bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of Sunflower Powdery Mildew and Alternariaster Leaf Spot: Harnessing the Potential of Combined New Fungicide Molecules
Authors: Manjula C. P. , Basha C. R Jahir , Nehru S. D. , Reddy K. M. Srinivas , Somshekhar K. S. , Uma M. S. , Divyashree  , Harish J. , R Lakshmeesha
Published: August 2024

The study investigates the efficacy of seed treatment with Fluxapyroxad FS @ 1.5 g/kg seed followed by foliar sprays of various fungicide combinations in managing powdery mildew and Alternariaster leaf spot diseases in sunflower. Conducted over three Kharif seasons (2021-2023), the trials consistently demonstrated the superior performance of Fluopyram 17.7% + Tebuconazole 17.7% (400 SC) @ 1 ml/L in reducing disease incidence and severity. In Kharif 2021, this treatment recorded the lowest incidence of Alternariaster leaf spot (7.36%) and powdery mildew (4.52%), outperforming other treatments. Similar trends were observed in Kharif 2022 and 2023, with Fluopyram + Tebuconazole maintaining the lowest disease severities (7.39% and 2.95% for powdery mildew, respectively). Notably, the study found no significant differences in yield components across treatments, though the highest yields were consistently recorded in the treatment combining Fluxapyroxad seed treatment with Fluopyram + Tebuconazole foliar spray, achieving yields of 2124.67 kg/ha in Kharif 2022 and 2157.33 kg/ha in Kharif 2023. These results indicate that integrated disease management using these fungicide combinations can effectively control both diseases in sunflower, particularly under humid weather conditions, without adversely affecting crop yield.
Navigating Challenges: Groundnut Cropping Systems Realities in Tumkur District, Karnataka, India
Authors: N Meghana. , Shivalingaiah Y. N. , Siddayya  , S.Lalitha B. , Hanji Shreya S
Published: August 2024

India is the fourth largest oilseed producer in the world, contributing 20.80 % of the total global cultivation area and accounting for 10 per cent of the global production. Inspite of this India is one of the largest importers of vegetable oil in order to meet the growing needs of the population by bridging the demand and supply gap. This scenario is due to climatic factor and decrease in area under groundnut cultivation as well as in productivity. Adoption of cutting-edge crop production technologies in our nation led to a significant improvement in the output of oilseeds. Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is called as ‘King’ of oilseeds a key oil seed crop in India, and it plays a significant part in bridging the country's vegetable oil deficit. The present study was conducted during 2023 in Tumkur district of Karnataka to know the constraints faced by the farmers practicing groundnut based cropping systems and suggestions given to overcome the problems. Sixty farmer of each CS-Ⅰ (Groundnut alone) and CS-Ⅱ (Groundnut + Redgram) were selected respectively thus, the total sample size was 120. An ex post facto research design was adopted. Data was collected using a pre-tested personnel interview method. The study revealed the major production, marketing, technical and financial constraints by the faced by the groundnut growers like high wage rate, price fluctuation, low price for the produce, exploitation by the middleman and non-availability of quality inputs at reasonable rate. The majority of these farmers advocate for a reasonable minimum support price for groundnut and seeds and fertilizers availability at affordable rates in time.
Patterns and drivers of change in organic carbon burial across a diverse landscape: Insights from 116 Minnesota lakes
Authors: Dietz Robert D. , Engstrom Daniel R. , Anderson N. John
Published: April 2015

Lakes may store globally significant quantities of organic carbon (OC) in their sediments, but the extent to which burial rates vary across space and time is not well described. Using 210Pb‐dated sediment cores, we explored patterns of OC burial in 116 lakes spanning several ecoregions and land use regimes in Minnesota, USA during the past 150–200 years. Rates for individual lakes (across all time periods) range from 3 to 204 g C m−2 yr−1 (median 33 g C m−2 yr−1) and show strong geographic separation in accordance with the degree of catchment disturbance and nutrient enrichment. Climate and basin morphometry exercise subordinate control over OC burial patterns, and diagenetic gradients introduce little bias to estimated temporal trends. Median burial rates in agricultural lakes exceed urban lakes and have increased fourfold since Euro‐American settlement. The greatest increase in OC burial occurred prior to the widespread adoption of industrial fertilizers, during an era of land clearance and farmland expansion. Northern boreal lakes, impacted by historical logging and limited cottage development yet comparatively undisturbed by human activity, bury OC at rates 3X lower than agricultural lakes and exhibit much smaller increases in OC burial. Scaling up modern OC burial estimates to the entire state, we find that Minnesota lakes annually store 0.40 Tg C in their sediments, equal to 1.5% of annual statewide CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. During the period of Euro‐American settlement (circa 1860–2000), cumulative OC burial amounted to 36 Tg C, 40% of which can be attributed to anthropogenic enhancement.
Southern boundaries of ultraenergetic relativistic electron precipitations in several cases from 1982 to 1986 years
Authors: Remenets G. F. , Astafiev A. M.
Published: April 2015

