bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Threats and Warfare, Are we Really Facing Something New?
Authors: Królikowski Hubert
Published: July 2018

Since 2014 the term hybrid warfare and threats has become catchword. This term (hybrid warfare) was introduced to academic discourse by William J. Nemeth in 2002 in relation to the wars in Chechnya and popularised in 2006 by Frank G. Hoffman in relation, among other things, to the
second Intifada. In 2014 after the annexation of Crimea by Russia and the outbreak of fighting in  eastern Ukraine, the terms hybrid war and hybrid threats were transferred from scholarly discussion to politics and official documents. The author seeks to answer the following question: is the invention of so called hybrid warfare and hybrid threats something new, or rather a confused reaction to  European Union and NATO astonishment at  Russian activity in  the eastern and southern frontiers of Ukraine. The fact that armed conflict includes mixed elements of regular and irregular forms of armed combat, guerillas and terrorists, criminal acts, use of new technologies to conduct armed, information, psychological or economic warfare is not new. Scholars who investigate hybrid conflicts give examples of historic wars starting from the war between Rome and the Germans ( Publius Quinctilius Varus campaign in 9 AD against German tribes led by Arminius), through the war of independence in the USA, to the Chechen wars. Nowadays, greater and greater dependence on technology, information delivered in almost real time and the creation of more elaborate and complicated procedures and decisive processes in Western countries have increased the vulnerability to hostile actions other than military ones and ones that use military force.
Opportunity, Challenge, Risk and Threat — Review of Deﬁ nitions and Relations
Authors: Wiśniewski Bernard , Kaczmarczyk Barbara
Published: July 2018

The article presents fundamental issues related to vital problems with a view to research on internal security, namely — opportunities, challenges, risks and threats. The reason for treating these phenomena in such a way is the fact that they most often occur together. It also seems important that today there is a substantial perception and awareness of opportunities, challenges, risks and threats. This can be achieved by making information and knowledge widely available. A significant source of the latter is scientific research which provides systematically improved and highly objective collections of reliable information about reality together with the methods for their skilful and effective use. The considerations presented are based on a review
of the Polish and foreign literature used in security research conducted within the framework of  security sciences. It  has been used to  present basic identification problems and mutual relationships among opportunities, challenges, risks and threats. The analysis presented indicates a lack of uniformity in the perception of the concept of risk. Completely different is the situation with regard to  identifying opportunities, challenges, risks and threats. There are here many common areas referring mainly to sources and effects. The considerations presented have made it possible to identify mutual cognitive and utilitarian relations between the subject phenomena. The conclusions of the article include a summary of the above-mentioned considerations.
Security of Large Urban Centres
Authors: Szczurek Tadeusz , Bryczek-Wróbel Patrycja
Published: July 2018

One of the processes characterising the changes in the modern world is the intense urbanisation of public space. Generally speaking, this is manifested through an increase in the urban population rate in a given area. From the point of view of the security of large urban centres, the most important issue is the growing concentration of population in the current area. However it is equally important to ensure security in the context of its spatial development, i.e. in an ever-expanding zone that creates an agglomeration. When seen like this, urbanisation is associated with significant challenges for the institutions responsible for security both in quantitative and qualitative terms. Modifications of security systems for large urban areas forming
the agglomerations should take into account all of the following: demographic, economic, and socio-cultural factors, and, finally, the changes in the lifestyle of the inhabitants of these agglomerations. While searching for directions of institutional and functional changes for security systems, it seems important to characterise contemporary agglomerations, and to identify common features and define the most serious threats. These common features are primarily high population density and infrastructure concentration, including critical infrastructure systems. The threats resulting from this are primarily threats to public order and security, as well as terrorist threats, and, in the area of technical functioning of the agglomeration, a widespread power failure, a so-called ‘blackout’, resulting in an avalanche of secondary hazards. These threats seem to be a direct consequence of the metropolitan nature of the region where they occur.
Ukrainian Society and the Illicit Proliferation of Firearms as a Threat to Public Safety
Authors: Sereda Valeri , Blahuta Roman , Yosypiv Yurii , Franchuk Vasyl
Published: July 2018

Ukrainian society is being militarised, among other things, because of the noticeable transformation of the socio-political processes. At present, one of the priorities of the Ukrainian state and society is to ensure security in important spheres of life of every human being and citizen. The areas at risk include, inter alia, constitutional rights and the freedoms of man and citizen, religious, moral, ethical, cultural, historical, intellectual and material values, informational values, as well as the constitutional system, sovereignty, territorial integrity and the inviolability of Ukraine’s borders. The article has been developed as part of an international research project: Reaction of European security entities to threats related to the use of firearms, hazardous materials
and instruments in public places ( IBiPP-4/2013/P/JT) by a team of Ukrainian authors of the Lviv State University of the Internal Affairs. The authors believe that the illegal circulation of firearms in Ukraine is currently becoming one of the most serious problems. The counter-terrorism operation (ATO) in Donbass promotes the illegal proliferation of firearms. The number of crimes and cases associated with the use of arms is increasing according to the number of armed citizens throughout the country. The state of the normative and legal regulation of firearms circulation in Ukraine is unsatisfactory, due to the lack of legislative regulations concerning their acquisition, storage, carrying and use for self-defence. According to the authors, there is a need to activate further research aimed at developing regulations and practical recommendations for the regulation of administrative and legal rights of citizens to self-defence and to use firearms. Particular attention should be paid to the transparency of the rules on the procedure for the authorisation of firearms.
Freedom of Assembly and Safety
Authors: Mikołajczyk Zbigniew , Struniawski Jarosław
Published: July 2018

