bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dynamical Alternative
Authors: Gelder Timothy van
Published: November 2023

What is cognition? Contemporary orthodoxy maintains that it is computation: the mind is a special kind of computer, and cognitive processes are the internal manipulation of symbolic representations. This broad idea has dominated the philosophy and the rhetoric of cognitive science-and even, to a large extent, its practice-ever since the field emerged from the postwar cybernetic melee. Many arguments have been advanced in its favor, and perhaps equally many against it. For a number of years, the situation has been one of stalemate, for generally neither computationalists nor their opponents have found each other’s arguments convincing. There is no doubt, however, that for a long time computationalists maintained a strategic advantage, for their opponents were unable to provide an alternative conception that could match computationalism in empirical scope and theoretical well-foundedness. Computationalists could thus always fall back on what has become known as the “what else could it be?” argument.
Beyond the Snapshot: Changing the Approach to Change, Error, and Process
Authors: Chrisman Nicholas R
Published: November 2023

Perhaps one of the most classic applications of geographic information processing can be characterized as change detection. Some applications linked to “grand challenges” of science include documentation of destruction of rain forests, expansion of deserts, loss of wetlands, and other issues of critical concern. The geo graphic analysis may be mobilized inside some theoretical construct of earth sys tem science or some thoroughly applied issue of public policy. And, yet, change detection is not simply an issue of scientific infrastructure to be accepted without question. The assumptions involved in detecting change deserve reexamination.
Deception, Lying, and Demeanor
Authors: Ekman Paul
Published: November 2023

The focus of my research has been on how, when, and why demeanor may betray a lie. I will describe my findings near the end of this chapter. First, I describe a number of theoretical issues that must be considered in examining lies. This includes my definition oflying and how I distinguish lies from secrets, self-deception, and other kinds of deceit. I will then discuss some of the difficulties in using that definition, when people believe what is false to be true. Next I will consider the different motives that underlie the decision to tell a lie. Then I will discuss two principal reasons why lies fail. Then I will review some of our most recent research on how difficult it is to judge whether someone is lying or telling the truth. Finally, I describe some of my thinking about what happens when people believe the government is lying to them, using the Soviet Union as an example.
The Social Psychology of Mass Communications: An American Perspective
Authors: Pratkanis Anthony R
Published: November 2023

Whether it is the genes of royalty, the ritual of tradition, or the force of a dictator, every society must have a way to make decisions. Early in its history, the United States opted for persuasion-debate, discussion, exhortation, and argument-as a means of deciding which course of collective action to take. Early American institutions promoted persuasion and discourse (Holifield, 1989). For example, in contrast to the elaborate cathedrals of Europe, where elite clergy performed rituals before a distant congregation, colonial churches were small, simple structures with a pulpit placed close to the people; such architecture is ideal for sermons exhorting townsfolk to morality or for a political rally to debate the course of a revolution. Many towns developed around a village green featuring a hall for holding town meetings and a market where consumers could decide the best products to buy. When the new Americans ratified the U.S. Constitution and later the Bill Rights, they ensured that persuasion would remain at the heart of U.S. decision making by guaranteeing freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and the rights of assembly and of petitioning the government. The U.S. government, with its three branches and its two legislative houses, is a system of checks and balances that demands debate, argument, and compromise. The U.S. legal system is adversarial and requires the government to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that a crime was committed by a citizen.
Ethnic Psychology in the United States
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan S , Sue Stanley
Published: November 2023

Throughout history, human beings have had to deal with individual and group differences on many dimensions. Two of the most important dimensions are ethnicity and race. Ethnic and racial groups often mirror the fears, prejudices, and hostilities, as well as the curiosity, benevolence, and understanding, of one group of people toward another. The history of the United States is strongly embedded in ethnicity and ethnic relations. When the founding fathers sought freedom and democracy and the establishment of a new country in the Americas, the seeds were laid for conflict with the indigenous people-the Native Americans-and for the introduction of African slavery. Years of ethnic and racial strife, including a civil war, the civil rights movement, and the controversies over affirmative action, immigration, and racial genetic differences in intelligence have bedeviled the history of the United States. Yet, in many ways, tremendous progress over time has been made in race and ethnic relations.
The Suicidal Mind
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S
Published: November 2023

Why do people take their own lives? Is there anything others can do to stop them? How can we tell when a person is suicidal? In this book, Edwin Schneidman looks carefully at the psychological processes that lead to suicide and discusses suicide as a product of psychological pain and thwarted psychological needs. With suicide (and especially youth suicide) seemingly increasing throughout the Western world today, this book represents a forthright attempt to revitalize the topic and demonstrate that everyone can detect and stop potential suicides from occuring.
The Need to Belong: The Case of Castro Reyes
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S
Published: November 2023

