bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic interplay between sortilin and syndecan-1 contributes to prostate cancer progression
Authors: Lazniewska Joanna , Li Ka Lok , Johnson Ian R. D. , Sorvina Alexandra , Logan Jessica M. , Martini Carmela , Moore Courtney , Ung Ben S.-Y. , Karageorgos Litsa , Hickey Shane M. , Prabhakaran Sarita , Heatlie Jessica K. , Brooks Robert D. , Huzzell Chelsea , Warnock Nicholas I. , Ward Mark P. , Mohammed Bashir , Tewari Prerna , Martin Cara , O’Toole Sharon , Edgerton Laura Bogue , Bates Mark , Moretti Paul , Pitson Stuart M. , Selemidis Stavros , Butler Lisa M. , O’Leary John J. , Brooks Douglas A.
Published: August 2023

Prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression relies on the programming of glucose and lipid metabolism, and this involves alterations in androgen receptor expression and signalling. Defining the molecular mechanism that underpins this metabolic programming will have direct significance for patients with PCa who have a poor prognosis. Here we show that there is a dynamic balance between sortilin and syndecan-1, that reports on different metabolic phenotypes. Using tissue microarrays, we demonstrated by immunohistochemistry that sortilin was highly expressed in low-grade cancer, while syndecan-1 was upregulated in high-grade disease. Mechanistic studies in prostate cell lines revealed that in androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells, sortilin enhanced glucose metabolism by regulating GLUT1 and GLUT4, while binding progranulin and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to limit lipid metabolism. In contrast, in androgen-insensitive PC3 cells, syndecan-1 was upregulated, interacted with LPL and colocalised with β3 integrin to promote lipid metabolism. In addition, androgen-deprived LNCaP cells had decreased expression of sortilin and reduced glucose-metabolism, but increased syndecan-1 expression, facilitating interactions with LPL and possibly β3 integrin. We report a hitherto unappreciated molecular mechanism for PCa, which may have significance for disease progression and how androgen-deprivation therapy might promote castration-resistant PCa.
The amide derivative of anticopalic acid induces non-apoptotic cell death in triple-negative breast cancer cells by inhibiting FAK activation
Authors: Chawengrum Pornsuda , Luepongpatthana Natthaorn , Thongnest Sanit , Sirirak Jitnapa , Boonsombat Jutatip , Lirdprapamongkol Kriengsak , Keeratichamroen Siriporn , Kongwaen Patcharin , Montatip Phreeranat , Kittakoop Prasat , Svasti Jisnuson , Ruchirawat Somsak
Published: August 2023

Anticopalic acid (ACP), a labdane type diterpenoid obtained from Kaempferia elegans rhizomes, together with 21 semi-synthetic derivatives, were evaluated for their cancer cytotoxic activity. Most derivatives displayed higher cytotoxic activity than the parent compound ACP in a panel of nine cancer cell lines. Among the tested compounds, the amide 4p showed the highest cytotoxic activity toward leukemia cell lines, HL-60 and MOLT-3, with IC50 values of 6.81 ± 1.99 and 3.72 ± 0.26 µM, respectively. More interestingly, the amide derivative 4l exhibited cytotoxic activity with an IC50 of 13.73 ± 0.04 µM against the MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line, which is the most aggressive type of breast cancer. Mechanistic studies revealed that 4l induced cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells through non-apoptotic regulated cell death. In addition, western blot analysis showed that compound 4l decreased the phosphorylation of FAK protein in a concentration-dependent manner. Molecular docking simulations elucidated that compound 4l could potentially inhibit FAK activation by binding to a pocket of FAK kinase domain. The data suggested that compound 4l could be a potential FAK inhibitor for treating triple-negative breast cancer and worth being further investigated.
Multiplex SERS detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants in water samples using gold nanostars and machine learning analysis
Authors: Atta Supriya , Li Joy Qiaoyi , Vo-Dinh Tuan
Published: August 2023

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted a lot of environmental concern because of their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties, and the fact they can easily contaminate natural resources such as drinking water and river water.
A microfluidic-chip-based system with loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid and parallel detection of Trichomonas vaginalis and human papillomavirus
Authors: Mao Zeyin , Deng Anni , Jin Xiangyu , Li Meng , Lv Wenqi , Huang Leyang , Zhong Hao , Yang Han , Wang Shihong , Shi Yixuan , Zhang Lei , Liao Qinping , Huang Guoliang
Published: August 2023

A microfluidic-chip system is developed using LAMP for fast and simultaneous detection of Trichomonas vaginalis and high-risk human papillomavirus, and it is promisingly applicable in various fields, particularly in co-infection diagnosis.
Filtration-based technologies for isolation, purification and analysis of extracellular vesicles
Authors: Chernyshev Vasiliy S. , Yashchenok Alexey , Ivanov Mikhail , Silachev Denis N.
Published: August 2023

