bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constructing Community Social Psychology in Mexico
Authors: Reid Anne , Aguilar Miguel Angel
Published: January 2008

Le développement de la psychosociologie des communautés au Mexique ces dernières années a été marqué par la recherche de nouveaux modèles dans l'étude des groupes socio‐économiquement modestes, aussi bien ruraux qu'urbains. Bien qu'aucune théorie ou méthodologie ne s'impose dans l'application de la psychologie aux communautés, il y a une tendance générale à promouvoir une approche basée sur la collaboration des psychologues et des habitants dans la définition des objectifs et des priorités de l'action et dans celles des moyens pour les atteindre. Les limites institutionnelles et socio‐politiques du travail sur les communautés ont suscité la recherche de nouvelles stratégies. Il est encore nécessaire d'analyser et de définir la spécificité de l'intervention socio‐psychologique. Il est particulièrement important de s'attarder à la planification sociale de l'intervention puisque la communauté a ses propres intérêts, sa logique organisationnelle et ses formes de participation qui diffèrent souvent du cadre de référence du psychosociologue.

The development of community social psychology in Mexico over the past few years has been characterised by the search for alternative models for working with low‐income groups in both rural and urban areas. Although there is neither a dominant theory nor methodology for applying psychology to community practice, there is a general concern for developing an approach based on the joint participation of psychologists and local residents in the definition of the goals and priorities of community action and the means to achieve them. The institutional and socio‐political limitations of community work have provoked the search for alternative strategies. There is still a need to analyse and define the specificity of social‐psychological intervention. It is particularly important to consider the social timing of intervention as the community has its own interests, organisational logic and forms of participation, which often differ from the frame of reference of the social psychologist.
Monitoring for Health in the Work Environment: Beyond Pathology and Occupational Diseases
Authors: Gamberale Francesco
Published: January 2008

In ne fait aucun doute que la promotion de la santé dans le monde du travail nécessite une approche nouvelle. Cette affirmation repose sur le fait que les actions en faveur de la santé qui appliquent les notions traditionnelles de la médicine du travail ne sont plus, de nos jours, appropriées. Cette nouvelle approche devrait insister davantage sur l'élimination des effets nocifs de l'exposition à des conditions de travail défavorables et moins sur la prévention de pathologies et de maladies professionelles reconnues. Cet article tente de défendre les idées axées sur la mise en oeuvre d'une autre politique de promotion de la santé basée sur le choix et l'évaluation d'indices précoces comportementaux et psychophysiologiques des risques virtuels de l'environnement de travail.

There is no doubt that the promotion of health in the working world needs a new approach. This statement rests on the fact that the health‐related activities based on the traditional concepts of occupational medicine, nowadays, are not adequate. This new approach should focus more on the elimination of the adverse effects of exposure to unfavourable working conditions and less on the prevention of recognised occupational diseases and pathology. This paper is an attempt to contribute with ideas aimed at the development and establishment of an alternative policy of health promotion based on the assessment and evaluation of the behavioural and psychological early indices of potential hazards in the work environment.
Neurobehavioural and Neurophysiological Outcomes of Acute Repeated Perchloroethylene Exposure
Authors: Altmann Lilo , Wiegand Herbert , Böttger Axel , Elstermeier Frank , Winneke Gerhard
Published: January 2008

Deux groupes d'hommes volontaires ont été soumis respectivement à 50 et à 10ppm (groupe contrôle) de perchloroéthylène (Per) quatre heures par jour pendant quatre jours consécutifs. La plus forte de ces deux concentrations correspond à la valeur MAK courante du Per en RFA. Une version allemande de la batterie NES a été administrée quotidiennement au début et à la fin de chaque session expérimentale; on a prévu un essai minimal de préexposition avant le premier test expérimentale. En outre, on a enregistré des potentiels évoqués visuels (VEP) et auditifs. Les VEP ont été obtenus grâce à différents stimuli en damier. L'analyse de covariance, avec l'exploitation des données minimales de préexposition, a mis en évidence des déficits significatifs pour la vigilance et la coordination oculo‐motrice, ainsi qu'une prolongation limite du temps de réaction simple lors de l'exposition à la concentration élevée de Per (par rapport aux conditions contrôle). La comparaison des deux groupes a révélé une augmentation significative des latencies N75, P100 et N150 de la pointe VEP pendant l'exposition au taux de 50ppm de Per par opposition aux valeurs minimales, tandis qu'elles tendaient à baisser dans le groupe contrôle. On conclut que le “niveau d'effet non nocif” des signcs aigus de dépression CNS est endessous de la valeur MAK courante du Per.

