bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elephans in Camera: Latin and Latinity in 15th- and Early-16th-Century England
Authors: Swanson Robert
Published: September 2017

The 15th and 16th centuries are often depicted as the death throes of Latin in England, supplanted by ‘The Rise of English’. Arguing that more English did not necessarily mean less Latin, this chapter assesses the role of Latin in England from c.1400 to c.1540, and suggests that in terms of overall cultural history, use, and the accumulated inheritance from the past, this may have been when England was at its most Latinate of all. Considering the use of Latin as a spectrum of skills—reading, writing, speaking, and listening—and across a range of abilities, it offers a positive appreciation of late Medieval Latin as a vital force in a multilingual society.
Latin in Ecclesiastical Contexts
Authors: White Carolinne
Published: September 2017

The murder of Thomas Becket in 1170 and its aftermath provide the starting point for a brief survey of various genres of Latin writing associated with the church and its administration in Britain over subsequent centuries. These genres include letters, biographical works, chronicles, miracle accounts, sermons, verse, charters, wills, accounts, registers, customaries, and liturgy. These serve to demonstrate many varieties of style and developments in vocabulary and syntax, including examples where Latin was affected by contact with the vernaculars. They not only provide insights into life on different social levels, both within and outside the church, but also provide evidence that church Latin was able to adapt to new developments while working within a rich tradition.
Official and Unofficial Latin Words in 11th- and 12th-Century England
Authors: Sharpe Richard
Published: September 2017

The terminology of official documents in England changed with the Norman Conquest, and this chapter focuses on the words used for ealdorman, earl, count, thegn, baron, sheriff, reeve, and shire during the 11th and early-12th centuries. Unofficial texts sometimes preferred not to use the official terms but drew on a more classical vocabulary, investing words with the specific connotations of the underlying terms for which they were substitutes. Words that carry such specific meanings are identified by using unofficial Medieval Latin translations of official documents in Old English, law tracts that translate or reflect Old English terms, and translations or reworkings of narrative sources in both languages. Examples of the unofficial vocabulary are reviewed, and how far both the DMLBS and modern editions of texts have recognised their use is appraised. Such lexical substitution has not been treated as a semantic category by dictionaries, but it must be recognised to arrive at a true contextual understanding of words used in primary sources. The examples shed light on categories of office and rank across this period, and the argument will lead to much rethinking of how passages in the sources are understood. The linguistic implications extend beyond the words studied.
On Non-integrated Vocabulary in the Mixed-language Accounts of St Paul’s Cathedral, 1315–1405
Authors: Wright Laura
Published: September 2017

Accounts of institutions and private individuals between the Norman Conquest and about 1500 were routinely written in a non-random mixture of Medieval Latin, Anglo-Norman, and Middle English. If the base language was Medieval Latin, then only nouns, stems of verbs, and certain semantic fields such as weights and measures could appear in English or French, with all the grammatical material in Latin and English and Anglo-Norman nouns, verbs, and adjectives Latinised by adding a suffix, or an abbreviation sign representing a suffix. If the base language was Anglo-Norman, then only the same restricted semantic fields and nouns and stems of verbs could appear in English. This situation changed over time, but was essentially stable for almost five hundred years. The chapter asks why, if English words could easily be assimilated into a Latin or French matrix by means of suffixes or abbreviations representing suffixes, were all English words not assimilated? Why did letter graphies such as , <-ck>, <-ght> persist in mixed-language business writing? One effect is to make the text-type of business writing very unlike any other genre—half a glance is all it takes to recognise a mixed-language business document and that may have been an advantage.
Making the Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources
Authors: Howlett David
Published: September 2017

The chapter considers the making of the Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, expansion of the bibliography, and refining of etymological and lexicographical conventions, with illustrations of the ways in which presentation of origins and meanings of words improved with progress through the lexicon.
Miracles and Murders
Authors: Constantine Mary-Ann , Guillorel Éva
Published: September 2017