Isolation, purification and analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by using low cost, versatile, easy to use and compatible with different biofluids filtration-based technologies for industrial, medical and research applications.
Correction: CdS/TiO2 nanostructures synthesized via the SILAR method for enhanced photocatalytic glucose conversion and simultaneous hydrogen production under UV and simulated solar irradiation
Authors: Roongraung Kamonchanok , Cherevan Alexey , Eder Dominik , Chuangchote Surawut
Published: August 2023

Correction for ‘CdS/TiO2 nanostructures synthesized via the SILAR method for enhanced photocatalytic glucose conversion and simultaneous hydrogen production under UV and simulated solar irradiation’ by Kamonchanok Roongraung et al., Catal. Sci. Technol., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cy00225j.
Manipulating Zn 002 deposition plane with zirconium ion crosslinked hydrogel electrolyte toward dendrite free Zn metal anodes
Authors: Cheng Yong , Jiao Yucong , Wu Peiyi
Published: August 2023

A Zr4+ crosslinked hydrogel electrolyte is demonstrated on side reaction resistance for high-performance aqueous Zn-based devices.
A review of the green chemistry approaches to leather tanning in imparting sustainable leather manufacturing
Authors: Hassan Mohammad Mahbubul , Harris Jane , Busfield James J. C. , Bilotti Emiliano
Published: August 2023

Green chemistry approaches studied for leather tanning are critically reviewed. The tanning performance and mechanical properties are discussed. The mechanisms of tanning for various tanning agents and future directions are outlined.
Design and build a green tent environment for growing and charactering mycelium growth in lab
Authors: Yang Libin , Xu Ruohan , Joardar Anushka , Amponsah Michael , Sharifi Nina , Dong Bing , Qin Zhao
Published: August 2023

A customized green tent with thermal/humidity control and data logger. We grow mycelium from spores to fibrous networks within the tent. Mycelium fibers grown on the hardwood and the hydrogel are found to have no difference in diameter.
Accessing copper selenide nanostructures through a 1D coordination polymer of copper(ii) with 4,4′-dipyridyldiselenide as a molecular precursor
Authors: Pal Manoj K. , Karmakar Gourab , Shah Alpa Y. , Tyagi Adish , Bhuvanesh Nattamai , Dey Sandip
Published: August 2023

Utility of a newly synthesized and structurally characterized Cu(ii) 1D coordination polymer as a molecular precursor for the selective synthesis of nanometric copper selenides has been demonstrated.
Novel PVAMA/GelMA aerogels prepared by liquid-phase collection of photoinitiated polymerisation: injectable and flowable low-density 3D scaffolds for bone regeneration
Authors: Liu Manxuan , Sun Yihan , Liu Lijun , Zhang Zhiying , Aimaijiang Maierhaba , Zhang Lu , Quni Sezhen , Li Minghui , Liu Xiuyu , Li Daowei , Zhang Junhu , Zhou Yanmin
Published: August 2023

A new recoverable and high porosity aerogel is composed of GelMA, PVAMA and nHA, and sustained-release VB2 and VC, which has a significantly enhanced effect on bone regeneration.
Differential detection of aspartic acid in MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Authors: Ghosh Priyotosh , Das Tanmoy , Chattopadhyay Ansuman , Sahoo Prithidipa
Published: August 2023

Pyridine–carbazole-based sensor PCF can selectively detect and estimate aspartic acid in biological systems and could be used as an expedient tool to measure aspartic acid in biological and clinical examination.
Novel power distribution short‐circuit testing technique based on supercapacitor and modular multi‐ports AC/DC conversion
Authors: Zhang Guoju , Pei Wei , Li Ningning , Liu Xu , Deng Wei
Published: August 2023

With the growing capacity of the distribution network, the probability of short circuit accidents gradually increases. Accidents such as deformation of distribution transformer windings, shift of laminations, fracture and even explosion of mechanical and insulation components caused by insufficient short‐circuit withstand ability seriously affect the safe and stable operation of the distribution network. The short‐circuit test proved to be an effective way to detect the performance of equipment under fault impact. A power source with supercapacitor is proposed here for short‐circuit test of 10 kV distribution transformers, which can realize the short‐circuit test application economically and flexibly with expandable capacity. First, the advantages and disadvantages of test power source by short‐circuit test generators, special power line, and the proposed method are compared. Second, the structure, working principle, design scheme, and control strategy of the novel short‐circuit testing device are introduced. Furthermore, a 14 MVA/5 MJ energy storage short‐circuit test power source is designed for the testing requirements of 10 kV/630 kVA distribution transformers. Finally, the simulations and experiments are used to verify its feasibility.
Design and construction of ferrite waveguide circulator with short wall in S band
Authors: Oskouei Hamid Reza Dalili , Khoshcheshm Morteza , Shirkolaei Morteza Mohammadi , Mirtaheri Ali Reza
Published: August 2023

