bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exceptionalism or Convergence? Euroscepticism and Party Systems in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Henderson Karen
Published: November 2023

In the new millennium, the Central and East European countries (CEECs) have begun to emerge clearly as subjects rather than objects of the European integration process, and the importance of examining Eurosceptic forces in this region has consequently increased enormously. The shift in the focus of academic and political debate on the CEECs as European Union (EU) members has been slow but steady, and has progressed through several stages.
Euroscepticism in Parliament: A Comparative Analysis of the European and National Parliaments
Authors: Katz Richard S
Published: November 2023

‘Euroscepticism ‘ is a relatively new term, although the general attitudes to which it refers—opposition to, or doubts about, the progress of the ‘European project ‘ are as old as the project itself.1 Certainly, one could say that it was ‘Euroscepticism ‘ that led Britain not to join the European Coal and Steel Community and that informed domestic opposition to entry into the European Economic Community (EEC)/European Communities (EC)/European Union (EU) within each of the states that has joined since then—and, of course, in countries such as Norway, where referenda have rejected accession to the EU.
Introduction
Authors: Freeman Ray
Published: November 2023

If the man in the street has heard about magnetic resonance at all it is probably in the context of the ‘MRI scanner’, a large and expensive piece of equipment used to diagnose medical problems associated with the vital internal organs-the heart, brain, liver, kidney, etc. In his mind, he might well associate this machine with the earlier X-ray device, sometimes called the CT (computer-aided tomography) scanner. If ever he needs medical examination with a magnetic resonance scanner, he will be relieved to learn that it is a ‘non-invasive’ technique, in the sense that it does not involve the more usual exploratory surgery with a sharp knife. He should also feel reassured, because no ionizing radiation is involved, in contrast to X-ray procedures. To the medical fraternity X-ray scanning and magnetic resonance imaging are usually grouped under radiology, and they occupy the high technology end of medical practice, reminiscent of the wizardry visualized in certain science fiction films.
Christian Walks to Jerusalem: English Protestant Culture and the Emergence of Vernacular Orientalism
Authors: Bar-Yosef Eitan
Published: November 2023

Let us begin with an image that encapsulates the English fascination with the Holy Land: an image of a reader and a book. Many readers— and many books—come to mind. Consider, for example, Disraeli’s Tancred, who, just before embarking on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, spends many a delightful afternoon with the enchanting Lady Bertie, travelling together through the crisp landscapes of David Roberts’s Syrian drawings. Or recall the young Philip, the orphaned hero of W. Somerset Maugham’s Of Human Bondage, whose dreary Sabbath is suddenly brightened when his aunt brings him an old picture book of the Holy Land, ‘a romantic narrative of some Eastern traveller of the thirties, pompous maybe, but fragrant with the emotion with which the East came to the generation that followed Byron and Chateaubriand’. And then there is Clara, the North Yorkshire protagonist of Margaret Drabble’s Jerusalem the Golden, who finds solace in the words of the Sunday hymnal by envisioning ‘not the pearly gates and crystal walls and golden towers of some heavenly city, but some truly terrestrial paradise, where beautiful people in beautiful houses spoke of beautiful things’.
William Empson
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

William Empson was the foremost English literary critic of the twentieth century. He was a man of huge energy and curiosity, and a genuine eccentric who remained imperturbable in the face of all the extraordinary circumstances in which he found himself. The discovery of contraceptives in his possession by a bedmaker at Cambridge University led to his being robbed of a promised Fellowship. Yet Seven Types of Ambiguity, drafted while he was still an undergraduate, promptly brought him world-wide fame. Empson invented modern literary criticism in English. He acted too as a cultural fifth-columnist, challenging received doctrine in life and literature. ‘It is a very good thing for a poet … to be saying something which is considered very shocking at the time,’ he maintained. ‘To become morally independent of one’s formative society … is the grandest theme of all literature, because it is the only means of moral progress.’ His public life took him through many of the major political events of the modern world — the rise of imperialism in Japan, the Sino-Japanese war in China, wartime propaganda for the BBC, and the Chinese civil war and Communist takeover of Peking in 1949. His friends and critical sparring partners included I. A. Richards, Kathleen Raine, J. B. S. Haldane, Humphrey Jennings, George Orwell, Robert Lowell, Dylan Thomas, Stephen Spender, Helen Gardner, and T. S. Eliot. ‘It is of great importance now that writers should try to keep a certain world-mindedness,’ he insisted. ‘Without the literatures you cannot have a sense of history, and history is like the balancing-pole of the tightrope-walker … ; and nowadays we very much need the longer balancing-pole of not national but world history.’ His passionate world-mindedness, and his humanism, combativeness, and wit, are fully in evidence in this, the first of two volumes exploring his remarkable life and work.
Socrates’ Mission
Authors: Klosko George
Published: November 2023

