bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tshekedi Khama and Opposition to the British Administration of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, 1926-1936
Authors: Crowder Michael
Published: January 2009

African chiefs under colonial rule are conventionally described as collaborators. Those who failed to co-operate with their colonial masters were deposed. Tshekedi Khama, Regent of the Bangwato for his nephew, Seretse, from 1926 to 1950, does not fit this description. During the first ten years of his regency, he was almost continuously locked in conflict with the British on a whole range of issues both large and small. His sustained opposition to the British is the more remarkable in that he became regent at the age of merely twenty without having been specifically prepared for the governance of the largest of the Tswana states under British rule.

This article explores the reasons for Tshekedi's opposition to the British and the way in which he conducted this opposition, and asks why the British did not depose him as they almost certainly would have deposed a chief who behaved remotely like him in one of their other African territories. It concludes that while Tshekedi basically accepted the colonial situation in the Bechuanaland Protectorate, he was determined that the British should make no inroads into the powers of the chiefs as determined at the end of the nineteenth century when his father Khama III had accepted British protection. He was also resolved to hand over the chieftaincy intact to his ward, Seretse. Furthermore Tshekedi, unlike most African chiefs of his day, was Western-educated, having attended Fort Hare, and believed that the function of the British Administration was to teach him ‘how to govern…not how to be governed’. He reacted strongly against measures that were imposed on him without consultation or explanation, especially, those which he suspected were designed to limit his power or might affect the welfare of his people. In opposing such measures, he employed both ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’ resources and was as skilful as any African nationalist of the time in mobilising press, parliament and public opinion in Britain in his support.

While the British did consider deposing him, and in 1933 temporarily suspended him from office, they were confronted by the fact that there was no other leader in Gammangwato who would be accepted as a legitimate alternative by the Bangwato or who would be remotely as competent as he was. After ten years of wrangling with Tshekedi the British learnt that it was in their interests to collaborate with him. For the next decade Tshekedi and the Administration worked largely in harmony. It was only in the late 1940s that Tshekedi began to use his formidable intellectual powers and administrative experience to challenge the colonial system itself.
Local History and National History: The Quest for the Peoples of England
Authors: Phythian-Adams Charles
Published: January 2009

It is arguable that what has most bedevilled the recent academic practice of history in Britain has been the triumph over integrative history - or that mode of history which seeks to reconstitute and to explain the multi-dimensional nature of past experience - of what might be called the disintegrative historical approach, that is, specialised thematic history. The former mode includes local history, national history (by which here is meant much more than the political or constitutional history of the Nation State), international history - even histories of ‘civilisations’ or of the world - and takes ‘society’ as the central organising principle over time. The latter mode comprises, for example, political history, demographic history, economic history and so on through to such exotic sub-species of the so-called new social history as the histories of class, gender, sex, crime or leisure. Put crudely, if this second type of historical approach concerns itself with particular categories of persons or activities, with pre-selected processes and with highly specific tendencies in the relatively short term, then the first has to do with the fluctuating development of recognisable social entities in the round, and with their changing interrelationships usually over longer time scales. Instructive and fascinating as is undoubtedly the detailed thematic approach, and vital as it continues to be as the indispensable technical preliminary to the accurate reconstruction of the past in a multi-dimensional sense, it is hardly deniable that - as the Victorians recognised - it is the broader interdisciplinary approach which should represent the ultimate aspiration of the historical practitioner, simply because it is that which is most culturally relevant to the education of the citizen. It is equally clear, however, that few professional historians today are seeking either to construct their undergraduate syllabuses on such lines or to write connectedly for a wider public about such matters over periods much longer than a century or two.
Rural Wales and the Welsh Language
Authors: Aitchison John , Carter Harold
Published: January 2009

Since the early 1960s the ‘language question’ in Wales has excited deep and often fractious debate. It is to the pace and pattern of change in the Welsh-speaking population of Wales, and the efforts that have been made to halt the long-standing spiral of linguistic decline that this study addresses itself. Of particular interest is the situation prevailing in rural areas of the north and west of the Principality. These areas have long been regarded as the traditional bastions of the language, and it is here that the forces of anglicisation are currently having such a profound effect on indigenous communities. Together, these communities occupy and define a heartland — a linguistic domain — that is frequently referred to as Y Fro Gymraeg (literally the Welsh-speaking Region). No firm boundaries can be specified, but this core is normally thought to include areas where more than seventy per cent, or even eighty per cent, of the resident population aged three years and over is able to speak Welsh. Beyond this boundary lies Cymru di-Gymraeg (literally non Welsh-speaking Wales); for some, the land from which the language has been disinherited.
Picturesque Landscaping and Estate Management: Uvedale Price at Foxley, 1770–1829
Authors: Daniels Stephen , Watkins Charles
Published: January 2009

