bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tightening and Loosening Masculinity's (k)Nots: Masculinity in the Hearst Press during the Interwar Period
Authors: Smiler Andrew P. , Kay Gwen , Harris Benjamin
Published: September 2008

Histories of masculinity have documented changes in the definition of American masculinity across centuries, but not decades. This article examines prescriptive and proscriptive statements about men's behavior as they appeared in William Randolph Hearst's American Weekly during the interwar period (1918–1940). Written by professionals and providing summaries of current research, the American Weekly provided authoritative accounts of masculinity to a mass audience. In the early 1920s, reason was explicitly masculine and central to the construction of masculinity, and gender differences were routinely attributed to men's superior evolution. By the late 1930s, reason was implicitly masculine, the breadwinner role was central, and gender differences relied on the known, but unstated, superiority of men.
Some like Them Hot: How Germans Construct Male Attractiveness
Authors: Baur Nina , Hofmeister Heather
Published: September 2008

This study investigates what makes a man attractive to a woman in Germany, using a sample of 691 German citizens aged 18 to 92, collected in 2006, randomly sampled from resident registration lists in four representative regions. We test the idea that attractiveness is socially constructed and create measures of attractiveness using agreements of respondents to 16 statements. The three dimensions that emerged were breadwinning ability, relationship skill, and physical attractiveness, which can overlap. We chose the three most common combinations: 19% of respondents considered only relationship skill as important, 25% valued relationship skill and physical attractiveness, and 31% valued all three. Binary logistic regression indicated that Germans differ on what they consider important based on gender, birth cohort, education, earnings, job status and religion, with the biggest predictor being gender. Men were more likely than women to expect that women want the man who “has it all.”
Gender Role Orientation and Relational Closeness: Self-Disclosive Behavior in Same-Sex Male Friendships
Authors: Bowman Jonathan M.
Published: September 2008

Although the nature of intimacy within same-sex male friendships exhibits a marked difference from that of same-sex female friends, the open sharing of the self (known as self-disclosure) does occur regularly among male friends, albeit to a varying degree. The present research looks at the relationship between gender role orientation and self-disclosive behavior, empirically confronting the cultural stereotype that the enactment of self-disclosure is gendered. Most significantly, the present research looks at the effects of various conceptualizations of self-disclosure on multiple measures of closeness within a relationship, with increasing self-disclosure consistently found to be positively correlated with measures of increasing closeness within men's same-sex friendships.
Experimental research on marine podded propulsors
Authors: Islam Mohammed F , Veitch Brian , Liu Pengfei
Published: September 2008

This paper describes a research program on podded propulsors that combines parallel developments in numerical prediction methods and experimental evaluation. Amongst the hydrodynamic issues that have been identified and addressed are questions regarding the effects of hub taper angle, pod-strut configurations, static azimuthing conditions, pod-strut interactions, gap pressure, pod gap and pod-strut geometry on podded propulsors' performance. On the experimental side, a pod dynamometer system consisting of a six-component global dynamometer and a three-component pod dynamometer were designed, manufactured and used to perform measurements on propeller thrust and torque and unit forces and moments in the three orthogonal directions in pusher and puller configurations in open water conditions. Four propellers with the same blade sections but different hub taper angles were designed and used to fit with eighteen pod-strut shells. Among the shells, two pod-strut models were based on the average dimensions of commercial pods and used to study the hub angle, pod configuration, pod gap, gap pressure and azimuthing conditions effect on propulsive performance. The other sixteen pods were designed and manufactured to study the effect of five geometric parameters on hydrodynamic performance using a design of experiments technique. In another study, an experimental method was implemented in a cavitation tunnel to evaluate the wake/strut interaction of a podded propeller model. All of the measurements showed consistency.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v4i2.989Â Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Vol.4(2) 2007 p 57-71
Propella: A numerical tool to investigate various aspects of podded propulsors
Authors: Islam Mohammed F , Liu Pengfei , Veitch Brian
Published: September 2008

This paper describes the numerical aspects of a research program on podded propulsors, which is being undertaken jointly by the Ocean Engineering Research Centre at Memorial University of Newfoundland, the National Research Council's Institute for Ocean Technology, Oceanic Consulting Corporation, and Thordon Bearings Ltd. The numerical tool is an in-house panel method code, PROPELLA. The code is a low order source-doublet, steady/unsteady time domain panel method code having capabilities to predict hydrodynamic performance of screw propellers with various configurations. Under the research program, the code was extended and used to model the propellers, pod-strut combinations and strut-wake impingement model. Amongst the hydrodynamic issues that have been addressed through numerical predictions were questions regarding the effects of hub taper angle (propeller only case and pod-strut-propeller case), pod-strut configuration (push and pull), geometric variations, azimuthing conditions and pod-strut interactions (wake impingement effect) on podded propeller performance. Predictions were made both in pusher and puller configurations for the pods and reasonable agreement was achieved between the predictions and measurements. The code is being modified to study the podded propulsors' performance at static and dynamic azimuthing conditions. The code is also capable of performing simulations with propellers and bodies like ship hull, underwater vehicles with fins.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v4i2.990Â Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Vol.4(2) 2007 p.73-86
Combined effect of conduction and viscous dissipation on magnetohydrodynamic free convection flow along a vertical flat plate
Authors: Al-Mamun Abdullah , Azim Nur Hosain Md Ariful , Maleque Md. Abdul
Published: September 2008

