bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protease-activated receptor-2 signaling through β-arrestin-2 mediates Alternaria alkaline serine protease-induced airway inflammation
Authors: Yee Michael C. , Nichols Heddie L. , Polley Danny , Saifeddine Mahmoud , Pal Kasturi , Lee Kyu , Wilson Emma H. , Daines Michael O. , Hollenberg Morley D. , Boitano Scott , DeFea Kathryn A.
Published: October 2018

Alternaria alternata is a fungal allergen associated with severe asthma and asthma exacerbations. Similarly to other asthma-associated allergens, Alternaria secretes a serine-like trypsin protease(s) that is thought to act through the G protein-coupled receptor protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) to induce asthma symptoms. However, specific mechanisms underlying Alternaria-induced PAR2 activation and signaling remain ill-defined. We sought to determine whether Alternaria-induced PAR2 signaling contributed to asthma symptoms via a PAR2/β-arrestin signaling axis, identify the protease activity responsible for PAR2 signaling, and determine whether protease activity was sufficient for Alternaria-induced asthma symptoms in animal models. We initially used in vitro models to demonstrate Alternaria-induced PAR2/β-arrestin-2 signaling. Alternaria filtrates were then used to sensitize and challenge wild-type, PAR2−/− and β-arrestin-2−/− mice in vivo. Intranasal administration of Alternaria filtrate resulted in a protease-dependent increase of airway inflammation and mucin production in wild-type but not PAR2−/− or β-arrestin-2−/− mice. Protease was isolated from Alternaria preparations, and select in vitro and in vivo experiments were repeated to evaluate sufficiency of the isolated Alternaria protease to induce asthma phenotype. Administration of a single isolated serine protease from Alternaria, Alternaria alkaline serine protease (AASP), was sufficient to fully activate PAR2 signaling and induce β-arrestin-2−/−-dependent eosinophil and lymphocyte recruitment in vivo. In conclusion, Alternaria filtrates induce airway inflammation and mucus hyperplasia largely via AASP using the PAR2/β-arrestin signaling axis. Thus, β-arrestin-biased PAR2 antagonists represent novel therapeutic targets for treating aeroallergen-induced asthma.
Genetic depletion of 5-HT increases central apnea frequency and duration and dampens arousal but does not impact the circadian modulation of these variables
Authors: Mateika Jason H. , Komnenov Dragana , Pop Alexandru , Kuhn Donald M.
Published: October 2018

We examined the impact of serotonin (5-HT) on the frequency and duration of central apneic events and the frequency of accompanying arousals during nonrapid and rapid eye movement (NREM and REM, respectively) sleep across the light/dark cycle. Electroencephalography, electromyography, core body temperature, and activity were recorded for 24 h following implantation of telemeters in wild-type (Tph2+/+) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 knockout (Tph2−/−) male mice. The frequency and duration of central apneic events were increased, the number of apneic events coupled to an arousal was decreased, and the ventilatory sensitivity to hypoxia and hypercapnia was decreased in the Tph2−/−compared with the Tph2+/+mice during NREM sleep. Apnea frequency and duration were similar in the Tph2−/−and Tph2+/+mice during REM sleep. The duration of apneic events during REM compared with NREM sleep was similar in the Tph2−/−mice. In contrast, the duration was greater during REM sleep in the Tph2+/+mice. Our results also revealed that apnea frequency was greater during the light compared with the dark cycle. Circadian modulation of this variable was evident in both the Tph2−/−and Tph2+/+mice during NREM and REM sleep. We conclude that depletion of 5-HT increases the frequency and duration of central apneic events, dampens arousal, and blunts the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia during NREM sleep but is not essential for the circadian modulation of these variables.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY The presence of serotonin (5-HT) in the central nervous system diminishes the frequency of central apneic events. This neuromodulator also moderates the duration of central apneic events and promotes arousal from central events if they occur during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. However, 5-HT is not responsible for the circadian modulation of apnea frequency, which we found was greater during NREM sleep in the light compared with the dark cycle.
Perisaccadic perceptual mislocalization is different for upward saccades
Authors: Grujic Nikola , Brehm Nils , Gloge Cordula , Zhuo Weijie , Hafed Ziad M.
Published: October 2018

Saccadic eye movements, which dramatically alter retinal images, are associated with robust perimovement perceptual alterations. Such alterations, thought to reflect brain mechanisms for maintaining perceptual stability in the face of saccade-induced retinal image disruptions, are often studied by asking subjects to localize brief stimuli presented around the time of horizontal saccades. However, other saccade directions are not usually explored. Motivated by recently discovered asymmetries in upper and lower visual field representations in the superior colliculus, a structure important for both saccade generation and visual analysis, we observed significant differences in perisaccadic perceptual alterations for upward saccades relative to other saccade directions. We also found that, even for purely horizontal saccades, perceptual alterations differ for upper vs. lower retinotopic stimulus locations. Our results, coupled with conceptual modeling, suggest that perisaccadic perceptual alterations might critically depend on neural circuits, such as superior colliculus, that asymmetrically represent the upper and lower visual fields.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Brief visual stimuli are robustly mislocalized around the time of saccades. Such mislocalization is thought to arise because oculomotor and visual neural maps distort space through foveal magnification. However, other neural asymmetries, such as upper visual field magnification in the superior colliculus, may also exist, raising the possibility that interactions between saccades and visual stimuli would depend on saccade direction. We confirmed this behaviorally by exploring and characterizing perisaccadic perception for upward saccades.
A Rare Case of Heterozygous Gain of Function Thyrotropin Receptor Mutation Associated with Development of Thyroid Follicular Carcinoma
Authors: Blackburn James , Giri Dinesh , Ciolka Barbara , Gossan Nicole , Didi Mohammad , Kokai George , Waghorn Alison , Jones Matthew , Senniappan Senthil
Published: October 2018

