bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Navigating the Uncertain Terrain: Venezuela’s Future Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Framework—A Systematic Review
Authors: Lescher Soto Isaias , Villamizar Alicia , Olivares Barlin O. , Gutiérrez María Eugenia , Nagy Gustavo J.
Published: July 2024

We investigate Venezuela’s potential “futures” under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) through a systematic literature review, including systematic mapping and thematic analysis of 50 scientific articles. We categorised the SSP scenarios into two generational categories and classified the outcomes into positive, negative, and neutral futures. Under first-generation SSP scenarios, increasing poverty could be reversed, and the country’s economic growth could be stimulated by adopting unambitious climate measures. However, second-generation SSP scenarios paint a more challenging picture. They suggest that Venezuela could face heat waves, droughts, an increase in diseases, loss of biodiversity, and an increase in invasive species and pests during the remainder of the 21st century as a direct consequence of climate change. Venezuela’s geographic and topographic diversity could exacerbate these impacts of climate change. For instance, coastal areas could be at risk of sea-level rise and increased storm surges, while mountainous regions could experience more frequent and intense rainfall, leading to landslides and flash floods. The urgency of conducting additional research on the factors that could influence the severity of climate change’s impact, considering Venezuela’s geographic and topographic diversity, cannot be overstated. We also identified the critical need to explore alternative paths to move away from the current extractive development model. The potential actions in this regard could be instrumental in aligning the country with global adaptation and mitigation commitments.
Advancing Atomic Force Microscopy: Design of Innovative IP-Dip Polymer Cantilevers and Their Exemplary Fabrication via 3D Laser Microprinting
Authors: Gaso Peter , Jandura Daniel , Bulatov Sergii , Pudis Dusan , Goraus Matej
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the design and fabrication of new types of polymer-based cantilevers for atomic force microscopy. The design and fabrication are aimed at the capability of 3D laser microprinting technology based on two-photon polymerization on a standard silicon substrate. IP-Dip commercial material from the Nanoscribe company was used for the fabrication of the designed cantilevers. The fabricated microprinted cantilevers facilitate precise manipulation at the nanoscopic scale, which is essential for studying nanomaterials’ mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. The cantilevers’ flexibility allows for the integration of functional elements such as piezoelectric layers and optical fibers, enabling combined measurements of multiple physical parameters. Various cantilever geometries, including rectangular and V-shaped, are examined, and their resonance frequencies are calculated. The experimental process involves preparing the cantilevers on a silicon substrate and coating them with aluminum for enhanced reflectivity and conductivity. Scanning electron microscope analysis documents the precise form of prepared polymer cantilevers. The functionality of the probes is validated by scanning a step-height standard grating. This study demonstrates the versatility and precision of the fabricated cantilevers, showcasing their potential for large-area scans, living cell investigation, and diverse nanotechnology applications.
Effect of NOX and SOX Contaminants on Corrosion Behaviors of 304L and 316L Stainless Steels in Monoethanolamine Aqueous Amine Solutions
Authors: Lamprou Eleni , Stergioudi Fani , Skordaris Georgios , Michailidis Nikolaos , Nessi Evie , Papadopoulos Athanasios I. , Seferlis Panagiotis
Published: July 2024

This work is devoted to evaluating the corrosion behaviors of SS 304L and SS 316L in monoethanolamine solutions (MEA) containing SOX and NOX pollutants, examining both lean and CO2-loaded conditions at 25 °C and 40 °C. Electrochemical techniques (potentiodynamic and cyclic polarization) were used along with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Confocal Microscopy and weight loss measurements. The results reveal that the introduction of SOX and NOX pollutants increased the corrosion rate, whereas CO2 loading primarily reduced the corrosion resistance in the lean MEA solution, while its impact on solutions with SOX and NOX was less pronounced. This suggests that SOX and NOX play primary roles in the metal’s dissolution. Also, SS 316L demonstrated superior corrosion resistance compared to 304L in nearly all of the cases examined. Elevated temperatures were also found to intensify the corrosion rate, indicating a correlation between the corrosion rate and temperature. A microscopic observation and EDX analysis revealed that corrosion products are characterized by high concentrations of iron (Fe) and oxygen (O) as well as carbon (C). There is also an indication of the possible formation of amine complexes, suggesting a potential for amine degradation. No pitting corrosion was observed in SS 304L and SS 316L across any tested solution. Finally, the immersion results expose a tendency for passivity in all amine solutions and at both temperatures after several days of exposure. Moreover, they confirm the very low corrosion rate calculated from potentiodynamic curves due to minimal weight loss after 24 days of immersion.
The Influence of Bias Voltage on the Structure and Properties of TiZrNbMo Coating Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Romaniuk Svitlana , Nowakowska-Langier Katarzyna , Strzelecki Grzegorz Witold , Mulewska Katarzyna , Minikayev Roman
Published: July 2024

