bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scientific Access and Political Constraints
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

The problem of social-science information in a Western context is hardly the lack of data. If anything, we suffer an overload of undigested information coupled with a lack of theory. Historically, the knock on European social science has been an absence of information that has permitted grand theory to go about its business unperturbed by the issues engaging the “real” world. The net result is a duality that we have alluded to earlier: positivism on the American side that sees partisan political outcomes as the “bottom line” expression of the research process; and metaphysics on the European side that manages to relegate the political process to a footnote to intellect. In the crucible of common needs and common markets, such a dualism is clearly no longer feasible.
Reconstructing the Social Sciences
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

Like many people in social science, I have given an inordinate amount of time to examining the fates and fortunes of our comer of knowledge. Professional narcissism is one of the vices of self­reflection. Thinking about one’s profession can occupy a disproportionate share of attention with respect to its actual worth. This caveat notwithstanding, the current status of social science is of increasing concern not only to sociologists but to some outside the field as well. I would like to outline a few central problems; a few areas of contention; and beyond that some new aproaches for improving the current state of affairs.
Social Science as the Third Culture
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

Discussions about the rights and wrongs of higher education are so daunting in number, if not in solutions, that it is probably best to draw upon one’s own experiences, at least as a starting point. It is not that experience is a better guide than reason in human affairs; rather, the ground of reason can best be established by a sense of shared needs, wants, and traditions of the individuals, administrators, teachers, and students who coexist in this strange world of higher learning. What follows, then, is a set of personal observations rather than a scholarly treatise or, for that matter, a policy wish list.
The Beginnings of Religion in South Asia
Authors: Basham A L
Published: November 2023

Agriculture, based on information from archaeologists and carbon-14 dating, began in South Asia around 5000 B.C.E., in small settlements of Neolithic peas ants and stock breeders in what is now Pakistan. By 3000 B.C.E. much of the Indus valley was cultivated, and bronze was beginning to be used for practical purposes. The culture was by no means uniform: Wide differences are found in the pottery from village to village, and other features of daily life show comparable variation. Most of the village cultures, however, were by comparison well advanced, and though they had not yet evolved a civilization, in the sense of a literate city life, they were well on the way to doing so.
Direct Integration of Equilibrium Equations
Authors: Parker Eugene N
Published: November 2023

It is instructive to write out exact integrals of the complete force-free equations (3.3) and (3.4) to illustrate those general aspects of the mathematical structure that lead to discontinuities in the equilibrium field. In special cases the integration can be carried through to provide analytic forms for the discontinuous equilibrium field. Mon: generally the integration provides the algebraic sum of the strength of the discontinuities encountered by a closed contour.
Examples of Field Discontinuities
Authors: Parker Eugene N
Published: November 2023

It is instructive to complement the generally analytical study of the magnctostatic field equations of the preceding chapters with specific examples of the formation of tangential discontinuities by continuous deformation of simple field topologies. The examples illustrate the common conditions under which discontinuities appear with the deformation of a continuous field. In fact it appears that the familiar theoretical X-type neutral point is rarely Lo be found in pure form in nature.
Solar X-Ray Emission
Authors: Parker Eugene N
Published: November 2023

The curious optical emission spectrum of the solar corona puzzled spectroscopists for decades until it was suggested by Grotrian ( l 931, 1933, 1939) that the temperature is of the order of 106K. With this possibility in mind Edlen (1942a,b) was able to identify nineteen of the coronal lines (Lyot, 193:J) as arising from forbidden transitions of highly ionized atoms (e.g., Fex, f-exIv, NixIII, CaxII), clearly establishing an electron temperature of the general order of l06 K. Radio observations corroborated this result.
Universal Nanoflares
Authors: Parker Eugene N
Published: November 2023

The basic theorem of magnetostatics asserts that the Maxwell stresses 111 all but the simplest field topologies continually strive to produce current sheets of vanishing thickness and unbounded current density, i.e., surfaces of tangential discontinuity in the magnetic field. In astronomical settings the small resistivity of the gas takes over in the final stages, as the current sheet thickness declines toward zero.
Different Voices: African American Women in the Episcopal Church
Authors: Farmer Marjorie Nichols
Published: November 2023

The story of twentieth century women in the Episcopal Church as reviewed in other chapters in this volume is, quite appropriately, a generally Anglocentric account. We are, after all, an English church, a member of the worldwide Anglican communion. This chapter will offer a counterpoint: the story of the women of what has been called “the invisible church,” almost unseen in our “official” histories, and generally unmarked in the prevailing perception of who Episcopalians are. Though black Episcopalians fully share the traditions and the liturgy of the Episcopal Church, we bring to that heritage a very different social history. My task is to report that difference: its roots in our common history, its impact on the life of this church, and its influence in shaping the future of the Anglican faith community.
The Challenges of the New Humanism
Authors: Cave David
Published: November 2023

