bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current aspects of the development and progression of fluoride-related chronic kidney disease
Authors:   I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation, Morozova N.S. , Mamedov Ad.A. ,   I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation, Lakomova D.Yu. ,   V.I.Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University. Saratov, Russian Federation, Maltseva L.D. ,   I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation, Belyaeva O.E. ,   I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation, Maslikova E.A. ,   I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation, Morozova O.L. ,   I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
Published: September 2021

Difficulties associated with the identification of a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) (mainly in children without obvious anatomical causes), long-lasting asymptomatic phase, and irreversible kidney damage caused by chemical elements resulted in a particular interest to the problem of diagnosis and timely treatment of CKD. This review aims to summarize available information on the role of increased fluoride concentration in the development of CKD of uncertain etiology. We included more than 200 publications found in Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and PubMed. We analyzed factors associated with an increased risk of fluoride-related CKD and identified possible mechanisms underlying disease progression. In addition to that, we proposed potential molecular markers to detect early stages of CKD. We described new promising therapeutic targets with the consideration of key elements of disease pathogenesis, poor prognosis, and age limits for existing nephroprotective drugs. Key words: fluoride, chronic kidney disease, risk factors, pathogenesis, molecular markers
Japan as a Source of Legal Ideas: A View from the Mekong Subregion of ASEAN
Authors:   University of Brunei Darussalam, Teramura Nobumichi ,   University of Sydney
Published: September 2021

Much has been written about Japanese law within the context of Japan. Less is known about the application of Japanese legal models outside Japan. A prevailing view among some commentators is that Japanese law scholarship does not offer insights that are useful beyond Japan-based legal studies. Other scholars challenge this perception by invoking Japan’s legal development aid projects in the Mekong subregion of ASEAN—especially in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. These projects have been in operation for over twenty years and aim to foster the economic growth of host countries. This article aligns with the view that Japanese law exists beyond, and is influential outside, Japan. It calls for further action by legal specialists to re-examine and re-assess the corresponding influence of Japanese positive law in these countries, both in improving the transparency of those legal systems and enhancing communication among local, comparative and Japanese law experts.
Can You Question Science in a Pandemic? Provocations on the History of Health (and Food) in Japan After COVID
Authors:   University of Arizona, Schlachet Joshua
Published: September 2021

This article, through a series of provocations and anecdotes from my research into dietary health in early modern Japan (1600-1868), makes the case for transhistorical thinking as a productive analytical mode, allowing the past to speak to present concerns in creative and unexpected ways. As this volume seeks a fresh approach to Japanese Studies post-pandemic, addressing this tension between past and present, I argue, offers a productive way to turn the challenges of COVID-19 into opportunities for greater impact and interconnection. Now, however, is a bad time to question science. Vaccine hesitancy, resistance to mask mandates, and the overall politicization of commonsense health guidelines among a substantial plurality of the population indicate a sustained mistrust of health science expertise precisely when belief and compliance would do the most medical and social good. Doing the history of health in Japan through a transhistorical lens, I argue, exposes how a set of social divisions and challenges that may appear through a presentist lens to be as novel as the virus itself, and tied inextricably to the demands and paradoxes of modern state-based public health regimes, are in fact variants of issues that have been faced in dramatically different historical circumstances. This article follows these themes through three broad provocations that resonate between health’s past and present, drawn from the nineteenth-century history of diet and nutrition in Japan: skepticism of doctors and a critique of medical expertise; prioritising preventative versus retroactive care; and balancing health with opening the economy.
[REVIEW] Studying Japan: Handbook of Research Designs, Fieldwork and Methods
Authors:   University of New England, McClelland Gwyn
Published: September 2021

A review of "Studying Japan: Handbook of Research Designs, Fieldwork and Methods" edited by Nora Kottmann and Cornelia Reiher, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft (Baden-Baden, Germany), 2020.
Integrated Fracture Characterization of Thamama Reservoirs in Abu Dhabi Oil Field, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Ali Mohammed Y. , Bouchaala Fateh , Bouzidi Youcef , Takam Takougang Eric M. , Mohamed Aala A. I. , Sultan Akmal
Published: September 2021

Volumetric maximum curvature attribute computed from 3D ocean bottom cable (OBC) seismic data, production logging tool (PLT), inorganic chemical tracer data, and fractures observed from core and full-bore formation microimager (FMI) logs were integrated to characterize fractured carbonate reservoirs of an offshore oil field in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The extracted maximum curvature anomalies are predominantly orientated in NNE-SSW and NE-SW, a trend perpendicular to the dominant fault direction in the oil field and similar to the dominant strike directions of fractures measured from core data and FMI logs. Because the fracture strike directions of well data mimic the strike directions of curvature anomalies at corresponding reservoir levels, we interpreted the maximum curvature anomalies to represent dilatational fractured zones or fracture corridors. Integration of dynamic data, such as PLT and chemical tracers, and maximum curvature anomalies demonstrate that the inferred fracture zones can determine water breakthroughs as well as inter- and intrareservoir communications. As a result, this study highlights possible fracture zones and their internal architecture, as well as their potential flow capabilities. These results play a key role in reservoir management and monitoring of water movement through structural pathways.
Burnout syndrome among medical students in Kazakhstan
Authors: Bolatov Aidos K. , Seisembekov Telman Z. , Askarova Altynay Zh. , Igenbayeva Bahyt B. , Smailova Dariga S. , Hosseini Hengameh
Published: September 2021

