bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WMAP constraints on low redshift evolution of dark energy
Authors: Jassal H. K. , Bagla J. S. , Padmanabhan T.
Published: September 2010

The conceptual difficulties associated with a cosmological constant have led to the investigation of alternative models in which the equation of state parameter, w=p/ρ, of the dark energy evolves with time. We show that combining the supernova type Ia observations with the constraints from WMAP observations restricts large variation of ρ(z) at low redshifts. The combination of these two observational constraints is stronger than either one. The results are completely consistent with the cosmological constant as the source of dark energy.
MICROWAVE HEATING AND γ‐IRRADIATION TREATMENT OF RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS)
Authors: VALENTOVÁ OLGA , NOVOTNÁ ZUZANA , SVOBODA ZDENĚK , SCHWARZ WALTER , KÁŠ JAN
Published: September 2010

Rapeseeds were treated with different doses of γ‐irradiation and microwave heating of oil extraction. Improvement of the oil extractivity was achieved after microwave treatment while the quality parameters of crude oil were not significantly changed except the total phosphorus content, which was nearly four times higher compared to that of the control. It seems that microwave treatment damages membranes and thus higher amounts of phospholipids may be released into the crude oil. Microwave heating also resulted in a reduction of enzyme activities and lower protein content in buffered seed extracts due to partial protein denaturation. The differences in protein profiles of treated and untreated seeds were also demonstrated by SDS PAGE. The protein denaturation was observed for all types of proteins. γ‐irradiation had practically no effect on the oil quality parameters and did not change its yield.
SUPPLEMENTATION OF LONG CHAIN N‐3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS INCREASES THE UTILIZATION OF LYCOPENE IN CULTURED AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS
Authors: SAEDISOMEOLIA AHMAD , WOOD LISA G. , GARG MANOHAR L. , GIBSON PETER G. , WARK PETER A.B.
Published: September 2010

Increased content of long chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn‐3PUFA) in cellular membranes results in increased susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. Antioxidants such as lycopene prevent lipid peroxidation and oxidative degradation. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of LCn‐3PUFA supplementation on lycopene levels in cultured airway epithelial cells. Airway epithelial cells (Calu‐3) were incubated with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lycopene‐DHA and lycopene‐EPA for 24 h. The fatty acid incorporation into the cells was analyzed using gas chromatography. Intracellular lycopene concentration was determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography. It was found that EPA (10.6%) and DHA (19.5%) were incorporated into Calu‐3 cells. It was also found that increased incorporation of DHA (and to a lesser extent EPA) resulted in decreased intracellular lycopene levels. These findings suggest that supplementation with LCn‐3PUFA increases the cellular need for antioxidants.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Increasing the proportion of long chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn‐3PUFA) in airway cell membranes leads to increased utilization of a potent antioxidant, lycopene. This increased utilization of lycopene is probably due to the increased susceptibility of LCn‐3PUFA to oxidative damage. The interaction between lycopene and LCn‐3PUFA has important implications for both in vivo and in vitro models of respiratory diseases and suggests that co‐supplementation of antioxidants with LCn‐3PUFA is essential to maximize any potential anti‐inflammatory effect.
ANALGESIC AND ANTI‐INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF LIVER OILS OF FOUR SHARK SPECIES FROM INDIAN EEZ
Authors: MATHEW MATHEN , MATHEW SUSEELA , KUMAR KESAVAN NAIR ASHOK , ANANDAN RANGASAMY
Published: September 2010

The analgesic and anti‐inflammatory properties of liver oils of four different sharks, namelyNeohariotta raleighana,Centrosymnus crepidater,Apristurus indicusandCentrophorus scalpratus, captured from the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean were evaluated. While the analgesic property was determined using the acetic acid‐induced mouse writhings and hot‐plate reaction time, the anti‐inflammatory activity was evaluated using the formalin‐induced rat‐paw edema. The oils examined were found to possess significant (P < 0.05) analgesic activity against acetic acid‐induced writhings and hot‐plate reaction in mice. In the formalin‐induced edema, a significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of inflammation was observed between the 2nd and 4th hour showing 58–65% inhibition. These results suggest that liver oils of sharks from Indian waters are effective as analgesic and anti‐inflammatory agents. The role of lipid components (squalene, alkylglycerols and polyunsaturated fatty acids) on anti‐inflammatory and antinociceptive properties is highlighted. Inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators which probably account for the properties is discussed.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Studies on the pharmacological properties of liver oils from sharks, inhabiting the waters beyond 600 m depth of the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone are scanty. Shark liver oils contain high fractions of health‐boosting unsaponifiable matter and unsaturated fatty acids that could render beneficial effects. Results suggest that these oils possess excellent anti‐inflammatory and peripheral antinociceptive effects that may contribute to its use in the treatment of arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.
DYNAMIC AND STEADY‐STATE RHEOLOGY OF AUSTRALIAN HONEYS AT SUBZERO TEMPERATURES
Authors: SOPADE PETER ADEOYE , HALLEY PETER JOHN , D’ARCY BRUCE ROBERT , BHANDARI BHESH , CAFFIN NOLA
Published: September 2010

