bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Superior Role of Human Resource Development Climate and Its Impact on Job Attitudes
Authors: Barmaky Akbar , Ekizler Huseyin
Published: October 2020

According to the extant literature in the context of human resource management (HRM), the preeminent role of human resource development (HRD) climate on employees’ job attitudes is irrefutable. This study aims to determine the effect of HRD climate on job attitudes, including positive and negative ones. The proposed model consists of five latent variables which are HRD climate as an exogenous variable and work engagement, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), and counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs) as endogenous variables. The authors use a quantitative method involving questionnaire distribution among employees in different private banks located in Tehran (Capital city of Iran). Among distributed questionnaires, 384 were retrieved. To obtain the results, structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was applied. Findings supported the notion that HRD climate has a significant determination on job attitudes. Among them, determination of HRD climate on work engagement and organizational commitment is remarkable. Also, HRD climate had a positive role in increasing OCBs and reduction in negative job attitudes. The results will be practical for academics in the field of HRM. It is worthwhile mentioning that there will be managerial implications for the managers in the Iranian private banking industry and results provide initial insights for managers on how to increase the sense of organizational commitment and work engagement as defined task duties among employees within the Iranian private banking industry. Besides, the results will be pragmatic for managers for injecting and burgeoning the sense of citizenship behaviors and diminution of counterproductive work behaviors to increase profitability, revenue, return on investment (ROI), and productivity, also avoiding stagnation in the environmental workplace of the Iranian private banking industry.
Feasibility study of using Stereotactic Field Diode for field output factors measurement and evaluating three new detectors for small field relative dosimetry of 6 and 10 MV photon beams
Authors: Gul Attia , Fukuda Shigekazu , Mizuno Hideyuki , Taku Nakaji , Kakakhel M. Basim , Mirza Sikander M.
Published: October 2020

This study assesses the feasibility of using stereotactic field diode (SFD) as an alternate to gaf chromic films for field output factor (FF) measurement and further evaluating three new detectors for small field dosimetry. Varian 21EX linear accelerator was used to generate 6 and 10 MV beams of nominal square fields ranging from 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 to 10 × 10 cm2. One passive (EBT3 films) and five active detectors including IBA RAZOR diode(RD), SFD, RAZOR nanochamber (RNC), pinpoint chamber (PTW31023), and semiflex chamber (PTW31010) were employed. FFs were measured using films and SFD while beam profiles and percentage depth dose (PDD) distribution were acquired with active detectors. Polarity (kpol) and recombination (ks) effects of ion chambers were determined and corrected for output ratio measurement. Correction factors (CF) of RD, RNC, and PTW31023 in axial and radial orientation were also measured. Stereotactic field diode measured FFs have shown good agreement with films (with difference of <1%). RD and RNC measured beam profiles were within 3% deviation from the SFD values. Variation in kpol with field size for RNC and PTW31023 was up to 4% and 0.4% (for fields ≥ 1 × 1 cm2), respectively, while variation in ks of PTW31023 was <0.2 %. The maximum values of CF have been calculated to be 5.2%, 2.0%, 13.6%, and 25.5% for RD, RNC, PTW31023‐axial, and PTW31023‐radial respectively. This study concludes that SFD with appropriate CFs as given in TRS 483 may be used for measuring FFs as an alternate to EBT3 films. Whereas RD and RNC may be used for beam profile and PDD measurement in small fields. Considering the limit of usability of 2%, RNC may be used without CF for FF measurement in the smallfields investigated in this study.
CBCT image quality QA: Establishing a quantitative program
Authors: Taneja Sameer , Barbee David L. , Rea Anthony J. , Malin Martha
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Routine quality assurance (QA) of cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans used for image‐guided radiotherapy is prescribed by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group (TG)‐142 report. For CBCT image quality, TG‐142 recommends using clinically established baseline values as QA tolerances. This work examined how image quality parameters vary both across machines of the same model and across different CBCT techniques. Additionally, this work investigated how image quality values are affected by imager recalibration and repeated exposures during routine QA.

Methods

Cone‐beam computed tomography scans of the Catphan 604 phantom were taken on four TrueBeam® and one Edge™ linear accelerator using four manufacturer‐provided techniques. TG‐142 image quality parameters were calculated for each CBCT scan using SunCHECK Machine™. The variability of each parameter with machine and technique was evaluated using a two‐way ANOVA test on a dataset consisting of 200 CBCT scans. The impact of imager calibration on image quality parameters was examined for a subset of three machines using an unpaired Student’s t‐test. The effect of artifacts appearing on CBCTs taken in rapid succession was characterized and an approach to reduce their appearance was evaluated. Additionally, a set of baselines and tolerances for all image quality metrics was presented.

Results

All imaging parameters except geometric distortion varied with technique (P < 0.05) and all imaging parameters except slice thickness varied with machine (P < 0.05). Imager calibration can change the expected value of all imaging parameters, though it does not consistently do so. While changes are statistically significant, they may not be clinically significant. Finally, rapid acquisition of CBCT scans can introduce image artifacts that degrade CBCT uniformity.

