bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Harlem Stompers
Authors: Crease Stephanie Stein
Published: May 2023

In March 1928 Webb’s band, billed as Chick Webb and His Roseland Orchestra, made its debut at Harlem’s Lafayette Theater, considered “American’s Leading Colored Theater” from its opening in 1912 through the early 1930s. The Lafayette featured top Black entertainers, including Florence Mills, Ethel Waters, Bill Bojangles Robinson, Johnny Hutchins, and jazz bands. After Webb’s one-week run there he was back to hustling. In May 1928, Chick Webb and His Harlem Stompers returned to the Savoy Ballroom for another “Battle of Jazz.” There were important personnel changes in Webb’s band: Johnny Hodges joined Duke Ellington’s band after resisting Ellington’s offer for months. Another future Ellington star, trumpet player Cootie Williams, just arrived from Alabama and Webb heard him and hired him immediately. Though Webb struggled to find work, he inspired loyalty and was an excellent talent scout. Webb built a core ensemble eager to follow the latest jazz developments. Webb was often found arguing about music outside the Rhythm Club with Jelly Roll Morton, who’d recently moved to New York from Chicago. Webb enjoyed his status as a bandleader and held rehearsals every day whether his band had work or not. Webb got in trouble with Local 802 when he and his bandmates harassed another band working at the newly redecorated Alhambra Dance Hall.
Ol’ Man Depression
Authors: Crease Stephanie Stein
Published: May 2023

In October 1929, the Wall Street stock market crash initiated widespread economic depression. The entertainment world in Harlem was not immediately impacted but would be in the early 1930s. Webb interacted with Baltimore musicians who came to New York: Blanche Calloway, who was a star singer in Chicago clubs, and her then-unknown younger brother Cab. In 1930, Cab’s breakthrough performance in New York led to fronting the Missourians; they appeared with Webb’s band at the Savoy and other places. In 1931, the Cotton Club’s gangster owners hired Cab Calloway and the Missourians to succeed Duke Ellington’s band. Chick Webb and His Orchestra were busy through most of 1931 after a few weeks at the Roseland Ballroom. Webb, Henderson, and other Harlem bandleaders traded musicians or raided each other’s bands. In one instance, dubbed “The Big Trade,” alto saxophonist Benny Carter and trombonist Jimmy Harrison were “traded” to Webb’s band from Henderson’s for alto saxophonist Russell Procope and trombonist Benny Morton. On March 31, 1931, Webb’s band recorded three tunes, arranged by Benny Carter for Vocalion, all of which got good reviews. In October 1931, Webb’s band and Blanche Calloway’s band went on tour with Bennie Moten’s band and two others for a five-band roving “Battle of Music.” Chick Webb and His Orchestra were now frequently covered by the Black press.
Showtime in the Theater Wars
Authors: Crease Stephanie Stein
Published: May 2023

Since its opening in January 1934, the Apollo Theater was a hotspot for Black audiences and entertainers. Its biggest draw was the Wednesday Night Amateur contests, where Ella Fitzgerald won first prize in November 1934. This took place during the “Harlem Theater Wars” between Morris Sussman, the Apollo’s manager, and Frank Schiffman, manager of the Lafayette and the Harlem Opera House. The cutthroat competition ended in 1935 when Schiffman and Sussman agreed to co-run both houses. Webb benefited from the Theater Wars. His band had regular bookings at the Lafayette and Harlem Opera House and would become a big attraction at the Apollo. Webb’s career was now on a steady upswing thanks to his triweekly NBC national radio slots. In February 1935 Ella Fitzgerald appeared with Tiny Bradshaw’s band at the Harlem Opera House, her delayed “prize” for winning first place at the Apollo. Webb’s band members Bardu Ali, Charles Linton, and others encouraged Webb to hear her. He does, and then agreed to give her a tryout at a fraternity dance at Yale University during prom weekend. She went over so well that Webb hired her, and she started singing with the band at the Savoy. That winter Webb started dating a woman named Sally Hart (nee Martha Loretta Ferguson), and they started living together at an apartment on Striver’s Row in Harlem.
Vote for Mr. Rhythm
Authors: Crease Stephanie Stein
Published: May 2023

In early 1937, Ella Fitzgerald was getting acclaimed by entertainment reporters and the jazz press, Black and white; in November 1937 she was voted the Number One Female Vocalist in readers’ polls. Helen Oakley moved to New York to work for Duke Ellington’s manager, Irving Mills, who started two new record labels. She became producer for the Variety label, and asked Webb to be drummer for a few sessions. She did publicity work for Webb and his band in 1937–38. Band battles were still a big attraction at the Savoy Ballroom, where Webb’s band was almost always the winner. In February and March 1937 Webb’s band “battled” the orchestras of Henderson and Ellington, and Webb was “out-swung” by Ellington’s band. Oakley decided to stage a huge publicity event for Webb and set up a battle at the Savoy between Webb’s band and Benny Goodman’s. The Webb-Goodman “battle of the bands” was May 11, 1937, and took on legendary status almost immediately.
Have Mercy
Authors: Crease Stephanie Stein
Published: May 2023