The article refers to freedom and human rights as universal and global principles covering all aspects of human life. Human rights are those freedoms, means of protection and services respected precisely as rights, which all people should be able to demand from the society in which they live, in accordance with today's freedoms. On the other hand, as rights they solely occur among individuals and authorities. None of the authority can take them away. They can not be waived or renounced. In Poland, guarantees of respect for human rights - to which all people are entitled and citizen's rights - to which only Polish citizens are entitled are included in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. According to it, the inherent and inalienable human dignity is a source of freedom and human and citizen's rights. One of the fundamental human right is the freedom of assembly. The possibility of using the freedom of assembly must be dictated by the need to ensure the protection of national security or public order, protection of health, public morals and rights and freedom of other people. Due to the subject matter discussed, the study focused on peaceful assemblies, which organization is guaranteed by law, on the other hand no illegal forms of protest were described - the blockades and occupation of buildings, transport routes, or prohibited strike forms. The main task of ensuring security during assemblies rests with the Police, whose fundamental duty is to facilitate the conduct of assemblies. It is important to find a balance between maintaining order and exercising the right of assembly.
Eﬀ ectiveness of the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Legislation as a Determinant for Asset Conﬁ scation and Freezing Sanctions
Authors: Kurilovská Lucia , Kordík Marek
Published: July 2018

The paper deals with a  national risk assessment. The subject of  the risk assessment is money laundering and terrorism financing. This is the first time it has been conducted in the Slovak republic. The contribution shows what are the decisive criteria in evaluating the national system of anti-money laundering and terrorism financing. The  first variable that needs to be taken in account is measures examining the legal framework. The second variable is the institutional framework. The competency of personnel represents the third variable. The infrastructure creates
the fourth variable in order to prevent, avoid and respond to such a threat. The other variables are strongly related to the effectiveness of the sanctions. The infrastructure belongs to the other variables. The contribution deals also with data sources and lists those that should be used
as a source for further evaluation. The outcome of the NRA will be a comprehensive report.
An Analysis of the Problems of Systematisation of Forensic Examination Theory in the Light of the Doctrine on Forensic Activities
Authors: Shved Andrei
Published: July 2018

The article considers the problems of formation of forensic examination theory with a view to the processes that currently take place in the Republic of Belarus (creation of unified expert institution, reform of legal regulation, changes in practical activities). The main obstacles to  the development of  a  theoretical model of  the forensic examination are outlined by  the author. Several approaches to the understanding of forensic activities are analysed, including the general theory of forensic examination and its particular theories. It is argued that the approach to the formation of the system of particular theories on the basis of examinations’ classification is  imperfect due to  the lack of  a  uniform criterion. Various authors’ concepts which present
particular theories and other structural elements do not completely meet the requirements for consistency. As a consequence of this, the construction of the existing classifications is based on the generalisation of practice. As a result the appearance of new types of forensic examinations requires reclassification of particular theories. This construction of the system’s sections is not practicable, and the shortcomings outlined are caused by  the lack of  a  holistic perception of forensic activities. An approach to structuring forensic activities is elaborated and proposed by the author. It can serve as a means of solving the problems of systematisation of sections and particular theories in the structure of forensic examination theory.
Processing Personal Data by the Police in the Light of Changes in EU Law
Authors: Sprycha Andrzej
Published: July 2018

In implementing their statutory tasks the Police can acquire a whole range of personal information, including sensitive data. This usually has a direct relation with combating crime. Therefore, such powers might be implemented without the knowledge and consent of persons to whom the information (data) concerns. Because police activities cause serious and profound intrusion into the sphere of a person’s private life, whose protection is guaranteed by the Constitution, they must be carried out within the limits strictly permitted by law. When discussing national regulations in force which control the issue of personal data protection, one must also take into consideration EU regulations. First of all the European Parliament and Council Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of 27th April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and the European Parliament and Council Directive (EU) 2016/680 of 27th April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data. This directive, commonly known as the police directive, constitutes regulations on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of prevention, investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences and execution of penalties. The national legislator faces a difficult task of implementation of the above-mentioned European legal acts, all the more
so because the choice of particular solutions, to be adopted in their transposition to the legislative and implementing provisions, still
remains an open issue. The adopted solutions ought to, on the one hand, ensure coherence with national regulations that implement
them, on the other hand, they ought to cause the appropriate adjustment of the Polish law regulations to their requirements. The article
presents the normative contents and remarks regarding appropriate, consistent with EU law processing of personal data by the Police.
In the News
Authors: Free David
Published: July 2018

Welcome to the July/August 2018 issue of C&RL News. Last fall, the Macalester College Library’s feline fan Max the Cat was all the rage online for his persistent attempts to hang out in his favorite building. Rebecca S. Wingo, Alexis Logsdon, and Christopher Schommer reflect on Max’s fame and provide some great insights on copyright learned from their experience “Going viral.”
Going viral: Copyright lessons from Max the Cat
Authors: Wingo Rebecca S. , Logsdon Alexis , Schommer Christopher
Published: July 2018

