bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Veterinary Pesticides
Authors: Woodward K N
Published: January 2012

Veterinary pesticides are used to treat a range of parasitic conditions in companion and farm animals. These products are based on a number of different compounds with different modes of action and different spectra of toxicity. The older agents include the synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphorus compounds, while the newer examples include, for example, representatives of the insect growth promoters, the neonicotinoids, and the oxadiazones. For many of these compounds, toxicity is associated with their pharmacological activity or mode of action. Thus the synthetic pyrethroids and the organophosphorus compounds exert neurotoxic effects. For others, toxicity may be associated with mechanisms that are independent of their mode of action. When used according to the manufacturer's instructions, these products are generally safe and efficacious. However, accidental contamination and misuse can lead to toxicity in operators and treated animals. These compounds are important in the treatment of parasitic disease in animals and their regulation and uses are based on favourable risk-benefit outcomes.
Interdisciplinary Therapy Assessments for the Older Adult
Authors: Chatfield Lynn , Christos Sandra , McGregor Michael
Published: January 2012

In a changing economy and a changing industry, health care providers need to complete thorough, comprehensive, and efficient assessments that provide both an accurate depiction of the patient's deficits and a blueprint to the path of treatment for older adults. Through standardized testing and observations as well as the goals and evidenced-based treatment plans we have devised, health care providers can maximize outcomes and the functional levels of patients. In this article, we review an interdisciplinary assessment that involves speech-language pathology, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and respiratory therapy to work with older adults in health care settings. Using the approach, we will examine the benefits of collaboration between disciplines, an interdisciplinary screening process, and the importance of sharing information from comprehensive discipline-specific evaluations. We also will discuss the importance of having an understanding of the varied scopes of practice, the utilization of outcome measurement tools, and a patient-centered assessment approach to care.
Why Does This Person Have Dysphagia?
Authors: Tobochnik Andrea M. , Bitely Faith P.
Published: January 2012

Individuals of advanced age may have multiple medical conditions that contribute to their dysphagia symptoms; these cases can present diagnostic challenges for the clinician. To develop an appropriate treatment plan, the clinician must use a swallowing assessment that first identifies all of the factors that could contribute to the individual's dysphagia. In this article, we will discuss the importance of the clinician's having a thorough understanding of the individual's medical history and examine several medical conditions that may contribute to dysphagia symptoms.
Development of Calendula Oil/Chitosan Microcapsules and their Biological Safety Evaluation
Authors: Lam Pik Ling , Yuen Marcus Chun Wah , Kan Chi Wai , Wong Raymond Siu Ming , Cheng Gregory Yin Ming , Lam Kim Hung , Gambari Roberto , Kok Stanton Hon Lung , Chui Chung Hin
Published: January 2012

Chitosan microcapsules containing calendula oil are prepared by a simple coacervation method. The results show that the performance of the microcapsules, including encapsulation efficiency and particle size, is affected by the change of various processing parameters of microcapsule manufacture. Under the optimal parameter combinations: the chitosan concentration is 1.5 % w/v; the core/wall ratio is 0.1 g mL–1; the stirring speed is 1200 rpm; and the pH value is 10. The compositions and surface morphology of the microcapsules are examined using scanning electron microscope and FTIR spectroscopy. The in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation demonstrates that the microcapsules exhibit no significant cytotoxic effects on human keratinocytes. The in vivo toxicology analysis on mice proves that the microcapsules do not exert any significant necrosis to the liver. It is suggested that our microcapsules could be used as a safe drug carrier both topically and orally.
Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of health care workers towards clients of sexual health services in Fiji
Authors: Lui Paraniala Silas , Sarangapany Jeganathan , Begley Kim , Musson Rachel , Ram Sharan , Kishore Kamal
Published: January 2012

A cross-sectional survey was conducted to identify the attitudes and behaviours of health care workers (HCWs) in health care settings (HCS) in Fiji involving 369 participants. Self-rated knowledge of HIV and sexually transmissible infections (STIs) varied depending on whether the HCS was divisional or sub-divisional, and varied between the various national divisions. HCWs with experience in HIV, reproductive health and antenatal clinics had higher self-rated HIV knowledge. A high proportion had a fear of catching HIV from HIV-positive clients. This study found high levels of negative attitudes towards clients from vulnerable groups with regards to the transmission and spread of HIV. Study participants also reported observing differential treatment by their colleagues if a client was known to have or was suspected of having HIV. There is a need for further HIV education of HCWs, with training focussed on occupational risk, and on reducing stigma and discrimination of those living with or vulnerable to HIV in Fiji.
CLE-like (CLEL) peptides control the pattern of root growth and lateral root development in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Meng Ling , Buchanan Bob B. , Feldman Lewis J. , Luan Sheng
Published: January 2012

