bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The “frog story” narratives of Irish–English bilinguals
Authors: Bennett-Kastor Tina
Published: September 2002

Four bilingual speakers of Irish (Gaelic) and English, two men and two women, were audiorecorded as they produced narratives based on pictures from the Mercer Mayer book Frog, where are you? Order of narration was counterbalanced. The narratives were analyzed according to certain features of global and local structure originally identified in Berman and Slobin (1994). Differences within and across narratives emerged in the number of components included, the number of planning components explicitly marked for purpose, the marking of tense and aspect, and the use of extended aspectual categories. These variations were attributed to 1) the order in which the narrative was told (first-told versus second-told versions), 2) the language of the narrative (Irish versus English), and 3) the particular preferences of individual narrators.
Special issue on
‘Program development’
Authors: BRUYNOOGHE MAURICE , LAU KUNG-KIU
Published: September 2002

This special issue marks the tenth anniversary of the LOPSTR workshop. LOPSTR
started in 1991 as a workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation, but
later it broadened its scope to logic-based Program Development in general.

The motivating force behind LOPSTR has been a belief that declarative paradigms
such as logic programming are better suited to program development tasks than
traditional non-declarative ones such as the imperative paradigm. Specification,
synthesis, transformation or specialisation, analysis, verification and debugging can
all be given logical foundations, thus providing a unifying framework for the whole
development process.

In the past ten years or so, such a theoretical framework has indeed begun to
emerge. Even tools have been implemented for analysis, verification and specialisation.
However, it is fair to say that so far the focus has largely been on
programming-in-the-small. So the future challenge is to apply or extend these
techniques to programming-in-the-large, in order to tackle software engineering in
the real world.
US national power and the post-war trading regime
Authors: GOLDSTEIN JUDITH , GOWA JOANNE
Published: September 2002

This essay examines the effect of power asymmetries and imperfect markets on US trade policy, two issues often neglected in the conventional literature. We suggest that when the distribution of power is skewed and markets do not conform to the world of standard trade theory, open international markets will not exist unless the disproportionately most powerful state can make a credible commitment to free trade. We suggest that these two conditions characterized the post-World War II trade environment and partially explain why the United States encouraged the formation of the postwar international trade regime. To demonstrate this argument, we examine the voting rules, dispute settlement procedures, and regional trading arrangements that characterized the three postwar trade organizations: the stillborn International Trade Organization, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and the World Trade Organization. We argue that the rules of these institutions empowered their member states to punish any US attempts to ‘cheat’. In so doing, it made free trade their welfare-maximizing strategy choice.
Calcineurin, a Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Phosphatase, Is Involved in Movement, Fertility, Egg Laying, and Growth inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Jaya , Lee Jiyeon , Lee Jungsoo , Lee Jin Il , Yu Jae-Ran , Jee Changhoon , Cho Jeong-Hoon , Jung Sunki , Lee Myon Hee , Zannoni Sonia , Singson Andrew , Kim Do Han , Koo Hyeon-Sook , Ahnn Joohong
Published: September 2002

Calcineurin is a Ca2+-calmodulin–dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase that has been implicated in various signaling pathways. Here we report the identification and characterization of calcineurin genes in Caenorhabditis elegans (cna-1 and cnb-1), which share high homology with Drosophila and mammalian calcineurin genes. C. elegans calcineurin binds calcium and functions as a heterodimeric protein phosphatase establishing its biochemical conservation in the nematode. Calcineurin is expressed in hypodermal seam cells, body-wall muscle, vulva muscle, neuronal cells, and in sperm and the spermatheca. cnb-1 mutants showed pleiotropic defects including lethargic movement and delayed egg-laying. Interestingly, these characteristic defects resembled phenotypes observed in gain-of-function mutants ofunc-43/Ca2+-calmodulin–dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and goa-1/Go-protein α-subunit. Double mutants of cnb-1 andunc-43(gf) displayed an apparent synergistic severity of movement and egg-laying defects, suggesting that calcineurin may have an antagonistic role in CaMKII-regulated phosphorylation signaling pathways in C. elegans.
Functional Heterogeneity of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor-II Mutants Found in Patients with Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Nishihara Ayako , Watabe Tetsuro , Imamura Takeshi , Miyazono Kohei
Published: September 2002

Germline mutations in the BMPR2 gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type II receptor (BMPR-II) have been reported in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), but the contribution of various types of mutations found in PPH to the pathogenesis of clinical phenotypes has not been elucidated. To determine the biological activities of these mutants, we performed functional assays testing their abilities to transduce BMP signals. We found that the reported missense mutations within the extracellular and kinase domains of BMPR-II abrogated their signal-transducing abilities. BMPR-II proteins containing mutations at the conserved cysteine residues in the extracellular and kinase domains were detected in the cytoplasm, suggesting that the loss of signaling ability of certain BMPR-II mutants is due at least in part to their altered subcellular localization. In contrast, BMPR-II mutants with truncation of the cytoplasmic tail retained the ability to transduce BMP signals. The differences in biological activities among the BMPR-II mutants observed thus suggest that additional genetic and/or environmental factors may play critical roles in the pathogenesis of PPH.
Aurora B Kinase Exists in a Complex with Survivin and INCENP and Its Kinase Activity Is Stimulated by Survivin Binding and Phosphorylation
Authors: Bolton Margaret A. , Lan Weijie , Powers Shannon E. , McCleland Mark L. , Kuang Jian , Stukenberg P. Todd
Published: September 2002