On November 29, 2017, a photo of a sign asking library patrons “please do not let in the cat” went viral. It wasn’t long before the Internet lore surrounding Max the Cat exceeded the scope of the original post. Until news agencies picked up the story and tracked us down, the image (and the cat) was largely divorced from its original context.
Encouraging users to pop in: Popcorn Day in the medical library
Authors: Williams Natasha , Gillum Shalu
Published: July 2018

New libraries are constantly challenged to adapt how their spaces are used. This is the case even more so for libraries with primarily digital collections. As a brand new 21st-century library with only a few print materials and a 98% digital collection, it was important for the University of Central Florida Harriet Ginsburg Health Sciences Library to promote use of our space to existing users, and to establish the library space itself as a valuable resource to its faculty, staff, and students. This would be accomplished through the development of novel outreach activities, including one of our more unique and successful experiences—Popcorn Day.
Wine, viticulture, and enology: Resources for study
Authors: DeNotto Michael
Published: July 2018

If it weren’t for wine, I might not be a librarian. No, not because the rigors of graduate school sometimes demand a glass of wine after finishing an arduous project like completely redoing the CSS for a public library’s website, or writing a grant proposal for an Administration and Management course.
Internet Reviews
Authors: Roberts Joni R. , Drost Carol A.
Published: July 2018

Data.govDisaster Information Management Research CenterSocial Welfare History Project
People in the News
Authors: Galloway Ann-Christe
Published: July 2018

Diane DallisHolly JeffcoatCourtney L. YoungKristin BuxtonAnn Matsushima ChiuAndrew KierigMeredith KnoffChris MageeChris MageeAaron McColloughAustin MunsellElizabeth (Beth) Dankert HammondLisa MittenKaren (Stanfield) Whisler
A Framework for Computational Thinking Dispositions in Mathematics Education
Authors: Pérez Arnulfo
Published: July 2018

This theoretical article describes a framework to conceptualize computational thinking (CT) dispositions—tolerance for ambiguity, persistence, and collaboration—and facilitate integration of CT in mathematics learning. CT offers a powerful epistemic frame that, by foregrounding core dispositions and practices useful in computer science, helps students understand mathematical concepts as outward oriented. The article conceptualizes the characteristics of CT dispositions through a review of relevant literature and examples from a study that explored secondary mathematics teachers' engagement with CT. Discussion of the CT framework highlights the complementary relationship between CT and mathematical thinking, the relevance of mathematics to 21st-century professions, and the merit of CT to support learners in experiencing these connections.
Where Are We? The Third Take: Review of Compendium for Research in Mathematics Education
Authors: Kilpatrick Jeremy
Published: July 2018

A quarter century ago, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) published the first Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning (Grouws, 1992); 15 years later, they published a Second Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning (Lester, 2007). Now, in anticipation of its centenary in 2020, NCTM has published the Compendium for Research in Mathematics Education. The replacement of Handbook of by Compendium for in the title, though originating as an issue associated with copyright permission, also represents a kind of progress. The word handbook was originally used to mean something like “small, easily consulted pocket reference,” which certainly did not apply to the first two publications. In his preface, Cai quotes the dictionary definition of compendium as “‘a collection of concise but detailed information about a particular subject’ that has been ‘systematically gathered’” (p. vii), and he emphasizes that the three components of “concise,” “detailed,” and “systematically gathered” characterize the compendium at hand. Perhaps even more significant is the change from of to for. That change was made, according to Cai, to signal a shift from a static, backward-looking collection of observations about research in our field to a resource that could be used to move that research forward. To service that shift, the authors of all the compendium chapters were asked to speculate on future directions for research in light of the research they were reviewing.
In Situ Nanoparticle Embedding for Authentication of Epoxy Composites
Authors: Pansare Amol V. , Khairkar Shyam R. , Shedge Amol A. , Chhatre Shraddha Y. , Patil Vishwanath R. , Nagarkar Amit A.
Published: July 2018

In situ reduction of chloroauric acid inside an amine‐cured epoxy matrix leads to formation of gold nanoparticles which are embedded inside the part. This phenomenon is leveraged to design an authentication system for composites wherein the particles are embedded spatially and are invisible to the naked eye. Under UV light, the particles diffract light and create an easily visible path. The particles penetrate inside the part and create a permanent, cost‐effective, tamper‐proof code. The advantage of this technique is that this authentication system can be built in composite parts after fabrication of the composite structure. As very small amount (nanograms) of particles are present in the part, negligible change in the thermal characteristics of the parent matrix is observed. The particles can be embedded easily in carbon fiber as well as glass fiber reinforced epoxy structures.
Artificial Synapses Emulated by an Electrolyte‐Gated Tungsten‐Oxide Transistor
Authors: Yang Jing‐Ting , Ge Chen , Du Jian‐Yu , Huang He‐Yi , He Meng , Wang Can , Lu Hui‐Bin , Yang Guo‐Zhen , Jin Kui‐Juan
Published: July 2018

