bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measles and Rubella Diagnostic and Classification Challenges in Near- and Post-Elimination Countries
Authors: Filardo Thomas D. , Crooke Stephen N. , Bankamp Bettina , Raines Kelley , Mathis Adria D. , Lanzieri Tatiana M. , Beard R. Suzanne , Perelygina Ludmila , Sugerman David E. , Rota Paul A.
Published: June 2024

Measles and rubella are vaccine-preventable viral diseases and can be prevented by safe, highly effective vaccination with measles- and rubella-containing vaccines. Given the myriad causes of febrile exanthems, laboratory surveillance for both measles and rubella is important to document the incidence of these diseases and to track the progress and maintenance of elimination in near- and post-elimination settings. Diagnostic challenges can hinder effective surveillance and classification challenges can hinder efforts to demonstrate achievement or maintenance of elimination. In this report, we review diagnostic and classification challenges for measles and rubella in near- and post-elimination settings.
Accelerating Global Measles and Rubella Eradication—Saving Millions of Lives, Preventing Disability, and Averting the Next Pandemic
Authors: Durrheim David N. , Andrus Jon K. , Tabassum Shahina , Githanga David , Kojouharova Mira , Talab Nadia
Published: June 2024

No vaccine has been more effective in reducing disease burden, especially in preventing child deaths, than measles-containing vaccine. The return on investment makes measles-containing vaccine one of the most cost-effective public health measures available. Exhaustive reviews of biological, technical, economic and programmatic evidence have concluded that measles can and should be eradicated, and by including rubella antigen in measles-containing vaccine, congenital rubella syndrome will also be eradicated. All World Health Organisation Regions have pledged to achieve measles elimination. Unfortunately, not all countries and global partners have demonstrated an appropriate commitment to these laudable public health goals, and the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on coverage rates has been profound. Unsurprisingly, large disruptive outbreaks are already occurring in many countries with a global epidemic curve ominously similar to that of 2018/2019 emerging. The Immunization Agenda 2030 will fail dismally unless measles and rubella eradication efforts are accelerated. Over half of all member states have been verified to have eliminated rubella and endemic rubella transmission has not been re-established in any country to date. In 2023, 84 countries and areas were verified to have sustained elimination of measles. However, without a global target, this success will be difficult to sustain. Now is the time for a global eradication goal and commitment by the World Health Assembly. Having a galvanising goal, with a shared call for action, will demand adequate resourcing from every country government and global partners. Greater coordination across countries and regions will be necessary. Measles, rubella and congenital rubella syndrome eradication should not remain just a technically feasible possibility but rather be completed to ensure that future generations of children do not live under the shadow of preventable childhood death and lifelong disability.
Correlates of Zero-Dose Status among Children Aged 12–23 Months in the Luambo Health District, Democratic Republic of Congo: A Matched Case–Control Study
Authors: Ntambue Malu Esperent , Magazani Alain Nzanzu , Kasonga Jean Bosco , Mudipanu Adèle , Kabamba Nzaji Michel , Ishoso Daniel Katuashi , Nkamba Dalau Mukadi
Published: June 2024

(1) Background: “Zero-dose” (ZD) refers to a child who has not received any doses of the pentavalent (diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis–Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)–hepatitis B) vaccine. ZD children are vulnerable to vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Luambo health district (HD) is one of 26 HDs in Kasai Central Province in Democratic Republic of the Congo and had the largest number of ZD children in 2021. This study was conducted to identify factors associated with ZD status among children in Luambo HD. (2) Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study of children aged 12–23 months in Luambo HD. (3) Results: A total of 445 children aged 12–23 months were included in the study, including 89 cases and 356 controls. Children who were born in Angola (AOR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.1 to 9.8; p = 0.046), born at home (AOR = 5.2; 95% CI = 2.1 to 12.5; p < 0.001), whose mothers did not receive antenatal care (AOR = 4.4; 95% CI = 1.2 to 16.3; p = 0.023), or did not know any vaccine preventable disease (AOR = 13.3; 95% CI = 4.6 to 38.4; p < 0.001) were more likely to be ZD than their counterparts. In addition, perceptions of children’s parents influenced child immunization. (4) Conclusions: Factors associated with being a ZD child suggest inequalities in vaccination that need to be addressed through appropriate interventions. Maternal and child health services need to be strengthened while also targeting children’s fathers. This will make it possible to considerably reduce the proportion of ZD and undervaccinated children and effectively fight against VPDs.
Flood Risk Assessment Using Multi-Criteria Spatial Analysis Case Study: Gilort River between Bălcești and Bolbocești
Authors: Giurea Alexandru , Comănescu Laura , Dobre Robert , Nedelea Alexandru , Mirea Ioana
Published: June 2024

Floods are the most widespread hazard globally and have a significant impact on local communities in terms of material damage and loss of life. Flood risk analysis is a complex process that needs to be addressed both physically and socially. This study provides a method for identifying the risk using Geographical Informational Systems techniques. Each indicator taken into account was analyzed, standardized, and weighted to obtain the final results. The case study was represented by the River Gilort (a tributary to Jiu River) in a hilly area (Getic Subcarpathians) between Bălcești and Bolbocești). In order to achieve reliable results, a series of natural and anthropic factors were used, such as elevation, slopes, geology, riparian vegetation, bank erosion, land use, groundwater depth, population density, vulnerable classes of the population, and density of houses. The flood risk assessment results show the distribution of flood risk in the study area, with a more significant impact on land use and only a few towns in the area presenting a significant flood risk. These results can be used by the competent local authorities to effectively manage flood risk.
Evaluation of Optimization Algorithms for Measurement of Suspended Solids
Authors: Lopez-Betancur Daniela , González-Ramírez Efrén , Guerrero-Mendez Carlos , Saucedo-Anaya Tonatiuh , Rivera Martín Montes , Olmos-Trujillo Edith , Gomez Jimenez Salvador
Published: June 2024