Conclusions

This work characterized the variability of acquired CBCT data across machines and CBCT techniques along with the impact of imager calibration and rapid CBCT acquisition on image quality.
Amyloid‐β PET and CSF in an autopsy‐confirmed cohort
Authors: Reimand Juhan , Boon Baayla D. C. , Collij Lyduine E. , Teunissen Charlotte E. , Rozemuller Annemieke J. M. , van Berckel Bart N. M. , Scheltens Philip , Ossenkoppele Rik , Bouwman Femke
Published: October 2020

Objective

Accumulation of amyloid‐β is among the earliest changes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Amyloid‐β positron emission tomography (PET) and Aβ42 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) both assess amyloid‐β pathology in‐vivo, but 10–20% of cases show discordant (CSF+/PET− or CSF‐/PET+) results. The neuropathological correspondence with amyloid‐β CSF/PET discordance is unknown.

Methods

We included 21 patients from our tertiary memory clinic who had undergone both CSF Aβ42 analysis and amyloid‐β PET, and had neuropathological data available. Amyloid‐β PET and CSF results were compared with neuropathological ABC scores (comprising of Thal (A), Braak (B), and CERAD (C) stage, all ranging from 0 [low] to 3 [high]) and neuropathological diagnosis.

Results

Neuropathological diagnosis was AD in 11 (52%) patients. Amyloid‐β PET was positive in all A3, C2, and C3 cases and in one of the two A2 cases. CSF Aβ42 was positive in 92% of ≥A2 and 90% of ≥C2 cases. PET and CSF were discordant in three of 21 (14%) cases: CSF+/PET− in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (A0B0C0), CSF+/PET− in a patient with FTLD‐TDP type B (A2B1C1), and CSF‐/PET+ in a patient with AD (A3B3C3). Two CSF+/PET+ cases had a non‐AD neuropathological diagnosis, that is FTLD‐TDP type E (A3B1C1) and adult‐onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids (A1B1C0).

Interpretation

Our study demonstrates neuropathological underpinnings of amyloid‐β CSF/PET discordance. Furthermore, amyloid‐β biomarker positivity on both PET and CSF did not invariably result in an AD diagnosis at autopsy, illustrating the importance of considering relevant comorbidities when evaluating amyloid‐β biomarker results.
Epitope‐Imprinted Nanoparticles as Transforming Growth Factor‐β3 Sequestering Ligands to Modulate Stem Cell Fate
Authors: Teixeira Simão P. B. , Domingues Rui M. A. , Babo Pedro S. , Berdecka Dominika , Miranda Margarida S. , Gomes Manuela E. , Peppas Nicholas A. , Reis Rui L.
Published: October 2020

Growth factors (GFs) are biomolecules with potent biological effects but inherent limitations hinder their potential as therapeutic agents and cell culture supplements in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). Biomaterials that sequester endogenous GFs by affinity binding might circumvent such limitations and thus are being increasingly investigated. Here, molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (MINPs) are proposed as specific abiotic ligands for GFs. As a proof of concept, a conformational epitope of transforming growth factor‐β3 (TGF‐β3) is designed and surface imprinted onto polyacrylamide‐based nanoparticles by inverse microemulsion polymerization. It is found that, depending on the polymerization mixture composition, MINPs can recognize and preferentially bind TGF‐β3, either in noncompetitive assays or from a complex human fluid (platelet lysate). Substrates functionalized with MINPs are then used for 2D culture of adipose‐derived stem cells. Remarkably, gene and protein expression profiles show a marked upregulation of SOX‐9, suggesting activation of TGF‐β3 signaling pathways without requiring supplementation with exogenous GF. Likewise, culturing these cells in pellets incorporating MINPs previously incubated with platelet lysate results in higher collagen II‐rich matrix deposition, compared to pellets incorporating non‐imprinted nanoparticles. In summary, results suggest MINPs can be used as cost‐effective, stable, and scalable alternative abiotic GF ligands to guide cell fate in TERM applications.
Exploiting Colloidal Metamaterials for Achieving Unnatural Optical Refractions
Authors: Huh Ji‐Hyeok , Kim Kwangjin , Im Eunji , Lee Jaewon , Cho YongDeok , Lee Seungwoo
Published: October 2020

The scaling down of meta‐atoms or metamolecules (collectively denoted as metaunits) is a long‐lasting issue from the time when the concept of metamaterials was first suggested. According to the effective medium theory, which is the foundational concept of metamaterials, the structural sizes of meta‐units should be much smaller than the working wavelengths (e.g., << 1/5 wavelength). At relatively low frequency regimes (e.g., microwave and terahertz), the conventional monolithic lithography can readily address the materialization of metamaterials. However, it is still challenging to fabricate optical metamaterials (metamaterials working at optical frequencies such as the visible and near‐infrared regimes) through the lithographic approaches. This serves as the rationale for using colloidal self‐assembly as a strategy for the realization of optical metamaterials. Colloidal self‐assembly can address various critical issues associated with the materialization of optical metamaterials, such as achieving nanogaps over a large area, increasing true 3D structural complexities, and cost‐effective processing, which all are difficult to attain through monolithic lithography. Nevertheless, colloidal self‐assembly is still a toolset underutilized by optical engineers. Here, the design principle of the colloidally self‐assembled optical metamaterials exhibiting unnatural refractions, the practical challenge of relevant experiments, and the future opportunities are critically reviewed.
Highly Efficient Deep‐Blue OLEDs using a TADF Emitter with a Narrow Emission Spectrum and High Horizontal Emitting Dipole Ratio
Authors: Lim Hyoungcheol , Cheon Hyung Jin , Woo Seung‐Je , Kwon Soon‐Ki , Kim Yun‐Hi , Kim Jang‐Joo
Published: October 2020