The rheology of 10 Australian honeys was investigated at temperatures −15C to 0C by a strain‐controlled rheometer. The honeys exhibited Newtonian behavior irrespective of the temperature, and follow the Cox–Merz rule. G″/G′ and ω are quadratically related, and the crossover frequencies for liquid to solid transformation and relaxation times were obtained. The composition of the honeys correlates well (r2 > 0.83) with the viscosity, and with 247 data sets (Australian and Greek honeys), the following equation was obtained:

image

The viscosity of the honeys showed a strong dependence on temperature, and four models were examined to describe this. The models gave good fits (r 2 > 0.95), but better fits were obtained for the WLF model using Tg of the honeys and µg= 1011 Pa.s. The WLF model with its “universal values” poorly predicted the viscosity, and the implications of the measured rheological behaviors of the honeys in their processing and handling are discussed.
ACTIVITY DISTRIBUTION OF DIGESTIVE PROTEASES FROM NEMIPTERUS VIRGATUS AND THEIR RESPONSES TO pH VALUE AND TEMPERATURE
Authors: TAO HONG , ZHAO MOU‐MING , WANG JIN‐SHUI , YANG BAO , CUI CHUN , ZHAO QIANG‐ZHONG , WU HUI
Published: September 2010

In the present study, three groups (I–III) of Nemipterus virgatus, with average body weights of 154.36, 250.72 and 329.09 g, respectively, were used to investigate the changes in the activity and distribution of digestive proteases in different organs and sections of the digestive tract. Another group of N. virgatus (average body weight of 188.41 g) was used to analyze the changes in the activity of digestive proteases in response to various pH values and temperatures. The activity of digestive proteases in all analyzed organs increased with the increase of body weight at the range of 154.36–329.09 g. The activities of digestive proteases in the different sections of the digestive tract were compared, and a similar change was found among groups I–III. The activities of digestive proteases from various organs were in a descending order: pylorus ceca > stomach > foregut > midgut >  hindgut >  hepatopancreas. Through observing the zymograms of substrate–sodium dodecil sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, many kinds of digestive proteases could be found in different organs and the varieties were changed with the change of body weight. Two peaks in the diagram between protease activity and pH value were found at pH 3.0 and 10.0, respectively. The activity under alkaline condition was 60% higher than that under acidic condition. The optimal temperature for protease activity was 50C, while the protease activity at 10C was only 30% of that at 50C.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Nemipterus virgatus is one of the most important commercial fishes in the East China Sea and South China Sea. The digestive tract of N. virgatus is rich in digestive proteases and they can be employed as important biotechnological tools. The activities of digestive proteases from various organs and the effects of pH value and temperature on them were investigated in this study. The effect of body weight of N. virgatus was also evaluated. All these information would be helpful to extensively utilize this resource for the fish process industry.
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CORIANDER AND MINT LEAF PUREE
Authors: RUDRA S.G. , SARKAR B.C. , SHIVHARE U.S. , BASU S.
Published: September 2010

Rheological behavior of coriander and mint leaf puree was determined at temperatures of 30 to 80C. Applicability of various rheological models available in the literature was evaluated. The Herschel–Bulkley model provided a good description of the flow behavior of coriander and mint leaf puree over the temperature range of 30–80C. The Arrhenius model successfully described the effect of temperature on consistency index of coriander and mint puree. The temperature dependence of apparent viscosity of mint puree however did not obey the Arrhenius model. The activation energy of flow for coriander and mint puree was 23.99 and 32.62 kJ/mol, respectively.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Flow properties of foods are determined for a number of purposes, such as quality control, understanding the structure, process engineering applications and correlation with sensory evaluation (Cepeda et al. 2002; Nindo et al. 2005). Knowledge of the rheology of suspensions contributes to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of momentum and heat transfer process (Telis‐Romero et al. 1999; Nindo et al. 2005). Rheological properties are also important for the design of related processing systems, including filling in bottles/cans and appropriate piping arrangements (Steffe 1992; Bhattacharya 1999). Krokida et al. (2001) recently assembled additional data on rheological properties of fruit and vegetable puree. Limited information is available in the literature on the rheological characteristics of herb purees. Herbal purees vary widely in their rheological characteristics and it is necessary to investigate each product separately. Results of this study would be useful in the quality control and design of processing equipment for processing coriander‐ and mint‐based products.
WHEY POWDER AS A CARRIER IN SPRAY DRYING OF SUMAC CONCENTRATE
Authors: BAYRAM ÖZGÜR ARSLAN , BAYRAM MUSTAFA , TEKİN ALI RIZA
Published: September 2010

