bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triumph
Authors: Gerstle Gary
Published: May 2022

The collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991 eliminated the Cold War imperatives that had maintained America’s fragile class compromise and narrowed the ideological space for political dissent. The triumph of the neoliberal order was secured not by the Republican Party that had nurtured its ascent but by the acquiescence of Democratic president Bill Clinton to the policy regime they had established. Clinton became the Democrats’ Eisenhower under the influence of political strategist Dick Morris and senior cabinet members who favored supply-side economics, deregulation of telecoms and financial industries, and a balanced budget. By the end of the 1990s, neoliberals within the Treasury, including Robert Rubin and Larry Summers, had decisively outmaneuvered more progressive reformers such as Labor Secretary Robert Reich. Clinton and his fellow New Democrats produced a new ideological fusion that combined a dynamic high-tech economy, free market ideology, and multiculturalism.
Coming Apart
Authors: Gerstle Gary
Published: May 2022

The turmoil created by the Great Crash unleashed a series of political insurgencies, the cumulative impact of which caused the neoliberal order to come apart. Some sectors of the white working and middle classes responded to economic precarity by joining the Koch-funded right-wing Tea Party and embracing the ethnonationalist populism of Donald Trump. Many young people on the left were inspired to join Occupy Wall Street, which rehabilitated the subject of inequality within public discourse and cleared the way for socialist Bernie Sanders to challenge Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination. Young black protestors joined the Black Lives Matter movement against police violence, helping to dislodge the political dispensation that had created a system of mass incarceration. The triumph of Trump over Clinton in the 2016 elections was a product of the anger felt by many Americans against the neoliberal order and the elites that had sustained it.
The End
Authors: Gerstle Gary
Published: May 2022

The administration of Donald Trump pulled in two opposing directions. Neoliberals within Trump’s own party were initially appeased by the zeal with which he led a mission to stack the federal courts with judges committed to deregulation and patriarchy, and by reductions in corporate and personal taxes. However, Trump’s hostility to globalization (and to China), free trade, immigration and multiculturalism, and international security alliances indicated that the dismantling of the neoliberal order was under way. The revival of a social democratic left and the election of progressive Democrats to the Senate in 2018 also signaled the end of neoliberal hegemony within the Democratic Party. The rapprochement between the left and the center of the Democratic Party, the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, and the election of Joe Biden to the presidency in the 2020 elections revealed the outlines of an incipient (but very fragile) post-neoliberal political order. Meanwhile, the threat of an authoritarian political order in the form of a Trump restoration loomed.
Alternatives to Populism
Authors: Arato Andrew , Cohen Jean L.
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on alternatives to populism. Deploying the ideal typical definition of populism developed earlier, it shows that alternative interpretations of popular sovereignty, part/whole relations, forms of antagonism, and leadership can yield a category of “the popular” distinguished from populism. Only popular (vs. the populist) movements, parties, or governments remain on the normative and political foundation of pluralistic civil society. But populism cannot be defeated by a return to liberal democracy as it was before the new challenge. The chapter renews the authors’ 1992 argument of Civil Society and Political Theory, that the “plurality of democracies” based in present tendencies in civil society, meaning insistence of several and complementary projects in politics, the economy, and culture, is the best way to continue or renew democratization processes. It adds the importance of host ideologies, like democratic socialism, patriotism, and cultural equality, that should be rescued by committed constitutionalist democrats from their populist instrumentalization.
American Global Pre-Eminence
Authors: Thompson William R.
Published: May 2022

Most discussions of US decline in global politics couch their arguments and evidence in the most contemporary context. But US systemic leadership is not entirely novel. The United States follows a global lineage that has been emerging and evolving for centuries. From this perspective, systemic leadership is based not so much on executive personality, clever diplomacy, or randomness as it is on a pecking order established by leads in technological innovation, energy, and global reach. When these leads falter, the ability to engage in systemic leadership becomes more difficult, regardless of whoever occupies the American presidency. The context that facilitates systemic leadership does not determine what chief executives will attempt to do, but it does play an important facilitative or non-facilitative role. Similarly, the people who compete for and win the presidency reflect that systemic and sub-systemic (domestic politics) context. Thus, the interactions among global and domestic contexts and politicians are more complex and yet more shaped by long-term history than is commonly accepted. The ultimate irony is that as it becomes clearer how these variables interact, the possibility that the processes are undergoing fundamental transformation cannot be ruled out. The real policy question is not whether the United States is ahead or behind China but, rather, will it be possible for a single state to lead the global system as in the past? As technological innovation, energy consumption, and global reach capability become less concentrated, the prospects for systemic leadership shrink—even as global problems become more complex and acute.
Regulating the Reformed Consensus
Authors: Salazar Greg A.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 2 examines Featley’s role as an ecclesiastical licenser and chaplain to Archbishop George Abbot in the 1610s and 1620s. It offers a reinterpretation of the view that Featley was a benign censor, explores how pastoral sensitivities influenced his censorship, and analyzes the parallels between Featley’s licensing and his broader ecclesiastical aims. Moreover, by exploring how our historiographical understandings of licensing and censorship have been clouded by Featley’s attempts to conceal that an increasingly influential anti-Calvinist movement was seizing control of the licensing system and marginalizing Calvinist licensers in the 1620s, this chapter (along with chapter seven) addresses the broader methodological issues of how to weigh and evaluate various vantage points.
Sidgwick's The Methods of Ethics
Authors: Phillips David
Published: May 2022

