bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of lanthanum‐modified magnesium silicate on isotactic polypropylene crystallization in composite materials during shear flow
Authors: Bednarek Wojciech H. , Ciesielczyk Filip , Odalanowska Majka , Paukszta Dominik , Piasecki Adam
Published: June 2020

The activity of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) nucleating additives during shear flow of composite materials is still not entirely explained. In current work the sol‐gel method was employed to synthesize MgO·SiO2 filler, surface‐modified with trivalent lanthanum. The crystallization of commercial iPP in the presence of 0.5% by weight La3+ modified or unmodified silicates was analyzed. The wide angle X‐ray scattering analysis proved that the presence of even small amount of filler influences significantly on supermolecular structure of iPP. The results of microscope observations confirmed that the lanthanum‐modified filler shows the nucleating ability for iPP. In that case a significant reduction of crystallization induction time was noticed. The investigation of iPP crystallization in composites after shear treatment confirmed that the increase of shear rate reduces the nucleating ability of additives. Moreover, the flow of filler particles during shearing may impede the shear‐induced crystallization phenomenon.
What Drives U.S. Congressional Members’ Policy Attention on Twitter?
Authors: Hemphill Libby , Russell Annelise , Schöpke‐Gonzalez Angela M.
Published: June 2020

Social media platforms like Twitter enable policymakers to communicate their policy preferences directly and provide a bird's‐eye view of their diverse policy agendas. In this article, we leverage politicians’ social media data to study political attention using a supervised machine‐learning classifier that detects policy areas in individual tweets. We examine how individual diversity and institutional factors affect differential attention to public policy among members of the U.S. Congress. Our novel approach to measuring policy attention builds on work by the Comparative Agendas Project, in order to study members’ political attention in near real‐time and to uncover both intragroup and intergroup differences. Using this classifier, we labeled more than one million tweets and found statistically significant differences in both the level and distribution of attention between parties, chambers, and genders. However, these differences were small enough to suggest that other Congressional members’ characteristics are also at play. We explored institutional factors (e.g., committee assignment, caucus), partisan issue preferences (e.g., issue ownership), and the political environment (e.g., partisan issues, confirmations, etc.) that may help explain the patterns of political attention that appear in Congress's tweets.
Morphology of poly(lactide)‐block‐poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐block‐polylactide high‐χ triblock copolymer film studied by grazing incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering
Authors: Freychet Guillaume , Maret Mireille , Fernandez‐Regulez Marta , Tiron Raluca , Gharbi Ahmed , Nicolet Celia , Gergaud Patrice
Published: June 2020

The morphologies of poly(lactide)‐block‐poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐block‐polylactide (PLA‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PLA) triblock copolymer films were studied using a combination of grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering, X‐ray reflectivity and scanning electron microscopy. This block copolymer is characterized by a high Flory–Huggins interaction parameter which leads to the self‐assembly of periodic high‐resolution nanodomains. In this article, we performed a detailed analysis of GISAXS patterns, in the frame of the Distorted Wave Born Approximation, in order to determine the morphology of blocks and their spatial arrangement. For a low volume fraction of PLA (17%), a three‐dimensional hexagonal lattice of PLA spherical blocks is revealed, while, for a PLA fraction twice larger, in‐plane (parallel) PLA lying cylinders adopt a two‐dimensional centered rectangular lattice. Moreover, the in‐depth electron density profile of the polymer film for the cylindrical morphology was extracted from the XRR data, revealing the presence of interfacial layers at the top surface and at the interface with the Si substrate.
Sustaining factors, rewards, and challenges for psychologists providing clinical care in psycho‐oncology
Authors: Kracen Amanda , Raque‐Bogdan Trisha L. , Taylor‐Irwin Nicole , Rowold Hannah , Nelson Afton , Michl Taylor , Ross Kaitlin V. , Engblom Heather , Joseph Ellen
Published: June 2020

Objective

Many who choose to work in oncology manage an ongoing tension—the work is rewarding, yet simultaneously challenging. Given the need for psychosocial professionals to provide treatment for the increasing number of cancer survivors in our aging society, it is important to consider what helps and hinders professionals in their work. Therefore, this study sought to understand the work experiences of psychologists working in psycho‐oncology, specifically clarifying the rewards and challenges they experience as a result of their occupation.

Methods

Twenty psychologists with oncology work experience in the United States completed semi‐structured interviews; data were analyzed using the Consensual Qualitative Research method.

Results

In this paper, findings are presented for two of the domains that emerged from the data. In the domain of Sustaining Factors and Rewards, six themes were identified: (a) making a difference, (b) personal impact of the work on psychologists' lives and personal enrichment, (c) sense of purpose and fit with the work, (d) important relationships, (e) unique aspects of psycho‐oncology, and (f) benefits derived from the workplace. In the domain of Challenges, five themes were identified: (a) job‐related challenges, (b) emotional intensity, (c) financial challenges, (d) ambiguity in professional roles and psycho‐oncology, and (e) ethical dilemmas.

