bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constrained cosmological simulations of the Local Group using Bayesian hierarchical field-level inference
Authors: Wempe Ewoud , Lavaux Guilhem , White Simon D. M. , Helmi Amina , Jasche Jens , Stopyra Stephen
Published: October 2024

We present a novel approach based on Bayesian field-level inference that provides representative ΛCDM initial conditions for simulation of the Local Group (LG) of galaxies and its neighbourhood, constrained by present-day observations. We extended the Bayesian Origin Reconstruction from Galaxies (BORG) algorithm with a multi-resolution approach, allowing us to reach the smaller scales needed to apply the constraints. Our data model simultaneously accounts for observations of mass tracers within the dark haloes of the Milky Way (MW) and M31, for their observed separation and relative velocity, and for the quiet surrounding Hubble flow, represented by the positions and velocities of 31 galaxies at distances between one and four megaparsec. Our approach delivers representative posterior samples of ΛCDM realisations that are statistically and simultaneously consistent with all of these observations, leading to significantly tighter mass constraints than found if the individual datasets are considered separately. In particular, we estimate the virial masses of the MW and M31 to be log10(M200c/M⊙) = 12.07 ± 0.08 and 12.33 ± 0.10, respectively, their sum to be log10(ΣM200c/M⊙) = 12.52 ± 0.07, and the enclosed mass within spheres of radius R to be log10(M(R)/M⊙) = 12.71 ± 0.06 and 12.96 ± 0.08 for R = 1 Mpc and 3 Mpc, respectively. The M31-MW orbit is nearly radial for most of our ΛCDM realisations, and most of them feature a dark matter sheet aligning approximately with the supergalactic plane, despite the surrounding density field not being used explicitly as a constraint. High-resolution, high-fidelity resimulations from initial conditions identified using the approximate simulations of our inference scheme continue to satisfy the observational constraints, demonstrating a route to future high-resolution, full-physics ΛCDM simulations of ensembles of LG look-alikes, all of which closely mirror the observed properties of the real system and its immediate environment.
CHANG-ES
Authors: Heesen V. , Wiegert T. , Irwin J. , Crocker R. , Kiehn A. , Li J.-T. , Wang Q. D. , Stein M. , Dettmar R.-J. , Soida M. , Henriksen R. , Gajović L. , Yang Y. , Brüggen M.
Published: October 2024

Context. Cosmic rays may be dynamically very important in driving large-scale galactic winds. Edge-on galaxies give us an outsider’s view of radio haloes, and of their extra-planar cosmic-ray electrons and magnetic fields.

Aims. We present a new radio continuum imaging study of the nearby edge-on galaxy NGC 4217. We examine the distribution of extra-planar cosmic rays and magnetic fields. We observed it with both the Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) in the S band (2–4 GHz) and the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) at 144 MHz.

Methods. We measured vertical intensity profiles and exponential scale heights. We re-imaged both the JVLA and LOFAR data at matched angular resolution in order to measure radio spectral indices between 144 MHz and 3 GHz. Confusing point-like sources were subtracted prior to imaging. We then fitted intensity profiles with cosmic-ray electron advection models, using an isothermal wind model that is driven by a combination of pressure from the hot gas and cosmic rays.

Results. We discover a large-scale radio halo on the north-western side of the galactic disc. The morphology is reminiscent of a bubble extending up to 20 kpc from the disc. We find spectral ageing in the bubble, which allowed us to measure the advection speeds of the cosmic-ray electrons, which accelerate from 300 to 600 km s−1. Assuming energy equipartition between the cosmic rays and the magnetic field, we estimate the bubble may have been inflated by a modest 10% of the kinetic energy injected by supernovae over its dynamical timescale of 35 Myr. While no active galactic nucleus (AGN) has been detected, such activity in the recent past cannot be ruled out.

Conclusions. Non-thermal bubbles with sizes of tens of kiloparsecs may be a ubiquitous feature of star-forming galaxies, and if so this would demonstrate the influence of feedback. Determining possible contributions by AGN feedback will require deeper observations.
Counting stars from the integrated spectra of galaxies
Authors: Martín-Navarro I. , Vazdekis A.
Published: October 2024

Over the last few decades, evolutionary population synthesis models have powered an unmatched leap forward in our understanding of galaxies. From dating the age of the first galaxies in the Universe to providing detailed measurements of the chemical composition of nearby galaxies, the success of this approach built upon simple stellar population (SSP) spectro-photometric models is unquestionable. However, the internal constraints inherent to the construction of SSP models can hinder our ability to analyze the integrated spectra of galaxies in situations where the SSP assumption does not sufficiently hold. Thus, here we revisit the possibilities of fitting galaxy spectra as a linear combination of stellar templates without assuming any a priori knowledge on stellar evolution. We showcase the sensitivity of this alternative approach to changes in the stellar population properties, in particular the direct connection to variations in the stellar initial mass function, as well as its advantages when dealing with noncanonical integrated populations and semi-resolved observations. Furthermore, our analysis demonstrates that the absorption spectra of galaxies can be used to independently constrain stellar evolution theory beyond the limited conditions of the solar neighborhood.
High-resolution transmission spectroscopy of the hot-Saturn HD 149026b
Authors: Biassoni Federico , Borsa Francesco , Haardt Francesco , Rainer Monica
Published: October 2024

