bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerodynamic drag and noise reduction of a pantograph of high-speed trains with a novel cavity structure
Authors: Qin Deng , Li Tian , Zhou Ning , Zhang Jiye
Published: February 2024

The design of the cavity structure is one of the effective means to reduce the resistance and noise of the pantograph installed on the roof of a high-speed train. This research first investigated the flow and acoustic characteristics of a pantograph with four different cavity structures, namely the rectangular cavity (original), the rounded edge cavity (case 1), and the other two rounded edge cavities with asymmetric (case 2) and symmetric (case 3) connecting tubes. The results show that the three cavity treatment methods all improve the aerodynamic performance, and the cavity model of case 2 is determined to be the optimal structure. In case 2, the tube installed at the front of the cavity destroys the separated shear layer and reduces the unstable airflow, reducing cavity resistance and noise by 9.64% and 5.2 dBA (A-weighted decibels), respectively. The pantograph is placed inside the previously determined improved cavity, which reduces the airflow velocity and the recirculation region upstream of the pantograph, decreases the impingement on the components in the middle and lower regions of the pantograph and the generation of highly intense vortices, and improves the wake structure and flow separation at the rear surface of the cavity. Thus, the aerodynamic drag for the pantograph and the whole system is reduced by 3.82% and 3.25%, respectively, and the aerodynamic noise is also decreased by 1.4 and 1.9 dBA, respectively. This study provides a novel structural design for the pantograph cavity region.
Stability analysis of Poiseuille flow in an annulus partially filled with porous medium
Authors: Sharma Ajay , Aleria Anjali , Bera P.
Published: February 2024

The linear stability analysis of fluid flow, driven by an axial pressure gradient, inside the annular region partially filled with porous medium is investigated. The porous layer is attached to the inner cylinder. The flow is governed by the unsteady Darcy model in the porous region and the Navier–Stokes equation in the viscous region. The effect of the curvature parameter C (ratio of the inner cylinder radius to the gap between cylinders), the ratio of the fluid to the porous layer thickness (t̂), and the Darcy number (Da) on the stability characteristics are explored. In addition, the help of the radial velocity contours and the kinetic energy balance is taken to get an insight into the mode and the cause of instability, respectively. The results show that depending upon the value of t̂, a decrease in the value of C causes a shift in the neutral stability curve from bimodal to trimodal. For low values of t̂, when the onset of instability is dominated by a porous mode, C destabilizes the flow, whereas it has a stabilizing impact on the flow stability for the odd-fluid mode and the even-fluid mode. At high values of t̂, C has again destabilizing characteristics and instability is dominated by even-fluid mode. When axisymmetric disturbances are dominant, it is observed that the value of t̂ for which similar instability characteristics are found varies directly as the square root of Da. However, the correlation between t̂ and Da does not hold when the non-axisymmetric disturbances are least stable. Contrary to the unconditional stability of the annular Poiseuille flow under non-axisymmetric disturbances for C < 0.1325, the present system is unstable even for C = 0.005 and t̂≤1. This shows the significant impact of the curved fluid–porous interface on the stability characteristics.
Electronic characteristics of the two-dimensional van der Waals ferroelectric α-In2Se3/Cs3Bi2I9 heterostructures
Authors: Lang Yu-Fei , Zou Daifeng , Xu Ying , Jiang Shaolong , Zhao Yu-Qing , Ang Yee-Sin
Published: February 2024

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdWs) ferroelectric heterostructures provide a platform to design multifunctional electronic devices. In this Letter, the 2D vdWs ferroelectric α-In2Se3/Cs3Bi2I9 heterostructures were constructed to investigate the appropriate band alignment, effective masses, charge transfer, and polarization switching barriers by employing first-principle calculation. The results show that the polarization reversal of α-In2Se3 engineers band alignment transition from type-II (α-In2Se3-P↑/Cs3Bi2I9) to type-I (α-In2Se3-P↓/Cs3Bi2I9), resulting in an indirect bandgap changing from 0.09 to 0.75 eV. Calculated electron effective masses are isotropic, which is smaller than those of anisotropic hole effective masses. Interfacial charges transfer from Cs3Bi2I9 to α-In2Se3, which can be ascribed to work function difference. By combining non-equilibrium Green's functions, the current–voltage characteristics of α-In2Se3/Cs3Bi2I9 based ferroelectric tunnel junction were investigated, and the current on/off ratio of 103 is resulted by spatial charge carrier separation and recombination. The proposed electron–hole separation transport design strategy provides a comprehensive theoretical support for the development of microelectronic storage devices.
Numerical and field experimental study on the start-up process of a prototype axial-flow pump system considering the motion characteristics of cutoff facilities
Authors: Zhang Xiaowen , Hu Chongyang , Tang Fangping , Yang Fan , Shi Lijian , Liu Chao
Published: February 2024

