bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
JAZ2 Negatively Regulates Drought Tolerance in Barley by Modulating PLT2 Expression
Authors: Xiong Jiangyan , Huang Binbin , Peng Di , Shen Qiufang , Wu DeZhi , Zhang Guoping
Published: September 2024

Drought is an important abiotic factor constricting crop production globally. Although the roles of JAZ proteins in regulating jasmonic acid signalling and plant responses to environmental stress are well documented, their specific functions and underlying mechanisms remain little known. In this study, JAZ proteins in barley were thoroughly analyzed, revealing a total of 11 members classified into three phylogenetic subgroups. HvJAZ2, based on its distinct expression patterns, is considered a key candidate gene for regulating drought tolerance in barley. Using the HvJAZ2 knockout mutants, we revealed that the gene negatively regulates drought tolerance by inhibiting barley root growth. Notably, the jaz2 mutants upregulated the expression of root development genes, including SHR1, PLT1, PLT2 and PLT6. plt2 and plt1/plt2 mutants exhibited suppressed root development and reduced drought tolerance. Analysis of interactions between HvJAZ2 and other proteins showed that HvJAZ2 does not directly interact with HvPLT1/2/6, but interacts with some other proteins. BIFC and LCA assays further confirmed the nuclear interaction between HvJAZ2 and HvMYC2. Y1H and Dual‐Luciferase experiments demonstrated that HvMYC2 can bind to and activate the HvPLT2 promoter. In summary, HvJAZ2 negatively regulates root development and drought tolerance in barley by suppressing HvPLT2 expression through interacting with HvMYC2.
Inactivation of a Wheat Ribosomal Silencing Factor Gene TaRsfS Confers Resistance to Both Powdery Mildew and Stripe Rust
Authors: Li Ruobing , Tang Yaqi , Wang Qiao , Zhao Bingjie , Su Wenwen , Wang Baotong , Li Qiang
Published: September 2024

Powdery mildew and stripe rust are major diseases on wheat worldwide that cause significant reductions in wheat production. The ribosomal silencing factor (RsfS) has been proven to regulate protein biosynthesis by inhibiting the translation process in bacterial response to stress. However, the role of RsfS in plant resistance to biotic stresses remains unclear. In this study, the RsfS homolog, TaRsfS was isolated from wheat. Overexpression of TaRsfS (TaRsfS‐OE) reduces wheat resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust and TaRsfS knockout (TaRsfS‐KO) increases wheat resistance to both diseases without affecting key agronomic traits. The interaction protein of TaRsfS, 12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acid reductase 1 (TaOPR1), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA), was screened and identified. Knocking‐down and overexpression of TaOPR1 indicated that TaOPR1 positively regulates wheat resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust. TaRsfS may regulate TaOPR1 at upstream, bind to the enzyme activity pocket of TaOPR1 and affect TaOPR1 enzyme activity, resulting in a reduced JA biosynthesis and wheat susceptible to powdery mildew and stripe rust. Collectively, TaRsfS is a susceptibility gene and negatively regulates wheat resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust, and it has good potential for improving wheat resistance by genetic modifications.
The current state of affairs in infidelity research: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of romantic infidelity prevalence and its moderators
Authors: Warach Benjamin , Bornstein Robert F. , Gorman Bernard S. , Moyer Anne
Published: September 2024

In this systematic review and meta‐analysis, researchers' operationalizations of romantic infidelity and the techniques that they employed to measure it were surveyed along with the demographic characteristics of their respondent samples. A meta‐analytic synthesis of infidelity prevalence estimates and their moderators is provided. The APA PsycINFO, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and ERIC databases were searched for peer‐reviewed, English‐language studies reporting infidelity prevalence rates that were published as of September 2022. Weighted aggregate estimates of different forms of infidelity were calculated and the moderating effects of certain methodological variables on these estimates were examined. Study‐level risk of bias was assessed using the Appraisal tool for Cross‐Sectional Studies (AXIS). A total of 305 studies met the inclusion criteria, with an aggregate sample size of 508,241 respondents across 47 countries. Multiple forms of infidelity were identified, with sexual infidelity receiving the most research attention and many studies lacking clear infidelity operationalization. Anonymous data collection and convenience sampling were found to result in greater report of sexual, but not emotional, infidelity. The findings indicate that nonsexual forms of infidelity remain underexplored. Additionally, operational ambiguity and sample demographic homogeneity are widespread in the existing infidelity research literature. Research practices in this field raise concern regarding the effects of impression management, self‐selection, and response biases.
Changing preferences and societal dynamics: Analyzing public attitudes toward preferential discrimination policy in urban India
Authors: Mitra Debashis
Published: September 2024

This article analyzes public preferences toward affirmative action (reservation policy) designed for disadvantaged social groups in India by examining the co‐relational and causal relationship between the perceived fairness of the reservation policies and the citizens' preferences for reservation policies available in the political sphere, government jobs, and higher education institutions; and how urban India—particularly the metropolitan cities—utilizes better opportunities for socioeconomic mobility. I argue that there are opposing trends in discourse, primarily based on self‐interest or motivation‐based community interest. Examining citizens' preferences by adding more variables to the analysis and testing them with the data (N = 1800) is imperative since self‐motivation or community interest cannot be the sole factor. The findings allow us to represent potential interaction effects based on caste, education level, and place of birth. These are the primary reasons for citizens' choices, and they all have an additive effect rather than being present as an individual factor of analysis.

