bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investing in Success: Key Strategies for Building Quality in After‐School Programs
Authors: Sheldon Jessica , Arbreton Amy , Hopkins Leigh , Grossman Jean Baldwin
Published: March 2010

This paper examines the relation between the implementation quality of after‐school literacy activities and student reading gains. The data are from an evaluation of a multi‐site after‐school program in California in which continuous program quality improvement strategies were implemented to improve the delivery of a new balanced literacy program. Strategies included: (1) targeted staff training throughout the year, (2) regular observations and coaching of staff, and (3) the use of data to measure progress. Programs struggled to successfully implement these strategies early in the initiative, but gradually improved the quality and consistency of their use. Program quality, as measured through observations, also increased. Results suggested that the size of student reading gains were positively correlated with the quality of literacy programming provided by each instructor.
Association betweenFaecalibacterium prausnitziiand dietary fibre in colonic fermentation in healthy human subjects
Authors: Benus Robin F. J. , van der Werf Tjip S. , Welling Gjalt W. , Judd Patricia A. , Taylor Moira A. , Harmsen Hermie J. M. , Whelan Kevin
Published: March 2010

The intestinal microbiota are a complex ecosystem influencing the immunoregulation of the human host, providing protection from colonising pathogens and producing SCFA as the main energy source of colonocytes. Our objective was to investigate the effect of dietary fibre exclusion and supplementation on the intestinal microbiota and SCFA concentrations. Faecal samples were obtained from healthy volunteers before and after two 14 d periods of consuming formulated diets devoid or supplemented with fibre (14 g/l). The faecal microbiota were analysed using fluorescentin situhybridisation and SCFA were measured using GLC. There were large and statistically significant reductions in the numbers of theFaecalibacterium prausnitzii(P ≤ 0·01) andRoseburiaspp. (P ≤ 0·01) groups during both the fibre-free and fibre-supplemented diets. Significant and strong positive correlations between the proportion ofF. prausnitziiand the proportion of butyrate during both baseline normal diets were found (pre-fibre freer0·881,P = 0·001; pre-fibre supplementedr0·844,P = 0·002). A significant correlation was also found between the proportional reduction inF. prausnitziiand the proportional reduction in faecal butyrate during both the fibre-free (r0·806;P = 0·005) and the fibre-supplemented diet (r0·749;P = 0·013). These findings may contribute to the understanding of the association between fibre, microbiota and fermentation in health, during enteral nutrition and in disease states such as Crohn's disease.
DIFFERENCES OF COMPOSITION OPERATORS BETWEEN WEIGHTED BERGMAN SPACES AND WEIGHTED BANACH SPACES OF HOLOMORPHIC FUNCTIONS
Authors: WOLF ELKE
Published: March 2010

We characterise boundedness and compactness of differences of composition operators acting between weighted Bergman spacesAv, pand weighted Banach spacesH∞wof holomorphic functions defined on the open unit diskD.
A NOTE ON HIGHER TWISTS OF ELLIPTIC CURVES
Authors: ULAS MACIEJ
Published: March 2010

We show that for any pair of elliptic curves E1, E2 over ℚ with j-invariant equal to 0, we can find a polynomial D ∈ ℤ[u, v] such that the cubic twists of the curves E1, E2 by D(u, v) have positive rank over ℚ(u, v). We also prove that for any quadruple of pairwise distinct elliptic curves Ei, i = 1, 2, 3, 4, with j-invariant j = 0, there exists a polynomial D ∈ ℤ[u] such that the sextic twists of Ei, i = 1, 2, 3, 4, by D(u) have positive rank. A similar result is proved for quadruplets of elliptic curves with j-invariant j = 1, 728.
ON MODpREPRESENTATIONS WHICH ARE DEFINED OVERp: II
Authors: KILFORD L. J. P. , WIESE GABOR
Published: March 2010

The behaviour of Hecke polynomials modulophas been the subject of some studies. In this paper we show that ifpis a prime, the set of integersNsuch that the Hecke polynomialsTN,χℓ,kfor all primes ℓ, all weightsk≥ 2 and all characters χ taking values in {±1} splits completely modulophas density 0, unconditionally forp= 2 and under the Cohen–Lenstra heuristics forp≥ 3. The method of proof is based on the construction of suitable dihedral modular forms.
ON THE CONNECTEDNESS OF THE BRANCH LOCUS OF THE MODULI SPACE OF RIEMANN SURFACES OF GENUS 4
Authors: COSTA ANTONIO F. , IZQUIERDO MILAGROS
Published: March 2010

Using uniformization of Riemann surfaces by Fuchsian groups and the equisymmetric stratification of the branch locus of the moduli space of surfaces of genus 4, we prove its connectedness. As a consequence, one can deform a surface of genus 4 with automorphisms, i.e. symmetric, to any other symmetric genus 4 surface through a path consisting entirely of symmetric surfaces.
Vortex shedding from a submerged rectangular obstacle attacked by a solitary wave
Authors: LIN MENG-YU , HUANG LIANG-HSIUNG
Published: March 2010

