bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Politiek primaat achter een juridisch schild
Authors: Van Lochem P.J.P.M.
Published: February 2016

Politiek primaat achter een juridisch schild. Een kanttekening bij de verantwoordelijkheidsverdeling tussen Kamerleden en wetgevingsjuristen

De auteur bespreekt een door het Kamerlid Zijlstra ingediende motie, waarin hij oproept om juristen de opdracht te geven positief te adviseren over veiligheidsmaatregelen vanwege (dreigend) terrorisme. De wetgevingsjurist dient zich niet af te vragen of iets mogelijk is, maar te zorgen dat het mogelijk is. De auteur bespreekt welke juridische argumentaties er zijn om veiligheidsoverwegingen boven juridische overwegingen te laten gaan. Wel is het de vraag of het van een wetgevingsjurist kan worden verwacht dat hij zelf een afweging tussen veiligheidsoverwegingen en juridische overwegingen maakt. In feite maakt hij dan niet alleen een juridische afweging, maar ook een beleidsmatige afweging. De vraag is waarom wetgevingsjuristen zich kennelijk gedwongen voelen zich in dergelijke bochten te wringen. Het feit dat de Tweede Kamer zich weinig actief bemoeit met het waarborgen van rechtsstatelijke normen kan daar mede aan ten grondslag liggen. In die zin verbergen Kamerleden zich achter het schild van het juridisch advies.
Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb from Sediment, Followed by FAAS and GFAAS Analysis
Authors: Mimura Aparecida M S , Oliveira Marcone A L , Ciminelli Virginia S T , Silva Julio C J
Published: February 2016

An ultrasound method for simultaneous extraction of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb from sediment, and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was proposed. The experimental results obtained using analytical curves and the method of standard additions agreed at a confidence level of 95% for all the analytes, as determined by FAAS and GFAAS, indicating no significant matrix effects. Recoveries ranged from 80.1 to 93.7% (certified reference material) and from 89 to 107% (spike tests). The LOD and LOQ results from the method were consistent with the techniques used (FAAS and GFAAS), with high analytical throughput. The proposed method was then used to determine Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in river sediment samples from Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The results indicated levels below those permitted by Brazilian legislation for all the analytes, with the exception of Cr.
Review: Approaches to the Viral Extraction, Detection, and Identification of Hepatitis Viruses, HAV and HEV, in Foods
Authors: Papafragkou Efstathia , Kulka Michael
Published: February 2016

Although the incidence rate of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection has been on the decline in developed countries, in part due to immunization availability, high profile outbreaks continue to be reported. Hepatitis E virus has been recognized as an emerging pathogen in industrialized countries. While associated with waterborne illnesses, particularly in undeveloped countries, several animal species have been identified as reservoirs for the virus. Consequently, the potential of zoonotic transmission exists as a function of the consumption of infected animals. In this review we provide a comparative overview of these two virus species with regard to their known virus properties, discuss extraction methodologies, and describe some basic principles and methodology applied toward the isolation of these viruses (as particles or their isolated genomes) from food commodities. We also discuss the challenges that remain as experimental hurdles to extraction of such viruses from food. As HAV has been the most extensively studied with regard to virus detection in foods, it often serves as a model virus for current and future development of sample preparation methodology for foodborne virus detection. Lastly, we discuss the application and role of current and developing technologies in the post-extraction detection and identification of these viruses from foods.
Single-Laboratory Validation Study of a Method for Screening and Identification of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors in Dietary Ingredients and Supplements Using Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole–Orbital Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry: First Action 2015.12
Authors: Vaclavik Lukas , Schmitz John R , Halbardier Jean-Francois , Mastovska Katerina
Published: February 2016

A single-laboratory validation study of a method for screening and identification of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in dietary ingredients and supplements is described. PDE5 inhibitors were extracted from the samples using a 50:50 (v/v) mixture of acetonitrile and water and centrifuged. Supernatant was diluted, filtered, and analyzed by LC–high-resolution MS. Data were collected in MS acquisition mode that combined full-scan MS experiment with all-ion fragmentation and data-dependent MS/MS product from the ion scan experiment. This approach enabled collection of MS and tandem MS (MS/MS) data for both targeted and nontargeted PDE5 inhibitors in a single chromatographic run. Software-facilitated identification of targeted analytes was performed based on the retention time, accurate mass, and isotopic pattern of pseudomolecular ions, and accurate masses of fragment ions using an in-house compound database. Detection and identification of other PDE5 inhibitors and novel analogs were performed by retrospective evaluation of MS and MS/MS experimental data. The method validation results obtained for evaluated matrixes fulfilled the probability of identification requirements and probability of detection requirements (for the pooled data) set at 90% (95% confidence interval) in the respective AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirements for identification and screening methods for PDE5 inhibitors. Limited data demonstrating the quantification capability of the method were also generated. Mean recovery and repeatability obtained for the evaluated PDE5 inhibitors were in the range 69–90% and 0.4–1.8%, respectively.
Validation of the Peel Plate™ AC for Detection of Total Aerobic Bacteria in Dairy and Nondairy Products
Authors: Salter Robert S , Durbin Gregory W , Bird Patrick , Fisher Kiel , Crowley Erin , Hammack Thomas , Chen Yi , Clark Dorn , Ziemer Wayne
Published: February 2016

