bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The history of anti-Castro terrorist organizations and their ties to the U.S. government
Authors: Gatin Mikhail Igorevich
Published: April 2024

The article is devoted to the history of terrorist organizations that arose as a response to the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the rise to power of Fidel Castro and the policies of his government over the following decades. An important role in the creation, financing and support of these organizations was played by people directly or indirectly connected with the American special services and the political leadership of the United States. The activities of Cuban counter-revolutionary terrorists have led to tragic consequences, including the deaths of innocent people, not only Cubans, but also representatives of other Latin American countries. The use of terrorist methods for political purposes is an extremely urgent problem in the 21st century, and therefore an appeal to the history of this phenomenon is objectively necessary to effectively combat this evil. The history of terrorist activity by opponents of the Castro regime is of interest both to historians and political scientists, whose interests include the study of the Caribbean region, the history of foreign policy and the activities of US intelligence agencies, and to specialists in international relations in general. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. This allows us to consider the problem under study as an integrated system, where the facts are analyzed in their entirety and interrelationships. General scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, descriptive) and general historical (historical-comparative, historical-systemic) research methods are necessary for conducting research. The present study has a scientific novelty, since it is based on sources not previously used in the Russian scientific literature. A significant part of the corpus of sources used by the author of the article are classified CIA documents until recently. To a certain extent, working with such arrays of information is not only a historical, but also a political science study that allows us to better understand the realities of modern geopolitics. As for the conclusions of this study, they may be summarised respectively: 1) the United States, at least in the recent past, was a direct sponsor of international terrorism; 2) the activities of anti-Castro terrorist groups in the 20th century still hinder the process of restoring diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba; 3) a violent change of power in the state inevitably generates a cycle of violence that evades the risk of interference in the internal affairs of the country from the outside.
Reflection of Aesthetic Concepts of Russian Realism in Chinese Visual Art
Authors: Su Weisai
Published: April 2024

This paper examines the impact of Russian realism on Chinese visual art, focusing on how Chinese artists have adapted and reinterpreted Russian aesthetic concepts. The study highlights the role of cross-cultural exchanges in enriching both traditional Chinese art and the broader understanding of realism. Through a detailed analysis, the author explores the reflection of Russian realism's social criticism and humanistic ideals in Chinese artistic practices, and how these influences have fostered new artistic forms and themes within China.The research employs comparative analysis of artworks and artistic traditions alongside historical and cultural contexts of both Russia and China. This approach underscores the importance of international artistic exchanges in creating a more diverse and multicultural art world. The study's novelty lies in uncovering the mechanisms of cultural integration and innovation through artistic exchanges between the two countries, detailing how Russian realism has not only shaped Chinese art but also spurred the creation of unique forms that reflect contemporary societal and cultural demands.Significantly, the fusion of Russian realism and traditional Chinese aesthetics has led to a new artistic direction in China that melds global artistic trends with local cultural values. This synthesis has facilitated deeper cultural dialogues and mutual understanding, enriching the artistic traditions of both Russia and China. Artists have been provided with new opportunities to explore innovative ideas and forms, thus strengthening cross-cultural ties and expanding the boundaries of artistic interaction. The paper emphasizes the transformative power of this artistic merger in enriching the global art space and fostering a more inclusive and varied artistic milieu.
Cognitive Styles Vis-A-Vis Proficiency in Productive Skills
Authors: Tendero Julieta
Published: April 2024

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the cognitive styles and the English proficiency (EP) scores in the productive skills of the Western Mindanao State University college students with other variables of age and area of specialization. To carry out its objective, the study employed the descriptive method, specifically the correlation technique. First, the respondents’ cognitive styles in information processing were determined through the use of the standardized Hemispheric Dominance Test (HDT). Then, the proficiency levels in the productive skills and global English were measured by the use of the Speaking Skill Test, the Writing Skill Test and the Cloze Test; all had been validated and reliability-tested. Lastly, the data were analyzed using mainly the Pearson r. Having a sample of 240 selected through purposive, stratified, and random sampling from the 5,096 students of the three colleges of Western Mindanao State University, Zamboanga City, results revealed that: that most of the students of the Colleges of Arts and Sciences, Engineering and Education of Western Mindanao State University were left-brained; that the students were “good” in speaking, “fair ” in writing but “poor” in global English; that there was no significant relationship between the cognitive styles and their EP scores in speaking, writing and global English tests; and that a significant relationship was shown between cognitive styles and EP scores in speaking, writing and global English when respondents were grouped according to age and area of specialization.
A Study on Livelihood Vulnerability of Farmers: A Case Study of Aspirational Districts of Karnataka, India
Authors: Gorijavolu Tarun Baparao , BY Sidram , Beeraladinni Devendra , Goudappa S.B. , Sambrani Ravi. M.
Published: April 2024

