bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constraints on f (Q) logarithmic model using gravitational wave standard sirens
Authors: Nájera José Antonio , Aráoz Alvarado Carlos , Escamilla-Rivera Celia
Published: July 2023

In this paper, we revise the constraints on the f (Q) = Q/(8πG) – αln (Q/Q0), symmetric teleparallel model using local measurements and gravitational waves mock standard sirens. Using observational local SNIa and BAO data and energy conditions, the logarithmic f (Q) model is capable of explaining the cosmic late-time acceleration by geometrical means. This result suggests that the logarithmic symmetric teleparallel model could be a candidate to solve the cosmological constant problem. In the case of the simulated standard siren data, by using the performance of the future Einstein Telescope (ET) and Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) detectors, we expect to be able to measure the current Hubble constant H0, and the matter content Ωm, with a precision better than 1 and 6 per cent, respectively. Furthermore, we explore the predicted f (Q) logarithmic model deviation from the standard General Relativity (GR) using ET and LISA mock standard sirens. The ratio $\mathrm{ \mathit{ d}}_\mathrm{ L}^{\text{gw}}(z)/\mathrm{ \mathit{ d}}_\mathrm{ L}^{\text{em}}(z)$, which quantifies the deviation from GR gives us a significant deviation higher than 13 per cent at z = 1, and it continues growing to reach a deviation higher than 18 per cent in its median value. Future standard siren data will be able to quantify the strength of the deviation from GR, and hence whether a cosmology like the one implied by this f (Q) model is feasible.
Cosmological test of local position invariance from the asymmetric galaxy clustering
Authors: Saga Shohei , Taruya Atsushi , Rasera Yann , Breton Michel-Andrès
Published: July 2023

The local position invariance (LPI) is one of the three major pillars of Einstein equivalence principle, ensuring the space–time independence on the outcomes of local experiments. The LPI has been tested by measuring the gravitational redshift effect in various depths of gravitational potentials. We propose a new cosmological test of the LPI by observing the asymmetry in the cross-correlation function between different types of galaxies, which predominantly arises from the gravitational redshift effect induced by the gravitational potential of haloes at which the galaxies reside. We show that the ongoing/upcoming galaxy surveys give a fruitful constraint on the LPI-violating parameter, α, in the distant universe (redshift z ∼ 0.1–1.8) over the cosmological scales (separation s ∼ 5–$10\, {\rm \mathit{ h}^{ -1}\,Mpc}$) that have not yet been explored, finding that the expected upper limit on α can reach 0.03.
Current status of DNA methylation profiling in neuro-oncology as a diagnostic support tool: A review
Authors: Singh Jyotsna , Sahu Saumya , Mohan Trishala , Mahajan Swati , Sharma Mehar C , Sarkar Chitra , Suri Vaishali
Published: July 2023

Over the last 2 decades, high throughput genome-wide molecular profiling has revealed characteristic genetic and epigenetic alterations associated with different types of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. DNA methylation profiling has emerged as an important molecular platform for CNS tumor classification with improved diagnostic accuracy and patient risk stratification in comparison to the standard of care histopathological analysis and any single molecular tests. The emergence of DNA methylation arrays have also played a crucial role in refining existing types and the discovery of new tumor types or subtypes. The adoption of methylation data into neuro-oncology has been greatly aided by the development of a freely accessible machine learning-based classifier. In this review, we discuss methylation workflow, address the utility of DNA methylation profiling in CNS tumors in a routine diagnostic setting, and provide an overview of the methylation-based tumor types and new types or subtypes identified with this platform.
Robert Penn Warren
Authors: Millichap Joseph
Published: July 2023

