bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The metabolism of [14C]aldicarb in the leaves of sugar beet plants
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Moons Chantal , Meyer Joseph A.
Published: November 2006

Sugar beet plants were grown in the field, after in‐furrow application of [14C]aldicarb (3 kg of aldicarb ha−1) at planting. The ripe sugar beet plants were harvested, and the blades and petioles of the leaves were analysed separately. In the whole leaves, 15% of the 14C (all the percentages of 14C are relative to the total 14C incorporated into the whole leaves) was insoluble in ethanol+ water (1+1 by volume), 31% was organo‐soluble (and thus unconjugated in the leaves), and 54% was water‐soluble (mainly conjugated to plant constituents). The weights and concentrations (as aldicarb equivalents) of various identified metabolites of aldicarb, incorporated into the leaves, were determined; no aldicarb, as such, was detected.
An evaluation of the persistence in soil of two non‐chlorinated insecticides analogous to DDT
Authors: Kimber Ronald W. L.
Published: November 2006

Two insecticides 1,1‐bis(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐2‐nitrobutane (ENB) and 1,1‐bis(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐2‐nitropropane (ENP), at concentrations varying from 0.4‐40 mg kg−1 have been examined for persistence in three soils. The proportions of the original compounds recovered decreased rapidly in a clay loam (falling to 50% in 2‐6 weeks), decreased slowly in a sand (falling to 50% in 16‐64 weeks) and decreased variably in a heavy clay (falling to 50% in 2‐10 weeks). After the initial phase, the proportion recovered generally decreased at a slower rate. Breakdown of ENP appeared to proceed via a stepwise oxidation to give 1,1‐bis(4‐ethoxyphenyl)propan‐2‐one and 4,4′‐diethoxybenzophenone. These products were readily broken down under aerobic conditions and were isolated only from waterlogged or sterile soil. Experiments under sterile conditions indicated that biological breakdown was a major factor and that chemical breakdown was specifically surface‐activated.
The rodenticidal activity of reserpine and related compounds
Authors: Meehan Adrian P.
Published: November 2006

The spread of warfarin resistant mice in the early 1970s prompted an urgent search for alternative rodenticides suitable for commercial use. The early success of a stupefying compound, chloralose (alphachloralose), directed research in that direction and led ultimately to the adoption of reserpine as a rodenticide. Laboratory and field trials of reserpine, and some of its naturally occurring and synthetic analogues, against mice and rats, are reported here.
Lack of activity of selected isoflavonoid phytoalexins as protectant fungicides
Authors: Rathmell William G. , Smith David A.
Published: November 2006

Seven isoflavonoid phytoalexins were subjected to a series of screening tests used for the routine examination of potential fungicides. The phytoalexins had no appreciable effects on disease intensity in these assays, which encompassed five major crop plants and six pathogens. It seems unlikely that isoflavonoid phytoalexins could be used as conventional fungicides in control programmes against phytopathogens.
Uptake and translocation of fungicides in wheat after seed treatment, as measured by disease response to Fusarium culmorum
Authors: Bateman Geoffrey L.
Published: November 2006

The toxicities of five systemic fungicides [benomyl, carbendazim, methyl 4‐(2‐ aminophenyl)‐3‐thioallophanate (NF48), thiabendazole and thiophanate‐methyl] and of two non‐systemic fungicides (guazatine and phenylmercury acetate) against Fusarium culmorum were compared on agar plates; their performance as seed treatments was measured by inoculating the shoot bases of wheat seedlings with F. culmorum in pot experiments. The two most effective compounds, benomyl and thiabendazole, and the less effective thiophanate‐methyl, were evaluated in further seed treatment experiments in which leaf sheaths and roots of slightly older plants were infected. The three fungicides protected the first leaf sheath for more than 5 weeks, but thiophanate‐methyl was least effective. Against root disease, they were effective when infection was mild, but only thiabendazole significantly controlled severe infection. Bioautography confirmed that fungicide levels in shoots were greater after benomyl and thiabendazole, than after carbendazim and thiophanate‐methyl treatments, and that concentrations of fungicide after benomyl, carbendazim and thiophanate‐methyl treatments generally declined between 5‐13 weeks after treatment. Thiabendazole produced a second fungitoxic component detectable in plants after 34 days.
Preparation and biocidal activity of alkyl phenyl (dichloromethyl)phosphonates
Authors: Dureja Prem , Roy Nripendra K. , Mukerjee Sunil K.
Published: November 2006

Seventeen new alkyl (or phenacyl) phenyl (dichloromethyl)phosphonates were synthesised; seven of these showed poor fungicidal activity when tested in vitro against Pyricularia oryzae but some possessed high insecticidal activity against Culex fatigans and Drosophila melanogaster.
The metabolism of [14C] cymoxanil in the rat
Authors: Belasco Irvin J. , Baude Frederic J.
Published: November 2006

A rat, given a single oral dose of [14C] cymoxanil, 1‐(2‐cyano‐2‐methoxyimino‐[2‐14C]‐acetyl)‐3‐ethylurea, eliminated 91% of the radioactivity within 72 h. The urine contained 71%, the faeces 11%, and the expired air about 7% of the radiolabel; no 14C residue was found in the internal organs. Greater than 70% of the radioactivity in the urine was identified. The major metabolite was characterised as glycine, both free and conjugated, as hippuric acid and phenylaceturic acid [N‐(phenylacetyl)‐glycine], and probably in the form of polypeptides of low molecular weight. The other metabolites identified included 2‐cyano‐2‐methoxyiminoacetic acid, 2‐cyano‐2‐hydroxyiminoacetic acid and 1‐ethylimidazolidine‐2, 4, 5‐trione. The minor metabolites included succinic acid and 2‐oxoglutaric acid which indicated reincorporation of metabolic 14C. Cymoxanil, as such, was not detected in the urine.
The metabolism of benodanil in the rat
Authors: Mitchell Stephen C. , Waring Rosemary H.
Published: November 2006