Considering that the human brain uses ≈1015 synapses to operate, the development of effective artificial synapses is essential to build brain‐inspired computing systems. In biological synapses, the voltage‐gated ion channels are very important for regulating the action‐potential firing. Here, an electrolyte‐gated transistor using WO3 with a unique tunnel structure, which can emulate the ionic modulation process of biological synapses, is proposed. The transistor successfully realizes synaptic functions of both short‐term and long‐term plasticity. Short‐term plasticity is mimicked with the help of electrolyte ion dynamics under low electrical bias, whereas the long‐term plasticity is realized using proton insertion in WO3 under high electrical bias. This is a new working approach to control the transition from short‐term memory to long‐term memory using different gate voltage amplitude for artificial synapses. Other essential synaptic behaviors, such as paired pulse facilitation, the depression and potentiation of synaptic weight, as well as spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity are also implemented in this artificial synapse. These results provide a new recipe for designing synaptic electrolyte‐gated transistors through the electrostatic and electrochemical effects.
Thermoelectric Performance of IV–VI Compounds with Octahedral‐Like Coordination: A Chemical‐Bonding Perspective
Authors: Cagnoni Matteo , Führen Daniel , Wuttig Matthias
Published: July 2018

Thermoelectric materials provide a challenge for materials design, since they require optimization of apparently conflicting properties. The resulting complexity has favored trial‐and‐error approaches over the development of simple and predictive design rules. In this work, the thermoelectric performance of IV–VI chalcogenides on the tie line between GeSe and GeTe is investigated. From a combination of optical reflectivity and electrical transport measurements, it is experimentally proved that the outstanding performance of IV–VI compounds with octahedral‐like coordination is due to the anisotropy of the effective mass tensor of the relevant charge carriers. Such an anisotropy enables the simultaneous realization of high Seebeck coefficients, due to a large density‐of‐states effective mass, and high electrical conductivity, caused by a small conductivity effective mass. This behavior is associated to a unique bonding mechanism by means of a tight‐binding model, which relates band structure and bond energies; tuning the latter enables tailoring of the effective mass tensor. The model thus provides atomistic design rules for thermoelectric chalcogenides.
Room‐Temperature Solution‐Synthesized p‐Type Copper(I) Iodide Semiconductors for Transparent Thin‐Film Transistors and Complementary Electronics
Authors: Liu Ao , Zhu Huihui , Park Won‐Tae , Kang Seok‐Ju , Xu Yong , Kim Myung‐Gil , Noh Yong‐Young
Published: July 2018

Here, room‐temperature solution‐processed inorganic p‐type copper iodide (CuI) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) are reported for the first time. The spin‐coated 5 nm thick CuI film has average hole mobility (µFE) of 0.44 cm2 V−1 s−1 and on/off current ratio of 5 × 102. Furthermore, µFE increases to 1.93 cm2 V−1 s−1 and operating voltage significantly reduces from 60 to 5 V by using a high permittivity ZrO2 dielectric layer replacing traditional SiO2. Transparent complementary inverters composed of p‐type CuI and n‐type indium gallium zinc oxide TFTs are demonstrated with clear inverting characteristics and voltage gain over 4. These outcomes provide effective approaches for solution‐processed inorganic p‐type semiconductor inks and related electronics.
High Volumetric Quasi‐Solid‐State Sodium‐Ion Capacitor under High Mass Loading Conditions
Authors: Thangavel Ranjith , Kannan Aravindaraj G. , Ponraj Rubha , Park Myung‐Soo , Choi Hwan , Kim Dong‐Won , Lee Yun‐Sung
Published: July 2018

The sodium‐ion capacitor (NIC) represents an important research approach to bridge the gap between batteries and capacitors, but is still limited by inferior energy behavior at high power, low volumetric performance, low electrode mass loading, and safety issues with conventional liquid electrolyte. Herein, a high‐performing, kinetically superior, and safer quasi‐solid‐state NIC utilizing the fast sodium storage in TiO2 and rapid ion adsorption on a biomass‐derived porous carbon with a sodium‐ion conducting P(VDF‐HFP) gel polymer electrolyte is presented. Owing to high mass loading, low graphene content in TiO2, and by overcoming the diffusion‐limited sodium storage by surface limited storage enable the NIC to deliver an impressive volumetric energy of ≈89 Wh L−1 (94 Wh kg−1) based on total mass in both electrodes. Also, a remarkable power of ≈9.4 kW L−1 (10 kW kg−1) while retaining an energy of ≈28.7 Wh L−1 (30.6 Wh kg−1) is attained. Furthermore, the NIC shows a long‐term stability both at room temperature and high temperature (50 °C), outperforming conventional NICs. This research opens new opportunities for applications of high‐performing and safer NICs in next‐generation storage devices requiring high energy at high power with high safety.
Mechanism of Sodium Ion Storage in Na7[H2PV14O42] Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lin Chia‐Ching , Lin Wei‐Hsiang , Huang Shao‐Chu , Hu Chih‐Wei , Chen Tsan‐Yao , Hsu Chi‐Ting , Yang Hao , Haider Ali , Lin Zhengguo , Kortz Ulrich , Stimming Ulrich , Chen Han‐Yi
Published: July 2018

