bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virgílio traduzido no Brasil: análise dos prefácios e notas dos tradutores
Authors: Fernandes Thaís
Published: May 2021

Este artigo apresenta as traduções das três obras de Virgílio, Geórgicas, Bucólicas e Eneida, publicadas no Brasil entre 1808 e 2016. Os prefácios e as notas dessas obras, quando escritos por seus respectivos tradutores, foram analisados a partir da teoria dos paratextos, desenvolvida por Genette. Por meio dessa análise, quatro temas foram identificados como mais recorrentes: contextualização da obra e seu autor; problemas e especificidades da tradução; diálogo entre tradutores; e justificativas para o projeto de tradução. Para exemplificar como os tradutores tratam cada um desses temas, foram selecionados exemplos de seus discursos, presentes nos prefácios e notas analisados. Por fim, a análise revelou a importância desses paratextos para a leitura e compreensão das obras de Virgílio pelos leitores de hoje.
O Rio Tradução
Authors: Santos Francisco Ewerton Almeida dos
Published: May 2021

O presente artigo consiste em uma contribuição teórica nos campos dos estudos da tradução, estudos pós coloniais e literaturas africanas. Toma por base o início do romance The River between, do escritor queniano Ngugi Wa T’hiongo, e algumas considerações feitas por estudiosos como Edward Said e Conceição Lima, propondo uma forma de pensar as relações entre línguas nativas africanas e as línguas das metrópoles imperiais nas literaturas africanas que problematize a celebração dos hibridismos diaspóricos. Para tal, recorre aos ensaios Decolonising the Mind, também de autoria de T’hiongo, e “Tradução e Cultura”, de Gayatri Spivak, no sentido de elaborar a imagem do “Rio tradução”, isto é, um lugar de encontros, trânsitos e deslocamentos, mas também de “sobrevida”, ou fortleben, para usar o termo de Walter Benjamim.
Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Ketertarikan Penumpang Terhadap Pengguna Jasa Kapal PELNI Ditengah Pandemi COVID-19 ( Studi Kasus PT.PELNI (Persero) Cabang Semarang )
Authors: Hidayati Ratna , Roqim Nur , Wibisono Rian Arif
Published: May 2021

Pada tahun 2019 PT.PELNI (Persero) dengan kapal dari dan dengan tujuan ke Semarang mengalami kenaikan penumpang. Perlunya perusahaan terus berinovasi melalui aspek-aspek perusahaan baik dalam kenyamanan, pelayanan, dan brand image untuk menyeimbangkan dengan biaya atau harga yang telah dikeluarkan oleh pengguna jasa. Salah satu strategi yang dilakukan PT PELNI (Persero) adalah dengan melakukan sejumlah penyesuaian pelayanan kapal ditengah wabah Covid-19. Salah satunya adalah mempersiapkan kebijakan memberlakukan skema portstay secara bergantian bagi seluruh kapal. Menunjukan bahwa, Berdasarkan data empirik (hasil pengisisan kuesioner) dan hasil regresi linier berganda menunjukan bahwa variabel Kenyamanan (X1) memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap ketertarikan pengguna jasa, dimana nilai thitung 2,781 > ttabel 1,984. Variabel Pelayanan (X2) memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap ketertarikan pengguna jasa dimana nilai thitung 3,328 > ttabel 1,984. Variabel Brand Image (X3) juga memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap ketertarikan pengguna jasa mempunyai nilai  thitung sebesar 2,813 > ttabel sebesar 1,984. Dengan demikian hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antara Kenyamanan, Pelayanan dan Brand Image terhadap Ketertarikan Pengguna Jasa.