We analyze the rare phenomenon of ultraenergetic relativistic electron (∼100 MeV) precipitation into the middle polar atmosphere prevalent under quiescent geophysical conditions. Such events have been established previously from ground‐based radio wave measurements for two radio paths—one is purely auroral and the other is partly auroral—that have a mutual point of signal reception. We solve an inverse very low frequency wave problem of the second type using these particular paths. The solution gives a linear scale of the northern part of radio path, which has been disturbed by the ultraenergetic relativistic electron precipitations. By such a way the effective latitudes of southern boundaries for several precipitation events, published earlier, were determined. Nearly circular shape of equatorward cutoff at ∼61°magnetic latitude without day‐night asymmetry supports that ultraenergetic relativistic electron precipitation is due to precipitation of very high energy electrons coming from outer space.
Relationship between lightning activity and tropical cyclone intensity over the northwest Pacific
Authors: Zhang Wenjuan , Zhang Yijun , Zheng Dong , Wang Fei , Xu Liangtao
Published: April 2015

Lightning data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network along with tropical cyclone (TC) track and intensity data from the China Meteorological Administration are used to study lightning activity in TCs over the northwest Pacific from 2005 to 2009 and to investigate the relationship between inner core lightning and TC intensity changes. Lightning in TCs over the northwest Pacific is more likely to occur in weak storms at tropical depression (10.8–17.1 m s−1) and tropical storm (17.2–24.4 m s−1) intensity levels, in agreement with past studies of Atlantic hurricanes. The greatest lightning density (LD) in the inner core appears in storms undergoing an intensity change of 15–25 m s−1 during the next 24 h. Lightning is observed in all storm intensity change categories: rapid intensification (RI), average intensity change (AIC), and rapid weakening (RW). The differences in LD between RI and RW are largest in the inner core, and the LD for RI cases is larger than for RW cases in the inner core (0–100 km). Lightning activity there, rather than in the outer rainbands, may be a better indicator for RI prediction in northwest Pacific storms. There was a marked increase in the lightning density of inner core during the RI stage for Super Typhoon Rammasun (2008). Satellite data for this storm show that the RI stage had the highest cloud top height and coldest cloud top temperatures, with all the minimum black body temperature values being below 200 K in the inner core.
The ENSO effects on tropical clouds and top‐of‐atmosphere cloud radiative effects in CMIP5 models
Authors: Wang Hailan , Su Wenying
Published: April 2015

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects on tropical clouds and top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) cloud radiative effects (CREs) in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models are evaluated using satellite‐based observations and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project satellite simulator output. Climatologically, most CMIP5 models produce considerably less total cloud amount with higher cloud top and notably larger reflectivity than observations in tropical Indo‐Pacific (60°E‐200°E; 10°S‐10°N). During ENSO, most CMIP5 models strongly underestimate TOA CRE and cloud changes over western tropical Pacific. Over central tropical Pacific, while the multi‐model mean resembles observations in TOA CRE and cloud amount anomalies, it notably overestimates cloud top pressure (CTP) decreases; there are also substantial inter‐model variations. The relative effects of changes in cloud properties, temperature, and humidity on TOA CRE anomalies during ENSO in the CMIP5 models are assessed using cloud radiative kernels. The CMIP5 models agree with observations in that their TOA shortwave CRE anomalies are primarily contributed by total cloud amount changes, and their TOA longwave CRE anomalies are mostly contributed by changes in both total cloud amount and CTP. The model biases in TOA CRE anomalies particularly the strong underestimations over western tropical Pacific are, however, mainly explained by model biases in CTP and cloud optical thickness (τ) changes. Despite the distinct model climatological cloud biases particularly in τ regime, the TOA CRE anomalies from total cloud amount changes are comparable between the CMIP5 models and observations, because of the strong compensations between model underestimation of TOA CRE anomalies from thin clouds and overestimation from medium and thick clouds.
Two major circulation structures leading to heavy summer rainfall over central North China
Authors: Sun Wei , Li Jian , Yu Rucong , Yuan Weihua
Published: April 2015

Using daily and hourly rain gauge records and Japanese 25 year reanalysis data over 30 years, this paper reveals two major circulation structures leading to heavy summer rainfall events in central North China (CNC), and further analyzes the effects of the circulations on these rainfall events. One circulation structure has an extensive upper tropospheric warm anomaly (UTWA) covering North China (NC). By strengthening the upper anticyclonic anomaly and lower southerly flows around NC, the UTWA plays a positive role in forming upper level divergence and lower level moisture convergence. As a result, the warm anomalous circulation has a solid relationship with large‐scale, long‐duration rainfall events with a diurnal peak around midnight to early morning. The other circulation structure has an upper tropospheric cold anomaly (UTCA) located in the upper stream of NC. Contributed to by the UTCA, a cold trough appears in the upper stream of NC and an unstable configuration with upper (lower) cold (warm) anomalies forms around CNC. Consequently, CNC is covered by strong instability and high convective energy, and the cold anomalous circulation is closely connected with local, short‐duration rainfall events concentrated from late afternoon to early nighttime. The close connections between circulation structures and typical rainfall events are confirmed by two independent converse analysis processes: from circulations to rainfall characteristics, and from typical rainfall events to circulations. The results presented in this paper indicate that the upper tropospheric temperature has significant influences on heavy rainfall, and thus more attention should be paid to the upper tropospheric temperature in future analyses.
Seasonal and longitudinal distributions of atmospheric water‐soluble dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids, and α‐dicarbonyls over the North Pacific
Authors: Bikkina Srinivas , Kawamura Kimitaka , Imanishi Katsuya , Boreddy S. K. R. , Nojiri Yukihiro
Published: April 2015