Clarifying the evolutionary mechanism of the start-up process of a large axial-flow pump that includes cutoff facilities is of great significance for ensuring the safe and stable operation of such a system. However, the three-dimensional dynamic characteristics of the start-up process of a prototype axial-flow pump system (PAPS), considering cutoff facilities, are still unknown. In this paper, a method combining motor starting characteristic experiment, computational fluid dynamics, and field test of prototype pump system is proposed to study the starting process of PAPS. The results indicate that flow interruption facilities will significantly affect the start-up process of the pump system. High-speed forward fluid particles collide with reverse fluid particles in the guide vane channel during the acceleration of the pump owing to the influence of the cutoff facilities. A large number of wall vortex structures block the guide vane channel. This leads to a brief plateau period during the increase in instantaneous head. As the start-up process progresses, a clear horseshoe-shaped vortex structure is formed at the trailing edge of the guide vane, which subsequently falls back. The accelerated shedding of horseshoe-shaped vortical structures at the trailing edge of the guide vane induces high-frequency pulsating components, leading to a high-energy region of the pressure fluctuation signal at the outlet of the guide vane, which gradually expands toward higher frequencies. During this transition process, the flow field near the cutoff facility also exhibited significant unstable flow behavior. After the interaction between the outflow at the flap gate and the outflow at the gate, entrainment occurs, forming a region of circulating motion, and a large number of vortices with a jet-like structure are formed at the exit of the flap gate.
A novel production profile classification system for incoming calves that predicts feedlot growth performance
Authors: Hentzen Andreas H. R. , Holm Dietmar E.
Published: February 2024

Context Mitigating financial risk in the feedlot environment is an ongoing occurrence, and good production is a key risk mitigator. However, production protocols are based on historic averages because of the inability to predict growth potential of incoming calves. Production profiling of individual incoming feeder calves could address these limitations. Aims The aim of this study was to establish criteria for optimal sorting of incoming feeder calves into various cattle groups in a feedlot that maximises feedlot profit. Methods South African feeder calves (n = 436) were classified into four production-profile (PP) categories according to a predetermined set of phenotypic traits: PP 3 (n = 72) representing feeder calves with the poorest feedlot growth potential, PP 2− (n = 191) with below-average potential, PP 2+ (n = 139) with above-average potential and PP 1 (n = 34) with above-average feedlot growth potential. After combining the data of PP 2− and PP 2+ into PP 2, mixed modelling of economically important feedlot growth traits (average daily gain (ADG), carcass ADG, and carcass exit weight) was performed to evaluate the effect of PP classification (PP 1 and PP 3), while adjusting for potential confounding effects such as starting weight (entry weight) and gender. Key results Carcass weights for calves with a PP classification of 3 and 1 were 15.54 kg less (P < 0.000), and 11.34 kg more (P = 0.007) respectively, than those with a PP classification of 2 (261.27 kg, 95% CI 257.94–264.57), after adjusting for entry weight, calf gender and the random effect of the feeding pen. Similar to carcass weight, calves with a PP 3 classification were outperformed by other classifications in all the measured traits (P < 0.05). Conclusions This is the first report demonstrating the ability of subjective production-profile classification to predict growth performance of individual feeder calves. Implications The opportunity of the PP classification system lies in value-based procurement of incoming feeder calves based on their growth potential at the start of the feeding period, and then to use technology to improve and finalise the current subjective PP classification system.
Ability of wheat genotypes to form large rhizosheaths may enhance survival of false-break events in rainfed production
Authors: Emebiri Livinus , Rohan Maheswaran , Hildebrand Shane , Pitt Wayne
Published: February 2024

Context Crop production is one of the agricultural sectors most vulnerable to climate change. In order to minimise risks, innovative technologies and management strategies are continually being developed. Early sowing is a strategy used in wheat production; however, with irregular rainfall patterns, false breaks can occur. Aims We sought to determine the optimal volume of autumn-break rainfall for the start of season, and whether formation of a larger rhizosheath (i.e. the thick layer of soil adhering to roots) can buffer wheat seedlings from false-break conditions, thereby keeping plants alive until the next rainfall. Methods In glasshouse experiments, six varieties of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), two with contrasting rhizosheath-forming ability and the other four untested, were grown on two soil types (Kandosol and Vertosol) under simulated autumn-break rainfall and false-break durations. Rhizosheath size and plant establishment traits were measured. Key results The ability to form large rhizosheaths explained ~80% of the variability in crop establishment under various scenarios of false-break conditions. Comparative growth performance of the cultivars forming the largest (cv. Flanker) and smallest (cv. Westonia) rhizosheaths showed that they were largely similar for the first 28 days of drought but differed significantly thereafter. Flanker was progressively better able to establish as false-break duration increased and showed significantly greater tiller and leaf production than Westonia. Conclusions We demonstrate that genotype selection for formation of large rhizosheaths can help to reduce plant seedling death under false-break conditions. Implications Although the amount of starting rainfall is critical, cultivars differ significantly with regard to how far they can develop without follow-up rain. Future research is suggested for a field-scale study of the potential for selection for larger rhizosheaths to improve wheat crop establishment under harsh conditions.
Growth, ultrastructural and physiological characteristics of Abelmoschus cytotypes under elevated ozone stress: a study on ploidy-specific responses
Authors: Singh Priyanka , Ansari Naushad , Mishra Amit Kumar , Agrawal Madhoolika , Agrawal Shashi Bhushan
Published: February 2024

