bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II.—On a Skull of Bos Primigenius Perforated by a Stone Celt
Authors: Carter James
Published: May 2009

In 1863 the skull and a portion of the skeleton of a large extinct species of Ox (B. primigenius), which had been found in the peat of the Cambridgeshire Fens, and which apparently had been killed by a celt, was placed in the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge. At the time of its deposition there a portion of the flint remained firmly fixed in a fracture in the frontal bone, being partially retained in sitû by a mass of peat: as, however, this peat gradually dried, it crumbled away, and the celt became loosened and displaced; moreover, some small fragments of bone fell away from the margin of the wound, so that in its present condition the specimen merely exhibits an irregular fracture in the forehead, in which a fragment of a flint implement lies loosely; but it no longer furnishes conclusive and positive evidence to prove that the fracture was actually caused by the celt which occupies it.
II.—On some Palæozoic Phyllopodous and other Fossils
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Woodward Hy.
Published: May 2009

Some of this miscellaneous series of old fossils have been in the collections in the British Museum many years; but, owing to their small size and doubtful characters, they have not found an abiding place in any special zoological group.
III.—On Some Quartz-schists from the Alps
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

A thick mass of bedded schists, as I have described in more than one paper, occupies the highest position among the socalled metamorphic rocks of the Alps. With the exception of some gneisses—so far as I know of a porphyritic character, and almost certainly intrusive granites modified by pressure— and various green schists, which, in part at least, are basic igneous rocks, similarly affected, the group, which may be traced from one end of the chain to the other, consists of altered sediments.
VII.—The Shell-beds of Moel Tryfaen
Authors: Blake J. F.
Published: May 2009

The idea that the well-known shell-bearing sands of Moel Tryfaen indicate a submergence to the depth at which they are found, cannot perhaps be yet said to be, in the language of Mr. Dugald Bell, “a day-dream of the past,” though it is fast becoming so. Towards this result there must be two stages—disbelief in the submergence, and belief in something else. As to the first, Sir A. Ramsay wrote—“He must be a bold man who could see the shellbeds at Moel Tryfaen and deny that the sea had been there.”
IX.—Note on the Tuscan Archipelago
Authors: Preller C. S. Du Riche
Published: May 2009

In the course of a recent prolonged residence in Tuscany and the Carrara Marble District, I had occasion to become well-acquainted with the Maremma hills and the islands composing the Tuscan Archipelago; and as I propose to revisit those islands at an early date with a view to more closely examine certain phenomena relating to the eruptive and metamorphic series more especially of Elba, it may not be out of place if, in the meantime, I give a rapid preliminary sketch of the leading geological and petrological features of that archipelago as a whole.
I.—The Rocks of the Volcano of Rhobell Fawr
Authors: Cole Grenville A. J.
Published: May 2009

The conclusions as to the stratigraphical relations of the volcano of Rhobell Fawr, north of Dolgelley, in Wales, which were arrived at by Mr. T. H. Holland and myself, have received kindly recognition from Sir Archibald Geikie in his Presidential Address to the Geological Society of London in 1891; and we may now consider that the great ring of Arenig volcanoes, Cader Idris, the Arans, Arenig Fawr, and Moelwyn, rose upon an area already shattered by sporadic Cambrian outbursts. After again visiting Rhobell Fawr in 1892, in company with Mr. Mervyn Marshall, I feel able to give some account of the rocks that build up that volcano and its outlying fort-like masses.
II.—On the Ostracoda of the Gault at Folkestone
Authors: Chapman Frederick , Sherborn C. Davies
Published: May 2009

Since the year 1885 the various zones of the Gault at Folkestone have been systematically examined by one of us for the purpose of recording the Foraminiferal fauna of that deposit; the report upon which is now being published in the Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society.
III.—Glacier Observation, more especially Colonial
Authors: Hall Marshall
Published: May 2009

For many years the writer has wished for the means to bring about some uniform system of glacier observation, and more especially the collection of data respecting ice-movements in British Colonies, and territories under British influence. When we think of our mountains in the Dominion of Canada and in New Zealand, and the vast ranges of the Himalayas (these last we shall before long hear about from Mr. Conway), it seems a great pity that such promising fields should not be adequately worked. In an article in the Alpine Journal, for February, 1891, the writer sketched a plan of operation; and in the same Journal, for February, 1893, asked for a committee to communicate with such Colonial Governments as could take part.
II.—Notes on the Physical Geography of East Yorkshire
Authors: Topley William
Published: May 2009

The district of Cleveland, long known for the beauty and variety of its scenery, has during the past few years acquired great importance through the discovery of valuable beds of iron ore in the Middle Lias. So much has been written on this district, and in a lesser degree on East Yorkshire generally, that the geological structure of this country must be tolerably well known. My object then is not so much to describe the beds as to give some notes on the physical geography of the country, explaining the relation of its present surface outlines to its internal structure, and to enquire by what means those external features have been produced.
V.—Inquiry into the Relative Antiquity of Stone and Mettallic Weapons
Authors: Cumby Anthony
Published: May 2009