Plato’s political theory had its origin in the mission of moral reform undertaken by Socrates, which is described in the Apology and depicted in a number of the early dialogues. We see that the development of Plato’s political thought is complex. Though he remained faithful to certain aspects of the end Socrates sought—though not others—Plato was forced to reject Socrates’ means as inadequate to attain that end. Plato eventually came to question some of Socrates’ basic assumptions, especially psychological ones, and this led to major changes throughout his political theory. In examining the Socrates of Plato’s early dialogues, then, we must pay special attention to three things: (a) the end Socrates sought; (b) the means he employed; and (c) certain basic assumptions he made, especially concerning moral psychology, that enabled him to proceed in his inimitable fashion. We discuss Socratic psychology in detail in the next chapter. This chapter will be devoted to Socrates’ end and means.
The Current Significance of Risk
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter , Zinn Jens O
Published: November 2023

Risk is to do with uncertainties: possibilities, chances, or likelihoods of events, often as consequences of some activity or policy. As such, risk has always accompanied the development of human society (Sahlins 1974; Garnsey 1988; Gallant 1991). Harvest failure, pestilence, migrations, new currents in religion, technological developments, and the unforeseen consequences of urbanization have all exerted a powerful and typically unpredicted influence on the problems and difficulties we face.
The image of law in Politics Among Nations
Authors: Jütersonke Oliver
Published: November 2023

Interest in ‘classical’ variants of the realist school in IR theory has recently gone beyond realism’s typical functions of acting as a surrogate for qualifying standard arguments and providing a convenient point of departure from which to launch one’s own diverging theory or approach. By and large, this renewed substantive appeal stems from a dissatisfaction with the way mainstream schools of thought in IR (broadly categorized into neorealist, constructivist, and liberal-institutionalist approaches) fail to pay enough attention to the production of foreign policy, from the sense that rational choice approaches are unable to adequately explain cooperation, and from an overall feeling that in the face of a single super-power waging a ‘war on terror’, IR theory requires a return to ethics and insights from the humanities.
The balance of power in Politics Among Nations
Authors: Little Richard
Published: November 2023

Although Morgenthau is regularly identified as the father of modern realism, and the precursor of neoclassical realism, there have been few systematic attempts to unpack the theory that is embedded in his central text Politics Among Nations.2 The more prevalent tendency has been to ransack the text, looking for quotations that expose a reductionist view of politics. Donnelly, for example, draws on selected quotations to identify Morgenthau as a biological realist.
Mapping Policy Preferences ii
Authors: Klingemann Hans-dieter , Volkens Andrea , Bara Judith L , Budge Ian , McDonald Michael d.
Published: November 2023

This book is probably the most important source of evidence published up to now on the consolidation of democracy in Eastern Europe. It provides estimates of party positions, voter preferences and government policy from election programmes collected systematically for 51 countries from 1990 onwards. Time-series are presented in the text. This also reports party life histories (essential to over time analyses) and provides updated and newly validated vote statistics. All this information and much more is available on the devoted website described in the book. The final chapter gives instructions on how to access the data on your own computer. For comparative purposes, similar estimates of policy and preferences are given for CEE, OECD and EU countries. These estimates update the prize-winning data set covered in Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors and Governments 1945-1998 - also published by OUP. A must-buy for all commentators, students and analysts of democracy, in Eastern Europe and the world.
Optimum Experimental Designs, with SAS
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

Experiments on patients, processes or plants all have random error, making statistical methods essential for their efficient design and analysis. This book presents the theory and methods of optimum experimental design, making them available through the use of SAS programs. Little previous statistical knowledge is assumed. The first part of the book stresses the importance of models in the analysis of data and introduces least squares fitting and simple optimum experimental designs. The second part presents a more detailed discussion of the general theory and of a wide variety of experiments. The book stresses the use of SAS to provide hands-on solutions for the construction of designs in both standard and non-standard situations. The mathematical theory of the designs is developed in parallel with their construction in SAS, so providing motivation for the development of the subject. Many chapters cover self-contained topics drawn from science, engineering and pharmaceutical investigations, such as response surface designs, blocking of experiments, designs for mixture experiments and for nonlinear and generalized linear models. Understanding is aided by the provision of “SAS tasks” after most chapters as well as by more traditional exercises and a fully supported website. The authors are leading experts in key fields and this book is ideal for statisticians and scientists in academia, research and the process and pharmaceutical industries.
Experiments With Both Qualitative And Quantitative Factors
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the design of experiments when the response depends on both qualitative and quantitative factors. For instance, in Example 1.2 there are two quantitative variables, naphthenic oil and filler level, and one qualitative variable, kind of filler, taking three levels because as many fillers were used in the experiment. Likewise, an experiment on a new drug may involve the quantitative factors of composition and dosage as well as the qualitative factor of mode of administration (orally or by injection).
Transgenerational Justice-Compensatory Versus Interpretative Approaches*
Authors: Loury Glenn C
Published: November 2023