This book offers an introduction to one of the most fascinating and little-known song traditions in Europe, the Breton gwerz or ballad. These narrative songs, collected in Western Brittany from the 19th century to the present day, recount a wealth of stories based on tragic local events (shipwrecks, abductions, accidents and murders) or legends (miraculous rescues, penitent souls, strange journeys). Two of the foremost scholars in the field present a selection of thirty-five ballads in the original Breton with English translations and musical notation. An accompanying CD showcases some of the most famous Breton traditional singers, and a comprehensive introductory essay explores the nature of the songs and the contexts in which they have been performed. These are strikingly dramatic, often deeply moving stories of violence, love and grief, which will touch listeners and readers of all interests.
Introduction
Authors: Creighton Oliver H. , Wright Duncan W. , Fradley Michael , Trick Steven
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter outlines the historiography of the reign of King Stephen (1135–54), highlighting how study has been dominated by documentary history while archaeological and other material evidence has played a marginal role. It identifies landmark studies of the period, summarises the principal chroniclers that cover Stephen’s reign and discusses charters as another cornerstone of the evidence base. A major debate has centred on whether or not the period should continue to be styled as ‘the Anarchy’, with scholars taking maximalist and minimalist views of the violence and disturbances of the period. The final part of the chapter explains the approach and structure of the volume: after a chronological outline of the civil war (Chapter 2), the book covers conflict landscapes and siege warfare (Chapter 3), castles (Chapter 4), artefacts and material culture (Chapter 5), weaponry and armour (Chapter 6), the church (Chapter 7), settlements and landscape (Chapter 8), and a detailed case study of the fenland campaigns (Chapter 9), while Chapter 10 presents a self-contained concluding essay that reflects on what the material evidence can and cannot us about the conflict and its consequences.
Performing Violence: Arms, Armour and Military Apparel
Authors: Creighton Oliver H. , Wright Duncan W. , Fradley Michael , Trick Steven
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers military apparel in in the mid-twelfth century and explores the interrelationship between changes in arms and armour and the creation of knightly identities. Outwardly, the mid-twelfth century knight looked quite similar to the Norman warriors depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry, although with some subtle differences. By the 1130s and 40s the knight was a little better protected with mail covering more of the bodily extremities. A slightly wider range of military personnel would have been armoured, and minor stylistic differences are distinguishable in showier swords, shields, spurs and scabbards. More important in the actual prosecution of warfare was the changing use of the crossbow, which saw widespread use alongside ‘armour-piercing’ bodkin-type arrowheads. The battles of the period were also the first major military clashes in England where heraldic display was visible — in particular on banners and shields, but also more subtly on horse harness pendants. Such devices created a new means for displaying knightly allegiance, rank and affinities to elite social networks.
Postscript: Theorizing Antisemitic Laughter
Authors: Chaouat Bruno
Published: September 2017

In her famous essay on antisemitism published in The Origins of Totalitarianism, Hannah Arendt tells this sinister joke: “An antisemite claimed that the Jews had caused the war; the reply was: Yes, the Jews and the bicyclists. Why the bicyclists? asks the one. Why the Jews? asks the other.”...
Introduction
Authors: Schmeink Lars
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1, "Introduction," is a short opening on the thematic field of the book, providing the initial ideas on the relevance of and shift towards biology as the central discipline for scientific, technological, and social progress in the 21st century, the specific appeal of science fiction to analyze the representation of scientific progress and its social consequences, and the importance of utopian thought for the practice of sociology.
Dystopia, Science Fiction, Posthumanism, and Liquid Modernity
Authors: Schmeink Lars
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 provides an inventory of the theoretical strains pertinent to the discussion and elaborates the concepts introduced. Starting from the premise of science fiction as a cultural mode that is ideally suited to negotiate technoscience and its influence of socio-political structures, the chapter introduces and defines the cultural formation of 'biopunk' from its pre-cursor cyberpunk. Then, biopunk will be situated as a creative intervention into posthuman discourses by elaborating the origin and use of the 'posthuman,' anchoring it in discussions differentiating between transhumanism and critical posthumanism as two oppositional theoretical positions. Further, the chapter establishes the sociological frame, positing contemporary society as formed by 'liquid modernity.' The chapter elaborates the dissolution of social institutions and the shifting of focus from public debate onto private life-choices, the global dimension of current political issues and, in contrast, the individualization of solutions to those issues. Liquid modernity, as critical dystopian present, consequently demands to be understood as warning about current tendencies in society, as criticism and even more importantly as an education of society in regards to its own needs and desires. In reviewing the utopian imagination, the chapter concludes the theoretical frame, in which to read contemporary biopunk culture.
The Anthropocene, the Posthuman, and the Animal
Authors: Schmeink Lars
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 analyzes two exemplary literary works dealing with the creation of new posthuman species as a consequence of contemporary consumer society. With liquid modernity commodifying all aspects of life, the logical extrapolation, made possible by genetic science rapidly closing the gap in the dimension of science-fictional possibility, is the commodification of all life itself, including the human. Margaret Atwood and Paolo Bacigalupi discuss future worlds that build upon tendencies of an extreme consumer society and the sea change of human impact in the anthropocene. Both story cycles enhance present dystopian tendencies of liquid modernity to explore the consequences of the hypercapitalist commodification of life and its effect on human subjectivity. In both story worlds, zoe is reduced to its mechanical, material quality and appropriated for consumption, manifest expressly in the changing status of the human into the inhuman, non-human, and posthuman. The chapter discusses this shift in the perception of the human and the consequences of posthuman social development. Most importantly though, in exploring the posthuman as an alternative form of communal and social practice, both literary works provide for a eutopian moment in the dystopian imagination – allowing a hybrid, changing and multiple posthuman perspective to emerge.
Science, Family, and the Monstrous Progeny
Authors: Schmeink Lars
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 reflects on the creation of the posthuman, concentrating on the genetic manufacture of life in Vincenzo Natali's film Splice (2009). In shifting the medium of the discussion, the more private perspectives of posthuman creation and especially the creature itself are foregrounded by foregoing the larger, social discussion of the consequences provided in chapter 3. Instead, the chapter analyzes liquid modern realities and the loss of stability in its personal dimension, such as love, sex, and procreation. The film, as a biopunk adaptation of the classic Frankenstein-story, makes elaborate use of the metaphor of the monstrous to characterize contemporary society and its desire to liquefy personal bonds and relations. The posthuman becomes monstrous allegory for the liquid modern wish to forego social commitment, especially and most frighteningly reflected in concepts of love and motherhood, where the film warns about the interpersonal consequences of relegating procreation to science and extracting it from stable, secure social relations.
Individuality, Choice, and Genetic Manipulation
Authors: Schmeink Lars
Published: September 2017

