bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes to the proteome and targeted metabolites of xylem sap in Brassica oleracea in response to salt stress
Authors: FERNANDEZ‐GARCIA N. , HERNANDEZ M. , CASADO‐VELA J. , BRU R. , ELORTZA F. , HEDDEN P. , OLMOS E.
Published: January 2011

Root‐to‐shoot signalling via xylem sap is an important mechanism by which plants respond to stress. This signalling could be mediated by alteration in the concentrations of inorganic and/or organic molecules.

The effect of salt stress on the contents of xylem sap in Brassica olarecea has been analysed by mass spectrometry in order to quantify these changes. Subcellular location of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) by immunogold labelling and peroxidase isozymes was also analysed by isoelectrofocusing.

The xylem sap metabolome analysis demonstrated the presence of many organic compounds such as sugars, organic acids and amino acids. Of these, amino acid concentrations, particularly that of glutamine, the major amino acid in the sap, were substantially reduced by salt stress. The xylem sap proteome analysis demonstrated the accumulation of enzymes involved in xylem differentiation and lignification, such as cystein proteinases, acid peroxidases, and a putative hydroxycinnamoyl‐CoA:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase under salt stress. The peroxidase isozyme pattern showed that salt stress induced a high accumulation of an acid isoform.

These results suggest that xylem differentiation and lignification is induced by salt stress. The combination of different methods to analyse the xylem sap composition provides new insights into mechanisms in plant development and signalling under salt stress.
Bacterial screening by flow cytometry offers potential for extension of platelet storage: results of 14 months of active surveillance
Authors: Vollmer T. , Engemann J. , Kleesiek K. , Dreier J.
Published: January 2011

Background: Bacterial contamination is currently the major infectious hazard of platelet transfusion in developed countries. It has been demonstrated that a significant transfusion risk remains, in particular with older platelet concentrates (PCs). In 2009, the shelf life of PCs was therefore reduced in Germany to 4 days after the day of production according to Vote 38. The aim of the present study was the application and implementation of a recently developed flow cytometry‐based rapid screening method (BactiFlow) for bacterial contamination at the end of PC shelf life as a routine in‐process control.

Study design and methods: A total of 472 apheresis‐derived PCs were tested using the BactiFlow flow cytometric assay to detect and count bacteria based on esterase activity in viable bacterial cells, while the BacT/Alert automated culture system served as the reference method. The automation potential of the flow cytometric assay was analysed by applying the semi‐automated BactiFlow ALS system.

Results: An algorithm was developed for use in routine blood bank operations to extend the storage period of PCs. Two of the 472 apheresis PCs tested were positive in culture and identified as Propionibacterium species. One PC was positive for Staphylococcus aureus by both methods. All remaining specimens were tested negative by both methods.

Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that routine bacterial testing of PCs was successfully implemented and the established algorithm proved efficient. The BactiFlow flow cytometric assay is the first rapid screening method which is suitable for a routine application combined with a high sensitivity.
Outcomes of patients with cystic fibrosis undergoing lung transplantation with and without cystic fibrosis‐associated liver cirrhosis*
Authors: Nash E.F. , Volling C. , Gutierrez C.A. , Tullis E. , Coonar A. , McRae K. , Keshavjee S. , Singer L.G. , Durie P.R. , Chaparro C.
Published: January 2011

Nash EF, Volling C, Gutierrez CA, Tullis E, Coonar A, McRae K, Keshavjee S, Singer LG, Durie PR, Chaparro C. Outcomes of patients with cystic fibrosis undergoing lung transplantation with and without cystic fibrosis‐associated liver cirrhosis.  Clin Transplant 2012: 26: 34–41.  © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  People with severe cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease with co‐existent CF‐associated liver disease (CFLD) are often excluded from consideration of sole lung transplantation, largely because of the concerns that they will subsequently develop hepatic decompensation. This retrospective cohort study aimed at determining whether patients with severe cirrhosis caused by CFLD have any differences in perioperative and relevant post‐transplant outcomes compared to CF patients without CFLD when undergoing sole lung transplantation. Six patients with CFLD were matched with 18 CF patients without CFLD undergoing sole lung transplant at the same institution. There were no differences in total operative time or intra‐operative requirements for cardiopulmonary bypass or blood products. Over a period of five yr post‐transplant, no differences were observed between the two groups in body mass index, six‐min walk, lung function, and survival. None of the CFLD subjects developed variceal bleeding; however, one developed hepatocellular and renal failure at four yr post‐transplant and is being assessed for liver–kidney transplant. One additional patient with CFLD required repeat lung transplantation for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. This study provides evidence that CF patients with liver cirrhosis caused by CFLD can safely be considered for sole lung transplantation provided there is no evidence of significant hepatocellular dysfunction with decompensated cirrhosis or hepatic synthetic failure.
Blood transfusions in kidney transplant candidates are common and associated with adverse outcomes
Authors: Ibrahim Hassan N. , Skeans Melissa A. , Li Qi , Ishani Areef , Snyder Jon J.
Published: January 2011

