bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theophylline-7β-d-Ribofuranoside (Theonosine), a New Theophylline Metabolite Generated in Human and Animal Lung Tissue
Authors: Sitar Daniel , Bowen James , He Juan , Tesoro Angelo , Spino Michael
Published: August 2017

While assessing the ability of mammalian lung tissue to metabolize theophylline, a new metabolite was isolated and characterized. The metabolite was produced by the microsomal fraction of lungs from several species, including rat, rabbit, dog, pig, sheep and human tissue. Metabolite production was blocked by boiling the microsomal tissue. This new metabolite, theophylline-7β-d-ribofuranoside (theonosine), was confirmed by several spectral methods and by comparison to an authentic synthetic compound. Tissue studies from rats, rabbits, dogs, and humans for cofactor involvement demonstrated an absolute requirement for NADP and enhanced metabolite production in the presence of magnesium ion. It remains to be demonstrated whether theonosine may contribute to the known pharmacological effects of theophylline.
Data Visualization and Visualization-Based Fault Detection for Chemical Processes
Authors: Wang Ray , Baldea Michael , Edgar Thomas
Published: August 2017

Over the years, there has been a consistent increase in the amount of data collected by systems and processes in many different industries and fields. Simultaneously, there is a growing push towards revealing and exploiting of the information contained therein. The chemical processes industry is one such field, with high volume and high-dimensional time series data. In this paper, we present a unified overview of the application of recently-developed data visualization concepts to fault detection in the chemical industry. We consider three common types of processes and compare visualization-based fault detection performance to methods used currently.
Rebirth According to the Bhagavad gītā; Epistemology, Ontology and Ethics
Authors: Theodor Ithamar
Published: August 2017

This paper is engaged with the topic of reincarnation in the Bhagavad gītā, better termed “rebirth”. It first looks into the epistemological aspects of rebirth, and highlights the type of knowledge or terminology underlying the vision of rebirth, as opposed to a different type of knowledge that is not suitable for this purpose, and which leads to a different vision of reality. It then looks into the ontological aspects of rebirth, and having highlighted some Upaniṣadic sources, it highlights major Bhagavad gītā sections describing the soul and rebirth. Finally, it looks into the ethics derived from the concept of rebirth; it first characterizes these as “ethics of equanimity”, and then expands these into the “ethics of enlightened action”, which refer to action grounded in the idea of rebirth.
A Probabilistic Weighted Archetypal Analysis Method with Earth Mover’s Distance for Endmember Extraction from Hyperspectral Imagery
Authors: Sun Weiwei , Zhang Dianfa , Xu Yan , Tian Long , Yang Gang , Li Weiyue
Published: August 2017

A Probabilistic Weighted Archetypal Analysis method with Earth Mover’s Distance (PWAA-EMD) is proposed to extract endmembers from hyperspectral imagery (HSI). The PWAA-EMD first utilizes the EMD dissimilarity matrix to weight the coefficient matrix in the regular Archetypal Analysis (AA). The EMD metric considers manifold structures of spectral signatures in the HSI data and could better quantify the dissimilarity features among pairwise pixels. Second, the PWAA-EMD adopts the Bayesian framework and formulates the improved AA into a probabilistic inference problem by maximizing a joint posterior density. Third, the optimization problem is solved by the iterative multiplicative update scheme, with a careful initialization from the two-stage algorithm and the proper endmembers are finally obtained. The synthetic and real Cuprite Hyperspectral datasets are utilized to verify the performance of PWAA-EMD and five popular methods are implemented to make comparisons. The results show that PWAA-EMD surpasses all the five methods in the average results of spectral angle distance (SAD) and root-mean-square-error (RMSE). Especially, the PWAA-EMD obtains more accurate estimation than AA in almost all the classes of endmembers including two similar ones. Therefore, the PWAA-EMD could be an alternative choice for endmember extraction on the hyperspectral data.
Extension of a Fast GLRT Algorithm to 5D SAR Tomography of Urban Areas
Authors: Budillon Alessandra , Johnsy Angel Caroline , Schirinzi Gilda
Published: August 2017

This paper analyzes a method for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Tomographic (TomoSAR) imaging, allowing the detection of multiple scatterers that can exhibit time deformation and thermal dilation by using a CFAR (Constant False Alarm Rate) approach. In the last decade, several methods for TomoSAR have been proposed. The objective of this paper is to present the results obtained on high resolution tomographic SAR data of urban areas, by using a statistical test for detecting multiple scatterers that takes into account phase variations due to possible deformations and/or thermal dilation. The test can be evaluated in terms of probability of detection (PD) and probability of false alarm (PFA), and is based on an approximation of a Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT), denoted as Fast-Sup-GLRT. It was already applied and validated by the authors in the 3D case, while here it is extended and experimented in the 5D case. Numerical experiments on simulated and on StripMap TerraSAR-X (TSX) data have been carried out. The presented results show that the adopted method allows the detection of a large number of scatterers and the estimation of their position with a good accuracy, and that the consideration of the thermal dilation and surface deformation helps in recovering more single and double scatterers, with respect to the case in which these contributions are not taken into account. Moreover, the capability of method to provide reliable estimates of the deformations in urban structure suggests its use in structure stress monitoring.
Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Autophagy and Host Innate Immune Response
Authors: Chan Stephanie , Ou Jing-hsiung
Published: August 2017

