bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cervical Cerclage versus Vaginal Progesterone for Management of Short Cervix in Low-Risk Women
Authors: Dotters-Katz Sarah , Hughes Brenna , Wood Amber
Published: August 2018

Objective To evaluate the risk of preterm birth in low-risk women with cervical length (CL) ≤25 mm on transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) managed with vaginal progesterone (VagP) therapy versus cerclage.

Study Design This is a retrospective cohort of women with no prior history of preterm birth or cervical insufficiency and CL ≤ 25 mm on TVUS, managed with either VagP therapy alone or cerclage (with or without VagP). The primary outcome was rate of preterm delivery < 37 weeks gestational age (GA). Secondary outcomes included delivery at ≤ 32 or ≤ 28 weeks GA, premature preterm rupture of membranes, pregnancy latency, GA at delivery, and composite neonatal outcome.

Results Women undergoing cerclage placement (n = 31) were older and had an earlier GA at the time of diagnosis of short cervix compared with women receiving VagP (n = 62). Delivery at < 37 weeks occurred in 21/62 (33.9%) in the VagP group and 14/31 (45.2%) in the cerclage group (adjusted odds ratio: 1.72, 95% confidence interval: 0.52, 5.66). There were no differences in secondary outcomes.

Conclusion Cerclage compared with VagP therapy did not decrease risk of preterm birth in women with CL ≤ 25 mm. Further research is needed to determine optimal management in such women given a residual 40% risk of preterm birth despite optimal therapy.
Reflection positivity in higher derivative scalar theories
Authors: Arici Francesca , Becker Daniel , Ripken Chris , Saueressig Frank , van Suijlekom Walter D.
Published: August 2018

Reflection positivity constitutes an integral prerequisite in the Osterwalder–Schrader reconstruction theorem which relates quantum field theories defined on Euclidean space to their Lorentzian signature counterparts. In this work, we rigorously prove the violation of reflection positivity in a large class of free scalar fields with a rational propagator. This covers, in particular, higher-derivative theories where the propagator admits a partial fraction decomposition as well as degenerate cases including, e.g., p4-type propagators.
The unavoidable information flow to environment in quantum measurements
Authors: Haapasalo Erkka , Heinosaari Teiko , Miyadera Takayuki
Published: August 2018

One of the basic lessons of quantum theory is that one cannot obtain information on an unknown quantum state without disturbing it. Hence, by performing a certain measurement, we limit the other possible measurements that can be effectively implemented on the original input state. It has been recently shown by two of the authors of the present article [T. Heinosaari and T. Miyadera, Phys. Rev. A 91, 022110 (2015)] that one can implement sequentially any device, either channel or observable, which is compatible with the first measurement. In this work, we prove that this can be done, apart from some special cases, only when the succeeding device is implemented on a larger system than just the input system. This means that some part of the still available quantum information has been flown to the environment and cannot be gathered by accessing the input system only. We characterize the size of the post-measurement system by determining the class of measurements for the observable in question that allow the subsequent realization of any measurement process compatible with the said observable. We also study the class of measurements that allow the subsequent realization of any observable jointly measurable with the first one and show that these two classes coincide when the first observable is extreme.
Measurement of the Hall effect at nanoscale with three probes
Authors: Chen G. X. , Cao R. X. , Zholud A. , Urazhdin S.
Published: August 2018

The Hall effect and its varieties such as quantum, anomalous, and spin Hall effects provide indispensable tools for the characterization of electronic and magnetic properties of materials, metrology, and spintronics. The conventional four-probe Hall configuration is generally not amenable to measurements at nanoscale due to current shunting by the Hall electrodes. We demonstrate that Hall measurements on the nanoscale can be facilitated by the three-probe Hall configuration that avoids the shunting problem. We illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approach with anomalous Hall effect-based measurements of individual activation events during domain wall motion in magnetic films with perpendicular anisotropy.
Description of complex viewing geometries of fusion tomography diagnostics by ray-tracing
Authors: Carr M. , Meakins A. , Bernert M. , David P. , Giroud C. , Harrison J. , Henderson S. , Lipschultz B. , Reimold F. ,   EUROfusion MST1 Team,   ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: August 2018

Ray-tracing techniques are applied to bolometry, a diagnostic where the finite collection volume is particularly sensitive to the machine and detector configuration. A technique is presented that can handle arbitrarily complex aperture and collimator geometries, neglecting reflection effects. Sight lines from the ASDEX Upgrade bolometer foils were ray-traced with a path tracing algorithm, where the optical path is represented by a statistical bundle of ray paths connecting the foil surface with the slit geometry. By using the full 3D machine model for the detector box and first wall, effects such as occlusion and vignetting were included in the calculation of the bolometer’s étendue. Inversion matrices calculated with the ray-tracing technique were compared with the more conventional single-ray approach and shown to be naturally more constrained, requiring less regularisation. The two models were tested on a sample radiation scenario, and the common single-ray approximation is shown to be insufficient. These results are particularly relevant for the divertor where strong emission gradients may be present. The technique developed generalises well to arbitrarily complex viewing geometries and collimators, opening up a new design space for bolometer configurations that might not normally have been considered.
Analysis of the flow of a thin liquid film on the surface of a rotating, curved, axisymmetric substrate
Authors: Weidner David E.
Published: August 2018

