bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Higher Your Implicit Affiliation‐Intimacy Motive, the More Loneliness Can Turn You Into a Social Cynic: A Cross‐Cultural Study
Authors: Hofer Jan , Busch Holger , Raihala Carolin , Poláčková Šolcová Iva , Tavel Peter
Published: October 2015

Research has shown that the strength of the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive moderates the effects of satisfaction and frustration of the need for affiliation‐intimacy: Low relatedness was more closely related to envy for people high in the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive. The present study tests a moderating effect of the strength of the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive on the association between low relatedness and social cynicism in samples of elderly people from Germany, the Czech Republic, and Cameroon. A total of 616 participants provided information on their implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive, relatedness, and social cynicism. As hypothesized, a moderation effect of the strength of the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive was found that held true regardless of participants’ culture of origin: For people high in the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive, a lack of relatedness was associated with higher levels of social cynicism. Our findings complement other theories stating that positive relationships with others are a significant part of successful aging.
Bioavailability enhancement of a BCS IV compound via an amorphous combination product containing ritonavir
Authors: Miller Dave A , Keen Justin M , Brough Chris , Ellenberger Daniel J , Cisneros Marshall , Williams Robert O , McGinity James W
Published: October 2015

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of ritonavir (RTV) co-administration on the bioavailability of an amorphous dispersion of acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) and to develop a pharmaceutically acceptable AKBA–RTV combination tablet.

Methods

A pharmacokinetic (PK) study in rats was conducted to evaluate the influence of RTV co-administration on the oral bioavailability of an AKBA amorphous dispersion. KinetiSol was utilized to enable production of an improved RTV formulation that facilitated the development of an AKBA–RTV combination tablet. Following in-vitro characterization, the PK performance of the tablets was evaluated in male beagles.

Key findings

Co-administration of RTV increased oral absorption of AKBA by about fourfold over the AKBA dispersion alone and approximately 24-fold over the pure compound. The improved RTV amorphous dispersion exhibited similar purity and neutral-phase dissolution to Norvir. The AKBA–RTV combination tablets yielded a substantial increase in AKBA's bioavailability in dogs.

Conclusions

Oral absorption of AKBA is substantially limited by intestinal CYP3A activity and poor aqueous solubility. Consequently, AKBA's oral bioavailability is maximized by administration from a supersaturating formulation in conjunction with a CYP3A inhibitor. The AKBA–RTV combination tablet presented herein represents a breakthrough in the oral delivery of the compound facilitating future use as a drug therapy for broad spectrum cancer treatment.
Sirolimus-loaded polymeric micelles with honokiol for oral delivery
Authors: Li Xinru , Hou Xucheng , Ding Weiming , Cong Shuangchen , Zhang Yuanyuan , Chen Mengmeng , Meng Yansha , Lei Jiongxi , Liu Yan , Li Guiling
Published: October 2015

Objectives

The aims of the present study were to design polymeric micelles loading sirolimus with honokiol to increase drug solubility and to gain an insight into the effect of honokiol on oral transport of P-glycoprotein substrate (P-gp).

Methods

Particle size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, drug-loading content and in-vitro release of sirolimus-loaded micelles with honokiol were determined. Transport of sirolimus-loaded micelles across Caco-2 cell monolayers and jejunum segment of rats were investigated. In-vitro cytotoxicity experiments and the cellular uptake study were carried out via sulforhodamine B assay and flow cytometry, respectively.

Key findings

A coadministration of honokiol with sirolimus in micelles did not significantly modify the particle size, polydispersity index and release of drugs demonstrating successful loading within the micelles. The apparent transport coefficients (Papp) and effective permeability (Peff) of sirolimus were increased with more amount of honokiol loaded in micelles. Cellular uptake study demonstrated that rhodamine123 uptake rate was enhanced by honokiol-loaded micelles, indicating substantial P-gp inhibition action by honokiol and mPEG-PLA-based micelles.

Conclusion

Oral transport of sirolimus was significantly improved by coadministration with honokiol, an inhibitor of the P-gp, in polymeric micelles formulation.
Overweight and the feline gut microbiome – a pilot study
Authors: Kieler I. N. , Mølbak L. , Hansen L. L. , Hermann‐Bank M. L. , Bjornvad C. R.
Published: October 2015

Compared with lean humans, the gut microbiota is altered in the obese. Whether these changes are due to an obesogenic diet, and whether the microbiota contributes to adiposity is currently discussed. In the cat population, where obesity is also prevalent, gut microbiome changes associated with obesity have not been studied. Consequently, the aim of this study was to compare the gut microbiota of lean cats, with that of overweight and obese cats. Seventy‐seven rescue‐shelter cats housed for ≥3 consecutive days were included in the study. Faecal samples were obtained by rectal swab and, when available, by a paired litter box sample. Body condition was assessed using a 9‐point scoring system. DNA was extracted, and the 16S rRNA gene was amplified with a high‐throughput quantitative real‐time PCR chip. Overweight and obese cats had a significantly different gut microbiota compared to lean cats (p < 0.05), but this finding could not be linked to differences in specific bacterial groups. The rectal samples obtained higher DNA concentration than litter box samples (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, overweight and obese cats seem to have an altered gut microbiome as compared to lean cats.
The Nature of the Political Reconsidered
Authors: Holland Dominic
Published: October 2015

