bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anchoring and gliding of easy axis of 5CB on photoaligning PVCN‐F surface
Authors: Buluy O. , Iljin A. , Ouskova E. , Reznikov Yu. , Blanc C. , Nobili M. , Antonova K.
Published: July 2006

Abstract— The photoaligning properties of the popular photoaligning material polyvinyl‐4(fluorocinnamate) (PVCN‐F) are presented. The aligning quality and azimuthal and zenithal anchoring energy were measured and the drift of the easy orientation axis (gliding effect) on the PVCN‐F surface, depending on UV exposure, was studied. Special attention is paid to unraveling the contribution of the adsorption liquid‐crystal molecules onto the aligning surface to the anchoring properties of PVCNF and measuring the drift of the easy orientation axis over the PVCN‐F surface. It is shown that a relatively weak azimuthal anchoring energy (Waz ∼ 10−7 − 10−5 J/m2) leads to strong drift of the easy axis in the azimuthal plane that was observed in a moderate (∼0.1–0.3 T) magnetic field. A much stronger polar anchoring (Wzen ∼ 10−4 J/m2) allowed us to observe the essential gliding of the easy axis in the zenithal plane in a rather strong electric field (∼5 V/μm).
An LCOS IC layout verification method that uses a computational model for lithography manufacturing
Authors: Koukharenko S. N. , Volk S. V. , Zayats A. M. , Smirnov A. G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract— An advanced approach to LCOS IC layout verification is presented. It is based on incorporating the results of optical lithography computational models into the verification process. The first section describes an algorithm for the numerical modeling of optical lithography that uses a source integration method for computation of an aerial image. The second section dwells on an application of this algorithm for layout physical verification. A proposed physical verification method uses modeled contours of the manufactured elements to check whether a given layout will be manufacturable. The proposed verification method also considers deviations of manufactured contours from their modeled shapes due to variation of manufacturing parameters to further improve verification quality. At the same time, the method is conservative in terms of the use of a time‐consuming lithographical modeling.
Passively addressed FLC display possessing an inherent gray scale and memory
Authors: Pozhidaev E. P. , Chigrinov V. G. , Bobilev Yu. P. , Shoshin V. M. , Zhukov A. A. , Andreev A. L. , Kompanets I. N. , Xihua Li , Gukasjan E. E. , Komarov P. S. , Shadura O. A. , Kwok H. S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract— A passively addressed 64 × 64 ferroelectric liquid‐crystal display (FLCD) has been developed. The display matrix has a 33 × 33 mm2 aperture, and the FLC layer thickness is 5.2 ± 0.2 μm. The display device operates with a frame frequency of 30 Hz (at Vrow = ±18 V, Vcol = ±9 V, T = 23°C), generating a continuous gray scale which can be memorized for more than 10 days after the driving voltage is switched off. A new approach for multiplex electronic addressing of the FLCD gray scale is proposed. The conditions of the hysteresis‐free gray‐scale generation for multiplex addressing and the gray‐scale memorization after the voltage is switched off, as well as the time steadiness of memorized images, are considered.
Perspectives of passive‐matrix‐LCD improvements
Authors: Studentsov S. A. , Brezhnev V. A. , Gorfinkel B. I. , Zhukov N. D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract— The current status of STN‐LCDs is described. The accomplishments and the main problems (low contrast, pure color, and slow response) are discussed. Ways to make improvements (driving methods, retardation film, and memory displays) are considered. The use of memory displays appears to be the most appropriate.
Nonlinear properties of aluminum‐doped zinc sulfide under IR excitation
Authors: Grigoryev L. V. , Rychgorskyi V. V. , Komarov E. V. , Sychov M. M. , Sergeev E. V. , Tarasova‐Tarosyan L. I. , Kuznetsov A. I.
Published: July 2006

Abstract— Second harmonic generation (SHG) in ZnS‐based materials is reported. ZnS, ZnS:Cu, Br, and ZnS:Cu, Al, Br samples were studied. Phosphor powders were subjected to 30‐mJ pulses from YAG:Nd infrared laser. The wavelength of the generated green emission was 532 nm, exactly one‐half that of incident laser light (1064 nm). However, the non‐linear dependence of the emission intensity on pump intensity was observed only for the ZnS:Cu, Al, Br powder. It is concluded that aluminum co‐doping is crucial for the non‐linear properties.
Increased Access to Unrestricted Pharmacy Sales of Syringes in Seattle–King County, Washington: Structural and Individual-Level Changes, 1996 Versus 2003
Authors: Deibert Ryan J. , Goldbaum Gary , Parker Theodore R. , Hagan Holly , Marks Robert , Hanrahan Michael , Thiede Hanne
Published: June 2006

We examined pharmacists’ attitudes and practices related to syringe sales to injection drug users before and after legal reform and local programming to enhance sterile syringe access. We replicated a 1996 study by conducting pharmacist phone surveys and syringe test-buys in randomly selected pharmacies.