In early June 1939, Webb and his band started on a big East Coast tour, with stops in Baltimore and Washington, DC. The band traveled with drummer Kaiser Marshall to sub for Webb if he needed to rest. On Monday, June 5, 1939, Chick Webb went back into Johns Hopkins Hospital, where he was treated by Dr. Young. Webb’s music director Teddy McRae caught up with the band back in DC, and they resumed their tour with stops in Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, and Alabama. This was the longest period Webb was absent, but his musicians thought he would recover, like he had before. Webb died at Johns Hopkins on June 16, 1939, of intestinal obstruction and uremia. Fitzgerald and the band had been on the road all day and were about to play for a dance in Montgomery, Alabama. During intermission, the hall’s manager told them that Chick Webb had just died. They played a few more numbers, then canceled the rest of the dance and boarded the bus to go back to Baltimore. Webb’s family in Baltimore prepared their home for the viewing of Webb’s body, and hundreds of people came to pay their respect. The funeral was held on June 20, 1939, at Waters AME Church. It was the biggest funeral the city had ever witnessed, and thousands of people thronged the streets surrounding the church and the cortege to Arbutus Memorial Park, where Webb was buried.
Write Like a Chemist
Authors: Robinson Marin S. , Stoller Fredricka L.
Published: May 2023

Write Like a Chemist (2nd ed.) is a one-of-a-kind volume, written to serve as a textbook and resource for chemistry students, post-docs, faculty, and other chemistry professionals. The book focuses on four types of chemistry writing: the journal article, conference abstract, scientific poster, and research proposal. The book includes numerous excerpts from American Chemical Society (ACS) journal articles, ACS conference abstracts, and successful NSF proposals, all serving as excellent models of scientific writing. A model poster is also included. Write Like a Chemist’s read–analyze–write approach underscores the importance of reading authentic texts, analyzing them, and using them as models for disciplinary writing. Analyses focus on conciseness, level of detail, and formality; organization; writing conventions; grammar and punctuation; and content expressed in prose and graphics. Exercises are included in each chapter. Together, these features turn the complex process of writing into graduated, achievable tasks. Additional features of the book include the formatting of figures, tables, citations, and references. ACS chemistry writing conventions, as advocated in the ACS Guide to Scholarly Communication (Banik et al., 2020), are modelled throughout. The final chapter provides language tips for “troublesome” aspects of writing. Separate companion websites include materials for students and faculty. For students, “writing on your own” guidance, a downloadable poster template, self-study exercises (with answer keys), and proofreading tips are included. For chemistry faculty, answer keys for book exercises, sample grading rubrics, and teaching tips are provided.
Learning to Write Like a Chemist
Authors: Robinson Marin S. , Stoller Fredricka L
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the basic approach to writing in chemistry. It focuses on five components of genre analysis: audience and purpose, organization, writing conventions, grammar and punctuation, and science content. There are four genres commonly read and written by chemists: journal article; conference abstract; scientific poster; and research proposal. Before one begins to write, they must decide who will read their work (the audience) and why they are writing (the purpose). In turn, the audience and purpose will influence the levels of detail, formality, and conciseness that one uses in their writing and the words that they choose to use. The chapter then divides audience into four categories: expert audience, scientific audience, student audience, and general audience. Together, these four audiences form a continuum that spans a wide range of expertise in chemistry. The chapter also introduces move structures, which are flowchart-like representations of the moves within a genre.
Writing the Methods Section
Authors: Robinson Marin S. , Stoller Fredricka L
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the process of writing a Methods section for a journal-quality paper. The Methods section can vary significantly across different subdisciplines of chemistry: it is typically called Experimental or Methods in physical and analytical chemistry journals, Materials and Methods in environmental and biochemistry journals, and Experimental Section in organic and inorganic chemistry journals. The purpose of the Methods section is to explain how one’s research was conducted. Relevant information about instrumentation and experimental and/or numerical procedures is described. The goal is to provide enough detailed information so that an expert (not a novice) could repeat the work. Because journal-article Methods sections are written largely for experts, they are not at all like Methods sections in chemistry lab manuals. Concise writing is important because, unlike a single lab experiment, Methods sections in journal articles describe multifaceted works that took months or years to complete.
Writing the Introduction
Authors: Robinson Marin S. , Stoller Fredricka L
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at the Introduction, the first major section of the journal article. The Introduction is often the first section to be read (by readers) but the last section to be written (by writers). This is because the Introduction must tell readers “where the article is going and why,” a mission that is most easily accomplished after the rest of the sections have been completed. The Introduction, as its name implies, sets the stage for the rest of the journal article by introducing the research area, describing its importance, and hinting at what new knowledge and insights the authors have gained. The Introduction is also where authors summarize others’ works, requiring several important writing skills such as paraphrasing, writing concisely, and correctly citing the literature. Like other journal-article sections, it follows a conventional organizational structure.
Figures and Tables
Authors: Robinson Marin S. , Stoller Fredricka L
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides general formatting guidelines for figures and tables (collectively referred to as graphics). Figures and tables, in combination with the text, allow authors to communicate information efficiently. Effective graphics help readers comprehend complex relationships between and among sets of data, relationships that would be difficult, if not impossible, to explain in words alone. Graphics also allow readers to view results independently, without being influenced by authors’ interpretations. The formatting guidelines presented in the chapter are general in nature and are designed to help authors prepare graphics appropriate for most chemistry genres. However, specific formatting requirements vary across genres; hence, authors will also need to consult appropriate resources for specifics. Author Guidelines for journal articles also specify if graphics should be attached to the end of the manuscript or inserted directly into the text.
Citations and References
Authors: Robinson Marin S. , Stoller Fredricka L
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses formatting conventions for citations and references. It goes without saying that to include another’s original ideas without proper acknowledgment is plagiarism. Consequently, this stage of the writing process is critical both professionally and ethically. Citations—inserted into the text of journal articles, posters, and research proposals—identify publications that influenced the authors’ knowledge and understanding of the presented work. Although citations are formatted in different ways, they serve the same purposes, including acknowledging others’ works, enhancing the writer’s credibility, placing the current work into a broader context, and making it easy for readers to locate cited materials. Meanwhile, the purpose of references is to offer more detailed information about the publications cited within the text, making it easy for readers to retrieve each cited source, if so desired.
Description to Definition
Authors: Dasgupta Sangeeta
Published: May 2023

