bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asthma deaths; persistent and preventable mortality
Authors: Sidebotham H J , Roche W R
Published: December 2004

Bronchial asthma remains a significant cause of mortality at all ages, despite the increased understanding of its pathogenesis and the range of drugs available for its treatment. Changes in therapeutic management can influence death rates and constant surveillance, combined with high‐quality post mortem investigations, is essential. Disease severity, poor disease management and adverse psychosocial circumstances are all risk factors for asthma mortality. Bronchial asthma causes characteristic histological changes in the mucosa of the airways which are present even before the clinical diagnosis of asthma can be made. These include fibrous thickening of the lamina reticularis of the epithelial basement membrane, smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia, increased mucosal vascularity and an eosinophil‐rich inflammatory cell infiltrate. In addition, mucoid plugging of the airway lumen is frequently associated with fatal asthma. The recognition of these changes can allow the diagnosis of asthma to be made for the first time at autopsy, in those cases where asthma goes undiagnosed in life. Acute severe asthma may be accompanied by pneumothorax and surgical emphysema of the mediastinum. Disorders which may mimic asthma include pulmonary embolism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and anaphylaxis, but careful post mortem examination and appropriate investigations should reveal the true cause of death.
Identification of poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma: a comparison of clinicopathological and cytogenetic features with those of typical synovial sarcoma
Authors: De Silva M V C , McMahon A D , Paterson L , Reid R
Published: December 2004

Aims:  Poorly differentiated areas in synovial sarcomas (SS) are known to be associated with a poorer prognosis. The aim of our study was to describe the morphological spectrum of poorly differentiated synovial sarcomas (PDSS) and refine the criteria for their recognition.

Methods and results:  The clinicopathological features of 28 PDSS were compared with those of 26 classic SS. Common cell types in PDSS included epithelioid, spindle and Ewing sarcoma‐like small round cells. Unusual features included presence of desmoplastic small cell tumour‐like areas and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma‐like areas. The presence of necrosis (P = 0.002), a mitotic rate over 10/10 high‐power fields (P < 0.001), a haemangiopericytomatous vascular pattern (P < 0.001) and vascular invasion (P = 0.003) were significantly associated with PDSS, while mast cells (P < 0.001), calcification (P < 0.001) and hyaline bands (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with classic SS. Poorly differentiated areas showed increased proliferative activity with Ki67. PDSS showed a tendency to be larger (P = 0.008) and to be located in proximal more than distal sites (P = 0.025). Three entirely poorly differentiated tumours were diagnosed by demonstration of the t(X;18)(p11;q11) translocation. PDSS showed additional cytogenetic abnormalities.

Conclusions:  Poorly differentiated synovial sarcomas show a spectrum of histological features, which may simulate other malignant neoplasms. The diagnosis of entirely poorly differentiated synovial sarcomas requires cytogenetic analysis.
The use of immunohistochemistry in distinguishing reactive from neoplastic mesothelium. A novel use for desmin and comparative evaluation with epithelial membrane antigen, p53, platelet‐derived growth factor‐receptor, P‐glycoprotein and Bcl‐2
Authors: Attanoos R L , Griffin A , Gibbs A R
Published: December 2004

Aims:  To evaluate the expression of the intermediate filament desmin in reactive mesothelium and malignant mesothelioma and to compare its utility with five other previously reported immunomarkers claimed to be of use in distinguishing reactive from neoplastic mesothelium.

Methods and results:  Sixty cases of malignant pleural mesothelioma and 40 cases of reactive mesothelial hyperplasia formed the study group. Cases were immunohistochemically stained with desmin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), p53, Bcl‐2, P‐glycoprotein and platelet‐derived growth factor receptor (PDGF‐R) β‐chain by the avidin–biotin complex method. The cohort of malignant pleural mesotheliomas were immunoreactive to desmin, EMA and p53 in 6/60 (10%), 48/60 (80%) and 27/60 (45%), respectively. In comparison, the cohort of reactive mesothelial hyperplasias were immunoreactive to desmin, EMA and p53 in 34/40 (85%), 8/40 (20%) and 0/40 (0%), respectively. In a smaller cohort (n = 15) of malignant pleural mesotheliomas, Bcl‐2, P‐glycoprotein and PDGF‐R β‐chain were expressed in 0/15 (0%), 2/15 (13%) and 15/15 (100%), respectively. In a small cohort (n = 15) of reactive mesothelial hyperplasias, Bcl‐2, P‐glycoprotein and PDGF‐R β‐chain were immunoreactive in 0/15 (0%), 0/15 (0%) and 6/15 (40%), respectively.

Conclusions:  Desmin and EMA appear to be the most useful markers in distinguishing benign from malignant mesothelial proliferations. Desmin appears to be preferentially expressed in reactive mesothelium and EMA appears to be preferentially expressed in neoplastic mesothelium. The complementary use of both markers is advocated in ascertaining the nature of mesothelial proliferations. Immunohistochemical detection of mutated p53 oncoprotein appeared to be of less utility in this study on account of the low marker sensitivity for malignant mesothelioma. However, p53 antibody may be of use as a second‐line marker of neoplastic mesothelium within a standard immunohistochemical panel of antibodies. In this study, Bcl‐2, P‐glycoprotein and PDGF‐R β‐chain appear to be of no use in distinguishing reactive from neoplastic mesothelium, although more formal evaluation of these markers is required.
Which breast carcinomas need HER‐2/neu gene study after immunohistochemical analysis? Results of combined use of antibodies against different c‐erbB2 protein domains
Authors: Sapino A , Coccorullo Z , Cassoni P , Ghisolfi G , Gugliotta P , Bongiovanni M , Arisio R , Crafa P , Bussolati G
Published: December 2004

Aims:  Evaluation of HER2 gene amplification in breast cancers is a compelling, routine procedure. The aim of this work was to evaluate which breast carcinomas would really benefit from HER‐2/neu gene analysis.