One of the most important components in the radar and microwave industry that provides transmitting and receiving features for an antenna at the same time is called a circulator. Ferrite circulators are passive three‐port devices in which the RF or microwave signal is transmitted from one port to other port without leakage to the third port. One of the main disadvantages of these waveguide elements is their large dimensions and especially their height, which cannot be used in some systems due to the limited workspace. This paper solves this problem by exploiting an incomplete wall waveguide to reduce the height of the circulator by 50%. These changes always reduce the frequency bandwidth of the element, the proposed technique optimizes the dimensions of the ferrite and its magnetic characteristics and increases the bandwidth to 400 MHz in 2.9 GHz, which is the ideal bandwidth required by many radar systems that have been reached. The ferrite circulator designed and built in this article has a port with a width of 72.13 mm and a height of 17 mm in the S‐band. The method results in a low insertion loss which is less than 0.5 decibels and a high isolation which created more than 20 decibels. The designed and optimized elements have been implemented and the test results verify the theoretical results.
Analysis of superelevation and debris flow velocities at Illgraben, Switzerland
Authors: Åberg Amanda , Aaron Jordan , de Haas Tjalling , McArdell Brian , Hirschberg Jacob
Published: August 2023

The forced vortex equation, based on the cross-stream inclination of a flow surface as it passes through a bend, is a common approach to estimating debris flow velocities. Here, we present the preliminary results of a study of superelevation and the correction factor k, used to adapt the forced vortex equation to debris flows, based on data from the Illgraben torrent in Switzerland. The definition of the radius of curvature, a factor in the calculation of superelevation velocities, is not found to exercise a large influence on the calculated velocities when using high resolution aerial images, with the choice of cross-section location and k-factor exercising a more significant influence. The k-factors found here fall within the range previously reported in the literature, ranging from approximately 1 to 7, and a previously suggested non-linear relationship with Froude numbers is evident in the dataset. Following the debris flow season of 2022, the study will be continued with additional debris flow events and the investigative methods will be extended to include high-resolution LiDAR sensors installed along the Illgraben torrent.
Keynote lecture. Constitutive modelling of phase transitions in granular soils
Authors: di Prisco Claudio , Marveggio Pietro
Published: August 2023

The use of numerical codes for simulating the propagation phase of fast landslides requires the definition of constitutive relationships suitable for the description of the mechanical behaviour of granular soils, under both solid and fluid conditions. In this paper, the authors briefly illustrate a constitutive modelling approach interpreting the material as a bi-phasic continuum, according to which the solid phase may behave like a solid, under quasi-static conditions, and a fluid, under collisional/dynamic conditions. The model presented seems to satisfactorily reproduce a series of results obtained by using a discrete element numerical code on mono and polydisperse granular specimens. The constitutive model has been implemented in a Material Point Method code to solve boundary value problems, in which strain rate large values are expected to influence the material response.
Entrainment maps considering hydrological conditions for mass movement runout modelling: Application to debris-flow bulking at Pizzo Cengalo
Authors: Hirschberg Jacob , McArdell Brian W. , Könz Anna L. , Christen Marc , Molnar Peter , Bartelt Perry
Published: August 2023

Debris flows entrain sediments and water along their flow path and grow significantly in size. Because the entrainment process isn’t well understood and data is rare, hazard and risk assessment with numerical models is challenging. It is known, however, that both for debris flows and rock avalanches, interstitial pore water in flow path substrate can cause increases in pore water pressures when overridden by the flow, which enhances erosion. The entrained water likely also plays a role in the process transition from rock avalanche to debris flow, like in the Pizzo Cengalo event in 2017. We present a framework for producing entrainment maps serving as an input for runout modelling, here illustrated using RAMMS. The entrainment maps consist of spatially-distributed entities with properties such as max erosion depth, and soil water content inferred from land cover and lithology maps. This study serves as a basis for producing duration curves of subsurface water available for entrainment and include it into the entrainment maps. Such hydrologically-informed entrainment maps will be useful to assess the probability of certain runout distances.
Multi-component avalanches for rock- and ice-falls to potential debris flow transition modelling
Authors: Munch Jessica , Bartelt Perry , Christen Marc
Published: August 2023

Rock/ice avalanches are complex gravitational flows involving three important physicalprocesses: entrainment, phase-changes, and flow transitions. The basic complexity of modelling rock/ice avalanches lies in the fact that the flow is a mixture of rock, ice, water, snow, soil sediments. The interaction of these components can lead to flow transitions which is difficult to model with simplified flow rheologies. For example, a flow initially composed of rocks and ice can transition into a long-runout debris flow, dependent on the entrainment of water, water-saturated sediments and/or snow. The dynamic behaviour of rock/ice avalanches is therefore highly difficult to predict because the flow mixture is dependent on the hydrological and geomorphological properties along the avalanche track. These properties can vary from year to year but even from season to season. The problem is intensified by the fact that frictional shearing can produce enough heat energy to melt ice and snow, leading to additional water in the flow. In this contribution, we present a new RAMMS module specifically designed to simulate single- and multicomponent avalanches of rock, ice, water, snow, and ice. The rheology of the flow is treated by using the concept of component activation energy. The model includes both snow and sediment/water/ice entrainment modules. A unique feature of the model is that it tracks the temperature of the rock, ice and water phases and therefore can treat phase changes. We apply the model on the Chamoli case-study to highlight the potential and present limitations of the model..
Fines-controlled drainage in just-saturated, inertial column collapses
Authors: Webb William , Heron Charles , Turnbull Barbara
Published: August 2023

