bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ab initio complex potential energy curves of the He*(1s2p 1P)–Li dimer
Authors: Landau Arie , Ben-Asher Anael , Gokhberg Kirill , Cederbaum Lorenz S. , Moiseyev Nimrod
Published: May 2020

LiHe is an intriguing open-shell dimer. It is an extremely weakly bound system, and its vibrational bound-state radius extends far into the classically forbidden regions. Exciting helium into 1s2p leads to a 2Σ and a 2Π state, in which lithium is in its ground state. These states are located above the ionization threshold of the Li atom, which makes them metastable, i.e., resonance states. Under these conditions, energy transfer between the atoms over large distances is feasible within the framework of interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD). These states are investigated theoretically; herein, we present and analyze the complex potential energy curves of the 2Σ and 2Π states, where their imaginary parts describe the decay rate of these resonance states. We employ the resonance via Padé approach to calculate these potentials. Thereby, we use the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method to compute stabilization graphs as input data for the analytical dilation (via Padé) into the complex energy plane. The procedure is suitable for studying Feshbach resonances and ICD states such as the LiHe 2Σ and 2Π states. The resulting ab initio complex potential energy curves will be used in future work to describe the dynamics of the process HeLi + hν → He*Li → HeLi+ + eICD, which is amenable to experiment.
Dynamic morphoskeletons in development
Authors: Serra Mattia , Streichan Sebastian , Chuai Manli , Weijer Cornelis J. , Mahadevan L.
Published: May 2020

Morphogenetic flows in developmental biology are characterized by the coordinated motion of thousands of cells that organize into tissues, naturally raising the question of how this collective organization arises. Using only the kinematics of tissue deformation, which naturally integrates local and global mechanisms along cell paths, we identify the dynamic morphoskeletons behind morphogenesis, i.e., the evolving centerpieces of multicellular trajectory patterns. These features are model- and parameter-free, frame-invariant, and robust to measurement errors and can be computed from unfiltered cell-velocity data. We reveal the spatial attractors and repellers of the embryo by quantifying its Lagrangian deformation, information that is inaccessible to simple trajectory inspection or Eulerian methods that are local and typically frame-dependent. Computing these dynamic morphoskeletons in wild-type and mutant chick and fly embryos, we find that they capture the early footprint of known morphogenetic features, reveal new ones, and quantitatively distinguish between different phenotypes.
Tissue-specific disruption of
Kbtbd2
uncovers adipocyte-intrinsic and -extrinsic features of the
teeny
lipodystrophy syndrome
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Gallagher Thomas , Scherer Philipp E. , Beutler Bruce
Published: May 2020

Significance

To examine the function of KBTBD2 in different cell types, we knocked the gene out in adipocytes, liver, and muscle cells. None of these conditional knockouts could reproduce the growth retardation observed in mice with a global knockout. An adipose tissue-specific knockout was similar to a global knockout in most respects; however, hyperglycemia was less severe and hyperinsulinemia was more sustained. An adipose tissue-specific knockout caused insulin resistance in other tissues, demonstrating an adipose-extrinsic effect of the mutation.
Metonymic relations – from determinacy to indeterminacy
Authors: Jodlowiec Maria , Piskorska Agnieszka
Published: May 2020

The chapter offers an account of metonymy and discusses some stylistic effects which may be provided by
metonymic expressions. We treat metonymically communicated concepts as part of the inferentially established
proposition of an utterance and argue that many such concepts may be indeterminate. We posit that the reference of
metonymic expressions is assigned through the operation of a pragmatic mechanism called contextual cognitive fix,
which can be seen as an alternative to free enrichment. In line with other relevance-theoretic works, we see
indeterminacy as an asset rather than deficit of communication, showing that it can be a source of stylistic effects
also in the case of metonymy.
Metarepresentation markers in Indus Kohistani
Authors: Lubberger Beate
Published: May 2020

The marker loo, a discourse particle of Indus Kohistani, spoken in Northern Pakistan,
marks utterances that a speaker wishes her audience to convey to a third party and furthermore indicates third-person
imperative. The proposed analysis uses relevance theory as framework and includes a brief look at three other Indus
Kohistani discourse particles: the “hearsay” evidential lee, the quotative karee,
and the complementizer če. The distinction made within relevance theory between utterances that
represent states of affairs and utterances that metarepresent other representations (speech, thought) on one hand, and
between conceptual and procedural meaning on the other hand, allows for an analysis of all four markers as procedural
indicators of metarepresentation. What distinguishes them is the type of metarepresentation they mark: the particle
loo specifically indicates non-attributive metarepresentations of desirable utterances.
Echoic irony in Philip Larkin’s poetry and its preservation in Polish translations
Authors: Walczak Agnieszka
Published: May 2020

This chapter deals with the implications that the relevance-theoretic account of irony might have
for the interpretation of Philip Larkin’s poetry, acknowledged to be ironic by many literary critics. This is
exemplified by poems Church Going and Water. In reference to the latter, the
chapter also considers the impact of adopting this model on assessing translations. To illustrate this point,
two Polish translations of this poem are discussed. It is argued that incorporating an analysis of echoic
irony into the critique of the translations can shed light on the issue of their faithfulness to the
original.
Review on the Recent Advances on Typhoid Vaccine Development and Challenges Ahead
Authors: Syed Khalid Ali , Saluja Tarun , Cho Heeyoun , Hsiao Amber , Shaikh Hanif , Wartel T Anh , Mogasale Vittal , Lynch Julia , Kim Jerome H , Excler Jean-Louis , Sahastrabuddhe Sushant
Published: May 2020

