bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Programmable Reflection–Transmission Shared‐Aperture Metasurface for Real‐Time Control of Electromagnetic Waves in Full Space
Authors: Bao Lei , Ma Qian , Wu Rui Yuan , Fu Xiaojian , Wu Junwei , Cui Tie Jun
Published: May 2021

Recently, programmable metamaterials or metasurfaces have been developed to dynamically edit electromagnetic waves for realizing different functions in the same platform. However, the proposed programmable metasurfaces can only control reflected or transmitted wavefronts in half‐space. Here, a “Janus” digital coding metasurface with the capabilities to program various electromagnetic functions in the reflected (with R‐codes) and transmitted (with T‐codes) waves simultaneously is presented. Three PIN diodes are employed to design the metaparticle, and the state of the PIN diodes can be switched to change the reflected and transmitted phases independently. Three schemes achieved by the proposed programmable metasurface are provided as illustrative examples, including anomalous deflections, beam focusing, and scattering reduction in the full space. As a proof‐of‐concept, a prototype composed of 10 × 20 metaparticles is fabricated and the measured results are in good agreement with the designs and numerical results, validating the full‐space modulations enabled by the programmable metasurface. It is expected that the new programmable metasurface can broaden the applications in stealth technologies, imaging systems, and the next generation of wireless communications.
Circular Economy and the Fate of Lithium Batteries: Second Life and Recycling
Authors: Ferrara Chiara , Ruffo Riccardo , Quartarone Eliana , Mustarelli Piercarlo
Published: May 2021

There is a growing demand of electrochemical energy storage, driven by automotive and stationary requirements. Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are expected to dominate the market from the current 0.5 TWh to about 2.5 TWh in 2030. This will lead to great difficulties in the procurement of critical raw materials and in the management of end‐of‐life systems. From a circular economy perspective, it is necessary to identify reuse and recycling strategies that can make the demand fully sustainable. However, second life and recycling are not mutually excluding, while the final fate of the battery, or at least of its noblest components, should be recycling instead of disposal. In this context, to allow new strategies such as direct recycling of cathode powders, an accurate redesign of the battery system, from the single cell to the modules, which allows ease of separation of the compartments, should be considered. The correct evaluation of the best strategies cannot be separated from an accurate and transparent life cycle assessment (LCA), which would take into account both economic and environmental aspects. Herein, the most advanced recycling methods are analyzed and the issues underlying the efficient reuse and recycling of battery packs from electric vehicles are critically discussed.
A Reflection on Lithium‐Ion Batteries from a Lithium‐Resource Perspective
Authors: Zu Chenxi , Ren Yu , Guo Fuliang , Yu Huigen , Li Hong
Published: May 2021

The increasing consumption of fossil fuels is driving environmental concern, requiring lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) to support a shift of energy supply to clean energies. Specifically, it is imperative that the market of electric vehicles (EVs) is decarbonized, which demands a consistent supply of LIBs and lithium. For sustainable use of lithium resources, it is time to look back at the cell composition of LIBs and combinations of various cathode and anode chemistries that enable high energy density with high lithium‐use efficiency. Herein, the theoretical and practical gravimetric energy density of cells of major electrode combinations is calculated and lithium use in each cell to achieve per kilowatt hour energy is analyzed. Then effective strategies that improve the lithium‐use efficiency are suggested, including enhancing the Coulombic efficiency, extending the cycle life, using retired power battery in the grid storage, and recycling. Finally, lithium consumption in the emerging market of EVs and grid storage is predicted and it is concluded that recycling is imperative to relieve lithium anxiety.
Production practices that maximize soybean yield: What we have learned from the North Carolina soybean yield contest
Authors: Vann Rachel A. , Drake‐Stowe Katherine , Buol Greg S. , Dunphy E. Jim
Published: May 2021

Agronomic production practices associated with high‐yielding soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in North Carolina can be used to inform production recommendations across the southeastern United States. The 877 individual entries submitted from 2002 to 2019 into the North Carolina Soybean Yield Contest (SYC) were analyzed with the objectives to describe the production practices associated with high‐yielding soybean in North Carolina and to identify management strategies for increasing soybean yield in the southeastern U.S. region. From 2002 to 2019, SYC entries averaged 4,379 kg ha–1. The three most important management practices influencing soybean yield were maturity group (MG), foliar fungicide use, and planting date. Using a MG IV or earlier variety provided a 1,199 kg ha–1 yield advantage across all entries. When MG ≤ IV was used, foliar fungicide use provided a 754 kg ha–1 yield protection and when MG > IV was used fungicide use provided a 640 kg ha–1 yield protection. Planting dates earlier than 12 May generally provided more yield benefit when earlier maturing varieties were used. Herbicide and insecticide use, irrigation, fungicidal and inoculant seed treatments, tillage, and row spacing were less important predictors of soybean yield. Soybean producers can implement several of these identified management strategies without additional economic investment in an effort to increase soybean yield and profitability in the southeastern U.S.  region.
Pesticide exposure among Latinx child farmworkers in North Carolina
Authors: Arcury Thomas A. , Chen Haiying , Arnold Taylor J. , Quandt Sara A. , Anderson Kim A. , Scott Richard P. , Talton Jennifer W. , Daniel Stephanie S.
Published: May 2021

Background

Although pesticides have adverse effects on child health and development, little research has examined pesticide exposure among child farmworkers. This analysis addresses two specific aims: (1) describes pesticide exposure among Latinx child farmworkers in North Carolina, and (2) delineates factors associated with this pesticide exposure.