The metabolism of benodanil (2‐iodobenzanilide) was studied in rats following an oral dose of 150 mg benodanil kg−1 body weight. The major 24‐h urinary metabolite was found to be the 4′‐hydroxy derivative, both free (≈ 5%) and as the glucuronide (≈ 4%) and sulphate (≈ 4%) conjugates. Over a 6‐day period, about 16% of the administered dose was excreted in the urine and about 80% in the faeces. After dosing with [14C]‐ benodanil, blood radioactivity levels were highest 30 min after dosing, with small broader peaks at 4 and 7 h, while biliary activity levels rose slowly to a maximum about 10–12 h after the dose, some 16% being excreted in 24 h as the glucuronide conjugate of the 4′‐hydroxy derivative.
The determination of imazalil on potatoes and its use in controlling potato storage diseases
Authors: Cayley George R. , Hide Geoffrey A. , Tillotson Yvonne
Published: November 2006

Methods are described for the extraction and analysis by gas‐liquid and high‐pressure liquid chromatography of the fungicide imazalil, 1‐(β‐allyloxy‐2, 4‐dishlorophenethyl) imidazole, on potatoes. Before storage, over 80% was recovered from potatoes treated with 0.01–3.0 mg imazalil kg−1, with a detection limit of 2 μg kg−1. Imazalil applied to potatoes at 10 g t−1 before storage decreased the incidence of gangrene (Phoma exigua), silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani), skin spot (Polyscytalum pustulans) and black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani), and was at least as effective as thiabendazole applied at 40 g t−1. At 1 g t−1 it also decreased skin spot and silver scurf. Incidence of black dot (Colletotrichum coccodes) was unaffected by these fungicide treatments.
An automatic apparatus for determining the crystallisation temperature of liquid pesticide formulations: Part II
Authors: Gückel Walter , Kästel Roland , Synnatschke Gotthard
Published: November 2006

An automatic apparatus is described for the determination of the crystallisation temperature of liquid pesticide formulations. Its purpose was to reduce possible errors in such determinations. Depending on whether or not seed crystals were added, different crystallisation temperatures were obtained; an automatic pneumatic seeding device was therefore developed. The influence that the varying times of adding crystals had on the crystallisation temperature is illustrated by examples. Depending on the rate of temperature drop chosen, different crystallisation temperatures were obtained. The lowest rate of temperature drop came closest to the ‘true’ crystallisation temperature. A simple method is also described that allows the simultaneous determination of the crystallisation temperatures of a large number of samples.
The metabolism of 3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol, a pyrethroid metabolite, in plants
Authors: Roberts Terry R. , Wright A. Neill
Published: November 2006

The metabolism and conjugation of 3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol, a plant metabolite of permethrin and cypermethrin, have been examined in abscised cotton leaves. Mature cotton leaves were treated by petiole uptake of an aqueous solution of [α‐14C]‐3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol. Initially there was rapid formation of a compound identified as the glucosyl 3‐phenoxybenzyl ether. Subsequently more polar compounds were formed and these were shown to be disaccharide conjugates of the alcohol with glucose and pentose sugars. The alcohol and its mono‐ and disaccharide conjugates were shown to undergo interconversion in cotton leaves, and evidence was obtained from experiments with [14C]glucose for the ready exchange of the glucose units on the conjugates with free glucose in the leaves. No larger carbohydrate conjugates of 3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol were detected under the conditions used.
The kinetics of insecticide action. Part I: The properties of a mathematical model describing insect pharmacokinetics
Authors: Ford Martyn G. , Greenwood Richard , Thomas Peter J.
Published: November 2006

A simple two‐compartment model, introducing a parameter (λ) to represent the relative thermodynamic capacities of the compartments, is described for the movement of insecticide from the insect surface (compartment 1) to the region within the insect (compartment 2); loss from compartment 2 is considered. First‐order rate constants are assumed for penetration (kp) and elimination (ke). The differential equations describing the rates of change of insecticide in each compartment after application of insecticide are solved analytically, and terms describing (a) the integrals of mass of compound in each compartment with time after application, (b) time to a maximum level of insecticide in compartment 2, and (c) distribution and loss of compound from the system with time, are derived. Methods for estimating the three parameters of the model (kp, ke and λ) are presented. Further properties of the model with possible toxicological significance have been identified; in particular, the total integral for material in compartment 2 depends only on the elimination rate constant and the applied dose.
Rates of reaction of singlet oxygen with some systemic pyrimidine fungicides and related compounds
Authors: Harkness Garry J. , Wells Clifford H. J.
Published: November 2006

Rate constants have been measured for the reaction in chloroform solution of singlet oxygen with the fungicides ethirimol (5‐butyl‐2‐ethylamino‐6‐methylpyrimidin‐4‐ol) and dimethirimol (5‐butyl‐2‐dimethylamino‐6‐methylpyrimidin‐4‐ol), and with the compounds 2‐dimethylamino‐5,6‐dimethylpyrimidin‐4‐ol, 2‐dimethylamino‐6‐methylpyrimidin‐4‐ol, 4‐benzyloxy‐2‐dimethylamino‐5,6‐dimethylpyrimidine and 2‐diethylamino‐6‐methylpyrimidin‐4‐ol. The values obtained show that singlet oxygen reacts readily with these compounds; the differences between the rate constant values have been rationalised in terms of the different structural features of the compounds studied. The possibility that singlet oxygen may react with agricultural chemicals under natural conditions is considered.
In‐vivo and in‐vitro studies on DDT uptake and metabolism in susceptible and resistant strains of the mosquito Aedes aegypti L.
Authors: Rathor Hamayun R. , Wood Roger J.
Published: November 2006