This study investigates the two-dimensional flow of a solitary wave that passes over a submerged rectangular obstacle using a Lagrangian-type numerical method. The main purpose is to investigate vortex generation and evolution caused by the obstacle. The numerical method is based on the combination of vortex methods and boundary integral methods using the Helmholtz decomposition. The simulated flow pattern is compared with the experimental measurements in detail, and the overall agreement is reasonably good. A series of simulations were performed with various wave heights to study the effect of wave height on vortex generation and evolution. The relation between the vorticity field and the drag experienced by the obstacle is also discussed. In the presented cases, the effects of the generated vortices are preserved over a long period, and may cause local scouring of the foundation at the lee side of the obstacle. The deformation of the solitary wave is not much affected by the presence of the vortices, but the drag is significantly affected by the vorticity field. An almost linear relationship between the Reynolds number and the maximum magnitude of the drag (positive and negative) is observed.
A latent profile analysis of the typology of bulimic symptoms in an indigenous Pacific population: evidence of cross-cultural variation in phenomenology
Authors: Thomas J. J. , Crosby R. D. , Wonderlich S. A. , Striegel-Moore R. H. , Becker A. E.
Published: March 2010

Background

Previous efforts to derive empirically based eating disorder (ED) typologies through latent structure modeling have been limited by the ethnic and cultural homogeneity of their study populations and their reliance on DSM-IV ED signs and symptoms as indicator variables.

Method

Ethnic Fijian schoolgirls (n=523) responded to a self-report battery assessing ED symptoms, herbal purgative use, co-morbid psychopathology, clinical impairment, cultural orientation, and peer influences. Participants who endorsed self-induced vomiting or herbal purgative use in the past 28 days (n=222) were included in a latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify unique subgroups of bulimic symptomatology.

Results

LPA identified a bulimia nervosa (BN)-like class (n=86) characterized by high rates of binge eating and self-induced vomiting, and a herbal purgative class (n=136) characterized primarily by the use of indigenous Fijian herbal purgatives. Both ED classes endorsed greater eating pathology and general psychopathology than non-purging participants, and the herbal purgative class endorsed greater clinical impairment than either the BN-like or non-purging participants. Cultural orientation did not differ between the two ED classes.

Conclusions

Including study populations typically under-represented in mental health research and broadening the scope of relevant signs and symptoms in latent structure models may increase the generalizability of ED nosological schemes to encompass greater cultural diversity.
Regaining mental capacity for treatment decisions following psychiatric admission: a clinico-ethical study
Authors: Owen G. S. , Ster I. Chis. , David A. S. , Szmukler G. , Hayward P. , Richardson G. , Hotopf M.
Published: March 2010

Background

Mental capacity is an emerging ethical legal concept in psychiatric settings but its relation to clinical parameters remains uncertain. We sought to investigate the associations of regaining capacity to make treatment decisions following approximately 1 month of in-patient psychiatric treatment.

Method

We followed up 115 consecutive patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital who were judged to lack capacity to make treatment decisions at the point of hospitalization. We were primarily interested in whether the diagnosis of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder associated with reduced chances of regaining capacity compared with other diagnoses and whether affective symptoms on admission associated with increased chances of regaining capacity. In addition, we examined how change in insight was associated with regaining capacity in schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder (BPAD)-mania, and depression.

Results

We found evidence that the category of ‘schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder’ associated with not regaining capacity at 1 month compared with BPAD-mania [odds ratio (OR) 3.62, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.13–11.6] and depression (OR 5.35, 95% CI 1.47–9.55) and that affective symptoms on admission associated with regaining capacity (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.02–1.48). In addition, using an interaction model, we found some evidence that gain in insight may not be a good indicator of regaining capacity in patients with depression compared with patients with schizophrenia and BPAD-mania.

Conclusions

We suggest that clinico-ethical studies using mental capacity provide a way of assessing the validity of nosological and other clinical concepts in psychiatry.
Accounting for the association between childhood maltreatment and alcohol-use disorders in males: a twin study
Authors: Young-Wolff K. C. , Kendler K. S. , Ericson M. L. , Prescott C. A.
Published: March 2010

Background

An association between childhood maltreatment and subsequent alcohol abuse and/or dependence (AAD) has been found in multiple studies of females. Less is known about the association between childhood maltreatment and AAD among males, and the mechanisms that underlie this association in either gender. One explanation is that childhood maltreatment increases risk for AAD. An alternative explanation is that the same genetic or environmental factors that increase a child's risk for being maltreated also contribute to risk for AAD in adulthood.

Method

Lifetime diagnosis of AAD was assessed using structured clinical interviews in a sample of 3527 male participants aged 19–56 years from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. The sources of childhood maltreatment–AAD association were estimated using both a matched case–control analysis of twin pairs discordant for childhood maltreatment and bivariate twin modeling.

Results

Approximately 9% of participants reported childhood maltreatment, defined as serious neglect, molestation, or physical abuse occurring before the age of 15 years. Those who experienced childhood maltreatment were 1.74 times as likely to meet AAD criteria compared with males who did not experience childhood maltreatment. The childhood maltreatment–AAD association largely reflected environmental factors in common to members of twin pairs. Additional exploratory analyses provided evidence that AAD risk associated with childhood maltreatment was significantly attenuated after adjusting for measured family-level risk factors.

