Published: October 2021

An aluminosilicate of novel crystal structure has been synthesized. It has molecular-sieve properties that permit separation of straight-chain from branched-chain and cyclic hydrocarbons. This zeolite is unusually stable in solutions of low
p
H.
Radioprotection by Pressor Amidines
Authors: Rothe William E. , Grenan Marie M. , Wilson Shirley M.
Published: October 2021

In the mouse, radioprotection is not always associated with the effect of hypertensive amidines and related amines. The protection resulting from this group of agents follows the pharmacological reduction of intercellular oxygen tension.
Transpiration by Sudangrass as an Externally Controlled Process
Authors: van Bavel C. H. M. , Fritschen L. J. , Reeves W. E.
Published: October 2021

Transpiration from a well-watered sudangrass stand in a highly evaporative environment (Tempe, Arizona, in July) can be considerably increased by exposing a small plot of about 1 square meter to radiative and convective heat input. Thus, the transpiration of sudangrass in a full stand appears not to be determined by any physiological factor during any time of the day.
Mutations: Incidence in
Drosophila melanogaster
Reared on Irradiated Medium
Authors: Swaminathan M. S. , Nirula Satya , Natarajan A. T. , Sharma R. P.
Published: October 2021

An increase in the rate of mutation has been found in
Drosophila melanogaster
reared on a basic medium that was irradiated with a sterilizing dose (150,000 rads) of cobalt-60 gamma rays. In Muller-5 tests, sex-linked recessive lethals occurred only in the F
2
progenies of the male test flies obtained from breeding the parent flies on irradiated medium, while visible changes occurred in experimental cultures from both the control and irradiated media. The frequency of sex-linked recessive lethals was 0.35, 0.55, and 0.8 percent in three independent experiments. Visible changes were two to six times more frequent in the irradiated series than in the controls.
Cholinergic Substance in the Caudal Neurosecretory Storage Organ of Fish
Authors: Kobayashi Hideshi , Uemura Haruko , Oota Yoshihiko , Ishii Susumu
Published: October 2021

Cholinergic substance exists in homogenates of caudal neurosecretory storage organs of fish. The caudal organs of fresh-water fish contain about 10 times the amount found in caudal organs of marine fish. The substance in the caudal organ of the carp is more than 100 times as concentrated as that in the brain.
Carotenoids in Sediments as a Function of Environment
Authors: Schwendinger R. B. , Erdman J. G.
Published: October 2021

The carotenoid content and xanthophyll/carotene ratio were determined for the surface horizons of each of nine recent aquatic environments. In general, the concentrations of carotenoids, expressed as a function of organic carbon, were higher in marine than in fresh-water sediments. Xanthophyll/carotene ratios were all above unity.
DDT and Dieldrin in Rivers: A Report of the National Water Quality Network
Authors: Breidenbach Andrew W. , Lichtenberg James J.
Published: October 2021

As a part of the water-quality surveillance activities of the National Water Quality Network at 101 sampling stations, insecticides were identified in 38 samples from ten rivers during the period May through December 1962. Both DDT and dieldrin were identified by infrared and gas chromatographic analysis of carbon adsorption extracts.
Krypton Difluoride: Preparation and Handling
Authors: MacKenzie D. R.
Published: October 2021

Krypton difluoride was prepared by irradiation of krypton and fluorine in an electron beam (1.5 Mev) at -150°C. The compound is a white crystalline solid, stable only at temperatures below about -30°C.
Lipid-Protein Particles: Isolation from Seeds of
Gossypium hirsutum
Authors: Yatsu L. , Altschul A. M.
Published: October 2021

Subcellular particles were isolated from cottonseed by tanning of the cell contents followed by differential centrifugation. The particles, high in protein content and containing approximately 28 and 44 percent lipids, are thought to be the site of oil storage and lipid synthesis.
Xenon Fluorosilicate and Related Compounds
Authors: Clifford A. F. , Zeilenga G. R.
Published: October 2021

The reaction product of Xe, F
2
, and SiF
4
in a glow discharge has been shown to have a composition approximating Xe
2
SiF
6
. It and a similar hexafluorophosphate are unstable at room temperature. A stable hexafluoroantimonate is formed from Xe, F
2
, and SbF
5
at 250°C.
Histones from Developing Tissues of the Chicken: Heterogeneity
Authors: Lindsay David T.
Published: October 2021

Electrophoretic analysis of the molecular heterogeneity of histones from developing and adult chicken tissues demonstrates that differentiation need not be correlated with changes in the relative proportion of individual histone molecules during development.
Lichens On Galápagos Giant Tortoises
Authors: Hendrickson John R. , Weber William A.
Published: October 2021

The association of
Physcia picta
with the giant Galápagos tortoise is believed to be the first reported occurrence of lichens on land animals. The habitat is restricted to specific sites on the carapace of male tortoises.
Osmotic Stress: Effects of Its Application to a Portion of Wheat Root Systems
Authors: Meyer Raymond E. , Gingrich Joe R.
Published: October 2021

Application of a slight osmotic stress to only a portion of young wheat roots significantly affected certain metabolic fractions throughout the entire plant. These components change rapidly with time and therefore time studies must be used in experiments of this type concerned with an evaluation of changes in metabolic fractions in plants that are induced by environmental factors.
"Cytoplasmic" Sterility in
Drosophila paulistorum
Which Is Ultimately Dependent on Nuclear Genes
Authors: Ehrman Lee
Published: October 2021

A case of hybrid sterility in
Drosophila paulistorum
is due to an incompatibility of the Y chromosome of certain strains with the cytoplasm of other strains. The constitution of the cytoplasm responsible for the sterility is not, however, independent of the chromosomal genes. After seven backcrosses of the hybrid females to males of the same strain, fertile male progenies are finally obtained.
Sialic Acid-Containing Glycopeptide from
Chlorella
Authors: Correll David L.
Published: October 2021

A C
14
-labeled polyanion was isolated from
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
. It contained amino acids, sialic acid, and other carbohydrates, but no uronic acids, phosphate, or sulfate. It was stable to mild alkali, but released sialic acid upon mild acid treatment.
Protactinium Fluorides, the New Class, MPaF
6
Authors: Asprey L. B. , Penneman R. A.
Published: October 2021

Complex fluorides of protactinium having a Pa/M ratio of one (where M = K, Rb, or NH
4
) have been prepared from concentrated solutions of HF. These MPaF
6
compounds are isostructural with the corresponding compounds of pentavalent uranium but not with the tantalum analogs. The size of protactinium (V) is but slightly larger than that of uranium (V).