bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspergillus flavus Population and Aflatoxin B1 Content of Processed Peanut Products in Municipality of Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Dharmaputra Okky Setyawati , Ambarwati Santi , Retnowati Ina , Windyarani Amanda
Published: February 2016

The objectives of this study were to get informations on the population of A. flavus and aflatoxin B1 content of five processed peanut products collected from retailers in Kecamatan Bogor Tengah (Subdistrict of Central Bogor), Municipality of Bogor. A total of 129 samples of processed peanut products was collected. They consisted of roasted peanuts with skin pods (33 samples), flour-coated peanuts (33), siomay sauce (18), pecel/gado-gado sauce (33) and satai sauce (12). A sample each of 2 000 g roasted peanuts with skin pods as well as flour-coated peanuts, and a sample each of 1 500 g siomay sauce, pecel/gado-gado sauce as well as satai sauce was mixed homogenously. It was then divided two times manually to obtain working samples to determine A. flavus population, AFB1 content and a reserve sample. Peanut kernels of roasted peanuts with skin pods and flour-coated peanuts were obtained by peeling their skin pods and the batter coat of tapioca flour manually, respectively. Aspergillus flavus in peanut processed products was isolated using a serial dilution method, followed by pour plate method on Aspergillus Flavus and Parasiticus Agar (AFPA). AFB1 content was determined using Thin Layer Chromatography method. Two replicates were used for each sample. The results showed that the population of A. flavus in roasted peanuts with skin pods, flour-coated peanuts, siomay sauce, pecel/gado-gado sauce and satai sauce were 0.3, 0.1, 0.3, 13.2 and 0.4 cfu/g (wet basis), respectively. The highest AFB1 content ofÂ  processed peanut products (43.2 ppb) was found in roasted peanuts with skin pods, followed by flour-coated peanuts (34.3 ppb), satai sauce (23.2 ppb), pecel/gado-gado sauce (17.1 ppb) and siomay sauce (4.4 ppb).Key words : Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin B1, processed peanut products, Municipality of Bogor
Genetic Variation, Heritability and Correlation between Resin Production Character of Pinus merkusii High Resin Yielder (HRy) in Cijambu Seedling Seed Orchard (SSO)
Authors: Iswanto Arida Susilowati , Supriyanto Supriyanto , Siregar Iskandar Z. , Wahyudi Imam , Corryanti Corryanti
Published: February 2016

Selection high resin candidate P.merkusii is a series of breeding activities to get high resin production trait of pine trees.Â  In selection process of candidate tress, genetic diversity playsÂ  very important role because higher genetic diversity will give higher opportunity to get source of genes for improved trait. Selection activities of high resin yielder candidates were started Â in 2006 through a series of survey activity and morphological identification of candidate trees with high resin production. Specific information about traits genetically related to resin production in Cijambu Seedling Seed Orchard is still not determined yet , although based on resin distribution trend this SSO has the highest mean of resin production. Â In this study, progenies planted in 1978 -1983 were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of previous selection, as well as the value of heritability and phenotypic traits that allegedly related with resin production. The results showed high value of coefficient genetic variation (CVG:16.08%), narrow sense heritability values for resin production trait (0.65) and resemble with previous research. This indicates that genetic factor was Â dominant for resin production and selection activities has been done for 30 years was effective to get high yielder superior candidate.Â  Bark thickness, crown length and stem diameter trait was positively significant correlated to resin production, whereas level of pests and diseases was negatively significant correlated to resin production, it is possible that Â the trait related with lighting conditions that supporting photosynthesis process and number of resin duct in the wood. Â Key words: Selection, high resin yielder, P. merkusii, variation, heritability,phenotypic
The Liverwort Genus Marchantia (Marchantiaceae) of Mount Sibayak North Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Siregar Etti Sartina , Ariyanti Nunik S. , Tjitrosoedirdjo Sri S.
Published: February 2016

Study on the Hepaticae (Liverworts) of Sumatra is very scanty including the knowledge on the genus of Marchantia (Marchantiaceae). This study was conducted to explore the diversity of Marchantia in Mount Sibayak North Sumatra, Indonesia. There are seven species of Marchantia in Mount Sibayak North Sumatra, five of the species are previously known: Marchantia acaulis, M. emarginata, M. geminata, M. paleacea, and M. treubii; two of the species are new records for Sumatra (M. polymorpha and M. rubribarba). An identification key of the genus Marchantia from Mount Sibayak, North Sumatra is provided.Key words: Marchantia, Mount sibayak, North Sumatra
Effectiveness of Dung Beetles as Bioindicators of Environmental Changes in Land-use Gradient in Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Saleh Shahabuddin , Hasanah Uswah , Elijonnahdi Elijonnahdi
Published: February 2016

Bioindicators have been widely accepted as useful tools for monitoring and detecting changes in the environment or habitat condition. By using bioindicators, it is possible to assess the impact of human activities on the biota, instead of examining the entire biota. In this paper we analyzed diversity of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) across land use gradient inCentral Sulawesi and tested the suitability of dung beetles as bioindicators for environmental changes. Ninety baited pitfall trapswere placed and several habitat parameterswere measured at five land-use types ranging from natural forest to cacao agroforestry systems to open areas in 2009 and 2012. The effectiveness of dung beetles as bioindicators of environmental changes was evaluated by the IndVal method, a method combining the specificity and fidelity of certain species with particular types of habitat or environmental conditions. Surprisingly, the results showed that the diversity of dung beetles in two types of cacao plantations were similar to the forest sites and were significantly higher than the open cultivated area. Of the 16 dung beetles species analyzed only four species could be suggested as indicator (characteristic) species while the majority of collected species were categorized as detector species. Two of them (Copris saundersi and Onthophagus forsteni) were associated with natural forest and cacao agroforestry system, thus were suggested as the indicator of shaded and cooler habitats whereas O. limbatus and O. trituber can be suggested as indicator of unshaded and warmer habitats (bare land area).Keywords: bioindicators, diversity, Scarabaeidae, habitat preferences, IndVal.
Identification of Ralstonia solanacearum Isolated from a New Host : Cosmos caudatus in Indonesia
Authors: Hanudin Hanudin , Budiarto Kurniawan , Marwoto Budi
Published: February 2016

The evolutionary dynamic of pathogenic microorganism might change pathogen-host interaction including the establishment of pathogen colonization in a new host.Â  The information of the new host of devastating pathogens will serve a basis for their control method.Â  An unknown bacterial wilt disease attacking wild cosmos (Cosmos caudatus) crop in Pacet-Cianjur, Indonesia was suspiciously caused a novel strain of RalstoniaÂ  solanacearum.Â  The research was carried out to investigate the causal agent, characteristics and its grouping based on the morphological, physiological and biochemical properties and the relationship of the pathogen with the hosts.Â  The results showed the incidence of bacterial wilt on wild cosmos was epidemiologically caused by the species complex of pathogen R. solanacearum.Â  Based on the symptoms, morphological, physiological, biochemical and pathogenicity evaluations, the strain classified into group 7, race 1 and biovar 3 and group 7.Â  This was the first report of the incidence of R. solanacearum hosted naturally in wild cosmos in Indonesia.
Identification of Aspergillus flavus and Detection of Its Aflatoxin Genes Isolated from Peanut and Peanut Processed Products
Authors: Nagur Kemala S. , Sukarno Nampiah , Listiyowati Sri
Published: February 2016

Aspergillus flavus is one of the main fungi that are able to produce aflatoxin.The presence of the fungi and its aflatoxin are become serious problem on food safety. This research was aimed to isolate and identify A. flavus from peanut and its processed products collected from some traditional markets in Bogor, Depok and Jakarta, and detection of their aflatoxin genes. Fungal isolation was using AFPA media. Fungal identification was carried out by combining morphological and molecular analysis used species specific primers FVAVIQ1/FLAQ2 and AFLA-F/AFLA-R, while detection ofÂ  aflatoxin genes employed four specific primers of apa-2 (aflR), nor-1 (aflD), ver-1 (aflM) and omt-1 (aflP). From 36 samples, the A. flavus group was only found in peanut kernels samples with viable count of specific colonies in the range of 0.01-5.52 x 10-4 cfu/g. The total 18 isolates were identified as A. flavus based on species specific primers FVAVIQ1/FLAQ2 and AFLA-F/AFLA-R by producing amplicons about 100 and 413 bp respectively. Based on aflatoxin gene analysis showed that all 18 isolates successfully amplified by both apa-2 and nor-1, 83.3 % by omt-1 and 72.2 % by ver-1 genes which taking part in aflatoxin production. The amplicons size of apa-2, nor-1, ver-1 and omt-1 Â Â primer pairs were about 1032, 400, 895 and 1024 bp respectively.
High Turbidity Affects Filtration Rate and Pseudofaeces Production of the Mud Clam Polymesoda erosa (Solander 1876) (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae)
Authors: Argente Francis Albert Tabo , Cesar Senona A. , Cesar Senona A. , Dy Danilo T. , Dy Danilo T.
Published: February 2016

P. erosa is an economically- and ecologically-important bivalve which thrives in brackishwater mangroves or Nypa zones. Unpredictable weather conditions and unregulated anthropogenic activities in mangrove area could lead to high turbidity conditions and possibly affect the filtering capacity of P. erosa. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the effects of turbidity concentration and body size on the filtration rate and pseudofaeces production of P. erosa. Filtration rates significantly increased with higher turbidity concentration up to 750 mg L-1 (P < 0.05). Pseudofaeces production also increased with increasing turbidity concentration (P < 0.05).Â  Body size did not affect the filtration and pseudofaeces production of P. erosa. Results suggest that P. erosa is resilient to highly disturbed, turbid environments and therefore could be a potential candidate species for aquaculture.
Lipid Accumulation by Flavodon flavus ATH using Palm Oil Mill Effluent as Substrate
Authors: Sudiana I Made , Kanti Atit , Helbert Helbert , Octaviana Senlie , Suprapedi Suprapedi
Published: February 2016

Large amount of palm mill effluent is generated annually. The waste would be potential for production of single cell oils (SCOs). The objective of study was to evaluate the lipid accumulation by fungi using palm mill effluent as substrate. To obtain most potential strains for lipid accumulation, seven filamentous fungi isolated from various biomes were evaluated for their ability to produce endoglucanase, and its lipid accumulation. Fungal hypae grown on palm oil mill effluent accumulated lipid of 34,3-87,5 of their dry cell mass. The profile of transesterified SCOs revealed a high content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids i.e., palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids similar to conventional vegetable oils used for biodiesel production. The strain was able to use organic substrates in POME implies that they are promising strain for biofuel feed stock as well as for meeting effluent quality for wastewater discharge.
Mortality and Ingrowth Pattern of Dipterocarps in Forest Recovery in East Kalimantan
Authors: Susanty Farida H. , Suhendang Endang , Jaya I Nengah Surati , Kusmana Cecep
Published: February 2016

In primary and logged-over natural forest, the stand conditions such as stand structure, mortality and ingrowth rates will vary according to the species characteristic.Â  The study objective was to determine mortality and ingrowth/recruitment rates to formulate biometric characteristic variability of dipterocarps forest in logged-over forests based on time series data.Â  The study site was located in Labanan, East Kalimantan Province. Permanent measurement plots within logged-over forest were located to represent threedifferent logging techniques, i.e., (a)reduced impact logging with limit diameter 50 cm (RIL 50), (b) RIL 60, (c) conventional logging and (d) primary forest as control.Â  Total plot permanent area about 48 ha that measured 2 years periodically along 17 years after logging. Â Data analysis of stands were divided into two major groups, i.e., Dipterocarps and non Dipterocarps. The mortality rates on logged forest were 2.5-29.3% ha-1 2yr-1 then very closed to primary forest after the 5th year after logging.Â  While the ingrowth rate in logged forest were 1.3 â€“ 21.3% ha-1 2yr-1 that have higher value than the primary forest along 17 years.Â  The mortality and ingrowth rates fluctuation of Dipterocarps species group having different pattern with non Dipterocarps.Â  Â Keywords: Dipterocarps, logged-over forest, mortality, ingrowth
Introduction of the Serine Green Fluorescent Protein (sGFP) Gene into Pyricularia grisea Race dc4 Isolated from Digitaria ciliaris using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated Genetic Transformation
Authors: Stephanie Stephanie , Widyastuti Utut , Wiyono Suryo
Published: February 2016

Gene serin Green Fluorescent Protein (sGFP) has been used to monitor gene expression specific tagged proteins that has implication for fungal cell study. This research aimed to introduce sGFP gene into genome of P. grisea dc4 from D. ciliaris using A. tumefaciens. Plasmid sGFP was introduced into A. tumefaciens by triparental mating method (TPM). Genetic transformation was performed by co-cultivating spore P. grisea dc4 with A. tumefaciens LBA4404â€“pCAMB-sGFP. Pyricularia grisea dc4 transformant was selected by using selection medium that contains 300 Âµg/ml hygromycin. The integration of sGFP gene into genome was confirmed by PCR usingÂ  sGFPâ€™s spesific primer pair, sGFP-Nos terminator primer pair and Î²-Tubulin primer pair as internal control. Expression of sGFP from P. grisea dc4 transformant were detected with blue light fluorescent microscope.
The Expansion of Merremia peltata (L.) Merrill in Fragmented Forest of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park Enhanced by Its Ecophysiological Attributes
Authors: Yansen Yansen , Wiryono Wiryono , Deselina Deselina , Hidayat Muhammad F. , Depari Efratenta K.
Published: February 2016

Forest opening and fragmentation may affect the composition of vegetation by permitting the expansion or domination of one or two species in the area.This study found that Merremia peltata, an invasive climbing/creeping species, has dominated some areas of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP). Domination of this species was favoured by forest fragmentation, indicated by the significantly higher number of individuals of M. peltata in the open area than in intact forest. The ecophysiological characters of M. peltata support the ability of this species to become a strong invader. As the expansion of this species may negatively affect the biodiversity and vegetation health, the application of appropriate ecological approaches to control the domination of M. peltata in the conservation area is necessary.Â Â
Identifying Features of Fitness Landscapes and Relating Them to Problem Difficulty
Authors: Moser I. , Gheorghita M. , Aleti A.
Published: February 2016

Complex combinatorial problems are most often optimised with heuristic solvers, which usually deliver acceptable results without any indication of the quality obtained. Recently, predictive diagnostic optimisation was proposed as a means of characterising the fitness landscape while optimising a combinatorial problem. The scalars produced by predictive diagnostic optimisation appear to describe the difficulty of the problem with relative reliability. In this study, we record more scalars that may be helpful in determining problem difficulty during the optimisation process and analyse these in combination with other well-known landscape descriptors by using exploratory factor analysis on four landscapes that arise from different search operators, applied to a varied set of quadratic assignment problem instances. Factors are designed to capture properties by combining the collinear variances of several variables. The extracted factors can be interpreted as the features of landscapes detected by the variables, but disappoint in their weak correlations with the result quality achieved by the optimiser, which we regard as the most reliable indicator of difficulty available. It appears that only the prediction error of predictive diagnostic optimisation has a strong correlation with the quality of the results produced, followed by a medium correlation of the fitness distance correlation of the local optima.
The plant world of the Khorassan-Kopet Dagh Floristic Province: A tribute to Eskandar Firouz
Authors: SENNIKOV ALEXANDER N.
Published: February 2016

The current issue of Phytotaxa includes contributions of Prof. Hossein Akhani and his team of Iranian botanists on the flora of the Khorassan-Kopet Dagh Floristic Province, Iran. This book is a continuation of the long-term studies of these botanists on the flora of northeastern Iran, once culminated in a series of publications devoted to the flora of the Golestan National Park (Akhani 1998, 2005).
Increased Atmospheric CO2 Growth Rate during El Niño Driven by Reduced Terrestrial Productivity in the CMIP5 ESMs
Authors: Kim Jin-Soo , Kug Jong-Seong , Yoon Jin-Ho , Jeong Su-Jong
Published: February 2016

Better understanding of factors that control the global carbon cycle could increase confidence in climate projections. Previous studies found good correlation between the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 concentration and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The growth rate of atmospheric CO2 increases during El Niño but decreases during La Niña. In this study, long-term simulations of the Earth system models (ESMs) in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project archive were used to examine the interannual carbon flux variability associated with ENSO. The ESMs simulate the relationship reasonably well with a delay of several months between ENSO and the changes in atmospheric CO2. The increase in atmospheric CO2 associated with El Niño is mostly caused by decreasing net primary production (NPP) in the ESMs. It is suggested that NPP anomalies over South Asia are at their maxima during boreal spring; therefore, the increase in CO2 concentration lags 4–5 months behind the peak phase of El Niño. The decrease in NPP during El Niño may be caused by decreased precipitation and increased temperature over tropical regions. Furthermore, systematic errors may exist in the ESM-simulated temperature responses to ENSO phases over tropical land areas, and these errors may lead to an overestimation of ENSO-related NPP anomalies. In contrast, carbon fluxes from heterotrophic respiration and natural fires are likely underestimated in the ESMs compared with offline model results and observational estimates, respectively. These uncertainties should be considered in long-term projections that include climate–carbon feedbacks.
Development and Analysis of a Long-Term, Global, Terrestrial Land Surface Temperature Dataset Based on HIRS Satellite Retrievals
Authors: Siemann Amanda L. , Coccia Gabriele , Pan Ming , Wood Eric F.
Published: February 2016

Land surface temperature (LST) is a critical state variable for surface energy exchanges as it is one of the controls on emitted radiation at Earth’s surface. LST also exerts an important control on turbulent fluxes through the temperature gradient between LST and air temperature. Although observations of surface energy balance components are widely accessible from in situ stations in most developed regions, these ground-based observations are not available in many underdeveloped regions. Satellite remote sensing measurements provide wider spatial coverage to derive LST over land and are used in this study to form a high-resolution, long-term LST data product. As selected by the Global Energy and Water Exchanges project (GEWEX) Data and Assessments Panel (GDAP) for development of internally consistent datasets, the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) data are used for the primary satellite observations because of the data record length. The final HIRS-consistent, hourly, global, 0.5° resolution LST dataset for clear and cloudy conditions from 1979 to 2009 is developed through merging the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) LST estimates with the HIRS retrievals using a Bayesian postprocessing procedure. The Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) observations are used to validate the HIRS retrievals, the CFSR LST estimates, and the final merged LST dataset. An intercomparison between the original retrievals and CFSR LST datasets, before and after merging, is also presented with an analysis of the datasets, including an error assessment of the final LST dataset.
Impacts of Interactive Stratospheric Chemistry on Antarctic and Southern Ocean Climate Change in the Goddard Earth Observing System, Version 5 (GEOS-5)
Authors: Li Feng , Vikhliaev Yury V. , Newman Paul A. , Pawson Steven , Perlwitz Judith , Waugh Darryn W. , Douglass Anne R.
Published: February 2016

Stratospheric ozone depletion plays a major role in driving climate change in the Southern Hemisphere. To date, many climate models prescribe the stratospheric ozone layer’s evolution using monthly and zonally averaged ozone fields. However, the prescribed ozone underestimates Antarctic ozone depletion and lacks zonal asymmetries. This study investigates the impact of using interactive stratospheric chemistry instead of prescribed ozone on climate change simulations of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean. Two sets of 1960–2010 ensemble transient simulations are conducted with the coupled ocean version of the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, version 5: one with interactive stratospheric chemistry and the other with prescribed ozone derived from the same interactive simulations. The model’s climatology is evaluated using observations and reanalysis. Comparison of the 1979–2010 climate trends between these two simulations reveals that interactive chemistry has important effects on climate change not only in the Antarctic stratosphere, troposphere, and surface, but also in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic sea ice. Interactive chemistry causes stronger Antarctic lower stratosphere cooling and circumpolar westerly acceleration during November–January. It enhances stratosphere–troposphere coupling and leads to significantly larger tropospheric and surface westerly changes. The significantly stronger surface wind stress trends cause larger increases of the Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation, leading to year-round stronger ocean warming near the surface and enhanced Antarctic sea ice decrease.
A Similarity-Based Implementation of the Schaake Shuffle
Authors: Schefzik Roman
Published: February 2016

Contemporary weather forecasts are typically based on ensemble prediction systems, which consist of multiple runs of numerical weather prediction models that vary with respect to the initial conditions and/or the parameterization of the atmosphere. Ensemble forecasts are frequently biased and show dispersion errors and thus need to be statistically postprocessed. However, current postprocessing approaches are often univariate and apply to a single weather quantity at a single location and for a single prediction horizon only, thereby failing to account for potentially crucial dependence structures. Nonparametric multivariate postprocessing methods based on empirical copulas, such as ensemble copula coupling or the Schaake shuffle, can address this shortcoming. A specific implementation of the Schaake shuffle, called the SimSchaake approach, is introduced. The SimSchaake method aggregates univariately postprocessed ensemble forecasts using dependence patterns from past observations. Specifically, the observations are taken from historical dates at which the ensemble forecasts resembled the current ensemble prediction with respect to a specific similarity criterion. The SimSchaake ensemble outperforms all reference ensembles in an application to ensemble forecasts for 2-m temperature from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.
Clinical application of modern ultrasound techniques after liver transplantation
Authors: Teegen Eva Maria , Denecke Timm , Eisele Robert , Lojewski Christian , Neuhaus Peter , Chopra Sascha Santosh
Published: February 2016

Liver transplantation has been established as a first-line therapy for a number of indications. Conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) are methods of choice during the postoperative period as a safe and fast tool to detect potential complications and to enable early intervention if necessary. CEUS increases diagnostic quality and is an appropriate procedure for the examination of vessels and possibly bile ducts. This article presents the state of the art of ultrasound application during the early period after liver transplantation. It addresses common vascular complications and describes the identification of postoperative abnormal findings using ultrasound and CEUS.
Mechanical properties of cold sprayed titanium and nickel based coatings
Authors: Cavaliere P. , Silvello A.
Published: February 2016

In the last 10 years, cold spray coating technology is finding large attention in the scientific world. Its main characteristics are safeness, innovation, versatility and high efficiency if compared with traditional similar technologies such as plasma spray, high velocity oxygen fuel, arc wire or powder flame [P. Cavaliere: ‘Cold Spray coating technology for metallic components repairing’, in ‘Through-life engineering services: motivation theory and practice’, (ed. L. Redding and R. Roy), 175-184, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-12111-6_11 ; 2015, Springer International Publishing]. Very fine particles are accelerated and then sprayed on a substrate in a condition very far from material melting. The unique mechanical properties experienced by the sprayed material are due to the severe plastic deformation acting during particle impact. No limits are experienced by the material quantity sprayed on the substrate; in this way, bulk coatings capable of repairing and restoring can also be produced. The technology is applied in the aerospace, automobile and chemical industries. The results presented in the literature in the last years show cold spray appearing very promising in the production of nanostructured composites with enhanced microstructural and mechanical properties. In the present paper, the microstructural and mechanical behaviours of Ti and Ni based nanocomposite coatings produced via cold spray are presented. The results are analysed as a function of spray velocity, and they are compared to those belonging to pure base materials.
Easily identified at-risk patients for extubation failure may benefit from noninvasive ventilation: a prospective before-after study
Authors: Thille Arnaud W. , Boissier Florence , Ben-Ghezala Hassen , Razazi Keyvan , Mekontso-Dessap Armand , Brun-Buisson Christian , Brochard Laurent
Published: February 2016

Background

While studies have suggested that prophylactic noninvasive ventilation (NIV) could prevent post-extubation respiratory failure in the intensive care unit, they appear inconsistent with regard to reintubation. We assessed the impact of a prophylactic NIV protocol on reintubation in a large population of at-risk patients.

Methods

Prospective before-after study performed in the medical ICU of a teaching referral hospital. In the control cohort, we determined that patients older than 65 years and those with underlying cardiac or respiratory disease were at high-risk for reintubation. In the interventional cohort, we implemented a protocol using prophylactic NIV in all patients intubated at least 24 h and having one of these risk factors. NIV was immediately applied after planned extubation during at least the first 24 hours. Extubation failure was defined by the need for reintubation within seven days following extubation.

Results

We included 83 patients at high-risk among 132 extubated patients in the control cohort (12-month period) and 150 patients at high-risk among 225 extubated patients in the NIV cohort (18-month period). The reintubation rate was significantly decreased from 28 % in the control cohort (23/83) to 15 % (23/150) in the NIV cohort (p = 0.02 log-rank test), whereas the non-at-risk patients did not significantly differ in the two periods (10.2 % vs. 10.7 %, p = 0.93). After multivariate logistic-regression analysis, the use of prophylactic NIV protocol was independently associated with extubation success.

Conclusions

The implementation of prophylactic NIV after extubation may reduce the reintubation rate in a large population of patients with easily identified risk factors for extubation failure.
Relative Differences between Nonlinear and Equivalent-Linear 1-D Site Response Analyses
Authors: Kim Byungmin , Hashash Youssef M. A. , Stewart Jonathan P. , Rathje Ellen M. , Harmon Joseph A. , Musgrove Michael I. , Campbell Kenneth W. , Silva Walter J.
Published: February 2016

This study investigates the conditions for which one-dimensional (1-D) nonlinear (NL) site response analysis results are distinct from equivalent-linear (EL) results and provides guidance for predicting when differences are large enough to be of practical significance. Relative differences in spectral accelerations and Fourier amplitudes computed from NL and EL analyses are assessed for a range of site conditions and for suites of input motions appropriate for active crustal and stable continental regions. Among several considered parameters, EL/NL differences are most clearly dependent on shear strain index ( I γ), defined as the ratio of input motion peak velocity to time-averaged shear-wave velocity in the top 30 m of the soil profile. For small I γ (generally under 0.03%), EL and NL results are practically identical, whereas at larger strains, differences can be significant for frequencies >0.3 Hz. Frequency-dependent I γ values are recommended for conditions above which NL analyses are preferred to EL.
Dictating the Risk: Experimental Evidence on Giving in Risky Environments: Comment
Authors: Krawczyk Michal , Le Lec Fabrice
Published: February 2016

Based on experimental dictator games with probabilistic prospects, Brock, Lange, and Ozbay (2013) conclude that neither ex post nor ex ante comparisons can fully account for observed behavior. We argue that their conclusion that ex ante comparisons cannot explain the data is at best weakly supported by their results, and do so on three grounds: (i) the absence of significant differences between the most relevant treatments, (ii) the implicit assumption of subjects' risk neu trality, and (iii) the asymmetry of treatments regarding the disclosure of dictators' choice. (JEL C72, D63, D64, D81)
Liquidity Trap and Excessive Leverage
Authors: Korinek Anton , Simsek Alp
Published: February 2016

We investigate the role of macroprudential policies in mitigating liquidity traps. When constrained households engage in deleveraging, the interest rate needs to fall to induce unconstrained households to pick up the decline in aggregate demand. If the fall in the interest rate is limited by the zero lower bound, aggregate demand is insufficient and the economy enters a liquidity trap. In this environment, households' ex ante leverage and insurance decisions are associated with aggregate demand externalities. Welfare can be improved with macroprudential policies targeted toward reducing leverage. Interest rate policy is inferior to macroprudential policies in dealing with excessive leverage. (JEL D14, E23, E32, E43, E52, E61, E62)
New calls to the modern companies in the conditions of innovation economy
Authors: Новичкова Александра , Novichkova Aleksandra , Новичков Николай , Novichkov Nikolay , Воскресенская Юлия , Voskresenskaya Yuliya
Published: February 2016

The article discusses the requirements for modern companies in the innovation economy. In particular, it noted the impact of globalization, technologizing and humanization in the development of modern organizations. The company in the changing economic conditions of forced to pay special attention to the vast number of factors, many of which are not production-economic or financial nature, and have, for example, political, culture and anthropological nature. So, it was marked by the need for new approaches to working with employees inside the companies due to the fact that the value of each of them has been steadily increasing as growing and competition for professionals with broad competencies. Consider the category of corporate or organizational knowledge as a basis for competitive advantage of organizations. In particular, the article noted that in spite of the total implementation of information technology and automation of the various activities, human resources and human capital are basic and the main source of knowledge and information necessary for effective company operations. For this reason special significance various forms of motivation and stimulation of creativity, initiative, generating ideas and other areas of innovation. In this regard, the article separately noted the particular importance of creativity as the most important economic activity within the company for the production and use of knowledge and innovation. The article describes the characteristics of the process of knowledge management, including conservation and use. The aims and objectives of knowledge management in the framework of increasing innovation activity of enterprises in modern conditions of growing competition and constantly changing market conditions.
Flea market as a cultural phenomenon
Authors: Щеглова Людмила , Shcheglova Lyudmila
Published: February 2016

Using microurbanism as a combination of approaches to the study of the city’s cultural environment at the micro level, the author examines the totality of the relations of this phenomenon of modern culture, as the popularity of flea markets, such universals of human existence, work, play, sharing, childhood. It is shown that the proliferation of flea markets in the culture of developed countries can be considered as part of the processes of aestheticization and the gamification of life, on the one hand, and puerilely culture – on the other. The article presents the description of Volgograd flea market, its social structure, and place in the urban space, the nature of communication and its inherent “atmosphere”. In the framework of the project for the study of the anthropology of things in regional culture, the author describes characteristics of relations to things at a flea market. From this point of view, the paper introduces a typology of buyers and sellers. In the article, they ask the question on necessity of the exploring of the relationship of human economic behavior with other internal properties, and social-cultural qualities consideration from the point of view of culture philosophy. The specificity of the Volgograd flea market as a form of confrontation between the global and private, social and intimate is that the city is still not ready to allocate and equip a special place for this new form of leisure and social interaction. The main thing that makes the flea market the person is able to set free a child beginning and at the same time to protest against fashion on disposable items, disposable linear relationship and the certainty of a status-situational communication. This movement of will and thoughts received the terminological designation culture “puerility”. The article is criticism of the approach that represents the phenomenon of the flea market as a “city scene”, and argues that the approach can be seen as a consequence of the process of “showisation” of contemporary culture, understood as civilizational tendency, broadcasted by media, to see the performance first of all in every phenomenon of life. Moreover, the flea market includes the performance elements of everyday life and aestheticization of life, it is not still limited to the performance of the “urban scene”.
Performing The Tragedy of Mariam and Constructing Stage History
Authors: Wray Ramona
Published: February 2016

Since the rediscovery of Elizabeth Cary’s drama, The Tragedy of Mariam, the play and its author have generated a veritable critical industry. Yet little has been written about performance, a lacuna explained by a reluctance to think about Mariam as a theatrical creation. This article challenges the current consensus by arguing for the play’s theatrical imprint and by analysing two 2013 performances – a site-specific production at Cary’s birthplace, and a production by the Lazarus Theatre Company. Throughout, Mariam is engaged with in terms of casting, costume, lighting, set and movement, issues that have mostly been bypassed in Cary studies.
Daniel’s Cleopatra and Lady Anne Clifford: From a Jacobean Portrait to Modern Performance
Authors: Arshad Yasmin , Hackett Helen , Whipday Emma
Published: February 2016

Recent interest in staging so-called ‘closet dramas’ by early modern women has bypassed Samuel Daniel’s Cleopatra, because of the author’s sex. Yet this play has strong female associations: it was commissioned by Mary Sidney Herbert, and is quoted in a Jacobean portrait of a woman (plausibly Lady Anne Clifford) in role as Cleopatra. We staged a Jacobean-style production of Cleopatra at Goodenough College, London, then a performance of selected scenes at Knole, Clifford’s home in Kent. This article presents the many insights gained about the dramatic power of the play and its significance in giving voices to women.
Editorial
Authors: Ostovich Helen M. , Gough Melinda J. , Kelly Erin E. , Johnson Sarah E.
Published: February 2016

This is the editorial for Early Theatre 18.2. This issue says farewell to paper copies of the journal. From now on, the journal will be online solely.
Research Note—Using Expectation Disconfirmation Theory and Polynomial Modeling to Understand Trust in Technology
Authors: Lankton Nancy K. , McKnight D. Harrison , Wright Ryan T. , Thatcher Jason Bennett
Published: February 2016

Trust in technology is an emerging research domain that examines trust in the technology artifact instead of trust in people. Although previous research finds that trust in technology can predict important outcomes, little research has examined the effect of unmet trust in technology expectations on trusting intentions. Furthermore, both trust and expectation disconfirmation theories suggest that trust disconfirmation effects may be more complex than the linear expectation disconfirmation model depicts. However, this complexity may only exist under certain contextual conditions. The current study contributes to this literature by introducing a nonlinear expectation disconfirmation theory model that extends understanding of trust-in-technology expectations and disconfirmation. Not only does the model include both technology trust expectations and technology trusting intention, it also introduces the concept of expectation maturity as a contextual factor. We collected data from three technology usage contexts that differ in expectation maturity, which we operationalize as length of the introductory period. We find that the situation, in terms of expectation maturity, consistently matters. Using polynomial regression and response surface analyses, we find that in contexts with a longer introductory period (i.e., higher expectation maturity), disconfirmation has a nonlinear relationship with trusting intention. When the introductory period is shorter (i.e., expectation maturity is lower), disconfirmation has a linear relationship with trusting intention. This unique set of empirical findings shows when it is valuable to use nonlinear modeling for understanding technology trust disconfirmation. We conclude with implications for future research.
Risk Aversion and Wealth: Evidence from Person-to-Person Lending Portfolios
Authors: Paravisini Daniel , Rappoport Veronica , Ravina Enrichetta
Published: February 2016

We estimate risk aversion from investors’ financial decisions in a person-to-person lending platform. We develop a method that obtains a risk-aversion parameter from each portfolio choice. Since the same individuals invest repeatedly, we construct a panel data set that we use to disentangle heterogeneity in attitudes toward risk across investors, from the elasticity of risk aversion to changes in wealth. We find that wealthier investors are more risk averse in the cross section and that investors become more risk averse after a negative housing wealth shock. Thus, investors exhibit preferences consistent with decreasing relative risk aversion and habit formation.

Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2317 .

This paper was accepted by Amit Seru, finance.
Intertemporal Uncertainty Avoidance: When the Future Is Uncertain, People Prefer the Present, and When the Present Is Uncertain, People Prefer the Future
Authors: Hardisty David J. , Pfeffer Jeffrey
Published: February 2016

Three studies explored the effects of uncertainty on people’s time preferences for financial gains and losses. In general, individuals seek to avoid uncertainty in situations of intertemporal choice. While holding the expected value of payouts constant, participants preferred immediate gains and losses if the future was uncertain, and preferred future gains and losses if the present was uncertain. This pattern of preferences is incompatible with current models of intertemporal choice, in which people should consistently prefer to have gains now and losses later. This pattern of uncertainty avoidance is also not explained by prospect theory models, which predict risk seeking for losses. We discuss these findings in relation to previous literature.

Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2349 .

This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.
How Initial Representations Shape Coupled Learning Processes
Authors: Puranam Phanish , Swamy Murali
Published: February 2016

Coupled learning processes, in which specialists from different domains learn how to make interdependent choices among alternatives, are common in organizations. We explore the role played by initial representations held by the learners in coupled learning processes using a formal agent-based model. We find that initial representations have important consequences for the success of the coupled learning process, particularly when communication is constrained and individual rates of learning are high. Under these conditions, initial representations that generate incorrect beliefs can outperform one that does not discriminate among alternatives, or even a mix of correct and incorrect representations among the learners. We draw implications for the design of coupled learning processes in organizations.
A Systemic and Relational Approach to Pricing Services
Authors: Rai Veerendra K. , Puvvala Abhinay , Jha Ashish K.
Published: February 2016

Pricing is an integral part of any service engagement. Pricing as a part of an engagement contract impacts engagement outcomes and influences operating models for service engagement execution. However, most of the pricing strategies popular in the services sector are extensions of the transactional pricing approaches used in the goods sector. The service paradigm is “relational” in its approach to customer interaction as opposed to the manufacturing and goods paradigm, where the interaction with customers is “transactional.” In this paper we present a framework for pricing business to business (B2B) services that take a relational and systemic approach. We have illustrated the applicability of the framework using the cases of IT production support services and infrastructure as a service (IaaS).
Continental workforce
Authors: Campbell-Barr Verity
Published: February 2016

Given the importance of the workforce for the quality of provision you would assume that there is agreement on what a ‘quality workforce’ looks like, but, in fact, it is characterised by its variation.
Examining the decision-making theories employed by nurses to diagnose a patient presenting with a rectal bleed
Authors: Barnwell Abby
Published: February 2016

As part of advanced practice in colorectal care, advanced nurse practitioners (ANP) and clinical nurse specialists (CNS) increasingly are seeing patients in 2-week wait clinics to meet government targets. The author presents a case history of a patient with rectal bleeding referred via the 2-week wait pathway, and considers the decision-making theories that informed practice and led to a differential diagnosis. An eclectic model provides a comprehensive approach to decision making that encompasses the broader aspects of health; however, accurate judgement is dependent on the theoretical and clinical knowledge of the colorectal nurse specialist.
The role of family-based education in the management of depression in gastric cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a controlled clinical trial
Authors: Mahmmodi Yagob , Masroor-Roodsari Daryadokht , Varee Shokoh , Valiee Sina
Published: February 2016

Family plays an important role in patient care and the prevention of disease complications. This study aimed to investigate the effect that providing family-based education has on levels of depression in patients with gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Seventy-eight eligible patients were enrolled and randomised into intervention and control groups. Data collection tools included a demographic questionnaire and Beck's Depression Inventory. In the control group, education was given to patients only, and to patients and their family members in the intervention group. Data were analysed using paired and independent t-tests. Before the education was provided, the mean depression scores of patients in the control and intervention group was 20.08±7.58 and 20.62±7.89 (p=0.76) respectively, and 20.01±11.97 and 18.97±7.90 (p=0.03) respectively after 2 months. Educating both patients and their families can lead to reduced depression in patients with gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Thus, educational intervention for patients' family members is recommended.
Decision-making in caring for people with dementia at the end of life in nursing homes
Authors: Koppitz Andrea , Bosshard Georg , Kipfer Stephanie , Imhof Lorenz
Published: February 2016

Background:

Alleviating symptoms, fulfilling psychosocial needs, and the inclusion of family are among the criteria that determine care quality in palliative treatment. The care quality is especially inadequate for people with dementia (PwD) at the end of life. To improve this, it is necessary to understand the process of nurses’ clinical decision-making in symptom management in the terminal phase of PwD.

Aim:

The aim of the study was to examine the decision-making process of symptom management for PwD in nursing homes in their terminal phase of life.

Design:

A qualitative design was chosen with a constructivist approach. Individual interviews were conducted with nurses (n=32) in four Swiss nursing homes.

Results:

‘Recount and reflect’ plays a vital role in the care of PwD in terminal phase, enabling symptom recognition and facilitating symptom management. A process of thinking during the course of action enables nursing staff members to understand what, when, and how symptom changes have taken place.

Conclusion:

Highly-trained nurses need to support health care assistants through counselling, coaching, and leadership to help reduce the symptom burden experienced by PwD. Relatives are necessary to maintain an exchange of ideas regarding the appropriate treatment to reduce symptom burden.