Methods and results:  We studied 130 invasive breast carcinomas by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using CB11 and TAB250 MAbs directed against different domains of the c‐erbB2 molecule. From this series, we selected 106 cases (32 G1, 36 G2, and 38 G3) in which HER‐2/neu gene analysis, using chromogenic in‐situ hybridization (CISH), was successful. IHC results were scored using the FDA approved system with three score values: 0/1+ (negative), 2+, 3+ (positive). In addition, we developed a double scoring system with six score values (0/1+ 2+ negative, 3+, 4+, 5+, 6+ positive) obtained by summating the individual scoring values obtained with each MAb. All double scoring negative cases were non‐amplified (100% sensitivity), whereas all cases scored 6+ were amplified. Double scoring values and CISH results were then correlated with grade and histological type. G1 ductal carcinomas and carcinomas of lobular and of special histological type did not show HER‐2/neu amplification even in the presence of protein over‐expression.

Conclusions:  The combined results of IHC analysis (double scoring values) obtained using MAbs directed against different c‐erbB2 domains correctly indicates the HER‐2/neu gene status in 57.5% of cases. In addition, simple morphological features such as low grade and special histological type are good predictors of the non‐amplification of the HER‐2/neu gene in breast carcinoma.
Reduced expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis
Authors: Petkova D K , Clelland C A , Ronan J E , Lewis S , Knox A J
Published: December 2004

Aims:  To test the hypothesis that cyclooxygenase (COX)‐1 or COX‐2 expression is defective in lungs in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and to characterize the cellular distribution. IPF is a progressive inflammatory lung disorder with an adverse prognosis. Previous work has shown that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) regulates collagen deposition and fibroblast proliferation and a defect in COX regulation may contribute to the fibrosis that occurs in IPF.

Methods:  Immunohistochemistry was utilized to determine COX immunoreactivity in lung sections from 25 IPF, six sarcoidosis and 14 control subjects.

Results:  COX‐1 and COX‐2 expression in bronchiolar epithelial cells was significantly lower in IPF and sarcoidosis than in controls. No significant difference was found in COX‐2 expression between macrophages in IPF and control sections, but COX‐2 was reduced in macrophages in sarcoidosis compared with controls.

Conclusions:  These studies confirm COX‐2 loss in bronchial epithelial cells but not macrophages in IPF, and show for the first time reduced constitutive COX‐1 expression in epithelial cells and macrophages. Similar abnormalities were observed in sarcoidosis.
Cytokeratin 7/20 and mucin expression patterns in oesophageal, cardia and distal gastric adenocarcinomas
Authors: Gulmann C , Counihan I , Grace A , Patchett S , Leen E , Leader M , Kay E
Published: December 2004

Aims:  The current study examined cytokeratin (CK)7 and 20 as well as MUC1–6 immunoprofiles in oesophageal, gastric and gastro–oesophageal junction (GOJ) adenocarcinomas. The aim was to compare expression patterns in these locations as aids to accurate classification of these morphologically similar carcinomas which all may involve the GOJ.

Methods and results:  Tissue microarrays were constructed using tissue from 14 oesophageal, 78 gastric and 39 GOJ adenocarcinomas. Sections were immunostained with CK7, CK20, MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC6. The results of this study showed no differences in CK7 and CK20 expression patterns in the three locations. MUC2 expression was higher proximally (43% of oesophageal, 28% of GOJ and 17% of gastric carcinomas) and MUC6 expression was higher distally (7% of oesophageal, 28% of GOJ and 15% of gastric carcinomas). MUC1 expression was associated with higher pTNM‐stage.

Conclusions:  CK 7/20 profiles have no role in distinguishing tumours of the three locations. Mucin expression patterns differed in oesophageal and gastric adenocarcinomas, although not sufficiently to classify individual cases. GOJ adenocarcinomas showed a mucin expression pattern that was partly ‘gastric’, and partly ‘oesophageal’. MUC1 expression was associated with a higher pTNM stage.
Minichromosome maintenance protein 7 expression in gestational trophoblastic disease: correlation with Ki67, PCNA and clinicopathological parameters
Authors: Xue W C , Khoo U S , Ngan H Y S , Chan K Y K , Chiu P M , Tsao S W , Cheung A N Y
Published: December 2004

Aims:  To assess the proliferative activity of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) using one of the novel proliferation markers (MCM7) and to determine its prognostic value in hydatidiform mole (HM).