Chapter 5 deals with the personal consequences of a posthuman subjectivity and the task of identity creation. In liquid modernity, risks and threats are becoming ever more global but remain systemic, while at the same time the solutions to these issues is relegated to the individual. The existence of a noticeable gap between society's insistence on individuality, autonomy, and self-assertion and the systemic risks to this claim, caused by a globalized flow of information, technology and politics, is thus the argument of the analysis of the video game BioShock. Science fiction as a genre here allows for the extrapolation and exaggeration of this gap by employing the posthuman as an extreme possibility of human identity creation. The dystopian imagination provides a bleak emphasis of the science-fictional dimension of consequence in terms of this development, by providing an alternative history in which rampant individualism meets an extreme form of consumer society. The human body has become the battleground of liquid modern desires to form and consume identities. Further, the medium uniquely provides the specific ideological commentary on the systemic nature of the illusion of autonomy, especially in liquid modern consumer society.
9/11 and the Wasted Lives of Posthuman Zombies
Authors: Schmeink Lars
Published: September 2017

Chapter 7 returns to the changed social and political realities of the new millennium and the post-9/11 world, connecting global terror with the success of zombie films in mainstream culture. The renaissance of the zombie films can be directly linked to its allegorical depiction of viral, off-scene terror and the dystopian future of a post-apocalyptic world. In analyzing post-9/11 zombie films, especially the Resident Evil-film series and the 28 Days-franchise, the chapter reveals liquid modern anxieties as connected with terrorism and globalization. The films reimagine the zombie in terms of biological disaster – as viral, infectious and unseen – in order to acknowledge the new form of terror emergent in 9/11. In appropriating this biopunk context, contemporary zombie films make available a cultural negotiation of the liquid modern logic of necropolitics (as an extension of biopolitics) and the negation of human and non-human others through technoscientific means. By casting humanity as homines sacri, biopunk zombie films allow for a witnessing of a radical change of the social order. Zombies, in these films, present a possible future that imagines posthuman subjectivity in drastic and extremely jarring imagery, providing contemporary society with biopunk dystopias.
Conclusion
Authors: Schmeink Lars
Published: September 2017

Chapter 8 finally revisits the analyzed biopunk artifacts by introducing the concept of genohype as a liquid modern technique of applying a sort of individualistic genetic determinism. Biopunk, as dystopian warning about the liquid modern present, thus becomes a valid tool to renegotiate genohype and through critical posthumanist subjectivities to subvert the ideas implied in it.
Introduction
Authors: Roberts Neil
Published: September 2017

Lawrence wrote Sons and Lovers in four drafts over a period of two years. When he began it he was an elementary school teacher in London, contemplating his mother’s approaching death. When he finished it he was living in Italy with Frieda Weekley. This book focuses on the centrality of writing in Lawrence’s life during that period, and the ways in which Sons and Lovers was influenced by his life experiences while writing it, especially the responses of Jessie Chambers and Frieda to various drafts, as well as by his past.
‘Paul Morel I’ and the Death of Lydia Lawrence, August–December 1910
Authors: Roberts Neil
Published: September 2017

It was after breaking with Jessie in the summer of 1910 that Lawrence wrote the first draft of Sons and Lovers, which he initially called Paul Morel. All that survives of this attempt is a sketchy chapter plan. In August his mother fell ill and under the strain of her illness he abandoned work on the novel. In December his mother died, throwing him into emotional chaos. He saw Jessie at this time and confessed to her the Oedipal nature of his feelings for his mother. Remarkably, while attending her deathbed, he wrote a comedy about a dying mother and her excessively attached son, The Merry-go-Round, which reads like an attempt to exorcise his feelings, though it was probably in reality little more than a distraction. This play strikingly counterpoints the poems that Lawrence was writing at the time, such as 'The Virgin Mother', which are symptomatic of the emotional condition that he confessed to Jessie. He impulsively proposed to another old friend, Louie Burrows. Louie was also a teacher, whom Lawrence described as 'swarthy and passionate as a gypsy' but 'awfully good, churchy'. This last was the most irksome fly in the ointment during their year-long engagement.
Betrothal and ‘Paul Morel II’, January–October 1911
Authors: Roberts Neil
Published: September 2017