I present an immanent, and explanatory, critique of reflections on the nature of politics and of power within political science. I argue that these reflections are problematic, to the extent that they presuppose an actualist conception of the political, and that this is generated by an empiricist way of thinking on the one hand and a constructivist way of thinking on the other. I show how re‐defining politics, power, and the political on the basis of a dialectical critical realist ontology resolves these problems and, thereby, allows us to understand the conditions for social change and the relationship between the political and the economic. My argument has two, important implications: first, that the proposal that those who study politics professionally should celebrate philosophical diversity is dangerous–at least if it makes it difficult to sustain a distinct, emancipatory form of political inquiry; and, second, that the nature of social reality justifies the need both for specialized forms of inquiry, such as politics and economics, and integrative forms of inquiry, such as political economy.
The effects of the putative confession and parent suggestion on children's disclosure of a minor transgression
Authors: Rush Elizabeth B. , Stolzenberg Stacia N. , Quas Jodi A. , Lyon Thomas D.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

This study examined the effects of the putative confession (telling the child that an adult ‘told me everything that happened and he wants you to tell the truth’) on children's disclosure of a minor transgression after having been questioned by their parents in a suggestive or non‐suggestive manner.

Methods

Children (N = 188; 4–7‐year‐olds) played with a confederate, and while doing so, for half of the children, toys broke. Parents then questioned their children about what occurred, and half of the parents were given additional scripted suggestive questions. Finally, children completed a mock forensic investigative interview.

Results

Children given the putative confession were 1.6 times more likely in free recall to disclose truthfully that toys had broken. Among children who failed to disclose during free recall, those who received the putative confession were 1.9 times more likely when asked yes/no questions to disclose true breakage. The putative confession did not decrease accuracy, and children who received the putative confession were 2.6 times less likely to report false toy play. Parent suggestion did not adversely affect the efficacy of the putative confession.

Conclusions

The current study demonstrates that children are often quite reticent to disclose transgressions and that the putative confession is a promising avenue for increasing children's comfort with disclosing and minimizing their tendency to report false details, even in the face of suggestive questioning by parents.
A cognitive approach to lie detection: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Fisher Ronald P. , Blank Hartmut
Published: October 2015

Introduction

This article provides a meta‐analysis of a new, cognitive approach to (non‐)verbal lie detection. This cognitive lie detection approach consists of three techniques: (1) imposing cognitive load, (2) encouraging interviewees to say more, and (3) asking unexpected questions.

Method

A meta‐analysis was carried out on studies using the cognitive approach, 14 of which directly compared the cognitive approach to a standard approach.

Results

The cognitive lie detection approach produced superior accuracy results in truth detection (67%), lie detection (67%), and total detection (truth and lie detection combined, 71%) compared to a traditional standard approach (truth detection: 57%; lie detection: 47%; total detection: 56%).

Conclusions

Practitioners may find it useful to use a cognitive lie detection approach in their daily practice.
Conservation and modification of genetic and physiological toolkits underpinning diapause in bumble bee queens
Authors: Amsalem Etya , Galbraith David A. , Cnaani Jonathan , Teal Peter E. A. , Grozinger Christina M.
Published: October 2015

Diapause is the key adaptation allowing insects to survive unfavourable conditions and inhabit an array of environments. Physiological changes during diapause are largely conserved across species and are hypothesized to be regulated by a conserved suite of genes (a ‘toolkit’). Furthermore, it is hypothesized that in social insects, this toolkit was co‐opted to mediate caste differentiation between long‐lived, reproductive, diapause‐capable queens and short‐lived, sterile workers. Using Bombus terrestris queens, we examined the physiological and transcriptomic changes associated with diapause and CO2 treatment, which causes queens to bypass diapause. We performed comparative analyses with genes previously identified to be associated with diapause in the Dipteran Sarcophaga crassipalpis and with caste differentiation in bumble bees. As in Diptera, diapause in bumble bees is associated with physiological and transcriptional changes related to nutrient storage, stress resistance and core metabolic pathways. There is a significant overlap, both at the level of transcript and gene ontology, between the genetic mechanisms mediating diapause in B. terrestris and S. crassipalpis, reaffirming the existence of a conserved insect diapause genetic toolkit. However, a substantial proportion (10%) of the differentially regulated transcripts in diapausing queens have no clear orthologs in other species, and key players regulating diapause in Diptera (juvenile hormone and vitellogenin) appear to have distinct functions in bumble bees. We also found a substantial overlap between genes related to caste determination and diapause in bumble bees. Thus, our studies demonstrate an intriguing interplay between pathways underpinning adaptation to environmental extremes and the evolution of sociality in insects.
Reconstructing the invasion history ofHeracleum persicum(Apiaceae) into Europe
Authors: Rijal Dilli P. , Alm Torbjørn , Jahodová Šárka , Stenøien Hans K. , Alsos Inger G.
Published: October 2015