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a significant abiotic stressor whose rising concentration negatively influences plant growth. Studies related to the differential response of Abelmoschus cytotypes to elevated O3 treatment are scarce and need further exploration to recognise the role of polyploidisation in stress tolerance. In this study, we analysed the changes in growth pattern, ultrastructure, physiology and foliar protein profile occurring under O3 stress in Abelmoschus moschatus (monoploid), Abelmoschus esculentus (diploid) and Abelmoschus caillei (triploid). Our findings showed that higher stomatal conductance in A. moschatus triggered higher O3 intake, causing damage to stomatal cells and photosynthetic pigments. Additionally, it caused a reduction in photosynthetic rates, leading to reduced plant growth, total biomass and economic yield. This O3-induced toxicity was less in diploid and triploid cytotypes of Abelmoschus. Protein profiling by sodium dodecyl sulpate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a significant decrease in the commonly found RuBisCO larger and smaller subunits. The decrease was more prominent in monoploid compared to diploid and triploid. This study provides crucial data for research that aim to enhance plant ability to withstand O3 induced oxidative stress. Our findings may help in developing a tolerant variety through plant breeding techniques, which will be economically more advantageous in reaching the objective of sustainable production at the high O3 levels projected under a climate change scenario.
Melatonin as a master regulatory hormone for genetic responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana: a comprehensive review
Authors: Ameen Muaz , Zafar Asma , Mahmood Athar , Zia Muhammad Anjum , Kamran Kashif , Javaid Muhammad Mansoor , Yasin Muhammad , Khan Bilal Ahmad
Published: February 2024

Melatonin is a naturally occurring biologically active amine produced by plants, animals and microbes. This review explores the biosynthesis of melatonin in plants, with a particular focus on its diverse roles in Arabidopsis thaliana, a model species. Melatonin affects abiotic and biotic stress resistance in A. thaliana. Exogenous and endogenous melatonin is addressed in association with various conditions, including cold stress, high light stress, intense heat and infection with Botrytis cinerea or Pseudomonas, as well as in seed germination and lateral root formation. Furthermore, melatonin confers stress resistance in Arabidopsis by initiating the antioxidant system, remedying photosynthesis suppression, regulating transcription factors involved with stress resistance (CBF, DREB, ZAT, CAMTA, WRKY33, MYC2, TGA) and other stress-related hormones (abscisic acid, auxin, ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid). This article additionally addresses other precursors, metabolic components, expression of genes (COR, CBF, SNAT, ASMT, PIN, PR1, PDF1.2 and HSFA) and proteins (JAZ, NPR1) associated with melatonin and reducing both biological and environmental stressors. Furthermore, the future perspective of melatonin rich agri-crops is explored to enhance plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, maximise crop productivity and enhance nutritional worth, which may help improve food security.
Unlocking the potential of biochar in the remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals for sustainable agriculture
Authors: Maqbool Zubaira , Shahbaz Farooq Muhammad , Rafiq Anum , Uzair Muhammad , Yousuf Muhammad , Ramzan Khan Muhammad , Huo Shuhao
Published: February 2024

Agricultural soils contaminated with heavy metals (HMs) impose a threat to the environmental and to human health. Amendment with biochar could be an eco-friendly and cost-effective option to decrease HMs in contaminated soil. This paper reviews the application of biochar as a soil amendment to immobilise HMs in contaminated soil. We discuss the technologies of its preparation, their specific properties, and effect on the bioavailability of HMs. Biochar stabilises HMs in contaminated soil, enhance the overall quality of the contaminated soil, and significantly reduce HM uptake by plants, making it an option in soil remediation for HM contamination. Biochar enhances the physical (e.g. bulk density, soil structure, water holding capacity), chemical (e.g. cation exchange capacity, pH, nutrient availability, ion exchange, complexes), and biological properties (e.g. microbial abundance, enzymatic activities) of contaminated soil. Biochar also enhances soil fertility, improves plant growth, and reduces the plant availability of HMs. Various field studies have shown that biochar application reduces the bioavailability of HMs from contaminated soil while increasing crop yield. The review highlights the positive effects of biochar by reducing HM bioavailability in contaminated soils. Future work is recommended to ensure that biochars offer a safe and sustainable solution to remediate soils contaminated with HMs.
Promoting effective interprofessional collaborative practice in the primary care setting: recommendations from Queensland physiotherapy private practitioners
Authors: Seaton Jack , Jones Anne , Johnston Catherine , Francis Karen
Published: February 2024