Methods and results:  Immunohistochemical staining for MCM7 was performed on 122 samples of paraffin‐embedded trophoblastic tissues including 22 normal first‐trimester placentas, 12 term placentas, 12 spontaneous miscarriages (SM), 21 partial moles (PM), 44 complete hydatidiform moles (CM), and 11 choriocarcinomas (CCA). The correlations between the proliferative indices assessed by MCM7, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 (MIB1) immunoreactivity as well as clinical progress were assessed. MCM7 immunoreactivity was found predominantly in the nuclei of cytotrophoblast and intermediate trophoblast and decreased with placental maturation. MCM7 expression was highest in CCA, followed by CM, PM, normal first‐trimester placenta, SM and term placenta. MCM7 index was significantly higher in PM and CM than in SM (P = 0.007, P < 0.001) but not between PM and CM themselves (P = 0.560). Eighteen of the 65 patients with HM developed persistent trophoblastic disease (PTD) requiring chemotherapy. There was no significant difference in MCM7 indices between the patients who developed PTD and those who did not (P = 0.312). MCM7 indices correlated well with Ki67 (P = 0.002) but not with PCNA (P = 0.054) indices. MCM7 indices demonstrated less variability than PCNA and Ki67 and may be a better proliferation marker than the latter two.

Conclusions:  We conclude that MCM7 is useful in differentiating molar and non‐molar gestations but is not helpful in discriminating PM from CM or in predicting PTD.
Apoptosis: an introduction for the endodontist
Authors: Satchell P. G. , Gutmann J. L. , Witherspoon D. E.
Published: December 2004

Apoptosis plays an important role in many aspects of endodontics, yet there is a paucity of information in this regard in the endodontic literature. Apoptosis is a single deletion of scattered cells by fragmentation into membrane‐bound particles that are phagocytosed by other cells. It is a key process in the embryological development of the tooth, periodontal ligament and supporting oral tissue in the progression of oral disease, bone resorption, immunological response and inflammation, and in wound healing and certain pharmacological effects. The understanding of the ability of clinical materials to induce or inhibit apoptosis and the investigation of apoptosis as it relates to the pathogenesis of pulpal and periradicular pathology may eventually lead to new treatment approaches for the endodontist. The purpose of this review is to familiarize the clinical endodontist with current knowledge on apoptosis as it relates to the pulp and periradicular tissues.
ICSI: a technique too far?1
Authors: Tournaye H.
Published: December 2004

Even now 10 years after its introduction, there is still debate on the possible adverse effects of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). ICSI has raised a lot of concerns because of the mechanical perforation of the oocyte, the possible transmission of foreign genetic material, the use of immature or senescent germ cells and the association between genetic disorders and some forms of male infertility. To date, the data available indicate that ICSI is a safe procedure provided this treatment is performed in clinics with the highest standards of expertise and with a continuous follow‐up programme for the offspring.

It is becoming increasingly apparent that it is not ICSI itself, but the background risks of the ICSI patients that represent the major risk factor with regard to congenital malformations. More sex‐chromosome abnormalities have been reported in ICSI offspring. Again, the risk of aneuploidy in ICSI progeny reflects the higher aneuploidy rate in the sperm of ICSI fathers. Whether ICSI will eventually perpetuate male infertility is far from clear, because at present the inheritance pattern of idiopathic male infertility is unknown. All ICSI candidates should nevertheless be thoroughly screened and counselled. As long as follow‐up studies have a limited power to detect small increases in malformations and as long as no information is available on long‐term and next‐generation cohorts, ICSI must be used with caution and only when no alternative evidence‐based therapy is available. All ICSI candidates should be rigorously screened and thoroughly informed of the limitations of current screening methods and our limited knowledge of the genetic background to male infertility.

They should be told that there might be a slight increase in congenital malformation rate after ICSI, but that this increase is probably the result of their own ‘background risk’.

Well‐informed patients are in the best position to judge whether the concerns outweigh the benefits of ICSI.
Identification of neurones of the brain and spinal cord involved in the innervation of the ductus deferens using the viral tracing method
Authors: Gerendai Ida , Wiesel O. , Tóth Ida E. , Boldogkõi ZS. , Rusvai M. , Halász B.
Published: December 2004

Using the viral transneuronal tracing technique cell groups of the spinal cord and brain transsynaptically connected with the ductus deferens were identified. Neurotropic (pseudorabies) virus was injected into the muscular coat of the ductus deferens and after survival times of 3, 4 and 5 days the spinal cord and brain were processed immunocytochemically. Virus‐labelled neurones could be detected in the preganglionic sympathetic neurones and the dorsal commissural nucleus (upper lumbar segments) and in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (L6‐S1). Virus‐infected perikarya were present in several brain stem nuclei including the gigantocellular and paragigantocellular nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the caudal raphe nuclei, the A1/C1, A2, A5 and A7 noradrenergic cell groups and the locus coeruleus. In the hypothalamus significant numbers of virus‐infected neurones could be detected in the paraventricular nucleus. In most cases moderate numbers of virus‐labelled cells were present in the lateral hypothalamic area, in the retrochiasmatic area, in the periventricular region and in the median preoptic area. Double‐labelling immunofluorescence detection of virus‐infected neurones and thyrosine hydroxylase (TH) showed colocalization of virus protein and TH in portion of neurones of the A1/C1, A2, A5 and A7 noradrenergic cell groups, in the locus coeruleus and in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The present results provide the first morphological data on the multisynaptic circuit of neurones innervating the ductus deferens.
Visco‐elasticity of seminal fluid in relation to the epididymal and accessory sex gland function and its impact on sperm motility
Authors: ELzanaty S. , Malm J. , Giwercman A.
Published: December 2004