Now that I have eluciated several goals found in the new humanism, it is necessary to address the challenges a person must undergo in order to realize these goals. Eliade constantly referred to various challenges or ordeals which individuals and cultures must face as they progress toward their respective destinies. Both humans and culture are in a constant process of becoming. Through continued creativity and an endless series of initiations, their development expands to include broader universes of meaning, thus lessening individual and cultural alienation, fragmentation, and meaninglessness. This being opened to, and founded upon, greater panoramas of meaning is what Eliade meant by “transcendence.” Transcendence does not mean being dissociated from history. For it is possible to speak of transcendence as intrinsically connected to the social and political dimensions, as found in Chinese thought. Rather, for Eliade, transcendence pertains to cosmic structures of meaning which exist independent from changing, irreversible history, by essence but not by fact; these structures of meaning can only be known in history. It is through inevitable and self-imposed challenges, then, that humans and culture uncover these structures of meaning. Life is lived within the boundary between immanence and transcendence, death and life, ignorance and knowledge, sterility and creativity, analysis and synthesis, the particular and the universal, the isolated and the whole. The challenges humans face throughout life force one to stress one side against the other. We can stress life over death, transcendence to immanence, the universal to the particular, meaning over meaninglessness, or vice versa. Yet the dialectic remains. For similar to the Chinese yin/yang interconnection, within each pole exists the active presence of the other: in death we can find life, and in every choice of life there is the death of something else.
Nobody’s Home
Authors: Weinstein Arnold
Published: November 2023

This book has been taking shape for some ten years now, and I can accurately pinpoint its origin: my stint as Fulbright professor of American literature at Stockholm University in 1982-83. At that point I had the challenging experience of teaching American fiction to Swedish university students, and although my notions of what is “American” had been percolating ever since my student days in Paris, I found that this particular venture, namely, looking at American texts “from outside in,” triggered a process of reflection and self-definition that was to have real consequences.
The Limits of Urban Capitalism
Authors: Lachmann Richard
Published: November 2023

Cities were the stars of medieval and Renaissance Europe. In contrast to the political stasis and virtual autarky of rural areas depicted in the previous chapter, urban areas were sites of rapid demographic change, the nodes of international trading and production networks, and the stages upon which elites and classes became agents of historical change, inventing new and challenging old political arrangements.
Introduction
Authors: Gray Rebecca
Published: November 2023

In recent years there has been renewed interest in the question of how Jesus of Nazareth should be classified in terms ofreligious or social type. Should he be described primarily as a teacher, prophet, miracle worker, magician, Galilean charismatic, or militant revolutionary? The list of possibilities could be extended. These types are not mutually exclusive, and it is possible—indeed likely—that a given individual would have combined different roles. But it is still worth asking which single type best describes Jesus.
The Essenes
Authors: Gray Rebecca
Published: November 2023

In War 2.159 Josephus makes a general statement about the ability of some of the Essenes to predict the future. Elsewhere in his works, he provides accounts of the activities of three individual Essene prophets: Judas ( War 1.78–80; Ant. 13.311–13), Menahem (Ant. 15.373–79), and Simon ( War 2.112–13; Ant. 17.345–48). In this chapter, I shall examine these passages in some detail and outline the general features of the type of prophecy represented by the Essenes, which is similar in many ways to that described in chapter 2 and represented by Josephus himself.
The Sign Prophets
Authors: Gray Rebecca
Published: November 2023

Josephus’ account of the revolt against Rome and the events leading up to it includes reports of the activities of several figures who are usually described as sign prophets by scholars. There is some dispute about precisely which figures should be included in this category. My own list of Jewish sign prophets includes the following six individuals or groups: In this chapter, I shall review Josephus’ accounts concerning these figures and sketch the most important features of the prophetic type they represent. I shall concentrate, in the first instance, on simply describing their actions and behavior, as reported by Josephus, but I shall also attempt to give an account of the intentions and expectations of the sign prophets, insofar as this is possible. That last qualification is a significant one. In order to understand fully what the sign prophets intended by their actions and what they expected to happen, we would need to know a great deal more than we do about what they said and did, about the precise historical circumstances that gave rise to the movements they led, and about the religious beliefs and expectations current among Jews of their day. In what follows, I shall indicate the points at which my own views about the intentions and expectations of the sign prophets differ significantly from the current scholarly consensus and I shall state as clearly as possible what I think we can and cannot say with confidence.
The Ottoman Obsession
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

In 1603 an immense volume of more than six hundred leaves, The Generalle Historic of the Turkes, was published in London. By no means the first book printed in England on the subject of the Turks and the European efforts to halt their advance, it was, nevertheless, the first to attempt a general history from the first beginning of that nation to the rising of the Ottoman Familie, with all the notable expeditions of the Christian Princes against them, together with the lives and conquests of the Ottoman Kings and Emperours; faithfullie collected out of the best histories, both auntient and modeme, and digested into one continual historic until this present yeare 1603.
Background And Formulation Of Combustion
Authors: Linan Amable , Williams Forman A
Published: November 2023