In order to assess the seasonal variability of atmospheric abundances of dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids, and α‐dicarbonyls over the North Pacific and Sea of Japan, aerosol samples were collected along the longitudinal transacts during six cruises between Canada and Japan. The back trajectory analyses indicate that aerosol samples collected in winter and spring are influenced by the East Asian outflow, whereas summer and fall samples are associated with the pristine maritime air masses. Molecular distributions of water‐soluble organics in winter and spring samples show the predominance of oxalic acid (C2) followed by succinic (C4) and malonic acids (C3). In contrast, summer and fall marine aerosols are characterized by the predominance of C3 over C4. Concentrations of dicarboxylic acids were higher over the Sea of Japan than the North Pacific. With a lack of continental outflow, higher concentrations during early summer are ascribed to atmospheric oxidation of organic precursors associated with high biological activity in the North Pacific. This interpretation is further supported by the high abundances of azelaic acid, which is a photochemical oxidation product of biogenic unsaturated fatty acids, over the Bering Sea in early summer when surface waters are characterized by high biological productivity. We found higher ratios of oxalic acid to pyruvic and glyoxylic acids (C2/Pyr and C2/ωC2) and glyoxal and methylglyoxal (C2/Gly and C2/MeGly) in summer and fall than in winter and spring, suggesting a production of C2 from the aqueous‐phase oxidation of oceanic isoprene. In this study, dicarboxylic acids account for 0.7–38% of water‐soluble organic carbon.
Detecting the signature of permafrost thaw in Arctic rivers
Authors: Spencer Robert G. M. , Mann Paul J. , Dittmar Thorsten , Eglinton Timothy I. , McIntyre Cameron , Holmes R. Max , Zimov Nikita , Stubbins Aron
Published: April 2015

Climate change induced permafrost thaw in the Arctic is mobilizing ancient dissolved organic carbon (DOC) into headwater streams; however, DOC exported from the mouth of major arctic rivers appears predominantly modern. Here we highlight that ancient (>20,000 years B.P.) permafrost DOC is rapidly utilized by microbes (~50% DOC loss in <7 days) and that permafrost DOC decay rates (0.12 to 0.19 day−1) exceed those for DOC in a major arctic river (Kolyma: 0.09 day−1). Permafrost DOC exhibited unique molecular signatures, including high levels of aliphatics that were rapidly utilized by microbes. As microbes processed permafrost DOC, its distinctive chemical signatures were degraded and converged toward those of DOC in the Kolyma River. The extreme biolability of permafrost DOC and the rapid loss of its distinct molecular signature may explain the apparent contradiction between observed permafrost DOC release to headwaters and the lack of a permafrost signal in DOC exported via major arctic rivers to the ocean.
Synchronizers—Gear Change Process, Loads, Timing, Shift Effort, Thermal Loads, Materials and Tolerances
Authors: Razzacki Syed T.
Published: April 2015

The manual, synchromesh transmission synchronizer design factors that are essential in its sizing and selecting have been addressed. Derivations, mathematical algorithms, and dimensioning and tolerancing schemes have been worked out to assist in this endeavor. Attempt is made to show that the design and calculations of physical parameters must go hand in hand. That the calculations of synchronizer physical parameters should be supported by scrupulously dimensioning and tolerancing the components design to achieve the intended functional objective.

A mathematical algorithm is developed that facilitates establishing the sleeve and blocker ring chamfer angle relationship with the synchronizer size, coefficient of friction, cone torque, and index torque. The relationship is presented graphically in a unique manner identifying the clash and hard shift zones. As such, it allows sizing the synchronizer and selection of the parameters for a given application for comfortable shiftability between the two extremes of clash and hard shift.

The synchronization torque requirement for a given synchronization time with known gear ratios and steps has been calculated.

Total energy dissipation and rate of energy dissipation method has been derived.

The synchronization episode is dissected into six distinct events that are used illustratively for iteratively dimensioning and tolerancing of the synchronizer components. The components that play significant role in each event are identified and related to a specific physical parameter. Performance failure conditions such as clash, double bump, scratchiness, and harshness are also defined from the design and manufacturing point of view.
Automatic Transmissions—Gear Train Combinations, Components, Design Considerations, Hydraulic System, Packaging, Manufacturing, Assembly
Authors: Shibayama Takashi
Published: April 2015

Because automatic transmissions have a complicated structure, it is necessary to study the basic layouts and their basic operating principles. Especially, the function of the planetary gear set is difficult to understand. Therefore, in this chapter, the basic structure and the operating principle of a typical multiple step automatic transmission is explained with comprehensible figures and pictures. The basic ratio change principles of a planetary gear set and the combination of planetary gears to obtain multistep shift functions are described in detail. The major components, design considerations, hydraulic system, packaging, manufacturing, and issues for assembly are also described in this chapter. This chapter may be useful for understanding the outline of the automatic transmission.
Processing of Polymers
Authors: Kauffmann Axel , Ziegler Maik
Published: April 2015

