bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genotoxic and immunotoxic effects of cellulose nanocrystals in vitro
Authors: Catalán Julia , Ilves Marit , Järventaus Hilkka , Hannukainen Kati‐Susanna , Kontturi Eero , Vanhala Esa , Alenius Harri , Savolainen Kai M , Norppa Hannu
Published: September 2014

Nanocellulosics are among the most promising innovations for a wide‐variety of applications in materials science. Although nanocellulose is presently produced only on a small scale, its possible toxic effects should be investigated at this early stage. The aim of the present study was to examine the potential genotoxicity and immunotoxicity of two celluloses in vitro ‐ cellulose nanocrystals (CNC; mean fibril length 135 nm, mean width 7.3 nm) and a commercially available microcrystalline (non‐nanoscale) cellulose (MCC; particle size ∼50 µm). Both celluloses showed 55% cytotoxicity at approximately 100 µg/ml after 4‐h, 24‐h, and 48‐h treatment of human bronchial epithelial BEAS 2B cells, as determined by luminometric detection of ATP and cell count (dead cells identified by propidium iodide). Neither of the materials was able to induce micronuclei (MN) in binucleate or mononucleate BEAS 2B cells after a 48‐h treatment (2.5–100 µg/ml). In human monocyte‐derived macrophages, MCC induced a release (measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; ELISA) of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) and (after lipopolysaccharide‐priming) interleukin 1β (IL‐1β) after a 6‐h exposure to a dose of 300 µg/ml, but CNC (30–300 µg/ml) did not. In conclusion, our results show that nanosized CNC is neither genotoxic nor immunotoxic under the conditions tested, whereas non‐nanosized MCC is able to induce an inflammatory response. More studies are needed, especially in vivo, to further assess if CNC and other nanocelluloses induce secondary genotoxic effects mediated by inflammation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 56:171–182, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Display Movement Velocity and Dynamic Visual Search Performance
Authors: Yu Rui‐feng , Chan Alan H. S.
Published: September 2014

In practice, many visual search tasks are performed under dynamic conditions. An experiment was conducted here to test visual search strategy adopted by a person in a dynamic visual search and to investigate the effects of display movement velocity on search time and detection accuracy in it. Thirty‐five participants were randomly tested with all 10 angular velocities of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 32 deg/s. The data obtained fitted the random search model well. The results revealed that observers utilized a random search strategy during the dynamic visual search process and that display movement velocity influenced search performance. In comparison with static visual search, an angular velocity faster than 4 deg/s resulted in a significant decrement in search performance. The variations of duration of individual fixations, the probability of target detection in a single fixation and visual lobe area were discussed. The obtained relationships between display movement velocity, search time and detection accuracy can serve as a useful guide for designing a dynamic search task, thus helping to maximize the cost‐effectiveness of dynamic search tasks while minimizing errors and misses during the search process.
Multiple mucin depleted foci, high proliferation and low apoptotic response in the onset of colon carcinogenesis of the PIRC rat, mutated in Apc
Authors: Femia Angelo Pietro , Luceri Cristina , Soares Paulo Victoria , Lodovici Maura , Caderni Giovanna
Published: September 2014

PIRC rats (F344/NTac‐Apc am1137) mutated in the Apc gene spontaneously develop colon tumors thus mimicking familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) more closely than Apc‐based rodent models developing tumors mostly in the small intestine. To understand whether microscopic dysplastic lesions precede the development of macroscopic tumors, PIRC rat colon was examined for the presence of mucin depleted foci (MDF), microadenomas of the rodent and human colon. Few MDF (about 4/animal) were already present in 1‐month‐old rats and their number rapidly increases to about 250 in 8‐month‐old rats. These lesions showed Wnt signaling activation (nuclear β‐catenin accumulation) and were dramatically decreased by sulindac (320 ppm), a drug with chemopreventive activity (MDF/rat at 4 months: 156 ± 8 and 38 ± 6 in controls and sulindac‐treated rats, respectively, means ± SE, p < 0.001). Since altered proliferation and apoptosis could underlie the early phases of carcinogenesis, we studied these processes in the apparently normal colon mucosa (NM) of 1‐month‐old PIRC and wt rats. Colon proliferation (PCNA expression) was significantly higher in PIRC rats. Notably, PIRC rat NM showed resistance to apoptosis since it sustained proliferation and had lower apoptosis after a cytotoxic insult with 1,2 dimethylhydrazine. Gene expression of Myc, p21, Birc5, Ogg1, Apex1 and Sod2 were significantly up‐regulated in the NM of PIRC rat. The overall results put forward PIRC rat as useful model of colon carcinogenesis, either to study the process itself or to test in vivo chemopreventive agents in both short‐ and long‐term studies.
Oral cadmium exposure during rat pregnancy: assessment of transplacental micronutrient transport and steroidogenesis at term
Authors: Mikolić Anja , Piasek Martina , Sulimanec Grgec Antonija , Varnai Veda M. , Stasenko Sandra , Kralik Oguić Saša
Published: September 2014

