bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hyalinecia (sic) Edwardsi Roule, 1898—the enigmatic ghost from abyssal depths—redescribed as Nothria edwardsi (Annelida: Onuphidae)
Authors: ARIAS ANDRÉS , PAXTON HANNELORE
Published: August 2016

The deep sea is one of the largest ecosystems on earth, extending from 200 m, where sunlight becomes inadequate for photosynthesis, to the deepest trenches. However, it is still one of the least explored. Polychaetes are among the dominant groups in these environments worldwide and play a critical role in the deep sea food chain. Within polychaetes, the onuphids are one the best represented families from 2000 m deep to the hadal zone, with 46 recorded species (Paterson et al. 2009). Hyalinoecia edwardsi Roule, 1898 is one of the early described abyssal onuphids. The species was described from the Talisman station 136, located between the Azores archipelago and the Iberian Peninsula (referred as “l’Espagne”) at 4255 m depth (Roule 1898). The original description is rather brief without illustrations and the species was characterised as follows: thick antennae, lateral ones reaching chaetiger 3; first chaetiger twice as long as second one; parapodia of first chaetiger with thick falcate hooks; parapodia of second chaetiger with bidentate hooks; parapodia of third chaetiger with limbate chaetae; following chaetigers with limbate, pectinate chaetae and subacicular hooks; oval tube looking flattened and covered by small particles, mainly quartzites of different colours (Roule 1898).
A Study of the Impacts of Climate Change Scenarios on the Plant Hardiness Zones of Albania
Authors: Teqja Zydi , Kopali Albert , Libohova Zamir , Owens Phillip R.
Published: August 2016

Maps of plant hardiness zones are useful tools for determining the extreme limits for the survival of plants. Exploration of projected climate change effects on hardiness zones can help identify areas most affected by climate change. Such studies are important in areas with high risks related to climate change, such as the Mediterranean Sea region. The objectives of this study were to (i) map plant hardiness zones for Albania and (ii) assess the projected effects of climate scenarios on the distribution of hardiness zones. Hardiness zones were affected by IPCC AR5 climate scenarios. The most extreme hardiness zone (6a) disappeared while a new, warmer zone (10b) appeared, reflecting rising temperature trends during the cold season. The shifts in spatial distribution of hardiness zones may represent opportunities for introducing new species to Albanian agriculture and forestry; however, the introduction of new species would require further studies on the variability of plant hardiness zones at local scales.
“Students Getting Pregnant Are Not Gonna Go Nowhere”: Manifestations of Stigma in Adolescent Mothers’ Educational Environment
Authors: Bermea Autumn M. , Toews Michelle L. , Wood Leila G.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine adolescent mothers’ perceptions of how individuals within the schools viewed them and how those views shaped their educational experiences. The sample consisted of 83 primarily Hispanic adolescent mothers who participated in one of 19 semi-structured focus group interviews during the 2014-2015 school year. Although we did not specifically explore stigma, the adolescent mothers described feeling stigmatized by school personnel and their non-parenting classmates. They also discussed how school policies were not conducive to parenting. Based on the results, recommendations are provided that will help school personnel effectively meet the needs of this population by creating an atmosphere in which the students feel safe, supported, and are able to learn.
Enhancing Access to Diabetes Self-management Education in Primary Care
Authors: Chomko Maureen E. , Odegard Peggy S. , Evert Alison B.
Published: August 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this continuous quality improvement project was to improve access to diabetes self-management education (DSME) and to evaluate the impact on glycemic and weight control by translating an academic medical center’s DSME program, accredited per the Education Recognition Program (ERP) of the American Diabetes Association, into a program offered at primary care clinics (PCCs).

Methods

Certified diabetes educators from the medical center trained PCC registered dietitian nutritionists, registered nurses, and social workers to provide DSME in their community-based clinic. Main outcomes of this retrospective, pretest/posttest, observational project were to evaluate enrollment in DSME classes and change in A1C and weight as patients underwent a combined intervention of diabetes education classes with or without consultation and support from a PCC registered dietitian nutritionist or registered nurse.

Results

PCC DSME was associated with increased enrollment in DSME classes and a significant reduction of A1C and weight at 3 and 6 months post-DSME. Greatest A1C and weight reductions were observed in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes. Reductions were also seen in patients with diabetes duration ≥10 years, participants taking insulin, and those with depression.