Two groups of male volunteers were exposed to 50ppm and 10ppm (controls) perchloroethylene (Per), respectively, for four h/day on four consecutive days. The higher of the two concentrations corresponds to the current MAK value for Per in Germany. A German version of the NES battery was given daily at the beginning and end of each experimental session; a pre‐exposure baseline session was run before the first experimental test. Additionally, visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and brainstem auditory evoked potentials were recorded. Analysis of co‐variance, with pre‐exposure baseline values as co‐variates, revealed significant performance deficits for vigilance and eye‐hand coordination, as well as borderline prolongation of simple reaction times at elevated Per exposure, as compared to control conditions. A comparison of the two groups revealed a significant increase of the VEP peak latencies N75, P100 and N150 during the exposure to 50ppm Per as compared to the baseline values, whereas they tended to decrease in the control group. It is concluded that the “no adverse‐effect level” for acute signs of CNS depression is below the current MAK value for Per.
On the Learning and Teaching of Problem‐solving Skills in Mathematics and LOGO Programming
Authors: Corte Erik De
Published: January 2008

Utilisant le champ des mathématiques et la programmation LOGO comme exemples, cet article alimente le dossier des récentes études sur l'apprentissage et sur l'enseignement qui ont démarréà la recherche d'une base de savoir raisonnablement susceptible de développer des situations d'apprentissage très performant dans le domaine des acquisitions d'aptitudes à résoudre les problèmes. Les composantes de ces dernières sont brièvement décrites et il est montré que les pratiques courantes d'apprentissage pour les transmettre aux étudiants ont failli. Il est avancé que cet échec est largement dû fait que l'enseignement n'est pas programmé en fonction des caractéristiques de base des processus d'apprentissage effectif. Quelques caractéristiques majeures sont alors décrites, focalisant sur la nature de l'élaboration et du contexte de ces processus d'acquisition. Enfin une étude LOGO est décrite dans laquelle l'essai fut tenté de désigner une situation d'apprentissage très performant. Quelques réflexions critiques dans la section finale font le point sur les besoins d'une recherche continuelle.

Using the fields of mathematics and LOGO programming as examples, this paper documents the claim that recent research on learning and instruction has started to produce a reasonably sound knowledge base for the development of powerful learning environments for the acquisition of problem‐solving skills. The components of skilled problem solving are briefly described, and it is shown that current educational practices fail to achieve them in students. It is argued that this failure is largely due to the fact that instruction is not designed in accordance with basic characteristics of effective learning processes. A few major characteristics are then described, focusing on the constructive and contextualised nature of such acquisition processes. A LOGO‐study is then reported, in which an attempt was made to design a powerful learning environment. Some critical reflections in the final section point to the need for continued research.
Moving from Cognition to Action: A Control Theory Perspective
Authors: Lord Robert G. , Levy Paul E.
Published: January 2008

Cet article rapproche des réflexions récentes tirées des sciences de la cognition, du contrôle de l'action et de la théorie du contrôle pour montrer que des mécanismes connectionnistes reliés à l'activation et à l'inhibition participent à la sélection de l'information indispensable à l'orientation des comportements et à la continuité de la pensée. Nous rapprochons la notion de contrôle de processus dans l'architecture cognitive humaine de la volition et des différences individuelles dans les capacités d'attention sélective. Nous montrons également qu'un tel système est reliéà la motivation, aux théories de l'action, à l'apprentissage, à l'affectivité et à diverses données relevant des applications. Cette conceptualisation de la théorie du contrôle permet de réduire le hiatus entre la cognition et l'action grâce à des boucles de contrôle hiérarchisées. Nous notons cependant que le contrôle hiérarchique de sommet à la base doit être associéà un contrôle réversible et divergent pour que les systèmes puissent survivre ou s'adapter à des environnements changeants.

This paper integrates recent thinking from cognitive science, action control, and control theory to show that connectionist level mechanisms related to activation and inhibition help select the information needed to guide actions and provide continuity in thoughts. We integrate the notion of process control in the human cognitive architecture with issues of volition and individual differences in selective attention capacities. We also show how such a system relates to motivation, action theories, learning, affect, and several applied issues. This conceptualisation of control theory helps bridge the gap between cognition and action through hierarchically organised control loops. However, we note that top‐down hierarchical control must be coupled with discrepancy‐based bottom‐up control for systems to survive or adjust to changing environments.
International Replication Note The Dimensionality of Job Satisfaction in India
Authors: Takalkar Pradnya , Coovert Michael D.
Published: January 2008

Cette étude porte sur la structure de la satisfaction professionnelle dans un établissement industriel indien. Elle fait appel à une démarche analytique factorielle de confirmation. On a utilisé le ‘Job Satisfaction Survey’ (JSS; Spector, 1985) pour mesurer la satisfaction au travail de 206 employés d'une société indienne de taille moyenne. Six modèles différents pouvaient éventuellement représenter la structure factorielle du JSS indien. Quatre de ces modèles avaient été développés et validés empiriquement aux EU. Deux nouveaux modèles étaient spécifiques à l'Inde. Une analyse factorielle de confirmation fut utilisée pour éprouver la pertinence de ces modèles. C'est, après modification, le modèle en huit facteurs obliques proposé par Spector (1985) qui s'est montré le plus approprié. Les huit facteurs corrélés (rémunération, promotion, contrôle, procédures opératoires, nature du travail, collègues, communication, et bénéfices) fournissent une structure statistiquement plausible de la satisfaction professionnelle dans l'etablissement indien. Les résultats sont en faveur de la transférabilitéà l'Inde des dimensions de la satisfaction professionnelle développées aux EU. Les travaux à venir devraient tenter d'identifier les variables reliées aux facettes de la satisfaction au travail en Inde.