Peel Plate™ AC (aerobic count) is a low-profile plastic 47 mm culture dish with adhesive top that contains a dried standard plate count medium with oxidation/reduction indicator triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) that turns red with dehydrogenase enzyme activity of growing aerobic bacteria. The method provides a conventional quantitative count with simple rehydration and incubation for 48 ± 3 h at 35 ± 1°C for most food matrixes and 32 ± 1°C for 48 ± 3 h for dairy products. Dairy matrixes claimed and supported with total aerobic count data are whole milk, skim milk, chocolate milk (2% fat), light cream (20% fat), pasteurized whole goat milk, ultra-high temperature pasteurized milk, nonfat dried milk, lactose-reduced milk, strawberry milk, raw cow milk, raw goat milk, raw sheep milk, condensed skim milk, and vanilla ice cream. Food matrixes claimed for aerobic count detection are raw ground beef, environmental sponge of stainless steel, raw ground turkey, dry dog food, liquid whole pasteurized eggs, milk chocolate, poultry carcass rinse, and large animal carcass sponge. The method has been independently evaluated for aerobic count in dairy products: whole milk, skim milk, chocolate milk, and light cream. The method was also independently evaluated for aerobic count in food matrixes: ground beef and sponge rinse from stainless steel surfaces. In the matrix study, each matrix was assessed separately at each contamination level in comparison to an appropriate reference method. Colony counts were determined for each level and then log10-transformed. The transformed data were evaluated for repeatability, mean comparison between methods with 95% confidence interval (CI), and r2. A CI range of (−0.5, 0.5) on the mean difference was used as the acceptance criterion to establish significant statistical differences between methods. The evaluations demonstrate that the Peel Plate AC provides no statistical differences across most of the matrixes with r2 > 0.96. In the case of skim milk, there were significant differences that may be explained by a matrix-related stress on the spiked organisms but were not repeated in subsequent experiments. Within method repeatability of Peel Plate AC was similar to reference method with relative standard deviations in the ranges of 2 to 5% when log10 means were ≥1.5. Quality control data support that Peel Plate AC is stable for at least 1 year refrigerated. Incubation temperature ranges 30–36°C and times 45 –51 h were not significantly different.
La convergencia del cine con la televisión: esquemas de producción, financiación por las cadenas privadas, trasvases profesionales
Authors: Pérez Ximo
Published: February 2016

Artículo para la sección Tribuna de adComunica.
De Misent a Escandinavia: el viaje de Crematorio
Authors: Domingo Garcés Enrique
Published: February 2016

Crematorio, novela del valenciano Rafael Chirbes, éxito de crítica, es adaptada y convertida en serie de televisión por MOD Producciones para Canal +. Rodada con técnicas cinematográficas, fue concebida para ser estrenada en TV de pago. En este artículo se reflexiona sobre su adaptación, técnica de producción y distribución internacional.
Pasión por contar
Authors: Escura Elena
Published: February 2016

Artículo para la sección Tribuna de adComunica.
Entre el ocio y el negocio
Authors: Gómez Tarín Francisco Javier , Rubio Alcover Agustín
Published: February 2016

Presentación del informe sobre la venta y compra de cine en la actualidad.
Los contenidos transmedia en la ficción de los canales generalistas en España
Authors: Formoso Barro María Josefa
Published: February 2016

Los contenidos audiovisuales tras la digitalización se han convertido en elementos imprescindibles para la evolución del sector ya que permiten un avance en las posibilidades narrativas y en la extensión a diferentes medios. En los últimos años los contenidos de ficción han pasado a ser los vertebradores de las parrillas de programación de los canales de televisión. La ficción es un género que permite trabajar la diversidad narrativa y aproximar los contenidos a diferentes soportes comunicativos. En este trabajo se analiza la narrativa transmedia que los operadores de televisión de contenidos generalistas utilizan en España para atraer la atención de los espectadores y conseguir así el alcance y la repercusión necesarios para mantener la audiencia. Para ello, se investiga la extensión a otras plataformas de las series programadas por los operadores de televisión nacionales (Mediaset, Atresmedia, RTVE) con producción propia y que se han estrenado en 2014 y el primer semestre de 2015.  Los resultados de la investigación indican que los programas de ficción generan contenidos transmedia que les permite mantener atento al espectador y que la evolución indica que la interacción con el espectador es importante para conseguir este objetivo.
La Cinefilia 2.0 y el frameo: apuntes teóricos sobre el collage visual en la Nueva Crítica cinematográfica
Authors: Rodriguez Serrano Aaron
Published: February 2016

