bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing the Serapeum in Alexandria from the Archaeological Evidence
Authors: McKenzie Judith S. , Gibson Sheila , Reyes A. T. , Grimm Günter , McKenzie Judith S.
Published: February 2008

The Serapeum or Sarapeion, which contained the Temple of Serapis, was Alexandria's most important sanctuary, and one of the most famous pagan sanctuaries of antiquity. It was also the centre of a cult which spread widely across the Mediterranean in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Although the excavation of the Serapeum was completed half a century ago, the archaeological evidence for its form and phases has never been fully collected and analysed. When the records of the remains uncovered inc. 1900 are combined with those of the excavations during World War II, analysis of them reveals that there is sufficient evidence from which to suggest reliable reconstructions of both the Ptolemaic and Roman phases of the complex and to clarify its chronology. The archaeological evidence also elucidates the information in the written sources about the conversion of the site to Christian use after the destruction of the temple in A.D. 391. Previously unpublished architectural fragments excavated at the site inc. 1900 suggest that the architecture of the Ptolemaic sanctuary was ‘classical’ (Greek) not Egyptian in style (see Appendix).
Ammianus and the Great Tsunami
Authors: Kelly Gavin
Published: February 2008

With this striking and bravura narrative of the earthquake and tsunami of 21 July A.D. 365 Ammianus Marcellinus ends Book 26 of hisRes Gestae. Though displaying many of the features characteristic of Ammianus – daunting linguistic variation, brilliant observation of detail, a dazzling and blurred sequence of discrete pictures — this passage also stands out from the main body of the narrative. Most notably, the historian distorts chronological sequence: an event which occurred before Procopius' usurpation in September A.D. 365 is not narrated until after his capture and execution by Valens in the following year. It is also given a prominent position at the close of a book. Ammianus' perspective goes far beyond the normal limits of historiographical propriety — indeed is little short of omniscience. Finally, the tale of incredible events stands out for concluding with the historian's own personal testimony. Though Ammianus famously included lengthy accounts of his military adventures in earlier portions of his history, first person interventions in the later books are exceptional and always calculatedly striking.
Justinian, Malalas, and the End of Athenian Philosophical Teaching in A.D. 529
Authors: Watts Edward
Published: February 2008

To historians of the ancient world, the closing of the Athenian Neoplatonic school by the emperor Justinian stands as one of the best known, and most debated, events of the later Roman Empire. To some, it is an event of little consequence with only an ephemeral impact upon subsequent developments. To others, it represents nothing less than the death of classical philosophy. Nevertheless, this modern scholarly interest belies ancient attitudes. The only direct statement about the end of Athenian philosophical teaching comes from the Chronicle of John Malalas, and all other ancient sources, including those that rely upon Malalas, are silent about the incident. This silence hints at a fact that this study will make clear. To contemporaries, the closing of the Athenian school was an unremarkable occurrence that represented neither a tyrannical use of imperial power nor an attack upon the valued cultural tradition of philosophical teaching. Like all else in the later Roman world, it occurred within the confines of a political system that, when working properly, matched imperial initiative to the specific needs of a province or city. As a result, the causes and significance of the closing of the Athenian school are best appreciated by understanding how the event developed out of its local political setting.
A cladistic analysis of Aloinella Card. (Musci: Pottiaceae)
Authors: Delgadillo M. Claudio , Villaseñor José Luis
Published: February 2008

Twenty­four gametophytic characters were evaluated to identify the phylogenetic relationships among the known species of Aloinella. A previous study proposed that Aloinella derived from Aloina, mainly by stem elongation and leaf character reduction. In this analysis, it was observed that the most plesiomorphic species in the Aloina and Aloinella clades occur in Mexico. The distribution and the cladistic study support the view that both genera are monophyletic, but the phylogenetic relationships of the species may need further analysis with the inclusion of sporophytic characters. Sporophytes are infrequent in Aloinella. The smooth­walled A. cucullatifolia, A. boliviana, and A. cucullifera form a group that separates cladistically from the papillose taxa A. catenula, A. venezuelana, A. galeata var. galeata, and A. galeata var. andina.
A new classification of the polyphyletic genusCentauriumHill (Chironiinae, Gentianaceae): description of the New World endemicZeltnera, and reinstatement ofGyrandraGriseb. andSchenkiaGriseb.
Authors: Mansion Guilhem
Published: February 2008

This paper provides a practical taxonomic treatment of the polyphyletic genusCentauriumHill. This new classification defines monophyletic groups and thus reflects the phylogenetic relationships within the subtribe Chironiinae (Gentianaceae). For this purpose, the establishment of a new genus,Zeltnera, along with the reinstatement ofGyrandraGriseb. andSchenkiaGriseb., results in numerous new species combinations, a more restrictive circumscription ofCentauriumHill, and novel generic delimitations within Chironiinae. Fifteen genera are recognized, encompassing ca. 108 species. The new genusZeltneracomprises 25 species mainly confined to California, Mexico, and Texas.Gyrandrais a small genus with three species restricted to some areas of Mexico (G.chironioides,G.pterocaulisandG.tenuifolia) and two species widespread in Central America (G.brachycalyxandG.pauciflora).Schenkiacomprises five species:S.spicatais broadly distributed in Eurasia and north Africa,S.australis,S.clementii, andS.japonicaare confined to Australia and the Pacific region, whileS.sebaeoidesis a rare and endangered Hawaiian endemic. Finally, the genusCentauriums.s. consists of ca. 20 species of primarily Mediterranean distribution.
A new enzyme­based method for the treatment of fragile pollen grains collected from herbarium material
Authors: Schols Peter , Es Koen , D’hondt Catheleyne , Merckx Vincent , Smets Erik , Huysmans Suzy
Published: February 2008