Kata Kunci : Kenyamanan, Pelayanan, Brand Image dan Ketertarikan Pengguna Jasa
Evolution of volatility and composition in sesquiterpene-mixed and α-pinene secondary organic aerosol particles during isothermal evaporation
Authors: Li Zijun , Buchholz Angela , Ylisirniö Arttu , Barreira Luis , Hao Liqing , Schobesberger Siegfried , Yli-Juuti Taina , Virtanen Annele
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Efforts have been spent on investigating the isothermal evaporation of α-pinene SOA particles at ranges of conditions and decoupling the impacts of viscosity and volatility on evaporation. However, little is known about the evaporation behavior of SOA particles from biogenic organic compounds other than α-pinene. In this study, we investigated the isothermal evaporation behaviors of α-pinene (αpin) and sesquiterpene mixture (SQTmix) SOA particles under a series of relative humidity (RH) conditions. With a set of in-situ instruments, we monitored the evolution of particle size, volatility, and composition during evaporation. Our finding demonstrates that the SQTmix SOA particles evaporated slower than the αpin ones at any set of RH (expressed with the volume fraction remaining (VFR)), which is primarily due to their lower volatility and possibly aided by higher viscosity under dry conditions. We further applied positive matrix factorization (PMF) to thermal desorption data containing volatility and composition information. Analyzing the net change ratios (NCRs) of each PMF-resolved factor, we can quantitatively compare how each sample factor evolves with increasing evaporation time/RH. When sufficient particulate water content was present in either SOA system, the most volatile sample factor was primarily lost via evaporation and changes in other sample factors were mainly governed by aqueous-phase processes. The evolution of each sample factor of SQTmix SOA particles was controlled by a single type of process, whereas for αpin SOA particles it was regulated by multiple processes. As indicated by the coevolution of VFR and NCR, the effect of aqueous-phase processes could vary from one to another according to particle type, sample factors and evaporation timescale.
GUV long-term measurements of total ozone column and effective cloud transmittance at three Norwegian sites
Authors: Svendby Tove M. , Johnsen Bjørn , Kylling Arve , Dahlback Arne , Bernhard Germar H. , Hansen Georg H. , Petkov Boyan , Vitale Vito
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Measurements of total ozone column and effective cloud transmittance have
been performed since 1995 at the three Norwegian sites Oslo/Kjeller,
Andøya/Tromsø, and in Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard). These sites are a
subset of nine stations included in the Norwegian UV monitoring network, which uses ground-based ultraviolet (GUV) multi-filter instruments and is operated by the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA) and the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU). The network includes unique data sets of high-time-resolution measurements that can be used for a broad range of atmospheric and biological exposure studies. Comparison of the 25-year records of GUV (global sky) total ozone measurements with Brewer direct sun (DS) measurements shows that the GUV instruments provide valuable supplements to the more standardized ground-based instruments. The GUV instruments can fill in missing data and extend the measuring season at sites with reduced staff and/or characterized by harsh environmental conditions, such as Ny-Ålesund. Also, a harmonized GUV can easily be moved to more remote/unmanned locations and provide independent total ozone column data sets. The GUV instrument in Ny-Ålesund captured well the exceptionally large Arctic ozone depletion in March/April 2020, whereas the GUV instrument in Oslo recorded a mini ozone hole in December 2019 with total ozone values below 200 DU. For all the three Norwegian stations there is a slight increase in total ozone from 1995 until today. Measurements of GUV effective cloud transmittance in Ny-Ålesund indicate that there has been a significant change in albedo during the past 25 years, most likely resulting from increased temperatures and Arctic ice melt in the area surrounding Svalbard.
Measurement report: Online measurement of gas-phase nitrated phenols utilizing a CI-LToF-MS: primary sources and secondary formation
Authors: Song Kai , Guo Song , Wang Haichao , Yu Ying , Wang Hui , Tang Rongzhi , Xia Shiyong , Gong Yuanzheng , Wan Zichao , Lv Daqi , Tan Rui , Zhu Wenfei , Shen Ruizhe , Li Xin , Yu Xuena , Chen Shiyi , Zeng Liming , Huang Xiaofeng
Published: May 2021