El presente artículo pretende reflexionar teóricamente sobre una de las metodologías más utilizadas por la llamada Cinefilia 2.0 o Nueva Crítica: el Frameo o la evolución digital del collage visual. Para ello, comenzaremos desbrozando brevemente los conceptos Nueva Crítica y Frameo, con especial interés en las condiciones tecnológicas y sociales que han propiciado su surgimiento. Posteriormente, analizaremos teóricamente el uso de las capturas de pantalla para generar nuevos discursos desde diversos ejes. En primer lugar, analizaremos el replanteamiento ejercido ante el rol del autor cinematográfico, así como del (imposible) control significativo de sus imágenes. En segundo lugar, analizaremos la violencia ejercida sobre el concepto de plano y tiempo fílmico, así como las modificaciones ejercidas sobre el lector del texto. Por último, encararemos la importancia de dichas maniobras para la teoría estética contemporánea en tanto a nuestro juicio se trata de un cortocircuito entre el desvelamiento heideggeriano y el relámpago estético teorizado por el último Walter Benjamin. A la vista de todo lo anterior, finalizaremos reivindicando el más humilde rol destinado por el propio Benjamin (el del trapero) para sellar los límites y las posibilidades de esta Nueva Crítica y ofreciendo una serie de conclusiones. Todo nuestro análisis intentará incorporar ejemplos concretos tanto de miembros declarados de la Nueva Crítica como de autores adyacentes que practican el collage visual desde sus blogs o desde las redes sociales.
Redes sociales y audiencias en televisión: el caso al Jazeera como referente para nuevos modelos de plataformas digitales informativas para la construcción de una nueva RTVV
Authors: Bañón Castellón Lola
Published: February 2016

Artículo para la sección Tribuna del número 11 de adComunica.
Novel origin of lamin-derived cytoplasmic intermediate filaments in tardigrades
Authors: Hering Lars , Bouameur Jamal-Eddine , Reichelt Julian , Magin Thomas M , Mayer Georg
Published: February 2016

Intermediate filament (IF) proteins, including nuclear lamins and cytoplasmic IF proteins, are essential cytoskeletal components of bilaterian cells. Despite their important role in protecting tissues against mechanical force, no cytoplasmic IF proteins have been convincingly identified in arthropods. Here we show that the ancestral cytoplasmic IF protein gene was lost in the entire panarthropod (onychophoran + tardigrade + arthropod) rather than arthropod lineage and that nuclear, lamin-derived proteins instead acquired new cytoplasmic roles at least three times independently in collembolans, copepods, and tardigrades. Transcriptomic and genomic data revealed three IF protein genes in the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini, one of which (cytotardin) occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm of epidermal and foregut epithelia, where it forms belt-like filaments around each epithelial cell. These results suggest that a lamin derivative has been co-opted to enhance tissue stability in tardigrades, a function otherwise served by cytoplasmic IF proteins in all other bilaterians.
Crystal phase transition to green emission wurtzite AlInP by crystal structure transfer
Authors: Hiraya Yoshihiro , Ishizaka Fumiya , Tomioka Katsuhiro , Fukui Takashi
Published: February 2016

We grew AlInP on two types of GaN substrate in order to transfer the wurtzite (WZ) structure to grown layers. An AlInP epitaxial layer grown on GaN

with high-density stacking faults was obtained. X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering analyses indicate that the dominant crystal structure of the AlInP layer grown on GaN

was WZ. Cathode luminescence measurements at 35 K revealed strong green emissions from the WZ AlInP layer, suggesting an energy band gap change from indirect to direct. These results demonstrate the potential of WZ AlInP as a new candidate for high-efficiency green emission material.
Metal-induced low-temperature crystallization of electrodeposited Ge thin film
Authors: Uchida Yasutaka , Funayama Tomoko , Kogure Yoshiaki , Yeh Wenchang
Published: February 2016

Metal-induced crystallization was applied to an electrodeposited Ge film on an insulator. It was confirmed that crystallization occurred at 150 °C for 1 h in ambient N2 and that Cu, which was used as an electrode for plating, started diffusing into the Ge film even at 100 °C. The diffused Cu was distributed uniformly in the film, and the ratio of Cu to Ge was ∼2.5. A fine particulate pattern, attributed to the effect of the Cu diffusion, was observed on the surface by scanning electron microscopy. We considered that the crystallization of the electrodeposited Ge occurred because of the diffusion of Cu from the electroplate electrode. Consequently, (220)-oriented Ge was obtained. The maximum grain size of the crystallized 120-nm-thick Ge film was 240 nm.
PATACSDB—the database of polyA translational attenuators in coding sequences
Authors: Habich Malgorzata , Djuranovic Sergej , Szczesny Pawel
Published: February 2016

Recent additions to the repertoire of gene expression regulatory mechanisms are polyadenylate (polyA) tracks encoding for poly-lysine runs in protein sequences. Such tracks stall the translation apparatus and induce frameshifting independently of the effects of charged nascent poly-lysine sequence on the ribosome exit channel. As such, they substantially influence the stability of mRNA and the amount of protein produced from a given transcript. Single base changes in these regions are enough to exert a measurable response on both protein and mRNA abundance; this makes each of these sequences a potentially interesting case study for the effects of synonymous mutation, gene dosage balance and natural frameshifting. Here we present PATACSDB, a resource that contain a comprehensive list of polyA tracks from over 250 eukaryotic genomes. Our data is based on the Ensembl genomic database of coding sequences and filtered with algorithm of 12A-1 which selects sequences of polyA tracks with a minimal length of 12 A’s allowing for one mismatched base. The PATACSDB database is accessible at:http://sysbio.ibb.waw.pl/patacsdb. The source code is available athttp://github.com/habich/PATACSDB, and it includes the scripts with which the database can be recreated.
P wave velocity structure below India and Tibet incorporating anisotropic delay time effects
Authors: Mohanty Debasis D. , Singh Arun , O'Driscoll Leland J. , Ravi Kumar M. , Srinagesh D. , Humphreys Eugene D.
Published: February 2016