Although the majority of systematic palynologists use Erdtman’s acetolysis method or the slightly modified method of Reitsma for the preparation of pollen grains for LM and SEM observations, these methods have some major drawbacks. Especially within monocots, pollen grains are often thin­walled, and therefore tend to collapse even after a mild acetolysis, as experienced, for instance, in Cyperaceae and Dioscoreaceae, among other groups. Very satisfying results often are obtained by the use of fresh material. Unfortunately, this is not available in most cases, especially when working on tropical taxa—hence making herbarium material indispensable. We present a comparison between three major methods for the treatment of fragile pollen (KOH/CPD­treatment, glutaraldehyde/CPD­treatment, and a mild acetolysis) and introduce a new enzyme­based method using cellulase and pectinase. All four methods are tested on three different monocotyledons of three different orders: Allium ursinum L. (Liliales), Asparagus officinalis L. (Asparagales), and Tamus communis L. (Dioscoreales). The properties and results of each method are then critically assessed. The new method yields satisfying results especially on the hydration state and shape of the pollen grains.
Nomenclatural changes and a new sectional classification in Nicotiana (Solanaceae)
Authors: Knapp Sandra , Chase Mark W. , Clarkson James J.
Published: February 2008

Recent studies using regions of the nuclear and plastid genomes have shown that T. H. Goodspeed's sectional groupings in Nicotiana are for the large part upheld. However, we have shown that in several cases sectional membership should be revised. Here we present a revised outline of the sections of Nicotiana with lists of their component species. Relationships of the sections as defined can be seen in accompanying figures. Two sectional names with priority over those in current use are introduced (N. sect. Polydicliae & sect. Petunioides) and one new section, N. sect. Sylvestres, is described here. Two species names are changed to those with priority over those adopted by Goodspeed in his monograph of the genus: N. obtusifolia for N. trigonophylla and N. quadrivalvis for N. bigelovii. Synonymies are provided for each of these names. A short morphological description is provided for each section, along with a generalized distribution and a list of accepted species names.
The Monocot Checklist Project
Authors: Govaerts Rafaël
Published: February 2008

The Monocot Checklist Project is a five year project started in April 2001 that aims to create an electronic database containing all accepted monocot taxa and their synonyms, together with their geographical distribution and lifeform. The procedure used to compile the database is described and the standards used are listed. The projected outputs are listed and specific reference is made to how individuals can contribute to the completion and maintenance of the data.
Floral specialization and pollination: a quantitative analysis and comparison of the Leppik and the Faegri and van der Pijl classification systems
Authors: Ramírez Nelson
Published: February 2008

Classes of blossoms (here defined as pollination units, flowers, inflorescences, or flower‐inflorescences) of two classification systems (Leppik, 1969, and Faegri & van der Pijl, 1979) were evaluated for 1,495 samples from 1,235 plant species according to pollination unit, pollination system specialization (polyphily, oligophily, monophily, and anemophily) and pollinating agent classes. Residual analysis of blossom classes according to the Leppik system showed that: polyphilous flowers are pleomorphic and stereomorphic; polyphilous inflorescences are haplomorphic; monophilous flowers are zygomorphic; and anemophilous inflorescences are amorphic. Pleomorphic flowers are pollinated by bees, flies, and wasps; stereomorphic flowers are pollinated by bees, butterflies, moths, birds, and bats; zygomorphic flowers are pollinated by bees, and beetles; and amorphic inflorescences are wind‐ and beetle‐pollinated species. Residual analysis of blossom classes according to the Faegri & van der Pijl system showed that: polyphilous flowers are mostly dish‐, bell‐, and tube‐blossom types; monophilous flowers are flag‐, gullet‐, and trap‐blossom types; and inflorescence anemophilous are brush‐blossom type. Dish‐flowers are pollinated by bees, flies, and wasps; tube‐flowers are pollinated by butterflies, moths, and birds; flag‐ and gullet‐flowers are pollinated by bees; brush‐inflorescences are pollinated by wind; and trap‐inflorescences are pollinated by beetles. Relationships between blossom types (Leppik vs. Faegri & van der Pijl) are statistically significant: (1) amorphic and haplomorphic, are each associated with brush‐blossoms, (2) actinomorphic and pleomorphic blossoms are each associated with dish‐blossoms, (3) tube and bell‐blossoms are associated with stereomorphic blossoms, and (4) zygomorphic and paramorphic blossoms are each associated with flag‐ and gullet‐blossoms. Further, statistically significant differences were found in fruit set in relation to pollination unit, and among blossom types in both the Faegri & van der Pijl and the Leppik systems. Inflorescences produced significantly more fruit per flower than the pollination unit alone of flower or flower‐inflorescence. Gullet‐shaped blossoms exhibit the lowest fruit set; the highest fruit set is found in inconspicuous and trap‐blossoms. The lowest values for fruit set are found for zygomorphic and paramorphic blossoms, and the highest are haplomorphic and actinomorphic blossoms.
Boraginaceae cymes are exclusively scorpioid and not helicoid
Authors: Buys Matt H. , Hilger Hartmut H.
Published: February 2008

