bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Minority/Majority Source Status on Attitude Certainty: A Matching Perspective
Authors: Tormala Zakary L. , DeSensi Victoria L.
Published: December 2008

Building on recent work exploring metacognitive factors in minority/majority influence, three studies tested the hypothesis that when people receive persuasive messages from sources in the minority or majority, their attitude certainty can be determined by the extent to which source status and perceived argument quality match or mismatch. In Study 1, participants were presented with strong or weak arguments from a minority or majority source. Minority condition participants reported greater attitude certainty when arguments were weak rather than strong. Majority condition participants showed the opposite effect. Study 2 replicated this interaction using a manipulation of perceived rather than actual argument quality. In Study 3, these effects only emerged when message recipients' processing motivation was high. Taken together, the results suggest that attitude certainty can be high or low following minority or majority messages, depending on processing motivation and message recipients' assessments of other persuasive evidence.
Why People Stereotype Affects How They Stereotype: The Differential Influence of Comprehension Goals and Self-Enhancement Goals on Stereotyping
Authors: van den Bos Arne , Stapel Diederik A.
Published: December 2008

In four studies, the authors examined the hypothesis that the way people stereotype is determined by the motives that instigate it. Study 1 measured and demonstrated the effectiveness of a commonly used priming technique to manipulate comprehension and self-enhancement goals. Study 2 demonstrated that why people stereotype determines how they stereotype: When a comprehension goal was salient, positive as well as negative stereotypes were applied, whereas a salient self-enhancement goal led to the application of negative but not positive stereotypes. Study 3 replicated these effects with different stereotypes. Study 4 replicated these effects and gave more insight in the consequences of goal fulfillment on stereotyping. Results indicated the fulfillment of a salient self-enhancement or comprehension goal led to the reduction of stereotyping. These effects were goal specific: Fulfillment of a self-enhancement goal decreased enhancement-driven but not comprehension-driven stereotyping; fulfillment of a comprehension goal decreased comprehension-driven but not enhancement-driven stereotyping.
Dexamethasone and GLP‐2 Given to Lactating Rat Dams Influence Glucose Uptake in Suckling and Postweanling Offspring
Authors: Drozdowski Laurie , Iordache Claudiu , Clandinin M. Tom , Wild Gary , Todd Zoe , Thomson Alan B. R.
Published: December 2008

Background: Glucagon‐like peptide–2 (GLP‐2) enhances intestinal absorption in adult animals. Glucocorticosteroids accelerate the ontogeny of the intestine and increase sugar uptake in adult animals. Modifying the maternal diet during lactation alters nutrient uptake in the offspring. The authors hypothesized that GLP‐2 and dexamethasone, when administrated to lactating rat dams, enhance sugar uptake in the suckling and postweanling offspring. Methods: Rat dams were treated during lactation with GLP‐2 (0.1 μg/g/day subcutaneously [SC], twice daily), dexamethasone (0.128 μg/g/day SC, once daily), GLP‐2 + dexamethasone (same doses), or placebo. The suckling offspring were sacrificed at 19–21 days of age, and the postweanlings were sacrificed 4 weeks later. Intestinal glucose and fructose uptake was assessed using an in vitro ring technique. Results: GLP‐2 and dexamethasone resulted in lower body weights, and dexamethasone caused intestinal atrophy in sucklings. The jejunal atrophy in sucklings given dexamethasone was prevented by GLP‐2 + dexamethasone. In sucklings, the maximal transport rate and the Michaelis affinity constant for ileal glucose uptake were both increased by GLP‐2 and GLP‐2 + dexamethasone. In contrast, in postweanlings, the maximal transport rate for jejunal glucose uptake was reduced by dexamethasone and GLP‐2, as was ileal fructose uptake. Conclusions: Treating lactating rat dams with GLP‐2 or dexamethasone enhances glucose uptake in sucklings, but the late effect is a reduction in glucose and fructose absorption in postweanlings. The nutritional significance of these findings remains to be established.
Alliance Portfolios: A Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Wassmer Ulrich
Published: December 2008

The engagement of firms in multiple simultaneous strategic alliances with different partners has become a ubiquitous phenomenon in today’s business landscape. This article offers a review of the extant alliance portfolio literature and organizes it around three key research areas: (a) the emergence of alliance portfolios, (b) the configuration of alliance portfolios, and (c) the management of alliance portfolios. The article also highlights existing gaps in the present understanding of alliance portfolios and outlines a research agenda by identifying key research questions and issues in the areas where further research is needed.
Using Competition to Measure Relatedness
Authors: Lien Lasse B. , Klein Peter G.
Published: December 2008

