bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photoluminescence quenching and electron transfer in CuInS2/ZnS core/shell quantum dot and FePt nanoparticle blend films
Authors: Hua Jie , Cheng Haibo , Yuan Xi , Zhang Yan , Liu Mei , Meng Xiangdong , Li Haibo , Zhao Jialong
Published: March 2015

The photoluminescence (PL) quenching of CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) in blend films with FePt magnetic nanoparticles (MNs) was studied by steady-state and time-resolved PL spectroscopy.
Correction: Electrostatic control of regioselectivity via ion pairing in a Au(i)-catalyzed rearrangement
Authors: Lau Vivian M. , Gorin Craig F. , Kanan Matthew W.
Published: March 2015

Correction for ‘Electrostatic control of regioselectivity via ion pairing in a Au(i)-catalyzed rearrangement’ by Vivian M. Lau et al., Chem. Sci., 2014, 5, 4975–4979.
Self-rolled nanotubes with controlled hollow interiors by patterned grafts
Authors: Han Minwoo , Hyun Jungin , Sim Eunji
Published: March 2015

By patterning surface grafts, two-dimensional grafted sheets are programmed to self-roll into hollow tubes with a desired cavity size, direction, kinetics and faceted forms.
CoSe2 necklace-like nanowires supported by carbon fiber paper: a 3D integrated electrode for the hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Wang Ke , Xi Dan , Zhou Chongjian , Shi Zhongqi , Xia Hongyan , Liu Guiwu , Qiao Guanjun
Published: March 2015

Pyrite-type CoSe2 necklace-like nanowires (NWs) were successfully grown on carbon fiber paper (CFP) and proven to be an efficient electrocatalyst towards the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
A hydrophilic separator for high performance lithium sulfur batteries
Authors: Li G. C. , Jing H. K. , Su Z. , Lai C. , Chen L. , Yuan C. C. , Li H. H. , Liu L.
Published: March 2015

The cells using the hydrophilic separator show significantly enhanced cycle performance. At a rate of 0.2 C, they demonstrate an initial capacity of 1271 mA h g−1, and after 30 cycles, the capacity can still remain at 1020.3 mA h g−1, while for the cell using a conventional hydrophobic separator, the capacity is 1238.4 and 532.9 mA h g−1, respectively.
Trifluoroborane-Catalyzed C–H Functionalization/S–H Insertion Reaction: Construction of N,S-Acetal Quaternary Centers
Authors: Cai Yan , Ge Haihong , Sun Weize , Miao Zhiwei
Published: March 2015

The trifluoroborane-catalyzed C–H functionalization/S–H insertion reaction of α-diazophosphonates with thiols has been developed. A plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed to understand the combined reaction. This process provides straightforward access to N,S-acetals containing quaternary centers in moderate to good yields and chemoselectivity.
Special pinning phenomena in arrays of defects with gradient spatial distributions on niobium film
Authors: Wu Tian-Chiuan , Horng Lance , Wu Jong-Ching
Published: March 2015

Flux pinning effect is related to the strong influence by the presence of defects that act as pinning centers. We present transport experiments that investigate the pinning properties in a spacing-graded array of pinning sites. We have found the asymmetric pinning by arrays of defects with modulated gradient spatial distributions on niobium film. One can clearly see the asymmetric pinning effect for the vortex motion. The dc voltage depends on the amplitude of the ac current and that there is a sharp maximum at matching fields. This curve, however, has an interesting sign reversal phenomenon below the first matching field, which will be investigated more in the future. The dc voltage as a function of dc and ac applied current gives evidence that the artificial arrays of gradient pinning site density induce ratchet effect. This effect can be used to control the vortex motion, which will be important for the application of vortex based on electronic devices.
Computer simulation of coercivity improvement due to microstructural refinement
Authors: Fukunaga Hirotoshi , Hori Ryousuke , Nakano Masaki , Yanai Takeshi , Kato Ryutaro , Nakazawa Yoshiyuki
Published: March 2015

The effect of the presence of a non-magnetic phase at multi-junctions of Nd2Fe14B grains on the demagnetization process of Nd-Fe-B magnets was investigated by micromagnetic simulations, while varying the size of the non-magnetic phase and the Nd2Fe14B grains. While the demagnetizing field created by the non-magnetic phase assisted the nucleation of a reverse domain, its effect was only significant when its size exceeded a critical value. This critical size effect can be explained by a change in the spatial distribution of the demagnetizing field. In addition, the calculations indicated that microstructural refinement would also increase the coercivity. This increase in coercivity could also be attributed to a change in the spatial distribution of the demagnetizing field due to the presence of a non-magnetic phase. Changes in the spatial distribution of the demagnetizing field due to such a non-magnetic phase could represent a mechanism by which microstructural refinement leads to increased coercivity.
Observation of warm, higher energy electrons transiting a double layer in a helicon plasma
Authors: Sung Yung-Ta , Li Yan , Scharer John E.
Published: March 2015

