bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen on the corrosion of simulated spent nuclear fuel
Authors: Razdan Mayuri , Shoesmith David W.
Published: January 2015

The synergistic influence between H2O2 and H2 on the corrosion of SIMFUEL (simulated spent nuclear fuel) has been studied in solutions with and without added HCO3−/CO32−. The response of the surface to increasing concentrations of added H2O2 was monitored by measuring the corrosion potential in either Ar or Ar/H2-purged solutions. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy it was shown that the extent of surface oxidation (UV + UVI content) was directly related to the corrosion potential. Variations in corrosion potential with time, redox conditions, HCO3−/CO32− concentration, and convective conditions showed that surface oxidation induced by H2O2 could be reversed by reaction with H2, the latter reaction occurring dominantly on the noble metal particles in the SIMFUEL. For sufficiently large H2O2 concentrations, the influence of H2 was overwhelmed and irreversible oxidation of the surface to UVI occurred. Subsequently, corrosion was controlled by the chemical dissolution rate of this UVI layer.
Identification of camphor derivatives as novel M2 ion channel inhibitors of influenza A virus
Authors: Zhao Xin , Zhang Zhen-Wei , Cui Wei , Chen Shengwei , Zhou Yang , Dong Jianghong , Jie Yanling , Wan Junting , Xu Yong , Hu Wenhui
Published: January 2015

Amantadine derivatives have been the only drugs marketed as M2 inhibitors of influenza A for decades.
Direct synthesis of pure single-crystalline Magnéli phase Ti8O15 nanowires as conductive carbon-free materials for electrocatalysis
Authors: He Chunyong , Chang Shiyong , Huang Xiangdong , Wang Qingquan , Mei Ao , Shen Pei Kang
Published: January 2015

The Magnéli phase Ti8O15 nanowires have been synthesized and used as conductive carbon-free supports to load Pt nanoparticles for direct methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) with higher performance.
An ultra-sensitive impedimetric immunosensor for detection of the serum oncomarker CA-125 in ovarian cancer patients
Authors: Johari-Ahar M. , Rashidi M. R. , Barar J. , Aghaie M. , Mohammadnejad D. , Ramazani A. , Karami P. , Coukos G. , Omidi Y.
Published: January 2015

A gold electrode decorated with gold nanoparticles, CdSe quantum dots and anti-CA-125 antibody (MPA|AuNP@SiO2|QD|mAb immunosensor) sensitively specifically detects the CA-125 oncomarker.
Low volume shrinkage of polymers by photopolymerization of 1,1-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-vinylcyclopropanes
Authors: Contreras Paul Pineda , Tyagi Payal , Agarwal Seema
Published: January 2015

Detailed photoradical ring-opening polymerization studies of 1,1-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-vinylcyclopropane (VCP) and its methyl substituted derivate with significantly reduced volume shrinkage are presented.
Glycopolymer-based nanoparticles: synthesis and application
Authors: Li Xiao , Chen Gaojian
Published: January 2015

This review focuses on the different approaches to synthesizing glycopolymer-based nanoparticles and their various applications.
Highly efficient visible-light photocatalysts: reduced graphene oxide and C3N4nanosheets loaded with Ag nanoparticles
Authors: Lü Xiaomeng , Shen Jiayu , Wang Jiaxi , Cui Zhengshan , Xie Jimin
Published: January 2015

A novel ternary Ag/C3N4/RGO photocatalyst exhibits superior degradation activity under visible-light irradiation.
Copper(i) iodide catalyzed synthesis of primary propargylic alcohols from terminal alkyne
Authors: Kundu Shrishnu Kumar , Mitra Kanchan , Majee Adinath
Published: January 2015

Synthesis of primary propargylic alcohols from terminal alkyne and paraformaldehyde catalyzed by copper(i) iodide, without using any moisture sensitive reagents.
Facile fabrication of boron nitride nanosheets–amorphous carbon hybrid film for optoelectronic applications
Authors: Wan Shanhong , Yu Yuanlie , Pu Jibin , Lu Zhibin
Published: January 2015

A good intergration of boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)–amorphous carbon (a-C) into the B–C–N composite film has been deposited successfully on silicon substrates by simultaneous electrodeposition.
Cobalt oxide functionalized nanoporous carbon electrodes and their excellent supercapacitive performance
Authors: Dhawale Dattatray S. , Mane Gurudas P. , Joseph Stalin , Talapaneni Siddulu N. , Anand Chokkalingam , Mano Ajayan , Aldeyab Salem S. , Lakhi Kripal S. , Vinu Ajayan
Published: January 2015

Nanoporous carbon (CMK-3-150) functionalized with different amounts of cobalt oxide (CoO) nanoparticles was synthesized by an incipient wetness impregnation technique for supercapacitor application.
Hydrophobic gold nanostructures via electrochemical deposition for sensitive SERS detection of persistent toxic substances
Authors: Jing Lixiao , Shi Yu-e , Cui Jingcheng , Zhang Xiaoli , Zhan Jinhua
Published: January 2015

The hydrophobic gold nanostructures were used for direct SERS detection of PTS with high sensitivity.
Mechanism of photoluminescence enhancement and quenching in Nd2O3 nanoparticles–ferroelectric liquid crystal nanocomposites
Authors: Goel Puja , Arora Manju
Published: January 2015