Activating mutations in thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) have been previously described in the context of nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism and thyroid adenomas. We describe, for the first time, a mutation inTSHRcontributing to follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) in an adolescent. A 12-year-old girl presented with a right-sided neck swelling, increasing in size over the previous four weeks. Clinical examination revealed a firm, nontender thyroid nodule. Ultrasound scan of the thyroid showed a heterogeneous highly vascular mass. Thyroid function tests showed suppressed TSH [<0.03mU/L], normal FT4 [10.1pmol/L, 9-19], and raised FT3 [9.1pmol/L, 3.6-6.4]. Thyroid [TPO and TRAB] antibodies were negative. A right hemithyroidectomy was performed and the histology of the sample revealed follicular carcinoma with mild to moderate nuclear pleomorphism and evidence of capsular and vascular invasion (pT1b). Sanger sequencing of DNA extracted from the tumour tissue revealed a missense somatic mutation (c.1703T>C, p.Ile568Thr) inTSHR. Papillary thyroid carcinomas constitute the most common thyroid malignancy in childhood, while FTC is rare. FTC due toTSHRmutation suggests an underlying, yet to be explored, molecular pathway leading to the development of malignancy. The case is also unique in that the clinical presentation of FTC as a toxic thyroid nodule has not been previously reported in children.
Action and Non-Action Oriented Body Representations: Insight from Behavioural and Grey Matter Modifications in Individuals with Lower Limb Amputation
Authors: Palermo Liana , Di Vita Antonella , Boccia Maddalena , Nemmi Federico , Brunelli Stefano , Traballesi Marco , De Giorgi Roberto , Galati Gaspare , Guariglia Cecilia
Published: October 2018

Objective. Following current model of body representations, we aimed to systematically investigate the association between brain modifications, in terms of grey matter loss, and body representation deficits, in terms of alterations of the body schema (BS) and of non-action oriented body representations (NA), in individuals with lower limb amputation (LLA). Method. BS and NA (both semantic and visuospatial NA) were evaluated in 11 healthy controls and in 14 LLA, considering the impact of clinical variables such as prosthesis use. The association between BS and NA deficits and grey matter loss was also explored in LLA by using Voxel Based Morphometry analysis. Results. LLA's performance was fine in terms of semantic NA, while it showed behavioural impairments both in BS and visuospatial NA as compared to healthy controls. Interestingly the visuospatial NA performance was related to the amount of prosthesis use. NA deficits in terms of visuospatial body map processing were associated with grey matter reduction in left (lobule VIII) and right (crus II) cerebellum, while BS deficits were associated with grey matter reduction in right anterior cingulate cortex and the bilateral cuneus. No significant association was detected for semantic NA. Conclusion. The study of BS and NA representations after limb loss has informed our understanding of the different dynamics (i.e., adjustments to body change) of such representations, supporting current cognitive models of body representation. The clinical relevance of present findings is also discussed.
Seismic Energy Assessment of Buildings with Tuned Vibration Absorbers
Authors: Elias Said
Published: October 2018

Seismic analysis and energy assessment of building installed with distributed tuned vibration absorbers (d‐TVAs) are presented. The performance of d‐TVAs is compared with single tuned vibration absorber (STVA) installed at the top of the building. The placements of the d‐TVAs are based on the modal properties of the uncontrolled and controlled buildings. The governing equations of motion of the building with the STVA and d‐TVAs are solved by employing Newmark’s integration method. Various energies under earthquake ground excitations are computed to study the effectiveness of using the STVA and d‐TVAs. It is concluded that the use of the d‐TVAs is the most competent because it effectively dissipates the seismic energy, and they are convenient to install requiring reduced space, as are placed at various floors.
Oscillations in First‐Order, Continuous‐Time Systems via Time‐Delay Feedback
Authors: Salcedo Abimael , Alvarez Joaquin
Published: October 2018

A technique to generate (periodic or nonperiodic) oscillations systematically in first‐order, continuous‐time systems via a nonlinear function of the state, delayed by a certain time d, is proposed. This technique consists in choosing a nonlinear function of the delayed state with some passivity properties, tuning a gain to ensure that all the equilibrium points of the closed‐loop system be unstable, and then imposing conditions on the closed‐loop system to be semipassive. We include several typical examples to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique, with which we can generate a great variety of chaotic attractors. We also include a physical example built with a simple electronic circuit that, after applying the proposed technique, displays a similar behavior to the logistic map.
Dissipativity‐Based Synchronization of Mode‐Dependent Complex Dynamical Networks with Semi‐Markov Jump Topology
Authors: Ma Chao , Wu Wei , Ji Yidao
Published: October 2018

