bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Selected Environmental Variables on the Transpiration Rate of Mesquite [Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa (torr.) Cockr.]1
Authors: Wendt Charles W. , Haas Robert H. , Runkles J. R.
Published: July 2010

The influence of soil moisture, soil temperature, and vapor pressure deficit on the transpiration rate of mesquite [Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa (Torr.) Cockr.] was studied in controlled environment chambers.

Four soil moisture levels were maintained by adding water when tlhe soil moisture contents were 12.9, 15.4, 19.0, and 25.2% to increase the moisture content to 39.3%. The suction at these moisture contents was 15J), 6.3, 1.5, 0.5, aud 0.1 bar, respectively. There was no significant difference in the transpiration rate between the different soil moisture levels.

The plants were grown at soil temperatures of 13, 21, 29, and 38 C. The transpiration rate was the highest at 29 C.

As the mean vapor pressure deficit of the atmosphere was increased from 3.5 to 20.9 mm Hg it had a diminishing effect on the transpiration rate indicating that mesquite does not increase its transpiration rate proportionally with increasing vapor pressure deficit.
Lime, P, K, and Mn Interactions in Sugar Beets and Sweet Corn1
Authors: Brown A. L. , Hills F. J. , Krantz B. A.
Published: July 2010

Sugar beets (Beta vulgaris) and sweet corn (Zea mays) were used as test crops in the greenhouse to study lime, P, K, and Mn interactions in two acid soils from the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta area. Bronzing symptoms in sugar beets were corrected with applications of K, and Mn toxicity was not involved. Sugar beets apparently tolerate high concentrations of Mn, up to 5590 ppm in leaf blades without apparent deleterious effects. Sweet corn showed growth responses to P and K applications but CaCO3 tended to depress growth. Supplying P or K or both was more important on these two soils than liming.
Minimum Seedbed Preparation for Cotton1
Authors: Phillips R. E.
Published: July 2010

The effect of minimum seedbed preparation treatments on growth and yield of cotton grown on Sharkey clay and Dundee silt loam soil was investigated. Cotton was grown on Sharkey clay for a period of 5 years at one location and a period of 4 years at another location. Cotton was grown on Dundee silt loam for a period of 4 years at one location. Plant and soil measurements were made to evaluate the effect of seedbed preparation on growth and yield of cotton. Plant measurements which were conducted were: final stand count, soil water content of seedbed at time of planting, mature cotton plant height, total hoe‐time, total seedcotton yield, and seedcotton yield at first harvest.

Growth of cotton and seedcotton yield from treatments considered to be minimum seedbed preparation treatments on both Sharkey clay soil and Dundee silt loam soil were as high as from treatments considered to be current or innovations of current seedbed preparation systems provided heavy weed infestations did not exist. Seedcotton yields of spring prepared seedbeds were equal to fall prepared seedbeds for two direct comparisons on Sharkey clay soil. Date of maturity of cotton was not affected by differing degrees of seedbed preparation. Heavy infestations of late winter or early spring weeds must be killed on seedbeds receiving minimum preparation if adequate stands and no reduction in yields are to be obtained.
Nutrient Uptake by Lowland Rice Under Flooded and Nonflooded Soil Conditions1
Authors: Cherian E. C. , Paulsen Gary M. , Murphy Larry S.
Published: July 2010

Lowland rice (Oryzea sativa L.) produced more foliage and usually adsorbed more P and Mn from flooded soil than from nonflooded soil. Flooding, however, decreased the contents of Ca and Mg, and frequently the contents of K and Zn, in rice foliage. The responses of Fe and Cu contents of rice foliage to flooding varied.

Prosphorus fertilization increased the growth of rice and caused similar levels of phosphorus to accumulate in the foliage under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Super phosphate and liquid ammonium polyphosphate were more effective sources than solid ammonium polyphosphate under flooded conditions, but there was little difference among sources under nonflooded conditions. The highest P rate (100 ppm) produced most rice growth under flooded conditions while, under nonflooded conditions, the medium P rate (50 ppm) was as effective. Managanese fertilizer increased the Mn content of rice foliage only when applied at extremely high rates (50 ppm) and there was little difference between Mn contents of flooded and nonflooded plants at the higher Mn rates. Neither Mn nor Fe fertilizers affected rice growth.
A Linear Program for Determining Nutrient Culture Mixtures1
Authors: Jensen D. R. , Sutton Paul
Published: July 2010

Procedures are given for determining the quantities of compounds to be used in preparing nutrient cultures which satisfy the requirements of quantitative plant nutrition experiments. In the example discussed the concentrations of N(as NH+4), P, and N(as NO−3) are specified exactly, while minimum concentrations are given for K and Mg. From a set of compounds containing the requisite nutrient elements, a recipe is obtained which satisfies the requirements while minimizing concentrations of Na and Cl. This formulation is achieved by an iterative procedure called linear programming which utilizes a tabular solution to the problem.
Relationship between Exchangeable and Boiling Nitric Acid‐Extractable Potassium in Seventy‐Five West Virginia Soil Series1
Authors: Jencks E. M.
Published: July 2010

