bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconhecimento e mapeamento sísmico de paleocanais ao largo da Plataforma Continental Interna da ilha de Santa Catarina
Authors: Jerônimo Marina Ghedin , Abreu José Gustavo Natorf de
Published: October 2020

As características do fundo e da sub-superfície rasa da plataforma continental interna adjacente à ilha de Santa Catarina foi mapeada a partir da interpretação de 27 perfis sísmicos os quais evidenciaram 8 estruturas sedimentares correlacionadas a antigos sistemas fluviais, logo, considerados como paleocanais. Os refletores acústicos identificados, que representam contatos entre estratos sedimentares, denominados de R1, R2 e R3, delimitam antigos cenários deposicionais e representam sistemas pretéritos de drenagem. Os paleocanais identificados mostraram-se fortemente associados às flutuações do nível do mar desde a fase transgressiva que teve início após o Último Máximo Glacial através do afogamento de desembocaduras fluviais e da planície costeira pretérita, até o posterior recobrimento por um lençol de areias transgressivas que conformou a atual plataforma continental adjacente à ilha de Santa Catarina.
A indissociabilidade espaço-tempo como elemento de compreensão da Ciência Geográfica
Authors: Silva Ingrid Gomes da , Lima Luiz Cruz
Published: October 2020

O espaço geográfico é uma categoria e um conceito essencial em Geografia. O tempo, por sua vez, não é um conceito fundamental em suas investigações. Nesse sentido, propõe-se o debate do espaço e do tempo como categorias integradas, a fim de demonstrar a indissociabilidade desses conceitos, formando a categoria espaço-tempo para análises geográficas. Para tal discussão, utilizou-se uma abordagem teórica apontada pelo campo epistemológico do referido debate. Por meio dessa discussão, foram formulados novos conceitos em associação ao espaço – tempo fixo, tempo fluído e tempo flutuante -, a fim de denotar a indissociabilidade referida, que, por sua vez, constitui os resultados dessa discussão.
O cárcere brasileiro e o perfil social do sistema prisional do Maranhão
Authors: Masullo Yata Anderson Gonzaga , Rocha Janderson , Melo Silas Nogueira de
Published: October 2020

