bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvising
Authors: Beale Charles W.
Published: January 2024

Improvising and embellishment are key elements in many styles, and can improve the vocal confidence, teamwork, listening, flexibility, and creative skills of your singers. Improvisation is defined as something fixed and something free, and as making musical choices. Parallels are drawn with choices made by all choral directors in the moment from the podium. Workshops offer fun and nonthreatening activities for all kinds of choirs, and the chapter closes with a detailed example of how to use improvisation to develop rhythmic, melodic, and harmonic skills in choral singers, and how to devise improvised group choral performances in jazz and other groove-based styles.
Reap What You Sow
Authors: Gohel Sajjan M.
Published: January 2024

This chapter starts with the Battle of Tora Bora during the opening stages of the United States mission in Afghanistan in the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks. The objective was to capture or eliminate al-Qaeda leadership. Amidst the bombs dropping around him, al-Zawahiri penned his seminal treatise Knights under the Prophet’s Banner, which retraces his past experiences and influences. Through the prism of his text, this chapter flashes back to Egypt’s European colonial history and the key developments that al-Zawahiri deemed to have impeded Egypt and the Middle East, eventually expanding to the role of the United States. Al-Zawahiri’s eminent family members contributed significantly to his thinking, and their legacies influenced al-Zawahiri’s formative years in Cairo, which witnessed several events that shaped his thinking, from Nasser’s nationalism to his regime’s execution of the ideologue Sayyid Qutb, al-Zawahiri’s primary influence.
The Elusive Terrorist
Authors: Gohel Sajjan M.
Published: January 2024

This chapter analyses how al-Zawahiri survived the challenges to his leadership and al-Qaeda’s status within the global jihadist movement, whilst letting ISIS face the brunt of the international coalition operations in Iraq and Syria. At the same time, al-Zawahiri sought to reconstitute al-Qaeda’s infrastructure and networks across the Islamic world. Al-Zawahiri took the opportunity to create new affiliates and enhance the relationship with the Haqqani Network in order to quietly rebuild and fortify al-Qaeda’s various branches. There is also an important dissection of al-Qaeda’s opaque relationship with Iran as an alliance of convenience. The last part looks at the Taliban retuning to power in Afghanistan and with the Haqqani Network at the helm. Al-Zawahiri betrayed his own instincts and returned to Afghanistan, believing it would be safe. However, the United States was monitoring him and through a sophisticated intelligence-gathering exercise, launched a drone strike at the villa in Kabul where al-Zawahiri was staying, killing the al-Qaeda leader.
Case Studies
Authors: Hunt Luke William
Published: January 2024

This chapter draws on case studies—from terrorism to perjury—to explore when a deliberate dishonest disposition based on bad faith and fraud is justified in policing. The prerogative power test introduced in the Interlude helps evaluate deceptive, dishonest, and fraudulent police actions—including when those actions can be said to occur with a disposition of good faith. The case studies reaffirm the idea that the police’s use of force is inherently an emergency because the use of force involves some risk of harm. Likewise, whenever force would be justified to make an arrest, dishonesty and deception on par with fraud would be as well. On the other hand, the case studies show the need for a revisionary theory—considering the police’s vast use of dishonest, deceptive, and fraudulent tactics in nonemergency situations.
Case Studies
Authors: Hunt Luke William
Published: January 2024

This chapter argues that opacity falls on a spectrum: there will be some cases in which opacity is justified and some cases in which opacity is closer to the fraudulent end of a transparency spectrum. Likewise, pursuing security through opaque policing can be closer to the fraudulent end of the transparency spectrum. In democratic societies, it is implausible to think the public can reasonably trust that rights will be respected honestly if the state’s pursuit of security is opaque. On the other hand, it is also implausible to think the state can provide security (especially “national security”) without opacity. This chapter seeks a pragmatic compromise: transparency regarding things such as investigatory evidence (“substantive transparency”) is not always justified, but transparency regarding procedures and processes by which state institutions wield their power (“procedural transparency”) is much more likely to be justified given democratic goals of accountability, authority, and legitimacy.
Epilogue Beyond Basketball: From Proactive to Reactive
Authors: Hunt Luke William
Published: January 2024

