bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanowire modified carbon fibers for enhanced electrical energy storage
Authors: Shuvo Mohammad Arif Ishtiaque , (Bill) Tseng Tzu-Liang , Ashiqur Rahaman Khan Md. , Karim Hasanul , Morton Philip , Delfin Diego , Lin Yirong
Published: September 2013

The study of electrochemical super-capacitors has become one of the most attractive topics in both academia and industry as energy storage devices because of their high power density, long life cycles, and high charge/discharge efficiency. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the development of multifunctional structural energy storage devices such as structural super-capacitors for applications in aerospace, automobiles, and portable electronics. These multifunctional structural super-capacitors provide structures combining energy storage and load bearing functionalities, leading to material systems with reduced volume and/or weight. Due to their superior materials properties, carbon fiber composites have been widely used in structural applications for aerospace and automotive industries. Besides, carbon fiber has good electrical conductivity which will provide lower equivalent series resistance; therefore, it can be an excellent candidate for structural energy storage applications. Hence, this paper is focused on performing a pilot study for using nanowire/carbon fiber hybrids as building materials for structural energy storage materials; aiming at enhancing the charge/discharge rate and energy density. This hybrid material combines the high specific surface area of carbon fiber and pseudo-capacitive effect of metal oxide nanowires, which were grown hydrothermally in an aligned fashion on carbon fibers. The aligned nanowire array could provide a higher specific surface area that leads to high electrode-electrolyte contact area thus fast ion diffusion rates. Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction measurements are used for the initial characterization of this nanowire/carbon fiber hybrid material system. Electrochemical testing is performed using a potentio-galvanostat. The results show that gold sputtered nanowire carbon fiber hybrid provides 65.9% higher energy density than bare carbon fiber cloth as super-capacitor.
Stacking faults induced high dielectric permittivity of SiC wires
Authors: Kuang Jianlei , Cao Wenbin
Published: September 2013

We report that 3C-SiC wires with high stacking faults density exhibit higher permittivity in 2–18 GHz. Transmission electron microscopy suggests that the stacking faults were formed by embedding 2H-SiC segments in 3C-SiC matrix, which results in the formation of type-II 3C/2H-SiC heterostructures as both the valence-band maximum and the conduction-band minimum of 3C-SiC are lower than the corresponding positions of 2H-SiC. Plenty of interface dipoles are caused due to the charge separation occurs at the type-II heterointerface, and then the large dipole polarization loss is induced, which may be the main reason that causes the high dielectric permittivity of SiC wires.
Microscopic modeling of scattering quantum non-locality in semiconductor nanostructures
Authors: Rosati Roberto , Rossi Fausto
Published: September 2013

In spite of their intrinsic validity limits, a number of Boltzmann-like simulation schemes are extensively employed in the investigation of semiconductor nanomaterials and nanodevices. Such modeling strategies, based on the neglect of carrier phase coherence, are definitely unable to describe space-dependent ultrafast phenomena. In this letter, we shall propose a quantum-mechanical modeling strategy able to properly account for scattering-induced spatial non-locality. Its power and flexibility will be demonstrated via a few simulated experiments.
Modulation of Fermi velocities of Dirac electrons in single layer graphene by moiré superlattice
Authors: Zou Q. , Belle B. D. , Zhang L. Z. , Xiao W. D. , Yang K. , Liu L. W. , Wang G. Q. , Fei X. M. , Huang Y. , Ma R. S. , Lu Y. , Tan P. H. , Guo H. M. , Du S. X. , Gao H.-J.
Published: September 2013

Study of electronic properties of graphene on an anisotropic crystal substrate including boron nitride (BN) has raised significant interest recently due to the application of graphene based vertical hetero-devices. We have performed scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy studies of single-layer graphene on hexagonal BN (h-BN) substrates with an applied perpendicular magnetic field at low temperature. Different periodic moiré superlattices can be resolved with STM, and their quantized Landau levels in high magnetic field are investigated. The renormalized Fermi velocities of massless Dirac fermions in graphene are revealed to show dependent on the moiré superlattice. Density functional theory calculation verifies that the interlayer interaction between graphene and h-BN is stronger with smaller twisting angle between lattices of graphene and h-BN, thus, leading to a reduction in the velocity of charge carriers. Our results should provide valuable insight of electronic properties and device performance of graphene on crystal substrates.
Large enhancement of energy-storage properties of compositional graded (Pb1−xLax)(Zr0.65Ti0.35)O3 relaxor ferroelectric thick films
Authors: Zhang Liwen , Hao Xihong , Yang Jichun , An Shengli , Song Bo
Published: September 2013

