bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of volcanic ash deposition on peatland development and carbon accumulation on the southern slope of the Changbai Mountains, Northeast China
Authors: Yan Qiulei , Yu Zicheng
Published: March 2024

Abstract:Peatlands play a key role in the global carbon cycle as an important carbon reservoir in terrestrial ecosystems. Many peatlands exist in volcanic terrains, but we still have limited understanding of the effects of volcanic ash deposition on peatland development and carbon dynamics. There are abundant peatlands in Northeast China, and the Changbai Mountains—a volcanic mountain range with a crater lake at 2189 m a.s.l.—experienced multiple eruptions during the Holocene, including a major eruption in 946 CE (Millennium Eruption: ME).  Here we used multi-proxy records from 10 cores at a high-elevation (1570 m a.s.l.) peatland complex on the southern slope—13 km from the crater lake Tianchi—to understand the peatland initiation and carbon accumulation processes under the influence of volcanic eruption. Volcanic glass abundance in peat core shows multiple ash-rich layers, with the ME being the largest one, visible to the naked eyes. Plant macrofossil data show that the peatland has been a rich fen dominated by sedges (Carex and Eriophorum) and rush (Scheuchzeria palustris) during the last 4000 years, transitioning to a Sphagnum-dominated poor fen only in recent decades. The major ME volcanic ash deposition caused a large decrease in species richness and led to a persistent shift in the peatland species composition from overwhelming dominance of Carex to an increase from 200 years. Our study indicates that volcanic eruption may have very different impacts on peatlands by promoting new peatland initiation but impeding carbon accumulation of existing peatlands, implying that the balance of these processes would determine the carbon sink capacity of peatlands as a whole.
Impacts of Urbanization and Its Parameters on Thermal and Dynamic Fields in Hangzhou: A Sensitivity Study Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Urban Model
Authors: Wu Mengwen , Dong Meiying , Chen Feng , Yang Xuchao
Published: March 2024

The impact of urbanization and the sensitivity of urban canopy parameters (UCPs) on a typical summer rainfall event in Hangzhou, China, is investigated using three groups of ensemble experiments. In this case, urbanization leads to higher temperatures, lower mixing ratios, lower wind speeds before precipitation, and more precipitation in and around the urban area. Both the thermal and dynamical effects of urbanization contribute to an increase in temperature and precipitation, with thermal effects contributing 71.2% and 63.8% to the temperature and precipitation increase, respectively, while the thermal and dynamical impacts cause the opposite changes to the mixing ratio and wind speed. Compared to the other three meteorological elements, the model has the largest uncertainty in the simulation of precipitation, which includes the sensitivity of the different parameterization schemes to the simulation of precipitation in urban areas, and the uncertainty brought by the urban effect on precipitation is not confined within the city but extends to the surrounding areas as well. Temperature and mixing ratio are more sensitive to thermal-related UCPs, while the wind speed is mainly affected by the structural parameters. These variations, however, are sometimes contradictory to precipitation changes, which further adds to the complexity of precipitation simulation.
Quantifying Tsunami Hazard for the Northeastern Adriatic Coasts: A Multi-Scenario Approach
Authors: Peresan Antonella , Hassan Hany M.
Published: March 2024

Significant earthquake-induced tsunamis in Northern Adriatic are rare and only a few historical events were reported in the literature, with sources mostly located along with central and southern parts of the Adriatic coasts. Recently, a tsunami alert system has been established for the whole Mediterranean area; however, a detailed description of the potential impact of tsunami waves on coastal areas is still missing for several sites. This study aims at modelling the hazard associated with possible tsunamis, generated by offshore earthquakes, with the purpose of contributing to tsunami risk assessment for selected urban areas located along the Northeastern Adriatic coasts. Tsunami modelling is performed by the NAMI DANCE software, which allows accounting for seismic source properties, variable bathymetry, and non-linear effects in wave’s propagation.Preliminary hazard scenarios at the shoreline are developed for the coastal areas of Northeastern Italy and at selected cities (namely Trieste, Monfalcone, Lignano and Grado). A wide set of potential earthquake-induced tsunamis, located in three distance ranges (namely at Adriatic-wide, regional and local scales), are considered for the modelling; sources are defined according to available literature, which includes catalogues of historical tsunami and existing active faults databases. Accordingly, a preliminary set of tsunami-related parameters and maps are obtained (e.g. arrival times, maximum wave amplitude, synthetic mareograms), relevant towards planning emergency and mitigation actions at the selected sites.In addition, a fully formalized operational procedure for time-dependent seismic hazard scenarios has been developed during the last two decades, which integrates earthquake forecasting information from pattern recognition analysis (CN algorithm), with the realistic modeling of seismic waves propagation by the neo-deterministic approach (NDSHA). For offshore large earthquakes, this integrated approach can be naturally extended to the definition of time-dependent tsunami scenarios, based on physical models of tsunami waves propagation. We review the outcomes from its applicaton for the recent events that occurred in the Adriatic region (namely: Durres, Albania 2019; Pesaro, Italy 2022), which support the possibility of developing time-dependent tsunamis scenarios, by integrating earthquake forecasts with the physical modelling of tsunami waves propagation.
Simulating Antarctic ice-sheet variability of the past 3 million years
Authors: Yun Kyung-Sook , Timmermann Axel
Published: March 2024

