bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reinforcing Spirals Model
Authors: Slater Michael D.
Published: March 2017

The reinforcing spirals model (RSM) conceptualizes selective exposure to media and other communication content, and the effects of such content, as part of a larger dynamic process embedded in the social context of the place, the time, and the individual. This model has particular utility for theorizing about the role of media in the development and maintenance of social identities, including religious, political, and lifestyle identities, and of the attitudes and behaviors associated with those identities, in the era of the Internet and social media. A systems theory perspective is used to describe factors that lead to system equilibrium or to increases in polarization and identity extremity. Social cognitive mechanisms for these effects are also proposed in the RSM.
Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model
Authors: Valkenburg Patti M. , Peter Jochen
Published: March 2017

The differential susceptibility to media effects model (DSMM) distinguishes three types of susceptibility to media effects: dispositional, developmental, and social susceptibility. The propositions of the DSMM help explain why some people are more susceptible to media effects than others, how and why media can affect those people, and how media effects can be enhanced or reduced.
Content Effects: Violence in the Media
Authors: Prot Sara , Anderson Craig A. , Barlett Christopher P. , Coyne Sarah M. , Saleem Muniba
Published: March 2017

Violent content appears frequently in screen and audio media and takes many forms, including physical and relational aggression, gory images, violent stereotypes, and cyberbullying. Over six decades of research demonstrates that different types of media violence have significant detrimental effects, both immediately and in the long term. Exposure to aggression and violence in the media increases aggressive cognitions, affect, and behavior while simultaneously decreasing empathy and prosocial behavior. Evidence of these effects is strong, rooted in a large number of methodologically rigorous studies conducted with diverse research designs in diverse contexts. Most studies have focused on portrayals of physical aggression, but recent studies also demonstrate effects of relational aggression in media on relationally aggressive behavior of consumers, crossover effects of physical and relational media violence on relational and physical aggression, and effects of stereotype portrayals on negative attitudes and behaviors toward stereotyped minorities and explore causes and consequences of cyberbullying.
Content Effects: Pornography and Sexually Explicit Content
Authors: Ortiz Rebecca R. , Thompson Bailey
Published: March 2017

Empirical research on the effects of pornography consumption (also known as “sexually explicit content”) often reveals significant associations between increased exposure and outcomes such as sexist attitudes, sexual violence perpetration, and risky sexual behaviors. These relationships, however, are often explained by the influence of other factors, such as unique personality traits, previous experiences, and demographic variables. The empirical literature on the effects of pornography consumption is substantial. Generalizing the findings to simple conclusions is, however, difficult. Studies conducted on the topic are inconsistent in their conceptualization and measurement of pornography and often ignore or neglect the specific content of the pornography consumed. Much as in the case of other media content, the effects of pornography consumption are dependent upon the individual and not all consumers are affected the same way. Some consumers experience positive outcomes (sexual satisfaction, increase in relationship quality), others experience negative outcomes (sexist attitudes, risky sexual behaviors).
Content Effects: Political Campaign Communication
Authors: Holtz‐Bacha Christina
Published: March 2017

All campaign communication ultimately targets individual vote choice. Campaign effects, however, result from complex, multistage processes in which the media play an important role. What voters know about a campaign, they mostly know from the media. Therefore campaigners try to influence as far as possible what voters get to hear and see in the media. Whereas they have full control over electoral advertising, their campaign activities are subject to the selection and production routines of the media. Even though the premier interest of campaigners lies with influencing the voting decision, effects go well beyond individual vote choice.
Human–Computer Interaction
Authors: Jung Younbo , Lee Kwan Min
Published: March 2017

Human–computer interaction (HCI) is an interdisciplinary field that studies how people interact with machines in general and with computing systems in particular. Despite its initial development as a specialization in computer science, the field has quickly become multidisciplinary. It now sits at the crossroad between social sciences (on the human side) and computer science (on the technological side). It tries to answer daily questions that emerge from the rapidly increasing interaction between humans and computers. As implied by the two perspectives on the concept of interactivity and affordance (i.e., technological features vs. human perception), the various subdisciplines of HCI have developed and remained largely distinct. This presents both challenges and opportunities for HCI scholars. Embracing new paradigms such as the human factors approach, the field has demonstrated some potential for theoretical concepts to be successfully transformed into easy‐to‐use everyday products (e.g., speech interface, social robots, and/or smart devices).
Morality and Media Effects
Authors: Tamborini Ron , Eden Allison , Prabhu Sujay , Bowman Nicholas David , Lewis Robert Joel , Grizzard Matthew
Published: March 2017

The desire to understand the relationships between media and morality has driven mass communication research for over a century. An overview of work in this area shows the dominant theories that have shaped it and current understandings that might guide future studies. The present entry reviews, first, initial efforts, grounded in cognitive frameworks from Piaget, Kohlberg, and Bandura, focused primarily on potential prosocial and antisocial effects of media, and, second, early work in entertainment theory that used models of emotional response and audience appraisal to explain the role of morality in both selective exposure to narrative media and audiences' vicarious experience of media characters. This is followed by discussion of recent work informed by dual process theories of moral psychology. The entry examines contemporary media theories within which intuitive mechanisms combine with deliberative mechanisms to direct moral reasoning. The concluding part discusses the potential of developments in neuroscience to advance understandings of media and morality.
Evolutionary Approaches to Media Processes and Effects
Authors: Huskey Richard , Craighead Britney , Weber René
Published: March 2017

Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection has had a profound impact on scientific disciplines interested in animal psychology and behavior. Media scholars are increasingly turning to evolutionary theory in order to better understand how the human animal processes the media and is influenced by them. This entry introduces Darwin's foundational idea and critically reviews its application to media research. It concludes with a brief discussion of research methods that are crucial for testing evolutionary theories of media processes and effects.
Performing the Self in the Media
Authors: Wood Helen
Published: March 2017

This entry is concerned with self‐performance in the media as central to talk show and reality TV formats. It considers this development as part of the increased democratic access to media platforms for “ordinary people,” which ultimately stages the tension between performance for political and social recognition and performance for entertainment and self‐promotion. It briefly sets out historical traditions and outlines a gendered and classed narrative of development. While participants are subjected to the particular conditions of TV production, there is space for them to influence media through self‐performance. Traditional effects questions have relied on a clear distinction between media product and its audience, which here no longer holds. Instead we might ask what kinds of agency participants have in their cocreation of media, and also whether the particular “effect” lies in the general commitment that audiences now have to manage their self‐performance as a way of living in mediatized societies.
Perception of Reality
Authors: Hall Alice E.
Published: March 2017

Audiences' perceptions of media reality—of how accurately or truthfully media portray their subject matter—are often considered as potential contributors to the strength of media effects. The terms used to describe these perceptions vary and depend on the type of material under consideration. They include realism, believability, authenticity, presence, credibility, and objectivity. Perceptions of media reality can be shaped by features of the communication technology (e.g., the resolution of a visual image), by the perceived genre (e.g., a documentary versus a fiction film), and by characteristics of the audience member such as age or motivation. Perceiving media to be more real is often associated with enjoyment, exposure, and persuasive effects. However, there are exceptions. For example, when effects are driven by emotional responses to a story, whether it is understood to be factual can be of little direct consequence to the strength of content effects.
Coaudience Perceptions
Authors: Dohle Marco
Published: March 2017

Media users know that media content is not addressed only at them; they are rather aware of the fact that they are part of an audience. On this basis, users are able to form perceptions of their coaudience. Such coaudience perceptions can occur before, during, or after media exposure. They can be defined as an individual's subjective assumptions about the audience and its characteristics. Coaudience perceptions have various consequences: For example, they can play an important role in the processes of group affiliation and of distancing oneself from groups. Moreover, coaudience perceptions are an important component of media effects approaches that deal with other perceptual aspects, such as the third‐person effect or the hostile media effect. Due to the increased visibility of the online coaudience, the question regarding the influence of its perception should be of crucial relevance for future research.
Nonverbal Cues
Authors: Bucy Erik P.
Published: March 2017

Nonverbal cues consist of those elements of expression that convey social rather than factual information and serve as rich communicative signals carried in all forms of visual or aural media. In media effects research, nonverbal cues have been primarily associated with emotional expression, particularly facial displays, bodily gestures, and voice tone, but they can take other forms of physical appearance or interaction. As research into nonverbal communication has advanced, so has the sophistication of the concepts used to frame these studies. Theories of nonverbal influence are drawn from diverse academic traditions, such as cognitive, evolutionary, and social psychology, media studies, and interpersonal communication. Conceptual frameworks employed to study nonverbal cues include appearance‐based inferences, nonverbal expectancy violations theory, stereotype activation, affective socialization, and visual framing. While impactful, nonverbal cues do not have uniform effects; several intervening variables can moderate the way nonverbal cues are received and interpreted.
Parental Mediation of Media
Authors: Nikken Peter
Published: March 2017

Notwithstanding several decades of parental mediation research, among scholars there is disagreement about what exactly constitutes parental mediation. At the same time, however, some consensus exists on the framing of parental mediation. That is, the task of regulating and managing children's experiences with electronic or print media by means of different activities—such as rulemaking, co‐use, supervision, monitoring, applying technical measures, and active mediation—is regarded as an important parental task. Families and parents vary widely in their parental mediation activities, and both the parents' attitudes to media for children and the parents' own media skills are important determinants of the frequency and ease with which parents mediate. The quickly changing electronic media environment, however, not only warrants new research on parental mediation, but also asks for new perceptions of the roles of parents and children in the theory building of parental mediation.
Genre
Authors: Dhoest Alexander
Published: March 2017