This study investigated the dimensionality of job satisfaction in an Indian industrial setting using a confirmatory factor analytic approach. The Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS; Spector 1985) was used to measure job satisfaction of 206 white collar employees in a mid‐size Indian corporation. Six alternative models were proposed as representing the factor structure of the JSS in India. Four of the models had been developed and empirically validated in the USA. Two new models were proposed specifically for India. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to estimate the fit of these alternative models. The structure exhibiting the best fit was a modification of an eight oblique factor model proposed by Spector (1985). The eight correlated factors‐pay, promotion, supervision, operating procedures, nature of work, co‐workers, communication, and benefits‐present a statistically plausible structure of job satisfaction in the Indian setting. Results support the generalisability to India of the job satisfaction dimensions developed in the USA. Future research should be directed at identifying the correlates of job satisfaction facets in India.
‘Not‐on‐seat’: An Investigation of Some Correlates of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour in Nigeria
Authors: Munene J.C.
Published: January 2008

Cette étude fut mise sur pied pour examiner une pratique nigérienne connue localement comme le ‘Not‐on‐seat’, l'équivalent dans ce pays du concept de manque de ponctualité, qui signifie arriver à l'heure, quitter les lieux immédiatement après et y retourner seulement des heures plus tard. La pratique était considérée comme un aspect des attitudes de service dans les organisations publiques nigériennes. Cette attitude fut opérationnalisée et définie comme une conduite organisationnelle nationale. Avec pour hypothèse que l'implication professionnelle et l'engagement affectif seraient corrélés positivement avec le ‘Not‐on‐seat’ (comportement organisationnel national) et comme hypothèse nulle, la non‐corrélation entre la satisfaction au travail et le ‘Not‐on‐seat’.

268 hommes et femmes prirent part à l'étude. Des contrôleurs observèrent le ‘Not‐on‐seat’ des travailleurs, soit leur conduite organisationnelle nationale. Les résultats appuyèrent l'hypothèse principale et rejetèrent l'hypothèse nulle. L'implication professionnelle, suivie par l'engagement affectif, avait la plus haute corrélation, de l'ordre de zéro. La satisfaction professionnelle était corrélée relativement faiblement quoique significativement avec le ‘Not‐on‐seat’ ou comportement organisationnel national.

This study set out to examine a regular Nigerian practice known locally as ‘Not‐on‐seat’, a Nigerian equivalent of the tardiness concept which means reporting on time, leaving the premises immediately after, and only returning hours later. The practice was considered as an aspect of the service attitude in Nigerian public organisations. The attitude was in turn operationalised as organisational citizenship behaviour. It was hypothesised that job involvement and affective commitment would be positively correlated with ‘Not‐on‐seat’ (organisational citizenship behaviour). A null hypothesis of no relationship between job satisfaction and ‘Not‐on‐seat’ (citizenship behaviour) was also proposed.

268 men and women took part in the study. Supervisors rated the workers' ‘Not‐on‐seat’ or organisational citizenship behaviour. The results supported the hypothesis and also rejected the null hypothesis. Job involvement followed by affective commitment had the highest zero order correlation. Job satisfaction correlated relatively weakly, though significantly, with ‘Not‐on‐seat’ or organisational citizenship behaviour.
Work Performance and the Achievement—Strivings and Impatience—Irritability Dimensions of Type A Behaviour
Authors: Barling Julian , Boswell Rick
Published: January 2008

On propose dans cette étude un modfèle selon lequel les efforts en vue de la réussite et les dimensions impatience‐irritabilité du comportement de type A prédisent directement et/ou indirectement la performance au travail. Dans un échantillon de 92 hommes et de 69 femmes (âge moyen: 30 ans), les efforts en vue de la réussite sont tenus de prédire la performance professionnelle directement et par l'intermédiaire de leur action positive sur la concentration. On suppose que l'impatience‐irritabilité va détériorer la santé; et tout problème de santé devrait influencer négativement la concentration. On a recueilli, pour apprécier la performance au travail, à la fois des auto‐évaluations et celles du contremaître. Une analyse taxinomique a fortement corroboré le modèle retenu bien que la liaison indirecte entre les efforts en vue de la réussite et les évaluations de la performance par le contremaître ne soit pas statistiquement significative.