The study was conducted to access the livelihood vulnerability of the farmers in aspirational districts in Karnataka. Livelihood vulnerability refers to the susceptibility of individuals or communities to adverse impacts on their means of sustenance and economic well-being, often stemming from external shocks or stressors. An ex-post facto research design was used. A sample size of 120 respondents were selected from Raichur and Yadgir districts using a simple random sampling technique. A well-structured interview schedule and Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) which includes eight components viz., Socio-demographic profile, livelihood strategies, social networks, food, water, health, climate variability and extremes, were use for data collection. Mean, cumulative frequency distribution and LVI were used for data analysis. The results revealed that the livelihood vulnerability index for Raichur was 0.484 and for Yadgir was 0.478. This indicates that the people in both districts are equally vulnerable to livelihood shocks and stresses. The medium level of LVI might be due to their dependency on more than one livelihood activities.
Cercospora Leaf Spot Disease of Castor in Ericulutre: A Review on Existing Management Strategies
Authors: Narzary P.R. , Das A. , Brahma D. , Verma R. , Saikia M. , Kaman P. K. , Sarma J.
Published: April 2024

The deadly illness known as "Cercospora leaf spot of castor" affects castor (Ricinus communis L.) plants, which serve as the main food supply for the eri silkworm (Samia ricini Donovan). It is brought on by the fungal infection Cercospora ricinella. The growth and development of eri silkworms as well as the production of silk may be negatively impacted by this disease, which can result in large losses in leaf output, quantity, and quality. This article covers a range of environmentally friendly methods for controlling Cercospora leaf spot in castor plants. It also looks at the effects of chemical fungicides on silkworms and the possibilities of integrated approaches to disease control. By adopting eco-friendly and sustainable methods, the ericulture industry can effectively combat this disease while ensuring the safety and well-being of the eri silkworms and the environment.
Assessing Urban Tourism Development Efficiency: Based on a DEA Approach
Authors: Fan Hongjie , Wan Changlin
Published: April 2024

Based on the data of 16 prefecture level cities in Anhui Province, eight indicators in the three directions of environmental pollution, resource input and labor input are selected as input variables. The output indicators include economic and social benefits. Combining the traditional DEA and SBM super efficiency data envelopment analysis model, the super efficiency value and ranking of tourism development of each prefecture level city under the non-oriented and variable return to scale model are obtained. This paper analyzes the development efficiency of tourism in this period from the prefecture level city and regional level, and puts forward reasonable suggestions. Increase the development of tourism resources; Improve the urban tourism system with weak potential; Promote regional cooperation and linkage development; Promote the common growth of tourism industry and regional economy.
Implication of Changing Climate on Tourism Development in Southern Tanzania: The Case of Ruaha-Rungwa Landscape
Authors: George Tutindaga , Kangalawe Richard Y.M.
Published: April 2024

East Africa tourism is one of the most successful sectors in the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), mainly attributed to the diverse natural landscapes and biological resources, creating special tourism assets. However, despite its importance, the tourism industry, particularly in the southern circuit of Tanzania, has been significantly affected by climate change impacts. The effects of climate change have been detrimental to both the environment and socio-economic activities such as loss of species, disturbances to the timing and patterns of tourism seasons, and disruptions to various tourism facilities and activities. This study examines the impacts of climate and non-climatic factors on tourism development in southern circuit of Tanzania focusing on Ruaha-Rungwa Landscape (RRL). The study adopted a mixed-method approach that uses both secondary and primary data collected through household surveys, interviews Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and field observations. The sample size included 234 household, 110 key informants and 44 FGD participants. Data analysis was done using EXLSTAT and Mann–Kendall Trend Analysis to analyse climate trends. SPSS was used to analyse quantitative primary data, while content and thematic analyses were used to analyse qualitative primary data. This study observed nortable changes in climatic conditions over the past 30 years within the study area. These changes includes unreliable rainfall patterns, reduced rainfall, occurrence of rainfall extremes events and increased temperature especially in the last decade in Ruaha National Park. Further, climate change impacts have negatively affected tourism development in the study area, largely related to eruption of wildlife diseases and decline of wildlife population, loss of revenue attributed to early closing of tourism seasonality and destruction of infrastructures such as the tourist amenities. Furthermore, non-climatic factors, such as budget constraints, inadequate investments, poor infrastructure, and uncompetitive position, has observed to hinder the development of tourism activities. The low development of the tourism activities in the area can be attributed to low adaptive capacity of the stressed ecological processes to support provision of ecosystems goods and services. The study recommends that in averting the impact of climate change on tourism development, both climatic and non-climatic stressors must be effectively considered during the planning processes.
Preliminary Evaluation of Cashew Gum Exudate as a Green Scale Inhibitor
Authors: Obuebite Amalate Ann , Okwonna Obumneme
Published: April 2024

