bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pectinesterase, Polygalacturonase, Cx-Cellulase Activities and Softening of the rin Tomato Mutant1
Authors: Buescher R. W. , Tigchelaar E. C.
Published: September 2022

Pectinesterase (PE), polygalacturonase (PG), and cellulase (Cx form) activities and softening of 4 physiological maturities were compared in normal and rin tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mil cv. Rutgers). PG, PE, and Cx-cellulase activities increased during ripening of normal fruits. In rin fruits, PG activity was not detected, PE activity remained relatively constant, and Cxcellulase activity increased during ripening. The lack of softening in rin fruits appears to be associated with the lack of PG activity.
The Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan Millsp.), A High-protein, Tropical Bush Legume1
Authors: Morton Julia F.
Published: September 2022

One of the oldest of food crops, the pigeon pea ranks fifth in importance among edible legumes of the world and occupies first place in India. In eastern Kenya, it stands sixth among the leading food commodities. In Uganda, the pigeon pea is now declared to be the fastest-growing cash crop for canning. This legume has been a staple food in Puerto Rico and the Bahamas for generations. The domestic supply no longer meets the local demand and increasing quantities are being imported from East Africa. In many other parts of the tropics, it is a neglected crop with an unrealized potential.
Effect of Abscisic Acid on Root and Shoot Growth of Tomato1
Authors: Weston G. D.
Published: September 2022

Abscisic acid (ABA) at concentrations between 5 × 10−7 and 5 × 10−4 m, was sprayed on seedlings of ‘Sutton's Best of AH’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). ABA at 5 × 10−7 and 5 × 10−6m significantly enhanced shoot extension growth but did not markedly affect chlorophyll production. Root, but not shoot, fresh and dry weights were significantly reduced by 5 × 10−5m ABA. 5 × 10−6 and 5 × 10−5m ABA significantly reduced the root: shoot ratio.
Persistence of Ethephon to Induce Female Flowering in Cucumber1
Authors: Phatak S. C. , Cantliffe D. J.
Published: September 2022

Reciprocal bud grafts were made over various time periods from 0 to 48 hours between (2 chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon)-treated and non-treated monoecious cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) to determine the persistence of ethephon to induce pistillate (female) flowering. Ethephon had no influence on sex expression in stocks if treated scions were grafted onto non-treated stocks. If rootstocks were treated with 250 ppm ethephon in the 2-leaf stage, femaleness was increased in plants grafted within 8 hours. After that, ethephon had essentially no effect on sex expression. The number of leaves (2, 4, 6, or 8) present at the time of application did not improve the effectiveness of ethphon in promoting femaleness when grafts were made 48 hours after application.
Temperature and Photoperiod on the Growth of Ilex cornuta Lindl. et Paxt.1
Authors: Wright R. D.
Published: September 2022

‘Burfordii’ holly was grown at day/night temperature combinations of 26°/22°, 22°/18° and 18°/14°C under either a long photoperiod (LD = 9 hours + 3 hours dark interruption) or short photoperiod (SD = 9 hours). The number and growth of new shoots were significantly greater at 26°/22° than at 22°/18° and no shoot growth occurred at 18°/14°. Leaf size was significantly smaller at 26°/22° than at 22°/18°. Holly shoot growth was greater under LD than SD. No significant temperature-photoperiod interaction was observed.
Genetic Transmission of Bloom Date in Pears1
Authors: Faust Miklos , Zimmerman R. , van der Zwet T.
Published: September 2022

Various pear species bloom at different times during the spring. Pyrus calleryana Decaisne is one of the earliest and P. communis L. is one of the latest blooming species. In 1975 there were 34 days between the earliest and latest blooming clones. When species or selections with different bloom times were crossed, two generations were needed to bring the bloom time of the progeny to the bloom time of the later blooming parent. The bloom of any given progeny occurred within only 4 to 5 days. No seedling in a progeny flowered later than the later blooming parent. Discovery of late blooming germplasm is essential for the development of late blooming types of pears.
‘Velvet Rose’ Pelargonium, a Scented Geranium1
Authors: Skirvin Robert M. , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

‘Velvet Rose’ is a high polyploid, tissue culture-derived line (calliclone) from ‘Rober's Lemon Rose’, a scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Heritier ex. Alton) released for its sturdy plant type, general attractiveness, and vigor.
Influence of Budding Height on Performance of ‘Valencia’ Sweet Orange on Two Rootstocks1
Authors: Labanauskas C. K. , Bitters W. P. , McCarty C. D.
Published: September 2022

Three-year-old seedlings of Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and Troyer citrang [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf] were budded to ‘Valencia’ orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 cm above the ground level. Fruit yield was highest from trees budded at 15 cm height above the ground and tended to decrease as budding height increased. Nutrient concentrations in the leaves of trees were affected by the height of budding, but remained in an optimum range for maximum fruit production. The different rootstocks affected the nutrient concentrations in the leaves dramatically, but they still remained in an optimum range for maximum production of oranges.
Controlling Slimes of Sulfur Bacteria in Drip Irrigation Systems1
Authors: Ford Harry W.
Published: September 2022

A white sulfur slime produced by certain sulfur bacteria clogged drip irrigation emitters when the water contained H2S. Systems were cleaned by irrigating continuously for 3 weeks after first eliminating O2 leaks. After cleanout, growths of sulfur bacteria were prevented by keeping the lines full of water and free of O2 between irrigations. Intermittent injection of chlorine to yield a free residual level of 0.5 ppm prevented sulfur bacterial growths. Lowering the pH to 6.4 with SO2 or 6.0 with HCl also inhibited sulfur bacterial growths.
Fumigation of Soil Strips through a Drip Irrigation System1
Authors: Goldberg S. Dan , Uzrad M.
Published: September 2022

