bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assay of Promazine and Its Separation from Chlorpromazine and Promethazine
Authors: Cavatorta L
Published: April 2011

A colorimetrie method is described to identify and quantitatively determine promazine, in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is applicable to promazine and promethazine mixtures, and promazine and chlorpromazine in mixtures. With a second colorimetric method promethazine or promethazine in the presence of the other two substances can be determined.
The Effect of Substance P on the Peristaltic Reflex When Acting on the Outside of the Isolated Guinea Pig Ileum
Authors: Beleslin D , Varagić V
Published: April 2011

Substance P (30–100 units) when acting on the outside of the isolated guinea pig ileum abolished the peristaltic reflex. Small doses (4 units) occasionally potentiated peristalsis. The block produced by high doses could not be overcome by intraluminal injections of 5-HT or substance P itself. The effect of nicotine was reduced or abolished in the presence of high doses of substance P. The high doses can also block the response of the gut to the small doses of the same substance. It is concluded that the blocking effect of substance P takes place between the synapse in the peristaltic reflex arc and the effector cell in the plain muscle.
A Comparison Between the Vascular Responses to Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in Individual Skeletal Muscles of the Cat
Authors: Bowman W C
Published: April 2011

The effects of intra-arterially and intravenously administered adrenaline and noradrenaline on the venous outflow from individual muscles in the hind limbs of cats under chloralose anaesthesia were studied. The various responses to these amines were shown to depend on the dose administered, the route of injection, the general arterial blood pressure and the vasomotor tone in the muscle. They did not vary with the type of muscle studied. When the vasomotor tone was high, intra-arterially administered adrenaline caused vasodilatation, vasoconstriction or a compound response according to the dose administered. Intra-arterially administered noradrenaline caused only vasoconstriction. However, both intravenously administered adrenaline and noradrenaline in small doses caused vasodilatation in skeletal muscles, the former being the more potent. That this effect depended on intact nervous connections was confirmed in cross-circulation experiments in which the muscle of one cat was perfused entirely by blood from a donor cat. When the vasomotor tone in the muscle was low, either naturally or as a result of acute denervation, it was difficult to produce any dilatation with adrenaline, and noradrenaline always caused vasoconstriction. Under these conditions, the increase in blood flow produced by the intravenous administration of the amines was shown, by means of a blood pressure stabiliser, to be a passive effect caused by the rise in blood pressure forcing more blood through the muscles.
The Effect of Isoprenaline on the Blood Flow Through Individual Skeletal Muscles in The Anaesthetised Cat
Authors: Bowman W C
Published: April 2011

The effects of intra-arterially and intravenously administered isoprenaline on the venous outflow from individual skeletal muscles in the hind limbs of cats under chloralose anaesthesia were studied. By intraarterial injection isoprenaline was more powerful in causing vasodilatation than adrenaline. The dilator response to intravenously administered isoprenaline was shown by cross-circulation techniques and by the use of a blood pressure stabiliser, to be reflexly inhibited by a vasoconstriction initiated by the fall in blood pressure. In the innervated muscle when vasomotor tone was high, intravenously administered adrenaline was more potent than isoprenaline in producing vasodilatation. The reverse was true in the acutely denervated muscle. The dilator response to isoprenaline was shown to be the result of a direct action on the muscle blood vessels; no evidence was obtained of a reflex dilatation, such as has been demonstrated with adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Studies on Acorus Calamus, Part II
Authors: Dandiya P C , Baxter R M , Walker G C , Cullumbine H
Published: April 2011

The capacity to potentiate the sedative action of pentobarbitone by the volatile oil of Indian Acorus calamus has been used to screen various fractions of the oil for the presence of the principle responsible. The methods used for the removal of the oxygenated components of the oil did not remove the active material. The results show that the active principle resides in the hydrocarbon fraction of the oil or in an oxygenated component not removed by the methods employed. The volatile oil from the European Acorus calamus showed activity similar to the oil from the Indian drug.
The Stability of Thioglycollate Solutions
Authors: Cook A M , Steel K J
Published: April 2011

The pH of, and amount of oxidation occurring in, thioglycollate solutions is influenced by the method of preparation of the solutions from thioglycollic acid. When heat is employed to effect solution, the oxidation of the resultant thioglycollate increases with increase in pH and temperature of storage. Solutions prepared without heat may exhibit a more alkaline reaction than expected. Storage of such solutions causes a fall in their pH, the extent of which is determined by the temperature and time of storage. The effect of storage at different temperatures upon the oxidation of thioglycollate is not as great with unheated solutions as in heated solutions. Oxidation of thioglycollate is increased by dilution. The dithiodiglycollate, produced on oxidation of thioglycollate, itself undergoes decomposition in alkaline conditions.
Effects of Chlorpromazine, Promazine, Diethazine, Reserpine, Hydroxyzine, and Morphine upon Some mono- and Polysynaptic Motor Reflexes
Authors: Silvestrini B , Maffii G
Published: April 2011

