bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Evidence for Lewis Acid Triggered Nitrosyl Bending in Rhenium(–I) Chloro Catalysts for Alkene Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Jiang Yanfeng , Huang Wenjing , Schmalle Helmut W. , Blacque Olivier , Fox Thomas , Berke Heinz
Published: December 2013

The “catalytic nitrosyl effect” operating in reversible nitrosyl bending governs the performance of NO‐functionalized chlororhenium derivatives as catalysts in 1‐hexene hydrogenation reactions. Structural support for a Lewis acid (LA) induced bending at the NNO atom was provided by terminal attachment of a Lewis acid to one of the nitrosyl ligands in the [ReCl(PR3)2(NO)2] complexes (2: R = iPr a, R = Cy b) to give the products [ReCl(PR3)2(NO)(NO‐LA)][Z] {3: LA = B(C6F5)3; 4: LA = Et+; Z = [B(C6F5)4]–; 5a: LA = SiEt3+, Z = [HB(C6F5)3]–; R = iPr a, Cy b}. X‐ray diffraction studies revealed a moderately bent nitrosyl ligand in the nonderivatized complex 2a [159.3(5)°] and fully bent NO‐LA groups in 3a [131.4(3)°] and 4b [132.7(3)°]. The catalytic activities of the chloro dinitrosyl complexes in the hydrogenation of prototypical 1‐hexene were investigated. The NO‐LA bent complexes 3b and 4b furnished excellent TONs of up to 1.0 × 104 and high TOFs of up to 5.4 × 104 h–1 when the Lewis acids were present as co‐catalysts.
Lithium Salts of 2,4,6‐Triaryl‐λ4‐phosphinine Anions – A Comparison Study
Authors: Bruce Marlene , Meissner Gisa , Weber Manuela , Wiecko Jelena , Müller Christian
Published: December 2013

The λ3‐phosphinine derivatives 2,6‐diphenyl‐4‐(p‐tolyl)phosphinine and 2‐(2′‐pyridyl)‐4,6‐diphenylphosphinine were quantitatively converted into the corresponding λ4‐phosphinine anions by reaction with phenyllithium. Systematic hydrolysis experiments with H2O and MeOH show that a subtle interplay between the pKa values of the generated 1,2‐dihydrophosphinine derivatives and the pKb value of the formed bases, LiOH and LiOCH3, respectively, leads either to the kinetic or thermodynamic product. The coordination chemistry of the λ4‐phosphinine anions towards RhI was further investigated, and the anions based on 2,6‐diphenyl‐4‐(p‐tolyl)‐phosphinine and 2‐(2′‐pyridyl)‐4,6‐diphenylphosphinine demonstrate different coordination modes. Whereas the former coordinates in an η5 fashion towards the RhI atom, the latter acts as a bidentate chelating ligand with an η1 coordination to the metal center through the phosphorus lone pair.
Supercritical fluid extraction of wheat bran oil: Study of extraction yield and oil quality
Authors: Rebolleda Sara , Beltrán Sagrario , Sanz María Teresa , González‐SanJosé María Luisa
Published: December 2013

The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of wheat bran oil with pure supercritical carbon dioxide at different extraction pressures (25, 40, and 55 MPa) and temperatures (40, 70, and 95°C) has been studied. Since wheat bran contains important bioactive compounds such as alkylresorcinols (AR) and other phenolic compounds, the content of these compounds in the extracted oil was evaluated in order to establish oil quality. The influence of extraction pressure and temperature and wheat bran moisture on the extraction yield and oil quality was studied. Oil quality was evaluated through parameters such as AR content and profile, total polyphenols index (TPI), antioxidant activity, and fatty acids profile. SFE performed over fresh wheat bran at 55 MPa and 95°C was found to provide wheat bran oil with the highest AR and phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of all the runs performed in this work. Some SFE experiments focused on oil fractionation showed that this technique can provide oil fractions enriched with AR and phenolic compounds.
Tuning the Photophysical Properties of 2‐Quinolinone‐Based Donor–Acceptor Molecules through N‐ versus O‐Alkylation: Insights from Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Authors: Paramaguru Ganesan , Solomon Rajadurai Vijay , Jagadeeswari Sivanadanam , Venuvanalingam Ponnambalam , Renganathan Rajalingam
Published: December 2013

A series of 2‐quinolinone‐based molecular systems with three different acceptor groups and N/O‐alkylated quinolinone compounds have been synthesised in an attempt to understand their optical properties. All the compounds were characterised by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass analysis. Absorption measurements revealed that charge‐transfer transition was observed by introducing electron‐withdrawing acceptor groups. Alkylation of 2‐quinolinone at the O‐position thwarts the charge‐transfer transitions, whereas N‐alkylation retains the charge‐transfer property. The presence of resonance zwitterionic forms in the unalkylated and N‐alkylated quinolinone compounds play an important role in charge‐transfer transition. The effects of solvents on the absorption and emission properties of these compounds were probed through Lippert Mataga and ET(30) correlation. The Stokes shifts of O‐alkylated compounds were larger than those of the unalkylated and N‐alkylated quinolinone compounds. The observed higher quantum yield and Stokes shift for these compounds will make them ideal fluorescent probes. Incorporation of acceptor groups and alkylation in the quinolinone moiety alters their energy levels. Good thermal stability was observed for both unalkylated and alkylated quinolinone compounds. The trends observed in the photophysical and electrochemical properties were supported by theoretical studies. The observed tunable optical properties, which were achieved through simple N‐ vs. O‐alkylation, results in large Stokes shifts and thermal stability, which means that the 2‐quinolinone‐based molecular systems are expected to emerge as potential candidates for photovoltaic and biological applications.
Phenyliodine(III) Diacetate (PIDA) Mediated Synthesis of Aromatic Azo Compounds through Oxidative Dehydrogenative Coupling of Anilines: Scope and Mechanism
Authors: Monir Kamarul , Ghosh Monoranjan , Mishra Subhajit , Majee Adinath , Hajra Alakananda
Published: December 2013