Diet is the main source of cadmium (Cd) exposure. Gastrointestinal absorption increases during pregnancy. Cadmium accumulated in the placenta may interfere with nutrient transport to the foetus. Data on the potential of Cd to act as a steroid disruptor of pregnancy are limited. We evaluated the effects of oral Cd exposure during pregnancy on placental function in micronutrient transfer to the foetus and steroidogenesis in Wistar rats (regular 4‐day cyclers) that mated with unexposed males. Pregnant rats were randomly assigned to a Cd group exposed orally to 50 mg Cd l–1 (CdCl2xH2O dissolved in demineralized water), ≈7.5 mg Cd kg–1 a day, during 20 days of gestation and control (supplied with demineralized water). Non‐pregnant rats were treated under the same experimental conditions. On day 20, all of the rats were killed and samples were taken for element analyses (by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry). Progesterone and testosterone were measured in serum and placenta‐derived samples (by immunoenzymometric assay and/or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay). In the exposed rats, Cd increased in blood and organs, more in pregnant rats, and in placenta and foetus whereas zinc increased in liver. Iron decreased in maternal organs and in foetus, whereas zinc decreased in maternal kidney and placenta. Liver copper was lower and kidney copper higher in all pregnant vs. non‐pregnant rats. Steroids in serum and placenta did not change. In conclusion, oral Cd exposure during rat pregnancy does not affect progesterone and testosterone at term. Transplacental iron and zinc handover are disrupted, which may put at risk the maintenance of foetal nutrition and viability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of graphene oxide on the structure and function of important multiple blood components by a dose‐dependent pattern
Authors: Feng Ru , Yu Yueping , Shen Chaoxuan , Jiao Yanpeng , Zhou Changren
Published: September 2014

Graphene and its derivatives have become great concern in biomedical fields. Though many investigations about their toxicity have been reported, systematic investigation on the interaction with multiple blood components is lacking. In this work, we studied the effects of the graphene oxide (GO) on the structure and function of the blood components, especially, on morphology and hemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fibrinogen conformation, complement activation, and blood coagulation function. Scanning electron microscopy observation and hemolysis test results showed that the GO can affect RBC morphology and membrane integrity in a concentration‐dependent way. Fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra showed that GO could alter the secondary structures and conformation of BSA and fibrinogen. In addition, the presence of GO could also trigger complement activation by detecting their key biomarker molecules in plasma. In the blood clotting process, the GO showed significant adverse effect on the activated partial thromboplastin time but not on prothrombin time of the platelet‐poor plasma. Meanwhile, the GO also caused abnormal thromboelastography parameters of the whole blood coagulation. The results obtained in this study provides good insight into understanding the biomedical application of GO in vivo. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2006–2014, 2015.
Enhanced osseointegration of endosseous implants by predictable sustained release properties of strontium
Authors: Offermanns Vincent , Andersen Ole Zoffmann , Falkensammer Gottfried , Andersen Inge Hald , Almtoft Klaus Pagh , Sørensen Søren , Sillassen Michael , Jeppesen Christian Sloth , Rasse Michael , Foss Morten , Kloss Frank
Published: September 2014

Studies have shown that strontium (Sr) incorporated into surfaces may enhance osseointegration. Thus, we suggested that a sustained Sr release from implant surfaces could improve bone healing. This study verifies and further investigates the effect of a novel TiSrO functionalized implant surface prepared from a magnetron co‐sputtering platform with a continuous release of Sr.

Materials and methods

Four experimental TiSrO groups, which differed from each other in Sr contents and pre‐wash procedures, were tested. Implants were prepared with a TiSrO coating by means of magnetron co‐sputtering and compared to Grade 4 titanium. Composition, morphology and mechanical stability were analyzed; Sr‐release data were gained from in vitro washout experiments. In vivo investigations were carried out in a rat model and analyzed histologically regarding bone‐to‐implant contact and new bone formation 30 days after implantation.

Results

Structural differences were detected between the two basis TiSrO coatings with 6.7 at.% and 8.9 at.% Sr, respectively. Different release profiles were observed with 8.9 at.% Sr coating exhibiting the highest long‐term release of Sr. Median values of new bone formation and bone‐to‐implant contact was found to be 60.1% and 91.6%, respectively, for the best group compared to 16.6% and 70.6% for the Grade 4 titanium reference. The increase in new bone formation was found to correlate with the amount of Sr released in vitro.

Conclusion

The results show that sputtered TiSrO coatings with sustained release of Sr may improve osseointegration, and could thus have impact on practical applications for medical implants. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1099–1106, 2015.
Geometrical and optical benchmarking of copper(II) guanidine–quinoline complexes: Insights from TD‐DFT and many‐body perturbation theory (part II)
Authors: Hoffmann Alexander , Rohrmüller Martin , Jesser Anton , dos Santos Vieira Ines , Schmidt Wolf Gero , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja
Published: September 2014

Ground‐ and excited‐state properties of copper(II) charge‐transfer systems have been investigated starting from density‐functional calculations with particular emphasis on the role of (i) the exchange and correlation functional, (ii) the basis set, (iii) solvent effects, and (iv) the treatment of dispersive interactions. Furthermore (v), the applicability of TD‐DFT to excitations of copper(II) bis(chelate) charge‐transfer systems is explored by performing many‐body perturbation theory (GW + BSE), independent‐particle approximation and ΔSCF calculations for a small model system that contains simple guanidine and imine groups. These results show that DFT and TD‐DFT in particular in combination with hybrid functionals are well suited for the description of the structural and optical properties, respectively, of copper(II) bis(chelate) complexes. Furthermore, it is found an accurate theoretical geometrical description requires the use of dispersion correction with Becke–Johnson damping and triple‐zeta basis sets while solvent effects are small. The hybrid functionals B3LYP and TPSSh yielded best performance. The optical description is best with B3LYP, whereby heavily mixed molecular transitions of MLCT and LLCT character are obtained which can be more easily understood using natural transition orbitals. An natural bond orbital analysis sheds light on the donor properties of the different donor functions and the intraguanidine stabilization during coordination to copper(I) and (II). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel radiochemical approach to 1‐(2'‐deoxy‐2'‐[18F]fluoro‐β‐d‐arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (18F‐FAC)
Authors: Meyer Jan‐Philip , Probst Katrin C. , Trist Iuni M. L. , McGuigan Christopher , Westwell Andrew D.
Published: September 2014