Conclusions

Males who experienced childhood maltreatment had an increased risk for AAD. Our results suggest that the childhood maltreatment–AAD association is attributable to broader environmental adversity shared between twins.
Gendered Activism and the Politics of Women's Work: Introduction
Authors: Neunsinger Silke
Published: March 2010

It is often said that labor history is in decline. Yet other interpretations are possible. The flourishing of labor history from the 1960s to the 1980s could instead be regarded as exceptional and the situation during the last twenty years as the more typical state of affairs. A second interpretation, which I favor, is that labor history has, in fact, not declined. Rather, the content of labor history has shifted. There may be less scholarship on many of the traditional or original objects of research, but there is new research, in history and other disciplines, on topics that arguably fall under a new, expanded understanding of “labor history.” This second explanation is supported by the continued vitality of scholarship on women's work and women's activism.
Even Conservative Unions Have Revolutionary Effects: Frank Tannenbaum on the Labor Movement
Authors: Merrill Michael
Published: March 2010

Frank Tannenbaum is best known for his studies of Mexican agrarian reform and for his contributions to the comparative history of slavery and slave societies. But as a young man he had made a name for himself as a notorious labor agitator, and he went on to publish two books on the US labor movement, which are worthy of reconsideration as important interpretations of independent trade unionism and political reform. The first volume appeared in 1921 and offered an original perspective on the popular syndicalism that formed such a large, positive element of the philosophy of the International Workers of the World (IWW), to the extent it had one, at the center of which lay the struggle for social recognition on the part of immigrant and (supposedly) unskilled workers. The second appeared thirty years later and provided a thoughtful defense of the private, employment-based welfare and industrial relations system that the New Deal established in the United States. Together the books offer a provocative account of the social and individual radicalism of US-style “pure and simple” trade unionism.
A Path to Modernization: A Review of Documentaries on Migration and Migrant Labor in China -Manufactured Landscapes(2007) 90 minutes. Director: Jennifer Baichwal. Director of photography: Peter Mettler. Produced by Nick de Pencier, Daniel Iron, and Jennifer Baichwal. Released by Zeitgeist Films. -Bing Ai(2007) 114 minutes. Director, writer, and producer: Feng Yan. http://www.cidfa.com/modules/index.php -Up the Yangtze(2008) 94 minutes. Writer and director: Yung Chang. Director of photography: Wang Shi Qing. Producers: Mila Aung-Thwin, Germaine Ying-Gee Wong, and John Christou. Released by Zeitgeist Films. -Losers and Winners(2007) 96 minutes. Directors: Ulrike Franke and Michael Loeken. Released by Icarus Films. -China Blue(2005) 86 minutes. Producer and director: Micha X. Peled. Released by Bullfrog Films. -Mardi Gras(2007) 74 minutes. Producer, director, and editor: David Redmon. Directors of photography: David Redmon and Kathleen Rivera. Released by Carnivalesque Films. -A Decent Factory(2005) 79 minutes. Directed, written, and produced by Thomas Balmès for Margot Films/BBC, and Kaarle Aho for Making Movies. Released by First Run/Icarus Films.
Authors: Zhang Xiaodan
Published: March 2010

None of the award-winning films reviewed in this article has a blissful tone. In these films, we watch young girls in assembly lines producing all sorts of commodities in China as well as four hundred Chinese workers disassembling a coking plant in Germany. We are immersed in people's personal stories, such as a peasant woman forced to leave her farm and her lone hut, located in the area due to be submerged by the Three Gorges Dam project, and a sixteen-year-old girl learning to labor on a cruise ship along the Yangtze River. In most of the films we also meet managers, Chinese or foreign, who are concerned with nothing but maximizing profit through intense exploitation of labor. These films document how the massive force of modernization in a globalized world affects lives of common people in China. Their struggles with poverty, corrupt officials, and greedy business owners are displayed in sharp contrast to both shining metropolitan glory and rural banality. In this regard, the Canadian photographer Edward Burtynsky's photographs of China, as shown in the filmManufactured Landscapes, seem emblematic enough: Modernization in China has altered the trajectory of people's lives as well as the landscapes of their nation. This article discusses the issues embedded in the stories the seven documentaries present: the impact of global capitalism; the relations between national development and globalization; the conflicts between corporate social responsibility and profit-making; and the predicament of migrant workers and their human agency.
We Are All Learners
Authors: Rondeau Kris
Published: March 2010

Editor's note: Kris Rondeau began her talk by showing a video with documentary clips of the union's 1988 election at Harvard. The video, HUCTW 20th Birthday, is accessible on YouTube.
Song Lyrics From the Pipets
Authors: Gelband Joie , Jaeger Bill , Reiffel David , Rigoglioso Marguerite
Published: March 2010

Editor's note: The Pipets are the Harvard Union of Clerical and Technical Workers' singing group.
Changing concepts of endocardial fibroelastosis
Authors: Lurie Paul R.
Published: March 2010

