bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk and return in European property markets: an empirical investigation
Authors: Lorenz David , Trück Stefan
Published: November 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore capital gains, income, and total returns in various property markets in Europe. In a comparative study the nature of returns for different commercial and residential properties is investigated. Hereby, total returns, income returns, and capital growth are distinguished. The paper further presents an analysis of the risk‐return relationship of the different markets and investigates the interactions between property markets, other local financial markets, and macroeconomic variables.

Design/methodology/approach

Focusing on the risk‐return relationship of the different asset classes and countries, the Sharpe ratio is used as a risk‐adjusted performance measure to investigate the European markets. Using a simple linear regression model, a comparison of the European commercial property markets with respect to their returns and risk are provided. Finally, a capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and factor models based on arbitrage pricing theory (APT) are used in an effort to further explain the spreads and risk premiums for individual property markets.

Findings

The large differences between the markets regarding spreads, risk premiums, and risk‐return relationships are found. Overall, the Dutch market can be regarded as giving the highest compensation for the risk taken by the investors in the last decade, while the German market performed the worst and was the only market with negative capital growth rates for the considered period. Applying the CAPM, It has also been found total returns in commercial property markets are not significantly related to the performance of stock market indices. On the other hand, factor models using macroeconomic variables are able to explain a higher fraction of property total return spreads over the risk‐free rate in the considered countries. But depending on the country, different macroeconomic variables were estimated to be significant such that there is no single factor model available that could be applied to all European markets. Overall, these findings indicate that classic financial models drawing on existing datasets are unable to satisfactorily explain the performance of property as an asset class. On the other hand, the fact that property office markets yield relatively high returns that exhibit rather low correlations with stock market returns, makes them a very suitable candidate for portfolio diversification.

Originality/value

The paper investigates the risk‐return relationship in various European property markets. The large differences between the markets observed also partly explain the diversity of literature results on this relationship across single countries by, e.g. Goetzmann, Englund, or Bourassa et al. By using classic financial models like the CAPM or APT a contribution to the literature is made by explaining the factors that actually determine property returns over the risk free rate in different countries.
Being entrepreneurial and market driven: implications for company performance
Authors: Zahra Shaker A.
Published: November 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically the interaction between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and market orientation and its effect on performance in both high and low technology industries.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper proposes that being entrepreneurial and market‐driven stem from two distinct organizational capabilities that interact to influence subsequent firm performance.

Findings

Data from 457 manufacturing firms show that the interaction effect is significant only in high technology industries.

Research limitations/implications

The results encourage future research on the nexus of opportunity recognition and entrepreneurial behavior in established firms embedded in organizational routines.

Originality/value

The paper shows that managers in high technology industries would benefit from developing capabilities and implementing systems that augment their firms' market orientation. Market orientation provides an important means to harness the firm's EO, an important means of achieving growth and profitability.
Sustainable competitive advantage or temporary competitive advantage
Authors: O'Shannassy Tim
Published: November 2008

Purpose

Competitive advantage is an important construct in the strategy discipline. The purpose of this paper is to explore an appropriate definition of competitive advantage, seek to identify sources of competitive advantage for firms and improve understanding of why in many industries for many firms competitive advantage is only a temporary outcome due to the influence of environmental uncertainty.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper undertakes a synthesis of classic and contemporary insights into competitive advantage in the literature to assist the development of several research propositions.

Findings

By introducing the perceived environmental uncertainty construct to discussion on the relationship between firm resources, competitive advantage and organization performance, understanding of sustained competitive advantage and temporary competitive advantage is enhanced.

Research limitations/implications

Through the development of the research propositions the paper helps to clarify terminology and provide several suggestions for future research.

Practical implications

The findings contribute to the evolution of strategic management practice by giving some insight to practitioners as to when and where firm resources may be useful by explaining these links between environmental uncertainty, firm resources, competitive advantage, and organization performance. A brief illustration of these connections in the context of BHP Billiton Limited is provided to link theory to practice.

Originality/value

Competitive advantage remains a poorly understood construct in the strategy literature and the subject of much discussion. This paper sets out to clarify understanding and stimulate debate in an area that is not well understood.
The value of managerial beliefs in turbulent environments
Authors: Coltman Tim R. , Devinney Timothy M. , Midgley David F.
Published: November 2008

Purpose

There is a great divide between the degree to which academic research accounts for the role of managerial discretion in firm performance and the weight given by the popular press and financial community to the importance of the management of an organization. The purpose of this paper is to bridge this gap by quantifying the way managerial beliefs influence the quality of firm performance in a turbulent environment based on e‐business.

Design/methodology/approach

An e‐business research setting is used that is associated with a situation of environmental turbulence to allow for sufficient variance in managerial beliefs to measure their effect on firm performance. The sample contains 293 firms.

Findings

Aggregate level results indicate that managerial beliefs have a positive and significant effect on firm performance. Four distinctive segments were also found to exist. These segments vary in terms of the strength of the position that a manager holds regarding the value of e‐business and firm performance.

