bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between the Types and Diameters of Residual Vessels and Secondary TAPS after Fetoscopic Laser Surgery for TTTS
Authors: Feng Shuo , Li Genxia , Yin Pan , Zhu TeXuan , Cheng ChunHua , Dong Li
Published: August 2022

Objective This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the characteristics and diameters of residual anastomoses and the occurrence of twin anemia-polycythemia sequence (TAPS) in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) patients with placental vascular injection after fetoscopic laser surgery (FLS).

Methods A total of 90 cases of pregnant women who underwent FLS owing to TTTS were collected in the university hospital from May 2018 to December 2020. Therein, 40 cases received placental injection and were divided into the TAPS group and non-TAPS group according to the postoperative complications. The number of residual superficial anastomoses was counted and the diameter was measured.

Results Among the placentae of nine patients in the TAPS group, two cases had no superficial anastomoses, and seven cases had 16 superficial anastomoses, including eight arterio-venous (AV) anastomoses, two veno-arterial (VA) anastomoses, three arterio-arterial (AA) anastomoses and three veno-venous (VV) anastomoses. Among the placentae of 31 patients in the non-TAPS group, 19 cases had no superficial anastomoses, and 12 cases had 18 superficial anastomoses, including two AV anastomoses, five VA anastomoses, seven AA anastomoses, and four VV anastomoses; and both the two cases of AV anastomoses were accompanied by AA anastomoses. The number of AV anastomoses in the placentae of the TAPS group was significantly elevated compared with that in the non-TAPS group (p<0.05). While there was no significant difference in the numbers of placentae with superficial anastomoses, the numbers of blood vessels with VA anastomoses, VV anastomoses, and AA anastomoses between the two groups (p>0.05). Through analyzing the diameters of 34 superficial anastomoses in the two groups, it was shown that the diameters of AA anastomoses in the non-TAPS group were significantly larger than those in the TAPS group (Z=1.97, p<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the diameters of AV anastomoses (Z=0.52, p>0.05), VA anastomoses (Z=0.98, p>0.05), and VV anastomoses (Z=0.36, p>0.05). The differences of the birth weight and inter-twin hemoglobin difference were statistically significant (p<0.05). The result indicated that the differences between age, gestational weeks at operation, delivery, and mean operating times were not statistically significant (p>0.05).

Conclusion The increase in the number of AV anastomoses could obviously elevate the incidence of TAPS. The probability of TAPS occurrence is reduced following the increased diameters of AA anastomoses, demonstrating that AA anastomosis has a protective effect on TTTS patients.
„So unter Druck gesetzt zu werden, das hab‘ ich nicht
gedacht.“ Fördernde und hemmende Einflüsse auf
Zugangswege zu den Frühen Hilfen aus Sicht der Eltern
Authors: Hippmann Franzisca , Jürgensen Martina , Cytera Chirine , Thyen Ute
Published: August 2022

Hintergrund Frühe Hilfen bieten präventive Angebote an und
sind offen für alle Familien mit Kindern bis 3 Jahren, besonders jedoch
für Familien mit Belastungen, welche zu Unterstützungsbedarf
führen. Im Vergleich zu Familien mit geringen Belastungen finden
psychosozial stark belastete Familien weniger häufig einen Zugang zu den
Frühen Hilfen.

Ziel der Studie Untersucht werden fördernde und hemmende
Einflüsse auf Zugangswege zu den Frühen Hilfen.

Material und Methoden Es wurden teilstrukturierte,
leitfadengestützte Einzelinterviews (N=17) mit Familien
(N=13) geführt. Die Eltern hatten an einem
Beratungsgespräch teilgenommen, in welchem eine Fachkraft
Unterstützungsbedarf festgestellt und Frühe Hilfen-Angebote
empfohlen hatte. Die Interviews wurden mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse,
angelehnt an Mayring, ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion Als förderlich für den Zugang zu
Angeboten der Frühen Hilfen bewerten die Eltern eine vertrauensvolle,
klare Kommunikation in den Beratungsgesprächen. Eine Barriere entsteht,
wenn sie sich unter Druck gesetzt fühlen oder selbst keinen Bedarf an
Unterstützung empfinden. Beratungsgespräche sollten zu
unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten (z. B. Schwangerschaft, Wochenbett)
angeboten werden.

Schlussfolgerung Feinfühligkeit, wertfreie und vertrauensvolle
Kommunikation auf Augenhöhe und ein Befähigungsansatz im Umgang
mit Eltern sind in Beratungssituationen erfolgsversprechend.
Development of Rotaxanes as E-Field-Sensitive Superstructures in Plasmonic Nano-Antennas
Authors: Jucker Laurent , Ochs Maximilian , Kullock René , Aeschi Yves , Hecht Bert , Mayor Marcel
Published: August 2022

