bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pronouns of deconcretization in Russian explanatory dictionaries
Authors:   Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vorontsov Roman I.
Published: December 2024

The article analyzes ways of a lexicographic description of the lexico-grammatical class of demonstrativeindefinite pronouns of deconcretization (hereinafter PDs) (takoy-to, tot-to, togda-to, stol’ko-to, etc.) in the fundamental explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. Description of pronominal semantics has been traditionally challenging for lexicographers due to the contradictive grammatical nature of the pronoun as a part of speech, and the class of PDs has been obtaining one of the most inconsistent interpretations. Russian PDs perform the function of substituting the nominal or adverbial phrase in the situation of reduced citation of someone’s speech or thought. They constitute a minor non-replenishable lexical group (no more than 12 units) that takes a peripheral position within the system of Russian pronouns: PDs correlate simultaneously with both demonstrative and indefinite pronouns, and, moreover, they are homonymous to free collocations of demonstrative pronouns with the scaling particle -to. This explains the incoherent interpretation of PDs in the explanatory dictionaries. Based on the lexicographic analysis, the author focuses on the following aspects: specifics of the lexicographic description of the pronominal postfix -to (which is homonymous to the scaling particle -to); composition and grammatical characteristics of the PD class according to the Russian explanatory dictionaries; typical definitions and schemes of PD description in an explanatory dictionary. The analysis is aimed at elaborating recommendations that would help to present a consistent, systematic and comprehensive description of PDs in an explanatory dictionary of the “great” type–particularly, in the Great Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language, which is now being compiled. The result of the research can be demonstrated as a number of exact recommendations: (1) describe postfix -to and scaling particle -to as homonyms; (2) introduce both structural and functional features in the definition of postfix -to – uniformly for PDs and pronouns of uncertainty (ktoto, kakoy-to, kogda-to, etc.); (3) include all the 12 Russian PDs in the dictionary as self-sufficient lexical units; (4) characterize PDs as “demonstrative-indefinite pronouns” dividing them into pronominal nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and numerals; (5) apply typical definitions based on the integration of the semantic and functional definition types accounting for a number of obligatory components; (6) provide the typical scheme of PD description with a set of techniques that can help to present their regular usages.
Socio-political foundations of destructive behavior: Features of the formation of the Russian sociological research perspective
Authors:   Kemerovo State University, Nyatina Natalia V. , Golovatsky Evgeny V. ,   Kemerovo State University
Published: December 2024

Destructive behavior, being the object of interdisciplinary analysis, is studied from the point of view of a proper, normatively conditioned socio-psychological action, which has its own grounds for reproduction and transmission at the individual, group, and community levels. The aim of the article is to consider a sociological retrospective of the socio-political foundations for the study of destructive behavior. The research framework provides for a combination and retrospective analysis of the socio-political foundations of destructive features in traditional (sociobiological, socioenergetic, socio-territorial approaches) and modern (organizational-management, polyparadigmatic approaches, centaur-problems and precarity) Russian practice. The approaches proposed by domestic sociologists of various periods of the historical development of Russia are considered. The views on destructive manifestations within the scientific approaches of Russian sociologists V.M. Bekhterev, P.A. Sorokin, D.A. Dril, E.V. De Roberti, M.M. Kovalevsky, Soviet researchers A.A. Bogdanov, A.K. Gastev, L.N. Kogan, as well as modern Russian sociologists O.N. Yanitsky, S.A. Kravchenko and Zh.T. Toshchenko, and a number of others are generalized. These approaches in their empirical results substantiate destructive behavior in a certain historical period of social and political development, and remain relevant and in demand for the research community at the present time. The described sociological approaches and concepts make it possible to identify complex social and political markers-indicators of destructive behavior. In particular, the following are distinguished: the dominant forms of social interaction “disenchantment of the world”, sustainable civic interest in resonant socio-political events, purposefulness of destructiveness, negative energy, cumulative effect of destructive activities, etc. Practices of manifestation of destructiveness in everyday life and in the modern perspective (projection for the future) are proposed. The described approaches in their content accumulate methods of borrowing destructive practices implemented at various levels of social and political interaction, in a localized and vast space, in individual-personal and collective fields. A new perspective for the development of the study of the social and political foundations of destructive behavior is digitalization of network relations and the possibilities of using a digital virtual environment with many metastructures and mediators of continuous communication operating 24/7 on data-mining platforms, and artificial intelligence (AI).
The use of non-traditional sports equipment in the physical education of preschool children
Authors:   Kindergarten No. 99, Akaneeva Elena A. ,   National Research Tomsk State University
Published: December 2024

