bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recruitment of coregulator complexes to the β‐globin gene locus by TFII‐I and upstream stimulatory factor
Authors: Crusselle‐Davis Valerie J. , Zhou Zhuo , Anantharaman Archana , Moghimi Babak , Dodev Tihomir , Huang Suming , Bungert Jörg
Published: October 2007

Upstream stimulatory factor and TFII‐I are ubiquitously expressed helix‐loop‐helix transcription factors that interact with E‐box sequences and or initiator elements. We previously demonstrated that upstream stimulatory factor is an activator of β‐globin gene expression whereas TFII‐I is a repressor. In the present study, we demonstrate that upstream stimulatory factor interacts with the coactivator p300 and that this interaction is restricted to erythroid cells expressing the adult β‐globin gene. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Suz12, a component of the polycomb repressor complex 2, is recruited to the β‐globin gene. Reducing expression of Suz12 significantly activates β‐globin gene expression in an erythroid cell line with an embryonic phenotype. Suz12 also interacts with the adult β‐globin gene during early stages of erythroid differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Our data suggest that TFII‐I contributes to the recruitment of the polycomb repressor complex 2 complex to the β‐globin gene. Together, these data demonstrate that the antagonistic activities of upstream stimulatory factor and TFII‐I on β‐globin gene expression are mediated at least in part by protein complexes that render the promoter associated chromatin accessible or inaccessible for the transcription complex.
Apo α‐lactalbumin and lysozyme are colocalized in their subsequently formed spherical supramolecular assembly
Authors: Nigen Michaël , Croguennec Thomas , Madec Marie‐Noëlle , Bouhallab Saïd
Published: October 2007

We have reported previously that the calcium‐depleted form of bovine α‐lactalbumin (apo α‐LA) interacts with hen egg‐white lysozyme (LYS) to form spherical supramolecular structures. These supramolecular structures contain an equimolar ratio of the two proteins. We further explore here the organization of these structures. The spherical morphology and size of the assembled LYS/apo α‐LA supramolecular structures were demonstrated using confocal scanning laser microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. From confocal scanning laser microscopy experiments with labelled proteins, it was found that LYS and apo α‐LA were perfectly colocalized and homogeneously distributed throughout the entire three‐dimensional structure of the microspheres formed. The spatial colocalization of the two proteins was also confirmed by the occurrence of a fluorescence resonance energy transfer phenomenon between labelled apo α‐LA and labelled LYS. Polarized light microscopy analysis revealed that the microspheres formed differ from spherulites, a higher order semicrystalline structure. As the molecular mechanism initiating the formation of these microspheres is still unknown, we discuss the potential involvement of a LYS/apo α‐LA heterodimer as a starting block for such a supramolecular assembly.
The Drosophila jumonji gene encodes a JmjC‐containing nuclear protein that is required for metamorphosis
Authors: Sasai Nobuhiro , Kato Yasuko , Kimura Gaku , Takeuchi Takashi , Yamaguchi Masamitsu
Published: October 2007

Jumonji (Jmj) is a transcriptional repressor that plays important roles in the suppression of cell proliferation and development of various tissues in the mouse. To further clarify the roles of Jmj during development and gain insight into mechanisms of Jmj‐mediated transcriptional regulation, we have taken advantage of Drosophila as a model organism. Drosophila Jmj (dJmj) shares high homology with mammalian Jmj in the JmjN, JmjC and AT‐rich interaction domains, as well as in the N‐terminal repression domain. dJmj localizes to hundreds of euchromatic sites but not to chromocenter heterochromatin on salivary gland polytene chromosomes. In addition, dJmj is excluded from regions stained with an antibody against Ser5‐phosphorylated RNA polymerase II, suggesting a function of dJmj in transcriptionally inactive chromatin. Loss of djmj results in larval and pupal lethality with phenotypes similar to those observed in mutants of ecdysone‐regulated genes, implying the involvement of dJmj in the repression of gene expression in the ecdysone pathway. Transgenic mouse Jmj mostly colocalizes with dJmj and partially rescues the phenotypes of djmj mutants, indicating that dJmj is a functional homolog of mammalian Jmj. Furthermore, mutation in djmj suppresses position effect variegation of the T(2;3)SbV rearrangement. These findings suggest that dJmj controls expression of developmentally important genes through modification of chromatin into a transcriptionally silenced state.
Patterns of Primary Succession of Native and Introduced Plants in Lowland Wet Forests in Eastern Hawai‘i
Authors: Zimmerman Naupaka , Flint Hughes R. , Cordell Susan , Hart Patrick , Chang Heather Kalei , Perez David , Like Ryan Kaipoalohaakala , Ostertag Rebecca
Published: October 2007