Methods

In 2018 (n = 173) and 2019 (n = 156) Latinx child farmworkers completed interviews and wore silicone wristbands for a single day to measure pesticide exposure. Wristbands were analyzed for 70 pesticides.

Results

Most Latinx child farmworkers were exposed to multiple pesticides; the most frequent were pyrethroids (69.9% in 2018, 67.9% in 2019), organochlorines (51.4% in 2018, 55.1% in 2019), and organophosphates (51.4% in 2018, 34.0% in 2019). Children were exposed to a mean of 2.15 pesticide classes in 2018 and 1.91 in 2019, and to a mean of 4.06 pesticides in 2018 and 3.34 in 2019. Younger children (≤15 years) had more detections than older children; children not currently engaged in farm work had more detections than children currently engaged in farm work. Migrant child farmworkers had more detections than nonmigrants. For specific pesticides with at least 20 detections, detections and concentrations were generally greater among children not currently engaged in farm work than children currently engaged.

Conclusions

Children who live in farmworker communities are exposed to a plethora of pesticides. Although further research is needed to document the extent of pesticide exposure and its health consequences, sufficient information is available to inform the policy needed to eliminate this pesticide exposure in agricultural communities.
Regioselective Base‐controlled Pd‐catalyzed Arylation of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines: leading selectivity at C8 position by N‐chelation over O‐chelation
Authors: Tali Javeed Ahmad , Singh Davinder , Kumar Gulshan , Shankar Ravi
Published: May 2021

A base controlled operationally simple catalytic system for the regioselective arylation of 2‐aryl‐imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine by Pd catalyzed C−H activation has been developed. Herein, we report Pd/Ag2CO3 promoted C8 arylation of the heterocycles by overriding the N‐chelation on O‐chelation. In this way, various examples have been synthesized in good to excellent yield. Furthermore, Pd/t‐BuOK system has been developed for the novel deformylative C3 arylation of 2‐aryl‐imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine. The choice of the catalytic system is also demonstrated for heteroarylation. Both standardized protocols have been explored with broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.
Suicide risk in first year after dementia diagnosis in older adults
Authors: Schmutte Timothy , Olfson Mark , Maust Donovan T. , Xie Ming , Marcus Steven C.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Receiving a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease or related dementias (ADRD) can be a pivotal and stressful period. We examined the risk of suicide in the first year after ADRD diagnosis relative to the general geriatric population.

Methods

We identified a national cohort of Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries aged ≥ 65 years with newly diagnosed ADRD (n = 2,667,987) linked to the National Death Index.

Results

The suicide rate for the ADRD cohort was 26.42 per 100,000 person‐years. The overall standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for suicide was 1.53 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42, 1.65) with the highest risk among adults aged 65 to 74 years (SMR = 3.40, 95% CI = 2.94, 3.86) and the first 90 days after ADRD diagnosis. Rural residence and recent mental health, substance use, or chronic pain conditions were associated with increased suicide risk.

Discussion

Results highlight the importance of suicide risk screening and support at the time of newly diagnosed dementia, particularly for patients aged < 75 years.
Engineered In vitro Models for Pathological Calcification: Routes Toward Mechanistic Understanding
Authors: Radvar Elham , Griffanti Gabriele , Tsolaki Elena , Bertazzo Sergio , Nazhat Showan N. , Addison Owen , Mata Alvaro , Shanahan Catherine M. , Elsharkawy Sherif
Published: May 2021

Physiological calcification plays an essential part in the development of the skeleton and teeth; however, the occurrence of calcification in soft tissues such as the brain, heart, and kidneys associates with health impacts, creating a massive social and economic burden. The current paradigm for pathological calcification focuses on the biological factors responsible for bone‐like mineralization, including osteoblast‐like cells and proteins inducing nucleation and crystal growth. However, the exact mechanism responsible for calcification remains unknown. Toward this goal, this review dissects the current understanding of structure–function relationships and physico‐chemical properties of pathologic calcification from a materials science point of view. We will discuss a range of potential mechanisms of pathological calcification, with the purpose of identifying universal mechanistic pathways that occur across multiple organs/tissues at multiple length scales. The possible effect of extracellular components in signaling and templating mineralization, as well as the role of intrinsically disordered proteins in calcification, is reviewed. The state‐of‐the‐art in vitro models and strategies that can recreate the highly dynamic environment of calcification are identified.
Biodegradable Polymersomes with Structure Inherent Fluorescence and Targeting Capacity for Enhanced Photo‐Dynamic Therapy
Authors: Cao Shoupeng , Xia Yifeng , Shao Jingxin , Guo Beibei , Dong Yangyang , Pijpers Imke A. B. , Zhong Zhiyuan , Meng Fenghua , Abdelmohsen Loai K. E. A. , Williams David S. , van Hest Jan C. M.
Published: May 2021