Georgian landscaping is conventionally studied as an example of high culture, in terms of the history of art, literature and aesthetics. We take a more down to earth view and look at landscaping as an example of estate management, in terms of such topics as farming, planting, leases and rents. We do not pretend that the study of estate management offers a sort of ground-truth for understanding landscaping. Terms like ‘rent’ and ‘estate’ are of course no more eternal, nor less ideological, than terms like ‘picturesque’ and ‘landscape’. We will not neglect high culture, indeed a central theme of the paper is how the aesthetics of painting helped frame estate management. Even a casual reading of the literature on ‘improvement’ in the eighteenth century reveals a complex overlapping of not just economic and aesthetic issues but moral and political ones too. And the point of this paper is to reinsert landscaping and estate management into this complex.
Identifikation von erfolgsrelevanten Veränderungen im Prozess einer Körperbildtherapie
Authors: Vocks Silja , Vogt Annika , Ertle Andrea , Kosfelder Joachim
Published: January 2009

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Mehrere Studien belegen gute Ergebnisse für Interventionen zur Verbesserung des Körperbildes bei Patientinnen mit Essstörungen; jedoch fehlen Prozessanalysen der relevanten Wirkfaktoren. Fragestellung: Erfolgsrelevante Veränderungen von Klärungs- und Bewältigungserfahrungen sowie symptomspezifische Intrasession-Veränderungen werden im Verlauf einer standardisierten Körperbildtherapie untersucht. Methode: 54 Patientinnen mit Essstörungen füllten vor und nach jeder Gruppensitzung die Body Image States Scale zur Erfassung der State-Körperunzufriedenheit und am Sitzungsende den Stundenbeurteilungsbogen mit den Wirkfaktoren „Einsicht/Klärung” und „Problembewältigung” aus. Ergebnisse: Bei gleichen Eingangswerten zeigten sich erfolgsabhängige Verläufe für die Körperunzufriedenheit nach Sitzungsende und die erlebte Problembewältigung. Sowohl Klärungs- als auch Problembewältigungsprozesse sind mit der Intrasession-Verbesserung der Körperunzufriedenheit assoziiert. Schlussfolgerungen: Während beide Erfolgsgruppen profitieren, bedarf der differenziell günstigere Verlauf der erfolgreicheren Patienten weiterer und erweiterter Forschung.
Sagen dysfunktionale Kognitionen den Therapieerfolg voraus?
Authors: Ertle Andrea , Joormann Jutta , Wahl Karina , Kordon Andreas
Published: January 2009

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Dysfunktionale Kognitionen stellen den Kern des kognitiv-behavioralen Modells zur Erklärung psychischer Störungen dar. Fragestellung: In einer Längsschnittstudie wird geprüft, ob die Reduktion von Angst- und depressiver Symptomatik mit dem Ausmaß und der Reduktion dysfunktionaler Kognitionen zusammenhängt. Methode: N = 87 Patienten mit den Diagnosen Zwangsstörung, Major Depression und Panikstörung bzw. Agoraphobie beantworteten vor und nach einer kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie Fragebögen zu Symptomatik, dysfunktionalen Einstellungen, Sorgen und Grübeln. Ergebnisse: Die Patienten verbessern sich im Therapieverlauf hinsichtlich kognitiver Inhalte und Prozesse sowie der Belastung. Ausgeprägte Sorgen zu Therapiebeginn korrelieren mit weniger Besserung ängstlicher Symptomatik, Reflektion ist dagegen ein protektiver Faktor. Die Abnahme dysfunktionaler Einstellungen sagt die Reduktion der Ängstlichkeit, die Abnahme des Sorgens die Reduktion der Depressivität vorher. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Annahmen des kognitiv-behavioralen Modells werden gestützt.
Responsiveness – Eine entscheidende Prozessvariable in der Psychotherapie
Authors: Caspar Franz , Grosse Holtforth Martin
Published: January 2009

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Responsiveness, definiert als Sich-Einstellen des Therapeuten an Besonderheiten eines Patienten im Therapieprozess, ist kein einfach zu messendes Merkmal. Ziel: In diesem Beitrag wird auf verschiedene inhaltliche Konzepte zur Responsiveness ebenso eingegangen wie auf methodische Aspekte des indirekten und des direkten Erfassens. Vorgehen: Der Ansatz der Motivorientierten Beziehungsgestaltung wird benutzt, um Möglichkeiten der direkten Beurteilung von Responsiveness und des Inbeziehungsetzens zu Patienten- und Outcomevariablen darzustellen.
A Reassessment of Suicide Measurement
Authors: Doessel D.P. , Williams Ruth F.G. , Whiteford Harvey
Published: January 2009