Test-buy success increased from 48% in 1996 to 65% in 2003 (P=.04). Pharmacists agreeing that syringes should be available to injection drug users through pharmacy purchase increased from 49% to 71% (P<.01). Pharmacy policies and pharmacist attitudes were strongly associated with syringe access. Structural changes, including policy reform and pharmacy outreach, appear to increase syringe access. Interventions should address pharmacy policies and pharmacist attitudes and policies.
Diffusion of the D.A.R.E and Syringe Exchange Programs
Authors: Des Jarlais Don C. , Sloboda Zili , Friedman Samuel R. , Tempalski Barbara , McKnight Courtney , Braine Naomi
Published: June 2006

We examined the diffusion of the D.A.R.E program to reduce use of illicit drugs among school-aged children and youths and the diffusion of syringe exchange programs to reduce HIV transmission among injection drug users. The D.A.R.E program was diffused widely in the United States despite a lack of evidence for its effectiveness; there has been limited diffusion of syringe exchange in the United States, despite extensive scientific evidence for its effectiveness.

Multiple possible associations between diffusion and evidence of effectiveness exist, from widespread diffusion without evidence of effectiveness to limited diffusion with strong evidence of effectiveness. The decision theory concepts of framing and loss aversion may be useful for further research on the diffusion of public health innovations.
Ten Years and 1 Master Settlement Agreement Later: The Nature and Frequency of Alcohol and Tobacco Promotion in Televised Sports, 2000 Through 2002
Authors: Zwarun Lara
Published: June 2006

Objectives. I sought to identify what kinds of promotion for alcohol and tobacco products are found in televised sports programming, as well as how frequently they occur. I compared my findings with data from 5 and 10 years earlier to examine the effects of the Master Settlement Agreement and detect industry trends.

Method. A content analysis of more than 83 hours of televised sports programming from 2000 through 2002 was conducted. Composite week sampling was used to ensure results were representative of the overall population of television sports programs. Programs were examined for traditional advertising (commercials) and nontraditional advertising (stadium signs, announcer voiceovers, etc.).

Results. Rates of certain types of alcohol advertising have decreased, but what remains is strategically chosen to increase the likelihood of audience exposure. Despite the Master Settlement Agreement, tobacco advertising remains prevalent in many sports. A new trend of placing alcohol and tobacco brand names in commercials for other products is evident.

Conclusions. Alcohol and tobacco marketers appear able to cleverly adapt to advertising challenges, such as digital video recorders and legislation. Alcohol and tobacco brands remain visible on sports programming.
Toward a Theory-Driven Model of Acculturation in Public Health Research
Authors: Abraído-Lanza Ana F. , Armbrister Adria N. , Flórez Karen R. , Aguirre Alejandra N.
Published: June 2006

Interest in studying the impact of acculturation on immigrant health has increased in tandem with the growth of the Latino population in the United States. Linear assimilation models continue to dominate public health research despite the availability of more complex acculturation theories that propose multidimensional frameworks, reciprocal interactions between the individual and the environment, and other acculturative processes among various Latino groups.

Because linear and unidimensional assessments (e.g., nativity, length of stay in the United States, and language use) provide constricted measures of acculturation, the rare use of multidimensional acculturation measures and models has inhibited a more comprehensive understanding of the association between specific components of acculturation and particular health outcomes. A public health perspective that incorporates the roles of structural and cultural forces in acculturation may help identify mechanisms underlying links between acculturation and health among Latinos.
Efficacy vs Effectiveness Trial Results of an Indicated “Model” Substance Abuse Program: Implications for Public Health
Authors: Hallfors Denise , Cho Hyunsan , Sanchez Victoria , Khatapoush Shereen , Kim Hyung Min , Bauer Daniel
Published: June 2006

Objectives. The US Department of Education requires schools to choose substance abuse and violence prevention programs that meet standards of effectiveness. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Agency certifies “model” programs that meet this standard. We compared findings from a large, multisite effectiveness trial of 1 model program to its efficacy trial findings, upon which the certification was based.

Methods. 1370 high-risk youths were randomized to experimental or control groups across 9 high schools in 2 large urban school districts. We used intent-to-treat and on-treatment approaches to examine baseline equivalence, attrition, and group differences in outcomes at the end of the program and at a 6-month follow-up.

Results. Positive efficacy trial findings were not replicated in the effectiveness trial. All main effects were either null or worse for the experimental than for the control group.

Conclusions. These findings suggest that small efficacy trials conducted by developers provide insufficient evidence of effectiveness. Federal agencies and public health scientists must work together to raise the standards of evidence and ensure that data from new trials are incorporated into ongoing assessments of program effects.
Effect of Increased Social Unacceptability of Cigarette Smoking on Reduction in Cigarette Consumption
Authors: Alamar Benjamin , Glantz Stanton A.
Published: June 2006

Taxes on cigarettes have long been used to help reduce cigarette consumption. Social factors also affect cigarette consumption, but this impact has not been quantified. We computed a social unacceptability index based on individuals’ responses to questions regarding locations where smoking should be allowed.