This entry discusses the limited attention accorded to audiences, and particularly to effects, in film and TV genre theory. Audiences are generally considered as contributing to the discursive constitution of genres rather than as undergoing their effects. As a consequence, the focus is on the contradictory meanings attached to genres. This is illustrated in a discussion of particular genres such as melodrama, soap opera, film comedy, and sitcom.
In Situ Exfoliated, Edge‐Rich, Oxygen‐Functionalized Graphene from Carbon Fibers for Oxygen Electrocatalysis
Authors: Liu Zhijuan , Zhao Zhenghang , Wang Yanyong , Dou Shuo , Yan Dafeng , Liu Dongdong , Xia Zhenhai , Wang Shuangyin
Published: March 2017

Metal‐free electrocatalysts have been extensively developed to replace noble metal Pt and RuO2 catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in fuel cells or metal–air batteries. These electrocatalysts are usually deposited on a 3D conductive support (e.g., carbon paper or carbon cloth (CC)) to facilitate mass and electron transport. For practical applications, it is desirable to create in situ catalysts on the carbon fiber support to simplify the fabrication process for catalytic electrodes. In this study, the first example of in situ exfoliated, edge‐rich, oxygen‐functionalized graphene on the surface of carbon fibers using Ar plasma treatment is successfully prepared. Compared to pristine CC, the plasma‐etched carbon cloth (P‐CC) has a higher specific surface area and an increased number of active sites for OER and ORR. P‐CC also displays good intrinsic electron conductivity and excellent mass transport. Theoretical studies show that P‐CC has a low overpotential that is comparable to Pt‐based catalysts, as a result of both defects and oxygen doping. This study provides a simple and effective approach for producing highly active in situ catalysts on a carbon support for OER and ORR.
Experimental investigations of non‐Newtonian/Newtonian liquid‐liquid flows in microchannels
Authors: Roumpea Evangelia , Chinaud Maxime , Angeli Panagiota
Published: March 2017

The plug flow of a non‐Newtonian and a Newtonian liquid was experimentally investigated in a quartz microchannel (200‐µm internal diameter). Two aqueous glycerol solutions containing xanthan gum at 1000 and 2000 ppm were the non‐Newtonian fluids and 0.0046 Pa s silicone oil was the Newtonian phase forming the dispersed plugs. Two‐color particle image velocimetry was used to obtain the hydrodynamic characteristics and the velocity profiles in both phases under different fluid flow rates. The experimental results revealed that the increase in xanthan gum concentration produced longer, bullet‐shaped plugs, and increased the thickness of the film surrounding them. From the shear rate and viscosity profiles, it was found that the polymer solution was in the shear‐thinning region while the viscosity was higher in the middle of the channel compared to the region close to the wall. Circulation times in the aqueous phase increased with the concentration of xanthan gum. © 2017 The Authors AIChE Journal published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3599–3609, 2017
Stable and fluctuating social preferences and implications for cooperation among female bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC
Authors: Moscovice Liza R. , Douglas Pamela Heidi , Martinez‐Iñigo Laura , Surbeck Martin , Vigilant Linda , Hohmann Gottfried
Published: March 2017

Objectives

Female bonobos (Pan paniscus) are characterized as highly affiliative and cooperative, but few studies have quantified the strength and stability of female intra‐sexual relationships or explored how variation in social relationships influences cooperation. We measure female social preferences, identify causes of variation in preferences, and test whether variation in social preferences predicts food sharing or coalitionary support.

Methods

Data were collected over 3 years from females in the Bompusa community at LuiKotale, DRC. We measured genetic relatedness and constructed social preference indices for party association, proximity, grooming, GG‐rubbing and aggression. We identified preferred social partners based on permutation tests and measured stability using Mantel tests. We used factor analysis to identify inter‐relationships between preference indices and used LMMs to test whether variation in social preferences was explained by relatedness, rank differences, having dependent young or co‐residency time. We used GLMMs to test whether variation in social preferences predicted food sharing or coalitionary support.

Results

All females had preferred non‐kin partners for proximity, grooming or GG‐rubbing, but only grooming preferences were stable across years. Association indices were higher among lactating females, and aggression was lower among females with longer co‐residency times. The factor analysis identified one factor, representing proximity and GG‐rubbing preferences, labeled behavioral coordination. Dyads with higher levels of behavioral coordination were more likely to share food.

Conclusions

Female bonobos exhibit stable, differentiated grooming relationships outside of kinship and philopatry. Females also exhibit flexible proximity and GG‐rubbing preferences that may facilitate cooperation with a wider range of social partners.
Localization‐delocalization transitions in bosonic random matrix ensembles
Authors: Chavda N. D. , Kota V. K. B.
Published: March 2017

Localization to delocalization transitions in eigenfunctions are studied for finite interacting boson systems by employing one‐ plus two‐body embedded Gaussian orthogonal ensemble of random matrices [EGOE(1+2)]. In the first analysis, considered are bosonic EGOE(1+2) for two‐species boson systems with a fictitious (F) spin degree of freedom [called BEGOE(1+2)‐F]. Numerical calculations are carried out as a function of the two‐body interaction strength (λ). It is shown that, in the region (defined by ) after the onset of Poisson to GOE transition in energy levels, the strength functions exhibit Breit‐Wigner to Gaussian transition for . Further, analyzing information entropy and participation ratio, it is established that there is a region defined by where the system exhibits thermalization. The F‐spin dependence of the transition markers and follow from the propagator for the spectral variances. These results, well tested near the center of the spectrum and extend to the region within to from the center (σ2 is the spectral variance), establish universality of the transitions generated by embedded ensembles. In the second analysis, entanglement entropy is studied for spin‐less BEGOE(1+2) ensemble and shown that the results generated are close to the recently reported results for a Bose‐Hubbard model.