This paper concerns the effects of conduction and viscous dissipation on natural convection flow of an incompressible, viscous and electrically conducting fluid in the presence of transverse magnetic field. Numerical solutions for the governing momentum and energy equations are given. A discussion has been provided for the effects of magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, conjugate conduction parameter and viscous dissipation parameter on two-dimensional flow. Results for the details of the velocity, temperature distributions as well as the skin friction and the rate of heat transfer are shown graphically. Also the numerical values of the surface temperature distributions are presented in tabular form.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v4i2.992Â Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Vol.4(2) 2007 p.87-98
In vitro Propagation of Thuja occidentalis Through Apical Shoot Culture
Authors: Kabir MH , Roy PK , Ahmed Golam
Published: September 2008

In vitro plant regeneration of Thuja occidentalis was obtained in apical shoot cultures from field grown plants. Hormone free MS medium 100% explants produced shoots. The average number of shoots per explant was 6.57 Â± 0.45 and the average shoot length of 4.5 Â± 0.27 cm were recorded in this medium. Shoots rooted well when they were transferred into half strength MS with 1.0 mg/l IBA. The average number of root per shoot was 3.92 Â± 0.28 and the average root length of 3.64 Â± 0.38 cm were observed in this medium. No morphological variants were observed during the passage of in vitro culture.Key words: In vitro, Propagation, Thuja occidentalis, Apical shootDOI = 10.3329/ptcb.v16i1.1099Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 16(1): 5-9, 2006 (June)
Effects of Liquid Medium on Rooting and Acclimation of Regenerated Microshoots of Banana (Musa sapientum L.) cv. Sagar
Authors: Akbar M Atique , Roy Shyamal K
Published: September 2008

A regeneration protocol ensuring a high frequency rooting of micro-shoots derived from apical and axillary buds of suckers of banana cv. Sagar was achieved by using liquid medium. When the explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l each of BA, Kn and NAA, a large number of shoots developed. With the progression of the number of subcultures, shoot proliferation was enhanced. Addition of 10 % coconut water to the medium increased the number of shoots per culture and growth of individual shoots. Shoots rooted well within two weeks, when they were separated individually and sub-cultured in 1.0 mg/l IBA supplemented half strength MS liquid and agar-gelled medium but rooting percentage and their growth were superior in the liquid medium to agar-gelled medium. Rooted plantlets were transferred to small polythene bags containing sterile sand, soil and humus (1 : 2 : 1) and maintained with a high humidity for acclimation. Acclimation and transplantation performances were found to be superior in plants that were rooted in the liquid medium.Key words: Banana, Liquid medium, Regeneration, Acclimation, TransplantationDOI = 10.3329/ptcb.v16i1.1100Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 16(1): 11-18, 2006 (June)
In vitro Plant Production through Apical Meristem Culture of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)
Authors: Huda AKMN , Sikdar B , Sikdar B
Published: September 2008

The growth of meristem was observed on semisolid MS medium supplemented with 0.05 mg/l Kn + 0.1 mg/l GA3. After three weeks, meristems were transferred to MS supplemented with BA, Kn, IBA, NAA and IAA singly or in combination for shoot elongation and root initiation. Among different treatments for shoot initiation with elongation were obtained in MS supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BA + 0.1 mg/l IBA + 0.3 mg/l GA3. On the other hand good rooting was observed when 0.5 mg/l IBA and 0.1 mg/l NAA were used to fortify MS semisolid medium. Ten weeks old in vitro plantlets were successfully planted in soil through gradual acclimation.Key words: Apical meristem, Bitter gourd, In vitro, Plant productionÂ DOI = 10.3329/ptcb.v16i1.1103Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 16(1): 31-36, 2006 (June)
Analysis of F2 Population of Intraspecific CC Genome Oryza by using SSR Marker
Authors: Uddin M Shalim , Bagum Shamim Ara , Vaughan DA , Sanchez PL , Tomooka N
Published: September 2008

