bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DO INSECTS REALLY HAVE A HOMEOSTATIC HYPOTREHALOSAEMIC HORMONE?
Authors: Veenstra Jan A.
Published: January 2008

Since trehalose in insects, in contrast to glucose in mammals, does not enter the haemolymph directly from the digestive tract, but is all synthesized by the insect itself, and furthermore an increased trehalose synthesis during stress and flight does not lead to significant increases in haemolymph trehalose, there seems to be no physiological need for an insect homeostatic hypotrehalosaemic hormone. Experiments in which tissue extractions were found to lower haemolymph trehalose can not prove the existence of such a hormone, while all insect species which so far have been submitted to a trehalose‐tolerance test, decrease their haemolymph trehalose concentrations at a rate which can be accounted for by the metabolic use of trehalose. These results therefore indicate the absence, and not the presence, of a homeostatic hypotrehalosaemic hormone. This is also true for blowflies, from which an insulin‐like immunoreactive peptide has been isolated. It seems therefore unlikely that this insulin‐like peptide is a homeostatic hypotrehalosaemic hormone. The physiological mechanism by which this insulin‐like peptide would have to act to function as a hypotrehalosaemic hormone is also an unlikely one. It therefore seems justified to conclude that so far, homeostatic hypotrehalosaemic hormones have not been demonstrated in insects. Furthermore, it may well be that they do not exist.
FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY: AN EPIGENETIC MEASURE OF STRESS
Authors: PARSONS P. A.
Published: January 2008

(1) Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a useful trait for monitoring stress in the laboratory and in natural environments.

(2) Both genomic and environmental changes can increase FA which represents a deterioration in developmental homeostasis apparent in adult morphology. Genetic perturbations include intense directional selection and certain specific genes. Environmental perturbations include temperature extremes in particular, protein deprivation, audiogenic stress, and exposure to pollutants.

(3) There is a negative association between FA and heterozygosity in a range of taxa especially fish, a result consistent with FA being a measure of fitness.

(4) Scattered reports on non‐experimental populations are consistent with experiments under controlled laboratory conditions. FA tends to increase as habitats become ecologically marginal; this includes exposure to environmental toxicants.

(5) In our own species, FA of an increasing range of traits has been related to both environmental and genomic stress.

(6) Domestication increases FA of the strength of homologous long bones of vertebrate species due to a relaxation of natural selection.

(7) FA levels are paralleled by the incidence of skeletal abnormalities in stressful environments.

(8) Increased FA is a reflection of poorer developmental homeostasis at the molecular, chromosomal and epigenetic levels.
THE SINGER AND THE SONG: ON THE RECEIVING END OF BIRD SONG
Authors: McGREGOR PETER K.
Published: January 2008

Variation in singing behaviour between males can involve fixed differences such as the song type composition of repertoires, as well as more flexible effects such as matched counter‐singing (Krebs & Kroodsma, 1980; Section III. 4), differences in bout length (the number of songs in a period of song) and changes in strophe length. Short‐term strophe length changes seem to be related to the willingness and ability of males to respond strongly to playback. Whether this is because strophe length indicates motivation or the degree of exhaustion of the neuromuscular song‐production system, or both, is currently unclear.
STUDY OF THE VERTICAL AUTOROTATION OF A SINGLEWINGED SAMARA
Authors: SETER D. , ROSEN A.
Published: January 2008

1. Autorotation of a single‐winged samara is a highly nonlinear phenomenon that represents a delicate equilibrium between gravity, inertia and aerodynamic effects. Therefore, in order to analyse this phenomenon, an accurate detailed model is necessary. Such a model has not been presented in the past. Recently the authors derived a detailed model which is briefly described in the paper.

2. The aerodynamic contributions present the most complicated part of the phenomenon. These contributions are treated using the blade‐element/momentuin method, with certain improvements and additions. These improvements are necessary due to inherent differences between samara wings and other rotary wing systems (aircraft propellers, helicopter rotors, etc.).

3. The cross‐sectional aerodynamics of the samara is characterized by relatively small Reynolds numbers, high angles of attack and rough surfaces. While these characteristics are different from other rotary wings, they are typical of the wing cross‐sections of insects and birds. Therefore the lift and drag coefficients, which are necessary for the analysis, are obtained using available data for insect and bird wings.

4. The results of the theoretical model are compared with experimental results of tlvo kinds. The first kind includes results for a samara of an Acer platanoides that were reported in the literature. In addition, a special experimental model of a samiira was built and tested. This model offers a simple way of varying the configuration in order to study (experimentally) the effect of different geometric parameters on the autorotation.

5. In the light of the uncertainty in the aerodynamic coefficients, it can be concluded that there is quite a good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results. Thus, after LTalidation, the theoretical model is used for a parametric study to find the influence of different parameters on the autorotation. The important results of this study are outlined below.

6. The spanwise flolv component and the tangential component of the induced velocity have a very small influence and thus can be neglected.

7. It is important to include in the analysis the effects of the axial induced velocity, the tip effect, and the drag of the root region.

8. Since chordwise variations of the centre of pressure location, as a function of the angle of attack, were seen in the past (based on over simplified analyses) as the mechanism which is responsible for the samara stability, this effect is also added to the model. While the influence of this effect on the pitch angle is large and small on the sinking rate, it results in an increase in the deviation between the theoretical and experimental results.

9. Autorotation is sensitive to the cross‐sectional aerodynamic coefficients. This sensitivity is critical since the available data on these coefficients is, to say the least, unsatisfactory and require significant improvement.
Life History AND BIOECONOMY OF THE House Mouse
Authors: BERRY R. J. , BRONSON F. H.
Published: January 2008

1. More is known about the western European house mouse, Mus (musculus) domesticus than any other non‐human mammal. If laboratory and field information is combined, an extremely valuable understanding of the species' bioeconomy could be obtained.