The effects of chlorpromazine, promazine, diethazine, reserpine, hydroxyzine and morphine on some mono- and polysynaptic motor reflexes have been investigated in intact, spinal and decerebrate cats and rabbits. Chlorpromazine, promazine, reserpine and hydroxyzine selectively depress the monosynaptic spinal reflexes (knee jerk) of the intact animals. Polysynaptic reflexes (linguo-mandibular and crossed extensor) are slightly affected. In both cats and rabbits the brain of which was disconnected from the spinal cord by surgical sections at different levels, the inhibitory action of these drugs disappears. Morphine and diethazine, on the contrary, selectively depress the polysynaptic reflexes (linguo-mandibular) and in a minor degree the monosynaptic ones (knee jerk): this action is retained in spinal animals. These findings are discussed and related to other pharmacological properties of the compounds.
The Determination of the Origin of Opium, Part 11. Simultaneous Assayo of Narcotinte Thebainae and Papaverine in Opium by Infra-Red Spectroscopy
Authors: Bakre V J , Karaata Zisan , Bartlet J C , Farmilo C G
Published: April 2011

A rapid and reliable method for the simultaneous determination of the percentage of narcotine, thebaine and papaverine in opium by an infrared method has been developed. Examination of the infra-red spectrum of the carbon tetrachloride solution of the dried chloroform residue from an acetic acid-water opium solution revealed a quantitative relationship between the absorbances at 1767, 1602 and 1160 cm.−1 and the concentration of narcotine, thebaine and papaverine.
The Physical Properties of Lysolecithin and Its Sols
Authors: Robinson N , Saunders L
Published: April 2011

The viscosity of pure lysolecithin sols increased approximately linearly with concentration and had a very small negative temperature coefficient. The viscosity of the sols increased in alkaline conditions when distinct ageing effects became apparent which were found to be irreversible on neutralisation of the sols. The viscosities of mixed sols of lysolecithin-cholesterol, lysolecithin-triolein and lysolecithin-monostearin have also been investigated; the two former systems did not show marked viscosity changes. In contrast, the lysolecithin-monostearin sols became very viscous with increasing monostearin concentration and with a rise in temperature gels were eventually formed which were stable for at least a month. Cholesterol introduced as a third component into the mixed lysolecithin-lecithin sol was found to lower the viscosity of the latter system.
The Interaction of Phenolic Compounds with Bacteria
Authors: Beckett A H , Patki S J , Robinson Ann E
Published: April 2011

Various quantitative aspects of the interaction of hexylresorcinol with E. coli suspensions are described. The amounts of hexylresorcinol bound by the bacteria from solutions of varying concentrations were determined and the speed of this reaction and the influence of temperature on the extent of binding examined. The release of cellular constituents from the bacteria and the changes in the light-scattering properties of E. coli suspensions on addition of hexylresorcinol were also investigated. These results are discussed in relation to the site of antibacterial action of hexylresorcinol.
The Interaction of Phenolic Compounds With Bacteria
Authors: Beckett A H , Patki S J , Robinson Ann E
Published: April 2011

The uptake of hexylresorcinol by suspensions of E. coli and the associated release of cellular constituents were examined using heat-killed and butanol-treated organisms. The effect of the addition of cetomacrogol to the system was evaluated in terms of the reduction in the extent of drug binding and the prevention of the hexylresorcinol-dependent light-scattering changes of E. coli suspensions. Sodium chloride potentiation of the latter effect and of the release of cell exudate from the bacteria on treatment with hexylresorcinol was also investigated.
A Study of Bacteriological Media: the examination Of Peptides in Bacto-Casitone
Authors: Habeeb A F S A
Published: April 2011

Three batches of Bacto-Casitone have been fractionated by the combined use of paper electrophoresis at pH 5.8 and paper chromatography in butanol-acetic acid-water system. Batches A, B and C showed 61, 73 and 73 subfractions respectively. Some of the subfractions have been found to be a mixture of few peptides while others consist of a single peptide by N-terminal amino acid analysis.
An Investigation into the Action of Bases on Chloroform
Authors: Williams Hywel
Published: April 2011

The reaction of a number of bases with chloroform has been studied by titration of the liberated halide ion. The results are interpreted in the light of strength of the base, and steric factors. The examination of solutions of strong bases such as piperidine and pyrrolidine in chloroform B.P. indicates that the base reacts with an impurity present. This paper provides additional confirmation, to that obtained by Caws and Foster, of the presence of reactive halogeno-hydrocarbons in this solvent. Methods are also described for assessing the quality of a sample of chloroform B.P., and for preparing chloroform free from these reactive impurities.
The Isolation and Detection of Ergometrine in Toxicological Analysis
Authors: Curry A S
Published: April 2011

The isolation of ergometrine from viscera is accomplished by extraction with ether from an ammoniacal aqueous solution saturated with ammonium sulphate. Purification is achieved by paper chromatography and detection of 0.1 μg. by ultra-violet fluorescence and the p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reaction. The detection of ergometrine and procaine in urine samples after administration of therapeutic doses is described.
Some Pharmacological Properties of a Commercial Heart Extract
Authors: Conway C M
Published: April 2011

An investigation was made of the pharmacological properties of a commercial heart extract (Recosen), said to be of value in the treatment of angina pectoris. This extract increased coronary flow but decreased force of beat in isolated perfused mammalian hearts. It potentiated the pressor effects of adrenaline in the spinal cat whilst not affecting those of noradrenaline, and it antagonised the actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline upon intestinal muscle. A mild anticholinesterase activity was demonstrated on striped muscle. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Influence of Copper and Edta on the Alkaline Oxidation of Adrenaline
Authors: Harthon J G Lennart
Published: April 2011