Abstract. To investigate the composition, variation, and sources of
nitrated phenols (NPs) in the winter of Beijing, gas-phase NPs were measured
by a chemical ionization long time-of-flight mass spectrometer (CI-LToF-MS). A
box model was applied to simulate the secondary formation process of NPs. In
addition, the primary sources of NPs were resolved by a non-negative matrix
factorization (NMF) model. Our results showed that secondary formation
contributed 38 %, 9 %, 5 %, 17 %,
and almost 100 % of the nitrophenol (NP), methyl-nitrophenol (MNP),
dinitrophenol (DNP), methyl-dinitrophenol (MDNP or DNOC), and
dimethyl-nitrophenol (DMNP) concentrations. The phenol–OH reaction was the
predominant loss pathway (46.7 %) during the heavy pollution
episode, which produced the phenoxy radical (C6H5O). The phenoxy
radical consequently reacted with NO2 and produced nitrophenol. By
estimating the primarily emitted phenol from the ratio of phenol/CO from
freshly emitted vehicle exhaust, this study proposed that oxidation of primary
phenol contributes much more nitrophenol (37 %) than that from
benzene oxidation (<1 %) in the winter of Beijing. The latter
pathway was widely used in models and might lead to great uncertainties. The
source apportionment results by NMF indicated the importance of combustion
sources (>50 %) to the gas-phase NPs. The industry source
contributed 30 % and 9 % to DNP and MDNP, respectively,
which was non-negligible. The concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis
demonstrated that regional transport from provinces that surround the Yellow
and Bohai seas contributed more primary NPs to Beijing. Both primary sources
and secondary formation at either local or regional scale should be considered
when making control policies of NPs.
Validation of tropospheric ties at the test setup GNSS co-location site Potsdam
Authors: Kitpracha Chaiyaporn , Heinkelmann Robert , Ramatschi Markus , Balidakis Kyriakos , Männel Benjamin , Schuh Harald
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Atmospheric ties are theoretically affected by the height differences between antennas at the same site and the meteorological conditions. However, there is often a discrepancy between the expected zenith delay differences and those estimated from geodetic analysis, potentially degrading a combined solution employing atmospheric ties. In order to investigate the possible effects on GNSS atmospheric delay, this study set up an experiment of four co-located GNSS stations of the same type, both antenna and receiver. Specific height differences for each antenna w.r.t the reference antenna are given. One antenna was equipped with a radome at the same height and type as a antenna close to the ground. In addition, a meteorological sensor was used for meteorological data recording. The results show that tropospheric ties from the analytical equation based on meteorological data from GPT3, Numerical Weather Model, and in-situ measurements, and ray-traced tropospheric ties, reduced the bias of zenith delay roughly by 72 %. However, the in-situ tropospheric ties yield the best precision in this study. These results demonstrate, that the instrument effects on GNSS zenith delays were mitigated by using the same instrument. In contrast, the radome causes unexpected bias of GNSS zenith delays in this study. Additionally, multipath effects at low-elevation observations degraded the tropospheric east gradients.
Hilltop curvature as a proxy for erosion rate: Wavelets enable rapid computation and reveal systematic underestimation
Authors: Struble William T. , Roering Joshua J.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Estimation of erosion rate is an important component of landscape evolution studies, particularly in settings where transience or spatial variability in uplift or erosion generates diverse landform morphologies. While bedrock rivers are often used to constrain the timing and magnitude of changes in baselevel lowering, hilltop curvature (or convexity), CHT, provides an additional opportunity to map variations in erosion rate given that average slope angle becomes insensitive to erosion rate owing to threshold slope processes. CHT measurement techniques applied in prior studies (e.g. polynomial functions), however, tend to be computationally expensive when they rely on high resolution topographic data such as lidar, limiting the spatial extent of hillslope geomorphic studies to small study regions. Alternative techniques such as spectral tools like continuous wavelet transforms present an opportunity to rapidly document trends in hilltop convexity across expansive areas. Here, we demonstrate how continuous wavelet transforms (CWTs) can be used to calculate the Laplacian of elevation, which we utilize to estimate erosion rate in three catchments of the Oregon Coast Range that exhibit varying slope angle, slope length, and hilltop convexity, implying differential erosion. We observe that CHT values calculated with the CWT are similar to those obtained from 2D polynomial functions. Consistent with recent studies, we find that erosion rates estimated with CHT from both CWTs and 2D polynomial functions are consistent with erosion rates constrained with cosmogenic radionuclides from stream sediments. Importantly, our CWT approach calculates curvature 102–103 times more quickly than 2D polynomials. As such, continuous wavelet transforms provide a compelling approach to rapidly quantify regional variations in erosion rate as well as lithology, structure, and hillslope sediment transport processes, which are encoded in hillslope morphology. Finally, we test the accuracy of CWT and 2D polynomial techniques by constructing a series of synthetic hillslopes generated by a theoretical nonlinear transport model that exhibit a range of erosion rates and topographic noise characteristics. Notably, we find that neither CWTs nor 2D polynomials reproduce the theoretically prescribed CHT value for hillslopes experiencing moderate to fast erosion rates, even when no topographic noise is added. Rather, CHT is systematically underestimated, producing a power law relationship between erosion rate and CHT that can be attributed to artifacts from the increasing prominence of planar hillslopes that narrow the zone of hilltop convexity as erosion rate increases. As such, we recommend careful consideration of measurement length scale when applying CHT to estimate erosion rate in moderate to fast-eroding landscapes, where curvature measurement techniques may be prone to systematic underestimation.
Nemo-Nordic 2.0: Operational marine forecast model for the Baltic Sea
Authors: Kärnä Tuomas , Ljungemyr Patrik , Falahat Saeed , Ringgaard Ida , Axell Lars , Korabel Vasily , Murawski Jens , Maljutenko Ilja , Lindenthal Anja , Jandt-Scheelke Simon , Verjovkina Svetlana , Lorkowski Ina , Lagemaa Priidik , She Jun , Tuomi Laura , Nord Adam , Huess Vibeke
Published: May 2021

Abstract. This paper describes Nemo-Nordic 2.0, an operational marine forecast model for the Baltic Sea. The model is based on the NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) circulation model and the previous Nemo-Nordic 1.0 configuration by Hordoir et al. [Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 363–386, 2019]. The most notable updates include the switch from NEMO version 3.6 to 4.0, updated model bathymetry and revised bottom friction formulation. The model domain covers the Baltic and the North Seas with approximately 1 nautical mile resolution. Vertical grid resolution has been increased from 3 to 1 m in the surface layer. In addition, the numerical solver configuration has been revised to reduce artificial mixing to improve the representation of inflow events. Sea-ice is modeled with the SI3 model instead of LIM3. The model is validated against sea level, water temperature and salinity observations, as well as Baltic Sea ice chart data for a two-year hindcast simulation. Sea level root mean square deviation (RMSD) is typically within 10 cm throughout the Baltic basin. Seasonal sea surface temperature variation is well captured, although the model exhibits a negative bias of approximately −0.5 °C. Salinity RMSD is typically below 1.5 g/kg. The model captures the 2014 Major Baltic Inflow event and its propagation to the Gotland Deep. The skill analysis demonstrates that Nemo-Nordic 2.0 can reproduce the hydrographic features of the Baltic Sea.
A novel method for increasing water-yields, pine forests of the Northern Gulf of Mexico, USA
Authors: Crandall Christy Ann , St. Peter Joseph , Medley Paul , Drake Jason , Vernon Jordan , Ibeanusi Victor , Jagoe Charles , Chen Gang
Published: May 2021