Castro Reyes—born in the United States of Caribbean parents—shot himself in an unusual way. Somehow he obtained a MAC (Military Armament Corporation) .45 fully automatic pistol, loaded with jacketed hollow-point bullets. It is hard to picture exactly what he did-—nd I never thought to question him about these details (which did not seem pressing when I was seeing him subsequently). He must have placed the gun to the right side of his face and squeezed the trigger. Two rounds were instantaneously fired. The bullets tore through his face, blew away many of his teeth, most of his tongue, parts of his nose and cheekbone, and destroyed his right eye.
Introduction: The Nuclear Arms Race, 1939–1981
Authors: Powaski Ronald E
Published: November 2023

American participation in a nuclear arms race began as a direct result of a letter sent to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in August 1939 by eminent physicist Albert Einstein. In it, Einstein warned the president that the Nazis were preparing to develop nuclear weapons. Roosevelt responded by initiating action that ultimately led, in August 1942, to the establishment of the Manhattan Project, the U.S. program to develop the atomic bomb.
The Logic of Markedness
Authors: Battistella Edwin L
Published: November 2023

Theories of language espoused by linguists during much of this century have assumed that there is a hierarchy to the elements of language such that certain constructions, rules, and features are unmarked while others are marked; "play" for example, is unmarked or neutral, while "played" or "player" is marked. This opposition, referred to as markedness, is one of the concepts which both Chomskyan generative grammar and Jakobsonian structuralism appear to share, yet which each tradition has treated differently. Battistella studies the historical development of the concept of markedness in the Prague School structuralism of Roman Jakobson, its importation into generative linguistics, and its subsequent development within Chomsky's Principles and Parameters framework. He traces how structuralist and generative linguistics have drawn on and expanded the notion of markedness, both as a means of characterizing linguistic constructs and as a theory of the innate language faculty.
Smiles When Lying
Authors: Ekman Paul , Friesen Wallace V , O’Sullivan Maureen
Published: November 2023

Nearly 20 years ago Ekman and Friesen (1969) theorized that because people usually attend more to facial expression than to body movement, a liar would attempt to disguise and censor facial expressions more than hand or foot movement. As they hypothesized, observers were found to be more accurate in detecting deceit when they viewed the liar’s body without the face than when they saw the face alone or the face and body together (although the absolute level of accuracy at best was rather meager; Ekman & Friesen, 1969, 1974; Hocking, Miller, & Fontes, 1978; Littlepage & Pineault, 1979; Wilson, 1975; Zuckerman, DePaulo, & Rosenthal, 1981).
Future Prey: Some Consequences of the Loss and Restoration of Large Carnivores
Authors: Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

Both Charles Darwin (1859) and Alfred Russell Wallace (1876) suspected that predation shaped individual behavior and ecological communities, ideas that have subsequently been examined in vertebrates and invertebrates (Edmunds, 1974; Reznick et al., 1990; Sih et al., 1992; Estes and Duggin, 1995). While in the past organisms of all sizes must regularly have had to deal with predation as a selective force, the loss of large terrestrial carnivores is particularly conspicuous in today’s increasingly human-dominated world. Such change characterizes areas from arctic tundra and circumpolar boreal zones to tropical savannas, forests, and deserts. Natural systems have been altered to such an extent that Lineaeus apparently never saw moose Alces alces in Scandinavia, yet more than 300,000 now live in Sweden alone (Clutton-Brock and Albon, 1992). The role that the loss of predators and other factors have played in these rebounding populations is not clear. But it is evident that in the contiguous United States and Mexico, carnivores such as grizzly bears Ursus arctos and wolves Canis lupus are currently absent from more than 99% of their original range, losses which have freed many large herbivores from natural predation. These losses have also led, perhaps through interference competition, to range expansions in mesocarnivores including coyotes Canis latrans (Peterson, 1995; Johnson, et al., 1996) and changes in abundance of red and kit foxes Vulpes vulpes and V. macrotis (Sargeant and Allen, 1989; Ralls and White, 1995) and subsequently to locally high ungulate densities, which damage vegetation (Wagner and Kay, 1993). In tropical and subtropical systems, losses have also been substantial. Wild dogs Lycaon pictus once occurred in 34 African countries, but populations now exceed 100 or more individuals in only 6 (Creel and Creel, 1996); a similar pattern of constricted range characterizes some felids (cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus; jaguars Panthera onca; tigers P. tigris), a canid (the dhole Duon alpinus), and other taxa (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990; Seidensticker and Lumpkin, 1991; Caro, 1994a; Schaller, 1996; Weber and Rabinowitz, 1996).
Mammalian Dispersal and Reserve Design
Authors: Van Vuren Dirk
Published: November 2023