Robert Penn Warren (b. 1905–d. 1989) lived and wrote through most of the 20th century, responding to international modernism in personal, regional, and national regards that resulted in his voluminous and varied canon. During the course of his career, which spanned some six decades, Warren was recognized as America’s principal person of letters. For instance, he remains the only winner of Pulitzer Prizes for both fiction and poetry, while also writing nonfiction prose of a comparable quantity if not quite of an equal quality. His nonfiction includes biography and autobiography, as well as cultural and literary criticism. Indeed, Warren could be counted as a major American writer in terms of his nonfiction alone. In terms of critical theory, Warren is most often connected to the New Criticism of the mid-20th century, yet his diverse critical practice proves eclectic. Thus, he always remained both a practicing and a practical critic. His essays, articles, reviews, collections, editions, and monographs developed away from strict critical formalism and close textual analysis toward more cultural and psychological approaches. In these contextual changes, Warren’s critical efforts mirror his creative works, so that they prove almost as significant in understanding the life and work of their creator as much as the lives and works of his myriad subjects. Born, raised, and educated in Kentucky and Tennessee, Warren came of age among the then-evolving Fugitives, Agrarians, and New Critics. His critical writing began during the 1920s with student exercises at Vanderbilt and with freelance reviews for regional publications such as The Fugitive. In the 1930s, Warren’s teaching materials evolved into influential textbooks in partnership with Cleanth Brooks, with whom he coedited the Southern Review at Louisiana State. Warren’s first volumes of poetry, fiction, and nonfiction appeared in the 1940s, while his breakthrough novel, All the King’s Men (1946), marked the end of his literary apprenticeship. His national stature led to a long tenure at Yale and also to new experiments in drama, narrative poetry, and cultural criticism through the 1950s. Warren’s closer engagement with social issues, especially America’s conflicted racial heritage, also increased his national reputation during the 1960s. He continued to publish well-reviewed novels (ten across his career) and well-received volumes of poetry (fourteen in total), but in the 1970s his literary focus shifted to criticism. His principal critical project was the classroom anthology American Literature: The Makers and the Making (1973), coedited with Brooks and R. W. B. Lewis. During the later 1970s and the early 1980s, Warren’s childhood memories and mature reflections on them became powerful poems that he gathered into six new collections, which won him late honors such as his appointment as America’s first Poet Laureate in 1986. Warren’s death in 1989 and his centennial in 2005 renewed interest in his canon, including his criticism, which continues to the present by way of several recent critical studies.
Ernesto Laclau
Authors: Stavrakakis Yannis , Galanopoulos Antonis
Published: July 2023

Ernesto Laclau (1939–2014) has been praised for producing challenging and multilayered theoretical work focusing mainly on three fields: discourse, hegemony, and populism. Laclau was professor of political theory in the Department of Government at the University of Essex until 2008, when he became an emeritus professor. At Essex he established and directed for many years the doctoral program in ideology and discourse analysis. From 1990 to 1997 he also served as director of the Centre for Theoretical Studies in the Humanities and the Social Sciences. His academic and political trajectory started in Argentina, where, initially as a history student and activist, he became associated with a series of leftist political formations from 1958 to 1968. In 1969, he moved to the United Kingdom, where he completed his studies and eventually started his academic career at the University of Essex. He is considered one of the founding figures of so-called post-Marxism, and his theoretical insights formed a school of thought often discussed as the Essex School of Discourse Analysis. Ernesto Laclau introduced, throughout his career—either alone or in collaboration with Chantal Mouffe—a complex and robust conceptual apparatus (comprising concepts like “articulation,” the “nodal point,” “dislocation,” the “empty signifier,” etc.) as a result of the radicalization and re-elaboration of the Gramscian conceptualization of hegemony. The roots of his post-Marxism can be traced back to the Argentinean political landscape of the 1960s, as he felt the deep impact of Peronism—hence his lifelong interest in the illumination of populist politics. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, his most well-known work, coauthored with Chantal Mouffe, marks his outright passage to this terrain. The two authors radically opposed the reductionism and essentialism of orthodox Marxism, eventually turning their interest to the development of a comprehensive poststructuralist theory of discourse. The constitutive character of the discursive within a negative ontology of the limit forms the cornerstone of Laclau’s take on hegemony and the operation(s) of the political. Throughout his entire theoretical trajectory, he continued to develop and explore with great consistency this perspective through an ongoing dialogue with many traditions of thought: Marxism, semiology, deconstruction, post-analytical philosophy, the mystical tradition in theology, psychoanalysis (Freud and Lacan) and beyond.
Charles Tiebout
Authors: Hachadoorian Lee
Published: July 2023

Charles Tiebout (b. 1924–d. 1968) was an American economist, best known for his model of consumer-voters choosing where to live based on the combination of taxes and services in candidate jurisdictions. The model was proposed as a counterexample to the free rider problem in public goods—that is, that consumers will not voluntarily reveal their preferences for non-excludable goods. For goods that are local in nature—Tiebout used the example of a beach of fixed length—consumer-voters have no choice but to reveal their preferences by “voting with their feet,” living in the jurisdiction providing the good and paying the tax price for doing so. The original model relied upon some (extreme) simplifying assumptions, including perfect information, costless relocation (including no impact on household income), and a large number of communities to choose among. The subsequent literature has explored efficiency, equity, and empirical validity. A significant policy question is whether to encourage the large number of jurisdictions that the model requires—what some might disapprovingly call metropolitan fragmentation. Considerable effort has gone into developing a version of the model that corresponds with the reality of American local government organization, in which goods are funded via property taxes and zoning is used to limit access. The model remains a standard in local public finance.
City Beautiful Movement
Authors: Freestone Robert
Published: July 2023