In recent years, there has been a decrease in preschool children’s motor activity, which negatively affects their health. To increase children’s interest in physical education and their need for systematic physical activity, it is essential to develop new approaches and effective physical culture and wellness techniques containing non-traditional
methods, tools, forms of organization, and sports equipment. In the course of the study, the document regulating the
activities of preschool educational institutions and containing requirements for the subject-spatial environment was
analyzed; scientific articles on topical issues of physical education were studied. This work summarizes and systematizes information on the use of non-traditional means, methods, forms of organization and sports equipment in
the physical education of preschool children, which is the theoretical significance of the work. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of non–traditional sports equipment – step platforms – in the physical education of children aged 6–7 in a preschool educational institution. The experimental work was carried out on the basis of Kindergarten No. 99 in Tomsk from September 2022 to May 2023. The sports hall of this institution is equipped with various equipment, including step platforms, which have been used in physical education classes with children for 4–5 years (“middle” group). The study involved 30 children: 15 children in the control group, with 8 boys and 7 girls, and 15 children in the experimental group (8 boys and 7 girls). The experimental group was engaged in physical education according to the developed training methodology based on performing exercises using step platforms. The control group was engaged in the standard physical education program for preschool institutions. Pedagogical testing was conducted at the beginning and at the end of the study to diagnose the development of preschoolers’ basic physical qualities. Summing up the results of the work, it should be noted that the use of experimental methods in physical education classes in a preschool educational institution had an effective impact on the development of coordination and speed–strength abilities, endurance, flexibility and speed of children aged 6–7. In addition, the use of this equipment has brought variety to physical education classes, which has helped to increase preschoolers’ interest in performing physical exercises.
Foreign language information competence in the general digital culture of an agricultural specialist
Authors:   Bunin Yelets State University, Bakurova Yelena N. , Parshutkina Tatyana A. ,   Bunin Yelets State University
Published: December 2024

Currently, it is stated that there is a lack of qualified specialists in agriculture who are able to work with big data, use information competently, and interpret the results of big data processing. Research papers in recent years have shown interest in discussing the reasons for the low productivity in the training of these specialists. One of such reasons is the problem of developing competences in students, which they will need in the conditions of digital agriculture development. The article aims to describe foreign language information competence of an agricultural specialist, to determine its place in the general digital culture of this specialist. One of the leading in our work was the competence approach, as it reveals the main requirements for training a specialist in the field of agriculture. Based on the analysis of terminology, the authors define foreign language information competence of an agricultural specialist: it is a set of professional knowledge, skills and abilities in the field of digital agriculture, related to generalized job functions and types of professional activities of a specialist and aimed at solving professional tasks using a foreign language. The analysis of the specialized professional literature allowed us to determine the place of foreign language information competence in the general digital culture of an agricultural specialist, which is presented in the form of a model. Foreign language information competence is a part of information competence, distinguished among digital competences, which are part of professional competence, as well as information literacy. When singling out the components of foreign language information competence of an agricultural specialists, we took into account those that contribute to the explanation of a high degree of effectiveness in the implementation of information interaction with the professional environment, profession-oriented or, in a broader sense, related to a type of professional activities, a generalized job function. The structure of foreign language information competence of a specialist in the field of agriculture is presented in the form of a model and includes the following components: informational, linguistic, communicative, socio-cultural, professional, which provide the formation of skills to work with foreign-language information in the framework of professional activities. On the basis of the analysis of the relevant specialized literature, the components of information literacy are correlated with the generalized job functions of an agricultural specialist (agronomist as an example), levels of education and types of professional activities, as a result of which the content of foreign-language information competence of an agronomist is identified.
Federal and regional legislative regulation of the transition period of integration of the Donetsk People’s Republic and the Lugansk People’s Republic into the Russian Federation
Authors:   Altai State University, Anichkin Evgeny S.
Published: December 2024