Advances in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) provide novel and alternative solutions for water quality management. This paper evaluates state-of-the-art optimization strategies available in PyTorch to date using AlexNet, a simple yet powerful CNN model. We assessed twelve optimization algorithms: Adadelta, Adagrad, Adam, AdamW, Adamax, ASGD, LBFGS, NAdam, RAdam, RMSprop, Rprop, and SGD under default conditions. The AlexNet model, pre-trained and coupled with a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model, was used to estimate the quantity black pixels (suspended solids) randomly distributed on a white background image, representing total suspended solids in liquid samples. Simulated images were used instead of real samples to maintain a controlled environment and eliminate variables that could introduce noise and optical aberrations, ensuring a more precise evaluation of the optimization algorithms. The performance of the CNN was evaluated using the accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, and F_Score metrics. Meanwhile, MLR was evaluated with the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute and mean square errors. The results indicate that the top five optimizers are Adagrad, Rprop, Adamax, SGD, and ASGD, with accuracy rates of 100% for each optimizer, and R2 values of 0.996, 0.959, 0.971, 0.966, and 0.966, respectively. Instead, the three worst performing optimizers were Adam, AdamW, and NAdam with accuracy rates of 22.2%, 11.1% and 11.1%, and R2 values of 0.000, 0.148, and 0.000, respectively. These findings demonstrate the significant impact of optimization algorithms on CNN performance and provide valuable insights for selecting suitable optimizers to water quality assessment, filling existing gaps in the literature. This motivates further research to test the best optimizer models using real data to validate the findings and enhance their practical applicability, explaining how the optimizers can be used with real data.
Irrigation Performance Assessment, Opportunities with Wireless Sensors and Satellites
Authors: Carthy Brian , Somers Ben , Wyseure Guido
Published: June 2024

Irrigation is an essential component of our food production system and a large user of freshwater. Pressure on irrigated agriculture is likely to increase with growing populations and climate uncertainty. Efforts to ensure sustainable water use in this sector have had mixed results. Some of these efforts have been used in the interest of political or financial gain. The situation is complicated by the vulnerability of irrigating farmers, locally within irrigation schemes and in the global agricultural supply chain. An opportunity exists in the form of increasing the accessibility of open-source remote sensing products and wireless sensor networks. Irrigating farmers can define and assess their irrigation performance at different spatial and temporal scales. A review of irrigation performance assessment approaches and the available products and sensors is presented. Potential implementations for sensing and monitoring, as well as irrigation performance, are presented. The possibilities at different time scales and the influence on performance of different groups within the irrigation scheme are discussed. The particular circumstances of specific irrigation schemes need to be assessed with a cost–benefit analysis. The implementation of irrigation performance analysis tools should be led by irrigating farmers, as it directly impacts this group.
Risk Assessment and Control for Geohazards at Multiple Scales: An Insight from the West Han River of Gansu Province in China
Authors: Ye Zhennan , Tian Yuntao , Li Hao , Shao Changqing , Gao Youlong , Wang Gaofeng
Published: June 2024

Risk assessment provides a powerful tool for the early warning and risk mitigation of geohazards. However, few efforts have been made regarding risk assessment and dynamic control at multiple scales. With respect to this issue, the West Han River catchment in the Gansu Province of China was taken as a study area, and geohazard risk assessments at three different scales were carried out, namely regional, local and site scales. Hazard assessment was performed using the combination of the information value and hierarchical analysis models, infinite slope stability model, and FLO-2D model. Vulnerability was estimated from two viewpoints, including physical vulnerability and social vulnerability, by applying remote sensing and semi-quantitative methods. Finally, risk mapping and zonation was obtained from the products of hazard and vulnerability, and corresponding measures of risk management and control at different scales were recommended. The results indicated that the geohazard risk at the regional scale was the highest under the earthquake and rainfall conditions with a 100-year (100a) return period, respectively, and the area of very high risk level reached 5%. When the rainfall condition had a return period of 50 years, only 1% of the area was located in the very high-risk region. Additionally, the overall risk was higher in the central and northeastern parts of the region under heavy rainfall and earthquake conditions. The overall risk level in Longlin-Leiba Town (at the local scale) responded more significantly to heavy rainfall conditions, with higher risk in the southwestern, central, and northeastern parts of the region. For the site scale (Wujiagou debris flow), only 2% of the total area was identified as very high-risk even under heavy rainfall with a 100a return period, but the proportions for the low and moderate levels reached 30% and 56%, respectively. The present study can provide scientific references for geohazard risk assessment and control.
Dam Deformation Prediction Model Based on Multi-Scale Adaptive Kernel Ensemble
Authors: Zhou Bin , Wang Zixuan , Fu Shuyan , Chen Dehui , Yin Tao , Gao Lanlan , Zhao Dingzhu , Ou Bin
Published: June 2024

Aiming at the noise and nonlinear characteristics existing in the deformation monitoring data of concrete dams, this paper proposes a dam deformation prediction model based on a multi-scale adaptive kernel ensemble. The model incorporates Gaussian white noise as a random factor and uses the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) method to decompose the data set finely. Each modal component is evaluated by sample entropy (SE) analysis so that the data set can be reconstructed according to the sample entropy value to retain key information. In addition, the model uses partial autocorrelation function (PACF) to determine the correlation between intrinsic modal function (IMF) and historical data. Then, the global search whale optimization algorithm (GSWOA) is used to accurately determine the parameters of kernel extreme learning machine (KELM), which forms the basis of the dam deformation prediction model based on multi-scale adaptive kernel function. The case analysis shows that CEEMDAN-SE-PACF can effectively extract signal features and identify significant components and trends so as to better understand the internal deformation trend of the dam. In terms of algorithm optimization, compared with the WOA algorithm and other algorithms, the results of the GSWOA algorithm are significantly better than other algorithms and have the optimal convergence. In terms of prediction performance, CEEMDAN-SE-PACF-GSWOA-KELM is superior to the CEEMDAN-WOA-KELM, GSWOA-KELM, CEEMDAN-KELM, and KELM models, showing higher accuracy and stronger stability. This improvement is manifested in the decrease of root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) and the improvement of the R square (R2) value close to 1. These research results provide a new method for dam safety monitoring and evaluation.
Review of the Water–Land–Food–Carbon Nexus Focused on Regional Low-Carbon and High-Quality Agricultural Development
Authors: Deng Caiyun , Xu Tianhe , Zhang Li , Yang Siqi , Yin Huiying , Guo Jian , Si Lulu , Kang Ran , Kaufmann Hermann Josef
Published: June 2024

