bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review on the Decadal Irrigation System of Shali Water Reservoir
Authors: Halder S , Das S , Basu S
Published: July 2020

Irrigation is a prime factor for agriculture, fishing and afforestation in two water scant districts namely Bankura and Purulia of West Bengal province in India. To fulfill such purposes, Shali reservoir was erected on the Shali River near Bhairabpur village of Gangajalghati block at Bankura district in 1978. After the four decades of construction it was found that only a few studies were conducted by previous researchers on Shali reservoir. In these four decades many things like population, climate, soil type, reservoir life, hydro-meteorological parameters like rainfall pattern, evaporation rates etc., people’s behavior on water utilizations, river morphology -have been changed over periods. Therefore it is most needed to bring together all those previous researches for finding out the new need of any further detail research on Shali reservoir. This paper aims to coalesce all those researches in a succinct manner for the benefit of the people of Gangajalghati block in Bankura.
The Potential Plastic Oil Production from Plastics Waste (PET and LDPE) in Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Khairil  , Kumar Rajuwardi , Meurah Indra Riayatsyah Teuku , Jalaluddin  , Edhy Sofyan Sarwo
Published: July 2020

Plastics are non-degradable polymers which contain carbon, hydrogen and others elements (chlorine, nitrogen, etc.). Due to its non-biodegradable nature, this compound contributes significantly to the problem of the environmental issues. One of the solutions to solve the plastic waste problem is to convert to plastic oil. Waste plastic oil (WPO) production from Polyethylene terephthalate PET and/or Low-density poly ethylene LDPE oils is an effective way to meet requirement for fuel supply to internal combustion engine. This study evaluated the potential WPO production from PET and LDPE were collected and extracted from Aceh, Indonesia. Moreover, WPO has been produced by using thermal cracking methods under pyrolysis process. The properties of the WPO produced such as viscosity, density, acid value, research octane number (RON) and heating value have been determined. After analysing these properties, it could be concluded that it is possible to obtain diesel fuel from LDPE and gasoline fuel from PET. The WPO could be used as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines in the future, having two benefits: to recover energy from waste and reduce the environmental problems caused by this waste.
The Influence of Straw Treatment by Acid Hydrolysis on Methane Production Efficiency of Agricultural Biogas Plant
Authors: Janczak D , Dach J , Oniszczuk T , Pulka J , Combrzyński M
Published: July 2020

Straw is largely produce raw material which can have many different uses. One of the most promising applications is the straw usage as substrate for biogas plant feeding. However, it has to be underlined that straw is not easily degradable material because of higher content of lignocellulose compounds. That is why in order to make straw more susceptible for anaerobic digestion process, it has to pass by some pre-treatments (mechanical, thermal, biological etc.). The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of straw treatment by acid hydrolysis (AH) on methane production efficiency in the anaerobic digestion process. In order to increase the digestibility of straw, whole material was also pre-treated by extrusion process. The methane productivity was tested under standard German methodology DIN 38 414/S8 in Ecotechnologies Laboratory (ET) at Institute of Biosystems Engineering. ET, with 250 different fermenters, is the biggest Polish biogas laboratory. The results have shown that acid hydrolysis (happened in pH<4.5 for 48 hours) strongly influenced on methane productivity growth. Extruded straw without acid hydrolysis produced 186.09 m3/Mg of Fresh Mass (224.23 m3/Mg of Volatile Solids) while straw after treatment with acid hydrolysis reached 248.17 Mg of FM (279.43 m3/Mg of VS). Result obtained after acid hydrolysis has showed the growth by 33.4% comparing to treatment without AH. We found also the growth of methane content in produced biogas. The biogas obtained from straw fermented without acid hydrolysis had 49.07% of CH4 while after AH the CH4 content reached 52% (almost 6% more). This result shows clearly that application of acid hydrolysis to real scale biogas plant can clearly decrease the annual consumption of straw reaching by app. 1500 Mg for the installation class 500 kW of electric power.
Vulnerability and Readiness of Malaysian Economy in the Context of Environment Degradation
Authors: Tan Chuie-Hong , Ho Sin-Ban
Published: July 2020

The threat of climate change and environment degradation has influenced tourist activities. The purpose of this study is to quantify the effects of climate change on tourism and economy in Malaysia. The vulnerability and readiness to climate change that impact tourism and economy are examined. The empirical results reveal the effect of vulnerability is greater than the readiness components in both tourism and overall economy in Malaysia. Health factors on vulnerability to climate change are significantly jeopardizing both tourism and overall economy in Malaysia. Besides that, greenhouse gas emissions and SARS epidemic disease also contributes to the losses of tourism industry in Malaysia.
Fact-finding During Quick Response to Disaster: School Students’ Response to the Environment
Authors: Dewi OC , Saskia CS , Dewi MBV , Anjari AR , Chairunissa I
Published: July 2020

