bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract Reasoning and Arithmetic Ability Lead to Academic Success of the Accountancy Students in a Private Non-Sectarian University
Authors: Ferrater-Gimena Judy Ann O. , Biore Christopher , Bigcas Bernadette U.
Published: June 2016

The desirable results that most Filipinos value closely associates with academic success; therefore, it is significant. The foremost goal of a university is to produce globally competitive graduates. The study explored the relationship between psychometric examination and academic performances of the Bachelor of Science in Accountancy (BSA) students in a higher educational institution; and proposed a program level intervention plan to decrease the attrition rate of students. The study enthused on Robert Gagne’s Conditions of Learning Theory, which stipulates different levels of learning. There were 56 research subjects, utilizing descriptive-correlational design. Cramer’s V test was also used to examine the relationship between the two measured variables. The findings exhibited that most of the students had an average intelligence quotient and high academic performance. The results revealed that there were significant relationships between abstract reasoning and the arithmetic ability of the students to their academic performance. Thus, the Accountancy students should be given intensive academic training on disciplines and subject areas that make use predominantly of arithmetic ability and analytical skills so that they can survive the rigorous academic training in the program. The “Big Brother Culture” will be set up, wherein the students in the higher years are given authority to tutor and coach the students in the lower years.
Online Class Scheduling and Faculty Loading System within a Decision Support Framework
Authors: Ortega Eric Perez , Ortega Moma dela Torre , Brigoli Darlyne Iligan
Published: June 2016

Developing course schedules to accommodate student enrollment needs has been a recurring and complicated task of the department heads each school term. To develop a course schedule connotes an assignment of time intervals for each course offering and optimization of available resources such as classrooms and computer laboratories and subsequently maximize the department faculty inventory and preferences. The study aimed to create a class scheduling and loading system which tackles academic department heads' responsibilities of establishing well-defined faculty teaching loads. A descriptive-developmental design was utilized using a researcher-made questionnaire and interview. The scheduling and loading system is articulated to allow the defining of teaching assignments to the time slot system by applying knowledge-based approach, appropriate heuristic functions and rule sets to load correct courses to faculty; and allow a search for the best slot on multiple viable slots within the decision-support framework.Â  Decision support framework facilitates administrative priorities to resolve conflicts on slots representing deviations from the assignment criteria. The result of the study indicated the reduction of time required for course scheduling and the results are more acceptable to faculty loads for the teachers. The study recommends embedding other parameters into the system and continuous improvement and maintenance should be done for the system, adding new constraints and requirements.
Employment Status and Academic Competencies among the Information Technology Graduates: A Tracer Study
Authors: Yaun Marijoy , Paronda Clyde Harold
Published: June 2016

Information technology graduates of colleges and universities have increased rapidly while continuously facing stiff employment competition. The study traced the employability of the Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT) graduates of a university. It also described the profile of the BSIT graduates; assessed graduates' employment conditions; and determined the academic competencies utilized by the BSIT graduates in their current jobs. Using descriptive research design, the study employed standardized tool from Commission on Higher Education (CHED), and a sample of 87 BSIT graduates as respondents. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents were dominantly male, single, and from the Visayas region. Majority of them were regular or permanent in their current job and were locally employed and worked as an IT professionals in their present occupation. The graduates found their first job through advertisement. They utilized advanced information technology competencies in their jobs. Hence, their work matched to their tertiary degrees. The study provided information that the BSIT graduates of the University of Cebu - Banilad Campus are highly employable. After months of linkages for possible employers and career mapping of graduates, the school will be able to increase graduates assistance on job placements. After two hours of seminar on career mapping, the college will be able to assess the skills of the graduates to suggest possible areas of work to engage.
Dust acoustic dromions in a magnetized dusty plasma with superthermal electrons and ions
Authors: Saini N. S. , Ghai Yashika , Kohli Ripin
Published: June 2016

An investigation of dust acoustic (DA) dromions in a magnetized dusty plasma consisting of inertial dust fluid, kappa‐type distributed electrons, and ions is presented. Using reductive perturbation technique, we have derived coupled nonlinear evolution equations of (2 + 1) dimensions (called Davey‐Stewartson (DS‐I) equations). Hirota bilinear method has been employed to derive the analytical solution of DS‐I equations. The solutions of such equations are exponentially localized and are called dromions. The combined effects of various physical parameters such as superthermality of charged particles, strength of magnetic field, and dust concentration have been studied on the existence regions and propagation properties of DA dromions in context with observations of POLAR satellite in the presence of superthermal particles in polar cap boundary layer region of Earth's atmosphere.
OCEANFILMS‐2: Representing coadsorption of saccharides in marine films and potential impacts on modeled marine aerosol chemistry
Authors: Burrows Susannah M. , Gobrogge Eric , Fu Li , Link Katie , Elliott Scott M. , Wang Hongfei , Walker Rob
Published: June 2016