TiZrNbMo coatings have been deposited using the direct current pulsed magnetron sputtering method in an argon atmosphere. The synthesis processes have been conducted under various process parameters. The structure (chemical and phase composition) and mechanical properties of the obtained multicomponent coatings are investigated as a function of plasma modulation frequency (10 Hz and 1000 Hz) and substrate bias (0 to −150 V). It is the case that an increase in the substrate bias decreases the deposition rate and alters the coating’s chemical composition. The latter leads to a Ti concentration decrease and a simultaneous increase in Mo and Nb concentrations in the final coating material. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate a single-phase BCC structure, with grain size decreasing as substrate bias increases. This ultimately forms an amorphous–nanocrystalline structure at −150 V. The mechanical properties of the multicomponent TiZrNbMo coatings have been determined using the nanoindentation method. The maximum values of hardness (13.45 GPa) and elastic modulus (188.6 GPa) are achieved at a substrate bias of −150 V. We also show that the minimum elastic modulus (41.8 GPa) is achieved at an intermediate substrate bias of −100 V.
Exploring Preliminary Biocompatibility Testing in Coating Development
Authors: Postema Rick M. , Sims Cory B. , Fyfe Michael J. , Tan Xiaohong , Wildschutte Hans , Furgal Joseph C.
Published: July 2024

Material testing, particularly in biological applications, can be an extensive endeavor leading to a significant investment of resources. This article details a simple material and coating testing assay series that provides insights into leaching, antibacterial, antifouling, and foul-release characteristics. The results of these methods can guide future research, applications, and development efforts by providing data from which to make informed decisions. A material or coating can be quickly assessed in industrial and academic settings with minimal resources by employing a set of benign, single-species direct-contact toxicity assays and simple spectroscopic and microscopic analysis methods. Herein, we demonstrate how this series of biological assays may be utilized and the potential interpretations of the results by using two-hybrid organo-silicon-based coatings.
CMC-Ca(OH)2-TiO2 Nanocomposite for Paper Relics Multifunctional Restoration: Strengthening, Deacidification, UV Effect Resistance, and Antimicrobial Protection
Authors: Li Jing , Ma Ruiwen , Wu Peng , Quan Min
Published: July 2024

In recent years, the demand for the protection and restoration of cultural heritage has become increasingly urgent. Particularly for paper-based cultural relics such as ancient books and paintings, their restoration is especially important due to their unique nature and susceptibility to environmental damage. Among various restoration materials, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) has been widely studied and applied in the protection of paper-based cultural relics. However, commercial Ca(OH)2 materials have issues such as a large particle size and slow carbonation. In order to address these issues, this study employed carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a support, on which nano-sized Ca(OH)2 crystals were grown in situ on its surface, followed by loading with TiO2 nanoparticles, successfully preparing a multifunctional paper-based cultural relic restoration material with reinforcement, deacidification, anti-aging, and antimicrobial properties. It is worth noting that by in situ growing Ca(OH)2 on the surface of CMC, particle size control, uniform dispersion, and the fixation of Ca(OH)2 can be achieved. CMC is used to enhance the mechanical strength of the paper, Ca(OH)2 is used for deacidification, and TiO2 is used for anti-aging and antimicrobial purposes. This study provides a new approach and method for the restoration of paper-based cultural relics, simplifying traditional multi-step processes and avoiding potential impacts on the cultural relics from multiple repairs.
Effects of Wind Speed and Heat Flux on De-Icing Characteristics of Wind Turbine Blade Airfoil Surface
Authors: Zhang Ting , Lian Yangyang , Xu Zhi , Li Yan
Published: July 2024

The icing on wind turbines reduces their aerodynamic performance and can cause other safety issues. Accordingly, in this paper, the de-icing characteristics of a wind turbine blade airfoil under different conditions are investigated using numerical simulation. The findings indicate that when the de-icing time is 10 s, the peak ice thickness on the leading edge of the airfoil surface decreases from 0.28 mm to 0.068 mm and from 0.77 mm to 0.45 mm at low (5 m/s) and high (15 m/s) wind speeds, respectively. This is due to the fact that the ice melting rate is much greater than the icing rate at low wind speeds, while the icing rate increases at high wind speeds. When the de-icing time is 20 s, ice accretion on the leading edge of the airfoil is completely melted. At a low heat flux (8000 W/m2) and high heat flux (12,000 W/m2), the peak ice thickness decreases by 31.2% and 64.9%, respectively. With an increase in de-icing time and heat flux, the peak thickness of runback ice increases. This is due to an increase in runback ice as a result of more ice melting on the leading edge of the airfoil. The surface temperature in the ice-free area is significantly higher than that in the ice-melting area, due to high thermal resistance in the ice-free area. This study will provide guidance for the thermal distribution and coating layout of a wind turbine blade airfoil to make the anti-/de-icing technology more efficient and energy-saving.
Enhancing Wear Resistance of A390 Aluminum Alloy: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Thermal Sprayed WC, CrC, and Al2O3 Coatings
Authors: Bang Jaehui , Lee Eunkyung
Published: July 2024