Sparse, incomplete and inappropriate historical records of invasive species often hamper invasive species management interventions. Population genetic analyses of invaders might provide a suitable context for the identification of their source populations and possible introduction routes. Here, we describe the population genetics ofHeracleum persicumDesf. ex Fisch and trace its route of introduction into Europe. Microsatellite markers revealed a significantly higher genetic diversity ofH. persicumin its native range, and the loss of diversity in the introduced range may be attributed to a recent genetic bottleneck. Bayesian cluster analysis on regional levels identified three and two genetic clusters in the native and the introduced ranges, respectively. A global structure analysis revealed two worldwide distinct genetic groups: one primarily in Iran and Denmark, the other primarily in Norway. There were also varying degrees of admixture in England, Sweden, Finland and Latvia. Approximate Bayesian computation indicated two independent introductions ofH. persicumfrom Iran to Europe: the first one in Denmark and the second one in England. Finland was subsequently colonized by English populations. In contrast to the contemporary hypothesis of English origin of Norwegian populations, we found Finland to be a more likely source for Norwegian populations, a scenario supported by higher estimated histor‐ical migration from Finland to Norway. Genetic diversityper seis not a primary determinant of invasiveness inH. persicum. Our results indicate that, due to either pre‐adaptations or rapid local adaptations, introduced populations may have acqu‐ired invasiveness after subsequent introductions, once a suitable environment was encountered.
Germline DNA methylation in reef corals: patterns and potential roles in response to environmental change
Authors: Dimond James L. , Roberts Steven B.
Published: October 2015

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that plays an inadequately understood role in gene regulation, particularly in nonmodel species. Because it can be influenced by the environment, DNA methylation may contribute to the ability of organisms to acclimatize and adapt to environmental change. We evaluated the distribution of gene body methylation in reef‐building corals, a group of organisms facing significant environmental threats. Gene body methylation in six species of corals was inferred from in silico transcriptome analysis of CpG O/E, an estimate of germline DNA methylation that is highly correlated with patterns of methylation enrichment. Consistent with what has been documented in most other invertebrates, all corals exhibited bimodal distributions of germline methylation suggestive of distinct fractions of genes with high and low levels of methylation. The hypermethylated fractions were enriched with genes with housekeeping functions, while genes with inducible functions were highly represented in the hypomethylated fractions. High transcript abundance was associated with intermediate levels of methylation. In three of the coral species, we found that genes differentially expressed in response to thermal stress and ocean acidification exhibited significantly lower levels of methylation. These results support a link between gene body hypomethylation and transcriptional plasticity that may point to a role of DNA methylation in the response of corals to environmental change.
Whole‐genome resequencing uncovers molecular signatures of natural and sexual selection in wild bighorn sheep
Authors: Kardos Marty , Luikart Gordon , Bunch Rowan , Dewey Sarah , Edwards William , McWilliam Sean , Stephenson John , Allendorf Fred W. , Hogg John T. , Kijas James
Published: October 2015

The identification of genes influencing fitness is central to our understanding of the genetic basis of adaptation and how it shapes phenotypic variation in wild populations. Here, we used whole‐genome resequencing of wild Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) to >50‐fold coverage to identify 2.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genomic regions bearing signatures of directional selection (i.e. selective sweeps). A comparison of SNP diversity between the X chromosome and the autosomes indicated that bighorn males had a dramatically reduced long‐term effective population size compared to females. This probably reflects a long history of intense sexual selection mediated by male–male competition for mates. Selective sweep scans based on heterozygosity and nucleotide diversity revealed evidence for a selective sweep shared across multiple populations at RXFP2, a gene that strongly affects horn size in domestic ungulates. The massive horns carried by bighorn rams appear to have evolved in part via strong positive selection at RXFP2. We identified evidence for selection within individual populations at genes affecting early body growth and cellular response to hypoxia; however, these must be interpreted more cautiously as genetic drift is strong within local populations and may have caused false positives. These results represent a rare example of strong genomic signatures of selection identified at genes with known function in wild populations of a nonmodel species. Our results also showcase the value of reference genome assemblies from agricultural or model species for studies of the genomic basis of adaptation in closely related wild taxa.
The Monetary Circuit in the Age of Financialisation: A Stock‐Flow Consistent Model with A Twofold Banking Sector
Authors: Sawyer Malcolm , Veronese Passarella Marco
Published: October 2015

