bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social and Economic Consequences of Early Marriage on Women's Education and Workforce Participation
Authors: Chandel Ajay , Yadav Mohit , Hung Ta Huy
Published: December 2024

This chapter explores and explains the effects of the significant social and economic consequences of early marriage on women's education and workforce participation. Early marriage, often driven by cultural, religious, and economic factors, disrupts educational opportunities for young girls, leading to lower education attainment and limited access to formal employment. These poor socioeconomic attainments perpetuate the cycles of poverty and reinforce gender inequality, trapping women in economic dependency and social marginalization. The chapter employs theoretical frameworks such as social reproduction theory, human capital theory, and intersectionality to analyze how early marriage sustains these inequalities. It also examines the historical, cultural, and legal contexts that underpin the practice, highlighting the need for targeted, culturally sensitive interventions. The findings underscore the importance of comprehensive strategies to empower women, challenge patriarchal norms, and promote education and economic participation.
Impact of Compensation and Benefits on Employees Retention
Authors: Srivastava Ambar , Bhavana  , Kumar Himanshu
Published: December 2024

In our current global economy, people are actively looking for greater job possibilities, progress and more businesses are expanding globally. As a human resource management strategy, compensation and benefits are a powerful instrument for employee retention and incentive. The aim of the study is to explore the best employees' compensation and benefits to boost employees' retention. This study also examines the factors to be considered when developing a benefits and workers' compensation structure by the organizations. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study. The primary data were gathered through the questionnaire. The study found that proper hygiene facility, health insurance, career advancement was amongst the top priorities of employees. It was also found that, morale improvement, experienced employees, increased productivity were amongst the benefits to organization from employees' retention. Market standards, industry wage rate and competitors' salary structure were amongst the factors which need to be considered before planning the remuneration structure.
The Two Sides of the Coin
Authors: Seshasai Saladi Jaswanth , Vijay Raja R. , Kumar G.
Published: December 2024

The war for talent necessitates effective workforce management. This research investigates the critical link between recruitment and retention, emphasizing a holistic approach. Aligning recruitment with organizational culture attracts individuals with both skills and cultural fit. Key components include job analysis, targeted sourcing, effective interviewing, and onboarding. A mixed-methods approach examines the relationship between recruitment, onboarding, work-life balance, compensation, development, culture, and engagement. Interviews, focus groups, and a survey of 382 individuals provide insights. Statistical tools analyze the data. A positive work environment with development opportunities fosters loyalty and productivity. This research proposes a framework for optimizing recruitment and retention, ultimately achieving sustainable talent management in today's competitive landscape.
Real Time Emotion Recognition From Text Using Deep Learning and Data Analysis
Authors: Sowmya G. , Rohan Aurangabadkar , Rao Garikapati Kausthub , Midhilesh Koppolu , Nayak Atul kumar
Published: December 2024

In the era of digital communication, understanding human emo- tions expressed through text has become increasingly vital, this increases the importance of accurate emotion recognition from text, which can be useful in various applications. This research paper delves into the realm of text-based emotion recognition precisely identifying and categorizing the emotions expressed in textual con- tent by using a deep learning approach such as Bi-LSTM. Presently, a significant portion of ongoing research primarily centers on the classification of text based on sentiments, with a small fraction focusing towards emotion recognition, particularly within the con- text of business applications. The principal objective of our research is to bridge the gap between the business organizations and the customers by analyzing the customer reviews based on emotion classification. This helps furnish organizations with a systematic approach to comprehend customer emotions, providing a more precise evaluation of product performance.
Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Mental Health
Authors: Nurfadhilah Elvira , Yoganingrum Ambar , Latief Andi Djalal , Widyasuri Armita , Jarin Asril , Afra Dian Isnaeni Nurul , Gunarso Gunarso , Komariah Kokoy Siti , Uliniansyah Mohammad Teduh , Untariyati Nimas Ayu , Hidayati Nuraisa Novia , Fajri Radhiyatul , Dyah Ayuningtias Retno Anggreini , Pebiana Siska , Yaniasih Yaniasih , Yuyun Yuyun , Karsanti Hayuning Titi , Puspita Gita Citra
Published: December 2024

This chapter explores the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into mental health care, with a particular focus on managing depression. AI has significantly enhanced the promotion, detection, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of depression by leveraging technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, and wearable devices. This chapter also discusses various AI-driven approaches, including the analysis of questionnaires, medical records, social media, speech data, electroencephalogram, magnetic resonance imaging, chatbots, virtual reality, face analysis, robots, multimodal methods, and wearable devices. Each of these technologies offers unique benefits, such as increased accuracy in detecting depression, personalized treatment plans, and continuous patient monitoring. However, the challenges linked to AI in mental health, such as data privacy issues, biases in algorithms, and the complexity of human emotions. The chapter concludes by highlighting the opportunities and future research directions and innovation for AI in enhancing of depression care.
Human-Centric Design of Emotion-Aware Systems for Automotive Safety
Authors: Kasera Ashutosh , Yadav Raghav , Joseph Sebastian T.
Published: December 2024