The majority of Hawaii's lowland wet forests no longer exist, with many of the last remaining patches found on the eastern, windward sides of the largest islands. To better understand successional patterns and invasion in these native systems, we quantified basal area (BA) and densities of woody species and understory cover at nine sites in the Puna district on the Island of Hawai‘i, representing age gradients of native stand development on both ‘a’ā and pāhoehoe lava flows. On both flow types, BA of native species increased (from 5 to 50 m2/ha) and stem densities decreased (from 3700 to 2600 stems/ha) with increasing stand/flow age. Both native and introduced species compositions diverged between substrate types on older flows. We found that lowland wet native forests remain at least partially intact in several locations, but their functional and compositional integrity is increasingly compromised by invasion of nonnative species, such as Psidium cattleianum and Melastoma candidum, which become more common at sites greater than 300‐yr old. This time period may represent a threshold, after which abiotic environmental conditions no longer constrain recruitment of introduced species. On older flows, nonnative stem densities swamped those of native species by an order of magnitude, with nonnative stems (height > 1.3 m) achieving densities as high as 18,000 stems/ha. In addition, all stands lacked recruitment of native woody species in the understory, suggesting that without management, the native componentsof these forests may soon no longer be self‐sustaining.
Achievement of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy Guideline Targets for Mineral Metabolism Measures: One Japanese University Center Result
Authors: Kimata Naoki , Miwa Naoko , Otsubo Shigeru , Iwasaki Tomihito , Yabuki Yasuko , Miyabe Kumi , Asamiya Yukari , Sato Keitaro , Sugi Orie , Ikebe Norisato , Kiuchi Kan , Mineshima Michio , Akiba Takashi
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  A consensus conference for the Guidelines for the Management of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Chronic Dialysis Patients was conducted in the general meeting of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy (JSDT) in June 2006, and the guidelines were proposed in the Journal of JSDT in 4 months later. The aim of this study was performed on the status of observance with the data, based on 6 months later proposal of the guidelines. Only 48.9% stayed within the range specified by the calcium and phosphorus guideline. Moreover, only 12% of patients were able to remain within the ranges specified by all three guidelines (calcium, phosphorus, and PTH), 6 months later proposal of the guidelines. In our institution, compliance with the JSDT guidelines was inadequate. Major reasons were the special characteristics of the medical care system and patients in our institution as a university hospital. Further improvement in the contents and method of the use of the guidelines is necessary alongside observation of the present situation in Japan.
Regulatory Mechanisms of Circulating Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Parathyroid Diseases
Authors: Imanishi Yasuo , Kobayashi Keisuke , Kawata Takehisa , Inaba Masaaki , Nishizawa Yoshiki
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Fibroblast growth factor‐23 (FGF‐23) is a circulating factor regulating phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis. Phosphate intake and an administration of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) increase circulating FGF‐23 levels, and elevated FGF‐23 prevents hyperphosphatemia and vitamin D toxicity by hyperphosphaturia and suppression of circulating 1,25(OH)2D level, comprising a feedback loop to maintain phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis. Excess secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), another phosphaturic factor, elevates the serum calcium level in primary hyperparathyroidism. PTH also elevates circulating FGF‐23 level, which cooperatively enhances the phosphaturia, resulting in hypophosphatemia.

The circulating FGF‐23 level increases as renal function declines in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and it exhibits significant and positive correlations with serum phosphate, calcium, and PTH in CKD patients on maintenance hemodialysis, suggesting that these parameters regulate circulating FGF‐23 level. Tight associations between circulating FGF‐23 and calcium levels were observed both in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and in CKD patients on maintenance hemodialysis, suggesting the role of serum calcium on FGF‐23 regulatory mechanisms. FGF‐23 may have a physiological role in preventing tissue damage such as ectopic calcifications, partly via suppressing the serum calcium × phosphate product by accelerating urinary phosphate excretion and suppressing vitamin D activation.
Balance Between Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Their Antagonists in Kidney Injury
Authors: Yanagita Motoko
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Dialysis dependency is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, and once end‐stage renal disease develops, it cannot be reversed by currently available therapy. Although the administration of large dose of bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP‐7) has been shown to repair established renal injuries and improves renal function, pathophysiological role of endogenous BMP‐7 and regulatory mechanism of its activities remain elusive. Here we show that uterine sensitization‐associated gene‐1 (USAG‐1), novel BMP antagonist abundantly expressed in the kidney, is the central negative regulator of BMP function in the kidney, and that mice lacking USAG‐1 (USAG‐1−/− mice) are resistant to kidney injuries. USAG‐1−/− mice exhibited prolonged survival and preserved renal function in acute and chronic renal injuries. Renal BMP signaling, assessed by phosphorylation of Smad proteins, is significantly enhanced in USAG‐1−/− mice during renal injury, indicating that the preservation of renal function is attributed to enhancement of endogenous BMP signaling. Furthermore, the administration of neutralizing antibody against BMP‐7 abolished reno‐protection in USAG‐1−/− mice, indicating that USAG‐1 plays a critical role in the modulation of reno‐protective action of BMP, and that inhibition of USAG‐1 will be promising means of development of novel treatment for kidney diseases.
Attainment of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy Guidelines for the Management of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients in Our Clinic
Authors: Sato Yuzuru , Eriguchi Rieko , Umakoshi Junko , Kato Masakazu
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  The treatment according to the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy guidelines was performed in 189 patients on maintenance dialysis in our clinic. The mean age of the patients was 64.9 years and the mean dialysis period was 6.3 years. The underlying disease was diabetic nephropathy in 40.7% of the patients, chronic glomerulonephritis in 30.2%, and nephrosclerosis in 13.8%. In May 2006 before the use of JSDT guidelines, patients with phosphorus and calcium concentrations in the control goal range were most frequently observed (69.8%), followed in order by those with a high concentration of phosphorus alone (13.8%), those with a low concentration of phosphorus alone (2.6%), those with a high concentration of calcium alone (10.1%), those with high concentration of both phosphorus and calcium (3.7%). Treatment according to JSDT guidelines was performed for 6 months in these patients. In January 2007, the group with both phosphorus and calcium concentrations in the goal range accounted for 82.2%, showing improvement. The intact PTH concentration in patients with normal phosphorus and calcium concentration was in the reference range (60–180 pg/ml) in about 50% of the patients, high (>180 pg/ml) in 35%, low (<60 pg/ml) in 10% during the study periods. The intact PTH concentration was often about 40 pg/ml in patients with a concentration <60 pg/ml, 120 pg/ml in those with a concentration of 60–180 pg/ml, and 200–250 pg/ml in those with a concentration >180 pg/ml. The concentration of NTx was significantly higher in the patients with an intact PTH concentration >180 pg/ml than in those with a concetration of <60 pg/ml or those with a concentration of 60–180 pg/ml and significantly increased with time.
Formation of the Galactic globular clusters with He-rich stars in low-mass haloes virialized at high redshift
Authors: Bekki Kenji , Yahagi Hideki , Nagashima Masahiro , Forbes Duncan A.
Published: October 2007