Advances in modern technology have enabled the characterization of exoplanetary atmospheres, which can be achieved by exploitation of the transmission spectroscopy technique. We performed visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) high-resolution spectroscopic observations of one transit of HD 149026b, a close-in orbit sub-Saturn exoplanet by using the GIARPS configuration at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG). We first analyzed the radial-velocity data, refining the value of the projected spin-orbit obliquity (λ). We then performed transmission spectroscopy, looking for absorption signals from the planetary atmosphere. We find no evidence for Hα, Na I D2-D1, Mg I, or Li I in the VIS and metastable helium triplet He I(23S) in the NIR using a line-by-line approach. The non-detection of HeI is also supported by theoretical simulations. With the use of the cross-correlation technique (CCF), we do not detect Ti I, V I, Cr I, Fe I, or VO in the visible, or indeed CH4, CO2, H2O, HCN, NH3, or VO in the NIR. Our non-detection of Ti I in the planetary atmosphere is in contrast with a previous detection. We performed injection-retrieval tests, finding that our dataset is sensitive to our Ti I model. The non-detection supports the Ti I cold-trap theory, which is valid for planets with Teq < 2200 K, such as HD 149026b. Although we do not attribute it directly to the planet, we find a possibly significant Ti I signal that is highly redshifted (≃+20 km s−1 ) with respect to the planetary rest frame. Redshifted signals are also found in the Fe I and Cr I maps. While we can exclude an eccentric orbit as the cause of this redshifted Ti I signal, we investigated the possibility of material accretion falling onto the star – which is possibly supported by the presence of strong Li I in the stellar spectrum - but obtained inconclusive results. The analysis of multiple transits datasets could shed more light on this target.
Multi-epoch jet outbursts in Abell 496: Synchrotron ageing and buoyant X-ray cavities draped by warm gas filaments
Authors: Ubertosi F. , Giacintucci S. , Clarke T. , Markevitch M. , Venturi T. , O’Sullivan E. , Gitti M.
Published: October 2024

Aims. The galaxy cluster Abell 496 has been extensively studied in the past for the clear sloshing motion of its hot intracluster medium (ICM) on large scales, but the interplay between the central radio galaxy and the surrounding cluster atmosphere is mostly unexplored. We present a dedicated radio, X-ray, and optical study of Abell 496 with the aim being to investigate this connection.

Methods. We use deep radio images obtained with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) at 150, 330, and 617 MHz, the Very Large Array (VLA) at 1.4 and 4.8 GHz, and the VLA Low Band Ionosphere and Transient Experiment (VLITE) at 340 MHz, with angular resolutions ranging from 0.​″5 to 25″. Additionally, we use archival Chandra and Very Large Telescope (VLT) MUSE observations.

Results. The radio images reveal three distinct periods of jet activity: an ongoing episode on subkiloparsec scales with an inverted radio spectrum; an older episode that produced lobes on scales of ∼20 kpc, which now have a steep spectral index (α = 2.0 ± 0.1); and an even older episode that produced lobes on scales of ∼50 − 100 kpc with an ultrasteep spectrum (α = 2.7 ± 0.2). Archival Chandra X-ray observations show that the older and oldest episodes excavated two generations of cavities in the hot gas of the cluster. The outermost X-ray cavity has a clear mushroom-head shape, likely caused by its buoyant rise in the cluster’s potential. Cooling of the hot gas is ongoing in the innermost 20 kpc, where warm, Hα-bright filaments are visible in VLT-MUSE data. The Hα-filaments are stretched toward the mushroom-head cavity, which may have stimulated ICM cooling in its wake. We conclude by discussing our nondetection of a radio mini-halo in this vigorously sloshing but low-mass galaxy cluster.
Size and kinematics of the low-ionization broad emission line region from microlensing-induced line profile distortions in gravitationally lensed quasars
Authors: Hutsemékers Damien , Sluse Dominique , Savić Đorđe
Published: October 2024