Aurora B regulates chromosome segregation and cytokinesis and is the first protein to be implicated as a regulator of bipolar attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochores. Evidence from several systems suggests that Aurora B is physically associated with inner centromere protein (INCENP) in mitosis and has genetic interactions with Survivin. It is unclear whether the Aurora B and INCENP interaction is cell cycle regulated and if Survivin physically interacts in this complex. In this study, we cloned theXenopus Survivin gene, examined its association with Aurora B and INCENP, and determined the effect of its binding on Aurora B kinase activity. We demonstrate that in the Xenopusearly embryo, all of the detectable Survivin is in a complex with both Aurora B and INCENP throughout the cell cycle. Survivin and Aurora B bind different domains on INCENP. Aurora B activity is stimulated >10-fold in mitotic extracts; this activation is phosphatase sensitive, and the binding of Survivin is required for full Aurora B activity. We also find the hydrodynamic properties of the Aurora B/Survivin/INCENP complex are cell cycle regulated. Our data indicate that Aurora B kinase activity is regulated by both Survivin binding and cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation.
The Roles of Bud-Site-Selection Proteins during Haploid Invasive Growth in Yeast
Authors: Cullen Paul J. , Sprague George F.
Published: September 2002

In haploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glucose depletion causes invasive growth, a foraging response that requires a change in budding pattern from axial to unipolar-distal. To begin to address how glucose influences budding pattern in the haploid cell, we examined the roles of bud-site-selection proteins in invasive growth. We found that proteins required for bipolar budding in diploid cells were required for haploid invasive growth. In particular, the Bud8p protein, which marks and directs bud emergence to the distal pole of diploid cells, was localized to the distal pole of haploid cells. In response to glucose limitation, Bud8p was required for the localization of the incipient bud site marker Bud2p to the distal pole. Three of the four known proteins required for axial budding, Bud3p, Bud4p, and Axl2p, were expressed and localized appropriately in glucose-limiting conditions. However, a fourth axial budding determinant, Axl1p, was absent in filamentous cells, and its abundance was controlled by glucose availability and the protein kinase Snf1p. In thebud8 mutant in glucose-limiting conditions, apical growth and bud site selection were uncoupled processes. Finally, we report that diploid cells starved for glucose also initiate the filamentous growth response.
Inversin Forms a Complex with Catenins and N-Cadherin in Polarized Epithelial Cells
Authors: Nürnberger Jens , Bacallao Robert L. , Phillips Carrie L.
Published: September 2002

Nephrogenesis starts with the reciprocal induction of two embryonically distinct analages, metanephric mesenchyme and ureteric bud. This complex process requires the refined and coordinated expression of numerous developmental genes, such as inv. Mice that are homozygous for a mutation in the inv gene (inv/inv) develop renal cysts resembling autosomal-recessive polycystic kidney disease. The gene locus containing inv has been proposed to serve as a common modifier for some human and rodent polycystic kidney disease phenotypes. We generated polyclonal antibodies to inversin to study its subcellular distribution, potential binding partners, and functional aspects in cultured murine proximal tubule cells. A 125-kDa inversin protein isoform was found at cell-cell junctions. Two inversin isoforms, 140- and 90-kDa, were identified in the nuclear and perinuclear compartments. Plasma membrane allocation of inversin is dependent upon cell-cell contacts and was redistributed when cell adhesion was disrupted after incubation of the cell monolayer with low-calcium/EGTA medium. We further show that the membrane-associated 125-kDa inversin forms a complex with N-cadherin and the catenins. The 90-kDa nuclear inversin complexes with β-catenin. These findings indicate that the inv gene product functions in several cellular compartments, including the nucleus and cell-cell adhesion sites.
Arabinoxylan Biosynthesis in Wheat. Characterization of Arabinosyltransferase Activity in Golgi Membranes
Authors: Porchia Andrea Celia , Sørensen Susanne Oxenbøll , Scheller Henrik Vibe
Published: September 2002

Arabinoxylan arabinosyltransferase (AX-AraT) activity was investigated using microsomes and Golgi vesicles isolated from wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings. Incubation of microsomes with UDP-[14C]-β-l-arabinopyranose resulted in incorporation of radioactivity into two different products, although most of the radioactivity was present in xylose (Xyl), indicating a high degree of UDP-arabinose (Ara) epimerization. In isolated Golgi vesicles, the epimerization was negligible, and incubation with UDP-[14C]Ara resulted in formation of a product that could be solubilized with proteinase K. In contrast, when Golgi vesicles were incubated with UDP-[14C]Ara in the presence of unlabeled UDP-Xyl, the product obtained could be solubilized with xylanase, whereas proteinase K had no effect. Thus, the AX-AraT is dependent on the synthesis of unsubstituted xylan acting as acceptor. Further analysis of the radiolabeled product formed in the presence of unlabeled UDP-Xyl revealed that it had an apparent molecular mass of approximately 500 kD. Furthermore, the total incorporation of [14C]Ara was dependent on the time of incubation and the amount of Golgi protein used. AX-AraT activity had a pH optimum at 6, and required the presence of divalent cations, Mn2+ being the most efficient. In the absence of UDP-Xyl, a single arabinosylated protein with an apparent molecular mass of 40 kD was radiolabeled. The [14C]Ara labeling became reversible by adding unlabeled UDP-Xyl to the reaction medium. The possible role of this protein in arabinoxylan biosynthesis is discussed.
Cell-Specific Expression of Homospermidine Synthase, the Entry Enzyme of the Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Pathway inSenecio vernalis, in Comparison with Its Ancestor, Deoxyhypusine Synthase
Authors: Moll Stefanie , Anke Sven , Kahmann Uwe , Hänsch Robert , Hartmann Thomas , Ober Dietrich
Published: September 2002