This paper considers the synchronization control for mode‐dependent complex dynamical networks (CDNs) based on dissipativity theory. Particularly, the network topologies of the CDNs are governed by the semi‐Markov process. By applying the Lyapunov‐Krasovskii method, mode‐dependent sufficient synchronization criteria are established while satisfying the desired dissipativity performance. On the basis of matrix transformation, the synchronization controllers are further designed. The effectiveness of our obtained results is illustrated with simulation results.
Incorporation of Ge on High K Dielectric Material for Different Fabrication Technologies (HBT, CMOS) and Their Impact on Electrical Characteristics of the Device
Authors: Khan Zeeshan Najam , Khan Shayan Ali , Shakeel Sobia
Published: October 2018

The paper is composed of distinct reviews on various fabrication technologies of the CMOS family and the characterization of MOS capacitors. The initial part of the article essentially presents a systemic review on an already conducted work on different fabrication technologies such as Si MOSFET, SiGe HBT, and InP HBT. Device and circuit-level performance for broadband and tuned millimetre-wave applications is discussed in detail relative to the underlying CMOS technologies. The comparison is made for various performance metrics for 180 nm, 130 nm, and 90 nm n-MOSFET devices for SiGe and InP HBTs. In the latter part of the study, a comprehensive review on a previously conducted research on electrical and physical characterization of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors fabricated on a 2.5 μm epitaxial germanium layer grown on (100) silicon substrate is undertaken. The focus and crux of the study is the influence of germanium surface preparation on MOS electrical characteristics. It is observed that predielectric (HfO) deposition annealing in NH3 ambience results in the performance upgradation in critical and key parameters such as equivalent oxide thickness and the gate leakage current.
Protective Effect of Citrulline on the Hearts of Rats with Sepsis Induced by Cecal Ligation and Puncture
Authors: Zhou Ji-qiu , Xu Xiong , Zhen Wei-wei , Luo Yu-long , Cai Bin , Zhang Sen
Published: October 2018

Purpose. To investigate the protective effect of citrulline (Cit) on the hearts of rats with sepsis.Methods.Wistar rats were divided into the normal, sham-operated, CLP, Cit, and CLP+Cit groups. Routine blood tests were performed, and the blood biochemical indexes were measured. Pathological changes in the cardiac tissues were observed. The levels of NO and iNOS in blood and SOD activity and MDA levels in the heart were measured.Results.Less inflammatory cell infiltration of the myocardial fibers and significantly decreased white blood cell count, absolute neutrophil count, neutrophil percentage, CK, HBDH, and NO (allP<0.05) were detected in the CLP+Cit group compared with the CLP group. In addition, SOD activity and MDA levels in heart tissues were, respectively, higher and lower in the CLP+Cit group than in the CLP group (bothP<0.05).Conclusions.Cit reduces pathological damage in the heart and enhances the heart’s antioxidant capacity, thereby protecting cardiomyocytes.
Experiment on Mine Ground Pressure of Stiff Coal‐Pillar Entry Retaining under the Activation Condition of Hard Roof
Authors: Shen Wen-long , Guo Wen-bing , Nan Hua , Wang Chun , Tan Yi , Su Fa-qiang
Published: October 2018

In mining excavation, the retained entry with stiff coal pillar is situated in the strong mine ground pressure. Influenced by mining abutment stress and dynamic stress (the vibration signal) induced from the hard roof activation, the retained entry may be subjected to roof separation, supporting body failure, severe floor heave, and even roof collapse. Based on a 2D physical model, an experimental method with plane‐stress conditions was used to simulate the mechanical behavior of the rock strata during mining. In this experiment, three monitoring systems were adopted to reveal the characteristics of the strong mine ground pressure in the stiff coal‐pillar entry retaining. The results show that the hard roof undergoes bending down, fracture, and caving activation successively until it is able to support overlying loads. The abutment stress which is induced from the loading transfer in stiff coal pillar is larger than that in other rocks around the retained entry in amplification, and overlying loads above the worked‐out area have a loading effect on the unworked‐out area. When the hard roof is situated in the activation state, the dynamic stress is generated from the hard roof activation, which is verified by the great saltation of acoustic emission signals. The results of mining ground pressure in the physical model can clearly illustrate the mechanical behavior of the rock around the retained entry with stiff coal pillar.
Using Accelerometers to Measure Physical Activity in Older Patients Admitted to Hospital
Authors: Hartley Peter , Keevil Victoria L. , Westgate Kate , White Tom , Brage Søren , Romero-Ortuno Roman , Deaton Christi
Published: October 2018