Boraginaceae have erroneously been associated with helicoid cymes, when upon closer inspection they exclusively possess scorpioid cymes (cincinni). A discussion of the inflorescence structure in Boraginaceae is presented with the help of an overview of monochasial branching systems and a three‐dimensional representation thereof. Reasons for the incorrect description of Boraginaceae inflorescences are also provided.
Chromosomal evolution in Araliaceae and close relatives
Authors: Yi Tingshuang , Lowry Porter P. , Plunkett Gregory M. , Wen Jun
Published: February 2008

Chromosome numbers of 45 accessions representing 16 genera and 37 species of Araliaceae are herein reported, of which 30 species and seven genera (Apiopetalum, Arthrophyllum, Delarbrea, Merrilliopanax, Metapanax, Myodocarpus, and Pseudosciadium) are recorded for the first time. The evolution of this character is also examined in light of recent hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships. Chromosome numbers in the family are relatively uniform, generally with 2n = 24 or 48. However, the genus Hedera exhibits extreme variability, with a polyploid series ranging from 2n = 48 to 192. The basic number of Araliaceae is inferred to be x = 12, although x = 6 cannot be ruled out. The “Asian palmate” clade, the largest of the three major clades of core Araliaceae, is primarily characterized by polyploidy, although several genera have sometimes been regarded as evolutionarily “primitive”. By contrast, Aralia, Panax, and Polyscias (representing other major clades within the family) include species with both diploids and tetraploids. Four genera recently segregated from core Araliaceae (Apiopetalum, Delarbrea, Myodocarpus, and Pseudosciadium) are reported as n = 12. The formerly apiaceous Hydrocotyle (now placed in Araliaceae) is best interpreted as x = 12, although some aneuploid species may exist with x = 9. Hydrocotyle also exhibits extensive variation in ploidal level. Within Araliaceae, chromosomal variation is largely related to ploidal level, with relatively few cases of aneuploidy, such as those documented in Panax ginseng and Hydrocotyle. The available data are largely consistent with the hypothesis that the basic chromosome number of Apiales is x = 6.
A preliminary phylogeny of the tribe Miconieae (Melastomataceae) based on nrITS sequence data and its implications on inflorescence position
Authors: Michelangeli Fabian A. , Penneys Darin S. , Giza Joanna , Soltis Douglas , Hils Mathew H. , Skean J. Dan
Published: February 2008

Miconieae is the most diverse tribe of Melastomataceae, with 30 genera and over 2200 species. The tribe is characterized by fleshy fruits and partially to totally inferior ovaries. To test monophyly of the tribe and assess phylogenetic relationships within it, sequence data from nrITS were gathered and analyzed for 110 taxa in Miconieae and 32 putative outgroups. The tribe Miconieae is not resolved as monophyletic, but rather composed of two distinct clades: one composed of the cauliflorous genera Henriettea, Henriettella, Loreya and Bellucia, and a second clade with all other taxa in Miconieae, sister to a polytomy that includes representatives from tribes Merianieae and Blakeeae. Terminal inflorescences are optimized as basal within Miconieae, with lateral inflorescences evolving in at least four different instances. Cauliflory does not appear to be derived from truly axillary inflorescences; instead it seems to have evolved independently. The terminal–flowered genera Tococa, Conostegia, Tetrazygia, Anaectocalyx, Charianthus, Calycogonium, and Leandra pro parte seem to be derived from within the large genus Miconia, as is Clidemia, a genus with both axillary inflorescences and terminal inflorescences that are deflexed to a lateral position by an axillary branch. Maieta and Necranium, both with axillary inflorescences, are resolved as derived from within Clidemia.
Revision ofLaurencia pedicularioides(Ceramiales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Furnari Giovanni , Serio Donatella , Cormaci Mario
Published: February 2008

Results are presented of a study of 15 specimens on six herbarium sheets in the Queensland Herbarium, Indooroopilly, Australia (BRI) labelled asL. pedicularioidesBørgesen v.queenslandicaCribb (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta), including the lectotype. All specimens, except the lectotype, belong to species ofChondrophycusor Laurencia either previously recorded or described from Australia, includingC. succisus(Cribb) K. W. Nam,L. brongniartiiJ. Agardh,L. distichophyllaJ. Agardh,L. heterocladaHarvey andL. majuscula(Harvey) Lucas. Only the lectotype, a sterile specimen collected at Redcliffe (Queensland, Australia), exhibits those vegetative features consistent withL. pedicularioidesv.queenslandica. From comparisons with the holotype ofL. pedicularioidesBørgesen, a tetrasporic specimen collected at Dwarka (India) housed in the herbarium of Copenhagen (C), it is confirmed that Cribb's variety belongs in Børgesen's species. Moreover, due to the epidermal origin of tetrasporangia observed in the holotype, this species is transferred toOsmundeaasO.pedicularioides(Børgesen) comb. nov. This first record from both the Indian and the SW–Pacific Oceans of a species ofOsmundea, suggests that the genus might reflect a Tethyan (and not a late Tethyan) distribution pattern.
A transitional­combinational theory for the origin of angiosperms
Authors: Stuessy Tod F.
Published: February 2008