Background Physiotherapy private practitioners represent a growing proportion of Australia’s primary care workforce; however, they face significant barriers in integrating seamlessly within interprofessional teams. Historically, the landscape of primary care in Australia has been one where many physiotherapists work in monoprofessional private practice facilities at dispersed locations, potentially limiting collaborative and coordinated care. The aim of this study was to investigate strategies recommended by physiotherapists to promote effective interprofessional collaborative practice (IPCP) within the Australian private practice setting. Methods Using interpretive description as the guiding methodological framework, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 physiotherapists in 10 private practice sites in Queensland, Australia. Results Data analysis produced three themes that characterised physiotherapy private practitioners’ recommendations to improve IPCP: (a) the need for improved funding and compensation, particularly addressing the limitations of the Medicare Chronic Disease Management program; (b) the development of integrated and secure digital communication systems to facilitate better information exchange; and (c) prioritising professional development and training to enhance collaboration. Conclusions This research lays the groundwork for informed policy making to advance person-centred care and support the integration of services in the Australian healthcare system. The findings from this study indicate that promoting effective IPCP in physiotherapy private practice requires a comprehensive strategy that addresses systemic funding and compensation issues, enhances digital communication systems and optimises interprofessional education and training.
Data-Driven Ai- and Bi-Soliton of the Cylindrical Korteweg–de Vries Equation via Prior-Information Physics-Informed Neural Networks
Authors: Tian 田 Shifang 十方 , Li 李 Biao 彪 , Zhang 张 Zhao 钊
Published: February 2024

By the modifying loss function MSE and training area of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), we propose a neural networks model, namely prior-information PINNs (PIPINNs). We demonstrate the advantages of PIPINNs by simulating Ai- and Bi-soliton solutions of the cylindrical Korteweg–de Vries (cKdV) equation. Numerical experiments show that our proposed model is able not only to simulate these solitons using the cKdV equation, but also to significantly improve its simulation capability. Compared with the original PINNs, the prediction accuracy of our proposed model is improved by one to three orders of magnitude. Moreover, the accuracy of the PIPINNs is further improved by adding the restriction of conservation of energy.
Pair of dyon production near magnetized dyonic Reissner-Nordstrom black holes*
Authors: Siahaan Haryanto M.
Published: February 2024

We investigate the phenomenon of pair production of massive scalar particles with magnetic charge near the horizon of a magnetized dyonic Reissner-Nordstrom black hole. The intrinsic symmetry between the electric and magnetic quantities in the Einstein-Maxwell equations suggests that the pair can be generated through Hawking radiation and the Schwinger effect, provided that the Dirac quantization condition is satisfied.
In-situ additive manufacturing of high strength yet ductility titanium composites with gradient layered structure using N2
Authors: Xiao Yunmian , Song Changhui , Liu Zibin , Liu Linqing , Zhou Hanxiang , Wang Di , Yang Yongqiang
Published: February 2024

Highlights

TiN was in-situ synthesized by laser powder bed fusion under different N2 + Ar atmosphere.

TiN/Ti gradient layered structure composites show high strength and ductility.

Gradient layered structure Ti composite exhibits periodic changes in hardness of Ar and N2 region.

Hetero-deformation induced strengthening enhances performance of layered structure Ti composites.
Effects of Resilience and Emotion Regulation on Perceptions of Positive and Negative Life Changes in Cancer Survivors: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Fritzson Emily , Bellizzi Keith M , Zhang Na , Park Crystal L
Published: February 2024

Background

While many studies have investigated the sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors associated with perceived positive change after cancer, longitudinal work examining how emotion regulation, and resilience impact perceptions of life change among newly diagnosed cancer survivors is lacking.

Purpose

This study examined the prevalence of perceived positive and negative life changes following cancer and explored the role of emotion regulation and resilience on perceived change over 6 months.

Methods

Data from 534 recent survivors of breast, prostate, or colorectal cancer (Mage = 59.3, 36.5% male) collected at baseline (Time 1) and 6-month follow-up (Time 2) were analyzed. Multivariate linear regressions were estimated separately to examine if resilience or emotion regulation were associated with perceived change at Time 2 after controlling for relevant sociodemographic and psychosocial measures.

Results

At both time points, greater than 90% of participants reported at least one perceived positive change while fewer than a third reported a negative change. Indices of emotion regulation and resilience were positively related to perceived positive change at both time points and negatively related to perceived negative change at Time 1. Emotion regulation but not resilience was negatively associated with perceived negative change at Time 2.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that cancer survivors who are less resilient and struggle with emotion regulation are more susceptible to perceptions of fewer positive and greater negative life changes after cancer. As such, psychosocial interventions should be developed to promote resilience and emotional regulation in cancer survivors.
PERSEUS: an interactive and intuitive web-based tool for pedigree visualization
Authors: Pradas Nicole , Jurado-Ruiz Federico , Onielfa Carles , Arús Pere , Aranzana Maria José
Published: February 2024

Pedigree-based analyses’ prime role is to unravel relationships between individuals in breeding programs and germplasms. This is critical information for decoding the genetics underlying main inherited traits of relevance, and unlocking the genotypic variability of a species to carry out genomic selections and predictions. Despite the great interest, current lineage visualizations become quite limiting in terms of public display, exploration, and tracing of traits up to ancestral donors. PERSEUS is a user-friendly, intuitive, and interactive web-based tool for pedigree visualizations represented as directed graph networks distributed using a force-repulsion method. The visualizations do not only showcase individual relationships among accessions, but also facilitate a seamless search and download of phenotypic traits along the pedigrees. PERSEUS is a promising tool for breeders and scientists, advantageous for evolutionary, genealogy, and diversity analyses among related accessions and species.