In this study, a model is proposed whereby the achievement‐strivings and impatience–irritability dimensions of Type A behaviour predict work performance directly and/or indirectly. In a sample of 92 males and 69 females (M age = 30 years), achievement strivings are held to predict work performance directly and through their positive effects on concentration. impatience–irritability is predicted to negatively influence health; and any health problems are predicted to negatively influence concentration. Both self‐ and supervisor ratings of work performance were obtained. Path analyses provided strong support for the proposed model, although the direct link between achievement strivings and supervisor ratings of performance was not statistically significant.
Self Perceptions and Perceptions of Group Climate as Predictors of Individual Innovation at Work
Authors: Bunce David , West Michael A.
Published: January 2008

L'impact relatif de la motivation, des facteurs de personnalité et de la perception de l'ambiance du groupe dans la prédiction de l'innovation individuelle au travail a été mesure dans un échantillon de 435 personnes au cours des trois phases d'une étude longitudinale de 17 mois. L'échantillon comprenait un large éventail de spécialités relevant du service public de santé britannique. Les facteurs de personalité se sont révélés les plus prédictifs alors que le vecu de l'ambiance règnant dans le groupe n'a pas pu rendre compte d'une part significative de la variance. Les résultats laissent supposer que l'innovation dans la conduite professionnelle relève davantage des facteurs de personnalité ou de la créativité personnelle que de la perception des encouragements reçus ou du vécu de l'environnement social.

The relative power of personality, motivational, and perceived group climate factors in predicting individual innovation at work was tested in a sample of 435 people, in a three stage longitudinal study (17 months). The research sample included people from a wide range of occupations within the UK National Health Service. Personality factors were most consistent in predicting change in innovation, while perceptions of group climate did not significantly predict any additional variance in individual innovation. The results suggest that individual workrole innovation may be due more to individual personality factors or creativity than to people's perceptions of the supportiveness or otherwise of their social environment.
Psychological Determinants of Voter Attitudes: Information Format and Personally‐relevant Cost Estimates
Authors: Halpern Diane F. , Waits Debra (Cristal) , Fisher Dawn , Guerra Eric
Published: January 2008

Nous avons étudié la mémorisation et les attitudes concernant des sujets complexes en utilisant des promesses électorates comme stimulus. Pour apprécier l'impact de la présentation de l'information, nous avons fait varier la forme de la promesse (présentation littéraire ou schématique) et l'information sur le coût (d'une part dépense pour l'état, d'autre part dépense pour l'état plus dépense pour le foyer moyen). Comme prévu, quand un échantillon d'adultes (N = 129) lisait l'information schématique, la lecture était beaucoup plus rapide, sans changement du nombre de faits mémorisés et sans modification des estimations de la compréhension des messages. Les sujets avaient plus de chances d'approuver une promesse quand seul le coût pour l'état était indiqué (et qu'on omettait de préciser qu'elle leur coûterait personnellement entre $4 et $10 par an), mais ils se remémoraient davantage d'éléments quand l'information sur le coût les concernait personnellement. Quoique ces résultats doivent être considérés comme exploratoires, ils ont des implications importantes pour beaucoup de décisions de la vie quotidienne.

We investigated memory for and attitudes towards complex topics using election bond propositions as stimulus passages. In order to examine the effect of information format, we varied the way the bond proposition was presented (prose and outline) and the way the cost information was provided (cost for the state and cost for the state plus cost for the average household). As expected, when a sample of adults (N = 129) read the information in outline format, they read the passages much more quickly, with no change in the number of facts recalled or in ratings of how well they comprehended the information. Subjects were less likely to endorse a bond proposition when they were told that it would cost them personally $4 to $10 per year in addition to information about the cost to the state than when given information only about costs to the state. Subjects also recalled more facts about the proposition when cost information was made personal. Although these findings need to be regarded as tentative, they have important implications for many real‐world decisions.
Cognitive Resources and Leadership Performance
Authors: Fiedler Fred E.
Published: January 2008

Le rôle et la fonction des ressources cognitives que sont les aptitudes intellectuelles, l'expérience et les connaissances spécialisées ont longtemps été une énigme tacitement ignorée dans la théorie du leadership. En pratique, tout protocole de sélection ou de promotion d'un manager ou d'un leader évalue soigneusement les aptitudes intellectuelles du candidat, ses connaissances et son expérience professionnelle. Pourtant, rien de tout cela n'est en forte corrélation, voire tout simplement en corrélation, avec les performances de leader. Cet article, qui s'appuie sur la théorie des ressources cognitives (CRT), fait la synthèse aussi bien des recherches récentes que de nouveaux travaux qui éclairent le rôle des ressources cognitives dans le phénomène de leadership, et en tire des indications permettant d'améliorer les performances des leaders.