Adrenaline can be determined quantitatively in the presence of sulphite by measuring the maximum fluorescence obtained by oxidation in alkaline solution. The presence of copper in the solution quenches the fluorescence according to Stern-Volmer's law. Ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid present in copper-free solutions has no influence on the fluorescence intensity curve. When copper is present as EDTA-complex the oxidation is strongly catalysed and the fluorescence maximum appears earlier the higher the concentration of complex. The reactions do not seem to be photochemically influenced.
Effect of Local Anaesthetics on Barbiturate Sleeping Time
Authors: Smith A E Wilder , Frommel Edouard , Morris Ralph W
Published: April 2011

The effect of certain local anaesthetics on barbiturate sleep in the mouse and the guinea pig is described. One of a series of new local anaesthetics 1-(1-methyl-2-phenylcarbamoylethyl)pyrrolidine (WS 10) prolongs barbiturate sleep in the guinea pig 2.3 times at the optimal dose without obvious side effects; other closely related members of the same series diminish barbiturate sleep.
The Chemistry of the Aristolochia Species. Part V. A Comparative Study of Acidic and Basic Constituents of A. Reticulata Linn., A. Serpentaria Linn., A. Longa Linn. and A. Indica Linn
Authors: Coutts R T , Stenlake J B , Williams W D
Published: April 2011

Aristolochic acid (I) was present in single samples of A. longa and A. indica, in two samples of A. serpentaria, and four samples of A. reticulata. Aristo-red (II) was present only in the samples of A. reticulata and A. serpentaria. Contrary to numerous reports of alkaloids in Aristolochia species, the current investigation has revealed the presence of only negligible amounts in the samples of A. indica, A. longa, A. reticulata and A. serpentaria examined. A flavone isolated from A. reticulata has been identified as isorhamnetin.
Observations on the Release and Turnover Rate of 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Erspamer V , Testini A
Published: April 2011

Three groups of experiments were carried out on man, dogs and rabbits to strengthen the theory of the intestinal origin of blood 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT) and urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and to contribute to the solution of the problem of the turnover rate of 5-HT in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Serum obtained from blood taken by catheterisation from the hepatic veins contained, in man and dogs, more 5-HT than serum obtained from vena cava blood. Moreover, dogs deprived operatively of the entire gastrointestinal tract presented a sharp drop in the urinary 5-HIAA excretion. It was tentatively calculated, from the data gathered in this study, that half-life of gastrointestinal 5-HT is approximately 6 to 8 hours in dogs, and 7 to 12 hours in man.
The Surface Activity of 1,16-Hexadecane Disodium Sulphate at the Air: Water Interface
Authors: Elworthy P H
Published: April 2011

The surface tensions of 1,16-hexadecane disodium sulphate in 0.001, 0.2 and 1.0M l.−1 sodium chloride solutions have been determined by the Wilhelmy plate method. Considerable ageing effects were noted. The minimum molecular areas calculated were 95, 88 and 86 sq. Å respectively in the three salt solutions. The lowering of the surface tension was not as great as that caused by sodium dodecyl sulphate, and the hydrocarbon chain linking the two head groups in 1,16-hexadecane disodium sulphate appeared to prevent very close packing in the surface layer.
The Quantitative Response of the Oxygen Consumption and Weight of Guinea Pigs to Some Metabolic Stimulants. With a Note on (±)-5-Iodotryptophan
Authors: Harvey D G
Published: April 2011

Regression coefficients for dose and oxygen consumption have been derived for 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol (DNC), 2,6-dinitrophenol (2,6-DNP), and (-)-thyroxine. (±)-5-Iodotryptophan has no significant effect on the oxygen consumption or weight of guinea pigs.
Studies on a New Cellulase Preparation from Penicillium: I. Method of Determining Enzymatic Activity
Authors: Fredrik A , Eriksson V , Lindvall Sven
Published: April 2011

The viscosimetric method described is suitable for the determination of enzymatic activity when the substrate is a polyelectrolyte or a polymer to which Staudinger's law is not applicable. It has been tested experimentally for determining the activity of cellulase isolated from Penicillium, with carboxymethylcellulose as substrate.
A Phytochemical Survey of Malaya: Part II. Alkaloids
Authors: Kiang A K , Douglas Bryce , Morsingh Francis
Published: April 2011

A phytochemical survey has been made of the plants of Malaya. The results of screening for alkaloids in 708 species of plants belonging to 104 families and 408 genera is reported.
Autoxidation, and its Inhibition, in Anhydrous Lanolin
Authors: Clark E W , Kitchen G F
Published: April 2011

Long-term storage tests under good and bad conditions, and accelerated active oxygen method tests, have shown that autoxidative degradation of anhydrous lanolin can be satisfactorily inhibited for at least 32 months under good conditions or 2 years under bad conditions by 100 p.p.m. of butylated hydroxytoluene or butylated hydroxyanisole. Good results from other antoxidants, and disadvantages of some, are reported. Different lanolins are affected to different degrees, possible reasons being suggested, but autoxidation when uninhibited does not penetrate deeper than 1 cm. even after 2 years of adverse conditions; there is a fall in melting point and formation of up to 4.7 per cent of water-soluble substances including low-molecular weight acids. Absence of change in iodine value and rapid increase of acidity in darkness are contrary to previous reports.
A Pharmacologic Study of Some Nucleosides and Nucleotides
Authors: Buday Paul V , Carr C Jelleff , Miya Tom S
Published: April 2011