The relationship between exchangeable K and boiling HNO3 extractable K was determined in 75 West Virginia soil series varying in mode of development and in chemical properties. Contents of each form were related to topographic position, soil series, parent material, cation exchange capacity, pH, and K fixing capacity. Amounts of each form were significantly higher in limestone soils as a group than in non‐limestone soils. Neither form was closely related to either topographic position or series. Potassium fixing capacity was significantly related to topographic position, however. For all soils as a group both exchangeable and boiling HNO3 extractable K were closely related to cation exchange capacity and pH, but there was considerable variation among topographic positions and parent material classes. Exchangeable K correlated poorly with K fixing capacity in all soils as a group. Both significantly positive and negative r values were obtained on the basis of topographic position and parent material. Boiling HNO3 extractable K appeared to relate more closely with K fixing capacity in all soils as a group. There was generally good correlation between exchangeable and boiling HNO3 extractable K in the aggregate and among the topographic groups and parent material classes. Bottomland soils differed, however, in that all r values were negative with those for the group and the non‐limestone class being significantly so. These negative r values are attributed in part to the relatively higher organic matter content of the Bottomland soils.
Winter Wheat Yields and Response to Nitrogen as Affected by Soil and Climatic Factors1
Authors: Eck Harold V. , Tucker Billy B.
Published: July 2010

Soil moisture, precipitation, temperature, and organic matter variables were related to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields and yield response to N fertilizer. Though significant simple and multiple correlations were found, relationships were not sufficiently close to yield satisfactory equations for predicting wheat yields or yield response to N fertilizer. However, the fact that soil moisture alone or in combination with the other variables studied did not yield a satisfactory predictive equation does not preclude their use in decisions regarding fertilizer applications.
Effect of Soil Temperature on the Reproductive Processes of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. ‘Newport’)1
Authors: Maun M. A. , Teare I. D. , Canode C. L.
Published: July 2010

Kentucky bluegrass plants grown in pots for 38 weeks under field conditions were subjected to soil temperatures of 14 ± 0.5 and 22 ± 2 C in a greenhouse environment. A soil temperature of 22 C significantly increased culm height, number of spikelets per head, percentage fertility of florets, and seed production. The 22 C soil temperature also resulted in a 5‐ to 8‐day earlier maturity of panicles compared to the 14 C soil temperature. There was no significant difference in number of heads per plant between the two temperatures.
Effect of Fertilizer Nitrogen, Variety and Maturity on the Dry Matter Yield and Nitrogen Fractions of Corn Grown for Silage1
Authors: Gonske R. G. , Keeney D. R.
Published: July 2010

The effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates, variety and maturity on the dry matter yield and the amounts of total N, ethanol insoluble N and ethanol soluble forms of N (nitrate, free ammonium, amide and α‐amino acid) in three single cross corn varieties harvested for silage at early and late dent maturity were investigated on a sandy loam soil in northwest Wisconsin. Nitrogen was applied at 100, 200, and 300 kg/ha rates. Irrigated and non‐irrigated treatments were used, with these treatments having plant populations of 64,200 and 44,600 plants/ha, respectively. Considerable difference existed among varieties with respect to dry matter yield and content of the various N fractions. Nitrate N and total ethanol soluble N increased markedly at the fertilizer N rates beyond that required for maximum dry matter production. Harvesting at late dent maturity resulted in higher dry matter and protein yields and lower nitrate N and total soluble N levels. The results of this investigation indicate that application of excess amounts of fertilizer N to corn should be avoided to minimize accumulation of delterious soluble N compounds in silage corn.
Weather Factors Affecting the Change of Kernel Moisture in Windrowed Wheat1
Authors: Dodds M. E. , Pelton W. L.
Published: July 2010

The rate of change in kernel moisture in a windrowed crop of wheat was influenced by the vapor pressure deficit of the air. Any gain of moisture was mainly attributable to rainfall, although condensation, during extended periods of low temperatures and high humidity, contributed to an increase in kernel moisture. Windrowed wheat will continue to lose moisture until the kernels come to moisture equilibrium with the surrounding atmosphere.
Assessment of the Effect of Inter‐Cane Variability on the Sampling and Harvesting of Stalks of Sugarcane1
Authors: Yates R. A.
Published: July 2010

Random cane samples were collected from a number of commercial fields at harvest time. The canes were analysed individually to calculate the sample size required to give values within 5% of the mean at a 5% level of probability. The desired sample size to estimate quality (sugar content) varied from 12 to 618 canes; for percent fibre from 42 to 93 canes; and for average weight per cane from 204 to 397 canes. In the estimation of quality, the very large sample sizes were required only in old (19‐20‐month) crops; the sample size required was related to the degree of deterioration. In 12‐month crops, the sample size was related to the degree of lodging, being greatest (an 81‐cane sample) in a very heavily lodged crop. The high proportion of low quality, deteriorated, and dead cane in old, heavily lodged crops is discussed in relation to mechanical harvesting. Individual cane deterioration is attributed to the lodging of old, non‐vigorous canes.
Influences of Water Management and Fertility on Rice Growth and Yield1
Authors: Oelke E. A. , Mueller K. E.
Published: July 2010

Several water‐management systems for water‐seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.), each with several nitrogen levels, were compared for 3 years as to their influence on growth and yield. A shallow (4 cm) water depth all season consistently gave higher yields than intermediate (8 cm), deep (18 cm), or fluctuating (4 cm and then 18 cm) water depths. Relative fertility and varietal responses were similar for all water‐management systems. Daytime water temperature, tillers per plant, shoot dry weight, plant population, active leaf area per plant, panicles per plant, panicles per square meter, total nitrogen in the shoots at 30 days, and total nitrogen in the grain were greater in shallow water than in the other water‐management systems. Seedling emergence and flowering were earlier in shallow water, but lodging was greater and total nitrogen in the straw was lower than in the other systems. The greater number of panicles per square meter was the yield component which contributed most significantly to the higher yields obtained with shallow water.
Indexes of Availability of K, Mg, Ca, and P in Connecticut Soils1
Authors: Peaslee D. E.
Published: July 2010