Should African Americans, in keeping with an idea of transgenerational justice, receive ‘reparations’ for the historical crimes of slavery and Jim Crow segregation? That question is being asked with growing intensity across America. If one understands by reparations the receipt of financial transfers as compensation for historical crimes, my answer to this question is a resounding, ‘No: On the other hand, if one intends by such advocacy to urge on the American people a sober reflection on and reinterpretation of those aspects of our history which gave rise to the current extent of unequal social and economic standing between racially defined subgroups of American society, my answer is a tentative, hopeful, ‘Yes’.
chapter 4The Foundational Abstractions
Authors: Gallistel C R
Published: November 2023

By way of prelude, I make a rapid – and necessarily superficial – tour of familiar philosophical terrain, because the material on animal cognition that I then review has substantial bearing on long-standing philosophical issues of relevance to contemporary cognitive science.
chapter 12Uninterpretable Features in Syntactic Evolution
Authors: Uriagereka Juan
Published: November 2023

As all of you know, every time I listen to a talk by Randy Gallistel, I think I have made a career mistake – I should have studied a different animal. But anyway, in the interests of interdisciplinarity, I will talk about human animals, in particular a puzzle that arises in them when considered from the minimalist viewpoint. This might offer a perspective that could be interesting for the general issues of evolution and cognition that we have been discussing.
Conclusion
Authors: Chomsky Noam
Published: November 2023

First of all, I’m here over my own strong objections. When I saw the program I wrote to Massimo and said that I’m not the right person to do this so somebody else ought to, and I suggested that he ought to because he’s the one person who covers all of these topics and I don’t. But he’s very persuasive, so I fell for it, and that just made it even worse. He said I should go on as long as I liked. My children used to have a line; if they asked a question they used to say, “Please, just the five-minute lecture.” So I’ll just go on until you shut me up.
Policy Performance and Support for European Integration
Authors: Mikhaylov Slava , Marsh Michael
Published: November 2023

Following Easton ‘s conceptual framework discussed in the introductory chapter, a hierarchical relationship exists between three objects of support: output support, support for institutions, and support for the community. The latter two objects of support are examined in turn in two subsequent chapters on trust in European political institutions and the relationship between citizenship and identity in the European Community. This chapter focuses on the first object of support – support derived from the accrued material benefits of EU membership.
In Conclusion: The Legitimacy of the European Union after Enlargement
Authors: Thomassen Jacques
Published: November 2023

In this volume we have tried to assess the legitimacy of the European Union (EU) after enlargement using two different methods. The first method involves evaluating the functioning of the political system of the EU against a set of criteria deduced from the normative theory of democracy and more specifically from the model of party government. This model has the major advantage in that it can be formulated as a number of requirements that can be used as benchmarks to assess the quality of a system of political representation. In the first part of the book (Chapters 2 through 5) we systematically evaluated to what extent the system of political representation of the EU meets the requirements of the party governmentmodel. In the next section we summarize our findings with regard to each of these requirements.
pessimistic realism and realistic pessimism
Authors: Dienstag Joshua Foa
Published: November 2023

‘Realism’ and ‘Pessimism’ are two words that exist in a strangely symbiotic relation with one another on a scale of respectability that neither quite wants to admit. ‘Pessimism’ is an expression often deployed to denigrate realism. It functions as a term of abuse to transform the clear-eyed into the sour-faced. Realists are always fighting off accusations of pessimism and insisting that, like the weatherman forecasting a hurricane, they merely fulfil their moral duty to offer an accurate account of a dire situation. Doubtless realists resent those who accuse them of pessimism. Yet perhaps they do not always mind the implied threat that the term carries, as if pessimism were the dangerous elder sibling that a realist might keep in reserve in case his or her predictions were insufficiently respected.
Pariah Politics
Authors: Saggar Shamit
Published: November 2023

Pariah Politics breaks new ground in examining the issue of western Islamist extremism from the perspective of government. It links underlying causes to the capacity of governments to respond directly and to influence others. The book contains four main messages. Focusing on causes, not symptoms. The book identifies four big causal drivers: settled disadvantage, social isolation, grievance and oppositional cultures, and the volatile dynamics of global Islam. Governments can hope to influence the first two, using existing and innovative policy levers. The scope to make big changes in the latter two is severely limited. The circle of tacit support. Action by government to counter terrorism has relied too heavily on security policy measures to intercept or disrupt men of violence. This emphasis is misplaced. Though important, this fails to address the moral oxygen for violence and confrontation that exists within Muslim communities. Better focus and better levers. Ministers and officials need to think and act smart. They need to push ahead with social inclusion policies to broaden opportunity. They need to make more use of community-based strategies to isolate extremism. They need to promote civil society actions so that affected communities can take control of their own reputational future. And, they desperately need to avoid making things worse. Reputations matter. The pariah status of western Muslims has worsened by the fallout from terrorism. Few have anything good to say about western Muslims; still fewer can imagine an optimistic future. Yet earlier demonised groups, such as Jews or Asian refugees, have overcome significant hurdles, moving from pariahs to paragons. A credible willingness to tackle extremism is the most important first step to a reputational turnaround.
Setting up - equipment for laboratory fermentation
Authors: McNeil Brian , Harvey Linda M
Published: November 2023