The integration of emotion-aware systems into automotive safety frameworks is an evolving field in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and human-computer interaction (HCI). This paper proposes a comprehensive, human-centric model designed to monitor drivers' emotional states in real-time, providing adaptive feedback to minimize risks associated with stress, fatigue, anger and distraction. By addressing critical gaps in the literature, such as the integration of multi-sensory data, the provision of real-time adaptive responses, and the emphasis on user-centered design, this model advances the field of intelligent automotive safety systems. The proposed framework combines affective computing with advanced machine learning algorithms to create a system capable of strengthening drivers' safety and well-being.
Exploring the Role of Pokémon GO in Enhancing Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Mitra Archan , Pradeep Sarath A.
Published: December 2024

This study explores the potential of Pokémon GO, a popular augmented reality (AR) game, in fostering emotional intelligence (EI). EI involves recognizing, understanding, and managing emotions, which are crucial for relationships and well-being. Given the game's blend of interactive gameplay and social interaction, this research examines how Pokémon GO may develop EI skills. Using a bibliometric study approach, it will analyze literature on the game's impact on EI, reviewing academic publications from major databases like Scopus. The analysis will focus on citation counts, publication trends, and co-authorship networks to identify key studies and themes. The research will explore core elements of Pokémon GO, such as collaborative tasks, real-time feedback, and social dynamics, and their correlation with emotional learning. This systematic review aims to highlight the educational potential of AR games in promoting EI, contributing to digital learning discourse, and guiding future interventions for developing social and emotional skills through interactive platforms.
Medical Software Engineering Cost Estimation Model Based on Multimodal Improved Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Li Liangyu , Mansor Zulkefli Bin , Li Siyi , Zhao Xiaoyan , Zhong QingJie , Guo Xuwei
Published: December 2024

Cost estimation is crucial in the development of medical software and is typically achieved through the integration of cost data and the application of AI algorithms. Traditional methods, such as unoptimized machine learning, struggle with inefficiencies and low accuracy in processing large volumes of dynamic data. To address these issues, the present study has developed an enhanced cost estimation model for medical software engineering using an mutimodal improved genetic algorithm. This model aims to enhance responsiveness, adaptability, and accuracy. We employed a COX proportional hazards regression model to analyze factors influencing development costs. Additionally, we integrated an Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA) with a Dwarf Mongoose Optimizer (DMOA) to identify cost features using AOA-GA and to predict costs using DMOA-GA. The results indicate enhanced sensitivity to data input changes, high accuracy, and stability, effectively facilitating cost estimation in complex environments for medical software projects.
Tube Sheet Ligament Thickness Selection and Stress Analysis during Tube Expansion
Authors: Shapoval Oleksandr , Vakulenko Roman , Kulynych Viktoriia D. , Savchenko Iurii V.
Published: December 2024

The article deals with the simple two-dimensional axis-symmetric mechanical model of the technological system of the operation to distribute a steel pipe into a steel pipe grid is considered. The pressure amplitude during pulsed flaring and explosion welding of pipes with pipe grids is given. For solution under the Wilkins method, the pipe was divided into quadrilateral elements. Further, the deformed state was analyzed at a number of characteristic points located on the pipe outer surface and the bushing inner surface. The graph shows the radial displacements of points on the pipe surface in the initial period of time. The non-simultaneity of the collisions and the out-of-phase oscillations indicate bending and bending vibrations of the pipe. The dependence of the node displacements on the bushing inner surface in the radial direction on the deformation time and the dependence of the point radial velocity on the outer contact surface of the pipe on the deformation time are also shown. The dependence of the displacement speed of the points of the nodes located on the sleeve surface on time in the initial period of the process is given. The stressed condition of the system elements is characterized by the occurrence of stress waves generated by pipe being struck and spreading in the bushing and pipe. The process of pipe fastening is analyzed using the model of a flat deformed state. The co-deformation of a pipe and a pipe board with a hexagonal hole arrangement is considered for the case if a single pipe needs flaring inside the pipe grid.
Sulfonated Carbon Aerogel as Strong Solid Acid Catalyst for Esterification of Oleic Acid-Methanol
Authors: Suryandari Ade Sonya , Vinkyrisma Devidha Halida , Pinakesti Prasasti Mahanani Niken , Widiyastuti Widiyastuti , Setyawan Heru
Published: December 2024

Biodiesel is a promising alternative energy source instead of fossil fuels that can be produced by the esterification process, which is the reaction of the production of ester compounds by reacting the alcohol with fatty acids in the presence of acid catalysts. In this work, a solid acid catalyst was prepared from cellulose aerogel, which is subsequently pyrolyzed into carbon aerogel before being sulfonated. Cellulose aerogel was derived from coir fiber in the system of NaOH-urea crosslinking solution at −14 °C. Carbon aerogel was produced through pyrolysis at 700 °C for 2 h. The sulfonation process was carried out by adding H2SO4 at a temperature of 100 °C for 5 h under atmospheric N2 conditions. Sulfonated carbon aerogel was characterized by acid density, SAA, SEM, and FTIR analysis. Carbon aerogel obtained by pyrolysis has a larger surface area of 1655.10 m2 g−1 than the initial cellulose aerogel of 430.52 m2 g−1. A solid acid aerogel catalyst with a surface area of 1322.93 m2 g−1 and an acid density of 3.29 mmol g−1 was obtained after the sulfonation process. Esterification reaction involving oleic acid−methanol reactants with molar ratio of 1:9 was carried out at a temperature of 65 °C. Oleic acid conversion of 90.21% was achieved at a catalyst dose of 5% for 2 h.
Determination of the Required Area of Easily Removable Structures to Protect against Progressive Collapse
Authors: Maiboroda Roman , Zhuravskij Maxim , Otrosh Yurii , Karpuntsov Valerii
Published: December 2024