Endocardial fibroelastosis is not a disease but a reaction of the endocardium. I review the history of the term with emphasis on the gradual understanding of the many causes of this reaction. I include a comprehensive list of diseases or other cardiac stresses that authors have reported in association, and I try to explain the mechanism of the reaction. Although endocardial fibroelastosis is rare today, I issue a warning of a possible epidemic recrudescence of some of the associated diseases. My hope is for nosologic purity, therefore that outworn but surviving concepts will be firmly rejected.
Lithology, mineral assemblages and microbial fingerprints of the evaporite-carbonate sediments of the coastal sabkha of Abu Dhabi and their extraterrestrial implications
Authors: Sadooni Fadhil N. , Howari Fares , Edwards Howell G.M. , El-Saiy Ayman
Published: March 2010

Deep-core and surface samples collected from the coastal sabkha of Abu Dhabi were subjected to a multi-proxy study, including petrographic, geochemical and spectroscopic analyses. The sediments studied are composed of biochemical carbonate-evaporite mineral suites, such as calcite, dolomite, aragonite and gypsum, as well as clastic minerals, such as quartz, feldspar and serpentine. These sediments were also strongly influenced by microbial activities as reflected by the presence of cyanobacterial mats, boring, gas bubble structures, pustular and other macro and micro textures. A combination of marine, fluvial, aeolian, and groundwater processes shaped the geomorphology of the area and led to the formation of such mineral suites, as well as their microbial contents. Data collected from Mars indicate that its surface regolith contains sandstone composed of siliciclastic basaltic debris, as well as carbonate (e.g. magnesite) and evaporite (e.g. jarosite and relics of gypsum) mineral assemblages. Additional data suggest the presence of geomorphic features, characteristic of an arid climate, such as sand dunes and desert varnish. The hydrological model for the Late Noachian-Hesperian period of the plant proposed the existence of a surficial layer containing endolithic and stromatolitic cyanobacterial lamina. The combination of the coastal sabkha of Abu Dhabi with its carbonate-evaporite mineral suites, the neighbouring sand dune fields of the Empty Quarter Desert and the basaltic sediments resulted from weathering the ophiolitic Northern Oman Mountains to form a candidate terrestrial geologic province that may explain the mineral association of Mars and its potential biosignatures. The lithological features and the mineral association of the sabkha can be recognized by the present day detection equipment used on Mars, and even if their biosignatures are degraded, their existence may be inferred from these features.
Cell cycle dynamics of NG2 cells in the postnatal and ageing brain
Authors: Psachoulia Konstantina , Jamen Francoise , Young Kaylene M. , Richardson William D.
Published: March 2010

Oligodendrocyte precursors (OLPs or ‘NG2 cells’) are abundant in the adult mouse brain, where they continue to proliferate and generate new myelinating oligodendrocytes. By cumulative BrdU labelling, we estimated the cell cycle timeTCand the proportion of NG2 cells that is actively cycling (the growth fraction) at ~ postnatal day 6 (P6), P60, P240 and P540. In the corpus callosum,TCincreased from <2 days at P6 to ~9 days at P60 to ~70 days at P240 and P540. In the cortex,TCincreased from ~2 days to >150 days over the same period. The growth fraction remained relatively invariant at ~50% in both cortex and corpus callosum – that is, similar numbers of mitotically active and inactive NG2 cells co-exist at all ages. Our data imply that a stable population of quiescent NG2 cells appears before the end of the first postnatal week and persists throughout life. The mitotically active population acts as a source of new oligodendrocytes during adulthood, while the biological significance of the quiescent population remains to be determined. We found that the mitotic status of adult NG2 cells is unrelated to their developmental site of origin in the ventral or dorsal telencephalon. We also report that new oligodendrocytes continue to be formed at a slow rate from NG2 cells even after P240 (8 months of age).
Observations of flow and ice‐ocean interaction beneath the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Robinson N. J. , Williams M. J. M. , Barrett P. J. , Pyne A. R.
Published: March 2010

The first oceanographic data from beneath the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, are presented here with synchronous observations from southern McMurdo Sound. Multilevel current profiles at three sites over spring tide revealed primarily K1 diurnal tides with net transport from McMurdo Sound into the basin beneath the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The time series in southern McMurdo Sound captured the 14 day tidal phase shift and showed that transport into the subice shelf cavity was even greater over neap tide, with average transport ∼1.8 Sv. McMurdo Sound sea ice cover during this period was the heaviest in 25 years of satellite record and was associated with the proximity of two massive icebergs, B‐15a and C‐19. The warmest waters observed beneath the ice shelf were set at the surface freezing temperature, probably through recent interaction with this extensive sea ice cover. Observed ranges of temperature and salinity were narrowed to the extent that neither Antarctic Surface Water nor High Salinity Shelf Water were observed beneath the ice shelf. We anticipate that in years with more typical summer sea ice cover surface waters swept beneath the ice shelf will be significantly warmer, having even greater potential for basal melt near the ice shelf front. Our observations also exhibit some of the interactions particular to the subice shelf ocean environment. These include occurrence of platelet ice in ice shelf meltwater, boundary layer friction effects from the ice cover on the ocean, and tidal currents driving enhanced melting near the ice shelf front.
Thermal structure of the subduction zone in western Japan derived from seismic attenuation data
Authors: Nugraha Andri Dian , Mori Jim , Ohmi Shiro
Published: March 2010

