bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing high-voltage solid-state lithium-metal battery performance through a stable solid-electrolyte interphase
Authors: Orue Ander , Arrese-Igor Mikel , Gonzalez Uxue , Gómez Nuria , Cid Rosalía , López-Aranguren Pedro
Published: August 2024

The development of next-generation batteries relies on addressing critical challenges such as the formation of a robust and stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) as well as mitigating lithium dendrite propagation.
Burstein-moss effect leads to an unusual suppression of bipolar conduction with shrinking bandgap
Authors: Zhao Chenxi , Cui Shengtao , Li Yuanlong , Wu Yunbo , Li Tongrui , Li Kai , Sun Liang , Sun Zhe , Xiao Chong , Xie Yi
Published: August 2024

The energy sum of bandgap and Fermi level shift (Eg + ΔEshift) is a better indicator than Eg alone for judging the ease of intrinsic excitation and bipolar conduction in thermoelectric materials.
Intravascular elimination of circulating tumor cells and cascaded embolization with multifunctional 3D tubular scaffolds
Authors: Chen Yijing , Li Cuiwen , Yang Jinghui , Wang Ming , Wang Yike , Cheng Shibo , Huang Weihua , Yuan Guohua , Xie Min
Published: August 2024

Gold nanotube-coated 3D tubular scaffolds implanted in vivo for intravascular elimination of circulating tumor cells and cascaded tumor embolization.
Chemical doping of a semicrystalline polymeric semiconductor realizing high stability and work function
Authors: Xiao Zhenyun , Ishii Masaki , Takeya Jun , Ariga Katsuhiko , Yamashita Yu
Published: August 2024

Using ion-exchange doping under ambient conditions, combinations of a polymeric semiconductor and dopant anions were studied to achieve high stability and work function.
Chiral cyanobiphenyl dimers – significance of the linking group for mesomorphic properties and helical induction
Authors: Ožegović Antonija , Hobbs Jordan , Mandle Richard , Lesac Andreja , Knežević Anamarija
Published: August 2024

Chiral cyanobiphenyl dimers display rarely observed room-temperature twist-bend nematic (NTB) phase when the linking group is an ester, while the amide analogues are strong inducers of helical organization in the chiral nematic phase.
Imbalanced classification in faulty turbine data: New proximal policy optimisation
Authors: Modirrousta Mohammad Hossein , Aliyari Shoorehdeli Mahdi , Yari Mostafa
Published: August 2024

In industrial and real‐world systems, recognising errors and adopting the best approaches are gaining relevance. The authors’ goal is to identify artificial intelligence apps that provide the most reliable and valuable data‐based fault detection techniques. A system for fault identification is presented based on reinforcement learning and proximal policy optimisation (PPO). Due to the lack of fault data, one of the key issues with the standard policy is its inability to recognise fault classes; this issue was resolved by modifying the cost equation. Using improved PPO, the authors can improve performance, address data imbalances, and forecast possible failures more accurately. The approach utilises policy‐based optimisation, which offers several advantages. Firstly, it directly optimises the advantage quantity, and secondly, it ensures the stability of function approximation. The authors have studied two different turbines in Iran and collected data from them separately when a fault occurred. To demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithm, the authors have included the third and fourth datasets as cyber attack benchmarks. When the authors’ proposed policy is adopted, all evaluation metrics will improve by 3%–4% as compared to the previous policy in the first benchmark, between 20% and 55% in the second benchmark, between 6% and 14% in the third benchmark, and between 4% and 5% in the fourth benchmark, with improved results and prediction times compared to existing studies.
Enhancing lung transplantation with ECMO: a comprehensive review of mechanisms, outcomes, and future considerations
Authors: Pervaiz Butt Salman , Kakar Vivek , Abdulaziz Salman , Razzaq Nabeel , Saleem Yasir , Kumar Arun , Ashiq Fazil , Ghisulal Praveen , Thrush Aaron , Malik Sadaf , Griffin Mairead , Amir Mahanoor , Khan Umar , Salim Ashal , Zoumot Zaid , Mydin Izanee , Aljabery Yazan , Bhatnagar Gopal , Bayrak Yusuf , Obeso Andres , Ahmed Usman
Published: August 2024

Background: Lung transplantation (LTx) is a critical intervention for patients with end-stage lung disease. However, challenges such as donor organ scarcity and post-transplant complications significantly affect its success. Recent advancements in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) have shown promise in improving the outcomes and expanding eligibility for LTx. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on studies that explore the use of ECMO in lung transplantation. A thorough search of relevant studies on ECMO and LTx was conducted using multiple scholarly databases and relevant keywords, resulting in 73 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Sources included peer-reviewed journals and clinical trial results, with emphasis on articles captured recent advancements in ECMO technology and techniques. Results: ECMO has been crucial in supporting patients before, during, and after LTx. It serves as a bridge to transplantation by maintaining pulmonary and circulatory stability in critically ill patients awaiting donor organs. ECMO also aids in the evaluation of marginal donor lungs and supports patients through acute post-transplant complications. Recent technological advancements have improved the safety and efficacy of ECMO, further solidifying its role in LTx. Conclusion: In conclusion, this review underscores ECMO's critical role in enhancing outcomes across all stages of lung transplantation. Its various configurations and strategies have shown promise in stabilizing critically ill patients and improving transplant success rates. Looking ahead, it’s important to gather more information about the long-term outcomes and potential complications associated with ECMO use. More research and data collection will help us understand the benefits and risks better, leading to improved decision-making and patient care in this field.
Künstliche Intelligenz in der Kopf-Hals-Chirurgie: Potenziale und ethische Überlegungen
Authors: Fiedler Lukas S. , Meyer Tobias , Hüttemann Stefanie
Published: August 2024

