bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Spatial Behaviour: The Spacing of People, Objects and Animals in Six Cross-Cultural Samples
Authors: Høgh-Olesen Henrik
Published: September 2008

This study examines the principles we apply, when people, objects and animals are to be organized in relation to other representatives of their kind. Most cross-cultural studies on personal space focus on cultural differences, but here we look for proxetics (universals) as well as proxemics (cultural differences). 793 subjects from six countries (Greenland, Finland, Denmark, Italy, India and Cameroon) situated in four different climate zones are tested with a projective simulation measure (the 'IPROX'). A number of cross-cultural similarities are documented, and it is suggested that six of these are examples of high-level universals in the sense of Norenzayan and Heine (2005). But spacing also differs, and participants from Greenland, Finland, and Denmark systematically keep a larger interpersonal distance than subjects from Italy, India and Cameroon, which confirms the classic difference between southern 'contact-cultures' and northern 'low-contact cultures'. It is documented how personal space shrinks or expands depending on context and depending on whether a person occupies a territory or arrives at a territory occupied by somebody else. Personal space may even 'rub off ' on a person's belongings, and this opens up for a whole new area of spatial relations not studied before.
Holism in a European Cultural Context: Differences in Cognitive Style between Central and East Europeans and Westerners
Authors: Varnum Michael , Grossmann Igor , Katunar Daniela , Nisbett Richard , Kitayama Shinobu
Published: September 2008

Central and East Europeans have a great deal in common, both historically and
culturally, with West Europeans and North Americans, but tend to be more
interdependent. Interdependence has been shown to be linked to holistic
cognition. East Asians are more interdependent than Americans and are more
holistic. If interdependence causes holism, we would expect Central and East
Europeans to be more holistic than West Europeans and North Americans. In
two studies we found evidence that Central and East Europeans are indeed
more holistic than Westerners on three tasks, one of which examined
categorization and two of which measured patterns of visual attention. These
studies support the argument that cross-cultural differences in cognition
are due to society level differences in independence/interdependence.
Number Conceptualisation among Lebanese Micro-Business Owners who Engage in Orally-Based Versus Paper-Based Numeracy Practices: An Experimental Cognitive Ethnography
Authors: Zebian Samar
Published: September 2008

The study of everyday numeric thinking in adults directs our attention to several aspects of number cognition that have received almost no attention in the experimental cognitive science literature, namely the influences of socially situated artifact use on numeric processing. The current studies explore numeral recognition and conceptualisation processes in business people who engage in different types of numeracy practices; orally based numeracy practices which involve very little use of written records compared to paper-based numeracy practices. Ethnographic observations of Lebanese business people were conducted to gain a detailed understanding of the socio-cognitive demands in orally-based paperless and paper-based business settings. These observations were in turn used to design experimental reaction time studies which investigated currency based numeral recognition and conceptualisation processes. The results of the numeral recognition and priming studies clearly illustrate that the use of artifacts in everyday numeracy practices influences numeral recognition and conceptualisation in a way that suggests tight linkages between the visio-spatial processes involve in recognizing numerals embedded in cultural artifacts and the semantically based processes involved in the conception of these numerals. The relevance of the current findings for the main models of adult numeric cognition and for research on everyday numeracy will be discussed.
Homogenization of Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons
Authors: Menne Matthew J. , Williams Claude N.
Published: September 2008

An automated homogenization algorithm based on the pairwise comparison of monthly temperature series is described. The algorithm works by forming pairwise difference series between serial monthly temperature values from a network of observing stations. Each difference series is then evaluated for undocumented shifts, and the station series responsible for such breaks is identified automatically. The algorithm also makes use of station history information, when available, to improve the identification of artificial shifts in temperature data. In addition, an evaluation is carried out to distinguish trend inhomogeneities from abrupt shifts. When the magnitude of an apparent shift attributed to a particular station can be reliably estimated, an adjustment is made for the target series. The pairwise algorithm is shown to be robust and efficient at detecting undocumented step changes under a variety of simulated scenarios with step- and trend-type inhomogeneities. Moreover, the approach is shown to yield a lower false-alarm rate for undocumented changepoint detection relative to the more common use of a reference series. Results from the algorithm are used to assess evidence for trend inhomogeneities in U.S. monthly temperature data.
A Comparative Analysis of Change in the First and Second Moment of the PDF of Seasonal Mean 200-mb Heights with ENSO SSTs
Authors: Jha Bhaskar , Kumar Arun
Published: September 2008