Spin coating is frequently used by the coating industry to achieve a very uniform final coating layer on a given substrate. Most of the research into this area has focused on flat substrates, but in this work we use scaling arguments and perturbation methods to derive the lubrication form of the equations governing the fluid motion of a thin liquid film on a curved, rotating, axisymmetric substrate. Though the substrate must be axisymmetric, the coating need not be. Though the slope of the substrate must be continuous, the curvature of the substrate need not be. One application for this work is the spin coating of food and beverage cans, most of which have a curved bottom due to structural reasons. Using an implicit finite difference scheme, we use our derivation to develop a numerical model to simulate the spin coating of the interior of a model soup can. We assume that the coating is initially uniform and model how centrifugal forces drive the coating outward past a series of axisymmetric undulations on the can bottom.
Overview of the Wendelstein 7-X phase contrast imaging diagnostic
Authors: Edlund E. M. , Porkolab M. , Huang Z. , Grulke O. , Böttger L.-G. , von Sehren C. , von Stechow A.
Published: August 2018

A phase contrast imaging (PCI) diagnostic has been developed for the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator. This diagnostic, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy through the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, is a collaboration between the Max Planck Institute for Plasmaphysics, MIT, and SUNY Cortland. The primary motivation for the development of the PCI diagnostic is measurement of turbulent fluctuations, such as the ion temperature gradient, electron temperature gradient, and the trapped electron mode instabilities. Understanding how the magnetic geometry and other externally controllable parameters, such as the fueling method and heating scheme, modify the amplitude and spectrum of turbulence is important for finding operational scenarios that can lead to improved performance at fusion-relevant temperatures and densities. The PCI system is also sensitive to coherent fluctuations, as may arise from Alfvén eigenmodes or other MHD activity, for example. The PCI method creates an image of line-integrated variations in the index of refraction. For a plasma, the image created is proportional to the line-integral of electron density fluctuations. This paper provides an overview of some key features of the hardware and the optical system and presents two examples of recent measurements from the W7-X OP1.2a experimental campaign.
A high-voltage amplifier for traveling-wave Stark deceleration
Authors: Shyur Yomay , Fitch N. J. , Bossert Jason A. , Brown Terry , Lewandowski H. J.
Published: August 2018

Controlling high voltage is a critical aspect of Stark deceleration, a technique that uses electric fields to produce slow molecules. Traditionally, Stark deceleration required only commercial high-voltage switches to operate. However, a new continuous version of Stark deceleration, which promises significantly improved performance, requires chirped sinusoidal voltages. The complexity of the electronics needed to run this new decelerator has restricted the implementation for all but a few groups. The challenge is to create high-voltage amplifiers that have a frequency range of tens of kilohertz down to DC and that can source and sink enough current (∼1 A) to drive the capacitive load of the decelerator. We present a new high-voltage linear amplifier for driving in-vacuum electrodes for traveling-wave Stark deceleration. The amplifier has a gain of 12 000, output voltages up to ±10 kV, instantaneous currents up to 1.5 A, and a frequency range from 30 kHz down to DC. This makes the amplifier suitable for traveling-wave Stark deceleration of a supersonic molecular beam down to rest.
Processes of virtual cathodes interaction in multibeam system
Authors: Badarin Artem A. , Kurkin Semen A. , Koronovskii Alexey A. , Hramov Alexander E. , Rak Alexey O.
Published: August 2018

Two variants of schemes of a multibeam vircator are proposed and studied in this paper. Numerical analysis of the influence of various parameters of these systems (magnitude of the external magnetic field and detuning of beam currents) on the generation characteristics was conducted. The possibility of synchronizing several virtual cathodes in a single drift space of a multibeam vircator is demonstrated. The regime maps of basic control parameters of the system are built. The possibility of effective interaction of several virtual cathodes in a single drift space is analyzed, and the conditions for implementing an effective addition of powers of each beam at the output load are determined.
Instability of a weakly viscoelastic film flowing down a heated inclined plane
Authors: Fu Qing-fei , Hu Tao , Yang Li-jun
Published: August 2018

The stability of a thin film of Walters-type B″ viscoelastic fluid flowing down a heated inclined plane is investigated. Both the weighted residual method (WRM) and the Benney-type equation (BE) are derived to simplify the original two-dimensional problem. Normal mode analysis is conducted to determine the instability threshold. We also employ the Chebyshev spectral collocation method to solve the eigenvalue problem of the full linearized Navier-Stokes/energy equations, which provides a technique to test the performance of the analytical approximations. The self-similar velocity and temperature profile assumptions made in WRM are validated by a spectral method. The results show that WRM and BE yield the same expression for the critical Reynolds number, which is in agreement with the full equations. The effects of the viscoelastic parameter, Marangoni number, and Biot number are discussed. Both heating and viscoelasticity are found to destabilize the flow, while a critical value of the Biot number is determined at which the flow is the most unstable. Nonlinear simulations are further conducted based on the method of lines, which support the predictions of instability threshold using the linear theory.
Interfacial coupling and negative spin Hall magnetoresistance in Pt/NiO/YIG
Authors: Luan Z. Z. , Chang F. F. , Wang P. , Zhou L. F. , Cooper J. F. K. , Kinane C. J. , Langridge S. , Cai J. W. , Du J. , Zhu T. , Wu D.
Published: August 2018