The first section of this book deals with the category of ‘tribe’. It questions the stereotypes associated with the term, unravels the pasts of those designated as tribe, and disentangles the ways in which ideas of difference were generated in colonial times. The introduction to Section I analyses the case filed by Kartik Oraon against David Munzni in which he questioned the right of Munzni, an ‘Indian Christian’, to contest in the general election of 1962 for the parliamentary seat in the Lohardaga constituency which was reserved for Scheduled Tribes. Kartik Oraon’s argument raised fundamental questions: How was one to understand the idea of tribe? Was it race or religion that determined tribal identity? And, in what ways were voices of colonial officials, missionaries, and anthropologists invoked by the judiciary in order to authenticate the essential characteristics of the tribe?
Between Forests and Fields
Authors: Dasgupta Sangeeta
Published: May 2023

Chapter 5 argues for the need to question the representation of adivasis as homogenous communities that were united in their opposition to outsiders, and suggests thereby an alternative reading of adivasi protest in colonial India. It discusses patterns of migrations which determined claims to land and ritual privileges; emphasizes the importance of geographical landscapes and changing terrains in shaping modes of protest; points towards cleavages within the Oraon community which were strengthened and reordered with colonial intervention; and analyses the ritual world of the Tanas that was constituted by gods and spirits. Among the Oraons, those who were believed to descendants of the ‘original’ clearers of the soil derived authority as holders of privileged tenures and as claimants to the traditional offices of the priest and village head; they also served as local informants for the British who sought to understand customary rights over land. The Tanas in contrast, the author argues, articulated the ideology of a marginalized group; their protest symbolized adivasi resistance to non-adivasis, but also a struggle with conflicts and tensions within the Oraon community.
Early Jewish Writings and New Testament Interpretation
Authors: Elledge C.D.
Published: May 2023

Early Jewish writings offer essential context for interpreting the New Testament. This accessible volume, written in nontechnical language, orients readers to select categories of early Jewish literature, explaining the roles they currently play in the interpretation of New Testament literature and the study of Christian origins. While the literature of Early Judaism is vast, five specific literary categories stand at the forefront of New Testament research. These include wisdom writings, apocalypses, rewritten scriptural narratives, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and the writings of Philo and Josephus. Individual chapters explain their respective contributions toward interpreting the theological ideas, sociohistorical settings, and literary features of specific New Testament writings. The volume further describes literary collections that the church would later classify as “apocrypha” and “pseudepigrapha,” providing a more nuanced perspective on what “scripture” might have looked like prior to the formation of the biblical canon. Interpreted within their ancient context, many of these writings offer insight into a religious environment in which Judaism and Christianity were still emerging religions that had not yet gone their “separate” ways. The reader of the New Testament today can, therefore, understand the indebtedness of the New Testament literature to traditions found in contemporary Jewish works, while also appreciating the creative, new interpretations the church gave to those traditions.
The Glory of Wisdom
Authors: Elledge C.D.
Published: May 2023