New blue (DBA‐SAB) and deep‐blue (TDBA‐SAF) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are synthesized for blue‐emitting organic‐light emitting diodes (OLEDs) by incorporating spiro‐biacridine and spiro‐acridine fluorene donor units with an oxygen‐bridged boron acceptor unit, respectively. The molecules show blue and deep‐blue emission because of the deep highest occupied molecular energy levels of the donor units. Besides, both emitters exhibit narrow emission spectra with the full‐width at half maximum (FWHM) of less than 65 nm due to the rigid donor and acceptor units. In addition, the long molecular structure along the transition dipole moment direction results in a high horizontal emitting dipole ratio over 80%. By combining the effects, the OLED utilizing DBA‐SAB as the emitter exhibits a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 25.7% and 1931 Commission Internationale de l'éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.144, 0.212). Even a higher efficiency deep blue TADF OLED with a maximum EQE of 28.2% and CIE coordinates of (0.142, 0.090) is realized using TDBA‐SAF as the emitter.
High‐Pressure Nitrogen‐Extraction and Effective Passivation to Attain Highest Large‐Area Perovskite Solar Module Efficiency
Authors: Du Minyong , Zhu Xuejie , Wang Likun , Wang Hui , Feng Jiangshang , Jiang Xiao , Cao Yuexian , Sun Youming , Duan Lianjie , Jiao Yuxiao , Wang Kai , Ren Xiaodong , Yan Zhe , Pang Shuping , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: October 2020

Slot‐die coating holds advantages over other large‐scale technologies thanks to its potential for well‐controlled, high‐throughput, continuous roll‐to‐roll fabrication. Unfortunately, it is challenging to control thin.film uniformity over a large area while maintaining crystallization quality. Herein, by using a high‐pressure nitrogen‐extraction (HPNE) strategy to assist crystallization, a wide processing window in the well‐controlled printing process for preparing high‐quality perovskites is achieved. The yellow‐phase perovskite generated by the HPNE acts as a crucial intermediate phase to produce large‐area high‐quality perovskite film. Furthermore, an ionic liquid is developed to passivate the perovskite surface to reduce surface defect density and to suppress carrier recombination, resulting in significantly increased efficiency to 22.7%, the highest for large‐area fabrication. The strategies are successfully extended to large‐area device fabrication, making it possible to produce a 40 × 40 mm2 module with stabilized PCE as high as 19.4%, the highest‐efficiency for a large‐area module to date.
Distributed Electric Field Induces Orientations of Nanosheets to Prepare Hydrogels with Elaborate Ordered Structures and Programmed Deformations
Authors: Zhu Qing Li , Dai Chen Fei , Wagner Daniel , Daab Matthias , Hong Wei , Breu Josef , Zheng Qiang , Wu Zi Liang
Published: October 2020

Living organisms use musculatures with spatially distributed anisotropic structures to actuate deformations and locomotion with fascinating functions. Replicating such structural features in artificial materials is of great significance yet remains a big challenge. Here, a facile strategy is reported to fabricate hydrogels with elaborate ordered structures of nanosheets (NSs) oriented under a distributed electric field. Multiple electrodes are distributed with various arrangements in the precursor solution containing NSs and gold nanoparticles. A complex electric field induces sophisticated orientations of the NSs that are permanently inscribed by subsequent photo‐polymerization. The resultant anisotropic nanocomposite poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels exhibit rapid deformation upon heating or photoirradiation, owing to the fast switching of permittivity of the media and electric repulsion between the NSs. The complex alignments of NSs and anisotropic shape change of discrete regions result in programmed deformation of the hydrogels into various configurations. Furthermore, locomotion is realized by a spatiotemporal light stimulation that locally triggers time‐variant shape change of the composite hydrogel with complex anisotropic structures. Such a strategy on the basis of the distributed electric‐field‐generated ordered structures should be applicable to gels, elastomers, and thermosets loaded with other anisotropic particles or liquid crystals, for the design of biomimetic/bioinspired materials with specific functionalities.
Sodium Deposition with a Controlled Location and Orientation for Dendrite‐Free Sodium Metal Batteries
Authors: Xu Ying , Wang Chuanlong , Matios Edward , Luo Jianmin , Hu Xiaofei , Yue Qin , Kang Yijin , Li Weiyang
Published: October 2020

Sodium is one of the most promising alternatives to lithium as an anode material for next‐generation batteries. However, severe Na dendrite growth hinders its practical implementation. Here, a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber film coated with a thin layer of tin on the bottom side (closing to battery case) serves as a scaffold for Na deposition. Due to the low nucleation barrier enabled by the Sn layer, Na deposition spontaneously occurs at the bottom of the scaffold, and then is homogeneously confined within its 3D network because of the decreased local current density caused by 3D structure and uniform Na+ distribution regulated by the sodiophilic PAN. With this well‐controlled orientation of Na deposition, the Na‐PAN/Sn electrode delivers a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.5% in Na plating/stripping at 5 mA cm−2, stable operation for over 2500 h in symmetric batteries at 2 mA cm−2, and excellent cyclic stability and rate capability in Na metal full batteries.
Fostering Well‐being through Social Support: The Role of Evangelical Communities in the Lives of Dominican Women of Haitian Descent
Authors: Salusky Ida , Tull Mary , Case Andrew D. , Soto‐Nevarez Arturo
Published: October 2020