Adenosine, adenosine-5′-phosphoric acid (AMP), adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP), guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP), uridine, uridine-5′-triphosphate (UTP), and cytidine diphosphate-5′-choline (CDPCh) were studied in vitro and in vivo. The intraventricular injection of high doses of adenosine, ATP, and methacholine into rats elicited clonic-tonic convulsions or an akinetic state, or both. Perfusion of frog hearts in situ with equimolar concentrations of the “high-energy” compounds, with the exception of ATP, failed to exert any positive inotropic effects, ATP did not potentiate the inotropic actions of (—)-adrenaline or (—)-noradrenaline. The cholinergic-like properties of adenosine and ATP were partially antagonised by concomitant perfusion with methylene blue, ATP, but not adenosine, obliterated transitorily, the cardio-toxicity of pilocarpine. The inhibition of the isolated clam heart by AMP and ATP qualitatively resembled the effects of acetylcholine (Ach). Antagonism of the cardio-depressant properties of AMP and ATP by benzoquinonium and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) also supports previous evidence that the adenyl compounds act similarly to the cholinergic mediator, ATP produced marked contractions and a tonotropic effect on the oestrogenised, isolated, quiescent rat uterus; these effects were destroyed by low concentrations of (—)-adrenaline and papaverine. Adenosine, AMP, and CDPCh in equimolarities elicited no response from this test preparation.
Chromatographic Separation of the Degradation Products of Pralidoxime Iodide (Pyridine-2-Aldoxime Methiodide)
Authors: Ellin Robert I , Easterday David E
Published: April 2011

A satisfactory method for the separation and identification of in vitro breakdown products of pralidoxime iodide (PAM; pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide; 2-hydroxyiminomethyl-N-metnylpyridinium iodide) by paper chromatographic techniques is described
Spectrofluorometric Analysis of Cardiotonic Steroids
Authors: Wells D , Katzung B , Meyers F H
Published: April 2011

The sensitive and specific fluorimetric methods introduced by Jensen (1952; 1953) for digitalis estimation were re-evaluated for the assay of cardiotonic steroids and other steroids of biological interest. Characteristics of the excitation and fluorescence spectra were determined. Using a modification of Jensen's original digitoxin method and a spectrofluorometer, a linear relation was demonstrated between fluorescence intensity and concentrations from 0.01 to 6 μg./ml. for both digitoxin and digoxin. Application of these methods to the assay of gitoxin and cholesterol would seem to be equally practicable. In addition, scillaren A and B and strophanthin K can be made to fluoresce weakly. On the other hand, ouabain, cholestanol, testosterone, and hydrocortisone showed no fluorescence. Possible mechanisms of the reactions are discussed
Pirinitramide (R 3365), A Potent Analgesic with Unusual Chemical Structure
Authors: Janssen Paul A J
Published: April 2011

The novelty of the unusual chemical features of the pirinitramide (R 3365) molecule is outlined. It is shown that the compound possesses many morphine-like properties

In most tests it is more active than morphine by the subcutaneous route, but many times more active orally. As a respiratory depressant agent pirinitramide is possibly less potent in rats than morphine and as an emetic in dogs it is much less active
Antitrichomonal Agents 5-Nitrothiazoles, 5-Nitropyridines and 5-Nitropyrimidines
Authors: Michaels R M , Strube R E
Published: April 2011

Some 5-nitrothiazoles, 5-nitropyridines and 5-nitropyrimidines have been synthesised and evaluated against Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomonas foetus in vitro and in vivo in the mouse, hamster and monkey. Although 2-amino-5-nitropyrimidine, 2-acetamido-5-nitropyrimidine and 2-trifluoroacetamido-5-nitropyrimidine were highly active in mice infected with T. vaginalis the activity was not superior to the standard 2-acetamido-5-nitrothiazole. The nitropyrimidines were highly species specific, being much more active in vivo against T. vaginalis than against T. foetus. One compound, 2-amino-5-nitropyrimidine was selected as the best of this series because of the high blood levels obtained after a single oral dose in a monkey, and its presence in a biologically active form
The Breakdown of Atropine by Bacteria
Authors: Kedzia W , Lewon J , Wi⋅niewski T
Published: April 2011

744 strains of micro-organisms have been examined for their ability to break down atropine. Many strains of the genera Corynebacterium and Pseudomonas may occur as contaminants of atropine and eye preparations containing atropine
The Neuromuscular Blocking Action of Tetraethylammonium
Authors: Thomas J , Starmer G A
Published: April 2011

The abnormally low activity of tetraethylammonium at the neuromuscular junction of the rat-diaphragm has been investigated. It seems possible to explain this lack of action in terms of the charge delocalisation and the stereochemistry of tetraethylammonium. The neuromuscular blocking activities of tetraethylammonium, isomers of it and related quaternary ammonium compounds have been determined and the structure activity relationships are discussed
An Investigation of the Metabolism of Neostigmine in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Scott Carol A , Nowell P T , Wilson A
Published: April 2011