In this letter, the compositionally graded multilayer (Pb1-xLax)(Zr0.65Ti0.35)O3 (PLZT) relaxor ferroelectric thick films were fabricated on LaNiO3/Si(100) substrates via a sol-gel method. The effects of composition-gradient sequence on the microstructure, dielectric properties, and energy-storage behaviors were investigated in detail. As compared to PLZT films with single composition, the compositionally graded PLZT films displayed significant enhancement in dielectric properties and energy-storage performance. The largest dielectric constant of 2170 at 100 kHz and the largest discharged energy-storage density of 12.4 J/cm3 at 800 kV/cm were achieved in the up-graded multilayer PLZT thick films.
Influence of O2 – plasma ambience and growth temperature on the oxidation of Mo-metal and volatilization of oxides
Authors: Sharma Rabindar K. , Reddy G. B.
Published: September 2013

In this communication, we investigated role of the oxygen plasma on the oxidation of Mo strip surface (source of Mo) and volatilization of formed oxide species. Molybdenum oxide thin films are deposited on Si substrate simultaneously by using the volatilized oxide species as vapor source. A special setup is designed to create stable discharge oxygen plasma. Both the Mo strip surface and oxide films deposited on Si substrates at different temperatures are characterized independently. The presence of well indexed and intense peaks corresponding to MoO3 and Mo8O23 oxide phases in x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of metals strips, heated at different temperatures in oxygen plasma ambience has been considered as proof of oxidation of Mo-strip surface. The reduction in peaks intensity with increase in metal strip temperature indicates high rate of oxidation and oxide volatilization. It is observed that film formation on silicon substrate could not take place without oxygen plasma even at 500ºC. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies of Mo strips as well as the films deposited on Si substrates, at different temperatures are showing the modifications in surface morphology and agreed with the XRD results. Both Raman and FTIR observations of Mo strip are also in consonance with the XRD and SEM findings. The occurrence of oxidation of Mo metal and volatilization of oxide species at this low temperature 300ºC is reported for the first time.
Fredholm's alternative breaks the confinement of electromagnetic waves
Authors: Velázquez-Arcos J. M.
Published: September 2013

The recovery of information from the so called electromagnetic evanescent waves seems to be a very well explained item. Nevertheless, the travelling waves that becomes from the evanescent waves emerge from integral or differential equations that are very different to those describing the conventional ones. Indeed, we can say that the two kinds of solutions, the travelling and evanescent waves represent a mutually discriminating problem in which we cannot have simultaneous validity of both kinds of equations even they represents the physical evolution of a the same system. But if we can describe our system with a Fredholm's equation we can relate both situations through the properties of the Fredholm's eigenvalue. When the Fredholm's eigenvalue has its values into certain range then Fredholm's equation describes a normal travelling spectrum; otherwise, we are in the presence of another type of equation with abnormal or special behavior. In this work, we analyze the so-named Fredholm's alternative, which enables us to describe the change of positive refraction index-like conditions of broadcasting media to negative refraction index-like conditions. We also sketch some general conditions for the Fredholm's eigenvalue in order to establish general rules for the breaking of the waves’ confinement.
U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex and RNA splicing alterations in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Bai Bing , Hales Chadwick M. , Chen Ping-Chung , Gozal Yair , Dammer Eric B. , Fritz Jason J. , Wang Xusheng , Xia Qiangwei , Duong Duc M. , Street Craig , Cantero Gloria , Cheng Dongmei , Jones Drew R. , Wu Zhiping , Li Yuxin , Diner Ian , Heilman Craig J. , Rees Howard D. , Wu Hao , Lin Li , Szulwach Keith E. , Gearing Marla , Mufson Elliott J. , Bennett David A. , Montine Thomas J. , Seyfried Nicholas T. , Wingo Thomas S. , Sun Yi E. , Jin Peng , Hanfelt John , Willcock Donna M. , Levey Allan , Lah James J. , Peng Junmin
Published: September 2013

Deposition of insoluble protein aggregates is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. The universal presence of β-amyloid and tau in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has facilitated advancement of the amyloid cascade and tau hypotheses that have dominated AD pathogenesis research and therapeutic development. However, the underlying etiology of the disease remains to be fully elucidated. Here we report a comprehensive study of the human brain-insoluble proteome in AD by mass spectrometry. We identify 4,216 proteins, among which 36 proteins accumulate in the disease, including U1-70K and other U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U1 snRNP) spliceosome components. Similar accumulations in mild cognitive impairment cases indicate that spliceosome changes occur in early stages of AD. Multiple U1 snRNP subunits form cytoplasmic tangle-like structures in AD but not in other examined neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Comparison of RNA from AD and control brains reveals dysregulated RNA processing with accumulation of unspliced RNA species in AD, including myc box-dependent-interacting protein 1, clusterin, and presenilin-1
.
U1-70K knockdown or antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of U1 snRNP increases the protein level of amyloid precursor protein. Thus, our results demonstrate unique U1 snRNP pathology and implicate abnormal RNA splicing in AD pathogenesis.
Nation and democracy building in contemporary Europe:the reproduction of the Basque demos
Authors: Goikoetxea Jule
Published: September 2013