Background. Concern with suicide measurement is a positive, albeit relatively recent, development. A concern with the social loss from suicide requires careful attention to appropriately measuring the phenomenon. This paper applies two different methods of measuring suicide data: the conventional age-standardized suicide (count) rate; and the alternative rate, the potential years of life lost (PYLL) rate. Aims. The purpose of applying these two measures is to place suicide in Queensland in a historical and comparative (relative to other causes of death) perspective. Methods. Both measures are applied to suicide data for Queensland since 1920. These measures are applied also to two largish causes of death and two smaller causes of death, i.e., circulatory diseases, cancers, motor vehicle accidents, suicide. Results. The two measures generate quite different pictures of suicide in Queensland: Using the PYLL measure, suicide is a quantitatively larger issue than is indicated by the count measure. Conclusions. The PYLL measure is the more appropriate measure for evaluation exercise of public health prevention strategies. This is because the PYLL measure is weighted by years of life lost and, thus, it incorporates more information than the count measure which implicitly weights each death with a somewhat partial value, viz. unity.
Direct measurement of strain rates in ductile shear zones: A new method based on syntectonic dikes
Authors: Sassier C. , Leloup P. H. , Rubatto D. , Galland O. , Yue Y. , Lin Ding
Published: January 2009

We describe a new method to estimate directly ductile strain rates at an outcrop scale from the deformation of dikes emplaced within a shear zone. The method is tested in a well‐constrained shear zone: the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone, for which global strain rates can be calculated from published fault rates. The strain rate was determined by measuring independently the shear strain (γ) recorded by the dikes and the age (t) of dikes emplacement. The shear strain was quantified by three different methods that take into account either the stretching of the dikes or their angle variations during deformation or both of them. The values of minimum shear strains range between 0.2 and 9.7 for the less to the most deformed dikes, respectively. The ages of dike emplacement were obtained by Th‐Pb sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) dating of monazites. We obtained three groups of ages: the younger age is 22.55 ± 0.25 Ma, the intermediate age is 26.81 ± 0.66 Ma, and the oldest ages are 29.89 ± 0.46 Ma and 29.93 ± 0.38 Ma. The geochronological data are in agreement with the structural data, the most deformed dikes being the oldest. The minimum strain rates deduced from these measurements are 3 to 4 × 10−14 s−1, which is consistent with previous estimates of geological strain rates in ductile shear zones.
AGU Fellows: The “U” is for Union
Authors: Spilhaus Fred
Published: January 2009

The sole criterion for election as an AGU Fellow is “outstanding contributions to the Earth and space sciences.” Each year, one new Fellow is elected for every 1000 members for this Union‐wide recognition. Another three to five Fellows are added under the policy that all medalists who have not previously been elected to fellowship are accorded that honor as well. (Most of these are Macelwane medalists, who must be less than 36 years of age when selected.) The age distribution of the Fellows recently elected ranges from 41 to 73, and the median age is 56. The median age of all Fellows is 65 and of the whole membership is 43. Currently, 1.9% of the membership are Fellows. Their distribution by primary section or focus group is shown in Table 1.
Methanococcus maripaludis: an archaeon with multiple functional MCM proteins?
Authors: Walters Alison D. , Chong James P.J.
Published: January 2009

There are a large number of proteins involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication, which act together to ensure DNA is replicated only once every cell cycle. Key proteins involved in the initiation and elongation phases of DNA replication include the MCM (minchromosome maintenance) proteins, MCM2–MCM7, a family of six related proteins believed to act as the replicative helicase. Genome sequencing has revealed that the archaea possess a simplified set of eukaryotic replication homologues. The complexity of the DNA replication machinery in eukaryotes has led to a number of archaeal species being adapted as model organisms for the study of the DNA replication process. Most archaea sequenced to date possess a single MCM homologue that forms a hexameric complex. Recombinant MCMs from several archaea have been used in the biochemical characterization of the protein, revealing that the MCM complex has ATPase, DNA-binding and -unwinding activities. Unusually, the genome of the methanogenic archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis contains four MCM homologues, all of which contain the conserved motifs required for function. The availability of a wide range of genetic tools for the manipulation of M. maripaludis and the relative ease of growth of this organism in the laboratory makes it a good potential model for studying the role of multiple MCMs in DNA replication.
The universal Kae1 protein and the associated Bud32 kinase (PRPK), a mysterious protein couple probably essential for genome maintenance in Archaea and Eukarya
Authors: Hecker Arnaud , Graille Marc , Madec Edwige , Gadelle Danièle , Le Cam Eric , van Tilbergh Herman , Forterre Patrick
Published: January 2009

