bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Preparative Method of Aryl Tosylates by Using Organobismuth Reagents
Authors: Sakurai Naoto , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: June 2007

A new method for the preparation of aryl tosylates by using pentavalent bismuth is described. Treatment of 10-arylphenothiabismine 5,5-dioxides, m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate in dichloromethane affords aryl tosylates in good to high yields.
Fabrication of a Novel Photoelectric Conversion Device Consisting of a Poly-3-dodecylthiophene Film and C60 Fullerene–Ethylenediamine Nanoparticles
Authors: Matsuoka Ken-ichi , Seo Hidetaka , Akiyama Tsuyoshi , Yamada Sunao
Published: June 2007

A novel photoelectric conversion device was fabricated by using poly-3-dodecylthiophene film and nanoparticles consisting of C60 fullerene and ethylenediamine on a transparent electrode. Incorporation of the nanoparticles substantially enhanced the photocurrent from the polythiophene film.
Metathesis Reaction between Hydroxo(tetraphenylporphinato)indium and Tetraphenylborate by Two-phase Reaction: Implication to Liquid Membrane Anion Selective Electrode
Authors: Baba Toshiyuki , Kanegawa Yoshio , Yasui Takashi , Takada Kazutake , Yuchi Akio
Published: June 2007

The two-phase reaction of [In(OH)(tpp)] (tpp2−: tetraphenylporphine) with sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate (NaTFPB) gave ion-pairs of a cationic dimer, [In2(OH)(tpp)2]TFPB, and a cationic monomer, [In(tpp)]TFPB. In contrast, a stoichiometric metathesis was observed by the two-phase reaction with sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) giving [In(Ph)(tpp)] and PhB(OH)2.
A Survey of Disease in Laboratory Animals
Authors: Seamer John , Chesterman F. C.
Published: June 2007

Summary

A questionnaire on disease in laboratory animals was sent to 46 research establishments. Forty questionnaires were returned which gave data on 3 055 448 animals of more than 20 species bred or purchased throughout a period of one year. These included 2 259 044 mice, 512 930 rats, 161 620 guinea-pigs and 35 723 rabbits. Replies from 18 laboratories stated that some specified-pathogen-free animals were kept. In the more commonly used species the average mortality due to spontaneous disease before use was usually greater than 10 per cent: most of the deaths occurred in un-weaned animals. Although the data returned in the questionnaires were insufficient to permit an assessment of the overall incidence of diseases on a quantitative basis, figures from individual laboratories indicated that certain diseases were widespread.
Circadian Rhythms in The Feeding Behaviour Of Laboratory Monkeys
Authors: Rohles Frederick H.
Published: June 2007

Summary

Two rhesus monkeys were trained on a lever-pressing task (35 lever presses for one pellet of food) and placed into isolation. Water was available ad lib. and the animals could 'work' for food at anytime they chose. Both animals exhibited a single major feeding period which repeated itself approximately every twenty-four hours, and while their individual performance curves were almost identical, their peaks were three hours apart.
Control of Acute Bordetella Bronchiseptica Pneumonia in A Guinea-Pig Colony
Authors: Woode G. N. , Mcleod N.
Published: June 2007

Summary

An outbreak of pneumonia associated with Bordetella bronchiseptica in a breeding colony of guinea-pigs was studied. Infected animals were identified by the use of nasal swabbing and necropsy examination, and measures were taken to control the disease and establish a colony free of this pathogen.
The Control of Disease in A Closed CAT Breeding Colony
Authors: Rutty D. A. , Smith G. K. A.
Published: June 2007

Summary

The disease problems encountered in an established cat breeding colony are described. The treatments, hygienic measures, vaccination procedures employed, and the change over from continuous to seasonal breeding are discussed. An improved production of animals resulted.
Skin Grafting and The Homogeneity of Inbred Mouse Strains
Authors: Brown Annie M. , Dinsley Marjorie
Published: June 2007

Summary

The results of the routine skin grafting on mice from fifteen inbred strains have been collated and examined. It has been shown that when strains are maintained on a modification of the single line breeding system there is an overall frequency of only two per cent of graft rejections with at least six generations between donor and recipient mice. Successful grafts are usually obtained even when donor and recipient mice are separated by as many as fourteen generations. It is suggested that mice not more than two generations from their common ancestor should be used for large scale skin grafting experiments because of the unsuccessful skin transfer between some mice more distantly related. With some mouse strains difficulty of graft healing is apparent, and it has been shown that these results point to a valid difference between the C57 and A strains.
The Cost of Building and Running Laboratory Animal Units
Authors: Walker A. J. T. , Stevenson D. E.
Published: June 2007

Summary

The general principles determining the capital and recurrent costs of laboratory animal units are considered in relation to a specified-pathogenfree rat and mouse breeding unit recently established at our laboratory. The steps taken to increase efficiency and reduce costs are also discussed.
A ventilation barrier to the spread of infection in laboratory animal colonies
Authors: Lane-Petter W.
Published: June 2007

Airborne dust particles are an important vehicle for potentially pathogenic micro-organisms, which may thus spread from cage to cage. The dust itself may also be irritant to the respiratory tract, and produce a condition favouring the establishment of respiratory disease.

A method has been devised of ventilating each cage in an animal room with a constant stream of air that is virtually free of particles, whether from another cage or from any other source. This method entails the use of a filter rack, which is simple and inexpensive, and so far appears to afford considerable protection. In effect, it places an air barrier round each cage.

