bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional responses to anthropogenic disturbance and the importance of selected traits: A study case using dung beetles
Authors: Giménez Gómez Victoria C. , Verdú José R. , Casanoves Fernando , Zurita Gustavo A.
Published: February 2022

Functional diversity has been defined as the value, range, distribution, and relative abundance of the functional traits of individuals that belong to an ecosystem. Thus, the functional response of organisms to environmental disturbances depends largely on their functional traits.

Here, we evaluated dung beetle functional diversity associated to the Atlantic Forest replacement using a matrix with 25 functional traits (10 morphological, four ethological, and 11 physiological). We compared functional diversity among native and disturbed habitats with a multi and single trait approach.

Contrary to previous studies, habitats with higher disturbance (open pasture) exhibited higher functional diversity compared to native forests, which could be explained by the incorporation of physiological response traits. Species of open disturbed habitats showed extreme values of such traits, explaining the observed pattern.

The inclusion of several traits that represent both species ecology and morphology, and their physiology, generates different results to those observed in previous functional studies. This highlights the importance of including a large variety of functional traits in future functional diversity studies.

We propose that functional traits must (1) be carefully chosen according to their biological and functional basis; (2) represent species ecology and physiology; and (3) include both effect and response traits. In addition, we consider it is extremely relevant to include a multi and single trait approach in functional diversity studies. A combination of all these considerations will provide a more realistic and complete overview of functional diversity patterns and the potential consequences of human disturbance on ecosystem functioning.
Health economic evidence for the use of molecular biomarker tests in hematological malignancies: A systematic review
Authors: Vu Martin , Degeling Koen , Thompson Ella R. , Blombery Piers , Westerman David , IJzerman Maarten J.
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Molecular biomarker tests can inform the clinical management of genomic heterogeneous hematological malignancies, yet their availability in routine care largely depends on the supporting health economic evidence. This study aims to systematically review the economic evidence for recent molecular biomarker tests in hematological malignancies.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search in five electronic databases for studies published between January 2010 and October 2020. Publications were independently screened by two reviewers. Clinical study characteristics, economic methodology, and results were extracted, and reporting quality was assessed.

Results

Fourteen studies were identified, of which half (n = 7; 50%) were full economic evaluations examining both health and economic outcomes. Studies were predominantly conducted in a first‐line treatment setting (n = 7; 50%) and adopted a non‐lifetime time horizon to measure health outcomes and costs (n = 7; 50%). Five studies reported that companion diagnostics for associated therapies were likely cost‐effective for acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Four studies suggested molecular biomarker tests for treatment monitoring in chronic myeloid leukemia were likely cost‐saving.

Conclusions

Although there is initial confirmation of the promising health economic results, the present research for molecular biomarker tests in hematological malignancies is sparse with many applications of technological advances yet to be evaluated.
The impact of environmental factors on early stage Andosol development south of Vatnajökull, Iceland
Authors: Bonatotzky Theresa , Ottner Franz , Erlendsson Egill , Gísladóttir Guðrún
Published: February 2022

Icelandic soils develop in a dynamic environment affected by both natural processes and anthropogenic impacts. We present an extensive investigation of soil mineralogy and pedogenesis in a disturbed (i.e., by solifluction) pedon under such conditions. The study focuses on two distinct tephra layers, a rhyolitic tephra from the Öræfajökull eruption in 1362 CE (Ö1362) and a basaltic Veiðivötn tephra from 1477 CE (V1477). Both tephra layers form an important parent material in the study area south of Vatnajökull, Iceland. The Andosol developed from tephra and aeolian material, rich in volcanic glass. The pH (H2O) values were between 5.5 and 6.6 and clay mineralogy displayed a predominance of allophanic material in both soil and tephra. The pedon can be seen in its early stage of chemical weathering and soil development. Despite the overall predominance of non‐ and poorly‐crystalline short‐range order secondary materials and Fe (hydr)oxides in the clay‐size fraction, we found indication of smectite. High exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations reflect enhanced aeolian input of volcanic material, while elevated exchangeable‐Na+ concentrations are most likely caused by the oceanic composition of precipitation. The impact of erosion and aeolian processes on pedogenesis seemed to be higher between the deposition of Ö1362 and V1477, than in the soils above. Both, soil and tephra layers appeared disturbed by erosion–deposition processes over time. Characterised by a significantly coarser particle size composition, low soil organic carbon (SOC) content, and a more diverse mineralogy, a distinct fluvial sediment layer at 10–30 cm depth appeared sharply contrasting to the other soil layers in the profile. This possibly reflects the diverse composition of glaciofluvial material from a landslide originating from a Kvíárjökull moraine in the north. Changed weathering patterns and properties in the soils above the Ö1362 tephra indicated soil degradation following the deposition of the rhyolitic tephra.
Diagnostic imaging and conservative management of an ultimobranchial thyroid cyst in an adult horse
Authors: Mageed Mahmoud , Steinberg Tim , Maleas Grigorios
Published: February 2022