We use a well determined three‐dimensional attenuation model to infer the temperature distribution of the subduction zone in western Japan. The tomographic attenuation model was derived from about 19,000 t* determinations for P‐ waves recorded at 128 stations. The attenuation model with a previously determined velocity model was used to infer the temperature distribution of the subduction zone from depths of 15 to 80 km, using the high temperature background method. We can clearly see the cooler slab (400°C to 700°C) that is being subducted under the hotter mantle material (425°C to 850°C). We also show that the deep low‐frequency earthquakes are occurring in regions just above the slab with temperatures of about 500°C to 600°C.
Length of a minimum as predictor of next solar cycle's strength
Authors: Dikpati Mausumi , Gilman Peter A. , Kane Rajaram P.
Published: March 2010

Motivated by a prevailing view that a long minimum leads to a weak sunspot cycle, we estimate the correlation coefficients between the length of a cycle minimum and (i) the following cycle's peak, (ii) the preceding cycle's peak, (iii) following peak minus preceding peak and (iv) depth of minimum. Using both sunspot number and spot area data, we find that a long minimum is both followed and preceded by weak cycles. Similarly short minima are followed and preceded by strong cycles. Consistent with these results, we find no correlation between the length of a cycle minimum and the difference in peaks of the following and preceding cycles. From sunspot number data, for longer‐than‐average minima, five following cycle peaks were lower than that of the preceding cycles' peaks, while four were higher. Following shorter‐than‐average minima, seven cycle peaks were higher than the preceding peaks and seven were lower. Therefore one cannot predict from the length of a minimum whether the next cycle will be stronger or weaker than the preceding cycle. Thus we cannot predict whether cycle 24 will be stronger or weaker than 23. We also find that there is a strong anticorrelation between the length of a solar cycle minimum and the depth of that minimum. We define the depth as the least spot number or spot area (13‐rotation averaged) within the span of a cycle minimum. We speculate that this anticorrelation is due to the longer time available for annihilation of late cycle toroidal flux across the equator in the case of a longer minimum.
Cosmic ray diffusion tensor throughout the heliosphere
Authors: Pei C. , Bieber J. W. , Breech B. , Burger R. A. , Clem J. , Matthaeus W. H.
Published: March 2010

We calculate the cosmic ray diffusion tensor based on a recently developed model of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in the expanding solar wind. Parameters of this MHD model are tuned by using published observations from Helios, Voyager 2, and Ulysses. We present solutions of two turbulence parameter sets and derive the characteristics of the cosmic ray diffusion tensor for each. We determine the parallel diffusion coefficient of the cosmic rays following the method presented by Bieber et al. (1995). We use the nonlinear guiding center theory to obtain the perpendicular diffusion coefficient of the cosmic rays. We find that (1) the radial mean free path decreases from 1 to 30 AU for both turbulence scenarios; (2) after 30 AU the radial mean free path is nearly constant; (3) the radial mean free path is dominated by the parallel component before 30 AU, after which the perpendicular component becomes important; (4) the rigidity dependence of the parallel mean free path is proportional to P.404 for one turbulence scenario and P.374 for the other at 1 AU from 0.1 to 10 GV, but in the outer heliosphere its dependence steepens above 4 GV; and (5) the rigidity dependence of the perpendicular mean free path is very weak.
Seasonal variations in diffuse, monoenergetic, and broadband aurora
Authors: Newell Patrick T. , Sotirelis Thomas , Wing Simon
Published: March 2010

The only previously established seasonal auroral variation is that of intense monoenergetic aurora, corresponding to quasi‐static acceleration by geomagnetic‐field‐aligned electric fields. Here we investigate the separate seasonal dependence of both types of electron accelerated aurora (broadband, or wave, in addition to monoenergetic) and both ion and electron diffuse aurora. Dayside and nightside variations are separately considered, as are conditions of low and high solar wind driving. Across these many combinations, several clear patterns emerge. One is that the dayside tends to maximize precipitation in the summer and much more so for low solar wind driving. Nightside precipitation is higher in the winter and much more so for high solar wind driving. The dayside effects are strongest in number flux and stronger in diffuse aurora than accelerated aurora. The ease of ion entry through the summer cusp, along with the constraints of charge quasi‐neutrality, and the rise in dayside currents in the summer hemisphere adequately explain much (perhaps all) of the dayside behavior. Nightside effects are more apparent in energy flux, with the winter/summer ratio of monoenergetic aurora being the largest: 1.70 for high solar wind driving. However, both other types of electron aurora, diffuse (1.30) and broadband (1.26), also have winter/summer energy fluxes well above unity for high solar wind driving. The nightside seasonal variation of ions is much smaller, with slightly more energy flux postmidnight in the winter but with slightly higher energy fluxes premidnight in the summer. Since the increased nightside fluxes into the winter hemisphere occur primarily under strong solar wind driving, and are much more prominent in energy flux than number flux, they likely reflect increased energization in the winter ionosphere when stronger currents are being driven into the ionosphere from the magnetosphere. Equinoctial behavior tends to lie between the summer and winter hemisphere values, but typically closer to the latter. As a result, nightside electron energy flux summed over the hemispheres is higher around equinox, simply because there is no summer hemisphere.
A modified method for inferring upper troposphere cloud top height using the GOES 12 imager 10.7 and 13.3 μm data
Authors: Chang Fu‐Lung , Minnis Patrick , Lin Bing , Khaiyer Mandana M. , Palikonda Rabindra , Spangenberg Douglas A.
Published: March 2010