In this work, the authors explore the sodium salt of the 14‐vanado(V)phosphate, Na7[H2PV14O42], as a potential anode material for sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs). The multi‐electron redox activity of the polyoxovanadate [H2PV14O42]7‐leads to high capacity. This polyanion is synthesized by a simple aqueous solution procedure and isolate as a sodium salt with different numbers of crystal waters, Na7[H2PV14O42]·nH2O (n = 15–24). Na7[H2PV14O42] as anode in NIBs exhibits a high and reversible capacity of 322 mA h g−1 at 25 mA g−1 with a high cycling stability (with capacity retention of 87% after 120 cycles). Some of the V5+ ions in [H2PV14O42]7‐ can be reduced to V3+ after being discharged to 0.01 V versus Na/Na+, resulting in an average oxidation state of V3.7+, as based on ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and in situ synchrotron X‐ray absorption near edge structure studies. The crystalline material becomes amorphous during the charge/discharge processes, which can be observed by in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, indicating that functionality does not require crystallinity. The authors propose that the charge storage mechanism of Na7[H2PV14O42] anodes mainly involves redox reactions of V accompanied by insertion/extraction of Na ions in‐between polyoxo‐14‐vanadate ions and adsorption/desorption of Na ions on the surface of the vanadate material.
Preparation of acrylic silicon dioxide nanoparticles as a binder for leather finishing
Authors: Mohamed Ola , Elsayed Hamed , Attia Rasha , Haroun Ahmed , El‐Sayed Nabil
Published: July 2018

Polyacrylic resin, methyl methacrylate and 2‐ethyl hexylacrylate, was prepared via microemulsion polymerization with ratio 2:1, and then modified with silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2) prepared by sol–gel process. Different ratios of these nanoparticles combined with acrylic resins were then coated on leather surface. The physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of coated leather were evaluated through various instrumental analysis as nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transmission infrared, dynamic light scattering, thermal gravimetric analysis, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscope. Water vapor permeability was improved with increase in the percentage of the nanoparticles. Tensile, tear strength, and elongation percentage were increased up to 3% of SiO2 nanoparticles followed by decreasing behavior. The acrylate water‐based SiO2 nanoparticles exhibited good eco‐friendly leather finishing system.
Utilizing yield‐stress fluids to suppress chaining during magnetic alignment of microdisks via rotating fields
Authors: Tan Mingyang , Lambert Adam L. , Swann Britany M. , Song Han , Dhagat Pallavi , Jander Albrecht , Walker Travis W.
Published: July 2018

Inkjet printing can be used to deposit photopolymerizable magnetic inks for the creation of functionalized composites. Anisotropic properties in the composites can be achieved when inkjet printing is combined with external magnetic fields to align magnetically orientable particles (MOPs). When a MOP is induced by an external magnetic field, it will create its own magnetic field that can attract neighboring particles. The coarsening of particles into higher‐order structures like chains and sheets is unwanted in certain areas, such as high‐frequency applications. We show that this particle–particle attraction and subsequent particle migration can be inhibited with the introduction of a yield stress into the suspending medium, while still allowing the alignment of the particle to proceed. For magnetically induced rotational and translational motions for oblate spheroids in a rotating magnetic field, theoretical scalings are presented for the characteristic timescales in a linear fluid and for the characteristic stresses in a yield‐stress fluid. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 3215–3226, 2018
Thermodynamic Properties of the 1D Robin Quantum Well
Authors: Olendski Oleg
Published: July 2018

The thermodynamic properties of the Robin quantum well with extrapolation length Λ are analyzed theoretically both for the canonical and two grand canonical ensembles, with special attention being paid to the situation when the energies of one or two lowest‐lying states are split off from the rest of the spectrum by the large gap that is controlled by the varying Λ. For the single split‐off level, which exists for the geometry with the equal magnitudes but opposite signs of the Robin distances on the confining interfaces, the heat capacity of the canonical averaging is a nonmonotonic function of the temperature T with its salient maximum growing to infinity as for the decreasing to zero extrapolation length and its position being proportional to . The specific heat per particle of the Fermi–Dirac ensemble depends nonmonotonically on the temperature too, with its pronounced extremum being foregone on the T axis by the plateau, whose value at the dying Λ is , with N being the number of fermions. The maximum of , similar to the canonical averaging, unrestrictedly increases as Λ goes to zero and is largest for one particle. The most essential property of the Bose–Einstein ensemble is the formation, for a growing number of bosons, of the sharp asymmetric shape on the characteristics, which is more protrusive at the smaller Robin distances. This cusp‐like structure is a manifestation of the phase transition to the condensate state. For two split‐off orbitals, one additional maximum emerges whose position is shifted to colder temperatures with the increase of the energy gap between these two states and their higher‐lying counterparts and whose magnitude approaches a Λ‐independent value. All these physical phenomena are qualitatively and quantitatively explained by the variation of the energy spectrum by the Robin distance. Parallels with other structures are drawn and similarities and differences between them are highlighted. Generalization to higher dimensions is also provided.
Silanylidene and Germanylidene Anions: Valence‐Isoelectronic Species to the Well‐Studied Phosphinidene
Authors: Siddiqui Mujahuddin M. , Sinhababu Soumen , Dutta Sayan , Kundu Subrata , Ruth Paul Niklas , Münch Annika , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Stalke Dietmar , Koley Debasis , Roesky Herbert W.
Published: July 2018