The role and function of such cognitive resources as intellectual abilities, experience, and expertise, have presented a long‐standing but tacitly ignored enigma in leadership theory. Practically all managerial and leadership selection and promotion processes carefully weigh the leader's intellectual abilities, expertise, and job‐related experience. However, none of these correlates highly, if at all, with leadership performance. This paper, based on Cognitive Resource Theory (CRT), summarises recent research, as well as new findings, that clarifies the role of cognitive resources in the leadership process, and spells out implications for more effective leadership performance.
Cognitive Resources and Leadership Performance: What About the Task Requirements?
Authors: Hacker Winfried
Published: January 2008

Fred E. Fiedler made an important contribution in summarising and discussing the tricky relationships between test‐intelligence, time in service, and perceived experience on the one side, and rated leadership performance on the other. Two strings of results seem to be of importance for improving our knowledge on these relationships: (1) test‐intelligence correlates with rated performance especially in the case of low perceived stress, and experience especially in the case of high stress; (2) test‐intelligence correlates with rated performance if the other resource, perceived experience, is low. Both strings of results may fit with our expectations. Nevertheless, some aspects of the problem might trouble some readers, for reasons that Fiedler is not responsible for. There seem to be at least three clusters of unfulfilled wishes within this topic of research: selection and operationalisation of variables; design; and task requirements and intelligence.
Establishment and Job Context Influences on the Use of Hiring Practices
Authors: Colarelli Stephen M.
Published: January 2008

Pourquoi les organisations utilisent‐elles certaines méthodes de sélection professionnelle? Si beaucoup de travaux portent sur les procédures qu'elles devraient suivre, peu de recherches ou de théories existent sur le pourquoi de ce qui se fait réellement. Ceci est d'autant plus surprenant que beaucoup d'entreprises font appel à des pratiques de recrutement que la littérature spécialisée juge inefficaces. Après avoir examiné plusieurs explications, on propose un point de vue relevant de la psychologie de l'évolution en raison de l'importance que celle‐ci accorde à la genèse et aux fonctions des modèles sociaux (Campbell, 1975). D'après cette approche, ce sont des facteurs issus de l'environnement qui rendraient compte du choix des pratiques de sélection. On a émis huit hypothéses qui ont été mises à l'épreuve des données recueillies auprés de 62 établissements. Les résultats montrent que les caractéristiques de l'organisation sont en corrélation avec l'exploitation de tests standardisés, que les caractéristiques des postes le sont avec la pratique des entretiens et que la rotation du personnel entretient un lien avec l'instauration de périodes d'essai. L'article traite ensuite des processus psychologiques qui déterminent les habitudes et conclut sur les retombées concernant chercheurs et praticiens.

Why do establishments use the hiring practices that they do? Although considerable research exists on the hiring methods that establishments should use, little theory or research exists on why current practices are used. This is curious because many establishments use hiring practices that the research literature regards as ineffective. After reviewing different explanations for utilisation, a perspective based on socio‐cultural evolution is adopted because of its emphasis on the origins and functions of social patterns (Campbell, 1975). This perspective suggests that contextual factors may affect the use of hiring practices. Eight hypotheses were derived and tested on data collected from 62 establishments. The results indicated that establishment characteristics correlated with the use of standardised tests, job characteristics correlated with the use of interviews, and turnover correlated with the use of probationary periods. The paper concludes with suggestions about the psychological processes affecting usage, and with implications for research and practice.
A Demonstration of the Validity of the Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ) in the Measurement of Job Competencies Across Time and in Separate Organisations
Authors: Saville Peter , Sik George , Nyfield Gill , Hackston John , Maclver Rab
Published: January 2008

Cet article présente les résultats de deux études de validation du questionnaire de personnalité OPQ/PPE (Occupational Personality Questionnaire, Profil de Personnalité en Entreprise en français). Ces deux études se sont déroulées à quatre ans d'intervalle, dans des organisations britanniques de différents secteurs industriels. Les résultats de la première étude de validation ont servi à prédire les résultats de la seconde étude. Cette procédure de validation croisée permet de s'assurer que les résultats de la seconde étude reposent sur des hypothèses a priori, claires et ne peuvent pas être imputés au hasard. Dans chacune de ces études, les cadres ont étéévalués suivant un ensemble de compétences professionnelles définies par chaque organisation, indépendamment l'une de l'autre. Cinq des compétences présentes dans la première étude sont directement comparables à cinq de la seconde étude. Les dimensions de l'OPQ/PPE qui prédisent la réussite sur chacune des compétences de la première étude ont été utilisées comme hypothèses dans la seconde étude. Les résultats confirment que l'OPQ/PPE prédit la réussite dans un poste (au‐delà de la mesure d'aptitudes) d'une maniére cohérente à travers différentes organisations et à des moments différents, et montrent que les relations mises en évidence ne relèvent pas de simples effets de hasard dans les données.

This article presents the results of two separate validation studies of the Concept Model of the Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ). The two studies were separated by a four‐year interval and the organisations came from different industry sectors in the UK. The results from the first validation study were used to predict the results in the second study. This cross validation procedure ensured that the results in the second study were based on clear a priori hypotheses and were not merely the result of chance. In each of the studies the managers were assessed against a separate set of job competencies which each organisation developed independently. Five job competencies were present in the earlier study which were directly comparable to five in the later study. The scales of the OPQ that predicted success on each of the competencies in the first study were used as hypotheses in the second study. The results confirm that the OPQ predicts job success (over and above measures of ability) in a consistent and predictable fashion across different organisations and over time, and demonstrates that this relationship is not merely a reflection of chance effects in the data.
Assessing Organisational Commitment in a Belgian Context: Evidence for the Three‐dimensional Model
Authors: Vandenberghe Christian
Published: January 2008

