bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Declining trends in birth prevalence and severity of singletons with cerebral palsy of prenatal or perinatal origin in Australia: A population‐based observational study
Authors: Smithers‐Sheedy Hayley , Waight Emma , Goldsmith Shona , Reid Sue , Gibson Catherine , Watson Linda , Auld Megan , Badawi Nadia , Webb Annabel , Diviney Leanne , Mcintyre Sarah ,   the Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group
Published: March 2022

Aim

To investigate temporal trends in birth prevalence, disability severity, and motor type for singletons with prenatal or perinatally acquired cerebral palsy (CP).

Method

Numerator data, number of children with CP born a singleton between 1995 and 2014, confirmed at 5 years of age, were drawn from three state registers with population‐level ascertainment. Birth prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated per 1000 singleton live births for the three states combined, overall, by gestational age group, by dichotomized disability severity, and spastic laterality. Poisson regression models were used to analyse trends. Using data from all eight registers, trends in the proportional distribution of CP subtypes overall and stratified by gestational age were examined.

Results

Birth prevalence of CP declined from 1.8 (95% CI 1.6–2.0) in 1995 to 1996 to 1.2 (95% CI 1.1–1.4) in 2013 to 2014 (average 5% per 2‐year epoch, p < 0.001). Declines in birth prevalence were observed across all gestational age groups with the largest decline in children born at <28 weeks (average 8% per epoch, p < 0.001). Prevalence of moderate‐severe disability declined for children born at <28 and ≥37 weeks (average 11% and 7% per epoch respectively, p < 0.001). The proportions of bilateral spastic CP declined (p < 0.001) at <28 weeks (p = 0.014) and ≥37 weeks (p < 0.001). The proportion of children with dyskinesia increased (28–31 weeks: p = 0.021, 32–36 weeks: p = 0.001, and ≥37 weeks: p < 0.001).

Interpretation

Birth prevalence of CP and moderate‐severe disability (<28 and ≥37 weeks) declined in Australian singletons between 1995 and 2014, reflecting changes in prenatal and perinatal care over time.

What this paper adds

Declines in birth prevalence of prenatal or perinatally acquired cerebral palsy were observed for singletons born in Australia between 1995 and 2014.

These declines were evident across all gestational age groups.

Declines in birth prevalence of moderate‐severe disability were observed for children born at <28 weeks and ≥37 weeks.
Future of kidney imaging: Functional magnetic resonance imaging and kidney disease progression
Authors: Copur Sidar , Yavuz Furkan , Sag Alan A. , Tuttle Kathherine R. , Kanbay Mehmet
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is a common cause of death has an increasing trend, but there is no established approach for predicting CKD progression yet. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies such as blood oxygenation level‐dependent MRI (BOLD‐MRI), diffusion‐weighted MRI (DWI‐MRI), diffusion‐tensor MRI (DTI‐MRI) and arterial spin labelling MRI (ASL‐MRI) are rising methods for the assessment of kidney functions in native and transplanted kidneys as well as the estimation of CKD progression.

Methods

Systematic literature review was performed through the Embase (Elsevier), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Wiley), PubMed/Medline and Web of Science databases, and studies investigating the role of fMRI methods assessing kidney functions in native and transplanted kidneys, as well as the value of fMRI methods to predict CKD progression, were included. Working mechanisms, advantages and limitations of the fMRI modalities were reviewed, and three studies investigating the role of fMRI studies in kidney functions were analysed.

Results and conclusion

BOLD‐MRI signal was found to be inversely correlated with annual eGFR change, and DWI/ADC (apparent diffusion coefficient map) values were shown to be correlated with annual eGFR decline. fMRI methods which are currently used for other systems can be utilized to provide more detailed information about kidney functions, and doctors should be ready to interpret kidney MRIs.
Anticipatory anxiety of seizures is associated with ictal emotional distress and amygdala onset seizures
Authors: Tarrada Alexis , Aron Olivier , Vignal Jean‐Pierre , Ertan Deniz , Maillard Louis , Hingray Coraline
Published: March 2022

Objective

Anxiety disorders are a frequent psychiatric condition in patients with epilepsy. Anticipatory anxiety of seizures (AAS) is described as a daily persistent fear or excessive worry of having a seizure. AAS seems to be related to “subjective ictal anxiety” reported by patients. The current study aimed to assess the association between objective ictal features and the presence of AAS.

Methods

Ninety‐one patients with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy underwent a standardized psychiatric assessment, specific for epilepsy, and presurgical long‐term video‐electroencephalography (EEG) or stereo‐EEG (SEEG). We compared seizure semiology and epilepsy features of patients with AAS (n = 41) to those of patients without AAS (n = 50). We analyzed emotional and motor behavior ictal signs as well as ictal consciousness. We further assessed amygdala ictal involvement in seizures recorded with SEEG (n = 28).

Results

AAS was significantly associated with the presence of ictal emotional distress; negative emotional behavior (p < .01) and negative emotion were explicitly reported to the examiner during recording (p = .015), regardless of the ictal level of consciousness. Among the patients recorded with SEEG, we found a significant involvement of amygdala within the seizure onset zone (p < .01) for patients with AAS.