The mechanism of photoluminescence enhancement and quenching in np-Nd2O3:FLC nanocomposites has been explored in the current study by UV-Vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy techniques.
Shape-dependent performance of TiO2 nanocrystals as adsorbents for methyl orange removal
Authors: Zhuang Min , Zheng Yifan , Liu Zongjian , Huang Wanzhen , Hu Xianchao
Published: January 2015

{001} plane dominated nanoplates and {101} faceted nanobipyramids show very different adsorption performances for removal of methyl orange from water.
Electrospun Cu2ZnSnS4 microfibers with strong (112) preferred orientation: fabrication and characterization
Authors: Mu Chunhong , Song Yuanqiang , Liu Aifang , Wang Xiaoning , Hu Jiarui , Ji Hong , Zhang Hongping
Published: January 2015

CZTS fibers with strong (112) orientational crystallization are fabricated on Si substrates.
An enzyme-free glucose sensor based on a difunctional diboronic acid for molecular recognition and potentiometric transduction
Authors: Chen Hongduo , Li Long , Guo Huimin , Wang Xuewei , Qin Wei
Published: January 2015

Based on a diboronic acid for specific recognition of glucose, an enzyme-free potentiometric glucose sensor was developed.
Enhanced electrochemical performance of sulfur cathodes with a water-soluble binder
Authors: Pan Jin , Xu Guiyin , Ding Bing , Han Jinpeng , Dou Hui , Zhang Xiaogang
Published: January 2015

The LA132 is a promising binder for Li–S batteries due to its strong adhesion ability and non-swellable property.
Unsymmetric vesicles with a different design on each side for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of tumor tissues
Authors: Uesaka Akihiro , Hara Isao , Imai Tomoya , Sugiyama Junji , Kimura Shunsaku
Published: January 2015

A new method for preparation of unsymmetric vesciles about chemical decoration of the outer or inner surface of the membrane makes it improved for tumor imaging.
l-Tyrosine loaded nanoparticles: an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of dicoumarols and Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines
Authors: Khaskel Anamika , Barman Pranjit , Jana Utpal
Published: January 2015

l-Tyrosine loaded nanoparticles catalyzed organic reactions.
A Bi-layer TiO2 photoanode for highly durable, flexible dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Lin Jianjian , Peng Yong , Pascoe Alexander R. , Huang Fuzhi , Cheng Yi-Bing , Heo Yoon-Uk , Nattestad Andrew , Seung Wanchul , Kim Sung Kyun , Yoon Hoon Joon , Kim Sang-Woo , Yamauchi Yusuke , Dou Shi Xue , Kim Jung Ho
Published: January 2015

A new photoanode architecture for cold isostatic pressing (CIP), with microstructured TiO2 sea-urchin-like assemblies, composed of high aspect-ratio single-crystal nanoribbons deposited onto P25, was rationally designed for highly durable, flexible dye-sensitized solar cells.
Gold and silver nanoparticle interactions with human proteins: impact and implications in biocorona formation
Authors: Sasidharan Abhilash , Riviere Jim E. , Monteiro-Riviere Nancy A.
Published: January 2015

Metallic NP interaction with human proteins, biocorona formation and their impact on cellular uptake.
Superior performance asymmetric supercapacitors based on ZnCo2O4@MnO2core–shell electrode
Authors: Ma Wenqin , Nan Honghong , Gu Zhengxiang , Geng Baoyou , Zhang Xiaojun
Published: January 2015

In this study, a hierarchical ZnCo2O4@MnO2core–shell nanotube arrays electrode was developed by a facile two-step method.
Buck converter based model for a brushless DC motor drive without a DC link capacitor
Authors: Samitha Ransara Hewa Kokawalage , Madawala Udaya Kumara , Liu Tian‐Hua
Published: January 2015

This study presents a simple model for a brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive operated directly from rectified mains without a DC link capacitor. A switching strategy with single switch control is adopted to regulate either the speed or torque. Operation of the drive during any switching state is similar to that of a buck converter and, thus, a buck converter based model is proposed to accurately predict its behaviour. Using the model, analytical expressions are derived for the motor current to investigate the impact of operation without the DC link capacitor on torque. Theoretical behaviour is compared with Matlab/Simulink based simulations as well as that observed from a 250 W prototype motor drive to demonstrate the validity of the modelling technique. Results convincingly indicate that the proposed buck converter based model is accurate and can be used as a design tool, being simple and requiring less computational time and applicable to conventional BLDC motor drives with similar switching patterns.
Heat transfer analysis of piston cooling using nanofluids in the gallery
Authors: Liu Hao , Bai Minli , Lv Jizu , Wang Peng , Wang Yuyan , Hu Chengzhi
Published: January 2015

Attaining proper temperature in engines is always a challenge for engine manufacturers primarily because temperature has a significant role in engine performance and emissions. With the development of new technology in the field of nanofluids, it seems very promising to use nanofluids as the coolant in internal combustion engines. In this reported work, Cu and diamond nanoparticles with diameters of 50 nm were dispersed in conventional engine oil to create nanofluids (volume fractions of 1, 2 and 3%) to serve as the cooling medium for a piston‐cooling gallery. The piston thermal loading calculations were carried out based on numerical hydrodynamic simulation through a liquid–solid‐coupled thermodynamic method. The obtained results indicate that using different volume fractions of nanofluids can effectively reduce the thermal loading of the piston.
From post-BRICS’ decade to post-2015: insights from global governance and comparative regionalisms
Authors: Shaw Timothy M
Published: January 2015