In the Arava desert of Israel, a drip-irrigation system was used to fumigate the soil with methyl bromide for weed control prior to seeding tomatoes. Treatments employed were 2 non-fumigated controls, one with and another without plastic covering, and 3 fumigant applied treatments, all with plastic covering but differing in method and time of aeration. Tomato yields and weed control were significantly higher in fumigated soil although within the various methyl bromide treatments weed control results were similar. Testing for uniformity of methyl bromide gas flow revealed considerable differences in residual bromine occurring between the beginning and the end of the drip lateral. By using an inlet pressure of 0.5 – 1.0 atmospheres, minimal pressure drop along the line was achieved.
Inheritance of Two Seedling Markers in Cucumber1
Authors: Abul-Hayja Z. , Williams P. H.
Published: September 2022

Spontaneous mutations, variegated virescent (vvi) and yellow plant (yp) in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), were controlled by single recessive genes recognizable in the cotyledonary stage and in mature plants.
Effects of Cold Storage Duration on Bud Dormancy and Root Regeneration of White Ash (Fraxinus americana L.) Seedlings1
Authors: Webb D. Paul
Published: September 2022

Root regeneration and time to first budbreak of two-year white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) seedlings were strongly correlated with the number of hours of chilling. Physiological dormancy of the buds was removed after approx 2500 hours of storage at 5°C and this coincided with the beginning of increased root regeneration potential. Increased periods of chilling enhanced the rate at which growth was resumed after transfer of seedlings to environmental conditions adequate for growth. The present study indicates that fall-harvested white ash seedlings can be stored at 5° at least until May without any apparent detrimental effects on root regeneration potential or seedling condition.
‘Comet’ Strawberry1
Authors: Moore J. N. , Bowden H. L. , Sistrunk W. A.
Published: September 2022

The ‘Comet’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) has been released by the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station to fill a need for an early-ripening, foliage-disease resistant cultivar adapted to Arkansas conditions. Its fruit characteristics make it a dualpurpose cultivar, suited for both fresh market and processing use (Fig. 1).
Membership Publishing Behavior and Attitude Toward ASHS Publications
Authors: Westwood M. N. , De Hertogh A. A. , Kretchman D.
Published: September 2022

Conflicting opinions have been expressed for a number of years about the use, effectiveness, and cost of HortScience and the Journal. Because of the importance of these publications, the Publications Committee decided to conduct a survey of the membership to get a more complete picture of member views and to obtain some solid facts regarding the publishing behavior of different classes of members.
Literature Citations of HortScience Authors
Authors: Pratt Charlotte , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

Range in time and fields and accuracy of references were examined for 100 research papers in HortScience. Referal to the source was difficult or impossible in 31% of the cited articles; 55% of citations contained at least one error.
In Vitro Propagation of Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl 1
Authors: Start Norah D. , Cumming Bruce G.
Published: September 2022

Small leaf-sections of African violet proliferated rudimentary shoots when explanted on a modified Murashige and Skoog's (MS) high salt medium, containing 5.4μM naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA), 22μM 6-benzylamino purine (BA), and 308μM adenine sulfate. The subdivided rudimentary shoots grew and rooted after subculturing onto a modified Morel and Muller (MM) mineral salt medium, lacking growth regulators and having a reduced sucrose concentration. Rooted plants reached the flowering stage after 4 months of greenhouse culture. A single leaf can produce approximately 500 plants, having the desirable habit of a flat-leafed rosette and the capacity to flower within about 7 months.
Amount and Kind of Growth Media in Soilless Greenhouse Tomato Production1
Authors: Adamson R. M. , Maas E. F.
Published: September 2022

Decreasing the volume of a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) sawdust growth medium from 33 to 16 liters per plant by a reduction in bed area had a relatively small effect upon greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit size or yield. Comparable yields were obtained from a 3:1 mixture of sawdust and sphagnum peat at 11 liters per plant Reducing the volume from 55 to 11 liters per plant by decreasing sawdust depth did not affect yield. A white polyethylene film covering the beds at lower volumes and depths of growth media, however, significantly increased fruit size, but not yields. Satisfactory yields were obtained from 9.2 liters per plant of sawdust, sphagnum peat or ground Douglas-fir bark in either plastic bags or in wooden-sided beds, or from either crushed expanded shale or sand in beds. The application at transplanting of a 1.25 cm sand layer on the surface of sawdust-filled bags was effective in improving moisture distribution but did not significantly increase yields.
Effect of Treatment with Calcium Ion-containing Formulations on the Firmness of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Riley Robert G. , Kolattukudy P. E.
Published: September 2022