Significance

Higher risk of developing AAS is associated with seizures expressing negative emotional symptoms, independently of ictal consciousness level. Persistent interictal fear of seizures might be viewed as the consequence of a reinforcement of the emotional networks secondary to amygdala involvement in seizures of temporal origin. Physicians should screen for AAS not only to assess the impact of epilepsy on daily life, but also as an interictal biomarker of ictal semiology and emotional network involvement at seizure onset.
The model of Tibetan thangka sales under blockchain technology
Authors: Fang Yuan
Published: March 2022

In order to improve the reliability of Tibetan Thangka sales channels, this paper combines blockchain technology to construct an intelligent model that can be used for Tibetan Thangka sales. This paper uses cryptographic encryption technology to encrypt the uploaded data to prevent Thangka producers or logistics turnover parties from tampering with Thangka‐related information, and uses the timestamp in blockchain technology to realize the traceability of Thangka‐related information. In addition, this paper uses the timestamp technology in the blockchain system to generate a traceable, query and supervised blockchain, which runs through the whole process of thangka from planting to selling. Finally, a sales model of Tibet Thangka based on blockchain technology is designed, and system performance analysis is carried out through simulation experiments. The experimental research results verify that the designed sales model has a certain effect.
Seasonal variation in the coupling of microbial activity and leaf litter decomposition in a boreal stream network
Authors: Bastias Elliot , Sponseller Ryan A. , Bundschuh Mirco , Jonsson Micael
Published: March 2022

Most stream networks are characterised by spatial and temporal variability in the physico‐chemical conditions that regulate microbial processing of particulate organic matter. How these patterns control the turnover of particulate organic matter via altered activity of leaf‐associated microbes has rarely been studied in high‐latitude landscapes, particularly throughout long (i.e., up to 6 months) ice‐ and snow‐covered periods.

We investigated development of fungal biomass, enzyme activity, microbial respiration, and birch leaf litter decomposition from autumn to early summer in 11 nested streams in a boreal catchment that encompass a gradient in wetland (mire) cover.

We observed relatively low variability in decomposition rates across the network, despite differences in key physical and chemical variables (e.g. temperature, pH, and dissolved organic carbon [DOC] concentrations) over time and space.

Microbial enzymatic activity and respiration were positively related to leaf litter decomposition rates during early stages of decomposition (i.e., up to c. 30% loss of initial ash‐free dry mass). Thereafter, variation in microbial activity and respiration was decoupled from leaf litter mass loss, as enzymatic activity and respiration instead became positively related to DOC concentrations and upstream mire (wetland) cover among streams.

Our results suggest that leaf‐associated microbes increase their reliance on external sources of energy over time. This switch in resource use was more evident in streams with higher DOC concentration, which in boreal landscapes is largely determined by mire cover. Hence, variation in DOC concentration, linked to landscape configuration, or from intensified land use and climate change, could affect how different carbon sources are used by stream microbial communities, with consequences for overall carbon cycling in boreal headwaters.
Past climate cooling promoted global dispersal of amphipods from Tian Shan montane lakes to circumboreal lakes
Authors: Hou Zhonge , Jin Pengyu , Liu Hongguang , Qiao Huijie , Sket Boris , Cannizzaro Andrew G. , Berg David J. , Li Shuqiang
Published: March 2022

Climate changes have substantial impacts on the geographic distribution of montane lakes and evolutionary dynamics of cold‐adapted species. Past climate cooling is hypothesized to have promoted the dispersal of cold‐adapted species via montane lakes, while future climate warming is thought to constrain their distributions. We test this hypothesis by using phylogeographic analysis and niche modeling of the Holarctic crustacean Gammarus lacustris with global sampling comprised of 567 sequenced individuals and 3180 occurrence records. We found that the species arose in Tian Shan in Central Asia and dispersed into montane lakes along the Alps, Himalayas, Tibet, East Asia, and the North American Rocky Mountain ranges, with accelerated diversification rates outside Tian Shan. Climatically suitable regions for geographic lineages of G. lacustris were larger during cooling periods (LGM), but smaller during warming periods (Mid‐Holocene). In the future (2070) scenario, potential distributions in the Himalayas, North Tibet, South Tibet and North America are predicted to expand, whereas ranges in East Asia, Europe and Tian Shan will decline. Our results suggest that Mid‐Miocene‐to‐Pleistocene continuous cooling promoted multiple independent dispersal events out of Tian Shan due to increased availability of montane lakes via “budding” of lineages. Montane lakes are conduits through which cold‐adapted amphipods globally dispersed, dominating circumboreal lakes. However, future climate warming is likely to force organisms to shift upward in altitude and northward in latitude, leading to a future change in local populations. These findings highlight the importance of conservation of montane lakes, especially in the context of climate change.
Male Superb Lyrebirds (Menura novaehollandiae) perform an ornate multimodal display immediately following copulation
Authors: Dalziell Anastasia H. , Welbergen Justin A.
Published: March 2022

