bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Uluguru Mountains of eastern Tanzania: the effect of forest loss on biodiversity
Authors: Burgess Neil , Doggart Nike , Lovett Jon C.
Published: July 2002

The Uluguru Mountains in eastern Tanzania contain at least 16 endemic vertebrate and 135 endemic plant taxa, with hundreds of more taxa shared only with forests in eastern Tanzania and Kenya. This degree of endemism is exceptional in tropical Africa, and the Uluguru Mountains are one of the 10 most important tropical forest sites for conservation on the continent. Surveys carried out during 1999–2001 updated information on the status of forests and biodiversity across the Uluguru Mountains. Forest area has declined from c. 300 km2 in 1955 to 230 km2 in 2001. Forest loss has been greatest over altitudes of 600–1,600 m, and concentrated in submontane forest. During the recent surveys most of the endemic and near-endemic vertebrate species known from the Uluguru Mountains were re-recorded, but three endemic snake species and two near-endemic bird species were not found. These species were previously known from the elevations where deforestation has been greatest. More than 50 plant species are also known only from the altitude range that has been heavily deforested. The primary cause of forest loss has been clearance for new farmland. The forest that does remain is largely confined to Catchment Forest Reserves managed for water by the Tanzanian Government. Without these reserves the loss of forest, and hence the loss of biodiversity, in the Uluguru Mountains would most likely have been much greater.
Production of a monoclonal antibody specific for ovine
immunoglobulin E and its application to monitor serum
IgE responses to Haemonchus contortus infection
Authors: KOOYMAN F. N. J. , VAN KOOTEN P. J. S. , HUNTLEY J. F. , MacKELLAR A. , CORNELISSEN A. W. C. A. , SCHALLIG H. D. F. H.
Published: July 2002

Part of the Cε3–Cε4 region of the ovine immunoglobulin
E
(IgE) gene (nucleotides 1111–1575) was amplified by PCR.
The recombinant protein (recIgE1-2) was expressed in E. coli and
both
monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were
produced. These antibodies recognized recIgE1-2 and native IgE on Western
blots
and in ELISA. The polyclonal serum
showed cross-reactivity with other sheep immunoglobulin classes. The monoclonal
antibody was specific for ovine IgE
and goat IgE. Infection of sheep with the abomasal nematode Haemonchus
contortus resulted in elevated IgE levels in
serum 2–4 weeks after infection, as measured by sandwich ELISA using
the
rabbit polyclonal as capture antibody and
the monoclonal antibody against ovine IgE as second antibody. A negative
correlation between worm counts and total
serum IgE levels at the end of the experiment was found in repeatedly infected
sheep. Significant increased levels of
excretory–secretory antigens specific IgE levels were found after
H.
contortus infection. In contrast, no significant changes
in 3rd-stage larvae (L3) antigen-specific IgE titre in sera could be detected
after infection.
Cloning of the entire COWP gene of Cryptosporidium
parvum and ultrastructural localization of the protein
during sexual parasite development
Authors: SPANO F. , PURI C. , RANUCCI L. , PUTIGNANI L. , CRISANTI A.
Published: July 2002

Molecular cloning and immunoelectron microscopy have been used
to clone
the full-length gene encoding Cryptosporidium
parvum oocyst wall protein (COWP) and to analyse at the ultrastructural
level the expression and localization of COWP
during development in the gut. COWP is 1622 amino acids long, has a typical
leader peptide and consists of 2 amino acidic
domains each containing distinct repeated elements possibly originating
from
a common ancestral precursor. Electron
microscopy localized COWP in a large cytoplasmic inclusion and in the
wall-forming bodies of early and late macrogametes, respectively. Ultrastructural
analysis of double-walled sporulating and mature oocysts indicated that
COWP is
selectively localized in the inner layer of the oocyst wall. This study
provides the first localization at the ultrastructural
level of a cloned coccidian oocyst wall protein.
Exploitation of immune and other defence mechanisms by
parasites: an overview
Authors: LOCKSLEY R. M.
Published: July 2002

Parasites have established numerous strategies for evading host

immunity. Such tactics promote persistence and chronicity
– factors that favour completion of the life cycle and transmission

to vectors or the environment. This volume explores
many facets of the interaction between host and parasite that will
be critical to the development of meaningful vaccines
capable of interrupting what has been accomplished over centuries of co-evolution.
Identification of a laminated layer-associated protein in
Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes
Authors: INGOLD K. , GOTTSTEIN B. , HEMPHILL A.
Published: July 2002

Echinococcus multilocularis is a cestode parasite that

predominantly infects red and arctic foxes as definitive hosts. Ingestion

of E. multilocularis eggs and subsequent post-oncospheral
infection with the larval stage (metacestode) of the parasite
results in alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a life-threatening hepatic
disease concerning humans and other intermediate hosts
such as small rodents. The primary fluid-filled vesicles of the
asexually proliferating metacestode are comprised of an inner
germinal layer, a syncytial tegument, and an outer, acellular, so-called

laminated layer. This laminated layer may play an
important role in protecting the developing E. multilocularis

metacestode from host immune reactions, and laminated
layer-associated components represent potential targets for intervention

during the course of AE. We have used an in vitro
cultivation technique for the long-term maintenance and proliferation of