Uptake of K, Ca, Mg, and P by tomatoes grown in the greenhouse was the basis of plant indexes of availability of these nutrients in six soils from Northeastern U.S. Parent materials included acid tills from schist and gneiss, basic tills from limestone, lacustrine deposits, and alluvium. Initial pH values ranged from 4.8 to 6.9. Chemical indexes of available nutrients were established using three extractants: 0.73 N NaOAc + 0.53 N HOAc; cation + anion exchange resins; and 0.025 N HCl + 0.03 N NH4F. Plant indexes were highly correlated with chemical indexes for K, Mg, and Ca (r = 0.94 to 0.99) but were not correlated for P (r = 0.35 to 0.47). Multiple linear regression was used to relate plant indexes for P to inorganic P extractable in 0.73 N NaOAc + 0.53 N HOAc and total organic P (R = 0.89). These results indicate that extractants or extracting conditions that reflect contents of mineralizable organic P in such soils should markedly improve correlations between plant and chemical indexes of P.
Effect of Injections of Propane into Soil on Crop Growth1
Authors: Johnson D. R. , Herbeck J. H. , Eastin Jerry D. , Frederick L. R. , Stritzel J. A. , Colville W. L.
Published: July 2010

Liquid propane (C3H8) was injected into the soil of plots for Zea mays (L.), Sorghum, bicolor (L.) Moench, and Glycine max (L.) Merr. with an anhydrous ammonia applicator at rates of from 0 to 376 liters/ha (0 to 40 gal/A). Gaseous propane was injected into greenhouse and growth chamber pots of soybeans and sorghum at equivalent rates. Propane injections produced a small decrease in corn leaf nitrogen percent. No significant influence on corn yield was noted. Sorghum was not affected by propane injections. Soybean root nodulation was increased by propane injections. Propane had no effect on nodulation where nitrogen fertilizer was added and had no effect on soybean yields. Additional laboratory studies using a closed system showed that microbial activity and nitrogen immobiliaztion were directly related to the propane gas concentration in the soil. Propane may have been used as a source of energy by the microorganisms which then immobilized the soil inorganic nitrogen.
Effect of Pesticides on Chemical Composition of Soybean Seed [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]1
Authors: Johnson B. J. , Jellum M. D.
Published: July 2010

Various herbicides, systemic insecticides, and fungicides were applied to soybeans to determine whether these pesticides had any influence on certain chemical characteristics of the seed. Fatty acid composition of oil, oil content, and protein content of soybean seed were not affected by pesticides applied alone or in combination. Seed yields were not affected by any of the pesticide treatments used in these studies.
Temperature Effect on Emergence Rate of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under Field Situations
Authors: Wanjura D. F. , Hudspeth E. B. , Bilbro J. D.
Published: July 2010

Under field conditions temperature is generally the primary factor controlling the rate of cotton emergence. Relationships were found between the time from planting to 45% of final emergence and soil temperature. Average daily minimum seed level temperature and average daily mean air temperature have a high linear correlation. Q10 values representing coefficients of emergence rate show the acceleration of emergence speed decreases with increasing increments of temperature. Though acceleration decreases, the net result is increasing emergence rate as seed level temperature increases.
Effect of Grazing Management on the Animal Production from Birdsfoot Trefoil Pastures1
Authors: Van Keuren R. W. , Davis R. R. , Bell D. S. , Klosterman E. W.
Published: July 2010

The effect of grazing management on animal product per hectare and individual animal response from birdsfoot trefoil‐Kentucky bluegrass pastures was studied for a 6‐year period. The put‐and‐take grazing procedure was used with yearling steers and feeder lambs. Animal product per hectare, as measured by animal liveweight gains, was greater from a three paddock rotational grazing system than from continuous grazing. ‘Empire’ birdsfoot trefoil produced more total animal product per ha for the 6 years than did ‘Viking’ birdsfoot trefoil within grazing treatments. Individual animal response as measured by average daily gains was similar for grazing treatments as well as for Empire and Viking birdsfoot trefoils. Empire was found to be a more persistent pasture legume than Viking. Feeder lambs produced more animal product per hectare than yearling steers.
Potassium and Organic Nitrogen Content of Grain Sorghum as Affected by Iron1
Authors: Matocha J. E. , Thomas G. W.
Published: July 2010

Studies were conducted in the greenhouse on the influence of P, K, and Fe on yield and organic N content of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) grown on two calcareous soils. Small responses in forage yields to additions of P were measured in both soils. Plants grown on Clareville clay loam and Victoria clay failed to respond to K applications. Soil applications of Fe with and without K on Clareville clay loam increased yields substantially when a high level of P was added. Leaf anomalies similar to N deficiency and necrosis were alleviated by applied Fe. No typical Fe deficiency symptoms were present. Increases in the K content of the tissue were associated with the response to applied Fe. The organic N content of the tissue was directly related to the K content. Field experiments on the Clareville soil substantiated the greenhouse findings in relation to forage yield response to Fe. Leaf aberrations similar to those present in the greenhouse were partially cured by Fe sprays. Although K and organic N contents in the leaves were largely unaffected by Fe sprays, the seed contents of these two plant components appeared to be related to applied Fe. Iron concentrations in the tissue did not appear to be associated with any of the growth differences.
Influence of Harvesting Methods on Flue‐Cured Tobacco1
Authors: Gwynn G. R.
Published: July 2010

Mechanization of the harvesting process in flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) could reduce the costs of production. Some systems of mechanized harvesting may reduce the number of harvests below the normal six harvests. Several methods of harvesting different varieties were tested for their effects on agronomic, chemical, and physical leaf characteristics of flue‐cured varieties and breeding lines.