‘Golden Delicious’ apples individually sprayed with CaCl2 solutions over a period of 9 weeks immediately prior to harvest were 1.0 kg (2.1 lb.) firmer than untreated apples at harvest time. Furthermore, this difference persisted after 9 weeks of storage. n-Decylmalonic acid, di-n-decylmalonic acid, and 9,9-dicarboxy-n-nonylmalonic acid were synthesized and the effects of these compounds on penetration of radiolabeled calcium ions into ‘Golden Delicious’ apples were determined. Only calcium di-n-decylmalonate appeared to give a higher incorporation of calcium than CaCl2 in short term (24 hr) experiments; however, when firmness tests were conducted on apples which were dipped in a thickener containing CaCl2 or calcium di-n-decylmalonate and stored for 8 weeks, the CaCl2 dipped apples were slightly firmer than those treated with calcium di-n-decylmalonate, and 0.9 kg (2.0 lb.) firmer than untreated apples. A procedure similar to this, possibly in combination with other treatments, might extend the storage lifetime of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples and, therefore, increase their commercial value.
Assimilation of Carbon-14 by Pistillate Inflorescences and Fruits of ‘Stuart’ Pecan1
Authors: Davis Joel T. , Sparks Darrell
Published: September 2022

Assimilation of 14CO2 by pistillate inflorescences and fruits of pecan [Carya illinoensis Wang (K. Koch)] was studied by autoradiography. Pistillate inflorescences and fruits assimilated 14CO2 throughout their development. The 14C assimilates were incorporated into fruit tissues.
Translocation of Ethephon in the Filbert (Corylus avellana L.)1
Authors: Kwong Francis Y. , Lagerstedt H. B.
Published: September 2022

Branch treatments with (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) on fruiting filbert trees showed that ethephon was equally effective in accelerating nut drop from bagged and treated clusters. Ethylene production in husks increased significantly after ethephon application to leaves. Ethylene production did not differ between husk applications and leaf-plus-husk applications of ethephon. Results from radioactive-tracer studies showed the presence of radioactivity in stem tips, buds, and husks when 14C-ethephon was applied to leaves. The data indicate that ethephon, or its active derivative, translocates rapidly in the filbert, as shown by radioactivity and ethylene evolution, being completed within 1 day of foliar application.
Responses of Mature Concord Grapevines to SADH in Pennsylvania1
Authors: Haeseler Carl W.
Published: September 2022

Applications of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) solutions at 125, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm during the 1967-1969 growing seasons in Erie County, Pennsylvania were not effective in increasing yields of mature ‘Concord’ grapes (Vitis labrusca L.), although the number of berries per basal cluster and cluster weights were increased significantly over the three-year experimental period. Berry weights and vine vigor were reduced significantly at the highest concentration of SADH utilized in this study. Treatments did not significantly affect the amount of fruit produced per node retained or juice quality.
Reducing Flowering Time in Aphelandra squarrosa Nees with High Pressure Sodium Lighting1
Authors: Kerbo Richard , Payne R. N.
Published: September 2022

Six weeks of continuous supplemental lighting beginning December 6 with High Pressure Sodium Lamps (69.4 watts per m2, 6.3 klx average at night) significantly reduced flower production time for aphelandra ‘Dania’ plants started November 8 in a glass greenhouse at 21°C. Six weeks of cooling at 10°C and 0.5 klx incandescent light, and a combination of 3 weeks supplemental HPS lighting and 3 weeks cooling were not effective in hastening flowering. Six weeks HPS lighting resulted in significant leaf crinkling but the plants were of acceptable commercial quality. The 6 week HPS lighting as well as the combination of 3 weeks HPS lighting and 3 weeks 10°C cooling resulted in a low percentage of blind terminal shoots.
Characterizing Apple Tree Canopies by Fisheye Photography1
Authors: Lakso A. N.
Published: September 2022

A technique for characterizing apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) tree canopies using fisheye (hemispherical) photography is described. The technique has the advantages of speed of sampling and analysis, and of providing permanent records of canopy structure. Photographs were taken inside the canopy, and the percentage sky visible determined by densitometry. The percentage sky in the photographs was correlated to the light climate at the site of the photograph.
Penetration of 59Fe through Isolated Cuticles of Citrus Leaves1
Authors: Basiouny Fouad M. , Biggs R. H.
Published: September 2022

Discs (2cm diameter) from freshly-harvested leaves of ’Pineapple’ orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) were incubated in darkness at 26 ± 2° for 72 hours in a solution containing of 4% pectinase, 0.1% cellulase, 0.1% hemicellulase and 0.2M ethylenediamine tetracetic acid (EDTA) in 2N acetate buffer, pH3.8, to isolate cuticles. Each cuticle was used as a partition between two smaU chambers, with 59Fe in one chamber and distlled water in the other. Samples were taken from the water side to determine 59Fe penetration through isolated cuticle. Greater penetration of 59Fe into cuticles and intact citrus leaves was obtained with 59FeEDTA and through adaxial surfaces than any other 59Fe formulation tested.
Improvement of Pickling Cucumber with the Determinate (de) Gene1
Authors: Prend Joseph , John Charles A.
Published: September 2022

The introduction of the dwarf characteristic (determinate small vine) from Minnesota 82.59 into gynoecious hybrids has significantly increased yield in pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Maximum yields from once-over machine harvest for certain dwarf gynoecious hybrids averaged 19.0 tons per hectare, compared to 7.0 tons for a standard gynoecious hybrid. The average number of fruit per plant was significantly greater for the dwarf hybrids than for the standard gynoecious hybrid Pioneer. The concentrated fruit set, due to the small determinate vine of the dwarf hybrids, appeared responsible for the increased yield of the dwarf gynoecious hybrids.
Minnesota 108 Pea Breeding Line1
Authors: Davis D. W. , Shehata M. A. , Bissonnette H. L.
Published: September 2022