When considering the setting up of a laboratory for fermentation, a number of points should be kept in mind. Scale of operation. Clearly, at the bench-top scale (up to 3 litres volume), little additional adaptation would be required in a standard microbiology laboratory. Many of the items of ancillary equipment, such as tubing, clamps, pumps, and shakers, are common to all scales of operation. Larger-volume fermenters (usually mounted on skids, trolleys, or frames) require more extensive preplanning of the operational area. Such fermenters, from 5-50 litres working volume, might well be termed research scale; anything larger would come into the category of a small pilot plant. Research- or laboratory-scale fermenters will be covered in more depth in Chapter 2.
Sterilization
Authors: Kent C A , Dawson M K , Hearle D C , Weale D J
Published: November 2023

Whether the purpose is for academic research, process or product development, or some other use, laboratory fermentations will generally be carried out in a controlled environment. This must provide for the growth of the desired organism or organisms and the production of a desired product. Sterilization is usually a vital part of the overall fermentation procedure enabling these objectives to be met. In this chapter, we shall outline the range of sterilization options available and factors affecting the choice of an option, along with the major procedures to be followed in preparing for and carrying out the sterilization. Whereas the scope of the applications envisaged is intended to be as wide as possible, the emphasis of this chapter will be on monoseptic microbiological fermentations, or at least those involving a defined microbial population.
Morphological stages of postimplantation Embryonic development
Authors: Kaufman Matthew H
Published: November 2023

The principal aim of this chapter is to present a comprehensive account of embryonic development during the postimplantation period, using scanning electron micrographs to illustrate external morphology, and histological sections to show internal structure. A brief description of the methods used to prepare the wax histological sections is included; techniques for scanning electron microscopy are described in Chapter 6.
Studying developmental mechanisms in intact embryos
Authors: Copp Andrew J
Published: November 2023

A major aim of developmental biologists is to understand, in cellular and molecular terms, the mechanisms that underlie morphogenetic events. Such an understanding contributes to our knowledge of both normal and abnormal embryonic development and may shed light on the origin of congenital malformations.
High-resolution 1H and 13C NMR
Authors: Gunstone Frank D
Published: November 2023

This chapter is intended to show how structural information can be obtained from high-resolution 1H and 13C NMR spectra of fatty compounds. There is no description of NMR theory or of the instruments required to produce spectra. It is assumed that the researcher has obtained a spectrum and wants to know what information can be derived from it. The following discussion is based on the results obtained with a 200-300 mHz field for 1H spectra and the ability to enhance 13C spectra when required. 1H spectra contain less information than 13C spectra but the former provide better quantitative data. The quantitative aspects of a 13C spectrum can be improved by adjusting delay times and/or by the addition of chemicals which promote relaxation.
Viruses
Authors: Hull Roger
Published: November 2023

Viruses are ideal subjects for study using molecular biological techniques because of their relative simplicity. This section describes both the range of known plant viruses and how to purify and characterize a new virus.
Selection of Variants of Antibodies and other Protein Molecules Using Display on the Surface of Bacteriophage Fd
Authors: Jackson Ronald H , Mccafferty John , Johnson Kevin S , Pope Anthony R , Roberts Andrew J , Chiswell David J , Clackson Timothy P , Griffiths Andrew D , Hoogenboom, Hennie R , Winter Greg
Published: November 2023

1. Introduction In recent years, recombinant DNA technology has allowed the generation of cloned genes for large numbers of closely related proteins. The researcher then faces the problem of selecting, from a population, a gene encoding a protein with desired properties. An example of wide interest is the isolation of specific antibodies from libraries of cloned antibody genes, derived using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), from immunized or non-immunized animals. Also, random mutagenesis techniques can be used to make large numbers of derivatives of a cloned protein, from which a variant with desired improved characteristics needs to be selected. Display of protein molecules on the surface of bacteriophage (1) provides a powerful method of selecting a desired protein, from a mixture of closely related proteins, together with the gene encoding it. This ability to co-select proteins and their genes has been exploited to enable the isolation of high-affinity antigen-specific antibodies derived from an immunized mouse (2).
Immunological detection of aflatoxin B1-DNA and AFB1-serum albumin adducts in rat and human tissues
Authors: Harrison Joanne C , Carvajal Magda , Garner R Colin
Published: November 2023