18F‐FAC (1‐(2'‐deoxy‐2'‐[18F]fluoro‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyl)‐cytosine) is an important 2'‐fluoro‐nucleoside‐based positron emission tomography (PET) tracer that has been used for in vivo prediction of response to the widely used cancer chemotherapy drug gemcitabine. Previously reported synthetic routes to 18F‐FAC have relied on early introduction of the 18F radiolabel prior to attachment to protected cytosine base. Considering the 18F radiochemical half‐life (110 min) and the technical challenges of multi‐step syntheses on PET radiochemistry modular systems, late‐stage radiofluorination is preferred for reproducible and reliable radiosynthesis with in vivo applications. Herein, we report the first late‐stage radiosynthesis of 18F‐FAC. Cytidine derivatives with leaving groups at the 2'‐position are particularly prone to undergo anhydro side‐product formation upon heating because of their electron density at the 2‐carbonyl pyrimidone oxygen. Our rationally developed fluorination precursor showed an improved reactivity‐to‐stability ratio at elevated temperatures. 18F‐FAC was obtained in radiochemical yields of 4.3–5.5% (n = 8, decay‐corrected from end of bombardment), with purities ≥98% and specific activities ≥63 GBq/µmol. The synthesis time was 168 min.
Discrimination between washed Arabica, natural Arabica and Robusta coffees by using near infrared spectroscopy, electronic nose and electronic tongue analysis
Authors: Buratti Susanna , Sinelli Nicoletta , Bertone Elisa , Venturello Alberto , Casiraghi Ernestina , Geobaldo Francesco
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of a ‘holistic’ approach, using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and electronic devices (electronic nose and electronic tongue), as instrumental tools for the classification of different coffee varieties. Analyses were performed on green coffee, on ground roasted coffee and on coffee beverage. Principal component analysis was applied on spectral and sensory data to uncover correlations between samples and variables. After variable selection, linear discriminant analysis was used to classify the samples on the basis of the three coffee classes: Robusta, natural Arabica and washed Arabica.

RESULTS

Linear discriminant analysis demonstrates the practicability of this approach: the external test set validation performed with NIR data showed 100% of correctly classified samples. Moreover, a satisfying percentage of correct classification in cross‐validation was obtained for the electronic devices: the average values of correctly classified samples were 81.83% and 78.76% for electronic nose and electronic tongue, respectively.

CONCLUSION

NIR spectroscopy was shown to be a very reliable and useful tool to classify coffee samples in a fast, clean and inexpensive way compared to classical analysis, while the electronic devices could assume the role of investigating techniques to depict the aroma and taste of coffee samples. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Molecular strategies for detection and quantification of mycotoxin‐producing Fusarium species: a review
Authors: Gong Liang , Jiang Yueming , Chen Feng
Published: September 2014

Fusarium contamination is considered a major agricultural problem, which could not only significantly reduce yield and quality of agricultural products, but produce mycotoxins that are virulence factors responsible for many diseases of humans and farm animals. One strategy to identify toxigenic Fusarium species is the use of modern molecular methods, which include the analysis of DNA target regions for differentiation of the Fusarium species, particularly the mycotoxin‐producing Fusarium species such as F. verticillioides and F. graminearum. Additionally, polymerase chain reaction assays are used to determine the genes involved in the biosynthesis of the toxins in order to facilitate a qualitative and quantitative detection of Fusarium‐producing mycotoxins. Also, it is worth mentioning that some factors that modulate the biosynthesis of mycotoxins are not only determined by their biosynthetic gene clusters, but also by environmental conditions. Therefore, all of the aforementioned factors which may affect the molecular diagnosis of mycotoxins will be reviewed and discussed in this paper. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Biobased vinyl levulinate as styrene replacement for unsaturated polyester resins
Authors: Cousinet Sylvain , Ghadban Ali , Allaoua Imène , Lortie Frédéric , Portinha Daniel , Drockenmuller Eric , Pascault Jean‐Pierre
Published: September 2014

Vinyl levulinate (VL) is used as a biobased reactive diluent in styrene (St)‐free unsaturated polyester resins (UPR). The reactivity ratios for the radical copolymerization of VL with diethyl fumarate (DEF) are determined by the Jaacks method (rVL = 0.01 and rDEF = 0.81 at 60 °C in DMSO‐d6). The properties of UPRs having a stoichiometric ratio between unsaturated groups from the UPR and either St or VL are compared. Defect‐free, slightly yellow, transparent, and rigid thermosets are obtained after a mild curing cycle. Due to unfavorable reactivity ratios about 5.5 wt % of unpolymerized VL remains inside the network and acts as plasticizer. Consequently, compared with St‐based ones, VL‐based UPRs exhibit lower α relaxation (Tα = 180 and 100 °C, respectively), lower elastic moduli at the rubbery plateau (G′ = 108 and 107 Pa) and lower mechanical properties as measured by three points bending tests. Strain at break (εf = 1.8 ± 0.2%) and Charpy impact strength (∼2.7 ± 0.3 kJ m−2) are comparable independently of the RD chemical nature. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 3356–3364
Aggregation of polythiophene homopolymer and block copolymer in solution utilizing the characteristics of pyridine at the side chain
Authors: Takagi Koji , Kawagita Eiki , Kouchi Ryo , Kawai Junpei
Published: September 2014