A regression analysis showed that the social unacceptability index and price had similar elasticities and that their effects were independent of each other. If, through an active tobacco control campaign, the average individual’s views on the social unacceptability of smoking changed to more closely resemble the views of California residents, there would be a 15% drop in cigarette consumption, equivalent to a $1.17 increase in the excise tax on cigarettes.
Edentulism Among Mexican Adults Aged 35 Years and Older and Associated Factors
Authors: Medina-Solís Carlo E. , Pérez-Núñez Ricardo , Maupomé Gerardo , Casanova-Rosado Juan F.
Published: June 2006

We used National Performance Evaluation Survey data to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of edentulism among noninstitutionalized adults aged 35 years and older in Mexico. Statistically, the variables positively associated with edentulism were older age (odds ratio [OR]=1.08) and female gender (OR=1.79). Nonsmoking status (OR=0.70) and having a higher wealth index score (OR=0.72) were negatively associated. This information constitutes the first large-scale evaluation in Mexico for one of the World Health Organization’s priority oral health problems.
Evaluation of input parameterization for batch process optimization
Authors: Welz C. , Srinivasan B. , Marchetti A. , Bonvin D. , Ricker N. L.
Published: June 2006

For the optimization of dynamic systems, it is customary to use measurements to combat the effect of uncertainty. In this context, an approach that consists of tracking the necessary conditions of optimality is gaining in popularity. The approach relies strongly on the ability to formulate an appropriatesolution model, that is, an approximate parameterization of the optimal inputs with a precise link to the necessary conditions of optimality. Hence, the need to be able to assess the capability of a solution model to optimize an uncertain process. A loss function is introduced that can be used to verify the conjecture that the solution model derived from a simplified process model can be applied to a more rigorous process model with negligible loss in performance. This conjecture is tested in simulation via the dynamic optimization of a batch distillation column. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Effect of antifreeze protein on nucleation, growth and memory of gas hydrates
Authors: Zeng Huang , Moudrakovski Igor L. , Ripmeester John A. , Walker Virginia K.
Published: June 2006

The effect of Type I antifreeze protein (AFP) from winter flounder on the formation of propane hydrate and methane hydrate was studied. We show that the formation of both hydrates is inhibited significantly, with both nucleation and crystal growth being affected. Also, AFP showed the so‐far unique ability to eliminate the “memory effect” in the reformation of gas hydrate. We have proposed a mechanism involving the interference of AFP with heterogeneous nucleation and subsequent growth of the hydrates. It is also shown that a number of samples must be studied in order to obtain meaningful statistics, and that magnetic resonance imaging provides a novel way of studying the nucleation and growth of hydrate in multiple droplets. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Combining process and spectroscopic data to improve batch modeling
Authors: Gabrielsson Jon , Jonsson Hans , Trygg Johan , Airiau Christian , Schmidt Bernd , Escott Richard
Published: June 2006

Pharmaceutical production is at present characterized by static processes where quality is guaranteed by controlling the purity of the final product. Achieving better control throughout the process, as a means for improving product quality, is one of the objectives of the PAT initiative by the FDA. A data set consisting of 11 batches characterized by UV spectroscopy together with process data was used in this study. Design of experiments was used to introduce controlled process variation in test batches. The objective was to investigate possible advantages of MSPC using a combined data set, compared to separate models of the respective data sets. Individual models for the separate data sets show that they contain complementary information. A major advantage of combining spectroscopic and process data is that deviations that would go unnoticed using just an individual model can be detected and interpreted. All process manipulations were detected by the combined data set model. Implementation of these methods to batch processes in primary and secondary pharmaceutical production is feasible. An enhanced understanding of the process together with control tools should lead to a well‐understood process and, ultimately, real time release. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
First report of prevalence of non‐syndromic hereditary prosopagnosia (HPA)
Authors: Kennerknecht Ingo , Grueter Thomas , Welling Brigitte , Wentzek Sebastian , Horst Jürgen , Edwards Steve , Grueter Martina
Published: June 2006

Acquired prosopagnosia (PA) is a rare condition after, for example, a stroke or brain injury. The congenital form of PA is generally considered to be even less common. Beside a few single case reports and anecdotal mentioning of familial cases no data on the epidemiology exists. Following a questionnaire‐based screening in local secondary schools and at our medical faculty, candidates suspicious for PA underwent a semi‐structured interview followed by examinations of first degree relatives. Among 689 local pupils and medical students of our university we found 17 with congenital PA. This corresponds to a prevalence rate of 2.47% (95% CI 1.31–3.63). The frequency is among the highest known for a monogenic disorder. All those index subjects (n = 14) of the target group who agreed to further examinations of their family members had other first degree relatives with the same cognitive disorder. This study provides epidemiological evidence that congenital PA is a very common cognitive disorder which almost always runs in families. The segregation pattern of this hereditary prosopagnosia (HPA) is fully compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Back to deception: ‘Winning’ mediation cases by understanding body language
Authors: Krivis Jeffrey , Zadeh Mariam
Published: June 2006

It's a part of the process: People try to deceive their adversaries in negotiations. Jeffrey Krivis and Mariam Zadeh, of Los Angeles, describe the science of deception, and then provide two lists of cues that you can watch for to minimize the chances of being deceived in mediation.
CPR releases a new expedited construction arbitration procedure
Authors: Bleemer Russ
Published: June 2006

A new expedited construction arbitration procedure is released by CPR's Construction Advisory Committee. Also, more on the new Master Guides on Conflict Prevention and Resolution, and a changed CPR Meeting date.
Ethics opinion authorizes attorneys' mediation ‘puffing’
Authors: Bleemer Russ
Published: June 2006

