bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disseminated Mycobacterium abscessus infection with osteoarticular manifestations as an important differential diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis: A case report and literature review
Authors: Watanabe Chihaya , Yoshida Yusuke , Kidoguchi Genki , Kitagawa Hiroki , Shoji Takeshi , Nakamoto Naoki , Oka Naoya , Sugimoto Tomohiro , Mokuda Sho , Hirata Shintaro
Published: September 2023

This case report describes a 52-year-old immunocompromised man diagnosed with disseminated Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) infection. The patient had a history of malignant lymphoma and presented with fever and polyarthritis that lasted 3 weeks. Upon initial evaluation, blood and synovial fluid cultures from the swollen joints were negative. Reactive arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis was suspected as the cause of inflammatory synovitis in multiple joints. Administration of prednisolone followed by an interleukin-6 inhibitor improved the fever, but polyarthritis persisted, and destruction of the left hip joint was observed. Two months later, M. abscessus was detected in a blood culture and right shoulder joint synovium, leading to a final diagnosis of disseminated MABC infection. The joint symptoms resolved with combined antimicrobial therapy using amikacin, azithromycin, and imipenem/cilastatin. To date, 12 cases of disseminated MABC infection with osteoarticular manifestations have been reported. A total of 13 cases, including the present case, were reviewed. Seven patients had bone involvements, five had joint involvement, and the remaining one had bursa involvement. All the cases with joint involvement, except for our case, presented with monoarthritis. MABC infection is diagnosed based on the demonstration of MABC itself. Clinicians should keep disseminated MABC infection in mind as a possible cause of persistent arthritis. As demonstrated in our case, multiple replicate cultures of blood or specimens from the affected sites may be needed to detect it.
Dissecting the contributions of organic nitrogen aerosols to global atmospheric nitrogen deposition and implications for ecosystems
Authors: Li Yumin , Fu Tzung-May , Yu Jian Zhen , Yu Xu , Chen Qi , Miao Ruqian , Zhou Yang , Zhang Aoxing , Ye Jianhuai , Yang Xin , Tao Shu , Liu Hongbin , Yao Weiqi
Published: September 2023

Atmospheric deposition of particulate organic nitrogen (ONp) is a significant process in the global nitrogen cycle and may be pivotally important for N-limited ecosystems. However, past models largely overlooked the spatial and chemical inhomogeneity of atmospheric ONp and were thus deficient in assessing global ONp impacts. We constructed a comprehensive global model of atmospheric gaseous and particulate organic nitrogen (ON), including the latest knowledge on emissions and secondary formations. Using this model, we simulated global atmospheric ONp abundances consistent with observations. Our estimated global atmospheric ON deposition was 26 Tg N yr−1, predominantly in the form of ONp (23 Tg N yr−1) and mostly from wildfires (37%), oceans (22%) and aqueous productions (17%). Globally, ONp contributed as much as 40% to 80% of the total N deposition downwind of biomass-burning regions. Atmospheric ONp deposition thus constituted the dominant external N supply to the N-limited boreal forests, tundras and the Arctic Ocean, and its importance may be amplified in a future warming climate.
A Critical Review of E-Cigarette Regulation in China: Challenges and Prospects for Youth Prevention and Tobacco Control
Authors: Jiang Jiayi , Zheng Zexing
Published: September 2023

Introduction

The increasing popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has led to the emergence of public health concerns, particularly among the youth. As a major producer and exporter of e-cigarettes, China has faced public health challenges in regulating the unregulated e-cigarette industry.

Aims and Methods

This study aims to evaluate the regulatory development of e-cigarettes in China. We searched and obtained national policy documents related to e-cigarettes and subnational smoke-free laws from LexisNexis on August 2, 2023, which were enacted between January 1, 2023 and July 31, 2023. We used 99 policy documents for the final analysis, specifically 68 national policy documents on e-cigarettes and 31 subnational smoke-free laws. We chronologically reviewed these policy documents in full text and summarized them on the basis of their content and the requirements of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC).

Results

Chinese policymakers established the current regulatory framework for e-cigarettes by amending, enacting, and enforcing laws and regulations. E-cigarettes are categorized as tobacco products, and the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration regulates the e-cigarette industry. The Chinese authorities prioritize youth prevention in strengthening the regulation on e-cigarettes. China adopts various tobacco control measures for e-cigarettes and cigarettes.

Conclusions

China gained certain degrees of progress on tobacco control by regulating e-cigarettes and adopting measures required by the WHO FCTC. However, tobacco monopoly hinders the full realization of tobacco control goals, which necessitates the National Health Commission to assume its responsibility for the complete implementation of the WHO FCTC.