In Study No. 1 a modified harvesting method produced tobacco very similar to that of the conventional system. Evidence indicated that where other modified methods failed to equal the conventional, it was due to the fact that the leaves remained on the plant longer than usual before harvesting.

In Study No. 2 additional modified methods from those used in Study No. 1 were tested. There were no differences between the modified methods used in Study No. 2 and the conventional; this indicated an improvement in the modified methods chosen. In Study No. 2 a delay in leaf removal caused less desirable tobacco.

The presence of interactions indicate that different methods of harvesting may produce inconsistent results across environments and varieties.
Evaluation of Crownvetch (Coronilla Varia L.) by Performance of Beef Cattle1
Authors: Burns J. C. , Cope W. A. , Goode L. , Harvey R. W. , Gross H. D.
Published: July 2010

The feasibility of utilizing crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) as a grazing species was evaluated in the Piedmont and Mountain regions of North Carolina for 2 years. In 1966, yearling steers grazing for 70 days in the Piedmont gained 0.35 kg/day. The cow‐calf herd in the mountains readily grazed the mature growth. During the 1967 season, 2‐year‐old steers grazed for 154 days in the Piedmont and had an average daily gain (ADG) of 0.58 kg. In the mountains, cows and calves grazed for 70 days after June 28 and had an ADG of 0.41 and 0.91 kg, respectively. Animal performance an crownvetch appears acceptable.
Effect of Soil Temperature on Phosphorus Fertilizer Reaction in Soil and Subsequent Availability to Plants
Authors: Hunsigi Gururaj , Ketcheson J. W.
Published: July 2010

The effect of soil temperature and P fertilizer reaction in soil on P uptake by corn was studied in a growth chamber for 3 weeks. In the first week, medium temperature (24 C) and high temeprature (32 C) increased the number of lateral roots as compared to low temperature (16 C). Increased reaction under the influence of higher temperature did not limit the P uptake.
Sulfur‐Coated Urea and Uncoated Soluble Nitrogen Fertilizers for Fescue Forage1
Authors: Mays D. A. , Terman G. L.
Published: July 2010

Field experiments were carried out during 1965–67 to compare rates, sources and times of N topdressing for ‘Kentucky 31’ fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Uncoated ammonium nitrate (AN), urea, and other readily soluble N fertilizers resulted in higher first‐cutting yields, which were higher in content of total N. Sulfur‐coated urea (SCU) resulted in lower first‐cutting and higher later‐cutting yields than did the soluble N sources. Total annual yields were usually similar with all N sources. Mixtures of AN and SCU or split applications of AN resulted in the most uniform seasonal growth and N content. Lower yields and apparent crop recovery of N from uncoated urea and urea ammonium phosphate (UAP) indicated lower efficiency of these urea‐containing N sources for topdressing, particularly at higher N rates. December, January, February, and March topdressing dates had rather similar effects on forage yields and N contents.
Digestibility, Nutritive Value and Intake of Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris Arundinacea L.)1
Authors: Colovos N. F. , Koes R. M. , Holter J. B. , Mitchell J. R. , Davis H. A.
Published: July 2010

The nutritive value of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) was studied in two experiments. In the first year, effects of stage of growth at harvest and method of preservation on digestibility and nutritive value were studied using cattle. In the following year, effects of degree of maturity at harvest and level of feed intake on digestibility and nutritive value were investigated. Maximum ad libitum intake of each forage was determined with both cattle and sheep. First‐cutting reed canarygrass was harvested the first week of June and conserved as hay. In the first year, it also was stored as haylage in a conventional tower silo. Twelve to 15 days later, a more mature first‐cutting was harvested as hay. Forty days after each first‐cutting, an aftermath (second year only) was harvested and conserved as hay. For uniformity, all hay was artificially dried with heat at a mean temperature of about 44 C.

On a percentage basis, a delay in harvest of 12 to 15 days after the first week in June was accompanied by mean losses of 8% TDN, 15% net energy, and 34% digestible protein concentrations in the hay. A concurrent 20 and 24% loss in maximum dry matter intake was observed in cattle and sheep, respectively. Level of feed intake significantly affected nutritive value expressed as net energy per unit dry matter. Aftermaths and haylage generally were intermediate between the two first‐cutting hays in digestibility, nutritive value, and maximum intake.
Comparison of Rooting in Soil Parent Materials Using Undisturbed Soil Cores1
Authors: Davies D. B. , Runge E. C. A.
Published: July 2010

Root explorations under oats and soybean growing in cores taken from four commonly occurring soil parent materials in Illinois were compared after 8 weeks growth. Nutrient deficiencies were minimized so that the comparison was between the physical properties of the four materials. Root growth in the silty clay, silty clay loam, and loam tills differed by small amounts and was much less in all three than in the loess parent material. The variation of root weight was significantly correlated with bulk density.

