bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of volatiles in the Martian interior
Authors: Filiberto Justin , Baratoux David , Beaty David , Breuer Doris , Farcy Benjamin J. , Grott Matthias , Jones John H. , Kiefer Walter S. , Mane Prajkta , McCubbin Francis M. , Schwenzer Susanne P.
Published: October 2016

Multiple observations from missions to Mars have revealed compelling evidence for a volatile‐rich Martian crust. A leading theory contends that eruption of basaltic magmas was the ultimate mechanism of transfer of volatiles from the mantle toward the surface after an initial outgassing related to the crystallization of a magma ocean. However, the concentrations of volatile species in ascending magmas and in their mantle source regions are highly uncertain. This work and this special issue ofMeteoritics & Planetary Sciencesummarize the key findings of the workshop on Volatiles in the Martian Interior (Nov. 3–4, 2014), the primary open questions related to volatiles in Martian magmas and their source regions, and the suggestions of the community at the workshop to address these open questions.
The petrology, geochemistry, and age of lunar regolith breccias Miller Range 090036 and 090070: Insights into the crustal history of the Moon
Authors: Calzada‐Diaz A. , Joy K. H. , Crawford I. A. , Strekopytov S.
Published: October 2016

Meteorites ejected from the surface of the Moon as a result of impact events are an important source of lunar material in addition to Apollo and Luna samples. Here, we report bulk element composition, mineral chemistry, age, and petrography of Miller Range (MIL) 090036 and 090070 lunar meteorites. MIL 090036 and 090070 are both anorthositic regolith breccias consisting of mineral fragments and lithic clasts in a glassy matrix. They are not paired and represent sampling of two distinct regions of the lunar crust that have protoliths similar to ferroan anorthosites. 40Ar‐39Ar chronology performed on two subsplits of MIL 090070,33 (a pale clast impact melt and a dark glassy melt component) shows that the sample underwent two main degassing events, one at ~3.88 Ga and another at ~3.65 Ga. The cosmic ray exposure data obtained from MIL 090070 are consistent with a short (~8–9 Ma) exposure close to the lunar surface. Bulk‐rock FeO, TiO2, and Th concentrations in both samples were compared with 2‐degree Lunar Prospector Gamma Ray Spectrometer (LP‐GRS) data sets to determine areas of the lunar surface where the regolith matches the abundances observed on the sample. We find that MIL 090036 bulk rock is compositionally most similar to regolith surrounding the Procellarum KREEP Terrane, whereas MIL 090070 best matches regolith in the feldspathic highlands terrane on the lunar farside. Our results suggest that some areas of the lunar farside crust are composed of ferroan anorthosite, and that the samples shed light on the evolution and impact bombardment history of the ancient lunar highlands.
Length of time in Ghana is associated with the likelihood of exclusive breastfeeding among Liberian refugees living in Buduburam
Authors: Woldeghebriel Meley , Hromi‐Fiedler Amber , Lartey Anna , Gallego‐Perez Daniel , Sandow Adam , Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael
Published: October 2016

While literature describing immigrant's breastfeeding practices exists, especially among those living within developed countries, there is a significant gap in knowledge on how the host culture may influence the EBF behaviors of refugees, especially those living in protracted situations within sub‐Saharan Africa. A cross‐sectional study was conducted in the Buduburam Refugee Settlement in Ghana from July‐August 2008 to explore the association between the amount of time living in Ghana and exclusive breastfeeding practices among Liberian refugees and Ghanaians in surround villages. The study included 480 women: 239 Liberians living in 12 settlement zones (in two of which Liberians and Ghanaians co‐exist), 121 Ghanaians living in two settlement zones, and 120 Ghanaians living in nearby urban village of Awutu. Liberian mothers who lived in Ghana at least eight years were significantly more likely to exclusively breastfeed (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.02, 3.09) compared to Ghanaian mothers living in Awutu. These findings suggest that increased time living in Buduburam improved the chances of EBF success among Liberians, perhaps as a result of unique EBF education/support opportunities offered in the settlement to Liberian refugees that were not readily available to Ghanaians. Further research to understand the “mechanisms” explaining exclusive breastfeeding differences as a function of time spent in host country is needed for improving breastfeeding support in refugee settlements and host communities.
Developing a Smart Structure Using Integrated Subspace‐Based Damage Detection and Semi‐Active Control
Authors: Karami K. , Akbarabadi Sh.
Published: October 2016

Damage detection in large building structures has always faced challenges due to analyzing the large amount of measured data. In this article, a new damage detection approach based on subspace method is proposed to identify damages using limited output data. Also, a new scheme is presented to develop a smart structure by integrating structural health monitoring with semi‐active control strategy. If damage occurs in such a structure under severe excitations, the proposed scheme has the capability to exert necessary control forces in order to compensate for damage and reduce simultaneously the dynamic response of the structure. The reliability and feasibility of the proposed method are demonstrated by implementing the technique to two shear building structures with semi‐active control devices. Results show that the damage could be identified accurately with saving time and cost due to less computation even under noise existence; and dynamic response is significantly reduced in the smart structure.
Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin interacts with filamentous haemagglutinin to inhibit biofilm formation in vitro
Authors: Hoffman Casandra , Eby Joshua , Gray Mary , Heath Damron F. , Melvin Jeffrey , Cotter Peggy , Hewlett Erik
Published: October 2016

Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, secretes and releases adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), which is a protein bacterial toxin that targets host cells and disarms immune defenses. ACT binds filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), a surface‐displayed adhesin, and until now, the consequences of this interaction were unknown. A B. bronchiseptica mutant lacking ACT produced more biofilm than the parental strain; leading Irie et al. to propose the ACT‐FHA interaction could be responsible for biofilm inhibition. Here we characterize the physical interaction of ACT with FHA and provide evidence linking that interaction to inhibition of biofilm in vitro. Exogenous ACT inhibits biofilm formation in a concentration‐dependent manner and the N‐terminal catalytic domain of ACT (AC domain) is necessary and sufficient for this inhibitory effect. AC Domain interacts with the C‐terminal segment of FHA with ∼650 nM affinity. ACT does not inhibit biofilm formation by Bordetella lacking the mature C‐terminal domain (MCD), suggesting the direct interaction between AC domain and the MCD is required for the inhibitory effect. Additionally, AC domain disrupts preformed biofilm on abiotic surfaces. The demonstrated inhibition of biofilm formation by a host‐directed protein bacterial toxin represents a novel regulatory mechanism and identifies an unprecedented role for ACT.
Pope Francis and Respect for Diversity: A Mapping Employing a Green Theo‐Ecoethical Lens
Authors: Hrynkow Christopher
Published: October 2016

This article maps a selection of Pope Francis’ social teaching, which supports respect for diversity. It undertakes this task with the aid of a green theo‐ecoethical lens. That hermeneutical lens is first introduced to the reader via an explanation of its constituent parts. It is then employed to help situate respect for diversity as a Christian ethical principle. With those foundations in place subsequent sections employ the lens to colligate Francis’ teachings which, dialogically, both inform and come into focus through a green theo‐ecoethical perspective concerned with respect for diversity. Here, three sections unfold the Pope’s treatment of themes relevant to respect for diversity in a green theo‐ecoethical light. Specifically, these sections focus on contributions emerging from (1) Francis’ public ministry in general, (2) his first substantive piece of Catholic Social Teaching, Evangelii Gaudium, and (3) perhaps the most anticipated papal encyclical of all time, Laudato Si’. The article's conclusion helps situate the contextual cogency of insights emerging from this multi‐dimensional mapping for what Francis names as our common home, a planet which encompasses an Earth community in a dire need of increased levels of socio‐ecological flourishing.
Serial versus single troponin measurements for the prediction of cardiovascular events and mortality in stable chronic haemodialysis patients
Authors: Mavrakanas Thomas A , Sniderman Allan D , Barré Paul E , Alam Ahsan
Published: October 2016

Summary at a Glance

This study examined the variability of pre‐dialysis troponin values to predict cardiovascular events in 128 HD patients.

Most stable HD patients do not have elevated troponins at baseline.

However, elevated or fluctuating levels are associated with a worse outcome.

Serial troponin measurement has greater sensitivity and higher‐negative predictive power compared with a single troponin measurement.
Comparison of the risk of non‐traumatic lower extremity amputation between haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients with end‐stage renal disease
Authors: Wang I‐Kuan , Hsu Chung‐Ho , Tsai Chun‐Hao , Chang Shih‐Sheng , Lin Cheng‐Li , Yen Tzung‐Hai , Lin Shih‐Yi , Lin Chung‐Chih , Liu Jiung‐Hsiun , Chang Chiz‐Tzung , Sung Fung‐Chang
Published: October 2016

Aim

We used insurance claims data of Taiwan to compare the risk of non‐traumatic lower extremity amputation between haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.

Methods

We identified 77 669 HD patients and 10 035 PD patients without prior amputation from 2000 to 2010. Incidence rates and hazard ratios (HRs) of lower extremity amputation, and subsequent 30‐day mortality after amputation were evaluated up to 31 December 2011.

Results

There were 2427 and 216 patients undergoing lower extremity amputation during follow‐up in the HD and PD groups with incidence rates of 8.35 and 5.79 per 1000 person‐years, respectively. Compared with the HD group, the overall adjusted HR of lower extremity amputation for the PD group was 1.27 (95% CI = 1.10–1.46). The impact of diabetes status on the risk of lower extremity amputation interacted with dialysis modality significantly (P < 0.001). Compared with the corresponding HD patients, the PD patients with diabetes had an adjusted HR of 1.44 (95% CI = 1.24–1.67) for amputation, whereas those without diabetes had an adjusted HR of 0.58 (95% CI = 0.36–0.95). The subsequent 30‐day mortality rates after amputation were not significantly different between the HD and PD groups (8.45% vs. 9.72%) with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.41 (95% CI = 0.87–2.28, PD versus HD).