The City Beautiful movement was an influential force in city planning, landscape, and urban design in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, primarily in the United States but also globally. It came as city planning was becoming established as an integral component of city building processes. Emerging from various initiatives already working toward a more attractive and inspirational built environment, and alongside but also intertwined with other aspirations such as greater efficiency and improved public health, the primary message was elevating the aesthetic qualities of cities and towns. This imperative responded to the adverse environmental effects of market-driven urbanization, which lacked the coordination and civicness required to deliver holistic beauty. The diseconomies of urban life came into sharp relief at the turn of the twentieth century highlighted by accelerated population growth, the pollution and social problems accompanying industrialization, traffic congestion, and a devalued public realm. The movement involved numerous actors, including architects, landscape architects, planners, politicians, government officials, businesspeople, and community members, working collaboratively on particular projects and within various organizations and networks concerned with city improvement and beautification. These goals were captured across many different projects: individual buildings often with government and cultural functions, urban precincts comprising a mix of buildings and public spaces, public art, college campuses, streets and boulevards, parkland and parkways, river and lakefronts, and comprehensive city plans. Beyond a shared environmentalist notion that improved physical surroundings elevated the quality of urban life came diversity through nuanced aesthetic values addressing built and natural environments, formality and informality, small- and large-scale, iconicity and assemblage. Architecturally, significant inspiration was drawn from French beaux-arts design with its valuation of rational, classical, and symmetrical forms. The governance of City Beautiful enterprise also varied across a spectrum from community-driven exercises in local improvement to state-sponsored and privately commissioned interventions. The latter usually communicated major statements on deeper ideological values of power, authority, and patriotism. In America, the heyday of the movement extended from the 1890s to the 1920s: from the economic boom of “the Gilded Age” into the social reformism of “the Progressive Era.” Alongside positive environmental improvements also came social displacement; like so many planning interventions there would be winners and losers. While making its mark on cities and towns big enough to value the dividends from design, the movement would be eclipsed by new values as architecture discovered a more adventurous modernism and city planning moved onto more practical formulations.
Jeroboam
Authors: Weingart Kristin
Published: July 2023

“Jeroboam” is the name of two kings of Israel. According to the Book of Kings, Jeroboam I was the first king and founder of the first, albeit short lived, dynasty in Northern Israel after the division of the united Davidic-Solomonic kingdom (1Kings 11–14). Jeroboam II was the fourth of the five kings of the Jehu dynasty (Nimshides). His reign is portrayed in 2Kings 14:23–29 and also alluded to in the books of Amos and Hoshea.
Byzantine Monasticism
Authors: Ewing Hannah
Published: July 2023

Monasticism was practiced widely across the Byzantine Empire and took multiple forms. The major models were: coenobitic, based on communal living; lavriotic, where monks lived separately but came together for religious celebrations; and eremitic, focused on ascetic isolation. Irregular paradigms included wandering monks and stylites who lived atop pillars. Variety, therefore, is a key characteristic of Byzantine monasticism. While both Byzantine and Western monasticism draw from the authority of the desert fathers and share certain general characteristics (such as monastic rules, use of habits to distinguish the monk from the layperson, ascetic practices, and female monasteries having smaller financial endowments than male ones), Byzantine monks were very different from their Western peers. The authority and rule of Basil of Caesarea held considerably more weight within the Byzantine tradition. Byzantine monasteries traditionally did not raise oblates from childhood, instead accepting adult novices only. Monastic orders did not exist in Byzantium, although certain influential monasteries (e.g., Stoudios) did share ideas and practices with other monasteries. The monastic evidence base is less well preserved than in the West, with many monasteries destroyed or disbanded during early Islamic conquests, crusades, the Ottoman conquest, and subsequent rule by non-Orthodox powers. Between this and the variety factor, the field of Byzantine monastic studies has lacked the broad, comprehensive historical overviews so prevalent within Western monastic studies. The general historical arc of Byzantine monasticism falls into three phases. The first, from the fourth to the eighth centuries, usually highlights the development of monasticism across Egypt, Asia Minor, Syria, and Palestine, with heterogeneous heroes and practices. While Western medieval scholarship pulls most heavily on the Egyptian traditions as roots for Western monasticism, Byzantine monasticism owes debts to all those regions. The second phase usually dates from the end of iconoclasm (843) to the fall of Constantinople in 1204 (in short, after recovery from the 7th-century crises and before the crisis of the Fourth Crusade) and emphasizes explosive growth in the number of monasteries and influence of monks. Challenges for monastic values and outside authorities accompanied the monastic expansion, leading to both reform efforts and new monastic traditions. After the restoration of the Byzantine Empire in 1261, many monasteries had to be refounded, and monks struggled with both the question of Church Union with the West and whether to seek direct communion with God via hesychasm. In all time periods, monasticism acts as a microcosm for broader Byzantine society, debates, and values.
Maryland
Authors: Musselwhite Paul
Published: July 2023