Conclusion

Psychologists employed in psycho‐oncology found great meaning and purpose in their jobs, but also struggled with challenges related to the work and their workplaces. These findings can lead to better training, supervision, retention initiatives, and administrative policies to support productive employees.
The value of insect management to US maize, soybean and cotton farmers
Authors: Hurley Terrance M , Mitchell Paul D
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Most US maize, soybean and cotton farmers use Bt crops, insecticidal seed treatments, soil‐applied insecticides, and foliar sprays to manage insect pests. Given the global economic importance of these crops, we examine farmer benefits of this insecticide use. Using a telephone survey, we document pest management practices and concerns, estimate adoption and farmer perceived values for these practices, and determine factors besides yield and cost that impact adoption and perceived value.

RESULTS

Seed‐based technologies (Bt seed, seed treatments) dominated insecticide use. Almost 80% of respondents' planted hectares used Bt crops and more than half used seed treatments, while about one‐sixth used soil insecticides and one‐sixth to one‐third used foliar insecticides. Perceived farmer values per treated hectare were greatest for Bt cotton and foliar insecticides in cotton, especially after first bloom. Values for maize and other cotton insecticide uses were greater than for soybean. Aggregating over treated areas, the largest total values for each crop were for seed‐based technologies. In addition to yield and cost, farmers showed significant concern for economic risk and human and environmental safety when making pest management decisions. These non‐monetary concerns significantly affected the likelihood farmers used these practices and their perceived value.

CONCLUSION

For these crops, seed‐based insecticides dominate farmer insecticide use and the value they derive from insecticides. Because seed purchase is months before planting, farmers rely on risk‐based integrated pest management to make pest management decisions, weighing both monetary and non‐monetary factors when deciding whether the risks are sufficient to justify the use of insecticides. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
A methodology to investigate heterogeneous oxidation of thermally aged cross‐linked polyethylene by ToF‐SIMS
Authors: Bañuls‐Ciscar Jorge , Fumagalli Francesco , Ruiz‐Moreno Ana , Rossi François , Suraci Simone Vincenzo , Fabiani Davide , Ceccone Giacomo
Published: June 2020

Artificial ageing of polymeric insulation jackets is routinely performed in order to assess end‐of‐life material characteristics. Practical constraints including high temperatures/short times ageing treatments lead to strong influence of diffusion‐limited oxidation (DLO) resulting in unreliable life‐time predictions. This study proposes a new experimental approach to the investigation of cable insulation ageing, exploiting analytical techniques capable of resolving chemistry at the length scale relevant for DLO (nano‐microscale). When studying the potential effects of DLO using time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) sample preparation becomes crucial. This paper presents the development of a methodology to generate suitable specimens to investigate the DLO effect using ToF‐SIMS. A reference polymeric material has been thermally aged in various DLO conditions. Cross sections of aged samples were generated using three different methods. In order to assess the most suitable approach for this study, cross‐section topography were scanned using a profilometer and the surface chemistry was investigated using ToF‐SIMS together with multivariate analysis methods.
High‐throughput computational materials screening and discovery of optoelectronic semiconductors
Authors: Luo Shulin , Li Tianshu , Wang Xinjiang , Faizan Muhammad , Zhang Lijun
Published: June 2020

In the recent past, optoelectronic semiconductors have attracted significant research attention both experimentally and theoretically toward large‐scale applications in energy conversion, lighting, imaging, detection, and so on. With advancement in computing power and rapid development of computational algorithms, scientific community resorts to materials simulation to explore the hidden potential behind thousands of potentially unknown materials within short timeframes that the real experiments might take a long time. Within this context, the high‐throughput (HT) computational materials screening has emerged as a useful tool to accelerate materials discovery, especially in the field of optoelectronic semiconductors. One of the important consequences is the construction of a number of material databases containing wide range of functional materials with their diverse physical properties and applications. Herein, we reviewed the recent progress on HT computational screening of optoelectronic semiconductors, with focus on photovoltaic solar absorbers, photoelectrochemical cells, semiconductor light‐emitting diodes, and transparent conducting materials. We have also summarized the general workflow of HT computational screening, released workhorse models, and existing material databases. Finally, we offer perspectives for future research with a hope that this study could inspire new ideas for computational‐driven optoelectronic semiconductor discovery in the HT routine.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Interpretability of machine learning‐based prediction models in healthcare
Authors: Stiglic Gregor , Kocbek Primoz , Fijacko Nino , Zitnik Marinka , Verbert Katrien , Cilar Leona
Published: June 2020

There is a need of ensuring that learning (ML) models are interpretable. Higher interpretability of the model means easier comprehension and explanation of future predictions for end‐users. Further, interpretable ML models allow healthcare experts to make reasonable and data‐driven decisions to provide personalized decisions that can ultimately lead to higher quality of service in healthcare. Generally, we can classify interpretability approaches in two groups where the first focuses on personalized interpretation (local interpretability) while the second summarizes prediction models on a population level (global interpretability). Alternatively, we can group interpretability methods into model‐specific techniques, which are designed to interpret predictions generated by a specific model, such as a neural network, and model‐agnostic approaches, which provide easy‐to‐understand explanations of predictions made by any ML model. Here, we give an overview of interpretability approaches using structured data and provide examples of practical interpretability of ML in different areas of healthcare, including prediction of health‐related outcomes, optimizing treatments, or improving the efficiency of screening for specific conditions. Further, we outline future directions for interpretable ML and highlight the importance of developing algorithmic solutions that can enable ML driven decision making in high‐stakes healthcare problems.