Inserting an antiferromagnetic layer of NiO between Pt and Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) changes the positive sign of the spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) in Pt/YIG to a negative sign at low temperature. Here, we use polarized neutron reflectometry to explore the coupling between NiO and YIG to understand the mechanism of the negative SMR. A weak uncompensated magnetic moment is observed in the NiO and the direction of this moment is perpendicular to YIG. Therefore, we infer that the spin axis of NiO is perpendicular to YIG. This result directly supports the explanation that the negative SMR results from the pure spin current reflected back by the NiO layer and the spin-flop coupling between NiO and YIG.
Experimental investigation of curved electrode actuator dynamics in viscous dielectric media
Authors: Burugupally Sindhu Preetham , Hoelzle David
Published: August 2018

Micromanipulation of biological cells inside a liquid environment requires an actuator that has a small footprint to reduce viscous drag and low actuation voltage to prevent electrolysis and Joule heating. Curved electrode actuators hold promise for underwater micromanipulation because they yield large displacements at low actuation voltages for a small footprint. In this letter, we report on the frequency-domain characteristics of the actuator and demonstrate that the actuator can achieve large displacements (1–10 μm) and generate large forces (1–21 μN) at low actuation voltages (8 V) over the 1–1000 Hz frequency range in a viscous dielectric media.
Electronic bands of scandium monocarbide, ScC, in the region 14 140–16 000 cm−1
Authors: Chen Chiao-Wei , Merer Anthony J. , Hsu Yen-Chu
Published: August 2018

Scandium monocarbide molecules, ScC, have been prepared by the reaction of 532 nm laser-ablated Sc metal with acetylene or methane under supersonic jet-cooled conditions. Electronic spectra of Sc12C and Sc13C have been recorded in the region 14 140–16 000 cm−1 using laser-induced fluorescence, and about 40 bands of each isotopomer have been analyzed rotationally. Wavelength resolved emission spectra have been obtained for many of them. The results show that Sc12C has a 2Πi ground state, with a bond length of 1.952 Å. Its vibrational frequency and spin-orbit coupling constant are 648 cm−1 and −39.47 cm−1, respectively (631 cm−1 and −39.32 cm−1 in Sc13C). Lying 155.58 cm−1 above the X2Π3/2 level (154.72 cm−1 in Sc13C) is a 4Π5/2 level, the lowest spin-orbit component of a 4Πi state. The excited states at higher energy are very complicated. Bands from both the doublet and quartet spin manifolds are present, and there are strong doublet-quartet interactions which induce many nominally-forbidden bands violating the selection rule ΔS = 0. Eight excited electronic states have been recognized, including four 4Δ states. These 4Δ states represent four of the five 4Δ states from the electron configurations (C 2pσ)2 (C 2pπ)2 (Sc 3dδ)1 and (C 2pσ)1 (C 2pπ)2 (Sc 4sσ)1 (Sc 3dδ)1.
Mass diffusion and liner material effect in a MagLIF fusion-like plasma
Authors: García-Rubio F. , Sanz J.
Published: August 2018

In this paper, liner-fuel mass diffusion and the effect of the liner material on mass ablation, energy, and magnetic flux losses are studied in a MagLIF fusion-like plasma. The analysis performed in [García-Rubio and Sanz, Phys. Plasmas 24, 072710 (2017)] is extended to liner materials of an arbitrary atomic number. The liner ablates and penetrates into the hot spot, compressing and cooling down the fuel. The magnetic flux in the fuel is lost by Nernst convection through the ablated liner-fuel interface, called ablated border. Increasing the liner atomic number leads to a reduction of both energy and magnetic flux losses in the fuel for small and moderate magnetization values. Mass diffusion is confined within a thin layer at the ablated border. Concentration gradient and baro-diffusion are the predominant mechanisms leading to liner-fuel mixing. The width of the diffusion layer may be comparable to the turbulent mixing layer resulting from the Rayleigh-Taylor instability at the ablated border. An asymptotic analysis performed for large liner atomic number Z2 shows that mass ablation, energy and magnetic flux losses, and liner-fuel mass diffusion scale as 1/Z2.
Layered structures in extended dust clouds under microgravity
Authors: Himpel Michael , Schütt Stefan , Miloch Wojciech J. , Melzer André
Published: August 2018

Three dimensional particle clouds in a plasma environment have been studied under microgravity conditions on parabolic flights. By using a stereoscopic 4-camera system, it was possible to reconstruct the three-dimensional particle motion in a selected volume. From this, a layered structure in the dust-cloud is revealed that is not observable with plain two-dimensional diagnostics. The spacing between the layers is found to be decisively larger than the interparticle distance inside the layer. This layered structure is observed in different situations, with and without waves. Further, it has been found that the position of the layers is stationary in the plasma even though the particles show an overall motion. The origin of the layer formation is discussed.
Immersed AC electrospray (iACE) for monodispersed aqueous droplet generation
Authors: Pan Zehao , Men Yongfan , Senapati Satyajyoti , Chang Hsueh-Chia
Published: August 2018