The proper design of nature reserves has been a matter of considerable debate (Diamond, 1975; Terborgh, 1975; Simberloff and Abele, 1976). In general, the best plan is large reserves and many of them (Soule and Simberloff, 1986), but resources rarely are sufficient to achieve this goal. Thus, a major challenge for conservation biologists has been how to make do with reserves that are smaller than desired. Small reserves support small populations, and smaller populations are more likely to become extinct; however, extinction may be counteracted by immigration (Diamond, 1975). Research initially focused on effects of immigration at the community level. Extinction of some species may be balanced by colonization by others, resulting in an equilibrium; all else being equal, smaller reserves will support a small number of species (Diamond, 1975). Subsequently, Brown and Kodric-Brown (1977) noted that immigration of conspecifics could augment a declining species through the “rescue effect,” thereby reducing extinction probabilities for individual species.
The Management of Subsistence Harvesting: Behavioral Ecology of Hunters and Their Mammalian Prey
Authors: FitzGibbon Clare
Published: November 2023

Wildlife populations have always been a traditional source of meat, skins, and other essential items for local people, and hunting remains an important subsistence activity in many parts of the world. Wild animals contribute a minimum of 20% of the animal protein in people’s diets in at least 62 countries (Prescott-Allen and Prescott-Allen, 1982). In the Serengeti ecosystem, in Tanzania alone, the total annual offtake of harvested ungulates exceeds 160,000 animals and benefits 1 million people (Campbell and Hofer, 1995). Subsistence harvesting can be defined as harvesting by an individual when the direct products of hunting are consumed or used by the hunters and their dependents (Caughley and Gunn, 1996). Commercial hunting (where products are sold before their benefits accrue to the hunter) is generally on a much larger scale than subsistence hunting, and its potential impact on prey populations is therefore much greater (Lavigne et al., 1996).
The Korowai of lrian Jaya
Authors: Enk Gerrit J Van , Vries Lourens De
Published: November 2023

Irian Jaya is the official name of the western half of New Guinea, a province of Indonesia since the 1960s. Its inhabitants are generally untouched by civilization, and most of their hundreds of native languages and cultures remain unstudied. Van Enk and de Vries gained access to one of the most isolated parts of Irian Jaya in order to study the Korowai, a tribe in southern Irian Jaya. The Korowai still use stone tools, live in tree-houses, and have no knowledge of the outside world. Van Enk and de Vries provide the first study of the Korowai language and culture. They reproduce oral texts that show patterns of grammar, discourse, and culture, and discuss the phonological, morphological, and syntactical aspects of the language. In the process, van Enk and de Vries reveal a number of key semantic fields and conceptual patterns such as kinship, counting, the role of lunar phases, and Korowai cosmology.
Anglicization and Social Change
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

The two decades after Leisler’s Rebellion have most commonly been discussed in terms of enduring battles between Leislerians and anti-Leislerians. Those tensions, though visible and vexing, were nevertheless not the most significant phenomena of these two decades, nor even the most pressing problem in public affairs, as we shall soon see. What was most significant, and irrevocable, about the years 1691–1710 was that the discontinuities between new English institutions and older Dutch domination began to be more evident than the accustomed persistence of Dutch legacies and development. In a word, anglicization became widespread: in the arrangements of public life throughout the province, and socially in all areas except for the upper Hudson Valley.

It is ironic, perhaps, that pervasive anglicization first occurred under the aegis of a Dutchman, William III. But the irony only indicates that monarchs meant less than the inner dynamics of social change. Just as the Dutch in New York had largely retained their identity under the English proprietary, 1664–85, so they would start to lose it under the Prince of Orange who ruled Great Britain after 1688.
Expansion, urbanization, and The Problem of Community
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

Having treated the constitutional, ecclesiastical, and cultural developments that were most salient in eighteenth-century New York, we must turn next to social life within particular localities. This is necessary because of the colony’s diversity; because such varied matters as poor relief, land speculation, and landlord. tenant relationships affected a great proportion of the provincial population; because the middle third of the eighteenth century was an important period for the development of social institutions; and, most of all, because only by examining the localities. can we fully perceive the most critical social problem of that generation: the problem of achieving community in a heterogeneous and burgeoning society.

We might well begin by looking at a few comparative figures in order to get a clearer sense of demographic change, both within the colony and by contrast with its• neighbors.
Water, Woods, and Winter
Authors: Lankton Larry
Published: November 2023

On August 1, 1848, Ruth Douglass took tea with her husband, Columbus Christopher Douglass, at their residence in Detroit. The young wife enjoyed spending such moments with her thirty-six-year-old husband. On this occasion, “Mr. Douglass,” as she called him, had interesting news: he had received a letter from the Ohio and Isle Royale Mining Company, offering him a position. Would he be interested in going up to Lake Superior to establish a copper smelting works on Isle Royale, located fifty miles northwest of Upper Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula?