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are constitutive plant defense compounds with a sporadic taxonomic occurrence. The first committed step in PA biosynthesis is catalyzed by homospermidine synthase (HSS). Recent evidence confirmed that HSS evolved by gene duplication from deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS), an enzyme involved in the posttranslational activation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A. To better understand the evolutionary relationship between these two enzymes, which are involved in completely different biological processes, we studied their tissue-specific expression. RNA-blot analysis, reverse transcriptase-PCR, and immunolocalization techniques demonstrated that DHS is constitutively expressed in shoots and roots of Senecio vernalis (Asteraceae), whereas HSS expression is root specific and restricted to distinct groups of endodermis and neighboring cortex cells located opposite to the phloem. All efforts to detect DHS by immunolocalization failed, but studies with promoter-β-glucuronidase fusions confirmed a general expression pattern, at least in young seedlings of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The expression pattern for HSS differs completely from its ancestor DHS due to the adaptation of HSS to the specific requirements of PA biosynthesis.
Inositol Phospholipid Metabolism in Arabidopsis. Characterized and Putative Isoforms of Inositol Phospholipid Kinase and Phosphoinositide-Specific Phospholipase C
Authors: Mueller-Roeber Bernd , Pical Christophe
Published: September 2002

Phosphoinositides (PIs) constitute a minor fraction of total cellular lipids in all eukaryotic cells. They fulfill many important functions through interaction with a wide range of cellular proteins. Members of distinct inositol lipid kinase families catalyze the synthesis of these phospholipids from phosphatidylinositol. The hydrolysis of PIs involves phosphatases and isoforms of PI-specific phospholipase C. Although our knowledge of the roles played by plant PIs is clearly limited at present, there is no doubt that they are involved in many physiological processes during plant growth and development. In this review, we concentrate on inositol lipid-metabolizing enzymes from the model plant Arabidopsis for which biochemical characterization data are available, namely the inositol lipid kinases and PI-specific phospholipase Cs. The biochemical properties and structure of characterized and genome-predicted isoforms are presented and compared with those of the animal enzymes to show that the plant enzymes have some features clearly unique to this kingdom.
Tandemly Duplicated Safener-Induced Glutathione S-Transferase Genes from Triticum tauschii Contribute to Genome- and Organ-Specific Expression in Hexaploid Wheat
Authors: Xu Fangxiu , Lagudah Evans S. , Moose Stephen P. , Riechers Dean E.
Published: September 2002

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene expression was examined in several Triticum species, differing in genome constitution and ploidy level, to determine genome contribution to GST expression in cultivated, hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Two tandemly duplicated tau class GST genes (TtGSTU1 and TtGSTU2) were isolated from a single bacterial artificial chromosome clone in a library constructed from the diploid wheat and D genome progenitor to cultivated wheat, Triticum tauschii. The genes are very similar in genomic structure and their encoded proteins are 95% identical. Gene-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed differential transcript accumulation ofTtGSTU1 and TtGSTU2 in roots and shoots. Expression of both genes was induced by herbicide safeners, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and abscisic acid, in the shoots of T. tauschii; however, expression ofTtGSTU1 was always higher than TtGSTU2. In untreated seedlings, TtGSTU1 was expressed in both shoots and roots, whereas TtGSTU2 expression was only detected in roots. RNA gel-blot analysis of ditelosomic, aneuploid lines that are deficient for 6AS, 6BS, or 6DS chromosome arms of cultivated, hexaploid bread wheat showed differential genome contribution to safener-induced GST expression in shoots compared with roots. The GST genes from the D genome of hexaploid wheat contribute most to safener-induced expression in the shoots, whereas GSTs from the B and D genomes contribute to safener-induced expression in the roots.
Characterization of a Strong Dominantphytochrome AMutation Unique to Phytochrome A Signal Propagation
Authors: Fry Rebecca C. , Habashi Jessica , Okamoto Haruko , Deng Xing Wang
Published: September 2002

Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a strong dominant-negative phytochrome A(phyA) mutation (phyA-300D) in Arabidopsis. This mutation carries a single amino acid substitution at residue 631, from valine to methionine (V631M), in the core region within the C-terminal half of PHYA. This PHYA core region contains two protein-interactive motifs, PAS1 and PAS2. Val-631 is located within the PAS1 motif. The phyA-V631M mutant protein is photochemically active and accumulates to a level similar to wild type in dark-grown seedlings. Overexpression of PHYA-V631M in a wild-type background results in a dominant-negative interference with endogenous wild-type phyA, whereas PHYA-V631M in aphyA null mutant background is inactive. To investigate the specificity of this mutation within the phytochrome family, the corresponding amino acid substitution (V664M) was created in the PHYTOCHROME B (PHYB) polypeptide. We found that the phyB-V664M mutant protein is physiologically active in phyB mutant and causes no interfering effect in a wild-type background. Together, our results reveal a unique feature in phyA signal propagation through the C-terminal core region.
The Circadian Clock That Controls Gene Expression in Arabidopsis Is Tissue Specific
Authors: Thain Simon C. , Murtas Giovanni , Lynn James R. , McGrath Robert. B. , Millar Andrew J.
Published: September 2002

The expression of CHALCONE SYNTHASE(CHS) expression is an important control step in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, which are major photoprotectants in plants. CHS transcription is regulated by endogenous programs and in response to environmental signals. Luciferase reporter gene fusions showed that the CHS promoter is controlled by the circadian clock both in roots and in aerial organs of transgenic Arabidopsis plants. The period of rhythmicCHS expression differs from the previously described rhythm of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (CAB) gene expression, indicating thatCHS is controlled by a distinct circadian clock. The difference in period is maintained in the wild-type Arabidopsis accessions tested and in the de-etiolated 1 andtiming of CAB expression 1 mutants. These clock-affecting mutations alter the rhythms of both CABand CHS markers, indicating that a similar (if not identical) circadian clock mechanism controls these rhythms. The distinct tissue distribution of CAB andCHS expression suggests that the properties of the circadian clock differ among plant tissues. Several animal organs also exhibit heterogeneous circadian properties in culture but are believed to be synchronized in vivo. The fact that differing periods are manifest in intact plants supports our proposal that spatially separated copies of the plant circadian clock are at most weakly coupled, if not functionally independent. This autonomy has apparently permitted tissue-specific specialization of circadian timing.
Short-Term Boron Deprivation Inhibits Endocytosis of Cell Wall Pectins in Meristematic Cells of Maize and Wheat Root Apices
Authors: Yu Qin , Hlavacka Andrej , Matoh Toru , Volkmann Dieter , Menzel Diedrik , Goldbach Heiner E. , Baluška František
Published: September 2002

By using immunofluorescence microscopy, we observed rapidly altered distribution patterns of cell wall pectins in meristematic cells of maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) root apices. This response was shown for homogalacturonan pectins characterized by a low level (up to 40%) of methylesterification and for rhamnogalacturonan II pectins cross-linked by a borate diol diester. Under boron deprivation, abundance of these pectins rapidly increased in cell walls, whereas their internalization was inhibited, as evidenced by a reduced and even blocked accumulation of these cell wall pectins within brefeldin A-induced compartments. In contrast, root cells of species sensitive to the boron deprivation, like zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa), do not internalize cell wall pectins into brefeldin A compartments and do not show accumulation of pectins in their cell walls under boron deprivation. For maize and wheat root apices, we favor an apoplastic target for the primary action of boron deprivation, which signals deeper into the cell via endocytosis-mediated pectin signaling along putative cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum.
Arabidopsis CYP98A3 Mediating Aromatic 3-Hydroxylation. Developmental Regulation of the Gene, and Expression in Yeast
Authors: Nair Ramesh B. , Xia Qun , Kartha Cyril J. , Kurylo Eugen , Hirji Rozina N. , Datla Raju , Selvaraj Gopalan
Published: September 2002

The general phenylpropanoid pathways generate a wide array of aromatic secondary metabolites that range from monolignols, which are ubiquitous in all plants, to sinapine, which is confined to crucifer seeds. The biosynthesis of these compounds involves hydroxylated and methoxylated cinnamyl acid, aldehyde, or alcohol intermediates. Of the three enzymes originally proposed to hydroxylate the 4-, 3-, and 5-positions of the aromatic ring, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), which converts trans-cinnamic acid top-coumaric acid, is the best characterized and is also the archetypal plant P450 monooxygenase. Ferulic acid 5-hydroxylase (F5H), a P450 that catalyzes 5-hydroxylation, has also been studied, but the presumptive 3-hydroxylase converting p-coumarate to caffeate has been elusive. We have found that Arabidopsis CYP98A3, also a P450, could hydroxylate p-coumaric acid to caffeic acid in vivo when expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells, albeit very slowly.CYP98A3 transcript was found in Arabidopsis stem and silique, resembling both C4H and F5Hin this respect. CYP98A3 showed further resemblance toC4H in being highly active in root, but differed fromF5H in this regard. In transgenic Arabidopsis, the promoters of CYP98A3 and C4H showed wound inducibility and a comparable developmental regulation throughout the life cycle, except in seeds, where the CYP98A3 promoter construct was inactive while remaining active in silique walls. Within stem and root tissue, the gene product and the promoter activity ofCYP98A3 were most abundant in lignifying cells. Collectively, these studies show involvement of CYP98A3 in the general phenylpropanoid metabolism, and suggest a downstream function for CYP98A3 relative to the broader and upstream role of C4H.
Customer experience places: the new offering frontier
Authors: Gilmore James H. , Pine B. Joseph
Published: September 2002