This study aims at investigating burnout and associated factors in a sample of medical students from Astana Medical University, using the Russian version of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory - Student Survey (R-CBI-S). 771 medical students responded. The study included socio-demographic and personal questions and a tool to measure burnout. Statistical analyses included measures of descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis for evaluating burnout. Overall, 28% of medical students reported burnout; R-CBI-S mean score was 40. There is no significant gender difference in burnout. On regression analysis, to be a 2nd-year student, compare to dormitory students live at home or rented a house, having suicidal ideation, having thoughts of dropping out, having interpersonal relationship problems with family or friends, smoking, using alcohol were independently associated with increased risk for burnout. Enrolling in a medical university by its own decision and having satisfaction with academic performance is associated with a decrease of developing burnout syndrome. In conclusion, factors associated with burnout were identified.
Modulation of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress Attenuates Microvascular Hyperpermeability in Ovine Model of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Sepsis
Authors: Fukuda Satoshi , Niimi Yosuke , Hirasawa Yasutaka , Manyeza Ennert , Garner C. , Southan Garry , Salzman Andrew , Prough Donald , Enkhbaatar Perenlei
Published: September 2021

In sepsis, microvascular hyperpermeability caused by oxidative/nitrosative stress (O&NS) plays an important role in tissue edema leading to multi-organ dysfunctions and increased mortality. We hypothesized that a novel compound R-107, a modulator of O&NS, effectively ameliorates the severity of microvascular hyperpermeability and preserves multi-organ function in ovine sepsis model. Sepsis was induced in twenty-two adult female Merino sheep by intravenous infusion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) (1x1010 CFUs). The animals were allocated into: 1) Control (n = 13): intramuscular injection (IM) of saline; and 2) Treatment (n = 9): IM of 50 mg/kg R-107. The treatment was given after the PA injection, and monitored for 24-hour. R-107 treatment significantly reduced fluid requirement (15–24 hours, p < 0.05), net fluid balance (9–24 hours, p < 0.05), and water content in lung/heart/kidney (p = 0.02/0.04/0.01) compared to control. R-107 treatment significantly decreased lung injury score/modified sheep SOFA score at 24-hour (p = 0.01/0.04), significantly lowered arterial lactate (21–24 hours, p < 0.05), shed syndecan-1 (3–6 hours, p < 0.05), interleukin-6 (6–12 hours, p < 0.05) levels in plasma, and significantly attenuated lung tissue 3-nitrotyrosine and vascular endothelial growth factor-A expressions (p = 0.03/0.002) compared to control. There was no adverse effect in R-107 treatment. In conclusion, modulation of O&NS by R-107 reduced hyperpermeability markers and improved multi-organ function.
Feasibility and Effect of Adding a Concurrent Parental Component to a School-Base Wellness Program Using Two Modes of Mobile-Based Technology – Mixed Methods Evaluation of RCT
Authors: Golan Moria , Benifla Shakked , Samo Aviv , Alon Noa , Mozeikov Maya
Published: September 2021

Background: This study assessed the feasibility and effect of two mobile modes (WhatsApp vs. a specially designed app) in their delivery of updates and assignments to parents.Methods: Two three-armed, randomized, controlled feasibility studies were conducted. Participants were randomly allocated to the control arm, youth-only arm, or youth & parental component arm. In the parental component, parents received updates and were requested to complete shared assignments with their children. In the first year, the assignments were sent through WhatsApp and in the following year via the specially designed smartphone application. Students and parents filled out questionnaires at three measure points: pre and post intervention and at three months follow-up. Mixed-methods assessments were performed using semi-structured interviews with parents and school staff members, as well as a computerized self-report questionnaire.Results: The addition of the concurrent parental component via WhatsApp was associated with superior improvement in self-esteem and identification of advertisement strategies, compared with the youth-only program. However, adolescents in the youth-only program delivered via the specially designed application demonstrated superior improvement compared to those in the youth & parental component arm.Conclusions: Although the addition of the concurrent parenting component was praised by the actively participating parents, overall, this intervention was not statistically superior to the youth-only arm. Only a few variables demonstrated statistically significant improvement, usually with a small effect size. The use of WhatsApp had higher feasibility and uptake than the use of the specially designed application. Under the chosen structure and population, it seems that the program did not have the intended impact. Parents who expressed specific resistance may have negatively affected their children, causing them to be less engaged. A cost-benefit analysis of programs with parental components as well as the development of strategies to enhance parent-school partnership are warranted.Trial registrations: NCT04129892 (1.11.2017) and NCT03540277 (26.4.2018)
Low Skeletal Muscle Index And Myosteatosis As Predictors of Mortality In Critically Ill Surgical Patients
Authors: Giani Marco , Rezoagli Emanuele , Grassi Alice , Porta Marco , Riva Luca , Famularo Simone , Barbaro Alessandro , Bernasconi Davide Paolo , Ippolito Davide , Bellani Giacomo , Braga Marco , Foti Giuseppe , Gianotti Luca , Giani Alessandro
Published: September 2021