Birds perform some of the most elaborate intersexual displays in the animal kingdom, but while these are typically associated with the pre‐copulation stage of sexual interactions, the males of some species also display following copulation. Here we report that immediately after dismounting from females, male Superb Lyrebirds Menura novaehollandiae perform a striking multimodal display comprising a repetitive clicking vocalization and a stereotyped tail posture, while walking backwards away from the female. This ubiquitous postcopulatory display constitutes the fourth, structurally distinct multimodal display performed by male Superb Lyrebirds during intersexual interactions and points to a role for sexual selection after copulation in the lyrebird's lek‐like mating system. As such, this study highlights an additional and largely overlooked functional context for complex courtship choreography in birds.
Effect of kinematics on the torque/force generation, surface characteristics, and shaping ability of a nickel‐titanium rotary glide path instrument: An ex vivo study
Authors: Kyaw Moe S. , Ebihara Arata , Maki Keiichiro , Kimura Shunsuke , Nakatsukasa Taro , Htun Pyae H. , Thu Myint , Omori Satoshi , Okiji Takashi
Published: March 2022

Aim

To evaluate the effect of various rotational motions on the torque/force generation, surface wear, and shaping ability of the ProGlider glide path instrument (Dentsply Sirona).

Methodology

Mesiobuccal and mesiolingual canals of mandibular molars were selected based on the canal volume, length, angle of curvature (25°–40°), and radius of curvature (4–8 mm) after micro‐computed tomographic scanning. The samples were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 13, each) according to movement kinematics [continuous rotation (CR; 300 rpm), optimum torque reverse motion (OTR; 180° forward and 90° reverse when torque >0.4 N cm), time‐dependent reciprocal motion (TmR; 180° forward and 90° reverse), and optimal glide path motion (OGP; a combination of 90° forward, 90° reverse, 90° forward, and 120° reverse)]. Instrumentation was performed with an automated root canal instrument and torque/force analysing device. Maximum torque/force values, canal volume changes, and canal‐centring ratios at 1, 3, 5, and 7 mm were evaluated. Surface defects (pits, grooves, microcracks, blunt cutting edges, and disruption of cutting edges) and spiral distortion on the ProGlider instrument were scored at the tip and 5 mm short of the tip before and after five consecutive uses with scanning electron microscopy. The Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's post‐test with Bonferroni correction and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test were used to analyse the data (α = 0.05).

Results

Optimal glide path motion generated significantly less clockwise torque and greater upward force than other groups (p < .05). OGP resulted in significantly fewer surface defects than CR (p < .05). In OGP and CR, the tip exhibited more surface defects than 5 mm short of the tip (p < .05). CR resulted in greater volume changes than OGP and TmR (p < .05) and greater centring ratios (i.e., more deviation) than OGP at 1 mm and OTR at 3 mm (p < .05).

Conclusions

Under laboratory conditions using the ProGlider instrument, OGP generated significantly less clockwise torque and greater upward force than the other rotatory motions. OGP generated fewer superficial defects than CR, and the three modes of reciprocal rotation better maintained the apical curvature of root canals than CR with the ProGlider instrument.
In vivo Lesion Index (LSI) validation in percutaneous radiofrequency catheter ablation
Authors: Themistoclakis Sakis , Calzolari Vittorio , De Mattia Luca , China Paolo , Dello Russo Antonio , Fassini Gaetano , Casella Michela , Caporaso Igor , Indiani Stefano , Addis Alessandro , Basso Cristina , Della Barbera Mila , Thiene Gaetano , Tondo Claudio
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Lesion Index (LSI) has been developed to predict lesion efficacy during radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation. However, its value in predicting lesions size has still to be established. The aim of our study was to assess the lesions size reproducibility for prespecified values of LSI reached during RF delivery in an in vivo beating heart.

Methods

Ablation lesions were created with different values of LSI in seven domestic pigs by means of a contact force‐sensing catheter (TactiCathTM, Abbott). Lesions were identified during RF delivery by means of a three‐dimensional mapping system (EnSiteTMPrecision, Abbott) and measured after heart explantation. Histology was carried out after gross examination on the first three lesions to confirm the accuracy of the macroscopic evaluation.

Results

A total of 64 myocardial lesions were created. Thirty‐nine lesions were excluded from the analysis for the following reasons: histological confirmation of macroscopic lesion measurement (n = 3), transmurality (n = 24), unfavorable anatomic position (n = 10), not macroscopically identifiable (n = 2). In a final set of 25 nontransmural lesions, injury width and depth were, respectively, 4.6 ± 0.6 and 2.6 ± 0.8 mm for LSI = 4, 7.3 ± 0.8 and 4.7 ± 0.6 mm for LSI = 5, and 8.6 ± 1.2 and 7.2 ± 1.1 mm for LSI = 6. A strong linear correlation was observed between LSI and lesion width (r = .87,p < .00001) and depth (r = .89,p < .00001). Multiple linear regression analysis identified LSI as the only ablation parameter that significantly predicted lesion width (p < .001) and depth (p < .001).