O Brasil elevou sua taxa de aprisionamento em aproximadamente 200% nos últimos 20 anos. O presente trabalho tem dois objetivos: primeiro, o de caracterizar o sistema carcerário do Brasil por estado, a partir da análise de indicadores fornecidos pelo Ministério da Justiça e Departamento Penitenciário Nacional – DEPEN. Segundo traçar o perfil socioespacial das unidades prisionais do Estado do Maranhão com base nos dados do Tribunal de Justiça e Secretaria Estadual de Administração Penitenciária - SEAP. Em consonância com outros estudos, nossos resultados apontam para o “buraco negro” que se tornou o sistema prisional brasileiro. Já no Maranhão, o aumento progressivo da população carcerária deve-se mais a uma política de repressão e criminalização à pobreza, do que a uma política capaz de reduzir as ocorrências criminais letais ou não letais.
Ceilometers as planetary boundary layer height detectors and a corrective tool for COSMO and IFS models
Authors: Uzan Leenes , Egert Smadar , Khain Pavel , Levi Yoav , Vadislavsky Elyakom , Alpert Pinhas
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The significance of planetary boundary layer (PBL) height detection is
apparent in various fields, especially in air pollution dispersion
assessments. Numerical weather models produce a high spatial and temporal
resolution of PBL heights; however, their performance requires validation.
This necessity is addressed here by an array of eight ceilometers; a radiosonde;
and two models – the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) global model and COnsortium
for Small-scale MOdeling (COSMO) regional model. The ceilometers
were analyzed with the wavelet covariance transform method, and the radiosonde
and models with the parcel method and the bulk Richardson method. Good
agreement for PBL height was found between the ceilometer and the adjacent
Bet Dagan radiosonde (33 m a.s.l.) at 11:00 UTC launching time (N=91 d,
ME =4 m, RMSE =143 m, R=0.83). The models' estimations were then
compared to the ceilometers' results in an additional five diverse regions
where only ceilometers operate. A correction tool was established based on
the altitude (h) and distance from shoreline (d) of eight ceilometer sites
in various climate regions, from the shoreline of Tel Aviv (h=5 m a.s.l., d=0.05 km) to eastern elevated Jerusalem (h=830 m a.s.l., d=53 km) and southern arid Hazerim (h=200 m a.s.l., d=44 km). The tool
examined the COSMO PBL height approximations based on the parcel method.
Results from a 14 August 2015 case study, between 09:00 and 14:00 UTC, showed the tool
decreased the PBL height at the shoreline and in the inner strip of Israel by
∼100 m and increased the elevated sites of Jerusalem and Hazerim up to
∼400 m, and ∼600 m, respectively.
Cross-validation revealed good results without Bet Dagan. However, without
measurements from Jerusalem, the tool underestimated Jerusalem's PBL height by
up to ∼600 m.
Coral reef-derived dimethyl sulfide and the climatic impact of the
loss of coral reefs
Authors: Fiddes Sonya L. , Woodhouse Matthew T. , Lane Todd P. , Schofield Robyn
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is a naturally occurring aerosol precursor gas which plays an important role in the global sulfur budget, aerosol formation and climate. While DMS is produced predominantly by phytoplankton, recent observational literature has suggested that corals and their symbionts produce a comparable amount of DMS, which is unaccounted for in models. It has further been hypothesised that the coral reef source of DMS may modulate regional climate. This hypothesis presents a particular concern given the current threat to coral reefs under anthropogenic climate change. In this paper, a global climate model with online chemistry and aerosol is used to explore the influence of coral reef-derived DMS on atmospheric composition and climate. A simple representation of coral reef-derived DMS is developed and added to a common DMS surface water climatology, resulting in an additional DMS flux of 0.3 Tg year−1 S, or 1.7 % of the global flux. By comparing the differences between both nudged and free running ensemble simulations with and without coral reef-derived DMS, the influence of coral reef-derived DMS on regional climate is quantified. In the Maritime Continent-Australian region, where the highest density of coral reefs exist, a small decrease in nucleation and Aitken mode aerosol number concentration and mass is found when coral reef DMS emissions are removed from the system. However, these small responses are found to have no robust effect on regional climate via direct and indirect aerosol effects. This work emphasises the complexities of the aerosol-climate system and the limitations of current modelling capabilities are highlighted, in particular surrounding convective responses to changes in aerosol. In conclusion we find no robust evidence that coral reef-derived DMS influences global and regional climate.
Inter-calibration of nine UV sensing instruments over Antarctica and Greenland since 1980
Authors: Weaver Clark J. , Bhartia Pawan K. , Wu Dong L. , Labow Gordon J. , Haffner David E.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Nadir-viewed intensities (radiances) from nine UV sensing satellite
instruments are calibrated over the East Antarctic Plateau and Greenland
during summer. The calibrated radiances from these UV instruments ultimately
will provide a global long-term record of cloud trends and cloud response
from ENSO events since 1980. We first remove the strong solar zenith angle
dependence from the intensities using an empirical approach rather than a
radiative transfer model. Then small multiplicative adjustments are made to
these solar zenith angle normalized intensities in order to minimize
differences when two or more instruments temporally overlap. While the
calibrated intensities show a negligible long-term trend over Antarctica and a statistically insignificant UV albedo trend of −0.05 % per decade
over the interior of Greenland, there are small episodic reductions
in intensities which are often seen by multiple instruments. Three of these
darkening events are explained by boreal forest. Other events are caused by
surface melting or volcanoes. We estimate a 2-sigma uncertainty of 0.35 %
for the calibrated radiances.
Evaluation of Historic and Operational Satellite Radar Altimetry
Missions for Constructing Consistent Long-term Lake Water Level
Records
Authors: Shu Song , Liu Hongxing , Beck Richard A. , Frappart Frédéric , Korhonen Johanna , Lan Minxuan , Xu Min , Yang Bo , Huang Yan
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Thirteen satellite missions have been launched since 1985, with different types of radar altimeters onboard. This study intends to make a comprehensive evaluation of historic and currently operational satellite radar altimetry missions for lake water level retrieval over the same set of lakes and to develop a strategy for constructing consistent long-term water level records for inland lakes at global scale. The lake water level estimates produced by different retracking algorithms (retrackers) of the satellite missions were compared with the gauge measurements over twelve lakes in four countries. The performance of each retracker was assessed in terms of the data missing rate, the correlation coefficient r, the bias, and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the altimetry-derived lake water level estimates and the concurrent gauge measurements. The results show that the model-free retrackers (e.g. OCOG/Ice-1/Ice) outperform the model-based retrackers for all missions, particularly over small lakes. Among the satellite altimetry missions, Sentinel-3 gave the best results, followed by SARAL. ENVISat has slightly better lake water level estimates than Jason-1 and -2, but its data missing rate is higher. For small lakes, ERS-1 and ERS-2 missions provided more accurate lake water level estimates than Topex/Poseidon mission. In contrast, for large lakes Topex/Poseidon is a better option due to its lower data missing rate and shorter repeat cycle. GeoSat and GeoSat Follow-On (GFO) both have extremely high data missing rate. Although several contemporary radar altimetry missions provide more accurate lake level estimates than GFO, GeoSat was the sole radar altimetry mission between 1985 and 1990 that provided the lake water level estimates. With a full consideration of the performance and the operational duration, the best strategy for constructing long-term lake water level records should be a two-step bias correction and normalization procedure. In the first step, use Jason-2 as the initial reference to estimate the systematic biases with Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1 and Jason-3 and then normalize them to form a consistent Topex/Poseidon-Jason series. Then, use Topex/Poseidon-Jason series as the reference to estimate and remove systematic biases with other radar altimetry missions to construct consistent long-term lake water level series for ungauged lakes.
Measuring the state and temporal evolution of glaciers using
SAR-derived 3D time series of glacier surface flow
Authors: Samsonov Sergey , Tiampo Kristy , Cassotto Ryan
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The direction and intensity of glacier surface flow adjust in response to a warming climate, causing sea level rise, seasonal flooding and droughts, changing landscapes and habitats. However, until recently no single technique could consistently measure the evolution of surface flow for an entire glaciated region in three-dimensions with high temporal and spatial resolutions. We have developed such a technique and use it to map, in unprecedented detail, the temporal evolution of five glaciers in southeastern Alaska (Agassiz, Seward, Malaspina, Klutlan and Walsh) during 2016–2020. We observe seasonal and interannual variations and the maximum horizontal and vertical flow velocity in excess of 1000 and 200 m/year, respectfully. We also observe culminating phases of surging at Klutlan and Walsh glaciers and confirm that Agassiz, Seward and Malaspina glaciers continue to adjust to a warming climate. On a broader scale, this technique can be used for reconstructing the response of worldwide glaciers to the warming climate using nearly 30 years of archived SAR data and for near real-time monitoring of these glaciers using rapid revisit SAR data from satellites, such as Sentinel-1 (6 days revisit period) and forthcoming NISAR (12 days revisit period).
¿Es posible el pensamiento de Žižek hoy?
Authors: Espinoza Lolas Ricardo
Published: October 2020