Evidence of two metabolic products of neostigmine has been obtained by paper chromatography of urinary extracts from patients receiving the drug. One product has been identified as m-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium bromide and the relevance of this is discussed in relation to the therapeutic effect of oral neostigmine in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. A method is described for extracting neostigmine and related compounds from urine by precipitation with bromine water.
The Controlled Potential Reduction of Crystal Violet and Brilliant Green at the Stirred Mercury Cathode
Authors: Butler C G , Martin F P
Published: April 2011

The application of controlled potential coulometry to the electro-reduction of the triphenylmethane dyestuffs crystal violet and brilliant green is described below. The polarographic work by Kaye and Stonehill (1952) indicated that, like the aminoacridines previously examined (Wilson, Butler, Ingle and Taylor, 1960), these were reduced in two stages each involving the uptake of one electron. The aim of the present work was to seek confirmation of this by direct measurement of the quantities of electricity involved in the reduction of a known amount of dyestuff.
The Effect of Age on the Viability of Penicillium Notatum Spores in Water and Solutions of Phenol
Authors: Chauhan N M , Walters V
Published: April 2011

Immature spores have a slower rate of germination and less of them germinate than mature spores; they are also more sensitive to unfavourable temperatures. Physiologically senescent spores behave similarly (Cochrane, 1958). We report a variation in resistance to phenol of Penicillium notatum spores of different ages.
The Mitragyna Species of Ghana
Authors: Beckett A H , Shellard E J , Tackie A N
Published: April 2011

The alkaloids rotundifoline, rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline and isorotundifoline have been isolated from the leaves of Mitragyna stipulosa (D.C.), O. Kuntze (Rubiaceae). Traces of mitra-phylline were found in a few samples. The approximate concentration in various parts of the tree are recorded.
Datura Sanguinea R. and P., its Stem and Leaves
Authors: Wallis T E , Konjovic Mirjana
Published: April 2011

Datura sanguinea R. and P., the Dark-red Datura, is a perennial species growing as a shrub or small tree in Peru and Ecuador. It has been grown in England and the chief alkaloid present is hyoscine. The structure of the leaves and stem is described and compared with other medicinal species of Datura. The characters by which the dried drug may be recognised and distinguished from stramonium are given. The pollen grains are described as an additional means of differentiation.
The Influence of the Nature of the Recovery Medium on the Apparent Viability of Phenol-Treated Bacteria
Authors: Harris N D
Published: April 2011

Suspensions of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, untreated and treated by exposure to phenol, o-cresol or p-chloro-m-cresol, were counted on various types of media. While the counts from untreated suspensions were not affected by the nature of the medium, those from treated suspensions were influenced markedly. There was no correlation between the nutritional status of a medium and its suitability for the cultivation of the treated organisms. Although both bacterial species gave similar patterns of response and ranked the media in roughly the same order of suitability, E. coli was the more responsive species. Generally, the order of suitability was: meat extracts, yeast extracts, meat extract-peptone broth, peptones (all the single ingredients 1 per cent, pH 7; media solidified with New Zealand agar). Although supplementation of the meat extract-peptone control medium, especially with yeast extracts, led to higher counts from treated suspensions, dilution of the extract broth also gave similar results. Further, a fresh infusion broth was superior both to the extract broth and to a digest medium, for counting treated bacteria. The deficiencies of the extract broth were due partly to the phosphate precipitation procedure used in its preparation. The results indicate that when media suitable for the growth of damaged bacteria are required, they should be selected without recourse to preconceived ideas about composition, concentration or method of preparation.
Ionisation Constants of Some Penicillins and of their Alkaline and Penicillinase Hydrolysis Products
Authors: Rapson H D C , Bird A E
Published: April 2011

Ionisation constants of several penicillins and of 6-aminopenicillanic acid in water at 25°, and approximate ionisation constants of the products of alkaline and penicillinase hydrolysis of some penicillins, are presented. The results suggest that mild alkaline hydrolysis of benzylpenicillin is not a simple reaction. The initial product (the penicilloic acid) has the same imino-group ionisation constant as the product of penicillinase hydrolysis, but this ionisation constant decreases after further treatment with alkali. The nature of this effect is discussed.
A Rapid Method for the Determination of Griseofulvin in Fermenter Broth
Authors: Holbrook A , Bailey F , Bailey Greta M
Published: April 2011

A method has been devised for the determination of griseofulvin in fermenter broths. This is based on the conversion of griseofulvin to isogriseofulvin with methane sulphonic acid in methanol. The reaction is followed by measuring the resulting change in ultra-violet absorption. The method is rapid, accurate and suited to the routine examination of a wide variety of samples.
A Nervously-Mediated Action of Angiotensin in Anaesthetised Rats
Authors: Laverty R
Published: April 2011

In rats under chloralose anaesthesia, angiotensin in large doses caused a nervously-mediated vasoconstriction in the vascularly-isolated innervated hind limb, whereas in small doses it caused a nervously mediated peripheral vasodilatation. Noradrenaline over an equipressor dose range caused only a nervously-mediated peripheral vasodilatation. These peripheral responses were abolished by section of the nerves leading to the hind limb.
A Modified Apparatus for Reinsch's Test
Authors: Clarke E G C , Hawkins A E , Barratt F J
Published: April 2011