Conclusion

In our in vivo study, LSI proved highly predictive of lesion size and depth.
The first detection of betanodavirus reassortant genotype (RGNNV/SJNNV) isolated from gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in the Turkish coastlines: The importance of screening and monitoring studies for identifying the source of the infection
Authors: Kaplan Murat , Pekmez Kemal , Cagirgan Abdurrahman Anil , Arslan Fatih , Özkan Buket , Kalaycı Gülnur
Published: March 2022

Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) is now endemic in the Mediterranean basin and the RGNNV genotype betanodavirus has caused frequent epidemics in European sea bass for a long time. Unexpected and increasing VNN epidemics have been reported in gilthead sea bream (GSB) farms in the last few years, from which the RGNNV/SJNNV genotype has been mostly isolated. The aim of this study was to perform a molecular characterization of the betanodavirus isolated from GSB (weighing 90–100 g) in a marine fish farm in the Aegean Sea and also, as an early warning exercise, to investigate the presence/absence of the virus in associated nearby farms (n:20) and in hatcheries (n:3). No virus was detected in any of the nearby farms or two hatcheries. However, in one hatchery, betanodavirus was detected in a 160‐day‐old GSB. The identified betanodavirus was genotyped as reassortant RGNNV/SJNNV and was phylogenetically related to the virus detected in the farm located in the Aegean sea. There have been multiple detections of the RGNNV genotype in Turkish coastal waters; however, the RGNNV/SJNNV genotype has been detected for the first time and it should be an early warning to focus attention on betanodaviruses in Turkish aquaculture.
Effects of nonthermal physical processing technologies on functional, structural properties and digestibility of food protein: A review
Authors: Pan Jiayin , Zhang Zhaoli , Mintah Benjamin Kumah , Xu Haining , Dabbour Mokhtar , Cheng Yu , Dai Chunhua , He Ronghai , Ma Haile
Published: March 2022

This review assesses the nonthermal physical processing technologies for protein modification. The review also discusses the structural, functional, and digestibility attributes of protein following nonthermal physical processing. Applications of ultrasonication, ultrahigh pressure, and pulsed electric field (PEF) can induce the conformational changes of protein via the creation of free radicals and/or larger/smaller protein molecules, damaging the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of protein, and thus influence the functional properties. Some key achievements in using nonthermal physical technologies to process protein‐rich foods include improved enzymatic hydrolysis, solubility, emulsification, foaming, gelatinization, digestion properties, and reduced allergenicity. Therefore, nonthermal physical technologies are useful methods to modify food protein structure and functionality for the food industry.

Practical Application

The demand for protein with desirable functional properties and nutritional value makes it imperative to find suitable processing technologies that could conserve or yield high quality proteins from both conventional and nonconventional sources. Since thermal processing (including microwave, radiofrequency heating, etc.) could possibly reduce the quality attributes of proteins, many researchers have focused their investigations on nonthermal physical processing to improve the functional properties of proteins. To this regard, this review discusses nonthermal techniques, including ultrasonication, high‐pressure processing, PEFs, cold plasma, and ultraviolet.
Extraction and modification of Achachairu's seed (Garcinia humilis) starch using high‐intensity low‐frequency ultrasound
Authors: Almeida Raphael Lucas Jacinto , Santos Newton Carlos , dos Santos Pereira Tamires , Monteiro Shênia Santos , da Silva Lucas Rodolfo Inácio , da Silva Eduardo Raphael , Alves Israel Luna , dos Santos Everaldo Silvino
Published: March 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ultrasound high‐intensity low‐frequency on the extraction and modification of the characteristics of the starch from achachairu seeds. The ultrasonic treatment was applied to the seeds and starch at the power of 300 W at 25.48 kW/m2 and 25 kHz, with different exposure times (T1‐10, T2‐30, and T3‐60 min). The modified starches (T1, T2, and T3) were characterized considering physical–chemical, physical, morphological, thermal, structural, and viscoamylographic properties. The starch shelf life was evaluated for absorption the water and oil and syneresis index over 35 days. The results revealed that ultrasound‐assisted extraction achieved higher yield (42.05%) and higher starch content (74.94 g/100 g) creating pores on the surface of the granules which reduced crystallinity by 16.92%. However, the crystal structure for sample A + V, after 60 min of exposure, was maintained. The clarity parameter of the starch paste decreased from 32.63% to 27.01% due to the exposure time. Starch (T3) presents greater stability in water absorption, oil and syneresis index (during storage) and is considered a thickening and emulsifying agent. Ultrasonic treatment can optimistically modify achachairu seed starch properties, making it a promising technology, both for starch extraction and modification.