This book, included in the Oxford Guides series, is a concise guide to Henry Sidgwick’s masterpiece, The Methods of Ethics. The book is written for undergraduate students and interested general readers and designed to be read alongside Sidgwick’s text. Its principal aims are to help readers to navigate through the text, and to raise the most significant interpretive and philosophical issues about Sidgwick’s views and arguments. It highlights important connections between the work of Sidgwick and that of others in contemporary moral philosophy and in the history of moral philosophy. Particular attention is paid to his relations to predecessors he discusses, including Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, and to G. E. Moore and W. D. Ross, his most celebrated successors in the British intuitionist tradition he revitalized. At the end of the first eight chapters there are brief suggestions for further reading. At the end of the final three chapters, when all relevant parts of the Methods have been discussed, there are more substantial overviews of the secondary literature on the aspects of Sidgwick’s work that have generated the most interest among his commentators: metaethics and moral epistemology; consequentialism versus deontology; and egoism and the dualism of practical reason.
Introduction (Methods Prefaces)
Authors: Phillips David
Published: May 2022

This chapter is introductory. It begins with a section on Henry Sidgwick’s life and work. There is then a section drawing on the so-called “short intellectual autobiography” that E. E. Constance Jones included in the preface to the sixth edition to give an introductory sketch of the Methods. The following sections discuss reasons to read Sidgwick and challenges in reading Sidgwick. These sections draw on the work of the two philosophers who arguably did the most to restore and enhance Sidgwick’s reputation after its early twentieth-century decline: C.D. Broad (1887–1973) and Derek Parfit (1942–2017). The final section outlines the structure of the Methods and the plan of this Guide.
The Method of Egoism (Methods I.VII and Book II)
Authors: Phillips David
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics I.VII and Book II. Its topics are the method of egoism and Sidgwick’s views about the nature and measurability of happiness (or pleasure). The first section discusses the method (or, strictly, methods) of egoism, noting that his treating egoism as a method of ethics reflects his broad conception of ethics as practical reason. The second section discusses Sidgwick’s views on the nature of happiness: his rejection of J. S. Mill’s proposal to distinguish higher from lower pleasures, and his definition of pleasure as desirable consciousness. The third section concerns his discussions of difficulties in measuring pleasure and pain. The topic of the fourth section is his argument in II.V that sanctions do not make it the case that egoism and intuitionism always agree in their recommendations. The fifth section raises the concern that Sidgwick is much harder on the intuitionist method than he is on the egoist method.
Philosophical Intuitionism (Methods III.XIII)
Authors: Phillips David
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics, Book III, Chapter XIII. Its topic is philosophical intuitionism, Sidgwick’s articulation of axioms which he takes to satisfy the four conditions—unlike the supposed axioms of the common-sense moralist discussed in Chapter 6. The first section discusses the twin dangers facing the attempt to articulate genuinely self-evident axioms. The second section discusses Sidgwick’s axiom of justice. The third section discusses his axiom of prudence noting that, armed with W. D. Ross’s distinction between prima facie duty and duty proper, we can distinguish three possible interpretations. The fourth section discusses his maxim of benevolence, noting parallel ambiguities. The fifth section discusses the maxim of benevolence and the argument for utilitarianism. The final section explores the contrast between Sidgwick’s view and Ross’s view as to what principles are genuinely self-evident.
Hedonism (Methods III.XIV)
Authors: Phillips David
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics, Book III, Chapter XIV. Its topic is Sidgwick’s argument for (ethical rather than psychological) hedonism, the claim that happiness is the only intrinsic good. The first section discusses Sidgwick’s arguments in the first two sections of the chapter against a monistic alternative according to which virtue is the only intrinsic good. The second section argues that Sidgwick did not have the more recent idea of virtue ethics as an alternative to consequentialism and deontology. The third section discusses Sidgwick’s arguments in the final two sections of the chapter against a pluralistic alternative to hedonism. The fourth section explores G. E. Moore’s and W. D. Ross’s rejection of Sidgwick’s arguments and their defenses of pluralism. The final section considers whether hedonism is, for Sidgwick, another philosophical intuition.
Intellectual Property
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B.
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the history and theory of intellectual property and its ethical, political, and legal foundations. It provides an overview of the U.S. intellectual property system, including discussions of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and ownership of research data. This chapter also examines utilitarian and rights-based rationales for protecting intellectual property and considers some moral objections to intellectual property protections. This chapter reviews some instrumental pieces of legislation and legal cases pertaining to intellectual property and discusses some ethical controversies concerning particular types of intellectual property, such as patents on computer programs and algorithms, DNA sequences, and biological materials.
The Use of Animals in Research
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B.
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides a brief history of animal research and examines the ethical arguments for and against animal experimentation. It discusses the animal rights views of Peter Singer and Tom Regan and considers some morally significant similarities and differences between animals and humans. The chapter also discusses oversight systems for animal research, including federal and state laws, institutional animal care and use committees, and animal research accrediting agencies. This chapter describes some principles for the ethical treatment of animal in research, such as the “three Rs”—reduction, replacement, and refinement—as well as some ethical dilemmas scientists face when they work with animals.
Introduction: Worlds Enacted
Authors: Hven Steffen
Published: May 2022