Implications

This study presents a critical review of the development of e-cigarette regulation in China by reviewing relevant policy documents and analyzing tobacco control measures. It recognizes the degrees of progress of tobacco control measures and highlights tobacco monopoly as a significant hindrance of the full implementation of the WHO FCTC. Furthermore, empirical studies are required on the enforcement of tobacco control measures in China.
Introduction to the Handbook
Authors: Rangarajan Anu
Published: September 2023

This handbook brings together evaluation approaches relevant across the program life cycle, from program design, to implementation, and ultimately to the scaling up of successful interventions. It fills a gap in available publications, which are predominantly focused on impact evaluations and inadequately grounded in methods that can address why programs succeed or fail, as well as their potential to contribute to broader and more systemic change. This chapter starts by setting the context and describes key questions relevant to each stage of the program life cycle. The second section highlights four cross-cutting considerations that social programs today must confront, including (1) ensuring culturally responsive and equitable evaluations, (2) the decolonization of evaluation practices, (3) adapting to the COVID-19 pandemic and other global health crises, and (4) understanding the impact of climate change on social programs. The last section describes how this handbook can be used and highlights relevant evaluation topics and case studies covered in each section of the handbook.
Evaluating Systems
Authors: Kaffenberger Michelle , Silberstein Jason , Spivack Marla
Published: September 2023

While conventional interventions and evaluations address the symptoms of the learning crisis, there is growing acknowledgment that widespread and sustained learning improvements will require systems approaches that diagnose and address the root causes of low learning. This chapter presents and applies three methods to evaluate education systems and inform how to improve system coherence for learning. First, it describes the learning trajectories to evaluate the dynamics of children’s learning in 22 low- and middle-income countries. Second, it presents a set of principles called the ALIGNS principles and show how they can be used to evaluate and improve alignment of curricula, assessments, and teacher support and instruction. Third, it presents a systems diagnostic framework and applies it to a program in South Africa, showing how the program takes a systems approach to improve learning. These tools help concretize systems thinking and bring insights to bear on the design and evaluation of policies and programs intended to improve learning.
Using Rapid-Cycle Evaluation to Improve Program Design and Delivery
Authors: Bagby Emilie , Rangarajan Anu
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses rapid-cycle evaluation (RCE) approaches to inform decisions related to program design and to support ongoing program improvement. As the name suggests, RCEs involve quick systematic tests to facilitate learning around programmatic elements. They can be used to diagnose challenges, identify facilitators to implementation and take-up, and test potential solutions. RCEs can be useful at early stages of implementation or program design to help identify operational choices that can maximize chances of a program’s success, as well as during program implementation if a program does not appear to be achieving the desired results. RCE approaches can also be used to test short-term program effectiveness, when taking a program to scale, or when seeking to adapt a successful implementation effort in a different context. This chapter describes the steps involved in implementing RCE and provides several instances of using RCE for program design and improvement.
Moral Conceptual Truths
Authors: Bengson John , Cuneo Terence , Shafer-Landau Russ
Published: September 2023

This chapter defends the view that a set of substantive moral propositions qualify as conceptual truths: they are true in virtue of the essences of their constituent concepts. The discussion has four distinctive features. First, it encompasses concrete moral claims regarding the moral status of richly intentional actions, specific character traits, and the like. Second, the view is backed by a systematic account of what it is to be a conceptual truth. Third, this account adverts to essences, rather than linguistic, semantic, psychological, or epistemic phenomena. Fourth, the argument provided on behalf of the view enables realists to address long-standing questions about the explanation of moral truths, while also supporting a key premise in a new argument for moral realism.
Ethical Naturalism, Non-Naturalism, and In-Between
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the issues surrounding ethical “naturalism” and “non-naturalism.” First, it seeks to clarify (a) the fundamental questions on the metaphysical side of metaethics, and (b) the most illuminating way (in this context) of conceiving of what is “natural.” Then the two dominant approaches in this debate are explained—reductive naturalism and primitivist non-naturalism. It is argued that each of these two paradigms is in a way an extreme view—and, indeed, that for much of the history of ethics philosophers defended views that were (in a sense that is explained here) intermediate between these two extremes. Admittedly, the intermediate views defended in ancient and medieval times cannot easily be endorsed today, given the development of modern natural science. Nonetheless, it is argued that there are some ways of making sense of such intermediate views—between reductive naturalism and primitivist non-naturalism—that it could still make sense to defend today. As it is argued in conclusion, some of the questions that such intermediate views could illuminate concern the nature of the metaphysical relations that hold between (a) moral properties, on the one hand, and (b) mental and social properties, on the other.
Metaphysical Structure for Moral Realists
Authors: McPherson Tristram
Published: September 2023

