bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Effects of Nitroglycerin and Nitroprusside on Transmitral Doppler Flow Parameters in Patients with Hypertensive Urgency
Authors: Eryonucu Beyhan , Güler Niyazi , Güntekin Ünal , Tuncer Mustafa
Published: May 2005

BACKGROUND:

Sodium nitroprusside (NIP) and nitroglycerin (NIT) are frequently selected agents for acutely reducing blood pressure. However, it is not clear which agent is more efficacious in improving left ventricular filling pressure in hypertensive crises.

OBJECTIVE:

To compare the acute effects of nitroglycerin (NIT) and nitroprusside (NIP) on transmitral Doppler filling parameters in patients with hypertensive urgency.

METHODS:

We identified 37 patients from our emergency department with hypertensive urgency and left ventricular filling abnormalities. Hypertensive urgency was defined as a severe blood pressure elevation without evidence of progressive end-organ injury. Patients were randomized to receive an infusion of NIT or NIP. NIT was infused at a starting dose of 10 μg/min; NIP was infused at a starting dose of 0.25 μg/kg/min. The infusion rates were adjusted to decrease mean arterial pressure by 25%, and this reduction was obtained within 2 hours in all patients. Diastolic filling parameters were measured by using echocardiography before and after treatment. Pulsed-wave Doppler transmitral flow velocities were used. Early diastolic flow, atrial contraction signal, early diastolic flow/atrial contraction signal, deceleration time, and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) were measured.

RESULTS:

There were no differences between groups in baseline demographic and echocardiographic parameters. Blood pressure decreased significantly in both treatment groups. In posttreatment echocardiographic examinations, atrial contraction signal, deceleration time, and IVRT were significantly decreased in both treatment groups. Early diastolic flow was significantly decreased in the NIT group. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of posttreatment early diastolic flow, atrial contraction signal, deceleration time, and IVRT values.

CONCLUSIONS:

In hypertensive urgency with left ventricular filling abnormalities, reduction of blood pressure associated with NIT or NIP treatment may improve transmitral Doppler filling parameters. There were no differences demonstrated between the 2 agents.
The Effect of Creatine Intake on Renal Function
Authors: Pline Kurt A , Smith Curtis L
Published: May 2005

OBJECTIVE:

To examine the effect of creatine supplementation on renal function and estimates of creatinine clearance.

DATA SOURCES:

A MEDLINE search was conducted (1966—September 2004) using the key terms creatine, creatinine, kidney function tests, drug toxicity, and exercise. Relevant articles were cross-referenced to screen for additional information.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

Supplementation with creatine, an unregulated dietary substance, is increasingly common in young athletes. To date, few studies have evaluated the impact of creatine on renal function and estimates of creatinine clearance. Because creatine is converted to creatinine in the body, supplementation with large doses of creatine may falsely elevate creatinine concentrations. Five studies have reported measures of renal function after acute creatine ingestion and 4 after chronic ingestion. All of these studies were completed in young healthy populations. Following acute ingestion (4–5 days) of large amounts of creatine, creatinine concentrations increased slightly, but not to a clinically significant concentration. Creatinine is also only minimally affected by longer creatine supplementation (up to 5.6 y).

CONCLUSIONS:

Creatine supplementation minimally impacts creatinine concentrations and renal function in young healthy adults. Although creatinine concentrations may increase after long periods of creatine supplementation, the increase is extremely limited and unlikely to affect estimates of creatinine clearance and subsequent dosage adjustments. Further studies are required in the elderly and patients with renal insufficiency.
Hypersensitivity Reactions to Oxaliplatin in Two Asian Patients
Authors: Ng Christina VT
Published: May 2005

OBJECTIVE:

To report 2 cases of hypersensitivity reactions associated with oxaliplatin treatment in Asian patients.

CASE SUMMARIES:

A 33-year-old Chinese woman received adjuvant oxaliplatin in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin. Shortly during her sixth infusion, she developed a severe hypersensitivity reaction. Despite prophylactic measures, she developed another reaction of similar severity during her subsequent infusion and was not further rechallenged with oxaliplatin. The second case involved a 45-year-old Malay woman who received oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. Shortly during her ninth infusion, she developed a mild hypersensitivity reaction. With prophylactic measures, she developed less marked reactions with her subsequent 3 infusions.

DISCUSSION:

Hypersensitivity reactions to oxaliplatin have been reported to be between 12% and 16% in the Western population. As of April 20, 2005, there are only 2 previously published reports of hypersensitivity reactions to oxaliplatin in 6 Asian patients. The incidence rates of such reactions in different Asian ethnic groups could vary. The cumulative dose, time of exposure to oxaliplatin, and clinical features were variable and unpredictable in all of the reported Asian patients who developed hypersensitivity reactions. An objective causality assessment using the Naranjo probability scale revealed that oxaliplatin was the highly probable cause of hypersensitivity in the 2 Asian patients reported by our center.

CONCLUSIONS:

Patients who develop mild to moderate reactions can be rechallenged with the drug administered as a slow infusion with prophylactic measures. Desensitization may allow patients who experience severe hypersensitivity reactions to oxaliplatin to further receive effective therapy for their colorectal cancer.
Extensive Prolongation of aPTT with Argatroban in an Elderly Patient with Improving Renal Function, Normal Hepatic Enzymes, and Metastatic Lung Cancer
Authors: Kubiak David W , Szumita Paul M , Fanikos John R
Published: May 2005

OBJECTIVE:

To report a case of an elderly male with improving renal function and normal hepatic function who sustained an elevated activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) after an infusion of argatroban was discontinued.