At the outset in a discussion of the world-building of Dogville (directed by von Trier 2003), the Introduction presents the main theoretical framework of the book and contextualizes it within recent media-theoretical debates concerning the bodily, sensorial, material, and affective aspects of the filmic experience. It is argued that film narratology has remained rooted in the communicational-representational paradigms of structuralism, linguistics, semiology, and cognitive formalism and that this has led to an inevitable clash between the “representational” and the “affective-embodied” studies of cinema. This chapter outlines the “enactive” and “media-anthropological” framework employed to overcome this antagonism by reexploring the “affective-embodied” basis of narrative communication. The main advantage of this framework is its ability to integrate those nonrepresentational aspects of the narrative film that have been systematically neglected by film narratology: the experiential, the affective, the atmospheric, the material, the rhythmic, the kinesthetic, the multisensorial, and the sonic production of the diegesis. Film narratives are thus no longer simply messages awaiting semiotic decoding or cognitive-analytical inferential elaboration, but constructs that depend on a series of embodied practices relative to the social, cultural, and hermeneutic context in which they are rehearsed. Films therefore do not replicate a world; they actively produce one in their own right qua their modulation of embodied perception, attention, cognition, affection, and the sensorimotor system. To comprehend a film, we must expose our own bodily selves to its movements, rhythms, and affects.
Narrative Experientiality and Affect
Authors: Hven Steffen
Published: May 2022

This chapter argues that due to its privileging of narrative as a representational construct, narratology has failed to adequately address how narratives are experienced. This chapter brings together what might just be the two most antagonized dimensions of the current (film) theoretical landscape: namely, affect and representation. Whereas “affect theory” opposes the affective to the more representational registers of emotion and cognition, this chapter argues for an integration of the affective into the very fabric of what is deemed the terroir of the representational par excellence, namely, the filmic narrative. This chapter argues that it is no longer sufficient to point to an affective domain in cinema (or elsewhere) that cannot be domesticated into the fold of representation and sociolinguistic fixation. Far more urgent is it to rethink the basic condition of narrative cinema’s representational capacities through the concept of affect. By readdressing the representational in the narrative film through the lenses of experientiality and affect, a new line of narrative inquiry is enabled. Drawing upon Walter Ruttmann’s Berlin: Symphony of a Great City (Berlin: die Sinfonie der Großstadt,1927), this chapter concludes that cinema as an art form feeds on resonances between “organic” and “technical” rhythms, and that some of the medium’s most subversive, persuasive, exhilarating, attractive, disgusting, repulsive, appealing, and dangerous powers lie exactly in how filmmakers exploit these resonances.
Narratives Spaces and Sonic Environments
Authors: Hven Steffen
Published: May 2022