Polymers are becoming more important in the automotive engineering society, as they are highly versatile, lightweight, and offer greater flexibility for part design and component integration, compared with metals. This chapter highlights some major polymer processes and applications that are being used by the industry. This chapter focuses on automotive‐relevant molding and forming processes such as injection molding, which is used broadly for both nonstructural and structural parts; extrusion of semifinished products; thermoforming of larger parts; and foaming of lightweight parts. Furthermore, some new and innovative process examples will be presented. This section focuses on thermoplastic material processes.
Chassis
ECU
(
ACC
and Sensor)
Authors: Nagai Takayuki , Furuhashi Masayuki
Published: April 2015

One of the aims of driving assistance systems is to facilitate safer driving. Adaptive cruise control (
ACC
) was developed as one such system to help alleviate driver burden. Conventional cruise control (
CC
) achieves constant speed driving by controlling only the engine to hold the speed set by the driver. In contrast,
ACC
has range sensor that functions as the eyes of the system. When the preceding vehicle is driving slower than the set speed of
ACC
, it can control the brake to decelerate the self‐vehicle and follow the preceding vehicle at a certain following distance. When there is no longer a preceding vehicle, the system accelerates again and resumes driving at the set speed.
Automotive Applications for Magnesium
Authors: Grimes Roger , Janik Vit
Published: April 2015

While magnesium alloys were quite widely used in transport applications in the period from the end of World War
II
until the mid‐1950s, their automotive use then declined virtually to zero. Despite the fact that magnesium is the lightest structural metal and major efforts were made to reduce vehicle mass after the fuel crises of the mid‐1970s, the magnesium content remained well under 1% of the mass of a typical car. However, in the last decade, or so, there has been a huge growth in interest in the possibility of far greater use of magnesium in automobile construction, particularly in the form of high pressure die castings. This has been accompanied by dramatic increase in the volume of magnesium produced and changes in the location of magnesium extraction so that some 85% is now produced in China. The development efforts to produce sheet material more economically via twin‐roll casting, develop superior casting alloys, and achieve a better understanding of their service properties are summarized as are the economic and environmental implications. It is concluded that there are few remaining technical obstacles to greater use but economic and environmental issues remain.
Ceramic Sensors for Power TrainECUSystems
Authors: Fujii Akira , Watarai Takehiro , Mizutani Akitoshi
Published: April 2015

Various physical quantities required by powertrain control systems are supplied to the powertrain electronic control unit (ECU) from multiple sensors. These quantities are commonly obtained using ceramic sensors, which are capable of detecting chemical reactions and withstanding high temperatures. This chapter describes the detection principles and technology required for the practical adoption of ceramic sensors, focusing on sensors for detecting oxygen concentration (O2sensors), the air/fuel ratio (A/F sensors), engine knocking (knock sensors), harmfulNOxin emissions (NOxsensors), and the temperature in various locations.
The Enhanced Cognitive Interview: Testing Appropriateness Perception, Memory Capacity and Error Estimate Relation with Report Quality
Authors: Paulo Rui M. , Albuquerque Pedro B. , Saraiva Magda , Bull Ray
Published: April 2015

The Enhanced Cognitive Interview (ECI) has been widely studied. However, research has overlooked witnesses' attitudes toward the interview and how error estimate and memory capacity relate to report quality. Participants watched a mock robbery video and were interviewed 48 hours later with either the Portuguese version of the ECI or a Structured Interview (SI). Participants interviewed with the ECI provided more information without compromising accuracy, particularly in free recall. Report accuracy was stable across interview phases and information categories. A higher perception of interview appropriateness (how witnesses evaluate the appropriateness of the interview procedure used) was linked with more detailed reports and more interest in being an interviewee. Participants over‐estimated their error rate, and their memory capacity was not related to witnesses' recall. It is essential to take into account their perception of interview appropriateness and use alternative methods to evaluate report quality. Major implications for real‐life investigations are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Droplet Transport on a Nano‐ and Microstructured Surface with a Wettability Gradient in Low‐Temperature or High‐Humidity Environments
Authors: Wang Lei , Shi Weiwei , Hou Yongping , Zhang Miaoxin , Feng Shile , Zheng Yongmei
Published: April 2015

Directional driving of a droplet can be achieved on a gradient‐exhibiting, nanostructured microhump (GNMH) surface at low temperature and high humidity. The GNMH surface is fabricated using a commercial carbon fiber plate with an array of microscale hump structures; nanotechniques are used to form varying nanostructures on the microhump array, producing the micro‐ and nanostructured surface. The different nanostructures result in a wettability gradient along the surface, enabling droplet transport with the help of vibration—even at low temperature or high humidity. In contrast, simply nanostructured surfaces or microstructured surfaces that also have a wettable gradient do not enable droplet transport at low temperature or high humidty. In a range of subzero temperatures or in a range of high‐humidity conditions, the GNMH surface retains its superhydrophobicity and ability for directional droplet transport along its wettability gradient. These results may assist in the design of surfaces required for cold environments, such as microreactors, chemical analytic devices, and sensors.
Iron‐Catalyzed Direct Synthesis of Amides from Methylarenes
Authors: Srinivas Kotha Surya , Badigenchala Sindhura , Sekar Govindasamy
Published: April 2015

An efficient, green and first catalytic process has been developed for the direct synthesis of amides from readily available petroleum by‐products (methylarenes) and amines using an iron catalyst. In this new catalytic reaction, the methyl group of the methylarene is oxidized to the corresponding aldehyde through non‐directed CH oxidation followed by its oxidative amidation with N‐chloroamine, yielding the carboxylic amide. Oxidation with an iron catalyst, tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as sole oxidant, the synthesis of amides under mild reaction conditions and the utilization of methylarenes as starting material make this methodology novel and environmentally benign.