Abstract. With a burgeoning world population that is expected to reach 10 billion by 2050, 30 % more than today, there is an urgent need to harness available water resources to support regions across the world. This study introduces a new method to identify, prioritize, and select areas for pine basal area reduction to maximize water yields in pine forests along the Northern Gulf of Mexico, USA. The method, demonstrated in the Apalachicola Region of Northwest Florida, an area covered by dense vegetation and pine plantation forests, has experienced freshwater loss due to increased upstream water demand, climate change, and past forest management practices. Potential initial water-yield gains were: 1) 469 m3 d−1 if all pine basal areas were reduced from current to a maximum of 18 m2 ha−1, and 53,400 m3 d−1 if pine basal areas were reduced from current to a maximum of 7 m2 ha−1 for the Apalachicola Region. The method identifies watersheds mainly along the Apalachicola and other rivers and near the Gulf coast that have the greatest potential to increase water yields. Increasing forest water yields translates to increased freshwater availability and improved forest and soil health, water quality, and ecosystem function, services, and resilience, as well as socioeconomic outcomes for communities and people who rely on ecotourism and fisheries for their livelihoods. This method will empower forest managers to focus scarce resources in targeted areas to maximize water-resource benefits per resource investment. Although demonstrated in the Apalachicola Region, the method is easily transferable throughout other pine forests of the Northern Gulf Coast Region. This scientifically sound method is repeatable, scalable, and easily upgraded and adapted as newer, higher resolution datasets become available and relationships between forest metrics, evapotranspiration, and water yields are improved.
Dynamical forcings in heavy precipitation events over Italy: lessons from the HyMeX SOP1 campaign
Authors: Miglietta Mario Marcello , Davolio Silvio
Published: May 2021