Earthquakes, floods, and landslides are frequent disasters in Indonesia. They can happen anytime. Recently Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia, together with the Indonesian Red Cross in Bogor Regency and its volunteers squat (SIBAT) had conducted disaster role-playing as a preparedness program for elementary school students. The role-play was aimed to introduce a quick response for elementary school students by the time the disaster happened at their school. Two kinds of disasters were chosen based on the school location's characteristics: flooding and earthquake. The method involved in this study is action-research. In the end, the students were asked to draw their spatial experience in one piece of paper as a reflection. Additionally, the team also gave feedback questions or quiz to measure the starting point of the role-playing which expected to shape their new knowledge. For in-depth aspects, the students also received a badge as the inauguration sign of “Agent of responsive to disaster”. This paper outlines the fact-finding during the role-playing as the students' response to the environment. The findings are useful as the baseline for a disaster quick response preparedness module for elementary students' development.
Effect of a winglet on the Power Augmentation of Straight Bladed Darrieus Wind Turbine
Authors: Malla Anamika , Han Zhaolong , Zhou Dai
Published: July 2020

There has been an increased interest in enhancing the relatively low power coefficient of the Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWTs) for wider applications. Winglets are an effective solution for improving the aerodynamic performance in the aerospace field, and this paper numerically studies the aerodynamic effect of adding a winglet on the blade of a VAWT. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) base model is verified by experimental data from the available literature. The present work compares the effect of a winglet on the turbine performance of a VAWT. As a result, the power performance of the turbine with the appended winglets increases. The winglet assists in maintaining the pressure between the two sides of the blades. And, thus, weakens the tip vortex and improves the aerodynamic efficiency of the turbine blade.
Potential of Bioelectricity Generation in Plant-Microbial Fuel Cells Growing House Plants
Authors: Pamintuan Kristopher Ray S. , Calma Maria Aira L. , Feliciano Kristine Anne D. , Lariba Keith Jones Paul D.
Published: July 2020

Although renewable sources of energy including geothermal, hydropower, wind, solar and biomass are utilized by the Philippines, coal-fired power plants remain the main source of electrical energy consumed by Filipino households. To lessen the nation’s dependence on fossil fuels, new and innovative sources of renewable energy should be explored. Plant-Microbial Fuel Cells (PMFCs) are a promising renewable energy technology that can be used to supplement our demand for electricity. PMFCs utilize the metabolic processes of certain bacteria in the roots of a plant to generate clean electricity. This study tested the potential of generating electricity from three common house plants in a PMFC set-up: Spider Plant (Chlorophytum comosum), Portulaca Flower (Portulaca oleracea), and Dumb Canes (Dieffenbachia amoena). A simple set-up was prepared using low-cost materials. Open circuit voltage and current was continuously monitored to determine the power output of the PMFCs. C. comosum registered the highest maximum power density out of the three plants, at 30.39 mW/m2. The results of this study has direct implications to how house plants are kept. Instead of keeping them for aesthetics, the added value of green energy produced can be valuable for powering devices in-situ.
The Environmental Factors for Establishing Mazu Temple – A Case Study of Citian Temple in Taiwan
Authors: Pan Shih-hui , Fang Zhou
Published: July 2020

In traditional Chinese culture, the religious belief of the geographical environment, should be considered in the establishment of any temple. This paper points out that the establishment of Mazu Temple must be in accordance to the Geomancy of traditional Chinese culture, and examine the surrounding environment and its relation to Geomantic points. On the placement of the inner deities, we should also carefully place them in accordance with the believers’ cognition of the level of deities, and the pattern of ethical difference between the left and the right. All these indicate the traditional Chinese ideology of environment and living space.
Application of Atmospheric Cold Plasma for Inactivation of Spoilage and Pathogen Microorganisms
Authors: Eshtiaghi M N , Nakthong N , Chumpolkulwong Namthip , Acharawaranon Pichit
Published: July 2020

The effect of cold atmospheric plasma (ACP) technique on inactivation of selected microorganisms was investigated. To study the effect of cold plasma on microorganism inactivation Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma was applied. The inactivation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and 4 pathogen microorganisms (Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus) using DBD cold plasma were investigated. The results have shown that yeast can be effectively inactivated on agar plate within 5 min cold plasma treatment. Adding H2O2 in concentration of 2 or 5% on agar plate improved the inactivation of microorganisms using cold plasma. Furthermore, it was observed that it is possible to inactive pathogen microorganisms on agar plate using DBD cold plasma within 3 to 5 min treatment time. Up to 57%, 96%, 91% and 94 % pathogen microorganisms inactivation was achieved after 1 min DBD plasma treatments of S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, and S. typhimurium respectively.
Pulsed Electric Field Treatment of Sugar Beet
Authors: Nakthong N. , Eshtiaghi M N
Published: July 2020

