bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SARS-CoV-2 infection in an infant with non-respiratory manifestations: a case report
Authors: Adel Muhammad , Magdy Ahmed
Published: January 2021

Background

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) presents in children usually with less severe manifestations than in adults. Although fever and cough were reported as the most common symptoms, children can have non-specific symptoms. We describe an infant with aplastic anemia as the main manifestation.

Case presentation

We describe a case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in an infant without any respiratory symptoms or signs while manifesting principally with pallor and purpura. Pancytopenia with reticulocytopenia was the predominant feature in the initial laboratory investigations, pointing to aplastic anemia. Chest computed tomography surprisingly showed typical findings suggestive of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Infection was later confirmed by positive real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusions

Infants with COVID-19 can have non-specific manifestations and a high index of suspicion should be kept in mind especially in regions with a high incidence of the disease. Chest computed tomography (CT) and testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR may be considered even in the absence of respiratory manifestations.
Interest and Willingness to Pay for Integrative Therapies of Patients With Cancer and Caregivers
Authors: Larbi Olivia M. , Jiang Cherry , McLane Bethanny , Wang Gi-Ming , Daunov Katherine , Hobson Sean M. , Daly Barbara , Mazanec Susan R. , Feyes Denise , Rodgers-Melnick Samuel , Li Ming , Momotaz Hasina , Lee Richard T.
Published: January 2021

PURPOSE:

Complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) services are more prevalent in cancer centers but continue to be underutilized by patients. This study examines perspectives from patients and caregivers about these services being offered at a comprehensive cancer center.

METHODS:

Patients and caregivers were surveyed about their familiarity, interest, and experience with five CIM therapies: acupuncture, massage, meditation, music therapy, and yoga. Respondents were asked about their interest in and/or paying for these services at baseline, when recommended by their medical team, and when offered in a clinical trial. Respondents were also asked about perceived barriers to accessing these services. Chi-squared tests were performed to explore associations between past experience, interest levels, and willingness to pay.

RESULTS:

A total of 576 surveys were obtained (464 patients and 112 caregivers). Most respondents identified as White or Caucasian (65.6%), female (57.2%), had been a patient for < 3 years (74.2%), had some college education (73.8%), and made > $40,000 in US dollars as their annual household income (69.1%). Respondents were most familiar with therapeutic massage (34.2%) and least familiar with acupuncture (20.0%). The average interest in these services increased from 53.3% to 64.1% when recommended by a medical professional. Respondents were most willing to pay $1-60 for therapeutic massage (62.3%) and least willing to pay for meditation (43.7%). The main barriers to accessing CIM services were cost (56.0%) and lack of knowledge (52.1%).

CONCLUSION:

Overall, a significant proportion of patients and caregivers were unfamiliar with these five integrative therapies. Increasing education, decreasing cost, and a recommendation by medical professionals would improve CIM usage.
Impact of Conditioning Intensity and Genomics on Relapse After Allogeneic Transplantation for Patients With Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Authors: Dillon Laura W. , Gui Gege , Logan Brent R. , Fei Mingwei , Ghannam Jack , Li Yuesheng , Licon Abel , Alyea Edwin P. , Bashey Asad , Devine Steven M. , Fernandez Hugo F. , Giralt Sergio , Hamadani Mehdi , Howard Alan , Maziarz Richard T. , Porter David L. , Warlick Erica D. , Pasquini Marcelo C. , Scott Bart L. , Horwitz Mitchell E. , Deeg H. Joachim , Hourigan Christopher S.
Published: January 2021

PURPOSE

Patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are at risk of relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. The utility of ultra-deep genomic testing to predict and the impact of conditioning intensity to prevent MDS relapse are unknown.

METHODS

Targeted error-corrected DNA sequencing was performed on preconditioning blood samples from patients with MDS (n = 48) from the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network 0901 phase III randomized clinical trial, which compared outcomes by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation conditioning intensity in adult patients with < 5% marrow myeloblasts and no leukemic myeloblasts in blood on morphological analysis at the time of pretransplant assessment. Clinical end points (53-month median follow-up) included transplant-related mortality (TRM), relapse, relapse-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS). Of the 48 patients examined, 14 experienced TRM, 23 are relapse-free, and 11 relapsed, of which 7 died.

RESULTS

Using a previously described set of 10 gene regions, 42% of patients (n = 20) had mutations detectable before random assignment to reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) or myeloablative conditioning (MAC). Testing positive was associated with increased rates of relapse (3-year relapse, 40% v 11%; P = .022) and decreased OS (3-year OS, 55% v 79%, P = .045). In those testing positive, relapse rates were higher (3-year relapse, 75% v 17%; P = .003) and RFS was lower (3-year RFS, 13% v 49%; P = .003) in RIC versus MAC arms. Testing additional genes, including those associated with MDS, did not improve prognostication.

