bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Brooke Alice
Published: May 2018

The Introduction to this study explores the philosophical context in which Sor Juana wrote her Eucharistic plays. It traces the transition from a mindset characterized by scepticism and Neostoicism to the advent of the New Philosophy and an empirical approach to the material world. In particular, it analyses how two authors, Athanasius Kircher and Juan Eusebio Nieremberg, attempted to reconcile empirical ideas with a Christian understanding of the natural world as a reflection of the divine. This chapter then demonstrates how traces of a similar philosophical approach are present in Sor Juana’s works, in particular in her explorations of the natural world, her writings on allegory, and her engagement with Christian figuration.
Introduction
Authors: Gardner John
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter clarifies the definitions of ‘personal life’ and ‘private law’ as undertaken by this book. Roughly, ‘personal life’ refers to what people do (as well as what they think, believe, want, etc.) apart from the law. The chapter discusses a ‘monist’ view that what private law would have us do is best understood by reflecting on what we should be doing, quite apart from private law, which entails reflection on the reasons why we should be doing it. As to ‘private law’, this chapter and the book as a whole primarily refer to the law of torts and the law of contract. This definition excludes a few similar but unrelated concepts such as unjust enrichment, breach of trust, and breach of confidence.
Something Came Between Us
Authors: Gardner John
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the sense in which the duties of the law of torts and the law of contract may be said to be ‘relational’. It takes a stand against the hyper-relationalism of many writings on private law, and the hypo-relationalism of others. It does so in two moves. First, it introduces the idea of a ‘strictly relational’ duty, which is a duty that one has for the reason that one is in a certain relationship. The second move goes further to argue that private law duties need not be and often are not strictly relational. They are only ‘loosely relational’. The distinction between these moves is explored and refined by reflecting on the duty of care in the law of negligence, and its modern history. Finally, this chapter considers the import, but also the theoretical dispensability, of rights-talk in private law.
The Way Things Used To Be
Authors: Gardner John
Published: May 2018

This chapter turns to the question of the measure of damages. In particular, it considers the question of why they should be oriented towards restoring the life the wronged person would have had, had the wrong not been committed. The chapter sketches a picture according to which it is often reasonable to want to keep things one already has, or would have had but for the wrongdoer, even in a situation in which (thanks to the wrongdoer) one now has an ideal opportunity to do things differently and better. It ends with brief reflections on the socially conservative implications of such a view, which turn out to be more apparent than real. Security, including the security that private law can provide, thus should be more of a preoccupation of progressive politics than it is.
Introduction
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: May 2018

Since the 1980s the dominant hypothesis has been: big epidemics throughout history have sparked hatred and blame of the ‘other’, especially when diseases were mysterious with no prevention or cure to hand. This book dumps on its head this implied chronology. Instead of hate, epidemics before the nineteenth century and the ‘laboratory revolution’ that ensued overwhelmingly inspired altruism and unity. Things changed with modernity. But even from the nineteenth century to the present, different epidemic diseases had radically different socio-psychological effects. Just as different diseases affect our bodies differently, so too have they tended to affect our collective mentalities differently.
Cholera’s First European Tour
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discovers seventy-two cholera riots in the British Isles during the first thirteen-month cholera wave to strike the region in 1831–2. These show a variety of concerns with one distinctive characteristic that derived from new demands by anatomical schools to supply human cadavers for teaching. Overwhelmingly, the motives behind this cholera hate and violence, however, form a larger pattern seen from Asiatic Russia to New York City: fear of hospitals and the state induced by the belief that elites with physicians as their agents had invented the disease to cull populations of the poor. While impoverished women and children and recent immigrants composed crowds numbering as many as three thousand, the targets of the rioters were cholera vehicles, hospitals, and physicians. It was a class struggle but one which Marx, Engels, and later left-leaning historians have made little attempt to explain or even mention.
Smallpox Cruelty
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: May 2018

Despite the vast literature on smallpox, historians have yet to recognize that smallpox epidemics triggered more blame, hatred, and social violence by far than any other epidemics in US history. Like cholera, smallpox spawned class conflict, but with smallpox the assailants and victims switched sides: merchants, propertied farmers, even physicians blamed and violently assaulted the underclasses, and especially the diseased victims. This chapter concentrates on the neglect and cruelty inflected on smallpox victims by individuals or small groups. Surprisingly, the bulk of newspaper accounts of these acts do not reach back into the eighteenth or mid-nineteenth century when smallpox claimed more lives, but instead begin with the epidemic of 1881–2 and increase into the twentieth century, well after smallpox had become an accustomed disease with widely diffused preventive measures.
The Great Influenza
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: May 2018