Women of Haitian descent living in the Dominican Republic experience oppression due to their gender, ethnicity, and economic status. They also exhibit high rates of participation in evangelical Christian communities, a paradoxical finding given the restricted roles women have traditionally played in these settings. The goals of this study were to explore the perceived benefits of participation in evangelical communities and the setting characteristics that lead to these benefits. The research team interviewed 19 current and former church participants aged 18–59. Thematic analysis revealed three perceived benefits of congregational life. Participants viewed their participation as: (a) an opportunity for personal growth and development; (b) protective against negative social influences; and (c) providing social support in the face of life challenges. In addition, dependable, expected, and reciprocal relational support was a key characteristic of evangelical communities. Findings extend the current understanding of how religious communities enhance well‐being for marginalized women through social support networks. Findings also explore the dialectical nature of settings as both empowering and disempowering. Implications for future interventions are discussed.
Fitness, physical activity, or sedentary patterns? Integrated analysis with obesity surrogates in a large youth sample
Authors: Henriques‐Neto Duarte , B. Júdice Pedro , Peralta Miguel , B. Sardinha Luís
Published: October 2020

Objective

Physical fitness (PF) and physical activity (PA) are inversely associated with body mass index and waist circumference (WC), whereas sedentary time (ST) seems to boost obesity in youth. The aim was to examine the associations of each selected PF test, PA‐related exposures, and specific ST patterns with obesity and determine the most relevant ones, in a large sample of a school‐aged adolescent.

Methods

The sample consisted of 2696 Portuguese youth aged 10 to 18 years. Height, weight, and WC were measured. PA and ST components were measured using accelerometry. PF was evaluated using a battery of tests.

Results

The Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) and push‐up tests seemed to be the exposures that presented the strongest and more consistent associations with obesity, independent of PA/ST profiles (P < .05). The second exposure of relevance for adolescent obesity level was the breaks in ST with a negative relationship regardless of PA/PF profiles (P < .05). Finally, ST accumulated in periods of <30 minutes, and moderate‐to‐vigorous PA were favorably associated with obesity, independent of ST/PF.

Conclusions

Independent of PA and ST, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), measured by PACER, was associated with obesity markers. This may be in part due to the dependence of PACER performance on adiposity. Also, limiting prolonged ST and promoting interruptions in this behavior were associated with obesity. These associations suggest that future research should examine other strategies beyond PA promotion for tackling obesity that consider CRF and breaking ST.
An Imine‐Linked Metal–Organic Framework as a Reactive Oxygen Species Generator
Authors: Li Xiaomin , Wang Junyi , Xue Fengfeng , Wu Yichen , Xu Hualong , Yi Tao , Li Qiaowei
Published: October 2020

A new metal–organic framework (MOF) with both coordination linkages and covalent linkages is prepared by coordinating CuI with pyrazolate for an aldehyde‐functionalized trinuclear complex, and subsequent imine condensation with p‐phenylenediamine, a reaction typical for covalent organic framework (COF) synthesis. This MOF×COF collaboration yields FDM‐71 with honeycomb layers stacked in eclipsed fashion. After dissociating the CuI‐pyrazolate coordination in FDM‐71, the obtained organic components carry the information of structural defects, and thus vacancy identity (aldehyde‐based unit vacancy and amine‐based unit vacancy) and concentration are definitely resolved. Further to the redox catalytic activity inherited from the complex, FDM‐71 features effective photosensitizing activity. The two functions integrated in one well‐defined structure is demonstrated by its high efficiency in decomposing H2O2 and consequent excitation of O2 to reactive oxygen species.
Regioselective Bromine/Magnesium Exchange for the Selective Functionalization of Polyhalogenated Arenes and Heterocycles
Authors: Desaintjean Alexandre , Haupt Tobias , Bole Leonie J. , Judge Neil R. , Hevia Eva , Knochel Paul
Published: October 2020

Using the bimetallic combination sBu2Mg⋅2 LiOR (R=2‐ethylhexyl) in toluene enables efficient and regioselective Br/Mg exchanges with various dibromo‐arenes and ‐heteroarenes under mild reaction conditions and provides bromo‐substituted magnesium reagents. Assessing the role of Lewis donor additives in these reactions revealed that N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDTA) finely tunes the regioselectivity of the Br/Mg exchange on dibromo‐pyridines and quinolines. Combining spectroscopic with X‐ray crystallographic studies, light has been shed on the mixed Li/Mg constitution of the organometallic intermediates accomplishing these transformations. These systems reacted effectively with a broad range of electrophiles, including allyl bromides, ketones, aldehydes, and Weinreb amides in good yields.
COVID‐19 and Facebook in Papua New Guinea: Fly River Forum
Authors: Dwyer Peter D. , Minnegal Monica
Published: October 2020