One of the most pressing problems of textualism is the “noise aesthetics” of the increasingly complex acoustic ecologies of modern cinema. In order to develop a narrative theoretical framework capable of integrating “noise”—understood as “insignificant” sounds that define the ambience or acoustic ecology of the diegesis—this chapter employs the notion of the soundscape to enrich our understanding of narrative space beyond its textual confinement as the container of the characters and events. Spurred by the rich sound ecologies of contemporary cinema, this chapter provides a revaluation of narrative space as a dynamic agency that implies the recipients’ material, bodily, sensorimotor, and affective engagements. Essential thus becomes the immediacy of the mediated environment. To capture this paradox at the heart of the cinematic experience, it is argued that the notion of the soundscape should be given analytical precedence over the diegetic/nondiegetic binary that has long inhibited scholars from understanding cineacoustics as more than an accompaniment to the fictional world of the film. As part of the film’s overall affective assemblage, the notion of the soundscape can be employed to understand the narrative rhetoric of films that communicate through “insignificant” noises. As an example of this, this chapter examines the use of “sonic envelopes” and “noise aesthetics” in A Quiet Place (directed by Krasinski 2018) to conclude that cinematic signification cannot be reduced to its “literal” denotations but emerges on the basis of a resonance effect. Cinematic signification thus requires the embodied spectator to partake of the film’s orchestrated flows of movements.
A Public Health Perspective on War
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides an overview of war from a public health perspective. It summarizes the impacts of war on health and human rights, defines key terms, and reviews the epidemiology of war in recent decades. In contrast to the magnitude of the impacts of war, the chapter describes the paucity of courses on war in schools of public health and the lack of attention to war by U.S. federal agencies dealing with health. The chapter summarizes the levels of prevention and how they apply to war, reviews the various causes of war, and summarizes the roles of health professionals in recognizing and preventing the health impacts of war. It reviews the overall organization of the book and closes by providing reasons for hope.
A shared policy model of social rules, part 2
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the contrast between fragility of shared policies and robustness of social rules; the need in our model of social rules for weaker forms of interlocking and interdependence; the cognitive dependence of shared policies on actual patterns; the need for a kernel-penumbra structure to allow for “alienated” participants in a social rule; a Lockean model of the diachronic ties characteristic of social rules; and puzzles about the withering away of kernels and pretense. This supports a model of social rules as involving a pattern of action that is explained by a robust Lockean diachronic network of shared-policy-shaped synchronic networks. And this supports an account of the content of social rules. This account is compared with ideas from Scott Shapiro about “massively shared agency,” from Geoffrey Brennan and colleagues about clusters of normative attitudes, and from Cristina Bicchieri about the role of beliefs about the normative expectations of others.
On the way to organized institutions
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter develops resources for our plan-theoretic model of organized institutions. In making the step from a society infused with shared intentionality and social rules to a society with organized institutions the model appeals to social rules of procedure that say how to resolve certain problems. It distinguishes two kinds of outputs of such social rules of procedure: event outputs and crystallized outputs. In each case it distinguishes action-focused and acceptance-focused outputs. Relevant social procedural rules will in central cases be authority according. And action-focused outputs can sometimes designate certain ends of the action—this is induced teleology. This sets the stage for a model of organized institutions in the spirit of institutional procedural positivism.
A procedural social rule model of organized institutions
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents a model of the rule-guided infrastructure of human organized institutions. Building on the shared policy model of social rules, it characterizes an institutional web of social procedural rules. It does this by appeal to a sufficiently rich web of social procedural rules that interlock and to a significant extent require consistency of outputs. It then explains when outputs from rules in that web are institutional outputs. This involves appeal to an output-consistency condition, a functional role condition, and a limit on certain kinds of cognitive divergence. This provides a model of two forms of institutional valuing. And it supports a separation of institutional action-focused output and corresponding shared intention. These ideas are compared to ideas from John Searle about collective acceptance, institutional roles, status functions, and counting as.
The Partisan Politics of Family and Labor Market Policy Reforms in Southern Europe
Authors: Bürgisser Reto
Published: May 2022

This chapter sheds light on the role of political parties as social investment protagonists, consenters, or antagonists in the reform of labor market and family policies in Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Drawing on original, hand-coded data of three decades of labor market and family policy reforms in Southern Europe, the findings show divergent social investment trajectories. While Spain and Portugal have started to develop contours of a social investment agenda, little progress has been made in Italy and Greece. Programmatic political competition and government partisanship play a role in accounting for these divergent trajectories. Center-left parties have acted as the primary social investment protagonists in Spain, Portugal, and Italy. However, the Italian center-left remains fragmented and has rarely been in government. In stark contrast, both center-right and center-left parties in Greece have acted as social investment antagonists. Political and economic turmoil in the wake of the Eurozone crisis paints a bleak picture for the further development of social investment in Southern Europe. Once fiscal constraints can eventually be overcome, a core question remains as to what extent an inclusive social investment coalition can be formed in an ever more fragmented political landscape.
Nation (Re)Building Through Social Investment?
Authors: Toots Anu , Lauri Triin
Published: May 2022