The complex aetiology of respiratory disease in the rat and the relevance of a filter rack to its control are discussed. The essential features of the design of a filter rack are given.
A successful medium for maintaining earthworms
Authors: Cooper Edwin L. , Beller James , Hayes Stephen
Published: June 2007

Several different culture media were tested for their effect on weight and viability of earthworms ( Lumbricus terrestris). A medium containing pulverized newspaper, pelletted rabbit food, walnut meal, peanut oil, topsoil and coffee grounds supported life and growth for 62 weeks, and improved the condition of degenerated worms.
The management and breeding of some more hystricomorph rodents
Authors: Weir Barbara J.
Published: June 2007

The caging, feeding and handling in our laboratory of 4 unusual hystricomorph rodents are described. These animals are: the wild guinea-pigs, or cuis ( Cavia aperea and Galea musteloides), the degu ( Octodon degus), and the plains viscacha ( Lagostomus maximus). The species were obtained for investigation of their reproduction and some details of this are given.
Sensitivity of different thromboplastin reagents to factor VII deficiency in the blood of beagle dogs
Authors: Hall D. E.
Published: June 2007

Differences in prothrombin time using various sources of tissue extract have been investigated in normal and factor VII-deficient beagles homozygous for the defect. All the tissue extracts tested gave a prolonged prothrombin time with factor VII-deficient plasma but the degree of difference from normal varied according to the source of the extract. Recommendations are made for screening dogs for the defect.
The establishment of a breeding nucleus of category 4 Dutch rabbits
Authors: Eveleigh J. R. , Pease Shirley S.
Published: June 2007

A method is described for establishing a breeding nucleus of Category 4 Dutch rabbits. The problems of hand-rearing, causes of mortality and the failure of the does to lactate normally are discussed.
Bulbourethral gland infections in mice associated with Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Needham J. R. , Cooper J. E.
Published: June 2007

Bulbourethral gland abscesses affected mice in the barrier-maintained breeding unit. Culture of pus from 42 cases yielded Staphylococcus aureus.
Enteritis in a conventional rabbit colony
Authors: Kruijt B. C.
Published: June 2007

Necrotic typhlitis, often accompanied with necrotic liver foci, was frequently observed in a conventional rabbit colony during the years 1965-1969. Although different serotypes of Escherichia coli could be cultured from the diseased caeca, many cases occurred from which no Escherichia coli could be isolated. Assuming that the disease might be bacteriological in origin, tetracycline was administered, and mortality decreased. The prevalence of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli strains makes application of an alternative therapy desirable.
The Mental Capacity Act 2005 and advance decisions
Authors: Johnston Carolyn
Published: June 2007

This article considers the provisions of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 in respect of advance decisions. It considers the new statutory regulation of advance directives (termed 'advance decisions' in the Act) and the formalities necessary to effect an advance decision purporting to refuse life-sustaining treatment. The validity and applicability of advance decisions is discussed with analogy to case law and the clinician's reasonable belief in following an advance decision is considered. The article assesses the new personal welfare Lasting Powers of Attorney, the situation where an attorney purports to refuse life-sustaining treatment on behalf of the donor, and the contrast between best interests and substituted judgment.
Reforming the ethical review system: balancing the rights and interests of research participants with the duty to facilitate good research
Authors: Cave E , Nichols C
Published: June 2007

Researchers have frequently complained that the NHS ethical review system stifles good research. At last measures are being put in place to address this criticism, but will they undermine the protection of research participants? The Declaration of Helsinki recognizes that medicine will not progress without good quality research, but also demands that the well-being of research participants takes precedence over the interests of science and society. This article examines the implications of the ongoing reform of the NHS research ethics review system for researchers, ethics committees and research participants.
Green Power for a Sustainable Future
Authors: Balat Havva
Published: June 2007

Renewable energies are considered as an essential element of any strategy for sustainable energy development. The poor in the developing world without access to modern energies are regarded as a major market for renewable energies. Renewable energies are expected to play a major role in the global future energy provision. There has been interest in electricity from renewable sources named green electricity or green pool as a special market. The term green energy is also used for green energy produced from cogeneration, energy from municipal waste, natural gas, and even conventional energy sources. Green power refers to electricity supplied from more readily renewable energy sources than traditional electrical power sources. The environmental advantages of the production and use of green electricity seem to be clear. Renewable energy sources are the third largest contributor to global electricity generation. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the contribution of renewable sources to global electricity demand and future prospects of green electricity generation., Energy, renewable sources, green electricity, generation, capacity, future prospects
Energetic Analyses of the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) System
Authors: Balli Ozgur , Aras Haydar
Published: June 2007

This study deals with the energetic analysis of a combined heat and power (CHP) system installed in Eskisehir City of Turkey. The mass and energy balance relations are derived and applied to the components of CHP system and overall CHP system. The performance characteristics of this CHP system are evaluated in terms of energetic aspects. Considering total output energy, the total energy efficiencies (electrical and thermal) of gas turbine cycle, heat recovery steam generator(HRSG), steam cycle and CHP system are 95.3 %, 83.56 %, 76.7 % and 79.3 %, respectively. Based on total useful energy output (excepting the stack gas, waste boiler loss, condenser line, medium pressure steam collector energies), the total useful energy efficiencies of gas turbine cycle, HRSG, steam cycle and CHP system are 82.3 %, 65.2 %, 18.5 % and 40.02 %, respectively.
Design of Footbridges
Authors: Schlaich Mike
Published: June 2007