Poly[3‐(5′‐hexylpyridine‐2′‐yl)thiophene] (P3PT) (Mn = 13900, H‐T content = 90%) was prepared by the regioselective Grignard metathesis reaction and the subsequent Kumada coupling polymerization. Likewise, poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐b‐poly[3‐(5′‐hexylpyridine‐2′‐yl)thiophene] (P3HT‐b‐P3PT) (Mn = 17,300) was synthesized in the one‐pot and successive monomer addition protocol, in which the segment ratio was calculated to be 56 (P3HT)/44 (P3PT) base on the 1H NMR spectrum. The absorption and emission spectra of homopolymer P3PT(H), obtained by the protonation of the pyridine nitrogen, in THF/cyclohexane shifted to the longer wavelength as compared with those collected in THF, suggesting the aggregation in poor solvent. The aggregation of P3PT induced by the addition of Sc(OTf)3 could be controlled by the molar ratio of pyridine and scandium complex. The protonated block copolymer P3HT‐b‐P3PT(H) was also subjected to the aggregate formation. The absorption maximum in THF/CH3OH showed a bathochromic shift and the fluorescence emission was almost quenched. From the 1H NMR spectra and DLS measurements, P3HT‐b‐P3PT(H) forms nanometer scale aggregates particularly with the insolubility and stacking of non‐ionic P3HT in alcohol as the driving force. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 3383–3389
Synthesis conditions of carbon nanotubes with the chemical vapor deposition method
Authors: Dobrzańska‐Danikiewicz Anna D. , Cichocki Dawid , Pawlyta Mirosława , Łukowiec Dariusz , Wolany Weronika
Published: September 2014

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) enables the mass synthesis of high‐quality nanotubes. There is a large number of synthesis process parameters that have an influence on the type and form of the final product. The aim of the paper is the optimization of the synthesis process of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with the CVD method. Three synthesis parameters were selected (temperature, process time, and hydrogen flow rate) influencing the form and quality of the material produced. The experiments were carried out using our own approach to the conditions of carbon multiwalled nanotubes synthesis. The following research techniques were applied to examine the influence of selected parameters of the MWCNTs synthesis process: transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy
Alhagi: A Plant Genus Rich in Bioactives for Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Muhammad Gulzar , Hussain Muhammad Ajaz , Anwar Farooq , Ashraf Muhammad , Gilani Anwarul‐Hassan
Published: September 2014

Alhagi, a plant genus from family Fabaceae, is widely distributed in many countries of Asia, Australia and Europe. Commonly known as camel thorn, Alhagi has many species famous for feed and folk medicinal uses. Different species of Alhagi such as Alhagi pseudalhagi, A. graecorum, A. sparsifolia, A. kirgisorum, A. maurorum, A. camelorum and A. persarum have been explored for their antioxidant potential and nutritive value along with various medicinal properties. A wide array of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids (alhacidin and alhacin), steroids, pseudalhagin A, phospholipids and polysaccharides have been reported from different parts of Alhagi species. A broad range of biological activities such as antioxidant, cardiovascular, anti‐ulcer, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, antinociceptive, antipyretic, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐rheumatic, antibacterial and antifungal have been ascribed to different parts of Alhagi. In addition, Alhagi plants are also valued as a rich source of digestible protein and important minerals. This review focuses on the medicinal applications and detailed profile of high‐value bioactive phytochemicals along with pharmacological attributes and therapeutic potential of these multi‐purpose plants. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy and Force Analysis of Ti-6Al-4V Linear Friction Welds for Computational Modeling Input and Validation Data
Authors: McAndrew Anthony R. , Colegrove Paul A. , Addison Adrian C. , Flipo Bertrand C. D. , Russell Michael J.
Published: September 2014

The linear friction welding (LFW) process is finding increasing use as a manufacturing technology for the production of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V aerospace components. Computational models give an insight into the process, however, there is limited experimental data that can be used for either modeling inputs or validation. To address this problem, a design of experiments approach was used to investigate the influence of the LFW process inputs on various outputs for experimental Ti-6Al-4V welds. The finite element analysis software DEFORM was also used in conjunction with the experimental findings to investigate the heating of the workpieces. Key findings showed that the average interface force and coefficient of friction during each phase of the process were insensitive to the rubbing velocity; the coefficient of friction was not coulombic and varied between 0.3 and 1.3 depending on the process conditions; and the interface of the workpieces reached a temperature of approximately approximately 1273 K (1000 °C) at the end of phase 1. This work has enabled a greater insight into the underlying process physics and will aid future modeling investigations.
Two-stream whistler-pumped free-electron laser
Authors: Saviz S. , Jafari S.
Published: September 2014

The theory for the two-stream free-electron laser with the whistler wave as a slow electromagnetic wave wiggler is studied theoretically. The results show that for small values of plasma density, there are seven groups of orbits and the plasma density enhancement leads to increase in the number of trajectories. Also, increasing the plasma density causes growth in the axial velocity for groups (1–4) of orbits and a reduction for groups (6–7). It is shown that for groups (6–7), the effect of plasma is to increase the gain, and for groups (1–4) the effect of plasma is to decrease the gain. For group (1) the effect of plasma is to decrease the maximum frequency and for group (3) it is to increase the maximum frequency.
Entanglement of helicity and energy in kinetic Alfvén wave/whistler turbulence
Authors: Galtier Sébastien , Meyrand Romain
Published: September 2014