Conclusions

PCC DSME availability increased access to group diabetes education and resulted in reduced A1C and weight for participants. This model was successful in translating an established academic accredited DSME-ERP into a PCC. Results have implications for increasing access to diabetes education programs and improving diabetes control for patients not located near major hospital-based DSME programs.
Application of an industrial waste magnetic iron dust as a solid phase support for immobilizing enzyme of industrial applications
Authors: Patel Jagdish Shantilal , Patel Darshan H , Desai Rucha , Shah Sunil , Chudasama Piyush , Joshi Sachin , Patel Bhargav
Published: August 2016

Magnetic iron dust, a byproduct by many chemical industries that performs the reduction of nitro compounds to amine, was used for laccase immobilization. The characterization of magnetic iron dust was done by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, and dynamic light scattering. Biodegradable polymer, chitosan, was coated on to the magnetic iron dust by reverse phase suspension method, which was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared analysis. Immobilization of the laccase enzyme was done onto the chitosan-coated and non-coated magnetic iron dust. The immobilization was monitored by Fourier-transform infrared analysis. Binding efficiency, optimum pH, and optimum temperature for these immobilized laccases were investigated. X-ray diffraction pattern of magnetic iron dust confirmed presence of magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) with a particle size of 529.6 nm measured by dynamic light scattering. Laccase was immobilized on chitosan-coated and non-coated magnetic iron dust, monitored by Fourier-transform infrared spectra. Binding efficiency of the laccases was found to be 100% onto the coated and non-coated magnetic iron dust and their activity remained to be 63% and 82%, respectively, even after the 10th cycle of their use. The present results demonstrated the applicability of these immobilized laccase system in the industry in terms of their reusability and waste recycling.
What Is the Critical Value of Glenoid Bone Loss at Which Soft Tissue Bankart Repair Does Not Restore Glenohumeral Translation, Restricts Range of Motion, and Leads to Abnormal Humeral Head Position?
Authors: Shin Sang-Jin , Koh Yong Won , Bui Christopher , Jeong Woong Kyo , Akeda Masaki , Cho Nam Su , McGarry Michelle H. , Lee Thay Q.
Published: August 2016

Background:

A general consensus has been formed that glenoid bone loss greater than 20% to 25% is the critical amount at which bony augmentation procedures are needed; however, recent clinical results suggest that the critical levels must be reconsidered to lower values.

Purpose:

This study aimed to find the critical value of anterior glenoid bone loss when a soft tissue repair is not adequate to restore anterior-inferior glenohumeral translation, rotational range of motion, or humeral head position using a biomechanical anterior shoulder instability model.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Eight cadaveric shoulders were tested with a customized shoulder testing system. Range of motion, translation, and humeral head position were measured at 60° of glenohumeral abduction in the scapular plane under a total of 40-N rotator cuff muscle loading in the following 11 conditions: intact; soft tissue Bankart lesion and repair; Bankart lesion with 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% glenoid bone defects based on the largest anteroposterior width of the glenoid; and soft tissue Bankart repair for each respective glenoid defect. Serial osteotomies for each percentage of bone loss were made parallel to the long axis of the glenoid.

Results:

There was significantly decreased external rotation (121.2° ± 2.8° to 113.5° ± 3.3°; P = .004), increased anteroinferior translation with an externally applied load (3.0 ± 1.2 mm to 7.5 ± 1.1 mm at 20 N; P = .008), and increased posterior (0.2 ± 0.6 mm to 2.7 ± 0.8 mm; P = .049) and inferior shift (2.9 ± 0.7 mm to 6.6 ± 1.1 mm; P = .018) of the humeral head apex in the position of maximum external rotation after soft tissue Bankart repair of a 15% glenoid defect compared with the repair of a Bankart lesion without a glenoid defect, respectively.

Conclusion:

Glenoid defects of 15% or more of the largest anteroposterior glenoid width should be considered the critical bone loss amount at which soft tissue repair cannot restore glenohumeral translation, restricts rotational range of motion, and leads to abnormal humeral head position.

Clinical Relevance:

The critical level of anterior glenoid bone loss at which bony restorations should be considered is closer to 15% of the largest anteroposterior width of glenoid for defects perpendicular to the superoinferior glenoid axis, which is lower than the commonly accepted threshold of 20% to 25%.
Asenapine for the Treatment of Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Orr Catherine , Deshpande Santosh , Sawh Sonja , Jones Philip M. , Vasudev Kamini
Published: August 2016

Objective:

A systematic review was conducted to examine the efficacy, tolerability, and acceptability of asenapine compared with other antipsychotics in the treatment of psychotic disorders.