Little is known about the evolution of the Antarctic ice-sheet (AIS) during the Pleistocene and its response to external drivers, such as CO2, orbital and sea-level forcing. Here, we apply realistic transient climate forcings generated by the 3Ma Community Earth System model (CESM, version 1.2) simulation [1],[2] to the bi-hemispheric Pen State University ice-sheet shelf model (PSUIM). The CESM-simulated surface air temperature, surface solar insolation, precipitation, and sub-surface ocean temperature serve as inputs for PSUIM. This application enables us to simulate a more reliable variability of the AIS over the past 3 million years ago (Ma). Our simulation reveals a more pronounced precessional modulation of early to mid-Pleistocene AIS variability than previously suggested. The results further show the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT, ~ 1Ma) of AIS, with dominant frequencies changing  from 20-40 kyrs to 80-120 kyrs and a clear regime shift in its surface mass balance. We also find that the pre-MPT precessional variability is significant only in the marine (floating) ice-sheet, not in terrestrial (grounded) ice. This suggests the influence of competing ocean and atmospheric processes in controlling the AIS variability over the past 3Ma. We will further discuss the mechanisms of simulated AIS variability and its climate interactions on orbital timescales and compare our results with paleo reconstructions. [1] 3Ma-Data: Transient CESM1.2 model simulation data over the 3 million years ago (Ma),   https://climatedata.ibs.re.kr/data/3ma-transient-climate-simulation, doi:10.22741/iccp.20230001.[2] Yun, K.-S., Timmermann, A., et al. (2023), A transient coupled general circulation model (CGCM) simulation of the past 3 million years, Clim. Past, 19, 1951–1974, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1951-2023. 
Constraining the <500 Ka faulting history of the Central Taurides above the Cyprus Subduction Zone: Insights from U-Th carbonate geochronology
Authors: Aykut Tunahan , Yıldırım Cengiz , Uysal I. Tonguc , Ring Uwe , Zhao Jian-xin
Published: March 2024

The Central Taurides is located at the southern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau with a high relief up to a 2 km topography. This plateau margin rises in the upper plate north of the Cyprus Arc where the African Plate subducts beneath the Anatolian Plate. Although the relationship between regional surface uplift and mantle-driven processes, such as slab tearing/break-off and asthenospheric upwelling are well constrained in this area, the Quaternary faulting history and the seismic hazard potential remain hardly known. The Central Taurides between Alanya and Seydişehir (from the coast to the plateau), presents a series of NW-SE striking faults that control the topography across the highly erosional and karstified orogenic plateau margin. In this study, we utilize U-Th carbonate geochronology, microstructural analysis and fault-slip data to decipher the timing and mechanism of upper crustal brittle deformation. We date fault-related calcites and examine fault kinematics to constrain the
Effectively enhancing perceptions of cultural ecosystem services: A case study of a karst cultural ecosystem 
Authors: Wang Qiaoling
Published: March 2024

The role of cultural ecosystem services (CES) is vital to consider when developing ecological sustainabledevelopment policies that can improve the well-being of humans. Research on CES has increased in recent years;however, few studies have explored the complex mechanisms driving perceptions of CES and the factors influencing those perceptions. In areas with unique landforms and fragile ecological environments, this type ofresearch is difficult and rare. To address this research gap, this focuses on a typical karst area Guilin Xingping inChina, evaluating residents’ perceptions of local CES, and applying qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) toexplore the driving mechanism behind those perceptions. We found that the satisfaction of material needs is aprerequisite and basis for further improving residents’ spiritual perceptions and pursuits. Residents’ socioeconomic level, understanding of resource importance, and economic value determine whether residents canfully perceive the value of CES. Optimizing the ability of managers, improving relevant systems, and improvingthe experience with and understanding of ecosystems have a more than 50% probability of improving perceptions related to CES. The research shows that the combination of multiple antecedents can achieve a high level ofperceptions related to CES. Managers can refer to the best path for policy regulation based on the actual situation. Finally, this study provides a new policy scheme for promoting ecological sustainable development andimproving residents’ well-being, and can provide insights to inform the sustainable development of other karstareas.
Soil aggregates differently modulated bacterial community and function composition with fertilized regimes
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wang Rui , Guo Shengli
Published: March 2024

Soil aggregates influence bacterial spatial distribution by providing varying substrate-laden micro-habitats. Understanding the nuances of bacterial variation within aggregates is essential for comprehending the involvement of soil microbes in biogeochemical processes. However, as a common practice for improving crop yields, it remains unclear how aggregates influence the redistribution of bacterial communities and functional composition across different fertilizer regimes. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA to examine the variation in soil bacterial communities across three different aggregate sizes (macroaggregate: >250 μm; mesoaggragate: 250-63 μm, and microaggregate:
A low-cost commercial off-the-shelf GNSS receiver for space
Authors: Moeller Gregor , Wolf Alexander , Sonnenberg Flavio , Bauer Gerald , Soja Benedikt , Rothacher Markus
Published: March 2024