To overcome the multiple challenges of water scarcity, agricultural land conversion, food security, and carbon emissions, an optimal collaborative management scheme for food production is urgently needed, especially in high food-production and food-consumption countries such as China. The water–land–food–carbon (WLFC) nexus provides a new perspective, but its interactions are complex, dynamic, and spatially heterogeneous; the coupling mechanism is not fully understood; and the driving forces and regulation strategies remain uncertain. Therefore, in this study, the WLFC nexus centered on low-carbon and high-quality agricultural development was systematically reviewed. The main contributions are as follows: (1) A framework of the regional agricultural WLFC nexus was proposed based on bibliographic analysis. (2) The main internal and external factors influencing the WLFC nexus in agriculture were identified by reevaluating meta-analysis review studies. The results showed that changes in the amount and type of irrigation water, the amount and planting activities of agricultural land, and climate change (temperature, precipitation, and CO2 concentration) affected food (rice, wheat, and maize) yields and carbon emissions to varying degrees. Moreover, population, technological innovation, trade, and polices were important external factors impacting food production and carbon emissions. (3) The common methods and tools for assessing, simulating, and optimizing the WLFC nexus in agriculture were summarized from the perspectives of its status, physical links, and embodied links. Integrated indices, complex system thinking, and process-based and data-driven methods were applied in the studies of the WLFC nexus. (4) Strategies and programs for collaborative WLFC management in agriculture within 10 global river basins were compiled. These findings could help us better understand the WLFC nexus in agriculture and identify the optimal cooperative management scheme, thereby realizing low-carbon and high-quality agricultural development.
Analyzing the Mitigation Effect of Urban River Channel Flood Diversion on Waterlogging Disasters Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Sun Qingzhen , Zhu Dehua , Zhang Zhaoyang , Xu Jingbo
Published: June 2024

In recent years, urban waterlogging disasters have become increasingly prominent. Physically based urban waterlogging simulation models require considerable computational time. Therefore, rapid and accurate simulation and prediction of urban pluvial floods are important for disaster prevention and mitigation. For this purpose, we explored an urban waterlogging prediction method based on a long short-term memory neural network model that integrates an attention mechanism and a 1D convolutional neural network (1DCNN–LSTM–Attention), using the diversion of the Jinshui River in Zhengzhou, China, as a case study. In this method, the 1DCNN is responsible for extracting features from monitoring data, the LSTM is capable of learning from time-series data more effectively, and the Attention mechanism highlights the impact of features on input effectiveness. The results indicated the following: (1) The urban waterlogging rapid prediction model exhibited good accuracy. The Pearson correlation coefficient exceeded 0.95. It was 50–100 times faster than the InfoWorks ICM model. (2) Diversion pipelines can meet the design flood standard of a 200-year return period, aligning with the expected engineering objectives. (3) River channel diversion significantly reduced the extent of inundation. Under the 30-year return period rainfall scenario, the maximum inundation area decreased by 1.46 km2, approximately equivalent to 205 international standard soccer fields.
Providing an Intelligent Frequency Control Method in a Microgrid Network in the Presence of Electric Vehicles
Authors: Alizadeh Mousa , Tightiz Lilia , Azimi Nasab Morteza
Published: June 2024

Due to the reduction in fossil fuel abundance and the harmful environmental effects of burning them, the renewable resource potentials of microgrid (MG) structures have become highly highly. However, the uncertainty and variability of MGs leads to system frequency deviations in islanded or stand-alone mode. Usually, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) reduce this frequency deviation, despite limitations such as reducing efficiency in the long term and increasing expenses. A suitable solution is to use electric vehicles (EVs) besides BESSs in systems with different energy sources in the microgrid structure. In this field, due to the fast charging and discharging of EVs and the fluctuating character of renewable energy sources, controllers based on the traditional model cannot ensure the stability of MGs. For this purpose, in this research, an ultra-local model (ULM) controller with an extended state observer (ESO) for load frequency control (LFC) of a multi-microgrid (MMG) has been systematically developed. Specifically, a compensating controller based on the single-input interval type fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was used to remove the ESO error and improve the LFC performance. Since the performance of the ULM controller based on SIT2-FLC depends on specific parameters, all of these coefficients were adjusted by an improved harmony search algorithm (IHSA). Simulation and statistical analysis results show that the proposed controller performs well in reducing the frequency fluctuations and power of the system load line and offers a higher level of resistance than conventional controllers in different MG scenarios.
A Generative Design Approach for the Dynamic Optimisation of Multi-MW Offshore Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Electrical Generator Supporting Structures Using Modal Analysis
Authors: Gonzalez-Delgado Daniel , Jaen-Sola Pablo , Oterkus Erkan
Published: June 2024

Generative design techniques together with the rapid development of additive manufacturing represent a revolution in the field of structural optimisation processes. In this study, a static structural and modal analysis was integrated to drive a multi-objective generative design optimisation process for a 3 MW direct-drive offshore wind turbine electrical generator rotor structure. This novel optimisation approach implements an automated fittest-for-purpose process including a static structural analysis and a modal analysis as the input for the optimisation strategy algorithm, allowing the exploration of a wide range of non-conventional topologies. If compared with the simple generator rotor disc structure, the results obtained using this innovative method achieved over 7% of weight reduction and a 39% increment in the generator operational range with the consequent growth in the wind turbine energy capture capability. Moreover, this approach generates a vast amount of structural analysis information, crucial at an early stage of the development of large-scale projects for a cost-effective scheme.
‘A Rose By Any Other Name’: would re-branding help general practice?
Authors: Cheetirala Tanvi , McNamara Paul
Published: June 2024

Background

Primary care is a challenging and evolving specialty. We are increasingly dealing with patients who present with complex multi-morbidities and varied constellations of symptoms that we need to masterly unravel with limited time and resources. Yet, how many times have we said or heard ‘just a GP.’

Aim

This study investigated the attitudes and opinions of primary care professionals towards a change in title to reflect our evolving role.

Method

We conducted a cross-sectional survey from 15 to 22 March 2022. A PubMed literature search was undertaken to formulate a questionnaire that was distributed through an online link to medical students and primary care health professionals.