We incorporate the effects of anisotropy to refine the continental‐scale 3‐D isotropic velocity model previously produced for India and Tibet by inverting 52,050 teleseismic P wave residuals. We have exploited a total of 1648 individual SKS splitting parameters to calculate the P wave travel time corrections due to azimuthal anisotropy. Our results suggest that anisotropy affects the P wave delays significantly (−0.3 to +0.5 s). Integration of these corrections into the 3‐D modeling is achieved in two ways: (a) a priori adjustment to the delay time vector and (b) inverting only for anisotropic delays by introducing strong damping above 80 km and below 360 km depths and then subtracting the obtained anisotropic artifact image from the isotropic image, to get the corrected image. Under the assumption of azimuthal anisotropy resulting from lattice preferred orientation (LPO) alignment due to horizontal flow, the bias in isotropic P wave tomographic images is clear. The anisotropy corrected velocity perturbations are in the range of ±1.2% at depths of around 150 km and reduced further at deeper levels. Although the bias due to anisotropy does not affect the gross features, it does introduce certain artifacts at deeper levels.
Plio‐Pleistocene paleomagnetic secular variation and time‐averaged field: Ruiz‐Tolima volcanic chain, Colombia
Authors: Sánchez‐Duque A. , Mejia V. , Opdyke N. D. , Huang K. , Rosales‐Rivera A.
Published: February 2016

Paleomagnetic results obtained from 47 Plio‐Pleistocene volcanic flows from the Ruiz‐Tolima Volcanic Chain (Colombia) are presented. The mean direction of magnetization among these flows, which comprise normal (n = 43) and reversed (n = 4) polarities, is Dec = 1.8°, Inc = 3.2°, α95 = 5.0°, and κ = 18.4. This direction of magnetization coincides with GAD plus a small persistent axial quadrupolar component (around 5%) at the site‐average latitude (4.93°). This agreement is robust after applying several selection criteria (α95 < 10º; α95 < 5.5º; polarities: normal, reversed, and tentatively transitional). The data are in agreement with Model G proposed by McElhinny and McFadden (1997) and the fit is improved when sites tentatively identified as transitional (two that otherwise have normal polarity) are excluded from the calculations. Compliance observed with the above mentioned time‐averaged field and paleosecular variation models, is also observed for many recent similar studies from low latitudes, with the exception of results from Galapagos Islands that coincide with GAD and tend to be near sided.
A discrete‐domain description of multiphase flow in porous media: Rugged energy landscapes and the origin of hysteresis
Authors: Cueto‐Felgueroso Luis , Juanes Ruben
Published: February 2016

We propose a discrete‐domain model to describe mesoscale (many pore) immiscible displacements in porous media. We conceptualize the porous medium and fluid system as a set of weakly connected multistable compartments. The overall properties of the system emerge from the small‐scale compartment dynamics. Our model aims at capturing the rugged energy landscape of multiphase porous media systems, emphasizing the role of metastability and local equilibria in the origin of hysteresis. Under two‐phase displacements, the system behaves hysteretically, but our description does not rely on past saturations, turning points, or drainage/imbibition labels. We characterize the connection between micrometastability and overall system behavior, and elucidate the different nature of pressure‐controlled and rate‐controlled immiscible displacements in porous media.
Cassini observations of Saturn's southern polar cusp
Authors: Arridge C. S. , Jasinski J. M. , Achilleos N. , Bogdanova Y. V. , Bunce E. J. , Cowley S. W. H. , Fazakerley A. N. , Khurana K. K. , Lamy L. , Leisner J. S. , Roussos E. , Russell C. T. , Zarka P. , Coates A. J. , Dougherty M. K. , Jones G. H. , Krimigis S. M. , Krupp N.
Published: February 2016

The magnetospheric cusps are important sites of the coupling of a magnetosphere with the solar wind. The combination of both ground‐ and space‐based observations at Earth has enabled considerable progress to be made in understanding the terrestrial cusp and its role in the coupling of the magnetosphere to the solar wind via the polar magnetosphere. Voyager 2 fully explored Neptune's cusp in 1989, but highly inclined orbits of the Cassini spacecraft at Saturn present the most recent opportunity to repeatedly study the polar magnetosphere of a rapidly rotating planet. In this paper we discuss observations made by Cassini during two passes through Saturn's southern polar magnetosphere. Our main findings are that (i) Cassini directly encounters the southern polar cusp with evidence for the entry of magnetosheath plasma into the cusp via magnetopause reconnection, (ii) magnetopause reconnection and entry of plasma into the cusp can occur over a range of solar wind conditions, and (iii) double cusp morphologies are consistent with the position of the cusp oscillating in phase with Saturn's global magnetospheric periodicities.
Evolution of bubble size distribution from gas blowout in shallow water
Authors: Zhao Lin , Boufadel Michel C. , Lee Kenneth , King Thomas , Loney Norman , Geng Xiaolong
Published: February 2016