Control of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S. typhi), the agent of typhoid fever, continues to be a challenge in many low- and middle-income countries. The major transmission route of S. typhi is fecal-oral, through contaminated food and water; thus, the ultimate measures for typhoid fever prevention and control include the provision of safe water, improved sanitation, and hygiene. Considering the increasing evidence of the global burden of typhoid, particularly among young children, and the long-term horizon for sustained, effective water and sanitation improvements in low-income settings, a growing consensus is to emphasize preventive vaccination. This review provides an overview of the licensed typhoid vaccines and vaccine candidates under development, and the challenges ahead for introduction.
Identifying main finding sentences in clinical case reports
Authors: Luo Mengqi , Cohen Aaron M , Addepalli Sidharth , Smalheiser Neil R
Published: May 2020

Clinical case reports are the ‘eyewitness reports’ of medicine and provide a valuable, unique, albeit noisy and underutilized type of evidence. Generally, a case report has a single main finding that represents the reason for writing up the report in the first place. However, no one has previously created an automatic way of identifying main finding sentences in case reports. We previously created a manual corpus of main finding sentences extracted from the abstracts and full text of clinical case reports. Here, we have utilized the corpus to create a machine learning-based model that automatically predicts which sentence(s) from abstracts state the main finding. The model has been evaluated on a separate manual corpus of clinical case reports and found to have good performance. This is a step toward setting up a retrieval system in which, given one case report, one can find other case reports that report the same or very similar main findings. The code and necessary files to run the main finding model can be downloaded from https://github.com/qi29/main_ finding_recognition, released under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
Economic Rationality under Cognitive Load
Authors: Drichoutis Andreas C , Nayga Rodolfo M
Published: May 2020

Economic analysis assumes that consumer behaviour can be rationalised by a utility function. Previous research has shown that some consistency of choices with economic rationality can be captured by permanent cognitive ability. No other known study however has examined how a temporary load in subjects’ working memory can affect economic rationality. Using two controlled laboratory experiments, we exogenously vary cognitive load by asking subjects to memorise a number while they undertake an induced budget allocation task (Choi et al., 2007a, b). Using a number of manipulation checks, we verify that cognitive load has adverse effects on subjects’ performance in reasoning tasks. However, we find no effect in any of the goodness-of-fit measures that measure consistency of subjects’ choices with the Generalized Axiom of Revealed Preference (GARP), despite having a sample size large enough to detect even small differences between treatments with 80% power. We also find no effect on first-order stochastic dominance and risk preferences. Our finding suggests that economic rationality can be attained even when subjects are placed under temporary working memory load, despite the fact that the load has adverse effects in reasoning tasks.
A Weight Loss Intervention Augmented by a Wearable Device in Rural Older Adults With Obesity: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Batsis John A , Petersen Curtis L , Clark Matthew M , Cook Summer B , Lopez-Jimenez Francisco , Al-Nimr Rima I , Pidgeon Dawna , Kotz David , Mackenzie Todd A , Bartels Stephen J
Published: May 2020

Background

Older persons with obesity aged 65+ residing in rural areas have reduced access to weight management programs due to geographic isolation. The ability to integrate technology into health promotion interventions shows a potential to reach this underserved population.

Methods

A 12-week pilot in 28 older rural adults with obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2) was conducted at a community aging center. The intervention consisted of individualized, weekly dietitian visits focusing on behavior therapy and caloric restriction with twice weekly physical therapist-led group strengthening training classes in a community-based aging center. All participants were provided a Fitbit Flex 2. An aerobic activity prescription outside the strength training classes was provided.

Results

Mean age was 72.9 ± 5.3 years (82% female). Baseline BMI was 37.1 kg/m2, and waist circumference was 120.0 ± 33.0 cm. Mean weight loss (pre/post) was 4.6 ± 3.2 kg (4.9 ± 3.4%; p < .001). Of the 40 eligible participants, 33 (75%) enrolled, and the completion rate was high (84.8%). Objective measures of physical function improved at follow-up: 6-minute walk test improved: 35.7 ± 41.2 m (p < .001); gait speed improved: 0.10 ± 0.24 m/s (p = .04); and five-times sit-to-stand improved by 2.1 seconds (p < .001). Subjective measures of late-life function improved (5.2 ± 7.1 points, p = .003), as did Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information Systems mental and physical health scores (5.0 ± 5.7 and 4.4 ± 5.0, both p < .001). Participants wore their Fitbit 93.9% of all intervention days, and were overall satisfied with the trial (4.5/5.0, 1–5 low–high) and with Fitbit (4.0/5.0).

Conclusions

A multicomponent obesity intervention incorporating a wearable device is feasible and acceptable to older adults with obesity, and potentially holds promise in enhancing health.
Disability and Patterns of Leisure Participation Across the Life Course
Authors: Shandra Carrie L
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Patterns of healthy leisure are dependent upon age, but people with disabilities are particularly susceptible to passive and disengaged types of activities. This study evaluates how individuals with disabilities spend their time in passive, active, social, and isolated forms of leisure over the life course, and how these patterns vary by age.