The similarities between essential molecular mechanisms in Archaea and Eukarya make it possible to discover, using comparative genomics, new fundamental mechanisms conserved between these two domains. We are studying a complex of two proteins conserved in Archaea and Eukarya whose precise biological role and biochemical function remain unknown. One of them is a universal protein known as Kae1 (kinase-asociated endopeptidase 1). The second protein is a serine/threonine kinase corresponding to the proteins Bud32 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and PRPK (p53-related protein kinase) in humans. The genes encoding the archaeal orthologues of Kae1 and PRPK are either contiguous or even fused in many archaeal genomes. In S. cerevisiae, Kae1 and Bud32 (PRPK) belong to a chromatin-associated complex [KEOPS (kinase, endopeptidase and other proteins of small size)/EKC (endopeptidase-like kinase chromatin-associated)] that is essential for telomere elongation and transcription of essential genes. Although Kae1 is annotated as O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase in most genomes, we found that the Kae1 protein from Pyrococcus abyssi has no protease activity, but is an atypical DNA-binding protein with an AP (apurinic) lyase activity. The structure of the fusion protein from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii revealed that Kae1 maintains the ATP-binding site of Kae1 in an inactive configuration. We have in fact found that Kae1 inhibits the kinase activity of Bud32 (PRPK) in vitro. Understanding the precise biochemical function and biological role of these two proteins (which are probably essential for genome maintenance) remains a major challenge.
SulfoSYS (Sulfolobus Systems Biology): towards a silicon cell model for the central carbohydrate metabolism of the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus under temperature variation
Authors: Albers Sonja-Verena , Birkeland Nils-Kåre , Driessen Arnold J.M. , Gertig Susanne , Haferkamp Patrick , Klenk Hans-Peter , Kouril Theresa , Manica Andrea , Pham Trong K. , Ruoff Peter , Schleper Christa , Schomburg Dietmar , Sharkey Kieran J. , Siebers Bettina , Sierocinski Pawel , Steuer Ralf , Oost John van der , Westerhoff Hans V. , Wieloch Patricia , Wright Phillip C. , Zaparty Melanie
Published: January 2009

SulfoSYS (Sulfolobus Systems Biology) focuses on the study of the CCM (central carbohydrate metabolism) of Sulfolobus solfataricus and its regulation under temperature variation at the systems level. In Archaea, carbohydrates are metabolized by modifications of the classical pathways known from Bacteria or Eukarya, e.g. the unusual branched ED (Entner–Doudoroff) pathway, which is utilized for glucose degradation in S. solfataricus. This archaeal model organism of choice is a thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon that optimally grows at 80°C (60–92°C) and pH 2–4. In general, life at high temperature requires very efficient adaptation to temperature changes, which is most difficult to deal with for organisms, and it is unclear how biological networks can withstand and respond to such changes. This integrative project combines genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic, as well as kinetic and biochemical information. The final goal of SulfoSYS is the construction of a silicon cell model for this part of the living cell that will enable computation of the CCM network. In the present paper, we report on one of the first archaeal systems biology projects.
Studies on the base excision repair (BER) complex in Pyrococcus furiosus
Authors: Kiyonari Shinichi , Tahara Saki , Uchimura Maiko , Shirai Tsuyoshi , Ishino Sonoko , Ishino Yoshizumi
Published: January 2009

We have been studying the functions of PCNA (proliferating-cell nuclear antigen) for the assembly and reassembly of the replisome during replication fork progression. We have identified the functional interactions between PCNA and several proteins involved in DNA replication and repair from Pyrococcus furiosus. We recently reported that the activity of UDG (uracil–DNA glycosylase) in P. furiosus (PfuUDG) is stimulated by PCNA (PfuPCNA) in vitro, and identified an atypical PCNA-binding site, AKTLF, in the PfuUDG protein. To understand further the function of the complex in the BER (base excision repair) process, we investigated the AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) endonuclease, which can process the BER pathway after uracil removal by UDG. Interestingly, one candidate ORF (open reading frame) for the AP endonuclease was found in the operon containing the gene encoding UDG in the P. furiosus genome. However, this ORF did not exhibit any activity. Instead, we identified the AP endonuclease activity from the other candidate gene products, and designated the protein as PfuAP. We discovered a physical interaction between PfuAP and PfuPCNA, suggesting the formation of a BER complex in one of the repair systems in P. furiosus.
RecA family proteins in archaea: RadA and its cousins
Authors: Haldenby Sam , White Malcolm F. , Allers Thorsten
Published: January 2009

Recombinases of the RecA family are essential for homologous recombination and underpin genome stability, by promoting the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks and the rescue of collapsed DNA replication forks. Until now, our understanding of homologous recombination has relied on studies of bacterial and eukaryotic model organisms. Archaea provide new opportunities to study how recombination operates in a lineage distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes. In the present paper, we focus on RadA, the archaeal RecA family recombinase, and its homologues in archaea and other domains. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, we propose that a family of archaeal proteins with a single RecA domain, which are currently annotated as KaiC, be renamed aRadC.
Activation of mTORC1 in two steps: Rheb-GTP activation of catalytic function and increased binding of substrates to raptor1
Authors: Avruch Joseph , Long Xiaomeng , Lin Yenshou , Ortiz-Vega Sara , Rapley Joseph , Papageorgiou Angela , Oshiro Noriko , Kikkawa Ushio
Published: January 2009

The signalling function of mTOR complex 1 is activated by Rheb-GTP, which controls the catalytic competence of the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) kinase domain by an incompletely understood mechanism. Rheb can bind directly to the mTOR kinase domain, and association with inactive nucleotide-deficient Rheb mutants traps mTOR in a catalytically inactive state. Nevertheless, Rheb-GTP targets other than mTOR, such as FKBP38 (FK506-binding protein 38) and/or PLD1 (phospholipase D1), may also contribute to mTOR activation. Once activated, the mTOR catalytic domain phosphorylates substrates only when they are bound to raptor (regulatory associated protein of mTOR), a separate polypeptide within the complex. The mechanism of insulin/nutrient stimulation of mTOR complex 1 signalling, in addition to Rheb-GTP activation of the mTOR catalytic function, also involves a stable modification of the configuration of mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) that increases access of substrates to their binding site on the raptor polypeptide. The mechanism underlying this second step in the activation of mTORC1 is unknown.
Dressed ion-acoustic solitons in magnetized dusty plasmas
Authors: El-Labany S. K. , El-Shamy E. F. , El-Warraki S. A.
Published: January 2009