Guidelines for the design of footbridges is the title of a fib-report that was just published in December 2005. This paper highlights some of the aspects that are treated in the guidelines and elaborates on the conceptual design of footbridges using three examples.
The Footbridge over the River Adige at Legnago in Italy Part 1: The Role of Modal Analysis in Design
Authors: Bullo Sandra , Marco Roberto Di , Siviero Enzo
Published: June 2007

Weight reduction, achieved through the use of materials with high mechanical strength and, in terms of shape, by adopting visually light structures, gave rise to the design of constructions with low self-weight, which were therefore sensitive to the effects of live loads.

This sensitivity is particularly acute in the case of footbridges, where pedestrian traffic translates into dynamic forces that can lead to resonance, since pacing frequencies would be similar to the natural frequencies of the structure itself. In general, the problem is one of serviceability.

The footbridge over the River Adige at Legnago (Northern Italy), designed by some of the authors(1) of this paper, showed a marked sensitivity to repeated horizontal forces that tended to cause transversal and torsional vibration around its longitudinal axis.

This paper examines how an analysis of Natural Frequencies (NF) and modal response revealed the excessive deformability of the piers to be the key reason for the structure to behave in this way. As a result, a design solution was adopted that involved a more sound connection between the heads of the new and existing piers.

In regard to the serviceability behaviour with respect to vibrations caused by human-induced dynamic loads, the NF analysis showed that the added links improved the behaviour of the structure. However, some natural frequencies remained close to the range of typical human pacing frequencies (walking, running or jumping). A dynamic analysis was therefore performed, the results of which are presented in the second part of the work - with the aim of ensuring that comfort conditions are verified.

Finally, the experimental frequency determination enabled the design solution to be checked, demonstrating the excellent ability of the Finite Element Model used to predict dynamic structural behaviour.
Experimental Study of the Spectral Properties of Near-Field and Far-Field Jet Noise
Authors: Bogey Christophe , Barré Sébastien , Fleury Vincent , Bailly Christophe , Juvé Daniel
Published: June 2007

The near and far pressure fields generated by round, isothermal and cold jets of diameter D = 38 mm with Mach numbers varying over the range 0.6 ≤ M j ≤ 1.6 are investigated experimentally, and characterized in terms of sound spectra and levels. Properties of near-field jet noise, obtained in particular at 7.5 diameters from the jet centerline, are documented. They differ appreciably from properties of far-field noise, and form a database that can be used for the validation of the acoustic fields determined by compressible Navier-Stokes computations. The near pressure fields originating from simulations can thus be directly compared, without resorting to extrapolation methods which might lead to uncertainties in the far pressure fields. In the present paper, sound source localizations are also carried out from the near-field pressure signals. The experiments provide in addition far-field results evaluated at 52 diameters from the nozzle exit, in good agreement with the data of the literature. The classical dependence of jet noise features with the emission angle is observed. The level and frequency scalings of the pressure spectra obtained for subsonic jets in the sideline and downstream directions are also studied. For small radiation angles, the narrow-banded sound spectra measured are found to scale as the Strouhal number, whereas, as previously noted by Zaman & Yu [1], the one-third octave spectra seem to scale as the Helmholtz number.
Incentives to Cheat: The Influence of Executive Compensation and Firm Performance on Financial Misrepresentation
Authors: Harris Jared , Bromiley Philip
Published: June 2007

Despite the many undesirable outcomes of corporate misconduct, scholars have an inadequate understanding of corporate misconduct’s causes and mechanisms. We extend the behavioral theory of the firm, which traditionally assumes away the possibility of firm impropriety, to develop hypotheses predicting that top management incentive compensation and poor organizational performance relative to aspirations increase the likelihood of financial misrepresentation. Using a sample of financial restatements prompted by accounting irregularities and identified by the U.S. Government Accountability Office, we find empirical support for both incentive and relative performance influences on financial statement misrepresentation.
What Competition? Myopic Self-Focus in Market-Entry Decisions
Authors: Moore Don A. , Oesch John M. , Zietsma Charlene
Published: June 2007

This paper documents egocentric biases in market-entry decisions. We demonstrate self-focused explanations for entry decisions made by three groups of participants: actual entrepreneurs (founders), working professionals who considered starting their own firms but did not (nonfounders), and participants in a market-entry experiment. Potential entrants based their decision to enter primarily on evaluations of their own competence (or incompetence) and paid relatively little attention to the strength of the competition. Our results suggest that excess entrepreneurial entry is more complicated than simple overconfidence, and can help explain notable patterns in entrepreneurial entry.
A Behavioral Resource-Based View of the Firm: The Synergy of Cyert and March (1963) and Penrose (1959)
Authors: Pitelis Christos N.
Published: June 2007