The article is aimed at revealing the structure, content and internal correlation of individual sources of legislation being formed from October 2022 on the transition period of integration of new regions into Russia. Due to the lack of doctrinal elaboration of this issue, when preparing the article, a wide list of special federal laws on the transition period was used, as well as the latest legislation of the Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) and the Lugansk People’s Republic (LPR) of 2022–2023. The methodological basis of the study was a wide range of general and special methods of scientific knowledge. Dialectical, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction were used as general scientific methods. Synergetic, system-structural and comparative legal methods were used as special methods. General scientific methods, especially dialectical ones, made it possible to study the conditions for the formation and evolution of legislation on the transition period. Using the synergetic method, the intrasystem interaction of elements of the emerging legislative complex was analyzed. The system-structural method was used in the study of the hierarchical, spatial and subject aspects of the relationship between the sources of the legislation under study. Using the comparative legal method, a comparison was made of the legislative acts of DPR and LPR with each other, as well as in a comparative aspect with individual federal laws. The study analyzed the structure and content of special federal legislation on the transition period, the problems of its relationship with the legislation of DPR and LPR, as well as the pace and trends of the legislation of the new republics after their adoption into the Russian Federation, the general and special in the newest legislation of the two republics. It is concluded that the coexistence of federal and regional legislation on issues of the transition period demonstrates different options for its relationship: exclusively federal regulation; predominantly federal regulation with the subsidiary effect of legislation in new regions on issues not directly regulated at the federal level; priority application of regional legislation in terms of specifying and supplementing federal regulations; exclusively regional legislative regulation on issues of residual jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and as a result of direct delegation from the federal legislator. As a result, the specificity of DPR and LPR as new regions determines the originality of their legislation in terms of regulatory content, system and broader boundaries of independence in relation to legislation at the federal level.
“Heroic, selfless work of the citizens!”: The evolution of the demand for categories of the extreme in the Soviet press of 1946–1956
Authors:   Institute of History and Archaeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Klinova Marina A.
Published: December 2024

The article undertakes a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the categories of the extreme – words describing the state of the maximum physical and psychological stress of a person used in the plots of the Soviet press of 1946–1956 devoted to citizens’ work. The source base of the research is materials of the Soviet press at various levels (central, regional, city, factory): the Smena magazine; central newspapers Pravda and Trud; regional newspapers Uralskiy Rabochiy, Velikolukskaya Pravda, Vostochno-Sibirskaya Pravda, Sovetskaya Sibir’, and Krasnyy Sever; city newspapers Tagil’skiy Rabochiy and Pod Znamenem Lenina; the factory newspaper Magnitogorskiy Metall. When analyzing the textual content of Soviet press materials, the content analysis method (frequency sampling) was used. The total number of the processed newspaper materials amounted to 2,640 issues and 66 issues of the Smena magazine. The lexical units used in describing the labor achievements of the townspeople, which have connotations of maximum exertion, overcoming, and feat, were combined into the groups “labor as overcoming” and “labor as feat”. A large number of references to the lexical forms of these groups were observed in the central newspapers Pravda and Trud. Chronologically, in all the analyzed publications, the largest number of references to the words of the groups “labor as
overcoming” and “labor as feat” was noted in 1946–1948, gradually decreasing in the first half of the 1950s and reaching minimum values in 1956. The concept “difficult” was accompanied by pronounced positive connotations in the printed discourse of the period. The positivity of this concept was determined by the need for difficulties (and their selfless overcoming) as elements of the image of a heroic Soviet person, constructed in the information space of the period. The concept “easy” was revealed through rather negative characteristics. The opposition of the categories “difficult” and “easy” was reinforced by their synchronization with the main antithesis of the Soviet discourse: “socialism–capitalism”. In the 1950s, in the domestic print media, a significant decrease in the level of dynamism, emotionality, and extremity in the description of citizens’ labor practices is recorded. The texts devoted to work acquire a more informative character. The revealed transformation of the propaganda rhetoric of the media correlated with the results of the post-war reconstruction of the country, the dynamics of modernization processes, and changes in the political situation.
The Abraham Accords and the new reality in Arab-Israeli relations
Authors:   MGIMO University, Kostenko Yuri I. , Morozov Vladimir M. ,   MGIMO University
Published: December 2024

The relevance of this study is due to the significance of the transformations taking place in the Middle East and the influence of regional trends on the system of international relations. The emergence of new common threats to the security of Israel and the moderate Arab states of the Persian Gulf and North Africa forces us to look for joint means of protection, which work for their rapprochement. At the same time, opportunities are opening up for broad mutually beneficial economic cooperation between Israel and the Arab states of the region, and the extension of this cooperation to other Muslim states. The study aims to consider the political and economic significance of the Abraham Accords for the signatory states, the prospects for Arab-Israeli cooperation, and to fix possible negative consequences in case of non-fulfillment of the agreements. The studied “new peripheral strategy” has a fundamental difference from its predecessor, which is that Israel maintains open diplomatic relations with most of the states of the “new periphery”; partners in the “new periphery” openly express interest in this cooperation. Compared to the previous strategy, economic ties within the “new periphery” are becoming more important. For the Arab-Muslim world and Israel, 2020 was a landmark year: four countries (the UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, Morocco) signed agreements with Israel on normalization of relations (the Abraham Accords). This is a great achievement in the regional peace process and, perhaps, the beginning of the accession of other Arab and Muslim states to the normalization process with Israel. The motives of these Arab states to sign agreements on normalization of relations with Israel are different. Some states share the Israeli vision of existential threats, while others are attracted by political and economic benefits and the opportunity to improve their image. It is important to note that, according to experts, the main impetus for rapprochement between Israel and the Arab states was the fact of the US withdrawal from the region. And the uncertainty that arose regarding the presence and participation of the United States in the affairs of the region, especially after the withdrawal from Afghanistan, may, on the one hand, reduce the chances of other Arab states joining normalization with Israel. On the other hand, the likelihood of joining the agreements may increase if the Arab states see a strategic advantage in relations with Israel in the absence of a strong American “umbrella”.
International assistance to Arica in the fight against COVID-19: EU experience
Authors:   Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN Universtity), Ivkina Natalia V.
Published: December 2024