Autophagy is a catabolic process that is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis. This pathway in hepatocytes is stimulated and controlled by the hepatitis C virus (HCV)—upon infection—to promote its own replication. HCV induces autophagy indirectly and directly through different mechanisms and temporally controls the autophagic flux. This enables the virus to maximize its replication and attenuate the innate immune responses that it activates. In this review, we discuss the relationship between HCV and autophagy, and the crosstalk between HCV-induced autophagy and host innate immune responses.
Temporal and Spatial Variations of Hydrological Processes on the Landscape Zone Scale in an Alpine Cold Region (Mafengou River Basin, China): An Update
Authors: Yang Yonggang , Li Bin
Published: August 2017

This study investigates precipitation, snow, groundwater, glaciers and frozen soil in different landscape zones using isotopic and hydrogeochemical tracers. The aim of this study is to identify temporal and spatial variations, as well as hydrological processes in the alpine cold region. The results show that there was no significant difference in water chemical characteristics of various waterbodies, and no obvious temporal variation, but exhibited spatial variation. In the wet season, various waterbodies are enriched in oxygen δ18O and deuterium δD due to a temperature effect. Precipitation and the temperature decrease during the dry season, which cannot easily be affected by secondary evaporation. The d-excess (deuterium excess) of various waterbodies was greater than 10‰. There are no altitude effects during wet and dry seasons because the recharged water resources are different in the wet and dry seasons. It is influenced by the freezing-thawing process of glacier snow and frozen soil. The river water is recharged by thawed frozen soil water and precipitation in the wet season, but glacier snow meltwater with negative δ18O and δD is less (14–18%). In the dry season, glacier snow meltwater and groundwater are the dominant source of the river water, and thawed frozen soil water is less (10–15%).
Sediment-Water Methane Flux in a Eutrophic Pond and Primary Influential Factors at Different Time Scales
Authors: Liu Xinhong , Gao Yan , Zhang Zhenhua , Luo Jia , Yan Shaohua
Published: August 2017

Water bodies are major areas for methane release. Eutrophic water bodies may promote methane flux. The sediment-water interface is the major location for methane release, and studies on sediment-water interactions are necessary to regulate methane release in water. However, relevant studies on methane flux at the sediment-water interface are limited due to methodological difficulties. Using an innovative gas trapping device, this study investigated the seasonal characteristics and diel variation in summer methane flux from eutrophic water bodies and analyzed the correlations between temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), different forms of nitrogen and the methane flux at different time scales. The results showed that methane flux in the eutrophic pond was high and had distinct seasonal variations and diel variations: the average value was 2.81 ± 0.19 mmol m−2 h−1 in summer, which was significantly greater than that in spring (0.62 ± 0.14 mmol m−2 h−1), autumn (0.63 ± 0.10 mmol m−2 h−1) (p < 0.01) and winter (approached zero). The diel characteristics of methane flux in summer exhibited a unimodal pattern of increase at night and decrease during the day. The correlation analysis showed that the sediment-water methane flux rate of the water body was significantly positively correlated with the temperature and NH4+ concentration and significantly negatively correlated with DO, NO3− and NO2− concentration. Meanwhile, among different time scales, the correlations between NO3−/NH4+ concentration and methane flux were the highest at the diel scale in summer (R2 = 0.68, 0.87 respectively) when the temperature and DO vibration was low and the relationship between temperature/DO and methane flux was poor (R2 = 0.45, 0.87 respectively). This study considered that higher NH4+-N and lower NO3−-N/NO2−-N content in eutrophic water could have an effect on the high methane flux in summer as well as the low dissolved oxygen content.
Encaging palladium(0) in layered double hydroxide: A sustainable catalyst for solvent-free and ligand-free Heck reaction in a ball mill
Authors: Shi Wei , Yu Jingbo , Jiang Zhijiang , Shao Qiaoling , Su Weike
Published: August 2017