CLE peptides, named for the CLV3/ESR-related peptide family, participate in intercellular-signaling pathways. Here we investigated members of the CLE-like (CLEL) gene family that encode peptide precursors recently designated as root growth factors [Matsuzaki Y et al. (2010)
Science
329:1065–1067]. CLEL precursors share a similar domain structure with CLE precursors (i.e., they contain a putative N-terminal signal peptide and a C-terminal conserved 13-amino-acid CLEL motif with a variable middle portion). Our evidence shows that, unlike root growth factor, CLEL peptides are (
i
) unmodified and (
ii
) function in the regulation of the direction of root growth and lateral root development. Overexpression of several
CLEL
genes in
Arabidopsis
resulted in either long roots or long and wavy roots that also showed altered lateral root patterning. Exogenous application of unmodified synthetic 13-amino-acid peptides derived from two CLEL motifs resulted in similar phenotypic changes in roots of wild-type plants. In CLEL peptide-induced long roots, the root apical meristem (RAM) was enlarged and consisted of an increased number of cells, compared with wild-type root apical meristems. The wavy-root phenotype appeared to be independent of other responses of the roots to the environment (e.g., gravitropism, phototropism, and thigmotropism). Results also showed that the inhibition of lateral initiation by CLEL overexpression was not overcome by the application of auxin. These findings establish CLEL as a peptide family with previously unrecognized regulatory functions controlling the pattern of root growth and lateral root development in plants.
Actin binding to WH2 domains regulates nuclear import of the multifunctional actin regulator JMY
Authors: Zuchero J. Bradley , Belin Brittany , Mullins R. Dyche
Published: January 2012

Junction-mediating and regulatory protein (JMY) is a regulator of both transcription and actin filament assembly. In response to DNA damage, JMY accumulates in the nucleus and promotes p53-dependent apoptosis. JMY's actin-regulatory activity relies on a cluster of three actin-binding Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein homology 2 (WH2) domains that nucleate filaments directly and also promote nucleation activity of the Arp2/3 complex. In addition to these activities, we find that the WH2 cluster overlaps an atypical, bipartite nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and controls JMY's subcellular localization. Actin monomers bound to the WH2 domains block binding of importins to the NLS and prevent nuclear import of JMY. Mutations that impair actin binding, or cellular perturbations that induce actin filament assembly and decrease the concentration of monomeric actin in the cytoplasm, cause JMY to accumulate in the nucleus. DNA damage induces both cytoplasmic actin polymerization and nuclear import of JMY, and we find that damage-induced nuclear localization of JMY requires both the WH2/NLS region and importin β. On the basis of our results, we propose that actin assembly regulates nuclear import of JMY in response to DNA damage.
Modernist Habit
Authors: Schoenbach Lisi
Published: January 2012

Chapter One traces philosophical treatments of habit from Aristotle and Burke through Walter Pater and Viktor Shklovsky. It examines pragmatism’s distinctively modern contributions to this genealogy and offers extended readings of the role of habit in Dewey and William James. The chapter argues that pragmatic modernism shares with the historical avant-garde a focus on the relation between habit and shock, and that-despite meaningful differences in tone and emphasis-both consider the consequences of this relation for social change. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the surprising affinities between representations of habit in André Breton’s Nadja (1928), Walter Benjamin’s essays on Surrealism, and Deweyan pragmatism.
“Peaceful and Exciting”
Authors: Schoenbach Lisi
Published: January 2012

Chapter Two considers Stein’s literary treatments of pragmatist habit: her writerly experiments with punctuation, syntax, grammar, cliché, and repetition. The chapter argues that habit informs Stein’s modernism both formally and philosophically. In Stein, habit is at once a discursive structure and a subject of inquiry. Habit links Stein’s repetitions, perhaps her most characteristic literary mannerism, to her treatment of questions of national and institutional identity, literary history, and the intimate domestic routines she refers to as “daily island living.” Her literary experiments relate the minutiae of daily life to textual habits such as punctuation, syntax, and cliché, and to the collective habits of thought that create institutions, literary canons, and national identities. Stein takes as one of her most serious engagements the duty of rendering habit visible, and her literary materializations of the problem of habit make her one of our most striking, and unexpected, theorists and practitioners of pragmatic modernism.
Jamesian Institutions
Authors: Schoenbach Lisi
Published: January 2012