This chapter aims to help readers understand competing ways of thinking about the metaphysical commitments associated with different forms of “moral realism.” It explains a range of competing ways of understanding moral realism as a metaphysical thesis. It also discusses competing ways of understanding the metaphysical categories that feature centrally in debates among moral realists, such as reductive and nonreductive moral naturalism, and Moorean non-naturalism. In doing so, it aims to make clearer the relationship between these ways of thinking about morality, and a range of background views in metaphysics. These include views about properties and individuals; truths, propositions, and facts; and modal and grounding ideology.
Realism about the Good For Human Beings
Authors: Theunissen L. Nandi
Published: September 2023

Against those who contend that there is a basic duality between the moral and the nonmoral good, or the right and the good, the author articulates a form of realism that works with a unified conception of the good in which virtue and the beneficial are the key concepts, and in which the “moral good” is not foundationally distinctive, but explicable in terms of the good for human beings. The author argues: (a) that virtuous actions are such because and insofar as they (actually or potentially) protect, preserve, acknowledge, secure, or promote the good for human beings, and (b) that being appropriately responsive to the good for human beings is (at least part of) what it is to be a virtuous person, where this form of responsiveness can itself be shown to be good for the one who is so.
The Ubiquity, Importance, and Assessment of Agreeableness–Antagonism
Authors: Lynam Donald R. , Miller Joshua D.
Published: September 2023

Agreeableness–Antagonism (A-A) is a fundamental component of almost every major model of personality, personality disorder, and psychopathology. Rationally derived and empirical models of A-A yield an overall domain capturing one’s interest in and ability to connect with others in a reciprocally beneficial manner with lower-order factors related to callousness versus compassion, distrust versus trust, grandiosity versus modesty, combativeness versus affability, and deceitful/manipulativeness versus sincerity. This chapter reviews how this A-A factor fits in models of personality, personality pathology, and psychopathology; its structure; assessment options across various self-report inventories; its role in several important personality disorder constructs, including psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism; and its centrality as a correlate/predictor of many forms of antisocial behaviors.
Dynamics of the Electric Power Industry
Authors: Xia Chenxiao , Kikkawa Takeo
Published: September 2023

The electric power industry has revolutionized modern life and the industrial landscape since its origin in the late nineteenth century. This chapter discusses the dynamics of this industry through the lens of the socio-technical systems framework. The industry consists of a technical core and institutional components. Its driving forces and impacts of change over time include load factors, economic mix, corporate finance, international business, business-government relations, entrepreneurship, engineering education, and external shocks such as war. The future trend of this industry is determined by sustainable development goals; environmental, social, and governance criteria; digitalization; high-voltage direct-current technology; and the re-evaluation of scale economies and natural monopoly.
Mental Disorders in Feature Films—Addiction, Suicide, Delusion, Psychosis, and Schizophrenia
Authors: Poltrum Martin
Published: September 2023

Despite many limitations, feature films and series dealing with mental disorders have a didactic value for psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, social workers, caregivers, experts by experience, relatives of mentally ill people, and interested laypeople. Above all, this is shown in this article by means of the illustration of substance use, intoxication, ecstasy and addiction. Legal and illegal drugs play a major role in popular feature films and the addiction motif has been a popular theme in American and European cinema for over 100 years. In film, alcohol and drug consumption are either examined in a funny-comic, melodramatic-tragic, preventive-educational, propagandistic, social-critical, or aesthetic way. Besides the explanation of these perspectives, several drunkards, an amphetamine addict, and a suicidal character are mentioned in the article, who provide fascinating information about their suffering. Furthermore, this text gives an overview of how addiction, suicide, delusion, psychosis, and schizophrenia are portrayed in feature films. Important films (ninety in number) about these disorders are named and partially discussed and relevant literature on other special topics and mental disorders in film are at least partly mentioned.
‘Film is Psychosis’
Authors: Anderson Sal , Sen Dolly
Published: September 2023

The statement ‘film is psychosis’ underlies an analysis of key themes within the chapter, and brings into conjunction medical and creative practices in relation to the lived experience of the condition. This juxtaposition, highlighting reality as the central concept underscoring both film and psychosis, is presented through a European philosophical perspective of cinema. Film conventions deployed in the representation of reality, and definitions of psychosis by the medical profession, are scrutinized within an interdisciplinary framework. Parallel mechanisms are drawn between the processing of visual images in the brain and the perception and representation of reality in film. Two case studies of autobiographical films employing imagistic and narrative approaches to the cinematic representation of the experience of psychosis are analyzed in relation to film language and spectatorship. The chapter concludes with a recommendation for research into collaborative and innovative methods in which the engagement of filmmakers with lived experience of psychosis contributes to the development of a greater understanding of, and insight into, the experience of the condition, through the creative intervention of the filmmaking process.
Imaging Children’s Realities in Films
Authors: Kahn Alison L.
Published: September 2023