The problem of cooperation between developed and developing countries is one of the key issues at the present stage of international relations. Despite the fact that the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa are the most dynamically developing, they still need assistance from donors: China, Russia, the USA, the EU. International assistance can take different forms: from financial to socio-humanitarian. It is designed to help fight poverty and other threats to the region. In 2020, the issue of the spread of the new COVID-19 virus, which launched a general pandemic, was on the agenda. To a greater extent, it has affected the developed countries of the world, which have close ties with each other. For Africa, it has become no less a challenge. It’s not only about a poorly developed health care system, but also about the economic downturn that was provoked by COVID-19, and the corresponding increase in the public debt of a number of African countries. In this regard, the assistance of partners to Africa in the fight against the pandemic is an urgent issue.
The theory of complex interdependence, which has an asymmetric character, is proposed as the theoretical basis of the study. If the interdependence is asymmetric, then there is a kind of exchange of interests. For economic assistance from recipient countries, loyalty is expected in relation to a number of international disputes, support on international platforms, for example, in the UN. This can be regarded as manipulation of the economic and social vulnerability of those countries that receive assistance. That is why we can talk about moving away from double interdependence, where the priority of force and economic issues dominated, to interdependence, within which non-power instruments of involving the parties in dependence prevail. The choice of theory is also explained by the purpose of the study, which consists in identifying the main directions of EU assistance to African countries in connection with COVID-19 and the dividends that they receive from their investments as a result.
The study is conditionally divided into 2 large parts. The first of them is devoted to the financial component of EU assistance to Africa. The main funding channels of ACP, the Pan-African Program, GAVI COVAX, Team Europe and others are analyzed. The second part includes a number of non-financial instruments of assistance from the EU: the purchase of a vaccine, as well as information support and support for the fight against the pandemic. It was revealed that by purchasing a non-certified vaccine in the EU, the access of the African population to the European region is artificially restricted. And with the help of the fight against fakes in the media and social networks, there is a direct intervention in the formation of information content in African countries that is beneficial to the EU. As a result, conclusions are drawn regarding the coupling of asymmetric interdependence and European aid to Africa.
Discussion about the third role. Approaches to the study of non-academic activities of universities in historical retrospect
Authors:   Tomsk State University, Shandala Daniil E. , Gribovskiy Mikhail V. ,   Tomsk State University; Russian State University for the Humanities
Published: December 2024

Higher education as a social institution of society has a long history of development. Thus, during most stages of institutional development, universities had two functions: educational and research. However, recently in scientific discussions the problem of the so-called “third role” has become increasingly relevant, which is considered by scientists as the social positioning of the university, which goes beyond the boundaries of the educational institution itself. In this regard, the purpose of the scientific article is to try to concretize the phenomenon of the “third role”: its components, characteristics, and other data. The study draws on a wide range of sources of both domestic and foreign expertise. The work of M. Markle and A. Paustist attracts attention, as they are “pioneers” in the methodology for identifying the “third role” of modern higher educational institutions. As for Russian specialists, N.A. Medushevsky, S.E. Sorokin, E.V. Kudryashova and other scientists made a great contribution to the problem study. The article consists of several parts: statement of the problem, approaches to understanding the “third role”, the “third role” in research on the history of universities, the “third role” of modern Russian universities in the focus of research, as well as the conclusion. The main conclusion that can be reached while reading the article is the need to seriously delve into the history of the “third role” issue. Modern articles and other types of publications in rare cases focus specifically on the historical essence of the phenomenon. More economic, cultural, and other local manifestations of it can be found in the example
of individual higher educational institutions. In this regard, there is no systematic historical understanding of the third role and everything that is not related to the first two functions of the university: educational and research. Therefore, history as a science is faced with the task of systematic research, which will show the university as a huge complex of cultural, political and other spheres of life of a city, region, country.
Religious syncretism of Altai medicinal springs veneration rites (with the example of Buguzun Arzhan)
Authors:   Tomsk State University, Sherstova Liudmila I.
Published: December 2024

