bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orienting Dispositions in the Perception of Risk
Authors: Dake Karl
Published: March 2007

Cultural biases based on the anthropological work of Mary Douglas and her colleagues are compared to contemporary worldviews deriving from a psychological approach to the issues of risk and culture. It is argued that these orienting dispositions guide the perception of risk at both the collective and individual levels, with cultural biases referring to shared beliefs and values, and contemporary worldviews representing a person's way of responding to controversies over technology and society. Drawing on day-long assessments of 300 San Francisco Bay area citizens, it is shown that the cultural biases of Hierarchy, Individualism, and Egalitarianism are predictive of distinctive rankings of possible dangers and preferences for risk taking at the societal level. Findings on the relations among personality, political ideology, and orienting dispositions advance and clarify a research agenda linking individuals, social structures, and cultural biases.
Homesickness among American and Turkish College Students
Authors: Carden Ayse Ilgaz , Feicht Ruth
Published: March 2007

This study explored the following questions: (a) Are there cultural differences in the degree of reported homesickness? (b) What variables differentiate the homesick from the nonhomesick? (c) Do these differentiating dimensions vary across cultures? The participants were 75 American and 69 Turkish 1st-year female college students. They completed two personality inventories and a 60-item Homesickness Questionnaire. There was a significant difference in the number of homesick students in the two culture groups. Further, the mean homesickness rating of the American sample was significantly less than the mean homesickness rating of the Turkish participants. Some aspects of the experience of homesickness transcended cultural boundaries (e.g., lower social presence, greater dependence on parental guidance, problems with personal well-being) and others were found to be culture specific (e.g., higher socialization and lower flexibility scores for the Turkish homesick group).
Advances in Field Theory
Authors: Kleiner Robert J. , Okeke Barnabas I.
Published: March 2007

A new conceptual and methodological strategy has been proposed for cross-cultural research, based on field theory as formulated by Kurt Lewin. This strategy is applied to several recent research projects and is shown to be capable of explaining seemingly paradoxical findings. The following issues are emphasized: (a) the place of objective, social, and subjective realities in such research; (b) the importance of considering the relationship between these realities; (c) the role of an interdisciplinary perspective; and (d) the appropriateness of traditional research methods. Traditional statistical models and their basic assumptions are examined, and new methods are proposed to fit the requirements of field-theory based research strategy.
The Influence of Individualism Collectivism, Self-Monitoring, and Predicted-Outcome Value on Communication in Ingroup and Outgroup Relationships
Authors: Gudykunst William B. , Gao Ge , Schmidt Karen L. , Nishida Tsukasa , Bond Michael H. , Leung Kwok , Wang Georgette , Barraclough Robert A.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the influence of individualism-collectivism on communication in ingroup and outgroup relationships. Differences were predicted in ingroup and outgroup communication in collectivistic cultures. It was also hypothesized that self-monitoring and predicted-outcome value (POV) of the relationships also affect communication processes in these relationships. Data were collected in Hong Kong and Japan (collectivistic) and in Australia and the United States (individualistic). Results supported the prediction regarding the influence of cultural variability on ingroup and outgroup communication, as well as those regarding the influence of self-monitoring and POV.
Value Acculturation and Response Tendencies of Biethnic Adolescents
Authors: Georgas James , Kalantzi-Azizi Anastasia
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the modes of acculturation and the response tendencies of adolescents (n = 133) of biethnic families living in Athens, as compared to adolescents (n = 113) of homoethnic families in Athens, and homoethnic adolescents (n = 80) of Greek immigrants in Germany and the Netherlands, by means of a scale of family values. Biethnic adolescents manifested different forms of acculturation of values as compared to homoethnic Greeks in Athens, Germany, and the Netherlands. The biethnic adolescents appear to be integrating primarily to the disparate value systems of their biethnic parents, manifested by reluctance to disagree with the values of the homoethnic or heteroethnic parent, and less to the ecological and social factors of the host culture. The response tendencies appear to be closer to "accommodation" but with a different response pattern dependent on whether they are toward the traditional or rejection of traditional values poles of the scale.
The Relationship of Self-Understanding in Childhood to Social Class, Community Type, and Teacher-Rated Intellectual and Social Competence
Authors: Hart Daniel , Edelstein Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