The concept of wisdom features as a prominent theme within many early Jewish writings, a topic that was explored in varied and even competing expressions. Concern for wisdom in Early Judaism exhibits both continuities and differences when compared with the earlier “wisdom literature” of the Hebrew Bible. The books of Ben Sira and Wisdom of Solomon further illustrate the composition of new sapiential literature in this era. The two writings share common interests in creation, epistemology, theodicy, and Jewish tradition, even as they offer very different approaches to these religious concerns. As wisdom constituted an urgent religious problem within the era of Christian origins, it offers essential perspective in the modern interpretation of the Historical Jesus, the Q Hypothesis, the Gospel of John, and the letters of Paul.
In the Last Days
Authors: Elledge C.D.
Published: May 2023

Many early Jewish compositions may be characterized as “apocalyptic,” including the flourishing of formal literary apocalypses during the Hellenistic (Daniel 7–12, portions of 1 Enoch) and Roman eras (4 Ezra, 2 Baruch, Apocalypse of Abraham). Amid their shared literary conventions as revelatory discourse, these works also differ meaningfully in their conceptualizations of history, the cosmos, eschatological life, human agency, and the roles of angelic and messianic agents. The theological concerns of literary apocalypses have traditionally featured as essential for understanding the emergence of Christian thought. As illustrated in the Markan “Little Apocalypse” (ch. 13), the letters of Paul, and the book of Revelation, New Testament apocalypticism includes striking continuities as well as innovative departures from contemporary Jewish apocalypses.
Jews, Greeks, and Romans
Authors: Elledge C.D.
Published: May 2023

The voluminous writings of Philo of Alexandria and Flavius Josephus depict the intellectual interests and political challenges of Early Judaism in its diaspora settings among Greeks and Romans. Both authors exhibit a thoroughgoing dialogue with Hellenistic-Roman culture, even as they praise the excellence of Jewish tradition. Together, the two prolific authors provide essential evidence for understanding relations between Jews and Greeks at the time in which the early church was attempting to navigate these very tensions. Philo’s philosophical exegesis has proven essential for contextualizing select moments of argumentation in Paul’s letters, as well as the Christology of the Gospel of John. Josephus not only names the figures of Jesus, John the Baptist, and James but also offers a broader vision of popular messianic and prophetic movements during the era of Christian origins.
The Fifth Estate
Authors: Dutton William H.
Published: May 2023

The rise of the press led to the development of an independent institution: the Fourth Estate, central to pluralist democratic processes. In the digital age, the internet and related information and communication technologies are enabling a network power shift—empowering a Fifth Estate. Networked individuals are becoming an independent and highly distributed force for accountability in politics and society. By connecting diverse strands of decades of research with a wide range of case studies, this book explains how this emerging Fifth Estate has been empowered by the ability of ordinary people to search, originate, network, collaborate, and leak information in ways that enhance their informational and communicative power. The Fifth Estate complements the existing distribution of power in pluralistic societies. It is not a substitute for other estates and more established bases of institutional authority, such as the press and governments, which the Fifth Estate can hold more accountable. However, threats to freedom of expression and privacy online could undermine the promise of the Fifth Estate power shift. To meet this challenge, the book concludes by discussing approaches to the governance and security of the internet and social media that take advantage of the empowerment of networked individuals and help ensure the vitality the internet can bring to pluralistic processes in democratic politics and across all sectors of society.
Networking
Authors: Dutton William H.
Published: May 2023