Chapter Three addresses pragmatic modernism’s complex approach to the problem of institutionally-grounded change. It does so by examining a term, “prediction,” that captures one of the central contradictions of modernity. On the one hand, modernity offered an unprecedented range of freedoms, and modernist artists emphasized the dizzying contingency and unpredictability of these new liberties. On the other, modern institutional forms were invented or redesigned to manage risk and minimize contingency. “Prediction”-the central term of Oliver Wendell Holmes’s seminal essay, “The Path of the Law”-functions as a point of entry into the questions raised by the new professional and managerial mode of which Holmes was an early advocate. It signals the potential conflict between pragmatism’s administrative, modernizing, and bureaucratic tendencies, on the one hand, and its commitment to open-endedness, ongoing inquiry, and deferments of judgment on the other. Taking James’s late novel The Wings of the Dove (1902) as the surprising obverse of Holmes’s prediction theory, this chapter concludes by considering the ethical limitations of prediction as a mode of conduct.
The Design of the Optimal Abuse Tests
Authors: Nazzini Renato
Published: January 2012

The objective of competition law is to maximise long-term social welfare. However, an abuse test that required proof that the conduct under review reduces long-term social welfare would lack both the qualities that a legal test should possess: certainty and administrability. It is therefore necessary to frame a test, or several tests, that, by relying on elements other than direct proof that a reduction of competitive pressure on the dominant firm has a negative impact on long-term social welfare, are capable of distinguishing conduct that is harmful to competition from precompetitive behaviour. This chapter discusses the possible abuse tests applicable to exclusionary, exploitative, and discriminatory abuses. It starts by asking the fundamental question of whether, from a normative standpoint, there should be one abuse test. It then goes on to examine the tests that have emerged in the literature or in the case law. The tests are discussed in the following order: intent, which also includes naked exclusion, naked exploitation, and naked discrimination; no economic sense; as efficient competitor, which also includes the test for abusive discrimination; and consumer harm, covering both exclusionary and exploitative abuses. The conclusion of this chapter sets out the test that, from a normative point of view, should apply to exclusionary, exploitative, and discriminatory conduct.
The As Efficient Competitor Test
Authors: Nazzini Renato
Published: January 2012

This chapter is structured as follows. First, it examines the development of the as efficient competitor test in predation and, in particular, the cost benchmarks that are relevant to the application of the test. Next, it examines the extension of the test to margin squeeze, above-cost rebates, mixed bundling, and exclusivity. Then, it discusses discriminatory abuses as a further extension of the as efficient competitor test. In discrimination, the efficiency benchmark is not the dominant undertaking because the latter does not compete on the market where the anti-competitive effects occur. Rather, the efficiency benchmark is the undertakings benefiting from the discrimination. Discrimination is capable of affecting the ability to compete of firms that are as efficient as firms benefiting from the discrimination and are placed at a competitive disadvantage because of the dominant undertaking's conduct. Finally, conclusions are drawn.
Defences
Authors: Nazzini Renato
Published: January 2012

This chapter starts by examining the burden of proof and the standard of anti-competitive effects. The burden of proof and the standard of anti-competitive effects determine the boundaries between what must be proved by a competition authority or claimant to establish a prima facie case and the point at which defences become relevant. Next, proportionality defences are discussed, with a focus on the meeting of competition defence. The chapter goes on to examine the proportionality framework of the objective justification defence, distinguishing between the efficiency defence and the social welfare defence. Finally, conclusions are drawn.
Single Dominance
Authors: Nazzini Renato
Published: January 2012

This chapter discusses the concept of dominance and demonstrates that, under Article 102, dominance is the ability to harm competition. This dynamic concept of dominance is consistent with the objective of Article 102, which is not to address market failures resulting from market power but to prohibit certain unilateral conduct that harms long-term social welfare. Having defined dominance, it goes on to examine the three necessary elements of the dominance test: substantial and durable market power, the presence of dynamic barriers to entry, and the absence of countervailing buyer power.
The Idea of European Union Administration—Its Nature and Development
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H.
Published: January 2012

This chapter discusses the three models or perspectives — functional, organizational, and procedural — that are particularly helpful in understanding EU administration and administrative law. The functional aspect of administration refers to the totality of the tasks of administration, no matter who undertakes them and how they are carried out. The organizational perspective emphasizes the organization and structure of the institutions, bodies, and actors engaged in undertaking such tasks. A procedural understanding of administration observes the processes which link the various actors and authorities in the performance of administrative functions.
A Typology of Administrative Tasks in the European Union
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H.
Published: January 2012

This chapter offers a typology of administrative tasks in the European Union. The tasks of public administration in the EU are multifaceted, polycentric, and joint, to be performed largely within a framework of multidimensional cooperation. The multifaceted nature of Union administrative tasks reflects both their key role and purpose, and their location, within the architecture of this supranational organization. Administrative action is undertaken in the framework of, and for the purpose of achieving, the overall policies and goals of the EU. This action takes place within the sphere of the Union's competences and operation, implementing the specific objectives of individual subject areas within that sphere. The broad framework for this is found in the specification of the overall mission of the EU as set out in the founding Treaties, especially in Article 3 of the Treaty of the European Union.
Administrative Procedures
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H.
Published: January 2012