Abstract. The first Special Observation Period (SOP1) of HyMeX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean eXperiment) was held in Fall 2012 and focused on heavy precipitation events (HPEs) and floods in the northwestern Mediterranean. Nine intensive observation periods (IOPs) involved the three Italian target areas (north-eastern Italy, NEI; Liguria and Tuscany, LT; central Italy, CI), enabling an unprecedented analysis of precipitation systems in these regions. In the present work, we highlight the major findings emerging from the HyMeX campaign and in the subsequent research activity over the three target areas, by means of conceptual models and through the identification of the relevant recursive mesoscale features. For NEI, two categories of events (Upstream and Alpine HPEs) have been identified, which differ mainly in the temporal evolution of the stability of the upstream environment and of the intensity of the impinging flow (i.e., the Froude number). The numerical simulation of convection in the Po Valley was found very sensitive to small changes in the environmental conditions, especially when they are close to the threshold between “flow-over” and “flow-around” regimes. Some mesoscale features (e.g., the presence of a shallow pressure minimum in the eastern Po Valley) were identified as fundamental to adequately simulate the detailed evolution of severe convective episodes. For LT, HyMeX SOP1 focused on orographically-enhanced precipitation over the Apennines and quasi-stationary mesoscale convective systems over the sea or close to the coast. For the latter category of events, associated with the majority of the recent HPEs in the area, local-scale or large-scale convergence lines appear fundamental to trigger and sustain convection. These lines are affected not only by the orography of the region, but also by perturbations induced by Sardinia and Corsica on the environmental flow. Cold pools formed via evaporation of precipitation also played a major role in determining the position of the trigger at later times. The accurate representation of the moisture structure below 2 km is the key to an accurate simulation of the timing and location of precipitation. For CI, a high low-level moisture content and marked low-level convergence over the sea were critical to support deep convection in IOPs affecting the Tyrrhenian coast. Also, an elevated moisture plume from the Tropics was observed to locally reinforce the intensity of the updrafts. For HPEs affecting the Adriatic regions, generally a cut-off low over the Tyrrhenian Sea induces intense Bora over the Adriatic basin. Low-level convergence triggers convection over the sea, while orographic uplift produces stratiform precipitation. The Adriatic Sea plays a critical role mainly through air-sea exchanges, which modify the characteristics of the flow and in turn the effect of the orographic forcing.
Applying Non-Parametric Bayesian Network to estimate monthly maximum river discharge: potential and challenges
Authors: Ragno Elisa , Hrachowitz Markus , Morales-Nápoles Oswaldo
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Non-Parametric Bayesian Networks (NPBNs) are graphical tools for statistical inference widely used for reliability analysis and risk assessment. However, few hydrological applications can be found in the literature. We therefore explore here the potential of NPBNs to reproduce catchment-scale hydrological dynamics by investigating 240 catchments with contrasting climate across the United States from the CAMELS dataset. First, two networks, one unsaturated (UN-1) and one saturated network (SN-1) based on hydro-meteorological variables are used to generate monthly maximum river discharge considering the catchment as a single element. Then, the saturated network SN-C, based on SN-1 but additionally including physical catchments attributes, is used to model a group of catchments and infer monthly maximum river discharge in ungauged basins based on the attributes similarity. The results indicate that the UN-1 model is suitable for catchments with a positive dependence between precipitation and river discharge, while the SN-1 model can reproduce discharge also in catchments with negative dependence. Furthermore, in ~40 % of the catchments analysed the SN-1 model can reproduce statistical characteristics of discharge, tested via the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistic, and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiencies (NSE) ≥ 0.5. Such catchments receive precipitation mainly in winter and are located in energy-limited regions at low to moderate elevation. Further, the SN-C model, in which the inference process benefits from catchment similarity, can reproduce river discharge statistics in ~10 % of the catchments analysed. However, in these catchments a common dominant physical attribute was not identified. In this study, we show that, once a NPBNs is defined, it is straightforward to infer discharge, when the remaining variables are known. We also show that it is possible to extend the network itself with additional variables, i.e. going from SN-1 to SN-C. Despite these advantages, the results also suggest that there are considerable challenges in defining a suitable NPBN, in particular for predictions in ungauged basins. These are mainly due to the discrepancies in the time scale of the different physical processes generating discharge, the presence of a “memory” in the system, and the Gaussian-copula assumption used by NPBNs for modelling multivariate dependence.
Advances in soil moisture retrieval from multispectral remote sensing using unoccupied aircraft systems and machine learning techniques
Authors: Araya Samuel N. , Fryjoff-Hung Anna , Anderson Andreas , Viers Joshua H. , Ghezzehei Teamrat A.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. This study investigates the ability of machine learning models to retrieve the surface soil moisture of a grassland area from multispectral remote
sensing carried out using an unoccupied aircraft system (UAS). In addition to multispectral images, we use terrain attributes derived from a digital
elevation model and hydrological variables of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration as covariates to predict surface soil moisture. We
tested four different machine learning algorithms and interrogated the models to rank the importance of different variables and to understand their
relationship with surface soil moisture. All the machine learning algorithms we tested were able to predict soil moisture with good accuracy. The
boosted regression tree algorithm was marginally the best, with a mean absolute error of 3.8 % volumetric moisture content. Variable importance
analysis revealed that the four most important variables were precipitation, reflectance in the red wavelengths, potential evapotranspiration, and
topographic position indices (TPI). Our results demonstrate that the dynamics of soil water status across heterogeneous terrain may be adequately
described and predicted by UAS remote sensing and machine learning. Our modeling approach and the variable importance and relationships we have
assessed in this study should be useful for management and environmental modeling tasks where spatially explicit soil moisture information is
important.
Introducing SlideforMap; a probabilistic finite slope approach for modelling shallow landslide probability in forested situations
Authors: van Zadelhoff Feiko Bernard , Albaba Adel , Cohen Denis , Phillips Chris , Schaefli Bettina , Dorren Lucas Karel Agnes , Schwarz Massimiliano
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Worldwide, shallow landslides repeatedly pose a risk to infrastructure and residential areas. To analyse and predict the risk posed by shallow landslides, a wide range of scientific methods and tools to model shallow landslide probability exist for both local and regional scale However, most of these tools do not take the protective effect of vegetation into account. Therefore, we developed SlideforMap (SfM), which is a probabilistic model that allows for a regional assessment of shallow landslide probability while considering the effect of different scenarios of forest cover, forest management and rainfall intensity. SfM uses a probabilistic approach by distributing hypothetical landslides to uniformly randomized coordinates in a 2D space. The surface areas for these hypothetical landslides are derived from a distribution function calibrated from observed events. For each randomly generated landslide, SfM calculates a factor of safety using the limit equilibrium approach. Relevant soil parameters, i.e. angle of internal friction, soil cohesion and soil depth, are assigned to the generated landslides from normal distributions based on mean and standard deviation values representative for the study area. The computation of the degree of soil saturation is implemented using a stationary flow approach and the topographic wetness index. The root reinforcement is computed based on root proximity and root strength derived from single tree detection data. Ultimately, the fraction of unstable landslides to the number of generated landslides, per raster cell, is calculated and used as an index for landslide probability. Inputs for the model are a digital elevation model, a topographic wetness index and a file containing positions and dimensions of trees. We performed a calibration of SfM for three test areas in Switzerland with a reliable landslide inventory, by randomly generating 1000 combinations of model parameters and then maximising the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the receiver operation curve (ROC). These test areas are located in mountainous areas ranging from 0.5–7.5 km2, with varying mean slope gradients (18–28°). The density of inventoried historical landslides varied from 5–59 slides/km2. AUC values between 0.67 and 0.92 indicated a good model performance. A qualitative sensitivity analysis indicated that the most relevant parameters for accurate modeling of shallow landslide probability are the soil depth, soil cohesion and the root reinforcement. Further, the use of single tree detection in the computation of root reinforcement significantly improved model accuracy compared to the assumption of a single constant value of root reinforcement within a forest stand. In conclusion, our study showed that the approach used in SfM can reproduce observed shallow landslide occurrence at a catchment scale.
Enhanced diapycnal mixing by polarity-reversing internal solitary waves in the South China Sea
Authors: Gong Yi , Song Haibin , Zhao Zhongxiang , Guan Yongxian , Zhang Kun , Kuang Yunyan , Fan Wenhao
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Shoaling internal solitary waves near the Dongsha Atoll in the South China Sea dissipate their energy and thus enhance diapycnal mixing, which have an important impact on the oceanic environment and primary productivity. The enhanced diapycnal mixing is patchy and instantaneous. Evaluating its spatiotemporal distribution requires comprehensive observation data. Fortunately, seismic oceanography meets the requirements, thanks to its high spatial resolution and large spatial range. In this paper, we studied three internal solitary waves in reversing polarity near the Dongsha Atoll, and calculated the spatial distribution of resultant diapycnal diffusivity. Our results show that the average diffusivities along three survey lines are two orders of magnitude larger than the open-ocean value. The average diffusivity in the internal solitary wave with reversing polarity is three times that of the non-polarity-reversal region. The diapycnal diffusivity is higher at the front of one internal solitary wave, and gradually decreases from shallow to deep water in the vertical direction. Our results also indicates that (1) the enhanced diapycnal diffusivity is related to reflection seismic events; (2) convective instability and shear instability may both contribute to the enhanced diapycnal mixing in the polarity-reversing process; and (3) the difference between our and previous diffusivity profiles is about 2–3 orders of magnitude, but their vertical distribution is almost the same.
Geophysical and biogeochemical observations using BGC Argo floats in the western North Pacific during late winter and early spring. Part 1: Restratification processes of the surface mixed layer
Authors: Inoue Ryuichiro , Sukigara Chiho , Bishop Stuart , Oka Eitarou , Nagai Takeyoshi
Published: May 2021