Maryland was established, by Cecil Calvert, 2nd Lord Baltimore, in 1634 as an English colony encompassing the northern half of the Chesapeake Bay. With a central position along the North American coast, the colony has traditionally been seen as a middle ground between the economic and social models of other British Atlantic regions. In reality, though, Maryland was actually far from the median. It was distinctive in four crucial ways. Firstly, Maryland’s founder, Lord Baltimore, was Catholic, and he envisioned the colony as a haven where his fellow English Catholics could practice their faith. Although Catholics never made up a majority of the colony’s population, a struggle between religious toleration and anti-Catholicism shaped Maryland’s culture and politics. Secondly, Maryland was established as a proprietary colony that granted Baltimore a level of sovereignty and autonomy practically unique in British America. This personal rule, especially exercised by a Catholic, inspired persistent instability. Thirdly, the colony lay at the northern edge of the ecological zone that could support commercial monocrop agriculture. Maryland colonists initially embraced tobacco cultivation, but through the eighteenth-century, Maryland witnessed one of the most profound economic reorientations of any British Atlantic colony as it transitioned to wheat production and industry. Finally, partly because of that economic transition, Maryland became a frontier for the institution of slavery. Approximately one-third of Maryland’s population was enslaved in the mid-eighteenth-century, but high levels of private manumission during the Revolutionary era left the newly independent state with a slave system but also the largest free Black population in the United States by 1810. These four critical distinctions make Maryland an important site for exploring a range of topics and phenomena in Atlantic history. Unfortunately, though, because Maryland shared the Chesapeake Bay and the tobacco and slave agricultural complex with the larger colony of Virginia, there has long been a tendency to lump the two together. The massive literature on the Chesapeake often collapses the very real difference between the two colonies and states throughout their histories. Many of these Chesapeake studies are informed by Maryland sources and crucial to the historiography of Maryland, and so they feature here, but it is important to remember that many of these works are often implicitly responding to and drawing upon scholarship on Virginia.
Asia and the Americas and the Iberian Empires
Authors: Calvo Thomas , Machuca Paulina
Published: July 2023

On 12 October 1492, Christopher Columbus reached the island of Guanahaní. On 25 September 1513, Vasco Núñez de Balboa entered the waters of the South Sea, the future Pacific Ocean. Both dates are inseparable, for they narrowed the planetary space, opened new maritime routes, and brought the four main parts of the world into dialogue. In this article we focus on Asia and the Americas, where the Pacific, the ocean that both separates and unites them, is essential. And across the Pacific, we examine the instrument that connected the two shores: the Manila Galleon as it circulated between Cavite and Acapulco between 1565 and 1815. Our temporality and focus are linked to the evolution of the two Iberian empires: Spain and Portugal. Our analysis space is the Pacific Ocean, on each of its shores, where its humanities, products, and cultures are transferred, from Peru and New Spain to the Philippines, and behind, Southeast Asia, China, and even Japan, and from there to the Americas. Other spaces, such as India and the Ottoman Empire, although they are important, are rarely addressed here due to lack of space, but we recognize that they deserve a separate contribution. We must also consider the imperial times that gave part of their tonalities to our continents, observing empires that were born, such as the Mughal and Iberian; others, like the Ming, disappeared; and other nations, like Japan under the shogunate, that stabilized. In Southeast Asia, the Iberians planned to expand (Cambodia), but internal conflicts multiplied (the Moluccas), and they confronted, again, their old Muslim enemy (southern Philippines). We propose that the relationship between Asia and the Americas goes far beyond American silver against Chinese silks, the great leitmotif. Asia offered luxury products, art, and aesthetics, reaching the most remote corners of the American mountains. America transferred missionaries, soldiers, and settlers and, with them, ideology and political structures, but also religion and culture. It is true that much of the above came from Europe, but it passed through the American prism. The Portuguese from Asia dialogued directly in Lisbon, while the Spanish did so through the Manila-Mexico-Madrid axis. Beyond human beings and their productions, including their languages, plants circulated that modified food systems on each side of the Pacific. The great ecological homogenization of the planet had one of its greatest moments here, after the Roman Empire or the Crusades.
Poetry in the British Atlantic
Authors: Sommer Tim
Published: July 2023