This chapter deals with administrative procedures. Centralized administrative procedures for the application of Union law have been established only in limited areas, such as competition, state aid, and anti-dumping. In such procedures, the need for sufficient powers in the Commission to investigate, decide upon, and sanction the infringement of Union law effectively, may collide with the privileges of national authorities, and with the fundamental rights of those subject to investigation or allegation. Also, in the procedures which the Commission has to conduct for the adoption of implementing rules (when these are necessary for the uniform application of Union law), the Member States have retained considerable powers of involvement and supervision. This contrasts, at least until recently, with the more limited role of the European Parliament, and the rare possibilities for the structured participation of civil society. The integrated nature of European administration raises most serious issues in the case of composite procedures, where supranational and national authorities contribute in various formations to the application of Union law. Procedures in that context are often characterized by a lack of accountability and clear allocation for responsibility of their political and judicial supervision.
Information and Administration
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H.
Published: January 2012

Information is the raw material of public decision-making. Within the sphere of European Union law, administrative decision-making relies heavily for this raw material on information networks based upon systems of decentralized information gathering and subsequent information sharing. The generation and use of information within network administration is thus one of the most essential elements of EU administration, and thus an essential subject of EU administrative law. This chapter addresses the various rules and principles — written and unwritten — on the generation, use, and dissemination of information by European and national administrative bodies for implementing EU law, focusing especially on those of general applicability across all sectoral areas.
Administrative Rules
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H.
Published: January 2012

This chapter discusses administrative rule-making. Administrative rule-making is one of the central tools for an administration to guide its own administrative procedures and the exercise of discretions. Internal administrative rule-making in turn may also have the indirect external effect of increasing predictability in policy implementation. Administrative rule-making can be established in various forms, often referred to as guidelines, notices, frameworks, communications, declarations, and many others. Administrative rule-making by EU authorities will generally be undertaken unilaterally by the institution. Exceptionally, in some areas, the authorities' exercise of discretion will be subject to and restricted by administrative rules which result from a negotiated rule-making process involving the Commission and one or more Member States.
Enforcement
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H.
Published: January 2012

This chapter details the legal framework for measures and methodologies of enforcement. Enforcement is considered essentially as an activity undertaken by the administration. It implies that legal precepts or administrative decisions are carried through to their conclusion, and that behavioural demands imposed on individuals or organizations typically external to the public administration are in fact met. The need for enforcement, seen this way, logically implies that the mere existence of rights and obligations, without measures capable of ensuring that they are realized, would call into question the very purpose of a system under the rule of law. This view reflects, indeed, the often asserted proposition that without sanctions there is, strictly speaking, no system of law. Without needing to subscribe unqualifiedly to that proposition, it is clear that the functionality of a complex and pluralistic system of government based on law, as the EU, would be severely restricted without the capacity for and means of enforcement of rules and decisions.
Administrative Supervision
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H.
Published: January 2012

This chapter is concerned with internal administrative supervision, that is, supervision and control of public administrative action within the European Union public administration itself. The idea of internal supervision in the EU administration considered holistically needs, however, some explication. It includes narrowly internal supervision in the sense of supervision within the main Union administrative organ, the Commission. It also includes administrative supervision of European agencies and even networks, and is thus somewhat less obviously internal. In addition, it encompasses administrative supervision of Member State administrations. The latter are, without doubt, a part of the integrated European administration but, there too, their supervision may, at first, appear not to be really internal although it should, in this chapter's view, be understood as such.
Judicial Supervision
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H.
Published: January 2012

Judicial supervision, generally occurring subsequently both to administrative action and to measures of administrative supervision, is designed to correct errors which have already occurred and to provide compensation for losses resulting from them. It is in this sense quite different from both administrative and political supervision of the administration which can occur both ex ante and ex post. This chapter discusses the various avenues for judicial review of EU administrative action in detail, assessing first direct legal actions for annulment and failure to act, before turning to incidental forms of review. The focus then shifts to the remedy of damages and concludes with an overview of interim relief proceedings.
The Present and Future Condition of European Union Administrative Law
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H.
Published: January 2012

This chapter offers a view of the current place, function, and nature of Union administrative law, and how this body of law can and should develop in order to serve the tasks with which it has been charged within the overall political and legal order of the European Union. A review of European public law has shown that the most substantial and encompassing challenge is that in regard to establishing, enhancing, and extending the accountability of networks. The specific nature of the EU inheres to a large degree in the exercise of shared sovereignty by integrated executives through such networks. Thus, the most profound challenges facing public law in the European Union emerge in relation to the conceptual and practical features of its administrative law, especially in relation to networks.
Local Business Voice and the Chambers of Commerce
Authors: Bennett Robert J.
Published: January 2012