Seminal viscopathy was shown to be associated with male infertility. However, our knowledge about the regulatory mechanism of this process is still limited. In semen samples from 411 men attending for fertility assessment, traditional semen parameters including visco‐elasticity were assessed according to the World Health Organization guidelines. Sperm motility was evaluated by use of computer aided sperm analysis (CASA). Seminal activity of neutral α‐glucosidase (NAG) and concentrations of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), zinc, and fructose were measured. The activity of NAG, and the concentrations of PSA and zinc were significantly lower in hyper‐visco‐elastic semen samples (medians: 5 vs. 8 mU/mL; 741 vs. 924 mg/L; 1 vs. 2 mM/L), than in those with normal visco‐elasticity (p = 0.004, 0.005 and 0.011, respectively). When comparing the total amounts, only for seminal fructose there was a difference between samples with high visco‐elasticity as compared with those of normal visco‐elasticity (median: 74 vs. 53 μM/ejaculate, p = 0.007) This seminal marker was the only significant independent parameter in predicting seminal visco‐elasticity in a multiple logistic regression analysis (odds ratio for the highest quartile = 4.67). Hyper‐visco‐elasticity was associated with a lower percentage of motile spermatozoa (43 vs. 50%, p = 0.045). Similar trend was found for the CASA motility characteristics curvilinear velocity (VCL), average path length (VAP), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) (p = 0.008, 0.038 and 0.020, respectively). Our study demonstrated the interplay between the regulatory effect of post‐testicular organs on semen visco‐elasticity. Hyper‐visco‐elasticity was associated with asthenozoospermia and lower levels of VCL, VAP and ALH.
Idiopathic non‐obstructive azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia: a cross‐sectional study in 61 Greek men
Authors: Giannouli Chariklia , Goulis Dimitrios G. , Lambropoulos Alexander , Lissens Willy , Tarlatzis Basil C. , Bontis John N. , Papadimas John
Published: December 2004

Idiopathic non‐obstructive azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia (INOA) consists a special group of men characterized by eugonadism, primary infertility, low testicular volume, azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia and high follicle stimulating hormone values. Aims of this study were to describe the clinical, hormonal, sperm and histological characteristics of men with INOA and to define if and to what extend men with the INOA phenotype carry Y chromosome long arm (Yq) microdeletions. Sixty‐three men with INOA were studied through clinical examination, spermiograms, hormonal profile, polymerase chain reaction for Yq microdeletions, karyotype and testicular fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. Sixty‐seven men with infertility of known causes and sixty fertile men served as controls. Men with INOA had significantly lower total testosterone levels than fertile men as well as higher prevalence of loss of libido, higher luteinizing hormone levels and lower sperm volume whereas men with infertility of known causes had intermediate values. The prevalence of Yq microdeletions was 3% in men with INOA, 3% in men with infertility of known causes (all of them with abnormal karyotype) and 0% in fertile men. In conclusion, men with INOA have more severe testiculopathy than these with infertility of known causes. These men may be at increased risk of developing partial androgen deficiency of the aging male.
Annexin V binding to plasma membrane predicts the quality of human cryopreserved spermatozoa
Authors: Sion Benoît , Janny Laurent , Boucher Daniel , Grizard Genevieve
Published: December 2004

Cryopreservation‐induced stress may result in membrane injury with consequent decrease of sperm motility and fertilizing capacity. This study has investigated the relationship between human spermatozoa tolerance to cryopreservation and the loss of plasma membrane asymmetry, especially translocation of phosphatidylserine (PS) from the inner to the outer leaflet.

The prospective study was performed on semen samples from 31 men. Conventional characteristics of 20 semen were analysed, before and after cryopreservation as well as externalization of PS assessed by annexin V‐staining in combination with the propidium iodide which stains dead cells. The fertilizing capacity was evaluated by a zona free hamster egg penetration test in 11 freeze/thaw spermatozoa samples. The percentages of vital annexin V‐negative and annexin V‐positive spermatozoa in post‐thaw samples were significantly lower than in pre‐freeze ones (10 ± 3 vs. 25 ± 5% and 22 ± 3 vs. 34 ± 4% respectively), while the percentages of dead spermatozoa annexin V‐negative and annexin V‐positive had increased (42 ± 4 vs. 23 ± 4% and 23 ± 4 vs. 16 ± 2% respectively). The percentages of progressive and total motile spermatozoa were significantly correlated with the percentage of vital annexin V‐negative spermatozoa before as well as after cryopreservation. Furthermore, recovery of motile spermatozoa after freeze/thaw was strongly correlated (p < 0.002) with the proportion of vital annexin V‐negative spermatozoa in fresh semen.

The percentage of penetration of zona‐free hamster eggs was correlated (p < 0.02) with the percentage of live annexin V‐negative cryopreserved spermatozoa capacitated for 3 h. These findings provide evidence that annexinV‐binding staining in combination with PI brings additional information to predict the outcome of cryopreserved ejaculated sperm and may be used as a novel and reliable marker to study the freeze/thaw process.
Effect of various doses of palm vitamin E and tocopherol on aspirin‐ induced gastric lesions in rats
Authors: Jaarin Kamsiah , Gapor M.T. , Nafeeza M.I. , Fauzee A.M.
Published: December 2004