Although combustion has a long history and great economic and technical importance, its scientific investigation is of relatively recent origin. Combustion science can be defined as the science of exothermic chemical reactions in flows with heat and mass transfer. As such, it involves thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, fluid mechanics, and transport processes. Since the foundations of the second and last of these subjects were not laid until the middle of the nineteenth century, combustion did not emerge as a science until the beginning of the twentieth century. In recent years, great improvements in understanding of combustion processes have arisen through advances in computer capabilities, in experimental techniques, and in asymptotic methods of applied mathematics.
Premixed Flames
Authors: Linan Amable , Williams Forman A
Published: November 2023

The deflagrations defined in the last section of Chapter 1 also are called premixed flames and occur in many combustion experiments. If a uniform combustible mixture contained in a tube is ignited by a spark, then a premixed flame propagates through the mixture, moving along the tube at a fairly definite velocity characteristic of the mixture. Such deflagration waves can be made stationary in the laboratory by causing the combustible mixture to flow at an appropriate velocity. This is achieved in a Bunsen burner, where the deflagration is anchored at the exit of the tube, which then serves as a flame holder.
Introduction: Transcendentalism and the Orient
Authors: Versluis Arthur
Published: November 2023

To study nineteenth-century American Transcendentalist Orientalism is to study variants in American millennialism. Just as Samuel Sewall could write about his expectation of the coming New Jerusalem in America in his Phaenomena quaedam Apocalyptica (1697),1 so too in “The Transcendentalists,” Emerson could look forward to a more glorious state in America than history had yet recorded; so too the Fourierist Transcendentalists could eagerly look forward to the earthly millennium in which all “superstition” was left behind; and so too Samuel Johnson, O. B. Frothingham, and other late Transcendentalists could look forward to human “progress” culminating in a “religion of humanity.” This belief in progress conditions and is reflected in the whole of Transcendentalist Orientalism; it is both the reason that Transcendentalist Orientalism came into being and its greatest obstacle to actually understanding Asian religions.
The Celestial Hierarchy
Authors: Rorem Paul
Published: November 2023

An introduction to the Dionysian treatises should start with The Celestial Hierarchy, for several reasons. Much of the manuscript tradition presents it as the first of the treatises: The Celestial Hierarchy, The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, The Divine Names, and The Mystical Theology. A case can and will be made for placing the two hierarchical treatises after The Mystical Theology, as in the Paulist Press edition, but this is a structural argument that assumes a familiarity with the corpus, not a pedagogical order for introducing it. Furthermore, The Celestial Hierarchy comes first because in it we immediately encounter crucial facets of the author’s theological method that recur throughout the writings.1 Part I touched upon the concern of Letter 9 for the proper method of interpreting symbols. The author’s interpretive method, essential to the entire enterprise, is pursued in detail in this treatise and in its companion, The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy. In the latter work, on the rites and offices of the church, the author explicitly refers to The Celestial Hierarchy as a book already written (Ecclesiastical Hierarchy 1, 372C, 196), thus indicating the sequential relationship of these two treatises. The first three chapters of The Celestial Hierarchy, as we shall see, introduce both the remainder of that treatise on the angelic beings and also the subsequent one (The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy) on Christian worship. The Celestial Hierarchy also fits well at this point because it continues another topic begun in the Letters. Letter 9 interpreted the biblical mixing bowl (1109B, 285-86) as a symbol for the procession and return of God, a conceptual framework that provides a foundation throughout these writings. This concept of procession and return is encountered explicitly in the first few lines of The Celestial Hierarchy. The gradual explication of these essential Dionysian themes should start, therefore, with this treatise, quite apart from its main subject matter of angels.
Afterword On the Question of Influence in the Middle Ages
Authors: Rorem Paul
Published: November 2023

The sections on the questions of medieval influence in the five parts of this commentary have touched upon exceedingly diverse topics-from hierarchy and allegory through the choirs of angels and the aesthetics of Gothic architecture to liturgical hermeneutics, philosophical theology, and medieval mysticism. In adding to my own commentary these five sketches about the medieval uses of the Areopagite's works, my primary intention has been simply to introduce some of the material and to assemble bibliography on those points. Perhaps it is rash to venture into dialogue with experts in so many historical and theological specialities, scholars who can and should point out errors or misleading generalizations. Nevertheless, the Dionysian corpus and its legacy simply transcend modem specializations, and its readers must do so as well if they wish to appreciate its integrated character and multifaceted influence. The encyclopedic interests of medieval thinkers like Albert the Great point the way. "Study everything," said Hugh of Saint-Victor-and everything to do with the Dionysian corpus is worth studying. In addition to tracing the varying uses of the individual treatises on specific topics, as attempted above, the story of the Dionysian legacy in the Middle Ages could also be told as a unified narrative about the corpus as a whole, at least until the thirteenth century. Since few Western readers were able or courageous enough to examine Dionysius in the original Greek, most of them sought the help of the translations, paraphrases, comments, and commentaries that gradually constituted the Latin Dionysian corpus. At each stage a stratum of interpretation was added, which then influenced the next layer. Thus the influence of the medieval Dionysius cannot be appreciated from the Greek text and a modem translation, but only from these Latin translations and aids. Since many of them are not yet carefully edited or widely available, the full picture of Dionysian influence requires much more work.
Remembering Denmark Vesey
Authors: Stuckey Sterling
Published: November 2023