The conventional approach to measuring interindustry relatedness uses the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to capture the “distance” between industries. Although relatedness measures based on SIC codes (or equivalent classifications) are readily available and easy to compute, they do not screen effectively for the conditions under which related diversification creates value. This article constructs an alternative, survivor-based measure of interindustry relatedness and compares it to similar measures based on distances between SIC codes. The authors find that survivor-based measures consistently outperform SIC-based measures in predicting firms' decisions to enter new markets, even when herding tendencies and motives related to mutual forbearance are taken into account.
Increasing Interpersonal and Informational Justice When Communicating Negative News: The Role of the Manager’s Empathic Concern and Moral Development
Authors: Patient David L. , Skarlicki Daniel P.
Published: December 2008

The authors report two studies exploring the role of a manager’s empathy in delivering negative news more fairly. In Study 1, 132 practicing managers completed a scenario task in which a layoff was to be communicated. Trait empathic concern predicted interpersonal and informational justice of written messages. In Study 2, 81 students provided face-to-face feedback to a confederate, which was videotaped. An empathic induction resulted in higher levels of interpersonal and informational justice relative to a control group. Furthermore, the empathic induction had a greater effect on interpersonal and informational justice for communicators who were high (versus low) in moral development.
Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure of Family Supportive Supervisor Behaviors (FSSB)
Authors: Hammer Leslie B. , Kossek Ellen Ernst , Yragui Nanette L. , Bodner Todd E. , Hanson Ginger C.
Published: December 2008

Due to growing work-family demands, supervisors need to effectively exhibit family supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB). Drawing on social support theory and using data from two samples of lower wage workers, the authors develop and validate a measure of FSSB, defined as behaviors exhibited by supervisors that are supportive of families. FSSB is conceptualized as a multidimensional superordinate construct with four subordinate dimensions: emotional support, instrumental support, role modeling behaviors, and creative work-family management. Results from multilevel confirmatory factor analyses and multilevel regression analyses provide evidence of construct, criterion-related, and incremental validity. The authors found FSSB to be significantly related to work-family conflict, work-family positive spillover, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions over and above measures of general supervisor support.
Revisiting the 1983 Social Security Reforms, 25 Years Later
Authors: Song Jae , Manchester Joyce
Published: December 2008

The authors examined changes in the ages at which people claim Social Security retirement benefits in response to the 1983 Social Security reforms, which gradually increase the full retirement age (FRA). Data came from the 1% sample of Social Security administrative data that contains longitudinal earnings and benefit claim information. The results show that the response to the gradual increase in the FRA has occurred not only among those who are close to the FRA but also among those who are close to the early retirement age. An increase in the full retirement age of 12 months is estimated to decrease the probability of claiming benefits at age 62 by about eight percentage points.
Fair Trade's Dual Aspect
Authors: Golding Kirsty Michelle
Published: December 2008

Effective communication strategies are fundamental to achieving sustainable consumption, yet there is a gap in the literature with respect to their design. Moreover, there is considerable debate with respect to the starting point for such strategies: whether the shift to sustainable consumption can be achieved within the dominant social paradigm or whether a new paradigm is required. Fair trade (FT) marketing presents a valuable case study of these issues in practice. Case analysis of a campaign by the Divine Chocolate Company suggests the importance of transcending the polarization of the radical and pragmatic visions of FT and also the within or without dichotomy of macromarketing in terms of moving consumers along a pathway to sustainable development. The campaign's synergism further has significant implications for the design of communication strategies to effect sustainable consumption. These are presented in terms of two working propositions for exploration in alternative contexts.
Marketplace Activism
Authors: Branchik Blaine J. , Davis Judy Foster
Published: December 2008

A distinct and significant African American elite market segment began its growth prior to the U.S. Civil War, flourished as a result of two world wars, and has continued to expand and diversify. Today, the segment comprises three subsegments including a conventional upper middle-class, the traditional elite, and the nouveau riche. This market segment is distinct both from other African American groups and from the white elite in terms of products and services consumed. This distinction results from this group's isolation and lack of opportunities through the civil rights era and the importance placed on such factors as ancestry and affiliation within this group. This paper presents a four-phase periodization model of the development of the African American elite market segment, linking its development to key events and historical eras. This segment has practiced a unique form of economic consumer activism in the marketplace—referred to as ``marketplace activism''—in the quest for respect and equal treatment in American society.
A syllabus of errors: Pope Benedict XVI on Islam at Regensburg
Authors: Coury Ralph M.
Published: December 2008

Pope Benedict XVI's comments about Islam at the University of Regensburg on 12 September 2006 are examined here in terms of the traditions of Orientalism on which he draws and the political functions that they serve. The Pope portrays Islam as tending to irrational violence, in contrast to a Christianity based on a rapprochement between faith and the spirit of Greek philosophical inquiry, a rapprochement that is taken to be the foundation of European identity. This article examines the falsehoods, misrepresentations and weaknesses of the Pope's arguments and locates his understanding of Islam within broader intellectual patterns. It argues that his remarks reflect, more particularly, the specificities of his personal formation and the contemporary needs of the Roman Catholic Church.
Zionism and Oriental Jews: a dialectic of exploitation and co-optation
Authors: Ein-Gil Ehud , Machover Moshé
Published: December 2008