The article presents a simulation model for determining the required area of easily removable structures to protect against progressive collapse. The simulation model allows you to calculate the area of easily removable structures depending on the input parameters, to obtain the dynamics of the change in the parameters of the combustible medium depending on the change in the properties of the combustible gases that are in the room.
Investigation of NWC and Structural LWC Using Local Material in the UAE Exposed to Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Alharmoodi Hind , Hawileh Rami , Hajjaj Abdallah , Aljarwan Abdulaziz , Abdallah Jamal A.
Published: December 2024

In response to the rapid urbanization and local boom in UAE’s development and real estate industry, concrete is continuously in demand in alarming amounts contributing to the climate change effect. Research has continuously shown that lightweight concrete (LWC) is a potential sustainable alternative for normal weight concrete (NWC) due to incorporation of cement alternatives within the mix, higher resource efficiency, and enhanced thermal insulation. This paper investigates the residual properties of NWC and structural LWC at room temperature and when exposed to the following steady-state temperatures: 100°C, 200°C, 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C. Results show that LWC exhibit higher fire performance than NWC. At failure, NWC specimens majorly reported cone and split failure modes. The LWC specimens displayed mostly columnar failure modes. Spalling of concrete was first reported at 600°C on LWC at the corners of the specimens. At 800°C, surface spalling was reported on NWC only, indicating the higher fire resistive property of LWC. After heat exposure, discoloration was first observed in all specimens at 400°C. The compressive strength of both types of concrete initially increased after high-temperature exposure. Residual strength reported increase up to 200°C and 400°C for NWC and LWC, respectively. Consequently, significant decrease in compressive strength reaching around 20% of the original compressive strength when exposed to 800°C. Results showed that NWC experiences more reduction in residual strength than LWC, supporting that LWC is a promising construction material in enhancing structural fire safety.
Impact of High-Density Polyethylene Recycled from Waste Milk Bottles on Asphalt Binder’s Performance under UAE’s Climate Conditions
Authors: Abushaban Osama F.S. , Alraini Kussai , Zeiada Waleed , Al-Khateeb Ghazi G. , Ezzat Helal
Published: December 2024

The use of plastic waste can enhance the properties of asphalt binders and mixes while solving one of the most environmental-related issues. Waste plastic from milk bottles consisting mainly of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste was used in this research work to modify asphalt binder with two doses (2% & 4% by weight of asphalt binder). The asphalt binder's performance grade (PG) was determined and fed into AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design software to simulate pavement performance under Sharjah, UAE climate conditions. Testing results showed that adding HDPE boosted the PG from 64 to 76 and 82 for 2% and 4% dosages, respectively. AASHTOWare Simulation runs showed that 2% HDPE dosage could extend the expected service life of the asphalt pavement by 0.3 years compared to the control section, while 4% HDPE can add nearly 10.8 years to the pavement design life. Compared to the control, 2% and 4% HDPE also decreased the percentage of bottom-up cracks by 0.37% and 2.94%, respectively. When comparing the 2% and 4% HDPE-modified asphalt binders versus the control one, the failure in total permanent deformation of the 3-inch asphalt concrete (AC) pavement section was reduced by 0.03 and 0.13 inches, respectively. Adding 4% helped minimize rutting by 0.25 inches compared to the control pavement section, whereas adding 2% HDPE in the 6-inch layer increased rutting by 0.15 inches. Overall, the addition of HDPE significantly improved the performance grade and durability of the asphalt binder, extending pavement life and reducing cracks and rutting, thereby contributing to more sustainable pavement solutions.
Stochastic Petri net model with random time of Vietnamese ischemic stroke patient treatment process
Authors: Dung Nguyen Tien , Quynh Nguyen-Thi Phuong , Tu Ho Cam , Huong Bui-Thi Thu , Thuy Pham-Thi , Thu Vu-Thi Hoai , Trong Lo Minh , Lam Ho Khanh , Sinh Nguyen Phuong
Published: December 2024

Simulation is a helpful preliminary step for implementing a patient workflow management system. Simulation is based on the process model (the clinical practice guideline) and the organization model (human and technological resources), permitting the detection of blockages in the care delivery organization and finding the optimal resource allocation. Our study uses stochastic Petri net (SPN) to illustrate part of the medical practice within a stroke unit. In particular, we modeled the medical activities following the guidelines for the ischemic stroke treatment adopted by the Thai Nguyen National Hospital Stroke Unit. Several parameters have been estimated using a database of about 100 ischemic stroke patients collected and eliciting knowledge from the neurologists. This is the first time we have applied SPN to model and analyze system performance for emergency stroke patients using the SPN model. We can apply it to any medical examination and treatment system if we need to survey the system’s capacity. Thereby detecting barriers or limitations of the system to provide solutions to overcome and improve the system’s efficiency.
Prescription patterns and drug utilization in respiratory tract infections: implications for antimicrobial stewardship at a tertiary care teaching hospital
Authors: Dsouza Princy Domnic , Prakash Chitralu Sai Phalguna , Mallikarjun Patil Chandrashekhar , Ashok Koujalagi Vinod , Bharamu Nyamagoud Sanatkumar
Published: December 2024

