bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN ALGORITHM FOR COMPUTERIZED PERENNIAL FLOWER GARDEN DESIGN
Authors: Howell Lauren E. , Dana Michael N.
Published: February 2019

The use of perennials in the garden and landscape is an area of much confusion for the home gardener. A customer-interactive computer program for point-of-sale marketing of perennials in garden centers which assures horticultural and aesthetic success is a potential solution to this problem. Literature of herbaceous perennials and perennial garden design was surveyed and landscape design professionals were interviewed to develop a complete algorithm for designing perennial border gardens. The assembled data were incorporated into the algorithm in the form of plant selection and placement rules and plant attribute heirarchies. The planting plan algorithm was tested and the resulting test gardens were critiqued by landscape design professionals. The algorithm was successful in designing horticulturally correct and aesthetically pleasing perennial border gardens. This algorithm is ready to be coded into a computer program for use as a customer-interactive, point-of-sale marketing tool.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF A POLYGALACTURONASE INHIBITOR OF PEAR FRUIT
Authors: Stotz Henrik , Powell Ann , Damon Susan , Hentzen Audrey , Greve Carl , Bennett Alan , Labavitch John
Published: February 2019

Higher plant inhibitors of fungal polygalacturonases are potential contributors to plant defense. To test this hypothesis we have raised antibodies against the `Bartlett' pear fruit polygalacturonase inhibitor (PGIP) and cloned a pear fruit PGIP cDNA. The pear PGIP cDNA was isolated by polymerase chain reactions based on our amino acid and nucleotide sequence information. Sequence analysis predicts a gene product of 34.5 kD with an isoelectric point of 6.02 in agreement with our biochemical data. Seven potential glycosylation sites are consistent with the glycoprotein character of these PGIPs. Southern blot analysis suggests the presence of 1 or 2 genes in the pear genome. Northern blot analysis indicates the presence of a transcript of 1.5 kb. Western blot analysis shows cross-reactivity of the anti-pear PGIP antibody to various dicot species as well as corn.
EARLY SCREENING OF APPLE SEEDLINGS FOR CALCIUM UPTAKE.
Authors: von Allmen Lynette , Thomsen Tamara
Published: February 2019

Seedling of “Cortland” and “Idared” apples (Malus domestica) were grown in hydroponics and the shoots and roots were evaluated for percent concentration of calcium. “Cortland” is reported to be efficient in calcium uptake in comparison to “Idared”, reputed to be less efficient in calcium uptake and utilization. The seedlings were grown in hydroponic solutions containing calcium ranging from 0.5 ppm to 3.0 ppm concentrations. The shoots and the roots of the seedlings were analyzed for calcium content after 45 days. “Idared” seedling roots and shoots had higher calcium content at 0.5 ppm. However, at 1.5 ppm and at 3.0 ppm “Cortland” seedlings appear to be more efficient at calcium uptake. Early screening may be a useful tool in helping apple breeders select future cultivars that are more efficient at calcium uptake
PHOTOSYNTHESIS STUDIES OF TOMATO TRANSPLANTS SUBJECTED TO VARIOUS LIGHT SOURCES.
Authors: Brown Stephanie , Ching Alejandro
Published: February 2019

A photosynthesis study was conducted on seedlings of Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. “Traveller 76” subjected to natural, clear, blue and red color irradiations to predict and evaluate harvest time and yield potential. Photosynthesis (PS) rates were higher on clear and red irradiated transplants with 16.1 and 12.4 μMol/m2/s, respectively, for two weeks of treatment. Blue irradiation showed lowest PS rate with 2.2 μMol/m2/s. For the third and fourth weeks of treatment, PS rate increased to 10.9 and 13.5 μMol/m2/s, respectively, on blue light treated transplants, while red, clear and natural light treatments decreased. CO2 appears to be lowest at high PS rate under these treatments. Transplants treated with blue and red lights were taller and thicker around the stem. Clear and natural lights were shorter, but with a larger root biomass. PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) was highest at noon under open natural light with 1108.8 μE/s/m2, but also high for blue, red and clear lights when compared to earlier or later time. The lowest PAR was shown for blue and red lights.
THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT INTENSITY AND FERTILIZER RATE ON THE ACCLIMATIZATION POTENTIAL OF CHAMAEDOREA ELEGANS
Authors: Reyes Trinidad , Nell Terril A. , Conover Charles A. , Barrett James E.
Published: February 2019

Effects of three light intensities (564, 306 and 162 μmol m-2 s-1) and three fertilizer rates (220, 440 and 880 mg/15 cm pot, weekly) were evaluated on acclimatization potential of Chamaedorea elegans. Treatments were applied during four months under greenhouse conditions after which plants were placed indoors (20 μmol m-2 s-1, 21±2C and 50% RH) for two months. Light compensation point (LCP) was significantly reduced by decreasing light intensity and increasing fertilizer rates. Leaf and root fresh and dry weights increased with irradiance while shoots were not affected. Chlorophyll a levels were higher in plants grown under the lowest light intensity. Carbohydrate content is being analyzed and anatomical examination of leaves studied. Plant performance indoors will be discussed. These studies demonstrate that Chamaedorea, a monocot, acclimatizes similarly to dicots.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE TOMATO POLLEN BEHAVIOUR IN VITRO UNDER LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Kaltsikes P. J. , Bebeli P. J.
Published: February 2019

The genetics of the ability of tomato pollen to germinate and grow in vitro under low temperature was investigated in two crosses namely “Resista” × “Hilda” and “Resista” × “Monita”. In each cross the following generations were utilised: F1, F2, BC1 and BC2, and their reciprocals, along with the parents. Pollen was placed on microscope slides having cavities filled with a liquid nutrient medium (water, 10% sucrose and 50 ppm boric acid) and allowed to germinate and grow for six hours at 15° C and then killed with acetocarmine. Germination rates and pollen tube length were determined and analyses on a genetic model allowing only for additive and dominance gene effects.