Originality/value

The paper shows that the affect of e‐business on firm performance is not structural in the sense that firm performance does not depend on the firm or industry but is reflective of the strength of the beliefs held by managers. This implies that the “black box” approach that is characteristic of much management research may be problematic because it fails to measure the variables that may matter most to performance.
Risk and procedural rationality: a behavioral theory perspective
Authors: Alessandri Todd M.
Published: November 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of perceived risk on the procedural rationality of the decision process rather than decision choices or outcomes. The moderating roles of attainment discrepancy and organizational slack are also explored.

Design/methodology/approach

These relationships, motivated by behavioral theory, are tested using survey data of capital investment decisions in a sample of 128 public firms in the USA.

Findings

The findings suggest an inverted‐U shaped relationship between perceived risk and procedural rationality. In addition, absorbed slack and attainment discrepancy played moderating roles on the perceived risk‐procedural rationality relationship.

Research limitations/implications

This study has several implications for research. First, the influence of risk is extended beyond decision outcomes to include decision processes. Second, the core arguments of behavioral theory, including uncertainty avoidance and decision context, appear to hold for the decision process. However, the effects of risk appear to be in the form of an inverted U‐shaped relationship, differing from prior behavioral theory research related to decision outcomes.

Practical implications

Perceived risk and the organizational context can lead to differing approaches to making decisions. As perceived risk increases, managers appear to alter the extent of information gathering and analysis. Organizations may consider designing different decision processes for different situations that take these managerial tendencies into account.

Originality/value

The contribution of this study is the extension of behavioral theory explanations of risk from decision choices or outcomes to the procedural rationality of the decision process. The findings show that risk has a non‐linear influence on the procedural rationality of the decision process.
What makes good governance?
Authors: O'Regan Nicholas , Maclean Mairi
Published: November 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to interview Richard Lapthorne, Chairman, Cable and Wireless plc.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper takes the form of an interview.

Findings

Richard Lapthorne gives his thoughts on corporate governance.

Originality/value

Provides valuable insights from the Chairman of a notable plc.
Recent advances in cluster analysis
Authors: Xu Rui , Wunsch Donald C.
Published: November 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the issues related to cluster analysis, one of the most important and primitive activities of human beings, and of the advances made in recent years.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper investigates the clustering algorithms rooted in machine learning, computer science, statistics, and computational intelligence.

Findings

The paper reviews the basic issues of cluster analysis and discusses the recent advances of clustering algorithms in scalability, robustness, visualization, irregular cluster shape detection, and so on.

Originality/value

The paper presents a comprehensive and systematic survey of cluster analysis and emphasizes its recent efforts in order to meet the challenges caused by the glut of complicated data from a wide variety of communities.
Texture‐based image steganalysis by artificial neural networks
Authors: Pratt Michael A. , Konda Sharath , Henry Chu Chee‐Hung
Published: November 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present research results in analyzing image contents to improve the accuracy of using an artificial neural network (ANN) to detect embedded data in a digital image.

Design/methodology/approach

A texture measure based on the MPEG‐7 texture descriptor is applied to assess the local texture amount. Those image blocks with high texture are masked out and the remaining blocks with low texture are used to derive features for an ANN to classify an image as embedded or clear. The high‐texture blocks are not discarded and can be tested independently for embedded data.

Findings

By masking out the high‐texture image blocks, an ANN has improved detection performance especially when the original embedding rate is low. Bypassing the low‐texture image blocks do not pay off for a steganographer because the effective embedding rate in the high‐texture blocks is driven higher.

Research limitations/implications

Hidden data detectors should take the image content into account in order to improve detection performance.

Practical implications

The results can be integrated into a steganalytic system.

Originality/value

This paper presents evidence that image texture affects steganalytic performance and proposes a solution that incorporates texture that has improved detection performance.
Automotive engine idle speed control optimization using least squares support vector machine and genetic algorithm
Authors: Wong P.K. , Tam L.M. , Li K. , Wong H.C.
Published: November 2008

Purpose

Nowadays, automotive engines are controlled by electronic control units (ECUs), and the engine idle speed performance is significantly affected by the setup of control parameters in the ECU. The engine ECU tune‐up is done empirically through tests on a dynamometer (dyno). In this way, a lot of time, fuel and human resources are consumed, while the optimal control parameters may not be obtained. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel ECU setup optimization approach for engine idle speed control.

Design/methodology/approach

In the first phase of the approach, Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and a multi‐input/output least squares support vector machine (LS‐SVM) is proposed to build up an engine idle speed model based on dyno test data, and then a genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to obtain optimal ECU setting automatically subject to various user‐defined constraints.

Findings

The study shows that the predicted results using the estimated model from LS‐SVM are in good agreement with the actual test results. Moreover, the optimization results show a significant improvement on idle speed performance in a test engine.

Practical implications

As the methodology is generic it can be applied to different vehicle control optimization problems.

Originality/value

The research is the first attempt to integrate a couple of paradigms (LHS, multi‐input/output LS‐SVM and GA) into a general framework for constrained multivariable optimization problems under insufficient system information. The proposed multi‐input/output LS‐SVM for modelling of multi‐input/output systems is original, because the traditional LS‐SVM modelling approach is suitable for multi‐input, but single output systems. Finally, this is the first use of the novel integrated framework for automotive engine idle‐speed control optimization.
A neural network approach to control performance assessment
Authors: Zhou Yunfeng , Wan Feng
Published: November 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a neural network approach to control performance assessment.