E. multilocularis metacestodes in order to generate
premature (protoscolex-free) parasite vesicles. A polyclonal antiserum

was raised against this host-free parasite tissue.
Subsequent immunoblot analysis of parasite fractions obtained by Triton

X-114 extraction led to the identification of a
116 kDa protein (named EmP2) within the Triton-insoluble fraction. The

characterization of EmP2 by SDS–PAGE,
Western blotting, and by immunofluorescence revealed that EmP2 is a
laminated layer-associated protein.
Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology Volume 36 Exploring Parasite Genomes
Authors: ROLLINSON DAVID , BLACKWELL JENNIE , CHAPPELL L. H.
Published: July 2002

Information concerning parasite genomes will be
fundamental to the future directions of parasitology
research in the new millennium. Already the complete
sequences of numerous pathogenic bacteria
are available to the scientific community. These
sequences contain essential information and clues
on drug targets and vaccine candidates and will
eventually help to unravel the mechanisms whereby
pathogens succeed in their often complex and
intricate life cycles. The void between a complete
genome sequence of a pathogenic organism and the
tools for its control might be truly enormous but the
sequence provides the essential foundation for future
study. Considerable progress has been made over the
last five years to transfer genome technologies to
eukaryotic pathogens and it was timely for the
British Society for Parasitology to consider parasite
genome research at the Autumn Symposium in
September 1998. The meeting provided the opportunity to
consider the rapid progress being made
in various parasite genome projects, bioinformatics
of genome analysis (including availability and access)
and the exciting possibilities for research in the post-genomic era.
A microsatellite marker reveals population heterogeneity
within human and animal genotypes of Cryptosporidium
parvum
Authors: CACCIÒ S. , HOMAN W. , CAMILLI R. , TRALDI G. , KORTBEEK T. , POZIO E.
Published: July 2002

Isolates of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum have been differentiated into 2 genotypes: genotype ‘H’, which
is associated only with human infections, and genotype ‘C’, which is associated with both human and animal infections.
To date, the analysis of polymorphisms of genes and of the small subunit ribosomal DNA have revealed no heterogeneity
within the 2 genotypes. In the present study, a locus containing simple sequence repeats (microsatellites) was PCR
amplified and sequenced from 94 C. parvum isolates, which were collected from humans (immunocompetent and
immunocompromized individuals, outbreak and single cases) and from several animal hosts in 3 continents. The analysis
revealed that genotype ‘H’ can be further differentiated into 2 subgenotypes, and genotype ‘C’ can be further differentiated
into 4 subgenotypes. The 6 subgenotypes differ in terms of expansions/contractions of the microsatellite repeats and by
point mutations. Some subgenotypes showed a wide geographical distribution, whereas others were restricted to specific
regions. Therefore, microsatellites are informative markers for more defined studies on the epidemiology, the transmission
routes, and the population structure of this parasite.
Vaccine development and diagnostics of Dictyocaulus viviparus
Authors: McKEAND J. B.
Published: July 2002

Parasitic bronchitis is a serious disease of cattle and is caused by the nematode, Dictyocaulus viviparus. For over 30 years,
a radiation-attenuated larval vaccine has been used for prevention of this disease. This vaccine has been used with
considerable success in the UK and parts of Western Europe, however, it has several disadvantages. It has a short shelf-
life and the vaccine has to be produced annually necessitating the use of donor calves. Following vaccination, calves must
receive further boosting from natural challenge to maintain protective immunity. Sales of the irradiated larval vaccine have
decreased dramatically since the 1970s. This is thought to be due to increased reliance of farmers on anthelmintic
programmes to control lungworm infection. It is possible that, under certain circumstances, these programmes do not
allow sufficient parasite exposure to stimulate protective immunity to further Dictyocaulus challenge. This is borne out
by the recent documented increase in the number of outbreaks of parasitic bronchitis in the UK. A stable vaccine against
D. viviparus that is capable of stimulating a more prolonged immunity would be beneficial. Recent research has been
directed at identification and isolation of components thought to be involved in parasite survival in the host and
examination of their potential as vaccine candidates. One of these components is acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme
secreted by adult worms. This review describes the development of the secreted AChE as a vaccine candidate, as well as
documenting recent developments in the immunodiagnosis of D. viviparus.
Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis:
developmental patterns of enzymes involved in
thymidylate biosynthesis and pyrimidine salvage
Authors: RODE W. , DĄBROWSKA M. , ZIELIŃSKI Z. , GOŁOS B. , WRANICZ M. , FELCZAK K. , KULIKOWSKI T.
Published: July 2002

Thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase and dUTPase specific activities were found to remain at a high and constant
level in crude extracts from adult worms of Trichinella spiralis, as well as from muscle larvae of both Trichinella spiralis
(isolated 1–24 months after infection) and Trichinella pseudospiralis (isolated 5·5–13 months after infection). The results
obtained with Trichinella pseudospiralis muscle larvae isolated with the use of pepsin did not differ from those obtained
when pepsin was not used. No thymidine kinase activity could be detected in muscle larvae of either species and thymidine
phosphorylase could be found only in T. pseudospiralis larvae isolated without the use of pepsin. Muscle larvae of both
species contained orotidylate phosphoribosyl transferase activity, pointing to a possibility of 5-fluorouracil activation.
Uridine phosphorylase, another enzyme involved in 5-fluorouracil anabolism, was also present in T. pseudospiralis muscle
larvae. Results of comparative studies on inhibition of purified T. spiralis and rat thymidylate synthases by substrate
(4-thio-5-fluoro-dUMP, 2-thio-5-fluoro-dCMP and N4-hydroxy-dCMP) and cofactor (ZD 9331) analogues indicated only
dUMP analogues to show feeble selectivity towards the parasite enzyme. A hypothesis is discussed, assuming high
expression of thymidylate synthase in muscle larvae to be connected with their cells being arrested in the cell cycle.
Experimental observations on the sex ratio of adult
Schistosoma mansoni, with comments on the
natural male bias
Authors: BOISSIER J. , MONÉ H.
Published: July 2002

The sex ratio of adult worms has been observed biased towards males in Schistosoma mansoni under natural conditions.
The origin of this bias is unknown. This paper determines whether males are more infective than females under controlled
experimental bisexual conditions, and hence if the sex ratio is male-biased as a consequence of this. The male and female
cercarial infectivities in uni- and bisexual vertebrate host infections using a range of controlled cercarial sex ratios were
studied. The results showed that, in experimental unisexual infections, male cercariae were more infective than females,
and that in experimental bisexual infections, male cercarial infectivity was similar to that of female, irrespective of cercarial
sex ratio. Furthermore, cumulative male and female cercarial infectivity was maximal when sex ratio was equilibrated. The
unbiased sex ratios obtained in our experimental bisexual infections are discussed in terms of behavioural and/or
biochemical male–female interaction. Alternative explanations of the natural biased sex ratio are proposed.
A Question of Silence: Feminist Theory and Women's Voices
Authors: Crary Alice
Published: July 2002

This paper examines some recent trends in feminist epistemology. It argues that theories that make a priori claims to the effect that the structure of our body of knowledge must encode a masculine bias are both philosophically problematic and politically counterproductive, and it recommends a feminist methodology free from such general theoretical claims as best suited for the promotion of productive feminist thought and action.
Unnatural Selection
Authors: Miles James
Published: July 2002

This paper shows how the last twenty-five years of vocal human Darwinism (human sociobiology and evolutionary psychology) directly rejects the ‘selfish gene’ theory it is supposedly based upon. ‘Evangelistic sociobiology’, as Dawkins has called it, argues that humans evolved to be ‘the altruistic ape’. Using selfish gene theory this paper shows that we are born just another selfish ape. Given the ‘gross immorality’ (George Williams) of natural selection, one implication is that modern genetics has yet to face up to our true genetic code. The ultimate conclusion of this paper is that culture makes civilisation possible because it overwrites, or ‘manipulates’, our genetic heritage. We are born ape, but made human.
Schizophrenia-like psychosis following traumatic brain injury: a chart-based descriptive and case–control study
Authors: SACHDEV P. , SMITH J. S. , CATHCART S.
Published: July 2002

Background. Head injury has been reported to increase the likelihood of the development of schizophrenia-like psychosis (SLP), but its features and risk factors have been insufficiently investigated.

Method. Between 1987 and 1997, we examined 45 referred patients with SLP following brain trauma. These subjects were matched with 45 head-injured subjects without SLP on age (current and at injury) and gender, and their case records reviewed systematically. The groups were compared and logistic regression analyses performed.

Results.The psychoses had a mean age of onset of 26·3 years, a mean latency of 54·7 months after head injury, usually a gradual onset and a subacute or chronic course. Prodromal symptoms were common and depression often present at onset. Paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations were the predominant features, with formal thought disorder, catatonic features and negative symptoms being uncommon. The SLP group had more widespread brain damage on neuroimaging, especially in the left temporal and right parietal regions, and were more impaired cognitively. Fewer (non-significantly) SLP subjects had epilepsy which was more likely to be well-controlled in this group. On regression analysis, a positive family history of psychosis and duration of loss of consciousness were the best predictors of SLP.

Conclusions. Head injury-related psychosis is usually paranoid-hallucinatory and subacute or chronic in its presentation. A genetic predisposition to schizophrenia and severity of injury with significant brain damage and cognitive impairment may be vulnerability factors.
School performance as a predictor of psychiatric
hospitalization in adult life. A 28-year follow-up in
the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort
Authors: ISOHANNI I. , JÄRVELIN M.-R. , NIEMINEN P. , JONES P. , RANTAKALLIO P. , JOKELAINEN J. , ISOHANNI M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Deterioration in school achievement may
pre-date adult mental disorders. We studied
the association between compulsory school performance and later
onset hospital-treated psychiatric
morbidity experienced by the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort
(N=11017) in adult life.