Microlensing-induced distortions of broad emission line profiles observed in the spectra of gravitationally lensed quasars can be used to probe the size, geometry, and kinematics of the broad-line region (BLR). To this end, single-epoch Mg II or Hα line profile distortions observed in five gravitationally lensed quasars, J1131-1231, J1226-0006, J1355-2257, J1339+1310, and HE0435-1223, have been compared with simulated ones. The simulations are based on three BLR models, a Keplerian disk (KD), an equatorial wind (EW), and a polar wind (PW), with different sizes, inclinations, and emissivities. The models that best reproduce the observed line profile distortions were identified using a Bayesian probabilistic approach. We find that the wide variety of observed line profile distortions can be reproduced with microlensing-induced distortions of line profiles generated by our BLR models. For J1131, J1226, and HE0435, the most likely model for the Mg II and Hα BLRs is either KD or EW, depending on the orientation of the magnification map with respect to the BLR axis. This shows that the line profile distortions depend on the position and orientation of the isovelocity parts of the BLR with respect to the caustic network, and not only on their different effective sizes. For the Mg II BLRs in J1355 and J1339, the EW model is preferred. For all objects, the PW model has a lower probability. As for the high-ionization C IV BLR, we conclude that disk geometries with kinematics dominated by either Keplerian rotation or equatorial outflow best reproduce the microlensing effects on the low-ionization Mg II and Hα emission line profiles. The half-light radii of the Mg II and Hα BLRs are measured in the range of 3 to 25 light-days. We also confirm that the size of the region emitting the low-ionization lines is larger than the region emitting the high-ionization lines, with a factor of four measured between the sizes of the Mg II and C IV emitting regions in J1339. Unexpectedly, the microlensing BLR radii of the Mg II and Hα BLRs are found to be systematically below the radius-luminosity (R − L) relations derived from reverberation mapping, confirming that the intrinsic dispersion of the BLR radii with respect to the R − L relations is large, but also revealing a selection bias that affects microlensing-based BLR size measurements. This bias arises from the fact that, if microlensing-induced line profile distortions are observed in a lensed quasar, the BLR radius should be comparable to the microlensing Einstein radius, which varies only weakly with typical lens and source redshifts.
Water budget in flat vs. steep subduction: implication for volcanism and potential for H2 production
Authors: Gauthier Alexis , Larvet Tiphaine , Le Pourhiet Laetitia , Moretti Isabelle
Published: October 2024

In this study, we model the processes of (de)hydration and melting within subduction zones using a thermo-mechanical modeling approach. Multiple 2D simulations are conducted to investigate how the subduction angle influences the water budget in oceanic-continental subduction, focusing mainly on the variation of slab dip angle along the strike of the Andes. It appears that in the case of flat subduction, the mantle hydration zone is large, extending up to 500 km from the trench. This extent depends on the length of flat slab segment which, in turn, depends on the velocity of the overriding plate. In the case of a steep subduction, the zone is narrower, and is located between the trench and the volcanic arc. Magma formation competes with hydration of the mantle wedge for the use of water expelled from the subducting plate. In the transition from a steep to a flat slab, the mantle hydration zone widens and the volcanic zone moves away from the trench. The oceanic crust may undergo melting, leading to a change in magma composition and the development of adakitic volcanism, before volcanism diminishes in intensity and then disappears. Our study provides geodynamic insights into observations related to volcanism in the Pampean flat slab in South America. Using the quantification of water involved in mantle wedge hydration as a proxy for H2 production, we propose that flat subductions are the most promising areas for H2 exploration. Additionally, deep H2 production appears to be particularly sensitive to the amount of subducted sediments, regardless of whether subduction is flat or steep. Lower plate serpentinization does not affect deep H2 production.
Optimization of Solar Panel Efficiency using Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Vijya Ram Raju V. , Suryanarayana Reddy M.R.S. , Mishra Saket , Joshi Abhishek , Sehgal Archana , Malhotra Abhiraj , Bansal Saloni , Hussein Layth
Published: October 2024

Maximizing the efficiency of solar panels is crucial for enhancing the viability of solar energy in both residential and commercial sectors. In this study, we employ Genetic Algorithms (GAs) to optimize various parameters affecting solar panel performance, such as tilt angle, azimuth angle, and environmental conditions like temperature and solar irradiance. We develop a model that simulates the efficiency of solar panels under varying conditions and apply GAs to find the optimal configuration. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in energy output, with optimized parameters yielding up to a 15% increase in solar panel efficiency. This research shows the potential of GAs in solving complex optimization problems in renewable energy systems.
Climate Mitigation in Urban Planning using Scenario Analysis
Authors: Narezhnaya Tamara , Rajasekhar Boddu , Singarapu Satish , Singh Takveer , John Vivek , Khurana Preeti , Jagga Megha , Kumar Yogesh , Hussein Ramy Riad
Published: October 2024

This study investigates climate mitigation solutions in urban planning using a thorough scenario analysis methodology. This research seeks to find actionable insights for sustainable development by evaluating production indicators, resource use, process efficiency, and cost management in urban settings. The investigation examines a four-month period, uncovering notable trends in resource distribution and Urban Planning. February had the greatest implementation of sustainable measures, corresponding with a decrease in environmental effect indices. The research identifies an ideal resource utilization rate of eighty percent for urban infrastructure, effectively reconciling operational requirements with financial limitations. The research reveals that the planning and implementation stages are often efficient, however it underscores significant prospects for improvement in community participation and policy integration. This study highlights the need of integrating urban development with climate objectives, directing stakeholders towards comprehensive policies that promote enduring sustainability and resilience in urban ecosystems.
Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Greenhouses: Gas-Radiant Heating with Preheated Ventilation
Authors: Vafaeva Khristina Maksudovna , Karpov Denis Fedorovich , Pavlov Mikhail Vasilyevich , Srinivas Namani , Goyal Wamika , Negi Gaurav Singh , Sobti Sakshi , Soujnya Rajireddy , Tiwari Deepak Kumar
Published: October 2024