Este artículo busca reflexionar sobre el pensamiento de Žižek en la actualidad, en la era de Coronavirus, y ver  cómo tal pensamiento tiene mucho que decirnos ante esta crisis mundial. Por una parte, ya no podemos seguir esperando en que acontezca una revolución, porque será otra mutación del Capitalismo que en vez de destruirlo lo hará más fuerte, pero, por otra parte, sí se puede esperar en esta crisis del Coronavirus que sea posible que acontezca otra forma de articularnos los unos a los otros, es el “amor” para Žižek; una cierta religión atea cristiana; a saber, una forma de entender el Comunismo hoy después de esta crisis mundial.
Clinical management for small bowel of Crohn’s disease in the treat-to-target era: now is the time to optimize treatment based on the dominant lesion
Authors: Watanabe Kenji
Published: October 2020

A treat-to-target strategy, in which treatment is continuously adjusted according to the results of scheduled objective monitoring, is optimal for patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) in the era of biologics. The small bowel is a common site of intractable CD, which may result from multiple strictures or expanding lesions. To improve the prognosis of patients with small bowel CD, lesions should be proactively monitored within the subclinical phase. Objective assessment of small bowel lesions is technically difficult, however, due to the relatively poor correlation between endoscopic activity and clinical symptoms or biomarker titers. The presence of proximal small bowel lesions and asymptomatic “Real Silent CD” must be considered. Endoscopy remains the gold standard to assess these lesions. In clinical practice, the advantages and disadvantages of each imaging modality and biomarker must be carefully weighed for appropriate application and reliable monitoring. The prevalence of small bowel lesions depends on the precision of the imaging modality used for detection. Clinical management should be based on the dominant location of the intestinal lesions rather than classical classification. Optimal strategies for detecting and treating small bowel lesions in patients with CD must be developed utilizing reliable, precise, and objective monitoring.
Maltrato en la Vejez
Authors: Letelier Correa Azucena
Published: October 2020

El presente artículo es una revisión bibliográfica que intenta describir el recorridohistórico que se ha realizado al intentar definir y dimensionar la problemática delmaltrato hacia el adulto mayor, desde sus inicios hasta nuestros días. Recorrido que llega a mostrar cómo se ha avanzado en Chile respecto del conocimiento de este fenómeno. Se describe cómo en Chile se define el maltrato y cuántos tipos de maltrato existen. Al mismo tiempo que se precisan las características de los actores (víctima–victimario) y los factores de riesgo que pueden llevar a una persona anciana a encontrarse en una situación de riesgo.
Construcción y estudio piloto de un cuestionario para evaluar comportamientos socialmente responsables en estudiantes universitarios
Authors: Espina Alvaro , Navarro Gracia , Salazar Loreto
Published: October 2020

Se construyó un cuestionario para evaluar el comportamiento socialmente responsable en estudiantes de la Universidad de Concepción. El instrumento cuenta con dos escalas: la primera evalúa la frecuencia del comportamiento, y la segunda la intención que subyace a éste. El instrumento fue sometido a validación de juecesexpertos. Luego se aplicó a una muestra piloto de treinta alumnos del primer año de la carrera de Psicología. Con los datos obtenidos y utilizando el programa estadístico Statistical Análisis System se encontraron altos índices de consistencia interna para ambas escalas y una influencia estadísticamente significativa de la segunda sobre la primera. Se enfatiza un modelo descriptivo del comportamiento socialmente responsable respaldado en el marco teórico y en los datos obtenidos.
Securing and Improving the Internet Architecture
Authors: Liu Austin
Published: October 2020

The information transfer protocol that supports the modern Internet with its hundreds of thousands of petabytes per month to billions of Internet users across the world was designed in 1981, and it lacks the capacity to properly ensure the security and stability of the Internet today. Features such as the prevention of network attacks, a large address space for the increasing number of devices, verification of the source of an Internet request, and so on are all absent from the current architecture. This paper seeks to review, summarize, and compare six proposals submitted to address the issues IP faces: the Accountable Internet Protocol, the Expressive Internet Architecture, MobilityFirst, Passport, StopIt, and the Traffic Validation Architecture. Finally, the paper details a protocol design that not only is feasible to adopt with the present infrastructure/computing power but also addresses some of the pressing issues of IP, with particular focus on the address space, mitigation of network attacks, and source verification.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Computer and Information Science, Vol. 13, No. 4
Authors: Lee Chris
Published: October 2020