The proposition unsettled both husband and wife. C. C. Douglass had kicked around quite a bit during his life. Born in New York state, he had moved west to lower Michigan as a child and later returned east to study geology. Starting in 1837—the year Michigan became a state—he had served as an assistant on geological expeditions headed by his cousin, Douglass Houghton, Michigan’s first state geologist. In that capacity he had first journeyed north to Lake Superior to explore the region’s novel deposits of almost pure, metallic copper. After a mine rush to the Keweenaw’s copper district began in 1843, Douglass consulted for new companies searching for workable deposits of the native metal, and he invested in one of the region’s earliest stores.
Historical Ecology
Authors: Livingstone D A
Published: November 2023

It is often assumed that the natural environment does not change. Temperature and rainfall, for example, are expected to vary around some climatic mean. Actually, climate has changed, is changing, and will change in the future. It would be safer to assume constant change than climatic constancy, and the geologic record reveals many climatic changes great enough to affect human affairs. Periods of very large and rapid change are not the norm, but one scans the geologic record in vain to find long periods of climatic constancy. On this restless earth there seems to be no qualitative boundary between the short-term small-amplitude changes we perceive as weather and longer-term phenomena such as ice ages.
Coral Reefs and Nearshore Fisheries
Authors: McClanahan T R , Obura D O
Published: November 2023

Due to high numbers of species, productivity, and complexity of species interactions some ecologists refer to coral reefs as the “ultimate ecosystem”. This complexity and diversity fascinates naturalists and scientists, but this same complexity also makes a comprehensive understanding and subsequent management of coral reefs difficult. Nonetheless, recent efforts since the development of SCUBA diving have made the coral reef more accessible to scientists, naturalists, and tourists, and our interest and understanding has increased greatly.
City of Light
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

Fiber optic technology is revolutionizing telecommunications and thus our lives. Networks of optical fibers have spread around the world, opening the door to the possibility of a new information age, and spurring telephone and cable television companies into a billion-dollar race for control over the next generation of services and equipment. The story of this technology is fascinating complex, and largely untold. Hecht tells this story, from its beginning in 19th-century attempts to guide light, for purposes of illuminating the insides of the human body, to today's mysterious, ubiquitous communications technologies. We hear the crucial conversation in 1951 that led to the realization that optical fibers might conduct light if coated with a layer of transparent material. Hecht also describes the medical technologies developed in the 1960's, which allowed doctors to see inside patients' stomachs and better understand gastric disorders. And we learn of the race to develop fiber-optic technology that could control the laser, the brilliant concentrated beam that captured the imagination of the physics community. This history is meticulously detailed from beginning to end, allowing for explorations of experiments that now seem strange and even humorous, but nonetheless illuminate the origins of the technology. We get the whole story, including the huge range of contributing characters, accidents, and revolutionary ideas. The book is infused with the spirit of fascination and fun, and the reader will enjoy the story for its own sake, as well for the historical picture it provides of a technology on which we all depend.
Introduction
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

The Sunday evening phone call sounded completely ordinary. A friend who lives a few miles away wanted me to call a few other Caltech graduates for the alumni association. I had helped him before, and I agreed to help him again. We chatted a bit, and as we finished, he added, ‘‘You know how dedicated I am? I’m calling from my hotel room in Cairo at two in the morning.’’ I was stunned. When I was growing up in the 1950s and 1960s, it was rare to get long-distance calls from relatives a few hundred miles away. They didn’t call to chat but to report news in static-toned voices that sounded far, far away. My friend’s voice sounded as clear and sharp as a telephone can be, as if he was calling from his home in the next town, not 5400 miles away in Egypt. Such miracles are the daily work of fiber optics.
Time Preference
Authors: Lipscomb J , Weinstein M C , Torrance G W
Published: November 2023

There is broad agreement that, in cost-effectiveness analyses, all future costs and health consequences should be stated in terms of their “present value” to the decision maker. Only then will the interventions’ cost-effectiveness ratios be appropriately adjusted for the differential timing of costs and consequences so that the decision maker can compare each from the same temporal baseline. Virtually all checklists of the methodological “commandments” on how to conduct CEAs include such injunctions (e.g., Drummond et al., 1987; Eisenberg, 1989).
Mussel Slough and the Contradictions of Squatter Capitalism
Authors: Henderson George L
Published: November 2023

In the early 1870s, the San Joaquin Valley was among the first of California’s agricultural areas to be singled out for extensive commercial potential. In books and pamphlets by the Central and Southern Pacific Railroads and by local boards of trade, the valley’s hundred-mile-wide, five-hundred-mile-long corridor was praised for its endless pastures and vast acreages of grain (e.g., Hittell 1874; Nordhoff 1872; Orr 1874; see also Starr 1981 and 1985). But in nearly the same breath, the authors of these tracts expected that bonanza farming and stock raising would not last forever. In isolated pockets, such as Mussel Slough near the southern end of the valley, in the Tulare Lake Basin, there had already begun more intensive agricultural practices based on irrigation.
Take Me to the River: Water, Metropolitan Growth, and the Countryside
Authors: Henderson George L
Published: November 2023