Results

There were 401 medical professionals and students who participated in the survey. Overwhelmingly, 95% felt that the public perceives the professional status and qualifications of GPs as inferior to that of hospital consultants. 94% felt hospital colleagues and other health professionals perceived the professional status and qualifications of GPs as inferior to consultants. 90% would support a change in title from GP to consultant in primary care or family medicine consultant (or similar). Many felt this would reflect the evolving role of GPs. 72% felt strongly that the title change would help improve the current GP recruitment crisis.

Conclusion

General practice is on a knife edge. Real, meaningful changes are needed to avoid a mass exodus of GPs for pastures new. Perhaps changing our title to reflect our expertise in family medicine could be one of many essential measures to improve public and professional perceptions.
Dementia care coordinators in primary care: a realist evaluation
Authors: Abrams Ruth , Spiers Johanna , Maben Jill , Grosvenor Wendy , Touray Morro , Gage Heather
Published: June 2024

Background

A dementia care coordinator (DCC) service has recently been implemented across Kent and Medway Integrated Care Board (ICB). DCCs are provided at the primary care network (PCN) level and work closely with GP practice teams. The service is intended to help service users navigate the care system and provide proactive support to mitigate crisis points. However, the value of this service from key stakeholder perspectives is not yet known.

Aim

To understand: 1) how the DCC service works, for whom, and in what circumstances; and 2) identify outcomes, resource implications, and costs.

Method

The study uses mixed-methods realist evaluation with an embedded economic component. Data collection includes: questionnaires, service provider metrics, and qualitative interviews with healthcare practitioners and service users. Interpretive comparative analysis and narrative synthesis including evaluation of service costs against outcomes will produce a refined final programme theory. Patient and public involvement have been consulted throughout.

Results

Preliminary results indicate that when embedded in a local practice, healthcare practitioners including GPs welcome DCC involvement. DCCs act as community lynchpins, bridging service users to appropriate care pathways. The service may be capable of increasing diagnosis rates and reducing crisis points. However, caseloads are currently untamed. Therefore, the service and its workforce are becoming over-stretched.

Conclusion

This evaluation describes preliminary findings from a recently implemented DCC service in Kent and Medway ICB. There is a crucial need to enhance the support of this workforce in order to ensure sustainability of this service. These findings will inform service development and future investment decisions.
The misuse of cognitive enhancers by medical students: a cross-sectional study using questionnaires
Authors: Nowrouzi Sepideh , Richelle Lou
Published: June 2024

Background

The misuse of prescription psychostimulants (PPs) is growing among medical students, who are subject to high levels of stress, not least because of a demanding and competitive educational environment.

Aim

To investigate this phenomenon among medical students in Belgium to identify misuse risk factors.

Method

We conducted a cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire from 7 march 2023 to 3 April 2023. A semi-quantitative questionnaire based on a literature review and consultation with experts was drawn up, including the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the Big Five Inventory (BFI-10). The questionnaire was administered to 323 final-year medical students (61.9% of whom responded) and comparatively to 325 second-to-last-year students and 205 first-year students (response rate was 36.9% and 18.5%, respectively). Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed with Jamovi (version 2.3.21).

Results

Use of PPs increased over the years. In the final year, 12.6% reported that they had already used PPs to improve their cognitive performance, and 3.6% were currently using them. Various risk factors were associated with the misuse of PPs, including lack of consciousness, sensation-seeking, other substances use, high stress levels, social influence, curriculum high standards perception, and lack of ethical concern regarding the substance use.

Conclusion

This study showed that more than one in ten final-year students have used PPs at least once during their studies, which can be explained mainly by challenging medical education context and personality traits. Tailored preventive strategies should be implemented.
Can PPI be used to improve epistemic justice in health research for marginalised groups?
Authors: Megson Molly , Hilton Andrea , DellOlio Myriam , Reeve Joanne
Published: June 2024

Background

The principle of epistemic justice (EJ) recognises the need for a person’s voice to be both heard (testimonial) and understood (hermeneutic) in the generation of meaning. Funding bodies now require all research to have embedded patient and public involvement (PPI) — an active partnership between patients, carers, and the public with researchers, which influences and shapes research.

Aim

Current PPI initiatives potentially enable testimonial justice — ensuring voices are heard. But do they adequately support hermeneutical justice?

Method

First, a scoping review of published PPI guidance was carried out to describe a current best-practice framework. The framework was then critically reviewed using key concepts described by an EJ understanding of optimising healthcare research for marginalised groups, to consider the potential role of current PPI guidance in supporting epistemically just health research.

Results

Analysis is ongoing, but the study’s findings describe whether and how current PPI guidelines support and enable the voice of marginalised patient groups to not only be included in research but also to have meaningful impact, including what factors enable and disable tailored care.

Conclusion

This study suggests ways in which current PPI methods can be used to best advantage. The authors’ ongoing research is discussed to understand further how EJ concepts might help shape the future of PPI in health research.
Knowledge and representations of sex workers by GPs in Brussels: a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews.
Authors: Boumazouzi Yannis , Huberland Vincent
Published: June 2024

Background

A majority of sex-workers (SWers) do not have a GP aware of their professional activity, which prevents appropriate support to this group. One of the reasons is fear of the doctors’ judgment.

Aim

The objective of this research is to identify how sex-work is perceived by primary care practitioners, and how they follow-up this public.

Method

This qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with 12 GPs practicing in Brussels was conducted from October 2021 to March 2023.

Results

Results show a lack of understanding of what SW is, of the legal context and of the people who practice it. Doctors know about related health issues, but not about their proportion or origin. The main factor identified as leading to SW is economic insecurity. Sample analysis shows theoretical positions close to a pro-sex stance (néo-réglementarisme).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that primary care doctors’ knowledge of SW is limited, and that these limitations can lead to stigmatisation and suboptimal treatment. The following recommendations are to: draw up a list of doctors who can welcome SWers without being judgmental and make this list available to associations active in the field of SW; co-construct a training course, in partnership with SWers, aimed at GPs (it would include sections on the historical and legal context, the approach to harm reduction and substance abuse, PreP, PEP, and a communication guide); and teach courses on marginalised populations with specific health needs during the initial training of medical students.
‘Needing to be seen and heard’: is this why GPs are educators?
Authors: Sabherwal Rohini
Published: June 2024

Background

Recruitment and retention of undergraduate (UG) GP educators is vital, they are essential to educating the next generation of doctors. The expected loss of GPs as they retire and leave the profession means clinical delivery is under tension; adding to the strain on the number of GP educators. With GP educators numbers decreasing and student numbers increasing, the pressure on the system is growing.