The relationship of children's self-understanding to social class, community type (modem vs. traditional), and ratings made by teachers was investigated in Iceland. Subjects were seventy-three 12-year-olds in Reykjavik, distributed evenly across six social classes, and twenty-one 12-year-olds primarily from families in the lowest two social classes residing in two traditional rural communities. In clinical-developmental interviews, the children were asked to describe themselves. Responses were assigned to one of four content categories: physical (appearance and possessions), active (abilities and activities), social (social personality and relationships), or psychological (thoughts and feelings). Classroom teachers also rated children on scales of intellectual and social competence. As predicted, the results indicate that children in the higher social classes offered more psychological descriptors than those in the lower social classes. Children rated as intellectually and socially competent by their teachers described themselves more often in social terms. There was little evidence for an independent effect of community type on configurations of content in self-understanding.
Causal Attributions of Underachieving Fourth-Grade Students in China, Japan, and the United States
Authors: Tuss Paul , Zimmer Jules , Ho Hsiuzu
Published: March 2007

Discrepancy between predicted and actual achievement scores was standardized within China, Japan, and the United States; 85 of 738 fourth-grade students were identified as underachievers. An equal-sized group of students achieving in the expected range was created with a matching procedure. All subjects responded to open-ended questions addressing their beliefs about the reasons for successful and unsuccessful mathematics performance. The students' responses were categorized and analyzed according to Weiner's attributional theory of achievement motivation. Asian students perceived controllable causes, particularly effort, to play a greater role in performance outcomes than did their American peers. Implications are discussed regarding the role causal beliefs and cultural factors may play in the underachievement phenomenon.
Australian and Japanese Concepts of Expressive Behavior
Authors: Pittam Jeffery , Gallois Cynthia , Iwawaki Saburo , Kroonenberg Pieter
Published: March 2007

This study investigated differences in the concepts of the expression of emotion held by Japanese and Australians for themselves and each other, both in terms of degree and kind of expressive behavior and in underlying dimensionality. Through a structured questionnaire, 80 Australian and 80 Japanese male and female students indicated how they thought they expressed eight emotions on 12 behaviors, and how someone of the other nationality would express them. Results show Australians were rated as more expressive by Japanese and that Japanese may conceptualize emotions as less intense. There was considerable agreement between the two groups on the level of expressivity of the Japanese. The dimensions of positive/negative, arousal and "affective focus" were shown to underlie the concepts and to distinguish the two national groups to varying degrees.
National Culture and the Values of Organizational Employees
Authors: Smith Peter B. , Dugan Shaun , Trompenaars Fons
Published: March 2007

The values of 8,841 managers and organization employees from 43 countries were surveyed. The range of nations included paralleled many of those surveyed by Hofstede (1980) but added also substantial samples from ex-communist nations. Questionnaire items focused primarily on measures of universalism-particularism, achievement-ascription, and individualism-collectivism. Multidimensional scaling of country means revealed three interpretable dimensions. The relation of these dimensions to the results of earlier large-scale surveys and to a variety of demographic indexes is explored. It is found that there are continuing substantial differences in modal cultural values of organization employees and that these are largely consistent with differences reported by others. The present results suggest that the dimensions defined by Hofstede as individualism-collectivism and power distance may be better defined as representing varying orientations toward continuity of group membership (loyal involvement/ utilitarian involvement) and varying orientations toward the obligations of social relationship (conservatism/egalitarian commitment).
The Colors of Anger, Envy, Fear, and Jealousy
Authors: Hupka Ralph B. , Zaleski Zbigniew , Otto Jurgen , Reidl Lucy , Tarabrina Nadia V.
Published: March 2007

Word associations or verbal synesthesia between concepts of color and emotions were studied in Gersnany, Mexico, Poland, Russia, and the United States. With emotion words as the between-subjects variable, 661 undergraduates indicated on 6-point scales to what extent anger, envy, fear, and jealousy reminded them of 12 terms of color. In all nations, the colors of anger were black and red, fear was black, and jealousy was red. Cross-cultural differences were (a) Poles connected anger, envy, and jealousy also with purple; (b) Germans associated envy and jealousy with yellow; and (c) Americans associated envy with black, green, and red, but for the Russians it was black, purple, and yellow. The findings suggest that cross-modal associations originate in universal human experiences and in culture-specific variables, such as language, mythology, and literature.
The Twenty Statements Test
Authors: Watkins David , Yau Jeffrey , Dahlin Bo , Wondimu Habtamu
Published: March 2007

This research investigated the issue of the weighting and number of Twenty Statements Test (TST) responses with samples of 165 Hong Kong secondary school pupils and 100 Swedish and 100 Ethiopian university students. Responses were classified into idiocentric, large group, small group, and allocentric categories, and scores were weighted by the rank order of the response and 7, 10, or 20 items were considered. Analysis found that the rank and number of the items made a difference to the proportions assigned to these categories for the Hong Kong but not the other samples and made little difference to the testing of hypotheses about gender and cultural differences in self-conceptions.
Preferred Styles of Conflict Resolution
Authors: Gabrielidis Cristina , Stephan Walter G. , Ybarra Oscar , Dos Santos Pearson Virginia M. , Villareal Lucila
Published: March 2007