The origin of the angiosperms has long remained problematical. Recent new discoveries of early angiosperm fossils and many new molecular phylogenies have helped to identify basal extant angiosperms and to infer their inter­relationships. Still unclear, however, are ties with gymnosperms, both living and fossil. In view of difficulty of finding ancestors for angiosperms, yet also considering their sudden appearance and explosive evolutionary success, a transitional­combinational theory is proposed. This theory suggests that angiosperms evolved slowly from seed ferns in the Jurassic beginning first with the carpel, followed later by double fertilization, and lastly by the appearance of flowers. These three fundamental transitions may have taken more than 100 million years to complete. The extant (or modern) angiosperms did not appear until Early Cretaceous, as attested by micro­ and macrofossils, when the final combination of all three important angiosperm features occurred. This combination provided the opportunity for explosive evolutionary diversification, especially in response to selection from insect pollinators and predators, plus attendant modifications in compatibility and breeding systems. The transitional­combinational theory explains some of the discrepancy between fossil and molecular phylogenetic data, the latter of which suggests that angiosperms originated pre­Cretaceous. DNA (and protein) sequence data and oleananes reflect ancestry in an earlier transitional carpellate lineage (or lineages), much earlier than appearance of the final combination that includes floral and associated pollen modifications. The theory suggests viewing all gymnosperms, other than extinct seed ferns from which carpels arose, as having had no direct phylogenetic connections to modern angiosperms.
The “Invisible” Maya: Minimally Mounded Residential Settlement at Itzán, Petén, Guatemala
Authors: Johnston Kevin J.
Published: February 2008

Through analyses of data recovered at Itzán, Guatemala, this paper examines the architectural morphology and the probable functions of “invisible” building remains in the Maya Lowlands. Invisible building remains are buried, leave no surface traces, and cannot be detected during surface survey, which is the principal settlement detection technique employed by Mayanists. Data at Itzán and other sites suggest that Maya invisible buildings are a more abundant settlement category than many archaeologists have supposed.
Prehistoric Salt Production at El Salado, Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Santley Robert S.
Published: February 2008

El Salado is a prehispanic salt production site located in the Tuxtla Mountains of southern Veracruz, Mexico. Fieldwork at the site was conducted to determine the methods of salt production, the character of the archaeological residues produced, the scale of the industry, and the history of production. El Salado contains two major occupations, the first dating to the Early Formative period and the second to the Late Classic period. During the Early Formative, solar evaporation in pottery trays was the primary method of salt production. This method was supplemented by some salt-making that involved boiling brine in tecomates. During the Late Classic, in contrast, boiling salt water became the preferred method of production. Late Classic brine reduction involved a two-step process. The salt level in the brine was first increased by boiling in collared jars. This brine was later reduced to loaves by boiling in shallow pottery vessels called cazuelas.
Households, Crafts, and Feasting in the Ancient Andes: The Village Context of Early Nasca Craft Consumption
Authors: Vaughn Kevin J.
Published: February 2008

Craft consumption in Early Nasca (ca. A.D. 1–450) society is explored by evaluating the use of polychrome pottery within the context of a residential village. Data are presented from the Early Nasca village, Marcaya, where excavations utilizing a household archaeology approach revealed that most polychromes were consumed by households with high and low status alike, while certain vessel shapes were reserved for high-status households. These findings challenge the common assumption that highly valued crafts were monopolized by elites in middle-range societies, and show instead that there is a potential demand for crafts by both elites and commoners. It is argued that polychrome pottery was broadly used in Nasca because it was integral to ritual consumption that first took place in feasting ceremonies at the regional center Cahuachi, while certain vessel types were restricted to high-status households that acted as intermediaries between Cahuachi and the village.
The Manipulation of Human Remains in Moche Society: Delayed Burials, Grave Reopening, and Secondary Offerings of Human Bones on the Peruvian North Coast
Authors: Millaire Jean-François
Published: February 2008

A careful reexamination of funerary contexts suggests that Moche (ca. A.D. 100–800) graves were not simply spaces for the disposal of decaying corpses, but contexts periodically revisited by certain members of Moche society. The dynamic nature of funerary practices is documented through an examination of delayed burials. It is argued that these were the product of two distinct ritual processes, one of which involved the storage of corpses to be used as retainers in subsequent rituals. The practice of grave reopening is also explored, leading to the identification of different types of rituals. At least some graves were reopened to remove skeletal parts of possible potent ancestors. Related ideology is addressed by examining cases of bone destruction and the more common secondary offerings of human remains. This study highlights the dynamic nature of Moche mortuary activity while stressing the important role of those in charge of manipulating ancestors’ remains. Finally, it is argued that the Moche shared with their highland neighbors a common vision of the eternal character of human remains, comparable ritual practices involving the human body, and a similar belief in the capacity of the living to influence the course of their destiny through periodic manipulation of ancestors’ remains.
Evidence for Long-Distance Transportation of Building Stones in the Inka Empire, from Cuzco, Peru to Saraguro, Ecuador
Authors: Ogburn Dennis E.
Published: February 2008