Some recent accounts have sought to present Mizrahim —Jews whose origins are in Muslim countries of the Middle East and North Africa rather than in eastern and central Europe — as fellow victims of the Zionist project, along with Palestinian Arabs. On this view, Zionism is an essentially Ashkenazi (European Jewish) project. Here, a more complex account of Mizrahi identity in Israel is presented, showing how Jewish immigrants from Muslim countries, despite being regarded as culturally inferior and treated as colonisation fodder by the Zionist leadership, were nevertheless successfully co-opted to the Zionist project. The Mizrahim continue to face socio-economic disadvantages in Israel but these are predominantly a reflection of class barriers and are fundamentally distinct from the national oppression of Arabs.
Jacks and diamonds — some aspects of race on the London Victorian stage
Authors: Waters Hazel
Published: December 2008

Embedded within the popular drama of the nineteenth century are not only concepts and attitudes towards `race' that still have influence today, but also a skewed take on genuine historical episodes and movements, including the development of colonialism. Focusing on one little known popular melodrama and locating it in the history of its time reveals a network of connections that span the British abolition of the slave trade, the importance of Brazil to the development of Britain's economy, the role of the London merchants and, of course, a clearly developed racial hierarchy. At its pinnacle stood the emblem of popular patriotism, the British Jack Tar.
Catching history on the wing: a conference report
Authors:   Institute of Race Relations
Published: December 2008

On 1 November 2008, the Institute of Race Relations held a conference, 'Catching history on the wing', in London, to mark the fiftieth anniversary of its formation. We publish here a report on the conference, which included contributions from Lee Bridges, Victoria Brittain, Ruqayyah Collector, David Edgar, Liz Fekete, Arun Kundnani, Herman Ouseley, Colin Prescod, A. Sivanandan and Salma Yaqoob.
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation of the Ankle
Authors: Nam Ellis Kevin , Ferkel Richard D. , Applegate Gregory R.
Published: December 2008

Background

Treatment of full-thickness talar cartilage defects that have failed previous surgery is problematic without a definitive solution.

Purpose

To report the first US prospective study of autologous chondrocyte implantation of the talus.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Eleven patients (6 women and 5 men; mean age, 33 years) underwent autologous chondrocyte implantation of the talus after previous failed surgical management. There were 9 medial and 2 lateral lesions, with a mean size of 21 × 13 mm (273 mm2). Five patients underwent autologous chondrocyte implantation of the talus alone; 6 had it with a “sandwich procedure.” Ten patients underwent a second-look arthroscopy with screw removal.

Results

Mean follow-up was 38 months. Preoperatively, 10 patients rated their ankles as poor and 1 as fair, using the simplified symptomatology evaluation. At latest follow-up, 3 patients were classified as excellent, 6 as good, and 2 as fair. Tegner activity level improved from 1.3 ± 1.0 (mean ± SE) preoperatively to 4.0 ± 1.6 (P <. 002) postoperatively. The Finsen score (modified Weber score) showed significant improvement in the total score (P <. 001). There was also overall agreement between the Finsen score and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle hindfoot score, with significant improvement from 47.4 ± 17.4 preoperatively to 84.3 ± 8.1 postoperatively (P <. 001). At repeat arthroscopy, complete coverage of the defect was seen in all patients.

Conclusion

Autologous chondrocyte implantation of the talus yields significant functional improvement; however, further investigation is necessary to determine the long-term structural and biomechanical properties of the repair tissue.
Confronting Rhetorical Disability
Authors: Hensley Owens Kim
Published: December 2008

Through its analysis of birth plans, documents some women create to guide their birth attendants' actions during hospital births, this article reveals the rhetorical complexity of childbirth and analyzes women's attempts to harness birth plans as tools of resistance and self-education. Asserting that technologies can both silence and give voice, the article examines women's use of technologies of writing to confront technologies of birth. The article draws on data from online childbirth narratives, a childbirth writing survey, and five women's birth plans to argue that women's silencing, or rhetorical disability, during childbirth both prompts and limits the birth plan as an effective communicative tool. The data suggest that the birth plan is not consistently effective in the ways its authors intend. Nonetheless, this analysis also demonstrates that the rhetorical failure of the birth plan can be read as, and thereby transformed into, rhetorical possibility.
Does the Adolescent Brain Make Risk Taking Inevitable?
Authors: Males Michael
Published: December 2008