2. The seven stages of mouse life‐history are surveyed (up to birth, nest life, sex life, social structure, population statics and stability, senescence, and death), and the interactions between the changing phenotype and the environment are described.

3. These interactions can be used to build up a model of the opportunities and compromises which result in the fitness of individual mice. It is not yet possible to quantify such a model, but this should in principle be achievable.
CELLULAR BIOLOGY OF BONE RESORPTION
Authors: ZAIDI MONE , ALAM A. S. M. TOWHIDUL , SHANKAR VIJAI S. , BAX BRIDGET E. , BAX CHRISTOPHER M. R. , MOONGA BALJIT S. , BEVIS PETER J. R. , STEVENS CLIFFORD , BLAKE DAVID R. , PAZIANAS MICHAEL , HUANG CHRISTOPHER L. H.
Published: January 2008

Past knowledge and the recent developments on the formation, activation and mode of action of osteoclasts, with particular reference to the regulation of each individual step, have been reviewed. The following conclusions of consensus have emerged.

1. The resorption of bone is the result of successive steps that can be regulated individually.

2. Osteoclast progenitors are formed in bone marrow. This is followed by their vascular dissemination and the generation of resting preosteoclasts and osteoclasts in bone.

3. The exact pathways of differentiation of the osteoclast progenators to mature osteoclasts are debatable, but there is clear evidence that stromal cells support osteoclast generation.

4. Osteoclasts are activated following contact with mineralized bone. This appears to be controlled by osteoblasts that expose mineral to osteoclasts and/or release a factor that activates these cells.

5. Activated osteoclasts dissolve the bone mineral and digest the organic matter of bone by the action of agents secreted in the segregated microcompartments underlying their ruffled borders. The mineral is solubilized by protons generated from CO, by carbonic anhydrase and secreted by an ATP‐driven vacuolar H+‐K+‐ATPase located at the ruffled border. The organic matrix of the bone is removed by acid proteinases, particularly cysteine‐proteinases that are secreted together with other lysosomal enzymes in the acid environment of the resorption zone.

6. Osteoclastic bone resorption is directly regulated by a polypeptide hormone, calcitonin (CT), and locally, by ionized calcium (Ca2+) generated as a result of osteoclastic bone resorption.

7. There is new evidence that osteoclast activity may also be influenced by the endothelial cells via generation of products including PG, NO and endothelin.
THE EVOLUTION OF CONSCIOUSNESSWILLIAM JAMES'S UNRESOLVED PROBLEM
Authors: GLYNN IAN M.
Published: January 2008

Part I of this article shows that, for different reasons, neither traditional interactionist dualism nor more modern theories of the mind/body relationship — including functional‐state identity theory — provide a satisfactory explanation of the evolution of consciousness. Interactionist dualism leaves us with a philosophical impasse; the more modern theories have not yet succeeded in providing adequate answers to the difficulties that were raised by William James in 1879.

Part II of the article disputes Kripke's claim that identity theories are, anyway, untenable because the relevant identities would have to be necessary rather than contingent.
ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS IN ALGAE: ITS COMPLEXITY, MAINTENANCE AND EVOLUTION
Authors: JOHN By DAVID M.
Published: January 2008

Life histories of photosynthetic eukaryotes traditionally‐termed algae exhibit a considerably greater degree of complexity than those of ‘higher cryptogams.’ Some algae have a so‐called ‘obligate’alternation between spore‐producing and gamete‐producing phases, but the majority seem capable of following other pathways depending upon environmental conditions. In only four algal classes do life histories show a change in morphological and/or nuclear phases. The following basic life histories are recognized in the Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae:(a) monophasic, a diploid or haploid phase, (b) two or more phases, most commonly an alternation of an isomorphic or heteromorphic haploid gametangial phase and a diploid sporangial phase, and (c) three phases (unique to florideophyte Rhodophyceae), with a diploid spore‐producing phase (carposporophyte) developing on the gametangial phase, a diploid phase (tetrasporophyte if meiosis is sporic) and a haploid gametangial phase. Evidence from recent research indicates that in many algae there is an uncoupling of the morphological and nuclear phases. The dominance of one phase and suppression of another has been suggested to be due to the common occurrence in algae of apogamy, apomeiosis and parthenogenesis. Free‐living morphs in heteromorphic life histories may be morphologically so dissimilar that formerly they were attributed to different genera.

Evolution of the carposporangial phase in red algae is speculated to be a means of achieving zygotic amplification to compensate for the infrequency of syngamy. Such amplification allows the production of a large number of dispersible products from a single fertilization. The direct development of a free‐living tetrasporangial phase is considered another mechanism for achieving amplification. In freshwater red algae the growth of an upright phase from a perennial microscopic one is considered an adaptation for maintaining their upstream position.

Life history pathways in algae are controlled by subtle environmental influences (e.g. photoperiodism, temperature, light quality, nutrients). Experimental evidence is lacking to support the contention that spatial and/or temporal partitioning of the environment is a mechanism favouring the maintenance of heteromorphy. Herbivory is known to be an important selective force suppressing some morphs and accentuating the seasonal dominance of others. Differential resistance of morphs to herbivory in environments where grazing intensity is predictable may lead to the selective maintenance of heteromorphy.