Based on simulations from nine different atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs), a comparative assessment of the influence of ENSO SST variability on the first and second moment of the probability density function (PDF) of 200-mb seasonal mean height is made. This comparison is quantified by regressing the interannual variability in the mean and the spread of the seasonal means against the Niño-3.4 SSTs. Based on the analysis of simulations from multiple AGCMs, it is concluded that the relative impact of interannual variability of SSTs is larger, and more systematic, on the mean of the PDF of 200-mb heights than on its spread. This result implies that seasonal predictability due to SSTs is predominantly a function of its influence on the seasonal mean. Further, for the practice of seasonal predictions, it might be pragmatic to assume that spread of seasonal means stays constant and that the seasonal forecast information resides entirely in the shift of the seasonal mean PDF.
Multimodel Ensemble Reconstruction of Drought over the Continental United States
Authors: Wang Aihui , Bohn Theodore J. , Mahanama Sarith P. , Koster Randal D. , Lettenmaier Dennis P.
Published: September 2008

Retrospectively simulated soil moisture from an ensemble of six land surface/hydrological models was used to reconstruct drought events over the continental United States for the period 1920–2003. The simulations were performed at one-half-degree spatial resolution, using a common set of atmospheric forcing data and model-specific soil and vegetation parameters. Monthly simulated soil moisture was converted to percentiles using Weibull plotting position statistics, and the percentiles were then used to represent drought severities and durations. An ensemble method, based on an inverse mapping of the average of the individual model’s soil moisture percentiles, was also used to combine all models’ simulations. Major results are 1) all models and the ensemble reconstruct the known severe drought events during the last century. The spatial extents and severities of drought are plausible for the individual models although substantial among-model disparities exist. 2) The simulations are in more agreement with each other over the eastern than over the western United States. 3) Most of the models show that soil moisture memory is much longer over the western than over the eastern United States. The results provide some insights into how a hydrological nowcast system can be developed, and also early results from a test application within the University of Washington’s real-time national Surface Water Monitor and a review of the multimodel nowcasts during the southeastern drought beginning in summer 2007 are included.
Is a Risky Lifestyle Always “Risky”? The Interaction Between Individual Propensity and Lifestyle Risk in Adolescent Offending: A Test in Two Urban Samples
Authors: Svensson Robert , Pauwels Lieven
Published: September 2008

This study examines the effects on adolescent offending of lifestyle risk and the individual propensity to offend. It is assumed that lifestyle risk will have a more important effect on offending for those individuals with high levels of individual propensity, whereas for individuals with low levels of individual propensity it is assumed that a risky lifestyle will not, or will only marginally, influence their involvement in offending. The data are drawn from two different samples of young adolescents in Antwerp, Belgium ( N = 2,486), and Halmstad, Sweden ( N = 1,003). The data provide strong support for the hypothesis that the effect of lifestyle risk is dependent on the strength or weakness of individual propensity, indicating that lifestyle risk has a stronger effect on delinquency for individuals with a high propensity to offend. The similarity of the results across two independent samples suggests the findings are stable.
Home Musical Environment of Children in Singapore
Authors: Lum Chee-Hoo
Published: September 2008

The home musical environments of a class of 28 first-grade children in Singapore were examined in this ethnographic study. Technology was an integral part of the soundscape in the home. The musical repertoire gathered was closely associated with electronic and pop-influenced music, approaching the styles favored by teens and adults. Particular musical styles and selections that the families listened to and watched through the media also fueled these children with a sense of ethnic identity and nostalgia. Children's popular media culture was part of these children's broader social repertoire, creating a shared frame of reference for their musical play and generating cultural capital that was valued within their peer groups. Consideration of the various contexts in which these children learn about music, where their musical identities are being shaped under the influences of their techno-, media-, and ethnoscapes (dimensions proposed by Arjun Appadurai), has implications for music education classroom practices.
Music Teachers at Risk for Attrition and Migration
Authors: Hancock Carl B.
Published: September 2008

This study examined the effects of teacher characteristics, school conditions, teacher efficacy, external support, and remuneration on music educators' risk for attrition and migration. Data from the 1999—2000 Schools and Staffing Survey—a comprehensive, nationally representative survey of teachers, principals, and schools conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics—were examined for 1,931 music teacher participants. Based on sequential logistic regression analysis, significant predictors included young age (less than 30 years; 30—39 years), teaching in a secondary or private school, extracurricular hours, schoolwide concerns, limited support from administrators and parents, lower salary, and dissatisfaction with salary. When not controlling for school conditions and teacher efficacy, female music teachers were more likely than males to be at greater risk, and minority teachers were more likely to be a high risk than nonminorities. No observed effects were found for older teachers, education, mentoring, and school location. Implications for music teacher retention policy are discussed.
Selected Demographic Variables, School Music Participation, and Achievement Test Scores of Urban Middle School Students
Authors: Kinney Daryl W.
Published: September 2008