The wide particle size distributions, over several orders of magnitude, observed in debris flows leads to a diverse range of rheological behaviours controlling flow outcomes. This study explores the influence of different scale grains by conducting subaerial, fully saturated granular column collapse experiments with extreme, bimodal particle size distributions. The primary particles were of a size where their behaviour was controlled by their inertia while a suspension of kaolin clay particles within the fluid phase acts at spatial scales smaller than the pore space between the primary particles. The use of a geotechnical centrifuge allowed for the systematic variation of gravitational acceleration, inertial particle size and the degree of kaolin fines. Characteristic velocity- and time-scales of the acceleration phase of the collapse were quantified using high-speed cameras. Comparing tests containing fines to equivalent collapses with a glycerol solution mimicking the enhanced viscosity but not the particle behaviour of the fines, it was found that all characteristic dynamic quantities were dependent on the degree of fines, the system size, the grain fluid-density ratio and the column– and grain-scale Bond and Capillary numbers. We introduce a fine-scale Capillary number showing that, although surface tension effects at the column scale are negligible, fines do control the movement of fluid through the pore spaces.
Laboratory experiments to analyse the influence of bridge profiles on debris-flow impact forces
Authors: Friedl Caroline , Scheidl Christian , Wernhart Susanna , Proske Dirk
Published: August 2023

Debris-flow impact plays a significant role in the failure of bridges in mountainous areas posing a risk to human life and leading to high reconstruction costs. The aim of this study is to measure and quantify the frontal impact forces of debris flows on bridge superstructures based on laboratory experiments with a special regard to the comparison of two different bridge profiles and the presence / absence of a bridge pier. To this end, we conducted 20 experiments, measuring the frontal impact forces on the bridge superstructure with two 3-axis force sensors at the abutments of the miniature bridge. We found that the type of the superstructure does have an influence on the magnitude of the frontal impact forces.
Evaluation of a method to calculate debris-flow volume based on observations of flow depth
Authors: McArdell Brian W. , Hirschberg Jacob , Aaron Jordan , Badoux Alexandre
Published: August 2023

The volume of a debris flow is a critical parameter in hazard analysis, yet accurate estimates of volume are often unavailable due to mixing with larger rivers at the downstream end of alluvial fans. We describe a method to calculate the volume of debris flows using flow depth data collected at a check dam, using a Manning friction relation to describe the velocity of the debris flow as a function of flow depth, and the geometry of the channel cross section. The method is evaluated using a published data set from the USGS debris-flow flume where event volume and stage information have been accurately measured, and results in volume estimates either somewhat smaller than or up to 50% larger than observed volumes. We further demonstrate the method to single-surge and a multiple-surge debris flows observed at Illgraben.
Coupling Depth-Averaged and 3D numerical models to study debris flow: Saint-Vincent event
Authors: Pasqua Andrea , Leonardi Alessandro , Pirulli Marina
Published: August 2023

Debris flows are extremely rapid and unpredictable phenomena whose rheology is poorly understood. Moreover, human settlements are often located in areas prone to debris flows. The combination of these features makes debris flows hazardous phenomena. Barriers are usually installed in debris flow paths to mitigate risk. However, their design is still based on empirical methods. In order to base the design of barriers on a more reliable approach, the understanding of debris flows must be improved. Continuum numerical models have proved to be a helpful tool for studying debris flows. In particular, numerical models can predict the speed and the flow depth in debris flows paths, and roughly estimate the forces and the pressure acting on a mitigation structure. Currently, two main groups of continuum numerical models are available to study debris flows (i) depth-averaged (DA) models and (ii) three-dimensional (3D) models. Although DA models can study a real-scale event, they may over-simplify the flow-structure interaction. On the other hand, 3D models can be very reliable for studying flow-structure interaction but studying a whole phenomenon (from triggering to deposition) would require enormous computational resources. This work aims to show how the coupling of a DA and a 3D model allows an effective and performing analysis of a debris flow dynamics. The study is focused on the 2014 Saint-Vincent event (Aosta Valley, Italy).
Granular column collapse: The role of particle size polydispersity on the velocity and runout
Authors: Polanía Oscar , Estrada Nicolás , Renouf Mathieu , Azéma Emilien , Cabrera Miguel
Published: August 2023

Geophysical mass flows involve particles of different sizes, a property termed polydispersity. The granular column collapse is a simplified experiment for studying transitional granular flows. Our research focuses on the role that polydispersity has on the velocity and runout distance of dry and immersed granular columns, undergoing a numerical and experimental study. Our results highlight that polydispersity does not have a strong effect on the collapse of dry columns. On the contrary, the collapse sequence of immerse granular columns strongly depend on the polydispersity level.
Chute flows of dry granular media: Numerical simulations by a well-posed multilayer model and comparisons with experiments
Authors: Sarno Luca , Wang Yongqi , Tai Yih-Chin , Papa Maria Nicolina , Villani Paolo
Published: August 2023