Networking was a key motivation behind the invention of the internet and web—the desire for research scientists and engineers to share information more easily regardless of their location. This is one reason why sharing became a major feature of the internet and web in its early academic use. Since then, the ability of ordinary individuals to network, share information, and communicate with people anywhere is increasingly taken for granted. However, it is a phenomenal affordance of the internet and web. It reconfigures what we know and how we get information as well as who we know and with whom we communicate. A major fear of critics is the potential for social media users to cocoon themselves in echo chambers of like-minded individuals and not challenge bad ideas. But social media empowers individuals to network with a diverse range of sources locally and globally, as well as for a diverse array of uses and gratifications unrelated to political motives. How individuals can build and shape their networks, such as blocking or unfriending bad apples who lack civility, is a major topic for academic research, guiding user practices, and shaping the design of social media applications.
Navigating the Interface Between Utility Patents and Copyrights
Authors: Meyer Stuart P.
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the issues revolving around the overlap between patents and copyrights. It looks into the constitutional basis of patent and copyright in the US law after the original Constitution in 1787 made explicit provisions. On the other hand, the European Union (EU) and other jurisdictions do not have a unified basis of copyright and patent laws analogous to the US constitution. The variation in the treatment of patents and copyrights within some jurisdictions offers practitioners a wide choice of strategies for the protection and enforcement of rights and a wide choice of remedies. The chapter explains that patents and copyrights can be combined as part of an overall IP strategy and diversification hedges against IP law.
Interfaces in Plant Intellectual Property
Authors: Janis Mark D.
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on interfaces in plant intellectual property, which often present overlapping claims of intellectual property protections. It explores how the overlapping intellectual property protection for plants concerns the interface between the style of the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) plant variety protection regimes and utility patent regimes. Illustrations and strategies of doing nothing, subject-matter limitations, and policing doctrines can be discerned for regulating intellectual property interfaces. The chapter clarifies that there is no uniform approach at the international level to patent or plant variety protection interface measures as the UPOV Treaty and Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement leave the matter to national law. Moreover, the United States and Europe differ in fundamental approaches.
The Design/Copyright Overlap: Is There a Resolution?
Authors: Ricketson Sam , Suthersanen Uma
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers the overlap and differences between the laws of copyright and design. It elaborates on design laws, which reflect the design spectrum of a wide range of activities that has grown with the developments in mechanically based production technology. The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, and the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement address the complexity of intellectual property law and design law. The chapter then looks into the national and international regulations concerning cumulative protection and other variations of non-cumulative protection. It also considers the jurisprudential analysis of the national and regional copyright or design interface.
Domain Names and Trademarks
Authors: Partridge Mark V. B.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the correlation between domain names and trademarks. Domain names help identify an address on the internet and help internet users find websites and email addresses in place of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. Meanwhile, trademark rights are not a monopoly but only exist in connection with particular goods or services. The chapter notes how Internet Corporation for the Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) was established to develop a consensus within the internet community for private administration of the domain name system. It also explains the use of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA) and Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) to resolve conflicts surrounding domain names and trademarks.
The Combined Use of Trademarks or Service Mark with Certifications Marks or Collective Marks
Authors: Calboli Irene
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers certification and collective marks and their combined use with trademarks and service marks. Trademarks and service marks indicate the individual commercial origin of the products and that all products identified by a specific mark share the same quality. On the other hand, certification marks identify products with specific pre-set standards that typically include product quality and safety, labour and environmental practices, and, geographical origin. The chapter also defines collective marks as trademarks or service marks owned collectively by a group either to identify their products or to indicate collective membership to a club or association. It then elaborates on the role the US and EU trademark systems have had on the development of trademark laws worldwide.
Power Allocation in the US, Canada, and Belgium
Authors: Verellen Thomas
Published: May 2023

Chapters 2 and 3 cover the first dimension of self-rule: power allocation. Chapter 2 looks at the allocation of foreign relations powers in the US, Canada, and Belgium, whereas Chapter 3 looks at the allocation of those powers in the EU. The chapters look at how the powers to negotiate, conclude, and implement international agreements (the ‘treaty-making power’) are allocated, and at how the constitution allocates the power to engage in external representation. The picture that emerges in the US, Canada, and Belgium is one of significant diversity: the foreign affairs constitutions of the US and Canada centralize most powers in the hands of the federal government, whereas in Belgium the constitution establishes a parallelism between internal and external powers. In this sense, the US and Canada can be considered closed federal unions. By contrast, Belgium adheres to a more open model of foreign relations federalism.
Impossible Music
Authors: Wood Michael
Published: May 2023

The 1908 event in Proust’s life, was both dramatic and complex. In that year, Proust abandoned the novel he was working on and turned to literary criticism as a supposed substitute. Writing that criticism, he discovered another novel, the one that would occupy the rest of his life. Much of this material was published in 1954, thirty-two years after the writer’s death. Some of it, long lost, appeared only in 2021. Giving up what one critic has called the crazy dream of reading Proust’s mind at the time, I try instead to read his words for the stylistic story they tell.
After the Ball
Authors: Wood Michael
Published: May 2023

The last volume of A la recherche du temps perdu stages a farcical mistake, a grotesque puppet show. All the characters seem to be in disguise, pretending to be much older than they are. They are not in disguise though. Just when the narrator thinks he has discovered a magical method of stopping or reversing time, he is being reminded that time passes. This chapter seeks to show how the narrator and the novel are able to live with this irresolvable contradiction and how the title of the work may be made live up to its promise of a search that is also a form of research, the relative of a scientific project.
Constitutional Jurisdiction in Ex-Yugoslavia in the Perspective of the European Legal Space
Authors: Grewe Constance
Published: May 2023