Minnesota 108 is a breeding line of pea (Pisum sativum L.) developed by cooperative effort of the Departments of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture and Plant Pathology. This germplasm combines near-commercial type and resistance to common root rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches (Drechs.), and to fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f sp. pisi (Linford) race 1 Snyder & Hansen. It should be useful as a germplasm source for the transfer of root rot resistance to commercial cultivars by means of an improved testing technique (2).
The Next 2001 Presidential Address
Authors: Larsen R. Paul
Published: September 2022

R. Paul Larsen was born December 1, 1926 in Orem, Utah. Paul grew up on a general crop, dairy and fruit farm. He received his BS degree in Horticulture from Utah State University in 1950; MS in Horticulture from Kansas State University in 1951 and PhD in Horticulture from Michigan State University in 1955. He served one year in the Merchant Marines during World War II and served in the armed forces from 1951-1953. Dr. Larsen joined the faculty at Michigan State University as an Assistant Professor of Horticulture in 1955; was promoted to Associate Professor in 1959 and Professor in 1965. In 1968 he accepted the position of Superintendent and Horticulturist at the Tree Fruit Research Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, Washington and currently serves in that capacity.
Growth of ‘Sunny Mandalay’ Chrysanthemums in Hardwood-Bark-Amended Media as Affected by Insolubilized Poly(ethylene Oxide)1
Authors: Still Steven M.
Published: September 2022

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Sunny Mandalay plants were grown in hardwood bark media amended with various levels of insoluble poly (ethylene oxide) (Viterra Hydrogel, VH). Plants grown in rates ranging from 57–454 g/0.03 m3 required less watering, had increased shelf life, and exhibited no phytotoxicity.
Low Pressure (Hypobaric) Storage of Avocados1
Authors: Spalding Donald H. , Reeder William F.
Published: September 2022

‘Waldin’, ‘Booth 8’, and ‘Lula’ avocados (Persea americana Miller) were not acceptable when softened at 21.1 °C in air under normal pressure, if they had been stored for 4–6 weeks at 7.2-10.0°, 98-100% relative humidity, and an atmospheric pressure of 76, 152, or 760 mm Hg. ‘Waldin’ avocados were acceptable when softened after 25 days at 7.2°C and 91 mm Hg provided that storage was in 2% O2 and 10% CO2. The results suggest that atmospheres both low in O2 and high in CO2 are necessary for the successful storage of avocados under low pressure. Under these conditions the low pressure system is comparable to the standard controlled atmosphere system in which avocados are stored in 2% O2 and 10% CO2 at normal atmospheric pressure.
Determination of Moisture in Walnut Seeds by Near-infrared Spectrophotometry1
Authors: Campbell Robert C. , Martin George C.
Published: September 2022

A method is described for the rapid determination of percent water in walnut seed by use of near-infrared spectrophotometry.
Effect of Photoperiod on Endogenous Abscisic Acid in Malus and Betula1
Authors: Powell Loyd E.
Published: September 2022

Seedlings of Malus hupehensis Rehd., M. domestica Borkh. cv. Northern Spy and Betula papyrifera Marsh were grown under short and long photoperiods, with other environmental conditions being similar. M. hupehensis seedlings stopped elongation under short days (SD) and continued growth under long days (LD). There was no significant difference in abscisic acid (ABA) content in shoot tips taken from seedlings under either photoperiod. ‘Northern Spy’ seedlings ceased growth under SD, but neither did they grow vigorously under LD. Shoot tips of these seedlings were not significantly higher in ABA content when grown under SD. Betula seedlings discontinued elongation under short photoperiods, while LD promoted growth. Betula shoot tips from LD seedlings had more ABA than from seedlings grown under SD. These data do not support the hypothesis that SD causes cessation of shoot elongation by inducing a build up of ABA.
Foliar Sprays of Silicon Dioxide-containing Compound Reduce Russeting in ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Fruits1
Authors: Edgerton L. J. , Veinbrants N. , Hutchinson J. F.
Published: September 2022

Single and multiple foliar sprays of a commercial formulation containing silicon dioxide, when applied on ‘Golden Delicious’ starting at the petal fall stage, significantly reduced fruit russeting. In 4 trials the 2-spray treatment (petal fall and petal fall + 8 to 10 days) gave better control than a single application at petal fall. In a single trial a third application 21 days after petal fall gave no further reduction in russet. The treatments did not significantly alter fruit size, shape, seed number or maturity date.
Influence of Peach Seedling Rootstocks on Perennial Canker of Peach1
Authors: Layne Richard E. C.
Published: September 2022

The influence of peach seedling rootstocks on natural incidence and severity of perennial canker (Leucostoma spp.) on the peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cvs. Babygold 5, Redhaven, and Loring) was determined in their 8th year. Ratings of natural incidence and severity of canker usually were lowest on trees of these cultivars on Harrow Blood and highest on Rutgers Red Leaf rootstocks. Rootstocks influenced numbers and size of cankers on the trunks and crotches of ‘Babygold 5’ and on the main scaffolds of ‘Redhaven’. The influence of Harrow Blood rootstock on promoting a lower incidence and severity of canker was postulated to be caused by its known effect on enhancement of stem hardiness of peach cultivars.
Development of Fj Spinach Hybrids
Authors: Webb R. E. , Thomas C. E.
Published: September 2022