The Flint and Stone implements sometimes found in this and other countries seem to form a sort of connecting link between geological and human antiquity; they are certainly the work of man, and they may possibly be older than the invention of metallurgy, and nearly coeval with the human race: it becomes therefore a matter of some interest to determine whether and to what extent the use of stone implements may have been contemporary with that of metals; and the references below given will, it is hoped, assist in elucidating this question.
III.—On the Occurrence of Grey-Wethers at Grays, Essex
Authors: Morris John
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of “Sarsen-stones,” or blocks of so-called Druid sandstone, has not, I believe, been generally noticed in this locality, and their position may be of interest to some of your readers, more especially as the extensive working both for Brick-earth and Chalk have obliterated many of the interesting sections for which the pits were celebrated. Grays is well known both for its fine chalk-pits and extensive brick-earth deposits, the latter containing numerous remians of fossil mammalia, associated with land and fresh water mollusca. The sarsen-stones (of which some may be still seen lying about the large chalk-pit), I have noticed during the progress of the workings as occurring on the upper surface of a bed of disturbed chalk, above the solid chalk, and covered by a blackish or carbonaceous clay containing freshwater shells.
IV.—On Acanthopholis Horridus, a New Reptile from the Chalk-marl
Authors: Huxley Thomas H.
Published: May 2009

Some time since, my colleague, Dr. Percy, purchased from Mr. Griffiths, Some of Folkestone, and sent to me, certain fossils from the Chalk-marl near that town, which appeared to possess unusnal characters. On examining them I found that they were large scutes and spines entering into the dermal armour of what, I did not doubt, was a large reptile allied to Soelidosaurus, Hylœosaurus, and Polacanthus. I therefore requested Mr. Griffiths to procure for me every fragment of the skeleton which he could procure from the somewhat inconvenient locality (between tide-marks) in which the remains had been found, and I eventually succeeded in obtaining three teeth, with a number of fragments of the vertabræ, part of the skull and limb-bones, besides a large additional quantity of scutes. I am still not without hope of recovering other parts of the skeleton; but as the remains in my hands are sufficient to enable me to form a tolerably clear notion of the animal's structure, a brief notice of its main features will probably interest the readers of the Geological Magazine.
VI.—Note on the Systematic Position of Graptolites, and on their supposed Ovarian Vesicles
Authors: Carruthers Wm.
Published: May 2009

Any observations which can throw light on the systematic position of the Graptolitidœ are of great importance. That these anomalous fossils are Zoophytes, in the wide sense of the term, is almost universally conceded; the diffculty is in determining whether they are cœlenterate or molluscoid. Those who have described the members of the family have almost invariably considered them to be hydrozoa, and it must be allowed that in general aspect they very much resemble Plumularia and Sertularia. But when their structure is examined it will be found that they widely differ from any known hydrozoon, and especially in that the entire polypidom is composed of the different polype-cells, without any distinct common canal. Sometimes the polypes rise from a common substance which extends along the whole of the celluliferous portion of the organism, but there is no constriction or septum at the base of the cells, cutting off this common substance from the individual polypes. This is the structure of Graptolitus priodon, Bronn. In other species the walls of each cell seem to be continued to the solid axis, as is the case most probably in Graptolitus sagittarius, L. and certainly in some the species with a double series of cells, as Diplograpsus folium, His. D. pristis, His. and D. cometa, Gein. The mouths of the cells are frequently furnished with one or more long spines, as in some species of Bastrites, and in Diplograpsus pristis, His. In these characters the graptolites show a greater affinity with the polyzoa. Compare the genera Scruparia and Bicellaria. But there are some peculiarities which do not well agree with the living forms of either section zoophytes. Among these may be mentioned first the prolongation of the solid axis in both the unilateral and bilateral forms beyond the celluliferous portion in the newer part of the polypidom, and then their free polypidoms, for neither the spines which terminate the older portion of some species of Diplograpsus nor the slender base of Dendrograptus linearis, Car., could be radicles, and the species of the genus Graptolitus have no indications of a hydrorhiza from the older extremity.
II.—The Glacial Geology of Central Wales
Authors: Keeping Walter
Published: May 2009

In Cardiganshire and the neighbouring counties of Central Wales there are abundant traces of the action of the great accumulations of ice and snow which covered all the mountains of Britain in the Glacial period. in the valleys lie thick sheets of Till and morainic formations, the hill sides are rounded and polished by the friction of the moving ice, and erratic blocks are strewn in abundance over hill and valley throughout the district.
V.—Traces of a Great Post-Glacial Flood
Authors: Howorth H. H.
Published: May 2009

If we now turn further east to Belgium and its borders, we shall find the same conclusion arrived at by inquirers. In the admirable memoir of M. d'Acy, already named, entitled “Limon des Plateaux du Nord de la France,” the author has examined in great detail and with care the composition of the loamy mantle that overspreads the other surface deposits of Belgium and Picardy. His sections and descriptions show very clearly how its texture, passing from coarse materials in its bottom layers and gradually getting finer and more pulverulent in its upper ones, is such as we should expect from the effect of gravitation acting upon great masses of mud, etc., borne along by a rapid flood.
II.—On the Origin of the Loess
Authors: Wood Searles V.
Published: May 2009

Various theories have been advanced to explain the origin of the Loëss of Europe, Asia, and North America, the latest having been that of Mr. Howorth, in the pages of this Magazine.