CASE SUMMARY:

A 77-year-old white male with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and metastatic lung disease was started on argatroban for treatment of a right upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The infusion was initiated at 2.0 μg/kg/min and was titrated to a goal aPTT of 60–80 seconds. Argatroban was discontinued due to an aPTT elevated to >100 seconds; the aPTT remained elevated for 130 hours after discontinuation of the infusion.

DISCUSSION:

Argatroban dose reductions in patients with impaired liver and renal function test values have been reported. Elderly subjects may have a prolonged clearance compared with young healthy subjects, although the duration of effect has not been established. As of April 18, 2005, the effect of liver metastasis on argatroban pharmacokinetics in the setting of normal liver function enzyme levels has not been reported. An objective causality assessment using the Naranjo probability scale showed that the prolonged aPTT was probably attributable to argatroban.

CONCLUSIONS:

Clinicians should exercise caution when initiating argatroban at a dose of 2.0 μg/kg/min in elderly patients with underlying comorbidities, such as metastatic disease and renal impairment, since this may lead to excessive and prolonged anticoagulation and increased risk of bleeding.
GABA Type-A Activity Controls Its Own Developmental Polarity Switch in the Maturing Retina
Authors: Leitch Elizabeth , Coaker Julie , Young Carol , Mehta Vandana , Sernagor Evelyne
Published: May 2005

In the developing CNS, GABAAresponses switch from early excitation to late mature inhibition. The developmental factors that induce the polarity switch remain to be unraveled. Here, we bring the first experimental evidencein vivoin the retina that chronic activation of GABAAreceptors is necessary for the switch to occur and for the chloride extrusion mechanism (through the K+/Cl-cotransporter KCC2) to develop. Using a turtle model and calcium imaging, we investigated how chronic blockade of GABAAreceptors with bicuculline during the period of the GABAergic polarity switch (from 1 week before hatching until 4 weeks after hatching) influences developmental changes in the patterns of spontaneously generated electrical activity in the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. During that period, spontaneous activity normally switches from propagating waves to stationary patches of coactive cells, until correlated activity completely disappears. These changes in activity patterns coincide with the switch of GABAAresponses from excitation to inhibition. When GABAAreceptors are chronically blocked, GABAAresponses remain excitatory and spontaneous waves keep propagating across the RGC layer. Concomitantly, the developmental upregulation of KCC2 is inhibited on dendritic processes in the inner plexiform layer, suggesting that the intracellular concentration of chloride remains higher, as in younger cells. This study presents the first demonstrationin vivothat GABA autoregulates its developmental polarity switch, emphasizing the importance of GABAergic activity in controlling activity patterns in the maturing retina.
trkA Is Expressed in Nociceptive Neurons and Influences Electrophysiological Properties via Nav1.8 Expression in Rapidly Conducting Nociceptors
Authors: Fang Xin , Djouhri Laiche , McMullan Simon , Berry Carol , Okuse Kenji , Waxman Stephen G. , Lawson Sally N.
Published: May 2005

To test the hypothesis that trkA (the high-affinity NGF receptor) is selectively expressed in nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, we examined the intensity of trkA immunoreactivity in single dye-injected rat DRG neurons, the sensory receptor properties of which were identifiedin vivowith mechanical and thermal stimuli. We provide the first evidence in single identified neurons that strong trkA expression in DRGs is restricted to nociceptive neurons, probably accounting for the profound influence of NGF on these neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrate that trkA expression is as high in rapidly conducting (Aα/β) as in more slowly conducting (Aδ and C) nociceptors. All Aα/β low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMs) are trkA negative, although weak but detectable trkA is present in some C and Aδ LTMs.

NGF can influence electrophysiological properties of DRG neurons, probably by binding to trkA. We found positive correlations for single identified Aα/β (but not C or Aδ) nociceptors between trkA immunocytochemical intensity and electrophysiological properties typical of nociceptors, namely long action potential and afterhyperpolarization durations and large action potential amplitudes. Furthermore, for Aα/β (notCorAδ) nociceptors, trkA intensity is inversely correlated with conduction velocity. Similar relationships, again only in Aα/β nociceptors, between electrophysiological properties and trkA expression exist for sodium channel Nav1.8 but not Nav1.9 immunoreactivities. These findings suggest that in Aα/β nociceptors, influences of NGF on expression levels of Nav1.8 are related to, and perhaps limited by, expression levels of trkA. This view is supported by a positive correlation between immuno-intensities of trkA and Nav1.8 in A-fiber, but not C-fiber, nociceptors.
Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Transplants Remyelinate and Restore Locomotion after Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Keirstead Hans S. , Nistor Gabriel , Bernal Giovanna , Totoiu Minodora , Cloutier Frank , Sharp Kelly , Steward Oswald
Published: May 2005

Demyelination contributes to loss of function after spinal cord injury, and thus a potential therapeutic strategy involves replacing myelin-forming cells. Here, we show that transplantation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into adult rat spinal cord injuries enhances remyelination and promotes improvement of motor function. OPCs were injected 7 d or 10 months after injury. In both cases, transplanted cells survived, redistributed over short distances, and differentiated into oligodendrocytes. Animals that received OPCs 7 d after injury exhibited enhanced remyelination and substantially improved locomotor ability. In contrast, when OPCs were transplanted 10 months after injury, there was no enhanced remyelination or locomotor recovery. These studies document the feasibility of predifferentiating hESCs into functional OPCs and demonstrate their therapeutic potential at early time points after spinal cord injury.
Intracellular Calcium Regulation by Burst Discharge Determines Bidirectional Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity at the Cerebellum Input Stage
Authors: Gall David , Prestori Francesca , Sola Elisabetta , D'Errico Anna , Roussel Celine , Forti Lia , Rossi Paola , D'Angelo Egidio
Published: May 2005