Hintergrund KI-Technologien haben das Potenzial, die Art und Weise, wie Ärzte und Patienten interagieren, grundlegend zu verändern. Hier müssen sowohl positive als auch möglicherweise negative Auswirkungen berücksichtigt werden.

Die vorliegende Arbeit soll Einblicke in die aktuelle Nutzung und Wahrnehmung künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) in der Kopf-Hals-Chirurgie in Deutschland geben.

Material und Methoden Über SurveyMonkey konnte ein Fragebogen an 288 Adressaten zur aktuellen Nutzung von KI-Systemen, potenziellen Anwendungsbereichen, erwarteten Vorteilen, ethischen Bedenken und Maßnahmen zur Sicherung ethischer Aspekte versandt werden. Die Rücklaufquote betrug 10,06%.

Ergebnisse Aktuell sind KI-Systeme in der klinischen Praxis noch kaum in Anwendung (3,45%). Bei potenziellen Anwendungsbereichen kann sowohl die Diagnosestellung (82,76%) als auch die chirurgische Planung (72,41%) profitieren. Erwartet wird eine Verbesserung der Patientenversorgung (75,86%). Ethik und Datenschutz waren zentrale Anliegen, wobei Fehlkalkulationen der KI (75,00%) und der Schutz der Patientendaten (64,29%) als Hauptbedenken in der Befragung auffielen.

KI ist auch in der Kopf-Hals-Chirurgie noch nicht weit verbreitet, bietet aber ein hohes Potenzial für Verbesserungen. Ethik und Datenschutz spielen eine zentrale Rolle in der Diskussion um die Implementierung von KI-Technologien in die chirurgische Praxis. Die Notwendigkeit der ärztlichen Kontrolle (79,31%) und gesetzliche Kontrollinstanzen (51,72%) sind unabdingbare Sicherungsinstrumente.

Schlussfolgerung Die Notwendigkeit ethischer Richtlinien und einer Behandler-zentrierten Kontrolle wird deutlich, jedoch besteht Bedarf an gezielter Information und Schulung der Praktizierenden im Umgang mit KI-Technologien.
Synthesis of 9,9′-Bifluorenylidene-Based Porous Aromatic Frameworks (BF-PAFs) for Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Tao Xin , Wang He , Xu Xinmeng , Cao Linzhu
Published: August 2024

Photocatalytic technology is considered to be a sustainable strategy to convert H2O and O2 into H2O2. However, constructing photocatalytically active and stable organic photocatalyst remain a challenge. In this study, a new class of porous aromatic framework photocatalysts (BF-PAFs) were designed and synthesized, in which 9,9′-bifluorenylidene (99′-BF) and different alkynes are alternately connected. The BF-PAFs were constructed and served as photocatalysts for H2O2 synthesis. Experimental results show that the introduction of different alkynes can effectively regulate the optical band gap and energy band structure, which may further determine their photocatalytic performance. Upon visible light irradiation, PAF-370 exhibits high efficiency for photosynthesis of H2O2 with a production rate of 730 μmol g–1 h–1 in the presence of sacrificial reagent from water and oxygen via oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) pathway. Furthermore, up to 61 μmol H2O2 could be generated from this photocatalytic system after 14 hours.
Recent Advances in Saturated N-Heterocycle C–H Bond Functionalization for Alkylated N-Heterocycle Synthesis
Authors: Schafer Laurel L. , Zheng Cameron H. M.
Published: August 2024

The prominence of saturated N-heterocycle motifs in pharmaceuticals is undeniable. Challenges associated with the alkylation of saturated N-heterocycle scaffolds to efficiently access new drug analogues are hampered by synthetically laborious routes. Stereocontrolled alkyl-substitutions onto saturated N-heterocycles are particularly difficult to access in high yields by traditional synthetic methods. Alternatively, C–H bond functionalization provides a new and powerful synthetic avenue by directly and selectively functionalizing/alkylating/ arylating the abundantly available C–H bonds of saturated N-heterocycles. This review highlights complementary methods for directly activating and functionalizing C–H bonds of saturated N-heterocycles chemo-, regio-, and or stereoselectively to access alkylated products. This synthetic challenge has required catalyst development to access useful N-heterocyclic building blocks or for late-stage functionalization. Early transition metal, late transition metal, photoredox, and electrochemical methods are discussed. The selective functionalization of α, β, and γ C–H bonds to form new C–C, C–N, C–O, and C–B bonds is presented.