Aim

To explore the experience of the GP educator, investigate the impact participation in UG medical education has, the barriers there are, and what support educators need to continue.

Method

This qualitative study uses individual semi-structured interviews of four active GP educators with at least 4 years of experience teaching medical students in a primary care setting; these were then transcribed and thematically analysed.

Results

One of the most surprising results showed that GPs’ enjoyed their work as educators as it allowed themt’o be seen and heard’. One participant stated; I want ‘my blood, sweat and tears to mean something to somebody [the students]’. It also allowed the GPs’ to reflect on their life’s work and gave them a platform to demonstrate this.

Conclusion

The Wass report, 2016 showed that students’ exposure to GPs in UG education plays a significant role in choosing a career in general practice. This exposure needs GPs to act as positive role-models. Further research is required to examine the GP educators’ need to ‘be seen and heard’, and if this can be used to recruit/retain GP educators.
Conundrum in primary care: should all cervical polyps be removed?
Authors: Chu Wai Lam , Rajasekar Tharun , Ahamed Michael , Ibraheim Mofid , Owen Kesia
Published: June 2024

Background

The management of asymptomatic cervical polyps has long been debated due to the scarcity of literature and guidelines regarding the need for polypectomy. While the majority of cervical polyps are diagnosed incidentally by GPs during routine cervical smears, there are no clear recommendations on referral pathways for further histological investigations.

Aim

To investigate the need for polypectomy in women presenting with asymptomatic polyps. In addition, the study explores potential suggestions and guidelines for the referral of asymptomatic cervical polyps in general practice.

Method

A retrospective study on the histological findings of extracted cervical polyps examined by the pathology department at the Countess of Chester Hospital (COCH) over 9 years (2010– 2019).

Results

Of the 514 patients presented with cervical polyps (74% were asymptomatic), approximately 97% of the referrals made were by GPs. Additionally, we identified 74 inappropriate referrals through the 2-week wait cancer pathway. Overall, there were no malignant samples and five (0.97%) premalignant lesions were presented.

Conclusion

This study supported the evidence that most cervical polyps are benign. However, inappropriate referrals prompt more education on cervical pathologies. Furthermore, there is a need for robust guidelines on the management of asymptomatic cervical polyps in general practice. To lessen the financial burden of managing cervical polyps in a secondary care setting, workshops on polyp removal can be developed for GPs.
Needs Assessment Tool for a Value-Added Beef Extension Program for Small Farmers
Authors: Smith Sarah , Miller Greg
Published: June 2024

As beef industry trends have evolved, beef producers are looking for value-added beef practices and marketing strategies. To ensure that a new value-added beef Extension program framework at [University] aligns with beef producers’ needs, a needs assessment instrument was created. We developed a needs assessment tool focused on program objectives and delivery method preferences. This tool can be used to adapt the program to meet specific needs and preferences of participants.
Relational Dynamics Following Divorce: Evaluation of an Online Co-Parent Education Program
Authors: Monk Kale
Published: June 2024

I sought to investigate the potential efficacy of an online divorce and co-parent education program. Across 9-years of evaluation data for the Focus on Kids online program, participants (N = 6,679) reported a high degree of program satisfaction. According to pre-post test reports, average knowledge of how to support children across the divorce transition increased. Participants also increased in their intention to avoid engaging in behaviors that are distressing for children. Overall, this study provides evidence for the efficacy of online divorce education and provides support for the advancement of online programming as a promising avenue for Extension more broadly.
الأثر النحوي في استنباط الحكم الفقهي دراسة في باب الأسماء عند الإسنوي.
Authors: العتيبي فهد
Published: June 2024

تتناول هذه الدراسة موضوع الأثر النحوي في استنباط الحكم الفقهي، واتخذت باب الأسماء عند الإسنوي في كتابه (الكوكب الدري) حقلاً لها، فتوقفت عند المسائل التي تظهر هذا الأثر، وكان منهج الدراسة هنا وصفياً تحليلياً مع المقارنة في بعض الأحيان؛ حيث نعرض المسألة النحوية والأثر الفقهي المترتب عليها، ونذكر ما فيها من آراء عند النحاة، ونعرضها على مذاهب الفقهاء، وقد قدمنا لها بتمهيد يبين فضل العربية وما لها من أثر في العلوم الشرعية ولاسيما الفقه.
قياس اتجاهات الطلبة الكويتيين تجاه المزج اللغوي ما بين اللهجة الكويتية واللغة الإنجليزية في الإعلام الكويتي (محطات التلفزة الكويتية).
Authors: دشتي عبدالمحسن , دشتي فاطمة
Published: June 2024

من الملاحظ أن ظاهرة المزج اللغوي بين اللهجة الكويتية واللغة الإنجليزية قد انتشرت في مختلف الجوانب الاجتماعية في الكويت. وأحد هذه المجالات مجال الإعلام بصورة عامة ومحطات التلفزة الكويتية على وجه الخصوص. ولهذا السبب تهدف هذه الدراسة - بشكل عام - من منظور علم اللغة الاجتماعي إلى الوقوف على اتجاهات الطلبة في كل من كلية التربية الأساسية التابعة للتعليم التطبيقي والتدريب وكلية التربية التابعة لجامعة الكويت، نحو المزج اللغوي بين اللهجة الكويتية واللغة الإنجليزية في محطات التلفزة الكويتية. وقد هدفت الدراسة - على وجه الخصوص - إلى الكشف عن أثر متغيرات الجنس والسنة الدراسية والتخصص الأكاديمي للطلبة في اتجاهاتهم نحو استخدام المزج اللغوي بين اللهجة الكويتية واللغة الإنجليزية. وأعد الباحثان مقياساً (استبانة) تتكون من 11 فقرة likert type scale تتناول عدة محاور، ووزعت على عينة الدراسة البالغة 764 طالباً وطالبة موزعين بحسب متغيرات الدراسة تم اختيارهم عشوائياً. وقد عولجت النتائج إحصائياً باستخدام الحزمة الإحصائية SPSS. وخلصت النتائج إلى أن ظاهرة المزج اللغوي تستخدم - بشكل كبير - على محطات التلفزة الكويتية وأن الطلبة والطالبات يرون أنها ظاهرة جيدة. ولم تكن هناك أية فروق واضحة لمتغير الجنس والسنة الدراسية والتخصص الأكاديمي للطلبة. وقد قدمت الدراسة عدداً من التوصيات ذات الصلة باستخدام ظاهرة المزج اللغوي.
فولفديتريش فيشر ونشأة النحو العربي.
Authors: الجوارنة يوسف
Published: June 2024