2015 is a symbolic turning point for “development” as eight UN MDGs are superseded by even more SDGs with a focus on global partnerships. This paper exploits the “post-2015” mantra to ask whether the rise of the BRICS and myriad non-state actors/coalitions, let alone the difficulties of the PIIGS in the Eurozone, suggests that “development” has become passé: Does the rise of “emerging” economies/powers in the current decade mean that we need another paradigm, such as “global governance” along with “new regionalisms”? This overview seeks to identify some of the parameters of international relations/organization/law/political economy for the embryonic Palgrave Communications network for its first 5 years, informed by our new US PhD in Global Governance & Human Security at UMass Boston.
Theatrical names and reference
Authors: Bennett Michael Y
Published: January 2015

The relationship between “character” and an “actor” appears to be quite straightforward: an actor acts as/plays character [x]. But let us be more specific and reword this formulation: actor [y] acts as/plays Hamlet. Or – for the time of the play – actor [y] is Hamlet. And it is this last statement that is paradoxically utterly true and utterly false. It is in the name of a theatrical character that the tension between actor and character arises. Asking, for example, who is Hamlet? yields an answer where both actor and character have legitimate exclusive rights to being “Hamlet.” In short, to whom/what does the name of a theatrical character refer? By first arguing that theatre works as a reverse-“beetle” language-game, whereby I posit that theatre allows for private rule-making, I am able to turn to the idea of reference. It is by examining the name of theatrical characters and what these names refer to that I suggest that – following Hegel – theatrical names refer dialectically. Understanding theatrical characters as such, interpretation hinges not only on the output of theatre (i.e., the meaning), but also the input (i.e., the truth value).
A study on the state-of-the-art of e-Infrastructures uptake in Africa
Authors: Spyridonis Fotios , Taylor Simon J E , Abbott Pamela , Barbera Roberto , Nungu Amos , Gustafsson Lars L , Pehrson Bjorn , Oaiya Omo , Banda Tiwonge
Published: January 2015

e-Science is a pioneering method that uses integrated collections of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), or e-Infrastructures, to enable scientists across the world to collaboratively work on more and more ambitious projects. Have advances and access to ICTs enabled African e-Infrastructure development? This paper aims to understand the current state of e-Infrastructure uptake in Africa and present some of these initiatives across the African continent by exploring the current landscape emerging from a survey of early consumers. These initiatives are discussed in terms of key projects and user communities that they are addressing. In line with wider perceptions that e-Infrastructures will re-shape the ways research is performed, this study yielded 34 current or planned e-Infrastructure projects across 13 African countries addressing a range of research domains, and identified 7 user communities across these disciplines. Our findings suggest that the African research community is increasingly interested and involved in e-Infrastructure development activities in response to the issue of limited access to dedicated global research and education resources. The study can contribute to the ongoing discussion on how e-Infrastructures can positively promote the research, technological development and innovation potential of developing countries.
Fundamental aspects of recoupled pair bonds. I. Recoupled pair bonds in carbon and sulfur monofluoride
Authors: Dunning Thom H. , Xu Lu T. , Takeshita Tyler Y.
Published: January 2015

The number of singly occupied orbitals in the ground-state atomic configuration of an element defines its nominal valence. For carbon and sulfur, with two singly occupied orbitals in their 3P ground states, the nominal valence is two. However, in both cases, it is possible to form more bonds than indicated by the nominal valence—up to four bonds for carbon and six bonds for sulfur. In carbon, the electrons in the 2s lone pair can participate in bonding, and in sulfur the electrons in both the 3p and 3s lone pairs can participate. Carbon 2s and sulfur 3p recoupled pair bonds are the basis for the tetravalence of carbon and sulfur, and 3s recoupled pair bonds enable sulfur to be hexavalent. In this paper, we report generalized valence bond as well as more accurate calculations on the a4Σ− states of CF and SF, which are archetypal examples of molecules that possess recoupled pair bonds. These calculations provide insights into the fundamental nature of recoupled pair bonds and illustrate the key differences between recoupled pair bonds formed with the 2s lone pair of carbon, as a representative of the early p-block elements, and recoupled pair bonds formed with the 3p lone pair of sulfur, as a representative of the late p-block elements.
Fundamental aspects of recoupled pair bonds. II. Recoupled pair bond dyads in carbon and sulfur difluoride
Authors: Dunning Thom H. , Takeshita Tyler Y. , Xu Lu T.
Published: January 2015

Formation of a bond between a second ligand and a molecule with a recoupled pair bond results in a recoupled pair bond dyad. We examine the recoupled pair bond dyads in the a3B1 states of CF2 and SF2, which are formed by the addition of a fluorine atom to the a4Σ− states of CF and SF, both of which possess recoupled pair bonds. The two dyads are very different. In SF2, the second FS–F bond is very strong (De = 106.3 kcal/mol), the bond length is much shorter than that in the SF(a4Σ−) state (1.666 Å versus 1.882 Å), and the three atoms are nearly collinear (θe = 162.7°) with only a small barrier to linearity (0.4 kcal/mol). In CF2, the second FC–F bond is also very strong (De = 149.5 kcal/mol), but the bond is only slightly shorter than that in the CF(a4Σ−) state (1.314 Å versus 1.327 Å), and the molecule is strongly bent (θe = 119.0°) with an 80.5 kcal/mol barrier to linearity. The a3B1 states of CF2 and SF2 illustrate the fundamental differences between recoupled pair bond dyads formed from 2s and 3p lone pairs.
Use of motion-activated remote cameras to detect the endangered spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus): results from a pilot study
Authors: McLean Chris M. , Vårhammar Angelica , Mikac Katarina M.
Published: January 2015