Special veneration of sacred springs - arzhans, the water of which is assumed to have healing powers is widespread and popular in modern culture of Altai people. In August 2018, together with the family of my old and good friends, I visited this Buguzun Arzhan, which is located in the Kosh-Agach district of the Altai Republic.
Field materials on rites of honoring the healing springs of the Altai Mountains (collected by the author over forty years from 1978 to 2018), it turned out that fire, archyn, kyry, and milk are still needed to carry out the rituals to offer refreshments to the Master of Altai - Altaidyn eezi and the Mistress of Arzhan - Arzhan eezi. The contact between the profane and sacred world becomes possible due to the ritual. The place of the ritual (san salary) is limited by altars - tagyls and san - two poles with a stretched rope, with ribbons tied on it - both yalama (pre-shamanic and shamanic tradition) and kyira (an element of Burkhanism).
The article describes the structure of conducting ritual complexes both at a sacred place and at the streams of a healing spring. One ritual can combine elements of pre-shamanic, shamanic, Burkhanist, Buddhist and even Christian features. Even and odd, kyira and yalama, fumigation and washing, whole objects and their fragments, words spoken out loud and spoken mentally, etc. exist on an equal basis.
It is concluded that the synthesis of pre-shamanic and Burkhanist ideas, which was part of the Altai worldview of western and central Altai people in the Soviet period, took on a general Altai character and became part of the modern ethnic culture of the majority of Altai people. Forming of a fairly unified modern Altai ritual erased the most significant differences in the ideas and religious actions of the population of different regions of the Altai Mountains. It was associated with the strengthening of the pan-Altai ethnic identity, reinforced by the creation of the Altai Republic.
From the history of Soviet scientists trips to give lectures to France in the 1920s
Authors:   S.I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Fando Roman A.
Published: December 2024

The article deals with the trips of Soviet scientists to France in the 1920s to give lectures on the achievements of Soviet science. Almost lost after 1917, Russian-French scientific contacts were restored in 1924 after France recognised the new Soviet state. Lectures abroad became a fairly common form of scientific co-operation, which allowed to present new scientific results to a wide scientific community in a short time. The topics of lectures and candidates for visiting professors were agreed upon in advance by the RSFSR People's Commissariat of Education, after which a decision was made to send a particular scientist abroad. These archival sources largely fill in the gaps in the history of international scientific co-operation and give an idea of the role of foreign secondments of scientists in the development of certain scientific areas. On the one hand, the Soviet leadership financed scientists' trips to the leading scientific and educational centres in France. On the other hand, the Bolsheviks sought in every possible way to suppress academic freedom and created bureaucratic obstacles to the development of this form of international co-operation. The leadership took a very careful approach to the selection of candidates for lectures. Despite the fact that the French scientific community initiated the invitation of scientists whose research was at the forefront of world science, the Soviet authorities made attempts to send to France a new generation of researchers, already brought up in a new ideology and oriented towards the propaganda of communist ideas. Some propagandists reproached the former Imperial Academy of Sciences for the fact that such honoured scientists as K.A. Timiryazev, D.I. Mendeleev, I.I. Mechnikov, I.M. Sechenov did not become its full members. Young scientists brought up in the Soviet ideology when they were sent abroad tried to show that the USSR had advanced very far in the development of science, as all conditions for the work of researchers were created there. The Soviet state not only wanted to tell the world that science existed in the country and was getting significant results, but also that it was sufficiently financed. During public speeches, many science organisers demonstrated that the best palaces in Leningrad and Moscow had been given to scientific institutions in the USSR, new grandiose buildings were being built for institutes and universities, and rather high salaries were being paid for the development of science.
Factors of Exclusion in Small Groups within the Framework of the Big University of Tomsk
Authors:   Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Zinovieva Valentina I. , Bersenev Maxim V. ,   Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Loyko Olga T. ,   Tomsk Polytechnic University
Published: December 2024