The 91‐cm soil cores were taken with a hydraulically operated corer, sealed in wax and stove piping, and used as individual plots in a replicated trial. In this way intersite variation was eliminated. Cores can be used for various types of plant and soil investigations.
Plant Growth and Root Distribution in Layered Sand Columns1
Authors: Flocker W. J. , Timm H.
Published: July 2010

Growth of tomato plants in relation to moisture retention in uniform and layered sand columns was investigated in growth chamber environment. Fourteen acrylic plastic columns were filled with alternating coarse‐ and fine‐textured sand in seven different layering arrangements, each replicated twice. Tomato plant growth and root distribution within the layered columns were correlated with moisture retention of the respective layers. Implications of results to field irrigation management are discussed.
Influence of Irrigation Interval and Plant Density on Alfalfa Seed Production1
Authors: Abu‐Shakra S. , Akhatar M. , Bray D. W.
Published: July 2010

Irrigation applied once every 2 weeks, providing a seasonal total of 25.7 cm of water, produced the greatest seed yield, as well as an increase in the number of pods per raceme, number of seeds per pod, and 1,000‐seed weight. Plants irrigated at 3 or 4‐week intervals produced the highest number of hard seeds. The 50 ✕ 50 cm plant spacing produced well developed alfalfa plants which gave relatively high seed yields of 80 kg/dunum (1,000 m2) in 1966 and 65 kg/dunum in 1967.

The variety ‘Hairy Peruvian’ produced more pods per raceme and more seeds per pod resulting in greater seed yield than that from the varieties ‘African’ and ‘Chilean.’ The Hairy Peruvian plants were the shortest of the three varieties grown.
Selection in Medicago sativa for Tolerance to Alfalfa‐Sick Soils of Central Alberta1
Authors: Goplen B. P. , Webster G. R.
Published: July 2010

Genetic selection against the suspected toxic (“alfalfasick”) soil condition was ineffective. Replicated field comparisons of ‘Sel. Vernal’ and unselected certified ‘Vernal’ on two alfalfa‐sick soils showed no significant difference in forage yield. Yields of four additional varieties also were uniformly depressed by the alfalfasick soils. Fertilizer treatments improved yields somewhat but did not correct the suspected toxic soil condition. Previous cropping to alfalfa appears responsible for the severely depressed growth of alfalfa.
Effects of Rate, Time, and Method of Application of TIBA on Soybean Production1
Authors: Bauer M. E. , Sherbeck T. G. , Ohlrogge A. J.
Published: July 2010

The effect of foliar application at the beginning of flowering of the growth regulator 2,3,5‐triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) on the growth and development of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was studied at several locations in Indiana in 1965 and 1966. TIBA resulted in combine yield increases of up to 15%. The yield increases were due to greater numbers of seed. TIBA treated plants were more resistant to lodging than untreated plants. TIBA treatments reduced plant height, partially inhibited apical dominance, and produced a triangular shaped canopy with a more vertical leaf orientation.

In TIBA rate experiments (20 to 150 g/ha), morphological changes were greatest with high levels of TIBA, but yields were maximized at rates of 20 to 50 g/ha. Similar results were obtained in spray volume experiments (47, 94, 187 and 374 liters/ha) indicating that TIBA response is also influenced by the volume of water applied. No significant differences in growth or yield were found among TIBA applicatons at 6 AM, 11 AM, 4 PM or 9 PM.
Alternatives to Seed‐packet Inoculation of Soybeans with Rhizobium japonicum1
Authors: Hinson Kuell
Published: July 2010

This study tested two methods for inoculating soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) plots with Rhizobium japonicum. In one method, inoculant mixed with moist builders sand was drilled in rows before planting. When applied at 10 times the recommended rate (10×), it produced 63 and 78% as many nodules as 10× and 1× seed inoculation, respectively. Nodulation was essentially equal at placement depths of 4 and 6.5 cm. Plantings made 15 days after application had 80% as many nodules as those made 1 day after application.

In the second method, 100 kg/ha of inoculated soybeans were sown with a grain drill and grown for 6 weeks to pre‐inoculate fields. Nodulation in subsequent plots, without further inoculation, was good when plants from the grain drill seeding averaged five or more nodules each before they were disked under. When plants from the grain drill seeding averaged 2.5 nodules each, temporary symptoms of nitrogen deficiency developed in subsequent plots.
Exchange (Mass Transfer) Coefficients in Crop Canopies1
Authors: Millington R. J. , Peters D. B.
Published: July 2010

Measurements of mass transfer coefficients were made within and above a crop of soybeans. The method employed an artificial source of propane gas and, by estimating the concentration distribution about the source, the exchange or mass transfer coefficient could be derived.
Transient Light Measurements in Plant Canopies1
Authors: Norman J. M. , Tanner C. B.
Published: July 2010

Tansient light fluctuation measurements are reported for soybean, corn, and brome‐alfalfa canopies. The frequencies of the light fluctuations are obtained with variance spectra and band‐pass filter analysis. The variance contributions for frequencies from 0.01 Hz to 30 Hz are given for the three canopies. The distribution of flux density levels was also measured and reported.
Relative Growth Rate of Potato Plants as Affected by Solar Energy at High Elevation1
Authors: Soltanpour P.N. , Moore F.D.
Published: July 2010