Variations in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) provide a critical signal for synaptic plasticity. In accordance with Hebb's postulate (Hebb, 1949), an increase in postsynaptic [Ca2+]ican induce bidirectional changes in synaptic strength depending on activation of specific biochemical pathways (Bienenstock et al., 1982; Lisman, 1989; Stanton and Sejnowski, 1989). Despite its strategic location for signal processing, spatiotemporal dynamics of [Ca2+]ichanges and their relationship with synaptic plasticity at the cerebellar mossy fiber (mf)-granule cell (GrC) relay were unknown. In this paper, we report the plasticity/[Ca2+]irelationship for GrCs, which are typically activated by mf bursts (Chadderton et al., 2004). Mf bursts caused a remarkable [Ca2+]iincrease in GrC dendritic terminals through the activation of NMDA receptors, metabotropic glutamate receptors (probably acting through IP3-sensitive stores), voltage-dependent calcium channels, and Ca2+-induced Ca2+release. Although [Ca2+]iincreased with the duration of mf bursts, long-term depression was found with a small [Ca2+]iincrease (bursts <250 ms), and long-term potentiation (LTP) was found with a large [Ca2+]iincrease (bursts >250 ms). LTP and [Ca2+]isaturated for bursts >500 ms and with theta-burst stimulation. Thus, bursting enabled a Ca2+-dependent bidirectional Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro-like learning mechanism providing the cellular basis for effective learning of burst patterns at the input stage of the cerebellum.
A Noncanonical Release of GABA and Glutamate Modulates Neuronal Migration
Authors: Manent Jean-Bernard , Demarque Michaël , Jorquera Isabel , Pellegrino Christophe , Ben-Ari Yehezkel , Aniksztejn Laurent , Represa Alfonso
Published: May 2005

Immature neurons express GABA and glutamate receptors before synapse formation, and both transmitters are released at an early developmental stage. We have now tested the hypothesis that the ongoing release of GABA and glutamate modulates neuronal migration. Using 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine labeling and cocultures of hippocampal slices obtained from naive and green fluorescent protein-transgenic mice, we report that migration is severely affected by GABAAor NMDA receptor antagonist treatments. These effects were also present in munc18-1 knock-out slices in which solubleN-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-dependent vesicular secretion of transmitters has been deleted. GABAAantagonists were more efficient than NMDA antagonists to reduce cell migration, in keeping with the earlier maturation of GABAergic mechanisms. We conclude that GABA and, to a lesser degree, glutamate released in a SNARE-independent mechanism exert a paracrine action on neuronal migration.
Distributed Neural Representation of Expected Value
Authors: Knutson Brian , Taylor Jonathan , Kaufman Matthew , Peterson Richard , Glover Gary
Published: May 2005

Anticipated reward magnitude and probability comprise dual components of expected value (EV), a cornerstone of economic and psychological theory. However, the neural mechanisms that compute EV have not been characterized. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined neural activation as subjects anticipated monetary gains and losses that varied in magnitude and probability. Group analyses indicated that, although the subcortical nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activated proportional to anticipated gain magnitude, the cortical mesial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) additionally activated according to anticipated gain probability. Individual difference analyses indicated that, although NAcc activation correlated with self-reported positive arousal, MPFC activation correlated with probability estimates. These findings suggest that mesolimbic brain regions support the computation of EV in an ascending and distributed manner: whereas subcortical regions represent an affective component, cortical regions also represent a probabilistic component, and, furthermore, may integrate the two.
Otx2 Regulates Subtype Specification and Neurogenesis in the Midbrain
Authors: Vernay Bertrand , Koch Muriel , Vaccarino Flora , Briscoe James , Simeone Antonio , Kageyama Ryoichiro , Ang Siew-Lan
Published: May 2005

The transcription factor Otx2 is required to determine mesencephalic versus metencephalic (cerebellum/pons) territory during embryogenesis. This function ofOtx2primarily involves positioning and maintaining the mid-hindbrain organizer at the border between midbrain and anterior hindbrain.Otx2expression is maintained long after this organizer is established. We therefore generated conditional mutants ofOtx2using the Cre/loxPsystem to study later roles during rostral brain development. For inactivation ofOtx2in neuronal progenitor cells, we crossedOtx2flox/floxanimals withNestin-Cretransgenic animals. InNestin-Cre/+; Otx2flox/floxembryos, Otx2 activity was lost from the ventral midbrain starting at embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5). In these mutant embryos, the mid-hindbrain organizer was properly positioned at E12.5, although Otx2 is absent from the midbrain. Hence, theNestin-Cre/+; Otx2flox/floxanimals represent a novel mouse model for studying the role ofOtx2in the midbrain, independently of abnormal development of the mid-hindbrain organizer.

Our data demonstrate thatOtx2controls the development of several neuronal populations in the midbrain by regulating progenitor identity and neurogenesis. Dorsal midbrain progenitors ectopically expressedMath1and generate an ectopic cerebellar-like structure. Similarly,Nkx2.2ectopic expression ventrally into tegmentum progenitors is responsible for the formation of serotonergic neurons and hypoplasia of the red nucleus in the midbrain. In addition, we discovered a novel role forOtx2in regulating neurogenesis of dopaminergic neurons. Altogether, these results demonstrate thatOtx2is required from E10.5 onward to regulate neuronal subtype identity and neurogenesis in the midbrain.
Inhibition of Conditioned Stimulus Pathway Phosphoprotein 24 Expression Blocks the Reduction in A-Type Transient K+Current Produced by One-TrialIn VitroConditioning ofHermissenda
Authors: Yamoah Ebenezer N. , Levic Snezana , Redell John B. , Crow Terry
Published: May 2005