This preliminary study explores the potential of cashew gum as a sustainable, effective inhibitor of calcium carbonate scale by characterization analysis to determine its composition, temperature-tolerance and crystallinity in relation to conventional scale inhibitors. The use of green materials has garnered attention as a promising natural compound for industrial processes. Scale formation, a pervasive issue in oil production leads to reduced efficiency and increased maintenance costs caused by blockages in pipelines etc. However, scale inhibitors have been used to control various scale types. Cashew gum, a natural polysaccharide, with its bio-degradable and eco-friendly characteristics aligns with global emphasis on sustainable, green chemistry. The preliminary analysis of the scale- inhibitory effect of cashew gum was evaluated using Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze their crystal structure, thermal stability, identify and quantify the chemical compounds. Results showed an onset degradation at 327.3 ˚C temperature with a 29% decline in mass of the sample and a calcination temperature of 525 ˚C. The XRD showed a single peak at 19.20˚indicating poor crystallinity of the extract, thus a mixture of crystalline and amorphous phases was proposed. The FTIR spectra showed a symmetrical stretching vibration of the O-H bond, characteristic of glucoside ring. The presence of C-O bonds and carbonyl moiety was observed at several low peak intensities indicating a low composition of these functional groups. The chromatogram identified six compounds linked to a functional group with 7-octadecenoic acid methyl ester having the highest peak area of 63.52 %, indicating that fatty acids are the dominant constituents in cashew gum. Its compatibility with diverse water compositions makes it a potential solution for scale inhibition. The study shows that cashew gum is a viable, eco-conscious option for mitigating scales based on its chemical composition and thermal stability.
An improved decision feedback equalization usinga prioriinformation
Authors: Panigrahi Siba Prasada , Padhy Sasmita Kumari , Nayak Santanu Kumar
Published: April 2009

This paper addresses the exhaustive computational complexity of the maximum‐a‐posterioriequalizer and the inefficiency of the conventional decision feedback equalizer (DFE) algorithm in iterative equalization, especially when the higher‐level modulation is used with severely distorted Inter Symbol Interference channels. The new method proposed here improves the bit error rate (BER) performance by computing the extra metricrn+1using the feedback symbols from previous iteration and combining it witha prioriinformation of the symbols. After each iteration, the hard‐detected symbols are saved in the memory asa prioridata for next iteration. We verified the proposed algorithm for Binary Phase Shift Keying and 8‐phase shift keying modulation. The promising simulation results show that the BER performance given by the proposed low complexity DFE algorithm improved dramatically throughout the iterations when the conventional DFE has only insignificant improvement in the process of iterative equalization. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Inhibitor‐Loaded Halloysite Nanotubes in Active Anti‐Corrosive Coatings
Authors: Fix Dmitri , Andreeva Daria V. , Lvov Yuri M. , Shchukin Dmitry G. , Möhwald Helmuth
Published: April 2009

Halloysite particles are aluminum‐silicate hollow cylinders with a length of 0.5–1 µm, an outer diameter of ca. 50 nm and a lumen of 15 nm. These nanotubes are used for loading and sustained release of corrosion inhibitors. The inhibitor is kept inside the particles infinitely long under dry conditions. Here, halloysite nanotubes filled with anticorrosive agents are embedded into a SiOx–ZrOx hybrid film. An aluminum plate is dip‐coated and immersed into 0.1 M sodium chloride aqueous solution for corrosion tests. A defect in the sol–gel coating induces pitting corrosion on the metal accompanied by a strong anodic activity. The inhibitor is released within one hour from halloysite nanotubes at corrosion spots and suppresses the corrosion process. The anodic activity is successfully restrained and the protection remains for a long time period of immersion in NaCl water solution. The self‐healing effect of the sol–gel coating doped with inhibitor‐loaded halloysite nanotubes is demonstrated in situ via scanning vibrating electrode technique measurements.
Understanding the Nature of the States Responsible for the Green Emission in Oxidized Poly(9,9‐dialkylfluorene)s: Photophysics and Structural Studies of Linear Dialkylfluorene/Fluorenone Model Compounds
Authors: Chan Khai Leok , Sims Marc , Pascu Sofia I. , Ariu Marilù , Holmes Andrew B. , Bradley Donal D. C.
Published: April 2009

Here, the optical properties of a series of structurally well‐defined model compounds for oxidatively degraded poly(dialkylfluorenes) (PFs) are reported. Specifically, linear compounds comprising one, two, or four dihexylfluorene (F) moieties together with one fluorenone (O) moiety placed either at the end or in the center of each chain (i.e., FO, FFO, FOF, FFOFF) are studied. The results support the recent observation that the photophysics of the fluorenone‐centered “pentamer” (FFOFF) is most similar to that of oxidized PFs. They further demonstrate that molecule–molecule interaction is essential to activate the green emission band. Investigations by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) identify the solid‐state structure of a representative member of this class of compounds and reveal inter‐molecular interaction through dipole–dipole coupling between neighboring fluorenone moieties.
BDNF, relative preference, and reward circuitry responses to emotional communication
Authors: Gasic G.P. , Smoller J.W. , Perlis R.H. , Sun M. , Lee S. , Kim B.W. , Lee M.J. , Holt D.J. , Blood A.J. , Makris N. , Kennedy D.K. , Hoge R.D. , Calhoun J. , Fava M. , Gusella J.F. , Breiter H.C.
Published: April 2009