The era of tracking artificial Earth satellites using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) began in the early 1980s when a GPS receiver was launched onboard the Landsat-4 mission. Since then, a large number of Low Earth Orbiters has utilized constantly improved GPS receivers for timing and positioning. GNSS has become a key technique not only for satellite orbit determination but also for atmosphere sounding. With the increasing popularity of miniaturized satellites in recent years, the need for an adapted GNSS payload for nanosatellites arose. Therefore, we developed a small-size, versatile payload board using commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) low-cost multi-GNSS receivers with extremely small weight, size, and power consumption.The receiver firmware enables multi-constellation navigation solutions and GNSS raw data output in space with a sampling rate of up to 20 Hz. With this configuration, we can retrieve the required GNSS code and carrier phase measurements, e.g. for precise orbit and attitude determination, to monitor the total air density from drag, the distribution of the electron content, or scintillation effects. The high demands on GNSS receiver performance lead to particular requirements for hardware, payload software, onboard computing, data downlink, and remote control, which will be briefly discussed in the presentation. The resulting low-cost GNSS board fits into a 0.25U form factor, and the modular design makes it a scalable and adaptable payload for CubeSat missions.In this presentation, we will provide insight into the performance of the GNSS payload under simulated orbit conditions and highlight the necessary modifications that allow us to transform a COTS GNSS receiver into a scientific instrument for space applications.
Effects of Arctic sea-ice concentration on turbulent surface fluxes in four atmospheric reanalyses
Authors: Uhlíková Tereza , Vihma Timo , Karpechko Alexey , Uotila Petteri
Published: March 2024

A prerequisite for understanding the local, regional, and hemispherical impacts of Arctic sea-ice decline on the atmosphere is to quantify the effects of sea-ice concentration (SIC) on the turbulent surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat in the Arctic.The best available information in data-sparse regions such as the Arctic is provided by global atmospheric reanalyses. Because each reanalysis uses its own forecast model, data-assimilation system, and often also different atmospheric and surface observations to create the data sets, their atmospheric and surface variables, and boundary conditions often differ. While the differences between reanalyses in variables SIC, latent and sensible heat flux have been demonstrated via comparisons against observations and inter-comparisons between reanalyses, how much these data sets scatter in the effects of SIC on surface turbulent fluxes is not known.To fill these knowledge gaps, we analyse these effects utilising four global atmospheric reanalyses: ERA5, JRA-55, MERRA-2, and NCEP/CFSR (CFSR and CFSv2), and evaluate their uncertainties arising from inter-reanalysis differences in SIC and in the sensitivity of the turbulent surface fluxes to SIC.Using daily field means in nine Arctic basins, the magnitude of the differences in SIC is up to 0.15, but typically around 0.05 during all four seasons. Bilateral orthogonal-distance regression analyses indicate that the greatest sensitivity of both the latent and the sensible heat flux to SIC occurs in the cold season, November to April. For these months, using daily means of data, the average sensitivity is 400 W m-2 for the latent heat flux and over 800 W m‑2 for the sensible heat flux per unit of SIC (change of SIC from 0 to 1, positive sign referring to the downward flux). The differences between reanalyses are as large as 300 W m-2 for the latent heat flux and 600 W m-2 for the sensible heat flux per unit of SIC. The sensitivity is highest for the NCEP/CFSR reanalysis. Comparing two study periods 1980–2000 and 2001–2021, we find that the effect of SIC on turbulent surface fluxes has weakened, due to the increasing surface temperature of sea ice and the sea-ice decline.Multilateral ordinary-least-square regression analyses show that the effect of SIC on turbulent surface fluxes arises mostly via its effect on atmosphere-surface differences in temperature and specific humidity, whereas the effect of SIC on wind speed (via surface roughness and atmospheric-boundary-layer stratification) partly cancels out in the turbulent surface fluxes, as the wind speed increases the magnitude of both upward and downward fluxes.
Fifteen years of remote sensing and analyses of the Baltic Sea primary production (2005–2019)
Authors: Ficek Dariusz , Stoltmann Damian , Ostrowska Mirosława , Pawlik Magdalena , Majchrowski Roman
Published: March 2024

Present systems based on data recorded by satellites allow for the determination of many characteristics of seas and oceans, including the photosynthetic production of primary organic matter in the water column (PP). The SatBaltic system, launched in 2015, was used to determine PP in the Baltic Sea waters. This system provides daily maps of the spatial distribution of PP values and other characteristics of this sea. Relevant data can be found on the SatBaltic website (www.satbaltyk.pl). The collected extensive data bank allowed for the analysis of a number of processes occurring in the ecosystem of this sea. Photosynthetic primary production of organic matter was analyzed based on data from 2005-2019. Statistical analyzes of PP data available in the SatBaltic System allowed for a quantitative description of its variability in the entire Baltic Sea area. The average daily PP value for the entire Baltic Sea varied from approximately 5 mgC m-2 day-1 in winter (December and January) to over 700 mgC m-2 day-1 in July. The total annual PP value of the Baltic Sea in the analyzed period ranged within (37 to 45)* 106 tC yr-1. The obtained results indicate a slight increase in the productivity of the Baltic Sea over a period of 15 years. PP analyzes also showed significant differences between the productivity of individual reservoirs. In the East Gotland Basin, PP is 4% higher than in the Bornholm Basin, while in the Gdańsk Basin it is 33% higher.
Failed Patagonian tableland: landslides distribution and controls
Authors: Kilnar Jakub , Pánek Tomáš , Břežný Michal , Winocur Diego
Published: March 2024