Poetry in the Atlantic world is a vast subject whose critical study has bourgeoned since around the turn of the millennium, in tandem with the rise of Atlantic Studies as a historiographic paradigm and the emergence of transatlantic scholarship as an important subfield in literary and cultural studies. Theorized as a site of encounters and entanglements between European, African, Caribbean, and North and South American cultures and traditions (both indigenous and imported), the Atlantic has been at the heart of important recent work on key topics such as slavery, colonialism, nationhood, empire, and race. In its cultural heyday during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, poetry reflected all of those issues and made their discussion accessible to large and diverse audiences in a range of different media (with verse circulated in manuscript or printed in broadsides, newspapers, journals, and various types of book formats). Although poetry was a major literary genre and public forum, however, in literary-critical accounts of Atlantic culture its importance has long been overshadowed by that of other text types, the novel and nonfictional prose (slave narratives, autobiographies, travel writing) chief among them. Part of this neglect—which recent research is beginning to address—has had to do with the persistence of the nation as an analytical frame of reference (a context in which Atlantic literature fails to align with, say, the English, American, or Caribbean traditions). Another factor has been the ostensible absence of major canonical authors writing poetry that was either produced in the Atlantic world or that explicitly engages with the Atlantic on the level of theme or content. Scholarship on the early Black Atlantic, in particular, has revised this earlier consensus, rediscovering poets such as Phillis Wheatley as major figures working in a historical context irreducible to a single national tradition. Slavery, abolition, and the Black diaspora have, as a result, been major themes in recent discussions of Atlantic poetry. This bibliography mostly focuses on 18th- and 19th-century anglophone verse, given that this body of texts has occasioned most of the important newer scholarship on poetry in the Atlantic world. (Other languages and later periods are included on a selective basis.) The critical discussion of these primary texts has mostly taken the form of historicist readings that foreground the intersections between poetry and various forms of cultural context. Recent contributions to the growing secondary literature on the subject continue in this vein but are also increasingly highlighting formal aspects along with questions of poetics and aesthetics (which includes discussions of the impact of European neoclassical and Romantic styles on poets writing verse in the Atlantic context).
Net Neutrality
Authors: Novak Alison
Published: July 2023

Net neutrality is defined as the policy that requires Internet service providers (ISPs) to give access to all digital content according to availability, not personal or organizational preference, priority, or relationship. ISPs cannot discriminate based on a favorable relationship, organizational pressure, or financial incentive. In short, every website or digital application is treated the same by the ISP and may not be blocked or slowed down intentionally. An ISP like Comcast, an organization that provides Internet access to millions of households around the world, cannot slow down access to popular streaming website Netflix to give its own streaming website a competitive advantage. This is because net neutrality is a legal principle that changes over time based on the ruling authority of government. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is responsible for regulating issues of digital policy and access. While net neutrality was the legal principle until 2017 in the United States, changes in FCC leadership as appointed by President Trump overturned net neutrality and eliminated it. Globally, net neutrality is an inconsistent policy in both its design and enforcement. India has one of the strongest sets of net neutrality policies in the world and has strong enforcement measures that heavily penalize ISPs that are found to violate it. The European Union similarly has net neutrality policies, but these are inconsistently enforced throughout its member countries. Australia also has strong net neutrality policies, but critics warn that these policies are rarely enforced. Alternatively, countries like China do not enforce net neutrality at all. Enforcement is often tied to how it is constructed politically. As a policy, net neutrality is a political issue that cultivates pro- and anti-activist groups. The policy is frequently tied to issues of free speech, in that when an ISP discriminates against a specific website, it is simultaneously discriminating against that website’s text/speech. Pro-net neutrality activists argue that net neutrality is foundational to free speech online. Alternatively, anti-net neutrality activists argue that the policy is a cover for government interfering with the economic growth of digital organizations. These discrepancies dramatically impact how technology companies conduct business and public access to digital content.
Race and Communication
Authors: Mastro Dana
Published: July 2023

There is little doubt that media use has a meaningful influence on how we view and treat members of our own and other ethnic/racial identities. Exposure to negative and disparaging representations of ethnic/racial groups in the media has been found to contribute to the development of stereotypes, prompt bias, promote prejudice and discrimination, and even undermine the esteem of ethnic/racial media users. Alternatively, seeing more constructive depictions can reduce stereotyping and encourage more favorable interracial relations in society. Given these considerable consequences, determining how and how often ethnic/racial groups are depicted in the media is meaningful. However, it is important to interpret such effects within the appropriate context. First, it should be acknowledged that media use is only one of numerous factors that can influence attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors regarding one’s own and other ethnic/racial groups. Thus, none would argue that self-concept, stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, or other aspects of interracial dynamics in society stem from any single cause (including media). This does not mean, however, that media use cannot causally increase the likelihood of such outcomes. Instead, it suggests that factors ranging from the amount of time one spends with media, to the number and quality of representations of different groups across media, to one’s own experiences and values, together and individually, can contribute to ethnic/racial views and dynamics at the individual and societal levels. It is also important to acknowledge that the statistical effects of media use are small. In other words, when you consider the magnitude of the influence of media exposure on user’s racial attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, the impact is modest. This should not be assumed to mean that the practical effects on interethnic/interracial outcomes are inconsequential. Small effects can still have pronounced implications when considering the massive size of the population of media users alongside the fact that media use is cumulative across time, platforms, and devices. This means that even a small effect can have a considerable impact as the influence accumulates across multiple exposures throughout the day, over a lifetime, and across the vast population of media users in society. Indeed, nearly everyone in society uses media, repeatedly throughout the day and across time, which nearly guarantees that the bulk of the population has been exposed to the messages about race/ethnicity offered in its content, potentially contributing to the ways that people think about and behave toward ethnic/racial groups at any given time.
Community Journalism
Authors: Meyer Hans K.
Published: July 2023