Twelve strains of Aedes aegypti have been compared for resistance to pp′‐DDT, uptake of pp′‐DDT, and dehydrochlorination of pp′‐DDT to pp′‐DDE in vivo and in vitro both at the larval and adult stages. Resistant larvae were shown to contain significantly more pp′‐DDE than susceptible larvae after a standard exposure to pp′‐DDT but also substantially more pp′‐DDT in an unmetabolised state. There was a small increase in the percentage dehydrochlorinated in vivo in the resistant strains compared with the susceptible strains, but this was not correlated with the level of resistance nor with dehydrochlorination in vitro. However, dehydrochlorination in vitro was correlated with resistance. Adult resistance was correlated positively with dehydrochlorination, both in vivo and in vitro, but the resistant adults did not contain increased levels of unmetabolised DDT. By comparing resistance levels at the two stages, it was found that there were two kinds of resistant strain: four strains of Asian origin and one from West Africa were highly resistant as larvae but showed almost no resistance as adults; five strains from Central and South America were highly resistant at both stages. The different mechanisms of resistance in adults and larvae are discussed in relation to genetic studies.
Residues in blackcurrants, fodder peas, spinach and potatoes treated with sublethal doses of 2,4,5‐T to simulate wind drift damage
Authors: Løkke Hans , Odgaard Peder
Published: November 2006

Blackcurrants, treated with 0.1 kg of 2,4,5‐T ha−1 (as esters of mixed C4–C6 alcohols; ‘Tormona 80’), contained 0.1 mg of 2,4,5‐T residues kg−1 in the berries at ripeness 29 days after treatment. Total residues in the berries were not reduced during growth and ripening, although the residue concentrations declined in the same period due to growth dilution. In spinach leaves from old plants, treated with 0.1 kg ha−1, 0.05 mg of 2,4,5‐T kg−1 was found 14 days after treatment. Fodder peas showed no residues (< 0.002 mg kg−1) at harvest 62 days after treatment with 2,4,5‐T esters. After application of 0.1 kg ha−1 on potato plants, the disappearance of 2,4,5‐T was rapid during the first month, but residues were translocated into the tubers and reached a constant level of 0.02 mg kg−1 after 1 month until harvest at 108 days after treatment. In all crops, visible effects were observed after treatment with 0.1 kg ha−1. After the application at 0.01 kg ha−1, phytotoxic effects were observed only in blackcurrants, but negligible residues were found in all the test crops.
Characteristics and implications of knockdown of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans westw. by deltamethrin
Authors: Quinlan Raymond J. , Gatehouse A. Gavin
Published: November 2006

Low doses of deltamethrin cause prolonged knockdown of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans. Fifty per cent of female flies, treated with the LD15‐(48 h) of deltamethrin, failed to regain their capacity for normal flight for 30 h, compared with 6 h for bioresmethrin and 4 h for permethtin at the equivalent dose. Recovery after exposure to tetramethrin occurred within 1 h. The knockdown effect of deltamethrin on males was even more pronounced although, with both sexes, the onset of the effect was delayed for about 3 h. It is suggested that this prolonged knockdown effect of deltamethrin, at extremely low application rates, may make a significant contribution to the effectiveness of the compound against the tsetse fly.
Screening techniques for the evaluation of chemicals with activity as tick repellents
Authors: Matthewson Michael D. , Hughes Graham , Macpherson Ian S. , Bernard Colette P.
Published: November 2006

Screening techniques are described for the evaluation of the activity of tick repellents in vitro and in vivo, for the control of ticks of veterinary importance. In addition a modification of the in‐vitro technique is described whereby the knockdown activity of chemicals may be assessed. There was a lack of correlation between results obtained in vitro and those obtained in vivo. Butopyranoxyl and N, N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide, which were highly active in vitro, showed only medium to low activity in vivo. Conversely, benzyl benzoate and dimethyl carbate, which were highly active in vivo, showed only low activity in vitro. Chemical breakdown, volatility, the ability of the chemical to bind to hair and skin, and differences in the behaviour and the morphology and physiology of the sense organs between larval and adult Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (Neumann 1897) are suggested as likely explanations for these differences in activity. Of the four synthetic pyrethroids tested, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin and fenvalerate, only the first three were shown to have good knockdown activity but only two, deltamethrin and permethrin, produced significant mortality of the exposed larvae. Further tests would be required to determine whether there is a correlation between knockdown and mortality.
The toxicities of some analogues of dieldrin, endosulfan and isobenzan to bloodsucking diptera, especially tsetse flies
Authors: Brooks Gerald T. , Barlow Fred , Hadaway Alan B. , Harris Edward G.
Published: November 2006