Although possessing no knowledge of this formation, outside of England, beyond that derived from the descriptions of those personally acquainted with it, I have for some time thought that the Loëss has originated from an agency of which I detect evidences unong those phenomena of the Newer Pliocene period in England which I have endeavoured to trace in detail in a memoir on that subject laid before the Geological Society of London; but as the loëss in general is not discussed by me in that memoir, I venture to offer a few observations on the subject of it for the consideration of the readers of the Geological Magazine.
II.—Notes on the Vertebrata of the Pre-Glacial Forest Bed Series of the East of England
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

Remains of birds from the “Forest Bed” were known to Mr, Green in 1842 (History of Bacton), and they are mentioned by Mr. A. Bell (Geologists' Assoc. 1871), in his list of “Forest Bed” Vertebrata, as bones of indeterminable species. These appear to be the only published instances in which Avian bones from these deposits are referred to, and hitherto no closer determination has been made. This is not very surprising, for the bird bones which have been found, although in some numbers, are either in a fragmentary condition or else they are not characteristic parts of the skeleton. Portions of vertebræ, scapulæ, coracoids, and limb-bones probably indicate the existence, at that time, of at least half a dozen different forms; but at present only two genera have been identified, and one of these is very doubtful.
III.—Traces of a Great Post-Glacial Flood
Authors: Howorth H. H.
Published: May 2009

In some papers which I have been allowed to print in the GeologicaiMagazine I have drawn the general conclusion that the Mammoth and his companions were finally overwhelmed by a great diluvial catastrophe. This conclusion I have based chiefly on other than stratigraphical evidence. If it be a reasonable conclusion, it ought to admit of being-supported by such evidence, and we are, in fact, bound to meet the purely geological side of the case. Believing that this may be done with the greatest confidence, and with the most complete advantage to the theory, I now propose to examine this evidence, with all deference, and I hope also with all frankness. There is virtually no dispute about the facts. These are familiar, and admitted, and the main contention is about the inferences to be drawn from them.
IV.—On the Twt Hill Conglomerate
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Since the date of my communication to the Geological Society on the sections at and in the neighbourhood of Twt Hill, I have more than once visited the district, and have spent much time in working over the specimens which I have collected. The exact relation of these conglomerates to the granitoid rock on which they rest is a matter of great importance as bearing on theoretical questions relating to metamorphic changes in stratified rocks— questions at which for the last three or four years I have lost no opportunity of working. I should therefore, in all probability, have recurred to the subject, even if my attention had not been directed to it by my friend Dr. Roberts' communication and criticism of the above paper. In the latter, it may be remembered that we assigned the Twt Hill conglomerate to the granitoid series.
V.—Contributions to the Palæobotany of Sweden
Authors: Carruthers Wm.
Published: May 2009

Mr. A. G. Nathorst, whose recent contributions to the Palæobotany of Sweden have been very valuable, has been turning his attention to the impressions found on the surface of schists, especially in Palæozoic rocks, which have been too readily accepted as impressions of plants. They find a place among the Algæ of Schimper's “Traité de Paléontologie Végétale,” and they are employed by Saporta and Marion in their recent work, “L'Evolution du Régne Végétal,” and are treated as Algæ, and employed as data in their account of the evolution of the vegetable kingdom. Mr. Nathorst, so long ago as 1873, called in question the plant origin of many of these markings, and he has recently published in the Transactions of the Royal Swedish Academy (vol. xviii. No. 7, Stockholm, 1881) an exhaustive treatise on the subject, with eleven phototypic plates of impressions which he obtained by the motions of different animals or the trails of plants on soft materials.
III.—On the Cause of the Depression and Re-elevation of the Land during the Glacial Period
Authors: Jamieson Thomas F.
Published: May 2009

In a paper published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for January, 1860, p. 178, I drew attention to the remarkable fact that in various parts of the world the presence of glaciers had been attended by a submergence of the land, and I suggested that the enormous weight of ice laid upon the surface of the country might have caused a depression, while the melting of the ice would also account for the rising again of the land which seems to have everywhere followed some time after the ice disappeared.
V.—Further Remarks on the Origin of the Loess
Authors: Wood Searles V.
Published: May 2009

In a previous communication to this MAGAZINE I suggested that the Loess originated from the thawing and refrigeration, during the major and minor glaciations, of the upper layer of the soil, which, where it was unprotected by land ice, was permanently frozen to a great depth; such layer having a sliding motion which caused the material to accumulate in the hollows, and so expose continually to this action over the rest of the surface, fresh subsoil which had been previously permanently frozen. I now supplement this by a particular examination of the way in which such process appears to me to have acted in originating that part of the Loess which is represented by the ‘Limon,’ or briekearth, of Picardy.
III.—Supplement to a Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