The article analyzes the material or objectified reproduction of the Basque demos since democracy was established in Spain in 1980. Spain holds within its territory diverse regions and political communities and the Basque case is a highly illustrative example of how the development of regional state institutions is fundamental for the reproduction of distinct democratic demoi not merely in their political but also socio-economic dimension. This paper argues that, in our current European context, political distinctions cannot become effectively objectified and instituted power structures without state institutions being able to uphold a differentiated system of stratification.
Anti-Semitism in Poland: survey results and a qualitative study of Catholic communities
Authors: Kucia Marek , Duch-Dyngosz Marta , Magierowski Mateusz
Published: September 2013

After first outlining the notion of anti-Semitism, the predominant survey method used for researching it, and the history of the presence and the current (near) absence of Jews in Poland, this article gives the results of different surveys of various kinds of anti-Semitism in this country, including the authors’ own, and discusses the findings of their qualitative study – focus group interviews with members of three different Catholic communities from three different cities. The qualitative study confirmed the hypothesis that imagined and stereotypical rather than real Jews are the objects of modern anti-Semitism in Poland, while real historical and stereotypically perceived Jews are the objects of its religious and post-Holocaust variants. The roots of religious anti-Semitism lie in the not entirely absorbed teachings of the Catholic Church on the Jewish deicide charge. Religious anti-Semitism supports modern and post-Holocaust kinds of anti-Semitism. Modern anti-Semitism is rooted in poor education, lack of interest in the Jewish history of Poland, lack of inter-group contact, and persisting stereotypes of Jews. Among the various Catholic communities of Poles, there are considerable differences in attitudes to Jews. The qualitative study also revealed a methodological deficiency in the standard survey questions intended to measure anti-Semitism, which are sometimes understood as questions about facts rather than about opinions.
When a name becomes an image: the relationship of James Hillman with this strange metaphor called ‘Brazil’
Authors: Quintaes Marcus
Published: September 2013

This article attempts to recover the intellectual trajectory of James Hillman. It analyzes the diverse steps of his intellectual journey and emphasizes the extremely mercurial character that characterizes his writing. Starting with the furious potential of his ideas and arguments, Hillman attempts to articulate a thought that is free, multiple, slippery and plural, one that resists being captured in any attempt to unify or define a prevalent direction. It is these characteristics that approximate Hillman's ideas and archetypal psychology with Brazil and its particular way of ‘soul making’.
Probabilistic discrepancy bound for Monte Carlo point sets
Authors: Aistleitner Christoph , Hofer Markus
Published: September 2013

By a profound result of Heinrich, Novak, Wasilkowski, and Woźniakowski the inverse of the star-discrepancy

n
∗

(
s
,
ε
)

n^*(s,\varepsilon )

satisfies the upper bound

n
∗

(
s
,
ε
)
≤

c

a
b
s

s

ε

−
2

n^*(s,\varepsilon ) \leq c_{\mathrm {abs}} s \varepsilon ^{-2}

. This is equivalent to the fact that for any

N
N

and

s
s

there exists a set of

N
N

points in

[
0
,
1

]
s

[0,1]^s

whose star-discrepancy is bounded by

c

a
b
s

s

1

/

2

N

−
1

/

2

c_{\mathrm {abs}} s^{1/2} N^{-1/2}

. The proof is based on the observation that a random point set satisfies the desired discrepancy bound with positive probability. In the present paper we prove an applied version of this result, making it applicable for computational purposes: for any given number

q
∈
(
0
,
1
)

q \in (0,1)

there exists an (explicitly stated) number

c
(
q
)

c(q)

such that the star-discrepancy of a random set of

N
N

points in

[
0
,
1

]
s

[0,1]^s

is bounded by

c
(
q
)

s

1

/

2

N

−
1

/

2

c(q) s^{1/2} N^{-1/2}

with probability at least

q
q

, uniformly in

N
N

and

s
s

.
Local convexity properties of balls in Apollonian and Seittenranta’s metrics
Authors: Klén Riku
Published: September 2013

We consider local convexity properties of balls in the Apollonian and Seittenranta’s metrics. Balls in the Apollonian metric are considered in the twice punctured space and starlike domains. Balls in Seittenranta’s metric are considered in the twice punctured space and in the punctured ball.
Input Subsidies, Cash Constraints, and Timing of Input Supply
Authors: Holden Stein T. , Lunduka Rodney W.
Published: September 2013