Increasingly influential theories hold that the “teenage brain” suffers cognitive flaws that impel risk taking. Aside from warnings by leading researchers that brain science is insufficiently advanced to yield definitive findings that teenage behaviors are internally driven, the belief that adolescents take excessive risks has been developed using biased measures and without first ruling out alternative external explanations. In fact, the best demographic, crime, and health statistics show that adolescents do not take excessive risks compared to adults, adolescent risks are associated much more significantly with conditions of poverty and corresponding adult behaviors than with uniquely adolescent factors, and middle-aged adults exposed to the same high poverty levels as American youth display similar or higher levels of crime, violent death, firearms mortality, traffic fatalities, and other behaviors conventionally associates with adolescents. “Teenage brain” theories and the views of youth and policies they entail require much more rigorous scrutiny than they have received to date.
Dating and Sexual Attitudes in Asian-American Adolescents
Authors: Lau May , Markham Christine , Hua Lin  , Flores Glenn , Chacko Mariam R.
Published: December 2008

Dating behaviors and sexual attitudes of Asian-American youth were examined in a cross-sectional, mixed-methods study in the context of adherence to Asian values, measured by the Asian Values Scale (AVS). In all, 31 Asian-American adolescents (age 14-18 years old) from a Houston community center were interviewed regarding dating behaviors and sexual attitudes. Almost three-fourth of adolescents dated without parental knowledge. Compared with adolescents with the lowestAVS scores, those with the highestAVS scores were significantly more likely to date without parental knowledge and date longer before sex. Many adolescents proceeded directly to single, steady, relationships. Parents permitted dating, as long as grades were maintained. Asian-American adolescents should be questioned about secret dating, sexual activity, and participation in other high-risk activities.
Adolescents' Online Social Networking Following the Death of a Peer
Authors: Williams Amanda L. , Merten Michael J.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine how online social networking facilitates adolescent grieving following the sudden death of a peer. Researchers reviewed 20 profiles authored by adolescents who had died between 2005 and 2007 collecting information from commentary posted to the profiles posthumously. Observed themes included adolescent Internet users directing comments to the deceased, posting memorial sentiments, indicators of coping strategies, current events and memories, comments about the act of commenting, cause of death, comments from distal or unknown peers, religious beliefs, and attending the funeral. In addition to prolonging an attachment with the deceased, online social networking also facilitates teenagers' coping in a way that grants unlimited freedom and opportunity to reflect back over their relationship with the deceased.
Induction of micronuclei in rat bone marrow after chronic exposure to lead acetate trihydrate
Authors: Alghazal MA , Šutiaková I , Kovalkovičová N , Legáth J , Falis M , Pistl J , Sabo R , Beňová K , Sabová L , Váczi P
Published: December 2008

Lead increasingly contributes to pollution of the environment and may play a role in the development of adverse effects in the human and animal body. Data concerning its mutagenic, clastogenic, and carcinogenic properties have been conflicting. In this study, we evaluated the frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow erythrocytes of rats treated with lead acetate trihydrate. Outbred Wistar rats were exposed to a daily dose of 100 mg/L drinking water for 125 days. The mean value of the total number of micronuclei observed in polychromatic erythrocytes of female rats was significantly higher than that found in the control group (13.375 ± 2.722 against 9.625 ± 3.204 micronuclei/1000 cells; P = 0.024 in ANOVA). In exposed female animals, no significant reduction of the ratio of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes was observed (0.990 ± 0.228 against 1.208 ± 0.195; P = 0.060 in ANOVA). The effects of lead acetate trihydrate in male rats are both cytotoxic and genotoxic because of a decrease in ratio of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes (0.715 ± 0.431 against 1.343 ± 0.306; P = 0.023, ANOVA followed by Tukey test) and an increase in frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (24.167 ± 7.859 against 4.0 ± 4.528 micronuclei/1000 cells; P ≤ 0.001, ANOVA followed by Tukey test), respectively.
Histopathological changes in the liver and kidney tissues of Wistar albino rat exposed to fenitrothion
Authors: Afshar S , Farshid AA , Heidari R , Ilkhanipour M
Published: December 2008

The aim of this study was to investigate the dose-related effects of fenitrothion (FNT) on the liver and kidney. The study was conducted on 8-week-old male Wistar rats that were divided into four groups (three experimental groups and one control group) and were treated orally with different doses (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) of FNT for 28 consecutive days. After treatment, the rats were anesthetized with ether and liver and kidney samples were taken for histological studies. The results showed that the histopathological changes in the liver were mainly represented by parenchymatous degeneration of hepatocytes with mild necrosis, leukocytic infiltration in the portal area, severe congestion, and hemorrhage. These changes were dose dependent. Marked tubular dilation, hydropic degeneration in tubular epithelium, moderate congestion, and hemorrhage in the cortical and medulla part of the kidney were recorded. Histopathologic examination of the liver and kidney indicated a significant injury only in rats receiving 100 mg/kg FNT.
Urinary level of nickel and acute leukaemia in Chinese children
Authors: Yang Y , Jin XM , Yan CH , Tian Y , Tang JY , Shen XM
Published: December 2008