Biodegradable nanostructures displaying aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) are desirable from a biomedical point of view, due to the advantageous features of loading capacity, emission brightness, and fluorescence stability. Herein, biodegradable polymers comprising poly (ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(caprolactone‐gradient‐trimethylene carbonate) (PEG‐P(CLgTMC)), with tetraphenylethylene pyridinium‐TMC (PAIE) side chains have been developed, which self‐assembled into well‐defined polymersomes. The resultant AIEgenic polymersomes are intrinsically fluorescent delivery vehicles. The presence of the pyridinium moiety endows the polymersomes with mitochondrial targeting ability, which improves the efficiency of co‐encapsulated photosensitizers and improves therapeutic index against cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. This contribution showcases the ability to engineer AIEgenic polymersomes with structure inherent fluorescence and targeting capacity for enhanced photodynamic therapy.
Hierarchische Überstrukturen durch Kombination von kristallisationsinduzierter und molekularer Selbstassemblierung
Authors: Frank Andreas , Hils Christian , Weber Melina , Kreger Klaus , Schmalz Holger , Schmidt Hans‐Werner
Published: May 2021

Die Kombination der Patch‐artigen Koronastruktur von oberflächenkompartimentierten Zylindermizellen mit der molekularen Selbstassemblierung von 1,3,5‐Benzoltricarboxamiden (BTAs) ermöglicht die Herstellung hierarchischer Überstrukturen mit Tannenzweig‐artiger Morphologie. Hierfür wurden Patch‐artige Zylindermizellen, die funktionelle tertiäre Aminogruppen in einem der Korona‐Patches aufweisen, mittels kristallisationsinduzierter Selbstassemblierung hergestellt und durch koaxiales Elektrospinnen auf einer Polystyrol‐Trägerfaser immobilisiert. Die erhaltenen Patch‐artigen Fasern wurden in eine wässrige Lösung eines mit tertiären Aminogruppen funktionalisierten BTA getaucht, um die Selbstassemblierung zu definierten Tannenzweig‐artigen Überstrukturen nach Verdampfen des Lösungsmittels zu induzieren. Definierte Überstrukturen werden nur erhalten, wenn die funktionellen tertiären Aminogruppen in den Oberflächenkompartimenten mit den peripheren Substituenten des BTA übereinstimmen. Dies wird auf eine lokale Erhöhung der BTA‐Konzentration an der Oberfläche der Patch‐artigen Polymerfasern zurückgeführt.
Bifunctional Borane Catalysis of a Hydride Transfer/Enantioselective [2+2] Cycloaddition Cascade
Authors: Zhang Ming , Wang Xiao‐Chen
Published: May 2021

Herein, we present a mild and efficient method for synthesizing enantioenriched tetrahydroquinoline‐fused cyclobutenes through a cascade reaction between 1,2‐dihydroquinolines and alkynones with catalysis by chiral spiro‐bicyclic bisboranes. The bisboranes served two functions: first they catalyzed a hydride transfer to convert the 1,2‐dihydroquinoline substrate to a 1,4‐dihydroquinoline, and then they activated the alkynone substrate for an enantioselective [2+2] cycloaddition reaction with the 1,4‐dihydroquinoline generated in situ.
Amphiphilic Iodine(III) Reagents for the Lipophilization of Peptides in Water
Authors: Mishra Abhaya Kumar , Tessier Romain , Hari Durga Prasad , Waser Jerome
Published: May 2021

We report the functionalization of cysteine residues with lipophilic alkynes bearing a silyl group or an alkyl chain using amphiphilic ethynylbenziodoxolone reagents (EBXs). The reactions were carried out in buffer (pH 6 to 9), without organic co‐solvent or removal of oxygen, either at 37 °C or room temperature. The transformation led to a significant increase of peptide lipophilicity and worked for aromatic thiols, homocysteine, cysteine, and peptides containing 4 to 18 amino acids. His6‐Cys‐Ubiquitin was also alkynylated under physiological conditions. Under acidic conditions, the thioalkynes were converted into thioesters, which could be cleaved in the presence of hydroxylamine.
Preparation and characterization of hydrophilic and antibacterial silver decorated silica‐grafted‐poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (Ag‐SiO2‐PVP) nanoparticles for polymeric nanocomposites
Authors: Ahsani Mina , Sabouri Reza , Ulbricht Mathias , Hazrati Hossein , Jafarizad Abbas , Yegani Reza
Published: May 2021