This study examined cultural differences in preferences for conflict resolution styles using the dual-concern model. It was found that students in a collectivistic culture (Mexico) preferred conflict resolution styles that emphasized concern for the outcomes of others (accommodation and collaboration) to a greater degree than did students from an individualistic culture (United States). Consistent with this greater display of concern for others, the Mexican students scored significantly higher than the U.S. students on scales measuring interdependence of the self. However, they also scored higher on a scale measuring the independence of the self, suggesting that independence of the self and interdependence of the self may be separate dimensions, rather than representing a continuum. Correlational findings suggested that for interpersonal conflicts, avoidance may reflect a concern for others, rather than a lack of concern for others, as postulated by the dual-concern model.
Children's Attitudes toward Physical Disability in Nepal
Authors: Harper Dennis C.
Published: March 2007

Nepalese children's attitudes toward peers with visible physical disabilities were studied, using a picture-ranking interview, and compared to a Western standard. Nepalese children expressed a positive preference toward peers with obesity that departed from all prior Western findings. Children's attitudes and comments implied that body size was associated with wealth, power, and food availability. Males were more avoidant of physical disabilities that interfere with functional activities, whereas females expressed a lower preference for cosmetic disabilities (in this instance, a facial cleft). Disabilities that are physically threatening to daily functioning are reported as less common and are avoided, reflecting feelings of unfamiliarity and potential survival threat.
Context-Specific Measurement of Individualism-Collectivism on the Individual Level
Authors: Matsumoto David , Weissman Michelle D. , Preston Ken , Brown Bonny R. , Kupperbusch Cenita
Published: March 2007

Cross-cultural research would be greatly aided by the availability of psychometrically sound measures of meaningful cultural dimensions of variability on the individual level. We report six studies that establish the validity and reliability of an individual-based assessment inventory of individualistic versus collectivistic tendencies in four social relationships (the Individualism-Collectivism Interpersonal Assessment Inventory-ICIAI). The results of the first five studies provide strong evidence for the reliability and validity of the ICIAI. The sixth study, including data from four different countries and four different ethnic groups within the United States, demonstrate the utility of the ICIAI to map cultural differences in multiple contexts and rating domains.
Martin Buber and Dialogical Psychotherapy
Authors: Friedman Maurice
Published: March 2007

This article has a quadruple thrust: first, to present Martin Buber’s philosophy of dialogue; second, to give a full account of Maurice Friedman’s 10 elements of Dialogical Psychotherapy; third, to portray Martin Buber’s influence on the theory and practice of several psychotherapists and psychoanalysts; and thus to depict the growing range of what the author calls the Dialogical Psychotherapy Movement. Accordingly, the article is divided into the following sections: an introduction; Buber’s “Life of Dialogue”; a definition of Dialogical Psychotherapy; a presentation of the elements of Dialogical Psychotherapy; two illustrations of Dialogical Psychotherapy in practice; a brief discussion of “Therapists of Dialogue,” who use some of the elements of Dialogical Psychotherapy without making “healing through meeting” central; three sections on therapists who do make healing through meeting central, namely, Dialogical Psychotherapists proper, Relational Psychoanalysts, and Contextual (intergenerational family) Therapists; and a conclusion that briefly summarizes the article and the significance of the Dialogical Psychotherapy Movement.
How Non-Diagnostic Listening Led to a Rapid “Recovery” from Paranoid Schizophrenia: What is Wrong with Psychiatry?
Authors: Siebert Al
Published: March 2007

An experimental interview with a young woman diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia led to her rapid recovery. This incident and questions raised about psychiatric practices suggest that something is seriously wrong with psychiatry. It lacks insight into its own behavior, invalidates constructive criticism, avoids the kind of selfexamination it urges on “patients,” shows little interest in accounts of successes with “schizophrenic” individuals, erroneously lumps all the schizophrenias (plural) together in research studies, feels helpless and hopeless about schizophrenia, dismisses evidence that contradicts its inaccurate beliefs, and misrepresents what is known about “schizophrenia” to the public and to patients. The argument is put forward that research should begin to focus on the mind of the beholder. It is time for researchers to examine the cognitive processes, personality traits, and motives of “mental health” professionals who perceive schizophrenia in others and insist that schizophrenia is an incurable brain disease.
Modern and Postmodern Approaches to the Free Will/Determinism Dilemma in Psychotherapy
Authors: Slife Brent D. , Fisher Amy M.
Published: March 2007