يهدف هذا البحث إلى الوقوف على الأمور الآتية:
أولاً: الكشفِ عن موقف المستشرق الألمانيّ فولفديتريش فيشر (ت 2013م) في تأثر النّحو العربيّ بالأَنْحاء الأخرى (اليونانيّة والسّريانيّة) في أوّل نشأته قبل سيبويه، وبيان الحجج التي اتّكأ عليها وإبطالها؛ إذْ كان فيشر يدور في فلك غيره من المستشرقين، ولم يصدر في طَرْحِه الموضوعَ عن وعيٍ بتاريخ المرحلة.
ثانياً: بيانِ القيمة العلميَّة لكتاب "مفاتيح العلوم" للخوارزميّ الكاتب، الذي انطلق منه فيشر لإثبات فرضيّة التأثّر التي بنى عليها مقالته، والإشارة إلى أنّه لا يشكّل علامةً دالّة في سياق التأريخ للدرس النّحويّ وتطوّره.
ثالثاً: إبطالِ الفصل الجائر بين سيبويه وأستاذه الخليل في تاريخ الدرس النّحوي، وأنّ الخليل يشكّل عنده نهاية مرحلة التأثر المزعومة، في حينَ جَعَل سيبويهِ يمثّل بداية مرحلة عربيّة، تَأَسَّسَ فيها النّحو العربيّ خالصاً من شوائب التأثّر ودواعيه.
استراتيجيات النقل الدلالي في بصائر علماء الأصول المسلمين.
Authors: الزبن عماد
Published: June 2024

تأتي هذه الدّراسةُ استجابةً لشموليّة المقولة الدّلاليّة، تلك المقولةُ التي تفتح أبوابَ البحث اللسانيّ ليشمُلَ كلّ مجهود إنسانيّ يحاور أسئلة الظاهرة اللغويّة وقضاياها، وقد انطلقتُ في تَسيار الدّراسة الكشفيّ بآمرِ المنهج الوصفيّ التّقريريّ، وانفصلتْ عن افتراض غِنى الدّرس الدّلاليّ في بصائر علماء الأصول المسلمين، وجهَدتُ في الكشف عن عناصرِ الحداثة اللسانيّة في الدّرس اللسانيّ عند علماء الأصول، وكان ذلك بجمْع مقولات النّقل الدّلاليّ من تآليفهم، والجَهْد في دراستها ومعالجتها بثِقاف النّظر اللسانيّ الوصفيّ، وتوليد الأسئلة اللسانيّة منها؛ أجلَ إضاءة البحث الدّلاليّ بأدواتِ الكشف المعرفيّ المخزونة في أحشاء هذا المذخور اللسانيّ، ثم جمعتُ هذا المنثورَ المعرفيَّ في قَسِماتٍ ناظمة للوصول إلى الغاية الكشفيّة من البحث، التي تهدف، في أصلها، إلى محاولة البناء على بصائرِ هؤلاءِ العلماء، بعد الكشف اللسانيّ عنها. وكانت النتيجة المركزيّة لهذه الدّراسة، ذلك النّضوج اللسانيّ الذي تتّسم به مباحث علماء الأصول في الدّرس الدّلاليّ، الأمر الذي يَلفِتُ إلى ضرورة إدخال تبصّرهم الدّلاليّ في مباحثِ هذا العلمِ الحديثة، والبناءِ على جهودهم اللسانيّة في حالة تعاقب معرفيّ لسانيّ، لأنّ هذا الإدخال يمثّل حالة كشف مستأنف يضيء كثيراً من أنحاء الدّرس الدّلاليّ في العقل اللسانيّ الماثل.
التقييم والتدعيم الإنشائي للفوارات المسقوفة بالصحن الأوسط في المباني الأثرية الدينية الإسلامية بالقاهرة.
Authors: عبدالعاطي ياسر يحيى
Published: June 2024

تتواجد الفوارت في وسط الصحن المكشوف بالعديد من المنشآت الأثرية الدينية الإسلامية في مدينة القاهرة، وكذلك في العديد من العواصم العربية والإسلامية، من مثل المساجد والمدارس والخنقاوات.. إلخ، التي تعود إلى العصور الإسلامية المختلفة، وهي تعد أحد العناصر المعمارية الداخلية الرئيسة والظاهرة. وتتعرض هذه الفوارات في مدينة القاهرة إلى صور من التلف والانهيار الإنشائي، بعد حدوث الزلازل متوسطة الشدة أو القوية، والتي قد تتسبب في إزاحات وتشكلات زائدة عن الحد في مبنى الفوارة أو تسبب تلفاً وتكسيراً للعناصر الزخرفية والتكسيات الجدارية بها، وأحياناً قد تصل إلى سقوط سقفها. ويتشابه التصميم المعماري لهذه الفوارات؛ بحيث يجعلها تتشابه في المشكلات الإنشائية المحتملة، وهو ما دفع الباحث إلى دراسة الفوارة الرئيسة بمدرسة السلطان حسن في مدينة القاهرة كنموذج يمثل بطريقة جيدة الفوارات بالمباني الأثرية الدينية الإسلامية بالقاهرة، وقد تم دراسة الإتزان الإنشائي لمبنى هذه الفوارة وتحليلها وتقييمها من خلال إعداد نموذج رقمي للحاسب الآلي بطريقة العناصر المحددة (Finite Element Method)، وباستخدام أحد برامج الحاسب المشهورة فى هذا المجال، وتحليله إنشائياً تحت الأحمال الإستاتيكية والديناميكية، وتوصلنا لعدم توافر الآمان الإنشائي به تحت تأثير قوى الزلازل المحتملة طبقاً للكود المصري، وتم دراسة وتقييم عدد البدائل المختلفة للتدعيم الإنشائي لمبنى الفوارة، وباستخدام النماذج الرقمية، حيث ثبت نجاح تركيب نظام تدعيم عرضي بشكل حرف (X) بين أعمدة الفوارة، مع زيادة قطاع هذه الأعمدة الرخامية بلصق ألواح من رخام متوافق بسمك 6 سم على كامل سطح كل وجه من أوجه الأعمدة المثمنة، وقد نجح هذا في تحسن المقاومة الإنشائية لمبنى الفوارة تجاه قوى الزلازل، وتخفيض مقدار الإزاحة الجانبية الناتجة عنها إلى حدود آمنة تمنع تكسر عناصرها من مواد البناء القصفة، وقد قدمت النتائج والتوصيات التي تفيد في صيانة وتدعيم هذه الفوارة والمباني المشابهة لها في العمائر الأثرية الإسلامية.
صحافة الانفوغرافيك دراسة تحليلية في المضامين الفنية والبصرية جريدة القدس العربي أنموذجاً للمدة من 1/5/2016- 1/5/2017.
Authors: الشجيري سهام
Published: June 2024