Background. Low levels of physical activity in older patients during hospitalization have been linked to loss of functional ability. Practical methods of measuring physical activity are needed to better understand this association and to measure the efficacy of interventions. The aims of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of using accelerometers to discriminate between lying, sitting, standing, and standing and moving and to determine the acceptability of the method from the patients’ perspective. Methods. A convenience sample of 24 inpatients was recruited. Participants wore accelerometers on their thigh and on their lower leg (just above the ankle) for 48 hours during their hospitalization. Postural changes and movement during the 48 hours were differentiated using derived pitch angles of the lower leg and thigh, and nongravity vector magnitude of the lower leg, respectively. Results. On average, patients were lying for 61.2% of the recording time, sitting for 35.6%, standing but not moving 2.1%, and standing and moving 1.1%. All participants found the accelerometers acceptable to wear. Conclusions. The methodology described in this study can be used to differentiate between lying, sitting, standing, and moving and is acceptable from a hospitalized older person’s perspective.
Holling-Tanner Predator-Prey Model with State-Dependent Feedback Control
Authors: Yang Jin , Tang Guangyao , Tang Sanyi
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we propose a novel Holling-Tanner model with impulsive control and then provide a detailed qualitative analysis by using theories of impulsive dynamical systems. The Poincaré map is first constructed based on the phase portraits of the model. Then the main properties of the Poincaré map are investigated in detail which play important roles in the proofs of the existence of limit cycles, and it is concluded that the definition domain of the Poincaré map has a complicated shape with discontinuity points under certain conditions. Subsequently, the existence of the boundary order-1 limit cycle is discussed and it is shown that this limit cycle is unstable. Furthermore, the conditions for the existence and stability of an order-1 limit cycle are provided, and the existence of order-k(k≥2) limit cycle is also studied. Moreover, numerical simulations are carried out to substantiate our results. Finally, biological implications related to the mathematical results which are beneficial for successful pest control are addressed in the Conclusions section.
Emerging 5G Multicarrier Chaotic Sequence Spread Spectrum Technology for Underwater Acoustic Communication
Authors: Jinqiu Wu , Gang Qiao , Pengbin Kang
Published: October 2018

Generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) is a newly introduced technique for the wireless fifth‐generation (5G) standard based on multicarrier filter bank theory, which has the advantage of flexibility in setting the number of subcarriers and subblocks. The application of GFDM in underwater acoustic (UWA) communication can take full advantage of the limited spectral resources, which is a prime limitation in UWA communication and will promote the development of UWA network technology. However, the multicarrier communication technique utilized in radio 5G communication offers difficulty in channel estimation, and the influence of a channel cannot be ignored especially in the UWA communication field. Therefore, GFDM cannot be implemented directly in UWA communication; to solve this problem, a system combining chaotic sequence spread spectrum technology with GFDM is proposed, which is a novel technique with high spectrum efficiency. Simulation and experimental results verified the effectiveness of the proposed system.
Percutaneous Lauromacrogol Foam Sclerotherapy for the Treatment of Acute Airway Compression Caused by Lymphatic Malformations in Infants
Authors: Wang Lidan , Liu Fan , Huang Sui
Published: October 2018

Management of LMs still remains a challenge especially for those suffering from complications such as acute airway compression. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of percutaneous lauromacrogol foam sclerotherapy for the patients with acute airway compression caused by lymphatic malformations (LMs) in infants. Five cases of infants with acute airway compression caused by LMs were treated with lauromacrogol foam sclerotherapy in the radiology department from February 2013 to August 2015 at Wuhan Medical and Healthcare Center for Women and Children, China. By CT examination and the DSA imaging, LMs were diagnosed and progressed cervical and sublingual LMs combined with hemorrhages were observed and suppression of the trachea was noticed as well, resulting in the difficulty with breathing and feeding. For all the patients, we extracted most cyst liquid from the LMs to reduce the surface tension and alleviate the respiratory pressure symptoms under the guidance of ultrasound. Subsequently, the lauromacrogol foam was injected percutaneously into the cyst of LMs. The dose of the agent was determined according to the size of the LMs, which was 3-8 ml in our study. After treatment, autonomous respiration and independent eating were observed. When the procedures were completed after 16 cycles, the cyst cavity became atrophic and then nearly vanished. During the follow-up period (a minimum of three months and a maximum of two years), 4 patients were clinically proved to be cured and one patient was significantly improved. There was no recurrence, serious complications, or adverse reactions. Our study demonstrated that percutaneous sclerotherapy combined with lauromacrogol foam is a safe, effective therapy for acute airway compression caused by LMs, especially giving a good cosmetic result.
Reliability Evaluation of Pavement Life-Cycle Assessment Model
Authors: Huang Jiale , Xiao Fei , Zhang Yang
Published: October 2018

Inventory reliability of the life-cycle assessment (LCA) model highly depends on the data quality and normally exhibits significant uncertainty. A rigorous statistical methodology was established to capture and quantify the inherent uncertainties linked to the results of the LCA model. Two sources of uncertainty, data quality and model, were identified. The former was captured by converting the deterministic value to probability density function using beta distribution according to the evaluation matrix of data quality; the latter was assessed by prescribing variation interval through defining uncertainty factor. The functional equivalent pavement structures were designed, and the corresponding energy consumption and CO2 emission were calculated by the LCA model. A 10% variation was observed for the LCA results and within 30-year analysis span, at the 95% confidence level, and environmental burdens of cement pavement are higher than those of asphalt pavements while the comparison between the two asphalt pavements is not significant statistically. Therefore, the established statistical methodology is capable of capturing the uncertainty of the LCA model and quantifying the reliability the LCA results.
DNA Nanotweezers with Hydrolytic Activity for Enzyme-Free and Sensitive Detection of Fusion Gene via Logic Operation
Authors: Xu Yongjie , Luo Xiangrong , Geng Nana , Wu Mingsong , Lu Zhishun
Published: October 2018