An efficient and environmentally benign method has been developed for the synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical aromatic azo compounds through phenyliodine(III) diacetate (PIDA) mediated oxidative dehydrogenative coupling of anilines in high yields. The scope of the reaction is broad for both homo‐ and cross‐dimerization. A plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed based on a structurally characterized key intermediate, suggesting that ethanol is involved in the reaction pathway. Fast reaction, metal‐free conditions, and functional‐group tolerance are advantages of this method.
Screen‐Display‐Induced Photoresponse Mapping for Large‐Area Photovoltaics
Authors: Gupta Ritu , Kiruthika S. , Rao K. D. M. , Jørgensen M. , Krebs F. C. , Kulkarni G. U.
Published: December 2013

As solar cell modules are becoming larger, it is important to pay attention to defects originating from the fabrication process and degradation during operation in the ambient. In this article, a simple method of using computer screen display as a light source to map the photoresponse of the solar cells, is reported. The method requires only a conventional computer loaded with a software code that enables a light spot of defined size to raster scan across the cell area as the photogenerated voltage is read out by a voltmeter using a USB connection. Screen‐display‐induced photoresponse (SDIP) mapping is an enabling technique to reveal the defective regions in the active layer as well as at the electrode interface, which, in many instances, cannot be deciphered simply by visual examination. Spectral response mapping by using light spots of different colors is also possible.
Simultaneous absorption of NOx and SO2 in oxidant‐enhanced limestone slurry
Authors: Zheng Cheng‐Hang , Xu Chang‐Ri , Gao Xiang , Zhang Yong‐Xin , Zhang Jun , Luo Zhong‐Yang , Cen Ke‐Fa
Published: December 2013

In this article, a study of simultaneous absorption kinetics of NOx and SO2 in oxidant‐enhanced limestone slurry using sodium chlorite as additives is presented. The laboratory‐scale experiments were performed in a double‐stirred tank reactor, and the effect of inorganic ions and operating parameters on absorption rates was investigated. The results indicate that NOx absorption rate shows a positive order with respect to NO (0.573), SO2 (0.278), and NaClO2 (0.194), whereas SO2 absorption rate shows a first order with respect to SO2 and zero order for both NO and NaClO2 under a typical limestone wet flue gas desulfurization operating condition. Higher pH leads to a decrease of NOx absorption rate but has no significant influence on SO2 absorption. The SO2 absorption rate decreases with the increase of temperature, whereas the NOx absorption rate remains nearly constant. S(IV) in the slurry reduces the NOx absorption rate dramatically and suppresses the SO2 absorption, whereas the presence of nitrate ions can increase the absorption rate of both SO2 and NOx. High concentration of Cl− has a positive effect on the SO2 absorption, whereas it has a negative effect on NOx absorption rate. Additionally, Mg2+ and F− have no impact on SO2 and NOx absorption rates. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1171–1179, 2014
Optimization and kinetic studies for degradation of insecticide monocrotophos using LR grade and P25 TiO2 under UV/Sunlight conditions
Authors: Sraw Abhishek , Wanchoo R.K. , Toor Amrit Pal
Published: December 2013

Photocatalytic degradation of monocrotophos (MCP), an organophosphorous insecticide, present as a severe contaminant in surface water was studied in slurry batch photoreactor by using Aeroxide P‐25 and LR (laboratory reagent) grade TiO2 as catalysts. Effect of varying parameters such as initial concentration, catalyst loading, area/volume ratio, pH of the solution, light conditions and intensities, and types of the catalyst has also been studied. Aeroxide P25 showed better degradation efficiency than LR grade TiO2 in both UV and sunlight conditions under optimized parameters. Optimum degradation of 25 ppm MCP was observed under UV light (30 W m−2), at solution pH 5 and catalyst loading of 2.5 g L−1 in both catalyst (LR & P25) cases. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis of samples was performed in order to authenticate the mineralization of MCP. The disappearance of MCP in slurry reactor obeys first order kinetics. The rate of degradation shows a notable enhancement (15%) by the addition of small quantities of oxidant (H2O2) in sample solution with LR TiO2, under both UV and sunlight conditions. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1201–1208, 2014
Study on solar photo‐thermal conversion efficiency of a solar parabolic dish system
Authors: Qianjun Mao , Ming Xie , Yong Shuai , Yuan Yuan
Published: December 2013