This chapter gives an overview. It defines chambers of commerce and the related bodies studied in lesser detail: chambers of trade, trade protection societies, chambers of agriculture, and how these interface with sector and national organizations. It shows how primary historical, economic, and political analysis is combined to give statistical overviews, highlighting local contingency, personality, and the geography of place—to explain why chambers are, and were, where they are: to define their Unique Selling Point (USP). It also shows how analysis of management and member choices is combined to understand how chambers have been used, managed, and valued. It introduces the wide range of local and national archives employed, explaining how historical data have been aligned.
Chamber Voice from the Corn Laws to the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Bennett Robert J.
Published: January 2012

This chapter combines a full analysis of the Parliamentary Papers archive, giving an overview of all chamber parliamentary lobby activity, with detailed assessments of the main campaigns. It shows growth of lobbying in the mid-nineteenth century and through the twentieth century. It shows the frame-changing effect of the Corn Law abolition as a relaunch of the chamber brand. The extended tensions over free trade and tariffs are given new insights. A crucial new analysis is given of chamber cooperation with government in disseminating consular information after 1917—arguably the first example of corporatism in the UK. Resistance to municipal enterprise and high local taxes (the Rates) form major themes of the twentieth century. Modern lobbies have focused on partnering government, but attacking over-regulation.
Services
Authors: Bennett Robert J.
Published: January 2012

Chambers bundled the activities of voice and places to meet with a range of other services. This chapter gives the first long-term and detailed analysis of how these evolved. It covers commercial arbitration, debt collection, dealing with information and enquiries, certification of commercial documents, conciliation in labour disputes, providing labour market information and help with recruitment, commercial examinations, and filling other gaps. Some limited attempts at combinations are analysed in Northwich and Macclesfield; and efforts by chambers of trade and trade protection societies to regulate shopping hours, employment conditions, and trade credit. The modern chamber bundle is assessed for breadth and durability.
Partner and Contractor to Government
Authors: Bennett Robert J.
Published: January 2012

Modern chambers rely to a major extent on government finance through contracts. Early relationships developed through municipal improvement and local partnerships. This expanded to cover various consultations processes on local and national committees; then provision of apprenticeships. Since the 1990s there has also been chamber leadership of local economic initiatives. Links became so close that after 1996 some chambers merged with government financed Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs). After these were abolished, chambers have worked with regional agencies, and after the 2010 election with Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs). In Ireland there has been important partnering of chambers with EU initiatives. The modern chamber of the last 20-30 years is different from any stage in the past. This creates major challenges for the future.
Members and Interests
Authors: Bennett Robert J.
Published: January 2012

The membership is assessed in detail for the earliest chambers in terms of their geographical reach, sector structure, balance of company structures, trading markets, overlap with other networks, and links to protests and religious dissent. Banking appears to have been a leading sector within chambers. Modern developments have interrelated with changes in industrial district structures, expansion of the incorporated business form, evolving networks, changes in international trade, and the expansion of small firms. A remarkable finding is the market penetration of chamber membership has stayed stable over 200 years. Pressures from the world wars and economic slumps have been relatively short-lived. Econometric analysis shows service development as the main feature associated with stronger market penetration. The only major changes to this stability have come from the 1990s, and appear to relate to the mixed signals from acting as partners with government.
Then, Now, and the Future
Authors: Bennett Robert J.
Published: January 2012

This chapter concludes that the chambers have shown remarkable durability by being adaptable to new needs, and diversifying their service bundle over time. However, the 1980s seem to have become something of a ‘clean break’ with the past. The causes for this are sought in product life cycles, shifts to a small firms economy, expansion of chamber territories to cover larger areas more thinly, but most important has been contracting and partnering with government. This has introduced far more instability than that in the economy, with changes arsing from changes in the party in power, administrative confusion, and ministerial caprice. For the future it is suggested that chambers need to re-emphasize their USP and develop stronger independent missions that maintain government links more on their own terms.
Generous Social Policy Reduces Material Deprivation
Authors: Kenworthy Lane , Epstein Jessica , Duerr Daniel
Published: January 2012

Income is the standard indicator of low-end households’ living standards. With income as the measure, the comparative evidence suggests that economic growth has tended to be the principal driver of improved living standards, though government social programs have been the chief conduit through which growth trickles down. Material deprivation may be a better indicator. With deprivation as the measure, the available evidence suggests an even stronger and more direct impact of social policy.
Low Wages Need Not Mean Low Incomes
Authors: Kenworthy Lane , Epstein Jessica , Duerr Daniel
Published: January 2012