Argentinian Patagonia is formed mostly by tableland relief created by Cenozoic basaltic efusions, general uplift and relief inversion. The tableland is vastly effected by landslides. Using TanDEM-X we manually maped 30 000 km2 of landslides in the Patagonian tableland and conducted spatial analysis of their distribution and controls. Based on relative dating to lava efusions, glaciation and paleoshorlines we propose, that the landslide activity in the region spans across several millions of years. In contrary to general knowledge of landslide distribution, most of the landslides in the Patagonian tableland are located in low-seismicity, tectonicaly stable, semiarid to arid conditions. We propose, that the leading landslide distribution control is the tableland stratigraphy: basaltic caprock overlaying weak sedimentary and volcanoclastic rocks. The caprock protects the underlying weak rocks and thus it becomes elevated above the surroundings over time, forming plateaus and mesas. As long as the topography of the formed tableland becomes high enough to laterally expose underlaying weak rocks, the tableland margins becomes unstable and collapse. It starts as lateral spreading a rotational landslides and later often evolve to flow-like mass movements. Many of the plateaus and mesas in the Patagonian tableland are fringed by almost continuous landslides. Some mesas are already completly consumed by landslides. This study helps to understand distribution and evolvement of landslides in volcanic tablelands.
Ocean warming acceleration in Atlantic tied to the changes in ocean heat transport
Authors: Pan Yuying , Cheng Lijing
Published: March 2024

Change in ocean warming rate is essential for evaluating the current climate change and predict future climate conditions. It has been confirmed that in the context of accelerated warming of the Earth climate system, the global oceans have been warming, especially since the 21st century, with a certain rate of acceleration. Because the local ocean heat content (OHC) changes are mainly balanced by the net sea surface heat flux (FS) and the oceanic heat divergence/convergence (OHD), the acceleration of ocean warming is closely related to the trend of the latter two. In this study, we first calculate the oceanic meridional heat transport (MHT) as a residual of energy budget including OHC, FS, and heat related to sea ice volume changes (Qice), and then adjust the discrepancy caused by systematic errors in different data and mismatch between them on a monthly basis. Our estimated MHT is compared to the results from RAPID observations, which shows good agreement between the two, with a correlation coefficient of 0.73 in the time series during January 2009 - December 2020. Based on the multiple datasets, we further evaluate the accelerated/decelerated changes in Atlantic OHC associated with the ocean and air-sea energy flow changes. The results show that during 1985-2016, in the north Atlantic Ocean, the ocean warming is slowing down, which are mainly dominated by the decreased OHD, while the southern Atlantic Ocean is accelerating warming mainly caused by the strengthened OHD. Therefore, MHT changes accompanied by the energy flow within the ocean play a more important role to the regional ocean warming acceleration than the changes in regional sea air heat exchange. The methodology we use here provides a method to estimate the heat transports, and can be used to analysis the ocean warming rates and Earth’s energy changes, and to detect the future climate variability.  
Super-resolution of satellite observations of sea ice thickness using diffusion models and physical modeling.
Authors: Brajard Julien , Korosov Anton , Davy Richard , Wang Yiguo
Published: March 2024

This work introduces a simulator of high-resolution sea ice thickness in the Arctic based on diffusion models, which is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) generative model. Diffusion models have already shown impressive skill in generating realistic high-resolution images (e.g., DALL-E, Midjourney, Stable Diffusion).Current satellite-based observations or climate model simulations of sea ice thickness provide valuable data but are limited by their coarse spatial resolution. High-resolution information is crucial for useful predictions and understanding small-scale features such as leads and thin ice, which significantly impact seasonal forecasting and heat flux calculations.To increase the resolution of sea ice thickness products, we propose the following. First, a physically-based sea ice model, neXtSIM, is employed to generate a synthetic but realistic high-resolution sea ice thickness dataset. This synthetic dataset is then filtered to mimic the resolution of present satellite products or climate model outputs. An AI-based diffusion model is then trained to enhance the low-resolution SIT data. By comparing the field produced by the simulator and a high-resolution test image, we will demonstrate that the simulator is able to produce accurate and realistic high-resolution sea ice thickness fields. Accuracy is demonstrated by assessing the error of the reconstruction, while realism is assessed by visual inspection and by computing the power density spectra. For both criteria, accuracy, and realism, our simulator outperforms a linear interpolation of the low-resolution field, which is used as a baseline.This work is held in the framework of the project SuperIce, funded by ESA.
Research on the foreshock characteristics of earthquakes in Chinese Mainland using waveform envelope method
Authors: Han Yanyan , Zang Yang , Xie Mengyu , Meng Lingyuan
Published: March 2024