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Multicomponent Reactions of Phosphines, Enynedioates and Cinnamaldimines Give γ‐Lactams with a 1,3,5‐Hexatriene Moiety for Facile 6π Electrocyclization: Access to Oxindoles, Isatins and Isoxazolinones
Authors: Deng Jie‐Cheng , Chen Wu‐Yin , Zhu Chaoyuan , Chuang Shih‐Ching
Published: April 2015

Multicomponent reactions of phosphines, enynedioates and cinnamaldimines generated 3‐phosphorus ylide γ‐lactams having a 1,3,5‐hexatriene moiety with low activation energy barrier for 6π electrocyclization, through initial formation of 1,3‐dipoles from the α(δ′)‐Michael addition of phosphines to enynedioates. The reactive 1,3‐dipoles underwent addition to cinnamaldimines, lactamization, 6π electrocyclization and oxidation to give 3‐phosphorus ylide oxindoles as platform molecules toward isatins and isoxazolinones. The key step, 6π electrocyclization, was further examined by a kinetic and a computational study.

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Bismuth(III) Bromide‐Catalysed Substitution of Benzyl Alcohols with Arylsulfonylmethyl Isocyanides: An Unexpected Access to Sulfinates
Authors: Li Hui‐Jing , Wang Rui , Gao Jing , Wang Yuan‐Yuan , Luo Dong‐Hui , Wu Yan‐Chao
Published: April 2015

A bismuth(III) bromide‐catalysed direct substitution of benzyl alcohols with arylsulfonylmethyl isocyanides affords sulfinates under mild acidic conditions. An unforeseen reversed reactivity was observed in this highly selective formation of sulfinates instead of the formation of the usually favoured sulfones. Cytotoxicity tests (in vitro) indicated that the sulfinates exhibit antibiotic activity against a human leukaemia cell line HL‐60, which would widen the structural diversity of this antitumour target and confirm the perspectives of further investigations.

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The Use of Porous Palladium(II)‐polyimine in Cooperatively‐ catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Cascade Transformations
Authors: Xu Chao , Deiana Luca , Afewerki Samson , Incerti‐Pradillos Celia , Córdova Oscar , Guo Peng , Córdova Armando , Hedin Niklas
Published: April 2015

Porous organic polymers have prospects as functional substrates for catalysis, with quite different molecular properties from inorganic substrates. Here we disclose for the first time that porous palladium(II)‐polyimines are excellent catalysts for cooperatively catalyzed and enantioselective cascade reactions. In synergy with a chiral amine co‐catalyst, polysubstituted cyclopentenes and spirocyclic oxindoles, including the all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter, were synthesized in high yields. High diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities were achieved for these dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformations (DYKAT) of enals with propargylic nucleophiles.

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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2015 Update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment
Authors: Hallek Michael
Published: April 2015

Disease overview: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the commonest leukemia in western countries. The disease typically occurs in elderly patients and has a highly variable clinical course. Leukemic transformation is initiated by specific genomic alterations that impair apoptosis of clonal B‐cells.

Diagnosis: The diagnosis is established by blood counts, blood smears, and immunophenotyping of circulating B‐lymphocytes, which identify a clonal B‐cell population carrying the CD5 antigen as well as B‐cell markers.

Prognosis: Two prognostic staging systems exist, the Rai and Binet staging systems, which are established by physical examination and blood counts. Various biological and genetic markers also have prognostic value. Deletions of the short arm of chromosome 17 (del(17p)) predict resistance to available chemotherapies. Comprehensive prognostic scores are currently being developed.

Therapy: Patients with active or symptomatic disease or with advanced Binet or Rai stages require therapy. For physical fit patients, chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab remains the current standard therapy. For unfit patients, treatment with an anti‐CD20 antibody (obinutuzumab or rituximab or ofatumumab) plus a milder chemotherapy (Chlorambucil) may be applied. At relapse, the initial treatment may be repeated, if the treatment‐free interval exceeds two to three years. If the disease relapses earlier, therapy should be changed using alternative agents such as bendamustine (plus rituximab), alemtuzumab, lenalidomide, ofatumumab, ibrutinib, or idelalisib. Patients with a del(17p) or TP53 mutation can be treated with ibrutinib or a combination of idelalisib and rituximab. An allogeneic SCT may be considered in relapsing patients with TP53 mutations or del(17p) or patients that are refractory to repeated chemoimmunotherapies.