This paper presents an engineering methodology for calculating the heating system of a cultivation facility, employing ceiling-mounted infrared radiators as the primary heat source. The methodology addresses the challenge of maintaining consistent soil surface temperature amidst fluctuating weather conditions. Gas-fired air heaters supplement the system, preheating incoming air to achieve the desired thermal regime within the space. This approach enables designers to swiftly estimate the required heating equipment capacity and water consumption for soil irrigation under specified conditions. However, for more precise calculations encompassing the full spectrum of microclimate parameters and heat fluxes within the facility, advanced computational tools are necessary. The article details the essential input data for the engineering calculations (including approximate values where applicable) and analyzes the key findings. A case study of the “Farmer 7.5” industrial greenhouse in Moscow, Russia, demonstrates the application. The calculated results for the gas-radiant heating system capacity (34.0 kW), preheating energy consumption (38.9 kW), and irrigation water requirement (32.0 kg/h) were validated through computational analysis.
Influence of passivating interlayers on the carrier selectivity of MoOx contacts for c-Si solar cells
Authors: Sen Mike Tang Soo Kiong Ah , Janssen Gaby , Mewe Agnes , Bronsveld Paula , Melskens Jimmy , Hashemi Fatemeh , Procel-Moya Paul , Weeber Arthur
Published: October 2024

The application of molybdenum oxide (MoOx) as a hole-selective contact for silicon-based solar cells has been explored due to superior optical transmittance and potentially leaner manufacturing compared to fully amorphous silicon-based heterojunction (SHJ) devices. However, the development of MoOx contacts has been hampered by their poor thermal stability, resulting in a carrier selectivity loss and an S-shaped IV curve. The aim of this study is to understand the influence of different passivating interlayers on the carrier selectivity of hole-selective MoOx contacts for crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells. We highlight the effect of different interlayers on the surface passivation quality, contact selectivity, and the thermal stability of our MoOx-contacted devices. The interlayers studied are intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H(i)), thermally grown ultrathin SiO2, and a stack consisting of an ultrathin SiOy and Al2O3 layer. Additionally, we simulate the interacting interlayer properties on the carrier selectivity of our MoOx contacts using a simplified model. Among these interlayers, the Al2O3/SiOy stack shows to be a promising alternative to SiO2 by enabling efficient transport of holes while being able to sustain an annealing temperature of at least 250 °C underlining its potential in module manufacturing and outdoor operation.
Comparative biomechanical analysis of tibial posterior slope in medial open wedge high tibial osteotomy vs. distal tuberosity osteotomy with and without anterior-posterior screw: a study using porcine tibia
Authors: Nibe Yoshiya , Takahashi Tsuneari , Hai Hironari , Matsumura Tomohiro , Takeshita Katsushi
Published: October 2024

Purpose While increased posterior tibial slope (PTS) is a concern post-medial open wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO), the ability of distal tuberosity osteotomy (DTO) to maintain postoperative PTS after cyclic loading remains unverified. This study aims to determine whether PTS alterations significantly differ between DTO and MOWHTO following cyclic loading. Methods: Biomechanical evaluations were conducted on thirty porcine tibias using MOWHTO and DTO, with and without an anterior-posterior (AP) screw. To investigate PTS changes, cyclic testing was carried out for MOWHTO and DTO. Displacement along the mechanical axis during cycles 10th, 100th, 500th, 1000th, 1500th and 2000th, variations in anterior and posterior gaps after 2000 cycles and increased PTS after 2000 cycles, were compared across the three groups. The displacement was evaluated by repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), and changes in AG and PG and increased PTS were evaluated by one-way ANOVA. The sample size for α and β errors were <0.05 and <0.20, and the effect size was 0.60 for one-way ANOVA and 0.46 for repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: There were no significant differences in displacement and anterior gap changes among the groups. A significant difference was observed in the posterior gap changes (P < 0.001) and increased PTS (P = 0.013) among the groups. Post hoc analysis indicated substantial disparities between MOWHTO and DTO without the AP screw (P = 0.035), as well as between MOWHTO and DTO with the AP screw (P = 0.021) concerning the increased PTS. Conclusion: After cyclic loading, MOWHTO exhibited a notably smaller PTS change than DTO regardless of the presence of an AP screw.
Was wissen und halten Medizinstudierende von Phytotherapie und
Phytopharmaka?
Authors: Krenn Liselotte , Burkart Martin
Published: October 2024

Eine Studie in drei Regionen Europas zeigte erstmals deutliche Unterschiede im
Wissen und der Einstellung von Studierenden der Humanmedizin im letzten Drittel
des Studiums zur Phytotherapie. Ungefähr 70% der Befragten in Deutschland, in
Italien und Spanien sowie in Tschechien, der Slowakei und Ungarn waren mehr oder
weniger vertraut mit Phytotherapie. Die positivste Einstellung zu Phytotherapie
und pflanzlichen Arzneimitteln wurde in Deutschland beobachtet. Übereinstimmend
bestand Interesse an vertiefender Information zum Thema.
Gold-Catalyzed Cope Rearrangements
Authors: Patil Nitin T. , Paroi Bidisha
Published: October 2024

Over decades, Cope rearrangements have attracted significant research interest in the field of synthetic organic chemistry relying on their ability to undergo stereoselective structural reorganization. Despite substantial progress, the development of this field remained confined to the use of parent 1,5-hexadienes. Against the backdrop of classical Cope reaction, we report the utilization of unconventional 1,6-heptadienes to develop the arylative Cope rearrangement by harnessing the interplay between the π-activation and cross-coupling reactivity mode of gold complexes. Several mechanistic investigations such as 31P NMR study, HRMS analysis, cross-over experiment, control experiments were performed to support the proposed cyclization-induced [3,3]-rearrangement mechanism in arylative Cope reaction.