Hydrophilic antibacterial silver decorated silica‐grafted‐poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (Ag‐SiO2‐PVP) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized in multiple steps. In this regard, silanization of the silica nanoparticles was performed with different concentrations of vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTS) to generate vinyl groups onto the nanoparticles surface. Obtained results showed that by increasing the VTS concentration the amount of vinyl groups on the surface of the silica nanoparticles increased while nanoparticles agglomeration did not occur. Then, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) PVP brushes were grafted onto the silanized silica nanoparticles (SiO2‐VTS) via grafting‐through polymerization method to obtain PVP‐grafted silica nanoparticles (SiO2‐PVP). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and dynamic light scattering confirmed the successful generation of the vinyl groups and PVP brushes onto the silica nanoparticles. Finally, Ag‐SiO2‐PVP nanoparticles were prepared by synthesizing silver nanoparticles onto the SiO2‐PVP nanoparticles to render them antibacterial. Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy showed that highest grafting of silver nanoparticles onto the SiO2‐PVP nanoparticles was obtained for the nanoparticles with highest content of vinyl groups. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to identify the elements and their chemical structure for the synthesized nanoparticles. Plate colony counting method was applied to assess the antibacterial effects of the Ag‐SiO2‐PVP nanoparticles which revealed outstanding bactericidal properties of them.
Biodiesel production with enzymatic technology: progress and perspectives
Authors: Pasha Mustafa Kamal , Dai Lingmei , Liu Dehua , Du Wei , Guo Miao
Published: May 2021

Rapid changes in the global climate resulting from anthropogenic activities and greenhouse gas emissions from fossil resources are encouraging commercial and academic research to seek out new routes for the production of sustainable fuels. Biodiesel, as a renewable fuel, has long been recognized as one of the solutions to meet energy demand in a climate‐constrained world. Although, several routes have been devised for biodiesel production, the enzymatic route has attracted substantial research interest. Here we discuss enzymatic esterification / transesterification technology and its contribution to the green synthesis of biodiesel. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the fundamentals of enzymatic reaction, such as the impact of different reaction components (lipase, acyl acceptor, substrate, and reaction media) on the process parameters, along with recent developments in improving enzymatic biodiesel production, such as different lipases, combinations of lipases, and two‐step methods. Kinetics and the mechanism of enzymatic reaction when lipase is used as a catalyst are also explained in greater detail. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for the development of potentially sustainable and eco‐friendly enzymatic biodiesel technology are discussed. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Forensic psychiatric evaluation of 187 homicidal assailants with and without a schizophrenia spectrum disorder: Clinical, criminological and behavioral characteristics
Authors: Carabellese Felice , Mandarelli Gabriele , Felthous Alan R. , Catanesi Roberto
Published: May 2021

Intentional homicide, a declining phenomenon in Italy, represents one of the most extreme forms of violence. A specific subgroup of homicidal assailants is represented by those affected by mental disorders, where the relationship between psychopathology and characteristics of the homicidal attack is not yet fully understood. We analyzed the case files of 187 homicides or attempted homicides, in which the defendant had undergone a forensic psychiatric evaluation within the previous 10 years from a single forensic psychiatric center. We described and analyzed the perpetrator, victim and criminological characteristics of the study cases. A diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, a victim who was the perpetrator's biological child and absence of a personality disorder diagnosis were associated with an increased probability of having been adjudicated as lacking or having substantially diminished criminal responsibility due to a mental disorder. Homicidal assailants with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder showed some differences in criminological characteristics compared with murderers without a schizophrenic spectrum disorder, including a higher incidence of parricide, interruption of pharmacotherapy before the crime and disorganized post‐crime behavior.
A formal approach for Docker container deployment
Authors: Pratap Yadav Mahendra , Pal Nisha , Kumar Yadav Dharmendra
Published: May 2021

Container‐based virtualization is becoming increasingly popular in the cloud industry, as it provides services to the client as per their requirements. Requirements of the user can be described in a configuration file. Cloud provider offers the services to the client using “pay‐as‐you go” model. Docker provides support to a cloud provider for the creation of a container, deployment of the container, and monitoring of services running inside a container on the host and guest system both. The creation and deployment of the container by Docker efficiently is a big challenge. In this paper, we capture the behavior of the container life cycle through process algebra (CCS) and properties of it as a formula using ‐calculus. Further we capture the behavior of deployment of the container on the host machine through CCS and its properties through the model ‐ calculus. We used model checking tool Concurrency Workbench of the New Century to verify the creation of the Docker container as well as deployment of it.
The influence of the operator's experience on the microleakage of two universal adhesives
Authors: Shafiei Fereshteh , Dehghani Zahra , Jowkar Zahra
Published: May 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the influence of the operator's experience on the microleakage of two universal adhesives applied in self‐etch (SE) and etch‐and‐rinse (E&R) modes.

Materials and methods

Two class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 112 caries‐free extracted human molars and were divided into eight groups based on the combination of the factors “adhesive system” (Tetric N‐Bond Universal Adhesive [TNU]; Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [SBU]), “adhesive strategy” (SE or E&R), and “the operators performing the procedures” (specialists in operative dentistry or intern students). After 24 h of water storage and thermocycling, the marginal microleakage was evaluated using the dye penetration technique and the data were analyzed.

Results

In the SE mode, microleakage at the enamel margin for both adhesives was higher in the student group than in the specialist group (p values < 0.05). The operator's skill did not affect the microleakage scores of both adhesives applied in the E&R mode at the dentin and enamel margins or in the SE mode at the dentin margins (p > 0.05). The microleakage score was significantly higher at the dentin margins than the enamel margins for both universal adhesives applied in the E&R mode (p values <0.05).