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common causes of hospital admissions and are often treated with multiple medications, including antibiotics, contributing to antimicrobial resistance. Effective drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is essential for ensuring rational drug use in RTI management. This study aimed to assess prescription patterns and drug utilization in RTI patients at a tertiary care hospital, focusing on the rationality of drug use, polypharmacy, adherence to clinical guidelines, and implications for antimicrobial stewardship. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Vivekananda General Hospital, Hubballi, India, from August 2023 to January 2024. Data from 200 RTI inpatients, including demographics, medication types, administration routes, and prescription patterns, were analyzed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to evaluate adherence to guidelines and rational drug use. DUE revealed that 50.99% of patients were not prescribed cough syrup. Oral (52%) and intravenous (48%) routes were the most common. Budesonide was the most frequently prescribed bronchodilator (26.49%), and 72.45% of patients received oxygen. Ceftriaxone (12.68%) and azithromycin (11.88%) were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics. A high prevalence of polypharmacy was identified, with 39.50% of patients receiving more than three antibiotics, raising concerns about drug interactions and rationality. The study underscores the need for stricter adherence to clinical guidelines and targeted antimicrobial stewardship in RTI management. Enhanced DUE practices could improve patient outcomes and promote rational drug use.
Effect Of Intracameral Heparin In Post Operative Inflammatory Reaction And Posterior Capsular Opacification After Cataract Surgery In High Risk Cases
Authors: Tirkey Eva R , Chandravanshi Shivcharan L. , Rathore Mahesh K. , Sharma Kriti
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

To evaluate the effect of low molecular weight heparin in irrigating solution on postoperative inflammation and posterior capsular opacification in high risk cases.

Design:

Prospective randomized, comparative, consecutive interventional case series.

Methods:

The study included 80 eyes of 76 patients of high risk cases who underwent manual small incision cataract surgery with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) intraocular lens implantation. During the procedure, balanced salt solution with enoxaparin (40 mg in 500 ml) was infused into the anterior chamber in 40 eyes (group-A) and rest 40 eyes were done without heparin infusion (group-B). The inflammatory response in the anterior chamber and posterior capsular opacification (PCO) was compared between the two groups by slit lamp biomicroscopy. All patients were evaluated in detail on day 1, 7, 28th day, 8th week, 3rd month and 1 year post operatively.

Results:

In group A (heparin added) minimal postoperative inflammation (p <.003) and fewer related complication (p <.oo4) were found. Incidence of posterior capsular opacification was also lower. This group had no other enoxaparin related complication such as hyphema and corneal opacity.

Conclusion:

Heparin has the advantage of being cheap, easily available, nontoxic, easy to use and effective means of reducing postoperative inflammation related complication and posterior capsular opacification formation in high risk cases without significant side effects.
Study of Colour Blindness in Tibetan Population
Authors: Kaur Navjot , Kumar Avinash , Kaur Gurinder , Dhillon Jasjeet Kaur , Singh K.D.
Published: December 2024

Of the 1210 male and 800 female Tibetan population in Northern India between the age group of 11-60 years, 51 males and no female were found to be having colour blindness, showing an incidence of 4.21 % and 0% respectively. The study was done with the help of Ishihara charts and Pickford Nicolson’s anomaloscope. The type of colour blindness in males in its descending order of occurrence was simple deuteranomaly 27.45% protanopia 17.64%, deuteranopia 17.64%, extreme deuteranomaly 15.68%, protanomaly 13.72%, extreme protanomaly 5.88% and tritanopia 1.96%. None of the female was colour blind. The incidence and type of colourblidness found in males is within the range of other Indian samples. Nevertheless the incidence is much lower than the values reported in European populations but is much higher than the values reported in African populations.
An unusual presentation of an epithelial iris cyst attached to the corneal endothelium
Authors: Koshy Jacob , Kaur Gurvinder , Thomas Satish , Bhatti S.M.
Published: December 2024

An iris cyst attached to the endothelium causing decrease in vision is extremely rare. A twenty year old gentleman presented with painless progressive decrease in vision in the right eye for four months. Anterior segment evaluation revealed a 3.5 mm circular mass, brown in colour attached to the comeal endothelium but free from both iris and lens. It was removed through a clear corneal incision and histopathological examination was consistent with a benign epithelial cyst of the iris.
Yoga-induced Valsalva Retinopathy
Authors: Kaushal Drishti , Kapila Sakshi , Gupta Arti Sareen , Rattan Arushi
Published: December 2024