We present the concept of electrostatic field-driven supramolecular translation within electrically connected plasmonic nano-antennas. The antenna serves as an anchoring point for the mechanically interlocked molecules, as an electrode for the electrostatic field, and as an amplifier of the antenna-enhanced fluorescence. The synthesis of a push–pull donor–π–acceptor chromophore with optical properties aligned to the antenna resonance is described and its immobilization on the surface is demonstrated. Photoluminescence experiments of the chromophore on a gold nano-antenna are shown, highlighting the molecule–antenna coupling and resulting emission intensity increase. The successful synthesis of an electrostatic field-sensitive [2]rotaxane in water is described and the tightrope walk between functionality and water solubility is illustrated by unsuccessful designs. In solution, an enhanced fluorescence quantum yield is observed for the chromophore comprising the mechanically interlocked [2]rotaxane in water and DMSO compared to the reference rod, ideal for future experiments in plasmonic nano-antennas.
One-Pot Synthesis of 2-Sulfonamidobenzo[b]thiophenes Enabled by a Mild Protonative Activation of Ynamides
Authors: Lim Hee Nam , Yeom Hyun-Suk , Kim Solbin , Lim So Yeun , Kwak Kihun
Published: August 2022

The silica gel promoted or solvent-promoted protonative intramolecular cyclization of ynamides containing an o-(methylthio)aryl group resulted in the one-pot formation of biologically important ­benzo[b]thiophenes. Compared with ynamide activation methods that use strong Brønsted acids or expensive transition metals, this protocol is mild and economical. Due to these merits, various functionalized 2-amidobenzo[b]thiophenes were furnished in a convenient way.
Gender Affirming Body Contouring and Physical Transformation in Transgender Individuals
Authors: Asokan Arjun , Sudheendran Madhu K.
Published: August 2022

There is a subset of transgender individuals, who after having undergone gender affirming surgeries want body contouring so that the overall body shape is congruent to the body image. Hormonal therapy can bring about a considerable change in the physical transformation. However, there is an increase in requests for specific body contouring procedures because of increased awareness in the society.

There are significant differences between the skeletal as well as soft tissue characteristics of male and female body. Body contouring in transgender individuals can be achieved by altering the skeletal structure or the overlying soft tissues or combining both. In this article, we discuss body contouring as an adjunct to gender affirming surgeries, in both male to female and female to male transgender individuals.
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Impact of Radiation-Related Lymphopenia on Outcomes in High-Grade Gliomas
Authors: Mallick Supriya , V.R Anjali , Giridhar Prashanth , Upadhyay Rituraj , Kim Byung-Kyu , Sharma Amrish , Elghazawy Hagar , Elumalai Thiraviyam , Solipuram Vinod , Hsieh Cheng En , Hentz Courtney , Solanki Abhishek A. , Li Jing , Chan Dennis Pai , Ness Emily , Venkatesulu Bhanu Prasad , Grosshans David R.
Published: August 2022

Introduction Malignant gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors and are typically treated with maximal safe surgical resection followed by chemoradiation. One of the unintended effects of radiation is depletion of circulating lymphocyte pool, which has been correlated with inferior overall survival outcomes.

Methods A comprehensive and systematic searches of the PubMed, Cochrane Central, and Embase databases were done to assess the studies that have reported radiation-related lymphopenia in high-grade gliomas. Hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios (OR), and mean differences were represented with Forest plots comparing patients with severe lymphopenia and no severe lymphopenia. Review Manager Version 5.3 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark) was used for the analysis.

Results Nineteen studies were included in the final systematic review and 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The odds of developing severe lymphopenia were 0.39 (95% CI:0.19, 0.81, I
2 = 94%, p = 0.01). Patients with severe lymphopenia were at increased risk of death with a pooled HR = 2.19 (95% CI: 1.70, 2.83, I
2 = 0%, p <0.00001) compared to patients with no severe lymphopenia. The mean difference in survival between patients with severe lymphopenia and no severe lymphopenia was −6.72 months (95% CI: −8.95, −4.49, I
2 = 99%, p <0.00001), with a better mean survival in the no severe lymphopenia group.

Conclusion Radiation-induced severe lymphopenia was associated with poor overall survival and increased risk of death. Photon therapy, larger planning target volume, higher brain dose, higher hypothalamus dose, and female gender were associated with increased risk of severe lymphopenia.
Improved rectification characteristics of the GR/Blue P/GR selector by doping: First-principles study
Authors: Wang Feifei , Dai Yuehua , Ding Cheng , Yang Bing , Li Xing , Jin Lin
Published: August 2022

In this paper, a graphene (GR)/monolayer (ML) blue phosphorous (Blue P)/GR selector was studied based on the first-principles theory. Due to different contact edges, four GR–Blue P lateral heterojunctions were constructed, namely, armchair–armchair (A–A), zigzag–armchair (Z–A), armchair–zigzag (A–Z), and zigzag–zigzag (Z–Z). As demonstrated by the binding energy and Mulliken population, we found that the Z–Z heterojunction was relatively stable. Furthermore, a GR/Blue P/GR selector based on the Z–Z heterojunction interface was proposed with a nonlinear (NL) coefficient is 105. However, the drive current of this device was insufficient. A P atom of the resistive layer was separately substituted with four different atoms (Ni, Cu, N, and Cl) to effectively improve selector performance. The energy band structure was half-metallic when doped with Ni or Cu while the others still maintained semiconductor characteristics, and the bandgap was significantly reduced. The Schottky barrier height and width of the interface (GR–Blue P), with Cl as the substituted impurity, were the smallest, leading to a three order of magnitude increase in the NL coefficient. The calculation shows that GR/Blue P/GR devices can be integrated as selectors in Resistive switching Random Access Memory (RRAM) arrays. This work also has a certain guiding significance for manufacturing new types of two-dimensional lateral selector apparatuses.
Switching the sign of magnetic anisotropy field in YBCO/NiFe/IrMn heterostructure induced by superconducting transition
Authors: Sousa M. A. , Honorato André , Merino Isabel L. C. , Litterst F. J. , Passamani Edson C. , Fontes Magda , Baggio-Saitovitch Elisa
Published: August 2022