Whey and milk powders and guar gum were tested for their use in spray drying of the sumac flavor. Freshly harvested sumac berries were used to prepare the sumac extract for the spray drying. The ratio of carrier to core material (the sumac flavor) was fixed as 4:1 g/g for all samples and the soluble solids content in the solution was adjusted to 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%. Absorbance (510 nm), acidity and pH were measured in the solution and SDP. The percent retention of flavoring compounds was determined. When milk powder was added to the sumac solution, it coagulated because of the acidity of sumac solution; therefore, it was not a suitable carrier for sumac. Another carrier was guar gum. However, it was not fed into the spray dryer because of its high water‐holding capacity, which caused a viscous solution. Whey powder was the more suitable carrier to entrap sumac flavor. In addition, the taste of the final SDP was acceptable in which it can be added to slightly acidic food products (pH value of 5.2–5.7). It was also observed that the increasing initial solids content from 5 to 25% increased the retention of flavoring compounds from 6 to 11% based on the absorbance. In addition, the retention based on acidity was increased from approximately 14 to 70%, when the initial solids content increased from 5 to 25%.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This study showed that whey powder can be used for encapsulation of sumac flavor using spray drying. Development of spray‐dried flavoring compounds is very useful to the food industry. Eventually, the new product may be used in different formulations as an additive instead of the sumac extract. Additionally, this carrier may be used for other natural acidic fruit extracts in encapsulation operations.
THE TENDERIZATION OF BUFFALO MEAT USING GINGER EXTRACT
Authors: NAVEENA B.M. , MENDIRATTA S.K.
Published: September 2010

The effectiveness of ginger extract (GE) as a tenderizing agent in buffalo meat was investigated. Three cm3 uniform sized buffalo meat chunks (round) were marinated with different concentrations (0, 3, 5 and 7% v/w) of GE for 48 h at 4 ± 1C. Treatment with GE improved the cooking yield and significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the shear force values. Sensory evaluation scores revealed a significant (P < 0.01) improvement in flavor, tenderness and overall palatability of GE treated samples compared to control. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures also clearly depict extensive degradation of muscle fibers and connective tissue layers surrounding muscle fibers in GE treated samples. Based on shear force values and sensory evaluation scores, 5% v/w GE treatment was found to be the optimum for tenderization of buffalo meat.
AN EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF GARLIC AND BHA IN EMULSION‐TYPE SAUSAGES DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE
Authors: KIM Y.J. , NAHM B.A. , CHOI I.H.
Published: September 2010

The antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of each of different forms of garlic and BHA in emulsion‐type sausage at 4C for 0, 10, 20 and 30 days were investigated. The treatments were divided into five groups: control, 30 g of fresh garlic /kg of sausage, 9 g of garlic powder /kg of sausage, 100 mL of garlic extract/kg of sausage and 0.1 g of BHA/kg of sausage. pH, peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), residual nitrite contents (RN) and total aerobic plate count (TAPC) were evaluated during storage. pH values and RN contents showed a significant decrease in all treatments during storage days. With the exception of POV value at 30 days of storage, an increase in POV, TBARS and TAPCs was observed in all treatments as storage time increased. In addition, the treatment with different forms of garlic and BHA during storage reduced pH, POV, TBARS, RN and TAPCs when compared with control. Consequently, the use of fresh garlic had much better antioxidant and antimicrobial effectiveness than other treatments.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Antioxidant or antimicrobial effectiveness is one of the major factors related to consumer acceptance for determining the quality of meat and meat products and their shelf life. The current study can be applied to prevent lipid oxidation and growth of microorganism in emulsion‐type sausage and to produce new sausage formulations for a gradually increasing consumer acceptance. Based on the results, different forms of garlic can be used to improve oxidative stability of emulsion‐type sausage and decrease the growth of microorganisms proving its antioxidant and antimicrobial effectiveness. The employment of natural additives in food preparations is perceived by consumers as a healthier practice than the addition of synthetic additives.
TIME‐RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE DETECTION OF SHIGA‐LIKE TOXINS PRODUCED BY ESCHERICHIA COLI O157 AND NON‐O157 IN GROUND BEEF1
Authors: TU SHU‐I. , GOLDEN MARSHA , PAOLI GEORGE , GORE MITCHELL , GEHRING ANDREW
Published: September 2010

An immunomagnetic bead time‐resolved fluorescence assay (IMB‐TRF) was developed for the detection of Shiga‐like toxins I and II (SLT I and II) from Shiga‐like toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Twenty‐five gram of ground beef patties were inoculated with 1 CFU/g of O157 or non‐O157 (STEC) stored at 7C for 5 h and incubated with 100 mL added EC broth at 37C and 140 r.p.m. shaking for 20 h. Ten µg/mL of ofloxacin was added to the EC broth after 20 h of incubation to enhance toxin production. After 4 more hours of incubation, samples were removed and centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 r.p.m. The supernatant was removed and saved and a bacterial protein extraction reagent was used to lyse the cells in the pellet and release intracellular SLTs (Fraction I) which were then recombined with extracellular SLTs (Fraction II) present in the supernatant. Immunomagnetic beads coated with monoclonal antibodies specific to Shiga‐like toxins I and II were applied to capture and concentrate the toxins and captured toxins were labeled with lanthanide‐tagged antitoxin antibodies to from sandwiched complexes prior to detection by a TRF reader. TRF pathogen detection levels, defined as signals ≥ 2× uninoculated samples, were achieved in all STEC inoculated samples and no cross‐reactivity was observed with either nonpathogenic microflora present on the meat or nontoxin‐producing E. coli K12 inoculated samples.
ASSESSMENT OF THE SPREADABILITY OF OFFICIAL PHARMACEUTICAL CREAMS AND OINTMENTS USING THE MASTER CURVE CONCEPT
Authors: BARRY B. W. , MEYER M. C.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Spreadability characteristics of official creams and ointments of the British Pharmacopoeia and the British Pharmaceutical Codex were determined using the Master Curve concept and continuous shear data. Experimental results were obtained using a Ferranti‐Shirley cone and plate viscometer at 25 d̀C and 34 d̀C, representing an approximate temperature range encountered during spreading of topical preparations. Data derived for creams intersected the Master Curve in the preferred region, although not at the optimum value. Ointments demonstrated large variations in spreading properties. The variation and lack of optimum spreadability characteristics were explained by considering the medicinal criteria required of topical pharmaceutical products as distinct from cosmetics.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Sherman P. , Sherman P. , Sherman P. , Sherman P.
Published: September 2010