This article examines use of a Papua New Guinea (PNG) Facebook group, Fly River Forum, with reference to the COVID‐19 global pandemic. From about mid‐March 2020, when the PNG Government declared a State of Emergency, to early May, members of that forum shared an intense interest in the pandemic and were deeply concerned with its possible implications for the country. The great majority of COVID‐related posts, and associated comments, combined delivery of relevant information with scepticism about some of that information. Most participants did not take either religious tropes or conspiracy theories as primary sources of comfort or explanation. We argue that Fly River Forum played a positive role in the ways that people engaged with what could have emerged as a health disaster. More generally, geographically focused sites such as this provide a valuable barometer of local opinion and deserve close attention by politicians and policymakers in PNG.
Macrocyclic Pyridone Pentamers for Highly Selective High‐Capacity Removal of Caesium Ions from Radioactive High‐Salinity Waste
Authors: Ye Ruijuan , Jiang Chun‐Xiao , Yuan Lin , Li Zhongyan , Hu Jin‐Feng , Zeng Huaqiang
Published: October 2020

We report here that macrocyclic H‐bonded pyridone pentamers, containing five properly and convergently spaced electron‐rich O‐atoms that decorate a rigid cavity of 2.85 Å across, exhibit an extraordinarily high yet pH‐independent capacity and selectivity in Cs+ removal. In particular, with [host]=240 μM and [Cs+]=15 μM, a single extraction efficiently removes more than 91% of Cs+ ions from artificial sea water, containing various competitive metal ions at a total concentration of 0.68 M ([total Mn+]/[Cs+]=4.5×104]). To our best knowledge, these pyridone pentamers represent the best small organic molecule‐based extractants that target Cs+ ions.
Ethnic Disparities in the Diagnosis of Autism in Southern Israel
Authors: Kerub Orly , Haas Eric J. , Meiri Gal , Bilenko Natalya , Flusser Hagit , Michaelovski Analya , Dinstein Ilan , Davidovitch Nadav , Menashe Idan
Published: October 2020

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is continuously rising worldwide, with remarkable differences in ASD rates being reported across ethnic and socioeconomic groups. We conducted a prospective cohort study to identify the reasons for differences in ASD rates between the Bedouin and Jewish populations in southern Israel. Screening, referral, and diagnosis of toddlers aged 16–36 months were compared between Bedouin and Jewish populations. ASD screening was conducted at 35 randomly selected mother and child health centers (MCHCs) by trained nurses using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers with follow‐up (M‐CHAT/F) instrument. Toddlers screened positive at the MCHCs were monitored throughout the referral and diagnosis process at a single medical center until a diagnosis was determined by a physician specialist using DSM‐5 criteria. The study cohort comprised 3,343 toddlers (996 Jewish and 2,347 Bedouin). Bedouin toddlers, compared to Jewish toddlers, were less likely to screen positive with M‐CHAT/F (3.0% vs. 3.9%; P = 0.165), were significantly less likely to begin the hospital diagnosis process (HR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.14–1.08; P = 0.068), and had a higher rates of loss‐to‐follow‐up during the hospital diagnosis process (42.9% vs. 15.6%, respectively; P = 0.001). The results suggest that ethnic‐specific barriers in the diagnosis process of ASD contribute to under‐diagnosis of ASD in the Bedouin population. Facilitating the diagnosis process for Bedouin families will help to identify more children with ASD at earlier ages and consequently close the ethnic gap in ASD rates.

Lay Summary

We followed Bedouin and Jewish toddlers aged 16–36 months from southern Israel through their autism spectrum disorder (ASD) screening referral and diagnosis to identify the reasons for the differences in ASD prevalence between these ethnic groups. Jewish and Bedouin toddlers were equally identified in the ASD screening. However, Bedouin toddlers were less likely to complete the diagnosis process due to higher rates of loss‐to‐follow‐up and slower diagnosis process. Facilitating ASD diagnosis for the Bedouin population will help identifying more toddlers with ASD.
Identification of selection and inhibition components in a Go/NoGo task from EEG spectra using a machine learning classifier
Authors: DeLaRosa Bambi L. , Spence Jeffrey S. , Motes Michael A. , To Wing , Vanneste Sven , Kraut Michael A. , Hart John
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Prior Go/NoGo studies have localized specific regions and EEG spectra for which traditional approaches have distinguished between Go and NoGo conditions. A more detailed characterization of the spatial distribution and timing of the synchronization of frequency bands would contribute substantially to the clarification of neural mechanisms that underlie performance of the Go/NoGo task.

Methods

The present study used a machine learning approach to learn the features that distinguish between ERSPs involved in selection and inhibition in a Go/NoGo task. A single‐layer neural network classifier was used to predict task conditions for each subject to characterize ERSPs associated with Go versus NoGo trials.

Results

The final classifier accurately identified individual task conditions at an overall rate of 92%, estimated by fivefold cross‐validation. The detailed accounting of EEG time–frequency patterns localized to brain regions (i.e., thalamus, pre‐SMA, orbitofrontal cortex, and superior parietal cortex) corroborates and also elaborates upon previous findings from fMRI and EEG studies, and expands the information about EEG power changes in multiple frequency bands (i.e., primarily theta power increase, alpha decreases, and beta increases and decreases) within these regions underlying the selection and inhibition processes engaged in the Go and NoGo trials.