Long-term intrinsic enhanced excitability is a characteristic of cellular plasticity and learning-dependent modifications in the activity of neural networks. The regulation of voltage-dependent K+channels by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and their localization is proposed to be important in the control of cellular plasticity. One-trial conditioning inHermissendaresults in enhanced excitability in sensory neurons, type B photoreceptors, of the conditioned stimulus pathway. Conditioning also regulates the phosphorylation of conditioned stimulus pathway phosphoprotein 24 (Csp24), a cytoskeletal-related protein containing multiple β-thymosin-like domains. Recently, it was shown that the downregulation of Csp24 expression mediated by an antisense oligonucleotide blocked the development of enhanced excitability in identified type B photoreceptors after one-trial conditioning without affecting short-term excitability. Here, we show using whole-cell patch recordings that one-trialin vitroconditioning applied to isolated photoreceptors produces a significant reduction in the amplitude of the A-type transient K+current (IA) detected 1.5-16 h after conditioning. One-trial conditioning produced a depolarized shift in the steady-state activation curve ofIAwithout altering the inactivation curve. The conditioning-dependent reduction inIAwas blocked by preincubation of the photoreceptors withCspantisense oligonucleotide. These results provide an important link between Csp24, a cytoskeletal protein, and regulation of voltage-gated ion channels associated with intrinsic enhanced excitability underlying pavlovian conditioning.
Fall Chinook Salmon Spawning Activity versus Daylight and Flow in the Tailrace of a Large Hydroelectric Dam
Authors: McMichael Geoffrey A. , McKinstry C. A. , Vucelick J. A. , Lukas J. A.
Published: May 2005

We deployed an acoustic system during the spawning season for fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in 2001 to determine whether fall Chinook salmon spawning activity in a hydroelectric dam tailrace area was affected by daylight or river flow. Our study design allocated sampling effort nearly equally between hours of darkness and hours of daylight throughout each 24-h period. The acoustic system recorded sounds of fall Chinook salmon spawning activity in two index areas downstream of Wanapum Dam on the Columbia River in Washington State. One index area was a deepwater spawning site located in 9–11 m of water. The other index area was a moderate-depth midchannel bar, where water depths ranged from 2.5 to 6 m. We defined the rate of spawning activity in digs per minute. Fall Chinook salmon spawning activity rates in the Wanapum Dam tailrace were influenced by both daylight and river discharge, which had a pronounced nonlinear effect on spawning activity rates. To account for nonlinearity, a generalized additive model was used to characterize the combined effects of river flow and daylight. The final model also suggested that both flow and daylight influenced spawning activity. Spawning activity occurred during both daylight and darkness, significantly more activity occurring during daylight in both index areas. Spawning activity was generally highest at project discharges between 1,700 and 2,266 m3/s in both spawning areas; spawning activity diminished as discharge increased from 3,400 to 4,250 m3/s. We concluded that fall Chinook salmon spawning activity in this regulated discharge environment was affected more by flow (and velocity) than by daylight.
Repatriation as a Management Strategy to Conserve a Critically Imperiled Fish Species
Authors: Marsh Paul C. , Kesner Brian R. , Pacey Carol A.
Published: May 2005

A repatriation program to conserve critically imperiled razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus, an endemic fish of the Colorado River basin in western North America, was initiated in 1990. The species, once widespread and abundant, now is extirpated from most of its range because of human-induced factors. Natural recruitment to wild populations rangewide is largely precluded by nonnative predation. The largest remaining wild population occurs in Lake Mohave, Arizona and Nevada, but its numbers have declined dramatically over the past decade, such that the genetic legacy of the species may soon be lost. As part of a cooperative repatriation program, more than 440,000 naturally produced razorback sucker larvae were harvested and grown in protective custody; from these, nearly 58,000 marked juveniles were released into the lake between 1993 and 2002. Annual repatriate population estimates (modified Petersen method) ranged from 1,017 to 2,494 and poststocking survivorship (Program MARK) ranged from 2% to 6% for the period 1999– 2002. Total length at release was the most important determinant of poststocking survival, which more than doubles for releases averaging 350 mm compared with those averaging 300 mm. Achieving the program goal of reestablishing an adult population of 50,000 individuals depends upon increasing repatriate survival.
What Can We Learn about Mortality from Sex Ratio Data? A Look at Lumpfish in Newfoundland
Authors: Hoenig John M. , Hewitt David A.
Published: May 2005

Sex ratio data can provide information about mortality rates, which may be especially useful for sex‐specific fisheries when little other information is available. In this paper, we develop a theory and methods relating sex ratio to mortality rates and apply them to data for lumpfishCyclopterus lumpuson the southern Newfoundland Shelf. If the sexes have different mortality rates, and the rates as well as recruitment are constant with age and time, the sex ratio of the population provides an estimate of the ratio of the instantaneous mortality rates of the sexes. If a cohort can be followed over time, changes in the sex ratio provide an estimate of the ratio of the survival rates of the sexes or the difference in the instantaneous mortality rates. With the latter approach, it is not necessary for the sexes to have equal catchabilities in the survey nor for recruitment to be constant over time. This approach involves fewer assumptions and is of greater general interest, but it requires that cohorts be identified either by aging or tagging the fish. For lumpfish, we used sex ratio data from a research survey to estimate the change in the mortality rate of females, which are the subject of a sex‐specific roe fishery. Unfortunately, it is not possible to follow cohorts of lumpfish over time because lumpfish caught in the survey are not aged. Nonetheless, the sex ratio (females : males) decreased progressively from approximately 2.24 in 1985 to 1.09 in 1994. We attribute the decline to a doubling of the mortality rate of female lumpfish caused by the fishery, and our analysis probably underestimates the true change because of failures of assumptions. Our results are consistent with those of other work on lumpfish in Newfoundland and indicate that there is cause for serious concern about the effects of the fishery on lumpfish stocks.
Relationship between polymorphisms in genes involved in homocysteine metabolism and maternal risk for Down syndrome in Brazil
Authors: da Silva Luciana Rodrigues Jacy , Vergani Naja , Galdieri Luciano de Camargo , Ribeiro Porto Marianna Picarelli , Longhitano Silvia Bragagnolo , Brunoni Decio , D'Almeida Vânia , Alvarez Perez Ana Beatriz
Published: May 2005