Related Articles

Harel‐Shalev, Ayelet. 2013. “Policy Analysis beyond Personal Law: Muslim Women's Rights in India.” Politics & Policy 41(3): 384–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12016.

Harel‐Shalev, Ayelet. 2009. “Lingual and Educational Policy toward ‘Homeland Minorities’ in Deeply Divided Societies: India and Israel as Case Studies.” Politics & Policy 37(5): 951–70. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00206.x/abstract.

Pearson‐Merkowitz, Shanna. 2012. “Aqui no hay oportunidades: Latino Segregation and the Keys to Political Participation.” Politics & Policy 40(2): 258–95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00349.x/abstract.
The impact of democracy on peace in Africa: Empirical evidence
Authors: Iheonu Chimere O. , Okwoche Princewill U. , Agbutun Shedrach A.
Published: September 2024

The nexus between democracy and peace in Africa is examined by applying data to 42 sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries between 2008 and 2020. The study used panel regression techniques that include Ordinary Least Squares, the Tobit regression to account for the limited range of the dependent variable, and the System Generalized Method of Moments to account for endogeneity bias. Using seven indicators of democracy, which include electoral democracy, liberal democracy, participatory democracy, deliberative democracy, egalitarian democracy, a total democracy index derived from principal component analysis, and the Polity2 score, and using the global peace index as a proxy for peace, our findings show that all the indicators of democracy, irrespective of the model, have a positive and significant influence on peace in SSA. The result has underscored the importance of advancing democratic practices and values to promote sustainable peace and stability in the region.

Related Articles

Antwi‐Boateng, Osman. 2015. “No Spring in Africa: How Sub‐Saharan Africa Has Avoided the Arab Spring Phenomenon.” Politics & Policy 43(5): 754–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12129.

Asongu, Simplice A., Cheikh T. Ndour, and Judith C. M. Ngoungou. 2024. “The Effects of Gender Political Inclusion and Democracy on Environmental Performance: Evidence from the Method of Moments by Quantile Regression.” Politics & Policy, 52(1), 118–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12576.

Ryan, Susannah. 2015. “White Gold and Troubled Waters in Southern Africa: Hydropolitical Policy's Effect on Peace in Lesotho and South Africa.” Politics & Policy 4(2): 239–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12114.
Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus infection affects the physiology and biochemistry of leaves and the quality of fruits of Tuscany (Italy) autochthonous apple varieties
Authors: Pedrelli Athos , Nali Cristina , Panattoni Alessandra , Pellegrini Elisa , Cotrozzi Lorenzo
Published: September 2024

The present study focused on three autochthonous varieties of apple trees belonging to the old Tuscany germplasm (central Italy), Chitignano, Mora and Ruggine, and aimed to (a) evaluate the presence of the four main latent viruses of apple trees (apple chlorotic leaf spot virus [ACLSV], apple mosaic virus [ApMV], apple stem grooving virus [ASGV] and apple stem pitting virus [ASPV]) and (b) elucidate the biochemical and physiological responses of apple leaves and fruits challenged by ACLSV (the only virus detected). Indeed, despite no visible symptoms being reported, more than half of the assayed trees tested positive for ACLSV, although it occurred only in Mora and Ruggine. ACLSV impaired the photosynthetic performance of apple trees, especially in Ruggine leaves, but variety‐specific responses in terms of reorganization of photosynthetic pigment and primary metabolites were reported. Mora showed a higher ability to trigger the de‐epoxidation state of xanthophylls and to accumulate α‐tocopherol, while d‐glucose and sucrose increased only in infected Ruggine leaves, probably as a signalling response and/or an osmotic adjustment of this variety under ACLSV infection. Unexpectedly, ACLSV infection slightly increased pome size, but it dramatically reduced their quality (i.e., soluble solids content), again especially in Ruggine, the only variety where reductions of d‐fructose, d‐glucose and malic acid contents were reported. Overall, the evidence here reported could offer valuable insights to effectively cope with the detrimental viral diseases affecting this species and to protect the production of one of the most consumed and appreciated fruits in the world.
Skeletons, dragons and the ‘climate war’: Geography's colonial legacy and the uneven landscape of environmental knowledge
Authors: Parsons Laurie
Published: September 2024