Algal life history patterns are unexplored in terms of evolutionary processes. Various models for the evolution of biphasic or polyphasic life histories stress the importance of the capacity for both asexual dispersal of successful genotypes and for the generation of new genotypes via meiosis and syngamy. All evidence points to the fact that many life history processes operative in algae differ significantly from those described for other cryptogams.
The Taxonomy of European Vascular Plants: A Review of The Past Half‐Century and the Influence of the Flora Europaea Project
Authors: Walters S. M.
Published: January 2008

Using the newly‐completed second edition of the first volume of Flora Europaea as a starting‐point, the author, a member (until 1993) of the Flora Europaea Editorial Committee, reviews the aims and scope of the whole project, and considers what influence it has had on European vascular plant taxonomy in the post‐war period. The prospects of completing the second edition are discussed, and finally some comment is made on the present difficulties for taxonomists
The Benefits of Mutualism: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: CONNOR RICHARD C.
Published: January 2008

There are three general mechanisms by which phenotypic benefits are transferred between unrelated organisms. First, one organism maypurloinbenefits from another by preying on or parasitizing the other organism. Second, one organism may enjoy benefits that areincidentalto or aby‐productof the self‐serving traits of another organism. Third, an organism mayinvestin another organism if that investment produces return benefits which outweigh the cost of the investment. Interactions in which both parties gain a net benefit are mutualistic. The three mechanisms by which benefits are transferred between organisms can be combined in pairs to produce six possible kinds of original or ‘basal’ mutualisms that can arise from an amutualistic state. A review of the literature suggests that most or all interspecific mutualism have origins in three of the six possible kinds of basal mutualism. Each of these three basal mutualisms have byproduct benefits flowing in at least one direction. The transfer of by‐product benefits and investment are common to both intra‐ and interspecific mutualisms, so that some interspecific mutualisms have intraspecific analogs. A basal mutualism may evolve to the point where each party invests in the other, sometimes obscuring the nature of the original interaction along the way. Two prominent models for the evolution of mutualism do not include by‐product benefits: Roughgarden's model for the evolution of the damsel‐fish anemone mutualism and the ‘Tit‐for‐Tat’ model of reciprocity. Using the conceptual framework presented here, including in particular by‐product benefits, I have shown how it is possible to construct more parsimonious alternatives to both models.
Governing in the Media Age: The Impact of the Mass Media on Executive Leadership in Contemporary Democracies
Authors: Helms Ludger
Published: January 2008

The effects of old and new media on governing and executive leadership have remained curiously under-studied. In the available literature, assessments prevail that consider the media to have developed a strongly power-enhancing effect on incumbent chief executives. A careful reconsideration of mass media effects on the conditions and manifestations of political leadership by presidents and prime ministers in different contemporary democracies suggests that the media more often function as effective constraints on leaders and leadership. Overall, the constraining effects of the traditional media have been more substantial than those generated by the new media. While there are obvious cross-national trends in the development of government–mass media relations, important differences between countries persist, which can be explained to some considerable extent by the different institutional features of contemporary democracies.
The ‘New War’ on Terror, Cosmopolitanism and the ‘Just War’ Revival
Authors: Dexter Helen
Published: January 2008

The post-Cold War era has seen the return of the ‘good war’ and a move away from legal pacifism – the control of war through international law – to ‘just war’ theorizing. This article is concerned with the re-legitimization of warfare witnessed within the post-Cold War security paradigm that is being justified via humanitarian claims. It aims to highlight the difficult relationship that has developed since the commencement of the Bush administration's ‘war on terror’ between the cosmopolitan beliefs of those who have long argued for legal and legitimate humanitarian intervention, and the cosmopolitanism being espoused by the neo-conservatives of the Bush administration and the Project for the New American Century.
Genu Varum in Children: Typical Roentgen Picture
Authors: RENANDER. AXEL
Published: January 2008

A report is given of a case of genu varum in a child with characteristic changes in the epiphyseal cartilage and neighbouring metaphyses of the tibia and the femur.
Ober Höckerbildung in den Schädelknochen bei schweren Anaemien der Kinder
Authors: LIAKKA VUOKKO
Published: January 2008

Bei schweren anaemischen Zuständen bei Kindern trifft man manchmal besonders starke, höckerartige Verdickungen in den Schädelknochen, speziell in den Scheitelbeinen (übertriebenes Caput quadrattim). Ein schwerer Pall von Anaemia haemolytica bei einem 13‐jährigen Mädchen wird genauer beschrieben.

Diese Knochenhöeker sind – wie YLPPÖ es bei seinen Studien über Frühgeburten dargetan hat – als Produkte einer Reaktion des Knochengewebes auf infolge krankhafter Blutneubildung im Knochenmark entstehende Reize anzusehen.
Experimental Pathological Studies on the Nature and Rôle of Bacterial Allergy.
Authors: RICH. ARNOLD RICE
Published: January 2008

It is now well known that while the body is acquiring an active immunity to bacteria during infection, the tissues ordinarily become hypersensitive to the protein of the infecting microorganisms. When this hypersensitiveness has appeared, the tissues will be locally damaged and killed by amounts of the bacterial protein which are harmless to the normal body, and disturbing constitutional symptoms and even death may occur when amounts of the protein which would be harmless to the normal body find their way into the blood stream of the hypersensitive one. By the side of this hypersusceptibility of the tissues to the protein of the infecting bacteria there is also developed a heightened resistance to the growth of the bacteria, and their spread through the tissues and into the blood stream is markedly inhibited. The state of hypersusceptibility to the bacterial protein is ordinarily spoken of as allergy; the ability of the body to inhibit the growth and the invasion of the bacteria, and to neutralize the toxins which they may produce, constitutes acquired immunity.
Recherches sur le passage dans le lait de quelques substances diffusibles (Urée, NaCl, Bleu de méthylène).
Authors: LESNé E. , DREYFUS‐SéE G.
Published: January 2008