Associations between specific alleles of genes encoding enzymes in the methionine/homocysteine pathway and plasma homocysteine levels have been examined in different populations. In the present study, we determined polymorphisms of MTHFR A222V (677C > T), MTHFR E429A (1298A > C), MTRR I22M (66A > G), MTR D919G (2756A > G), and CBS 844ins68 and total plasma homocysteine levels (tHcy) among 154 mothers of children with Down syndrome (DS) and 158 control mothers from Brazil. Homocysteine levels were higher among DS mothers compared to control groups (10.437 vs. 8.600 respectively, P = 0.002). Only the 677T allele was associated with altered levels of tHcy in the case group (F(2,153) = 5.300; P = 0.006), primarily when homozygous. In the control group, the association of the TT genotype with higher levels of tHcy showed borderline significance (F(2,157) = 2.974; P = 0.054). All genotype distributions were similar in the two groups (P > 0.05), but the frequency of the 677T allele in the case group was significantly higher (χ2 = 3.862; DF = 1; P = 0.049; OR = 1.437 (1.001–2.062)). Although the 677T allele is associated with increased homocysteine levels, its presence has only a modest impact as an independent risk factor for DS. All the other polymorphisms did not show an association with risk for the syndrome, when evaluated separately (P > 0.05). However, when the presence of 677T, 1298C, 2756G, 66G, and 844ins68 alleles were evaluated together, the mothers of children with DS tend to have a higher number of uncommon alleles than the mothers with no previous affected child. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Another case of interstitial del(12) involving the proposed cardio‐facio‐cutaneous candidate region
Authors: James Paul A. , Oei Paul , Ng Daniel , Kannu Peter , Aftimos Salim
Published: May 2005

Recent reports of patients with interstitial deletions involving the long arm of chromosome 12 have led to the proposal of a candidate region for the cardio‐facio‐cutaneous syndrome (CFCS) at (12)(q21.2q22). We now report a patient with an interstitial deletion, del(12)(q21.1q21.3) that overlaps the proposed critical region. The patient is an 11‐year‐old female with developmental delay. Her growth was normal but she is microcephalic with low set ears. In common with other patients with deletions in this region, she had fine, sparse head and eyebrow hair and a hyperkeratotic follicular rash, which involved her face and limbs. She does not have the diagnostic features of the CFC syndrome. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Floating‐Harbor syndrome complicated by tethered cord: A new association and potential contribution from growth hormone therapy
Authors: Wiltshire Esko , Wickremesekera Agadha , Dixon Joanne
Published: May 2005

Floating‐Harbor syndrome is a rare syndrome with short stature, severely delayed bone age, typical facies and delay in expressive speech. Structural malformations are uncommon, and tethered cord or other forms of spinal dysraphism have not previously been reported. We report on a case of Floating‐Harbor syndrome, complicated by tethered cord and discuss the possibility that growth hormone therapy may contribute to the development of symptoms of this malformation. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of ionic strength on lysozyme uptake rates in cation exchangers. I: Uptake in SP Sepharose FF
Authors: Dziennik S.R. , Belcher E.B. , Barker G.A. , Lenhoff A.M.
Published: May 2005

Fluorescence scanning confocal microscopy was used in parallel with batch uptake and breakthrough measurements of transport rates to study the effect of ionic strength on the uptake of lysozyme into SP Sepharose FF. In all cases the adsorption isotherms were near‐rectangular. As described previously, the intraparticle profiles changed from slow‐moving self‐sharpening fronts at low salt concentration, to fast‐moving diffuse profiles at high salt concentration, and batch uptake rates correspondingly increased with increasing salt concentration. Shrinking core and homogeneous diffusion frameworks were used successfully to obtain effective diffusivities for the low salt and high salt conditions, respectively. The prediction of column breakthrough was generally good using these frameworks, except for low‐salt uptake results. In those cases, the compressibility of the stationary phase coupled with the shrinking core behavior appears to reduce the mass transfer rates at particle‐particle contacts, leading to shallower breakthrough curves. In contrast, the fast uptake rates at high ionic strength appear to reduce the importance of mass transfer limitations at the particle contacts, but the confocal results do show a flow rate dependence on the uptake profiles, suggesting that external mass transfer becomes more limiting at high ionic strength. These results show that the complexity of behavior observable at the microscopic scale is directly manifested at the column scale and provides a phenomenological basis to interpret and predict column breakthrough. In addition, the results provide heuristics for the optimization of chromatographic conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of pH on the Photochemical and Electrochemical Reduction of the Dinuclear Ruthenium Complex, [(phen)2Ru(tatpp)Ru(phen)2]Cl4, in Water: Proton‐Coupled Sequential and Concerted Multi‐Electron Reduction
Authors: de Tacconi Norma R. , Lezna Reynaldo O. , Konduri Rama , Ongeri Fiona , Rajeshwar Krishnan , MacDonnell Frederick M.
Published: May 2005