An 18‐year‐old gelding was presented with a mass in the right cranial cervical region. Radiography and ultrasonography of the swelling revealed a well‐circumscribed cystic mass that may have originated from the right thyroid lobe. The cystic mass was found to represent an ultimobranchial thyroid cyst. Nuclear scintigraphy and computed tomography were carried out to assess the thyroid function and the correlation of the cystic mass to the adjacent anatomical structures. Sclerotherapy was performed using an intralesional injection of polidocanol. A 2‐year follow‐up showed a complete resolution of the cystic mass without recurrence.
Parent and child adjustment dual trajectories at the beginning of the COVID‐19 syndemic
Authors: Zhou Xiang , Shein Brenda W. , Khalil Amani , Duncan Robert J.
Published: February 2022

Children and their families have been significantly impacted by the unfolding of the COVID‐19 syndemic. We sought to identify (1) groups of families with distinct profiles of joint trajectories of parental anxiety and child emotional distress and (2) protective and risk factors associated with these dual‐trajectory profiles. A sample of 488 parents (65% White; 77% mothers) with 3‐ to 8‐year‐old children (MAge = 5.04, SDAge = 1.59) was followed from late March to early July in 2020. Survey data on parent (i.e., anxiety symptoms) and child (i.e., emotional distress) adjustment were collected at three time points. Using multivariate growth mixture modeling, we identified one group with low parental anxiety and child emotional distress (42.7%) and three other distinct groups with varying risk levels among parents and/or children. We also identified protective (e.g., positive parenting) and risk (e.g., child negative affect, negative parenting, perceived stress with racism) factors in predicting parent and child adjustment. It can be concluded that, overall, our sample (mostly middle‐ and high‐socioeconomic status families) demonstrated family resilience amid COVID‐19, consistent with prior disaster coping literature. At the same time, our findings also indicated the need to identify at‐risk families and modifiable factors for post‐disaster public health interventions.
Responsiveness of miscanthus and switchgrass yields to stand age and nitrogen fertilization: A meta‐regression analysis
Authors: Sharma Bijay P. , Zhang Na , Lee DoKyoung , Heaton Emily , Delucia Evan H. , Sacks Erik J. , Kantola Ilsa B. , Boersma Nicholas N. , Long Stephen P. , Voigt Thomas B. , Khanna Madhu
Published: February 2022

Optimal management of the perennial bioenergy crops, miscanthus and switchgrass, requires an understanding of their responsiveness to nitrogen (N) fertilizer at different maturity stages across locations and growing conditions. Earlier studies that have examined the yield response of these crops to N and stand age using field experiments or meta‐analysis techniques provide mixed evidence. We extend earlier studies by applying a multi‐level mixed‐effects (MLME) meta‐regression model to conduct a more extensive multivariate regression of yield response of these crops to N and stand age, while controlling for climate and location conditions and unobserved factors related to study design. Our findings are based on 1403 and 2811 yield observations for miscanthus and switchgrass, respectively, from experiments conducted between 2002 and 2019 across the rainfed region in the United States. We find statistically significant evidence that an additional year of maturity increases miscanthus and switchgrass yields but at a decreasing rate; yields peak at the 7th and 6th year respectively, for the observed range of applied N rates and stands. We also find that an increase in N application increases yield by a statistically significant level, but at a declining rate; the magnitude of the yield response to N is, however, small and varies with the age of the crop. The impact of N is larger on older compared to younger and middle‐aged stands of miscanthus. In contrast, the impact of N on switchgrass is larger on middle‐aged compared to younger and older stands of switchgrass. We do not find a statistically significant effect of soil productivity on yield for either crop. This analysis provides a basis for developing N application recommendations and optimal rotation age for miscanthus and switchgrass and shows that these energy crops can grow just as productively on low productivity land as on high productivity land.
Labors of love: Work, labor, and care in dog–human relations
Authors: Cudworth Erika
Published: February 2022

This paper suggests that the role of “pet” might be understood as a form of labor, and a condition shaped by human work. Drawing on an empirical study of everyday lives with companion dogs it considers how the work of humans outside the home impacts the lives of people and dogs; and the kinds of carework undertaken by both people and dogs in multispecies homes. The concept of paid work has been foundational in sociology while understanding work as unpaid, privatized and invisible reproductive labor has been secured through feminist interventions. Work, has been assumed to be human exclusive, but this has been recently challenged by research on animal work. This paper deploys (eco)feminist care theory to consider how far work, labor and care might be productive categories in understanding a hitherto neglected area ‐ relationships with companion dogs.
Digital haemophilia: Insights into the use of social media for haemophilia care, research and advocacy
Authors: Chen Robert , Muralidharan Kavitha , Samelson‐Jones Benjamin J.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

The haemophilia community on Twitter is diverse, consisting of advocacy groups, patients, physicians, researchers and other users. However, the scope of this community is uncharacterized, and limited data is available regarding effective participation in this community.

Aim

To assess the types of users active in the haemophilia community on Twitter, as well as major themes present in haemophilia‐related tweets.

Methods

Forty‐nine thousand five hundred and twelve tweets between September 2019 and September 2021 were classified using regular expressions. A subset of the classified tweets was manually analysed to identify prevalent discussion themes.