This study comparatively analyzed the wear characteristics and adhesion properties of 86WC–10Co–4Cr (WC) coatings deposited using the high velocity oxygen fuel process and 75Cr3C2–25NiCr (CrC) and Al2O3–3TiO2 (Al2O3) coatings deposited using the atmospheric plasma spray process on an A390 aluminum alloy substrate. The adhesion strength and wear test results demonstrated that the WC coating exhibited superior wear resistance. In contrast, the CrC and Al2O3 coatings showed lower adhesion properties and unstable frictional variations due to a higher number of defects compared to the WC coating. The WC coating layer, protected by WC particles, exhibited minimal damage and a low wear rate, followed by CrC and Al2O3. Ultimately, WC coating is highlighted as the optimal choice to enhance the wear resistance of A390 aluminum alloy.
Anatomy of the Painting: The Study of the Serbian Orthodox Icon from the Turn of the Seventeenth to the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Gajić-Kvaščev Maja , Klisurić Olivera , Andrić Velibor , Ridolfi Stefano , Nikolić Olivera , Pavlović Vladimir , Korolija Crkvenjakov Daniela
Published: July 2024

The paper presents the results of the multi-analytical study of the painting on a panel from the icon collection of the Gallery of Matica srpska museum in Novi Sad, Serbia. It is part of the research aiming to set the methodology for the museum’s database on artistic materials and techniques present in the collection. Computer tomography (CT) scanning was used to understand the structure of the wooden panel support. Ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IC) imaging, as well as visible (VIS) macro photography, were used to study the paint layer, both the original part and restoration treatments, as well as the coat of varnish. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the pigments, binders, and metal leaf, defining the artistic technique. Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to disclose the stratigraphy and composition of layers in the artwork. The multi-analytical approach confirmed that protein-based binder, gilding, silver leaf, and traditional pigments were used. The data gathered from this research are important for studying the artistic materials and techniques in icon production and defining the methodology setting for the museum collection’s databases as the reference material.
Activity of Fluoride Varnishes Containing Micrometric or Nanosized Sodium Trimetaphosphate against Early Enamel Erosive Lesions In Vitro
Authors: Báez-Quintero Liliana Carolina , Pessan Juliano Pelim , Nagata Mariana Emi , Guisso Luigi Pedrini , Delbem Alberto Carlos Botazzo , Rios Daniela , Sampaio Caio , Hosida Thayse Yumi
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to assess the effects of fluoridated varnishes supplemented with micrometric or nanosized sodium trimetaphosphate (TMPmicro or TMPnano, respectively) against enamel softening in an early erosive model in vitro. Bovine enamel blocks (with mean surface hardness [SH] between 330.0 and 380.0 kgf/mm2) were selected and randomly assigned according to their SH (n = 8) into the following groups: Placebo (no fluoride/TMP; negative control), 5% NaF (positive control), 5% NaF + 5%TMPmicro, 5% NaF + 2.5%TMPnano and 5% NaF + 5%TMPnano. Blocks received a single application of the varnishes and were immersed in artificial saliva (6 h). Thereafter, the varnishes were removed and the blocks were subjected to four individual erosive challenges (1 min, citric acid, 0.75%, pH = 3.5, under agitation); SH was determined after each challenge. Data were subjected to ANOVA and Student–Newman–Keuls’ test (p < 0.05). Overall, the highest %SH loss was observed for the Placebo, followed by 5% NaF, 5% NaF + 5% TMPmicro, and both varnishes containing TMPnano, without significant differences between 2.5% and 5% TMPnano. It was concluded that TMP enhanced the effects of a 5% NaF varnish against enamel softening in an early erosive model in vitro, with an additional benefit from the use of nanoparticles over microparticles.
Using Artificial Intelligence to Predict the Aerodynamic Properties of Wind Turbine Profiles
Authors: Malecha Ziemowit , Sobczyk Adam
Published: July 2024

This study describes the use of artificial intelligence to predict the aerodynamic properties of wind turbine profiles. The goal was to determine the lift coefficient for an airfoil using its geometry as input. Calculations based on XFoil were taken as a target for the predictions. The lift coefficient for a single case scenario was set as a value to find by training an algorithm. Airfoil geometry data were collected from the UIUC Airfoil Data Site. Geometries in the coordinate format were converted to PARSEC parameters, which became a direct feature for the random forest regression algorithm. The training dataset included 60% of the base dataset records. The rest of the dataset was used to test the model. Five different datasets were tested. The results calculated for the test part of the base dataset were compared with the actual values of the lift coefficients. The developed prediction model obtained a coefficient of determination ranging from 0.83 to 0.87, which is a good prognosis for further research.
Transforming Digital Marketing with Generative AI
Authors: Islam Tasin , Miron Alina , Nandy Monomita , Choudrie Jyoti , Liu Xiaohui , Li Yongmin
Published: July 2024

The current marketing landscape faces challenges in content creation and innovation, relying heavily on manually created content and traditional channels like social media and search engines. While effective, these methods often lack the creativity and uniqueness needed to stand out in a competitive market. To address this, we introduce MARK-GEN, a conceptual framework that utilises generative artificial intelligence (AI) models to transform marketing content creation. MARK-GEN provides a comprehensive, structured approach for businesses to employ generative AI in producing marketing materials, representing a new method in digital marketing strategies. We present two case studies within the fashion industry, demonstrating how MARK-GEN can generate compelling marketing content using generative AI technologies. This proposition paper builds on our previous technical developments in virtual try-on models, including image-based, multi-pose, and image-to-video techniques, and is intended for a broad audience, particularly those in business management.
Improve Parallel Resistance of Hashcash Tree
Authors: Alviano Mario , Gabriele Giada
Published: July 2024