Throughout 1911 Lawrence was living in Croydon, still working as a teacher, and separated from his fiancée Louie Burrows, towards whom he felt increasing frustration because of her conventional sexual morality. During this period he made a second more sustained attempt at the novel, ‘Paul Morel II’, which has been published as Paul Morel. Although Louie was intelligent and literary she did not have the insight or deep commitment to Lawrence’s development as a writer that Jessie had shown during the composition of The White Peacock, and was to show again. There are signs of strain and reluctance in Lawrence’s writing at this time. Paul’s relationship with his mother is more sentimentalised than in the final text, and his father is melodramatically demonised—the story includes his murder of one of his sons, which actually happened in the family of Lawrence’s uncle After having abandoned the novel again, in October he sent it to Jessie, which turned out to be critical to its development.
Epilogue, 1912–1913
Authors: Roberts Neil
Published: September 2017

Lawrence's mentor Edward Garnett, who had brokered publication with Duckworth, cut the manuscript by about ten per cent. This weakened the role of Paul's brother William, which justifies the plural of the title and reinforces the thematic emphasis on Oedipal relationships. The complete text was eventually restored by Cambridge University Press in 1992. In March 1913 Lawrence sent Jessie the proofs with an accompanying letter. She returned the letter, the final act of their association. She had written an autobiographical novel of her own, The Rathe Primrose, which Lawrence read and admired, but which she subsequently destroyed, together with all his letters to her. Despite this she retained a detailed memory of what he had written, with the result that her remembered versions are printed in the Letters of D.H. Lawrence. After his death she wrote a vivid and deeply moving memoir, D.H. Lawrence, A Personal Record. We owe to her an unforgettable image of the delightful young genius she had loved, but she had little sympathy for the great and conflicted writer that he became. Sons and Lovers was published in May 1913 to largely favourable reviews.
Debt to Honoré de Balzac
Authors: Haydock John
Published: September 2017

Around the beginning of the year 1851 a remarkable and fundamental change took place in the mind of Herman Melville. It was at this time that Melville, ever more intent on being both a significant and a popular writer, arrived at a series of innovations in style and structure of his writing that first of all regulated the composition of ...
Networked Melville
Authors: Haydock John
Published: September 2017

Conventional academic criticism of the works of Herman Melville does not include agreement that the author knew or was influenced by the contemporary and popular French writer Honoré de Balzac until very late in his life. However, the nature of the literary and technological networks of the mid-nineteenth century, along with an examination of important texts, suggests that Melville was not only seeking to rival the Frenchman as a competitor in book sales, but through study and guidance from his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne, attempting to infuse Balzac’s vision of unity of composition into a new American proto-Realist genre.
International Balzac
Authors: Haydock John
Published: September 2017

Balzac’s “planetary” accessibility during Melville’s early life and travels make it unlikely that he could have avoided awareness of the Frenchman’s popularity and contributions to literature. Melville’s had French relatives, his father brought home French books, Melville travelled in French territory as a sailor and in France as an author, and he even refers to learning French by travel. Additionally, there were many renditions of Balzac’s stories and novels in English and numerous articles about his genius in English that were available in reading rooms and on the shelves of both in-laws and friends.
M. de l’Aubépine
Authors: Haydock John
Published: September 2017

Nathaniel Hawthorne is recognized as having been weightily influenced by Balzac and openly connected in both France and England with the Frenchman’s moral blackness. His sister indicated that he made an “artistic study” of contemporary novels, and his sister-in-law reported that he had read all of the works of Balzac by 1837; and it is suggested he continued to collect volumes of La Comédie humaine until the Frenchman’s death in 1850. Definite incorporations from Balzac can be identified in Hawthorne’s works, and even American contemporaries classed him in the “French school” of Poe and the popular anglicized Eugene Sue and Georges Sand. Hawthorne himself even developed his own pseudonym, M. de l’Aubépine (hawthorn), in self-mockery of his critics’ literary complaints.
Balzac’s Types at Sea
Authors: Haydock John
Published: September 2017

After and during discussions with Hawthorne, Melville apparently revised his unfinished whaling story through correcting two recurring weaknesses in his narratives cited by Howard P. Vincent: not having a central character to build around nor a similar sort of villain; repeating a tendency to limit dramatic conflict between two individuals only, usually an officer and a common sailor. The first difficulty he corrected by creating Ahab, a version of Balzac’s famous villain Vautrin from Le Père Goriot, a superior criminal genius of godlike intensity. The second he solved by the formula of Balzac’s Unité de composition and creating not one or two forceful characters but an entire range of mankind reflecting instinctive, abstractive, and genius forces. Examples of similar discourse, actions, and perceptions are reviewed through comparisons of characters between Moby-Dick and Balzacian types, particularly Vautrin.
Physiology of Thinking
Authors: Haydock John
Published: September 2017