Is low input use by poor, smallholder farmers caused by time‐inconsistent behavior or by limited ability to buy inputs? Are input subsidies the best solution to stimulate input demand or are there smarter solutions? These issues are investigated by combining survey data, stated preference questions, and randomized experiments in Malawi. The demand for fertilizer at harvest time and at planting time, farm gate shadow prices for fertilizer, and the gap between the willingness‐to‐accept (WTA) and willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) prices for a standard input package were investigated. Significant effects of timing and of cash constraints were found, suggesting the possibility that smarter designs exist, such as distribution of smaller packages from harvest time to planting time.
Explicet: graphical user interface software for metadata-driven management, analysis and visualization of microbiome data
Authors: Robertson Charles E. , Harris J. Kirk , Wagner Brandie D. , Granger David , Browne Kathy , Tatem Beth , Feazel Leah M. , Park Kristin , Pace Norman R. , Frank Daniel N.
Published: September 2013

Summary: Studies of the human microbiome, and microbial community ecology in general, have blossomed of late and are now a burgeoning source of exciting research findings. Along with the advent of next-generation sequencing platforms, which have dramatically increased the scope of microbiome-related projects, several high-performance sequence analysis pipelines (e.g. QIIME, MOTHUR, VAMPS) are now available to investigators for microbiome analysis. The subject of our manuscript, the graphical user interface-based Explicet software package, fills a previously unmet need for a robust, yet intuitive means of integrating the outputs of the software pipelines with user-specified metadata and then visualizing the combined data.

Availability and Implementation: Explicet is implemented in C++ via the Qt framework and supported in native code on all major operating systems (Windows, Macintosh, Linux). The source code, documents and tutorials are freely available under an open-source license at www.explicet.org.

Contact:  daniel.frank@ucdenver.edu
Anesthetic Techniques
Authors: Hausman Laurence M. , Rosenblatt Meg A.
Published: September 2013

Anesthetic techniques for procedures performed outside the traditional operating room (OOOR) are as varied as the surgeries themselves and wholly dependent upon the equipment available at each specific location as well as any patient comorbidities that may exist. General anesthesia (GA) may be delivered with or without an anesthesia machine, monitored anesthesia care (MAC) with or without infusion pumps, and regional anesthesia (RA) with or without a nerve stimulator (NS) or ultrasound (US). Whatever technique is chosen, safety considerations are paramount and perioperative monitoring must always be consistent with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) guidelines (see Appendix for a list of useful ASA documents). OOOR procedures are widely varied and include elective office-based anesthetics and emergency room ones, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies (ERCPs) in the gastroenterology suite, and emergency interventions in the invasive radiology department. Most of these locations have limited postanesthesia care unit (PACU) capabilities, so both rapid return to baseline functioning and the ability to discharge a comfortable patient are important goals with rare exceptions that will be discussed. This chapter will focus on the many anesthetic options available to the OOOR anesthesiology practitioner.
Procedural Sedation by Nonanesthesia Providers
Authors: Metzner Julia , Domino Karen B.
Published: September 2013

Although anesthesiologists and certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) are experts in sedation/analgesia outside of the operating room (OOOR), extensive demand in the face of limited resources has resulted in sedation being routinely performed by nonanesthesia health care providers. Sedation/analgesia is administered for minor office and hospital procedures in a variety of areas, including gastroenterology (GI), radiology, cardiology, dentistry, and the emergency room. Given the extreme diversity of settings, it is understandable that procedural sedation and analgesia evolved to meet the unique needs of each of these specialties. However, to improve patient safety, the Joint Commission and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) issued standards that unify and standardize the various approaches across specialties and institutions.1
,
2 This chapter will briefly review the essential elements needed to develop a safe policy for sedation by nonanesthesia practitioners.
Interventional Radiology Procedures
Authors: Scorza Leslie B.
Published: September 2013

Chapter 12 attempts to correct some of the recognition problem associated with the term Interventional Radiology, and to offer a summary, albeit incomplete, of the scope of practice of interventional radiologists. Clarification of the spectrum of IR cases is appropriate before later discussions in subsequent chapters of the anesthetic needs for such cases. Please note that lists of indications and contraindications are not intended to be exhaustive. Discussions of complications will center on those acute complications that will be of particular interest to providers administering off-site anesthesia for these cases.
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Procedures
Authors: Gromski Mark A. , Matthes Kai
Published: September 2013

A wide array of gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy procedures are carried out in the GI endoscopy suite. Although the screening colonoscopy is the most one widely performed procedure (greater than 14 million procedures completed per year in the United States alone), other procedures are routinely utilized to diagnose and treat various GI pathologies.1 Procedures range from minimally invasive, such as a routine screening colonoscopy, to much more invasive and complicated, such as endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Sedation and anesthesia are integral parts of each GI endoscopy procedure. Adequate sedation and anesthesia optimize patient comfort and create a favorable environment for the physician to safely and efficiently carry out the necessary procedure. Understandably, levels of sedation and anesthesia vary with the invasiveness of the GI endoscopic procedure and the individual patient. Thus, cogent plans for sedation and anesthesia should be devised for each patient expecting a GI endoscopic procedure. Anesthetic considerations are discussed in detail in Chapter 16.
Anesthesia in the Military Setting
Authors: Clinkscales Maj. Christopher P.
Published: September 2013