The Epilogue concludes the book by drawing on the normative distinction between proactive and reactive policing. Proactive policing often involves deceptive and dishonest tactics (undercover and sting operations, for example) on par with fraud. Proactive policing on par with fraud is likely to be legitimate only when consistent with societal commitments to personhood, as well as the need for timely action regarding emergencies that involve serious harm to the public. We can compare such (justified) cases of proactive policing with the routine (and likely unjustified) use of proactive deception and dishonesty in cases involving, say, illegal narcotics (or cheating basketball coaches). Reactive policing is inherently more constrained and democratic: it limits the police by giving citizens the power to authorize police action (through citizen calls for service, for example). The Epilogue closes by sketching concrete reform options regarding police deception and dishonesty, in contrast to more radical calls to abolish the police altogether.
Historical and Rhetorical Foundations of Xuedou’s 100 Odes
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the origins and significance of Xuedou’s 100 Odes, which were written when he was abbot of the temple on Mount Xuedou as verse comments on gong’an cases or old stories (guze) of Chan ancestors in the context of Norther Song-dynasty Chinese religion and literature at a fruitful period of productive interactions between monastic practitioners writing poetry and the literati interested in meditation as a pathway to self-realization. As shown by modern scholar Zhou Yukai, Xuedou was the second main exponent of the odes (songgu) as a Chan Buddhist genre following the collection by Fenyang but, for various reasons, his poetry is considered of higher quality. This is because of an ability to innovate through integrating customary with unconventional literary techniques designed to express Xuedou’s own level of insight, which is often critical of both predecessors and disciples. Also discussed is the role of other kinds of Chan poetry as well as different sorts of gong’an commentaries developed during the Song dynasty.
Healthcare in America
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: January 2024

Many modern nations view healthcare as a human right that government must uphold, but Americans differ on that claim, and America does not use a single-payer healthcare system. Diverse private institutions provide much of its healthcare. Regulating healthcare, however, does not require providing it, and there are disagreements about governmental regulations, as with covid vaccines, and about government restrictions, as with abortion. This essay considers risk assessment and religious exemptions in vaccine regulation, in providing medical services, and in restricting abortion. The essay considers the appropriate language for resolution, the impact of religion and cultural patterns on discourse concerning abortion and euthanasia, and how a democracy should determine when persons appear in human development.
Awkwardness
Authors: Plakias Alexandra
Published: January 2024

Awkwardness offers an account of the moral psychology and normative psychology of awkwardness. The book begins by looking at the phenomenon itself, arguing that awkwardness is a property of social interactions for which we lack a social script, resulting in feelings of uncertainty, self-consciousness, and discomfort. While awkwardness is often treated as a subtype or symptom of embarrassment, it’s actually a distinct phenomenon, as revealed by chapter 2’s discussion of embarrassment and other self-conscious emotions. Subsequent chapters explore the aesthetics of awkwardness; the relationship between awkwardness and manners; and the normative significance of awkwardness. The final three chapters of the book show that awkwardness can be an impediment to inquiry and an obstacle to moral progress. But understood correctly, awkwardness offers opportunities for moral and social improvement. The book concludes by discussing why, despite its inevitability, we can manage awkwardness and use the opportunities it provides to rewrite the scripts of our social interactions.
Morally Awkward Problems
Authors: Plakias Alexandra
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the ways that awkwardness acts as an impediment to moral discourse and action. The first part of the chapter argues that awkwardness inhibits us from engaging in moral criticism within interpersonal relationships. The chapter identifies a set of moral problems particularly prone to awkwardness—morally awkward problems. Awkwardness explains why, in many cases, people are hesitant to speak up about these issues. An obvious objection to this claim is that people criticize one another quite often, but in fact the type of criticism people engage in is limited. The second half of the chapter argues that awkwardness explains our unwillingness to act in bystander cases, and that this shows something about the inhibitory power of social uncertainty.
A Too Uncommon Common Good
Authors: Timmerman David
Published: January 2024

This chapter presents fundamental mechanisms and tools for students to learn, experience, and engage in vocational discernment and the work to which our world calls them. Skill development and experience in both respectful discussion and productive deliberation provide the essential tools they need to move beyond self to engagement with communal life. First, the skill of fully engaged discussion prompts students to learn to listen actively with open hearts and consider the ideas and positions of others. Next, the skill of respectful speaking and productive participation empowers them to share their thoughts and values with others. Finally, skills for participating in public deliberation of significant issues of the day and effectively leading productive deliberations for fellow democratic participants of all ages prepare them to help our troubled society and world move forward. These skills are uncommon but necessary for realizing the common good.
Reading with Strangers
Authors: VanLaningham Erin
Published: January 2024

This chapter addresses how reading together with strangers can expand students’ sense of community and individual purpose. In classrooms, and within literature itself, students can engage with discussion partners who challenge their identities. This helps students cultivate a vocation as readers. When students understand their call to be responsible to others in the classroom, they are cultivating skills for responding to others’ needs and concerns in communal life. Conversations around common texts provide avenues to unpack difficult topics, challenge blind spots, and shift worldviews. The chapter offers specific pedagogies to address the barriers to reading that students may face and suggests strategies that encourage students to read generously and critically. Reading together with strangers helps students link their vocations with collective well-being and respond to others. Ultimately, reading with strangers can lead them to value the strange, un-become strangers, and share in authentic friendship in common life.
The Darwinian Musical Hypothesis
Authors: Piilonen Miriam
Published: January 2024