We studied the influence of the superconducting state on the magnetic properties in a thick IrMn(100 nm)/NiFe(100 nm) bilayer deposited by magnetron sputtering onto an yttrium–barium–copper–oxide (YBCO) substrate that was previously synthesized by the acetate method. The results from magnetization experiments showed that the sign of the effective exchange fields switched from positive, in the as-prepared heterostructure, to negative values when the sample goes below the superconducting temperature of the YBCO substrate. We, thus, demonstrated that the YBCO substrate, in its superconducting state, strongly influences the magnetic anisotropy of the thick ferromagnetic NiFe layer due to the proximity effect that occurs at the YBCO–NiFe interface, where a non-collinear magnetic spin structure is formed during the in-field sample deposition.
Femtosecond diffraction studies of the sodium chloride phase diagram under laser shock compression
Authors: Rastogi Vinay , Smith Raymond F. , Swift Damian C. , Briggs Richard , Gorman Martin G. , Krill Connor , Coleman Amy L. , Fratanduono Dayne E. , Eggert Jon H. , Bolme Cynthia A. , Coppari Federica , Gleason Arianna , Lee Hae Ja , Heimann Philip , Duffy Thomas S. , Wicks June K.
Published: August 2022

The phase diagram of sodium chloride (NaCl) under laser shock compression has been studied at Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at the x-ray free-electron laser facility. Both solid–solid (B1 → B2) and solid–liquid (B2 → liquid) transitions have been observed along the Hugoniot over nanosecond time scales. By combining structural measurements through in situ x-ray diffraction, pressure determination through velocimetry, and a thermal equation-of-state, the shock-compressed data are used to constrain the phase diagram of NaCl. Transformation into the B2 phase is found to occur at 28(2) GPa, and B2–liquid coexistence is observed between 54(4) and 66(6) GPa, with near full melt at 66(6) GPa. Late-time pressure release from an initial shocked B2-state results in a B2 → B1 back transformation. Our results show agreement with previous static compression data, suggesting that the time scale for melting is very rapid and that equilibrium states in NaCl are being accessed over nanosecond time scales. A multiphase equation-of-state description of NaCl incorporated into a one-dimensional hydrocode is used to interpret pressure and temperature evolution over these rapid time scales.
Revealing spatiotemporal interaction patterns behind complex cities
Authors: Liu Chenxin , Yang Yu , Chen Bingsheng , Cui Tianyu , Shang Fan , Fan Jingfang , Li Ruiqi
Published: August 2022

Cities are typical dynamic complex systems that connect people and facilitate interactions. Revealing general collective patterns behind spatiotemporal interactions between residents is crucial for various urban studies, of which we are still lacking a comprehensive understanding. Massive cellphone data enable us to construct interaction networks based on spatiotemporal co-occurrence of individuals. The rank-size distributions of dynamic population of locations in all unit time windows are stable, although people are almost constantly moving in cities and hot-spots that attract people are changing over time in a day. A larger city is of a stronger heterogeneity as indicated by a larger scaling exponent. After aggregating spatiotemporal interaction networks over consecutive time windows, we reveal a switching behavior of cities between two states. During the “active” state, the whole city is concentrated in fewer larger communities, while in the “inactive” state, people are scattered in smaller communities. Above discoveries are universal over three cities across continents. In addition, a city stays in an active state for a longer time when its population grows larger. Spatiotemporal interaction segregation can be well approximated by residential patterns only in smaller cities. In addition, we propose a temporal-population-weighted-opportunity model by integrating a time-dependent departure probability to make dynamic predictions on human mobility, which can reasonably well explain the observed patterns of spatiotemporal interactions in cities.
On the thickness dependence of the polarization switching kinetics in HfO2-based ferroelectric
Authors: Sawabe Yoshiki , Saraya Takuya , Hiramoto Toshiro , Su Chun-Jung , Hu Vita Pi-Ho , Kobayashi Masaharu
Published: August 2022

HfO2-based ferroelectric (FE–HfO2) is a promising material for low-power and high-capacity memory technology. Since thinner ferroelectric films are required for low voltage operation, the impact of film thickness on the switching kinetics of FE–HfO2 needs to be studied in detail. In this paper, metal/ferroelectric/metal capacitors are fabricated with several thicknesses of HfZrO2 (HZO) films and characterized to study the switching kinetics based on the nucleation limited switching (NLS) model. Thinner HZO capacitors show slower polarization switching and asymmetry in program and erase operation, although low-frequency polarization charge density is nearly the same for all thicknesses. Slow switching is due to the large variability of the activation field of FE domains and grain boundaries among small FE grains. The asymmetry is caused by the asymmetric interface property at the top and bottom interfaces. High-resolution TEM and electron diffraction mapping methods provide physical evidence for the above discussions.
Graphene/biphenylene heterostructure: Interfacial thermal conduction and thermal rectification
Authors: Ren Kai , Chen Yan , Qin Huasong , Feng Wenlin , Zhang Gang
Published: August 2022

The allotrope of carbon, biphenylene, was prepared experimentally recently [Fan et al., Science 372, 852–856 (2021)]. In this Letter, we perform first-principles simulation to understand the bonding nature and structure stability of the possible in-plane heterostructure built by graphene and biphenylene. We found that the graphene–biphenylene in-plane heterostructure only exhibits along the armchair direction, which is connected together by strong covalent bonds and energetically stable. Then, the non-equilibrium molecular dynamics calculations are used to explore the interfacial thermal properties of the graphene/biphenylene heterostructure. It is found that the graphene/biphenylene in-plane heterostructure possesses an excellent interfacial thermal conductance of 2.84 × 109 W·K−1·m−2 at room temperature. Importantly, the interfacial thermal conductance presents different temperature dependence under opposite heat flux direction. This anomalous temperature dependence results in increased thermal rectification ratio with temperature about 40% at 350 K. This work provides comprehensive insight into the graphene–biphenylene heterostructure and suggests a route for designing a thermal rectifier with high efficiency.
Controlled vapor phase growth of germanium selenide and germanium microflakes
Authors: Gao Weiqi , Gao Hui , Chai Ye , Zhou Guoliang , Du Dou , Hao Guolin
Published: August 2022

Graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides have been intensively investigated in recent years. Germanium selenide (GeSe) has emerged lately as a new low-symmetry two-dimensional material due to its extraordinary in-plane anisotropic electrical, optical, and optoelectronic properties. However, the controlled synthesis of large-scale GeSe flakes is still a significant challenge because of its strong interlayer coupling and low lattice symmetry. In this work, we have achieved the synthesis of rectangular GeSe microflakes (MFs) with lateral sizes up to 0.33 mm on the glass substrate via a vapor phase deposition technique. The lateral size, thickness, and growth mode of GeSe MFs can be effectively tuned based on space-confined and substrate engineering strategies. Germanium (Ge) MFs with triangular and hexagonal morphologies were simultaneously fabricated in the high-temperature zone. Our experimental results demonstrated that the growth temperature plays an important role in the selective growth of GeSe and Ge MFs. A corresponding growth mechanism has been discussed in detail based on systematic characterizations. Our work provides a new route for the controlled growth of large-size GeSe and Ge MFs, which promotes a promising future in the fields of novel optoelectronic devices.
Delta synchronization of Poincaré chaos in gas discharge-semiconductor systems
Authors: Akhmet Marat , Başkan Kaǧan , Yeşil Cihan
Published: August 2022

We introduce a new type of chaos synchronization, specifically the delta synchronization of Poincaré chaos. The method is demonstrated for the irregular dynamics in coupled gas discharge-semiconductor systems (GDSSs). It is remarkable that the processes are not generally synchronized. Our approach entirely relies on ingredients of the Poincaré chaos, which in its own turn is a consequence of the unpredictability in Poisson stable motions. The drive and response systems are in the connection, such that the latter is processed through the electric potential of the former. The absence of generalized synchronization between these systems is indicated by utilizing the conservative auxiliary system. However, the existence of common sequences of moments for finite convergence and separation confirms the delta synchronization. This can be useful for complex dynamics generation and control in electromagnetic devices. A bifurcation diagram is constructed to separate stable stationary solutions from non-trivial oscillatory ones. Phase portraits of the drive and response systems for a specific regime are provided. The results of the sequential test application to indicate the unpredictability and the delta synchronization of chaos are demonstrated in tables. The computations of the dynamical characteristics for GDSSs are carried out by using COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.6 and MATLAB version R2021b.
Studying and exploring potential energy surfaces of compressed molecules: A fresh theory from the extreme pressure polarizable continuum model
Authors: Cammi Roberto , Chen Bo
Published: August 2022

We present a new theory for studying and exploring the potential energy surface of compressed molecular systems as described within the extreme pressure polarizable continuum model framework. The effective potential energy surface is defined as the sum of the electronic energy of the compressed system and the pressure–volume work that is necessary in order to create the compression cavity at the given condition of pressure. We show that the resulting total energy Gt is related to the electronic energy by a Legendre transform in which the pressure and volume of the compression cavity are the conjugate variables. We present an analytical expression for the evaluation of the gradient of the total energy ∇Gt to be used for the geometry optimization of equilibrium geometries and transition states of compressed molecular systems. We also show that, as a result of the Legendre transform property, the potential energy surface can be studied explicitly as a function of the pressure, leading to an explicit connection with the well-known Hammond postulate. As a proof of concept, we present the application of the theory to studying and determining the optimized geometry of compressed methane and the transition states of the electrocyclic ring-closure of hexatriene and of H-transfer between two methyl radicals.
A conical assembly of six plasma jets for biomedical applications
Authors: Ghimire Bhagirath , Szili Endre J. , Short Robert D.
Published: August 2022

A conical assembly of six plasma jets arranged in a rectangular pattern for biomedical applications is presented. The conical configuration increases the separation distance between individual tubes within the assembly that reduces interference between individual plasma jets and enables the jets to converge at the output, facilitating more uniform treatment as opposed to plasma jet arrays operated in parallel. Electrical and optical diagnostics of the plasma discharges and measurements of H2O2 and NO2− production in de-ionized water are used to characterize the potential suitability of the device for biomedical applications. Particularly, it was found that the efficiency in H2O2 (an important bacterial disinfection agent) production by the conical assembly of six plasma jets was more than nine-fold higher compared to its single plasma jet counterpart and that this could be achieved at a biocompatible temperature of below 300 K. Therefore, the device may find use in biomedical applications, particularly where larger area treatments are required such as for certain wounds and cancer tumors that can span areas of tens of cm2.
Onset and nonlinear regimes of convection in an inclined porous layer subject to a vertical temperature gradient
Authors: Lyubimova T. P. , Muratov I. D. , Shubenkov I. S.
Published: August 2022

In this paper, we study the onset and non-linear regimes of thermal buoyancy convection in an inclined porous layer saturated with fluid. The layer is subject to a gravitational field and a strictly vertical temperature gradient. This problem is important for geological applications. The linear stability of the heat-conducting regime to two-dimensional perturbations was previously studied by Kolesnikov and Lyubimov [J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 14, 400–404 (1973)]. In the first part of our work, we numerically, using the finite difference method, investigate two-dimensional nonlinear convection regimes that arise after the loss of stability of the heat-conducting regime. In the second part of the paper, the linear stability of the heat-conducting regime to three-dimensional perturbations is investigated. It has been found that for any layer inclination angle, three-dimensional perturbations are more dangerous than two-dimensional ones, and the most dangerous perturbations have the form of longitudinal rolls. For the layer inclination angle α<45°, the wavenumber of critical perturbations is equal to zero, and for α>45°, it differs from zero. Numerical calculations by the finite volume method within the framework of the full three-dimensional nonlinear approach confirm the conclusions of the linear stability analysis.
Effect of confinement on weakly nonlinear temporal instability analysis of a viscous planar liquid sheet sandwiched between two co-flowing gas streams at equal velocities
Authors: Sharma Saurabh , Nath Sujit , Dasgupta Debayan
Published: August 2022

Extensive number of applications like rocket jet engine and gas turbines carry out atomization within a confined environment as it provides faster atomization and good mixing efficiency. Literature suggests that the effect of confinement on breakup of droplets, liquid threads, and annular jets is not elementary, but it varies with liquid viscosity, surrounding medium viscosity, and the confinement strength. Through the present weakly nonlinear temporal analysis, we unveil if a similar dynamic effect of confinement persists on the breakup of planar two-dimensional liquid sheets of varying viscosities. Moreover, to mimic air assisted atomization, the surrounding gases are considered to be flowing with non-zero velocities. Our study reveals that presence of confinement at higher gas-to-liquid velocity ratios of 2.5 and 3 produces no apparent improvement in atomization at all liquid Reynolds numbers. However, at relatively low gas-to-liquid velocity ratios of 2 and 2.25, confinement produces faster breakup as compared to an unconfined one, more so when Reynolds number is relatively low (Re < 100). The overall influence of confinement on non-dimensional breakup time is, however, weak as compared to how it affects the linear growth rate. A counteracting effect of confinement on the linear maximum growth rate and normalized second order disturbance amplitude is identified as the primary reason. Our study also identifies the minimum confinement height CH-1 which is just enough for the liquid sheet to achieve breakup without touching the solid walls. Interestingly, the maximum linear growth rate and minimum breakup time for a particular flow condition are always registered when confinement height equals to CH-1. The values of CH-1 display a strong dependence upon Reynolds number and gas-to-liquid velocity ratios.
Sexual and reproductive health and rights in the era of COVID-19: a qualitative study of the experiences of vulnerable urban youth in Ethiopia
Authors: Jones Nicola , Pincock Kate , Yadete Workneh , Negussie Meron , Mitiku Estibel , AmdeSelassie Tsinu
Published: August 2022

Background Youth who have migrated from rural to urban areas in Ethiopia are often precariously employed, lack access to sexual and reproductive health services, and are at heightened risk of sexual violence. However, little is known about the sexual and reproductive health consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and associated lockdowns and service disruptions for urban-dwelling socially disadvantaged youth. Methods This paper draws on qualitative virtual research with 154 urban youths aged 15–24 years who were past and present beneficiaries of United Nations Population Fund-funded programs, and 19 key informants from the city bureaus and non-governmental organisations in June 2020. Semistructured interviews by phone explored the impact of COVID-19 on young people’s sexual and reproductive health and rights. Results The pandemic has affected the availability of sexual and reproductive health information and services, and exacerbated fears about attending clinics, particularly disadvantaging youth living with HIV and those involved in commercial sex work. Many young people have also lost their livelihoods, with some moving into transactional and survival sex. Sexual violence further undermines the rights and well-being of youth who are already marginalised, with street-connected youth, young people involved in commercial sex work and youth with disabilities particularly at risk. Conclusion There is an urgent need to quickly resume front-line services, and social assistance measures must include young people, if Ethiopia is to continue meeting its own objectives around adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health.
Superstitious learning of abstract order from random reinforcement
Authors: Jin Yuhao , Jensen Greg , Gottlieb Jacqueline , Ferrera Vincent
Published: August 2022

Humans and other animals often infer spurious associations among unrelated events. However, such superstitious learning is usually accounted for by conditioned associations, raising the question of whether an animal could develop more complex cognitive structures independent of reinforcement. Here, we tasked monkeys with discovering the serial order of two pictorial sets: a “learnable” set in which the stimuli were implicitly ordered and monkeys were rewarded for choosing the higher-rank stimulus and an “unlearnable” set in which stimuli were unordered and feedback was random regardless of the choice. We replicated prior results that monkeys reliably learned the implicit order of the learnable set. Surprisingly, the monkeys behaved as though some ordering also existed in the unlearnable set, showing consistent choice preference that transferred to novel untrained pairs in this set, even under a preference-discouraging reward schedule that gave rewards more frequently to the stimulus that was selected less often. In simulations, a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm (
Q
-learning) displayed a degree of consistent ordering among the unlearnable set but, unlike the monkeys, failed to do so under the preference-discouraging reward schedule. Our results suggest that monkeys infer abstract structures from objectively random events using heuristics that extend beyond stimulus–outcome conditional learning to more cognitive model-based learning mechanisms.
Monocyte-derived macrophages aggravate pulmonary vasculitis via cGAS/STING/IFN-mediated nucleic acid sensing
Authors: Kessler Nina , Viehmann Susanne F. , Krollmann Calvin , Mai Karola , Kirschner Katharina M. , Luksch Hella , Kotagiri Prasanti , Böhner Alexander M.C. , Huugen Dennis , de Oliveira Mann Carina C. , Otten Simon , Weiss Stefanie A.I. , Zillinger Thomas , Dobrikova Kristiyana , Jenne Dieter E. , Behrendt Rayk , Ablasser Andrea , Bartok Eva , Hartmann Gunther , Hopfner Karl-Peter , Lyons Paul A. , Boor Peter , Rösen-Wolff Angela , Teichmann Lino L. , Heeringa Peter , Kurts Christian , Garbi Natalio
Published: August 2022

Autoimmune vasculitis is a group of life-threatening diseases, whose underlying pathogenic mechanisms are incompletely understood, hampering development of targeted therapies. Here, we demonstrate that patients suffering from anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)–associated vasculitis (AAV) showed increased levels of cGAMP and enhanced IFN-I signature. To identify disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets, we developed a mouse model for pulmonary AAV that mimics severe disease in patients. Immunogenic DNA accumulated during disease onset, triggering cGAS/STING/IRF3-dependent IFN-I release that promoted endothelial damage, pulmonary hemorrhages, and lung dysfunction. Macrophage subsets played dichotomic roles in disease. While recruited monocyte-derived macrophages were major disease drivers by producing most IFN-β, resident alveolar macrophages contributed to tissue homeostasis by clearing red blood cells and limiting infiltration of IFN-β–producing macrophages. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of STING, IFNAR-I, or its downstream JAK/STAT signaling reduced disease severity and accelerated recovery. Our study unveils the importance of STING/IFN-I axis in promoting pulmonary AAV progression and identifies cellular and molecular targets to ameliorate disease outcomes.
Bilateral comparison in torque transducer calibration between CENAM, Mexico and CEM, Spain, SIM.M.T-S1
Authors: Torres-Guzman J C , Martin M N Medina , Izquierdo M C Garcia , Mancilla J J Galvan , Verdecia J L Robles
Published: August 2022

Main text

The purpose of this comparison, SIM.M.T-S1, was to determine the results agreement of torque transducer calibration measurements between the two participating laboratories. The data evaluated in this comparison was the average reading and the uncertainty of the instrument under calibration for each torque target point. Clockwise and counter clockwise values were evaluated separately.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Ultraviolet and visible photo-response of transparent conductive Al-doped ZnO (AZO)/n-Silicon isotype heterojunction device
Authors: Şakar Betül Ceviz , Orhan Zeynep , Yıldırım Fatma , Aydoğan Ş
Published: August 2022

In this work, the electrical and photoresponse measurements of a transparent conductive Al-doped ZnO (AZO)/n-Si heterojunction device were conducted in visible light and UV wavelengths. AZO film was deposited by sputtering onto an n-Si wafer and investigated by means of morphological, chemical and electrical characterizations. The AZO/n-Si rectifying device exhibits an excellent reproducibility without noticeable variations after 90 days of measurements. At self-powered mode, the maximum on/off ratios were determined as 3081 for visible light and 4778 for UV light illumination of 365 nm. The responsivity and detectivity of the AZO/n-Si photodetector were 0.128 A W−1 and 1.05 × 1011 Jones for 365 nm, whereas they were 0.055 A W−1 and 4.60 × 1010 Jones for 395 nm, respectively (at −2.0 V). This study demonstrated that the n-AZO/n-Si isotype heterojunction photodetector was fabricated at low cost and it is a potential candidate in both the visible region and the UV region with a good performance, in contrast to the widely studied pn heterojunctions.
Generation of Airy beams with transmissive cross-polarization conversion metasurfaces
Authors: Feng Jialin , Shi Hongyu , Wang Luyi , Zhang Anxue , Xu Zhuo
Published: August 2022

This paper present a 1D finite-energy Airy beam generator at 8.0 GHz using a transmissive metasurface composed of coupling-propagation-decoupling unit cells. The phase and amplitude of the cross-polarized transmitted waves can be controlled by changing the length of the stripline and the position of loaded shorting pins, respectively. Utilizing this property to reshape the field of transmitted waves in accordance with the desired phase and amplitude profile of 1D finite-energy Airy beams. The designed metasurface is fabricated to measure the quasi-nondiffraction and self-bending properties of the generated 1D Airy beams at 8.0 GHz. In addition, the presented Airy beams generator has a very thin thickness of 0.05

λ
0

(≈2 mm). The measured results were found to be in good agreement with the simulated results. Thanks to the independent control of phase, amplitude and polarization, the designed unit cell can be used in structured light, beam shaping, and holography etc.
Impact of magnetic-field on the dynamic of gas bubbles in N-dimensions of non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid: analytical study
Authors: Abu-Nab Ahmed K , Morad Adel M , Selima Ehab S
Published: August 2022

The aim of this study is to focus mainly on the behavior of gas bubble growth under the effect of a magnetic field in

N

-dimensions of non-Newtonian hybrid nanomaterials. Many types of nanoparticles with base nanofluids have been used to study the problems that arise in the nanotechnology industrial processes. Considering these problems in nanomaterials, the effects of thermophysical parameters, such as nanoparticle size and type, nanoparticle volume fraction,

N

-dimensions, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity are discussed. This investigation has demonstrated that the magnetic field

B

and electrical conductivity

σ

E

have a significant impact on the dynamics of gas bubbles, showing that they play an important role in decreasing the growth processes. Furthermore, we examine the behavior of the gas bubble radius in the cases of pure water, mono nanoparticles, and hybrid nanofluid of nanomaterials (such as

Cu
−
A

l

2

O

3

/

H

2

O
,

and

Ti

O

2

−
A

l

2

O

3

/

H

2

O

) in N-dimensions of non-Newtonian fluid. Moreover, the relationship between shear stress and shear rate of non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids is studied. The results are graphically represented to illustrate the behavior of solutions for the presented model. It is noted that the nanoparticles improve the thermophysical properties, which enhances the efficiency of the heat transfer rate of the nanofluids and decreases the behavior of the gas bubble radius. Based on the analysis of simulation procedures and system stability, we observe that the obtained results provide more accurate solutions and a greater reduction in the growth bubble process compared to previous models. Finally, we apply the phase plane approach to analyze the stability of the corresponding nonlinear system of the proposed model.
Decaying warm dark matter revisited
Authors: Holm Emil Brinch , Tram Thomas , Hannestad Steen
Published: August 2022

Decaying dark matter models provide a physically motivated way of channeling energy between the matter and radiation sectors. In principle, this could affect the predicted value of the Hubble constant in such a way as to accommodate the discrepancies between CMB inferences and local measurements of the same. Here, we revisit the model of warm dark matter decaying non-relativistically to invisible radiation. In particular, we rederive the background and perturbation equations starting from a decaying neutrino model and describe a new, computationally efficient method of computing the decay product perturbations up to large multipoles. We conduct MCMC analyses to constrain all three model parameters, for the first time including the mass of the decaying species, and assess the ability of the model to alleviate the Hubble andσ8tensions, the latter being the discrepancy between the CMB and weak gravitational lensing constraints on the amplitude of matter fluctuations on an 8h-1Mpc-1scale. We find that the model reduces theH0tension from ∼ 4σto ∼ 3σand neither alleviates nor worsens theS8≡σ8(Ωm/0.3)0.5tension, ultimately showing only mild improvements with respect to ΛCDM. However, the values of the model-specific parameters favoured by data is found to be well within the regime of relativistic decays where inverse processes are important, rendering a conclusive evaluation of the decaying warm dark matter model open to future work.
Radiative transfer in stars by feebly interacting bosons
Authors: Caputo Andrea , Raffelt Georg , Vitagliano Edoardo
Published: August 2022

Starting from first principles, we study radiative transfer by new feebly-interacting bosons (FIBs) such as axions, axion-like particles (ALPs), dark photons, and others. Our key simplification is to include only boson emission or absorption (including decay), but not scattering between different modes of the radiation field. Based on a given distribution of temperature and FIB absorption rate in a star, we derive explicit volume-integral expressions for the boson luminosity, reaching from the free-streaming to the strong-trapping limit. The latter is seen explicitly to correspond to quasi-thermal emission from a “FIB sphere” according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Our results supersede expressions and approximations found in the recent literature on FIB emission from a supernova core and, for radiatively unstable FIBs, provide explicit expressions for the nonlocal (“ballistic”) transfer of energy recently discussed in horizontal-branch stars.
Reconstructing data-driven governing equations for cell phenotypic transitions: integration of data science and systems biology
Authors: Xing Jianhua
Published: August 2022

Cells with the same genome can exist in different phenotypes and can change between distinct phenotypes when subject to specific stimuli and microenvironments. Some examples include cell differentiation during development, reprogramming for induced pluripotent stem cells and transdifferentiation, cancer metastasis and fibrosis progression. The regulation and dynamics of cell phenotypic conversion is a fundamental problem in biology, and has a long history of being studied within the formalism of dynamical systems. A main challenge for mechanism-driven modeling studies is acquiring sufficient amount of quantitative information for constraining model parameters. Advances in quantitative experimental approaches, especially high throughput single-cell techniques, have accelerated the emergence of a new direction for reconstructing the governing dynamical equations of a cellular system from quantitative single-cell data, beyond the dominant statistical approaches. Here I review a selected number of recent studies using live- and fixed-cell data and provide my perspective on future development.
Multi-harmonic electron cyclotron heating and current drive scenarios for non-inductive start-up and ramp-up in high field ST-40 spherical tokamak
Authors: Ono M. , Bertelli N. , Shevchenko V.
Published: August 2022