Until the late 1950's, the U.S. spinach industry was not a highly viable one. Cultivars were mostly of European origin, low yielding and susceptible to the internationally important downy mildew disease. Because of the uncertain future of the spinach industry, seed companies in the U.S. were not progressing toward a competitive position with seed suppliers in Europe.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilization of the Bromeliad, Aechmea fasciata Baker1
Authors: Poole Richard T. , Conover Charles A.
Published: September 2022

Grade and color of the bromeliad, Aechmea fasciata, improved with increased N. Increased K fertilization increased grade but decreased color. Phosphorus had no effect. Placement of the fertilizer solution and water in the vase of the bromeliad was not essential for the production of quality bromeliads under greenhouse conditions.
Relationship between Ethylene Level and Varietal Flavor in ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Blanpied G. D. , Blak Virginia A.
Published: September 2022

‘Delicious’ apples, (Malus domestica Borkh.) were picked at weekly intervals from trees sprayed either with succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide), with daminozide + (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) + α-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (fenoprop), and untreated. When evaluations were made 1 day and also 8 days after picking, ethylene levels for fruits lacking varietal flavor were significantly lower than ethylene levels for fruits with varietal flavor, regardless of previous hormone treatment. However, the relationship between ethylene level and the presence or absence of varietal flavor was confounded by the length of the period between harvest and analysis.
Stimulation of Ethylene and CO2 Production of Mature-green Tomatoes by Impact Bruising1
Authors: MacLeod R. F. , Kader A. A. , Morris L. L.
Published: September 2022

The severity of internal damage to mature-green tomatoes increased with the number of drops. Impact-bruised, mature-green tomatoes, (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cvs. Cal Ace and Tropic), exhibited an increase in ethylene production within 1 hour after injury. When mature-green fruits of ‘Manapal’, ‘Tropic’, ‘Cal Ace’ and ‘VFN Bush’ were impact-bruised all cultivars except ‘VFN Bush’ exhibited sustained increases in rate of ethylene and CO2 production. The magnitude of ethylene production increased with number of impacts. Ripening of bruised fruit tended to be accelerated, and titratable acidity was decreased.
× Cupressocyparis leylandii ‘Silver Dust’1
Authors: March Sylvester G.
Published: September 2022

× Cupressocyparis leylandii (Jack. & Dallim.) Dallim. ‘Silver Dust’, P.I. 405936, N.A. 38186, originated as a sport of × C. leylandii ‘Leighton Green’ Mitchell.
‘Butternut Ponca’ Squash1
Authors: Coyne Dermot P.
Published: September 2022

Butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata Duch ex Poir.) is one of the most popular types of winter squash grown in the United States. Most Butternut squash is unstable for fruit shape and mutation to crookneck fruit occurs at a high frequency. Seed stocks need to be rogued frequently in order to keep the no. of crookneck and dimorphic plants at a low level. Two cultivars, small fruited ‘New Hampshire Butternut’ (NHBN) and large fruited ‘Waltham Butternut’, stable for fruit shape have been introduced. The fruit of the former cultivar is considered to be too small for general use. ‘Waltham Butternut’ has attractive fruit shape and high yield, but is considered to have a different flavor and texture than older butternut cultivars. The purpose of my breeding program was to develop a medium size butternut squash free of the crookneck rogue and with a flavor and texture similar to ‘Butternut 23’ (Asgrow Seed Co.).
‘Butternut Patriot’ Squash1
Authors: Coyne Dermot P. , Hill Robert M.
Published: September 2022

A need exists for the introduction of a high quality, large fruited butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata Duch ex Poir) stable for fruit shape.
A Plan for National Fruit and Nut Germplasm Repositories
Authors: Brooks Howard J. , Barton Donald W.
Published: September 2022

The tremendous success of the fruit and nut breeding programs in this country has been largely due to the accessibility of a wide range of germplasm. Much of this germplasm was brought in from other countries since most fruit and nut crops are not indigenous to the U.S. Each breeder made his own arrangements and provided for his own program needs. There has been no national plan for coordinating the introduction, evaluation, maintenance, and preservation of this germplasm which requires distinctly different propagation methods than those used for seed crops. This paper describes a plan to establish a national fruit and nut germplasm repository system.
Genetic Dwarfness in Camellia L.1
Authors: Ackerman W. L.
Published: September 2022

Nine dwarf seedlings among 34 arose from interspecific hybridization between Camellia sasanqua Thunb (Plant Introduction 319285) and C. oleifera Abel (Plant Introduction 162561). One dwarf plant flowered and appears to have potential horticultural value.
Tumid Spider Mite Control on Parlor Palm Grown in Containers1
Authors: Reinert James A. , Neel P. L.
Published: September 2022

The tumid spider mite (Tetranyehus tumidus banks) is the most common and destructive spider mite species on palms in nursery and landscape plantings. Treatments with two applications of aldicarb, dienochlor, Tricychohexyltin hydroxide (Dowco-213), propargite, oxythioquinox, and hexakis (beta, beta-dimethylphenethyl)-distannoxane, (SD-14114), left less than 1 mite per 3 leaflet sample on container-grown parlor palms (Chamaedorea elegans Mart.). This degree of control was also obtained but with phytotoxicity by chlordimeform, 0-[5-chloro-1-(methylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl] 0,0-diethyl phosphorothioate (CGA-12223), oxamyl, and S-tricyclohexyltin 0, 0-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate (R-28627). Other miticides which caused significant population reduction and no phytotoxicity were acephate and tetradifon. Treatments of chlorobenzilate, dicofol, and formetanate reduced populations significantly but resulted in plant damage.
Conifer Tree Seedling Response to Nursery Soil Amended with Composted Sewage Sludge1
Authors: Gouin Francis R.
Published: September 2022

Seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) produced longer stems when grown in seedbeds amended with 224 dry MT/ha screened composted sewage sludge or top-dressed with 1 MT/ha of Osmocote 18–6–12 or 112 dry MT/ha of screened composted sewage sludge applied at the end of the first growing season. More seedlings of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were produced in soils amended with 112 dry MT/ha of unscreened composted sewage sludge than in soils amended with 448 dry MT/ha of screened composted sewage sludge or in the 0 treatment levels. Soils amended with composted sewage sludge had higher pH, Mg, and P level than soils top-dressed with Osmocote 18–6–12 and mulched with pine sawdust.
Peach Storage in a Controlled Atmosphere with Intermittent Warming: A Pilot Test Using Inexpensive Flowmeters and Plastic Bags as CA Chambers1
Authors: Anderson R. E. , Penny R. W. , Smith W. L.
Published: September 2022

Fruits of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) stored in a controlled atmosphere (CA) and intermittently warmed (IW) after 3 weeks of storage at 0°C retained better quality than did those stored in air with no warming (NW) through 6 weeks storage. Large plastic bags used as CA chambers maintained an average level of 1.4% O2 and 5.0% CO2 throughout the test. An inexpensive U tube manometer calibrated for flow rates of 3.5 to 25 liter/hr controlled the gas atmospheres within the plastic CA chambers.
Some Quality Factors of Sweet Oranges Grown in Nigeria1
Authors: Onayemi O.
Published: September 2022

Fruits of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) grown in Nigeria have acceptable quality juice that could be further processed and utilized to meet local demands, reduce importation of processed citrus products, and reduce harvest losses.
Influence of Light Intensity on Flower Initiation and Differentiation in Hybrid Geranium
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Wetzstein Hazel Y.
Published: September 2022

Actively expanding apical meristems of geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey) growing in ambient light or in 60% shade were viewed with a scanning electron microscope at weekly intervals. Floral initiation was 37 days earlier in plants receiving ambient light and differentiation time was reduced by 7 days compared with shadegrown plants. Leaves of shade-grown plants emerged more slowly and were smaller when plants were young compared with ambient light-grown plants. Flowers of shadegrown plants were smaller and fewer in number compared with ambient-grown plants, both during differentiation and at anthesis. Shade-grown plants had 22–24 nodes at flower initiation compared with 16–18 nodes in ambient-grown plants.
‘Harson’ Peach
Authors: Layne Richard E. C.
Published: September 2022

‘Harson’ is an attractive, high-quality, yellow-fleshed, freestone peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] that ripens in the midseason 2 days before ‘Redhaven’. It was introduced in 1982 for the Ontario fresh market to advance the season of ‘Redhaven’-type peaches by 2 days and reduce the gap in harvest sequence between ‘Sunhaven’ and ‘Redhaven’. The tree is of medium vigor, cold hardy, productive, and appears to have moderate field tolerance to perennial canker (Leucostoma spp.). The fruit appear to be resistant to bacterial spot [Xanthomonas pruni (E. F. Sm.) Dows.], brown rot [Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey], split pits, preharvest drop, and flesh oxidation. They are wellsuited for the fresh market, including local sales and shipping, and for preservation at home, especially as canned halves and frozen slices. Research and grower cooperators in southern Ontario and near Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia report that ‘Harson’ is performing well in their trials compared with other midseason cultivars and encouraged its introduction. This new cultivar is likely to be adapted to most regions where ‘Redhaven’ is grown successfully. The name ‘Harson’ honors T.B. Harrison for his many years of service to the Western Ontario Fruit Testing Association and the fruit industry of Ontario.
Introduction To The Symposium
Authors: Wann E. V.
Published: September 2022

Genetic engineering is a relatively recent concept in the science of genetics and plant breeding. Although systematic efforts toward genetic improvement of crop plants are as old as agriculture itself, this new concept utilizes a vastly different approach. It includes cell culture, protoplast fusion, and recombinant DNA. Indeed, genetic engineering has emerged as a result of recent advances in laboratory techniques and the knowledge of cell physiology and molecular biology. The basic research leading up to the development of this new technology was begun many years ago in laboratories devoted to studying cell physiology, plant growth regulators, and, most importantly, the structure and chemical nature of DNA, the basic unit of heredity. Simply defined, genetic engineering is the application of special techniques to modify DNA and to incorporate the restructured DNA into a suitable host for the purpose of changing its heritable characteristics.
The Application Of New Plant Biotechnology To Crop Improvement
Authors: Bliss Fredrick A.
Published: September 2022

Crop productivity is measured by the yield and quality of a commercial product used for food, feed, fiber, or fuel. Both yield and quality are complex attributes that depend on the genotype of the cultivar and vary with changes in environmental factors and production practices (Fig. 1). Crop improvement is the selection of superior genotypes with attributes that increase productivity or reduce the effects of stress factors that decrease productivity. Clear delineation of the plant characteristics that are to be modified must be included in the research objectives, if effective crop improvement is to be realized by either conventional breeding or new plant biotechnology.
Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Immature Embryos of Strawberry
Authors: Wang Dayuan , Wergin William P. , Zimmerman Richard H.
Published: September 2022