Results

Among the top 250 users by post count, the largest categories of users were support and advocacy groups, people with bleeding disorders and healthcare providers. The largest thematic categories of tweets were gene therapy, contaminated haemophilia blood products, haemophilia research, clinical management of haemophilia and COVID‐19. While misinformation was rare, negative and incorrect perceptions of haemophilia were present among the general public.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate patterns of effective Twitter usage for patient care, research and advocacy purposes among the haemophilia community.
The role of sodium hypochlorite in atopic dermatitis therapy: a narrative review
Authors: Krynicka Katarzyna , Trzeciak Magdalena
Published: February 2022

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disorder, especially in the pediatric population. Genetic and immunological factors, epidermal barrier defect, as well as skin microbiota imbalance with increased colonization by Staphylococcus aureus (SA) are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. One of the AD topical treatments is sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as a 0.005% water bath solution. This substance has been used for years as an antiseptic preparation. Studies show that NaOCl has an antimicrobial effect but probably at higher concentrations than those used in AD treatment. Nevertheless, many research studies confirm the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐itching effects of NaOCl, which contributes to clinical improvement in AD patients as well as reducing the need for local steroids and antibiotics. Bleach baths seem to be a well tolerated, cheap, and easily available therapy. However, research still should be continued to evaluate its antibacterial efficacy, anti‐inflammatory effects, and safety.
Efficiency of novel shielding curtains combined with pulsed irradiation for reducing radiation exposure in an operating room: Human renal collecting system phantom study
Authors: Kaku Yasuhiro , Inoue Takaaki , Charlie Yu , Imai Satoshi , Yamamichi Fukashi , Fujisawa Masato
Published: February 2022

Objective

To evaluate the impact of novel shielding curtains combined with pulsed irradiation mode to protect medical radiation workers from radiation exposure during ureteroscopy.

Methods

0.25 mm Pb equivalent novel shielding curtains were mounted to the caudal and bilateral sides of the operating table in the ureteroscopy setting. C‐arm was positioned as per normal in the operating room with the X‐ray tube under the patient table. A water‐filled anthropomorphic renal collecting system phantom was positioned in the standard position on the operating table that was set at a height of 100 cm. The ionization chambers were also positioned at a height of 100 cm and set in eight positions. We took measurements at distances of 50, 100, 150, and 200 cm from the phantom with the focus directed toward the X‐ray tube. We measured the spatial distribution of the scattered radiation dose in four combinations: (1) continuous irradiation mode without novel shielding curtains; (2) pulsed irradiation mode (11 films per second) without novel shielding curtains; (3) continuous irradiation mode with novel shielding curtains; and (4) pulsed irradiation mode with novel shielding curtains. Continuous or pulsed irradiation was activated for 30 s each time.

Results

Pulsed irradiation mode with novel shielding curtains was a significantly more efficient method than other combinations to reduce scattered radiation exposure in this study (P < 0.001). There was approximately a 95% reduction in scattered radiation exposure with the pulsed irradiation mode with novel shielding curtains set up as compared with continuous irradiation mode without novel shielding curtains.

Conclusion

Combining a novel shielding curtain and using a low pulse radiation setting can greatly reduce radiation exposure during ureteroscopic procedures.
Rethinking elicitation methods in examining the effects of domain and context on individual preferences under risk and ambiguity
Authors: Begho Toritseju
Published: February 2022

This paper examines preferences across domains and contexts under conditions of risk and ambiguity and estimates the effect of attributes of the prospects on individual preferences. The main contribution of this paper is that it examines preferences using prospects with continuous distributions—a deviation from the widely used gambles with discrete probabilities. The argument put forward in this paper is that this design is at least as realistic of many real‐life situations and easier to comprehend. Data were obtained from field experiments where the tasks presented to subjects were framed as gain, loss and mixed and were not exclusively monetary. The findings show that risk preferences are context dependent, implying that the argument of risk‐taking being a stable personality trait is untenable. Risk (resp., ambiguity) preferences differ within and between domains. Subjects are risk‐avoiding and ambiguity avoiding in the gain domain and the reverse in the loss domain. An increase in the difference between the means of the smaller and larger variance prospects increases the preference for the larger variance prospect under risk but not under ambiguity. Stake orientation with regard to which ends of the prospects are bound at zero was crucial in subjects’ decisions—an important finding not observed in discrete gamble experiments.
Effect of spontaneous polarization of tourmaline on the grain growth behavior of 3YSZ powder
Authors: Zhou You , Zhu Dongbin , Zhang Xiaoxu , Liang Jinsheng
Published: February 2022