Recent observations have reported that the Galactic globular clusters (GCs) with unusually extended horizontal-branch (EHB) morphologies show a significantly lower velocity dispersion compared with that of the entire Galactic GC system. We consider that the observed distinctive kinematics of GCs with EHB has valuable information on the formation epochs of GCs and accordingly discuss this observational result based on cosmological N-body simulations with a model of GC formation. We assume that GCs in galaxies were initially formed in low-mass haloes at high redshifts and we investigate final kinematics of GCs in their host haloes at z= 0. We find that GCs formed in haloes virialized at z > 10 show lower velocity dispersions on average than those formed at z > 6 for haloes with GCs at z= 0. We thus suggest that the origin of the observed lower velocity dispersion for the Galactic GCs with EHBs is closely associated with earlier formation epochs (z > 10) of haloes initially hosting the GCs in the course of the Galaxy formation. Considering that the origin of EHBs can be due to the presence of helium-enhanced second-generation stars in GCs, we discuss the long-standing second parameter problem of GCs in the context of different degrees of chemical pollution in GC-forming gas clouds within low-mass haloes virialized at different redshifts.
Did we observe the supernova shock breakout in GRB 060218?
Authors: Ghisellini G. , Ghirlanda G. , Tavecchio F.
Published: October 2007

The early optical data of GRB 060218 (the first 105 s after the trigger) have been interpreted as blackbody emission associated with the shock breakout of the associated supernova. If so, it is possible to infer lower limits to the bolometric luminosity and energetics of such a blackbody component. These limits, which are independent of the emissivity time dependence, are tighter for the very early data and correspond to energetics ∼1051 erg, too large to be produced by the breakout of a supernova shock. A further problem with the above interpretation concerns the luminosity of the observed X-ray blackbody component. It should be produced, in the shock breakout interpretation, as blackbody emission of approximately constant temperature from a surface area only slowly increasing with time. Although it has been suggested that, assuming anisotropy, the long duration of the X-ray blackbody component is consistent with a supernova shock breakout, the nearly constant size of the emitting surface requires some fine tuning. These difficulties support an alternative interpretation, according to which the emission follows the late dissipation of the fireball bulk kinetic energy. This in turn requires a small value of the bulk Lorentz factor.
On the 2007 July flare of the blazar 3C 454.3
Authors: Ghisellini Gabriele , Foschini Luigi , Tavecchio Fabrizio , Pian Elena
Published: October 2007

In 2007 July, the blazar 3C 454.3 underwent a flare in the optical, reaching R∼ 13 on July 19. Then the optical flux decreased by one magnitude, being R∼ 14 when the source was detected by the gamma-ray satellite AGILE, which observed the source on July 24–30. At the same time, the Swift satellite performed a series of snapshots. We can construct the simultaneous spectral energy distribution using optical, ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma-ray data. These show that an increased gamma-ray flux is accompanied by a weaker optical/X-ray flux with respect to the flare observed in the spring of 2005 by INTEGRAL and Swift. This confirms earlier suggestions about the behaviour of the jet of 3C 454.3.
Building a Compact, Low‐Cost, and Portable Peristaltic Sampling Pump
Authors: Woessner William W.
Published: October 2007