In 1800, a slave named Denmark Vesey won a lottery and purchased his freedom from his master. Twenty-two years later, in Charleston, South Carolina, he was arrested, interrogated, and sent to the gallows for having led a conspiracy against slavery involving thousands of slaves.
“Ironic Tenacity”:Frederick Douglass’s Seizure of the Dialectic
Authors: Stuckey Sterling
Published: November 2023

Of all the travelers to Africa in the years of the Atlantic slave trade, none better captured the place of the African woman in the life of her people than Mungo Park. Weary and dejected, in dire need of food, Park was approached by a slave woman who offered him a “seasonable satisfaction” of nuts and departed before he could thank her. Sometime thereafter, he encountered another woman, one returning “from the labors of the field.”
The Skies of Consciousness: African Dance at Pinkster in New York, 1750-1840
Authors: Stuckey Sterling
Published: November 2023

Of the forms of folk expression, except for the tale, slave dance was the most difficult for slaveholders to suppress. Melville Herskovits noted the tenacity of this form but did not explain in detail why it was so. And while he and a few other anthropologists have written thoughtfully on certain aspects of slave dance in the Americas, there was, until recently, no explanation for why dance was vital to the formation of a common vision for African ethnic groups in the American South. Because the oppression of blacks in the North was, however painful, not draconic, and the number of slaves there slight compared with the South, the issue of a common vision among northern slaves has hardly been a concern of scholars. Instead, they have tended to treat the slave cultural experience in the North, to the extent that it has been treated at all, as if it had little or no connection with the slave South. And since dance on the plantations of the South, despite its powerful presence in the sources, has been practically ignored until recently, it should not surprise that, when mentioned at all with respect to northern slavery, it has almost invariably been referred to only in passing.
Black Americans and African Consciousness: Du Bois, Woodson, and the Spell of Africa
Authors: Stuckey Sterling
Published: November 2023

However terrible the shocks through which slaves went before and after their arrival in America, articulate ones among the race throughout the centuries identified with Africa. In making this identification, they spoke for a large segment of the inarticulate masses. Benjamin Banneker, writing at a time when mockery was made of the Negro’s color and ancestral home, wrote to Thomas Jefferson in 1791 that he “freely and cheerfully” acknowledged the fact that he was of “the African race, and in that color which is natural to them of the deepest dye.”
The Death of Benito Cereno: A Reading of Herman Melville on Slavery
Authors: Stuckey Sterling
Published: November 2023

A kindly American captain named Delano, commanding a large sealer off the coast of Chile on a gray morning, spotted a vessel without colors and apparently in distress. The captain ordered the whale boat of his Bachelor’s Delight stocked with provisions for those on the vessel in the distance. As the sealer approached the San Dominick, Delano noted that its true character “was plain-a Spanish merchantman of the first class, carrying negro slaves.” He also noted that the San Dominick seemed launched “from Ezekiel’s valley of dry bones.”
“Follow Your Leader”: The Theme of Cannibalism in Melville’s Benito Cereno
Authors: Stuckey Sterling
Published: November 2023

The solution to the problem of cannibalism in Benito Cereno involves concerns that are at the heart of the novella. Since that problem, represented by Alexandro Aranda’s skeleton, shadows the work as a whole, it is not surprising that its solution has implications for aspects of the work that have received little or no critical attention to date. In other words, aspects of the novella that once seemed essential to the brilliance of its crafting but with little or no relation to Melville criticism will be shown to be deeply related to that criticism.
Skepticism
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: November 2023

One way of motivating skeptical doubts is by invoking skeptical hypotheses. By ‘skeptical hypothesis’ I mean a hypothesis that implies that most of our ordinary beliefs are false. For example, if we are under the control of a deceiving demon or if we are brains in a vat being programmed to have misleading perceptual experiences, then much of what we believe is mistaken, and mistaken not just in detail but overwhelmingly.
Enlightenment and Awakening in Edwards and Franklin
Authors: Aldridge A Owen
Published: November 2023