The role of magnetic helicity is investigated in kinetic Alfvén wave and oblique whistler turbulence in presence of a relatively intense external magnetic fieldb0e∥. In this situation, turbulence is strongly anisotropic and the fluid equations describing both regimes are the reduced electron magnetohydrodynamics (REMHD) whose derivation, originally made from the gyrokinetic theory, is also obtained here from compressible Hall magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). We use the asymptotic equations derived by Galtier and Bhattacharjee (2003Phys. Plasmas10, 3065–3076) to study the REMHD dynamics in the weak turbulence regime. The analysis is focused on the magnetic helicity equation for which we obtain the exact solutions: they correspond to the entanglement relation,n + ñ= −6, wherenandñare the power law indices of the perpendicular (tob0) wave number magnetic energy and helicity spectra, respectively. Therefore, the spectra derived in the past from the energy equation only, namelyn= −2.5 andñ= −3.5, are not the unique solutions to this problem but rather characterize the direct energy cascade. The solutionñ= −3 is a limit imposed by the locality condition; it is also the constant helicity flux solution obtained heuristically. The results obtained offer a new paradigm to understand solar wind turbulence at sub-ion scales where it is often observed that −3 <n< −2.5.
Eine Literaturübersicht zu psychosozialen Interventionen in der familienzentrierten Pflege
Authors: Mahrer-Imhof Romy , Bruylands Michelle
Published: September 2014

Hintergrund: Familien haben Einfluss auf die Gesundheit von chronisch erkrankten Patientinnen und Patienten und werden durch die Krankheit selbst in ihrem Wohlbefinden beeinflusst. Familienmitglieder in die Pflege einzubeziehen, wurde in verschiedenen Studien getestet. Ziel: Das Ziel dieser Literaturübersicht war, randomisiert kontrollierte Studien und Metaanalysen zu familienzentrierten Interventionen (FI) auf die Ergebniskriterien und Effektgrößen der Veränderungen zu untersuchen. Methode: Drei Metaanalysen für den Zeitraum bis 2007 und sechs randomisierte kontrollierte Studien ab 2007 zu psychosozialen familienzentrierten Interventionen wurden eingeschlossen. Ergebnisse: Die Studien zeigten, dass FI kleine bis mittlere positive Effekte auf Depression, psychische Gesundheit, Angst von Patienten und Angehörigen sowie auf die Belastung der Angehörigen hatten. Der Effekt auf physische Gesundheitsparameter konnte nicht gezeigt werden. Die Ergebnisse hingen von der untersuchten Population, den Teilnehmenden an der FI, der Art und dem Zeitraum und der Zeitdauer (Dosis) der FI ab. Die Studien zeigten große Unterschiede in der Länge und Art der Intervention, der Zielpopulation und der Auswahl der Ergebniskriterien sowohl für Patienten als auch für Angehörige. Vergleiche der Ergebnisse sind erschwert durch die Verwendung unterschiedlichster Messinstrumente. Schlussfolgerungen: Weitere Forschung mit verschiedenen Populationen, unterschiedlicher Ausprägung der FI, aber unter Verwendung der gleichen validen Messinstrumente ist anzustreben.
Glutamine deprivation stimulates mTOR-JNK-dependent chemokine secretion
Authors: Shanware Naval P. , Bray Kevin , Eng Christina H. , Wang Fang , Follettie Maximillian , Myers Jeremy , Fantin Valeria R. , Abraham Robert T.
Published: September 2014

The non-essential amino acid, glutamine, exerts pleiotropic effects on cell metabolism, signalling and stress resistance. Here we demonstrate that short-term glutamine restriction triggers an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response that leads to production of the pro-inflammatory chemokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8). Glutamine deprivation-induced ER stress triggers colocalization of autophagosomes, lysosomes and the Golgi into a subcellular structure whose integrity is essential for IL-8 secretion. The stimulatory effect of glutamine restriction on IL-8 production is attributable to depletion of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. The protein kinase, mTOR, is also colocalized with the lysosomal membrane clusters induced by glutamine deprivation, and inhibition of mTORC1 activity abolishes both endomembrane reorganization and IL-8 secretion. Activated mTORC1 elicits IL8 gene expression via the activation of an IRE1-JNK signalling cascade. Treatment of cells with a glutaminase inhibitor phenocopies glutamine restriction, suggesting that these results will be relevant to the clinical development of glutamine metabolism inhibitors as anticancer agents.
The endocytic pathway and therapeutic efficiency of doxorubicin conjugated cholesterol-derived polymers
Authors: Sevimli Sema , Sagnella Sharon , Macmillan Alexander , Whan Renee , Kavallaris Maria , Bulmus Volga , Davis Thomas P.
Published: September 2014

Previously synthesized poly(methacrylic acid-co-cholesteryl methacrylate) P(MAA-co-CMA) copolymers were examined as potential drug delivery vehicles.
High performance surface-enhanced Raman scattering via dummy molecular imprinting onto silver microspheres
Authors: Chen Shaona , Li Xin , Zhao Yuanyuan , Chang Limin , Qi Jingyao
Published: September 2014

A new strategy for achieving high performance SERS was proposed by using the dummy molecular imprinting technique.
Peptide turns through just ‘one atom’! A sulfamide group nucleates folding and stabilizes new supramolecular topologies in short peptides
Authors: Gopinath Pushparathinam , Ramkumar Venkatachalam , Muraleedharan Kannoth Manheri
Published: September 2014