Here we show that the addition of chemical interactions between soluble monosaccharides and an insoluble lipid surfactant monolayer improves agreement of modeled sea spray chemistry with observed marine aerosol chemistry. In particular, the alkane:hydroxyl mass ratio in modeled sea spray organic matter is reduced from a median of 2.73 to a range of 0.41–0.69, reducing the discrepancy with previous Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) observations of clean marine aerosol (ratio: 0.24–0.38). The overall organic fraction of submicron sea spray also increases, allowing organic mass fractions in the range 0.5–0.7 for submicron sea spray particles over highly active phytoplankton blooms. Sum frequency generation experiments support the modeling approach by demonstrating that soluble monosaccharides can strongly adsorb to a lipid monolayer likely via Coulomb interactions under appropriate conditions. These laboratory findings motivate further research to determine the relevance of coadsorption mechanisms for real‐world, sea spray aerosol production.
Three‐dimensional attenuation model of Sierra Negra Volcano, Galápagos Archipelago
Authors: Rodd Rebecca L. , Lees Jonathan M. , Tepp Gabrielle
Published: June 2016

The shallow magma system beneath Sierra Negra was imaged using attenuation tomographic methods. The t∗ spectral decay method for P wave phases was used to highlight regions of high
which suggest the presence of magma melt. High‐
anomalies ranging from 0.005 to 0.04 are concentrated below the caldera from 0.5 to 10.5 km depths. Attenuation is sensitive to temperature and fluid presence; thus, this high attenuation is interpreted as possible zones of magma accumulation. An imaged shallow body is consistent with geodetic studies on caldera deformation that modeled a magma sill or flattopped diapir of unknown thickness at ∼1 km depth below sea level.
Acoustic observations of near‐bed sediment concentration and flux statistics above migrating sand dunes
Authors: Wilson G. W. , Hay A. E.
Published: June 2016

A coherent Doppler profiler was used to measure coincident time series of velocity (u,w), sediment mass concentration (c), and sediment grain size (d), above mobile sand dunes in unidirectional flow (∼1 m/s, ∼1 m water depth). The measurements are used to extract statistical distributions of sediment concentration and flux just above the bed. Observed mass fluxes (uc,wc) were well fit by quasi‐exponential distributions, at all positions along the dune profile, similar to previous observations of single‐particle momenta for bed load over flat beds. Observed concentrations of moving particles were well fit by negative‐binomial distributions, also similar to previous observations over flat beds. These probability distributions relate to two recent stochastic theories, previously derived and verified for uniform flow over flat beds. It is hypothesized that these theories may also be used as a local approximation in natural‐scale flows with bed forms.
Real‐time forecast of aftershocks from a single seismic station signal
Authors: Lippiello E. , Cirillo A. , Godano G. , Papadimitriou E. , Karakostas V.
Published: June 2016

The evaluation of seismic hazard in the hours following large earthquakes is strongly affected by biases due to difficulties in determining earthquake location. This leads to the huge incompleteness of instrumental catalogs. Here we show that if, on the one hand, the overlap of aftershock coda waves hides many small events, on the other hand, it leads to a well‐determined empirical law controlling the decay of the amplitude of the seismic signal at a given site. The fitting parameters of this law can be related to those controlling the temporal decay of the aftershock number, and it is then possible to obtain short‐term postseismic occurrence probability from a single recorded seismic signal. We therefore present a novel procedure which, without requiring earthquake location, produces more accurate and almost real‐time forecast, in a site of interest, directly from the signal of a seismic station installed at that site.
An autonomous receiver/digital signal processor applied to ground‐based and rocket‐borne wave experiments
Authors: Dombrowski M. P. , LaBelle J. , McGaw D. G. , Broughton M. C.
Published: June 2016

The programmable combined receiver/digital signal processor platform presented in this article is designed for digital downsampling and processing of general waveform inputs with a 66 MHz initial sampling rate and multi‐input synchronized sampling. Systems based on this platform are capable of fully autonomous low‐power operation, can be programmed to preprocess and filter the data for preselection and reduction, and may output to a diverse array of transmission or telemetry media. We describe three versions of this system, one for deployment on sounding rockets and two for ground‐based applications. The rocket system was flown on the Correlation of High‐Frequency and Auroral Roar Measurements (CHARM)‐II mission launched from Poker Flat Research Range, Alaska, in 2010. It measured auroral “roar” signals at 2.60 MHz. The ground‐based systems have been deployed at Sondrestrom, Greenland, and South Pole Station, Antarctica. The Greenland system synchronously samples signals from three spaced antennas providing direction finding of 0–5 MHz waves. It has successfully measured auroral signals and man‐made broadcast signals. The South Pole system synchronously samples signals from two crossed antennas, providing polarization information. It has successfully measured the polarization of auroral kilometric radiation‐like signals as well as auroral hiss. Further systems are in development for future rocket missions and for installation in Antarctic Automatic Geophysical Observatories.
Grassland to woodland transitions: Dynamic response of microbial community structure and carbon use patterns
Authors: Creamer Courtney A. , Filley Timothy R. , Boutton Thomas W. , Rowe Helen I.
Published: June 2016