No luminous meteor appears to have been observed at the time these stones fell; the day was bright and sunny and the sky cloudless. A sound as of platoon-firing was heard, and a small shower of black stones descended, some within the area of the village of Zsadány in the courtyards of the inhabitants, others in the open fields. They did not fall together, but at slight intervals, which appear to have been at least one-third of a minute. Some were picked up immediately they reached the ground, and were found to be cold. It may be mentioned here that the stones which fell at Dhurmsala, in India (1860, July 4th), are stated to have been so cold that they could not be held in the hand.
I.—Traces of a Great Post-Glacial Flood
Authors: Howorth H. H.
Published: May 2009

We have sifted the evidence furnished by the Loess, by the loams and brick-earths, and by the valley terraces which are such sonspicuous features in the surface geology of Europe, and we have found them furnishing a perfectly consistent and perfectly reasonable story. We have still left for consideration the most eloquent for aur purpose of all the surface deposits, namely, the great sheets of angular gravel which many of us have examined with curious interest for many days, and which mantle so much of the land on either side of the English Channel.
IV.—Additional Note on Homalonotus from the Devonian
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine, November, 1881, I published a brief description, accompanied by a Plate, of a new species of spinose Homalonotus, which I named after its discoverer, H. Champernownei.

On the accompanying Plate IV. Fig. 3, 1 have given an illustration, of the tail probably referable to the above-named species.
VI.—Supplement to a Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

It is not a little curious that twice in five years the British Islands have been visited with meteoric falls; in each case a single specimen has been found and, the one a small block of iron, the other a small block of rock, they constitute the prettiest little cabinet specimens of the two chief typical classes of meteorites. The former fell at Rowton, in April, 1876; the other near Middlesborough, in Yorkshire, on March 14th, 1881, and will be described later on.
II.—On some Remains of Plants, Foraminifera and Annelida, in the Silurian Rocks of Central Wales
Authors: Keeping Walter
Published: May 2009

Two years ago if a Palæontologist had been asked to mention a region in Britain most barren of fossils, he might well have ected that great area of Central Wales which is marked by a sombre grey in the maps of H.M. Geological Survey. And even now, after my laborious search in that country, it cannot be said to be anything better than very poor in organic remains.
VI.—Traces of a Great Post-Glacial Flood
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

Let us see then what “the Old Masters” had to say on the subject before us. In Mantell's Geology of the South-East of England, 1833, page 28, speaking of the beds of slightly rolled flints which occur on the Downs in Sussex just underneath the turf, he says, “The flints are more or less broken, have suffered but little from attrition, and are so abundant as to form a constant supply for repairing the roads in the south-eastern part of Sussex. This bed has clearly been formed by the destruction of the upper portion of the chalk; and it is equally evident that the cause which produced the disintegration of the superior strata was as transient as it was effective, since, although the chalk in which the flints were imbedded has been entirely destroyed, the latter have sustained but very little injury.”
I.—Notes on Oreaster Bulbiferus, Forbes, from the Upper Chalk, Bromley, Kent
Authors: Carpenter P. Herbert
Published: May 2009

The two Star-fishes represented in our Plate form part of a group of six specimens found associated together in the same mass of Chalk at Bromley, Kent, by the late well-known collector, Jeremiah Simmons, of whose persevering and successful labours in obtaining fossils from the Chalk formation abundant evidence may be seen in the beautiful series of Echinodermata in the cases of the British Museum of Natural History, some of which formed a part of the Dixon and Bowerbank Collections. He also collected for the Marquis of Northampton, and a fine Collection of Chalk Fossils made by Simmons is now preserved in the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge.
V.—Woodwardian Laboratory Notes, N. Wales Rocks III
Authors: Tawney E. B.
Published: May 2009

At Penyrhiwan, Clynnog, in the middle of fields, is a protruding boss of dark-coloured rock which has been well broken into, in order apparently to see whether it was available for making “sets” or pitching stones, which form the staple trade of the adjoining district. Its surface is well rounded, as if by glaciation. The boss consists of at least three varieties of rock. Most noticeable is a coarse-grained hornblendic one of handsome appearance, the glistening cleavage planes of the brown hornblende standing out from the remaining green actinolitic portion. a second variety is a fine-grained greenstone, which is separated from the preceding by a hard definite line, so that it may be taken to be of the nature of a dyke intruded into it.
VI.—On the Principal Modifications of the Spirals in the Fossil Brachiopoda
Authors: Glass Norman
Published: May 2009

Dr. Davidson, assisted by the writer, gave a provisional sketch of the classification of the spiral-bearing Brachiopoda in the volume of the Palæontographical Society for 1883. As Dr. Davidson then, said, our design was “to assist those palæontologists who might feel inclined to continue the subject.” The following notes have been written by me for the same end, and I think that if they are carefully read and compared with the figures in Dr. Davidson's Carboniferous, Devonian, and Silurian Supplements, they will give a tolerably clear idea to the student of a very complex and difficult subject. I have perhaps some claim to write upon this subject from the years of close and continuous investigation which I have devoted, to it, and from the fact that I have discovered a large proportion of what is now known concerning the spirals and their connections.
III.—On the Detection of Mural Pores in thin Sections of the Favositidæ
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