For pollen germination rate both additive and dominance gene effects were significant while for tube length only the additive effects were. Dominance was towards lower rates of germination. At least three genes control pollen germination rates while seven or more are involved in pollen tube length determination.
ADVENTITIOUS SHOOT ORGANOGENESIS IN WHITE ASH (FRAXINUS AMERICANA L.)
Authors: Bates Sharon , Preece John E. , YOPP John , Trigiano Robert
Published: February 2019

Dissected white ash seeds were placed on a MS basal medium containing 10 μM TDZ and 1 μM 2,4-D. Adventitious buds formed directly and indirectly on cotyledons and hypocotyls that were in contact with the medium. Histological observations after 7 days from initiation indicated early divisional events originated directly in subepidermal layers on adaxial portions of the cotyledons. As these cells divided, the growth ruptured the epidermis. Bud-like structures were seen at 3 weeks. After transfer to a secondary medium containing 3 μM TDZ, 1 μM BA, and 1 μM IBA, some of adventitious buds elongated. Efforts (gibberellin, etiolation, ABA, and silver nitrate treatments) to increase the number of elongated buds have been unsuccessful. Excised adventitious shoots were rooted under mist and established in the greenhouse.
AN ORNAMENTAL PASSION VINE FOR TEMPERATE ZONE CONDITIONS
Authors: Knight R. J. , Schnell R. J. , Payne J. A. , Amis A. A.
Published: February 2019

Efforts to obtain edible-fruited passion vines through hybridization of Passiflora edulis and P. incarnata produced a population of tetraploid plants that survive freezing winters in central Georgia belowground, and grow aboveground in warm weather. One selection from this population blooms from late June or early July through October, yielding quantities of flowers from 8.5 to 9.6 cm diameter that have deep blue-colored sepals and petals surmounted by a disc of heavily-crimped filaments that are white at the outer margin. The nectar has proven a good food resource for the ruby-throated hummingbird, which breeds in much of the southeastern U.S. This clone is highly self-incompatible and sets no fruit when grown apart from cross-compatible clones. Its vines are vigorous, growing to 5 meters or more, and have dark green, markedly denticulate trilobed leaves 13 to 24.5 cm long by 15 to 25 cm wide. These afford a nursery habitat for caterpillars of 3 native butterflies, the zebra and the Gulf and variegated fritillaries. Because of its ease of culture and wide adaptation, this vine is recommended to plant in the continental U.S. for environmental enhancement.
A SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION SYSTEM FOR TOMATOES USING A CONTAINERIZED GRADIENT CONCEPT.
Authors: Geraldson C. M.
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the commerical feasibility of a containerized gradient concept with relevance to water requirement, pollution potential, and production efficiency. Basic components included one-half cu ft of media/plant with 2 plants/rigid plastic container. Phosphorous, liming material and micronutrients were mixed in the media and the N-K was banded on the surface at both ends of the container which was protected by a plastic cover. Intermittent micro-irrigation was used to maintain either a lateral or vertical nutrient/moisture gradient. Variations in the media, the size and shape of the container, and the frequency and time of water applications were included in the evaluations. In the spring of 1991, 65 gallons of water was utilized to produce 22.9 lbs of marketable tomatoes/plant. Leaching was insignificant and the water required on an acre basis was projected as 4.8 acre inches with a 2000 plant population. The results indicate that the containerized gradient concept is potentially feasible as a sustainable production system.
YIELD AND QUALITY OF ONION VARIETIES TO THREE SOIL MOISTURE REGIMES IN LYSIMETERS AND FIELD CONDITIONS IN NIGER, WEST AFRICA.
Authors: PRASHAR CHIT RK , SHARMA GOVIND C.
Published: February 2019

Yield and quality responses to Galmi Violet, Galmi White and Sumrana Violet were studied during 1990-91 and 1991-92 in Maradi region in Niger. Three regimes comprised of irrigating when the soil moisture depletion in 20 cm of soil depth was 40%, 60% and 80%. Investigations were carried out both under field conditions and in the lysimeters. The soil was sandy loam to loam. The lysimeters were 2m×2m×1m drainage type and well set over the past twenty years. The crop was raised during the dry season from October to March with no rainfall. Despite the low temperatures the radiation levels were high. Onion yield was higher under low irrigation regime. The mean yield was 32.5 tons/ha. However, the bulk density was higher under higher moisture regimes. The keeping quality over eight month period was not affected by soil moisture regimes. The bulbs of Sumrana Violet were of medium size whereas the bulbs of Galmi Violet and White were larger size. From a market acceptability standpoint violet onions were preferred over the white ones.
PRODUCTION OF INTEGRATED GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER AND FISH SYSTEM
Authors: Sanders D.C.
Published: February 2019

Several crops of “Fidelio” greenhouse cucumbers were grown in an integrated system with tilapia fish throughout a year. Cucumbers were irrigated with water containing fish waste, that was filtered through the 0.3 m deep sand and returned to the fish tank 8 times daily. Biofilter to fish tank volume ratios of 0.67 to 2.25 were compared. As biofilter volume increased fish growth increased and yield per plant and plant weight decreased. Larger biofilter systems required more water and less pH adjustment because they contained more plants and filter area.
THE EFFECTS OF SALINITY ON NITROGEN UPTAKE BY TALL FESCUE TURF
Authors: Bowman Daniel C.
Published: February 2019