This film is a heady, phantasmagoric reminder of the capitalist polis as the accumulator of materiel, of infrastructure, par excellence. But thrive as it will, the hydrocircuitry also wrings the life out of the surrounding environment. Urban plumbing is the flip side of every acre of land having been scoured and turned into desert. Anymore, the rural lives on only in dreams-dreams produced from within the heart of the city itself. (In the movie, this is not only bad for the environment but bad for the dreamers.) Attempting to hide the inversion is “Central Services.” Their logo is a lake of fresh, clean water sprouting a branching tree of aqueducts; their motto, “ducts in designer colors to suit your demanding taste.” Central Services tends to the vast landscape of tubes and pipes, which are an essential mechanism for the maintenance of political and economic power. Those characters who understand how the plumbing works join together in an organized underground movement against political corruption. They use the urban blueprint against itself, sabotaging its hoses, turning valves on and off, in order to wreak havoc on the halls of power.
Casting Shadows in the Field: An Introduction
Authors: Cooley Timothy J
Published: November 2023

Music’s ephemeral nature predisposes ethnomusicologists to embrace multiple realities. As Levi-Strauss suggests, “music ... bring[s] man face to face with potential objects of which only the shadows are actualized” (1969:17-18). Ethnomusicologists often feel as if they are chasing shadows in the field when striving to perceive and understand musical meaning. Musical meaning is often ambiguous or liminal, inviting ethnomusicologists into a dialogue of multiple realities-a dialogue now shared by social scientists endeavoring to understand other aspects of culture. With a spirit of unboundedness, this volume focuses on chasing shadows-on field work-as a crucial link in ethnographic processes. The chapters presented engage issues in fieldwork from a stance of cultural relativism and ideological diversity while looking critically at new models for ethnography that populate this post postmodern generation, including feminist theories, phenomenology, reflexive and dialogic ethnography, and others. Drawing from established disciplines, ethnomusicology enjoys the advantages of being a flexible academic field, seemingly in a perpetual state of experimentation, that gains strength from a diversity and plurality of approaches (A. Seeger 1987a:493-94; 1992:107). In this sense, ethnomusicologists are in a unique position to question established methods and goals of the social sciences, and to explore new perspectives. These new perspectives are not just for ethnomusicologists, but also for all ethnographic disciplines.
Confronting the Field(Note) In and Out of the Field: Music, Voices, Texts, and Experiences in Dialogue
Authors: Barz Gregory F
Published: November 2023

Field research is performed. The performance of field research is one of the most meaningful processes engaged by ethnomusicologists to define themselves. And writing about field research—ethnography, field diaries, fieldnotes-is often part of the process of re-performing field research. In this period of post-postmodernism the social sciences can no longer claim that the fieldworker escapes significant participation in the total cultural performance of field research. Performance is, after all, according to Johannes Fabian, “not what they do and we observe; we are both engaged in it” (1990:xv, emphasis added). In recent literature on field research and representation, ethnographers assign greater importance to writing in the field; experiences are transformed into texts, and fieldworkers, informants, friends, and teachers emerge as actors in a social drama.1 Reflections on ethnographic writing often neglect texts produced while still in the field-fieldnotes. Fieldnotes are for many ethnomusicologists an essential aspect of knowing; they are not only critical in determining what we know, but also illustrative of the process of how we come to know what we know. In this chapter I suggest that fieldnotes are part of the process that informs both interpretation and representation, understanding and analysis of experience—in and out of the field.
Experiential Bases for Esthetic Decisions
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William
Published: November 2023

The fundamental thesis of this book is that the ultimate task of architecture is to act in favor of human beings – to interpose itself between people and the natural environment in which they find themselves in such a way as to remove the gross environmental load from their shoulders. The central function of architecture is thus to lighten the very stress of life. Its purpose is to maximize our capacities by permitting us to focus our limited energies upon those tasks and activities that are the essence of the human experience.
Silence—Men at Work: Control of the Sonic Environment
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William
Published: November 2023