A modified method for the rapid identification of antimony, arsenic and mercury is described.
The Determination of Poldine Methyl Methosulphate in Biological Fluids
Authors: Langley P F , Lewis J D , Mansford K R L , Smith D
Published: April 2011

A spectrophotometric method is described for the quantitative determination of the quaternary ammonium compound, poldine methyl methosulphate in aqueous solution and in biological fluids. The method involves coupling with methyl orange with simultaneous extraction into a mixture of ethylene dichloride and isopentanol and the determination of the optical density of the resulting acidified solution. The effect of pH on the coupling and extraction and the specificity of the reaction towards related compounds are examined.
Some in vitro Tests on Sodium Gluconatodihydroxo-Aluminate Iii: A Soluble Buffer Antacid
Authors: Grossmith F
Published: April 2011

The properties of a new buffer antacid, the active substance of which is a 40 per cent w/v aqueous solution of a complex considered to be sodium gluconatodihydroxoaluminate III, have been compared with those of some existing antacid preparations. The unit dose (4 ml.) of this preparation has high acid neutralising capacity, speed of action and buffering power.
A New Cationic Antimicrobial Agent, N-Dodecyl-4-Aminoquinaldinium Acetate (Laurolinium Acetate)
Authors: Cox W A , D'Arcy P F
Published: April 2011

The properties of a new cationic antimicrobial agent, N-dodecyl-4-aminoquinaldinium acetate (laurolinium acetate, Laurodin) are described. It has bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and some protozoa. Its activity is antagonised by anionic substances but some is retained in the presence of organic matter. The compound is well suited for topical use but is too toxic for parenteral use.
Studies in the Field of Diuretic Agents
Authors: Petrow V , Stephenson O , Wild A M
Published: April 2011

A new route to the anilides of 4-halogeno-3-sulphamoylbenzoic acid is described. These novel compounds, and in particular 4-chloro-2′-methyl-3-sulphamoylbenzanilide, are found to be potent orally active diuretic agents.
The Preparation and Measurement of the Surface Activity of A Series of 4-Alkyl-1, 1′-Spirobipiperidinium Bromides
Authors: Thomas J , Clough D
Published: April 2011

The preparation of a series of 4-alkyl-1, 1′-spirobipiperidinium bromides is described. The measurement of the surface tension of aqueous solutions of these quaternary salts is reported. Within the concentration ranges studied none of the spiran quaternary compounds form micelles. The relationship between micelle formation of quaternary ammonium ions and antibacterial activity is discussed.
The Inhibition of Malic Dehydrogenase by Salicylate and Related Compounds
Authors: Smith M J H , Bryant C
Published: April 2011

Salicylate and γ-resorcylate affected the distribution of radioactivity incorporated from labelled succinate into the soluble intermediates of rat liver mitochondria in a manner consistent with an inhibitory action of the drugs on malic dehydrogenase. The addition of nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide to the mitochondrial preparations reversed the effects of salicylate and γ-resorcylate. A general structural requirement for inhibitory activity against malic dehydrogenase in vitro in salicylate congeners appears to be a phenolic hydroxyl group in the ortho position to a carboxyl group except that 2-hydroxyphenylacetate also inhibited the enzyme.
A New Method for the Estimation of Histaminase Activity
Authors: Spencer P S J
Published: April 2011

The effects of enzyme and substrate concentrations on the rate of inactivation of histamine by histaminase of rat ileum have been investigated. The fact that the time taken for one-half of the histamine to be destroyed is inversely proportional to the enzyme content of the incubation mixture has been used as a basis for a new method for the estimation of histaminase activity in tissue extracts.
The Morphology and Anatomy of the Leaf of Podophyllum Peltatum L.
Authors: Ellis S , Fell K R
Published: April 2011

A brief review of the history of Podophyllum peltatum L. is given, together with an illustrated account of the macroscopical and anatomical structure of the leaf. The diagnostic characters of the powdered leaves are recorded and compared with those previously reported for Podophyllum hexandrum Royle. To distinguish the leaves of the two species in powder form, recourse must be made to palisade ratios: for P. peltatum, the values are 7·0–8·5–12·16–17, and for P. hexandrum, 4·0–4·96-7·68-11·25.
The Determination of Epitetracycline and Tetracycline by Ion-Exchange Paper Chromatography and its Application to Human Urine and Serum
Authors: Addison E , Clark R G
Published: April 2011

A simple quantitative chromatographic method is described for the separation of epitetracycline and tetracycline in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is applicable qualitatively to human serum and quantitatively to the biological determination of tetracycline in urine. Whatman's modified cellulose phosphate cation-exchange paper is developed by the descending technique using 0·1 per cent w/v ammonium chloride solution. The spots are located as yellow fluorescent spots under ultra-violet light and ammonia vapour, eluted in 10 per cent w/v ammonium chloride, and the extinction determined at 356 mμ. The method is not suitable for the separation of chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline from tetracycline.
Dioscorea Belizensis Lundell as A Source of Diosgenin
Authors: Blunden G , Hardman R
Published: April 2011

Twenty-nine species of wild Dioscorea from British Honduras were screened for saponins. The tubers of D. belizensis Lundell afforded yields of steroids of about 2 per cent of the dry weight, calculated as the acetate of the predominant genin, diosgenin. A routine assay for diosgenin in these tubers is given and the effects of comminution, chemical disintegration, fermentation, refrigeration, autoclaving, and drying of the tubers are described. The yield is controlled by an endogenous enzyme system.
The Relation Between Chemical Structure and Biological Activity
Authors: van Rossum J M
Published: April 2011

The number of new compounds being synthesised every year increases in an exponential way. Consequently investigations of the relation between chemical structure and biological activity similarly increases. Studies of this kind provide information about which moieties in the molecule are essential to obtain potent and specific drugs. Furthermore they may give a clue to the mechanism of the action of drugs.