An experiment was conducted in nutrient solution culture to examine the effects of salinity on N uptake by tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) turfgrass. The cultivars `Finelawn' and `Monarch' were chosen for study, representing a salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant tall fescue. Nitrogen treatments were imposed to produce N-replete turf (no N stress) and moderately N-deficient turf. Rootzone salinity was increased gradually over four weeks to final salt concentrations of 0, 40, 80 and 120 mM using a combination of NaCl and CaCl2 at a molar ratio of 8:1. Uptake of both NO3-N and NH4-N, each labeled with 99.8% enriched 15N to determine N partitioning, was measured over a 24 hr period as depletion from solution. Nitrate and ammonium uptake by N-replete tall fescue turf were similarly affected by salinity in both cultivars, with moderate inhibition (10-25%) at 40 and 80 mM and severe inhibition (60-70%) at 120 mM salt. Uptake by the N-deficient turf was much faster than by the N-replete turf, with the controls absorbing all the added N by 8-12 hours. Inhibition of uptake by `Monarch' tall fescue was roughly 30% at both 40 and 120 mM salt, whereas 80 mM salt had essentially no effect. Nitrogen uptake by `Finelawn' was progressively inhibited by higher salt concentrations. It is possible that these differences are related to the relative salt tolerances of the two cultivars, but the mechanism is presently unknown.
GLOBAL HORTICULTURE AND THE QUEST FOR SEED VARIETIES
Authors: Korn Francois
Published: February 2019

During the eighties, the large consumer markets in the northern hemisphere have come to expect a year round supply of high quality fresh vegetables. This has given farmers in many countries in the southern hemisphere and the tropics an opportunity to diversify into lucrative export crops. However, finding cultivars adapted to the local growing conditions is often difficult because commercial seed varieties are usually bred for highly sophisticated growing and farming conditions. As a result, local horticultural research institutes are playing a crucial role in reselecting or adapting overseas germplasm to the specific conditions of each production area.
EVIDENCE FOR REDUCTION OF ABSCISSION IN 'MCINTOSH' APPLE FRUITS AND FOR ENHANCING THE RIPENING AND COLOR UNIFORMITY BY LYSOPHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE
Authors: Farag Karim M. , Palta Jiwan P.
Published: February 2019

We have demonstrated that postharvest treatment of McIntosh apple fruits with Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) delays the loss of firmness. In the present study, McIntosh apples were preharvest treated by hand spray to the run off point. Fruits were sprayed on August 28, 1991 and harvested two weeks later. One half of the tree was sprayed with LPE (100 ppm) and the other half was the control. Three trees were used in this study. Periodical samples for starch test, internal CO2 and ethylene, total soluble solids and evolved CO2 and ethylene were taken to monitor the progress of ripening. At harvest, on average, LPE treated apples abscised 26% while the control trees abscised 55%. LPE treated apples colored earlier and had more uniform and intense color than the control. In a related study, we have found the LPE can delay senescence of tomato leaf and fruit tissues. The delay of the abscission of apples by LPE, found in the present study, might be due to the effect of LPE on delaying senescence of cells in abscission zone of apple fruit pedicle. These results suggest that LPE has the potential to substitute for the use of NAA on apples before harvest and at the same time LPE can improve color uniformity and density of McIntosh apples.
INTERACTION BETWEEN PINCHING TECHNIQUE, LEAF NUMBER, AND CULTIVAR ON LATERAL SHOOT DEVELOPMENT OF CUT ROSES.
Authors: Erwin John E. , Glomsrud Nina
Published: February 2019

Rose plants (cvs `Royalty' and `Lovely Girl') in an established canopy were cut back to node 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, or 13 from the base of the stem at harvest. Harvest was defined as the reflexing of the outermost petal. Most rose stems were composed of 13 nodes, therefore, pruning to the 13th node involved removing the flower only. Three leaf removal techniques were evaluated: 1) no leaf removal, 2) removing the node leaf only, or 3) removing all leaves on the stem. Total break number increased as the node position which stems were cut back to increased. For instance, break number increased on `Lovely Girl' from 1.8 to 2.6 breaks as node position increased from 1 to 13. The number of lateral breaks which developed into marketable flowers also increased as the node position which stems were cut back to increased. `Lovely Girl' flower number increased from 0 to 2.6 flowers per stem as node position increased from 1 to 13. Leaf removal reduced the number of marketable flowering shoots. For instance, flowering shoots decreased from 2.6 to 1.4 per stem on stems cut at the 13th node following removal of all leaves on that stem. `Royalty' had more lateral breaks than `Lovely Girl' but also had more non-flowering lateral breaks following pruning. Commercial implications of this research will be discussed.
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE OF `DELICIOUS' APPLES IN HIGH CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Drake S.R. , Eisle T.A. , Waelti H.
Published: February 2019

`Delicious' apples were held in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage at various carbon dioxide (CO2) levels for 9 months. CO2 levels were either 1, 3, or 5% with an additional treatment that was increased by 1% every 6 weeks to a maximum of 5%. For each treatment oxygen was 1%, and storage temperature was 1°C. Little quality difference was noted for the `Delicious' apples immediately after storage or after an 8 day ripening period. Firmness, external or internal color, titratable acidity and amount of scald showed no difference among the different storage treatments. Total carbohydrates and fructose were higher in apples stored at CO2 levels above 1 %. Sensory panelists found no flavor difference in `Delicious' apples regardless of CO2 storage level atmospheres. If one considers the substantial cost savings that are possible with increased CO2 in the storage system, there is good reason to increase the CO2 storage level in long term storage.
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES AND THE IMPORTANCE OF HARVEST MATURITY ON ROYAL GALA' FRUIT QUALITY
Authors: Harker F R , Watkins C B , Cregoe B A , Brookfield P L , Bramlage W J
Published: February 2019