Although modernists in psychology have attempted to cast the free will/determinism dilemma as either settled or irrelevant, it continues to enfeeble theory, therapy, and practice. The primary reason for this continuing enfeeblement is the modern dualistic framework for this dilemma: Either the will (choices, decisions, motives) is dependent on antecedent conditions and thus is determined or the will is independent of antecedent conditions and thus is free. This framework, however, is not supported by current research and practical experience, indicating that the will is inextricably connected to the past but is not determined by it. A postmodern framework for this issue, which resolves the free will/determinism dilemma (at least on this point) and is consonant with research findings and therapeutic practice, is outlined. A therapy case is described to illustrate this modern dilemma and its postmodern resolution.
The Persons Behind the Ideas
Authors: Fadiman James
Published: March 2007

The Journal of Humanistic Psychology recognizes that any scientific and professional writing is an expression of a person as well as of that person's ideas. This section is designed to aid in the dialogue between the reader and the author by helping to reveal the person whose ideas are presented in the formal papers.
Psychological Self-Help: a Five Step Model
Authors: Goodwin Lloyd R.
Published: March 2007

Counselors have a variety of methods available to help facilitate clients' growth. Ultimately, however, clients must learn how to help themselves and assume responsibility for their own lives. One of the primary means for helping clients develop their own self-development systems is educational interventions. With this approach, the counselor assumes a teacher role at various stages in the counseling process in order to teach clients specific skills to cope better with problems of living. This article presents a five-step method that can be used both in counseling and as a self-help method to be learned by clients.
Psychedelics and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Walsh Roger
Published: March 2007

Barriers to research and publication appear to have resulted in a bias toward selective dissemination of predominantly negative information about the effects of psychedelics. However, it appears that significant numbers of people feel that the psychedelics have made positive contributions to their personal psychological growth. This article summarizes the experiences and conclusions of five individuals who appear to exhibit exceptional levels of psychological well-being and to meet Maslow's criteria of self-actualization, and who are deeply involved in a psychological or consciousness discipline. All five felt that, for psychologically mature individuals, the psychedelics, while not constituting a path to deep awakening by themselves, could facilitate psychological growth when used in the context of an ongoing discipline. Advantages were said to include an opening to new realms of experience and belief, deeper understanding of depth psychologies, religions, and consciousness disciplines, more rapid working through of psychological barriers, and insights that provided guiding visions in subsequent life. Each of the five subjects reported that such experiences had played significant roles in either beginning or deepening his or her own personal and professional growth. Problematic areas included hedonism, overestimation of the importance of specific insights, an inadequate cognitive framework for understanding experiences, and the failure to undertake mental training to voluntarily unveil the capacities revealed.
Peak Experience Tendencies
Authors: Mathes Eugene W.
Published: March 2007

The research reported here involved the creation of a measure of the tendency to have peak experiences called the Peak Scale, and the testing of several hypotheses drawn from Maslow's theory of peak experiences. It was found that although individuals who report having peak experiences are also likely to report having experiences involving intense happiness, they are even more prone to report having cognitive experiences of a transcendent and mystical nature. This suggests that although the peak experience involves positive affect, it is primarily a transcendent and mystical cognitive event. Individuals who report having peak experiences are more likely to report living in terms of Being-values, such as truth, beauty, and justice, than individuals who report not having peak experiences. Finally, self-actualizing individuals are more likely to report having peak experiences than less self-actualizing individuals, though the relationship is not a very strong one. In general, these results are consistent with Maslow's theorizing.
Brainstorm
Authors: Roberts Thomas B.
Published: March 2007

Director Douglas Trumbull's movie Brainstorm is explicitly based on recent state-of-consciousness and transpersonal research. Although it is not the first of recent consciousness films, by drawing heavily on the work of Grof, Moody, and other researchers from these psychologies, it is the most sophisticated of a new consciousness genre. The hero of the movie explores near-death states. In recentyears other popular movies and books have portrayed similar state-of-consciousness themes, possibly indicating a broad cultural trend, the exploration of inner space and the emergence of a new, contemporary view of the hero archetype, the Hero as Consciousness Explorer.
A Rational and Empirical Analysis of Existential Psychotherapy
Authors: Norcross John C.
Published: March 2007