CONCLUSION

This study provides evidence that targeted DNA sequencing in patients with MDS before transplant can identify those with highest post-transplant relapse rates. In those testing positive, random assignment to MAC lowered but did not eliminate relapse risk.
A Panel Study of Fertility Preferences and Contraceptive Dynamics in the Presence of Competing Pregnancy Risks in Uganda
Authors: Sarnak Dana O. , Tsui Amy , Makumbi Fredrick , Kibira Simon Peter Sebina , Ahmed Saifuddin
Published: January 2021

Although many studies have examined the influence of women's fertility preferences on subsequent fertility behavior and the role of contraceptive use intentions on unmet need, very few have explored their concurrent effects on contraceptive use dynamics. This study examines the independent concurrent effects of women's fertility preferences and contraceptive intentions on subsequent adoption and discontinuation, treating pregnancy as a competing risk factor that may alter contraceptive need. The data are derived from a 2018 follow-up survey of a 2014 national sample of 3,800 Ugandan female respondents of childbearing age. The survey included a contraceptive calendar that recorded pregnancy, birth, and contraceptive event episodes, including reasons for discontinuation. We use competing risk regression to estimate the effect of fertility preferences and contraceptive intentions on the cumulative incidence function of contraceptive behaviors, accounting for intervening pregnancy, female background covariates, loss to follow-up, and complex survey design. We find that women's contraceptive intentions significantly increase the rate of contraceptive adoption. After having adopted, women's contraceptive intentions have been realized and do not prolong use. The risk of discontinuation among women who adopted after baseline was significantly higher than for those using at baseline, irrespective of their initial intentions. The effectiveness of the type of contraceptive method chosen significantly lowered discontinuation risk. Fertility preferences were not significantly associated with either time to adoption or discontinuation. The pace of the fertility transition in this sub-Saharan African setting is likely being shaped by reproductive regulation through the intentional use of contraception that enables spacing births.
Leaders and Laggards in Life Expectancy Among European Scholars From the Sixteenth to the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Stelter Robert , de la Croix David , Myrskylä Mikko
Published: January 2021

When did mortality first start to decline, and among whom? We build a large, new data set with more than 30,000 scholars covering the sixteenth to the early twentieth century to analyze the timing of the mortality decline and the heterogeneity in life expectancy gains among scholars in the Holy Roman Empire. The large sample size, well-defined entry into the risk group, and heterogeneity in social status are among the key advantages of the new database. After recovering from a severe mortality crisis in the seventeenth century, life expectancy among scholars started to increase as early as in the eighteenth century, well before the Industrial Revolution. Our finding that members of scientific academies—an elite group among scholars—were the first to experience mortality improvements suggests that 300 years ago, individuals with higher social status already enjoyed lower mortality. We also show, however, that the onset of mortality improvements among scholars in medicine was delayed, possibly because these scholars were exposed to pathogens and did not have germ theory knowledge that might have protected them. The disadvantage among medical professionals decreased toward the end of the nineteenth century. Our results provide a new perspective on the historical timing of mortality improvements, and the database accompanying our study facilitates replication and extensions.
To Survive on This Shore
Authors: Dugan Jess T. , Fabbre Vanessa
Published: January 2021

For over five years, photographer Jess T. Dugan and social worker Vanessa Fabbre traveled throughout the United States creating To Survive on This Shore: Photographs and Interviews with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Older Adults. Seeking subjects whose lived experiences exist at the complex intersections of gender identity, age, race, ethnicity, sexuality, socioeconomic class, and geographic location, they documented the life stories of this important but largely underrepresented group of older adults. The resulting photographs and interviews provide a nuanced view into the struggles and joys of growing older as a transgender person and offer a poignant reflection on what it means to live authentically despite seemingly insurmountable odds.
Reliability of Hand-Held Dynamometer for assessing Isometric Lumbar Muscles Strength in Asymptomatic Healthy Population
Authors: Tanveer Fahad , Arslan Syed Asadullah , Darain Haider , Ahmad Ashfaq
Published: January 2021

Objective: To determine intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of hand-held dynamometer for assessing isometric lumbar muscle strength in asymptomatic healthy population.

Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at the department of physiotherapy, University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from July 2020 to August 2020 through non probability-purposive sampling technique. Thirty healthy subjects were tested at thirty-degree lumbar flexion and zero-degree lumbar extension positions. Two raters assessed isometric strength of lumbar flexor and extensor muscles, by a hand-held dynamometer. Strength was measured and recorded by each of the two raters and re-assessed after a week. Correlation and pairwise comparison were done between readings. ICC values were calculated for the assessment of isometric lumbar muscle strength using handheld dynamometer.