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Computer and Information Science, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2020
The Liquidity Discount in the Italian Market
Authors: Bagna Emanuel
Published: October 2020

The illiquidity discount represents the reduction in the value of an asset because it cannot be easily sold. It is usually applied by appraisals in valuing a minority interest in a closely-held business. This article presents a literature review of the illiquidity discount and an analysis of the level of discount in Italy during the period 2003 - 2012. The analysis conducted made it possible to verify: a) the existence for the Italian market of a discount for lack of liquidity for shares with less turnover; b) the variability over time of that discount, thus agreeing with the literature that has found the premiums for liquidity risk vary over time. The discounts that were found are, nonetheless, smaller than those indicated in the literature. The descending trend over time for the discount would seem to be particularly consistent with the studies on restricted stocks.
La noción del paisaje en el alumnado de Educación Primaria: un análisis de su representación
Authors: Martínez-Medina Ramón , Ávila-Marín Covadonga
Published: October 2020

Este trabajo de investigación quiere poner de relieve la importancia del estudio del paisaje en Educación Primaria. El conocimiento y la relación con el paisaje mejoran la educación del ser humano y la adquisición de unos valores necesarios para la vida en sociedad. Por ello, se debe comenzar educando desde el aula, con los más pequeños, para que crezcan en un continuo conocimiento y contacto con el medio ambiente y el paisaje. El objetivo de la investigación es conocer cuáles son las representaciones que realiza el alumnado de Educación Primaria sobre el paisaje. La metodología empleada, de doble vía, cualitativa y cuantitativa, se ha basado en el análisis de los dibujos realizados por alumnado de cada ciclo de esta etapa educativa.
VigiFlood: Evaluating the Impact of a Change of Perspective on Flood Vigilance
Authors: Adam Carole
Published: October 2020

Emergency managers receive communication training about the importance of being ’first, right and credible’, and taking into account the psychology of their audience and their particular reasoning under stress and risk. But we believe that citizens should be similarly trained about how to deal with risk communication. In particular, such messages necessarily carry a part of uncertainty since most natural risks are difficult to accurately forecast ahead of time. Yet, citizens should keep trusting the emergency communicators even after they made forecasting errors in the past.

We have designed and implemented a serious game called Vigiflood, based on a real case study of flash floods hitting the South West of France in October 2018. In this game, the user changes perspective by taking the role of an emergency communicator, having to set the level of vigilance to alert the population, based on uncertain clues. Our hypothesis is that this change of perspective can improve the player’s awareness of flood risk, and response to future flood vigilance announcements.

We evaluated this game through an online survey where people were asked to answer a questionnaire about flood risk awareness and behavioural intentions before and after playing the game, in order to assess its impact. The results are encouraging, showing improved risk awareness, protective intentions, vigilance, and trust after playing. However, it also suggests that the current ’’game design” is still poor and unable to engage the general public, in particular school students. Future research will therefore address this issue.
Aquatic Motifs in the Perspective of Christian Theology in the Poetry of Wojciech Kudyba
Authors: Kucharczyk Łukasz
Published: October 2020

This article discusses the strategies of using aquatic motifs as evocations of Christian thought.
Such imagery of water, rivers or streams has a deeper meaning, allowing an interpretation focused
on theological refl ection about the setting of the poems. The analysis will be based on two poems
by Wojciech Kudyba: Kowaniec and Dunajec, as well as their translations into English: The Dunajec River
and The Kowaniec Stream, published in the anthology City of Memory. A bilingual Anthology of Contemporary Polish Poetry, edited and translated by Michael J. Mikoś with an introduction by Andrzej Niewiadomski. This anthology includes translations of many important contemporary authors, such as Wojciech Bonowicz, Przemysław Dakowicz, Krzysztof Koehler, Marcin Świetlicki and Tomasz Różycki.
Marina Tsvetaeva’s “poetics of the word”: a comparative analysis of English and Polish translations of the poem “A sledujuŝij’ raz – gluhonemaja”... (“But the next time – deaf-mute”...)
Authors: Piątkowska Józefina
Published: October 2020

The aim of my article is to reveal the characteristic qualities of Tsvetaea’s “poetics of the word” and to present the translators’ approach to it through a comparative analysis of an English and a Polish rendition of the poem “A sledujuŝij’ raz – gluhonemaja”... (“But the next time – deafmute”...). In the fi rst part of the article I present the poet’s approach to the word. In the second part I analyze the structure of the original poem and specify the criteria for evaluating the translations. The third part contains the discussion of the equivalence of the translations.
An Italian Translation of Jerzy Liebert’s “Jeździec”
Authors: Masi Leonardo
Published: October 2020

The article reconstructs the process of translating in Italian the poem Jeździec by Jerzy Liebert,
focusing in particular on the selection of the words and of the meter
Translations of Bolesław Leśmian’s ballads in the context of comparison between the Polish and the Ukrainian versification
Authors: Nalewajk Żaneta
Published: October 2020