Low-wage jobs are a prominent feature of the U.S. economy. To the surprise of many observers, the same can now be said of Germany. Changes in economic pressures, institutions, and policies make it likely that other countries will follow Germany’s lead. But citizens and policy makers should worry far less about low wages for individuals than about low incomes for households. Policy—in particular, an employment-conditional earnings subsidy—can help to ensure that low wages do not result in low incomes.
C‐command
Authors: Uriagereka Juan
Published: January 2012

This chapter examines the concept of c-command. It shows an important grammatical consequence of the present architecture, and in particular the fact that it is based on a theorem, the Linear Correspondence Theorem. The assumption throughout the chapter has been that this condition is emergent, and therefore whatever consequences it may have for the system cannot be tweaked by evolution. This effectively creates a structural niche that the system is trapped into, evolving out of which would be impossible with the sort of machinery assumed here. This is to say that, from this perspective, c-command is not the sort of condition that the system evolved in order to achieve a certain result (better communication, thinking, or any such thing). Rather, given the way in which the system squeezes complex structures into the external components, only certain sorts of relations stated over such structures could be reconfigured back by receivers into the shape that emitters meant for them. C-command is such a format.
Cyclicity
Authors: Uriagereka Juan
Published: January 2012

This chapter marks a case for cyclicity conditions at several levels, all of which seem compatible, although they might originate from different causes. The first situation analyzed involves compounds, and the reason to go into cyclicity considerations is raised by the difficulty of characterizing, in Bare Phrase Structure terms, what is the head of a compound. It examines to what extent compounds themselves are productive in a language like English, or whether the alleged productivity arises in instances that would show it is actually to be discharged into less intriguing specifications of the phrasal sort (nominal modification). It also suggests that parametric conditions may arise for cyclicities of the MSO form, based on whether null arguments are permitted in any given language.
A CLASH Model
Authors: Uriagereka Juan
Published: January 2012

This chapter turns the ideas examined thus far into an explicit theoretical proposal. It starts by reviewing the discussions in the preceding chapters, and then moves towards a new model. It argues not just for Fibonacci patterns in the fabric of language, but also for their presence at different scales. Aside from being a natural condition to expect for self-similar systems, this result is congenial with the idea, explored throughout this book, that cycles in grammar cannot be trivially reduced to one single format (e.g.. the popular phases). It further suggests that Fibonacci patterns are the ideal solution to CLASH systems.
5 Belgian Beers: Where History Meets Globalization
Authors: Persyn Damiaan , Swinnen Johan F. M. , Vanormelingen Stijn
Published: January 2012

This chapter discusses causes and consequences of historical and more recent trends in the Belgian beer market, which is characterized by an exceptionally large variety of different beers. Both consumption as well as the number of brewers has witnessed a downward trend over the past century. However, the number of breweries has stabilized recently and has even started to rise again, supported by increased domestic and international demand for specialty beers. Despite, or as some would argue, because of the globalization of the beer market with the domination of standard quality beers, alternative breweries catering to niche markets with special tastes are re-emerging. Two case studies, namely the recent history of trappist breweries and of AB InBev, illustrate the main trends in the Belgian brewery sector.
11 Developments in US Merger Policy: The Beer Industry as Lens
Authors: Elzinga Kenneth G. , Swisher Anthony W.
Published: January 2012

This chapter uses the U.S. beer industry as a lens through which to view developments in U.S. antitrust merger policy since 1950. It examines the major structural changes in the industry during this time frame and assesses the extent to which the industry has been shaped by mergers and enforcement of the U.S. antimerger law. It also reviews early antimerger cases in the beer industry decided by the Supreme Court, notably Pabst and Falstaff, and compares these decisions with the modern analytical framework set out in the Horizontal Merger Guidelines issued by the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice. The chapter shows that while the U.S. beer industry has been significantly reshaped by mergers, the industry also owes its current structure to other market forces, such as scale economies, the development of new products, and the emergence of the craft beer segment.
12 The Growth of Television and the Decline of Local Beer
Authors: George Lisa M.
Published: January 2012

This chapter describes how the changing nature of advertising brought about by television advantaged large brewers over smaller local ones, leading to a massive shift from local brewing of local beers to a consolidated national market dominated by a handful of firms. Using market-level data on television penetration, local breweries and brewery production from 1945–60, it is shown that increases in television penetration are associated with fewer local breweries and less local beer production. The results suggest ways that media markets and information technology can affect markets for local products.
15 Beer Battles in China: The Struggle over the World's Largest Beer Market
Authors: Bai Junfei , Huang Jikun , Rozelle Scott , Boswell Matt
Published: January 2012