Results: A total of 30 healthy subjects had participated with mean age of 22.84±1.21 years, height 174.33±6.83 cm, weight 68.58±5.08 kg and BMI 22.52±0.35. Findings showed an excellent intra-rater (ICC 2, k = 0.95 to 0.97) and inter-rater (ICC 2, k = 0.94 to 0.95) reliability.

Conclusions: Hand held dynamometer demonstrated an excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability for assessment of isometric lumbar muscles strength of healthy subject at clinical setting as it is simple to use, portable and cost-effective for the precise measurement of lumbar muscles strength.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.3621

How to cite this:Tanveer F, Arslan SA, Darain H, Ahmad A. Reliability of Hand-Held Dynamometer for assessing Isometric Lumbar Muscles Strength in Asymptomatic Healthy Population. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(2):461-465. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.3621

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Case Report: Application of hepatitis B virus (HBV) deep sequencing to distinguish between acute and chronic infection
Authors: Downs Louise O. , McNaughton Anna L. , de Cesare Mariateresa , Ansari M. Azim , Martin Jacqueline , Woodrow Charles , Bowden Rory , Collier Jane , Barnes Eleanor , Matthews Philippa C.
Published: January 2021

Deep sequencing of the full-length hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome provides the opportunity to determine the extent to which viral diversity, genotype, polymorphisms, insertions and deletions may influence presentation and outcomes of disease. Increasing experience with analysis of HBV genomic data opens up the potential for using these data to inform insights into pathophysiology of infection and to underpin decision making in clinical practice. We here set out to undertake whole genome HBV sequencing from an adult who presented acutely unwell with a new diagnosis of HBV infection, and tested positive for both HBV anti-core IgM and IgG, possibly representing either acute hepatitis B infection (AHB) or chronic hepatitis B with an acute reactivation (CHB-AR). The distinction between these two scenarios may be important in predicting prognosis and underpinning treatment decisions, but can be challenging based on routine laboratory tests. Through application of deep whole-genome sequencing we typed the isolate as genotype-D1, and identified several minority variants including G1764A and G1986A substitutions in the pre-core promoter and pre-core regions, which support CHB-AR rather than AHB. In the longer term, enhanced deep sequencing data for HBV may provide improved evidence to distinguish between acute and chronic infection, to predict outcomes and to stratify treatment.
Embellishments turned into challenges.
Authors: Cielas Hermina
Published: January 2021

The article focuses on the centuries-old Indian practice of the sāhityāvadhāna, ‘the literary art of attentiveness’, a sub-genre of the avadhāna (‘attention’, ‘attentiveness’), in which extraordinary memory, ability to concentrate and creative skills are tested through the realisation of various challenges. Numerous tasks within the sāhityāvadhāna have their roots in the theory of literature and poetic embellishments (mostly the so-called śabdālaṅkāras, figures of sound or expression) described by Sanskrit theoreticians. A survey of such devices as niyama, samasyā, datta and vyutkrāntā and their application in the sāhityāvadhāna shows possible re-adjustments of figures of speech brought about by the requirements of practical implementation in the literary performative art.
Custom and the History of Halakhah
Authors: Halbertal Moshe
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Nahmanides's conception of halakhic history and his role within it, including his self-consciousness as a halakhist. It explains the complex interrelationships between halakhah and kabbalah in Nahmanides's thought. It also describes how Nahmanides's prodigious creativity in the field of halakhah stood in a certain tension with his self-consciousness as a kabbalist. The chapter looks into Nahmanides's conception of kabbalah that developed from discord with contemporary kabbalists, such as R. Azriel of Gerona and R. Jacob b. Sheshet. It also recounts the great flowering of kabbalistic literature at the end of the thirteenth century that culminated in the creative and innovative Zohar and stood in opposition to the traditional character of Nahmanides's kabbalah and his disciples.
Miracles and the Chain of Being
Authors: Halbertal Moshe
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how the conception of the chain of being and primordial rupture that occurred within it reflects Nahmanides's conception of miracles, providence, and nature. It clarifies Nahmanides's theory of creation and how he envisions the chain of being in consonance with Neoplatonic tradition. The chapter discusses the sefirah of Hokhmah as the source of the entire world of sefirot and explains how the supernal Heaven and Earth were emanated from it within the sefirotic configuration. It looks at the way Nahmanides hints at the meaning of tohu and bohu in the configuration of the sefirot. It also highlights the sefirah of Binah as the hylic line that emerged from the sefirot of Keter and Hokhmah, which is symbolized by the word be-Reshit or the Beginning.
Can “Necessitous Men” Ever Be Politically Free?
Authors: Crocker Thomas P.
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins with an account of necessity's story. It illustrates the moment of receding crisis in American life that produced Franklin Roosevelt's warning that “necessitous men are not free.” The chapter explains how necessity can produce dictatorship, because the people are willing to allow whatever it takes to solve their immediate needs. It looks into the theory that a president might suspend the constitutional order like a Roman dictator in order to post hoc political accountability. It also analyzes the misguided belief that constitutional systems can function in the so–called “states of exception,” which misconstrues the relation between rules and exceptions. The chapter explains “rule skepticism” that results from believing that if rules do not determine responses to new applications then rules cannot function as constraints.
Constitutionalizing Necessity Through Suspension
Authors: Crocker Thomas P.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores how the American Constitution embeds authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in extraordinary times, which allows executive officials to detain individuals without judicial oversight during emergencies. It analyzes the provision that functions as a temporary “emergency constitution” but does not license anything like a complete suspension of the constitutional order. It also looks at how the Suspension Clause works and what it does not authorize, which sheds light on how to incorporate and overcome necessity through ex ante constitutional means. The chapter mentions Chief Justice Marshall that explained in McCulloch how necessity has an ordinary governing relation to normative constraint. It also highlights necessity as a normal part of governing decision–making and subject to review in proportion to how much it invades protected constitutional rights and liberties.
A Contested Inheritance
Authors: Austin Kenneth
Published: January 2021