Method

I analyze nationally representative data from 70,165 respondents ages 15 and older in the 2008, 2010, and 2012–2016 American Time Use Survey. Linear regression models estimate the association between disability and leisure time, net of self-rated health and sociodemographic controls. Interactions between age and disability are also evaluated, as well as the robustness of results by sensory, cognitive, physical, and multiple disability status.

Results

People with disabilities report significantly more, and poorer quality, leisure than people without disabilities. This includes more than 2 hr more time in passive leisure as well as a disproportionate amount of isolated leisure spent at home, alone. These differences are not fully explained by health and sociodemographic controls. The isolated leisure time of people with disabilities is most different from people without disabilities in later life—whereas differences in total and passive leisure time, by disability status, are greatest in midlife.

Discussion

People with disabilities spend less time in health-promoting forms of leisure at all ages, but these patterns are unique across midlife and older age.
Getting Along in Assisted Living: Quality of Relationships Between Family Members and Staff
Authors: Falzarano Francesca , Reid M Carrington , Schultz Leslie , Meador Rhoda H , Pillemer Karl
Published: May 2020

Background and Objectives

Assisted living facilities (ALFs) have quickly expanded as an alternative to nursing homes. Research on nursing homes has revealed problems in relationships between family members and staff. However, little is known about these relationships within ALFs. The purpose of the current study was to examine the prevalence of conflict and positive and negative interactions from the perspective of both family members and staff and to examine the effects of positive and negative aspects of the relationship on salient staff and family outcomes in ALFs.

Research Design and Methods

Data were collected from 252 family members and 472 staff members across 20 ALFs who participated in the Partners in Care in Assisted Living study. Participants completed measures including interpersonal conflict, depressive symptoms, perception of treatment, and stress related to caregiving.

Results

Conflict among family and staff members was found to be relatively low. For staff, interpersonal conflict and treatment by family members significantly predicted burnout and depressive symptoms. For families, only female gender significantly predicted burden. Subgroup analyses, however, indicated that the effect of interpersonal conflict was significantly associated with perceived caregiver burden among family members whose relative had dementia.

Discussion and Implications

Despite the relatively harmonious relationships among family–staff in ALFs, sources of conflict and negative interactions were identified, revealing the importance of collaborative relationships and the influence these relationships have on both family and staff outcomes. These findings can inform intervention efforts to improve family–staff interactions within ALFs.
Reduced ice mass loss and three-dimensional viscoelastic deformation in northern Antarctic Peninsula inferred from GPS
Authors: Samrat Nahidul Hoque , King Matt A , Watson Christopher , Hooper Andrew , Chen Xianyao , Barletta Valentina R , Bordoni Andrea
Published: May 2020

We consider the viscoelastic rheology of the solid Earth under the Antarctic Peninsula due to ice mass loss that commenced after the breakup of the Larsen-B ice shelf. We extend the previous analysis of nearby continuous GPS time-series to include five additional years and the additional consideration of the horizontal components of deformation. They show strong uplift from ∼2002 to 2011 followed by reduced uplift rates to 2018. Modelling the GPS-derived uplift as a viscoelastic response to ongoing regional ice unloading from a new ice model confirms earlier estimates of low upper-mantle viscosities of ∼0.3–3 × 1018 Pa s in this region but allows a wide range of elastic lithosphere thickness. The observed and modelled north coordinate component shows little nonlinear variation due to the location of ice mass change to the east of the GPS sites. However, comparison of the observed and modelled east coordinate component constrains the upper-mantle viscosity to be less than ∼9 × 1018 Pa s, consistent with the viscosity range suggested by the uplift rates alone and providing important, largely independent, confirmation of that result. Our horizontal analysis showed only marginal sensitivity to modelled lithospheric thickness. The results for the horizontal components are sensitive to the adopted plate rotation model, with the estimate based on ITRF2014 suggesting that the sum of residual plate motion and pre-2002 glacial isostatic adjustment is likely less than ∼±0.5 mm yr−1 in the east component.
Variational integrators for stochastic dissipative Hamiltonian systems
Authors: Kraus Michael , Tyranowski Tomasz M
Published: May 2020

Variational integrators are derived for structure-preserving simulation of stochastic forced Hamiltonian systems. The derivation is based on a stochastic discrete Hamiltonian, which approximates a type-II stochastic generating function for the stochastic flow of the Hamiltonian system. The generating function is obtained by introducing an appropriate stochastic action functional and considering a stochastic generalization of the deterministic Lagrange–d’Alembert principle. Our approach presents a general methodology to derive new structure-preserving numerical schemes. The resulting integrators satisfy a discrete version of the stochastic Lagrange–d’Alembert principle, and in the presence of symmetries, they also satisfy a discrete counterpart of Noether’s theorem. Furthermore, mean-square and weak Lagrange–d’Alembert Runge–Kutta methods are proposed and tested numerically to demonstrate their superior long-time numerical stability and energy behaviour compared to nongeometric methods. The Vlasov–Fokker–Planck equation is considered as one of the numerical test cases, and a new geometric approach to collisional kinetic plasmas is presented.
Human factors and ergonomics at time of crises: the Italian experience coping with COVID-19
Authors: Albolino Sara , Dagliana Giulia , Tanzini Michela , Toccafondi Giulio , Beleffi Elena , Ranzani Francesco , Flore Elisabetta
Published: May 2020