We report a new immersed alternating current (AC) electrospray droplet generation method that can generate monodispersed water-in-oil droplets, with diameters ranging from 5 μm to 150 μm, in a stationary oil phase. This method offers high through-put, easy size tuning, and droplets with a viscous aqueous phase at high ionic strengths (raw physiological samples). Yet, it does not require coordinated flows of the dispersed/continuous phases or even a microfluidic chip. The design relies on a small constant back pressure (less than 0.1 atm) to drive the water phase through a nozzle (glass micropipette) and a non-isotropic AC electric Maxwell pressure to eject it into the oil phase. Undesirable field-induced discharge and nanojet formation at the tip are suppressed with a biocompatible polymer, polyethylene oxide. Its viscoelastic property favors the monodispersed dripping mechanism, with a distinct neck forming at the capillary tip before pinch-off, such that the tip dimension is the only controlling length scale. Consecutive droplets are connected by a whipping filament that disperses the drops away from the high-field nozzle to prevent electro-coalescence. A scaling theory is developed to correlate the droplet size with the applied pressure, the most important tuning parameter, and to determine the optimum frequency. The potential applications of this technology to biological systems are demonstrated with a digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification experiment, with little damage to the nucleic acids and other biomolecules, but with easy adaptive tuning for the optimum droplet number for accurate quantification.
Surface investigations take steps toward controlling gas/surface reactions on a catalyst surface
Authors: Cockbill Louisa
Published: August 2018

A combination of measurement techniques reveals site-specific gas/surface interactions of complex surfaces, providing detailed reaction dynamics data to inform theoretical models.
Quantum photonic platform integrates multiple tunable photon sources on a chip
Authors: Zhang Zhengzheng
Published: August 2018

A new waveguide architecture combines multiple tunable single-photon sources within a quantum photonic circuit, providing a new avenue to scale the number of identical photons generated on a chip.
Geographical variation in breeding chronology of Germain’s swiftlet (Aerodramus inexpectatus germani) in southern Thailand
Authors: Petkliang Nutjarin , Gale George A. , Brunton Dianne H. , Bumrungsri Sara
Published: August 2018

The Germain’s swiftlet (Aerodramus inexpectatus germani) feeds on flying insects whose distribution and abundance are influenced by climatic conditions, especially rainfall. In turn, insect availability influences the onset of breeding by swiftlets, hence regions with different climatic conditions such as the west and the east coasts of peninsular Thailand should differ in swiftlet breeding chronology. Here we aimed to determine the variation in breeding chronology between the west and east coast colonies and relate this to insect availability. For each side of the peninsula, at least 40 breeding pairs were continuously observed (July 2014 to October 2015), using ‘internet protocol’ infrared cameras installed inside four commercial swiftlet houses. Flying insects were trapped every two weeks using sticky traps at three permanent stations within major foraging habitats. The onset of breeding in the western colonies was earlier than in the eastern colonies. These significant differences were explained by rainfall and food availability that showed synchrony between the nestling feeding period and peaks in insect biomass. Rainfall of 100–300mm month−1 overlapped with peak breeding and peak insect biomass. These findings have significant implications for the sustainability of swiftlet nest harvesting and demonstrate that, to minimise negative reproductive outcomes for swiftlets where nests are harvested, the timing of harvesting should consider regional climatic conditions.
Effects of chaining and burning in Acacia ramulosa shrublands of the Peron Peninsula, Shark Bay, Western Australia
Authors: Ward Bruce G. , Bragg Thomas B. , Hayes Barbara A.
Published: August 2018

We tested the effect of chained and burnt buffers installed across the Peron Peninsula at Shark Bay, Western Australia, in 1995 on the plant communities. Chaining modified fuel by flattening shrubs to provide a more continuous fuel bed by adding vertically arranged shrub fuel to the in situ sparse ground fuels. Twenty-six, 10 × 10-m permanent plots were established in the treated buffers and adjacent untreated shrubland. Plots were evaluated in 1996, 2001 and 2008. By 1996, fire and chaining had promoted a suite of species that included 29 not observed in adjacent untreated shrubland. High rainfall before the 2001 assessment produced an increase in species richness in both burnt and unburnt treatments. By 2008, 20 of the 29 fire-promoted species were found in the untreated area after rainfall leaving nine species uniquely responsive to the fire and chaining treatment. The Acacia ramulosa W.Fitzg. sandplain communities in our study area appear to be sustained by high rainfall years promoting regeneration of 84% of species with a smaller proportion (16%) regenerated only in burnt areas. The dominance of periodic rainfall in promoting regeneration led to the likely reduced effectiveness of the fire buffers in preventing the spread of fire. There is the potential for extensive fires in this landscape following favourable rainfall.
Uranium isotope fractionation by abiotic reductive precipitation
Authors: Brown Shaun T. , Basu Anirban , Ding Xin , Christensen John N. , DePaolo Donald J.
Published: August 2018