The chapter analyses the developments regarding constitutional jurisdiction in the states of former Yugoslavia. The transformative function of constitutional jurisprudence in these countries can be interpreted as reaction to the authoritarian rule in Yugoslavia. Despite this common history, the constitutional courts set up in ex-Yugoslavia differ largely in their composition and tasks. The chapter shows to what extent the structures of judicial review are convenient for the transition to democracy and for an integration in the European legal space. Such integration in the European legal space or even accession to the European Union also requires changes in legal culture, especially opening the national constitutions and the relationship to the ECJ and ECtHR. The chapter discusses the obstacles existing on the way to this objective and how these obstacles are reflected in the jurisprudence of the courts.
The Cooperation of Constitutional Courts in the European Legal Space
Authors: Pérez de Nanclares José Martín y
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines how national constitutional courts, the ECJ, and the ECtHR cooperate within the European legal space. It does so by analysing their interactions under the paradigms of the multi-level constitutional system and constitutional pluralism. First, the chapter delves into the cross-fertilization of both the ECJ’s and national constitutional court’s jurisprudence. In this context, it reviews the relationship between national constitutional courts and the ECJ, the central function of the ECJ’s preliminary rulings for European integration, the primacy of Union law, the safeguarding of the constitutional identity by national constitutional courts, and the conflicts arising from ultra vires decisions. Second, the chapter depicts the relationship between the ECJ and the ECtHR and discusses their cooperation, disputes, rivalry, and the ECJ’s critical Opinion 2/13 regarding the accession of the EU to the ECHR. Third, the chapter examines the ECtHR’s influence on and relationship with national constitutional courts by outlining the basic elements of the ECHR, the ECtHR’s impact on Member States, and potential effects of the new ‘protocol of dialogue’ between the ECtHR and some national apex courts.
The Impact of EU Law and the ECHR on National Constitutional Adjudication in the European Legal Space
Authors: Paris Davide
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes the impact of European Union Law and the European Convention on Human Rights on the structure of constitutional adjudication, in particular in states with specialized constitutional courts. While these courts had held the monopoly on the judicial review of legislation before, the primacy of Union law substantially moved competences in this field to ordinary domestic courts. In states without constitutional review of legislation, it even moved competences not only within the judiciary but also between the three branches of the state. Similarly, the emergence of the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights as constitutional courts of Europe has meant that the national constitutional courts have lost their power of the ‘final say’. Recent, sometimes hostile, jurisprudence by national constitutional courts towards the European courts can also be explained as a reaction to this shift of power.
Introduction
Authors: Brears Robert C.
Published: May 2023

Water security and green growth worldwide are at risk from various climatic and non-climatic trends, including rapid population growth and urbanization, economic growth and rising income levels, ageing infrastructure, and increased demand for energy and food, impacting water quantity and water quality. Financing Water Security and Green Growth provides a comprehensive overview of innovative financial instruments and approaches available to implement and mainstream water security and green growth initiatives at various scales and in different contexts. Furthermore, the book provides in-depth case studies of the innovative application of financing tools to achieve water security and green growth in various locations of differing climates, lifestyles, and income levels, with best practices identified.
Financing Water Security and Green Growth
Authors: Brears Robert C.
Published: May 2023

Globally, yearly economic losses related to water security, including losses from inadequate water supply and sanitation, urban property flood damage, and water insecurity to existing irrigators, among others, is resulting in declining gross domestic product and sustained negative growth in parts of the world. However, current investments to ensure universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all are not factoring in climate change’s impact, and capital expenditure on water infrastructure is less than investment needs. Furthermore, there is significant underinvestment in nature-based solutions for water resources management. Overall, it is globally recognized that innovative financing is required to close the gap between current investments in water resources management and the amount of investments required to achieve water security and green growth. This chapter will first define the concept of innovative financing to achieve water security and green growth. The chapter will then review the various sources of finance available. Finally, the chapter will provide a series of principles for fostering investment in water security and green growth projects.
Payments for Watershed Services Financing Water Security and Green Growth
Authors: Brears Robert C.
Published: May 2023

Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes are a transparent system for the provision of ecosystem services through conditional payments to voluntary providers. In the context of water resources management, Payments for Watershed Services (PWS) schemes are an instrument for watershed protection and management and have been implemented in both developing and developed countries at different scales around the world to achieve water security and green growth. This chapter will first discuss the concept of PES, the benefits they provide, and the various design considerations that should be addressed. The chapter will then discuss the concept of PWS, the various benefits these schemes provide, and a guideline to ensure a scheme’s success.
Tradable Permits Financing Water Security and Green Growth
Authors: Brears Robert C.
Published: May 2023