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Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Coupling of Cyclopropanols with Diazoesters: Ring‐Opening C−C Bond Formations
Authors: Zhang Hang , Wu Guojiao , Yi Heng , Sun Tong , Wang Bo , Zhang Yan , Dong Guangbin , Wang Jianbo
Published: March 2017

Reported herein is an exceptional chemoselective ring‐opening/C(sp3)−C(sp3) bond formation in the copper(I)‐catalyzed reaction of cyclopropanols with diazo esters. The conventional O−H insertion product is essentially suppressed by judicious choice of reaction conditions. DFT calculations provide insights into the reaction mechanism and the rationale for this unusual chemoselectivity.
Übergangsmetallkatalysierte Nutzung von Methanol als C1‐Quelle in der organischen Synthese
Authors: Natte Kishore , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias , Jagadeesh Rajenahally V.
Published: March 2017

Methanol ist als Lösungsmittel, als billiges Reagenz und als nachhaltiger Grundstock für wertvolle Chemikalien, Pharmazeutika und Werkstoffe von Nutzen. Unter den verschiedenen Anwendungen ist der Gebrauch von Methanol als C1‐Quelle für die Bildung von C‐C‐, C‐N‐ und C‐O‐Bindungen nach wie vor in der organischen Synthese und in der Arzneimittelforschung wichtig. Besonders die C‐, N‐ und O‐Methylierung ist von zentralem Interesse, weil die resultierenden Strukturmotive in Naturstoffen sowie in Fein‐ und Großchemikalien vorkommen. In diesem Minireview fassen wir die Nutzung von Methanol als C1‐Quelle für Methylierungen, Methoxylierungen, Formylierungen, Methoxycarbonylierungen und die oxidative Methylesterbildung zusammen.
Managing Hydrogen Bonding in Clathrate Hydrates by Crystal Engineering
Authors: Shin Kyuchul , Moudrakovski Igor L. , Ratcliffe Christopher I. , Ripmeester John A.
Published: March 2017

Methanol is one of the most common inhibitors for clathrate hydrate formation. Crystalline clathrate hydrates containing methanol were synthesized and analyzed by powder X‐ray diffraction and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The data obtained demonstrate that methanol can be a helper guest for forming structure I, structure II, and structure H clathrate hydrates, as long as the lattice framework contains NH4F. The latter acts as a lattice stabilizer by providing sites for strong hydrogen bonding of the normally disruptive methanol hydroxy group. NH4F and methanol can be considered key materials for crystal engineering of clathrate hydrates, as the modified lattices allow preparation of hydrates of non‐traditional water‐soluble guests such as alcohols and diols. Methanol takes on the role of an unconventional helper guest. This extends clathrate chemistry to a realm where neither hydrophobic guests nor high pressures are required. This also suggests that more stable lattices can be engineered for applications such as gas storage.
Long‐Chain Alkyl Cyanides: Unprecedented Volatile Compounds Released by Pseudomonas and Micromonospora Bacteria
Authors: Montes Vidal Diogo , von Rymon‐Lipinski Anna‐Lena , Ravella Srinivasa , Groenhagen Ulrike , Herrmann Jennifer , Zaburannyi Nestor , Zarbin Paulo H. G. , Varadarajan Adithi R. , Ahrens Christian H. , Weisskopf Laure , Müller Rolf , Schulz Stefan
Published: March 2017

The analysis of volatiles from bacterial cultures revealed long‐chain aliphatic nitriles, a new class of natural products. Such nitriles are produced by both Gram‐positive Micromonospora echinospora and Gram‐negative Pseudomonas veronii bacteria, although the structures differ. A variable sequence of chain elongation and dehydration in the fatty acid biosynthesis leads to either unbranched saturated or unsaturated nitriles with an ω−7 double bond, such as (Z)‐11‐octadecenenitrile, or methyl‐branched unsaturated nitriles with the double bond located at C‐3, such as (Z)‐13‐methyltetradec‐3‐enenitrile. The nitrile biosynthesis starts from fatty acids, which are converted into their amides and finally dehydrated. The structures and biosyntheses of the 19 naturally occurring compounds were elucidated by mass spectrometry, synthesis, and feeding experiments with deuterium‐labeled precursors. Some of the nitriles showed antimicrobial activity, for example, against multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus strains.
Do People Order Cues by Retrieval Fluency when Making Probabilistic Inferences?
Authors: Dimov Cvetomir M. , Link Daniela
Published: March 2017