The paper explores how the Theory of Monetary Circuit can be developed to reflect some important features of the evolution of the financial system in the past three decades, which have been associated with what may be termed ‘financialisation.’ For this purpose, we embed the benchmark single‐period monetary circuit scheme proposed by Graziani in a richer set of institutional arrangements. The stock‐flow consistent modelling technique pioneered by Godley and Lavoie is used to support our narrative.
Trade Unionism and Welfare Consequences of Trade and Investment Reforms in A Developing Economy
Authors: Chaudhuri Sarbajit
Published: October 2015

This paper explains the existence of intersectoral wage differential in a developing economy in terms of trade union behavior in the formal sector industry and analyzes its role in predicting the outcomes of trade and investment reforms on welfare. It provides theoretical explanations of certain real life phenomena e.g. why the developing countries are yearning for foreign capital despite the standard immiserizing result and why these countries are not reducing the tariff rates beyond certain levels although they have chosen free trade as their development strategy.
The Venuses Block From Arlanpe Cave (Northern Iberian Peninsula): Implications for the Origins and Dispersion of Gönnersdorf‐Lalinde Style Depictions Throughout the European Magdalenian
Authors: Rios‐Garaizar Joseba , Garate Diego , Bourrillon Raphaëlle , Gómez‐Olivencia Asier , Karampaglidis Theodoros
Published: October 2015

In 2011, an engraved limestone block was found in the cave of Arlanpe (Lemoa, northern Iberian Peninsula). One of the figures represented on it was identified as a schematic feminine representation similar to those of the Gönnersdorf‐Lalinde style. The stratigraphical position of the block is not totally clear owing to severe disturbance in the Upper Pleistocene deposits located near the entrance sector of the cave. Nevertheless, the most probable stratigraphical correlation is with Level I, which has been dated to the beginning of the Middle Magdalenian. This finding extends the distribution range of this kind of representation to the northern Iberian Peninsula, where, up to now, only two other, less clear, Gönnersdorf‐Lalinde style representations have been found. It also extends its chronological range, pushing it back to the beginning of the Middle Magdalenian. In this paper, we present the archaeological context of the engraved block, followed by a detailed description of technological and stylistic features. These data will be used to discuss the implication of this discovery for an understanding of the origins, expansion and diffusion of this kind of feminine representation across Europe.
The Living and The Dead, Memory and Transition: Bayesian Modelling of Mesolithic and Neolithic Deposits from Vlasac, the Danube Gorges
Authors: Borić Dušan , Griffiths Seren
Published: October 2015

The paper applies Bayesian statistical modelling to radiocarbon dates obtained for a stratigraphic sequence comprising occupation features and superimposed burials from the Late Mesolithic (c.7400–6200 cal BC) to the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition (c.6200–5900 cal BC), from Vlasac in the Danube Gorges region of the north‐central Balkans. This sequence, investigated in the course of excavations at the site in 2006–9, yielded stratigraphic evidence of the transformation of local forager populations as a result of contact with Neolithic communities. Our paper provides a reliable chronological framework for changes from Late Mesolithic burial rites to new, Neolithic types of ornamental beads at the top of the sequence. The use of the same burial location and continuities in burial rites over a considerable period of time raise significant questions about the role of tradition and the potential for enduring practices in prehistoric societies.
The Importance of Rural Sanctuaries in Structuring Non‐Urban Society in Ancient Samnium: Approaches from Architectureand Landscape
Authors: Stek Tesse D.
Published: October 2015

This brief article addresses the potential of the study of rural sanctuaries for understanding the performance and general structure of non‐urban society in ancient Samnium. Samnium, a mountainous area in central‐southern Italy, is known for its non‐urbanized settlement organization in the Classical and Hellenistic periods. This article discusses different methodologies to assess the local and regional significance of rural cult sites in this particular societal structure. In reply to a recent article in this journal, it is argued that strong local variability of rural cult sites cannot be ascertained on the basis of the disparate available architectural evidence. On the other hand, it is shown that a landscape archaeological approach, i.e. applying intensive field surveys around Samnite sanctuaries, adds significantly to our understanding of the social function of these cult sites. The surveys (2004–present) document a clear nucleation of rural settlement around cult sites, probably reflecting farm–village communities, and demonstrating the strong local embeddedness of the rural cult sites. The order of magnitude of the rural communities living around the sanctuaries is broadly comparable, which gives us a tangible sense of the character and general structure of Samnite non‐urban society.
Cross‐North Sea Contacts in the Roman Period
Authors: Morris Francis Michael
Published: October 2015