Measurements of an inductive RF helicon argon plasma double layer with two temperature electron distributions including a fast (>80 eV) tail are observed at 0.17 mTorr Ar pressure. The fast, untrapped electrons observed downstream of the double layer have a higher temperature (13 eV) than the trapped (Te = 4 eV) electrons. The reduction of plasma potential and density observed in the double layer region would require an upstream temperature ten times the measured 4 eV if occurring via Boltzmann ambipolar expansion. The experimental observation in Madison helicon experiment indicates that fast electrons with substantial density fractions can be created at low helicon operating pressures.
The effects of ion mass variation and domain size on octupolar out-of-plane magnetic field generation in collisionless magnetic reconnection
Authors: Graf von der Pahlen J. , Tsiklauri D.
Published: March 2015

Graf von der Pahlen and Tsiklauri [Phys. Plasmas 21, 060705 (2014)] established that the generation of octupolar out-of-plane magnetic field structure in a stressed X-point collapse is due to ion currents. The field has a central region, comprising of the well-known quadrupolar field (quadrupolar components), as well as four additional poles of reversed polarity closer to the corners of the domain (octupolar components). In this extended work, the dependence of the octupolar structure on domain size and ion mass variation is investigated. Simulations show that the strength and spatial structure of the generated octupolar magnetic field is independent of ion to electron mass ratio; thus showing that ion currents play a significant role in out-of-plane magnetic structure generation in physically realistic scenarios. Simulations of different system sizes show that the width of the octupolar structure remains the same and has a spacial extent of the order of the ion inertial length. The width of the structure thus appears to be independent on boundary condition effects. The length of the octupolar structure, however, increases for greater domain sizes, prescribed by the external system size. This was found to be a consequence of the structure of the in-plane magnetic field in the outflow region halting the particle flow and thus terminating the in-plane currents that generate the out-of-plane field. The generation of octupolar magnetic field structure is also established in a tearing-mode reconnection scenario. The differences in the generation of the octupolar field and resulting qualitative differences between X-point collapse and tearing-mode are discussed.
Layered thermal metamaterials for the directing and harvesting of conductive heat
Authors: Bandaru P. R. , Vemuri K. P. , Canbazoglu F. M. , Kapadia R. S.
Published: March 2015

The utility of a metamaterial, assembled from two layers of nominally isotropic materials, for thermal energy re-orientation and harvesting is examined. A study of the underlying phenomena related to heat flux manipulation, exploiting the anisotropy of the thermal conductivity tensor, is a focus. The notion of the assembled metamaterial as an effective thermal medium forms the basis for many of these investigations and will be probed. An overarching aim is to implement in such thermal metamaterials, functionalities well known from light optics, such as reflection and refraction, which in turn may yield insights on efficient thermal lensing. Consequently, the harness and dissipation of heat, which are for example, of much importance in energy conservation and improving electrical device performance, may be accomplished. The possibilities of energy harvesting, through exploiting anisotropic thermopower in the metamaterials is also examined. The review concludes with a brief survey of the outstanding issues and insights needed for further progress.
Carbon nanotube biconvex microcavities
Authors: Butt Haider , Yetisen Ali K. , Ahmed Rajib , Yun Seok Hyun , Dai Qing
Published: March 2015

Developing highly efficient microcavities with predictive narrow-band resonance frequencies using the least amount of material will allow the applications in nonlinear photonic devices. We have developed a microcavity array that comprised multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) organized in a biconvex pattern. The finite element model allowed designing microcavity arrays with predictive transmission properties and assessing the effects of the microarray geometry. The microcavity array demonstrated negative index and produced high Q factors. 2–3 μm tall MWCNTs were patterned as biconvex microcavities, which were separated by 10 μm in an array. The microcavity was iridescent and had optical control over the diffracted elliptical patterns with a far-field pattern, whose properties were predicted by the model. It is anticipated that the MWCNT biconvex microcavities will have implications for the development of highly efficient lenses, metamaterial antennas, and photonic circuits.
Nitrogen-atom endohedral fullerene synthesis with high efficiency by controlling plasma-ion irradiation energy and C60 internal energy
Authors: Cho Soon Cheon , Kaneko Toshiro , Ishida Hiroyasu , Hatakeyama Rikizo
Published: March 2015

The nitrogen-atom endohedral fullerene (N@C60) has been synthesized by controlling the plasma ion irradiation energy (Ei) and fullerene (C60) behavior in the sublimation phase. We examined the relationship between the synthesis purity of N@C60 [molar concentration ratio of N@C60 to pristine fullerene (C60)] and Ei, which was controlled by changing the substrate bias voltages (Vsub) and gas pressure (PN2) during the plasma irradiation process. High-density nitrogen-molecular ions (N2+) with a suitable Ei near 80 eV are confirmed to be the optimum condition of the nitrogen plasma for the synthesis of high-purity N@C60. In addition, high sublimation of C60 contributes to a higher yield due to the high internal energy of C60 and the related cage defects that are present under these conditions. As a result, a purity of 0.83% is realized for the first time, which is almost two orders of magnitude higher than that using other methods.
Negative circular polarization as a universal property of quantum dots
Authors: Taylor Matthew W. , Spencer Peter , Murray Ray
Published: March 2015