BackgroundLow muscle mass and other specific body composition indexes, assessed by computed tomography (CT), are associated with adverse outcomes after elective surgery, such as an increased risk of postoperative complications and higher mortality. However, limited information is available about the role of these indexes on short- and long-term outcomes in surgical patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of the study was to assess the association of body composition indexes with 90-days mortality in this specific patient cohort.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study including adult surgical patients admitted to the ICU between 2014 and 2018 who underwent a CT scan at the time of admission. Total Muscle Area (TMA), Total Fat Area (TFA), Visceral fat area (VFA) and Intramuscular fat area (IMFA) were measured. Skeletal Muscle Index (TMA/m2), MyoSteatosis (IMFA/TMA), Sarcopenic Obesity (VFA/TMA) were then calculated. We analyzed the impact of these indexes on mortality.Results204 patients were included. Overall 90-day mortality was 28%. Log rank test and cox multivariate analysis on 90-day mortality showed a significant association of low SMI and myosteatosis with 90-days mortality. Myosteatosis was also significantly associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and increased ICU length of stay.ConclusionsSpecific body composition indexes may predict mortality in surgical patients admitted to the ICU. Low skeletal muscle index and myosteatosis were independently associated with increased 90-day mortality.
Impact of Establishing A Level-1 Trauma Center For Lower Extremity Trauma: A 4-Year Experience
Authors: Kim Min Ji , Yang Kyung Min , Hahn Hyung Min , Lim Hyoseob , Lee Il Jae
Published: September 2021

Purpose: A multidisciplinary approach is essential for trauma patients’ treatment, particularly for cases with open lower extremity fractures, which are considered major traumas requiring a comprehensive approach. Recently, the social demand for severe-trauma centers has increased. This study analyzed the clinical impact of establishing a trauma center for the treatment of open lower extremity fractures.Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted for trauma patients admitted to our hospital. Patients were classified into two groups: before (January 2014–December 2015, 178 patients) and after establishment of a Level-1 trauma center (January 2017–December 2018, 125 patients). We included patients with open fracture below the knee level and Gustilo type II/III, but excluded those with life-threatening trauma that affected the treatment choice.Results: Total 273 patient were included in this study, initial infection was significantly more common and external fixator application significantly less in post-center establishment group. The time to emergency operation decreased significantly from 13.89 ± 17.48 to 11.65 ± 19.33 hours post-center setup. By multivariate analysis, the decreased primary amputation and increased limb salvage was attributed to establishment of the trauma center. Conclusion: With the establishment of the Level-1 trauma center, limbs of patients with open lower extremity fractures could be salvaged, and the need for primary amputation was decreased. Early control of initial open wound infection and minimizing external fixator use allowed early soft tissue reconstruction. The existence of the center ensured a shorter interval to emergency operation and facilitated interdepartmental cooperation, which promoted active limb salvage and contributed to patients’ quality of life.
The Correlation Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Levels and Orthostatic Intolerance in Children
Authors: Xiao Yao , Zhang Xiaohua , Wu Jinzhi , Min Li , Dong Xiangyu
Published: September 2021

Background: To investigate the correlation between orthostatic intolerance (OI) and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in children.Methods: This study reviewed 151 children who were first admitted to the Lanzhou University Second Hospital (LZUSH) between January 2019 and August 2020 and were eventually diagnosed with OI. There were 142 children with OI, including 93 children with vasovagal syncope (VVS), 45 children with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and 4 children with orthostatic hypotension (OHT). Eighty-seven children who visited the Child Health Management Center of LZUSH in the same period were selected as healthy control. All children were examined for 25 hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone at the first visit.Results: 1. Compared with healthy children, serum 25(OH)D level was significantly decreased in OI children (P<0.001), but there was no difference in PTH level (P= 0.161). 2. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the level of 25(OH)D was the only factor causing OI. Every unit of 25(OH)D increased, the probability of OI decreased by 74.7%（95%CI: 0.177-0.328）. 3. The sensitivity and specificity of 25(OH)D for the diagnosis of OI were 93.7% and 64.4%, respectively, with the threshold value of 19.5ng/L. Conclusion: The 25(OH)D level of the patients with OI was significantly decreased. Taking serum 25(OH)D concentration of 19.5ng/ml as the critical value may be useful for the diagnosis of OI.
Structure, Defects and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Al-Doped and Al/Nd Co-doped Ba4Nd9.33Ti18O54 Ceramics
Authors: Guo Weijia , Ma Zhiyu , Luo Yu , Chen Yugu , Yue Zhenxing , Li Longtu
Published: September 2021