Ibrahim HN, Skeans MA, Li Q, Ishani A, Snyder JJ. Blood transfusions in kidney transplant candidates are common and associated with adverse outcomes. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 653–659. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Surprisingly, there are no data regarding transfusion frequency, factors associated with transfusion administration in patients on the kidney transplant waiting list, or transfusion impact on graft and recipient outcomes. We used United States Renal Data System data to identify 43 025 patients added to the waiting list in 1999–2004 and followed through 2006 to assess the relative risk of post‐listing transfusions. In 69 991 patients who underwent transplants during the same time period, we assessed the association between pre‐transplant transfusions and level of panel‐reactive antibody (PRA) at the time of transplant, and associations between PRA and patient outcomes. The three‐yr cumulative incidence of transfusions was 26% for patients added to the waiting list in 1999, rising to 30% in 2004. Post‐listing transfusions were associated with a 28% decreased likelihood of undergoing transplant, and a more than fourfold increased risk of death. There was a graded association between percent PRA at the time of transplant and adjusted risk of death‐censored graft failure, death with function, and the combined event of graft failure and death. These data demonstrate that transfusions remain common and confirm the adverse association between transfusions and PRA, and high PRA and inferior graft and patient outcomes.
Impaired cellular immune response to diphtheria and tetanus vaccines in children after thoracic transplantation
Authors: Urschel Simon , Rieck Birgit D. , Birnbaum Julia , Dalla Pozza Robert , Rieber Nikolaus , Januszewska Katarzyna , Fuchs Alexandra , West Lori J. , Netz Heinrich , Belohradsky Bernd H.
Published: January 2011

Urschel S, Rieck BD, Birnbaum J, Dalla Pozza R, Rieber N, Januszewska K, Fuchs A, West LJ, Netz H, Belohradsky BH. Impaired cellular immune response to diphtheria and tetanus vaccines in children after thoracic transplantation. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 272–280. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Safety and immunogenicity of diphtheria and tetanus booster vaccination were evaluated in 28 children after thoracic transplantation. Adverse events were documented in a patient diary. Blood was collected prior to and four wk after vaccination. Specific antibody concentrations were measured by ELISA. Lymphocytes were investigated for expression of activation markers (CD25, HLA‐DR) by flow cytometry and proliferation assays with and without stimulation. Post‐vaccination antibody titers were higher than prevaccination (p < 0.001), with more patients having protective antibody levels against diphtheria (p < 0.02) and tetanus (p < 0.001). There was no increased proliferation in non‐stimulated or stimulated cultures after vaccination. The number of T‐lymphocytes activated by the vaccination antigens was similar pre‐ and post‐vaccination, whereas HLA‐DR‐expression on stimulated and non‐stimulated CD4+ T‐cells increased significantly. Increase in antibodies was negatively correlated with tacrolimus dose, and impaired cellular immunity was associated with higher tacrolimus dose and steroid use. Adverse events were similar to the general population; serious adverse events and rejection did not occur. Vaccination with inactivated vaccines can be performed safely in immunosuppressed children after thoracic transplantation and induces protective antibody levels in the majority of patients. Impaired induction of specific cellular immunity is correlated with intensity of immunosuppression and may explain reduced sustainability of antibodies.
Charles Darwin and marine biology
Authors: Rainbow Philip S.
Published: January 2011

In a celebration of the 200th anniversary of his birth in 1809, this short essay explores the influence of marine biology on Charles Darwin, and vice versa. Darwin made his first forays into the world of marine biology as a medical student in Edinburgh from 1825 to 1827. He came under the influence there of the Lamarckian Robert Grant, and developed an understanding of the simple organisation of the early developmental stages of marine invertebrates. Yet Darwin balked at Lamarckian transmutation. The voyage of the Beagle led to Darwin’s perceptive theory of the origin of coral reefs, an origin still mainly accepted today. This theory was steeped in the uniformitarianism of the geologist Lyell, depending on the slow, gradual growth of billions of coral polyps keeping pace with slow sinking of land to produce an atoll. From 1846 to 1854 Darwin revolutionised the understanding of barnacles, producing monographs still relevant today. His barnacle studies gave him the credibility to pronounce on the origin of species; he found great variation in morphology, and a series of related species with remarkable reproductive adaptation culminating in the presence of dwarf males. Barnacles showed him an evolutionary narrative laid out before him, and contributed greatly to his qualification and confidence to write with authority on the origin of species.
Temporal change in UK marine communities: trends or regime shifts?
Authors: Spencer M. , Birchenough S. N. R. , Mieszkowska N. , Robinson L. A. , Simpson S. D. , Burrows M. T. , Capasso E. , Cleall‐Harding P. , Crummy J. , Duck C. , Eloire D. , Frost M. , Hall A. J. , Hawkins S. J. , Johns D. G. , Sims D. W. , Smyth T. J. , Frid C. L. J.
Published: January 2011