Woodland encroachment into grasslands is a globally pervasive phenomenon attributed to land use change, fire suppression, and climate change. This vegetation shift impacts ecosystem services such as ground water allocation, carbon (C) and nutrient status of soils, aboveground and belowground biodiversity, and soil structure. We hypothesized that woodland encroachment would alter microbial community structure and function and would be related to patterns in soil C accumulation. To address this hypothesis, we measured the composition and δ13C values of soil microbial phospholipids (PLFAs) along successional chronosequences from C4‐dominated grasslands to C3‐dominated woodlands (small discrete clusters and larger groves) spanning up to 134 years. Woodland development increased microbial biomass, soil C and nitrogen (N) concentrations, and altered microbial community composition. The relative abundance of gram‐negative bacteria (cy19:0) increased linearly with stand age, consistent with decreases in soil pH and/or greater rhizosphere development and corresponding increases in C inputs. δ13C values of all PLFAs decreased with time following woody encroachment, indicating assimilation of woodland C sources. Among the microbial groups, fungi and actinobacteria in woodland soils selectively assimilated grassland C to a greater extent than its contribution to bulk soil. Between the two woodland types, microbes in the groves incorporated relatively more of the relict C4‐C than those in the clusters, potentially due to differences in below ground plant C allocation and organo‐mineral association. Changes in plant productivity and C accessibility (rather than C chemistry) dictated microbial C utilization in this system in response to shrub encroachment.
Modal‐matching‐based analysis for axially corrugated dielectric‐rod‐loaded horn
Authors: Zhang Pengyu , Qi Jiaran , Qiu Jinghui
Published: June 2016

An efficient design procedure based on modal‐matching method for axially corrugated dielectric‐rod‐loaded horns of complicated geometries is proposed in this paper. Calculation of the generalized scattering matrix of individual module, which is obtained by dividing the complex horn into simple sections, is carried out. Analytic expressions of power‐coupling integrals between different kinds of waveguides are presented, including those derived initially, which greatly shorten the calculation time. Techniques including the field equivalence principle and the spherical mode expansion are further implemented for radiation pattern prediction. A rexolite‐loaded axially corrugated horn antenna is finally investigated as a numerical experiment, with the frequency range of 17–33 GHz. The results obtained by our method and by commercial full‐wave simulation software are in excellent agreement, but our method is more efficient.
Insurance as a Mission Enabler
Authors: Vacek Joseph J.
Published: June 2016

Insurance for unmanned aerial system (UAS) missions is necessary to minimize risk and liability to the operator and manufacturer. Even though UAS insurance is a relatively new offering, general principles of aviation insurance and existing risk reduction models can be applied flexibly to the particular UAS mission and also used in the negotiation for an insurance contract. This chapter discusses unique considerations for UAS, including broader considerations such as the law of large numbers, uninsured third‐party operations, subrogation, and risk reduction. Risk reduction should follow an iterative, formalized process and include risk identification, determination of maximum potential loss, risk management, and evaluation using aviation industry accepted methods. In UAS, special considerations apply for effective risk reduction and include considerations such as regulatory or statutory requirements, privacy considerations, and principles of tort law including negligence, strict liability, and ultrahazardous activities. Special insurance considerations such as uninsurable lawsuits and business insurance coverage are also discussed.
Social and Legal Issues
Authors: “Noah” Flood C.E.
Published: June 2016

A tenuous relationship exists between new technologies and law. New technologies precede the laws and regulations that govern their use. The result is a period of uncertainty regarding the use of unmanned aircraft systems. How the legal system responds to a new technology hinges in part on the social concerns raised. Individual citizens and corporations voice their concerns through the media, lobbying, and lawsuits. In response to new technology concerns raised via lawsuit, judges and regulatory agencies will adapt existing law to address issues. If the results are unsatisfactory, lobbying will encourage legislative action in the form of new laws or amendments to existing laws. If such existing or new laws result in significantly different interpretations among the courts, the Supreme Court may choose to address such inconsistencies. Unmanned aircraft and their sensory payloads raise a host of social and legal issues. Generally, they fall into privacy, property, and safety concerns. This chapter briefly covers how the legal system has addressed some of these issues associated with unmanned aircraft and possible considerations in addressing the many outstanding issues remaining.
Overview ofUASControl Stations
Authors: Ramos Francisco J.
Published: June 2016

This chapter provides an overview of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) control stations, as a key element of unmanned aircraft systems. Control stations are the interface that allows the operators to interact with the whole system and provides an extensive set of functions to support unmanned air vehicle (UAV) operation. Based on a proposed control stations classification, different existing architectures are described, going from the most simple portable devices used to manage mini‐UAVs up to the complex, distributed systems designed to control the bigger MALE and HALE platforms. Along the different sections, main architecture blocks and typical functionalities are reviewed, and key design aspects such as human factors, certification, safety, security, or interoperability are analyzed. The chapter finishes with a forecast on the expected improvements and capabilities of future systems.
Bioengineered Extracellular Membranous Nanovesicles for Efficient Small‐Interfering RNA Delivery: Versatile Platforms for Stem Cell Engineering and In Vivo Delivery
Authors: Jin Yoonhee , Lee Jung Seung , Min Sungjin , Park Hyun‐Ji , Kang Taek Jin , Cho Seung‐Woo
Published: June 2016

Naturally derived nanovesicles secreted from various cell types and found in body fluids can provide effective platforms for the delivery of various cargoes because of their intrinsic ability to be internalized for intercellular signal transmission and membrane recycling. In this study, the versatility of bioengineered extracellular membranous nanovesicles as potent carriers of small‐interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for stem cell engineering and in vivo delivery has been explored. Here, exosomes have been engineered, one of the cell‐derived vesicle types, to overexpress exosomal proteins fused with cell‐adhesion or cell‐penetrating peptides for enhanced intracellular gene transfer. To devise a more effective delivery system with potential for mass production, a new siRNA delivery system has also been developed by artificially inducing the outward budding of plasma membrane nanovesicles. Those nanovesicles have been engineered by overexpressing E‐cadherin to facilitate siRNA delivery to human stem cells with resistance to intracellular gene transfer. Both types of engineered nanovesicles deliver siRNAs to human stem cells for lineage specification with negligible cytotoxicity. The nanovesicles are efficient in delivering siRNA in vivo, suggesting feasibility for gene therapy. Cell‐derived, bioengineered nanovesicles used for siRNA delivery can provide functional platforms enabling effective stem cell therapeutics and in vivo gene therapy.
Anti‐Biofouling, Thermal, and Electrical Performance of Nanocomposite Coating with Multiwall Carbon Nanotube and Polytetrafluoroethylene‐Blended Polyphenylenesulfide
Authors: Yang Eunsoo , Hwang Taeseon , Kumar Anupam , Kim Kwang J.
Published: June 2016

Corrosion, erosion, and fouling by scale deposition are detrimental to heat‐exchanger tube at geothermal binary‐cycle power plants. In this work, polytetrafluoroethylene was blended in a polyphenylenesulfide matrix with different concentrations of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) using the melt‐mixed method to reduce scale deposition on the metal surface. The prepared nanocomposites with different concentrations of MWNT were characterized by various properties such as morphology, hydrophobicity, electrical, thermal, and rheological properties. The morphology of nanocomposite was changed from smooth to nano‐pin‐like with the addition of MWNT. The varied concentration of MWNT led to differing hydrophobicity of nanocomposite. Increasing the loaded amount of MWNT in the nanocomposite led to decreased electrical resistivity up to 3.1 × 103 Ω cm because of percolation of the MWNT in the polymer matrix. In addition, we investigated the enhancement of thermal performance (10% of lower crystallization peak) of the prepared nanocomposite. These performance results indicate that the prepared nanocomposite can be widely adopted for use in high‐performance heat exchangers in geothermal industries.
Pore Structure Controlling the Activity of Mesoporous Crystalline CsTaWO6 for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Weller Tobias , Sann Joachim , Marschall Roland
Published: June 2016

The quaternary oxide CsTaWO6 exhibits a very high activity for photocatalytic hydrogen generation and water splitting. To improve its properties with regard to photocatalytic applications, it is prepared with mesoporous morphology for the first time, utilizing a template‐based evaporation‐induced self‐assembly process. The resulting material exhibits a median mesopore size of 10 nm, a surface area of 60 m2 g−1, and high crystallinity after preparation at 550 °C with phase‐pure defect‐pyrochlore structure. To further improve the textural properties of mesoporous CsTaWO6, the addition of additives to the synthesis procedure is also investigated. By using H2SO4/HCl and a carbonization/oxidation procedure, the surface area of the resulting mesoporous CsTaWO6 is increased to 78 m2 g−1, which is a 20‐fold increase compared to a nonporous reference via sol‐gel preparation, also leading to improved photocatalytic activity. By investigating the ability for photocatalytic hydrogen generation, the importance of high surface area and pore diameter of the resulting materials in comparison to nonporous materials is presented. Interestingly, the photocatalytic activity does not increase linearly with surface area, due to a strong influence of the pore diameter on the photocatalytic activity.
Electropolymerization of aniline in phosphonium‐based ionic liquids and their application as protective films against corrosion
Authors: Ortaboy Sinem
Published: June 2016

Conductive polyaniline (PANI) films were deposited on mild steel by an electropolymerization technique in the presence of different types of phosphonium‐based ionic liquids, including tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, tetraoctylphosphonium bromide, and ethyltributylphosphonium diethylphosphate. The formation of the PANI films was followed by repetitive cyclic voltammetry scans and was confirmed with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. The morphology, surface roughness parameters, and grain sizes of these coatings were evaluated by atomic force microscopy. The corrosion behavior of the bare and PANI‐coated electrodes was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, open‐circuit potential, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques in a simulated marine environment in 3.5 wt % aqueous NaCl solutions. The quantum chemical parameters of the PANI composite films were also calculated with parametric method 3, a semi‐empirical quantum mechanical method. The theoretical conclusions were found to be consistent with the reported experimental data. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43923.
The effect of the “very important paper” (VIP) designation in Angewandte Chemie International Edition on citation impact: A propensity score matching analysis
Authors: Mutz Rüdiger , Wolbring Tobias , Daniel Hans‐Dieter
Published: June 2016

Scientific journals publish an increasing number of articles every year. To steer readers’ attention to the most important papers, journals use several techniques (e.g., lead paper). Angewandte Chemie International Edition (AC), a leading international journal in chemistry, signals high‐quality papers through designating them as a “very important paper” (VIP). This study aims to investigate the citation impact of Communications in AC receiving the special feature VIP, both cumulated and over time. Using propensity score matching, treatment group (VIP) and control group (non‐VIP) were balanced for 14 covariates to estimate the unconfounded “average treatment effect on the treated” for the VIP designation. Out of N = 3,011 Communications published in 2007 and 2008, N = 207 received the special feature VIP. For each Communication, data were collected from AC (e.g., referees’ ratings) and from the databases Chemical Abstracts (e.g., sections) and the Web of Science (e.g., citations). The estimated unconfounded average treatment effect on the treated (that is, Communications designated as a VIP) was statistically significant and amounted to 19.83 citations. In addition, the special feature VIP fostered the cumulated annual citation growth. For instance, the time until a Communication reached its maximum annual number of citations, was reduced.
Modeling high‐dimensional time‐varying dependence using dynamic D‐vine models
Authors: Almeida Carlos , Czado Claudia , Manner Hans
Published: June 2016

We consider the problem of modeling the dependence among many time series. We build high‐dimensional time‐varying copula models by combining pair‐copula constructions with stochastic autoregressive copula and generalized autoregressive score models to capture dependence that changes over time. We show how the estimation of this highly complex model can be broken down into the estimation of a sequence of bivariate models, which can be achieved by using the method of maximum likelihood. Further, by restricting the conditional dependence parameter on higher cascades of the pair copula construction to be constant, we can greatly reduce the number of parameters to be estimated without losing much flexibility. Applications to five MSCI stock market indices and to a large dataset of daily stock returns of all constituents of the Dax 30 illustrate the usefulness of the proposed model class in‐sample and for density forecasting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic and cognitive effects of developmental methamphetamine exposure
Authors: Jablonski Sarah A. , Williams Michael T. , Vorhees Charles V.
Published: June 2016

Methamphetamine exposure in utero leads to a variety of higher‐order cognitive deficits, such as decreased attention and working, and spatial memory impairments in exposed children (Piper et al., 2011; Roussotte et al., 2011; Kiblawi et al., 2011). As with other teratogens, the timing of methamphetamine exposure greatly determines its effects on both neuroanatomical and behavioral outcomes. Methamphetamine exposure in rodents during the third trimester human equivalent period of brain development results in distinct and long‐lasting route‐based and spatial navigation deficits (Williams et al., 2003; Vorhees et al., 2005, 2008, 2009;). Here, we examine the impact of neonatal methamphetamine‐induced neurotoxicity on behavioral outcomes, neurotransmission, receptor changes, plasticity proteins, and DNA damage. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:131–141, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facebook, self‐disclosure, and brand‐mediated intimacy: Identifying value creating behaviors
Authors: Hassan Mahmud , Mydock Suni , Pervan Simon J. , Kortt Michael
Published: June 2016

Value creating behaviors (VCBs) have not been extensively investigated within the context of social networking sites; this study highlights the importance of self‐disclosure leading to brand‐mediated intimacy as an explanation for VCBs within brand pages of social networking sites. A netnographic approach is undertaken, and the data include naturalistic observations of four Facebook brand communities. The results introduce four new VCBs and confirm that all 14 VCBs listed in previous research are practised within Facebook brand communities. This study also provides evidence of factual and emotional brand disclosures, and responses, suggesting consumer peers may be achieving a level of brand‐mediated intimacy through their exchanges. Harnessing the need for intimacy may represent an important strategic advantage to brands. It also has implications for public policy makers wishing to further understand consumer health and well‐being. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Questioning fairness: the relationship of mental health and psychopathic characteristics with young offenders' perceptions of procedural justice and legitimacy
Authors: Penner Erika K. , Shaffer Catherine S. , Viljoen Jodi L.
Published: June 2016

Background

Theories of procedural justice suggest that individuals who experience the criminal justice system as fair are more likely to perceive it as legitimate and, in turn, are less likely to reoffend. However, when individuals come into contact with the legal system, they are not blank slates – they have beliefs and personality characteristics that may systematically influence such perceptions.

Aims

Our aim was to establish the extent to which demographic characteristics, legal history and clinical features, including personality characteristics, systematically influenced the degree to which young people experience the justice system as fair and legitimate.

Method

Self‐report, file and interview data were collected from ninety‐two 12 to 17‐year‐olds on probation in Western Canada.

Results

Substance use and traumatic experiences were inversely correlated with perceptions of procedural justice and legal legitimacy. Young people with higher scores on interpersonal, lifestyle and antisocial facets of the psychopathy checklist: youth version believed less strongly in the legitimacy of the law, but regression analyses confirmed that only history of trauma was independently associated with perceived procedural justice and legitimacy. Those in the youngest age group were more likely to have positive perceptions of justice than older youths, but demographics and legal history otherwise did not relate to outcomes.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that examining the relationship between procedural justice, legitimacy and offending without taking intra‐individual variables into account may neglect important influences on those relationships. Other research has begun to show that young people who do not accept the law as legitimate or the criminal justice system as fair are more likely to offend. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive accuracy of the Historical‐Clinical‐Risk Management‐20 for violence in forensic psychiatric wards in Japan
Authors: Arai Kaoru , Takano Ayumi , Nagata Takako , Hirabayashi Naotsugu
Published: June 2016

Background

Most structured assessment tools for assessing risk of violence were developed in Western countries, and evidence for their effectiveness is not well established in Asian countries.

Aims

Our aim was to examine the predictive accuracy of the Historical‐Clinical‐Risk Management‐20 (HCR‐20) for violence in forensic mental health inpatient units in Japan.

Methods

A retrospective record study was conducted with a complete 2008–2013 cohort of forensic psychiatric inpatients at the National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo. Forensic psychiatrists were trained in use of the HCR‐20 and asked to complete it as part of their admission assessment. The completed forms were then retained by the researchers and not used in clinical practice; for this, clinicians relied solely on national legally required guidelines. Violent outcomes were determined at 3 and 6 months after the assessment. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to calculate the predictive accuracy of the HCR‐20 for violence.

Results

Area under the curve analyses suggested that the HCR‐20 total score is a good predictor of violence in this cohort, with the clinical and risk sub‐scales showing good predictive accuracy, but the historical sub‐scale not doing so. Area under the curve figures were similar at 3 months and at 6 months.

Conclusions

Our results are consistent with studies previously conducted in Western countries. This suggests that the HCR‐20 is an effective tool for supporting risk of violence assessment in Japanese forensic psychiatric wards. Its widespread use in clinical practice could enhance safety and would certainly promote transparency in risk‐related decision‐making. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Directing‐Group‐Assisted Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Direct Intermolecular C−H Amidation and Amination of Arenes
Authors: Zhou Yirong , Yuan Jianjun , Yang Qin , Xiao Qiang , Peng Yiyuan
Published: June 2016

This review focuses on the most recent advances in the field of transition‐metal‐catalyzed direct intermolecular C−H amidation and amination of arenes. The manuscript is divided into two parts according to whether or not external oxidants are required. The first part includes the cases of simple neutral amines, amides, or sulfonamides in combination with external oxidants. The second section contains the examples of preactivated amino sources in the absence of any external oxidants. In each part, the content is classified in line with the different types of transition‐metal catalysts used, including Rh, Ru, Ir, Pd, Cu, Ni, Co, and Fe. In addition, the substrate scope and limitations as well as catalytic mechanism are discussed.
Adamantyl‐ and Furanyl‐Protected Nanoscale Silver Sulfide Clusters
Authors: Bestgen Sebastian , Yang Xiaoxun , Issac Ibrahim , Fuhr Olaf , Roesky Peter W. , Fenske Dieter
Published: June 2016

The silver salts of 1‐adamantanethiol (AdSH) and furan‐2‐ylmethanethiol (FurCH2SH) were successfully applied as building blocks for ligand‐protected Ag2S nanoclusters. The reaction of the silver thiolates [AgSAd]x and [AgSCH2Fur]x with S(SiMe3)2 and 1,5‐bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane (dpppt) afforded three different clusters with 58, 94 and, 190 silver atoms. The intensely colored compounds [Ag58S13(SAd)32] (1), [Ag94S34(SAd)26(dpppt)6] (2), and [Ag190S58(SCH2Fur)74(dpppt)8] (3) were structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and exhibit different cluster core geometries and ligand shells. The diameters of the well‐defined sphere‐shaped nanoclusters range from 2.2 nm to 3.5 nm.
An Edge Selection Mechanism for Chirally Selective Solubilization of Binaphthyl Atropisomeric Guests by Cholate and Deoxycholate Micelles
Authors: Eckenroad Kyle W. , Manley Gregory A. , Yehl Jenna B. , Pirnie Ross T. , Strein Timothy G. , Rovnyak David
Published: June 2016

Combining micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experimentation, we shed light on the structural basis for the chirally selective solubilization of atropisomeric binaphthyl compounds by bile salt micelles comprised of cholate (NaC) or deoxycholate (NaDC). The model binaphthyl analyte R,S‐BNDHP exhibits chirally selective interactions with primary micellar aggregates of cholate and deoxycholate, as does the closely related analyte binaphthol (R,S‐BN). Chiral selectivity was localized, by NMR chemical shift analysis, to the proton at the C12 position of these bile acids. Correspondingly, MEKC results show that the 12α‐OH group of either NaC or NaDC is necessary for chirally selective resolution of these model binaphthyl analytes by bile micelles, and the S isomer is more highly retained by the micelles. With NMR, the chemical shift of 12β‐H was perturbed more strongly in the presence of S‐BNDHP than R‐BNDHP. Intermolecular NOEs demonstrate that R,S‐BNDHP and R,S‐BN interact with a similar hydrophobic planar pocket lined with the methyl groups of the bile salts, and are best explained by the existence of an antiparallel dimeric unit of bile salts. Finally, chemical shift data and intermolecular NOEs support different interactions of the enantiomers with the edges of dimeric bile units, indicating that R,S‐BNDHP enantiomers sample the same binding site preferentially from opposite edges of the dimeric bile unit. Chirality 28:525–533, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prasugrel Use in Real Life: A Report From the Outpatient Setting in France
Authors: Sabouret Pierre , Taiel‐Sartral Magali , Chartier Florence , Akiki Sabine , Cuisset Thomas
Published: June 2016

The objective of this study was to provide descriptive statistics on patterns of prasugrel usage in the outpatient setting in France. This retrospective study was conducted to describe treatment patterns for prasugrel in the outpatient setting in France using the Intercontinental Marketing Services (IMS) Disease Analyzer database, which collates electronic medical records updated by a nationally representative database of 1200 French general practitioners (GPs). Anonymous data were collected prospectively at each follow‐up visit. The study population consisted of patients with ≥1 prescription for prasugrel in the outpatient setting from its launch date to 3 years post‐launch. Patients were followed up from the date of the first prescription for prasugrel recorded in the database until they died, changed GP, or reached the end of the study, whichever came first. In France, the IMS Disease Analyzer included 1052 patients receiving ≥1 prescription of prasugrel from January 2010 until October 2012. Eighty‐five percent of the population was male. The mean age was 58 years; 94.3% were age <75 years, and 95.0% weighed ≥60 kg. Of the total, 99.8% of patients were prescribed a daily maintenance dose of 10 mg, and 0.2% had a history of transient ischemic attack/stroke. Concomitant medications were antiplatelet agents (100%; aspirin, 93.7%), lipid‐lowering agents (90.1%), β‐blockers (83.7%), angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (62.2%), and anti‐ulcer medications (55.1%). The results reflect good usage of prasugrel by French GPs in the outpatient setting, with excellent implementation of the Prasugrel European Summary Product Characteristics.
Pharmacokinetics of Lidocaine and Its Metabolites Following Vaginal Administration of Lidocaine Gel to Healthy Female Subjects
Authors: Martell Bridget , Kushner Harvey , Richardson Elaine , Mize Amy , Mayer Philip
Published: June 2016

Lidocaine vaginal bioadhesive gel is being developed as a local anesthetic for use in minimally invasive outpatient gynecological procedures and was investigated in single‐dose and multiple‐dose studies in healthy young adult women. Lidocaine doses of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% (w/w) were administered, and parent drug and metabolites monoethylglycinexylidide and glycinexylidide were measured in plasma. Lidocaine was absorbed through vaginal tissue and into the systemic circulation in a dose‐proportional manner, and there was little systemic accumulation. Plasma concentrations were 10‐ to 20‐fold lower than concentrations obtained after administration of intravenous lidocaine used to treat arrhythmic activity, thus demonstrating a wide safety margin for a vaginal lidocaine product.
Absolute Configuration from Different Multifragmentation Pathways in Light‐Induced Coulomb Explosion Imaging
Authors: Pitzer Martin , Kastirke Gregor , Kunitski Maksim , Jahnke Till , Bauer Tobias , Goihl Christoph , Trinter Florian , Schober Carl , Henrichs Kevin , Becht Jasper , Zeller Stefan , Gassert Helena , Waitz Markus , Kuhlins Andreas , Sann Hendrik , Sturm Felix , Wiegandt Florian , Wallauer Robert , Schmidt Lothar Ph. H. , Johnson Allan S. , Mazenauer Manuel , Spenger Benjamin , Marquardt Sabrina , Marquardt Sebastian , Schmidt‐Böcking Horst , Stohner Jürgen , Dörner Reinhard , Schöffler Markus , Berger Robert
Published: June 2016

The absolute configuration of individual small molecules in the gas phase can be determined directly by light‐induced Coulomb explosion imaging (CEI). Herein, this approach is demonstrated for ionization with a single X‐ray photon from a synchrotron light source, leading to enhanced efficiency and faster fragmentation as compared to previous experiments with a femtosecond laser. In addition, it is shown that even incomplete fragmentation pathways of individual molecules from a racemic CHBrClF sample can give access to the absolute configuration in CEI. This leads to a significant increase of the applicability of the method as compared to the previously reported complete break‐up into atomic ions and can pave the way for routine stereochemical analysis of larger chiral molecules by light‐induced CEI.
Diagnosis of occlusal dysesthesia utilizing prefrontal hemodynamic activity with slight occlusal interference
Authors: Ono Yumie , Ishikawa Yu , Munakata Motohiro , Shibuya Tomoaki , Shimada Atsushi , Miyachi Hideo , Wake Hiroyuki , Tamaki Katsushi
Published: June 2016

Clinical diagnosis of occlusal dysesthesia (OD), also referred to as phantom bite syndrome, is currently based on the absence of objective occlusal discrepancy despite the persistent complaint of uncomfortable bite sensation. We previously demonstrated that the subjective feeling of occlusal discomfort generated by artificial occlusal interference can be objectively evaluated using prefrontal hemodynamic activity in young healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dental patients with and without OD show distinct prefrontal activity during grinding behavior with an occlusal interference. Six dental patients with OD (OD group) and eight patients without OD (control group) grinded piled occlusal strips placed between their first molars and reported their perception and discomfort thresholds during continuous monitoring of prefrontal hemodynamic activity with a portable functional near‐infrared spectroscopy. Although patients without OD showed the typical hemodynamic pattern of increased oxyhemoglobin and reduced deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) concentration, those with OD showed persistent incremental increases of HHb concentration that began at the loading of occlusal strips on their molars before they executed grinding. The intensities of the task‐related HHb activities showed statistically significant differences between OD and control groups, particularly at channel 3, arranged over the left frontal pole cortex. When the discrimination criterion was set using the intensity values of channel 3 from both groups, the overall accuracy of the OD discrimination was 92.9%. Although physiological interpretation has yet to be elucidated, the task‐related response of an increase in HHb may be a useful neuronal signature to characterize dental patients with OD.
Catalytic Conversion of Alcohols into Carboxylic Acid Salts in Water: Scope, Recycling, and Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Zhang Lei , Nguyen Duc Hanh , Raffa Guillaume , Trivelli Xavier , Capet Frédéric , Desset Simon , Paul Sébastien , Dumeignil Franck , Gauvin Régis M.
Published: June 2016

Invited for this month′s cover are the groups of Franck Dumeignil and Régis Gauvin at the University of Lille. The image illustrates the oxidation of alcohols by ruthenium complexes in and by water, with release of hydrogen as the only co‐product. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201600243.
Early weaning impairs fear extinction and decreases brain‐derived neurotrophic factor expression in the prefrontal cortex of adult male C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Mogi Kazutaka , Ishida Yuiko , Nagasawa Miho , Kikusui Takefumi
Published: June 2016

We examined the developmental effects of early weaning on anxiety and the extinction of fear memory in male C57BL/6 mice. Early weaning led to increased freezing behaviors after fear conditioning via the foot‐shock method both during extinction training and in a test of extinction recall, but did not induce significant changes in anxiety‐like behavior. In addition, we found that the levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein and mRNA transcripts for BDNF exon III in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) at the time of extinction recall were impaired in early‐weaned mice compared to normally weaned mice. In light of consistent finding that early‐weaned mice experience greater stress at weaning, these data suggest that early weaning of male C57BL/6 mice is valuable for studies of the pathogenesis of post‐traumatic stress disorder.
Should scientists be required to use a model‐based solution to adjust for possible distance‐based detectability bias?
Authors: Hutto Richard L.
Published: June 2016

The most popular method used to gain an understanding of population trends or of differences in bird abundance among land condition categories is to use information derived from point counts. Unfortunately, various factors can affect one's ability to detect birds, and those factors need to be controlled or accounted for so that any difference in one's index among time periods or locations is an accurate reflection of differences in bird abundance and not differences in detectability. Avian ecologists could use appropriately sized fixed‐area surveys to minimize the chance that they might be deceived by distance‐based detectability bias, but the current method of choice is to use a modeling approach that allows one to account for distance‐based bias by modeling the effects of distance on detectability or occupancy. I challenge the idea that modeling is the best approach to account for distance‐based effects on the detectability of birds because the most important distance‐based modeling assumptions can never be met. The use of a fixed‐area survey method to generate an index of abundance is the simplest way to control for distance‐based detectability bias and should not be universally condemned or be the basis for outright rejection in the publication process.
Femtosecond Pulse Radiolysis
Authors: KONDOH TAKAFUMI , YANG JINFENG , KAN KOICHI , GOHDO MASAO , SHIBATA HIROMI , YOSHIDA YOICHI
Published: June 2016

Femtosecond pulse radiolysis has been developed in order to study reactions induced in materials by an electron beam. The femtosecond electron pulse is generated by optimizing the laser photocathode FR electron gun accelerator. A time resolution of 240 fs was achieved by using a femtosecond electron pulse, and the formation of hydrated electrons was observed under femtosecond pulse radiolysis. In order to improve the time resolution of the pulse radiolysis, the equivalent velocity spectroscopy (EVS) method is essential for avoiding degradation in the time resolution caused by velocity differences between the electrons and light in a sample.