In this paper, the synthesis of a cheap, reusable and ligand-free Pd catalyst supported on MgAl layered double hydroxides (Pd/MgAl-LDHs) by co-precipitation and reduction methods is described. The catalyst was used in Heck reactions under high-speed ball milling (HSBM) conditions at room temperature. The effects of milling-ball size, milling-ball filling degree, reaction time, rotation speed and grinding auxiliary category, which would influence the yields of mechanochemical Heck reactions, were investigated in detail. The characterization results of XRD, ICP–MS and XPS suggest that Pd/MgAl-LDHs have excellent textural properties with zero-valence Pd on its layers. The reaction results indicate that the catalyst could be utilized in HSBM systems to afford a wide range of Heck coupling products in satisfactory yields. Furthermore, this catalyst could be easily recovered and reused for at least ﬁve times without signiﬁcant loss of catalytic activity.
The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)
Authors: Majewski Steven R. , Schiavon Ricardo P. , Frinchaboy Peter M. , Prieto Carlos Allende , Barkhouser Robert , Bizyaev Dmitry , Blank Basil , Brunner Sophia , Burton Adam , Carrera Ricardo , Chojnowski S. Drew , Cunha Kátia , Epstein Courtney , Fitzgerald Greg , Pérez Ana E. García , Hearty Fred R. , Henderson Chuck , Holtzman Jon A. , Johnson Jennifer A. , Lam Charles R. , Lawler James E. , Maseman Paul , Mészáros Szabolcs , Nelson Matthew , Nguyen Duy Coung , Nidever David L. , Pinsonneault Marc , Shetrone Matthew , Smee Stephen , Smith Verne V. , Stolberg Todd , Skrutskie Michael F. , Walker Eric , Wilson John C. , Zasowski Gail , Anders Friedrich , Basu Sarbani , Beland Stephane , Blanton Michael R. , Bovy Jo , Brownstein Joel R. , Carlberg Joleen , Chaplin William , Chiappini Cristina , Eisenstein Daniel J. , Elsworth Yvonne , Feuillet Diane , Fleming Scott W. , Galbraith-Frew Jessica , García Rafael A. , García-Hernández D. Aníbal , Gillespie Bruce A. , Girardi Léo , Gunn James E. , Hasselquist Sten , Hayden Michael R. , Hekker Saskia , Ivans Inese , Kinemuchi Karen , Klaene Mark , Mahadevan Suvrath , Mathur Savita , Mosser Benoît , Muna Demitri , Munn Jeffrey A. , Nichol Robert C. , O’Connell Robert W. , Parejko John K. , Robin A. C. , Rocha-Pinto Helio , Schultheis Matthias , Serenelli Aldo M. , Shane Neville , Aguirre Victor Silva , Sobeck Jennifer S. , Thompson Benjamin , Troup Nicholas W. , Weinberg David H. , Zamora Olga
Published: August 2017

The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), one of the programs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III), has now completed its systematic, homogeneous spectroscopic survey sampling all major populations of the Milky Way. After a three-year observing campaign on the Sloan 2.5 m Telescope, APOGEE has collected a half million high-resolution (R ∼ 22,500), high signal-to-noise ratio (>100), infrared (1.51–1.70 μm) spectra for 146,000 stars, with time series information via repeat visits to most of these stars. This paper describes the motivations for the survey and its overall design—hardware, field placement, target selection, operations—and gives an overview of these aspects as well as the data reduction, analysis, and products. An index is also given to the complement of technical papers that describe various critical survey components in detail. Finally, we discuss the achieved survey performance and illustrate the variety of potential uses of the data products by way of a number of science demonstrations, which span from time series analysis of stellar spectral variations and radial velocity variations from stellar companions, to spatial maps of kinematics, metallicity, and abundance patterns across the Galaxy and as a function of age, to new views of the interstellar medium, the chemistry of star clusters, and the discovery of rare stellar species. As part of SDSS-III Data Release 12 and later releases, all of the APOGEE data products are publicly available.
Investigating the Relation between Galaxy Properties and the Gaussianity of the Velocity Distribution of Groups and Clusters
Authors: Carvalho R. R. de , Ribeiro A. L. B. , Stalder D. H. , Rosa R. R. , Costa A. P. , Moura T. C.
Published: August 2017

We investigate the dependence of stellar population properties of galaxies on group dynamical stage for a subsample of the Yang catalog. We classify groups according to their galaxy velocity distribution into Gaussian (G) and Non-Gaussian (NG). Using two totally independent approaches, we have shown that our measurement of Gaussianity is robust and reliable. Our sample covers Yang’s groups in the redshift range 0.03

z

0.1, with mass

. The new method, called Hellinger Distance, to determine whether a group has a velocity distribution Gaussian or NG is very effective in distinguishing between the two families. NG groups present halo masses higher than the G ones, confirming previous findings. Examining the skewness and kurtosis of the velocity distribution of G and NG groups, we find that faint galaxies in NG groups are mainly infalling, for the first time, into the groups. We show that considering only faint galaxies in the outskirts; those in NG groups are older and more metal-rich than those in G groups. Also, examining the Projected Phase Space of cluster galaxies, we see that bright and faint galactic systems in G groups are in dynamical equilibrium—which does not seem to be the case in NG groups. These findings suggest that NG systems have a higher infall rate, assembling more galaxies that have experienced preprocessing before entering the group.
Clues to the Formation of Spiral Structure in M51 from the Ages and Locations of Star Clusters
Authors: Chandar Rupali , Chien L.-H. , Meidt Sharon , Querejeta Miguel , Dobbs Clare , Schinnerer Eva , Whitmore Bradley C. , Calzetti Daniela , Dinino Daiana , Kennicutt Robert C. , Regan Michael
Published: August 2017