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates neural development and synaptic transmission. We have tested the hypothesis that functional variation in the BDNF gene (Val66Met polymorphism, rs6265) affects brain reward circuitry encoding human judgment and decision‐making regarding relative preference. We quantified relative preference among faces with emotional expressions (angry, fearful, sad, neutral, and happy) by a keypress procedure performed offline to measure effort traded for viewing time. Keypress‐based relative preferences across the ensemble of faces were mirrored significantly by fMRI signal in the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus when passively viewing these faces. For these three brain regions, there was also a statistically significant group difference by BDNF genotype in the fMRI responses to the emotional expressions. In comparison with Val/Met heterozygotes, Val/Val individuals preferentially sought exposure to positive emotions (e.g., happy faces) and had stronger regional fMRI activation to aversive stimuli (e.g., angry, fearful, and sad faces). BDNF genotype accounted for ∼30% of the variance in fMRI signal that mirrors keypress responses to these stimuli. This study demonstrates that functional allelic variation in BDNF modulates human brain circuits processing reward/aversion information and relative preference transactions. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ADHD and DAT1: Further evidence of paternal over‐transmission of risk alleles and haplotype
Authors: Hawi Z. , Kent L. , Hill M. , Anney R.J.L. , Brookes K.J. , Barry E. , Franke B. , Banaschewski T. , Buitelaar J. , Ebstein R. , Miranda A. , Oades R.D. , Roeyers H. , Rothenberger A. , Sergeant J. , Sonuga‐Barke E. , Steinhausen H.‐C. , Faraone S.V. , Asherson P. , Gill M.
Published: April 2009

We [Hawi et al. (2005); Am J Hum Genet 77:958–965] reported paternal over‐transmission of risk alleles in some ADHD‐associated genes. This was particularly clear in the case of the DAT1 3′‐UTR VNTR. In the current investigation, we analyzed three new sample comprising of 1,248 ADHD nuclear families to examine the allelic over‐transmission of DAT1 in ADHD. The IMAGE sample, the largest of the three‐replication samples, provides strong support for a parent of origin effect for allele 6 and the 10 repeat allele (intron 8 and 3′‐UTR VNTR, respectively) of DAT1. In addition, a similar pattern of over‐transmission of paternal risk haplotypes (constructed from the above alleles) was also observed. Some support is also derived from the two smaller samples although neither is independently significant. Although the mechanism driving the paternal over‐transmission of the DAT risk alleles is not known, these finding provide further support for this phenomenon. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multistep Synthesis Using Modular Flow Reactors: Bestmann–Ohira Reagent for the Formation of Alkynes and Triazoles
Authors: Baxendale Ian R. , Ley Steven V. , Mansfield Andrew C. , Smith Christopher D.
Published: April 2009

Mehrstufig und fließend: Das Seyferth‐Gilbert‐Reagens 1 wurde in einem Durchfluss‐System zur schnellen Synthese von terminalen Alkinen eingesetzt. Weitere Anwendung fand das System bei der Synthese des Triazols 3 aus dem Alkohol 2 in einer dreistufigen Sequenz aus Oxidation, Homologisierung und Kupfer(I)‐katalysierter Azid‐Alkin‐Cycloaddition ohne Isolierung von Zwischenstufen (siehe Schema).

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A Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Probe for Fast Thiol‐Quantification Assay of Glutathione Reductase
Authors: Yi Long , Li Heyang , Sun Lu , Liu Liangliang , Zhang Caihong , Xi Zhen
Published: April 2009

Fast detection of cellular thiols in aqueous medium was achieved using a newly developed fluorescence probe (see picture). Based on this probe, a high‐throughput fluorescence assay for glutathione reductase was developed.

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Metabolic Labeling of Sialic Acids in Living Animals with Alkynyl Sugars
Authors: Chang Pamela V. , Chen Xing , Smyrniotis Chris , Xenakis Alexander , Hu Tianshun , Bertozzi Carolyn R. , Wu Peng
Published: April 2009

Sialome sweet sialome: As sialic acids are involved in many host–pathogen recognition events and are markers of embryonic and malignant tissues, there is great interest in methods for the enrichment and identification of sialylated glycoproteins from complex tissues. Now N‐(4‐pentynoyl)mannosamine can be used to metabolically label sialylated glycoproteins in living animals, enabling future identification of new biomarkers.

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Stable Cyclohexyl–Phenyl Recognition in the Center of a DNA Duplex
Authors: Kaufmann Marco , Gisler Michael , Leumann Christian J.
Published: April 2009

Even saturated carbocycles are compatible with Watson–Crick pairing, as shown by the incorporation of phenylcyclohexyl‐C‐nucleoside pairs into the center of a DNA double helix (see picture). The increase in duplex stability arises from cyclohexyl/phenyl CH/π interactions. This makes the system an interesting scaffold for studying hydrophobic interactions and allows for the incorporation of additional molecular entities into the double helix.

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Simple route to ferrocenylalkyl nucleobases. Antitumor activity in vivo
Authors: Simenel Alexander A. , Morozova Elena A. , Snegur Lubov' V. , Zykova Svetlana I. , Kachala Vadim V. , Ostrovskaya Larissa A. , Bluchterova Natalia V. , Fomina Margarita M.
Published: April 2009

Ferrocenylalkyl nucleobases (1–14) were prepared via the reaction of the α‐(hydroxy)alkyl ferrocenes FcCHR(OH) (Fc = ferrocenyl; R = H, Me, Et, Ph) with thymine, cytosine, iodo‐cytosine and adenine in DMSO at 100 °C, yields being 50–80%. The antitumor activities of ferrocenylmethyl thymine (1) against solid tumor models, carcinoma 755 (Ca755) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) were studied in vivo. Therapeutic synergism of antitumor activity against LLC was demonstrated in the case of combined application of compound 1 with anticancer drug cyclophosphamide. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of nonlinear smoothers in signal recovery
Authors: Conradie W. J. , de Wet T. , Jankowitz M. D.
Published: April 2009