Methods:

Four databases, 8 trial registries, and conference presentations were searched for randomized clinical trials of asenapine versus any comparator for the treatment of any psychotic illness. Primary outcome measures were changes in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score and the incidence of withdrawal due to adverse effects.

Results:

Eight randomized clinical trials, encompassing 3765 patients, that compared asenapine with placebo ( n = 5) and olanzapine ( n = 3) were included. No differences were found between asenapine and olanzapine in terms of changes to PANSS total or PANSS negative subscale scores. Patients taking asenapine were more likely to experience worsening schizophrenia and/or psychosis than were those taking olanzapine. No differences were found between asenapine and olanzapine in rates of discontinuation due to adverse drug reactions or lack of efficacy, but those taking asenapine had higher rates of withdrawal for any reason than those taking olanzapine. Asenapine caused less clinically significant weight gain or increases in triglycerides than olanzapine and was more likely to cause extrapyramidal symptoms than olanzapine. In comparison to placebo, either no difference or superiority was demonstrated in favour of asenapine on all efficacy measures.

Conclusion:

The current evidence is limited, as asenapine has been compared only with placebo or olanzapine. In the randomized clinical trials analysed, asenapine was similar or superior to placebo and similar or inferior to olanzapine on most efficacy outcomes. While asenapine demonstrated fewer adverse metabolic outcomes than olanzapine, rates of extrapyramidal symptom–related adverse effects were higher.
“Straight Girls Kissing”?
Authors: Budnick Jamie
Published: August 2016

Sexuality researchers have demonstrated how the progressive campuses of selective universities shape hookups, sexual fluidity, and same-gender sex among straight-identified women (“straight girls kissing”). However, this research cannot fully explain a puzzling demographic pattern: women with the lowest levels of educational attainment reported the highest lifetime prevalence of same-gender sex. To make sense of this puzzle, I draw on interviews with 35 women systematically recruited from a demographic survey. I find (1) early motherhood forecloses possibilities to develop or claim LGBTQ identities as women prioritize seemingly incompatible discourses of self-sacrifice and good motherhood; (2) sexual friendships and safety strategies provide opportunities to meaningfully explore same-gender sex and desire; and (3) participants reject “queer” and embrace “bisexual” in the opposite pattern observed among their more privileged peers. This study underscores the situated nature of sexuality knowledge by offering an intersectional analysis of how women beyond the college hookup scene and located outside spaces permeated with LGBTQ discourses enact sexual fluidity and make meaning of same-gender sex.
A Pharmacist–Physician Collaboration to Optimize Benzodiazepine Use for Anxiety and Sleep Symptom Control in Primary Care
Authors: Furbish Shannon M. L. , Kroehl Miranda E. , Loeb Danielle F. , Lam Huong Mindy , Lewis Carmen L. , Nelson Jennifer , Chow Zeta , Trinkley Katy E.
Published: August 2016

Introduction:

Benzodiazepines are prescribed inappropriately in up to 40% of outpatients. The purpose of this study is to describe a collaborative team-based care model in which clinical pharmacists work with primary care providers (PCPs) to improve the safe use of benzodiazepines for anxiety and sleep disorders and to assess the preliminary results of the impact of the clinical service on patient outcomes.

Methods:

Adult patients were eligible if they received care from the academic primary care clinic, were prescribed a benzodiazepine chronically, and were not pregnant or managed by psychiatry. Outcomes included baseline PCP confidence and knowledge of appropriate benzodiazepine use, patient symptom severity, and medication changes.

Results:

Twenty-five of 57 PCPs responded to the survey. PCPs reported greater confidence in diagnosing and treating generalized anxiety and panic disorders than sleep disorder and had variable knowledge of appropriate benzodiazepine prescribing. Twenty-nine patients had at least 1 visit. Over 44 total patient visits, 59% resulted in the addition or optimization of a nonbenzodiazepine medication and 46% resulted in the discontinuation or optimization of a benzodiazepine. Generalized anxiety symptom severity scores significantly improved (−2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): −3.57 to −0.43).