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks remain a persistent threat to online systems, necessitating continual innovation in defense mechanisms. In this work, we present an improved algorithm for mitigating DoS attacks through the augmentation of client puzzle protocols. Building upon the foundation of hashcash trees, a recently proposed data structure combining hashcash and Merkle trees, we introduce a new version of the data structure that enhances resistance against parallel computation (a common tactic employed by attackers). By incorporating the labels of children and the next node in a breadth-first traversal into the hash function, we establish a sequential processing order that inhibits parallel node evaluation. The added dependency on the next node significantly elevates the complexity of constructing hashcash trees, introducing a linear number of synchronization points and fortifying resilience against potential attacks. Empirical evaluation demonstrates the efficacy of our approach, showcasing its ability to accurately control puzzle difficulty while bolstering system security against DoS threats.
Coercivity of (Fe0.7Co0.3)2B Nanowire and Its Bonded Magnet
Authors: Liu Xubo , Nlebedim Ikenna C.
Published: July 2024

(Fe0.7Co0.3)2B are potential permanent magnets material due to its large saturation magnetization and high Curie temperature. However, it has moderate magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) and low coercivity. One way to improve its coercivity is to combine the contributions from magnetocrystalline- and magnetic-shape anisotropy by preparing (Fe0.7Co0.3)2B nanowires. We study the effects of size, morphology, and surface defects on the hard magnetic properties of nanowires using micromagnetic simulation. The hard magnetic properties of (Fe0.7Co0.3)2B nanowire-bonded magnets are estimated, including the role of inter-wire magnetostatic interaction. By considering the existence of local reductions in MCA energy of up to 30% on the surface layer of nanowires, the anisotropic bonded magnet with a 65% vol. of (Fe0.7Co0.3)2B nanowires would have typical remanence, Br= 7.6–8.4 kG, coercivity, Hci= 9.6–9.9 kOe, and maximum energy product, (BH)m = 14–17.8 MGOe. Developing effective technology for synthesizing nanowires and fabricating corresponding bonded magnets is promising for manufacturing practical magnets based on the magnetic phase with a relatively low or moderate MCA, such as (Fe0.7Co0.3)2B.
The Diversity of MOF Structures and Their Impact on Photoelectrochemical Sensors for Monitoring Environmental Pollution
Authors: Luty-Błocho Magdalena , Podborska Agnieszka
Published: July 2024

The problem of environmental pollution is one of the most important in the modern world. Pollution causes an increase in human diseases, the extinction of many species of plants and animals, global warming, and many weather anomalies. One of the great challenges for scientists is the development of methods for monitoring and removing the emerging pollutants. This review focuses on Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and their use as working material to construct different types of sensors for application in environmental pollution monitoring. In particular, the detection of heavy metals (mercury, lead, and arsenic) and organic compounds (drugs, biomolecules, and pesticides) are considered. The collected data show that photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors based on MOFs are the most fascinating materials due to various combinations (e.g., surface modification) and operational possibilities. PEC sensors achieve enormous sensitivity, which increases even to the pico level, making it the best tool in sensing applications. This review also highlights the main sensor challenges. Most of them are concerned with the possibility of reusing the sensor, its regeneration, and safe disposal. In addition, more attention should be paid to the sensor manufacturing process, which often uses toxic compounds, and research to eliminate them in favor of non-toxic compounds.
Ultrasound Appearance of Intravascular Uterine Smooth Muscle Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential (STUMP): A Case Report
Authors: Montik Nina , Grelloni Camilla , Filosa Alessandra , Goteri Gaia , Di Giuseppe Jacopo , Natalini Leonardo , Ciavattini Andrea
Published: July 2024

A 43-year-old patient with a history of uterine fibromatosis was referred to our hospital for menometrorrhagia and pelvic pain. At the pelvic ultrasound, a highly-vascularized myometrial lesion in volumetric increase was described. An elongated, solid, hypoechoic, painless, and highly vascularized left parauterine mass was identified. On histological examination, a uterine smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) with intravascular invasion of the left uterine vein was diagnosed. The adnexa and peritoneum were free of disease. On a retrospective evaluation of the ultrasound images, we noticed that the intravascular lesion showed sonographic features comparable to the original mass. Moreover, the Color Doppler (CD) analysis revealed an interrupted blood flow within the left uterine vein. In this case, the ultrasound proved to be an accurate diagnostic tool. When inhomogeneous uterine masses are suspected, and a parauterine/paraadnexal mass surrounded by irregular vessels are identified, the sonographer should take into account a risk of intravascular invasion. The patency of uterine and ovarian vessels should be accurately evaluated, to guide a tailored patient surgical approach.
The Role of Biomarkers in HPV-Positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Towards Precision Medicine
Authors: Krsek Antea , Baticic Lara , Sotosek Vlatka , Braut Tamara
Published: July 2024