Gas is often emanated from the sea bed during a subsea oil and gas blowout. The size of a gas bubble changes due to gas dissolution in the ambient water and expansion as a result of a decrease in water pressure during the rise. It is important to understand the fate and transport of gas bubbles for the purpose of environmental and safety concerns. In this paper, we used the numerical model, VDROP‐J to simulate gas formation in jet/plume upon release, and dissolution and expansion while bubble rising during a relatively shallow subsea gas blowout. The model predictions were an excellent match to the experimental data. Then a gas dissolution and expansion module was included in the VDROP‐J model to predict the fate and transport of methane bubbles rising due to a blowout through a 0.10 m vertical orifice. The numerical results indicated that gas bubbles would increase the mixing energy in released jets, especially at small distances and large distances from the orifice. This means that models that predict the bubble size distribution (BSD) should account for this additional mixing energy. It was also found that only bubbles of certain sizes would reach the water surfaces; small bubbles dissolve fast in the water column, while the size of the large bubbles decreases. This resulted in a BSD that was bimodal near the orifice, and then became unimodal.
Household response to environmental incentives for rain garden adoption
Authors: Newburn David A. , Alberini Anna
Published: February 2016

A decentralized approach to encourage the voluntary adoption of household stormwater management practices is increasingly needed to mitigate urban runoff and to comply with more stringent water quality regulations. We analyze the household response to a hypothetical rebate program to incentivize rain garden adoption using household survey data from the Baltimore‐Washington corridor. We asked respondents whether the household would adopt a rain garden without a rebate or when offered a randomly assigned rebate. An interval‐data model is used to estimate household demand on the willingness to pay (WTP) for a rain garden as a function of demographic factors, gardening activities, environmental attitudes, and other household characteristics. Estimation results indicate that mean WTP for a rain garden in our sample population is approximately $6.72 per square foot, corresponding to almost three‐fourths of the installation cost. The expected adoption rate more than tripled when comparing no rebate versus a government rebate set at one‐third of the installation cost, indicating that economic incentives matter. There is substantial heterogeneity in the WTP among households. Higher levels of WTP are estimated for households with higher environmental concern for the Chesapeake Bay and local streams, garden experience, higher income, and non‐senior citizen adults. We conclude that a cost‐share rebate approach is likely to significantly affect household adoption decisions, and the partial contributions paid by households can assist with lowering the substantial compliance costs for local governments to meet water quality requirements.
Nanoscale Graphene Doped with Highly Dispersed Silver Nanoparticles: Quick Synthesis, Facile Fabrication of 3D Membrane‐Modified Electrode, and Super Performance for Electrochemical Sensing
Authors: Li Yang , Zhang Panpan , Ouyang Zhaofei , Zhang Mingfa , Lin Zhoujun , Li Jingfeng , Su Zhiqiang , Wei Gang
Published: February 2016

The performance of graphene‐based hybrid materials greatly depends on the dispersibility of nanoscale building blocks on graphene sheets. Here, a quick green synthesis of nanoscale graphene (NG) nanosheets decorated with highly dispersed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is demonstrated, and then the electrospinning technique to fabricate a novel nanofibrous membrane electrode material is utilized. With this technique, the structure, mechanical stability, biochemical functionality, and other properties of the fabricated membrane electrode material can be easily controlled. It is found that the orientations of NG and the dispersity of AgNPs on the surface of NG have significant effects on the properties of the fabricated electrode. A highly sensitive H2O2 biosensor is thus created based on the as‐prepared polymeric NG/AgNP 3D nanofibrous membrane‐modified electrode (MME). As a result, the fabricated biosensor has a linear detection range from 0.005 to 47 × 10−3m (R = 0.9991) with a supralow detection limit of 0.56 × 10−6m (S/N = 3). It is expected that this kind of nanofibrous MME has wider applications for the electrochemical detection and design of 3D functional nanomaterials in the future.
Red Blood Cell‐Facilitated Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Tang Wei , Zhen Zipeng , Wang Mengzhe , Wang Hui , Chuang Yen‐Jun , Zhang Weizhong , Wang Geoffrey D , Todd Trever , Cowger Taku , Chen Hongmin , Liu Lin , Li Zibo , Xie Jin
Published: February 2016

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment modality for cancer management. So far, most PDT studies have focused on delivery of photo­sensitizers to tumors. O2, another essential component of PDT, is not artificially delivered but taken from the biological milieu. However, cancer cells demand a large amount of O2 to sustain their growth and that often leads to low O2 levels in tumors. The PDT process may further potentiate the oxygen deficiency, and in turn, adversely affect the PDT efficiency. In the present study, a new technology called red blood cell (RBC)‐facilitated PDT, or RBC‐PDT, is introduced that can potentially solve the issue. As the name tells, RBC‐PDT harnesses erythrocytes, an O2 transporter, as a carrier for photosensitizers. Because photosensitizers are adjacent to a carry‐on O2 source, RBC‐PDT can efficiently produce 1O2 even under low oxygen conditions. The treatment also benefits from the long circulation of RBCs, which ensures a high intraluminal concentration of photosensitizers during PDT and hence maximizes damage to tumor blood vessels. When tested in U87MG subcutaneous tumor models, RBC‐PDT shows impressive tumor suppression (76.7%) that is attributable to the codelivery of O2 and photosensitizers. Overall, RBC‐PDT is expected to find wide applications in modern oncology.
Mechanically Drawable Thermochromic and Mechanothermochromic Polydiacetylene Sensors
Authors: Chae Songa , Lee Jong Pil , Kim Jong‐Man
Published: February 2016