Nontransient 6th- and 8th-grade urban middle school students' achievement test scores were examined before (4th grade) and during (6th or 8th grade) enrollment in a performing ensemble. Ensemble participation (band, choir, none) and subject variables of socioeconomic status (SES) and home environment were considered. Fourth- and 6th-grade achievement tests consisted of Reading, Math, Citizenship and Science; 8th grade included Reading, Math, Social Studies, Science, and Language Arts. Analyses indicated significant differences yet small effect sizes for main effects of SES and ensemble participation. Higher SES students scored significantly higher on all subtests except 4th-, 6th-, and 8th-grade reading. Sixth-grade band students scored significantly higher than choir students and nonparticipants on every subtest of 6th- and 4th-grade achievement tests. Eighth-grade band students scored significantly higher than nonparticipants on 4th-grade Reading and Math and every subtest of the 8th-grade achievement test except Social Studies. Similar results for both cohorts suggest that band may attract higher achieving students from the outset and that test score differences remain stable over time.
Musicians and Teachers
Authors: Isbell Daniel S.
Published: September 2008

This study was designed to investigate the socialization and occupational identity of undergraduate music education majors enrolled in traditional preservice teacher education programs. Preservice music teachers ( N = 578) from 30 randomly sampled institutions completed a 128-item questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were computed for all variables, and factor analysis was used to explore the underlying structure of occupational identity. Correlational and regression analyses revealed relationships among socialization influences and occupational identity. Descriptive findings surrounding various aspects of primary and secondary socialization revealed that parents, school music teachers, and private lesson instructors exerted a positive influence on student decisions related to participating in music and pursuing a music education career. Factor analysis results indicated that occupational identity consisted of three constructs: musician identity, self-perceived teacher identity, and teacher identity as inferred from others. Correlations between secondary socialization and occupational identity were slightly stronger than those between primary socialization and occupational identity, and influential experiences were more predictive of occupational identity than influential people.
Enculturation Effects in Music Cognition
Authors: Morrison Steven J. , Demorest Steven M. , Stambaugh Laura A.
Published: September 2008

The authors replicate and extend findings from previous studies of music enculturation by comparing music memory performance of children to that of adults when listening to culturally familiar and unfamiliar music. Forty-three children and 50 adults, all born and raised in the United States, completed a music memory test comprising unfamiliar excerpts of Western and Turkish classical music. Examples were selected at two levels of difficulty—simple and complex—based on texture, instrument variety, presence of simultaneous musical lines, and clarity of internal repetition. All participants were significantly better at remembering novel music from their own culture than from an unfamiliar culture. Simple examples from both cultures were remembered significantly better than complex examples. Children performed as well as adults when remembering simple music from both cultures, whereas adults were better at remembering complex Western music. The results provide evidence that enculturation affects one's understanding of music structure before adulthood.
Digital Ethnography
Authors: Murthy Dhiraj
Published: September 2008

The rise of digital technologies has the potential to open new directions in ethnography. Despite the ubiquity of these technologies, their infiltration into popular sociological research methods is still limited compared to the insatiable uptake of online scholarly research portals. This article argues that social researchers cannot afford to continue this trend. Building upon pioneering work in `digital ethnography', I critically examine the possibilities and problems of four new technologies — online questionnaires, digital video, social networking websites, and blogs — and their potential impacts on the research relationship. The article concludes that a balanced combination of physical and digital ethnography not only gives researchers a larger and more exciting array of methods, but also enables them to demarginalize the voice of respondents. However, access to these technologies remains stratified by class, race, and gender of both researchers and respondents.
Digital Photography and Research Relationships
Authors: Woodward Sophie
Published: September 2008

This article focuses on the interactions produced by the use of the digital camera in a mass observation into everyday fashions in Nottingham. The research project includes a team of researchers, and so there is no single research relationship. Therefore this article uses the mass observation, which includes photographs and interviews with in excess of 800 participants, to highlight the complexities of the research relationship. The definition of this relationship is widened out to include the interactions between researcher and participant, the relationship participants have to each other, and the relationship they have to themselves.The digital camera is seen as a site of negotiation between researchers and participants; in turn, the research relationship is redefined as a web of interactions which are mediated by the camera and the photographic images.
Research Ethics Review and the Sociological Research Relationship
Authors: Hedgecoe Adam
Published: September 2008