Of the 22 Oryza species, three are diploid CC genome species and six are allotetraploid species sharing the CC genome. The diploid CC genome species have useful genes such as those conferring resistance to brown plant hopper, white back plant hopper, bacterial blight and yellow dwarf virus disease. This work describes SSR marker analysis of progeny derived from crosses in O. eichingeri (CC genome). Twelve Microsatellites or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) markers have been used to analyze 82 F2 progeny plants from an intraspecific cross, O. eichingeri (Uganda) x O. eichingeri (Sri Lanka). The markers were distributed on 8 of the 12 linkage groups. Most of the SSR markers had the expected distribution of plants segregating for the parental or heterozygous condition except for RM109 which was present in more individuals with the genotype of the parent from Sri Lanka than the heterozygous or Uganda parent. The F2 population showed transgressive segregation for days to heading. Some characters had a normal distribution such as internode color and leaf size. Other characters showed segregation toward one of the parents viz. panicle type toward the Uganda parent and auricle color and leaf morphology toward the Sri Lankan parent.Key words: SSR marker, F2 population, Intraspecific hybrid, CC genome, OryzaDOI = 10.3329/ptcb.v16i1.1104Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 16(1): 37-43, 2006 (June)
Increased Regeneration Efficiency in Seed Derived Callus of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Mohiuddin AKM , Sultana Shahanaz , Ferdous Jannatul
Published: September 2008

In five cultivated rice varieties e.g., Nonabokra, PNR 381, Taipei 309, Koshika and TKM 11 the response in the initiation of callus and its size varied greatly among varieties, salt concentrations (NaCl and Na2SO4) and their interaction. Better regeneration ability of Nonabokra, Koshika and TKM 11 was found to be correlated to small size callus with a high concentration of Na2SO4. The regeneration ability found here was dependent on variety/genotype, callus type and size, source of salt and their concentration. Regeneration ability enhanced three - tenfolds from Na2SO4 stressed callus compared to the control i.e. without Na2SO4. Vigorous rooting was also observed in the regenerated plants obtained from the calli induced in the medium containing Na2SO4. In NaCl supplemented medium, on the other hand, regeneration and rooting ability were poor.Key words: Rice varieties, Regeneration efficiency, Shoot regenerationDOI = 10.3329/ptcb.v16i1.1105Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 16(1): 45-52, 2006 (June)
In vitro Preservation of Globe Artichoke Germplasm
Authors: Bekheet SA
Published: September 2008

Aseptically, shoot bud and undifferentiated cultures of globe artichoke were successfully stored for 12 months at 5ÂºC in the dark. Under these conditions, high percentage of cultures remained viable without perceptable serious signs of senenscence. Although the rates of regrowth slightly decreased, the recovery percentages were enough to obtain high frequencies of healthy globe artichoke (= Cynara scolymus L.). The storage at cold and dark conditions was strongly effective compared with storage in the medium under osmotic stress. Also, the differentiated cultures registered a higher viability compared to undifferentiated cultures. RAPD analysis suggests that plantlets derived from the preserved cultures were identical to those derived from nonstored differentiated tissues culrtures. However, undifferentiated (callus) cultures showed relatively less genetic variation.Key words: Globe artichoke, Germplasm, In vitro preservationDOI = 10.3329/ptcb.v17i1.1115Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 17(1): 1-9, 2007 (June)
Adventitious Shoot Regeneration from Immature Embryo Explant Obtained from Female Ã Female Momordica dioica
Authors: Hoque A , Hossain M , Alam S , Arima S , Islam R
Published: September 2008

Higher percentage of adventitious shoots regenerated from the immature embryo explant than that of immature cotyledon of the crosses made between female and female (pollen was collected from induced bisexual flower) of tetraploid kakrol (Momordica dioica) on MS induction medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of BAP, NAA and GA3. The best response of shoot proliferation was obtained in embryo explants grown in supplemented with 10.8 mg/l BA, 1.08 mg/l NAA and 0.54 mg/l GA3; whereas, shoot regeneration on cotyledon was achieved on a MS supplemented with 16.2 mg/l BA, 2.7 mg/l NAA and 0.54 mg/l GA3. In both cases shoot primordia emerged continuously. This system exhibited a potential for repeated harvesting of the shoots from the original explant as the latter continued to expand and regenerate new shoots, upon repeated periodical subculturing on to fresh medium. Regenerated shoots were excised from both sources and rooted in MS supplemented with different concentrations of IAA. There was no significant difference of root proliferation rate than their sources. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized successfully and later established in the field for the production of female plant and also evaluation of somaclonal variation.Key words: Immature cotyledon, Immature embryo, Momordica dioica, OrganogenesisDOI = 10.3329/ptcb.v17i1.1118Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 17(1): 29-36, 2007 (June)
Embryogenic Callus Induction and Regeneration of Elite Bangladeshi Indica Rice Cultivars
Authors: Hoque ME , Ali MS , Karim NH
Published: September 2008

Significant variations were observed among six elite Bangladeshi Indica rice cultivars tested in relation to total callus induction frequency (p = 0.017), embryogenic callus formation frequency (p = 0.001) and subsequent plant regeneration responses (p = 0.005). In all the cases, embryogenic callus formation frequency was much more less than the total callus (embryogenic + non-embryonegic) formation frequency. The embryogenic calli derived from mature seed embryos produced green plants, successfully established in soil and produced fertile seeds.Key words: Indica rice, Callus induction, Plant regeneration, Genotypic variationsDOI = 10.3329/ptcb.v17i1.1122Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 17(1): 65-70, 2007 (June)
Molecular Characterization of 28 Mango Germplasm Using RAPD
Authors: Rahman ML , Rabbani MG , Siddique MNA , Rahman MA , Garvey EJ , Rahaman EHMS
Published: September 2008