The contributions of pioneers such as Joseph Priestley, Crawford Long, Horace Wells, William T. G. Morton, and John Snow are well known to students of the history of anesthesia. Numerous events in the development of military anesthesia also deserve mention, as the practices of military and civilian anesthesia have existed symbiotically. This chapter gives an overview of the history of military anesthesia, and also covers ether, chloroform, orally administered alcohol and opiates, and cannabis, which has been used in the recent past particularly for the treatment of tetanus and head injury.
Anesthetic Considerations during Flight
Authors: Connor Christopher W.
Published: September 2013

This chapter discusses types of in-flight treatment that can fall into one of three categories, depending on the acuity of the patient. The first category is that of an acutely life-threatening event requiring immediate treatment, such as an acute coronary syndrome or asthma attack. The last category is that of the straightforward, nonthreatening presentation such as diarrhea or the symptoms of hyperventilation secondary to situational anxiety. In this category, only minimal intervention or reassurance is required. The middle category presents the greatest dilemma in management because the presentation is more uncertain. The patient may appear acutely unwell and in some distress, for example, the onset of acute abdominal pain in a woman of child-bearing age. It may not be possible to provide a definitive diagnosis and the differential may include conditions that would need urgent intervention in a hospital. In these cases, it is best to determine whether symptomatic treatment can be used safely until definitive care is available.
Iron deficiency
Authors: Hall David M.
              B. , Elliman David
Published: September 2013

Chapter 10 defines iron deficiency, describes its effects, discusses screening and primary prevention, and outlines recommendations.
Presenting Medical Statistics from Proposal to Publication
Authors: Peacock Janet , Kerry Sally
Published: September 2013

Presenting Medical Statistics includes a wide range of statistical analyses, and all the statistical methods are illustrated using real data. Labelled figures show the Stata and SPSS commands needed to obtain the analyses, with indications of which information should be extracted from the output for reporting. The relevant results are then presented as for a report or journal article, to illustrate the principles of good presentation.
Introduction to the research process
Authors: Peacock Janet
              L. , Kerry Sally
              M.
Published: September 2013

Chapter 2 discusses the research process, including defining the question, writing
protocols, data collection, coding and data entry, data checking and cleaning, using
computers, record keeping, presenting results, and when to seek help from a
statistician.
Writing up a research study
Authors: Peacock Janet
              L. , Kerry Sally
              M.
Published: September 2013

Chapter 4 discusses writing up a research study, and covers the contents of each
section of the report, and special circumstances.
Analysing relationships between variables
Authors: Peacock Janet
              L. , Kerry Sally
              M.
Published: September 2013

Chapter 9 discusses analysing relationships between variables, including correlation,
regression, and further reading.
Survival analysis
Authors: Peacock Janet
              L. , Kerry Sally
              M.
Published: September 2013

Chapter 11 covers survival analysis, and includes Kaplan–Meier estimates, the log rank
test, Cox regression, and further reading.
Pulmonary function
Authors: Nixon Patricia
                A.
Published: September 2013

The focus of this chapter is the assessment and interpretation of pulmonary function during exercise in children, with emphasis on the parameters commonly measured in the paediatric setting. The measurements of resting pulmonary function (i.e. lung volumes and expiratory flow rates) are presented to provide the basic foundation for understanding changes that occur with exercise. Some measurements are more relevant to children with cardiopulmonary disorders, and examples of normal and abnormal responses are provided. In some instances, data on children are lacking, so responses of adults are presented.
Physical activity
Authors: Corder Kirsten , Ekelund Ulf
Published: September 2013

Chapter 10 discusses the assessment and interpretation of physical activity in young people in three main sections. The first section is an introduction to why we need to measure physical activity more accurately with definitions of various terminologies commonly used in the field of physical activity research. It then moves on to describe methods used to measure habitual physical activity in children and adolescents, summarizing advantages and limitations of each. The last section discusses the issues surrounding the interpretation of physical activity data in young people.
Pulmonary function
Authors: Fawkner Samantha
                G.
Published: September 2013

Chapter 18 describes important developmental changes in pulmonary structure and function that contribute to changes in the ventilatory response to exercise during growth, describes age and sex differences in the ventilatory response to exercise, provides insights into the developmental aspects of the control of exercise hyperpnoea, explores current issues regarding the ventilatory response to exercise in children, and discusses the potential for training adaptations of pulmonary function during growth.
Systematic promotion of physical activity
Authors: Kremers Stef P.
                J. , Schaalma Herman , Meertens Ree
                M. , Mechelen Willem
                van , Kok Gerjo
                J.
Published: September 2013

It is widely acknowledged that physical activity has a positive impact on the physiological and psychological health of young people. This leads us to consider the question how we can promote such a lifestyle. In this chapter, we will present a general approach for the theory- and data-based development of health promotion interventions. We will illustrate this approach with examples concerning the promotion of physical activity amongst young people.
Exercise, physical activity, and asthma
Authors: Hebestreit Helge
Published: September 2013