A survey of the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) was conducted in the Watagan Mountains of New South Wales using baited remote cameras. Nine individuals were detected, of which seven occurred at meat-baited sites and two at sites with a general mammal bait. This confirms the expectation that a meat-based bait increases the ability to detect this species using remote cameras.
Cu(hfac)2 Complexes with Nitronyl Ketones Structurally Mimicking Nitronyl Nitroxides in Breathing Crystals
Authors: Tretyakov Evgeny V. , Romanenko Galina V. , Veber Sergey L. , Fedin Matvey V. , Polushkin Aleksey V. , Tkacheva Anastasia O. , Ovcharenko Victor I.
Published: January 2015

Breathing crystals based on polymer-chain complexes of Cu(hfac)2 (hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate) with nitronyl nitroxides represent a new type of molecular magnetic sensors, exhibiting thermally and light-induced structural rearrangements in the spin clusters Cu ← (O∸N<)n accompanied by magnetic anomalies. To shed light on the driving forces of the rearrangements a method for the synthesis of sterically hindered 4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-N-oxides (nitronyl ketones) structurally mimicking nitronyl nitroxides in breathing crystals has been determined. This method employs palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of 3,3,4-trimethyl-4-nitropentanoic acid chloride with 4-stannylpyrazoles, leading to the formation of nitroketones followed by soft reduction into hydroxylamines, that then undergo self-initiated cyclization into the corresponding nitrones. The radical oxidation of the latter finally yields the target nitronyl ketones. An X-ray diffraction analysis of the nitronyl ketones confirms that their structural characteristics are close to those of the corresponding nitronyl nitroxides. Moreover, upon reaction with Cu(hfac)2, diamagnetic nitronyl ketones form polymer-chain complexes with a ‘head-to-tail’ motif and a structure similar to their analogues containing paramagnetic nitronyl nitroxides. Finally, it has been found that one of the complexes with nitronyl ketones does manifest a purely structural phase transition similar to its copper-nitroxide analogue, but at the same time it does not manifest any signs of a magneto-structural transition characteristic for breathing crystals where a Jahn–Teller axis in the coordination units CuNO4(O∸N<) is flipped. This observation strongly confirms the crucial role of the exchange interactions between spins of copper and nitroxide for the origin of magneto-structural anomalies in breathing crystals.
Audio-visual integration and saccadic inhibition
Authors: Makovac Elena , Buonocore Antimo , McIntosh Robert D.
Published: January 2015

Saccades operate a continuous selection between competing targets at different locations. This competition has been mostly investigated in the visual context, and it is well known that a visual distractor can interfere with a saccade toward a visual target. Here, we investigated whether multimodal, audio-visual targets confer stronger resilience against visual distraction. Saccades to audio-visual targets had shorter latencies than saccades to unisensory stimuli. This facilitation exceeded the level that could be explained by simple probability summation, indicating that multisensory integration had occurred. The magnitude of inhibition induced by a visual distractor was comparable for saccades to unisensory and multisensory targets, but the duration of the inhibition was shorter for multimodal targets. We conclude that multisensory integration can allow a saccade plan to be reestablished more rapidly following saccadic inhibition.
The Nck-interacting kinase NIK increases Arp2/3 complex activity by phosphorylating the Arp2 subunit
Authors: LeClaire Lawrence L. , Rana Manish , Baumgartner Martin , Barber Diane L.
Published: January 2015

The nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex promotes the assembly of branched actin filaments that drive plasma membrane protrusion in migrating cells. Arp2/3 complex binding to nucleation-promoting factors of the WASP and WAVE families was previously thought to be sufficient to increase nucleating activity. However, phosphorylation of the Arp2 subunit was recently shown to be necessary for Arp2/3 complex activity. We show in mammary carcinoma cells that mutant Arp2 lacking phosphorylation assembled with endogenous subunits and dominantly suppressed actin filament assembly and membrane protrusion. We also report that Nck-interacting kinase (NIK), a MAP4K4, binds and directly phosphorylates the Arp2 subunit, which increases the nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex. In cells, NIK kinase activity was necessary for increased Arp2 phosphorylation and plasma membrane protrusion in response to epidermal growth factor. NIK is the first kinase shown to phosphorylate and increase the activity of the Arp2/3 complex, and our findings suggest that it integrates growth factor regulation of actin filament dynamics.
Putting a kink in a familiar control loop
Authors: Leslie Mitch
Published: January 2015

Study shows that a feed-forward signaling loop controls dorsal closure in flies.
Introduction
Authors: Malone David M.
Published: January 2015

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of India’s economic growth and how the country’s foreign policy, regional concerns, and geostrategic views are largely unknown to the rest of the world, as well as to most Indians. The discussion then turns to the book’s methodology and sources, and the scope and organization of the material.
India’s West Asia Policy
Authors: Malone David M.
Published: January 2015