Conclusion

The microleakage values of the universal adhesives applied in the SE mode at the enamel margins were affected by the operator's skill. However, the operator's experience did not affect the microleakage scores of the two universal adhesives applied in the E&R mode at the enamel and dentin margins or in the SE mode at the dentin margins.
Structure‐Tailored Non‐Noble Metal‐based Ternary Chalcogenide Nanocrystals for Pt‐like Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Sarkar Shreya , Rawat Abhishek , Das Tisita , Gaboardi Mattia , Chakraborty Sudip , Vinod C. P. , Peter Sebastian C.
Published: May 2021

A facile microwave‐assisted strategy was employed to synthesize Ni3Bi2S2 nanocrystals. Variation in the synthesis conditions tuned the composition of monoclinic and orthorhombic phases of Ni3Bi2S2. The electrochemical hydrogen evolution activity of the catalyst with highest percentage of monoclinic phase demonstrated a negligible onset potential of only 24 mV close to that of state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C with an overpotential as low as 88 mV. Density functional theory calculations predicted the monoclinic phase exhibit the lowest adsorption free energy corresponding to hydrogen adsorption
and, therefore, the highest hydrogen evolution activity amongst the considered phases. The quasi‐2D structure of monoclinic phase facilitated an increased charge‐transfer between Ni and Bi, favoring the downward shift of the d‐band center to enhance the catalytic activity.
Specific phytochemicals in floral nectar up‐regulate genes involved in longevity regulation and xenobiotic metabolism, extending mosquito life span
Authors: Njoroge Teresia M. , Calla Bernarda , Berenbaum May R. , Stone Christopher M.
Published: May 2021

During nectar feeding, mosquitoes ingest a plethora of phytochemicals present in nectar. The ecological and physiological impacts of these ingested phytochemicals on the disease vectors are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of three nectar phytochemicals‐‐ caffeine, p‐coumaric acid, and quercetin‐‐on longevity, fecundity, and sugar‐feeding behavior of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus). Adult females of Ae. albopictus were provided continuous access to 10% sucrose supplemented with one of the three phytochemicals and their fecundity, longevity, and the amount of sucrose consumed determined. Transcriptome response of Ae. albopictus females to p‐coumaric acid and quercetin was also evaluated. Dietary quercetin and p‐coumaric acid enhanced the longevity of female Ae. albopictus, while caffeine resulted in reduced sugar consumption and enhanced fecundity of gravid females. RNA‐seq analyses identified 237 genes that were differentially expressed (DE) in mosquitoes consuming p‐coumaric acid or quercetin relative to mosquitoes consuming an unamended sucrose solution diet. Among the DE genes, several encoding antioxidant enzymes, cytochrome P450s, and heat shock proteins were upregulated, whereas histones were downregulated. Overall, our findings show that consuming certain nectar phytochemicals can enhance adult longevity of female Asian tiger mosquitoes, apparently by differentially regulating the expression level of genes involved in longevity and xenobiotic metabolism; this has potential impacts not only on life span but also on vectorial capacity and insecticide resistance.
Haloacetylated Enol Ethers: a Way Out for the Regioselective Synthesis of Biologically Active Heterocycles
Authors: Mittersteiner Mateus , Bonacorso Helio G. , Martins Marcos A. P. , Zanatta Nilo
Published: May 2021

This review describes advances in the synthesis of heterocyclic scaffolds (associated with their biological activity), using haloacetylated enol ethers as precursors. The wide variety of heterocycles that can be prepared using these precursors, together with the high regioselectivity they usually provide, in [3+2] and [3+3] cyclocondensation reactions, make these starting materials powerful tools. The biological evaluation is also highlighted, given that several analogues of commercially available drugs can be easily accessed.
An Improved Stereocontrolled Access Route to Piperidine or Azepane β‐Amino Esters and Azabicyclic β‐ and γ‐Lactams; Synthesis of Novel Functionalized Azaheterocyles
Authors: Ouchakour Lamiaa , Nonn Melinda , Remete Attila M. , Kiss Loránd
Published: May 2021

An improved, efficient synthesis of some functionalized saturated azaheterocycles has been accomplished by controlled functionalization of various readily available cyclic compounds containing ring C=C bond. The stereocontrolled synthetic concept was based on the oxidative ring cleavage of various unsaturated scaffolds across ozonolysis followed by ring closing with double reductive amination with primary alkylamines or fluorinated alkylamines. The protocol provided versatile azaheterocyclic derivatives with a piperidine or azepane framework.
Liquid electrolyte design for metal‐sulfur batteries: Mechanistic understanding and perspective
Authors: Zou Qingli , Lu Yi‐Chun
Published: May 2021

Metal‐sulfur batteries have received intensive research attention owing to their potential to achieve higher energy density and lower cost than conventional Li‐ion batteries. However, metal‐sulfur batteries suffer from a fundamental challenge, the shuttle effect, the crossover of soluble reaction intermediates polysulfide leading to low efficiency and poor cycle life. Electrolyte design becomes the center of the sulfur redox chemistry since it dictates the properties of the soluble polysulfide intermediates in metal‐sulfur batteries. Here, we discuss the influence of electrolytes on sulfur reactions and cell performance, focusing on the polysulfide chemistry including polysulfide solubility and metal sulfide deposition. Based on the extensive analysis of literature, we highlight the design requirement of electrolytes to enable optimized sulfur reaction kinetic and realize high‐performance metal‐sulfur batteries.