This study examined the effects of vitamin E on the prevention of aspirin‐induced gastric lesions. The study was divided into two phases. Phase 1 determined the effects of various doses of palm vitamin E on the factors affecting mucosal integrity. Thirty‐two male rats of the Sprague‐Dawley strain (200–250 g) were randomly divided into four groups. Group I was fed a normal diet (control), Groups II, III and IV were fed a diet supplemented with palm vitamin E in a dose of 60 mg/kg food, 100 mg/kg food and 150 mg/kg food, respectively. The rats were killed after 4 weeks of feeding for the determination of gastric malondialdehyde (MDA), acid and mucus content. There was a significant decrease in gastric MDA and gastric acid in all the palm vitamin E supplemented groups compared to control. However, these doses of palm vitamin E had no significant effect on gastric mucus. The phase 2 study determined the effect of multiple doses of palm vitamin E and tocopherol on the prevention of aspirin‐induced gastric lesions. Fifty rats of the same weight and strain were randomized into seven groups. Group I was fed a normal diet; groups II to IV were fed with a palm vitamin E enriched diet in doses of 60 mg, 100 mg and 150 mg/kg food, respectively; groups V to VII were fed with a tocopherol‐enriched diet in doses of 20 mg, 30 mg and 50 mg/kg food, respectively. After 4 weeks of feeding with the respective diets the rats were challenged with a single intra‐gastric dose of 400 mg/kg body weight aspirin suspended in propylene glycol. The rats were killed 6 h post‐aspirin exposure for the determination of gastric lesion index and gastric parameters as mentioned in the phase I study. The gastric lesions index was significantly lower in all the vitamin E groups compared to control. The lowest ulcer index was observed in the groups that received 100 mg of palm vitamin E and 30 mg tocopherol in the diet. However, there was no significant difference in ulcer indices between palm vitamin E and tocopherol‐treated groups. The lower ulcer index was only accompanied by lower gastric MDA content. We conclude that both palm vitamin E in doses of 60 mg, 100 mg and 150 mg/kg food as well as tocopherol in doses of 20 mg, 30 mg and 50 mg/kg food are equally effective in preventing aspirin‐induced gastric lesions. The most probable mechanism is through their ability in limiting the lipid peroxidation that is involved in aspirin‐induced gastric lesions.
Studies on the haemotoxicity of chloramphenicol succinate in the Dunkin Hartley guinea pig
Authors: Turton J.a. , Andrews C.m. , Havard A.c. , Williams T.c.
Published: December 2004

In man, chloramphenicol (CAP), induces two major haemotoxic effects. First, a reversible, dose‐related reticulocytopenia and anaemia developing during treatment. Second, a non‐dose‐related aplastic anaemia (AA), developing weeks after treatment, is often irreversible and fatal. In previous studies, we developed a mouse model of the reversible reticulocytopenia/anaemia using CAP succinate (CAPS); attempts to induce AA in the mouse with CAPS were unsuccessful; in the rat, CAPS induced only minimal haemotoxicity. We therefore wished to investigate haematological changes caused by CAPS in a third rodent, particularly in relation to the induction of significant ‘late stage’ bone marrow depression (AA). Female guinea pigs were gavaged with CAPS in three experiments. In a dose ranging study, CAPS (at 2500 and 3500 mg/kg) was administered daily for 9 days, and blood examined at 1 day post dosing. CAPS induced increased erythrocyte values (an apparent haemoconcentration effect), and reduced reticulocytes and femoral marrow nucleated cell counts (FNCC). In a second experiment, CAPS was given at 333, 666 and 1000 mg/kg (13 days); haematological changes were compared with results from the initial study, with evidence of dose‐related effects. In a final experiment, CAPS was administered (825 mg/kg, 16 days) and blood studied at 1, 12, 28 and 63 days post dosing. At day 1, erythrocyte values were decreased (NS), and reticulocytes and FNCC were reduced; the marrow was hypocellular with erythroid depletion. At 12 and 28 days, values returned towards the normal range. At 63 days, parameters were normal. Thus, CAPS (825 mg/kg for 16 days) induced changes comparable to the reversible bone marrow depression seen in man; but there was no evidence of ‘late stage’ (i.e. at 63 days) marrow depression, as would be seen in a developing or overt marrow aplasia (AA). The guinea pig (like the mouse) is a model for the early events, but is not a good model for CAP‐induced AA in man.
A new model of busulphan‐induced chronic bone marrow aplasia in the female BALB/c mouse
Authors: Gibson Frances M. , Michael Andrews C. , Diamanti Paraskevi , Rizzo Sian , Macharia George , Gordon‐Smith Edward C. , Williams Thomas , Turton John
Published: December 2004

Aplastic anaemia (AA) is characterized by hypocellular marrow, pancytopenia, and risk of severe anaemia, haemorrhage and infection. AA is often idiopathic, but frequently occurs after exposure to drugs/chemicals. However, the pathogenesis of AA is not clearly understood, and there are no convenient animal models of drug‐induced AA. We have evaluated regimens of busulphan (BU) administration in the mouse to produce a model of chronic bone marrow aplasia showing features of human AA. Mice were given 8 doses of BU at 0, 5.25 and 10.50 mg/kg over 23 days; marrow and blood samples were examined at 1, 19, 49, 91 and 112 days after dosing. At day 1 post dosing, in mice treated at 10.50 mg/kg, nucleated marrow cells, CFU‐GM and Erythroid‐CFU were reduced. Similarly, peripheral blood erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets and reticulocytes were reduced. At day 19 and 49 post dosing, there was a trend for parameters to return towards normal. However, at day 91 and 112 post dosing, values remained significantly depressed, with a stabilized chronic bone marrow aplasia. At day 91 and 112 post dosing, marrow cell counts, CFU‐GM and Erythroid‐CFU were decreased; marrow nucleated cell apoptosis and c‐kit+ cell apoptosis were increased; peripheral blood erythrocyte, leucocyte, and platelet counts were reduced. We conclude that this is a model of chronic bone marrow aplasia which has many interesting features of AA. The model is convenient to use and has potential in several areas, particularly for investigations on mechanisms of AA pathogenesis in man.
Aluminium administration is associated with enhanced hepatic oxidant stress that may be offset by dietary vitamin E in the rat
Authors: Abubakar M. G. , Taylor A. , Ferns G. A. A.
Published: December 2004

