bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Survival Among Patients With Hodgkin's Lymphoma Who Developed Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Milano Michael T. , Li Huilin , Gail Mitchell H. , Constine Louis S. , Travis Lois B.
Published: October 2010

Purpose

The increased risk of breast cancer (BC) among women receiving chest radiotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is well-established. However, there are no large population-based studies that describe overall survival (OS) and cause-specific survival (CSS) compared with women with first primary BC.

Methods

For 298 HL survivors who developed BC (HL-BC group) and 405,223 women with a first or only BC (BC-1 group), actuarial OS and CSS were compared, accounting for age, BC stage, hormone receptor status, sociodemographic status, radiation for HL, and other variables. All patients were derived from the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program.

Results

OS among patients with HL-BC was significantly inferior that of to patients with BC-1: 15-year OS was 48% versus 69% (P < .0001) for localized BC, and 33% versus 43% (P < .0001) for regional/distant BC. Patients with HL-BC had a significantly increased seven-fold risk (P < .0001) of death from other cancers (ie, not HL or BC) compared with patients with BC-1. Mortality from heart disease among patients with HL-BC with either localized or regional/distant disease was also significantly increased (hazard ratio = 2.22, P = .04; and hazard ratio = 4.28, P = .02, respectively) compared with patients with BC-1. Although 10-year BC-CSS was similar for patients with HL-BC and BC-1 with regional/distant disease, it was inferior for patients with localized BC (82% v 88%, respectively; P = .002).

Conclusion

Women with HL may survive a subsequent diagnosis of BC, only to experience significant excesses of death from other primary cancers and cardiac disease. Greater awareness of screening for cardiac disease and subsequent primary cancers in patients with HL-BC is warranted.
Twenty Hanging Dolls and a Lynching: Defacing Dangerousness and Enacting Citizenship in El Alto, Bolivia
Authors: Risør Helene
Published: October 2010

The article sets lynching of presumed criminals in the city of El Alto, Bolivia, in relation to both everyday experiences of insecurity about crime and violence and the enactment of neighborliness as a grounded notion of citizenship. Focusing on the experience and management of insecurity and its paradoxical entanglement with the enactments of citizenship and state-citizen relations, the article argues that people's attempts to remain safe constitute a permanent process of making visible and defacing (following Michael Taussig's notion of defacement) dangerousness and criminal subjects vis-à-vis the construction of community and local expressions of citizenship.
National Identities and Transnational Intimacies: Sexual Democracy and the Politics of Immigration in Europe
Authors: Fassin Éric
Published: October 2010

The so-called sexual clash of civilizations takes on a different meaning in today's Europe: it is about immigrants rather than terrorists—about contention, not expansion. As a consequence, Europe now draws the boundaries between “us” and “them” through sexual politics. Sexual democracy thus defines the borders of Europe while embodying national identities in France, in the Netherlands, and elsewhere.
Hymenal Politics: Marriage, Secularism, and French Sovereignty
Authors: Surkis Judith
Published: October 2010

This essay situates a recent French marriage annulment scandal in the context of debates about Islam, gender, and immigration; the relationship between the secularism of French law and Catholic marriage law; and the history of Muslim law under French colonial rule.
Turkish Women, West German Feminists, and the Gendered Discourse on Muslim Cultural Difference
Authors: Chin Rita
Published: October 2010

A striking aspect of contemporary European debates about immigrants is the focus on the Muslim woman as the key figure through which objections to Islamic cultural difference have been articulated. This article traces how sexual politics became central to German public debates about guest worker migrants. It shows how Turkish women became a central trope for representing the fundamental cultural differences between Turks and Germans and explores the somewhat surprising hand that feminists had in facilitating this line of thinking.
Looking at Pictures of Gay Men: Political Uses of Homophobia in Contemporary Poland
Authors: Graff Agnieszka
Published: October 2010

The essay examines the dynamics of the politicization of homophobia in the recent period of right-wing rule in Poland, which followed the country's 2004 EU accession. It argues that the question of sexuality became a boundary marker, a reference point for political self-definition and national pride. The essay looks at angry responses to the three resolutions against homophobia issued by the European parliament in this period, comments on the relevance of the gay/Jew analogy to Poland's debates on sexual tolerance, and examines an incident of March 2008, when Poland's president used images from a gay wedding in a speech meant to account for his skepticism about the EU. Drawing on the work of Judith Butler and Éric Fassin, the essay links these developments to a wider context of instrumentalization of sexual freedom in contemporary Europe (especially vis-à-vis Muslim minorities).
FGF signalling: diverse roles during early vertebrate embryogenesis
Authors: Dorey Karel , Amaya Enrique
Published: October 2010

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling has been implicated during several phases of early embryogenesis, including the patterning of the embryonic axes, the induction and/or maintenance of several cell lineages and the coordination of morphogenetic movements. Here, we summarise our current understanding of the regulation and roles of FGF signalling during early vertebrate development.
RPK2 is an essential receptor-like kinase that transmits the CLV3 signal in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kinoshita Atsuko , Betsuyaku Shigeyuki , Osakabe Yuriko , Mizuno Shinji , Nagawa Shingo , Stahl Yvonne , Simon Rüdiger , Yamaguchi-Shinozaki Kazuko , Fukuda Hiroo , Sawa Shinichiro
Published: October 2010