Several of the key organizational issues that we have had to face with the emergence of COVID-19 crisis are related to human factors/ergonomics (HFE) and the safety culture. During the crisis the main activities of the healthcare services have been profoundly affected. Patient safety and risk management units have also experienced the need to adapt rapidly. What can we do as HFE experts, now that the scenario has completely changed? We contend that: (a) we can favour and support the heuristics that are applied to manage the load of psycho-cognitive stress. (b) We can observe, collect strategies and develop analytic schemes, thereby creating a memory of the organization for improvement in the future. (c) And we can support in educating and engaging the public. This crisis has forced the community of healthcare experts to broaden their reflections: for the future to come, our communities of experts in the field of risk management HF/E, quality and safety of care and public health should play together an important role from the very beginning, from the time of peace.
Contextual Awareness
Authors: Barber Craig
Published: May 2020

Craig Barber MBCS CITP tells ITNOW how to overcome challenges with security operations teams in a large organisation.
Brexit: The Y2K of This Generation?
Authors: Hamilton Johanna
Published: May 2020

Charlotte Walker-Osborn, MBCS, is a Partner and International Head of both the Artificial Intelligence Group and the Technology Sector at the global law firm, Eversheds Sutherland. Talking on the first working day after Brexit, she tells Johanna Hamilton AMBCS her thoughts on the UK as one of the global leaders in technology and how we must keep the momentum going.
Artificial Intelligence: Creating Post-Human Beings
Authors: Melsom Blair
Published: May 2020

What does it mean to be human? That’s the existential question award-winning artist Cecilie Waagner Falkenstrøm has lately been using machine learning technologies to explore. Here, she talks to Blair Melsom AMBCS about how art, science fiction and algorithms converge to provoke thoughts on the ethics of future humanised technology.
Mangiferin alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress in acute liver injury by regulating the miR-20a/miR-101a-Nrf2 axis
Authors: Li Shaoxun , Jin Shuanghong , Chen Weilai , Yu Jiake , Fang Peipei , Zhou Guangyao , Li Jie , Jin Lingxiang , Chen Yiping , Chen Ping , Pan Chenwei
Published: May 2020

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of mangiferin on regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in acute liver injury. The mouse model of acute liver injury was established by injection of LPS/D-GalN. The primary mouse hepatocytes were stimulated with LPS to induce the in vitro model. The effect of miR-20a/101a on the luciferase activity of Nrf2 3′-UTR was assessed by luciferase reporter assay. Mangiferin improved the liver function, inhibited the oxidative stress and ER stress and down-regulated the expressions of miR-20a and miR-101a in LPS/D-GalN-induced mice and LPS-induced hepatocytes. The knockdown of miR-20a and miR-101a co-operatively alleviated ER stress of LPS-induced hepatocytes. miR-20a and miR-101a both targeted Nrf2 and the over-expression of miR-20a or miR-101a decreased Nrf2 protein level, while their silences increased Nrf2 protein level. The silence of miR-20a and miR-101a promoted Nrf2 expression and inhibited the ER stress in LPS-induced hepatocytes, while the knockdown of Nrf2 reversed these effects. The over-expression of miR-20a and miR-101a eliminated the effects of mangiferin on Nrf2 protein level and ER stress in LPS-induced hepatocytes and Nrf2 over-expression altered these trends. Our findings suggest that mangiferin alleviates ER stress in acute liver injury by regulating the miR-20a/miR-101a-Nrf2 axis.
Never Solo: Gratitude for My Academic Journey
Authors: Childress James F
Published: May 2020

Tom Beauchamp and I were asked by the editors of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy to prepare “intellectual autobiographies,” with particular attention to sources and influences on our work, including but not limited to Principles of Biomedical Ethics. Of course, it is artificial and even impossible to try fully to separate the “intellectual” from other aspects of our lives. So, while emphasizing the “intellectual” aspects of my autobiography, I have attended to other aspects, too. The huge debts of gratitude I owe also mix the “intellectual” and other aspects of life.
Magnetic-reconnection-heated corona in active galactic nuclei: refined disc–corona model and application to broad-band radiation
Authors: Cheng Huaqing , Liu B F , Liu Jieying , Liu Zhu , Qiao Erlin , Yuan Weimin
Published: May 2020