Genetic variation and relationship among 28 mango germplasm were analyzed using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Out of 20 primers screened, four were selected, which gave 50 clear and bright fragments, out of which 48 fragments were considered polymorphic. The proportion of polymorphic loci and gene diversity values across all loci were 96% and 0.29, respectively. The UPGMA dendrogram based on genetic distance segregated the 28 mango germplasm into two main clusters. Sukul alone formed one cluster and the rest germplasm were grouped together into another cluster. Mallika and Amrapali cultivar pair was very close to each other with the highest intervarietal similarity index (87.30%) and lowest genetic distance (0.08). On the other hand, Sukul and Meghnath pair was more distant to each other with the lowest intervarietal similarity index (14.29%) and highest genetic distance (0.87). The results of the present study indicated that the RAPD analysis could be utilized by breeders for further improvement of mango varieties.Key words: Germplasm, Characterization, Mango, RAPDDOI = 10.3329/ptcb.v17i1.1123Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 17(1): 71-77, 2007 (June)
Addressing: Direct and Indirect
Authors: Milenkovic Aleksandar
Published: September 2008

Addressing modes, a key component of instruction set architectures, is a mechanism machine instruction use to specify operands in general‐purpose registers and memory. The text gives an overview of the most frequently used data and control‐flow addressing modes and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
Agent Technology
Authors: Ch. Meyer John‐Jules
Published: September 2008

In this article, an overview of agent technology is given. First, the concept of an agent is explained in the introduction, and some characteristics that are often found in the literature are given. Next, the history of the field is outlined, starting with the philosophical background. Then the attempts to formalize the notion of an agent by means of formal logic are explained. Next, the proposals for realizing agents through agent architectures, agent‐oriented programming, and software engineering are describe. This section is followed by a description of newer developments, in which multiagent systems are emphasized. The article is concluded with sections on applications and developments.
Environmental Science Computing
Authors: Zlatev Zahari
Published: September 2008

Large‐scale mathematical models can be used successfully to study many environmental problems. The description of such models, their computational complexity, and results obtained in several environmental studies are discussed in this article. Mainly, air pollution models are used to facilitate the presentation. However, the results are rather general and can also be applied in connection with other environmental models.
Failure Detectors for Asynchronous Distributed Systems: An Introduction
Authors: Rennes Michel
Published: September 2008

Since the first version of Chandra and Toueg's seminal paper titled “Unreliable failure detectors for reliable distributed systems” in 1991, the failure detector concept has been extensively studied and investigated. This is not at all surprising as failure detection is pervasive in the design, the analysis, and the implementation of a lot of fault‐tolerant distributed algorithms that constitute the core of distributed system middleware.

The literature on this topic is mostly technical and appears mainly in theoretically inclined journals and conferences. The aim of this article is to offer an introductory survey to thefailure detectorconcept for readers who are not familiar with it and want to quickly understand its aim, its basic principles, its power, and is limitations. To attain this goal, the article first describes the motivations that underlie the concept, and then it surveys several distributed computing problems showing how they can be solved with the help of an appropriate failure detector. So, this short article presents motivations, concepts, problems, definitions, and algorithms (it does not contain proofs). It is aimed at people who want to understand the basics of failure detectors.
Network Flow and Congestion Control
Authors: Eryilmaz Atilla
Published: September 2008

This article provides an overview of flow and congestion control in communication networks. After emphasizing the importance of these mechanisms for performance and fairness, a taxonomy of flow and congestion control mechanisms is provided. Most common congestion control mechanisms that are being used in today's networks are discussed. Finally, recent developments that yield a mathematical framework for the design and analysis of flow and congestion control mechanisms are summarized. The statements are supported with simple examples and intuitive arguments to improve clarity.
Lambda‐Calculus
Authors: Mariangiola Dezani‐Ciancaglini , Hindley J. Roger
Published: September 2008

The first part of this article gives a short elementary introduction to the type‐free and to the simply typed λ‐calculus. The second part informally discusses some aspects of λ‐calculus that are more closely relevant to computer science with suitable references to the literature.
Neural Network Architectures
Authors: Pedrycz Witold
Published: September 2008

In this article, we provide a comprehensive and systematic coverage of architectural aspects of neural networks, which includes generic models of neurons and resulting topologies of the networks. Several computing models of neurons along with their associated processing capabilities are investigated. Architectural investigations include studies of commonly encountered topologies of neural networks and their approximation capabilities. The issue of enhanced interpretability of neural networks is addressed by studying logic‐oriented networks, in which underlying computing involves logic neurons. A suite of design guidelines is also presented.
Robot Motion Planning
Authors: Belta Calin
Published: September 2008