Book reviewed in this article

L. P. Hanson, Vegetable Protein Processing

M. Gutcho, Textured Foods and Allied Products

P. Sherman Davis (ed), Single Cell Protein

E. Karmas, Fresh Meat Technology
SENSORY AND INSTRUMENTAL TEXTURE ANALYSIS OF CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA, CRANTZ) ROOTS
Authors: BELÉIA A. , PRUDENCIO‐FERREIRA S.H. , YAMASHITA F. , SAKAMOTO T.M. , ITO L.
Published: September 2010

Two cassava varieties, at three harvesting ages, 6, 12 and 24 months, were analyzed for sensory flavor and texture development. Maximum shear force, Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) and water absorption during cooking were determined at various sampling times. Changes during cooking were described by pseudo‐zero order models for water absorption, flavor and texture development for the fast cooking samples. The 24‐month‐old roots had higher variability and never reached optimum texture or flavor development. Significant pseudo first order models could represent hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness of the TPA, while springiness and adhesiveness varied in a non‐linear fashion. Maximum shear force was 111 N for raw samples and 8.1 N for samples that cooked in less than 25 min. Samples that required longer cook time had on the average a maximum shear force of 19 N.
CHANGES IN TEXTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PANEER IN READY‐TO‐EAT CANNED PANEER CURRY DURING STORAGE
Authors: RAO K. JAYARAJ , PATIL G.R.
Published: September 2010

Paneer is an Indian soft cheese obtained by coagulating hot milk using citric acid or vinegar, pressing the hot coagulum and cooling by dipping in chilled water. In this study, paneer curry with a water activity (Aw) of 0.95 and a pH of 5.0 was prepared using ingredients like tomatoes, onions, cream, milk powder, curds and different spices, then canned at an F value of 0.80 (lethality). The product was stored at 15, 30 and 45C, and change in textural characteristics during storage was studied. Cohesiveness and chewiness increased, but hardness decreased. These changes were attributed to continued changes in texture initiated by frying of paneer and canning process. These were also linked to Maillard browning which progressed during storage as measured by hydroxymethylfurfural content. These changes were found to be slower vis‐à‐vis those observed in the product, which was sterilized at conventional F value of 15.0 (control) (Aw = 0.98 and pH 5.2).
COMPARISON OF ALLO–KRAMER, WARNER–BRATZLER AND RAZOR BLADE SHEARS FOR PREDICTING SENSORY TENDERNESS OF BROILER BREAST MEAT
Authors: XIONG R. , CAVITT L.C. , MEULLENET J.‐F. , OWENS C.M.
Published: September 2010

Regression models were established to predict sensory tenderness of broiler pectoralis major muscles from instrumental shear values. Birds were processed and the breasts were removed at one of nine postmortem (PM) deboning times: 0.25, 1.25, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 6.0 and 24.0 h. A seven‐member trained panel evaluated the cooked samples for initial hardness, cohesiveness, moisture release, hardness of mass, cohesiveness of mass and number of chews. A 74‐member consumer panel was used to evaluate the samples for acceptance of overall texture and tenderness, appropriateness of juiciness and tenderness, and intensity of tenderness. The samples were analyzed using three instrumental shear tests (Allo–Kramer [AK], Warner–Bratzler [WB] and razor blade [RB]). Shear values and sensory scores were significantly affected by PM deboning time. Shear values correlated well with descriptive sensory attributes (R2 = 0.57 − 0.89) and consumer sensory attributes (R2 = 0.76 − 0.96). Descriptive sensory tenderness (hardness) was predicted better by the RB test, while consumer tenderness was predicted well equivalently by all three shear tests. As the RB test is simple and rapid, it is recommended that it be evaluated by the poultry industry as a quality control method.
Euro Membership as a Real Option Trigger: An Empirical Study of EU15 Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Aabo Tom , Pantzalis Christos
Published: September 2010