The 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidized nucleoside of DNA, not only is a widely used biomarker for the measurement of endogenous oxidative DNA damage but might also be a risk factor for many diseases including cancer. Metal exposure may play an important role in oxidative DNA damage among children. However, few studies on urinary 8-OHdG and metals have been conducted in children with acute leukemia. In the present study, urinary Ni and 8-OHdG were examined in 116 children with acute leukaemia (94 acute lymphoid leukaemia [ALL] and 22 acute myeloid leukaemia [AML]) and 51 healthy child controls. Our result showed that urinary Ni in acute leukaemia patients (ALL: 68.40 ± 133.98, AML: 41.48 ± 76.31 ng/mg creatinine) was significantly higher than that in controls (62.47 ± 124.90 vs 17.63 ± 46.17 ng/mg creatinine, P < 0.05). Similarly, the pretherapy level of urinary 8-OHdG in patients (ALL: 11.83 ± 16.23, AML: 12.36 ± 11.36 ng/mg creatinine) was significantly elevated compared with controls (11.92 ± 15.42 vs 4.03 ± 4.70 ng/mg creatinine, P < 0.05). Moreover, urinary 8-OHdG and urinary Ni showed a weak but significant association with increased risk of childhood leukaemia. The present study suggests that Ni may be an etiologic factor for childhood acute leukaemia by oxidative DNA damage.
Review of A Large Clinical Series: Association of Cumulative Fluid Balance on Outcome in Acute Lung Injury: A Retrospective Review of the ARDSnet Tidal Volume Study Cohort
Authors: Rosenberg Andrew L. , Dechert Ronald E. , Park Pauline K. , Bartlett Robert H. ,   NIH NHLBI ARDS Network
Published: December 2008

Objective: To evaluate the independent influence of fluid balance on outcomes for patients with acute lung injury. Design: Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study conducted between March 1996 and March 1999. Setting: The study involved 10 academic clinical centers (with 24 hospitals and 75 Intensive Care Units). Patients: All patients for whom fluid balance data existed (844) from the 902 patients enrolled in the National Heart Lung Blood Institute's ARDS Network ventilator-tidal volume trial. Interventions: The study had no interventions. Measurements/Results: On the first day of study enrollment, 683 patients were, on average, more than 3.5 L in positive fluid balance compared to 161 patients in negative fluid balance (P < .001). Cumulative negative fluid balance on day 4 of the study was associated with an independently lower hospital mortality (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.28-0.89; P < .001) more ventilator and intensive care unit—free days. Conclusions: Negative cumulative fluid balance at day 4 of acute lung injury is associated with significantly lower mortality, independent of other measures of severity of illness.
ICTs and Development
Authors: Sreekumar T. T. , Rivera–Sánchez Milagros
Published: December 2008

The technology question is inseparable from the question where technology occurs. Just as it is impossible to understand NATURE without immediately tackling the question of the LIFE-SIZE we cannot now talk about technological progress without immediately considering size, the dimensions, involved in the new technologies. (Virilio 1995: 99)
‘A Living Lab’
Authors: Schwittay Anke
Published: December 2008

Information and Ccommunication technologies (ICTs) are increasingly seen as essential tools in development projects that can create new sources of income, make governments more transparent and accessible, improve education and health care, and overcome social exclusion and discrimination. To harness these potentials, multinational hi–tech corporations are forming public–private partnerships with governments, development institutions and civil society organisations in the delivery of ICTs to the rural masses. This article analyses the work of the Hewlett–Packard Corporation (HP), in India, where its three–year i–community programme aimed to bring access to ICTs and resulting benefits to rural citizens of Andhra Pradesh. I will show that ICTs are not neutral tools of development as conceptualised by practitioners of ICTD, but are commodities produced by corporations with the ultimate aim to increase the corporate bottom line. They are imbued with relations of power that skew ‘partnerships’ and must fulfil corporate objectives that weaken their potential impact.
ICTs in Rural India
Authors: Tiwari Meera , Sharmistha Uma
Published: December 2008

This article presents findings of two user perspective studies on the impact of ICTs in rural India. It is based on fieldwork conducted by the authors in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh and Madhubani district of Bihar. The first study examines the impact of a state-led ICT initiative. The second looks at the impact of an ICT initiative by a non-government organisation. The article identifies issues critical to enhancing the accessibility of ICT services to the poorest rural households. A comparison is made between the two models in reaching the ICT services to the rural poor.
Learning through ‘Prosuming’
Authors: LIM Sun Sun , Nekmat Elmie
Published: December 2008