Robot motion planning is the problem of automatically generating robot trajectories and control laws from high‐level specifications. This article covers the main ideas and concepts and reviews some of the results and approaches. Configuration and work spaces, potential‐based approaches, road maps, sampling‐based algorithms, and cell decompositions are among the included topics. This article also provides an introduction to the emerging area of symbolic motion planning and control.
Software Quality Modeling as a Reliability Tool
Authors: Seliya Naeem , Khoshgoftaar Taghi M.
Published: September 2008

Software quality and reliability activities are important parts of software project development, and advances in related tools aim to deliver a high‐quality and dependable software product. This article focuses on an effective tool in software quality engineering, namely software quality estimation models. Among existing software quality classification models, tree‐based models are particularly attractive because of their model simplicity and ease in model interpretation. We perform an empirical comparative study of five tree‐based software quality models. Software measurement and defect data of a very large real‐world software system is used in our case study. The tree‐based models are compared for model complexity, model structure, and classification accuracy. In addition, statistical analysis using ANOVA and multiple‐pairwise hypothesis testing is used to evaluate the respective models based on their expected costs of misclassifica‐tion. It is shown that at lower cost ratios theSprint‐Sliqmodel performs the best, whereas at higher cost ratios theCARTmodel performs the best. Considering ease in model interpretation and model complexity,CARTandS‐PLUSare good choices. For a more robust model with good classification accuracy,Sprint‐Sliqis a better tree‐based model.
Software Security
Authors: Dianxiang Xu
Published: September 2008

Software security is a branch of computer security that addresses enforcement of secure behavior of development and operation of software systems. Computer security consists of four layers: crypto, protocols, systems and languages, and applications. Although the crypto and protocol layers often involve software and operating systems, and because programming language are in essence software, software security is concerned primarily with security issues at the application layer. It is built on the crypto, protocols, and systems and language layers. The goal is to prevent, detect, and recover from software attacks that violate application‐specific security requirements with respect to confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA). Confidentiality, integrity, and availability refer to the concealment, trustworthiness, and desired use of information and resources.
Software Engineering for Telecommunications Systems
Authors: Herzberg Dominikus , Reichert Tim
Published: September 2008

Although from today's point of view many commonalities seem to exist between the two, the telephone system and the Internet were historically created with different aims and design philosophies in mind and are based on different technologies. The telephone system was designed primarily for voice communication between humans; even data services like transmission of facsimiles (fax) used tone modulation techniques over the voice channel. The telephone system uses circuit and packet switching to establish a dedicated connection with guaranteed quality of service (QoS) for the duration of a call. The Internet, on the other hand, was designed for flexible data exchange between computers with the capability to compensate single points of failure—it was intended as a network for military purposes in the first place. The Internet uses packet switching for efficient communications with best effort QoS.
Reason Maintenance Systems: Tools for Foundations‐Based Belief Revision
Authors: Malheiro Benedita
Published: September 2008

Dynamic and distributed environments are hard to model since they suffer from unexpected changes, incomplete knowledge, and conflicting perspectives and, thus, call for appropriate knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR) systems. Such KRR systems must handle sets of dynamic beliefs, be sensitive to communicated and perceived changes in the environment and, consequently, may have to drop current beliefs in face of new findings or disregard any new data that conflicts with stronger convictions held by the system. Not only do they need to represent and reason with beliefs, but also they must perform belief revision to maintain the overall consistency of the knowledge base. One way of developing such systems is to use reason maintenance systems (RMS).

In this paper we provide an overview of the most representative types of RMS, which are also known as truth maintenance systems (TMS), which are computational instances of the foundations‐based theory of belief revision. An RMS module works together with a problem solver. The latter feeds the RMS with assumptions (core beliefs) and conclusions (derived beliefs), which are accompanied by their respective foundations. The role of the RMS module is to store the beliefs, associate with each belief (core or derived belief) the corresponding set of supporting foundations and maintain the consistency of the overall reasoning by keeping, for each represented belief, the current supporting justifications.

Two major approaches are used to reason maintenance: single‐and multiple‐context reasoning systems. Although in the single‐context systems, each belief is associated to the beliefs that directly generated it—the justification‐based TMS (JTMS) or the logic‐based TMS (LTMS), in the multiple context counterparts, each belief is associated with the minimal set of assumptions from which it can be inferred—the assumption‐based TMS (ATMS) or the multiple belief reasoner (MBR).
Real Time Database Systems
Authors: Lindström Jan
Published: September 2008

A real‐time database system (RTDBS) is a database system designed to handle workloads whose state is constantly changing. This system differs from traditional databases containing persistent data, mostly unaffected by time. A real‐time database is a database in which transactions have deadlines or timing constraints. Real‐time databases are commonly used in real‐time computing applications that require timely access to data. In this article, we will discuss the most important concepts of real‐time database systems.
Information Algebra
Authors: Kohlas Jürg , Pouly Marc , Schneuwly Cesar
Published: September 2008