1 Gold-Catalyzed Cope Rearrangements

2 Gold-Catalyzed Arylative Cope Rearrangement

3 Conclusion
Dearomative Carbonylations of Arenes via Bifunctional Coordination to Cr(CO)3
Authors: Li Wei , Wang Ming-Yang
Published: October 2024

Carbonylation reactions serve as powerful tools to construct useful carbonyl compounds with high efficiency and atom economy. Compared with the well-developed carbonylation chemistry for alkenes, the dearomative carbonylation of arenes is largely underexplored, possibly owing to the severe challenge in overcoming resonance stabilization of arene π-systems. Bifunctional coordination to tricarbonylchromium not only offers a reliable strategy to activate inert benzene π-bonds towards dearomatizations but also provides the CO source for the carbonylation process. Herein, we highlight the recent progress in dearomative carbonylations of chromium-bound arenes through either the conventional nucleophile-electrophile addition mode or the newly-developed umpolung-enabled nucleophile-nucleophile addition mode under mild CO-gas-free conditions. Given the great abundance and diversity of arene substrates, we hope this review will attract more attention to this new direction of carbonylation chemistry.

1 Introduction

2 Dearomative Carbonylations of Arenes via Nucleophile-Electrophile Addition

3 Dearomative Carbonylations of Arenes via Nucleophile-Nucleophile Addition

4 Conclusion
A Snapshot on Clinical Trials on Zotarolimus DES: A Repurposing Drug against Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Undale Vaishali R. , Lembhe Shweta K. , Satone Shital D. , Hase Pratiksha
Published: October 2024

Myocardial infarction is the permanent death (necrosis) of heart muscle caused by a lack of oxygen for an extended period of time (ischemia). Since the very first percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was done 40 years ago, the science of interventional cardiology has advanced dramatically. The above progression began with a balloon catheter attached to a fixed wire, advancing to bare-metal stents, first-generation drug-eluting stents (DES), second- and third-generation biodegradable polymer-based DES. Ultimately, bioabsorbable stents are still in development. Zotarolimus is a new pharmacologic therapy with a similar reprint address; for example, the antirestenosis agent sirolimus has recently been investigated as part of a stent platform combined with a biomimetic phosphorylcholine and BioLINX polymer for its biological activity, as well as its usefulness as an antiproliferative agent. Several clinical trials have been conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of the zotarolimus drug-eluting stent (Z-DES). Medtronic Medical Devices, a global leader in medical technology (United States), and Abbot Global Health Care and Research began clinical trials on the Z-DES in 2002 and will continue through 2021 (INDIA). Endeavor (E-Zes), Resolute (R-Zes), Resolute Integrity (I-Zes), and Resolute Onyx are the different forms of Z-DES that Medtronic has tested in clinical trials. In comparison to other DES, Z-DES was found to be safe in these clinical trials done across multiple nations and in a diverse demographic. This review helps understand the overall clinical trial of Z-DES.
The Role of Neuromuscular Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Miller Nicholas J. , Meiling James B. , Cartwright Michael S. , Walker Francis O.
Published: October 2024

The classification of peripheral neuropathies has traditionally been based on etiology, electrodiagnostic findings, or histopathologic features. With the advent of modern imaging, they now can also be characterized based on their varied distribution of imaging findings. We describe the major morphologic patterns of these changes, which include homogeneous enlargement; homogeneous thinning; focal, multifocal, and segmental enlargement; and focal thinning and beading (multifocal thinning). Representative disorders in each of these categories are discussed, along with examples of the more complex imaging manifestations of neuralgic amyotrophy, nerve transection, and hereditary amyloidosis. An appreciation of the diverse morphologic manifestations of neuropathy can help neuromuscular clinicians conduct appropriate imaging studies with ultrasound and, when needed, order suitable investigations with magnetic resonance neurography.
Novel Technique for Degenerative Lumbar Spine Fusion: Unilateral Pedicle Screw Fixation Combined with Contralateral Interbody Cage Fusion for Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Elmesallamy Wael Abdel Rahman Ali , Elbanna Mohammed , Fahmy Mohammed , AlBakry Amr
Published: October 2024

Objective The common traditional surgical techniques for posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) and fixation are bilateral pedicle screw fixation with or without interbody cage fusion and unilateral pedicle screw fixation with ipsilateral cage fusion. However, the novel unilateral pedicle screw fixation combined with the contralateral interbody cage fusion technique may provide the benefits and avoid the hazards of those traditional techniques. This prospective randomized comparative clinical trial aims to compare pedicle screw fixation with contralateral interbody cage fusion and unilateral pedicle screw fixation with ipsilateral cage fusion in single-level PLIF and fixation.

Methods This comparative prospective study was conducted on 60 patients subjected to a single-level PLIF and unilateral pedicle screw fixation during the period from January 2022 to July 2022 to compare two different surgical modalities: group A (unilateral pedicle screw fixation with contralateral interbody cage fusion) and group B (unilateral pedicle screw fixation with ipsilateral cage fusion).