This article summarizes the authors' study of manufacturing firms in the 15 countries that made up the EU prior to its 2004 expansion. The study's main finding is that the introduction of the Euro has made companies based in one of the 12 countries that opted to adopt the Euro more inclined than firms based in one of the three non‐adopters (the U.K., Sweden, and Denmark) to exercise various forms of real options such as establishing alliances or partnerships, entering new markets, switching suppliers, or otherwise expanding within the Euro‐area. The study also shows that smaller, more profitable but financially constrained companies are particularly likely to exercise such real options triggered by the introduction of the Euro.
Emplaced professional identities: Restructuring and the contested space of town nursing skill
Authors: Thompson Lee
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Health sector restructuring influences most health professionals, and those working in small town hospitals in New Zealand have been affected in particular ways. This paper focuses on the shift in skill requirement for nurses as a result of the loss of surgical services and the downsizing of a town hospital. The shift in nursing skill was contested by nurses who perceived it to be an assault on their skilled professional identities. However the majority of the nurses acquiesced and remained at the town hospital. Rather than read this acquiescence as passivity and victimization on the part of the nurses, their narratives suggest a more complex interpretation which prompts an exploration of the ‘investments’ that nurses may have in at least temporarily acquiescing. The interdependent relationship between profession and place in which neither profession nor place appear to operate independently in the constitution of identity, is highlighted. Understanding professional identities as emplaced in this way, provides a way of beginning to make sense of how people negotiate, contest, accept or reject change at work in small towns.
Antarctica, Scott Base and its environs
Authors: Elliott Christine
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The landscape in the vicinity of Scott Base is one of the most singular of landscapes in the already unique environment of the Ross Sea Region of Antarctica. A rich history of human endeavour together with a broad range of physical features such as volcanoes, various glacial landforms, polar beaches and the Dry Valleys with their own glaciers, sand dunes and patterned ground must make it one of the most fascinating areas on earth. This paper highlights some of the more notable of these landscape features.
February floods in the lower North Island, 2004: Catastrophe – causes and consequences
Authors: Fuller Ian C.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The February 2004 Manawatu floods in New Zealand were the result of a naturally occurring, although unusual, storm. Up to 300 mm of rain fell on the already saturated ground of the lower North Island over two days, generating substantial and rapid runoff from catchment slopes. Rivers rose quickly, inundating unprotected farmland and properties and in places breaching stopbanks. There was widespread slope failure in the hill country of the lower North Island, affecting an area of ca. 7500 km2. Slopes under scrub, plantation forest and native bush were not as badly affected as those under pasture, where slopes typically failed by shallow translational landsliding. Flooding caused catastrophic channel change in a number of small to medium sized channel systems in the upland fringes. Whilst the occurrence of landsliding and channel changes during an extreme event such as this is natural, the intensity of both landsliding and channel erosion was exacerbated by human activity within the catchments.
Chaffers Park redevelopment in Wellington – An analysis
Authors: Mistry Ravi
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  This article discusses the redevelopment of a significant area of Wellington city's waterfront, centred on the Chaffers Park district between the national museum, Te Papa Tongarewa, and Oriental Bay. This site is now being transformed into Waitangi Park. The analysis seeks to determine whether or not the redevelopment will be successful, by assessing the wider context of the issue and evaluating the perspectives of stakeholders.
Identification of Mold and Dampness‐Associated Respiratory Morbidity in 2 Schools: Comparison of Questionnaire Survey Responses to National Data
Authors: Sahakian Nancy M. , White Sandra K. , Park Ju‐Hyeong , Cox‐Ganser Jean M. , Kreiss Kathleen
Published: September 2010

Background:  Dampness and mold problems are frequently encountered in schools. Approximately one third of US public schools require extensive repairs or need at least 1 building replaced. This study illustrates how national data can be used to identify building‐related health risks in school employees and students.

Methods:  School employees (n = 309) in 2 elementary schools (schools A and B) with dampness and mold problems completed standardized questionnaires. Responses were compared with participant responses from the 3rd National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and were indirectly standardized for gender, age, smoking status, and (for school B) race. Uncontrolled comparisons were made to responses from a study of office workers, as well as between responses from school employees in different sections of the school buildings designated by decade of construction.

Results:  Employees from both schools had excess work‐related throat and lower respiratory symptoms, as well as eye, nasal, sinus, and wheezing symptoms. School B employees also had excess physician‐diagnosed asthma and work‐related fatigue, headache, and skin irritation. Employees in sections of the school buildings that were categorized as having greater dampness and mold contamination had more frequent upper and lower respiratory symptoms than employees working in other building sections.

Conclusions:  This noncostly type of analysis of indoor air quality complaints can be used to motivate and prioritize building remediation in public schools where funds for building remediation are usually limited.
Cognitive and Temperament Clusters in 3‐ to 5‐Year‐Old Children With Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Sakimura Jean N. , Dang Michelle T. , Ballard Kelley B. , Hansen Robin L.
Published: September 2010

Background:  This study assessed the co‐occurrence of cognitive problems and difficult temperament characteristics in children aged 3 to 5 years exhibiting aggressive behavior.

Methods:  Thirty‐one children with high ratings on the Aggressive Behavior subscale of the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist or Teacher Report Form were recruited from a school district–based clinic. Cognitive ability and temperament were assessed with the Differential Ability Scales and the Carey Temperament Scales Behavioral Styles Questionnaire, respectively. Cluster analysis was applied to these variables.

Results:  Three prominent groups of children sharing cognitive and temperament characteristics emerged. The first, comprising 41.9% of the sample, demonstrated low adaptability, low persistence, high activity, negative mood, and low rhythmicity, along with borderline‐deficient cognitive scores. The second (38.7%) demonstrated low adaptability, low persistence, high activity, and negative mood, along with average cognitive scores. The third (19.4%) demonstrated essentially midrange temperament characteristics and average cognitive scores. All 3 groups shared temperamental tendencies toward a higher threshold of response. Most children in the sample also had significant sleep disturbances (54.5%), other health problems (63.6%), and/or suspected developmental problems (54.5%).