Ethnohistorical and archaeological data suggest that a collection of more than 450 finely worked Inka building stones found near Saraguro in the southern highlands of Ecuador originated outside that region. The origin of those andesite blocks was investigated via geochemical analysis. Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence determined the concentrations of nine elements in samples from stones in the Saraguro region and in samples from known Inka andesite quarries at Cojitambo in the southern sierra of Ecuador, and at the Rumiqolqa and Huaccoto quarries near the Inka capital of Cuzco in Peru. The results show that the geochemical composition of the Saraguro stones closely matches that of the Rumiqolqa material, indicating that the Inka had these large andesite blocks moved over a distance of more than 1,600 km, the greatest known distance for the transport of large objects in the precolumbian New World. This endeavor had many implications, including reinforcing state power and ideology, and is also perceived to reflect an imperial “made-work” policy that consumed excess labor through non-utilitarian assignments. These “made-work” projects are best explained as a strategy for reinforcing state control over subject provinces, in contrast to current models of Inka economic organization that focus on efficiency in the use of labor.
Slave Law and Claims-Making in Cuba: The Tannenbaum Debate Revisited
Authors: de la Fuente Alejandro
Published: February 2008

Scholars of slavery in Latin America are giving renewed attention to the study of the law. Although this literature is not as developed and sophisticated as in the United States, where slavery has been a central concern of legal historians for quite some time, a specialized subfield seems to be in the making. This is a welcome development. After all, every important aspect of slaves' lives in the Iberian colonies, from birth and nourishment to marriage, leisure, punishment, and rest, was regulated in theory by a vast, indeed massive, array of positive laws. Some of these regulations had been part of the traditional statutes of Castile for centuries, others were passed by the Crown or by local organs of administration and power.
Derzhavin's Ruins and the Birth of Historical Elegy
Authors: Golburt Luba
Published: February 2008

Through the prism of Gavriil Derzhavin's 1797 poem “Razvaliny” (Ruins), Luba Golburt explores two concurrent developments in Russian cultural history: the fragmentation of Catherine the Great's overwhelming legacy after her death in 1796 and the contemporaneous weakening of the classicist genre system, which gave rise to such hybrid genres as the historical elegy. In its temporal polyvalence, the historical elegy bears great resemblance to the ruin, a semi-preserved historical artifact, which in the late Enlightenment/early Romantic period becomes the central image for experiencing history. Derzhavin's poem appropriately enacts historical recollection in a place overpopulated by ruins and pregnant with memories of recent history, Tsarskoe Selo. Drawing on a wide variety of sources, the essay tracks the emergence of this summer estate as the centrallocus memoriiin Russian poetry and disentangles the intertwining threads of textual and pictorial representation in Derzhavin's work.
The Past in Common: Modern Ruins as a Shared Urban Experience of Revolution-Era Moscow and Petersburg
Authors: Stroud Gregory
Published: February 2008

In this article, Gregory Stroud considers the modern ruin as a site of common urban conversation and identity for large, diverse, and otherwise fractious populations of Petersburg and Moscow residents. Stroud argues that what began at the turn of the century as a relatively narrow nostalgic intellectual movement anxious over the perceived modern loss of timeless beauty and value exploded with the frustrations of the Christmas holiday during World War I into a common boulevard conversation concerning the loss of holiday, ritual, authenticity, and habit. The failure of the old regime to satisfactorily engage this conversation and to offer meaningful solutions would render such nostalgia into a biting critique of autocracy, mass consumerism, private property, and shopkeeper capitalism.
Hang Him High: The Elevation of Jánošík to an Ethnic Icon
Authors: Votruba Martin
Published: February 2008

In this paper, Martin Votruba traces the evolution of the Jánošík myth. The highwayman Jánošík is a living legend in Czech, Polish, and Slovak cultures. Contrary to common claims, the modern celebratory myth of the brigand hanged in the eighteenth century is at odds with the traditional images of brigandage in the western Carpathians. Folk songs and The Hungarian Simplicissimus of the seventeenth century often anathematize highway robbery. High literature of the mostly Slovak counties of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Habsburg empire similarly cast Jánošík as a criminal. Yet some intellectuals, such as Pavol Jozef Šafárik, inspired by the robber in German literature, singled out Jánošík from among other brigands and reduced that folklore-based opprobrium. Others, such as Ján Kollár, resisted Jánošík's rehabilitation. Subsequent Central European national revivals and ethnic activism prompted the Slovak romantic poets to reinvent Jánošík as a folk rebel against social and ethnic oppression.
Modernity, Modernization, and Management: Comparative, Historical, Theoretical, and Policy Perspectives
Authors: Hoffmann Erik P.
Published: February 2008

This essay explicates, develops, and assesses the basic argument in Rudra Sil's Managing “Modernity”: Work, Community, and Authority in Late-Industrializing Japan and Russia. Sil presents “a flexible, integrative theoretical framework” and an interdisciplinary, comparative historical narrative. He hypothesizes that a “syncretist” strategy, when founded on durable legacies and when filtered through “congruent” intrafirm relationships, is much more likely than “modernist,” “revolutionary,” and “traditionalist” strategies to strengthen “managerial authority” and economic performance in large industrial enterprises. Four case studies (pre- and postwar Japan and Russia) attest to the benefits of “synthetic institutionalism” as a theory-building strategy and of syncretic incrementalism as an institution-building strategy. Sil's book focuses on the sources of managerial authority and the patterns of shop-floor behavior, not on system dynamics and interinstitutional interactions. Nonetheless, Managing “Modernity” is a major work for multiple authences and for multiple reasons.
Backwardness and the Quest for Civilization: Early Soviet Central Asia in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Khalid Adeeb
Published: February 2008