The dinuclear ruthenium complex [(phen)2Ru(tatpp)Ru(phen)2]4+ (P; in which phen is 1,10‐phenanthroline and tatpp is 9,11,20,22‐tetraaza tetrapyrido[3,2‐a:2′3′‐c:3′′,2′′‐l:2′′′,3′′′]‐pentacene) undergoes a photodriven two‐electron reduction in aqueous solution, thus storing light energy as chemical potential within its structure. The mechanism of this reduction is strongly influenced by the pH, in that basic conditions favor a sequential process involving two one‐electron reductions and neutral or slightly acidic conditions favor a proton‐coupled, bielectronic process. In this complex, the central tatpp ligand is the site of electron storage and protonation of the central aza nitrogen atoms in the reduced products is observed as a function of the solution pH. The reduction mechanism and characterization of the rich array of products were determined by using a combination of cyclic and AC voltammetry along with UV‐visible reflectance spectroelectrochemistry experiments. Both the reduction and protonation state of P could be followed as a function of pH and potential. From these data, estimates of the various reduced species' pKa values were obtained and the mechanism to form the doubly reduced, doubly protonated complex, [(phen)2Ru(H2tatpp)Ru(phen)2]4+ (H2P) at low pH (≤7) could be shown to be a two‐proton, two‐electron process. Importantly, H2P is also formed in the photochemical reaction with sacrificial reducing agents, albeit at reduced yields relative to those at higher pH.
Template‐Directed Synthesis of Multiply Mechanically Interlocked Molecules Under Thermodynamic Control
Authors: Aricó Fabio , Chang Theresa , Cantrill Stuart J. , Khan Saeed I. , Stoddart J. Fraser
Published: May 2005

The template‐directed construction of crown‐ether‐like macrocycles around secondary dialkylammonium ions (R2NH2+) has been utilized for the expedient (one‐pot) and high‐yielding synthesis of a diverse range of mechanically interlocked molecules. The clipping together of appropriately designed dialdehyde and diamine compounds around R2NH2+‐containing dumbbell‐shaped components proceeds through the formation, under thermodynamic control, of imine bonds. The reversible nature of this particular reaction confers the benefits of “error‐checking” and “proof‐reading”, which one usually associates with supramolecular chemistry and strict self‐assembly processes, upon these wholly molecular systems. Furthermore, these dynamic covalent syntheses exploit the efficient templating effects that the R2NH2+ ions exert on the macrocyclization of the matched dialdehyde and diamine fragments, resulting not only in rapid rates of reaction, but also affording near‐quantitative conversion of starting materials into the desired interlocked products. Once assembled, these “dynamic” interlocked compounds can be “fixed” upon reduction of the reversible imine bonds (by using BH3⋅THF) to give kinetically stable species, a procedure that can be performed in the same reaction vessel as the inital thermodynamically controlled assembly. Isolation and purification of the mechanically interlocked products formed by using this protocol is relatively facile, as no column chromatography is required. Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of 1) a [2]rotaxane, 2) a [3]rotaxane, 3) a branched [4]rotaxane, 4) a bis [2]rotaxane, and 5) a novel cyclic [4]rotaxane, demonstrating, in incrementally more complex systems, the efficacy of this one‐pot strategy for the construction of interlocked molecules.
A Computational and Experimental Study of the Structure and Raman and 77Se NMR Spectra of SeX3+ and SeX2 (X: Cl, Br, I): FT‐Raman Spectrum of (SeI3)[AsF6].
Authors: Rautiainen J. Mikko , Way Todd , Schatte Gabriele , Passmore Jack , Laitinen Risto S. , Suontamo Reijo J. , Valkonen Jussi
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
X‐Ray Diffraction Structure Analysis of MCM‐48 Mesoporous Silica.
Authors: Solovyov Leonid A. , Belousov Oleg V. , Dinnebier Robert E. , Shmakov Alexander N. , Kirik Sergey D.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
[Bi2O2]2+ Layers in Bi2O2(OH)(NO3): Synthesis and Structure Determination.
Authors: Henry Natacha , Evain Michel , Deniard Philippe , Jobic Stephane , Abraham Francis , Mentre Olivier
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnesium Aluminum Chromite.
Authors: Santos Joab S. , Doriguetto Antonio C. , Fernandes Nelson G.
Published: May 2005

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Synthesis and ab initio X‐Ray Powder Diffraction Structure of the New Alkali and Alkali Earth Metal Borate NaCa(BO3).
Authors: Wu L. , Chen X.‐L. , Li X.‐Z. , Dai L. , Xu Y.‐P. , Zhao M.
Published: May 2005

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Performance of LiM0.05Co0.95O2 Cathode Materials in Lithium Rechargeable Cells When Cycled up to 4.5 V.
Authors: Zou Meijing , Yoshio Masaki , Gopukumar S. , Yamaki Jun‐ichi
Published: May 2005

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SU‐16: A Three‐Dimensional Open‐Framework Borogermanate with a Novel Zeolite Topology.
Authors: Li Yafeng , Zou Xiaodong
Published: May 2005

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Synthesis and Crystal Structures of the Polygermanide Ammoniates K4Ge9×9NH3, Rb4Ge9×5NH3 and Cs6Ge18×4NH3.
Authors: Suchentrunk Christof , Daniels Joerg , Somer Mehmet , Carrillo‐Cabrera Wilder , Korber Nikolaus
Published: May 2005

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Selective Synthesis of Monazite‐ and Zircon‐Type LaVO4 Nanocrystals.
Authors: Jia Chun‐Jiang , Sun Ling‐Dong , You Li‐Ping , Jiang Xiao‐Cheng , Luo Feng , Pang Yu‐Cheng , Yan Chun‐Hua
Published: May 2005