The main goal of this article is to analyze translations of Bolesław Leśmian’s ballads in the context of comparison between the Polish and the Ukrainian versifi cation. This author examines the text of Świdryga i Midryga (Hopster and Bobster/ Whirlus and Twirlus) translated by Yuriy Bedryk, Marianna Kiyanovska, Yulia Lyskun, Viktor Koptylov, Vasyl Borovy, because its original rhythm is evidence that the Ukrainian culture inspired the poet in terms of sound. She also compares translations of the poem Żołnierz (Soldier) made by Rostyslav Radyshevski and Yulia Lyskun.
Broken rice in a fermented total mixed ration improves carcass and marbling quality in fattened beef cattle
Authors: Kotupan Salisa , Sommart Kritapon
Published: October 2020

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of replacing cassava chips with broken rice in a fermented total mixed ration diet on silage quality, feed intake, ruminal fermentation, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in the final phase of fattening beef cattle. Methods: Eighteen Charolais-Thai native crossbred steers (average initial body weight: 609.4±46 kg; average age 31.6 mo) were subjected to three ad libitum dietary regimes and were maintained in individual pens for 90 d before slaughter. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design by initial age and body weight with six replicates. The dietary regimens used different proportions of broken rice (0%, 16%, and 32% [w/w] of dry matter [DM]) instead of cassava chips in a fermented total mixed ration. All dietary treatments were evaluated for in vitro gas production and tested in in vivo feeding trials. Results: The in vitro experiments indicated that organic matter from broken rice was significantly more digestible than that from a cassava-based diet (p<0.05). Silage quality, nutrient intake, ruminal fermentation characteristics, carcass fat thickness, and marbling score substantially differed among treatments. The ruminal total volatile fatty acids, propionate concentration, dietary protein intake, and digestibility increased linearly (p<0.05) with broken rice, whereas acetate concentration and the acetate:propionate ratio decreased linearly (p<0.05) with broken rice (added up to 32 g/kg DM). Broken rice did not influence plasma metabolite levels or growth performance (p>0.05). However, the marbling score increased, and the carcass characteristics improved with broken rice. Conclusion: Substitution of cassava chips with broken rice in beef cattle diets may improve fattened beef carcass quality because broken rice increases rumen fermentation, fatty acid biosynthesis, and metabolic energy supply.
A Lossy Capacitance Measurement Circuit Based on Analog Lock-in Detection
Authors: Demirtas Mehmet , Erismis Mehmet Akif , Gunes Salih
Published: October 2020

This paper presents a lossy capacitance measuring circuit which is based on analog lock-in detection technique. Lossy capacitance can be modelled as a pure capacitor connected in parallel with a resistor. The measurement circuit mechanism consists of an excitation signal to drive the lossy capacitance, a transimpedance amplifier to produce a voltage, and a lock-in detection circuit to extract lossy values of capacitance. The lock-in detector multiplies its input with a square wave using switches and filters out high frequencies to give a DC output that is actually in proportional to the measured values. A field programmable gate array is employed to generate direct digital synthesis based sinusoidal excitation signal to generate reference signals required for demodulation and to measure the output of lock-in detection. The phase shift between the excitation signal and reference signals is controlled accurately in digital domain. Thus, due to the phase mismatch, errors are properly reduced. Also, analog phase shifter and analog switch-driving circuits are no longer required. Three different lossy capacitors realized using discrete components are simulated and tested. The maximum relative error is 1.62 % for the resistance measurement and 6.38 % for the capacitance measurement.
Implementation of an AFDX Interface with Zynq SoC Board in FPGA
Authors: Molina Fernando , Corral Pablo , Aljaro Miguel , De Scals Guillermo , Rodriguez Alberto
Published: October 2020

This work is based on the Hardware development of the Transmission part for the communication inside the satellite. Our goal is move as much as possible of the software part into the Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) matrix due to the single event upsets (SEU). This project is part of the collaborative project called “Mission: NET@SPACE”. It was chosen by the European Commission under the Seventh Framework Program for Research (FP7) to develop an Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet (AFDX) demonstrator based in FPGA. It has to be able to receive and transmit frames and enhance the robustness. The scheduling of the protocol should also be moved into the hardware, by still keeping a small footprint of the whole design. In this paper, we introduce the theory and used technologies, the project flow and development, including the decisions and milestones, to arrive at the end to the further possibilities and conclusions.
Der Schutz des Schwächeren im slowakischen Zivilrecht
Authors: Dobrovodský Róbert
Published: October 2020

This article raises questions about the protection of the weaker party in the Slovak civil law, and emphasizes the most significant legislative steps aimed at strengthening the social function of civil law rules in the Slovak Republic. The author analyses the national and European rules, and describes each instrument adopted by the national Slovak legislator during the last fifteen years. A good example of the instrument of the protection of the weaker party was the enshrinement of usury in 2014. This step can be considered as one of the most significant legislative steps aimed at strengthening the social function of civil law rules in the Slovak Republic. The enshrinement was not only motivated by the protection of the party in consumer relationships.
Zur (In)Korrektheit der erbrechtlichen Terminologie in der polnischen und deutschen Rechtssprache anhand ausgewählter Beispiele. Eine kritische Studie
Authors: Owsiński Piotr A. , Paluch Anna
Published: October 2020