The chapter departs from the assumption that today’s social investment (SI) reforms need to be understood against the countries’ policy legacies. It traces the development of SI policies in three Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) from restoration of independence in the 1990s until the late 2010s and explores policy responses to recalibrate the former communist welfare regime into a competitive, skill-focused model. By analyzing SI reform efforts in education, family policy, and the labor market the study demonstrates that the same legacies had different impacts on different social policy fields, inter alia distorting the political discourse and strategies of reforms. This facilitated the skill creation–oriented inclusive distributional profile in education but less intense and more stratified profiles in other policy areas. Although the three countries share many common legacies (such as a Soviet communist past) and contemporary characteristics (such as developing an Anglo-Saxon prototype of the welfare regime), there are important cross-country differences in priorities and agility of SI reforms. The interplay of government composition and nation-building discourse intervened with the politics of reform and resulted ultimately in a more agile reform trajectory in Estonia and Latvia compared to mono-ethnic Lithuania. The chapter concludes that legitimizing radical reforms through nation-building turns out to be a more important factor in reform agility than ideologically favorable coalitions.
Explaining the Weakness of Social Investment Policies in the Visegrád Countries
Authors: Szelewa Dorota , Polakowski Michał
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyzes the politics of social investment in the Visegrád (V4) countries—the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia—taking the examples of two policy fields: early childhood education and care (ECEC) and active labor market policies (ALMPs). The main argument is that weak social investment in the V4 countries results from an interaction of a reaction of rejecting Soviet-style policies, the lack of a pro–social investment political coalition, and the recent explicit rejection of social investment in favor of compensation. The few social investment policies that have developed can be assigned to a V4 mode of absorption of the European Union’s structural funds, but these are limited and, in terms of their distributive profiles, and take a stratified form in ECEC and a targeted form in ALMPs.
Explaining the Contrasting Welfare Trajectories of the Baltic and Visegrád Countries
Authors: Avlijaš Sonja
Published: May 2022

This chapter argues that distinct growth strategies can explain why political, economic, and social actors in the Baltic reformed their welfare states toward the liberal “Anglo-Saxon Plus” model of social investment, while social investment remained a non-issue in the Visegrád countries. The Baltic countries pursued a growth strategy based on the expansion of information and communications technologies and the knowledge-oriented service economy, which led them to invest in educational reform away from the industry-specific skills and vocational training of the socialist era and toward general skills and expansion of the services-oriented tertiary education. In contrast, the Visegrád countries focused on industrial upgrading, preservation of manufacturing skills from the socialist era, social insurance for industrial workers, and compensation for those who lost jobs due to restructuring. These distinct trajectories were driven by the decisions and coalition-making dynamics of political actors in the post-socialist context of democratization and Europeanization and constrained by the countries’ socialist legacies.
Liberalism TransformedThe Democratic Party Since 1960
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas , Milkis Sidney M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes the ways in which executive-centered partisanship has transformed the Democratic Party since the 1960s. It challenges the idea that the country’s current political divide is solely attributed to Republicans and conservatives; Democrats were the first to throw the country “off-center.” The chapter explores the challenge posed to establishment figures from a variety of new social movements, especially those concerned with racial justice, American imperialism, and class inequality. While noble in their endeavors, these movements weakened the institutional resiliency of the Democratic Party organization and further accelerated the concentration of power in the American presidency. Far from making the party a more inclusive organization, these reforms contributed to the decline of the party system’s ability to provide a salutary mediating influence on populist protest.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Loch K.
Published: May 2022

The Introduction presents the three major instruments that guide America’s activities abroad: the Treaty Power, the War Power, and the Spy Power. Within the category of Spy Power one finds the Third Option: the use of “covert action” as a means for secretly influencing world events. Each of these powers has been the subject of institutional strife within the United States, as political leaders debate the proper use of each approach to foreign policy. Specific laws have been crafted to ensure that policymakers adhere to the Constitution as they exercise these powers, but these laws have not always been honored by the executive branch. The Introduction also sets the stage for an understanding of how the philosophies of anti-communism and counterterrorism have driven the adoption of clandestine interventions overseas as a central strand of American foreign policy, as has the protection of US business interests (“dollar duplicity” to accompany “dollar diplomacy”).
On the Concept of Power
Authors: Parietti Guido , Lukes Steven
Published: May 2022

