bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethical decision making in the 21stcentury: A useful framework for industrial-organizational psychologists
Authors: Banks George C. , Knapp Deirdre J. , Lin Li , Sanders Chanda S. , Grand James A.
Published: May 2022

Ethical decision making has long been recognized as critical for industrial-organizational (I-O) psychologists in the variety of roles they fill in education, research, and practice. Decisions with ethical implications are not always readily apparent and often require consideration of competing concerns. The American Psychological Association (APA)Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conductare the principles and standards to which all Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) members are held accountable, and these principles serve to aid in decision making. To this end, the primary focus of this article is the presentation and application of an integrative ethical decision-making framework rooted in and inspired by empirical, philosophical, and practical considerations of professional ethics. The purpose of this framework is to provide a generalizable model that can be used to identify, evaluate, resolve, and engage in discourse about topics involving ethical issues. To demonstrate the efficacy of this general framework to contexts germane to I-O psychologists, we subsequently present and apply this framework to five scenarios, each involving an ethical situation relevant to academia, practice, or graduate education in I-O psychology. With this article, we hope to stimulate the refinement of this ethical decision-making model, illustrate its application in our profession, and, most importantly, advance conversations about ethical decision making in I-O psychology.
Online I-O graduate education: Where are we and where should we go?
Authors: Kraiger Kurt , Fisher Sandra , Grossman Rebecca , Mills Maura J. , Sitzmann Traci
Published: May 2022

As online graduate programs in psychology continue to proliferate, it is important to understand the research addressing the effectiveness of online graduate education so as to advise stakeholders in these programs: applicants, students, faculty, and institutions. In this article, we examine the effectiveness of online education in psychology at two levels of analysis. First, we examine empirical evidence at the course level: Do online, hybrid, and face-to-face instruction lead to different effects at the level of course outcomes? Second, we examine empirical evidence at the program level: Do online and face-to-face graduate programs provide different academic experiences for their respective students, and how does program type influence the employability of graduates? We supplement these discussions with results from a survey of faculty who converted graduate courses to online delivery methods during the COVID-19 pandemic in spring of 2020. Finally, we provide practical considerations for administrators, educators, students, and applicant stakeholders of online programs. We also offer suggestions for optimizing learning and development in online environments. Our intent is to stimulate discussion on building effective learning environments and continuing to educate optimally effective industrial-organizational psychologists, regardless of delivery modality.
Near-wall turbulence alteration with the transpiration-resistance model
Authors: Habibi Khorasani Seyed Morteza , Lācis Uǧis , Pasche Simon , Rosti Marco Edoardo , Bagheri Shervin
Published: May 2022

A set of boundary conditions called the transpiration-resistance model (TRM) is investigated in altering near-wall turbulence. The TRM was proposed by Lacis et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 884, 2020, p. A21) as a means of representing the net effect of surface micro-textures on their overlying bulk flows. It encompasses conventional Navier-slip boundary conditions relating the streamwise and spanwise velocities to their respective shears through the slip lengths

$\ell _x$

and

$\ell _z$

. In addition, it features a transpiration condition accounting for the changes induced in the wall-normal velocity by expressing it in terms of variations of the wall-parallel velocity shears through the transpiration lengths

$m_x$

and

$m_z$

. Greater levels of drag increase occur when more transpiration takes place at the boundary plane, with turbulent transpiration being predominately coupled to the spanwise shear component for canonical near-wall turbulence. The TRM reproduces the effect of a homogeneous and structured roughness up to

$k^{+}\approx 18$

, encompassing the regime of smooth-wall-like turbulence described using virtual origins (Luchini, 1996 Reducing the turbulent skin friction. In Computational Methods in Applied Sciences’ 96 (Paris, 9–13 Sept. 1996), pp. 465–470. Wiley; Ibrahim et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 915, 2021, p. A56) and slightly beyond it. The transpiration factor is defined as the product of the slip and transpiration lengths, i.e.

$(m\ell )_{x,z}$

. This factor contains the compound effect of the wall-parallel velocity occurring at the boundary plane and increased permeability, both of which lead to the transport of momentum in the wall-normal direction. A linear relation between the transpiration factor and the roughness function is observed for regularly textured surfaces in the transitionally rough regime of turbulence. This shows that such effective flow quantities can be suitable measures for characterizing rough surfaces in this flow regime.
Outer layer turbulence dynamics in a high-Reynolds-number boundary layer up to recovering from mild separation
Authors: Vaquero Jaime , Renard Nicolas , Deck Sébastien
Published: May 2022

The outer layer dynamics of a high-Reynolds-number boundary layer recovering from non-equilibrium is studied utilising the multi-resolution approach of zonal detached eddy simulation mode 3. The non-equilibrium conditions are obtained from a boundary layer separation over a rounded step enhancing the turbulent production, and recovery happens during redevelopment after reattachment at high Reynolds numbers (