As a text for the following brief remarks on the recognition of mural pores in thin sections of the Favositoid Corals, I may quote a note appended by Mr. James Thomson, F.G.S., to a recent paper on the genus Lithostrotion (Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc. vol. v. part iii. p. 381). The note in question is subjoined, the quotation being verbatim, and, I may add, literatim also:—

“We may, however, attach an undue importance to microscopic examinations. Need I refer to the point raised recently by that erratic and energetic worker, Prof. Alleyne Nicholson, regarding mural pores in the genus Alveolites, the type of which is also in Dr. Fleming's collection. If he had detected mural pores in microscopic sections, we would have regarded such as being one of the greatest discoveries of modern times.
VIII.—Notes upon Ice Action in High Latitudes
Authors: Spencer J. W.
Published: May 2009

These notes are intended as an appendix to “Notes on the Erosive Power of Glaciers, as seen in Norway” (vide this Magazine, Decade III. 1887, Vol. IV. No. 4, p. 167).

1. The object of my visit to Norway and the Alps was to leave closet-geology in America, in order to make personal observations of the phenomena associated with modern glaciers,—for comparison with those in the region of our Great Lakes, often attributed to land-ice.
IX.—Tertiary Outliers on the North Downs
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

In “Nature”, August 26, 1886, vol. xxxiv. p. 387, I ventured to draw a distinction between the outliers of unfossiliferous Tertiary sands found at high altitudes on the North Downs and the deposits containing casts of fossils of Pliocene age which are found in hollows in the Chalk at Lenham. Last summer I visited and examined, I believe, all the more important outliers of the former series, Mr. J. Hutchins French, F.G.S., having kindly conducted me to those at Headley and Chipstead; those at Netley were visited with other members of the Geologists' Association under the direction of the same gentleman.
II.—On the Structure of Cleistopora (Michelinia) Geometrica, Edwards & Haime, sp.
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

In their great work upon the Palæozoic Corals (Polypiers Foss. des Terr. Pal. p. 252, pl. 17, figs. 3, 3a, 1851) Milne Edwards and Haime describe and figure, under the name of Michelinia geometrica, a remarkable little Coral from the Devonian rocks of France. By the kindness of Dr. Daniel Œhlert, of Laval, whose researches upon the stratigraphy and palasontology of the French Devonian rocks are well known, I have been enabled to examine some well-preserved examples of this interesting form, and have determined some new facts as to its internal structure. Investigation by means of thin sections has, in fact, shown that this Coral has in reality no close relationships with the genus Michelinia, but that its affinities are rather with Protarcea, E. & H. It differs, however, in important structural features from Protnræa, and appears to form the type of a new genus to which the name Cleistopora may be given.
IV.—Correlation of the Lincolnshire Pleistocene Deposits with those of the Midland Counties
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

The Memoir of the Geological Survey on “The Geology of Part of East Lincolnshire,” by A. J. Jukes-Browne, lately reviewed in the GeologicalMagazine, proves so interesting that I am tempted to compare the classification of the Glacial deposits which he has adopted with that I have proposed for the Midland Counties. There are also some features in the distribution and lithological characters of the Boulder Clays to which I should like to draw attention.
V.—Avalanches and Avalanche Blasts.—“Winter in the High Alps”
Authors: Symonds John Addington
Published: May 2009

The following important and interesting notes on avalanches and the dangerous wind-blasts they cause, appeared in the Pall Mall Gazette for February 28th, 1888. As we do not remember to have seen the geological effects of these phenomena described in any detail in our numerous geological text-books, we believe Mr. Symonds' notes on the subject will be of much interest to readers of the GeologicalMagazine.
IV.—Notes on the Geology of Mynydd Mawr and the Nantlle Valley
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

Mynydd Mawr, about three miles west of Snowdon, is an abrupt rounded hill, 2300 feet high, separating the valleys of Nantlle and Cwellyn. A reference to the maps of the Geological Survey (75 N.E. and N.W.) shows it to be due to an isolated boss of “intrusive hornblende-porphyry ” in the form of a rounded parallelogram, a mile and a half in its longest diagonal. Dr. Hicks has mapped this patch as Pre-Cambrian, and included it in his Arvonian system; but apart from its position, breaking through a regular succession of Cambrian (or Ordovician) rocks, an examination of the junction affords convincing proof of its intrusive character. On the northern flanks of the hill the relations are well exhibited, and the induration and extensive mineralogical alteration of the slate in the vicinity of the boss are very marked. It is indeed by no means easy to determine on the ground the precise point where the hardened, semicrystalline slate gives place to the porphyry.
V.—Note on the Spicules described by Billings in Connection with the Structure of Archæocyathus Minganensis
Authors: Hinde George Jennings
Published: May 2009