Time series data can be decomposed as signal plus noise. A good smoother should be able to recover a smooth signal reasonably well from time series data. The performance of two classes of nonlinear smoothers in signal recovery is discussed in this paper. The first class is the well‐known class of median smoothers. The other one is a relatively new class of smoothers based on extreme‐order statistics, called lower‐upper‐lower‐upper smoothers. Sinusoidal signals of different frequencies with contaminated normal noise and impulsive noise added were simulated. Members of the two classes of nonlinear smoothers were applied to remove the ‘non‐Gaussian’ and impulsive noise. To this output linear smoothing was applied to remove the remaining Gaussian noise. By means of a simulation study, the success of the two classes of smoothers was investigated using as measures of success the least‐squares regression of the smoothed sequence on the signal and the integrated mean square error. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smad2/3 is involved in growth inhibition of mouse embryonic palate mesenchymal cells induced by all‐trans retinoic acid
Authors: Wang Miao , Huang Hongzhang , Chen Yiyang
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND:

Cleft palate is one of the major malformations induced by retinoic acid in both rodents and humans. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism by which all‐trans retinoic acid (atRA) induces the cleft palate.

METHODS:

The cell cycle distribution of mouse embryonic palate mesenchymal (MEPM) cells under atRA (100 mg/kg) treatment on gestation day (GD) 10 or GD 12 were measured by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. The p21, phospho‐Rb, Smad2/3, phospho‐Smad2 and phospho‐Smad3 protein expression levels were detected by western blot, respectively. Quantitative real‐time PCR was performed for p21, Smad2, and Smad3 gene expression in each group under both conditions. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was applied to inhibit Smad2/3 expression in MEPM cells and the effect was detected by western blot and flow cytometry.

RESULTS:

The G0/G1 arrest in MEPM cells in vivo was induced by atRA on GD 10. The protein expression levels of p21, Smad2/3, phospho‐Smad2, and phospho‐Smad3 were increased, while phospho‐Rb was decreased in MEPM after atRA treatment on GD 10. These changes were not observed on the GD 12 group. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of p21, Smad2, and Smad3 detected by quantitative real‐time PCR were almost consistent with their protein expression trends. Furthermore, p21 was partially decreased and G0/G1 arrest was partially released following Smad2/3 siRNA knockdown.

CONCLUSIONS:

The induction of G0/G1 block by atRA in MEPM cells varied with the development stage of exposure. Our study demonstrated that Smad2/3 regulation of p21 was partly required for atRA‐induced cell cycle perturbations in MEPM cells. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Host cell proteins in biologics development: Identification, quantitation and risk assessment
Authors: Wang Xing , Hunter Alan K. , Mozier Ned M.
Published: April 2009

Host cell proteins (HCPs) are those produced or encoded by the organisms and unrelated to the intended recombinant product. Some are necessary for growth, survival, and normal cellular processing whereas others may be non‐essential, simply carried along as baggage. Like the recombinant product, HCPs may also be modified by the host with a number of post‐translational modifications. Regardless of the utility, or lack thereof, HCPs are undesirable in the final drug substance. Though commonly present in small quantities (parts per million expressed as nanograms per milligrams of the intended recombinant protein) much effort and cost is expended by industry to remove them. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is of relevance in regards to the biology, the impact of genomics and proteomics on HCP evaluation, the regulatory expectations, analytical approaches, and various methodologies to remove HCPs with bioprocessing. Historical data, bioinformatics approaches and industrial case study examples are provided. Finally, a proposal for a risk assessment tool is provided which brings these facets together and proposes a means for manufacturers to classify and organize a control strategy leading to meaningful product specifications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 446–458. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TAT‐mediated intracellular protein delivery to primary brain cells is dependent on glycosaminoglycan expression
Authors: Simon Melissa J. , Gao Shan , Kang Woo Hyeun , Banta Scott , Morrison Barclay
Published: April 2009

Although some studies have shown that the cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT can enter a variety of cell lines with high efficiency, others have observed little or no transduction in vivo or in vitro under conditions mimicking the in vivo environment. The mechanisms underlying TAT‐mediated transduction have been investigated in cell lines, but not in primary brain cells. In this study we demonstrate that transduction of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐TAT fusion protein is dependent on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) expression in both the PC12 cell line and primary astrocytes. GFP‐TAT transduced PC12 cells and did so with even higher efficiency following NGF differentiation. In cultures of primary brain cells, TAT significantly enhanced GFP delivery into astrocytes grown under different conditions: (1) monocultures grown in serum‐containing medium; (2) monocultures grown in serum‐free medium; (3) cocultures with neurons in serum‐free medium. The efficiency of GFP‐TAT transduction was significantly higher in the monocultures than in the cocultures. The GFP‐TAT construct did not significantly enter neurons. Experimental modulation of GAG content correlated with alterations in TAT transduction in PC12 cells and astrocyte monocultures grown in the presence of serum. In addition, this correlation was predictive of TAT‐mediated transduction in astrocyte monocultures grown in serum free medium and in coculture. We conclude that culture conditions affect cellular GAG expression, which in turn dictates TAT‐mediated transduction efficiency, extending previous results from cell lines to primary cells. These results highlight the cell‐type and phenotype‐dependence of TAT‐mediated transduction, and underscore the necessity of controlling the phenotype of the target cell in future protein engineering efforts aimed at creating more efficacious CPPs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 10–19 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arresting and convicting the innocent: the potential role of an “inappropriate” emotional display in the accused
Authors: Heath Wendy P.
Published: April 2009

