bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RISKY SHIFT AND CREATIVITY
Authors: Glover John A.
Published: May 2006

A review of the literature led to the hypothesis that there could be a relationship between risk-taking and creativity. To test this hypothesis, 10 groups of four undergraduates were administered the Choice Dilemma Questionnaire and a subtest of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking.
This was followed by the standard group process noted to result in a risky shift. After the group process, the Choice Dilemma Questionnaire and an alternate Torrance subtest were readministered. Eleven groups of four undergraduates (the assignments to groups and the assignments to treatments
made on a random basis) received the same administrations of the Choice Dilemma Questionnaire and the Torrance tests but had a relaxation period interposed between administrations rather than the group process.The experimental groups increased their risk-taking scores in a statistically
significant way, indicating that the risky shift phenomenon had occurred. Concomitantly, the experimental groups' flexibility and originality scores increased significantly, while their elaboration scores decreased at statistically significant levels. No changes were noted on fluency.
The control groups showed no significant changes in either the risk-taking scores or any of the four creativity scores. Evidently, increasing the likelihood of taking risks via the risky shift also influences creative responding.
SOCIALLY WITHDRAWN CHILDREN: THE ROLE OF MENTAL HEALTH PRACTITIONERS
Authors: Appolloni Tony , Cooke Thomas P.
Published: May 2006

This paper reviews the literature regarding the problem of social withdrawal in childhood. Consideration is offered of the significance of the problem as an entity and as it is related to other patterns of maladaptive behavior. Additionally, behavior therapy classroom procedures which
have proven effective in remediating social withdrawal are critically reviewed. It is concluded that sufficient behavioral technology now exists to treat the problem of social withdrawal in regular classroom settings, and that mental health workers should serve as resource people to classroom
teachers to enhance the social development of withdrawn children.
GOAL-DIRECTED FANTASY, THE EXPERIENCE OF NONVOLITION, AND COMPLIANCE
Authors: Wagstaff Graham F.
Published: May 2006

In a study of suggested arm levitation, Spanos and Barber (1972) concluded that subjects tended to experience suggestions as more non-volitional when instructed to engage in goal-directed fantasy. An attempt was made to test the viability of an interpretation of their findings in terms
of compliance. A group of 48 subjects was instructed to simulate a response to an arm levitation suggestion. The suggestion was worded in one of four different ways, varying from a direct command to an instruction to engage in goal-directed fantasy. The simulated responses were similar to
those found by Spanos and Barber; the arm levitation suggestion was reported as more involuntary when the subjects were asked to engage in a goal-directed fantasy. After the simulation part of the experiment, subjects were asked to report what they actually experienced. The trend for more
non volition with goal-directed fantasy was significantly diminished in these non-simulated reports.It was concluded that the results of Spanos and Barber are readily explicable in terms of compliance, and thus the immediate clinical applicability of the concept of goal-directed fantasy
may be limited.
OBSERVER ATTRIBUTION: EFFECTS OF DYNAMIC QUALITIES OF THE ACTOR
Authors: Arkin Robert M. , Duval Shelley , Duval Virginia Hensley
Published: May 2006

Research has shown that observers tend to attribute causality for an actor's behavior to dispositional characteristics of the actor rather than to external factors. Several authors have suggested that this phenomenon occurs because observers tend to focus attention on the actor.
The present experiment was designed to determine whether dynamic qualities of the actor can, in part, account for observers' attentional and attributional behavior. Subjects were assigned the role of observers and were exposed to either a mildly dynamic or a stable actor. Subjects'
attributions for the actor's behavior revealed that greater causality was attributed to the dynamic actor.
ATTRIBUTION OF PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS IN TWO CULTURES
Authors: Quereshi M. Y.
Published: May 2006

Data on a set of rating scales and on an ability test were collected from 766 persons in two cultures. The American sample (n = 413) consisted of 186 college (90 male and 96 female) and 227 high school (110 male and 117 female) students. The Pakistani sample (n =353) consisted of 170
college (75 male and 95 female) and 183 high school (96 male and 87 female) students. Every person rated self and 15 significant others on a rating scale and took an ability test involving letter-series items. Results of factor analyses and multivariate analyses of variance demonstrated (a)
substantial cross-cultural generality of psychosocial characteristics attributed to self and others, (b) significant (p < 0.001) cultural differences in self-esteem and esteem of others, as well as in perceptual differentiation, (c) significant (p <0.05) differences between males and
females in the level of esteem and in perceptual diversity, (d) significant (p < 0.05) differences between high and low ability persons and between college and high school students in measures of esteem and perceptual discrimination, and (e) significant (p < 0.05) interaction effects
involving two or more of the four independent variables (culture, education, ability, and sex). Results generally confirmed the main hypotheses postulated here and in some other related studies.
THE INTERACTIVE RELATIONSHIP OF DOGMATISM AND ATTITUDE DISCREPANCY-CONGRUENCY TO ATTITUDE CHANGE
Authors: McCann Stewart J. H. , Hamilton Marshall L.
Published: May 2006