$Re_{\theta,max}\approx 24{,}000$

). Most of the outer layer turbulence is resolved by the simulation, which reproduces accurately the experimental boundary layer relaxation. The spectral analysis of streamwise velocity fluctuations and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) production evidences the different turbulent content distribution at separation and within the redevelopment region, at which very large-scale motions are identified with streamwise wavelengths up to

$\lambda _x = 9\delta$

, where

$\delta$

is the boundary layer thickness. The redevelopment of the boundary layer is analysed in terms of the persistence of a secondary peak in the TKE production and the evolution of the wall-shear stress statistics. The skewness and probability density function of the skin friction show a slower relaxation than the downstream flow fraction. This confirms the long-lasting impact of perturbations of the outer layer in high-Reynolds-number wall-bounded flows. This persistent non-equilibrium state is suggested to be the reason for the reported lack of accuracy of the considered Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models in the relaxation region.
Low-frequency resolvent analysis of the laminar oblique shock wave/boundary layer interaction
Authors: Bugeat B. , Robinet J.-Ch. , Chassaing J.-C. , Sagaut P.
Published: May 2022

Resolvent analysis is used to study the low-frequency behaviour of the laminar oblique shock wave/boundary layer interaction (SWBLI). It is shown that the computed optimal gain, which can be seen as a transfer function of the system, follows a first-order low-pass filter equation, recovering the results of Touber & Sandham (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 671, 2011, pp. 417–465). This behaviour is understood as proceeding from the excitation of a single stable, steady global mode whose damping rate sets the time scale of the filter. Different Mach and Reynolds numbers are studied, covering different recirculation lengths

$L$

. This damping rate is found to scale as

$1/L$

, leading to a constant Strouhal number

$St_{L}$

as observed in the literature. It is associated with a breathing motion of the recirculation bubble. This analysis furthermore supports the idea that the low-frequency dynamics of the SWBLI is a forced dynamics, in which background perturbations continuously excite the flow. The investigation is then carried out for three-dimensional perturbations for which two regimes are identified. At low wavenumbers of the order of

$L$

, a modal mechanism similar to that of two-dimensional perturbations is found and exhibits larger values of the optimal gain. At larger wavenumbers, of the order of the boundary layer thickness, the growth of streaks, which results from a non-modal mechanism, is detected. No interaction with the recirculation region is observed. Based on these results, the potential prevalence of three-dimensional effects in the low-frequency dynamics of the SWBLI is discussed.
A review of succession strategies in family business: content analysis and future research directions
Authors: Nave Edgar , Ferreira João J. , Fernandes Cristina I. , Paço Arminda do , Alves Helena , Raposo Mário
Published: May 2022

Family firms (FF) represent an important business segment worldwide, contributing greatly to their country's GDP and social well-being, giving employment and contributing to communities' development. Due to their particularities, these organizations also face various challenges, one of the most relevant being inter-generational succession – transversal to all FF and their consequent sustainability over time. Given the importance of this issue, through a systematic literature review (SLR), the intention is to provide a general, wide-ranging view of the succession strategies most used by FF, mapping the existing literature. A total of 84 articles from the Scopus database were analysed. Through content analysis and bibliographic coupling techniques (VosViewer), four thematic groups of articles were identified, namely: (i) socio-emotional wealth and corporate governance, (ii) leadership and inter-generational conflicts, (iii) managing succession process and (iv) succession planning drivers. These themes/clusters originated a theoretical framework that depicts the investigation status of the field, and detailed suggestions for future investigations by cluster were also provided. Despite the relevance and long age of succession in FF, this is the first SLR to directly address succession strategies, offering implications for academics and practitioners, to guide a smooth succession.
Relational Design
Authors: Nielsen B. F. , Bjerck M.
Published: May 2022

There is a mismatch between the way public services are designed, and the chronic dilemmas of the welfare state. Through two case studies we show how tool-dependent, instrumental and systems-oriented approaches fall short in tackling these dilemmas, and how the there is a need for a new, relational turn in design. Relational design takes into account interdependencies and dynamic situation of society, and calls for a new design vocabulary that discusses and approaches the relational aspects and opens up for a more situational and sensitive design agency.
Industry 4.0 Management: Preliminary Design Implications
Authors: Castagnoli R. , Stal-Le Cardinal J. , Büchi G. , Cugno M.
Published: May 2022

Industry 4.0 is expected to change competitiveness of manufacturing firms. However, to completely achieve this goal, firms should manage barriers and complexity issues that my hinder its adoption or its effects. For this reason, the study explores, through a literature review, whether and how design theory may be a supporting theory to manage Industry 4.0 adoption and implementation to maximise the opportunities and minimise the risks. The results shows that these research questions require a design approach to innovate not only adopting technologies but reinventing the business practices.
Designing Human Digital Twins for Behaviour-Changing Therapy and Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lauer-Schmaltz M. W. , Cash P. , Hansen J. P. , Maier A.
Published: May 2022