1 Introduction

2 Early Transition Metal Catalyzed α-Alkylation

3 Late Transition Metal Catalyzed α-Functionalization

4 Photoredox-Catalyzed α-Functionalization

5 Electrochemical α-Functionalization

6 C–H Functionalization of β and γ C–H Bonds

7 Conclusions/Outlook
Avaliação radiográfica do tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas supracondilianas do úmero em crianças
Authors: Rigatti Gabriel , Danesi Sérgio Roberto Canarim , Barbosa Rafaela Dias , Schreiner Douglas Backes
Published: August 2024

Objetivo Avaliar de forma radiográfica a qualidade da fixação das fraturas supracondilianas, identificando os fatores que contribuíram para uma redução inadequada e que aumentaram a chance de perda de redução no seguimento ambulatorial. As variáveis analisadas foram: traço de fratura, deslocamento inicial, período do dia em que a cirurgia foi realizada e técnica de fixação escolhida.

Métodos Revisão de prontuário eletrônico e avaliação radiográfica das fraturas supracondilianas operadas de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2022. A avaliação das radiografias foi baseada no ângulo de Baumann e na linha umeral anterior. Já a qualidade de fixação foi mensurada pelo número de corticais, pelo local de cruzamento e pela divergência dos fios.

Resultados Foram avaliados 194 casos, sendo a redução pós-operatória considerada ruim em 17%. A perda de redução aconteceu em 39 casos (20,10%), sendo que 19 (48,7%) desses pacientes apresentaram fixação insuficiente (p = 0,002). Dos casos operados durante o dia, 12,5% perderam a redução, comparados a 32% dos realizados nos períodos noturno e da madrugada (p = 0,001).

Conclusão Dessa forma, a qualidade da redução e a perda da fixação pós-operatória mostraram-se intimamente relacionadas aos erros técnicos e ao período do dia em que a cirurgia foi realizada.
Cortical Responses to Mother's Voice in Comparison with Unfamiliar Voice in the First Trimester of Life: A fNIRS Study
Authors: Dias Lurdiana Guimarães , Miranda Débora Marques de , Bertachini Ana Lívia Libardi , Januário Gabriela Cintra , Silva Rebecca Chrispim , Resende Luciana Macedo de
Published: August 2024

Introduction The use of functional near-infrared light spectroscopy (fNIRS) may be applied to study cortical responses in children and could offer insight into auditory and speech perception during the early stages of life. Some literature suggests that babies are already able to identify familiar voices at birth, and fNIRS is a non-invasive technique that can be used to study this population.

Objective To characterize the cortical responses of infants during their first trimester of life to infant-directed speech using near-infrared light spectroscopy and to verify whether there is a difference in responses when infant-directed speech is performed by their mother compared with an unknown person.

Methods Twenty-three children between 0 and 3 months, healthy, without risk indicators for hearing loss, and with results considered normal in the audiological evaluation were tested with near-infrared spectroscopy using infant-directed speech as an auditory stimulus produced by their own mother and by an unknown source.

Results Bilateral cortical activation was observed. The responses were present in the temporal, frontal, and parietal regions. Regarding the familiarity aspect, no significant difference was observed for the mother's voice compared with an unknown voice.

Conclusion Infant-directed speech has prosodic characteristics capable of activating several cortical regions in the infant's first trimester of life, especially the temporal region. The familiarity effect needs to be better defined for this type of stimulus during this period.
Unusual Presentation of Giant Malignant Melanoma in the Deltoid: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Vitor Ricardo Sozo , Schroder Letícia Bastos
Published: August 2024

The term giant melanoma was previously characterized as a significantly large melanoma, often exceeding 10 cm in diameter. The present case report presents our experience in managing a giant malignant melanoma in the deltoid region in a 79-year-old patient. Due to the size of the lesion, surgical resection with reconstruction using the pectoralis major muscle flap to cover the defect was chosen. The results showed that experimental treatment regimens and new therapeutic agents and techniques should be considered, since giant melanomas are often associated with several negative prognostic factors. Therefore, more studies are necessary for a better understanding of this pathology, which requires a multidisciplinary team for its treatment.
Assessing the Belt and Road Initiative’s environmental footprint: an impact evaluation analysis of African member countries
Authors: Elish Eman , AboElsoud Mostafa E.
Published: August 2024

This empirical study undertakes a rigorous examination of the environmental sustainability impact of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on its member countries. Employing a robust difference-in-difference quasi-natural experimental technique, our analysis spans a panel of 69 countries, covering the years from 1990 to 2022. Our primary metric for assessing ecological strain is the total Ecological Footprint consumption (EFP), measured in global hectares, which encapsulates the ecological exhaustion resulting from economic activities. This study not only contributes to the growing body of literature on the BRI’s economic, social, and environmental impacts but also distinguishes itself by providing experimental evidence of its environmental repercussions 10 years post-initiative commencement for member countries and 4 years for African countries in which the majority joined in 2018. Our findings reveal a significant increase in ecological footprint consumption among the BRI member countries after 2014, implying that participation in the BRI has contributed to heightened ecological depletion in these nations. Additionally, our analysis highlights the same impact for African countries, where ecological footprint consumption substantially escalated after joining the BRI in 2018. This pivotal discovery calls for the attention of not only the Chinese government, a driving force behind the BRI, but also all member countries partaking in this international collaboration. It signals a potential ecological deficit and future productivity impairment, urging stakeholders to reconsider and address the environmental ramifications of their endeavors.
Evaluation of shock propagation and preheat from non-Planckian x-ray source driven polystyrene based ablators
Authors: Mishra Gaurav , Ghosh Karabi
Published: August 2024