This chapter reviews the existing data on exercise capacity and physical activity of children with asthma. The mechanisms underlying pathologic responses to exercise in these children are summarized. Most of the information provided in this chapter is valid not only for children but also for adults.
Hormonal responses and adaptations
Authors: Jürimäe Toivo , Jürimäe Jaak
Published: September 2013

This chapter focuses on the available information about the effects of acute exercise and chronic training on the secretion of different growth and energy balance related hormones at different stages of linear growth and sexual maturation throughout childhood. In addition, the role of recently discovered hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin, that assist in regulating energy balance as well as somatic and pubertal growth in children are discussed.
Maximal intensity exercise and strength training
Authors: Tolfrey Keith
Published: September 2013

Chapter 40 focuses specifically on the scientific evidence that has come from studies involving children or adolescents who have completed maximal (high-) intensity exercise training and resistance exercise training. The aim is not to explore health gains but those that might be important when considering participation in sport.
Microbiology
Authors: Bye Louise A.
Published: September 2013

This chapter outlines microbiology for ophthalmology, including bacterial characteristics, virulence, and pathogenicity, gram staining and classification of bacteria, commensal eye flora, important ocular bacterial pathogens, viral characteristics, diagnostic tests and serology, important ocular viral pathogens, ocular fungal pathogens, ocular intracellular parasites, ocular helminth infections, principles of sterilization and disinfectants, antimicrobials, and antimicrobial resistance.
Immunology
Authors: Bye Louise A.
Published: September 2013

This chapter discusses immunology in ophthalmology, including principles of innate and acquired immunity, cells of the innate immune system, innate immune responses, complement, phagocytosis, acquired immunity, effector T cells, cytokines, effector B cells, transplantation immunology, autoimmunity, immunodeficiencies and immunosuppression, and host defence and the eye.
Regional Anesthesia
Authors: Aleshi Pedram , Fong Harold
Published: September 2013

Chapter 7 contains 82 questions and answers regarding regional anesthesia.
Cardiac Anesthesia
Authors: Chen Kathleen , Lerner Adam
Published: September 2013

Chapter 9 contains 87 questions and answers regarding cardiac anesthesia.
Complications
Authors: Cohen Elizabeth , Monahan Amanda , Pratt Stephen
Published: September 2013

Chapter 16 contains 63 questions and answers regarding complications.
Pharmacology
Authors: Ottens Thomas H. , Klimek Markus
Published: September 2013

Chapter 17 contains 83 questions and answers regarding pharmacology.
Ultrasound Guided Regional Anesthesia
Authors: Grant Stuart A. , Auyong David B.
Published: September 2013

This resource offers a detailed, stepwise approach to the technique use for regional anesthetic procedures, and each nerve block is comprehensively explained, divided up by introduction, anatomy, clinical applications, technique, alternate techniques, complications, and pearls.
Egg and Soy Allergies and Propofol Use
Authors: Kibelbek Michael J , Aronson Lori A
Published: September 2013

Pediatric gastroenterologists are increasingly requesting the services of anesthesiologists for the comfort, safety, and peace of mind of their patients and their families. Although outpatient endoscopic procedures are usually brief, these patients often have histories of reflux, multiple drug and food allergies, and delayed gastric emptying.
Tonsillar Bleed
Authors: Hein Elizabeth A , Margolis Judith O
Published: September 2013

Adenotonsillectomy is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures of childhood: approximately 250,000 tonsillectomies are performed a year in the United States alone. Postoperative bleeding, although rare, is a potentially serious complication following adenotonsillectomy. Identifying and implementing appropriate care of these patients can be lifesaving.
Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Martin David , Wu Junzheng
Published: September 2013

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited chronic disease that affects about 30,000 children and adults in the United States and 70,000 worldwide. CF is the most common fatal inherited disorder affecting Caucasians in the United States. While its presentation can vary in severity, the most common clinical manifestations are progressive lung damage and chronic digestive problems due to exocrine gland dysfunction and the production of thick viscous mucus. Careful perioperative management is important to avoid respiratory complications.
Massive Transfusion in a Child
Authors: Sabato Stefan
Published: September 2013

The traditional early management of hemorrhagic shock is currently being challenged, and many centers around the world have already changed their practice. Damage-control resuscitation, in conjunction with damage-control surgery, has been shown to improve major morbidity and mortality outcomes in adults. In children there is little direct evidence for these new approaches, but supporting evidence is accumulating. This chapter will introduce these concepts while also reinforcing the core principles of managing acute hemorrhage in the trauma setting.
Single Ventricle Physiology
Authors: McKenzie Ian
Published: September 2013