The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is the fundamental structure that is located at the growing tip and gives rise to all aerial parts of plant tissues and organs, such as leaves, stems and flowers. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the CLAVATA3 (CLV3) pathway regulates the stem cell pool in the SAM, in which a small peptide ligand derived from CLV3 is perceived by two major receptor complexes, CLV1 and CLV2-CORYNE (CRN)/SUPPRESSOR OF LLP1 2 (SOL2), to restrict WUSCHEL (WUS) expression. In this study, we used the functional, synthetic CLV3 peptide (MCLV3) to isolate CLV3-insensitive mutants and revealed that a receptor-like kinase, RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN KINASE 2 (RPK2), also known as TOADSTOOL 2 (TOAD2), is another key regulator of meristem maintenance. Mutations in the RPK2 gene result in stem cell expansion and increased number of floral organs, as seen in the other clv mutants. These phenotypes are additive with both clv1 and clv2 mutations. Moreover, our biochemical analyses using Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that RPK2 forms homo-oligomers but does not associate with CLV1 or CLV2. These genetic and biochemical findings suggest that three major receptor complexes, RPK2 homomers, CLV1 homomers and CLV2-CRN/SOL2 heteromers, are likely to mediate three signalling pathways, mainly in parallel but with potential crosstalk, to regulate the SAM homeostasis.
Hedgehog targets in theDrosophilaembryo and the mechanisms that generate tissue-specific outputs of Hedgehog signaling
Authors: Biehs Brian , Kechris Katerina , Liu SongMei , Kornberg Thomas B.
Published: October 2010

Paracrine Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates growth and patterning in many Drosophila organs. We mapped chromatin binding sites for Cubitus interruptus (Ci), the transcription factor that mediates outputs of Hh signal transduction, and we analyzed transcription profiles of control and mutant embryos to identify genes that are regulated by Hh. Putative targets that we identified included several Hh pathway components, mostly previously identified targets, and many targets that are novel. Every Hh target we analyzed that is not a pathway component appeared to be regulated by Hh in a tissue-specific manner; analysis of expression patterns of pathway components and target genes provided evidence of autocrine Hh signaling in the optic primordium of the embryo. We present evidence that tissue specificity of Hh targets depends on transcription factors that are Hh-independent, suggesting that `pre-patterns' of transcription factors partner with Ci to make Hh-dependent gene expression position specific.
RiboSys, a high-resolution, quantitative approach to measure the in vivo kinetics of pre-mRNA splicing and 3′-end processing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Alexander Ross D. , Barrass J. David , Dichtl Beatriz , Kos Martin , Obtulowicz Tomasz , Robert Marie-Cecile , Koper Michal , Karkusiewicz Iwona , Mariconti Luisa , Tollervey David , Dichtl Bernhard , Kufel Joanna , Bertrand Edouard , Beggs Jean D.
Published: October 2010

We describe methods for obtaining a quantitative description of RNA processing at high resolution in budding yeast. As a model gene expression system, we constructed tetON (for induction studies) and tetOFF (for repression, derepression, and RNA degradation studies) yeast strains with a series of reporter genes integrated in the genome under the control of a tetO7 promoter. Reverse transcription and quantitative real-time-PCR (RT-qPCR) methods were adapted to allow the determination of mRNA abundance as the average number of copies per cell in a population. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) measurements of transcript numbers in individual cells validated the RT-qPCR approach for the average copy-number determination despite the broad distribution of transcript levels within a population of cells. In addition, RT-qPCR was used to distinguish the products of the different steps in splicing of the reporter transcripts, and methods were developed to map and quantify 3′-end cleavage and polyadenylation. This system permits pre-mRNA production, splicing, 3′-end maturation and degradation to be quantitatively monitored with unprecedented kinetic detail, suitable for mathematical modeling. Using this approach, we demonstrate that reporter transcripts are spliced prior to their 3′-end cleavage and polyadenylation, that is, cotranscriptionally.
What Makes Them Tick? Employee Motives and Firm Innovation
Authors: Sauermann Henry , Cohen Wesley M.
Published: October 2010

Economists studying innovation and technological change have made significant progress toward understanding firms' profit incentives as drivers of innovation. However, innovative performance in firms should also depend heavily on the pecuniary and nonpecuniary motives of the employees actually working in research and development. Using data on more than 1,700 Ph.D. scientists and engineers, we examine the relationships between individuals' motives (e.g., desire for intellectual challenge, income, or responsibility) and their innovative performance. We find that motives matter, but different motives have very different effects: Motives regarding intellectual challenge, independence, and money have a strong positive relationship with innovative output, whereas motives regarding job security and responsibility tend to have a negative relationship. We also explore possible mechanisms underlying the observed relationships between motives and performance. Although hours worked (quantity of effort) have a strong positive effect on performance, motives appear to affect innovative performance primarily via other dimensions of effort (character of effort). Finally, we find some evidence that the role of motives differs in upstream research versus downstream development.
Bundling Strategies When Products Are Vertically Differentiated and Capacities Are Limited
Authors: Banciu Mihai , Gal-Or Esther , Mirchandani Prakash
Published: October 2010