This paper introduces a new method for adjusting the particle size of ZrO2 powder through the electric field effect of tourmaline. The 3 mol% yttria‐stabilized ZrO2 (3YSZ) powder was prepared by using ZrOCl2∙8H2O, YCl3∙6H2O, NaOH, and nano‐tourmaline powder as raw materials through direct precipitation. The powder was characterized with thermogravimetric‐differential scanning calorimeter, X‐ray diffraction, Brunauere‐Emmette‐Teller, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope, and the mechanism of tourmaline in the process of powder preparation was also discussed. Findings demonstrate that the electric field generated by spontaneous polarization of tourmaline can control the size of ZrO2 crystal grains, improve the dispersibility of the powder, and promote the stability of ZrO2 in the tetragonal phase. When the electric intensity of tourmaline is 9.02 × 106 V/m, and the addition amount is 2.5 vol%, tourmaline/3YSZ powders are mainly tetragonal phase, and the grain size is the smallest, with an average crystallite size of 19 nm. Then the mechanical properties of tourmaline/3YSZ ceramics were tested. Compared with 3YSZ ceramics without tourmaline, the flexural strength and fracture toughness were improved by 39.5% and 35.8%.
Emotional and cognitive effects of learning with computer simulations and computer videogames
Authors: Magana Alejandra J. , Hwang Jisoo , Feng Shi , Rebello Sanjay , Zu Tianlong , Kao Dominic
Published: February 2022

Background

Previous work has identified that the benefits of learning with videogames and learning from simulations. However, recent meta‐analytic work has also identified that little research directly compares learning with videogames and learning with simulations.

Objectives

This study examines two learning technologies and their corresponding pedagogical approaches and compares them for learning the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics topic of electric charges.

Methods

Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention using a computer simulation for inquiry‐based learning or a computer videogame for game‐based learning. Their learning gains, self‐reported emotional state and experienced cognitive load were recorded.

Results

We found that both learning environments improved conceptual learning, and there were no statistically significant differences between the two conditions. Participants did perceive the game‐based environment to be more engaging as well as more frustrating. We also found that cognitive load did not predict learning—however, different types of cognitive load correlated with different emotions. Overall, participants in both conditions were engaged and perceived understanding of the topic, yet they also experienced both confusion and task‐unrelated thoughts.

Takeaways

When learning with simulations and videogames, educators need to align intended learning outcomes with pedagogical approaches enabled by technology. In addition, a balance between principles of multimedia learning to reduce or prevent extraneous processing, and scaffolding to reduce negative effects of learning with technology, need to be considered.
Modulation of lncRNA H19 enhances resveratrol‐inhibited cancer cell proliferation and migration by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Li Tianye , Zhang Xinyue , Cheng Linglin , Li Chunting , Wu Zihan , Luo Yingqi , Zhou Kunpeng , Li Yanlin , Zhao Qi , Huang Yongye
Published: February 2022

The phytoalexin resveratrol exhibits anti‐tumour activity in many types of cancer. In this study, we showed that resveratrol suppressed the survival of gastric tumour cells both in vivo and in vitro. Resveratrol promoted apoptosis, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in a dose‐dependent manner. RNA‐seq analysis showed that multiple cell death signalling pathways were activated after resveratrol treatment, while the use of ER stress activators (tunicamycin and thapsigargin) in combinatorial with resveratrol led to further inhibition of cancer cell survival. Results also showed that resveratrol altered the expression of several long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs), including MEG3, PTTG3P, GAS5, BISPR, MALAT1 and H19. Knockdown of H19 in resveratrol‐treated cells further enhanced the effects of resveratrol on apoptosis, ER stress and cell cycle S‐phase arrest. Furthermore, the migratory ability of resveratrol‐treated cells was dramatically decreased after H19 knockdown. In conclusion, resveratrol inhibited cancer cell survival, while knockdown of lncRNA H19 resulted in increased sensitivity to resveratrol therapy.
Fatty liver with metabolic disorder, such as metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease, indicates high risk for developing diabetes mellitus
Authors: Miyake Teruki , Matsuura Bunzo , Furukawa Shinya , Ishihara Toru , Yoshida Osamu , Miyazaki Masumi , Watanebe Kyoko , Shiomi Akihito , Nakaguchi Hironobu , Yamamoto Yasunori , Koizumi Yohei , Tokumoto Yoshio , Hirooka Masashi , Takeshita Eiji , Kumagi Teru , Abe Masanori , Ikeda Yoshio , Iwata Takeru , Hiasa Yoichi
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is diagnosed after excluding other liver diseases. The pathogenesis of NAFLD when complicated by other liver diseases has not been established completely. Metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) involves more metabolic factors than NAFLD, regardless of complications with other diseases. This study aimed to clarify the effects of fatty liver occurring with metabolic disorders, such as MAFLD without diabetes mellitus (DM), on the development of DM.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively assessed 9,459 participants who underwent two or more annual health check‐ups. The participants were divided into the MAFLD group (fatty liver disease with overweight/obesity or non‐overweight/obesity complicated by metabolic disorders), simple fatty liver group (fatty liver disease other than MAFLD group), metabolic disorder group (metabolic disorder without fatty liver disease), and normal group (all other participants).