Cyert and March’s (1963) seminal behavioral theory is one of the two major economics-based theories of the firm that goes inside the “black box” (the firm)—the other being the contribution of Edith Penrose. The two theories have differences, but also similarities, and substantial scope for cross-fertilization that has gone unnoticed in the literature. In this paper, we try to integrate important ideas from both books, paying particular attention to the issue of “excess resources,” slack, and (intrafirm) conflict. We then build on the integrated framework by delving into the nature of intrafirm conflict and its relationship to the degree of intrafirm rivalry, as they may impact the possible use of slack by firms. We derive propositions common to the two theories and new ones of importance to our understanding of organizational growth and change.
The Inherent Limits of Organizational Structure and the Unfulfilled Role of Hierarchy: Lessons from a Near-War
Authors: Jacobides Michael G.
Published: June 2007

This paper examines how Greece nearly went to war with Turkey in 1996 over the uninhabited islets of Imia, to the detriment of the Greek decision makers involved. This escalation was driven by fragmented, piecemeal reactions resulting from the organizational structure of the Greek administration, which shaped identities, defined repertoires of action, sustained routines, and filtered and interpreted information. The division of labor inevitably imposed local responses that were not well calibrated. More importantly, the escalation was driven by a lack of hierarchical intervention, which was due to the conditions at the time. Drawing on this case as a natural experiment, the paper highlights the threefold role of hierarchy, which consists of devising means to structure attention and identify how problems are perceived and responded to; control and rein in routinized responses through exception management in the realm of actions; and helping to reframe problems by performing exception management at the level of cognition. In our case study, the hierarchy failed resulting in the issue being poorly framed, responses being local and disaggregated, and each partial reaction worsening the problem, leading to an escalation. This paper articulates a potential raison d’être for hierarchy, and considers the conditions that allow it to play its role to the full. Moving beyond the specifics of the case, the paper extends Cyert and March’s work by considering the role of organizational structure and hierarchy in shaping search behavior and defining how problems are framed, and by providing a dynamic conception of organizational design. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
On the Origin of Strategy: Action and Cognition over Time
Authors: Gavetti Giovanni , Rivkin Jan W.
Published: June 2007

We develop a perspective on how managers search for a strategy. In the spirit of Cyert and March (1963), we aim for a perspective that reflects the reality of managerial behavior, that respects both the reasoning power of managers and the bounds on their rationality, and that permits organizations to change but within realistic limits. Our perspective employs the variable time to frame the question of strategy’s origins in a distinctive way. Over time, the cognitive and physical elements that make up a strategy become less plastic, while mechanisms to search rationally for a strategy become more available. This generates a fundamental tension in the origin of strategy: Managers struggle to understand their environment well enough to search rationally for an effective strategy before their firms lose the plasticity necessary to exploit that understanding. A focus on time allows us to synthesize and extend the evolutionary and positioning models of strategic search. Toward this end, we couple induction and deduction. The inductive part of the paper uses detailed observation of the search for a strategy at one firm to identify constructs that play a crucial role in strategic search. The deductive part steps beyond our focal firm and uses these constructs to derive theoretical propositions about the typical path of strategic search and the mortality associated with different approaches to search.
Livesonline
Authors: Craig Tina
Published: June 2007

The Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons, originally known as Plarr's Lives, now consists of nine printed volumes and the entries for what would be volume 10 (those fellows who died after 2002), which are now available on the website at http://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/browse.htm as soon as they are written and edited. Copies of all nine volumes are still available at greatly reduced prices and the order form is available at http://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library/ livesfello ws. html.
The Park - Parker Cup 3 February 2007
Authors: Rosin David
Published: June 2007

The fifth annual rugby match played between the colleges was held on yet another beautiful English winter's global warming day with not a cloud in the sky. Once again, it was held at London Welsh RFC on the opening day of the RBS Six Nations Championships.
Equi-isoclinic planes in Euclidean even dimensional spaces
Authors: Et-Taoui Boumediene
Published: June 2007

Let

. A p-set of equi-isoclinic planes with parameter λ in

is a set of p planes spanning

each pair of which has the same non-zero angle arccos

. We prove that the maximum number of equi-isoclinic planes in

is nine and that if λ > ¼, the maximum number of equi-isoclinic planes in

with parameter λ is equal to that one of equiangular lines in

with angle arccos

.
Special curves defined over a finite field: plane models and gonality
Authors: Ballico Edoardo
Published: June 2007

Here we construct smooth curves X of genus g defined over

and with prescribed geometrical properties: a suitable plane model or a degree k morphism

defined over

and with a fiber formed by k elements of

.
Hidden parameters in the plasma deposition of microcrystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: van den Donker M.N. , Rech B. , Schmitz R. , Klomfass J. , Dingemans G. , Finger F. , Houben L. , Kessels W.M.M. , van de Sanden M.C.M.
Published: June 2007

The effect of process parameters on the plasma deposition of μc-Si:H solar cells is reviewed in this article. Several in situ diagnostics are presented, which can be used to study the process stability as an additional parameter in the deposition process. The diagnostics were used to investigate the stability of the substrate temperature during deposition at elevated power and the gas composition during deposition at decreased hydrogen dilution. Based on these investigations, an updated view on the role of the process parameters of plasma power, heater temperature, total gas flow rate, and hydrogen dilution is presented.
Effect of Zn on the intermetallics formation and reliability of Sn-3.5Ag solder on a Cu pad
Authors: Jee Y.K. , Ko Y.H. , Yu Jin
Published: June 2007