Marketing flounders at many companies today, as people have become relatively immune to messages broadcast at them. The way to reach customers is to create an experience they can participate in and enjoy, the new offering frontier. To be clear, this article is not about “experiential marketing” – that is, giving marketing promotions more sensory appeal by adding imagery, tactile materials, motion, scents, sounds, or other sensations. Rather, as a key part of their marketing programs companies should create experience places – absorbing, entertaining real or virtual locations – where customers can try out offerings as they immerse themselves in the experience. Companies should not stop at creating just one experience place; marketers should investigate the location hierarchy model to learn how to design a series of related experiences that flow one from another, creating demand up and down at every level. These various real and virtual experiences generate new forms of revenue and drive sales of whatever the company currently offers. When experience places are done well, potential customers can’t help but pay attention – and the leading companies find that customers are willing to pay for the experiences.
Molecular Interaction in Binary Mixtures of Benzyl Alcohol with Ethanol, Propan-1-ol and Octan-1-ol at 303 K: An Ultrasonic and Viscometric Study
Authors: Ali Anwar , Abida  , Hyder Soghra , Nain Anil Kumar
Published: September 2002

Densities, ultrasonic speeds and viscosities have been measured for benzyl alcohol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, octan-1-ol and for their binary mixtures with benzyl alcohol as common component at 303 K. From the experimental data, isentropic compressibility, relative association, acoustic impedance, molar sound velocity, excess volume, excess isentropic compressibility, deviations of viscosity and ultrasonic speed from linear dependence on composition, excess acoustic impedance and molecular association for all the three binary mixtures were obtained. These parameters have been interpreted in terms of intermolecular interactions. The experimental viscosity data of the three binary mixtures were used to test the validity of the empirical relations of Grunberg-Nissan, Tamura-Kurata, Hind-Mclaughlin, Katti-Chaudhary and Heric. The experimental values of ultrasonic speeds have been compared with those predicted on the basis of the Nomoto empirical relation, collision factor theory, free length theory and van Dael and Vangeel ideal mixing relation. The relative merits of these theories and relations are discussed.
Fluorescence Quenching of Aminodiphenylamines with Chloromethanes
Authors: Radha Nachiappan , Swaminathan Meenakshisundaram
Published: September 2002

The fluorescence quenching of 2-aminodiphenylamine (2ADPA), 4-aminodiphenylamine (4ADPA) and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylamine (DADPA) with tetrachloromethane, chloroform and dichloromethane have been studied in hexane, dioxane, acetonitrile and methanol as solvents. The quenching rate constants for the process have also been obtained by measuring the lifetimes of the fluorophores. The quenching was found to be dynamic in all cases. For 2ADPA and 4ADPA, the quenching rate constants of CCl4 and CHCl3 depend on the viscosity, whereas in the case of CH2Cl2, kq depends on polarity. The quenching rate constants for DADPA with CCl4 are viscosity-dependent but the quenching with CHCl3 and CH2Cl2 depends on the polarity of the solvents. From the results, the quenching mechanism is explained by the formation of a non-emissive complex involving a charge-transfer interaction between the electronically excited fluorophores and ground-state chloromethanes.
Determination of Trace Nitrite by Differential Pulse Voltammetry Using Magnetic Microspheres
Authors: Yang Ming , Li Hu Lin
Published: September 2002

A new type of magnetic polymer microspheres containing methylamino groups on the surface was synthesized. It can be reacted with nitrite to produce electroactive N-nitroso compound. On reduction of this derivative collected on the magnetic electrode, nitrite can be determined. Under optimum conditions, the peak potential (Ep) of the derivative is -0.72 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Nitrite in the range 1-800 μg l-1 can be determined, the detection limit being 0.5 μg l-1. The relative standard deviation for determination of 100 μg l-1 nitrite was 1.96%. The method was used in the determination of nitrite in water samples with satisfactory results.
Potentiometric Titration of Triazolethiols and Tetrazolethiols with Iodine in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Ciesielski Witold , Krenc Anna
Published: September 2002

The iodimetric determination of triazolethiols and tetrazolethiols in alkaline medium is presented. The volumetric titration with potentiometric end-point detection was applied. The range of determination, in which the error is lower than 1%, is 20-2 000 μmol for 1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (1), 25-1 000 μmol for 3-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol (2), 25-500 μmol for 4-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (3), 50-500 μmol for 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol (4), 10-1 000 μmol for sodium (5-mercapto-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)acetate (5), 125-500 μmol for 1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole-5-thiol (6) and 50-1 000 μmol for 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazole-5-thiol (7). The relative standard deviation for all determinations was below 1%. The shape of potentiometric titration curve of 6 and 7 is noteworthy at higher concentrations of sodium hydroxide and depends on the type of the indicator electrode (platinum, gold). An introduction of iodine results in a strong potential drop. Some systems do not follow the Nernst equation.
4,4'-Bipyridine-2,2',6,6'-tetracarboxamide. Synthesis and Self-Assembling Properties of the Free Base and the 1 : 1 Silver(I) Triflate Complex
Authors: Sehnal Petr , Holý Petr , Tichý Miloš , Závada Jiří , Císařová Ivana
Published: September 2002

Self-assembly of 4,4'-bipyridine-2,2',6,6'-tetracarboxamide and its 1 : 1 silver(I) triflate complex was investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. It was found that intermolecular amide-amide hydrogen bonds control the crystal packing of the free base giving rise to infinite zig-zag tapes, whereas an octahedral coordination of the Ag(I) ion with the ligand dominates in the packing of the corresponding complex.
Exposure to traffic among urban children injured as pedestrians
Authors: Posner J C , Liao E , Winston F K , Cnaan A , Shaw K N , Durbin D R
Published: September 2002

Objectives:To explore the immediate pre-crash activities and the routine traffic exposure (street crossing and play) in a sample of urban children struck by automobiles. In particular, the traffic exposure of children who were struck while playing was compared with that of those struck while crossing streets.