After completing Moby-Dick and proceeding further in his collaborative months with Hawthorne, Melville began to feel that the mixed narrative was a sort of “botch,” probably because he tried to overlay his new vision of the novel on top of a manuscript already “mostly done,” and the unevenness and structural awkwardness affronted many readers. Therefore, even while he was still finishing Moby-Dick, he began carefully planning Pierre. In this instance he was attracted to a model extremely popular and more inclined, he thought, to growing female readership. Balzac’s La Peau de Chagrin was a famous novel internationally and was, to our knowledge today, the first Balzac novel translated into American English (1843). In it, Melville found a model for his locations, characters, psychology, and even scenes to build a thoroughly American sensational romance of a failed abstractive writer.
Dull Tom-Tom’s Absurd Prelude: Ludic Modernism in Early T. S. Eliot
Authors: Opest Michael
Published: September 2017

This article argues for a new understanding of the poetry that Eliot wrote under the influence of Jules Laforgue. The author qualifies the critical consensus on the play of Laforguian irony by tracing Eliot’s development of a more complex view of the ludic, one that anticipates the contemporary theorist Mihai Spariosu’s description of play as alternately “rational” or “prerational.” This article examines select poems written from 1909 to 1912, culminating with “Portrait of a Lady” (eventually published in 1917), showing how Eliot mimics Laforgue’s rational play, only to qualify it against a nascent conception of its prerational counterpart. The paper elucidates Spariosu’s schema as it argues that Eliot’s recognition and exploitation of rational and prerational play is both a strategy of a specifically “ludic modernism” and also a ground for Eliot’s later poetry.
Eliot at Bergson’s Lectures, 1910–1911
Authors: Hargrove Nancy D.
Published: September 2017

Scholars have stated that Eliot’s notes for Bergson’s lectures preserved in the Houghton Library “prove” that he only attended the lectures for part of January and February 1911. Hargrove argues that Eliot attended all of Bergson’s 1910–11 lectures despite the survival of only some of the lecture notes. As proof, she points to the opening undated three and a half pages of the notes, which seem to be the last part of a previous lecture. As additional support, she offers the excitement in Paris about the lectures of the charismatic professor and the huge crowds filling the lecture hall, the probability that Eliot suggested attending them to his parents as a major reason for spending the year in Paris, Eliot’s often losing notes, and his taking trips during holiday periods only. She closes with the account of these lectures by an admiring student, who describes the atmosphere in the lecture hall and conveys the feelings of adoration and respect of those attending—feelings, Hargrove argues, that Eliot would have shared.
Prufrock, Belated
Authors: Cuda Anthony
Published: September 2017

“Prufrock” is justly celebrated as a revolutionary poem. But as I was rereading John Berryman’s claim—in “Prufrock’s Dilemma” (1960)—that modern poetry begins with its famously jarring third line, I found myself wondering: What about the first couplet? Did the revolution in modern poetry arrive two lines late?...
Transmuting F. H. Bradley: T. S. Eliot’s Notes Towards a Theory of Poetry
Authors: Callison Jamie
Published: September 2017

The second essay cluster examines the annotations made in books from Eliot’s personal library, recently made available to researchers for the first time. In the first essay, Callison offers the first extensive reading of Eliot’s marginalia to F. H. Bradley’s Appearance and Reality. Callison notes a stylistic shift in Eliot’s critical prose, particularly in the philosophical essays written at Harvard and during Michaelmas term 1914 at Oxford, while he was studying and annotating Bradley. In addition to examining Eliot’s annotations and their relevance to his developing philosophical mind, Callison uses these annotations to explain Eliot’s retrospective assessment of Bradley’s “style” as the means by which the philosopher most indelibly influenced the literary and cultural critic. In the second essay, Pierce offers a phenomenological reading of Eliot’s view of language, showing that a phenomenological “suspension” of definite reference is central to his poetic style. Examining annotations from Eliot’s library, Pierce attributes this tendency to Eliot’s reading of Edmund Husserl.
Suspending the ‘painterly real’: ACT’s procedures of ‘pure creation’, 1993–96
Authors: Harutyunyan Angela
Published: September 2017