The effect of non-Planckian radiation source is investigated in pure and 2% silicon doped polystyrene ablator foils by using radiation hydrodynamic simulations, covered over a broad range of drive parameters namely, its strength and hard or M-band x-ray contribution α (ratio of externally imposed Gaussian to original Planck energy density). The spatiotemporal dynamics of shock propagation indicates a large change in rear surface conditions, measured in terms of density and material temperature evolution with the increasing values of α and doping. Different scaling relations, motivated by the generalization of stationary x-ray driven ablation and strong shock theory, are proposed for different variables of interest that suggest a sharp and slow rise with strength and α of incident source, respectively. Just a 2% of silicon doping is able to increase the shock speed by ∼9% and, to reduce the shock breakout and the maximum preheating temperature by ∼40% and ∼50%, respectively for extreme drive conditions. A thorough understanding of the results is important in interpreting the present inertial confinement fusion experiments and proposing the next generation polystyrene based implosion designs for National Ignition Facility.
Image encryption algorithm based on optical chaos and Rubik’s cube matrix conversion
Authors: Zhou Xuefang , Sun Le , Zheng Ning , Chen Weihao
Published: August 2024

Security issues and privacy issues are serious problems facing today’s society, especially in image security, where privacy protection plays a pivotal role. To improve the security of images, we propose an image encryption algorithm based on optical chaos and Rubik’s cube matrix in this paper. First, optical chaos is generated by constructing an optical device model. Second, in the image encryption algorithm, optical chaos and Rubik’s cube matrix are used to encrypt the image at the bit level for the first time, and a “U” type encryption method is designed, and different “U” type encryption schemes are selected to encrypt the image for the second time. Finally, the “four-way diffusion” algorithm is used to diffuse the encrypted image, which further improves the security of the image. The computer simulations and security analysis results both confirm that ciphertext images can resist various common attack means, such as statistical attacks, differential attacks, and brute force attacks. In this paper, the proposed algorithm of decimal conversion, “U” encryption, and “quadrangle diffusion” makes the pixel value and pixel position change greatly, and the ciphertext image loses the original features of the plaintext image, which shows that the algorithm has good security performance and is suitable for image encryptions.
Analytical capabilities for iodine detection: Review of possibilities for different applications
Authors: Riley Brian J. , Beck Chelsie L. , Evarts Jonathan S. , Chong Saehwa , Lines Amanda M. , Felmy Heather M. , McFarlane Joanna , Andrews Hunter B. , Bryan Samuel A. , McHugh Kelly C. , Cunningham Heather S. , Asmussen R. Matthew , Dhas Jeffrey A. , Zhu Zihua , Crum Jarrod V. , Shen Steve D. , McCloy John S. , Heiden Zachariah M.
Published: August 2024

This Review summarizes a range of analytical techniques that can be used to detect, quantify, and/or distinguish between isotopes of iodine (e.g., long-lived 129I, short-lived 131I, stable 127I). One reason this is of interest is that understanding potential radioiodine release from nuclear processes is crucial to prevent environmental contamination and to protect human health as it can incorporate into the thyroid leading to cancer. It is also of interest for evaluating iodine retention performances of next-generation iodine off-gas capture materials and long-term waste forms for immobilizing radioiodine for disposal in geologic repositories. Depending upon the form of iodine (e.g., molecules, elemental, and ionic) and the matter state (i.e., solid, liquid, and gaseous), the available options can vary. In addition, several other key parameters vary between the methods discussed herein, including the destructive vs nondestructive nature of the measurement process (including in situ vs ex situ measurement options), the analytical data collection times, and the amount of sample required for analysis.
A novel design of multilevel disk-type axial flux eddy current heating (AFECH) device: A sustainable approach for feed water heating in reverse osmosis desalination
Authors: Somasi Anantha Sai , Srichandan Kondamudi
Published: August 2024

Feed water temperature has a role in controlling the specific energy consumption (SEC) of reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants. Higher feed water temperatures result in lower SEC values, making management of temperature a key consideration for optimum energy efficiency in RO desalination. This paper introduces an Axial Flux Eddy Current Heating (AFECH) device to increase the temperature of feed water with the help of eddy currents. A 3D model of AFECH is designed and developed in ANSYS to analyze the magnetic characteristics, heat flux, and temperature on the aluminum plate. A hardware setup is designed to prove the concept of AFECH. Different observations are tabled for different rotor speeds. The design of AFECH is extended into a more practical approach, and this paper proposes a novel design of a multilevel disk-type AFMECH device. Based on the observations, multilevel disk-type AFMECH has raised the temperature of feed water from 29 to 60 °C. Based on the comparison between normal RO desalination and RO with a multilevel disk-type AFMECH system, the specific energy consumption has observed to be decrease from 1.16 to 0.6213 kWh/m3.
Error-controlled adaptive machining of aeronautical cabin structures by laser triangulation on-machine measurement
Authors: Ding Dawei , Xu Fengyu , Chen Zhong , Fu Yucan
Published: August 2024