Significance

We use an experimental approach to demonstrate that
238
U/
235
U is fractionated by abiotic reduction onto the surface of abiotic synthetic iron monosulfide, contradicting the findings of earlier studies. We further demonstrate that for abiotic reduction reactions the aqueous U speciation and removal rate control the extent of isotopic fractionation. U isotopic fractionation is observed when the primary aqueous species are Ca–UO
2
–CO
3
, suggesting that aqueous U speciation affects the relative forward and backward reaction rates and by extrapolation the relative roles of nuclear field shift effect and mass dependent kinetic fractionation.
Towards a poetics of immersion in lyric translation
Authors: Zhou Min
Published: August 2018

This study, with reference to a variety of English translations of Chinesecipoetry (詞), sets out to demonstrate a mental state of ‘aesthetic illusion’, in which the translator-as-reader gets immersed into (an) imaginary world(s) triggered by the original poems and imaginatively experiences the world(s) “in analogous ways to real-life experience” (Wolf 2013a, 11–12). It argues that the translator-as-reader’s imaginary experience of the world(s) ‘from within’ activates a variety of manifestations and implementations of narrativity, and affects the interplay between the lyric and narrative modes in the translated lyric poems. Drawing on analytical concepts and methods from cognitive narratology, aesthetic illusion, and reading psychology, this study aims at foregrounding the translator’s role as an immersive reader, a “side-participant” (Gerrig 1993) in the represented worlds, and at giving an enriched account of what the translator’s reading of the original poems involve.
Effect of sorghum ethyl-acetate extract on benign prostatic hyperplasia induced by testosterone in Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Ryu Jae-Myun , Jang Gwi Yeong , Park Dongsun , Woo Koan Sik , Kim Tae Myoung , Jeong Heon Sang , Kim Dae Joong
Published: August 2018

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is commonly observed in men > 50 years worldwide. Phytotherapy is one of the many treatment options. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) contains various health-improving phytochemicals with antioxidant and inhibitory activities on cell proliferation, both in vitro and in vivo. To confirm the effects of Donganme sorghum ethyl-acetate extract (DSEE) on BPH, we induced BPH in Spragye–Dawley rats using exogenous testosterone. We measured prostate weight, examined prostrates histopathologically, and analyzed mRNAs associated with male hormones and proteins associated with cell proliferation in the prostate. DSEE inhibited weight gain of the prostate; decreased mRNA expressions of androgen receptor and 5α-reductase II; and improved histopathological symptoms, the protein-expressed ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, and the oxidative status of BPH induced by testosterone in SD rats. Therefore, DSEE may have potential as a preventive or therapeutic agent against BPH.
Nine lives of uncertainty in decision-making: strategies for dealing with uncertainty in environmental governance
Authors: Dewulf Art , Biesbroek Robbert
Published: August 2018

Governing complex environmental issues involves intensive interaction between public and private actors. These governance processes are fraught with uncertainties about, for example, the current state of environmental affairs, the relevant set of decision alternatives, the reactions of other actors to proposed solutions or the future developments likely to affect an issue. Uncertainty comes in different shapes and sizes and different strands in the literature, which has placed emphasis either on the substance of the issue (e.g. in environmental sciences) or on the decision-making process (e.g. policy sciences). In this paper, we bring together these different strands of literature on uncertainty to present a novel analytical framework. We build on the argument that the nature of uncertainty consists of three types: epistemic uncertainty (involving the lack of knowledge about a particular system), ontological uncertainty (irreducible unpredictability due to inherently complex system behavior) and ambiguity (conflicts between fundamentally different frames about the issue at hand). Scholars have also argued the importance of differentiating between three different objects of uncertainty: substantive uncertainty (uncertainty about the content of decisions or policy issues), strategic uncertainty (uncertainty about the actions of other actors in the strategic game of decision-making) and institutional uncertainty (uncertainty about the rules of the game in decision-making). The framework is useful for analyzing and addressing the nine lives of uncertainty in decision-making. Better understanding of the range of uncertainties is crucial to design more robust policies and governance arrangements and to deal with wicked environmental problems.
Think outside the box! Jung, Lévi-Strauss, and postcolonialism (individual, society, and institutes): spectrum of psychology and sociology
Authors: Nakajima Tatsuhiro
Published: August 2018

The resemblance between Claude Lévi-Strauss’s structuralism and Carl Jung’s theory of the archetypes of the collective unconscious has been occasionally discussed. However, Lévi-Strauss followed the foundation of Émile Durkheim and Marcel Mauss, stressing the group dynamics of structural anthropology, whereas Jung’s psychology is an individual psychology. Jung employed myths as a series of images to interpret symbols of the collective unconscious, whereas Lévi-Strauss adopted theories of linguistics to analyse myths as narratives. From Lévi-Strauss’s point of view, a single cultural complex cannot be isolated from other groups of cultural complexes, as they are relational with regard to the exchange of symbols and signs. Lévi-Strauss’s comparison of the European and Native American twin mythology is a case study of the cultural complex when it is read from the perspective of Jungian psychology. How can we approach the mythology that is not one’s own culture? Do we impose our own mythology onto others’? Or do we analyse them more objectively as systems of thought? The trickster, for example, is a discourse by Western culture about Western culture, and it has a very different meaning for Native American people. With a prophetic warning to future generations, Lévi-Strauss died in 2009 – his centennial year.
Neuronal endosomes to lysosomes: A journey to the soma
Authors: Kulkarni Vineet Vinay , Maday Sandra
Published: August 2018