The solar parabolic dish system is an effective means to concentrate and convert solar energy into usable forms. Systematical investigation on the photo‐thermal conversion efficiency is important to improve the cost effectiveness of the system. In this article, Monte‐Carlo ray‐tracing method is used to calculate the radiation flux distribution of the receiver, and then Fluent with User Defined Functions is used for radiation and convection heat transfer problems; lastly the energy efficiency of the system has been investigated by experimental method. During the period of the simulation and experiment, various direct normal irradiations were considered in this article. Model of the energy efficiency of the system has been established based on the first law of thermodynamics. The results show that outlet water temperature and energy input linearly increase with increasing direct normal irradiations, but energy output non‐linearly increases with increasing direct normal irradiation. The results also show that the maximum energy efficiency is 52.12% when the direct normal irradiation is 80 W/m2, whereas it has a minimum of 40.51% when the direct normal irradiation is 570 W/m2. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1438–1444, 2014
Transcriptomic responses provide a new mechanistic basis for the chemopreventive effects of folic acid and tributyrin in rat liver carcinogenesis
Authors: Guariento Aline H. , Furtado Kelly S. , de Conti Aline , Campos Adriana , Purgatto Eduardo , Carrilho Jéssica , Shinohara Elvira Maria Guerra , Tryndyak Volodymyr , Han Tao , Fuscoe James C. , Ross Sharon A. , Beland Frederick A. , Pogribny Igor P. , Moreno Fernando S.
Published: December 2013

The steady increase in the incidence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) signifies a crucial need to understand better its pathogenesis to improve clinical management and prevention of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate molecular mechanisms for the chemopreventive effects of folic acid and tributyrin alone or in combination on rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats were subjected to a classic “resistant hepatocyte” model of liver carcinogenesis and treated with folic acid and tributyrin alone or in combination for 5 weeks during promotion stage. Treatment with folic acid and tributyrin alone or in combination strongly inhibited the development of glutathione‐S‐transferase placental form (GSTP)‐positive foci. Microarray analysis showed significant changes in gene expression. A total of 498, 655 and 940 of differentially expressed genes, involved in cell cycle, p53‐signaling, angiogenesis and Wnt pathways, was identified in the livers of rats treated with folic acid, tributyrin or folic acid and tributyrin. A detailed analysis of these differentially expressed genes revealed that treatments inhibited angiogenesis in the preneoplastic livers. This was evidenced by the fact that 30 out of 77 differentially expressed genes common to all three treatments are involved in the regulation of the angiogenesis pathway. The inhibition of angiogenesis was confirmed by reduced levels of CD34 protein. In conclusion, the tumor‐suppressing activity of folic acid and tributyrin is associated with inhibition of angiogenesis at early stages of rat liver carcinogenesis. Importantly, the combination of folic acid and tributyrin has stronger chemopreventive effect than each of the compounds alone.
CHALLENGES IN MECHANISTIC AND EMPIRICAL MODELLING OF STORMWATER: REVIEW AND PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Al‐Amin Shams , Abdul‐Aziz Omar I.
Published: December 2013

Much research has been conducted to quantify stormwater runoff and quality using both mechanistic (i.e. process‐based) and empirical (i.e. data‐driven) techniques. Mechanistic models generally include the mathematical representation of relevant physico‐chemical processes to generate storm runoff quantity and quality. Empirical approaches analyse available data for potential response and predictor variables to trace the interactions of major processes and develop data‐driven explanatory and/or predictive relationships. This paper reviews major, mostly unresolved, challenges with both mechanistic and empirical modelling of stormwater, sheds light on the scientific gaps with conventional practices, and offers important perspectives by taking the highly urbanized Miami River Basin of Florida as an analytical example. Appreciating the varying levels of process complexity in different urban river basins, we discuss the relative applicability of mechanistic and empirical methods for robust predictions of stormwater quantity and quality. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WATER QUALITY TRADING PROGRAMS TOWARDS SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION PROBLEMS
Authors: Corrales Juliana , Melodie Naja G. , Rivero Rosanna. G. , Miralles‐Wilhelm Fernando , Bhat Mahadev G.
Published: December 2013

Increased regulatory attention in controlling pollutants has encouraged the development of water quality trading programs over the past several decades. These trading programs could provide the mechanisms to cost‐effectively achieve water quality objectives. Encouragement of innovative methodologies for emission prevention and control, and the contributions from non‐regulated pollution sources, are also important factors in the development of successful water quality trading programs. The objectives of this paper are to: assess the advantages of a trading program to reach water quality goals while providing additional benefits to the whole watershed; describe the challenges confronted during the design to implementation phases; and outline the essential elements of a successful program. A meta‐analysis was also conducted using several water quality trading programs to assess main market‐based elements driving the success of trading programs between point and agricultural nonpoint sources. Uncertainty, policy drivers and social embeddedness––the degree to which stakeholders are integrated into program development––seem to be the most influential determinant of program success. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the toxicity of food additive silica nanoparticles on gastrointestinal cells
Authors: Yang Yi‐Xin , Song Zheng‐Mei , Cheng Bin , Xiang Kun , Chen Xin‐Xin , Liu Jia‐Hui , Cao Aoneng , Wang Yanli , Liu Yuanfang , Wang Haifang
Published: December 2013