This paper shows that negative circular polarization, a spin flip of polarized carriers resulting in emission of opposite helicity, can be observed in undoped, n-doped, and p-doped InAs/GaAs quantum dots. These results contradict the usual interpretation of the effect. We show using power dependent and time resolved spectroscopy that the generation of negative circular polarization correlates with excited state emission. Furthermore, a longer spin lifetime of negatively polarized excitons is observed where emission is largely ground state in character.
Analysis of population structure and genetic variability in Iranian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) using pedigree information
Authors: Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh Navid
Published: March 2015

The objective of this study was to use pedigree analysis to evaluate the population structure, genetic variability and inbreeding in Iranian buffaloes. The analysis was based on the pedigree information of 42 285 buffaloes born from 549 sires and 6376 dams within 1697 herds. Pedigree information used in this study was collected during 1976 to 2012 by the Animal Breeding Centre of Iran. The CFC program was applied to calculate pedigree statistics and genetic structure analysis of the Iranian buffaloes. Also, the INBUPGF90 program was used for calculating regular inbreeding coefficients for individuals in the pedigree. The analysis of pedigree indicated that inbreeding coefficient ranged from 0% to 31% with an average of 3.42% and the trend of inbreeding was significantly positive over the years (P < 0.0001). Average coancestry was increased in recent years and overall generation interval was 6.62 years in Iranian buffaloes. Founder genome equivalent, founder equivalent, effective number of founders and effective number of non-founders were increased from 1976 to 2002, but their values decreased from 2002 onwards. A designed mating system to avoid inbreeding may be applied to this population of buffalo to maintain genetic diversity.
Determination of diffusion coefficients of dissolved organic matter in the Churchill River estuary system, Hudson Bay (Canada)
Authors: Balch J. , Guéguen C.
Published: March 2015

Environmental context
Reliable interpretation of metal levels measured by diffusive gradients in thin film (DGT) requires a sound understanding of the diffusion properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the main ligand of metals in natural waters. The present study determined that the molecular weight of DOM and conductivity are the main factors controlling the diffusion of freshly collected estuarine DOM across the DGT diffusive gel.

Abstract
Diffusion coefficients (D) and the molecular weight distribution (MW) of 18 dissolved organic matter (DOM) samples collected in the Churchill River estuary system (Manitoba, Canada) were determined using a diffusive cell apparatus. NaN3 addition has been shown to preserve the DOM MW distribution within 5 weeks of collection whereas the diffusive properties (i.e. D) were strongly influenced by storage conditions, suggesting D must be determined on freshly collected material. Aquatic DOM from the river and estuarine sites was capable of diffusing across a polyacrylamide diffusive gel membrane with mean D values ranging from 2.74×10–6 to 6.98×10–6cm2s–1 and from 2.42×10–6 to 10.7×10–6cm2s–1 respectively, congruent with previous studies using humic substances and natural DOM. The molecular weight of the river and estuary DOM samples (~400–830Da) measured using asymmetrical flow-field flow fractionation (AF4) strongly influenced D, with larger MW DOM having lower D values. Conductivity had a significant negative correlation with D in estuarine samples collected at high and low tides (R2=0.82 and 0.46 respectively). These results suggest that MW and conductivity can significantly influence D of DOM in river and marine-dominated sites respectively.
N
-Glycosylation as determinant of epidermal growth factor receptor conformation in membranes
Authors: Kaszuba Karol , Grzybek Michał , Orłowski Adam , Danne Reinis , Róg Tomasz , Simons Kai , Coskun Ünal , Vattulainen Ilpo
Published: March 2015

Significance

Structural analysis of growth factor receptors in their membrane environment is key for understanding their functions that are vital to the development and survival of organisms. High structural flexibility and posttranslational modifications of the full-length receptors, however, hinder structural analysis at high resolution. Here, we used atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and biochemical experiments with proteoliposomes to elucidate the role of
N
-glycosylation with regard to the structural properties of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We find that
N
-glycosylation critically determines membrane interactions and structural arrangement of the ligand-binding EGFR ectodomain. This combined approach provides new means to structurally explore and experimentally validate functional properties of cell surface receptors and test therapeutic agents, such as monoclonal antibodies.
Feeding Rates Affect Expression of Heat-Shock Protein 70 in Green Sturgeon Fry
Authors: Zheng Keke , Wang Weifang , Hung Silas S O , Deng Dong-Fang
Published: March 2015