Laser Triangulation On-Machine Measurement (LTOMM) is being implemented increasingly to inspect aeronautical components accurately and efficiently, with its enhanced application in adaptive machining. This work proposes an error compensation and controlling method for measuring the typical features of steps, holes, and freeform surfaces to improve accuracy. Then, the global path to inspect the cabin’s structures is planned by introducing optimization algorithms, thus providing an appropriate sequence to shorten the traveling length. After these, the test piece was designed, measured, and manufactured using the adaptive machining process that integrates the LTOMM. The results show that the measurement errors of steps, holes, and freeform surfaces are +0.0092, −0.006, and +0.0406 mm, respectively, and further reduced to +0.0013, −0.0019, and +0.0083 mm after error controlling. The cabin’s freeform surface was fabricated with the maximum positive and minimum negative errors of +0.184 and −0.123 mm, which is evaluated by the mechanical probe. The measured data-driven machining process can guarantee that the error satisfies the required tolerance, promoting the application of the LTOMM process in aeronautical intelligent manufacturing.
Study on the processing characteristics of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics by ultra-short pulse laser
Authors: Wu Ningqiang , Zhai Zhaoyang , Cui Yahui , Ji Xiaomin , Li Zhe , Sun Jinwei
Published: August 2024

This paper explores the characteristics of processing carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) materials with ultra-short pulsed lasers. By combining experimental and numerical simulation methods, the processing characteristics when ultra-short pulsed lasers interact with CFRP are analyzed, including processing depth, processing width, the formation of heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the microstructure of the processed surface. The experimental part involves using picosecond and femtosecond lasers to machine holes or slots in CFRP under different process parameters and comparing their morphologies. Numerical simulation constructs a three-dimensional model to predict the temperature field distribution and material removal dynamics during the laser processing process. The results of experiments and simulations indicate that picosecond laser processing produced a visible HAZ and thermal damage; as the power of the picosecond laser increases, the ablation holes and HAZ gradually expand. In contrast, no HAZ is observed in femtosecond laser processing. Femtosecond pulsed lasers can effectively reduce the thermal damage during the CFRP processing. The anisotropic properties of CFRP materials have a significant impact on the laser processing effects. The research findings provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the precise processing of CFRP materials, which is of great significance for the application of CFRP materials in fields such as aerospace and automotive manufacturing.
Kinetic study of shock formation and particle acceleration in laser-driven quasi-parallel magnetized collisionless shocks
Authors: Zhang Yu , Heuer Peter V. , Davies Jonathan R. , Schaeffer Derek B. , Wen Han , García-Rubio Fernando , Ren Chuang
Published: August 2024

Quasi-parallel magnetized collisionless shocks are believed to be one of the most efficient accelerators in the universe. Compared to quasi-perpendicular shocks, quasi-parallel shocks are more difficult to form in the laboratory and to simulate because of their large spatial scales and long formation times. Our two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that the early stages of quasi-parallel shock formation are achievable in experiments planned for the National Ignition Facility and that particles accelerated by diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) are expected to be observable in the experiment. Repetitive ion acceleration by crossings of the shock front, a key feature of DSA, is seen in the simulations. Other characteristic features of quasi-parallel shocks such as upstream wave excitation by energetic ions are also observed, and energy partition between the ions and the electrons in the downstream of the shock is briefly discussed.
Dual-parameter optical fiber sensor using FFT amplitude demodulation in animal husbandry
Authors: Zhang Jiajun , Li Dexin , Zhang Haifeng , Ge Yixian
Published: August 2024

With the development of animal husbandry, modern animal husbandry puts forward higher requirements for the site environment. It is necessary to develop a set of low-cost, reusable, and networked environmental monitoring systems to ensure the healthy growth of livestock and poultry. This study proposes a dual-parameter optical fiber sensor composed of a single-mode fiber cavity and an air cavity using fast Fourier transform amplitude demodulation. The sensor is fabricated by corrosion and fusion, and the refractive index and temperature are investigated experimentally. The double-amplitude demodulation after fast Fourier transform is presented, and different amplitude peaks with different cavities are selected. The sensitivity coefficient matrix is used to measure the refractive index and temperature simultaneously, which avoids the error of inaccurate measurement due to changes in the ambient temperature. This sensor can realize multiplexing of sensors by using a wavelength division multiplexing system, and it is more suitable for the monitoring of animal husbandry networking.
Solid-state injection locking microwave amplifier
Authors: Lu Chenyang , Kim Mun , Zhang Chunlei , Hu Can-Ming
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we present the design and performance evaluation of a prototype device based on gain-driven polariton, which can function as an amplifier. This device can outperform a single microwave cavity in terms of phase noise and stability. Employed as a standalone amplifier, it demonstrates consistency between input and output phase noise, achieving a gain of up to 35 dB with a typical output of 5 dBm at 4.26 GHz. Despite its limited bandwidth, the device provides an effective solution for small signal amplification, ensuring minimal noise introduction.
Characteristics and mechanism of low-field peak in argon helicon plasma of single loop antenna
Authors: Xia Zhangyu , Zhang Tianliang , Cui Ying , Zheng Bocong , Ouyang Jiting
Published: August 2024