Valsalva retinopathy (VR) is a preretinal hemorrhage due to increase in intraabdominal or intrathoracic pressure resulting in rupture of superficial retinal capillaries. History of a preceding event/condition that results in an increase in intra-thoracic or intra-abdominal pressure is usually given by the patient such as practicing yoga, weight-lifting exercises, excessive coughing, and constipation. A 42-year-old female patient presented with a chief complaint of decreased vision in the left eye for 1 week. She gave a history of practicing Baba Ramdev recommended “Anuloma Pranayam,” a practice of Hatha Yoga. The best-corrected visual acuity of the patient was 1/60 in the affected eye. On fundus examination, a preretinal hemorrhage was observed in the macular area. Based on the history, examination, and investigations, a diagnosis of VR was made. Such hemorrhages can be a result of various Valsalva maneuvers but other causes of retinal hemorrhages need to be ruled out before coming to this diagnosis. The disease has a spontaneous resolution within weeks to months.
Evaluating the Influence of Isometric Exercise on Blood Pressure and Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Rafeeq Uzma , Bosu Sayanti , Chauhan Lokesh
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

This study aimed to investigate the temporary changes in systemic blood pressure and intraocular pressure (IOP) induced by isometric exercise.

Design:

Interventional comparative design.

Methodology:

The study included 70 participants (mean age: 21.21 years, 54.3% female, 45.7% male) who performed isometric exercise using a handgrip dynamometer. Resting IOP was recorded before the exercise. The exercise protocol involved 20 squat exercises followed by the hand grip exercise. Participants sustained the handgrip with their dominant hand until they could no longer maintain the exertion. IOP was measured during the exercise and at 2, 5, and 10 min after the exercise, first in the right eye and then in the left eye. Blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation levels were also measured at different time points.

Results:

Pulse rate and oxygen saturation levels showed significant differences between baseline and after 15 min of exercise. The mean IOP exhibited a significant decrease from baseline to 2, 5, and 10 min of exercise, while no significant change was observed between 5 and 10 min.

Conclusion:

Isometric exercise induces temporary changes in IOP and systemic blood pressure. Significant decreases in IOP were observed at 2, 5, and 10 min of exercise, with no further change between 5 and 10 min. Pulse rate and oxygen saturation levels showed significant differences after 15 min of exercise. Further research is needed to explore long-term implications and potential risks.
Effect of Short-Term Oral Vitamin A on Ocular Tear Film in Dry Eye
Authors: Jadeja Jagruti Navalsinhji , Patel Vaibhavi Gulabbhai , Garasiya Tejal Rameshbhai
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease of tears and ocular surface. The tear film is composed of three layers – lipid, aqueous, and mucin. Loss of mucin and goblet cell atrophy due to Vitamin A deficiency contributes to the instability of tear film secondary to mucin abnormality leading to dry eye. Our aim is to study the effect of short-term oral Vitamin A supplementation on tear film in patients with dry eye.

Methods:

This is a cross-sectional interventional study of 42 patients undertaking treatment at a tertiary health-care center in Western India. A total of 42 patients meeting the dry eye diagnostic criteria were enrolled. After taking informed consent, history, anterior segment examination, tests specific for DED were performed. Patients were graded as per dry eye severity and supplemented with oral Vitamin A as per regimen. All tests were repeated at 1 month and at 3 months.

Results:

Statistical analysis was done using analysis of variance test to compare the outcome of 3 values, i.e., on presentation, 1 month, and 3 months post supplementation for different DES parameters, and P value was analyzed for each of them. Out of 42 patients, 18 were mild, 16 were moderate, and 8 were severely symptomatic. The mean symptom score improved from 7.95 ± 3.74 to 4.38 ± 2.99 at 3 months whereas Ocular Surface Disease Index score improved from 22.81 ± 7.89 to 17.17 ± 7.39 at 3 months. The mean Schirmer's grade improved from 2.20 ± 0.95 to 1.61 ± 0.74 at 3 months whereas ferning (TF) grade improved from 2.59 ± 0.92 to 1.37 ± 0.77 at 3 months.

Conclusion:

Oral Vitamin A improves tear ferning due to improved mucin production.
Association of Disability Quotient with Ocular and Systemic Manifestations in Children with Developmental Delay
Authors: Wadhwani Meenakshi , Malhotra Sehzadi , Dhingra Dhulika , Manika Manika , Kursange Shubhangi , Singh Rahul , Kumari Sneha , Kumar Amit
Published: December 2024

Aim:

This study aims to study the various ocular and systemic manifestations in children with developmental delay (DD) and its association with development quotient.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 192 children between the age group of 1–5 years with DD were enrolled in the study at a pediatric care tertiary teaching hospital. All these children underwent detailed ocular and systemic examination along with psychometric development quotient calculation. Along with this, a detailed antenatal and postnatal history was also noted.

Results:

DD was more common in males and lower socioeconomic class. The most common ocular manifestations were refractive error (64.6%) followed by strabismus (34.4%), temporal disc pallor (16.6%), nystagmus (7.9%), optic atrophy (2.6%), congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (1.0%), and cataract (0.5%). Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (75%) was the most common systemic association followed by hearing and speech impairment (70.8%), cerebral palsy (53.1%), and seizure disorder (46.8%). Delayed cry at birth was found to have a significant association with lower Developmental Quotient (DQ) (P = 0.021) and higher incidence of refractive error (P = 0.036). Refractive error was more prevalent in children with cerebral palsy (P = 0.006). Children with seizure disease had lower visual potential (P < 0.001). Children with severe MRI findings were found to have lower DQ.