Varying amounts of Zn (1, 3, and 7 wt%) were added to Sn–3.5Ag solder on a Cu pad, and the resultant solder joint microstructures after a reflow and isothermal aging (150 °C, up to 500 h) were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray, and x-ray diffraction, which were subsequently correlated to the results of microhardness and drop tests. Zinc was effective in improving the drop resistance of Sn–3.5Ag solder on the Cu pad, and an addition of 3 wt% Zn nearly doubled the number of drops-to-failure (Nf). The beneficial role of Zn was ascribed to suppression of Cu6Sn5and precipitation of Zn-containing intermetallic compounds (IMCs). However, the Zn effect was reduced as Cu6Sn5and Ag3Sn precipitated in a joint IMC layer after prolonged aging. The interface between Ag5Zn8and Cu5Zn8was resistant to drop impact, but two other layered IMC structures of Cu6Sn5/Cu3Sn and Cu5Zn8/Cu6Sn5were not.
Devitrification and dielectric properties of (Na2O,BaO)–Nb2O5–SiO2 and (K2O,SrO)–Nb2O5–SiO2 glass–ceramics
Authors: Peng Fei , Speyer Robert F. , Hackenberger Wesley
Published: June 2007

(Na2O,BaO)–Nb2O5–SiO2 and (K2O,SrO)–Nb2O5–SiO2 glass ribbons with varying proportions of alkali and alkaline earth were formed using roller quenching. (Na2O,BaO)–Nb2O5–SiO2 glasses of compositions devitrified to form Ba2NaNb5O15 (in the form of ∼80 nm crystallites in an amorphous matrix) yielded frequency-stable dielectric constants of ∼250 and losses of ∼0.05. Such low losses and frequency stabilities were also observed from (K2O,SrO)–Nb2O5–SiO2 glasses of compositions forming predominantly KSr2Nb5O6 (∼30 nm crystals), yielding dielectric constants of ∼400. Both optimized compositions showed moderate decreases in dielectric constant with increasing temperature.
Degradation susceptibility of surgical magnesium alloy in artificial biological fluid containing albumin
Authors: Liu Chenglong , Xin Yunchang , Tian Xiubo , Chu Paul K.
Published: June 2007

The objective of this study is to investigate the corrosion susceptibility of surgical AZ91 magnesium alloys in simulated body fluids (SBFs) consisting of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and acidic SBFs (pH 5) using electrochemical methods. The addition of BSA significantly moves the open-circuit potential toward a more positive value and suppresses the corrosion reaction. The corrosion resistance under the open-circuit conditions in the SBFs with 1 g/L BSA is approximately twice that in the SBFs. A higher BSA concentration decreases the corrosion susceptibility. In addition, the acidic SBF results in a higher alloy dissolution rate. The possible mechanisms are discussed.
Oxygen-induced amorphization of metallic titanium by ball milling
Authors: Li Y.Y. , Yang C. , Chen W.P. , Li X.Q. , Zhu M.
Published: June 2007

Amorphization of metallic titanium by ball milling was presented. With the introduction of continuous pickup of impurities, hexagonally close-packed (hcp) titanium transformed gradually into an amorphous phase without experiencing any intermediate stage of forming a detectable metastable compound phase. The crystallization temperature of the obtained Ti metal glassy phase is about 640 K. The total concentration of the impurities (oxygen, nitrogen, iron, etc.) in the final product of the milled powders that was obtained after 60 h of milling was 10.85 at.%. The amorphization of metallic titanium may account for the combined effects of the pickup oxygen impurity in small amount and the Gibbs–Thompson effect.
Thermoelectricity of Al-doped ZnO at different carrier concentrations
Authors: Kinemuchi Yoshiaki , Ito Chihiro , Kaga Hisashi , Aoki Tomohiro , Watari Koji
Published: June 2007

Optimization of the carrier concentration is a key to improve the power factor of thermoelectricity. The carrier concentration of sintered zinc oxides was primarily controlled by impurity doping of aluminum and secondarily adjusted by defect concentration by varying the oxygen partial pressure in the range of 101 to 104 Pa. The resultant carrier concentration measured at room temperature ranged from 1 to 1.8 × 1020 cm−3, which drastically modified the thermoelectricity. The Jonker plot of the measured Seebeck coefficient and conductivity revealed deviation of the slope from k/e (where k is the Boltzmann constant and e is the elemental electric charge), which was attributed to a mobility variation with respect to the carrier concentration. The approach to estimating the optimum conductivity taking into account mobility variation is discussed. Finally, the optimum conductivity is estimated to be 1800 to 2000 S/cm for high-temperature operation (500 to 800 °C).
Wüstite nanocrystals: Synthesis, structure and superlattice formation
Authors: Yin Ming , Chen Zhuoying , Deegan Brian , O’Brien Stephen
Published: June 2007

Monodisperse ligand-capped cubic wüstite FexO nanocrystals were prepared by a novel thermal decomposition method of iron (II) acetate in the presence of oleic acid as the surfactant. Controlled size distributions of cubic nanoparticles possessing the rock salt crystal structure were isolated in the range 10–18 nm. The influence of molar ratio of surfactant to precursor was investigated to understand size control and monodispersity. Using inexpensive, nontoxic metal salts as reactants, we were able to synthesize gram-scale quantities of relatively monodisperse nanocrystals in a single reaction, without further size selection, characterized by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The procedure enables the collection of samples of uniform size as a function of time, thus permitting a preliminary solid-state kinetic analysis of the reaction as a function of increasing particle size. Following controlled evaporation from nonpolar solvents, self-assembly into two-dimensional arrays, three-dimensional single-component superlattices, and binary superlattices with gold nanoparticles were observed and characterized.
Mechanical behavior assessment of sucrose using nanoindentation
Authors: Ramos K.J. , Bahr D.F.
Published: June 2007