The chapter is dedicated to the conceptual artist group ACT. Its historical investigation of the group’s aesthetic strategies attempts to situate them within those structural changes that took place in the aftermath of independence following the collapse of the USSR in 1991 and defined the trajectory for this decade. The chapter investigates, describe and critically revisits the social and cultural context defined as one of a ‘crisis of negation’. Further it analyses those spaces and possibilities that emerge in the gaps between ‘pure creation,’ and are made operational throughout the group’s existence, and the intensity of everyday life in Armenia in the mid-1990s. It argues that the concept of ‘pure creation’ emerges in the clash between autonomous art, and the intensity of turbulent transformations affecting everyday life. It is this clash that transforms the agenda of ‘pure creation’ into a political-artistic program that rhymes with the positivist assumptions of the post-Soviet liberal democratic state.
A policy process approach to the poor laws
Authors: Shave Samantha A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides a detailed thematic analysis of the historiographical shifts in the study of the poor laws. It starts with an examination of how an emphasis by historians on the lives and experiences of the poor grew from the ‘history from below’ approach over the last 50 years. Recent analyses of the experiences of the poor have claimed we have paid too much attention to the administration of the poor laws. It questions what we mean by administration, and argues that knowledge of how pauper policies worked is actually pivotal to our knowledge of the poor laws, especially if we are to understand how individuals, including the poor, could influence pauper policies. Then, using a ‘policy process’ model developed in the social sciences, it presents an analysis of what we already understand, and what has remained ill-understood, about the poor laws. The focus is on several themes: policy-making, policy implementation and policy development and change. The main themes which arise from this analysis are explored in the rest of this book.
Conclusion: reform and innovation
Authors: Shave Samantha A.
Published: September 2017

The first half of this chapter examines the implications of these findings for our understandings of several areas of the poor laws: local ideas and policy transfer, national legislation and policy-making. The second half of the conclusion focuses on the influences upon the development of the poor laws. It examines the role of stakeholders and key actors, each with distinct roles in the policy process across both the old and New Poor Law eras. The chapter finishes by discussing more broadly how the policy process approach can be applied to understand reform and innovation in the broader field of social and public policy.
Introduction
Authors: Kidd Alan , Tebbutt Melanie
Published: September 2017

The editors introduce the volume and the chapter is in two parts. The first part summarises the themes of the book and the arguments of each of the essays and the second part is an appreciation of the life and work of the person in his whose honour the essays have been written.
From ‘marriage bureau’ to ‘points of view’: changing patterns of advice in teenage magazines: Mirabelle, 1956–77
Authors: Tebbutt Melanie
Published: September 2017

Melanie Tebbutt’s essay traces some of the changes which transformed working-class culture after the Second World War through an analysis of the personal advice pages of teenage magazines, an important expression of girls’ culture between the mid-1950s and late-1970s. Tebbutt takes as her subject Mirabelle magazine, widely read by girls in this period, although its popularity has been largely over-shadowed by the most popular teenage magazine of the time, which was Jackie. Advice pages in teenage magazines from the 1950s and 1960s have received less attention that those of the later decades of the twentieth-century and Tebbutt traces the changes which took place in queries and answers, from the time of Mirabelle’s publication, in 1956, when its advice column was identified with a marriage bureau in central Manchester, to ceasing production in 1977, by which time discussion of sexual matters, including pregnancy outside marriage, had become more open. Magazines aimed at the teenage market were an important source of sexual information for young people and this essay offers a nuanced analysis of Mirabelle’s advice pages which suggests there is considerable scope for comparative studies.
Julien Duvivier
Authors: McCann Ben
Published: September 2017

This book is the first ever English-language study of Julien Duvivier (1896-1967), once considered one of the world’s great film filmmakers. It provides new contextual and analytical readings of his films that identify his key themes and techniques, trace patterns of continuity and change, and explore critical assessments of his work over time. Throughout a five-decade career, Duvivier zigzagged between multiple genres – film noir, comedy, literary adaptation – and made over sixty films. His career intersects with important historical moments in French cinema, like the arrival of sound film, the development of the ‘poetic realism’, the exodus to America during the German Occupation, the working within the Hollywood studio system in the 1940s, and the return to France and to a much-changed film landscape in the 1950s.
Often dismissed as a marginal figure in French film history, this groundbreaking book illustrates Duvivier’s eclecticism, technical efficiency and visual fluency in films such as Panique (1946) and Voici le temps des assassins (1956) alongside more familiar works like La Belle Equipe (1936) and Pépé le Moko (1937). It will particularly appeal to scholars and students of French cinema looking for examples of a director who could comfortably straddle the realms of the popular and the auteur.
Late style
Authors: McCann Ben
Published: September 2017

This last chapter looks at Duvivier’s late style, and makes the case that his final films, before his death in 1967, retain the classicism of mise en scène, the evocative location shooting, and the core thematic concerns – deception, misanthropy, the fragility of the (male) group, the dangerous woman – that characterise Duvivier’s career.
It will explore how Duvivier continued to return to source texts (Pot-Bouille [1957], Chair de poule [1963]), made chamber pieces (Marie-Octobre [1959], Diaboliquement vôtre [1967]) and Gothic noir (La Chambre ardente [1962]). This period also saw Duvivier re-imagine the coordinates of French noir and the fantasy film, two genres generally overlooked by most critics at the time.
The chapter also evaluates Duvivier’s contributions to the look and logic of the ‘Tradition of Quality’ cinema. He continued to push at the rigid boundaries between commercial and auteur work, working with significant stars (Brigitte Bardot, Danielle Darrieux, Alain Delon and Jean-Pierre Léaud).
Conclusion
Authors: McCann Ben
Published: September 2017