Future challenges: Several new agents (e.g., ibrutinib, idelalisib, obinutuzumab) hold the potential to improve the outcome of patients with CLL. However, their optimal use (in terms of combination, sequence, and duration) is unknown. Therefore, CLL patients should be treated in clinical trials whenever possible.Am. J. Hematol. 90:447–460, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of N,Cα,Cα‐Trisubstituted α‐Amino Acid Derivatives Using 1H‐Imidazol‐4(5H)‐ones as Key Templates
Authors: Etxabe Julen , Izquierdo Joseba , Landa Aitor , Oiarbide Mikel , Palomo Claudio
Published: April 2015

1H‐Imidazol‐4(5H)‐ones are introduced as novel nucleophilic α‐amino acid equivalents in asymmetric synthesis. These compounds not only allow highly efficient construction of tetrasubstituted stereogenic centers, but unlike hitherto known templates, provide direct access to N‐substituted (alkyl, allyl, aryl) α‐amino acid derivatives.
Radical Covalent Organic Frameworks: A General Strategy to Immobilize Open‐Accessible Polyradicals for High‐Performance Capacitive Energy Storage
Authors: Xu Fei , Xu Hong , Chen Xiong , Wu Dingcai , Wu Yang , Liu Hao , Gu Cheng , Fu Ruowen , Jiang Donglin
Published: April 2015

Ordered π‐columns and open nanochannels found in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) could render them able to store electric energy. However, the synthetic difficulty in achieving redox‐active skeletons has thus far restricted their potential for energy storage. A general strategy is presented for converting a conventional COF into an outstanding platform for energy storage through post‐synthetic functionalization with organic radicals. The radical frameworks with openly accessible polyradicals immobilized on the pore walls undergo rapid and reversible redox reactions, leading to capacitive energy storage with high capacitance, high‐rate kinetics, and robust cycle stability. The results suggest that channel‐wall functional engineering with redox‐active species will be a facile and versatile strategy to explore COFs for energy storage.
Porous Carbon Fibers Containing Pores with Sizes Controlled at the Ångstrom Level by the Cavity Size of Pillar[6]arene
Authors: Ogoshi Tomoki , Yoshikoshi Kumiko , Sueto Ryuta , Nishihara Hirotomo , Yamagishi Tada‐aki
Published: April 2015

We report a new synthesis method of fibrous carbon material with pores sizes that are precisely controlled at the Ångstrom level, by carbonization of two dimensional (2D) porous sheets of pillar[6]arenes. The 2D porous sheets were prepared by 2D supramolecular polymerization induced by oxidation of hydroquinone units of pillar[6]arenes. Owing to the hexagonal structure of pillar[6]arene, the assembly induced by 2D supramolecular polymerization gave hexagonal 2D porous sheets, and the highly ordered structure of the 2D porous sheets formed regular fibrous structures. Then, carbonization of the 2D porous sheets afforded fibrous carbon materials with micropores. The micropore size of the fibrous porous carbon prepared from pillar[6]arene was the same size as that of the starting material pillar[6]arene assembly.
Chemoselective Silylative Reduction of Conjugated Nitriles under Metal‐Free Catalytic Conditions: β‐Silyl Amines and Enamines
Authors: Gandhamsetty Narasimhulu , Park Juhyeon , Jeong Jinseong , Park Sung‐Woo , Park Sehoon , Chang Sukbok
Published: April 2015

The B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed silylative reduction of conjugated nitriles has been developed to afford synthetically valuable β‐silyl amines. The reaction is chemoselective and proceeds under mild conditions. Mechanistic elucidation indicates that it proceeds by rapid double hydrosilylation of the conjugated nitrile to an enamine intermediate which is subsequently reduced to the β‐silyl amine, thus forming a new C(sp3)Si bond. Based on this mechanistic understanding, a preparative route to enamines was also established using bulky silanes.
Elusive Silane–Alane Complex [SiH⋅⋅⋅Al]: Isolation, Characterization, and Multifaceted Frustrated Lewis Pair Type Catalysis
Authors: Chen Jiawei , Chen Eugene Y.‐X.
Published: April 2015

The super acidity of the unsolvated Al(C6F5)3 enabled isolation of the elusive silane–alane complex [SiH⋅⋅⋅Al], which was structurally characterized by spectroscopic and X‐ray diffraction methods. The Janus‐like nature of this adduct, coupled with strong silane activation, effects multifaceted frustrated‐Lewis‐pair‐type catalysis. When compared with the silane–borane system, the silane–alane system offers unique features or clear advantages in the four types of catalytic transformations examined in this study, including: ligand redistribution of tertiary silanes into secondary and quaternary silanes, polymerization of conjugated polar alkenes, hydrosilylation of unactivated alkenes, and hydrodefluorination of fluoroalkanes.
Organocatalyzed CO2 Trapping Using Alkynyl Indoles
Authors: Xin Zhuo , Lescot Camille , Friis Stig D. , Daasbjerg Kim , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: April 2015

The first organocatalyzed trapping of CO2 through CC and CO bond formation is reported. Alkynyl indoles together with catalytic amounts of an organic base and five equivalents of CO2 resulted in the formation new heterocyclic structures. These tricyclic indole‐containing products were successfully prepared under mild reaction conditions from aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic alkynyl indoles with complete regioselectivity. Further investigations suggest that CC bond formation is the initial intermolecular step, followed by lactone‐forming CO bond formation.
Neuritogenic Militarinone‐Inspired 4‐Hydroxypyridones Target the Stress Pathway Kinase MAP4K4
Authors: Schröder Peter , Förster Tim , Kleine Stefan , Becker Christian , Richters André , Ziegler Slava , Rauh Daniel , Kumar Kamal , Waldmann Herbert
Published: April 2015