Conclusions:  The widespread presence of sleep, health, cognitive, temperament, and developmental problems in this sample supports the involvement of medical and developmental health experts in teams evaluating young children who present with high levels of aggressive behavior. The diverse nature of cognitive‐temperament profiles in this sample also suggests a need to assess cognitive ability and temperament in young, aggressive children to provide individualized interventions.
Differences in Students’ Smoking‐Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Among Public, Factory, and Private Secondary Schools in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Wen Xiaozhong , Chen Weiqing , Qian Zhengmin , Muscat Joshua E. , Lu Ciyong , Ling Wenhua
Published: September 2010

Background:  The prevalence of smoking among Chinese adolescents has dramatically increased in recent years. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in smoking‐related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among Chinese students in 3 types of secondary schools.

Methods:  This cross‐sectional study was conducted among 3957 students of seventh, eighth, and ninth grades and 2870 student parents from 3 public, 1 factory, and 2 general‐paid private secondary schools at Guangzhou in 2004. Participants were asked to complete self‐administered questionnaires about sociodemographic characteristics, smoking‐related family and school environments, smoking‐related knowledge and attitudes, and smoking behaviors.

Results:  The average scores of students’ smoking‐related knowledge and attitudes (higher score, more against smoking) were highest in the factory school, followed by public schools and private schools. The differences among them were statistically significantly (P < .05). The lifetime smoking prevalence was also significantly different (P < .001) among 3 types of schools: 35.4% in private schools, 17.4% in public schools, and 13.2% in the factory school. The prevalence of students’ weekly smoking was also higher in private schools (6.2%) than in public schools (4.9%) or the factory school (4.0%). Similar disparity was observed in the prevalence of daily smoking (3.9% private, 3.5% public, and 2.7% factory). However, differences in weekly and daily smoking were not statistically significant (P > .05).

Conclusions:  Compared with students in public and factory schools, those in general‐paid private schools had poorer smoking‐related knowledge, more supportive attitudes toward smoking, and more popular smoking behaviors. Therefore, more intensive smoking prevention programs should be implemented among them.
MasterMind: Empower Yourself With Mental Health. A Program for Adolescents
Authors: Tacker Katherine A. , Dobie Sharon
Published: September 2010

Background:  Teachers need classroom‐based programs to develop and support mental health fitness in adolescents because this age group faces significant challenges to their mental health. There is a paucity of such ready‐made programs. This article describes the development and proposed implementation of a low‐cost, effective, adaptable, 6‐week, classroom‐based workshop entitled MasterMind: Empower Yourself With Mental Health. MasterMind provides students with a “toolbox for mental health” by creating a safe environment for discussion of mental health and emotionally charged topics, by increasing student knowledge of mental health issues, and by providing tools to develop and maintain mental health. Instructional materials address topics identified through needs assessments. The program combines instruction and written exercises with “peer‐teaching‐peer” group activities, individual assignments, and open discussion. Specific methods are included to allow students to ask questions anonymously and to build each other’s self‐esteem.

Methods:  MasterMind was implemented as a pilot program to a Seattle, WA, middle school class of 30 students and addressed self‐esteem, media literacy, school resources, relationships, emotions, stress and ways to de‐stress, and future goals.

Results:  The students’ enthusiasm and participation increased throughout the program, and they gave high satisfaction ratings to the topics covered. Additionally, the host teacher continued selected program activities after MasterMind was completed.

Conclusions:  MasterMind educates all students in a class, not just those with identified emotional problems, and can potentially identify children with mental health needs not already evident. The pilot program implementation of MasterMind shows that such programs have potential for providing adolescents with tools to optimize mental health.
MICROBIAL DOLOMITES FROM CARBONATE‐EVAPORITE SEDIMENTS OF THE COASTAL SABKHA OF ABU DHABI AND THEIR EXPLORATION IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Sadooni F. N. , Howari F. , El‐Saiy A.
Published: September 2010

Detailed petrographic studies of Recent dolomites from the coastal sabkha of Abu Dhabi using SEM and Energy Dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analyses indicate that most of the dolomite started to form in “micro‐niches” (i.e. small isolated pore spaces) within the carbonate sediments. These micro‐niches tend to retain connate waters, becoming anoxic and supporting specific microbial activity which ultimately results in the formation of dolomite. This novel concept may help to explain the origin of many dolomite types, since recently deposited carbonate sediments have high porosities (up to 60%) and the pore spaces may serve as nucleation sites or “stations” for dolomite formation. The combination of neighbouring micro‐niches in a porous carbonate may result in dolomitization of an entire stratum.

Six dolomite types were reported from the studied sediments in the Abu Dhabi sabkha. These were pustular and cluster dolomite; dolomites associated with clay minerals and with evaporites; and dolomites associated with microbial mats and foraminiferal tests.
SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF CENOMANIAN‐TURONIAN BLACK SHALES, WESTERN TAURUS, SW TURKEY
Authors: Kara‐Gülbay R. , Yurtsever T. S. , Korkmaz S. , Demirel I. H.
Published: September 2010

The depositional environment and hydrocarbon source rock potential of Cenomanian‐Turonian black shales of the Dereköy and Ballik Formations in SW Turkey were investigated by organic geochemical methods. In detail, 33 samples from three section of the Dereköy Formation, and 15 samples from one section of the Ballik Formation were analysed for elemental (TOC, Rock ‐Eval pyrolysis), C15+‐lipid and biomarker compositions.