Debris flows and avalanches are dangerous natural phenomena, characterized by the gravity-driven motion of granular media immersed in a fluid. For an appropriate hazard assessment or disaster mitigation by scenario investigation, it is crucial to capture the underlying dynamics of the granular solid phase. For this purpose, a multilayer depth-averaged approach represents a promising and computationally efficient tool over fully three-dimensional models. Here we use a mathematically well-posed multilayer model, which implements the µ(I)-rheology and a dilatancy law depending on the inertial number, I, and compare the numerical results of the model with laboratory experiments of steady uniform chute flows over an erodible bed. The well-posedness of the model for any value of I, which is essential to get convergent numerical solutions, is achieved by considering an approximation of the in-plane stress gradients, directly emerging from the µ(I)-rheology. The predicted velocity profiles show a very good agreement with the experimental ones, measured by particle image velocimetry (PIV). The volume fraction profiles by the multilayer model are also in good qualitative agreement with those measured by using the stochastic-optical method (SOM), while they tend to overestimate the volume fraction measurements in the more dilute upper region, closer to the free surface.
Testing applicability of image analysis for measurements of sediment concentration in laboratory experiments
Authors: Sato Kohei , Uchida Taro
Published: August 2023

Flume experiments are typically conducted to reveal the detailed behavior of debris flows. Direct sampling at the lower end of a flume has been used to measure sediment concentrations in flume experiments; however, direct sampling measurements under non-steady or non-equilibrium conditions are difficult. In contrast, image analysis methods can acquire spatiotemporal high-resolution data in a non-contact manner. In this study, we conducted experiments in which a homogenous sediment concentration field of 0 ~ 20 % was prepared in a water tank with a depth of 10 cm using coarse and fine sediments. We filmed the experiments and verified the relationships between sediment concentrations and image features in a fixed area. As a result, the mean of pixel values for coarse sediments depends on the sediment concentration of up to 10 % and the number of mode pixels for fine sediments depends on the sediment concentration of up to 20 %. We then analyzed factors influencing image features and identified three processes. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of the sediment grain size on image features, and the results show that both the brightness index and brightness uniformity index of images are affected. In conclusion, these findings indicate that image analysis can be used to clarify both sediment concentration and grain size.
Micromechanical simulations of the collapse of a submerged granular column
Authors: Zarattini Francesco , Pol Antonio , Gabrieli Fabio , Chareyre Bruno
Published: August 2023

In this work, we present a numerical study of a granular collapse in a viscous fluid adopting a DEM-PFV (Pore Finite Volume) coupled model. We analyze the time evolution of the collapse and the final morphology of the deposit (triangular or trapezoidal) as a function of the initial solid fraction and column aspect ratio. Finally, we discuss the role of the initial packing fraction of the granular material on the time evolution of the pore pressure. The numerical results are consistent with experimental observation [3] showing the capability of the DEM-PFV coupled model to simulate saturated granular media from triggering to flowing and stopping conditions.
Characterization of a debris flow event using an affordable monitoring system
Authors: Berti Matteo , Schimmel Andreas , Coviello Velio , Venturelli Mario , Albertelli Luca , Beretta Luca , Brardinoni Francesco , Ceriani Massimo , Pilotti Marco , Ranzi Roberto , Redaelli Marco , Scotti Riccardo , Simoni Alessandro , Turconi Laura , Luino Fabio
Published: August 2023

This study presents monitoring data of a debris flow event in the Central Italian Alps. The debris flow occurred on August 16, 2021 in the Blè basin (Val Camonica valley, Lombardia Region) and was recorded by a monitoring station installed just few weeks before. The monitoring system was deployed to document the hydrologic response of the catchment to rainfall, and was designed to be lightweight, relatively cheap, and easy to deploy in the field. To this purpose, we combined video cameras with geophysical sensors (geophones and infrasound) and optimized the power supply system. The data recorded during the event allowed to identify the triggering rainfall, document the flow behaviour, and estimate surface flow velocity and flow rate using Particle Image Velocimetry algorithms. Moreover, the seismic signal generated by the debris flow revealed a peculiar frequency spectrum compared to regular streamflow. These results show that even a relatively simple monitoring system may provide valuable data on real debris flow events.
Volume, Peak discharges and Froude Number of Debris-Flow Surges: 10 Years of Monitoring on the Réal Torrent (France)
Authors: Lapillonne Suzanne , Fontaine Firmin , Piton Guillaume , Richefeu Vincent , Liébault Frédéric
Published: August 2023

This work presents a summary of data on debris-flow monitoring stations focusing on the surge scale rather than full-scale debris-flow event (several fronts and surges with intermediate diluted flows). Surge-scale debris-flow data are not easily accessible for modellers but would be very beneficial for the community. A summary of the data processing protocol is offered, and its application to the monitoring station of the R?al Torrent is described (drainage area: 2 km2, SE France). Investigated bulk surge features are volume, front height, peak discharge, and Froude number. This investigation leads to statistical distributions of these parameters on 34 surges gathered from 2011 to 2020. Their volumes are typically a few thousand cubic metres, their peak flow height is 1 to 2 m, their peak discharge is a few dozens of cubic metres per second and their Froude number is near critical. Results drawn from this work will be a great asset for modellers to better feed their numerical experiments with realistic, field-driven features.
Soil Water Content Regression Analysis of Measurement Data from Hyperspectral Camera in Weathered Granite Soils
Authors: Lim Hwan-Hui , Lee Seung-Rae , Cheon Enok , Nam Yeeun
Published: August 2023