Gene fusion is a molecular event occurring in cellular proliferation and differentiation, and the occurrence of irregular fusion gene results in various malignant diseases. So, sensing fusion gene with high performance is an important task for integrating individual disease information. Here, we proposed a nonenzymatic and high-throughput fluorescent assay system for the detection of fusion gene by employing DNA nanotweezers with hydrolytic activity. This tweezer was assembled by three single-stranded DNAs and engineered with sensing elements and reporting subunits. In the absence of the fusion gene, the engineered tweezer remained opened and inactive which led to no signal output. However, the addition of fusion genes would cause structure alterations of the tweezer from open to close and further DNAzyme activation with the assembly of two reporting subunits. Then, the activated DNAzyme catalyzed fluorescence substrates for signal conversion. Taking BCR/ABL fusion gene as an example, the tweezer-based assay system showed not only excellent distinguishing capability towards different input targets but also high sensitivity with a detection limit of 5.29 pM. In addition to good detection performance, this system was simple and enzyme-free, offering a powerful nanometer tool as a smart nanodevice for sensing fusion detection.
Biomechanical Analysis Using FEA and Experiments of Metal Plate and Bone Strut Repair of a Femur Midshaft Segmental Defect
Authors: Coquim Jason , Clemenzi Joseph , Salahi Mohsen , Sherif Abdurahman , Tavakkoli Avval Pouria , Shah Suraj , Schemitsch Emil H. , Bagheri Z. Shaghayegh , Bougherara Habiba , Zdero Radovan
Published: October 2018

This investigation assessed the biomechanical performance of the metal plate and bone strut technique for fixing recalcitrant nonunions of femur midshaft segmental defects, which has not been systematically done before. A finite element (FE) model was developed and then validated by experiments with the femur in 15 deg of adduction at a subclinical hip force of 1 kN. Then, FE analysis was done with the femur in 15 deg of adduction at a hip force of 3 kN representing about 4 x body weight for a 75 kg person to examine clinically relevant cases, such as an intact femur plus 8 different combinations of a lateral metal plate of fixed length, a medial bone strut of varying length, and varying numbers and locations of screws to secure the plate and strut around a midshaft defect. Using the traditional “high stiffness” femur-implant construct criterion, the repair technique using both a lateral plate and a medial strut fixed with the maximum possible number of screws would be the most desirable since it had the highest stiffness (1948 N/mm); moreover, this produced a peak femur cortical Von Mises stress (92 MPa) which was below the ultimate tensile strength of cortical bone. Conversely, using the more modern “low stiffness” femur-implant construct criterion, the repair technique using only a lateral plate but no medial strut provided the lowest stiffness (606 N/mm), which could potentially permit more in-line interfragmentary motion (i.e., perpendicular to the fracture gap, but in the direction of the femur shaft long axis) to enhance callus formation for secondary-type fracture healing; however, this also generated a peak femur cortical Von Mises stress (171 MPa) which was above the ultimate tensile strength of cortical bone.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Biomass Energy Utilization through Gasification Technology for Sustainable Energy Production and Economic Development in Nigeria
Authors: Sobamowo Gbeminiyi M. , Ojolo Sunday J.
Published: October 2018

Nigeria has not been able to provide enough electric power to her about 200 million people. The last effort by the federal government to generate 6000 MW power by the end of 2009 failed. Even with the available less than 6000 MW of electricity generated in the country, only about 40% of the population have access to the electricity from the National Grid, out of which, urban centers have more than 80% accessibility while rural areas, which constitute about 70% of the total population, have less than 20% of accessibility to electricity. This paper addresses the possibility of meeting the energy demand in Nigeria through biomass gasification technology. The techno-economic analysis of biomass energy is demonstrated and the advantages of the biomass gasification technology are presented. Following the technical analysis, Nigeria is projected to have total potential of biomass of about 5.5 EJ in 2020 which has been forecast to increase to about 29.8 EJ by 2050. Based on a planned selling price of $0.727/kWh, the net present value of the project was found to be positive, the cost benefit ratio is greater than 1, and the payback period of the project is 10.14 years. These economic indicators established the economic viability of the project at the given cost. However, economic analysis shows a selling price of $0.727/kWh. Therefore, the capital investment cost, operation and maintenance cost, and fuel cost can be reduced through the development of the gasification system using local materials, purposeful and efficient plantation of biomass for the energy generation, giving out of financial incentives by the government to the investors, and locating the power plant very close to the source of feedstock generation.
The Utility of the Knotless Suture Fixation for Bilateral Second Toe Transplantation in Traumatic Multiple-Digit Amputation
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuhiro , Ichihara Satoshi , Hara Akira , Kudo Toshiya , Maruyama Yuichiro , Kajihara Hajime , Kaneko Kazuo
Published: October 2018