Design/methodology/approach

The performance index under study is based on the minimum variance control benchmark, a radial basis function network (RBFN) is used as the pre‐whitening filter to estimate the white noise sequence, and a stable filtering and correlation analysis method is adopted to calculate the performance index by estimating innovations sequence using the RBFN pre‐whitening filter. The new approach is compared with the auto‐regressive moving average model and the Laguerre model methods, for both linear and nonlinear cases.

Findings

Simulation results show that the RBFN approach works satisfactorily for both linear and nonlinear examples. In particular, the proposed scheme shows merits in assessing controller performance for nonlinear systems and surpasses the Laguerre model method in parameter selection.

Originality/value

A RBFN approach is proposed for control performance assessment. This new approach, in comparison with some well‐known methods, provides satisfactory performance and potentials for both linear and nonlinear cases.
Minimizing joint‐torques of the flexible redundant manipulator on the premise of vibration suppression
Authors: Gao Zhihui , Yun Chao , Bian Yushu
Published: November 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine a new idea of vibration control which minimizes joint‐torques and suppresses vibration of the flexible redundant manipulator.

Design/methodology/approach

Using the kinematics redundancy feature of the flexible redundant manipulator, the self‐motion in the joint space can be properly chosen to both suppress vibration and minimize joint‐torques.

Findings

The study shows that the flexible redundant manipulator still has the second optimization feature on the premise of vibration suppression. The second optimization feature can be used to minimize joint‐torques on the premise of vibration suppression.

Research limitations/implications

To a flexible redundant manipulator, its joint‐torques and vibration can be reduced simultaneously via its kinematics redundancy feature.

Practical implications

The method and algorithm discussed in the paper can be used to minimize joint‐torques and suppress vibration for the flexible redundant manipulator.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to the study on improving dynamic performance of the flexible redundant manipulator via its kinematics redundancy feature. The second optimization capability of the flexible redundant manipulator is discovered and used to both minimize joint‐torques and suppress vibration.
TUBERCULOSIS OF THE EPIDIDYMIS Four Cases of Urinary Fistula following Orchidectomy
Authors: Bell J. G. Yates
Published: November 2008

Four cases of urinary fistula following orchidectomy for tuberculosis are reported.

These fistulæ occur in patients with advanced and progressive tuberculosis.

The method of production of the fistula is suggested to be due to a tuberculous periarethral abscess tracking along the vas to the operation incision.

Cases of urinary fistula through the ejaculatory duct and the vas are quoted and present a possible explanation of fistula which may occur in chronic septic inflammatory conditions of the genital tract, and even rarely after epididymectomy in cases of tuberculosis.

The fistula is not a result of the operation, which merely decides the site for the fistula to approach the surface.

While the rarity of such fistulæ is emphasised, the possibility of its occurrence should be remembered in patients with progressive and multiple tuberculous lesions.
THE PROSTATE AND THE ENDOCRINES: A Control Series*
Authors: Clarke Ruscoe
Published: November 2008

A number of theories have been devised to explain prostatic hypertrophy on an endocrine basis. None of these have been proved.

A number of endocrine preparations are in use in an attempt to replace surgery.

Such therapy is still in the experimental stage, and as in other experimental work, accurate controls are desirable.

A series of 93 cases of prostatic obstruction, treated by neither prostatectomy nor endocrines, is presented.

These cases had been followed over an average period of over four years.

A large number showed a sustained improvement after instrumentation alone.

This series may be regarded, (a) as a control series, (b) as a brief summary of the variability of the course of the disease without prostatectomy and as a reminder of the frequent apparent “cure” after minimal instrumentation.

Conclusions as to the efficacy of endocrine or other new methods of treatment are only valid if cases are followed up for a considerable period of time.

The period suggested is five years.
THE MEDICAL TREATMENT OF URINARY INFECTIONS
Authors: Dunlop D. M.
Published: November 2008

Gross lesions of the large bowel and rectum are present in a fair proportion of cases of B. coli urinary infection.

The daily use of' drastic purgatives nith resulting colitis and fluid evacuatioiis is a frequent, cause of such infections.

Apart from the ketogenic diet, which it has replaced, mandelic acid is a potent urinary antiseptic and has definite bacteriostatic effects in vitro.

Other drugs in coniinon use are ineffective. nith the probable exception of prontosil.

Staphylococcal; streptococcal and B. proteus infections are much more resistant to medical measures than B. coli infections. Certain suggestions are made nith regard to their treatment.
A CASE OF PELVIC SINGLE KIDNEY
Authors: Houtappel Dr. H. C. E. M.
Published: November 2008

A case of pelvic single kidney with anuria is described; caused by an obstructing ureteric calculus. The patient was sixty‐eight years of age and had had no complaints related to his urinary tract until two months before his death. He died five days after removing the stone, of post‐operative lobular pneumonia.
SURVEY OF THE RESULTS OF RETENTION OF URINE TREATED BY IMMEDIATE WILSON HEY PROSTATECTOMY1
Authors: AIKEN DAVID
Published: November 2008

The results of immediate Wilson Hey prostatectomy in 150 cases of acute retention are reported.