David MacDougall notes that films can ‘recover a dimension of human experience often lost in texts [ … ]. These emotions may in turn help the viewer to understand how and why people behave or interact as they do – how conversations are modulated by looking, gesturing, and touching’ (MacDougall, 2006, 58). Visual anthropological research foregrounds the study of cultural phenomena beyond the text; tangible and intangible expressions of material culture, such as: oral traditions, dance, music, object collections, photography, and art. Film as a tool of research, as well as a presentation of it, has been used to effect as an extension of ethnographic fieldwork methods that are at the heart of the anthropological enterprise. Ethnographic film graphically presents an ‘ethnos’—a culture of people, and favours inclusive approaches to the process of filmmaking between the filmmaker and the subjects of study. In this chapter, I identify three kinds of factual film that reveal children’s emotional connections to the world; each present a unique document to the world about the lives and thoughts of children and remain valuable resources of audio-visual material to those interested in understanding human and cultural behaviour. I highlight approaches to recording the sensual, verbal, and non-verbal forms of experience, as a mode of representation and revelation of explicit and subtle emotions in context, with the aim to move towards a more holistic understanding of children’s unique ways of being in the world.
Art and Trauma
Authors: Abramson Tania L. , Abramson Paul R.
Published: September 2023

Two aesthetic considerations were fundamental to our conceptualization of ‘Art and Trauma’. The first, and perhaps the more notable of the two, was the realization that curated memorials, like the Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial or The National Memorial for Peace and Justice, were prima facie evidence of the overwhelming power of aesthetics for transforming wretchedly catastrophic epochs into riveting sites of devastating illumination. We were also, at the same time, profoundly influenced by Nelson Goodman’s philosophy of aesthetics, in particular, his conclusion that even small bits of knowledge, about either an artwork or an artist, can modify how the viewer engages with that artwork. These two insights were then merged into a singular adage, awareness impacts viewers acutely. This is true of Holocaust memorials, where the ghastly artefacts, and the unfathomable story lines, are intrinsic to their aesthetic power, as it is equally true of the discovery that an artist was a victim of inconceivable torment is critical to how their artworks are experienced. It was the composite of those insights which gave birth to ‘Art and Trauma’, certainly as we now conceptualize it. What we ultimately gain from such visions is an unparalleled opportunity to engage with, and learn from, the intuitive side of torment. Understanding the latter is our aesthetic journey.
The Psychology of Art-Viewing
Authors: Starr Rachel A. , Smith Jonathan A.
Published: September 2023

A substantial body of research exists exploring the relationship between aesthetic engagement and well-being. Much of this involves the benefits associated with creativity and art-making. This chapter concerns perspectives on the psychology of art appreciation, specifically our understanding of interactions with visual art. In terms of art-viewing, well-being impacts have been described in numerous contexts and populations, from the social benefits of art viewed in a gallery to the transformative personal reflections of inmates viewing images in prisons. This diversity not only points to the potency of art appreciation in influencing how we feel, it also arguably reflects the challenges associated with defining, conceptualizing, and measuring encounters with artworks as necessitated by experimentation. Qualitative research offers a different set of tools for understanding human mental life. One such approach is Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, a method which foregrounds the idiographic inductive exploration of personal subjective experience. We report findings of a study in which IPA was used to explore the experience of looking at a painting, demonstrating the different kinds of understandings such an approach may contribute.
The Aesthetics of Dementia
Authors: Hughes Julian C.
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers, first, how a variety of art forms and artistic practices can help people living with dementia in a therapeutic or experiential sense. This is in essence a scoping review of the literature. It then looks at how the arts and aesthetics more generally might allow greater understanding of dementia. Through art, for instance, the subjective reality of living with dementia can be grasped (at least to an extent). Aesthetics leads to more profound consideration of selfhood or personhood. We are led to see the extent and importance of our embodiment and a broader view of our being-in-the-world, perhaps summed up by Keats’s notion of ‘negative capability’. In brief, what is required is an aesthetic approach to people living with dementia. Finally, the chapter speculates, using Thomas Gilby’s Poetic Experience, on the nature of aesthetic engagement, which can be regarded as a manifestation of love.
Platonic Proportions
Authors: Hobbs Angela
Published: September 2023