Silica nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in food products as an additive; however, their toxicity and safety to the human body and the environment still remain unclear. As a food additive, silica NPs firstly enter the human gastrointestinal tract along with food, thus their gastrointestinal toxicity deserves thorough study. Herein, we evaluated the toxicity of food additive silica NPs to cells originating from the gastrointestinal tract. Four silica NP samples were introduced to human gastric epithelial cell GES‐1 and colorectal adenocarcinoma cell Caco‐2 to investigate the effect of silica sample, exposure dose and exposure period on the morphology, viability and membrane integrity of cells. The cell uptake, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, cell cycle and apoptosis were determined to reveal the toxicity mechanism. The results indicate that all four silica NPs are safe for both GES‐1 and Caco‐2 cells after 24‐h exposure at a concentration lower than 100 µg ml–1. At a higher concentration and longer exposure period, silica NPs do not induce the apoptosis/necrosis of cells, but arrest cell cycle and inhibit the cell growth. Notably, silica NPs do not pass through the Caco‐2 cell monolayer after 4‐h contact, indicating the low potential of silica NPs to cross the gastrointestinal tract in vivo. Our findings indicate that silica NPs could be used as a safe food additive, but more investigations, such as long‐term in vivo exposure, are necessary in future studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of New Heterocyclic Compounds Using 2‐(3,3‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrroloisoquinolin‐2(3H)‐ylidene)malonaldehydes
Authors: Afghan Arash , Roohi Laia , Baradarani Mehdi M. , Joule John A.
Published: December 2013

Isoquinolin‐5‐ylhydrazinium chloride 13 and 5‐bromoisoquinolin‐8‐ylhydrazinium chloride 14 were converted via Fischer syntheses with 3‐methylbutan‐2‐one into indolenines, 2,3,3‐trimethyl‐3H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐f]isoquinoline 15 and 5‐bromo‐2,3,3‐trimethyl‐3H‐pyrrolo[3,2‐h]isoquinoline 16, respectively. Exposure of the indolenines to the Vilsmeier reagent produced diformyl compounds 17 and 18, which reacted with arylhydrazines to give the corresponding pyrazoles 19a, 19b, 19c, 19d, 19e, 19f, 19g, 19h, 19i and 20a, 20b, 20c, 20d, 20e, 20f, 20g. Reaction of 17 with thiourea gave a pyrimidine‐2(1H)‐thione 23 or with hydroxylamine hydrochloride, an isoxazole 24.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,2,4,5‐Tetrasubstituted Imidazoles in Ionic Liquid
Authors: Wan Yu , Liu Gui‐xiang , Zhao Ling‐ling , Wang Hai‐ying , Huang Shu‐ying , Chen Liang‐feng , Wu Hui
Published: December 2013

The four‐component condensation of benzil, aromatic aldehyde, primary amine, and ammonium acetate catalyzed by TFA in ionic liquid [Bpy]BF4 at 80°C provided 1,2,4,5‐tetrasubstituted imidazoles in moderate to high yields.
From Renewable Levulinic Acid to a Diversity of 3‐(Azol‐3‐yl)Propanoates
Authors: Flores Alex F. C. , Piovesan Luciana A. , Pizzuti Lucas , Flores Darlene C. , Malavolta Juliana L. , Martins Marcos A. P.
Published: December 2013

Efficient heterocyclization of methyl 7,7,7‐trifluoro‐4‐methoxy‐6‐oxo‐4‐heptenoate and methyl 7,7,7‐trichloro‐4‐methoxy‐6‐oxo‐4‐heptenoate into isoxazole and pyrazole derivatives that represent a new type of glutamate‐like 3‐(trihalomethylated‐1,2‐azol‐3‐yl)propanoate is reported. Preparation of the key methyl 7,7,7‐trihalo‐4‐methoxy‐6‐oxohept‐4‐enoate precursors from levulinic acid is also described. The synthetic potential of this synthetic protocol was indicated by the production of several methyl and ethyl 3‐(isoxazol‐3‐yl)propanoates and 3‐(1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)propanoates, and the respective acid derivatives, in good (70–95%) yields. The crystal structure for ethyl 5‐(3‐ethoxy‐3‐oxopropyl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxylate (10c) has been determined by monocrystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The N–H…H intermolecular hydrogen bonds join the molecules into catamer.
Synthesis of a new fluorine‐18 glycosylated ‘click’ cyanoquinoline for the imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor
Authors: Pisaneschi Federica , Slade Rozanna L. , Iddon Lisa , George Guillaume P. C. , Nguyen Quang‐Dé , Spivey Alan C. , Aboagye Eric O.
Published: December 2013

This study reports the radiosynthesis of a new fluorine‐18 glycosylated ‘click’ cyanoquinoline [18F]5 for positron emission tomography imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The tracer was obtained in 47.7 ± 7.5% (n = 3) decay‐corrected radiochemical yield from 2‐[18F]fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl azide, and the overall nondecay‐corrected radiochemical yield from aqueous fluoride was 8.6 ± 2.3% (n = 3). An in vitro preliminary cellular uptake study showed selectivity of the tracer for EGFR‐positive A431 cell lines versus EGFR‐negative MCF‐7 cell lines. [18F]5 tracer uptake in A431 cells was significantly reduced by addition of the cold isotope analogue compound 5.
Upregulation of SYF2 is associated with neuronal apoptosis caused by reactive astrogliosis to neuroinflammation
Authors: Xu Wei , Cao Maohong , Zheng Heyi , Tan Xiang , Li Lei , Cui Gang , Xu Jian , Cao Jianhua , Ke Kaifu , Wu Qiyun
Published: December 2013