Head and neck cancer (HNC) represents a significant global health challenge, with squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) accounting for approximately 90% of all HNC cases. These malignancies, collectively referred to as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), originate from the mucosal epithelium lining the larynx, pharynx, and oral cavity. The primary risk factors associated with HNSCC in economically disadvantaged nations have been chronic alcohol consumption and tobacco use. However, in more affluent countries, the landscape of HNSCC has shifted with the identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly HPV-16, as a major risk factor, especially among nonsmokers. Understanding the evolving risk factors and the distinct biological behaviors of HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC is critical for developing targeted treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes in this complex and diverse group of cancers. Accurate diagnosis of HPV-positive HNSCC is essential for developing a comprehensive model that integrates the molecular characteristics, immune microenvironment, and clinical outcomes. The aim of this comprehensive review was to summarize the current knowledge and advances in the identification of DNA, RNA, and protein biomarkers in bodily fluids and tissues that have introduced new possibilities for minimally or non-invasive cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and assessment of therapeutic responses.
Synthesis and Regulation of miRNA, Its Role in Oncogenesis, and Its Association with Colorectal Cancer Progression, Diagnosis, and Prognosis
Authors: Rac Monika
Published: July 2024

The dysfunction of several types of regulators, including miRNAs, has recently attracted scientific attention for their role in cancer-associated changes in gene expression. MiRNAs are small RNAs of ~22 nt in length that do not encode protein information but play an important role in post-transcriptional mRNA regulation. Studies have shown that miRNAs are involved in tumour progression, including cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and tumour angiogenesis and invasion, and play a complex and important role in the regulation of tumourigenesis. The detection of selected miRNAs may help in the early detection of cancer cells, and monitoring changes in their expression profile may serve as a prognostic factor in the course of the disease or its treatment. MiRNAs may serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as potential therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence for an epigenetic interaction between DNA methylation and miRNA expression in tumours. This article provides an overview of selected miRNAs, which are more frequently expressed in colorectal cancer cells, suggesting an oncogenic nature.
Safe Zones for Facial Fillers: Anatomical Study of SubSMAS Spaces in Asians
Authors: Hong Gi-Woong , Hu Hyewon , Park Youngjin , Park Hyun Jin , Yi Kyu-Ho
Published: July 2024

The study “Spaces of the Face for Filler Procedures: Identification of subSMAS Spaces Based on Anatomical Study” explores the anatomy of facial spaces crucial for safe and effective filler injections. By delineating the subSMAS (sub-superficial musculoaponeurotic system) spaces, this research highlights how these virtual compartments, bordered by fat, muscles, fascia, and ligaments, facilitate independent muscle movement and reduce the risk of damaging critical structures. The thicker and more robust skin of East Asians necessitates deeper filler injections, emphasizing the significance of accurately identifying these spaces. A cadaver study with dyed gelatin validated the existence and characteristics of these subSMAS spaces, confirming their safety for filler procedures. Key spaces, such as the subgalea-frontalis, interfascial and temporalis, and prezygomatic spaces, were examined, illustrating safe zones for injections. The findings underscore the importance of anatomical knowledge for enhancing facial aesthetics while minimizing complications. This study serves as a guide for clinicians to perform precise and safe filler injections, providing a foundation for further research on the dynamic interactions of these spaces and long-term outcomes.
Comparative Analysis of Four Different Intraoral Scanners: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Ciocan Lucian Toma , Vasilescu Vlad Gabriel , Răuță Sabina-Ana , Pantea Mihaela , Pițuru Silviu-Mirel , Imre Marina
Published: July 2024

(1) Background: Intraoral scanners undergo rapid advancements in hardware and software, prompting frequent updates by manufacturers. (2) Aim: This study aimed to quantitatively assess the precision of full dental arch digital impressions obtained from four different intraoral scanners: Trios 5—3SHAPE, Copenhagen, Denmark, CEREC Primescan— Dentsply Sirona, New York, NY, USA, Planmeca Emerald S—Planmeca Oy, Helsinki, Finland, and Medit i700—Medit Corp, Seoul, Republic of Korea. (3) Methods: A maxillary virtual dental model (digital master model) was created in accordance with ISO standard 20896-1. Subsequently, a 3D-printed model was obtained from the master model’s STL file and scanned 15 times consecutively with each scanner. STL files were aligned with the master model’s STL using Medit Link—Medit Design software v.3.1.0. The accuracy was evaluated by measuring deviations in micrometers between each scanner’s scans and the master model. (4) Results: The study revealed variations in accuracy ranging from 23 to 32 µm across scans of the same dental arch, irrespective of the scanner used and scanning strategy employed. The anterior regions exhibited higher precision (Mean Absolute Deviation of 112 µm) compared to the posterior regions (Mean Absolute Deviation of 127 µm). Trios 5 demonstrated the smallest deviation (average 112 µm), indicating superior accuracy among the scanners tested. Emerald S and Medit i700 exhibited balanced performance (average 117 µm and 114 µm, respectively), while Primescan consistently displayed high deviation (average 127 µm). (5) Conclusions: Based on clinically accepted thresholds for accuracy in intraoral scanning, which are typically 200 µm for full arch scans, Trios 5 surpasses these benchmarks with its average deviation falling within the 200 µm range. Emerald S and Medit i700 also meet these standards, while Primescan, although showing high overall deviation, approaches the upper limit of clinical acceptability. Considering the limitations of an in vitro investigation, the findings demonstrate that each intraoral scanner under evaluation is capable of reliably and consistently capturing a full arch scan for dentate patients.
Combined Rotating Ultra-High-Resolution Spectral Domain OCT and Scheimpflug Imaging for In Vivo Corneal Optical Biopsy
Authors: Ambrósio Jr. Renato , Esporcatte Louise Pellegrino G. , de Carvalho Karolyna Andrade , Salomão Marcella Q. , Pereira-Souza Amanda Luiza , Lopes Bernardo T. , Machado Aydano P. , Marschall Sebastian
Published: July 2024