Passive satellite retrievals using conventional CO2 absorption techniques tend to systematically underestimate the upper transmissive cloud top heights (CTHs). These techniques are based on single‐layer assumptions that the upper cloud occupies a geometrically thin layer above a cloud‐free surface. This study presents a new modified CO2 absorption technique (MCO2AT) to improve the inference of transmissive CTHs in the upper troposphere above 600 hPa. The MCO2AT employs an iterative algorithm that starts with a single‐layer CO2 absorption technique (SCO2AT) followed by an iterative procedure to retrieve an enhanced upper CTH based on inferred effective background radiances. Both techniques are applied to the 10.7 and 13.3 μm channel data of the Twelfth Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES 12) imager and their retrievals of upper tropospheric CTHs are compared with two active sensing products: the ground‐based Active Remotely Sensed Cloud Location (ARSCL) products from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site and the satellite‐based Cloud Aerosol Lidar With Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) products. On average, the CTHs from MCO2AT and SCO2AT are lower than those from both of the active sensors by ∼1 and 2.4 km, respectively, possibly due to the different sensitivities and spatial resolutions between passive and active sensors. Preliminary validation of the new modified method is encouraging, especially the improvements for upper transmissive clouds in geometrically thick and/or multilayered cloud situations. The development of the modified method is particularly useful for sensors like the GOES 12, Meteosat‐9, and others, which carry only one CO2 absorption channel at ∼13.3 μm.
First evidence of a 27 day solar signature in noctilucent cloud occurrence frequency
Authors: Robert C. E. , von Savigny C. , Rahpoe N. , Bovensmann H. , Burrows J. P. , DeLand M. T. , Schwartz M. J.
Published: March 2010

This paper presents evidence of a connection between the 27 day modulation of the solar activity and noctilucent cloud (NLC) occurrence frequency as measured by the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) and solar backscatter ultraviolet (SBUV) instruments. Observations show anticorrelations significant at the 90% confidence level between noctilucent cloud occurrence rate anomalies and Lyman‐α irradiance variation during several seasons in both hemispheres. A superposed epoch analysis confirms these results and also reveals a clear recurrence pattern in noctilucent clouds occurrence anomalies with a ∼27 day period. The superposed epoch analysis also shows that the maximum NLC response in the Northern Hemisphere is clearly localized at 0 day phase lag, while in the Southern Hemisphere the maximum response is broader and occurs at 0 ± 2 day phase lag. Microwave Limb Sounder mesospheric products suggest that the more likely driver for the variation in NLC occurrence is temperature instead of water vapor, but the mechanisms responsible for the observed variations are not yet fully understood.
Feasibility of soil moisture estimation using passive distributed temperature sensing
Authors: Steele‐Dunne S. C. , Rutten M. M. , Krzeminska D. M. , Hausner M. , Tyler S. W. , Selker J. , Bogaard T. A. , van de Giesen N. C.
Published: March 2010

Through its role in the energy and water balances at the land surface, soil moisture is a key state variable in surface hydrology and land‐atmosphere interactions. Point observations of soil moisture are easy to make using established methods such as time domain reflectometry and gravimetric sampling. However, monitoring large‐scale variability with these techniques is logistically and economically infeasible. Here passive soil distributed temperature sensing (DTS) will be introduced as an experimental method of measuring soil moisture on the basis of DTS. Several fiber‐optic cables in a vertical profile are used as thermal sensors, measuring propagation of temperature changes due to the diurnal cycle. Current technology allows these cables to be in excess of 10 km in length, and DTS equipment allows measurement of temperatures every 1 m. The passive soil DTS concept is based on the fact that soil moisture influences soil thermal properties. Therefore, observing temperature dynamics can yield information on changes in soil moisture content. Results from this preliminary study demonstrate that passive soil DTS can detect changes in thermal properties. Deriving soil moisture is complicated by the uncertainty and nonuniqueness in the relationship between thermal conductivity and soil moisture. A numerical simulation indicates that the accuracy could be improved if the depth of the cables was known with greater certainty.
Haiti After the Earthquake: Eos Interviews Seismologist Eric Calais
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: March 2010

Recent earthquakes have jolted Chile and other places around the globe. However, the devastating 12 January 2010 strikeslip earthquake along a 50‐kilometer portion of the Enriquillo—Plantain Garden fault zone (EPGFZ) near Port‐au‐Prince, Haiti, still is strongly resonating, figuratively and literally. The earthquake, of magnitude 7.0 or 7.1, killed more than 220,000 people. The more than 50 aftershocks to date of magnitude 4.5 or greater are part of the process of readjustment of the Earth's crust that could take 2–3 years to reach equilibrium, according to Eric Calais, professor of geophysics in Purdue University's Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and a researcher at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS).
National Medal of Science nomination deadline
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: March 2010

The deadline for nominations for the 2010 U.S. National Medal of Science is 31 March 2010. The Medal of Science, which is presented annually by the president of the United States to distinguished scientists and engineers, is the nation's highest honor for American scientists and engineers.
Realizing the Potential of Satellite Gravimetry for Hydrology: Second GRACE Hydrology Workshop; Austin, Texas, 4 November 2009
Authors: Rodell Matthew , Famiglietti James S. , Scanlon Bridget R.
Published: March 2010

Hydrologists and geodesists met in November to share new results and discuss ways to facilitate the use of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) products for hydrological research and applications. More than 70 scientists from eight countries participated. Recommendations from the workshop were presented subsequently at the GRACE science team meeting.