Results

The DM onset rates in the normal, simple fatty liver, metabolic disorder, and MAFLD groups were 0.51, 1.85, 2.52, and 7.36%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the MAFLD group showed a significantly higher risk of DM onset compared with other three groups (P < 0.01). Additionally, the risk of DM onset was significantly increased in fatty liver disease with overweight/obesity or pre‐diabetes (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Fatty liver with metabolic disorders, such as MAFLD, can be used to identify patients with fatty liver disease who are at high risk of developing DM. Additionally, patients with fatty liver disease complicated with overweight/obesity or prediabetes are at an increased risk of DM onset and should receive more attention.
Strengths and limitations of in situ U–Pb titanite petrochronology in polymetamorphic rocks: An example from western Maine, USA
Authors: Walters Jesse B. , Cruz‐Uribe Alicia M. , Song Won Joon , Gerbi Christopher , Biela Kimberly
Published: February 2022

Titanite is a potentially powerful U–Pb petrochronometer that may record metamorphism, metasomatism, and deformation. Titanite may also incorporate significant inherited Pb, which may lead to inaccurate and geologically ambiguous U–Pb dates if a proper correction is not or cannot be applied. Here, we present laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS)‐derived titanite U–Pb dates and trace element concentrations for two banded calcsilicate gneisses from south‐central Maine, USA (SSP18‐1A and SSP18‐1B). Single spot common Pb‐corrected dates range from 400 to 280 Ma with ±12–20 Ma propagated 2SE. Titanite grains in sample SSP18‐1B exhibit regular core‐to‐rim variations in texture, composition, and date. We identify four titanite populations: (1) 397 ± 5 Ma (95% CL) low Y + HREE cores and mottled grains, (2) 370 ± 7 Ma high Y + REE mantles and cores, (3) 342 ± 6 Ma cores with high Y + REE and no Eu anomaly, and (4) 295 ± 6 Ma LREE‐depleted rims. We interpret the increase in titanite Y + HREE between ca. 397 and ca. 370 Ma to constrain the timing of diopside fracturing and recrystallization and amphibole breakdown. Apparent Zr‐in‐titanite temperatures (803 ± 36°C at 0.5 ± 0.2 GPa) and increased XDi suggest a thermal maximum at ca. 370 Ma. Population 3 domains dated to ca. 342 Ma exhibit no Eu anomaly and are observed only in compositional bands dominated by diopside (>80 vol%), suggesting limited equilibrium between titanite and plagioclase. Finally, low LREE and high U/Th in Population 4 titanite dates the formation of hydrous phases, such as allanite, during high XH2O fluid infiltration at ca. 295 Ma. In contrast to the well‐defined date–composition–texture relationships observed for titanite from SSP18‐1B, titanite grains from sample SSP18‐1A exhibit complex zoning patterns and little correlation between texture, composition, and date. We hypothesize that the incorporation of variable amounts of radiogenic Pb from dissolved titanite into recrystallized domains resulted in mixed dates spanning 380–330 Ma. Although titanite may reliably record multiple phases of metamorphism, these data highlight the importance of considering U–Pb data along with chemical and textural data to screen for inherited radiogenic Pb.
Exhumation of deep continental crust in a transpressive regime: The example of Variscan eclogites from the Aiguilles‐Rouges massif (Western Alps)
Authors: Vanardois Jonas , Roger Françoise , Trap Pierre , Goncalves Philippe , Lanari Pierre , Paquette Jean‐Louis , Marquer Didier , Cagnard Florence , Le Bayon Benjamin , Melleton Jérémie , Barou Fabrice
Published: February 2022

Mafic eclogites are found in many orogens as lenses embedded in quartzofeldspathic migmatites. These high‐pressure relics are interpreted either as remnants of ancient sutures and thus formed during oceanic subduction or as fragments of lower crust exhumed from the root of orogenic thickened crust. It is critical to distinguish between these two endmember scenarios as the resulting palaeogeographic and geodynamic reconstructions may significantly differ. In this contribution, we investigated eclogite relics from Lac Cornu in the Aiguilles‐Rouges massif, one of the External Crystalline Massifs of the Western Alps. Phase equilibrium modelling suggests that these mafic rocks were buried along a prograde path (M1) from ~600°C/1.2 to 1.6 GPa to peak conditions of ~630–775°C and >1.6 GPa. Zircon rims, with a rare earth element signature typical of eclogite facies zircon (no Eu anomalies, flat HREE spectrum), and rutile were dated by U–Th–Pb laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICPMS) at c. 335–330 Ma. Prograde deformation has not been identified in the field and is only recognized thanks to the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of inclusions of omphacite and rutile in garnet. Peak pressure conditions were followed by a decompression stage (M2) from ~760°C/1.4 GPa to ~600–650°C/0.9 GPa supported by the breakdown of omphacite into plagioclase–clinopyroxene symplectite and the crystallization of plagioclase–amphibole corona around garnet. The M2 retrogression stage is associated with the development of a main sub‐horizontal planar fabric and the CPO of minerals composing symplectite. This deformation stage is interpreted as the result of horizontal lower crustal flow. The final stage of exhumation (M3) is characterized by the replacement of symplectite and garnet by plagioclase and large euhedral amphibole and by the breakdown of rutile and ilmenite into titanite dated at c. 300 Ma. The CPO of titanite and amphibole are consistent with the development of vertical dextral shear zone in a transpressive regime. The combination of field observations and petrological, microtextural and geochemical analyses suggests that the mafic eclogites preserved in migmatitic rocks of the Aiguilles‐Rouges massif are remnants of a continental lower crust exhumed and juxtaposed with lower‐grade migmatites in crustal‐scale vertical transpressive shear zones.
Genetic diversity of Chinese laboratory macaques based on 2b‐RAD simplified genome sequencing
Authors: Min Fangui , Xu Fengjiao , Huang Shuwu , Wu Ruike , Zhang Lan , Wang Jing
Published: February 2022

Background

Currently, Chinese laboratory macaques are widely used in biomedical research. Correspondingly, clarity regarding the genetic diversity of Chinese laboratory macaques is important for both vendors and users.