Two growth trials were conducted to determine the effect of feeding rate on the responses of a heat-shock protein (hsp70) in the fry of Green Sturgeon Acipenser medirostris. Four tanks were randomly assigned to each feeding treatment: 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and 15.0% of body weight/d in trial I and 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0% of body weight/d for trial II. The fry were raised indoor at 18°C and fed a commercial salmonid soft-moist diet. Densities were 50 fry/tank in trial I fed for 49 d posthatch (dph) and 30 fry/tank in trial II fed for 70 dph. At the end of 1 week of feeding, five fish from each tank were subjected to heat shock by increasing the water temperature from 18°C to 28°C at a rate of 4°C/h and then holding at 28°C thereafter for 4 h before tissue samples were collected. Heat shock induced significant changes in the levels of hsp70 in the liver and white muscle of fish in all feeding treatments. However, feeding rate treatments had no significant effect on the basal and heat-shocked levels of hsp70 in the liver of these fish. The lowest feeding rate significantly depressed the induced level of hsp70 in the muscle of Green Sturgeon. A feeding rate of 10.0% of body weight/d is suggested for Green Sturgeon at 49 dph and 6.0% at 70 dph, based on their maximum responses of hsp70 in white muscle tissue. This study indicates that the response of hsp70 in the liver and muscle of Green Sturgeon is sensitive to heat-shock stress. The effect of different feeding rates on the response of hsp70 is also tissue-dependent. This variation should be considered when hsp70 is used as a biomarker to evaluate heat-shock response.
The citation evolution law of papers published in the same year but different month
Authors: Shuang‐Shuang GAI , Xue‐Li LIU , Shi‐Le ZHANG , Rui‐Yuan LIU
Published: March 2015

To explore the citation evolution of papers published in the same year but different month, we selected papers from a discipline (physical geography), a subject (diabetes: endocrine and metabolism) and a journal (Journal of Biological Chemistry) published in 2005 as research objects. These papers were divided into six groups according to the difference in publication month, and we analyzed citations to these papers for the 9 years after publication. The results showed that within 5 years after papers from physical geography were published, the overall differences in citations of papers in different groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05); after that, the differences were not statistically significant. Within 5 years after papers from diabetes (endocrine and metabolism) were published, the overall differences in citations of papers in different groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05); thereafter, the differences were not statistically significant. Within 7 years after papers from the Journal of Biological Chemistry were published, the overall differences in citations of papers in different groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05); thereafter, the differences were not statistically significant. Citations of papers followed the same pattern irrespective of discipline, subject or journal: citations of papers published in the same year but different month were obviously different in the first few publishing years, but as time went on, only the difference in publication month in a calendar year did not affect the papers' longer‐term citation.
European Publishers Council: making copyright work on the Web
Authors: WADE Angela MILLS
Published: March 2015

Key points

An overview of the EPC's work to collaborate with the EU regulators to achieve a fully copyright‐enabled Internet

How we address the need for technological solutions to make copyright work on the Web; to facilitate the dissemination of online content; to encourage innovation by content providers; to facilitate the legal use and sharing of online content

Why in June 2014, in preparation for the next round of EU regulatory reform on copyright due in 2015, the EPC published a new ‘Copyright Vision’ including recommendations to help realize the potential of the media and publishing ecosystem to the benefit of all creators and users
JournalGuide: bringing authors and journals together
Authors: MUDRAK Benjamin
Published: March 2015

Key points

As a result of the considerable (and growing) number of scholarly journals, it is difficult for authors to find the best place for their research, even as many journals face challenges in finding new submissions.

JournalGuide (www.journalguide.com) is a free tool that matches user‐inputted keywords or text to article metadata and returns journals that have recently published similar work.

Users can then compare information about these journals and make an informed decision about where to submit.
On a twisted Reidemeister torsion
Authors: García López Ricardo
Published: March 2015

Given a finite simplicial complex, a unimodular representation of its fundamental group, and a closed twisted cochain of odd degree, we define a twisted version of the Reidemeister torsion, extending a previous definition of V. Mathai and S. Wu. The main tool is a complex of piecewise smooth currents introduced by J. Dupont in 1986.
Open manifolds with asymptotically nonnegative Ricci curvature and large volume growth
Authors: Zhang Yuntao
Published: March 2015

In this paper, we study the topology of complete noncompact Riemannian manifolds with asymptotically nonnegative Ricci curvature and large volume growth. We prove that they have finite topological types under some curvature decay and volume growth conditions. We also generalize it to the manifolds with

k
k

th asymptotically nonnegative Ricci curvature by using extensions of Abresch-Gromoll’s excess function estimate.
Two devices for mitigating odontocete bycatch and depredation at the hook in tropical pelagic longline fisheries
Authors: Hamer Derek J. , Childerhouse Simon J. , McKinlay John P. , Double Mike C. , Gales Nick J.
Published: March 2015