Availability and implementation

PERSEUS is freely accessible at https://bioinformatics.cragenomica.es/perseus and GitHub code is available at https://github.com/aranzana-lab/PERSEUS.
Expanding the coverage of spatial proteomics: a machine learning approach
Authors: Sun Huangqingbo , Li Jiayi , Murphy Robert F
Published: February 2024

Motivation

Multiplexed protein imaging methods use a chosen set of markers and provide valuable information about complex tissue structure and cellular heterogeneity. However, the number of markers that can be measured in the same tissue sample is inherently limited.

Results

In this paper, we present an efficient method to choose a minimal predictive subset of markers that for the first time allows the prediction of full images for a much larger set of markers. We demonstrate that our approach also outperforms previous methods for predicting cell-level protein composition. Most importantly, we demonstrate that our approach can be used to select a marker set that enables prediction of a much larger set than could be measured concurrently.

Availability and implementation

All code and intermediate results are available in a Reproducible Research Archive at https://github.com/murphygroup/CODEXPanelOptimization.
On the failure of the bootstrap for Chatterjee’s rank correlation
Authors: Lin Zhexiao , Han Fang
Published: February 2024

While researchers commonly use the bootstrap to quantify the uncertainty of an estimator, it has been noticed that the standard bootstrap, in general, does not work for Chatterjee’s rank correlation. In this paper, we provide proof of this issue under an additional independence assumption, and complement our theory with simulation evidence for general settings. Chatterjee’s rank correlation thus falls into a category of statistics that are asymptotically normal, but bootstrap inconsistent. Valid inferential methods in this case are Chatterjee’s original proposal for testing independence and the analytic asymptotic variance estimator of Lin & Han (2022) for more general purposes.

[Received on 5 April 2023. Editorial decision on 10 January 2024]
Identification and quantitation of multiple variants in RNA virus genomes
Authors: Sena Johnny , Karwal Lovkesh , Bell Callum , Devitt Nicholas , Schilkey Faye , Huang Claire , Livengood Jill , Das Subash , Dean Hansi J
Published: February 2024

The goal of the study was to identify and characterize RNA virus variants containing mutations spread over genomic distances >5 kb. As proof of concept, high-quality viral RNA of the Dengue 2 component of Takeda’s tetravalent dengue vaccine candidate (TDV-2) was used to develop a reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction protocol to amplify a ∼5.3 kb cDNA segment that contains the three genetic determinants of TDV-2 attenuation. Unique molecular identifiers were incorporated into each viral cDNA molecule for PacBio library preparation to improve the quantitative precision of the observed variants at the attenuation loci. Following assay optimization, PacBio long-read sequencing was validated with multiple clone-derived TDV-2 revertant variants and four complex revertant mixtures containing various compositions of TDV-2 and revertant viruses. PacBio sequencing analysis correctly identified and quantified variant composition in all tested samples, demonstrating that TDV-2 revertants could be identified and characterized and supporting the use of this method in the differentiation and quantification of complex variants of other RNA viruses. Long-read sequencing can identify complex RNA virus variants containing multiple mutations on a single-genome molecule, which is useful for in-depth genetic stability and revertant detection of live-attenuated viral vaccines, as well as research in virus evolution to reveal mechanisms of immune evasion and host cell adaption.
The CT and MRI features of benign calvarium and skull base osteoblastoma
Authors: Li Yulin , Wang Bing , Feng Chenya , Cheng Guanxun , Luo Zhendong
Published: February 2024

Objective

We retrospectively reviewed the CT and MRI features of patients with benign osteoblastoma in the calvarium and skull base (CSBOB).

Methods

Nine cases of pathologically confirmed benign CSBOB were analysed retrospectively. The patients had undergone CT and/or MRI. Tumour location, size, and imaging features were reviewed and recorded.

Results

The patients included four males and five females with a mean age of 27.0 years (age 14-40 years). The tumours were located in the frontal bone in 3 patients, the occipital bone in 3 patients, and in the parietal bone, sphenoid bone, and skull base in 1 patient each. On CT, the tumours measured 5.1 ± 3.3 (1.8-8.4) cm. Seven tumours were shown to have caused expansile bony destruction with an eggshell appearance and varying degrees of calcification or matrix mineralization. Multiple septa were observed in 5 tumours. Intracranial growth was observed in 5 tumours. On MRI, 7 tumours showed heterogeneous hypo- to isointensity on T1WI. Heterogeneous high signal patterns with low signal rims and septa were observed in 6 tumours on T2WI, and 4 showed a fluid-fluid level. On contrast-enhanced imaging, 6 tumours showed peripheral and septal enhancement, and 2 showed the dural tail sign.

Conclusions

Benign CSBOB is a rare tumour characterized by expansile bony destruction, septa, a sclerotic rim and calcification or matrix mineralization on CT and MRI.