Chapter 4 turns to Darwin’s theory of music and sexual selection. “Sexual selection” is Darwin’s idea that species evolve in part through sex preferences for specific traits. Darwin connected his theory of sexual selection to his theory of music primarily in two texts. In The Descent of Man (1871) and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), Darwin wrote that music played a primeval role in sexual selection and procreation. Having observed the sonic behaviors of animals during mating season, Darwin extrapolated their meanings to early humans, arguing that musical displays stem from the strong emotions that define both human and nonhuman courtship rituals. For Darwin, this feeds into a method of interpreting sounds and facial expressions as immutable signs. This chapter’s conclusion discusses and critiques the revival of Darwin under the banner of adaptationism (a conflation of natural selection with evolution).
Conclusion
Authors: Piilonen Miriam
Published: January 2024

The book’s conclusion rearticulates the main arguments of the book and advocates for both interdisciplinary conversations and clearer boundaries between evolutionary biology and music studies. Such communications become all the more important as we witness the re-emergence of evolutionary musicology. After outlining critical questions for assessing music-evolutionary research, the book closes with a gesture toward a politics of informed ambivalence about matters of musical origins. By opting for such ambivalence, we may acknowledge that theorizing about music evolution often creates more problems than it solves. Thus, there is no need to develop a theory to explain an origin or function for what gets called “music.”
The Quest for Human Nature
Authors: Nathan Marco J.
Published: January 2024

Science and philosophy have discovered quite a lot about humans. The emergence and development of biology, psychology, anthropology, and cognate fields have substantially increased our knowledge about who we are and where we come from. The first half of this book provides an overview of key cutting-edge topics, from evolutionary psychology to contemporary critiques of essentialism, from genetic determinism to innateness. Nevertheless, these discoveries fall short of a full-blown theory of human nature. Why? Perhaps there is nothing there to discover in the first place. Human nature, from this standpoint, is a myth and it is high time we dispose of it. This conclusion is misguided. The assumption of a shared human nature underlies some of the most pressing socio-political issues of our time. These are the subject matter of the second half of this book. From races to sex and gender, from medical therapy to disability, from biotechnological enhancement to transhumanism, all these hot debates—surveyed here in an accessible, concise, yet detailed fashion—presuppose a robust account of human nature that, however, science and philosophy are unable to provide. How do we get out of this conundrum? This study concludes that human nature is an epistemological indicator, a concept that sets out the agenda for much social, political, and normative discourse. Nevertheless, science cannot adequately capture it without thereby dissolving it.
Introduction
Authors: Richie Cristina
Published: January 2024

The introduction situates the book by examining key aspects of climate change—including effects and causes—and discusses approaches to addressing climate change through resource reduction and population degrowth. The concept of medical reproduction (MR), as a phrase to summarize the intervention of technology and science into human reproduction, is introduced. The intersection of climate change and MR, both as it impacts population growth and resource use, is highlighted. An ethical assessment finds that MR is exceptional as a medical procedure as it expands population growth and resource use.
Medical Reproduction Preparing for Insemination
Authors: Richie Cristina
Published: January 2024

After the carbon-intensive gamete retrieval and storage, gamete assessment and fertilization are the next stages of medical reproduction. Once obtained, the gametes are assessed for fitness, that is, desirability, which has three basic components: viability, or potential for successful fertilization, genetic health, and genetic features unrelated to health, like sex or physical characteristics. Only after this stage of MR does the most identifiable feature—assisted reproductive technologies—occur. Assisted reproductive technologies are the techniques of MR that attempt to impregnate women. As with other MR procedures, both fertile and infertile people avail themselves of gamete assessment and fertilization, thus causing carbon emissions and resource use, even when there is no medical reason for seeking treatments.
Carbon Emissions Policies for Unsubsidized Medical Reproduction
Authors: Richie Cristina
Published: January 2024

All areas of life must be analyzed for ecological impact and made more sustainable through supportive structures like laws and policies. Unsubsidized medical reproduction is an elective treatment, although given by the same industry that provides clinically necessary medical services. Some of the most recognizable forms of carbon limitations are carbon capping, carbon cap and trade programs, and carbon taxes. Each of these three may be voluntary or legally compulsory. Moreover, each may be applied at the global, national, local, or sectoral level. These models can also complement family and individual carbon structures. Proposals from both the private and the public sector for comprehensive environmental solutions include carbon reduction policies for individuals and families. These suggestions, which would constrain individuals to carbon emissions guidelines, include carbon budgets and carbon taxes on new children.
Policies for Subsidized Medical Reproduction
Authors: Richie Cristina
Published: January 2024