We consider a seller who owns two capacity-constrained resources and markets two products (components) corresponding to these resources as well as a bundle comprising the two components. In an environment where all customers agree that one of the two components is of higher quality than the other and that the bundle is of the highest quality, we derive the seller's optimal bundling strategy. We demonstrate that the optimal solution depends on the absolute and relative availabilities of the two resources as well as upon the extent of subadditivity of the quality of the products. The possible strategies that can arise as equilibrium behavior include a pure components strategy, a partial- or full-spectrum mixed bundling strategy, and a pure bundling strategy, where the latter strategy is optimal when capacities are unconstrained. These conclusions are contrary to findings in the prior literature on bundling that demonstrated the unambiguous dominance of the full-spectrum mixed bundling strategy. Thus, our work expands the frontier of bundling to an environment with vertically differentiated components and limited resources. We also explore how the bundling strategies change as we introduce an element of horizontal differentiation wherein different types of customers value the available components differently.
Selling with Binding Reservations in the Presence of Strategic Consumers
Authors: Osadchiy Nikolay , Vulcano Gustavo
Published: October 2010

We analyze a revenue management problem in which a seller endowed with an initial inventory operates a selling with binding reservations scheme. Upon arrival, each consumer, trying to maximize his own utility, must decide either to buy at the full price and get the item immediately or to place a nonwithdrawable reservation at a discount price and wait until the end of the sales season where the leftover units are allocated according to first-come-first-serve priority. We prove the existence of an equilibrium consumer's strategy in this game and develop a simple and accurate asymptotic approximation for it.

Through an extensive numerical study, we find that our proposed mechanism delivers higher revenues than the markdown practice with a preannounced fixed discount. The benefit is more emphasized when the seller is more patient than the consumers and (1) the ratio between the number of units put up for sale and the expected demand is moderate and/or (2) the heterogeneity of the consumers' valuations is moderate to high. In our numerical experiments, the revenue gap can reach more than 12%, which is quite significant for retail businesses that typically operate with narrow margins.
Book Reviews
Authors: Carleton R. Nicholas.
Published: October 2010

Cognitive‐behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: Mastering clinical challenges Butler G. Fennell M. Hackmann A. New York: The Guilford Press, 2010. $25.00 Pbk. ISBN 978‐1‐60623‐869‐1
Book Reviews
Authors: Carpendale Jeremy.
Published: October 2010

The child as social person Meadows Sara New York: Routledge, 2010. $44.95. ISBN 978‐0‐415‐45200‐7
The New Religious Policy in China: Catching up with Systemic Reforms
Authors: Tong James W.
Published: October 2010

China's new religious policy expands the institutional autonomy of religious organizations, limits the power of religious affairs bureaus, and provides for administrative appeal, judicial challenge, and sanctioning errant officials. As such, it is an effort of the Chinese government to integrate religious policy with its systemic socioeconomic and political reforms.
Economic Voting in Taiwan: The Significance of Education and Lifetime Economic Experiences
Authors: Choi Eunjung
Published: October 2010

An analysis of the 1996 and 2004 Taiwan presidential elections demonstrates that the voters' overall economic experiences under the dominant Kuomintang and level of education mediated the effect of short-term economic conditions on individual vote choice before and after the first power transition.
Looking Back to the Road Ahead
Authors: Jameson Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

The essays in this forum address the accomplishments and shortcomings of a quarter-century of western women's and gender history, suggesting future directions for the field. The authors differ in their assessments of efforts to achieve multicultural histories and to address relationships of power within western women's history, as well as about the impact of western women's history on western historical scholarship. This essay suggests that the differences in analysis, emphasis, and conclusions in the three essays that follow are only partly due to three authors' addressing different scholarly and popular discourses. Entrenched academic power relationships, conservative public politics, and the difficulty of imagining new narratives have all inhibited historians' efforts to interrogate power and disrupt relationships of domination. It is time to address these difficult and urgent tasks.
Historical Authenticity and Interpretative Strategy at Hampton Court Palace
Authors: Lipscomb Suzannah
Published: October 2010

To mark the 500th anniversary of Henry VIII's accession, the Tudor palace at Hampton Court in the UK was re-interpreted by a team of curators and interpreters from Historic Royal Palaces. In this article, one of the lead curators reflects on the process. Creating a new visitor experience raised questions about what it means to be authentic in a historic site, and whether interpreters need to choose between authenticity and visitor engagement. The article considers nineteenth-century answers to the question, some real case-study examples from the 2009 re-interpretation, the interpretative principles that were chosen, and some early indicators of success.
Clinical Features Suggestive of Meningitis in Children: A Systematic Review of Prospective Data
Authors: Curtis Sarah , Stobart Kent , Vandermeer Ben , Simel David L. , Klassen Terry
Published: October 2010

CONTEXT:

Clinical diagnosis of pediatric meningitis is fundamental; therefore, familiarity with evidence underscoring clinical features suggestive of meningitis is important.

OBJECTIVE:

To seek evidence supporting accuracy of clinical features of pediatric bacterial meningitis.

METHODS:

A review of Medline, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, and PubMed was conducted for all articles of relevance. Articles contained prospective data of clinical features in children with laboratory-confirmed bacterial meningitis and in comparison groups of those without it. Two authors independently assessed quality and extracted data to calculate accuracy data of clinical features.

RESULTS:

Of 14 145 references initially identified, 10 met our inclusion criteria. On history, a report of bulging fontanel (likelihood ratio [LR]: 8.00 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.4–26]), neck stiffness (7.70 [3.2–19]), seizures (outside febrile-convulsion age range) (4.40 [3.0–6.4]), or reduced feeds (2.00 [1.2–3.4]) raised concern about the presence of meningitis. On examination, jaundice (LR: 5.90 [95% CI: 1.8–19]), being toxic or moribund (5.80 [3.0–11]), meningeal signs (4.50 [2.4–8.3]), neck stiffness (4.00 [2.6–6.3]), bulging fontanel (3.50 [2.0–6.0]), Kernig sign (3.50 [2.1–5.7]), tone up (3.20 [2.2–4.5]), fever of >40°C (2.90 [1.6–5.5]), and Brudzinski sign (2.50 [1.8–3.6]) independently raised the likelihood of meningitis. The absence of meningeal signs (LR: 0.41 [95% CI: 0.30–0.57]) and an abnormal cry (0.30 [0.16–0.57]) independently lowered the likelihood of meningitis. The absence of fever did not rule out meningitis (LR: 0.70 [95% CI: 0.53–0.92]).

CONCLUSIONS:

Evidence for several useful clinical features that influence the likelihood of pediatric meningitis exists. No isolated clinical feature is diagnostic, and the most accurate diagnostic combination is unclear.
Sleeping Through the Night: The Consolidation of Self-regulated Sleep Across the First Year of Life
Authors: Henderson Jacqueline M. T. , France Karyn G. , Owens Joseph L. , Blampied Neville M.
Published: October 2010

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the consolidation of infants' self-regulated nocturnal sleep over the first year, to determine when infants first sleep through the night from 24:00 to 05:00 hours (criterion 1), for 8 hours (criterion 2), or between 22:00 and 06:00 hours (the family-congruent criterion 3).

METHODS:

This was a prospective longitudinal study with repeated measures. Parents of 75 typically developing infants completed sleep diaries for 6 days each month for 12 months. Accuracy of parent reports were assessed by using videosomnography.

RESULTS:

The largest mean increase (504 minutes) in self-regulated sleep length occurred from 1 to 4 months. The survival function decreased most rapidly (indicating greatest probability of meeting criteria) for criterion 1 at 2 months, criterion 2 at 3 months, and criterion 3 at 4 months. A 50% probability of meeting criteria 1 and 2 occurred at 3 months and at 5 months for criterion 3. The hazard function identified 2 months (criteria 1 and 2) and 3 months (criterion 3) as the most likely ages for sleeping through the night. At 12 months, 11 infants did not meet criteria 1 or 2, whereas 21 failed to meet criterion 3.

CONCLUSIONS:

The most rapid consolidation in infant sleep regulation occurs in the first 4 months. Most infants are sleeping through the night at 2 and 3 months, regardless of the criterion used. The most developmentally and socially valid criterion for sleeping through is from 22:00 to 0:600 hours. At 5 months, more than half of infants are sleeping concurrently with their parents.
Theoretical analysis of the relationships between hardness, elastic modulus, and the work of indentation for work-hardening materials
Authors: Yang Rong , Zhang Taihua , Feng Yihui
Published: October 2010

In our previous paper, the expanding cavity model (ECM) and Lamé solution were used to obtain an analytical expression for the scale ratio between hardness (H) to reduced modulus (Er) and unloading work (Wu) to total work (Wt) of indentation for elastic-perfectly plastic materials. In this paper, the more general work-hardening (linear and power-law) materials are studied. Our previous conclusions that this ratio depends mainly on the conical angle of indenter, holds not only for elastic perfectly-plastic materials, but also for work-hardening materials. These results were also verified by numerical simulations.
Judd–Ofelt spectroscopic study of Mg/Er-codoped near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystals for integrated optics
Authors: Zhang De-Long , Zheng Hui , Pun Edwin Yue-Bun
Published: October 2010

Near-stoichiometric (NS) (Mg:)Er:LiNbO3 crystals were grown from melts containing 0.0/0.5, 0.5/0.5, and 1.0/0.5 mol%/mol% MgO/Er2O3. Crystal composition and optical properties studies show that the Li2O contents in these crystals increase all by ∼1 mol% relative to the congruent point. The 1.0 mol% MgO-doped NS crystal is just near optical damage threshold and withstands a 488 nm light intensity >0.74 MW/cm2 without optical damage. Unpolarized absorption spectra of these NS crystals were measured, and the Er3+ absorption cross-section spectra were determined. The Er3+ spectroscopic properties were studied by Judd–Ofelt theory. The results show that as the crystal composition approaches the stoichiometry, the Er3+ spectroscopic properties change definitely. The Er3+ ion in the NS crystal has smaller absorption cross section and hence weaker oscillator strength, lower emission rate, and longer radiative lifetime. Nevertheless, the radiative quantum efficiency is retained. In addition, the MgO codoping has less effect on the Er3+ spectroscopic properties.
A plastic damage model for finite element analysis of cracking of silicon under indentation
Authors: Wan Haibo , Shen Yao , Chen Qiulong , Chen Youxing
Published: October 2010

A modified plastic damage model that accounts for tensile damage and compressive plasticity as well as interactions among them is adopted to simulate the indentation-induced cracking of silicon under Berkovich, cube corner, and Vickers indenters. Simulations with this model capture not only the well-known cracking geometries in indented ceramics, such as radial, median, lateral, and half penny (Vickers indenter) cracks, but also the recent experimentally discovered quarter penny cracks under Berkovich and cube corner pyramidal indenters. The quarter penny cracks are found to be formed by the coalescence of radial and median cracks for the first time in the simulation. Loads at which radial and half penny cracks are initiated in silicon are generally close to the experimental values reported in the literature, and the crack lengths on the sample surface agree well with both the current experimental measurements and analytical results by fracture mechanics.
Whisker growth from an electroplated zinc coating
Authors: Baated Alongheng , Kim Keun-Soo , Suganuma Katsuaki
Published: October 2010

The formation of Zn whiskers threatens the reliable operation of electronic equipment with an electrical shorting hazard. As with tin whiskers (much more intensively researched than Zn whiskers), the mechanism of formation is still not clear. This work investigated the Zn whisker growth mechanism for an electroplated Zn coating above a carbon steel substrate from a raised floor tile. Iron–zinc (Fe–Zn) intermetallic and Zn oxides were identified by x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Fe–Zn intermetallic compounds formed on the surface of the Zn layer in addition to the interface between the Zn coating and the steel substrate. Zn oxides formed primarily on the surface of the Zn coating. Fe–Zn intermetallic compounds and Zn oxide formation can be the source of a residual stress that promotes Zn diffusion to the surface of electroplated Zn coating, resulting in the formation of Zn whiskers.
Resistance degradation behavior of Ca-doped BaTiO3
Authors: Yoon Seok-Hyun , Kang Sung-Hyung , Kwon Sang-Hoon , Hur Kang-Heon
Published: October 2010

Resistance degradation of Ca-doped BaTiO3ceramics was investigated. A series of coarse and fine-grained (Ba1–xCax)TiO3with only Ba site incorporation rangingxfrom 0 to 0.1, and Ba(Ti1–yCay)O3ceramics with only Ti site incorporation rangingyfrom 0 to 0.015, were prepared with similar grain sizes. The increase ofxdid not cause any distinct difference in degradation, whereas an increase inycaused a significant resistance degradation in both coarse and fine-grained specimens. The variation of ionic transference number (tion) as evaluated by the Warburg impedance was negligible with increase inx, but significantly increased with the increase iny. These results demonstrate that the decrease of lattice parameters and lattice shrinkage by the Ba site incorporation of Ca has little influence on the resistance degradation, and that the oxygen vacancy concentration generated by the Ti site incorporation of acceptor Ca is a very important factor that governs resistance degradation.
Crystallization kinetics of Si3N4in Si–B–C–N polymer-derived ceramics
Authors: Tavakoli Amir H. , Gerstel Peter , Golczewski Jerzy A. , Bill Joachim
Published: October 2010

To study the crystallization kinetics of β-Si3N4in Si–B–C–N polymer-derived ceramics, the amorphous ceramics with composition SiC1.6N1.0B0.4were synthesized and then isothermally annealed at 1700, 1775 and 1850 °C. The integrated intensities of β-Si3N4x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were used to examine the course of crystallization. The average size of the Si3N4nanocrystallites was analyzed by means of the XRD measurements and energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy. It was realized that the nanocrystallite dimensions change insignificantly within the time period of crystallization; however, they depend significantly on the temperature. Subsequently, the kinetics of the β-Si3N4crystallization was analyzed. Consequently, large activation energy in the range of 11.5 eV was estimated. Moreover, continuous nucleation and diffusion-controlled growth have been concluded as the main mechanisms of the crystallization process. Further analysis points at the crucial role of the nucleation rate in the crystallization kinetics of β-Si3N4.
Luminescence of SrY2O4:Eu3+ associated with defects
Authors: Zhang Jia , Wang Yuhua
Published: October 2010

SrY2O4:Eu3+ phosphors were synthesized by both the solid-state reaction method and the sol-gel method, and their photoluminescence in vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and the ultraviolet (UV) region were evaluated. The excitation spectra of SrY2O4:Eu3+ phosphors prepared by solid-state reaction show another excitation band centered at 324 nm except for the charge-transfer bands (CTB) of Eu3+ when monitored at 610 nm, and a blue emission band around 406 nm is observed when excited at 324 nm, which could be associated with defects. Both the excitation and emission bands mentioned above disappear when the samples were prepared by the sol-gel method. SrY1.98O4:0.02Eu3+ phosphors synthesized by the sol-gel method exhibit a higher emission intensity under 147 nm excitation compared with solid-state reaction technology. The main reason could be that the samples prepared by the solution-based route have more regular and uniform morphologies.
Sintering of hierarchically structured ZnO
Authors: König Markus , Höhn Sören , Hoffmann Rudolf , Suffner Jens , Lauterbach Stefan , Weiler Ludwig , Guillon Olivier , Rödel Jürgen
Published: October 2010

Hierarchically structured zinc oxide was prepared from zinc acetylacetonate by a microwave-assisted process. The zinc oxide formed nanoparticles that are packed in substructured spherical agglomerates with a diameter of 0.5 μm. Nitrogen adsorption, x-ray diffraction, and dilatometry were used to investigate the densification. Ion beam method was applied to prepare cross sections and enable microstructural analysis. Three regimes of microstructural evolution were identified on different scales during sintering. In the first regime, nanoparticles changed morphology and densification occurred only in the interiors of the agglomerates. In the second regime, agglomerates became hollow and built necks. Simultaneously, densification set in on the macroscopic scale. A drastic homogenization of the microstructure was observed that marked the beginning of the third regime, where densification and grain growth occurred.
Early and Middle Woodland Earthwork Enclosures in Iowa
Authors: Whittaker William E. , Green William
Published: October 2010

Earthen enclosures are hallmarks of both the Early Woodland Adena complex and the Middle Woodland Hopewell Interaction Sphere of the eastern United States. Early and Middle Woodland enclosures also exist west of the Mississippi River, but these generally have been overlooked. Eastern Iowa has at least five enclosures of apparent Early or Middle Woodland affiliation and numerous others with later or undetermined affiliations. The Woodland enclosures contain many of the characteristics associated with Adena and Hopewell in terms of their size, apparent non-defensive function, and association with ritual areas including burial mounds. The distribution of these earthworks suggests that the Mississippi River valley was the western limit of Adena- and Hopewell-related ceremonial enclosures but that their importance may have extended more widely.
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Dry Storage Techniques for Archaeological Iron
Authors: Beduhn Jacquelyn
Published: October 2010

This article will examine the various techniques employed for the storage of archaeological iron. Focusing specifically on storage with silica gel and the Revolutionary Preservation system®, this article will consider the maintenance and fiscal expenses in comparison to preservation benefits.
Visual illusion of the change of the size of architectural and urban objects observed upon a change of the observer's distance: Parameters that influence it phenomenologically
Authors: Djordjevic Djordje , Vujic Gordana
Published: October 2010

This paper explores the visual phenomena of a seeming change of the target-object's size (as a focus of concrete visual perception) in the function of an observer's motion so that it 'seems' contrary to the law of linear perspective (in the sense of an expected increase of the target volume/monumentality - by getting closer or a decrease - by getting farther away). This phenomenon is described in a geometrical and perceptual aspect; the result of this comprehensive approach led to identify parameters that determine it phenomenologically. It was established that the explored visual phenomenon is a specific 'size illusion', i.e. an 'angular size illusion' that occurs when influenced by factors of the perceptual kind - activated by a specific dynamic relationship (on a visual plan) between the target object and its surrounding competitive objects, as an observer moves. By understanding the character of this phenomenon (both in a geometrical and perceptual sense), it is possible to apply the acquired knowledge in practice - in programming the visual effects to be obtained (such as to visually optimize or minimize the monumentality of targeted objects) in all architectural and urban fields (planning, designing and reconstruction).
Investor Trading and the Post-Earnings-Announcement Drift
Authors: Ayers Benjamin C. , Li Oliver Zhen , Yeung P. Eric
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT: We examine whether the two distinct post-earnings-announcement drifts associated with seasonal random-walk-based and analyst-based earnings surprises are attributable to the trading activities of distinct sets of investors. We predict and find that small (large) traders continue to trade in the direction of seasonal random-walk-based (analyst-based) earnings surprises after earnings announcements. We also find that when small (large) traders react more thoroughly to seasonal random-walk- (analyst-) based earnings surprises at the earnings announcements, the respective drift attenuates. Further evidence suggests that delayed small trades associated with random-walk-based surprises are consistent with small traders’ failure to understand time-series properties of earnings, whereas delayed large trades associated with analyst-based surprises are more consistent with a longer price discovery process. We also find that the analyst-based drift has declined in recent years.
Investment Growth and the Relation between Equity Value, Earnings, and Equity Book Value
Authors: Hao Shengquan , Jin Qinglu , Zhang Guochang
Published: October 2010