Low-loss tungsten-bronze microwave dielectric ceramics are a kind of dielectric materials with potential application value for miniaturized dielectric filters and antennas in 5G communication technology. In this work, a novel Al/Nd co-doping method of Ba4Nd9.33Ti18O54 (BNT) ceramics with a chamical formula of Ba4Nd9.33+z/3Ti18-zAlzO54 (BNT-AN, 0 ≤ z ≤ 2) was proposed to improve the dielectric properties through structural and defect modulation. Together with Al-doped ceramics (Ba4Nd9.33Ti18-zAl4z/3O54, BNT-A, 0 ≤ z ≤ 2) for comparison, the ceramics were prepared by solid state method. It is found that Al/Nd co-doping method has a significant effect on improving the dielectric properties compared with Al doping. As the doping amount z increased, the relative dielectric constant (εr) and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) of the ceramics decreased, and the Q×f values of the ceramics obviously increased when z ≤ 1.5. Excellent microwave dielectric properties of εr = 72.2, Q×f = 16480 GHz, and τf = +14.3 ppm/℃ were achieved in BNT-AN ceramics with z = 1.25. Raman spectroscopy and thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) technique were firstly combined to analyze the structure and defects in the dielectric ceramics. It is shown that the improvement on Q×f values were origined from the decrease in the strength of the A-site cation vibration and the concentration of oxygen vacancies (Vö), demonstrating the effect and mechanism underlying for structural and defect modulation on the performance improvement of microwave dielectric ceramics.
Technical Aspects And Early Results of Uniportal Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Complex Segmentectomy: A 30 Case-Series Study
Authors: Kong Xianglong , LU Jun , Li Peng-Ju , Ni Bo-Xiong , Zhu Kai-Bin , Xu Hai , Xu Shi-Dong
Published: September 2021

Background. With the advantages of better cosmetic incision and faster recovery, uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (UP-VATS) has developed rapidly worldwide in recent decades and indications for UP-VATS were further expanded as those for conventional VATS. Complex segmentectomy that makes several, or intricate intersegmental planes, with more a complex procedure, continues to be a difficulty in minimally invasive techniques. However, there are few reports as yet on UP-VATS complex segmentectomy. In this report, we describe the perioperative clinical data and operative techniques and present our early results of UP-VATS complex segmentectomy in our hospital. Methods. The records of a total of 30 patients who underwent UP-VATS complex segmentectomy by a single surgeon between January 2021 and June 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. We defined cases as complex segmentectomy if they required resection of segment 9, 10, combined segmentectomy, segmentectomy+subsegmentectomy, subsegmentectomy, or combined subsegmentectomy. Results. The mean age was 52.8±9.9 years old; mean nodule size was 0.84±0.36 cm; the mean margin width was 2.307±0.309 cm; median operative time was 229.0±58.06 minutes; mean operative hemorrhage was 56.60±17.95 mL; 5.58±1.74 lymph nodes dissected had not metastasized; mean duration of postoperative chest tube drainage was 4.7±1.4 days; and mean postoperative hospital stay was 6.5±3.0 days. Although 1 patient experienced a prolonged air leak, the other 29 recovered uneventfully. Another patient failed to reach the 2cm safe margins who received completion lobectomy later. Conclusions. UP-VATS complex segmentectomy is a safe and effective procedure in the treatment of lung cancers, sparing more pulmonary parenchyma and ensuring safe margins, the disadvantage being lengthy operative times during early acquisition of skills.
Short-Term Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise On Arterial Stiffness in People with Different Smoking Statuses
Authors: Wang Xianxuan , Chen Guanzhi , Huang Zegui , Zang Yiran , Cai Zefeng , Ding Xiong , Chen Zekai , Lan Yulong , Li Weijian , Fang Wei , Wu Weiqiang , Chen Zhichao , Wu Shouling , Chen Youren
Published: September 2021

Background

Smoking is strongly associated with arterial stiffness. Long-term regular aerobic exercise is an effective lifestyle intervention that improve arterial stiffness in healthy young people, however, the results of research on the immediate effect of short-term aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness in individuals with different smoking statuses have been inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of acute aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness in people with different smoking statuses.
Method:

People who participated in the sixth follow-up visit of the Kailuan Study (trial registration number: ChiCTR-TNRC-11001489) and participated in the fifth National Physical Fitness Monitoring were selected as subjects. All participants completed measurements of brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity, blood pressure, and heart rate before and after a two-stage load test on a power bicycle. The generalized linear model was established to analyze between-group differences in the change in brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity before and after aerobic exercise in people with different smoking statuses.
Results

There was a total of 940 male participants (36.82 ± 7.76 years old). On the basis of the smoking status, the subjects were divided into the following four groups: never smokers (n = 231), former smokers (n = 165), low-intensity smokers (n = 254), and high-intensity smokers (n = 290). After the two-stage load test, brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity was immediately decreased overall (1375.08 ± 209.09 vs. 1341.53 ± 208.04 cm/s, P < 0.05). The generalized linear model showed that after adjusting for confounding factors, the β-values and 95% confidence intervals of former smokers, low-intensity smokers, and high-intensity smokers were − 12.17 (− 30.08, 5.75), − 18.43 (− 34.69, − 2.16), and − 22.46 (− 38.39, − 6.54) cm/s compared with never smokers, respectively.
Conclusion