This chapter seeks to establish the position Jews occupied in Christian thinking and society by the start of the Reformation era. It explains the Reformation that inherited a wide range of contradictory and ambivalent attitudes from the ancient and medieval periods. It explains how Jews were valued positively because they were God's chosen people in the Old Testament and potentially a means by which Christians could better understand the origins of their faith. The chapter looks into the theological and economic grounds in which Jews enjoyed a privileged position in Christian society. It also discusses the relations between Christians and Jews that worsened in the later Middle Ages and how Jews became the victims of popular animosity and official discrimination.
A New Dawn?
Authors: Austin Kenneth
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the first waves of reform in the earliest decades of the sixteenth century in both the Catholic and Protestant realms. It addresses the issues associated with having large populations of Jews or Jewish converts in Spain and Italy through instruments such as the Inquisition and ghetto. The chapter looks into the reconsideration of the earliest Protestants of their relationship with Jews and Judaism. It explains how the Hebrew language and Jewish learning offered means for the nascent churches to revitalize Christianity and underpin their challenge to the established church. It also talks about the Jews that were often caught in the crossfire of the confessional conflicts in Christian Europe.
Late Stalinism
Authors: Dobrenko Evgeny
Published: January 2021

This nuanced historical analysis of late Stalinism organized chronologically around the main events of the period—beginning with Victory in May 1945 and concluding with the death of Stalin in March 1953—analyzes key cultural texts to trace the emergence of an imperial Soviet consciousness that, the book argues, still defines the political and cultural profile of modern Russia. The book provides a cultural and intellectual history of the era in which the shaping of the Soviet nation was completed. It talks about the era when mental and cultural dominants that determined the character of Russia were definitively affirmed. It also looks into cultural texts of literature, theater, cinema, art, music, scientific and historical texts, and popular literature through which history reveals its internal logic. The book analyzes Stalinism that communicated the new agenda, gave the new political course form through media, and inculcated the new ideological modulations. It explores the prism of Soviet art in order to trace the political and ideological transformation of the Stalinist regime from revolutionary international utopianism to conservatively patriarchal national Bolshevism.
Childhood
Authors: Licence Tom
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins with the history of Edward the Confessor's father, Æthelred. It is followed by events on Æthelred's marriage to Emma of Normandy. It describes how Edward spent the first part of his life in Normandy and how he grew up with deep religious views. The chapter explains how Edward had gained the nickname “Confessor” for his faith. It talks about the Viking raids in England by Sweyn Forkbeard and Cnut. It narrates the death of Æthelred when Edward was about eleven and how he was chosen by the witan and garrison to be the new king, though not unanimously for some sided with Cnut.
Kingship
Authors: Licence Tom
Published: January 2021