In the present research paper, the characteristics of ion acoustic solitary waves are investigated in hot magnetized dusty plasmas consisting of negatively charged dust grains, positively charged ion fluid, and isothermal electrons. Applying a reductive perturbation theory, a nonlinear Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation for the first-order perturbed potential and a linear inhomogeneous KdV-type equation for the second-order perturbed potentials are derived. Stationary solutions of these coupled equations are obtained using a renormalization method. The effects of the external oblique magnetic field, hot ion fluid, and higher-order nonlinearity on the nature of the ion acoustic solitary waves are discussed. The results complement and provide new insights into previously published results on this problem [R. S. Tiwari and M. K. Mishra, Phys. Plasmas 13, 062112 (2006)].
Rapid fabrication of pentaerythritol triacrylate periodic structures on large areas by laser interference patterning with nanosecond pulses
Authors: Lasagni A. , Yuan D. , Das S.
Published: January 2009

We report on rapid fabrication of two-dimensional periodic structures in pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETIA) through laser interference patterning with 10 ns pulses from a frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser emitting at 355 nm. Different periodic arrays including line-, cross-, honeycomb-, and dotlike structures were fabricated using two and three interfering laser beams. The composition of the photoinitiator was changed from 2% to 15% w/w to determine the threshold laser fluences necessary to photopolymerize the PETIA solution. The effects of the PETIA layer thickness and periodic geometries on the mechanical stability of the fabricated structures as well as self-organization processes are reported.
Phimsy
Authors: Ellis R. Hobart
Published: January 2009

Do you enjoy the ads?; What makes a magazine?; Beware the Nobel Prize!
AIP corporate associates study physics and society
Authors: Creutz Edward
Published: January 2009

R ECOGNIZING the increasing importance of the relation between physics and society in general, the American Institute of Physics Corporate Associates chose this topic as its theme for its tenth annual meeting, held in New York City from 1–2 Oct. More than 150 physicists from industry and academic institutions heard lectures and exchanged ideas on the image of physics in society, on the tensions between basic research and social goals, new trends in education and the role of AIP in serving the physics community. Also at the meeting AIP awarded its Karl Taylor Compton gold medal to Alan T. Waterman and talks were given on new developments in particle physics, neutron probing, electroluminescence and plasma dynamics.
Hydroxyl Molecules in Space Puzzle Radio Astronomers
Authors: Scott John T.
Published: January 2009

Investigations of emission and absorption of radiation by hydroxyl (OH) radicals in interstellar space have turned up many puzzles and anomalies. The newly developed longbaseline interferometers may provide a solution. They may in fact reveal a galactic maser, and further observations may tell us more about the structure of our own planet.
New CP-Violation Experiments Reported: Theory Still in Doubt
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: January 2009

Since the discovery three years ago (by James Christenson, James Cronin, Val Fitch and Rene Turlay) that the product of the charge conjugation operator (C) and the parity operator (P) is not conserved in the weak interaction, particle physicists have been trying to find out how and why this occurs. The latest experiments on the decay of the K2° meson, reported in Phys. Rev. Letters, 23 Oct., seem to show a charge asymmetry in the leptonic decay of K2°.
Molecular orientation and electronic structure of 11,11,12,12-tetracyanonaphtho-2,6-quinodimethane vacuum-deposited on metal substrates: Charge transfer, complexation, and potassium doping
Authors: Kanai Kaname , Ikame Tadanobu , Ouchi Yukio , Seki Kazuhiko
Published: January 2009

The molecular orientation and electronic structure of 11,11,12,12-tetracyanonaphtho-2,6-quinodimethane (TNAP) vacuum-deposited on various metal substrates (Au, Ag, and Cu evaporated films) were studied in situ by infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IR-RAS), UV photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), and density functional theory calculations. The molecular orientation and the electronic structures were studied by IR-RAS and UPS, respectively, and the chemical states were deduced by the combination of these methods, with the aid of theoretical simulation. TNAP molecules on Au were found to be almost completely flat lying in the neutral state. At the initial stage of deposition on a Ag substrate, electron transfer from the substrate takes place, leading to the formation of TNAP anion. The UPS spectra for this film also corresponded well with the theoretical simulation of an anion. Upon further deposition, the upper layer becomes neutral, with flat-lying orientation but not completely as in the film on Au. UPS of such a film showed that charge transfer (CT) is limited in the thin film region within <0.8 nm. The film on Cu was found to form a uniform Cu-TNAP CT complex with partial CT even up to the thickness of 15 nm by the diffusion of Cu atoms. The formation of interfacial dipole layer of 0.7–1.0 eV was observed by UPS for all substrates, with the TNAP side negatively charged, reflecting its electron accepting nature. At K deposition, the TNAP molecules on all substrates are more or less sequentially converted into monoanion (TNAP−) and dianion (TNAP2−). For TNAP on Cu, further change, probably the trianion formation, was also found, suggesting the usefulness of codoping for increasing the maximum number of charge to be injected into a molecule. Potassium doping was also found to cause tilting of the originally flat-lying molecules on Au, calling attention that doping not only changes the electronic structure but may also affect molecular orientation.
Instability of a drop moving in a Brinkman porous medium
Authors: Lyubimov Dmitry V. , Shklyaev Sergey , Lyubimova Tatyana P. , Zikanov Oleg
Published: January 2009