A long-standing question in active galactic nucleus (AGN) research is how the corona is heated up to produce X-ray radiation much stronger than that arising from the viscous heating within the corona. In this paper, we carry out detailed investigations of magnetic-reconnection heating to the corona, specifically, studying how the disc and corona are self-consistently coupled with the magnetic field, and how the emergent spectra depend on the fundamental parameters of AGN. It is shown that diverse spectral shapes and luminosities over a broad bandpass from optical to X-ray can be produced from the coupled disc and corona within a limited range of the black hole mass, accretion rate, and magnetic field strength. The relative strength of X-ray emission with respect to optical/ultraviolet (UV) depends on the strength of the magnetic field in the disc, which, together with accretion rate, determines the fraction of accretion energy transported and released in the corona. This refined disc–corona model is then applied to reproduce the broad-band spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of a sample of 20 bright local AGNs observed simultaneously in X-ray and optical/UV. We find that, in general, the overall observed broad-band SEDs can be reasonably reproduced, except for rather hard X-ray spectral shapes in some objects. The radiation pressure-dominant region, as previously predicted for the standard accretion disc in AGN, disappears for strong X-ray sources, revealing that AGN accretion discs are indeed commonly stable as observed. Our study suggests the disc–corona coupling model involving magnetic fields to be a promising approach for understanding the broad-band spectra of bright AGNs.
A detailed look at the stellar populations in green valley galaxies
Authors: Angthopo James , Ferreras Ignacio , Silk Joseph
Published: May 2020

The green valley (GV) represents an important transitional state from actively star-forming galaxies to passively evolving systems. Its traditional definition, based on colour, rests on a number of assumptions that can be subjected to non-trivial systematics. In Angthopo, Ferreras & Silk (2019), we proposed a new definition of the GV based on the 4000 Å break strength. In this paper, we explore in detail the properties of the underlying stellar populations by use of ∼230 thousand high-quality spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), contrasting our results with a traditional approach via dust-corrected colours. We explore high-quality stacked SDSS spectra, and find a population trend that suggests a substantial difference between low- and high-mass galaxies, with the former featuring younger populations with star formation quenching, and the latter showing older (post-quenching) populations that include rejuvenation events. Subtle but measurable differences are found between a colour-based approach and our definition, especially as our selection of GV galaxies produces a cleaner ‘stratification’ of the GV, with more homogeneous population properties within sections of the GV. Our definition based on 4000 Å break strength gives a clean representation of the transition to quiescence, easily measurable in the upcoming and future spectroscopic surveys.
Is the gap in the DS Tau disc hiding a planet?
Authors: Veronesi Benedetta , Ragusa Enrico , Lodato Giuseppe , Aly Hossam , Pinte Christophe , Price Daniel J , Long Feng , Herczeg Gregory J , Christiaens Valentin
Published: May 2020

Recent millimetre-wavelength surveys performed with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) have revealed protoplanetary discs characterized by rings and gaps. A possible explanation for the origin of such rings is the tidal interaction with an unseen planetary companion. The protoplanetary disc around DS Tau shows a wide gap in the ALMA observation at 1.3 mm. We construct a hydrodynamical model for the dust continuum observed by ALMA assuming the observed gap is carved by a planet between one and five Jupiter masses. We fit the shape of the radial intensity profile along the disc major axis varying the planet mass, the dust disc mass, and the evolution time of the system. The best-fitting model is obtained for a planet with $M_{\rm p}=3.5\, \mathrm{ M}_{\rm Jup}$ and a disc with $M_{\rm dust}= 9.6\,\times \,10^{-5}\, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$. Starting from this result, we also compute the expected signature of the planet in the gas kinematics, as traced by CO emission. We find that such a signature (in the form of a ‘kink’ in the channel maps) could be observed by ALMA with a velocity resolution between $0.2-0.5\, \rm {kms}^{-1}$ and a beam size between 30 and 50 mas.
Observing the earliest moments of supernovae using strong gravitational lenses
Authors: Foxley-Marrable Max , Collett Thomas E , Frohmaier Chris , Goldstein Daniel A , Kasen Daniel , Swann Elizabeth , Bacon David
Published: May 2020

We determine the viability of exploiting lensing time delays to observe strongly gravitationally lensed supernovae (gLSNe) from first light. Assuming a plausible discovery strategy, the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) and the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) will discover ∼110 and ∼1 systems per year before the supernova (SN) explosion in the final image, respectively. Systems will be identified $11.7^{+29.8}_{-9.3}$ d before the final explosion. We then explore the possibility of performing early-time observations for Type IIP and Type Ia SNe in LSST-discovered systems. Using a simulated Type IIP explosion, we predict that the shock breakout in one trailing image per year will peak at ≲24.1 mag (≲23.3) in the B-band (F218W), however evolving over a time-scale of ∼30 min. Using an analytic model of Type Ia companion interaction, we find that in the B-band we should observe at least one shock cooling emission event per year that peaks at ≲26.3 mag (≲29.6) assuming all Type Ia gLSNe have a 1 M⊙ red giant (main sequence) companion. We perform Bayesian analysis to investigate how well deep observations with 1 h exposures on the European Extremely Large Telescope would discriminate between Type Ia progenitor populations. We find that if all Type Ia SNe evolved from the double-degenerate channel, then observations of the lack of early blue flux in 10 (50) trailing images would rule out more than 27 per cent (19 per cent) of the population having 1 M⊙ main sequence companions at 95 per cent confidence.
Photoionizing feedback in spiral arm molecular clouds
Authors: Bending Thomas J R , Dobbs Clare L , Bate Matthew R
Published: May 2020