Conclusion:

The incidence of ocular co-morbidities in children with DD is high. Many of them are treatable. Among these, refractive errors are the most common cause of visual impairment followed by strabismus and optic atrophy. Early detection and intervention can help these children to restore useful vision and help in their rehabilitation.
Changes in Axial Length and Refractive Profile in Different Illumination: A Comparative Study to Understand the Impact of Myopia Control
Authors: Chaurasiya Ritesh Kumar , Vishwas Shambhavi , Kasana Kajal , Chauhan Lokesh , Agarwal Pradeep
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the changes in axial length and refractive profile in myopic patients exposed with different illumination.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study among 15 myopic subjects was conducted in the tertiary eye care institute. Before participating in the study, individuals underwent comprehensive ocular examinations to ensure their suitability. For each participant, the experiment was conducted in two phases: Phase I procedures occurring at the initial visit and Phase II procedures taking place 1 week later. In Phase I, baseline measurements of axial length and refractive profiles were taken for all participants, followed by exposure to illumination below 500 Lux for 30 min. Phase II replicated the baseline measurements, followed by exposure to lighting above 1000 Lux for the same duration. Axial length measurements were performed using Lenstar LS-500, and refractive profiles were determined using an autorefractometer, both administered by experienced optometrists. Three consecutive measurements were taken for each eye, and the average value was recorded for both axial length and refractive parameters. Paired t-test was used to compare axial length measurements at baseline and after exposure to different illumination levels. Linear regression was used to determine the association between axial length and illumination levels. Statistical significance was considered if P < 0.05.

Results:

Mean axial length measurements varied across the two illumination groups: 23.62 ± 0.18 mm in the high illumination group (>1000 lux) and 23.96 ± 0.23 mm in the low illumination group (<500 lux). Paired t-test revealed a significant difference in axial length among the groups (P = 0.01). Similarly, the mean spherical equivalent refractive error also varied significantly across the illumination groups: −1.52 ± 0.60 Diopter (D) in the high illumination group, and − 2.01 ± 0.16 D in the low illumination group. There was a significant negative correlation between axial length and refractive error for high illumination group.

Conclusion:

Higher levels of illumination were associated with shorter axial length and less myopic refractive error in individuals.
A Case Report of Intracorneal Detergent Particles Deposits
Authors: Sharma Shivani , Tomar Vaishali , Agarwal Rinky , Dadeya Subhash
Published: December 2024

Corneal foreign bodies (FBs) are a significant cause of vision loss and morbidity due to long-term sequelae. The most common culprits are metal; others are glass, vegetative matter, and burns. We report a case of a 50-year-old male patient with multiple FBs embedded in the anterior stroma following blunt injury with detergent particles.
Intra-Lenticular Choppy Wave in Hypermature Cataract
Authors: Sheth Siddharth , Kamble Gaurav , Shah Smitesh , Shah Sonal , Zende Sushilkumar D. , Pirdankar Onkar H.
Published: December 2024

This report describes the intralenticular multiple subcapsular fluid pockets in an eye with hypermature cataract captured using the anterior segment optical coherence tomography in a 63-year-old male.
Emerging Trends and Management of Congenital Nystagmus
Authors: Khullar Srishti , Mishra Sanjay Kumar , Unni Deepesh , Joshi Amrita , Sati Alok , Kumar Pradeep , Dhar Supriya
Published: December 2024

Nystagmus is an involuntary, rhythmic oscillation of the eyes that leads to a reduction in visual acuity due to the displacement of the image from the fovea. As per the age of onset, it can be grouped into infantile nystagmus and acquired nystagmus. Infantile nystagmus appears in the first 3–6 months of life and can be either idiopathic or secondary to any pathology causing low vision. Differentiation between infantile nystagmus and acquired form can be made based on nystagmus waveform characteristics. Infantile nystagmus should be worked up for electrophysiological, laboratory tests, neurological evaluation, and imaging to rule out any systemic pathology. Treatment options for nystagmus focus on pharmacological interventions such as gabapentin and memantine and surgical interventions in the presence of head posture to shift the null zone to the primary position.
Multimodal Imaging in Torpedo Maculopathy
Authors: Mohammed Ferzana , Susheela Bindu
Published: December 2024

This is a case of torpedo maculopathy in a 45-year-old female which was previously diagnosed as a toxoplasma scar. The characteristic appearance on fundus examination along with the multimodal imaging characteristics helped diagnose torpedo maculopathy. A detailed comparison of various differential diagnosis of torpedo maculopathy is included.
Profile of Macular Ganglion Cell-inner Plexiform Layer Thickness in Diabetics With and Without Retinopathy
Authors: Kaushal Nimisha , Guliani Neha C. , Guliani Brahm P.
Published: December 2024

Context:

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, metabolic, noncommunicable disease that has attained epidemic proportions. At present, there is emerging evidence to suggest that retinal neurodegeneration is an early event in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive technique to detect the earliest retinal changes before DR could be diagnosed on fundus examination.

Aims:

The purpose of the study was to measure retinal ganglion cell inner-plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness in diabetic patients with no DR or with mild nonproliferative DR (NPDR) on fundus examination.

Settings and Design:

This cross-sectional study was undertaken at a tertiary care hospital in North India over a period of 18 months.