The North Sea formed a barrier to contact between Britain and the Continental regions north of the Rhine prior to the late fourth century AD. Whilst there is evidence for sporadic contacts between these two regions prior to this date, in the main these contacts probably occurred indirectly via the south Dutch/Belgian/north French region. From the late fourth century onwards, we have evidence for considerable cross‐North Sea contact, first in the form of Saxon piracy, and from the early/mid‐fifth century onwards, as population movements principally directed from north‐west Germany to south‐east England. The reasons for this change are outlined and discussed.
A pilot feasibility study exploring the practising of compassionate imagery exercises in a nonclinical population
Authors: McEwan Kirsten , Gilbert Paul
Published: October 2015

This study assessed the acceptability of practising compassionate imagery as an online task without clinician support. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline, after, and 6 months of follow‐up. Participants engaged safely and successfully with the tasks. There were significant improvements in questionnaire scores which were largely maintained over 6 months.

Practitioner points

People can practise compassionate imagery tasks in an unsupervised way from online recordings and not suffer adverse effects (even with higher baseline scores in self‐criticism).

Compassionate imagery recordings may be used as an adjunct to improve traditional psychotherapy.
Being alexithymic: Necessity or convenience. Negative emotionality × avoidant coping interactions and alexithymia
Authors: Bilotta Elena , Giacomantonio Mauro , Leone Luigi , Mancini Francesco , Coriale Giovanna
Published: October 2015

Objectives

We aimed to clarify the associations between negative emotionality, avoidant coping, and alexithymia. We hypothesized that negative emotionality and avoidance strategies would interact negatively in associating with alexithymia.

Design

We examined, in one study conducted in Italy and another in the US (total N = 415), the associations among avoidant coping, negative emotionality, and alexithymia, using cross‐sectional designs.

Method

Study 1: Participants completed paper‐and‐pencil measures of alexithymia, avoidant coping, and negative emotionality. Study 2: Participants completed the above‐mentioned measures plus a measure of experiential avoidance (EA), by means of an online questionnaire.

Results

As expected, an antagonistic avoidant coping × negative emotionality interaction was found to relate to alexithymia in both studies. In Study 2, EA mediated the effects of such interaction on alexithymia (mediated moderation). The interaction found implied that alexithymia would be adopted as a defence against negative affect or as a consequence of avoidant strategies.

Conclusions

The studies suggested that two different psychological pathways to alexithymia may be at work: Preference for avoidance and negative emotionality. This result appeared theoretically relevant and may stimulate further research.

Practitioner points

Alexithymia may develop from habitual avoidance, regardless of negative emotionality.

Practitioners could consider addressing negative emotional regulation or automatic and habitual avoidant responses in dealing with alexithymic patients.
Silicon application enhances resistance to xanthomonas wilt disease in banana
Authors: Mburu K. , Oduor R. , Mgutu A. , Tripathi L.
Published: October 2015

Silicon (Si) has been reported to be a beneficial element and shown to enhance disease resistance in many crops, although it is not regarded to be critical for plant growth and development. In this study, the potential effect of Si supplementation on resistance to banana xanthomonas wilt (BXW) disease was evaluated using various banana cultivars. Si application at a concentration of 200 mg per plant per week was found to be optimal in enhancing resistance toBXWwithout any detrimental effects on plant growth. The effect of varying the duration of Si application showed continuous supply of Si before and after pathogen inoculation led to a significantly higher level of resistance toBXWin all the banana cultivars tested in comparison to non‐Si‐treated inoculated plants. Banana plants treated with Si before pathogen inoculation only, also exhibited high protection againstBXWsimilar to plants treated continuously with Si. The total Si content in leaves increased significantly in Si‐treated plants in comparison to non‐Si‐treated control plants. The amount of Si accumulation was directly correlated to the duration of application; plants treated with Si continuously showed significantly higher amounts of Si accumulation in leaves than plants where Si application was terminated following bacterial inoculation or when Si application started immediately after pathogen inoculation. The Si‐treated plants also showed higher activity of the peroxidase enzyme in comparison to non‐Si‐treated control plants. This study confirms that application of Si enhances resistance toBXWand may provide an alternative disease management strategy.
Genericity as a Unitary Psychological Phenomenon: An Argument from Linguistic Diversity
Authors: Collins John
Published: October 2015

So‐called ‘generics’ are members of a diverse class of constructions that express generalisations that do not directly involve any precise cardinality of individuals, but rather the kinds or ‘typical’ or ‘normal’ members of the kinds contributed by arguments of the predicate. The paper argues that genericity as a unitary phenomenon of human thought has a psychological, rather than linguistic, basis. This claim is argued for by way of a survey of the linguistic diversity of the forms of genericity, and the presentation of a psychological model from recent experimental work done by Prasada and Dillingham that promises to confer unity on the genericity phenomena while explaining how the linguistic diversity relates to a single cognitive representation of a form of generality.
QR Out of a Tensed Clause: Evidence from Antecedent‐Contained Deletion
Authors: Syrett Kristen
Published: October 2015