The reduction of TipMCl3 (Tip=2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl) (M=Si, Ge) with KC8 in the presence of cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene (cAAC) afforded the acyclic silanylidene and germanylidene anions in the form of potassium salt [K(cAAC)MTip]2 (M=Si (1); Ge (2)). The silanylidene and germanylidene anions are valence‐isoelectronic to the well‐studied phosphinidene and are a new class of acyclic anions of Group 14. Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated and well characterized by NMR and single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis. Furthermore, the structure and bonding of compounds 1 and 2 was investigated by computational methods.
Chemical Compositions of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Oils from Different Cultivated Regions in China
Authors: Gao Pan , Jin Jun , Liu Ruijie , Jin Qingzhe , Wang Xingguo
Published: July 2018

This study is a comprehensive report on the quality of Chinese walnut oil, which enriches the research of oil resources. A total of 16 walnut samples from China were selected, and walnut oils were obtained using the pressing process. The lipid compositions and micronutrient contents were analyzed. The fatty acids corresponded to palmitic acid (3.05–8.25%), oleic acid (12.56–26.03%), linoleic acid (51.21–68.97%), and linolenic acid (6.83–15.01%), and the main triacylglycerols were trilinolein (27.87–39.47%), followed by oleoyl‐linoleoyl‐linolenoyl‐glycerol (17.07–24.18%), dilinoleoyl‐oleoyl‐glycerol (9.65–15.46%), palmitoyl‐dilinoleoyl‐glycerol (5.96–14.98%), and dilinoleoyl‐linolenoyl‐glycerol (6.42–12.43%). In addition, high amounts of micronutrients, including phytosterol, squalene, tocopherol, and total phenolic content, were found in walnut oils ranging from 540 to 1594, 17 to 131, 345 to 1280, and 1.04 to 20.39 mg kg−1 among different samples, respectively. The differences in the geographical location and climate caused different regions of cultivation, which resulted in the differences in the chemical composition of walnut oil. Further multiple linear regression analyses between oxidative stability indices, fatty‐acid compositions, and micronutrients revealed that linoleic acid (R = −0.891; P < 0.05), α‐tocopherol (R = 0.713; P < 0.05), and total phenolic content (R = 0.369; P < 0.05) were the main factors that affect the oxidative stability of the walnut oil.
Imagining Winnipeg: The translocal meaning making of Filipino migrants to Canada
Authors: Allard Danielle , Caidi Nadia
Published: July 2018

This study examines how, in the words of Appadurai, “locality emerges in a global world” (Appadurai, 1996, p.18). Specifically, it articulates the nature of information practices in the lives of 14 newcomers to Canada who have migrated from the Philippines to the medium‐size city of Winnipeg. Using a qualitative and exploratory approach, this study applies a transnational lens to this area of research to make explicit the detailed activities and outcomes of newcomer information practices, in particular drawing out the dimensions and implications of newcomers' participation within and across local and global social networks, translocal information landscapes, and across their settlement trajectories. The result is a Translocal Meaning Making process that describes how newcomers come to make sense and use information across distinct and sometimes contradictory information spaces. Our findings suggest that migrant information practices shift across space and time and are constituted both individually, through cognitive and affective processes, and socially, through shared imaginaries, through interactions within and across translocal information landscapes, and through complex deterritorialized networks of people and resources.
Chemoenzymatic Route to Oxyfunctionalized Cembranoids Facilitated by Substrate and Protein Engineering
Authors: Le‐Huu Priska , Rekow Dominik , Krüger Claudia , Bokel Ansgar , Heidt Tanja , Schaubach Sebastian , Claasen Birgit , Hölzel Sebastian , Frey Wolfgang , Laschat Sabine , Urlacher Vlada B.
Published: July 2018

Cembranoids constitute a large family of 14‐membered oxygenated macrocyclic diterpenoids with potential as therapeutic agents. Selective late‐stage oxidations of cembranoid scaffolds remain a challenge for chemical catalysts but can be accomplished by enzymes. Here, a new chemoenzymatic route to oxyfunctionalized 14‐membered macrocycles including cembranoids is described. This route combines a metal‐catalyzed ring‐closing metathesis with a subsequent P450 BM3‐catalyzed hydroxylation and delivers cembranoid‐like analogues. Systematic substrate probing with a set of synthetic 14‐membered macrocycles revealed that the regioselectivity of a P450 BM3‐based biocatalyst increased with increasing ring rigidity as well as size and polarity of the exocyclic substituents. Enzyme regioselectivity could further be improved by first‐sphere active site mutagenesis. The V78A/F87A variant catalyzed hydroxylation of cembranoid‐ol (9S/R)‐3 d with 90 % regioselectivity for C5 position. Extensive NMR analysis of Mosher esters and single crystal X‐ray structure determination revealed a remarkable diastereoselectivity of this P450 BM3 mutant depending on substrate stereochemistry, which led exclusively to the syn‐cembranoid‐diols (5S,9S)‐4 and (5R,9R)‐4.
Fluoropolymer‐Coated PDMS Microfluidic Devices for Application in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Yang Tianjin , Choo Jaebum , Stavrakis Stavros , de Mello Andrew
Published: July 2018