We present simulations of a 500 pc2 region, containing gas of mass 4 × 106 M⊙, extracted from an entire spiral galaxy simulation, scaled up in resolution, including photoionizing feedback from stars of mass >18 M⊙. Our region is evolved for 10 Myr and shows clustered star formation along the arm generating ≈ 5000 cluster sink particles ≈ 5 per cent of which contain at least one of the ≈ 4000 stars of mass >18 M⊙. Photoionization has a noticeable effect on the gas in the region, producing ionized cavities and leading to dense features at the edge of the H ii regions. Compared to the no-feedback case, photoionization produces a larger total mass of clouds and clumps, with around twice as many such objects, which are individually smaller and more broken up. After this we see a rapid decrease in the total mass in clouds and the number of clouds. Unlike studies of isolated clouds, our simulations follow the long-range effects of ionization, with some already dense gas, becoming compressed from multiple sides by neighbouring H ii regions. This causes star formation that is both accelerated and partially displaced throughout the spiral arm with up to 30 per cent of our cluster sink particle mass forming at distances >5 pc from sites of sink formation in the absence of feedback. At later times, the star formation rate decreases to below that of the no-feedback case.
A large amount of diffuse molecular gases in the bar of the strongly barred galaxy NGC 1300: cause of the low star formation efficiency
Authors: Maeda Fumiya , Ohta Kouji , Fujimoto Yusuke , Habe Asao , Ushio Kaito
Published: May 2020

In many barred galaxies, star formation efficiency (SFE) in the bar is lower than those in the arm and bar-end, and its cause has still not been clear. Focusing on the strongly barred galaxy NGC 1300, we investigate the possibility that the presence of a large amount of diffuse molecular gas, which would not contribute to the SF, makes the SFE low in appearance. We examine the relation between the SFE and the diffuse molecular gas fraction (fdif), which is derived using the 12CO(1–0) flux obtained from the interferometer of ALMA 12-m array, which has no sensitivity on diffuse (extended; full width at half-maximum ⪆700 pc) molecular gases due to the lack of ACA, and the total 12CO(1–0) flux obtained from Nobeyama 45-m single-dish telescope. We find that the SFE decreases with increasing fdif. The fdif and SFE are 0.74−0.91 and $0.06\!-\!0.16 ~\rm Gyr^{-1}$ in the bar regions, and 0.28−0.65 and $0.23\!-\!0.96 ~\rm Gyr^{-1}$ in the arm and bar-end regions, respectively. This result supports the idea that the presence of a large amount of diffuse molecular gas makes the SFE low. The suppression of the SFE in the bar has also been seen even when we exclude the diffuse molecular gas components. This suggests that the low SFE appears to be caused not only by a large amount of diffuse molecular gases but also by other mechanisms such as fast cloud–cloud collisions.
Lessons on early structure formation from a mature galaxy cluster observed at cosmic noon
Authors: Liu Boyuan , Schauer Anna T P , Bromm Volker
Published: May 2020

We demonstrate a new approach of indirectly constraining both early star and structure formation via mature galaxy clusters at cosmic noon (z ∼ 2), using the cluster XLSSC 122 as an example. With the standard Press Schechter formalism, we infer a rapid evolution of the star formation efficiency (the ratio of stellar to halo mass) from 10−4 to 0.01 during z ∼ 20−13, based on the age distribution of stars in post-starburst galaxies of XLSSC 122, measured by Hubble Space Telescope photometry assuming no dust extinction. Here, we consider all low-mass haloes, including minihaloes, that host the first stars and galaxies ($5\times 10^5\ \rm M_{\odot }\lesssim M_{\rm halo}\lesssim 10^{10}\ \rm M_{\odot }$). We also place new constraints on fuzzy dark matter models of ma ≲ 5 × 10−21 eV/c2 for the ultralight boson mass, from the abundance of galaxies with star formation at z ≳ 13 in XLSSC 122. Our exploratory results are consistent with existing constraints. More comprehensive results will be obtained if our approach is extended to a large sample of clusters or field post-starburst galaxies at cosmic noon, with improved modelling of halo and stellar populations.
Genomic Epidemiology, Evolution, and Transmission Dynamics of Porcine Deltacoronavirus
Authors: He Wan-Ting , Ji Xiang , He Wei , Dellicour Simon , Wang Shilei , Li Gairu , Zhang Letian , Gilbert Marius , Zhu Henan , Xing Gang , Veit Michael , Huang Zhen , Han Guan-Zhu , Huang Yaowei , Suchard Marc A , Baele Guy , Lemey Philippe , Su Shuo
Published: May 2020

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has shown once again that coronavirus (CoV) in animals are potential sources for epidemics in humans. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogen of swine with a worldwide distribution. Here, we implemented and described an approach to analyze the epidemiology of PDCoV following its emergence in the pig population. We performed an integrated analysis of full genome sequence data from 21 newly sequenced viruses, along with comprehensive epidemiological surveillance data collected globally over the last 15 years. We found four distinct phylogenetic lineages of PDCoV, which differ in their geographic circulation patterns. Interestingly, we identified more frequent intra- and interlineage recombination and higher virus genetic diversity in the Chinese lineages compared with the USA lineage where pigs are raised in different farming systems and ecological environments. Most recombination breakpoints are located in the ORF1ab gene rather than in genes encoding structural proteins. We also identified five amino acids under positive selection in the spike protein suggesting a role for adaptive evolution. According to structural mapping, three positively selected sites are located in the N-terminal domain of the S1 subunit, which is the most likely involved in binding to a carbohydrate receptor, whereas the other two are located in or near the fusion peptide of the S2 subunit and thus might affect membrane fusion. Finally, our phylogeographic investigations highlighted notable South-North transmission as well as frequent long-distance dispersal events in China that could implicate human-mediated transmission. Our findings provide new insights into the evolution and dispersal of PDCoV that contribute to our understanding of the critical factors involved in CoVs emergence.
ZKSCAN3 counteracts cellular senescence by stabilizing heterochromatin
Authors: Hu Huifang , Ji Qianzhao , Song Moshi , Ren Jie , Liu Zunpeng , Wang Zehua , Liu Xiaoqian , Yan Kaowen , Hu Jianli , Jing Yaobin , Wang Si , Zhang Weiqi , Liu Guang-Hui , Qu Jing
Published: May 2020