Practical applications

Ultrasound‐assisted starch processing can significantly alter the starch properties of achachairu seeds. In this work, new information about the extraction and modification of starch using ultrasound as pretreatment are obtained. Furthermore, the results indicate possibilities of increasing the commercial value of the starch from the seeds of achachairu, considering the range of uses of starches for food and nonfood purposes.
Endoscopic re‐intervention after stent‐in‐stent versus side‐by‐side bilateral self‐expandable metallic stent deployment
Authors: Iwai Tomohisa , Kida Mitsuhiro , Okuwaki Kosuke , Yamauchi Hiroshi , Kaneko Toru , Hasegawa Rikiya , Watanabe Masafumi , Kurosu Takahiro , Imaizumi Hiroshi , Koizumi Wasaburo
Published: March 2022

Background and Aim

Endoscopic bilateral self‐expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placement for unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction (MHBO) is widely performed; however, re‐intervention after recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO) is often challenging. We compared stent‐in‐stent (SIS) and side‐by‐side (SBS) SEMS placement for MHBO considering re‐intervention for RBO.

Methods

One hundred five consecutive patients with MHBO who underwent endoscopic bilateral SEMS placement in our hospital and its affiliated institutions were enrolled in this study; 75 patients underwent partial SIS deployment between December 2005 and December 2012; and 30 underwent SBS deployment between January 2013 and March 2019. Initial treatments and re‐interventions in each group were retrospectively evaluated.

Results

Technical success rate (92% vs 100%, P = 0.179), procedure duration (46 vs 35 min, P = 0.382), functional success rate (97.1% vs 100%, P = 1.00), complication rate (24.6% vs 20.0%, P = 0.797), time to RBO (260 vs 312 days; Gray test, P = 0.815), and rate of RBO (59.4% vs 70.0%, P = 0.371) were not significantly different between the SIS and SBS groups. However, bilateral re‐stenting with plastic stents through SEMS was successful in 63.4% of patients in the SIS group compared with 100% of patients in the SBS group (P = 0.0013). Median time to RBO upon first re‐stenting with a plastic stent was 75 days (range, 11–195 days).

Conclusions

Endoscopic re‐stenting after RBO was significantly more successful in the SBS group than in the SIS group. SBS method is suitable for MHBO considering revisionary stent placement.
Impact of a shorter replacement interval of plastic stents on premature stent exchange rate in benign and malignant biliary strictures
Authors: Kubesch Alica , Görnert Fabian , Filmann Natalie , Bojunga Jörg , Zeuzem Stefan , Jung Michael , Friedrich‐Rust Mireen , Walter Dirk
Published: March 2022

Background and Aim

The main disadvantage of plastic stents is the high rate of stent occlusion. The usual replacement interval of biliary plastic stents is 3 months. This study aimed to investigate if a shorter interval of 6–8 weeks impacts the median premature exchange rate (mPER) in benign and malignant biliary strictures.

Methods

All cases with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and plastic stent placement were retrospectively analyzed since establishing an elective replacement interval of every 6–8 weeks at our institution and mPER was determined.

Results

A total of 3979 ERCPs (1199 patients) were analyzed, including 1262 (31.7%) malignant and 2717 (68.3%) benign cases, respectively. The median stent patency (mSP) was 41 days (range 14–120) for scheduled stent exchanges, whereas it was 17 days (1–75) for prematurely exchanged stents. The mPER was significantly higher for malignant (28.1%, 35–50%) compared with benign strictures (15.2%, 10–28%), P < 0.0001, respectively. mSP was significantly shorter in cases with only one stent (34 days [1–87] vs 41 days [1–120]) and in cases with only a 7‐Fr stent (28 days [2–79]) compared with a larger stent (34 days [1–87], P = 0.001). Correspondingly, mPER was significantly higher in cases with only one stent (23% vs 16.2%, P < 0.0001) and only a 7‐Fr stent (31.3% vs 22.4%, P = 0.03).

Conclusion

A shorter replacement interval does not seem to lead to a clinically meaningful reduction of mPER in benign and malignant strictures. Large stents and multiple stenting should be favored as possible.
Ceramide NPs derived from natural oils of Korean traditional plants enhance skin barrier functions and stimulate expressions of genes for epidermal homeostasis
Authors: Choi Hyun Kyung , Hwang Kyeonghwan , Hong Young Deog , Cho Young Hoon , Kim Jin Wook , Lee Eun Ok , Park Won‐Seok , Park Chang Seo
Published: March 2022

Background

New ceramide (CER) NPs were prepared by linking fatty acids derived from oils of Korean traditional plants to phytosphingosine (PHS). The oils of Korean traditional plants were extracted from the seeds of Panax ginseng, Camellia sinensis, Glycine max napjakong, Glycine max seoritae, and Camellia japonica as sources of diverse fatty acids.

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate signaling bioactivities of HP‐C. sinensis ceramide NP that was column purified to remove any residual PHS and to evaluate the skin barrier functions of the HP‐C. sinensis ceramide NP in human skin.

Methods

The expressions of genes related to epidermal differentiation were analyzed in vitro by qPCR. Human studies were also performed to determine the skin barrier functions with respect to TEWL and SC cohesion.