Many different problems from computer science can be solved by fast, generic algorithms because they develop from instances of very general abstract structure called
information algebra
. In this article, an overview of algebraic methods is presented, and several examples of these methods are given. In the second section, axiomatics is described. In the third section, semiring valuations are presented. Then, local computation is introduced, and an efficient algorithm in a valuation algebra is described. Last, idempotency law is explained and examples are provided.
Computer‐Supported Asynchronous Learning: The Relevance of Communication and Facilitation
Authors: Kienle Andrea
Published: September 2008

This article deals with the support of communication and facilitation during computer‐supported asynchronous learning. It introduces collaborative learning as an actual approach and argues that the support of communication is viewed as a precondition for computer‐supported collaborative learning (CSCL). This prerequisite leads to a high relevance of an appropriate communication support in CSCL systems. Consequently, this article then addresses an underlying approach for the design of communication support in CSCL systems. We present context‐oriented communication theory and describe the typical characteristics of CSCL systems that address the requirements derived from the theory. If the construction of knowledge is a joint process of several students, it is the main role of the teacher to support and facilitate the communication processes for constructing knowledge. Therefore, this article deals with the facilitation of asynchronous discussions during computer‐supported collaborative learning. It presents the main activities of facilitation and describes the functionalities for its computer support. The article ends with design guidelines for communication and facilitation support for asynchronous learning.
The ‘People’s City’
Authors: Jun Wang
Published: September 2008

The mid‐20th‐century communist ideal was for cities that were ‘of the people, by the people and for the people’. Wang Jun, an editor at Outlook Weekly magazine and author of a best‐selling book on the planning of Beijing, describes how the ambition to accommodate public life in urban space is a relatively modern phenomenon that goes against the grain of a long tradition of landownership in China. Given this background, can the original notion of the ‘People's City’ ultimately survive the current wave of property privatisation? Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urban Villages
Authors: Yan Meng
Published: September 2008

Is the Village in the City (ViC) potentially an urban scar or a vibrant community? Meng Yan, principal of urban design think tank and architectural firm URBANUS, advocates a design approach to the urban village phenomena that recognises the vitality of the social conditions they provide and how they might, with some intervention from designers, prove a ready‐made solution to China's housing problem. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emerging Chinese Architectural Practice Under Development: MADA s.p.a.m., URBANUS Architecture & Design, Atelier Zhanglei, standardarchitecture, MAD
Authors: Liauw Laurence
Published: September 2008

China presents unique opportunities to design and build innovative architectural structures. Laurence Liauw showcases five nascent practices, still under development, MADA s.p.a.m., URBANUS, Atelier Zhanglei, standardarchitecture and MAD ‐ who after having gained educations at top institutions in the US and Europe have come home to build cutting‐edge designs that harness new technologies, creative processes and critical thinking. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Architecture in China and the Meaning of Modern
Authors: Denison Edward
Published: September 2008

What is generally understood by Modern architecture in China is set to be re‐evaluated across the world with a major exhibition this summer at the RIBA in London and a significant new book by Edward Denison and Guang Yu Ren. Here co‐author and co‐curator of Modernism in China, Edward Denison, outlines why we need to look back to China's Modernist roots in the early 20th century if we are to understand the intense modernisation of the present. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecomasterplanning
Authors: Yeang Ken
Published: September 2008

Best known as the pioneer of the green skyscraper, Ken Yeang is now applying his innovative, ecological thinking to the urban masterplan. Here he outlines how the introduction of an ecoinfrastructure can bring multiple benefits to a city, encouraging connectivity between green spaces, providing natural habitats for wildlife and alleviating the impact of climate change by offsetting CO2 emissions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of red blood cell hematology among normal, α‐thalassemia‐1 trait, and hemoglobin Bart's fetuses at mid‐pregnancy
Authors: Srisupundit Kasemsri , Piyamongkol Wirawit , Tongsong Theera
Published: September 2008

The objective of this study was to compare red blood cell indices among normal, α‐thalassemia‐1 trait, and hemoglobin (Hb) Bart's fetuses at mid‐pregnancy. A total of 87 pregnancies (88 fetuses) at risk of homozygous α‐thalassemia‐1, who underwent cordocentesis including the measurement of Hb level and red blood cell indices of fetuses at 18–22 weeks of gestation at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, were recruited into this study. The final outcome was based on the fetal DNA analysis using PCR technique for SEA type α‐thalassemia‐1. Fetuses were divided into three groups: normal, α‐thalassemia‐1 trait, and homozygous α‐thalassemia‐1 (Hb Bart's disease). The mean gestational age of the 87 pregnant women recruited into the study was 18.7 ± 0.8 weeks. According to the DNA analysis, the incidence of Hb Bart's disease, α‐thalassemia‐1 trait, and normal fetuses were 29.5%, 45.5%, and 25%, respectively. The mean Hb level, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb, and mean cell Hb concentration were significantly different in all three groups of fetuses. Moreover, these differences were also found among fetuses with the α‐thalassemia‐1 trait and those that were normal. Ninety‐two percent of fetuses with Hb Bart's disease had some degree of anemia at mid‐pregnancy. However, two Hb Bart's fetuses did not have anemia. Furthermore, two fetuses in the α‐thalassemia‐1 trait group were mildly anemic, but most (95%) were not. There is a highly significant difference in red blood cell indices among normal, α‐thalassemia‐1 trait, and Hb Bart's fetuses, and most fetuses with Hb Bart's disease have some degree of anemia from mid‐pregnancy. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinematics and energetics of nut‐cracking in wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) in Piauí, Brazil
Authors: Liu Q. , Simpson K. , Izar P. , Ottoni E. , Visalberghi E. , Fragaszy D.
Published: September 2008