The effect of high electric filed pulses on sugar extraction from sugar beet strip during continuous pilot scale extraction was investigated. The results have shown that sugar beet strip could be extracted at moderate temperature (35-50°C) using PEF pre-treatment. The sugar extraction yield of PEF pre-treated samples was about 98.5 to 99.8 % (for extraction times of 30 an 70 min at 50 °C respectively). In contrast, the sugar extraction yield for untreated samples was distinct lower (92.5 % at 50 °C, 30 min and 94 % at 50 °C and 70 min extraction time. In additions, the pressing of PEF pre-treated extracted pulp was more effective than thermal extracted (at 70 °C) sample. Furthermore, the drying of PEF pre-treated extracted pulp was faster than drying of pulp from thermal extracted sample. The results of this study confirmed that the PEF technique is an energy and time saving method for continuous sugar beet processing.
Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil to Glycerol by Halal Microbial Lipase
Authors: Maegala N M , Anupriya S , Hazeeq Hazwan A , Nor Suhaila Y , Hasdianty A
Published: July 2020

Environmental concern over discharge of waste cooking oil (WCO) has been on the rise. This is particularly alarming since the chain of fast food restaurants in Malaysia is thriving and therefore escalate the usage of cooking oil. Therefore, there is a challenge to manage the abundance of WCO generated by this industry. Interestingly, WCO presents as economical and readily available substrate for the conversion to biodiesel and surplus of crude glycerol which has numerous applications particularly in the food industry to manufacture artificial sweetener. However, concern arises among the Muslim populations on the source of enzyme lipase which is applied for the conversion of WCO to glycerol since the commercially available lipase for this purpose often originates from porcine. Therefore, the present study embarks on the concept of sustainability by converting waste cooking oil by halal microbial lipase to glycerol. Lipase from Rhodococcus sp. strain NAM81 demonstrated high affinity towards the substrate (Km = 1.9349 % (v/v)) and accelerated the rate of olive oil conversion (Vmax = 0.602 mU/mg/hour). The findings of WCO conversion by lipase was comparable to positive control using chemical oxidation indicating the applicability of the enzyme in industry. Therefore, production of high titre of rhodococci lipase will be attempted for future study.
Role of Architectural Schools’ Trends in Enhancing Identity of Architecture Between Local and International: The Department of Architecture at Baghdad University and Universities of Technology as case studies
Authors: Ramdan Anwar Subhi , Hamza Shaimaa M. , Ismael Nabil T.
Published: July 2020

The architectural schools’ trends are essentially important on the life of the architectural designer, especially in the early years of graduation, as its effects appear in his/her designs since the period of study in those schools until after graduation, and contribute to the identification of architecture. This research seeks to highlight the importance of the academic identity of architectural schools in enhancing the identity of architecture associated with space and time in the era of globalization, through the nature of curricula, courses and teaching staff trends of a core substance representing the vision, mission and goals of the educational institution, which is reflected in the products of students and the qualifications of graduates within the professional practice. The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach of the previous studies and theses in identifying the various aspects for academic architectural identity. The research, therefore, investigates these aspects in the local reality through the Department of Architecture, University of Baghdad (DAUB), and the Department of Architecture, University of Technology (DAUT), as a model for architectural schools in Iraq. The research hypothesis is that the Academic Identity in any architectural department is determined by the degree of convergence/conformity of its courses and the teaching staff trends in it and the products of students with the vision, mission and goals set by that department that linked to the peculiarity of the architectural reality and its relationship to both place and time. The research found that the courses and the educational trends of the teaching staff of DAUB and DAUT were in line with the requirements of the department and the college, which gives the educational identity of both departments and matches with the vision, mission and goals of the department. The graduation projects for the fifth stage students in DAUB weren’t in line with the vision, mission and goals of the department, with a weakness of the existence of an academic architectural identity of architecture students compatible with the vision, mission and goals of the department. While most of the graduation projects of (DAUT) were in line with the vision, mission and goals of the department in the field of adopting contemporary architecture and the use of modern graphic techniques, but they miscarried in achieving a balance between the aesthetic, functional and performance aspects. The research recommends the essential increase of the courses in (DAUB) with subjects focusing on local, Arab and Islamic identity. Additionally, the focus of (DAUT) on increasing courses in the field of modern technologies in building materials and construction and architectural graphic.
Activating The Mechanisms of Spatial Organization in Integration Traditional and Modern Districts in Baghdad City
Authors: Fadhil Raghad A , Al-Kaissi Kameelah A.
Published: July 2020