Results

The HP‐C. sinensis CER NP significantly enhanced the expressions of FLG, CASP14, and INV indicates that the signaling biological activities of oil‐derived ceramide NPs could be different depend on the natural oils. The control ceramide, C18‐CER NP, had no effect on the expression of the three genes. HP‐C. sinensis CER NP was selected for the in vivo human studies. Application of 0.5% HP‐C. sinensis CER NP cream stimulated significantly faster recovery of a disrupted skin barrier than that of the control C18‐CER NP. A significant enhancement of SC cohesion of the skin treated with 0.5% HP‐C. sinensis CER NP was also observed.

Conclusion

Taken all together, our results clearly demonstrate that HP‐C. sinensis CER NP, P. ginseng CER NP, and other oil‐derived CER NP could be a better choice for developing moisturizers to improve skin barrier function as they more closely mimic the endogenous CER composition of the actual human skin barrier.
The economics of movies (revisited): A survey of recent literature
Authors: McKenzie Jordi
Published: March 2022

Twenty years ago, there were all but a handful of scholarly studies published about the economics of the motion picture industry. Over the first decade of the new millennium, this changed dramatically and many studies began to appear in economics journals and those of cognate disciplines. The following, and most recent, decade has seen this trend continue and the literature on the “economics of movies” has well and truly matured. While economics and marketing disciplines still generate the most output, newer data‐orientated disciplines have increasingly turned their attention towards the industry and its abundance of rich and relatively accessible data. This survey endeavors to concisely but comprehensively review recent literature related to this eternally fascinating industry.
Outbreak of Cronobacter turicensis in European brown hares (Lepus europaeus)
Authors: Posautz Annika , Szostak Michael P. , Cabal Rosel Adriana , Allerberger Franz , Stöger Anna , Rab Gerhard , Feßler Andrea T. , Spergser Joachim , Kübber-Heiss Anna , Schwarz Stefan , Forsythe Stephen J. , Ruppitsch Werner , Loncaric Igor
Published: March 2022

This is the first report of acute deaths in five European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) attributed to mucoid and necrotizing typhlocolitis caused by genetically different Cronobacter (C.) turicensis strains in northeastern Austria. As this opportunistic pathogen is mainly known for causing disease in immunocompromised humans and neonates, this previously unrecognized potential for a spill over from a wildlife reservoir to humans warrants further attention.
The impact on dietary outcomes of licensed and brand equity characters in marketing unhealthy foods to children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Packer Jessica , Russell Simon J. , McLaren Katie , Siovolgyi Gabriela , Stansfield Claire , Viner Russell M. , Croker Helen
Published: March 2022

Licensed and brand equity characters are used to target children in the marketing of products high in fat, salt, and sugar (HFSS), but the impact of characters on dietary outcomes is unclear. The primary aim of this review was to quantify the impact of both licensed and brand equity characters on children's dietary outcomes given that existing regulations often differentiates between these character types. We systematically searched eight interdisciplinary databases and included studies from 2009 onwards until August 2021, including all countries and languages. Participants were children under 16 years, exposure was marketing for HFSS product with a character, and the outcomes were dietary consumption, preference, or purchasing behaviors of HFSS products. Data allowed for meta‐analysis of taste preferences. A total of 16 articles (including 20 studies) met the inclusion criteria, of which five were included in the meta‐analysis. Under experimental conditions, the use of characters on HFSS packaging compared with HFSS packaging with no character was found to result in significantly higher taste preference for HFSS products (standardized mean difference on a 5‐point scale 0.273; p < 0.001). Narrative findings supported this, with studies reporting impact of both character types on product preferences including food liking and snack choice. There was limited evidence on the impact on purchase behaviors and consumption. These findings are supportive of policies that limit the exposure of HFSS food marketing using characters to children.
Abortion Attitudes: An Overview of Demographic and Ideological Differences
Authors: Osborne Danny , Huang Yanshu , Overall Nickola C. , Sutton Robbie M. , Petterson Aino , Douglas Karen M. , Davies Paul G. , Sibley Chris G.
Published: March 2022

Despite being a defining issue in the culture war, the political psychology of abortion attitudes remains poorly understood. We address this oversight by reviewing existing literature and integrating new analyses of several large‐scale, cross‐sectional, and longitudinal datasets to identify the demographic and ideological correlates of abortion attitudes. Our review and new analyses indicate that abortion support is increasing modestly over time in both the United States and New Zealand. We also find that a plurality of respondents (43.8%) in the United States are consistently “pro‐choice,” whereas 14.8% are consistently “pro‐life,” across various elective and traumatic abortion scenarios. We then show that age, religiosity, and conservatism correlate negatively, whereas Openness to Experience correlates positively, with abortion support. New analyses of heterosexual couples further reveal that women's and men's religiosity decrease their romantic partner's abortion support. Noting inconsistent gender differences in attitudes toward abortion, we then discuss the impact of traditional gender‐role attitudes and sexism on abortion attitudes and conclude that, rather than misogyny, benevolent sexism—the belief that women should be cherished and protected—best explains opposition to abortion. Our review thus provides a comprehensive overview of the demographic and ideological variables that underly abortion attitudes and, hence, the broader culture war.
Decapod iridescent virus 1: An emerging viral pathogen in aquaculture
Authors: Liao Xuzheng , He Jianguo , Li Chaozheng
Published: March 2022

Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is an emerging viral pathogen that seriously threatens crustacean farming and has caused enormous economic losses in recent years. This virus was originally isolated and identified from diseased crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus and shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in Fujian and Zhejiang, China, in 2014 by two research groups. In 2019, the Executive Committee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses approved DIV1 as a member of the new genus Decapodiridovirus in the family Iridoviridae. DIV1 is icosahedral in shape and contains a single linear double‐stranded DNA genome of approximately 165 kb. DIV1 can infect many host species, including freshwater and seawater crustaceans, but infected hosts do not show unique pre‐clinical signs, which increases the difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Increasing progress has been made towards understanding many aspects of this virus, including its classification, genomic features, transmission mode, host range, pathogenicity, clinical symptoms, histopathology, detection method and host immunity in response to infection. In this review, we provide an overview of recent progress towards understanding the epidemiology and pathobiology of disease caused by DIV1 and highlight the future research prospects in control and prevention strategies.
Variation in the density and body size of a threatened foundation species across multiple spatial scales
Authors: Leong Rick C. , Bugnot Ana B. , Marzinelli Ezequiel M. , Figueira Will F. , Erickson Katherine R. , Poore Alistair G. B. , Gribben Paul E.
Published: March 2022

Population characteristics (e.g. density and body sizes) of foundation species can affect their own persistence and provisioning of ecosystem functions. Understanding the drivers of population characteristics of foundation species at multiple spatial scales is therefore critical for maximizing ecosystem functions of restored habitats. We analyzed variation in population characteristics (densities, 95th percentile, and median lengths of live oysters) of the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, on remnant oyster reefs at regional scales (among three estuaries) along an approximately 250 km of coastline in New South Wales, Australia. We then analyzed how population characteristics were further related to spatial attributes at smaller spatial scales including within‐patches (rugosity, distance to patch‐edge, and elevation), whole‐patches (size and shape), and among‐patch (connectivity) within each estuary. The densities and body sizes of S. glomerata were related to spatial attributes occurring within‐patch (e.g. elevation), whole‐patch (e.g. shape), and landscape (i.e. connectivity) scales, but these relationships varied among estuaries. The greatest variation in oyster density and size occurred at regional scales, suggesting that processes acting at larger spatial scales (e.g. water quality and/or climate) set the context for smaller scale influences on oyster characteristics. Our results highlight the potential importance of incorporating site‐specific, spatial attributes in the design of restored oyster reefs to maximize ecosystem services and functions provided by restoration efforts.
On Functional Processes with Multiple Discontinuities
Authors: Li Jialiang , Li Yaguang , Hsing Tailen
Published: March 2022

We consider the problem of estimating multiple change points for a functional data process. There are numerous examples in science and finance in which the process of interest may be subject to some sudden changes in the mean. The process data that are not in a close vicinity of any change point can be analysed by the usual nonparametric smoothing methods. However, the data close to change points and contain the most pertinent information of structural breaks need to be handled with special care. This paper considers a half-kernel approach that addresses the inference of the total number, locations and jump sizes of the changes. Convergence rates and asymptotic distributional results for the proposed procedures are thoroughly investigated. Simulations are conducted to examine the performance of the approach, and a number of real data sets are analysed to provide an illustration.
Conservation Intentions and Place Attachment among Male and Female Forest Landowners*
Authors: Mook Anne , Goyke Noah , Dwivedi Puneet
Published: March 2022

Forests offer critical social, economic, and ecological benefits. As fifty‐five percent of Georgia's forests are family‐owned, management decisions of these forest landowners have a considerable impact on the state's environment and beyond. So far, little is known about what drives the conservation intentions of forest landowners and how these drivers vary by gender. However, several studies outside the field of forestry have theorized that place attachment predicts pro‐environmental views and behaviors. To test this theory, we surveyed 1,143 family forest landowners in Georgia. Our results show that male landowners report stronger attachments to their forest, except for continuing family legacies which is of greater importance for female landowners. Regression models show that all dimensions of place attachments (dependence, identity, satisfaction, and family legacy) are strong predictors for conservation intentions in males. In contrast, the level of education and only a few dimensions (satisfaction and, to a lesser extent, dependence) of place attachment predict conservation intentions in females. As gender demographics in forest landowners are shifting and environmental degradation is an increasingly pressing concern, this study provides important insights and offers directions for further research for policymakers, researchers, and extension agents.
Occurrence of bruxism in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Granja Gélica L , Lacerda‐Santos Jhonatan Thiago , Firmino Ramon T , Jiao Ruimin , Martins Carolina C , Granville‐Garcia Ana Flávia , Vargas‐Ferreira Fabiana
Published: March 2022

Aims

To investigate bruxism in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurotypical individuals.