Despite the strict censorship of the arts advocated in the Republic, beauty is of central importance throughout Plato’s works. This entry examines in particular the role of harmony in Plato and considers how, when internalized in the psyche, it equates to virtue, mental health, and flourishing. What does Plato mean by harmonia and its cognates? How does he reach this notion of psychic harmony in theory, and how does he think it can be achieved in practice? What are the dangers inherent in his views on harmony and could there be any Platonic responses to them? I argue that Plato’s thinking on proportion and harmony has its roots in the Pythagorean application of mathematics to musical theory and the cosmos as a whole. Plato develops their work and extends it to the human psyche and society, arguing that early aesthetic education—both formal and informal—is vital: the child must first be taught to appreciate ‘true’, objective outer beauty before reason can understand the mathematical underpinnings of both outer and inner harmonies. The influence of Plato’s thinking about proportion and harmony on many traditions in western culture is briefly touched on, and challenges are raised. Do his theories open the door to psychiatric and political abuse? And if immersion in artistic beauty helps create inner harmony, how is it that some very wicked people have claimed to love the arts? I conclude by suggesting that Plato’s tripartite psychology can address some, but not all, of these challenges.
John Dewey’s Aesthetic Theory and Mental Health
Authors: Leddy Thomas
Published: September 2023

Although Dewey and his interpreters hardly mention ‘mental health’, neurosis, psychosis, or manic or depressive behaviour in relation to aesthetics, important connections can be made from various angles associated with various concepts, for example: democracy, education, art education, happiness, utopia, and the art of living. Positive aesthetic experience can be seen as providing an important basis for mental health. Particularly important is the juncture of Dewey and Freud As early as 1960, Morton Levitt found significant similarities between Feud and Dewey, often in relation to aesthetics. The literature on art therapy is another location of cross-fertilization between the theory and mental health and aesthetics. Dewey is most famously associated with theories of education, and particularly with art education. His concept of “integral experience” can provide the basis for a theory of human flourishing and hence of mental health. He holds that wrong education leads to aesthetically bad consequences, whereas right education is conducive to mental health and development. Such figures in contemporary aesthetics as Coddington, Garrison, Johnson, Shusterman, Saito, and Stroud provide valuable comparisons between the pragmatist and psychoanalytic traditions. The contemporary movement of positive psychology in Csikszentmihalyi, and earlier in Maslow, also has an affinity to Dewey’s aesthetics.
The Place of Health in Foucault’s Aesthetics of Existence
Authors: Wicks Robert L.
Published: September 2023

This essay considers Foucault’s aesthetics of existence in view of historical predecessors such as Plotinus, Winckelmann, Schiller, Hegel, and Nietzsche. It observes that Foucault’s looking back to the ancient Greeks for a model to free oneself from social oppression can be appreciated as a contemporary instance of how nineteenth-century thinkers looked back to the ancient Greeks as models for rejuvenation in light of the debilitating forces of industrialization and instrumental reason. These authors gravitated towards a conception of health as involving wholeness, creativity, self-integration, self-determination, and being at home in the world, consistent with the ideas of beauty and freedom. The essay then considers the place of health in relation to the values that Foucault associates with the aesthetics of existence, namely, freedom, beauty, and moderation. It then notes how both his and Nietzsche’s contrasting models of health operate similarly, although in an apparently exclusionary manner, upon a ‘dominance–submission’ model directed at oneself and argues for their complementarity rather than their mutual exclusivity. The essay concludes by considering the difficulty of reinstituting an aesthetics of existence in a world where globalization and the attractions of virtual reality prevail.
EMDR Therapy and Addiction
Authors: Harvey Logan R. , Kullack Claire
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides a summary of methods of treating addiction-related issues with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. The chapter commences with an overview of the issue of addiction and its complexities, including the issue of comorbidity and common issues in addiction treatment. This is followed by a discussion of how addiction is conceptualized in diagnostic systems and in EMDR therapy. The existing experimental and treatment research base is then discussed, including the empirical evidence for EMDR therapy approaches. The remainder of the chapter outlines the key adaptations and considerations for clinicians in providing treatment. This is discussed in the context of each of Shapiro’s eight phases of the standard EMDR protocol.
EMDR Therapy for Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Dominguez Sarah K. , Martin Kathleen M.
Published: September 2023

Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) is a new diagnostic category that incorporates the diagnostic criteria of posttraumatic stress disorder as well as three additional symptom clusters known as disturbances in self-organization. In this chapter, the evidence for using EMDR therapy for individuals with CPTSD is examined. EMDR therapy is shown to be an effective treatment for individuals with CPTSD, both as part of a phased approach and as a unimodal therapy. Further, several case studies are provided to identify the variation that exists between clients with CPTSD and the need to tailor each intervention plan to the individual client’s needs.
Managing Uncertainty in Life-Critical Systems
Authors: Boy Guy André
Published: September 2023