One of the most promising trends in healthcare digitalisation is the personalisation and individualisation of therapy based on virtual representations of the human body through Human Digital Twins (HDTs). Despite the growing number of articles on HDTs, to-date no consensus on how to design such systems exists. A systematic literature review for designing HDTs used for behaviour-changing therapy and rehabilitation resulted in eight key design considerations across four themes: regulatory and ethical, transparency and trust, dynamism and flexibility, and behaviour and cognitive mechanisms.
Testing Typical Challenges Affecting Idea Sharing in Distributed Design Teams Today
Authors: Dekoninck E. A. , Brenninkmeijer C.
Published: May 2022

The aim of this study was to compare behaviours in distributed design teams today to the existing literature to see if previously identified challenges faced by distributed teams have been overcome. Recordings of teams’ online idea sharing sessions were transcribed and split into idea sharing instances (units). A scoring system analysed the effectiveness of each unit. Having a clear structure with formal idea discussion, an assertive leader, and no time limits led to higher scores. Whilst instances of informal speaking and the wide variety of tools used had no link to the unit scores.
The Collaborative Iron Triangle: A New Tool for Supporting a Project-Culture-Aware Management in Interorganizational R&D Projects
Authors: Dieterich K. , Spath D. , Ohlhausen P.
Published: May 2022

Since project managers still face problems in managing interorganizational R&D projects, it is a promising approach to manage these projects project-culturally-aware. However, an important prerequisite for a project-culture-aware management is that the involved individual organizations pursue a collaborative strategy. Therefore, our article provides a conceptual approach including a new tool, the Collaborative Iron Triangle, which supports both project sponsors and managers in different phases of the collaboration process to pursue a collaborative strategy in interorganizational R&D projects.
Additive Manufacturing Conformity – A Practical View
Authors: Tüzün G.-J. , Roth D. , Kreimeyer M.
Published: May 2022

With the dissemination of additive manufacturing (AM), numerous methods have emerged to support the design process. One possibility is to improve functional solutions through AM-conformal design. Literature-based criteria for the assessment of AM-conformity already exist. Within our study, we address the gap in criteria between a theoretical perspective and a practitioner's perspective. To this end, we first explain the application of the criteria through a use case and conduct an evaluation in an industrial environment adding practitioner's criteria to enable the assessment of AM-conformity.
Machine Learning Based Simulation for Design Space Exploration
Authors: Bleisinger O. , Malek C. , Holbach S.
Published: May 2022

Design of software in the automotive domain often involves simulation to allow early software parametrization. Modeling complex systems or components impacted by the software in an analytical way can be time-consuming, require domain knowledge and executing the analytical models can result in high computational effort. In specific applications, these challenges can be overcome by applying machine learning based simulation. This contribution presents results of a case study in which powertrain components are modeled data-driven with artificial neural networks to support design space exploration
An AI-Based Approach to Optimize Stress in Shrink Fits
Authors: Dausch V. , Kröger J. , Kreimeyer M.
Published: May 2022

The present analytical design of shrink fits typically results in an uneven stress condition that can lead to failure in a variety of manners. With increasing loads and the use of brittle materials, the optimization of the stresses in the shrink fit hence becomes increasingly necessary. Currently existing approaches do not solve the problem satisfactorily or increase the manufacturing and design effort. This paper therefore considers the implementation of an AI-based stress optimization using reinforcement learning, which performs stress optimization by geometrically contouring the interstice.
Estimation of Composite Laminate Ply Angles Using an Inverse Bayesian Approach Based on Surrogate Models
Authors: Franz M. , Pfingstl S. , Zimmermann M. , Wartzack S.
Published: May 2022

A digital twin (DT) relies on a detailed, virtual representation of a physical product. Since uncertainties and deviations can lead to significant changes in the functionality and quality of products, they should be considered in the DT. However, valuable product properties are often hidden and thus difficult to integrate into a DT. In this work, a Bayesian inverse approach based on surrogate models is applied to infer hidden composite laminate ply angles from strain measurements. The approach is able to find the true values even for ill-posed problems and shows good results up to 6 plies.
Development Method for Enabling the Utilisation of a Sensory Function in a Central Component Based on Its Physical Properties
Authors: Kraus B. , Schwind J. V. , Kirchner E.
Published: May 2022

In the context of condition monitoring and predictive maintenance, collecting accurate data from technical systems is an important corner stone of the advancing digitalization. For gathering precise data of the current state of a system, measurements from within the process can be utilised. To measure in process without disrupting the system is a challenge that can be tackled by using the physical properties of the components of the system. In this paper a method to systematically find such possible sensory utilizable components (SuC), based on their inherent physical effects is presented.
Integrated Physical-Digital Workflow in Prototyping – Inspirations from the Digital Twin
Authors: Snider C. , Kent L. , Goudswaard M. , Hicks B.
Published: May 2022