“Power” is a central concept for politics, arguably defining the political domain as such. However, despite decades of debate across political science, sociology, and philosophy, a proper definition of power is still to be had. Existing definitions fail because they are either circular or so far removed from the ordinary meaning of “power” that they cannot credibly claim to be about the same concept. This book, employing an Arendtian approach to conceptual analysis, provides a more proper definition—power denotes the condition of having available possibilities and representing them as such—and examines its implications for the study of politics, both empirical and normative. From the vantage point of a proper definition, the book shows how, by neglecting the category of possibility, significant portions of political science and philosophy become incapable of conceptualizing power, and therefore politics. The main issue with political science is the increasingly exclusive focus on causal and probabilistic regularities; political philosophy, on the other hand, tends to prioritize various forms of a teleologically oriented normativity. Both of these approaches end up discarding possibility in favor of necessity, and are therefore unable to adequately conceptualize power. Finally, bringing together the different disciplinary discourses, the book examines the conditions for the concept of power to have an actual referent, which is to say: for politics to appear in our world.
Ensuring Healthy Development for Youth
Authors: Shapiro Valerie B. , Lippold Melissa A. , Bender Kimberly , Jenson Jeffrey M.
Published: May 2022

The Grand Challenge of Ensuring Healthy Development of Youth centers the role of the social work profession in reducing the incidence, prevalence, and inequities of child and youth behavioral health problems by focusing on prevention. This chapter provides an overview of the progress made thus far, focusing primarily on the past five years, including efforts to build awareness and create infrastructure for prevention efforts in partnership with local, state and national partners. The chapter highlights efforts to target, adapt, and evaluate preventive interventions for different racial groups and gender identities and to address racism and sexism as oppressive structures detrimental to healthy development. Finally, we look ahead with future goals to not only maintain progress in creating broad awareness and infrastructure for prevention but to intentionally turn much needed attention to addressing disparities through the development of an equity-enhancing research agenda.
Advancing Long and Productive Lives
Authors: Gonzales Ernest , Matz Christina , Morrow-Howell Nancy , Lai Patrick Ho Lam , Whetung Cliff , Zingg Emma , Keating Erin , James Jacquelyn B. , Putnam Michelle
Published: May 2022

Increased automation, globalization, and longevity demand new thinking by employers and employees regarding productivity. Throughout the life span, fuller engagement in education, and paid and unpaid productive activities can generate a wealth of benefits, including better health and well-being, greater financial security, and a more vital society. We review challenges and opportunities to advance long, healthy, and productive lives. When possible, we review inequities by gender, race, ethnicity, and other social determinants of health to reveal heterogeneity within the growing US population and workforce. We conclude with implications for research, social policy, advocacy, education, and practice.
Creating Social Responses to a Changing Environment
Authors: Kemp Susan P. , Palinkas Lawrence A. , Mason Lisa Reyes , Billiot Shanondora , Mitchell Felicia M. , Krings Amy
Published: May 2022

Enhancing social work’s socioenvironmental impact is central to creating social responses to a changing environment, the Grand Challenge for Social Work detailed in this chapter. Worldwide, communities face unprecedented environmental change and degradation. Although climate change, extreme weather events, disasters, and other environmental challenges threaten the health, well-being, and survival of all people, their impacts fall most heavily on marginalized populations. Social work has a critical role to play in crafting social responses to these escalating threats. This chapter summarizes the activities of the Grand Challenge to Create Social Responses to a Changing Environment in five main areas: disaster preparedness and response, urban sustainability, community engagement, racial and gender equity, and capacity building within the profession. Looking forward, it emphasizes the importance of continued efforts to bring environmental change and injustice to the center of social work practice, research, and education—and to bring social work to the center of global efforts to mitigate and respond to escalating environmental challenges.
Reducing Extreme Economic Inequality
Authors: Henly Julia , Lein Laura , Romich Jennifer , Shanks Trina R. , Sherraden Michael
Published: May 2022

While the United States economy continues to generate increasing amounts of wealth, deep economic disparities concentrate income and capital among those who are already wealthy. This economic inequality leads to material hardship, household instability, gaps in health insurance and healthcare, and inequalities in access to education and other opportunities. Market forces and public policies contribute to and exacerbate inequality in multiple ways. However, new policies, some under current debate and supported by social workers, promise approaches that can support raising income among the poor, building household stability, and increasing access to wealth. Such policies can reverse the mechanisms and impacts that concentrate wealth among a small segment of the population, and leave much of the population with little access to wealth, and stagnating levels of income.
Introduction
Authors: Cottingham Marci D.
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the reader to an emotion practice approach, including how it challenges misconceptions about emotion and tries to understand emotions in connection with rationality, the body, and collectives. The chapter covers past and current advances in the sociology of emotion and the need for integration of concepts from the subfield with a practice framing. The chapter ends with a description of the structure of the book, including a summary of each of the chapters that follow. These include a chapter focused on theorizing an emotion practice approach by synthesizing symbolic interactionist and poststructural approaches to emotion using their shared lineage of pragmatism. Chapters 2 through 5 apply an emotion practice approach to the social arenas of work, leisure, social media, and politics. The empirical chapters move from the intimate sphere of nursing to the sphere of public health threats while illustrating the strengths of an emotion practice approach. The final chapter further develops the relevance of homophily for connecting emotions with social inequality and theorizes mechanisms for social change.
Conclusion
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L.
Published: May 2022