Hydrogeologic research often involves obtaining water quality samples in field settings without vehicle access. Such conditions often require the use of a sampling pump. Researchers at The University of Montana have been using a handheld peristaltic pump powered by a rechargeable variable‐speed drill. This Montana Drill Pump (MDP) is highly portable and can be inexpensively built for about $225 to $295 (US). Over the last two decades, the pump has been used to sample and filter (as appropriate) surface water and ground water for analyses of general inorganic and organic chemistry, stable and radioactive isotopes, pathogens, and trace pharmaceuticals and to develop small‐diameter wells and sample suction lysimeters. The MDP provides researchers and educators with an economical tool to pump water in classrooms, laboratories, and field settings.
Determination of First‐Order Degradation Rate Constants from Monitoring Networks
Authors: Beyer Christof , Chen Cui , Gronewold Jan , Kolditz Olaf , Bauer Sebastian
Published: October 2007

In this article, different strategies for estimating first‐order degradation rate constants from measured field data are compared by application to multiple, synthetic, contaminant plumes. The plumes were generated by numerical simulation of contaminant transport and degradation in virtual heterogeneous aquifers. These sites were then individually and independently investigated on the computer by installation of extensive networks of observation wells. From the data measured at the wells, that is, contaminant concentrations, hydraulic conductivities, and heads, first‐order degradation rates were estimated by three 1D centerline methods, which use only measurements located on the plume axis, and a two‐dimensional method, which uses all concentration measurements available downgradient from the contaminant source. Results for both strategies show that the true rate constant used for the numerical simulation of the plumes in general tends to be overestimated. Overestimation is stronger for narrow plumes from small source zones, with an average overestimation factor of about 5 and single values ranging from 0.5 to 20, decreasing for wider plumes, with an average overestimation factor of about 2 and similar spread. Reasons for this overestimation are identified in the velocity calculation, the dispersivity parameterization, and off‐centerline measurements. For narrow plumes, the one‐ and the two‐dimensional strategies show approximately the same amount of overestimation. For wider plumes, however, incorporation of all measurements in the two‐dimensional approach reduces the estimation error. No significant relation between the number of observation wells in the monitoring network and the quality of the estimated rate constant is found for the two‐dimensional approach.
A Simple Method for Locating the Fresh Water–Salt Water Interface Using Pressure Data
Authors: Kim Kue‐Young , Chon Chul‐Min , Park Ki‐Hwa
Published: October 2007

Salt water intrusion is a key issue in dealing with exploitation, restoration, and management of fresh ground water in coastal aquifers. Constant monitoring of the fresh water–salt water interface is necessary for proper management of ground water resources. This study presents a simple method to estimate the depth of the fresh water–salt water interface in coastal aquifers using two sets of pressure data obtained from the fresh and saline zones within a single borehole. This method uses the density difference between fresh water and saline water and can practically be used at coastal aquifers that have a relatively sharp fresh water–salt water interface with a thin transition zone. The proposed method was applied to data collected from a coastal aquifer on Jeju Island, Korea, to estimate the variations in the depth of the interface. The interface varied with daily tidal fluctuations and heavy rainfall in the rainy season. The estimated depth of the interface showed a good agreement with the measured electrical conductivity profile.
The relationship between female adolescent self‐esteem, decision making, and contraceptive behavior
Authors: Commendador Kathleen
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To examine the relationship between female adolescent self‐esteem, decision making, and contraceptive behavior in multiethnic, 14‐ to 17‐year‐olds, residing on the Big Island of Hawaii.

Data sources: This was a descriptive cross‐sectional survey design using a convenience sample of 98 female adolescents aged 14‐17 who came to five different clinics on the Big Island of Hawaii for health care. Along with a brief demographic questionnaire, global self‐esteem was measured by Rosenberg’s Self‐Esteem Scale, decision making was measured by the Flinders Adolescent Decision Making Questionnaire, and sexual activity and contraception use was measured by a nonnormed Sexual History and Contraceptive Use Questionnaire developed for this study. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and correlations were used to analyze associations and correlations between age, global self‐esteem, decision self‐esteem, decision coping (vigilant and maladaptive), and contraceptive use for sexually active female adolescents.

Conclusions: No significant associations or correlations were found between age, global self‐esteem, decision self‐esteem, decision coping (vigilance), and the decision to use contraception in sexually active adolescent females. There was, however, significant negative correlation (p < .05) between overall maladaptive decision making and contraceptive use in sexually active female adolescents. This suggests that sexually active adolescent females with higher maladaptive scores are less likely to use contraception. There was also significant association (p < .05) between maladaptive decision making in contraceptive use and sexually active female adolescents. For every one unit increase on the maladaptive scale, the odds of using contraception were estimated to decrease by 7%.

Implications for practice: Adolescence is a period of transition that involves biological, cognitive, psychological, and social changes. During the vulnerable transition period of adolescence, decisions relating to contraception may occur. Interventions focused on improving decision‐making skills and stimulating thinking around not only sexual issues but also on relationship and communication in adolescent issues may facilitate more competent decision making. Understanding the relationship between female adolescent self‐esteem, decision making, and contraceptive behavior has contributed to the knowledge base about female contraceptive behavior. Gaining further insight into these relationships will help healthcare professionals provide counseling and health care to female adolescents.
Factors influencing cancer screening practices of underserved women
Authors: Ackerson Kelly , Gretebeck Kimberlee
Published: October 2007

Purpose: This integrated review was conducted to evaluate the factors that inhibit or promote decisions by African American and Hispanic women to obtain cervical cancer screening.