Congenital cardiac abnormalities in which there is functionally only a single ventricle are a heterogeneous group of conditions. These include patients with marked hypoplasia of one ventricle, usually with hypoplasia or atresia of the inflow of the ventricle, such as in hypoplastic left heart syndrome or conditions where surgical separation of the flow to each ventricle is not possible, such as double-inlet left ventricle. The most common pathway for palliating these conditions will be to use cavopulmonary connections to provide lung blood flow direct from systemic venous return (reliant on systemic venous pressure). The single ventricle pumps to the systemic arterial circulation. Many of these patients will be long-term survivors and present with acute surgical conditions unrelated to their cardiac condition. The safe anesthesia management of patients with single ventricle physiology and cavopulmonary connections involves assessing their cardiovascular reserve and understanding the effects of hypovolemia, anesthesia, positive-pressure ventilation, and the procedure itself on their circulation.
Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Istaphanous George K , Loepke Andreas W
Published: September 2013

Pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by a pathologically elevated pulmonary artery pressure in children. The etiology of PAH is multifactorial, and while its prognosis is closely related to the reversibility of the underlying disease process, much progress has recently been made in its diagnosis and treatment, significantly decreasing the associated morbidity and mortality.
Obesity
Authors: Chidambaran Vidya , Sadhasivam Senthilkumar
Published: September 2013

Over the past few decades, obesity rates have doubled among adolescents and tripled among children in the United States. The risk for anesthesia-related morbidity is higher in obese children, so anesthesiologists need to have a comprehensive knowledge of the pathophysiology of obesity in children and its unique anesthetic implications.
Caudal vs. Penile Block
Authors: Eastwood Charles B , Goldschneider Kenneth R
Published: September 2013

Circumcision is a commonly performed operation. Although the medical necessity of routine circumcision is debated, common indications for the procedure include religious beliefs, parental preference, hygienic concerns, phimosis, and paraphimosis. As with any surgical procedure, adequate postoperative pain control is an important consideration. A variety of analgesic options for circumcision exist, each with potential risks and benefits.
Neonatal Epidural
Authors: Moore David L , Goldschneider Kenneth R
Published: September 2013

Over the past couple of decades there has been increased awareness that opioid use for postoperative pain in neonates may not result in the best outcomes for these patients. Concurrently, there has been an increased use of regional techniques for postoperative pain in the neonate, in particular epidural anesthesia. The most common technique has been an epidural block via a caudal catheter. Caudal catheters can be used for lumbar and thoracic epidural blocks. The caudal catheter technique allows for a theoretically safer means of placement than the classic, at-level, loss-of-resistance technique.
The Phenomenology of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: FerrãO Ygor A. , De Alvarenga Pedro G. , Hounie Ana G. , De Mathis Maria A. , De RosáRio Maria C. , Miguel Eurípedes C.
Published: September 2013

In clinical practice, the boundary between symptoms arising from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) is not easily determined, with important areas of overlap between tics and compulsions. The frequency of this behavioral comorbidity varies across studies, and rates differ between those of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and those of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatric comorbid diagnoses are more frequent in TS with comorbid OCD and include separation anxiety disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, grooming behaviors, posttraumatic stress disorder, and social and simple phobias. This chapter describes the complex phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in TS and highlights the impact of this comorbidity on the occurrence of other behavioral problems and the burden of other psychiatric comorbidities.
Genetic Susceptibility in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Fernandez Thomas V. , State Matthew W.
Published: September 2013

This chapter evaluates all the different approaches used so far to explore the complex genetic contribution to Tourette syndrome (TS). Whereas early twin and family studies suggested the important role of genes in the etiology of TS, the early segregation analyses failed to identify a single specific causative genetic locus and nonparametric linkage analyses could not identify common TS risk alleles. Similar to other areas of medicine, candidate gene association studies in TS have not yielded significant reproducible findings. Genome-wide association studies have proven valuable for identifying and replicating loci for common complex traits and disorders. The first study of this kind in TS identified the COL27A1 gene as a possible contributing gene in a multi-ethnic TS cohort, but this finding requires replication. Some rare variant studies predating the era of genome-wide detection involved mapping de novo chromosomal abnormalities, yielding associations between a few candidate regions and TS. Only one mapping study so far led to the identification of a rare mutation in the SLITRK1 gene, but subsequent human genetic studies provided conflicting evidence in favor of its involvement. Linkage analysis of an individual outlier TS family identified a deleterious mutation in the HDC gene, suggesting that histaminergic neurotransmission may be involved in the pathobiology of TS, as suggested also by pathway analysis of rare copy number variants. Finally, there seems to be a significant overlap of genes mapping within rare copy number variants in TS and those identified in autistic spectrum disorders.
Infections and Tic Disorders
Authors: Murphy Tanya K.
Published: September 2013