Low magnetic field density peak (LFP) is a typical nonlinear phenomenon in helicon wave discharge, which is characterized by the nonlinear increase in electron density with the magnetic field in lower magnetic fields. In this paper, the characteristics and generation mechanism of LFPs of argon helicon wave plasma excited by m = 0 single-loop antenna are studied by experiment and numerical simulation. Experimental results show that plasma density shows two peaks at increasing magnetic field in the range of 0–100 G. The first peak appears around 10 G, and the second one appears between 30 and 50 G. The peak density is related to gas pressure, radio frequency power, and tube dimension. From B-dot measurement, there exists obvious helicon wave structure in plasma at field strength around the LFP, with component of standing wave. Theoretical analysis demonstrated that the first density peak occurs on the demarcation line in density-magnetic field map where the H-wave limited by radial boundary condition begins to propagate, while the second peak is due to the fact that the axial wavenumber of H-wave decreases gradually with the increased magnetic field and the heating effect by standing wave resonance coupling is weakened above a critical magnetic field, leading to a sudden decrease in plasma density. Simulation by HELIC code shows that the change of radial distribution of power deposition reflects the conversion of heating mechanism from single TG-wave mode to H-TG wave coupled mode heating in low magnetic fields. The axial wavenumber with the maximum absorbed power decreases with the increased magnetic field, corresponding to the change of wave structure.
Improving plasma uniformity in the inductively coupled plasma by external magnetic field
Authors: Zhao Yang , Zhou Xiaohua , Zhang Jianxiang , Song Shasha , Zhao Yuzhen
Published: August 2024

To enhance etching efficiency and uniformity in process production, in this work, a two-dimensional fluid model was used to study the modulation effect of an external magnetic field on the argon–oxygen inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The study found that as the magnetic coil current increases, the electron density changes from center-high to uniform to edge-high distribution. The best plasma uniformity degree is 94%, obtained at a magnetic coil current of 10 A, which represents a 39% improvement over the unmagnetized ICP. The electric field reversal occurs during the transition from weak magnetization to strong magnetization. The electron temperature shows a single-peak to dual-peak to single-peak distribution during this period. In addition, we also found that gas pressure and oxygen ratio also impact magnetized plasma, where the effect of gas pressure on magnetized plasma is more significant than that of oxygen ratio. The results show that introducing an external magnetic field can significantly improve the plasma density and radial uniformity. This finding has contributed to enhancing plasma etching uniformity and optimizing etching processes.
Bio-oil yield maximization and characteristics of neem based biomass at optimum conditions along with feasibility of biochar through pyrolysis
Authors: Singh Yashvir , Singh Nishant Kumar , Sharma Abhishek , Lim Wei Hong , Palamanit Arkom , Alhussan Amel Ali , El-kenawy El-Sayed M.
Published: August 2024

There is a growing need for a more streamlined and automated method of refining biofuels, as there are currently no universally applicable process inspection instruments on the market. All process variables in bio-oil upgrading operations are maintained according to the offline specifications of the products and intermediates. Failure of the process and loss of resources can result from batch-wise monitoring not having real-time product standards. Consequently, in order to cut down on waste and lessen the chances of process failure, a quick and accurate tool for specifying intermediates and products is required. To resolve this issue, we created a model using response surface methodology and an artificial neural network that can increase the bio-oil yield involving parameters, i.e., biomass particle size (mm), temperature (°C), and residence time (min). The maximum bio-oil production (47.0883%) was achieved at 3 mm particle size, 523°C temperature, and 20 min residence time. All results are “better” for root mean squared error (∼1), and the highest coefficient of regression for bio-oil production is in the range of 0.97–0.99. Temperature is the most significant factor in bio-oil yield, followed by particle size and residence time. Based on physicochemical properties, bio-oil has the maximum kinematic viscosity (11.3 Cst) and water content (18.7%). Making bio-oil precious compounds allows it to be used as boiler feedstock and steam generation fuel.
Effects of electron beam irradiation on CrMnV and CrMnTiV high entropy alloys: Nano-mechanical, structural, and thermodynamic perspectives
Authors: Sultana N. A. , Mohammed Y. S. , Pendleton S. J. , Vennekate J. , Ciovati G. , Li X. , Baumgart H. , Elmustafa A. A.
Published: August 2024