Cette étude investigua la pertinence de la conceptualisation tri‐dimensionnelle de I'implication organisationnelle (Meyer & Allen, 1991) dans un contexte belge. Les trois composantes de la théorie furent mesurées à I'aide des échelles affective, de continuation, et normative de I'implication, développées par Allen et Meyer (1990). Une analyse factorielle confirmatoire de données provenant d'un échantillon de 277 infirmières et aides‐soignantes corrobora la structure factorielle hypothétique basée sur une représentation à trois facteurs obliques. Cependant, contrairement aux résultats de recherches antérieures, la présence de deux sous‐dimensions au sein de I'échelle de continuation ne fut pas confirmée. La portée de ces résultats est discutée et des suggestions pour analyser plus avant les conditions de généralisation de I'implication organisationnelle dans le domaine interculturel sont avancées.

This study investigated the usefulness of the three‐dimensional conceptualisation of organisational commitment (Meyer & Allen, 1991) in a Belgian context. The three components of the theory were assessed using the Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment scales developed by Allen and Meyer (1990). A confirmatory factor analysis of data from a sample of 277 nurses and nursing aides yielded support for the hypothesised factorial structure of the scales, based on a three‐factor, oblique representation. However, contrary to prior findings, the existence of two related subdimensions inside the continuance commitment scale was not confirmed. The scope of these results is discussed, and suggestions to further analyse the boundary conditions of organisational commitment in cross‐cultural assessment are proposed.
Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation
Authors: Berry John W.
Published: January 2008

La psychologie interculturelle a montré qu'il existait des rapports étroits entre le contexte culturel et le développement comportemental de l'individu. Cette relation établie, l'effort des recherches interculturelles a de plus en plus porté sur ce qu'il advenait des individus quand ils tentaient de refaire leur vie dans une culture différente de leur culture d'origine. Les conséquences psychologiques à long terme de ce processus d'acculturation sont très variables, dépendant de variables sociales et personnelles qui renvoient à la société de départ, à la société d'accueil et à des phénomènes qui existent avant, mais qui émergent pendant la période d'acculturation. Cet article esquisse un schéma conceptuel à partir duquel acculturation et adaptation peuvent ětre étudiées, puis présente quelques conclusions et résultats généraux tirés d'un échantillon de travaux empiriques. On envisage des applications possibles à la politique et aux programmes d'insertion en prenant en considération les couts et les bénéfices sociaux et psychologiques émanant de l'adoprion d'une orientation pluraliste et intégrationniste.

Cross‐cultural psychology has demonstrated important links between cultural context and individual behavioural development. Given this relationship, cross‐cultural research has increasingly investigated what happens to individuals who have developed in one cultural context when they attempt to re‐establish their lives in another one. The long‐term psychological consequences of this process of acculturation are highly variable, depending on social and personal variables that reside in the society of origin, the society of settlement. and phenomena that both exist prior to, and arise during, the course of acculturation. This article outlines a conceptual framework within which acculturation and adaptation can be investigated, and then presents some general findings and conclusions based on a sample of empirical studies. Applications to public policy and programmes are proposed. along with a consideration of the social and psychological costs and benefits of adopting a pluralist and integrationist orientation to these issues.
Constructing and Expanding a Framework: Opportunities for Developing Acculturation Research
Authors: Berry John W.
Published: January 2008

Reading the seven commentaries has provided me with an opportunity to reflect further on many of the issues confronting researchers and practioners in the field of migration studies. Because the area is so complex, it is not surprising that there is great diversity in coverage and in perspectives. However, many of the points made are similar in that they all suggest emphasis, elaboration, or addition to the text and figures that I presented. My reply is that no text (no matter how generous the word allocation), nor figure (no matter how complicated), can represent every aspect of the realities of the acculturation process. I (and others) have previously written on many of the points made, and I will take this opportunity to refer to them, and to link them to what I presented in the lead article.
World Outlook
Authors: DICKS GEOFFREY
Published: January 2008

Since the publication of February's Economic Outlook there has been a significant deterioration in the prospects of the OECD group of countries as a whole. The events in Iran and the associated reduction in the supply of Iranian oil, which other oil‐producing countries have chosen not to make up, have enabled the OPEC group of countries to charge a significantly higher price for their oil exports. For the non‐OPEC countries the repercussions are being felt in the form of a higher overall price level, and a worsening balance of payments. In 1980 there is likely to be a major slowdown in the rate of growth of output and trade.

Industrial production in the 24‐nation OECD group is forecast to grow by 4.9 per cent in 1979, that is at about the same rate of growth as in the two previous years but in contrast with 1978 and similarly to 1977 most of the growth is expected to have occurred during the first half of the year. The second half of 1979 is expected to see a marked deceleration in the rate of growth of output which continues into 1980, for which year we are now forecasting a world recession, with output showing no growth over this year. The growth of world trade is also expected to be much reduced in 1980 at 1.8 per cent after 7.1 per cent in 1979.