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Rb7[SiO4][VO4]: An ortho‐Silicate‐Vanadate(V).
Authors: Kerp Oliver , Moeller Angela
Published: May 2005

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Polyazide Chemistry: The First Binary Group 6 Azides, Mo(N3)6, W(N3)6, [Mo(N3)7]‐, and [W(N3)7]‐, and the [NW(N3)4]‐ and [NMo(N3)4]‐ Ions.
Authors: Haiges Ralf , Boatz Jerry A. , Bau Robert , Schneider Stefan , Schroer Thorsten , Yousufuddin Muhammed , Christe Karl O.
Published: May 2005

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Octacyanometallate‐Based Single‐Molecule Magnets: CoII9MV6 (M: W, Mo).
Authors: Song You , Zhang Peng , Ren Xiao‐Ming , Shen Xiao‐Fei , Li Yi‐Zhi , You Xiao‐Zeng
Published: May 2005

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The Mo2FeB2‐ and Mn2AlB2‐Type Modifications of Ln2Ni2Cd (Ln: La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Tb, Dy).
Authors: Fickenscher thomas , Rodewald Ute C. , Niepmann Dirk , Mishra Ratikanta , Eschen Marcus , Poettgen Rainer
Published: May 2005

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Disilver Oxotellurate(VI), Ag2TeO4.
Authors: Klein Wilhelm , Curda Jan , Peters Eva‐Maria , Jansen Martin
Published: May 2005

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Monooxygen‐Containing Analogue of BDH‐TTP, DHOT‐TTP [2‐(1,3‐Dithiolan‐2‐ylidene)‐5‐ (1,3‐oxathiolan‐2‐ylidene)‐1,3,4,6‐tetrathiapentalene], and Its Metallic AuI2 Salt.
Authors: Yamada Jun‐ichi , Kunigita Ken‐ichi , Akutsu Hiroki , Nakatsuji Shin'ichi , Kikuchi Koichi
Published: May 2005

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Catalytic Electronic Activation as a Tool for the Addition of Stabilized Nucleophiles to Allylic Alcohols.
Authors: Black Phillip J. , Edwards Michael G. , Williams Jonathan M. J.
Published: May 2005

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New ′2‐Phenylnaphthalene“‐Mediated Synthesis of Benzo[b]naphtho[2,3‐d]furan‐6,11‐diones and 6‐Oxa‐benzo[a]anthracene‐5,7,12‐triones: First Total Synthesis of 6‐Oxa‐benzo[a]anthracene‐5‐ones.
Authors: Martinez Ana , Fernandez Marcos , Estevez Juan C. , Estevez Ramon J. , Castedo Luis
Published: May 2005

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New Approaches to Bicyclic Vinyl Heterocycles from Propargylic Acetals.
Authors: Le Strat Frederic , Harrowven David C. , Maddaluno Jacques
Published: May 2005

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Selective Oxidation of Benzylic or Allylic Hydroxyl Group of sec‐1,2‐Diols.
Authors: Peng Kun , Chen Fuxin , She Xuegong , Yang Chunhui , Cui Yuxin , Pan Xinfu
Published: May 2005

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Highly Efficient Catalytic Aerobic Oxidations of Benzylic Alcohols in Water.
Authors: Liu Renhua , Dong Chunyan , Liang Xinmiao , Wang Xiujuan , Hu Xinquan
Published: May 2005

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Synthetic Applications of the Amine Base Treatment in the Ozonolysis of Substituted‐Allyl Silyl Ethers or ‐Allyl Esters via a Novel Ene—Diol Type Rearrangement.
Authors: Hon Yung‐Son , Wong Ying‐Chieh
Published: May 2005

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination of 1,8‐ and 1,5‐Dichloroanthracenes and 1,8‐ and 1,5‐Dichloroanthraquinones.
Authors: Beletskaya Irina P. , Bessmertnykh Alla G. , Averin Alexei D. , Denat Franck , Guilard Roger
Published: May 2005

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Homogeneous Catalytic Aminocarbonylation of Iodoalkenes and Iodobenzene with Amino Acid Esters under Conventional Conditions and in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Mueller Erno , Peczely Gabor , Skoda‐Foeldes Rita , Takacs Eszter , Kokotos George , Bellis Evagelos , Kollar Laszlo
Published: May 2005

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A Novel Benzoyl‐Type Fluorous Protecting Group for Use in Fluorous Synthesis.
Authors: Miura Tsuyoshi , Satoh Ai , Goto Kohtaro , Murakami Yasuoki , Imai Nobuyuki , Inazu Toshiyuki
Published: May 2005

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Highly Regioselective Coupling Reactions of Allylic and Propargylic Alcohol Derivatives with γ,γ‐Dialkoxyallylic Zirconium Species via Zr‐to‐Cu Transmetalation.
Authors: Sato Azusa , Ito Hisanaka , Taguchi Takeo
Published: May 2005

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Requirement for an Oxidant in Pd/Cu Co‐Catalyzed Terminal Alkyne Homocoupling to Give Symmetrical 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,3‐Diynes.
Authors: Batsanov Andrei S. , Collings Jonathan C. , Fairlamb Ian J. S. , Holland Jason P. , Howard Judith A. K. , Lin Zhenyang , Marder Todd B. , Parsons Alex C. , Ward Richard M. , Zhu Jun
Published: May 2005

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Unique Oxidation Reaction of Amides with Pyridine‐N‐oxide Catalyzed by Ruthenium Porphyrin: Direct Oxidative Conversion of N‐Acyl‐L‐proline to N‐Acyl‐L‐glutamate.
Authors: Ito Rina , Umezawa Naoki , Higuchi Tsunehiko
Published: May 2005