The linguistic picture of the world as the way of perception of the world determined by the culture and reflected in the language, as well as communicative function of language may constitute a basis for research of two questions: 1) whether - and to what extent - a term used in communication act reflects the intention of the speaker and corresponds to the reflection of the picture of this term in his or her mind; 2) whether the term expressed by the speaker evokes the same - or at least similar - picture in the recipient’s mind. The importance of this matter becomes particularly evident in respect of legal language within the scope of which the utterance precision shall be the main goal of legislators. This article is an attempt at finding the answer whether the terms of Polish and German languages of inheritance law always express the content they shall reflect or whether there are such terms in both languages which suggest on the linguistic basis another content than that supposed by the legislators. The article presents the results of the analysis of the chosen terms describing institutions of Polish and German inheritance law in consideration of the representation function of the terms and the linguistic picture of the world reflected in them.
How Does the Unfair Contract Terms Directive Penetrate National Legal Systems? – A Case Study Based on Mortgage-Secured Loans for Housing Purposes, Indexed or Denominated in CHF in Poland
Authors: Wiewiórowska-Domagalska Aneta
Published: October 2020

The main aim of this article is to present the process of how the Unfair Contract Terms Directive was accepted into the Polish legal system. In order to do so, it first briefly explains, how the problem that allowed the massive testing of the Unfair Contract Terms Directive, i.e. the vast amount of consumer mortgage-secured loans for housing purposes, indexed or denominated in CHF (further: the CHF loans) came into existence in Poland. The story of the CHF loans also perfectly illustrates how the Polish legal system, which had taken a very liberal turn after 1989, struggles with the EU consumer protection concepts (which might also be representative for other countries of young democracies). It shows how the lack of adequate reactions of the governmental agencies led to burdening the judiciary system with the weight of the CHF loans problem, and how the Polish courts have not been sufficiently prepared for applying EU law. As an example, the article presents three issues that are at different stages of development when it comes to the completeness of the dogmatic construction, and which vary, when it comes to the degree of their intertwining with EU law.
Maßnahmen der rumänischen Regierung zur Abfederung der verheerenden Folgen der Schweizer Franken-Kredite
Authors: Alunaru Christian
Published: October 2020

The crisis of financial markets has resulted in dramatic discrepancies between the major currencies. The unforeseen, significant rise in the value of the Swiss franc has in turn led to a very high exchange rate between the Romanian currency (RON) and the Swiss franc, impacting many debtors of Romanian citizens who had concluded Swiss franc loan agreements, and who had then become unable to pay off their loans anymore in the light of the higher exchange rate. In order to alleviate these harsh consequences, the Romanian legislator has passed a law, providing for alternative means of debt payments, namely through so-called “transfer in lieu of payment.” This article analyses this statutory solution, shedding light on problems resulting from this legal institute, in particular in the context of Romanian and European jurisdiction. It concludes that “transfer in lieu of payment” has turned out to be an unfavorable legal instrument - in contrast to other, already well established legal solutions for these particular cases - such as resolving disputes between debtors and creditors over CHF debt payments through legislation on unfair contract terms, or private insolvency rules.
Philosophical Foundations for the Organization of Religious Knowledge: Irreconcilable Diversity or a Unity of Purpose?
Authors: Broughton Vanda , Lomas Elizabeth
Published: October 2020

: We examine the way in which religion is managed in the major library classification schemes and in archival practice and how and why bias and misrepresentation occur. Broad definitions of what is meant by diversity and religious pluralism and why it is a cause for concern precede a discussion of the standard model of interreligious attitudes (exclusivism/inclusivism/pluralism) with particular reference to the philosophy of John Hick. This model is used as a lens through which to evaluate knowledge organization systems (KOSs) for evidence of comparable theoretical positions and to suggest a possible typology of religious KOSs. Archival and library practice are considered, and, despite their very different approaches, found to have some similarities in the way in which traditional societal structures have affected bias and misrepresentation of religious beliefs. There is, nevertheless, evidence of a general move towards a more pluralistic attitude to different faiths.
Surveiller pour soigner
Authors: Boulanger Clémentine
Published: October 2020

Angesichts von Covid 19 versinken Staaten in einen Gesundheitsnotstand, um die Pandemie einzudämmen, die eine konstant steigende Zahl von Opfern fordert. Der Gesundheitsnotstand bringt Maßnahmen hervor, die an jene vom Philosophen Michel Foucault beschriebenen Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der Pest im 17. Jahrhundert oder auch die während der beiden Weltkriege des 20. Jahrhunderts ergriffenen und von Giogio Agamben hervorgehobenen, erinnern. Überwachung und soziale Kontrolle treten auf, Ausnahmegesetzgebung wird verabschiedet und der Rechtsstaat hält den Atem an in Luxemburg und den umliegenden Staaten an. Ziel des vorliegenden Aufsatzes ist es, die von den Staaten im Kampf gegen Covid 19 eingesetzten Maßnahmen zur Überwachung und sozialen Kontrolle ans Licht zu bringen und die Auswirkungen des Ausnahmezustands auf die Zivilgesellschaft zu verstehen.
Nos perspectives de l’état de crise
Authors: Maury Oriana , Oé Julie , Sala Meriem
Published: October 2020