We determine the spatial distributions of star clusters at different ages in the grand-design spiral galaxy M51 using a new catalog based on multi-band images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). These distributions, when compared with the spiral structure defined by molecular gas, dust, young and old stars, show the following sequence in the inner arms: dense molecular gas (and dust) defines the inner edge of the spiral structure, followed by an overdensity of old stars and then young stellar clusters. The offset between gas and young clusters in the inner arms is consistent with the expectations for a density wave. Clusters as old as a few hundred Myr remain concentrated close to the spiral arms, although the distributions are broader than those for the youngest clusters, which is also consistent with predictions from density wave simulations. The outermost portion of the west arm is different from the rest of the spiral structure in that it contains primarily intermediate-age (

) clusters; we believe that this is a “material” arm. We have identified four “feathers,” stellar structures beyond the inner arms that have a larger pitch angle than the arms. We do not find age gradients along any of the feathers, but the least coherent feathers appear to have the largest range of cluster ages.
Evolution of Co-existing Long and Short Period Stellar Activity Cycles
Authors: Brandenburg Axel , Mathur Savita , Metcalfe Travis S.
Published: August 2017

The magnetic activity of the Sun becomes stronger and weaker over roughly an 11 year cycle, modulating the radiation and charged particle environment experienced by the Earth as “space weather.” Decades of observations from the Mount Wilson Observatory have revealed that other stars also show regular activity cycles in their Ca ii H+K line emission, and identified two different relationships between the length of the cycle and the rotation rate of the star. Recent observations at higher cadence have allowed the discovery of shorter cycles with periods between

. Some of these shorter cycles coexist with longer cycle periods, suggesting that two underlying dynamos can operate simultaneously. We combine these new observations with previous data, and show that the longer and shorter cycle periods agree remarkably well with those expected from an earlier analysis based on the mean activity level and the rotation period. The relative turbulent length scales associated with the two branches of cyclic behavior suggest that a near-surface dynamo may be the dominant mechanism that drives cycles in more active stars, whereas a dynamo operating in deeper layers may dominate in less active stars. However, several examples of equally prominent long and short cycles have been found at all levels of activity of stars younger than 2.3 Gyr. Deviations from the expected cycle periods show no dependence on the depth of the convection zone or on the metallicity. For some stars that exhibit longer cycles, we compute the periods of shorter cycles that might be detected with future high-cadence observations.
VLA Radio Observations of the HST Frontier Fields Cluster Abell 2744: The Discovery of New Radio Relics
Authors: Pearce C. J. J. , van Weeren R. J. , Andrade-Santos F. , Jones C. , Forman W. R. , Brüggen M. , Bulbul E. , Clarke T. E. , Kraft R. P. , Medezinski E. , Mroczkowski T. , Nonino M. , Nulsen P. E. J. , Randall S. W. , Umetsu K.
Published: August 2017

Cluster mergers leave distinct signatures in the intracluster medium (ICM) in the form of shocks and diffuse cluster radio sources that provide evidence for the acceleration of relativistic particles. However, the physics of particle acceleration in the ICM is still not fully understood. Here we present new 1–4 GHz Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and archival Chandra observations of the HST Frontier Fields Cluster Abell 2744. In our new VLA images, we detect the previously known ∼2.1 Mpc radio halo and ∼1.5 Mpc radio relic. We carry out a radio spectral analysis from which we determine the relic’s injection spectral index to be

. This corresponds to a shock Mach number of

under the assumption of diffusive shock acceleration. We also find evidence for spectral steepening in the post-shock region. We do not find evidence for a significant correlation between the radio halo’s spectral index and ICM temperature. In addition, we observe three new polarized diffuse sources and determine two of these to be newly discovered giant radio relics. These two relics are located in the southeastern and northwestern outskirts of the cluster. The corresponding integrated spectral indices measure −1.81 ± 0.26 and −0.63 ± 0.21 for the SE and NW relics, respectively. From an X-ray surface brightness profile we also detect a possible density jump of

co-located with the newly discovered SE relic. This density jump would correspond to a shock front Mach number of

.
A γ-ray Quasi-periodic Modulation in the Blazar PKS 0301–243?
Authors: Zhang Peng-Fei , Yan Da-Hai , Zhou Jia-Neng , Fan Yi-Zhong , Wang Jian-Cheng , Zhang Li
Published: August 2017

We report a nominally high-confidence γ-ray quasi-periodic modulation in the blazar PKS 0301–243. For this target, we analyze its Fermi-LAT Pass 8 data from 2008 August to 2017 May. Two techniques, i.e., maximum likelihood optimization and exposure-weighted aperture photometry, are used to build the γ-ray light curves. Then, both the Lomb–Scargle periodogram and the weighted wavelet Z-transform are applied to the light curves to search for period signals. A quasi-periodicity with a period of 2.1 ± 0.3 yr appears at the significance level of