Methods. School performance was operationalized in
two ways: school class level (in normal, i.e.
age-appropriate class v. not in normal class, i.e. class below

age level or in special school) at the age
of 14, and marks for individual school subjects at the age of 16.
School class level was ascertained
by postal questionnaire and school marks from national application
register. These were linked to
data on psychiatric morbidity from the National Finnish Hospital
Discharge Register. By the end
of 1994 (between ages 16 and 28 years), a total of 383 subjects
had psychiatric illness. DSM-III-R
diagnoses were grouped into three categories: schizophrenia;
other psychoses; and non-psychotic
disorders. The remaining population with no psychiatric hospitalization
served as a single
comparison group. School class level and values of school marks
in the three diagnostic categories
were each compared with this comparison group, stratified by sex.

Results. In the comparison group 6·8% of boys and 3·4%
of
girls were not in their normal class.
In all the diagnosis groups the proportions of those not in normal
class were from 2 to 8 times higher
than in the comparison group. A majority of those not in normal class and
having psychiatric
diagnosis were intellectually subnormal (IQ<85). Among adolescents who
later developed
non-psychotic disorders, means of school marks were lower
(P<0·05, adjusted for social class and place
of residence) than in the comparison group. Lower marks were not found
in categories
schizophrenia or other psychoses. Logistic regression analysis confirmed
these findings after
adjustment for confounding factors.

Conclusions. Not being in the normal class at age
14 predicted future hospital-treated disorders, but
low school marks at age 16 predicted only non-psychotic
disorders. These findings may be an early
manifestation of the disorders themselves, or a marker of
vulnerability or other risk factors. The mechanisms may differ between
diagnoses.
The expressed emotion of case managers of the
seriously mentally ill: the influence of expressed
emotion on clinical outcomes
Authors: TATTAN TERESA , TARRIER NICHOLAS
Published: July 2002

Background. Expressed emotion (EE) measured from relatives and informal carers has been
consistently demonstrated to be associated with clinical outcome in schizophrenic patients. There
have also been published studies that have investigated EE in professional carers that have
suggested that the quality of the relationship between staff and patient may also be associated with
patient outcomes. A large controlled trial of the effectiveness of different intensities of case
management provided the opportunity to assess the association between the EE of case managers,
including the quality of the relationship they had with patients under their care, and later clinical
outcomes.

Method. This was a prospective naturalistic study of EE present in a case manager–patient dyad
and subsequent patient outcomes. EE was assessed from the Five Minute Speech Sample (FMSS)
at least 3 months after the case manager became responsible for the patient's care and a range of
clinical outcomes were assessed 6 to 9 months later. Assessment of clinical outcomes was made
independent and blind of the EE ratings.

Results. High EE ratings were significantly associated with individual case managers and not to
symptom or illness factors. High EE was not associated with later clinical outcome, however, the
positive relationship between case manager and patient was. The absence of a positive relationship
was significantly associated with poorer outcomes.

Conclusions. In spite of very low face-to-face contact between case managers and patients,
compared with the amount of contact patients have with their informal carers and family, aspects
of staff attitudes and behaviour did influence clinical outcome. There are potential implications of
these results for staff training and clinical practice.
Detection of psychological distress by practice nurses in general
practice
Authors: PLUMMER S. E. , GOURNAY K. , GOLDBERG D. , RITTER S. A. H. , MANN A. H. , BLIZARD R.
Published: July 2002

Background. The general practitioner (GP) has traditionally been the first port of call for people with psychiatric morbidity but increasingly other members of the primary care team see the patients first, particularly practice nurses. The numbers and roles of practice nurses have expanded greatly over the past decade and it is important that practice nurses are able to recognize patients with
psychiatric morbidity. This paper reports a study to determine the abilities of 24 practice nurses to detect psychiatric morbidity in patients attending their clinics.

Methods. Twenty-four practices were randomly selected from 41 practices recruited from South London and Kent. One nurse per practice took part in the study. Patients were asked to complete a 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) while waiting for their appointment with the practice nurse. Following their consultation, the practice nurse rated the patients' level of psychological distress on a five-point rating scale.

Results. The response rate of patients was 97% (N = 1710). The GHQ case rate was 36%. The mean detection rate by practice nurses when identifying significant distress was 16% (between nurse variation, 0% to 61%). The mean specificity was 96% (variation 77% to 100%). A second analysis, changing the nurse criterion to recognition of distress increased the mean sensitivity rate to 58% (variation 31% to 84%) but the mean specificity rate decreased to 66% (variation 26% to 95%).

Conclusions. These results demonstrate that practice nurses' caseloads include a high proportion of patients with psychiatric morbidity and that agreement with the GHQ classification of psychiatric morbidity is modest. Therefore, training in detection will be crucial for the nurses.
A randomized controlled trial of individual
psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime
Authors: ROSE S. , BREWIN C. R. , ANDREWS B. , KIRK M.
Published: July 2002

Background. It has been suggested that giving people the opportunity talk about a traumatic
experience may prevent the development of later disorder. We tested the efficacy of two brief
interventions, education and psychological debriefing, designed to prevent adverse psychological
reactions to criminal victimization.