How are lysosomal degradation pathways spatially organized in the complex landscape of a neuron? Cheng et al. (2018. J Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201711083) and Yap et al. (2018. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201711039) characterize the distribution and function of endolysosomal organelles in neurons, providing insights into compartment-specific mechanisms regulating the neuronal proteome.
Cell cycle pacemaker keeps adhesion in step with division
Authors: Zaidel-Bar Ronen
Published: August 2018

Adherent cells round up before division but it is unclear how detachment is regulated by the cell cycle. In this issue, Jones et al. (2018. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201802088) find the kinase CDK1 maintains adhesion during interphase by phosphorylating integrin adhesome proteins, including the formin FMNL2, and loss of this function of CDK1 activity in G2 triggers adhesion disassembly.
Metabolic control of regulatory T cell stability and function by TRAF3IP3 at the lysosome
Authors: Yu Xiaoyan , Teng Xiao-Lu , Wang Feixiang , Zheng Yuhan , Qu Guojun , Zhou Yan , Hu Zhilin , Wu Zhongqiu , Chang Yuzhou , Chen Lei , Li Hua-Bing , Su Bing , Lu Liming , Liu Zhiduo , Sun Shao-Cong , Zou Qiang
Published: August 2018

Metabolic programs are crucial for regulatory T (T reg) cell stability and function, but the underlying mechanisms that regulate T reg cell metabolism are elusive. Here, we report that lysosomal TRAF3IP3 acts as a pivotal regulator in the maintenance of T reg cell metabolic fitness. T reg–specific deletion of Traf3ip3 impairs T reg cell function, causing the development of inflammatory disorders and stronger antitumor T cell responses in mice. Excessive mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)–mediated hyper-glycolytic metabolism is responsible for the instability of TRAF3IP3-deficient T reg cells. Mechanistically, TRAF3IP3 restricts mTORC1 signaling by recruiting the serine-threonine phosphatase catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) to the lysosome, thereby facilitating the interaction of PP2Ac with the mTORC1 component Raptor. Our results define TRAF3IP3 as a metabolic regulator in T reg cell stability and function and suggest a lysosome-specific mTORC1 signaling mechanism that regulates T reg cell metabolism.
Quantum pseudodots under the influence of external vector and scalar fields
Authors: Eshghi M , Ikhdair S M
Published: August 2018

We study the spherical quantum pseudodots in the Schrödinger equation by using the pseudo-harmonic plus harmonic oscillator potentials considering the effect of the external electric and magnetic fields. The finite energy levels and the wave functions are calculated. Furthermore, the behavior of the essential thermodynamic quantities such as, the free energy, the mean energy, the entropy, the specific heat, the magnetization, the magnetic susceptibility, and the persistent currents are also studied by using the characteristic function. Our analytical results are found to be in good agreement with the other works. The numerical results on the energy levels as well as the thermodynamic quantities have also been given.
Factors affecting improvement of fluorescence intensity of quartet and doublet state of NO diatomic molecule excited by glow discharge*
Authors: Khalil Ahmed Asaad I , Al-Tuwirqi Reem , Gondal Mohamed , Al-Suliman Noura
Published: August 2018

We report on the observation of new fluorescence emission spectral transitions obtained from NO diatomic molecule in the region from ultraviolet (UV) to near infrared (NIR) in a low power glow discharge system. This glow discharge electronic excitation populates different quartet and doublet states of NO in its proximity such as the A
2Σ (υ = 2), b
4Σ− (υ = 3), B
2Π (υ = 4), and X
2Π (υ = 33−32) states. Due to inter-system crossing, emission lines originating from these levels to lower lying states are recorded and spectral line assignments are performed. The observed systems include b
4Σ−−a
4Π, B
2Π−a
4Π, a
4Π−X
2Π, A
2Σ−X
2Π, X
2Π−X
2Π (33–15), X
2Π–X
2Π (33–17), X
2Π–X
2Π (33–20), and X
2Π–X
2Π (33–18). This new information will conduce to the better understanding of the interesting features of NO molecule. Such parameters that affect the recording of low density of NO molecules are also discussed In addition to the factors such as the time evolution, argon gas concentration relative to NO mixture, the percentage of NO molecular gas concentration, discharge electric current signals and discharge applied voltage are studied. Those factors would enhance the fluorescence signal intensity of NO molecules. The recent results might be significant as reference data for optimizing the glow discharge spectrometer and diagnostics of NO gas.
Using Machine Learning-Based Multianalyte Delta Checks to Detect Wrong Blood in Tube Errors
Authors: Rosenbaum Matthew W , Baron Jason M
Published: August 2018

Objectives

An unfortunate reality of laboratory medicine is that blood specimens collected from one patient occasionally get mislabeled with identifiers from a different patient, resulting in so-called “wrong blood in tube” (WBIT) errors and potential patient harm. Here, we sought to develop a machine learning-based, multianalyte delta check algorithm to detect WBIT errors and mitigate patient harm.