, although it should be noted that this putative quasi-period variability is seen in a data set that is barely four times longer. We speculate that this γ-ray quasi-periodic modulation may be evidence of a binary supermassive black hole.
NGC 741—Mergers and AGN Feedback on a Galaxy-group Scale
Authors: Schellenberger G. , Vrtilek J. M. , David L. , O’Sullivan E. , Giacintucci S. , Johnston-Hollitt M. , Duchesne S. W. , Raychaudhury S.
Published: August 2017

Low-mass galaxy cluster systems and groups will play an essential role in upcoming cosmological studies, such as those to be carried out with eROSITA. Though the effects of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and merging processes are of special importance to quantify biases like selection effects or deviations from hydrostatic equilibrium, they are poorly understood on the galaxy-group scale. We present an analysis of recent deep Chandra and XMM-Newton integrations of NGC 741 that provides an excellent example of a group with multiple concurrent phenomena: both an old central radio galaxy and a spectacular infalling head-tail source, strongly bent jets, a 100-kpc radio trail, intriguing narrow X-ray filaments, and gas-sloshing features. Supported principally by X-ray and radio continuum data, we address the merging history of the group, the nature of the X-ray filaments, the extent of gas-stripping from NGC 742, the character of cavities in the group, and the roles of the central AGN and infalling galaxy in heating the intra-group medium.
The Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey. V. Statistical Study of Bars and Buckled Bars
Authors: Li Zhao-Yu , Ho Luis C. , Barth Aaron J.
Published: August 2017

Simulations have shown that bars are subject to a vertical buckling instability that transforms thin bars into boxy or peanut-shaped structures, but the physical conditions necessary for buckling to occur are not fully understood. We use the large sample of local disk galaxies in the Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey to examine the incidence of bars and buckled bars across the Hubble sequence. Depending on the disk inclination angle (i), a buckled bar reveals itself as either a boxy/peanut-shaped bulge (at high i) or as a barlens structure (at low i). We visually identify bars, boxy/peanut-shaped bulges, and barlenses, and examine the dependence of bar and buckled bar fractions on host galaxy properties, including Hubble type, stellar mass, color, and gas mass fraction. We find that the barred and unbarred disks show similar distributions in these physical parameters. The bar fraction is higher (70%–80%) in late-type disks with low stellar mass (M
* < 1010.5
M
⊙) and high gas mass ratio. In contrast, the buckled bar fraction increases to 80% toward massive and early-type disks (M
* > 1010.5
M
⊙), and decreases with higher gas mass ratio. These results suggest that bars are more difficult to grow in massive disks that are dynamically hotter than low-mass disks. However, once a bar forms, it can easily buckle in the massive disks, where a deeper potential can sustain the vertical resonant orbits. We also find a probable buckling bar candidate (ESO 506−G004) that could provide further clues to understand the timescale of the buckling process.
X-Ray Eclipses of Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Zhang Fupeng , Yu Qingjuan , Lu Youjun
Published: August 2017

X-ray variation is a ubiquitous feature of active galactic nuclei (AGNs); however, its origin is not well understood. In this paper, we show that the X-ray flux variations in some AGNs, and correspondingly, the power spectral densities (PSDs) of the variations, may be interpreted as being caused by absorptions of eclipsing clouds or clumps in the broad-line region (BLR) and the dusty torus. By performing Monte Carlo simulations for a number of plausible cloud models, we systematically investigate the statistics of the X-ray variations resulting from the cloud eclipsing and the PSDs of the variations. For these models, we show that the number of eclipsing events can be significant and the absorption column densities due to those eclipsing clouds can be in the range from 1021 to

, leading to significant X-ray variations. We find that the PSDs obtained from the mock observations for the X-ray flux and the absorption column density resulting from these models can be described by a broken double power law, similar to those directly measured from observations of some AGNs. The shape of the PSDs depend strongly on the kinematic structures and the intrinsic properties of the clouds in AGNs. We demonstrate that the X-ray eclipsing model can naturally lead to a strong correlation between the break frequencies (and correspondingly the break timescales) of the PSDs and the masses of the massive black holes (MBHs) in the model AGNs, which can be well consistent with the one obtained from observations. Future studies of the PSDs of the AGN X-ray (and possibly also the optical-UV) flux and column density variations may provide a powerful tool to constrain the structure of the BLR and the torus and to estimate the MBH masses in AGNs.
Safe Infant Sleep Practices: Parental Engagement, Education, and Behavior Change
Authors: Hwang Sunah S. , Corwin Michael J.
Published: August 2017

Although the incidence of sudden unexpected infant death declined by nearly 50% in the 1990s, there has been little improvement in the past 15 years. Significant disparities in infant sleep practices and sleep-associated death exist, particularly by maternal race/ethnicity. This article provides a brief overview of recent observational and intervention studies related to infant sleep practices to describe the context and motivation for the population-based Study of Attitudes and Factors Effecting Infant Care (SAFE).