Methods. Individuals who had been the victims of a violent crime within the past month were
written to and invited to take part in a study of their attitudes to crime and punishment: 2161 were
contacted and 243 replied, of whom 157 were eligible and were randomly assigned either to an
education condition, to a psychological debriefing plus education condition, or to an assessment
only condition. Education involved providing information about normal post-traumatic reactions.
Debriefing involved in-depth probing about events, thoughts and feelings experienced during the
crime. Subjects were recruited from police and hospital sources and interviewed in their own homes:
138 were followed up at 6 months, and 92 at 11 months.

Results. Outcome was assessed using a DSM-III-R diagnosis of PTSD, the Post-traumatic
Symptom Scale, the Impact of Event Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. All groups improved
over time but there were no between-group differences.

Conclusions. No evidence was found to support the efficacy of brief one-session interventions for
preventing post-traumatic symptoms in individual victims of violent crime.
CAN THEOLOGICAL REALISM BE REFUTED?
Authors: SCOTT MICHAEL , MOORE ANDREW
Published: July 2002

In a number of recent articles D. Z. Phillips has presented an

exposition and defence of his views on theological realism,

views which are based on his

reading of Wittgenstein. Eschewing the label ‘anti-realist’

so often applied

to his philosophy, Phillips claims that realists and anti-realists alike
have

‘failed to appreciate how radical a challenge Wittgenstein makes
to our

philosophical assumptions’ (SL 22). Far from supporting non-realism

above realism, Phillips – following Wittgenstein – wishes

to upset the realist/non-realist debate by showing that the two theories

offer equally confused

accounts of belief and language, and specifically religious belief and

language. If this claim could be substantiated it would, of course, be
an

extremely significant conclusion, and it is unfortunate that Phillips vacillates

in his expression of it. Realism and non-realism are variously described
as

‘empty’, ‘idle talk’ or like opposing ‘battle

cries’ (RB 35), but despite

being vacuous they are ‘not intelligible alternatives’ (RB
34)

and ‘equally confused’ (RB 34). Furthermore, realism is ‘not

coherently expressible’

(RB 45) and involves an ‘incoherent supposition’ (SL 23) and
at least

some forms of it can be ‘refuted’ (RR 194). In

addition to their vacuity,

unintelligibility and incoherence, both theories are also said to be guilty
of

a misguided reductionism (RB 47), and realists are charged with being

‘foundationalists’ who espouse a theory that ‘cannot

take seriously the central religious conviction that God is at work in

people's lives’ (RB 47).

In this paper we will evaluate the arguments Phillips advances for rejecting

realism and non-realism, and consider the sort of problems they might pose

for realists. Phillips opposes the positions the realist and non-realist
take on

two crucial issues: first, whether religious practices and life are grounded
in

the belief that God is real, second, whether God may be considered to be
an

object. These are the two principal questions that occupy Phillips in his
work

on realism; it is in connection with the former that he puts forward his

‘refutation’ of realism. We aim to assess his arguments

for their philosophical cogency and value.
HOW REFORMED IS REFORMED EPISTEMOLOGY? ALVIN PLANTINGA AND

CALVIN'S ‘SENSUS DIVINITATIS’
Authors: JEFFREYS DEREK S.
Published: July 2002

In his recent two volumes on epistemology, Alvin Plantinga surveys

contemporary theories of knowledge thoroughly, and carefully defends an

externalist epistemology. He promises that in a third volume, Warranted

Christian Belief, he will present John Calvin's sensus

divinitatis as an epistemic

module akin to sense perception, a priori knowledge, induction, testimony

and other epistemic modules. Plantinga defines the sensus divinitatis
as a

‘many sided disposition to accept belief in God (or propositions
that

immediately and obviously entail the existence of God) in a variety of

circumstances’. Like other epistemic modules, it produces

beliefs in an appropriate

cognitive environment, aims at the production of true beliefs, and generates

beliefs which have a high statistical probability of being true.
Evaluations of a Community Regeneration Project: Case Studies of Cruddas Park Development Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne
Authors: McCULLOCH ANDREW
Published: July 2002

Five evaluations of the same community regeneration project in Newcastle
upon Tyne are compared. It is argued that the separate evaluations are
weak in method, atheoretical, ahistorical and lacking in a sense of social
structure. To progress, community evaluations must typologise communities
rather than treat community as a nebulous quality of relationships. A
typology is offered. Further, it is suggested the community regeneration in
this case was an extension of urban governance which artificially constructed
what is called an ‘inverse’ community.
Advances in Psychological Science, Vol. 2: Biological and Cognitive Aspects. Edited by Michel Sabourin, Fergus Craik, and Michèle Robert. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press, 1998. 633 pages.
Authors: Compton Rebecca J. , Isaacks Brandy G.
Published: July 2002