Peptide segments with centrally placed sulfamide groups showed a remarkable tendency to adopt a turn conformation and exhibited supramolecular topologies like ‘helical stacks’ and ‘hairpin sheets’ through a highly coordinated array of strong and weak hydrogen bonds.
Phonon modes of MgB2: super-lattice structures and spectral response
Authors: Alarco Jose A. , Chou Alison , Talbot Peter C. , Mackinnon Ian D. R.
Published: September 2014

Observed phonon modes of MgB2 are equivalent to a lower symmetry super-lattice and may be linked to superconductivity via conservation of coherent acoustic energy.
One- and two-photon luminescence in graphene oxide quantum dots
Authors: Zhao Hai-Xing , Wang Yu-Chen , Zhang Lian-Ying , Wang Min
Published: September 2014

Graphene oxide quantum dots display good one- and two-photon luminescence which can be affected by acid/alkali, solvent and excitation wavelength.
Novel lithium and sodium salts of sulfonamides and bis(sulfonyl)imides: synthesis and electrical conductivity
Authors: Morizur Vincent , Olivero Sandra , Desmurs Jean Roger , Knauth Philippe , Duñach Elisabet
Published: September 2014

Ionic conductivity measurements were performed on a series of lithium and sodium salts and conductivities of 0.20 to 0.51 mS cm−1 were obtained.
Morphology transitions of supramolecular hyperbranched polymers induced by double supramolecular driving forces
Authors: Bai Yang , Fan Xiao-dong , Tian Wei , Liu Ting-ting , Yao Hao , Yang Zhen , Zhang Hai-tao , Zhang Wan-bin
Published: September 2014

Morphology transitions of supramolecular hyperbranched polymers can be induced under the double actions of host–guest inclusion and hydrophilic–hydrophobic interactions.
N-Alkylamido-d-glucamine-based gelators for the generation of thixotropic gels
Authors: Ohsedo Yutaka , Oono Masashi , Saruhashi Kowichiro , Watanabe Hisayuki
Published: September 2014

Hydrogels made from new gelators exhibit thixotropic properties, whereas hydrogels formed with structurally similar N-alkyl-d-glucamide have a tendency to crystallize.
Non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide electrochemical sensor based on a three-dimensional MnO2nanosheets/carbon foam composite
Authors: He Shuijian , Zhang Boya , Liu Minmin , Chen Wei
Published: September 2014

Three dimensional MnO2nanosheets/carbon foam has been fabricated and they exhibit promising electrochemical sensing performance for nonenzymatic H2O2detection.
Lumazine synthase protein cage nanoparticles as modular delivery platforms for targeted drug delivery
Authors: Min Junseon , Kim Soohyun , Lee Jisu , Kang Sebyung
Published: September 2014

Lumazine synthase protein cage nanoparticle is developed as a modular delivery nanoplatform that delivers drugs to their target cancer cells.
Transmitted fields of a directional antenna in proximity of a wall
Authors: Hosseini Keyhan , Dehmollaian Mojtaba
Published: September 2014

Transmission of a directional antenna in near proximity of a building wall modelled by a semi‐finite dielectric slab above a perfectly conducting ground is investigated and an accurate and fast method to predict wall penetration loss (PL) once the source/observation points are in proximity of the wall is proposed. First, the antenna is replaced by an array of electric Hertzian dipoles with approximately the same half power beamwidth. Second, the dipole array radiation is calculated both numerically and asymptotically. They are based on computation of Sommerfeld integrals using Filon quadrature (FQ) technique and the steepest descent method, respectively. Third, PL of a typical x‐polarised and y‐polarised horn and a z‐polarised wire antenna, simulated in FEKO using the method of moments (MoM) is compared with that of, respectively, the x‐, y‐ and z‐directed dipole arrays calculated using FQ technique. A good agreement between MoM and the dipole model results are obtained for relatively short stand‐off distances for which estimation based on slab transmission coefficient is not an accurate approximation. The proposed dipole array model with FQ technique makes calculation at least 7.5 times faster than FEKO. Fourth, PL for different wall permittivity and conductivity is studied.
Investigation of noise effect on image quality in microwave head imaging systems
Authors: Mohammed Beadaa Jasem , Bialkowski Konstanty , Mustafa Samah , Abbosh Amin
Published: September 2014

The effect of noise on the ability to detect strokes in the human head using microwave‐based systems is investigated using both simulations and measurements. The simulations, which are implemented using the full‐wave electromagnetic solver (CST), utilise a realistic numerical head model generated from magnetic resonance imaging slices. On the other hand, the experiments are performed using a wideband microwave system with a frequency range of 1–4 GHz. The experiments use a head phantom consisting of materials that accurately emulate (within 3% of reported properties of human brain tissues) the main tissues found in the human brain. It is shown, in both of the simulations and measurements, that a minimum signal‐to‐noise ratio of around 10 dB is required to accurately detect the presence of a stroke. Below this level, the microwave‐based system either does not detect or falsely indicates the location of the stroke. Based on the presented results, the required microwave power to achieve acceptable detection is well within the recommended safe levels.
Radial line slot array antenna with vertical waveguide feed for F‐band communication
Authors: Bhardwaj Shubhendu , Nahar Niru K. , Volakis John L.
Published: September 2014