Sedimentation of a spherical drop of one fluid in the porous medium saturated by another is analyzed in the framework of the Brinkman model. The formula for the stationary velocity is obtained, which reproduces the results for the drop motion in a viscous fluid (Hadamard–Rybczynski formula) and for the Darcy model in the corresponding limiting cases. The steadily moving drop is found to be unconditionally unstable to interface perturbations. It is shown that the Brinkman model eliminates the unphysical features of the instability inherent to the Darcy model.
A future for physicists in industry
Authors: Suits C. G.
Published: January 2009

One of the things that characterizes the trend of industrial research since World War II is the increasing demand for physicists in a great variety of industrial laboratories. Unlike the chemist, whose important role in industrial technology has long been recognized, the physicist is a relatively new figure on the industrial scene. Thus, it is timely on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the American Institute of Physics to examine the present status of the industrial physicist and to assess his opportunities for the future.
AIP development program
Authors: Klopsteg Paul E.
Published: January 2009

The American Institute of Physics has announced plans for a $500 000 Development Program calculated to improve and make better use of the Institute's facilities and its capacity to serve its members. Half of the total amount will be used to meet the expenses of renovating and moving into a newly-purchased AIP headquarters building. An additional $200 000 will be required to defray the initial costs of an impending publications increase of some 5000 journal pages devoted to fundamental and applied research in physics. The remaining $50 000 will be used to establish a program to stimulate and coordinate efforts to encourage the study of physics in the nation's schools. A fundraising drive is in the process of being launched, and it is hoped that $350 000 of the total will be provided by industrial employers of physicists and that the remaining $150 000 will be contributed by individual members of the Institute.
On the use of digital computers
Authors: Morse Philip M.
Published: January 2009

Let me say, right off, that I don't intend to give you a sales talk on how electronic computers will do all the observing for the experimental physicist and all the thinking for the theoretical physicist. That doesn't mean I think computers won't be of any use to us, however. They are tools, like cyclotrons and spectroscopes, which can help us carry on research but, as with any other tool, it's going to take a great deal of thought and ingenuity to realize their full potentialities. As with any of our other instruments, only those of us who take the time and trouble to learn thoroughly the computer's operations and its limitations will be able to exploit fully its potentialities.
E. U. Condon: New Editor of Reviews of Modern Physics
Authors: Wigner Eugene P.
Published: January 2009

The Reviews of Modern Physics started as Physical Review Supplement in July, 1929. It has developed, in the 27 years since its foundation, into one of the most important sources of information for physicists. The need for a review journal which summarizes recent progress and trends in certain parts of physics, for the benefit of those whose principal interest and preoccupation is in other fields, must have been evident to its first editorial board which, included John T. Tate, A. H. Compton, K. T. Compton, K. K. Darrow, E. C. Kemble, C. E. Mendenhall, and D. L. Webster. Today, the unprecedented growth of the volume of publications renders such a journal a necessity. Without journals such as the RMP, our special interests would make our knowledge of the various branches of physics even more oppressively narrow than most of us feel it already is. This writer, for one, derives practically all his acquaintance with radio-astronomy, with the theories of earth magnetism, with magneto-hydrodynamics, from articles in the Reviews of Modern Physics, and he suspects that the majority of his colleagues could present a similar list.
AIP at work
Authors: Davis Robert R.
Published: January 2009

The photographs on these pages give a small idea of what the American Institute is for—what it does for physics, for physicists, and for the Member Societies. It is a large business operation. Like any business it has to have good management and a trained staff—obtained in competition with other businesses.
A listing of Summer Institutes
Authors: Weber Robert L.
Published: January 2009

The shortage of scientifically trained personnel has been clearly established. The most ominous aspect of this is the “drying up of the fountainhead” through the relative and even absolute decline in college science student enrollments. Perhaps the greatest single factor in stimulating students into seeking science careers is the enthusiastic and well-informed high school science teacher. Many teachers are eager to improve their knowledge of the sciences and to increase their ability to stimulate talented young people to prepare for careers in science. But with present salary scales, the expense of continuing graduate studies has been a formidable barrier for these teachers. Hence universities which have tried to offer summer institutes for high school teachers have found it necessary to offer scholarships at least sufficient to cover summer expenses, and if possible to offset loss of customary summer earnings.
Satellites for physicists
Authors: Singer S. F.
Published: January 2009