Soil water content is one of the most common physical parameters that cause landslides or debris flow. Therefore, it is of very importance to determine or predict the water content quickly and non-destructively. This study investigates the hyperspectral information in the visible near-infrared regions (VNIR) of different samples of granite soils possessing varying water content. Totally 162 granite samples were taken from each mountain area. The samples with different water contents were examined using a hyperspectral radiometer operating in the 400~1000nm range by obtaining the spectral curves. It was found that the variation of VNIR is consistent with the water content variation of weathered granite soils, and the hyperspectral camera was able to detect it. A Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) analysis was applied to develop a calibration-model. The PLSR model resulted in a good correlation between the water content and VNIR profile. The results demonstrate that the hyperspectral camera combined with the PLSR model can be a useful and non-destructive tool for determining soil water contents in the weathered granite soils.
A multi-year record of topographic changes on debris-flow fans in south-western British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Mitchell Andrew , Zubrycky Sophia , McSorley Eimile , McDougall Scott , D’Arcy Mitch
Published: August 2023

Repeat observations of four debris-flow fans in south-western British Columbia, Canada, were made using a UAV-lidar system. Detailed measurements of deposit thicknesses and volumes have been generated from the data. We present channel measurements and characteristics for one of the sites to demonstrate the utility of the repeat lidar scanning technique to provide insights into where avulsions occur during debris flows. Through continued monitoring, we plan to obtain greater detail on a wider variety of events and the characteristics of avulsion locations.
MAMODIS - A low-cost monitoring system for debris flows based on infrasound and seismic signals
Authors: Schimmel Andreas , Berti Matteo
Published: August 2023

The automatic detection of sediment related disasters like landslides, debris flows and debris floods, gets increasing importance for hazard mitigation and early warning. Past studies showed that such processes induce characteristic seismic signals and acoustic signals in the infrasonic spectrum which can be used for event detection. The presented system MAMODIS (MAss MOvement Detection and Identification System) is a detection system for debris flows, debris floods and avalanches based on a combination of infrasound and seismic signals. The detection system consists of one infrasound sensor, one geophone and a microcontroller, where a specially designed detection algorithm is executed. This algorithm reliably detects events in real time directly at the sensor site. The setup can be easily installed beside a torrent or an avalanche path and therefore can be used as a low-cost and practicable solution for early warning. In addition, this system offers first information of the process-type and a rough estimation of the peak discharge and the total volume for debris flows and debris floods. These values are calculated from the infrasound and seismic signals. Currently the system is installed on several test sites in Austria, Switzerland and Italy.
Objective definition of discharge thresholds for post-fire debris flows
Authors: Tang Hui , McGuire Luke , Youberg Ann
Published: August 2023

Runoff-generated debris flows are a common post-fire hazard in the western United States and a growing number of regions around the world. As wildfire continues to emerge across a broader range of geographic regions and plant communities, there is an increasing need for generalizable methods to predict post-fire debris-flow initiation. The prediction of post-fire debris flow during intense rainstorms has traditionally relied upon empirical rainfall thresholds. Rainfall intensity-duration thresholds are often developed based on rainfall data and the hydrologic response to those rainstorms. They are most applicable to the specific regions where data are collected. Here, we present a new predictive approach that utilises processes-based models with fundamental physics and machine learning methods to estimate discharge thresholds for runoff-generated debris-flow initiation in four recently burned areas in the western United States. We assess the performance of the objectively defined discharge threshold-based predictions for post-fire debris-flow initiation from our hybrid framework, which utilises debris-flow timing within rainstorms, physically based numerical simulations of runoff, and the support vector machines method. The proposed thresholds have a good balance between true and false predictions for debris flow and floods. Importantly, our method permits the direct estimation of rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for areas where post-fire debris flow observations are limited.
Debris flow seismo-acoustic wave in a finite layer waveguide
Authors: Wei Shih-Chao , Liu Ko-Fei , Regmi Sudhan
Published: August 2023

The seismo-acoustic wave detection is a popular method to detect debris flows. It has been successfully used in different early warning systems worldwide. However, more information is embedded in the signals related to flow conditions. This research uses theoretical derivation to connect signals with debris flow propagation speed. We assume debris flow generates seismo-acoustic stress acting on a river bed and the seismo-acoustic waves propagate in a finite layer waveguide below the channel. Then, the propagation of seismo-acoustic stress was solved with the elastic wave equations along the channel. For any fixed point in this waveguide, the frequency of the recording signal can be translated as a function of debris flow propagation speed and seismo-acoustic wave velocity. The result shows that there is a Doppler-like property for a recorded signal where debris flow propagation speed can cause a frequency shift. This result also indicates that different superior frequency bands would be recorded from different media.
Debris-flow activity and sediment dynamics in the landslide-influenced Lattenbach catchment, Austria
Authors: Aigner Philipp , Kuschel Erik , Sklar Leonard , Zangerl Christian , Hrachowitz Markus , de Haas Tjalling , Huebl Johannes , Kaitna Roland
Published: August 2023