A regime shift is a large, sudden, and long‐lasting change in the dynamics of an ecosystem, affecting multiple trophic levels. There are a growing number of papers that report regime shifts in marine ecosystems. However, the evidence for regime shifts is equivocal, because the methods used to detect them are not yet well developed. We have collated over 300 biological time series from seven marine regions around the UK, covering the ecosystem from phytoplankton to marine mammals. Each time series consists of annual measures of abundance for a single group of organisms over several decades. We summarised the data for each region using the first principal component, weighting either each time series or each biological component (e.g. plankton, fish, benthos) equally. We then searched for regime shifts using Rodionov’s regime shift detection (RSD) method, which found regime shifts in the first principal component for all seven marine regions. However, there are consistent temporal trends in the data for six of the seven regions. Such trends violate the assumptions of RSD. Thus, the regime shifts detected by RSD in six of the seven regions are likely to be artefacts caused by temporal trends. We are therefore developing more appropriate time series models for both single populations and whole communities that will explicitly model temporal trends and should increase our ability to detect true regime shift events.
Short and mid‐long term effects of cockle‐dredging on non‐target macrobenthic species: a before‐after‐control‐impact experiment on a tidal mudflat in the Oosterschelde (The Netherlands)
Authors: Wijnhoven Sander , Escaravage Vincent , Herman Peter M. J. , Smaal Aad C. , Hummel Herman
Published: January 2011

To study the possible environmental impact of hydraulic cockle‐dredging on macrobenthic communities and the environment, a fishing experiment was executed on a tidal mudflat in the Oosterschelde (SW Netherlands) according to a BACI (before‐after‐control‐impact) design. Following the characterization of the initial situation, a part of the mudflat was commercially fished, after which dredged and undredged areas were compared on the basis of macrofauna descriptors and sediment constitution approximately 2 months (short term) and 1 year (mid‐long term) after fishing. Whereas a clear reduction of the larger Cerastoderma edule cockles (>23 mm) in the fished areas was found, no effect of dredging on total macrofauna densities or median grain size was observed. No negative effect of fishing on total macrofauna biomass was found; in contrast, an increase of the biomass of the non‐target species almost compensated for the loss in weight due to the extraction of the larger cockles. No significant effect of dredging on species diversity, richness or evenness was found in the short or mid‐long term, these descriptors tending to have increased rather than decreased in the dredged plots after 1 year. The selective fishing for larger cockles reduced the average cockle size, but 1 year after fishing the average size had returned to the initial values in the dredged area. However, compared to the control area, the average size might still be reduced, as the size of the cockles in the control area also increased during the year. Local environmental conditions, with their specific macrobenthic communities, seem to be crucial for the type of effects and the impact of dredging. It is therefore of eminent importance to follow a research design with pre‐defined environmental conditions, rather than a comparison of different areas that are open or closed to fisheries. The present study based on a BACI approach indicates that mechanical cockle fisheries had no overall negative impact in our study area.
Effects of Induction of Ovulation with GnRH or hCG on Follicular and Luteal Blood Flow in Holstein–Friesian Heifers
Authors: Aslan S , Arslanbas D , Beindorff N , Bollwein H
Published: January 2011

Contents

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on follicular blood flow (FBF) during the pre‐ovulatory period and on luteal blood flow (LBF) during dioestrus in Holstein–Friesian heifers. Twelve animals were randomly divided into two groups and treated with either intramuscular injection of 100 μg GnRH or intravenous (IV) injection of 5000 IU hCG on Day 0 (oestrus, 48 h after administration of PGF2α) to induce ovulation. Follicular size (FS), FBF and time of ovulation were recorded with colour Doppler sonography at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after GnRH and hCG treatment. Luteal size (LS) and LBF were investigated on Day 9 and 12 after ovulation. Plasma samples were taken to determine total oestrogens (Etot) and progesterone (P4) after each examination. Ovulation occurred between 24 and 48 h after treatment in all animals. No difference (p > 0.05) was observed in FS between the two treatment groups. Follicular blood flow was higher in the hCG group than that was in GnRH group at 1 h after treatment (p < 0.01). Total oestrogens were also higher (p < 0.01) in the hCG group than GnRH group; however, this difference was only obvious at 12 h after treatment. No difference (p > 0.05) was observed in LS, LBF or P4 levels on Day 9 and 12 between treatment groups. In conclusion, the results suggest that induction of ovulation with hCG and GnRH has a temporary effect on FBF and oestrogen levels while no effect on the size of corpora lutea, LBF and P4 levels was observed.
Irreversible Damage in Ovine Ovarian Tissue after Cryopreservation in Propanediol: Analyses after In Vitro Culture and Xenotransplantation
Authors: Oskam IC , Lund T , Santos RR
Published: January 2011