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2017;46(8):e291–e296.]
Understanding Digital Platforms
Authors: Chekanov Alexander
Published: August 2017

In our interconnected world, everyday it becomes more difficult to think of a product or a service that could provide its full value if not combined with other products. In this chapter an overview on platforms is presented, illustrating the different types of platforms that exist, its origins, how the literature on platforms evolved, their role in organizations, why understanding how platforms work is crucial to increase the success rate of their roll-out and how those platforms are shaped through platform governance and architecture, including an overview on platform-centric ecosystems.
Media Richness, Knowledge Sharing, and Computer Programming by Virtual Software Teams
Authors: Williams Idongesit , Gyamfi Albert
Published: August 2017

Software programming is a task with high analyzability. However, knowledge sharing is an intricate part of the software programming process. Today, new media platforms have been adopted to enable knowledge sharing between virtual teams. Taking into consideration the high task analyzability and the task characteristics involved in software development, the question is if the media richness of the current media platform is effective in enabling knowledge sharing among these virtual teams? An exploratory research was conducted on a software company in Denmark. The data was gathered was analyzed qualitatively using narrative analysis. This paper concludes, based on the case being investigated, that rich media does not fit the task characteristics of a software programmer. It further concludes that Media richness does affect knowledge sharing in these virtual teams. This is because the current lean media actually enables knowledge sharing as it fits the core characteristics of the software programming process.
Knowledge Management
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: August 2017

This chapter indicates the overview of Knowledge Management (KM); KM and innovation; KM and human capital; KM and social capital; KM and Human Resource Management (HRM); the significant perspectives on KM; and the advanced issues of knowledge transfer, knowledge sharing, and knowledge mapping. KM is the advanced method toward better organizational performance through knowledge transfer and knowledge sharing, and involves various organizational factors, such as people, process, technology, and culture. Utilizing KM can enhance the execution of innovation, human capital, social capital, decision making, and HRM in modern organizations. Regarding KM perspectives, creating and distributing new knowledge through effective knowledge transfer and knowledge sharing have the potential to increase organizational performance and gain sustainable competitive advantage in the knowledge era.
Your Standard Average Document Grammar
Authors: Flynn Peter
Published: August 2017

Most document XML applications adopt or adapt one of a small number of well-known public document grammars. These are basically all expressions of a shared and accepted fundamental logical view of document structure. There are variants and outliers and long tails, but despite differences in detail, they form a “Standard Average Document Grammar”, which lets us describe the overwhelming majority of text documents.

The grammar includes a hierarchy of nested, headed sections; arbitrarily recurring groups of common components; links between places in and out of the document; signifiers of importance, relevance, or sequence; and restrictions on what may and may not occur in different places. The modifications and customizations users make to these document grammars are informative both in their variety and their similarity, and in the fact that they all fit relatively comfortably within the Standard Average Document Grammar.
The Concrete Syntax of Documents: Purpose and Variety
Authors: Holstege Mary
Published: August 2017

In the mid-eighties a group at Stanford built the MUIR language-development environment as a system for notation design with rendering and layout from the abstract syntax, parsing from concrete syntax, and semi-automated transformation between language variants. We developed models for representing documents at all levels and understanding how the levels relate to one another.

Presentation widgets have a purpose: to convey specific abstract syntax relationships. Having an account of what kinds of widgets there are, what kinds of abstract relationships there are, and how the two connect allows for an analysis of how the notation works as a whole. The concept of "notation" taken here is a broad one, encompassing programming or technical notations as well as the form of structured documents of various kinds.

Notation designers can apply such an analysis to improve their designs so that the structure is more clearly conveyed by the concrete syntax or so that humans can more readily use the notation without confusion. Software can render or parse instances of notations using rules that capture the concrete syntax, the abstract syntax, and the rules between them in a declarative.
Testing Schematron using XSpec
Authors: Lizzi Vincent M.
Published: August 2017

Schematron is a powerful, flexible, and user-friendly tool for validating and reporting on XML content. Developing a Schematron schema can involve a lot of testing to ensure that each Schematron rule works as expected. A robust test suite may contain multiple XML samples for every Schematron rule in order to test both passing and failing conditions. XSpec — an open source unit test and behavior-driven development framework for XSLT and XQuery — now has the ability to test Schematron. Tests for a Schematron can be described using XSpec test scenarios, and the tests can be run automatically by XSpec. The end result is a report showing which tests passed and which tests failed. The new support for Schematron testing in XSpec enables test-driven development for Schematron and automated regression testing for Schematron in a continuous integration environment.
Using DITA to Create Security Configuration Checklists
Authors: Lubell Joshua
Published: August 2017

Many software tools use security configuration checklists expressed in the Extensible Configuration Checklist Description Format (XCCDF) to monitor computers and other information technology products for compliance with security policies. But XCCDF syntax is checklist author-unfriendly. And complex relationships and dependencies between and among checklist rules, checking instructions, and software platforms make it difficult to reuse or repurpose existing XCCDF content in new checklists. The Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA) can tame XCCDF syntax and facilitate content management and reuse. A case study comparing the use of specialization and other DITA features with a currently-deployed ad hoc XCCDF authoring system demonstrates the advantages of the DITA approach.
Using DocBook5
Authors: Maloney Murray
Published: August 2017

Production notes from an academic book project designed to yield variations of a single work in print, ePub, and PDF book forms, between 2012 and 2016. The work is a multi-disciplinary study of the art and science of organizing. Murray contributed and edited content, participated in the design, and coordinated production.