The NASA/German Aerospace Center's GRACE mission, launched in 2002, provides a unique perspective on the water cycle. GRACE measures tiny variations in Earth's gravity field, from which are inferred changes in total column water: the sum of groundwater, soil moisture, surface water, snow, ice, and biomass. Workshop presentations included river basin—scale budget studies; groundwater, snow, river runoff, and ice sheet melt assessments; GRACE data assimilation; drought monitoring; and several papers devoted to data processing issues.
Nitric oxide triggers mammary gland involution after weaning: remodelling is delayed but not impaired in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Zaragozá Rosa , Bosch Ana , García Concha , Sandoval Juan , Serna Eva , Torres Luís , García-Trevijano Elena R. , Viña Juan R.
Published: March 2010

During mammary gland involution, different signals are required for apoptosis and tissue remodelling. To explore the role of NO in the involution of mammary tissue after lactation, NOS2 (inducible nitric oxide synthase)-KO (knockout) mice were used. No apparent differences were observed between NOS2-KO and WT (wild-type) animals during pregnancy and lactation. However, upon cessation of lactation, a notable delay in involution was observed, compared with WT mice. NOS2-KO mice showed increased phosphorylation of STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) 5 during weaning, concomitant with increased β-casein mRNA levels when compared with weaned WT glands, both hallmarks of the lactating period. In contrast, activation of STAT3, although maximal at 24 h after weaning, was significantly reduced in NOS2-KO mice. STAT3 and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) signalling pathways are known to be crucial in the regulation of cell death and tissue remodelling during involution. Indeed, activation of both STAT3 and NF-κB was observed in WT mice during weaning, concomitant with an increased apoptotic rate. During the same period, less apoptosis, in terms of caspase 3 activity, was found in NOS2-KO mice and NF-κB activity was significantly reduced when compared with WT mice. Furthermore, the activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway is delayed in NOS2-KO mice when compared with WT mice. These results emphasize the role of NO in the fine regulation of the weaning process, since, in the absence of NOS2, the switching on of the cascades that trigger involution is hindered for a time, retarding apoptosis of the epithelial cells and extracellular matrix remodelling.
The substrates and binding partners of protein kinase Cε
Authors: Newton Philip M. , Messing Robert O.
Published: March 2010

The ε isoform of protein kinase C (PKCε) has important roles in the function of the cardiac, immune and nervous systems. As a result of its diverse actions, PKCε is the target of active drug-discovery programmes. A major research focus is to identify signalling cascades that include PKCε and the substrates that PKCε regulates. In the present review, we identify and discuss those proteins that have been conclusively shown to be direct substrates of PKCε by the best currently available means. We will also describe binding partners that anchor PKCε near its substrates. We review the consequences of substrate phosphorylation and discuss cellular mechanisms by which target specificity is achieved. We begin with a brief overview of the biology of PKCε and methods for substrate identification, and proceed with a discussion of substrate categories to identify common themes that emerge and how these may be used to guide future studies.
A dynamic ratio of the α+ and α− isoforms of the tight junction protein ZO‐1 is characteristic of Caco‐2 cells and correlates with their degree of differentiation
Authors: Ciana Annarita , Meier Katharina , Daum Nicole , Gerbes Stefan , Veith Michael , Lehr Claus‐Michael , Minetti Giampaolo
Published: March 2010

ZO‐1 is a peripheral protein that plays a central role in the macromolecular assembly of tight junctions by interacting with integral proteins (occludin, claudins, JAMs) of the membrane of adjoining cells, with the actin cytoskeleton, and with nuclear factors. Human ZO‐1 is expressed in all epithelia and some specialized endothelia as variable amounts of two related isoforms, which originate from the alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts α+ and α− and whose specific differential role is still unknown. Moreover, little is known about the timing of expression of ZO‐1 isoforms at the protein and mRNA level. This study shows that during growth of freshly plated Caco‐2 cells, the α+/α− ratio increased as a result of simultaneous increase of α+ and decrease of α−. Differences in the isoform ratio also correlated with differences in epithelium differentiation. This was determined by aminopeptidase N measurements of cells grown on conventional substrates and on modified, micro/nano‐patterned surfaces. A comparable shift of ZO‐1 isoforms was not observed in other tumour cell lines of non‐intestinal origin (A549, Calu‐3). Pancreatic stem cells, propagated without exogenous differentiation stimuli, displayed a slight, stable prevalence of the α− isoform. Of the intestinal cell lines examined (Caco‐2 and T84), only Caco‐2 cells displayed a dramatic shift in isoform expression. This suggests that this tumour cell line retains to a higher degree a developmental programme related to the dynamic of enterocytic differentiation in vivo.
Oxidative stress during aging of the yeast in a stationary culture and its attenuation by antioxidants
Authors: Owsiak Alina , Bartosz Grzegorz , Bilinski Tomasz
Published: March 2010