Research from both simulated and actual jurors has demonstrated that the defendant's emotional display can influence legal decisions. The purpose of this paper is to review the evidence regarding the influence of the defendant's emotional display, and to consider the potential role of suspect and defendant emotion in wrongful convictions. It is possible that the lack of “appropriate” emotion during questioning or interrogation may lead investigators to create a mind‐set that the suspect is the guilty party; as a result, they may be less inclined to investigate other leads. During a trial, the defendant's perceived level of emotion can potentially mislead jurors (e.g. a defendant displaying a low level of emotion leading people to believe, inappropriately, that he is guilty). After a review of the pertinent literature and examples of relevant cases, reasons are provided regarding why one's emotional display may be of limited diagnostic value. Future research ideas are proposed in an effort to determine more definitively the impact of the emotional display of the accused on legal decisions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and psychopathy in adolescent male and female detainees
Authors: Sevecke Kathrin , Kosson David S. , Krischer Maya K.
Published: April 2009

Although ADHD and CD are apparent risk factors for adult psychopathy, there are three distinct perspectives regarding their relationships to psychopathy: (1) ADHD may contribute uniquely to the development of psychopathy or (2) its contribution may reflect its high comorbidity with CD. Alternatively, (3) the comorbid presence of ADHD and CD may confer unique risk for the development of psychopathy. Although prior adult studies have yielded conflicting findings, no prior studies of adolescents address this issue. We examined these three hypotheses and the possibility of sex differences using cross‐sectional analyses in 90 male and 123 female incarcerated adolescents. Among males the influence of ADHD was largely attributable to the overlap between ADHD and CD, whereas among females ADHD contributed independently to psychopathy scores and to scores on several dimensions of psychopathy. In addition, among females, the ADHD × CD interaction was significant for the total score and the antisocial component of psychopathy and in a direction opposite to that predicted by the comorbid subtype hypothesis. These findings indicate that there may be sex‐specific pathways to elevations in psychopathic traits and suggest that the comorbid subtype hypothesis is probably not correct for either boys or girls. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reid training and sensitivity to developmental maturity in interrogation: results from a national survey of police
Authors: Kostelnik Jessica O. , Reppucci N. Dickon
Published: April 2009

Although research has demonstrated that youthfulness is a risk factor for providing false confessions during criminal interrogations, it is unclear whether interrogation training programs address this issue. The goal was to analyze differences between Reid‐trained (RT) and non‐Reid‐trained (non‐RT) police in their sensitivity to the developmental maturity of young suspects. 1,828 police officers, 514 of whom were RT, completed surveys about their perceptions and practices during interrogation with children, adolescents, or adults. Results indicate that, compared with non‐RT police, RT police demonstrate less sensitivity to the developmental maturity of adolescents in terms of (1) perceptions of their competencies during interrogation and (2) use of psychologically coercive questioning techniques. These findings have implications for the development of juvenile interrogation training programs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Videotaped interrogations and confessions: does a dual‐camera approach yield unbiased and accurate evaluations?
Authors: Snyder Celeste J. , Lassiter G. Daniel , Lindberg Matthew J. , Pinegar Shannon K.
Published: April 2009

Although an equal‐focus camera perspective—suspect and interrogator each displayed in profile—produces relatively unbiased assessments of videotaped interrogations–confessions, many in law enforcement may consider it less than satisfactory because a full‐face view of the suspect is precluded and thus potentially important information revealed in his or her expressions may be unavailable for fact finders' consideration. The present research investigated whether a dual‐camera approach, wherein the full faces of both the suspect and interrogator are presented in a split‐screen format simultaneously, is a viable alternative to an equal‐focus format. Experiment 1 in fact demonstrated that the dual‐camera approach does produce relatively unbiased assessments of voluntariness and guilt. However, Experiment 2 revealed that the dual‐camera approach was one of the poorest presentation formats in terms of its impact on the ability to accurately distinguish between true and false confessions. Policy recommendations based on the present and previous research are presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A LabVIEW‐based remote laboratory experiments for control engineering education
Authors: Stefanovic Miladin , Cvijetkovic Vladimir , Matijevic Milan , Simic Visnja
Published: April 2009

This paper deals with remote access to a real laboratory equipment using contemporary computer and network technology for creating the environment that will enable a remote user to perform the required laboratory exercises and control the laboratory equipment. Architecture and characteristics of WebLab will be described with special attention to the latest implemented laboratory experiment for control of the coupled water tanks (using LabVIEW). This paper will also give results of researches among student population in order to determine advantages and effects of using web laboratory in control engineering education. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 538–549, 2011
Robust Self‐Assembled Monolayers of RuII and OsII Polypyridines on Gold Surfaces: Exploring New Potentials
Authors: Murphy Frances A. , Suárez Stéphane , Figgemeier Egbert , Schofield Emma R. , Draper Sylvia M.
Published: April 2009

Functional monolayers: RuII and OsII bis‐terpyridine complexes have been attached through a piperazine‐supported dithiocarbamate to a gold substrate (see picture). The robust tether, and the favourable reduction in oxidation potential induced by the electron‐rich piperazine result in self‐assembled monolayers with excellent reversible redox behaviour and exceptional stability.