The modern growth of Baghdad city has affected many traditional parts, which are neglected due to multiple factors. Such as the change of urban planning, and making new buildings regardless of the traditional city. The research showed that Baghdad’s historical center had grown through four stages since its establishment, during that time city’s structure have been changed. Such as the change of main paths that became parallel to the river instead of being perpendicular to it, besides the change in the use of many traditional buildings. These factors led to the problem of losing city’s identity. So, research problem is “the need to integrate the original traditional parts with the modern parts of Baghdad city”. The research assumes the capability of spatial organization principles to achieve this integration. This will be verified by analyzing the development proposal of “Jadeed Hassn Pasha” district as a case study, according to the principles of urban theorists such as: Lynch, Rossi, Salingaros, etc., in order to accomplish the research aim of exploring the most effective principle that could be used to maintain city’s identity. The research has reached to a preliminary result that all of integration principles are important, but it depends on each district to concentrate on each principle.
Physical Visual Properties of Domestic Space that affects on the Degree of Choice for Occupations Daily Activities Isovist-Graph of contemporary houses in Mosul city
Authors: Younis Ghada M. , Al-dabbagh Asma H.
Published: July 2020

The specific patterns of everyday life in the domestic space vary according to the cultures of the people, which are reflected in the variation of houses designs in terms of size, number and pattern of their basic spaces, as well as spatial relations between them. The domestic space is the basic space unit of the dwelling, the daily life of this space is based mainly on the social beliefs and customs practiced by the family in human society. The problem of research in determining the local privacy of the domestic space Within the context of the contemporary local houses and what the domestic space creates possibilities, determinants, and obstacles that determine the types, patterns and periods of daily activities of the Iraqi family. The aim of the research was to arrive at the effect of the visual properties of the domestic space (the vision plan) on the degree of choice that space provides for the daily activities of the whole family and at any time intervals. The nature of this relationship was investigated in a practical study of a sample of contemporary local dwellings and using (Depth Map 10) software application to measure the size of the vision plans of their schemas, given that the visual structure of the household space enhances the structure of space permeability with each other.
The impact of the public good for the tactical urbanism practices on the contemporary urban scene
Authors: Hinthel S K , Hussein Sh H , Aldabbagh J A
Published: July 2020

The urban scene of contemporary cities suffers from modern urban transformations that threaten the structure and shape of urban centers. Thus, it is necessary to show the impact of these practices on the urban reality of the urban scene and the importance of handling these practices to create a more sustainable urban image for cities. The research focuses on the study of the Integrative relationship between the public good and the temporary tactical practices of the city that clearly affect the formulation of the contemporary urban scene. The research reflects the clear impact of urban tactical practices on a part that is consistent with the public good of shaping the urban scene of the modern city in relation to urban sustainability. The research is divided into two main features. The first feature focuses on developing the theoretical framework of the key research terms and highlighting its most important indications. The second feature includes the analysis of a number of local projects to test the research indicators. The final part of the research is the main conclusions and recommendations.
Active housing design that supports health
Authors: Mahdi Rana Mazin , Al-Kaissi Kameelah A.
Published: July 2020

The research addresses the concept of active housing design and recent advocates of health. There is sufficient health evidence show changes in neighborhoods, streets, and buildings design encourage physical activity regularly, as a part of people’s daily lives can be part of the solution to reduce risk factors and diseases. Inhibition of harmful behavior is an effective way to promote physical activity and encourage dynamic response is the most important in architecture. Therefore, interventions that promote physical activity are always accompanied by the addition of spatial value, and the built environment exerts potent effects on our health and well-being. As a result, the city had made a significant effort to encourage an integrated, small and connected community to increase opportunities for active transport, to reduce trip times between destinations and provide many recreational opportunities. A renewed understanding of these humanitarian needs to design buildings that influence behavioral patterns, design can discourage stable and passive behavior and it can enhance the attractiveness of healthy choices, building design has a significant impact on physical health, this understanding is not surprising because we spend most of our time at home.
Urban Infill as a Tool to Activate the Quality of Life in Traditional Cities
Authors: Al Shamarti Ami T , Al Shammari Haitham A H
Published: July 2020

The research is based on the question of how can traditional cities cope with the demands of contemporary life? As the high efficiency of urban life in traditional cities or the so-called quality of life is the intended purpose of this paper. This goal can only be achieved by activating the health, social, economic and urban aspects of the place through prudent urban interventions in these environments. The research hypothesis confirms that urban infill projects, including deletions and additions, can improve the quality of life in these cities. Thus, the research problem summarizes the lack of studies dealing with improving the quality of life in traditional environments, which suffer from forced removal projects of some or all of the old tissue, and the difficulty of communicating with the requirements of contemporary life. The research was based on studying the phenomenon and making questionnaires for the study area of the old city of Najaf. Then, obtain conclusions that confirmed the research hypothesis and based on indicators that can be adopted to activate the quality of life in traditional cities.
Color coding for Disaster Risk level in urban environments
Authors: Ahmed N O , Alshamari H A H , Ibraheem D F
Published: July 2020