An overall mortality rate of 10 per cent. is considered satisfactory in this unselected group of patients.

Infection remains the chief cause of death, and suggestions are made to reduce it in this type of case.

It is preferable that operation should be performed before acute and particularly before chronic retention develops. The vast improvement in technique and results of operation in recent years should convince the general practitioner and the public of the necessity for early advice and treatment. In this way only can the mortality and morbidity of prostatectomy be reduced.
MULTILOCULAR CYSTIC DISEASE OF KIDNEY
Authors: O'FLYNN J. DERMOT
Published: November 2008

A case of multilocular cystic disease of the kidney is presented; the ætiology of the condition is briefly discussed.
IDIOPATHIC GANGRENE OF THE SCROTUM IN WEST AFRICANS
Authors: THOMAS H. ORISHEJOLOMI
Published: November 2008

Eight cases of idiopathic gangrene of the scrotum in West Africans, treated without a single fatality, are reported. The mildness or absence of systemic disturbance in these cases is commented upon. This, together with its relatively more common incidence, appears to be the only difference between the disease as seen in West Africa and in other parts of the world. The different theories, none conclusive, regarding its causation are examined briefly, and reasons advanced for supporting the theory that a thrombosis could be the primary cause. Agreement is reached with more modern authors that active surgery is seldom called for in its treatment.
A UROLOGICAL PUNCH CARD1
Authors: O'Flynn Dermot
Published: November 2008

A method of punch card recording using a coding system for urological disease is described.
SOME NOVEL ANTITUBERCULOSIS AGENTS DERIVED FROM OXIDISED STARCH AND OTHER POLYSACCHARIDES1
Authors: Barry VincentC. , Conalty MichaelL. , Gaffney EthnaE.
Published: November 2008

1. Novel antituberculosis agents have been prepared by condensing isoniazid or p‐amino‐benzal‐thiosemicarbazone with starch or other polysaccharides which have been oxidised by periodate. A mixed polymer has been made by condensing oxidised starch with an equimolar mixture of the above carbonyl reagents.

2. The simple polymers are all highly effective in experimental infections caused by isoniazid‐sensitive bacilli.

3. Simple polymers derived from p‐amino‐benzal‐thiosemicarbazone are also highly effective against isoniazid‐resistant infections.

4. The mixed polymer deals successfully with experimental infections due to isoniazid‐resistant or isoniazid‐sensitive bacilli in mice and guinea‐pigs.

5. The toxicity for mice of the simple and mixed polymers derived from oxidised starch is very low.

6. In view of the high therapeutic index of these polymers they should prove a valuable addition to the antituberculosis drugs in current clinical use.
EXPERIENCE WITH B. 53 IN TUBERCULOSIS OF THE BLADDER AND PROSTATE
Authors: Wildbolz Egon , Kanzler Walter
Published: November 2008

It is our conviction that in B. 53 we have a valuable drug to be added to our present rich armamentarium in the fight against urogenital tuberculosis. It merits larger experimentation, eventually in cases of reflux, where by simple instillation into the bladder the kidney pelvis may be reached. This possibility has already been discussed by Lane. If we can get enough supplies of B. 53 we will not hesitate to use it for this indication.
EXAMINATION OF THE PROSTATIC SECRETION FOR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Horne GordonO.
Published: November 2008

As a result of the analysis of 185 cases it is concluded that in investigating the prostatic secretion for the presence of leucocytes following prostatic massage examination of the prostatic “bead” alone is inadequate. The urine passed after prostatic massage must also be examined. Provided the prostatic secretion is not allowed to drain away, examination of the prostatic urine alone is adequate. Provided the patient does not have a urethral discharge and that at least 3 fl. oz. of urine are passed immediately before the gland is massaged it is unlikely that the prostatic secretion will be contaminated from the urethra, and preliminary irrigation of the urethra is not necessary. In the interpretation of the prostatic urine care must be taken to eliminate contamination with leucocytes from the bladder and upper urinary tract.
A CONSZDERATION OF THE CAUSE OF FUNCTIONAL ARREST OF HOMOTRANSPLANTED KIDNEYS
Authors: Dempster W. J.
Published: November 2008

Observations have been made on a series of homotransplanted kidneys removed, while still functioning, on the fourth day following transfer.

 Observations have been made on a series of second kidneys homotransplanted from the same donor to the same recipient as received the first kidney. The results indicate that if the first kidney has sufficiently sensitised the host, the second kidney will rapidly disintegrate. Otherwise second kidneys can secrete for as lopg as many first kidneys which have been left in the host until anuria occurred.

 The rate of plasma‐cell development has been compared in the above two series, with the following results:—

 In a series of ten kidneys four second kidneys showed an increased rate of development of plasma cells, three second kidneys showed the reverse rate of development of plasma cells, and three second kidneys showed little or no increased rate of development of plasma cells.