The dieldrin analogue, 1, 8, 9, 10, 11, 11‐hexachloro‐4, 5‐exo‐epoxy‐2, 3‐7, 6‐endo‐tricyclo‐[6.2.1.02, 7]undec‐9‐ene (HEOM), and the isomeric 3, 4‐exo‐epoxy‐and 3, 6‐endo‐epoxy compounds (HCE and ODA, respectively), incorporating structural modifications of the non‐chlorinated ring system, were tested against adult mosquitoes (mainly Anopheles stephensi List.), tsetse flies (mainly Glossina austeni Newst.) and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). The order of toxicity was ODA > HCE > HEOM. In further tests of residual activity against A. stephensi, ODA was better than HCE but neither was sufficiently persistent to be a promising mosquito toxicant. Analogues of dieldrin (HEOD), endosulfan and isobenzan with reduced numbers of chlorine atoms were tested against G. austeni. In the pentachloro‐analogues of dieldrin and α‐endosulfan, the anti‐bridge chlorine was more important than the syn‐chlorine for toxicity. The general effect of reductive dechlorination was to reduce toxicity, but the effect was small for some endosulfan analogues and in one case there was an increase in toxicity. In the main, toxicities of the endosulfan analogues compared favourably with those of the dieldrin analogues. However, toxicity fell drastically following replacement of the second ethylenic chlorine in isobenzan. The effect of these structural changes on toxicity evidently varied from one series to another and was influenced in an unpredictable manner by the rest of the molecule.
Synthesis of a DDT analogue with crown ether substituents
Authors: Matolcsy György , Sohár Pál , Darwish Yassin
Published: November 2006

Based on considerations of membrane activity, a DDT analogue containing crown ether moieties has been conceived and prepared. The preparation of the compound represents a novel route for obtaining crown ether derivatives.
The metabolism of [14C]aldicarb in the root of sugar beet plants
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Moons Chantal , Meyer Joseph A.
Published: November 2006

Sugar beet plants were grown in the field, after in‐furrow application of [14C]‐ aldicarb (3 kg of aldicarb ha−1) at planting. The ripe sugar beet plants were harvested, and the roots were analysed. The roots were fractionated according to a procedure similar to the normal beet‐sugar manufacturing process. Expressed as a proportion of the total radioactivity incorporated into the root, the pulp contained 29.7%, the lime cake 9.7%, the crystallised sugar 17.7% (which gave, with the radioactivity found in the sugar in the molasses, a total of 20.7% of the radioactivity in the total sugar), and the molasses, 42.9%. A part of the labelled carbon from the radio‐ active aldicarb and its metabolites had thus been metabolised and incorporated into sugar molecules. Except for the radioactivity in the sugar and in the lime cake from the processing, the proportion of radioactive non‐conjugated organosoluble compounds was very low (2.6%), and perhaps partially corresponded to the very low amount of aldoxycarb (aldicarb sulphone) in the root (less than 0.001 mg of [14C]‐aldicarb equivalents kg−1 fresh weight). Hydrolysis of the molasses yielded free radioactive 2‐methyl‐2‐(methylsulphinyl)propan‐1‐ol (3.1%), 2‐mesyl‐2‐methyl‐propan‐I‐ol (8.9%) and 2‐mesyl‐2‐methylpropionic acid (12.0%) which had been conjugated to plant constituents in the root. The corresponding concentrations (expressed as mg of [14C]aldicarb equivalents kg−1 fresh weight of root) were 0.004, 0.011, and 0.016, respectively. No aldicarb, aldicarb sulphoxide or aldoxycarb (nor the corresponding nitrile, generated from aldicarb during the fractionation procedure) was liberated by the hydrolysis, indicating the absence of conjugates of these compounds in the root.
Problems in obtaining a description of the evolution of dimethoate resistance in Danish houseflies (Musca domestica)
Authors: Gibson John P.
Published: November 2006

Data on the evolution of a polygenically determined resistance to dimethoate, in populations of houseflies on Danish farms, were examined in order to see whether useful information about the processes involved could be obtained. Examination of the variance of tolerances in samples of flies suggested that there was considerable genetic variability for resistance before dimethoate was first used, but provided no other information. Before examining estimates of log LD50 (LLD50), the relationship between LLD50 and the log weight of the flies assayed was investigated in an experiment in Denmark, and the standard error of LLD50 estimates was estimated. Examination of LLD50 estimates (adjusted for log weight) provided evidence of substantial migration of flies between farms, which produced large and unpredictable changes in tolerance levels on individual farms, and prevented extraction of further useful information from the data. However, it was concluded that even had migration been negligible, the data would not have provided information suitable for the construction of models of the evolution of this polygenically determined resistance. This conclusion is likely to hold for most existing data. Alternative approaches towards obtaining models of the evolution of polygenically determined resistances are suggested.
The ecological factor in assessment of resistance in pest populations
Authors: Cook Laurence M.
Published: November 2006

Before response of a species to a pesticide may be assessed in the field, several ecological parameters must be measured. These include effective population size, migration rate and selection pressure. Examples are given showing the factors to be considered in the estimation of effective population size. The problem of relating measured gene frequency changes to the agencies causing them is then discussed.
A mass fragmentographic method for the determination of the bendiocarb metabolite 2, 2‐dimethylbenzo‐1,3‐dioxol‐4‐ol in human urine
Authors: Adcock John W. , Challis Iain R.
Published: November 2006

A sensitive and specific method for the determination of the bendiocarb metabolite 2, 2‐dimethylbenzo‐1, 3‐dioxol‐4‐ol (I) in human urine has been developed. The method can be used to estimate the amount of bendiocarb absorbed by personnel if they become exposed to the insecticide during manufacture and spraying. Urine is collected for 16 h after the period of exposure to bendiocarb and the total volume of urine voided is measured. The urinary metabolite I occurs in conjugated form and is released by enzymic hydrolysis. The free I is extracted from the urine and analysed by gas chromatography/mass fragmentography. Deuterated I is used as an internal standard and is added to the urine sample prior to the hydrolysis procedure. Determination is possible at levels of 1 μg of I ml−1 of urine. Knowing the total volume of urine voided, the amount of bendiocarb absorbed can be calculated. The method can determine the absorption of 1 mg of bendiocarb and will detect absorption below that amount.
Multiple nozzles for producing small drops in a mist‐blower spray machine
Authors: Blake Patrick S. , Hunter Laurence D. , Warman Timothy M.
Published: November 2006