Methods

Genome sequences of 55 laboratory macaques (40 cynomolgus macaques and 15 rhesus macaques) bred in South China were analyzed using 2b‐RAD simplified genome sequencing.

Results

A total of 115,681 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found that were distributed in 21 chromosomes and an unplaced scaffold. Genetic diversity indices varied across populations and exhibited low values. The results of principal coordinate analysis (PCA) were consistent with those of the arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustered tree and supported the structure analysis, demonstrating that the genetic differentiation in rhesus macaques was higher than that in cynomolgus macaques. Introgressive hybridization with the Chinese rhesus macaque was supported in more than 80% (32/40) of cynomolgus macaques.

Conclusions

Chinese laboratory macaques had relatively low genetic diversity at the genomic level, and genetic differentiation in Chinese rhesus macaques was higher than in cynomolgus macaques. The genome of cynomolgus macaques has been shaped by introgression after hybridization with the Chinese rhesus macaques.
Milk Donation Following a Perinatal Loss: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Fernández‐Medina Isabel María , Jiménez‐Lasserrotte María del Mar , Ruíz‐Fernández María Dolores , Granero‐Molina José , Fernández‐Sola Cayetano , Hernández‐Padilla José Manuel
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Perinatal loss is a traumatic event for women with negative consequences for their well‐being and mental health. After perinatal loss, some women choose to not suppress lactation and to donate their breast milk. Donating milk can be a grief ritual to cope with the loss. The aim of this study was to explore women's experiences of donating their breast milk following a perinatal loss.

Methods

A hermeneutic phenomenology was carried out. Thirteen semistructured interviews were conducted. Data was recorded, transcribed, and categorized into themes and subthemes.

Results

Two main themes emerged from the data: (1) lactation after loss: a forgotten aspect of the care, with the subthemes “the silence surrounding grieving lactation” and “experiencing lactation amidst a sea of tears”; and (2) milk donation: a resource to alleviate pain and offer hope, with the subthemes “expressing and donating breast milk: a healing ritual” and “breaking the taboo of the grieving lactation.”

Discussion

Information about lactation options is not typically included in participants’ care plan. Women's experiences highlight the need for the support of health care professionals. Donating milk helps some women to cope with the loss and accept and integrate it into their daily lives. Milk donation is also an opportunity to educate society about options following a perinatal loss.
Occupational fatigue, individualized nursing care, and quality of nursing care among hospital nurses
Authors: Cho Hyeonmi , Sagherian Knar , Scott Linda D. , Steege Linsey M.
Published: February 2022

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the relationships among nurse fatigue, individualized nursing care, and nurse‐reported quality of care.

Design

The study used a cross‐sectional design. Data from 858 registered nurses providing bedside care in hospitals were collected between March and April 2021 in the United States.

Methods

Participants completed a self‐administered online survey, including the Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion Recovery scale, the Individualized Care Scale‐Nurse version, and a single item assessing nursing care quality. Relationships among the study variables were examined using multiple linear and logistic regression models.

Findings

Nurses' higher levels of acute fatigue were significantly associated with decreased perceptions of individualized nursing activities provided to patients on their last shifts, specifically related to personal life condition and decision‐making control. Nurses' higher levels of chronic fatigue were significantly associated with decreased perception of individualized nursing activities provided to patients on their last shifts related to clinical condition, personal life condition, and decision‐making control. Nurses with higher levels of acute or chronic fatigue, and who perceived their nursing care activities as less individualized were less likely to assess their quality of care as excellent.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that addressing hospital nurses' acute and chronic fatigue may contribute to promoting the delivery of individualized nursing care and in improving patients' quality of care.

Clinical Relevance

Healthcare institutions are encouraged to regularly monitor and manage nurse fatigue to improve the delivery of individualized and quality nursing care to their patients.
Salience network anatomical and molecular markers are linked with cognitive dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Chand Ganesh B. , Thakuri Deepa S. , Soni Bhavin
Published: February 2022

Background and Purpose

Recent studies indicate disrupted functional mechanisms of salience network (SN) regions—right anterior insula, left anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex—in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, the underlying anatomical and molecular mechanisms in these regions are not clearly understood yet. It is also unknown whether integration of multimodal—anatomical and molecular—markers could predict cognitive impairment better in MCI.

Methods

Herein we quantified anatomical volumetric markers via structural MRI and molecular amyloid markers via PET with Pittsburgh compound B in SN regions of MCI (n = 33) and healthy controls (n = 27). From these markers, we built support vector machine learning models aiming to estimate cognitive dysfunction in MCI.