The contrary perspectives of the religious movement known in America as the Great Awakening and the intellectual movement embracing most of Europe and America known as the Enlightenment may be seen in the attitudes of a representative of each movement, Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin, respectively. Illustrating basic attitudes toward life, Edwards reflected that “Christ recommended rising early in the morning, by his rising from the grave very early,”1 and Franklin in the guise of Poor Richard assured his readers that activity in the prime of the morning makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. Here spiritual and secular values and motives are clearly separate but, nevertheless, not completely opposed. Likewise the Awakening and the Enlightenment seem by definition to be antithetical, but they are not necessarily incompatible. In historical terms, the Great Awakening was a religious revival that swept the American colonies from New England to Georgia, according to some scholars between 1739 and 1744, and, according to others, between 1734 and 1749. In theological terms, the Great Awakening was the process by which God was presumably establishing Christ’s kingdom in America.
Franklin, Edwards, and the Problem of Human Nature
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

“Reason should govern Passion, but instead of that, you see, it is often subservient to it.” So ran the conventional wisdom of the eighteenth century, in this case stated by Sir Richard Steele in The Spectator. Throughout the eighteenth century, the Western world typically thought of human nature in terms of a model of faculties or powers. There were two kinds of powers, “intellectual” and “active,” which made up the “understanding” and the “will,” respectively. The understanding encompassed the powers of perception; the will, those of action. It is with the latter that we shall primarily concern ourselves. The most common version of eighteenth-century faculty psychology arranged the “active powers” in a hierarchical sequence. First in order of precedence came the rational faculties of the will: conscience (or the moral sense) and prudence (or self-interest). Below them were the emotional springs of action, called either by the approving term “affections” or the more derogatory word “passions,” as the context might dictate. Still farther down were mechanical impulses like reflexes, not subject to conscious control at all. The hierarchical structure of human nature, a later number of The Spectator explained, corresponded to humanity’s intermediate position in the great chain of being, partly divine, partly animal.1
The Two Cultures in Eighteenth-Century America
Authors: Kuklick Bruce
Published: November 2023

The study of the cultural significance of Franklin and Edwards is a timehonored, not to say old-fashioned, academic enterprise. For generations scholars have explored the ways in which the two men contribute to our understanding of American national character.1 In relentlessly juxtaposing the personalities and careers of the two-in what might be called The Compare and Contrast Model-students hope to illuminate not just the colonial world but topics as diverse as twentieth-century corporate mores and the evangelistic revivalism of Billy Graham and his successors. This essay treats those conventions with respect but ultimately moves away from them to make a historiographical point about our understanding of the eighteenth century. It is possible to view suspiciously the whole project of comparing the two men. Any attempt to point up similarities between them can be practically countered by narrowing the area of comparison and displaying instead a contrast. Franklin and Edwards were both conversant with Newtonianism. Yet within the camp of knowledgeable adherents of the New Learning, Edwards was concerned with the a priori dimensions of the Principia. Franklin was exclusively (and more deeply) interested in the experimentalism-the raw empiricism-of natural philosophy.
The Selling of the Self: From Franklin to Barnum
Authors: Zuckerman Michael
Published: November 2023

Each of them straddled his century like a colossus. Each was born near its beginning-one in 1706, the other in 1810-and each lived almost to its end-one to 1790, the other to 1891. Each of them began in obscurity, each had half a century of celebrity, and each died acclaimed as the representative American of his age. Benjamin Franklin was the embodiment of the Enlightenment. David Hume declared him “the first philosopher and indeed the first great man of letters for whom we are beholden to America.” The Parisians lionized him while he lived among them and lamented him when he died far from them; his fame in France was so extraordinary that the National Assembly proclaimed a period of national mourning when word of his death reached the Continent. Even caustic John Adams conceded enviously that, in Europe, “his reputation was more universal than that of Leibniz or Newton, Frederick or Voltaire, and his character more beloved or esteemed than any or all of them.”1
Introduction
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

In his last years in office, an embattled President George Washington yearned for a time when his nation would “possess the strength of a Giant and there will be none who can make us afraid.” More than two hundred years later, at the dawn of the twenty-first century, the United States had achieved a position of world power Washington could not have dreamed of. Pundits hailed a “unipolar moment.” Comparisons were drawn with ancient Rome, the only historical example that seemed adequately to describe America’s global preeminence.
The Great Transformation: Depression, Isolationism, and War, 1931–1941
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

Our international trade relations, though vastly important, are in point of time and necessity secondary to the establishment of a sound national economy,” Franklin Delano Roosevelt proclaimed in his March 4, 1933, inaugural address. “I favour as a practical policy the putting of first things first.” Indeed, in this speech to a nation laid low by economic catastrophe, FDR focused exclusively on domestic programs and appealed to Americans’ self-reliance. He devoted but one long, and notably vague, sentence to foreign policy—less than Grover Cleveland in 1885. A clear sign of the times, these observations about national priorities also distinguish the 1930s from the preceding decade. During the 1920s, the United States actively participated in resolving international problems. After 1931, involvement without commitment gave way to a pervasive and deeply emotional unilateralism along with congressional safeguards against intervention in war.
“Five Continents and Seven Seas”: World War II and the Rise of American Globalism, 1941–1945
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