Odontocete bycatch on and depredation from tropical pelagic longlines is globally widespread, having negative impacts on the economic viability of affected fisheries and on the conservation of affected odontocete populations. Reports by fishers that depredating odontocetes avoid gear tangles has underpinned the development of simulated structures to physically deter depredating odontocetes. This study assessed the efficacy of two such devices developed to mitigate odontocete depredation and associated bycatch. Of particular interest was their impact on (i) soak depth and (ii) sink rate using truncated trials, before determining their impact under full operational conditions on rates of (iii) catch of the five most economically important fish, and (iv) odontocete depredation and bycatch, on changes in (v) fish survival and size, and (vi) setting and hauling speed. The results indicated that the inclusion of devices on longlines had negligible impact on soak depth, thus were unlikely to impact on the suite of fish specifically targeted and caught. The sink rate was slowed, perhaps by drag, trapped air, or propeller wash, although the addition of weight might remedy this if the devices were to be used in areas where seabird bycatch could occur. Most importantly, trials conducted in Australian and in Fijian waters indicated that pooled fish catch rates (i.e. albacore, yellowfin, bigeye, mahi mahi, and wahoo) increased in the presence of the devices, possibly because more fish were attracted by them or because more depredators were deterred. Catch rates on control gear next to gear with devices attached were higher than more distant control gear, suggesting the influences of the devices may have extended to adjacent branchlines. The size of caught fish was mostly unaffected, although the survival of yellowfin and bigeye increased significantly in the presence of the devices. Hauling was slowed by the use of the devices and the need for an extra crewmember during setting and hauling, which could be cost prohibitive in some fisheries, especially if economic benefits from their use are not obvious. Despite the small sample size, odontocete bycatch only occurred on unprotected fishing gear and all individuals were released alive, although their fate was uncertain; there was evidence of injuries sustained from the event. The outcomes are positive and should motivate stakeholders to view such devices as a potentially effective tool for mitigating odontocete bycatch and depredation in this and similar longline fisheries. Future efforts should focus on improving operational integration and reducing implementation costs to encourage voluntary uptake and thus avoid non-compliance and the need for costly monitoring. The use of this technology could bring about marked improvements to the conservation situation for affected odontocete populations and to the economic situation for affected longline fisheries.
Underreporting in Political Science Survey Experiments: Comparing Questionnaires to Published Results
Authors: Franco Annie , Malhotra Neil , Simonovits Gabor
Published: March 2015

The accuracy of published findings is compromised when researchers fail to report and adjust for multiple testing. Preregistration of studies and the requirement of preanalysis plans for publication are two proposed solutions to combat this problem. Some have raised concerns that such changes in research practice may hinder inductive learning. However, without knowing the extent of underreporting, it is difficult to assess the costs and benefits of institutional reforms. This paper examines published survey experiments conducted as part of the Time-sharing Experiments in the Social Sciences program, where the questionnaires are made publicly available, allowing us to compare planned design features against what is reported in published research. We find that: (1) 30% of papers report fewer experimental conditions in the published paper than in the questionnaire; (2) roughly 60% of papers report fewer outcome variables than what are listed in the questionnaire; and (3) about 80% of papers fail to report all experimental conditions and outcomes. These findings suggest that published statistical tests understate the probability of type I errors.
Revisiting Fungicide-Based Management Guidelines for Leaf Blotch Diseases in Soft Red Winter Wheat
Authors: Willyerd K. T. , Bradley C. A. , Chapara V. , Conley S. P. , Esker P. D. , Madden L. V. , Wise K. A. , Paul P. A.
Published: March 2015

Standard foliar fungicide applications in wheat are usually made between flag leaf emergence (Feekes [FK] 8) and heading (FK10.5) to minimize damage to the flag leaf. However, over the last few years, new fungicide programs such as applications prior to FK8 and split half-rate applications have been implemented, although there are few data pertaining to the efficacy of these programs. Eight experiments were conducted in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin from 2010 to 2012 to compare new programs to standard FK8 and FK10 programs in terms of disease control and yield response. The programs evaluated consisted of single full-rate applications of 19% tebuconazole + 19% prothioconazole (Prosaro) or 23.6% pyraclostrobin (Headline) at FK5 (pseudostem strongly erected), FK8, or FK10, or split half rates at FK5 and 8 (FK5+8), plus an untreated check (CK). Leaf blotch (LB) severity and yield data were collected and random effects meta-analytical models fitted to estimate the overall log odds ratio of disease reaching the flag leaf ([Formula: see text]) and mean yield increase ([Formula: see text]) for each fungicide program relative to CK. For all programs, [Formula: see text] was significantly different from zero (P < 0.05). Based on estimated odds ratios (OR = exp[[Formula: see text]]), the two FK8 programs reduced the risk of LB reaching the flag leaf by 55 and 75%, compared with 62 and 69% and 67 and 70% for the two FK10 and FK5+8 programs, respectively, and only 32 and 37% for the two FK5 programs. [Formula: see text] was significantly different from zero (P ≤ 0.003) for all FK8, FK10, and FK5+8 programs, with values of 233 and 245, 175 and 220, and 175 and 187 kg ha−1 for the FK10, FK5+8, and FK8 programs, respectively. Differences in mean yield response between Headline and Prosaro were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The probability of profitability was estimated for each program for a range of grain prices and fungicide application costs. All FK8, FK10, and FK5+8 programs had more than an 80% chance of resulting in a positive yield response, compared with 63 and 67% for the two FK5 programs. The chance of obtaining a yield increase of 200 kg ha−1, required to offset an application cost of $36 ha−1 at a grain price of $0.18 kg−1, ranged from 44 to 60% for FK8, FK10 and FK5+8 programs compared with 22 and 25% for the two FK5 programs. These findings could be used to help inform fungicide application decisions for LB diseases in soft red winter wheat.
Evaluation and Association Mapping of Resistance to Tan Spot and Stagonospora Nodorum Blotch in Adapted Winter Wheat Germplasm
Authors: Liu Zhaohui , El-Basyoni Ibrahim , Kariyawasam Gayan , Zhang Guorong , Fritz Allan , Hansen Jana , Marais Francois , Friskop Andrew , Chao Shiaoman , Akhunov Eduard , Baenziger P. Stephen
Published: March 2015