تناول البحث موضوعة صحافة الإنفوغرافيك، ورصد معاييرها الفنية والبصرية ذات الصلة بالقصص الصحفية، المنشورة في جريدة القدس العربي؛ من أجل الوصول إلى فهم أكبر لطبيعة هذا الفن الصحفي، وكشف البحث عن طبيعة القضايا والموضوعات التي ركزت عليها، والاطلاع على مراحل إنجازها، كما كشف البحث عن الطرق المستخدمة في تمثيل البيانات بصرياً وتحليلها، وحدد وسائل الجذب الفنية والبصرية المستخدمة، والتعريف بالرموز والرسوم والخرائط الدالة والمعبرة، وكشف أيضاً عن الخطوط والألوان المستخدمة، وأنواع الأعمدة وأنواع الخطوط. اتبع البحث المنهج الوصفي الذي اعتمد على تحليل المضمون في كشف المعايير، وخرج بعدة استنتاجات، أبرزها تجسيده مضامين الموضوعات الإنسانية والسياسية والأمنية، ومعايير أخرى، باتباع أساليب تقنية عالية لإقناع القارئ.
الملامح التفكيكية للنقد الثقافي.
Authors: السعودي نزار
Published: June 2024

انفتح النقد الثقافي على مناهج نقدية متعددة، وكان المنهج التفكيكي من بين تلك المناهج؛ فقد لاحظ الباحث أنه قد كان لأعلام المنهج التفكيكي ونقّاده دور بارز في التنظير للدراسات الثقافية بعامة، والنقد الثقافي بخاصة، ولذلك تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن الملامح التفكيكية التي اهتم بها النقد الثقافي، وقد وصل الباحث إلى عدة نتائج فيما يتصل بتلك الملامح، وهي: الانفتاح على التاريخ وانفتاح أفق القارئ، والاهتمام بالسياق، وانطلاق التأويل من فكرة الشك، والتركيز على دراسة المعنى والدلالة خاصة النسق وتعارض الدلالات، إضافة إلى بروز ملمَحَيْ التناص وقَلْبُ الهامشي ليصير مركزاً.
الدلالة الصرفية الجوهرية لصيغة افتعل.
Authors: الجرادات خلف
Published: June 2024

يقوم هذا البحث على توحيد الدلالة الصرفيّة للصيغة الفعليّة المزيدة (افتعل)، ويخلص إلى أنّ لها دلالة واحدة لا تعدوها، وتنتظم كلّ أمثلتها، وهي القصد إلى الفعل والعَمد إليه من ذات الفاعل. وكلّ المعاني الّتي ذكرها الصرفيّون قدامى ومحدثين إنّما تعود إلى هذا المعنى، أو تنطلق منه، فهو معناها الوحيد، وقد برهن البحث على ذلك، وهو ما يجلو دلالة هذه الصيغة في كلّ الجذور الواردة في اللغة، ويخلّصها من اضطراب المعاني وتداخلها بلا طائل.
انتظار ما لا يجيء في القصيدة العربية الحديثة.
Authors: السويلم نوال
Published: June 2024

الانتظار مفردة من معجم الزمن، وملمح من ملامح الإحساس به في القصيدة، وهو موقفٌ حادُّ الشعرية، عميقُ الدلالة، تتضاعفُ قيمته حين يكون انتظاراً خائباً، مفرّغاً من فاعليته، لا يثمر عن انفراج، ولا ينبئ عن نيل المنى والمراد، وهو ما يُعبّر عنه عنوان الدراسة ( بانتظار ما لا يجيء).
وقد شكّلت هذه الثيمة في الانتظار موضوعاً طريفاً في القصيدة الحديثة لدى شعراء الحداثة على وجه الخصوص، وكشفت عن حسٍ شعوري مُثقلٍ باليأس والإحباط، والرغبة في التغيير، والانعتاق من الخضوع، ونشدان الحرية، والخلاص من هيمنة الواقع وهزائمه إلى عالم مثالي مملوء صفاء وعدالة اجتماعية، بالإضافة إلى توقّد العاطفة، وتوهّجها في القصائد ذات البعد العاطفي التي تتمحور حول الحب، والحنين للغائبين، والعواطف غير المشبعة.
أما وصف ما يُنتظر بأنه: "لا يجيء" فهو وصف منبثق من التجربة الشعورية التي يعيشها الإنسان في لحظات الانتظار، والجملة تعبر عن يأس وإحباط وزمن مفتوح ينتهي بالمجيء الذي لايعرف متى يحين.
وقد تأملت هذه الظاهرة التي لم تدرس من قبل، وعزمت على مقاربتها للكشف عن دلالات، وأفكار، ومشاعر، تتصل بقصيدة مضمونها (انتظار شيء ما لا يجيء)، وبنيت هذا البحث من مدخل، ومبحثين، الأول منه: يعنى بدراسة انتظار المخلّص، والثاني منه: يدرس التجربة الشعورية في لحظات الانتظار.
ما وراء السرد في حكايات ألف ليلة وليلة حكاية الحمال والبنات أنموذجا.
Authors: الديوب سمر
Published: June 2024