Artificial reproduction was initially developed as a workaround for clinical infertility in opposite-sex couples attempting to reproduce. As such, it is still often viewed as a clinical solution to the clinical condition of infertility. However, infertility is not a universal concept, and definitions of infertility—even by leading healthcare organizations—change over time. Yet, infertility can be defined based on diagnostic tests and assessment, which then justify its inclusion or exclusion in subsidized healthcare insurance, with normative implications for healthcare insurance policy.
Conclusion
Authors: Richie Cristina
Published: January 2024

Climate justice, social justice, and medical justice are intertwined. All need to be present in society, and none absolves the healthcare industry, users of MR, or biological parents from considering the ethical demands of the global environmental crisis. The supposed “injustice” of resource limitation is not created by the environmental crisis, but rather a response to it. Climate change is the prime injustice, which indeed hinges on a regressive set of climate, social, and medical injustices. Addressing modern healthcare as part of the nexus of sexual and reproductive ethics, and viewing it as the carbon emitter that it is, will only address a small part of climate change. The ethical imperative for environmental conservation must be ubiquitous and immediate.
How Does Party Discipline Generate Polarization?
Authors: Merrill III Samuel , Grofman Bernard , Brunell Thomas L.
Published: January 2024

Party discipline constrains the ideological positions that district candidates can pursue, limiting the options available to voters. When party discipline in both parties is tight, the gap between party delegation means at equilibrium is large and both party delegations are narrowly distributed as well as highly separated from one another. Asymmetry, however, in the strength of the constraints maintained by the two parties has relatively little direct effect on partisan separation, but it can shift both partisan delegations decidedly in the direction of the party exercising the tighter constraint. On the other hand, loose party discipline typically leads to broad and overlapping party delegations in Congress. The Snyder and Groseclose empirical measure of party influence is consistent with these expectations.
How Do Party Loyalty and Activists Encourage Mobilizing the Base?
Authors: Merrill III Samuel , Grofman Bernard , Brunell Thomas L.
Published: January 2024

Party loyalty and the strength of partisan identification grow as a predictor of vote choice with increased polarization between party positions. As polarization between party positions increases, extreme voters demonstrate greater intensity about the election outcome than do more moderate voters, thus enhancing the importance of activist views within the party. As polarization between the party bases grows beyond a specified point, parties and their candidates are motivated to position themselves nearer the median of their own supporters than the overall median and to focus on turnout rather than seek to persuade centrist voters by offering a moderate platform.
Global Legal Pluralism and the Making of International Climate Change Law
Authors: Berman Paul Schiff
Published: January 2024

Where and how is international law made? For decades, the conventional narrative was that international law is located only in the treaties and institutions that nation-states construct in coordination with each other. However, global legal pluralism scholars have advanced a different account, observing that in any given social field there are many sources of legality that tend to interact with and sometimes compete against each other. In addition, pluralists studied both the “vernacularization” of international law in local settings, as well as the creation of international law in domestic courts and tribunals. The rise of climate change litigation in domestic courts provides a new setting to see these dynamics at play. Focusing on three recent cases, this essay explores the ways in which domestic courts are vernacularizing the Paris Climate Agreement, creating legal duties under domestic law for greenhouse gas emissions.
The Evidentiary Value of NGO and IO Reports in International Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Alexander Knoops Geert-Jan , Pedroso Sara
Published: January 2024

This article examines a subject matter which has so far yielded little attention in academic literature, namely, the evidentiary value within international criminal proceedings of reports drafted by non-governmental and international organisations, for instance, about a conflict situation. Most often these reports do not disclose the identity nor information about the sources upon which the information is based, which amounts to anonymous hearsay. The question arises whether non-governmental organisation or international organisation reports are admissible in international criminal trials in light of the unverifiability of sources by both the parties and the judges. This article reviews the existing case law of the various international criminal tribunals on this subject, with a focus on the International Criminal Court.
Geography and Legal Culture of ICJ Judges and Their Consideration of Erga Omnes Obligations
Authors: Pratap Ravindra
Published: January 2024