Abstract. To understand oceanic restratification in the subtropical northwestern Pacific and its influence on biogeochemical (BGC) processes, we examined post-storm restratification events observed from February to April 2018 by BGC-Argo floats, the BGC data from which were stoichiometrically analyzed by Sukigara et al. (2021; this issue). We found that during these events, restratification of the mixed layer (ML) was driven by geostrophic adjustment or ML eddy formation related to surface cooling during February to March. At the end of March, high surface chlorophyll a concentrations were observed within submesoscale eddies and at the edge of a mesoscale cyclonic feature observed from satellite data. Our results indicate that primary production in the subtropical northwestern Pacific is enhanced by the combined effects of mesoscale upwelling, storm-driven formation of a deep ML, subsequent formation of ML eddies, weak cooling, and the length of intervals between storms.
Impacts of snow data and processing methods on the interpretation of long-term changes in Baffin Bay sea ice thickness
Authors: Glissenaar Isolde A. , Landy Jack C. , Petty Alek A. , Kurtz Nathan T. , Stroeve Julienne C.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. In the Arctic, multi-year sea ice is being rapidly replaced by seasonal sea ice. Baffin Bay, situated between Greenland and Canada, is part of the seasonal ice zone. In this study, we present a long-term multi-mission assessment (2003–2020) of spring sea ice thickness in Baffin Bay from satellite altimetry and sea ice charts. Sea ice thickness within Baffin Bay is calculated from Envisat, ICESat, CryoSat-2 and ICESat-2 freeboard estimates, alongside a proxy from the ice chart stage of development that closely matches the altimetry data. We study the sensitivity of sea ice thickness results estimated from an array of different snow depth and snow density products and methods for redistributing low resolution snow data onto along-track altimetry freeboards. The snow depth products that are applied include a reference estimated from the Warren climatology, a passive microwave snow depth product, and the dynamic snow scheme SnowModel-LG. We find that applying snow depth redistribution to represent small-scale snow variability has a considerable impact on ice thickness calculations from laser freeboards but was unnecessary for radar freeboards. Decisions on which snow loading product to use and whether to apply snow redistribution can lead to different conclusions on trends and physical mechanisms. For instance, we find an uncertainty envelope around the March mean sea ice thickness of 13 % for different snow depth/density products and redistribution methods. Consequently, trends in March sea ice thickness from 2003–2020 range from −23 cm/dec to 17 cm/dec, depending on which snow depth/density product and redistribution method is applied. Over a longer timescale, since 1996, the proxy ice chart thickness product demonstrates statistically significant thinning within Baffin Bay of 7 cm/dec. Our study provides further evidence for long-term asymmetrical trends in Baffin Bay sea ice thickness (with −17.6 cm/dec thinning in the west and 10.8 cm/dec thickening in the east of the bay) since 2003. This asymmetrical thinning is consistent for all combinations of snow product and processing method, but it is unclear what may have driven these changes.
Automated detection and classification of synoptic scale fronts from atmospheric data grids
Authors: Niebler Stefan , Miltenberger Annette , Schmidt Bertil , Spichtinger Peter
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Automatic determination of fronts from atmospheric data is an important task for weather prediction. In this paper we introduce a deep neural network to detect and classify fronts from multi-level ERA5 reanalysis data. Model training and prediction is evaluated using two different regions covering Europe and North America. We apply label deformation within our loss function which removes the need for skeleton operations or other complicated post processing steps as observed in other work, to create the final output. We observe good prediction scores with CSI higher than 62.9 % and a Object Detection Rate of more than 73 %. Frontal climatologies of our network are highly correlated (greater than 79.6 %) to climatologies created from weather service data. Evaluated cross sections further show that our networks classification is physical plausible. Comparison with a well-established baseline method (ETH Zurich) shows a better performance of our network classification.
Experimental study of the effect of a slat on the aerodynamic performance of a thick base airfoil
Authors: Viré Axelle , LeBlanc Bruce , Steiner Julia , Timmer Nando
Published: May 2021

Abstract. There is continuous effort to try and improve the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine blades. This experimental study focusses on the addition of a passive slat on a thick airfoil typically used in the inboard part of commercial wind turbine blades. Nine different slat configurations are considered, with both a clean and tripped main airfoil. The results are compared with the performances of the airfoil without slat, as well as the airfoil equipped with vortex generators. It is found that, when the airfoil is clean, the increase in lift-to-drag ratio due to the presence of a slat is larger than when vortex generators are used. This is also true for the tripped airfoil, but only at small angles of attack. As expected, in all configurations, the presence of the slat delays flow separation and stall. Finally, for a clean airfoil and small angles of attack, the slat decreases the lift-to-drag ratio of the main airfoil only. By contrast, as the angle of attack increases, it seems that the slat changes the flow field around the main airfoil in such a way that its lift-to-drag ratio becomes larger than for the airfoil without slat. These effects are less pronounced when the airfoil is tripped. This work helps to better understand the role of slat in improving the aerodynamics of blade sections. It can also be used to validate simulation tools in the field.
A simplified model for transition prediction applicable to wind-turbine rotors
Authors: Fava Thales , Lokatt Mikaela , Sørensen Niels , Zahle Frederik , Hanifi Ardeshir , Henningson Dan
Published: May 2021