يعدّ مصطلح ما وراء السرد " Metanarration" مصطلحاً جديداً في الدّرس النقديّ، ويفترض البحث أنه يعود إلى نزعة قديمة في الكتابة السردية العربية، ولإثبات هذه الفرضية آثرنا دراسة ما وراء السرد في نصّ تراثي، ووقع اختيارنا على حكاية الحمّال والبنات؛ بهدف إثبات تحوّل السردية العربية التراثية إلى منطقة ما وراء السرد.
ولتحقيق هذه الغاية يسير البحث على وفق الخطوات الآتية:
- مصطلح ما وراء السرد، وعلاقته بالحكاية.
- ركائز ما وراء السرد في حكاية الحمّال والبنات.
- المؤلِّف والرواة في اللعبة الميتا سردية في الحكاية.
- الخطاب الميتا سردي في الحكاية.
- ما وراء السرد والمدوَّنة البصرية.
التفسير المحايد للنص الأدبي بين النظرية والتطبيق: دراسة تحليلية.
Authors: بن مايابا مصطفى
Published: June 2024

يسعى الناقد الموضوعي دائماً -من الناحية النظرية- إلى أن يفسر النص الأدبي تفسيراً موضوعياً ومحايداً، ويتجنب الحكم المسبق على العمل الأدبي، ويجتهد في استخدام المناهج وأدوات التحليل التي تقوده إلى قراءة موضوعية للنص الأدبي.
وعلى الرغم من الجهد الذي يبذله المفسر لتصل قراءاته للنص الأدبي إلى مرتبة القراءة المحايدة فإن هناك عقبات تقف -في الغالب- في طريق وصوله إلى تلك الغاية، وفي طريق تحوله من التنظير إلى التطبيق. ومن هنا يحاول هذا البحث أن يثبت صعوبة الوصول إلى قراءة موضوعية ومحايدة للنص الأدبي دون أي عقبات أو عوامل تحول دون الوصول إلى ذلك الهدف، ودون تدخل عناصر من داخل النص وخارجه تنحرف بالقراءة لتصبح قراءة غير محايدة.
وفي هذا السياق، يصنف البحث تلك العناصر التي تؤثر في التفسير المحايد للنص الأدبي إلى ثلاثة أصناف: عناصر تتعلق بالسياق العام للتفسير، وعناصر تتعلق بالمفسِّر نفسه، وعوامل تتعلق بالنص المفسَّر. ويثبت البحث -من خلال استدعاء عدد من الأمثلة من الأدب العربي القديم- أن هذه العناصر تؤثر -في الغالب- بطريقة غير واعية تدفع بالقارئ والمفسر إلى اختيار تفسير للنص واستبعاد آخر.
اتجاهات الرأي العام اليمني نحو التغطية الصحفية للأزمة السياسية في اليمن (دراسة في إطار نظريتي العداء لوسائل الإعلام والجهل باتجاه الجماعة الحقيقي).
Authors: القعاري محمد
Published: June 2024

تستند هذه الدراسة إلى نظرية "العداء لوسائل الإعلام"، ونظرية "الجهل باتجاه الجماعة الحقيقي"؛ لمحاولة تعرف اتجاهات الرأي العام نحو التغطية الصحفية للأزمة السياسية في اليمن. ومن خلال تطبيق أسلوب الاستبانة الإلكترونية على عينة بلغت (300) مفردة من الجمهور اليمني. استهدفت الدراسة اختبار ستة فروض رئيسة، واعتمدت على منهج المسح بالعينة لملاءمته موضوع الدراسة. وتوصلت النتائج إلى قبول الفرض الأول القائل بوجود علاقة سلبية بين تقييم المبحوثين لأداء الحكومة تجاه الأزمة السياسية في اليمن، وإدراكهم تجاه التغطية الصحفية لها، وقبول الفرض الثاني القائل بوجود علاقة سلبية بين ثقة المبحوثين بالصحف، واتجاهاتهم نحو التغطية الصحفية. وكذلك قبول الفرض الثالث القائل بوجود علاقة إيجابية بين نوع الصحيفة ومستوى إدراك عدائية التغطية الصحفية. كما أكدت النتائج قبول الفرض الرابع القائل بوجود علاقة إيجابية بين تقييم المبحوثين لأداء الحكومة تجاه الأزمة السياسية، وإدراكهم لاتجاهات الرأي العام، وجاءت النتائج مؤيدة أيضاً للفرض الخامس القائل بوجود علاقة سلبية بين إدراك المبحوثين لاتجاه الرأي العام نحو أداء الحكومة، وإدراكهم تجاه التغطية الصحفية. وقبول جزئي للفرض السادس المتعلق بالمتغيرات الديمغرافية؛ إذ إن الفروق كانت جوهرية بين متغيرات (النوع، المستوى التعليمي، الانتماء السياسي)، ولم تكن الفروق جوهرية بين المتغيرات الديمغرافية الأخرى وهي (العمر، المهنة، المستوى الاقتصادي، الإقامة). وقد خلصت النتائج إلى بروز ظاهرة العداء لوسائل الإعلام، وظاهرة الجهل بالجماعة الحقيقي في المجتمع اليمني. وأوصت الدراسة بإجراء المزيد من الدراسات المتعلقة بالعوامل المؤثرة على اتجاهات الرأي العام. والاهتمام بعامل الموضوعية في معالجة وسائل الإعلام؛ فالتغطية الموضوعية البعيدة عن التحيزات الشخصية والمصالح الذاتية للوسائل والقائمين عليها قد تمد الفرد الذي يتعرض لها بصوره حقيقية عن توزيع الرأي العام تجاه القضية، وعن الاتجاه الغالب في المجتمع. كما أوصت الدراسة بإجراء دراسة لأنماط استخدام وسائل الإعلام وعاداته، وسلوك المشاركة السياسية، فمرتفعو المشاركة أكثر شعوراً بعداء الوسيلة من نظرائهم ضعيفي المشاركة.