Conclusion:

Collaborative team-based models that include clinical pharmacists in primary care can assist in optimizing high-risk benzodiazepine use. Although these findings suggest improvements in safe medication use and symptoms, additional studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.
Morphologic and Morphometric Description of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Domestic Dog Using Computed Tomography
Authors: Villamizar-Martinez Lenin A. , Villegas Cristian M. , Gioso Marco A. , Reiter Alexander M. , Patricio Geni C. , Pinto Ana C.
Published: August 2016

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the domestic dog is a synovial joint with 2 articular surfaces, the mandibular fossa of the squamous portion of the temporal bone and the articular head of the condylar process of the mandible. Although different diagnostic imaging techniques have been used to study the TMJ in dogs, morphologic and morphometric studies based on computed tomography (CT) are scarce. The purpose of the present study was to describe the morphologic and morphometric features of the TMJ in domestic dogs using CT. Width and depth of the mandibular fossa and 2 different angles between the mandibular fossa and the condylar process were measured in 96 TMJs of 48 dogs of different breeds (Labrador retriever, German shepherd, cocker spaniel, boxer, English bulldog, pug, shih tzu, and Cavalier King Charles spaniel). Temporomandibular joint conformation differed between breeds. Mid- and small-sized dogs had mandibular fossae that were more shallow, less developed retroarticular processes, and irregularly shaped condylar processes. The TMJs were more congruent in large dogs, presenting with deeper mandibular fossae, prominent retroarticular processes, and more uniform condylar processes. The measurements proposed in this study demonstrated 3 different morphologic conformations for the TMJ in the dogs of this study.
Initial study of the mechanism of wheelset longitudinal vibration
Authors: Liu Wei , Ma Weihua , Luo Shihui
Published: August 2016

This study focuses mainly on the mechanism of wheelset longitudinal dynamics which has often been neglected. By analysing the process of wheel/rail rolling contact, taking into account of the wheelset longitudinal vibration, a wheel/rail longitudinal friction model combining an elastic spring and a viscous damper coupled with a friction element and incorporating both frequency and amplitude dependence is proposed to capture the characteristics of wheel/rail longitudinal vibration and the differences between small and large creepage. At small creepage, the characteristics of the wheel/rail longitudinal friction model are influenced by the excitation frequency and the amplitude of creepage. This influence is incorporated into a dynamical analysis of a wheel/rail longitudinal friction model coupled with a single-wheelset longitudinal dynamical model. The results show that once the wheelset longitudinal vibration has been stimulated under external excitation at small creepage, the wheelset longitudinal natural frequency will be dominant, with other frequencies making a very small contribution in comparison. This will cause a sudden increase in vibration amplitude, which may lead to wheel/rail nonlinear adhesion–slip vibration at large creepage.
Revealing the Invisible: The Need for Retrospective Conversion in the Virtual Future
Authors: Chapman Ann
Published: August 2016

Libraries, archives and museums act as memory organizations, recording and providing access to a range of knowledge and information. In an age of increasing access to information via electronic methods, they support lifelong learning, as well as national and international goals in support of the rights of individuals to education, leisure, health and employment. The provision of new methods of accessing catalogues from a distance is severely compromised if the catalogues accessed do not record the complete stock of their institutions, and therefore the retrospective conversion of catalogues is of increasing relevance today. Items for which there are no electronic records effectively become invisible to potential users. The retrospective conversion of catalogues still in manual forms has been a goal since electronic versions were first installed, but the extent to which it has been achieved has been governed largely by financial considerations. Recent studies in the UK have revealed the extent of missing data in the electronic catalogues of libraries and archives. Some retrospective conversion is being carried out as and when funding becomes available, but progress is erratic and piecemeal, without reference to a national overview. To address this problem, a national strategy for the UK has been developed and will be taken forward by a newly formed Implementation Group.
Towards the Nordic Electronic Research Library
Authors: Hannesdóttir Sigrún Klara
Published: August 2016

The Nordic Electronic Research Library is a concept which NORDINFO, the Nordic Council for Scientific Information, uses as an umbrella for its activities during the coming years. The concept is based on national developments within the research library sector in each of the five Nordic countries, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. The goals of the Nordic Electronic Research Library are built on the national goals, which in general terms are to make scientific and technical information easily available in all the Nordic region, independent of subject area, publication form and location of the user. This paper explores briefly the developments of the electronic research library in each of the five countries and how the concept is carried out. NORDINFO provides grants and project money to support coordination and cooperation within the field and the question is raised how NORDINFO can assist this development and increase cooperative efforts.
Library Provision for Visually Impaired in the UK and Canada: National Services and International Cooperation
Authors: Brazier Helen , Owen Victoria
Published: August 2016