The emergence and evolution of erga omnes obligations seem to afford an interesting basis for exploring the influence of geography and legal culture on International Court of Justice (ICJ) judges as they tend to offer a somewhat unifying contrast to rather divisive, but not necessarily decisive, geography and legal culture. If it is judges’ significant background that in some measure is represented by their geography and legal culture, it is nothing but a critical past of the international community which has been no less noticeably represented by erga omnes obligations. This article seeks to examine the overall argument that the differences of geography and legal culture of ICJ judges are not without discernible convergence in their consideration of erga omnes obligations.
African Americans and Southern Political Change
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A , Mayer Jeremy D , Rozell Mark J
Published: January 2024

For decades, Black voters have been the core constituency for the Democratic Party in the South. Efforts by Donald Trump to win over Black voters have shown little progress. Today, Black voters register and turn out at rates that approximate their share of the population. For Democrats to win elections, they must have a strong showing in the Black community but also attract a share of the White vote. The share of the White vote needed by Democrats to win statewide contests varies with the size of a state’s Black electorate. The component of the White electorate most likely to coalesce with an overwhelming share of the Black vote is people who have college educations. In congressional delegations and state legislative chambers, the bulk of the Democratic members are African American. In some chambers, the Black share of the seats approximates the Black population percentage.
Followership and Leadership in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Kellerman Barbara
Published: January 2024

Leadership and followership are like everything else: they change. Leadership is not what it was twenty years ago any more than it is what it was two hundred years ago. The same applies to followership. It is in fact precisely because followers in democracies have changed that leaders in democracies have had no choice but to adapt and to increasingly accede to their followers’ demands. It is also why leaders in autocracies have changed. Many have gone from bad to worse at least in large part to control their followers more completely, lest they refuse to go along (like followers in democracies) with what their leaders want and intend. Either way, both leaders and followers are involved, or implicated, in how power and authority in the twenty-first century are exercised.
Phase IV: Bad to Worse
Authors: Kellerman Barbara
Published: January 2024

During the final phase of leadership from bad to worse, leaders and their followers extend and expand their commitment to being bad. Because the process was neither interrupted nor even effectively impeded, the outcome is as inevitable as it is predictable. It is dismal. The progression ends here because there’s no place else to go. Bad has become worse, and worse has become entrenched. Of course, it’s always possible for leaders and followers to go from worse to even worse. Still, the point has been made. Because leaders never go from being bad to being good of their own volition, and because no one has stopped them from being bad, bad persists. Martin Winterkorn, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Elizabeth Holmes, and Xi Jinping were all leaders who went from bad to worse because they were permitted to proceed unimpeded. A final section enumerates the heavy costs of bad leadership.
Thinking with Names
Authors: Pitt David
Published: January 2024

This chapter takes up the challenge to the phenomenal intentionality of thought thesis posed by Saul Kripke’s widely accepted Millian account of the meaning of proper names (and, by extension, the contents of nominal concepts). According to Kripke, names are directly referential, having their referents as their meanings, and are, hence, rigid designators. The chapter develops a new version of the metalinguistic description theory of the meaning of names, defends it against Kripke’s objections, and shows how to accommodate (or revise) Kripkean intuitions about naming and necessity, without rigidity. These results might seem to be readily transferable to nominal concepts.
Uncertain Times
Authors: Piffer Tommaso
Published: January 2024

By the end of 1941 the Soviet Union and the United States of America had both joined the anti-Nazi war during that year: the former after the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June, the latter after the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor in December. Ultimately it would be the military and economic might of their armies, and not subversion, that would defeat the Germans. But it was not only the strategic framework which had changed: the war itself had revealed its inner meaning. The more it appeared that the Germans could be defeated, the more resistance groups and governments-in-exile started looking at who would take their place at the end of the war. Communist groups in the Balkans raised the stakes, turning against their opponents in the antifascist camps. The American intelligence agencies joined the fight, demanding their share in Britain’s territory.
Introduction
Authors: Mahtani Anna
Published: January 2024

This short chapter introduces the central themes of the book. The chapter begins with a brief introduction to the credence (or probability) framework, covering the contrast between credences and beliefs, and giving an overview of some of the uses to which the credence framework is put. There is a brief overview of the debate about the nature of propositions. Then the central tenet of the book is stated—namely that the objects of credence are ‘opaque’ (or ‘hyperintensional’). The structure of the book is then explained and motivated, and the chapter ends with a statement of the overall aims, with reference to two possible sorts of readers.
Practical Implications
Authors: Mahtani Anna
Published: January 2024