Conclusion

This time–frequency‐based classifier extends previous spatiotemporal findings and provides information about neural mechanisms underlying selection and inhibition processes engaged in Go and NoGo trials, respectively. This neural network classifier can be used to assess time–frequency patterns from an individual subject and thus may offer insight into therapeutic uses of neuromodulation in neural dysfunction.
Disordered eating and internalizing symptoms in preadolescence
Authors: Thomas Kai S. , Williams Marc O. , Vanderwert Ross E.
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Research has demonstrated links between disordered eating, anxiety, and depression in adults and adolescents but there is limited research investigating these associations in preadolescence. The current study examined the associations between disordered eating, anxiety, and depression during preadolescence, as well as the role of gender in moderating these associations.

Method

Two hundred and thirteen children (M = 10.3 years; 51.2% male) reported levels of disordered eating (ChEAT) and anxiety and depression symptoms (RCADS‐25).

Results

Regression analyses support an association between disordered eating and both anxiety and depression in preadolescence. Overall, there were no significant differences between boys and girls when the main effect was examined, which differs from research in adolescents.

Discussion

These findings highlight the importance of early detection for disordered eating behaviors and attitudes, as well as anxiety and depression in both boys and girls during preadolescence. Longitudinal research examining these associations is vital to help understand the trajectories of these problems, but also the gender differences in disordered eating that emerge during adolescence. Transdiagnostic interventions targeting several co‐occurring problems, such as disordered eating, anxiety, and depression might be effective for preventing the development of eating disorders in the long term.
Biodiversity and extinction accounting for sustainable development: A systematic literature review and future research directions
Authors: Roberts Lee , Hassan Abeer , Elamer Ahmed , Nandy Monomita
Published: October 2020

This paper seeks to present the first systematic literature review (SLR) on biodiversity and species extinction accounting publications. This strand of research is gaining increased attention due to emerging scientific evidence that finds a relationship between the human destruction of biodiversity and the recent Covid‐19 crisis, causing profound economic and health impacts. This justifies the need for an SLR of 40 articles from 2013 to 2020. Descriptive results show research contributions peaked in 2018 with the most publications appearing in the Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal. Results show legitimacy theory is the most applied theoretical framework with global studies and developed country specific research receiving the greatest attention. In addition, content analysis is identified as the preferred research methodology. Additionally, through synthesising and analysing literature, we provide potential opportunities for future research that is underexplored. This paper will provide a valuable study for academics, policymakers and practitioners pursuing research in this field.
Myocardial bridges: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Roberts Wallisa , Charles Stacey M. , Ang Cassandra , Holda Mateusz K. , Walocha Jerzy , Lachman Nirusha , Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios
Published: October 2020

Myocardial bridges are anatomical entities characterized by myocardium covering segments of coronary arteries. In some patients, the presence of a myocardial bridge is benign and is only incidentally found on autopsy. In other patients, however, myocardial bridges can lead to compression of the coronary artery during systolic contraction and delayed diastolic relaxation, resulting in myocardial ischemia. This ischemia in turn can lead to myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Myocardial bridges have also been linked to an increased incidence of atherosclerosis, which has been attributed to increased shear stress and the presence of vasoactive factors. Other studies however, demonstrated the protective roles of myocardial bridges. In this study, using systematic review and a meta‐analytical approach we investigate the prevalence and morphology of myocardial bridges in both clinical imaging and cadaveric dissections. We also discuss the pathophysiology, clinical significance, and management of these anatomical entities.
The effect of regulatory focus on customer citizenship behavior in a virtual brand community: The role of online self‐presentation and community identification
Authors: Wang Li , Sakashita Mototaka , Cheng Guoping , Ji Junzhe , Zhang Yating
Published: October 2020

Customer citizenship behavior (CCB) in virtual brand communities is a topic of increasing importance in marketing management research. This type of behavior plays a critical role in the improvement of enterprises' marketing capabilities. In this study, we draw on regulatory focus theory—along with the perspectives of self‐presentation and regulatory fit in relation to social identity—to construct and test a model that investigates both the main effects of regulatory foci (promotion and prevention) and the indirect effects of online self‐presentation and community identification on CCB. The empirical results based on our online survey between 310 individual members of an well‐known online‐community in China demonstrate: (1) a promotion focus exerts a positive influence on CCB while a prevention focus exerts a negative impact; (2) the desire for online self‐presentation mediates the association between regulatory foci and CCB; and (3) community identification moderates the relationship between regulatory foci and the desire for online self‐presentation, as well as the mediation effect. These results have substantial implications for studying CCB within virtual brand communities.
Hypertensive emergency and seizures in a 30‐year‐old man with anti–glomerular basement membrane disease
Authors: Mascola Michael , Karmali Rehan , Mathews Joshua , Obligado Sergio
Published: October 2020

Anti–glomerular basement membrane disease can rapidly lead to renal failure and blood pressure dysregulation. A rare complication is hypertensive encephalopathy in the form of seizures. Patients who have a negative initial seizure workup should have an MRI. These patients need tight blood pressure control and monitoring to prevent future seizures.
Nickel Nanocatalysis: An Efficient Tool for Heck Reaction
Authors: Bhakta Sayantika , Ghosh Tapas
Published: October 2020

Of late, developing non‐precious catalytic protocol with high performance is of primary significance and furnishes fascinating sets of results for synthetic chemists. This minireview describes the advances and scopes of nickel nanoparticles being employed as catalysts in Heck cross‐coupling reactions of aryl halides and olefins in 21stcentury. We have focused on the methods of preparation of nanocatalysts and emphasized on different techniques employed in the generation of nickel nanoparticles or bimetallic alloy nanoparticles.
Numerical and Experimental Biomass Separation from Fermentation Process by Minihydrocyclones
Authors: Abdollahzadeh Laleh , Mazraeno Masoumeh Seyfi , Hosseini Seyed Nezamedin , Fazlali Alireza , Soury Ehsan , Habibian Mahmoud , Khatami Maryam
Published: October 2020

Biomass particle separation is challenging in the pharmaceutical industry because of the smallness and lightness of such particles. Centrifugation is applied conventionally for batch separation. However, imposing multiple wash steps in order to eliminate culture residues and the high risk of extrinsic contamination hamper batch techniques. In this research, minihydrocyclones were introduced to provide a better solution for the mentioned limitations in continuous processes. Numerical separation of methylotrophic yeast from fermentation broth was carried out in three hydrocyclones with different lengths, and the most efficient one was examined experimentally. Three various feed flow rates and seven feed concentrations were evaluated. The concentration of biomass suspension in the product was raised to 20 %.
A Selective Sulfide Oxidation Catalyzed by Heterogeneous Artificial Metalloenzymes Iron@NikA
Authors: Lopez Sarah , Marchi‐Delapierre Caroline , Cavazza Christine , Ménage Stéphane
Published: October 2020

Performing a heterogeneous catalysis with proteins is still a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate the importance of cross‐linked crystals for sulfoxide oxidation by an artificial enzyme. The biohybrid consists of the insertion of an iron complex into a NikA protein crystal. The heterogeneous catalysts displays a better efficiency‐with higher reaction kinetics, a better stability and expand the substrate scope compared to its solution counterpart. Designing crystalline artificial enzymes represents a good alternative to soluble or supported enzymes for the future of synthetic biology.
Towards Photochromic Azobenzene‐Based Inhibitors for Tryptophan Synthase
Authors: Simeth Nadja A. , Kinateder Thomas , Rajendran Chitra , Nazet Julian , Merkl Rainer , Sterner Reinhard , König Burkhard , Kneuttinger Andrea C.
Published: October 2020

Light regulation of drug molecules has gained growing interest in biochemical and pharmacological research in recent years. In addition, a serious need for novel molecular targets of antibiotics has emerged presently. Herein, the development of a photocontrollable, azobenzene‐based antibiotic precursor towards tryptophan synthase (TS), an essential metabolic multienzyme complex in bacteria, is presented. The compound exhibited moderately strong inhibition of TS in its E configuration and five times lower inhibition strength in its Z configuration. A combination of biochemical, crystallographic, and computational analyses was used to characterize the inhibition mode of this compound. Remarkably, binding of the inhibitor to a hitherto‐unconsidered cavity results in an unproductive conformation of TS leading to noncompetitive inhibition of tryptophan production. In conclusion, we created a promising lead compound for combatting bacterial diseases, which targets an essential metabolic enzyme, and whose inhibition strength can be controlled with light.
Enhancing Magnetic Communication between Metal Centres: The Role of s‐Tetrazine Based Radicals as Ligands
Authors: Mavragani Niki , Kitos Alexandros A. , Brusso Jaclyn L. , Murugesu Muralee
Published: October 2020

Although 1,2,4,5‐tetrazines or s‐tetrazines have been known in the literature for more than a century, their coordination chemistry has become increasingly popular in recent years due to their unique redox activity, multiple binding sites and their various applications. The electron‐poor character of the ring and stabilization of the radical anion through all four nitrogen atoms in their metal complexes provide new aspects in molecular magnetism towards the synthesis of new high performing Single Molecule Magnets (SMMs). The scope of this review is to examine the role of s‐tetrazine radical ligands in transition metal and lanthanide based SMMs and provide a critical overview of the progress thus far in this field. As well, general synthetic routes and new insights for the preparation of s‐tetrazines are discussed, along with their redox activity and applications in various fields. Concluding remarks along with the limitations and perspectives of these ligands are discussed.
Quantification of Noncovalent Interactions in Azide–Pnictogen, –Chalcogen, and –Halogen Contacts
Authors: Bursch Markus , Kunze Lukas , Vibhute Amol M. , Hansen Andreas , Sureshan Kana M. , Jones Peter G. , Grimme Stefan , Werz Daniel B.
Published: October 2020

The noncovalent interactions between azides and oxygen‐containing moieties are investigated through a computational study based on experimental findings. The targeted synthesis of organic compounds with close intramolecular azide–oxygen contacts yielded six new representatives, for which X‐ray structures were determined. Two of those compounds were investigated with respect to their potential conformations in the gas phase and a possible significantly shorter azide–oxygen contact. Furthermore, a set of 44 high‐quality, gas‐phase computational model systems with intermolecular azide–pnictogen (N, P, As, Sb), –chalcogen (O, S, Se, Te), and –halogen (F, Cl, Br, I) contacts are compiled and investigated through semiempirical quantum mechanical methods, density functional approximations, and wave function theory. A local energy decomposition (LED) analysis is applied to study the nature of the noncovalent interaction. The special role of electrostatic and London dispersion interactions is discussed in detail. London dispersion is identified as a dominant factor of the azide–donor interaction with mean London dispersion energy‐interaction energy ratios of 1.3. Electrostatic contributions enhance the azide–donor coordination motif. The association energies range from −1.00 to −5.5 kcal mol−1.
Is it an Acid or Not? – The Puzzle of the Structure of Vitamin C
Authors: Streller Sabine
Published: October 2020