E. Lesnié, G. Dreyfus‐sée et Lardén'ont pu mettre enévidence le passage dans le lait de femme de substances normales telles pue l'urée et le chlorure de sodium ingérées en excès ni de substances anormales telles que le bleu de méthylène. Ils insistent à ce propos sur le rôle sécrétoire prédominant, de la glande mammaire qui maintient la fixité de composition du lait, produit spécifique adaptéà la conservation et à la croissance de l'enfant.
The Rôle of Acidosis and Phosphate Retention in the Pathogenesis of Rickets and Rachitic Tetany of Infants.
Authors: Morris Noah , Ford F. J. , Graham Stanley
Published: January 2008

There is no evidence that acidosis is either a causal or associated factor in infantile rickets. There is an increased urinary output of ammonia but the fact that it is associated with a diminution in the titratable acidity of the urine renders it unlikely that there is a condition of acidosis present. This conclusion is further strengthened by the fact that healing of rickets as evidenced by increased retention of minerals and X‐ray signs, may take place during prolonged administration of an acid‐producing substance.

Infantile tetany is characterised by an increased retention of chlorine but there is no evidence of any disturbance of acid‐base equilibrium as a causal or associated factor.

The retentions of calcium and phosphorus may run parallel even in the presence of tetany. Furthermore the phosphorus retention may be proportionately greater than that of calcium during spontaneous healing or following vitamin D therapy without any manifestations of tetany. Even the administration of large doses of phosphate leading to a great increase in the retention of phosphorus with a diminution in that of lime does not necessarily lead to the appearence of tetany although the calcium stores of the body have been previously greatly depleted. These results indicate that tetany complicating rickets may occur without an excessive retention of phosphorus over calcium and that excessive retention of phosphorus may take place without any manifestation of tetany. It therefore seems justifiable to conclude that phosphate retention is not the dominating factor in the pathogenesis of infantile tetany.

The authors are indebted to Prof. G. B. Fleming for much helpful advice. They desire to express their thanks to the Medical Research Council for personal grants to two of them (S. G. and N. M.)
Untersuchungen über den Blutdruck und den Reststick‐stoff des Blutes beim Neugeborenen, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kinder von Nierengestosemüttern.
Authors: SALMI T.
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassender Überblick.

Als wichtigste Endergebnisse, die wir aus unserem, 38 Neugeborene, von denen 20 von Nephrogestosemüttern stammen, umfassenden Material erhalten haben, seien folgende angeführt:

Der an Neugeborenen auskultatorisch mit einer Manchette von 4 × 15 cm. gemessene Blutdruck schwankt am ersten Lebenstage zwischen 74/50 und 30/20 mm. Hg, bei einem Mittelwert von 46,2/28,5 mm. Hg. Darauf zeigt der Blutdruck im Laufe der ersten Woche ein mächtiges Anwachsen, und erreicht am Schluss derselben einen Mittelwert von 85,9/50,9 mm. Hg. Die bedeutendste Zunahme erfolgt am 2–3:ten Lebenstage.

Der Blutdruck von Kindern an chronischen Nephrogestosen leidender Mütter ist höher als der von Kindern eiweisfreier und an akuten Nephrogestosen leidender Mütter.

Ein Abhängigkeitsverhältnis zwischen Blutdruck und Rest‐stickstoff des Blutes hat nicht beobachtet werden können.

Der nach dem kolorimetrischen Verfahren von Folin in einer, mit Hilfe der Sinuspunktion erhaltenen, Blutmenge von 2 cm3 bestimmte Reststickstoff der Neugeborenen schwankt am ersten Lebenstage von 20—48 mg‐%, bei einem Mittelwert von 33,8 mg‐%; die entsprechenden mütterlichen Werte sind 20—46,2 mg‐% (Mittelwert 28,6 mg‐%). Meistens ist der Reststickstoffwert des Kindes höher als der Mutter.

Kinder von an chronischen Nephrogestosen leidenden Müttern zeigen höhere Reststickstoffwerte des Blutes als die Kinder eiweisfreier und an akuten Nephrogestosen leidender Mütter.

Die Reststickstoffwerte des Blutes Erst‐ und Mehrgebären‐der sind gleich hoch.

Die Dauer der Geburt hat auf den Reststickstoffgehalt weder erhöhend noch ihn herabdrückend gewirkt.

Der Reststickstoff des Neugeborenen zeigt in den ersten zehn Lebenstagen eine geringe abfallende Tendenz.

Bei Kindern an Nephrogestosen leidender Mütter scheint Eiweis im Harn häufiger aufzutreten als bei den Kindern eiweisfreier Mütter.
Die Säuglingssterbliehkeit in Finnland von 1750—1935.
Authors: HEINIÖ P.
Published: January 2008