For years, sociologists working in other countries or UK-based medical sociologists have complained about the effects of having to seek approval from a research ethics committee (REC) or its equivalent before starting work. With the arrival of the ESRC's Research Ethics Framework, concern about ethics review has expanded to sociologists working on a wider range of topics. This article uses ethnographic data from a study of UK RECs to examine how these bodies assess applications from social scientists, particularly those proposing qualitative research (which opponents claim is given an especially hard time by such committees). These data challenge the idea that RECs are somehow ideologically biased against qualitative research and that they cannot give an adequate assessment of applications from sociologists and other social scientists. The article concludes by suggesting sociologists' time would be better spent studying the institutional nature of the university RECs stimulated by the ESRC.
Ethical and Political Issues in Contemporary Research Relationships
Authors: Aldred Rachel
Published: September 2008

This article discusses how ethical and political issues affect contemporary research relationships. It focuses on the responsibilities of researchers studying organizations and elites, and the discussion draws upon the author's experience of researching NHS primary health care services. The article reviews the spread of `ethical guidelines' from medical to social research. Such guidelines primarily address ethical problems relating to individual researcher—researched relationships. Sociologists have criticized the application of medically based guidelines to social research, while often accepting an ethical framework based on the researcher—researched dyad. But this limited conception of ethical responsibilities leaves complex organizational power hierarchies and their effects undertheorized. Researchers may then be vulnerable and lack guidance where organizational loyalties and market mechanisms have undermined the traditional supports of academic independence and professionalism. Sociologists could learn from critical medical scientists' responses to some related ethical dilemmas, as some medical researchers have experienced these issues more acutely and for longer.
A Price Worth Paying?
Authors: Sampson Helen , Bloor Michael , Fincham Ben
Published: September 2008

Drawing on analysis of relevant literature, focus groups, and web-based discussion board postings, assembled as part of an inquiry into risks to the well-being of qualitative researchers, it is argued that emotional harm is more prevalent than physical harm and may be particularly associated with reflexivity and the important influence of feminist research methods. The particular concern of feminist researchers with reflexivity, with research relationships and with the interests of research participants may make them especially vulnerable to emotional harm.
Putting Emotion and Reflexivity to Work in Researching Migration
Authors: Gray Breda
Published: September 2008

Recent debates within sociology and feminist theory have identified a need for reflexive research and noted the importance of emotion in the researcher's relationship to the object of research and the research process.This article contributes to these debates by arguing that emotionally mediated apprehensions of the object of study and the practice of critical reflexivity in sociological research cannot be separated. This is because emotional identifications and attachments are central to the (re)framing of the object of study and the politics of knowledge production. Thus, attempts to find more reliable grounds for knowledge claims must be located in the interrelated landscapes of feeling, intellect and politics.
`We're Over-Researched Here!'
Authors: Clark Tom
Published: September 2008

Despite a number of references to research fatigue and over-researching in the literature, the concepts have yet to be empirically investigated within qualitative contexts. This article, therefore, seeks to explore how researchers understand and account for research fatigue and over-researching. Using the results generated from a grounded analysis, a number of precursors are identified and discussed. These include lack of perceptible change attributable to engagement, increasing apathy and indifference toward engagement, and practical causes such as cost, time, and organization. It is suggested that marked levels of research fatigue are likely to occur where the mechanisms that challenge research engagement increase and the supporting mechanisms decrease. Furthermore, claims of over-researching are likely to be reported in contexts where repeated engagements do not lead to any experience of change or where the engagement comes into conflict with the primary aims and interests of the research group.
`Knowledge Once Divided Can Be Hard to Put Together Again'
Authors: Mauthner Natasha S. , Doucet Andrea
Published: September 2008

This article critically examines team and collaborative research as an `academic mode of production'. Our main argument is that while theoretically qualitative social science research is rooted within a postfoundational epistemological paradigm, normative team-based research practices embody foundational principles. Team research relies on a division of labour that creates divisions and hierarchies of knowledge, particularly between researchers who gather embodied and contextual knowledge `in the field' and those who produce textual knowledge `in the office'. We argue that a theoretical commitment to a postfoundational epistemology demands that we translate this into concrete research practices that rely on concerted team-based relations rather than divisions of labour, and a reflexive research practice that strives to involve all team members in all aspects of knowledge construction processes.
Does British Sociology Count?
Authors: Williams Malcolm , Payne Geoff , Hodgkinson Liz , Poade Donna
Published: September 2008

The research reported here is from the first national survey of British undergraduate attitudes to the methodological character of the discipline and specifically to quantitative methods.The study found that most sociology students saw their subject as closer to the humanities than the sciences. However, whilst as anticipated many students expressed anxiety about quantitative methods and `number', a slight majority nevertheless expressed no such anxiety. The methodological issue for sociology is perhaps less to do with a numeric deficit and more to do with a lack of student interest in the use of quantitative methods. It may be concluded that the views held by present undergraduates do not augur well for a methodologically pluralist discipline in the future, or more generally for key numeric and analytic skills sociology graduates can bring to other professions and occupations.
Minimizing the Risk of Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and HIV Among Incarcerated Adolescent Girls
Authors: Lawrence Janet S. St. , Snodgrass C. Edward , Robertson Angela , Baird-Thomas Connie
Published: September 2008