Data sources: Research articles were identified using MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health literature, published between 1999 and 2005.

Conclusions: Cervical cancer screening practices of African American and Hispanic women were influenced by extrinsic motivators including lack of insurance, no usual source of health care, acculturation, and socioeconomic factors. Intrinsic motivators were related to beliefs and perceptions of vulnerability, such as ignoring cervical cancer screening when no symptoms were present; believing that not knowing if one had cervical cancer was better; and thinking that only women who engage in sexual risk–taking behaviors need to obtain Papanicolaou (Pap) smear testing.

Implications for practice: Nurse practitioners (NPs) have an opportunity to impact the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer by improving screening practices of minority women. They can emphasize the importance of obtaining Pap smears regularly, teach patients the risks for and signs and symptoms of cervical cancer, and provide recommendations for obtaining screening at low cost or no cost to the patient. To improve cancer screening practices, NPs need to address minority women’s beliefs about cervical cancer and provide information and services in a culturally sensitive manner at an appropriate level of learning.
Coordinated School Health Programs and Academic Achievement: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Murray Nancy G. , Low Barbara J. , Hollis Christine , Cross Alan W. , Davis Sally M.
Published: October 2007

Background:  Few evaluations of school health programs measure academic outcomes. K‐12 education needs evidence for academic achievement to implement school programs. This article presents a systematic review of the literature to examine evidence that school health programs aligned with the Coordinated School Health Program (CSHP) model improve academic success.

Methods:  A multidisciplinary panel of health researchers searched the literature related to academic achievement and elements of the CSHP model (health services, counseling/social services, nutrition services, health promotion for staff, parent/family/community involvement, healthy school environment, physical education, and health education) to identify scientifically rigorous studies of interventions. Study designs were classified according to the analytic framework provided in the Guide developed by the Community Preventive Services Task Force.

Results:  The strongest evidence from scientifically rigorous evaluations exists for a positive effect on some academic outcomes from school health programs for asthmatic children that incorporate health education and parental involvement. Strong evidence also exists for a lack of negative effects of physical education programs on academic outcomes. Limited evidence from scientifically rigorous evaluations support the effect of nutrition services, health services, and mental health programs, but no such evidence is found in the literature to support the effect of staff health promotion programs or school environment interventions on academic outcomes.

Conclusions:  Scientifically rigorous evaluation of school health programs is challenging to conduct due to issues related to sample size, recruitment, random assignment to condition, implementation fidelity, costs, and adequate follow‐up time. However, school health programs hold promise for improving academic outcomes for children.
Predictors of Sexual Intercourse Among Korean Adolescents
Authors: Ryu Eunjung , Kim Kyunghee , Kwon Hyejin
Published: October 2007

Background: The proportion of adolescents experiencing unwanted pregnancy and abortion caused by the premature initiation of sexual intercourse is increasing at an alarming rate in Korea. This study aimed at developing a theoretical model for identifying individual and environmental risk factors affecting the initiation of sexual intercourse by adolescents.

Methods: A descriptive survey was used to identify the predictors of sexual intercourse among Korean adolescents. Data were collected from students attending 10 senior high schools in 2 cities and 3 provinces in Korea. A total of 1012 students were chosen by convenience sampling, with 50 of them being excluded due to their failing to respond properly.

Results: Logistic regression analysis of the data showed that gender, socialization traits, and disinhibition were the statistically significant individual factors, and that parental living arrangement, career track, school record, having a boy‐/girlfriend, and sexual permissiveness with a boy‐/girlfriend were the statistically significant environmental factors associated with sexual intercourse by adolescents.

Conclusion: The theoretical model developed on the basis of the above findings should be useful in the development of effective counseling and preventive intervention programs provided to adolescents by school and community nurses.
Prevalence of Overweight in North Florida Elementary and Middle School Children: Effects of Age, Sex, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Johnson Suzanne B , Pilkington Lorri L , Deeb Larry C , Jeffers Sheila , He Jianghua , Lamp Camilla
Published: October 2007

Background:  The number of overweight children has been rapidly increasing, although its prevalence varies by age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic (SES) status.

Methods:  Height and weight assessments were used to calculate body mass index (BMI) and BMI percentile on more than 17,000 children in 1 north Florida school district’s elementary and middle schools. Based on the child’s BMI percentile, each child was placed into 1 of 4 groups: underweight, normal, at risk for overweight, and overweight. Logistic regression was used to test the relative contribution of sex, ethnicity, school (elementary vs middle), age, and SES (indicated by free/reduced vs full‐pay lunch status) to a child’s weight classification.

Results:  Overall, 36.2% of the children were either overweight (18.9%) or at risk for overweight (17.4%). Approximately 30% of the kindergarten children were overweight (14.0%) or at risk for overweight (15.5%). African American children were most likely to begin kindergarten overweight. The prevalence of overweight increased for all ethnic groups during the elementary school years. However, African American girls and Hispanic boys were more likely to be overweight than any other ethnic group; Asian girls were least likely to be overweight. These findings could not be readily explained by the effects of SES. Higher SES appeared to be protective but only for white and Hispanic children.