The immediate cause of the forecast world recession is the series of increases which have occurred in the price of oil (see next section). These have raised our world inflation forecast for 1979 to 18.1 per cent, 8.7 per cent and 9.1 for commodity prices (including oil), manufacturing prices and consumer prices respectively. Governments are expected to react to this higher rate of inflation by pursuing marginally tighter monetary policies. The net effect is that the rate of growth of the world real money supply is significantly reduced and output is seriously affected in turn.

In 1981‐82, given our assumption of a stable real price of oil, the rate of world inflation slows down to about 6 per cent, real money supply growth picks up and output growth of about 4 per cent ensues.
The London Business School with Gower Publishing
Authors: Dicks Geoffrey
Published: January 2008

The world economy is now moving towards recession, led by the US. How bad will that recession be, and how long will it last? For the UK, with industrial output already flat, this will be an important determination of the short‐term outlook and the appropriate stance of monetary policy. This Release concentrates on the world framework, with the major forecast for the UK following in our November issue ‐ a timetable corresponding to this year's Budget in June. The next main UK forecast will however revert to its normal timing in February 1980.

The deterioration in the prospects for the industrial countries which we analysed m the June/July Economic Outlook has recently been echoed by a number of other forecasting bodies, such as the IMF and the OECD, both of whom are now forecasting a recession for 1980. The profile of our forecast is essentiany unchanged (Table l), although the magnitude of the recession has slightly deepened. With the resumption of growth in 1981 we are now assuming that the OPEC countries will once more be in a position to raise the real price of oil ‐ from the second quarter of 1981 we assume that the real price of oil wilt mcnase by 1 per cent per quarter, i.e. just over 4 per cent each year. (Table 2).
Economic Viewpoint Bringing Counter‐Inflation Policy Back on Course
Authors: BUDD ALAN , DICKS GEOFFREY
Published: January 2008

There is no doubt that the monetary limit for the first year of the Government's Medium‐Term Financial Strategy will be grossly exceeded, The reported figure for sterling M3 is likely to show a growth of 16 per cent to 18 per cent for the financial year compared with the upper limit of 11 per cent. This is a setback for the government's counter‐inflationary policy but not a disaster. The likely overshoot can be largely (but not completely) explained by the removal of the Bank of England's Supplementary Special Deposits Scheme (the corset). Its significance is best understood if we re‐examine monetary history since June 1978. (when the corset was imposed). A reasonable interpretation is that the money supply has effectively been growing at an annual rate of 15 to 16 per cent for the past three years (Details are shown in Table 4 on p. 12.) In retrospect it can be said that last year's monetary policy (but not that of the previous two years) was defensible in the light of the shock to prices caused by the oil price rise and the increase in VAT. We did in fact argue in Economic Outlook of June/July 1979 (“Price Shocks and the Economy”) that if the UK'S past record of monetary control had been better we would advocate a relaxation of monetary policy to accommodate these shocks. In the event monetary policy was relaxed (albeit unintentionally) and the squeeze on the real money supply was less severe than appeared at the time.

However, there must be a steady reduction in monetary growth from now onwards if the government is to maintain its current progress in reducing inflation. We believe that such a policy is feasible and will be successful However the government must stick to the fiscal policy set out in the Medium Term Financial Strategy (MTFS). Our preliminary estimates suggest that, if Current public expenditure plans are fulfilled, there may be little or no scope for a reduction in personal taxation in 1981‐82. Further ahead, the danger point, on past experience, will be 1983 when the economy should be on a strong path of recovery and inflation should be well below current rates. That is the point at which upward pressures on the money supply are likely to reappear and will have to be resisted
Briefing Paper The Debate about Monetary Policy
Authors: BEENSTOCK MICHAEL
Published: January 2008

The main implications from the discussion above are:

If the PSBR affects the money supply it should also have a direct influence upon inflation.

Our research indeed suggests that the PSBR is the root cause of inflation as well as the root cause of monetary growth.

The government should therefore be less pre‐occupied with M3 and lay even greater emphasis on the PSBR.

It should avoid sinking its energies into money base control. At most some form of money base control is advisable as a precaution.

To avoid any further money market disturbances the authorities should resort to a floating rate policy for MLR as was formerly the case.
WORLD OUTLOOK
Authors: Dicks Geoffrey
Published: January 2008

Although world output recovered strongly in the final quarter of 1980 from the short, sharp recession of the middle of the year, we do not believe that a sustainable recovery has yet begun. We expect little or no growth in output for the rest of 1981 with the likelihood of a further contraction in the current quarter. For the European economies, whose performance has been very similar to the 1974/75 recession, the worst has probably now passed. But for the United States a new period of weakness may now be beginning. For the US a W‐shaped recession remains the most likely outturn.
Econometric Models and Economic Forecasting
Authors: CORKER R. J.
Published: January 2008

This Briefing Paper is thejirst ofa series of three designeddiscussed is the process of making ‘constant adjustments’ in forecasts. This process involves modifying the results generated by the econometric model. For the first time we are publishing tables of the constant adjustments used in the current forecast. We explain in general why such adjustments are made and also explain the actual adjustments we have made for this forecast.