Concentrating on America, this chapter explores the immense outpouring of volunteerism, compassion, and self-sacrifice wrought by the Great Influenza as seen in the response of traditional charitable institutions such as churches and men’s groups. Women, however, constituted by far the most significant charitable force, distinguishing this pandemic from all previous ones. From the Vanderbilts and McAdoos to black nurses, women crossed barriers into the most impoverished, hardest-hit neighbourhoods as ambulance drivers and orderlies, workers in diet kitchens, and carers for the ill and their families. They swept floors, fed the impoverished, took in orphans, and nursed the dangerously ill. In all these endeavours, they were the organizers as well as the workers. These crossings of class, ethnic, and racial divides, moreover, occurred within a general context of heightening racism, economic strife, jingoistic nationalism, and anti-immigrant hatred.
Conclusion
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: May 2018

The conclusion summarizes the findings of the book’s investigation of the hypothesis that epidemics which were mysterious and without known cures were the most likely to provoke hatred, blame, and violence towards ‘the other’ and the disease’s victims. These assumptions are based on a handful of examples, such as the Black Death, cholera riots of the 1830s, and the US experience of AIDS. In a brief survey of the book’s descriptions of epidemics across time, the conclusion highlights several key insights into their socio-psychological consequences, which are richer than the dominant hypothesis would lead us to expect. Epidemics could possess the power to negate class, race, ethnic, and religious differences by spurring compassion and self-sacrifice. Despite the laboratory revolution, collective violence provoked by disease appears overwhelmingly to have been a modern phenomenon but has never constituted the general rule.
Understanding Energy (In)security
Authors: Nyman Jonna
Published: May 2018

Chapter 2 introduces the theoretical framework of the book. It examines the concept of energy security, problematizing the notion of ‘security’. It then turns to address the question of what it means to understand energy as a security issue, examining the existing debate and the lack of progress in analysing the ethics of security. Drawing on pragmatism and the practice turn, it argues that rather than developing abstract theoretical criteria for judging when security is ‘good’ or ‘bad’, we need to study how security works in empirical contexts. Thus, it argues that energy security practices have to be studied in context to understand their value.
Conclusion Pop-Feminism and the Future
Authors: Spiers Emily
Published: May 2018

The volume’s primary question is whether the notions of subjectivity and agency proposed by the fiction, non-fiction, and life narratives differ, and how those differences impact upon the degree of political critique. Spiers concludes that multiple pop-feminist forms fixate on the private and the corporeal, endlessly emphasizing individual choice; both everything and nothing can be understood as feminist. Such texts also showcase the sanitized transgressive gesture as an intrinsic element of neoliberal rhetoric, even post-financial crisis. The author demonstrates how examples of literary pop writing by women explore a possible coherent sense of identity beyond the surfaces of the pop-cultural archive. She concludes that subjective incoherence in the novels co-exists in productive tension with a desire for coherence and unity that in no way resembles the model of pre-discursive sovereign subjectivity uncovered in the pop-feminist non-fiction and life narrative, as it fundamentally relates to an ethics of intersubjective relations.
Re/enactment
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2018

This Preamble to Part II describes the reenactment at Tuol Sleng prison by Duch and participants as a part of the ECCC’s evidence gathering, and peace and reconciliation process. It introduces chapters on the lived experience of Cambodians who participated in ECCC.
Conclusion
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2018

Beginning with a discussion of Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia civil party Neth Phally, the book’s conclusion, “Justice in Translation,” argues for a dynamic, discursively-informed phenomenological justice approach to transitional justice, one in keeping with the spirit of critical transitional justice studies and that foregrounds ethnographic attunement to lived experience, discourses, interstices, and the combustive encounters masked by the justice facade. To this end, the chapter reconsiders the meaning of justice in Cambodia through the lens of translation and the acts of imagination transitional justice may catalyze. Refocusing on “justice in translation” in this manner, the conclusion contends, enables us to rethink the ends of transitional justice and the paths forward after genocide and mass violence.
Belief
Authors: Byrne Alex
Published: May 2018

This chapter attempts to solve the puzzle of transparency for belief. The notion of an epistemic rule is introduced, and the proposed solution is that knowledge of one’s beliefs may be (and typically is) obtained by following the epistemic rule: Bel If p, believe that you believe that p. This is an inferential theory of knowledge of what we believe; it can be extended to an inferential theory of knowledge of what we know. The theory is also economical and detectivist, and is argued to give a satisfactory explanation of both privileged and peculiar access. The chapter concludes by examining a variety of objections.
Parties to Non-International Armed Conflicts under International Treaty Law
Authors: Rodenhäuser Tilman
Published: May 2018