This article is dedicated to the phenomenon of exclusion among small groups of students at the Big University of Tomsk. Researchers classify academic groups of students as small groups whose members are united by common social activities and are in direct personal contact. It is the basis for the emergence of emotional relationships, group norms, etc. This article studied, through a sociological survey, the factors of exclusion in the academic groups of the Big University of Tomsk. In addition, the authors attempted to identify the relationships among the factors underlying this phenomenon. This study was conducted on the basis of a survey elaborated by psychologist Masim Shulmin. The survey consisted of 61 questions with three possible answers: “never”, “sometimes”, and “always”. The authors grouped these questions into nine factors of exclusion: auto aggression, external aggression, group aggression, isolation, conformism, non-conformism, mistrust, low self-esteem, rejection, and restlessness. The authors then calculated the percentage of answers to each question for each factor. Option “sometimes” cannot tell us anything, so the authors looked at two other options: “never” and “always”. The research revealed the following conclusions. Respondents showed low rates of auto aggression, conformism, and nonconformism. The students demonstrate a high level of external aggression, but they are
not ready for active violence, only for verbal abuse. The most distressing factors revealed were low self-esteem, misturst of society, and high levels of restlessness. Although we can explain these results by the specialties of the students’ age, they can be the basis of exclusion. Students with low self-esteem, as well as distrustful and restless students cannot integrate themselves into their academic groups, so the risk of exclusion is increasing. The authors believe that it is at these points that social risks can be hidden, which in the future, if not paid attention to, can lead to unpleasant excesses. However, in general, the situation at all universities is relatively favorable.
Using x86 mode switching for program code protection
Authors:   Novosibirsk State University, Lebedev Roman K.
Published: December 2024

A novel program code obfuscation approach involving the x86 mode switching is proposed in the paper. The details and existing applications of x86 mode switching are reviewed, as well as the possible consequences of using this switching to the reverse engineering tools. Based on this approach, a few specific methods are proposed and evaluated against the most popular reverse engineering tools of various purposes, including disassemblers, decompilers, binary instrumentation and symbolic execution tools. A method of seamless integration of these machine code level obfuscations to the C, C++ and possibly other compilers is also proposed.
The specifics of the development of accompanist art in Russia in the second half of the 19th – 20th centuries
Authors:   Gnessin Russian Academy of Music, Petrova Valeria
Published: December 2024

This article is devoted to specific hysterical facts that influenced the development of concertmaster art in Russia in the second half of the XIX – XX centuries. The main factors are considered, as a result of which the process of becoming a professional concertmaster, having an inextricable connection with vocal art, piano performance and the genre of opera, acquired an innovative national style. Attention is paid to the characteristic features of the contribution of composers, pianists, conductors and music teachers to the development of accompaniment in Russia. The prerequisites for the formation of a system of training concertmasters on a professional basis are revealed. As well as the main features of the transformations in the musical and pedagogical sphere associated with the need for professional concertmasters, as a result of which concertmaster classes were opened. The directions of musical reform in the education system, as well as in the music and theater sphere, contributing to the emergence of new disciplines and departments and the regulatory consolidation of the position of a full-time concertmaster, are revealed.
INFLUENCE OF THE TIMING OF THE APPLICATION OF SALICYLIC ACID ON THE QUANTITATIVE YIELD AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.) UNDER DEFICIT IRRIGATION
Authors: Shoaa Mojtaba , Mohajeri Farhad , Owji Mohammad Rahim , Bagheri Alireza
Published: December 2024

Using salicylic acid (SA) to feed drought-stressed plants plays a vital role in reducing the adverse effects of water stress and improving plant performance. This study explores the role of salicylic acid and different barley cultivars in mitigating the effects of drought stress on barley.The study examined three irrigation levels—one-time irrigation (severe stress), two-time irrigation (moderate stress), and four-time irrigation (control)—along with foliar and non-foliar applications of salicylic acid (SA) at three key stages of the Zadoks Growth Scale (ZGS): ZGS 29 (end of tillering), ZGS 34 (50% stem elongation), and ZGS 39 (completion of flag leaf emergence). These treatments were applied to three barley cultivars—Khatam, Reyhan, and Nosrat— which are considered semi-tolerant to drought stress. The findings showed that the interaction of reduced irrigation and SA increased chlora (8.8%) and b (7.12%) in the ZGS34 treatment under control conditions compared to the treatment without SA. The proline content increased with increasing drought stress, with the highest proline content obtained at the end of the tillering stage in the control condition. Compared to the control, which had no foliar spraying, the specific leaf area increased by 3.8, 1.8, and 0.4%, respectively. Relative water content in Khatam (35.6%), Reyhan (33.3%) and Nosrat (30.5%) decreased with increasing stress in the control treatment compared to the minimum stress. The most sensitive cultivar to lack of irrigation was Khatam. The rate of yield increase by SA compared to the control was (10.33%) among the barley cultivars cultivated, the cultivar Reyhan had a comparative advantage in more measures, mainly when applied at ZGS29. In conclusion, SA improved the drought tolerance of the barley and increased the yield by improving the biochemical characteristics.
IN VITRO CLONAL MICROPROPAGATION OF IZMIR OREGANO (Origanum onites L. cv. “Ceylan-2002”)
Authors: Kete Elvan , Güler Begüm , Bayram Emine , Gürel Aynur
Published: December 2024