This chapter examines how China rose so fast in the world beer market and describes the war for the nation's beer market and who (at least so far) appears to be winning. To meet this set of objectives, it traces the evolution of China's beer production and marketing over the past several decades to describe the fast growth of the Chinese beer industry and its fundamental transformation from state-owned and backward to a sophisticated set of brewery conglomerates. It discusses the strategies which allow domestic brewing firms to compete with the largest foreign breweries in the world. These business strategies based on branding, advertising strategies, and acquisitions have been the driving forces behind the success of domestic firms in establishing and maintaining their lead in the beer market. Of course, the war is not over — there will be more battles in the future.
The Origins, Definition, and Scope of EU Foreign Investment Law
Authors: Dimopoulos Angelos
Published: January 2012

Chapter 1 provides the conceptual and normative framework within which this book is developed. It begins with setting out the international law context within which EU foreign investment law is born, focusing on the socio-economic reasons that require international regulation of foreign investment and the historical evolution of international investment law. The second part is dedicated to the quest for a definition of foreign investment, aiming to consolidate the divergent definitions of foreign investment that are found in international investment law and EU law. Thirdly, this chapter identifies the regulatory scope and the sources of EU foreign investment law, stressing the divergent focus of EU regulation on different aspects of foreign investment.
EU Competence over Foreign Investment
Authors: Dimopoulos Angelos
Published: January 2012

Chapter 2 explores the scope of EU competence in the field of foreign investment. It strives to put an end to the ambiguity concerning the delimitation of powers between the EU and its Member States in the field of foreign investment. Following the thematic categorization of foreign investment regulation, the scope and nature of EU competence is examined separately for each category of foreign investment and each aspect of foreign investment regulation. In that regard, the coverage of foreign investment by explicit power-conferring provisions in the TFEU is identified and the general rules on EU implied competence are applied, determining the scope of EU competence over foreign investment.
Conclusion and Content of EU International Investment Agreements
Authors: Dimopoulos Angelos
Published: January 2012

Chapter 3 is dedicated to the exercise of EU competence in practice. The first part provides a depiction of the internal procedures for the conclusion of an International Investment Agreement (IIA) by the EU. The second and more important part of Chapter 3 discusses the content of EU IIAs, identifying and analyzing their substantive provisions with regard to each aspect of foreign investment. It concentrates on the innovations that existing and future EU IIAs have brought and intend to bring to international investment law in comparison to Bilateral Investment Treaties concluded by Member States and other countries, highlighting the differences and novelties of EU IIAs in terms of their content.
Introduction
Authors: Carr David M.
Published: January 2012

This chapter introduces the focus of the book on methodological and historical orientation points for study of the formation of the Hebrew Bible. Starting with an overview of the breakdown of consensus on many key points of past biblical scholarship (e.g. formation of the Pentateuch, dating of the prophets), the chapter then moves to a brief summary of dynamics of memory, textuality and performance involved in the writing and revision of ancient literary-theological texts like the Hebrew Bible (synthesizing research from the author’s Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature [Oxford, 2005]). The balance of the chapter outlines the goals and central themes of the three major sections of the book.
Documented Cases of Transmission History, Part 2
Authors: Carr David M.
Published: January 2012

Building on the previous two chapters, this one expands to a survey of four broad trends in documented cases of transmission. This includes further survey of memory variants, an argument for a broader trend toward expansion (including discussion of several potential exceptions to this trend, such as Esdras/Ezra-Nehemiah, the Qumran Community Rule and Chronicles//Samuel-Kings), the frequent partial preservation of earlier traditions (with omission particularly of beginnings and endings of source-texts), and scribal conflation and other sorts of coordination of texts with themselves and other texts in the literary-theological corpus. Some other documented examples of growth discussed include Atrahasis, Etana, Anzu, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, and editions of biblical texts (e.g. Samuel, Jeremiah; the Pentateuch). Together, despite documentation of variation and occasion omission, these examples show a tendency toward preservation of ancient tradition reflecting elements of scribal ideology broadly shared across the ancient world.
The Babylonian Exile
Authors: Carr David M.
Published: January 2012

After an overview building on trauma studies and use of diaspora/forced migration anthropology to illuminate the otherwise opaque exile, this chapter surveys several texts most clearly datable to that period, including Lamentations, Ezekiel, Second Isaiah (Isaiah 40-55, 60-2), and texts associated with the deposed monarchy (e.g. Psalm 89 and the conclusion to Kings in 2 Kgs 25:27-30). Also dated to the exile are elements related to inter-generational sin in Kings (2 Kgs 21:11-16; 23:26-27; 24:3), the speech in Deut 30:1-11, the tower of Babel story (Gen 11:1-9, in its present form), the oracle against Babylon in Isaiah 14 (again reshaped to focus on Babylon), and other probable exilic elements in various other prophetic collections (e.g. Micah, Zephaniah, Jeremiah).
Textuality Under Empire
Authors: Carr David M.
Published: January 2012