Our results suggest that a single short-term aerobic exercise can immediately improve arterial stiffness in people with different smoking statuses. and clinicians must prescribe individualized exercises for different groups of people to improve arterial stiffness, and reduce the damage to blood vessels caused by smoking.
L-theanine Prevents Progression of Nonalcoholichepatic Steatosis by Regulating Hepatocyte Lipid Metabolic Pathways via the CaMKKβ-AMPK Signaling Pathway
Authors: Liang Juanjuan , Gu Lili , Liu Xianli , Yan Xintong , Bi Xiaowen , Fan Xirui , Zhou Jinyi , Lu Shuai , Luo Lan , Yin Zhimin
Published: September 2021

Background: L-theanine, a non-protein amino acid found principally in the green tea, has been previously shown to possess potent anti-obesity property and hepatoprotective effect. Herein, we investigated the effects of L-theanine on alleviating nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis in vitro and in vivo, and explored the underlying molecular mechanism. Methods: In vitro, HepG2 and AML12 cells were treated with 500 μM oleic acid (OA) or treated with OA accompanied by L-theanine. In vivo, C57BL/6J mice were fed with normal control diet (NCD), high‐fat diet (HFD), or HFD along with L-theanine for 16 weeks. The levels of TG, accumulation of lipid droplets and the expression of genes related to hepatocyte lipid metabolic pathways were detected in vitro and in vivo.Results: Our data indicated that, in vivo, L-theanine significantly reduced body weight, hepatic steatosis, serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), TG and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in HFD-induced Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mice. In vitro, L-theanine also significantly alleviated OA induced hepatocytes steatosis. Mechanic studies showed that L-theanine significantly inhibited the nucleus translocation of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) through AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway, thereby contributing to the reduction of fatty acid synthesis. We also identified that L-theanine enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation by increasing the expression of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α (PPARα) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 A (CPT1A) through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Furthermore, our study indicated that L-theanine can active AMPK via its upstream kinase Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-β (CaMKKβ). Conclusions: Taken together, our findings suggest that L-theanine alleviates nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis by regulating hepatocyte lipid metabolic pathways via the CaMKKβ-AMPK signaling pathway.
Secondary Metabolites Evaluation On Medicago Sativa L. Plants Treated By (Fe, Ag, Cu)-TiO2 Nanostructured Materials Towards Sustainable Agriculture.
Authors: Páramo Luis , Feregrino-Pérez Ana Angélica , Guevara-González Ramón Gerardo , Vega-González Marina , Escobar-Alarcón Luis , Esqu Karen
Published: September 2021

The present study analyzed Medicago sativa L. crops irrigated by TiO2 in the anatase phase and TiO2 doped with Ag, Fe, Cu ions at 0.1%w synthesized by the sol-gel method (SG) and the sol-gel coupled with microwaves (Mw-SG). The materials were added to the irrigation water at different concentrations (50, 100, and 500 ppm). Affectation levels were observed by measuring stem morphology, chlorophyll content, secondary metabolite content (total phenolic, flavonoids), and antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical assay. The results revealed a reduction in stem and leave size at different concentrations and chlorophyll content, showing no correspondence with the applied dose. Nanostructured materials in the soil generated nitrogen, boron, and potassium deficiencies observed in leaves. No linear effect related to the increase in total gallic acid, rutin content, and antioxidant activity dependent on concentration was determined. The stress factor depended on the dopant type, generating different stress levels at the three organs investigated (leaves, roots, stem). The metabolite augmentation was mainly obtained at 100 and 500 ppm for both synthesis methods.
Niche-Specialist And Age-Related Microbial Ecosystem: Correlation Analysis With Immune Cells In Oral Homeostasis
Authors: Lin Dongjia , Yang Lisa , Hu Qiannan , Wang Dikan , Dai Wenxiao , Xiao Yiwei , Lu Huanzi , Fang Juan , Wang Zhi
Published: September 2021

Background: The oral microbial ecosystem, with distinct characteristics in structure and evolution, plays an important role in the mucosal homeostasis. The characterization of baseline microbial and functional diversity in the oral microbiome has been discussed, yet the taxon-taxon relationships, and the role of the microbes themselves to the host mucosa are still lack of discussing. In addition, the current literature seems insufficient to draw a definitive conclusion about a possible impact of ageing on the oral microbiota. Therefore, the study focuses on the spatial and temporal characteristics of the oral microbial ecosystem, and its correlation with immune cell in oral homeostasis. Results: The V3V4 region of 16S rRNA gene of 30 samples from different sites (gingiva, palate, buccal, tongue) and life stages (adult, old) was analyzed. Flow cytometry was used to investigate the residing immune cells. The niche-specialist and age-related communities, characterized by alterations in microbiota structure, taxon-taxon relationship, microbial functions, and immune cell inhabiting, have been addressed. Interestingly, network analysis shows more antagonistic interactions in gingiva, palatal site, and old mice saliva, where harbor a richer diversity. While in buccal mucosa and tongue, it appears more synergic interactions to maintain the ecosystem balance. Functional analysis reveals that the significant factor that determines the niche for a microbe is its local habitat in the content of one specific age, which includes its immediate neighbors. Correlation analysis suggests strong associations between distinct oral bacteria and Th cells exist in different life stages. Conclusions: Our findings propose that the oral microbial ecosystem, with niche-specialist and age-related characteristics, has unique evolution and co-evolution with the host to maintain oral homeostasis, which provides critical insights on mucosal microbiology.
Role of Three Dimensional Doppler Ultrasonography And Leukemia Inhibitory Factor From Endometrial Secretion In Predicting Clinical Pregnancy In IVF Treatment
Authors: Sini Ivan , Handayani Nining , MD Ph.D Hara Alida , Boediono Arief , Wiweko Budi , Hadisaputra Wachyu , Soebijanto Soegiharto , Aprilliana Tri , Polim Arie Adrianus , Pradana Aryando
Published: September 2021

PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the potential synergistic role of three-dimensional power Doppler angiography ultrasound and the expression of Leukemia Inhibitory factor (LIF) protein in predicting the endometrial receptivity of fresh In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) cycles. Materials and methods This prospective study involved 29 good prognosis women who underwent fresh IVF cycles with fresh blastocysts transfer. Serial measurements of sub-endometrial parameters via power Doppler angiography including vascularity index (VI), flow index (FI), and vascularization flow index (VFI) were conducted consecutively on the day of oocyte maturation trigger, ovum pick-up, and blastocyst transfer. Aspiration of endometrial secretion was performed on the day of embryo transfer. ResultsAfter performing multiple logistic regression analyses, the mean index of VI on the trigger day and LIF protein concentration at the window of implantation was significantly higher in clinically pregnant women than that of the non-pregnant women (p <0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of LIF concentration was shown to have a powerful predictive value to forecast clinical pregnancy (0.884, p <0.05), with a cut-off value of 713 pg/mL. Likewise, VI index on the trigger day was adequate to become a predictor for the pregnancy event (AUC 0.803, the cut-off value >5.381, p<0.05). A combination of both variables utilizing the cut-off value was adequate for the differentiation of pregnant and non-pregnant cases (p <0.05). ConclusionVI index assessed on trigger day and the expression of LIF protein concentration at the window of implantation provided sufficient information to predict endometrial receptivity.
Preventative Effects of 1-Methyl-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives (N-Functional Group Loading) On MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism In Mice
Authors: Munakata Hiroko , Ishikawa Risa , Saitoh Toshiaki , Kambe Toshie , Chiba Terumasa , Taguchi Kyoji , Abe Kenji
Published: September 2021

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) is endogenously present in human brain, and some of its derivatives are thought to contribute to the induction of Parkinson’s disease (PD)-like symptoms in rodents and primates. In contrast, the endogenous TIQ derivative 1-methyl-TIQ (1-MeTIQ) is reported to be neuroprotective. In the present study, we compared the effects of artificially modified 1-MeTIQ derivatives (loading an N-propyl, N-propenyl, N-propargyl, or N-butynyl group) on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD-like symptoms in mice. In a behavioral study, MPTP-induced bradykinesia was significantly decreased by all compounds. However, only 1-Me-N-propargyl-TIQ showed an inhibitory effect by blocking the MPTP-induced reduction in striatal dopamine content and the number of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells. Western blot analysis showed that 1-Me-N-propargyl-TIQ and 1-Me-N-butynyl-TIQ potently prevented the MPTP-induced decrease in dopamine transporter expression, whereas 1-MeTIQ and 1-Me-N-propyl-TIQ did not. Induction of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) by MPTP in the substantia nigra was significantly suppressed by not only 1-Me-N-propargyl-TIQ and 1-Me-N-butynyl-TIQ, but also by 1-Me-N-propyl-TIQ; in contrast, 1-Me-N-propenyl-TIQ had no effect. These results suggest that although loading an N-propargyl group on 1-MeTIQ clearly enhanced neuroprotective effects, other N-functional groups showed distinct pharmacological properties characteristic of their functional groups. Thus, the number of bonds and length of the N-functional group may contribute to the observed differences in effect.
Screening of Bacteria in the Biodegradation of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (LBAS) From Car Wash Waste Water in Tehran (Iran)
Authors: Fakhar Vida , Ghasemi Hanieh , Naghmachi Mohsen , Amini Javid , Amirmahani Farzane , Danaei Marzieh
Published: September 2021

Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) is a substance used as a surfactant in anionic detergents. Today, it is the most widely used surfactant in detergent products after soap. The aim of this study was to screen effective isolates for the degradation of LABS from car wash effluents in Tehran (Iran). In this study, 10 effluent samples were randomly collected from car washes in Tehran (Iran). Isolation of mesophilic aerobic bacteria was performed by direct and pre-enrichment culture techniques. Biodegradation of sodium dodecyl sulfonate by isolates and turbidity was investigated by methylene blue active substance (MBAS) method, and the superior strain was identified by molecular method (Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR), which approximately 86% of the material was degrade by the bacterial isolate, and the isolate was identified as Bacillus licheniformis.The results of MBAS method showed that the rate of LBAS degradation by bacteria was 86%, which indicates the high power of this bacterium to degrade LABS from sewage systems (car wash effluents). It was also shown that the concentration of LABS during 8 days of biodegradation period by this bacterium decreased from 80%, which indicates a significant decrease in LABS by Bacillus licheniformis. According to our results, Bacillus licheniformis can be used to dagrade LABS and its degradation in wastewater treatment systems of car wash effluents whose effluents are based on alkyl benzene sulfonates.
CHA2DS2-VASc, a Simple Clinical Score Expanding Its Boundaries To Predict Contrast Induced Acute Kidney Injury After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Batra Mahesh Kumar , Khowaja Sanam , Ammar Ali , Kumar Ashok , Mengal Muhammad Naeem , Naqvi Syeda Kahkashan Zehra , Sial Jawaid Akbar , Saghir Tahir , Karim Musa
Published: September 2021

Background
Promising results of CHA2DS2-VASc score have been reported for the prediction of contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, data of its predictive strength in the context of primary PCI is not available. Therefore, in this study, we have assessed predictive value of CHA2DS2-VASc score for CIN after primary PCI.
Methodology
: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2021 and June 2021 at the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi, Pakistan. Inclusion criteria of the study was consecutive adult patients undergone primary PCI. Baseline CHA2DS2-VASc score was calculated and either 25% or 0.5 mg/dL increase in post-procedure serum creatinine level as compared to baseline level was categorized as CIN.
Results
A total of 691 patients were included, of which 82.1% (567) were male. CIN after primary PCI was observed in 63 (9.1%) patients out of which 66.7% (42) patients had CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≥ 2. The area under the curve (AUC) for the score was 0.725 [0.662 to 0.788] with sensitivity and specificity of 66.7% [63.1–70.2%] and 66.7% [53.7–78.1%] respectively at cut-off value of ≥ 2. In multivariable analysis, left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 30% and CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 2 were found to be independent predictors with adjusted odds ratios of 2.19 [1.06–4.5] and 2.13 [1.13–4.01] respectively.
Conclusions
CHA2DS2-VASc score has good predictive value for the prediction of CIN after primary PCI. Criteria of CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 2 can be used for the risk stratification of CIN after primary PCI.
Epidemiology and Impact of Thoracic Trauma on the Mortality of Multi-trauma Patients: Results From a French Road Trauma Registry 1997-2016
Authors: Benhamed Axel , Ndiaye Amina , Emond Marcel , Lieutaud Thomas , Douplat Marion , Gossiome Amaury , Laumon Bernard , Gadegbeku Blandine , Tazarourte Karim
Published: September 2021

Thoracic trauma is the third most common cause of death in multi-trauma patients. One of the most frequent mechanism is road traffic accident (RTA). The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of severe (abbreviated injury scale, AIS≥3) injuries in each body region on the mortality of multi-trauma patients with a particular attention to thoracic trauma. We also described the epidemiology and injury pattern of these patients when presenting with at least one AIS ≥2 thoracic injury (AISThorax≥2). Patients included in the Rhône RTA registry between 1997 and 2016, with at least one AIS ≥2 injury in any body region were included. Two subgroups were defined according to whether patients presented at least one AISThorax≥2 injury or not. Multivariate regression analysis with mortality as outcome was performed. A total of 46,526 patients had at least one AIS≥2 injury, among them 6,382 (13.7%) had at least one AISThorax≥2 injury. Severe thoracic injuries (OR=12.2, 95%CI [8.4;17.7]) were strongly associated with death, second to severe head injuries were (OR=26.8, 95%CI [20.4;35.2]). Chest wall injuries were the most frequent thoracic injury (62.1%, n=5,419) and 52.4% of these were multiple rib fractures. Severe thoracic injury is a priority in multi-trauma patients; both in the detection but also in the management.
Preparedness for Emergency Events Among Patients with Chronic Diseases in China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Wang Hui , Liu Yu , Du Meichen , Zhang Ping , Yu Xiaoyan
Published: September 2021

Background

Large-scale emergencies hurt the chronically ill immensely. Improving personal emergency preparedness is an effective means to protect themself. Our objective is to evaluate the emergency preparedness level and its influencing factors among patients with chronic diseases in China.
Methods

A paper-based self-administrated questionnaire collected data. Descriptive statistics and univariate analysis were used to illustrate the chronically ill's general characteristics and preparedness level. Regression models were constructed to identify influencing factors of preparedness.
Results

A total of 771 samples were included. Only 23% of respondents prepared three days of water, three days of food, available flashlights, and available radios. 50% were equipped with three-day prescription drugs. Patients with chronic respiratory diseases or cancer were less prepared (p < 0.01). Patients who were never married or married (compared with widowed, divorced, or separated); had junior high school degrees (compared with a college degree and above); had monthly household incomes of more than 10,000 yuan; suffered from two or above chronic diseases, often and rarely discussed emergencies with families (compared with never); perceived learning emergency-related information as essential; participated in emergency drills; believed their families have prepared; and had high levels of mental health are more likely to have the four preparations. Factors related to higher levels of prescription drug reserve include owning junior high school or high school degrees, having two or above chronic diseases, being sick for five to nine years (compared to less than or equal to one year), being interested in gathering information about the emergency response, and perceived learning emergency-related information is crucial.​
Conclusion