Wild bearded capuchins (Cebus libidinosus, quadrupedal, medium‐sized monkeys) crack nuts using large stones. We examined the kinematics and energetics of the nut‐cracking action of two adult males and two adult females. From a bipedal stance, the monkeys raised a heavy hammer stone (1.46 and 1.32 kg, from 33 to 77% of their body weight) to an average height of 0.33 m, 60% of body length. Then, they rapidly lowered the stone by flexing the lower extremities and the trunk until the stone contacted the nut. A hit consisting of an upward phase and a downward phase averaged 0.74 s in duration. The upward phase lasted 69% of hit duration. All subjects added discernable energy to the stone in the downward phase. The monkeys exhibited individualized kinematic strategies, similar to those of human weight lifters. Capuchins illustrate that human‐like bipedal stance and large body size are unnecessary to break tough objects from a bipedal position. The phenomenon of bipedal nut‐cracking by capuchins provides a new comparative reference point for discussions of percussive tool use and bipedality in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dominance rank reversals and rank instability among male Lemur catta: The effects of female behavior and ejaculation
Authors: Parga Joyce A.
Published: September 2008

In this study, dominance rank instability among male Lemur catta during mating was investigated. Also, data on agonism and sexual behavior across five consecutive mating seasons in a population of L. catta on St. Catherines Island, USA, were collected. Instances of male rank instability were categorized into three types. Type 1 consisted of a temporary switch in the dominance ranks of two males, which lasted for a period of minutes or hours. Type 2 dyadic male agonistic interactions showed highly variable outcomes for a period of time during which wins and losses were neither predictable nor consistent. Type 3 interactions consisted of a single agonistic win by a lower‐ranked male over a more dominant male. More Type 2 interactions (indicating greater dominance instability) occurred when males had not spent the previous mating season in the same group, but this trend was not statistically significant. The majority of periods of male rank instability were preceded by female proceptivity or receptivity directed to a lower‐ranked male. As such, exhibition of female mate choice for a lower‐ranking male appeared to incite male–male competition. Following receipt of female proceptivity or receptivity, males who were lower‐ranking took significantly longer to achieve their first agonistic win over a more dominant male than did males who were higher‐ranked. Ejaculation frequently preceded loss of dominance. In conclusion, temporary rank reversals and overall dominance rank instability commonly occur among male L. catta in mating contexts, and these temporary increases in dominance status appear to positively affect male mating success. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Masticatory stress and the mechanics of “wishboning” in colobine jaws
Authors: Daegling David J. , McGraw W. Scott
Published: September 2008

Cercopithecoid monkeys experience relatively high strains along the lingual aspect of the mandibular symphysis because of lateral transverse bending of the mandibular corpora (“wishboning”) during mastication. Hylander (Am J Phys Anthropol 64 (1984) 1–46; Am Zool 25 (1985) 315–330) demonstrated that the distribution of strains arising from wishboning loads is comprehensible with reference to the mechanics of curved beams. Theory of curved beams suggests that lingual tensile strains are some multiple of labial compressive strains, yet limitations of experimental methods and uncertainty in estimating parameters needed for theoretical calculations have confounded attempts to characterize the magnitude of this disparity of normal strains. We evaluate the theoretical disparity of normal strains in wishboning in comparison to in vitro strains collected under controlled loads for a sample of mandibles representing two colobine species (N = 6). These data suggest that in colobine monkeys, maximum normal lingual strains should be at least twice maximum labial strains. In addition, we reexamine the distribution of symphyseal stress under an assumption of asymmetric bending, a general approach for calculation of stress appropriate for members that lack a plane of symmetry and are bent along an axis that is not coincident with the member's principal axes. Under asymmetric bending in colobine mandibles, the effect of symphyseal inclination on lingual strain is mitigating at the superior transverse torus and exacerbating at the inferior transverse torus. Relative compliance of colobine mandibular bone further supports the hypothesis that the structural and material properties of the colobine mandibular symphysis do not represent a morphological strategy for minimizing masticatory strain. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The first stereospecific arylation of (Z)‐germyl(stannyl)ethenes with an aryl halide or heteroaryl halide under palladium‐catalysis
Authors: Kataishi Takumi , Kato Kotaro , Makihara Yoshiaki , Kitashima Yuichi , Ohara Sigeru , Anzai Fumiaki , Inokuma Seiich , Oku Hiroyuki , Ubukata Masa‐aki , Takahashi Yutaka , Nakano Taichi
Published: September 2008