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of the moulds Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus and are commonly found as food contaminants. Toxin production is favoured by the warm, moist environments of tropical and subtropical countries and is enhanced still further by poor crop storage. The aflatoxins pose a hazard to populations in the West through the consumption and, in the case of dust-producing crops,2 the handling of contaminated food. There is also evidence that Westerners are exposed to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in dairy products and meat from cattle fed aflatoxincontaminated grain.
Inverse polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Silver Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The PCR method requires the use of primers complementary to opposite strands of DNA and oriented so that primer extension proceeds 5’ to 3’ from each primer towards the other primer. The essential consequence of this configuration is that newly synthesized DNA strands contain a binding site for the opposite primer at their 3’-ends. Primer extension products can then serve as templates in the next round of DNA synthesis, and repeated cycles of melting, annealing, and primer extension lead to exponential amplification of the segment of DNA encompassing the two primers.
General applications of PCR to gene cloning and manipulation
Authors: Clackson Tim , Güssow Detlef , Jones Peter T
Published: November 2023

One of the most common applications of PCR is the extraction and manipulation of genes or gene families of known sequence. Such genes can be accessed directly from crude DNA or RNA sources, and amplified by one of a variety of PCR techniques to obtain a suitable product. Subsequent molecular engineering and clone screening steps can also largely be replaced with PCR-based approaches that afford major savings in time, effort, and cost. In particular, DNA segments can be spliced together precisely without the need for convenient restriction sites opening up new possibilities. Of the various ‘PCR engineering’ techniques that have recently been reported, we have chosen to concentrate on those that are in frequent and successful use in our laboratory. Examples are taken from our experience of cloning immunoglobulin V-region gene segments, and in manipulating whole antibody genes.
Semi-quantitative PCR for the analysis of gene expression
Authors: Dallman Margaret J , Porter Andrew C G
Published: November 2023

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an invaluable technique for the analysis of gene expression since mRNA reverse transcribed into cDNA may be subjected to conventional PCR amplification. This is particularly useful when analysing low abundance mRNAs or when limiting amounts of material are available (see Chapter 10). For certain situations there is clearly a need for an approach that will quantitate the amount of a particular mRNA in the initial sample. Despite the sometimes unpredictable quantities of material obtained in PCR, two methods have been reported for the quantitation of mRNA. In both methods, an internal standard target sequence, which may be either DNA or RNA, is used as a control although clearly the use of RNA rather than DNA provides a control not only for the amplification, but also for cDNA synthesis.
The collagens of cartilage (types II, IX, X, and XI) and the type IX related collagens of other tissues (types XII and XIV)
Authors: Mayne Richard , Rest Michel Van Der , Bruckner, Peter , Schmid Thomas M
Published: November 2023

Cartilage is probably the most extensively studied of all connective tissues, and the functions (reviewed in references 1-3) of the different collagen types within the matrix are beginning to be understood. Collagen fibrils of cartilage are assembled from type II and type XI collagen with type IX collagen being located on the surface of the fibrils (see Figure 1 for the structure of cartilage collagens and procollagens). Type X collagen is synthesized only by hyper trophic cartilage and becomes associated with the collagen fibrils during development (4). Its function is unknown. Recently, two other collagens (designated type XII and type XIV) which are structurally related to type IX collagen and that are present in several connective tissues have been identified (2, 3). These two collagens are also present in articular cartilage but perhaps not in other cartilages (5). The methods used for isolating and characterizing type XII and type XIV collagens are similar to those used for type IX collagen, and these collagens have therefore been included in this chapter.
Enzymes involved in the post-translational processing of collagen
Authors: Berg Richard A
Published: November 2023

An affinity column technique for isolating enzymes or proteins bound to macromolecular substrates such as collagen was designed by covalently linking the macromolecule to a chromatography resin. This method has been developed for the purification of prolyl hydroxylase to homogeneity (1). The purified enzyme from a number of sources including chick embryos, human fibroblasts, and human liver was found to be a tetramer composed of two pairs of non-identical subunits α and β, (2). Recently it has been found that the pair of β, subunits of prolyl hydroxylase is identical to protein disulfide isomerase (3) which is non-covalently associated with the 2 α subunits of prolyl hydroxylase to produce an α2, β2 tetrameric structure.
Instrumentation and Pulse Sequences
Authors: Frenkiel T A
Published: November 2023

Despite having first been demonstrated over 40 years ago NMR is still in an exceptionally active state of development. Its range of applications is still widening and continual progress is being made in instrumentation and in experimental techniques. These technical advances have both fueled and been fueled by the growing interest in applying NMR to study biological macromolecules: as a result, the recent growth of biological NMR has been dramatic. Evidence of this growth and of the scope of biological NMR will be found in abundance in the following chapters.
Effects Of Chemical Exchange On NMR Spectra
Authors: Lian Lu-Yun , Roberts Gordon C K
Published: November 2023