On the basis of dissonance research findings it was hypothesized that dogmatism and attitude discrepancy-congruency would be interactively related to attitude change such that dogmatism and change would be inversely related when the attitudinal positions of the communicator and the
receiver were congruent, and positively related when the positions were discrepant. In a pretestposttest design, either an affirmative or a negative speech on the issue “mercy killing is justified” was presented on audio tape to 119 introductory psychology students who were either
for or against the resolution. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the predicted interaction effect was insignificant (p < 0.18). However, dogmatism and change in the appropriate direction were significantly related, r(l5) = - 0.50, p < 0.03, for males in the congruent situation.
All other correlations in both the discrepant and congruent situations for males, females, and males and females combined were insignificant but in the predicted directions. The results suggest that supportive information may be more effective in polarizing the opinions or attitudes of nondogmatic
persons than dogmatic persons.
The Use of Displays in Soliciting Charitable Donations
Authors: Pancer Mark , Deforest Cheryl , Rogers Ian , Schmirler Donna
Published: May 2006

Four types of appeal were used to determine which would be the most effective in eliciting interest in and donations to a charity for children. In a "needy child" appeal, a picture of a child who was ill-looking and poorly clothed was used to help solicit donations. In a "helped child"
appeal, a picture of a healthylooking child was presented. A third type of appeal presented both a "needy" and a "helped" child, in order to demonstrate that donations could actually help the needy child to a better life. In a final control appeal, no pictures were used. Results indicated
that the "helped child" appeal was most effective in eliciting interest from potential donors; the "needy child" appeal proved least effective. These results were discussed in relation to research on reactance theory, the "just world" hypothesis and interpersonal attraction.
Construct Similarity and Maternal Warmth
Authors: Epting Franz R. , Zempel Carol E. , Rubio Charles T.
Published: May 2006

In an investigation of perceived construct similarity and maternal warmth, it was found that mothers who construed themselves as being highly similar to their child manifested more warmth toward that child. Perceived construct similarity was assessed by means of a modified Rep. grid,
while warmth was assessed using the Fels Warmth Scale. Social desirability scores of the mothers did not seem to influence the magnitude of this relationship. Because a number of other variables both cognitive and behavioral were included in the study, factor analyses and discriminant function
analyses were used to order the data. JO of the child, contrary to predictions, did not appear to be related to any of the main variables in the study. The relationships among all the variables were discussed along with recommendations for further work in this area.
ATTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR JOINT WORK OUTCOMES IN DYADS OF HIGH AND LOW ATTRACTION IN A NATURAL SETTING
Authors: Kayser Egon , Lamm Helmut
Published: May 2006

Twenty-eight students of a school class were put into dyads of high and low attraction. After working on a verbal task, all dyads attained a financial payoff. From studies about responsibility attribution in cooperative and competitive social contact, the hypothesis was deduced that
there would be less self-attribution of responsibility for the (positive) joint outcome in dyads of high attraction. This was confirmed by the results. The potential significance for problems of distributive justice is discussed.
ESTIMATES OF FAKEABILITY ON THE EYSENCK PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE
Authors: Loo Robert , Wudel Pam
Published: May 2006

The fakeability of scales on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was estimated when a homogeneous sample of female undergraduates was employed. Three instruction conditions were used: standard or honest, fake good, and fake bad. Various estimates of fakeability were used and the results
supported Gordon and Gross's (1978) position that at lease two statistics be used so as to estimate both parameters, σD2, μD2, of the discrepancy distribution or of faking. The questionnaire appeared to be moderately susceptible to faking, at least in the
fake good condition; however, the use of cutoffs on the Lie scale should be considered to discard respondents.
COGNITIVE IMPULSIVITY AND SOCIAL STATUS IN PREDELINQUENT PREADOLESCENT MALES
Authors: Glenwick David S. , Croft Roxanne G. F. , Barocas Ralph , Black Harvey K.
Published: May 2006

The relationship between cognitive impulsivity, as measured by Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF), and interpersonal popularity was investigated in a sample of 42 “predelinquent” preadolescent boys in a residential setting. Predictions that the relationship
would vary with the specific sociometric situations sampled were generally not confirmed. In fact, both the latency and errors dimensions of the MFF proved to have comparatively little association with social status, with age and intelligence demonstrating much stronger correlations with sociometric
scores. Similarities to, and differences from, results with nondelinquent populations are discussed, as are implications for attempts at modifying cognitive style.
BELIEFS ABOUT HUMAN NATURE HELD BY ADOLESCENTS IN FIJI: SOME PRELIMINARY ETHNIC AND SEX COMPARISONS
Authors: Stewart Robert A. C. , Mulipola-Lui Malia , Helen Laidlaw
Published: May 2006