Delinquent girls are at elevated risk for unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases when compared with non-delinquent peers. Participants—234 incarcerated female juveniles—completed demographic, individual, partner, peer, and family measures and were tested for sexually transmitted diseases. Disease rates were as follows: chlamydia (20%), gonorrhea (4%), and syphilis (1%). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis assessed the relationship of the predictor variable sets with sexual risk. Demographic and individual variables had the strongest associations with risk. Peer, partner, or family variables did not account for significant additional variance. The results suggest that an intervention could be delivered during the window of opportunity during the girls' incarceration, changing their knowledge, attitudes, and skills that are implicated in risky sexual behavior before they are released back into the community.
Hindlimb Growth after a Transphyseal Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Meller Rupert , Kendoff Daniel , Hankemeier Stefan , Jagodzinski Michael , Grotz Martin , Knobloch Karsten , Krettek Christian
Published: September 2008

Background

There is a lot of controversy in the recent literature with regard to the optimal treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries during growth. Iatrogenic growth disturbance due to physeal damage is a potential complication, forcing many orthopaedic surgeons to treat these injuries conservatively.

Hypothesis

It is possible to perform a fully transphyseal ACL reconstruction in an ovine model with wide-open physes without creating growth disturbances.

Study Design

Descriptive laboratory study.

Materials and Methods

Four-month-old skeletally immature sheep underwent a transphyseal ACL reconstruction of the right knee. The surgical technique followed the criteria known to be essential to avoid growth disturbances in humans; the tibial tuberosity was spared to prevent a genu recurvatum, thermal damage to the growth plates was avoided, the physes were perforated with a small-diameter drill in the center of the growth plate, a soft tissue graft was used, graft fixation was achieved far away from the growth plates, the perforated growth plates were filled by the soft tissue graft, and the graft was moderately pretensioned before fixation. The left knee served as a control. A computer-assisted evaluation of long radiographs (frontal and sagittal plane) of the exarticulated hindlimbs was performed to exactly evaluate the limb alignment, joint orientation, and leg length. The animals were sacrificed in groups of 6 after 3, 6, 12, and 24 weeks.

Results

No angular deformities or leg-length discrepancies occurred after this transphyseal ACL reconstruction procedure throughout the remaining growth.

Conclusion

This large-animal study supports the clinical observation that it is possible to perform an ACL reconstruction without creating growth disturbances as long as a number of key principles are followed.

Clinical Relevance

Previous animal studies argued against ACL reconstruction in skeletally immature patients. This large-animal study provides support for early operative treatment of ACL ruptures even in young patients with open physes.
Native Anterior Cruciate Ligament Obliquity versus Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Obliquity
Authors: Stanford Fatima C. , Kendoff Daniel , Warren Russell F. , Pearle Andrew D.
Published: September 2008

Background

The goal of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is to attain a graft that closely resembles the native anterior cruciate ligament anatomy. By reconstructing the original anatomy, one hopes to eliminate issues related to graft elongation, impingement, and excessive tension while achieving ideal knee kinematics.

Hypothesis

Clinical grafts placed using the transtibial technique will differ in the sagittal and coronal planes when compared with obliquity of the anatomic anterior cruciate ligament.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study/case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

With the assistance of computer navigation, our study compared the anterior cruciate ligament orientation of 5 cadaver knees with 12 clinical anterior cruciate ligament—reconstructed knees using the transtibial technique.

Results

Clinical graft obliquity differed from the anatomic anterior cruciate ligament in all flexion angles 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. In the sagittal plane, the clinical graft obliquity differed from the anatomic anterior cruciate ligament by 13.6°, 12.7°, 16.7°, and 17°, respectively. In the coronal plane, the clinical graft obliquity differed from the anatomic anterior cruciate ligament by 4.9°, 7.6°, 8.9°, and 12.7°, respectively. Paired t tests demonstrated that the difference between the clinical and anatomic anterior cruciate ligament was significant (P < .05), except in the coronal plane at 0° of flexion. In spite of this, all patients demonstrated a negative pivot shift and Lachman at the conclusion of their reconstructions and at 6-month follow-up.

Conclusion

The sagittal and coronal plane obliquity of well-functioning grafts placed using the transtibial technique were more vertical than anatomic fibers.

Clinical Relevance

Graft obliquity, in both the coronal and sagittal plane, may be an important means to target appropriate anterior cruciate ligament graft position and can be monitored using surgical navigation systems.
Aggressive Organ Donor Management Protocol
Authors: DuBose Joseph , Salim Ali
Published: September 2008

As of August 2007, 96 900 people are awaiting organ transplantation in the United States, while only 28 930 transplants were performed in 2006. With such a large gap between organ need and organ availability, it is inevitable that many will die while awaiting transplantation. This organ shortage has become a national public health crisis, and as a response, the United States Department of Health and Human Services launched the Organ Donation Breakthrough Collaborative, an ambitious campaign to dramatically increase the number of transplantable organs. One of the suggested strategies involves maximizing the number of organs obtained from the available cadaveric ``brain dead'' donor pool by using donor management protocols that optimize and treat the profound physiological disturbances that are associated with brain death. The use of these standardized and aggressive donor management protocols has been shown to increase the number of transplanted organs and prevent the number of donors lost due to medical failures. A protocol-driven approach by a dedicated organ donor management team should be considered a key component of any program designed to bridge the gap between organ supply and demand.
Penalised regression splines: theory and application to medical research
Authors: Marra Giampiero , Radice Rosalba
Published: September 2008

Generalised additive models (GAMs) allow for flexible functional dependence of a response variable on covariates. The aim of this article is to provide an accessible overview of GAMs based on the penalised likelihood approach with regression splines. In contrast to the classical backfitting, the penalised likelihood framework taken here provides researchers with an efficient computational method for automatic multiple smoothing parameter selection, which can determine the functional form of any relationship from the data. We illustrate through an example how the use of this methodology can help to gain insights into medical research.
Engaged Music Learning Through Children's Literature
Authors: Eppink Joseph A.
Published: September 2008

Children's literature is a wonderful addition to the general music classroom. Stories and poems can be key strategic tools for teaching musical concepts and skills while leading students to further experience writing, vocabulary, and literature. Children's literature and music provide an opportunity to increase the love of music and reading within students. This article considers the three phases that music educators experience as they prepare lessons to enhance and engage music learning with children's literature. Examples, strategies, and a sample lesson plan are included in this article.
Bringing the Family Tradition in Bluegrass Music to the Music Classroom
Authors: Mills Susan W.
Published: September 2008

National Standard 9, “understanding music in relation to history and culture,” forms the basis for this article about family traditions found in bluegrass music. With historical information about the roots of bluegrass music in the Old Time tradition, the author provides helpful links and instructional strategies to help general music students identify important components and concepts found in bluegrass music. The Digital Library of Appalachia is introduced to provide sound archives available to all teachers, and a sample lesson plan is included. Also included is a suggested listening repertoire, along with recommendations for use in the general music classroom.
Continuum Damage Models based on Energy Equivalence: Part I — Isotropic Material Response
Authors: Grammenoudis P. , Reckwerth D. , Tsakmakis CH
Published: September 2008

An energy equivalence method for modeling damage effects in material response is proposed. In the present article, the main issues of the method are discussed for the less complicated case of isotropic constitutive functions. Otherwise, the material response addressed is supposed to be (rate-independent) elasto-plastic exhibiting isotropic and kinematic hardening. In order to make clear the difference to other continuum damage models, it suffices to deal here with isotropic damage expressed in terms of a scalar state variable. Our approach is based on the concept of effective stress and effective strain combined with a principle of energy equivalence as explained in the article. As a result, both the yield function and the evolution equations governing the hardening response of the damaged material are obtained from a given undamaged model material. Characteristic properties of the damage theory proposed are illustrated by comparing predicted responses with those according to damage models based on the principle of strain equivalence.
Continuum Damage Models based on Energy Equivalence: Part II — Anisotropic Material Response
Authors: Grammenoudis P. , Reckwerth D. , Tsakmakis CH
Published: September 2008

Anisotropic viscoplasticity coupled with anisotropic damage is modeled in a thermodynamically consistent way. Isotropic and kinematic hardening are present in the viscoplasticity part of the model and the evolution equations for the hardening variables incorporate both, static and dynamic recovery terms. Damage effects are captured in the framework of the concept of effective stress and effective strain combined with the principle of energy equivalence as adopted in Part I. The theory is employed to determine stress distributions for a single-crystal superalloy under complex loading histories. The results are compared with experimental measurements in order to examine the capabilities of the proposed theory.
Computational Algorithms for a Damage-coupled Cyclic Viscoplasticity Material Model
Authors: Zhao A.H. , Chow C.L.
Published: September 2008