Prototyping uses many models over its process, with varying strength and weakness offered by those in the physical vs digital domains. Working across domains is necessary but introduces a transition cost, process complexities, and risks lost learning. Drawing from Digital Twinning, this work explores the creation of integrated physical-digital prototyping workflows, where technology enables simultaneous cross-domain working. It contrasts four case-study implementations of integrated prototyping workflow to current practice, exploring feasibility, value, and implementation challenges.
Generative Product Design Processes: Humans and Machines Towards a Symbiotic Balance
Authors: Tufarelli M. , Cianfanelli E.
Published: May 2022

Design processes managed by algorithms provide solutions and improvements in terms of efficiency, performance, choice of materials, and cost optimization. It is a whole new approach to industrial design in which artificial intelligence participates directly in the design processes. The paper aims to investigate the way we design through algorithms, and consequent changes in thoughts, approaches, and generation of ideas that are rising determining new ways of defining things and their relations.
Matching Synthetic Populations with Personas: A Test Application for Urban Mobility
Authors: Vallet F. , Hörl S. , Gall T.
Published: May 2022

Design is increasingly influenced by digitalisation yet differs largely across domains. We present synergies between the works of UX designers and data scientists. We can utilise personas to represent users and their behaviours, or synthetic populations to represent agent groups. Despite sharing characteristics, their synergies have not been explored so far. We propose a workflow and test it in the urban mobility context to link a synthetic population of Paris with a set of contextual personas. This builds the basis for an integrated approach for designing urban mobility across fields.
Harnessing the Complexity for Vehicle System Design at the Concept Design Phase of an Aircraft
Authors: Drego A. D.
Published: May 2022

Aircraft vehicle systems enable an aircraft to fly safely throughout a mission. Generating feasible vehicle system architectures at the aircraft concept design phase is complex. Aspects from various complex systems theories are used to provide different insights into this complexity. To address this complexity, a framework based on industrial reality that can used recursively is presented. The framework employs various design theories to harness the complexity of vehicle system design at the concept design phase of an aircraft.
Towards a Model-Based Systems Engineering Approach for Robotic Manufacturing Process Modelling with Automatic FMEA Generation
Authors: Korsunovs A. , Doikin A. , Campean F. , Kabir S. , Hernandez E. M. , Taggart D. , Parker S. , Mills G.
Published: May 2022

The process of generating FMEA following document-centric approach is tedious and susceptible to human error. This paper presents preliminary methodology for robotic manufacturing process modelling in MBSE environment with a scope of automating multiple steps of the modelling process using ontology. This is followed by the reasoning towards automatic generation of process FMEA from the MBSE model. The proposed methodology allows to establish robust and self-synchronising links between process-relevant information, reduce the likelihood of human error, and scale down time expenses.
Cyber-Security Aware Design of Automated Systems
Authors: Stetter R. , Witczak M. , Till M.
Published: May 2022

One of the main current threats for producing companies is the possibility of cyber-space attacks. Due to several reasons, industrial companies need to connect their plants over some kind of networks. Obviously, today many approaches from information technology (IT) exist which will greatly reduce the danger of attacks. Still, no producing company can completely rely on these IT solutions. This paper proposes a systemic approach to design processes and products for increased cyber security. This approach is based on an attack model and is explained based on an automated storage system.
Visual Ergonomics for Colourblindness: Applying Universal Design Principles in Graphical User Interface to Provide Affordance to the Colourblind Users
Authors: Basak A. , Roy S. T.
Published: May 2022

With evolution of Graphical User Interface, the access to the computer interface was expanded to cater to the extreme user categories by providing accessibility features and making the computer interface more inclusive. One such extreme user category is colourblind, which has a special accessibility requirement from the GUI. This paper studies the iconography of the Microsoft Windows operating system interface with an objective to develop an inclusive icon design solution that is visually ergonomic for colourblind users to include them as a mainstream user category in a computer interface.
Tailoring a Project Risk Management Tool through Co-Design: Managing Risk in the Fuzzy Front-End of Construction Project Design
Authors: Hansen A. C. , Willumsen P. L. , Oehmen J.
Published: May 2022

The objectives and scope of a construction project is defined in the early design stage, the fuzzy front-end. This stage is crucial for project risk management and success, but traditional risk management tend to focus on operational risk in later design stages. This action research study leverages co-design methodology and the project management actuality perspective to tailor a risk management process for the fuzzy front-end of construction projects in a large client organization. The co-design process help enchance stakeholder value perception of the designed solution.
The Interplay of Subjective Quality Evaluation, Prototyping Technologies and the User's Technology Acceptance
Authors: Buker T. , Endress F. , Miehling J. , Wartzack S.
Published: May 2022