The apple growing districts of New Zealand are spread across a wide range of latitudes. Differences in growing conditions associated with these various districts may influence the way fruit mature on the tree. In this study, the relationships between background colour and physiological maturity of Royal Gala apples have been compared in four major production areas. Royal Gala apples were strip picked from trees in three orchards during the commercial harvest period Hawkes Bay, Canterbury, Nelson and Otago. The maturity of these fruit was assessed, and fruit stored at 0°C for 12 weeks. Following removal from “storage, the quality of the fruit was assessed paying particular attention to -greasiness. Results from this trial indicate that the relationship between background colour and fruit maturity is not consistent. Indeed, the maturity of apples of a particular background colour may differ according to district and harvest date. Greasiness of fruit was related to harvest maturity in Hawkes Bay. However, fruit from Canterbury and Otago became severely greasy even when harvested at early maturities.
UPTAKE AND PHLOEM MOBILITY OF FOLIAR-APPLIED, LABELLED BORON IN VARIOUS TREE FRUIT SPECIES
Authors: Picchioni Geno A. , Weinbaum Steven A. , Brown Patrick H.
Published: February 2019

Factors affecting the phloem mobility of foliar-applied B have received little study. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate foliar retention of B solutions, foliar uptake kinetics, and phloem mobility of foliar-applied B among four tree fruit species. Leaves on current-year shoots of nonbearing 'Red Delicious' apple, 'Bartlett' pear, 'French' prune, and 'Bing' cherry were immersed in 1000 mg/liter B solutions (supplied as 10B-enriched boric acid) in midsummer. Export of the applied label from leaves was monitored between 0 and 24 h, and throughout the following 20 days by ICP-mass spectrometry. Uptake by leaves increased steadily in all species between 0 and 24 h, and reached 80% to 95% of the applied quantity within 24 h. By 24 h, 62% to 75% of the applied label, depending on species, had been exported from the treated leaves. Apple leaves retained, absorbed, and exported over twice the amount of labelled B as prune and pear leaves, and nearly four times the amount of cherry leaves. Foliar retention largely controlled the capacity for uptake and export.
BORON TOXICITY AND SALINITY INTERACTIONS IN PRUNUS SPECIES.
Authors: Brown Patrick H. , Hu Hening , El-Mntaium Rawia
Published: February 2019

Excessive soil and water boron (B) occur widely in California, often in conjunction with high soil salinity. Descriptions of the symptoms of B toxicity and quantification of its impact on Prunus species are not available. In these experiments we describe the impact of high B and saline conditions on uptake, distribution and growth depression in almond, peach, plum and peach/almond hybrid rootstocks

A series of experiments are described that indicate an important additive effect of B on sensitivity of Prunus species to salinity. Boron concentrations in excess of lppm in the irrigation solution, significantly impair plant growth under moderate (non-limiting) salinity conditions and lead to plant death at higher salinity levels. Symptoms of B toxicity in Prunus include stem necrosis and vascular occlusion. Unlike most other species, B does not appear to accumulate in the leaf margins and leaf symptoms are generally not observed. Differences in sensitivity of a range of Prunus species to B toxicity are described.

Initial results suggest that differences in rootstock sensitivity to B and salinity are the result of differential uptkake and partitioning of B, Na and Cl within the plant.
FRUIT AND FLOWER INDUCTION AND MANIPULATION OF CARAMBOLA (AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA L.)
Authors: Ritter Steve , Lamberts Mary
Published: February 2019

In January of 1990, 72 axillary bud were labeled on each of 6 carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) trees. Six (6) buds per tree were harvested on a monthly basis and examined to determine their developmental state, which was classified as: reproductive, vegetative or undifferentiated. The number of reproductive buds peaked in July, October and November. The percentages of buds being reproductive during these 3 months ranged from 86% for October to 94% for November, with July intermediate at 91%. Vegetative bud production peaked during the period from February through June with 45% of buds vegetative, and again in August with 33% vegetative and December with 39% vegetative. More than 50% of buds examined were undifferentiated during the period from December through April and again in September. Periods with high percentages of undifferentiated buds preceded times with high percentages of either reproductive or vegetative buds. When a high percentage of buds were reproductive, the percentage of both vegetative and undifferentiated bud was low.
DEVELOPMENT AND ABSCISSION OF 'MAURITIUS' LITCHI FRUITS AND THE DECREASE OF ABSCISSION BY AUXIN 2,4,5-TP.
Authors: Stern R.A. , Gazit S.
Published: February 2019

The rate of 'Mauritius' litchi fruit development and abscission was studied over three consecutive seasons. Two pronounced abscission waves were observed. The first started at the end of the female bloom and ended about four weeks later. Female flowers abscised at a rate of 85-90% during this period. Most of the abscised fruitlets were devoid of embryo and/or endo-sperm. After a lull of about a week, the second abscission wave began, lasting about two weeks. Approximately 5% of the female flowers survived this wave, Most of the abscised fruit-lets had embryos. The second wave coincided with the period of rapid replacement of endosperm by embryo. Auxin (2,4,5-TP) was very effective in increasing marketable fruit yield when applied during the lull between the two abscission waves, At that time fruitlets weighed about 2 g. A longitudinal cut revealed an embryo already visible to the naked eye, at the micropylar end of the seed cavity.
CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT ASSOCIATED WITH BUD DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Erner Yair
Published: February 2019

Lack of carbohydrate has long been held to be a factor contributing to poor return bloom when fruits are “stored” on the tree for a prolonged period or after an “on” year crop. It is well-documented that in a number of nodes sited along a fruiting branch basipetal to a growing fruit, no bloom occurs in the following season.