Two major aspects of structure-activity studies raise questions. Firstly, how do alterations in the chemical structure alter the geometry of the molecule and its physical properties? Secondly, what does the fact of biological activity imply? Do different drugs produce the same kind of effect; do they have an identical mechanism of action?

In this review the value of studies on structure-activity, as well as some of the pitfalls and limitations of interpretation will be discussed. Work done on the pharmacology of the nervous system will be used to illustrate this discussion.
The Critical Micelle Concentrations of Double Long-Chain Electrolytes (Amine Soaps) in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Packter A , Donbrow M
Published: April 2011

Micelle formation and gegenion binding have been studied in aqueous solutions of primary and quaternary ammonium dodecyl sulphates (amine soaps) by the conductivity method. Critical micelle concentrations decrease markedly with increase in the cation chain length; this phenomenon is due mainly to increase in the free energy of micelle formation. Gegenion binding also increases with increasing cation chain length and reaches 95 per cent for the octyl and higher ammonium salts.
A Note on the Factors Affecting RF Values on Citrate Buffered Paper Chromatograms
Authors: Clarke E G C , Hawkins A E
Published: April 2011

Experiments have been made to determine the effect of changes in experimental conditions on the speed of running of citrate/butanol systems on paper chromatograms.
A New Technique for Investigating the Process of Tablet Compression: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Marshall K
Published: April 2011

This preliminary report covers static tests involving the incorporation of an electrical conducting material in a tablet formula and subsequent recording during compression of the change in electrical resistance of the compact. An assessment of the experimental variables has indicated optimum conditions for making dynamic tests on an instrumented tablet machine and suggested more refined adaptations of the technique. Comparisons between this electrical property of the material and other properties such as relative volume, initial granule size, moisture content of the granules and crushing strength of the compact are presented. The resistance plots show evidence of change in the physical condition of the material under pressure; that is an initial packing stage followed by a brief period during which the granular structure is capable of supporting the imposed load without breakdown and finally gradual failure of the granules to give a compact mass.
Determination of Blood and Other Tissue Concentrations of Paracetamol in Dog and Man
Authors: Gwilt J R , Robertson A , McChesney E W
Published: April 2011

The even distribution of non-conjugated paracetamol in the tissue waters of the dog has been confirmed. The mean tissue water: plasma water concentration is 1·1. A technique for the determination of non-conjugated paracetamol in man has been devised from existing methods. It has increased sensitivity and is applicable to the routine determination of a large number of samples. This method determines only non-conjugated paracetamol, the sulphated and glucuronated conjugates do not interfere with its accuracy, and it gives results comparable with previous methods. In man, 45 min. after oral administration of paracetamol, the whole blood: plasma concentration ratio is virtually constant at 1·1, indicating that the determination of non-conjugated paracetamol in whole blood should give a satisfactory indication of tissue level.
The Absorption Characteristics of Paracetamol Tablets in Man
Authors: Gwilt J R , Robertson A , Goldman L , Blanchard A W
Published: April 2011

Paracetamol tablets from different sources showed widely differing absorption patterns in man. As judged by a blood concentration at 45 min. of less than 10 μg./ml. whole blood, low absorption was usually found in 25 per cent of subjects. This may be reduced to less than 10 per cent by a new paracetamol/sorbitol tablet. This combination produced higher average blood levels at 45 min. than crushed tablets of paracetamol. There appears to be a relation between the absorption of the drug and both age and weight; this variation can be reduced by paracetamol/sorbitol.
Effect Upon the Analgesic Action of Reserpine of Central Nervous System Stimulants and Drugs Affecting the Metabolism of Catechol- and Indole-Amines
Authors: Leme J Garcia , Silva M Rocha e
Published: April 2011

The effect upon the analgesic action of reserpine of central nervous system stimulants and of drugs affecting the metabolism of catechol-and indole-amines as measured in mice by a hot-plate method has been analysed. The analgesic effect, which has a maximal intensity 48 hr. after injection of the alkaloid, is partially or totally counteracted by MAO inhibitors, LSD-25 and 5-hydroxytryptophan. Central nervous system stimulants given to reserpinised mice before each test were effective in reducing the reaction time to the heat stimulation only 24 and 48 hr. after reserpine. DOPA showed no significant ability to reduce the analgesic effect of reserpine. In the light of these findings a suggestion has been made that 5-hydroxytryptamine rather than catecholamines would be involved in the mechanism of the analgesic effect due to reserpine and since central nervous system stimulants are able to reduce this action initially but are ineffective later, part of the effect is thought to be due to sedation of the animals, the participation of the stimulants being confined to a direct antagonism against the sedation. The lasting analgesic effect is supposed to correspond to a lack of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the cerebral structures.
Loss of Biological Activity of Apomorphine from Auto-Oxidation
Authors: Burkman A M
Published: April 2011