Beliefs in overall trustworthiness and complexity of others were investigated in 121 adolescents (mean age 14.7 years) from schools in the Suva-Nausori area of Fiji. Using a 15-item version of Wrightsman's Children's Philosophies of Human Nature scale, it was shown (p <
0.01) that females had a higher level of belief in the trustworthiness of people. In a multicultural comparison, it was shown that Indo-Fijians and Europeans both had a higher level (p < 0.001) of belief in the trustworthiness of people than Fijians. Europeans were shown (p < 0.05) to
see people in general as more complex in comparison with both the Fijian and Indo-Fijian groups.
INFANT-MOTHER ATTACHMENT: A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Stacey Barrie
Published: May 2006

This paper examines infant-mother attachment and its alleged significant for personality and social development. There is now a great deal of evidence that that significance given to this attachment is not warranted. Infants normally develop attachments to more than one person. They
are active participants in their interactions with other persons. The infant's and young child's interpersonal world is both broader and more complex than is usually acknowledged. The ideology of motherhood persists to the detriment of fathering, shared parenting in family and cooperative
situations, and caretaking in child-care facilities
CONFORMITY TO THE MASS STANDARD IN SEXUAL SELECTION
Authors: Lorber Neil M.
Published: May 2006

Courters' conformity to the “mass standard”, represented by the courtship ritual of each species, behaviorally confirms their possession of their species' standard genetic programming, thus validating their qualification jar reproductive privilege. The standard
of each species is thereby affirmed and reinforced and the reproductive worthiness of individuals thereby tested. In this lies the only “universal” element of significance to courtship rituals. Not only do the rituals (which constitute communicational codes of symbolic behavioral
“passwords” between conspecifics) serve to verify the “authenticitynormality” of both courter and courted, but, accordingly, the rituals' very behavioral statement is a necessary, validating “key” to the release of further, ultimate mating activity.
PERCEPTUAL AND DEFENSIVE STYLE VARIABLES IN MARITAL DISCORD
Authors: Genshaft Judy L.
Published: May 2006

Ten couples experiencing marital discord were compared with a control-group on Q sorts describing self, spouse, ideal self and ideal spouse perceptions as well as predictions of mate's self and spouse perceptions. The groups were also compared in their perceived locus of control
and use of repression-sensitization. In general, couples experiencing marital discord also experienced less congruity in their perceptions. Even when subjects were matched randomly into husband-wife pairs, the marital discord subjects were less homogeneous in their perceptions. The groups
also differed in their defensive styles, with a sensitizing style more associated with marital discord.
SOME DEVELOPMENTAL AND RACIAL DIMENSIONS OF COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY
Authors: Hogan H. Wayne , Mookherjee Harsha N.
Published: May 2006

The present study explored two facets of cognitive complexity that, to date, have received very little attention: (1) the examination of selected developmental, socialization correlates of cognitive complexity and (2) the examination of cognitive complexity as a potentially differentiating
factor vis-à-vis the racial categories of blacks and whites. Based on the responses of 434 American university students, the principal findings were (1) that nearly twice the amount of variance in complexity scores accounted for by 17 presumably antecedent variables was associated with
black rather than white subjects, (2) that the findings noted in (1) were truer of black males than for any other category of subject, and (3) that it was for black females that the independent variables were most strongly correlated with complexity scores. The obvious need remains to advance
cognitive complexity research beyond mere correlation and into the more uncertain but potentially more rewarding area of causation.
PERCEIVED MENTAL ILLNESS AND DIMINISHED RESPONSIBILITY: A STUDY OF ATTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Sadava Stan W. , Angus Lynne , Forsyth Robert
Published: May 2006

Subjects read case reports of an accident, in which the severity of consequences was varied, and where the protagonist was described as “normal” or as exhibiting “symptoms” of alcohol abuse, paranoid delusions, acute anxiety. Although greater mental illness was perceived in the alcoholism and paranoid cases, greater responsibility was also attributed to the alcoholic, and more severe penalties were recommended in both cases. Greater responsibility was attributed when the consequences were severe in the normal case only. The implications were discussed for the concept of self-protective attributions and for the notion of mental illness as denoting diminished capacity for responsibility.
PREDICTING SMOKING INTENTIONS AND BEHAVIORS FROM ATTITUDES, NORMATIVE BELIEFS, AND EMOTIONAL AROUSAL
Authors: Beck Kenneth H. , Davis Clive M.
Published: May 2006

College undergraduate smokers and nonsmokers were exposed to a persuasive anti-smoking communication. Measures were taken of their emotional arousal, attitudes toward smoking, perceived attitudes of family and friends, and intentions to engage in a variety of smoking-related activities.
A follow-up measure of their behavior was taken one to two weeks af tar-ward. It was predicted that the influence of emotional state upon intentions and behavior would be indirect, being mediated through attitudes toward smoking. Attitudes and normative (family and friends') beliefs were
expected to predict intentions, which were expected to predict actual behaviors. The results supported Leventhal (1970) and Fishbein and Ajzen (1975). Emotional state was independent of attitudes, perceived attitudes of family and friends, and all but one intention. Attitude-intention consistency
was observed for all responses, while intention-behavior consistency was limited to two responses. Family attitudes predicted intentions to cut down on the amount smoked and stop smoking altogether. Intention-behavior inconsistency was discussed in terms of barriers that may inter fere with
accomplishing one's intentions, and measurement issues which may distort the observed relationship between verbal intentions and subsequent actions.
PARALANGUAGE HIERARCHIES IN DYADS AND TRIADS: TALKING FIRST AND TALKING THE MOST
Authors: Lamb Theodore A.
Published: May 2006