Community journalism is far more prevalent than its national or regional counterparts. As of 2018, nearly 7,200 publications existed in the United States with a circulation under 50,000 daily, compared to just four with a circulation of more than 500,000. Any annotated bibliography of community journalism, therefore, must go beyond examining this form of media simply as smaller entities performing the same work as larger national organizations. Research on community journalism largely defines it, in addition to circulation size, by its overall focus on everyday life and the more intimate connection journalists have with the audiences they serve. Community journalism seeks to build and support relationships between audience members within a clearly defined community, whether geographic, virtual, or nestled in a specific topic or interest. As a concept, community journalism cannot be dismissed simply as the province of hyper-local news websites. As what we do on the Internet has expanded and social media has brought us closer together, for good or for ill, community journalism research has examined ways that community forms online through the efforts of connected and concerned journalists sharing facts and making sense of the world for their audiences. To have a community, all one needs is a group of people with something in common and something that differentiates them from other groups. Journalism empowers the group by providing factual information and contextualization of issues in a succinct, easy-to-understand package, while also giving voice to the voiceless and holding the powerful accountable. This annotated bibliography will lay the foundation for understanding how scholarship has applied foundational theories of community to create a new way of understanding the relationship between journalists and audiences. It explores the nuances of how community functions in different media and the ways in which journalists influence it. Finally, it delineates how recent research has expanded this definition to include virtual communities and communities of interest that hold true to the journalistic values of fairness, balance, and verification.
Revolt in the Spanish Netherlands: 1561–1609 (Dutch Revolt)
Authors: van Tol Jonas
Published: July 2023

The Revolt in the Netherlands was a complex and long-running conflict that eventually resulted in the creation of a new state in the northern Netherlands: The Dutch Republic. The southern provinces remained in Habsburg hands. The origins of the conflict were festering grievances—both religious and political—among key parts of the population of the Netherlands. Tensions erupted in the summer of 1566 when iconoclastic violence swept the country. The stern Habsburg reaction, led by the Duke of Alba, sowed further opposition. When in 1572 a significant number of towns and cities rejected Habsburg rule, the conflict morphed into full-scale conventional warfare. Associations between the different provinces of the Low Countries, first in 1576 with the Pacification of Ghent and then in the 1579 Union of Utrecht, gave shape to the emerging state. After formally parting from Habsburg rule in 1581, the nascent Republic took to securing its territory and developing a significant military organization. Successful campaigns by innovative military leaders on both sides, such as Alexander Farnese and Maurice of Nassau, determined the shape of the military frontier between north and south. In 1609 the warring parties concluded a truce in which the sovereignty of the Republic was recognized. The Revolt plays a key role in the national stories of the modern Netherlands, Belgium, and Spain. This has made it the subject of powerful and lasting teleological narratives, stories of heroism, and ‘black legends.’ Historians from the Low Countries and beyond have added increasing layers of nuance and complexity in order to dispel such myths. They have placed the conflict in its international context, drawn attention to the tensions and hostility among the population of the Low Countries, added Spanish perspectives, and have explored how the stories and memories of the conflict were shaped. Military historians have debated and nuanced the thesis of the military revolution, in which the Revolt plays a key role. This bibliography points to these recent debates, with a particular focus on the military dimension of the conflict. For a broader overview, please also see in Oxford Bibliographies: Renaissance and Reformation “Reformations and Revolt in the Netherlands, 1500–1621” by Judith Pollmann, Alastair Duke, and Geert Janssen.
Conflict and Migration
Authors: Bui Dung , Côté Isabelle
Published: July 2023