Subjective product quality is a fundamental aspect to maintain a high level of user acceptance and to provide a good user experience. Prototypes can be used to evaluate subjective product quality in early design phases. We conducted an empirical study to examine the influence of different (re)presentations of prototypes determined by the chosen technology (2D image, VR, AR, 3D print) and the user's technology acceptance. Based on the results we recommend 2D images as most reliable for evaluating subjective product quality.
From the Definition of Colours Attributes to Build a Semantic Space: Application to a Sport-Health Dialogical Context of Use
Authors: Millet A. , Abi Akle A. , Legardeur J.
Published: May 2022

The integration of user perception into the design process has become necessary to provide the best experience to users. All methods focusing on the interpretations of products are based on the same principle: identifying relationships between a semantics and physical attributes of products within a product domain. Sometimes this domain makes the definition of these relations more complex as for a dialogic context of us due to the lack of existing product. We propose in this paper a method to define a semantics directly from products attributes in regards with a dialogic product domain.
Challenges for the Consideration of Ergonomics in Product Development in the Swedish Automotive Industry – An Interview Study
Authors: Perez Luque E. , Brolin E. , Högberg D. , Lamb M.
Published: May 2022

This paper presents an interview study aiming to understand the state of the art of how ergonomics designers work in the vehicle development process within the Swedish automotive industry. Ten ergonomic designers from seven different companies participated in the interview study. Results report the ergonomics designers' objectives, workflow, tools, challenges, and ideal work performance tool. We identify four main gaps and research directions that can enhance the current challenges: human behavior predictions, simulation tool usability, ergonomics evaluations, and integration between systems.
Design Strategies to Promote Intercultural Meaningful Social Interactions
Authors: Ramírez Galleguillos M. L. , Eloiriachi A. , Serdar B. , Coşkun A.
Published: May 2022

Intercultural interactions encourage social inclusion and diversity, but they are often avoided due to prejudices. Intercultural Meaningful Social Interactions (IMSI) can overcome such prejudices; still, the literature lacks guidelines on how to promote them by Design. In this study, we propose eight design strategies to facilitate these interactions, which were originated by bridging four theories for prejudice reduction and exemplar IMSI experiences of 15 intercultural participants. This paper presents the strategies and discusses their use to inspire new design concepts for promoting IMSI.
Exploring the Role of Shame in Design Strategies
Authors: Trondsen J. , Boks C.
Published: May 2022

Shame is an emotion most of us are well familiar with and has taken an increasing role in public discourse in the last couple of years. While design literature has seen a strong tradition for evoking positive emotions, shame seems to be somewhat neglected. As a step towards a more practical understanding of shame in design, this article combines design literature with studies from other disciplines in an attempt to give an overview of designers' current notion of shame, and discuss if and how this notion could be further explored into concepts and tools that may benefit future designers.
Improved Approach to Implementing Design Education for Additive Manufacturing Using a RC Model Race Car
Authors: Junk S.
Published: May 2022

The integration of additive manufacturing processes into the teaching of students is an important prerequisite for the further dissemination of this new technology. In this context, the DfAM is of particular importance. For this reason, this paper presents an approach in which a connection is made between methodical product development and practical implementation by AM. Using a model racing car as an example, students independently develop significant improvements of particular assemblies. A final evaluation shows that the students have significantly improved their skills and competencies.
Life Cycle Assessment in an Ecodesign Process: A Pedagogical Case Study
Authors: Leonardi S. , Perpignan C. , Eynard B. , Baouch Y. , Robin V.
Published: May 2022

To face environmental requirements in the design area, it is crucial to work on the education of younger generation to sustainable design. But literature shows there is a growing need for both teachers and learners to develop pedagogical support to help the integration of sustainable concerns and tools in the education. This article focuses on Life Cycle Assessment in the scope of an ecodesign process. Through a case study, the aim is to illustrate it with firstly a succinct version of the LCA of an electric kettle and then suggestions of ecodesign strategies based on the outcomes of the LCA.
Project-Based Learning in Disaster Response: Designing Solutions with Sociotechnical Complexity
Authors: Rao V. , Dzombak R. , Dogruer D. , Agogino A.
Published: May 2022

Design education increasingly blends technology learning with sociotechnical challenges, but little is understood about how students simultaneously engage with both of these elements. In this preliminary study, we describe the results of two offerings of a design course focusing on disaster response at a major public research institution. We present a preliminary analysis of 52 students’ course reflections suggesting that sociotechnical challenges uniquely contextualize technology during project-based learning, presenting promising opportunities for future design education and research study.
Stories of Design Education: An Analysis of Practices and Competencies
Authors: Thandlam Sudhindra S. , He Y. , Blessing L. , Ahmad Khan S.
Published: May 2022