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A new Markov regime‐switching count time series approach for forecasting initial public offering volumes and detecting issue cycles
Authors: Wang Xinyu , Ning Cathy
Published: May 2021

This study proposes a novel Markov regime‐switching negative binomial generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model for analyzing count data time series. We develop a likelihood‐based method for parameter estimation and give the one‐step‐ahead forecasting algorithms for the mean, variance, and quantiles. An empirical analysis of both the U.S. initial public offering (IPO) and Chinese A‐share IPO markets indicates that our method is very efficient in forecasting monthly IPO volumes and detecting hot/cold issue markets. The first‐day IPO return is positively correlated with the IPO volume in a hot issue market but negatively correlated with the IPO volume in a cold issue market, in both the U.S. and Chinese IPO markets. However, the average first‐day return in the previous hot issue market has a significant positive impact on the current IPO volume for only the U.S. IPO market. Our approach helps to more accurately model and understand the behavior of hot/cold IPO issue markets.
GAB1‐ABL1 fusions in tumors that have histologic overlap with NTRK‐rearranged spindle cell tumors
Authors: Choo Florence , Rakheja Dinesh , Davis Lara E. , Davare Monika , Park Jason Y. , Timmons Charles F. , Neff Tanaya , Beadling Carol , Corless Christopher L. , Davis Jessica L.
Published: May 2021

Fibroblastic spindle cell tumors are a heterogeneous group of rare soft tissue tumors that are increasingly recognized as associated with a variety of kinase gene fusions. We report two cases of GAB1‐ABL1 fusions in spindle cell tumors that histologically overlap with neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK)‐rearranged spindle cell tumors. The first case occurred in a 76‐year‐old female who had a large deep‐seated spindle cell tumor composed of monotonous ovoid to spindle cells in a background of thick stromal collagen bands with prominent hyalinized vessels and inconspicuous mitoses (<1/10 HPF). Immunohistochemical stains showed co‐expression of S100 and CD34. A GAB1‐ABL1 fusion was detected by whole transcriptome RNA sequencing. The patient had a partial response to imatinib. The second case was previously described as a solitary fibrous tumor, occurring in a 9‐year‐old female with a cellular spindle cell tumor with patchy CD34 immunoexpression but no expression of S100. Upon clinicopathologic re‐review, including anchored multiplex next‐generation sequencing, a GAB1‐ABL1 fusion was identified. In summary, we report the first two cases of spindle cell tumors with variable expression of CD34 and/or S100, driven by GAB1‐ABL1 gene fusions with histologic overlap with NTRK‐rearranged spindle cell tumors, suggesting that ABL‐fusions may also be oncogenic drivers within this spectrum of tumors. These cases highlight the evolving understanding of fibroblastic spindle cell tumor biology and the utility of sequencing in identifying a targetable alteration.
Challenges in developing capability measures for children and young people for use in the economic evaluation of health and care interventions
Authors: Mitchell Paul Mark , Husbands Samantha , Byford Sarah , Kinghorn Philip , Bailey Cara , Peters Tim J. , Coast Joanna
Published: May 2021

Methods for measuring outcomes suitable for economic evaluations of health and care interventions have primarily focused on adults. The validity of such methods for children and young people is questionable in areas including the outcome domains measured and how they are measured and valued, with most existing measures narrowly focusing on health. Novel methods for assessing benefits beyond health by focusing on a person's capability have also concentrated on adults to date. This paper aims to set out the rationale for capability measures in children and young people. It argues for the need to expand the evaluative space beyond health functioning towards broader capabilities, with children and young people playing an integral role in capability measure development. Drawing from existing literature, specific challenges related to the identification, measurement, and valuation of capabilities in children and young people are also discussed. Finally, the practical implications for conducting economic evaluation when measuring and valuing capabilities at different stages across the life‐course are illustrated. We develop an alternative framework based on conceiving capabilities as evolving across the life‐course. This framework may also be helpful in thinking about how to model health outcomes across the life‐course.
Characteristics of Darcy–Forchheimer drag coefficients and velocity slip on the flow of micropolar nanofluid
Authors: Mathur Priya , Mishra S. R. , Pattnaik P. K. , Dash R. K.
Published: May 2021

The flow of magneto‐micropolar nanofluid, that is, the composition of TiO2 nanoparticles in an organic solvent, kerosene, and the normal water past a stretchable surface has been considered. With effectiveness idea on the application in several areas, the Darcy–Forchheimer inertial drag and the second‐order velocity slip approach are vital for the current investigation. The influence of viscous, Joule and Darcy dissipations on the energy transfer cannot be neglected due to the interaction of the body forces characterized by magnetic and porosity of the medium. The dissipative heat energy with the heat generation/absorption is useful for the enhancement in the fluid temperature. Due to the complexity of the problem, a numerical solution is implemented using the in‐built code bvp5c with the help of MATLAB software. The physical properties abide by the characterizing parameters that appeared in the flow profiles are presented via graphs and the computed results for the rate coefficients are also displayed through table both for water‐ and kerosene‐based nanofluids. Finally, the main findings of the results are: the growth in the shear rate coefficient is marked due to the inclusion of second‐order slip, and an attenuation in the fluid velocity is rendered with an increase in the volume fraction whereas impact is reversed in the case of nanofluid temperature.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor engagement during redox alteration determines the fate of CD4+ T cells in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Mohammadi Hamidreza , Daryabor Gholamreza , Ghaffarian Bahraman Ali , Keshavarzi Majid , Kalantar Kurosh , Mohammadi‐Bardbori Afshin
Published: May 2021