This paper presents an argument based on evidence from experiments featuring Antecedent‐Contained Deletion (ACD) sentences situated in carefully‐manipulated discourse contexts, that covert movement is not grammatically constrained by tense. ACD is a form of Verb Phrase Ellipsis in which ellipsis is embedded in its antecedent. Under an account appealing to Quantifier Raising, the quantificational phrase containing the ellipsis site raises to a VP‐external position, allowing the VP to become the antecedent. When ACD is embedded in a non‐finite clause, such sentences are ambiguous, since multiple VPs can serve as an antecedent. However, when ACD is embedded in a finite clause, the range of interpretations has been claimed to be restricted, because of an independent ‘clause‐bounded’ movement constraint on Quantifier Raising. However, there are exceptions to this generalization. I present evidence from an experimental investigation of finite‐clause‐embedded ACD sentences, relying on Cecchetto (2004), to demonstrate that under the right discourse conditions, the supposedly unavailable Matrix reading surfaces robustly, at a percentage that is surprising if the constraint were rooted in the grammar. I argue that these results call into question the source of this locality restriction, and propose that it has nothing to do with an arbitrary grammatical constraint on movement.
Linguistic Experiments and Ordinary Language Philosophy
Authors: Hansen Nat , Chemla Emmanuel
Published: October 2015

J.L. Austin is regarded as having an especially acute ear for fine distinctions of meaning overlooked by other philosophers. Austin employs an informal experimental approach to gathering evidence in support of these fine distinctions in meaning, an approach that has become a standard technique for investigating meaning in both philosophy and linguistics. In this paper, we subject Austin's methods to formal experimental investigation. His methods produce mixed results: We find support for his most famous distinction, drawn on the basis of his ‘donkey stories’, that ‘mistake’ and ‘accident’ apply to different cases, but not for some of his other attempts to distinguish the meaning of philosophically significant terms (such as ‘intentionally’ and ‘deliberately’). We critically examine the methodology of informal experiments employed in ordinary language philosophy and much of contemporary philosophy of language and linguistics, and discuss the role that experimenter bias can play in influencing judgments about informal and formal linguistic experiments.
Pragmatics and Processing
Authors: Geurts Bart , Rubio‐Fernández Paula
Published: October 2015

Gricean pragmatics has often been criticised for being implausible from a psychological point of view. This line of criticism is never backed up by empirical evidence, but more importantly, it ignores the fact thatGrice never meant to advance a processing theory, in the first place. Taking our lead fromMarr (1982), we distinguish between two levels of explanation: at theW‐level, we are concerned with what agents do and why; at theH‐level, we ask how agents do whatever it is they do. Whereas pragmatics is pitched at theW‐level, processing theories are at theH‐level. This is not to say that pragmatics has no implications for psychology at all, but it is to say that its implications are less direct than is often supposed.
Genericity is Easy? Formal and Experimental Perspectives
Authors: Lazaridou‐Chatzigoga Dimitra , Katsos Napoleon , Stockall Linnaea
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we compare the formal semantics approach to genericity, within which genericity is viewed as a species of quantification, and a growing body of experimental and developmental work on the topic, mainly by psychologists rather than linguists, proposing that genericity is categorically different from (and significantly simpler than) quantification. We argue that this generics‐as‐default hypothesis is much less well supported by evidence than its supporters contend, and that a research program combining theoretical and experimental research methods and considerations in the same studies is required to make progress.
Behind and Beyond the (Head Count) Employment Rate
Authors: Brandolini Andrea , Viviano Eliana
Published: October 2015

The paper argues that we need more general statistical indices for the analysis of the European labour markets. First, the paper discusses some normative aspects that are implicit in the current definition of the employment rate, which is a fundamental policy target in the new strategy Europe 2020. Second, it proposes a class of generalized indices based on work intensity, as approximated by the total annual hours of work relative to a benchmark value. Third, it derives, in a consistent framework, household level employment indices. These indices provide a more nuanced picture of the European labour markets, which better reflects the diversity in the use of part-time and fixed term jobs as well as other factors affecting the allocation of work between and within households.
From ‘needing to know’ to ‘needing not to know more’: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of couples' experiences with early‐onset Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wawrziczny Emilie , Pasquier Florence , Ducharme Francine , Kergoat Marie‐Jeanne , Antoine Pascal
Published: October 2015

Objectives

To explore the experiences and adjustment modes of couples during the period between the initial signs of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the years following diagnosis, particularly in the case of early‐onset AD.

Design

A dyadic interpretative phenomenological analysis was conducted with married couples in which one member of each couple received a diagnosis of probable early‐onset AD (before 65 years of age).