Like the other sensory perceptual systems of the human body, that of hearing occupies its own special habitat in the external world. Like the eye and the nose, the ear scans that habitat across time and space, bringing in important information on events in that world. And submerged, like the eye, in a sea of electromagnetic energy, it perceives only a relatively small portion of the total spectrum of terrestrial sounds (Fig. 6–1). This aural habitat can be quantified and topologically described as having five dimensions: (1) a spectral or “horizontal” dimension of wavelength frequencies, (2) an energy-input or “vertical” dimension of pressure,* (3) a depth or “longitudinal” dimension, as expressed in reverberation period, (4) a dimension across time, and (5) a dimension of direction. Because many sounds can coexist in the same space at the same time, the sonic environment is very rich in aural stimulation; the ear has developed a corresponding capacity to perceive much of this complexity.
Skeleton and Skin: The Morphological Development of Structural Systems
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William
Published: November 2023

Although for thousands of years and in all parts of the world many cultures have shown a superb grasp of one or another aspect of the spectrum of structural possibilities, a comprehensive and universal—that is, scientific—theory of structure has been established and applied only in the last century or so. The marble porticoes of the Parthenon and the articulated wooden skeletons of the Ise Shrine in Japan, the plastic concrete vaulting of Diocletian’s Palace and the stone-ribbed vaulting of the High Gothic in England or Bohemia, the mud-walled skyscrapers of the Moroccan oases and the monumental rubble masonry of the Mayans—each of these is the end product of a self-contained process of experimentation and refinement. Each represents a summation of one specific aspect of structural experience, developed within one specific set of objective conditions—cultural, technological, geographical. But, encapsulated by the accidents of history and lacking both the internal coherence and external applicability that only the mathematics of modern science could afford, none of these could yield a universal theory. The planned accumulation of structural knowledge, the systematic exploration and development of applied mechanics, the standardized testing of natural materials and the deliberate search for new synthetic ones-all of these essentials to a scientific theory of structure had to await the maturation of the Industrial Revolution1 (Figs. 8–1 through 8–4).
The Paradox of Fiction
Authors: Matravers Derek
Published: November 2023

I am going to assume, in what follows, that when we engage with a fiction we are participating in a game of make-believe; that is (if you prefer), that we are engaging in an imaginative effort. In this paper I shall attempt to identify the kind of game we are playing. I begin with two words of caution. First, identifying the kind of game will be a matter of finding a game whose structure best reflects the facts about our engagement with fiction. The fit, however, will not be exact. In a game of mud pies, the fact that the cardboard box holds a maximum of six globs of mud may make it true in the game that the oven holds a maximum of six pies, but the fact that the box has “Fyffes bananas” written on the side of it will probably not make it true in the game that the oven has the same. Second, the variety of works of fiction makes it unwise to assume that one kind of game will cover all cases. These two provisos might be thought to vitiate my project before it begins. In the face of an objection to my first proviso, namely, that the kind of make-believe I maintain we play with fiction does not mirror the facts of our relations with fiction, I can reply that the structure is not isomorphic in that particular respect. In reply to the claim that in some particular instance we do not play the game of make-believe that I suggest we do, I can simply agree and count it as one of the many exceptions to the rule.
On Looking into Titian’s Assumption
Authors: Lyons William
Published: November 2023

In volume 2, chapter 25, of his capolavoro, The Principles of Psychology, William James discourses on the nature of emotion. He begins with a comparison between emotions and instincts. While every object that excites an instinct can also excite an emotion, the reverse is not the case. Some objects might strike us as hilarious or worthy of deep admiration, to take just two examples, but would not thereby excite in us any of those reflex actions or reactions we call instinctive. In addition, emotional reactions are more internal and physiological than behavioral and practical. They primarily exhibit themselves as a rigidity of this muscle or a relaxation of that one, a constriction of arteries here or a dilation of them there, a quickening of the pulse or a slowing, and so on. These patterns of physiological changes associated with emotion are, of course, also personal and idiosyncratic to a certain extent, like everything else to do with individual humans.
Art, Narrative, and Emotion
Authors: Carroll Noel
Published: November 2023

Despite the great interest in the reception of art and media in recent years, little attention has been paid to the way in which narrative fictions, whether high or low, address the emotions of readers, listeners, and viewers. Instead, emphasis is generally placed on hermeneutics. Interpretation of what is loosely called the meaning of the work has preoccupied attention in the humanities. New interpretations, often called symptomatic readings, of what are generically identified as “texts” are still the order of the day in liberal arts journals. And even what some in cultural studies call “recodings,” and what some feminists call “readings against the grain,” focus on the putative interpretive activities of certain groups of readers, listeners, and viewers. What is not studied in any fine-grained way is how works engage the emotions of the audience. What I wish to deal with in this article is how we might go about doing just that.