This research explored the phenomena of speaking-order and talking-time structures in dyads and triads. Specifically of concern was whether these modes of paralanguage were hierarchical and whether they were used consistently from one setting to another. Split-screen video recordings
were made of subjects, who were strangers but of the same sex, race and approximately the same age. All the possible dyadic combinations of three persons (3) were recorded in this manner. They were then videotaped interacting in a triad setting with the same people with whom they had been
in the dyad setting. The findings indicate that paralanguage hierarchies do emerge in dyads and triads and that the speaking-order and talking-time ranks correlated well between the dyad and triad.
MEMORY FOR DESIRABLE VERSUS UNDESIRABLE PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Jones Russell A , Scott Joanne V.
Published: May 2006

It was hypothesized that the results of memory searches are biased by an interaction between normative expectations about the relative preponderance of positive vs. negative personality characteristics and the evaluative nature of the question one is attempting to answer with memory-based
information. To test the hypothesis, subjects viewed one of three slide sets in each of which equal numbers of desirable and undesirable personality characteristics were attributed to members of one of two groups. Amount of information to be processed was manipulated by the total number of
slides to be viewed (48, 32, or 16). Following the slide presentations, half of the subjects in each condition were asked to estimate the number of desirable characteristics that had been attributed to the members of each of the two groups and half were asked to estimate the number of undesirable
characteristics. As anticipated, with increasing amounts of information, subjects who were focused on undesirable characteristics in their memory search increasingly overestimated the number of desirable characteristics that had been presented. No such bias was found among subjects who were
focused on desirable characteristics in their memory search.
VALENCE AND POSITION OF INCONSISTENT INFORMATION IN IMPRESSION FORMATION
Authors: Yoon Gene H. Y. , Richey Marjorie H.
Published: May 2006

College students rated the character of a target person from mixed favorable and unfavorable information. One statement of opposite valence was inserted at the beginning, middle, or end of an otherwise univalent description. One rating was made at the time of stimulus presentation and
another a week later. Negative information was more influential than positive in 4 of the 6 final ratings. Position of the incompatible statement had no significant effect but there was a consistent trend in the direction of primacy for both predominantly-positive and predominantly-negative
descriptions.
BIRTH ORDER, GENDER AND AFFILIATION IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS
Authors: Fox Shaul
Published: May 2006

Two questionnaires which examine the affiliation need in four groups of situations were administered to 800 Israeli subjects. No differences were found between first- and later-borns in their tendency to associate with others, while the results show significant interaction between sex and specific situational factors. Women prefer the presence of others more than men under threatening conditions and prefer to be alone in situations which entail concentration and while in unpleasant moods. The findings suggest the usefulness of an interactional approach in analyzing group and individual differences.
ROLE PLAYING, ISSUE IMPORTANCE, AND ATTITUDE CHANGE
Authors: Sarup Gian
Published: May 2006

Based on their different conceptualizations of the processes evoked by role playing and issue importance in the induction of attitude change, cognitive dissonance, incentive, and social judgment theories make competing predictions on the relative effectiveness of role playing and passive exposure as a junction of issue importance. The experiment utilized a 3 × 2 design having control, passive-exposure, and role-playing conditions with low and high levels of issue importance. Planned comparisons of means in the cells expected to register maximal and minimal changes in attitudes under each theory provided little support for the dissonance position and fairly credible, though somewhat overlapping, evidence for incentive and social judgment theories. Other comparisons indicated that improvised role playing produced more change than did passive exposure only for the high- importance issue.
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Authors: McMullin David J. , Steffen John J.
Published: May 2006

In an experiment investigating the effects of performance standards on the intrinsic motivation of college students, male and female subjects were presented with one of two levels of a performance standard (constant or accelerating) in a number guessing task. During a free time period
after completion of the task, observations of the subjects' continued play with the number task were made. A self report questionnaire of intrinsic motivation was also administered. Subjects who were given an accelerating standard of performance spent significantly more time playing the
game during the free period than those who were given a constant standard. A similar difference was not obtained on the questionnaire. The results indicate that accelerating standards of performance can enhance intrinsic motivation and that questionnaire answers such as those used in prior
studies and the current one may not be adequate measures of intrinsic motivation.
HELPING BEHAVIOR: EFFECTS OF SEX AND SEX-TYPING
Authors: Basow Susan A. , Crawley Donna M.
Published: May 2006