Conclusions:  These results confirm the increasing prevalence of overweight in US school children, especially among African American girls and Hispanic boys.
Glomerular filtration rate estimates decrease during high altitude expedition but increase with Lake Louise acute mountain sickness scores
Authors: Pichler J. , Risch L. , Hefti U. , Merz T. M. , Turk A. J. , Bloch K. E. , Maggiorini M. , Hess T. , Barthelmes D. , Schoch O. D. , Risch G. , Huber A. R.
Published: October 2007

Aim:  Acute mountain sickness (AMS) can result in pulmonary and cerebral oedema with overperfusion of microvascular beds, elevated hydrostatic capillary pressure, capillary leakage and consequent oedema as pathogenetic mechanisms. Data on changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at altitudes above 5000 m are very limited.

Methods:  Thirty‐four healthy mountaineers, who were randomized to two acclimatization protocols, undertook an expedition on Muztagh Ata Mountain (7549 m) in China. Tests were performed at five altitudes: Zurich pre‐expedition (PE, 450 m), base camp (BC, 4497 m), Camp 1 (C1, 5533 m), Camp 2 (C2, 6265 m) and Camp 3 (C3, 6865 m). Cystatin C‐ and creatinine‐based (Mayo Clinic quadratic equation) GFR estimates (eGFR) were assessed together with Lake Louise AMS score and other tests.

Results:  eGFR significantly decreased from PE to BC (P < 0.01). However, when analysing at changes between BC and C3, only cystatin C‐based estimates indicated a significant decrease in GFR (P = 0.02). There was a linear decrease in eGFR from PE to C3, with a decrease of approx. 3.1 mL min−1 1.73 m−2 per 1000 m increase in altitude. No differences between eGFR of the two groups with different acclimitization protocols could be observed. There was a significant association between eGFR and haematocrit (P = 0.01), whereas no significant association between eGFR and aldosterone, renin and brain natriuretic peptide could be observed. Finally, higher AMS scores were significantly associated with higher eGFR (P = 0.01).

Conclusions:  Renal function declines when ascending from low to high altitude. Cystatin C‐based eGFR decreases during ascent in high altitude expedition but increases with AMS scores. For individuals with eGFR <40 mL min−1 1.73 m−2, caution may be necessary when planning trips to high altitude above 4500 m above sea level.
Changes in skeletal muscle size, fibre‐type composition and capillary supply after chronic venous occlusion in rats
Authors: Kawada S. , Ishii N.
Published: October 2007

Aim:  We have previously shown that surgical occlusion of some veins from skeletal muscle results in muscle hypertrophy without mechanical overloading in the rat. The present study investigated the changes in muscle‐fibre composition and capillary supply in hypertrophied muscles after venous occlusion in the rat hindlimb.

Methods:  Sixteen male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into two groups: (i) sham operated (sham‐operated group; n = 7); (ii) venous occluded for 2 weeks (2‐week‐occluded group; n = 9). At the end of the experimental period, specimens of the plantaris muscle were dissected from the hindlimbs and subjected to biochemical and histochemical analyses.

Results:  Two weeks after the occlusion, both the wet weight of plantaris muscle relative to body weight and absolute muscle weight showed significant increases in the 2‐week‐occluded group (∼15%) when compared with those in the sham‐operated group. The concentrations of muscle glycogen and lactate were higher in the 2‐week‐occluded group, whereas staining intensity of muscle lipid droplets was lower in the 2‐week‐occluded group than those in the sham‐operated group. The percentage of type I muscle fibre decreased, whereas that of type IIb fibre increased in the 2‐week‐occluded group when compared with the sham‐operated group. Although the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor‐188 mRNA increased, the number of capillaries around the muscle fibres tended to decrease (P = 0.07).