In the context of NMR, ‘ chemical exchange’ refers to any process in which a nucleus exchanges between two or more environments in which its NMR parameters, (e.g. chemical shift, scalar coupling, or relaxation) differ. These may be intramolecular or intermolecular processes.
Morphology of the pancreatic β-cell
Authors: Pipeleers Daniel , Kiekens, Rita , Veld Peter In’t
Published: November 2023

The islet 13-cell population comprises less than 2 per cent of the volume of an adult mammalian pancreas (McEvoy 1981; Stefan et al. 1982; Rahier et al. 1983; Chen et al. 1989). Most insulin-containing cells occur in the islets of Langerhans, cell groups that are easily distinguished during microscopical inspection of the gland (Fig. 1). The pancreatic islets are scattered throughout the organ, with often a higher density in the tail region (Hellman 1970). Their size and number varies among species, and seems to be regulated by developmental, nutrient, and hormonal factors (Hellman 1959; Bonnevie-Nielsen et al. 1983). In the adult rat pancreas, islet sizes range from less than 50 µm to 500 µm, while estimates of their total numbers have exceeded 10 per organ (Lacy and Greider 1972). The small-sized islets are most numerous, but the islets larger than 150 µm represent more than 50 per cent of the total islet volume (Hellman et al. 1964). Virtually all in vitro studies have been conducted on large-sized islets as larger aggregates are preferentially selected by the isolation procedures developed by Hellerstrom (1964) and by Lacy and Kostianovsky (1967). It should thus be kept in mind that most in vitro data presently available for rodents are representative of the 13-cells that occur in the 200-500 largest islets of the pancreas (Fig. 2). Pancreatic 13-cells can also be encountered as single units outside the islets.
Mechanistn. of insulin secretion
Authors: Ashcroft Frances M , Ashcroft Stephen J H
Published: November 2023

Insulin release in vivo is regulated principally by the circulating glucose level together with extensive modulatory effects exerted by hormones, neurotransmitters, and other nutrients. The main agents capable of influencing insulin release, both physiologically and experimentally, are summarized in Fig. 1. These include initiators of secretion, such as metabolic substrates and the sulphonylureas, and a variety of substances that act to potentiate or inhibit the secretory response to an initiator. Of major importance are paracrine influences from adjacent non-[3-cells of the islet; these include glucagon, released from a-cells, and somatostatin, released from D-cells. Both neural inputs and gastrointestinal hormones may underlie the enhanced secretory response to oral, as opposed to intravenous, glucose loading. Pharmacological agents, in particular the sulphonylureas, also influence insulin secretion.
Physiological aspects of insulin action
Authors: Newsholme E A , Bevan S J , Dimitriadis, G D , Kelly R P
Published: November 2023

The wealth of information about metabolism that has accrued over the past 50 years and the large number of wall charts describing increasingly complex metabolic pathways have led to the view that most of general metabolism is solved and little further work needs to be done. Consequently, there is a feeling that current investigations in the metabolic field are old-fashioned and will not provide any novel information about how insulin controls metabolism, the cause of diabetes mellitus, or lead to an effective and efficient means for regulation of the blood glucose level; only the modern approach of molecular biology will do this. And yet, we are still uncertain as to which is the major metabolic process that controls the blood glucose level in response to a change in the insulin concentration. It is even possible to question whether changes in plasma insulin concentration actually play a physiological role in changing blood glucose concentration.
Mechanisms whereby insulin may regulate intracellular events
Authors: Denton Richard M , Tavare Jeremy M
Published: November 2023

As made clear in the preceding chapter, it is now beyond reasonable doubt that the initial event in the action of insulin is the binding of the hormone to a single class of receptors on the surface of the cells of target tissues, the most important of which are liver, fat, and muscle. This binding activates the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of the intracellular domain of the receptor, resulting in the rapid phosphorylation of tyrosines within first the receptor and then other intracellular proteins (Chapter 6). This chapter will be concerned with what happens beyond this first essential step in the insulin signalling systems which brings about the all important effects of the hormone on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism described in Chapter 5. It needs to be emphasized that, at the time of writing, there remain fundamental gaps in our understanding of these systems despite much research effort.
Aetiology of type I diabetes: itnmunological aspects
Authors: Christie Michael R , Semple, John W , Rapoport, Micha J , Delovitch Terry L
Published: November 2023

Insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes is the result of the specific loss of insulin secreting pancreatic [3-cells. It is now generally accepted that the disease is auto immune in nature, the destruction of the [3-cells occurring as the direct result of an aberrant auto-immune reaction against one or more components of these cells. The main pieces of evidence that point to such a mechanism are as follows:

The disease clearly has a genetic component (reviewed in Chapter 9) and at least one of the susceptibility genes maps to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and specifically to genes that encode molecules involved in the regulation of immune responses. Immune responsiveness is thus likely to be important in disease pathogenesis.
In vivo measurement of monoamine neurotransmitter release using brain microdialysis
Authors: Sharp Trevor , Zetterstrom Tyra
Published: November 2023

Not long after the discovery, in the 1950s, of mammalian brain neurons containing the monoamines noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), biochemical methods were established to monitor the level of monoaminergic neurotransmission and to help us understand how this is altered by psychotropic drugs and the physiological state. These biochemical methods included the measurement, in animal brain tissue, of rates of monoamine synthesis, as well as levels of monoamine metabolites and their rate of clearance. At the same time methods were also developed to measure the efflux of monoamine neurotransmitters from nerve terminals in brain tissue in vitro.
Gas chromatography instrumentation, operation, and experimental considerations
Authors: Tipler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Of all the analytical techniques, gas chromatography (GC) offers the largest choice of instrumental components. While this feature contributes to the enormous power and flexibility of the technique, it does present the analyst with the often daunting task of selecting and operating the optimum hardware configuration to suit a particular analysis. A good understanding of the choice of components and their operation is a prerequisite for a successful chromatographic analysis.
The diversity of lipid modifications of proteins
Authors: Turner Anthony J
Published: November 2023

Many cellular proteins undergo a variety of post-translational modifications, including proteolytic processing, glycosylation, and phosphorylation. Although lipid modification of proteins has been recognized for some time in the proteolipid class of proteins (1), it is only more recently that the considerable structural and functional diversity of such modifications has been appreciated. These include the covalent attachment of long-chain acyl groups, particularly myristate and palmitate, modification by long-chain prenyl groups and the C-terminal anchorage of proteins via glycosyl phosphatidylinositol moieties. Such modifications alter dramatically the hydrophobic character of proteins, facilitate their interaction with cell membranes and hence can play a role in cellular signalling events, cell targeting of proteins as well as growth and differentiation. Indeed, various key growth control proteins can be so modified; for example, guanylnucleotide binding (G) proteins, cell adhesion molecules, cell-surface receptors, and cytoskeletal proteins, as well as many viral proteins. Table 1 summarizes the major lipid modifications and provides a number of specific examples. More detailed discussion of the relevant processes and the proteins so modified are provided in the succeeding chapters. During the last few years some of the specific signals that direct lipid modifications have been revealed and the enzymology of these processes is being unravelled. Such enzymes provide potential targets for novel therapeutic agents, particularly in the control of cell growth and division.
Labelling of cell proteins with radioactive fatty acids and methods for studying palmitoyl-acyl transferase
Authors: Mcilhinney R A Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The fact that proteins are modified by the covalent attachment of fatty acids is now accepted. The number of proteins that are known to be so modified is rapidly growing and includes viral coat proteins, cell receptors, secreted proteins, and a large number of proteins involved in cell signalling or metabolic regulation. Indeed, it is the number of regulatory and viral proteins that have fatty acids covalently bound to them that has served to stimulate interest in this area of research. Proteins that have fatty acids attached to them are said to be acylated and, by analogy with the descriptor glycoprotein, they are termed acylproteins.
Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides
Authors: Zon Gerald , Stec Wojciech J
Published: November 2023

Phosphorothioate analogues of DNA and RNA have sulphur in place of oxygen as one of the non-bridging ligands bonded to phosphorus. Differential electroncgativity, bond length, and other factors involving sulphur vs. oxygen lead to unique physicochcmical features for this class of backbone-modified analogues, relative to native DNA and RNA.
Oligodeoxynucleotides With Reporter Groups Attached To The Base
Authors: Ruth Jerry L
Published: November 2023

The ability to attach reporter groups to nucleic acids has added much to our knowledge of nucleic acid structure and behaviour. Traditional non-isotopic labels developed for cloned DNA fragments used indirect labels such as biotin or haptens. These labels were detected after hybridization by binding to labelled avidin or antibodies. Such indirect reporter groups were used for very practical reasons-most of the methods for preparing cloned probes required enzymatic incorporation of nudeoside polyphosphate precursors. Large hydrophobic groups such as lluorcscein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC, sterically-hindcrcd molecules, or biopolymers with activities of their own (enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase) could not be easily incorporated by enzymatic methods.
European brewery convention
Authors: Vilar Dr Emilio Rui
Published: November 2023

Europe's illustrious Brewery Convention--held every two years--draws together brewers from around the world to exchange ideas on all aspects of the science and technology related to their craft. The papers presented here reflect this wealth of research and knowledge. They cover all stages of the brewing process, from raw materials and fermentation techniques to quality control and new innovations like low-alcohol beer. Each paper is presented in the original language with accompanying summaries in English, French, and German. The volume provides a valuable, state-of-the-art reference for all those involved in the brewing industry and fermentation biotechnology.
The effect of barley structure and composition on malt quality
Authors: MacGregor (GB) A W
Published: November 2023