He will talk about what they wanted to do, what they did in each successive edition, what didn’t get done, what worked, what didn’t, what they would do differently in retrospect, and what they would do the same, if they had it to do over.
It is time to make ourselves clear
Authors: Usdin B. Tommie
Published: August 2017

We, the markup community, have for too long pussy-footed around in a misguided effort to get along with the unenlightened. We have compromised, equivocated, and taken one thing after another into consideration. That time is over. It is time for us to insist that the world straighten up and fly right. To stand up and put our collective feet down! Start marking up documents with explicit tags, no more of this word-processor hide-the-markup stuff. Separate content from format! Make all publications accessible! Enable interoperability! We know what’s right; let’s do it and demand that others do, too!

Well, if they don’t mind. And if they can afford it. And if it won’t break any current systems, and nobody is offended. Of course.
Rebuilding a Digital Frankenstein by 2018
Authors: Beshero-Bondar Elisa Eileen
Published: August 2017

Digital editions were young in the 1990s, and the expansive possibilities of hypertext in that decade sharply distinguish early digital editions from the productions of our moment. The accessibility and simplicity of early HTML code made for innovative experiments with the size of a “page” and the way one might handle displays of variants, before “diffing” tools like the Versioning Machine and Juxta came to define how we usually imagine the digital comparison of texts.

This paper investigates the serious problems and vexing potentialities of “up-translation” when standards change, concentrating on work underway on a Bicentennial Frankenstein project. Our project is to produce a new, freshly collated digital edition in TEI based on the Frankenstein texts digitized by Romantic Circles, and incorporating a little-known publication of 1823 together with 1818 and 1831 versions currently represented. Readers in the past century are likely to have encountered either the 1818 or the 1831 edition but not the 1823, and we think that folding this text into our collation may help us to understand more about when and about how gradually some of the major alterations in the 1831 text (for example, to Victor Frankenstein's family members and the compression and reduction of a chapter in part I) occurred. The three print editions will be compared in parallel, and we will incorporate pointers to the Shelley-Godwin Archive’s edition of the MS Notebooks.

To prepare the collation we returned to the simplest original form of the current edition, the Pennsylvania Electronic Edition prepared by Stuart Curran and Jack Lynch in the 1990s. Exploring that edition exposes the ambitious intellectual scope of early web editions and raises important questions about how we built editions then vs. now. We do not build a new edition to replace the earlier work, which yet “lives” and is available on the web. But our work is a fresh start, not a seamless integration. This particular project’s encounter with an impressive early hypertext edition raises more general questions worthy of reflection towards theorizing the up-transformation process:

How do we understand the relationships among generations of digital editions?