Abstract: Using Zhang (2000) as the theoretical basis, we predict and empirically test the effect of investment growth on the relation between equity value and accounting variables. We find that (1) growth increases the slope in the value-earnings relation for high-profitability firms (consistent with growth having positive NPV), but has an insignificant or negative effect on the slope for lower-profitability firms (consistent with growth having non-positive NPV); (2) given earnings, growth increases the (positive) slope of the relation between equity value and equity book value for low-profitability firms, but reduces this slope and causes equity value to decrease with book value for high-profitability firms; and (3) given profitability (ROE), equity value uniformly increases with book value, and growth increases the slope of this relation. We also examine the valuation impact of past investment activities that arises from accounting conservatism. We find that the earnings coefficient is greater in the years following faster investment increases (which cause earnings to be more conservatively stated).
Analysis of the hybrid pulsed MAG-YAG laser plasma with synchronization of multiple signals
Authors: Zhiyong Li , Lijun Yang , Ying Gao , Huan Li , Wei Wang
Published: October 2010

In this paper, a synchronization system is developed for collecting multiple signals of arc plasma which is generated by the hybrid pulsed metal active gas (MAG)-YAG laser welding process. The synchronization system can collect spectra of the plasma, arc voltage, welding current, and high speed video simultaneously. Because the hybrid arc plasma fluctuates with the variation of pulsed welding parameters, acquiring the transient signals is very important for analysis of the coupling effect. With the application of synchronization signals, the transient state of the hybrid plasma can be detected and analyzed. The results show that the interaction between laser beam and welding arc is quite different for different stage of the welding parameter. In the background level of welding current, the laser beam acts directly on the front edge of welding pool, which obviously decreases the effect of diffraction by the solid weld plate. The arc plasma is attracted by the laser and shifts to the laser beam. In the pulse level of welding current, the laser beam acts on the arc plasma rather than directly on the welding pool. The absorption of laser energy by the arc plasma is dominant.
Weld strength improvement for Al alloy by using laser weaving method
Authors: Choi Kwang-Deok , Ahn Young-Nam , Kim Cheolhee
Published: October 2010

Laser welding of aluminum alloys usually produces linear welds that have shear-tensile strength lower than that of the base metal. This is usually due to porosity resulting from an unstable keyhole and cracking which is related to the high crack sensitivity of many of these alloys. In this work laser weaving is used to improve the joint strength of laser welds. In this research, lap welds and bead-on-plate welds were produced on 1 mm thick aluminum alloy sheets using various weaving schemes. When the weaving width was 4 mm, crack propagation was reduced, compared with a weaving width of 2mm. No cracks occurred when the weaving frequency was 5 Hz for weaving widths of 2 and 4 mm. The shear-tensile strengths were measured according to the weaving parameters such as weaving width and frequency. The laser weaving increased the fusion line length, therefore improving the joint strength.
LABA in patients with stage I COPD and mild sleep apnea syndrome: a pilot study
Authors: Kopitovic Ivan , Kojicic Marija , Drvenica Mirjana , Ilic Miroslav
Published: October 2010

Patients suffering from both sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a more severe form of sleep apnea. Knowing all pathophysiological aspects that mutually interact in sleep disorders and COPD, we aimed to investigate if the introduction of long-acting β2 agonists (LABA) during the night could improve overnight oxygenation and the ability to perform daily activities in stage I COPD patients with mild SAHS. We conducted a prospective study of 22 patients with stage I COPD and SAHS confirmed by overnight polygraph screening, without nocturnal CPAP treatment. During twelve weeks, all patients used LABA (salmeterol 50 mcg) with a metered dose inhaler before bedtime. The levels of apnea hypopnea index, oxygen saturation, heart rate, and Epworth daytime sleepiness scale (ESS) were recorded before and after the treatment. There was a significant improvement of lowest and average overnight oxygenation compared to baseline (mean difference 2.1±0.42, p<0.0001; 1.7±0.3, p<0.0001, respectively). In addition, patients reported reduction in daytime sleepiness according to ESS (mean difference 1.23±0.51; p=0.03). Fewer patients exhibited tachycardia when on salmeterol (68 vs. 41%; p=0.01). Use of inhaled salmeterol improves overnight oxygenation in patients with stage I COPD and SAHS. Future prospective studies are warranted to confirm this potentially beneficial effect of long-acting β2 agonists.
A method to estimate roe deer Capreolus capreolus density at various spatial scales in a fragmented landscape
Authors: Iannuzzo Daniele , Focardi Stefano , Raganella‐Pelliccioni Elisabetta , Toso Silvano
Published: October 2010

Estimating the density of wildlife populations is still a difficult task, especially when you work with spatially open populations and you must relax the assumption of closure, which is the basis of most methods currently used. Further difficulties arise when obtaining density estimates at small spatial scales. Using eight years (1996‐2003) to monitor data from a roe deer Capreolus capreolus population that lives in a sub‐Mediterranean environment in central Italy, we were able to estimate local density (at a spatial scale of one home range) by using a large sample of radio‐marked animals. Local density estimates could be obtained only in zones in which radio‐marked deer were available in sufficient numbers. To estimate local density in the whole study area, we developed a calibration model, which allowed us to infer density where radio‐marked deer were absent or scarce. To do this, we computed the mark‐resight density estimates (using radio‐marked animals) and related these estimates to linear and non‐linear functions of animal count and surface area of fields, to obtain a set of density estimators. Then, we selected a linear combination of such estimators, whose quality was assessed by cross‐validation. Our results show that the method we propose can be effective in investigating small‐scale spatial structure of density in a roe deer population. We see several potential applications of this method for both research and management purposes.
Effects of simulated moose Alces alces browsing on the morphology of rowan Sorbus aucuparia
Authors: Jager Nathan R. De , Pastor John
Published: October 2010