Reducing risks and coping with disasters in contemporary cities has become a necessity when dealing with urban systems at different levels. The problem of the research focuses on the weakness of information and indicators available in urban maps related to preparedness for disasters and their potential risks. The paper aims at establishing risk levels and coding them in color codes and assuming that they can be marked on the basic maps, introduced and represented within the GIS program, and used in providing the necessary information for preparedness and response to disasters. The question is (how to denote the level of seriousness and threat of disasters in contemporary cities and what are the indicators included in this coding?). Hence, the hypothesis refers to “prediction of disaster occurrence depends on many factors interact with each other to form one colored structure” while the methodology was based on the creation of an evaluation matrix that includes influential indicators in the prediction or occurrence of the disaster and its consequences. The study of the city was taken Baghdad as a case study, The results showed the disparity of risk ratios in urban environments within the city of Baghdad, and opens the door to represent those risks on maps to be a reference for each urban intervention or disaster management policy or any study or procedures that require that information.
Effect of Counterterrorism on Public Space Performance: A Syntactical Analysis of Al-Kadhimiya City
Authors: Hameed Dhiaa , Hussain Shaimaa , Abrahem Samah A.
Published: July 2020

This paper investigates the impact of counterinsurgency strategies on the efficiency and performance of public spaces within the context of Al-Kadhimiya city. The methodological approach relied on space syntax-Depthmap X to perform a syntactical comparative analysis of two morphological phases for the years 2003 and 2007 of the case study. These two phases represent the spatial accessibility before and after the application of various counterterrorism strategies. The syntactical analysis encompassed the values of integration, connectivity, choice, and control within the spatial system in order to analyse the networking attributes of public spaces. The analysis results indicated that the counterterrorism strategies have reduced the spatial networking and accessibility of public spaces within Al-Kadhimiya city.
Assessing the resilience of a city in relation to its healthy urban systems: a case study of Baghdad city
Authors: Al-saati Hayam , Rebwar Ibrahim , Al-Saati Nabeel. H
Published: July 2020

This research investigates the relationship between city resilience and its urban systems. The study determines the efficiency of a healthy urban system as one of a main characteristic in achieving a compatible resilient city. Most of the current studies are theoretical and suggest pathways and procedures that are beyond virtual practices. Healthy urban systems are suggested to link human well-being with the effectiveness of the city infra-structure and municipal services. These services are associated with the drinking water supply, sewage disposal, garbage system, and adequacy of the transport system. Many recent approaches have agreed on the importance of these elements related to resilience. However, any involvement in operation of these elements may lead to all types of pollution. This may eventually affect the nature of the urban system and reduce the city’s resilience to pressure and disasters. The study intends to explore this relationship in the city of Baghdad. This city has faced accelerated disasters for many years. The research attempts to determine the resilience pathway of Baghdad and investigate its ability based on its urban system. The research concludes that sound healthy urban systems are one of the most effective pathways to achieve resilience in the city of Baghdad. Introduction.
The effect of self-efficacy on academic engagement and its role in building the architectural character
Authors: Abdulwahhab Mayyadah L , Hashim Basim H.
Published: July 2020

This research aimed at identifying the self-efficacy and its role to build the architectural character of a sample of students from the Department of Architecture Engineering in Al-Mustansiriya University and its impact on academic engagement to achieve achievement and enhance results, as the belief of the students of the Department of Architecture with their self-efficacy and their effective ability to possess the skills that qualify them to integrate academically according to features related to In the behavioral, cognitive and emotional aspect, their empowerment and empowerment in managing their learning process qualifies them for engagement and active participation in the architecture community. Practical results indicated a positive relationship between students ’effectiveness and their sense of responsibility towards their studies and academic achievement through the process of academic engagement.
Prediction of Bio-Polymer Characteristics by Applying Rentato Panelli Mathematical Model
Authors: Mousa Al-Ibraheemi Zahraa A , Mahdi Ali Basim , Taip F S
Published: July 2020