Der folgende Text umfasst drei Beiträge von Jurastudentinnen im ersten Jahr der Universität Luxemburg, die im Rahmen der Einführungsvorlesung zum Strafrecht entstanden sind. Die aktuelle durch Covid 19 verursachte Gesundheitskrise bildet den roten Faden der drei Beiträge, die sich jeweils aus einem unterschiedlichen Blickwinkel mit der gleichen Problematik auseinandersetzen: Wie lässt sich die Regulierung der gesundheitlichen Krisensituation mit den Prinzipien des Rechtsstaates vereinbaren? Der erste Beitrag konzentriert sich auf die Voraussetzungen für die Erklärung des gesundheitlichen Notstandes in Luxemburg, ohne dabei den Grundrechten und -freiheiten der Bürger Schaden zuzufügen. Ziel des zweiten Beitrags ist der kritische Vergleich der rechtlichen Vorgehensweise im Umgang mit der epidemiologischen Krise in Luxemburg und anderen Ländern. Der dritte und letzte Beitrag untersucht schließlich den Zusammenhang zwischen den Maßnahmen, die infolge der Erklärung des Gesundheitsnotstandes ergriffen wurden, und dem potentiellen Risiko eines autoritären Abdriftens.
Novel Biosensing Strategies for the in Vivo Detection of microRNA
Authors: Zhang Junling , Zhao Shanshan , Wu Jikui
Published: October 2020

As a regulatory molecule of post-transcriptional gene expression, microRNA (miRNA) is a class of endogenous, non-coding small molecule RNAs. MiRNA detection is essential for biochemical research and clinical diagnostics but challenging due to its low abundance, small size, and sequence similarities. In this chapter, traditional methods of detecting miRNA like polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA microarray, and northern blotting are introduced briefly. These approaches are usually used to detect miRNA in vitro. Some novel strategies for sensing miRNAs in vivo, including hybridization probe assays, strand-displacement reaction (SDR), entropy-driven DNA catalysis (EDC), catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA), hybridization chain reaction (HCR), DNAzyme-mediated assays, and CRISPR-mediated assays are elaborated in detail. This chapter describes the principles and designs of these detection technologies and discusses their advantages as well as their shortcomings, providing guidelines for the further development of more sensitive and selective miRNA sensing strategies in vivo.
A Comprehensive Overview of Mobility and Aging in the Year 2020 (and beyond)
Authors: Lunsman O’Connor Melissa
Published: October 2020

Mobility can be defined as the ability to move effectively and purposefully though the environment in order to accomplish goals. Mobility can be conceptualized and measured in four broad ways. First, the speed, success, and quality of specific movements can be measured, such as gait and balance. Second, one can assess a person’s ability to complete activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) that involve movement. Third, the occurrence of adverse events, such as falls and motor vehicle crashes, can be measured. Finally, the range of a person’s movement inside and outside the home can be assessed. Regardless of how it is conceptualized, mobility is one of the most important determinants of quality of life and independence in adulthood. Unfortunately, the prevalence of mobility limitations increases with age. This book chapter will provide a comprehensive overview of mobility among older adults.
Operative Hemostasis in Trauma and Acute Care Surgery: The Role of Biosurgical Agents
Authors: Dammann Kyle , Gifford Amanda , Kelley Kathryn , P. Stawicki Stanislaw
Published: October 2020

Trauma and acute care surgery (TACS) constitutes the foundation of emergency surgical services in the United States. Blunt and penetrating traumatic injuries are a leading cause of death worldwide. Non-trauma general surgical emergencies are also a major source of morbidity and mortality. Operative interventions performed within the scope of TACS often revolve around the core principles of contamination control, hemostasis, surgical repair, and subsequent functional restoration. Hemorrhage control is an integral part of emergent operative interventions, and while most instances of surgical bleeding require direct suture ligation or some other form of direct tissue intervention, some circumstances call for the use of adjunctive means of hemostasis. This is especially applicable to situations and settings where direct applications of surgical energy, suture ligation, or direct compression are not possible. Difficult-to-control bleeding can be highly lethal and operative control can be very challenging when confounded by the lethal triad of acidosis, coagulopathy and hypothermia. Topical biosurgical materials (BSM) are of great value in such scenarios, and their use across a variety of settings, from pre-hospital trauma application to emergency general surgery operations, represents an important adjunct to improve patient outcomes. Here we present the different BSMs, discuss their various uses, and provide insight on future applications and developments in this important area.
Phototherapy in Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Lesiak Aleksandra , Ciazynska Magdalena , Narbutt Joanna
Published: October 2020

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory, recurrent and chronic disease that occurs in 2–10% of the population. Therapy of AD could be divided into topical (corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors) and systemic (cyclosporine, methotrexate, azathioprine or biological treatment). Phototherapy is taken into consideration as a second-line treatment, when topical therapy is unsuccessful. We distinguish many types of phototherapy, e.g. narrowband UVB (311–313 nm), UVA-1 therapy (340–400 nm), UVA/B combination, UVA therapy plus 8-methoxypsoralens (PUVA), 308 nm excimer laser (EL) and blue light. Phototherapy is effective in many cases, whether in adults or in children. It should be remembered that during therapy possible side effects may occur. Among them the risk of carcinogenesis is the most severe.
BIM Approach for Smart Infrastructure Design and Maintenance Operations
Authors: Antonio Biancardo Salvatore , Viscione Nunzio , Oreto Cristina , Russo Francesca
Published: October 2020