The second article of the series, to be published in our February 1983 edition, will describe the potential sources of error in forecasts. In particular it will describe the inevitable stochastic or random element involved in e tatistical attempts to quantify economic behaviour. As a completely new departure the article will report estimates of future errors based on stochastic simulations of the LBS. model and will provide statistical error bad for the main elements of the forecast.

The final article, to be published in our June 1983 edition, will contrast the measures of forecast error that e e obtain from the estimation process and our stochastic e imulationsp with the errors that we have actually made, as revealed by an examination of our forecasting ‘track record’. It is hoped to draw, from this comparison, some e eneral conclusions about the scope and limits of econometric forecasting producers.
Control Theory and Macroeconomic Policy
Authors: HOLLY SEAN
Published: January 2008

This Briefing Paper examines the contribution that control theory can make to our understanding of macroeconomic policy. Control theory is an area of study, orginally developed in engineering, which has since been applied to a very wide range of problems not only in engineering but also in biology. ecology, physiology, space exploration and economics. The kinds of questions in economics which conrrol theory could help us to answer include: what objectives should the government be pursuing, infation or unemployment or both, and by what means? what instruments should be used and in what combinations? should the government adopt targets for the money supply or the exchange rate, or concentrate on unemployment and the balance of payments?
The London Business School with Gower Publishing
Authors: Robinson Bill
Published: January 2008

The economic recovery, which was gathering momentum in the second half of last year, was stopped in its tracks first by the US‐led resurgence of interest rates last A utumn, and then by the harsh winter. There were some encouraging signs of recovery again this Spring, but the latest indicators, most notably from the recent CBl Survey, are disquieting. This time last year we took the view that a spontaneous recovery would occur as destock‐ing came to an end. That forecast has proved correct on demand but over‐optimistic on output ‐ a very high proportion of the extra demand was met by imports. The scope for further spontaneous recovery is now limited and our growth forecast, especially for 1983, depends on the authorities taking some reflationary action.

It is now being debated how and when such reflation should take place ‐ there is talk of an Autumn Budget. In effect the authorities have to decide a) whether there is scope for reflationary fiscal action within the PSBR guidelines of the Medium‐Term Financial Strategy; b) if so, whether such action is more appropriately taken in the A utumn or next Spring; c) if in the meantime interest rates could be brought down while respecting the MTFS targets.
The London Business School with Gower Publishing
Authors: Dicks Geoffrey , Robinson Bill
Published: January 2008

The world economy is just starting to emerge from the second trough of a “W‐shaped” recession. Compared with the experience after the first oil shock, when industrial production fell by 12 per cent, bringing inflation quickly down from 14 per cent into single figures. the 1980 world recession was mild. Between the first and third quarters industrial output fell 5 per cent; it recovered in the fourth quarter and inflation stopped falling. As a result governments ‐ and this is especially true of the United States ‐look “another bite at the cherry”: monetary policy was tightened and interest rates rose. The effect over the last six months has been to produce a second dip in output. The renewed attack on inflation has, however, been successful and inflation is now well in single figures and falling. Consequently a general easing of policy is evident and a recovery of output in the second half of 1982 and into 1983 remains our forecast.
The Australian Economy ‐ Thatcherism after 7 Years?
Authors: BUDD ALAN
Published: January 2008

In March 1983 Mr Malcolm Fraser's Liberal Coalition was defeated in the Australian general election. He had held office for over 7years. His Government's record on economic management can be briefly summarised as follows. At the end of 1975 when the Liberal Coalition took office the inflation rate was 14 per cent and the rate of unemployment was 5.4 per cent; in March 1983 the inflation rate was 11.5 per cent and the rate of unemployment was 10.4 per cent. It is generally thought that Mr Fraser's policies were not unlike those of Mrs Thatcher. Since he had been operating them for over seven years it is reasonable to ask why the outcome appears to have been so disappointing. In this Briefing Paper we examine recent developments in the Australian economy and make some comparisons of policies and outcomes in Australia and Britain, particularly during the past four years, when there were conservative Governments in both countries.
Focus: Productivity in UK Manufacturing Industry
Authors: DICKS GEOFFREY
Published: January 2008

Manufacturing industry has been the major casualty of the recession, recording a total fall in output of about 20 per cent. It is unusual for productivity to rise when output is falling, yet in the last two years output per person employed in manufacturing has risen by 15 per cent. As a result, and in spite of earnings growth of over 25 per cent between 1980 and 1982, the increase in unit labour costs was held to under 15 per cent in the same two‐year period. In this Focus we examine how and why these developments have taken place. Our general conclusion is that, with a recovery now under way, normal pro‐cyclical productivity gains are reinforcing the abnormal achievements of the last two years and that, in consequence, industrial costs and profits are improving sharply.