Die Säuglingssterblichkeit ist in Finnland, seit dem Jahre 1750 in 5‐Jahrperioden berechnet, in grossen Zügen sehr gleichmässig von 28.48 % auf 7.36 % (i. J. 1935 auf 6.68 %) gesunken. Die Gehurtenziffer ist während der gleichen Zeit von 45.3 ‰ auf 18.4 ‰ (i. J. 1935 auf 18.5 ‰) zurückgegangen. Ein besonderer Zug tritt unter finnischen Verhaltnissen in der Abnahme der Sterblichkeit in den Stadten und auf dem Lande hervor. In der Landeshauptstadt Helsinki, wo die Sterblichkeit früher (die Berechnungen beginnen mit der Periode 1866—70) am grössten war (25.31 %), ist der Rückgang der Sterblichkeit am schnellsten erfolgt und ist die Sterblichkeit jetzt am geringsten (1930—34 6.04 %, i. J. 1935 4.4 %). Die für alle Städte zusammen berechnete Sterblichkeit sank in dieser Zeit von 22.02 % auf 6.88 % (i. J. 1935 auf 5.23 %). Die Sterblichkeit auf dem flachen Lande, die ursprünglich am niedrigsten war, ist am langsamsten, von 21.11 % auf 7.34 % (i. 5. 1935 auf 6.89 %) gesunken. Urn das Jahr 1920 herum war die Sterblichkeit an allen diesen verschiedenen Stellen ungefähr gleich gross. Die Knabensterblichkeit in Finnland ist dauernd grösser gewesen als die Mädchensterblichkeit, ebenso die Sterblichkeit der unehelichen Kinder bedeutend grösser als diejenige der ehelichen; zumal in Helsinki war die Sterblichkeit der unehelich Geborenen früher ungeheuer gross (1866—70 41.17 %); in den letzten 15 Jahren hat sie rasch abgenommen (1931—34 auf 10.34 %, i. 5. 1935 auf 7.5 %). Die Sauglings‐frühsterblichkeit (Sterblichkeit der ersten 7 Lebenstage) ist in Finnland seit der Periode 1881—85 sehr wenig, von 3.63 % auf 1.93 %, die Säuglingsnachsterblichkeit dagegen steil, von 13.52 % auf 5.44 % gesunken. Bei den ehelich Geborenen ist der Rückgang der Sterblichkeit etwas steiler, bei den unehelichen geringfügiger gewesen. Die Totgeburtenziffer ist ungefahr unverandert geblieben (bei der ehelich Geborenen ein wenig vermindert, bei den unehelichen ein wenig gestiegen).
Über das Vorkommen von Melaena neonatorum in Finnland und ihre Beziehung zu gewissen Infektions‐krankheiten.
Authors: KEPILÄ AUNE , LEPPO ERKKI
Published: January 2008

Auf Grund der Statistik über 177 Melaena‐neonatorum‐vera‐Fälle haben wir festgestellt: 1) dass eine deutliche Periodizität hinsichtlich der Jahreszeiten im Vorkommen der Melaena zu beobachten ist,

2) dass dieses periodische Auftreten der Melaenafälle in gleicher Richtung mit dem Auftreten der gewöhnlichsten akuten Infektionskrankheiten geht.
Über das Vorkommen der rheumatischen Krankheiten and der ehronisehen deformierenden Arthritiden bei Kindern in Finnland.
Authors: RANTASALO VILJO
Published: January 2008

In der Universitäs‐Kinderklinik zu Helsinki sind während der Jahre 1914—1933 246 an einer akuten rheumatischen Krankheit oder einer chronischen Gelenkkrankheit leidende Kinder behandelt worden. Die Anzahl der akuten Fälle betrug 213, diejenige der chronischen 33. Das gegenseitige Verhältnis der akuten und chronischen Formen unter der Gesamtbevölkerung beträgt nach Holsti und Raniasalo 1:2.2.

zunter den chronischen Formen sind Knaben und Mädchen gleich stark vertreten. Unter der Gesamtbevölkerung ist das weibliche Geschlecht in der Gruppe der chronischen Formen noch stärker vertreten als in der Gruppe der akuten.

Die primär‐chronischen Gelenkkrankheiten der Kinder beginnen gewöhnlich schon in der ersten, die akuten und sekundär‐chronischen während der zweiten uiid dritten 5‐Jahrperiode.

Die akuten und die primär‐chronischen Formen unterscheiden sich voneinander seitens ihres klinischen Bildes, ihrer Reaktionsweise gegen Tuberkulin, sowie hinsichtlich der Anzahl der Todes‐fälle, der Todesursachen und der durch sie bedingten Invalidität. In hereditärer Beziehung dagegen besteht kein nennenswerter Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen.

Die primär‐chronischen Formen bilden eine deutliche, sich sowohl von den akuten wie den sekundär‐chronischen unterscheidende Gruppe, die man auch nicht gern in die Gruppe der chronischen Formen Erwachsener einbeziehen kann.
Über die Dosierung des Pilokarpins in der Kinderpraxis.
Authors: SELESTE ESTER
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung unserer Versuehe:

Bei der Verabreichung per os darf man als Maximaldosis bei über 1 Jahr alten Kindern 0.01—0.03 oder durchschnitflich 1.005 mgikg und bei Säuglingen unfer 1 Jahr 0.002—0.01 oder durchschniftlich 1.4 mglkg Körpergezuicht befrachten.
Über den Anteil der Kohlensaure an dem Meteorismus der Säuglinge.
Authors: SOVERI VUOKKO
Published: January 2008

Obgleich die Zahl der mit Kohlendioxyd ausgeführten Versuche hicht gross ist, kann man, weil sie alle ein ganz ähnliches Resultat ergaben, und weil ausserdem für dies Resultat eine deutliche theoretische Grundlage existiert, auf Grund dieser Versuche zusammenfassend dennoch folgende Schlussfolgerungen ziehen: 200—300 cm3 Kohlendioxyd verschwinden aus dem Verdauungskanal eines gesunden Kindes schon binnen 10—15 Minuten. Hieraus erhellt ohne weiteres, dass das im Darmtraktus im Zusammenhang mit der Verdauung entstandene Kohlendioxyd, selbst wenn die Gärung stark sein sollte, bei einem gesunden Kinde keinen Meteorismus hervorruft, weil grosse Mengen davon so rasch in das Blut resorbiert, also durch die Lungen ausgeschieden werden. Bei Stauungszuständen kann sich die Sache jedoch möglicherweise etwas anders verhalten. Man muss also für den Meteorismus andere Ursachen suchen als das bei der Gärung entstehende Kohlendioxyd.
On Encephalographie Examinations in Organic Nervous Diseases in Children
Authors: BRANDBERG OLOF
Published: January 2008

The author gives an account of three cases, in which an organic injury to the brain has caused psychic debility (case I), psychic debility and ptosis palpebrarum (case II) resp. progressive blindness (case III).