In “The Palæozoic Fossils of Canada,” vol. i. p. 3, the late Mr. Billings stated that by treating a silicified specimen of Archæocyathus Minganensis with acid, he ascertained that it contained numerous siliceous spicula—slender, fusiform, slightly curved, acute at both extremities—and that these fossils must therefore be classified among the extinct tribes of sponges. Referring again to this species in the latter part of the same volume (pp. 354–357), this author states that he had found the same spicula present in great numbers in another large species, Trichospongia sericea, and that it therefore remained an open question whether they actually form part of the structure of Archæocyathus, or belonged to Trichospongia.
III.—The Pre-Cambrian Rocks of Wales
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

In a recent article on the Pre-Cambrian Rocks of the British Isles in the Journal of Geology, vol. i., No. 1, Sir Archibald Geikie makes the following statement: “There cannot, I think, be now any doubt that small tracts of gneiss, quite comparable in lithological character to portions of the Lewisian rocks of the North-West of Scotland, rise to the surface in a few places in England and Wales. In the heart of Anglesey, for example, a tract of such rocks presents some striking external or scenic resemblance to the characteristic types of ground where the oldest gneiss forms the surface in Scotland and the West of Ireland.” To those who have followed the controversy which has been going on for nearly thirty years between the chiefs of the British Geological Survey and some geologists who have been working amongst the rocks in Wales, the importance of the above admission will be readily apparent; but as it is possible that some may be unable to realize what such an admission means in showing geological progress in unravelling the history of the older rocks in Wales during the past thirty years, a brief summary of the results obtained may possibly be considered useful.
II.—Some Cretaceous Pycnodont Fishes
Authors: Woodward A Smith
Published: May 2009

The only important fragment of a Pycnodont fish hitherto known from the English Cretaceous Formations, is the portion of head and trunk figured and briefly noticed by Dixon under the name of Gyrodus angustus, Ag. This specimen displays the splenial bones from the oral aspect; some of the vertebral hæmapophyses; and thick scales with a reticulated ornament, covering only the anterior half of the trunk. The ventral ridge-scales also exhibit very conspicuous serrations. The splenial bones are imperfect, but sufficient to show all the essential characters of their oral face; and these elements present the only unique feature in the specimen. It will be observed that, whereas in all Pycnodont splenials hitherto described the dentition reaches the outer border at least in part of its extent, the bone in Gyrodus angustus has a wide toothless outer margin and an attenuated knife-like edge. The two vacuities in this margin shown in Dixon's figure are partly due to accident, partly imaginary, and there is no doubt that the bone forms a continuous whole.
III.—On a Bed of Oolitic Iron-ore in the Lias of Raasay
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: May 2009

The rocks of Raasay have attracted a good deal of attention from geologists, despite the fact that no house of public entertainment exists on the island. That portion of it which lies to the south of Brochel Castle, exhibits a base of Torridon Sandstone, above which there may be traced, more or less completely, in two faulted areas, an ascending series from the New Red rocks to the Great Oolite group. The Jurassic strata are finely exhibited in the eastern cliffs, but westwards they are largely covered by volcanic rocks, and especially by great sheets of Granophyre which descend in that direction to the sea-level. To the south-west there is a mass of Gabbro; in other parts there are sills and countless dykes of Basalt, while the summit of Dun Caan is formed of a bedded mass of that material. Coverings of Peat, of Boulder-Clay and Gravel, serve to add variety to the geology, and to obscure the outcrops of the Jurassic and other rocks.
V.—The Geological Development, Descent and Distribution of the Mammalia
Authors: von Zittel Karl A.
Published: May 2009

The Pliocene mammalian land fauna lived at a period when Europe had already obtained the main features of its present configuration. Italy, to be sure, at the beginning of this period was still partly overflowed by the sea, and in Belgium, Holland, and the South of England, the North Sea extended further over the land than to-day and left behind the deposits known as the Crag. Over the extended mainland of Central Europe, the conditions for the preservation of mammals were, on account of the absence of more extended fresh-water lakes, extremely unfavourable. Only the volcanic tuffs in Auvergne, the fissures filled with Bohnerz of the Upper Rhone valley, and the scattered fresh-water deposits of the Rhone valley, Roussillon and the neighbourhood of Montpellier, contain remains of the Pliocene land fauna, which are handed down in greater perfection in the swampy, and in part coal-bearing, sediments of the Arno valley and in the partly marine formations of Piedmont and the Romagna.
II.—The Order of Consolidation of the Mineral Constituents of Igneous Rocks
Authors: Sollas W. J.
Published: May 2009

The order in which the various mineral constituents of an igneous rock may crystallize out from an igneous magma offers to the petrologist a problem of great difficulty and complexity. It is generally admitted that the order of consolidation is not wholly determined by the order of the fusion-points of the constituents, and with this admission the fusion-points have come to be consistently disregarded, as though they might safely be left out of account. That this is not the case has of late become strongly impressed upon me, especially after a consideration of the important data obtained by Mr. Ralph Cusack, B.A., who, by means of Professor Joly's meldometer, has determined the precise temperature of fusion of most of the rock-forming minerals.
V.—Tertiary Foraminiferal Limestones from Sinai
Authors: Chapman Frederick
Published: May 2009