Conclusion

Compared with corresponding HD patients, the amputation risk is higher for PD patients with diabetes, while the risk is lower for PD patients without diabetes. Dialysis patients have a high 30‐day mortality risk after amputation.
Nursing with care: a meditation in three voices (in memoriam John S. Drummond)
Authors: Ceci Christine , Purkis Mary Ellen , Wynn Francine
Published: October 2016

This paper is a written version of a talk given at the 19th International Philosophy of Nursing conference to honour the contributions of Dr. John S. Drummond, nurse and philosopher, to an ongoing and collective project we could call ‘thinking nursing’. Over the course of his career, John Drummond published a series of essays, building on his reading of the works of continental philosophers such as Nietzsche, Lyotard or Deleuze, that draw us to nursing as a matter of concern, and that through their incisive analyses, help us to pay attention to the changes that are going on with nursing now. Though this essay began as a way to mark the death of John Drummond, and to pay tribute to his work, we also find that our return to his texts is like other experiences of return – the pleasure of experiencing something anew, as if for the first time.
PKR regulates LPS‐induced osteoclast formation and bone destruction in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Teramachi J , Inagaki Y , Shinohara H , Okamura H , Yang D , Ochiai K , Baba R , Morimoto H , Nagata T , Haneji T
Published: October 2016

Objective

In this study, we aimed to clarify the precise mechanism underlying lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced osteoclastogenesis in periodontal disease with a special reference to double‐stranded RNA‐dependent protein kinase (PKR).

Material and Methods

We dissected the role of PKR in LPS‐induced osteoclast differentiation and function using primary mouse bone marrow cells and RAW264.7 pre‐osteoclastic cell line. We used a rat experimental periodontitis (PD) model induced by ligature placement with a Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS injection (PD rat) and analyzed the therapeutic effects of C16, a PKR inhibitor, on bone loss in PD rats.

Results

Protein kinase is strongly upregulated and phosphorylated by LPS in the osteoclasts. The inhibition of PKR suppressed LPS‐stimulated osteoclast formation and activation. PKR inhibition also suppressed the LPS‐mediated activation of NF‐κB and MAPK, which are critical pathways for osteoclastogenesis. High expressions of PKR were detected in osteoclasts of PD rats, and the treatment with C16 effectively prevented alveolar bone destruction in PD rats.

Conclusions

PKR plays a pivotal role in LPS‐induced bone loss in PD and, thus, has potential as a therapeutic target for PD.
Importance of animal and plant traits for fruit removal and seedling recruitment in a tropical forest
Authors: Muñoz Marcia C. , Schaefer H. Martin , Böhning‐Gaese Katrin , Schleuning Matthias
Published: October 2016

The traits of animals and plants influence their interaction networks, but the significance of species' traits for the resulting ecosystem functions is poorly understood. A crucial ecosystem function in the tropics is seed dispersal by animals. While the importance of species' traits for structuring plant–frugivore networks is supported by a number of studies, no study has so far identified the functional traits determining the subsequent processes of fruit removal and seedling recruitment. Here, we conducted a comprehensive field study on fruit removal by frugivorous birds and seedling recruitment along an elevational gradient in the Colombian Andes. We measured morphological traits of birds (body mass, bill width, Kipp's index) and plants (plant height, crop mass, fruit width and seed mass) which we expected to be related to fruit removal and seedling recruitment. We tested 1) which bird and plant traits influence fruit removal, and 2) whether network metrics at plant species level, functional identities of frugivores (community‐based mean trait values) and/or plant traits were the main determinants of seedling recruitment. We found that large‐bodied bird species contributed more to fruit removal than small‐bodied bird species and that small‐sized fruits were more frequently removed than large‐sized fruits. Small plant species and plants with heavy seeds recruited more seedlings than did large plants and plants with light seeds. Network metrics and functional identities of seed dispersers were unrelated to seedling recruitment. Our findings have two important implications. First, large birds are functionally more important than small birds in tropical seed‐removal networks. Second, the detected tradeoff between fruit size and seed mass in subsequent recruitment processes suggests that the adaptability of forest plant communities to a loss of large frugivores is limited by life‐history constraints. Hence, the protection of large‐bodied frugivores is of primary importance for the maintenance of diverse tropical plant communities.
Accounting for uncertainty in dormant life stages in stochastic demographic models
Authors: Paniw Maria , Quintana‐Ascencio Pedro F. , Ojeda Fernando , Salguero‐Gómez Roberto
Published: October 2016

Dormant life stages are often critical for population viability in stochastic environments, but accurate field data characterizing them are difficult to collect. Such limitations may translate into uncertainties in demographic parameters describing these stages, which then may propagate errors in the examination of population‐level responses to environmental variation. Expanding on current methods, we 1) apply data‐driven approaches to estimate parameter uncertainty in vital rates of dormant life stages and 2) test whether such estimates provide more robust inferences about population dynamics. We built integral projection models (IPMs) for a fire‐adapted, carnivorous plant species using a Bayesian framework to estimate uncertainty in parameters of three vital rates of dormant seeds – seed‐bank ingression, stasis and egression. We used stochastic population projections and elasticity analyses to quantify the relative sensitivity of the stochastic population growth rate (log λs) to changes in these vital rates at different fire return intervals. We then ran stochastic projections of log λs for 1000 posterior samples of the three seed‐bank vital rates and assessed how strongly their parameter uncertainty propagated into uncertainty in estimates of log λs and the probability of quasi‐extinction, Pq(t). Elasticity analyses indicated that changes in seed‐bank stasis and egression had large effects on log λs across fire return intervals. In turn, uncertainty in the estimates of these two vital rates explained > 50% of the variation in log λs estimates at several fire‐return intervals. Inferences about population viability became less certain as the time between fires widened, with estimates of Pq(t) potentially > 20% higher when considering parameter uncertainty. Our results suggest that, for species with dormant stages, where data is often limited, failing to account for parameter uncertainty in population models may result in incorrect interpretations of population viability.
The Via Nova Traiana Between Petra and Ayn Al‐Qana In Arabia Petraea
Authors: Abudanah Fawzi , Tarawneh Mohammad B. , Twaissi Saad , Wenner Sarah , Al‐Salameen Adeeb
Published: October 2016