Subjects and Methods:

Thirty-six subjects with diabetes were analyzed to study the occurrence of retinal neurodegeneration by measuring GC-IPL thickness on spectral domain-OCT (SD-OCT) examination and for comparison, GC-IPL thickness value of normal healthy nondiabetic subjects was taken (normal value taken 82.78 ± 7.01 μm).

Statistical Analysis Used:

Categorical variables were presented in number and percentage (%) and continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation, median, and interquartile range. The normality of data was checked by applying the Shapiro–Wilk test and Chi-square test to check the association between two categorical variables.

Results:

There was no significant association of gender with the thickness of GC-IPL. The mean age, mean duration of diabetes, and mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were found to be significantly lower in diabetics with normal thickness GC-IPL as compared to those having thinner GC-IPL thickness. The mean value of average GC-IPL thickness among normal and mild NPDR fundus examinations was 86.24 μm and 75.43 μm, respectively (P = 0.000).

Conclusions:

Early detection of DR by SD-OCT can be a therapeutic window for neuroprotective treatments to reduce the damage to the retina in DR. Age, duration of diabetes, and HbA1c levels have a negative association with GC-IPL thickness in diabetics.
Neuro-Ophthalmology – An Approach to Common Cases in the Outpatient Department
Authors: Shah Shalin , Dutta Paromita
Published: December 2024

Neuro-ophthalmology patients present with nonspecific complaints and are often missed in the outpatient department (OPD). This review systematically outlines the basics of clinical examination essential for picking up subtle clinical signs and corroborating the findings to arrive at a provisional diagnosis. These patients require a multidisciplinary approach to management. A high degree of clinical suspicion, appropriate clinical history, and examination, imaging, or systemic workup if needed, can aid in early diagnosis of neuro-ophthalmology cases. We also add a note about commonly seen neuro-ophthalmology cases in the OPD.
NIST: Needle Incision Sub-Tenon’s Anesthesia
Authors: Nair Megha , Tagare Shivraj , Venkatesh Rengaraj , Vivekanandan Vellam Ramakrishnan
Published: December 2024

Background:

One of the most common regional anesthesia used in cataract surgeries is sub- Tenon’s anaesthesia. Sub-Tenon’s anaesthesia consists of injecting an anaesthetic agent directly into sub-Tenons space with a curved blunted needle. Most common complications related to sub-Tenon’s anaesthesia such as subconjunctival haemorrhage and chemosis has been associated with blunt dissection of conjunctiva and Tenon’s. However, it provides akinesia, analgesia and is considered the choice of anaesthesia in complicated cataracts.

Aims and Objectives:

An innovative technique of sub- Tenon’s anaethesia, to reduce the existing complications associated with sub-Tenon’s anaesthesia and reducing the volume of anesthetic administered while preserving the quality of anaesthesia.

Materials and Methods:

An innovative technique was developed avoiding the blunt conjunctival and Tenon’s dissection and replacing it by a point entry that is of size of a needle incision into the sub-Tenon’s space using lacrimal dilator.

Results:

This novel technique resulted in lesser occurrences of sub conjunctival hemorrhage, chemosis and even in lowering the volume of anesthetic agent used. It gave aesthetic satisfaction to patient postoperatively.

Conclusion:

NIST technique prevents the complications made by dissection in the conventional technique of sub-Tenon’s anesthesia, while ensuring the quality of anesthesia.
Recurrent Hyphema after Cataract Surgery: A Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Sharma Aakanksha , Katoch Kritika , Sharma Pankaj
Published: December 2024

The ophthalmological examination plays a very important role in diagnosing several systemic diseases. The eye manifestations do not even help the physician to reach a certain diagnosis; however, sometimes, these are the only manifestations of the disease raising suspicion of a specific systemic disease. In this case report, a postcataract surgery patient presented with a persistent hyphema for 1 week. It raised suspicion of systemic coagulation abnormality in an otherwise healthy patient. Further investigations revealed the underlying diagnosis of chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL). CLL is a monoclonal disorder affecting the blood and bone marrow, which is characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of mature but functionally incompetent lymphocytes.
Improving Quality of Life of Low vision Patients with Living Space Modifications
Authors: Kumar Ashwini
Published: December 2024

The burden of low vision is rapidly increasing globally, and more specifically, in the developing world. The study aims to assess various commonly used low visual aids and the Final outcome in patients. 36 patients with low vision were examined, investigated and treated by the author in the period between Dec 2018 to April 2019, using a variety of new instruments and rehabilitation techniques. Following this, there was improvement in visual acuity in 32 patients as well as improvement in quality of living where patients were able to undertake several household and profession related tasks and activities. Through this, the author concludes that for low vision patients, following proper diagnosis, and treatment, proper rehabilitation tools and techniques are needed to bring improvement the quality of life.
Novel Uses of Brimonidine
Authors: Kruthika Hikkalagutti. S. , Tulika Chauhan , Sagarika Patyal , Kanika Bhardwaj , Garvita Dabas
Published: December 2024