In multiple‐cue probabilistic inferences, people infer alternatives' unknown values on decision criteria, using alternatives' attributes as cues. Some inferential strategies, like take‐the‐best, assume that people consider relevant cues sequentially in order of decreasing validity. This assumption has been deemed cognitively implausible by some, who suggest memory retrieval principles to guide cue order. We test whether memory‐based inferences are better described by a model considering cues in order of validity or in order of memory retrieval. In an experiment, we manipulated the frequency with which cues appeared in a learning phase, increasing retrieval fluency of cue values related to the more frequently appearing cue. In a subsequent decision phase, participants made a series of two‐alternative decisions based on the learned cue values. We compared two sequential sampling models, which differed in whether cues are sampled in order of subjective cue validity or in order of retrieval fluency. To model retrieval order of cues in the fluency sampling model, we used the declarative memory theory embedded in the ACT‐R cognitive architecture. Most participants' decisions were best described by the model sampling cues in order of memory retrieval. Only a minority of participants were classified as sampling cues by validity. Our result suggests that retrieval fluency is the primary driver of cue order in inferences from memory, irrespective of the cues' validities. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can We Rely on Pharmacy Claims Databases to Ascertain Maternal Use of Medications during Pregnancy?
Authors: Zhao Jin‐Ping , Sheehy Odile , Gorgui Jessica , Bérard Anick
Published: March 2017

Background

Administrative databases are increasingly used to measure drug exposure in perinatal pharmacoepidemiology. We aimed to estimate the concordance between records of prescriptions filled in pharmacies and self‐reported drug use during pregnancy.

Methods

Data on self‐reported medication use were collected at each trimester of pregnancy among a sub‐sample from the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists Antidepressants in Pregnancy Cohort. Women were eligible if they were Quebec resident and provided their pharmacist's contact information. Maternal self‐reports were compared with prescriptions filled in pharmacies, which are transferred to pharmaceutical services files of Quebec provincial health plan database (Régie de l'asssurance maladie du Québec). Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) for medications taken chronically (antidepressants, thyroid hormones), acutely (antibiotics), and as needed (antiemetics, asthma medications) were calculated.

Results

Among the 93 participants (mean age = 30.2 ± 3.8 years), 41.9% (n = 39) took at least one antidepressant during pregnancy according to self‐reports, and 39.8% (n = 37) according to pharmacy records. Other commonly used drugs were antiemetics (self‐reported 22.6%, pharmacy record 24.7%), antibiotics (20.4%, 16.1%), asthma medications (15.1%, 15.1%), and thyroid hormones (10.8%, 8.6%). PPVs and NPVs were: (1) chronic medication: antidepressants PPV = 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 100–100%), NPV = 96% (95% CI, 92–100%); thyroid hormones PPV = 100% (95% CI, 100–100%), NPV = 98% (95% CI, 95–100%); (2) Acute medication: antibiotics PPV = 87% (95% CI, 70–100%), NPV = 92% (95% CI, 86–98%); (3) as needed medications: antiemetics: PPV = 78% (95% CI, 62–95%), NPV = 96% (95% CI, 91–100%); asthma: PPV = 33% (95% CI, 3–64%), NPV = 99% (95% CI, 97–100%).

Conclusion

The high PPV and NPV validate the use of filled prescription data in large databases as a measure of medication exposure. Birth Defects Research 109:423–431, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Graphite oxide‐dispersed CdTe quantum dots nanocomposite for flexible display luminescent membranes
Authors: Liu Cui , Du Lei , Lin Yongjun , Liang Jiyuan , Liu Jun'an , Cao Yuan‐Cheng
Published: March 2017

A quantum dot (QD) dispersant material was prepared using graphite oxide (GO). Luminescent films were prepared using polyvinyl alcohol as the polymer matrix. First, water‐soluble CdTe QDs were prepared by wet chemistry and GO was synthesized using a modified Hummers method. X‐Ray diffraction tests showed that the GO reflection peak [001] was 11.9°, which indicates that the d‐spacing is 0.7431 nm; atomic force microscopy showed a GO thickness of 200 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed vibrations at 1624 cm−1 for the carbonyl groups, and 3260 cm−1 for the GO samples; the ‐C–O vibration was at 1320 cm−1 and ‐COOH, −OH vibrations were at 950 cm−1. Fluorescent tests showed that pH had an impact on the QD colloidal stability. GO was neutralized before use as the host media for the GO/QDs nanocomposite. The results proved that the resultant nanocomposite is promising for use in brightness enhancement films in flexible displays.
Pedagogy of solutions to a set of linear equations using a Matlab workbook
Authors: Shankar P. Mohana
Published: March 2017