As climate change becomes more central to geographers' thinking, climate geography as a field is developing a greater sense of self‐awareness. Whilst welcome, the historical legacy of geographic engagement with the climate brings both challenges and opportunities. As a discipline whose founding principle was to interrogate the nexus of the environmental – as well as a field with both appetite and aptitude for a radical interdisciplinarity – climate geographers are well positioned to interpret a world in which nature and human activity are increasingly inseparable. Yet what climate geographers bring in particular is a recognition of how the present landscape of knowledge reflects often contentious historical politics. By reflexively engaging with the history of the discipline and connecting this to present gaps in the landscape of environmental knowledge, climate geography as a field offers the opportunity for substantial innovation, not only as a means to interpret climate change, but as a site of action to address it.
Magnetic resonance imaging signal changes at the intramuscular injection site in dogs: Comparison of medetomidine and saline
Authors: Kwon Sojeong , Noh Daji , Yamada Kazutaka , Lee Sang‐Kwon , Choi Hojung , Lee Youngwon , Lee Kija
Published: September 2024

Intramuscular administration is a commonly used method for delivering sedatives and anesthetics in veterinary medicine. Previous studies have reported inflammation at the intramuscular injection site in laboratory animals and observed signal changes on MRI following intramuscular injections in humans. We hypothesized that following intramuscular injection, the site would exhibit T2 hyperintensity and contrast enhancement on MRI. To investigate this, this prospective study evaluated the pattern of signal changes and grade of T2 signal intensity and contrast enhancement over time after the intramuscular injection of medetomidine at a premedication dosage, comparing it to saline. MRI scans were performed immediately postinjection into the biceps femoris and quadriceps femoris muscles, as well as at 2, 8, 24, and 72 h, and 7 days postinjection. A semiquantitative scale was utilized to grade signal intensity and contrast enhancement. Both medetomidine and saline injections showed T2 hyperintensity immediately after injection and contrast enhancement from 2 h postinjection, manifesting as flame‐shaped. These signal changes decreased up to 24 h postinjection (p < .05). The signal changes induced by medetomidine showed higher T2 hyperintense change and stronger contrast enhancement compared with saline at most time points, with the signal changes persisting for a longer duration (p < .05). These findings suggest that intramuscular administration of medetomidine induces a more severe tissue reaction compared with saline, and the results are expected to aid in the differentiation of various muscle diseases that present with similar MRI findings.
Polynomial‐exponential equations — Some new cases of solvability
Authors: Mantova Vincenzo , Masser David
Published: September 2024

Recently, Brownawell and the second author proved a ‘non‐degenerate’ case of the (unproved) ‘Zilber Nullstellensatz’ in connexion with ‘Strong Exponential Closure’. Here, we treat some significant new cases. In particular, these settle completely the problem of solving polynomial‐exponential equations in two complex variables. The methods of proof are also new, as is the consequence, for example, that there are infinitely many complex with .
Membrane trafficking of synaptic adhesion molecules
Authors: Bogaciu Cristian A. , Rizzoli Silvio O.
Published: September 2024

Synapse formation and stabilization are aided by several families of adhesion molecules, which are generally seen as specialized surface receptors. The function of most surface receptors, including adhesion molecules, is modulated in non‐neuronal cells by the processes of endocytosis and recycling, which control the number of active receptors found on the cell surface. These processes have not been investigated extensively at the synapse. This review focuses on the current status of this topic, summarizing general findings on the membrane trafficking of the most prominent synaptic adhesion molecules. Remarkably, evidence for endocytosis processes has been obtained for many synaptic adhesion proteins, including dystroglycans, latrophilins, calsyntenins, netrins, teneurins, neurexins, neuroligins and neuronal pentraxins. Less evidence has been obtained on their recycling, possibly because of the lack of specific assays. We conclude that the trafficking of the synaptic adhesion molecules is an important topic, which should receive more attention in the future.

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Numerical Investigation of Two-Phase Shock Waves in CO2 Flows Using a Modified Hertz–Knudsen Model
Authors: Petruccelli Giuseppe , Dolatabadi Amir Momeni , Grönman Aki , Turunen-Saaresti Teemu , Guardone Alberto
Published: September 2024

Understanding the complex behavior of two-phase shocks in CO2 flows is essential for a variety of applications, including carbon capture and storage () and transcritical refrigeration cycles. This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of two-phase shock waves using the multispecies user-defined real gas model in Ansys Fluent. The simulations are performed for de-Laval nozzles, exploring the two-phase shock features for three-dimensional (3D), two-dimensional (2D), and two-dimensional axisymmetric geometries. The nonequilibrium condensation, subsequent evaporation, and denucleation occurring across the shock are modeled through a set of user-defined scalar transport equations implemented within Ansys Fluent. The two-phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out in proximity to the critical point where real gas effects are relevant. The CO2 real gas properties are computed using an in-house Python code and integrated into the solver via user-defined functions as external look-up tables. This study provides valuable insights into the physical processes underlying two-phase shocks in CO2 flows and their sensitivity to geometric variations and thermodynamic conditions. The findings contribute to the development and modification of predictive models and optimized designs for systems involving two-phase CO2 flows. The results highlight the influence of geometry configurations and thermodynamic conditions on shock location and intensity, providing comparisons for shock waves occurring in two-phase flows and supercritical single-phase flows.
A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study on the Performance of Modified H-Shaped VAWTs for Tilted Operation Condition
Authors: Kouaissah Otman , Franchina Nicoletta , Persico Giacomo
Published: September 2024