Two male and two female experimenters asked 178 adult shoppers to fill out a questionnaire. Refusal data showed a cross-sex effect, with individuals helping other-sex experimenters more than same-sex experimenters. The effects of helper sex, helper sex-typing, helpee sex, and situation
sex-typing were examined by means of questionnaires administered to the final sample of 120 adults. A non-sex-typed helping behavior was used. Results showed a significant three-way interaction among helper sex, helpee sex, and situation sex-type. Helper sex-typing did not have any significant
effects. Results are discussed in terms of the different social norms governing female and male prosocial behaviors.
AMERICAN CAMPAIGN ORATORY: VERBAL RESPONSE MODE USE BY CANDIDATES IN THE 1980 AMERICAN PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARIES
Authors: Stiles William B. , Au Melinda L. , Martello Mary Ann , Perlmutter Julia A.
Published: May 2006

Campaign speeches recorded during the 1980 American presidential primaries and college lectures were coded using a taxonomy of verbal response modes. Both candidates and lecturers used mostly informative modes, but candidates used relatively more Disclosures (subjective information)
and fewer Edifications (objective information) than lecturers. Candidates distinctively used many Confirmation forms (“we” statements), perhaps to suggest that they shared their audience's viewpoint, assumptions, and values.
ATTITUDES TO POVERTY, THE PROTESTANT ETHIC, AND POLITICAL AFFILIATION: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
Authors: Wagstaff Graham F.
Published: May 2006

This study investigated attitudes to the poor as measured by MacDonald's Poverty Scale and the Protestant Ethic Scale. Supporters of the British Conservative Party were found to have more negative attitudes to the poor, and were more likely to blame the poor for their fate than
supporters of the British Labour Party. Supporters of the Liberal/SDP Alliance occupied position between the other two parties on this issue. These results accord with others found in India regarding attribution of the causes of poverty and political ideology.
ECOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF “WHITE ETHNIC” IDENTITY IN ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
Authors: Dabrowski Irene
Published: May 2006

A comparative analysis of voluntary group interaction patterns within two “white ethnic” groups in St. Louis was conducted to investigate the relationship between levels of voluntary group participation and geographical sites of respective ethnic centers. Archival research,
participant observation, and structured interviewing over a 12-month period were the methods employed to conduct case studies of both the Croatian and Czech ethnic communities. Utilizing an ecological framework, the findings suggest a degree of organizational activity is strongly dependent
on the environmental adequacy of the ethnic center site. This paper describes how two varying external locations promote contrasting styles of secondary group involvement. Neighborhood stability supports ongoing participation in one pattern, but in the other, area transiency exacts merely
occasional participation.
RESOLVING CONFLICTS OF INTEREST AND IDEOLOGIES: A SIMULATION OF POLITICAL DECISION-MAKING
Authors: Love Rhonda L. , Rozelle Richard M. , Druckman Daniel
Published: May 2006

This study was designed to assess the relative importance of conflicting interests and ideologies as determinants of conflict resolution. The conflict was defined in the context of a simulation of political decision-making. Decision-makers had different preferences for the allocation
of resources to alternative programs. Six male and six female dyads were run in each cell of a design that made size of conflicting interests orthogonal to amount of ideological dissensus. A significant main effect for conflict of interest was attained on each measure of negotiating behavior.
High conflict of interest dyads took longer to negotiate, allocated less funds, produced more asymmetrical out comes, and had more unresolved conflicts than low conflict of interest dyads. Perceptions of the situation corresponded to negotiating behavior. High conflict dyads viewed the negotiation
more like a “win-lose” competition, were less willing to compromise, regarded compromise as being more like defeat, and so on. The amount of variance accounted for by the ideology and sex variables was negligible on most of the behavioral and perceptual indices. The implications
of these results were discussed in terms of a weighting that is affected by aspects of the conflict situation.
SUBORDINATE IMITATION OF SUPERVISOR BEHAVIOR: THE ROLE OF SUPERVISOR POWER AND SUBORDINATE SELF-ESTEEM
Authors: Adler Seymour
Published: May 2006

Following Social Learning Theory, it was hypothesized that subordinate perceptions of their supervisor's reward, coercive, and expert power should relate to the degree of modeling for subordinates high in self-esteem (SE), but not for subordinates low in SE. Correspondingly, perceptions
of supervisor's referent power should relate to modeling for those low in SE, but not those high in SE. Respondents were 66 department heads and their immediate supervisors, the branch managers, from an Israeli banking organization. Manager-department head similarity in self-described
leadership behavior was used as the index of modeling. The over-all pattern of results largely supported the applicability of Social Learning Theory to organizational modeling.
TOWARD A SYNTHESIS OF SOME BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTECEDENTS OF BELIEF PERSEVERANCE
Authors: Drake Roger A.
Published: May 2006

Empirical evidence shows that heart rate acceleration produces in human subjects belief perseverance, private self-attention, restricted cue range, and relative left hemisphere activation. This article explores the possible relationships among these four dependent variables. This line
of research is considered to be an important means of increasing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying persuasion and resistance to persuasion.
TIME ESTIMATION AS A FUNCTION OF STIMULUS COMPLEXITY AND PERSONALITY
Authors: Lomranz Jacob
Published: May 2006