William James famously described the infant's perceptual world as a “blooming, buzzing confusion,” and a century later, the same words might apply to the field of psychology. With historical roots in both physiology and philosophy, psychology has proliferated into a multitude of subdisciplines served by specialized journals and conferences. In the face of such diversity, a few conferences and publications hold fast to the goal of presenting psychological research across the broad spectrum of subdisciplines. This edited volume, together with its companion volume (Vol. 1: Social, Personal, and Cultural Aspects), represents the proceedings of the XXVIth International Congress of Psychology, convened in Montreal in 1996, with the goal of providing “the latest research developments in psychology from around the world.” The volume contains quality reviews by an international roster of authors, and demonstrates at once both the sophisticated “blooming and buzzing” of many individual research programs in cognitive and biological psychology, and a largely untapped potential for the development of unifying themes and principles across the discipline.
Binaural information can converge in abstract memory traces
Authors: Paavilainen Petri , Jaramillo Maria , Näätänen Risto
Published: July 2002

Neural representations for abstract features of auditory stimuli were studied by presenting reading subjects with stimulus blocks composed of pairs of two closely spaced tones. There were frequent ascending standard pairs (i.e., the second tone was higher in frequency than the first tone) and occasional descending deviant pairs. Both types of pairs varied randomly over a wide frequency range. In separate blocks, the tones forming a pair were presented either to the same ear or to opposite ears. The deviant pairs elicited the mismatch negativity (MMN) in all conditions, which indicates that the brain can automatically extract and represent an abstract invariant feature (rise or fall) of stimulation above the point of binaural convergence and detect violations against it. Poor behavioral performance in an active discrimination task suggested that conscious discrimination processes can only partially use the outcome of the preattentive discrimination processes reflected by the MMN.
Input and central processing expressed in ERP and heart rate changes to rare target and rare nontarget stimuli
Authors: Simons Robert F. , Graham Frances K. , Miles Mark A. , Balaban Marie T.
Published: July 2002

Whether late positive components of event‐related potentials (ERPs) parallel changes in heart rate (HR) indicative of attention/orienting to rare stimuli has been debated. In the present study, a three‐stimulus design was used, with rare target, rare nontarget, and frequent standard stimuli delivered under identical conditions except that instructions to subjects described the targets to which subjects should respond but did not describe the nontargets. In Experiment 1, stimuli varied among modalities; in Experiment 2, auditory stimuli were employed. Both ERPs and HR were consistent with automatic processing preceding two stages of controlled processing. Rare stimuli evoked larger parietal P300 and initial HR deceleration than standards. Presumably because of load‐reducing effects of long interstimulus intervals, targets and nontargets were not distinguished before a late slow wave and a late phase of HR acceleration. Neither rare stimulus elicited a recognizable frontal P3a.
Phasic pupil dilation response to noxious stimulation in normal volunteers: Relationship to brain evoked potentials and pain report
Authors: Chapman C. Richard , Oka Shunichi , Bradshaw David H. , Jacobson Robert C. , Donaldson Gary W.
Published: July 2002

Pupillary response to noxious stimulation was investigated in men (n= 11) and women (n= 9). Subjects experienced repeated trials of noxious electrical fingertip stimulation at four intensities, ranging from faint to barely tolerable pain. Measures included pupil dilation response (PDR), pain report (PR), and brain evoked potentials (EPs). The PDR began at 0.33 s and peaked at 1.25 s after the stimulus. Multivariate mixed‐effects analyses revealed that (a) the PDR increased significantly in peak amplitude as stimulus intensity increased, (b) EP peaks at 150 and 250 ms differed significantly in both amplitude and latency across stimulus intensity, and (c) PR increased significantly with increasing stimulus intensity. Men demonstrated a significantly greater EP peak amplitude and peak latency at 150 ms than did women. With sex and stimulus intensity effects partialled out, the EP peak latency at 150 ms significantly predicted PR, and EP peak amplitude at 150 ms significantly predicted the PDR peak amplitude.
Timing and characteristics of perceptual attenuation by transcranial stimulation: A study using magnetic cortical stimulation and somatosensory‐evoked potentials
Authors: Andre‐Obadia N. , Garcia‐Larrea L. , Garassus P. , Mauguiere F.
Published: July 2002

Transcranial cortical magnetic stimulation (CMS) is a noninvasive, non‐noxious procedure to induce perceptual attenuation when applied concomitant to sensory stimuli. To investigate the perceptual timing of simple stimulus features in the somatosensory modality, we applied right hemisphere CMS at different intervals following a stimulus delivered to the left hand. Different intervals between peripheral stimuli and CMS were defined according to the components of the somatosensory‐evoked potentials (SEP), previously obtained in response to the same stimulus. Perceptual attenuation was maximal when CMS coincided with the primary cortical response (parietal N20 potential); conversely, perception of stimulus intensity was not modified when CMS was concomitant with the N200 and P300 potentials. Using small CMS intensities, a “perceptual dip” was observed when CMS arrived in coincidence with the N120 potential, a SEP response thought to be originated in part in the second somatic area. Our results support the view that both N200 and P300 are post‐perceptual responses. The results also suggest that the cortical processes active during the N20 and N120 potentials may be essential for the conscious perception of somatosensory stimuli delivered to the hand.
Why bother to spatially embed EEG? Comments on Pritchard et al., Psychophysiology, 33, 362–368, 1996
Authors: Pezard Laurent , Lachaux Jean‐Philippe , Thomasson Nitza , Martinerie Jacques
Published: July 2002