The biological effectiveness of deposits of binapacryl applied by a single high pressure nozzle was compared with similar deposits applied by twin low‐pressure nozzles. Equal foliar deposit densities were obtained from the two systems but the single nozzles gave marginally better control of apple powdery mildew and fruittree red spider mite.
Combinations of pirimiphos‐methyl and carbaryl for stored grain protection
Authors: Davies Richard A. H. , Desmarchelier James M.
Published: November 2006

In laboratory experiments, whole wheat was treated with pirimiphos‐methyl or carbaryl or combinations of these two insecticides; the treated grain was then adjusted to a 12% moisture content and stored at 25°C for bioassay at various intervals over a period of 39 weeks. Pirimiphos‐methyl at 5.1 mg kg−1 effectively controlled Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val but was ineffective against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) CRD 118, a strain showing malathion resistance. Conversely, carbaryl at 6.5 mg kg−1 (but not at 3.1 mg kg−1) was effective against R. dominica, but ineffective against the other two species. A combination of pirimiphosmethyl + carbaryl, at 1.8 + 5.1 mg kg−1, controlled S. granarius and R dominica but not T. confusum, whilst a 4.2 + 3.4 mg kg−1 combination was relatively more effective against T. confusum but less so against R. dominica. In a separate experiment, whole wheat was treated with carbaryl at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg kg−1 (nominal rates). Samples were stored and, at various times after the treatments, were bioassayed with R. dominica CRD 2, at 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The results were comparable with those for the CRD 118 strain, but efficacy was reduced at higher temperatures. The combination of pirimiphos‐methyl at 4–5 mg kg−1 and carbaryl at 5–6 mg kg−1 is suggested as a potentially useful grain protectant where R. dominica is a problem and long term storage is required. These results are discussed in relation to the protection of stored grain in Australia.
Residues of aldicarb and its main metabolites in the leaves of sugar beet plants
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Moons Chantal , Meyer Joseph A.
Published: November 2006

The residues of aldicarb and of its main metabolites (aldoxycarb, 2‐mesyl‐2‐methylpropionitrile, and 2‐mesyl‐2‐methylpropan‐1‐ol) were measured, by a gas‐liquid chromatographic procedure, in the leaves of ripe sugar beet plants from cultures made by several farmers. The sugar beet plants had been grown in normal fields and treated at sowing with aldicarb at the usual rate of 1 kg ha−1 in the form of ‘Temik’, the commercial formulation of aldicarb which contains 10% by weight of aldicarb. The samples of sugar beet plants were taken from three fields of different soil types. The residue concentrations, ranged in order of soil type, were: sandy loam > silt loam > clay.
Factors affecting the distribution of pesticide drenches in soil using the fungicide metazoxolon as a model
Authors: Morrod Rodney S.
Published: November 2006

The distribution resulting from the drenching of soil with a suspension concentrate of [14C]metazoxolon was studied in the laboratory and the field. Penetration of soil columns was increased by (a) increasing the drench volume from 1 to 7.8 litres m−2, (b) changing the original soil moisture content from air‐dry to field‐capacity, and (c) including 1 % of ‘Renex 30’ surfactant in the drench. Penetration was greatest in soils containing large pores and was reduced when aggregates were broken down by sieving. Leaching the column with 1.56 cm of ‘rain’, 15 h after treatment, did not increase the penetration by metazoxolon. In all experiments, the maximum concentration of metazoxolon occurred in the top 2 cm of soil. Equivalent effects were found when metazoxolon was applied to a poorly‐structured sandy clay loam in the field.
The determination and study of residues of flamprop‐isopropyl in soil
Authors: Bosio Pierre G. , Cole Edwin R. , Mathews Brian L. , Woodbridge Austin P, , Wright A. Neill
Published: November 2006

Residue analytical studies are reported on soils from trial sites in the UK and France following applications of flamprop‐isopropyl (I) to growing crops. The analytical procedure developed allowed the determination of I and its hydrolysis product N‐benzoyl‐N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)‐DL‐alanine (II). The residues in the soil often increased during some weeks after application due to transfer of I from the crop to the soil, so that measurement of the initial half‐life of I in soil was unusually difficult. However, it was probably within the range 4–20 weeks. Both I and II were detected in field soils, but neither compound was persistent in soil and normally little or no carry‐over of residues occurred from one season to the next, although greater persistence was found in one Kentish trial.
The neo‐Darwinian theory and pesticide resistance
Authors: Bishop James A.
Published: November 2006

The development of resistance to pesticides in populations of organisms as diverse as those of bacteria, insects and mammals, provides outstanding examples of adaptation by natural selection. The integration of Mendelian genetics and the Darwinian hypothesis, known as the neo‐Darwinian theory of evolution, can account for such genetic responses to changes in environment. There is one problem: that of its weak falsifiability. Selected subsets of theory can explain almost anything. An attempt is made to identify phenomena that are involved in adaptive responses of higher organisms to changes in environment. These are discussed with particular reference to the development of resistance in mammalian populations. Recent developments in genetics pertinent to this problem are outlined.
The establishment of a laboratory strain of Aedes aegypti homogeneous for high resistance to permethrin
Authors: Malcolm Colin A. , Wood Roger J.
Published: November 2006