This article is categorized under:

Application Areas > Health Care
‘Overcoming the Bottleneck’: Knowledge Architectures for Genomic Data Interpretation in Oncology
Authors: Cambrosio Alberto , Campbell Jonah , Vignola-Gagné Etienne , Keating Peter , Jordan Bertrand R. , Bourret Pascale
Published: June 2020

In recent years, oncology transitioned from its traditional, organ-based approach to ‘precision oncology’ centered on molecular alterations. As a result, it has become to a significant extent a ‘data-centric’ domain. Its practices increasingly rely on a sophisticated techno-scientific infrastructure that generates massive amounts of data in need of consistent, appropriate interpretations. Attempts to overcome the interpretation bottleneck have led to the establishment of a complex landscape of interrelated resources that, while displaying distinct characteristics and design choices, also entertain horizontal and vertical relations. Although there is no denying that the data-centric nature of contemporary oncology raises a number of key issues related to the production and circulation of data, we suggest that the focus on data use and re-use should be complemented by a focus on interpretation. Oncology practitioners refer to data interpretation resources as ‘knowledgebases’, an actor’s category designed to differentiate them from generic, multi-purpose databases. Their major purpose is the definition and identification of clinically actionable alterations. A heavy investment in human curation, of a clinical rather than exclusively scientific nature is needed to make them valuable, but each knowledgebase appears to have its own peculiar way of connecting clinical and scientific statements. In spite of their common goal, knowledgebases thus adopt very different approaches partly captured by the tension between trust and traceability.
Material Origins of a Data Journey in Ocean Science: How Sampling and Scaffolding Shape Data Practices
Authors: Halfmann Gregor
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses the epistemological relevance of material interactions during the early stages of a data journey. It shows that processes taking place when research technology makes physical contact with the objects targeted in research endeavours shape the subsequent data journeys and the practices of creating scientific knowledge. The chapter is based on a case study of ecological monitoring in ocean sciences and zooms in on the practice of sampling the oceans’ ecosystems with mechanical sampling devices that are towed regularly by commercial ships. I propose an understanding of materiality as the integration of physical matter from various sources so as to constitute a new entity, in this case a research sample containing plankton organisms. The material integration is followed by material continuity, the preservation of the sample throughout several if not all stages of the research process without a change of medium. This two-fold understanding is an attempt to ground the notion of “materiality” epistemologically rather than ontologically. As shown with empirical examples, material interactions are the origin of resistances or challenges which unfold throughout the research process as scientists intend to create knowledge by manipulating and analysing physical objects. The scientific practices are shaped by investigating, resolving, and working around these challenges.
What Data Get to Travel in High Energy Physics? The Construction of Data at the Large Hadron Collider
Authors: Karaca Koray
Published: June 2020

In present-day high-energy physics experiments, experimenters need to make various judgments in order to design automated data processing systems within the existing technical limitations. In this chapter, as a case study, I consider the automated data acquisition system used in the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) located at CERN, where the Higgs boson was discovered in 2012. I show that the design of this system involves both theoretical and experimental judgments each of which has different functions in the initial data journey through which usable data are constructed out of collision events detected by the ATLAS detector. I also explore what requirements the foregoing judgments impose on the LHC data in terms of usability, mobility and mutability. I argue that in present-day HEP experiments these aspects of data are distinct but related to each other due to the fact that they are subjected to some common requirements imposed by the theoretical and experimental judgments involved in the design of data acquisition systems.
Data Journeys Beyond Databases in Systems Biology: Cytoscape and NDEx
Authors: Bechtel William
Published: June 2020

This chapter investigates how data travels beyond databases in cell biology by focusing on Cytoscape, a platform that has been developed to represent networks, and NDEx, a database that allows for the reuse of network representations. I begin with a brief review of the databases that have been developed for data involving, for example, protein-protein interactions, that are relational and hence productively represented in networks. Given the amount of data stored in modern databases, raw network representations are typically hairballs that provides researchers little useful information other than that lots of things interact. Cytoscape was created by systems biologists to facilitate moving beyond hairballs to informative representations. It provides tools for clustering nodes and annotating them according to what is known about the objects represented. I provide examples of how Cytoscape has been deployed to develop new knowledge about biological mechanisms. Cytoscape has been made freely available, and I describe how a large interational community of researchers has created Apps that enable researchers to make a number of more specialized inferences. NDEx, created by members of the same research lab, serves as an Expo for networks—researchers can share networks they have developed and other researchers can search for networks and made them the basis for further incorporation of data or analyses.
Controversy and Conversation: The Relationship Between the Humanities and the Sciences
Authors: Bulaitis Zoe Hope
Published: June 2020