SYF2, known as CCNDBP1‐interactor or p29, is likely involved in pre‐mRNA splicing and cell cycle progression. The present study was designed to elucidate dynamic changes in SYF2 expression and distribution in the cerebral cortex in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced neuroinflammation rat model. It was found that SYF2 expression was induced strongly in active astrocytes after LPS injection. In vitro studies showed that the upregulation of SYF2 might be involved in the activation of C6 cells after LPS challenge and the neuronal apoptosis after conditioned media challenge. In addition, with silencing of SYF2 in C6 and PC12 cells by siRNA, the results indicated that SYF2 was required for astrocyte activation and neuronal apoptosis induced by LPS. Our findings on the cellular signaling pathway may provide a new therapeutic strategy against neuroinflammation in the CNS. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perioperative only versus extended antimicrobial usage in tympanomastoid surgery: A randomized trial
Authors: Bidkar Vijay G. , Jalisatigi Roshan R. , Naik Ashok S. , Shanbag Raghunath D. , Siddappa Rashmi , Sharma Poorvi V. , Hegde Harihar V.
Published: December 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Antimicrobial prophylaxis is still a matter of debate in ear surgeries. Previous studies have focused on prophylaxis in middle ear surgery alone without inclusion of mastoidectomy. We therefore investigated efficacy of two regimes of antimicrobial prophylaxis in tympanoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy done for mild middle ear disease in chronic otitis media.

Study Design

Prospective, randomized, controlled, double‐blind study.

Methods

Patients undergoing tympanoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy were included and randomized into two study groups. The group I patients received parenteral perioperative antimicrobials; only group II patients received additional extended oral antimicrobials for 8 days more postoperatively. Primary outcomes evaluated were postaural wound infection and graft success, assessed weekly until 1 month. Adverse events and length of hospital stay were evaluated as secondary outcome.

Results

Seventy‐eight patients were randomized into group I (n = 39) and group II (n = 39). The two groups showed no difference in wound infection rate. The graft success rate in both the group was comparable (94.87% in group I and 97.44% in group II, respectively; P = 1.00). The length of hospital stay was significantly longer (P = 0.00001) in group II (3.05 [0.72], mean [SD]) as compared to group I (2.36 [0.49]). During the first postoperative week, a significantly higher incidence of gastrointestinal disturbances were observed in group II (19 [48.72%] as compared to 1 [2.56%] in group I, P = 0.00001).

Conclusion

The present study shows that there is no need of extended antimicrobial prophylaxis for tympanoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy done for mild middle ear disease. An indiscriminate use of antimicrobials may lead to increase incidence of adverse events and prolonged hospital stay.

Level of Evidence

1b. Laryngoscope, 124:1459–1463, 2014
“… betreffend die Gründung einer Chemischen Gesellschaft …”
Authors: Kießling Renate
Published: December 2013

11. Mai 1953: Im Physikalisch‐Chemischen Institut der Universität Leipzig gründet sich die Chemische Gesellschaft der DDR. Wie entstand eine der größten wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften der DDR?
Die unendliche Bibliothek
Authors: Böhme Uwe , Tesch Silke
Published: December 2013

Die richtige Strategie hilft, aus der Vielzahl kostenfreier gedruckter und digitaler Quellen die geeigneten Informationen zu extrahieren.
Glucagon‐like peptide 1‐based therapies and risk of pancreatitis: a self‐controlled case series analysis
Authors: Li Xiaochun , Zhang Zuoyi , Duke Jon
Published: December 2013

Purpose

Previous studies have suggested a link between glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1)‐based therapies and acute pancreatitis, while other studies have found no association. Because differences in diabetes severity may confound this relationship, a self‐controlled case series (SCCS) analysis has been suggested as a means to control for individual‐level confounding.

Methods

We evaluated the relationship between GLP‐1‐based therapies and pancreatitis by SCCS method using a large observational database. We calculated the incidence density ratio of pancreatitis for exposure versus non‐exposure to each drug. To examine the robustness of our findings, we performed sensitivity analyses by varying risk windows, using two pancreatitis definitions and including incident pancreatitis or all occurrences.

Results

From dispensing data on 1.2 million patients, we found 7992 sitagliptin‐exposed patients and 3552 exenatide‐exposed patients between 2004 and 2009. Using an ICD9/CPT‐based case definition of pancreatitis, we identified 207 sitagliptin and 82 exenatide cases. Augmenting this definition with laboratory criteria increased our cohort to 245 sitagliptin and 96 exenatide cases. For sitagliptin and exenatide cases, respectively, the mean duration of observation was 5.2 and 5.5 years, and the mean duration of drug exposure was 0.7 and 0.5 years. For all analyses (including different pancreatitis definitions, risk periods, and incident or recurrent events), the incidence density ratios for development of pancreatitis during exposure versus non‐exposure ranged from 0.68 to 1.46, with all having 95% confidence intervals containing 1.

Conclusions

We found no association between the use of GLP‐1‐based therapies and pancreatitis using SCCS analysis in a large observational database. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LONGITUDINAL PREDICTION OF 1ST AND 2ND GRADE ENGLISH ORAL READING FLUENCY IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS: WHICH EARLY READING AND LANGUAGE SKILLS ARE BETTER PREDICTORS?
Authors: Solari Emily J. , Aceves Terese C. , Higareda Ignacio , Richards‐Tutor Cara , Filippini Alexis L. , Gerber Michael M. , Leafstedt Jill
Published: December 2013

This study investigates the relation between Spanish and English early literacy skills in kindergarten and first grade, and English oral reading fluency at the end of first and second grade in a sample of 150 Spanish‐speaking English language learners. Students were assessed in kindergarten, first, and second grades on a broad bilingual academic battery that included phonological awareness, letter knowledge, vocabulary, word reading, and oral reading fluency. These measures were analyzed using hierarchal multiple regression to determine which early reading skills predicted English oral reading fluency scores at the end of first and second grade. Predictive relationships were different between English and Spanish measures of early literacy and end of year first grade and second grade English oral reading fluency. This study has important implications for early identification of risk for Spanish‐speaking English language learners as it addresses the input of both Spanish and English early reading skills and the relation between those skills and English oral reading fluency.
White light emission from a blue polymer light emitting diode combined with YAG:Ce3+ nanoparticles
Authors: Oliva Jorge , De la Rosa Elder , Diaz‐Torres Luis , Zakhidov Anvar
Published: December 2013