Methods

We simulated WBIT errors within sets of routine inpatient chemistry test results to develop, train, and evaluate five machine learning-based WBIT detection algorithms.

Results

The best-performing WBIT detection algorithm we developed was based on a support vector machine and incorporated changes in test results between consecutive collections across 11 analytes. This algorithm achieved an area under the curve of 0.97 and considerably outperformed traditional single-analyte delta checks.

Conclusions

Machine learning-based multianalyte delta checks may offer a practical strategy to identify WBIT errors prior to test reporting and improve patient safety.
The Common Natural Products (S)-α-Terpineol and (E)-2-Hexenol are Important Pheromone Components of Megacyllene antennata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Mitchell Robert F , Ray Ann M , Hanks Lawrence M , Millar Jocelyn G
Published: August 2018

We report here the pheromone of Megacyllene antennata (White) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a species native to southwestern North America whose larvae feed in woody tissues of mesquite (Prosopis species; Fabaceae). Adult males sex-specifically produced a blend of eight common natural products, including the monoterpene alcohol (S)-α-terpineol; the monoterpenes (S)-limonene and terpinolene; the aromatic alcohols (R)-1-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethanol; and (E)-2-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal, and 1-hexanol. Individual males produced the components in varying amounts, but (S)-α-terpineol and (E)-2-hexenal were always present and together constituted the majority of the blend. A synthetic reconstruction of the complete blend attracted both males and females of M. antennata during field bioassays, as did all subsets of the blend that included (S)-α-terpineol and (E)-2-hexenol. Adults were most strongly attracted to blends of the latter two compounds when in ratios approaching parity. Neither of the compounds were present in the bouquet of volatiles emitted by host plants of the larvae.
Preparation and Planning for Future Care in the Deep South: Adapting a Validated Tool for Cultural Sensitivity
Authors: Allen Rebecca S , Oliver JoAnn S , Eichorst Morgan K , Mieskowski Lisa , Payne-Foster Pamela , Sörensen Silvia
Published: August 2018

Background and Objectives

This study describes the adaptation and validation of Sörensen et al. (2017)’s preparation for future care (PFC) scale with diverse samples including rural dwelling African Americans and certified nursing assistants (CNAs), and subsequent psychometric development.

Research Design and Methods

Responses to the five-subscale PFC survey from 33 rural African American men across 12 months and cognitive interviews with a subset of 12 of these men are described. Psychometric refinement included descriptive qualitative analyses of consultations with experienced lay research advisors (N = 4 and N = 7) regarding potential changes to the PFC and a confirmatory factor analysis of the resultant scale (N = 138).

Results

Cognitive interviews with rural African American men revealed difficulty understanding Eurocentric questions. Emergent themes included emotional avoidance of planning, considerations of nursing homes and possible care providers, and coping strategies. In two consultation meetings, trained lay research advisors recommended language modifications to the original questions and response options. Factor analyzing the resultant scale revealed support for the original subscale constructs (acceptable fit: χ2 = 205.03, df = 124, p < .001; root mean square error of approximation = .069 [.052–.085]; comparative fit index = .93; Tucker–Lewis index = .91).

Discussion and Implications

PFC and engagement in advance care planning is uncommon among African Americans, possibly due to distrust of and lack of cultural competency among health care professionals. The resulting tool and response options may be used as an interview guide/survey with African Americans to gain understanding about their preparation for future health care needs.
The Role of Maternally Acquired Antibody in Providing Protective Immunity Against Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Urban Vietnamese Infants: A Birth Cohort Study
Authors: de Alwis Ruklanthi , Tu Le Thi Phuong , Quynh Nhi Le Thi , Thompson Corinne N , Anders Katherine L , Van Thuy Nguyen Thi , Hieu Nguyen Trong , Vi Lu Lan , Chau Nguyen Van Vinh , Duong Vu Thuy , Chau Tran Thi Hong , Tuyen Ha Thanh , Nga Tran Vu Thieu , Minh Pham Van , Tan Trinh Van , Thu Trang Nguyen Hoang , Nhu Tran Do Hoang , Thwaites Guy E , Simmons Cameron , Baker Stephen
Published: August 2018

We found a high transfer ratio of anti-nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) antibodies from mothers to infants. Furthermore, despite a high seroincidence of NTS in infants, maternally acquired antibodies provided protection from seroconversion. Therefore, we propose prenatal immunization against NTS as a possible strategy for protecting infants from NTS disease.
Body Image Assessment in the Oncology Setting
Authors: Annunziata Maria Antonietta , Muzzatti Barbara , Fingeret Michelle Cororve
Published: August 2018

Abstract: The purpose of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of pertinent issues and considerations when assessing body image in an oncology setting. It argues for a multifaceted assessment of body image and delineates key aspects of body image relevant to the oncology setting. Attention is given to reviewing disease-specific body image instruments developed for cancer patients, broad-based quality of life instruments used in oncology research that have a body image component, and general body image instruments that have relevance for cancer. Fundamental elements of conducting a clinical assessment of body image concerns, including key content areas for a clinical interview are also discussed. Case examples and practical suggestions are offered throughout the chapter to enhance applications for clinical practice.
Origin and diversity of embryonic endothelium/endocardium
Authors: SaintJean LeShana , Baldwin H.S.
Published: August 2018