Advances in knowledge

The findings from this study contribute to a better understanding of benign CSBOB and provide valuable imaging features that can aid in its diagnosis and differentiation from other tumours in the calvarium and skull base.
Minimally invasive treatment of early, good prognosis breast cancer—is this feasible?
Authors: Mactier Mhairi , McIntosh Stuart A , Sharma Nisha
Published: February 2024

Breast cancer screening programmes frequently detect early, good prognosis breast cancers with significant treatment burden for patients, and associated health-cost implications. Emerging evidence suggests a role for minimally invasive techniques in the management of these patients enabling many women to avoid surgical intervention. Minimally invasive techniques include vacuum-assisted excision, cryoablation, and radiofrequency ablation. We review published evidence in relation to the risks and benefits of each technique and discuss ongoing trials. Data to date are promising, and we predict a trend towards minimally invasive treatment for early, good-prognosis breast cancer as technical skills, suitability criteria, and follow-up protocols are established.
Safety of Ustekinumab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pooled Safety Analysis Through 5 Years in Crohn’s Disease and 4 Years in Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Ghosh Subrata , Feagan Brian G , Ott Elyssa , Gasink Christopher , Godwin Bridget , Marano Colleen , Miao Ye , Ma Tony , Loftus Edward V , Sandborn William J , Danese Silvio , Abreu Maria T , Sands Bruce E
Published: February 2024

Background and Aims

Previously published long-term safety data reported a favourable ustekinumab safety profile for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. We present the final cumulative safety data from pooled ustekinumab IBD phase 2/3 clinical studies through 5 years in Crohn’s disease [CD] and 4 years in ulcerative colitis [UC].

Methods

In phase 3 studies, patients received a single intravenous placebo or ustekinumab [130 mg or ~6 mg/kg] induction dose followed by subcutaneous maintenance doses of placebo or ustekinumab [90 mg q8w or q12w]. Analyses included all patients who received one dose of study treatment and included patients who were biologic-naïve and patients with a history of biologic failure. Safety outcomes are summarized and presented using number of events per 100 patient-years of follow-up and corresponding 95% confidence intervals.

Results

In this final pooled safety analysis, 2575 patients were treated with ustekinumab with 4826 patient-years of follow-up. Rates of key safety events, including major adverse cardiac events and malignancies, were similar between placebo and ustekinumab or not higher for ustekinumab. Opportunistic infections, including tuberculosis, and malignancies were reported infrequently. Rates of key safety events in the IBD group were no higher in the ustekinumab group than in the placebo group for both patients who were biologic-naïve or who had a history of biologic failure. No lymphomas or cases of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome [formerly known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome] were reported.

Conclusion

The final cumulative ustekinumab safety data through 5 years in CD and 4 years in UC demonstrated favourable safety compared to placebo and continue to support the well-established safety profile across all approved indications.

Clinical trials.gov numbers

NCT00265122, NCT00771667, NCT01369329, NCT01369342, NCT01369355, NCT02407236
Pheromone traps and climate variations influence populations of Sahlbergella singularis (Hemiptera: Miridae) and associated damage of cocoa in Cameroon
Authors: Mahot Hermine C , Bagny-Beilhe Leïla , Mahob Raymond J , Begoudé Aimé-Didier B , Fotso Kuate Apollin , Membang Gertrude , Ewane Nathalie , Kemga Adolph , Bilong Charles F B , Hall David R , Fiaboe Komi K M , Hanna Rachid
Published: February 2024

Knowledge of insect pest ecology and biology is important for maximizing crop protection and reducing crop losses. Currently, we lack an efficient control program for the cocoa mirid Sahlbergella singularis Haglund (Hemiptera: Miridae), the principal insect pest of cocoa in West and Central Africa. A 2-yr study was conducted in 11 plantations across Ayos and Konye, two of the largest cocoa growing areas of Cameroon. We evaluated the effects of mirid sex pheromone and climatic variations on mirid population dynamics and their associated cocoa damage. Sex pheromone traps caught 1.5-fold higher mirids in Ayos than in Konye, with more overall counts in 2015 than in 2016. Cocoa pod counts were also significantly higher in 2015 than in 2016 and were negatively correlated with temperature and relative humidity. In both localities, mirid populations and associated cocoa pod damage were suppressed in plantations where sex pheromone traps were used. Damage incidence was positively correlated with mirid counts, confirming that the cocoa pod is the preferential site for mirid feeding and reproduction. As such, damage incidence could be used as proxy for comparative mirid population level due to the mirid’s cryptic habit. Of the recorded weather variables, only relative humidity was correlated (negatively) with damage severity. Our data on the relationships between damage caused by mirids and their population dynamics and sex pheromone trap catches suggest that an effective control strategy using mass trapping could be developed for mirid management in cocoa plantations.
The use of percutaneous left atrial appendage occluder device in a patient with prior surgical ligation with incomplete exclusion: a case report
Authors: Fadel Raef , Khan Essaq , Maskoun Waddah
Published: February 2024

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, and the most common cause of cardioembolic stroke. The left atrial appendage (LAA) is the main source of thrombus formation in patients with AF. Therapies include use of percutaneous LAA closure devices, or surgical LAA occlusion (LAAO). Despite these options, complete closure of the LAA is not always achieved, and residual communication between the LAA and atrium may result in increased thrombus formation. Although studies have analysed the use of percutaneous measures such as coils, plugs, or second occluder device deployment in LAA with peri-device leak (PDL), use of percutaneous occlude devices in surgically occluded LAA is far less studied.