Using 61 stories from design educators from different countries, this paper presents (1) the design competencies being fostered at different levels of education, (2) the practices (approaches, techniques, methods and tools) used to facilitate teaching and learning, (3) the ‘non-design’ competencies being fostered, and (4) the impact of COVID 19. Our findings highlight design education is not only used to teach students how to design, but also to kindle productive attitudes, behaviours and mindsets that give them the ability to address a wide range of challenges.
Challenges and Opportunities in Remote Prototyping: A Case-Study during COVID-19
Authors: Martins Pacheco N. M. , Vazhapilli Sureshbabu A. , Dieckmann E. , Apud Bell M. , Green S. , Childs P. , Zimmermann M.
Published: May 2022

Collaboration is common practice within design disciplines and beyond. Brainstorming, discussions, and prototyping tend to occur within the same physical space. The reduction of human interaction during the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted these practices. In this paper, we focus on the possibilities and challenges of remote prototyping of four student teams by combining a double diamond approach with tools to overcome remote work challenges. The results were analyzed to understand crucial tools, advantages, and obstacles. The key challenges and opportunities were then identified and examined.
Conceptual Design in Metalworking Microenterprises: An Empirical Study in Tanzania
Authors: Opiyo E. , Jagtap S. , Keshwani S.
Published: May 2022

Product design is a key aspect of human intelligence and creativity, attracting not only experts but also workers and self-employed without any formal design training. Although numerous people in developing countries design and manufacture simple products in metalworking microenterprises, there is very little systematic knowledge about their design process. This paper aims to fill this gap in design knowledge. We aim at investigating some aspects of design process in the metalworking microenterprises in Tanzania. The findings reveal how they identify needs, and generate and evaluate concepts.
Towards an Optimised Value Creation Network for Modular Investment Goods
Authors: Seidenberg T. , Disselkamp J.-P. , Schräder E. , Anacker H.
Published: May 2022

Companies are under increasing pressure from global competition while at the same they need to offer flexible products to meet individual customer requirements. Therefore, modularised capital goods are designed and manufactured to meet both challenges. This paper presents an approach to identify necessary changes in the production process and summarises the changes in the automotive and aerospace industries due to modularisation. Three key findings are identified: increased outsourcing potential, production in a value creation network with specialised manufacturers and joint investments.
Main Characteristics of Adaptive Façades
Authors: Voigt M. P. , Roth D. , Kreimeyer M.
Published: May 2022

Adaptive façades (AF), unlike conventional façades, respond to their environment to reduce energy consumption while increasing comfort. The planning of AF presents architects and engineers with a variety of challenges. One central challenge is the specification of the right planning goals in the early phases. This paper identifies in a systematic literature review the main characteristics which were crucial in previous realizations of AF. Due to the comprehensive approach it provides a reference for the goal definition of subsequent projects and the development of further methodical support.
Towards Sustainable Manufacturing with Industry 4.0: A Framework for the Textile Industry
Authors: Stulga P. , Whitfield R. I. , Love J. , Evans D.
Published: May 2022

Due to increasing sustainability demands, textiles manufacturing, an industry that uses substantial amounts of natural resources, energy and labour, are facing tough challenges in the years ahead. One of the more overlooked concepts with great potential for sustainable manufacturing is Industry 4.0. This paper addresses how the textile industry is engaging with Industry 4.0 technologies and applications in the context of sustainable manufacturing. A proposal for an implementation framework is introduced based on a literature review within this field.
Evaluation of Engineering Changes Based on Variations from the Model of PGE – Product Generation Engineering in an Automotive Wiring Harness
Authors: Albers A. , Altner M. M. , Rapp S. , Valeh B. , Redinger H. , Winter R.
Published: May 2022

Engineering change management is a central part of the product development process. This paper investigates how variations from the PGE - Product Generation Engineering can improve the evaluation of engineering changes from the wiring harness. Engineering changes that occur in an automotive wiring harness development process are analysed in a case study, evaluated in expert interviews with regard to the risk and effort connected to the implementation and compared to the types of variations. Additional influencing factors are discussed. The variations provide an indication on risk and effort.
Design Principles and Multi-Level Structures for Multi-Functional and Multi-Material Design
Authors: Fröhlich T. , Vietor T.
Published: May 2022

Multi-functional design has high potential to overcome e.g. increasing weight and costs of products. However, the possible solution space for integrating functions is hardly manageable. This paper presents an approach to assist in the identification of multi-functional approaches. Therefore, hybrid design principles are developed that are combinable to complex structures including specific manufacturing routes. By this, multi-functional solutions can be provided on different resolutions in order to identify the most promising approach and position for the integration of additional functions.
Proto-Arch: Guidance Tool for Prototyping of Mechanical Systems at the Embodiment Design Phase
Authors: Gutiérrez Morales F. , Osorio Gómez G. , Córdoba Morales J.
Published: May 2022