Wind energy harvesting may see radical transformation with the introduction of new wind turbine concepts. The vertical axis configuration offers significant advantages that may promote the installation in deep waters, where only floating platforms are feasible and economically convenient. While experimental tests for multi-objective assessment are expensive, and analytical methods relying on blade element momentum are of limited fidelity, advanced, high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are a promising tool for the performance prediction of wind turbines. CFD simulations enable critical evaluation of real-time, long-term aerodynamic loading and prediction across various operational scenarios. This paper presents a fully three-dimensional (3D) CFD investigation on the aerodynamics and near-wake development of a small-scale H-shaped vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) and two modified versions suited to tilted conditions, typical for spar-buoy applications. An in-depth spanwise study of the three versions at the peak power condition is performed. The difference in the swept area and the coning angle effect in combination with the tilt condition are considered. The obtained results show significant, potential, contribution to the ongoing development of the floating-VAWT technology. The vortical structures development is also commented to provide better understanding of the physical phenomena taking place. Since the relevant energy harvesting capability being predicted for the newly designed turbines, further simulations aimed at demonstrating the engineering relevance of the machines, utility-scale models of the turbine. The numerical predictions confirm the high performance achievable by the HV-shaped wind turbines, providing valuable insights for its future installations.
In Other Journals
Authors: Stern Peter , Smith Jesse , Maroso Mattia , Hurtley Stella M. , Ray L. Bryan , Funk Michael A. , Jin Sumin
Published: September 2024

Editors’ selections from the current scientific literature
Naamidine A reveals a promising zinc-binding strategy for topical antifungal therapy
Authors: Puumala Emily , Nabeela Sunna , Thornburg Christopher C. , Grkovic Tanja , Uppuluri Priya , Whitesell Luke , O'Keefe Barry R. , Robbins Nicole , Cowen Leah E.
Published: September 2024

Fungal disease affects over a billion people worldwide. Naamidine A inhibits the growth of diverse fungal pathogens through an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that the supplementation of medium with excess zinc abolishes the antifungal activity of naamidine A. Furthermore, we highlight that naamidine A has
in vitro
activity against terbinafine-resistant
Trichophyton spp
. and
in vivo
efficacy in a mouse model of dermatomycosis caused by
T. mentagrophytes,
highlighting its therapeutic potential as a topical treatment.
Human rhinovirus 16 induces an ICAM-1-PKR-ATF2 axis to modulate macrophage functions
Authors: Faure-Dupuy Suzanne , Depierre Manon , Fremont-Debaene Zoé , Herit Floriane , Niedergang Florence
Published: September 2024

Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections are the leading cause of disease exacerbations in individuals with chronic pulmonary diseases, primarily due to impaired macrophage functions, resulting in defective bacterial elimination. We previously demonstrated that HRV16 impairs macrophages’ functions in an ARL5b-dependent manner. In permissive cells, ARL5b acted as an HRV16 restriction factor and was repressed. Here, we delve into the dual regulation of ARL5b by HRV16 in both cell types. We analyzed the effect of HRV16 on primary human macrophages using neutralizing antibodies, specific inhibitors, siRNA, and chromatin immune precipitation. Our study reveals that, while the virus does not replicate in macrophages, it induces interferon and pro-inflammatory responses. We identify the ICAM-1-PKR-ATF2 signaling axis as crucial for ARL5b induction in macrophages, whereas only ICAM-1 plays a role in ARL5b repression in permissive cells. Furthermore, HRV16 triggers epigenetic reprogramming in both cell types at the ARL5b promoter. In macrophages, epigenetic changes are ATF2 dependent. In conclusion, our findings highlight previously unknown signaling pathways activated by HRV16 in macrophages. Targeting these pathways could offer novel strategies to improve outcomes for individuals with respiratory conditions.

IMPORTANCE

Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections are the leading cause of disease exacerbations in individuals with chronic pulmonary conditions and are frequently associated with bacterial superinfections due to defective bacterial elimination by macrophages. We previously identified ARL5b-induction by HRV16 to be responsible for the impairment of bacteria elimination. In contrast, in permissive cells, ARL5b is repressed and acts as a restriction factor for HRV16. Here, we investigated the dual regulation of ARL5b by HRV16 in these cells. Our study reveals that the ICAM-1-PKR-ATF2 signaling axis is crucial for ARL5b induction in macrophages. In permissive cells, only ICAM-1 plays a role in ARL5b repression. Moreover, HRV16 triggered epigenetic reprogramming in macrophages. ARL5b promoter was repressed in an ATF2-dependent manner. Collectively, our findings reveal previously unknown signaling pathways activated by HRV16 in macrophages. Targeting these pathways provides novel strategies to target ARL5b expression specifically in macrophages and improve outcomes for individuals with respiratory pathologies.
Is it me or is it you? Physiological effects of the honey bee microbiota may instead be due to host maturation
Authors: Kwong Waldan K. , Raymann Kasie
Published: September 2024