This chapter deals with what is mostly referred to as the Middle East, but which Indians consider West Asia —a regional designation that makes clear that this geostrategically critical area also lies in India’s own extended region. During the years of non-alignment, India’s diplomacy cultivated Iran and independent Arab countries. Its focus on Iran has not wavered, but as economic change and various conflicts in the region reshaped regional alliances, India’s policy evolved in the early 1990s, with the establishment of diplomatic relations with Israel. The chapter traces India’s adaptation to changes in a region and concludes that it enjoys positive relations with virtually all countries of the area. Indian ties with the Maghreb countries which are both African and Arab, as well as its important ties with Egypt, the Gulf, and Iraq, are also discussed.
Had a Distinct Template for a ‘Western Way of War’ been Established before 1800?
Authors: Parrott David
Published: January 2015

This chapter examines the development of the Western way of war. Since the seventeenth century, Western military superiority has rested on the ability of states and peoples to stay ahead of the game in developing cutting-edge military technology, both in wars between European powers and in European expansion into the wider world. However, a study of the military history also shows that in cases where there has been a great leap forward in pure military potential and effectiveness, many transformations have little to do with a single, or even a combination of, technological innovations. Many war-transforming developments were about organization and resources, not technology.
Changes in War
Authors: Broers Michael
Published: January 2015

This chapter begins with a survey of how the Revolutionary-Napoleonic wars were waged, followed by an analysis of how they were managed. The focus is on the Napoleonic, essentially French, armies because France set the pace of the wars, and so the military agendas of the era. The Prussian reform movement, the piecemeal emergence of a mass land army in Britain, the frustrated reforms of the Archduke Charles in Austria were all responses to the galvanizing of France, ‘the China of Europe’, into life.
What is Really Changing? Change and Continuity in Global Terrorism*
Authors: Cronin Audrey Kurth
Published: January 2015

This chapter addresses the following question: What is new, relevant, and enduring about the changing strategic environment in which al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups operate? And how will that context affect the evolving threat of global terrorism overall? It discusses five broad developments shaping twenty-first-century terrorism, specifically changes in motivation, method, mobilization, morphology, and mindset. It argues that this quintet will have staying power long beyond the demise of al-Qaeda, affecting future campaigns and the significance of the threat that arises from them.
Democracy and War in the Strategic Thought of Giulio Douhet
Authors: Hippler Thomas
Published: January 2015

This chapter examines the link between the changing character of war during the early twentieth century and the growing importance of democracy as a political value during the same period, with a focus on the development of the strategic doctrines of Giulio Douhet. Douhet’s strategic concepts address some of the key questions posed by the advent of mechanized mass warfare in the era of the First World War.
Religion in the War on Terror
Authors: Brahimi Alia
Published: January 2015

This chapter examines the role of religion in the war on terror. With al-Qaeda’s attacks on 9/11 and the Bush administration’s subsequent invasion of Iraq, the world was confronted by a situation in which both sides claimed to be acting in self-defence. It is argued that each side employed an expansive conception of self-defence that was ultimately informed by broadly religious factors. While religion was used, on both sides, in service of an expansive and more permissive conceptualization of just cause for war, so too was religion mobilized in opposition to such expansionism, as religious figures in the west and in Islam re-articulated the proper, and more limited, boundaries of the legitimate right of self-defence.
War without the People
Authors: Vennesson Pascal
Published: January 2015

This chapter considers the question of why wars at the beginning of the twenty-first century have been comparatively more limited and restrained. Taking as a starting point the key Clausewitzian insight that the conduct of war is shaped in part by the domestic societal and political make-up of polities, it explores the idea that the wars and strategies of the last twenty years, from 1989 until 2009, have been affected by the overall decline in popular participation in politics. It presents two arguments. First, Clausewitz’s theory of war, particularly his argument about the influence of the social and political structures of polities on warfare, and his thoughts on the people provide a fruitful way to conceptualize the ways in which changing domestic political conditions might affect the character of war at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Second, the relative weakening of the people’s political participation has contributed to the changing character of war between 1989 and 2009, making it comparatively more limited and restrained.
Warlords
Authors: Marten Kimberly
Published: January 2015

This chapter aims to define the term ‘warlord’ in a way that is both analytically useful for social scientists interested in the changing character of warfare and broadly consistent with how the word has been used by historians and other scholars who have focused on warlords in older political systems, ranging from medieval Europe to Republican-era China. It discusses historical continuities and changes in the effects of warlordism on state-building. It argues that warlords today are neither state builders nor state destroyers. Instead they are state parasites and hence creatures of the state system, who thrive along the margins of existing states in the aftermath of violent conflict.
The Status and Protections of Prisoners of War and Detainees
Authors: Scheipers Sibylle
Published: January 2015

This chapter focuses on changes in the treatment and protection of prisoners of war (POWs). It covers the rules and customs of war before and during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars; the transitory period between the breakdown of the ancien régime principles and practices during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and the beginning of the codification of the law of armed conflict at the end of the nineteenth century; and the Lieber Code and the Brussels Declaration.
Target-Selection Norms, Torture Norms, and Growing US Permissiveness
Authors: Shue Henry
Published: January 2015

This chapter examines two challenges to the fundamental norms of war. The first is the challenge by the US military to the internationally accepted norm specifying legitimate targets or, in the terms of international law, ‘military objectives’. The second is the challenge by US political leaders to the internationally accepted definition of torture. Efforts are underway to broaden the definition of military objective, so that attacks on a wider range of targets are permitted, at the same time as efforts to narrow the definition of torture, so that fewer forms of interrogation are prohibited. These changes move towards the direction of extreme permissiveness and away from moderating limits.
Functional Properties of Commingled Rice‐Cultivar Lots
Authors: Basutkar Nikhil N. , Siebenmorgen Terry J. , Wang Ya‐Jane , Patindol James A.
Published: January 2015