It is reported the white light emission from a hybrid polymer light emitting diode (HyPLED) which has a film of YAG:Ce3+ nanoparticles. This white light is produced due to the combination of the blue light generated from a PLED and the green‐yellow light coming from YAG:Ce3+ nanoparticles. This white light has CIE (International Commission on Illumination) coordinates of (0.31, 0.35) which is near of the ideal coordinate of (0.33, 0.33). The hybrid device presents a turn on voltage of 4 V, as well as a maximum luminance and efficiency of 266 cd m−2 and 0.34 cd A−1 (at 9 V), respectively. Finally, it was possible to tune the color emission from green to bluish‐white by changing the operation voltage.
Inkjet printed PEDOT:PSS/MWCNT nano‐composites with aligned carbon nanotubes and enhanced conductivity
Authors: Alshammari A. S. , Shkunov M. , Silva S. Ravi P.
Published: December 2013

Conductive patterns of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites were deposited on glass substrates using a drop on demand (DOD) inkjet printer, with the concentration of CNT varied from 0.01 wt% to 0.05 wt%. We show that by increasing the concentration of the nanotubes in the ink, percolated networks of well distributed carbon nanotubes in the printed samples can be achieved. Moreover, the orientation of the nanotubes in the printed sample can be controlled using a novel simple approach. The impact of the nanotube alignment on the conduction properties of inkjet printed nano‐hybrid materials is studied and shown in this Letter. Samples with aligned nanotubes show a 53% enhanced conductivity in comparison with the randomly oriented nanotubes. The results show that the electrical performance of the nano‐composite can be improved further by controlling the dispersion and orientation of the nano‐filler in the printed samples.

magnified image

Carbon nanotubes orientation control in the printed PEDOT:PSS/MWCNT nano‐composite samples.

(© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Design of an adaptive terminal sliding‐function controller for nonlinear multivariable systems
Authors: Huang Yun‐Cheng , Li Tzuu‐Hseng S.
Published: December 2013

This paper presents an adaptive terminal sliding‐function controller approach for controlling a class of nonlinear multivariable systems with uncertainty. An appropriate terminal sliding function (TSF) is designed and then applied to the control law. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, the adaptive terminal sliding‐function controller for nonlinear multivariable systems guarantees that the TSF is asymptotically convergent. Different from classical terminal sliding mode control, which uses a discontinuous switching control law, the TSF control uses a continuous TSF and thus avoids the chattering problem. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves satisfactory stability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of SEM scintillation detector evaluated by modulation transfer function and detective quantum efficiency function
Authors: Bok Jan , Schauer Petr
Published: December 2013

In the paper, the SEM detector is evaluated by the modulation transfer function (MTF) which expresses the detector's influence on the SEM image contrast. This is a novel approach, since the MTF was used previously to describe only the area imaging detectors, or whole imaging systems. The measurement technique and calculation of the MTF for the SEM detector are presented. In addition, the measurement and calculation of the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) as a function of the spatial frequency for the SEM detector are described. In this technique, the time modulated e‐beam is used in order to create well‐defined input signal for the detector. The MTF and DQE measurements are demonstrated on the Everhart–Thornley scintillation detector. This detector was alternated using the YAG:Ce, YAP:Ce, and CRY18 single‐crystal scintillators. The presented MTF and DQE characteristics show good imaging properties of the detectors with the YAP:Ce or CRY18 scintillator, especially for a specific type of the e‐beam scan. The results demonstrate the great benefit of the description of SEM detectors using the MTF and DQE. In addition, point‐by‐point and continual‐sweep e‐beam scans in SEM were discussed and their influence on the image quality was revealed using the MTF. SCANNING 36:384–393, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Module Assembly for Designing Multivalent Mid‐Sized Inhibitors of Protein‐Protein Interactions
Authors: Ohkanda Junko
Published: December 2013

Developing clinically relevant synthetic agents that are capable of disrupting protein‐protein interactions (PPIs) is now a major goal of scientific research. In an effort to explore new methodologies that are applicable to the design of synthetic PPI inhibitors, we examined a strategy based on the assembly of small module compounds to create multivalent mid‐sized agents. This personal account describes three particular approaches based on module assembly: metal‐chelating‐based ligand assembly, covalent chemical ligation templated by a targeted protein, and bivalent inhibitor design for simultaneous targeting of the active pocket and protein surface. These strategies were shown to be useful for synthesizing minimally sized synthetic agents for targeting PPIs and may enable development of agents that are applicable to inhibition of intracellular PPIs.
Reproducing the Bolund experiment in wind tunnel
Authors: Yeow T.S. , Cuerva‐Tejero A. , Perez‐Alvarez J.
Published: December 2013