In today's new media landscape, consuming media content is only part of the equation. Media consumers also enjoy various avenues by which they can produce and share media content. This combination of consuming and producing has been termed ‘prosuming’. Rather than being the preserve of the intellectual elite, virtually any media consumer can be a media producer too given the relative affordability and accessibility of new ICT and media platforms. Media production is satisfying because it allows individuals to flex their creative energies and empowering because it enables people to make their views heard. Focusing on media literacy programmes targeted at developing country youth, this article analyses media literacy programmes that impart media production skills. Specifically, it looks at the Little Masters programme in China, the Cybermohalla programme in India, and the Young Journalists (YOJO) Group in Vietnam. The article finds that media literacy programmes that emphasise media production may have more significant long-term impacts as they vest young people with the abilities to voice their concerns and raise public awareness about youth-related issues. The media literacy skills imparted are, therefore, imbued with the potential for social activism and democratisation. The experiences of the Little Masters, Cybermohalla and YOJO programmes also suggest a few strategies for heightened success–sensitivity to the social and cultural contexts of the participants, building up a sufficiently wide base of community support, and leveraging media convergence to increase their impact.
New Media for Social Change
Authors: Peichi Chung
Published: December 2008

This article explores the role of state in administering an effective cultural policy to cultivate the gaming industry in Asia and in shaping popular media in a global context. Theories of globalisation have focused on the dominance of transnational companies in fostering today's global politics as well as new world information order. This article explains the historical context of cultural policy in South Korea and Singapore. Online game industries in the two countries show different levels of state involvement. While state and local companies in South Korea serves as significant actors in shaping the dynamics of the local industry, in Singapore state and multinational companies play pivotal roles in the development. By focusing on these two divergent locations, this article aims to demonstrate the significance of localisation in determining online gaming industries globally.
Integrating the Internet into Farming Activities
Authors: Zhao Jinqiu
Published: December 2008

This study has selected Shouguang city and Huanglou town, two relatively developed rural places in the coastal province of Shandong, China, to explore the significance of the Internet in the perception of farmers and the ways by which it has been used as a tool to improve their lives. The findings show that the increase of wealth has not propelled a large number of farmers at the research sites to adopt the Internet even though they can afford computers and network facilities. Instead, Internet adoption and usage are closely connected with rural entrepreneurs and their private enterprises. The three rural entrepreneurs covered in the study started to experiment with the Internet long before their peers, especially at a time when the advantages of the technology had not fully demonstrated themselves. On account of their favourable attitudes towards technologies and relatively strong command of financial resources, the venturesome rural pioneers are more likely to stand up to the possible risks associated with Internet adoption. They act as gatekeepers when imparting innovative information carried over the Internet to rural people nearby. Their adoption behaviours may influence how people perceive the Internet and let the benefits derived from the Internet trickle down to those non–adopters.
Lateral Connectivity at the Margins
Authors: Sawhney Harmeet , Suri Venkata Ratnadeep
Published: December 2008

In the so–called twilight of hierarchy, networks have been celebrated for their lateral linkages, which often lead to the development of lateral discursive spaces, especially in industries where the premium is on innovation and creativity. However, the two lateralities—technological and social—do not readily come together at the margins, and require considerable work. This article examines the efforts to translate lateral connectivity into lateral discursive space—the Tanami Network in Australia and Tribal Digital Village in the US—by native peoples, communities especially motivated to generate such spaces. These two grassroots efforts highlight facets of development such as ritual communication and liminality which are important for the intended beneficiaries, but are rarely seen in the projects designed by external experts that focus on economic development and delivery of services.
Debriefing in Moodle: Written feedback on trust and knowledge sharing in a social dilemma game
Authors: Oertig Margaret
Published: December 2008

This article describes a new approach to debriefing that uses the discussion forum feature of the Moodle open source course management system to debrief a simulation game with undergraduate business students. The simulation game allowed the students to experience the fragility of trust when sharing knowledge in a global virtual project team. I found using the Moodle forum for gathering written feedback on the task to be an improvement over verbal feedback sessions used with previous classes. The Moodle forum provides spontaneous and simultaneous rich feedback from a larger number of students and increases their awareness of the complexity of the task. It became clear to the students that there was no blueprint for success in the game but that participants each had to make sense of the experience in their own way.
Developments in Business Gaming
Authors: Faria A.J. , Hutchinson David , Wellington William J. , Gold Steven
Published: December 2008

This article examines developments in business simulation gaming during the past 40 years. Covered in this article are a brief history of business games, the changing technology employed in the development and use of business games, changes in why business games are adopted and used, changes in how business games are administered, and the current state of business gaming. Readers interested in developments in other areas of simulation gaming (urban planning, social studies, ecology, economics, geography, health, etc.) are encouraged to look at other articles appearing during the 40th anniversary year of Simulation & Gaming and at the many fine articles that appeared in the silver anniversary issue of Simulation & Gaming (December 1995).
Palliative Medicine Death Rounds: Small Group Learning on a Vital Subject
Authors: Kitzes Judith A. , Kalishman Summers , Kingsley Darra D. , Mines Jan , Lawrence Elizabeth
Published: December 2008

Background. The medical student's experience with patients' dying and death has profound impact on personal and professional development. Death Rounds at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine is a small group educational model that promotes student self-reflection, metacognition, professional growth, and collegial support.