It is not my contention that, in principle, hermeneutics is illegitimate. Rather, I think that our research into the arts should be supplemented by considering their relation to the emotions, especially if we are interested in audience reception. Moreover, the present moment is particularly propitious in this respect, since recent research into the emotions over the last two decades in fields like psychology and philosophy have made the possibility of interrogating the relation of art to the emotions feasible with a heretofore un imagined level of precision.
Power Performance for Singers, Transcending the Barriers
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

To perform well in today’s highly competitive world where technical skills have been advanced to an unprecedented degree, a singer must be able to handle incredible pressure within the performing arena; his or her ability to deal with this stress will often determine whether he or she will succeed. Why, then, do singers with less technical skill sometimes out-perform stars? Why do some stars suddenly stop performing? What is that mysterious factor that makes an electric performance? Consistent, competent performances do not depend solely upon superior vocal skills, nor are they a matter of luck. On the contrary, the best performances result from a combination of mental attitude, concrete performing skills, and excellent technical skills in that order. Yet most singers have never had the opportunity to acquire the essential skills that make for a successful career. Written as a self-help manual for singers at all levels of expertise, Power Performance for Singers is designed to teach performing artists, and especially singers, how to experience elite performance at their level. The skills outlined in this book will help singers use what they have, to enjoy their voices during performance, and to perform consistently to the best of their present ability.
Topographic History of the Western Cordillera of North America and Controls on Climate
Authors: Chase Clement G , Gregory-Wodzicki Kathryn M , Parrish Judith Totman , DeCelles Peter G
Published: November 2023

The topography of the earth’s surface is crucially important in both climatic and tectonic studies. Numerical models of ancient climate depend with some sensitivity upon the boundary conditions of paleotopography. To interpret paleoclimate indicators in terms of more than local climate requires knowledge of the elevation at which the indicators formed. Despite the relative ease with which present elevations may be measured, quantitative paleoaltimetry is much more difficult to achieve. We review here a number of ways of estimating paleoelevations, and summarize results that bear on the elevation history of the Western Cordillera of North America from Late Cretaceous through Cenozoic time (-80 Ma-Present).
Diet and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Fraser Gary E
Published: November 2023

Adventist men, and at least younger and middle-aged Adventist women, experience fewer fatal and nonfatal heart attacks than non-Adventists at a given age (see Chapter 2). This observation demands explanation, so in this chapter dietary associations with coronary heart disease (CHD) that may partially explain the lower risk among Adventists are sought. Detailed information on diet and other health habits was collected in the Adventist Health Study. Since no non-Adventists were included as a comparison group, the contrasts were between the CHD experience of different groups of Adventists defined by their dietary habits. One benefit of looking only within the Adventist group is that there is less risk that differences in other lifestyle, psychological, educational, or even genetic factors may interfere with the interpretation of comparisons.

This chapter is the first of three dealing with the possibility that individual foods or food groups can influence the risk of chronic disease. It is confusing to the public and to health professionals that well-designed dietary epidemiologic studies often seem to produce conflicting results when specific dietary factors are evaluated. Few foods or nutrients have not been claimed, on the basis of some study, to be either hazardous or beneficial in regard to cardiovascular disease or cancer. As this book focuses on diet and health and uses epidemiologic data as its main basis, an attempt at clarification is in order.
A Novel Defense of Scientific Realism
Authors: Leplin Jarrett
Published: November 2023

Vigorous and controversial, this book develops a sustained argument for a realist interpretation of science, based on a new analysis of the concept of predictive novelty. Identifying a form of success achieved in science—the successful prediction of novel empirical results—which can be explained only by attributing some measure of truth to the theories that yield it, Jarrett Leplin demonstrates the incapacity of nonrealist accounts to accommodate novel success and constructs a deft realist explanation of novelty. To test the applicability of novel success as a standard of warrant for theories, Leplin examines current directions in theoretical physics, fashioning a powerful critique of currently developing standards of evaluation. Arguing that explanatory uniqueness warrants inference, and exposing flaws in contending philosophical positions that sever explanatory power from epistemic justification, Leplin holds that abductive, or explanatory, inference is as fundamental as enumerative or eliminative inference, and contends that neither induction nor abduction can proceed without the other on pain of generating paradoxes. Leplin’s conception of novelty has two basic components: an independence condition, ensuring that a result novel for a theory have no essential role, even indirectly, in the theory’s provenance; and a uniqueness condition, ensuring that no competing theory provides a basis for predicting the same result. Showing that alternative approaches to novelty fall short in both respects, Leplin proceeds to a series of test cases, engaging prominent scientific theories from nineteenth-century accounts of light to modern cosmology in an effort to demonstrate the epistemological superiority of his view. Ambitious and tightly argued, A Novel Defense of Scientific Realism advances new positions on major topics in philosophy of science and offers a version of realism as original as it is compelling, making it essential reading for philosophers of science, epistemologists, and scholars in science studies.
Gender Differences in Response to Drugs and Environmental Toxicants
Authors: Mattison Donald R
Published: November 2023