Conclusion:  Chronic venous occlusion causes skeletal muscle hypertrophy with fibre‐type transition towards faster types and changes in contents of muscle metabolites.
Effect of Pectin Enhancement on Plasma Quercetin and Fecal Flora in Rutin‐Supplemented Mice
Authors: Tamura M. , Nakagawa H. , Tsushida T. , Hirayama K. , Itoh K.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT:  Few reports have considered the effects of dietary fiber on plasma quercetin and the intestinal flora. We investigated the effects of pectin on the plasma and fecal flora of mice fed a diet supplemented with the quercetin glycoside rutin. Male mice were randomly divided into 2 groups, which were fed a pectin–rutin (PR) or cellulose–rutin (CR) diet for 14 d. Plasma quercetin and isorhamnetin metabolites were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Feces were immediately processed with bacteriological procedures. The fecal flora was investigated. Plasma quercetin and isorhamnetin concentrations were significantly higher in the PR diet group, as was the plasma isorhamnetin/quercetin ratio. The composition of the intestinal flora differed between the 2 dietary groups. The total number of fecal bacteria was significantly larger in the PR group, in which most types of bacteria were more abundant, with the exceptions of bifidobacteria, fusiform‐shaped bacteria, and staphylococci. The lower gut seemed to be the major absorption site for rutin. Pectin might thus enhance the bioavailability of quercetin from rutin by altering the metabolic activity of the intestinal flora and/or gut physiological function.
Development of a Sanitizing Fabric Wipe for Use on Food Contact Surfaces
Authors: Lee J. , Lopes J.A. , Pascall M.A.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT:  A sanitizer was incorporated into disposable sanitary wipes that were used to eliminate microorganisms on plastic and metal surfaces. These surfaces were inoculated with strains of Bacillus subtilis OSU 494, Enterococcus faecalis OSU 48, Escherichia coli ATCC 29181, Listeria innocua ATCC 33090, Pseudomonas aeruginosa OSU 167, Salmonella enteritidis OSU 799, Staphylococcus epidermidis OSU 838), Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 10894. These inoculated surfaces were cleaned with the wipes for 5, 10, and 30 s, then organisms surviving on the cleaned surfaces and in the wipes were enumerated. Applying the sanitizing wipe to the plastic and metal surfaces reduced the viability of bacteria (> log 4 for 5 s), yeast cells (> log 5 for 10 s), and fungal spores (< log 4 for all times). The use of large pore sized or thick wipes showed better sanitizing result when compared with the use of the small pore sized and slim wipe. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between surviving numbers on the surface of the plastic compared with that of the metal.
Chocolate Milk and the Hispanic Consumer
Authors: Thompson J.L. , Gerard P.D. , Drake M.A.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT:  The U.S. Hispanic population is increasing, and purchasing power of this group is also increasing. Little is known about the attitudes and preferences of Hispanic adults or children toward chocolate milk. The objective of this study was to understand Hispanic consumer attitudes and preferences for chocolate milk. Focus groups with Hispanic adults (> 18 y, 3 groups, n= 31) and children (10 to 14 y, 6 groups, n= 29) were conducted to gain qualitative insight into perceptions and consumption trends. Using focus group results and descriptive analysis profiles of chocolate milks, 5 representative chocolate milks were selected for quantitative consumer testing. Milks were evaluated for overall liking and other attributes by Hispanic adults (n= 79), Caucasian adults (n= 91), and Hispanic children (n= 45). Analysis of variance and internal and external preference mapping were conducted to characterize differences among treatments and ethnic groups. Chocolate milks were differentiated by descriptive analysis (P < 0.001) in visual, flavor, and mouthfeel attributes. Hispanic children (n= 45) rated all chocolate milks higher in liking than Hispanic or Caucasian adults, and documented significant differences in liking for milks evaluated (P < 0.05). Caucasians adults were generally more discriminatory in liking of chocolate milks than Hispanic adults, but consistent ethnic differences were observed only for chocolate flavor liking where Hispanics assigned higher chocolate flavor liking scores to milks compared to Caucasians. Three consumer clusters were identified and the drivers for these clusters were largely consistent with previous chocolate milk consumer studies in that many of the same key drivers of liking for chocolate milk were identified. The results indicated that these consumer clusters were not defined exclusively by ethnicity.
Effect of High Pressure Treatment on the Quality of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Mahi Mahi (Coryphaena hippurus)
Authors: Yagiz Y. , Kristinsson H.G. , Balaban M.O. , Marshall M.R.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT:  High pressure processing (HPP) is becoming a promising seafood preservation method. The objective was to investigate the effect of HPP on quality of rainbow trout and mahi mahi during cold storage. Skinless fillets treated with different pressures (150, 300, 450, and 600 MPa for 15 min) and stored at 4 °C were analyzed at 1, 3, and 6 d storage. Red muscle was analyzed for lipid oxidation products by measuring thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) and whole muscle was analyzed for total aerobic count, texture profile analysis, and color. A pressure of 300 MPa effectively inactivated the initial microbial population in rainbow trout (6‐log reduction). However, inactivation of the initial population on mahi mahi was only about 4‐log reduction at the same pressure. Microbial growth was significantly retarded after HPP. Color results showed that redness (a* value) of rainbow trout at 300 MPa and above was significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared to mahi mahi. TBARS values for rainbow trout increased with increased pressure, whereas the same trend was not seen for mahi mahi where maximum oxidation was found at 300 MPa and then declined. This study demonstrates the usefulness of HPP in seafood processing and the influence of species variation on processing parameters. The optimum HPP conditions for influencing lipid oxidation, microbial load, and color changes were found to be 300 MPa for rainbow trout and 450 MPa for mahi mahi.
Simultaneous Depolymerization and Decolorization of Chitosan by Ozone Treatment
Authors: Seo S. , King J.M. , Prinyawiwatkul W.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT:  Currently, depolymerization and decolorization of chitosan are achieved by chemical or enzymatic methods, which are time consuming and expensive. Ozone has been shown to be able to degrade macromolecules and remove pigments due to its high oxidation potential. In this study, the effects of ozone treatment on depolymerization and decolorization of chitosan were investigated. Crawfish chitosan was ozonated in water and acetic acid solution for 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min at room temperature with 12 wt% gas. In this study, the effects of ozone treatment on depolymerization and decolorization of chitosan were investigated by measuring the molecular weight, viscosity, and color of chitosan. The color of ozone‐treated chitosan was analyzed using a Minolta spectrophotometer. The degree of deacetylation was determined by a colloid titration method. Molecular weight of ozone‐treated chitosan in acetic acid solution decreased appreciably as the ozone treatment duration increased. Ozonation for 20 min reduced the molecular weight of the chitosan by 92% (104 kDa) compared to the untreated chitosan (1333 kDa) with a decrease in viscosity of the chitosan solution. Ozonation for 5 min markedly increased the whiteness of chitosan with a molecular weight of 432 kDa; however, further ozonation resulted in development of yellowness. In the case of the ozonation in water, there were no significant differences in the molecular weight and color between ozone‐treated chitosans. This study showed that ozone can be used to modify molecular weight and remove pigments of chitosan without chemical use in a shorter time and with less cost.
Diagnosis and treatment of copper poisoning caused by accidental feeding on poultry litter in a sheep flock
Authors: Christodoulopoulos G , Roubies N
Published: October 2007