Microbiota-mediated impacts on host physiology and behavior have been widely reported in honey bees (
Apis mellifera
). However, most of these studies are conducted in artificial lab settings and fail to take into account, or make incorrect assumptions about, the complex physical and social structures inherent to natural hive conditions. A new study by Liberti et al. (J. Liberti, E. T. Frank, T. Kay, L. Kesner, et al., mBio 15:e01034-24, 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01034-24
) identifies one such overlooked aspect—the behavioral maturation from nurses to foragers—that can be a serious confounding factor in bee microbiota experiments. Using cuticular hydrocarbon profiling to discern between the two maturation states, they find that multiple physiological and behavioral differences between age-matched lab bees could potentially be explained by their maturation state instead of the intended treatment conditions, such as microbial inoculation. This study serves as a stark wake-up call on the necessity of careful replication and cross-disciplinary knowledge transfer (e.g., between animal specialists and microbiologists) in order to truly understand complex host–microbe systems.
Trace Element Composition of Discordant Zircon as a Reflection of the Fluid Regime of Paleoproterozoic Granulite Metamorphism (Khapchan Terrane, Anabar Shield)
Authors: Skublov S. G. , Gusev N. I. , Salimgaraeva L. I. , Romanova L. Yu.
Published: September 2024

New data on the U–Pb age (SHRIMP-II) and trace element composition (SIMS) of zircon from gneisses of the Khapchan Group of the Khapchan terrane of the Anabar Shield are presented. Zircon grains contain relicts of magmatic zircon, the protolith and source areas of which are difficult to specify. The only zircon in this group with the least altered core preserved the 207Pb/206Pb protolith age of 1971 ± 19 Ma. During granulite metamorphism, the zircon was subjected to the impact of fluid enriched in incompatible elements. The disurbances affected both the U–Pb isotope system (zircon age was “reset” at metamorphic age of 1920–1930 Ma) and composition of zircon, magmatic cores of which were significantly recrystallized in a solid state or dissolved by fluid up to the practically complete disappearance of primary zircon. In both the cases, zircon was sharply enriched in incompatible elements (Ca, Ti, Pb, Sr, Ba, and some others) owing to fluid effect, while preserved cores seemed to be rimmed by a new zircon population (CL-black). The REE distribution patterns in the recrystallized cores acquired a “bird’s wing” profile atypical for zircon. When the fluid lost its reactivity, the main part of the zircon grain crystallized, typical of granulite zircon. This zircon population is less enriched in incompatible element than the cores are. The horizontal pattern of HREE distribution is consistently repeated, which indicates the co-crystallization of zircon and garnet. The estimated crystallization temperature of the main part of zircon varies in a narrow range of 800–830°C. All zircon domains in the Wetherill concordia diagram form a single trend with a zero lower intercept and an upper intercept confirmed by concordant cluster with an age around 1920–1930 Ma. This value corresponds to the age of regional Paleoproterozoic granulite metamorphism. A unique feature of zircon from the Khapchan gneisses is that its cores did not retain the age marks of the protolith, but were completely reset during metamorphism both in terms of the U-Pb system and the trace element composition, which can be explained by the extremely high intensity of fluid impact during the granulite facies metamorphism superimposed on the rocks of the Khapchan terrane of the Anabar Shield.
Extreme midface injury and superior maxillary impaction in an adolescent
Authors: Calderon Thais , Tople Tannon , Morrison Shane , Ettinger Russell E
Published: September 2024

We present a case of an adolescent who sustained multiple facial fractures following a high-speed, head-on skiing collision. The patient presented to a level 1 trauma centre with bilateral LeFort I, LeFort II, naso-orbital ethmoid fractures and superior maxillary displacement to the level of the orbits requiring a staged operative approach to (1) disimpact the maxillary LeFort I segment and (2) reduce and fixate the multilevel facial fractures. The patient was discharged home with close follow-up, and after 1 year, had preservation of appropriate facial proportions without complications. This case study focuses on the triage, management and surgical planning of paediatric midface fractures, which are relatively uncommon to treat. Special considerations for repairing facial fractures in adolescents are discussed.
Pigmented basal cell carcinoma mimicking nodular melanoma
Authors: Purushottama Manila , Ashwini Shankar Bharathi , Ranugha Poovanur Sadasivam Subramanian , Basavaraj Vijaya
Published: September 2024

The most common form of primary skin cancer is basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Pigmented BCC is a less common clinical presentation in BCC spectrum, where the tumour contains pigment. Some cases can exhibit morphological features that mimic those of nodular melanoma (NM). We present a woman in her late 40’s who had an asymptomatic firm, hyperpigmented nodule on the right cheek resembling pigmented NM. Dermoscopy showed diffuse hyperpigmentation with irregular shiny surface and a solitary haemorrhagic crust. Melanoacanthoma and irritated seborrheic keratosis were the other differentials considered. Punch biopsy showed features of trichoepithelioma initially, subsequent complete excision was suggestive of pigmented BCC.