 The significance of the plasma cell in homotransplanted kidneys still remains somewhat obscure. Most of the evidence, however, points to its being a genuine reaction of the kidney against the foreign serum circulating through it.

 Certain physical changes overtake the homotransplanted kidney soon after transfer:—

 The kidney increases in weight.

  The kidney increases in size.

 The branches of the renal artery within the kidney become stretched and lose their sinuous appearance.

 Some possible causes of the arrest of function of the homotransplanted kidney have been discussed.

Certain of these possible causes have hwn ruled out—

(a) Increased size.

(b) Vascular stretch.

(c) Increased intrarenal pressure. Other possible causes remain equivocal‐–

(a) Non‐pulsatile blood flow continued for several hours.

(b) The tubule cells of the kidney themselves may produce antibody against foreign protein entering them. The result of this antigen‐antibody reaction may initiate a metabolic upset and anuria caused by an inducei renal vascular spasm.

(c) Oxygen lack upsetting the metabolic activity of the tubule cell.

7. The fate of a kidney transplanted back to its original donor after twenty‐four or forty‐eight hours in a foreign host has been demonstrated. After twenty‐four hours in a foreign host a retransplanted kidney will continue to secrete indefinitely. After forty‐eight hours in a foreign host, a retransplanted kidney will continue to secrete for some days and then suddenly becomes anuric.
FOURNIER'S GANGRENE
Authors: Gregory I. Langdale
Published: November 2008

The condition known as Fournier's gangrene is reviewed and the criteria necessary for diagnosis of this lesion are enumerated.

A case illustrative of the condition is described.

The retiology is discussed and the theory advanced that the disease may be caused by Stupk. aureusand an anaerobic streptococcus acting in symbiosis.
URETEROCELE IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Binks J. B. , Debenham R. K.
Published: November 2008

Three cases of retrocede in children are recorded, each presenting in a different manner. In two the initial symptoms occurred in the first year of life.

The first presented as a case of persistent urinary infection due to stasis behind a ureterocele; it subsequently transpired that there was in addition a double kidney pelvis and complete double ureters on the affected side.

The second case presented with acute retention of urine recurring on several occasions due to the fact that the extension of the large retrocede raised the trig one of the bladder and so obstructed the internal urethral orifice.

The third, also a large ureterocele, extended beneath the niucosa of the trigone, distorting and obstructing the opposite (healthy) ureteric orifice. The leading features were urinary infectior and contralateral hydronephrosis.
SPONTANEOUS RUPTURE OF THE KIDNEY PELVIS
Authors: Clarke Henry
Published: November 2008

A case of spontaneous rupture of the kidney pelvis due to a large benign papilloma is presented. A search of the literature revealed no report of a similar case. Certain features of the symptoms and signs are discussed, especially the significance of tenderness posteriorly on rectal examination.
TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE POSTERIOR URETHRA
Authors: Trafford H. S.
Published: November 2008

Thirty‐two cases of civilian rupture of the posterior urethra have been reviewed and much of the literature mentioned. The unfavorable prognosis associated with this injury in the past would appear to result from two factors:—

1. An individual surgeon may have managed only a few cases of this injury himself from the on set.

2. A urological surgeon may have seen mostly a large number of other people's failures and Complications, referred to him in the hope that something further might be done.

It is hoped that what has been said has proved that although rupture of the posterior urethra is a serious accident, adequate treatment can usually prevent formation of a stricture, and that one is not, except in a minority of cases, presiding at the opening of Rutherford Morison's “life‐long tragedy.”
TUBERCLE BACILLI IN SEMINAL FLUID
Authors: Goatcher PhilipD.
Published: November 2008

1. Three cases are reported of tubercle bacilli being cultured from masturbation specimens of semen.

2. The method of culture is described.

3. The value of this form of investigation is considered.
DIATHERMY TREATMENT OF BLADDER PAPILLOMATA WITHOUT PREVIOTJS BIOPSY
Authors: Irvine W. T.
Published: November 2008

1. Sixty‐three tumours were treated by perurethral fulguration without previous biopsy more than five years previously. Of the thirty‐two patients with sessile turnours fifteen died rapidly from bladder disease. To help to distinguish those sessile tumours unsuitable for diathermy, perurethral biopsy is advocated. Tumours not responding rapidly to fulguration should have more radical treatment at an early stage.

2. Sixty‐seven tumours were treated by suprapubic fulguration without previous biopsy more than two years previously. All tumours were considered non‐infiltrating or just beginning to invade the bladder wall. The immediate results on the histologically simple group have been satisfactory. Fourteen of twenty‐six patients with malignant turnours who left hospital died rapidly of bladder tumour. The histological reports indicate that both cystoscopy and direct palpation of the tumour are unreliable methods of detecting early infiltration. Adequate perurethral biopsy is advocated before the bladder is opened.
IDIOPATHIC SPONTANEOUS RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER
Authors: Clinton‐Thomas C. L.
Published: November 2008

1. A case of spontaneous intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder, without pathological change in the bladder wall or obstruction in the bladder neck or urethra, is reported.