Immature zygotic embryos of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylamino purine (BA), developed morphogenically active structures formed by folding of the cotyledonary tissue on their surfaces; these structures eventually developed into somatic embryos. The frequency for initiating embryogenic tissue was highest in the presence of 5 mg/liter 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/liter BA, arid 500 mg/liter casein hydrolysate. Few of the embryogenic tissues developed into somatic embryos. Morphologically normal plants were obtained from somatic embryos that were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/liter gibberellic acid (GA3) or 0.5 mg/liter BA + 0.1 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Screening of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) for Sensitivity to Ozone
Authors: Reinert R. A. , Dunning J. A. , Heck W. W. , Benepal P. S. , Rangappa M.
Published: September 2022

Ozone (O3) is the most damaging air pollutant affecting agricultural crops in the United States and bean is one of the most O3-sensitive crop species. More than 2000 plant introductions of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were evaluated for sensitivity to O3 by exposing bean plants to 0.6 ppm O3 for 2 hours under controlled environmental conditions; 54 insensitive and 67 highly sensitive plant introductions were identified based on foliar injury symptoms.
Effects of Apple Tree Size and Canopy Density on Spray Chemical Deposit
Authors: Byers R. E. , Lyons C. G. , Yoder K. S. , Horsburgh R. L. , Barden J. A. , Donohue S. J.
Published: September 2022

Foliar copper deposits varied by a factor of 5-fold when copper was applied with an airblast sprayer at a rate of 935 liters/ha (100 gallons/acre) to trees of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Higher deposits were recorded as tree size decreased. Chemical deposit was related inversely to percentage of light penetration through the canopy.
Factors Influencing Diphenylamine Residues on Apples
Authors: Lee Shih-Lo , Velasquez Asela , Kaplan Hesh J.
Published: September 2022

When diphenylamine (DPA) bath temperature was at 35°C, DPA residue on fruit of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was higher than at bath temperatures of 5° to 21°. No significant differences in residues were found when apple temperatures were 13° or 22°; however, significantly less residue resulted when fruit were at 4°. Increasing DPA concentration in the bath from 0 to 2500 ppm increased DPA residues. Dipping time of 30 seconds was sufficient to obtain the desired residue level; dipping for longer periods did not increase DPA residue. Addition of 3% calcium chloride and 500 or 1250 ppm of a surfactant did not influence DPA uptake. Different liquid formulations provided different residues. Among the cultivars tested, ‘Delicious’ had a higher DPA residue than did ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Jonathan’, or ‘Rome Beauty’.
Microcomputer Implementation of Landscape Graphics
Authors: Suzanne Robbins N. , Gordon Halfacre R. , Robbins Kevin D.
Published: September 2022

Simplified graphics programmed on microcomputers enable instruction in landscape design to concentrate on design composition and principles rather than graphic technique. Microcomputer methodology is presented for the implementation of circle-line graphics.
Blackberry Viruses in the United States
Authors: Converse Richard H.
Published: September 2022

Virus and virus-like diseases occur on cultivated and wild blackberries (Rubus) throughout the United States. “Blackberries” in this review will include members of the Rubus subgenus Batus, as well as blackberry-raspberry (subgenus Idaeobatus) hybrids. These diseases cause recognizable symptoms or severely weaken the plants in a few cases. Most of them, however, are latent and depress plant vigor and yield only moderately. The causal agents of some of these diseases are not known, and future research may reveal that they are not viruses. The term “virus diseases” will be used hereafter to cover all graft-transmissible virus and virus-like diseases. Virus and virus-like agents (i.e., mycoplasmas, rickettsias, and viroids) will continue to cause their effects for the life of the plant and are graft-transmissible or otherwise identifiable by sap transmission, serology, or electron microscopy (14).
Developing a Mechanical Harvesting System for Blackberries
Authors: Morris Justin R.
Published: September 2022

Mechanization of the blackberry industry has been necessary due to the increasing scarcity and expense of hand-labor which threatened to eliminate blackberries as a processing crop. The Univ. of Arkansas has been a leader in this mechanization effort with the development of a tractor-drawn prototype harvester in 1964 (3, 9). The self-propelled, hydraulically driven commercial model was developed subsequently and is now a prominent harvester in the major production areas of the United States (4). A mechanical pruner for erect blackberries also was developed at the Univ. of Arkansas. This mechanization of harvesting and pruning has allowed, indeed required, the development of an efficient new integrated production system for blackberries (7, 8, 9).
In Vitro Propagation of Camellia japonica Seedlings
Authors: Samartin A. , Vieitez A. M. , Vieitez E.
Published: September 2022

Shoot tip explants from 4- to 5-month-old plants of camellia (Camellia japonica L.) were cultured in vitro on Murashige and Skoog’s mineral medium (MS) containing 6-benzylamino purine (BA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), and 20 mg/liter adenine sulphate. Best shoot proliferation occurred in the presence of 1 mg/liter BA; kinetin had no effect on shoot multiplication either alone or in combination with BA. Root initiation was induced by dipping the basal ends of the in vitro-grown shoots in concentrated solutions of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and subsequent transfer to a basal medium with no growth regulators. The best rooting results (90%) were obtained using immersion in 0.5 g/liter IBA for 20 min. Plantlets transferred to soil developed normally.
In Vitro Propagation of ‘Canino’ Apricot
Authors: Snir Iona
Published: September 2022

Propagation of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) has been achieved using several media for establishment, shoot development, and rooting. Most of the rooted plants were established successfully outdoors.
Screening of Egyptian Apricot Seedlings for Response to Salinity
Authors: Hassan M. M. , Catlin P. B.
Published: September 2022