Brimonidine tartrate is a third-generation, highly selective alpha 2 agonist currently available in various formulations and doses to treat ophthalmological conditions. The aim of this article was to review pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, side effects, and updates on clinical use of topical brimonidine. A literature search using the keywords Brimonidine in ophthalmology was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and IndMED. We screened titles, keywords and articles describing the use of Brimonidine, selected and reviewed. The clinical application of brimonidine in ophthalmology is extensive. When considering its application in clinical practice, one should be mindful of the indications, risks, and its benefits. In our review, we have noted that topical brimonidine, apart from its routine usage to reduce intraocular pressure, it is a novel therapy used in higher order aberrations, dysphtopsias postrefractive surgery, ocular congestion, to reduce bleeding in ophthalmic surgery, and to treat facial erythema, a dermatological manifestation of rosacea.
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy: Still a Dilemma?
Authors: Satish Nishi Meghna , Rath Soveeta , Chopra Kritika , Khurana Rolli , Chawla Neha , Guliani B.P.
Published: December 2024

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a mitochondrial disease, is characterized by bilateral subacute loss of central vision owing to degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve. We report 2 cases of bilateral diminution of vision with optic disc pallor. A genetic study was planned, which revealed G11778A and T14484T mutation respectively, thereby confirming LHON. The reports highlight the basis for differential diagnosis of visual loss in childhood. It presents the findings of recently published studies and the insight they provide on the complex pathophysiology of LHON. It discusses management modalities and emphasizes upon the importance of genetic counselling.
Unilateral Anterior Luxation of the Crystalline Phakic Lens in a Patient with Bilateral Isolated Microspherophakia
Authors: Ramesh Prasanna Venkatesh , Ramesh Shruthy Vaishali , Devadas Aji Kunnath , Ray Prajnya , Ramesh Meena Kumari , Rajasekaran Ramesh
Published: December 2024

Microspherophakia usually presents with various systemic and ocular features, and is rarely as an isolated incident. In this manuscript, we have reported a rare occurrence of bilateral isolated microspherophakia with unilateral total anterior luxation of the phakic crystalline lens into the anterior chamber, in a child with no systemic and other ocular involvement. The crystalline lens was seen touching the corneal endothelium. Anterior segment imaging modalities, timely intervention, genetic studies and glaucoma evaluation have been emphasized in such scenarios.
Surgical Innovations in Strabismus Surgery – A Brief Review
Authors: Chaturvedi Isha , Sharma Pradeep
Published: December 2024

Strabismus surgery is an ever-evolving branch with newer procedures being described to make it less invasive and preserve normal tissue anatomy as much as possible, while providing ocular alignment and restoring binocularity. These procedures include minimally invasive squint surgeries, modifications to conventional procedures such as plications instead of resections, mini-tenotomies and mini-plications, tucking procedures or tenoplication, use of adjustable sutures, synthetic expanders, Botulinum toxin, amniotic membrane transplants, muscle transplantation, and so on. These procedures have the advantages of minimal tissue damage, less surgical time, early rehabilitation and allow chances of re-adjustment or redo procedures later on. Though the described techniques are still evolving and have limited literature, they can be learnt by skilled surgeons and should be incorporated into mainstream strabismus surgery.
Multimodal Imaging in a Case of Unilateral Fovea Hypoplasia
Authors: Sodhi Preet Kanwar Singh , Singh Shivangi
Published: December 2024

Fovea hypoplasia (FH) is a rare, bilateral condition described as the anatomical absence of the foveal pit. FH can be diagnosed and classified with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and other imaging modalities such as fundus autofluorescence and OCT angiography. Most of the cases reported are of bilateral FH. We describe clinical aspects, tomographic, and autofluorescence features in a case of unilateral FH.
Health-seeking behaviors during an outbreak of acute conjunctivitis in Central India
Authors: Chatterjee Samrat , Gangwe Anil B , Agrawal Deepshikha
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

To report the health-seeking behaviors of individuals with acute viral conjunctivitis during an outbreak.

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey was carried out in the Raipur district of Chhattisgarh after an outbreak of acute conjunctivitis in July–August 2023.

Results:

The treatment choices were pharmacies (51.4%), ophthalmologists (21.1%), quacks (non-qualified doctors) (6.8%), general practitioners (1.6%), home remedies (5.2%), and no treatment (13.9%). Treatment preferences were influenced by place of residence (P < 0.001), occupation (P = 0.002), socioeconomic category (P < 0.001), and highest level of education of male (P < 0.001) and female (P < 0.001) members within the household. The overall expenditure was higher when patients sought treatment from quacks (INR 427.27 ± 202.21), followed by ophthalmologists (INR 374.57 ± 251.31) and pharmacies (INR 201.39 ± 102.65) (P < 0.001). Individuals aged 21–40 years (odds ratio [OR]: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.05–1.03, P = 0.055) and those from villages (OR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.07–0.32, P < 0.001) were less likely to use prophylaxis. Individuals from families with high level of education of male members (OR: 2.70, 95% CI: 1.08–7.20, P = 0.039) or large family sizes (OR: 6.27, 95% CI: 2.42–19.09, P = 0.039) were more likely to use prophylaxis. The use of separate items of daily use reduced the risk of spread of conjunctivitis (OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.06–0.35, P = 0.035).

Conclusion:

Several insights into health-seeking behaviors among individuals with conjunctivitis during an outbreak were identified in this study, which can aid public health interventions during future outbreaks.