It has been proposed that aluminium toxicity may be mediated, at least in part, by free radical generation. We have investigated the effects of aluminium lactate administration on indices of hepatic oxidant stress, and the consequences of concomitant dietary vitamin E, in male albino Wistar rats. Aluminium lactate was administered for 4 weeks, by ip injection at 10 mg aluminium/kg body weight. Groups of animals received a chow diet containing 0, 5, 15, or 20 mg vitamin E/g of food. A control group of rats received a normal chow diet, without being injected with aluminium. The rats were killed after 4 weeks, and blood and liver tissue removed for the measurement of aluminium and markers of oxidative stress. Plasma and liver aluminium levels were increased in all groups of animals receiving aluminium lactate (P < 0.01), although these levels were significantly reduced in rats receiving concomitant vitamin E (P < 0.05). Aluminium treatment was associated with significantly increased levels of hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) (P < 0.01) that were attenuated by concomitant vitamin E (P < 0.05). Hepatic catalase and reduced glutathione levels were both reduced in animals treated with aluminium (P < 0.05).
The role of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger in the hydrolysis of hazelnut fat
Authors: Sarıyar Leyla , Heperkan Dilek
Published: December 2004

Hydrolysis of hazelnut fat by moulds such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger has been investigated. The activity of mould lipases was determined by measuring triacylglycerol (TAG), free fatty acid (FFA) and partial glyceride contents of hazelnut at different times in varying relative humidity (RH) levels and at 30 °C. TAG decomposition and FFA formation caused by A. flavus lipases started earlier than that caused by A. niger lipases and the results were not affected by r.h. FFA formation was higher using A. flavus lipases than A. niger lipases at 80 and 85% r.h. but not at 90% r.h. FFA levels increased with increasing r.h. and reached 62% after 28 days of storage at 90% r.h. using A. flavus lipases. An increase in the r.h. from 80 to 85% did not affect the TAG decomposition by A. niger lipases. FFA was 91% using A. niger lipases at 90% r.h. Water addition to the hazelnuts increased the rate and amount of hydrolysis of TAG by both A. flavus and A. niger. During storage some partial glycerides were also formed.
Changes in the fatty acid composition of vegetable oils in model doughs submitted to conventional or microwave heating
Authors: Caponio Francesco , Pasqualone Antonella , Gomes Tommaso
Published: December 2004

An experimental investigation ascertained the variation of the contents of saturated, unsaturated and polyenoic fatty acids, as well as of the trans‐isomers of unsaturated fatty acids, in different vegetable oils (virgin olive oil, refined sunflower, refined peanut) submitted to either conventional or microwave heating. The results obtained showed that heat treatment causes a worsening of the nutritional quality of the fatty fraction. As a consequence, the contents of unsaturated and polyenoic fatty acids decreased, with greater variations in the oils heated by microwave than by a conventional oven, while the saturated fatty acid contents did not change substantially. The heat treatments also caused an increase in the trans‐isomers of unsaturated fatty acids and this was more evident after microwave treatment.
Cheddar whey processing and source: I. Effect on composition and functional properties of whey protein concentrates1
Authors: Ji T. , Haque Z. U.
Published: December 2004

Cheddar whey (RW), from either a Jersey (J) or a mixed herd (M), was used to observe the effect of source (WSr) on the composition and functionality of whey products. To observe the effect of whey processing, J‐ and M‐RW were dehydrated by four processes (WPr): (i) UF and vacuum‐evaporation (VE) followed by lactose crystallization (C) and spray‐drying (SD); (ii) VE followed by C and SD; (iii) UF and VE followed by SD without C and (iv) UF followed by SD without C. Moisture, crude fat, ash, calcium and crude protein were analysed. The emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsion stability (ES), thermostability, oil‐holding capacity and solubility (SO) were determined. Both WPr and WSr affected these properties of whey and whey protein concentrate (WPC). Mean EAIs of J‐ and M‐RW were similar but significantly increased by UFVECSD and UFVESD treatment, respectively, to 171 and 174 m2 g−1 for J, and to 107 and 143 m2 g−1 for M. The ES of RW and pasteurized whey was significantly different based on WSr. Jersey whey showed better SO than M whey. Thermostability of WPCs was significantly increased when VE was a component of WPr. The J‐whey apparently had higher ash content, although this was decreased by UF treatment, calcium content was significantly increased. Moisture content of WPC was also WPr dependent, being more than twice higher for UF‐treated WPC compared to VE‐treated WPC. Though both parameters influenced powder functionality, WPr appeared to have a dominant affect in terms of SO and TS, and appeared crucial for EAI and ES.
Cheddar whey processing and source: II. Effect on non‐fat ice cream and yoghurt1
Authors: Haque Z. U. , Ji T.
Published: December 2004