Recently, the intense interest for bio-polymer for biomedical applications has gone up. This interest was due to patients researchers, and the medical world seeking for effective solutions to their serious challenges, such as the need to repair or, replace, substitute organs or tissues. In current article, Rentato Panelli mathematical equation utilize to understand and track parameters refer to a physical significant, deformation nature and shape memory degree and of two types of bio-polymer derivative mixtures, Avicel 102 and Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG). Panelli constants were stated by using combination of two, known, bio polymer in term of deformation and shape memory specifications to validate of the equation parameters to predict this characteristics for unknown materials which may be part of human body or cardiovascular artificial parts. Constants and coefficients for equation measured by applying low pressure ranging from 15 to 75 Mpa. The issues emerging from the findings relate specifically to depth in-die analysis. The most interesting findings was the Panelli equation parameters are perfectly valid in representing bio-polymer characteristics under stress. These parameters and characteristics are able to assess the features of the bio-polymer which sometimes become beyond the scope unless defined by using specific instrumentation. In addition, these parameters can decide the applied pressure that achieve particular density in the manufacturing conditions. These parameters determine process conditions that produce desired biomedical engineering application as bio ink for 3D printing, artificial organs, and drug delivery system which is difficult or rather impossible without use classical methods.
Optimizing the micro-hardness of a surface by magnetic abrasive finishing
Authors: Nahy Ali Majid , Kadhum Ali H.
Published: July 2020

In this work, the effect of different viscosities of an oil in magnetic abrasive finishing process (MAF) is analysed. The material specifically chosen for experimentation is Brass alloy (CuZn). The surface of the Brass alloy in this study was exposed to different tests during which key parameters were altered. In order to keep the objectives of this study aligned the list of parameters was limited to six. The six parameters were: Viscosity;Quantity of the powder (doze);Distance between pole and the work piece;Pole diameter;Pole rotational speed and Current. The choice of parameters was based on the Taguchi orthogonal array (OA), with three levels of variance for each parameter. To determine the signal to noise ratio (S/N) and to obtain the optimum condition of micro hardness, Hv, the statistical software (MINITAB 17) was used. The experimentation was repeated with and without oil to identify the significant parameters affecting the micro hardness level (Hv).
An artificial blood, electron microscope image, support, principles, benefits, and fusion methods: a review
Authors: Al-Neami Auns Q , Shalal Noor S , Rasheed Khawla H
Published: July 2020

Over several decades, artificial blood become an important thing to develop in order to save life of many people because the main blood function in the body is the transporting oxygen to body’s tissue and carries carbon dioxide to the lung, protecting the body against bacteria and viruses, dominance of bleeding, in addition to proteins and water found in it. This review paper presents the studies for systems that have been used for manufacturing artificial blood and their side effects. Also include the recent studies and articles that discussing the development in artificial blood to make it closer to normal blood and more compatible with body and have many characteristics as those of native RBCs.
An Experimental Investigation to Redesign A Pacemaker Training Board for Educational Purposes
Authors: Al-Sharify Noor T. , Raheem Rzaij Dina , Majid Nahi Zainab , Al-Sharify Zainab T.
Published: July 2020

An artificial pacemaker is a medical device that can generate electrical impulses which are delivered by electrodes to maintain the controlled rhythm of the heartbeats. Such a medical device can assist for extensive period of time and thereby regulates the pumping capacity of the heart. Usually, the need for a permanent pacemaker implantation arises from the occurrence of cardiac diseases such as failure of impulse formation (sick sinus syndrome) and/or conduction (A-V block). Functionally, a pacemaker comprises of at least three parts: an electrical pulse generator, a power source (battery) and an electrode (lead) system. This paper aims to provide a design of the trainer board of a typical pacemaker, which generates a QRS pulse and displays it on an oscilloscope which will help understand the basic components of the device for educational purposes. To do so, an extensive literature review was undertaken to comprehend the theory behind the design of a pacemaker. Further, the paper describes the practical methodology adopted in the design of the pacemaker and the achieved results of this study while making suggestions for future work.
Discrepancies in Rheological Properties of Modified Asphalt Cement
Authors: Abed Yasameen Hadi , Khudhair Yousif Abdulmohsin , Alhaddad Abdulhaq Hadi Abedali
Published: July 2020

DSR device was used to investigate the variations in linear and non-linear viscoelastic limitations with both pure and polymer modified asphalt film binders.

Different test temperatures and strain rates were used to measure the change in the rheological response of the thin film of different asphalt binders and determine the variations in rheological data due to non-linear impacts by using dynamic properties of asphalt binder and phase anlage.

The experimental results showed that the addition of SBS modifier to asphalt binder increased the viscous part of complex shear modulus and then increased dissipated energy for Durah asphalt cement vice versa Nasiriyah asphalt cement. Also, the SBS addition decreased in variations of the viscous part of complex shear modulus due to the decrease in phase angle.
Response of sorghum varieties to the ratoon cultivation 1-Growth characteristics
Authors: Al-Taweel Sudad K. , Najm Edrees S. , Cheyed Saddam H. , Snaa Q.
Published: July 2020