In a recent paper, Pritchard, Krieble, and Duke (Psychophysiology, 33, 362–368, 1996) studied the validity of spatial embedding of electroencephalographic (EEG) data and rejected this method in favor of time‐delay embedding. The present paper describes the nonlinear characterization of brain dynamics using either spatial or time‐delay embedding. We discuss the arguments published in Pritchard et al. (1996) and demonstrate that the spatial embedding cannot be rejected on this basis. We also point out the limitations of both spatial and time‐delay embeddings related to the spatial extension and the high‐dimensional dynamics of brain activity.
Dominance, gender, and cardiovascular reactivity during social interaction
Authors: Newton Tamara L. , Bane Cynthia M. , Flores Adriana , Greenfield Jeffrey
Published: July 2002

Associations between trait dominance and cardiovascular reactivity were examined in previously unacquainted healthy men and women. Subjects participated in three mixed‐gender dyadic interactions with the same partner while their cardiovascular responses were assessed. Among men, but not women, trait dominance was positively and significantly associated with systolic blood pressure reactivity. For men and women, diastolic blood pressure reactivity was positively and significantly associated with trait dominance while participants prepared to interact and with partner's trait dominance while they interacted. All effects held after controlling for trait hostility. Dominance merits attention as a correlate of cardiovascular reactivity, a finding that parallels emerging patterns in the cardiovascular disease literature. Gender and gender‐related social factors as potential moderators of this relationship are discussed.
Effects of the presentation of false heart‐rate feedback on the performance of two common heartbeat‐detection tasks
Authors: Phillips Geoffrey C. , Jones Gary E. , Rieger Eric J. , Snell Jeffry B.
Published: July 2002

Research has indicated that performance on heartbeat counting tasks may be influenced by beliefs about heart rate. Sixty male subjects were administered the Schandry heartbeat counting task after viewing fast, slow, or no heart rate feedback. Subjects were also administered the Whitehead signal‐detection type task. Results indicated that subjects who received fast or no heartbeat feedback performed better on the Schandry task than subjects who received slow feedback. Feedback presentation did not affect performance on the Whitehead task. These results suggest that the Schandry task is influenced by external variables (expectations, beliefs) beyond pure awareness of “discrete” visceral sensations and, thus, may not be as powerful a method for determining awareness of individual heartbeats as some other paradigms.
The trouble with Merge: Modeling speeded target detection
Authors: Grainger Jonathan
Published: July 2002

The model of phoneme monitoring proposed by Norris et al. is implausible when implemented in a localist connectionist network. Lexical representations mysteriously inform phoneme decision nodes as to the presence or absence of a target phoneme.
The divorce of REM sleep and dreaming
Authors: Coenen Anton
Published: July 2002

The validity of dream recall is discussed. What is the relation between the actual dream and its later reflection? Nielsen proposes differential sleep mentation, which is probably determined by dream accessibility. Solms argues that REM sleep and dreaming are double dissociable states. Dreaming occurs outside REM sleep when cerebral activation is high enough. That various active sleep states correlate with vivid dream reports implies that REM sleep and dreaming are single dissociable states. Vertes & Eastman reject that REM sleep is involved in memory consolidation. Considerable evidence for this was obtained by REM deprivation studies with the dubious water tank technique.

[Nielsen; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Age preferences in mates: An even closer look, without the distorting lenses
Authors: Kenrick Douglas T. , Keefe Richard C.
Published: July 2002

Einon's data support our original claims, although not a
claim she seems to assume – of reciprocal attraction between
elderly men and 20-year-old women. Implicit in her commentary is
an assumption that genetic predispositions are omniscient fitness
maximizers. Instead, evolutionary models assume selection-fashioned
psychological mechanisms that, in the context of other mechanisms
and pressures in past environments, had a positive effect on fitness
relative to competing alternatives. The Over & Phillips data fit with
our own data on homosexuals, and with the assumption of independent
modular mechanisms, rather than any existing sociocultural models.
Einon also incorrectly assumes that evolutionary models have
overemphasized male choice to the exclusion of female
choice.
Visceral pain and gender differences in pain
Authors: Menétrey D.
Published: July 2002

My commentary on mcmahon addresses the fact
that only peripheral data have been considered for explaining
differential sensibility in somato- and viscerosensory systems. This
fails to take it into account that central processing for visceral and
somatic inputs is now known to depend on different functional
pathways. My commentary on berkley points out that
the hypothalamus-pituitary axis is more responsive to stress in
females than in males.
Names, and what they are names of
Authors: Carlson Greg
Published: July 2002

Terms designating substances and kinds function grammatically
much like proper names of individuals. This supports Ruth Millikan's
theory, but it also poses the question of how we can understand the
reference of kind terms when the ontological status of the kind term
is uncertain or disputed.
Reidentification and redescription
Authors: Hauser Marc D. , Fitch W. Tecumseh
Published: July 2002