Objective. To describe the implementation and evaluation activities of a third year clerkship Death Rounds which are a structured, institutionally supported resource for helping students to understand the clinical, ethical, legal, professional, cultural, and spiritual aspects of death.

Design. Medical students attend 2 to 3 small group palliative medicine Death Rounds sessions, facilitated by the attending clerkship director, chief residents, and a palliative care physician.

Conclusions. The students' assessment of their palliative medicine knowledge and skills in 5 categories before and after participation in Death Rounds rated their skills after Death Rounds higher with effect sizes ranging from 0.9 to 1.9. Evidence from both the Death Rounds Questionnaire and Facilitators' Logs demonstrates that multiple issues and topics were addressed and all associated with the School of Medicine's 6 core competencies. Death Rounds minimally affect on clerkship time and faculty resources.
Review Article: Goals of Care Toward the End of Life: A Structured Literature Review
Authors: Kaldjian Lauris C. , Curtis Ann E. , Shinkunas Laura A. , Cannon Katrina T.
Published: December 2008

Goals of care are often mentioned as an important component of end-of-life discussions, but there are diverse assessments regarding the type and number of goals that should be considered. To address this lack of consensus, we searched MEDLINE (1967—2007) for relevant articles and identified the number, phrasing, and type of goals they addressed. An iterative process of categorization resulted in a list of 6 practical, comprehensive goals: (1) be cured, (2) live longer, (3) improve or maintain function/quality of life/ independence, (4) be comfortable, (5) achieve life goals, and (6) provide support for family/caregiver. These goals can be used to articulate goal-oriented frameworks to guide decision making toward the end of life and thereby harmonize patients' treatment choices with their values and medical conditions.
Microarray-based Gene Expression Profiling as a Clinical Tool for Breast Cancer Management: Are We There Yet?
Authors: Correa Geyer Felipe , Reis-Filho Jorge Sergio
Published: December 2008

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, encompassing several histological types and clinical behaviors. Current histopathological classification systems are based on descriptive entities with prognostic significance. Few prognostic and predictive markers beyond those offered by histopathological analysis are available. High-throughput molecular technologies are reshaping our understanding of breast cancer, of which microarray-based gene expression has received most attention. This method has been used to derive a molecular taxonomy for breast cancer, which has provided interesting insights into the biology of the disease. Class prediction studies have generated a multitude of prognostic/predictive signatures, which herald the promise for an improvement in treatment decision making. However, most of the signatures developed to date seem to have discriminatory power almost restricted to estrogen receptor—positive disease. This review addresses the contribution of gene expression profiling to our understanding of breast cancer and its clinical management.
The Anxiety Sensitivity Index—Revised
Authors: Arnau Randolph C. , Broman-Fulks Joshua J. , Green Bradley A. , Berman Mitchell E.
Published: December 2008

The most commonly used measure of anxiety sensitivity is the 36-item Anxiety Sensitivity Index—Revised (ASI-R). Exploratory factor analyses have produced several different factors structures for the ASI-R, but an acceptable fit using confirmatory factor analytic approaches has only been found for a 21-item version of the instrument. We evaluated the fit of all published factor models for the 36- and 21-item ASI-R, modified the hierarchical model using an approach that does not eliminate items, evaluated the invariance of the modified model across Caucasian and African-American subsamples, and compared the reliability and validity of the 36-item and 21-item versions. The 21-item version of the ASI-R fit a four factor model, as did the 36-item version after several meaningful model modifications. The modified 36-item model was replicable in independent cases and its structural properties were generally invariant across race. Scores from the 36-item version exhibited superior reliability and criterion-related validity.
Cognitive-Behavioral Group Treatment for Anxiety Symptoms in Children With High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Reaven Judith A. , Blakeley-Smith Audrey , Nichols Shana , Dasari Meena , Flanigan Erin , Hepburn Susan
Published: December 2008

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are at increased risk for developing anxiety disorders relative to children without ASD and those with other developmental disabilities. Thirty-three children with high-functioning ASD and their parents participated in an original, manualized cognitive behavioral group treatment aimed at reducing severity of anxiety symptoms. Parent-child dyads entered into either an Active Treatment Condition or Wait List Control Condition. Results indicated significant reductions in parent report of anxiety symptoms after the delivery of the group treatment, compared with the Wait List Control Condition. The findings of this study are promising, particularly in light of the high rates of comorbidity between ASD and anxiety. Limitations and recommendations for future research directions are discussed.
Driving a Shopping Cart from STS to Business, and the Other Way Round: On the Introduction of Shopping Carts in American Grocery Stores (1936—1959)
Authors: Cochoy Franck
Published: December 2008