Tradable permit schemes have been implemented in environmental policy since the 1970s and are commonly used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They have also been implemented in a broader spectrum of fields, including water resources management. Tradable permit schemes are one of the most efficient market-based instruments for allocating water resources and for mitigating the pollution of water resources. This chapter will first discuss the concept of tradable permit schemes before discussing tradable water rights and water quality trading. The chapter will then review the concept of urban water trading and stormwater volume credit trading. Following this, the chapter will discuss groundwater trading and the acquiring of water for the environment.
Best Practices and Conclusion
Authors: Brears Robert C.
Published: May 2023

There is an array of financing instruments and approaches available from public, domestic, private, and blended financial sources to achieve water security and green growth, including green bonds and green loans to construct green-grey hybrid infrastructure, debt-for-nature swaps that enable countries to swap debt for initiating water security projects, payments for watershed services schemes that prevent floods, market-based instruments, such as seasonal water pricing, encouraging water conservation, public–private partnerships that involve local governments cooperating with local private sector actors on local water security projects, biodiversity offset schemes that protect water resources and related biodiversity, and water quality trading schemes that reduce or control water pollution.
Landscapes of the Learned
Authors: FitzPatrick Elizabeth
Published: May 2023

Gaelic literati were an elite and influential group in the social hierarchy of Irish lordships and overlordships c. 1300–1600. From their borderland estates, they served Gaelic and Old English ruling families in the arts of history, law, medicine, and poetry. They farmed, kept guest-houses, and conducted schools. As political actors, they were involved in the assemblies of chiefs and in memorializing dynastic histories in the landscape. Using theories of extra-social space and historical landscape as cultural practice and an instrument of power, this book pioneers a framework for identifying and interpreting the settings and built heritages of learned kindred estates. It shows that a more textured definition of what this class represented can be achieved through an archaeology of the buildings and monuments they used and an appreciation of where their estates were situated in the political map. The concept of borderscape is adopted as the essential container of the practices of literati and other tangible expressions of the political power of ruling families. Mediated by case studies of the landscapes of their estates, their dwellings, and schools, the methodology is predominantly field based, using archaeological investigation, topographic and spatial analyses, and visual thinking. It draws on historical and literary texts, place names, and lore, to reference named people to places. More widely, this study contributes a much-needed landscape perspective to the study of autochthonous intellectual culture and the exercise of power by ruling families in northern European societies 1300–1600.
Dwellings of Literati
Authors: FitzPatrick Elizabeth
Published: May 2023

The domestic and guesting environment of learned kindreds is explored in this chapter through case studies of enclosed settlements of caisel, crannóg and pailís type, a promontory fort, and tower-houses. The findings reveal variety, intention, continuity and change in the dwellings of literati, particularly among those they chose to build or to modify for themselves. In manipulating earlier settlement enclosures as their domestic space, learned kindreds contributed to architectural innovation in late medieval Ireland. Remodeling of the caisel of Cahermacnaghten, by brehon lawyers in the late medieval period, portrays an outward-looking family adopting the architectural fashion of the period but within their means as minor legal kindred. It is argued that historically important crannóg sites, such as Cró Inis on Lough Ennell, were occupied by literati during the late medieval period as a form of continuity of their predominantly early historic roles as royal retreats and hospices. A new insight is that members of the learned class are provenanced in late medieval and early modern sources to denominations named pailís and their immediate environs. The relationship of the learned class with pailís sites is interpreted as an indicator of the emergence of new power-centers of Gaelic chiefs in the fourteenth century and for which there is evidence to suggest that they were related to elite practices of feasting and hospitality. It is also proposed that the affiliation of literati with pailís-named environments in the sixteenth century may reflect a renaissance of Gaelic court culture in that period.
Church Space for Learned Occupations
Authors: FitzPatrick Elizabeth
Published: May 2023