Die Aufklärung der Struktur von Vitamin C war eine große Herausforderung für Wissenschaftler Anfang der 1930er Jahre. Zahlreiche Ergebnisse über die Analyse von Vitamin C lagen bereits vor und die wesentlichen chemischen Eigenschaften waren bekannt. Doch genau die Beziehung zwischen Eigenschaften und Struktur dieser Verbindung erwies sich lange Zeit als rätselhaft. Die Mühen und Fortschritte der Wissenschaftler sind in diversen Publikationen so dokumentiert, dass sie auch für Schülerinnen und Schüler nachvollziehbar und verständlich sind. Damit eignet sich das Thema Strukturaufklärung von Vitamin C besonders, um im Chemieunterricht nach dem historisch‐problemorientierten Unterrichtsverfahren aufbereitet zu werden. In diesem Beitrag werden die historische Entwicklung der Strukturaufklärung von Vitamin C sowie eine konzipierte Unterrichtsreihe vorgestellt.
Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationships of Imidazopyridine/Pyrimidine‐ and Furopyridine‐Based Anti‐infective Agents against Trypanosomiases
Authors: Silva Daniel G. , Junker Anna , de Melo Shaiani M. G. , Fumagalli Fernando , Gillespie J. Robert , Molasky Nora , Buckner Frederick S. , Matheeussen An , Caljon Guy , Maes Louis , Emery Flavio S.
Published: October 2020

Neglected tropical diseases remain among the most critical public health concerns in Africa and South America. The drug treatments for these diseases are limited, which invariably leads to fatal cases. Hence, there is an urgent need for new antitrypanosomal drugs. To address this issue, a large number of diverse heterocyclic compounds were prepared. Straightforward synthetic approaches tolerated pre‐functionalized structures, giving rise to a structurally diverse set of analogs. We report on a set of 57 heterocyclic compounds with selective activity potential against kinetoplastid parasites. In general, 29 and 19 compounds of the total set could be defined as active against Trypanosoma cruzi and T. brucei brucei, respectively (antitrypanosomal activities <10 μM). The present work discusses the structure−activity relationships of new fused‐ring scaffolds based on imidazopyridine/pyrimidine and furopyridine cores. This library of compounds shows significant potential for anti‐trypanosomiases drug discovery.
Configuration Flipping in Distal Pocket of Multidrug Transporter MexB Impacts the Efflux Inhibitory Mechanism
Authors: Kumar Roy Rakesh , Patra Niladri
Published: October 2020

MexAB‐OprM efflux pumps, found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, play a major role in drug resistance by extruding out drugs and antibiotic molecules from cells. Inhibitors are used to cease the potency of the efflux pumps. In this study, in‐silico models are used to investigate the nature of the binding pocket of the MexAB‐OprM efflux pump. First, we have performed classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to shed light on different aspects of protein–inhibitor interaction in the binding pocket of the pump. Using classical MD simulations, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM), and various types of analyses, it is found that D13‐9001 has a higher binding affinity towards the binding pocket compared to D1 and D2; the results are in sync with the experimental dat. Two stable configurations of D13‐9001 are discovered inside the distal pocket which could be one of the primary reasons for the greater efficacy of D13‐9001. The free energy barrier upon changing one state to another is calculated by employing umbrella sampling method. Finally, F178 is mutated to have the complete picture as it contributes significantly to the binding energy irrespective of the three inhibitors. Our results may help to design a new generation of inhibitors for such an efflux pump.
Tailoring Particle‐Enzyme Nanoconjugates for Biocatalysis at the Organic‐Organic Interface
Authors: Sun Zhiyong , Cai Meng , Hübner René , Ansorge‐Schumacher Marion B. , Wu Changzhu
Published: October 2020

Nonaqueous Pickering emulsions (PEs) are a powerful platform for catalysis design, offering both a large interface contact and a preferable environment for water‐sensitive synthesis. However, up to now, little progress has been made to incorporate insoluble enzymes into the nonaqueous system for biotransformation. Herein, we present biocatalytically active nonaqueous PEs, stabilized by particle‐enzyme nanoconjugates, for the fast transesterification and esterification, and eventually for biodiesel synthesis. Our nanoconjugates are the hybrid biocatalysts tailor‐made by loading hydrophilic Candida antarctica lipase B onto hydrophobic silica nanoparticles, resulting in not only catalytically active but highly amphiphilic particles for stabilization of a methanol‐decane emulsion. The enzyme activity in these PEs is significantly enhanced, ca. 375‐fold higher than in the nonaqueous biphasic control. Moreover, the PEs can be multiply reused without significant loss of enzyme performance. With this proof‐of‐concept, this system can be expanded for many advanced syntheses using different enzymes in the future.