Design:Cross sectional survey.

Setting:Urban pediatric emergency department.

Patients:A total of 139 children ages 4–15 years evaluated for acute injuries resulting from pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions during a 14 month period.

Main outcome measures:Sites of outdoor play, daily time in outdoor play, weekly number of street crossings, pre-crash circumstance (playvwalking).

Results:Altogether 39% of the children routinely used the street and 64% routinely used the sidewalks as play areas. The median number of street crossings per week per child was 27. There were no differences in exposures for the 29% who were hit while playing compared with the 71% who were hit while walking. Although 84% of the children walked to or from school at least one day per week, only 15% of the children were struck while on the school walking trip. The remainder were injured either while playing outdoors or while walking to other places.

Conclusions:Urban children who are victims of pedestrian crashes have a high level of traffic exposure from a variety of circumstances related to their routine outdoor playing and street crossing activities. The distributions of traffic exposures were similar across the sample, indicating that the sample as a whole had high traffic exposure, regardless of the children’s activity preceding the crash. Future pedestrian injury programs should address the pervasive nature of children’s exposure to traffic during their routine outdoor activities.
Are squash players protecting their eyes?
Authors: Eime R M , Finch C F , Sherman C A , Garnham A P
Published: September 2002

Objective:To determine factors associated with adult squash players’ protective eyewear behaviours.

Methods:A survey of 303 players (aged ≥18 years) was conducted at three squash venues in Melbourne, Australia over a three week period in June 2000 to obtain information about protective eyewear use.

Results:Of 303 participants the response rate was 98.1%; 66.1% were males, with a mean age of 40.5 years. The majority (68.4%) had played squash for 10 years or more. Although 18.8% of players reported using protective eyewear, only 8.9% reported wearing approved eyewear. Both age group (p<0.05) and years of squash experience (p<0.01) were significantly associated with any eyewear use. The two main influences were personal experience of eye injuries (50.0%) and knowledge of eye injury risk (33.9%). A commonly reported barrier was restriction of vision (34.2%).

Conclusion:These findings demonstrate a low prevalence of voluntary use of appropriate protective eyewear. Future prevention strategies incorporating education campaigns should focus on increasing players’ knowledge of risks. The barriers to use and misconceptions about which types of eyewear is most protective need to be addressed as a priority.
Association between the inception of a SAFE KIDS Coalition and changes in pediatric unintentional injury rates
Authors: Tamburro R F , Shorr R I , Bush A J , Kritchevsky S B , Stidham G L , Helms S A
Published: September 2002

Objective:To assess the relationship between the implementation of a SAFE KIDS Coalition and pediatric unintentional injury rates.

Setting:Shelby County, Tennessee.

Design:Retrospective observational analysis.

Patients:County residents nine years of age or younger presenting to the children’s medical center, its emergency department, or its outpatient clinics from 1990–97.

Intervention:Implementation of a SAFE KIDS Coalition.

Main outcome measures:Rates of unintentional injuries targeted by the SAFE KIDS Coalition that resulted in hospitalization or in death. Rates of motor vehicle occupant injuries that resulted in hospitalization or in death. Rates of non-targeted unintentional injuries, namely injuries secondary to animals and by exposure to toxic plants. Rates of severe injuries (defined as those targeted injuries that required hospitalization or resulted in death), and specifically, severe motor vehicle occupant injuries were compared before and after the inception of the coalition using Poisson regression analysis.

Results:The relative risk of targeted severe injury rates decreased after implementation of the coalition even after controlling for changes in hospital admission rates. Specifically, severe motor vehicle occupant injury rates decreased 30% (relative risk 0.70; 95% confidence interval 0.54 to 0.89) after initiation of the coalition.

Conclusions:The implementation of a SAFE KIDS Coalition was associated with a decrease in severe targeted injuries, most notably, severe motor vehicle occupant injuries. Although causality cannot be determined, these data suggest that the presence of a coalition may be associated with decreased severe unintentional injury rates.
Signs of Their Times: Deaf Communities and the Culture of Language
Authors: Senghas Richard J. , Monaghan Leila
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  Because of their deafness, deaf people have been marked as different and treated problematically by their hearing societies. Until 25 years ago, academic literature addressing deafness typically described deafness as pathology, focusing on cures or mitigation of the perceived handicap. In ethnographic accounts, interactions involving deaf people are sometimes presented as examples of how communities treat atypical members. Recently, studies of deafness have adopted more complex sociocultural perspectives, raising issues of community identity, formation and maintenance, and language ideology. Anthropological researchers have approached the study of d/Deaf communities from at least three useful angles. The first, focusing on the history of these communities, demonstrates that the current issues have roots in the past, including the central role of education in the creation and maintenance of communities. A second approach centers on emic perspectives, drawing on the voices of community members themselves and accounts of ethnographers. A third perspective studies linguistic issues and how particular linguistic issues involving deaf people articulate with those of their hearing societies.