Several associations between infections, particularly Sydenham chorea and group A streptococcal (GAS) infections, and subsequent Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms have been established, suggesting at least a nonspecific role of infections in a subgroup of patients with tics. In the late 1990s, researchers from the National Institute of Mental Health further characterized an entity they called “pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus” (PANDAS). Children with PANDAS are more likely to have dramatic-onset, or “overnight,” neuropsychiatric symptoms, remission of OCD or tic symptoms during antibiotic treatment, and evidence of GAS infections. The diagnosis of PANDAS requires more than laboratory evidence of exposure to streptococcal bacteria; it also requires evidence of a temporal association between repeated anti-streptolysin O titer elevation and the onset of OCD or tic symptoms. Although more evidence exists supporting the exacerbation of neuropsychiatric symptoms due to GAS infections, evidence also exists that Mycoplasma pneumoniae, respiratory infections, the common cold, and even stress have been linked to exacerbation of OCD and tic symptoms. The complex interaction of patient-specific attributes (neurochemical and immune vulnerability genes leading to maladaptive neuropsychiatric or immune function) with environmental attributes (psychosocial stress, injuries, substance exposures, and pathogen-specific properties) creates an interesting and ongoing research challenge.
Animal Models of Tics
Authors: Mccairn Kevin W. , Imamura Yukio , Isoda Masaki
Published: September 2013

This chapter summarizes the different approaches used in the development of valid animal models of tic disorders, which represent important platforms to explore pathobiological mechanisms, as well as to test and validate experimental treatments. Rodent genetic and pharmacological models have been developed throughout the years, providing useful insight into the neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of tics and related behaviors. In particular, focal microinjections of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)-ergic antagonists have helped identify the role of specific structures and pathways in the basal ganglia and how they relate to discrete behaviors associated with Tourette syndrome. Immune-based models are instead aiming at identifying specific disease-causing agents and antigens, in light of the contribution of immune mechanisms to the generation of tics. Sensorimotor gating models are beginning to address the phenomenon of the premonitory urge and provide a generalized testing protocol that can be applied across the different experimental platforms that have been developed for Tourette syndrome. Continuing to combine empirical and theoretical data from the clinic and the laboratory will allow greater understanding of Tourette syndrome.
Comprehensive Assessment Strategies
Authors: King Robert A. , Landeros-Weisenberger Angeli
Published: September 2013

The objective of this chapter is to present the goals that a clinician should have beyond confirming a diagnosis of Tourette syndrome when assessing for the first time a patient with a tic disorder. Clinicians should assess the impact of the disorder on the patient and family, examine all the factors that exacerbate or mitigate symptoms, assess the burden of comorbidities, ensure the degree of understanding of the condition by the patient and family, and set up a collaborative relationship aiming at the correct identification of treatment objectives and priorities. The role of psychoeducational intervention will also be presented in general terms.
Neuropsychological Assessment in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Murphy Tara , Eddy Clare M.
Published: September 2013

Cognitive functioning is one of the most complex areas in Tourette syndrome (TS). The available evidence comes from a widely heterogeneous collection of studies, and the main objective of this chapter is to present a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of the existing literature on this topic. A thorough neuropsychological evaluation of TS patients can facilitate an individualized approach to meeting each patient’s needs. Tailored neuropsychological testing for children with TS may be particularly useful. For example, in detecting specific learning disabilities. The impact of comorbid disorders is a very important aspect of cognitive assessment in TS. Although patients with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are more likely display weaknesses in motor skills, cognitive flexibility, written expression, and attention, even individuals with pure TS may display problems with motor dexterity, sustained attention, emotion control, and social cognition. A group of TS patients might exhibit specific areas of neuropsychological strength. This area of research is in its dawning age but might contribute to promoting the individual’s success and resiliency in life.
Treatment of Psychiatric Comorbidities in Tourette Syndromes
Authors: Cardona Francesco , Rizzo Renata
Published: September 2013

This chapter is a literature review and a critical commentary of the available evidence on pharmacological treatment of psychiatric comorbidities in Tourette syndrome (TS). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in TS may be initially approached with behavioral treatment, especially if the symptoms are mild or the parents refuse pharmacological treatments. The latter currently include different classes of drugs. Alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonists (clonidine and guanfacine) showed efficacy in the treatment of both tics and ADHD symptoms and could be considered as first-line management, whereas psychostimulants and atomoxetine could represent a second choice. Although obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and TS are closely related, no clinical trial to date has specifically evaluated the treatment of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in TS patients. The main source of information on OCD management in patients with chronic tics or TS comes from a few clinical trials testing medications for obsessive-compulsive symptoms that included also patients with tics. Monotherapy with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI) or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) yielded the highest efficacy in these studies, although nearly half of OCD patients do not respond completely, and only very few become asymptomatic. Several alternative strategies have been proposed for OCD nonresponders; among these, antipsychotic augmentation is discussed in greater detail. Finally, despite the high rate and the clinical relevance of other psychiatric comorbidities (non-OCD anxiety disorders, self-injurious and disruptive behaviors) in TS patients, only a few studies have been devoted to investigating a specific therapeutic approach in these patients.