Deep seated landslides are common phenomena in Alpine areas. In case of a direct connectivity with the channel system, the catchment’s sediment yield and the probability of other forms of mass wasting processes such as debris flows may be increased significantly. Up to now, sediment dynamics related to deep-seated landslides and debris flows have not been quantified. The Lattenbach catchment (basin area 5,3 km², relief 2134 m) in Grins (Tyrol, Austria), is an example for an active DF-site, where there is geomorphological evidence of deep-seated landslide activity. In this study we shed light (1) on the location and size of active landslides in the catchment, that may deliver sediment to the channel system. Furthermore, we want to (2) quantify the contributed sediment volumes by these landslides (3) and estimate the exported sediment by debris flow. We apply an image correlation algorithm to high resolution ALS and TLS terrain models of derived over a period of 14 years to calculate surface movement rates within the catchment and locate deep seated landslide activity. We further assess the sediment yield of these landslides to the channel system and relate that with DF-volumes measured by a monitoring station at the catchment outlet. We find that there are five deep-seated landslide bodies directly connected to the channel system in the catchment. These are the largest source of sediment and significantly increases the overall sediment yield of the catchment. Our study shall contribute to the limited knowledge about the importance of deep-seated landslides for sediment dynamics and debris-flow activity, as their presence is predicted to be more frequent in the wake of global warming.
Debris flow: Simulating the mitigation properties of vegetation
Authors: Leonardi Alessandro , Pasqua Andrea , Flammini Luca , Pirulli Marina
Published: August 2023

Natural vegetation impacted by debris flows can act as an energy dissipator. This braking effect is similar to the one exerted by baffle arrays. However, this effect, and its potential for hazard mitigation, has been studied only marginally. In this work, we apply a depth-averaged model to reproduce scaled laboratory experiments of flow-forest interaction.
Rheology of hail-debris flow and implications in flow mobility
Authors: Montserrat Santiago , Carcés Alex , Romero Jorge , Aguilar Germán , Tamburrino Aldo
Published: August 2023

During 29-31 January 2021 (austral summer), an extreme storm event triggered catastrophic debris flows in central Chile (33-36°S). At small and precarious rural settlements in the commune of Malloa in central Chile, debris flows where triggered by a hailstorm. Hail-debris flows, with hail volume concentration near 10%-20%, caused 200 injured individuals and 73 damaged houses. In this study, hail-debris flows where modelled using the FLO2D. software, calibrated against flow velocities and flooded areas obtained from audio-visual records taken by local inhabitants (using cell phones) and a high-accuracy post-event topography obtained with a drone. Results suggest that hail content significantly reduces flow resistance compared to typical debris flows, thus increasing flow velocity, and run out. On the other hand, damage to infrastructure was more related to the materiality of the houses (precarious settlements) than to debris flow severity.
Rainfall-induced debris flows and shallow landslides in Ribeira Valley, Brazil: Main characteristics and inventory mapping
Authors: Dias Vivian Cristina , Dias Helen Cristina , Grohmann Carlos Henrique
Published: August 2023

Debris flows are one of Brazil's most frequent mass movement processes, triggered by extreme rainfall events and initial volume provided by shallow landslides. Despite the recurrence of catastrophic occurrences, Brazil still lacks basic data containing the main characteristics of previous events. In this way, this research aimed to make a morphometric characterization of the event and to provide debris-flow and shallow landslides inventories. For the morphometric analysis, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used. For the inventory map of debris flow runout and shallow landslides scars, a post-event free access image from Google Earth Pro and satellite images from RapidEye were used. The results show that debris flows had two main flows that affected different areas of the city of Itaóca. Also, one single shallow landslide contributed as initial volume to the debris flows that reach the city downtown, demonstrating the importance of entrainment. Shallow landslides analysis shows its concentration in slopes between 20.1 – 30°, with orientation South and Southeast, elevation between 600 – 800m, and in concave curvatures. The results helped to better understand debris flows in Brazil, highlighting their relationship with the occurrence of shallow landslides as one of the main triggering factors. Those data are crucial to mitigation action of possible new events.
Simulating two-phase debris flows in HEC-RAS at Hummingbird Creek, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Horita Kathleen
Published: August 2023

Debris flows are typically modelled as a single homogeneous surge due to lack of data to support more complex model development and due to lack of time and funding for the practitioner and the communities they aim to support. Coarse debris flows are typically characterized by a coarse front, followed by a muddy slurry, that is then followed by a hyperconcentrated flow phase with lesser sediment concentrations. Presented herein is the modelling for a debris flow hazard assessment for Hummingbird Creek, British Columbia, Canada. Model calibration best matched the observed debris flow deposit when the coarse front and hyperconcentrated flow were modelled separately in two phases allowing for separate flow rheologies to be used for the front and the tail of the debris flow, and allowing for deposition between phases. Further research is needed to understand when simulation of two-phase flow may be most representative, particularly when no calibration data is available.
Definition of Rainfall Thresholds for Shallow Landslides in Colombian Tropical Mountainous Catchments as Debris Flow Triggering Mechanism
Authors: Jaramillo-González Ricardo , Martínez Luis , Aristizábal Edier , García Edwin , Marín Roberto J.
Published: August 2023