Much recent scholarship has seen Soviet Central Asia as directly comparable to the overseas colonies of modern European states. In this article, Adeeb Khalid takes issue with this trend. European colonial rule, he argues, was predicated on the perpetuation of difference, while the Soviets sought to conquer it. Central Asia was indeed subject to colonial rule in the tsarist period, but its transformation in the early Soviet period was the work, instead, of a different kind of polity—an activist, interventionist, mobilizational state that sought to transform its citizenry. Khalid compares the transformations of the early Soviet period in Central Asia with the reforms of the early republic in Turkey, which were strikingly similar in intent and scope. This comparative perspective brings out the substantial differences between colonial empires and modern mobilizational states; confusing the two can only lead to a fundamental misunderstanding of modern history.
To Chicago and Back: Aleko Konstantinov, Rose Oil, and the Smell of Modernity
Authors: Neuburger Mary
Published: February 2008

In 1893 Aleko Konstantinov undertook a momentous journey to the Chicago World's Fair. Mary Neuburger explores the broader implications of this journey and its consequences for the Bulgarian encounter with the west and modernity, drawing special attention to the issue of smell. As chronicled inTo Chicago and Back, written after his return, Konstantinov discovers both the New World and the quintessence of his own nation on the famous Midway Plaisance, where he meets the prototype for Bulgaria's greatest literary anti-hero—the indomitable Baĭ Gano. InBaĭ Gano—a fictional travelogue about a Bulgarian in Europe—as inTo Chicago and Back, Konstantinov explores the theme of Bulgarian backwardness vis-à-vis a more developed (albeit imperfect) Europe and United States. As Baĭ Gano, a bumbling and stinky rose oil merchant, travels throughout “civilized“ Europe, olfactory contrasts and ironies emerge, highlighting the role of smell in evolving Bulgarian (and European) notions of modernity and “otherness.“
Nanocarving of Titania as a Diffusion‐Driven Morphological Instability
Authors: Lee Doh‐Kwon , Janek Juergen
Published: January 2008

Under strongly reducing conditions at high temperatures titania develops a specific surface morphology, comprising a regular array of fibers with a diameter in the sub‐micrometer range. By a chemical diffusion experiment in a defined oxygen potential gradient it is shown that this surface structuring is caused by a diffusion‐driven morphological instability of an advancing reaction front (surface). The kinetics of the process is analyzed in terms of linear transport equations. The conditions for the occurrence of the surface instability are discussed and the required materials properties are analyzed. The observed surface structuring is not restricted to titania, rather it has to occur in all nonstoichiometric compounds with predominant cation mobility.
A Highly Efficient Host/Dopant Combination for Blue Organic Electrophosphorescence Devices
Authors: Lin Jin‐Ju , Liao Wei‐Shieng , Huang Hsiang‐Jung , Wu Fang‐Iy , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: January 2008

We have synthesized a new blue‐emitting iridium complex, FIrpytz (iridium(III) bis(4,6‐difluorophenylpyridinato)‐4‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1,2,3‐triazolate), and two new bis(triphenylsilyl) derivatives, BSB (4,4'‐bis‐triphenylsilanyl‐biphenyl) and BST (4,4″‐bis(triphenylsilanyl)‐(1,1′,4′,1″)‐terphenyl) as hosts for blue phosphorescence devices. The photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) properties of different host/dopant combinations were studied in details. These two arylsilanes showed glass transition temperatures (Tgs) ≥ 100 °C higher than those of UGH1 (diphenyl‐di(o‐tolyl)silane) and UGH2 (1,4‐bis(triphenylsilyl)benzene), the common arylsilane‐based hosts. The band gaps for BSB and BST are 4.16 and 3.78 eV, respectively, lower than that of UGH2 of 4.40 eV. The FIrpytz‐doped UGH2, BSB and BST films exhibit PL quantum yields of 0.58, 0.83 and 0.48, respectively. The EL devices using FIrpytz or FIrpic (iridium(III) bis(4,6‐difluorophenylpyridinato)‐picolinate) as the blue phosphorescence dopants and UGH2, BSB and BST as the hosts also showed that BSB‐based devices gave the best device efficiencies. Both PL and EL studies show that BSB is better than UGH2 and BST as the host material for FIrpytz and FIrpic. In particular, the use of FIrpytz as dopant, BSB as host and LiF/Al as cathode provides a remarkably efficient combination for blue electrophosphorescence device reaching a very high external quantum efficiency of 19.3% at 8.5 V and a high luminance level of 20500 cd m−2 at 19.3 V after electroluminescence started at 5.1 V.
On the epistemic significance of place
Authors: Cronin Blaise
Published: February 2008

The author describes an exploratory analysis of the influence of place and proximity on collaboration. Bibliometric data and biographical information are combined to reveal the extent to which co‐authorship relationships are a function of physical collocation.
Lokale Lasteintragung über Bolzenverbindungen in dünne Bauteile aus textilbewehrtem Beton
Authors: Jesse Dirk , Jesse Frank , Curbach Manfred
Published: January 2008