Regarding foreshocks, it is believed that the percentage of the mainshock events with observable foreshocks is very low. But a recent study suggests that 15%–43% of large mainshocks have at least one foreshock. That is to say, if we can effectively identify foreshocks, it can help us carry out short-term and imminent earthquake forecasting, which is of great significance to the local people.To identify the foreshock, the first step is to understand the characteristics. For example, the low b-value of the foreshock sequence, the cumulative number of foreshock sequences satisfying the anti-Omori law,  the foreshock sequences having similar focal mechanism solutions, and having the characteristics of migration towards the mainshock. Among them, the low b-value of foreshock sequence is widely recognized as a typical feature of foreshocks. However, this method is mainly based on the earthquake catalogs, and requires the number of earthquakes to meet the calculation conditions. Actually, it is difficult to obtain the b-value results in a short time after the earthquake.In this study, we selected the foreshock event waveform recorded by the station closest to the earthquake epicenter and obtained the envelope function of the waveform. Each peak of the envelope can be regarded as an earthquake event. The amplitude and time of the function peak correspond to the magnitude and time of the earthquakes. Similar to the G-R relationship, the β-value, corresponding relationship between magnitude and peak number, is preliminarily obtained.For all the M≥6.0 earthquakes with foreshocks in Chinese Mainland since 2010, we calculate the β-values of foreshocks and mainshocks using waveform envelope method. Most β-values of the foreshocks and mainshocks are calculated except the Yushu mainshock for its unsatisfactory data quality. In addition, we also apply this method to the M≥5.0 earthquakes occurred in Chinese mainland since 2022. The results indicate that the β-values of foreshocks are all lower than its mainshocks. If the β-value is less than 0.7, the earthquake can be considered as a foreshock. The β-value could also provide us with some hints about the magnitude and time interval between the foreshock and mainshock.
A Two-Stream Observation Operator for Solar Induced Fluorescence in Land Surface Models
Authors: Quaife Tristan , Stretton Meg , Douglas Natalie , McGuire Patrick
Published: March 2024

Solar Induced Fluorescence (SIF) has significant potential to constrain the carbon cycle in land surface models. This requires either that the target variables in the model are first retrieved from the SIF data (for example, by estimating Gross Primary Productivity, GPP), or that the SIF is directly predicted from the model itself using a so-called observation operator. In the retrieval problem it is difficult to guarantee that assumptions made in the retrieval scheme are consistent with the assumptions in any given land surface model. Observation operators, on the other hand, offer the potential to enforce that consistency, but this comes with additional complexity. Ideally, observation operators should themselves be consistent with the assumptions inside the land surface model. If that is not the case, mismatches between the modelled and observed SIF can arise purely due to the observation operator, potentially resulting in biases. With a perfectly consistent system, we can be confident that any discrepancies are due to the underlying land model itself, and hence the discrepancies with the observed SIF inform us about land surface model.This presentation describes an observation operator that is physically consistent with the two-stream radiative transfer scheme of Sellers (1985) commonly used in land surface models to represent the interaction of sunlight with vegetation canopies. We describe the derivation of the new observation operator and how it can be used to predict SIF. The scheme is numerically efficient, and can be easily extended to work with vertically inhomogeneous canopies. We show results from the JULES model (the land surface scheme of the UK’s flagship climate model UKESM) for both GPP and SIF at eddy covariance sites.
Master your master thesis – overcome writer’s block and handle feedback like a pro
Authors: Rydningen Tom Arne , Bjordal-Olsen Stine
Published: March 2024

The main challenge for master students is to start with the thesis writing. A common hard nut to crack for students at the beginning of the writing process is to decide which geological concepts to include in the introduction and background chapters, and how to present scientific content clearly without repetitions. They therefore often spend a lot of time in the initial stages of the work, and the challenges continue for the students in the later stages, where they struggle with separating new observations from results already presented by others. Furthermore, the master thesis is often the first time in their geoscientific career that the students are faced with constructive criticism on their written work. Although well-intended by the supervisor and aimed to help with the thesis work, this may sometimes be difficult to handle for the students.The ability to structure a text efficiently, discuss problems in an advanced way by including new observations, and improve a scientific text through feedback are essential skills to master. These skills are highly valued both in academia and in other geoscientific workplaces. To address the challenges in the thesis work of the students, we have developed a scientific writing guide that aims to strengthen the master students conceptual understanding of how a scientific text should be structured. This guide also shows how feedback from the supervisor can be used to ease the writing process and improve the quality of the master thesis.To illustrate how a text should be structured and address feedback, the guide includes short drafts from each section of a master thesis along with comments from the supervisor. Revised text and figures are shown side-by-side to the original draft, thus demonstrating an improved version of each chapter. Or put in simpler terms: the guide displays typical pitfalls and time thieves in the writing process, and by being aware of these the student and supervisor may save valuable time. The writing guide and condensed versions of chapter drafts are available on Instagram and can be found using this link: https://www.instagram.com/master_your_master/.
Detrital Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Lu-Hf isotope systematics from the Pranhita Godavari basin: Implications for the Provenance and Mesoproterozoic tectonics  
Authors: Ganaie Ab Majeed
Published: March 2024