Recently, the development of directly writable techniques for depositing functional materials on solid substrates has received great attention. These pen‐on‐paper approaches enable generation of diverse patterned images on solid substrates in a flexible, easy handling, and inexpensive manner. Herein, the development of a directly writable conjugated polymer is described. Mechanically, drawable colorimetric polydiacetylene (PDA)–wax composites are readily fabricated by using a simple mixing‐molding method. Images are mechanically drawn on a paper substrate using the PDA–wax composites, display thermochromism, and mechanothermochromism. The thermochromic transition temperature is dependent on the melting point of the wax and, as a result, can be precisely controlled by the type of wax used. Optical microscopic analysis shows that formation of the DA–wax composite involves movement of wax molecules into a single diacetylene (DA) crystal. This process results in growth of the crystal. Importantly, the PDA crystal, obtained after UV light irradiation, undergoes significant shrinkage upon heating because of the release of monomers and the embedded wax molecules from the crystal. The release of these molecules creates void in the PDA supramolecules, allowing the PDA chains to undergo C–C bond rotation and hence the blue‐to‐red color transition.
Difluorobenzothiadiazole‐Based Small‐Molecule Organic Solar Cells with 8.7% Efficiency by Tuning of π‐Conjugated Spacers and Solvent Vapor Annealing
Authors: Wang Jin‐Liang , Xiao Fei , Yan Jun , Wu Zhuo , Liu Kai‐Kai , Chang Zheng‐Feng , Zhang Ru‐Bo , Chen Hui , Wu Hong‐Bin , Cao Yong
Published: February 2016

The synthesis of a series of tetrafluorine‐substituted, wide‐bandgap, small molecules consisting of various π‐conjugated spacers (furan, thiophene, selenophene) between indacenodithiophene as the electron‐donating core and the electron‐deficient difluorobenzothiadiazole unit is reported and the effect of the π‐conjugated spacers on the photovoltaic properties is investigated. The alteration of the π‐conjugated spacer enables fine‐tuning of the photophysical properties and energy levels of the small molecules, and allows the adjustment of the charge‐transport properties, the morphology of the photoactive films, as well as their photovoltaic properties. Moreover, most of these devices exhibit superior device performances after CH2Cl2 solvent annealing than without annealing, with a high fill factor (0.70–0.75 for all cases). Notably, the devices based on the new molecule BIT4FTh (with thiophene as the spacer) show an outstanding PCE of 8.7% (with an impressive FF of 0.75), considering its wide‐bandgap (1.81 eV), which is among the highest efficiencies reported so far for small‐molecules‐based solar cells. The morphologies of the photoactive layers with/without CH2Cl2 solvent annealing are characterized by atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and two‐dimensional grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction analysis. The results reported here clearly indicate that highly efficient small‐molecules‐based solar cells can be achieved through rational design of their molecular structure and optimization of the phase‐separated morphology via an adapted solvent–vapor annealing process.
Towards Bright and Fast Lu3Al5O12:Ce,Mg Optical Ceramics Scintillators
Authors: Liu Shuping , Mares Jiri A. , Feng Xiqi , Vedda Anna , Fasoli Mauro , Shi Yun , Kou Huamin , Beitlerova Alena , Wu Lexiang , D'Ambrosio Carmelo , Pan Yubai , Nikl Martin
Published: February 2016

The recent advent of Lu3Al5O12:Ce optical ceramics marks a turning point in scintillator material technology. Because of their lower preparation temperature, brightness, and robustness such materials can now compete with single crystals. Their further scintillation efficiency optimization includes the thorough control of the defects responsible for optical and scintillation losses. The choice of sintering agent appears critical to achieve both high optical transparency and scintillation performance. In this work, the optical investigations coupled with X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy evidence the beneficial role of MgO sintering agent. Mg2+ co‐dopants in ceramics drive the partial conversion of Ce3+ to Ce4+. The Ce4+ center, however, does not impair the scintillation performance due to its capability to positively influence the scintillation process. The importance of simultaneous application of such co‐doping and annealing treatment is also demonstrated. With 0.3 at% Mg, our ceramics display a light yield of ≈25000 photons/MeV with short 1 μs shaping time, a relative fast component intensity as high as 60%, and very low afterglow. Such performances are better than those of the isostructural single crystals ever reported. We discuss the role of co‐doping and annealing in the scintillation mechanism that make such combined treatments a positive strategy for material engineering.
Multi‐fuel scaled‐down autothermal pure H2 generator: Design and proof of concept
Authors: Shoham Patrascu Michael , Sheintuch Moshe
Published: February 2016

This article presents experimental results of an autothermal scaled‐down system for H2 production. Pure atmospheric pressure H2, separated in situ by Pd–Ag membranes, is produced by steam reforming (SR) of methane, ethanol, or glycerol. Oxidizing the SR effluents in a separate compartment supplies the heat. The oxidation feed is axially distributed to avoid hotspots. The 1.3 L system, comprises 100 cm2 of membrane area, and generates H2 flow rate equivalent to 0.15 kW at an efficiency of ∼25%. This process leads to comparable performance when different fuels are used. A mathematical model, validated by the measurements, predicts that increasing the membrane area relative to the outer surface area will substantially increase the efficiency and power output. This design serves as proof of concept for on‐board pure H2 generators, with flexible fuel sources, and holds a great promise to reduce the need for special H2 transport and storage technologies for portable or stationary applications. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2112–2125, 2016
Temperature gradients drive radial fluid flow in petri dishes and multiwell plates
Authors: Lindsay Stephen M. , Yin John
Published: February 2016