Artificial earth satellites are really of great importance to physicists. Some of this importance is not immediately obvious and is indeed quite indirect. It seems to turn out that the satellite is a “vehicle” whereby physicists can approach the man in the street, or perhaps just the interested youngster with physics. For the satellite contains what is perhaps the fundamental element of all science: a spirit of exploration and adventure; but it is presentable at a sufficiently nontechnical level so as to make it exciting to the nonphysicist. Even if there were no other advantages to satellites, it may well be the means whereby thousands of youngsters, now space cadets, develop an interest in the physical sciences, in astronomy and in mathematics, which leads them, if properly qualified, into a scientific career. I am one who believes that the satellite has a tremendous educational aspect and that we as physicists should be prepared to use it in order to interest people in physics.
George Placzek
Authors: Segrè Emilio
Published: January 2009

George Placzek, permanent member of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J., died unexpectedly last October at the age of fifty in Zürich, Switzerland.
International Conference on the Quantum Interactions of the Free Electron: The electron as a symbol of progress
Authors: Waterman Alan T.
Published: January 2009

I am happy to bring to members of the conference the greetings of the National Science Foundation and to welcome you on behalf of the Foundation and other sponsors of the conference which include, in addition to the University of Maryland, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, the Office of Naval Research, the Air Research and Development Command, and the National Bureau of Standards. A conference with this basic theme has never before been held in the United States, and I know I speak for all the sponsors in saying that we are happy to have had a part in making it possible for distinguished scholars from some twelve nations to meet together and exchange ideas in one of the important areas of modern physics. We in the Foundation feel that the encouragement and support of such scientific gatherings is one of the most useful things we do.
International Conference on the Quantum Interactions of the Free Electron: J. J. Thomson and the discovery of the electron
Authors: Thomson George P.
Published: January 2009

May I say that I am particularly glad and happy that my father's hundredth anniversary of his birth should be celebrated here in this way. My father had a great affection for America at all times, and of all the places in America, he best knew and loved Baltimore; and that it should be the University of Maryland which is honouring him in this way is to me a very great pleasure, as it would have been to him.
International Conference on the Quantum Interactions of the Free Electron: Electron physics in America
Authors: Darrow Karl K.
Published: January 2009

Dr. Marton said I was going to speak about the history of electron physics in America. I think you are very fortunate that he did not make this request of someone competent to fulfill it, for if he had this person might have done it; and I can imagine nothing less appropriate for this hour of the evening of a busy day and particularly after so brilliant a speech as you have just heard.
Mathematics at NBS…a policy committee report
Authors: Rees Mina
Published: January 2009

At the time of the establishment of the Bureau of Standards Technical Advisory Committee for Mathematics a discussion of the role appropriate to the Mathematics Division (Division 11) of the Bureau was undertaken by the Committee. Although the excellence of the Bureau's staff in the mathematical areas in which it had been operating was striking, adequate mathematical consultant services to other Bureau activities seemed to require the establishment and development of a section on mathematical physics. Therefore the Technical Advisory Committee recommended the establishment of a new section. There are now four sections: Numerical Analysis (11.01), the Computation Laboratory (11.02), the Statistical Engineering Laboratory (11.03), and Mathematical Physics (11.04).
Standards of temperature
Authors: Wilson R. E.
Published: January 2009

As a result of the increasing need for reliable temperature measurements at both very high and very low temperatures, the National Bureau of Standards is extending its temperature standardization and research program toward the extremes of the temperature scale. While the accurate measurement of temperature has long been of interest to the research scientist, its importance, particularly at the extreme ends of the scale, has greatly increased with the rapid technical developments of recent years. During this period, many improvements in industrial processes for the manufacture of products such as steel, glass, gasoline, and other important commodities have resulted from the increased precision that is being attained in the measurement and control of temperature. In aeronautics there are new temperature problems in connection with the use of jet propulsion and the operation of aircraft at high altitudes and in polar regions. To attain the desired performance in jet engines, fundamental research is required to develop methods of measuring temperatures of flames and to develop temperature-sensitive devices for indicating performance and controlling operation. For use at jet-engine temperatures as well as in arctic cold, mechanical parts must be specially designed using materials capable of withstanding these extremes in order to function satisfactorily. Likewise, as a result of the applications of atomic energy, it has become necessary to learn more about the heat-transfer properties of a variety of materials at increasingly high temperatures. For effective research in these fields, temperatures must be accurately measured, and the results of one laboratory must be comparable with those of another.
A Letter to the Editor
Authors: Golay Marcel J. E.
Published: January 2009

The writers of scientific textbooks or treatises have long had the practice of providing a list of other authors referenced within the text or in footnotes. This list, which may form an integral part of the index, or be a separate list, consists usually of the bare names, followed by the page numbers where the reference is made, some of the numbers being sometimes underlined to connote some aspect of the reference made.
Physics Today and the Institute
Authors: Harnwell Gaylord P.
Published: January 2009