Methods and results

Searches were conducted in the MedLine via Ovid, Embase via Ovid, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS), Brazilian Library of Dentistry (BBO) and SciELO databases, grey literature and a hand search up to December 2020 with no restrictions imposed regarding language or year of publication (CRD42020211307). For the meta‐analysis, the frequency of bruxism was extracted, with the calculation of odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a random effects model in RevManager. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Seventeen case‐control studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and 15 were included in the meta‐analysis, totaling a population of 3850 individuals. The ASD group was more likely to develop bruxism than the controls (OR: 3.80; 95% CI: 2.06‐7.01). The certainty of the evidence was classified as “very low” for the occurrence of bruxism between ASD and control individuals.

Conclusion

It is uncertain whether individuals with ASD are more likely to have bruxism than healthy controls.
Moving Onward and Upward in a “Dead‐End” Job: Extrinsic Motivations and Rewards in Health Care Work
Authors: Showers Fumilayo
Published: March 2022

What motivates people to enter health care occupations? What are the rewards of these jobs? What are the paths of mobility from low‐paid, low‐prestige, health care jobs to higher paid, more professional ones? This paper attends to these questions through interviews and ethnographic observations among West African immigrant nurses and disability support professionals in the US. I find that extrinsic motivations, (racial discrimination in other segments of the labor market), and the quest for extrinsic rewards, (wages, immigration status benefits), played a role in the decision‐making of West African immigrant health care workers. I show how West African immigrants were able to parlay low‐wage, entry level positions in the health care industry into more professional, highly paid, and secure ones. These workers also reaped material benefits, and developed intrinsic rewards (love/affection, job satisfaction), and the desire to help others after being immersed in their jobs. I posit an understanding of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards of care, as complex, layered, and intersecting. I prove that a mélange of motivations is in play, intrinsic and extrinsic rewards work in tandem, and one can enter health care for money and remain for money and for love.
Fall prevention in hospitals and nursing homes: Clinical practice guideline
Authors: Schoberer Daniela , Breimaier Helga Elisabeth , Zuschnegg Julia , Findling Thomas , Schaffer Susanna , Archan Tamara
Published: March 2022

Background

Falls and their consequences are particularly common in older adults in hospitals and long‐term care (LTC) facilities.

Aim

To avoid falls and their consequences, and provide nurses with an overview of all relevant research literature on fall prevention, and a practice guideline on fall prevention in older adults was developed.

Methods

The development process included a systematic literature review to identify systematic reviews and primary studies on the topic of fall prevention, an assessment of the study quality, the preparation of meta‐analyses to summarize the results, and the application of the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach to grade the scientific literature. The guideline panel and an external multidisciplinary team graded the recommendations using the Delphi method. In addition, the panel and team formulated expert opinions.

Results

A total of 79 randomized controlled trials on fall prevention were identified, which formed the basis of the recommendations. Strongly recommended measures for both settings included multifactorial interventions, professionally supported body exercise interventions, and education and counselling interventions. The panel and team did not recommend the use of a specific assessment tool for fall risk assessment, low‐floor beds in hospitals, or body exercise interventions in frail residents.

Linking Evidence to Action

During the development of this guideline, particular attention was paid to collecting evidence‐based knowledge relevant to practice. By applying the recommendations, the outlined nursing care is justified, enabling healthcare personnel to achieve the overriding goal of providing optimal care to persons at risk of falling. Evidence for several fall prevention interventions was graded as very low. Sound intervention studies are necessary to strengthen the confidence in the evidence for low‐floor beds, alarm sensor systems, medication review, and staff education in hospitals.
Using virtual simulation to teach evidence‐based practice in nursing curricula: A rapid review
Authors: Cant Robyn , Cooper Simon , Ryan Colleen
Published: March 2022

Background

Virtual simulation is an interactive teaching and learning strategy used in undergraduate nursing student education, especially since the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Few published studies have reviewed the impact of virtual simulation as a strategy for teaching nursing students the elements of evidence‐based practice.

Aim

To describe types of virtual simulation that are relevant to nursing student education and examine how these modalities are applied to teach elements of evidence‐based practice.

Methods

A rapid review of literature was conducted to discern the use and impact of virtual simulation. Thirty‐seven studies published between 2017 and May 2021 that addressed nursing students' educational outcomes were reviewed and summarized as a narrative analysis.

Results

Virtual simulation and virtual reality simulation engage learners in role‐plays via a computer screen or hand‐held phone. Various levels of realism and immersion were apparent across different modalities and with the utilization of educational games. Most studies related to the teaching of best practice evidence‐based clinical nursing topics. Twenty primary studies reported objective measures of students' improvement such as knowledge, performance, better documentation, or communication accuracy. Sixteen studies that measured knowledge identified significant knowledge gains. All studies endorsed virtual simulation as a teaching method.

Linking Evidence to Action

Virtual simulation approaches offer an innovative and feasible option for teaching nursing students. Such approaches should be included in undergraduate nursing curricula. While it is apparent that evidence‐based practice guidelines inform the design of the virtual simulation scenarios, the effectiveness of the modality for teaching specific elements of evidence‐based practice to nursing students is not yet confirmed. Nursing curricula need to include ways of teaching nursing students to search for and critically appraise trustworthy sources of knowledge for clinical practice.