Visually impaired people have the same library and information needs as everyone else, although they may require adaptations in the form of service. Digital services offer new opportunities for blind people's needs to be satisfied by mainstream providers, if they are appropriately designed. Library services for visually impaired people in the UK are fragmented and difficult to use, with a range of services of variable quality provided by public libraries and numerous charities. The situation has recently been improved by an injection of government funding at national level. The National Library for the Blind in the UK has historically focused on braille lending, but its new objective is to provide access to a range of direct or indirect library and information services, by exploiting the benefits of new technologies and working in partnership with other organizations. Library services for visually impaired Canadians are provided by the Library of the Canadian National Institute for the Blind. In recent years it has developed an innovative digital services programme and a partnership programme. In 1999, the NLB and the CNIB Library agreed to work together on a pilot project to improve services to users, covering interlending, collection development, service development, production and development of the Geac Advance library management system. The pilot project has revealed problems about working in international partnership, such as copyright and production standards, but the benefits to date have encouraged the two libraries to continue to work together to test this model of global library development.
The National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress
Authors: Cylke Frank Kurt , Dixon Judith M. , Moodie Michael M.
Published: August 2016

Following establishment of a library service for blind and physically handicapped individuals in the Library of Congress on March 3, 1931, the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped programme has grown to serving nearly 800,000 adult and juvenile patrons with an audio/braille collection in excess of 23,000,000 items (325,000 titles). In 1999, 22,665,000 books and magazines were circulated to eligible patrons resident in the United States and to US citizens living in other countries. The advent of digital technology has led to extensive provision of bibliographical and locational information as well as the direct provision of braille materials. Work is under way to develop a digital audio book standard through the National Information Standards Organization (NISO). Scheduled for acceptance in December 2000, the next step being pursuit of an International Standards Organization (ISO) standard and to promulgate the standard through the world.
The Library and Freedom of Information: Agent or Icon?
Authors: Sturges Paul
Published: August 2016

It is through freedom of information legislation that states come closest to providing the full mechanism for access to files. Because the library holds information resources and provides services that promise access to information, it seems natural to suggest that the library, particularly the national library, is an agent for freedom of information. But the first element of true freedom of information is that a set of transparent and effective mechanisms exists so as to allow the right of access to be realized in practice; the second element is that access to files should not require the demonstration of any ‘need to know’. National libraries have collections of great size and diversity, and they can call on the resources of other libraries, nationally and internationally; but they are seldom open to all. Library access mechanisms can also be unduly complex, to the extent that only the committed user can get full value from them; in effect, libraries operate on a ‘need to know’ system. Libraries serve many invaluable purposes, but they are not so much agents of freedom of information as iconic representations of national commitment to freedom of information.
Cooperation and Partnership in the National Library Context: With Special Reference to the British Library
Authors: Pilling Stella
Published: August 2016

In 1999 the British Library (BL) set up a Co-operation and Partnership Programme, with the remit to align the library's approach more closely with the strategies being developed by related organizations, both nationally and internationally. Early on, after examining and analysing examples of cooperative activities in the field of libraries and information services it was concluded that the importance of interlending as the main driving force of cooperation was declining with the growth of national systems and networking, while interoperability between different automated systems, to maximize the range of cooperative services, emerged as the next logical step for libraries in all sectors. One of the first objectives of the programme was to set up a website, named Concord, designed to help libraries, museums and archives to develop new cooperative projects. Later in 1999 a Call for Proposals was issued for projects seeking financial support from the newly created Co-operation and Partnership Fund, for which a sum of £500,000 had been earmarked. Within the UK, many cooperative initiatives involve the BL, along with the other legal deposit libraries, in the academic and public library sectors, and internationally within and between other national libraries, notably on digitization projects. There are now several bodies that bring together national libraries in different regions of the world, and indeed worldwide.
National Provision of Newspapers: A Brief Survey
Authors: King Edmund M.B.
Published: August 2016

The output of newspapers worldwide is huge. Problems of collection and availability, and in particular preservation, confront libraries of all kinds, particularly national libraries, since newspapers are usually printed on poor quality paper. Transfer to another medium has to occur before the original is lost; and microfilm has been seen as the preferred method of accomplishing this. According to a survey carried out by IFLA in 1996, 32 countries have a separate catalogue for newspapers and a further 15 countries with national libraries cite newspapers within a general catalogue. There are many examples of cooperative activities both within and between countries, resulting among other things in the creation of union catalogues. A Working Group of the International Coalition on Newspapers (ICON) is working on a Database of International Newspapers. This will be a web-accessible database of the titles and holdings of participants in the Center for Research Libraries in the USA, together with holdings information from ICON participants. The ICON Preservation Project will identify and microfilm newspapers from outside the US that have not yet been microfilmed. Commercial companies are increasingly interested in investing in scanning older newspapers, creating digital files which can be searched.
National Libraries: The Concept and the Practice, 1700–2000
Authors: Vitiello Giuseppe
Published: August 2016