To use a cultural definition is not only to assert a new frame of reference, but to consciously reject an older one…. But the cultural definition continues to perplex many. If Deaf people are indeed a cultural group, why then don't they seem more like the Pennan of the island of Borneo, or the Huichol of Mexico?

      Carol Padden (1996a)
Language Socialization: Reproduction and Continuity, Transformation and Change
Authors: Garrett Paul B. , Baquedano-López Patricia
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  While continuing to uphold the major aims set out in the first generation of language socialization studies, recent research examines the particularities of language socialization processes as they unfold in institutional contexts and in a wide variety of linguistically and culturally heterogeneous settings characterized by bilingualism, multilingualism, code-switching, language shift, syncretism, and other phenomena associated with contact between languages and cultures. Meanwhile new areas of analytic focus such as morality, narrative, and ideologies of language have proven highly productive. In the two decades since its earliest formulation, the language socialization paradigm has proven coherent and flexible enough not merely to endure, but to adapt, to rise to these new theoretical and methodological challenges, and to grow. The sources and directions of that growth are the focus of this review.
Contemporary Trends in Infant Feeding Research
Authors: Van Esterik Penny
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  This review examines current research in the subfields of anthropology and related disciplines on the biocultural process of breastfeeding and broader questions of infant and young-child feeding. The themes of sexuality, reproduction, embodiment, and subjective experience are then linked to the problems women who breastfeed face in bottle-feeding cultures. Anthropologists have contributed to policy-relevant debates concerning women's work and scheduling in relation to infant care and exclusive breastfeeding. The extensive ethnographic work on children's transition to consuming household foods demonstrates the need to integrate research on breastfeeding with research on complementary feeding. Current debates around HIV and chemical residues in breastmilk call for a critical examination of the effects of globalization and corporate control on infant feeding practices. The literature shows how the narrow specialty of infant feeding has broad implications for the discipline.
H2 Evolution from Aqueous Potassium Sulfite Solutions under Visible Light Irradiation over a Novel Sulfide Photocatalyst NaInS2 with a Layered Structure
Authors: Kudo Akihiko , Nagane Akira , Tsuji Issei , Kato Hideki
Published: September 2002

NaInS2 which consisted of anion layers of InS2− with a 2.3 eV band gap showed the photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution from an aqueous K2SO3 solution under visible light irradiation (λ>420 nm).
Synthesis of c Axes Oriented Hydroxyapatite Aggregate
Authors: Ohta Kazushi , Kikuchi Masanori , Tanaka Junzo , Eda Hiroshi
Published: September 2002

The c axes oriented hydroxyapatite (HAp) aggregates were synthesized by the hydrolysis of CaHPO4·2H2O (DCPD) at 100 °C in 10 mass% NaOH solution. The HAp was of a plate-like form resembling DCPD. The X-ray diffraction pattern shows that the relative peak intensities of 002 and 004 diffractions increased with the temperature. The crystals in an aggregate were aligned perpendicular to the wide surface of an original plate-like DCPD. HAp crystallites grew in the [00l] direction perpendicular to the wide surface of plate-like HAp aggregate.
Supramolecular Architectures Constructed by Strong Hydrogen Bonds. Crystal Structures of Novel One-Dimensional Polycatenane and Three-Dimensional Interpenetrated Network
Authors: Zhu Hui-Fang , Fan Jian , Okamura Taka-aki , Sun Wei-Yin , Ueyama Norikazu
Published: September 2002

We report novel supramolecular architectures based on flexible benzene-1,3,5-triacetic acid (bta) through strong hydrogen bonds. Partial deprotonated triacid forms a novel one-dimensional (1D) polycatenated chain (NH4)1.5[1,3,5-C6H3(CH2COOH)1.5(CH2COO)1.5] (1). While in the case of compound bta·H2O (2) with non-deprotonated triacid, a three-dimensional (3D) interpenetrated network was self-organized by strong O–H···O hydrogen bonds. The conformation of flexible triacid is cis, cis, cis in 1 and cis, trans, trans in 2.
A New Method to Achieve Construction of Au Architectures
Authors: Chen Yi , Gao Lian , Zheng Shan
Published: September 2002

Au architecture construction was achieved during the formation process of mesoporous silica, which was different compared to other methods. The influential factors about the product morphology were investigated. At a certain condition, Au nanowires were obtained. Scaning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show the character of the product.
Preparation of Long Silver Nanowires from Silver Matrix by Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Makita Yoji , Ikai Osamu , Ookubo Akira , Ooi Kenta
Published: September 2002

Long silver nanowires with a high aspect ratio of up to 2000 could be obtained from Ag-containing matrix with NASICON structure by electron beam irradiation.
Single-Crystalline Photochromism of Bis[2-(aminomethyl)pyridine]platinum(II) Chloride Monohydrate
Authors: Nishimura Hajime , Matsushita Nobuyuki
Published: September 2002