Prototypes are a critical aid in the product development process, allowing designers translate concepts to reality. However, the execution of prototypes depends heavily on the designer experience, evidenced in research in the need of creating design support tools to establish a standard for a prototyping effort. To improve on these findings, the Proto-Arch is introduced as a partial result of creating a standard for executing prototypes in each product development phase based on the prototyping roles and purposes. Proto-Arch defines the prototyping activities in the embodiment design phase.
Methodical Approach for the Model-Based Development of Aircraft Cabin Product Families Under Consideration of Lightweight and Cost-Based Design
Authors: Hanna M. , Schwenke J. , Schwan L. , Krause D.
Published: May 2022

Aircraft cabin monuments must be optimized in terms of lightweight design, cost structure and variance. Model-based approaches support the aircraft data and help to modify them consistently during further development. In this paper, a holistic methodological approach for product families of aircraft cabin development is shown, which integrates lightweight and cost-efficient aspects, in addition to the variance focus. For this purpose, the development of cost-efficient and ligthweight optimized cabin modules is supported in a model-based way.
Lifecycle Option Selection in Early Design Stages Based on Degradation Model Evaluation
Authors: Inkermann D.
Published: May 2022

Components of modern systems are characterised by differing lifetimes. The resulting lifetime heterogeneity (LTH) is a core criteria to determine life cycle options (LCO) for more sustainable products, e.g. by upgrading or reuse. Estimating the lifetimes is challenged by a lack of suitable degradation models (DM) describing the detrimental change performance of components during the use phase. This paper expands the state of the art in LCO selection by a method to evaluate fitness and sensitivity of DM based on the similarity of use cases, environments and operation profiles of the system.
Pure Vision-Based Motion Tracking for Data-Driven Design – A Simple, Flexible, and Cost-Effective Approach for Capturing Static and Dynamic Interactions
Authors: Johnston S. H. , Berg M. F. , Eikevåg S. W. , Ege D. N. , Kohtala S. , Steinert M.
Published: May 2022

This paper presents an exploratory case study where video-based pose estimation is used to analyse human motion to support data-driven design. It provides two example use cases related to design. Results are compared to ground truth measurements showing high correlation for the estimated pose, with an RMSE of 65.5 mm. The paper exemplifies how design projects can benefit from a simple, flexible, and cost-effective approach to capture human-object interactions. This also entails the possibility of implementing interaction and body capturing in the earliest stages of design, at minimal effort.
Density-Based Topology Optimization for a Defined External State of Stress in Individualized Endoprosthesis
Authors: Müller P. , Gembarski P. C. , Lachmayer R.
Published: May 2022

Endoprosthesis are exposed to the risk of aseptic loosening. The design of the prosthesis shaft to achieve physiological force application is therefore of great importance. Additive manufacturing offers the potential to fabricate highly variable topologies, but challenges the designer with a large number of design variables. In this work, a method is developed to determine an optimized density topology that approximates a given mechanical stress state in the bone after implantation. For this purpose, a topology optimization of the density distribution of the implant is performed.
Methodology for Early Design Phase Cost and Performance Trade-Off Analysis of a New Variant in a Product Family
Authors: Schaffers M. , Rosseel E. , Burggraeve S. , Pelfrene J. , Gadeyne K. , Petré F.
Published: May 2022

Given the Industry 4.0 trend towards smaller lot sizes and large product families, there is a need to increase the design efficiency in terms of cost and lead time. Design decisions taken in the early or conceptual design phases are shown to have the greatest impact on the final product cost, however the choices and trade-offs are often made in an ad-hoc way. This paper presents a structured methodology for formalizing early stage product design knowledge, which is key for designing and evaluating new variants in a product family in the early stages of the design process.
Synthesising Computational Design Methods for a Human-Centred Design Framework
Authors: Urquhart L. , Wodehouse A. , Loudon B.
Published: May 2022

This paper presents models that identify two “cultures” of computational design practice. By reviewing the established culture of computational optimization efforts and contrasting it with the emerging work integrating human-factors into these optimizations, this paper argues that there are sets of key assumptions, outputs and tools that can be synthesized for a generalizable understanding of computational design. Furthermore, this synthesis facilitates the identification of key tools suited to computational design efforts seeking to integrate the complex data associated with human-factors.
The Value of Information in Clustering Dense Matrices: When and How to Make Use of Information
Authors: Endress F. , Kipouros T. , Buker T. , Wartzack S. , Clarkson P. J.
Published: May 2022

Characterising a socio-technical system by its underlying structure is often achieved by cluster analyses and bears potentials for engineering design management. Yet, highly connected systems lack clarity when systematically searching for structures. At two stages in a clustering procedure (pre-processing and post-processing) modelled and external information were used to reduce ambiguity and uncertainty of clustering results. A holistic decision making on 1) which information, 2) when, and 3) how to use is discussed and considered inevitable to reliably cluster highly connected systems.
Patent Data for Engineering Design: A Review
Authors: Jiang S. , Sarica S. , Song B. , Hu J. , Luo J.
Published: May 2022