Toe-to-hand transfer is a useful reconstruction method after finger amputation. We report a case of multiple-digit amputation, reconstructed with bilateral second-toe transfer. In this study, we used a knotless suture fixation system (ZipTight™; Arthrex Inc., FL, USA) which effectively closed the wound and reduce the amount of dead space. Both second-toe transplantations survived. The feet were asymptomatic with good cosmetic outcomes. Although the reconstructed digits had limited range of motion, the patient was able to return to work. Knotless suture fixation system may be one of the effective methods for closing the donor site wound in second-toe transplantations.
Topographical Guidance of PSC-Derived Cortical Neurons
Authors: Terryn Joke , Welkenhuysen Marleen , Krylychkina Olga , Firrincieli Andrea , Andrei Alexandru , Reumers Veerle , Van Damme Philip , Braeken Dries , Verfaillie Catherine
Published: October 2018

Background and Aims. Human pluripotent stem cell- (PSC-) derived neurons are increasingly used in the study of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Electrophysiological activity is a crucial and defining function of these neurons. Patch clamping and the more recently developed multielectrode arrays are used to evaluate this complex function. In this study, we assess the effect of topography on PSC-derived neurons as a baseline for the development of next-generation silicon oxide substrates (in direct relation to MEA fabrication) that integrate topography as a means to guide network formation and stimulate differentiation. Methods. Human PSC was differentiated towards cortical neurons and seeded on a silicon micropatterned substrate to screen for topographic guidance and improved neurite outgrowth. We next developed customized micropillar and microgroove substrates to further assess the effect of topography on human cortical neurons. Immunocytochemistry and morphological analyses were used to track neuron differentiation and guidance. Results. Microgroove and micropillar substrates appeared to support the differentiation of human stem cell-derived cortical neurons, promoted neurite outgrowth, and facilitated contact guidance. In contrast to flat surfaces, topography also appeared to limit the number of NESTIN positive neuronal progenitor cells present in the culture. Conclusion. We describe the topographical preferences of human PSC-derived cortical neurons, on neurite outgrowth and guidance. Embedding topography in silicon substrates may be an effective approach to direct and improve neuronal network formation. We propose to integrate topography in multielectrode arrays as a practical method to shape the neuro-electronic interface.
Preliminary Investigation of the Mechanical Anisotropy of the Normal Human Corneal Stroma
Authors: Xue Chao , Xiang Yaoqi , Shen Min , Wu Di , Wang Yan
Published: October 2018

Purpose. To investigate the anisotropic characteristics of the normal human corneal stroma using fresh corneal tissue.Methods. Sixty-four corneal specimens extracted from stromal lenticules were included in this study. The specimens were cut in the temporal-nasal (horizontal) or superior-inferior (vertical) direction. Strip specimens were subjected to uniaxial tensile testing. The tensile properties of the specimens were measured and compared in the two directions.Results. The low-strain tangent modulus was statistically significantly greater in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction (1.32 ± 0.50 MPa vs 1.17 ± 0.43 MPa;P=0.035), as was the high-strain tangent modulus (51.26 ± 8.23 MPa vs 43.59 ± 7.96 MPa;P≤0.001). The elastic modulus in the vertical direction was also higher than that in horizontal direction at stresses of 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 MPa, but not statistically significant; so,P=0.338, 0.373, and 0.417, respectively.Conclusions. The biomechanical behavior in normal human corneal stroma tissue is slightly stiffer in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction. This information may aid our understanding of the biomechanical properties of the cornea and related diseases.
Relationship between Flooding and Out Break of Infectious Diseasesin Kenya: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Okaka Fredrick Okoth , Odhiambo Beneah D. O.
Published: October 2018

Flooding can potentially increase the spread of infectious diseases. To enhance good understanding of the health consequences of flooding and facilitate planning for mitigation strategies, deeper consideration of the relationship between flooding and out-break of infectious diseases is required. This paper examines the relationship between occurrence of floods in Kenya and outbreak of infectious diseases and possible interventions. This review intended to build up the quality and comprehensiveness of evidence on infectious diseases arising after flooding incidence in Kenya. An extensive literature review was conducted in 2017, and published literature from 2000 to 2017 was retrieved. This review suggests that infectious disease outbreaks such as waterborne, rodent-borne, and vector-borne diseases have been associated with flooding in Kenya. But there is need for more good quality epidemiological data to cement the evidence. Comprehensive surveillance and risk assessment, early warning systems, emergency planning, and well-coordinated collaborations are essential in reducing future vulnerability to infectious diseases following flooding.
The Herb‐Drug Interaction of Clopidogrel and Xuesaitong Dispersible Tablet by Modulation of the Pharmacodynamics and Liver Carboxylesterase 1A Metabolism
Authors: Ma Shitang , Dai Guoliang , Bi Xiaolin , Gong Meirong , Miao Chenggui , Chen Hao , Gao Liangliang , Zhao Weiman , Liu Tianjun , Zhang Ningru
Published: October 2018