Die Einleitung von Lasten über stabförmige Verbindungsmittel ist vor allem aus dem Stahlbau und Holzbau bekannt. Es ist eine einfache Möglichkeit zur Verbindung platten‐ und scheibenartiger Bauteile. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie wird die Anwendungsmöglichkeit stabförmiger Verbindungsmittel (Bolzen) für dünne Betonbauteile mit textiler Bewehrung untersucht. Es soll geklärt werden, wie eine einfache, robuste und effiziente Lasteinleitung in dünne bewehrte Betonscheiben realisiert werden kann. Dazu wurde an insgesamt 36 Einzelversuchen das Tragverhalten der Verbindung in Abhängigkeit von den Parametern Randabstand, Bewehrungsgrad bzw. Lagenanzahl und Orientierung der Bewehrung untersucht. Aufgrund der geplanten Anwendung begrenzen sich die Untersuchungen auf eine Belastung in Scheibenebene. Anhand eines Stabwerkmodells werden die Versagensmechanismen und ‐formen beschrieben.
Serielle Stückfertigung von Bauteilen aus textilbewehrtem Beton
Authors: Brameshuber Wolfgang , Mott Rebecca , Hegger Josef , Voss Stefan , Gries Thomas , Barlé Marijan , Böhm Stefan , Hartung Ilko
Published: January 2008

Im Rahmen des AiF‐Forschungsvorhabens wurden Produktionsverfahren zur stückweisen Herstellung von Bauteilen aus textilbewehrtem Beton untersucht. Zum Forschungsumfang gehörten die Herstellverfahren Laminieren, Gießen, Spritzen und Schleudern sowie Kombinationen der Verfahren. Neben der Anpassung der Feinbetonmischung und Textilien an das jeweilige Verfahren sowie der Entwicklung benötigter Abstandhalter wurden unter Verwendung ausgesuchter Produktionstechniken Musterbauteile hergestellt, um den vollständigen Fertigungsablauf der Bauteile untersuchen zu können. Dazu zählten die Wahl des geeigneten Produktionsverfahrens, die Bemessung der Bauteile, die Konfektionierung der Textilien, die Herstellung der Bauteile sowie deren Prüfung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse. Dieser Ablauf wurde exemplarisch für die Fertigung von Schleuderbetonrohren sowie für Elemente der bauteilintegrierten Schalung durchgeführt.
Vereinfachte Berechnung von Stahlbetonstützen unter Brandbeanspruchung
Authors: Quast Ulrich , Richter Ekkehard
Published: January 2008

Die Brandschutz‐Teile der Eurocodes regeln auch die Berechnungen des Feuerwiderstands. Solche Berechnungen waren in der Praxis bisher unüblich. Die thermische Analyse kann durch Vorgabe der Temperaturprofile in den Querschnitten ersetzt werden. Es wird gezeigt, wie dann die mechanische Analyse für eine Stahlbetonstütze nach Theorie 2. Ordnung durchgeführt werden kann.
Buchbesprechung: Vom Beton‐Eisen zum Spannbeton
Authors: Schlaich Jörg
Published: January 2008

Eine Entwicklungsgeschichte unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Verhältnisse Österreichs. Anlässlich des Jubiläums 100 Jahre Österreichische Vereinigung für Beton‐ und Bautechnik sind zwei Bücher erschienen:

– Die Entwicklung der Österreichischen Bautechnik

– Vom Beton‐Eisen zum Spannbeton
Discovery of high‐affinity peptide ligands for vancomycin
Authors: Yao Nianhuan , Wu Chun‐Yi , Xiao Wenwu , Lam Kit S.
Published: February 2008

Vancomycin, an important antibiotic against medically relevant gram‐positive bacteria such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, exerts its antibacterial effects by binding with moderate affinity to the C‐terminal Lys‐D‐Ala‐D‐Ala motif (Kaa) of the bacterial cell wall peptide precursor. Essential for Kaa binding to vancomcyin is the free‐carboxyl group on the terminal D‐Ala in Kaa. In efforts to identify other Kaa‐based peptides which bind vancomycin with higher affinity, we utilized our one‐bead‐one‐compound (OBOC) combinatorial library approach, a method which has been widely used to discover highly specific ligands against various receptors. In standard OBOC peptide libraries, the C‐terminal end of the synthesized peptide is tethered to a solid‐support/resin, however, this study reports development of a synthetic strategy for generating OBOC peptide libraries with a free D‐Ala‐D‐Ala carboxyl end. We screened these “OBOC inverted” peptide libraries against vancomycin, and discovered a series of peptide ligands with strong consensus, which bind vancomycin. To further optimize these ligands, two highly focused Kaa‐containing OBOC combinatorial peptidomimetic libraries were designed, synthesized, and screened against vancomycin under more stringent conditions. Peptidomimetic ligands which bind vancomycin with higher affinity than Kaa were identified. The dissociation constant of one of these ligands, Lys(Ac)‐HOCit‐Glu‐Cha‐Lys(3,5‐dihydroxybenzoyl)‐D‐Ala‐D‐Ala (9), as determined by surface plasmon resonance, was 1.03 μM, roughly a 50‐fold improvement in affinity compared to Kaa (KD = 50 μM). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 421–432, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Effect of humic acids on electricity generation integrated with xylose degradation in microbial fuel cells
Authors: Huang Liping , Angelidaki Irini
Published: February 2008