Julien Duvivier died on 29 October 1967, four weeks after shooting ended on Diaboliquement vôtre. Driving to his home in the sixteenth arrondissement of Paris, he suffered a heart attack behind the wheel, clipped an oncoming car, and smashed into a tree. He died instantly....
Robert Guédiguian
Authors: Mai Joseph
Published: September 2017

This book provides a comprehensive account of Robert Guédiguian’s numerous films since 1980, combining stylistic analyses with historical, political, and generic context. More importantly, it makes the case that Guédiguian’s work represents one of the most discretely original but radical projects of contemporary French cinema: to make politically committed films with friends, predominately in a local space, over a long period of time. The book starts with a consideration of the philosophy of friendship and its relation to politics, relation, difference, time, and space. It concentrates on Guédiguian’s early life in the Estaque neighbourhood of Marseilles, where he became politically active and developed the friendships that would continue in his filmmaking, as well as Guédiguian’s disillusionment with the Communist Party. It then examines the political pessimism of the 1980s through Guédiguian’s four early films. The book examines the turn toward local activism and utopianism in the 1990s, and follows Guédiguian’s work as it spreads into diverse experimentation with genres and registers in more recent work. It emphasises Guédiguian’s political assessments and his frequent meditations on history, violence, and utopia. But it returns consistently to the underlying themes of friendship, and thus intervenes at the crossroads of affect, politics, philosophy, and art.
Living with friends
Authors: Mai Joseph
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines Guédiguian’s youth in l’Estaque, a “communist” neighbourhood of Marseille, his political activism, his transition away from the Communist party, and finally a turn toward friendship as a figure for human interaction. The chapter examines the history of l’Estaque. It tells of Guédiguian’s friendship with Gérard Meylan, his meeting Ariane Ascaride, and then his disillusion with the Communist party, corresponding with his entry into filmmaking, but filmmaking that is not so much an industry or an art form as a way of “remaining with friends” through shared activity and cooperation. The chapter turns to the philosophy of friendship since Aristotle to ground this move in what Aristotle calls “eudaimonia” or the flourishing life. From there it discusses the political implications of a human relationship built on philia in a cultural period, our own, in which different figures of human interaction, the figures of the consumer and the entrepreneur are dominant. It concludes with a discussion of how Guédiguian’s cinema offers a way forward to those who have felt politically alienated during a period of economic “neoliberalism.”
‘What is to become of the Crystal Palace?’ The Crystal Palace after 1851
Authors: Nichols Kate , Turner Sarah Victoria
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter explores and establishes the Sydenham Crystal Palace in relation to existing scholarship on the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Sydenham Palace combined education, entertainment and commerce, and spans both nineteenth and twentieth centuries. We resituate it as an important location within the London art world and establish the broader connections it had with rival ventures such as the South Kensington Museum and the numerous international exhibitions in the period. We set out the new possibilities for the analysis of both nineteenth- and twentieth-century visual and material cultures opened up by this unique venue, problematising the periodisation of art works and attitudes into discretely ‘Victorian’ and ‘Edwardian’ categories.
Introduction: the study of European Union relations with Mercosur
Authors: Gomez Arana Arantza
Published: September 2017

This monograph seeks to examine the motivations behind the European Union’s (EU) policy towards the Common Market of the South (Mercosur), the EU’s most important relationship with another regional economic integration organisation. In order to investigate the motivations (or lack there of), this monograph will examine the contribution of the main policy and decision-makers, the European Commission and the Council of Ministers, as well as the different contributions within both institutions. By doing so, it will be possible to show the degree of “involvement”/”engagement” reflected in the EU’s policy towards Mercosur, which is the dependent variable in this study. The analysis offered here examines the development of EU policy towards Mercosur in relation to three key stages: The non-institutionalized relations (1986-1990), official relations (1991-1995), and the negotiations of an association agreement (1996-2007 and 2010-present). This degree of engagement will be measured using a scale of low, medium and high degree. The outcome of the measure is created by analysing two factors, the level of “ambition” and “commitment”.
Non-institutionalized relations between the EU and Mercosur
Authors: Gomez Arana Arantza
Published: September 2017