This chapter reconsiders the two cultures debate. In contrast to the misrepresentative, yet pervasive, perception that the sciences and the humanities are fundamentally in opposition, I propose a more nuanced history of these disciplines. This is achieved through investigating the discourse between the sciences and the humanities through examples of cross-disciplinary debate. Returning to the Snow-Leavis debate reveals how rhetorical intervention can alter public perception and how opposition can be a productive site for articulation. However, analysis of Matthew Arnold and Thomas H. Huxley’s exchange serves as a reminder of the many values that scientists and humanities scholars share. The chapter recognises the significance of both how the humanities are represented and who it is that articulates values within and outside of higher education.
The Relationship Between Academic Fiction and Academic Life
Authors: Bulaitis Zoe Hope
Published: June 2020

This chapter addresses fictional representations of the humanities within literature in order to establish a vantage point to assess alternative routes for valuation beyond economic narratives. The chapter provides examples of how academic fiction explores the discursive potential of the novel and provokes imaginative responses with which to address contemporary changes. Three literary investigations offered a series of reflections that challenge the myopic narrative of economic value and open up imaginative spaces in which to consider the strengths and limitations of a liberal education. From George Eliot’sMiddlemarchand Thomas Hardy’sJude the Obscureto contemporary fiction in Zadie Smith’sOn Beautyand A. S. Byatt’sPossession,the chapter surveys key themes in valuing the humanities through fictional worlds.
Discrete beliefs space and equilibrium: a cautionary note
Authors: Berardi Michele
Published: June 2020

Bounded rationality requires assumptions about ways in which rationality is constrained and agents form their expectations. Evolutionary schemes have been used to model beliefs dynamics, with agents choosing endogenously among a limited number of beliefs heuristics according to their relative performance. This work shows that arbitrarily constraining the beliefs space to a finite (small) set of possibilities can generate artificial equilibria that can be stable under evolutionary dynamics. Only when “enough” heuristics are available are beliefs in equilibrium not artificially constrained. I discuss these findings in light of an alternative approach to modelling beliefs dynamics, namely, adaptive learning.
Making a decision about surgery for female urinary incontinence: a qualitative study of women’s views
Authors: Lynch Rebecca , Toozs-Hobson Philip , Duckett Jonathan , Tincello Douglas , Cohn Simon
Published: June 2020

Introduction and hypothesis

This qualitative interview study explores aspects women with urinary incontinence(UI) reflect upon when considering whether or not to have surgery. Conducted prior to the recent mesh pause in the UK, the article provides insights for current and future approaches to shared decision-making.

Methods

Qualitative in-depth interviews of 28 patients referred to secondary care for stress and mixed UI who were considering UI surgery. Participants were recruited from four urogynaecology clinics in the Midlands and South England, UK. Interviews were conducted in clinics, in patient homes, and by telephone. Data analysis was based on the constant comparative method.

Results

Participants’ accounts comprised three key concerns: their experience of symptoms, the extent to which these impacted a variety of social roles and demands, and overcoming embarrassment. Accounts drew on individual circumstances, values, and concerns rather than objective or measurable criteria. In combination, these dimensions constituted a personal assessment of the severity of their UI and hence framed the extent to which women prioritized addressing their condition.

Conclusions

Acknowledging women’s personal accounts of UI shifts the concept of ‘severity’ beyond a medical definition to include what is important to patients themselves. Decision-making around elective surgery must endeavour to link medical information with women’s own experiences and personal criteria, which often change in priority over time. We propose that this research provides insight into how the controversy around the use of mesh in the UK emerged. This study also suggests ways in which facilitating shared decision-making should be conducted in future.
Qualitative faecal immunochemical tests (FITs) for diagnosing colorectal cancer in patients with histories of rectal bleeding in primary care: a cohort study
Authors: Högberg Cecilia , Gunnarsson Ulf , Cronberg Olof , Thulesius Hans , Lilja Mikael , Jansson Stefan
Published: June 2020

Background

Rectal bleeding is considered an alarm symptom for colorectal cancer (CRC) but it is common and mostly caused by benign conditions. Qualitative faecal immunochemical tests (FITs) for occult blood have been used as diagnostic aids for many years in Sweden when CRC is suspected. The study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of FITs requested by primary care physicians for patients with and without histories of rectal bleeding, in the diagnosis of CRC.

Methods

Results of all FITs requested in primary care for symptomatic patients in the Örebro region during 2015 were retrieved. Data on each patient’s history of rectal bleeding was gathered from electronic health records. Patients diagnosed with CRC within 2 years were identified from the Swedish Cancer Register. The analysis focused on three-sample FITs, the customary FIT in Sweden.