Liquid in a Petri dish spontaneously circulates in a radial pattern, even when the dish is at rest. These fluid flows have been observed and utilized for biological research, but their origins have not been well‐studied. Here, particle‐tracking to measure velocities of radial fluid flows, which are shown to be linked to evaporation, is used. Infrared thermal imaging was used to identify thermal gradients at the air‐liquid interface and at the bottom of the dish. Two‐color ratiometric fluorescence confocal imaging was used to measure thermal gradients in the vertical direction within the fluid. A finite‐element model of the fluid, incorporating the measured temperature profiles, shows that buoyancy forces are sufficient to produce flows consistent with the measured particle velocity results. Such flows may arise in other dish or plate formats, and may impact biological research in positive or negative ways. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2227–2233, 2016
Clinical characteristics and outcomes in biclonal gammopathies
Authors: Mullikin Trey C. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Dispenzieri Angela , Buadi Francis K. , Lacy Martha Q. , Lin Yi , Dingli David , Go Ronald S. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Zeldenrust Steven R. , Russell Stephen J. , Lust John A. , Leung Nelson , Kapoor Prashant , Kyle Robert A. , Gertz Morie A. , Kumar Shaji K.
Published: February 2016

A single monoclonal protein typically characterizes monoclonal gammopathies, but a small proportion may have more than one M protein identifiable. In the setting of symptomatic multiple myeloma (MM), the development of a new monoclonal protein following therapy is associated with better outcomes. As for the precursor conditions, monoclonal gammopathy undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), there is limited information on the impact of a second monoclonal protein on the disease course, including progression and response to treatment. The outcomes of patients with MGUS and SMM with more than one monoclonal protein, after identifying 539 patients with biclonal proteins on electrophoresis and/or immunofixation, were reported. About 22 of 393 patients with MGUS/biclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (BGUS) progressed to SMM (6), MM (11), AL (3), or WM (2), and 5 of 16 patients with biclonal SMM progressed to MM. The rate of progression for BGUS was approximately 1% per year, which is similar to MGUS with one monoclonal protein. The median estimated time of progression of biclonal SMM was 2.6 years; similar to monoclonal SMM. For patients with biclonal MM, both M spikes responded to treatment and, upon relapse, the original dominant M protein remained dominant as the disease progressed. In conclusion, the presence of a second monoclonal protein does not appear to affect the progression of precursor states and suggests multiple monoclonal proteins do not clinically impact one another in the course of the disease. Am. J. Hematol. 91:473–475, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selfassembly of α,ω‐dithiols on surfaces and metal dithiol heterostructures
Authors: Hamoudi Hicham , Esaulov Vladimir A.
Published: February 2016

α,ω‐Dithiols present an interesting case of molecules with two reactive terminal ‐SH groups (HS‐R‐SH) that allow their use as binders between different metallic entities. They have thus been used in molecular electronics conduction measurements, in “nanogap” electrodes of interest in plasmonics, as building blocks of more complex structures such as metal intercalated superlattices and in the formation of metalized organic thin films, including doped graphene type films. There exist however many problems, because the molecules may end up in undesirable configurations with both thiol terminals bound to the same metal particle/substrate or link with other molecules to produce “multi‐molecule” or “multilayer” structures. This report discusses various key questions on dithiol linking with metal surfaces and the quest of protocols of making problem free dithiol metal structures. It then describes the use of dithiols and their SAMs to produce various metal organic heterostructures useful for molecular electronics and formation of doped metalized organic thin films. We discuss the build up of these structures by self assembly and lithography, their chemical composition and functional properties.

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The electrospun polyhydroxybutyrate fibers reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals: Morphology and properties
Authors: Kampeerapappun Piyaporn
Published: February 2016

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) has been used in the biomedical field. However, the poor mechanical properties of PHB have limited its application. Here, electrospun fibrous nanocomposite mats reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were fabricated by using PHB as polymeric matrix. The morphological, thermal, mechanical properties, as well as cytotoxicity were characterized. Increasing the concentration of CNCs caused a decrease in diameter of the electrospun fibers. Moreover, thermal analysis indicated that melting temperature of PHB/CNCs electrospun fibers were improved with the increased CNCs content. The addition of CNCs gradually enhanced the tensile strength till 8 wt % content followed by a gradual decrease at higher CNCs content (12–22 wt %) in tensile strength. The PHB/CNCs electrospun fibers were nontoxic to L‐929 and capable of supporting cell proliferation in all conditions. This study demonstrates that fibrous PHB/CNCs electrospun fibers are cytocompatible and potentially useful mechanical properties for biomedical application. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43273.
Assessment of anatomical knowledge by practical examinations: The effect of question design on student performance
Authors: Sagoo Mandeep Gill , Smith Claire France , Gosden Edward
Published: February 2016