Uncertainty happens when people do not have enough information about a situation that compels them to act. The less correct information they have, the more their judgment will be based on beliefs and levels of trust. Conversely, the more they have correct information and knowledge, the more they will be certain of acting the right way. Uncertainty, ignorance, possibility, chance, and necessity are intimately related. Uncertainty is also related to situation awareness, which can be modeled as perception, comprehension, and projection. This is the reason people try to develop methods and tools to improve perception through various kinds of visualization techniques, comprehension through various kinds of reasoning techniques and tools (in the artificial intelligence sense), and projection through various kinds of abduction mechanisms (i.e., anticipate what will or could happen next). Accurate prediction can only refer, from a short-term perspective, to what happened before a situation is perceived (i.e., an event-driven or reactive causal approach). Conversely, longer term anticipation allows for guessing possible futures and testing them (i.e., a goal-driven or intentional approach). Claiming that uncertainty in systems engineering and complex operations is a matter of situation awareness, the proposed approach is based on a situational systemic framework, where complexity and flexibility are central factors to be considered to manage uncertainty in life-critical systems.
Borges
Authors: Balderston Daniel
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the Borges family and on the self-invention of Jorge Luis Borges through his conflicting and often fanciful autobiographical notes. Taking off from his declarations that biography is impossible, but also from the fact that he wrote many brief “synthetic biographies,” a biography of the poet Evaristo Carriego, and, late in life, dictated an autobiography, the chapter shows that the genre of the biography (and of autobiography) was both out of reach and irresistible. Despite presenting a healthy skepticism about the highly selective nature of biography, enigmatically, Borge presents emphatic images of himself throughout his career, though they differ and contradict each other.
Economic and Social Rights and the Environment
Authors: Daly Erin , May James R.
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes how courts are increasingly invoking economic and social rights in the service of environmental goals. While many countries have constitutional provisions that protect the environment in one way or another, courts tend to be more comfortable vindicating environmental rights, not through those guarantees but through or in alliance with already established economic and social rights. This chapter concludes, that while economic and social rights are playing an increasingly important role in addressing environmental degradation, significant implementation gaps remain.
Direct and Indirect Self-Injury
Authors: Rubæk Lotte , Møhl Bo
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides an overview of different forms of self-injurious behavior (SIB). A general distinction is made between direct and indirect SIB. Direct SIB is a deliberate intentional harmful behavior such as cutting or burning oneself while indirect SIB, such as overeating or substance abuse, is in itself not immediately harmful but increases the risk of harm occurring subsequently. Indirect SIB consists of various behaviors, and it does not make sense to describe indirect SIB as a uniform phenomenon. The authors propose a categorization of indirect non-suicidal SIB and review examples of behaviors that belong in each of the three categories proposed: (1) indirect self-injury (active or passive), (2) self-injury by proxy, and (3) risk-taking behavior. Persons who use direct and/or indirect SIB do so because they achieve a positive effect (benefit) here and now (e.g., in the form of emotion regulation) although it can have negative consequences in the short and/or long term. A positive correlation between direct and indirect SIB is found, but this varies for different types of indirect SIB. Barriers to different forms of SIB also vary and are more often lower in indirect SIBs that border on normal cultural behaviors (e.g., tobacco or alcohol use), than in more serious forms such as eating disorders. Further research is needed on the relationship between the different forms of direct and indirect SIBs to gain a better understanding of development trajectories and mediators to be able to make preventative and therapeutic efforts.
Guidelines, Policies, and Recommendations for Responding to NSSI in Schools and Universities
Authors: Baetens Imke , Lloyd-Richardson Elizabeth E. , Bloom Elana , Hamza Chloe A. , Hasking Penelope , Lewis Stephen P. , Bezugla Dariya , Meers Esther , Van Hove Lisa
Published: September 2023

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI; e.g., self-directed cutting, burning, or bruising without lethal intent) is a commonly occurring behavior among students in secondary and postsecondary school. Academic stressors, in addition to challenges associated with navigating adolescence and emerging adulthood, may contribute to heightened risk for NSSI among students. NSSI is associated with increased vulnerability for other mental health concerns and increased risk for suicidality, suggesting that providing early support and intervention for students who engage in NSSI is critically important. Despite the widespread prevalence of this behavior, students and staff often report feeling ill-equipped to respond and address NSSI in school-based contexts. The authors of this chapter, all members of the International Consortium on Self-injury in Educational Settings (ICSES), aim to provide the readers some guidelines and recommendations for NSSI policies in educational settings, due to the lack of research-informed policy guidelines and recommendations. Here, the authors underscore the importance of developing a school-based policy on NSSI to ensure consistent and effective identification, response, and support for students who self-injure. The authors describe the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder (e.g., students, teachers, parents, administrators, and school mental health practitioners) in implementing a policy on NSSI. Finally, the authors provide an example of a policy specifically developed and piloted for a university in Brussels, to serve as a template that can be used across a variety of educational settings. The chapter concludes with several suggested resources and links for additional information on supporting students who self-injure in schools.
Collaborative Strengths-Based Family Therapy with Nonsuicidal Self-Injuring Adolescents and Their Families
Authors: Selekman Matthew D.
Published: September 2023