The problems which we face are so vast and so interrelated,” Franklin Roosevelt explained to Ambassador Joseph Grew on January 21, 1941, “that any attempt even to state them compels one to think in terms of five continents and seven seas.”1 Thus, almost a year before Pearl Harbor, FDR came to appreciate the enormously transformative impact of World War II on U.S. foreign relations. Even prior to December 7, 1941, Americans had begun to reassess long-standing assumptions about the sources of their national security (a phrase just coming into use). While often obscuring the intent and significance of his actions, the president had taken major steps toward intervention in the European and Asian wars. What the fall of France did not accomplish in terms of reshaping American attitudes and institutions, Pearl Harbor did.
“The Strength of a Giant”: America as Hyperpower, 1992–2007
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

After the end of the Cold War, the United States enjoyed a degree of world hegemony beyond George Washington’s most extravagant dreams. Despite gloomy talk of decline in the 1970s and 1980s, America in the last years of the twentieth century boasted a seemingly invincible high-tech military machine, a robust computer-driven economy, and an array of “soft power” that gave it nearly incalculable influence over the planet’s affairs. Not since Rome, it was argued, had any nation enjoyed such preeminence. The French, so often critical of the United States, coined a new word—hyperpower—to describe America’s unprecedented status.
Dynamics and Quantum Tunneling of Vortices
Authors: Šimánek Eugen
Published: November 2023

Within the past decade there has been a resurgence of interest in the dynamics of superfluid and superconducting vortices. One source of motivation for this topic may be attributed to the discovery of the quantum Hall effect (von Klitzing et al., 1980), which led to the suggestion that elementary excitations in 2D systems may obey nonstandard statistics (Wilczek, 1982; Halperin, 1984). Haldane and Wu (1985) pointed out a powerful analogy between the dynamics of a vortex in a 2D superfluid film and the electron motion in a cyclotron orbit. critical value.
The Mhd Equilibrium Of A Toroidal Plasma In Three-Dimensional Geometry
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro
Published: November 2023

In order to confine a plasma in a finite volume with a donut shape, macroscopic plasma motion must be suppressed and a local force balance between the expansion force due to the pressure gradient VP and the electromagnetic force J x B must be satisfied. As shown in chapter 2, a vacuum magnetic system with nested toroidal magnetic surfaces is appropriate for plasma confinement. Thus, the next question concerns the existence of nested magnetic surfaces satisfying the MHD equilibrium equations It is well-known that, when the system has a geometrical symmetry, such as axisymmetry or helical symmetry, the existence of nested magnetic surfaces can be proved. The tokamak, the Reversed Field Pinch (RFP), and the Spheromak are axisymmetric toroidal systems. In order to produce the rotational transform in these devices, a plasma current in the toroidal direction is required. The helically symmetric straight plasma satisfying the MHD equilibrium equations (4.1)-( 4.3) also has nested magnetic surfaces. However, in order to eliminate end-loss of the straight plasma column, the bending of the helically symmetric straight system into a toroidal stellarator or heliotron is a natural development from the point of view of high-temperature plasma confinement. Then, the resultant toroidal stellarator or heliotron loses helical symmetry. One significant characteristic of the toroidal heliotron is the possibility of plasma confinement without a net toroidal current as in tokamaks.
Banquets and Brawls: Aspects of Ceremonial Meals
Authors: Lincoln Bruce
Published: November 2023

Although it was once fashionable to differentiate the communicative from the technical-instrumental dimension of human activity and to view ritual as more a mode of speech than one of action, such formulations, like other attempts to treat ritual as mere symbolism, have been rendered obsolete by more recent, subtle, and sophisticated studies of the interrelations between discourse and practice.1 For over the course of the last two decades, it has gradually become clear that ritual, etiquette, and other strongly habituated forms of practical discourse and discursive practice do not just encode and transmit messages, but they play an active and important role in the construction, maintenance, and modification of the borders, structures, and hierarchic relations that characterize and constitute society itself.
Festivals and Massacres: Reflections on St. Bartholomew’s Day
Authors: Lincoln Bruce
Published: November 2023

As has been long recognized, any society, even the smallest, is a complex amalgam of multiple subunits-clans, lineages, socioeconomic classes, political factions, age groups, genders, and so on that are only imperfectly bonded together to form the total social unit. Such integration, which is necessary for the smooth and harmonious functioning of society, is regularly sought and accomplished through numerous overlapping systems and mechanisms among them law, pedagogy, etiquette, aesthetics, and ideology, particularly religious ideology. It is, in fact, the particular competence of religion for achieving broad social integration that led Durkheim to consecrate his masterwork, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, to the study of religion, and the Durkheimian tradition—which has been so influential in sociological, anthropological, and historical scholarship—has enriched our understanding of the means whereby religion powerfully promotes social cohesion and sentiments of common belonging.
Abandoning the American Dream
Authors: Quadagno Jill
Published: November 2023