The preservation of the redox homeostasis is critical for cell survival and functionality. Redox imbalance is an essential inducer of several pathological states. CD4+/helper T cells are highly dependent on the redox state of their surrounding milieu. The potential of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) engagement in controlling CD4+ T‐cell fate during redox alteration is still challenging. C57BL/6 mice were treated with AhR agonist 6‐formylindolo[3,2‐b]carbazole (FICZ), AhR antagonist CH223191, an inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), and the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) alone or in combination. Six days later, splenocytes were evaluated for the expression of the redox‐related genes and the possible changes in T‐cell subsets. FICZ like BSO significantly elevated the expression of HMOX1, GCLC, and GCLM genes but it failed to increase the expression of the Nrf2 gene. Moreover, FICZ + BSO increased while FICZ + CH223191 or NAC decreased the expression of these genes. FICZ also significantly increased Th1 cell numbers but decreased Tregs in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, a high dose of FICZ + CH223191 + NAC significantly enhanced Th1, Th17, and Treg cells but its low dose in such a situation increased Th2 and Th17 while decreased Treg cells. AhR engagement during redox alteration can determine the fate of CD4 + T cells, so, AhR agonists or antagonists might be useful in assessing immune responses. However, these results need further verifications in vitro and in animal models of various diseases.
Left Ventricular Strain Analysis by Tissue Tracking‐ Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for early detection of Cardiac Dysfunction in children with End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Sobh Donia M. , Batouty Nihal M. , Tawfik Ahmed M. , Gadelhak Basma , Elmokadem Ali H. , Hammad Ayman , Eid Riham , Hamdy Nashwa
Published: May 2021

Background

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) represents late left ventricle (LV) dysfunction. Cardiac MRI myocardial strain analysis is an alternative method for assessment of LV function.

Purpose

To investigate whether LV strain analysis is more sensitive than LVEF for early detection of systolic dysfunction in children with ESRD.

Study type

Case control.

Population

Thirty‐two children with ESRD (median 14 years, 17 females) and 10 healthy control (median 12.5 years, 7 females).

Field Strength and Sequences

A 1.5 T /retrospective ECG‐gated steady‐state free precession (SSFP).

Assessment

LVEF, and indexed LV mass (LVMi) and LV end‐diastolic volume (LVEDVi) were measured. Using tissue tracking analysis, LV endocardial and epicardial contours were traced in short and long axes at end diastole to calculate global longitudinal (GLS), circumferential (GCS) and radial (GRS) strains.

Statistical Analysis

Cardiac MRI and strain parameters were compared between patients and control, and between subgroup with preserved LVEF and control by Student t‐test/Mann Whitney test. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed by Receiver operating characteristic analysis. Strain as predictor of poor outcome (mortality, pulmonary edema, and/or heart failure) within 1‐year follow up was investigated by binary logistic regression.

Results

Compared to control, cardiac MRI LVEF, LVEDVi, LVMi, GLS, GCS and GRS were significantly impaired in patients. Patients with preserved LVEF had significantly higher LVEDVi, LVMi and significantly impaired GCS and GRS than control. Strain parameters were significantly correlated with LVEF, LVEDVi, and LVMi. GCS and GRS demonstrated greater diagnostic accuracy than GLS (area under curve: 0.89). LVEF, LVMi, GCS, and GRS were correlated with poor outcome.

Conclusion

Cardiac MRI tissue tracking could identify subclinical LV dysfunction in children with ESRD and still preserved LVEF. Furthermore, LV strain parameters (GCS and GRS) were correlated with future cardiovascular events.

Evidence Level

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2.
Trends of daily extreme and non‐extreme rainfall indices and intercomparison with different gridded data sets over Mexico and the southern United States
Authors: Colorado‐Ruiz Gabriela , Cavazos Tereza
Published: May 2021