Following the theoretical model originally proposed by Hogan (1978), this study tests the existence of a “U”-relationship between stimulus complexity and time estimation such that time ‘filled” with simple or complex stimuli is perceived as more extended than
when the same time is “filled” with stimuli that is of a moderate complex nature. In addition, the present study assumes that this relationship can be better explained by considering the personality variables of extroversion and introversion and their interaction with stimulus
complexity. The results confirmed the existence of a quadratic relationship between stimulus complexity and time(< = 0.001). The relationship between information processing in terms of stimulus complexity, personality variables, and the theme of time estimation is discussed.
EARLY MEMORIES, EARLY EXPERIENCES AND PERSONALITY
Authors: Adcock Ngaire V. , Ross Michael W.
Published: May 2006

Theory and earlier research indicates that the content of the earliest memory recalled is related to the ‘life-style’ of the individual. Cultural and sex differences have been found to be involved at a significant level The major study reported here confirms earlier reports
and finds, furthermore, that personality as measured by the E. P. Q., in complex interaction with age and sex, may have a significant effect on both the type of earliest important experience and earliest memory reported. ‘Neuroticism’ responses for early memories are found to be
significantly related to E. P. Q. ‘N’ scores, but interestingly ‘Tenderness’ related memories are also similarly related. A group of memories categorized as ‘Elation’ responses are also found to be significantly related to E. P. Q. ‘Extraversion’
scores. Results for important early experiences in general give parallel findings, but with lower significance, except in the case of ‘Elation’ where there is higher significance, explained possibly by the fact that both conscious and unconscious factors are combining here.
EFFECTS OF SEX RATIOS ON OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE AND DESIRABILITY AMONG BLACK AND WHITE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Littig Lawrence W. , Reynolds Carolyn D
Published: May 2006

This study attempted to replicate Touhey's (1974a. 1974b) research on the effect of increased proportion of women incumbents on the prestige and desirability of six high status occupations. The subjects. 200 black and white male and female college students rated these occupations
under instruct ions that they were either low and stable or high and increasing in proportion of women. Proportion of women did not affect the prestige ratings of the occupations for any of the subject groups. Proportion of women affected occupational desirability for men and women and for
blacks and whites. In each instances, the effect was to increase desirability for one group and to decrease it for the other.
DYNAMICS OF INTERPERSONAL AND INTRAPERSONAL PERCEPTION
Authors: Kahans Daniel , Crafti Naomi
Published: May 2006

The hypothesis that people assess both others and themselves in terms of an ‘ideal’ image, has lent a new dimension to theories of inter- and intra-personal perception. Investigation of these theories has led to the development, at Wingrove Cottage Community Clinic, of a
test aimed at elucidating the role of the ‘ideal’, both for greater theoretical understanding of this concept and for its obvious utility in clinical applications. Using standard personality questionnaires, (Cattell's 16 Personality Factors Test(I6PF) and Edward's Personal
Preferences Questionnaire (EPPQ)), both patients and nonpatients were presented with an eleven point scale between the standard descriptions of these factors. They were asked to rate:- (i) themselves, (ii) their ideal self, and either (iii) (a) Wingrove Receptionist, or (b) their spouse. In
addition, each subject completed the full form of these scales, in order to establish an ‘actual’ personality profile. The results of these studies, comparing the four profiles obtained, provide strong evidence for the existence of an internalized, socially constructed and cognitively-prejudicing
‘ideal’ personality profile which significantly influences both the interpersonal relationships and self esteem of patients. The findings obtained afforded a powerful basis for subsequent discussion and analysis between patient, therapist and .spouse, through which prejudices were
revealed and cognivitely/affectively unlearned.
THE FRANCK TEST FOR GENDER IDENTITY: CORRELATION WITH OCCUPATION AND LONG-TERM STABILITY OF SCORE IN NORMAL MEN
Authors: Berg Roland
Published: May 2006

The projective Franck Drawing Completion Test (FDCT) is assumed to reflect the unconscious gender identity. A community sample of 42 men aged 20–34 years completed the test. A correlation was found between high (independent) occupational positions and masculine scores of she FDCT
After seven years a re-test was performed by 27 men. This yielded an acceptable individual long-term stability in particular of the clinically important gender-opposite scores. The FDCT appears to relate to aspects of masculinity such as activity, expansion, and outward social commitment.
As the test is truly non-obvious to the subject it is useful in the clinical investigation of for instance persons seeking sex reassignment.
REACTIONS TO LEADERSHIP STYLE AS A FUNCTION OF LOCUS OF CONTROL AND ASCENDANCY OF SUBORDINATES
Authors: Rucker M. H. , King D. C.
Published: May 2006