This chapter summarizes the arguments of the book and establishes that spiritual transformation was a crucial element of Catholic Reform. While the clergy certainly used fear to instill fear and thus motivated to conversion, one must also consider that divine mercy and clemency were preached. Moreover, theology began to take salvific egalitarianism more seriously and emphasized that in questions of salvation there was no hierarchical difference between Christians, that everything depended on one’s state of grace and not one’s place within the ecclesiastical hierarchy.
An Unattained Goal
Authors: Bivins Jason C.
Published: May 2022

Upon its arrival in 2009, debates about the Tea Party’s presence in public life devolved quickly into assessing how corporatist and how evangelical it was. While religious enthusiasm and collective discontent are central to any understanding of American public life, this chapter argues that these were not in fact the salient features of the Tea Party or its critics. The obsession with getting colonial history right, and using the tropes of nostalgia to argue against policy, transform public life into something more closely resembling cosplay than an arena for the expression of political will. Drawing on democratic theory, the sociology of crowds, and an attention to ritual and mood, this chapter argues that the replacement of public purpose with nostalgia—which includes the question of religion—represents simply the reproduction of alienation rather than its alternative.
Conclusion
Authors: Avgousti Andreas
Published: May 2022

The Conclusion puts the findings of the book in conversation with contemporary literature on reputation and democratic theory. It first elaborates the thesis that reputation is a demotic power by casting the democratic many as nonexpert judges of appearances. Contrary to attempts to rationalize or order reputation, it argues that it is the disordering potential of the concept that makes it so powerful in a democracy, and especially its challenge to the normative distinction between citizen and noncitizen. This challenge is brought to bear upon a democratic theory that restricts its focus on the education of citizens. Asserting the importance of metaphors for democratic peoples and drawing on Plato’s use of these, the book ends with an argument in favor of the epistemic value of sight, which would have us think of reputation as a spectating power that the many, capaciously understood, might make.
Edwards, the ‘Arian’ Controversy, Churchmanship, and Politics
Authors: Griesel Jake
Published: May 2022

This chapter first considers Edwards’ participation in the so-called Arian controversy concerning the subordinationist Christology of William Whiston and Samuel Clarke, and notes how he enhanced his already-reputable status as a Church of England divine through his defence of creedal Christological orthodoxy. To better situate Edwards within the later Stuart Church, it then turns to his churchmanship and politics, paying attention to his aversion to neo-Laudian ceremonies and preference for liturgical simplicity, his endorsement of extemporary prayer, his sympathy for the ‘sober’ Reformed dissenters, his Whig political commitments, and his advocacy of a ‘reduced’ or ‘primitive’ episcopacy. It contends that, instead of having been an ‘uneasy conformist’ who was discontent with the Church as established, Edwards endeavoured to be a faithful son of the Church of England whose discontentment was rather with those whom he deemed to depart from her established faith and practice as codified in her formularies.
Conclusion
Authors: Wiedenfeld Grant
Published: May 2022

NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick’s national anthem demonstrations in 2016 and the backlash led by Donald Trump encapsulate the relationships between American sports and politics in the last fifty years. Five conclusions about the national ethos are drawn from the six case studies and that controversy. Sections on multiculturalism, community, imperial legacy, liberalism, and civil religion highlight the impetuses and barriers to the development of democracy in the United States. While affirming progress made since the middle of Muhammad Ali’s career, the continued lack of diversity in leadership bears restating. The overview makes evident fundamental tensions created by America’s characteristic ambition and its prophetic dream of democracy that everyday discussions of politics, sports, or movies often overlook.
Chicago's Reckoning
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel
Published: May 2022