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Metal complexes [M(phtpy)(pztpy)](PF6)2 (phtpy=4′‐phenyl‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine, pztpy=4′‐(N‐piperazinyl)‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine, M=Ru, Os) were prepared and examined spectroscopically and electrochemically. The piperazine attachment was found to significantly modify the photophysical and electrochemical properties compared to the parent bis‐terpyridine complexes, causing a red‐shift of the 1MLCT (23 nm, 53.9 eV) and a substantial cathodic shift of the redox potential (0.3 V for Ru, 0.23 V for Os). Self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of the complexes on polished gold electrodes were generated simply by the in situ formation of a dithiocarbamate (DTC) anchoring group at the terminal piperazinyl nitrogen on the pztpy ligand. Cyclic voltammetry revealed that the monolayers show excellent reversible behaviour and exceptional stability. The high stability of the SAMs is attributed to the strong bidentate attachment to the gold surface of the DTC tether and the favourable low oxidation potentials of the complexes which result from the electron‐rich piperazine nitrogen on the pztpy ligand. Such DTC‐based SAMs demonstrate a substantial improvement over commonly‐employed thiol‐based systems, and offer new scope for future development.
Mechanistic Investigations into the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones Catalyzed by Pseudo‐Dipeptide Ruthenium Complexes
Authors: Wettergren Jenny , Buitrago Elina , Ryberg Per , Adolfsson Hans
Published: April 2009

Lithium‐powered: A kinetic investigation into the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of non‐activated aryl alkyl ketones, catalyzed by N‐Boc‐protected α‐amino acid hydroxyamide ruthenium–arene complexes, has revealed that the reactions proceed through an unprecedented bimetallic outer‐sphere mechanism. Under optimized conditions, these catalysts provide access to secondary alcohols in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities (>99 % ee).

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The combination of N‐Boc‐protected α‐amino acid hydroxyamides (pseudo‐dipeptides) and [{Ru(p‐cymene)Cl2}2] resulted in the formation of superior catalysts for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of non‐activated aryl alkyl ketones in propan‐2‐ol. The overall kinetics of the ATH of acetophenone to form 1‐phenylethanol in the presence of ruthenium pseudo‐dipeptide catalysts were studied, and the individual rate constants for the processes were determined. Addition of lithium chloride to the reaction mixtures had a strong influence on the rates and selectivities of the processes. Kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for the reduction were determined and the results clearly show that the hydride transfer is rate‐determining, whereas no KIEs were detected for the proton transfer. From these observations a novel bimetallic outer‐sphere‐type mechanism for these ATH process is proposed, in which the bifunctional catalysts mediate the transfer of a hydride and an alkali metal ion between the hydrogen donor and the substrate. Furthermore, the use of a mixture of propan‐2‐ol and THF (1:1) proved to enhance the rates of the ATH reactions. A series of aryl alkyl ketones were reduced under these conditions in the presence of 0.5 mol % of catalyst, and the corresponding secondary alcohols were formed in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities (>99 % ee) in short reaction times.
Cooperative Metal Binding and Helical Folding in Model Peptides of Treble‐Clef Zinc Fingers
Authors: Sénèque Olivier , Bonnet Estelle , Joumas France Lyne , Latour Jean‐Marc
Published: April 2009

Synergy in zinc fingers: The comparison between peptide folding and metal binding properties of two model peptides of treble‐clef zinc fingers presenting high affinities for zinc and cobalt reveals a cooperative effect: the metal folds the peptide into a α‐helix, which in turn strengthens the metal core.