Abstract. This work aims to develop a simple framework for transition prediction over wind-turbine blades, including effects of the blade rotation and spanwise velocity without requiring fully three-dimensional simulations. The framework is based on a set of boundary-layer equations (BLEs) and parabolized stability equations (PSEs), including rotation effects. An important element of the developed BL method is the modeling of the spanwise velocity at the boundary-layer edge. The two analyzed wind-turbine geometries correspond to a constant airfoil and the DTU 10-MW Reference Wind Turbine blades. The BL model allows an accurate prediction of the chordwise velocity profiles. Further, for regions not too close to the stagnation point and root of the blade, profiles of the spanwise velocity agree with those from Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations. The model also allows predicting inflectional velocity profiles for lower radial positions, which may allow crossflow transition. Transition prediction is performed at several radial positions through an “envelope-of-envelopes” methodology. The results are compared with the eN method of Drela and Giles, implemented in the EllipSys3D RANS code. The RANS transition locations closely agree with those from the PSE analysis of a 2D mean flow without rotation. These results also agree with those from the developed model for cases with low 3D and rotation effects, such as at higher radial positions and geometries with strong adverse pressure gradients where 2D Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves are dominant. However, the RANS and PSE 2D models predict a later transition in the regions where 3D and rotation effects are non-negligible. The developed method, which accounts for these effects, predicted earlier transition onsets in this region (e.g., 19 % earlier than RANS at 26 % of the radius for the constant-airfoil geometry) and shows that transition may occur via highly oblique modes. These modes differ from 2D TS waves and appear in locations with inflectional spanwise velocity. However, except close to the root of the blade, crossflow transition is unlikely since the crossflow velocity is too low. At higher radial positions, where 3D and rotation effects are weaker and the adverse pressure gradient is more significant, modes with small wave angles (close to 2D) are found to be dominant. Finally, it is observed that an increase in the rotation speed modifies the spanwise velocity and increases the Coriolis and centrifugal forces, shifting the transition location closer to the leading edge. This work highlights the importance of considering the blade rotation and the three-dimensional flow generated by that in transition prediction, especially in the inner part of the blade.
MARKETING MANIPULATIONS AND ADDICTIVE TECHNOLOGIES — THE VIRUS OF THE CONTEMPORARY
Authors: Kiseleva A.E.
Published: May 2021

Today it is difficult to meet a person who is not a user of social networks or computer games. Many people are not even aware of the pernicious influence of technology behind colorful app designs. This work reveals in detail the problem of the impact of addictive technologies on human health, and also conducts a social study that determines the level of awareness of the population about the technologies studied within this topic.
Un’illusione di femminile semplicità. Gli "Annali" delle Orsoline di Bellinzona (1730-1848)
Authors: Nicoli Miriam , Cleis Franca
Published: May 2021

Il presente volume unisce storia religiosa e prospettiva di genere offrendo percorsi di vita femminile consacrata tra adeguamento alla norma, intraprendenza in seno alla comunità, conflitti e concezioni diverse della spiritualità. Vicende complesse vissute tra XVIII e XIX secolo sullo sfondo di due rivoluzioni: la prima in seno al convento, che vide opporsi due fazioni capitanate rispettivamente dalla madre fondatrice e dalla figlia del fondatore; la seconda, epocale, che portò alla fine dell’Antico Regime nei territori della vecchia Confederazione elvetica e che diventò per le orsoline una controrivoluzione agguerrita per la riconquista della loro vita di comunità. I preziosi documenti manoscritti di mano femminile qui editi – in particolare il libro degli "Annali" – fanno luce sulla società dell’epoca: redatti in una minuziosa e preziosa cronistoria permettono di entrare all’interno di un Collegio orsolino e di coglierne le diverse sfaccettature, illustrandone la varietà e la densità delle relazioni e i giochi di potere. Non da ultimo, consentono di riflettere sulla literacy e sulla agency di donne cattoliche provenienti da regioni alpine.
El 'Kitāb al-Taŷribatayn ‘alà adwiyat Ibn Wāfid' de Ibn Bāŷŷa y Sufyān al-Andalusī. Edición árabe y traducción al español de las letras 'dāl-sīn'
Authors: Cabo-González Ana María
Published: May 2021