Chapter 2 examines international humanitarian law treaties. Using classical treaty interpretation methods, it establishes what degree of organization is required from a non-state armed group to become ‘Party to the conflict’ under article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions, or an ‘organized armed group’ under article 1(1) of the Additional Protocol II or under the ICC Statute. Chapter 2 also analyses the travaux préparatoires of the different treaties, subsequent practice, and engages with the main doctrinal debates surrounding these questions. By subjecting the three treaties to thorough analysis, the chapter presents concise interpretations of the relevant organizational requirements, and compares the different thresholds. It also identifies and addresses under-researched questions, such as whether the organization criterion under international humanitarian law requires the capacity to implement the entirety of the applicable law.
Transition to a Low-Carbon Energy Economy
Authors: Lucas Alastair R , Thompson Chidinma B
Published: May 2018

Technology and markets are frequently discussed as the key drivers of the transition to low-carbon economy. Little attention is being given to the role of law. Yet policy and technological innovation directed towards low-carbon energy goals can be both supported and constrained by the legal context. The example of Canada shows how legal systems founded on the rule of law constrain ways in which innovation can occur, based on international law, constitutional law, common law, and legislation. However, new energy policies that are implemented by innovative statutes can support and facilitate technological innovation to address the impacts of climate change.
Techno-nationalism in the Context of Energy Transition
Authors: Banet Catherine
Published: May 2018

Techno-nationalism is governments’ protectionist behaviour towards technology innovation and transfer.— Development of law and policy to secure national interest stems from belief that restricting transfer of innovation will benefit national economic growth and protect wealth and energy independency. Although not a new phenomenon, there is a global techno-nationalism revival in the energy transition context. This chapter looks at the compatibility of techno-nationalist measures with the WTO international law regime. It reviews how national legal frameworks support these policies by reference to energy transition legislation, public procurement, local content requirements, and intellectual property rights. It compares nation states’ techno-nationalism behaviour to the duties to share and transfer technology innovation in a liberalized and competitive environment. Among the applicable rules are UNFCC and WTO technology transfer requirements, including green goods provisions. Finally, the margin of appreciation for national governments and the need for legal innovation to ensure technology transfer are examined. .
International Regulatory Challenges of New Developments in Offshore Nuclear Energy Technologies
Authors: Redgwell Catherine , Papastavridis Efthymios
Published: May 2018

This chapter explains the technological development of TNPPs and considers the imminence of construction and deployment offshore. We demonstrate that while there are legal rules of potential application to TNPPs, these do not constitute a comprehensive legal regulation framework. Are existing rules fit for purpose? For example, the IMO has adapted existing regulations to address offshore oil and gas activities in the Arctic (and Antarctic) in its ‘Polar Code’. . However, adapting existing legal rules may manifest pathway dependence mirroring the potential ‘technological lock-in’ of SMRs based on proven technology. The authors further observe that, just as climate change is characterized by polycentric governance, so too will questions of TNPP regulation cut across different fields of international law and different institutions—not just the IMO and IAEA.
Challenges to Regulating Hydraulic Fracturing in South Africa
Authors: van den Berg Hugo Meyer , Mostert Hanri
Published: May 2018

Two problems have recently plagued South Africa: insufficient energy supply and water scarcity. Hydraulic fracturing for extracting shale gas forms the backdrop to the consideration of law making and governance patterns to meet challenges of integrating new technologies into the energy landscape. The chapter highlights the climate change imperative that necessitates law making for the integration of ‘new’ technologies into the sector, and the law’s role in their governance. It considers reasons for, and potential success of, hydraulic fracturing as a method of gas extraction, alongside the environmental concerns feeding off the water scarcity problem. Further cultural and contextual concerns with hydraulic fracturing in South Africa are also considered. Law and policy making has failed to address concerns that would speak against introducing this technology. The chapter critiques the Government’s choice of addressing weaknesses in the law by introducing secondary legislation rather than involving a parliamentary process for considering amendments.
Innovation in the EU Gas Sector
Authors: Roggenkamp Martha , Sandholt Jacob , Tempelman Daisy G
Published: May 2018