The American Bar Association's Standing Committee on Ethics and Professional Responsibility backs the same standards of candor in a mediation setting as it has adopted in negotiations generally. But the opinion raises questions about how the committee will deal with mediation in the future
The synergy of ChemMatrix resin® and pseudoproline building blocks renders Rantes, a complex aggregated chemokine
Authors: García‐Martín Fayna , White Peter , Steinauer René , Côté Simon , Tulla‐Puche Judit , Albericio Fernando
Published: June 2006

Traditionally, solid‐phase synthesis has relied on polystyrene‐based resins for the synthesis of all kinds of peptides. However, due to their high hydrophobicity, these resins have certain limitations, particularly in the synthesis of complex peptides, and in such cases, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based resins are often found to give superior results. Another powerful strategy for expediting the assembly of complex peptides is to employ pseudoproline dipeptides. These derivatives disrupt the interactions among chains that are usually the cause of poor coupling yields in aggregated sequences. Here we report on an efficient stepwise solid‐phase synthesis of RANTES (1–68) by combining the advantages of the totally PEG‐based ChemMatrix® resin and pseudoproline dipeptides. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 566–575, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Structure‐Based Synthetic Mimicry of Discontinuous Protein Binding Sites: Inhibitors of the Interaction of Mena EVH1 Domain with Proline‐Rich Ligands
Authors: Hunke Cornelia , Hirsch Tatjana , Eichler Jutta
Published: June 2006

The Mena EVH1 domain, a protein‐interaction module involved in actin‐based cell motility, recognizes proline‐rich ligand motifs, which are also present in the sequence of the surface protein ActA of Listeria monocytogenes. The interaction of ActA with host Mena EVH1 enables the bacterium to actively recruit host actin in order to spread into neighboring cells. Based on the crystal structure of Mena EVH1 in complex with a polyproline peptide ligand, we have generated a range of assembled peptides presenting the Mena EVH1 fragments that make up its discontinuous binding site for proline‐rich ligands. Some of these peptides were found to inhibit the interaction of Mena EVH1 with the ligand pGolemi. One of them was further characterized at the level of individual amino acid residues; this yielded information on the contribution of individual positions of the peptides to the interaction with the ligand and identified sites for future structure optimization.
Feasibility and short‐term efficacy of percutaneous mitral annular reduction for the therapy of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure
Authors: Duffy Stephen J. , Federman Jacob , Farrington Catherine , Reuter David G. , Richardson Meroula , Kaye David M.
Published: June 2006

Background: While functional mitral regurgitation (MR) commonly accompanies heart failure and contributes to heart failure progression, mitral repair in the setting of HF is not routinely practiced because of the attendant significant morbidity and mortality. This limitation has fostered the development of percutaneous devices to reduce MR, and our group has recently reported the short‐ and long‐term effectiveness of a percutaneous mitral annuloplasty device placed in the coronary sinus (Percutaneous Mitral Annuloplasty Device (PMAD), Cardiac Dimensions®, Inc., Kirkland, WA) in reducing MR in experimental animal models of heart failure with associated MR. In this article, we report results of a “first‐in‐human” study of temporary placement of the PMAD device. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of temporary deployment of this device in patients with functional MR in association with heart failure. Methods: Five patients undergoing scheduled coronary angiography with heart failure and functional MR (mean age 52 ± 9 [SD] years) were recruited, and four had anatomy suitable for deployment of the device. Transthoracic echocardiography and coronary angiography were performed before and after temporary placement and tensioning of the PMAD via the right internal jugular vein. Results: Temporary deployment of the device resulted in a significant reduction in the septal‐lateral mitral annular dimension from 35.5 ± 4.7 to 32.2 ± 4.6 mm (P = 0.02), with evidence of a reduction in the MR color Doppler area from 98.3 ± 43.6 to 83.3 ± 35.1 mm2 (P = 0.09). There were no complications. Conclusions: This first‐in‐human study of a novel device for percutaneous treatment of functional MR has shown that temporary placement of this device in the coronary sinus/great cardiac vein of patients with heart failure and MR is feasible and safe. Evidence of temporary reduction in MR and a reduction in mitral annular area indicate promise for device effectiveness in chronic implantation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drug‐eluting stent supported percutaneous coronary intervention for unprotected left main disease
Authors: Migliorini Angela , Moschi Guia , Giurlani Letizia , Valenti Renato , Vergara Ruben , Parodi Guido , Carrabba Nazario , Dovellini Emilio V. , Antoniucci David
Published: June 2006