Contents

Current progress in cancer treatment has increased the incidence of long‐term patient survival. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OT) is still the most promising fertility saving method offered to young female patients with cancer prior to the onset of radio‐chemotherapy. Further follicular development of immature primordial follicles depends on transplantation or in vitro culture (IVC). Aim of this study was to evaluate the appropriateness of cryopreserved ovine OT with 1,2‐propanediol (PROH) after short‐term IVC and xenotransplantation (XT). Ovarian tissue fragments from young adult sheep were cryopreserved using a standard slow‐freezing protocol with 1.5 m PROH. Cryopreserved OT was assessed by light‐ and transmission electron microscopic analyses after thawing, IVC or XT in severe immunodeficient mice. Control OT showed the presence of healthy preantral follicles (Mean: 78.8%; SE 2.9%) and normal structure of the stromal tissue. After thawing and IVC over 80% of damaged primordial follicles and poor preservation of the stromal tissue was observed. After XT, OT demonstrated deficient follicles and huge areas of vacuolization in the stromal tissue confirmed by ultrastructural assessment. In conclusion, because of the irreversible character of the follicular and stromal damage of cryopreserved ovine ovarian tissue after IVC and XT, strong improvement of the utilized protocol is needed to be suitable for the preservation of ovine ovarian tissue. The deleterious effects of PROH do not imply its exclusion as cryoprotectant, but more research is needed for the development of less toxic cryoprotectant mixtures and toxicity neutralizers with attested cryoprotectant capacity for the safe and feasible freezing of human ovarian tissue.
In Vitro Maturation and Fertilization in the Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) using Oocytes and Spermatozoa Recovered Post‐mortem from Animals that had Died because of Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak
Authors: Mahesh YU , Rao BS , Suman K , Lakshmikantan U , Charan KV , Gibence HRW , Shivaji S
Published: January 2011

Contents

The ability to rescue gametes from endangered or wildlife species and to subsequently produce viable embryos holds tremendous potential as a means to increase the population size of endangered or wildlife species. The objective of this study was to assess the developmental competence of gametes recovered from nilgai that had died because of foot and mouth disease outbreak. Oocytes collected from the ovaries of seven dead nilgais were allowed to mature in vitro and were tested for developmental potential by in vitro fertilization (IVF) with epididymal spermatozoa collected also post‐mortem. The average number of oocytes (n = 517) recovered per ovary was 36.9, and the side (right or left), size and weight of the ovaries had no significant effect on the number and quality of oocytes recovered. In vitro maturation studies indicated that the proportion of matured oocytes (MII stage) at 18, 24 and 30 h was 55.6%, 63.4% and 63.6%, respectively. Furthermore, 43% of the matured oocytes cleaved following in vitro fertilization and 12% of the cleaved oocytes (6/49) developed to the 4–8 cell stage. These findings suggest that the gametes recovered from nilgai post‐mortem could be utilized for in vitro production of embryos.
Effects of salinity on growth and on valve morphology of five estuarine diatoms
Authors: Trobajo Rosa , Rovira Laia , Mann David G. , Cox Eileen J.
Published: January 2011

The effects of salinity on the growth and valve morphology of five benthic estuarine diatoms (Nitzschia pusilla, N. frustulum, N. palea, N. filiformis var. conferta and Eolimna subminuscula), isolated from both freshwater and brackish/marine habitats, were investigated. The four Nitzschia strains grew well over a broad salinity range, though some (N. pusilla, N. frustulum) showed a broader salinity range tolerance (from fully saline down to at least 9.5 ppt) than others (N. palea, N. filiformis var. conferta had reduced growth at salinities of 16 ppt and above). Salinity significantly affected the valve morphology of the five strains studied. However, there was no consistent pattern in either the morphological characters affected or the direction of the effects. Although significant, the effects of salinity on valve morphology were very small and therefore it seems that the taxonomic usefulness of some of the classical taxonomical characters is not undermined.
Effects of fatigue on surgeon performance and surgical outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: Sturm Lana , Dawson Drew , Vaughan Richard , Hewett Peter , Hill Andrew G. , Graham John C. , Maddern Guy J.
Published: January 2011

Background:  Sleep deprivation and disturbances in circadian rhythms generally lead to poor performance, but is there a link in surgery? This review aimed to determine whether fatigue has an impact on surgeon performance or surgical outcomes.

Methods:  Studies were identified by searching EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Current Contents and clinical trials databases. Inclusion of relevant studies was by application of a predetermined protocol and independent assessment by two reviewers. Each included study was critically appraised for its study quality according to the methods used for Cochrane Reviews. Data from included studies were extracted by one researcher using standardized data extraction tables developed a priori and checked by a second researcher.

Results:  From 823 potentially relevant studies, a total of 16 studies were included in this review: two randomized controlled trials, five non‐randomized comparative studies and nine case series. Of five studies that directly measure clinical performance, three studies reported no significant difference as a result of sleep deprivation, while two studies found increases in complications or errors. Eleven studies assessed psychomotor skill performance using a variety of simulation‐based methods when a participant was rested and/or fatigued. Two randomized controlled trials reported no significant differences, while the nine remaining studies reported mixed results. Surgical residents with less surgical training/experience appeared to be more affected than more senior residents.