Cratonic margin basins are crucial in tracking the provenance characteristics. This study aims to characterize one of the Proterozoic basins in Southeastern India known as Pranhita Godavari (PG) basin. Nestled between the famous Dharwar and Bastar cratons, the PG basin is about 450 Km long NW-SE trending rift-related basin with a huge thickness of siliciclastics. The basin consists of three cycles of deposition. In this study, we characterize the geochemistry, U-Pb geochronology and Lu-Hf systematics of the detritus as well as the adjacent basement Gneiss in order to define the sediment source.                        K2O/Na2O v SiO2 and the Discriminant function diagrams (Verma & Armstrong-Altrin, 2013) indicate a passive margin setting for the sediments. Together with Eu/Eu*, the high La/YbN ratios (8.23-37.9) and LREE enriched and flat HREE patterns indicate a felsic source. The other geochemical indicators like TiO2 versus Zr and Ni, Al2O3/TiO2, Th/Co, La/Sc ratios along with high Th/U also indicate felsic continental sources.   The different weathering indices like CIA.PIA, and  ICV indicate moderate to slightly intense weathering of the source terrains producing mostly mature sediments.The metamorphic zircons (average Th/U=0.88) from the basement Gneiss yield a Concordia age of 2490±6 Ma and a weighted mean age of 2490±6 Ma. Three magmatic zircon cores yield a weight mean average of 2677±36 Ma. Previous studies from the Bastar and Dharwar cratons also report the presence of 2.5 Ga old zircons.The sediment was mainly sourced from the Paleoarchean to Mesoproterozoic sources with detrital zircon ages spread from 3571-1622 Ma. The Probability Density Plots show major peaks at 1842, 2498, 2637 Ma and minor peaks at 1637,3340, 3567 Ma. The Youngest detrital zircon method brackets the maximum depositional age of the Mulug Formation 1622±33 Ma.The zircons from the basement gneiss of Peninsular Gneissic complex show negative Hf isotope values (εHf= -15.27 and 0.17). Similarly, the detrital zircons show negative values (εHf =-12.58-0.70) indicating their derivation from evolved sources.The age peaks and the εHf composition from the Mulug formation perfectly match with the basement gneiss ages. This together with published literature indicates that the Mulug formation was deposited at ~1.6 Ga and was sourced from the eastern Dharwar and Bastar cratons
e3doubt: An open-source toolkit for E3D experiment planning and uncertainty estimation
Authors: Hatch Spencer Mark , Virtanen Ilkka , Team 506 International Space Science Institute
Published: March 2024

The EISCAT_3D incoherent scatter radar presents a groundbreaking opportunity for studying a wide variety of phenomena. One of the challenges presented by such an advanced facility is its tremendous flexibility: Given a science question and an estimate of the the associated ionospheric conditions, how does one begin to design an EISCAT_3D experiment? Here we present a set of open-source tools written primarily in R and Python for estimating uncertainties of EISCAT_3D measurements of three scalar quantities (plasma density, electron and ion temperature) and one vector quantity (ion drift) for arbitrary radar configurations and different combinations of beams. Using these tools one can assess whether a candidate EISCAT_3D experiment is likely to achieve the temporal and spatial resolution needed to study a particular phenomenon, and vary parameters such as beam width, bit length, and duty cycle to understand their effect on experimental uncertainties. As a demonstration we use these tools to assess the uncertainty of maps of F-region ionospheric convection reconstructed from EISCAT_3D ion drift measurements.
On the possibilities of the power mean as an upscaling method using the example of thermal conductivity in soil
Authors: Stange Claus Florian
Published: March 2024

The power mean is the generalization of the common averaging methods, such as harmonic, geometric and arithmetic mean, but also minimum and maximum. However, it also allows an infinite number of other means between these common means and can therefore be adapted very flexibly to the specific task of upscaling. This will be demonstrated in the contribution by calculating the effective thermal conductivity as the mean of the partial conductivities of soil components (typically of the solid, liquid, and gaseous phase). Soil thermal conductivity is a key factor for the soil heat balance and is widely used in many fields of science. However, it is elaborate to measure thermal conductivity of soils that have different porosities and degrees of saturation. Effective thermal conductivity of soil strongly depends on the arrangement of particles (soil structure) and on the interaction of added water to the solid phase (e.g., menisci).  To improve the prediction of soil thermal conductivity, specific information of soil structure needs to be taken into account. The relationship between the power mean exponents p and the degree of saturation is an indicator of the existing soil structure.
Integrated geothermal exploration of Hongchailin geothermal field in Taiwan using seismic velocity and resistivity tomography with unsupervised learning analysis
Authors: Huang Hong-Mao , Huang Hsin-Hua , Yu Yung-en , Ho Gong-Ruei , Shih Min-Hung , Lai Ya-Chuan , Su Po-Li , Yen Hung-Yu , Chi Tsung-Chih , Lin Cheng-Horng , Lee Jian-Cheng , Chen Yue-Gau , Chung Sun-Lin
Published: March 2024