Participants

Sixteen young couples, followed by the National Reference Centre for Young Persons with AD, agreed to participate. For seven of the couples, the caregiver was a woman. The mean age was 57.4 (SD = 4.2) for the caregivers and 57.3 (SD = 4.1) for the persons with AD.

Methods

The semi‐structured interviews were conducted in the couples' homes. Each interview was conducted with both spouses to capture their interactions in the context of individual and shared experiences.

Results

Two higher‐order themes emerged from the analyses: the ‘need to know’ and, after the diagnosis, the ‘need not to know more’. Indeed, the first signs mark the beginning of a period of doubt and a search for understanding. This pursuit of knowledge progresses to the recognition of more intense and severe signs that encourage couples to seek medical attention. Both reassuring and destabilising, the diagnosis is a breaking point that modifies how the changes and painful effects associated with disease are experienced. Couples employ strategies to minimise their suffering and consequently their knowledge about the disease.

Conclusions

These results show that the couples oscillate between the need to know and the fear of knowing. To protect themselves, they use strategies to reduce their suffering and to distance the disease. The use of these avoidance strategies indicates that certain times in the course of disease management are less appropriate for couples to accept the assistance offered by formal caregivers.
Determinant factors in climbing ability: Influence of strength, anthropometry, and neuromuscular fatigue
Authors: Laffaye G. , Levernier G. , Collin J.‐M.
Published: October 2015

The goal of this study was to (i) assess the physical and anthropometric differences between three levels of climbers and (ii) predict climbing ability by using a multiple regression model. The participants were divided into novice (n = 15), skilled (n = 16), and elite (n = 10) climbers. Anthropometric characteristics such as height, weight, percentage of body fat and muscle, bi‐acromial breath, arm span, and ape index were measured. General and specific strength were assessed through an arm jump test, a bench press test, and a hand and finger grip strength test in maximal and endurance conditions. All variables were combined into components via a principal component analysis (PCA) and the components used in a multiple regression analysis. The major finding of this study is that climbing ability is more related to specific rather than general strength. Only finger grip strength shows a higher level of initial strength between all samples while the arm jump test discriminates between climbers and non‐climbers. The PCA reveals three components, labeled as training, muscle, and anthropometry, which together explain 64.22% of the variance. The regression model indicates that trainable variables explained 46% of the total variance in climbing ability, whereas anthropometry and muscle characteristics explain fewer than 4%.
Why Does Involvement in Voluntary Associations Promote Trust? Examining the Role of Network Diversity
Authors: Glanville Jennifer L.
Published: October 2015

Scholars argue that trust is fundamental to maintaining a healthy society, and consequently, recent evidence that trust may be declining in the United States has generated an interest in the determinants of trust. According to the social capital literature, particularly the work of Robert Putnam, involvement in voluntary associations influences the development of generalized trust. One way in which organizational participation is thought to foster trust is through creating more diverse, or bridging, social networks. However, scarcely any research has empirically examined this mechanism. Using data from the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey, I test whether network diversity (ties to persons from different social backgrounds) accounts for some of the influence of organizational involvement on trust. The results suggest that the influence of involvement in multiple associations on trust is largely mediated by its influence on network diversity. In addition, while recent research observes that some predictors of trust vary by race and ethnicity, I find no differences in these relationships across non‐Hispanic white, African American, and Latino respondents.
Application of iodinated starch powder using an atomizer spray gun – a new and effective tool to evaluate hypohidrosis
Authors: Lim J. H.‐L. , Choo W. , Chang J. H. , Tey H. L. , Chong W.‐S.
Published: October 2015

Background

Hypohidrosis is defined as diminished sweating in response to an appropriate thermal or sympathetic stimulus. When encountered in a clinical setting, it necessitates an accurate documentation of its pattern and extent to prognosticate the risk of associated heat‐related illnesses. This can be achieved by thermoregulatory sweat testing which includes a starch–iodine sweat test that can be administered via various methods.

Objective

To describe and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a novel method of using an atomizer spray gun in administering the starch–iodine test.

Methods

We describe the administration of the starch–iodine test via an atomizer spray gun (Series 700 Lab Model; Mitsuba Systems, Mumbai, India). The method was utilized for the evaluation of 30 individuals who presented with symptoms of hypohidrosis.

Results

Application of iodinated starch powder prepared in‐house with the atomizer spray gun achieved a lightweight and homogeneous coat on our patients' skin which allowed for clear visualization of the sweating pattern in areas of anhidrosis. The sharp demarcation of the pathological regions enabled the precise calculation of the affected body surface area of impaired sweating. Unlike the starch–iodine tests using the Minor and Wada methods, neither staining of the skin nor irritation was detected in this method.