Mortality related to BCC is rare, whereas NM is aggressive. Hence, clinicians need to be aware of this rare presentation of BCC as a hyperpigmented nodule, particularly in dark-skinned individuals. Timely differentiation between melanoma and BCC is crucial given their differing prognosis.
Software using artificial intelligence for nodule and cancer detection in CT lung cancer screening: systematic review of test accuracy studies
Authors: Geppert Julia , Asgharzadeh Asra , Brown Anna , Stinton Chris , Helm Emma J , Jayakody Surangi , Todkill Daniel , Gallacher Daniel , Ghiasvand Hesam , Patel Mubarak , Auguste Peter , Tsertsvadze Alexander , Chen Yen-Fu , Grove Amy , Shinkins Bethany , Clarke Aileen , Taylor-Phillips Sian
Published: September 2024

Objectives

To examine the accuracy and impact of artificial intelligence (AI) software assistance in lung cancer screening using CT.

Methods

A systematic review of CE-marked, AI-based software for automated detection and analysis of nodules in CT lung cancer screening was conducted. Multiple databases including Medline, Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from 2012 to March 2023. Primary research reporting test accuracy or impact on reading time or clinical management was included. QUADAS-2 and QUADAS-C were used to assess risk of bias. We undertook narrative synthesis.

Results

Eleven studies evaluating six different AI-based software and reporting on 19 770 patients were eligible. All were at high risk of bias with multiple applicability concerns. Compared with unaided reading, AI-assisted reading was faster and generally improved sensitivity (+5% to +20% for detecting/categorising actionable nodules; +3% to +15% for detecting/categorising malignant nodules), with lower specificity (−7% to −3% for correctly detecting/categorising people without actionable nodules; −8% to −6% for correctly detecting/categorising people without malignant nodules). AI assistance tended to increase the proportion of nodules allocated to higher risk categories. Assuming 0.5% cancer prevalence, these results would translate into additional 150–750 cancers detected per million people attending screening but lead to an additional 59 700 to 79 600 people attending screening without cancer receiving unnecessary CT surveillance.

Conclusions

AI assistance in lung cancer screening may improve sensitivity but increases the number of false-positive results and unnecessary surveillance. Future research needs to increase the specificity of AI-assisted reading and minimise risk of bias and applicability concerns through improved study design.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42021298449.
Effect of nonlinearity on seismic response of nonstructural components in a code-conforming RC shear wall building
Authors: Assi Rola , Mazloom Shahabaldin , Abouda Amine
Published: September 2024

This paper assesses the seismic response of nonstructural components (NSCs) in a 12-storey RC office building with ductile-coupled shear walls, located in Montreal on stiff soil. A time history analysis was conducted using 24 spectrum-matched artificial earthquakes, considering both the linear and nonlinear behavior of the supporting structure and of the NSCs. The acceleration floor response spectra, the height factor, the component dynamic amplification factor and the force factor of the NSCs were evaluated at the 2nd, 6th, and 12th floors, and compared with the provisions proposed in NBC 2020, ASCE/SEI 7-22, and Eurocode 8-1. It was concluded that the nonlinear supporting structure notably reduces the seismic peak acceleration of floors, components, and force factors at selected levels. Moreover, increasing NSC ductility reduces peak spectral accelerations in the vicinity of building higher modes, and has a smaller impact on the fundamental mode. Finally, the optimal values and equations for estimating the studied force factor were presented.
On the characterization of patterning in spruce budworm time-series data
Authors: Cooke Barry J.
Published: September 2024

I outline the “definitional problem” in forest insect outbreak analytics and show how it is related to the “counting problem” in dendroentomology and the “forecasting problem” in forest insect population dynamics, through the ubiquitous presence of non-stationary complex periodicity. Using real-world examples from the spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) system, I show that regardless how outbreak patterning is characterized—whether by peak impact, cycle frequency, interval duration, or interval severity—the distribution in pattern attributes appears to be extremely variable, regardless how the data are processed through definitional filters. I show that this extreme variability is an unavoidable and key feature of the system’s dynamics and argue that it needs to be viewed as an object of study, instead of a nuisance problem to be swept under the rug. The single biggest opportunity for rapid gains in spruce budworm predictive ecology is determining the environmental and ecological factors that separate high-intensity from low-intensity outbreak cycling.
Improving Fault Localization with External Oracle by Using Counterfactual Execution
Authors: Park Jongchan , Kim Tae Eun , Kim Dongsun , Heo Kihong
Published: September 2024