A strain (BKPM) of Aedes aegypti from Bangkok, after some mass selection with permethrin, showed an initial resistance level to permethrin of about 20‐fold compared with a standard susceptible strain. The strain was subjected to a programme of single‐family sib selection, concurrently with further mass selection. The F1 and F2 results of single‐family sib selection established that BKPM was heterogeneous for resistance to permethrin. The most resistant family in the F1 and F2 was inbred to an F3. The results indicated that this family was homogeneous. A strain BKPM3 was established from this family and found to have a resistance level of about 30‐fold. Despite the heterogeneity of BKPM, five generations of mass selection failed to raise the resistance level to permethrin. The selection procedure was then changed, in as much that the insects were sorted at the end of the 60‐min exposure instead of after the 24‐h holding period, and concentrations were chosen to give a higher selective effect. This resulted in an almost immediate rise in resistance to a level similar to that of BKPM3, and subsequent mass selection failed to raise this further. The possible effects of the changes in selection procedure are discussed.
Behaviour of permethrin as a seed treatment against larvae of the wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata fall.)
Authors: Gatehouse Diana M. , Evans David D. , Griffiths David C. , Scott Geoffrey C.
Published: November 2006

Permethrin, applied as a seed treatment to winter wheat, was sufficiently stable to control wheat bulb fly larvae. The largest decrease in attack by the larvae, compared with control, was in shallow‐sown (2.5 cm), rather than deep‐sown (7.5 cm) treatments. Experiments to study the distribution of the compound in the plant and soil, after its application as a seed treatment, have shown that in shallow‐sown treatments, 10–15% of the chemical residue in the plant could be detected in the bulb, whereas in deep‐sown treatments, only 2–3% of the residue could be detected in the bulb. The majority of this residue, 142 days after planting, was found to be the parent material, indicating that at low soil temperatures, the permethrin was being degraded very slowly. Thus, the ability of permethrin to decrease attack by wheat bulb fly larvae may be explained by the stability of thecompound at low temperatures and its movement into the outer tissues or the bulb, where the larvae enter the wheat plant. The failure of permethrin to protect plants from larval attack when the seeds are deep‐sown can be explained by the presence of very small amounts of treated insecticide in the bulb, and the distance of the bulb from the seed.
Disappearance of 1,1,1‐trichloroethane from fumigated cereal grains and other foodstuffs during storage and processing
Authors: Goodship Gwen , Scudamore Keith A. , Hann Jane
Published: November 2006

The sorption of 1,1,1‐trichlorethane by a variety of cereals and other foodstuffs during fumigation, and the rates of loss during subsequent airing, were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography of solvent extracts. The results are discussed in relation to the variables that affect the sorption of fumigants on commodities and the subsequent residue behaviour during storage. The loss of residue was measured at each stage of the processing of fumigated wheat into bread. Residues in 450‐g loaves were <0.1 mg kg−1. A comparison of the sorption and residue data for 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, with those obtained previously for carbon tetrachloride, shows that the amounts of residues of the two compounds could be expected to be similar after their use in cereal fumigation. It is concluded, therefore, that the less favourable data available for the mammalian chronic toxicology of carbon tetrachloride indicate that considerable advantage would be gained by its replacement as a grain fumigant by 1,1,1‐trichloroethane.
Effects of the moisture content on the sorption and desorption behaviour of fumigants on grain with special reference to 1,1,1,‐trichloroethane
Authors: Scudamore Keith A. , Goodship Gwen
Published: November 2006

A method is described for carrying out experimental studies on the interaction of fumigant vapours with food commodities under conditions of controlled moisture content. The amount of 1,1,1‐trichloroethane adsorbed by wheat and maize during fumigation increased with the moisture content of the grain, but during subsequent airing, it was lost more rapidly from grain of higher moisture content. Except with the driest grain used, the rate of loss of fumigant was usually more rapid at 25°C than at 10°C. When samples of wheat and maize were dried slowly during airing, the rate of loss of 1,1,1‐trichloroethane was considerably reduced, almost none being lost in an initial 2‐week period of re‐equilibration. Some parameters affecting the sorption and loss of fumigants by food commodities are discussed, together with constraints in the interpretation of experimental data.
Synthesis and pesticidal activities of some new substituted 3H‐quinazolin‐4‐one derivatives; part XVIII
Authors: Misra Hemant K. , Gupta Anil K. Sen
Published: November 2006

The synthesis is described of some new 2‐[3‐aryl(or cyclohexyl)‐6‐bromo(or 6,8‐dibromo)‐4‐oxo‐3H‐quinazolin‐2‐ylthio]‐N‐(4‐phenylthiazol‐2‐yl)acetamides and 2‐[3‐aryl(or cyclohexyl)‐6‐bromo(or 6,8‐dibromo)‐4‐oxo‐3H‐quinazolin‐2‐ylthio]‐N‐(4‐aryl‐5‐methylthiazol‐2‐yl)acetamides. The compounds were screened for their antibacterial, insecticidal and anti‐acetylcholinesterase activities; most of them exhibited significant activities.
Biological and biochemical aspects of the disruption of adult formation in Tribolium by a novel bis(thiocarbamate) R‐31026 and the juvenoid R‐20458
Authors: Ishaaya Isaac
Published: November 2006