The right to choose one’s place of residence is a basic civil right that is inextricably linked to the right to work without coercion. This concept was established in a British judgment in 1705 when a chief justice proclaimed: “All people are at liberty to live in Winchester, and how can they be restrained from using the lawful means of living there.” Decades of forced residential segregation had denied that right to African Americans and thus also the right to freely choose employment, obtain an education, and achieve a standard of living compatible with the prevailing living standard for white Americans.
The Politics of Welfare Reform
Authors: Quadagno Jill
Published: November 2023

No program better exemplifies the racially divisive character of the American welfare state than Aid to Families with De pendent Children (AFDC). Conservatives attack AFDC for discouraging work and family formation and for rewarding laziness. Such comments are really subtly veiled messages about family structures and employment patterns among African Americans.
Rebuilding the Welfare State
Authors: Quadagno Jill
Published: November 2023

In less than a decade Johnson’s War on Poverty was over. Its nucleus, the Office of Economic Opportunity, was abolished and its programs either transferred to other agencies or directed toward other goals. The Job Corps went to the Department of Labor; literacy training and Headstart to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare; job training was steered away from the poor; a program to help the poor buy their own homes was halted; and community action was eliminated altogether.
Conscientious Objectors and the American State from
Authors: Present Colonial Times to the
Published: November 2023

John Whiteclay Chambers II Modem conscientious objection first emerged in America. It did so because of the importance of pacifist religious faiths in the settlement of the British North American colonies and because of the significance of ideas of individualism, freedom of conscience, and religious toleration. Except for some compulsory militia training and occasional temporary drafts in wartime, Americans have mainly had a volunteer military tradition. Whenever American governments have resorted to compulsory military training or service, however, they have also faced dissenters who refused to accept the military obligation that the state sought to impose. Religious pacifists, such as the Quakers, were first known as “nonresisters” (for their refusal to use violent means to resist or defend against violence). In the twentieth century they and others who refused on principled grounds to bear arms were called “conscientious objectors” or COs.
Britain: From Individual Conscience to Social Movement
Authors: Harries-Jenkins Gwyn
Published: November 2023

Britain has relied upon a volunteer army more often than upon compulsory military training and service, but in its experiences with conscription—particularly during the two world wars and the first dozen years of the Cold War—it witnessed a progressive liberalization of conscientious objection. Britain’s experience also had a significant influence upon conscription and conscientious objection in the United States. In essence, conscientious objection is the articulation by an individual of a set of highly internalized attitudes in response to a particular stimulus. Expressions of conscience theoretically can reflect a wide range of stimuli: environmental pollution, gender inequalities, racism, penal policy, and so on. The term “conscientious objection,” however, is more limited in its scope. Conceptually it can be identified with a continuum of war resistance, the characteristics of which can be equated, in the words of one scholar, “with anti-militarist and anti-conscriptionist movements in peace time, with pacifist conscientious objection, with nationalist and socialist resistance and ethical and religious withdrawal from a given state and indeed with revolutionary opposition.”
Socialist Countries of Eastern Europe: The Old Orders Crumble
Authors: Bebler Anton
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with the phenomena of conscientious objection in states that called themselves “socialist” and that were ruled by communist parties. The focus is on the socialist countries of Eastern Europe during the period of communist rule, but the chapter concludes with some brief observations on the postcommunist era. Even before the communist era social conditions worked against the acceptance of conscientious objection in Eastern Europe. Most of the states in this region had long-standing traditions of conscription. Excepting a few interludes between the two world wars, the countries of Eastern Europe had low levels of political tolerance, weak political parties, and scarely independent judiciaries. The strength of pacifist denominations, moreover, was much lower than in most Western countries. In brief, and with some oversimplification, the societal context of Eastern Europe has been inhospitable to the recognition of conscientious objection. These conditions became even more pronounced during the later socialist era.
The Coupling Convention
Authors: duCille Ann
Published: November 2023

Ann duCille’s probing new study spanning the period from 1853 to 1948 explores the nascence of literary activity among black women in the 1890s and goes on to investigate the cultural climate which led some of the most prominent to use the marriage convention as a means of exploring wider questions of human social relations, sexuality, and female subjectivity. The Coupling Convention goes beyond the period study to offer a new paradigm for reading black women’s fiction.
The Minor Daughter
Authors: Wegner Judith Romney
Published: November 2023