This chapter traces some of the practical implications of the tenet (that credence claims are opaque). The chapter begins with an exploration of how the tenet affects decision theory in general, and then the rest of the chapter explores two cases in depth. The first case is the two-envelope paradox. A simple version of the paradox is set out, and analysis in the light of the tenet leads to a general restriction on acceptable decision tables. The second case arises in welfare economics (or social choice theory) where decisions may affect multiple people, and a standard framework for approaching these decisions is set out, and various positions in the literature (including utilitarianism, egalitarianism, and prioritarianism) are briefly described. The ex ante Pareto principle is introduced, along with its role in this literature. Given the tenet, this principle is shown to be incoherent as it stands, and a replacement (inspired by supervaluationism) is outlined along with some of its implications for various debates in welfare economics.
Iranian Syntax in Classical Armenian
Authors: Meyer Robin
Published: January 2024

A corollary of this linguistic analysis are new insights into the historical social dynamics between Armenian and Parthian speakers: the latter disappear from the region almost without any documentary trace after the fall of the Parthian Empire in 224 CE. This fact and a study of the historical data from surrounding cultures strongly suggest that the Parthians, who made up the ruling class in the Armenian Kingdom for almost four centuries, over the course of time identified with the Armenians and gave up their native tongue.
Lenin Lives?
Authors: Read Christopher
Published: January 2024

Lenin was one of the most controversial and also influential figures of the twentieth century. Of all the events of that era, the revolution he inspired in the Russian Empire was the most consequential. It turned the Soviet Union into a superpower, shaped the Chinese Revolution, and dominated political and cultural history all round the globe during the Cold War. Desperate resistance to Leninist revolution evolved into extreme forms of fascism and Nazism. On the occasion of the centenary of Lenin’s death, the author examines the key points of Lenin’s views and identifies the main elements that gave them global traction and provoked controversy down to the present, and perhaps into the future. Lenin and his ideas have been written off many times but have they actually had their day?
Lenin before Leninism
Authors: Read Christopher
Published: January 2024

The main points of Lenin’s life, political activity, and ideas are discussed. Lenin’s family background, early years and his radicalisation are presented. With respect to his later career and public life the focus is on the immediate polemical nature of Lenin’s writings as well as their longer term influence as models for a Marxist revolution and outlook. In particular his policies and activism with respect to party structures, imperialism, the revolutionary process with emphasis on the question of political consciousness and world revolution are examined. The stages of revolutionary transformation, that is the expectations in 1917, enshrined in Lenin’s ‘April Theses’ and The State and Revolution, so-called war communism and finally the New Economic Policy, are outlined and analysed.
Introspective Access
Authors: Spener Maja
Published: January 2024

This chapter looks in detail at each of the different modes of introspective access at the centre of the proposed framework: inner attention, inner apprehension, and retrospection. They are characterised according to sets of core features which express available common ground among different theorists who recognise (any or all of) these modes of introspective access in some manner. Doing so makes clear just how different our basic pictures of these modes of introspective access are. There are differences not just in terms of the specific types of features attributed, but also in terms of how developed each basic picture is. Inner attention is the most, while retrospection the least detailed. Another difference concerns how amenable each basic picture is to connect with empirical psychology, and which areas of scientific research might be relevant.
Introduction
Authors: Sullivan-Bissett Ema
Published: January 2024

The introductory chapter outlines the main themes and questions as they arise in the volume. The chapters in the volume are grouped into four main parts which are overviewed here: (1) lessons from delusion on belief and imagination; (2) belief and imagination in the wild; (3) delusional experience; and (4) delusion, belief, and evidence. The discussion also draws on the way in which the chapters contribute to debates occurring in the philosophy of mind and psychology, and in turn how the chapters interact with one another. Also included here are short biographies of the contributors and summaries of the chapters which outline the main arguments of each contribution.
Imagination, Agency, and Predictive Processing
Authors: Corlett Philip R.
Published: January 2024

Predictive processing theories of delusions and hallucinations suggest a simple dysfunction as the core of these puzzling symptoms. Perception, belief, and action are all cast in terms of inferences, wherein prior beliefs are integrated with sensory inputs based on their relative reliabilities. Delusions and hallucinations then arise when this integration process is perturbed, either towards priors (hallucinations) or sensory inputs (delusion formation). However, there are other popular theories of delusions and hallucinations, including models that suggest delusions and hallucinations involve confusing imagining for believing or perceiving respectively. In this chapter, the author attempts to reconcile these accounts with predictive processing theory, appealing to associative and reinforcement learning data that integrate imaginative mechanism, including representation mediated learning, which may bring source monitoring and imagination accounts under the explanatory umbrella of predictive coding theory. The chapter ends by speculating on a neurocomputational architecture that may underlie predictive processing and makes use of generative, imaginative processes in service of reality perception. Dysfunction in this network can give rise to hallucinations, delusions, and other perturbations of conscious experience.
The Capgras Delusion
Authors: Young Garry
Published: January 2024