Existential psychotherapy is a diffuse and declining approach plagued by a lack of consistency, coherency, and scrutiny. This article offers a personal representation of existential psychotherapy based on rational and empirical analyses. I performed an informal content analysis on over 80 publications pertaining to the topic. Eight themes emerged consistently: ontology, intentionality, freedom, choice/responsibility, phenomenology, individuality, authenticity, and potentiality. The philosophical presuppositions and clinical implications of each theme are briefly reviewed. The therapy practices of 33 existentially oriented psychologists are then examined to determine differences and similarities within (existential-analytic versus existential-humanistic) and between (existential, behavioral, psychodynamic) theoretical camps. As expected, the empirical results support the rational existential themes that, in a reciprocal manner, relate to therapy behavior. Consideration of these issues is intended to provide a synthesis in which philosophy and therapy can obtain a useful, coherent framework. Formidable challenges confronting existential therapists are discussed, and several "radical" solutions are proposed.
When Personal and Political Processes Meet
Authors: Swenson Gay Leah
Published: March 2007

This article presents a description and critique of the Rust Workshop in Vienna, Austria, 1985. Recollections of emotionally charged incidents provide the focus for analysis of challenges to the person-centered approach as applied to international tension reduction. The report is represented as an invitation to dialogue and exploration of ways in which the personcentered approach can be opened to cross-fertilization with other methods of conflict resolution. The author worked on each phase of the workshop with Carl Rogers who, with United Nations University for Peace President Rodrigo Carazo, was co-convener of the event.
Encompassing Systems
Authors: Stein Howard F.
Published: March 2007

In a wide range of activities from clinical work to organizational consulting to official and citizen diplomacy, perhaps the most pressing temptation is to take sides. The author develops a framework of emotional inclusiveness in which the therapist, consultant, or official/citizen diplomat in effect becomes an advocate not for one member, psychological agency, or family/organizational/international subunit, but for the maturity of the whole system.
The Healing Journey
Authors: Patrushev Pyotr
Published: March 2007

This article describes a process of psychological transformation of a former Soviet defector. After years of alienation and angry denunciation of the Soviet system, he renews his contact with his family, still living in Siberia. This creates a state of tension and "dis-ease" which he at first attempts to relieve through conventional therapeutic means and then through a renewed sense of political mission. This, however, proves to be insufficient, and he is finally forced to confront his deepest fears through the use of a technique known as "rebirthing." The author describes the effect of this process on his understanding of himself and the deep psychological reasons for his leaving the country of his birth. He describes his experiences in America and in a therapeutic community in Australia, where he undertook a teacher training course, employing a variety of different approaches, such as Jungian analysis, dreamwork, encounter, breathwork, Gurdjieff's ideas, and Gestalt psychology. He describes the gradual change in his consciousness and the increasing penetration into the transpersonal realm. He found that he "could no longer see his escape in purely political terms. Womb, mother, Russia, close relationships, even life itself, were all analogous." The ultimate confrontation with oneself involved a "return to Alcatraz"-facing the destructive energy of the mother, the implications of a psychological death, and the transformation of this energy into a healing force in the process of a "rebirth." The importance of the emergence of an "inner female" ("anima") in his dreams is emphasized, as is the growing rapport with his subconscious mind. The consequences of these insights on his perception of his future actions in the world are discussed. "Only fully conscious individuals can create a truly free society and a free world." He also expresses his hope that people who have survived dramatic escapes from extreme danger may be given the opportunity to come to terms with their experiences early enough to enable them to live creative and happy lives without wasting years fighting "windmills."

You cannot love your country unless you love womenyour mother, your sister, your lover, your wife. Your road to the heart of any country is through its women, whom you can only love through the love of the women who have, in the first place, created your own heart. The journey to the essence of anything is through the transformation of your heart's hate into love. The way is an unflinching honesty and sincerity with yourself and others.
Humanistic Psychology as Ideology
Authors: Shaw Robert , Colimore Karen
Published: March 2007

This essay stresses the importance of viewing psychological theories in terms of the socioeconomic environment in which they exist. Specifically, we examine the relationship between the humanistic psychology of Abraham Maslow and the economic practices of American society. We find that Maslow's contradictions-the most significant being that his work contains both democratic and elitist worldviews-are understandable when viewed as expressions of capitalistic ideology.
A Time to Heal
Authors: Yevtushenko Yevgeny
Published: March 2007

In 1959, when Krushchev had temporarily loosened things up in Russia, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, along with Andrei Voznesensky and Belle Akhmadulina, recited impassioned poetry to crowds of 20,000 people in a Moscow square named after a suicidal poet, Mayakovsky. Since then Yevtushenko's career has had its ups and downs but he has never been quiet for long. Now glasnost has given him new breath. His most recent book of prose and verse is Almost at the End. Kindergarten, his autobiographical movie about his experiences as a waif in World War II, has been shown in the U.S. and can be rented on videotape. This article is adapted from a speech Yevtushenko made at the 1987 IPPNW Congress that was published in 20th Century and Peace, a Soviet magazine. Reprinted by permission.
The Search for Synthesis
Authors: Walsh Roger
Published: March 2007