The scope of national libraries has often been formulated within the framework of three core concepts: universal, nation-oriented or functional. Historically, the impulse was educational, as for the British Museum Library, heritage-oriented, as for the Paris Bibliothèque nationale, or bibliographic, as for the Leipzig Deutsche Bücherei (predecessor of the present Deutsche Bibliothek). In Italy, the national tradition had to find a compromise with local and regional identities and this explains, although it does not justify, the high number of national libraries. The concept of ‘national library’ emerged in different ways in the UK, France, Germany and Italy; there has been a ‘pendulum’ trend, with national library functions first cumulated in one single library and then decentralized in a network of libraries. Globalization, the advent and growth of electronic publications, the ‘convergence’ phenomenon and the need to protect small and less widely spread languages seem to be pushing the pendulum back towards concentration, giving again a leading role to national libraries, at least in strategic and planning terms.
The National Library of Romania's Precursors: Early Beginnings through the Communist Period
Authors: Anghelescu Hermina G.B.
Published: August 2016

The territory of contemporary Romania consists of three main provinces: Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania. The history of the National Library of Romania has generated controversy among many Romanian scholars. Some regard it as a continuation of one of the oldest libraries in Wallachia, the St Sava College Library, which from 1832 enjoyed legal deposit privileges. Others have regarded it as a Communist creation of the 1950s, with the establishment of the Central State Library of the People's Republic of Romania, which was founded in 1955 and metamorphosed into the National Library of Romania in 1990. In 1951 Communist-type institutions such as the Chamber of the Book and the State Book Collection had been established. The main mission of the former was to compile the current national bibliography based on legal deposit copies, while the latter resulted from the confiscation between 1951 and 1970 of the contents of old libraries, which were then redistributed to a small number of libraries and research institutions. In 1970 148,000 volumes from this collection were incorporated into the Central State Library.
Collection-Level Description: Friend or Foe?
Authors: Robinson Bridget , Johnston Pete
Published: August 2016

A number of recent trends have created a growing interest in the description of library resources at collection level, and some recent programmes have provided significant funding in this area. Collection-level description is seen as a tool to improve disclosure of resources, to support collaborative management of resources, and to enable a more integrated approach to digital services. The efforts of Research Support Libraries Programme have stimulated interest in the approach and resulted in the development of a number of regional- and subject-based services based on collection-level description. It has also advanced the theoretical debate and encouraged a convergence on a common approach to collection-level description (or at least highlighted the need for such convergence to take place). Approaches to Web-based resource discovery are focusing on services which provide integrated access to distributed resources, and here, too, the description of aggregates of resources is becoming significant, and this is a consideration in the JISC's efforts to enhance access to resources for the UK Higher and Further Education communities. Collection-level description is not a substitute for item-level description but an effective complement to it.
The Concept of a National Library in Less Developed Countries, with Special Reference to Africa
Authors: Fuentes-Romero Juan José
Published: August 2016

Just as there is no one typical less developed country (LDC), although most such countries have many characteristics in common, so there are many different national library models in operation, all affected to a greater or lesser degree by these characteristics. Three major congresses in the 1960s greatly influenced the shape of national libraries in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean region, emphasizing their importance as a fundamental element in national development. They agree on the most important functions: to give guidance to all the country's libraries; to serve researchers and users as fully as possible; to collect and conserve the nation's published output; to exercise bibliographic control over it, and to disseminate information about it. An analysis of studies by six writers on national libraries in LDCs reveals substantial differences, for example as to whether a national library service is preferable to a national library, and whether a national library can be grafted on to a university library. Major questions remain unanswered.
Publishing and Librarianship in Central and Eastern Europe: The Needs to Join Forces
Authors: Jelušić Srećko
Published: August 2016

Some interesting findings result from an analysis of the post-1990 publishing and bookselling scene in various Central and East European countries (Albania, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Yugoslavia). The number of small and medium size publishers is growing, as are the number and diversity of titles published. Bookstore networks are disintegrating, state subsidies to publishing have ceased, and many publishers do not submit legal deposit copies to the national library. Electronic publishing is growing slowly but steadily, and there is an increase in expert assistance and financial subsidies from western countries. Whereas librarianship can continue building on its existing infrastructure, the publishing industry has little professional experience. Both have in common a major interest in information and communication technology, especially electronic publishing and long-term preservation of digital material. The fact that these activities are still in a development stage gives CEE countries some advantage compared with developed countries, but practical advance depends on expert knowledge. There are several areas of possible cooperation between librarianship and publishing in Central and Eastern Europe, mainly concerned with research and education.
PULMAN: Public Libraries, Local Museums and Archives Learning from Each other in eEurope
Authors: Davies Robert
Published: August 2016