The objective structural practical examination (OSPE) is a timed examination that assesses topographical and/or applied knowledge of anatomy with the use of cadaveric resources and medical images. This study investigated whether elements of question design (provision of clinical context, type of visual resources used, gender context, and difficulty) of an anatomy question affected students' performance and also whether there was any effect of basic demography or participation in various voluntary activities. Study participants were second‐year medical students (n = 150), 83 of whom consented to fill in a questionnaire collecting demographics, revision preferences, and assessment preferences. The examination scores were matched with students' responses collected on the questionnaire and all data analyzed by multiple linear regression. Difficulty of the question was the only design element found to be significantly associated with the number of students that answered correctly (P = 0.001); clinical context, visual resources used and gender of the question were not significant. When individual students' marks were analyzed along with the questionnaire data, only the students' interest in participating in department's demonstrator program was a significant predictor of a high individual score, gender of the students showed a strong trend toward significance, with female students scoring on average higher than male students. The two part OSPE questions were dissociated and analyzed using binary logistic regression to determine whether a correct answer to Part 1 (identification of a tagged or pinned anatomical structures on a specimen or medical image) was predictive of a correct answer to Part 2 (assessment of the relevant functional, applied, or clinical knowledge), but no association was found. Anat Sci Educ 9: 446–452. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
3,4‐Phenylenedioxythiophene (PheDOT) Based Hole‐Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Jian , Chen Bai‐Xue , Zhang Fang‐Shuai , Yu Hui‐Juan , Ma Shuang , Kuang Dai‐Bin , Shao Guang , Su Cheng‐Yong
Published: February 2016

Two new electron‐rich molecules based on 3,4‐phenylenedioxythiophene (PheDOT) were synthesized and successfully adopted as hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). X‐ray diffraction, absorption spectra, photoluminescence spectra, electrochemical properties, thermal stabilities, hole mobilities, conductivities, and photovoltaic parameters of PSCs based on these two HTMs were compared with each other. By introducing methoxy substituents into the main skeleton, the energy levels of PheDOT‐core HTM were tuned to match with the perovskite, and its hole mobility was also improved (1.33×10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, being higher than that of spiro‐OMeTAD, 2.34×10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1). The PSC based on MeO‐PheDOT as HTM exhibits a short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of 18.31 mA cm−2, an open‐circuit potential (Voc) of 0.914 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.636, yielding an encouraging power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.64 % under AM 1.5G illumination. These results give some insight into how the molecular structures of HTMs affect their performances and pave the way for developing high‐efficiency and low‐cost HTMs for PSCs.
Study of photoluminescence characteristics of CdSe quantum dots hybridized with Cu nanowires
Authors: Chi Xiaochun , Wang Yinghui , Gao Jiechao , Liu Qinghui , Sui Ning , Zhu Jinyang , Li XueCong , Yang Haigui , Zou Lu , Kou Jun , Zhang Hanzhuang
Published: February 2016

The photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of semiconductor CdSe quantum dots (QDs) aggregated on Cu nanowires (NWs) were studied in detail. The PL relaxation dynamic data show that Cu NWs improve the PL intensity of CdSe QDs by accelerating the emission relaxation rate. The temperature‐dependent PL data and excitation intensity‐dependent PL data suggest that the activation energy of CdSe QDs might decrease due to the excellent heat transfer properties and the plasmon effect of Cu NWs.  Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progress and Perspective of Studies on Biomimetic Shark Skin Drag Reduction
Authors: Pu Xia , Li Guangji , Liu Yunhong
Published: February 2016

Shark skin surfaces of fast‐swimming sharks are characterized as non‐smooth because of the presence of dermal denticles or riblet structures and exhibit an excellent drag‐reduction effect. A review of the surface morphology, structure and mechanical behaviors of shark skin is given. Investigations into the microstructures of a single denticle and the mechanical behaviors of complete fresh shark skin containing both epidermal and dermal layers were reported. The results show that some nanostructured protuberances exist on the concave groove surface of a denticle. In particular, the complete fresh shark skin exhibits an excellent elasticity, and its stress‐strain curve is different from that of the corresponding epidermal layer. Furthermore, the mechanisms of drag reduction by riblets and complaint wall were introduced, various methods of fabricating biomimetic riblet‐structured surfaces were classified and summarized, and studies on the drag‐reduction effects and applications of biomimetic riblet‐structured surfaces were also reviewed. Based on these analyses and on the understanding of the drag‐reduction mechanisms, the concept of a synergistic drag‐reduction effect that is attributed to a non‐smooth surface and an elastic matrix was proposed for the first time.
Transformable Production Concepts: Flexible, Mobile, Decentralized, Modular, Fast
Authors: Lier Stefan , Wörsdörfer Dominik , Grünewald Marcus
Published: February 2016

The process industry is currently facing the challenges of intensified global competition, increasing volatilities of markets, increasing product variety, and shorter product life cycles. Against this background, transformable production concepts with their modular composition promise better adjustment to these dynamic conditions in the dimensions product quantity, product variety, and location of production. Additionally planning and development times shall be reduced with these concepts. This contribution gives an overview over the state of the art of these production concepts and discusses chances and risks. Thereby, all levels from apparatuses and plants to logistics and business models are considered.
Rasburicase‐induced methemoglobinemia: case report, literature review, and proposed treatment algorithm
Authors: Sherwood Garrett B. , Paschal Rita D. , Adamski Jill
Published: February 2016

Key Clinical Message

Rasburicase for the treatment of tumor lysis syndrome has been associated with hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia, usually in patients with G6PD deficiency. Risks and benefits should be considered prior to use of rasburicase in at‐risk patients. Methylene blue will worsen the hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency and should be avoided.