Zinc finger protein with KRAB and SCAN domains 3 (ZKSCAN3) has long been known as a master transcriptional repressor of autophagy. Here, we identify a novel role for ZKSCAN3 in alleviating senescence that is independent of its autophagy-related activity. Downregulation of ZKSCAN3 is observed in aged human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and depletion of ZKSCAN3 accelerates senescence of these cells. Mechanistically, ZKSCAN3 maintains heterochromatin stability via interaction with heterochromatin-associated proteins and nuclear lamina proteins. Further study shows that ZKSCAN3 deficiency results in the detachment of genomic lamina-associated domains (LADs) from the nuclear lamina, loss of heterochromatin, a more accessible chromatin status and consequently, aberrant transcription of repetitive sequences. Overexpression of ZKSCAN3 not only rescues premature senescence phenotypes in ZKSCAN3-deficient hMSCs but also rejuvenates physiologically and pathologically senescent hMSCs. Together, these data reveal for the first time that ZKSCAN3 functions as an epigenetic modulator to maintain heterochromatin organization and thereby attenuate cellular senescence. Our findings establish a new functional link among ZKSCAN3, epigenetic regulation, and stem cell aging.
The effects of dissolved organic matter from a native and an invasive plant species on juvenile Daphnia survival and growth
Authors: Wilkins Keiko W , Overholt Erin , Williamson Craig
Published: May 2020

Shifts in the composition of terrestrial plant communities could have significant effects on freshwater zooplankton due to changes in the quality of inputs of terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter (DOM). Leachate from native red maple (RM) and invasive Amur honeysuckle (AH) were used to explore the effects of DOM source on survival and growth of juvenile Daphnia ambigua. Prior research with both terrestrial and aquatic organisms indicates that AH-derived DOM has negative effects. Comparing bioassays in the presence and absence of algae with no additional DOM, RM- or AH-derived DOM, RM had stronger negative effects on both Daphnia survival and growth while AH only decreased growth. The negative effects seen in the presence and absence of algae provided evidence for both indirect and direct effects due to phytotoxicity and plant secondary compounds, respectively. DOM source may play a key role in regulating consumers in aquatic ecosystems.
Response of Plant Fungal Diseases to Beef Cattle Grazing Intensity in Hulunber Grassland
Authors: Zhang Yawen , Nan Zhibiao , Xin Xiaoping
Published: May 2020

The effects of grazing by large herbivores on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning have been extensively studied, whereas how grazing influence plant diseases, especially in natural grasslands, remains poorly understood. Therefore, we undertook a field study regarding a grazing trial in a temperate meadow steppe grassland to investigate mechanisms underlying grazing-host-pathogen interactions. The effects of cattle grazing at different grazing intensities of 0, 0.23, 0.34, 0.46, 0.69, and 0.92 AU/ha (where 1 AU= 500 kg of adult cattle) on the microenvironment, vegetation characteristics, and occurrence of diseases were evaluated. At the population level, the effects of grazing on grassland vegetation characteristics and disease varied with grassland plant species. Compared with nongrazing, grazing directly decreased the average density, coverage, and disease incidence of palatable and edible forages by 51.4, 62.4, and 82.4% in the 0.92 AU/ha treatment but increased the occurrence and prevalence of disease in remaining small herbs by 752.1%. At the community level, with the increase of grazing intensity, the pathogen load of the whole community in grassland was positively related to host coverage. In addition, there was a trend toward increased microtemperature and decreased microhumidity with increased grazing. Although occurrence of plant diseases in natural grasslands is influenced by a range of factors, comprehensive analysis highlighted the major role that cattle grazing intensity plays in the occurrence of plant diseases in natural grasslands. In addition to its direct effect, grazing also indirectly affects disease occurrence by shifting plant community structure and the microenvironment. However, direct effects of grazing intensity affected disease occurrence more than indirect effects.
A Survey for Nine Major Viruses of Grapevines in Tennessee Vineyards
Authors: Soltani Nourolah , Hu Rongbin , Hensley Darrell D. , Lockwood David L. , Perry Keith. L. , Hajimorad M. R.
Published: May 2020