The paper describes the PULMAN Thematic Network, which was funded by the European Commission and undertook a variety of activities intended to help strengthen the performance and achieve the potential of public libraries in new economic, social and cultural roles. Its main goal was to promote a Europe-wide exchange of knowledge, experience and good practice. The project's main activities are outlined: guidelines on digital services were compiled and translated into over 20 languages: National Workshops were organized in each participating country, and in many cases the conclusions reached and actions planned have proved to be an important catalyst for new developments: Country Reports on public libraries were compiled for every country as an aid to benchmarking, and the highlights of the reports are listed in the paper. The project culminated in the Action Plan proposed at the policy conference held in Oeiras, Portugal, in March 2003.
Deposit, Copyright and the Notion of a ‘Document’
Authors: Bing Jon
Published: August 2016

The paper addresses the relation between the duty to deposit copies of a document and the copyright legislation, and attempts to discuss the challenges in transposing this obligation to the environment of electronic publishing, typically by making websites available to the public. As law is fused to the territorial authority of the nation, it is difficult to escape the national reference, and therefore the Norwegian system will be highlighted as an example of a legislation imposing the duty of depositing documents neutral to the storage medium.
Coordinating a National Information System: An Expanded Role for the National Library of Jamaica
Authors: Aarons John A.
Published: August 2016

Following the formal dissolution of the National Council on Libraries, Archives and Information Systems (NACOLAIS) by the Government of Jamaica in 2000, responsibility for coordinating the National Information System and advising the Government on its continued development was transferred to the National Library of Jamaica at the request of the library community. This was a reflection of the valuable work NACOLAIS had played and the esteem in which it was held. Jamaica's National Information System is unique in the region in that it consists of a number of networks which cooperate on a voluntary basis to ensure the speedy access to information held by them and to provide for resource sharing. The National Library of Jamaica assumed the unenviable task of building on the achievements of NACOLAIS and its predecessor NACOLADS (National Council on Libraries, Archives and Documentation Services) without additional resources. To carry out these responsibilities, the Library appointed an Advisory Committee on the National Information System and accelerated the development of its computer-based information network comprising information units in the public and private sectors. Although these new functions were in keeping with the Library's Mission Statement to serve as a ‘gateway for access to the resources of the library and information units of the country through the coordination of network activities’, they represent a significant increase in the Library's responsibilities. They also demonstrate the continued value and relevance of the institution as it commemorates, in 2004, the 25th anniversary of its establishment.
The United Kingdom and Ireland Blue Shield
Authors: Cole Sue
Published: August 2016

Since the launch of the United Kingdom and Ireland Blue Shield (UKIRB) in 2001, the organization has set itself an ambitious programme of awareness raising in cultural institutions. A questionnaire on disaster preparedness circulated to libraries, archives and museums in the UK and Ireland has shown that 75% of all respondents had experienced a disaster of some sort within the previous five years. However, further work undertaken by UKERB pointed to a lack of communication and sharing of best practice among libraries, archives, museums and the historic environment sector in the UK and Ireland. On a practical level, UKIRB was able to coordinate assistance to institutions in the Czech Republic following the floods of 2002. Another role has been as an information conduit during the Iraq war, disseminating information and organizing a national debate on how best to protect museums, archaeological sites and historic buildings affected by the war. The paper also considers the civil resilience structures of the UK and Ireland and describes the involvement of various organizations in promoting disaster planning and preparedness in the cultural sector.
Disaster Preparedness at the National Library of Australia
Authors: Fullerton Jan
Published: August 2016

The paper considers the experience of the National Library of Australia in facing the potential risks threatening the Library's collections, staff and other assets. The Library's approach to disaster preparedness is described, highlighting the importance of risk assessment and management. Disaster preparedness is now integrated into the Library's planning processes. Building on the experience of previous incidents, the Library has established an Emergency Planning Committee with high level representation to manage its disaster preparedness responsibilities. The Committee is able to examine risks strategically, and make effective decisions. The paper lists the other key tools and processes, such as the Counter Emergency Manual and a Register of Nationally Significant Materials, that have contributed to the Library's development of an effective level of disaster preparedness.
The European Library — From Project to Service
Authors: Cousins Jill
Published: August 2016