People move. Sometimes close by, to a different city or province of the same country, or sometimes far away, to a different country. Population movements occur under a variety of push- and-pull factors. They can sometimes be the results of migrants’ own decision, be encouraged by the state or economic actors, or they can also be ‘forced’ by climate change, natural disasters, state repression, or violent conflict. Meanwhile, the out-migration of a large number of people may substantially affect the economic, political, and social dynamics of the home region, just like the in-migration of people may equally transform the economic, political, and social dynamics of the host region. It is these twin, often reinforcing, processes that are explored by the literature on migration and conflict: the first explores how violent conflict affects migration processes (i.e., with conflict as the independent variable or the cause and migration as the dependent variable or the effect); the second examines how migration affects conflict dynamics (i.e., here migration is the independent variable and conflict is the dependent variable). This is not to say that migration is inherently conducive to conflict; after all, given how ubiquitous it is for people to move outside of their place of birth, we would expect conflict to occur everywhere. Instead, a host of economic, environmental, demographic, and identity factors interact with migration and conflict, making a given context or a given migrant population more or less likely to fuel conflict or be the targets of violence in the home or host countries. The ongoing conflict in Syria and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine have made painfully clear the need for more research on the migration–conflict nexus, as did the COVID-19 global pandemic and the various restrictions on international and domestic mobility that ensued. Scholarly interests in the intersection of migration and intra- and interstate conflict have thankfully grown of late from the fields of peace and conflict studies, security, political demography, sociology, and development, although such studies have typically focused on the role of international migration in conflict. Considering that internal migration is by far more common than migration crossing international borders, it is important to rectify this bias.
Marilyn Monroe
Authors: Konkle Amanda
Published: July 2023

Arguably the most recognizable Hollywood star from the 1950s until today, Marilyn Monroe (b. 1 June 1926–d. 4 August 1962) is associated with the Hollywood studio system, widescreen cinema, Playboy magazine, and a fascinating personal life. Born as Norma Jeane Mortenson to divorced and mentally unstable mother Gladys Baker, Monroe’s childhood included several foster families. In 2022, forensic scientists confirmed Charles Stanley Gifford as Monroe’s biological father. Monroe began work as a model after being “discovered” working at a wartime factory by David Conover in 1944. Monroe was signed to and dropped from short contracts with Twentieth Century-Fox in 1946 and 1947, and with Columbia Pictures in 1948. Monroe returned to Fox with a new contract in December 1950, where she would work for the rest of her career, with notable contract disputes in 1954 and 1962. Monroe appeared in thirty-two films between 1947 and her untimely death in 1962; only a dozen of those films feature Monroe in a lead starring role. Monroe won a Golden Globe for her performance in Some Like It Hot (1959), a film that consistently appears on Top 100 lists by the American and British Film Institutes. Monroe’s films span a range of genres. In her early roles, she often played a secretary or mistress, but her best-remembered roles are those in which she performs as a singing and dancing comedienne. Despite her memorable films, Monroe is perhaps better known for her personal life. In addition to her troubled childhood, authors frequently discuss the mental illness that ran in her family, to which Monroe was also susceptible and for which she underwent psychoanalytic treatment. Monroe’s nude calendar photo is emblematic of her sex symbol persona. She is also known for her famous lovers. She married Joe DiMaggio and Arthur Miller but has also been connected romantically to her agent Johnny Hyde, as well as celebrities Yves Montand, Frank Sinatra, John F. Kennedy, and Bobby Kennedy. Monroe died tragically at the age of thirty-six of an overdose; authors still debate whether that overdose was accidental or intentional. Because of her complex offscreen life, Monroe has been the subject of a number of works of fiction and plays, as well as biopics and documentaries. Today, Monroe remains an icon, remembered at times as an influential woman victimized by powerful Hollywood men and at other times associated with fashion, sex appeal, and independence.
Israel Zangwill
Authors: Valdez Jessica
Published: July 2023

Israel Zangwill (1864–1926) was an Anglo-Jewish writer and activist best known today for his 1892 novel, Children of the Ghetto. He came to be called the “Jewish Dickens” for his work documenting East End Jewish life. He wrote journal articles, novels, plays, and short fiction; the title of his most famous play, The Melting Pot, became the standard metaphor for American multiculturalism. He developed a hybrid literary identity, working as both a British and Jewish writer. Zangwill was born in London’s East End to Moses and Ellen Marks Zangwill, who immigrated to London from Latvia and Poland, respectively. The Zangwills were part of a wave of Jewish immigrants fleeing pogroms across Eastern Europe. Zangwill’s early childhood was spent in Plymouth and Bristol, but his family moved back to Whitechapel when he was eight. Memories of his life in Whitechapel formed the basis for his iconic Anglo-Jewish novel, Children of the Ghetto. In London, he became a pupil teacher at the Jews’ Free School and attended London University. Zangwill left his teaching position in 1888, possibly because of conflict over the novel The Premier and the Painter, which he cowrote with Louis Cowen under the pseudonym J. Freeman Bell. In 1890, Zangwill founded the short-lived comic magazine Ariel, or the London Puck. While he was subeditor for the weekly English-language Orthodox newspaper the Jewish Standard, he wrote a weekly satirical column, “Morour and Charouseth,” under the pseudonym Marshallik, the Jewish court jester. Before the publication of Children of the Ghetto, he was best known as a satirical writer and a member of Jerome K. Jerome’s New Humour group. He also wrote columns for the Pall Mall Gazette and the New York–based newspaper Critic. He took on a leading role in pacifist, Zionist, and women’s suffrage movements. In 1903, he married Edith Ayrton, who was a novelist and women’s rights activist in her own right. Zangwill met Theodor Herzl during Herzl’s visit to London in 1895, but upon Herzl’s death in 1905, Zangwill split from the Zionist movement and established the Jewish Territorial Organization, which advocated establishing a Jewish homeland outside Palestine. His criticism of Zionist organizations in the 1920s led to his declining popularity toward the end of his life.
Global Mental Health
Authors: Rich Grant J. , O'Donnell Kelly
Published: July 2023