In recent years there has been huge interest in the development of microfluidic reactors for the synthesis of small molecules and nanomaterials. Such reaction platforms represent a powerful and versatile alternative to traditional formats since they allow for the precise, controlled, and flexible management of reactive processes. To date, the majority of microfluidic reactors used in small‐molecule synthesis have been manufactured using conventional lithographic techniques from materials such as glasses, ceramics, stainless steel, and silicon. Surprisingly, the fabrication of microfluidic devices from such rigid materials remains ill‐defined, complex, and expensive. Accordingly, the microfluidic toolkit for chemical synthesis would significantly benefit from the development of solvent‐resistant microfluidic devices that can be manufactured using soft‐lithographic prototyping methods. Whilst significant advances in the development of solvent‐resistant polymers have been made, only modest steps have been taken towards simplifying their use as microfluidic reactors. Herein, we emphasize the benefits of using a commercially available, amorphous perfluorinated polymer, CYTOP, as a coating with which to transform PDMS into a chemically inert material for use in organic synthesis applications. Its efficacy is demonstrated through the subsequent performance of photooxidation reactions and reactions under extremely acidic or basic conditions.
Der Alchemisten‐Akkumulator – Silber als Anodenmaterial in Legierungsakkumulatoren
Authors: Klaus Maximilian , Oetken Marco
Published: July 2018

In vorangegangenen Beiträgen konnten die Autoren sehr leistungsfähige Lithium‐Ionen‐Akkumulatoren präsentieren, bei denen verschiedene Metalle als legierungsfähige Anodenmaterialien verwendet wurden [1–4]. Die Publikationen greifen somit eine der vielversprechendsten Strategien der Post‐Lithium‐Ionen‐Technologie auf und transportieren sie, unterstützt von anschaulichen Experimenten, mit einfachsten Mitteln in den Unterrichts‐ und Lehrbetrieb an Schule und Hochschule.
Synthesis of a Series of Structurally Diverse MB327 Derivatives and Their Affinity Characterization at the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
Authors: Rappenglück Sebastian , Sichler Sonja , Höfner Georg , Wein Thomas , Niessen Karin V. , Seeger Thomas , Paintner Franz F. , Worek Franz , Thiermann Horst , Wanner Klaus T.
Published: July 2018

A novel series of 30 symmetric bispyridinium and related N‐heteroaromatic bisquaternary salts with a propane‐1,3‐diyl linker was synthesized and characterized for their binding affinity at the MB327 binding site of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) from Torpedo californica. Compounds targeting this binding site are of particular interest for research into new antidotes against organophosphate poisoning, as therapeutically active 4‐tert‐butyl‐substituted bispyridinium salt MB327 was previously identified as a nAChR re‐sensitizer. Efficient access to the target compounds was provided by newly developed methods enabling N‐alkylation of sterically hindered or electronically deactivated heterocycles exhibiting a wide variety of functional groups. Determination of binding affinities toward the MB327 binding site at the nAChR, using a recently developed mass spectrometry (MS)‐based Binding Assay, revealed that several compounds reached affinities similar to that of MB327 (pKi=4.73±0.03). Notably, the newly prepared lipophilic 4‐tert‐butyl‐3‐phenyl‐substituted bispyridinium salt PTM0022 (3 h) was found to have significantly higher binding affinity, with a pKi value of 5.16±0.07, thus representing considerable progress toward the development of more potent nAChR re‐sensitizers.
Cancer patterns in Hmong in Minnesota, 2000 to 2012
Authors: Oyenuga Mosunmoluwa , Yang John K. , Prizment Anna E. , Bushhouse Sally , Demerath Ellen W. , Spector Logan G.
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND

Minnesota has the second largest Hmong population in the United States. The objective of the current study was to estimate the cancer incidence among Hmong individuals in Minnesota between 2000 and 2012 to determine targets for screening and interventions.

METHODS

Cancer cases in Minnesota between 2000 and 2012 were obtained from the Minnesota Cancer Surveillance System, and proportional incidence ratios (PIRs) were calculated. The 2000 and 2010 US Census reports were used to obtain total population estimates. Age‐adjusted cancer incidence rates (AAR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for Hmong individuals, Asian/Pacific Islander individuals, and all Minnesotans using direct method and Poisson regression.

RESULTS

Compared with all Minnesotans, the Hmong had elevated PIRs and AARs for malignancies related to infections, including nasopharyngeal, stomach, liver, and cervical cancers. The AAR ratios in Hmong versus all Minnesotans were found to be significantly increased for nasopharyngeal (AAR, 15.90; 95% CI, 9.48‐26.68), stomach (AAR, 2.99; 95% CI, 2.06‐4.33), liver (AAR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.04‐3.02), and cervical (AAR, 3.88; 95% CI, 2.61‐5.77) cancers. The AARs in Hmong versus all Minnesotans were significantly lower for all‐cause cancer (AAR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.35‐0.44); cancers of the breast, lung, and colorectum; melanoma; and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. Compared with Asian/Pacific Islander individuals, the rates in Hmong were significantly higher for melanoma and cervical cancer, with AAR ratios of 2.23 (95% CI, 1.09‐4.56) and 1.59 (95% CI, 1.01‐2.49), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with all Minnesotans, the Hmong have an increased incidence of cancers related to infectious agents. These findings indicate a need for cancer prevention and screening programs in this population.
Toxicities and outcomes: Do steroids matter?
Authors: Johnson Douglas B.
Published: July 2018