Commingling of rice cultivars commonly occurs during harvest, drying, and storage operations. Because different cultivars often have different functional properties, there is a need to study the impact of commingling on these properties. Two long‐grain hybrid (H) cultivars, CL XL745 and CL XL729, and two long‐grain pureline (P) cultivars, CL 151 and Wells, were used to prepare H/P, H/H, and P/P commingles in various proportions. Gelatinization and pasting properties of all individual lots and commingled samples were measured. When two cultivar lots with different onset gelatinization temperatures (Tos) were commingled, the To of the commingled sample was similar to the To of that cultivar in the commingle with the lower To. Tps, Tcs, and ΔHs of commingled samples generally increased or decreased according to the mass percentages of the cultivars in the samples. Peak, breakdown, and final viscosities of commingled samples also varied according to the mass percentages of the cultivars in the commingled samples. These findings are intended to help make decisions regarding cultivar commingling and to optimize process conditions and product characteristics, given the gelatinization and pasting properties of individual‐cultivar lots.
Detection of Fragments from Internal Insects in Wheat Samples Using a Laboratory Entoleter
Authors: Brabec Daniel L. , Pearson Thomas C. , Maghirang Elizabeth B. , Flinn Paul W.
Published: January 2015

A simple, rapid method that uses a small mechanical rotary device (entoleter) was developed for estimating insect fragment counts in flour caused by hidden, internal‐feeding insects in whole grains of hard red winter and soft red winter wheat. Known counts of preemergent adults, pupae, and larvae of lesser grain borers and rice weevils were blended with 500 g samples of uninfested wheat. The entoleter impeller speed was adjusted based on grain hardness and moisture content to obtain about ≈98% intact and ≈2–2.5% broken kernels in an uninfested sample. The entoleter flung the wheat kernels against a surrounding steel ring. Approximately 70–90% of the insect‐infested kernels, being weaker, released internal insect pieces upon impact. The broken kernels were sieved with number 10 and number 20 sieves to obtain large‐sieved and small‐sieved fractions, respectively. Insect pieces in sieved fractions were counted. The insect piece counts were correlated with the estimated flour fragments (R2 = 0.94). The entoleter method can distinguish samples of grain containing 0, 25, or 75 fragments in 50 g of flour, with greater than 95% confidence. The method can be performed in approximately 5 min per 500 g sample and could potentially be a cost‐effective method that grain handlers can use to inspect wheat loads for detecting insect damage and estimating insect fragments in flour.
Contemporary Patterns and Survival Outcome of Adjuvant Systemic Therapy for Localized Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Authors: Sineshaw Helmneh M. , Jemal Ahmedin , Lin Chun Chieh , McGinnis LaMar S. , Ward Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2015

Objectives:

To describe contemporary patterns of and factors associated with adjuvant therapy use and survival outcome after resection of localized gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) using a large contemporary clinical database.

Methods:

We queried the National Cancer Data Base to identify localized GIST cases diagnosed from 2004 to 2011, and used descriptive and logistic regression analyses to determine patterns of and factors associated with adjuvant therapy. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional-hazard model were utilized to generate survival probabilities and hazard ratios (HRs).

Results:

Of 4694 patients, 73.5% received surgery alone, and 26.5% received adjuvant therapy during 2004 to 2011. Receipt of adjuvant therapy more than doubled between 2006 (13.2%) and 2007 (30.5%), peaked to 37.9% in 2009, and then decreased to 25.6% in 2011 (P for trend<0.0001). Receipt of adjuvant therapy monotonically decreased with older age (P for trend<0.0001), and was higher in patients with larger tumor size (>10 cm) than those with smaller tumor size (≤5 cm) (44.1% vs. 15.8%; P<0.0001). Patients who received adjuvant therapy had 46% lower risk of death than those who received surgery alone (HR=0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-0.79; P<0.001); survival benefit was statistically significant for GISTs with >10 cm tumor size (HR=0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.20-0.89; P=0.02).

Conclusions:

In a large nationwide dataset, we showed that the use of adjuvant therapy for localized GISTs has significantly increased over time and patients treated with adjuvant therapy have better survival than patients treated with surgery alone.
Oral Platelet Gel Supernatant Plus Supportive Medical Treatment Versus Supportive Medical Treatment in the Management of Radiation-induced Oral Mucositis
Authors: Bonfili Pierluigi , Gravina Giovanni L. , Marampon Francesco , Rughetti Anna , Di Staso Mario , Dell’Orso Luigi , Vittorini Francesca , Moro Roberto , La Verghetta Maria E. , Parente Silvia , Reale Marilisa , Ruggieri Valeria , Franzese Pietro , Tombolini Vincenzo , Masciocchi Carlo , Di Cesare Ernesto
Published: January 2015

Objectives:

In this active control trial, the rate of radio-induced WHO grade 3/4 oral mucositis and the change in quality of life, assessed by OMWQ-HN, were measured in subjects with head and neck cancer treated by platelet gel supernatant (PGS) and supportive medical treatment versus subjects treated by supportive medical treatment alone.