Patent data have been utilized for engineering design research for long because it contains massive amount of design information. Recent advances in artificial intelligence and data science present unprecedented opportunities to mine, analyse and make sense of patent data to develop design theory and methodology. Herein, we survey the patent-for-design literature by their contributions to design theories, methods, tools, and strategies, as well as different forms of patent data and various methods. Our review sheds light on promising future research directions for the field.
Identification of Human and Organizational Key Design Factors for Digital Maturity – A Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Authors: Schneider M. , Hellweg T. , Menzefricke J. S.
Published: May 2022

This paper examines how human and organizational factors need to be designed to achieve strong technological maturity of either the products or the production process. In a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fs/QCA), a combination of intensive training and strong worker participation is found to be associated with strong technological maturity in the two organizational contexts: firms with a strong entrepreneurial culture and in large firms oriented towards customer-oriented innovation. Overall, the paper uncovers designs or causal recipes for a successful digital transformation.
Inspirational Stimuli Improve Idea Fluency during Ideation: A Replication and Extension Study with Eye-Tracking
Authors: Dybvik H. , Abelson F. G. , Aalto P. , Goucher-Lambert K. , Steinert M.
Published: May 2022

We replicate a design ideation experiment (Goucher-Lambert et al., 2019) with and without inspirational stimuli and extend data collection sources to eye-tracking and a think aloud protocol to provide new insights into generated ideas. Preliminary results corroborate original findings: inspirational stimuli have an effect on idea output and questionnaire ratings. Near and far inspirational stimuli increased participants’ idea fluency over time and were rated more useful than control. We further enable experiment reproducibility and provide publicly available data.
Comparing EEG Brain Power of Mechanical Engineers in 3D CAD Modelling from 2D and 3D Representations
Authors: Lukačević F. , Li S. , Becattini N. , Škec S.
Published: May 2022

Using the EEG features extracted from the EEG signals, the presented study investigates differences in the cognitive load posed on engineers while 3D CAD modelling in two different conditions, depending on the visual representations used as stimulus - a 2D and a 3D technical drawing of parts. The results indicate a higher cognitive load during the 2D drawing task. In addition, common indicators of the ongoing spatial information processing were recognised - a suppression of parietal and occipital alpha power, a higher frontal theta, and differences in theta power between the hemispheres.
Interaction and Perception of Interaction with 3D Objects during Design Activities
Authors: Vuletic T. , Duffy A. , McTeague C. , Hay L. , Campbell G. , Grealy M.
Published: May 2022

Post study questionnaires are used in design studies to uncover data about design reasoning and intent. A study was conducted where activities the study participants performed were compared to the participants’ statements about those activities, collected immediately after the study via a questionnaire. The goal was to explore the reliability of post study evaluations. Disagreements between performed and reported activities were identified, and recommendations made to, where possible, include more objective measures of design activity.
Dynamics of helminth fauna of black-legged kittiwake in the Russian Arctic in the context of climate changes
Authors: Kuklin Vadim V. , Kuklina Marina M.
Published: May 2022

We present the results of our studies of the helminth fauna and the diet of the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758) in the Gorodetskiy bird colonies on the Rybachiy Peninsula (Murman coast of the Barents Sea) carried out in 2006–2008 and in 2018–2020. We did not find any noticeable changes in the species diversity of the helminth fauna of the kittiwakes, the proportion of the dominant parasite species and the values of most quantitative infection indices between the two study periods. At the same time, there was a marked decrease in the mean abundance of the dominant cestode species (Alcataenia larina Krabbe, 1869 and Tetrabothrius erostris Loennberg, 1889) in 2018–2020 as compared to 2006–2008. The changes in parasitology of birds found in our study appear to be largely determined by fluctuations of abiotic conditions (increased water and air temperature) and the state of the food supply (size structure of the zooplankton) in the study area.
Vestibular dysfunction amongst adolescents: what do we know? A review
Authors: Saniasiaya J , Narayanan P
Published: May 2022

Background

Vestibular dysfunction in children is a debilitating condition that results in countless pernicious effects, such as motor development delay, poor academic performance and psychosocial impairment. Yet, research pertaining to vestibular and balance disorders amongst adolescents is still lacking and remains an enigma.

Methods

This paper outlines novel emerging aetiological factors contributing to vestibular dysfunction amongst adolescents by appraising published articles through a narrative review.

Results

Underlying aetiological factors of vestibular dysfunction can be identified among adolescents with thorough evaluation. Proper diagnostic evaluation of vestibular dysfunction is imperative in providing optimal care and guiding appropriate treatment strategies. The available literature demonstrated multifactorial aetiological factors that contribute to vestibular dysfunction in adolescents.

Conclusion

Outlining the underlying aetiological factors of vestibular dysfunction is vital to ensure that patients receive appropriate care and treatment.