The organic injury to the brain can be supposed in all three cases after clinical examination; the encephalogram corroborates the diagnosis in all three cases.

The first case reveals itself, then, as hydrocephalus internus, probably congenital. Case II shows already on inspection a curiously compressed cranial form (asymmetric) and on encephalography it is impossible to fill the right ventricle with air. The third case shows on encephalography coarse anatomical changes that tally well with the development of chronic encephalitis originating from a pertussis encephalitis which the patient had gone through at the age of 3 months. In the last‐mentioned case the encephalogram indicates an atrophy of the brain with changes both in the ventricular system and in cortex cerebri.

The good of encephalography in these cases is, in the author's opinion, the corroboration of the suspicion that the states of illness should, in the different cases, be based on serious injuries to the brain. And the picture of the injuries given by the encephalogram creates a clear conception of the prognosis of the cases, by means of which it is made easier to arrive at a decision concerning the treatment.
Quelques considération sur les névraxites dans la scarlatine
Authors: ECKERSTRÖM STEN
Published: January 2008

Résumé. Un homme de 34 ans, jusque là bien portant, tombe brusquement malade avec une angine, des céphalées et des vomissements. Au troisième jour de sa maladie, apparaît un exanthème scarlatineux typique. Pendant les premiers jours de sa maladie, à son domicile, il se plaint de vertiges, il a des sueurs abondantes et parfois de la confusion mentale. Lors de son examen, à l'hôpital, on constate une scarlatine typique. Pendant la première semaine, le tableau morbide est dominé par des symptômes cérébraux surtout psychiques. De même qu'il l'avait été chez lui, pendant quelques jours, le patient est incommodé, durant sa première journée d'hôpital, par un hoquet opiniâtre. Outre les troubles purement psychiques, l'examen neurologique montre quelques signes d'une affection nerveuse organique: rigidité de la mimique faciale, présence du signe de Babinski, altérations du liquide spinal. En l'espace d'environ trois semaines, les symptômes neurologiques, tant subjectifs qu'objectifs, disparaissent, mais, pendant la cinquième semaine, quand le patient se lève, il éprouve de nouveau pendant quelques jours, une série de légers troubles subjectifs.
The C‐vitamine content in the breast‐milk of mothers in Gothenburg. (Preliminary communication.)
Authors: GEDDA E. , KJELLBERG K.
Published: January 2008

By means of Tillmann's method, as modified by Bessey, the authors have determined the C‐content of the breast‐milk of 421 mothers attending the Children Welfare Centres, in Gothenburg. They have found an average value of 3.9±0.07. The investigation has been carried on for an autumn‐ and a spring period. Approximately about the same number of samples have been examined in the two groups. A comparison shows that the C‐content of the autumn‐material is 0.6 mg%±0.13 higher than that of the spring samples, representing a statistically reliable difference.
Über eine Tuberkulose‐Epidemie boviner Herkunft einer Stadtbevölkerung und einer Ferienkolonie für Kinder
Authors: GNOSSPELIUS A.
Published: January 2008

The author describes a tubercular epidemic, which was caused by not pasteurised milk and which overtook 33 families out. of 136 persons living in the city of Gothenburg. Upon an examination of 100 of these were 98 tuberculin‐positive. The 2 tuberculin‐negative were infants, who only had eaten mothers' milk and for that reason had not come in contact with infected milk. 23 of these 100 persons must be regarded as surely infected by the milk. 2 had Erythema nodosum and 7 tubercular jugular glands. Two of the last mentioned were proven to have tubercular bacillus of bovine type. – The same infected milk had been delivered to a summerhome for 42 children. At least 17 children were infected; 4 had Erythema nodosum and 4 tubercular jugular glands. The above mentioned number of infected persons must be regarded as a minimum; those in reality infected may be considerably greater in number.

According to new statutes is after the 1st of July 1939 only pasteurised milk to be sold in cities and larger communities in Sweden. Exemption from this may be given to farms with non‐reactive stock. These statutes are not applicable to the countryside, which ought to be taken into consideration when city families leave for the country and when planning summerhome for children.
Über unstillbares Erbrechen bei jungen Säuglingen
Authors: RÄIHÄ C.E. , YLPPÖ A.
Published: January 2008

Wir konstatieren, dass der Pylorusspasmus in Finnland im Frühjahr bedeutend häufiger als in den anderen Jahreszeiten vorkommt. Dies weist deutlich auf einen aus der Unrwelt des Kindes stammenden krankheitserregenden Einfluss hin. Gestützt auf die hier wiedergegenen Krankengeschichten sind wir zu der Annahme geneigt, dass wenigstens ein wichtiger ätiologischer Faktor beim Zustandekommen des unstillbaren Erbrechens bei jungen Säuglingen in einem katarrhalisehen resp. inflammatorischen Prozess in der Magenwand selbst zu suchen ist. Die Entstehung dieses wird unter anderem durch die starke Hyperazidität der ersten Lebenstage und durch die obligate Bakterieninvasion begünstigt.
The Influence of Citric Acid Milk on the Percentage of Ca and Inorganic P in Serum
Authors: SIWE STURE A.
Published: January 2008

1. The citric acid milk causes an increase of the calcium content in serum in the beginning. This increase, however, is not constant later on. The content of phosphorus in serum is not influenced.