Tan spot and Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB), often occurring together, are two economically significant diseases of wheat in the Northern Great Plains of the United States. They are caused by the fungi Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Parastagonospora nodorum, respectively, both of which produce multiple necrotrophic effectors (NE) to cause disease. In this work, 120 hard red winter wheat (HRWW) cultivars or elite lines, mostly from the United States, were evaluated in the greenhouse for their reactions to the two diseases as well as NE produced by the two pathogens. One P. nodorum isolate (Sn4) and four Pyrenophora tritici-repentis isolates (Pti2, 331-9, DW5, and AR CrossB10) were used separately in the disease evaluations. NE sensitivity evaluation included ToxA, Ptr ToxB, SnTox1, and SnTox3. The numbers of lines that were rated highly resistant to individual isolates ranged from 11 (9%) to 30 (25%) but only six lines (5%) were highly resistant to all isolates, indicating limited sources of resistance to both diseases in the U.S. adapted HRWW germplasm. Sensitivity to ToxA was identified in 83 (69%) of the lines and significantly correlated with disease caused by Sn4 and Pti2, whereas sensitivity to other NE was present at much lower frequency and had no significant association with disease. As expected, association mapping located ToxA and SnTox3 sensitivity to chromosome arm 5BL and 5BS, respectively. A total of 24 potential quantitative trait loci was identified with −log (P value) > 3.0 on 12 chromosomes, some of which are novel. This work provides valuable information and tools for HRWW production and breeding in the Northern Great Plains.
Brain serotonin deficiency leads to social communication deficits in mice
Authors: Beis D. , Holzwarth K. , Flinders M. , Bader M. , Wöhr M. , Alenina N.
Published: March 2015

A deficit in brain serotonin is thought to be associated with deteriorated stress coping behaviour, affective disorders and exaggerated violence. We challenged this hypothesis in mice with a brain-specific serotonin depletion caused by a tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) deficiency. We tested TPH2-deficient (
Tph2
−/–
) animals in two social situations. As juveniles,
Tph2
−/−
mice displayed reduced social contacts, whereas ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) were unchanged within same-sex same-genotype pairings. Interestingly, juvenile females vocalized more than males across genotypes. Sexually naive adult males were exposed to fresh male or female urine, followed by an interaction with a conspecific, and re-exposed to urine. Although
Tph2
−/−
mice showed normal sexual preference, they were hyper-aggressive towards their interaction partners and did not vocalize in response to sexual cues. These results highlight that central serotonin is essential for prosocial behaviour, especially USV production in adulthood, but not for sexual preference.
An anthropologically based model of the impact of asymptomatic cases on the spread ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Hazel Ashley , Marino Simeone , Simon Carl
Published: March 2015

Neisseria gonorrhoeae(GC) remains a serious burden in many high-sexual-activity, undertreated populations. Using empirical data from a 2009 study of GC burden among pastoralists in Kaokoveld, Namibia, we expand the standard gonorrhoea transmission model by using locally derived sexual contact data to explore transmission dynamics in a population with high rates of partner exchange and low treatment-seeking behaviour. We use the model to generate ball-park estimates for transmission probabilities and other parameter values for low-level (i.e. less than approx. 1200 copies/20 µl PCR reaction) asymptomatic infections, which account for 74% of all GC infections found in Kaokoveld in 2009, and to describe the impact of asymptomatic, low-level infections on overall prevalence patterns. Our results suggest that GC transmission probabilities are higher than previously estimated, that untreated infections take longer to clear than previously estimated and that a high prevalence of low-level infections is partially due to larger numbers of untreated, asymptomatic infections. These results provide new insights into the natural history of GC and the challenge of syndromic management programmes for the eradication of endemic gonorrhoea.
On the spectrum of waveguides in planar photonic bandgap structures
Authors: Brown B. M. , Hoang V. , Plum M. , Wood I.
Published: March 2015

We study a Helmholtz-type spectral problem related to the propagation of electromagnetic waves in photonic crystal waveguides. The waveguide is created by introducing a linear defect into a two-dimensional periodic medium; the defect is infinitely extended and aligned with one of the coordinate axes. This perturbation introduces guided mode spectrum inside the band gaps of the fully periodic, unperturbed spectral problem. In the first part of the paper, we prove that guided mode spectrum can be created by arbitrarily ‘small’ perturbations. Secondly, we show that, after performing a Floquet decomposition in the axial direction of the waveguide, for any fixed value of the quasi-momentum
k

x

, the perturbation generates at most finitely many new eigenvalues inside the gap.
Stored energies in electric and magnetic current densities for small antennas
Authors: Jonsson B. L. G. , Gustafsson Mats
Published: March 2015