The article outlines reasons why the field of transpersonal psychology arose and some of its current theoretical and experimental frontiers. These frontiers include full-spectrum models of development that encompass transconventional stages, possible integrations among different psychological schools, new understandings of contemplative practices and altered states of consciousness, and research on meditation. Finally, some of the current limitations and problems of transpersonal psychology are examined.
Human Aggression
Authors: Okey Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2007

The prevailing theory concerning the etiology of human aggressiveness has profound implications for therapeutic intervention, social policy, and planetary survival. This article reviews the historical and conceptual development of theories of aggression, with particular emphasis on their relative support for either the biological or environmental causation of aggressive behavior. It is argued that theories supporting biological causation are excessively reductionistic and inadequate to account for human aggressiveness. It is further asserted that the umbrella or social learning theory-which allows for biological predisposition, social factors, and personal agencyprovides the most comprehensive model for understanding and intervening in human aggression.
Two Patterns of Transcendence
Authors: Thomas L. Eugene , Brewer Stephen J. , Kraus Patricia A. , Rosen Barbara L.
Published: March 2007

Participant observation and open-ended interviews with Indian and English elderly who were recognized as spiritually mature provided data for evaluating Washburn's claim that a period of egoic regression precedes movement to the transpersonal level. Hermeneutical analysis of interview protocols and research notes indicated that half of those nominated in each sample had reached the transpersonal level, but of these, only about half gave indications of having undergone a regressive transition period. On the basis of this, and other internal evidence, support was found for Wilber's theory. Cross-cultural similarities at the higher levels of spiritual development are seen as providing support for the claims of the perennial philosophy.
Emphasizing the Future in Empathy Responses
Authors: Bohart Arthur C.
Published: March 2007

Recently, a view of the human being as a fundamentally futureoriented organism has become more popular in both psychotherapy and personality theory. The future-oriented nature of the human consists ofthe fact that there is always a "next" in human experience and of a sense of possibility. A goal of therapy is to restore the sense of "next" and of possibility. Empathy responses can be framed to focus on present aspects of experience or on future-oriented aspects. Research showed that future-oriented empathy responses increased subjects' sense of power and efficacy to solve their problems.
A Phenomenological Analysis of Authentic Experience
Authors: Rahilly Deborah A.
Published: March 2007

The author employed the phenomenological research method as articulated by Adrian van Kaam, Amedeo Giorgi, and Donald Polkinghorne to conduct an analysis of authentic experience. In the first section of this article, prior to presenting the method and results of her research, the author reviews selected Western psychological and Eastern philosophical literature on authentic experience. The central section of this article describes the research wherein self-reflection, interviews with 14 individuals (11 women and 3 men, all college-educated professionals between the ages of 35 and 55), classical and contemporary literature, poetry, and Zen stories were all used to answer the question, What is authentic experience? The analysis resulted in the identification of 14 constituents of authentic experience and the development of a general structural description and an extended structural description of authentic experience. The author hypothesizes that authentic experience might be clinically fostered by an existential psychotherapeutic approach that draws on the theories and praxis of Zen and Taoism, body/mind psychology, and clinical philosophy. She briefly discusses authentology, a term she coined to refer to the study of factors that contribute to or hinder a person's natural drive toward authenticity.
The Best Is Yet to Be
Authors: Kramer Aaron
Published: March 2007

Invited to conduct poetry workshops at a senior center, Kramer observed the astonishing effect these sessions had on people who had a low selfesteem engendered by society's perception of them as superfluous. Provoked by the anthology poems distributed for study, and their first efforts at verse, they shed their aloofness and became a united group sharing long submerged memories, feelings, and opinions. The following year, Kramer was asked to lead more workshops that proved more fruitful than the first because members had to overcome their reluctance to confront sad even horrible subjects. Not all the pieces were gems, but all were honest and apropos. It was exhilarating to see the poems emerge in response to earlier poems and discussions. People silent for decades were amazed by the power of their words, both spoken and written, to win full attention and touch the heart of strangers, some ultimately reaching the public.

Grow old along with me!

The best is yet to be,

The last of life, for which the first was made.

-Robert Browning

"Rabbi Ben Ezra"
Carl Rogers: Scientist and Mystic
Authors: O'Hara Maureen
Published: March 2007

Carl Ransome Rogers, one of the giants of 20th-century psychology, has been recognized for his immense contribution to the science of psychology. At the same time, millions have found his person-centered philosophy to be a deeply satisfying moral system and have been willing to place their faith in what can be seen as Rogers's metaphysics. This article examines Rogers's shift from positivist scientist to radical subjectivist and his continued ambivalence about both religion and objectivist science. It seeks to reconcile the seeming paradox in his work by suggesting that Rogers's work stands at the boundary between 19th-century positivism and 20th-century postpositive constructivism.