Individual Egyptian apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) seedlings differed considerably in their response to 87 and 174 mm NaCl in nutrient solution supplied to roots. Wilting and/or necrosis of leaves were indices of sensitivity and survival. Damage occurred sooner, and more plants were affected at 174 mm salt. Some seedlings survived longer than others at both levels of NaCl. Root systems were reduced with prolonged treatment and some root death appeared to occur. Root damage occurred in some plants before toxicity symptoms appeared on leaves. Attempts to identify further apricot germplasm with improved tolerance to salinity appear warranted.
Rapid Multiplication of Peach Seedlings by Herbaceous Stem Cuttings
Authors: Okie W. R.
Published: September 2022

Two-node stem cuttings of 23- to 79-day-old seedlings of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] rooted readily under mist in 3 weeks and rooted better than 1-node cuttings. Cuttings from young seedlings rooted well without leaf-trimming or hormone treatments. Rooting of cuttings from lower nodes of older seedlings was improved by an indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) dip. Soil mix (1 soil : 1 peat : 1 vermiculite, by volume), Metro-Mix 300, vermiculite, and peat pellets all allowed adequate rooting in contrast to sand. Slow-release fertilizer improved root growth. Survival rates of 70–95% were obtained using vigorous young stock plants, 2-node cuttings, and soil mix plus Osmocote. Subsequent growth appeared similar to seedling growth.
Pruning Technique Affects Dieback and Cytospora Infection in Peach Trees
Authors: Wilson Charles L. , Miller Stephen S. , Otto Brian E. , Eldridge B. Joe
Published: September 2022

The degree of Cytospora infection, gumming, and internal discoloration was significantly influenced by the type of pruning cuts used on 10-year-old ‘Loring’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees. Time of pruning did not affect gumming or Cytospora infection. Pruning cuts which leave a raised collar of tissue at the branch junction resulted in the least infection, external dieback, and internal discoloration.
Estimating Daily Water Use for Potted Chrysanthemum Using Pan Evaporation and Plant Height
Authors: Stanley C. D. , Harbaugh B. K.
Published: September 2022

Daily water use for potted Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat. ‘Spirit’ was estimated from pan evaporation and plant height data collected over 2 seasons using 3 different growing environments (glass greenhouse, saranhouse, and outside—no structure). Regression equations derived using pan evaporation and plant height were not significantly improved with the inclusion of plant width as an additional variable to estimate water use.
Translocation of Glyphosate in Cirsium arvense
Authors: Beuerman Deborah S. N. , Hensley David L. , Carpenter Philip L.
Published: September 2022

The extent and time required for translocation of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] was determined by application to single shoots of a rhizome system and detachment of treated shoots at intervals. Glyphosate caused more extensive injury to Canada thistle at the 2.8 × 10−2 m rate than the 1.4 × 10−2 m rate. Emersing an entire shoot was more injurious than emersing a single leaf. Enough glyphosate had entered the plants to cause injury to the entire plant 3 hours after a single leaf dip. Injury of untreated, rhizome-connected shoots required 3 to 4 hours for glyphosate to move from the emersed shoot to the untreated shoot. Injury in the field occurred circularly from the point of application, and effective control extended 30 cm beyond sprayed areas between nursery rows.
‘Vermont Sun’ Forsythia
Authors: Pellett Norman E. , Brainerd Kim E.
Published: September 2022

Forsythia is a popular plant for the landscape in many regions of the northern hemisphere. Inadequate cold hardiness of flower buds often results in few spring flowers on most cultivars in northern regions. Forsythia mandschurica Uyeki has flowered every year since 1970 at the University of Vermont Horticultural Research Center (3). This species is described in Chinese language with a plate of herbarium specimens and a plant distribution map (2).
Specificity and Interaction among Auxins, Light, and pH in Rooting of Australian Woody Species in Vitro
Authors: Williams Richard R. , Taji Acram M. , Bolton Janet A.
Published: September 2022

A number of Australian woody species are shown to differ widely in adventitious root production in vitro in response to the type and combination of hormones applied, although the most effective combinations usually included IBA. Shoots of Eremophila lanii F. Muell produced roots on a medium containing cytokinins and no auxin. Two species, Prostanthera striatiflora F.v.M and Correa decumbens F.v.M., required reduced pH and a period of darkness for root induction, whereas these conditions inhibited Grevillea biternata Meissner. There also is an interaction among hormone treatment, media pH, and the effect of continuous light vs. a period of darkness. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); naphthhalene acetic acid (NAA); indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); B-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA); 6-furylaminopurine (KIN); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Electrolyte Leakage and Ethylene Production Induced by Chilling Injury of Papayas
Authors: Chan Harvey T. , Sanxter Suzanne , Couey H. Melvin
Published: September 2022

Papayas (Carica papaya L.) were stored at 5° or 10°C for 1, 4, 7, 14, or 21 days. Chilling injury was detectable as visible skin discolorations after 4 days at 5°. Differences in electrolyte leakage and Hunter “L” values between fruit stored at 5° and 10° were not significant until after 7 days of storage. Fruit stored at 5° for more than 4 days also produced more ethylene upon transfer to warmer temperatures than did fruit stored at 10°. Differences in ethylene production between fruit stored under chilling temperatures, 5°, and nonchilling temperatures, 10°, increased with length of storage. Papayas chilled for 14 days at 5° retained a capacity to convert ACC to ethylene.