This chapter covers the first stage of EU-Mercosur policy relations by focussing on the period of 1985 to 1990. At this stage, policy relations were not institutionalized. Policy relations began in 1985 for several reasons. Firstly, the European Union signed the Treaty of Accession of Spain and Portugal which meant the beginning in terms of a new direction in policy towards Latin America, including the Mercosur countries; this is a clear reflection of the creation of a “commitment” towards Latin America, although at a very low level due to the low “ambition” towards the region. Secondly, in 1985, Mercosur countries also started their own regional integration programme. This stage proved to be key in the development of EU-Mercosur relations because it established a new emphasis on EU policy towards Latin America by establishing channels for communication between the two regions, particularly through the development of the annual EU-Rio Group meetings; without this engagement, the EU and Mercosur would have not developed their relationship, and the fact that it came at this point helps to explain the events of the following stages. By the time Mercosur was officially launched in 1991, the EU was fully aware of the integration movement in South America thanks to these years of European Union-Latin America relations. In relation to the engagement of the European Union towards Mercosur, the conclusion comes from a low “ambition” and “commitment” on the European side. This stage of the policy shows the lowest engagement of the three stages. But this engagement is certainly superior to the pre-Iberian membership era.
Lessons to be learned from the EU policy towards Mercosur
Authors: Gomez Arana Arantza
Published: September 2017

“(…) Russia and China, as well as partners in Latin-America, deserve a clear European strategy. Africa has, unfortunately, been absent from the EU’s strategic agenda for years and needs to be reengaged. (…)The Union can be a global actor considering we possess the objectives, principles and instruments. Unfortunately the political will is often lacking and the question is whether the EU Member States will take action to change this.” (Miguel Angel Moratinos, Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, 20 January 2010).
The views of Miguel Angel Moratinos during the Spanish Presidency recognize a series of gaps in the strategic behaviour, the existence of partiality in the strategic agenda, and a lack of will in the European Union external relations. These quote suggest that if this has the situation in 2010, then EU policies during the 1980s and 1990s towards a Latin-American region such as Mercosur were not the most structured nor did the EU develop these policies to their full EU potential. At the same time, the EU’s internal institutional and legal frameworks also changed as a result of different treaties and enlargements. These internal changes affected either positively or negatively EU relations with Latin America. On the one hand, the Iberian enlargement affected EU policy positively towards Latin America, whilst on the other hand, policy towards Central and Easter European countries which culminated in the 2004 enlargement was affected negatively on EU-Latin America relations.
The Politics of Freedom of Information
Authors: Worthy Ben
Published: September 2017

Why do governments pass freedom of information laws? The symbolic power and force surrounding FOI makes it appealing as an electoral promise but hard to disengage from once in power. However, behind closed doors compromises and manoeuvres ensure that bold policies are seriously weakened before they reach the statute book.
The politics of freedom of information examines how Tony Blair's government proposed a radical FOI law only to back down in fear of what it would do. But FOI survived, in part due to the government's reluctance to be seen to reject a law that spoke of 'freedom', 'information' and 'rights'. After comparing the British experience with the difficult development of FOI in Australia, India and the United States – and the rather different cases of Ireland and New Zealand – the book concludes by looking at how the disruptive, dynamic and democratic effects of FOI laws continue to cause controversy once in operation.
The US, Australia and India: two firsts and the greatest?
Authors: Worthy Ben
Published: September 2017

• US: A long struggle by a small group of politicians and journalists over a decade led to numerous abortive attempts to pass legislation in the 1960s. The bill finally became the 1966 FOI Act following a long process of negotiation in the Senate and opposition, though crucially not rejection, from the then President Lyndon Johnson (Reylea 1983: Yu and Davies 2012).
• Australia: the Australian FOI policy development, beginning in the 1970s and ending in 1982, was a long series of advances and retreats. The proposed legislation was alternatively weakened during its passage, with crusaders both in government and in the Senate seeking to preserve key features against bureaucratic and political opposition (Snell 2001: Terrill 1998).
• India: the traditional view of Indian Right to Information Act is of a remarkable grassroots alliance of dedicated reformers pushed openness legislation from the local level upwards during the 1990s and 2000s (Roberts 2006: Sharma 2013). However the reality is more complex as RTI was the result of a combination of piecemeal reforms in the 1980s, shifts in elite power and support from parts of the bureaucracy and from Sonia Ghandi herself (Singh 2007: Sharma 2013).
FOI and the remaking of politics
Authors: Worthy Ben
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how the same complex dynamics that shape FOI formulation continue after the passage of legislation. This chapter looks across the country cases, beginning with the UK, to see how FOI interacts with its wider environment and new ideas around openness (Posen 2013). It examines thematically the role of various, sometimes competing and contradictory, influences on the legislation post-implementation: including high profile scandal Lock-in of FOI legislation with the gradual ‘normalising’ of openness systems within bureaucracies over time, assisted by the integration of independent appeal bodies, helping to entrench FOI within systems as an ‘everyday’ activity (Hazell and Worthy 2010: Kimball 2012). It looks at attempts to strengthen FOI and attempts to weaken FOI. The chapter ends by mapping out the complex dynamics and pattern of post –implementation FOI. It examining what groups (government factions, users, media) and what events, both real and symbolic, (crisis, electoral victory, reform programmes) can help trigger the different dynamics and how they can change (Hillebrandt, Curtin and Meijer 2012).