An experimental study of the elastic and plastic properties of sucrose single crystals, which can be considered to be a model material for both pharmaceutical excipients and explosives, has been carried out using nanoindentation. Instrumented indentation was used to characterize the properties of both habit and cleavage planes on the (100) and (001) orientations; the elastic modulus on the (100) is 38 GPa, while the modulus on the (001) is 33 GPa. The hardness of sucrose is approximately 1.5 GPa. Nanoindentation enables assessment of the onset of plastic deformation on cleaved surfaces, and a maximum shear stress of 1 GPa can be supported prior to plastic deformation. The deformation in this material is crystallographically dependent, with pileup around residual indentation impressions showing evidence of preferential slip system activity.
Layered intermetallic compounds and stress evolution in Sn and Ni(P) films
Authors: Song Jae Yong
Published: June 2007

In situ measurements of stresses due to the phase transformation in Sn and Ni(P) films were analyzed relating to the formation of layered intermetallic compounds such as Ni3Sn4, Ni3Sn2, Ni3P, and the crystallization of Ni(P) films. When Sn/Ni(11.7P) films were heated up to 480 °C, the first tensile stress developed due to formation of Ni3Sn4 and Ni3P around 220 °C, and the second one appeared at 335 °C due to formation of Ni3Sn2 as well as the self-crystallization of Ni(11.7P). For Sn/Ni(3P), a tensile stress developed mildly with the temperature between 300 and 410 °C due to formation of Ni3Sn2 and precipitation of Ni3P. The onset temperatures of self-crystallization of Ni(P) and Ni3P precipitation decreased due to the Ni–Sn reaction.
Structural, photocatalytic, and photophysical properties of perovskite MSnO3 (M = Ca, Sr, and Ba) photocatalysts
Authors: Zhang Weifeng , Tang Junwang , Ye Jinhua
Published: June 2007

The photophysical properties of MSnO3 (M = Ca, Sr, and Ba) including optical absorption, photoluminescence, and energy band structure including band edge positions were investigated experimentally and theoretically in association with their photocatalytic properties. Photocatalytic reactions for H2 and O2 evolution in the case of sacrificial reagents were performed under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. The order of the activities of H2 evolution was CaSnO3 > SrSnO3 > BaSnO3, agreeing not only with that of the conduction-band edges (or band gaps) but also with that of the transferred excitation energy, while that of O2 evolution was CaSnO3 < SrSnO3 < BaSnO3, consistent with that of the angle of the Sn–O–Sn bonds as well as the delocalization of excited energy. When loaded with RuO2 cocatalyst, both CaSnO3 and SrSnO3 can efficiently split pure water into hydrogen and oxygen in a stoichiometric ratio under UV light irradiation. In addition, RuO2-loaded SrSnO3 showed higher water splitting activity than RuO2-loaded CaSnO3 did. This is attributed to the suitable conduction and valence band edges and to high mobility of the photogenerated charge carriers caused by the proper distortion of SnO6 connection in SrSnO3. The RuO2-loaded BaSnO3 photocatalyst cannot split pure water, which might be because of a high concentration of defect centers such as Sn2+ ions and the probability of radiative recombination in BaSnO3.
Nighttime Lighting and Feeding in Ponds Enhance Survival of Fingerling Walleyes during Habituation to Manufactured Feed
Authors: Harder Thomas M , Gotsch Gordon G
Published: June 2007

Our objective was to determine whether survival of fingerling walleyes Sander vitreus during the habituation interval in indoor tanks could be improved by means of night lights alone or by supplemental feeding near lights during the last half of the pond culture interval. At 17 d posthatch, walleye fry in one pond were exposed to 8 h of artificial lighting and were given supplemental formulated feed (L/F); another pond was exposed to 8 h of artificial lighting and no supplemental feeding (L/NF); and a third pond received neither artificial lighting nor supplemental feeding (NL/NF). After 44 d of pond culture, fish from the L/F pond were longer (mean ± SE = 40.3 ± 0.3 mm) and heavier (0.45 ± 0.003 g) than fish harvested from the L/NF pond (36.50 ± 0.29 mm; 0.35 ± 0.006 g) or the NL/NF pond (30.70 ± 0.17 mm; 0.25 ± 0.003 g). At harvest, nearly 85% of fish sampled from the L/F pond had lengths of 35–45 mm, whereas less than 5% of fish from the NL/NF pond were in this length-group. After the pond phase, survival during the 30-d tank habituation interval (used to wean the fish to formulated feed) differed among the three treatments; survival was 68.0 ± 1.3% for the L/F pond, 51.0 ± 3.8% for the L/NF pond, and 40.0 ± 3.8% for the NL/NF pond. At the end of the habituation interval, there was no difference in mean length (69.8–73.7 mm) or weight (3.0–3.5 g) among treatments. Mortality that was unaccounted for during the habituation interval—considered to be a measure of cannibalism—was not different among treatments. These results indicate that pond lighting, when combined with supplemental feeding or when used alone, can enhance growth of walleyes during the pond culture interval and can increase survival during tank habituation.
Effects of Different Types of Dietary Lipids on Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Largemouth Bass
Authors: Tidwell James H , Coyle Shawn , Bright Leigh Anne
Published: June 2007