Conclusion:  There is little evidence, as yet, to inform the issue of the effect of fatigue on surgical performance.
Developing tools to predict outcomes following cardiovascular surgery
Authors: Boult Maggi , Fitzpatrick Kate , Barnes Mary , Maddern Guy , Fitridge Robert
Published: January 2011

Background:  Surgical decision‐making tools may help surgeons achieve better outcomes by providing more personally relevant information to patients. This paper describes approaches to developing statistical tools capable of estimating the probability of morbidity and mortality after cardiovascular surgery. Our aim is to inform surgeons about the important stages that contribute to the development of decision tools.

Methods:  The key elements described include study design (data quality, cohort size, etc.) and statistical methodology for developing and testing decision tools. Mention is made of the delivery of decision tools, simplicity of use, ease of interpretation of results and accessibility. Information specific to cardiac and vascular surgery is included.

Results:  Development of useful and effective decision tools is dependent on robust and reliable data, unambiguous outcome requirements and considerable statistical expertise. Decision tools must also be extensively tested for validity and reliability, both internally and with external data.

Conclusion:  Understanding the development and assumptions that underlie surgical decision tool development will help cardiovascular surgeons appreciate the value of applying such techniques at a clinical level.
Introduction to the Australian consensus guidelines for the management of neutropenic fever in adult cancer patients, 2010/2011
Authors: Lingaratnam S. , Slavin M. A. , Koczwara B. , Seymour J. F. , Szer J. , Underhill C. , Prince M. , Mileshkin L. , O'Reilly M. , Kirsa S. W. , Bennett C. A. , Davis I. D. , Morrissey O. , Thursky K. A.
Published: January 2011

The current consensus guidelines were developed to standardize the clinical approach to the management of neutropenic fever in adult cancer patients throughout Australian treating centres. The three areas of clinical practice covered by the guidelines, the process for developing consensus opinion, and the system used to grade the evidence and relative strength of recommendations are described. The health economics implications of establishing clinical guidance are also discussed.
Use of risk stratification to guide ambulatory management of neutropenic fever
Authors: Worth L. J. , Lingaratnam S. , Taylor A. , Hayward A. M. , Morrissey S. , Cooney J. , Bastick P. A. , Eek R. W. , Wei A. , Thursky K. A.
Published: January 2011

Utilization of risk‐stratification tools in the setting of neutropenic fever is currently limited by inadequate knowledge and lack of awareness. Within this context, the approach to management of low‐risk patients with neutropenic fever is inconsistent with the available evidence across many Australian treating centres. These clinical guidelines define and clarify an accepted standard of care for this patient group given the current evidence base. The Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer risk index is presented as the preferred risk assessment tool for determining patient risk. Suitability of ambulatory care within specific patient populations is discussed, with defined eligibility criteria provided to guide clinical decision‐making. Detailed recommendations for implementing appropriate ambulatory strategies, such as early discharge and outpatient antibiotic therapy, are also provided. Due consideration is given to infrastructural requirements and other supportive measures at a resourcing and operational level. An analysis of the relevant health economics is also presented.
Use of empiric antimicrobial therapy in neutropenic fever
Authors: Tam C. S. , O'Reilly M. , Andresen D. , Lingaratnam S. , Kelly A. , Burbury K. , Turnidge J. , Slavin M. A. , Worth L. J. , Dawson L. , Thursky K. A.
Published: January 2011

Administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy is standard practice in the management of neutropenic fever, but there remains considerable debate about the selection of an optimal regimen. In view of emerging evidence regarding efficacy and toxicity differences between empiric treatment regimens, and strong evidence of heterogeneity in clinical practice, the current guidelines were developed to provide Australian clinicians with comprehensive guidance for selecting an appropriate empiric strategy in the setting of neutropenic fever. Beta‐lactam monotherapy is presented as the treatment of choice for all clinically stable patients while early treatment with combination antibiotic therapy is considered for patients at higher risk. Due consideration is given to the appropriate use of glycopeptides in this setting. Several clinical caveats, accounting for institution‐ and patient‐specific risk factors, are provided to help guide the judicious use of the agents described. Detailed recommendations are also provided regarding time to first dose, timing of blood cultures, selection of a first‐line antibiotic regimen, subsequent modification of antibiotic choice and cessation of therapy.
The disease and economic burden of neutropenic fever in adult patients in Australian cancer treatment centres 2008: analysis of the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset
Authors: Lingaratnam S. , Thursky K. A. , Slavin M. A. , Kirsa S. W. , Bennett C. A. , Worth L. J.
Published: January 2011

Background:  Although the incidence of neutropenic fever (FN) is estimated to be up to 80% for some malignancies, the epidemiological characteristics and economic burden are not well understood for Australian patients.

Aims:  To describe underlying malignant conditions, potential aetiologies, clinical outcomes and healthcare utilization for an Australian population with FN, and to estimate the economic burden of this condition within the Australian healthcare sector.