During a year's monitoring buds from an “on” year of 'Shamouti' orange and Murcott mandarin had the same level of soluble sugars and starch as from “off” year. While, leaves of 'Shamouti' did not show any differences in soluble sugars and starch with “on” and “off” years, Murcott had twice as much starch in the leaves from “off” year. Sucrose has been found to be the major sugar, with glucose up to 1/10 of sucrose and very minute amounts of glucose. Reproductive buds contained less soluble sugars than vegetative with no significant differences between basal and top buds from either type of branches. Results will be discussed in terms of carbohydrate effects on bud differentiation toward flowering. Supported by BARD No. I-1643-89.
GROWTH, WATER RELATIONS, AND PHOTOSYMTHESIS ARE REDUCED BY DECREASING SOIL MOISTURE IN 'MARY WASHINGTON ' AND 'SYN 4-56' ASPARAGUS SEEDLINGS
Authors: Wilcox-Lee Darlene , Drost Daniel T.
Published: February 2019

Seedlings of the asparagus cvs Mary Washington (MW) and Syn 4-56 (4-56) were grown at minimum soil matric potentials (SMP) of -0.05, -0.10, and -0.30, -0.50 or -1.5 MPa. Decreases in shoot dry weight leaf area, storage and fibrous root dry weights, and total root and plant dry weight were an exponential function of soil moisture in both cvs. Most of the growth inhibition occurred between the -0.05 and the -0.30 MPa levels of soil moisture, with little further response to SMP drier than -0.30 MPa. Consistent differences between the two cvs, regardless of SMP were apparent in leaf area, shoot dry weight, storage and fibrous root dry weights and root/shoot ratios. MW produced greater leaf area and shoot dry weights than did 4-56 at high SMP and exhibited greater inhibition of shoot dry weight by low SMP than did 4-56. Conversely, 4-56 produced greater storage root dry weight than MW at all SMP., although in mature field-grown plants, 4-56 produced greater fern weight, crown weight and number and stem numbers than MW. Root/shoot ratios generally increased with decreasing SMP. However, the root/shoot ratio of 4-56 was greater than that of MW over the entire range of soil moisture and increased more with decreasing SMP than did MW. Stomatal conductance (gs), fern xylem potential (), and net C02 assimilation rates decreased with decreasing SMP in a similar manner in both cvs. were
ENHANCED SYNTHESIS AND ACCUMULATION OF ACC AND MACC DURING RELIEF OF THERMOINHIBITION WITH KINETIN IN LETTUCE SEED
Authors: Andreoli Claudinei , Khan Anwar A.
Published: February 2019

The level of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) was 0.55 nmol.g-1 in dry lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Emperor) seeds. After 4h soak at 25°, 35° and 35°C+ KIN (kinetin, 50μM), the levels were 0, 0.2 and 1.14 nmol.g-1 seeds, respectively. The level of ACC was higher at 35°+KIN than at 35°C for up to 16h soak. No ACC was detectable at 25°C during 2 to 16h soak. In the presence of 50μM ABA, ACC level decreased to 0.2 nmol.g-1 at 4h soak and to zero level during 8 to 16h soak. The level of l-(malonylamino) cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC), in dry seeds was 14 nmol.g-1. Exposure to 35°C in the presence or absence of KIN increased the level to 40-42 nmol.g-1 within 2h soaking, while at 25° only a slight increase (23 nmol.g-1) occurred. As in the case of ACC, the level of MACC was higher at 35°C+ KIN than at 35° or 25° for up to 16h soak.When seeds were soaked in ABA, the pattern of MACC produced was similar to that produced at 35°C. The results indicate that ACC synthase activity is enhanced by the addition of KIN at 35°C resulting in increased synthesis and/or accumulation of ACC and MACC. The relationship of ethylene biosynthesis to changes during stress imposition and alleviation by various factors will be discussed.
HERITABILITIES OF SEED TRANSMISSION AND LEAF AND POD REACTION TO COMMON BLIGHT, LEAF REACTION TO WEB BLIGHT, PLANT ARCHITECTURE, AND THEIR ASSOCIATIONS IN DRY BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS)
Authors: Arnaud-Santana E. , Coyne D.P. , Steadman J.R. , Vidaver A.K. , Eskridge K.M. , Beaver J.S.
Published: February 2019

Heritabilities (H) of seed transmission and leaf and pod reactions to common bacterial blight (CBB) Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Xcp) and to web blight (WB) Thanatephorus cucumeris (Tc) were studied. The reaction to CBB was quantitatively inherited. H values of .36, .46, and .34 for leaf reaction, .14, .12, and .27 for pod reaction, .53, .26, and .36 for seed transmission were estimated based on variation of F6 lines derived from bean crosses 'PC-50' × XAN-159, 'PC-50'× BAC-6, and 'Venezuela 44' × BAC-6 (greenhouse, NE). No significant correlations were detected between leaf and pod reactions or between pod reaction and seed transmission. Quantitative inheritance patterns were observed for leaf reactions to Xcp, Tc, and architecture (AR) in F6lines from the cross BAC-6 × HT 7719 (field, Dominican Republic). H values of .23 (CBB), .14 (WB), and .30 (AR) were obtained. No significant correlations were detected between CBB with WB or AR. A low correlation (+.22) was found between WB and AR.
INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO HAWAIIAN BEAN RUST (UROMYCES APENDICULATUS (PERS.) UNGER VAR. APPENDICULATUS) IN SNAP BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.)
Authors: Balcita Manuel A. , Hartmann Richard W.
Published: February 2019