In this chapter the author defends a revised interactionist account of the Capgras delusion. To do so, he examines what the Capgras patient considers justifies their delusional belief, and how this fits within the overall aetiology of the Capgras delusion. The author’s aim is to demonstrate not only that the subject’s reason for believing what they do is intimately tied to their experiential content but, importantly, that it is causally relevant because of this. Moreover, the subject’s reason for coming to believe that (for example) their wife is an impostor differs from the reason they have for continuing to believe it. This is because the subject’s experience of his wife prior to embracing the delusional belief differs, markedly, from his experience of her upon accepting it. How this affects the reason for his belief is merely one piece of a complex causal puzzle; but it is an important piece, and one that has been neglected in more recent and otherwise innovative accounts of the Capgras delusion. A further aim of this chapter, then, is to integrate certain of these innovative characteristics into a revised version of the interactionist account of the Capgras delusion, thereby giving it greater explanatory worth than the original, and other revisionist models that ignore or relegate the role of personal experience.
The Legal Nature of the Principle of Collegiality
Authors: Patrin Maria
Published: January 2024

This chapter investigates the legal nature of the principle of collegiality through the analysis of the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The first part of the chapter shows how the CJEU has defined the principle’s legal effects and justiciability and has balanced the need to preserve the legal substance of collegiality against the necessity of ensuring efficient and transparent decision-making processes. The second part argues that the principle of collegiality was first developed as a general principle of EU law by the CJEU jurisprudence and only successively enshrined in the Treaties. Yet, it is a sui generis general principle of EU law that can be looked at from two different perspectives: as a principle of administrative law governing the procedure of formal adoption of acts and as an institutional principle governing the way in which the Commission operates and organizes its work.
Is the Pope Catholic?
Authors: Leng Mary
Published: January 2024

There are many reasons that those who don’t believe in God may find it advantageous to act “as if” they believe. However, often these reasons seem morally dubious. But are there moral reasons for the non-believer to nondoxastically accept religious claims? Christopher Jay (2014) offers a Kantian argument that nondoxastic acceptance in the existence of God is morally preferable to full belief, since one who genuinely believes that good behavior will be rewarded in the afterlife will likely find their motivations corrupted by the promise of this reward. This chapter considers whether the attitude of immersed acceptance without belief is possible in light of concerns raised by Paul Horwich (1991), and suggests (in analogy with the author’s response to Horwich on behalf of the mathematical fictionalist (Leng 2010)) that many self-professed theists may be better thought of as already make-believing, rather than fully believing, that there is a God.
Do We Have Reason to Adopt Religious Fictionalism or Moral Fictionalism?
Authors: Kim Seahwa
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines whether there is reason to favor religious or moral fictionalism rather than abolitionism when faced with the choice between fictionalism and abolitionism. The author argues that if there are general and practical benefits of continued engagement in a certain discourse and its associated set of practices, then we have reason to adopt fictionalism rather than abolitionism. She further argues that there are three conditions—the Ubiquity Condition, the Indispensability Condition, and the Business as Usual Condition—under which there would be such benefits, ceteris paribus. She shows that religious discourse and its associated practices do not satisfy any of the three conditions, whereas moral discourse and its associated practices satisfy two of them. The chapter concludes that, as far as the three conditions are concerned, we do not have reason to adopt religious fictionalism whereas we do have reason to adopt moral fictionalism.
Introduction
Authors: Urs Priya
Published: January 2024

Scrutiny to date of the selection of investigations and prosecutions at the International Criminal Court has been overwhelmingly critical of the Prosecutor’s decisions whether to investigate and whether to prosecute cases falling within the jurisdiction of the Court. Yet it remains unclear how the Prosecutor is to justify, consistently with the Rome Statute, what are in the face of limited resources highly selective investigations and prosecutions. The chapter introduces the selectivity debate that frames the book’s assessment of the application and function of the admissibility criterion of the sufficient gravity of a case in Article 17(1)(d) of the Rome Statute. With no statutory guidance as to the application of the gravity criterion, and with little assistance lent by the rules of treaty interpretation, it sets the parameters of the book’s inquiry into the application and function of the open-textured and discretionary criterion of gravity. The chapter also provides an overview of the book’s contributions to practice and scholarship in international criminal law and beyond.
Reclaiming Indigeneity and Democracy in India's Jharkhand
Authors: Basu Ipshita
Published: January 2024