Results

We found that anatomical markers are significantly reduced and molecular markers are significantly elevated in SN nodes of MCI compared to healthy controls (p < .05). These altered markers in MCI patients were associated with their worse cognitive performance (p < .05). Our machine learning‐based modeling further suggested that the integration of multimodal markers predicts cognitive impairment in MCI superiorly compared to using single modality‐specific markers.

Conclusions

These findings shed light on the underlying anatomical volumetric and molecular amyloid alterations in SN regions and show the significance of multimodal markers integration approach in better predicting cognitive impairment in MCI.
Blurred Eras: Historical and Contemporary Socio‐Ecological Contexts of Development and Adjustment of Black American Adolescents
Authors: Murry Velma McBride
Published: February 2022

This commentary reflects on research studies included in this special issue, Black Lives Matter! Systems of Oppression Affecting Black Youth. A key finding in these studies is significance of developmental and social behavioral sciences to center systemic racism and oppression in studies of Black youth to more fully understand and explain how contextual factors and processes impact their everyday life experiences. This collection of papers offers insights and recommendations of ways advance research studies by expanding research to include upstream policies and practices and explain their roles in perpetuating oppression and discrimination. Applying multi‐socio‐ecological theoretical frameworks may demonstrate effective pathways to reduce environmental toxins that hinder positive health and well‐being for adolescents, their families, and communities.
Visualizing dynamic (after)taste effects by means of time‐discrete TCATA data analysis
Authors: Derks Eduard , Ramnarain Shalla , Zhang Tristan , van Doorn Rudi , Nijmeijer Marieke , van den Berg Marco
Published: February 2022

A time‐discrete temporal check‐all‐that‐apply (TCATA) data analysis method was implemented and applied to two different commercial use cases: (I) exploration of the dynamic sensory effects evoked by sweetened yogurt, and (II) a dynamic flavor profile comparison of nutritionally fortified gummy bears. The purpose of the first study was to explore opportunities for calorie reduction while maintaining the original dynamic sensory profile. The purpose of the second study was to benchmark commercially available fortified candy for (after)taste. The resulting time‐discrete data were fitted with Poisson regression allowing means for computing confidence intervals for each discrete time bucket. A roughness penalty was added to impose smoothness to the fitted TCATA profiles. Both studies demonstrated improved visualization and revealed underlying dynamic sensory insights which were hidden in conventional TCATA profiles based on the primary data.

Practical Applications

Temporal sensory effects—determining onset, intensity, and duration (aka lingering) of various attributes—are key for consumer acceptance of new food products. However, cross‐modal interactions and the complexity of sensory attributes can limit the discrimination between different products. This study established a generic toolbox to process raw temporal (i.e., TCATA) data and improve visualization and discrimination. These results help to quantify and identify possible methodologies to improve ingredient applications for healthy foods (e.g., sugar reduction, nutrient fortification). The tool is available for analyzing TCATA data acquired with commercially available sensory data acquisition software products like EyeQuestion, FIZZ, and Compusense.
Disparities in Prenatal Immunization Rates in Rural and Urban US Areas by Indicators of Access to Care
Authors: Kaur Ravneet , Callaghan Timothy , Regan Annette K.
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To evaluate disparities in urban‐rural immunization rates among pregnant women by indicators of access to health care.

Methods

We analyzed Phase 8 (2016‐2018) Pregnant Risk Assessment Monitoring System data for 82,603 respondents who recently gave birth to a live infant. Uptake of influenza (33 states) or Tdap (19 states) vaccines was compared for rural versus urban areas of participating states. We compared the prevalence of immunization for rural versus urban areas by indicators of health care access using average marginal predictive values from multivariable regression models.

Findings

Although nearly half (48.2%) of pregnant women in rural areas relied on Medicaid to fund prenatal care, rural‐residing women were less likely to live in a state offering full coverage under Medicaid to pregnant women than urban‐residing women (93.9% vs 98.0%, respectively). Among states with Medicaid programs not offering full access for pregnant women, influenza immunization coverage was 12% lower (aPR 0.88; 95% CI 0.82, 0.94) and Tdap immunization coverage was 20% lower (aPR 0.80; 95% CI 0.68, 0.95) for rural versus urban areas. Uninsured women in rural areas were less likely to receive influenza or Tdap vaccine compared to uninsured women in urban areas (aPR 0.65; 95% CI 0.50, 0.85 and aPR 0.73; 95% CI 0.57, 0.95, respectively).