Methods:  Epidemiological features of FN were extracted from a population‐based hospital morbidity dataset, the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset (VAED), for a 12‐month period (2008). These were analysed according for a range of malignancy categories. Economic burden of hospitalizations was estimated according to data presented in the Round 12 National Hospital Cost Data Collection Report.

Results:  A total of 2599 admitted episodes across 92 Victorian hospitals fulfilled inclusion criteria for FN. Metropolitan hospitalizations accounted for 79% episodes. FN illness comprised underlying solid tumours diagnoses (40%), followed by leukaemia (29.3%), lymphoma (22%) and myeloma (8.5%). Length of hospital stay was >15 days for approximately one‐third of hospitalizations. intensive care unit admission rates were 5.9–11.7%. Weighted average costs of hospitalization (AUD) for solid tumours, lymphoma, myeloma and leukaemia were $8309 ± $391, 18 145 ± $1602, $21 764 ± $1289 and $22 596 ± $2618 respectively.

Conclusions:  Using VAED indices, epidemiological features of Australian patients with FN appear comparable with international reports. In contrast to US data, estimated healthcare costs are up to 50% lower in the Australian healthcare sector. These data offer important insights for prioritizing of research agendas and resource allocation.
Causes of decreased activity of daily life in elderly patients who need daily living care
Authors: Yoshino Hiroshi , Sakurai Takashi , Hasegawa Kazuo , Yokono Koichi
Published: January 2011

Aim:  The causes of decreased activity of daily life (ADL) in elderly patients include cerebrovascular diseases, bone fracture by falls, and dementia. The present study was conducted among elderly patients with decreased ADL who were hospitalized in nursing wards in order to investigate the causes of becoming early bedridden and to determine precautionary measures against decreased ADL.

Methods:  The study subjects were 224 elderly patients with decreased ADL (mean age: 83.3 ± 8.0 years) and 49 outpatients without decreased ADL (mean age: 76.8 ± 5.3 years). Current age, age at the start of ADL decrease, medical history and history of smoking were investigated.

Results:  In the groups with decreased ADL, current age and the age of becoming bedridden in non‐diabetic versus diabetic groups were 84.7 ± 7.9 versus 80.3 ± 7.5 and 82.7 ± 8.3 versus 77.6 ± 8.0 years, respectively, both showing significantly lower values in the diabetic group (P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that sex difference and diabetes were the factors determining the age of becoming early bedridden. Diabetic patients with smoking habit were significantly younger than diabetic and non‐diabetic patients without smoking habit.

Conclusion:  Sex difference, smoking habit and presence of diabetes mellitus are independent risk factors of becoming early bedridden. Therefore, the major targets of medical care among elderly should be diabetic men with a smoking habit to lower the risks of decreased ADL. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 11: 297–303.
Effect of ferulic acid and Angelica archangelica extract on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Kimura Takemi , Hayashida Hideki , Murata Masako , Takamatsu Junichi
Published: January 2011

Aim:  The behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia place a heavy burden on caregivers. Antipsychotic drugs, though used to reduce the symptoms, frequently decrease patients' activities of daily living and reduce their quality of life. Recently, it was suggested that ferulic acid is an effective treatment for behavioral and psychological symptoms. We have also reported several patients with dementia with Lewy bodies showing good responses to ferulic acid and Angelica archangelica extract (Feru‐guard). The present study investigated the efficacy of Feru‐guard in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and dementia with Lewy bodies.

Methods:  We designed a prospective, open‐label trial of daily Feru‐guard (3.0 g/day) lasting 4 weeks in 20 patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration or dementia with Lewy bodies. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia were assessed at baseline and 4 weeks after the start of treatment, using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Results:  Treatment with Feru‐guard led to decreased scores on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory in 19 of 20 patients and significantly decreased the score overall. The treatment also led to significantly reduced subscale scores on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (“delusions”, “hallucinations”, “agitation/aggression”, “anxiety”, “apathy/indifference”, “irritability/lability” and “aberrant behavior”). There were no adverse effects or significant changes in physical findings or laboratory data.

Conclusion:  Feru‐guard may be effective and valuable for treating the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and dementia with Lewy bodies. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 11: 309–314.
Experience of elderly Spanish men with an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator
Authors: Palacios‐Ceña Domingo , Losa‐Iglesias Marta Elena , Salvadores‐Fuentes Paloma , Alonso‐Blanco Cristina , Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas Cesar
Published: January 2011

Aim:  An implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator is the treatment of choice for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Clinical trials and qualitative studies normally exclude elderly patients. The aim of this study was to describe the experience of elderly Spanish men with an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator.

Methods:  This was a qualitative phenomenological study. Sampling was purposeful and used the snowball technique. Unstructured interviews and recipients' personal accounts were collected. Data collection finished with information saturation. Analysis was performed using the Giorgi proposal with triangulation between research‐team members. Data were audited by an external researcher.