Patients with chronic diseases have a low level of emergency preparedness. Public health officials should formulate tailored policies, information, and intervention measures that target chronically ill patients to improve their emergency preparedness, particularly those with low income, low mental health, divorce, widowhood, or separation.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients: A Meta-Analysis Based On a 2-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Chen Chang-Gan , Xi Bei-Bei , Deng Qiu-Feng , Zhang Xin-Yuan , Lin Wei-Cheng , Chen Liang-Wan , Qiu Zhi-Huang
Published: September 2021

Background: Previous studies have shown that transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is the best alternative therapy to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in high-risk surgical patients with aortic stenosis (AS). However, it is not clear whether TAVI can be utilised in low-risk surgical patients with AS. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TAVI in low-risk patients.Methods: From the outset of our initiative until June 2021, PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane were thoroughly searched, yielding the selection of 3 randomised controlled trials including 2633 patients with AS, to assess outcome measures at distinct follow-up time periods. Results: The mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality score of patients was 2.2. At the 30-day and 1-year follow-up, TAVI was associated with a lower incidence of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, acute kidney injury (stage 2 or 3), life-threatening or significant bleeding, and new atrial fibrillation (NAF), but an increased risk of permanent pacemaker implantation. At the 2-year follow-up, TAVI only had an advantage in NAF (RR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.14–0.51; P＜0.0001) without any significant difference in any of the other outcome measures.Conclusions: For low-risk surgical patients with AS, the efficacy of TAVI was superior to that of SAVR by the 30-day and 1-year follow-up. This was most evident by the 2-year follow-up, except for the advantages of NAF, with no other significant differences.
Domestic Violence During the COVID-19 Confinement: Do Victims Feel more Socially Isolated?
Authors: Drieskens Sabine , Braekman Elise , De Ridder Karin , Gisle Lydia , Charafeddine Rana , Hermans Lize , Demarest Stefaan
Published: September 2021

Background
Since March 13th 2020, confinement measures have been introduced in Belgium to curb the spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19). These measures also have an impact on people’s daily life (closure of school/businesses, teleworking, recommendation to stay at home…). This can cause stress on social, economic and psychological levels and thereby can trigger domestic violence. Besides, confinement also fosters social isolation, which can complicate help seeking behaviour. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of domestic violence during the coronavirus crisis and to assess whether victims of domestic violence experienced more social isolation than nonvictims.
Methods
Several online COVID-19 health surveys were organised among Belgian residents aged 18 + via snowball sampling. This study is based on the second (April 2020) and the sixth survey (March 2021). After excluding 1-person households and missing data, the sample size was respectively 25,251 and 12,589. Weighted prevalence of domestic violence was evaluated for the two surveys. The association (OR (95% CI)) between domestic violence and subjective social isolation was assessed with logistic regression stratified by survey, adjusted for covariates and taking post-stratification weights into account.
Results
In April 2020, 4.0% of the adult population reported being a victim of domestic violence (1.2% in the health interview survey 2018); in March 2021, this was 6.2%. In April 2020, victims of domestic violence had a higher odds of perceived weak social support (2.23 (1.76–2.82)) and of having less confidence in health care services (1.78 (1.21–2.63)). In March 2021, victims had a higher odds of perceived weak social support (1.98 (1.27–3.09)), but also of being unsatisfied with their social contacts (1.81 (1.16–2.84)) and of perceived social (2.70 (1.77–4.13)) and emotional loneliness (2.40 (1.45–3.97)).
Conclusions
Compared to 2018, more people reported domestic violence since the coronavirus crisis. Victims of domestic violence feel more often socially isolated. Although confinement is needed to counteract the virus, it can put people in a dangerous situation since they do not get the help they need. Therefore, adequate support is essential.
Phosphorylation of Cellulose in the Presence of Urea. Mechanism of Reaction and Reagent Impact.
Authors: Belosinschi Dan , Benkaddour Abdelhaq , Tofanica Bogdan-Marian , Ngo TriDung
Published: September 2021

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Mercury Accumulation in Terrestrial Food Chains of the Liaohe Estuary Wetlands
Authors: wang yuqi , Dongmei Zheng , Huanchi Ma , Huiying Li , Bing Wang
Published: September 2021

Mercury is a global pollutant that can accumulate in organisms and endanger human health. This paper studied the soil, plants and animals in the light beach, Suaeda wing wetland, reed wetland and rice field in the Liaohe Estuary in 2018 and 2019, and determined the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of animals and plants to construct the food chain. The results show that from 2018 to 2019, the accumulation of mercury in the soil of the light beach, Suaeda winged wetland and reed wetland of the Liaohe Estuary continued to increase, but the accumulation of mercury in paddy soil showed a decreasing trend; the mercury content in plant samples also showed a certain degree There is a positive correlation between the accumulation of mercury in the food chain and the construction of trophic levels in the food chain. Mercury can carry out efficient biomagnification and bioaccumulation through the food chain.