Weekly relative growth rates (R) of two potato varieties were determined and weekly values of total solar energy (En) were recorded in the San Luis Valley of Colorado (Elevation:2337 m). The observed relationship between R and En was linear and significant r values were 0.87 and 0.75 for Red McClure and Russet Burbank potatoes, respectively. Even under relatively high insolation, sunlight was limiting to the growth of potato varieties studied.
Automated Precision Balance System for Measuring Transpiration from Large Individual Plants1
Authors: Harris Donald G.
Published: July 2010

Two automated balances are described which are suitable for intensively monitoring transpiration rates of individual plants. Accurate estimates for 1‐min intervals are possible for a large plant. Both units provide continuous electrical signals for automated control functions, analog recording, and data logging.

The two balances have load capacities of 10 kg and 100 kg, with identical precisions of 0.1‐g weight change over a 40‐g range. Total weight is maintained within the range by the automatic addition of compensation weights. Compared to all earlier automated transpiration balances, the 100‐kg system has a precision to load ratio which is about eight times better. Improvements have also been made in damping for short‐term air movement disturbances and in data collection. The balances require a minimum of operational precautions and are rugged, stable, and reasonably priced.
D‐Amino Acids in Soils. I. Uptake and Metabolism by Seedling Maize and Ryegrass1
Authors: Aldag R. W. , Young J. L.
Published: July 2010

Although normally not constituents of proteins, Dconfiguration amino acids are important components of certain bacteria, insects, earthworms, and animals. while the contribution or fate of these D‐amino acids within the ever‐revolving nitrogen fraction of soils remains unknown, there is little question that they are present in soils. Their possible uptake by and effect on plants is thus of agronomic interest. This study has shown:

1. That both ryegrass and maize seedlings readily absorbed any of the D‐amino acids applied. To date, those applied include D‐valine, D‐leucine, D‐alanine, Dmethionine, and D‐lysine as representatives of the different major groups of metabolically related amino acids.

2. That these plants possess essential enzymatic systems to metabolize the so‐called “unnatural”, “non‐protein” D‐configuration amino acids. The amount metabolized during a 34‐hour exposure period ranged as a minimum between 53 and 87%.

3. That at least some of the initial metabolic conversions appear the same as those for the corresponding L‐α‐amino acids. The α‐keto acid analog of the supplied D‐amino acid was a significant product and possibly a major intermediate in every case. Extensive decarboxylation occurred as evidenced by loss of radioactivity when the 14C label was in the carboxyl position. Utilization of the metabolites was evident from examples such as 14C‐D‐alanine → 14C‐pyruvic acid → 14C‐valine.

4. That other metabolic reactions are involved which have not been commonly reported for corresponding “natural” L‐amino acid isomers. For example, there was apparent conversion of carboxyl14C‐D‐alanine to labeled 14C‐alpha‐methylserine, indicating the presence of alphamethylserine hydroxymethyl‐transferase. From 14C‐D‐alanine, labeled valine was detected in grass roots but labeled isoleudne appeared in grass shoots.
Effect of Nitrogen and Shading on Yield and Quality of Grasses Grown under Young Slash Pines1
Authors: Hart Richard H. , Hughes Ralph H. , Lewis Clifford E. , Monson Warren G.
Published: July 2010

Tifhi‐1 bahiagrass, Coastal bermudagrass, and prostrate dallisgrass were planted in 1962, under a stand of 5‐year‐old slash pines, spaced 3 m apart and averaging 5.2 m high. We applied N at 56, 112, 224, 336, and 448 kg/ha, and enough P and K to give a 2:1:1 ratio of N:P2O5:K2O. Grass yields were taken every 6 weeks. In 1963, all grasses responded to N; maximum yields of bahia‐, bermuda‐, and dallisgrass were produced at 224, 336, and 112 kg/ha of N, respectively. N response was the same in 1964, except that bermudagrass produced maximum yields at only 222 kg/ha. No N response was seen in 1965; bahia‐ outyielded bermuda‐ and dallisgrass. In 1966, there were no differences among grasses, and no N response. In 1963, grass yields under the trees were as high as yields in the open, but in 1964, when the trees intercepted 84% of the light, they were somewhat lower. In 1965 and 1966, grass yields under trees were much lower than yields in the open. Yield decreased linearly as tree basal area increased. Crude protein content and dry matter digestibility increased with increased N rates; differences among grasses were small. Grass yields were higher than native range yields previously reported, however, the range yields were taken under different conditions of shading and fertilization. Quality of native range herbage and the grasses in this study was about the same, but quality of the improved grasses was depressed by infrequent cutting.
A Semiautomatic Sand Culture System for Greenhouse Plant Nutrition Research1
Authors: Maynard D. N. , Barker A. V. , Vernell H. F.
Published: July 2010

A semiautomatic system for sand culture research in the greenhouse is described. The system has been used successfully in the culture of different crop plants.
Effect of Cysteine on the Action of Trifluralin on Lateral Roots of Cotton and Corn1
Authors: Shahied S. I. , Giddens Joel
Published: July 2010

Soil‐incorporated combinations of a,a,a‐trifluoro ‐ 2, 6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine (trifluralin), and cysitiene resulted in reversal of trifluralin inhibition of secondary root development. Increasing cysteine resulted in an increase in numbers of lateral roots.
Response of Brunswickgrass (Paspalum nicorae (Parodi)) to N Fertilization and Intense Clipping1
Authors: Beaty E. R. , Powell John D. , Lawrence Roger M.
Published: July 2010

A number of accessions of brunswickgrass, Paspalum nicorae (Parodi) have been introduced into the southeastern parts of the United States in recent years. The species is a tropical and subtropical forage species on which little research has been reported.