Results:  The change and the need to adapt to the new situation can be perceived as a loss of independence by the elderly. The significance of the partner in the Spanish context is particularly relevant during the narration. Also, their view of the world is transformed, they experience an internal change. Additionally, the elderly patient may become confined to their home and shut off from their surroundings, accompanied by a sensation of being “stuck” and “imprisoned” by their own process.

Conclusion:  Elderly recipients can end up “clinging on” to customs as they are felt to define the recipient's identity and utility within their social and personal context. Their partner is of huge significance for elderly recipients. The geriatric health personnel must contribute to promote and maintain activities of daily living in elderly. Future qualitative studies taking an in‐depth look at the experience and readjustment process of elderly recipients and the relationship among older people and technological equipment should be further conducted. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 11: 320–327.
Participation of BKCa2+ and KATP potassium ion channels in the contractility of human term pregnant myometrium in in vitro conditions
Authors: Sadlonova Vladimira , Franova Sona , Dokus Karol , Janicek Frantisek , Visnovsky Jozef , Sadlonova Jurina
Published: January 2011

Aim:  The aim of this study was to assess the participation of ligand‐sensitive potassium large conductance calcium‐activated ion channels (BKCa2+) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐sensitive potassium ion channels (KATP) using its openers (NS1619 and pinacidil) in the contractility of human term pregnant myometrium in in vitro conditions.

Methods:  Human myometrium tissue samples were collected from term pregnant laboring women who had to undergo cesarean section. The contractility of myometrium was induced by the application of oxytocin into the organ bath. Myometrial strips were incubated with the opener of BKCa2+ potassium ion channels NS1619 and its antagonist tetraethylammonium or with the opener of KATP potassium ion channels pinacidil and its antagonist glibenclamide.

Results:  KATP potassium ion channel's opener pinacidil significantly decreased amplitude of myometrial contractions (P < 0.05) as well as frequency of myometrial contractions (P < 0.05) provoked by oxytocin in human term pregnant myometrium in in vitro conditions. The inhibition of the human myometrial contractions of pinacidil was significantly antagonized by its specific antagonist glibenclamide (P < 0.05). BKCa2+ potassium ion channel's opener NS1619 did not significantly affect the contractile activity of human term pregnant myometrium induced by the application of oxytocin in in vitro conditions.

Conclusion:  In our experimental study we found that the participation of BKCa2+ and KATP potassium ion channels in the contractility of human term pregnant myometrium in labor is probably different.
Myomectomy for uterine myomas through ultramini‐laparotomy
Authors: Wen Kuo‐Chang , Sung Pi‐Lin , Lee Wen‐Ling , Li Yiu‐Tai , Su Wen‐Hsiang , Wang Peng‐Hui
Published: January 2011

Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumors in the female reproductive tract during the reproductive years. Among the options in the treatment spectrum, myomectomy is always considered one of the best choices in the management of women with symptomatic uterine fibroids who wish to preserve future fertility. Myomectomy through conventional exploratory laparotomy may be the most familiar surgical approach. However, with the advances being made in techniques and instruments, there are many alternative approaches to myomectomy, including mini‐laparotomy, ultramini‐laparotomy, laparoscopy, laparoscopy‐aided, and vaginal and hysteroscopic approaches. The focus of this review article is limited to discussing the use of the ultramini‐laparotomy approach to completing myomectomy in the management of the uterine fibroids.
Changes in urodynamic parameters after tolterodine treatment for female overactive bladder syndrome with or without voiding dysfunction
Authors: Wu Wen‐Yih , Hsiao Sheng‐Mou , Chang Ting‐Chen , Lin Ho‐Hsiung
Published: January 2011

Aim:  To investigate changes in urodynamic parameters after tolterodine treatment for female overactive bladder syndrome, especially in patients with voiding dysfunction.

Methods:  Between January and December 2006, 44 patients were enrolled for six months of treatment with tolterodine. Pre‐treatment and post‐treatment urodynamic studies were scheduled for the enrolled patients.

Results:  Among the remaining 33 patients (11 dropped out), bladder capacity (P < 0.001) and post‐void residual urine (P = 0.009) increased, and functional urethral length (P = 0.049) and pad weight test (P = 0.03) decreased after treatment. Besides this, detrusor pressure at maximal urine flow, functional urethral length, maximal urethral pressure and maximal urethral closure pressure were less affected by tolterodine in patients with voiding dysfunction, compared to those without voiding dysfunction.