The endocardium represents a distinct population of endothelial cells that arises during the initiation of heart development. Endocardial cells can easily be distinguished from most of the other cardiac cell types. However, endocardial and vascular endothelial cells contain a similar genetic profile that limits the ability to study each group independently. Despite these limitations, tremendous progress has been made in identifying the different roles of endocardial cells throughout heart development. Initial studies focused on the origin of endocardial cells and their role in valvulogenesis, trabeculation, and formation of the ventricular and atrial septum. With the advancement of microscopy and the availability of endocardial specific reporter models (in vitro and in vivo) we have obtained more insight into the molecular, structural, and functional complexity of the endocardium. Additional studies have demonstrated how the endocardium is also involved in the development of coronary vessels within the compact myocardium and in heart regeneration.
Cardiac looping and laterality
Authors: Campione Marina , Aranega Amelia , Franco Diego
Published: August 2018

Dextral looping is a complex process which progresses concomitantly with cardiac chamber differentiation and ultimately leads to the final alignment of the cardiac regions. Generation of cardiac asymmetry is crucial to ensure the proper form and consequent function of the heart and thus is a highly regulated process. Molecular signals originate long before morphological asymmetry and therefore can direct it; a complex regulatory network has been characterized which invariably converges on the Tgf-β signalling molecule Nodal and its downstream target, the homeobox transcription factor Pitx2. We review current data regarding the cellular and molecular bases of cardiac looping and laterality, and describe current understaning of the role of Nodal and Pitx2. The morphogenetic role of the Pitx2 gene and its modulation of transcription and function, which have recently linked laterality to atrial fibrillation, are emphasized.
Introduction
Authors: Hughes Jim
Published: August 2018

This chapter introduces the book as a primer for radiographers working in theatres, and as a quick reference guide to cases that they may be unfamiliar with. Perfoming imaging during surgical procedures is one of the most common functions of radiographers, yet there is a dearth of available information on this topic. Radiography practice (including theatre imaging) is often learned on-site at teaching hospitals, concluding with a practical assessment once students have gained enough experience. However, the long duration of many surgical procedures coupled with limited placement time prevents many students from gaining exposure to sufficient numbers of procedures. In addition, similar procedures may vary widely depending on the surgical requirements of each case. This book is aimed at helping students and recently qualified radiographers in improving their knowledge and skills while not on theatre placement.
Clinical features and diagnosis of immunological disease
Authors: Misbah Siraj
Published: August 2018

Immunological disease can be broadly defined as a spectrum of problems ranging from failure of the immune system (primary or secondary immunodeficiency) to the clinical consequences of an overzealous immune system, manifesting clinically as autoimmunity, allergy, or, rarely, as an autoinflammatory syndrome. This chapter addresses the clinical features and diagnosis of immunological disease.
Pineal gland
Authors: Turner Helen E. , Eastell Richard , Grossman Ashley
Published: August 2018

This chapter describes the pineal gland’s structure, related hormones, and physiology. The pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri) is a small (100–150 mg in humans), unpaired central structure. The mammalian pineal is a secretory organ, whereas in fish and amphibians it is directly photoreceptive (the ‘third eye’) and in reptiles and birds it has a mixed photoreceptor and secretory function. The main mammalian cell type is the pinealocyte, considered to have evolved from photoreceptor cells. This chapter discusses melatonin’s metabolism, and the pineal gland’s function in seasonal rhythms and circadian rhythms. It discusses pineal gland-related pathology, including tumours and cancer. The chapter also discusses the use of melatonin, in clinical practice, describing the hormone’s therapeutic benefits in circadian rhythm disorders.
Endocrine oncology and neuroendocrine disorders
Authors: Turner Helen E. , Eastell Richard , Grossman Ashley
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses oncological disorders of the endocrine system, including markers for diagnosis, such as chromogranin A, serum neuron-specific enolase, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP). It also describes imaging techniques such as CT and endoscopy, which are matched to neuroendocrine tumour (NET) type. The chapter outlines pathogenesis, symptoms, and management options for NETs such as gastro-entero-pancreatic tumours, insulinomas, gastinomas, glucagonomas, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-secreting tumours or ‘VIPomas’, and somatostatinomas. Ectopic hormone production is described along with disorders such as syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) tumours, ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone tumours, and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) tumours, as well as their pathophysiology and respective medical management strategies. The chapter details endocrine function following chemotherapy and radiotherapy, listing associated anatomical structures and the biochemical effects of such treatments.
Medico-legal aspects
Authors: Turner Helen E. , Eastell Richard , Grossman Ashley
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on the clinician’s role in briefing the patient on medical practice. It discusses risk explanations of drugs and investigations; consent; confidentiality; and required documentation. It also discusses the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (commonly abbreviated as DVLA) and its role in assuring that patients with hypoglycaemia and visual disorders are fit to drive. It is important to remember that a mistake is not necessarily a negligent mistake and you cannot be held responsible for every adverse outcome. One of the key ways to avoid disputes is to ensure that you communicate well with your patient and that your explanation of risk is as clear and precise as possible.