In this investigation the grass was fertilized with 0, 112, 224 and 336 kg/ha N and clipped at 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, 4‐, 5‐, and 6‐week frequencies at approximately 3 mm height. Each increment of N increased forage production significantly but at a reduced rate. The forage yields increases as the clipping interval was lengthened from 1 to 6 weeks with the largest increase between the 2‐ and 3‐week frequencies. Tillers per dm2 and rhizomes per ha were not influenced by either N rate or clipping frequency. Roots per ha were reduced by the 1‐ and 2‐week frequencies and at the lowest N rate. However, all treatments appeared to have sufficient roots to prevent deterioration to the sods.
An Improved Method for Growing Mature Corn (Zea Mays L.) by Solution Culture1
Authors: Osmond C. A. , Clark R. B.
Published: July 2010

A method for growing corn (Zea mays L.) plants to maturity in nutrient solutions is described. Plants were grown in 18‐liter polyethylene containers, and held upright by wires extending from a center dowel which was securely fastened to the tight‐fitting container lid. Ease, simplicity, and flexibility made it convenient to use. No special equipment was required. The method overcame many of the problems inherent with sand and gravel cultures.
Effect of a Plastic Barrier under the Nitrate Band on Nitrogen Uptake by Plants1
Authors: Parks C. L. , White A. W. , Boswell F. C.
Published: July 2010

Field experiments were conducted on a Cecil sandy loam (Typic Hapludults) to test the effectiveness of a physical barrier (plastic trough) placed immediately beneath a band of nitrate fertilizer in preventing loss of fertilizer N from the root zone by leaching, as measured by plant growth and N uptake. Rye (Secale cereale) and corn (Zea mays) were used as test plants to evaluate the effect of the physical barriers upon fall and spring applied N. A split plot design was used for each experiment. Rye was harvested in December, March, and when the grain was in the dough stage. Eight corn plants were harvested from each plot 30, 37, 44, 52, 65, and 88 days after plant emergence. The total N content of plant samples taken at each harvest date was determined.

The applied N recovered in the rye forage was 76, 63, and 47% for the 45, 90, and 180 kg/ha rates of N, respectively. The applied N recovered in the corn grain was 33, 25, and 20% for the 68, 136, and 272 kg/ha rates of N, respectively. Placing a physical barrier immediately beneath the fertilizer band did not significantly (P < .05) increase the uptake of N by the plants or the plants' recovery of the fertilizer N.
Effect of Temperature and Ultraviolet Radiation on the Persistence of Methyl Parathion and DDT in Soils1
Authors: Baker R. D. , Applegate H. G.
Published: July 2010

The effect of temperature and ultraviolet (uv) radiation on the persistence of methyl parathion (o,o‐dimethylo, p‐nitrophenyl phosphorothionate) and DDT [2,2 bis(pchlorophenyl)‐l,l,l‐trichloroethane] in soils was studied using controlled environmental conditions. Biologically effective uv radiation (300 to 400 nm) was used. Three alkaline soil types were used in the study: Houston Black clay, Pima silty clay, and Pinal gravelly loam.

Soils in petri dishes were treated with a mixture of methyl parathion and DDT at 5, 20, or 1,000 µg/g. The 5 and 20 µg/g treatments were used to quantitate the amount of pesticide remaining in the soils at periodic intervals. The 1,000 #g/g treatment was used for qualitative studies of breakdown products. Standard samples of pesticides were irradiated with uv radiation for qualitative studies.

The results indicated that both temperature and uv radiation accelerated the loss of pesticides from soils. Temperature appeared to play a more important role in the loss of DDT than in methyl parathion. At each temperature (30 and 50 C) the addition of uv radiation accelerated the loss of both methyl parathion and DDT. There was a 29% or greater loss of DDT (depending upon the soil type), above that observed in the 50 treatment not receiving uv radiation.

The only identifiable breakdown product of DDT in the soil extracts was DDE [2,2 bis(p‐chlorophenyl)‐l,1‐ dichloroethylene]. There were no breakdown products for methyl parathion in the soil extracts. The breakdown products from the irradiated standard samples of DDT and DDE were numerous. For DDT they included DDE, DDD [2,2 bis (p‐chlorophenyl)‐l,l‐dichloroethane], DBP (4,4'‐dichlorobenzophenone), and DDMU [1‐chloro‐ 2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethylene]. The oxon derivative methyl parathion. At each temperature (30 and 50 C) the addition of uv radiation accelerated the loss of both methyl parathion and DDT. There was a 29% or greater loss of DDT (depending upon the soil type) above that observed in the 50 C treatment not receiving uv radiation.