Previous studies that sorghum ratoon differs in its performance when compared with the plants resulted from direct seeding and differed varieties, therefore, afield trial was conducted in spring and fall seasons of 2017 at the field of Field Crop-College of Agriculture-University of AL-Anbar (a Hernative site-Abu-Graib) to investigate the response of five sorghum varieties (Inqath, Lilo, Ishtar, Boohooth 70 and Caffier) to the ratoon cultivation. Results indicated that cultivation pattern affected most studied characters significantly. Plants of ratoon gave the highest values of number of days to the 75% flowering, number of tillers, green forage yield and less concentration of HCN (66.15 day, 21.40 tiller m−2, 8.75 t ha-1 and 54.64%), respectively compared with the direct seeding method. However, plants of direct seeding gave the highest averages of plant higher and leaf area (191.36 cm and 4910 cm2), respectively. Varieties were significantly different in their performance for all studied characters. Boohooth 70 was superior in number of days to the 75% flowering, plant height, leaf area, number of tillers, green forge yield and dry forge yield (59.75 days, 240.8 cm, 4554 cm2, 19.00 tiller m−2, 12.73 t ha−1 and 55.10%), respectively. However, Caffier gave the lowest concentration of HCN (58.67%).
A new approach for load flow solution based on a two-step iterative technique
Authors: Al-Anbarri K A
Published: July 2020

A new approach for solving load flow problem in power system is developed. The presented method is based on a two-step predictor-corrector technique for solving nonlinear equation using the weight combination of mid-point, trapezoidal quadrature formula. The proposed method is applied on typical test systems. The bus voltages are represented by polar and rectangular coordinates system. The results presented show that the convergence of the proposed method is faster than the conventional Newton-Raphson method.
Flows of Viscous Fluids in Food Processing Industries: A review
Authors: kassim Muna sabah , Sarow Salwa Ahmad
Published: July 2020

The process of fluid movement is involved in a majority of food industries around the world. Viscous fluids are often used in such industries to make useful food products in bulk. These industries need to ensure that concerned equipment such as pipes are kept clean as well as are clear for the smooth transport of viscous liquids. The fluids are pumped in these pipes which results in friction over the walls of the pipe. Flow characteristics are the fundamental basis of the mass transfers taking place in food industries. The resulting qualities of the products are mainly reliant on these fluid flow properties. The design as well as control of the properties of a food in terms of its rheology is a big factor for the commercial success of a product. Therefore, to better understand this complex problem, it is crucial to first comprehend the rheological properties of different materials and fluids, which are widely present in the food industry. Thus, understanding the properties of fluids and overall the rheology of these is important. This paper discusses the fluid movements in food processing industries and discusses the concepts of fluids in motion. Concepts of viscosity and different flow regimes along with flow phenomena are also discussed in terms of rheology. Finally, as a case study example, the rheology of a complex fluid, honey, is reviewed in this paper.
Atmospheric Concentration Saturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons Around Dura Refinery
Authors: Murtadah Issra , Al-Sharify Zainab T. , Hasan Manar B.
Published: July 2020

The process of oil reproducing in the refinery considered as one of the largest industrial facilities responsible for the emission of many pollutants into the air and works to pollute the air surrounding the refinery. Hydrocarbons are among the most important pollutants emitted into the air from oil recycling operations and should be studied to reduce the proportions of hazardous pollutants. As the pollution caused by the burning of fuel in the chimneys of the refinery Dora is a dangerous contaminant to the environment, where the exposure of substances and pollutants that lead to disruption of the balance of the natural elements of the atmosphere and thus harmful to human and sustainability. The aim of this study is to study the concentration of hydrocarbon contaminants that cause air pollution caused by stacks of fireplaces in Doura refinery. The rates of the most dangerous contaminants on the human respiratory system, which cause dry cough, bronchitis, chest pain and shortness of breath, were studied as a study of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen oxides. In this research, a large number of analyzes, tests and certification were carried out on periodic tests provided by the Doura refinery after repeated field visits to examine concentrations of contaminants present in the atmosphere. Where the maximum distance of pollutant concentration from the source was found, as well as a comprehensive study of an integrated set of weather conditions such as wind speed and climate effects to preserve and sustain the environment.
A review on nanotechnology and its applications on Fluid Flow in agriculture and water recourses
Authors: Hamad Huda T. , Al-Sharify Zainab T. , Al-Najjar Shahad Z. , Gadooa Zainab A.
Published: July 2020