We present
Flex
, a new approach to improve fault localization with external oracles. Spectrum-based fault localization techniques estimate suspicious statements based on the execution trace of the test suite. State-of-the-art techniques rely on test oracles that
internally
exist in the program. However, programs often have
external
oracles that observe their behavior from outside. This in turn hinders fine-grained and accurate estimation of suspicious statements in practice because the correctness of each execution can only be observed at termination. In this article, we aim to address this problem by observing counterfactual execution traces, which enable fine-grained estimation even without precise internal oracles. We observe two types of counterfactual scenarios related to different types of test cases: When the branch condition is set to a Boolean constant, (1) if most of the passing test cases still pass, we consider the newly executed statements in the branch statement as
unrelated
to the failure; (2) if failing test case still fails, we also consider the originally executed statements as
unrelated
to the failure. We evaluated the performance on widely used C and Java programs.
Flex
improves the accuracy of state-of-the-art SBFL techniques on C and Java programs by 24% and 22% on average, respectively.
Federated In-Network Machine Learning for Privacy-Preserving IoT Traffic Analysis
Authors: Zang Mingyuan , Zheng Changgang , Koziak Tomasz , Zilberman Noa , Dittmann Lars
Published: September 2024

The expanding use of Internet-of-Things (IoT) has driven machine learning (ML)-based traffic analysis. 5G networks’ standards, requiring low-latency communications for time-critical services, pose new challenges to traffic analysis. They necessitate fast analysis and response, preventing service disruption or security impact on network infrastructure. Distributed intelligence on IoT edge has been studied to analyze traffic, but introduces delays and raises privacy concerns. Federated learning can address privacy concerns, but does not meet latency requirements. In this article, we propose FLIP4: an efficient federated learning-based framework for in-network traffic analysis. Our solution introduces a lightweight federated tree-based model, offloaded and running within network devices. FLIP4 consumes less resources than previous solutions and reduces communication overheads, making it well-suited for IoT edge traffic analysis. It ensures prompt mitigation and minimal impact on services in the presence of false alerts using two approaches (metering and dropping), thereby balancing learning accuracy and privacy requirements.
An Empirical Study of the Non-Determinism of ChatGPT in Code Generation
Authors: Ouyang Shuyin , Zhang Jie M. , Harman Mark , Wang Meng
Published: September 2024

There has been a recent explosion of research on Large Language Models (LLMs) for software engineering tasks, in particular code generation. However, results from LLMs can be highly unstable; non-deterministically returning very different code for the same prompt. Such non-determinism affects the correctness and consistency of the generated code, undermines developers’ trust in LLMs, and yields low reproducibility in LLM-based papers. Nevertheless, there is no work investigating how serious this non-determinism threat is.

To fill this gap, this article conducts an empirical study on the non-determinism of ChatGPT in code generation. We chose to study ChatGPT because it is already highly prevalent in the code generation research literature. We report results from a study of 829 code generation problems across three code generation benchmarks (i.e., CodeContests, APPS and HumanEval) with three aspects of code similarities: semantic similarity, syntactic similarity, and structural similarity. Our results reveal that ChatGPT exhibits a high degree of non-determinism under the default setting: the ratio of coding tasks with zero equal test output across different requests is 75.76%, 51.00% and 47.56% for three different code generation datasets (i.e., CodeContests, APPS and HumanEval), respectively. In addition, we find that setting the
temperature
to 0 does not guarantee determinism in code generation, although it indeed brings less non-determinism than the default configuration (
temperature

\(=\)

1). In order to put LLM-based research on firmer scientific foundations, researchers need to take into account non-determinism in drawing their conclusions.
Concepts for Neutrino Applications
Authors: Akindele Oluwatomi A. , Carr Rachel
Published: September 2024

Will neutrinos find uses outside basic science? It may be too early to say, but neutrino physicists have already imagined a variety of possibilities from the relatively modest to the more blue-sky. In this review, we survey the range of proposed applications, most involving nuclear reactors and other fission sources. We give special attention to the most recent proposals, including verifying submarine reactor integrity, safeguarding advanced nuclear power plants, and monitoring spent nuclear fuel. All of these concepts take advantage of the fact that neutrinos pass through barriers other signals cannot penetrate. That same fact creates the central challenge for neutrino applications: the size and complexity of detectors needed to collect a signal. Although the weakly interacting nature of neutrinos makes them fundamentally difficult to use, developments in detector technology are making some ideas more feasible.
Machine Learning for Design and Control of Particle Accelerators: A Look Backward and Forward
Authors: Edelen Auralee , Huang Xiaobiao
Published: September 2024

Particle accelerators are extremely complex machines that are challenging to simulate, design, and control. Over the past decade, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques have made dramatic advancements across various scientific and industrial domains, and rapid improvements have been made in the availability and power of computing resources. These developments have begun to revolutionize the way particle accelerators are designed and controlled, and AI/ML techniques are beginning to be incorporated into regular operations for accelerators. This article provides a high-level overview of the history of AI/ML in accelerators and highlights current developments along with contrasting discussion about traditional methods for accelerator design and control. Areas of current technological challenges in developing reliable AI/ML methods are also discussed along with future research directions.
Mn-Based Transition Metal Oxide Positive Electrode for K-Ion Battery Using an FSA-based Ionic Liquid Electrolyte
Authors: Jiao Kai , Yamamoto Takayuki , Kiuchi Hisao , Zhao Haochong , Nohira Toshiyuki
Published: September 2024