Case summary

We present a case of a 79-year-old female patient who underwent LAAO device deployment within a surgically occluded LAA with PDL. She underwent 27 mm LAAO device (WATCHMANTM) deployment and all the P.A.S.S. (Position, Anchor, Size, and Seal) criteria were satisfied. Only 1.4 mm PDL was present. She was continued on apixaban and aspirin post-operatively. Post-operative transoesophageal echocardiogram at 6 weeks demonstrated trivial PDL measuring 1.49 mm. Patient was continued on aspirin and clopidogrel, with discontinuation of apixaban.

Discussion

Percutaneous LAAO device deployment in previously surgically ligated LAA with incomplete exclusion is a potential therapeutic option for patients with AF and a high bleeding risk seeking a minimally invasive strategy, in an attempt to de-escalate anticoagulation therapy.
Impact of intrapulmonary tumour location of non-small-cell lung cancer on surgical outcomes for segmentectomy
Authors: Matsui Takuya , Takahashi Yusuke , Nakada Takeo , Sugita Yusuke , Seto Katsutoshi , Sakakura Noriaki , Mizuno Kotaro , Haneda Hiroshi , Okuda Katsuhiro , Kuroda Hiroaki
Published: February 2024

OBJECTIVES

While segmentectomy is considered a viable option for small peripheral non-small-cell lung cancer, its efficacy for central lesions remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess the oncological outcomes of segmentectomy for central lesions compared to peripheral ones.

METHODS

We retrospectively examined 338 clinical stage IA non-small-cell lung cancer patients who underwent thoracoscopic anatomical segmentectomy at our institution from January 2013 to December 2021. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on intrapulmonary tumour location: inner two-thirds (central group, n = 82) and outer one-third (peripheral group, n = 256).

RESULTS

The gender, body mass index, performance score, smoking, comorbidities and preoperative pulmonary function were similar in both groups. On computed tomography images, tumour diameter and consolidation-to-tumour ratio were comparable between the groups. The central group had significantly greater tumour-to-pleura distances [mm, 23 (18–27) vs 11 (8–14); P < 0.001], shorter margin distances [mm, 20 (15–20) vs 20 (20–20); P < 0.001] and larger resected lung volumes based on subsegment count [4 (3–6) vs 3 (3–5); P = 0.004] than the peripheral group. Surgery duration, bleeding, hospitalization or drainage period, mortality, readmission and pathological stage were equivalent between the groups. The central group showed significantly more postoperative pleural effusions (5% vs 1%; P = 0.03) than the peripheral group, with no adverse impact on postoperative pulmonary functions. During the follow-up period, local-only recurrence rates were 0% and 8% in the respective groups (Gray test P = 0.07), and total recurrence rates were 6% and 11% (Gray test P = 0.70), with no significant differences. Moreover, no significant inter-group difference in overall survival rates was observed (82% vs 93%; P = 0.15).

CONCLUSIONS

Segmentectomy may be a promising therapeutic option for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer located in the inner two-thirds of the parenchyma.
Association of tetralogy of Fallot and complete atrioventricular canal: a single-centre 40-year experience
Authors: Fernandez-Cisneros Alejandro , Staffa Steven J , Emani Sitaram M , Chávez Mariana , Friedman Kevin G , Hoganson David M , Kaza Aditya K , Del Nido Pedro J , Baird Christopher W
Published: February 2024

OBJECTIVES

Outcome data in tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) and complete atrioventricular canal (CAVC) are limited. We report our experience for over 40 years in this patient population.

METHODS

Single-centre, retrospective analysis of patients who underwent surgical repair with the diagnosis of ToF-CAVC from 1979 to 2022, divided into 2 different periods and compared.

RESULTS

A total of 116 patients were included: 1979–2007 (n = 61) and 2008–2021 (n = 55). Balanced CAVC (80%) and Rastelli type C CAVC (81%) were most common. Patients in the later era were younger (4 vs 14 months, P < 0.001), fewer had trisomy 21 (60% vs 80%, P = 0.019) and fewer had prior palliative prior procedures (31% vs 43%, P < 0.001). In the earlier era, single-patch technique was more common (62% vs 16%, P < 0.001), and in recent era, double-patch technique was more common (84% vs 33%, P < 0.001). In the earlier era, right ventricular outflow tract was most commonly reconstructed with transannular patch (51%), while in more recent era, valve-sparing repairs were more common (69%) (P < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was 4.3%. The median follow-up was 217 and 74 months for the first and second eras. Survival for earlier and later eras at 2-, 5- and 10-year follow-up was (85.1%, 81.5%, 79.6% vs 94.2%, 94.2%, 94.2% respectively, log-rank test P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

The surgical approach to ToF-CAVC has evolved over time. More recently, patients tended to receive primary repair at younger ages and had fewer palliative procedures. Improved surgical techniques allowing for earlier and complete repair have shown a decrease in mortality, more valve-sparing procedures without an increase in total reoperations. Presented at the 37th EACTS Annual Meeting, Vienna, Austria.
Mortality after non-surgically treated acute type A aortic dissection is higher than previously reported
Authors: Teurneau-Hermansson Karl , Ede Jacob , Larsson Mårten , Linton Gustaf , von Rosen David , Sjögren Johan , Wierup Per , Nozohoor Shahab , Zindovic Igor
Published: February 2024

OBJECTIVES

It has been commonly accepted that untreated acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) results in an hourly mortality rate of 1–2% during the 1st 24 h after symptom onset. The data to support this statement rely solely on patients who have been denied surgical treatment after reaching surgical centres. The objective was to perform a total review of non-surgically treated (NST) ATAAD and provide contemporary mortality data.