2. The literature is briefly reviewed.

3. The cause of the rupture, as in other cases previously reported, appears to have been the sudden rise of intravesical pressure prior to micturition, acting on a bladder already over‐distended by the excessive consumption of alcohol.

4. It is once again shown that the withdrawal of normal urine by catheter is not proof that rupture has not occurred.

5. The operative treatment is described.

6. Despite the long delay before operation, the use of antibiotics, gastric suction, and intravenous therapy made recovery from a formerly fatal condition uneventful.
NEEDLE CALCULUS IN THE MALE URINARY BLADDER
Authors: Philip P. F.
Published: November 2008

An unusual case of self‐inserted foreign body producing a vesical calculus is recorded. The reason for the delay in onset of symptoms is interpreted in the light of X‐ray and operative findings.
THE BRIDGING OF LONG URETERAL DEFECTS BY FRESH AUTOGENOUS ARTERIAL GRAFTS EMBEDDED IN SUBMUCOSAL INTESTINAL TUNNELS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Authors: Sanders ArnoldR. , Schein ClarenceJ. , Hurwitt ElliottS.
Published: November 2008

1. Autogenous arterial grafts were used to bridge ureteral defects in dogs.

2. An attempt was made to obtain an exogenous blood supply for the graft by embedding it in an intestinal trough.

3. Graft degeneration and anastomotic cicatrisation eventuated in hydro‐ureter and hydronephrosis.

4. Urinary diversion did not alter the biological determination of the graft nor prevent the development of an obstructive uropathy.
RENAL ADENOMA TREATED BY PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY
Authors: Watts C. T.
Published: November 2008

1. A case of renal adenoma treated by partial nephrectoniy is described.

2. The diagnosis of renal adenoma by clinical methods is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE TREATMENT OF CYSTINURIA1
Authors: Dent C. E. , Senior B.
Published: November 2008

The treatment of cystinuria has been investigated bearing in mind present concepts of the pathogenesis of the disease and using biochemical criteria of success or otherwise.

Treatments recommended in the literature and a number of further therapeutic possibilities that we ourselves thought of were uniformly unsuccessful.

The solubility of cystine in urine at various physiological pH's has been determined experimentally. The results show that under normal conditions the daily output of cystine of a cystinuric subject can be held in solution by about 3 litres of urine at pH6.

While an alkaline urine has an increased solvent power for cystine the pHmust be over about 7.6 before appreciably increased quantities are held in solution. Since this pHcannot be maintained during the long‐term management of a cystinuric subject, alkalis are of doubtful value as a prophylactic measure.

The day urine of a cystinuric subject is usually undersaturated with cystine while the night urine is supersaturated. It is concluded that stones probably form as a result of precipitation from the concentrated night urine.

By promoting a high fluid intake at regular intervals one may be able to ensure the passage of a urine that is constantly undersaturated with cystine. Under these circumstances stone formation is impossible, and if stones are already present dissolution should be initiated.

A long‐term clinical follow‐up of the effects of this regime of fluid intake is in progress.
DESCENT OF THE TESTICLE IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE1
Authors: Scorer C. G.
Published: November 2008

A series of some 1,700 newborn infants has been examined in order to discover the frequency of undescended testicle, and to find out what happened to the testicle in those infants who had the deformity.

The incidence of undescended testicle in full‐term infants at birth was 4 per cent.

Of fifty‐five infants followed up, descent occurred within the first three months in the majority. After three months, descent was slow and appeared to be incomplete. At the end of one year seven infants remained in whom no descent had taken place.

The close similarity between the incidence of the condition in infants 1 year old and in adults has been discussed. Evidence from these observations on infants suggests that complete descent of the testicle does not occur after 3 months of age in the full‐term infant.
RENAL HAMARTOMA1
Authors: Brun H. I. Le , Kellett H. S. , Macalister C. L. O.
Published: November 2008

Five cases of renal hamartoma, two fibromas and three angiomyolipomas, successfully treated by nephrectomy, are reported, and their pathology, clinical features, and treatment described.

The association of these renal lesions with tuberous sclerosis is discussed.

We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to Mr N. M. Matheson for permission to record Cases 4 and 5, which were under his care in Ashford Hospital, Middlesex, and to Professor R. A. Willis for his kind interest, encouragement, and advice. We also thank our hospital colleagues Dr A. Siedlecka and Dr W. F. Hamilton for their pathological reports on Cases 4 and 5: Dr N. Langdon‐Down for Fig. 9; Dr C. F. Ross for‐ Figs. 10. 11. and 12: and Dr J. A. Brocklebank for Fig. 21. The drawings are by Miss B. E. Nicholson:the photographs, and photomicrographs by Mr A. S. Carr. Mr P. Harrison. and Mr E. A. Targett.
SENSATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH MICTURITION
Authors: Nathan P. W.
Published: November 2008

The following sensations and the nervous pathways subserving them are discussed: (1) The normal sensation giving rise to the desire to micturate; (2) the sensation that micturition is imminent; (3) certain sensations in the upper part of the body associated with a full bladder; (4) an abdominal sensation associated with a full bladder; (5) the sensation that urine is passing; (6) an increase in abnormal sensations present elsewhere in the body associated with micturition.
ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE KIDNEY IN CHILDHOOD: REPORT OF A CASE AND A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Clinton‐Thomas C. L. , Robinson T. M.
Published: November 2008