Purpose: This article introduces the Pentacam® Cornea OCT (optical coherence tomography). This advanced corneal imaging system combines rotating ultra-high-resolution spectral domain OCT with sub- 2-micron axial resolution and Scheimpflug photography. The purpose of this study is to present the first experience with the instrument and its potential for corneal diagnostics, including optical biopsy. Methods: In this prospective study, the Pentacam® Cornea OCT was used to image the corneas of seven patients. The novel wide-angle pericentric scan system enables optimal OCT imaging performance for the corneal layer structure over the entire width of the cornea, including the limbal regions. A detailed analysis of the resulting images assessed the synergism between the OCT and Scheimpflug photography. Results: The Pentacam® Cornea OCT demonstrated significantly improved image resolution and ability to individualize corneal layers with high quality. There is a synergism between the OCT high-definition signal to individualize details on the cornea and Scheimpflug photography to detect and quantify corneal scattering. The noncontact exam was proven safe, user-friendly, and effective for enabling optical biopsy. Conclusions: Pentacam® Cornea OCT is an advancement in corneal imaging technology. The ultra-high-resolution spectral domain OCT and Scheimpflug photography provide unprecedented detail and resolution, enabling optical biopsy and improving the understanding of corneal pathology. Further studies are necessary to compare and analyze the tomographic reconstructions of the cornea with the different wavelengths, which may provide helpful information for diagnosing and managing corneal diseases.
Anatomical Variants of the Origin of the Coronary Arteries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence
Authors: Fuenzalida Juan José Valenzuela , Becerra-Rodriguez Emelyn Sofia , Quivira Muñoz Alonso Sebastián , Baez Flores Belén , Escalona Manzo Catalina , Orellana-Donoso Mathias , Nova-Baeza Pablo , Suazo-Santibañez Alejandra , Bruna-Mejias Alejandro , Sanchis-Gimeno Juan , Gutiérrez-Espinoza Héctor , Granite Guinevere
Published: July 2024

Purpose: The most common anomaly is an anomalous left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery. These variants can be different and depend on the location as well as how they present themselves in their anatomical distribution and their symptomatological relationship. For these reasons, this review aims to identify the variants of the coronary artery and how they are associated with different clinical conditions. Methods: The databases Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS were researched until January 2024. Two authors independently performed the search, study selection, and data extraction. Methodological quality was evaluated using an assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA). Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model. Results: A total of 39 studies met the established selection criteria. In this study, 21 articles with a total of 578,868 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The coronary artery origin variant was 1% (CI = 0.8–1.2%). For this third sample, the funnel plot graph showed an important asymmetry, with a p-value of 0.162, which is directly associated with this asymmetry. Conclusions: It is recommended that patients whose diagnosis was made incidentally and in the absence of symptoms undergo periodic controls to prevent future complications, including death. Finally, we believe that further studies could improve the anatomical, embryological, and physiological understanding of this variant in the heart.
Distance-Enhanced Hybrid Hierarchical Modulation and QAM Modulation Schemes for UAV Terahertz Communications
Authors: Hu Zhenzhen , Xu Yong , Deng Yonghong , Zhang Zhongpei
Published: July 2024

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are extensively employed in pursuit, rescue missions, and agricultural applications. These operations require substantial data and video transmission, demanding significant spectral resources. The ultra-broad bandwidth of 0.1–10 THz in the Terahertz (THz) frequency range is essential for future UAV-based wireless communications. However, the available bandwidth in the THz frequency spectrum varies with transmission distance. To enhance spectral efficiency over this variable bandwidth, we propose using hierarchical modulation (HM) in the overlapped spectrum and traditional quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in the non-overlapped spectrum for closer users. Furthermore, we analyze the single-user case and utilize the block-coordinated descent (BCD) method to jointly optimize the modulation order, subcarrier bandwidth, and sub-band power to improve the system sum rate. Finally, considering the mobility and randomness of UAV users, we design a modulation switching rule to dynamically adjust to changes in distance as users move, thereby enhancing data rates. Simulation results demonstrate superior performance in data rate and design complexity compared to existing methods such as hierarchical bandwidth modulation (HBM) and HM schemes.
Why Students Choose the European Project Semester Program for Academic Mobility: A Case Study at an Engineering School
Authors: Sousa Marina , Fontão Eunice , Barata Ana
Published: July 2024