This chapter gives an overview of Edward the Confessor's kingship after the witan received him upon the condition that he uphold “the laws of Cnut.” It describes Edward's coronation ceremony as an ancient transformational ritual that changed a man chosen by the people into their king. It also talks about the creation of a liturgy after the coronation ceremony was Christianized and made into a rite of the Church, in which the transformative moment was accompanied with the holy oil or chrism. The chapter confirms that Edward was crowned during Easter Day in 1043. It emphasizes that no previous king is known to have linked himself to Christ the same way as Edward did, superimposing the drama of kingmaking on the mystery of the Resurrection.
The Banks Family and the Young Joseph
Authors: Musgrave Toby
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins with Joseph Bank's birth on 13 February 1743 in Soho, London to William and Sarah Banks. It mentions the wedding of Banks' parents on 26 September 1741 and their first residence in one of the four Argyll Buildings in Bruton Street. It also discusses the life of Banks' great grandfather, Joseph I, who had begun the family's wealth accumulation and social elevation. The chapter also looks at Louise Grenville, Bank's first cousin, who was a significant point of contact for him into an important circle of political and societal figures of power and influence. It also emphasizes on Botany that will remain Banks' chief delight for the rest of his long life, including all aspects of natural history and philosophy.
The Hero and the Egotist 1771–72
Authors: Musgrave Toby
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes events after Joseph Banks's return from his three-year voyage on the HMS Endeavour. It looks into Banks's accomplished examination of the natural history of lands and the anthropology of people previously unstudied, in which he returned triumphant and bore a wealth ofspecimens and knowledge. The chapter describes the peak of Banks's fame when he was presented by Lord Beauchamp to King George III at the Court of St James's and accompanied by Daniel Solander, who became known as the first Swede to circumnavigate the globe. It mentions Banks's cold attitude towards Harriet Blosset, his former betrothed, when he returned to London. It also talks about how Harriet behaved with far more decorum and maturity than Banks throughout the unpleasantries.
Mad About Nuns 1952–1956
Authors: Nichols Roger
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Francis Poulenc's devotion to three very different works. It analyzes Ave verum that Poulenc wrote for women's voices and commissioned by the Howard Heinz Foundation to be performed at the Pittsburgh International Contemporary Music Festival. It also explains that the other two works were both for two pianos and dedicated to Poulenc's friends, such as Capriccio d'après Le Bal masque that was dedicated to Sam Barber. The chapter illustrates Poulenc's stay in France through the rest of 1952, where he suffered serious eye problems and headaches that made work impossible. It also talks about Poulenc's series of six interviews with Stéphane Audel for the Swiss Radio after he left France for Ouchy-Lausanne.
Introduction
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg
Published: January 2021

This chapter explains what dictatorship is and how it works and analyzes how countries move from one form of dictatorship to another. It also looks at the most important dictatorships of the modern era in a new perspective. This chapter focuses on the personal dictatorship that formed in the Soviet Union from the 1930s that center on the supreme leader, Joseph Stalin. It talks about substate dictators that were nested in Stalin's statewide dictatorship. It also builds on recent developments in the theory of dictatorship, such as the distinction between the dictator's problem of controlling threats from the masses, the problem of authoritarian control, and the problem of authoritarian power sharing.
Moscow, Center
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the succession struggle in Moscow and its effects on the environment in which substate leaders operated. It discusses the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 that unleashed a succession struggle and caused sweeping effects on the dynamics of regional rule. It also mentions the appearance of a new model of governance associated with Lavrentii Beria and adoption of reformist policies at the center. The chapter explains Nikita Khrushchev's assumption of power that inaugurated a decade long triumph of Soviet reformism along a number of policy dimensions. It also investigates reformist policies that had earlier been blocked by Stalin and grouped under the umbrella term “de-Stalinization.”
The Vicissitudes of Humboldt’s Mountain Moments
Authors: Schaumann Caroline
Published: January 2021

This chapter argues that Alexander von Humboldt not only merged opposing approaches but also experienced the dissolution of categories when faced with extreme conditions high in the mountains. It examines how Humboldt slowly departed from paradigms, such as the European sublime and scientific enlightenment, and admitted to becoming intoxicated with unknown heights. It also conveys information about Humboldt's journey from different viewpoints and analytical perspectives that sometimes remain in unresolved conflict. The chapter looks into Humboldt's letters, diary, published travel reports, and pictorial representations in order to piece together the evolution of a mountaineering discourse that adopts original narrative strategies and rhetorical devices while underscoring the endeavor's overall ambivalence. It also describes how Humboldt was proud of his altitude achievements but continually questioned the mountaineering quest.
The Solitary Mountaineer
Authors: Schaumann Caroline
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates John Muir's texts against the backdrop of privileged notions of exclusivity regarding race, gender, and class. It also highlight's Muir's astute environmental and political critique, as well as his passionate and sensual delving into a more-than-human world. The chapter points out how Muir both epitomized and complicated a dualistic mindset and actively promoted and aided tourism, arguing that city dwellers needed vacation time in the mountains. It describes how Muir grew politically engaged and became one of the most effectual advocates for the national parks, becoming instrumental in making wilderness accessible to white men. It also talks about Muir's book that was distributed to both West and East Coast readership, which includes carefully crafted narratives of his achievements and his adventures and promotion of tourism in Yosemite Valley.
Introduction
Authors: Allosso Dan
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses particularly on the people who became peppermint kings. It recounts stories of the peppermint kings and illustrate elements of rural life in nineteenth-century America. It also shows that people moving to the nineteenth-century agricultural frontier remained deeply embedded in family networks that shared information, retained ties of affection and obligation, and did business across the miles. The chapter provides a multigenerational look at families that shows dynamic, fluid movement of people, and capital between old eastern and new western communities. It mentions Brian Donahue, who observed that commercial farming continued in many New England towns until the end of the nineteenth century and the decline in agriculture was balanced by substantial appreciation in the value of farmland being abandoned.
Migration
Authors: Allosso Dan
Published: January 2021