Nanotechnology is a very effective field of study with the potential to drastically change how we observe and create change in the field of agriculture, biomedicine, chemical, mass transfer and water management amongst others. The technology derived from the name, Nano, works with particles that can be observed on a nano scale. By working on this scale, unique problems can be solved creatively with more success. For example, fertilizer efficiency can be improved by using Nano-clays and zeolites to restore soil quality and fertility. Work on smart seeds scheduled for germination with Nano-polymer coating under favourable conditions is encouraging. Under precision farming inputs, crops are usually classified based on the nutrient requirements and with the assistance of a Nano-biosensor and a satellite system, the delivery of nutrients can be delivered precisely and can be monitored more accurately than existing methods. This also brings to attention the development of Nano-herbicides to tackle weed management. There exist studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of Nano-fertilizers to improve the productivity and efficiency of the nutrients, decrease soli toxicity, and minimize possible contamination related issues. The potential of nanotechnology for sustainable agriculture is therefore strong, especially in developing countries.
A Review of Hydrate Formation in Oil and Gas Transition Pipes
Authors: Al-Sharify Zainab T. , Lahieb Faisal M. , Jabbar Luay Badr Hamad and Hussein A.
Published: July 2020

This review provides a description of the various applications and issues of gas hydrate production in gas and oil pipelines, in general, gas hydrate is a clathrate of physical compounds, in which gas molecules are trapped in crystalline cells, formed by hydrogen bonds of water molecules. In the presence of water under various conditions, gas hydrates can be formed from all gases at high and lower pressures. The oil and gas industry have been taking stringent measures for many years to prevent the formation of hydrates which is plug pipelines by use. However, Natural gas hydrate is a non-conventional energy resource available to humans in colder regions, such as ice or sea bottoms. Other positive applications for natural hydrate include sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2), storage, separation and transport of natural gas, the use of hydrate dissociation energy can be used in cooling and cool storage processes. The aims of this paper are to prevent gas hydrate’s formation that occur naturally in the oil natural gas transition pipelines, as well as the positive and negative that is remains from this natural phenomenon.
A critical review on medical imaging techniques (CT and PET scans) in the medical field
Authors: Al-Sharify Zainab T. , Al-Sharify Talib A. , Al-Sharify Noor T. , Yahya naser Husam
Published: July 2020

About a century ago, doctors were unable to view the inside of their patient’s body other than cutting the body open. However, this changed literally upon the invention of various useful medical imaging techniques, which were able to produce images of the internal organs and bones without causing pain to the patient. Over the years, vast developments resulted in the establishment of several cross-sectional imaging scans. This paper aims to provide a critical review on the use of two of the famous techniques; CT and PET scans. The paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each of these techniques along with briefly mentioning the recent developments in this area concerning the use of these techniques. In addition, this manuscript also sheds some light on the novel and hybrid technology of integrating CT and PET.
The possibility of Using the Low-Cost External Antenna with Smartphone for Accurate Surveying Applications by RTX Technology
Authors: Ibrahim Omar Ali , Jasim Luma Khalid , Hassan Raghad Hadi
Published: July 2020

Real Time Extended (RTX) technology works to take advantage of real-time data comes from the global network of tracking stations together with inventor locating and compression algorithms to calculate and relaying the orbit of satellite, satellite atomic clock, and any other systems corrections to the receivers, which lead to real-time correction with high accuracy. These corrections will be transferred to the receiver antenna by satellite (where coverage is available) and by IP (Internet Protocol) for the rest of world to provide the accurate location on the screen of smartphone or tablet by using specific software. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) low-cost external antenna and possibility for using it with a smartphone to measure the points in Real Time Kinematic (RTK) and (RTX) modes, obtaining the same accuracy by using high-cost (GNSS) receiver with same modes. The assessment has applied through comparing the control points measured in static mode (3 to 5 hours) and corrected by Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) web-based processing software with same control points measured in RTX mode by GNSS low-cost external antenna (5 minutes). The results of an assessment were obtained horizontal and vertical location error in real time, by receiver getting the RTX correction data over the satellite link were RMS (east 41cm, north 35 cm, elevation 94 cm), that means it’s more suitable for automotive, agriculture, and forestry application, As for the RTK mode, the comparison of the differences in RTK mode between the two antennas were RMS (north 5 cm, east 6 cm, elevation 10). This result indicates that the GNSS low-cost external antenna might be very useful in accurate surveying application.
Prediction of the Performance Related to Financial Capabilities Using Multilayer Perceptron
Authors: Kadhim Saraa Naseer , Erzaij Kadhim Raheim
Published: July 2020

In construction projects, there are circumstances when contractors meet financial prequalification requirements but show low financial performance in practice. These cases bring about the complexity in contractor selection. Hence, the aim of this research is to build a prediction model that finds contractors’ financial performance to support decision makers assess contractors more efficiently in prequalification phase. Thus, this study takes recent roadwork Term Contracts Projects with each with the corresponding contractor’s records to train the model to predict Performance related to Financial Capabilities PFC. The Multilayer Perceptron MLP is utilized to find the nonlinear correlation between the PFC and contractors’ characteristics. The research finds that more financialcompetitive contractors show less financial performance than less competitive ones. The findings of the research help the client improve the current contractors’ evaluation system to exhaust the possibilities of financial performance.