In much of northern Sweden moose Alces alces browse rowan Sorbus aucuparia heavily and commonly revisit previously browsed plants. Repeated browsing of rowan by moose has created some concern for its long‐term survival in heavily browsed areas. We therefore measured how four years of simulated moose browsing at four population densities (0, 10, 30 and 50 moose/1,000 ha) changed plant height, crown width, available bite mass, the number of bites per plant and per plant forage biomass of rowan saplings. Increased biomass removal led to a significant decline in plant height (P < 0.001), but a significant increase in the number of bites per plant (P = 0.012). Increases in the number of bites per plant more than compensated for weak decreases in bite mass, leading to a weak increase in per plant forage biomass (P = 0.072). With the decline in plant height and increase in the number of stems per plant, a greater number of bites remain within the height reach of moose relative to unbrowsed controls. Moose therefore stand to benefit from revisiting previously browsed plants, which may result in feeding loops between moose and previously browsed rowan saplings.
Individual heterogeneity as a pitfall in population estimates based on non‐invasive genetic sampling: a review and recommendations
Authors: Ebert Cornelia , Knauer Felix , Storch Ilse , Hohmann Ulf
Published: October 2010

In recent years, much progress has been made in non‐invasive genetic methods for various purposes including population estimation. Previous research focused on optimising laboratory protocols and assessing genotyping errors. However, an important source of bias in population estimates still remains in the field sampling methods. The probability of animals being sampled can vary according to sex, age, social status or home‐range location. In this article, we present relevant literature reviewed to provide an overview of the occurrence of individual heterogeneity (IH) in the field, and how it can be minimised, e.g. by adaptation of sampling design. We surveyed 38 articles describing non‐invasive population estimation for 12 mammal and two bird species. The majority of these studies discussed IH as a potential problem. The detectability of IH via goodness‐of‐fit testing depended on the average capture probability reported in the studies. Field tests for assessing variation in sampling probabilities or validating estimations were carried out in only 11 of the 38 studies. The results of these tests point out that IH is a widespread problem in non‐invasive population estimation, which deserves closer attention not only in the development of laboratory protocols but also concerning the sampled species' characteristics and the field methods. IH can be reduced in the field by carefully adapting the sampling design to the characteristics of the studied population. If this is not reasonable, it may be better to switch to a different sampling strategy.
Neurobiological Basis of Parenting Disturbance
Authors: Newman Louise K. , Harris Melissa , Allen Joanne
Published: October 2010

Objective: It has been proposed that early attachment relationships shape the structure and reactivity of social brain structures that underlie later social capacities. We provide a review of the literature surrounding the development of neurological regulatory systems during infancy and outline recent research suggesting these systems go on to underlie adaptive parental responses.

Method: We review evidence in the peer-reviewed psychiatric literature including (i) observational human literature on the neurobiological and social sequelae of early parenting experiences, (ii) experimental animal literature on the effects of early maternal care on neurological development, (iii) experimental animal literature on the neurobiological underpinnings of parenting behaviours, (iv) observational and fMRI evidence on the neurobiological correlates of parenting behaviours, (v) functional and volumetric imaging studies on adults affected by borderline personality disorder.

Results: The development of infant regulatory systems is influenced by early parenting experiences. These frontolimbic regulatory systems are also heavily implicated in normal parental responses to infant cues. These frontolimbic disturbances are also observed in studies of borderline personality disorder; a disorder associated with poor emotional regulation, early trauma and disturbed parenting.

Conclusions: While the current literature is limited to animal models of abnormal care giving, existing disorders associated with deficits in regulatory capacity and abnormal frontolimbic functioning may yet provide a human model of the neurobiology of parenting disturbance.
Comparing Public Transport Connectivity Measures of Major New Zealand Cities
Authors: Ceder Avishai (Avi) , Teh Chen Shi (Carolyn)
Published: October 2010

The success of a public transport (PT) system relies on reliability, rapidity, and ease of use and the power to attract passengers, taking into account how people make decisions. This study presents a framework for determining and comparing the PT connectivity measures of the central business districts of Christchurch City, Wellington City, and Auckland City, New Zealand. This investigation can serve as an analytical framework for any determination and comparison of PT coordination means. The connectivity measures were calculated on the basis of 11 attributes that influence people's choice of PT over other available modes. In general, a lower connectivity measure symbolizes better connectivity. The findings of this study indicate that Auckland's existing PT has a better overall connectivity measure than either Christchurch's or Wellington's, considering the available background information. Auckland has more paths between an origin and destination pair. Auckland's data set has the lowest median value and variance and demonstrates more consistent services overall. The study also finds that the PT terminal should be more centrally located to improve connectivity. In general, this study proves the importance of future research in the area of investigating and improving PT connectivity measures. This will help encourage a significant shift from private vehicles to PT.