Objective. Clopidogrel and Xuesaitong dispersible tablet (XST) have been clinically proven to be effective for treating cardiocerebrovascular disease. The present study was to investigate the herb‐drug interaction of Clopidogrel and XST by modulation of the pharmacodynamics and liver Carboxylesterase 1A(CES1A) metabolism. Methods. 30 male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group (equal volumes of saline, 6 rats for mRNA analysis), a clopidogrel group (clopidogrel with dose 30 mg/kg), and a combination group (clopidogrel and XST, with dose 30 and 50 mg/kg respectively, each group continuous administration once daily for 30 days). The clopidogrel and combination group comprised 12 rats, with 6 designated for mRNA analysis and 6 for the pharmacokinetic study. The 2‐bromo‐3’‐methoxyacetophenone‐ (MPB‐) derivatized clopidogrel active thiol metabolite (CAMD) was measured by UHPLC‐MS/MS for pharmacokinetics (n=6). The expression of CES1A mRNA was examined with real‐time RT‐PCR (n=6). Molecular simulation was used to investigate the inhibition effect of XST on the CES1A protein. The CAMD pharmacodynamics and CES1A metabolism were investigated to evaluated the herb‐drug interaction. Results. Clopidogrel and XST coadministration appreciably increased the Cmax, AUC, and MRT of CAMD. However, the expression of CES1A mRNA was decreased accordingly. It also indicated that the bioactive components in XST had good interaction with the CES1A metabolism target by molecular simulation. The animal study indicated that clopidogrel and XST coadministration produced significant herb‐drug interactions at active CAMD pharmacokinetic and CES1A metabolic enzyme aspect. Conclusion. 30‐days dose of coadministration altered hepatic CES1A protein and resulted in reduced plasma levels of active CAMD. both the decreased CES1A mRNA expression and the inhibition on the protein were due to the combination of XST, which accordingly upregulated the pharmacokinetics of plasma active CAMD.
Dissipativity‐Based Controller Design for Time‐Delayed T‐S Fuzzy Switched Distributed Parameter Systems
Authors: Song Xiaona , Wang Mi , Song Shuai , Man Jingtao
Published: October 2018

This paper studies fuzzy controller design problem for a class of nonlinear switched distributed parameter systems (DPSs) subject to time‐varying delay. Initially, the original nonlinear DPSs are accurately described by Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy model in a local region. On the basis of parallel distributed compensation technique, mode‐dependent fuzzy proportional and fuzzy proportional‐spatial‐derivative controllers are constructed, respectively. Subsequently, using single Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional and some matrix inequality methods, sufficient conditions that guarantee the stability and dissipativity of the closed‐loop systems are presented in the form of linear matrix inequalities, which allow the control gain matrices to be easily obtained. Finally, numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the validity of the designed controllers.
Quantitative Analysis and Band Gap Determination for CIGS Absorber Layers Using Surface Techniques
Authors: Jang Yun Jung , Lee Jihye , Lee Kang-Bong , Kim Donghwan , Lee Yeonhee
Published: October 2018

Recently, Cu(InXGa(1−X))Se2 (CIGS) absorber layers have been extensively studied by many research groups for thin-film solar cell technology. CIGS material is particularly promising due to its exceptionally high absorption coefficient and large band gap range, which is adjustable as a function of alloy stoichiometry. To enhance the conversion performance of CIGS solar cells, understanding the CIGS structure and composition is a crucial challenge. We conducted a quantitative study to determine the bulk composition of the major elements such as Cu, In, Ga, and Se of four different CIGS photovoltaic cells. The compositional information was obtained by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and femtosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (fs-LA-ICP-MS). Then, the XRF concentration ratio was compared with the intensity ratio of fs-LA-ICP-MS to investigate the potential of accurate and rapid analysis using the fs-LA-ICP-MS technique. In contrast to the bulk information, the surface techniques can supply detailed information about the chemical composition across the depth profile. Here, elemental depth distributions of CIGS thin films were investigated using magnetic sector secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The atomic distributions of four different CIGS absorber layers exhibited a good agreement although they were obtained using two different surface instruments, AES and SIMS. Comparative analysis results of different CIGS absorber layers using SIMS, AES, and fs-LA-ICP-MS provide us with the appropriate technique for the information of accurate composition in a rapid analysis time. Thanks to a simple approach using the Ga/(In + Ga) ratio, the optical band gap energy of the Cu(InXGa(1−X))Se2 quaternary layer was monitored in the entire CIGS layer. The elemental distribution and the band gap determination were then used to elucidate their relationship to the corresponding CIGS cell efficiency result.
FTP: An Approximate Fast Privacy-Preserving Equality Test Protocol for Authentication in Internet of Things
Authors: Zhu Youwen , Zhang Yue , Yuan Jiabin , Wang Xianmin
Published: October 2018