Results Operative time, blood loss, operative complications, and visual analog scale improvements showed insignificant differences between the two groups, while group A showed significant improvements in the Oswestry Disability Index and wider coronal disc heights contralateral to the screw, which is the side of the cages, during postoperative follow-up.

Conclusion Unilateral pedicle screw fixation with contralateral cage fusion during the PLIF and pedicle screw fixation procedure is preferred to maintain bilateral coronal disc heights and thus better clinical and mechanical results without affection of the preceding disc.
A Modification of the Newborn Operation for Cloacal Exstrophy: Leaving the Cecal Plate Untouched
Authors: Bokova Elizaveta , Jacobs Shimon E. , Tiusaba Laura , Ho Christina P. , Varda Briony K. , Pohl Hans G. , Feng Christina , Lane Victoria A. , Smith Caitlin A. , Badillo Andrea T. , Wood Richard J. , Levitt Marc A.
Published: October 2024

The conventional approach to managing a newborn with cloacal exstrophy typically includes separating the cecal plate from between the two hemibladders, tubularizing it to be included in the fecal stream, creating an end colostomy, and bringing the two bladder halves together. This study introduces an alternative approach wherein the cecal plate is retained in its original position and designated for future use as an autoaugment of the bladder. Four cases of cloacal exstrophy cases managed between November 2019 and February 2024 are described, with surgical approach and postoperative outcomes reported. Two patients who underwent traditional reconstruction experienced bacterial overgrowth attributed to stasis in the cecal plate, which manifested in increased ostomy output and feeding intolerance. Treatment in these two cases was to remove the cecum from the fecal stream and use it instead for a bladder augment. Learning from these cases, the third and fourth newborn's approach involved retaining the cecum in situ for autoaugmentation of the bladder and performing an ileal to hindgut anastomosis. No postoperative acidosis occurred in these patients. The alternative approach to the newborn management of cloacal exstrophy whereby the cecal plate is left in situ can decrease stasis and postoperative bacterial overgrowth. It allows for an autoaugmentation of the bladder and is technically easier than the traditional rescue of the cecal plate from within the two hemibladders.
Effect of the Effective Metal Surface Area of Two Different Flow Diverter Stents on the Stagnation Region Formation Inside the Aneurysm Sac
Authors: Gunaydin Muhammed Talha , Guclu Gorkem , Olcay Ali Bahadir , Orscelik Atakan , Bilgin Cem , Hakyemez Bahattin
Published: October 2024

Objective Flow diversion (FD) is a relatively new technique for treating large, wide-necked, or fusiform aneurysms. Although FD is a more preferred option than coiling or clipping techniques in neurosurgery and neuroradiology clinics, the blood flow mechanism inside the aneurysm sac is not fully understood after the treatment. Besides, effective metal surface area (EMSA), a property of an FD related to porosity, shows variation at the patient's aneurysm neck by providing more or less blood flow inside an aneurysm sac than planned, causing nonstagnant or stagnant fluid region formation in the sac, respectively. Thus, the change in FD's EMSA can significantly affect the treatment's effectiveness, making even operation unsuccessful when variation in FD's EMSA at the aneurysm neck is overlooked.

Materials and Methods In this study, a large aneurysm of a 52-year-old female patient was numerically investigated by virtually placing two commercially available FDs with different EMSA values one by one into the aneurysm-carrying artery.

Results While FD stents at the aneurysm site substantially reduced the blood flow into the aneurysm, an FD with a 15.6% EMSA caused blood to flow in the aneurysm sac to have six times more kinetic energy than that of FD with a 29.5% EMSA.

Conclusion Although FD's EMSA value demonstrated nearly up to 20% reduction at the patient's aneurysm neck based on a product catalog value, numerical model results revealed that the stagnated region's formation inside the aneurysm sac could be determined within a 9% difference based on digital subtraction angiography reformat image.
Causal completion of globally hyperbolic conformally flat spacetimes
Authors: Smaï Rym
Published: October 2024

In their paper Geroch, Kronheimer, and Penrose, “Ideal points in space-time,” [Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 327, 545–567 (1972)] introduced a way to attach ideal points to a spacetime M, defining the causal completion of M. They established that this is a topological space which is Hausdorff when M is globally hyperbolic. In this paper, we prove that if, in addition, M is simply-connected and conformally flat, its causal completion is a topological manifold with boundary homeomorphic to S × [0, 1] where S is a Cauchy hypersurface of M. We also introduce three remarkable families of globally hyperbolic conformally flat spacetimes and provide a description of their causal completions.
Observation of chaotic fluctuations in turbulent plasma
Authors: Bandyopadhyay R. , Sarlis N. V. , Weygand J. M. , Strangeway R. J. , Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L.
Published: October 2024