The role of gender differences in the disposition of, and response to drugs (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) and environmental toxicants (toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics) is in some dispute. Indeed, there is little in contemporary textbooks of toxicology or environmental or occupational medicine to alert readers to the potential importance of gender differences. Regarding the influence of gender on pharmacokinetics, some argue that there are few gender related differences while others suggest that women have been underrepresented in clinical trials and as a consequence we don’t fully understand the extent of gender differences. In fact, women appear to have a higher frequency of adverse reactions to drugs, suggesting significant gender differences in disposition and dynamics. Recently, Calabrese suggested that gender differences in several toxicokinetic factors could be observed in humans and Fletcher et al.10 have made similar observations about some drugs.
Sex Steroid Hormonal Influences On Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Meilahn Elaine
Published: November 2023

One of the basic tenets of this book is that variations in disease frequency provide clues about disease etiology. The higher rates of coronary artery disease (CAD) in men than women, in particular during the reproductive years, points to a role for sex steroid hormones in pathogenesis. This chapter examines the commonly accepted role of sex hormones in explaining this “gender gap” as well as the interaction between risk factors and sex hormones that may influence susceptibility to CAD.
Anatomy of the Female and Male Genital Tracts
Authors: Trucco Giuliana
Published: November 2023

The female and male genital systems share basic similarities in morphology and function. Both exist in order to allow for reproduction. Both produce germ cells and transport these cells to the site of fertilization. There are also more subtle similarities that may appear to be differences. For example, it may seem that only a single ovum is produced once a month, while millions of spermatozoa are simultaneously ejaculated. In reality, many ova start the “challenge” of maturation each month, but only one reaches ovulation. Similarly, only one sperm “wins” the race for fertilization.
Maternal Health Effects of Pregnancy
Authors: Kritz-Silverstein Donna
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the effects of pregnancy on women’s long-term health and disease. It includes discussions of the association of reproductive history and cardiovascular disease as well as cardiovascular risk factors such as hyper tension, diabetes, obesity, and lipid levels. Also included is a discussion of the relation between reproductive history and ovarian cancer.
Evolutionary Processes Implicit in Distribution Patterns of Modern African Mammals
Authors: Grubb Peter
Published: November 2023

Organisms have evolved through anagenesis and cladogenesis. The latter process, particularly in its geographical context, remains a source of controversy. Studies of African mammals have hardly contributed to our knowledge of cladogenesis, so it may be constructive to look at the fauna afresh with this subject in mind. This exercise should provide parallels with the evolution of hominids.
Biogeography, Dietary Specialization, and the Diversification of African Plio-Pleistocene Monkeys
Authors: Benefit Brenda R
Published: November 2023

Fossil cercopithecoids occur at all Plio-Pleistocene hominid-bearing deposits. In many ways the geographic range, patterns of regional abundance, speciation and extinction, as well as the paleobiology of Plio-Pleistocene cercopithecoid monkeys mirror those observed for early hominids (Dunbar, 1983, 1992a; Foley, 1993). As for the hominids, several Old World monkey taxa occur exclusively in either eastern or southern Africa (fig. 13-1), and many exhibit postcranial features indicative of a predominantly terrestrial habitus (Jolly, 1970; Delson, 1975; Birchette, 1981, 1982; M. G. Leakey, 1982; Ciochon, 1986). It is likely that the larger-bodied monkeys and australopithecines shared dietary resources, fled from the same predators, and competed with each other for safe sleeping sites. It is certain that they experienced the same changes in climate and vegetation. Consequently, understanding the evolutionary history of eastern and southern African monkeys should provide insight about the circumstances that influenced the initial emergence and divergence of our bipedal ancestors.
Toward an Evolutionary History of African Hipparionine Horses
Authors: Bernor Raymond L , Armour-Chelu Miranda
Published: November 2023

Africa has long attracted the study of Neogene vertebrate fossils, particularly hominid primates. Field research programs aimed at discovery of hominids have brought the bonus of large fossil vertebrate collections and an increasing interest in the relationships between environmental change and community evolutionary response (Andrews & Van Couvering, 1975; Van Couvering & Van Couvering, 1975; Bemor, 1983, 1984; Behrensmeyer et al., 1992). Most recently, there have been attempts to test hypotheses of global climate change forcing African community evolutionary response, with various results (Vrba, 1985d, 1988; Feibel et al., 1991; Bernor & Lipscomb, 1995; Vrba et al., 1995). Given the valuable role that fossil vertebrates play in stratigraphy, correlation, taphonomic, paleoecologic, and paleoenvironmental interpretations, it is remarkable that there is a relative dearth of systematic work accompanying the growing geological and paleoenvironmental database. The problem is far more than a taxonomic one: it is a general failure to produce vertebrate phylogenetic reconstructions within a precise stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and chronologic framework. We believe that an evolutionary record so developed forms an essential basis for pursuing a full range of paleobiological interpretive studies.