The effects of feeding diets supplemented with oils of varying sources and fatty acid compositions on growth, survival, and biochemical composition of juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were evaluated under controlled conditions in aquaria for 12 weeks. Feed-trained juvenile largemouth bass (15.7 ± 0.6 g) were stocked into eighteen 114-L glass aquaria at 25 fish/tank and were fed one of five experimental diets (3 replicate aquaria/diet). All diets were formulated to be approximately isocaloric (4,200 kcal gross energy per kilogram) and isonitrogenous (40% crude protein), containing protein primarily from solvent-extracted fish meal and soybean meal. Each diet was supplemented with 5% oil (by weight) using lipids from various sources and with different fatty acid compositions. These included fish oil, corn oil, sunflower oil (high oleic), linseed oil, and a fungal oil (high arachidonic acid). Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation. At the end of the study period, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between treatment groups in terms of survival (98%), weight gain (595%), specific growth rate (2.2% per day), feed conversion ratio (1.5), percent protein deposited (28%), or hepatosomatic index (2.3). Whole-body proximate composition was not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by source of added lipid, but whole-body fatty acid composition showed large differences and primarily reflected the fatty acid compositions of added oils. Largemouth bass may be able to use diets containing vegetable- and animal-source lipids, which are less expensive than the previously recommended fish oil.
Effects of post‐annealing on a‐Si:H TFT characteristics fabricated on stainless‐steel substrate
Authors: Han Chang‐Wook , Kim Chang‐Dong , Chung In‐Jae
Published: June 2007

Abstract— A 14.1‐in.‐diagonal backplane employing hydrogenated amorphous‐silicon thin‐film transistors (a‐Si:H TFTs) was fabricated on a flexible stainless‐steel substrate. The TFTs exhibited a field‐effect mobility of 0.54 cm2/V‐sec, a threshold voltage of 1.0 V, and an off‐current of 10−13 A. Most of the electrical characteristics were comparable to those of the TFTs fabricated on glass substrates. To increase the stability of a‐Si:H TFTs fabricated on stainless‐steel substrate, the specimens were thermally annealed at 230°C. The field‐effect mobility was reduced to 71% of the initial value because of the strain of the released hydrogen atoms and residual compressive stress in a‐Si:H TFT under thermal annealing at 230°C.
Polysilicon TFT technology on flexible metal foil for AMPLED displays
Authors: Chuang Ta‐Ko , Troccoli Matias , Hatalis Miltiadis , Voutsas Apostolos T.
Published: June 2007

Abstract—A top‐emitting 230‐dpi active‐matrix polymer light‐emitting diode (AMPLED) display, having a VGA format and a 3.3‐in.‐diagonal size, on a flexible stainless‐steel‐foil substrate is reported. The active‐matrix array was fabricated with laser‐crystallized polysilicon TFTs at a maximum process temperature of 700°C. The top‐emitting PLED diodes were prepared by spin‐casting organic light‐emitting polymers. This work demonstrates the compatibility of polysilicon‐TFT technology with flexible metal‐foil substrates for active‐matrix organic light‐emitting‐diode (AMOLED) display applications.
Flexible microelectronics becoming a reality with Suftla transfer technology
Authors: Miyasaka Mitsutoshi
Published: June 2007

Abstract— Suftla is a technology that is used to transfer polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) thin‐film‐transistor (TFT) circuits from an original glass substrate to a plastic sheet. The electronic devices in the next generation will be thin, lightweight, and will handle huge amounts of data, yet consume less energy. Suftla technology, together with high‐performance polysilicon TFTs, meets all these requirements because we have developed a variety of smart flexible electronic devices, such as thin paperback‐sized displays and microprocessors. Suftla will usher in a new era of life‐enhancing flexible microelectronics.
Solution‐processed organic TFT array for active‐matrix LCDs on a plastic substrate
Authors: Nomoto Kazumasa , Yoneya Nobuhide , Hirai Nobukazu , Yagi Iwao , Kawashima Noriyuki , Noda Makoto , Kasahara Jiro
Published: June 2007

Abstract— Organic TFTs (OTFTs) have been developed with a novel solution‐processed gate insulator of poly(4‐vinylphenol) (PVP) with the addition of octadecyltrichloro‐silane (OTS) and a solution‐processed organo‐silver electrode/wire to improve the performance of an OTFT and to maked high‐throughput‐manufacturing process possible. Solution‐processed PVP has also employed for a buffer layer on a plastic substrate. The OTFT backplane with these solution‐based organic‐material technologies has been successfully applied to drive a 2.5‐in. QQVGA (160 × 120 pixels) AMLCD with a resolution of 79 dpi.
Flexible color LCD panel driven by low‐voltage‐operation organic TFT
Authors: Fujisaki Yoshihide , Sato Hiroto , Yamamoto Toshihiro , Fujikake Hideo , Tokito Shizuo , Kurita Taiichiro
Published: June 2007