Jharkhand (‘the land of forests’)—the only self-defined Indigenous state in India—was created in 2000 after a lengthy regional campaign known as the Jharkhand Movement. Over the 20 years since then, the state has been a volatile political environment in which competing political groups from the radical left (known as Maoists) and the Hindu right, as well as regional parties, have mobilized Indigenous subaltern communities for different ends. The book contributes to scholarship on critical social justice and indigeneity by highlighting ‘relations of justification’ as a central feature of group-based claims-making for social groups who identity with indigeneity in different ways. In an ethnic political environment like Jharkhand, whether or not social groups are recognized as ‘agents of justice’ rather than simply as ‘subjects’ to be allocated goods to ‘correct their backwardness’ depends on their relations with other communities, with political groups, and with different scales of governance. Today, because Adivasi identity in Jharkhand is perceived to provide political and social capital, we find more evidence of social groups from Indigenous backgrounds—as well as of those officially designated as ‘scheduled castes’ and ‘other backward classes’ under the Constitution of India—trying to build bridges with indigeneity while simultaneously critiquing the internal hierarchies and contestations within it. With insights drawn from ethnographic and archival research, this book explains that when ‘relations’—that is, how marginalized groups are treated by others—are at the epicentre of claims-making, expressive attachments determine political activism rather than the instrumental choices that groups are forced to make in contexts characterized by wide power differentials.
Introduction
Authors: Basu Ipshita
Published: January 2024

This Introduction to the book presents its research context and significance. It explains that the ‘critical’ turn in social justice theory results from the recent acknowledgement among theorists that the core challenge of identity-based social movements is not necessarily a false internal dilemma between cultural recognition and material distributive claims but rather to do with ‘politics’—that is, the relations, structures, and bounded communities that determine who can make claims and how they can make claims before the state, before political representatives, and before one another. The Introduction explains the challenges Indigenous subalterns face when engaging in recognition politics within an ethnic system characterized by huge power differentials, as is the case in Jharkhand, and it highlights that distinguishing expressive partisanship rooted in Indigenous subaltern identity from the instrumental choices that social groups make every day to negotiate with dominant interests can help us to understand the internal tensions, aspirations, and possibilities of recognition politics.
Understanding Private Law
Authors: Jiménez Felipe
Published: January 2024

Theories of private law attempt to understand private law—to render private law intelligible. This is true for descriptive, interpretive, and prescriptive theories. It is true, in other words, whether the theory’s concern is giving an accurate description of private law; offering a rational reconstruction of the values served by private law as it exists; or offering an argument for what values ought to underlie and guide private law. But if most theories of private law are concerned, at least partially, with understanding private law, what does this mean? This chapter answers this question by looking into the philosophy of social practices. From that perspective, the methodology of comparative jurisprudence is a useful model for understanding law. The chapter connects this methodology with contemporary accounts of private law theory, and explores the implications of that methodology for such accounts.
Rights Without Standing
Authors: Katz Larissa
Published: January 2024

On some private law theories, the idea of standing acts as a filter for what counts as a private law right. This chapter argues that equitable rights present a challenge for private law theories organized around the concept of standing. While the concept of standing should continue to frame theoretical inquiry into the nature of ordinary private law rights and the role of judges as adjudicators, it argues that private law theory needs also to account equitable rights and the distinctive role of courts in respect of equitable rights. Taking account of equitable rights within a theory of private law has methodological advantages: it adjusts our theoretical frame and leads to more complete theories of private law that reveal the necessarily public elements of private law and a second role for courts: guardians of the legal order.
Role of Muslims in Filmmaking
Authors: Khatun Nadira
Published: January 2024

After the Introduction, this chapter shows how Muslims have been an integral part of the Hindi film industry since its inception over a hundred years ago. They are also represented in Bollywood in a major way and they have made an important contribution to the creation of those representations. Muslims have been active in the Bombay film industry throughout four distinct periods: (a) pre-Partition and pre-Independence; (b) post-Independence; (c) prior to and post the Babri Masjid was demolished and the liberalisation era began; and (d) the Narendra Modi-led government period. This chapter discusses how the involvement of Muslims in the filmmaking was also influenced in the each era by the political landscape of the nation
Epilogue
Authors: Khatun Nadira
Published: January 2024

To recap, Indian national cinematic space is always reflected and influenced by the country’s sociopolitical landscape; cinematic texts mould and eloquently express social reality to embody certain perspectives. While representing Muslims, a dominant discourse is always constructed in Hindi film texts. Therefore, filmmakers have tried to project the issues and struggles of Muslims but eventually have labelled the minority by demonstrating them as exotic, by showing them as rulers and nawabs, and as villains, terrorists, anti-nationalists, underworld dons, and ultra-nationalists. They are always portrayed as ‘Others’ in Bollywood and are characterized based on the prevailing notions of society at any given time.