I always liked myself far better as a pure scientist.

-Carl Rogers
At Play in the Fields of the Mind: Personal Myths as Fields of Information
Authors: Feinstein David
Published: March 2007

The concept that personal myths shape individual behavior in a manner that is analogous to the way cultural myths influence social behavior has been gaining increasing attention over the past two decades. A personal mythology is an internalized model of reality that is composed of postulates about oneself, one's world, and the relationship between the two. These postulates, which address immediate as well as eternal concerns, are both descriptive (furnishing explanations) and instructive (generating motivation). A comprehensive theory of human development that is based on the individual's evolving mythology integrates the biological, psychodynamic, cultural, and spiritual dimensions of experience. This article expands the personal mythology construct, suggesting that personal myths function not only as biochemically coded models of reality but also as fields of information-natural although nonvisible elements of the physical universe-that affect consciousness and behavior. Just as some neurologists have proposed that "mental fields" complement brain activity in unifying experience and some biologists have proposed that "morphic fields" complement the action of the gene in giving form to an organism, the current work proposes that mythic fields complement the physiological bases of consciousness in storing symbolic content and maintaining psychological habits. Implications of this formulation for personal and social change are considered.
Centralism and Perceptions of Australian Industrial Relations
Authors: Howard William A.
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned to examine whether the Australian attitude to industrial relations is concerned to optimise, in some way, the production of industrial relations outcomes, or whether we seek to provide optimal operating conditions for the mechanisms created to service industrial relations. This question is attacked by considering whether the three genuinely perceived major industrial relations issues in Australia would arise at all if there were some mechanism other than the centralised arbitration process. The three issues concerned are national industrial relations policy, the reportedly excessive number of strikes and the reportedly excessive number of unions.

It is argued that national industrial relations policy has very little practical meaning: national policy as we have practised it is not far distant from a process of producing rules without much regard for the extent of observance they induce. The strike question is examined by contrasting its influence, in terms of production worker-hours wasted, with the less publicised area of industrial accidents. Strikes, even in the most industrially turbulent circumstances, have never approached the toll levied by accidents. This conclusion can be reached even though only an unknown, but possibly minor, proportion of accidents is recorded. The number of unions is considered first by contrasting the union populations of the two nations whose labour relations are often upheld to Australians as paragons to which we might aspire. In fact one has fewer than 20 unions and one has many thousands, suggesting that numbers are a less than critical factor. The large number of unions is often held to be the cause of demarcation disputes. With only one union there could be no inter-union disputes, but demarcation disputes are often not inter-union. Large numbers of unions are an inconvenience to bureaucrats and tribunals. There is less hard evidence that this worries unionists or employers.
Managerial Trade Unionism
Authors: Arthurs Alan
Published: March 2007

The development of trade unionism amongst managers poses a challenge to traditional conceptions of industrial relations. This paper discusses government policies towards managerial unionism and the justifications which have been put forward for restricting the trade union activity of managers. It argues that concern about managerial unionism is built upon three main assumptions: (a) managers will be faced with conflicting loyalties and placed in the impossible position of attempting to satisfy the contradictory demands of employer and union; (b) the unionisation of managers will lead to an unacceptable shift in the balance of power from employers towards trade unions; (c) the presence of managers will compromise the independence of trade unions. The conclusion is reached that the limitations which many governments place upon managerial unionism are based upon assumptions which, although not entirely without foundation, are generally incorrect.
New Zealand Maori/Non-Maori Labour Force Income Differentials
Authors: Brosnan Peter , Hill Craig
Published: March 2007

The disadvantaged position of the New Zealand Maori population has been highlighted in several studies. This paper investigates the interrelationships of ethnic origin, industry, and income using data from the New Zealand census. Several specific hypotheses are tested, and it is found that much of the difference between Maori and non-Maori income levels can be accounted for by the occupational segregation of the Maori workforce into certain industries. Controlling for industry, however, it is still found that ethnic origin accounts for a significant proportion of the variation in the census income data.
The Measurement of the Occupational and Industrial Segregation of Women: A Re-appraisal
Authors: McGavin P.A.
Published: March 2007

This note attempts to clarify the significance and implications to be drawn from the estimates of occupational and industrial segregation of women in Australia as recently published in this journal by Dr Donald E. Lewis. No criticism is made of Lewis's statistical work, which usefully contributes to the relevant literature. Issue is, however, taken with Lewis's application of his estimation work. Following some introductory comments, five points of criticism are considered, which lead to a re- appraisal of Lewis's conclusions.
Political Economy and Management Strategy in the Metal and Engineering Industry
Authors: Bramble Tom
Published: March 2007