Four races of bean rust were identified from Oahu and Maui by testing on nineteen differential cultivars. All Hawaiian bean cultivars were very susceptible to the four races. F2 segregations of crosses between the differential cultivars and the local cultivars have identified one or more dominant genes for resistance to one, 2, 3 or 4 rust races as well as other genes which do not give qualitative ratios. F3 families are being evaluated to further identify the inheritance of these genes.
SCREENING FOR RESISTANCE TO FRUIT ROT IN CUCUMBER CAUSED BY RHIZOCTONIA SOLAN/
Authors: Uchneat Michael S. , Wehner. Todd C.
Published: February 2019

Significant loss in yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) due to fruit rotting caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn) is frequently observed in the Southeastern United States. Chemical controls are costly and provide only partial control. Currently there are no resistant cultivars. The objective of this study was to identify potential sources of resistance and develop efficient screening methods for use in a breeding program. In the summer of 1991, 105 cucumber cultigens representing a range from resistant to susceptible were grown in Clinton, NC. Those cultigens were screened using field and detached fruit methods. Resistant cultigens chosen for further study were PI 165509, PI 197086 and PI 197088, with 2 to 4 % of the fruit surface damaged. Susceptible cultigens were PI 419108, PI 178886 and PI 432855, with 13 to 16 % of the fruit surface damaged. Five methods were then evaluated on greenhouse grown cucumber seedlings to identify an efficient screening method. The methods evaluated were a soil drench, a leaf dip using a mycelium suspension, syringe inoculation, and potato dextrose agar disks of R. solani placed on the third true leaf or against the hypocotyl at the soil line.
INCORPORATION OF RESISTANCE TO PHYTOPHTHORA CAPSICI INTO KOREAN CULTIVARS OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.)
Authors: Kim B. S. , Shon E. Y. , Jeong H. J. , Lim Y. S.
Published: February 2019

Three Korean cultivars, Pungkak, Kalmi, and Subi, were crossed with PI 201234, which has resistance to P. capsici. A backcross breeding program was initiated to incorporate the Phytophthora resistance into the Korean cultivars, but the level of resistance decreased as the backcross round increased. Highly resistant plants occurred frequently in the BC1F2 populations but were rare in the BC2F1 populations. Resistant plants selected in BC1F3 populations had nearly enough recovery of the growth and fruit characteristics of the Korean recurrent parents. Crosses were made between resistant selections in each BC1F2 population. The F1 hybrids showed a considerably increased level of resistance.
PHYTOTOXIC RESPONSE OF LEMONS TO HOT WATER
Authors: Houck L.G. , Jenner J.F.
Published: February 2019

Hot water immersion of citrus fruit is a potential postharvest quarantine treatment for insect disinfestation. Little is known about fruit injury in the temp. ranges/exposure times required to control surface insects. We immersed lemons in water at 25, 50, 52.5 or 55C for 5, 7.5 or 10 min. Fruits were held overnight at 20, 25 or 30C before hot water immersion. Fruits were stored at 10C for 4 wk after treatment. We compared (1) fresh-picked late-season (July-Aug.) coastal “silver” maturity lemons with (2) fresh-picked ripe but green-colored early/mid-season (Oct.) desert lemons and (3) similar desert lemons commercially degreened 7 days with ethylene to attain desirable yellow color prior to heat treatment. Heat injury symptoms were small-large light-dark brown necrotic lesions or discoloration which developed on peel surface within 2-3 wk after treatment. Order of sensitivity to heat was: most sensitive = coastal silver (≥ 90% of fruit injured at 55C/10 min) > degreened desert > green (≥ 34% of fruit injured at 55C/10 min) desert lemons. Up to 50C/5 min could be used on coastal and 52.5C/5 min on desert lemons without appreciable injury. There were no differences between fruit cured overnight at 20, 25 or 30C before heat treatments.
NONDESTRUCTIVE FIRMNESS MEASUREMENT OF KIWIFRUIT
Authors: Abbott Judith A. , Massie D. R.
Published: February 2019

Firmness is a critical quality attribute for kiwifruit, as it is for most commodities. Firmness is related to flesh elasticity and rigidity which, along with geometry and density, determine vibrational behavior. Firmness changes in kiwifruit were followed during storage at 0C by three methods: sonic vibrational spectra from 0 to 2000 Hz, dynamic force/deformation (F/D) in the range 40 to 440 Hz, and Magness-Taylor puncture (MT) on an Instron. Frequencies of sonic resonances and dynamic F/D peaks, as well as MT maximum force, decreased as storage time increased. Sonic resonance frequencies were highly correlated with MT maximum force and apparent elasticity (r=0.79 and 0.88). Frequencies of peaks in the dynamic F/D traces were correlated with MT maximum force and apparent elasticity (r=0.68 and 0.72) and with resonance frequency (r=0.81). Further data processing improves the ability of the nondestructive vibrational measurements to estimate the destructive MT test values.
INITIAL EFFECT OF CROP CONTROL METHOD ON GROWTH, YIELD, AND FRUIT COMPOSITION OF ZINFANDEL GRAPEVINES IN CALIFORNIA.
Authors: Striegler R. Keith , Perez-Munoz Vidal
Published: February 2019

Crop control methods were evaluated for two seasons in a commercial Zinfandel vineyard. The vineyard was trellised using a vertical two wire system and cane pruned. Vines were third-leaf when the experiment began. Treatments included control, cluster thinning, and shoot thinning. Cluster thinning consisted of removal of all clusters except the oasal cluster, while shoot thinning consisted of removal of 50% of shoots on canes. Treatments were imposed two weeks postbloom. Yield was not significantly affected by crop control method. Cluster thinning tended to increase berry weight and cluster weight. Crop control method had little effect on fruit composition. Vine growth, as indicated by dormant pruning weight, was not influenced by treatment in 1990 but showed a significant increase during 1991 for cluster-thinned vines. These results indicate little negative effect of high crop level on young Zinfandel vines when intensive management is practiced. Treatments will be monitored until equalibrium treatment effects are observed.
GENETIC VARIATION FOR VEGETATIVE TRAITS IN STRAWBERRIES GROWN AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Authors: Shaw Douglas V.
Published: February 2019