Buffered and unbuffered solutions of apomorphine hydrochloride in physiological saline were incubated at 30° for 61 days and samples were periodically withdrawn for both chemical and biological assay. Within the limits of error, the loss of biological activity, as measured by the gradual diminution in the intensity of the pecking syndrome in pigeons, paralleled the disappearance of unoxidised apomorphine. The un-buffered solutions retained approximately 75 per cent of their biological activity after 60 days incubation while solutions buffered initially to pH 6·0 were biologically inert after 16 days. Extracted and concentrated degradation product(s) when administered to pigeons failed to initiate the pecking syndrome.
Postural Drainage of Respiratory Tract Fluid in Phosgene-Induced Pulmonary Oedema
Authors: Boyd Eldon M , Perry William F
Published: April 2011

Cats and dogs were given phosgene by inhalation at a dose in the range of the LD50. During the hour or two before death, the volume output of respiratory tract fluid increased some 30-fold in half the animals and its lipid and sodium chloride contents were similar to those of blood plasma. Postural pulmonary drainage did not augment the volume output of respiratory tract fluid nor consistently affect chemical or histological measurements upon the lungs and chemical measurements upon respiratory tract fluid and blood. Postural pulmonary drainage did not increase the survival rate of intact rats exposed to phosgene. The ability of the animals to excrete such large volumes of respiratory tract fluid appeared to be due to a marked reserve capacity of the ciliary drainage mechanism which was evidently not affected by the dose of phosgene given to these animals.
Amphetamine-Like Activity of β-Phenethylamine After A Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor in vivo
Authors: Mantegazza P , Riva M
Published: April 2011

β-Phenethylamine possesses marked amphetamine-like effects which are demonstrable in animals pre-treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Like amphetamine, β-phenethylamine induces an increase of coordinated spontaneous motility in mice, anorexia in rats and dogs, hyperthermia in mice and rats, and exhibits a difference in lethality between isolated and aggregated mice. These effects are seen with similar doses of β-phenethylamine or amphetamine. But, unlike amphetamine, β-phenethylamine does not increase coordinated spontaneous motility in rats.
An Apparatus for the Long-Term Collection of Urine Free from Faecal and Food Contamination
Authors: Brittain R T , Spencer P S J
Published: April 2011

An apparatus for the long-term collection of urine free from faecal and food contamination has been constructed using a galvanised wire cage suspended above a smooth glass plate inclined at an angle such that food and faeces are deflected from the urine collector.
Some Factors Affecting the Rf Values of Sympathomimetic Catecholamines
Authors: Roberts D J
Published: April 2011

The behaviour of three catecholamines on paper chromatograms is reported as an investigation of the effects of variables on RF values. The use of these values as a means of locating and identifying catecholamines on paper is misleading as they are dependent on too many different factors.
Effect of Ultra-Violet Irradiation of Phenylephrine Solutions
Authors: Luduena F P , Snyder Ann L , Lands A M
Published: April 2011

Solutions of phenylephrine in distilled water were irradiated with ultra-violet light for 3 hr. The irradiated solutions tested on perfused guinea-pig lungs had a bronchodilator potency greater than that of the original non-irradiated phenylephrine solution. The bioassay and photofluorometric determinations (Shore and Olin method) suggested that adrenaline had been formed from phenylephrine in the irradiated solution.
The Synthesis of N-Substituted Amidines of Potential Pharmacological Activity
Authors: Smith J A , Taylor H
Published: April 2011

A series of N-3-diethylaminopropyl benzamidines has been prepared. The method used was the well-known Pinner synthesis (Pinner, 1892) of the imido-ester hydrochloride and then further reaction with 3-diethylaminopropylamine monohydrochloride. The compounds were tested for histamine-like, antihistamine and adrenergic neurone blocking activity. Some nonspecific antihistamine activity was found; there was no other activity.
The Influence of Lipid on the Paper Chromatographic Behaviour of Sympathomimetic Catecholamines in Plasma Extracts
Authors: Roberts D J
Published: April 2011

Inconsistent results have been obtained during the separation and estimation of catecholamines in extracts of rabbit plasma and the cause traced to displacements of Rr values by lipid. An extraction technique which overcomes this is described. The possibility of misinterpretation of results after chromatographic separation on paper of the catecholamines from biological extracts is discussed.
The Morphology and Histology of the Seeds of Strychnos Nux-Vomica, Linn., and its Adulterants, Strychnos Nux-Blanda, Hill, and Strychnos Potatorum, Linn.
Authors: Turner T D , Davies J Malcolm
Published: April 2011

The morphology and histology of the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica, Linn., Strychnos nux-blanda, Hill., and Strychnos potatorum, Linn., are described. The diagnostic features by which the two adulterants S. nux-blanda and S. potatorum can be distinguished from the pharmacopoeial drug S. nux-vomica, are noted.
A Note on the Differentiation Between Dextro-and LaevoPropoxyphene
Authors: Clarke E G C
Published: April 2011

A method is described for distinguishing between microgram quantities of the (+)- and ***(−)-isomers of propoxyphene.