European Mobility Programmes promoted by the European Commission have propelled a significant change in students’ mobility across Europe in the last few decades. The European Project Semester (EPS) is one of those programmes. Research has mainly focused on understanding the factors that shape students’ decision to engage in mobility experiences but has not tackled the motivation(s) leading them to opt for that programme in a particular country at a specific institution. This paper aims to understand EPS students’ motivation to elect this programme for their mobility at a particular country/city/institution and hence contribute to help institutions define policies and practices to attract more students to this specific programme. Carried out at the Polytechnic School of Engineering in Porto, a mixed research methodology was followed, considering qualitative and quantitative data equally, and a theoretical framework was devised based on the push–pull factors model. Seventy-seven students participated in the study by filling in a closed-question questionnaire and engaging in focus group sessions. The findings sustained previous research and highlighted that students’ motivation is supported by a combination of factors (personal, professional, academic), among which the personal category was the highest rated. These results show that the motivations for choosing the EPS programme do not differ considerably from those leading students to undertake regular mobility.
Practice as Research through Inquiry-Based Learning: A Pedagogical Intervention with Music Students in Higher Education
Authors: Iglesias Pedro , Tejada Jesús
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the results of a Participatory Action Research, whose main objective was to validate a pedagogical intervention characterized by adopting an inquiry-based learning methodology (IBL), and the paradigm of Practice as Research focused on musical performativity. This intervention sought to foster autonomy, the relationship between theory and practice, and the development of critical reflexive skills in professional music students. The co-participants (12 students in the first cycle and 9 in the second) belonged to university training programs in vocal and instrumental interpretation, composition, and music pedagogy at different levels. In the intervention cycles, students were able to organize themselves collaboratively to achieve the learning objectives and research products designed in the intervention. During the process, they redefined research as a tool for professional development in their discipline. This empowered the participants, as they became aware that they themselves could build knowledge in their field. The intervention was validated, and the results highlight the potential of inquiry activities focused on musical performativity and Practice as Research in the context of higher music education, playing an integrating role in the construction of knowledge by and for practitioners.
Acceptance of Educational Artificial Intelligence by Teachers and Its Relationship with Some Variables and Pedagogical Beliefs
Authors: Cabero-Almenara Julio , Palacios-Rodríguez Antonio , Loaiza-Aguirre María Isabel , Rivas-Manzano María del Rosario de
Published: July 2024

This study explores teachers’ acceptance of artificial intelligence in education (AIEd) and its relationship with various variables and pedagogical beliefs. Conducted at the Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL, Ecuador), the research surveyed 425 teachers across different disciplines and teaching modalities. The UTAUT2 model analyzed dimensions like performance expectations, effort expectations, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, usage behavior, and intention to use AIEd. Results showed a high level of acceptance among teachers, influenced by factors like age, gender, and teaching modality. Additionally, it was found that constructivist pedagogical beliefs correlated positively with AIEd adoption. These insights are valuable for understanding AIEd integration in educational settings.
Lessons for Sustainable Science Education: A Study on Chemists’ Use of Systems Thinking across Ecological, Economic, and Social Domains
Authors: Vuorio Emmi , Pernaa Johannes , Aksela Maija
Published: July 2024

This paper explores how concept maps can be structured based on researcher narration as a systems thinking (ST) approach in science education to portray the systemic nature of developmental work by chemists on solutions related to sustainability. Sustainability cannot be achieved without a systemic approach that considers all the domains of prosperity and well-being—ecological, social, and economic. Science education must respond to this challenge accordingly and find effective ways to include the ST approach. Data were collected from three semi-structured, in-depth interviews with chemists. The analysis was carried out using qualitative content analysis and modelling the systemic structures in concept maps as articulated by the chemists. The results show that authentic narratives of chemists’ developmental work can be used as material in a concept mapping exercise to reveal several ST elements and learning objectives, including leverage points and delays, that have not been presented in previous exercises. The chemists’ descriptions were also found to address the challenge of sustainability education by depicting a holistic and multidimensional picture of the reality where the developmental work is conducted. Furthermore, all three domains of sustainability were identified. The economic and industrial perspectives were especially valuable from the science education viewpoint.
An Efficient Privacy and Anonymity Setup on Hyperledger Fabric for Blockchain-Enabled Internet of Things (IoT) Devices
Authors: Saad Muhammad , Haidery Saqib Ali , Bhandari Aavash , Bhutta Muhammad Raheel , Park Dong-Joo , Chung Tae-Sun
Published: July 2024