To investigate the effects of ascendancy and perceived locus of control on reactions to participative and manipulative leadership, 108 subjects were divided into 4 groups on the basis of Guilford-Zimmerman ascendancy scores and Rotter I-E scale scores. Members of each group were randomly
assigned to either a participation or manipulation session in which they were asked to resolve a small group dilemma. Results indicated that the two personality measures were associated with different reactions to the two styles of leadership. Furthermore, as predicted by the pat h-goal theory
of leadership, even small differences in personal rewards were related to satisfaction with the decision, satisfaction with the job, and estimation of future productivity.
TRANSMITTING METHODS OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION FROM PARENTS TO CHILDREN: A REPLICATION AND COMPARISON OF BLACKS AND WHITES, MALES AND FEMALES.
Authors: Jorgenson David E.
Published: May 2006

This study is an attempt to replicate a study of conflict resolution in the family by Steinmetz (1977). Her model indicates that husband and wife set the pattern for conflict resolution and this pattern is used in their resolution of conflict with their children and modeled by their
children in their conflict resolution with each other. In addition, the variables of race and sex are introduced. The Conflict Tactics Scale was administered to students on two college campuses. The results agree with the Steinmetz study with one exception. The patterns of conflict resolution
are similar for blacks and whites with one exception and there are several disimilarities between males and females relative to conflict resolution. When racial and sexual comparisons are made, the results indicate that the transmission of patterns for conflict resolution are not adopted by
children in their sibling relationships.
MOOD AND POSITIVE EXPECTATIONS
Authors: Persson Lars-Olof , Sjöberg Lennart
Published: May 2006

The relationships between expectations and the major mood dimensions of hedonic tone, activity level and tension were investigated. It was hypothesized that expectations of positive events should create a pleasant and active mood while negative expectations should give an unpleasant
and tense mood Furthermore, it was also assumed that values and beliefs should determine mood mainly through their products. The hypotheses were partly confirmed in a group of subjects who rated their mood and expectations one week, and one night, before going on a vacation journey to a distant
country. It was found that negative aspects of the events anticipated tended to have stronger impact on mood than positive ones. Since the momentary ratings of mood also correlated with general mood levels, general optimism and extraneous factors, it was suggested that mood is influenced by
several factors on different levels of processing.
ALMOST ALL YOU WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT STATUS INCONSISTENCY BUT NEVER DARED TO MEASURE: THEORETICAL DEFICITS IN EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON STATUS INCONSISTENCY
Authors: Zimmermann Ekkart
Published: May 2006

Status inconsistency theorizing still contains more promises than current research about the concept has lived up to. While being somewhat eclectic in the points made, in the three parts of the paper, nevertheless, a general evaluation of status inconsistency theorizing and empirical research is aimed at. In the first section basic premises and conditions of the theory are discussed. It is persistently argued that these premises need to be corroborated empirically, if status inconsistency is to become a stronger predictor than in the past. In particular, it is maintained that status inconsistency needs to be dealt with and measured at the individual's subjective level, how he or she experiences the respective status configurations in respective contexts. At the macrosocietal level status inconsistency seems to be a weak predictor due to numerous counter-effects balancing each other. In narrowly modernized communities, however, status inconsistency might become a strong predictor of some forms of behavior, if it is established that status inconsistent configurations possess relevancy for both the individual and his or her interaction partners and are experienced as stressful by the individual Drawing in particular on findings from expectation states theory and research, numerous caveats as to more adequate linkage between theoretical terms and possible operationalizations are pointed to. It is hoped that with some of the caveats in mind, status inconsistency research will rejuvenate.
THEORETICAL ORIENTATION AND THERAPISTS' VIEW OF THE HEALTHY CLIENT
Authors: Epting Franz R. , Oliver Awilda M. , West Carolyn A. , Rigdon Michael A.
Published: May 2006

An investigation of 48 therapists, who were classified as either experiential or analytical in their theoretical orientation, revealed that the two therapist groups were different in the way they described a healthy client using the California &sort. As predicted, experiential therapists
scored significantly higher on expressive items than did the analytical therapists, but no difference was found for coping items. Coping items were highly valued by both groups. Further analysis revealed experiential therapists' placing more emphasis on being decisive, committed, and
focused on erotic experiences, but less emphasis on being rational, verbal, and emotionally consistent.
THE FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE 60 ITEM GENERAL HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE
Authors: Layton Clive , Rust John
Published: May 2006

Male school children (N 241), all aged 16 years, and 144 men facing redundancy completed the 60 item version of the General Health Questionnaire. Data from the two groups was analysed separately using unrotated first principal components analysis followed by oblique rotation. The unrotated first principal component accounted for 23% of the variance in the school group, and 13.2% in the group facing redundancy. No subsequent component accounted for more than 6.1% of the variance. For both samples the first five components were subjected to an oblique rotation. Results were discussed in relation to previous findings of the GHQ. The factor structure was found to be unstable across groups. The implications of these findings were considered in the context of proposed subscales of the GHQ.
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND WOMEN'S ATTITUDES TOWARDS EQUAL RIGHTS: AN MMPI STUDY
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Zdenek
Published: May 2006