A Matlab workbook capable of generating complete solutions to a set of linear equations is presented. While standard routines in Matlab and Maple provide solutions to a set of equations, additional work is needed to interpret and relate them to the concepts covered in an undergraduate course in Linear Algebra. One also runs into difficulties when the system of equations is inconsistent. The workbook, started as a simple demo for students, evolved into its present form where the solutions to a set of linear equations are displayed on a single page with explanations, annotations, and equations that match the work by the instructor in class. Regardless of whether the system is consistent or inconsistent with general or unique solutions, the solution set is presented with information such as the rank of a matrix, pivots, null space, free and basic variables, etc., providing the pedagogy. The solutions are compared to those obtained using standard packages from Matlab and Maple demonstrating their shortcomings and limits. In contrast, the results of the workbook provide complete instructive aspects of solutions to a set of linear equations enhancing the educational experience of students. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 25:345–351, 2017; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21803
A Matlab workbook on the pedagogy of generalized eigenvectors
Authors: Shankar P. M.
Published: March 2017

The pedagogical aspects of generalized eigenvectors are demonstrated using a Matlab workbook. With the simple input of a square matrix, the workbook displays the theoretical background, classifies the matrix as defective or non‐defective, and processes the matrix further. It obtains the algebraic and geometric multiplicities, and identifies the eigenvalues making the matrix defective. The generalized eigenvectors are calculated and displayed, every step fully annotated to bring out the didactic aspects. These include reiteration of the multiplicities and association of specific eigenvalues with eigenvector and generalized eigenvectors. Unlike simple Matlab scripts that provide eigenvalues and eigenvectors without validation, the workbook generates the matrix exponential using eigenvalues and eigenvectors and compares it to matrix exponentials obtained using inverse Laplace transforms and directly in Matlab. The workbook with annotations, verification and displays matching instructor's classroom work can be expected to enhance the understanding of eigenvectors, generalized eigenvectors, multiplicities, fundamental matrix, and matrix exponential. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 25:411–419, 2017; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21808
CircRNA hsa_circ_0005105 upregulates NAMPT expression and promotes chondrocyte extracellular matrix degradation by sponging miR‐26a
Authors: Wu You , Zhang Ying , Zhang Yu , Wang Jia‐Jia
Published: March 2017

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease pathologically characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and damage. Currently, studies have found that circular RNA (circRNA) is involved in intracellular RNA regulating network and is closely related to the occurrence and development of diseases, therefore it may become a new biological marker and therapeutic target. After stimulating chondrocytes with interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), hsa_circ_0005105 expression was significantly upregulated, while miR‐26a expression was significantly inhibited. Hsa_circ_0005105 did not influence miR‐26a expression but inhibited its transcriptional activity so as to upregulate the expression of its target NAMPT. Studies further indicated that hsa_circ_0005105 can inhibit the expression of type II collagen and aggrecan, promote the expression of MMP‐13 and ADAMTS‐4, and the generation of PGE2, IL‐6, and IL‐8, but the linear sequence of hsa_circ_0005105 cannot. MiR‐26a has the opposite effect, and hsa_circ_0005105 can antagonize the function of miR‐26a. When NAMPT expression was downregulated, the above function of hsa_circ_0005105 was significantly weakened. Therefore, hsa_circ_0005105 can promote extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by regulating the expression of miR‐26a target NAMPT. These findings will provide new targets for treatment and prevention of OA and other orthopedic diseases.
Late breaking trials of 2016 in coronary artery disease: Commentary covering SCAI, ACC, TCT, EuroPCR, ESC, and AHA
Authors: Seto Arnold H. , Dehghani Payam , Shah Binita , Anwaruddin Saif , Safirstein Jordan , Tremmel Jennifer A.
Published: March 2017

The SCAI Publications Committee and Emerging Leadership Mentorship (ELM) Fellows concisely summarize and provide context on the most important coronary trials presented at large international meetings in 2016, including SCAI, ACC, TCT, EuroPCR, ESC, and AHA. The intent is to allow quick assimilation of trial results into interventional practice, and enable busy interventional cardiologists to stay up to date. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asymmetric Cascade Catalysis with Chiral Polyoxometalate‐Based Frameworks: Sequential Direct Aldol and Epoxidation Reactions
Authors: Han Qiuxia , Li Wenwen , Wang Shugai , He Jiachen , Du Wei , Li Mingxue
Published: March 2017

Catalytic asymmetric cascade reactions in which the substrates are transferred through well‐choreographed consecutive independent steps by a single catalyst have received increasing interest. By incorporating a chiral organocatalyst pyrrolidine, an oxidation catalyst polyoxometalate and a Lewis acid catalyst copper(II) into a single porous coordination network (PCN), two enantiomorph CuW‐PYIs (PYI=pyrrolidine‐2‐yl‐imidazole) with novel Kagomé lattice were achieved and applied in the conversion of aldehyde with ketone into value‐added chiral epoxy ketones in a one‐pot procedure. The chiral pyrrolidine organocatalysts interact with the carbonyl group of ketones throughout the reaction, which is beneficial for achieving compatibility between the reaction intermediates and synergy of the multiple catalytic cycles, thus driving the direct aldol/epoxidation cascade reaction in an orderly and asymmetrical way. Moreover, the “two‐center catalysis” principle was well demonstrated in the direct aldol/epoxidation cascade reactions.
Design Rules for the Taylor‐Couette Disc Contactor
Authors: Grafschafter Annika , Siebenhofer Matthäus
Published: March 2017