Millikan's account of substance concepts fails to do away
with features. Her approach simply moves the suite of relevant
features into an encapsulated module. The crux of the problem for
scientists studying human infants and nonhuman animals is to determine
how individuals reidentify objects and events in the world.
A phonological perspective on locus equations
Authors: Idsardi William J.
Published: July 2002

Locus equations fail to provide adequate abstraction to
capture the English phoneme /g/. They also cannot characterize final
consonants or their relation to pre-vocalic consonants. However, locus
equations are approximately abstract enough to define the upper limit
on phonological distinctions for place of articulation. Hence, locus
equations seem to mediate phonetic and phonological perceptual
abilities.
Boundary conditions and the need for multiple forms of representation
Authors: Markman Arthur B. , Yamauchi Takashi
Published: July 2002

Multidimensional space representations like those posited
in Edelman's target article are not sufficient to capture all similarity phenomena. We discuss phenomena that are compatible
with models of similarity that assume structured relational
representations. An adequate model of similarity and perception
will require multiple approaches to representation.
The common structure is the affordance in the ecology
Authors: Treffner Paul J.
Published: July 2002

Millikan's discussion of substance concepts in terms of their information-gathering role ignores the analyses of information-based perception and action developed within the tradition of ecological psychology. Her introduction and use without definition of key Gibsonian terms such as “affordance” and “direct perception” leaves those of us investigating such concepts uncertain of the extent to which she appreciates their theoretical importance. Due recognition of the realist account of categorical perception developed by J. J. Gibson would provide mutual benefit to modern externalist philosophy as well as to experimental psychology and to those investigating the ecological approach to perception–action.
Dopamine and impairment at the executive level
Authors: Crawford Trevor J. , Broerse Annelies , Den Boer Jans
Published: July 2002

Patients with schizophrenia have an impairment in the inhibition of reflexive saccades, as a consequence of a functional impairment of the prefrontal cortex, which has not yet been encapsulated in terms of a formal model. A number of novel and testable hypotheses can be generated from the framework proposed by Findlay & Walker that will stimulate further research. Their framework therefore marks an important step in the development of a comprehensive functional model of saccadic eye movements. Further advances will be assisted by (1) a recognition of important distinctions in the executive control of volitional saccades and (2) addressing the capacity for cross-model integration of spatial information in the generation of the spatial properties of saccadic eye movements.
On qualia, relations, and structure in color experience
Authors: Palmer Stephen E.
Published: July 2002

In this Response, I defend the notion of intrinsic qualities of experience, discuss the distinction between relational experience and relational structure, clarify the difference between narrow and broad interpretations of color experience, argue against externalist approaches to color experience, defend the concept of isomorphism as a limitation in understanding color experiences, examine critiques of the color machine and color room arguments, and counter objections to within-subject experiments based on memory limitations.
Absolutely continuous invariant probability measures for arbitrary expanding piecewise $\mathbb{R}$-analytic mappings of the plane
Authors: BUZZI JÉRÔME
Published: July 2002

We prove that any expanding piecewise real-analytic map of a bounded region of the plane admits absolutely continuous invariant probability measures.
Local dimension of ergodic measures for two-dimensional Lorenz transformations
Authors: STEINBERGER THOMAS
Published: July 2002

A class of transformations on $[0,1]^2$, which includes transformations obtained by a Poincaré section of the Lorenz equation, is considered. We prove a formula which connects local dimension, entropy and characteristic exponents of ergodic invariant probability measures.
Hausdorff dimension of the harmonic measure on trees
Authors: KAIMANOVICH VADIM A.
Published: July 2002

For a large class of Markov operators on trees we prove the formula ${\bf HD}\,\nu=h/l$ connecting the Hausdorff dimension of the harmonic measure $\nu$ on the tree boundary, the rate of escape $l$ and the asymptotic entropy $h$. Applications of this formula include random walks on free groups, conditional random walks, random walks in random environment and random walks on treed equivalence relations.
On the cohomology equivalence classes for non-singular mappings
Authors: KORNFELD ISAAC , KRYGIN ANDREI
Published: July 2002

The structure of the cohomology equivalence classes for non-singular, not necessarily invertible mappings of probability spaces is studied. In particular, some results of Kochergin and Ornstein–Smorodinsky on the structure of these classes for measure-preserving automorphisms are generalized to the case of non-singular endomorphisms. Our approach is based on Hopf's maximal ergodic theorem and its proof by Garsia.
A remark on Liouville vector fields and a theorem of Manouchehri
Authors: CHAPERON MARC
Published: July 2002

In a recent article, Manouchehri proved a ‘Sternberg theorem’ for Liouville vector fields and noticed that it provided normal forms for implicit differential equations and first-order partial differential equations. We establish local and global versions of Moser's celebrated result on volume and symplectic forms when they admit a non-trivial one parameter (pseudo-) group of homotheties—by definition, a Liouville field is the generator of such a flow. The local version implies that two germs of Liouville fields of a symplectic or volume form are conjugate by a diffeomorphism germ which preserves the form if and only if they are conjugate. This contains Manouchehri's theorem.