This chapter explains explain why migrants to western New York like the Ranney family looked farther west and bought parcels in Michigan even as they began making new farms in Phelps. It explores the pattern of sparse frontier settlement that extended all the way to the French village and British garrison at Fort Detroit. It also discusses the acquisition of western lands that highlighted the competing agendas of rural settlers and urban speculators. The chapter talks about brothers Andrew, Nahum, and Archibald Burnett, who moved to Phelps after 1813 and became the source of the first peppermint planted in Western New York. It also deals with peppermints that were simultaneously planted and distilled around Phelps as it became economically important in Ashfield.
Prize Medal Oil of Peppermint
Authors: Allosso Dan
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Hiram and Leman Hotchkiss, who dominated the local business, created a national brand, and declared themselves peppermint kings. It describes the Hotchkiss peppermint business that involved a shift toward modern business practices that aligned with Hiram and Leman's predilections for conflict and controversy. It also illustrates the difficult economic transition of the nineteenth century. The chapter suggests how Hiram and Leman Hotchkiss viewed themselves not as peripheral players in a changing world of trade and finance dominated by New York City but as formidable competitors at the center of their own commercial network. It also talks about London's Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in 1851, where Hiram and Leman Hotchkiss's peppermint oil won one of the 102 prize medals awarded to Americans.
Crystal White
Authors: Allosso Dan
Published: January 2021

This chapter centers on Albert May Todd, who became familiar with the peppermint plants local farmers grew and the stills they used to process mint hay into oil when he was a young man. It explains how Albert discovered that the light amber color of most American peppermint oil was caused by resins that damaged the oil's flavor. It also analyzes Albert's development of a proprietary method to in order to remove the resins in peppermint oil. The chapter recounts how Albert marketed his Crystal White brand of peppermint oil and menthol crystals in 1875. It also mentions how Albert won a gold medal for his Crystal White Peppermint Oil at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.
Is It Worth the Risk?
Authors: Weightman Gavin
Published: January 2021

This chapter details how Princess Caroline finally decided to have her children inoculated. Thereafter, the inoculation of royal and aristocratic children was covered in daily bulletins by newspapers. However, there were other privileged infants who developed full–blown smallpox from their inoculation and did not survive. These cases were also reported in the newspapers. In these cases, the name of the surgeon who carried out the inoculation was not mentioned. Thus, it was impossible to judge the dangers of 'this new practice' because the technique of inoculation was not described or disclosed. Lady Mary, in her diatribe in the Flying Post, believed doctors were 'murdering' their patients (her term was censored by the editor) because the potions and purges they used only served to weaken the latter. She went as far to suggest that the medical profession was deliberately making inoculation dangerous to protect their incomes, which came from treating the disease.
Sutton’s Thunder Stolen
Authors: Weightman Gavin
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses how Daniel Sutton's success was never properly acknowledged by his rivals, who quietly went about the business of figuring out how he did it while sneering at his lowly origins. The eminent, fully qualified doctors who sought to discover Sutton's secrets rarely mentioned him or his family of inoculators by name. They were invariably referred to as 'a certain family', as if to identify them would be to bestow a dignity on them that they really did not deserve. After all, the Suttons probably had no idea themselves how they had more or less perfected the art of smallpox inoculation. There was no published theory nor any description. A London doctor, Thomas Ruston, concluded in his research that the chief ingredient was calomel. Calomel played an important part in Suttonian inoculation, administered in small doses, the quantity dependent on the age and perceived health of the patient.
Sutton and Jenner
Authors: Weightman Gavin
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at how Daniel Sutton died forgotten at the age of eighty-three on February 3, 1819. There was no institution to carry Sutton's name into the era of vaccination; his family was scattered and none had any connection with medicine. There is not a single Sutton memorial in London or anywhere in the country, or, as far as is known, in the rest of the world. His importance in the defeat of smallpox would not be acknowledged even now if it were not for the interest historians have taken in eighteenth-century medicine in recent years. There was certainly contemporary support for the view that Suttonian inoculation had had a hugely beneficial effect on health in the eighteenth century. While vaccination was hailed as much safer and more successful than Suttonian inoculation, smallpox continued to attack communities throughout the nineteenth century and Edward Jenner's reputation waxed and waned.
Security Empire
Authors: Pucci Molly
Published: January 2021