The Taylor‐Couette disc contactor (TCDC) is a stirred liquid‐liquid phase contactor which is suitable for applications in bioseparations. For liquid‐liquid reactor design, information about the specific mass transfer area is inevitable. Therefore, the drop size distribution and holdup in the TCDC were investigated under various operating conditions and appropriate correlations for the prediction of these parameters have been determined. Experimental data of drop size distributions were correlated with lognormal, Gaussian, and Weibull drop size distribution functions.
Preparation of Close‐Packed Silver Nanoparticles on Graphene to Improve the Enzyme Immobilization and Electron Transfer at Electrode in Glucose/O2 Biofuel Cell
Authors: Qu Fengjin , Ma Xiaoyan , Hui Yuchen , Chen Fang , Gao Yan
Published: March 2017

In this study, chemical reduced graphene‐silver nanoparticles hybrid (AgNPs@CR‐GO) with close‐packed AgNPs structure was used as a conductive matrix to adsorb enzyme and facilitate the electron transfer between immobilized enzyme and electrode. A facile route to prepare AgNPs@CR‐GO was designed involving in β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) as reducing and stabilizing agent. The morphologies of AgNPs were regulated and controlled by various experimental factors. To fabricate the bioelectrode, AgNPs@CR‐GO was modified on glassy carbon electrode followed by immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) or laccase. It was demonstrated by electrochemical testing that the electrode with close‐packed AgNPs provided high GOx loading (Γ=4.80 × 10−10 mol•cm−2) and fast electron transfer rate (ks=5.76 s−1). By employing GOx based‐electrode as anode and laccase based‐electrode as cathode, the assembled enzymatic biofuel cell exhibited a maximum power density of 77.437 μW•cm−2 and an open‐circuit voltage of 0.705 V.
Chemicals from Biomass: Combining Ring‐Opening Tautomerization and Hydrogenation Reactions to Produce 1,5‐Pentanediol from Furfural
Authors: Brentzel Zachary J. , Barnett Kevin J. , Huang Kefeng , Maravelias Christos T. , Dumesic James A. , Huber George W.
Published: March 2017

A process for the synthesis of 1,5‐pentanediol (1,5‐PD) with 84 % yield from furfural is developed, utilizing dehydration/hydration, ring‐opening tautomerization, and hydrogenation reactions. Although this process has more reaction steps than the traditional direct hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), techno‐economic analyses demonstrate that this process is the economically preferred route for the synthesis of biorenewable 1,5‐PD. 2‐Hydroxytetrahydropyran (2‐HY‐THP) is the key reaction pathway intermediate that allows for a decrease in the minimum selling price of 1,5‐PD. The reactivity of 2‐HY‐THP is 80 times greater than that of THFA over a bimetallic hydrogenolysis catalyst. This enhanced reactivity is a result of the ring‐opening tautomerization to 5‐hydoxyvaleraldehyde and subsequent hydrogenation to 1,5‐PD.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Boron‐ and Germanium‐Substituted Unsymmetrical Disilazanes
Authors: Kaźmierczak Joanna , Kuciński Krzysztof , Szudkowska‐Frątczak Justyna , Hreczycho Grzegorz
Published: March 2017

We recently reported on the successful use of the Karstedt catalyst for the synthesis of organofunctionalized disilazanes, and the aim of this work was to check the activity of this catalyst in the preparation of novel unsymmetrical boron‐ and germanium‐functionalized disilazanes. High selectivity, relatively mild conditions, and the simplicity of the experimental techniques are favorable features of this catalytic system. These new multielement derivatives of disilazanes can be used as silylating agents to introduce functional groups on the surfaces of organic and inorganic materials.
Understand the Degradation Mechanism of Electrochromic WO3 Films by Double‐step Chronoamperometry and Chronocoulometry Techniques Combined with in situ Spectroelectrochemical Study
Authors: Zhou KaiLing , Wang Hao , Zhang YongZhe , Liu JingBing , Yan Hui
Published: March 2017

In this paper, we demonstrate that the double‐step chronoamperometry and chronocoulometry techniques are efficient tools for characterizing the basic electrochromic performance of WO3 films (i. e., coloration/bleaching conversion, charge capacity and coloration efficiency). In combination with in situ spectroelectrochemical study, the variations in the optical modulation and charge capacity of the WO3 film under different potential windows were attributed to different ion diffusion depths and the quantity of WO3 sites participating in the redox reaction. Moreover, the double‐step techniques have distinctive advantages for analyzing the cyclic mechanism of the WO3 film. When the inserted Li+ ions in the coloration process cannot be completely extracted from the film in the next bleaching process, these ions accumulate in the film upon cycling, leading to the degradation of the electrochromic performance. Here the accumulated ions are referred to as “unrecoverable ions”. The abundant formation of unrecoverable ions may be due to incomplete reduction of a portion of LixWO3, which is caused by collapse of the Li+ ion diffusion channels in the deep of film after repeated cycles. All these results support that the double‐step chronoamperometry and chronocoulometry techniques have significant advantages to analyze the cyclic stability and explore the degradation mechanism of electrochromic WO3 films.
The Effects of Exercise and Relaxation on Health and Wellbeing
Authors: Forbes Hannah , Fichera Eleonora , Rogers Anne , Sutton Matt
Published: March 2017