We report a case of chronic copper poisoning in a flock of 182 grazing dairy sheep in Thessaly, Central Greece. Five ewes were found dead during the course of a week. The diagnosis of copper poisoning was confirmed by necropsy examination, blood test results, and abnormally high copper levels in liver and kidney samples. A field investigation revealed the source of copper as a litter heap from a broiler farm to which the sheep had accidental access during their movement between the milking parlour and the grazing area. Access to the litter was subsequently blocked and all sheep were provided with 50 g of a salt/gypsum/sodium molybdate mixture (90.0: 9.8: 0.2, w/w) mixed in 500 g of concentrate feed daily, for a period of 5 weeks. Follow‐up blood samples were taken 3 and 8 wk after the initial diagnosis. A reduction in aspartate aminotransferase activity indicated the source of copper had been eliminated and the subsequent treatment was successful.
Blood, Bull Terriers and Babesiosis: further evidence for direct transmission of Babesia gibsoni in dogs
Authors: Jefferies R , Ryan UM , Jardine J , Broughton DK , Robertson ID , Irwin PJ
Published: October 2007

This study reports on the epidemiology of Babesia gibsoni in American Pit Bull Terriers living in a region of western Victoria in southern Australia. Both American Pit Bull Terriers (n  =  100) and other dog breeds (n  =  51) were screened for B gibsoni using immunofluorescent antibody testing (IFAT) and/or polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP). A questionnaire was also completed by each dog owner, ascertaining the husbandry and habits of the dogs sampled. Fourteen dogs were positive for B gibsoni using IFAT and/or PCR‐RFLP and all were American Pit Bull Terriers. Dogs that were male and/or had been bitten by or were biters of other American Pit Bull Terriers were more likely to be B gibsoni positive, thus suggesting that blood‐to‐blood transmission contributes to the spread of this disease between dogs.
Longitudinal‐Vertical Hydrodynamic and Turbidity Simulations for Prediction of Dam Reconstruction Effects in Asian Monsoon Area1
Authors: Choi Jung Hyun , Jeong Seon‐A. , Park Seok Soon
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  This research investigates possible impacts of enlarged water body according to dam reconstruction on the hydrodynamics and water quality of the reservoir using a laterally averaged, two‐dimensional hydrodynamic and transport model, CE‐QUAL‐W2. The lake was formed by the artificial dam in 1983 for agricultural water supply and is currently under consideration of reconstruction so as to expand the volume of reservoir for flood control as well as water supply in downstream areas. To calibrate and validate the model, field‐collected data were compared with model predictions for water level fluctuations and water temperature during the years of 2001 (from January to December) and 2003 (from March to November). The model results showed a good agreement with field measurements both in calibration and verification. Utilizing the model, impacts of dam reconstruction on the thermal hydrodynamics and turbid current were predicted. From the model results, dam reconstruction limited the depth of thermal stratification below 10 meter and formed steep temperature gradient between epilimnion and hypolimnion. The restricted thermal stratification persisted up to the end of September. This result indicated that thermal stratification would become stronger during summer and stay longer after dam reconstruction. In addition, the restricted thermal stratification caused vertical circulation of water mixing lower than 10 meter and isolated the upper water layer from the lower water layer which increased the volume of hypolimnetic water with low temperature. The vertical circulation near the surface also mitigated propagation of density plume within the depth of 10 m which would remain the hypolimnetic water clean.
Review of Urban Stormwater Quality Models: Deterministic, Stochastic, and Hybrid Approaches1
Authors: Obropta Christopher C. , Kardos Josef S.
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  The growing impact of urban stormwater on surface‐water quality has illuminated the need for more accurate modeling of stormwater pollution. Water quality based regulation and the movement towards integrated urban water management place a similar demand for improved stormwater quality model predictions. The physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect stormwater quality need to be better understood and simulated, while acknowledging the costs and benefits that such complex modeling entails. This paper reviews three approaches to stormwater quality modeling: deterministic, stochastic, and hybrid. Six deterministic, three stochastic, and three hybrid models are reviewed in detail. Hybrid approaches show strong potential for reducing stormwater quality model prediction error and uncertainty. Improved stormwater quality models will have wide ranging benefits for combined sewer overflow management, total maximum daily load development, best management practice design, land use change impact assessment, water quality trading, and integrated modeling.