Cheddar whey obtained from milk from either a Jersey (J) or a mixed (M) herd was used to observe the effect of whey source (WSr) and whey processing (WPr) on dairy product quality. These were (i) ultrafiltered, vacuum‐evaporated and spray‐dried after lactose crystallization (UFVECSD) and (ii) vacuum‐evaporated and spray‐dried after lactose crystallization (VECSD). These were used to replace non‐fat dry milk (NDM) in vanilla‐flavoured non‐fat yoghurt and non‐fat ice cream at 20, 60, 80 and 90% (w/w solids). Physicochemical and sensory properties of products were assessed on days 1, 15 and 30. In yoghurt, regardless of WSr, pH and titrable acidity were similar in treatments compared to control. All whey protein concentrates (WPCs) decreased apparent viscosity and syneresis. Conversely, penetration increased with increased WPC usage. All, except 20% VECSD, detrimentally affected texture. Syneresis was improved by both WSr and WPr but was better improved by WPr; UFVECSD was the best with regard to syneresis reduction. Yoghurt flavour appeared WSr dependent with J‐WPCs improving it most. On the contrary, texture appeared WPr dependent with all VECSDs markedly improving this parameter. In non‐fat ice cream, all WPCs decreased mix pH and increased centrifugal drainage. Jersey VECSD decreased apparent viscosity at >60% usage. Both UFVECSDs at 60% usage level improved melting resistance. Body and texture were improved by all VECSDs showing significant influence of WPr. Data indicated that both WSr and WPr impacted different attributes of dairy product quality.
Water vapour transmission in chocolate
Authors: Antunes Antonio C. B. , de Avellar Isa G. J.
Published: December 2004

Diffusion is shown not to be the only phenomenon responsible for water vapour transmission in chocolate. Another phenomenon, due to the gravitation drift of the water absorbed by the chocolate, can be observed and evaluated by analysing the published experimental data on the water vapour transmission rate in chocolate. A theoretical model that permits the determination of the contribution from gravitation drift to moisture transmission is presented as a working hypothesis. This model is shown to give a good fit to a particular set of data from the literature.
Characterization of milk by analysis of its terpene fractions
Authors: Fernandez Christine , Astier Catherine , Rock Edmond , Coulon Jean‐Baptiste , Berdagué Jean‐Louis
Published: December 2004

Thirty‐five representative samples of milk from either a highland area of France (Auvergne region) or a lowland area of France (Brittany region) were collected in spring and summer (grazing periods), and in winter (stabling period). The monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes extracted from the milk fat were semi‐quantified by dynamic headspace–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (DHS‐GC‐MS). Milk samples were classified by factorial discriminant analysis. Milk collected in the Auvergne highland area was richer in sesquiterpenes than that collected in the Brittany lowland area. All the samples were correctly classified according to their geographical origin irrespective of seasonal herd management pattern. These findings show that the assay of terpene compounds can provide useful fingerprints for the characterization of dairy produce according to geographical area and production conditions.
Palynological, physico‐chemical and colour characterization of Moroccan honeys. II. Orange (Citrus sp.) honey
Authors: Terrab Anass , Díez Maria J. , Heredia Francisco J.
Published: December 2004

The palynological, physico‐chemical and chromatic properties of twelve samples of Moroccan orange honeys were measured. A minimum of 10% of Citrus sp. pollen is considered enough to consider a honey as unifloral. These honeys are poor in pollen grains (PG) – eleven of the twelve samples show less than 20 000 PG per 10 g of honey. The presence of Eucalyptus, Plantago, Anthemis arvensis, Sinapis arvensis, Olea europaea, Acacia and Quercus pollen allows the differentiation of these honeys from those with a different geographical origin. From the physico‐chemical point of view, the honeys present a low level of sucrose, ash and minerals content, and medium–high values for the water content, electrical conductivity, free acidity and maltose. Melezitose is not present in any samples. As for the chromatic parameters, the luminance (Y), along with the lightness (L*) and chroma showed very low values.
Palynological, physico‐chemical and colour characterization of Moroccan honeys: I. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) honey
Authors: Terrab Anass , Díez Maria Josefa , Heredia Francisco José
Published: December 2004

The melissopalynological, physico‐chemical and colour characteristics of Eucalyptus honeys from Morocco were studied. It is generally accepted that a minimum content of 70% of Eucalyptus pollen is necessary to classify an Eucalyptus honey as unifloral. Twenty‐eight physico‐chemical and five colour parameters were measured, including the content of sugars and minerals, proline, water content, pH, acidity, hydroxymethylfurfural, diastase activity, ash, electrical conductivity, colour coordinates (L*, a*, b*), chroma (C*ab) and hue angle (hab). Pollen analysis was included, and samples contained a mean of six pollen types (range 2–12). The majority of the samples (75%) contained more than 90%Eucalyptus pollen. The presence of Quercus, Plantago and Thymelaea pollen allows the differentiation of these honeys from those with a different geographical origin. Physico‐chemical analysis showed that there was a low percentage of sucrose ( = 0.01%) and trisaccharides. Mineral analysis showed a low percentage of Mg ( = 25.99 ppm) and K ( = 205 ppm), while electrical conductivity ( = 721 μS cm−1) and diastase activity ( = 39.05 °Gothe) showed medium‐high values. The colour parameters lightness (L*) and chroma (C*ab) showed relatively low values.
Physical and sensory characteristics of sugar cookies containing mixtures of wheat, fonio (Digitaria exilis) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) flours
Authors: McWatters Kay H. , Ouedraogo Jean B. , Resurreccion Anna V. A. , Hung Yen‐C. , Phillips R. Dixon
Published: December 2004