Women who answered with “True” item 101 (“I believe worn en ought to have as much sexual freedom as men”) of the MMPI differed from those responding with “False” in being younger, in having better visuospatial reasoning skills as shown by higher IQ
equivalents on the Raven's Matrices, and in scoring in a less pathological direction on MMPI measures of depression, neurotic tendencies, ego strength, and social isolation. The participants were 86 alcohol and drug addicts tested on admission to addiction treatment: only 18.6%
responded with “False” to the MMPI item 101. Influencing female psychotherapy clients to adopt more old fashioned attitudes in respect to equal rights in the area of sexual freedom might be a iatrogenic step.
THE RORSCHACH AS AN ALTERNATE FORM OF THE HOLTZMAN INKBLOT TECHNIQUE
Authors: Vincent Ken R. , Duthie Bruce
Published: May 2006

The comparability Rorschach Inkblots and the Holtzman Inkblots was examined. Twenty-seven subjects were administered both instruments and their responses scored using the standard Holtzman Inkblot Technique variables. The number of responses was controlled when using the Rorschach.
Results generally indicate that the Rorschach Inkblots are a satisfactory alternate to the Holtzman when an identical scoring system is used. Extrapolating between the Rorschach and the Holtzman is discussed.
PERSONALITY VARIABLES AND EATING, DRINKING, AND SMOKING IN ADULT WOMEN
Authors: Beckwith Joan B.
Published: May 2006

Personality variables of Discipline, Social Competence, Sophistication, and Religiosity were studied in relation to eating, drinking, and smoking behaviors. Discipline was conceptualized as the intrapsychic predisposition to engage in indulgent behavior, and the remaining personality variables were seen as potentially moderating its form of expression. Data were contributed by 766 female volunteers aged 20 to 30 years, sorted to yield two quasi-representative samples of 265 subjects each. A subsample of 64 subjects repeated the questionnaire after three months, and all measures had acceptable properties. Analyses involving Discipline supported its general relevance to a broad range of behaviors, and Social Competence, Sophistication, and Religiosity were selectively relevant as anticipated. Overall, the personality variables had stronger links with drinking status, smoking status, and drinking level than with eating behavior or smoking level.
FACTORS IN PERCEPTION OF TORNADO HAZARD: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
Authors: Man Anton de , Simpson-Housley Paul
Published: May 2006

142 subjects participated in a study of the relationship between selected predictors and responses to potential tornado hazard. Results of backstep regression analyses indicated (a) that sex of subject and level of education were the best predictors of perceived probability of tornado
recurrence, (b) that ratings of severity of potential damage were related to level of education, and (c) that sex of subject accounted for a significant percentage of the variance in anxiety reported in response to a tornado prediction.
LONELINESS AMONG GERMAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: SOME CORRELATES
Authors: Lamm Helmut , Stephan Ekkehard
Published: May 2006

Students of education at a large West German city university (n 154) filled out the UCLA twenty-item loneliness questionnaire (revised version) and also responded to some additional questions. The scale proved satisfactory on various criteria. Average loneliness is very close to a US
comparison sample, with no gender differences. (Details on individual items and on scale construction have been reported by the same authors in a German publication.) Significant correlations with self-rated shyness, social contact difficulty, and lack of physical attractiveness were found.
No significant d4ffcrences between men and women were found on these correlations, though there was a trend towards higher coefficients among men.
LOCUS OF CONTROL, MENTAL ABILITY, SELF-ESTEEM AND ALIENATION
Authors: Man Anton de , Devisse Thierry
Published: May 2006

Fifty undergraduate students took part in an investigation of the relationship among locus of control, mental ability, self-esteem, and alienation. The results suggested that alienation is related to external locus of control and low self-esteem. No significant association was found
for mental ability and alienation. The relationships among locus of control, mental ability, self-esteem, and the alienation subcomponents of powerlessness, normlessness, and social isolation were explored.
THE EFFECTS OF DEFENDANT AND JUROR ATTRACTIVENESS ON SIMULATED COURTROOM TRIAL DECISIONS
Authors: Darby Bruce W. , Jeffers Devon
Published: May 2006

An experiment was conducted to investigate the interactive effects of the physical attractiveness of hypothetical defendants and mock jurors on judicial decisions. Seventy-eight college students rated their own physical attractiveness and then evaluated attractive, moderately attractive,
and unattractive defendants as to the defendants' guilt or innocence, responsibility for the charges being brought, trustworthiness, happiness, honesty, intelligence, and likeability as well as recommended punishment for those convicted. As expected, more as opposed to less attractive
defendants were convicted less, punished less severely, rated as less responsible for the charges being brought, happy, likeable, and trustworthy. Attractive subjects were more likely to convict than acquit unattractive defendants, while less attractive subjects did not differentially convict
or acquit defendants across all levels of defendant physical attractiveness. Both attractive and less attractive subjects recommended the least severe punishment for attractive defendants; however, attractive subjects were harshest on unattractive defendants, while unattractive subjects were
harshest on moderately attractive defendants. The results are discussed in terms of leniency effects when judging others with similar attributes.