METHODS

This was a regional, retrospective, observational study. All patients receiving one of the following diagnoses: International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 4410, 4411, 4415, 4416 or ICD-10 I710, I711, I715, I718 in an area of 1.9 million inhabitants in Southern Sweden during a period of 23 years (January 1998 to November 2021) were retrospectively screened. The search was conducted using all available medical registries so that every patient diagnosed with ATAAD in our region was identified. The charts and imaging of each screened patient were subsequently reviewed to confirm or discard the diagnosis of ATAAD.

RESULTS

Screening identified 2325 patients, of whom 184 NST ATAAD patients were included. The mortality of NST ATAAD was 47.3 ± 4.4%, 55.0 ± 4.4%, 76.7 ± 3.7% and 83.9 ± 4.3% at 24 h, 48 h, 14 days and 1 year, respectively. The hourly mortality rate during the 1st 24 h after symptom onset was 2.6%.

CONCLUSIONS

This study observed higher mortality than has previously been reported. It emphasizes the need for timely diagnosis, swift management and emergent surgical treatment for patients suffering an acute type A aortic dissection.
Aortic root rotation: morphological analysis of the aortic root with three-dimensional computed tomography
Authors: Miazza Jules , Winkel David , Thieringer Florian , Reuthebuch Oliver , Eckstein Friedrich , Gahl Brigitta , Berdajs Denis
Published: February 2024

OBJECTIVES

The aortic root (AoR) rotation and its spatial morphology at the base of the heart were postulated but not described in every detail. AoR rotation modalities may play an important role in decision-making during AoR surgery and its outcome. The aim was to provide a detailed spatial anatomy of the AoR rotation and its relation to the vital surrounding structure.

METHODS

The AoR rotation and its relation to the surrounding structure were assessed in 104 patients with tricuspid aortic valve. The interatrial septum was chosen as a reference to describe AoR rotation that marked the midline of the heart base as a landmark for the AoR rotation direction. Intermediate, clockwise and counterclockwise AoR rotations were defined based on the mentioned reference structures.

RESULTS

The AoR rotation was successfully assessed in 104 patients undergoing ascending aorta and or AoR intervention by multidetector row computed tomography. AoR was positioned normally in 53.8% of cases (n = 56) and rotated counterclockwise in 5.8% (n = 6) and clockwise in 40.4% (n = 42) of cases. In clockwise AoR rotation, the right coronary sinus was positioned in proximity to the right atrium and of the tricuspid valve, whereas in a counterclockwise rotation, the noncoronary sinus was placed over the tricuspid valve just over the membranous septum.

CONCLUSIONS

The AoR’s rotation can be diagnosed using multidetector row computed tomography. Understanding the anatomy of the aortic valve related to rotational position helps guide surgical decision-making in performing AoR reconstruction.
Musculoskeletal Pain Characteristics and Objectively Measured Physical Activity in Older Adults
Authors: Cai Yurun , Liu Fangyu , Wanigatunga Amal A , Urbanek Jacek K , Simonsick Eleanor M , Ferrucci Luigi , Schrack Jennifer A
Published: February 2024

Background

Pain is associated with reports of restricted physical activity (PA), yet the association between musculoskeletal pain characteristics and objectively measured PA quantities and patterns in late life is not well understood.

Methods

A total of 553 adults (mean age 75.8 ± 8.4 years, 54.4% women) in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) completed a health interview and subsequent 7-day wrist-worn ActiGraph assessment in the free-living environment between 2015 and 2020. Pain characteristics, including pain presence in 6x sites (ie, shoulders, hands/wrists, low back, hip, knees, and feet), pain laterality in each site, and pain distribution were assessed. PA metrics were summarized into total daily activity counts (TAC), activity fragmentation, active minutes/day, and diurnal patterns of activity. Linear regression models and mixed-effects models examined the association between pain characteristics and PA outcomes, adjusted for demographics and comorbidities.

Results

Unilateral knee pain was associated with 184 070 fewer TAC (p = .039) and 36.2 fewer active minutes/day (p = .032) compared to those without knee pain. Older adults with shoulder pain or hand/wrist pain had more active minutes compared to those without pain (p < .05 for all). For diurnal patterns of activity, participants with knee pain had fewer activity counts during the afternoon (12:00 pm to 5:59 pm). Analyses stratified by sex showed that these associations were only significant among women.

Conclusions

Our study highlights the importance of assessing pain laterality in addition to pain presence and suggests that pain interferes with multiple aspects of daily activity. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the temporality of these findings.