The EU natural gas system has been developed since the 1960s, following discovery of the Groningen gas field. Climate change and security of supply challenges are affecting the natural gas market, provoking greener innovation including the introduction of renewable gases, such as biogas, which needs to be converted to biomethane (natural gas quality) before injection into the natural gas system and transported cross-border. This chapter examines the legal framework on EU and national level. Special attention is paid to: the extent to which biogas/biomethane is considered a renewable energy source; safety and quality standards; access and connection rules. National gas quality standards may, however, prove to be an obstacle for transportation cross-border. In addition, there is a trend towards cross-border contractual trade in biomethane and slowly emerging organizational developments facilitating cross-border trade in biomethane.
Advancing Innovations in Renewable Energy Technologies as Alternatives to Fossil Fuel Use in the Middle East
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S
Published: May 2018

Despite increasing political emphasis across the Middle East on the need to transition to lower carbon, efficient, and environmentally responsible energy systems and economies, legal innovations required to drive such transitions have not been given detailed analysis and consideration. This chapter develops a profile of law and governance innovations required to integrate and balance electricity generated from renewable energy sources (RES-E) with extant electricity grid structures in the Middle East, especially Gulf countries. It discusses the absence of renewable energy laws, the lack of legal frameworks on public–private partnerships, lack of robust pricing and financing, and lack of dedicated RES-E institutional framework. These are the main legal barriers that must be addressed if current national visions of a low-carbon transition across the Middle East are to move from mere political aspirations to realization.
Conclusion
Authors: Zillman Donald , Roggenkamp Martha , Paddock LeRoy , Godden Lee
Published: May 2018

The final chapter links contemporary political and economic developments with an historical overview of innovation in energy technologies and energy transition. In order to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement both technological innovation and legal innovation will be essential and wide-ranging. This chapter canvasses the role of governing legal frameworks in facilitating energy innovation. Against this background it provides a summary of the key conclusions from the various chapters and discusses energy law, energy globalization, and energy nationalism. The chapter provides predictions of future directions in energy law and transformation by reference to the three factors of energy markets and new actors, climate change and sustainability, and energy security.
Inspiration
Authors: O’Collins, SJ Gerald
Published: May 2018

This book anchors its study of inspiration firmly in the Scriptures themselves, and examines both the inspired nature of the Bible and its inspiring impact. It begins by evaluating classical views of biblical inspiration expounded by Karl Barth and Raymond Collins. It then takes up the inspired origin of the Old Testament, where earlier books helped to inspire later books, before moving to the New Testament, which throughout shows the inspiring impact of the inherited Scriptures—both in direct quotations and in many echoes. The work then moves to the Bible’s inspiring influence on Christian worship, preaching, teaching, the visual arts, literature, and life. After a chapter that clarifies the interrelationship between divine revelation, tradition, and inspiration, two chapters expound ten characteristics of biblical inspiration, with special emphasis on the inspiring quality of the Bible. The book explains a major consequence of inspiration, biblical truth, and the grounds on which Christians ‘canonized’ the Scriptures. After spelling out three approaches to biblical interpretation (the authorial intention, the role of readers, and the primacy of the text itself), the work ends by setting out ten principles for engaging theologically with the Scriptures. An epilogue highlights two achievements of the book. By carefully distinguishing (but not separating) inspiration from divine revelation and biblical truth, it can deliver readers from false problems. The book also underlines the inspiring effects of the Scriptures as part of the Holy Spirit’s work of inspiration.
The Reception and Inspiring History of the Scriptures
Authors: O’Collins, SJ Gerald
Published: May 2018

The story of Christianity could be described as the reception and practice of the Scriptures, along with failure to be inspired by the Scriptures and practise them. Without the Bible, there could be no Christian worship. Baptism, Eucharist and the rest, including the liturgy of the hours (which depends essentially on the Psalms), would be unimaginable without the inspired and inspiring Bible. Hymns, preaching, Christian drama (including films), and personal prayer depend on the Scriptures. Both theology and official teaching have developed through reflection on the Scriptures (e.g. Paul on justification). The Bible has inspired and continues to inspire Christian literature and the visual arts.
Revelation, Tradition, and Inspiration
Authors: O’Collins, SJ Gerald
Published: May 2018

This chapter spells out the complex interrelationship between the divine self-revelation, the tradition that transmits the prophetic and apostolic experience of that revelation, and the writing of the inspired Scriptures. Primarily, revelation involves the self-disclosure of the previously and mysteriously unknown God. Secondarily, it brings the communication of hitherto unknown truths about God. Revelation is a past, foundational reality (completed with the missions of the Son and Holy Spirit), a present experience, and a future hope. Responding with faith to divine revelation, the Old Testament (prophetic) and then New Testament (apostolic) witnesses initiated the living tradition from which came the inspired Scriptures. Tradition continues to transmit, interpret, and apply the Scriptures in the life of the Church.
The Truth and ‘Canonization’ of the Scriptures
Authors: O’Collins, SJ Gerald
Published: May 2018