The primary objective of this investigation is to develop efficient and robust computational schemes for a damage-coupled cyclic thermoviscoplasticity model for solder materials. Three constitutive integration algorithms, Euler, modified Euler, and semi-implicit algorithm for the model are examined. The three algorithms for the model are coded in the commercial finite element (FE) code ABAQUS (version 6.21) via its user-defined material subroutine UMAT. Two single-step algorithms of the substep scheme are applied for the modified Euler algorithm to control the error in the integration of constitutive laws. A semi-empirical formulation is established for an adaptive time stepping algorithm that is based on the Euler algorithm. The simulations of single-element, miniature specimen and notched specimen simulations have been conducted and compared with the test results under monotonic tensile, creep, and fatigue tests of 63Sn-37Pb solder. It is observed that the explicit algorithm consistently requires much less CPU time than others. The modified Euler algorithm has shown, on the other hand, to be not only efficient but also accurate. The semi-implicit algorithm yields an accurate solution. It is worth noting that the method is also effective by applying an appropriate integration scheme.
Damage Evolution in Composites with a Homogenization-based Continuum Damage Mechanics Model
Authors: Jain Jayesh R. , Ghosh Somnath
Published: September 2008

This paper develops a 3D homogenization-based continuum damage mechanics (HCDM) model for fiber reinforced composites undergoing micromechanical damage. Micromechanical damage in the representative volume element (RVE) is explicitly incorporated in the form of fiber—matrix interfacial debonding. The model uses the evolving principal damage coordinate system as its reference in order to represent the anisotropic coefficients. This is necessary for retaining accuracy with nonproportional loading. The material constitutive law involves a fourth order orthotropic tensor with stiffness characterized as macroscopic internal variable. Damage in 3D composites is accounted for through functional forms of the fourth order damage tensor in terms of macroscopic strain components. The HCDM model parameters are calibrated by using homogenized micromechanical (HMM) solutions for the RVE for a few strain histories. The proposed model is validated by comparing the CDM results with HMM response of single and multiple fiber RVEs subjected to arbitrary loading history. Finally the HCDM model is incorporated in a macroscopic finite element code to conduct damage analysis in a structure. The effect of different microstructures on the macroscopic damage progression is examined through this study.
Theoretical Formulation of a Coupled Elastic—Plastic Anisotropic Damage Model for Concrete using the Strain Energy Equivalence Concept
Authors: Voyiadjis George Z. , Taqieddin Ziad N. , Kattan Peter I.
Published: September 2008

An anisotropic damage constitutive model for concrete is developed within the framework of elastoplasticity and continuum damage mechanics. The transformation from the effective (undamaged) to the damaged configuration in the elastic regime is obtained by using the hypothesis of elastic strain energy equivalence. Damage in plasticity is accounted for by developing a new formulation relating the plastic strains rate tensors in the effective and damaged configurations. Two anisotropic damage criteria are introduced to account for the different concrete behavior effects under tensile and compressive loadings. The total stress is decomposed into tensile and compressive components in order to satisfy these damage criteria. The plasticity yield criterion presented in this work accounts for the spectral decomposition of the stress tensor and will be used simultaneously with the damage criteria. The transformation of stresses from the effective to the damaged configuration is achieved by using a fourth order transformation tensor that is based on second order tensile and compressive damage tensors. Expressions are derived for the elastoplastic tangent operator in the effective and damaged configurations. The formulations are derived consistently based on sound thermodynamic principles.
Some Closed-form Solutions to Simple Beam Problems Using Nonlocal (Gradient) Damage Theory
Authors: Challamel Noël , Casandjian Charles , Lanos Christophe
Published: September 2008

In this article, a family of damage models which leads to the analytical solvability of the nonlocal evolution problem of a homogeneous bar in tension is defined. Explicit gradient damage models and implicit gradient damage models are investigated in a simple structural framework. The natural boundary conditions are derived from a variational principle, and are obtained at the boundary of the damage zone. It is shown that these damage models are the only ones leading to a linear differential equation of the strain variable. Some closed-form solutions are then available, providing a useful framework for the verification of computational models. Furthermore, these continuum damage mechanics models are well suited for the tension behavior of quasi-brittle materials, such as rock or concrete materials. It is theoretically shown that the damage zone evolves with the load level. This dependence of the localization zone to the loading parameter, is a basic feature, which is generally well accepted, from an experimental point of view. The strain profiles are also theoretically obtained, and corroborate well with what is usually numerically found for such nonlocal models. An imperfection analysis shows that the softening evolution problem is well posed in presence of strength imperfections. However, explicit gradient damage models lead to physically questionable results, in presence of imperfections. It is then recommended to use implicit gradient damage models when modeling realistic structures. It is hoped that the present article could serve as a benchmark to numerical gradient-damage finite element codes.
Measuring the Restrictiveness of Living Environments for Children and Youth
Authors: Rauktis Mary E. , Huefner Jonathan C. , O'Brien Kirk , Pecora Peter J. , Doucette Ann , Thompson Ronald W.
Published: September 2008