S,S‐Di‐isobutyl N ethylethylenebis(thiocarbamate) (R‐31026) had a strong morphogenetic effect, acting by contact on the newly formed pupae of Tribolium confusum and Tribolium castaneum and thereby disrupting adult development. At a dietary concentration of 20 mg kg−1, 95% of pupae of T. confusum produced pupa‐adult intermediates; T. castaneum pupae were affected to a smaller extent. Topical application with 0.002 μg per 0–24‐h‐old pupa of T. confusum resulted in the formation of 88% malformed intermediates. The larvae brought into contact with R‐31026 were not affected and pupated normally, hence the compound differs in its activity from that of a typical juvenile hormone compound. On the other hand, the pupal morphogenetic activity of R‐31026 resembles that of the typical juvenoid compound 3‐[5‐(4‐ethylphenoxy)‐3‐methylpent‐3‐enyl]‐2,2‐dimethyloxirane (R‐20458). The progeny of the emerging adults from pupae treated with either R‐20458 or R‐31026 were strongly affected. The effective dosages were far below those required for pupal morphogenetic activity. Biochemical studies showed an increase in the soluble protein fraction during the pupal stage after treatment with either R‐31026 or R‐20458 indicating disturbances in protein build‐up. The bis(thiocarbamate) R‐31026 has more favourable practical properties than R‐20458 for controlling agricultural insects, because it does not prolong the larval feeding stage.
Bioavailability of conjugated and soil‐bound [14C]‘hydroxymonolinuron’‐β‐D‐glucoside residues to earthworms and ryegrass
Authors: Haque Ajazul , Schuphan Ingolf , Ebing Winfried
Published: November 2006

The β‐D‐glucoside conjugate of [14C]‘hydroxymonolinuron’, [phenyl‐14C]‐3‐(4‐ chlorophenyl)‐1‐(hydroxymethyl)‐1‐methoxyurea‐β‐D‐glucoside (HM‐β‐G) and its soil‐bound residues, prepared as described, were used to estimate its bioavailability to earthworms and ryegrass plants. The results demonstrate that these bound residues were available to both earthworms and ryegrass. The concentration in the earthworms, expressed on a dry weight basis after 42 days of exposure, was equal to the surrounding soil. The earth worms were found to be more efficient in remobilising and absorbing soil‐bound residues than ryegrass plants after 59 days of cultivation. Fractionation of the soil‐bound residues showed that 29% of the radiocarbon was associated with fulvic acid, 20% with humic acid and 9% with the humin fraction. 4‐Chlorophenylurea, a metabolite of HM‐β‐G proved to be a key compound in the formation of soil‐bound residues. The amount of radioactivity (bound residues), recovered from soil through solubilisation by means of 0.5M‐acid and alkali, seems to be a criterion for predicting the bioavailability of bound phenylurea residues. The half‐life of soil‐bound residues was estimated to be about 4.6 years.
Incorporation and stability of chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, diazinon and phorate in peat blocks
Authors: Suett David L. , Padbury Christine E.
Published: November 2006

Factors likely to influence the uniformity of treatment and the stability of the insecticides incorporated into peat blocks were investigated. When an Adelphi horizontal mixer was used, 90% of the blocks contained the mean dose (±10%) after dry‐mixing the diazinon granules for 3 min. Treatment was slightly less uniform using a concrete mixer or a spade. Between‐block variability was greatest when diazinon was applied to the wet surfaces of prepared blocks; in this process, sprinkling granules by hand was less erratic than spraying a liquid formulation. When granular, wettable powder, or emulsifiable concentrate formulations of diazinon were incorporated using the Adelphi mixer, neither the between‐block variability nor the subsequent stability of the insecticide were significantly influenced by the formulation used. Insecticide stability was studied by incorporating chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, diazinon and phorate at 10 mg a.i. per block in January, March, May and July. The relative order of persistence was chlorfenvinphosChlorpyrifos > phorate≫diazinon. There was little loss of insecticide ( < 10%) from the blocks treated with chlorfenvinphos or chlorpyrifos, and the stability of the insecticides was unaffected by seasonal temperature changes, but the rate of loss of diazinon increased markedly from January to July. The rate of oxidation of phorate to its sulphoxide and sulphone analogues increased gradually from January to May but was much slower than in the field after a bow‐wave application. With all insecticides, there was no significant difference in loss rates at 25 and 10 mg a.i. per block. After incorporation into three moss peats and two proprietary blocking composts, there was no consistent difference in the rates of loss of either diazinon or of total phorate residues, although the rates of oxidation of phorate and its sulphoxide were not similar in all the peats and composts. It was concluded that, despite the substantial water content and high insecticide concentrations, the principal factor determining insecticide behaviour in the blocks was the adsorptive capacity of the peat.
Losses caused by diseases in Irish grassland
Authors: O'Rourke Cornelius J.
Published: November 2006

The pathogens causing diseases of grassland are reviewed with particular reference to Ireland. Herbage losses, and decrease in quality are considered. Recent work on ten common diseases of grasses and forage legumes in Ireland is described.
Paraquat‐induced production of hydrocarbon gases
Authors: Boehler‐Kohler Beverly A. , Läpple Günter , Hellmann Volker , Böger Peter
Published: November 2006