Objectives: This study sought to determine the clinical and angiographic outcomes of unselected patients receiving drug‐eluting stents for unprotected left main disease. Background: The results of several series of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for left main disease in the pre‐drug‐eluting stent era have arisen concerns on the safety and mid‐term efficacy of PCI. Methods: Consecutive patients with unprotected left main disease were considered eligible for drug‐eluting stent supported PCI. The surgical risk score (risk of death within 1 month) of each patient was calculated according to the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) model. Results: One‐hundred and one patients with unprotected left main disease underwent PCI. The mean EuroSCORE was 19 ± 23. Successfully left main stenting was performed in 98 patients (primary success rate 97%). The overall 1‐month mortality rate was 9.9%. The 1‐month mortality rate was 50% in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) on presentation, and 4.5% in patients without AMI on presentation. The 1‐month mortality rate of patients with a risk score <13 was 3%, while it was 21% in patients with a risk score ≥13. At 6 months, the mortality rate of the entire cohort of patients increased to 12.8%, and the one of the non‐AMI patients to 7.8%. Survival rate was 86% ± 4% (mean follow‐up 295 ± 175 days). Target vessel revascularization was performed in 14 patients (16%). The 6‐month in‐segment restenosis rate was 16%. Conclusion: Drug‐eluting stent supported PCI may provide early and mid‐term outcomes comparable or superior to those expected from coronary artery surgery. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Double balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty: Multi‐track system versus conventional technique
Authors: Pedra Carlos A.C. , Arrieta S. Raul , Esteves Cesar A. , Braga Sérgio L.N. , Neves Juliana , Cassar Renata , Pedra Simone R.F. , Santana M. Virginia T. , Silva M. Aparecida P. , Sousa J. Eduardo M.R. , Fontes Valmir F.
Published: June 2006

Objectives: To evaluate whether double balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (DBPV) with the Multi‐Track system (MTS) may help to simplify the procedure. Background: DBPV is usually required for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis with large annulus. However, it needs two venous accesses and can be technically demanding. Methods: From 07/03, 20 consecutive patients (19 ± 10 yrs) with typical pulmonary valve stenosis underwent DBPV using the MTS (G1). The results were compared with those achieved by conventional DBPV performed in a matched historical group of 28 patients (21 ± 11 yrs; P = NS) (G2). Results: MTS balloons were easily advanced through the skin and inflated across the valve. Similar results were observed in regards to residual gradients (12 ± 11 vs 14 ± 10 mm Hg; P = NS) and right ventricular to systemic pressures (0.35 ± 0.22 vs 0.37 ± 0.26; P = NS). Procedure and fluoroscopic times were significant lower in G1 (78 ± 24 vs 126 ± 28; 15 ± 12 vs 25 ± 8 min, respectively; both P < 0.001). There was no major complication. Median follow‐up was 1.8 yr for G1 and 5 yr for G2 (P = 0.037). At the last visit, peak instantaneous gradient across the right ventricular outflow tract by echocardiography was a mean 22 ± 10 mm Hg for G1 and 25 ± 9 mm Hg for G2 (P = NS). No patient had severe pulmonary insufficiency or required reintervention. Conclusions: The use of the MTS helped to expedite the procedure providing satisfactory midterm clinical outcomes, similar to those observed with the conventional DBPV technique. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term effects of novel biolimus eluting DEVAX AXXESS plus nitinol self‐expanding stent in a porcine coronary model
Authors: Cilingiroglu Mehmet , Elliott Jim , Patel Devang , Tio Furman , Matthews Holly , McCasland Melissa , Trauthen Brett , Elicker John , Bailey Steven R.
Published: June 2006

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long‐term effects of the DEVAX AXXESS biolimus eluting stent (BES) in a porcine coronary model, compared with those of bare metal stent (BMS) and polymer only stent (POS) controls. Background: Excessive neointimal growth has been identified as a major cause of late failure of percutaneous coronary interventions. The effect of drug eluting from self‐expanding stents for prevention of neointimal hyperplasia has not been studied before. The DEVAX AXXESS is a self‐expanding nickel titanium stent, coated with antiproliferative compound‐biolimus. Methods: Twenty juvenile farm swine, 25–35 kg in weight, 3–6 months in age were used. Each animal received a stent to the left anterior descending artery, left circumflex or right coronary arteries as permitted per anatomy. The chronic vascular response after BES implantation was compared with that after BMS and POS implantation at 28, 90, and 180 days follow‐up. Results: The 28‐day outcome by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) showed significant increase in minimal luminal diameter (MLD) in the BES (MLD: 2.90 ± 0.97, 2.39 ± 0.90, 1.59 ± 0.91; P = 0.009) compared with BMS and POS, respectively. By histomorphometric analysis, there was also a corresponding significant reduction in neointimal tissue proliferation in the BES (average neointimal area: 2.78 ± 0.07, 5.46 ± 0.66, 8.42 ± 0.85; P = 0.002) compared with that in BMS and POS controls, respectively at 28‐days follow‐up. At 90 and 180 days, the mean neointimal area was not significantly different between the BES and the controls. Conclusions: BES favorably modulates the neointimal tissue formation for 28 days, in the porcine coronary model. Long‐term inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia is not sustained most likely because of the delayed cellular proliferation and inflammation in the vessel wall. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Towards Perfunctionalized Dodecahedranes—En Route to C20 Fullerene
Authors: Wahl Fabian , Weiler Andreas , Landenberger Peter , Sackers Emmerich , Voss Torsten , Haas Alois , Lieb Max , Hunkler Dieter , Wörth Jürgen , Knothe Lothar , Prinzbach Horst
Published: June 2006