Conclusions:  Tolterodine treatment increased bladder capacity and decreased urine leakage; however, some urodynamic parameters in patients with voiding dysfunction were less affected by tolterodine treatment.
The Immigrant Earnings Disadvantage across the Earnings and Skills Distributions: The Case of Immigrants from the EU's New Member States
Authors: Barrett Alan , McGuinness Séamus , O'Brien Martin
Published: January 2011

We analyse the earnings of immigrants from the EU's new member states (NMS) using a large‐scale dataset with information on employees in Ireland. We find that the average earnings difference between these immigrants and natives is between 10 and 18 per cent, depending on the controls used. However, the difference is found to be lower for people at the lower end of the earnings distribution. It is also generally lower for people at the lower end of the education distribution. We find mixed evidence on whether unions have an impact on the wages of immigrants from the NMS, although such immigrants appear to suffer a wage penalty as a result of being in firms that provided training to a significant proportion of their workforce.
Legacies, Conflict and ‘Path Dependence’ in the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Morrison Claudio , Croucher Richard , Cretu Olga
Published: January 2011

This article analyses management–union–worker relations in a foreign‐owned Moldovan clothing factory. Studies of post‐socialist industrial relations have focused on explaining labour quiescence, advancing ‘path dependence’ and ‘Soviet legacy’ arguments. These draw attention to strong links between management and unions, and weak relations between the latter and workers. We show how the union has, in one case, drawn creatively on Soviet legacies to develop strong articulation between itself and women workers. This was part of a wider adaptive strategy within which the union transformed the meaning of previous functions and developed novel ones. The outcome is a well‐organized representative union capable of challenging management at the negotiating table, as well as on the shop floor. This seems unlikely to be universal but equally unlikely to be unique.
Anogenital malignancies and pre‐malignancies
Authors: Henquet C.J.M.
Published: January 2011

Anogenital pre‐malignancies and malignancies are frequently encountered. Aetiopathogenetically, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection plays a critical role. However, there is a variable degree of association of HPV infection with the development of anogenital malignancies. In this context, the high level of clinically unapparent HPV infection should be considered. Therefore, the question arises if the association with HPV is always causative. Besides HPV, pre‐existent lichen sclerosus is also an important aetiopathologic factor in the development of anogenital malignancies.

Common anogenital pre‐malignancies comprise Bowen’s disease (BD), Bowenoid papulosis (BP) and erythroplasia of Queyrat (EQ). From a clinical point of view, these are clearly different entities, but from a histopathological point of view, BD, BP and EQ are indistinguishable. They all represent forms of squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (IN).

Intraepithelial neoplasia (IN) is not only restricted to squamous variants, but also includes non‐squamous IN, Paget’s disease (PD) and melanoma in situ. The risk of developing anogenital (pre)malignancies or other tumours is higher in immunocompromised and immunodeficient patients, in particular those suffering from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Such risk factors will affect treatment and follow‐up modalities. Regarding prophylactic measures, a relatively recent but very important development is the availability of HPV vaccination on a large scale. Momentarily, the effects of such vaccination, on a population‐based scale, are not yet clear but will become apparent in the near future. Management of anogenital pre‐malignancies and malignancies should be tailor‐made and may be organized in a multidisciplinary fashion.
The Abnormal Earnings Growth Model, Two Exogenous Discount Rates, and Taxes
Authors: Jennergren L. Peter , Skogsvik Kenth
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  In the abnormal earnings growth (AEG) valuation model of Ohlson and Juettner‐Nauroth (2005), there is one (constant) discount rate and no company or personal taxes. The parsimonious model specification focuses on bottom‐line earnings and growth in abnormal bottom‐line earnings and can hence be viewed as an equity‐level model. Disregarding taxes, we first extend this model to a firm‐level model based on operating earnings and growth in abnormal operating earnings, allowing for two exogenous discount rates: the required rate of return under all‐equity financing and the borrowing rate. Dividend policy irrelevance holds for this model. Using the firm‐level model as a stepping stone, a new equity‐level model is developed where dividends are discounted at a leverage‐dependent varying cost of equity capital. Dividend policy irrelevance holds for this model, too. Finally, the firm‐level and equity‐level models are extended to a situation with company and personal taxes. Dividend policy irrelevance then no longer holds, except in the tax‐neutrality case in Miller (1977).
Recent advances in the analysis of dairy product quality using methods based on the interactions of light with matter
Authors: DUFOUR ÉRIC
Published: January 2011

As demonstrated by physicists in the past centuries, light interacting with matter contains information that may reveal the concentration or/and the structure of components of the investigated matter. The use of spectroscopy (absorption in the visible, infrared, fluorescence, Raman, etc.) in food science has increased tremendously in the last couple of decades as it has been demonstrated that the detection and content of a number of food constituents, as well measurement of food properties, may be achieved by measuring the radiations that is either absorbed or emitted at different wavelengths by the product. These developments have been made possible, thanks to multivariate chemometric methods that are appropriate and useful for the evaluation of fluorescence or infrared spectra exhibiting slight differences such as the ones recorded on dairy products, allowing the development of prediction models. Recently, imaging technology such as confocal laser scanning microscopy or hyperspectral imaging coupled to image analysis techniques has successfully been used to study highly heterogeneous products such as cheese. Indeed, image analysis techniques such as mathematical morphology or image texture analysis make it possible to quantify structures in the images and to show the influence of different manufacturing processes on the protein network microstructure of cheeses. The aim of this article is to summarise those aspects of spectroscopy and imaging methods that may have value for solving problems in dairy science and technology.