Based on maximum pyrolysis degradation temperatures of not more than 420°C, all the shale samples are classified as immature, corresponding to a vitrinite reflectance of less than 0.45% Rr and a lignite to sub‐bituminous coal stage. This is confirmed by relatively high isoprenoid to n‐alkane ratios as well as by high biomarker contents. According to this maturity stage, and both total organic carbon contents of 6–41% and hydrogen indices of 255–708 mg HC/g TOC, the Cenomanian‐Turonian black shales exhibit fair to excellent source rock potential with mixed Type II and Type I kerogen.

Relatively high isoprenoid to n‐alkane ratios may indicate at least partial (bio‐) degradation/evaporation/waterwashing and selective modification of the lipid composition due to the nature of the outcrop. However, very similar unimodal n‐alkane distributions in the gas chromatograms of four selected shale samples, with a predominance in the C16 to C17 region, clearly point to a significant contribution of algal and/or bacterial type organic matter with low terrigenous organic input.

C27, C28 and C29 steranes in shales from both formations have similar distributions (C29>C27>C28). High C31 R homohopane / C30 hopane ratios indicate a marine depositional environment. This is confirmed by the presence of gammacerane in all the black shales investigated which in general indicates salinity. Pregnanes in one sample (BA‐6) may point to hypersaline conditions.
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TURONIAN‐CONIACIAN KHASIB FORMATION IN CENTRAL IRAQ
Authors: Al‐Qayim B.
Published: September 2010

Bioturbated chalky limestones of the Khasib Formation (Upper Turonian – Lower Coniacian) form potential reservoir rocks at oilfields and structures in central Iraq. Core and cuttings samples and wire‐line logs from wells in the East Baghdad, Balad, Samarra and Tikrit fields (wells EB‐77, EB‐57, Ba‐1, Ba‐2, Sr‐1, Sr‐2, and Ti‐1) were used to investigate microfacies types and porosity evolution. Facies modelling was applied to predict the relationship between facies distribution and reservoir characteristics to construct a predictive geologic model which will assist future exploration in central Iraq.

Microfacies analysis and electrofacies identification and correlations indicate that the limestones of the Khasib Formation were deposited in a ramp setting. The ramp developed over the distal margin of the Upper Cretaceous proforeland basin, adjacent to the evolved forebulge. Inner ramp facies are characterized by carbonate bank bioclastic packstones intercalated with lagoonal green shales. Middle ramp facies dominate the Khasib Formation and consist of bioturbated, chalky, dolomitic and bioclastic limestones. Bioclasts include benthic and planktonic foraminifera. Intense Thalassinoides and less common Palaeophycus bioturbation has enhanced the porosity of this facies. Outer ramp deposits consist of alternating mid‐ramp bioturbated bioclastic chalky limestones and argillaceous and marly limestones. The latter contain basinal bioclasts including planktonic foraminifera, oligosteginids, dwarf rotaliids, and sponge spicules.

Sequence stratigraphic analyses of the Khasib Formation indicate that it represents a third‐order depositional cycle. At the base is a type 1 sequence boundary which separates it from the underlying LST deposits of the Kifl Formation. Shaly and argillaceous limestones in the lower part of the Khasib Formation represent the early TST. These are overlain by a thick, deepening‐upwards succession of outer ramp facies. The maximum flooding surface is represented by a thin and extensive horizon of Oligosteginal limestones with Palaeophycus bioturbation. HST deposits are represented by aggradational build‐ups of bioturbated chalky dolomitic limestones, followed by progradational late HST shales and limestones. The boundary with the overlying Tanuma Formation is a type 2 sequence boundary. Bioclastic packstones and intensively bioturbated (Thalassinoides) bioclastic limestones of the mid‐outer ramp are the primary source of fabric‐selective porosity which is greatly enhanced by diagenetic overprints. These two units constitute the prime target for future exploration in central Iraq.
The Petroleum Geology of Iraq
Authors: Konert Geert
Published: September 2010

Books reviewed in this issue.

“The petroleum geology of Iraq”, by A. A. M. Aqrawi et al.
Loss of parents in childhood – associations with depression, loneliness, and attitudes towards life in older Finnish people
Authors: Savikko Niina , Routasalo Pirkko , Tilvis Reijo S. , Strandberg Timo E. , Pitkälä Kaisu H.
Published: September 2010

Aim.  This study examines the prevalence of parental loss in childhood of older generations in Finland and how it is associated with demographic variables, depression, feelings of loneliness and attitudes towards life in old age.

Background.  A parental loss is a significant trauma in a child's life. It has long‐term consequences in late adulthood, such as depression in middle age. Loss of parent/parents has not been under concern in the nursing literature. Little is known about the prevalence of parental loss and its consequences in old age such as depression, inner feelings of loneliness and life attitudes.

Methods.  The data were collected with a postal questionnaire from a random sample of 3728 older people (≥75 years) in Finland who responded to a question concerning loss of a parent when respondent was age ≤17 years.