“One‐pot” substitution of the twenty hydrogen atoms in pentagonal dodecahedrane (C20H20) by OH, F, Cl, and Br atoms is explored. Electrophilic insertion of oxygen atoms with DMDO and TFMDO as oxidizing reagents ended, far off the desired C20(OH)20, in complex polyol mixtures (up to C20H10(OH)10 decols, a trace of C20H(OH)19?). Perfluorination was successful in a NaF matrix but (nearly pure) C20F20 could be secured only in very low yield. “Brute‐force” photochlorination (heat, light, pressure, time) provided a mixture of hydrogen‐free, barely soluble C20Cl16 dienes in high yield and C20Cl20 as a trace component. Upon electron‐impact ionization of the C20Cl16 material sequential loss of the chlorine atoms was the major fragmentation pathway furnishing, however, only minor amounts of chlorine‐free C20+ ions. “Brute‐force” photobrominations delivered an extremely complex mixture of polybromides with C20HBr13 trienes as the highest masses. The MS spectra exhibited exclusive loss of the Br substituents ending in rather intense singly, doubly, and triply charged C20H4–0+(2+)(3+) ions. The insoluble ∼C20HBr13 fraction (C20Br14 trienes as highest masses) obtained along a modified bromination protocol, ultimately allowed the neat mass selection of C20− ions. The C20Cl16 dienes and C20H0–3Br14–12 tri‐/tetraenes, in spite of their very high olefinic pyramidalization, proved resistant to oxygen and dimerization (polymerization) but added CH2N2 smoothly. Dehalogenation of the respective cycloaddition products through electron‐impact ionization resulted in C22–24H4–8+(2+) ions possibly constituting bis‐/tris‐/tetrakis‐methano‐C20 fullerenes or partly hydrogenated C22, C23, and C24 cages.
Cover Picture: Medicinal Chemistry Optimization of Acyldepsipeptides of the Enopeptin Class Antibiotics (ChemMedChem 7/2006)
Authors: Hinzen Berthold , Raddatz Siegfried , Paulsen Holger , Lampe Thomas , Schumacher Andreas , Häbich Dieter , Hellwig Veronica , Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , Endermann Rainer , Labischinski Harald , Brötz‐Oesterhelt Heike
Published: June 2006

The cover picture shows an electron micrograph of Bacillus subtilis before (inset) and after treatment with an acyldepsipeptide (ADEP, structure shown), which blocks cell division to produce filamented cell structures. Exploration of the synthesis of enopeptin‐type acyldepsipeptide antibiotics has led to new compounds with improved in vitro antibiotic activity against Gram‐positive pathogens and in vivo activity in mouse models of lethal infection. For details, see the Communication by B. Hinzen et al. on p. 689 ff.
High‐order compact difference scheme for the regularized long wave equation
Authors: Lin Jianguo , Xie Zhihua , Zhou Juntao
Published: June 2006

A numerical simulation of the regularized long wave (RLW) equation is obtained using a high‐order compact difference method, based on the fourth‐order compact difference scheme in space and the fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method in time integration. The method is tested on the problems of propagation of a solitary wave, interaction of two positive solitary waves, interaction of a positive and a negative solitary wave, the evaluation of Maxwellian pulse into stable solitary waves, the development of an undular bore and the solitary waves induced by boundary motion. The three invariants of the motion are calculated to determine the conservation properties of the algorithm. L2 and L∞ error norms are used to measure differences between the exact and numerical solutions. The results obtained by proposed method are compared with those of other recently published methods and shown to be more accurate and efficient. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen Atom and Hydride Anion Addition to Adenine: Structures and Energetics
Authors: Evangelista Francesco A. , Schaefer Henry F.
Published: June 2006

The radicals and anions derived from the 9H tautomer of adenine by adding a hydrogen atom to one of the four double bonds of the adenine framework have been studied. Computations were carried out using a carefully calibrated density functional (B3LYP) method and basis set (DZP++). Optimized geometries, energies, and vibrational frequencies are predicted for eight radicals and anions. The radicals are found to lie in a range of 22 kcal mol−1, with the radical derived by addition to the C8 carbon atom being the lowest lying energetically. The anions are predicted to be bound species in the gas phase with an energetic range of 43 kcal mol−1. Anions produced by addition of a hydride ion to adenine carbon atoms are found to be the most favorable. Six of the anions are predicted to be stable species with respect to electron detachment. The adiabatic electron affinities, vertical electron affinities, and vertical detachment energies are computed for the first time. Electron affinities for these radicals range from 0.0 to 2.0 eV. Radicals produced by addition to a nitrogen atom have near‐zero adiabatic electron affinities, while radicals produced by addition at carbon atoms have considerably higher electron affinities.
Incorporation of Anthracene into Zeolites: Confinement Effect on the Recombination Rate of Photoinduced Radical Cation‐Electron Pair
Authors: Marquis Séverine , Moissette Alain , Brémard Claude
Published: June 2006