The secret police were one of the most important institutions in the making of communist Eastern Europe. Security Empire compares the early history of secret police institutions, which were responsible for foreign espionage, domestic surveillance, and political violence in communist states, in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany after the Second World War. While previous histories have assumed that these forces were copies of the Soviet model, the book delves into the ways their origins diverged due to local social conditions, languages, and interpretations of communism. It illuminates the internal tensions inside the forces, between veteran agents who had fought in wars in Spain and Germany, and the younger, more radical agents, who pushed forward the violence, arrests, and show trials inside Eastern European communist parties in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In doing so, the book traces the role of political violence, ideological belief, and surveillance in building communist institutions in Europe by the mid-1950s.
The Secret Police: History and Legacy
Authors: Pucci Molly
Published: January 2021

The conclusion revisits some of the wider themes of the book, such as the diverse backgrounds and motivations of secret police agents; the entangled histories of Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Russia; and the post-Stalinist commissions convened by local communist parties to understand the crimes of Stalinism. It details the institutional legacy of the foundational years covered in the book, which left behind secret police schools, training materials, policing methods, card catalogues, and personnel, much of which remained in place until the fall of communism. It briefly describes the histories of these institutions in the years following the death of Stalin.
A Loss of Strategic Focus
Authors: Rahe Paul A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins with Pericles' death in the autumn of 429, which may have been caused by an unexpected plague. It describes Pericles' stature, intelligence, and justified reputation for incorruptibility that enabled him to hold the people in check without flattering them or depriving them of their liberty. The chapter looks at how Pericles had urged his compatriots to embrace a policy of hēsuchía, which was utterly foreign to their temperament. It highlights how Pericles exhorted Athenians to concentrate solely on the war, avoid risky ventures, and resist the temptation to add to their dominion in ways not apt to contribute materially to Lacedaemon's defeat. It also reviews how Pericles' demise did nothing to alter the geopolitical fundamentals.
Punishing the Fanatics
Authors: Helgen Erika
Published: January 2021

This chapter puts Catholic–Protestant conflict in the context of broader societal anxieties regarding the so-called fanaticism of northeastern religious culture. It discusses judicial cases that represent rare examples of Catholics being punished rather than celebrated for their acts of anti-Protestant violence. It also closely examines the judicial cases that interpret their process or outcome as a triumph of justice, the rule of law, or religious freedom in Brazil. The chapter highlights the complex relationships between anti-Protestant campaigns and local political and economic culture. It also emphasizes the social upheavals that marked the Vargas era that afforded Protestants the opportunity to forge new alliances even though local authorities often protected and promoted Catholic anti-Protestantism.
Tyranny delineated
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes how the Andronici might have recalled to some contemporaries the situation of Elizabethan Catholics. The chapter talks about the tyranny of Andronici that operates at a number of levels and through a series of linked networks of evil counsel and of sexual or sexualized corruption and influence. It also describes the figure of Saturninus, who, from the outset, reveals himself as the stuff of which tyrants are made. The chapter points out how Saturninus is shown to be a creature of his passions, as evidenced by his instant attraction and attachment to Tamora. It also discusses how the play “Titus Andronicus” presented the impulses that lie behind aims that are quintessentially “feminine.”
Beyond paganism and politics
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter talks about the play “Richard III,” which reflects the dreadful evil of the persons being removed from power that are thought to occlude conspiracy, foreign invasion, assassination and regicide. In Richard III, that effect had been compounded by the presence throughout the play of a battery of providential signs, dreams, prophecies and omens. It also discusses the Titus providence, which is defined as the intervention of the supernatural and the prophetic directly into events. The chapter analyzes the “Titus Andronicus” that contains the structures of a typical criminal prosecution for murder. It also looks into Saturninus' failure to observe the conventional legal structures as a central aspect of his emergence as a tyrant.
Hamlet with the confessional and succession politics left in
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter concentrates on the play “Hamlet,” which is conventionally regarded as a revenge tragedy. It reviews the critical commentary that that centred on the topos of Hamlet's “delay” that was predicated upon that assumption. It also mentions the introduction of the genre called the Histories, in which the Folio dissolved the kinship between tragedy and history. The chapter examines how Hamlet speaks to contemporary political concerns and circumstances. It also describes staging of Hamlet from a crucial moment of dynastic change in Danish history, in which Denmark is portrayed as an elective monarchy. It also talks about the English monarchy that was essentially elective in its structure or considered as a free hereditary monarchy.
The (providential) purposes of playing
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights how William Shakespeare's plays advert directly to its own generic mixedness and hybridity. It mentions Polonius' famous commendation of the players and Hamlet's disquisition on the purpose of playing. It also analyzes the extended speech that described Pyrrhus' revenge upon Priam as a language of speech that reproduces and parodies a certain sort of Senecan tragedy. The chapter describes how Hamlet starts out by aligning itself with Senecan models and prototypes. It discusses Shakespeare 's new version of Hamlet that was designed almost simultaneously to elicit, frustrate, and transcend a range of audience expectations. It also outlines Hamlet's instructions to the actors on how he wants his play acted that are framed against a satiric account that doubles as a denunciation of a style of acting with which the audience would have been familiar.
Pagan/Catholic/Protestant/Christian
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter reviews the comparison between Hamlet and Titus Andronicus. It explains how Titus operated as an exercise in natural theology and thought experiment that is set in an elaborately evoked pre-Christian Rome. It also points out how Titus sets up a revenge-based primal scene, within which the relations between revenge, religion, and resistance are examined. The chapter highlights the great confessional conflicts of the 1500s that are evoked through the annihilating religious violence, attendant discourses of martyrdom, and persecution at the heart of the action. It also compares the relationship between the plays Titus Andronicus and Richard III to Hamlet and Julius Caesar. It argues how Williams Shakespeare's plays responded to the central issues of tyranny and resistance.
Reflections
Authors: Tibble Steve
Published: January 2021