This paper proposes to address the `does STS mean business' debate by telling the weird empirical story of the introduction of shopping carts in American grocery stores from their early beginnings in 1936 to their ubiquitous presence by the end of the 1950s, based on a systematic reading of the trade journal Progressive Grocer over the period. Through this story, the author intends to show that `business studies' may benefit from an STS-derived symmetrical look at market actors and their objects based on an `archaeology of present times'. In stressing the ambiguities of the case, he also argues that STS should study contemporary flexible forms of organizing.
STS in Management Education: Connecting Theory and Practice
Authors: Hitchin Linda , Maksymiw Wolodymyr
Published: December 2008

This paper explores the value of science and technology studies (STS) to management education. The work draws on an ethnographic study of second year management undergraduates studying decision making. The nature and delivery of the decision making module is outlined and the value of STS is demonstrated in terms of both teaching method and module content. Three particular STS contributions are identified and described: the social construction of technological systems; actor network theory and ontological politics. Affordances and sensibilities are identified for each contribution and a discussion is developed that illustrates how these versions of STS are put to use in management education. It is concluded that STS has a pivotal role to play in critical management education and in the process offers opportunities for new forms of managing.
Engaging Boundary Objects in OMS and STS? Exploring the Subtleties of Layered Engagement
Authors: Zeiss Ragna , Groenewegen Peter
Published: December 2008

This paper considers STS aspirations to engage with the field of Organization and Management Studies (OMS). It does so by investigating the employability of the concept of boundary object in OMS. Through an extensive literature review, the paper shows that rather than a simple engagement between STS and OMS the relation between the two consists of multi-layered (non-)engagements. The paper shows that the `successful' uptake of and the active engagement with the concept of boundary object in OMS cannot simply be regarded as a (successful) engagement of STS with OMS. The situated and contingent character of what counts as successful engagement explains the tensions that arise when a concept is taken up in a new field.
Science as a Vacation: Deficits, Surfeits, PUSS, and Doing Your Own Job
Authors: Lynch Michael
Published: December 2008

This paper half-seriously considers a negative answer to the thematic question of whether science and technology studies (STS) `means business'. The question addresses whether or not STS research can be translated, applied, or otherwise made useful. It is easy enough to affirm that such research can be translated, or as I would prefer to say accommodated, to various local organizational environments, but this begs questions about just what is translated, for what purpose, and for whom. Is the resulting knowledge indicative of STS or something else? Problems associated with efforts to engage with institutions whose members have their own epistemic agendas and conceptions of what STS has to offer them, suggest that STS might aim for something other than the serious job of doing business, and that research in this field requires leisure from both the workaday world of the university and the organizational work that STS scholars study.
A Cautionary Tale About Cautionary Tales About Intervention
Authors: Cole Simon A.
Published: December 2008

Expressions of discomfort or concern with interventions by radical social science movements, such as Critical Management Studies (CMS) or Science and Technology Studies (STS) in public controversies have rested heavily on two concerns: first, that radical social science is not useful to institutions like business and, second, that, in order to make themselves useful such interventions must compromise the radicalism of the social science program. A third concern has been that intervention is not the job of the social scientist. Recently, my and others' interpretations of my own intervention in law in one case have become something of an object lesson in the perils and pitfalls posed by legal interventions by STS scholars. This paper presents a more optimistic interpretation of my intervention experiences in fingerprint cases based on a broader array of experience than that single case. I suggest, first, that we may need to think more carefully about how to measure the utility of critical social science interventions. Second, I suggest that there may be cases in which building alliances with mainstream scientific institutions may not necessarily constitute a failure of radicalism. I conclude by suggesting that the evaluation of expert knowledge is the job of STS, if it `means business'.
Monitoring ``De Novo'' APP Synthesis by Taking Advantage of the Reversible Effect of Cycloheximide
Authors: Rebelo Sandra , Vieira Sandra Isabel , da Cruz e Silva Edgar F. , da Cruz e Silva Odete A. B.
Published: December 2008

By blocking ``de novo'' protein synthesis using cycloheximide, we previously described a dynamic model system to monitor turnover of a specific population of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein. Here we show that cycloheximide is nontoxic and its effect is reversible, allowing protein synthesis to reinitiate. Upon cycloheximide removal protein synthesis restarted and by 1 hour the amyloid precursor protein— green fluorescent protein could be clearly detected, permitting the monitoring of amyloid precursor protein anterograde transport, particularly the secretory pathway. The consensus NPTY motif in amyloid precursor protein, typically associated with endocytosis, was mutated to NPTF or NPTE to mimic a constitutively dephosphorylated or phosphorylated residue, respectively. Our data reveal that disruption of this motif affects amyloid precursor protein endocytosis, as shown previously, but also its incorporation into trans-Golgi network budding vesicles. Thus, cycloheximide can be a useful tool to study both anterograde and retrograde ``in vivo'' protein transport.