Despite the significance of grape production to the fruit industry in Tennessee (TN), no published information has been available on viruses affecting grapevines in the state. Hence, a survey was conducted during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons to determine the status of nine major viruses of grapevines in TN vineyards by taking advantage of classical serological assays and confirmatory nucleic acid-based diagnostic approaches. A total of 349 samples from 23 grapevine cultivars mostly displaying viral-like symptoms were collected from 23 commercial vineyards. All samples were assayed by DAS-ELISA for arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), grapevine leafroll-associated virus (GLRaV)-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, GLRaV-4, grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), and tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV). Selected serologically positive samples were also tested by RT-PCR, followed by Sanger sequencing of the generated amplicons. Additionally, 19 grapevines displaying symptoms characteristic of grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) were also assayed by PCR followed by confirmatory sequencing-based methods. Collectively, these assays verifiably detected GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, ToRSV, and GRBV in TN vineyards. This is the first record of the presence of these viruses in TN vineyards. ArMV, GLRaV-4, GFLV, and TRSV were not detected. The majority of samples tested positive for a single virus, whereas mixed infections with more than one virus were detected in 37% of samples.
The role of percutaneous coronary intervention in managing patients with stable ischemic heart disease
Authors: Herbert Tara , Rizzolo Denise
Published: May 2020

A major outcome of cardiology research over the last 2 decades is the finding that intensive medical management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease is as effective as revascularization procedures in preventing cardiac events and death. This finding has generated management guidelines that often are overlooked because of misplaced enthusiasm for revascularization procedures.
Perceptions of Sexual and Gender Minority Content in Graduate Nursing Curricula
Authors: Lauderdale Jana L. , Fogel Sarah C. , Schorn Mavis N. , Dietrich Mary S.
Published: May 2020

AIM

The aim of the study was to evaluate how faculty and nursing students perceive the importance of including sexual and gender minority (SGM) content in graduate curricula.

BACKGROUND

Nurses in education and practice must be culturally sensitive to the unique populations we serve and to the diversity represented in all health care environments.

METHOD

Online secure web-based surveys were distributed to graduate nursing faculty and students in 2015 and 2017 employing a triangulated methodology.

RESULTS

Faculty and students responded that basic content and knowledge of clinical care for SGM populations are important. Thematic analysis of open-ended questions provided suggestions for improvement in curricula and within the learning environment.

CONCLUSION

Continued development of faculty knowledge and application of SGM content in nursing curricula must meet student expectations and health needs of SGM populations.
Being Vulnerable: A Qualitative Inquiry of Physician Touch in Medical Education
Authors: Kelly Martina , Nixon Lara , Rosenal Tom , Crowshoe Lindsay , Harvey Adrian , Tink Wendy , Dornan Tim
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Effective nonverbal communication is associated with empathic behavior and improved patient outcomes. Touch, as a form of nonverbal communication, is relatively unexplored in medical education. This study sought to gain in-depth insights into physicians’ experiences communicating with touch and to examine how these insights could inform communication skills curricula.

Method

Collaborative inquiry, a form of action research, was used. Six experienced physician–educators from the University of Calgary met 8 times between 2015 and 2018 to critically reflect on their experiences of touch in clinical practice, teaching, and learning. Data comprised meeting transcripts, individual narrative accounts, and digital recordings of role-plays. Interpretative phenomenology, the study of lived experience, guided analysis.

Results

Two themes were identified—touch as presence and touch as risk. Participants used touch to demonstrate presence and a shared humanity with patients, to express “being with” a patient. Risk was not associated with the physical experience of touch but, rather, with its social meaning, interpreted through gender, culture, relationships, and context. Individual experiences were open to many interpretations. Participants expressed tension between their personal experience communicating with touch to express empathy and formal curricular structures. Reflection, role-modeling, and clinical debriefs were suggested as ways to encourage situational awareness and sensitive use of touch.

Conclusions

Touch is a powerful means to communicate with patients but is highly subjective. Rather than avoiding touch for fear of misinterpretation, encouraging dialogue about its complexity could promote a more balanced understanding of touch and its potential to convey empathy and help physicians more effectively manage risk when using touch.
Anticipating the Impact of the USMLE Step 1 Pass/Fail Scoring Decision on Underrepresented-in-Medicine Students
Authors: McDade William , Vela Monica B. , Sánchez J.P.
Published: May 2020

Three-digit United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 scores have assumed an outsized role in residency selection decisions, creating intense pressure for medical students to obtain a high score on this exam. In February 2020, the Federation of State Medical Boards and the National Board of Medical Examiners announced that Step 1 would transition to pass/fail scoring beginning in 2022.

The authors discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages of the pass/fail scoring change for underrepresented-in-medicine (UiM) trainees. UiM students may benefit from this change because it reduces the effect of an inequitable exam; helps correct for students who attend medical schools with a curriculum heavier on nontested formative elements; and decreases stress, improves quality of life, and undermines imposter syndrome. However, this change may also precipitate unforeseen challenges, such as increased discrimination toward UiM trainees, an increase in high-stakes test failures due to a reduced focus on preparing for standardized exams, or the development of new (e.g., subject exams) or overreliance on existing (e.g., school ranking) metrics that would make UiM residency candidates less competitive.

To enhance UiM representation in the future health care workforce, it is imperative that national organizations (e.g., accrediting, licensing, regulatory, professional, honor, student, and faculty), hospitals, residency programs, and patient advocacy groups undertake a shared, rigorous approach in assessing the impact of the pass/fail scoring change on UiM applicants’ selection to specialty and subspecialty residencies.