FT‐Raman spectrometry in combination with diffuse reflectance UV/Vis absorption (DRUVv) and fluorescence emission indicate that complete anthracene (ANT) sorption as intact molecules takes place over 6 months in the medium pores of non‐Brønsted acidic MnZSM‐5 zeolites (n=0.0, 3.4, 6.6; M=Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) with 1 ANT per unit cell loading. The combined effect of confinement and electrostatic field induced by bulky cations (Rb+, Cs+) leads to specific changes in the occluded ANT Raman spectra after very long organization periods (one year). The laser photolysis (266 nm, 355 nm) of ANT@MnZSM‐5 equilibrated samples generates long‐lived charge separated species in aluminum rich zeolites (n=3.4, 6.6). The very long‐lived radical pairs are characterized by conventional DRUVv and CW‐EPR spectroscopy. The direct charge recombination rates of ANT⋅.+‐electron pairs are dispersive, extending over a broad range of timescales. The kinetic constant values are found to increase dramatically with the aluminum content and increase markedly with M+ according to the following order Na+<K+<Rb+<Cs+. The small reorganization energy (λ) of ZSM‐5 zeolite pores coupled with large negative free energy changes (−ΔG°) between the ground state ANT oxidation potential and Fermi level of aluminum rich MnZSM‐5 explain the observed trends of the ANT⋅.+@MnZSM‐5.− charge recombination rates.
Synthesis of Single‐Crystalline Platinum Nanorods within a Soft Crystalline Surfactant–PtII Complex
Authors: Krishnaswamy Rema , Remita Hynd , Impéror‐Clerc Marianne , Even Catherine , Davidson Patrick , Pansu Brigitte
Published: June 2006

Single‐crystalline platinum nanorods, monodisperse in diameter, are synthesized through a simple process at room temperature, in cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) solution. The complexation of the CTA+ surfactant ion with tetrachloroplatinate in the presence of hexanol leads to the formation of a precipitate with a lamellar crystalline structure. The reduction of PtII metal ions to Pt0 is carried out using γ radiolysis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of the nanoparticles extracted from the solution, three weeks after radiolysis, revealed single‐crystalline Pt nanorods, monodisperse in diameter (3–4 nm) and 20–60 nm long. By following the shape of the nanorods at various stages of the growth, it was found that the single‐crystalline nanorods grow by coalescence of spherical seeds 3–4 nm in diameter. This suggests an aggregative mechanism similar to that recently observed for silver particles in solution.
Determination of the Hydration Number of Gadolinium(III) Complexes by High‐Field Pulsed 17O ENDOR Spectroscopy
Authors: Raitsimring Arnold M. , Astashkin Andrei V. , Baute Debbie , Goldfarb Daniela , Poluektov Oleg G. , Lowe Mark P. , Zech Stephan G. , Caravan Peter
Published: June 2006

Pulsed 17O Mims electron–nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy at the W band (95 GHz) and D band (130 GHz) is used for the direct determination of the water coordination number (q) of gadolinium‐based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Spectra of metal complexes in frozen aqueous solutions at approximately physiological concentrations can be obtained either in the presence or absence of protein targets. This method is an improvement over the 1H ENDOR method described previously (Zech et al., ChemPhysChem2005, 6, 2570), which involved the difference ENDOR spectrum of exchangeable protons from spectra taken in H2O and D2O. In addition to exchangeable water protons, the 1H ENDOR method is also sensitive to other exchangeable protons, and it is shown here that this method can overestimate hydration numbers for complexes with exchangeable protons at Gd⋅⋅⋅H distances similar to that of the coordinated water, for example, from NH groups. The 17O method does not suffer from this limitation. 17O ENDOR spectroscopy is applied to Gd(III) complexes containing zero, one, or two inner‐sphere water molecules. In addition, 13C and 1H ENDOR studies were performed to assess the extent of methanol coordination, since methanol is used to produce a glass in these experiments. Under the experimental conditions used for the hydration number determination (30 mol % methanol), fewer than 15 % of the coordination sites were found to be occupied by methanol.
Electrochemically Driven Three‐Phase Interlines into Insulator Compounds: Electroreduction of Solid SiO2 in Molten CaCl2
Authors: Xiao Wei , Jin Xianbo , Deng Yuan , Wang Dihua , Hu Xiaohong , Chen George Z.
Published: June 2006

The electrochemical reduction of solid SiO2 (quartz) to Si is studied in molten CaCl2 at 1173 K. Experimental observations are compared and agree well with a novel penetration model in relation with electrochemistry at the dynamic conductor|insulator|electrolyte three‐phase interlines. The findings show that the reduction of a cylindrical quartz pellet at certain potentials is mainly determined by the diffusion of the O2− ions and also the ohmic polarisation in the reduction‐generated porous silicon layer. The reduction rate increases with the overpotential to a maximum after which the process is retarded, most likely due to precipitation of CaO in the reaction region (cathodic passivation). Data are reported on the reduction rate, current efficiency and energy consumption during the electroreduction of quartz under potentiostatic conditions. These theoretical and experimental findings form the basis for an in‐depth discussion on the optimisation of the electroreduction method for the production of silicon.
Gas‐Phase Reactions of Atomic Lanthanide Cations with D2O: Room‐Temperature Kinetics and Periodicity in Reactivity
Authors: Cheng Ping , Koyanagi Gregory K. , Bohme Diethard K.
Published: June 2006