Results

A total of 4232 patients provided three-sample FITs. Information about the presence/absence of rectal bleeding was available for 2027 patients, of which 59 were diagnosed with CRC. For 606 patients with the presence of rectal bleeding, the FIT showed sensitivity 96.2%, specificity 60.2%, positive predictive value 9.8% (95% CI 6.1–13.4) and negative predictive value 99.7% (95% CI 99.2–100) for CRC. For 1421 patients without rectal bleeding, the corresponding figures were 100%, 73.6%, 8.3% (95% CI 5.6–10.9) and 100% (95% CI 99.6–100).

Conclusion

The diagnostic performance of a qualitative three-sample FIT provided by symptomatic patients in primary care was similar for those with and without a history of rectal bleeding. FITs seem useful for prioritising patients also with rectal bleeding for further investigation.
Photochemistry differs between male and female Juniperus communis L. independently of nutritional availability
Authors: Rabska Mariola , Robakowski Piotr , Ratajczak Ewelina , Żytkowiak Roma , Iszkuło Grzegorz , Pers-Kamczyc Emilia
Published: June 2020

Key message

Juniperus communis males are better adapted than females to changing, seasonal environmental conditions due to their higher photosynthetic capacity and the higher concentration of photosynthetic pigments in their needles. Males cope with ROS more efficiently than females having greater carotenoids concentration in needles.

In dioecious woody plants, females often exhibit greater reproductive effort than male plants and as a result, they can be more vulnerable to different stressors. We hypothesized that female plants of J. communis L. could have a lower photochemical capacity and a higher level of antioxidant enzyme activity and that these differences between males and females would be more pronounced under conditions where nutrient availability is limited. We also assume that additional stressors connected with different seasons would increase those differences. Male and female plants of J. communis growing in fertilized or non-fertilized soils were used to test this hypothesis. The effect of fertilization and sex on photochemical parameters derived from chlorophyll a fluorescence light curves, and on the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments in needles, was determined in different seasons within 2 years. To assess the tolerance of male and female plants to the nutrient deficit, antioxidant enzyme activity, and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined. Results revealed sex-related differences in photochemical parameters, level of antioxidant enzyme activity, H2O2 levels, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, and in the leaf mass-to-area ratio. This indicates that J. communis males could be better adapted than females to changing, seasonal environmental conditions due to their higher photosynthetic capacity, as reflected by their higher ETRmax, and a higher concentration of photosynthetic pigments in their needles. The sex-related differences concerning photosynthetic capacity and stress response found in our study are constitutive traits of each sex and are genetically based as they occurred independently of fertilization.
Management of patients with magnetically controlled growth rods amidst the global COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Hothi Harry , Tucker Stewart , Shafafy Masood , Nnadi Colin , Cheung Kenneth M. C. , Dal Gal Elisabetta , Tognini Martina , Henckel Johann , Skinner John , Hart Alister
Published: June 2020

Introduction

At the time of writing, we are all coping with the global COVID-19 pandemic. Amongst other things, this has had a significant impact on postponing virtually all routine clinic visits and elective surgeries. Concurrently, the Magnetic Expansion Control (MAGEC) rod has been issued with a number of field safety notices and UK regulator medical device alerts.

Methods

This document serves to provide an overview of the current situation regarding the use of MAGEC rods, primarily in the UK, and the impact that the pandemic has had on the management of patients with these rods.

Results and Conclusion

The care of each patient must of course be determined on an individual basis; however, the experience of the authors is that a short delay in scheduled distractions and clinic visits will not adversely impact patient treatment. The authors caution against a gap in distractions of longer than 6 months and emphasise the importance of continued remote patient monitoring to identify those who may need to be seen more urgently.
Charge-Order Phase Transition in the Quasi One-Dimensional Organic Conductor $${\hbox {(TMTTF)}}_2 {\hbox {NO}}_3$$
Authors: Majer Lena Nadine , Miksch Björn , Lesseux Guilherme Gorgen , Untereiner Gabriele , Dressel Martin
Published: June 2020

Low-dimensional organic conductors show a rich phase diagram, which has, despite all efforts, still some unexplored regions. Charge ordered phases present in many compounds of the $${\hbox {(TMTTF)}}_2X$$

(TMTTF)
2

X

family are typically studied with their unique electronic properties in mind. An influence on the spin arrangement is, however, not expected at first glance. Here, we report temperature and angle dependent electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements on the quasi one-dimensional organic conductor $${\hbox {(TMTTF)}}_2 {\hbox {NO}}_3$$

(TMTTF)
2

NO
3

. We found that the $${\hbox {(TMTTF)}}_2 {\hbox {NO}}_3$$

(TMTTF)
2

NO
3

compound develops a peculiar anisotropy with a doubled periodicity ($$ab'$$

a

b
′

-plane) of the ESR linewidth below about $$T_{\text {CO}}= ({250\pm 10})~\hbox {K}$$