Geothermal energy serves as one of sustainable and low-emission energy sources with the potential to mitigate climate change and enhance energy security. It offers a viable substitute for conventional fossil fuels or electrical energy. The Hongchailin area in Ilan, Taiwan has been considered as a potential geothermal energy field in recent years. To investigate possible geothermal sources in Hongchailin, a dense seismic array comprising 186 geophones is deployed over a 5 × 4 km area covering the probable geothermal field between August 2022 and January 2023. A vibroseis experiment was operated along multiple lines across the array with 12-second sweep-frequency signals from 6 to 96 Hz. To retrieve clear vibroseis-generated P-wave arrivals, we first remove the sweep signals from the raw waveforms by the cross-correlation method, and stack the processed waveforms from successive co-site shots with the Phase-Weighted Stacking (PWS) method to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. We use the Recursive-STA/LTA method for P-wave arrival picking. Visual inspection and additional criteria are made for confirming and refining the accuracy of P-arrivals. Lastly, a total of 41,095 P-arrivals are collected and used for seismic tomographic inversion. The velocity model shows several velocity anomaly zones in good spatial correlation with the resistivity model, although the resolvable depth of the model is limited to ~1 km. It demonstrates the active-source seismic tomography as a valuable geothermal exploration tool. Further, we employ unsupervised learning methods to classify and explore the resistivity-velocity relationships in each cluster. The preliminary results indicate a positive linear correlation for some regions but negative for some others, implying different materials such as rock composition or fluid content. These findings provide valuable insights for comprehensive understanding of geothermal resources in the Hongchailin area.
Global sensitivity analysis of model parameters, heat transport processes and design parameters in ATES Systems 
Authors: Tas Luka , Hermans Thomas , Bloemendal Martin , Hartog Niels
Published: March 2024

Shallow geothermal energy has not only great potential to mitigate CO2 emissions associated with the heating and cooling of buildings but also offers wide applicability. Thick productive aquifer layers have been targeted first, as these are the most promising areas for aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES). Nevertheless, there is an increasing trend to target more complex aquifers such as low-transmissivity and alluvial aquifers or fractured rock formations. However, the uncertainty and thus the risk of failure in these contexts is significantly higher and it is therefore often not sufficient to rely on experience when designing the ATES system. In this context, a distance-based global sensitivity analysis was carried out for ATES. The analysis focused on one promising thick productive aquifer, used as a reference, as well as two more complex settings involving a low transmissivity and a shallow alluvial aquifer. Through this method, multiple random model realizations are generated by sampling each parameter from a predetermined range of uncertainty. A distance measure between the different model realizations can then be used to determine the relative importance of the uncertain parameters. Not only hydrogeological parameters but also operational and design parameters and boundary conditions were considered uncertain. The parameter distributions were also further analyzed to make a connection with the ATES efficiency. Finally, specific attention was paid to exploring the thermal energy exchange between the soil and the aquifer and its significance for ATES efficiency in shallow aquifers. The results of this study give insight into how the sensitive parameters change when the setting becomes more complex and if it is required to include heat transfer processes that are commonly ignored in traditional settings. This nuanced understanding contributes to the optimization of ATES systems, offering practical guidance for enhanced efficiency of feasibility studies, especially in challenging environments.
Black carbon-induced regime transition of boundary layer development stronglyamplifies severe haze
Authors: Su Hang , Wang Jiandong , Wei Chao , Zheng Guangjie , Wang Jiaping , Su Tianning , Li Chengcai , Liu Cheng , Pleim Jonathan E. , Li Zhanqing , Ding Aijun , Andreae Meinrat O. , Poeschl Ulrich , Cheng Yafang
Published: March 2024

Black carbon (BC) aerosol can strongly influence planetary boundary layer (PBL) development and thus severe hazeformation, but its distinct role compared with scattering aerosols are not yet fully understood. Here, combiningnumerical simulation and field observation, we found a “tipping point”, where the daily maximum PBL heightdecreases abruptly when exceeding a critical threshold of aerosol optical depth (AOD), due to a BC-induced decouplingof mixing zones. Because the threshold AOD decreases with increasing BC mass fraction, our results suggest that theabrupt transition of PBL development to adverse conditions can be avoided by reducing the AOD below the threshold,but more efficiently by reducing the BC mass fraction to increase the threshold (e.g., up to 4-6 times more effective inextreme haze events in Beijing). To achieve co-benefits for air quality and climate change, our findings clearlydemonstrate that high priority should be given to controlling BC emissions.
Solar rotation signatures in cosmic dust data measured by the Wind spacecraft
Authors: Baalmann Lennart Robin , Péronne Arthur , Hunziker Silvan , Strähl Christoph , Kirchner James W. , Glaßmeier Karl-Heinz , Chadda Shivank , Malaspina David M. , Wilson III Lynn B. , Sterken Veerle J.
Published: March 2024