Reactions of atomic lanthanide cations (excluding Pm+) with D2O have been surveyed in the gas phase using an inductively coupled plasma/selected‐ion flow tube (ICP/SIFT) tandem mass spectrometer to measure rate coefficients and product distributions in He at 0.35±0.01 Torr and 295±2 K. Primary reaction channels were observed corresponding to O‐atom transfer, OD transfer and D2O addition. O‐atom transfer is the predominant reaction channel and occurs exclusively with Ce+, Nd+, Sm+, Gd+, Tb+ and Lu+. OD transfer is observed exclusively with Yb+, and competes with O‐atom transfer in the reactions with La+ and Pr+. Slow D2O addition is observed with early lanthanide cation Eu+ and the late lanthanide cations Dy+, Ho+, Er+ and Tm+. Higher‐order sequential D2O addition of up to five D2O molecules is observed with LnO+ and LnOD+. A delay of more than 50 kcal mol−1 is observed in the onset of efficient exothermic O‐atom transfer, which suggests the presence of kinetic barriers of perhaps this magnitude in the exothermic O‐atom transfer reactions of Dy+, Ho+, Er+ and Tm+ with D2O. The reaction efficiency for O‐atom transfer is seen to decrease as the energy required to promote an electron to make two non‐f electrons available for bonding increases. The periodic trend in reaction efficiency along the lanthanide series matches the periodic trend in the electron‐promotion energy required to achieve a d1s1 or d2 excited electronic configuration in the lanthanide cation, and also the periodic trends across the lanthanide row reported previously for several alcohols and phenol. An Arrhenius‐like correlation is also observed for the dependence of D2O reactivity on promotion energy for early lanthanide cations, and exhibits a characteristic temperature of 2600 K.
Cover Picture: Monitoring Protein Interactions in the Living Cell Through the Fluorescence Decays of the Cyan Fluorescent Protein (ChemPhysChem 7/2006)
Authors: Grailhe Regis , Merola Fabienne , Ridard Jacqueline , Couvignou Stephen , Le Poupon Chantal , Changeux Jean‐Pierre , Laguitton‐Pasquier Helene
Published: June 2006

The cover picture shows how the fluorescence decays of the cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) can reveal molecular interactions and organisation in the living cell. Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET) towards its acceptor, the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), leads to charateristic decreases in the CFP fluorescence lifetimes. Despite the very high intracellular protein concentrations achieved, leading to strong molecular proximity, the results show that CFP and YFP fail to form inside the cell the dimer, previously observed for purified green fluorescent proteins. Find out more in the Article by Grailhe et al. on page 1442.
Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11 DCF with stochastic reward nets
Authors: Jayaparvathy R. , Anand S. , Dharmaraja S. , Srikanth S.
Published: June 2006

In this paper, we present a performance study to evaluate the mean delay and the average system throughput of IEEE 802.11‐based wireless local area networks (WLANs). We consider the distributed co‐ordination function (DCF) mode of medium access control (MAC). Stochastic reward nets (SRNs) are used as a modelling formalism as it readily captures the synchronization between events in the DCF mode of access. We present a SRN‐based analytical model to evaluate the mean delay and the average system throughput of the IEEE 802.11 DCF by considering an on–off traffic model and taking into account the freezing of the back‐off counter due to channel capture by other stations. We also compute the mean delay suffered by a packet in the system using the SRN formulation and by modelling each station as an M/G/1 queue. We validate our analytical model by comparison with simulations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Priority‐based adaptive routing in NGEO satellite networks
Authors: Korçak Ömer , Alagöz Fatih , Jamalipour Abbas
Published: June 2006

In a non‐geostationary satellite constellation with inter satellite links (ISLs), there could be many shortest paths between two satellites in terms of hop count. An efficient routing algorithm should effectively use these paths in order to distribute traffic to ISLs in a balanced way and to improve the performance of the system. This paper presents and evaluates a novel priority‐based adaptive shortest path routing (PAR) scheme in order to achieve this goal. PAR sets the path towards the destination in a distributed manner, using a priority mechanism depending on the past utilization and buffering information of the ISLs. Moreover, to avoid unnecessary splitting of a flow and to achieve better utilization of ISLs, enhanced PAR (ePAR) scheme is proposed. This paper evaluates performance of the proposed techniques by employing an extensive set of simulations. Furthermore, since there are a number of ePAR parameters that should be adjusted depending on the network and traffic characteristics, a detailed analysis of ePAR scheme is provided to form a framework for setting the parameters. This paper also includes a method for adaptation of the proposed algorithms to minimum‐delay path routing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bit error rate performance of Haar wavelet based scale‐code division multiple access (HW/S‐CDMA) over the asynchronous AWGN channel
Authors: Kucur Oǧuz , Öztürk Ertan , Atkin Guillermo E.
Published: June 2006

In this paper, we study a recently proposed multirate system, called wavelet based scale‐code division multiple access (W/S‐CDMA). W/S‐CDMA depends on the code, time and scale orthogonality introduced by pseudo‐noise (PN) sequences, and wavelets. In this system, the channel is partitioned into different scales, and each scale into time slots. In addition, the PN sequences are used in each scale to identify multiple users. In W/S‐CDMA, each user is assigned a specific scale and PN sequence, and transmits its successive information symbols with its PN sequence and the wavelets in that scale. More symbols are transmitted in finer scales. We analyse the bit error rate performance of Haar wavelet based S‐CDMA (HW/S‐CDMA) over an asynchronous additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel by using a conventional detector for deterministic PN sequences. The performance of the system is compared to that of an equivalent multirate CDMA (MR‐CDMA) system for Gold and Kasami PN sequences. Results show that HW/S‐CDMA outperforms MR‐CDMA. In addition, because of its suitable format HW/S‐CDMA is also capable of employing the optimal PN sequence families with limited number of sequences such as Kasami, Bent, etc. repeatedly in different scales. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.