T
CO

=

(

250
±
10

)

K

. This behavior is similar to observations in the related compounds $${\hbox {(TMTTF)}}_2X$$

(TMTTF)
2

X

($$X = {\hbox {PF}}_6$$

X
=

PF
6

, $${\hbox {SbF}}_6$$

SbF
6

and $${\hbox {AsF}}_6$$

AsF
6

), where it has been attributed to relaxation processes of magnetically inequivalent sites in the charge-ordered state. For the structural analogous $${\hbox {(TMTTF)}}_2 {\hbox {ClO}}_4$$

(TMTTF)
2

ClO
4

, known for the absence of charge order, such angular dependence of the ESR signal is not observed. Therefore, our ESR measurements lead us to conclude that a charge-order phase is stabilized in the title compound below $$T_{\text {CO}} \approx 250~\hbox {K}$$

T
CO

≈
250

K

.
The Immune Microenvironment in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: on Subsets and Subsites
Authors: Wondergem Niels E. , Nauta Irene H. , Muijlwijk Tara , Leemans C. René , van de Ven Rieneke
Published: June 2020

Purpose

To understand why some patients respond to immunotherapy but many do not, a clear picture of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is key. Here we review the current understanding on the immune composition per HNSCC subsite, the importance of the tumor’s etiology and the prognostic power of specific immune cells.

Recent Findings

Large cohort data are mostly based on deconvolution of transcriptional databases. Studies focusing on infiltrate localization often entail small cohorts, a mixture of HNSCC subsites, or focus on a single immune marker rather than the interaction between cells within the TME.

Conclusions on the prognostic impact of specific immune cells in HNSCC are hampered by the use of heterogeneous or small cohorts. To move forward, the field should focus on deciphering the immune composition per HNSCC subsite, in powered cohorts and considering the molecular diversity in this disease.
The Role of Rituximab in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
Authors: Bromberg Jacoline E. C. , van der Meulen Matthijs , Doorduijn Jeanette K.
Published: June 2020

Purpose of Review

The treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is still under debate. One of the issues is the role of rituximab in improving the outcome. Here, we summarize the existing evidence, and comment on the literature on this topic.

Recent Findings

Two randomized controlled studies have been published recently, with conflicting results. Although the evidence of the benefit of rituximab is limited, it is already incorporated into many treatment regimens, both in studies and in standard clinical practice.

The use of rituximab in PCNSL is still a matter of debate. A positive effect on the outcome is uncertain. However, there are no clinical signs of significantly increased toxicity. The uncertain positive effect should therefore be weighed against the increased costs of the treatment.
How Implicit Assumptions on the Nature of Trust Shape the Understanding of the Blockchain Technology
Authors: Jacobs Mattis
Published: June 2020

The role that trust plays in blockchain-based systems is understood and portrayed in various manners. The blockchain technology is said to enable and establish trust as well as to redirect it, to substitute for it, and to make it obsolete. Furthermore, there is disagreement on whom or what users have to trust when using the blockchain technology: (only) code, math, algorithms, and machines, or still (also) human actors. This paper hypothesizes that the divergences of the depictions largely rest on implicitly adhering to different accounts of trust. Thus, the goal of this paper is to outline how the current lack of a shared understanding of the term “trust” leads to diverging interpretations of the blockchain technology’s core features. Furthermore, it shows how this lack of common understanding obstructs scholars from referring to one another meaningfully in the discourse on blockchain technology. To do so, this paper outlines the most prominent depictions of the setup of relevant trust relationships within blockchain-based systems and traces their roots to different underlying assumptions on the nature of trust.
A quasi‐cluster randomized controlled trial of a classroom‐based mental health literacy educational intervention to promote knowledge and help‐seeking/helping behavior in adolescents
Authors: Yamaguchi Satoshi , Ojio Yasutaka , Foo Jerome Clifford , Michigami Emiko , Usami Satoshi , Fuyama Taruto , Onuma Kumiko , Oshima Norihito , Ando Shuntaro , Togo Fumiharu , Sasaki Tsukasa
Published: June 2020

Introduction

School‐based education is a potentially effective approach for improving mental health literacy (MHL) in adolescents. This study evaluated the effects of the “Short MHL Program (SMHLP)”, a brief (50 min), school teacher‐led program, on MHL in adolescents in a quasi‐cluster randomized controlled trial.

Methods

A total of 975 high school first graders (age 15–16) in Japan were allocated to classes such that gender and academic achievement ratios were almost equivalent at the time of admission to the high school. They were assigned at the class level to the SMHLP (n = 364 from 10 classes) or a control group (n = 611 from 17 classes). The program consisted of a 50‐minute session and was delivered by a school teacher. The students completed a self‐report questionnaire at 3 time points: pre‐, (immediately) post‐ and 2‐month follow‐up. Outcomes included “Knowledge about mental health/illnesses”, “Recognition of the necessity to seek help”, “Intention to seek help”, and “Intention of helping peers”. Mixed effects modeling was employed for analyses.