The study of industrial relations management has been a long-neglected aspect of the Australian scene. Recent changes in the balance of power on the shop floor in the aftermath of prolonged recession in the metal and engineering industry, however, make such neglect an expensive luxury. This article looks at four aspects of management t strategy: the labour relations management function, relations with the unions at the workplace, attitudes to employee involvement, and attitudes to the employment relationship. The suggestion, in the light of secondary evidence and a series of fourteen case studies in the Victorian and New South Wales metal industry, is that three variables are important in helping to explain the direction that labour relations management has taken in recent years. These are the 'labour threat: the reorganization of production methods, and changes to the legal and institutional framework. It was found that management in those plants in which exposure to these three environmental pressures was similar responded with fairly similar labour relations management practices, suggesting that there may indeed be a link between the key variables.
The Future Soul of Europe: Nationalism or Just Patriotism? A Critique of David Miller's Defence of Nationality
Authors: Føllesdal Andreas
Published: March 2007

This article deals with one of the most basic issues pertaining to peace and conflict studies, namely, the need to secure stability and trust within and between nations. This is not least a challenge in Europe after a century which saw two world wars springing from unrest on the European continent. The article takes as its point of departure the claim that the challenges facing the European Union will require extensive and mutual trust to ensure compliance. Some have argued that a shared European-wide national identity is necessary to ensure such stability of practices and institutions. The philosopher David Miller is pessimistic about the prospects of European-wide nationalism of the appropriate sort. The present article provides an in-depth and critical discussion of Miller's argument, and concludes that Miller's defence of nationalism as the unique source of trust is unconvincing. Moreover, Miller's pessimism regarding the European Union is premature, if relevant at all. Alternative grounds for supporting common institutions are available, and may be within reach for the European Union. The shared bases among citizens need not include a broad range of values and cultural belonging, but might plausibly be restricted to Just Patriotism of the kind suggested in the Liberal Contractualist tradition.
Population Dynamics and Susceptibility for Ethnic Conflict: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: SLACK J. ANDREW , DOYON ROY R.
Published: March 2007

While it is recognized that the progenitors of war are multilayered and complex and that they consist of political, historical, religious, demographic, economic, and psycho-cultural forces, this article reports on research that looked at the role of one them, demographic trends. Demographic trends can influence the rise of ethnic territoriality and ultimately violent resolution. Two of the three protagonists in the war, namely the Bosnian Muslims and the Bosnian Serbs, are the focus of the study. The level of abstraction at which these rival ethnic groups were sensitive to demographic trends, and therefore the level at which that rivalry played out, was the local municipality, the opstina where competition over jobs and political power was manifest. It is at this level that basic tenets of ethnic competition theory are considered to have been at work. An index of ethnic competition is introduced to measure competition in terms of the relative balance of ethnic populations. This index is complemented by analysis of the trend of relative ethnic population numbers over the two decades prior to the war. Data from the Yugoslavian census show how the demographic position of the Bosnian Serbs declined dramatically in over 90% of the opstinas throughout the country. These population trends are translated into an index of demographic disadvantage. Positive correlations between the two indices (ethnic competition and demographic disadvantage) and discrete-event data of hostilities between Serbs and Muslims are found to be significant. In addition, there is some evidence that the geographic pattern of the propensity for violence, while clearly part of a broad strategic Bosnian Serb national campaign, is also associated with local prewar demographic dynamics.
The Geography of Civil War
Authors: BUHAUG HALVARD , GATES SCOTT
Published: March 2007

Geographical factors play a critical role in determining how a civil war is fought and who will prevail. Drawing on the PRIO/Uppsala Armed Conflict dataset covering the period 1946-2000, the authors have determined the location of all battle-zones for all civil wars in this time period, thereby identifying the geographic extent and the center point of each conflict. Using ordinary least squares (OLS) and three-stage least squares (3SLS) estimation techniques, factors are analyzed that determine the scope of the conflict (area of the conflict zone) and the location of the conflict relative to the capital. It is found that in addition to geographical factors such as the total land area of the country, scope is strongly shaped by such factors as the adjacencies of a border of a neighboring country, the incidence of natural resources in the conflict zone, and the duration of the conflict. The distance of the conflict zone from the capital is influenced by the scope of the conflict, the size of the country, whether or not the objective of the rebels is to secede, and whether or not the rebel group has a religious or ethnic identity. Also, evidence is found of an endogenous relationship between scope and location.