This paper presents new evidence, based on systematic fieldwork, concerning the most likely path of the Roman road, the via nova Traiana, in the area between Petra and Ayn al‐Qana in southern Jordan. Special attention is given to the work of David Graf, the most recent fieldwork study, prior to the present investigation, dealing with the same issue, that of the via nova Traiana. It also presents a detailed description of the route of the Roman road, adds new information to Graf's study, and challenges some of his suggestions. The paper also considers other ancient roads that were directly connected to the Roman highway.
Concomitant Use of the Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator and a Permanent Pacemaker
Authors: HUANG JASON , PATTON KRISTEN K. , PRUTKIN JORDAN M.
Published: October 2016

Background

The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S‐ICD) is a novel implanted defibrillator for the prevention of sudden cardiac death that avoids intravascular access. Use of this device is limited by its inability to provide backup pacing. Combined use of the S‐ICD with a permanent pacemaker may be the optimal choice in certain situations though experience with the use of both devices together remains limited.

Methods

We reviewed our single‐center experience with the S‐ICD from March 2011 to November 2015. Four patients with concomitant use of the S‐ICD and a permanent pacemaker were identified. Clinical indication for device therapy, operative details, and subsequent follow‐up was reviewed. During implantation, S‐ICD sensing of paced morphologies was evaluated at maximal voltage output. After S‐ICD implant, if feasible, the upper rate was adjusted to ≤50% of the S‐ICD tachycardia zone to minimize risk of inappropriate shocks.

Results

After a mean follow‐up of over 1 year, no adverse events occurred, including no inappropriate shock, lead malfunction, or device infection. One patient had a total of eight appropriate shocks, while another individual had no inappropriate shocks despite having a unipolar pacing lead.

Conclusions

In unique situations, combined use of the S‐ICD and a permanent pacemaker may be preferable to alternative options. In our experience, this approach was successful in varying conditions including complex congenital heart disease, recurrent device infection, and limited vascular access.
Severe Spontaneous Echo Contrast/Auricolar Thrombosis in “Nonvalvular” AF: Value of Thromboembolic Risk Scores
Authors: MASCIOLI GIOSUÈ , LUCCA ELENA , MICHELOTTI FEDERICA , ALIOTO GIUSY , SANTORO FRANCO , BELLI GUIDO , ROTA CRISTINA , ORNAGO OMBRETTA , SIRIANNI GIOVANNI , PULCINI EMANUELA , PENNESI MATTEO , SAVASTA CARLO , RUSSO ROSARIO , PITÌ ANTONINO
Published: October 2016

Background

Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) have an increased thromboembolic risk that can be estimated with risk scores and sometimes require oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT). Despite correct anticoagulation, some patients still develop left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) or thrombosis. The value of traditional risk scores (R2CHADS2, CHADS2, and CHA2DS2‐VASc) in predicting such events remains controversial.

Methods and Results

The aim of our study was to explore variables linked to severe SEC or atrial thrombosis and evaluate the performance of traditional risk scores in identifying these patients. In order to do this, we retrospectively analyzed 568 patients with nonvalvular nonparoxysmal AF who underwent electrical cardioversion from January 2011 to December 2016 after OAT for a minimum of 4 weeks. A transesophageal echocardiogram was performed in 265 patients for various indications, and 24 exhibited left atrial SEC or thrombosis. Female gender, history of heart failure or left ventricular ejection fraction <40%, and high levels (>1 mg/dL) of C‐reactive protein (CRP) were independently associated with left atrial SEC/thrombosis. A score composed by these factors (denominated HIS [Heart Failure, Inflammation, and female Sex]) showed a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 60% (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.695, P = 0.002) in identifying patients with a positive transesophageal echo; traditional risk scores did not perform as well.

Conclusions

In patients with persistent AF and suboptimal anticoagulation, a risk score composed by history of heart failure, high CRP, and female gender identifies patients at high risk of left atrial SEC/thrombosis when its value is >1.
TARGETS FOR HONESTY: HOW PERFORMANCE INDICATORS SHAPE INTEGRITY IN DUTCH HIGHER EDUCATION
Authors: OVERMAN SJORS , AKKERMAN AGNES , TORENVLIED RENÉ
Published: October 2016

Universities across the world have recently experienced a number of serious cases of academic misconduct. In the public and academic debates, one dominant explanation exists for the fraudulent behaviour of university staff. Academic misconduct is considered to be the logical behavioural consequence of output‐oriented management practices, based on performance incentives. This article puts this explanation to the test. Based on our analysis of a dataset of employees in Dutch higher education (N = 4,775) from 2010 and 2012, we argue that performance indicators have a positive impact on higher education professionals' perception of integrity in their work environment.
A longitudinal assessment of circulating YKL‐40 levels in preschool children with wheeze
Authors: James Anna , Stenberg Hammar Katarina , Reinius Lovisa , Konradsen Jon R. , Dahlén Sven‐Erik , Söderhäll Cilla , Hedlin Gunilla
Published: October 2016

Background

The chitinase‐like protein YKL‐40 (CHI3L1) is elevated in the circulation of adults and schoolchildren with chronic severe asthma. It is unknown whether YKL‐40 is altered in younger, preschool children with wheeze, acute or chronic. We therefore examined YKL‐40 in preschool children during an acute episode of wheeze and during remission, in comparison with healthy controls.

Methods

Blood was obtained from 128 children (aged 6–44 months) at the emergency department during an acute episode of wheeze, and at two follow‐up visits (approximately 3 months and 1 year later), as well as from 100 age‐matched healthy controls on one occasion. Plasma YKL‐40 levels were examined in relation to CHI3L1 rs4950928 genotype and clinical characteristics including Asthma Predictive Index, medication use, time spent with respiratory symptoms, atopic status, and blood leukocytes.

Results

Children with wheeze had higher median YKL‐40 levels at the acute visit (14.7 (11.5–22.6) ng/ml, p < 0.001) and 3‐month follow‐up (15.9 (11.5–20.2), p < 0.001) compared to the 1‐year follow‐up (11.9 (9.5–17.3)). YKL‐40 levels in healthy controls (13.6 (11.0–17.0)) tended to be lower than those during acute wheeze (p = 0.07) and 3‐month follow‐up (p = 0.04), but were no different at the 1‐year follow‐up. CHI3L1 rs4950928 affected YKL‐40 in all subjects, with highest levels present in those with the CC genotype (p < 0.001). Genotype frequency was similar in the two subject groups. YKL‐40 levels showed a positive correlation with blood neutrophil counts but no consistent relationships with clinical characteristics of relevance to continuous wheeze.

Conclusion

YKL‐40 levels were elevated during acute wheeze in preschool children, a finding which may be related to current neutrophilic inflammation, but YKL‐40 was not associated with characteristics of persistent wheeze in this young cohort.
Perceived exercise limitation in asthma: The role of disease severity, overweight, and physical activity in children
Authors: Westergren Thomas , Berntsen Sveinung , Lødrup Carlsen Karin C. , Mowinckel Petter , Håland Geir , Fegran Liv , Carlsen Kai‐Håkon
Published: October 2016

Background

Children with asthma may be less physically active than their healthy peers. We aimed to investigate whether perceived exercise limitation (EL) was associated with lung function or bronchial hyper‐responsiveness (BHR), socioeconomic factors, prenatal smoking, overweight, allergic disease, asthma severity, or physical activity (PA).

Methods

The 302 children with asthma from the 10‐year examination of the Environment and Childhood Asthma birth cohort study underwent a clinical examination including perceived EL (structured interview of child and parent(s)), measure of overweight (body mass index by sex and age passing through 25 kg/m2 or above at 18 years), exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (forced expiratory volume in one‐second (FEV1) pre‐ and post‐exercise), methacholine bronchial challenge (severe BHR; provocative dose causing ≥20% decrease in FEV1 ≤ 1 μmol), and asthma severity score (dose of controller medication and exacerbations last 12 months). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess associations with perceived EL.

Results

In the final model explaining 30.1%, asthma severity score (OR: 1.49, (1.32, 1.67)) and overweight (OR: 2.35 (1.14, 4.82)) only were significantly associated with perceived EL. Excluding asthma severity and allergic disease, severe BHR (OR: 2.82 (1.38, 5.76)) or maximal reduction in FEV1 post‐exercise (OR: 1.48 (1.10, 1.98)) and overweight (OR: 2.15 (1.13, 4.08) and 2.53 (1.27, 5.03)) explained 9.7% and 8.4% of perceived EL, respectively.

Conclusions

Perceived EL in children with asthma was independently associated with asthma severity and overweight, the latter doubling the probability of perceived EL irrespectively of asthma severity, allergy status, socioeconomic factors, prenatal smoking, or PA.
Landmark papers in pediatric cardiac anesthesia: documenting the history of the specialty
Authors: Friesen Robert H.
Published: October 2016

Pediatric cardiac anesthesia has developed over the past eight decades into a specialty delivering complex clinical care and contributing remarkable scientific progress. The history of this development can be traced through journal articles that mark the strides of the specialty. This article discusses journal articles, chosen by the author, that he considers had a significant impact on the practice of pediatric cardiac anesthesia or are of historical interest.
Defending Evidence‐Resistant Beliefs
Authors: Viedge Nikolai
Published: October 2016

There is a view in the literature around beliefs that evidence responsiveness is a necessary feature of beliefs. The reasoning is that because beliefs are governed by truth they must be evidence responsive. A mental state that fails to be evidence responsive, therefore, could not be a belief as it could not be governed by truth. The implication is that even those evidence‐resistant mental states that appear to be beliefs are in fact something else. I argue that evidence resistance is a feature of at least some beliefs, so evidence responsiveness cannot be a necessary feature of belief.
Intervention Study with Algoplus®: A Pain Behavioral Scale for Older Patients in the Emergency Department
Authors: Moustafa Fares , Macian Nicolas , Giron Fatiha , Schmidt Jeannot , Pereira Bruno , Pickering Gisèle
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Evaluation of acute pain is often difficult in older patients admitted to the Emergency Department (ED), and self‐evaluation of pain is not always possible. This observational study evaluates how the systematic use of Algoplus®, a validated behavioral scale, could improve pain management of older persons admitted to the ED.

Method

The intervention study (NCT 02258503) took place in 4 steps in the ED, University Hospital Clermont‐Ferrand, France. Pain assessment and analgesics prescription were collected from medical files for 3 months. For 6 months, the whole staff of the ED were trained on pain assessment and to use Algoplus® scale (3—same as step 1). To evaluate the intervention, pain assessment and analgesics prescription were compared before and after implementation by 2‐sided tests with a type I error set at α = 0.05.

Results

The intervention led to systematic pain evaluation with Algoplus® in 100% of patients (≥ 75 years old, n = 434) and was completed by numeric rating scale (NRS) and other evaluations. Pearson's correlation between NRS ≥ 3 and Algoplus® < 2 was 0.61. Prescription of analgesics (+6%) especially opioids increased nonsignificantly but was similar for all patients whatever the evaluation.

Conclusions

The systematic introduction of Algoplus® scale in the ED allowed a change in practice by improving evaluation and management of pain in patients ≥ 75 years old, especially when difficult to be evaluated. Algoplus® allowed an objective levelling of analgesics prescription in all admitted patients. It also promoted field action to improve pain management in ED.
ERF105 is a transcription factor gene of Arabidopsis thaliana required for freezing tolerance and cold acclimation
Authors: Bolt Sylvia , Zuther Ellen , Zintl Stefanie , Hincha Dirk K. , Schmülling Thomas
Published: October 2016

Understanding the response to cold temperature stress is relevant for both basic biology and application. Here we report on ERF105, which is a novel cold‐regulated transcription factor gene of Arabidopsis that makes a significant contribution to freezing tolerance and cold acclimation. The expression of cold‐responsive genes in erf105 mutants suggests that its action is linked to the CBF regulon mediating cold responses.
Post‐transplant blood transfusions and pediatric renal allograft outcomes
Authors: Verghese Priya , Gillingham Kristen , Matas Arthur , Chinnakotla Srinath , Chavers Blanche
Published: October 2016

The association of blood transfusions with GS after pediatric KTx is unclear. We retrospectively analyzed blood transfusions post‐KTx and subsequent outcomes. Between 1984 and 2013, 482 children (<18 years of age) underwent KTx at our center. Recipient demographics, outcomes and transfusion data were collected. Cox regression with post‐KTx blood transfusion as a time‐dependent covariate was performed to model the impact of blood transfusion on outcomes. Of the 208 (44%) that were transfused, 39% had transfusion <1 month post‐KTx; 48% >12 months. Transfused and non‐transfused recipients were not significantly different. In univariate and multivariate analyses, there was no difference between transfused and non‐transfused recipient patient survival, antibody‐mediated and ACR, and DSA free survival. Transfusions <1 month post‐KTx did not impact DCGS (P=NS). Patients transfused >12 months post‐KTx had significantly lower 12 month eGFR (compared to non‐transfused) and worse subsequent DCGS. Post‐KTx blood transfusions have increased in pediatric KTx over time but have no negative association with rejection or DSA production. DCGS is unaffected by transfusion within first month. Transfusions after the first year occur in patients with more advanced chronic kidney disease and are associated with significantly worse DCGS.
Epidemiology, risk factors, and prognosis of capillary leak syndrome in pediatric recipients of stem cell transplants: a retrospective single‐center cohort study
Authors: Lucchini Giovanna , Willasch Andre Manfred , Daniel Julia , Soerensen Jan , Jarisch Andrea , Bakhtiar Shahrzad , Rettinger Eva , Brandt Joerg , Klingebiel Thomas , Bader Peter
Published: October 2016

CLS involves sudden loss of intravascular fluids into the interstitial spaces. CLS was described as a possible complication after SCT. Few studies report the incidence of CLS in pediatric populations. We aimed to assess CLS incidence, its risk factors, and impact on the survival. The clinical charts of patients <18 years of age transplanted at our institution between 2002 and 2012 were reviewed. CLS was defined by weight gain >3% in 24 hours and positive intake balance despite furosemide administration. In total, 234 patients underwent 275 allogeneic SCT procedures in the analyzed time frame. Fifteen patients developed CLS (5.4%). The probability of developing CLS was significantly increased in patients suffering from sepsis (14.3% vs 0.6%, P<.001). Patients with CLS exhibited an increased risk of acute GvHD in the first 30 days after SCT (10.8% vs 1.8%, P=.002). Ten of the patients with CLS required intensive care. CLS strongly impacts OS at day +100 after SCT and is a predictive factor of TRM at the same date (42.9% vs 5%, P<.0001). The biological relation among sepsis, GvHD, and CLS development in terms of cytokine release and endothelial damage warrants further studies.
Factors Associated with HPV Vaccination among Cambodian American Teenagers
Authors: Lee Haeok , Kim Minjin , Kiang Peter , Shi Ling , Tan Kevin , Chea Phala , Peou Sonith , Grigg‐Saito Dorcas C.
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Parents have general influence over their children's health and health behavior. However, given the dearth of specific literature regarding knowledge level and social and cultural factors influencing HPV vaccination behaviors among Cambodian American (CA) parent, it is difficult to develop an effective, evidence‐based public health HPV vaccination program. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the HPV vaccine uptakes among CA teenagers and to examine factors influencing HPV vaccine uptakes.