An adenocarcinoma of the kidney in a child of 10 is reported. Calcification in the tumour and massive metastases in the skull and orbit were prominent features. The literature is reviewed and the pathology is discussed.
ENURESIS IN BILATERAL COMPLETE RENAL DUPLICATION TREATED BY HEMINEPHRECTOMY AND CHEMOTHERAPY
Authors: Grieve John , Thomson James
Published: November 2008

A case of bilateral complete duplication of kidneys and ureters in a child is described. She presented with enuresis since infancy, and this disappeared following removal of the upper part of the right kidney together with its related pelvis and ureter and the control of the E. coli infection with chloramphenicol. It is seven months since operation but too early to consider her cured. In this child intravenous pyelography and cystoscopy did not show the exact type of anomaly.
GENITO‐URINARY TUBERCULOSIS: A PROGRESS CHART
Authors: Yeates W. Keith
Published: November 2008

A chart is described which has been found to be a great asset in reviewing the background, treatment, and progress of genito‐urinary tuberculosis. Suggestions are given for representing these features on the chart.
ADENOMATOID TUMOURS OF THE EPIDIDYMIS AND TUNICA ALBUGINEA Two Cases
Authors: Rankin N. E.
Published: November 2008

It is generally accepted that adenomatoid tumours are small, slow‐growing, and benign, occurring in the epididymis, tunica albuginea and vaginalis, uterus tubes and ovary. They are circumscribed, encapsulated, and firm, and possess a characteristic microscopical structure. The theories of origin are discussed, and it is most likely that they arise from vestiges of the Müllerian duct as shown by Sundarasivarao (1953). It is possible that they are hamartomata (malformations) rather than true neoplasms. One case from the epididymis and one from the tunica albuginea are described and the literature is reviewed.
BLADDER INVOLVEMENT IN A CASE OF HERPES ZOSTER
Authors: Dales M. , Wilson G.
Published: November 2008

A case of herpes zoster with bladder involvement is described. The disturbance appears to have been due to motor dysfunction.
THE USE OF ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE TO PREVENT RECURRENT RENAL CALCULI
Authors: Pyrah L. N. , Raper F. P. , Smith Irvine B.
Published: November 2008

The principles underlying the aluminium hydroxide gel treatment of phosphatic calculi have been outlined.

A new preparation called Hyalgel has been tried on a small series of urinary stone patients and its effect has been studied on the lowering of the urinary phosphate level, the size of renal calculi and the prevention of recurrent stones.

Some difficulties in the application of this treatment have been discussed.

Our preliminary results are given and compared with the more significant results of American writers.
TRANSPOSITION OF THE PENIS AND SCROTUM
Authors: Forshall Isabella , Rickham P. P.
Published: November 2008

A case of transposition of the penis and scrotum is reported. This is the ninth case reported in the literature, the second to be operated upon and the first where an associated hypospadias was also repaired. The embryology, clinical picture, and treatment of this malformation are briefly discussed.
MUCINOUS URACHAL CYST: REPORT OF A CASE AND REVIEW OF THE SUBJECT
Authors: Jonathan Owen M.
Published: November 2008

A case of benign urachal cyst formation due to the secretion of mucin from intestinal‐type epithelium is described.

The literature on the subject is reviewed.
CYSTIC HYGROMA OF THE GROIN AND SCROTUM
Authors: Gueukdjian S. A.
Published: November 2008

Cystic hygroma is an uncommon benign neoplasm of the lymphatic system. It is very rare in the groin and scrotum. A case of such localisation is reported in a youth of 19 and the literature, previously reviewed by the author elsewhere, is analysed. The diagnostic difficulties are pointed out and the pathology of the lymphatic system is briefly discussed.
PROLONGED SURVIVAL AFTER URETEROCOLIC TRANSPLANT
Authors: Serjeant.T.D. J. C. B.
Published: November 2008

A case of congenital ectopia vesicæ surviving and in good health forty‐six years after bilateral ureterocolic anastomosis is reported.

The history of the surgery of the condition and the expectation of survival following it are discussed.
TRANSITIONAL‐CELL CARCINOMA OF THE COLON FOLLOWING CYSTECTOMY AND URETERO‐SIGMOIDOSTOMY FOR CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER
Authors: Riches E. W. , Page B. H.
Published: November 2008

A case is reported of transitional‐cell carcinoma of the colon occurring after uretero‐sigmoidostomy and cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder.

The growth in the colon resembled the original bladder tumour in its histology.

It occurred at the site of transplantation of the ureIt is believed to be unique.

It is considered that it was probably an implantation growth.
THE VASCULAR ARRANGEMENTS WITHIN THE HUMAN PROSTATE GLAND1
Authors: Clegg E. J.
Published: November 2008

A modification of Pickworth's method for demonstrating blood‐vessles is described.