Conclusions

Pregnant women residing in rural areas more commonly rely on Medicaid to financially support prenatal care but are less likely to have expanded or full access to Medicaid coverage, potentially contributing to disparities vaccine uptake during pregnancy and increased rates of vaccine‐preventable disease.
Ground truth constraints and remote sensing of lunar highland crust composition
Authors: Warren Paul H. , Korotev Randy L.
Published: February 2022

We review constraints on the magnitude and possible causes of discrepancies, or at least major disparities, among global and near‐global data sets for lunar highland surface composition. When compared with data from other sources, reported mafic mineral abundance results from the Kaguya Spectral Profiler (Kaguya SP) spectral reflectance method for four Apollo 16 soils appear systematically low by a factor of 0.6, or an even more extreme factor (~1/3) if viewed in relation to the soils’ nonglass or CIPW mineralogy. Also, whether evaluated on a global median basis or on the basis of site‐by‐site comparison (for Apollo 16, Luna 20, and Apollo 17), the compositions found by the Kaguya SP technique show discrepancy, or at least disparity, versus other mafic abundance observations by that same factor of ~1/3. Spectral reflectance does not supply a simple bulk analysis of the target soil. The reflectance mineralogical signal is preponderantly determined by the nonglass fraction, and especially the masswise subordinate 10–20 µm grain size fraction. Literature data show that in anorthositic lunar soil, chemical composition is fractionated, more extremely anorthositic, for the nonglass component compared to the glass component. Also, the grain size fraction (10–20 μm) that most closely matches bulk reflectance has a significantly higher abundance of impact/agglutinitic glass than does the coarser material that dominates the soil mass. The Kaguya SP mafic abundance calibration needs adjustment by a factor of nearly 3 if results are to be interpreted as indicative of the mineralogy of the underlying crust. A claimed detection of several hundred lunar 500 m scale purest anorthosite (PAN; ≥98 vol% plagioclase) locales among millions of spectral reflectance observations is dubious, in part because with large data sets, compositional extremes are inevitably exaggerated as a byproduct of analytical uncertainty. Preponderance of PAN composition is rare among terrestrial layered intrusive anorthosites and is neither required nor expected for the flotation crust of a global magma ocean. Buoyant flotation and compaction would not suffice to yield pure plagioclase unless adcumulus growth was negligible, and trace element contents of ferroan anorthosites show that their mafic silicate components are for the most part of adcumulus, not “trapped melt,” derivation. A PAN‐dominated crust would imply a curiously fractionated (low) thorium/aluminum ratio for the crust, an implausibly high mantle/crust Th concentration ratio, and an oddly low Th/Al for the bulk Moon. Remote sensing techniques for planetary regolith composition are not easy to calibrate, particularly near the extremes of composition‐space and sensitivity.
Foraging segregation between spotted (Stenella attenuata) and spinner (Stenella longirostris) dolphins in the Mexican South Pacific
Authors: Enríquez‐García Arturo Bell , Villegas‐Zurita Francisco , Tripp‐Valdez Arturo , Moreno‐Sánchez Xchel G. , Galván‐Magaña Felipe , Elorriaga‐Verplancken Fernando R.
Published: February 2022

Coexistence among sympatric species requires a certain degree of resource partitioning. In the Mexican South Pacific, information regarding the coexistence of Stenella attenuata (SA) and Stenella longirostris (SL) is lacking. Stable isotope analyses (δ15N and δ13C) were conducted to assess the differences in feeding habits to infer trophic position and amplitude as well as habitat use, based on Bayesian inference and a random forest (RF) classifier. Potential trophic relationships with other species were assessed by Bayesian mixing models. Feeding segregation between species was mainly based on carbon sources (δ13C: p(SA > SL) = 100%, RF Gini Impurity = 80%). Moreover, SA (n = 22) presented a broader isotopic niche than that of SL (n = 25; SIBER Bayesian Standard Ellipse areas = 0.91‰2 vs. 0.77‰2) with a 33% overlap, suggesting that SA uses more coastal habitats than SL. The most relevant prey species were the mesopelagic fish Benthosema panamense and the epipelagic fish Hyporhamphus naos (~50%), although B. panamense was more related to SL than SA: p(%SL > %SA) = 76.6%. The trophic positions were 4.0 (SA) and 3.8 (SL). Our results provide evidence of resource partitioning within a potential foraging ground for both dolphin species.
Burden of serious fungal infections in Honduras
Authors: Agudelo Higuita Nelson Iván , Varela Bustillo Diana , Denning David W.
Published: February 2022

Background

The burden of serious fungal infections in Honduras is unknown. The diagnosis of fungal diseases relies on almost exclusively on microscopy and culture limiting an accurate estimate of the burden of disease.

Objectives

The primary objective of the study was to estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Honduras using previously described methods.

Methods

National and international demographic data on population, HIV, tuberculosis, asthma, COPD and cancer were obtained. A thorough literature search was done for all epidemiological studies and case series of serious fungal diseases. Using these risk populations and whatever incidence and prevalence could be found that was most pertinent to Honduras, a burden estimate was derived.

Results

The estimated number of serious fungal infection was estimated to be between 178,772 and 179,624 with nearly 2300 cases of these representing opportunistic infections in people living with HIV. The incidence of histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis in people living with HIV is high and estimated to be 4.3 and 4.6 cases per 100,000 population respectively. Approximately 12,247–13,099 cases of aspergillosis and 164,227 of other serious fungal infections were estimated to occur each year.

Conclusion

An accurate estimate of the burden of serious fungal infections in Honduras is unknown but based on our results, likely significant. Serious fungal infections represent an important public health problem in Honduras affecting approximately 1.8% of the population. There is a clear need for better access to diagnostic tools and antifungals to conduct research to better understand the impact of fungal diseases in Honduras.