‘Saving truth’ is a more biblical and positive term than ‘inerrancy’ or freedom from error. Rather than being identified with biblical inspiration, the truth of the Scriptures is a major consequence of inspiration. It is close to the notion of the divine faithfulness and reliability. A progressive approach to biblical truth acknowledges that truth is to be found primarily in the whole Bible. Jesus Christ is the Truth, attested prophetically in the Old Testament and apostolically in the New. Ultimately biblical truth is something to be lived and practised. A closed list of inspired and authoritative books (which determine the Church’s faith and practice), the canon was constituted by maintaining the inherited Scriptures and accepting the New Testament on the basis of their apostolic provenance (taken in a broad sense), orthodox teaching (or adherence to the ‘rule of faith’), and wide and consistent usage in the Church’s liturgy and teaching.
EuroTragedy
Authors: Mody Ashoka
Published: May 2018

In May 1950, five years after the second of two catastrophic wars, European nations began building a magnificent structure of institutional cooperation and open trade borders to secure peace and prosperity. Then, in 1969, they took an astonishingly ill-advised leap towards a single currency—requiring a single monetary policy for vastly divergent economies. This was economic folly, critics untiringly warned. Worse, it carried the seeds of political division. Europe’s leaders went forward unheeding, and in January 1999, the tragedy of the euro began. This vivid and compelling chronicle describes how the euro improbably emerged through a narrow historical window as a flawed compromise wrapped in a false pro-European rhetoric of peace and unity. The book then situates the tragedy in a fast-paced global context and guides the reader through forced—and unforced—errors eurozone authorities committed during their long financial crisis. The euro unfolded as both economic and political tragedy. It weakened the growth potential of member states, which made financially vulnerable Europeans more anxious. It deepened the sense of unfairness and widened the division between nations. Now, the burden falls upon younger Europeans, a generation with a discouragingly bleak future. A compassionate view of European possibilities, EuroTragedy makes clear that the euro’s structural flaws will continue to haunt—especially along cracks in the Italian economy. Instead of centralizing authority to prop up an ossified pro-Europeanist model, it is time to loosen ties that bind too tightly so that a liberal order can once more flourish.
Introduction
Authors: Mody Ashoka
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the European project. Almost half a century ago, European nations began exploring the idea of a single currency: the Euro—the single currency shared by nineteen European nations. However, in giving up their national currencies, Eurozone members lost important policy levers. This basic flaw creates acute difficulties as countries that share the currency diverge from each other. Moreover, it is on the nature of the single currency that once member economies begin to diverge from each other, the common interest rate will cause the divergence to increase. Thus, although they described the project in grand terms, Europeans set about creating an “incomplete monetary union,” one that had a common monetary policy but lacked the fiscal safeguards to dampen booms and recessions. Within this incomplete structure, conflicts on the conduct of monetary and fiscal policy were bound to rise.
The Future Ain’t What It Used to Be
Authors: Mody Ashoka
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes two scenarios, the two possible ways in which the final act of the European project plays out. In the first scenario, European authorities remain confident that they have essentially been on the right track and they continue to make modest course corrections, which they believe will ensure a brighter European future. However, the elusive and frustrating pursuit of deeper economic and financial integration causes more economic and political damage. Setbacks and crises recur to test the euro and its accompanying political vision. In the second scenario, the pro-European vision, European authorities recognize the important truth that “more Europe” will not solve Europe's most pressing economic and social problems. They dismantle the economically counterproductive and politically corrosive system of fiscal rules and rely more on financial markets to enforce fiscal discipline. Paradoxically, the euro survives, not because it adds value but because it becomes largely irrelevant.
BRAC
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

This case explores how the international nongovernmental organization BRAC (Building Resources Across Communities) monitors a key component of the theory of change for its Community Livestock and Poultry Program: its incentive structure for field staff and community volunteers. The program is implemented through a “microfranchise” model that provides financial incentives—rather than formal employment—to community members who conduct agricultural extension activities. To assess how the program is working, the organization must generate credible and actionable data. Readers will explore the advantages and disadvantages of BRAC’s monitoring system. They will also assess the challenges BRAC faced in turning actionable data into action and propose changes that could increase the effectiveness of the monitoring process.
Globalization, Policy Reform, and the Labour Market
Authors: Mahmood Zaad
Published: May 2018