In this study, which was carried out to develop an in vitro clonal micropropagation procedure in elite cultivar of Origanum onites L. cv Ceylan-2002, node explants were subjected to pre-washing and different sterilization methods. The highest level of sterilization efficacy was achieved in sterilization trials using diverse durations and commercial bleach doses, with a 100% success rate. Mean regenerated shoots number per explant (0.13), mean shoot length (0.12 cm), and mean leaf number (0.87) were achieved in MS medium+2 mg l-1 BAP+0.3 gl-1 activated carbon after four weeks of culture. The highest propagation coefficient (3.40) was obtained in the 4th subculture. In the rooting experiments the highest mean stem thickness value (2.02 mm) and the highest mean shoot length (10.02 cm) were obtained in media containing 1.0 g l-1 activated carbon. The rooted plantlets (100%) were acclimatized with a survival success rate of 16.25%. Essential oil analysis of well-developed rooted plantlets was performed using GC-MSD. The highest essential oil content (2.00%) was determined in regenerated shoots from MS medium+2 mg l-1 IBA+1 g l-1 activated carbon. The highest thymol ratio (65.33%) was found in regenerated shoots from ½ MS media supplemented with 0.5 mg l-1 IBA+1 g l-1 activated carbon. The highest carvacrol ratio (6.82%) identified in regenerated shoots was obtained from MS media, including 2.0 mg l-1 IBA+1 g l-1 activated carbon.
The effect of spontaneous tumor regression on melanoma progression
Authors: Titov K. S. , Sorokina M. V. , Paklina O. V. , Kiselevskiy M. V. , Lebedev S. S. , Lunina A. V.
Published: December 2024

Background. Skin melanoma (SM) is a malignant non-epithelial tumor of transformed melanocytes with predominant localization on the skin (more than 90 % of cases). According to statistics for 2021, SM in Russia accounted for 1.82 % of all malignant neoplasms of the adult population and 12.65 % of all skin tumors. There has been a steady and annual increase in the incidence of SM throughout the world, especially in countries with a predominantly Caucasian population. In Russia, over the past 10 years, mortality from SM has increased by 17.6 %. SM is a heterogeneous tumor with a high metastatic potential, because in addition to standard clinical and pathomorphological prognostic factors, the identification of additional factors of progression and unfavorable prognosis of the disease remains an urgent and unresolved problem of modern oncology.

Aim. To determine the role of spontaneous tumor regression in the occurrence of SM progression based on the analysis of literature data and their systematization.

Results. This literature review reflects various global research data on the role of spontaneous regression of SM in progression. Spontaneous regression of SM is an immunological process in which the disappearance of tumor cells is observed, which leads to the division of the tumor into separate islands with intermediate areas of non-tumor tissue. The mechanism of spontaneous regression of primary SM, as well as its prognostic significance, is not well understood and studied. Of course, most researchers primarily associate the occurrence of spontaneous regression of melanoma with an immune response, since lymphocytic infiltration of the tumor was noted in all cases of regression. The presence of lymphoid infiltration, as well as the quantitative and qualitative ratio of its cells, are important in the development of the tumor process, affect the effectiveness of immunotherapy and is to a greater extent a factor in a favorable prognosis.

Conclusion. The prognostic role of spontaneous melanoma regression is still an unresolved and controversial issue. Interestingly, a number of studies demonstrate that regression is an independent predictor of the progression of SM.
FCGR3A (CD16A) and FCGR3B (CD16B) mRNA levels in the blood of prostate cancer patients
Authors: Novikov D. V. , Arioua Kh. M. , Korovin O. A. , Kalugin A. V. , Shumilova S. V. , Alyasova A. V. , Hamidani L. , Novikov V. V.
Published: December 2024

Background. FCGR3A and FCGR3B messengers RNA (mRNA) translate the synthesis of membrane molecules of CD16A and CD16B, which are low-affinity immunoglobulin (Ig) G receptors bound to different cells of the immune system and involved in the immune response to tumors.

Aim. The aim of this study was to determine the level of FCGR3A and FCGR3B mRNA in the peripheral blood of patients with prostate cancer (PC).

Materials and methods. Blood samples from 47 prostate cancer patients and 31 healthy blood donors were examined. The relative level of FCGR3A and FCGR3B mRNA in the blood of patients and healthy donors was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in real time (real-time RT-PCR).