Progressive loss and impaired restoration of neuronal activity are hallmarks of neurological diseases, and new small molecules with neurotrophic activity are in high demand. The militarinone alkaloids and structurally simplified analogues with 4‐hydroxy‐2‐pyridone core structure induce pronounced neurite outgrowth, but their protein target has not been identified. Reported herein is the synthesis of a militarinone‐inspired 4‐hydroxy‐2‐pyridone collection, its investigation for enhancement of neurite outgrowth, and the discovery of the stress pathway kinase MAP4K4 as a target of the discovered neuritogenic pyridones. The most potent 4‐hydroxy‐2‐pyridone is a selective ATP‐competitive inhibitor of MAP4K4 but not of the other stress pathway related kinases, as proven by biochemical analysis and by a crystal structure of the inhibitor in complex with MAP4K4. The findings support the notion that MAP4K4 may be a new target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
One‐Step Synthesis of [16]Helicene
Authors: Mori Kazuyuki , Murase Takashi , Fujita Makoto
Published: April 2015

A single‐strand arylene–vinylene precursor containing four phenylene and three naphthylene units linked together with six vinylene spacers undergoes helical folding via sextuple photocyclization to give a [16]helicene core in a single step. The phenylene and naphthylene units are arranged in the precursor such that unfavorable side reactions (anthracene or benzoperylene formation) are avoided, and this is the key to the success of the one‐step synthesis of [16]helicene, which is the longest [n]helicene that has been synthesized to date.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular CH Silylation for the Syntheses of Planar‐Chiral Metallocene Siloles
Authors: Zhang Qing‐Wei , An Kun , Liu Li‐Chuan , Yue Yuan , He Wei
Published: April 2015

Reported herein is the rhodium‐catalyzed enantioselective CH bond silylation of the cyclopentadiene rings in Fe and Ru metallocenes. Thus, in the presence of (S)‐TMS‐Segphos, the reactions took place under very mild conditions to afford metallocene‐fused siloles in good to excellent yields and with ee values of up to 97 %. During this study it was observed that the steric hindrance of chiral ligands had a profound influence on the reactivity and enantioselectivity of the reaction, and might hold the key to accomplishing conventionally challenging asymmetric CH silylations.
Selected Gray Matter Volumes and Gender but Not Basal Ganglia nor Cerebellum Gyri Discriminate Left Versus Right Cerebral Hemispheres: Multivariate Analyses in human Brains at 3T
Authors: Roldan‐Valadez Ernesto , Suarez‐May Marcela A. , Favila Rafael , Aguilar‐Castañeda Erika , Rios Camilo
Published: April 2015

Interest in the lateralization of the human brain is evident through a multidisciplinary number of scientific studies. Understanding volumetric brain asymmetries allows the distinction between normal development stages and behavior, as well as brain diseases. We aimed to evaluate volumetric asymmetries in order to select the best gyri able to classify right‐ versus left cerebral hemispheres. A cross‐sectional study performed in 47 right‐handed young‐adults healthy volunteers. SPM‐based software performed brain segmentation, automatic labeling and volumetric analyses for 54 regions involving the cerebral lobes, basal ganglia and cerebellum from each cerebral hemisphere. Multivariate discriminant analysis (DA) allowed the assembling of a predictive model. DA revealed one discriminant function that significantly differentiated left vs. right cerebral hemispheres: Wilks’ λ = 0.008, χ2 (9) = 238.837, P < 0.001. The model explained 99.20% of the variation in the grouping variable and depicted an overall predictive accuracy of 98.8%. With the influence of gender; the selected gyri able to discriminate between hemispheres were middle orbital frontal gyrus (g.), angular g., supramarginal g., middle cingulum g., inferior orbital frontal g., calcarine g., inferior parietal lobule and the pars triangularis inferior frontal g. Specific brain gyri are able to accurately classify left vs. right cerebral hemispheres by using a multivariate approach; the selected regions correspond to key brain areas involved in attention, internal thought, vision and language; our findings favored the concept that lateralization has been evolutionary favored by mental processes increasing cognitive efficiency and brain capacity. Anat Rec, 298:1336–1346, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiple Model Adaptive Estimator for Nonlinear System with Unknown Disturbance
Authors: Xiong Kai , Wei Chunling
Published: April 2015

A multiple model adaptive estimator (MMAE) is presented for nonlinear systems with unknown disturbances. Multiple models are constructed with a set of process noise covariance matrices, such that the algorithm can adapt to different levels of unknown disturbances. The performance of the MMAE is analyzed for the considered system. It is proved that, under certain assumptions, the MMAE keeps the dynamics of its estimation error stable. A performance comparison among different estimators is carried out for space surveillance, where the position of a space target is estimated by using double line‐of‐sight measurements. Simulation studies illustrate that the presented algorithm outperforms the extended Kalman filter and the nonlinear robust filter.
Challenges and advances in the assessment of the disposition of antibody‐drug conjugates
Authors: Kamath Amrita V. , Iyer Suhasini
Published: April 2015

Antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs) are a rapidly growing therapeutic platform for the treatment of cancer. ADCs consist of a cytotoxic small molecule drug linked to an antibody to provide targeted delivery of the cytotoxic agent to the tumor. Understanding the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of ADCs is crucial in their design to optimize dose and regimen, to maximize efficacy and to minimize toxicity in patients. Significant progress has been made in recent years in this area, however, many fundamental questions still remain. This review discusses factors to consider while assessing the disposition of ADCs, and the unique challenges associated with these therapeutics. Current tools that are available and strategies to enable appropriate assessment are also discussed. © 2015 Genentech Inc. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Clinical cardiac structural anatomy reconstructed within the cardiac contour using multidetector‐row computed tomography: Atrial septum and ventricular septum
Authors: Mori Shumpei , Fukuzawa Koji , Takaya Tomofumi , Takamine Sachiko , Ito Tatsuro , Fujiwara Sei , Nishii Tatsuya , Kono Atsushi K , Yoshida Akihiro , Hirata Ken‐Ichi
Published: April 2015

Cardiologists are increasingly becoming involved in procedures associated with the atrial septum and ventricular septum, such as transseptal puncture and selective site pacing. Moreover, detailed knowledge about the architecture of the atrial septum and ventricular septum is now available from studies by radiologists and anatomists. However, from the viewpoint of clinical cardiologists, many questions about the three‐dimensional cardiac structural anatomy that relate closely to routine invasive procedures remain unresolved. Although modern multidetector‐row computed tomography could provide answers, interventional cardiologists might have not considered the potential of this equipment, as only a few have performed studies with both radiological imaging and cadaveric hearts. Detailed knowledge of the three‐dimensional fluoroscopic cardiac structural anatomy could help to reduce the need for contrast medium injection and radiation exposure, and to perform safe interventions. In this article, we present a series of cardiac structural images, including images of the atrial septum and ventricular septum, reconstructed in combination with the cardiac contour using multidetector‐row computed tomography. We also discuss the clinical implications of the findings on the basis of accumulated insights of research pioneers. We hope that the present images will serve as a bridge between the fields of cardiology, radiology, and anatomy, and encourage cardiologists to integrate their accumulated insights into the three‐dimensional clinical images of the living heart. Clin. Anat. 29:342–352, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unbalanced chemical equations conversion to mark‐up format and representation to vision impaired students
Authors: Nazemi Azadeh , McMeekin David A. , Murray Iain
Published: April 2015

This paper describes a method to represent unbalanced chemical equations to vision impaired students which allows them to navigate through classified data, such as species, elements, quantity numbers at the left and right hand sides of equations, reactants, and products. Then they can find appropriate coefficients and balance chemical equations without involving to mathematical aspects of balancing and remembering a lot of information. The goal of this research was the development of an application which assists vision impaired students enrolled in chemistry course to be able to read chemistry literature containing formulae, chemistry representations of elements, and other aspects of chemistry that has been difficult in the past to present in a way for vision impaired people to understand. Developed application by this research is an open source command line Bash Script application under Linux which accepts an unbalanced chemical equation as an input, processes, classifies information, and represents it as Mark‐up format or Alternative Audio Descriptive using Text to Speech. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:805–812, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21651
Single‐fraction radiation therapy in patients with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Iyer Jayasri G. , Parvathaneni Upendra , Gooley Ted , Miller Natalie J. , Markowitz Elan , Blom Astrid , Lewis Christopher W. , Doumani Ryan F. , Parvathaneni Kaushik , Anderson Austin , Bestick Amy , Liao Jay , Kane Gabrielle , Bhatia Shailender , Paulson Kelly , Nghiem Paul
Published: April 2015

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive, polyomavirus‐associated cancer with limited therapeutic options for metastatic disease. Cytotoxic chemotherapy is associated with high response rates, but responses are seldom durable and toxicity is considerable. Here, we report our experience with palliative single‐fraction radiotherapy (SFRT) in patients with metastatic MCC. We conducted retrospective analyses of safety and efficacy outcomes in patients that received SFRT (8 Gy) to MCC metastases between 2010 and 2013. Twenty‐six patients were treated with SFRT to 93 MCC tumors located in diverse sites that included skin, lymph nodes, and visceral organs. Objective responses were observed in 94% of the measurable irradiated tumors (86/92). Complete responses were observed in 45% of tumors (including bulky tumors up to 16 cm). “In field” lesion control was durable with no progression in 77% (69/89) of treated tumors during median follow‐up of 277 days among 16 living patients. Clinically significant toxicity was seen in only two patients who had transient side effects. An exploratory analysis suggested a higher rate of in‐field progression in patients with an immunosuppressive comorbidity or prior recent chemotherapy versus those without (30% and 9%, respectively; P = 0.03). Use of SFRT in palliating MCC patients was associated with an excellent in field control rate and durable responses at treated sites, and with minimal toxicity. SFRT may represent a convenient and appealing alternative to systemic chemotherapy for palliation, for which most patients with oligometastatic MCC are eligible. SFRT may also synergize with emerging systemic immune stimulants by lowering tumor burden and enhancing presentation of viral/tumor antigens.