What aspects of the old hypertext editions (or editions in formats not consistent with our own) transcend or exceed the structures we currently consider sustainable? What perspective might a thorough review of the first still extant hypertext editions contribute to our scholarly editing practice now?
Three-dimensional structure of wind turbine wakes as measured by scanning lidar
Authors: Bodini Nicola , Zardi Dino , Lundquist Julie K.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The lower wind speeds and increased turbulence that are characteristic of turbine wakes have considerable consequences on large wind farms: turbines located downwind generate less power and experience increased turbulent loads. The structures of wakes and their downwind impacts are sensitive to wind speed and atmospheric variability. Wake characterization can provide important insights for turbine layout optimization in view of decreasing the cost of wind energy. The CWEX-13 field campaign, which took place between June and September 2013 in a wind farm in Iowa, was designed to explore the interaction of multiple wakes in a range of atmospheric stability conditions. Based on lidar wind measurements, we extend, present, and apply a quantitative algorithm to assess wake parameters such as the velocity deficits, the size of the wake boundaries, and the location of the wake centerlines. We focus on wakes from a row of four turbines at the leading edge of the wind farm to explore variations between wakes from the edge of the row (outer wakes) and those from turbines in the center of the row (inner wakes). Using multiple horizontal scans at different elevations, a three-dimensional structure of wakes from the row of turbines can be created. Wakes erode very quickly during unstable conditions and can in fact be detected primarily in stable conditions in the conditions measured here. During stable conditions, important differences emerge between the wakes of inner turbines and the wakes of outer turbines. Further, the strong wind veer associated with stable conditions results in a stretching of the wake structures, and this stretching manifests differently for inner and outer wakes. These insights can be incorporated into low-order wake models for wind farm layout optimization or for wind power forecasting.
Analysis of the streamflow extremes and long term water balance in Liguria Region of Italy using a cloud permitting grid spacing reanalysis dataset
Authors: Silvestro Francesco , Parodi Antonio , Campo Lorenzo , Ferraris Luca
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Characterizing the hydrometeorological extremes, both in terms of rainfall and streamflow, as well as the estimation of long term water balance indicators are essential issues for the flood alert and water management services which are in charged to provide environmental monitoring. In recent years simulations carried out with meteorological models are getting available at increasing spatial and temporal resolutions (both historical reanalysis and near real-time hindcast studies); these meteorological data sets can thus be used as input in distributed hydrological models to drive long-period hydrological reanalysis. In this work we adopted a high resolution meteorological reanalysis dataset that covers the whole Europe territory for the period between 1979 and 2008, with 4 km grid spacing and 3 hours of time resolution. This reanalysis dataset is used together with a rainfall downscaling algorithm and a rainfall bias correction technique in order to produce input to a continuous and distributed hydrological model; the resulting modelling chain allows to produce long time series of distributed hydrological variables, inter alia streamflows and evapotranspiration, in the Liguria Region of Italy territory, located in the Northern part of Italy, and among the western Mediterranean areas mostly impacted by severe hydro-meteorological events. The observations available from the local rain gauges network were compared with the rainfall estimated by the dataset, and then used to perform a bias correction with the aim of matching the observed climatology. An analysis of the annual maxima discharges derived by simulated streamflow timeseries was carried out, by comparing them with observed discharge where available and using as benchmark a regional statistical analyses elsewhere. Eventually an investigation of long term water balance was done by comparing simulated runoff coefficients with available estimations based on observations. The study highlights both limits and potentialities of the considered framework as a methodological approach to undertake hydrological studies in any point of a considered study area mainly characterized by a collection of small basins, thus allowing to overcome the limits of observations which are punctual and in some cases not fully reliable.
Waning habitats due to climate change: the effects of changes in streamflow and temperature at the rear edge of the distribution of a cold-water fish
Authors: Santiago José María , Muñoz-Mas Rafael , Solana-Gutiérrez Joaquín , García de Jalón Diego , Alonso Carlos , Martínez-Capel Francisco , Pórtoles Javier , Monjo Robert , Ribalaygua Jaime
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Climate changes affect aquatic ecosystems by altering temperatures and precipitation patterns, and the rear edges of the distributions of cold-water species are especially sensitive to these effects. The main goal of this study was to predict in detail how changes in air temperature and precipitation will affect streamflow, the thermal habitat of a cold-water fish (the brown trout, Salmo trutta), and the synergistic relationships among these variables at the rear edge of the natural distribution of brown trout. Thirty-one sites in 14 mountain rivers and streams were studied in central Spain. Models of streamflow were built for several of these sites using M5 model trees, and a non-linear regression method was used to estimate stream temperatures. Nine global climate models simulations for Representative Concentration Pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were downscaled to the local level. Significant reductions in streamflow were predicted to occur in all of the basins (max. −49 %) by the year 2099, and seasonal differences were noted between the basins. The stream temperature models showed relationships between the model parameters, geology and hydrologic responses. Temperature was sensitive to streamflow in one set of streams, and summer reductions in streamflow contributed to additional stream temperature increases (max. 3.6 °C), although the sites that are most dependent on deep aquifers will likely resist warming to a greater degree. The predicted increases in water temperatures were as high as 4.0 °C. Temperature and streamflow changes will cause a shift in the rear edge of the distribution of this species. However, geology will affect the extent of this shift. Approaches like the one used herein have proven to be useful in planning the prevention and mitigation of the negative effects of climate change by differentiating areas based on the risk level and viability of fish populations.
High-resolution boundary conditions of an old ice target near Dome C, Antarctica
Authors: Young Duncan A. , Roberts Jason L. , Ritz Catherine , Frezzotti Massimo , Quartini Enrica , Cavitte Marie G. P. , Tozer Carly R. , Steinhage Daniel , Urbini Stefano , Corr Hugh F. J. , van Ommen Tas , Blankenship Donald D.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. A high-resolution (1 km line spacing) aerogeophysical survey was conducted over a region near the East Antarctic Ice Sheet's Dome C that may hold a 1.5 Myr climate record. We combined new ice thickness data derived from an airborne coherent radar sounder with unpublished data that was in part unavailable for earlier compilations, and we were able to remove older data with high positional uncertainties. We generated a revised high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) to investigate the potential for an old ice record in this region, and used laser altimetry to confirm a Cryosat-2 derived DEM for inferring the glaciological state of the candidate area. By measuring the specularity content of the bed, we were able to find an additional 50 subglacial lakes near the candidate site, and by Doppler focusing the radar data, we were able to map out the roughness of the bed at length scales of hundreds of meters. We find that the primary candidate region contains elevated rough topography interspersed with scattered subglacial lakes and some regions of smoother bed. Free subglacial water appears to be restricted from bed overlain by ice thicknesses of less than 3000 m. A site near the ice divide was selected for further investigation. The high resolution of this ice thickness data set also allows us to explore the nature of ice thickness uncertainties in the context of radar geometry and processing.