Abstract— A flexible color LCD panel driven by organic TFTs (OTFTs) was successfully demonstrated. A pentacene OTFT with an anodized Ta2O5 gate insulator, which can be operated at low voltage, was developed. In order to improve the electrical performance of the OTFT, the gate insulator was surface treated by processes such as O2 plasma, UV light irradiation, and hexamethyldisilane treatments. The fabricated OTFT exhibited a mobility of 0.3 cm2/V‐sec and a current on/off ratio of 107 with a low operating drain voltage of −5 V. A fast‐response‐time flexible ferroelectric LCD, which contains polymer networks and walls, was integrated with the OTFTs by using a lamination and a printing technique. As a result, color images were achieved on the fabricated panel by using a field‐sequential‐color method at a low driving voltage of less than 15 Vpp.
Confined‐error‐diffusion algorithm for flat‐panel display
Authors: Lee Jun‐Hak , Horiuchi Takahiko , Saito Ryoichi
Published: June 2007

Abstract— The reduction of a structural pattern at specific gray levels caused by digital halftone methods is the subject of this paper. This problem is more severe in some flat‐panel displays because their black levels typically are brighter than other display blocks. A patented halftone algorithm, confined error diffusion (CED), that confines the error‐carry within the dither mask is described and extended. First, the CED algorithm that dynamically applies random error diffusion or the ordered‐dither method, depending upon image content, is described in detail. Finally, we propose an advanced CED algorithm for improving the gradation characteristics of the CED algorithm. The performance of the proposed algorithms is compared to the experimental results for natural test images. In order to verify the halftone quality, a structural similarity measure for color images by taking into account the interrelation between color channels is proposed, and the results based on the proposed method, the color similarity measure method, is given.
Gradually tapered light pipes for illumination of LED projectors
Authors: Murat Hüseyin , Gielen An , De Smet Herbert
Published: June 2007

Abstract— LEDs are totally different from classical light sources: they have a different shape, radiation pattern, driving requirements, etc. Therefore, the illumination engine, which determines the brightness and uniformity of the system, has to be redesigned for LED‐based projectors. A compact illumination system based on gradually tapered light pipes (GTLP) will be presented. The GTLP collects, reshapes, and uniformizes the light flux from the LED to illuminate the light‐valve uniformly. The design and the simulations have been completed. The result is a uniformly illuminated rectangular beam at the end of the pipe with an efficiency of 81.1%. Afterwards, the light pipe was fabricated, and the experimentally measured efficiency is 76.9%, which demonstrates a successful manufacturing process. Finally, two recycling techniques to enhance the brightness have been applied and these enhancements were experimentally observed.
Effects of estrone on full life cycle of Java medaka (Oryzias javanicus), a new marine test fish
Authors: Imai Shoko , Koyama Jiro , Fujii Kazunori
Published: June 2007

Estrone is a natural estrogen detected in sewage treatment works effluents and in estuarine waters. However, there is little information on the effects of estrone on marine fish. This study investigated the effects of estrone on reproduction of the estuarine fish, Java medaka (Oryzias javanicus). Java medaka were exposed to concentrations of 39, 198, 484, 1,188, and 3,701 ng/L of estrone from embryonic stages up to adult stages for 239 d after hatching. The fertility and egg numbers of Java medaka exposed to 1,188 and 3,701 ng/L were significantly lower than that of control. The hepatic vitellogenin concentrations in male Java medaka exposed to estrone greater than 484 ng/L were significantly higher than that of control. Oocytes in testis (testis-ova) were not detected in the males in any of the exposure groups. The lowest-observed-effect concentration and no-observed-effect concentration for Java medaka were 484 and 198 ng/L of estrone. These results suggest that in relatively low estrone concentrations, 39 and 198 ng/L, Java medaka will not be affected by exposure to estrone.
Gut bacterial community structure (Porcellio Scaber, Isopoda, Crustacea) as a measure of community level response to long-term and short-term metal pollution
Authors: Lapanje Ales , Rupnik Maja , Drobne Damjana
Published: June 2007

Prokaryotes are of high importance in the assessment of environmental pollution effects. Due to fast responsiveness of bacterial communities to environmental physicochemical factors, it is difficult to compare results of bacterial community investigations on the temporal and spatial scale. To reduce the effects of variable physicochemical environmental conditions on bacterial microbiota when investigating the specific impact of contaminants on bacterial communities, we investigated the bacterial community in the gut of terrestrial isopods (Porcellio scaber, Isopoda, Crustacea) from clean and metal-polluted environments. Animals were collected from a chronically mercury-polluted site, a chronically multiple metal-(Cd, Pb, Zn) polluted site, and two reference sites. In addition, animals from an unpolluted site were laboratory exposed to 5 μg Hg/g food in order to compare the effect of acute and chronic Hg exposure. The bacterial gut microbiota was investigated by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) and clone library construction based on polymerase chain reaction amplified 16S rRNA genes. The major bacterial representatives of the emptied gut microbiota in the animals from the chronically polluted environments seemed not affected when analyzed by TTGE. The detailed bacterial community structure investigated by 16S rRNA clone library construction, however, showed that the community from the Hg-polluted site also was affected severely (242.4 operational taxonomic units [OTU] in the polluted and 650.6 OTU in the unpolluted environment). When animals were acutely exposed to mercury, changes of bacterial community structures already were seen on TTGE profiles and no additional analysis was needed. We suggest the use of P. scaber gut bacterial community structure as a measure of effects caused by both long- and short-term exposure to pollution.