Results. It has been shown that the relative level of FCGR3A and FCGR3B mRNA in the blood of PC patients exceeds the level evaluated in volunteers. The relative level of FCGR3A mRNA increases with age, with an increase in PSA concentration, prostate volume and stiffness, and in the presence of metastases. Differences in testosterone concentration, Gleason score, disease stage and tumor spread were not accompanied by changes in FCGR3A mRNA level. For FCGR3B mRNA, a different manner of its changes was revealed. As PSA concentration and prostate tissue stiffness increased, elevated FCGR3B mRNA level decreased, reaching normal levels. In the absence of metastases, it was higher than if they were present. In addition, trends towards an increase in the level of FCGR3B mRNA were revealed with an increase in the stage of the disease, the concentration of testosterone to 7 mmol / L and above, as well as the Gleason score to 7 and above.

Conclusion. Multidirectional changes in FCGR3A and FCGR3B mRNA levels were found with an increase in the severity of PC. Probably, the revealed nature of the change in the level of FCGR3A and FCGR3B mRNA associated with the dose-dependent effect of PSA on their level. The results indicate a possible monitoring value of FCGR3A mRNA and FCGR3B mRNA levels in the blood of PC patients.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of pembrolizumab after single intravenous administration to Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Kosman V. M. , Karlina M. V. , Barybina T. N. , Faustova N. M. , Matichin A. A. , Makarov V. G. , Makarova M. N. , Dmitrieva A. A. , Shipaeva E. V. , Podolyakina A. I. , Filon O. V. , Samsonov M. Yu. , Ignatiev V. G.
Published: December 2024

Background. Pembrolizumab belongs to a fundamentally new class of antitumor agents with biological source – monoclonal antibodies. when creating generic biological medicinal products, it is necessary to assess the comparability of the pharmacokinetics of the developed drug and the original (reference) drug product in relevant animal species.

Aim. To compare the pharmacokinetics of two drugs with INN pembrolizumab, concentrate for solution for infusion, administered once intravenously to Macaca fascicularis.

Materials and methods. Biosimilar RPH-075 (INN pembrolizumab, JSC R-Pharm, Russia) and reference drug Keytruda® (INN pembrolizumab, MSD International GmbH) were administered once intravenously to male monkeys (2 groups of 4 males each) at a dose of 30 mg/kg. Macaque blood samples were collected for analysis before administration and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, 144, 312, 480, 648, 984, 1320 h after administration. Plasma concentrations of the active ingredient were determined by bridging ELISA using commercially available antibodies, followed by calculation of the main pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, AUC, MRT, Vss, T1/2, Cl).

Results. Using antibodies more available than commercial reagent kits, the pembrolizumab assay method recommended by the antibody manufacturer has been replicated. The method has been validated and applied to the analysis of biosamples obtained in the preclinical study. There was no effect of the test drug and the reference drug upon single intravenous administration to monkeys condition and animals body weigh; drugs were found to have comparable pharmacokinetic profiles.

Conclusion. The creation of a biosimilar drug in the Russian Federation will improve the treatment of patients with cancer, reduce the cost of treatment and increase the number of patients receiving high-quality medical care.
Experimental study of somatostatin analogue cyphetrylin lipophilicity
Authors: Shprakh Z. S. , Ignateva E. V. , Kraeva M. N. , Yartseva I. V. , Gusev D. V. , Dmitrieva M. V.
Published: December 2024

Background. Lipophilicity is a fundamental physicochemical property that determines the solubility and transport of a drug through biological membranes, as well as its behavior in the body. Lipophilicity also affects the ability of a drug to bind to plasma proteins and reach the corresponding receptors. The standard for drug lipophilicity experimental study is measuring the distribution between two immiscible phases – aqueous (water and buffer solutions) and hydrophobic (most often octanol).

Aim. The experimental study of somatostatin analogue cyphetrylin lipophilicity in octanol/water system distribution test.

Materials and methods. The lipophilicity of cyphetrylin, synthesized in the Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis of the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center for Oncology of the Russian Ministry of Health, was studied in the octanol/water system; ethanol was used to study cyphetrylin spectral characteristics and its quantitative determination; shake flask method, UV-spectrometry.

Results. The experimental assessment of cyphetrylin lipophilicity was carried out by shake flask method in a system of mutually saturated water and octanol 1:1. Since cyphetrylin is practically insoluble in water, the concentration of the drug in the octanol phase was determined by UV-spectrometry and the concentration in water was calculated by mass balance. Lipophilicity was expressed as the decimal logarithm of the concentration of cyphetrylin in the octanol phase to its concentration in the aqueous phase (logPo/w) ratio. The experimentally determined value of logPo/w was 1.14.

Conclusion. The lipophilicity of cyphetrylin was studied experimentally by shake flask method as a parameter that determines the molecule probability to reach the biological target. The logPo/w value 1.14 in decimal logarithmic form indicates moderate lipophilicity of cyphetrylin, which exhibits antitumor activity when interacting with somatostatin receptors.