The chapter introduces the broad theoretical arguments regarding globalization, policy convergence, and labour market reforms. It initiates the discussion on globalization and public policy and elaborates on the nature of such interaction. A major section of this chapter is devoted to the discussion of the factors and mechanisms of policy convergence. Summarizing the potential factors that influence policy convergence, an analytical framework with three broad categories, namely structural determinants, institutional determinants, and political determinants of policy convergence, is presented. The discussion is theoretically linked to the issue of labour market as a site of reform through existing theoretical frameworks and global experiences. The chapter proceeds to set out the theoretical framework to analyse labour market reform and presents an alternative index of labour market flexibility that is meaningful for transitional economies to facilitate subnational comparative study.
Partisan Government and Interest Groups
Authors: Mahmood Zaad
Published: May 2018

The chapter further elaborates the theme of partisanship by analysing the role of business groups and trade unions in shaping labour market reforms. The chapter evaluates business and trade unions as contending interests in shaping labour reforms across the states to explain variations in labour market. Disaggregated analysis of relative strength and organization of the interest groups shows that the influence of interest groups depends more on their proximity to the government than material resources or their organizational capacity. This is most evident in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh where relative strength of business groups and trade unions do not corroborate labour market outcomes. The finding reaffirms the centrality of governments and political parties due to the historical weakness of civil society organizations and legacy of state intervention in India.
Making Morality Work
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: May 2018

Moral theories can play both a theoretical and a practical role. As theories, they provide accounts of which features make actions right or wrong. In practice, they provide standards by which we guide our choices. Regrettably, limits on human knowledge often prevent people from using traditional moral theories to make decisions. Decision makers labor under false beliefs, or they are ignorant or uncertain about the circumstances and consequences of their possible actions. An agent so hampered cannot successfully use her chosen moral theory as a decision-guide. This book examines three major strategies for addressing this “epistemic problem” in morality. One strategy argues that the epistemic limitations of agents are defects in them but not in the moral theories, which are only required to play the theoretical role. A second strategy holds that the main or sole point of morality is to play the practical role, so that any theory incapable of guiding decisions must be rejected in favor of a more usable theory. The third strategy claims the correct theory can play both the theoretical and practical role through a two-tier structure. The top tier plays the theoretical role, while the lower tier provides a coordinated set of user-friendly decision-guides to provide practical guidance. Agents use the theoretical account indirectly to guide their choices by directly utilizing the supplementary decision-guides.Making Morality Work argues that the first two strategies should be rejected, and develops an innovative version of the third strategy.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 describes the central issue addressed by the book and then outlines the common philosophical responses to this issue and the type of solution for which the author will argue. The central issue is that we are epistemically limited agents who must contend with false beliefs or uncertainty in trying to ascertain and do what is right according to traditional moral theories. Common responses to this “epistemic problem” for morality include the “Austere” Response (sticking with traditional theories even though they are often unusable); the “Pragmatic” Response (abandoning traditional theories in favor of more user-friendly ones); and the “Hybrid” Response (seeking the advantages of both approaches in a two-tier structure that marries a traditional moral theory with more usable decision-guides). The advantages and disadvantages of all three responses will be assessed in subsequent chapters.
Using Moral Principles to Guide Decisions
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: May 2018

The Usability Demand is a demand that an acceptable moral theory be usable by those governed by it. For an inquiry into whether and how moral theories meet this demand, it is crucial to understand “usability.” Chapter 2 analyzes the concepts of what it is for a decision maker to use a moral principle to make a decision, and what makes a moral principle usable. It introduces the distinction between an agent’s ability in the core and the extended senses to use a moral principle as a decision-guide, and offers a formal definition of “usability” that tells us how a principle can prescribe an act under an “immediately helpful” description. The question of whether the Usability Demand requires extended or merely core usability is deferred to subsequent chapters.
A Further Disadvantage of Subjectivized Moral Codes
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: May 2018