The sexuality factor exerts a profound influence on the personhood of women in mishnaic law. By sexuality factor I mean the presence or absence of a relationship in which some man owns the exclusive right to the woman’s biological function (using this term to include both the man’s right to intercourse with her and his ownership of her reproductive capability).26 If such a relationship exists, the woman is legally dependent on the man in question; if no such relationship exists, the system grants her autonomy. A woman’s status of dependency or autonomy makes a consider able difference to the level of her personhood because it affects the scope of her legal rights and powers and hence the degree to which she controls her own life. We shall explore here (and in chaps. 3 through 5) the relationship between a woman’s sexuality and her legal status of dependency or autonomy.
Introduction the Passing of an Era Already Past
Authors: Satloff Robert B
Published: November 2023

On Thursday, July 19, 1951, King Abdullah, along with his grandson Hussein and a few courtiers, flew from Amman’s small landing strip to Jerusalem’s Qalandia Airport in his royal Dove.
Kingpins, Kingmakers, and Would-be Kings
Authors: Satloff Robert B
Published: November 2023

The weeks following Abdullah’s murder were among the most pivotal in the kingdom’s short history. Tawfiq Abu’l Huda’s victory in the battle for the premiership resolved only one of four pressing political issues. Royal succession, parliamentary elections, and the trial of Abdullah’s assassins remained ahead. What is perhaps most remarkable about Abdullah’s death is that each one of those hurdles was surmounted by the end of the first week of September. The kingdom did not, as was widely feared, collapse with the demise of its founder. As the New York Times correspondent in Jerusalem noted: “What apparently has astounded the colony of diplomatic observers here, as well as a good many Jordanian subjects, has been the degree of stability that the little kingdom has shown under extraordinary circumstances.”1 After the roundup of suspects on July 20, hundreds were remanded into custody for questioning, observation, and, in some cases, intimidation. The police even checked the bona ftdes of Jerusalem’s most prominent citizens, including Anwar al-Khatib and Anwar Nusaybah.2 Although no one was above suspicion, the Arab Legionnaires did not, as legend would have it, exact revenge on the Palestinians. After an initial outburst, their patrols through the streets of Jerusalem were strict, though not spiteful. Within ten days, the number detained was down to less than one hundred, and the curfew was progressively lifted.3
Abu’l Huda in Command
Authors: Satloff Robert B
Published: November 2023

During the early weeks of Talal’s rule, Abu’l Huda’s strategy was to deal with parliament on its terms, not his. When some particularly prickly matter roused the opposition’s ire, he would spend long hours, often in secret session, talking with parliament as though it were an equal partner in the affairs of state. He reportedly struck a “friendly pact” with the more outspoken deputies so that they would be free to attack the government on domestic policy but would hold their collective tongues on foreign affairs.1 This “honeymoon” lasted only about three months. Emboldened by the stunning (and serendipitous) arrest of virtually the entire leadership of the Jordanian Communist party in December 1951, Abu’l Huda began to put his authoritarian stamp on the constitution’s liberal ideals.
Hussein and the Baghdad Pact
Authors: Satloff Robert B
Published: November 2023

If Hussein’s dismissal of Fawzi al-Mulqi in May 1954 was a sign of political maturity, his dismissal of Tawfiq Abu’l Huda one year later was a sign of political independence. And the way he handled Sa’id al-Mufti’s subsequent appointment confirmed that the young king was determined to have the final say in running his country. Al-Mufti (b. 1898), a Circassian, occupied a special spot in the pantheon of “king’s men.” His politics, like that of some other ethnic or religious minorities in predominantly Arab Muslim countries, was “more Arab than the Arabs”‘ in its anti-Zionism. As an independently wealthy landowner, he was seen to be uncharacteristically incorruptible, not withstanding his Iraqi ties; as one of the first to welcome Abdullah to Amman in 1921, he was viewed as devoutly loyal, despite infrequent disagreements with the amir.1 Thanks to his generally exemplary personal and political credentials, al-Mufti was often tapped to fill cabinet slots, and he served in eleven different governments from 1929 to 1955.
Charting a New Course
Authors: Satloff Robert B
Published: November 2023

The fall of Hazza’ al-Majali’s government, the second to collapse in less than a week, underscored to Hussein the risk of charging ahead with policies and politicians so wildly out of touch with the public mood. The much-sobered monarch therefore retreated from the exposed position in which his support for the Baghdad Pact had left him. Instead, he took cover under the cloak of the dissolution announcement and the formation of a coalition government as broadly based as the tense situation would allow. Ibrahim Hashim, appointed as the caretaker prime minister on December 21, earned his title as Jordan’s senior statesman not only because of his age-he was born in 1888-but also because he held solid credentials as both an early Arab nationalist and a Hashemite loyalist. Born in Nablus, the Istanbul-trained lawyer abandoned the Ottoman civil service in the mid-1910s to join the Istiqlal (Independence) party, a decision for which the Turks sentenced him to death during the World War