Oxidative stress during aging of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in stationary culture was documented by demonstration of progressive increase in the formation of superoxide, decrease in the content of acid‐soluble thiols and of acid‐soluble antioxidant capacity of cell extracts, and accumulation of aldehydes and protein carbonyl groups in two yeast strains and decreases in activities of antioxidant enzymes. Cells of a CuZn‐SOD (superoxide dismutase)‐1‐deficient strain showed a higher loss of viability than cells of an isogenic wild‐type strain. Cell survival was augmented, and changes in biochemical parameters were ameliorated, by addition of exogenous antioxidants (ascorbic acid, glutathione and melatonin) in both strains.
Predict US Restaurant Firm Failures: The Artificial Neural Network Model versus Logistic Regression Model
Authors: Youn Hyewon , Gu Zheng
Published: March 2010

Based on recent years' financial data of US restaurant firms, this study developed failure prediction models using logistic regression and artificial neural networks (ANNs). The findings show that the logistic model is not inferior to the ANNs model in terms of prediction accuracy. For restaurant firms, the logistic model not only provides bankruptcy prediction at an accuracy rate no inferior to that provided by the ANNs model but also indicates how firms can act to reduce the chance of going bankrupt. Therefore, for US restaurant firms the logistic model is recommended as a preferred method for predicting restaurant firm failures.
Destabilizing Taylor–Couette flow with suction
Authors: Gallet Basile , Doering Charles R. , Spiegel Edward A.
Published: March 2010

We consider the effect of radial fluid injection and suction on Taylor–Couette flow. Injection at the outer cylinder and suction at the inner cylinder generally result in a linearly unstable, steady, spiraling flow, even for cylindrical shears that are linearly stable in the absence of a radial flux. We study nonlinear aspects of the unstable motions with the energy stability method. Our results, though specialized, may have implications for drag reduction by suction, accretion in astrophysical disks, and perhaps even in the flow in Earth’s polar vortex.
Beam distribution modification by Alfvén modes
Authors: White R. B. , Gorelenkov N. , Heidbrink W. W. , Van Zeeland M. A.
Published: March 2010

Modification of a deuterium beam distribution in the presence of low amplitude toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes and reversed shear Alfvén eigenmodes in a toroidal magnetic confinement device is examined. Comparison to experimental data shows that multiple low amplitude modes can account for significant modification of high energy beam particle distributions. It is found that there is a stochastic threshold for beam transport, and that the experimental amplitudes are only slightly above this threshold. The modes produce a substantial central flattening of the beam distribution.
Scholte surface wave in a soft film deposited on rigid plate immersed in water: Dispersion relation and collimation effect
Authors: Cai Feiyan , He Zhaojian , Zhao Degang , Liu Zhengyou
Published: March 2010

We theoretically demonstrate the existence of a Scholte surface wave mode in a composite slab immersed in water, which consists of a soft rubber film deposited on a rigid steel plate. In the moderate frequency range, we discover that the unique Scholte surface mode is the disturbed lowest symmetric Lamb mode of rubber film. Thus the properties of the unique surface mode can be manipulated efficiently by exclusive altering the properties (thickness or transverse velocity) of soft film. Through replacing the homogeneous rubber film with two different rubber films alternate stacking, i.e., modulating the surface mode of the composite slab, we numerically realize a strong collimated beam of acoustic wave by placing a point source on the surface of rubber heterostructure. The properties of this unique Scholte surface wave and the collimation beam structure may offer the potential for developing new types of acoustic devices and elements for acoustic wave.
Measurements of high energy density electrons via observation of Cherenkov radiation
Authors: Habara Hideaki , Ohta Kazuhide , Tanaka Kazuo A. , Kumar G. Ravindra , Krishnamurthy M. , Kahaly Subhendu , Mondal Sudipta , Bhuyan Manoj Kumar , Rajeev R. , Zheng Jian
Published: March 2010

Direct measurement of extremely high energy density electrons created in ultraintense laser-plasma interactions is crucial issue for fast ignition. Recently Cherenkov radiation has been studied to obtain the energy distribution of electrons because the emission angle depends on the electron energy. However in the previous studies [F. Brandl et al., Europhys. Lett. 61, 632 (2003); M. Manclossi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 125002 (2006)], the experimental configurations using a planar target raised issues of spatial overlapping among the light from the different energy electrons as well as from the other emissions, such as transition radiation. A novel prism shaped target is developed in which Cherenkov lights emitted from different energy electrons are spatially separated, realizing an absolute measurement of the energy spectrum by counting the light intensities in each observed position. The observed image clearly shows the horseshoe pattern as expected in fully three-dimensional ray-trace calculations, and the image is successfully converted into the electron spectrum inside the target. In addition, it is found from the blur of the outer edge of the Cherenkov pattern that the electrons have a small beam divergence. The calibrated energy spectrum well agrees with particle simulations.