Turbulence is a prevalent phenomenon in space and astrophysical plasmas, often characterized by stochastic fluctuations. While laboratory experiments and numerical simulations have revealed chaotic behavior, in situ observations of turbulent plasmas in natural environments have predominantly shown highly stochastic signatures. Here, we present unprecedented in situ evidence of chaotic fluctuations in the turbulent solar wind plasma downstream of the Earth's bow shock. By analyzing the relative location of magnetic-field fluctuations on the permutation entropy–complexity plane, we demonstrate that turbulence in the magnetosheath plasma exhibits characteristics of chaotic fluctuations rather than stochastic behavior, diverging from the expected traits of well-developed turbulence. This finding challenges established notions of plasma turbulence and reveals the need for caution when using the magnetosheath as a laboratory for studying plasma turbulence.
Flexoelectricity in amorphous hafnium oxide (HfO2)
Authors: Moreno-Garcia Daniel , Howell Kaitlin M. , Villanueva Luis Guillermo
Published: October 2024

Flexoelectricity, inherent in all materials, offers a promising alternative to piezoelectricity for nanoscale actuation and sensing. However, its widespread application faces significant challenges: differentiating flexoelectric effects from those of piezoelectricity and other phenomena, verifying its universality across all material structures and thicknesses, and establishing a comprehensive database of flexoelectric coefficients across different materials. This work introduces a groundbreaking methodology that accurately isolates flexoelectricity from piezoelectric, electrostrictive, and electrostatic effects, with a detection threshold extending below 1 fC/m. The robustness of this method is demonstrated through its application to amorphous hafnium oxide, successfully measuring a flexoelectric coefficient of 105 ± 10 pC/m. This measurement signifies the first measurement of flexoelectricity in hafnia, as well as in any amorphous material. In addition, the study compiles a list of published flexoelectric coefficients, revealing an important insight. The relationship between the flexoelectric coefficient and the material’s relative permittivity is better approximated by a quadratic proportionality. This challenges the traditional linear assumption proposed in Kogan’s work and opens new avenues for future research in flexoelectric materials.
A lightweight joint metric detection approach on YOLO for hot spots in photovoltaic modules
Authors: Wang Daolei , Yan Peng , Yao Congrong , Xiao Beicheng , Zhao Wenbin , Zhu Rui
Published: October 2024

The hot spot effect is one of the primary causes of damage to photovoltaic (PV) modules and a significant factor contributing to the decline in their power generation capacity. Thermal imaging inspection of PV modules is an indispensable aspect of PV plant operation and maintenance. This article introduces a lightweight detection algorithm for hot spots in PV modules based on an enhanced version of YOLOv8. The algorithm incorporates a lightweight convolution operator, Volumetric Grid Spatial Cross Stage Partial, as a replacement for the original C2f operator, resulting in effective reduction of the model's parameter size and improved detection speed. Additionally, the Content-Aware ReAssembly of FEatures upsampling operator is utilized instead of the nearest-neighbor algorithm during the upsampling process, thereby minimizing the loss of hot spot feature information. Furthermore, a joint metric approach combining the Complete Intersection over Union metric and the normalized Wasserstein distance metric is proposed to calculate the localization loss of the target bounding boxes, thereby enhancing the regression accuracy of small hot spot prediction boxes. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved YOLOv8 network enables fast and accurate detection of hot spots. This method achieves an impressive average precision of 98.8% and a high detection speed of 218.3 fps.
Recent advances in immunotherapy-involved combination cancer therapy based on ZIF-8
Authors: Wang Guanheng , Li Lin , Wang Jiapeng , Liu Chang , Li Chunlei , Zheng Xiuwen
Published: October 2024

This paper introduces and briefly describes the tumor immune cycle to clarify the action mechanisms and principles of classical immunotherapy. We then focus on the classification of immunotherapies. Immunotherapy strategies can be classified into three categories according to the target of action: immunotherapy based on the regulation of dendritic cells, immunotherapy based on polarized tumor-associated macrophages, and immunotherapy based on the suppression of regulatory T cells. Subsequently, the latest research progress in the use of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8) as a vehicle to combine immunotherapy with other therapeutic approaches is examined. Finally, prospects for the application of nanocomposites in combination therapy for tumor immunotherapy are outlined.
High-yield Micro-LED laser transfer accomplished using an ablation-type release material
Authors: Xie Yujie , Lin Xin , Lang Taifu , Huang Xiaowei , Tang Xuehuang , Wang Shuaishuai , Lin Chang , Zhang Kaixin , Sun Jie , Yan Qun
Published: October 2024

Micro light-emitting diode (Micro-LED) is a highly promising technology in the field of new displays, with the mass transfer process involved in its manufacturing process widely regarded as a major barrier to their further development. This study adopts laser transfer technology as the primary solution, using ablation-type transfer release materials that improve chip utilization rates over blister-type release materials. In addition, measurement of the laser transfer parameters, inspection, and laser repair technology are combined to achieve a transfer yield of about 100% to the carrier substrate and a cumulative transfer displacement of less than 1 µm in the Micro-LED inverted chip array. Furthermore, cleaning agents were used to remove adhesive residue from the receiving substrate after transfer, improving the bonding yield between the chip and the thin film transistor driver circuit board. This study provides a feasible solution for Micro-LED mass transfer, which could boost its further development toward commercial application.
Synchronization on fractional multiplex higher-order networks
Authors: Ma Chenjun , Ma Weiyuan , Wang Xiaoqin
Published: October 2024