Results.  Of those responding to the question concerning parental loss, 31.2% had lost their mother and/or father in the childhood (at age ≤17 years). Loss of parents was associated with lower level of education, physically heavy lifetime work, and not being married. There was no statistically significant relation between the loss of parent/parents in the childhood and self‐reported depression or loneliness in the old age. In addition, loss of parent/parents was not associated with any attitudes towards life, such as life satisfaction, plans for the future, zest for life or happiness.

Conclusions.  Surprisingly many people from older generations had lost their parent/parents in their childhood, but it is not associated with depression, feelings of loneliness or other attitudes towards life. Several explanations for this are discussed.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Loss of parents does not necessarily lead to older people's psychological frailty. Nurses should be cautious when making interpretations about older people's early life history. Among older people early losses may be a source of successful coping skills rather than a risk factor for depression, loneliness and pessimistic life attitudes.
SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY IN TWO SPECIES OF PINNIPEDS (PHOCA VITULINA AND OTARIA FLAVESCENS)
Authors: Griebel Ulrike , KÖnig Gertrude , Schmid Axel
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Spectral sensitivity was measured in air in the light adapted state in two harbor seals and a South American sea lion using a behavioral training technique. Increment thresholds were determined in a spectral range from 390 nm to 670 nm in a simultaneous two‐choice discrimination task. The spectral sensitivity curves show two maxima in sensitivity, one main peak with a maximum around 500 nm in the harbor seal and around 550 nm in the South American sea lion, and a second, smaller peak with a maximum in the range of 410 nm in both species. The broad shape and the position of the maximum of the spectral sensitivity curve of the harbor seals suggests that even under photopic conditions both rods and cones are contributing to the measurements since harbor seals possess only one cone type. The maximum sensitivity in the green part of the spectrum may indicate an adaptation to a specific underwater environment.
Religion at Ugarit
Authors: Rahmouni Aicha
Published: September 2010

The purpose of ‘Religion at Ugarit’ is to present an overview of the Canaanite religion of the Ugaritic metropolis in accordance with its textual sources and archaeological data. Special attention will be paid in this article to the state of the official Ugaritic religion as reflected by the status of the different gods in the Ugaritic pantheon and their theological universe, and to the recent discussion concerning religion in daily life as expressed in the epic and ritual genres.
Temperature and Bacterial Profile of Post Chill Poultry Carcasses Stored in Processing Combo Held at Room Temperature
Authors: Handley John A. , Hanning Irene , Ricke Steven C. , Johnson Michael G. , Jones Frank T. , Apple Robert O.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Post chill whole poultry carcasses from a commercial processing plant were stored in a processing combo at room temperature (70 °F/21 °C) for 54 h to mimic the scenario of temperature abuse before further processing. Temperature data were collected in 1‐min intervals and averaged each hour by 9 temperature data loggers. Two linear regressions were developed for the combo and internal breast temperature and slopes were nearly identical. Microbial data was collected by performing whole bird carcass rinses that were enumerated for aerobic plate count (APC),Enterobacteriaceae,Escherichia coli, and total coliform. Samples were collected from the chiller chute at time zero for initial bacterial counts. Carcass sampling continued once the internal breast temperature achieved 45 °F (7 °C 10 h) and continued every 2 h until the final internal breast temperature was 63 °F (17 °C 54 h). Linear regressions were developed for the first 26 h, which exhibited no statistically significant growth except forEnterobacteriaceae. A 2nd linear regression (28 to 54 h) exhibited significant growth for all analyses. Overall, APC increased from a log10colony forming unit (CFU)/mL count of 2.86 to 7.02,Enterobacteriaceaeincreased from 0.66 to 6.64, coliform increased from 0.72 to 4.81, andE. coliincreased from 0.53 to 4.45. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was performed to detect changes in the bacterial populations, which indicated 95% similarity within sampled groups, but the overall percent similarity among samples collected over 54 h was 8%. From the data, microbial growth demonstrates a period of 26 h for minimal growth; therefore, the product could be further processed rather than designated as waste.
Preservation of Chicken Breast Meat Treated with Thyme and Balm Essential Oils
Authors: Fratianni Florinda , De Martino Laura , Melone Antonio , De Feo Vincenzo , Coppola Raffaele , Nazzaro Filomena
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The present study evaluated the effects of thyme and balm essential oils on the 3‐wk storage of fresh chicken breast meat at 4 °C. Thyme and, to a lesser extent, balm essential oils reduced DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) radical formation in the meat (25% to 30% and 20%, respectively). Treatment with the 2 essential oils also limited lipid peroxidation and the deterioration of sarcoplasmic proteins, helping to preserve the meat even after 2 wk of storage. Thyme and balm essential oils decreased the natural microflora present in the meat; total microbial content decreased down to 50% in comparison to the control samples. In addition, a clear effect on lactic acid bacterial growth was recorded. Balm essential oil significantly limited the growth of Salmonella sp., whereas thyme essential oil effectively inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli. Our data demonstrate that these 2 essential oils effectively reduced deteriorative processes in chicken meat and extended the shelf life of this fresh product.

Practical Application:  The essential oils of thyme and balm can protect the chicken meat from decomposition during the storage time.