Beam exit windows are crucial components of any particle accelerator as they provide an interface between the beamline vacuum and target material at atmospheric media. For high beam power machines, special materials and designs are required to withstand high radiation and mechanical loads, while minimizing energy loss during transition and maximizing window lifetime. This research investigates the impact of electron beam exposure to bulk CrMnV and CrMnTiV high entropy alloys (HEAs) with the primary goal of identifying suitable candidate materials for the design of robust and durable exit window settings. The selection criteria include intrinsic characteristics, power dissipation, and mechanical responses. According to the thermodynamic calculations, both equiatomic CrMnV and the addition of 7% of Ti with equiatomic CrMnV yield solid-solutions phases. The structural and mechanical properties of CrMnV and CrMnTiV samples were tested using field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microcopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and nanoindentation before and after exposure to a dose of ∼66 kGy from a 10 MeV e-beam accelerator. Despite exhibiting beam transmission characteristics comparable to Cr and V, the indentation hardness of HEAs exceeded that of the Cr and V samples by five to six times. The examination of the CrMnTiV irradiated samples revealed organized deformation patterns depicting new features, which we suspect twinning and twin boundaries due to the addition of Ti to CrMnV. Ti, a hexagonal-close-packed crystal structure, is commonly known for deformation twinning behavior.
Periodic nonlinear dust-acoustic waves in multispecies dusty plasmas
Authors: Verheest Frank , Olivier Carel P.
Published: August 2024

A pseudopotential analysis is presented for the propagation of nonlinear periodic dust-acoustic waves in a dusty plasma comprising cold negative dust, Boltzmann electrons, and Boltzmann or Cairns nonthermal positive ions, extending thus earlier treatments for ion-acoustic waves in electron–proton plasmas. The dusty plasma model where both electrons and ions are Boltzmann does not admit solitons, but works for nonlinear periodic waves. For consistency in the periodic case, two properties are required: conservation per cycle of species densities and that for very small amplitudes the waves resemble linear waves. The first property has to be imposed through a global perturbation of the undisturbed equilibrium, whereas the second property follows naturally from the formalism. After obtaining the general analytical methodology, a numerical analysis is discussed and illustrated with graphs for the electrostatic potential profile, the Sagdeev pseudopotential, the wave electric field, and the three different species densities, first for the Boltzmann and thereafter for the Cairns ions.
Thermal stability and slip effects in micropolar nanofluid flow over a shrinking surface: A numerical study via Keller box scheme with block-elimination method
Authors: Abbas Tasawar , Khan Sami Ullah , Saeed Munazza , Khan M. Ijaz , Ismail Emad A. A. , Awwad Fuad A. , Abdullaeva Barno Sayfutdinovna
Published: August 2024

The slip flow of nanofluids has engaged potential applications in different engineering processes, including oil recovery, aerodynamics, microfluidic and chip devices, lubrication and tribology, and environmental engineering. Following such motivated applications in mind, the objective of the current analysis is to incorporate multiple slip effects in the flow of micropolar nanofluids due to a shrinking surface. The velocity, thermal, and concentration slip effects are endorsed to analyze the flow. Insights into heat transfer are subject to the radiative phenomenon. The stability analysis of the defined problem has been performed. The developed problem into a dimensionless form is solved with the help of the Keller box scheme. The accuracy of solution is confirmed with available research data. The implementation of the Keller box technique leads to multiple solutions. Physical justification of the problem is presented for each flow parameter. It is observed that dual solutions exist for specific numerical values of involved parameters for the shrinking flow problem. A reduction in fluid velocity is noticed for the velocity slip parameter. The micro-rotational profile declined due to the micro-rotation parameter. Furthermore, heat transfer enhances due to Brownian and thermophoresis parameters.
Investigation of the possibility of generation of runaway electrons in subnanosecond gas discharges of high and ultrahigh pressure in the vicinity of microprotrusions on the cathode surface
Authors: Ivanov Stepan N. , Lisenkov Vasily V.
Published: August 2024

In the pressure range of 1–40 atm, experimental and theoretical studies of the processes of initiation and development dynamics of the initial stage of the self-sustained subnanosecond discharge in nitrogen, developing in a uniform electric field with the participation of runaway electrons, were carried out. Data on the maximum achievable values of the electric field strength in the discharge gap at the pre-breakdown stage of the discharge development and photographs of the microrelief of the surface of a stainless steel cathode formed during its training by subnanosecond high-voltage pulses were obtained. These data served as the basis for numerical 3D modeling of the development of an electron avalanche initiated by a field emission electron in a small region of enhanced electric field near a microinhomogeneity on the cathode. The possibility of transition of electrons in these avalanches to the runaway regime was studied. Cone-shaped microprotrusions, metal drops, and boundaries between pores and microcraters were considered as microinhomogeneities. It has been shown that the initial energy obtained by an electron near the microinhomogeneity can significantly facilitate its transfer into the runaway regime. This effect is especially noticeable at gas pressures higher 10 atm. As a result, at the stage of a self-sustained subnanosecond discharge formation, the runaway mode of an electron can be realized at the average reduced electric field strengths in the discharge gap, which are significantly lower than required by the runaway criterion.
The spin-glass-like behavior in antiperovskite Mn3AgN
Authors: Miao Zhuang , Guo Xinge , Yang Guang , Wang Ningning , Li Jinzong
Published: August 2024