Non-inductive start-up and ramp-up is an important topic for spherical tokamak reactor design as the central solenoid implementation is highly restrictive particularly for the low-aspect-ratio tokamak configuration. In the high field spherical tokamak (ST), ST-40 with B
T0 ⩽ 3 T, a preparation is underway for high power ECH and ECCD current start-up/ramp-up experiments utilizing two MW-class 140/105 GHz gyrotrons. Here, we explored various ECH/ECCD scenarios for a low-field-side (LFS) launch-angle steerable waveguide launcher placed near the mid-plane region. Due to the large toroidal field variation of ST configuration, multiple cyclotron harmonic resonance layers could exist within the plasma. In this start-up and ramp-up regime, both fundamental and second harmonic ECH resonances must be considered. We find that even with the presence of X-II resonance layer in the plasma, an efficient X-I ECH and ECCD regime can be accessed for the low electron temperature T
e0 as low as 200 eV which is a typical starting temperature of ECH heated plasmas in an open-field-line configuration. The presence of X-II resonance could become significant at higher T
e0 as X-II absorption increases with T
e0 which could reduce the current ramp-up efficiency as the power reaching X-I is reduced. Finally for the pure X-I regime where the 2Ωe resonance is moved outside the plasma with B
T0 ∼ 3.4 T, we find that it is possible to reach the full current of I
p ∼ 1 MA fully non-inductively with the ECH power of ∼1 MW at n
e0 ∼ 1.0 × 1019 m−3 using 105 GHz frequency gyrotron. By reducing the outer limiter position R
L ∼ 78 cm to 70 cm, the pure X-I regime is recovered at the rated ST-40 magnetic field of B
T0 ∼ 3.0 T. This X-I regime is accessible with a relatively broad range of launched n
II or the launching angles. A survey of X-mode X-II ECH and ECCD at higher density regimes is also shown for completeness.
Energetic particle-induced geodesic acoustic modes on DIII-D
Authors: Lin D.J. , Heidbrink W.W. , Crocker N.A. , Du X.D. , Nazikian R. , Van Zeeland M.A. , Barada K.
Published: August 2022

Various properties of the energetic particle-induced geodesic acoustic mode (EGAM) are explored in this large database analysis of DIII-D experimental data. EGAMs are n = 0 modes with m = 0 electrostatic potential fluctuations (where n/m = toroidal/poloidal mode number), m = 1 density fluctuations, and m = 2 magnetic fluctuations. The fundamental frequency (∼20–40 kHz) of the mode is typically below that of the traditional geodesic acoustic mode frequency. EGAMs are most easily destabilized by beams in the counter plasma current (counter-I
p) direction as compared to co-I
p and off-axis beams. During counter beam injection, the mode frequency is found to have the strongest linear dependence (correlation coefficient r = −0.71) with the safety factor (q). The stability of the mode in the space of q and poloidal beta (β
p) shows a clear boundary for the mode stability. The stability of the mode depends more strongly on damping rate than on fast-ion drive for a given injection geometry.
Decoherence and energy flow in the sunburst quantum Ising model
Authors: Franchi Alessio , Rossini Davide , Vicari Ettore
Published: August 2022

We study the post-quench unitary dynamics of a quantum sunburst spin model, composed of a transverse-field quantum Ising ring which is suddenly coupled to a set of independent external qubits along the longitudinal direction, in a way to respect a residual translation invariance and the Ising

Z

2

symmetry. Starting from the different equilibrium quantum phases of the system, we characterize the decoherence and the energy storage in the external qubits, which may be interpreted as a probing apparatus for the inner Ising ring. Our results show that, in proximity of the quantum transitions of the Ising ring, either first-order or continuous, it is possible to put forward dynamic finite-size scaling frameworks which unveil peculiar scaling regimes, depending on the way in which the large-size limit is taken: either by fixing the number n of probing qubits, or their interspace distance b. In any case, the dependence of the various observables on n can be reabsorbed into a redefinition of the quench parameter by a

n

prefactor. We also address the role of a nearest-neighbor coupling between the external qubits.
Research on Hardware System Design Method of the Intelligent Vehicle Based on Dual Sensors
Authors: Li Wenliang
Published: August 2022

With the rapid development of modern society, the application of intelligent unmanned vehicles is becoming more and more popular. Based on the scene of unmanned vehicle patrol operation in an intelligent warehouse and simplifying it, this paper designs an image processing and perception of driving road conditions with ATM89C51 single-chip microcomputer as the core, camera, and infrared sensors to realize the detection of car trajectory. Two groups of four DC motors are set to drive, and the turning is carried out through the differential speed of the wheel motors on both sides. The turning radius and turning time are shortened through the independent control of the motors on both sides. The L298N full-bridge motor drive core is used to control the speed of the motor, to realize the accurate control of the trolley movement, and lay the foundation for the intelligent operation of the trolley in more scenarios. The accuracy of car navigation and motion control is improved through dual sensors.