Paraquat dichloride (1,1′‐dimethyI‐4,4′‐bipyridylium dichloride) induced the production of the hydrocarbon gases propane, ethane and ethylene in the xanthophycean microalga Bumilleriopsis filiformis. Formation of these gases was dependent on the light intensity and photosynthetic electron transport. Diquat dibromide (1,1′‐ ethylene‐2,2′‐bipyridylium dibromide), having a higher midpoint potential than paraquat dichloride, induced an even higher evolution of the gases. A total lack of oxygen inhibited the production of gas, while a low oxygen concentration (4–6% by volume) stimulated paraquat‐induced gas formation. Culturing algae autotrophically, in a medium with a higher iron content, also increased the production of gases in the presence of the herbicide. Formation of these gases is an indication of the peroxidation of membrane lipids which, according to previous results, is correlated with a decrease of photosynthetic electron‐transport activity.
Build‐up and subsequent decline of residues of quintozene and hexachlorobenzene in lettuce in sequential crops
Authors: Paxton Albert R. P. , Purser David
Published: November 2006

The build‐up and decline of quintozene and hexachlorobenzene residues in protected lettuce, resulting from one to five treatments of the soil (each of 35 g m‐2) with a quintozene formulation, have been studied. Residue levels were monitored in each experimental crop during growth until harvest. Residues in the soil at harvest were also determined. Quintozene residues in the harvested lettuce were in the range < 0.02–0.80 mg kg−1 and those of hexachlorobenzene were in the range < 0.02–0.05 mg kg−1 (expressed on a fresh weight basis). Residue levels in the soil were 5.4–231 mg kg−1 for quintozene, and 0.20–5.4 mg kg−1 for hexachlorobenzene (expressed on a dry weight basis). Under the experimental conditions of the trial there was no significant build‐up of quintozene or hexachlorobenzene in harvested lettuce, even after five treatments to the same site.
The degradation of pirimiphas‐methyl on stored grains
Authors: Leahey John P. , Curl Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2006

The degradation of pirimiphos‐methyl on grains stored at moisture contents of ≈ 13 and ≈20% has been investigated. Wheat and rice grains were sprayed with [14C]‐ pirimiphos‐methyl and stored at 20°C under controlled humidity conditions for periods of 12 and 24 weeks. At a moisture content of 13%, degradation was slow, so that at least 70% of the radioactive residue was unchanged pirimiphos‐methyl after 24 weeks. Faster degradation occurred at 20% moisture content, but the major component of the radioactive residue (at least 52%) was still unchanged pirimiphos‐methyl after 24 weeks. Two major degradation products were formed on the grains; one (18–23.4% of the residue) was characterised as 2‐diethylamino‐6‐methyl‐pyrimidin‐4‐ol, and the other (1.0–9.7% of the residue) was converted to the first by acid hydrolysis. In addition, trace amounts of O‐2‐ethylamino‐6‐methyl‐pyrimidin‐4‐yl OO‐dimethyl phosphorothioate, 2‐ethylamino‐6‐methyl‐pyrimidin‐4‐ol, 2‐ amino‐6‐methyl‐pyrimidin‐4‐ol and an unidentified compound were also detected.
Inheritance of resistance to lindane in a laboratory‐selected strain of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
Authors: Kumar Jitender , Bhatia S. K.
Published: November 2006

Studies on the inheritance of resistance to lindane in a laboratory‐selected strain of Tribolium castaneum, by making crosses between the resistant and a susceptible strain, showed that resistance in this strain is controlled by an autosomally inherited single gene which is incompletely dominant.
Comparison of two gas saturation methods for the determination of the vapour pressure of cypermethrin
Authors: Grayson B. Terence , Langner Eric , Wells David
Published: November 2006

The vapour pressures of cypermethrin have been determined independently, at elevated temperatures in two different laboratories, by different versions of the gas saturation method. A subsequent statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the two sets of data. The mean of the values, extrapolated to 20°C, is 1.9 × 10−7 Pa (1.4 × 10−9 mmHg). A description of one of the methods, previously unpublished, is included as an appendix.
The possible relevance of allelopathy to agriculture
Authors: Newman Edward I.
Published: November 2006

Many plant species contain toxic secondary chemicals, but it is still uncertain how often allelopathy (the influence of one plant on another by means of a toxic chemical) actually operates in field conditions. The complexities are illustrated by the effects of couch grass on crop species.

It has been suggested that crops could be selected for ability to suppress weeds by allelopathy, but the few attempts at this show only limited promise. More promising appear to be: (a) the production of synthetic herbicides chemically similar to natural plant toxins; (b) the blocking of the production by grassland weeds of chemicals that deter grazers; (c) the chemical control of toxin production by microorganisms in decomposing crop residues.
The influence of two herbicides on the antifungal activity of some fungicides against Pythium butleri and Rhizoctonia solani causing damping‐off of cowpea
Authors: Kataria Hans R. , Dodan Dharam S.
Published: November 2006

The herbicides fluchloralin and alachlor applied to soil altered the effectiveness of fungicide treatments to seed and soil for controlling cowpea damping‐off. These herbicides also modified the in‐vitro toxicity of the fungicides to the mycelial growth of Pythium butleri and Rhizoctonia solani in a nutrient medium. Both herbicides reduced the toxicity of 2‐methoxyethylmercury chloride (MEMC) and propamocarb to the growth of P. butleri, and of carbendazim to the growth of R. solani, but enhanced the toxicity of captafol and quintozene to P. butleri and R. solani, respectively. In pot tests, quintozene gave better control of R. solani damping‐off in soil treated with fluchloralin or alachlor than in untreated soil, whereas disease control by carbendazim was decreased in similarly treated soils. Both herbicides attenuated the effectiveness of MEMC and captafol to control the damping‐off caused by P. butleri; the efficacy of propamocarb was increased by alachlor but was decreased by fluchloralin. The implications of herbicide‐fungicide interactions are discussed in the context of fungicidal control of root diseases in herbicide‐treated soil.