This paper explores the synchronization problem in fractional multiplex higher-order networks. Initially, a fractional multiplex higher-order network model is established, which seamlessly integrates multiplex structures with higher-order interactions. Subsequently, by leveraging a well-crafted Lyapunov function, the Lyapunov direct method, and fractional inequalities, it is demonstrated that the fractional multiplex higher-order network can achieve intra-layer synchronization, inter-layer synchronization, and complete synchronization. Finally, the theoretical findings are validated through two numerical examples featuring a simplicial complex or hypergraph structures within the intra-layer network.
Numerical investigations of pedestrian overboard on a compound slope dike due to excessive overtopping waves
Authors: Zhao Xizeng , Hou Yadong , Lu Fajing , Shi Zijie , Huang Zhaoyuan
Published: October 2024

Wave overtopping under extreme weather conditions can pose a notable threat to the safety of pedestrians on coastal structures. In this paper, physical experiments and numerical simulations based on scale-down models were conducted in accordance with an actual person overboard accident, highlighting the flow characteristics and the fluid force exerted on the pedestrian by the overtopping and reflecting flow on the berm. The determinations of pedestrian instability under various conditions in the Qingdao incident are presented. The accuracy of the numerical wave flume was validated through a comparison with the experimental results. The findings disclose that under various wave height circumstances, the characteristics of overtopping flow are highly in line with the existing conclusions, yet the prediction for reflecting flows is not satisfactory due to the compound structures. The maximum reverse recoil force acting upon the pedestrian is far more prominent when compared to the impact effect of the head-on overtopping flow, which consequently leads to the pedestrians being washed away into the water. The safety of the pedestrian on the viewing berm under various incident wave conditions is analyzed and predicted by comparing with two approaches for the determination of the pedestrian instability, namely, water flow factors and mechanical analysis.
P-GaN-gate GaN power high-electron mobility transistors with Mg-acceptor Re-passivation realized by ammonia plasma treatment
Authors: Wang Zhaofeng , Li Jin , Liu Zhihong , Chen Xiaojin , Xu Mei , Xu Shuning , Wei Hu , Chen Xing , Xing Weichuan , Zhang Weihang , Zhao Shenglei , Li Xiangdong , Zhang Jincheng , Hao Yue
Published: October 2024

In this Letter, we present a p-GaN gate enhancement-mode GaN-on-Si high-electron mobility transistor fabricated using Mg-acceptor re-passivation realized through ammonia plasma treatment. The gate-to-source and gate-to-drain access regions of the device were treated with ammonia plasma using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition system, resulting in the formation of a high-resistivity GaN cap layer. The fabricated device has a high threshold voltage (VTH) of 2.0 V and a low gate reverse leakage current (IGR) of 10−11 A/mm. A breakdown voltage (BVOFF) of 670 V together with a specific on-resistance (Ron,sp) of 0.87 mΩ cm2 was obtained in a device with LGD = 6 μm. The measured dynamic on-resistance (Ron,d) at a quiescent drain voltage (Vds,q) of 600 V with a stress time of 10 and 120 s is 1.06 and 1.34 times of the static on-resistance (Ron,s), respectively. Good thermal stability of VTH and gate current IG were observed after a thermal stress at 175 °C for 100 h. The developed fabrication techniques exhibit a great potential to be applied into GaN power transistors.
Non-similar approach for enhanced heat and mass transfer in nanofluid using Keller box algorithm
Authors: Hussain Mazhar , Mehmood Ahmer , Shah Babar Hussain , Qayyum Mubashir , Chambashi Gilbert
Published: October 2024

The nanofluids provide various benefits over pure fluids in heat and mass transport applications; hence, their research is crucial. For instance, they can increase heat transfer rate by enhancing the fluid’s thermal conductivity and may enhance mass transfer rate by changing the surface characteristics. Furthermore, nanofluids are being demonstrated to effectively diminish pressure drops in exchangers for heat, which can lower energy consumption and operating expenses. In the existing literature, the majority of the theoretical studies considered self-similar flows. However, there are certain actual flow situations that do not allow for a self-similar solution. The current study considers such of those situations where the non-similarity of the transport phenomena is unavoidable. The non-similarity of the present problem is caused by the consideration of thermophoretic diffusion or the contribution of viscous dissipation when the wall temperature follows a power-law form. For a pure fluid, the same problem admits a self-similar solution in the absence of viscous dissipation effects. In this problem, the non-similarity is caused by the nature of the thermal transport process and not because of the momentum transport. Therefore, the consideration of viscous dissipation in the boundary layer of nanofluid is an interesting aspect to explore the behavior of thermal and mass transport phenomena. Moreover, the current analysis intends to investigate the transport enhancement in a non-similar flow of a nanofluid by utilizing the Buongiorno model. In the current nonsimilar modeling, possibilities for the existence of a self-similar solution are also highlighted. An implicit finite-difference numerical scheme, the Keller-Box method, is utilized. The problem involves several physical parameters of interest, such as the Eckert number, Lewis number, Brownian motion parameter, and thermophoresis parameter, whose potential impact on the non-similar nature of the problem and on thermal enhancement is analyzed and quantified.