The following descriptions are based upon a collection of foraminiferal limestones, chiefly nummulitic, from Sinai, which were sent to the British Museum for description and determination by Captain H. G. Lyons, R.E., F.G.S., Director of the Geological Survey of Egypt.
VII.—The Rate of Erosion of some River Valleys
Authors: Brittlebank C. C.
Published: May 2009

The district in which these observations have been made is a very suitable one for such experiments, and is situated from 2 to 12 miles from Bacchus Marsh and from 32 to 54 miles west of Melbourne.
VIII.—On the Naparima Rocks, Trinidad
Authors: Guppy R. J. Lechmere
Published: May 2009

I have received a copy of the paper by Messrs. Harrison and Jukes-Browne on the Oceanic Deposits of Trinidad, and wish to place on record a few remarks on it.
IX.—Two New Species of Ostracoda of Tithonian Age from Nesselsdorf, Austria
Authors: Chapman Frederick
Published: May 2009

The following descriptions of Ostracoda from the Tithonian of Austria relate to specimens kindly forwarded to me by Dr. M. Remeš. They were obtained, together with numerous other fossils, including Foraminifera, from the Red Limestone of Nesselsdorf.
IV.—On the Constituents of the Sands and Loams of the Plateau Gravel occurring in the Pit Sections near Ash, Sevenoaks
Authors: Chapman Frederick
Published: May 2009

I am indebted to the Rev. Ashington Bullen, B.A. (London), F.G.S., for eight samples of sands and loams from the Plateau Gravel of Kent, which he has placed in my hands for examination with the microscope. They were carefully collected by Mr. B. Harrison, of Ightham; and for convenience they are here lettered A–H.
VI.—Recent Denudation in Nant Ffrancon, North Wales
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

Readers of this Magazine may remember that early last August there were descriptions in many provincial and even in some London newspapers of an extensive ‘landslip,’ which had occurred on the side of the mountain called Carnedd Dafydd, on the eastern side of the valley of Nant Ffrancon, in North Wales. The impression conveyed was perhaps somewhat exaggerated, and yet the phenomenon was on a scale quite large enough to be of geological importance.
V.—The “Great Submergence” Again: Clava
Authors: Bell Dugald
Published: May 2009

A Few years ago, in one of three or four papers treating of the “high-level shelly clays” of Scotland, I referred at some length to the interesting section at Clava, near Inverness, first described by Mr. Jas. Fraser, C.E., and inquired—Is it part of an old sea-shore or bottom, laid down by the sea where we now find it, and therefore proving a submergence of at least 500 feet ?

I submitted a number of facts and considerations which, I thought, tended to show that this instance at Clava cannot be received as a satisfactory proof of submergence.
VI.—British Geological Photographs
Authors: Watts W. W.
Published: May 2009

A year ago, by the decision of the Council of the British Association, there was sent to the Museum of Practical Geology a large collection of photographs mainly taken with a view of illustrating, in the most permanent and unbiassed way at present possible, the features and phenomena of geological interest in the United Kingdom. The project of forming such a collectionoriginated with Mr. O. W. Jeffs in 1888, when he read a paperon the subject at the British Association at Bath, in which hepointed out the utility of such a collection and the necessity for forming it. When a committee was appointed in the followingyear he undertook the management of the work, and he has carriedit ou for seven years with indefatigable industry and scrupulou scare, only relinquishing it when the size of the collection beganto exceed the capabilities of private control, and when his own lackof leisure no longer permitted him to devote the requisite time andattention to its custody.
III.—Note on British Geological Photographs
Authors: Watts W. W.
Published: May 2009

In illustration of the article on this subject published in last month's Geological Magazine, three plates have been prepared by the kind permission of the photographers, and of the editors of the publications in which they originally appeared. One (namely Plate II) is now issued, and Plates III and IV will be given in the March number.
II.—On the Revision of South Wales and Monmouthshire by the Geological Survey
Authors: Strahan A.
Published: May 2009

The Original geological survey of South Wales was made under the direction of Sir Henry de la Beche. The exact date of its commencement is uncertain, but I am informed by Mr. Aveline that in 1840, when he joined, the staff was engaged in the neighbourhood of Cardiff, and in 1841 Bamsay on his appointment found that the survey had progressed westwards into Pembrokeshire, and was at work at Tenby and St. David's. By the end of 1815 the maps had all been published. A complete list of the names which appear on them consists of H. T. de la Beche, J. Phillips, D. H. Williams, A. C Bamsay, W. T. Aveline, J. Bees, T. E. James, W. E. Logan, H. W. Bristow, and H. B. Woodward.
III.—On a Deformed Example of Hoplites Tuberculatus, J. Sowebby, sp., from the Gault of Folkestone
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