Launched in March 2005, The European Library is the operational result of a 3-year European Union funded project to create a cooperative framework and specify a system for integrated access to the major collections of the European national libraries. The project included the rudiments of a business plan and, unusually for a European Union project, intended from the beginning to try to make an operational service. The project gave proof of concepts in both technology and cooperative working across national boundaries. At the end of the project the Conference of European National Librarians (CENL) adopted The European Library and an Office was set up within the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in The Netherlands in May 2004. From June 2004 work was undertaken to turn the project and the experimental technology into a fully fledged robust service. The European Library will give access to digital and non-digital records and items from nine European national libraries. This numbers around 15,000,000 at launch, of which half a million are digitized objects. This paper covers the technological innovation, cooperation and business development required to launch and run this collaborative pan- European service. It also gives some examples of how research and discovery has benefited from this collaboration.
Bibliographic Control for Twenty-First-Century Collection Management and Resource Discovery: Current Approaches in the British Library
Authors: Brazier Caroline , Clayphan Robina
Published: August 2016

At the beginning of the twenty-first century the bibliographic standards landscape is undergoing considerable development. Against a background of changing user expectations, technical possibilities and economic constraints, the British Library is reviewing its approach to traditional collection management and bibliographic standards. The lack of established standards for management of digital collections is leading to a period of experimentation in which research into future technologies sits alongside pragmatic solutions to deal with the realities of the transitional ‘hybrid library’. The authors present a personal view of current initiatives and developments in the British Library, including new technological opportunities and systems developments, digitization and digital object management, metadata schemas and application profiles. They also consider measures that are in place to handle the transition to a richer and more complex resource discovery future that is still evolving across the sector.
Preserving the Digital Heritage: New Legal Deposit Act in Denmark
Authors: Larsen Svend
Published: August 2016

In December 2004 the Danish parliament passed a new act on legal deposit which brought together all regulations concerning the collection and preservation of works published in Denmark, irrespective of type and format. The act covers works published in a physical format, works published on the Internet, radio and television broadcasts, and motion pictures. The responsibility for collecting and preserving this material (apart from motion pictures) is shared by the Royal Library and the State and University Library, and the article describes the procedures by which this responsibility will be discharged. Additional funding was secured to develop a system to meet the challenges of Internet harvesting and web archiving, and the new Danish Net Archive was ready to operate when the new law came into force on 1 July 2005. The article also considers the requirement for long-term preservation of digital material and the regulation of access to it, since both are seen as essential components in Denmark's initiatives to safeguard the nation's cultural heritage and to increase access to it.
National Policy for Library and Information Systems and Services in India: The New Scenario
Authors: Dasgupta Kalpana
Published: August 2016

India has had a long history of Library and Information Services. However, due to the hierarchical social structure and the colonial past, Indian Library and Information Systems and Services (LISS) have mainly catered to the elite minority. The post-independence policies of the government have gradually changed this scenario and the LISS have become much more broad-based and people-oriented. The paper deals with the historical background of policy formulation in India, which has positively affected LISS in different ways to cope with the new environment and new expectations of the users. It also spells out the details of the National Policy on Library and Information Services (NAPLIS) and the need for a more holistic New Information Policy. Such a policy will have to deal with all the related fields and IT-oriented activities, which will give LISS the much needed direction to steer India to become an information-oriented society.
Engaging in Change: New Mindsets for Today's Dynamic Environment
Authors: Bryson Jo
Published: August 2016

The article describes the changes in skills needed by library and information workers in order to meet the challenges of a rapidly evolving environment. Globalization and new technology have changed customer expectations radically and information services must change in order to meet new needs while maintaining quality of service. The author identifies fourteen new skills and aptitudes required by information managers if their services are to maintain their relevance in the world of mobile communications and the Internet. These include the ability to share their vision of how a service will operate in the future, to build an organization that embraces change, and to put the customer at the centre of service development. Only by learning and implementing these skills can managers ensure that information services make the most of the unprecedented opportunities for innovation and enrichment of the quality of life that technology provides.
The New National Archives 2003
Authors: Tyacke Sarah
Published: August 2016

The paper describes the creation in 2003 of a new central authority for records management and archiving for the United Kingdom government and for England and Wales – the National Archives, formed from the Public Record Office (PRO) and the Historical Manuscripts Commission (HMC). The author outlines the process of the merger and the organizational and administrative difficulties that had to be overcome. Some of these resulted from the historical development of the two bodies, the primary concern of the PRO being for government and public records and the HMC for non-public records and private archives, and an account of the background to the eventual merger is given. The paper also considers the implications for the National Archives of new developments, such as the Freedom of Information Act and digital preservation and access, and the standards now expected in an environment of online service delivery.