Materials and Methods:

Eighty patients with nonmetastatic head and neck cancer underwent curative or adjuvant radiotherapy. All patients underwent supportive medical treatment and/or PGS at the beginning and during radiotherapy. Sixteen patients received PGS in association with supportive medical treatment. To obtain 2 groups virtually randomized for important clinical characteristics subjects were matched, by propensity analysis, with a group of subjects (64 patients) treated with supportive medical treatment alone.

Results:

Subjects treated with standard supportive treatment experienced significant higher WHO grade 3/4 toxicity (55%; 35/64) than subjects treated by PGS (13%; 3/16). The reduced toxicity found in PGS group paralleled with the evidence that they developed later symptoms with respect to controls. The Cox proportional hazard model indicated that patients treated with standard supportive medical treatment experienced 2.7-fold increase (hazard ratio=2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-5.7) in the occurrence of WHO grade 3/4 toxicity. PGS group significantly experienced higher quality of life than control groups as measured by OMWQ-HN. A significant decrease in the opioid analgesics usage was found in the PGS group.

Conclusions:

These preliminary data should be interpreted with caution and could serve as a framework around which to design future trials.
Surgery and Adjuvant Radiation for High-risk Skin Adnexal Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Wang Lora S. , Handorf Elizabeth A. , Wu Hong , Liu Jeffrey C. , Perlis Clifford S. , Galloway Thomas J.
Published: January 2015

Objectives:

Skin adnexal carcinoma (SAC) is a rare cutaneous malignancy that arises from sebaceous and sweat glands. These carcinomas are believed to behave more aggressively than cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) with a propensity for local recurrence. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy in SAC is undefined.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed all cases of head and neck SAC treated with surgery and adjuvant radiation from 2000 to 2012 at a single institution.

Results:

Nine cases were identified. Median age was 67 (range, 52 to 88) years. The histologies were: adnexal carcinoma (n=1), adnexal carcinoma with sebaceous differentiation (n=1), adnexal carcinoma with squamous differentiation (n=1), skin appendage carcinoma (n=1), sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma (n=1), mucinous carcinoma (n=1), ductal eccrine adenocarcinoma (n=1), porocarcinoma (n=1), and trichilemmal carcinoma (n=1). All tumors were reviewed by a dermatopathologist to confirm the SAC diagnosis.

All patients had undergone surgery. Indications for adjuvant radiation included involved lymph nodes (n=4), perineural invasion (n=2), nodal extracapsular extension (n=2), positive margin (n=1), high-grade histology (n=6), multifocal disease (n=2), and/or recurrent disease (n=5). Radiation was delivered to the primary site alone (n=3), to the draining lymphatics alone (n=2), or to both (n=4). One patient received concurrent cisplatin. Median dose to the primary site was 60 Gy and to the neck was 50 Gy.

Median follow-up was 4.0 years (range, 0.6 to 11.4 y). Locoregional control was 100%. Five-year progression-free survival was 89%. There was 1 acute grade 3 toxicity and no greater than or equal to grade 2 late toxicities were recorded.

Conclusions:

Surgery and adjuvant radiation for high-risk SAC offers excellent locoregional control with acceptable toxicity.
Notification of changes in taxonomic opinion previously published outside the IJSEM
Authors: Oren Aharon , Garrity George M.
Published: January 2015

The Bacteriological Code deals with the nomenclature of prokaryotes. This may include existing names (the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names) as well as new names and new combinations. In this sense the Code is also dealing indirectly with taxonomic opinions. However, as with most codes of nomenclature there are no mechanisms for formally recording taxonomic opinions that do not involve the creation of new names or new combinations. In particular, it would be desirable for taxonomic opinions resulting from the creation of synonyms or emended descriptions to be made widely available to the public. In 2004, the Editorial Board of the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM) agreed unanimously that it was desirable to cover such changes in taxonomic opinions (i.e. the creation of synonyms or the emendation of circumscriptions) previously published outside the IJSEM, and to introduce a List of Changes in Taxonomic Opinion [Notification of changes in taxonomic opinion previously published outside the IJSEM; Euzéby et al. (2004). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
54, 1429-1430]. Scientists wishing to have changes in taxonomic opinion included in future lists should send one copy of the pertinent reprint or a photocopy or a PDF file thereof to the IJSEM Editorial Office or to the Lists Editor.

It must be stressed that the date of proposed taxonomic changes is the date of the original publication not the date of publication of the list. Taxonomic opinions included in the List of Changes in Taxonomic Opinion cannot be considered as validly published nor, in any other way, approved by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes and its Judicial Commission. The names that are to be used are those that are the ‘correct names’ (in the sense of Principle 6) in the opinion of the bacteriologist, with a given circumscription, position and rank. A particular name, circumscription, position and rank does not have to be adopted in all circumstances. Consequently, the List of Changes in Taxonomic Opinion must be considered as a service to bacteriology and it has no ‘official character’, other than providing a centralized point for registering/indexing such changes in a way that makes them easily accessible to the scientific community.
Septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular and subclavian veins treated with percutaneous mechanical thrombolysis
Authors: Ashraf Muna , Laurich Chad , Huntington Mark K.
Published: January 2015

Introduction:

Treatment of septic thrombophlebitis of the jugular vein may include both medical and surgical interventions. Historically, the goal of surgical interventions was not the restoration of blood flow through the affected vessel.