El Kitāb al-Taŷribatayn ‘alà adwiyat Ibn Wāfid, cuyos autores son Ibn Bāŷŷa y Sufyān al-Andalusī, es una obra farmacológica escrita en el siglo XII y de la que, hasta ahora, no se ha encontrado copia manuscrita alguna. Se trata de una recopilación de medicamentos simples, ordenada alfabéticamente, en la que se describen las propiedades farmacológicas de plantas, animales y minerales. Este trabajo propone la reconstrucción de una parte de lo que debió de ser el conjunto de la obra, a través de las citas que Ibn al-Bayṭār recopiló en el Kitāb al-Ŷāmi‘, concretamente se presentan la edición árabe y su traducción al español de las letras dāl-sīn.
Abrir grietas en el 'impasse', amarrar pueblos desde la literatura: la intertextualidad intercultural para la (de)construcción del discurso orientalista latinoamericano
Authors: Balghzal Ahmed
Published: May 2021

El propósito de este artículo es enfocar el uso que se hace de la intertextualidad en el discurso orientalista latinoamericano. Se pretende determinar, usando un enfoque analítico de carácter ecléctico, el papel de este recurso narratológico, primero, en la construcción de un paradigma etnocéntrico basado en un espectro epistemológico de orden hegemónico. Tal empleo que denominamos “intertextualidad nociva” se manifiesta claramente en algunas producciones literarias enmarcadas en el movimiento modernista. Pero también, como estrategia narrativa para la fundamentación de un nuevo modelo escritural de naturaleza transfronteriza que, por contraposición al primero, podremos denominar “intertextualidad intercultural”. Esta nueva enunciación se articula en función del encuentro de la mismidad occidental-latinoamericana y la alteridad oriental-marroquí, posibilitando de este modo la apertura de unas grietas en un sistema dedálico, responsable de un conocimiento distorsionado que ha llevado el entendimiento entre Oriente y Occidente a un impasse. Este artículo se inscribe, por lo tanto, en la dinámica de consolidar la labor erosiva y deconstructiva de un modelo prejuicioso que ha causado irreparables cicatrices en ambos bandos, y por consiguiente el acercamiento de pueblos y civilizaciones.
Language and style of the contemporary poet El Rass: a peculiar artist in the Lebanese musical scenario
Authors: De Blasio Emanuela
Published: May 2021

This research focuses on the linguistic analysis of texts taken from the production of the Lebanese rapper El Rass. After an excursus on the underground musical scenario in Lebanon, the work focuses on the language, themes and style of El Rass, the artist who gave birth to a new type of rap. His songs are characterized not only by rhyme, but also by a refined language, by cultural and social references and by a strong link with the Arab cultural tradition. The author favors Arabic, to the detriment of French or English, drawing on both the high register (Standard Arabic) and the low register (Lebanese Arabic) of the language. El Rass stands out, in style and language, from most of the Lebanese rappers and constitutes a particularly interesting case study.
Movimiento obrero y sindicatos. Un análisis desde el periodismo religioso en el tardofranquismo
Authors: Sánchez-Camacho Jesús , Watt Ninfa , Urchaga-Litago José David
Published: May 2021

En febrero de 1971 se publica la Ley Sindical 2/1971, una disposición que solo contiene novedades de carácter administrativo, sin establecer la libertad de asociación y participación ciudadana. En los últimos años del franquismo habían surgido colectivos que defendían los derechos de los trabajadores a través de huelgas y manifestaciones. La Doctrina Social de la Iglesia también defendió sus derechos y algunos sectores cristianos participaron en las revueltas. El periodismo religioso de aquel momento tuvo presente este tema en su agenda. Así lo hizo Vida Nueva, uno de los semanarios de carácter social y religioso más reconocidos en la prensa católica. En esta investigación se analiza el movimiento obrero, los derechos sindicales y su impacto en la sociedad e Iglesia española a través de los editoriales de la revista Vida Nueva entre 1968 y 1975. Las conclusiones del trabajo indican las propuestas de la revista orientadas hacia la defensa del mundo obrero, la promoción de la libertad, la autonomía y la representatividad de los sindicatos.
Harbinger of progress
Authors: Pereira Hugo Silveira
Published: May 2021

In the second half of the nineteenth century, Portugal undertook in its mainland and colonial territories an ambitious modernising programme based on technoscientific grounds. From the late 1870s onwards, such programme was widely advertised in Occidente, the most important illustrated journal of the time that published several drawings of original photographs. In this paper, I will analyse the imagery based on authentic photography related to technoscientific activities in Portugal and its colonies, using a methodology that combines semiotics with photojournalistic analysis. I claim that Occidente, by publishing drawings of photos, was crucial to create an image of Portugal as a modern, technoscientific, and imperial nation, before the development of halftone printing and photojournalism.
La Historia en las producciones cinematográficas de combates aéreos: El caso de Tora! Tora! Tora!
Authors: Jiménez Valero Javier
Published: May 2021

Este artículo explica el trabajo de documentación de la producción histórica estadounidense, Tora! Tora! Tora! (Richard Fleisher, Toshido Masuda y Kinji Fukasaku, 1970), que pretendió ser una película de calidad y con rigor histórico, sin perder de vista las dimensiones artísticas y de entretenimiento del cine. Se ha consultado el fondo de Elmo Williams en los archivos de la Margaret Herrick Library, la biblioteca de la Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de Estados Unidos en Hollywood. A través de esta correspondencia, 1.023 cartas consultadas aproximadamente, se han analizado, aplicando un método histórico descriptivo, las diferentes colaboraciones recibidas y las actuaciones a las que dieron lugar para la reconstrucción fidedigna del bombardeo de Pearl Harbor. Se muestra así que es posible contar la Historia en formato audiovisual.