The authors present concentrically arrayed radial line slot array antenna for operation at 106 GHz. For compact design, they propose a vertical waveguide feeding with a cross‐slot structure at the waveguide to cavity transition. Aperture design and optimisation are carried out using particle swarm optimisation with the goal to minimise the cross‐polarised radiation. Antenna prototypes were fabricated using a slotted plate with nickel and radial line cavity with copper. Fabricated aperture showed 72% peak radiation efficiency at 106.3 GHz with a gain bandwidth of 8.5% and 3‐dB axial ratio bandwidth of 18%.
Mechanical strength of anchor–microbeam combined structure fabricated by silicon‐on‐glass process
Authors: He Jun , Huang Xian , Zhang Li , Zhao Danqi , Yang Fang , Wang Wei , Zhang Dacheng
Published: September 2014

To investigate the mechanical strength of the anchor–microbeam combined structure, two series of devices (bonding quality testing devices and torsional strength testing devices) are designed and fabricated by the silicon‐on‐glass process. A novel array‐shaped anchor scheme is presented, which has been compared with the conventional single anchor. The experimental results have shown that the bonding quality of the anchor degenerated severely when the bonding area became very small (<400 μm2). The testing results of bonding quality testing devices demonstrated that the presented array‐shaped anchor design helped to improve the anodic bonding yield. According to the bending fracture test of the torsional strength testing devices, the array‐shaped anchor design had an almost equal torsional strength compared with the single anchor with the same occupied area. Moreover, the torsional strength of the array‐shaped anchor was even greater when the bonding area was the same. In the fracture test, the fracture would happen in the anchor since the structure size was small. When the structure was larger, the fracture happened in the cantilever beam, rather than the anchor.
Stimmprofile zur Normalstimme auf der Grundlage akustischer und elektroglottografischer Analysen
Authors: Pützer M. , Wokurek W.
Published: September 2014

Hintergrund: Die vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Dimensionierung normalstimmlicher Phonation. Es wird allgemein akzeptiert, dass diese Dimensionierung mit einer großen Bandbreite einhergeht.

Material und Methoden: Unter komplementärer Verwendung akustischer und elektroglottografischer Analysemethoden zur Parametrisierung von Stimmqualität werden gehaltene Vokalproduktionen von 267 männlichen und 267 weiblichen Sprechern analysiert. Clusterverfahren ­dienen auf der Grundlage dieser Analyseergebnisse zur Definition geschlechtsspezifischer ­Subgruppen.

Ergebnisse: Zunächst werden für beide Geschlechter getrennt sowohl auf der Basis der elektroglottografischen als auch der akustischen Analyse 3 stabile Subgruppen geliefert. Diese Subgruppendefinition ermöglicht darüber ­hinaus durch eine Kombination der Parametermittelwerte beider Analyseverfahren die Darstellung von Stimmprofilen.

Schlussfolgerungen: Die präsentierten Stimmprofile sollen als Referenzstimmprofile eine solidere Basis zur Klassifikation verschiedener normalstimmlicher und pathologischer Phonationstypen liefern und darüber hinaus dazu dienen, Veränderungen des individuellen Phonationsverhaltens aufgrund von therapeutischen Ansätzen oder spontaner Genesung evaluieren zu können.
Stellenwert der Feinnadelaspirationszytologie und Stanzbiopsie im Kopf-Hals-Bereich
Authors: Thierauf J. , Lindemann J. , Bommer M. , Veit J. , Hoffmann T.
Published: September 2014

Hintergrund: Mit der Feinnadelaspirationszytologie (FNAC) und der Stanzbiopsie (auch: Grobnadelpunktion, GNP) existieren 2 wenig invasive Methoden zur Dignitätsklärung von klinisch oder bildgebungstechnisch auffälligen Veränderungen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich. Zum Vergleich beider Techniken liegen bisher wenige Daten vor. Das Ziel dieser retrospektiven Studie ist es, den diagnostischen Stellenwert sowie die Sensitivität und Spezifität der FNAC und der Stanzbiopsie zu vergleichen.

Material und Methoden: Im definierten Zeitraum wurde bei 86 Patienten eine Stanzbiopsie und bei 408 Patienten eine FNAC durchgeführt. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse aus FNAC oder Stanz­biopsie wurden 52 Patienten der Stanzbiopsie-Gruppe und 224 Patienten der FNAC-Gruppe anschließend operiert, sodass die Ergebnisse mit der endgültigen Histopathologie verglichen werden konnten.

Ergebnisse: Die Sensitivität der FNAC lag mit 85% höher als die der Stanzbiopsie (80%), die Spezifität (87 vs. 94%) und der positiv prädiktive Wert (64 vs. 97%) waren geringer. Überlegen war die FNAC beim negativ prädiktiven (92 vs. 71%) und dem falsch-negativen Wert (5 vs. 13%). Bei der Berechnung des falsch-positiven Wertes schnitt die Stanzbiopsie besser ab (2 vs. 15%).