The Bolund experiment has been reproduced in a neutral boundary layer wind tunnel (WT) at scale 1:115 for two Reynolds numbers. All the results have been obtained for an incoming flow from the 270owind direction (transectBin the Bolund experiment jargon). Vertical scans of the velocity field are obtained using non‐time resolved two components particle image velocimetry. Time‐resolved velocity time series with a three component hot‐wire probe have been also measured for transects at 2 and 5 m height and in the vertical transects at met masts M6, M3 and M8 locations. Special attention has been devoted to the detailed characterization of the inflow in order to reduce uncertainties in future comparisons with other physical and numerical simulations. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of spectral functions of the undisturbed flow and those of the flow above the island. The result's reproducibility and trustworthiness have been addressed through redundancy measurements using particle image velocimetry, two and three components hot‐wire anemometry. The bias in the prediction of the mean speed is similar to the one reported during the Bolund experiment by the physical modellers. However, certain reduction of the bias in the estimation of the turbulent kinetic energy is achieved. The WT results of spectra and cosprectra have revealed a behaviour similar to the full‐scale measurements in some relevant locations, showing that WT modelling can contribute to provide valid information about these important structural loading factors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[Cu(C12N2H8)2(C2H3O2)][B5O6(OH)4]·C4H9NO: First Borate with Three‐dimensional Supramolecular Framework Formed by Hydrogen Bonds and π···π Stacking Interactions
Authors: Yang Yang , Fu Dongsheng , Zhang Yun , Meng Changgong
Published: December 2013

The mixed‐ligand pentaborate, [Cu(C12N2H8)2(C2H3O2)][B5O6(OH)4]·C4H9NO (1), was synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analyses, powder X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Two adjacent [B5O6(OH)4]– polyborate anions are connected with each other by hydrogen bonds forming a novel zero‐dimensional (0D) dimer {2[B5O6(OH)4]–} which is further connected with [Cu(C12N2H8)2(C2H3O2)]+ cations through hydrogen bonds to form a one‐dimensional (1D) ribbon‐like supramolecular structure with twenty‐membered rings. The [Cu(C12N2H8)2(C2H3O2)]+ cations are extended through π···π stacking interactions between the 1, 10‐phenanthroline ligands forming a two‐dimensional (2D) supramolecular network. The 1D supramolecular ribbons and the 2D supramolecular layers are further extended into a three‐dimensional (3D) supramolecular framework through hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Compound 1 is the first example of a borate where strong hydrogen bonds and π···π stacking interactions play important coordination roles in the formation of the 3D supramolecular framework.
Ratio Between Proximal/Distal Gastroesophageal Reflux Does Not Discriminate Abnormal Proximal Reflux
Authors: Neto Sebastião Carlos Pannocchia , Herbella Fernando A. M. , Silva Luciana C. , Patti Marco G.
Published: December 2013

Introduction

The threshold for pathologic proximal acid reflux is a controversial topic. Most values previously published are based on absolute numbers. We hypothesized that a relative value representing the quantitative relation between the amount of acid reflux that reaches proximal levels and the amount of distal reflux would be a more adequate parameter for defining pathologic proximal reflux.

Methods

We studied 20 healthy volunteers (median age 30 years, 70 % women) without gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); 50 patients (median age 51 years, 60 % women) with esophageal symptoms of GERD (heartburn, regurgitation); and 50 patients (median age 49 years, 60 % women) with extra‐esophageal symptoms of GERD. All individuals underwent manometry and dual‐probe pH monitoring. GERD was defined as a DeMeester score >14.7. The proximal/distal reflux ratio was calculated for all six parameters that constitute the DeMeester score.

Results

Absolute numbers for proximal reflux were not different for the three groups except for the number of episodes of reflux, which was higher for patients with GERD and esophageal symptoms than for patients with GERD and extra‐esophageal symptoms (p = 0.007). The number of episodes of distal reflux reaching proximal levels was significantly higher in volunteers than in all patients with GERD and significantly higher in patients with GERD and esophageal symptoms than in those with extra‐esophageal symptoms.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the proximal/distal reflux ratio is not a good normative value for defining proximal reflux.
Lobectomy and Prophylactic Central Neck Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Do Involved Lymph Nodes Mandate Completion Thyroidectomy?
Authors: Lee Cho Rok , Son Haiyoung , Lee Sohee , Kang Sang‐Wook , Jeong Jong Ju , Nam Kee‐Hyun , Chung Woong Youn , Park Cheong Soo
Published: December 2013

Background

The present study was designed to investigate the necessity of completion thyroidectomy for patients who underwent thyroid lobectomy for low‐risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) that was later pathologically diagnosed as central lymph node (CLN) metastasis.

Methods

Between 1986 and 2001, we assessed 551 patients who underwent thyroidectomy with prophylactic ipsilateral central compartment neck dissection, and 409 patients were followed‐up completely. Thyroid lobectomy were performed in 281 and 128 patients, respectively. The patients were divided into two groups according to CLN metastasis. Clinicopathological profiles and follow‐up details were investigated by retrospective chart review.

Results

The CLN‐positive and ‐negative groups were comprised of 43 (15.2 %) and 238 patients (84.8 %), respectively. The mean ages of the two groups were not significantly different (p > 0.05). The mean tumor size of the CLN‐positive group (6.8 mm) was significantly larger than that of the CLN‐negative group (5.6 mm; p < 0.05). Microscopic capsular invasion was significantly higher in the CLN‐positive group (51.2 vs. 23.9 %; p < 0.05). Overall, 21 patients (7.4 %, 21/281) experienced recurrence. Among these, 2 (4.7 %, 2/43) and 19 (8.0 %, 19/238) were in the CLN‐positive and ‐negative groups, respectively. There was no significant correlation between CLN metastasis and tumor recurrence.

Conclusions

Postoperative recurrence was lower in the CLN‐positive group, and there was no significant correlation between CLN metastasis and tumor recurrence. Our results suggest that it is not necessary to perform completion thyroidectomy for PTMC patients who have undergone thyroid lobectomy and who have been pathologically diagnosed with CLN metastasis.
Is the Demographic Dividend an Education Dividend?
Authors: Crespo Cuaresma Jesús , Lutz Wolfgang , Sanderson Warren
Published: December 2013

The effect of changes in age structure on economic growth has been widely studied in the demography and population economics literature. The beneficial effect of changes in age structure after a decrease in fertility has become known as the “demographic dividend.” In this article, we reassess the empirical evidence on the associations among economic growth, changes in age structure, labor force participation, and educational attainment. Using a global panel of countries, we find that after the effect of human capital dynamics is controlled for, no evidence exists that changes in age structure affect labor productivity. Our results imply that improvements in educational attainment are the key to explaining productivity and income growth and that a substantial portion of the demographic dividend is an education dividend.
Eugenosedin‐A ameliorates hyperlipidemia‐induced vascular endothelial dysfunction via inhibition of α1‐adrenoceptor/5‐HT activity and NADPH oxidase expression
Authors: Shen Kuo‐Ping , Lin Hui‐Li , Chang Wen‐Tsan , Lin Jou‐Chun , An Li‐Mei , Chen Ing‐Jun , Wu Bin‐Nan
Published: December 2013

Eugenosedin‐A (Eu‐A) effects on vascular endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in a hyperlipidemic rat model were investigated. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: two control groups and two treatment groups. The control rats received a regular diet or high fat diet (HFD); the treatment rats fed received an HFD with 5 mg/kg Eu‐A or atorvastatin for 10 weeks. No changes in serotonin levels were observed in the four groups; norepinephrine levels were enhanced in the HFD group which was attenuated by Eu‐A and atorvastatin. In the HFD group, the vascular reactivity was increased by vasoconstrictors (5‐nonyloxytryptamine, 5‐HT, and phenylephrine) and decreased by an endothelium‐dependent vasorelaxant, carbachol. Protein levels of α1‐adrenergic receptors (not 5‐HT1B/2A), reactive oxygen species (ROS) p47phox, p67phox, and gp91phox, and oxidative damage markers 3‐nitrotyrosine (3‐NT) and 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (4‐HNE) were increased, but endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), P‐eNOS and vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation (P‐VASP) were decreased. Catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD‐1 and SOD‐2) proteins were increased, but glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was decreased in the aorta. Eu‐A and atorvastatin reduced vasoconstrictor‐induced aortic contractions that might be related to 5‐HT1B/2A and α1‐adrenergic receptors inhibitory activities. Eu‐A and atorvastatin improved eNOS/P‐eNOS, P‐VASP, GPx, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and decreased ROS and oxidative damage markers. Taken together, we suggest that Eu‐A can ameliorate hyperlipidemia‐induced vascular endothelial dysfunction and oxidative dysregulation.
Irish Nationalist Women, 1900–1918
Authors: Pašeta Senia
Published: December 2013

This is a major new history of the experiences and activities of Irish nationalist women in the early twentieth century, from learning and buying Irish to participating in armed revolt. Using memoirs, reminiscences, letters and diaries, Senia Pašeta explores the question of what it meant to be a female nationalist in this volatile period, revealing how Irish women formed nationalist, cultural and feminist groups of their own as well as how they influenced broader political developments. She shows that women's involvement with Irish nationalism was intimately bound up with the suffrage movement as feminism offered an important framework for women's political activity. She covers the full range of women's nationalist activism from constitutional nationalism to republicanism, beginning in 1900 with the foundation of Inghinidhe na hÉireann (Daughters of Ireland) and ending in 1918 with the enfranchisement of women, the collapse of the Irish Party and the ascendancy of Sinn Fein.
The Works of Francis Bacon
Authors: Bacon Francis
Published: December 2013

Francis Bacon (1561–1626), the English philosopher, statesman and jurist, is best known for developing the empiricist method which forms the basis of modern science. Bacon's writings concentrated on philosophy and judicial reform. His most significant work is the Instauratio Magna comprising two parts - The Advancement of Learning and the Novum Organum. The first part is noteworthy as the first major philosophical work published in English (1605). James Spedding (1808–81) and his co-editors arranged this fourteen-volume edition, published in London between 1857 and 1874, not in chronological order but by subject matter, so that different volumes would appeal to different audiences. The material is divided into three parts: philosophy and general literature; legal works; and letters, speeches and tracts relating to politics. Volume 5, published in 1858, contains the English translations of the remainder of the Instauratio Magna and his other philosophical writings.
Health Inequalities and People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Emerson Eric , Hatton Chris
Published: December 2013

People with intellectual disabilities die at a younger age and have poorer health than their non-disabled peers. This is largely avoidable and is unjust. This book uses concepts from contemporary public health to provide a comprehensive evidence-based overview of: the nature and extent of the health inequalities experienced by people with intellectual disabilities; why these inequalities occur and persist; and what can and needs to be done to address these inequalities. The authors have a wealth of firsthand experience gained from years of working at the interface between disability research and public health. This experience is collected and shared in this volume, which will be an invaluable resource for practitioners, advocates, policymakers and researchers concerned with health and social care and the wellbeing of disabled people.