A combination catalyst of Pd(dba)2‐PPh3‐CuI‐LiCl or Pd(dba)2‐P(2‐furyl)3‐CuI‐LiCl effectively catalyzed the cross‐coupling of (Z)‐germyl(stannyl)ethenes with aryl halides, providing novel triethyl(2,2‐diarylethenyl)germanes in good to high yields. The reaction proceeds with retention of configuration. Cross‐coupling results in the formation of phenylene or phenyleneethynylene derivatives with terminal stereochemically defined vinylgermane unit(s). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The study of free radical polymerization of acrylonitrile by oxidation–reduction system using potassium persulfate–thiourea in aqueous medium
Authors: Nagaraja G. K. , Demappa T. , Mahadevaiah
Published: September 2008

The polymerization kinetics of acrylonitrile (AN) with the potassium persulfate (K2S2O8)/thiourea redox system has been investigated volumetrically in an aqueous medium in the temperature range of 40–80°C. The rate of polymerization (Rp) and rate of K2S2O8 disappearance have been measured. The effects of some water‐miscible organic solvents, cationic, anionic, nonionic surfactants, and complexing agents on the Rp were investigated. The temperature dependence of the rate was studied, and the activation parameters were computed using the Arrhenius and Eyring plots. The effects of organic solvents on polymerization were also investigated. All of them depressed both the initial rate and limiting conversion. A mechanism consistent with the experimental data involving K2S2O8–thiourea complex formation, which generates free radicals, is suggested. Molecular weight of the polymer was determined by viscometry. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and photopolymerization of 4‐(1‐propenyl)oxybutyl acrylate
Authors: Li S. J. , He Y. , Nie J.
Published: September 2008

Hybrid monomer, 4‐(1‐propenyl)oxybutyl acrylate, with cationic and free radical polymerizable group was synthesized. Real‐time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to monitor the photopolymerization kinetics of the monomer. Photopolymerization processing conditions, such as light intensity, photoinitiator concentrations have been evaluated. It was found that hybrid monomer showed higher efficiency of photopolymerization in comparison with the blend system. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Mapping serpulid worm reefs (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) for conservation management
Authors: Moore Colin G. , Richard Bates C. , Mair James M. , Saunders Graham R. , Harries Dan B. , Lyndon Alastair R.
Published: September 2008

This study describes investigations into mapping of the biogenic reefs produced by the polychaete worm, Serpula vermicularis, for the purposes of conservation management.

Reef distribution throughout Loch Creran, Scotland, was mapped using a diver transect technique and was found to be restricted to a peripheral band, with a mean upper limit of distribution of 2.7 m. The mean lower limit was found to decrease with distance from the mouth of the loch, with a lower limit of 9.3 m in the lower basin rising to 6.6 m in the upper basin; the likely influence of a corresponding decrease in the upper depth distribution of muds is discussed.

Through determination of the mean width of the reef band and coastline length, the areal extent of the reef band was estimated as 108 ha, revealing Loch Creran to harbour the most extensive known development of S. vermicularis reef habitat in the world.

The utility of sidescan sonar in mapping serpulid reefs was examined in four of the major embayments. Reef material appeared as characteristic patterning on the sonargrams, with the morphology of individual larger reefs being discernible.

Sidescan sonar was found to be particularly valuable for the identification and monitoring of threats to the conservation of serpulid reefs. Sidescan sonar surveying was found to facilitate identification of loss of habitat extent resulting from anthropogenic activities such as moorings, aquaculture installations and dredging and can also be used to monitor the potentially damaging activity of otter trawling. Further improvements in the mode of deployment of sidescan sonar are discussed.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the interaction between palladium(II)–lincomycin chelate and erythosine by absorption, fluorescence and resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra and its analytical applications
Authors: Yi Aoer , Liu Zhongfang , Liu Shaopu , Hu Xiaoli
Published: September 2008

In pH 5.0–5.4 HAc–NaAc buffer solution, lincomycin (Linco) reacted with Pd(II) to form 1:1 cationic chelate, which could further react with erythrosine (Ery) to form 1:1 ion‐association complexes (Pd–Linco)Ery. As a result, not only were the absorption and fluorescence spectra changed, but also the resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) intensity was greatly enhanced. These phenomena offered useful means for the determination of Linco by spectrophotometry, fluorescence and RRS methods. The linear range and detection limit of Linco were 0.20–3.00 µg/mL and 0.057 µg/mL, 0.20–4.80 µg/mL and 0.061 µg/mL, 0.05–2.70 µg/mL and 0.015 µg/mL for the spectrophotometric, fluorescence quenching and RRS methods, respectively. Among these, the RRS method obtained the highest sensitivity. Therefore, the optimum reaction conditions and the influences of coexisting substances were investigated using the RRS method. A simple, sensitive and rapid method has been developed for the determination of Linco in either the pharmaceutical form or human body fluids, and the reasons for RRS enhancement are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.