Global mental health (GMH) is a broad and growing domain of research and practice focusing on the mental health realities in our world with a view toward positively impacting the well-being of all people and the planet. Currently it is estimated that nearly one billion people have some type of mental health condition. GMH is shaped by public health, human rights, clinical science, and cultural anthropology and has been galvanized by the explicit inclusion of “mental health and wellbeing” in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3.4) launched in 2015. SDG 3 focuses on health and dozens of the 169 targets across the seventeen SDGs are relevant for health/mental health promotion and vice versa. This module features resources representing key GMH developments and directions, organized into eleven sections. Due to GMH’s overlapping and broad range of topics, many more sections could also include: history, climate/environment, corruption, universal health coverage, multi-dimensional poverty, trauma, implementation science, social determinants of health, mental health and psychosocial support, substance use and addictions, national and regional overviews, etc. Note that many of these topics are addressed in the chapters of the edited books included in the section Reference Works and Textbooks. The last fifteen years have seen the tangible emergence of GMH as a movement facilitated by a convergence of many collaborative efforts from civil society, lived-experience, business, academic, and government colleagues worldwide. Some of the many areas impacted reflect both advances and shifts in GMH itself, and include greater awareness, acceptance, advocacy, collaboration, and action for: universal health coverage and primary health care; mental health inclusion and parity in health policies, laws, and budgets; culturally-appropriate and faith-sensitive services in the efforts to scale up and task shift; training health professionals and community workers; consultative and leadership roles of people with lived experience; humanitarian assistance that integrates mental health and trauma-informed care; implementation science and evidence-based manuals; resources and digital tools; and the determinants of health—social, economic, and commercial—along with stigma, inequalities, and human rights. The resources in this module point to the growing relevance of GMH in the world community’s efforts to realize “mental health and wellbeing for all” (SDG 3.4). In spite of the challenges, it is encouraging to see the emergence of mainstreamed “multi-sectoral mental health” and “sustainable GMH development” with their positive implications for culturally-relevant, multi-lingual, and human rights-based approaches at the community, national, and international health systems level.
Marine Biodiversity
Authors: Snelgrove Paul , Danovaro Roberto
Published: July 2023

The term marine biodiversity encompasses a broad range of subjects, spanning from descriptions of single species, or taxa, to habitats and ecosystems, and indeed the global ocean. The Convention on Biological Diversity defines biodiversity (or biological diversity) as “the variability among living organisms from all sources, including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems,” A comprehensive summary of marine biodiversity must therefore consider biodiversity at genetic, systematic (phylogenetic), taxonomic (species or higher), functional (specific functional role), and biogeographic (habitat, ecosystem, or regional) levels. Pragmatically, management efforts typically focus on species-level diversity, and often on species richness, which will form a primary focus here. Marine biodiversity science investigates a variety of topics, from describing the spatial and temporal patterns of biodiversity, to experimental and observational approaches to understanding drivers of biodiversity patterns, and the linkages between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Marine biodiversity also provides a crucial contribution to ocean goods and services, so that potential biodiversity loss represents one of the major threats for the functioning of our planet. The increasing human pressures on ocean resources, in tandem with human activities (e.g., fossil fuel release, agriculture, pollution) are causing significant change in oceans and marine life. These changes create a pressing need for marine biodiversity conservation efforts. The major gaps in our understanding of drivers, patterns, and ecological consequences of marine biodiversity underscore a need for better ocean sampling and an increased ability to recognize and describe species at least to the OTU (operational taxonomic unit, often used by microbiologists because of the difficulty in applying the concept of species) level. These efforts require integrated taxonomic approaches to overcome challenges such as identifying sibling species (species with identical phenotype but different genotype). It also punctuates a need to review current taxonomy, recognize functional traits, understand their complex life cycles, and comprehend species’ ecology and their roles within marine ecosystems. The article begins by reviewing how marine biodiversity fundamentally differs from terrestrial biodiversity, and describing biodiversity in marine habitats and its variation. It then recaps the evolutionary history of marine biodiversity and its broad biogeographic patterns, as well as proposed drivers. It then summarizes the current threats to marine biodiversity and describes the emerging tools available to help in conservation efforts. Finally, it summarizes some of the dominant gaps and opportunities for marine biodiversity research.