Bis[2-(aminomethyl)pyridine]platinum(II) chloride monohydrate [Pt(amp)2]Cl2·H2O has been found to exhibit photochromism in single-crystalline phase. Single crystals of the chloride were changed from almost colorless to pale-blue by the irradiation of the light. Its aqueous solution, however, shows no photochromic behavior. Absorption bands induced by the irradiation of the light show dichroism in the single crystals. The photochromic behavior of the present platinum complex chloride is very interesting, because it occurs in single-crystalline phase but not in solution.
Syntheses, Structures and Physical Properties of Palladium Complexes with an Extended-TTF Dithiolate Ligand, Bis(di-n-propylthiotetrathiafulvalenedithiolato)palladate
Authors: Suzuki Wakako , Fujiwara Emiko , Kobayashi Akiko , Hasegawa Ami , Miyamoto Takeshi , Kobayashi Hayao
Published: September 2002

New palladium complexes with an extended-TTF ligand, (nBu4N)[Pd(C3-tdt)2] and [Pd(C3-tdt)2] were prepared and their crystal structures were determined. The magnetic susceptibility of (nBu4N)[Pd(C3-tdt)2] gave good agreement with the Bonner-Fisher model (J=−16 K), suggesting anions form approximately a one-dimensional antiferromagnetic chain. Neutral [Pd(C3-tdt)2] was a semiconductor with a room temperature conductivity of ca. 10−2 S·cm−1.
New Synthetic Pathway to Novel Molybdenum Giant Cluster Compounds
Authors: Eda Kazuo , Sato Yuka , Iriki Yuichi
Published: September 2002

We developed a new synthetic pathway to novel molybdenum giant cluster compounds, in which pathway the giant cluster solution free from alkali metal or ammonium cations and from residuary species due to the usual preparation (reduction) procedures was used. Through the pathway, we prepared a novel crystalline compound with Ni2+. The crystals exhibited a monoclinic cell with a=2.9616(5) nm, b=4.5965(7) nm, c=2.9641(5) nm, β=103.342(15)°, and V=39.263(12) nm3.
The Inheritance of Inequality
Authors: Bowles Samuel , Gintis Herbert
Published: September 2002

How level is the intergenerational playing field? What are the causal mechanisms that underlie the intergenerational transmission of economic status?

Are these mechanisms amenable to public policies in a way that would make the attainment of economic success more fair? These are the questions we will try to answer.
Economic Interpretations of Intergenerational Correlations
Authors: Grawe Nathan D , Mulligan Casey B
Published: September 2002

Since accurate prediction ultimately determines the usefulness of theory, our paper gives the reader a taste of some predictions derived from economic theory and some empirical successes and failures. We provide only a taste, because there are a great many economic models relevant to intergenerational correlations— such as models of educational attainment, neighborhood effects in schooling, family formation and fertility choice, occupational choice and discrimination—and quite a variety of predictions that might be derived from these models. However, a simple model of investment and intergenerational decision making can be interpreted as a conceptual aggregation of many more detailed economic models. We present such a model and from it derive one class of predictions that has received substantial attention in the empirical literature—the role of endowments and credit markets in determining intergenerational correlations.
Controller validation
Authors: Brozenec T. F. , Tsao T. C. , Safonov M. G.
Published: September 2002

The unfalsified control concept provides a theoretical basis for directly validating closed‐loop controller performance from open‐loop experimental data, or even from closed‐loop data acquired while another controller was in the feedback loop. It allows this to be accomplished without making any prior assumptions about the plant or noise. This approach to experimental controller validation avoids the conservatism inherent in indirect two‐step validation approaches that require one to first identify a plant model and uncertainty‐bounds from experimental data before analysing control system robustness. Controller valida tion is shown to be the feedback generalization of open‐loop model validation concepts that form the basis of various control‐oriented system identification theories. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Farmworker reports of pesticide safety and sanitation in the work environment*
Authors: Arcury Thomas A. , Quandt Sara A. , Cravey Altha J. , Elmore Rebecca C. , Russell Gregory B.
Published: September 2002

Background

Migrant and seasonal farmworkers are at risk for occupational illnesses from pesticide exposure, and the effectiveness of pesticide safety regulations has not been evaluated. It is important to learn from farmworker safety experiences to develop effective measures to improve agricultural workplace safety.

Methods

Formative research included in‐depth interviews with farmworkers, farmers, extension agents, and health care providers. Survey research included interviews with 270 minority farmworkers during 1998, and 293 during 1999.

Results

Farmworkers and farmers hold different beliefs concerning pesticide safety which affect sanitation practices. Farmworkers report in survey data that farmers do not adhere to regulations mandating training and basic sanitation facilities.

Conclusions

Several points of intervention are available to improve pesticide safety and sanitation. Additional regulation by itself is not an advantageous starting point. The emphasis for intervention must include educating farmers as well as farmworkers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:487–498, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RE: Mesothelioma and lung tumors attributable to asbestos among petroleum workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2000. 37:275–282
Authors: Tsai Shan P. , Waddell Louis C. , Ransdell Jerry C.
Published: September 2002

In a recent Journal article, Dr. Gennaro et al.[2000] stated that 96‐100% of the mesotheliomas and 42‐49% of the lung cancers among maintenance workers in the petroleum industry were attributable to asbestos exposure. Their observation was based on two relatively small studies: one was a cohort study of refinery workers from Italy and the other a population‐based case‐control study from Canada.