This chapter makes a case for the use of church space for learned occupations, from parish formation to the Protestant Reformation. Learned men in the capacities of airchinnigh and comharbai, and as secular proprietors of church land, had access to ecclesiastical buildings. A key proposal about the relationship between literati and parish churches and sinecure chapels is that they were involved in building and modifying them as signatures of seats of learning. This is argued in relation to the presence of Romanesque-style doorways in churches where literati are recorded in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century, and by the involvement of comharbai in the construction and refurbishment of parish churches in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The needs of literati for space in which to work and dwell may have predicated adaptations to church buildings. This perspective is supported by the layout and architectural details of some churches associated with literati, and by the recovery of materials of learning at others. It is argued that with the increased control of the learned over churches in the late medieval period, the impetus for west-end quarters may have been driven by their needs. Conversion and appointment to the role of minister of some members of learned kindreds who had traditionally dominated the positions of comharba and airchinneach of church sites, reveals how they negotiated the changes brought by the Protestant Reformation and recognized a new opportunity to retain their church buildings and lands.
Understanding the utility of force to protect civilians from violence
Authors: Kjeksrud Stian
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes how force—in theory—can be used effectively to protect civilians from physical violence in armed conflict. It introduces four potential causal conditions for successful military protection operations in UN missions: deterrent presence, willingness to accept risk, pre-emption, and matching the perpetrators of violence. The chapter also includes a threat-typology—categorizing perpetrators of violence into eight distinct scenarios—ranging from genocide to mob violence. The typology—developed by Alexander Beadle—helps unpack the types of threats that UN troops can be expected to protect civilians from and how force can be employed to reduce their negative impact on civilian security in armed conflicts.
Increasing the utility of force to protect
Authors: Kjeksrud Stian
Published: May 2023

This final chapter summarizes the book, and points to implications of the findings for the theory, policy, and practice of protection of civilians in UN peace operations. The core findings indicate that UN peace operations, to a larger degree, must tailor operations to particular threats and to intervene in time to influence the perpetrators’ will and ability to target civilians. Although the UN wields force reluctantly, it is necessary to exploit the military protection tool to a larger degree to obtain more successful outcomes across countries and UN missions. Effective operations are seldom about using more force, rather to use militaries for what they are meant for, to deter, and if necessary, to coerce armed groups that kill, maim, and rape civilians as part of their warfare.
Facing the Sea of Sand
Authors: Cunliffe Barry
Published: May 2023

Northern Africa is dominated now by the Sahara Desert stretching across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. This book is about the people who lived around the edges of the Desert and the different ways in which they responded to its challenges, establishing networks of communication across the great waste. But the Sahara has not always ben a Desert. From about 9000 BC the region began to enjoy a warm humid period allowing vegetation to flourish and wild animals to move in. Humans soon followed practising pastoral economies but with the onset of harsher conditions once more around 3000 BC the desert reclaimed its own. Since then fluctuations in climate have continued to affect the lives of the people living around the desert fringes. The communities occupying the North African coast and the Nile Valley have come under the states dominating the Near East and the Mediterranean, but those living in the Sahel to the south of the desert have developed their own distinctive cultures. The book tells the story of the links between the two worlds showing that Africa played a crucial part in the development of the Old World before it was drawn into the story of the New World.
The Desert, the Rivers, and the Oceans
Authors: Cunliffe Barry
Published: May 2023

The chapter sets the scene, describing the basic geology of Northern Africa and the plate tectonics which created its structure, sculpting the great Rift Valleys which dominate the eastern part of the continent. The ecological zones are discussed in relation to the factors affecting climate change which has always dominated and constrained human behaviour. Other features beneficial to human societies, like the great rivers, the Nile and the Niger, and the Ethiopian Uplands, are evaluated. The chapter end with a brief consideration of human origins in East Africa and the spread of humans from there into the rest of Eurasia leaving a large and diverse gene pool on the African continent giving its population the ability to respond to the changing environment and to evolve to evolve to meet its demands.
Creating Connectivities
Authors: Cunliffe Barry
Published: May 2023

The development of complex societies in the Mediterranean began to impact on North Africa, first the Phoenicians and their successors the Carthaginians, later the Greeks and finally the Romans. Early in the first millennium Phoenicians had established colonies along the Mediterranean coast and down the Atlantic coast of Morocco and by c. 500 BC were exploring much further. Not long afterwards Herodotus was travelling down the Nile and was collecting information about northern African tribes and routes. With the Berber tribes of North Africa coming under increasing Carthaginian and, later, Roman, influence, and Egypt ruled successively by Persian and Hellenistic kings, the northern and eastern fringes of Africa were becoming closely bound up with the Mediterranean and Near Eastern World. Meanwhile, south of the Sahara the communities of the Sahel were developing a distinctive form of urbanism focussed on the Middle Niger Delta and the region around Lake Chad. In the wooded Savannah to the south Iron working was developing and in Nigeria craftspeople of the Nok culture were producing spectacular ceramic sculptures of the human form. Although the desert was a major barrier, routes across it were fast developing, driven by trade. One of the desert communities, the Garamantes of the Fazzan, by virtue of their ability to tap underground water supplies, and their central position, benefitted from the growing trade and developed an urban system. The disparate parts of Africa were now coming together bound by a network of connectivity.