2. By addition of 0.4 per cent citric acid to milk a certain part of the protein‐combined calcium and nearly all the phosphorus are converted into ultrafiltrable form.
Roentgenologic Determination of Heart Volume in Infants.1
Authors: AXÉN OLIVER , LIND JOHN
Published: January 2008

Roentgenologic determination of the heart volume has been carried out in 45 infants with healthy hearts. The roentgenograms were taken simultaneously in two planes at right angles (the frontal and sagittal planes), and the volume calculated by Jonsell's modification of the Kahlstorf formula. In order to ascertain the error of the method a number of control examinations were made on cadavers, and in addition double determinations were made in 18 infants at the time of the roentgen examination. The absolute values for the heart volume were correlated with the body length and the body‐weight and the heart volume per square metre of body surface with the body length.
Electro‐Encephalographic Examinations of Imbeciles.
Authors: GUNNARSON SIV
Published: January 2008

42 imbeciles (20 mongoloids and 22 spastic subjects) were examined with electro‐encephalograms. Regular alpha frequency was recorded in 11 mongoloids and 10 spastic subjects, irregular and sparse alpha waves in 4 mongoloids and 4 spastic subjects

The alpha waves appeared more sporadically and in shorter periods in the spastic subjects and mongoloids as compared with the normal cases. In all cases of regular alpha frequency, a lower frequency was found in the mongoloids than in the spastic subjects, with a single exception. The results in the cases with alpha‐like, irregular waves correspond with the typical cases

The alpha frequency in all the mongoloids with a low intelligence quotient was far below the normal values for the age, whereas the alpha frequency in all the spastic subjects, even in those with a very low intelligence quotient, fell within, or in the neighbourhood of, the normal limits of variation for the age.
Treatment of Children's Diabetes.
Authors: LICHTENSTEIN A.
Published: January 2008

Experiences during the 10 years' period 1934–1943 in regard to 169 cases of children's diabetes without any dietetic restrictions whatever were very favourable. The children showed a good physical and mental development and a minimum of coma, hypoglycemia or other complications. The total mortality was merely 4.7%

Protamin insulin in doses of 10–120 units per day entailed less tendency to hypoglycemia than zinc protamin insulin. As a rule one injection per day was found sufficient

Stress is laid on the necessity of close cooperation with the homes, if good results are to be obtained.
Über den Einfluss der Narkose auf den intrakraniellen Druck
Authors: LINDBERG GUSTAF
Published: January 2008

Äthernarkose ruft eine starke Steigerung des intrakraniellen Druekes hervor. Dieselbe Wirkung haben Chloroform und Chloräthyl

Während der Vollnarkose besteht ein Druck, der den präformierten Druck wesentlich und oft um mehrere hundert Prozent übersteigt

Die Druckerhöhung bleibt während der Dauer der Narkose konstant. Sie wird von einer Hyperämie des Gehirns hervorgerufen, welche durch eine Erweiterung der Arteriolen und Kapillaren hervorgerufen wird. Beim Erwachen gehen die Hyperämie und die Erhöhung des Druckes schnell zurück

Die während der Narkose durch Lumbalpunktion gefundenen Werte des Druckes sind deshalb nicht zu verwerten.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus. Diagnosis and Indications for Operation
Authors: MANNHEIMER EDGAR
Published: January 2008

A short general survey is given on diagnosis and indications for operation in patent ductus Botalli. Until now Crafoord has operated on 38 cases with good results (2 deaths, one of them was a case of endocarditis in her ductus). The symptom which gives the diagnosis is the continuous murmur with its maximal intensity over the pulmonary orfice. The author has the opinion that all cases of isolated patent ductus arteriosus should be operated upon. In cases where the condition is combined with other malformations every case should be judged individually.
Exanthema neonatorum from the Allergic Viewpoint, especially concerning the Influence of Orange and Vitamin C Supply to the Mother
Authors: STRÖM JUSTUS
Published: January 2008

For many reasons the skin can be assumed to be sensitive to both external and internal stimuli during the neonatal period. Exanthems during this period are also rather common, and allergic factors presumably play an important part here, in any case in the urticaria‐resembling varieties

As oranges often proved to have a deteriorative effect on exanthems in infants and small children, and the suspicion had arisen that eruptions in infants also sometimes could be caused by the mother consuming oranges, tests were performed at the maternity hospital to elucidate this problem

54 mothers received 3 oranges a day during their entire stay at the hospital, 58 served as controls. Urticarial eruptions in the new born children were present in 12 cases (22.2 %) of the former, but only in 2 cases (3.4 %) of the latter, the difference amounting to 18.8 ± 6.1%. Two graver cases are described in which the exanthems disappeared relatively soon on withdrawal of the oranges. In one of these latter cases the exanthem reappeared when oranges were allowed again.—In connection herewith another case is described in which a similar result was obtained with chocolate

On administering vitamin C tablets à 100 mg ascorbic acid pro die to the mother, there was no difference between the test groups

An examination concerning the administration of drugs to the mother during the test period revealed that in fewer cases of the orange group than in the control group, drugs had been administered that could be suspected of having caused eruptions

Thus in exanthema neonatorum one has reason to investigate not only the administered drugs as a possible cause, but also the diet of the mother.
Iso‐Immunization in the A B O System and Morbus Haemolyticus Neonatorum
Authors: Axtrup Sten
Published: January 2008

A description is given of some cases of haemolytic diseases of the newborn which may have been caused by an ABO incompatibility.

Iso‐immunisation dans le système A B O et Horbus Haemolyticus Neonatorum

On décrit quelques cas d'affections hémolitiques chez le nouveau‐né causées croit on par une incompatibilité A B O.

Iso‐Immunisierung im A B O System und Morbus Haemolyticus bei Neugeborenen

Eine Beschreibung von einigen Fällen von hämolytischen Krankheiten bei Neugeborenen wird gegeben. Eine A B O Unverträglichkeit wird hierbei als Ursache der Krangheit angegeben.