The Mn3AgN-based manganese nitrides have attracted continuous attention due to the interesting functional properties, which is closely correlated with the magnetic evolution coupling with structural and electrical order. However, the attention on the fundamental magnetic behavior of the Mn3AgN matrix is still insufficient up to now. Here, the magnetic properties of Mn3AgN have been investigated by comprehensive magnetic measurements including dc magnetization, ac susceptibility, and magnetic relaxation. The results show that Mn3AgN undergoes two magnetic transitions with decreasing temperature: the transition from paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic (AFM) state at ∼285 K and from AFM to spin-glass-like (SGL) state at ∼110 K. The SGL state is essentially a mixed magnetic state of weak short-range ferromagnetic order and spin glass, and its appearance should be related to the AFM configuration of Γ4g with ferromagnetic component. The unique low-temperature magnetic structure of Mn3AgN makes it exhibit interesting low temperatures magnetic behavior, such as the magnetic irreversibility phenomenon, magnetic relaxation behavior, and so on.
Experimental investigation of the effect of mechanical vibration on the laminar premixed flame
Authors: Xu Bo , Wang Ningfei , Li Guangxi , Li Xinyan
Published: August 2024

Energy conversion from heat to acoustics remains one of the major challenges in high-performance propulsion systems. It has been found that structure vibration may lead to combustion instability, though the mechanism behind this is still unknown. In this paper, the impact of axial mechanical vibration on a premixed methane flame is studied experimentally, using an electromagnetic vibration exciter to drive the flame burner. The burner's movement is measured by the accelerometers. The flame morphology is captured by a high-speed camera with an image intensifier via long exposure times, and the local unsteady heat release rate is measured by a photomultiplier tube. The flame transfer functions are analyzed at various equivalence ratios and mean flow velocities. The results indicate that the mechanically induced vibration leads to a clear bandpass filtering effect on the premixed flame across different equivalence ratios and flow velocities without altering the peak frequency. In addition, as the vibration amplitude increases, the flame response saturates and the flame tips become wrinkled, especially when the driving frequency aligns with the response peak.
The Mullins–Sekerka theory: 60 years of morphological stability
Authors: Alexandrov Dmitri V. , Galenko Peter K.
Published: August 2024

Over 60 years of studying morphological stability under fundamental ideas of William Wilson Mullins and Robert Floyd Sekerka [J. Appl. Phys. 34, 323 (1963) and J. Appl. Phys. 35, 444 (1964)] it has become possible to explain the origin and selection of surface structures from planar to cellular, dendritic, and fractal patterns. The Mullins–Sekerka (MS) morphological instability theory provides a condition for stability or reconstruction of interfaces, which separates the phases during phase transformation. The MS-theory has come a long way in the conceptual understanding of the incipience of morphological instability and the formation of structures, although today, certain aspects of this theory continue to be discussed at the fundamental and quantitative level of its interpretation. In the sixtieth anniversary of this theory, we re-examine the MS-analysis under boundary conditions satisfying the smooth existence of temperature and its gradients in directional crystallization of a binary melt. These boundary conditions are dependent on the finite distance from the solidification front for providing directional solidification that quantitatively affects the amplification rate of perturbations in the solid–liquid front morphology.
A particle-in-cell study of electrostatic potential well formation in an edge-confined non-neutral plasma
Authors: Hongtrakul W. , Ordonez C. A. , Weathers D. L.
Published: August 2024

An edge-confined single-species plasma will relax to create a potential energy hill that climbs from the boundary. This hill represents a potential well for species of the opposite sign and can be a means to confine the second species. With this ultimate application in mind, we have studied the relation between the plasma temperature, the number of confined particles, and the electrostatic potential well that forms in a fully non-neutral plasma of electrons in a trapping volume with an artificially structured boundary (ASB). An ASB is a structure that produces periodic short-range static electric and magnetic fields for confining a plasma. To perform a detailed analysis on this topic, simulations using a particle-in-cell code have been performed. By varying the configurational elements of the ASB, such as the bias on the boundary electrodes and the internal radius of the structure, coupled with a course thermalization process and a prescribed threshold for particle leakage, potential well values were determined for a range of plasma temperatures and confinement conditions. Maximum well depths were observed below a threshold plasma temperature in each configuration. This study gives insight into the limitations of primary particle confinement with this type of structure and optimal conditions for the formation of a potential well that might be utilized to confine a second species.
Modeling of ball bearing churning losses
Authors: Hu Shuai , Gong Wuqi , Xu Xiangyu , Liu Xiaomin
Published: August 2024

Ball bearings are widely used in automotive driveline systems, and their performance plays a crucial role in driveline safety and transmission efficiency. However, the studies on revealing the internal flow mechanism of ball bearings and predicting the churning power loss under jet lubrication system are still insufficient. In this study, a numerical simulation model consisting of a bearing chamber, balls, and nozzles was developed. The flow under a series of operating conditions was simulated and the effects of different injection angles on the lubrication performance of the bearing were analyzed. In addition, a churning loss prediction model was established by constructing an orthogonal scheme, magnitude analysis and multiple linear regression, and a bearing churning loss test rig was built to verify the accuracy of the prediction model. The results show that the lubrication effect is enhanced when the nozzle is facing the inner ring; The influence of oil temperature on the churning torque is greatly weakened at higher flow rates, while it is opposite at lower flow rates; The relative error between the predicted and experimental values of the established model is within 10%, which meets the industrial requirements. This work helps scholars to understand the internal flow mechanism of ball bearings under the oil injection system and provides a method to predict the oil churning power loss of ball bearings.