The rise in IoT (Internet of Things) devices poses a significant security challenge. Maintaining privacy and ensuring anonymity within the system is a sought-after feature with inevitable trade-offs, such as scalability and increased complexity, making it incredibly challenging to handle. To tackle this, we introduce our proposed work for managing IoT devices using Hyperledger Fabric. We integrated our system on the blockchain with a closed-circuit television (CCTV) security camera fixed at a rental property. The CCTV security camera redirects its feed whenever a new renter walks in. We have introduced the web token for authentication from the renter to the owner. Our contributions include an efficient framework architecture using key invalidation scenarios and token authentication, a novel chain code algorithm, and stealth addresses with modified ring signatures. We performed different analyses to show the system’s throughput and latency through stress testing. We have shown the significant advantages of the proposed architectures by comparing similar existing schemes. Our proposed scheme enhances the security of blockchain-enabled IoT devices and mitigates the single point of failure issue in the existing scheme, providing a robust and reliable solution. Our future work includes scaling it up to cater to the needs of the healthcare system.
Cybersecurity in Autonomous Vehicles—Are We Ready for the Challenge?
Authors: Durlik Irmina , Miller Tymoteusz , Kostecka Ewelina , Zwierzewicz Zenon , Łobodzińska Adrianna
Published: July 2024

The rapid development and deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs) present unprecedented opportunities and challenges in the transportation sector. While AVs promise enhanced safety, efficiency, and convenience, they also introduce significant cybersecurity vulnerabilities due to their reliance on advanced electronics, connectivity, and artificial intelligence (AI). This review examines the current state of cybersecurity in autonomous vehicles, identifying major threats such as remote hacking, sensor manipulation, data breaches, and denial of service (DoS) attacks. It also explores existing countermeasures including intrusion detection systems (IDSs), encryption, over-the-air (OTA) updates, and authentication protocols. Despite these efforts, numerous challenges remain, including the complexity of AV systems, lack of standardization, latency issues, and resource constraints. This review concludes by highlighting future directions in cybersecurity research and development, emphasizing the potential of AI and machine learning, blockchain technology, industry collaboration, and legislative measures to enhance the security of autonomous vehicles.
A Geometrically Scalable Lumped Model for Spiral Inductors in Radio Frequency GaN Technology on Silicon
Authors: Spataro Simone , Sapone Giuseppina , Giuffrida Marcello , Ragonese Egidio
Published: July 2024

This paper presents a lumped scalable model for spiral inductors in a radio frequency (RF) gallium nitride (GaN) technology on silicon substrate. The model has been developed by exploiting electromagnetic (EM) simulations of geometrically scaled spiral inductors. To this aim, the technology substrate, i.e., the metal back-end-of-line along with dielectric and semiconductor layers of the adopted GaN process, has been validated by means of experimental data and then used to define the EM simulator set-up for the spiral inductors. The proposed model adopts a simple π-topology with only seven lumped components and predicts inductor performance in terms of inductance, quality factor (Q-factor) and self-resonance frequency (SRF) for a large range of geometrical parameters of the spiral (i.e., number of turns, metal width, inner diameter).
Are There an Infinite Number of Passive Circuit Elements in the World?
Authors: Wang Frank Zhigang
Published: July 2024

We found that a second-order ideal memristor [whose state is the charge, i.e., x=q in v=Rx,i,ti] degenerates into a negative nonlinear resistor with an internal power source. After extending analytically and geographically the above local activity (experimentally verified by the two active higher-integral-order memristors extracted from the famous Hodgkin–Huxley circuit) to other higher-order circuit elements, we concluded that all higher-order passive memory circuit elements do not exist in nature and that the periodic table of the two-terminal passive ideal circuit elements can be dramatically reduced to a reduced table comprising only six passive elements: a resistor, inductor, capacitor, memristor, mem-inductor, and mem-capacitor. Such a bounded table answered an open question asked by Chua 40 years ago: Are there an infinite number of passive circuit elements in the world?
DiffPlate: A Diffusion Model for Super-Resolution of License Plate Images
Authors: AlHalawani Sawsan , Benjdira Bilel , Ammar Adel , Koubaa Anis , Ali Anas M.
Published: July 2024

License plate recognition is a pivotal challenge in surveillance applications, predominantly due to the low resolution and diminutive size of license plates, which impairs recognition accuracy. The advent of AI-based super-resolution techniques offers a promising avenue to ameliorate the resolution of such images. Despite the deployment of various super-resolution methodologies, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), the quest for satisfactory outcomes in license plate image enhancement persists. This paper introduces “DiffPlate”, a novel Diffusion Model specifically tailored for license plate super-resolution. Leveraging the unprecedented capabilities of Diffusion Models in image generation, DiffPlate is meticulously trained on a dataset comprising low-resolution and high-resolution pairs of Saudi license plates, curated for our surveillance application. Our empirical analysis substantiates that DiffPlate markedly eclipses state-of-the-art alternatives such as SwinIR and ESRGAN, evidencing a 26.47% and 37.32% enhancement in Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) against these benchmarks, respectively. Furthermore, DiffPlate achieves superior performance in terms of Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), with a 4.88% and 16.21% improvement over SwinIR and ESRGAN, respectively. Human evaluative studies further corroborate that images refined by DiffPlate were preferred 92% more frequently compared to those processed by other algorithms. Through DiffPlate, we present a new solution to the license plate super-resolution challenge, demonstrating significant potential for adoption in real-world surveillance systems.