The only identifiable breakdown product of DDT in the soil extracts was DDE [2,2 bis(p‐chlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dichloroethylene]. There were no breakdown products for methyl parathion in the soil extracts. The breakdown products from the irradiated standard samples of DDT and DDE were numerous. For DDT they included DDE, DDD [2,2 his (p‐chlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dichloroethane], DBP (4,4'‐dichlorobenzophenone), and DDMU [1‐chloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethylene]. The oxon derivative of methyl parathion was tentatively identified as a break‐down product of methyl parathion.
Rooting Ability of Merion Kentucky Bluegrass Sod Grown on Mineral and Muck Soil1
Authors: Dunn J. H. , Engel R. E.
Published: July 2010

Sods grown on mineral and muck soils in several Northeast and Midwest states were compared for rooting ability in three field tests with a pulling device designed to shear sod horizontally from the soil surface. Glassfaced root observation containers were used in one test to follow daily root development.

Rooting ability of the sods varied more by sod source than by muck or mineral soil type. There was a negative correlation of early rooting of sods with well developed rhizome systems. Cutting sod thin (1.9 cm) gave better early rooting than thicker (3.8 cm) cut sods. There was no significant correlation between root weights and carbohydrate content of tops and roots of sods grown in root observation containers for 22 days.
Limited Removal of Po210 and Pb210 from Soil and Fertilizer by Leaching
Authors: Tso T. C.
Published: July 2010

Radioelements Po210 and Pb210 are known to be present in plants. They enter the plants primarily by root absorption. Heavy and continued fertilization increases the level of radio‐elements in soil and thus in crops so produced. Results obtained from laboratory experiments show that there is limited removal of Po210 and Pb210 by leaching from soil or from fertilizer. Mechanical agitation appeared to increase the leaching rate of these elements. Generally, Po210 was leached from soil or from soil‐fertilizer mixture much easier than Pb210, with or without agitation.
Key to Several Small Seeded Legumes for Use in a Student Laboratory Exercise1
Authors: Miller Dwane G. , Manning Clarence
Published: July 2010

A dichotomous key using descriptive terms based primarily upon early structural development of leaflets and general leaf morphology has been designed to combine simplicity and precision. Because leaflet characteristics are relatively similar over environments, they serve as a reliable criteria for description without much deviation and allow a wide use of the key throughout the United States. The simple, concise format of the key is an advantage for use by persons with differing levels of knowledge about legumes. The descriptions in the key are organized to serve basically as an aid to legume identification in beginning agronomy or plant science courses. Because use of the key requires fresh growing plants, it eliminates the need for looking at dry mounted plants which are less than satisfactory for plant identification under most circumstances.
Varietal Differences in Crownvetch Cotyledon Size1
Authors: McKee G. W. , Risius M. L.
Published: July 2010

Measurements of 7,439 cotyledons from a like number of seedlings from 49 seed lots of seven varieties and strains of crownvetch, Coronilla varia L., verified the existence of significant varietal differences in cotyledon length (L), width (W), and the derived quantity LW. Cotyledons of the variety ‘Chemung’ were significantly larger than those of the variety ‘Penngift’, with those of ‘Emerald’ being intermediate in size. Temperature, light intensity, and growing medium significantly affected cotyledon size; cotyledons were larger when grown under warm and shaded conditions than when grown under cool and unshaded conditions. Cotyledons had attained their maximum size by the time one to two trifoliolate leaves had expanded. Significant differences in cotyledon size between seed lots of the same variety suggested the influence of environmental conditions during seed development and maturation. Varietal differences in cotyledon size may be of possible competitive significance and of value in varietal characterization.
Evaluation of Selected Clones of Phalaris arundinacea L. I. In Vivo Digestibility and Intake1
Authors: Barnes R. F. , Mott G. O.
Published: July 2010

In vivo digestion and voluntary intake trials were conducted with sheep in digestion crates with selected clones of Phalaris arundinacea L. differing in palatability, as originally measured in cafeteria grazing trials with sheep. Palatable reed canarygrass clones were significantly greater in dry matter digestibility under ad libitum feeding than were unpalatable clones in three of four harvests studied. Dry matter digestibility, measured with intake restricted to 90% of ad libitum consumption, was significantly greater for palatable clones in only one harvest. Voluntary dry matter intake was also significantly greater for palatable clones in only one harvest.

Original dry matter, crude protein, cellulose, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, cell wall constituents, and mineral analyses showed no consistent relationship with palatability.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and reed canarygrass showed very little difference in apparent digestion coefficients except for a lower digestion of cell wall constituents with alfalfa. Dry matter intake of alfalfa was consistently greater than that of reed canarygrass.
Effects of Ammonium on the Uptake of Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Rubidium by Corn1
Authors: Mamaril C. P. , Miller M. H.
Published: July 2010

Four controlled environment experiments were conducted to further elucidate the influence of NH4+ on P absorption and to determine if this phenomenon is specific only to P.

The variables investigated were concentrations of P and NH4+, proportion of soil treated, and proportion of root system exposed to treated soil. In one experiment 35S labelled (NH4)2SO4 and K2SO4 were applied to determine the effect of NH4+ on SO4= absorption. In another experiment 86RbCl was added as well as 32P labelled phosphate to determine whether the absorption of cations would be increased by NH4+ as is that of P.

Concentration of P in the soil rather than the proportion of soil treated or the proportion of the root system exposed to the treated soil determined the influence of NH4+ on P absorption. The effect of NH4+ increased with increasing concentration of NH4+. The absorption of SO4= and Rb+ were not influenced by NH4+ to the same degree as was absorption of P.

With the exception of one experiment, the effect of NH4+ on P absorption was much less pronounced than reported previously. The reason for this difference cannot be adequately explained.