As a cascade precursor of the Debris Flow phenomenon, landslides generate economic losses and human fatalities worldwide, especially in mountainous and tropical countries like Colombia. This work proposes two different methodologies of defining rainfall thresholds as a tool for Early Warning Systems for Debris Flow occurrence in Colombian urban and mountainous catchments: Empirical-Statistical and Physically based. Empirical-Statistical rainfall thresholds are defined using several data sources such as rain gauges (pluviometers), radar, and satellite data allowing a different timing and spatial resolution in the definition. The definition of physically based rainfall thresholds the TRIGRS software is used in mountainous catchments with rainfall data from rain gauges, with the information from the safety factor map resulting in the simulations calculated as the cumulative density function from the histogram of the distributed safety factor allowing the understanding of how the instability varies in a catchment during different storms events
A Study on the Comparative Analysis of the FLO-2D Model According to Debris Flow Sediment Amount
Authors: Jo Hang-Il , Jang Chang-Deok , Jun Kye-Won , Lee Ho-Jin , Kang Bae-Dong
Published: August 2023

It is very important to predict the extent of the damage in order to reduce or prevent damage by the debris flow. In the Republic of Korea, various methods are used to understand the characteristics and to estimate the occurrence of the debris flow in an undamaged area, such as simulating disasters using the estimation of debris flow sediment amount based on field survey data. In this study, the runout distance of debris flow was analyzed by using different methods for estimating the debris flow sediment amount, at Wondeok-eup, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do, where debris flow occurred due to Typhoon Mitak in 2019. The simulation results of the damage area were compared with the actual damage area. The result showed that the simulations generally corresponded to the actual area of damage caused by the sedimentation of debris flow. However, the estimation of damage area varied according to the used method of calculating the debris flow sediment amount.
Morphological characteristics of drainage networks related to landslide cluster in the Colombian Andean
Authors: Naranjo Karolina , Aristizábal Edier , Palacio Johnnatan
Published: August 2023

Debris flows are a highly destructive and common phenomena in Colombia. A large percentage are triggered during seasonal rainfalls. And the Andean region is the most affected area, which exhibits a dynamic landscape made up of weak and highly weathered materials and affected by tectonic stress. As a result of this setting, sometimes many landslides are generated in clusters. Those hillslope landslides are the sediment source for the formation of debris flows. The main goal of this study is to know the state of the dynamics of 3 basins that have been affected by cluster landslides and their subsequent debris flows that have occurred in the northern region of the Colombian Andes using diverse morphometric indices. In general terms, the results show a transitory state into basins, with an evident migration along the margins of the network drainages due to unbalance state. This means more susceptible areas with greater geomorphodynamic activity.
Topographical criteria for the occurrence of landslides causing debris flows in the 2017 torrential rain in northern Kyushu, Japan
Authors: Ohta Takehiro , Hamamoto Kanako , Eguchi Seiya
Published: August 2023

In the volcanic rock fields around Hita City, 19 landslides occurred in the 2017 torrential rains in northern Kyushu, 11 of which triggered debris flows. In order to mitigate debris flows disasters caused by landslides, it is important to assess the points where landslides are most likely to occur. Therefore, topographic profiles of landslide and non-landslide slopes were calculated from digital elevation models obtained before the disaster. The results indicate that there is a topographic criterion for landslide occurrence in the relationship between the topographic position index (TPI) and the tangent Laplacian.
Anthropogenic gravitational mass movements and the fluvial geomorphological changes: The Vale (2019) and Samarco (2015) tailing dam disasters, Brazil
Authors: Picanço Jefferson , Mesquita Maria José , de Lima Renato Eugenio
Published: August 2023

Major tailings dam failures have caused death, pain, and disruption to a community’s activities. These dam ruptures mobilize millions of tonnes of tailings, which move with gravity and can therefore be called anthropogenic mass movements. A survey of the typology of the damage caused is a necessity to assess the damage caused, especially to riverside populations. This work describes the mass movements in the 2015 Samarco/Mariana and 2019 Vale/Brumadinho tailing dam disasters. Mass movements have been described as avalanches, high and low-energy debris flows, and mud flows. The regions where the tailings dispersion was active were also verified, where it caused substantial changes in the landscape. On the other hand, it has been verified in areas where this dispersion was passive, carried out only within the fluvial dynamics. The Vale/Brumadinho disaster, which resulted in 270 deaths, was of tremendous energy and destructive power, while the Samarco/Mariana disaster, which resulted in 19 deaths, was catastrophic over thousands of kilometers. A careful evaluation of these modifications is a first step toward mitigating the affected territories and bringing social justice to the affected populations.