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Two peptides, LTC and ${{\rm L}{{{\rm T}\hfill \atop {\rm TC}\hfill}}}$ have been synthesised to model the treble‐clef zinc fingers encountered in many Zn(Cys)4‐site‐containing proteins. Both are cyclic peptides with a linear tail grafted on a glutamate side chain of the cycle. They differ by the length of this tail, which lacks five amino acids in ${{\rm L}{{{\rm T}\hfill \atop {\rm TC}\hfill}}}$ compared to LTC. Both peptides bind Zn2+ and Co2+ in 1:1 metal/peptide ratio and the structure of these complexes have been characterised by NMR, UV/Vis and CD spectroscopy. Both peptides fold the same way around the metal ion and they fully reproduce the classical fold of treble‐clef zinc fingers and display an extended hydrogen‐bond network around the coordinating sulfur atoms. The structures of the M⋅LTC complexes reveal that the linear tail forms a short two‐turn α‐helix, present in the metallated form only. The formation of this helix constitutes a rare example of metal‐induced folding. The second turn of this helix is composed of the five amino acids that are absent in ${{\rm L}{{{\rm T}\hfill \atop {\rm TC}\hfill}}}$. The study of the pH‐dependence of the Zn2+ binding constants shows that the metal ion is bound by four cysteinates above pH 5.2 and the binding constants are the highest reported so far. Interestingly, the binding constant of Zn⋅LTC is about tenfold higher than that of Zn⋅${{\rm L}{{{\rm T}\hfill \atop {\rm TC}\hfill}}}$. This difference clearly indicates that the helix, present in Zn⋅LTC only, stabilises the Zn2+ complex by about 1.2 kcal mol−1. The origin of this stabilisation is ascribed to an electrostatic interaction between the [ZnS4]2− centre and the helix. This reveals a cooperative effect: zinc binding allows the folding of the tail into a helix which, in turn, strengthens the zinc complex.
Fluorinated Carbohydrates as Lectin Ligands: Versatile Sensors in 19F‐Detected Saturation Transfer Difference NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Diercks Tammo , Ribeiro João P. , Cañada F. Javier , André Sabine , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Gabius Hans‐Joachim
Published: April 2009

As a novel approach for studying carbohydrate–lectin interactions spectroscopically, we combine the resolution and specificity of 19F‐detected NMR spectroscopy with the sensitivity of the saturation transfer difference (STD) technique. The resulting background‐free 19F‐STD spectra open a promising perspective for broad application with medical relevance, for example, in drug discovery.

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Stepwise Conversion of Two Pyrrole Moieties of Octaethylporphyrin to Pyridin‐3‐ones: Synthesis, Mass Spectral, and Photophysical Properties of Mono and Bis(oxypyri)porphyrins
Authors: Ryppa Claudia , Niedzwiedzki Dariusz , Morozowich Nicole L. , Srikanth Rapole , Zeller Matthias , Frank Harry A. , Brückner Christian
Published: April 2009

Modified porphyrins: New, mild conditions are described for the conversion of free‐base octaethylporphyrin (OEP) into the corresponding monooxypyriporphyrin. The same conditions can be used to convert the monooxypyriporphyrin into the unprecedented bis(oxypyri)porphyrin (see figure).

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Free‐base octaethylporphyrin (OEP) was converted in two steps (β,β′‐dihydroxylation and oxidative diol cleavage with concomitant aldol condensation) to the corresponding oxypyriporphyrin. This conversion was previously described to be applicable only to the NiII complex of OEP. Modified diol cleavage conditions made this reaction sequence now applicable to free‐base OEP. The single‐crystal structure of the resulting free‐base oxypyriporphyrin was determined, proving its near‐perfect planarity. The reaction sequence can also be applied to oxypyriporphyrin itself, generating the unprecedented bacteriochlorin‐type bis(oxypyri)porphyrin as two separable isomers. The ground‐state (UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies) and excited‐state (transient triplet–triplet absorption, triplet lifetimes, and triplet EPR spectroscopy) photophysical properties of all chromophores are compared with those of OEP, chlorins, and oxochlorins. The pyridone‐modified porphyrins possess unique spectroscopic signatures that distinguish them from regular porphyrins or chlorins. The presence of the pyridone moiety alters the ESI+ collision‐induced fragmentation properties of these oxypyriporphyrins only to a minor degree when compared with those of OEP or chlorins, confirming their stability.
Versatile Reactivity of a Zwitterionic Isolable Silylene toward Ketones: Silicon‐Mediated, Regio‐ and Stereoselective CH Activation
Authors: Xiong Yun , Yao Shenglai , Driess Matthias
Published: April 2009

1,4‐Dipolar nature is the key: A metastable de‐aromatized siloxindane 2 has been obtained from the regio‐ and stereoselective addition of silylene LSi (1) (L=CH[(CCH2)CMe][N(Ar)]2, Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) to benzophenone at low temperature, in which the 1,4‐dipolar nature of 1 is proposed to play a key role. At room temperature, silicon‐mediated CH activation occurs and the initial product 2 rearranges stereoselectively under re‐aromatization to the corresponding siloxindane 3.

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Reactions of the isolable, ylide‐like silylene LSi: (1) (L=CH[(CCH2)CMe][N(Ar)]2, Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) with different ketones (benzophenone, benzylideneaceton, acetophenone) have been investigated. The metastable dearomatized siloxindane 2, which was suggested previously as reaction intermediate but could not be detected in related reactions, has been obtained for the first time from the regio‐ and stereoselective addition of silylene 1 to benzophenone at low temperature. By variation of the reaction temperature, the initial product 2 rearranges under re‐aromatization stereoselectively to the corresponding siloxindane 3, which has also been isolated in high yield. In contrast, reactions of 1 with benzylidenacetone and acetophenone furnish the [4+1] cycloaddition product 4 and the silyl enol ether 5, respectively. It is proposed that in all reactions the 1,4‐dipolar nature of 1 plays key role, leading to highly reactive donor–acceptor adducts, which undergo rearrangement (tautomerization) to the final products. The new compounds 2, 3, 4, and 5 were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy, EI‐MS, and elemental analysis, and their structures determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis.