bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A NEW VERSION OF THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE TERRACOTTA RELIEF DEPICTING A FIGHTING ELEPHANT FROM NISA-MIKHRDATKIRT
Authors: Пилипко В. Н.
Published: December 2021

В 2013 г. в северо-восточной части городища Новая Ниса были возобновлены исследования на объекте, известном под условным названием «Башня III». Первоначально он воспринимался как руины выносной средневековой башни, но при продолжении исследований первоначальное представление о назначении и датировке радикально изменилось. Теперь он определяется как остатки погребального сооружения аршакидского времени. При его раскопках в 2013-2014 гг. обнаружены еще три фрагмента, принадлежащих терракотовому рельефу с изображением боевого слона. Благодаря этому появилась возможность создать новый вариант реконструкции этого, пока уникального, произведения древнего искусства. Выявленные на 2019 г. археологические данные свидетельствуют, что к раскапываемому объекту рельеф прямого отношения, по-видимому, не имеет. Он, вероятно, принадлежал какому-то иному, более раннему, сооружению. В основу нового варианта реконструкции положены два постулата. Первый - мастер, занимавшийся подготовкой модели для рассматриваемого рельефа, имел эллинистическую выучку. В соответствии с этим все субъекты и объекты, представленные на рельефе, изображены соразмерными. Второй постулат - мастер был хорошо знаком с анатомическими особенностями индийских слонов, на это особенно наглядно указывает фрагмент 4, на котором со знанием дела представлены некоторые анатомические особенности этого животного. Введение в реконструкцию наряду с известными фрагментами соразмерного силуэта слона позволило практически полностью восстановить весь сюжет рельефа.

Since 2013, excavations have been resumed in the northeastern part of New Nisa at the site known as Tower III. Initially, it was perceived as the ruins of a remote medieval tower, that protruded outwards from the settlement wall. However, further excavations have drastically changed initial concepts on the purpose and dating of the tower; now it is defined as the remains of a burial structure of the Arshakid time. During the excavations of 2013-2014. three more fragments were found belonging to a terracotta relief depicting a fighting elephant. This made it possible to suggest a new version of the reconstruction of this, so far a unique work of ancient art. Archaeological data obtained in 2019 indicate that the relief does not seem to have a direct relationship to the excavated object. It probably belonged to a different, earlier construction.
FINGER-RINGS WITH HAND IMAGES
Authors: Олейников О. М.
Published: December 2021

В статье представлен краткий свод перстней с изображением раскрытой кисти руки, обнаруженных на территории древней Руси и Волжской Булгарии. Более подробно рассматриваются перстни, обнаруженные в Великом Новгороде. Эти изделия представляли серийную продукцию, производившуюся на продажу. Специфика декора и ограниченный период бытования перстней позволяет рассматривать эту категорию украшений как хронологический маркер XIV в.

The paper presents a short list of finger-rings featuring an open palm of the hand discovered in Medieval Russia and Volga Bulgaria. It provides a detailed review of the rings found in Velikiy Novgorod. These items were serial products made for sale. Distinctive decorative features and a limited period of such finger-rings use allow consider this category ofjewelry as a chronological marker of the 14th century.
«BEAR CLAW» AMULET-PENDANTS FROM THE GRAVES OF XIII-XV CENTURIES FROM THE ALT-WEHLAU NECROPOLIS
Authors: Валуев А. А. , Денисов С. А. , Скворцов К. Н.
Published: December 2021

Статья посвящена амулетам-подвескам из медвежьих когтей, найденным в погребениях XIII-XV вв. в некрополе Альт-Велау и связанным с почитанием пруссами животных. Распределение и морфология предметов позволили установить их значение в условиях христианизации Пруссии. Всего в погребениях были обнаружены 10 амулетов, 8 из которых находились в женских захоронениях как часть комплекса украшений, который включал также шейные гривны, ожерелья и перстни. Основу предметов составляли медвежьи когти, помещенные в бронзовые оковки, снабженные бронзовыми подвесками и прикрепляемые к поясу при помощи цепочки или ремешка. Выявленные особенности, характерные также для амулетов из других прусских некрополей, позволяют говорить о том, что во второй половине XIII - XV в. рассматриваемые предметы постепенно утратили свое сакральное значение и приобрели функцию украшений.

The article is devoted to the amulets-pendants made from bear claws, which were found in the burials dated to XIII-XV centuries in the Alt-Wehlau necropolis and associated with animal cult practiced by the Prussians. The distribution and morphology of these funds allowed define its significance in the condition of Christianization of Prussia. Totally 10 amulets were found in complexes, 8 of them were located in women’s graves as parts of jewelry complex that included also torques, necklaces and finger-rings. The bases of amulets were the bear claws placed in bronze settings and equipped with bronze pendants. The amulets were fastened to the belt on a chain or strap (Fig. 3: 1-9). These features are equally characteristic of the amulets from other Prussian necropolises and give grounds to conclude that in the second half of XIII-XV centuries the considered items gradually lost their sacral significance and became jewelry pieces.
FORTRESS WALLS WITH USABLE INTRA-WALL SPACE IN BACTRIAN FORTIFICATIONS
Authors: Двуреченская Н. Д.
Published: December 2021

На примере крепости Узундара рассматривается такой элемент фортификации, как крепостные стены с внутристенным эксплуатируемым пространством. Анализ конструктивных особенностей образца позволяет внести предложение в неустоявшуюся терминологию, существующую в литературе и относимую к данному виду фортификации. Предлагается выделять: монолитные стены и стены с внутристенным эксплуатируемым пространством. Многочисленные аналогии в архитектуре Бактрии и соседних историко-культурных регионов еще раз подчеркнули особенную близость фортификации Бактрии и Хорезма. Рассмотрение десятков памятников с использованием двойных стен в хронологическом срезе всего античного периода требует внести поправку в устоявшееся в науке мнение о магистральном переходе в эпоху эллинизма к монолитным стенам. Использование крепостных стен с внутристенным эксплуатируемым пространством в фортификации и эллинистических и кушанских крепостей и городов позволяет утверждать, что возводились они по необходимости и возможности и в зависимости от десятков разнообразных факторов.

Taking the Uzundara fortress as a case study, the paper reviews a specific element of fortification, which is fortress walls with usable intra-wall space. The analysis of technical design of the construction helps clarify some terms used in literature to describe this type of fortifications. It is proposed to single out monolithic walls and walls with intra-wall usable space. Multiple analogies in Bactrian architecture and neighboring historical and cultural regions reiterate special similarity of fortifications in Bactria and Khwarazm. The review of dozens of sites with the use of double walls chronologically throughout the Classical period requires changes to be made in the established opinion that in the Hellenic period the shift to monolithic walls occurred across the board. The use of fortress walls with intra-wall usable space in fortifications and Hellenistic and Kushan fortresses suggests that they were constructed, when necessary and when possible, depending on multiple factors.
RUINS OF FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS IN THE DON VALLEY IN THE MINIATURES OF THE 16th CENTURY
Authors: Чернецов А. В.
Published: December 2021

Статья посвящена двум миниатюрам XVI в. из Лицевого летописного свода Ивана Грозного. На них представлены изображения классических археологических памятников - городищ. Миниатюры находятся во Втором Остермановском томе Свода. Они иллюстрируют путешествие митрополита Пимена в 1389 г. по р. Дону. Первая миниатюра представляет руины древнерусского города Чюр-Михайлов; второй памятник имеет чужеземное название (Терклия). Он характеризуется в летописном тексте как «городище». Изображения двух мертвых городов являются маркерами, разделяющими заселенные регионы от пустынных. Городища на миниатюрах представлены схематично, тем не менее ясно показано наличие оборонительных стен и башен.

The paper explores two miniatures of the 16th century from the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible. They contain images of classical archaeological sites, i.e. fortified settlements. The miniatures are from Osterman Volume II of the Chronicle. They illustrate the pilgrimage of Metropolitan Pimen to Constantinople down the Don River in 1389. The first miniature features ruins of the Medieval Russia city of Chyur-Mikhailov; the second site has a foreign name (Terklia). The text of the Chronicle describes it as ‘fortified settlement’. This is an image of two dead cities used as markers separating inhabited regions from vacant lands. The miniatures show the fortified settlements schematically; still defensive walls and towers are clearly identifiable.
THE GECHEPSIN FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT: EXPERIENCE OF COMPREHENSIVE EXCAVATIONS
Authors: Малышев А. А. , Бабенко А. Н. , Спиридонова Е. А.
Published: December 2021

Несмотря на очевидный прогресс в наших представлениях о системе расселения восточной периферии азиатского Боспора, круг известных памятников совсем невелик, а об их хронологии можно судить только на основании подъемного материала. Комплексные исследования на городище Гечепсин позволили выявить два строительных горизонта, датируемых керамическими материалами в пределах II в. до н. э. - II в. н. э. и охарактеризовать особенности топографии (фортификацию, коммуникации и т. п.). Исследованная кладка сооружения фортификационной системы крепости была сооружена на культурном слое эпохи позднего эллинизма и просуществовала не более века. Выявленные на площадке городища постройки возведены, судя по всему, в античных традициях сырцово-каменной архитектуры. В конце I тыс. до н. э. - нач. I тыс. н. э. в районе городища, согласно спорово-пыльцевому анализу, были широко распространены степные злаково-разнотравные растительные сообщества. Присутствие пыльцы водных растений в верхней части профиля отражает, вероятнее всего, использование речной глины для возведения сырцовых конструкций.

Despite obvious progress in developing our concepts on the settlement system in the eastern periphery of Asian Bosporus, the group of the known sites is not that large, while their chronology can be determined only with the use of surface finds. Comprehensive excavations at the Gechepsin fortified settlement made it possible to identify two construction horizons dated by ceramic finds to 2 century BC -2 century AD and characterize specifics of topography (fortification, communications, etc.). The examined masonry of the fortress fortification construction was built in the occupation layer of the Late Hellenic period and did not function more than half a century. Constructions identified at the fortified settlement were, most likely, built in Ancient Greek traditions of adobe-stone architecture. At the end of I mill. BC - early I mill. AD steppe gramineous-mixed grass plant associations were widespread in the area around the settlement as evidenced by pollen analysis. Presence of water plant pollen in the upper part of the profile, most likely, reflects use of river clay for building adobe constructions.
L. V. ALEKSEEV’S PERSONAL PAPERS IN THE IA RAS ARCHIVES
Authors: Горланов С. С. , Кочкаров У. Ю. , Селезнева С. В.
Published: December 2021

В статье представлен обзор личного фонда историка и археолога, специалиста по истории и культуре Западной Руси Л. В. Алексеева (Научно-отраслевой архив ИА РАН, Ф-52). Фонд состоит из трех больших разделов, включающих археологические экспедиционные материалы по раскопкам и разведкам Л. В. Алексеева за период с 1951 по 1989 г. на территории Белоруссии, Смоленской и Псковской областей, рабочие материалы к публикациям и личные документы. Значительный раздел фонда составляют материалы и документы учителя и друга Л. В. Алексеева -историка и археолога, академика АН СССР, профессора Б. А. Рыбакова. В совокупности данные фонда дополняют сведения о биографии и становлении научного пути Л. В. Алексеева и позволят будущим исследователям расширить представление о деятельности ученого.

The paper provides an overview of personal papers of L. V. Alekseev, a historian, an archaeologist and a specialist on history and culture of Western Russia (Scientific Archives of the Institute of Archaeology, RAS, fond-52). The fond is composed of three large sections that include materials from archaeological expeditions and surveys conducted by L. V. Alekseev in 1951-1989 in Belorussia, the Smolensk and the Pskov regions; working materials for publications; and personal documents. Materials and documents of professor B. A. Rybakov, a historian, an archaeologist, a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, who was L. V. Alekseev’s teacher and a friend, is another large part of this fond. The data of the fond complement information on biography and scientific career of L. V. Alekseev and will help future researchers expand their knowledge of the scholar’s activities.
THE ENEOLITHIC KURGAN IN THE SOUTH OF THE VORONEZH REGION
Authors: Скоробогатов А. М. , Березуцкий В. Д. , Васильев С. В. , Курбанова Ф. Г. , Пузанова Т. А. , Трегуб Т. Ф.
Published: December 2021

Статья вводит в научный оборот материалы погребений эпохи энеолита, происходящие из кургана, расположенного на Среднем Дону (Воронежская область). Обнаруженный в кургане инвентарь (керамика с примесью раковины, подвески из зубов оленя, наконечники стрел и орудия из кремня, металлические пронизки) в совокупности с абсолютными датировками указывает на энеолитическую принадлежность публикуемого комплекса (втор. пол. V тыс. до н. э.). Спорово-пыльцевой анализ погребенной почвы под курганом свидетельствует о кратковременном похолодании и повышенной увлажненности в период сооружения кургана.

The paper introduces into scientific discourse materials from Eneolithic burials in a kurgan located on the Middle Don (Voronezh region). Funerary offerings discovered in the kurgan (ceramics with crushed shells admixture, pendants made from deer teeth, arrowheads and flint tools, metal tubular beads) along with the absolute dates obtained demonstrate that this assemblage dates to the Eneolithic (second half of V mill. BC). The pollen analysis of the buried soil under the kurgan reveals short-term cooling and a high moisture level at the time when the kurgan was erected.
The current state and prospects of the nuclear power industry of China
Authors: Sharipov F. F.
Published: December 2021

China’s nuclear energy ambitions, backed by the strong financial potential of the national economy, and the consequent desire to extend its successes in international economic cooperation to the nuclear industry have attracted the researchers’ attention to a closer examination of the current state and nuclear industry prospects of China, taking into account its technological component. The unfulfilled development plan for nuclear power in the 13th Five-Year Plan, as a result of systemic mistakes and failures in the projects selected for implementation, leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to involve foreign leaders in this field, including “Rosatom” corporation, which has in its portfolio virtually verified modern technical solutions.
Use of stock market instruments as a way to support small and medium-sized businesses during economic crises
Authors: Gluhov K. V. , Shipilova M. V.
Published: December 2021

This study determines the possibilities of using stock market instruments as a source of financing for small and medium-sized businesses during the COVID-19 coronavirus crisis, as well as developing proposals for expanding the system of public support measures to popularise this mode of financing. The authors put forward a hypothesis that the stock market is an effective tool for small and medium-sized businesses to use in times of crisis, but that it is rarely used at the moment. The existing methods of state support for small and medium-sized businesses using stock market instruments have been systematised and reviewed. The procedure for granting subsidies to small and medium-sized businesses has been defined and the procedure for selecting issuers has been highlighted. Foreign experience of supporting small and medium-sized businesses through the stock market, using the United States and Polish examples, has been studied. The difficulties encountered by entrepreneurs in using the stock market instruments in Russia have been analysed and proposals for overcoming them have been made. Conclusions have been made on the effectiveness of this way of supporting small and medium-sized businesses in a difficult economic situation. A proposal to expand the system of state support and popularise this method of financing among small and medium-sized businesses has been formulated.
Exosomes/microvesicles target SARS-CoV-2 via innate and RNA-induced immunity with PIWI-piRNA system
Authors: Ikhlas Shoeb , Usman Afia , Kim Dongkyeong , Cai Dongsheng
Published: December 2021

Murine neural stem cells (NSCs) were recently shown to release piRNA-containing exosomes/microvesicles (Ex/Mv) for exerting antiviral immunity, but it remains unknown if these Ex/Mv could target SARS-CoV-2 and whether the PIWI-piRNA system is important for these antiviral actions. Here, using in vitro infection models, we show that hypothalamic NSCs (htNSCs) Ex/Mv provided an innate immunity protection against SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, enhanced antiviral actions were achieved by using induced Ex/Mv that were derived from induced htNSCs through twice being exposed to several RNA fragments of SARS-CoV-2 genome, a process that was designed not to involve protein translation of these RNA fragments. The increased antiviral effects of these induced Ex/Mv were associated with increased expression of piRNA species some of which could predictably target SARS-CoV-2 genome. Knockout of piRNA-interacting protein PIWIL2 in htNSCs led to reductions in both innate and induced antiviral effects of Ex/Mv in targeting SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, this study demonstrates a case suggesting Ex/Mv from certain cell types have innate and adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2, and the PIWI-piRNA system is important for these antiviral actions.
High Pressure Technology and Its Applications in Materials Science
Authors:   Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China, Deng Guangyu
Published: December 2021

This paper introduces typical instruments to generate static high pressures were introduced, several representative works in materials science were presented. Matter undergoes changes in physical, chemical, and structural characteristics when subjected to high pressure. Therefore, high pressure is a driving force for new materials, new phenomena, and new effects, and plays an increasingly important role in materials science. High pressure is not only an important means of synthesizing new materials, but also effective in microstructure modulation and performance regulation. It is an important way to develop high-performance materials.
Measurement of Thermal Diffusion Coefficient of High Thermal Con-ductivity Pellets by Laser Scattering Method
Authors:   North Nuclear Fuel Element Co., Ltd., Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014035, China, Wang Haipeng
Published: December 2021

UO2-BeO high thermal conductivity pellets have the characteristics of high thermal conductivity, high efficiency, long cycle and low recovery cost compared with traditional nuclear fuel. In this paper, the thermal diffusion coefficient of UO2-BeO pellets is characterized by laser flash method, in which the selection and optimization of test parameters are the main research part.
Research on Reliability of Packaging Materials for PVT Modules
Authors:   Shandong Linuo Solar Power Holdings Co., Ltd, 250103, Jinan, Guo Ruijing
Published: December 2021

This paper studies the difference in heat transfer and adhesion performance of glass fiber substrate thermal conductive double-sided adhesive, PVC substrate double-sided adhesive, and PET substrate double-sided adhesive to thermal conductive materials and polymer materials in photovoltaic and thermal integrated modules. Studies have shown that the use of glass fiber-based thermally conductive double-sided adhesive to bond polymer materials and thermally conductive materials can achieve the normal use of PVT modules under weather-resistant conditions. Research has shown that glass fiber-based thermally conductive double-sided adhesive has better adhesion than other materials., Initial viscosity, static shear force, thermal conductivity, etc., can realize the normal use of PVT modules under weathering conditions.
Establishing an ad hoc COVID-19 mortality surveillance during the first epidemic wave in Belgium, 1 March to 21 June 2020
Authors: Renard Françoise , Scohy Aline , Van der Heyden Johan , Peeters Ilse , Dequeker Sara , Vandael Eline , Van Goethem Nina , Dubourg Dominique , De Viron Louise , Kongs Anne , Hammami Naïma , Devleesschauwer Brecht , Sasse André , Rebolledo Gonzalez Javiera , Bustos Sierra Natalia
Published: December 2021

Background

COVID-19-related mortality in Belgium has drawn attention for two reasons: its high level, and a good completeness in reporting of deaths. An ad hoc surveillance was established to register COVID-19 death numbers in hospitals, long-term care facilities (LTCF) and the community. Belgium adopted broad inclusion criteria for the COVID-19 death notifications, also including possible cases, resulting in a robust correlation between COVID-19 and all-cause mortality.

Aim

To document and assess the COVID-19 mortality surveillance in Belgium.

Methods

We described the content and data flows of the registration and we assessed the situation as of 21 June 2020, 103 days after the first death attributable to COVID-19 in Belgium. We calculated the participation rate, the notification delay, the percentage of error detected, and the results of additional investigations.

Results

The participation rate was 100% for hospitals and 83% for nursing homes. Of all deaths, 85% were recorded within 2 calendar days: 11% within the same day, 41% after 1 day and 33% after 2 days, with a quicker notification in hospitals than in LTCF. Corrections of detected errors reduced the death toll by 5%.

Conclusion

Belgium implemented a rather complete surveillance of COVID-19 mortality, on account of a rapid investment of the hospitals and LTCF. LTCF could build on past experience of previous surveys and surveillance activities. The adoption of an extended definition of ‘COVID-19-related deaths’ in a context of limited testing capacity has provided timely information about the severity of the epidemic.
Lockdown impact on age-specific contact patterns and behaviours, France, April 2020
Authors: Bosetti Paolo , Huynh Bich-Tram , Abdou Armiya Youssouf , Sanchez Marie , Eisenhauer Catherine , Courtejoie Noémie , Accardo Jérôme , Salje Henrik , Guillemot Didier , Moslonka-Lefebvre Mathieu , Boëlle Pierre-Yves , Béraud Guillaume , Cauchemez Simon , Opatowski Lulla
Published: December 2021

Background

Many countries implemented national lockdowns to contain the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 and avoid overburdening healthcare capacity.

Aim

We aimed to quantify how the French lockdown impacted population mixing, contact patterns and behaviours.

Methods

We conducted an online survey using convenience sampling and collected information from participants aged 18 years and older between 10 April and 28 April 2020.

Result

Among the 42,036 survey participants, 72% normally worked outside their home, and of these, 68% changed to telework during lockdown and 17% reported being unemployed during lockdown. A decrease in public transport use was reported from 37% to 2%. Participants reported increased frequency of hand washing and changes in greeting behaviour. Wearing masks in public was generally limited. A total of 138,934 contacts were reported, with an average of 3.3 contacts per individual per day; 1.7 in the participants aged 65 years and older compared with 3.6 for younger age groups. This represented a 70% reduction compared with previous surveys, consistent with SARS-CoV2 transmission reduction measured during the lockdown. For those who maintained a professional activity outside home, the frequency of contacts at work dropped by 79%.

Conclusion

The lockdown affected the population's behaviour, work, risk perception and contact patterns. The frequency and heterogeneity of contacts, both of which are critical factors in determining how viruses spread, were affected. Such surveys are essential to evaluate the impact of lockdowns more accurately and anticipate epidemic dynamics in these conditions.
Surge in SARS-CoV-2 transmission in school-aged children and household contacts, England, August to October 2021
Authors: Chudasama Dimple Y , Tessier Elise , Flannagan Joe , Leeman David , Webster Harriet , Demirjian Alicia , Falconer Catherine , Thelwall Simon , Kall Meaghan , Saliba Vanessa , Ramsay Mary , Dabrera Gavin , Lamagni Theresa
Published: December 2021

Easing of COVID-19 restrictions in England in the summer of 2021 was followed by a sharp rise in cases among school-aged children. Weekly rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection in primary and secondary school children reached 733.3 and 1,664.7/100,000 population, respectively, by week 39 2021. A surge in household clusters with school-aged index cases was noted at the start of the school term, with secondary cases predominantly in children aged 5–15 years and adults aged 30–49 years.
CREATIVITY IN DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT. POSSIBILITIES OF APPLICATION IN THE EDUCATIONAL SPACE
Authors: Nalyvaiko Oleksii , Ronzhes Olena
Published: December 2021

An important factor in the effective functioning of a modern person is their involvement in the digital environment. Especially valuable in our time is a propensity for creativity and self-expression. Under the conditions of quarantine caused by COVID-19 utilization of digital technologies in this process has become of great importance in the life of society. The article analyzes various points of view on the issue of digitalization of public relations and the place of a person in this process. In addition, the authors clarify the essence of the definition of digital creativity through the analysis of definitions of “creativity” and “digital environment”. The definition of “creativity” is considered in such combination of directions of application: creativity as an innovation, creativity as a process, creativity as an ability, creativity as stages of thinking, creativity as a result of action. The authors note that digital environment is formed from the technical side (computer technology) and human interaction with it – both as a creator of this environment and as an inhabitant. The study notes that currently the place of a creative person in the digital environment can be represented as two poles and a range of options between them: the first pole is denying digital technology for their work, commitment to traditional materials and techniques, or blocking creativity; the second pole – transhumanism for creative processes – the willingness and desire to merge with digital technologies to be able to take full advantage of innovations, enhancing their capabilities (physical, mental, intellectual, etc.) through biotechnology and interfaces. There is a large number of options between these two poles – the use of computer technologies accompanying creative process (communication, publication, equipment); primitive programs for leisure self-realization (for any student on the phone) supplementing the traditional spheres of art and creativity with new digital capabilities (computer graphics, programs for creating and arranging music, virtual backgrounds, mapping and lighting scenarios in theater and dance) interaction of digital and physical space (augmented reality, architectural mapping) virtual reality as an alternative or analogue of physical or as a reflection of someone's mental and imaginative reality; non-invasive neuro-interfaces. It has been determined that one of the most promising areas for the implementation of creativity in the digital space is educational activity. The authors note that one of the most effective means to incorporate creativity in the digital environment is project activities. It is important to note that these activities should be varied and involve different digital tools and technologies.
Black Lives Matter: An African American Experience!
Authors: Hines III Mack T.
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this article is to provide a historical context for the meaning of the words Black Lives Matter. First, the author highlights the African perspectives of Black Lives Matter. Then, the author describes the American experiences that gave rise to this term. Through these analyses, readers will acquire a more in-depth understanding of the historical underpinnings of the Black Lives Matter Movement.
The Matter of All Black Lives
Authors: Sealey-Ruiz Yolanda , Reid Shamari
Published: December 2021

Evoking the spirit of Toni Morrison, we were moved to view the work of the scholars in this special issue through the lens we used to frame a class we taught last spring— Black Lives Matter: A Multimodal Journey. The course was centered around Morrison’s notion of the Black Gaze and was designed to specifically ask the question: What becomes possible with regard to Black liberation when we center the Black Gaze? Our approach to the course purposely centered the beauty and brilliance of the Black experience through the work of Black artists, scholars, writers, entrepreneurs, and media producers. Furthermore, we organized our course by what one of our students, Sharina Gordon, called the “pillars” of Blackness (Gordon, 2021): Black Gaze, Black Genius, Black Joy, Black Healing, and Black Love. We found the Pillars of Blackness to be a useful construct as we read the articles in this special issue. In doing so, we highlight how the authors featured in such a timely issue center these pillars and offer them as a guide as we think about where we go next in our collective journey toward Black liberation.
Detection of Antibacterial Effects of Various Fruit Species on Motile Aeromonas species
Authors: Ulutas Aycan , Qorun Jale
Published: December 2021

The aim of this study is to determine the antimicrobial effects of extracts prepared from orange (Citrus sinensis L.), lemon (C. limon L.) and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels on motile Aeromonas species including Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae and A. allosaccharophila using disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques. In addition, the antibacterial effects of edible films and coatings prepared from orange, lemon and pomegranate peels on these bacteria were also investigated with the well agar diffusion technique in the current study. The essential oils (EOs) used in the study were obtained from the fruit peels by the distillation method. To test the antibacterial susceptibilities of essential oils, sterile discs were placed on the surface of the Petri dishes which were inoculated by bacteria. The dishes were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. At the end of the incubation period, the zone diameters observed around the discs were measured. Florfenicol, flumequine and oxytetracycline were used as control antibiotics in the study. Antibacterial susceptibilities of fruit peels were also determined by broth dilution technique. The Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) values of the fruit peels were found and the lowest concentration where turbidity which was not observed was accepted as MIC for that bacterial species. Carragenean, xanthan, starch and carop were used as matrix in the preparation of edible films and coatings. According to the results of the study, it was found that EO extract prepared from lemon peels was more effective on A. hydrophila, A. caviae and A. allosaccharophila than EO extracts prepared from pomegranate and orange peels in disc diffusion test. Also, it was found that edible films prepared from pomegranate peels had the most antibacterial effect on the three bacterial species.
A study on the antimicrobial resistance of Lactococcus garvieae
Authors: Korun Jale , Altan Erbülent , Teker Serkan , Ulutaş Aycan
Published: December 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat resistensi Lactococcus garvieae hasil isolasi dari ikan rainbow trout sakit ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). , W.) di peternakan di Antalya, Wilayah Mediterania Turki untuk berbagai antibiotik. Studi sampel dimulai pada Juli 2018 dan selesai pada September 2018. Studi pengambilan sampel dilakukan di peternakan ikan trout komersial di distrik Kemer, Korkuteli, Serik dan Manavgat di Antalya. Sembilan puluh ikan selama masa studi. Bobot tubuh ikan berkisar antara 110 gram hingga 350 gram. Untuk studi bakteriologis, inokulasi disiapkan dari mata dan organ dalam ikan yang hampir mati dan diinokulasi ke BHIA. Cawan petri yang telah diinokulasi diinkubasi pada suhu 25 ± 2 ° C selama 72 jam.Setelah masa inkubasi, ditentukan morfologi dan warna koloni bakteri. Berbagai uji morfologi, fisiologis dan biokimia dilakukan terhadap isolat tersebut. Teknik PCR digunakan sebagai Konfirmasi L . garvieae . Uji resistensi antibiotik terhadap isolasi dilakukan secara in vitro . Beberapa Resistance Antibiotik (MAR) Nilai indeks L . isolat garvieae juga dihitung. Temuan terdeteksi pada semua ikan yang terkena.Warna kulit menjadi gelap, eksophthalmia unilateral dan / atau bilateral dengan perdarahan periokular, basal perut, penggelapan warna limpa dan splenomegali, perdarahan di organ dalam dan sebagai situs yang terdeteksi pada ikan. Berdasarkan hasil fenotipik dan PCR, isolat tersebut teridentifikasi sebagai Lactococcus garvieae . Diketahui bahwa semua isolat resisten terhadap ampisilin, asam nalidiksat, nitrofurantoin, asam oksalinat dan sulfametoksazol serta rentan terhadap amoksisilin, enroflooksasin, florfenikol dan kloramfenikol. Nilai indeks MAR isolat berkisar antara 0,3 sampai 0,6.
Contribution to the current list of Nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) in Malaysia
Authors: Pau Suriyanti Su Nyun , Nasir Dzulhelmi Muhammad , Usup Gires
Published: December 2021

Current occurrence of Nitzschia Hassall from marine and freshwater environment in Malaysia is compiled from current and previously published materials. Phytoplankton was collected using a 20 µm plankton net from waterfronts of Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. Some Nitzschia cells were successfully isolated and established into clonal cultures. For morphology observation, organic matters of the net samples and cultures were oxidized and removed through acid treatment. Cleaned specimens were observed using light and electron microscopes. The morphology of the Nitzschia cells was described and micrographs are included. In addition to current field sampling, Nitzschia spp. records and distributions in Malaysia had also been compiled from secondary data. Sources of references whereby the Nitzschia species were listed in this article were cited accordingly. This article compiles a total of 11 Nitzschia spp. found in Malaysia including a few revisions and new records. This article could serve as an important reference for Nitzschia taxonomic and distributional study particularly in tropical region.Keywords: distribution, morphology, taxonomy, tropical
Navigating Fish Food Insecurity by Simultaneous Household and Marketed Surplus-Led Productions in Kogi State of Nigeria
Authors: Sadiq Sanusi Mohammed , Singh I P , Ahmad M M
Published: December 2021

The study determined the factors influencing simultaneously household and marketed surplus-led fish production in Nigeria’s Kogi State using cross-sectional data collected from 105 fish farmers. The sample size was achieved using a multi-stage sampling technique and the collected data were elicited viz. structured questionnaire complemented with interview schedule. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to achieve the conceptualized objectives. Empirical evidence showed that marketed surplus-led fish production was affected by less risky non-farm incomes with high-income turnover and capital paucity. However, marketable surplus-led production was enhanced by enlarged income, readily available demand that matches the supply, and entrepreneurship zeal among the youthful population in the studied area. In view of the foregoing, the research recommends the need to strengthen the value chain of fish marketing so as to contain any challenge viz. market imperfection which in the long run will jeopardize market-orientation of fish farming which is nascent among most of the farmers in the studied area. In addition, there is a need to address gender inequality in order to arrest poverty vulnerability among women folk viz. budget gender mainstreaming so as to achieve growth and development which are pre-requisite for globalization.Keywords: Food security; Marketable surplus; Purpose; Fish farming; Kogi State; Nigeria
Respons fisiologis benur udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) terhadap penambahan kalsium selama adaptasi di salinitas rendah
Authors: Taqwa Ferdinand Hukama , Fitrani Mirna , Purwanto Rudi
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum addition of calcium during the adaptation period of white shrimp seed in low salinity media, so the physiological conditions of shrimp still support maximally survival and growth. The research was carried out by using the Completely Randomized Design, i.e., the addition of calcium in freshwater for decreasing water salinity from 20 g L-1 to 0.5 g L-1 as much as 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 mg L-1, respectively. The freshwater used in the salinity reduction process was based on previous research that included sodium and potassium additions of 75 mg L-1 and 50 mg L-1, respectively. The test animal was a white shrimp stadium PL15 that had been acclimated for 5 days to a medium salinity of 20 g L-1.  The results of this study showed that the addition of 300 mg L-1- calcium in freshwater during the adaptation for 96 hours significantly accelerate the achievement of molting time (1360 minutes), suppress the stress levels and metabolism rate (body fluid glucose of 169.80 mg L-1 and oxygen consumption level of 0.95 mg O2 g-1 h-1), and produce the highest survival rate of white shrimp seed (99%).Keywords: adaptation, calcium, low salinity, physiology, white shrimp
Kajian kinerja pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup ikan kerapu macan (Ephinephelus fuscogusttatus) menggunakan pakan hewani yang berbeda
Authors: Khalil Munawwar , Salamah Salamah , Zumairi Zumairi , Muliani Muliani
Published: December 2021

The tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) is an economically important fish whose fry still relies on natural catches. Several species of grouper are very potential to be cultivated because of their fast growth, efficient feed conversion, and high selling value. The purpose of this study is growth performance and survival rate tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) used different live feed. The research design used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design with 3 treatments 3 replications and continued with LSD test if there were differences. The treatments given are treatment A (Snail), treatment B (Chicken Intestine), and treatment C (Caterpillar Maggot). Parameters observed were length increase, weight gain, survival, feed response, and water quality. The results of this study indicate that the highest increase was found in the treatment of C: 4,04 cm and the lowest was in treatment B: 3 cm, the highest weight gain was found in the treatment of C: 3,73 grams, and the lowest was in treatment B: 2,18 grams. The survival rate for all treatments is 100%. During this study the temperature ranged (28.6-31.8 oC), pH (6.7-8.2), DO (6.3-8.1 ppm), and salinity (23-27 ppt).Keywords: growth, live feed, survival rate, tiger grouper.
İstanbul Terkos Gölü zamansal değişiminin Google Earth Engine kullanılarak belirlenmesi
Authors: KARACA Merve , YAĞMUR Nur , BALÇIK Filiz
Published: December 2021

Günümüzün önemli çevresel konularından biri olan su kaynakları yönetimi canlı yaşamı için hayati öneme sahiptir. Su kaynaklarından biri olan göllerin Uzaktan Algılama teknolojileri ile izlenmesi son yıllarda popüler hale gelmiştir. Göllerin doğru politikalar ile yönetilmesi, bu kaynakların korunabilmesi ve sürdürülebilirliği açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul’un en önemli içme suyu kaynaklarından biri olan Terkos Gölü’ne ait 2000-2020 yılları arasında meydana gelen alansal ve zamansal değişim uydu görüntüleri kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Terkos Gölü su yüzeyindeki zamansal değişimi analiz edebilmek için mevcut 1160 adet Landsat TM, ETM+ ve OLI görüntüsü Google Earth Engine platformunda işlenmiştir. Gölün su yüzey alanının tespiti için Normalize Edilmiş Fark Su İndeksi (Normalized Difference Water Index, NDWI) kullanılmıştır. Google Earth Engine’de yapılan sorgulamalar ile yıllık ve mevsimlik alan değerleri hesaplanmış ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre gölün 2000 yılı ve 2020 yılı alan değeri karşılaştırıldığında Terkos Gölü su alanında %6.9’luk bir azalma yaşandığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu azalmanın nedenleri incelendiğinde, İstanbul’daki hızlı nüfus artışı ve dengesiz yağış rejiminin gölün yok olma tehlikesi ile karşı karşıya olduğunu göstermektedir.
Construction of a Triple Gene-Deleted Live Vaccine Candidate against Pseudorabies Virus Using CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/LoxP System-Based Strategy
Authors: Wang Muping
Published: December 2021

The immune protective effects of pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccines in the market have gradually reduced and they have failed to provide complete protection against the new PRV variant. In this study, a triple gene-deleted live PRV strain–rZDΔTK-gE-gI was successfully constructed by simultaneously knocking out the three major virulence genes (gE/gI and TK) with CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/LoxP gene editing system and low melting point agarose purification method. After challenge with the virulent PRV variant, all the 3-week-old piglets vaccinated with the rZDΔTK-gE-gI PRV vaccine candidate survived without any clinical symptoms, whereas all the unvaccinated piglets exhibited PRV respiratory and neurological signs with 100% mortality rate within 7 days post infection. High levels of anti-gB antibodies were induced in the vaccinated piglets after vaccination with the rZDΔTK-gE-gI vaccine candidate, which elicited a better immune protective effect than the classical strain Bartha-K61. Therefore, the triple gene-deleted live PRV vaccine candidate is expected to control the current outbreak of pseudorabies caused by the PRV variants.
Genetic Characterization of Equine Herpesvirus 1 from Clinical Cases and Asymptomatic Horses in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Radalj Andrea
Published: December 2021

Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes considerable economic loss to the equine industry and is spread among susceptible animals during the cycles of latency and reactivation, causing rhinopneumonitis, abortion, and neurological disease. Nucleotide polymorphisms within ORF30 and ORF68 sequences of the viral genome are associated with strain neuropathogenicity and geographical origin. A total of 142 tissue and nasal swab samples from apparently healthy unvaccinated horses were examined to ascertain EHV-1 distribution, diversity, and clinical significance considering the results of virus isolation, sequence analysis, and anamnestic data. The ORF30 and ORF68 molecular study of these circulating strains and archival isolates from abortion storms aimed to contribute to the perception of strain pathogenicity and origin. EHV-1 was detected by PCR and virus isolation in 81 and 45.1% of the analyzed samples, respectively, and 82.1% of the representative samples were neuropathogenic strains. The ORF68-based grouping was restricted by the pronounced polymorphism of Balkan EHV-1 strains, and only two isolates were assigned to group 4. The cases of abortion were caused by neuropathogenic strains that also circulate within the horse population with no documented outbreaks of disease. It was evident that strain virulence is not solely accountable for the development of clinical symptoms in affected animals. Neural tissue is significant for virus latency and reactivation, considering the number of EHV-1 isolates from apparently healthy stressed horses. Special care must be taken when accommodating together immunologically naive and latently infected horses since asymptomatic carriers silently shed EHV-1.
Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effects of Coumermycin A1 on the Growth of Theileria and Babesia Parasites in vitro and in vivo
Authors: AbouLaila Mahmoud
Published: December 2021

Coumermycin A1, a coumarin antibiotic, has anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and antimalarial activities. We aimed to evaluate the anti-thielerial and anti-babesial activity of coumermycin A1 in mice in vivo. Coumermycin A1 efficacy was determined by the transcription of DNA gyrase, a type II DNA topoisomerase using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) transcription. Coumermycin A1 significantly inhibited the development of preliminary parasitemia (1%). Theileria equi and the Babesia species B. bigemina, B. bovis, and B. caballi were observed with IC50 values of 80, 70, 57, and 65 nM, respectively. Their development was remarkably inhibited at observed concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100µM for the studied organisms T. equi, and the Babesia species B. caballi, B. bovis and B. bigemina, respectively. In the subsequent viability test, parasite re-growth was suppressed at 100µM for B. bigemina and B. bovis and at 50 µM for B. caballi and T. equi. Coumermycin A1 Treatment of B. bovis cultures with Coumermycin A1 completely suppressed the transcription of the DNA gyrase subunits B and A genes. In BALB/c mice, the development of Babesia microti was inhibited by 70.73% using 5 mg/kg of Coumermycin A1.
Novel topical combo-therapeutic formulation integrating honey, neomycin and bacitracin for diabetic wound management
Authors: Emmanuel Uronnachi  , Obinna Nwafor  , Chinelo Ezejiegu  , Josephat Obasi  , Franklin Kenechukwu  , Chukwuebuka Umeyor  , Anthony Attama
Published: December 2021

This study evaluated the healing effects of honey as a topical therapy for diabetic ulcers singly and in combination with bacitracin and neomycin (Cicatrin®), formulated as ointments in experimental rats. Antimicrobial evaluation of the test agents against Vancomycin and Oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VORSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was done by the cup plate agar-diffusion technique using the Checkerboard method. Subsequently, the optimized combination was formulated into an ointment and administered as single therapy and in combination to hyperglycemic rats made diabetic by subcutaneous injection of alloxan (130 mg/kg) and inflicted with wounds. Administration was done daily on wounds for 21 days while infected wounds had the pus from them evaluated for presence of VORSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The triple combo-therapeutics formulation had improved anti-bacterial activity, in comparison with the individual formulations, with the ratio (1:9) of Cicatrin®: Honey respectively giving the best activity against VORSA. Also, the triple combo-therapeutics exhibited positive wound contraction and size reduction. Furthermore, clinical signs of infection were absent at the end of the follow-up period in the rats administered the combo-therapeutic agents while other groups of rats administered the bland ointment, and the individual agents were infected with either Pseudomonas aeruginosa or VORSA. In addition, the triple combo-therapeutics formulation exhibited good physicochemical stability throughout the treatment duration and beyond (28 days), with insignificant (p > 0.05) changes in pH and spreadability. The triple combination therapeutics formulation showed superior effect to the singly administered agents (honey and Cicatrin®) in the management of diabetic wounds