Better management by individuals of their long‐term conditions is promoted to improve health and reduce healthcare expenditure. However, there is limited evidence on the determinants and consequences of self‐management activity. We investigate the determinants of two forms of self‐management, exercise and relaxation, and their impact on the health and wellbeing of 3472 individuals with long‐term health conditions over a 1‐year period. We use simultaneous recursive trivariate models to estimate the effects of these two inputs on three health and wellbeing outcomes: the EuroQol five‐dimensional (EQ‐5D) score, self‐assessed health and happiness. We reflect the opportunity cost of time and knowledge with employment status and education and find that employment reduces relaxation and education increases exercise. We find that neither exercise nor relaxation affects the EuroQol five‐dimensional score, but exercise increases self‐assessed health and relaxation increases happiness. Our findings show that individuals tailor their self‐management activities to their economic constraints, with effects on different aspects of their utility. Interventions to encourage self‐management should take account of heterogeneous effects and constraints. © 2017 The Authors. Health Economics Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persistence during and resurgence following noncontingent reinforcement implemented with and without extinction
Authors: Saini Valdeep , Fisher Wayne W. , Pisman Maegan D.
Published: March 2017

Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is typically implemented with extinction (EXT) for destructive behavior reinforced by social consequences and without EXT for destructive behavior reinforced by sensory consequences. Behavioral momentum theory (BMT) predicts that responding will be more persistent, and treatment relapse in the form of response resurgence more likely, when NCR is implemented without EXT due to the greater overall rate of reinforcement associated with this intervention. We used an analogue arrangement to test these predictions of BMT by comparing NCR implemented with and without EXT. For two of three participants, we observed more immediate reductions in responding during NCR without EXT. However, for all participants, NCR without EXT produced greater resurgence than NCR with EXT when we discontinued all reinforcers during an EXT Only phase, although there was variability in response patterns across and within participants. Implications for treatment of destructive behavior using NCR are discussed.
Application of the matching law to pitch selection in professional baseball
Authors: Cox David J. , Sosine Jacob , Dallery Jesse
Published: March 2017

This study applied the generalized matching equation (GME) to pitch selection in professional baseball. The GME was fitted to the relation between pitch selection and hitter outcomes for five professional baseball pitchers during the 2014 Major League Baseball season. The GME described pitch selection well. Pitch allocation varied across different game contexts such as inning, count, and number of outs in a manner consistent with the GME. Finally, within games, bias decreased for four of the five pitchers and the sensitivity parameter increased for three of the five pitchers. The results extend the generality of the GME to multialternative natural sporting contexts, and demonstrate the influence of context on behavior in natural environments.
Both Baseline and Change in Lower Limb Muscle Strength in Younger Women Are Independent Predictors of Balance in Middle Age: A 12‐Year Population‐Based Prospective Study
Authors: Wu Feitong , Callisaya Michele , Wills Karen , Laslett Laura L , Jones Graeme , Winzenberg Tania
Published: March 2017

Poor balance is a risk factor for falls and fracture in older adults, but little is known about modifiable factors affecting balance in younger women. This study aimed to examine whether lower limb muscle strength (LMS) in young women and changes in LMS are independent predictors of balance in middle age. This was an observational 10‐year follow‐up of 470 women aged 25 to 44 years at baseline who had previously participated in a 2‐year population‐based randomized controlled trial of osteoporosis education interventions. Linear regression was used to examine the association between baseline LMS (by dynamometer) and change in LMS over 12 years with balance at 12 years (timed up and go test [TUG], step test [ST], functional reach test [FRT], and lateral reach test [LRT]). LMS declined by a mean of 17.3 kg over 12 years. After adjustment for potential confounders, baseline and change in LMS were independently beneficially associated with TUG (β = –0.008 sec/kg, 95% confidence interval [CI] –0.01 to –0.006, and β = –0.006 sec/kg, 95% CI –0.009 to –0.003 for baseline and change, respectively), FRT (β = 0.057 cm/kg, 95% CI 0.030 to 0.084, and β = 0.071 cm/kg, 95% CI 0.042 to 0.101, respectively), and LRT (β = 0.030 cm/kg, 95% CI 0.012 to 0.049, and β = 0.022 cm/kg, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.043, respectively) 12 years later. There was an association between baseline LMS and ST (β = 0.044 steps/kg, 95% CI 0.022 to 0.067) but not between change in LMS and ST. Among young women, greater LMS at baseline and slower decline over time are both associated with better balance in midlife. Analogous to the contributions of peak bone mass and bone loss to fracture risk in older adults, this suggests that both improvement of muscle strength in younger age and prevention of age‐related loss of muscle strength could be potentially useful strategies to improve balance and reduce falls in later life. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.