Trends of 15 extreme and non‐extreme daily rainfall indices for Mexico and the southern United States are analyzed for the extended boreal winter (November–March) and summer (June–October) during 1981–2010. The analysis includes gridded observations (CHIRPS and Livneh), reanalyses (ERA5, ERA‐Interim, MERRA2, and CFSR), the regional climate model RegCM4.7 (forced by ERA‐Interim), and four general circulation models (GCMs) from the CMIP5 (HadGEM2‐ES, CNRM‐CM5, MPI‐ESM‐MR, and GFDL‐ESM2M). The domain is divided into 13 regions with similar seasonal rainfall patterns according to the k‐means algorithm applied to CHIRPS monthly precipitation, as a reference. Gridded observations and reanalyses (O&R) show similar regional annual cycles and metrics of precipitation. The two observational data sets show the largest differences in the magnitude of some indices in the wettest region (southeastern Mexico) and in the monsoon. During summer, O&R show positive significant trends in extreme rainfall indices in regions commonly affected by tropical cyclones (southern Baja California Peninsula, northeastern Mexico, and the southeastern United States), while negative significant trends of seasonal accumulation of rainfall are seen in the Mediterranean Californias and the Sonoran Desert region. There is an agreement among most data sets that the frequency and intensity of extreme winter precipitation indices have declined in northwest Mexico and the southwestern United States, but trends are not statistically significant, while southeastern Mexico shows significant increases in 5‐days accumulation (rx5d). ERA5 followed by MERRA2 show the best performance. RegCM4.7 reproduces the annual cycle of precipitation in most of the regions and captures the main trend signals especially in winter, but it has difficulties in reproducing the summer interannual variability of few indices. The GCMs tend to overestimate (underestimate) the annual cycle of precipitation and the median values of extreme indices in the driest (wettest) regions. They are not able to capture the regional trends of the indices.
Development of a standardized histopathology scoring system for intervertebral disc degeneration in rat models: An initiative of the ORS spine section
Authors: Lai Alon , Gansau Jennifer , Gullbrand Sarah E. , Crowley James , Cunha Carla , Dudli Stefan , Engiles Julie B. , Fusellier Marion , Goncalves Raquel M. , Nakashima Daisuke , Okewunmi Jeffrey , Pelletier Matthew , Presciutti Steven M. , Schol Jordy , Takeoka Yoshiki , Yang Sidong , Yurube Takashi , Zhang Yejia , Iatridis James C.
Published: May 2021

Background

Rats are a widely accepted preclinical model for evaluating intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and regeneration. IVD morphology is commonly assessed using histology, which forms the foundation for quantifying the state of IVD degeneration. IVD degeneration severity is evaluated using different grading systems that focus on distinct degenerative features. A standard grading system would facilitate more accurate comparison across laboratories and more robust comparisons of different models and interventions.

Aims

This study aimed to develop a histology grading system to quantify IVD degeneration for different rat models.

Materials & Methods

This study involved a literature review, a survey of experts in the field, and a validation study using 25 slides that were scored by 15 graders from different international institutes to determine inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability.

Results

A new IVD degeneration grading system was established and it consists of eight significant degenerative features, including nucleus pulposus (NP) shape, NP area, NP cell number, NP cell morphology, annulus fibrosus (AF) lamellar organization, AF tears/fissures/disruptions, NP‐AF border appearance, as well as endplate disruptions/microfractures and osteophyte/ossification. The validation study indicated this system was easily adopted, and able to discern different severities of degenerative changes from different rat IVD degeneration models with high reproducibility for both experienced and inexperienced graders. In addition, a widely‐accepted protocol for histological preparation of rat IVD samples based on the survey findings include paraffin embedding, sagittal orientation, section thickness < 10 μm, and staining using H&E and/or SO/FG to facilitate comparison across laboratories.

Conclusion

The proposed histological preparation protocol and grading system provide a platform for more precise comparisons and more robust evaluation of rat IVD degeneration models and interventions across laboratories.
A thermodynamic study of capillary electrochromatographic retention of aromatic hydrocarbons on a lauryl acrylate porous polymer monolithic column with measured phase ratio
Authors: Daniels Charlisa , Li Si Ying , Iba Brady , Zhao Yizhou , Kuklinski Nicholas , Bushey Michelle M.
Published: May 2021

The phase ratio of a chromatographic system is an important measurement that has long been estimated or calculated, but rarely directly measured. This study utilized a nanoflow liquid chromatography instrument to more accurately measure the phase ratio for a lauryl acrylate porous polymer monolith. Direct measurement of the phase ratio, and its dependence on temperature, allows for a better understanding of the thermodynamics of retention of small analytes. This study investigates the retention of an alkyl benzene series, toluene to octylbenzene, via capillary electrochromatography. The phase ratio was determined to be 0.202 at 303 K and 0.213 at 333 K. Using the directly measured phase ratio, entropic contributions to retention can also be obtained. Therefore, the Gibbs free energy calculations from these measurements and methods can give insight to modes of retention. The free energy of retention for toluene is –3.97 kJ/mol at 303 K and –3.78 kJ/mol at 333 K. The trends for enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy of transfer show that retention is enthalpically driven in this capillary electrochromatography (CEC) porous polymer monolith system.
Ultrasound Appearance of In Vitro Nerve Allografts and Conduits for Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction
Authors: Bianchi Stefano , Mauler Flavien
Published: May 2021

Ultrasound enables the accurate assessment of traumatic disorders of small peripheral nerves of extremities. Human nerve allografts and nerve conduits are increasingly used for the surgical treatment of nerve trauma but ultrasound reports on this field are scarce in the radiological literature. We present the macroscopic and in vitro ultrasound appearance of human allografts, and synthetic and biological conduits. In addition, we describe the ultrasound findings in some patients operated upon using the same devices. The in vitro ultrasound appearance correlated well with the macroscopic appearance of the devices. Awareness of their appearance in vitro can help sonologists when examining postsurgical patients.