Privacy-preserving string equality test is a fundamental operation of many algorithms, including privacy-preserving authentication in Internet of Things (IoT). Existing secure equality test schemes can theoretically achieve string equality comparison and preserve the private strings. However, they suffer from heavy computation and communication cost, especially while the strings are of hundreds of bits or longer, which is not suitable for IoT applications. In this paper, we propose an approximate  Fast privacy-preserving equality  Test  Protocol (FTP), which can securely complete string equality test and achieve high running efficiency at the cost of little accuracy loss. We strictly analyze the accuracy of our proposed scheme and formally prove its security. Additionally, we leverage extensive simulation experiments to evaluate the running cost, which confirms our high efficiency; for instance, our proposed FTP can securely compare two 256-bit strings within 0.7 seconds on ordinary laptops.
Knockdown of BCL6 Inhibited Malignant Phenotype and Enhanced Sensitivity of Glioblastoma Cells to TMZ through AKT Pathway
Authors: Song Wen , Wang Zhenling , Kan Pengcheng , Ma Zhuolin , Wang Yaru , Wu Qiaoli , Yao Xiuhua , Zhang Biao
Published: October 2018

Background. BCL6 was a critical prooncogene of human B-cell lymphomas which promoted tumor progress and contributed to malignant behavior in several kinds of cancers. This study was to detect the expression of BCL6 and its biological effect on glioma.Methods. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of BCL6 mRNA and protein in tissues and glioblastoma cell lines. The expression of BCL6 was knockdown in two glioblastoma cell lines (U87 and U251) using BCL6 shRNA. The CCK8, colony-formation, flow cytometry, Transwell, and wound-healing assays were used to evaluate the malignant phenotypic change of glioblastoma cells.Results. The expression of BCL6 was higher in glioma tissues and glioblastoma cell lines than normal tissues. Knockdown of BCL6 expression reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioblastoma cells. Moreover, knockdown of BCL6 changed expression of proteins related to malignant behaviors of glioblastoma cells. The suppression of BCL6 could increase chemosensitivity of U87 and U251 to temozolomide. Downregulation of BCL6 levels suppressed the expression of BCL2, cyclin D1, MMP2, and MMP9 proteins as well as two classic signaling pathway proteins p-AKT and p-ERK. Simultaneously, BAX and p21 protein levels were upregulated along with knockdown of BCL6.Conclusions. Our results indicated that BCL6 may be a tumor oncogene involved in the progression of glioma via affecting AKT and MAPK signaling pathways.
Mesh Network Convergence Management System Using Software-Defined Network
Authors: Kim Junho , Lee SeungGwan , Lee Sungwon
Published: October 2018

The Internet penetration rate is rising all over the world. In South Korea, there is no area which does not have Ethernet ports and Wi-Fi. So many people are familiar with network, Internet. However, there are still many countries and regions that do not know the weather today because the Internet is not available yet. To solve this problem, many people are studying the mesh network and actually building it and making efforts to spread the Internet. But, in reality, software that can build and manage such a mesh network is insufficient. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes Gathering of Organization Treating Humble Ad-hoc Management (GOTHAM) and describes the results. GOTHAM is designed to solve three problems that exist in mesh network users. The first is that the mesh network is difficult to install, and the second is that there is no mesh network topology visualization software for batman-adv. And finally, there is no mesh network integration system for administrators. This paper focuses on these three problems and explains the GOTHAM that combines software-defined network (SDN). In addition, this paper describes three modules of GOTHAM. GOTHAM-setting, GOTHAM-main, and GOTHAM-GUI are explained in detail, and how these three modules work together is described. And also, we evaluate and analyze the performance of file transfer function using flow control which is a user application in the GOTHAM-main module. GOTHAM’s goal is not to be used for research but to actually run and let people use right now. That’s why GOTHAM is an open source project. All the software used in GOTHAM is open source. And also, we use hardware which is inexpensive and easy to get anywhere.
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma of the Middle Ear Presenting as Mastoiditis
Authors: Alqunaee Marwan , Aldaihani Abdullah , AlHajery Mohammed
Published: October 2018

Lymphoma originating from the middle ear is rare. The diagnosis of lymphoma as with other cancers of the temporal bone is often made late, and this has a negative implication on the treatment and prognosis of the condition. The delay of diagnosis is mainly due to the similar presentation shared with other benign conditions of the middle ear. We present a case of a 62-year-old man who was treated as a case of chronic otitis media for a period of time before presenting with advanced symptoms; a final diagnosis of lymphoma of the middle ear was given. Other similar cases in the literature are discussed and reviewed. Severe and persistent symptoms of the middle ear should raise red flags and warrant detailed investigations.
Indication of Mental Health from Fingertip Pulse Waves and Its Application
Authors: Oyama-Higa Mayumi , Ou Fumitake
Published: October 2018

This article is a comprehensive review of recent studies of the authors on the indication of mental health from biological information contained in pulse waves. A series of studies discovered that the largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE) of the attractor, which is constructed for the time series data from pulse waves, can provide as an effective indicator of mental health. A low level of LLE indicates insufficiency of external adaptability, which is characteristic of dementia and depression sufferers. On the contrary, a continuous high level of LLE indicates excessive external adaptability, and people in this condition tend to resort to violence. With this discovery, real-time display of the LLE, combined with other physiological indexes such as the autonomic nerve balance (ANB), sample entropy, and vascular age, as a reference, can enable people to conduct self-check of mental status. To this end, software development was performed in order to enable users to conduct pulse wave measurement anywhere at any time and display the analytical results in real time during the measurement.