The extended production season of strawberries raised in mediterranean environments depends on plant development that occurs during the winter months. Seedling genotypes from 20 bi-parental crosses and their nine parent genotypes were fully vernalized and grown at 11, 14, and 17C, to test for adaptation to growth at minimal temperatures. Genetic variance parameters were estimated and tests for genetic x temperature interactions were conducted for five vegetative growth traits. Highly significant (P < 0.01) genetic effects were detected for all traits, and broad-sense heritability estimates ranged from 0.09 to 0.41. None of the genetic x temperature interactions were significant for seedling genotypes, and interactions were significant only for leaf dry weights for parental genotypes. These results indicate a genetic basis for variable vegetative growth rates, but provide no evidence for specific adaptation to growth at low temperatures.
ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAY-NEUTRAL STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS
Authors: Bringhurst Royee S.
Published: February 2019

Eleven day-neutral strawberry cultivars were released by the University of California between 1979 and 1990. All were derived from a 1955 hybrid between `Shasta' and a staminate Fragaria virginiana glauca clone from the Wasatch Mountains near Salt Lake City, Utah. The first backcrosses to standard cultivars were made in 1958. the second in 1965 and the third in 1969-70. The first three releases came from the third backcross generation in 1979; `Aptos', `Brighton' and `Hecker'. The second group of releases came from the fourth backcross generation: `Fern' and `Selva' (1983); `Muir', `Mrak' and `Yolo' (1987). Of these eight, `Selva' has a proven commercial performance record in California, presently ranking second. The third group of releases all come from the fifth backcross generation: `Irvine' (1988); `Seascape' and `Capitola' (1990). Relative day-neutrality strength and fruiting and vegetative responses to plant conditioning are compared.
ROOTSTOCK/SCION COMPATIBILITY IN GRAPEVINE NURSERY PRODUCTION
Authors: Kim Seon-Kyu , Choi Dong-Yong
Published: February 2019

All possible grafting combinations of seven roostock s and six scion cultivars were made to evaluate the rootstock/scion compatibility in grapevine nursery production. Percentage of takes was variable from 20.5%(Uni Blanc/161-49 C.) to 87.3%(K 188-2/161-49 C). Among scion cultivars, mean percentage of takes varied from 82.5%(K 188-2) to 37.5%(Ugni Blanc) while roostocks with all scion cultivars varied from 69.9%(R 110) to 52.8%(101-14 Mgt.), indicating the greater effects of scion on percentage of takes. Variation in rooting index(0: none to 4:profuse rooting scale) was from 3.48(SV 5276/Rip. Gloire). 3.49(Neo Muscat/101-14 Mgt.) to 1.63(SV 5276/161-49 C). Mean rooting index of rootstocks with all scion cultivars varied from 3.10(101-14 Mgt.) to 1.95(161-49 C.) while that of scion cultivars varied from 3.07(SV 5276) to 2.44(Ugni Blanc). In rooted grafting, rootstock had a greater effect than scion cultivars.
NAPROPAMIDE LEACHING IN CONTAINER NURSERY MEDIA.
Authors: Reeves Scott G. , Klett James E.
Published: February 2019

Three commonly used nursery media were packed into 10×40 cm long PVC plastic columns. Two treatments of aqueous applied napropamide [2-(αnapthoxy)-N,N diethyl propionamide] were used including: 1) 13.44 kg/ha, 2) 20.16 kg/ha. Two water treatments were applied to the columns: 1) 2.54 cm/.405 ha, 2) 5.08 cm/.405 ha. Leachate from the columns was collected every three days for a period of two weeks. Quantitative bioassay testing using a napropamide sensitive plant species Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) have indicated a downward linear trend in the growth of roots and shoots when exposed to increasing concentrations of napropamide in controlled petri dish experiments. Preliminary leachate studies indicate that napropamide concentrations in the leachate collected are below levels detectable by the barley bioassay (< .25 ppm) at the label recommended rate of 6.72 kg/ha. Gas chromatography studies will be conducted to confirm napropamide concentrations in the collected leachate.
FIRST-YEAR FIELD PERFORMANCE OF 60 MICROPROPAGATED SILVER MAPLE CLONES IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS.
Authors: Huetteman C.A. , Preece J.E. , Ashby W.C. , Roth P.L.
Published: February 2019

Four selected clones from each of 15 provenances were clonally micropropagated and established in plastic mulch in both upland and lowland plantations in southern Illinois. Despite a severe drought, survival in the field was 95%. The plastic mulch controlled weeds, reduced erosion, and supplemental irrigation was not necessary. Although clonal differences in field mortality were statistically significant, the lower survival of some clones may be attributable to plantlet size and planting technique rather than to genetic differences among clones. There was a longer growing season for trees from the midwest and southern provenances as evidenced by date of bud set. As a group, trees from the IL, IN, KS, and MS provenances set bud 26 days later in the upland site and 19 days later in the lowland site than the trees from the northern provenances of MN, NH, Ontario, and VT. The shorter growing season resulted in reduced height and caliper growth of trees from the northern provenances.
VIBRATION OF TOMATO FRUIT CAUSES ABNORMAL RIPENING.
Authors: Assi Najib , Ahrens M. Joseph
Published: February 2019

Previous investigations have shown that severe injury and bruising result from impacts, compression, and vibration scuffing during transport. Work specifically on vibration has focused on damage caused by “micro impact” and not true vibration. Our study looked at true vibration-imparted energy and analyzed the effects of force and frequency.