Chicago is confronting a racial reckoning that we explain with an exclusion-containment theory of legal cynicism. Mayors RJ and RM Daley used public and private funds to exclude and contain South and West Side predominantly Black neighborhoods where Police Detective Jon Burge supervised torture of over 100 Black men. A 1982 case involved Andrew Wilson’s tortured confession to two police killings. This case coincided with RM Daley’s pursuit of White votes in an early and unsuccessful primary campaign for mayor. Suspicions about Daley’s connection to Wilson’s confession lasted throughout his career. As state’s attorney, Daley mobilized a massive assault on “gangs, guns, and drugs” by tightening law enforcement methods. An example involved the Automatic Transfer Act used to prosecute 15-year-old Joseph White in adult court for shooting a fellow student. The judge thought White should have sought help from police, but White and his family knew the police as brutal occupiers of local neighborhoods. Joseph White was sentenced to 45 years in a maximum-security prison. Jon Burge was finally convicted in 2010—of perjury—but he served only three years, while many of his victims remained on death row. In a sidebar in the Burge trial—unheard by jurors—the judge refused to allow evidence about a racialized code of silence that concealed Burge’s torture. Our book ends by explaining how Daley and Burge escaped meaningful punishment through the code of silence and out-of-court settlements. These remain unrelenting sources of the racial reckoning confronting this quintessential American city.
Frances Power Cobbe
Authors: Stone Alison
Published: May 2022

This book brings together essential writings by the unjustly neglected nineteenth-century philosopher Frances Power Cobbe (1822–1904). A prominent ethicist, feminist, champion of animal welfare, and critic of Darwinism and atheism, Cobbe was very well known and highly regarded in the Victorian era. This collection introduces contemporary readers to Cobbe and shows how her original philosophical standpoint developed over time, beginning in 1855 with her Essay on Intuitive Morals. In this work she set out her duty-based moral theory, arguing that morality and religion are indissolubly connected. This provided the framework within which she addressed a host of theoretical and practical issues in her prolific publishing career. In the 1860s and early 1870s, she gave an account of human duties to animals; articulated a duty-based form of feminism; defended a unique type of dualism in the philosophy of mind; and argued against evolutionary ethics. Cobbe put her philosophical views into practice, campaigning for women’s rights and for first the regulation and later the abolition of vivisection. In turn, her political experiences led her to revise her ethical theory. From the 1870s onward she increasingly emphasized the moral role of the emotions, especially sympathy, and she theorized a gradual progression in sympathy across history. Moving into the 1880s, Cobbe combatted secularism, agnosticism, and atheism, arguing that religion is necessary not only for morality but also for meaningful life and culture. The critical introduction and explanatory notes provide historical and philosophical context for those encountering Cobbe for the first time.
The Law of Naval Warfare and Maritime Neutrality
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul
Published: May 2022

The law of naval warfare includes distinct and overlapping legal regimes applicable to the law of air warfare, the law of armed conflict, specific rules concerning the conduct of hostilities at sea, prize law, and maritime neutrality. These regimes govern hostilities at sea and beyond, balancing the rights of belligerents to conduct operations for sea control, sea denial, and the subjugation of the enemy with humanitarian considerations and protection of the rights of neutral states. The principles of the law of armed conflict apply in naval warfare, including military necessity, proportionality, distinction, and with special considerations, precautions in attack. Weapons must be reviewed for compliance with the law of armed conflict. Belligerent naval operations may be conducted in areas outside of neutral territorial seas. For the purposes of naval operations in peacetime and during armed conflict, the exclusive economic zone is subject to the rules of the high seas.
Lethal Autonomous Weapons
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul
Published: May 2022

Lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS) can operate and select and engage targets independent of direct human control. While automated weapons that presage LAWS, such as the Aegis close-in weapon system (CIWS) have existed for decades, fully autonomous weapons are entering into service. The employment of LAWS during hostilities must comply with the law of armed conflict (LOAC) and the law of naval warfare. Concern over applicability of these rules has raised a campaign by nongovernmental organizations to ban “killer robots.” While an outright ban is not going to occur, debates over the levels of human control required for the lawful employment of LAWS is unfolding in discussions held under the UN Convention on Conventional Weapons through a Group of Governmental Experts (GGE). This debate has centered on whether LAWS should be subject to “meaningful human control” or “appropriate levels of human judgment.” Both terms are ambiguous, however, and differences operationally immaterial. Like all weapons, the use of LAWS is already subject to the legal doctrine of command responsibility and military practice of the commander’s accountability for the methods and means employed during armed conflict.
Submarine Warfare
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul
Published: May 2022

For nearly 40 years, international efforts to regulate or prohibit the use of submarines as a means of warfare failed, as submarines proved to be highly effective during the two world wars. Today, over 40 nations operate submarines, with the more advanced naval forces, including the United States, China, Japan, United Kingdom, and Russia, developing new generations of submarines and seabed capabilities that leverage stealth, survivability, and maneuver. These underwater forces are increasingly important for war planning and war fighting because they are more survivable than surface ships. The increasing distance, lethality, and accuracy of stand-off weapons calls into question the survivability of surface ships in high-end naval conflict. This renewed emphasis on underwater operations resurfaces old legal controversies about submarine duties in the law of naval warfare and raises new questions about submarine operations in the littoral seas and on the continental shelf and deep seabed.