Conclusion

We report a novel method of using an atomizer spray gun to perform the starch–iodine test in a rapid, reproducible, effective, and safe manner suitable for use in the clinical evaluation of hypohidrosis.
Time Zones Matter: The Impact of Distance and Time Zones on Services Trade
Authors: Christen Elisabeth
Published: October 2015

Given the need for proximity in the provision of many services, factors such as geographical distance place a higher cost burden on the delivery of services in foreign markets as compared to goods trade. In addition, differences in time zones add significantly to the costs of service transactions. Decomposing the impact of distance into a longitudinal and latitudinal component and accounting for differences in time zones, it is possible to identify in detail the factors driving the impact of increasing coordination costs on the delivery of services through foreign affiliates. Working with a bilateral US data set on foreign affiliate sales in services this paper examines the impact of time zone differences and east–west and north–south distance on US outward affiliate sales, by employing a Hausman–Taylor model for services trade by foreign affiliates. Both distance components as well as time zone differences have a significant positive effect on foreign affiliate sales. By decomposing the effect of distance the results show that increasing east–west or north–south distance by 100 km raises affiliates sales by 2 per cent. Regarding time zone differences, the findings suggest that affiliate sales increase as hourly time zone differences get larger.
A statistical assessment of the biological relationship between simultaneous canine mammary tumours
Authors: Gunnes G. , Borge K. S. , Lingaas F.
Published: October 2015

Simultaneous canine mammary tumours (CMTs) are frequently reported in the literature, but few studies have addressed their biological relationship in detail or performed statistical assessments. In this study, 269 canine mammary gland tumours from 216 dogs were categorized using an extended histopathological classification, where semiquantitative and binomial scales enumerated morphological parameters of the tumours. The classification facilitated a statistical study of the biological relationship between simultaneous within‐dog tumours. Seventy‐seven percent of the dogs had single tumours and 23% had simultaneous tumours. Sixty‐one percent of the neoplasias were benign, with complex adenoma as the most frequent diagnosis and 39% were malignant, with complex carcinoma as the most common malignancy. Simultaneous tumours within dogs more often had equal diagnoses and neoplastic level (benign or malignant) than would be expected by chance alone, as compared with random pairs of single tumours from different dogs. This statistically supported finding indicated the presence of a biological relationship between simultaneous tumours.
The use of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography for the detection of active renal hemorrhage in a dog with spontaneous kidney rupture resulting in hemoperitoneum
Authors: Gerboni Gian Marco , Capra Giulia , Ferro Silvia , Bellino Claudio , Perego Manuela , Zanet Stefania , D'Angelo Antonio , Gianella Paola
Published: October 2015

Objective

To describe the use of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) for the detection of active renal hemorrhage in a dog with spontaneous kidney rupture resulting in hemoperitoneum.

Case summary

A 9‐month‐old, sexually intact male Boxer dog presented for acute collapse, abdominal pain, and tachycardia. Physical examination findings were consistent with hypovolemia and acute abdomen. B‐mode ultrasonography revealed peritoneal effusion and a right kidney mass. Subsequently, a CEUS study was performed on the right kidney, which demonstrated active hemorrhage from that kidney resulting in both hemoretroperitoneum and hemoperitoneum. At exploratory surgery, ultrasonographic findings were confirmed and a right nephrectomy was performed. Histopathology demonstrated severe parenchymal alterations along with the presence of nematode larvae. Fecal and urine testing for the presence of parasitic ova were negative. Identification of the larvae was inconclusive. At 30 days postoperatively, repeat B‐mode ultrasound and clinicopathologic testing was unremarkable. The dog was alive at 1 year postsurgery with no ill effects.

New or Unique Information Provided

To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of CEUS for the detection of active hemorrhage from a kidney resulting in hemoretroperitoneum and hemoperitoneum in a dog. Although rare, the finding of nematode larvae within the renal parenchyma may have been the cause of kidney rupture. Importantly, surgical removal of the kidney was curative. Benign processes causing kidney rupture such as parasitic infestation should be considered in the working diagnosis as related to geographical location.
The Influence of Leadership Styles on Organizational Commitment: The Moderating Effect of Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Alkahtani Ali Hussein
Published: October 2015

Organizations need employees who are committed in their work so that they can contribute to the survival of the organization in the marketplace competition. Organizational commitment can be divided into three components; normative, affective and continuance commitment. There are various factors that influence employees’ commitment. These factors can be categorized into four groups; organizational factors, including leadership, culture, structure and processes; individual factors, including personality traits, emotional quotient, intellectual quotient, and spiritual quotient; job factors, including job characteristics, and remuneration systems; and environment factors, including social relationships and physical environment. This paper is meant to discuss on the influence of the most dominant organizational factor; leadership styles, on employees’ organizational commitment by concentrating on the effect of leaders’ emotional intelligence. Leadership styles are hypothesized to significantly influence the three types of employees’ organizational commitment. Besides, leaders’ emotional intelligence is hypothesized to enhance the relationship between leadership styles and employees’ organizational commitment. The practical and research implications of the paper are also discussed.