This chapter reviews how crusaders were considered as intuitive strategists. It explains crusader strategy that was inevitably formulated in the absence of a clear, intellectually rigorous, theoretical framework. It emphasizes how Franks were not exactly theorists, but in the Western medieval world they were the most experienced practitioners of the art of war. The chapter looks at theorists and military philosophers from the eighteenth century onwards that have identified a number of features that define and characterise “strategy.” It also analyzes the models of strategic thinking that have moved on radically over the past 50 years and exercised an obsessive attraction for military theorists.
Characterization of Arthrospira platensis cultured in wastewater of Clarias catfish farming media: DNA barcode, helical form, growth, and phycocyanin
Authors: Wijayanti Marini , Syaifudin Mochamad , Yulisman Yulisman , Nurianti Yully , Hidayani Anita , Gofar Nuni
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Wijayanti M, Syafudin M, Yulisman, Nurianti Y, Hidayani A, Gofar N. 2020. Characterization of Arthrospira platensis cultured in wastewater of Clarias catfish farming media: DNA barcode, helical form, growth, and phycocyanin. Biodiversitas 21: 5872-5883. Arthrospira production technology in catfish waste media can be an alternative to reduce environmental pollution. However, some environmental factors such as nutrition, light, and water content can influence characterization of Arthrospira at the genetic and physiologic level. Arthrospira platensis is one of the phycocyanin-producing cyanobacteria and can be cultured using catfish culture wastewater. Water quality especially pH and salinity can effect of growth rate and residue of phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis. This study aimed to identify the species and morphological forms of Arthrospira cultured using technical fertilizer and waste media, as well as to know the phylogenetic trees between species in this study and the GeneBank based on the 16S rRNA gene, and determine the optimum of pH and salinity required in the medium of catfish culture wastewater to phycocyanin maximum production of Arthrospira. The optimation of pH and salinity method used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial with 2 factors consisting of the first factor with 3 treatments and the second factor with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The first factor was pH of culture medium i.e. pH 6.5 ± 0.2, pH 8.5 ± 0.2 and pH 10.5 ± 0.2. The second factor was salinity of culture medium, that was salinity 0 ppt (parts per thousand/‰), 10 ppt, 20 ppt, and 30 ppt. Parameters observed in Arthrospira include density, growth rate, rendement of phycocyanin, and decreased total nitrogen and phosphate content in culture media. The results showed that morphology Arthrospira cultured on technical fertilizer media (AF) had a longer and helix filament compared to Arthrospira cultured on waste media (AW) which showed several linear and shorter filaments. Both samples have a genetic distance of 0.068 (6.8%). Phylogenetic trees indicated that AF had a close relationship with Arthrospira platensis petH from Japan (bootstrap value 95%). While AW formed a separate sub-cluster of AF isolates and Arthrospira platensis petH from Japan (bootstrap value of 85%). The best treatment in this study was P2S3 (pH 8.5 ± 0.2 with salinity 20 ppt), which produced 0.867 grams maximum density, growth rate of 22.026 %.day-1 and 11.347 mg.g1 rendement of phycocyanin.