Electric and magnetic currents are essential to describe electromagnetic-stored energy, and the associated antenna Q and the partial directivity to antenna Q-ratio,
D
/
Q
, for arbitrarily shaped structures. The upper bound of previous
D
/
Q
results for antennas modelled by electric currents is accurate enough to be predictive. This motivates us to develop the analysis required to determine upper and/or lower bounds for electromagnetic problems that include magnetic model currents. Here we derive new expressions for the stored energies, which are used to determine antenna Q bounds and
D
/
Q
bounds for the combination of electric and magnetic currents, in the limit of electrically small antennas. In this investigation, we show both new analytical results and we illustrate numerical realizations of them. We show that the lower bound of antenna Q is inversely proportional to the largest eigenvalue of certain combinations of the electric and magnetic polarizability tensors. These results are an extension of the electric only currents, which come as a special case. The proposed method to determine the minimum
Q
-value which is based on the new expressions for the stored energies, also yields a family of current-density minimizers for optimal electric and magnetic currents that can lend insight into antenna designs.
Existence of hyperbolic calorons
Authors: Sibner Lesley , Sibner Robert , Yang Yisong
Published: March 2015

Recent work of Harland shows that the
SO
(3)-symmetric, dimensionally reduced, charge-
N
self-dual Yang–Mills calorons on the hyperbolic space

H

3

×

S
1

may be obtained through constructing
N
-vortex solutions of an Abelian Higgs model as in the study of Witten on multiple instantons. In this paper, we establish the existence of such minimal action charge-
N
calorons by constructing arbitrarily prescribed
N
-vortex solutions of the Witten type equations.
Suppression of limit cycle oscillations using the nonlinear tuned vibration absorber
Authors: Habib G. , Kerschen G.
Published: March 2015

The objective of this study is to mitigate, or even completely eliminate, the limit cycle oscillations in mechanical systems using a passive nonlinear absorber, termed the nonlinear tuned vibration absorber (NLTVA). An unconventional aspect of the NLTVA is that the mathematical form of its restoring force is not imposed a priori, as it is the case for most existing nonlinear absorbers. The NLTVA parameters are determined analytically using stability and bifurcation analyses, and the resulting design is validated using numerical continuation. The proposed developments are illustrated using a Van der Pol–Duffing primary system.
Post-determined emotion: motor action retrospectively modulates emotional valence of visual images
Authors: Sasaki Kyoshiro , Yamada Yuki , Miura Kayo
Published: March 2015

Upward and downward motor actions influence subsequent and ongoing emotional processing in accordance with a space–valence metaphor: positive is up/negative is down. In this study, we examined whether upward and downward motor actions could also affect
previous
emotional processing. Participants were shown an emotional image on a touch screen. After the image disappeared, they were required to drag a centrally located dot towards a cued area, which was either in the upper or lower portion of the screen. They were then asked to rate the emotional valence of the image using a 7-point scale. We found that the emotional valence of the image was more positive when the cued area was located in the upper portion of the screen. However, this was the case only when the dragging action was required immediately after the image had disappeared. Our findings suggest that when somatic information that is metaphorically associated with an emotion is linked temporally with a visual event, retrospective emotional integration between the visual and somatic events occurs.
The forgotten flies: the importance of non-syrphid Diptera as pollinators
Authors: Orford Katherine A. , Vaughan Ian P. , Memmott Jane
Published: March 2015

Bees, hoverflies and butterflies are taxa frequently studied as pollinators in agricultural and conservation contexts. Although there are many records of non-syrphid Diptera visiting flowers, they are generally not regarded as important pollinators. We use data from 30 pollen-transport networks and 71 pollinator-visitation networks to compare the importance of various flower-visiting taxa as pollen-vectors. We specifically compare non-syrphid Diptera and Syrphidae to determine whether neglect of the former in the literature is justified. We found no significant difference in pollen-loads between the syrphid and non-syrphid Diptera. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the level of specialization between the two groups in the pollen-transport networks, though the Syrphidae had significantly greater visitation evenness. Flower visitation data from 33 farms showed that non-syrphid Diptera made up the majority of the flower-visiting Diptera in the agricultural studies (on average 82% abundance and 73% species richness), and we estimate that non-syrphid Diptera carry 84% of total pollen carried by farmland Diptera. As important pollinators, such as bees, have suffered serious declines, it would be prudent to improve our understanding of the role of non-syrphid Diptera as pollinators.
Actinomadura syzygii sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from the roots of a jambolan plum tree (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels)
Authors: Rachniyom Hathairat , Matsumoto Atsuko , Indananda Chantra , Duangmal Kannika , Takahashi Yoko , Thamchaipenet Arinthip
Published: March 2015