Design and Sample

A descriptive, cross‐sectional survey design and a combination of network and targeted sampling methods were used.

Results

CA mothers (n = 130) completed a health survey through face‐to‐face interviews in either English or Khmer language. Girls vaccination rates were 29% while that of boys was 16%. Awareness and knowledge of HPV among CA mothers was very low, and many believed that their daughters, who speak English and were educated in the U.S., had more knowledge about health than they did. Logistic regression analysis showed that CA girls had significantly higher odds of vaccination when their mothers possessed a higher level of English reading ability and had greater awareness and knowledge of HPV.

Conclusions

The strikingly low rates of HPV vaccination among CA girls and boys underscore the need to improve vaccination outreach, education, and uptake. The findings can be used to develop targeted public health HPV vaccination programs for CAs, which will reduce cervical cancer disparities.
Tobacco Smoke Pollution in Hospitality Venues Before and After Passage of Statewide Smoke‐Free Legislation
Authors: Buettner‐Schmidt Kelly , Boursaw Blake , Lobo Marie L. , Travers Mark J.
Published: October 2016

Objective

In 2012, North Dakota enacted a comprehensive statewide law prohibiting smoking in enclosed public places. Disparities in tobacco control exist in rural areas. This study's objective was to determine the extent to which the passage of a comprehensive, statewide, smoke‐free law in a predominantly rural state influenced tobacco smoke pollution in rural and nonrural venues.

Design and Sample

A longitudinal cohort design study comparing the levels of tobacco smoke pollution before and after passage of the statewide smoke‐free law was conducted in 64 restaurants and bars statewide in North Dakota.

Measures

Particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 μm (a valid atmospheric marker of tobacco smoke pollution) was assessed.

Results

A significant 83% reduction in tobacco smoke pollution levels occurred after passage of the law. Significant reductions in tobacco smoke pollution levels occurred in each of the rural categories; however, no difference by rurality was noted in the analysis after passage of the law, in contrast to the study before passage.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this was the largest, single, rural postlaw study globally. A comprehensive statewide smoke‐free law implemented in North Dakota dramatically decreased the level of tobacco smoke pollution in bars and restaurants.
Effects of blast on components of wheat physiology and grain yield as influenced by fungicide treatment and host resistance
Authors: Rios J. A. , Rios V. S. , Paul P. A. , Souza M. A. , Neto L. B. M. C. , Rodrigues F. A.
Published: October 2016

Two field experiments (Exp. 1 and Exp. 2) were carried out to assess the physiological performance and grain yield of wheat cultivars BR‐18 (moderately resistant) and Guamirim (susceptible) inoculated with Pyricularia oryzae in plots treated or untreated with Ópera (fungicide 13.3% epoxiconazole + 5% pyraclostrobin). Results from regression analyses indicated that spike and leaf blast severity at 10–14 days after inoculation (dai) were associated with greater yield losses (highest negative slope) than severity at 18–22 dai. Relative to untreated Guamirim, there were 0.3% and 16% increases in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively, for untreated BR‐18 (resistance alone). For fungicide treatment alone, the mean yield of Guamirim increased by 20% and 61% in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively, relative to the untreated fungicide control, whereas for the fungicide treated BR‐18, the mean yield increased by 26% and 83% in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Fungicide application and cultivar resistance resulted in higher measures of leaf health and photosynthetic performance in both spikes and leaves than in the untreated susceptible reference treatment. The results from this study may be useful in future efforts to develop crop loss models and management guidelines for wheat blast.
The electrophysiological signature of deliberate rule violations
Authors: Pfister Roland , Wirth Robert , Schwarz Katharina A. , Foerster Anna , Steinhauser Marco , Kunde Wilfried
Published: October 2016

Humans follow rules by default, and violating even simple rules induces cognitive conflict for the rule breaker. Previous studies revealed this conflict in various behavioral measures, including response times and movement trajectories. Based on these experiments, we investigated the electrophysiological signature of deliberately violating a simple stimulus‐response mapping rule. Such rule violations were characterized by a delayed and attenuated P300 component when evaluating a rule‐relevant stimulus, most likely reflecting increased response complexity. This parietal attenuation was followed by a frontal positivity for rule violations relative to correct response trials. Together, these results reinforce previous findings on the need to inhibit automatic S‐R translation when committing a rule violation, and they point toward additional factors involved in rule violation. Candidate processes such as negative emotional responses and increased monitoring should be targeted by future investigations.
Pupillometry reveals changes in physiological arousal during a sustained listening task
Authors: McGarrigle Ronan , Dawes Piers , Stewart Andrew J. , Kuchinsky Stefanie E. , Munro Kevin J.
Published: October 2016

Hearing loss is associated with anecdotal reports of fatigue during periods of sustained listening. However, few studies have attempted to measure changes in arousal, as a potential marker of fatigue, over the course of a sustained listening task. The present study aimed to examine subjective, behavioral, and physiological indices of listening‐related fatigue. Twenty‐four normal‐hearing young adults performed a speech‐picture verification task in different signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs) while their pupil size was monitored and response times recorded. Growth curve analysis revealed a significantly steeper linear decrease in pupil size in the more challenging SNR, but only in the second half of the trial block. Changes in pupil dynamics over the course of the more challenging listening condition block suggest a reduction in physiological arousal. Behavioral and self‐report measures did not reveal any differences between listening conditions. This is the first study to show reduced physiological arousal during a sustained listening task, with changes over time consistent with the onset of fatigue.
Hardwood management and restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems may affect raccoon daytime resting sites
Authors: Kirby Ronald B. , Muller Lisa I. , Chamberlain Michael J. , Conner Mike
Published: October 2016