White fonio (Digitaria exilis) and California blackeye cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) flours were used in sugar cookie preparation. Formulations were: (1) 100% wheat, (2) 50% wheat/50% fonio, (3) 50% wheat/50% cowpea, (4) 33% wheat/33% fonio/33% cowpea, (5) 25% wheat/75% fonio, (6) 25% wheat/50% fonio/25% cowpea, (7) 75% fonio/25% cowpea and (8) 50% fonio/50% cowpea. The 100% wheat cookies had the greatest spread ratio (5.86) and the 75% wheat/25% cowpea the least (4.39). The 50% fonio/50% cowpea cookies required the most force (720.3 N) to shear and the 50% wheat/50% fonio the least (399.4 N). The 100% wheat and the 50% wheat/50% cowpea cookies had the lightest colour and the 25% wheat/75% fonio the darkest. Sensory panel assessments of appearance, colour and texture were not affected by component flours. Cookies containing 100% wheat or 50% wheat /50% fonio received the highest hedonic ratings for flavour (7.1 and 6.7, respectively) and overall acceptability (6.9 and 6.5, respectively). All other formulations were unacceptable.
Habitat and weather are weak correlates of nestling condition and growth rates of four UK farmland passerines
Authors: Bradbury Richard B. , Wilson Jeremy D. , Moorcroft Darren , Morris Antony J. , Perkins Allan J.
Published: December 2004

Agricultural intensification is believed to have driven declines of farmland bird populations and the invertebrates and weeds on which they feed. We investigated whether habitat and weather, as surrogates for food availability, influenced nestling growth rates and condition of four farmland passerines (Skylark Alauda arvensis, Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs, Linnet Carduelis cannabina and Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella). We also tested whether nestling growth rates or condition influenced whether a brood subsequently fledged, starved or was depredated. Linnet nestlings are fed almost exclusively on seeds, and were unaffected by weather. Nestlings of the other species are fed mainly invertebrates and were affected negatively by rain but positively by increasing minimum temperatures and daily hours of sunshine. Condition and growth rates of Linnet nestlings were lower in nests further from oilseed‐rape fields, rape seeds being important in the diet of this species. Nestlings of the other three species were unaffected by availability of habitats selected by parents foraging for nestling food. Brood fate was not influenced by growth rates or condition for any species. Most models explained little variation in the response variable. Possible reasons, including the possibility that parents trade off their own survival prospects to ensure reproductive success, are discussed.
Breeding biology and success of the Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus in the eastern Pyrenees
Authors: Margalida Antoni , Garcia Diego , Bertran JOAN , Heredia Rafael
Published: December 2004

We present data from an extensive study of Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus breeding biology in the Pyrenees from 1992 to 1999. Average laying date was 6 January (range 11 December to 12 February, n = 69) with no significant differences between years. Eighty per cent of clutches were of two eggs (n = 20) and average incubation was 54 days (range 52–56, n = 14). Hatching occurred on average between 21 February and 3 March (range 5 February–7 April) and the first and last chicks fledged in 21–27 May and 20 July, respectively. The average chick age at fledging was 123 days (range 103–133, n = 20). Bearded Vulture density increased significantly during the study period. Breeding success and productivity declined apparently as a consequence of the increase in the percentage of breeding failures during incubation and chick rearing, most during the hatching period. The factors that may determine breeding failure and the decline in breeding performance are analysed and management recommendations for more effective conservation measures are discussed.
Female body condition and brood sex ratio in Yellow‐legged Gulls Larus cachinnans
Authors: Alonso‐Alvarez Carlos , Velando Alberto
Published: December 2004

In the Yellow‐legged Gull Larus cachinnans, males are the larger sex, and show more reproductive variance than females. We predicted that the proportion of male chicks in a brood should increase with female body condition. We investigated brood sex ratio by using DNA markers taken from samples of hatchlings or dead embryos, and female body condition using plasma cholesterol concentration as a reliable indicator. The brood sex ratio of females in good condition was male biased and the sex ratio of females in poor condition was female biased. This relationship was also significant in those nests where all the eggs laid were sexed. Thus, manipulation of embryo mortality cannot explain the biases reported in this study, suggesting that the sex ratio of the eggs was biased prior to laying. These results confirm that sex‐ratio manipulation in gulls operates under natural conditions, and supports earlier experimental findings.
Autumn migration and wintering areas of Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus nesting on the Kola Peninsula, northern Russia
Authors: Ganusevich Sergei A. , Maechtle Thomas L. , Seegar William S. , Yates Michael A. , McGrady Michael J. , Fuller Mark , Schueck Linda , Dayton Jim , Henny Charles J.
Published: December 2004

Four female Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus breeding on the Kola Peninsula, Russia, were fitted with satellite‐received transmitters in 1994. Their breeding home ranges averaged 1175 (sd = ±714) km2, and overlapped considerably. All left their breeding grounds in September and migrated generally south‐west along the Baltic Sea. The mean travel rate for three falcons was 190 km/day. Two Falcons wintered on the coasts of France and in southern Spain, which were, respectively, 2909 and 4262 km from their breeding sites. Data on migration routes suggested that Falcons took a near‐direct route to the wintering areas. No prolonged stopovers were apparent. The 90% minimum convex polygon winter range of a bird that migrated to Spain encompassed 213 km2 (n = 54). The area of the 50% minimum convex polygon was 21.5 km2 (n = 29). Data from this study agree with others from North America that show that Falcons breeding in a single area do not necessarily follow the same migratory path southward and do not necessarily use the same wintering grounds.