This chapter presents an innovative ecosystemic strengths-based family therapy approach for nonsuicidal self-injuring adolescents and their families. Unlike most individual and family therapy approaches typically used with nonsuicidal self-injuring adolescents that tend to view these youths’ difficulties from problem and deficit-based lens, collaborative strengths-based family therapy focuses its attention on and utilizes what is right with the adolescents and their families to empower them to resolve whatever difficulties they wish to change. Celebrating and accentuating nonsuicidal self-injuring adolescents and their families’ strengths triggers positive emotions, helps foster cooperative partnerships with them, and co-creates a therapeutic climate ripe for change. Collaborative strengths-based family therapy capitalizes on the strengths, resources, and past successes of the adolescents, their families, involved key resource people from their social networks, and involved helping professionals from larger systems to rapidly co-construct solutions. After presenting the key theoretical influences and core assumptions of the model, major therapeutic tools and change strategies are presented. Although only qualitative research studies have been conducted with the collaborative strengths-based family therapy model, client outcome feedback regarding the benefits they experienced in receiving this approach have been highly positive. The chapter closes with a case example of a nonsuicidal self-injuring adolescent female presenting with multiple difficulties and treatment experiences, which nicely illustrates the collaborative strengths-based family therapy approach in action.
Land Is a Human Right
Authors: Claeys Priscilla , Cotula Lorenzo , Gilbert Jérémie , Golay Christophe , Kothari Miloon , Torres-Marenco Verónica
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the human right to land from both a historical and a normative perspective. It analyzes the key developments that have led to the recognition of the human right to land in international human rights law. The first part of the chapter explores land as a key component of other human rights, such as the rights to food, housing, property, and other economic, social, and cultural rights. The second part then describes how various international legal instruments came to recognize land as a self-standing human right. It discusses the various dimensions of the right to land and what this right means for different groups, with a focus on Indigenous Peoples, peasants, and other people working in rural areas. Finally, the third part explores current challenges for the implementation of the right to land, with an emphasis on forced evictions and displacements, the gender and intersectional dimensions, and the impacts of transnational corporations. The overall objective is to highlight the benefits of adopting a human rights approach to land issues, seeing land, not as a mere commodity, but as central to the realization of human rights.
Acceptability Judgments
Authors: Sprouse Jon
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores four ways in which formal acceptability judgment experiments can contribute to syntactic theory: (i) by exploring the validity and reliability of judgments to better establish the empirical base of the theory, (ii) by exploring differences among acceptability judgment tasks to better optimize syntactic investigations, (iii) by exploring the sources of acceptability judgment effects to better identify candidate theories of specific phenomena, and (iv) by exploring the continuous nature of acceptability and what that may, or may not, reveal about the architecture of the grammar. For each topic, this chapter reviews both the logic underlying the use of formal acceptability judgment experiments and a number of recent empirical findings.
Stratified Precision Medicine for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Hack Laura M. , Zandvakili Amin , Williams Leanne M.
Published: September 2023

While the precision effort using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in major depressive disorder (MDD) has mostly focused on more precise targeting, less progress has occurred in patient stratification. This chapter focuses on dysfunctions in large scale neural networks measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a means of identifying baseline predictors of TMS response and subtyping depressed individuals. Illustrating this approach, the chapter describes an innovative, large (target n = 100), pragmatic mechanistic TMS study embedded within the national Veterans Administration (VA) TMS Clinical Program involving 4 VA sites and standardized treatment parameters and neuroimaging protocols. The chapter concludes with a description of the promises and pitfalls of big data approaches for patient stratification in TMS in MDD.
Authors
Authors: Dobranski Stephen B.
Published: September 2023

Authors in the early modern period in England were essential for the creation of printed texts, but they were generally considered secondary to the other agents of bookmaking. This chapter examines the tension between writers’ limited authority within the early modern print trade—legally, practically, and financially—and their increased presence in printed texts. Privileging literary authorship but also taking into account other, more popular types of writing, the chapter addresses how manuscript practices, printing conventions, and reading habits contributed to the growing opportunity that writers experienced and claimed for themselves in creating their publications. By the late 1600s, authors continued to collaborate with Stationers, but they began to perceive—and, gradually, to exploit—the material text’s significance in shaping both the meaning of a literary work and the endurance of their own reputations.
Representing the Labour of Printing in Image and Text
Authors: Hunt Katherine
Published: September 2023