Fire‐maintained Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) ecosystems are species rich and considered a top conservation priority in the southeastern United States. Ground‐nesting species such as Gopherus polyphemus (gopher tortoise) and Colinus virginianus (northern bobwhite) thrive in longleaf ecosystems. However, the generalist carnivore Procyon lotor (raccoon) is a significant predator of these endemic ground nesters. In forested ecosystems, raccoons prefer hardwood‐dominated habitats. Removal of hardwood trees, which is a common longleaf pine ecosystem restoration tool, affects habitat use of this predator. We examined 269 daytime resting sites (DRS) associated with 31 radio‐collared adult raccoons (18 M, 13 F) during 2014–2015 on a longleaf pine‐dominated site in southwestern Georgia. We developed 26 a priori models using an information theoretic approach to evaluate factors affecting use of DRS by raccoons. The top two models (ΔAIC < 2) had combined model weights of 0.75 and contained tree diameter, tree type, presence of nearby hardwood, and distances to pine, hardwood, mixed forest, and agriculture as predictors. However, the only informative variables were tree type and tree diameter. Raccoons used DRS in all available forest types, but were less likely to use pine trees (n = 7) relative to hardwoods (n = 247), and there was a positive relationship with tree diameter. Females used smaller trees farther from agriculture and primary roads, and were closer to wetlands than those used by males. Hardwood removal from within longleaf pine ecosystem affects habitat use of this predator, specifically DRS.
Does restored plant diversity play a role in the reproductive functionality of Banksia populations?
Authors: Ritchie Alison L. , Nevill Paul G. , Sinclair Elizabeth A. , Krauss Siegfried L.
Published: October 2016

Vegetation structure and plant species diversity of restoration sites are predicted to directly affect pollinator attraction, with potential impacts on gene flow, reproduction, genetic diversity of future generations, and ultimately restoration success. We compared Banksia attenuata R.Br. (Proteaceae) in a low species diversity restoration site and an adjacent natural remnant. We assessed fecundity genetic diversity in adult plants and their offspring, mating system parameters and pollen dispersal using paternity assignment. Results were compared to an earlier study of reproductive functionality within a high species diversity restoration site that was restored in a similar manner, enabling us to investigate any association between plant species diversity and fecundity. Seed set data indicated no significant differences between restored and adjacent natural sites; however, seed set data between restoration sites was significantly different (2.08 ± 0.39 and 6.89 ± 1.12, respectively). The mean number of fruits (follicles) per inflorescence was not significantly different between restoration sites. Genetic diversity of adult plants and their offspring were comparable in all sites. Higher allelic richness and genetic differentiation in one restored site reflected sourcing beyond local provenance. Low correlated paternity indicated high levels of multiple siring of seeds and paternity assignment demonstrated strong genetic connectivity between sites. Reproductive functionality, as measured by fecundity and genetic diversity in the offspring of B. attenuata, is resilient to low species diversity within a restored plant community. We consider our results in the context of establishing seed production areas (SPAs) that maximize the quantity and genetic quality of Banksia seeds for restoration.
Lung function in patients with lung injury due to household chemical inhalation: Post hoc analysis of a prospective nationwide cohort
Authors: Kim Won‐Young , Park Soonyoung , Kim Hwa Jung , Chae Eun Jin , Do Kyung‐Hyun , Huh Jin Won , Lim Chae‐Man , Koh Younsuck , Hong Sang‐Bum
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Background and objective

Inhalation exposure to household chemicals can result in serious health problems, although the long‐term outcomes are unclear. We evaluated the changes in lung function after home humidifier disinfectant (HD) exposure.

Methods

This post hoc analysis of a prospective nationwide cohort involved patients with inhalation lung injury due to HD. Patients underwent spirometric measurements at onset and annually thereafter.

Results

Forty subjects met the eligibility criteria. Overall, mean forced vital capacity (FVC) increased significantly during the first 3 years from 2.10 ± 0.74 to 3.06 ± 1.08 L. Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV
1) also rose from 1.84 ± 0.63 to 2.62 ± 0.88 L. Both variables then stabilized. However, in 19 (48%) patients, the FVCs did not normalize. Compared to subjects with an FVC at onset of <2.5 L, subjects with onset FVC ≥2.5 L exhibited significantly more improvement in percent predicted FVC over time (group × time interaction: P < 0.001). Patients with lower exposure also exhibited increasing percent predicted FVC over time, whereas more exposed patients showed a plateau starting at year 1. On multivariate analysis, onset FVC < 2.5 L associated significantly with <80% predicted FVC at year 4 (adjusted OR: 20.33; 95% CI: 1.10–376.53; P = 0.04).

Conclusion

Half of the patients with inhalation injury exhibited stabilization of lung function within several years of onset. However, lung function was impaired in the remaining patients. This impairment associated with lung function at onset and exposure intensity.