Through serendipitous measurements with its plasma wave antennas, the Wind spacecraft recorded more than one hundred thousand impacts of cosmic dust particles onto the spacecraft body. Frequency analysis of the time series of impact data reveals signatures of the solar rotation.These solar rotation signatures are transient in time. Case studies of time periods with particularly long-lasting corotating interaction regions (CIRs) yield stronger solar rotation signatures in the dust data than case studies of time periods with short-duration CIRs or few CIRs. This indicates that CIRs are a likely cause of the solar rotation signatures, possibly in combination with the alternating sector structure of the solar wind.One physical mechanism that can cause the solar rotation signature, besides temporary changes of the spacecraft's floating potential that may influence the signal, is a local depletion of dust particles when a CIR passes by the spacecraft. A similar mechanism has been proposed to occur during coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and has been observed in close vicinity to the Sun with Parker Solar Probe. A statistical depletion analysis of the Wind cosmic dust impact data finds that both CMEs and CIRs with strong magnetic fields can locally deplete dust. This effect is strongest for small particles in CMEs.
How seasonal flooding affects diets in Bangladesh during a nutrition-sensitive agriculture intervention.
Authors: Offner Claudia , Sparling Thalia M , Dooley Claire , Waid Jillian , Gabrysch Sabine , Kadiyala Suneetha
Published: March 2024

Background and aims: Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and severity of monsoon floods in south-east Asia and will severely impact food and nutrition security. The Food and Agricultural Approaches to Reducing Malnutrition (FAARM) cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh, aimed to improve nutrition outcomes through a Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture (NSA) intervention. We evaluated the role of the intervention in moderating the impact of seasonal flood exposures on women’s dietary diversity (WDD) and food group consumption.Description and recommendations: Using Bayesian interaction models, we paired a time series measure of seasonal flooding with high-frequency dietary data collected bi-monthly from 2,701 women throughout the trial (2015-2019). We found that for a 1% increase in flooding in Mar/Apr, subsequent WDD decreased by 18% of a food group in the control-arm, with no detrimental effect observed in the treatment-arm. Of the food groups, vitamin-A-rich foods (VA) was most influenced by seasonal flooding. The odds of consuming VA are normally 41% higher in the May/June months. However, for every 1% increase in flooding in Mar/Apr, the odds of consuming VA in May/June only increases by 13% for the control-arm, and by 27% for the treatment group.Significance: Flooding has a variable impact on WDD and food consumption, and the NSA intervention appeared to offset the detrimental effects of flooding on WDD in the most volatile season. This study highlights the sensitivity of diets to changing monsoon patterns and provides an approach to evaluating the impacts of interventions on these intricate pathways.
Can we ever predict how fluids may flow within and surrounding faults in carbonates?
Authors: Michie Emma
Published: March 2024

A wide range of deformation and diagenetic mechanisms have been observed within faulted carbonate lithofacies.  These processes are known to influence the permeability of a fault, and hence the flow properties.  The mechanisms active during faulting are influenced by a range of factors, including: lithofacies, host porosity, host permeability, juxtaposition type, depth of burial, depth at time of faulting and kinematics.  Although we can estimate the fundamental controls on resulting fault rock permeability, the ability to predict flow properties within and surrounding faults in carbonates remains highly uncertain.  This presentation will discuss conditions for when a fault may act as a conduit or a potential barrier to flow, along with the gaps in current data and knowledge.Further, conditions for when a permeability anisotropy may be created within the fault core of carbonate lithofacies will be presented, along with the implications for fluid migration across or along the slip surface.  A permeability anisotropy is observed within carbonate fault cores, dependent on lithofacies and juxtaposition.  The significant heterogeneity created when different lithofacies are juxtaposed outweighs the resulting permeability anisotropy that is created, such that no systematic permeability anisotropy can be defined.  However, when self- or similar juxtapositions occur, a systematic permeability anisotropy is recorded, creating a permeability that can be as much as over 5 orders of magnitude lower normal to fault strike than parallel to fault strike.  The permeability anisotropy is formed from differing mechanisms dependent on lithofacies; the intersections of shears with fractures/veins in recrystallised lithofacies, and oriented pores in high porosity grainstones.  This is similar to previous crystalline and siliciclastic studies.  The permeability anisotropy can act to allow flow in one orientation but prevent it in another.
Strong contribution from sensible heat to global precipitation increase by climate models is not supported by observational based data. 
Authors: Myhre Gunnar , Jouan Caroline
Published: March 2024

It has previously been shown that trends in sensible heat from climate models have had a substantial contribution to global precipitation changes. We illustrate that this is the case also in the most recent Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). However, we find that over the period since 1980 reanalysis do not support the reduction in sensible heat from the CMIP6 models and rather estimate a global increase in sensible heat which would contribute to a precipitation reduction. Satellite data over a period of 2 decades over global ocean similarly to reanalysis show an opposite sign of the sensible heat trend to the CMIP6 models.