This chapter investigates how the technologies of the printed word were presented and described, in image and text. It focuses on images of the labour of printing, and on printed texts that aimed to describe and explain this labour. Over the course of our period, trades were opened up in print in new ways. The trend for printed instructional literature, covering topics from chess-playing to hunting to husbandry, was expanded to cover more codified artisanal, skilled labour too—including printing. This chapter shows how European images of printers at work, instructional texts about printing from seventeenth-century England and France, and a later georgic poem all aimed to reveal the work of printing both letterpress and copperplates, at the common and the rolling press. Both text and image work to make visible the labour of printing and, by codifying it, aim to set this work within a structure of trades which was at once more open, more respectable, and more strongly tied to the global.
Waste, Offcuts, Remains, Reuse
Authors: Reynolds Anna
Published: September 2023

Using Robert Darnton’s influential communications circuit as its model, this chapter tells the history of the early modern book in pieces. It outlines how waste paper was produced and used in the print shop, bookshop, and bindery, as well as more generally in the urban and domestic environment. It uses Thomas Urquhart’s Ekskybalauron (1652) as a case study: by attending to the textual genealogy told within its prefatory pages alongside the waste that we encounter, if we look for it, in Darnton’s circuit, we uncover additional dimensions in the history of the book. Building on recent scholarship on the mutability of early modern texts, we find a messy, multi-temporal, and non-linear history of loose sheets, bound books, and fragments. These books, book parts, and offshoots of books are central to both the material and imaginative lives of texts, and so shaped the literary culture of the period.
Book Modification
Authors: Wilson Georgina
Published: September 2023

This chapter thinks through the generative and literary affordances of book modification, including manuscript additions, cutting, erasing, binding, the addition of paper inserts, conservation, and digitalization. The chapter uses a range of original case studies drawn from rare book collections to show that book modification is simultaneously a cognitive, textual, and material act. The intervention of readers, binders, printers, and book collectors from the early modern period to the present day raises the question of when, if ever, a book can be said to be ‘finished’. Book modification, in its broadest sense, provides the trace of the life of the book through time, resisting the restrictive periodization of ‘the early modern book’ as a category error. Overall this chapter demonstrates the instability of the text which always exists in a state of modification and mediation.
Early Modern Books and Phonography
Authors: Smith Bruce R.
Published: September 2023

To varying degrees all early modern books can be regarded as forms of phonography, of ‘sound-writing’. Phonography has two aspects: (1) encoding sounds and (2) cues for decoding sounds. The engagement of different kinds of books with sound can be plotted along a continuum. At one end of the continuum are abcedaries, catechisms, the Book of Common Prayer, and foreign-language guides: books specifically designed to record sound and to foster its re-sounding. At the other end are textbooks in history, religion, natural history, and physic: books designed to convey large bodies of knowledge. In between can be ranged broadside ballads, educational dialogues, play-scripts, lyric poetry, prose narratives, and sermons. In the move along this continuum from ‘speaking books’ to ‘textbooks’, we also trace shifts in the physical size of books (from portable to hefty), occasions of use (from specific to general), and implied styles of reading (from oral to silent).
Owning, Preserving, and Transmitting the Text
Authors: Pearson David
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the development and purposes of private libraries between the sixteenth and early eighteenth centuries. It considers not only the growth and contents of these libraries but also questions around the ways in which we should study and approach them. Although our documentary heritage today is largely preserved in institutional libraries, its survival has depended significantly on what those libraries have taken in from individual book owners of the past. Consideration is given to the spread of book ownership, the ways that books were marked, and the kinds of books owned across various sectors of society.
‘Inlaid with inkie spots of jet’
Authors: Adams Brandi K.
Published: September 2023

This chapter invites readers to consider the role of premodern critical race studies (PCRS) and its connection to early modern book history. Using an expanded definition of book history by James Raven and research methodologies by premodern critical race scholars including Imtiaz Habib and Kim F. Hall, it examines the ways in which researchers may unintentionally reinforce structures of whiteness in historical research and in the field at large through small case studies. This experimental framework guides questioning of the role of race in early modern English printing and publishing including the title page of the 1615 edition of Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy; the ways in which Joseph Moxon employed racialized terms to describe elements of the printing house in Mechanick Exercises; and the roles which early modern people of colour had in the print industry, including Wowaus, an Indigenous Nipmuc man (also called James Printer) in 1659.