There has recently been presented1 to the British Museum collection an Ammonite from the Gault of Folkestone that seems to be worthy of a short note. It is represented in the accompanying figures. At first sight it appears to be a new species. The shell is nearly complete and exceedingly well preserved; there has evidently been another half whorl to the specimen (see Fig. a), but this, which apparently constituted the body-chamber, has been broken away, leaving at the anterior end of the specimen the surface of the last septum.
I.—On some Physical Changes in the Earth's Crust
Authors: Ricketts Charles
Published: May 2009

There always appears an objection to the agencies by which mountains and hills are formed being designated by such terms as “mountain architecture,” “ mountain building,” etc., leading to the inference that to the deposition of the materials which enter into their composition these elevated regions owe their form and structure. There certainly are mountains which have been built, and some such are at the present time in process of building; but these instances refer only to elevated masses of volcanic origin: they have been constructed as the railway engineer builds his embankments, or, with greater preciseness, as the miner forms the bank at the pit's mouth, by tipping over the rubbish brought from below. To hills and mountains forming volcanic cones the term mountain building is quite correct; the volcano in eruption pouring over its lava, and belching forth scoriæ and ashes, which fall and accumulate around its vent.
V.—On the Recent Discovery of the Remains of the Mammoth in the Valley of the Darent
Authors: Prestwich J.
Published: May 2009

Abundant as the remains of the Mammoth and its associated group of Pleistocene Mammalia are in the adjacent valleys of the Medway and the Cray, none have been yet recorded in the valley of the Darent, to which the Mammoth no doubt commonly resorted at the same time. One reason may be that this valley is very bare of Drift, and between Dartford and Otford there is not a single pit in the little drift-gravel that is met with.
IX.—Note on the Deciduous Septa of Ascoceras Murchisoni, Barrande
Authors: Foord Arthur H.
Published: May 2009

An interesting paper has lately been contributed to this Magazine (December, 1888, p. 532), by Dr. Gustav Lindström, of Stockholm, in which he announced his discovery of the earlier, or Nautilus stage, as he termed it, in several specimens of Ascoceras from the Silurian of the Island of Gothland. I find, however, in looking over the supplementary volume of the Syst. Sil. du centre de la Bohême,3 that Dr. Lindström's discovery has been anticipated by M. Barrande, who observed and described two of the normal chambers (Nautilus stage, of Lindström) attached to a specimen of Ascoceras Murchisoni from the Silurian strata (Étage E) of Karlstein in Bohemia.
II.—The Lias Marlstone of Tilton, Leicestershire
Authors: Wilson E. , Crick W. D.
Published: May 2009

When the new railway from Nottingham to Market Harborough was made, several instructive sections in the Upper and Middle Lias series were opened out between the latter place and Tilton. Most of these are now covered up and grass-grown, but one of the best is still partially laid bare in the deep cutting at Tilton Station. This Tilton section has become one of considerable interest to the geologists of the Midland district, from the complete and characteristic exposure which it gives of the Marlstone Rock of Leicestershire in its fully developed and unweathered form, and also on account of the rich fauna which that rock, and in particular its top or ‘Transition Bed,’ has here yielded.
III.—Was there an Arctic Ocean in the Mammoth Period?
Authors: Howorth H. H.
Published: May 2009

The convergence of opinion is now so strong that the climate of Siberia in the Mammoth age was sufficiently temperate to enable trees to grow where only the bare tundra is at present found (if it does not necessitate our extending the forest zone at least as far north as the Liachof Islands), that it becomes at once interesting and important to consider under what conditions such a result would be forthcoming.
I.—The Lias Marlstone of Tilton, Leicestershire
Authors: Wilson E. , Crick W. D.
Published: May 2009

Description.—Shell trigonal, thick; umbones large, angulated and terminal, ending in acute points, which curve downwards, forwards, and a little outwards; the sides of the shell, triangular in form, slightly excavated and highly inclined to the areas, are bounded by prominent carinæ, an acute carina separating the side from the slightly concave triangular area in front, and a more rounded carina separating it from the slightly convex triangular area behind. The valves are marked with strongly defined and somewhat sinuous subimbricating lines of growth at wide and fairly regular intervals, between which may be discerned numerous fine lines of growth. Lunule small and deep. Cardinal tooth elongated, oblique and prominent in the right valve, small and triangular in the left.
V.—Note on the Identity of Nautilus Neocomiensis, Sharpe (non D'Orbigny) with Nautilus Deslongchampsianus, D'Orb
Authors: Foord Arthur H. , Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

In 1853, in his “Description of the Fossil Eemains of Mollusca found in the Chalk of England” (Mon. Pal. Soc.), Sharpe described and figured a specimen under the name of Nautilus Neocomiensis, d'Orbigny. He states (loc. cit. p. 15), “We have only seen one small specimen from the Grey Chalk, which we can refer to this species; it is from Urchfont near Devizes, in the Collection of Mr. Cunnington, and is 2 inches in its greatest diameter and 1¼ inch in breadth; although a good deal broken, it shows all the peculiar characters of the species. The species is more common in the Lower Greensand of Dorking, Atherfield, Sandgate, etc., where it sometimes reaches above 7 inches in diameter. M. d'Orbigny quotes it as common in the lower beds of the Middle Division of the Neocomian Formation in France.”