One important type of proposal (originally by W. D. Ross and H. A. Prichard) for an ideal Pragmatic code is a subjectivized moral theory, a code stating that one’s duty is (for example) to do X because one believes that doing so would fulfill a promise or compensate for a past wrong. Chapter 5 distinguishes between a free-standing duty to acquire information and a derivative duty to acquire information (the latter utilizing the concept of a duty’s deontic weight), and argues that subjectivized deontological codes cannot account for the widely accepted duty (whether free-standing or derivative) to acquire information relevant to one’s future actions before acting. Mixed deontological and consequentialist codes including such subjectivized deontological duties suffer the same problem. This fatal failure shows that subjectivized codes with deontological elements must be rejected, quite independently of their failure to meet the Usability Demand.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 14 provides a summary of the book, describing the epistemic problem in morality, the rationales for seeking usability, and the three salient approaches to solving this problem (the Austere, Pragmatic, and Hybrid solutions). It assesses the strengths and weaknesses of each of these solutions as an approach to the problem of error and the problem of uncertainty. The book introduces a fully-worked out, novel version of the Hybrid solution—termed the “Constrained Standards Hybrid” solution—which is appraised in Chapter 13 as the best available moral system for accommodating the epistemic frailties human decision makers bring to their choices of how to act.
“Very Capital Reading for Children”
Authors: Murnaghan Sheila , Roberts Deborah H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter treats the transformation of classical myth into children’s pleasure reading by Nathaniel Hawthorne (A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, 1851 and Tanglewood Tales, 1853) and Charles Kingsley (The Heroes, 1855), with attention to earlier handbooks and collections and to contemporary reservations about myth as suitable reading for children. Both authors use the fairy tale as a model and assume a natural affinity between children and the time in which the myths originated, but they also differ significantly. In Hawthorne’s Romantic vision, myth is archetypal and universal, equally suited to girls and boys, and conducive to free and imaginative play in an American setting; in Kingsley’s progressive vision, myth belongs to a childlike historical moment and serves as a prelude to the different sorts of education that await his boy and girl readers and as a vehicle for Christian and British values.
“Be a Roman Soldier”
Authors: Murnaghan Sheila , Roberts Deborah H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines historical fiction for children set in antiquity, taking note of the genre’s intermediate status as a source of historical information that also shares the fictionality of myth and solicits the modern reader’s identification with characters from a different era. The relationship between historical fiction and national identity is explored through American novels set in the Roman world. Compared to works by British authors like Rudyard Kipling, which use Roman Britain as a context for themes of British identity and imperialism, works for American children by Reuben Wells, Paul Anderson, and Caroline Dale Snedeker make the scenes of Roman history into versions of such American settings as the new world of colonial exploration, the frontier, and the homeland of World War I.
Ancient History for Girls
Authors: Murnaghan Sheila , Roberts Deborah H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the strategies used to make history texts and works of historical fiction set in antiquity appealing to girl readers of the first half of the twentieth century, who were increasingly exposed to books with active girl heroines. Despite the severe constraints on ancient women and girls, such writers as Dorothy Mills, Caroline Dale Snedeker, Erick Berry, and Naomi Mitchison contrive to provide their readers with independent, resourceful ancient counterparts. They achieve this by filling in the silences of the ancient record, setting their stories on the spatial and temporal margins of the classical world, and devising plots in which girls act in the place of absent or inadequate brothers.
Prime Ministers
Authors: Weller Patrick
Published: May 2018

Prime ministers dominate, but still lose office. Why? This chapter explores the conundrum that infests debates on the prime ministers’ power and influence. It examines the ambiguous and uncertain institutional environment with its scope for initiatives and choices. It rejects normative notions of what prime ministers should do and illustrates that accusations of excessive power and ambition have been thrown at prime ministers from the very beginning. It identifies the strategy of the book: to compare institutional arrangements in four Westminster systems—Britain, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand—to see how prime ministers have chosen to define their role. It proposes tests for assessing prime ministers and for judging their performance and options.
Prime Ministers and their Ministers
Authors: Weller Patrick
Published: May 2018

Ministers have both been described as the prime ministers’ agents, unable to take substantive initiatives without their approval, and as the real drivers and masters in Westminster governments. This chapter explores the relationship between prime ministers and their ministers. It identifies the range of interpretations of the concept of ministerial responsibility, examines the authority of prime ministers to appoint and sack ministers, and the real limitations on their powers. It identifies the importance of the relationship with ministers of finance/chancellors. It shows how prime ministers use the levers available to influence ministerial decisions, including charter letters, administrative management, and, when prime ministers are either frustrated or personally interested, actually taking the lead in a policy area. To be effective prime ministers need to balance selected involvement with trusted delegation.
Prime Ministers and Cabinet Government
Authors: Weller Patrick
Published: May 2018

All prime ministers insist that their government practises cabinet government, and that stories of prime ministerial government are exaggerated. This chapter explores how cabinet government is interpreted in each system. Does it require a formal meeting or is it a process of consultation and coordination? This chapter identifies the different interpretations of collective responsibility. It traces the different routines that are used in the preparation of cabinet submissions and how agendas for cabinet are determined. It shows how cabinets are used in the different countries: for information, for endorsement, or for decision. The trend has differed across countries; the differences can be traced through rules of attendance, use of committees, and attitudes to the process. Cabinet government works more in decision mode in Australia and New Zealand than in Canada and Britain.
Introduction
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