Sumario

Iso‐Inmunizacón en el sistema A B O y enfermedad hemolitica del recién nacido

Se describen algunos casos de infermedad hemolitica en el recién nacido, donde se piensa que la causa de la enfermedad es una incompatibilidad con el sistema A B O.
The Significance of the Rh Genotype in Erythro‐blastosis Foetalis
Authors: Broman Birger
Published: January 2008

The author gives an account of recent advances in the serology of the Rh blood groups and of some typical cases of erythroblastosis foetalis. Many deviations from Levine's theory concerning the origin of erythroblastosis have proved to be only apparent, as is shown by the cases related.

Réeumé

L'auteur a cité les progrès récents de la sérologie des groupes sanguins Rh et quelques cas typiques d'érythroblastosis foetalis. De nombreuses ←déviations→ de la théorie de Levine sur l'origine de 1'érythroblastosis ne se sont révéléés qu'apparentes, comme on l'a vu par les cas relatés.

Der Verfasser berichtet über neue Fortschritte in der Rh Blutgruppen‐Serologie und über einige typische Fälle von Erythroblastosis foetalis. Viele Abweichungen von der Levineschen Theorie über den Ursprung der Erythroblastosis haben sich als nur scheinbar erwiesen, wie aus den berichteten Fällen hervorgeht.

Sumario

El autor cita varios progresos recientes en la serología de los grupos de sangre Rh y evaluado casos de fetalis eritroblastósis. Muchas de las desviaciones de la teoría de Levine respecto al origen de la eritroblastósis se ha probado que son sólo aparentes, como se desprende de los casos descritos.
Congenital Hyperplasia of the Adrenals With Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency
Authors: Carlgren Lars‐Erik
Published: January 2008

A short survey is given of a syndrome, described previously but still little known, consisting of congenital hyperplasia of the adrenal glands with adrenal cortical insufficiency with respect to water and electrolyte hormone and increased production of androgenic hormone. Three new cases are presented.

On fait un court exposé sur un syndrome, antérieurement décrit, mais encore peu connu, consistant en une hyperplasie congénitale des glandes surrénales, avec insuffisance de la substance corticale surrénale et production accrue d ‘hormones’ androgènes. On présente trois cas nouveaux.

Der Verfasser gibt einen kurzen Überblick über ein Syndrom, das in der medizinischen Literatur früher beschrieben, aber wenig bekannt ist. Es besteht aus einer kongenitalen Hyperplasie der Nebennieren mit Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz und vermehrter Absonderung von androgenem Hormon. Drei Fälle sind beschrieben.

Sumario

El autor expone brevemente un sindrome anteriormente descrito, pero todavía poco conocido, consistiendo en una hiperplasia congenita de las glandulas suprarrenales con insuficiencia de la corteza suprarrenal y un aumento de la producción de hormonas androgenas. Se exponen tres casos.
Dementia Infantilis Heller
Authors: Gunnarson Siv
Published: January 2008

A description of Heller's infantile dementia is given and the case of a girl seen at the age of five years and four months is presented. Her symptoms started earlier than usual, at the age of two and a half years. The differential diagnosis is discussed aii the difficulty of finding institutional care for surh patients is pointed out.

On décrit la démence infantile de Heller, puis on aborde le cas d'une petite fille de 5 ans et 4 mois. Ses symptômes commencèrent plus tôt que d'habitude, dès l'âge de 2 ans et demie. On discute le diagnostic différentiel ainsi que la difficulté d'hospitaliser la patiente dans un établissement approprié.

Gegeben wird eine Beschreibung voii Hellers infantiler Demenz und der Fall einer Patientin inl Alter von 5 Jahren und 4 Monaten. Ihre Symptome begannen früher als gewöhnlich, nämlich im Alter von 2 l/2 Jahren. Die Differentialdiagnose wird erörtert. Die Schwierigkeit, eine Heimpflege für derartige Patienten zu finden, wird dargelegt.

Sumario

Se da una descripción de la demencia de Heller y se presenta el caso de una muchacha de 5 años y 4 meses de edad. Los síntomas de esta muchacha empezaron más pronto de lo natural, a los 2 1/2 años. Se discute la diagnosis diferencial y se recalca la dificultad de disponer servicio facultativo para esta clase de enfermos.
Some Aspects of the Problem of Prematurity
Authors: Holt L. Emmett
Published: January 2008

A consideration of recent statistics on premature mortality indicates that marked progress has been made, with the exception of the now predominant group of deaths due to ← physiological immaturity →. The need for studies of this obscure subject is stressed; a hopeful approach appears to be the study of tissue enzyme systems.

On s'apercoit, en considéant les récentes statistiques de mor‐talité infantile, que des progrès remarquables ont été faits, à 1'exception d'un groupe, actuellement prédominant, de morts par ← immaturité physiologique →. Il est done nécessaire d'étudier ce sujet mal connu; sans doute pourra‐t‐on l'aborder par 1'étude des systèmes d'enzymes tissulaires.

Eine Betrachtung neuer Statistiken über die Mortalität von Frühgeburten zeigt, dass bemerkenswerte Fortschritte gemacht worden sind, ausgenommen die jetzt vorherrschende Gruppe von Todesfällen bei ← physiologischer Unreife →. Die Notwendigkeit der Erforschung dieses dunklen Gebietes wird betont. Ein ver‐sprechender Weg scheint zu sein die Gewebe‐Forschung der En‐zym‐Systeme.

Sumario

Un estudio de las estadísticas recientes de mortalidad prematura indica que se han hecho notables progresos con la excepción del grupo de casos, ahora predominante, de muertes debidas a inmadurez fisiológica. Se recalca la necesidad de estudios sobre esta oscura materia; una manera prometedora de acercarse a este problema parece ser el estudio de los sistemas de las encimas del tejido.