Results

Scores of all outcomes were significantly improved in the intervention group compared to the control group post‐intervention (p < .001). These improvements were maintained at 2‐months follow‐up for all outcomes (p < .001–.05). Questionnaire scores did not differ between groups at baseline.

Conclusions

The effect of the SMHLP was confirmed in grade 10 students. Brief, yet effective programs can be a viable option to promote understanding of mental health problems and have the potential to be incorporated into regular school curriculum. ”
Senegalese Wrestling between Nostalgia and Neoliberalism
Authors: Repinecz Jonathon
Published: June 2020

This article examines the cultural ambiguity of Senegalese wrestling. Certain discourses around this sport have constructed it as a nostalgic embodiment of traditional, national, or African values. At the same time, other discourses emphasize the sport’s commercialization, its embeddedness in the economics of precarity, and even its inventedness as a tradition. The case of Senegalese wrestling illustrates how traditionality is summoned and put to question in a context of socioeconomic fragmentation. Repinecz offers readings of Aminata Sow Fall’s novelL’Appel des arènes(1982), Cheikh Ndiaye’s film adaptation of the same name (2005), and Boubacar Boris Diop’s novelDoomi Golo(2003 and 2009) to illustrate this analysis.
Resident learning during a pandemic: Recommendations for training programs
Authors: Mok Garrick , Schouela Nicholas , Thurgur Lisa , Ho Michael , Hall Andrew K. , Caudle Jaelyn , Rosenberg Hans , Syed Shahbaz
Published: June 2020

Resident education in emergency medicine (EM) relies upon a variety of teaching platforms and mediums, including real-life clinical scenarios, simulation, academic day (lectures, small group sessions), journal clubs, and teaching learners. However, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted teaching and learning, forcing programs to adapt to ensure residents can progress in their training.1 Suddenly, academic days cannot be held in person, emergency department (ED) volumes are dynamically changing, and the role of residents in ED procedures has been questioned. Furthermore, medical student rotations through the ED have been cancelled, decreasing resident exposure to undergraduate teaching. These changes to resident education threaten resident wellness and will have downstream effects on training and personal professional development. In response, programs must develop strategies to ensure that residents continue receiving high-quality training in a safe learning environment. In this review, we will cover recommended strategies put forth by two large EM programs in Ontario (Table 1).
Low Seroprevalence of Lyme Disease Among Multiple Sclerosis Patients in New Brunswick
Authors: MacLean Gregg , Cook Peggy , Lindsay L. Robbin , Hatchette Todd F. , Webster Duncan
Published: June 2020

The signs and symptoms of Lyme neuroborreliosis can overlap with non-infectious degenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we assessed a cohort of MS patients in Atlantic Canada for serological evidence of Lyme disease (LD). No positive serology was identified using the recommended two-tiered algorithm.
Taking over or taking in? A qualitative case study of successful acquisitions
Authors: Smollan Roy K. , Griffiths Chris
Published: June 2020

There is a widely held but scarcely challenged belief that most organizational changes fail, especially in mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Failure of M&A is often attributed to factors such as differences in organizational cultures, contested identities, perceived injustice, lack of trust, ineffective leadership and poor communication. A qualitative study was conducted in an acquiring company and two target companies to identify the criteria of a successful change, to explore perceptions of the degree of success of the acquisition(s) they had experienced, and to investigate the factors influencing these perceptions. The findings demonstrated that M&A can be considered successful when attention is paid, not only to integration of practices, but also to socio-cultural factors in managing M&A processes. The overall evaluation of these two acquisitions was that they had been successful. Implications for theory and practice include the possible differences between small- and large-scale M&A experiences.
The impact of temperature and crystal orientation fabric on the dynamics of mountain glaciers and ice streams
Authors: Hruby Kate , Gerbi Christopher , Koons Peter , Campbell Seth , Martín Carlos , Hawley Robert
Published: June 2020

Streaming ice accounts for a major fraction of global ice flux, yet we cannot yet fully explain the dominant controls on its kinematics. In this contribution, we use an anisotropic full-Stokes thermomechanical flow solver to characterize how mechanical anisotropy and temperature distribution affect ice flux. For the ice stream and glacier geometries we explored, we found that the ice flux increases 1–3% per °C temperature increase in the margin. Glaciers and ice streams with crystallographic fabric oriented approximately normal to the shear plane increase by comparable amounts: an otherwise isotropic ice stream containing a concentrated transverse single maximum fabric in the margin flows 15% faster than the reference case. Fabric and temperature variations independently impact ice flux, with slightly nonlinear interactions. We find that realistic variations in temperature and crystallographic fabric both affect ice flux to similar degrees, with the exact effect a function of the local fabric and temperature distributions. Given this sensitivity, direct field-based measurements and models incorporating additional factors, such as water content and temporal evolution, are essential for explaining and predicting streaming ice dynamics.
One-Eyed State: The Politics of Legibility and Property Taxation
Authors: Sánchez-Talanquer Mariano
Published: June 2020