Part I considers definitions of literature (as distinct from philology) for the medieval period, arguing that the rhetorical shape and storytelling functions of many texts composed in the Russian lands from the tenth century onward created a body of literature when understood on these terms. The Part surveys the spread of learning and a new script to Kievan Rus′, treating accounts of the conversion of the Eastern Slavs to Orthodox Christianity. It considers the conditions and scribal practices affecting the selective transmission of texts from Byzantium within the context of the larger Orthodox world and its networks of scriptoria. The Part looks at the spiritual function of writing within the monasteries, and considers the impact of appanage politics on the uses and value of literature. Through a consideration of hagiography, sermons, and chronicle narrative an idea of Rus′ and models of kingship and holiness emerged.
Local narratives
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

Intergenerational feuds gave rise to literary works about dynastic continuity, which transformed local military warriors into religious heroes and led to the elevation of the Grand Prince as a national leader, a position crystallized late in the period by Ivan IV. The chapter charts a narrative about invasion and survival after the thirteenth-century depredations of the Mongols, and discusses how scribal techniques adjusted versions of texts to suit the ideology of dynastic claimants. Prose narratives and two epics tell a story of the trauma of conquest and the potential for renewal. Historical discourses employed a language of natural boundaries, relying on river, plain, and forest imagery to create a symbolic geography of the Russian state.
Court theater
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the creation of court theater under the reign of Tsar Aleksei. It looks at the forms of dramatic entertainment and considers some of the better-known repertory pieces. The creation of a theatrical vocabulary and stagecraft was a challenge that the Muscovite court met through the participation of a small and influential group of well-educated churchmen, including Polotsky, Rogovsky, and Prokopovich. Jesuit school theater, allegorical plots, and Biblical speeches were different ways of conveying messages sanctioned by the church and the tsar about moral behavior, conduct codes that prose tales more usually subverted. These modest steps toward creating a court theater fitted well into the assimilation of baroque techniques that featured stunning effect in poetry.
Introduction
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

The Part examines the rise of secular literature and its alignment with the stylistic conventions and linguistic norms of European classicism. The process was not streamlined, and types of writing new to Russia gained momentum from the second half of the eighteenth century. The Part outlines the development of the notion of authorship and readership in relation to publishing, education, and friendship networks, which constituted the literary field under the patronage of Catherine II and outside court. The Part shows how literature explored newfound ideas of sensibility and subjectivity, developing, by the 1790s, a concomitant belief in the idea of genius typical of early Romanticism. Consistent with a larger Enlightenment context, eighteenth-century literature debated questions of cultural progress and national identity. The Part also shows a growing tension between the restrictive politics of the period and the confidence authors placed in literature as a mode of enquiry into enlightened absolutism.
Defining classicism
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

The chapter describes the origins of the classical style, arguing that its elaboration involved experimentation rather than strict adherence to rules. It considers the contribution of three major theorists of the period to norms of language and style, exploring why in the end none could impose a single method. The chapter discusses the culture of literary quarrels, often conducted in witty poetic exchanges and staged comedies. Literary quarrels were a process taking place in the 1750s–1810s which helped stabilize conventions of taste and practice. The chapter features a case study that explains the creation of modern verse in Russia, detailing the basic aspects of prosody and the new metrical system.
Introduction
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

Part IV outlines the development of literature within its social and historical context, charting the growth of a mass readership and literary journalism. It explores how the establishment of a sustainable system of royalties enabled the professionalization of literature, arguing that the so-called thick journals, thanks to their financial success, played a particularly important role in this process. The Part explores how autobiographical genres and poetry each in its own way expressed subjectivities. The Part discusses the growth of the novel and the diversification of character types, and, rejecting an entrenched model of a changeover between ages of prose and poetry, argues that poetry remained vibrant. The roles of women as writers producing poetry and fiction and as readers consuming literature are explored. The Part argues that literature paid close attention to society, raising questions and fictionalizing scenarios that stimulated individual moral exploration and searching for national identity.
Subjectivities
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

The chapter continues to trace attention to emotions, begun in the context of Sentimentalism and further developed in the works of the pre-Romantic period. The discovery of the self-promoted active autobiographical writing practiced by men and women throughout the century. The masonic interest in the “inner man,” evident in diary writing early in the century, survived to manifest itself in Leo Tolstoy’s intense focus on self-analysis. The chapter presents Herzen’s formidable memoir My Past and Thoughts as a work crossing the boundary between the personal and historical. The chapter then moves to examining the presentation of the self in poetry, in elegy and love lyrics.