Beginning with this issue the American Institute of Physics will send Physics Today to its entire membership. This includes all who are members of the Institute automatically because they are members of the American Physical Society, Optical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America, American Association of Physics Teachers, or Society of Rheology, as well as associate members of the AIP and members of Student Sections. This service will be rendered without adding in any way to the financial burdens of the Societies or their members. The achievement of general circulation at no extra cost has been made possible by the Institute's successful efforts to increase outside income, largely advertising and circulation income of the Institute-owned journals.
Some thoughts on international scientific communication
Authors: Waterman Alan T.
Published: January 2009

Your invitation to the National Science Foundation was to testify concerning the impact of the immigration laws upon science. For the most part the effect of the immigration laws upon science is not substantially different from the effect upon other professional and scholarly activities. In the matters concerning the admission of foreign scientists as visitors, however, experience has demonstrated the existence of a problem of special concern to science and one in which the stake of this country is large. It is, therefore, to this special problem that I shall speak.
The Alphabet
Authors: Gamow G.
Published: January 2009

Dictionaries, telephone-directories, subject-indices, membership-lists, etc., etc., are arranged in alphabetic order.
Particle Accelerators
Authors: Blewett M. Hildred
Published: January 2009

Brookhaven Conference Reported
Ionospheric and upper air research
Authors: staff Ionospheric and Upper Air Laboratories , staff Upper Air Research Observatory
Published: January 2009

Some of the geophysical research being conducted by the Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Air Research and Development Command, was described in an earlier issue (Physics Today, p. 10, February 1953). It may be recalled that the Terrestrial Sciences Laboratory investigated the properties and interactive effects of the land, oceans, and atmosphere using techniques and instrumentation of seismology and acoustics. The occupation of Ice Island T-3 in the Arctic research program was given as an example of the interrelationship of terrestrial and atmospheric studies. Microseismic activity was correlated with meteorological conditions and the anomalous propagation of sound was described as a tool in the determination of temperatures and winds at high altitudes.
Visiting Scholars
Authors: Gray Dwight E.
Published: January 2009

Foreign scholars assured of funds to support them while they are in the United States are eligible to apply for Fulbright travel grants to cover transportation to and from this country. During 1951–52, a total of 28 foreign physicists received such aid in carrying on physics research or teaching in this country. They were part of a group of some 380 scholars from other countries who obtained Fulbright travel grants under that year's program—an increase of approximately 25 percent over the number for the previous year. Of these, 119 worked in some phase of the physical sciences and 113 in biological fields. The 1952–53 figures show the number of those in physics to have remained about the same.
Alpha, Alpha, Alpha
Authors: Aaronson C. J.
Published: January 2009

I was favorably impressed by Professor Gamow's suggestion (Physics Today, February 1953) that the names of authors in multiauthor articles appear in alphabetic order; however, I feel obligated to point out that this may lead to the practice of scientists adopting “noms de plume”. This tendency would, of course, be most likely to arise in the N-Z group, but others amongst us might be swept into the maelstrom.
AIP annual report 1952
Authors: Barton Henry A.
Published: January 2009

The American Institute of Physics attained and celebrated in 1951 its twentieth anniversary. It seemed appropriate for the 1951 annual report to review the status of physics in a more careful and comprehensive way than usual. By contrast, the present report—for 1952—can be devoted to present problems, looking toward a better future for physics rather than marking past accomplishments.
Two barrier phenomena
Authors: Van Vleck J. H.
Published: January 2009

In searching for a subject for this talk, I find that some addresses of retiring presidents have been discussions of topics relating to the social responsibilities and problems of physicists, while others have been technical reviews of research in a particular phase of physics. Professor Bridgman struck a compromise by giving a retiring address which was part political, part physical, and, being from Harvard, I have naturally decided to follow his pattern. One of the barriers about which I shall speak today is political and macroscopic, the other is physical and microscopic. As you perhaps have guessed, the political barrier phenomenon of which I will speak is that presented by the present policy of the United States regarding visas for visiting physicists from abroad. Because of limitations of time, I shall not discuss the reciprocal problem of the difficulties sometimes experienced by United States citizens in obtaining passports.
A Letter to the Editor
Authors: Schwetman Herbert D.
Published: January 2009

During the period of recovery of the city of Waco, Texas, from the tornado of May 11, 1953 in which much property and many lives were lost, it became apparent that a radium needle used in medical treatment was lost in the worst part of the devastated area. The members of our department located the needle valued at $5000 under debris which had been moved many times during the search for bodies.
How they became physicists…
Authors: Haberly A. A.
Published: January 2009

This is a second article on the general topic of the comparative histories of physicists. An earlier article, which appeared in the August issue of Physics Today, portrayed the general backgrounds of some American physicists, as well as reporting the more important factors that induced these men to enter the field of physics. This second article is an analysis of the various factors reported by the physicists to determine any significant relationships or variances in these factors.