The intrinsic vessels of the prostate can be divided into an outer or capsular plexus, an intermediate zone of vessles, and a urethral plexus.

The outer plexus lies mainly on the lateral surface of the gland, althouth inferiorly an anterior group of vessels is seen.

The intermediate zone of vessels comprises those derived from the capsular plexus and a leash of vessles accompanying the ejaculatory ducts and prostatic utricles.

The urethral plexus, towards which the intermediate vessels pass, is mainly derived from the capsular vessels. The plexus accompanying the ejaculatory ducts supplies a region of the urethral creast surrouding the entrance of those ducts into the urethra.
IDIOPATHIC RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS INVOLVING THE URETERS1
Authors: Raper F. P.
Published: November 2008

Seven patients are described who had a very active fibrous process in the retroperitoneal tissues amongst the main vessels and in whom this fibrosis had obstructed one or both ureters.

Ten previously reported cases are briefly reviewed.

The treatment of the disease is discussed.

The possibility that this disease might affect only the main vessels is suggested by the case histories of two further patients.
A NEW TYPE OF CATHETER FOR URETHRAL DRAINAGE OF THE BLADDER1
Authors: Gibbon Norman
Published: November 2008

It is suggested that the time is opportune for a reconsideration of present apparatus and techniques for urethral drainage of the bladder. The advent of new materials makes it possible to adopt smaller diameters and improved designs.

A new catheter is presented which appears to offer many advantages. Made up in a dry sterile pack, and used in combination with a plastic collecting bag, it should postpone and minimise urethritis and cystitis, and contribute to the elimination of cross‐infection.

The Portex catheters described above are produced by Portland Plastics Ltd., Bassett House, Hythe, Kent, and it is a pleasure to acknowledge here the help given by Dr S. A. Leader, of that firm, in the development of the instrument. His unique combination of technical knowledge and clinical sympathies has proved invaluable.
CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE
Authors: Mimpriss T. W. , Ferguson A. F.
Published: November 2008

One hundred and twenty‐three cases of carcinoma of the prostate are reviewed with a five‐year follow up of thirty‐six cases and a three‐year follow up of a further forty cases.

Methods of diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Evidence is shown that treatment improves the outlook for such cases significantly, but that it never cures the disease.
EOSINOPHDLIC GRANULOMA OF THE PROSTATE
Authors: RichardsM.D. H. G. H. , Rubin J.
Published: November 2008

An unusual case of eosinophilic granuloma of the prostate simulating carcinoma is described. It appears to be a purely local lesion, and not part of the generalised fatal allergic state recently described elsewhere. The prognosis so far has proved excellent.
RENAL ADENOMA SIMULATING SIMPLE CYST
Authors: Bowers JohnE. , Stumpf HarryH.
Published: November 2008

Delayed exploration of an intrarenal “cystic” mass revealed an adenoma with malignant potentialities. It is suggested that “benign” solid tumour be considered routinely in the differential diagnosis of the renal mass.
SOLITARY MULTILOCULAR CYST OF THE KIDNEY
Authors: Attwood HaroldD. , Grieve John
Published: November 2008

A case is described with a solitary, unilateral, multilocular renal cyst.

This rare condition has now been reported eighteen times.

Although anatomically a well‐defined lesion, the clinical picture may be vague.

Hæmaturia may be severe.
SQUAMOUS‐CELL CARCINOMA IN A CYST OF THE URACHUS
Authors: Shaw RichardE.
Published: November 2008

A case of squamous‐cell carcinoma arising in a urachal cyst is described. Wide excision of the lesion was followed by early recurrence. Only one other similar case has been found in the literature.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON URINARY COLLOIDS IN RELATION TO RENAL CALCULI
Authors: Maclagan N. F. , Ph.D. A. J. AndersonMSc
Published: November 2008

1. A method for measuring the protective colloid efficiency (P.C.E.) of the urinary colloids has been applied to fifteen normal subjects and to seventy patients suffering from various diseases. Levels of the various colloid constituents have also been determined. The results indicate that the nature and amount of the urinary colloids are major factors in deciding protection, and that proteinuria, when present, exerts a dominating influence.

2. In most diseases investigated the P.C.E. was above normal, including twelve cases of renal calculi with proteinuria. In the absence of proteinuria, however, the urines of thirteen calculous patients had protections significantly lower than those of forty‐nine non‐calculous subjects.

3. Some observations on urinary colloids and P.C.E. after aspirin and hyaluronidase therapy are presented.

4. The results have been discussed in relation to the pathogenesis and treatment of renal calculi.
TITRATION OF THE CALCIUM‐BINDING CAPACITY OF URINE1
Authors: Ph.D. ReidH. Leonard , Butt ArthurJ.
Published: November 2008

Addition of neutral calcium chloride to urine causes a decrease in pH. This decrease can be titrated and calculated as milliequivalents of calcium‐binding capacity.

The calcium‐binding capacity possibly is related to the phosphorus content and is of the same order of magnitude as the calcium content. This calcium‐binding capacity may be significant in preventing the formation of calcium‐containing stones and determination of this capacity may be helpful in equating efficacy of certain drugs used to increase calcium solubilisation.