Pentose and humic acids (HA) are the main components of hydrolysates, the liquid fraction produced during thermohydrolysis of lignocellulosic material. Electricity generation integrated with xylose (typical pentose) degradation as well as the effect of HA on electricity production in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) was examined. Without HA addition the maximum power density increased from 39.5 mW/m2 to 83 mW/m2 when initial xylose concentrations increased from 1.5 to 30 mM, while coulombic efficiency ranged from 13.5% to 52.4% for xylose concentrations of 15 and 0.5 mM, respectively. Compared to controls where HAs were not added, addition of commercial HA resulted in increase of power density and coulombic efficiency, which ranged from 7.5% to 67.4% and 24% to 92.6%, respectively. Digested manure wastewater (DMW) was tested as potential mediator for power generation due to its content of natural HA, and although it could produce higher coulombic efficiency namely 32.2% than the control of 18.3%, showed lower power density which was approx. 57 mW/m2 in comparison to power density of the control which was 69 mW/m2. Presence of commercial HA or DMW in the anode chamber resulted in faster xylose degradation and formation of more oxidized products (acetate and formate) as well as less reduced products (lactate and ethanol) compared to the controls. The reduced power generation in the presence of DMW was attributed to the presence of bacterial inhibitors such as phenolic compounds. Therefore, new feedstocks for MFCs, containing both mediators and substrates, such as lignocellulose hydrolysates should be considered for their applicability in MFCs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 413–422. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Production of recombinant proteins in clonal root cultures using episomal expression vectors
Authors: Skarjinskaia Marina , Karl Jason , Araujo Adriana , Ruby Karen , Rabindran Shailaja , Streatfield Stephen J. , Yusibov Vidadi
Published: February 2008

We have developed a fully contained system for expressing recombinant proteins that is based on clonal root cultures and episomal expression vectors. Clonal root lines expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) or human growth hormone were generated from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves infected with the tobacco mosaic virus‐based vector 30B after exposure to Agrobacterium rhizogenes. These lines accumulated GFP at over 50 mg per kg fresh tissue, a level that is comparable with other plant production systems in early stage development. Accumulation of both hGH and GFP in the clonal root lines was sustained over a 3‐year period, and in the absence of antibiotic selection. This technology shows promise for commercial production of vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins in contained facilities. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 814–819. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of the cytosolic free NAD/NADH ratio in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under steady‐state and highly dynamic conditions
Authors: Canelas André B. , van Gulik Walter M. , Heijnen Joseph J.
Published: February 2008

The coenzyme NAD plays a major role in metabolism as a key redox carrier and signaling molecule but current measurement techniques cannot distinguish between different compartment pools, between free and protein‐bound forms and/or between NAD(H) and NADP(H). Local free NAD/NADH ratios can be determined from product/substrate ratios of suitable near‐equilibrium redox reactions but the application of this principle is often precluded by uncertainties regarding enzyme activity, localization and coenzyme specificity of dehydrogenases. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we circumvented these issues by expressing a bacterial mannitol‐1‐phosphate 5‐dehydrogenase and determining the cytosolic free NAD/NADH ratio from the measured [fructose‐6‐phosphate]/[mannitol‐1‐phosphate] ratio. Under aerobic glucose‐limited conditions we estimated a cytosolic free NAD/NADH ratio between 101(±14) and 320(±45), assuming the cytosolic pH is between 7.0 and 6.5, respectively. These values are more than 10‐fold higher than the measured whole‐cell total NAD/NADH ratio of 7.5(±2.5). Using a thermodynamic analysis of central glycolysis we demonstrate that the former are thermodynamically feasible, while the latter is not. Furthermore, we applied this novel system to study the short‐term metabolic responses to perturbations. We found that the cytosolic free NAD–NADH couple became more reduced rapidly (timescale of seconds) upon a pulse of glucose (electron‐donor) and that this could be reversed by the addition of acetaldehyde (electron‐acceptor). In addition, these dynamics occurred without significant changes in whole‐cell total NAD and NADH. This approach provides a new experimental tool for quantitative physiology and opens new possibilities in the study of energy and redox metabolism in S. cerevisiae. The same strategy should also be applicable to other microorganisms. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 734–743. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of Amplatzer occlusion devices to occlude Fontan baffle leaks during fenestration closure procedures
Authors: Crowley David I. , Donnelly Jon P.
Published: January 2008

The authors describe the use of Amplatzer occlusion devices to successfully occlude Fontan baffle leaks in three patients. These additional right to left shunts were recognized at the time of elective transcatheter closure of surgically created fenestrations. A common site of baffle leak is described at the base of the right atrial appendage. This suture line serves to exclude the right atrial appendage from Fontan baffle flow and lies within the corrugated surface of the pectinate muscles, making it particularly vunerable to baffle leaks over time. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lengthening of proximal implantation site during endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm: Preservation of carotid patency with retrograde trans endograft deployment of a carotid stent
Authors: Eid‐Lidt Guering , Ramirez Samuel , Gaspar Jorge
Published: January 2008

Endovascular repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms with a reduced proximal implantation site represents a technical challenge. Surgical procedures before endovascular exclusion can be necessary to increase the length of the proximal landing site to avoid type 1 endoleaks. We present a case of endovascular exclusion of a descending thoracic aortic aneurysm with the endograft placed proximal to the left common carotid artery. Flow to this arch was preserved reconstructing the carotid ostium with the retrograde implantation of a carotid stent that was placed extending across an orifice created in the deployed endograft by puncture and balloon dilatation. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.