This chapter starts with a survey of probable examples of neo-Assyrian influence on various parts of the Bible (psalms, Deuteronomy, Moses story, history-writing, early forms of the Tower of Babel story and Isaiah 14 Babylon oracle, reshaping of Proverbs, etc.) and consideration of the probable background of this sort of hybrid influence in documented processes of Neo-Assyrian enculturation of elites in subject peoples. This sort of impact of empire is distinguished from the ripples of effect of trauma of Assyrian attacks and deportation seen particularly in earlier literary prophecy. The latter portion of the chapter looks at particular methodological problems in identifying early material in Hosea and Jeremiah, before going on to discuss the extent of early material in Amos and the way in which identifiable early material in Micah and especially Isaiah may reflect a Judean outgrowth of the impulse given by the Amos collection.
From the Neo-Assyrian to Hasmonean Periods
Authors: Carr David M.
Published: January 2012

This chapter opens with a survey from beginning to end of the major conclusions of the survey done in reverse up to this point. This uncovers broader trends in the growing hostility toward foreign peoples and traditions, a tendency toward more collection and less new composition of core biblical materials, the dominance of Priestly scribalism in the late formation of the Bible, and the different impact of Aramaic literary culture on various parts of the Bible. The second half of the chapter summarizes ways in which insights from the first four methodological chapters of the book played a role in this reconstruction.
Proverbs and Israel's Early Oral-Written Curriculum
Authors: Carr David M.
Published: January 2012

Though most recent scholars have limited pre-exilic material in Proverbs to portions of Proverbs 10-23, this chapter argues that the bulk of the rest of Proverbs likely dates to the pre-exilic period as well. The materials of Proverbs show unambivalent links to non-Israelite literary traditions in a manner not typical of demonstrably later biblical texts. They lack linkage to broader themes important in later periods, such as prophecy and Torah. Moreover, where texts in Proverbs are specifically related to other biblical texts, the texts in Proverbs show signs of being the source of those texts rather than being dependent on them. These and other indicators are used to argue that the distinctive characteristics of Proverbs are best explained by its relatively early origins, not by the idea that its disparate parts were created in a “sapiential”-wisdom tradition stream (conserved by a separate class of “sages”).
Other Biblical Texts Potentially from the Early Monarchal Period
Authors: Carr David M.
Published: January 2012

This chapter examines several other potential examples of early pre-exilic material embedded in the Hebrew Bible, even if not specifically associated with David (e.g. royal psalms) or Solomon (e.g. Proverbs and Song of Songs). Particular attention is given to the non-P Primeval History, which features extensive and unambivalent parallels to non-biblical materials (especially Atrahasis). In addition, the covenant code (Exod 20:22-23:33) features similar non-ambivalent links to the Code of Hammurabi and other Mesopotamian legal traditions which might situate it toward the outset of Judean and Israelite textuality. Finally, the chapter proposes that a number of other traditions with apparent connections to the early Israelite North, such as the Jacob, Joseph and Moses stories, may represent early Israelite textualizations of older oral traditions without clear parallels in other Ancient Near Eastern cultures.
Escaping the Urban Din
Authors: Goodyear John
Published: January 2012

At the outset of the twentieth century, the new noisy urban soundscape was a source of fascination and frustration. For the frustrated, for those attempting to escape the urban din, help would soon be at hand. Two men embarked on novel projects in 1908 to bring peace and quiet to the noisy urban world. Theodor Lessing’s Antilärmverein, a socio-political initiative to fight noise, would be short-lived, lasting just three years; yet Maximilian Negwer’s Ohropax earplugs would stand the test of time and offer relief to those frustrated by noise right into the twenty-first century. This social historical study compares the two initiatives, their strategies, their approaches, and establishes why Lessing failed and Negwer succeeded.
Berlin Sounds
Authors: Dietrich Nicole
Published: January 2012

The chapter investigates auditory socialization mirrored in the ambient sounds of East and West Berlin, before and after 1989. These two urban entities produced different typical city sounds, according to rules of technical and industrial design, media taste, and local accents. Based on a series of interviews with residents of former East and West Berlin, this chapter argues that each side of Berlin had a unique sound, one that resonates with personal memory and is closely linked to national identity. Fountains, traffic sounds, the Friedrichstraße train station, and the Berlin Wall serve as four examples that illustrate the divergent acoustic identities of formerly divided Germany.