Case presentation:

We present a case of a 19‐year‐old male with septic thrombophlebitis who, despite appropriate antibiotic treatment, experienced symptomatic thrombus progression. Percutaneous thrombolytic procedures were performed, successfully restoring blood flow without triggering clinically significant bacteraemia or septic emboli.

Conclusion:

Thrombolysis may have a role in select patients, especially those with co‐existent thrombophilia or progressive thrombus development despite medical treatment.
Homology- and coevolution-consistent structural models of bacterial copper-tolerance protein CopM support a ‘metal sponge’ function and suggest regions for metal-dependent protein-protein interactions
Authors: Abriata Luciano A.
Published: January 2015

Copper is essential for life but toxic, therefore all organisms control tightly its intracellular abundance. Bacteria have indeed whole operons devoted to copper resistance, with genes that code for efflux pumps, oxidases, etc. Recently, the CopM protein of the CopMRS operon was described as a novel important element for copper tolerance inSynechocystis. This protein consists of a domain of unknown function, and was proposed to act as a periplasmic/extracellular copper binder. This work describes a bioinformatic study of CopM including structural models based on homology modeling and on residue coevolution, to help expand on its recent biochemical characterization. The protein is predicted to be periplasmic but membrane-anchored, not secreted. Two disordered regions are predicted, both possibly involved in protein-protein interactions. The 3D models disclose a 4-helix bundle with several potential copper-binding sites, most of them largely buried inside the bundle lumen. Some of the predicted copper-binding sites involve residues from the disordered regions, suggesting they could gain structure upon copper binding and thus possibly modulate the interactions they mediate. All models are provided as PDB files in the Supporting Information and can be visualized online athttp://lucianoabriata.altervista.org/modelshome.htmlNote (January 2017):Recent X-ray structures of apo, copper- and silver-bound CopM are < 3Å RMSD away from the models, and reveal metal-dependent structural flexibility (Zhao et alActa Crystallogr D Struct Biol.2016)
Extracorporeal Photoimmunotherapy for Circulating Tumor Cells
Authors: Kim Gwangseong , Gaitas Angelo
Published: January 2015

It is believed that metastasis through the cardiovascular system is primarily caused by circulating tumor cells (CTCs). We report an approach to eliminate circulating tumor cells from the blood stream by flowing the blood though an extracorporeal tube and applying photodynamic therapy (PDT). Chlorin e6 (Ce6), a photosensizer, was conjugated to antibody CD44 in order to target PC-3, a prostate cancer cell line. PC-3 cells were successfully stained by the Ce6-CD44 antibody conjugate. PDT was performed on whole blood spiked with stained PC-3 cells. As the blood circulated through a transparent medical tube, it was exposed to light of a specific wavelength generated by an LED array. A 2 minute exposure was sufficient to achieve selective cancer cell necrosis. Control studies showed no cell death.
RNA-guided gene drives can efficiently and reversibly bias inheritance in wild yeast
Authors: DiCarlo James E , Chavez Alejandro , Dietz Sven L , Esvelt Kevin M , Church George M
Published: January 2015

Inheritance-biasing “gene drives” may be capable of spreading genomic alterations made in laboratory organisms through wild populations. We previously considered the potential for RNA-guided gene drives based on the versatile CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system to serve as a general method of altering populations. Here we report molecularly contained gene drive constructs in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are typically copied at rates above 99% when mated to wild yeast. We successfully targeted both non-essential and essential genes, showed that the inheritance of an unrelated “cargo” gene could be biased by an adjacent drive, and constructed a drive capable of overwriting and reversing changes made by a previous drive. Our results demonstrate that RNA-guided gene drives are capable of efficiently biasing inheritance when mated to wild-type organisms over successive generations.
In plants, decapping prevents RDR6-dependent production of small interfering RNAs from endogenous mRNAs
Authors: de Alba Angel Emilio Martínez , Moreno Ana Beatriz , Gabriel Marc , Mallory Allison C. , Christ Aurélie , Bounon Rémi , Balzergue Sandrine , Aubourg Sebastien , Gautheret Daniel , Crespi Martin D. , Vaucheret Hervé , Maizel Alexis
Published: January 2015

Cytoplasmic degradation of endogenous RNAs is an integral part of RNA quality control (RQC) and often relies on the removal of the 5′ cap structure and their subsequent 5’ to 3’ degradation in cytoplasmic processing (P-)bodies. In parallel, many eukaryotes degrade exogenous and selected endogenous RNAs through post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). In plants, PTGS depends on small interfering (si)RNAs produced after the conversion of single-stranded RNAs to double-stranded RNAs by the cellular RNA DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 6 (RDR6) in cytoplasmic siRNA-bodies. PTGS and RQC compete for transgene-derived RNAs, but it is unknown whether this competition also occurs for endogenous transcripts. We show that the lethality of decapping mutants is suppressed by impairing RDR6 activity. We establish that upon decapping impairment hundreds of endogenous mRNAs give rise to a new class of rqc-siRNAs, that over-accumulate when RQC processes are impaired, a subset of which depending on RDR6 for their production. We observe that P- and siRNA-bodies often are dynamically juxtaposed, potentially allowing for crosstalk of the two machineries. Our results suggest that the decapping of endogenous RNA limits their entry into the PTGS pathway. We anticipate that the rqc-siRNAs identified in decapping mutants represent a subset of a larger ensemble of endogenous siRNAs.