The Restrictiveness of Living Environment Scale has long been the primary way to conceptualize the “restrictiveness” of a child’s living situation. However, changes in systems of care and other factors have created a need to revisit how restrictiveness is conceptualized and measured. A measure was created to assess an environment’s level of restrictiveness and form the basis for empirically created general environment types. The measure was refined using expert review, cognitive interviewing, and pilot testing. Over 1,000 child organizations and older youth were invited to participate, with responses completed for 446 youth. The sample was reduced to 313 because of a large response from one setting. Cluster analysis produced a four-cluster solution suggesting low, moderate, elevated, and high restrictiveness for a simplified general environment typology. The data also suggest overlap among clusters and that settings with the same names can vary. Limitations are described, and plans for how the measure will be further developed are outlined.
The Corruption-Enhancing Role of Re-Election Incentives?
Authors: Pereira Carlos , Melo Marcus André , Figueiredo Carlos Mauricio
Published: September 2008

Traditional wisdom on the effect of re-election on incumbent performance is that first-term politicians refrain from rent extraction because they want to be re-elected. The authors find no evidence to support this belief. The corruption-reducing effects of re-election may be offset when the expected utility for rent extraction is very high. This occurs when the likelihood of detecting corruption is very low. Mayors who committed irregularities are less likely to be re-elected when this information is released in the electoral year only. Although citizens hold mayors accountable for bad behavior, they do not do so to the point of discouraging misbehavior.
B-Cell Cutaneous Lymphoid Hyperplasia Representing Progressive Transformation of Germinal Center: A Report of 2 Cases
Authors: Kojima Masaru , Sakurai Shinji , Shimizu Ken , Itoh Hideaki
Published: September 2008

Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia (CLH) is a reactive polyclonal benign lymphoproliferative process predominantly composed of B cells or T cells, either localized or disseminated. The authors report histomorphologic, immunophenotypic, and genotypic findings of 2 cases of B-cell CLH demonstrating progressive transformation of germinal center (PTGC). Histologically, most of the lymphoid follicles were PTGCs with a few hyperplastic germinal centers. PTGC was characterized by enlarged but well-circumscribed follicles without clear demarcation of the germinal center and mantle zone, which contained a predominance of small lymphocytes and variable numbers of centrocytes, centroblasts, and immunoblasts. However, there were no centroblasts and immunoblasts resembling lymphocytic and/or histiocytic Reed—Sternberg cell variants in nodular lymphocyte—predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) in either lesion. These unusual CLHs should be differentiated from the primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, primary cutaneous follicular lymphoma, particularly “floral variant,” or NLPHL. To avoid overdiagnosis and overtreatment, immunophenotypic and genotypic studies are required along with careful morphologic examination.
Simulated Driving Changes in Young Adults With ADHD Receiving Mixed Amphetamine Salts Extended Release and Atomoxetine
Authors: Kay Gary G. , Michaels M. Alex , Pakull Barton
Published: September 2008

Background: Psychostimulant treatment may improve simulated driving performance in young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of simulated driving performance with mixed amphetamine salts—extended release (MAS XR) 50 mg/day (Cohort 1) and atomoxetine 80 mg/day (Cohort 2) in young adults with ADHD. Results: Adults aged 19 to 25 years with AD/HD ( N = 19) who were administered MAS XR significantly improved overall simulated driving performance versus placebo up to 12 hours after dosing. In contrast, there were no statistically significant differences in simulated-driving-performance scores between atomoxetine and placebo. At endpoint, MAS XR reduced ADHD Rating Scale scores ≥ 30% in 80% of subjects, whereas atomoxetine achieved this level of improvement for 40%. Limitations: Small sample size and use of simulated driving may limit generalizability of the findings. Conclusion: MAS XR in young adults with ADHD yields significant improvements in simulated driving performance and ADHD symptoms. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 12(4) 316-329)
Do Attention Deficits Influence IQ Assessment in Children and Adolescents With ADHD?
Authors: Jepsen Jens Richardt M. , Fagerlund Birgitte , Mortensen Erik Lykke
Published: September 2008

Objective: To characterize the relationship between IQ and attention deficits in children with ADHD and to estimate the inattention-related mean influence on IQ when children are tested before stimulant drug treatment has been initiated. Method: Studies of various methodologies are reviewed. Results: Correlation studies show mostly weak associations between IQ scores and attention deficits. Meta-analyses report the average short-term stimulant treatment effect on IQ in children with ADHD to be 2 to 7 IQ points. Conclusion: The associations between IQ and attention deficits in ADHD are generally modest, with the mean influence on IQ probably amounting to 2 to 5 IQ points. This may serve as a benchmark when clinicians interpret the validity of IQ in this clinical population. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 12(6) 551-562)