The taxonomic position of an endophytic actinomycete, strain GKU 157T, isolated from the roots of a jambolan plum tree (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels) collected at Khao Khitchakut National Park, Chantaburi province, Thailand, was determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain GKU 157T belongs to the genus Actinomadura and formed a distinct phyletic line with Actinomadura chibensis NBRC 106107T (98.6 % similarity). Strain GKU 157T formed an extensively branched, non-fragmenting substrate mycelium and aerial hyphae that differentiated into hooked to short spiral chains of about 20 non-motile spores with a warty surface. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell sugars were galactose, glucose, madurose, mannose and ribose. The N-acyl type of muramic acid was acetyl. Mycolic acids were absent. The phospholipids included phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositolmannoside (PIM) and two unknown phospholipids (PLs). The major menaquinone was MK-9(H6) and the predominant fatty acids were C16:0, iso-C16:0, C18:1ω9c, C18:0 and 10-methyl C18:0 (tuberculostearic acid). The genomic DNA G+C content was 73.1 mol%. A combination of DNA–DNA hybridization results and significant differences from related species in cultural, physiological and chemical characteristics indicated that strain GKU 157T represents a novel species of the genus Actinomadura, for which the name Actinomadura syzygii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GKU 157T ( = BCC 70456T = NBRC 110399T).
Nocardioides echinoideorum sp. nov., isolated from sea urchins (Tripneustes gratilla)
Authors: Lin Shih-Yao , Wen Cheng-Zhe , Hameed Asif , Liu You-Cheng , Hsu Yi-Han , Shen Fo-Ting , Lai Wei-An , Young Chiu-Chung
Published: March 2015

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped, yellow-pigment-producing bacterium, (designated strain CC-CZW004T), was isolated from seafood samples (sea urchins) at Penghu Island in Taiwan. Strain CC-CZW004Tgrew optimally at pH 7.0 and 30 °C in the presence of 3 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes revealed a distinct taxonomic position attained by strain CC-CZW004Twith respect to other members of the genusNocardioides. The novel strain shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities toNocardioides daejeonensisJCM 16922T(96.4 %),Nocardioides pacificusJCM 19260T(96.3 %), andMarmoricola scoriaeJCM 17444T(96.2 %). The major fatty acids of strain CC-CZW004Tconsisted of C17:0, C16:1ω5c, C17:1ω8c`, iso-C16:0and C19:1ω11c/C19:1ω9c(summed feature 6). The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell wall wasll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid. The polar lipid profile was composed of major amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and aminophospholipid. The DNA G+C content was 73.3 mol%. The predominant quinone system was menaquinone (MK-8). On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic evidences presented here, strain CC-CZW004Trepresents a novel species of the genusNocardioides, for which the nameNocardioides echinoideorumsp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CC-CZW004T( = BCRC 16974T = JCM 30276T).
A general theory of individuated multicellularity
Authors: Veloso Felipe A.
Published: March 2015

Changes in gene expression are thought to regulate the differentiation process intrinsically through complex epigenetic mechanisms. In fundamental terms, however, this assumed regulation refers only to the intricate propagation of changes in gene expression or else leads to logical inconsistencies. The evolution and self-regulatory dynamics of individuated multicellularity also lack a unified and falsifiable description. To fill this gap, I computationally analyzed publicly available high-throughput data of histone H3 post-translational modifications and mRNA abundance for differentHomo sapiens, Mus musculus,andDrosophila melanogastercell-type/developmental-periods samples. My analysis of genomic regions adjacent to transcription start sites generated a profile from pairwise partial correlations between histone modifications controlling for the respective mRNA levels for each cell-type/developmental-period dataset. I found that these profiles, while explicitly uncorrelated to transcript abundance by construction, associate strongly with cell differentiation states. This association is not expected if cell differentiation is, in effect, regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Based on these results, I propose a falsifiable theory of individuated multicellularity, which relies on the synergistic coupling across the extracellular space of two stochastically independent “self-organizing” systems constraining histone modification states at the same sites. This theory describes how the multicellular individual—understood as an intrinsic, higher-order constraint—emerges from proliferating undifferentiated cells, and may explain the intrinsic regulation of gene transcriptional changes for cell differentiation and the evolution of individuated multicellular organisms.
Phenotypic evolution through variation in splicing of the noncoding RNACOOLAIR
Authors: Li Peijin , Tao Zhen , Dean Caroline
Published: March 2015

The extent to which natural polymorphisms in noncoding sequences have functional consequences is still unknown. A large proportion of the natural variation in flowering inArabidopsis thalianaaccessions is due to noncodingcispolymorphisms that define distinct haplotypes ofFLOWERING LOCUS C(FLC). Here, we show that a single natural intronic polymorphism in one haplotype affectsFLCexpression and thus flowering by specifically changing splicing of theFLCantisense transcriptCOOLAIR. Altered antisense splicing increasesFLCexpression via a cotranscriptional mechanism involving capping of theFLCnascent transcript. Single noncoding polymorphisms can therefore be a major contributor to phenotypic evolution through modulation of noncoding transcripts.