Layered Mn-based transition metal oxides have gained interest as positive electrode materials for K-ion batteries due to their high capacity, excellent structural stability, and abundant resources. However, their practical utility is significantly hindered by insufficient electrochemical performances during operations. This study reports the successful synthesis of P3-K0.46MnO2 via the solid-state method and investigates its charge–discharge behavior as a positive electrode working in an FSA-based (FSA= bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide) ionic liquid electrolyte at 298 K. The K0.46MnO2 electrode demonstrates superior performance compared to previously reported K
x
MnO2 counterparts, delivering a reversible discharge capacity of about 100 mAh g−1 at a current density of 20 mA g−1 and a capacity retention of 68.3% over 400 cycles at 100 mA g−1. Ex situ X-ray diffraction analyses confirm the occurrence of reversible structural changes during the charge–discharge process. Further, we explore potassium storage mechanisms through ex situ synchrotron soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Spectra obtained in Mn L-edge region suggest that Mn is reversibly oxidized and reduced during K+ deintercalation and intercalation processes. Remarkably, discharging the electrode below 2.3 V induces reversible formation of Mn2+ from Mn3+/4+ on the electrode surface. The study demonstrates superior electrochemical performance of K0.46MnO2 positive electrode for K-ion battery using ionic liquid electrolyte.
Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in Tehuledere District, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Misganaw Worku , Yiblet Yalew
Published: September 2024

Medicinal plants have constituted a fundamental aspect of human health and wellness for millennia. The objective of this study was to document medicinal plants used to treat human and livestock ailments in the Tehuledere District. The data were collected using semistructured interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations with local informants. Preference ranking, direct matrix ranking, and informant consensus factor were used for data analysis. A total of 63 medicinal plant species belonging to 59 genera and 41 families were documented. The predominant families identified were Lamiaceae and Asteraceae, each containing 6 and 5 species, respectively. Of the recorded medicinal plants, 53 (80.95%) species were used for human ailments, whereas 12 (19.05%) species were used for animal health issues. Among the recorded medicinal plant species, shrubs constitute the highest number with 35% species. The most frequently used plant parts were leaves, accounting for 59% of remedies targeting human ailments. The administration of herbal treatments was primarily oral, aimed at addressing various diseases. The most significant threat to these medicinal plants was attributed to agricultural expansion, followed by the collection of firewood. The aim of documenting the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of diseases was to capture traditional practices, with species such as Eucalyptus globulus, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, and Lepidium sativum serving as the foundational basis for future pharmacological studies. It is imperative to prioritize the conservation of Laggera tomentosa and Urtica simensis to safeguard biodiversity and the cultural traditions associated with these endangered species. Engaging local communities in the management and conservation of plant resources, along with the preservation of their traditional knowledge, presents a cost‐effective and sustainable solution.
Factors Determining Intention to Use Contraception Among Sexually Active Women in South Africa: A Multilevel Modelling Approach
Authors: Motshegwa Germinah , Tsawe Mluleki , Legotlo Onalenna , Malatji Marinkie , Mathabatha Shirley , Phateng Reamogetse , Tshabalala Kenneth Pule , Seima Jaqueline , Berries Mary , Seokamo Tsholofelo
Published: September 2024

Background: At least six in 10 women use contraception in South Africa. Although there is considerable contraceptive use, there is a need to understand the factors associated with intention to use contraception later among sexually active women who are not using contraception. Women’s intention to use contraception is the best predictor of contraceptive use because it usually translates into actual contraceptive use. This study aimed to investigate the multilevel factors determining intention to use contraception among sexually active women in South Africa.

Methods: We used cross‐sectional secondary data from the 2016 South Africa Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS). This study used a sample of 1684 women who were not using contraception at the time of the survey. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multilevel (random effect) logistic regression.

Results: Overall, the prevalence of sexually active women’s intention to use contraception was (40.7%, 95% CI: 37.3–44.2) in South Africa. We found that age, marital status, population group, parity, ideal number of children, desire to delay childbearing, exposure to family planning messages/advice, place of residence, and province were associated with intention to use contraception. Moreover, the odds of women’s intention to use contraception were lower among women aged 40–49 years (AOR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.07–0.23), women who had no exposure to family planning messages/advice (AOR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52–0.88), and women from the Free State province (AOR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.26–0.95).

Conclusion: The results showed that age, population group, parity, ideal number of children, desire to delay childbearing, exposure to family planning messages/advice, and province were key predictors of women’s intention to use contraception. The findings suggest the need for targeted education initiatives about contraception, particularly among older women. There is also a need to involve community leaders and the local media in sexual and reproductive health campaigns.