Immunotherapy outcomes appear to be improved in patients who have toxicities, although it is not clear whether steroids modulate the antitumor response in these patients. The links between steroid administration and doses and the toxicities from immune therapy as well as patient outcomes are discussed.
Sunning themselves in heaps, knots, and snarls: The extraordinary abundance and demography of island watersnakes
Authors: King Richard B. , Stanford Kristin M. , Jones Peter C.
Published: July 2018

Snakes represent a sizable fraction of vertebrate biodiversity, but until recently, data on their demography have been sparse. Consequently, generalizations regarding patterns of variation are weak and the potential for population projections is limited. We address this information gap through an analysis of spatial and temporal variation in demography (population size, annual survival, and realized population growth) of the Lake Erie Watersnake,Nerodia sipedon insularum, and a review of snake survival more generally. Our study spans a period during which the Lake Erie Watersnake was listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, recovered, and was delisted. We collected capture–mark–recapture data at 14 study sites over 20 years, accruing 20,000 captures of 13,800 individually marked adults. Lake Erie Watersnakes achieve extraordinary abundance, averaging 520 adults per km of shoreline (ca. 260 adult per ha) at our study sites (range = 160–1,600 adults per km; ca. 80–800 adults per ha) and surpassing population recovery and postdelisting monitoring criteria. Annual survival averages 0.68 among adult females and 0.76 among adult males, varies among sites, and is positively correlated with body size among study sites. Temporal process variance in annual survival is low, averaging 0.0011 or less than 4% of total variance; thus, stochasticity in annual survival may be of minor significance to snake extinction risk. Estimates of realized population growth indicate that population size has been stable or increasing over the course of our study. More generally, snake annual survival overlaps broadly across continents, climate zones, families, subfamilies, reproductive modes, body size categories, maturation categories, and parity categories. Differences in survival in relation to size, parity, and maturation are in the directions predicted by life history theory but are of small magnitude with much variation around median values. Overall, annual survival appears to be quite plastic, varying with food availability, habitat quality, and other ecological variables.
A High‐Symmetrical 3D Pure Inorganic Photocatalyst Based on the Highest Connectivity of {AsW12O40} Heteropoly Blue and Potassium Ions
Authors: Li Fengrui , Lv Jinghua , Yu Kai , Zhang Maolin , Meng Fanxue , Wang Kunpeng , Zhou Bai‐bin
Published: July 2018

A 3D high‐symmetrical pure inorganic material based on a Keggin‐type arsenotungstate, [{(H2O)⊂K6(H2O)12}{K6(AsW3VW9VIO40)2}] (1), has been hydrothermally synthesized and fully characterized by elemental analysis, TGA, IR, UV, and XPS spectrsocopy, and single‐crystal XRD. In compound 1, each three‐electron‐reduced {AsW12O40} polyanion cluster utilizes all of its surface oxygen atoms to connect 12 K1 and 6 K2 cations at its periphery, which can be viewed as µ4‐ and µ2‐bridges to further link with four and two adjacent {AsW12} clusters, respectively. The coordination number and modes of {AsW12} and K+ ions together result in a high‐symmetrical 2,4,18‐connected 3D open skeleton with a new {324·440·54·43·54·42·54·42·54·4·532·633}{34·42}3{3}3 topology. Compound 1 represents the first pure inorganic 3D structure based on the highest connection of Keggin arsenotungstate heteropoly blue and potassium ions. Compound 1 shows efficient photodegradation activity towards MB, MO, RhB, and AP under UV light irradiation. The life of the catalyst, kinetics, and mechanisms of the catalytic reaction have been studied in detail.
Immobilization of an Aminobisphosphine–PdII Complex Over Graphene Oxide: an Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura, Ullmann Coupling and Cyanation Reactions
Authors: Sengupta Debasish , Pandey Madhusudan K. , Mondal Dipanjan , Radhakrishna Latchupatula , Balakrishna Maravanji S.
Published: July 2018

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of MaravanjiàS. Balakrishna from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India. The cover image shows a homogeneous catalyst on a heterogeneous surface used for organic transformations.
Synthesis of (Poly)halo‐Substituted Diarylsulfones through Palladium‐Catalyzed C–H Bond Sulfonylation Using (Poly)Halobenzenesulfonyl Chlorides
Authors: Sasmal Arpan , Bera Jitendra K. , Doucet Henri , Soulé Jean‐François
Published: July 2018

The reactivity of (poly)halo‐substituted benzenesulfonyl chlorides in palladium‐catalyzed ortho‐directed C–H bond sulfonylation of 2‐arylpyridines was investigated. The use of Ag2CO3 in concert with Cu(OAc)2 was found to be critical to promote the chemoselective sulfonylation reaction. Fluoro‐, chloro‐, bromo‐, and even iodo‐benzenesulfonyl chlorides react nicely to afford halo‐substituted diarylsulfones in good to high yields without cleavage of the C–halo bonds, allowing further transformations.