Schlussfolgerungen: Beide Methoden sind gut geeignet, die Dignität von Raumforderungen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich zu klären. Die FNAC eignet sich besonders zur Diagnostik von hämatologischen Erkrankungen und zum Ausschluss von Malignomen bei suspekten Lymphknoten. Die Stanzbiopsie hat sich als besonders valide bei der Erkennung von Rezidiven in bereits bestrahltem oder operiertem Gewebe erwiesen. Zudem hat sie den Vorteil einer Histologiegewinnung zur definitiven Therapieplanung.
Electron hole pair mediated vibrational excitation in CO scattering from Au(111): Incidence energy and surface temperature dependence
Authors: Shirhatti Pranav R. , Werdecker Jörn , Golibrzuch Kai , Wodtke Alec M. , Bartels Christof
Published: September 2014

We investigated the translational incidence energy (Ei) and surface temperature (Ts) dependence of CO vibrational excitation upon scattering from a clean Au(111) surface. We report absolute v = 0 → 1 excitation probabilities for Ei between 0.16 and 0.84 eV and Ts between 473 and 973 K. This is now only the second collision system where such comprehensive measurements are available – the first is NO on Au(111). For CO on Au(111), vibrational excitation occurs via direct inelastic scattering through electron hole pair mediated energy transfer – it is enhanced by incidence translation and the electronically non-adiabatic coupling is about 5 times weaker than in NO scattering from Au(111). Vibrational excitation via the trapping desorption channel dominates at Ei = 0.16 eV and quickly disappears at higher Ei.
Ferroelectric properties in thin film barium titanate grown using pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Appleby Daniel J. R. , Ponon Nikhil K. , Kwa Kelvin S. K. , Ganti Srinivas , Hannemann Ullrich , Petrov Peter K. , Alford Neil M. , O'Neill Anthony
Published: September 2014

The characteristics of polycrystalline BaTiO3 metal-insulator-metal capacitors, fabricated using pulsed laser deposition, are investigated from room temperature to 420 K. The capacitance–voltage characteristics show ferroelectric behaviour at room temperature, with a phase transition to paraelectric at higher temperature. However, the permittivity response shows paraelectric behaviour across all measured temperatures. So BaTiO3 exists here in a mixture of cubic and tetragonal phases. The BaTiO3 films have a columnar structure, with grain size increasing with film thickness due to their increasing height but not diameter. This correlates with an increase in remnant polarization. The results support a size driven phase transition in thin films of polycrystalline BaTiO3.
Ion flux enhancements and oscillations in spatially confined laser produced aluminum plasmas
Authors: Singh S. C. , Fallon C. , Hayden P. , Mujawar M. , Yeates P. , Costello J. T.
Published: September 2014

Ion signals from laser produced plasmas (LPPs) generated inside aluminum rectangular cavities at a fixed depth d = 2 mm and varying width, x = 1.0, 1.6, and 2.75 mm were obtained by spatially varying the position of a negatively biased Langmuir probe. Damped oscillatory features superimposed on Maxwellian distributed ion signals were observed. Depending on the distance of the probe from the target surface, three to twelve fold enhancements in peak ion density were observed via confinement of the LPP, generated within rectangular cavities of varying width which constrained the plasma plume to near one dimensional expansion in the vertical plane. The effects of lateral spatial confinement on the expansion velocity of the LPP plume front, the temperature, density and expansion velocity of ions, enhancement of ion flux, and ion energy distribution were recorded. The periodic behavior of ion signals was analyzed and found to be related to the electron plasma frequency and electron-ion collision frequency. The effects of confinement and enhancement of various ion parameters and expansion velocities of the LPP ion plume are explained on the basis of shock wave theory.
Vorticity dynamics for transient high-pressure liquid injection
Authors: Jarrahbashi D. , Sirignano W. A.
Published: September 2014

The liquid jet from a round orifice during the transient start-up and steady mass flux periods of a high pressure injector is studied via Navier-Stokes and level-set computations. Via post-processing, the role of vorticity dynamics is examined and shown to reveal crucial new insights. A brief review of relevant literature is made. An unsteady, axisymmetric full-jet case is solved. Then, a less computationally intensive case is studied with a segment of the jet core undergoing temporal instability; agreement with the full-jet calculation is satisfactory justifying the segment analysis for three-dimensional computation. The results for surface-shape development are in agreement with experimental observations and other three-dimensional computations; the initial, axisymmetric waves at the jet surface created by Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability distort to cone shapes; next, three-dimensional character develops through an azimuthal instability that leads to the creation of streamwise vorticity, lobe shapes on the cones, and formation of liquid ligaments which extend from lobes on the cones. The cause of this azimuthal instability has been widely described as a Rayleigh-Taylor instability. However, additional and sometimes more important causes are identified here. Counter-rotating, streamwise vortices within and around the ligaments show a relationship in the instability behavior for jets flowing into like-density fluid; thus, density difference cannot explain fully the three-dimensional instability as previously suggested. Furthermore, the formation of ligaments that eventually break into droplets and the formation of streamwise vorticity are caused by the same vortical dynamics. Waviness is identified on the ligaments which should result in droplet formation. The nonlinear development of the shorter azimuthal waves and ligament waves explains the experimental results that droplet sizes are usually smaller than KH wavelengths. The higher the relative velocity and/or the lower the surface tension the shorter are the values of the most unstable wavelengths.
High-efficiency WSi superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors operating at 2.5 K
Authors: Verma V. B. , Korzh B. , Bussières F. , Horansky R. D. , Lita A. E. , Marsili F. , Shaw M. D. , Zbinden H. , Mirin R. P. , Nam S. W.
Published: September 2014

We investigate the operation of WSi superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) at 2.5 K, a temperature which is ∼70% of the superconducting transition temperature (TC) of 3.4 K. We demonstrate saturation of the system detection efficiency at 78 ± 2% at a wavelength of 1310 nm, with a jitter of 191 ps. We find that the jitter at 2.5 K is limited by the noise of the readout and can be improved through the use of cryogenic amplifiers. Operation of SNSPDs with high efficiency at temperatures very close to TC appears to be a unique property of amorphous WSi.