Theories of the rise of the modern state hold that central rulers make land property “legible” to extract revenue, leading landholders to oppose state registration. This study revises this logic and argues that when land ownership is disputed, landholders use inscription into state records to secure legal property rights. To minimize resulting tax liabilities, propertied interests may exploit opportunities to manipulate land valuations, which determine the tax burden. The argument is substantiated using historical tax and cadastral records from Colombia. Difference-in-differences analyses of two critical attempts at land reform, led by the Liberal Party, show that land property registration spiked disproportionately in threatened Conservative municipalities, where tax revenues lagged behind nonetheless, due to systematic undervaluation of property. The study concludes that landholders’ selective subversion of state building may disrupt the assumed link between legibility and taxation and spawn territorially uneven patterns of state capacity that mirror domestic conflict lines.
Race before Darwin: Variation, adaptation and the natural history of man in post-Enlightenment Edinburgh, 1790–1835
Authors: JENKINS BILL
Published: June 2020

This paper draws on material from the dissertation books of the University of Edinburgh's student societies and surviving lecture notes from the university's professors to shed new light on the debates on human variation, heredity and the origin of races between 1790 and 1835. That Edinburgh was the most important centre of medical education in the English-speaking world in this period makes this a particularly significant context. By around 1800 the fixed natural order of the eighteenth century was giving way to a more fluid conception of species and varieties. The dissolution of the ‘Great Chain of Being’ made interpretations of races as adaptive responses to local climates plausible. The evidence presented shows that human variation, inheritance and adaptation were being widely discussed in Edinburgh in the student circles around Charles Darwin when he was a medical student in Edinburgh in the 1820s. It is therefore no surprise to find these same themes recurring in similar form in the evolutionary speculations in his notebooks on the transmutation of species written in the late 1830s during the gestation of his theory of evolution.
A FAST ALGORITHM FOR CALCULATING S-INVARIANTS
Authors: SCHÜTZ DIRK
Published: June 2020

We use the divide-and-conquer and scanning algorithms for calculating Khovanov cohomology directly on the Lee- or Bar-Natan deformations of the Khovanov complex to give an alternative way to compute Rasmussen s-invariants of knots. By disregarding generators away from homological degree 0, we can considerably improve the efficiency of the algorithm. With a slight modification, we can also apply it to a refinement of Lipshitz–Sarkar.
Postpartum and post-abortion contraceptive use among unmarried young women in Ghana
Authors: Atiglo D. Yaw , Biney Adriana A. E.
Published: June 2020

Pregnancy outcomes impact subsequent contraceptive behaviour. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between previous pregnancy outcomes and subsequent contraceptive behaviours among unmarried young women intending to delay childbearing. Using data from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, among 1118 sexually experienced, fecund and non-pregnant unmarried women aged 15–24 years, the study assessed how childbirth and abortion are related to sexual abstinence and use of modern contraception. While about 70% of unmarried young women were nulligravid, approximately 11% had had an abortion and 18.2% were postpartum. The majority of respondents were sexually abstinent while 21% and 27% were using and not using contraception, respectively. Postpartum women were more likely than nulligravid and post-abortion women to use contraceptives. Post-abortion women were least likely to be sexually abstinent. Number of years since the respondent’s sexual debut was positively associated with the likelihood of using modern contraception, particularly among postpartum women, and negatively associated with sexual abstinence among those who had aborted. The findings show that prior pregnancy outcomes have significant implications for secondary abstinence and contraceptive use among unmarried young women in Ghana. Post-abortion women are more likely than postpartum women to be sexually active but less likely to use contraceptives. Efforts must be strengthened towards increasing access to modern contraceptives for young women who present for abortion in Ghana.
Rural Life, Roman Ways? Examination of Late Iron Age to Late Romano-British Burial Practice and Mobility at Dog Hole Cave, Cumbria
Authors: O'Regan Hannah J. , Bland Keith , Evans Jane , Holmes Matilda , McLeod Kirsty , Philpott Robert , Smith Ian , Thorp John , Wilkinson David M.
Published: June 2020

The scarcity of Romano-British human remains from north-west England has hindered understanding of burial practice in this region. Here, we report on the excavation of human and non-human animal remains1and material culture from Dog Hole Cave, Haverbrack. Foetal and neonatal infants had been interred alongside a horse burial and puppies, lambs, calves and piglets in the very latest Iron Age to early Romano-British period, while the mid- to late Roman period is characterised by burials of older individuals with copper-alloy jewellery and beads. This material culture is more characteristic of urban sites, while isotope analysis indicates that the later individuals were largely from the local area. We discuss these results in terms of burial ritual in Cumbria and rural acculturation. Supplementary material is available online (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X20000136), and contains further information about the site and excavations, small finds, zooarchaeology, human osteology, site taphonomy, the palaeoenvironment, isotope methods and analysis, and finds listed in Benson and Bland 1963.