Mature green tomato fruit were secured to a platform and energized with a vibration cell at different frequencies and force for 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes. The fruit were then allowed to ripen at 20C. Ethylene and respiration rates were determined along with general condition for two weeks.

Ethylene production and respiration rate increased initially and remained high with increasing force and length of treatment. Fruit vibrated for 40, 50, and 60 m developed an uneven ripening pattern. When the control fruit were red, the vibrated fruit showed blotchy ripening. In addition, the ripening rate was slower, although respiration and ethylene production were higher. However, when the control fruit were full red to overripe, the blotchy ripening disappeared in the treatments, but they never developed as deep a red as the controls. We are continuing to investigate vibrational effects on gel breakdown and membrane integrity
A PACKAGING SYSTEM FOR PEELED WHOLE BABY CARROTS
Authors: Ahrens M. Joseph
Published: February 2019

Fresh, peeled, whole baby carrots are fast becoming the driving force in sales of fresh carrots. In 1991, 200 million tons were marketed to food service and retail outlets. “Peeled whole baby carrots” are mature carrots cut to 5 cm lengths and peeled in a modified potato peeler. Two problems have developed which are limiting the expansion of this market: 1) the product as currently packed develops a slimey rot in 10 days and 2) a “white blush” forms on the exposed surface of the product after 5 days.

Tests on the atmosphere of the bag indicated that the product was generating a low O2 environment, causing the growth of anaerobic rots. Evaluations of several film materials were undertaken to find a formulation which would provide an O2 level above 5% and CO2 below 7%, a level above which some cultivars are injured. Sucrose ester and cellulose based edible films and anti-oxidants were applied to the product to help eliminate white blush, which could be the product of dehydration or lignin formation.

A cellulose-base edible film supplied from the USDA and a mineral impregnated single ply low density polyethylene 1.5 mil bag were selected as the optimum packaging combination. Storage at 5C was improved to 50 days, with white blush and decay greatly reduced. Studies on the logistics of the edible film application are continuing.
EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION RATE WITH RECLAIMED WATER ON GROWTH AND LEAF MINERAL CONTENT OF YOUNG CITRUS TREES
Authors: Parsons Larry R. , Wheaton T. Adair
Published: February 2019

Highly treated sewage effluent water increasingly is being used for agricultural irrigation. This reclaimed water is presently being used in a large citrus irrigation project in central Florida. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of high application rates of reclaimed water on growth and leaf mineral content of young citrus trees. High application rates (1270 and 2540 mm per year) of reclaimed wastewater were compared to a normal recommended rate of 406 mm per year of either reclaimed or well water. Tree growth was greater at the higher application rates, but these rates also promoted greater weed growth. With reclaimed water, leaf Na, Cl, and K contents generally increased with increasing irrigation rate, but these levels remained well below levels that would cause plant damage. Leaf Cl accumulation was much higher in `Hamlin' orange than `Orlando' tangelo. Rootstock also affected leaf Na and Cl accumulation. Reclaimed water appears to be a useful alternative to well water for citrus irrigation.
RECLAIMED WATER AND MICROSPRINKLER IRRIGATION OF ONE-AND TWO-YEAR-OLD GRAPEFRUIT TREES
Authors: Maurer M.A. , Davies F.S.
Published: February 2019

Field studies conducted over two growing seasons were designed to study the effects of reclaimed water on the development of 1-and 2-year old `Redblush' grapefruit trees (Citrus paradisi Macf.) on Swingle citrumelo rootstock. Experiments were conducted at two locations on Kanapaha and Arredondo fine sands and treatments were arranged in a 3×3 factorial experiment. Treatments included reclaimed water, well water plus fertigation and reclaimed water plus fertigation, which received <0.023, 0.23 and 0.23kg N/tree/yr in 1990, and <0.034, 0.34 and 0.34kg N/tree/yr in 1991, respectively. In addition irrigation was applied at 20% soil moisture depletion, 1.5 cm/wk and 2.5 cm/wk for 31 weeks in 1990 and 39 weeks in 1991. Tree growth and vigor were greatest for the reclaimed water plus fertigation based on visual ratings and trunk diameter measurements and lowest for reclaimed water alone, where leaves exhibited visual signs of N deficiency. No differences in tree growth or vigor were observed among irrigation rates. Similar results were observed at both experimental locations.
EVALUATION OF ORCHARD PERFORMANCE OF THE HASS AVOCADO ON THREE Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands RESISTANT AND ONE SUSCEPTIBLE ROOTSTOCK
Authors: Naranjo Anastacio Perez , McNeil Robert J.
Published: February 2019

The experiment compared productivity and vegetative growth of the Hass avocado on three avocado root rot resistant rootstocks and one susceptible rootstock. Hass trees on Duke 7 reported the largest number of fruit per tree and on G 755c the smallest five years after planting. Trees on Topa Topa and Duke 7 reported the highest average production four years after planting. Trees on G 755c were significantly lower in the amount of leaf N. Trees on Toro Canyon and G 755c showed significantly lower amounts of Na. Trees on Duke 7 showed a significantly higher level of Mn. Trees on G 755c were significantly smaller two years after planting. Trees on Topa Topa and Duke 7 showed a significantly larger canopy diameter than those on G 755c four years after planting. Trees on G 755c showed the smallest mean shoot growth four years after planting. Trees on G 755c had significantly larger trunk circumferences three and four years after planting. No statistical differences were found among rootstocks as to freeze damage to the Hass scions.