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A Novel Synthesis, Including Asymmetric Synthesis, of 2,4,4‐Trisubstituted 2‐Cyclopentenones Based on the Reaction of 1‐Chlorovinyl p‐Tolyl Sulfoxides with Acetonitrile and Its Homologues.
Authors: Wakasugi Daisuke , Satoh Tsuyoshi
Published: May 2005

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Ionic Liquid‐Promoted, Highly Regioselective Heck Arylation of Electron‐Rich Olefins by Aryl Halides.
Authors: Mo Jun , Xu Lijin , Xiao Jianliang
Published: May 2005

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Scope and Limitations of the Nitro‐Mannich Reaction for the Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2‐Diamines.
Authors: Anderson James C. , Blake Alexander J. , Howell Gareth P. , Wilson Claire
Published: May 2005

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Acetate Aldol Reactions of Chiral Oxocarbenium Ions.
Authors: Kanwar Sandeep , Trehan Sanjay
Published: May 2005

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Enantioselective Organocatalytic Hydride Reduction.
Authors: Ouellet Stephane G. , Tuttle Jamison B. , MacMillan David W. C.
Published: May 2005

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Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of N‐Acyl‐5‐bromoanthranilic Acid Amides.
Authors: Dolzhenko‐Podchezertseva A. V. , Novikova V. V. , Korkodinova L. M. , Odegova T. F.
Published: May 2005

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Electrophilic Reaction of Nitric Oxide with Wittig Reagents.
Authors: Liu Zhongquan , Zhou Bo , Liu Zhongli , Wu Longmin
Published: May 2005

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Multipolymer Solution‐Phase Reactions: Application to the Mitsunobu Reaction.
Authors: Harned Andrew M. , He Helen Song , Toy Patrick H. , Flynn Daniel L. , Hanson Paul R.
Published: May 2005

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Total Stereochemical Control in the Addition of Thiols to p‐Toluenesulfonylacetylene. Synthesis of Z‐and E‐2‐Sulfanylvinylsulfonyl Derivatives.
Authors: Medel Rocio , Monterde Maria I. , Plumet Joaquin , Rojas Jenny K.
Published: May 2005

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A Family of Simple Amide‐Derived Air‐Stable P,O‐Ligands for Suzuki Cross‐Coupling of Unactivated Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Dai Wei‐Min , Zhang Ye
Published: May 2005

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Photoswitchable Enediynes: Use of Cyclopropenone as Photocleavable Masking Group for the Enediyne Triple Bond.
Authors: Poloukhtine Andrei , Popik Vladimir V.
Published: May 2005

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Synthesis of Alkenes from Tertiary Esters Utilizing the Triphenylphosphine—Iodine System.
Authors: Alvarez‐Manzaneda E. J. , Chahboun R. , Cabrera Rorres E. , Alvarez E. , Alvarez‐Manzaneda R. , Haidour A. , Ramos J.
Published: May 2005

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Titanocene(III) Mediated Radical Cyclization of α‐Bromo Carbonyl Compounds: Synthesis of Tri‐Substituted Tetrahydrofurans.
Authors: Jana Samaresh , Guin Chandrani , Roy Subhas Chandra
Published: May 2005

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Catalytic Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Cyanide to α,β‐Unsaturated N‐Acylpyrroles.
Authors: Mita Tsuyoshi , Sasaki Kazuki , Kanai Motomu , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: May 2005

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Reaction of Some 4,6‐Dimethoxyindoles with Nitric Acid: Nitration and Oxidative Dimerization.
Authors: Keawin Tinnagon , Rajviroongit Shuleewan , Black David StC.
Published: May 2005

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Synthesis and Properties of a Number of Sulfamide 1‐Acylated Indoline Derivatives.
Authors: Shalygina E. E. , Kobylinskii D. B. , Ivanovskii S. A. , Balakin K. V. , Dorogov M. V. , Toporova T. A.
Published: May 2005

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Double N‐Arylation of Primary Amines: Carbazole Synthesis from 2,2′‐Biphenyldiols.
Authors: Kuwahara Atsushi , Nakano Koji , Nozaki Kyoko
Published: May 2005

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Reactions of Hydroxyazolidines with π‐Donor Heterocycles. Part 3. Reaction of 1‐Acetyl‐5‐hydroxypyrazolidines with Oxindoles.
Authors: Dlinnykh I. V. , Golubeva G. A. , Leshcheva I. F. , Nesterov V. V. , Antipin M. Yu. , Sviridova L. A.
Published: May 2005

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Photoinduced Bergman Cycloaromatization of Imidazole‐Fused Enediynes.
Authors: Zhao Zhengrong , Peacock Justin G. , Gubler Daniel A. , Peterson Matt A.
Published: May 2005

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Alumina‐Ammonium Acetate as an Efficient Reagent for the One‐Pot Synthesis of cis‐2,4,5‐Triarylimidazolines from Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Kaboudin Babak , Saadati Fariba
Published: May 2005

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Transformation of O‐Amidinylhydroxylamine into Benzothiazoles via Iminocarbonyl Sulfenamides.
Authors: Saczewski F. , Kornicka A. , Gdaniec M.
Published: May 2005

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Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Azoles. DFT Study Predicts Unprecedented Reactivity and Intermediates.
Authors: Himo Fahmi , Lovell Timothy , Hilgraf Robert , Rostovtsev Vsevolod V. , Noodleman Louis , Sharpless K. Barry , Fokin Valery V.
Published: May 2005

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Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of 2‐(3′,5′‐Dichlorobenzo[b]thiophen‐2′‐yl)‐5‐arylamino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles (IV)
Authors: Thaker K. M. , Joshi H. S.
Published: May 2005

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