Malting is a complex process during which a range of biochemical and physical changes take place within the barley kernel. The rate at which these changes occur depends not only on the production of adequate levels of hydrolytic enzymes but also on the composition and physical structure of the barley kernel. This paper will review current knowledge on those aspects of kernel structure and composition that affect the malting process. Changes required in the kernel for successful malting will be outlined and areas that require further research effort will be identified.
Genetic changes and physiological responses of malting barley mutants
Authors: Molina-Canó J L , Rubio A , Royo C , Ramo T , Pérez-Vendrell A , Palmer G H
Published: November 2023

TR-49, the best of the mutants, developed extract quickly and responded better to gibberellic acid than wild type Troubadour. The conclusion is that the potential of the aleurone layer to respond to gibberellic acid is under genetic control and can be selected in barley breeding programmes.
Avoiding the use of pesticides and fumigants in barley storage
Authors: Baxter E D , Proudlove M O , Dawe C J
Published: November 2023

An alternative is to use low oxygen atmospheres for the safe storage of barley, without applying either pesticides or fumigants. Small-scale trials with controlled atmospheres have shown no deleterious effects on germination or malting performance. In practice the use of combustion gases, low in oxygen, from a specially modified burner offers a safe and reliable method for storing malting barley.
Ein Fortschritt in der Bewertung von neuen Braugerstensorten unter Anwendung nicht konventioneller Analysenmethoden
Authors: Krottenthaler M , Narziss Prof. Dr L , Miedaner apl. Prof. Dr H , Dietschmann Dr J -E
Published: November 2023

Brewers and maltsters always wanted to know more about the relationship between malt properties and the taste of the resulting beers. This knowledge is very useful, especially for the evaluation of new barley varieties. Conventional malt analysis does not give an idea of the sensorical properties of beers. To overcome this problem a micro-scale brewing plant (300 g of malt throw) was developed, 300 analytical figures were obtained by classical methods as well as by GC and HPLC. Cluster analysis with 28 analytical results of 48 barley varieties yielded in genotypic classes of barley. Groups of substances could be found which indicates negative flavour notes in beer. Statistical evaluations were made to describe taste of beer by their composition of flavour components.
Evaluation of a capacitance probe for determination of viable yeast biomass
Authors: Kronlöf J
Published: November 2023

Monitoring of viable yeast biomass is important in brewery fermentations, particularly in continuous fermentations using immobilized yeast bioreactors. In immobilized yeast systems the insoluble carrier creates additional problems for analysis. Several biomass determination methods were evaluated for their mutual correlations and inherent accuracy. The results were compared with those obtained using a newly developed capacitance probe. Using this probe the background effect due to non-cellular matter could be eliminated and a wide range of biomass concentrations reliably monitored. Consequently, the capacitance probe is suitable for monitoring of viable yeast biomass both in suspended and in immobilized systems.
Breeding of flocculent brewer’s yeast by genetic engineering
Authors: Watari J , Takata Y , Murakami J , Koshino S
Published: November 2023

Flocculation is one of the most important properties of brewing yeast strains. We cloned the flocculation gene FLO1, located on chromosome 1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and then constructed a multi-copy plasmid which contained the FLO1 gene and a C418 resistant gene (Tn903) for direct selection of transformants. The plasmid could induce flocculation in several non-flocculent brewing yeast strains, including bottom- and top-fermenting yeasts. Small scale (2 1 EBC tube) fermentation trials revealed that these recombinant strains did not change the desirable attributes of the parental strains. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of the FLO1 gene in improvement of the flocculation property of industrial strains.
Einige Faktoren der Geschmacksstabilität—sensorische und analytische Bewertung
Authors: Miedaner H , Narziss L , Eichhorn P
Published: November 2023

Flavour stability is an important quality attribute of beer. Compared to biological and colloidal stability it is difficult to control. Flavour stability will be influenced by conditions outside the brewery, as well as by technological means during the brewing process.
Physical properties of maltodextrin/gelatin systems
Authors: Kasapis S , R.Morris E , T.Norton I
Published: November 2023

Log tg (gel-time) for Paselli maltodextrins SA-6 and SA-2 increases linearly with temperature (T) and decreases linearly with log c (concentration). Mixed gels of these materials with gelatin show phase inversion from a gelatin-continuous network at low concentration of maltodextrin to a maltodextrincontinuous network at higher concentrations. The observed moduli (G’ ) of the composite gels are in good agreement with values calculated from polymer blending laws, with the ‘solventavidity’ of gelatin being higher than that of maltodextrin by a factor of 1,8, and the moduli of the individual phases depending on whether phase separation occurs before or after network formation. Maltodextrin is precipitated from mixed solutions with gelatin in the disordered state at 45°C, with classic phase separation into co-existing liquid layers occurring only at very high concentrations of SA-6,.