In the age of the Internet-of-Things and Big Data, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is being expanded into sectors for which it was not originally designed, such as the infrastructure sector, and becomes a necessity for the planning and management of smart cities. The digitization of the urban environment, its building and infrastructural heritage and its services is at the center of the concept of smart city, and this appears strongly linked to the use of BIM on an increasingly extended scale as an enabling tool for planning cities that are increasingly intelligent, sustainable, interconnected and above all liveable. In this chapter a creation process for the digitalization of existing roads, as well-known as reverse engineering method, will be shown as follows: a) modeling 3D digital terrain model; b) creating the horizontal alignment, vertical profiles and editing cross-sections; c) modeling the 3D corridor. As a response to long-term development between BIM and road engineering, this chapter will contribute also by offering innovative and practical solutions for integration of road design and pavement analysis, for a better management and optimization of road pavement maintenance.
Sustained Quality and Service Delivery in an Expanding Point-of-Care Testing Network in Remote Australian Primary Health Care
Authors: Matthews Susan Janet , Spaeth Brooke , Duckworth Lauren , Richards Janet Noreen , Prisk Emma , Auld Malcolm , Quirk Tina , Omond Rodney , Shephard Mark D. S.
Published: October 2020

Context.—

Since 2008, the Northern Territory Point-of-Care Testing Program has improved patient access to pathology testing for acute and chronic disease management for remote health services.

Objective.—

To evaluate the analytical quality, service delivery, and clinical utility of an expanding remote point-of-care testing network.

Design.—

Four years (2016–2019) of data on analytical quality, test numbers, and training statistics and 6 months of clinical point-of-care testing data from Abbott i-STATs at remote health services throughout the Northern Territory were analyzed to assess analytical performance, program growth, and clinical utility.

Results.—

From 2016 to 2019, point-of-care test numbers increased, with chemistry and blood gas testing more than doubling to 8500 and 6000 tests, respectively, troponin I testing almost doubling (to 6000), and international normalized ratio testing plateauing at 8000 tests. Participation in quality control and proficiency testing was high, with quality comparable to laboratory-based analytical goals. A shift toward flexible training and communication modes was noted. An audit of point-of-care test results demonstrated elevated creatinine, associated with chronic kidney disease management, as the most common clinically actionable patient result.

Conclusions.—

The Northern Territory Point-of-Care Testing Program provides high quality point-of-care testing within remote primary health services for acute and chronic patient management and care. Clinical need, sound analytical performance, flexibility in training provision, and effective support services have facilitated the sustainability of this expanding point-of-care testing model in the remote Northern Territory during the past 11 years.
In Vitro Comparison of Physical Parameters, Enzyme Activity, Acid Resistance, and pH Dissolution Characteristics of Enteric-Coated Pancreatic Enzyme Preparations: Implications for Clinical Variability and Pharmacy Substitution
Authors: Kuhn Robert J. , Eyting Sabine , Henniges Friederike , Potthoff Andreas
Published: October 2020

OBJECTIVE Pancreatic enzyme products were available before the 1938 passage of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and have to date been marketed without required safety and efficacy testing. Despite a lack of demonstrated bioequivalence, they are often substituted for each other without physician or patient consent or monitoring. We investigated the in vitro variability of key performance parameters among a representative group of currently available pancreatic enzyme formulations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Three “branded” preparations (Creon 20 Minimicrospheres, Pancrease MT 20, Ultrase MT 20) and 3 “generic” formulations (Pangestyme CN-20, Pancrelipase 20,000 URL, and Lipram CR 20) were evaluated in vitro for physical parameters of the capsules, actual vs. labeled enzyme activity, resistance of the enteric coating to simulated gastric acid, and kinetics of simulated duodenal lipase release. All products were labeled as providing 20,000 units of lipase activity per capsule.

RESULTS All products varied considerably in the percentage relationship between actual and labeled lipase activity. Actual lipase activity exceeded 165% of the label claim in 4 batches of the Pangestyme product and 1 batch of the Lipram product. All batches of the Creon, Lipram, Ultrase, and Pancrease products were found to have residual lipase activity above 80% of their baseline measurements after testing in simulated gastric acid; residual lipase activity varied significantly among batches of the Pangestyme product and was only 1% for the Pancrelipase product. The Creon and Lipram products demonstrated effective protection by the enteric coating at pH <6.0 and rapid release of enzymatic activity at pH ≥6.0. The Pangestyme and Pancrelipase products showed substantial activity of released enzymes already at pH 5.0. Release kinetics were inconsistent between batches for the Ultrase and Pancrease products.

CONCLUSION This study confirms the existence of “branded”-to-“generic,” product-to-product, and batch-to-batch variability among representative pancreatic enzyme formulations with pharmaceutically equivalent labels. The results confirm current cautions regarding pharmacy substitution of pancreatic enzyme products and support the announcement by the US Food and Drug Administration, made subsequent to this study, that as of April 2008 approved new drug applications will be required in order to ensure the quality, potency, and stability of these products.