bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Positive Pressure Ventilation on Plasma Catecholamines
Authors: Takki Seppo , Tammisto Tapani
Published: December 2008

Changes in plasma catecholamines, blood pressure, heart rate and central venous pressure associated with three different types of positive pressure ventilation (IPPV, CPPV‐5 and IPNPV‐5) were studied in 21 patients who received normoventilation and were anaesthetized using the N2O‐O2‐relaxant‐analgesic technique. Total catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline were determined by the method of Vendsalu (1960).

CPPV‐5 caused a higher mean peak inspiratory pressure than IPPV or IPNPV‐5. Central venous pressure was elevated in all groups during the first 5 min, but fell thereafter to a significantly lower level in the IPNPV‐5 group than in the IPPV or CPPV‐5 groups. Blood pressure fell in all groups 20 to 30 mmHg under the preanaesthetic level. During the first 5 min, the fall was most pronounced in the CPPV‐5 group, but thereafter no significant differences between the groups were found.

Plasma catecholamines increased slightly, but statistically insignificantly, in the CPPV‐5 group during the whole observation period. The levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline did not change significantly in any of the groups.

Veränderungen der Plasma‐Katecholamine, des Blutdrucks, der Herzfrequenz und des zentralen Venendrucks (CVP) wurden bei drei verschiedenen Typen von positiver Druckbeatmung (IPPV, CPPV‐5 und IPNPV‐5) bei 21 Patienten untersucht, die mit der N2O‐O2‐Relaxans‐Analgetikum‐Technik narkotisiert und normoventiliert wurden. Gesamt‐Katecholamine, Adrenalin und Noradrenalin wurden nach der Methode von VENDSALU (1960) bestimmt. CPPV‐5 (= kontinuierliche Überdruckventilation mit 5 cm H2O) ergab einen höheren mittleren Spitzen‐Inspirationsdruck als IPPV (= intermittierende Überdruck‐ventilation) und IPNPV‐5 (= intermittierende positivnegative Druckventilation mit 5 cm H2O). Der CVP war in allen Gruppen während der ersten 5 Minuten erhöht, fiel aber anschlieBend in der IPNPV‐5‐Gruppe signifikant tiefer ab als in den IPPV‐und CPPV‐5‐Gruppen. Der Blutdruck sank in allen Gruppen ca. 20–30 mm Hg unter den praenarkotischen Ausgangswert. Während der ersten 5 Minuten war der Blut‐druckabfall in der CPPV‐5‐Gruppe am ausgepräg‐testen, später wurden keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen gefunden.

Bei der CPPV‐5‐Gruppe stiegen die Plasma‐Katecholamine während des Beobachtungszeitraumes ein wenig an, jedoch statistisch insignifikant. In keiner der Gruppen ergaben sich signifikante Veränderungen der Adrenalin‐und Noradrenalinspiegel.
Reticuloendothelial Function Under General Anaesthesia
Authors: Löfström B. , Schildt B.
Published: December 2008

The effect of five common anaesthetics on the reticuloendothelial (RE) function was evaluated in 15 patients subjected to minor surgical operations. 125I‐labelled micro‐aggregated human serum albumin was used as a RE test substance. All anaesthetic techniques (cyclopropane, ether, halothane, neurolept analgesia and epidural) caused a significant impairment of the RE phagocytic function when studied 1 h after the induction. The RE catabolic function was also decreased compared to a control group of volunteers. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Normal Carbohydrate Metabolism and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Trauma
Authors: Hultman E. , Bergström J. , Nilsson L. H:son
Published: December 2008

The great lability of man's glucose reserves as shown by the decreases in liver glycogen both during short starvation, decreased intake of carbohydrate or as an effect of trauma shows the importance of carbohydrate administration both in the normal man and in the treatment of trauma. Even if a relative intolerance to glucose is seen in the post‐traumatic phase, it seems reasonable to use glucose possibly together with insulin as the basic calorie supply. The most important reason for this is that during hypoxia, which can readily occur, the only useful fuel is glucose transported via the blood or stored in the tissues as glycogen.
The Quest for a Short‐Acting Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agent
Authors: Savarese J. J. , Kitz R. J.
Published: December 2008

Current developments in the pharmacology of neuromuscular blocking agents indicate that within the next several years, nondepolarizing drugs of short and intermediate duration of action, devoid of significant side effects, may become a reality. The important factors which may permit their development are reviewed.
Nitrous Oxide‐Oxygen‐Relaxant Anaesthesia in Alcoholics: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Tammisto T. , Takki S.
Published: December 2008

In order to study the action of anaesthetics in chronic alcoholics, the records of male alcoholics (annual consumption over 151 of absolute alcohol) operated upon for pancreatitis were analyzed retrospectively. The records of 46 males and 46 females matched for age, weight and duration of anaesthesia served as controls. Nitrous oxide‐oxygen‐relaxant anaesthesia supplemented after thiopental induction with analgesics and often additionally with droperidol, halothane and/or thiopental was used in all patients.

In alcoholics, higher dosages of anaesthetics were used in induction and supplementation than in control patients. Nevertheless, signs of inadequate anaesthesia were seen more often in alcoholics, about 20% of whom, mostly “heavy drinkers”, complained of awareness or bad dreams. The demand for anaesthetics was also increased in alcoholics in a run‐down condition or in those with cirrhosis of the liver. The incidence of pre‐ and postoperative complications seemed to be similar in all groups. The importance of a detailed prospective study is stressed in elucidating the factors which contribute to the cross tolerance between alcohol and different anaesthetics.
Effects of Halothane and Methoxyflurane Anesthesia on Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Man
Authors: Mäkeläinen A.
Published: December 2008

With reference to our earlier findings concerning the stimulation of lipolysis by halothane and methoxyflurane and their metabolites in vivo and in vitro in rats, the effects of halothane and methoxyflurane anesthesia on plasma free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol and glucose levels were studied in man.

The patient series consisted of 18 patients scheduled for minor elective surgery. The patients were anesthetized with three combinations of agents. Nitrous oxide and thiopental were used for a control anesthesia, and halothane or methoxyflurane were added in the anesthesia of two other groups.

Both halothane and methoxyflurane anesthesia caused an increase in the plasma FFA and glycerol values compared to the control anesthesia. Especially with methoxyflurane, this stimulation of lipolysis was seen toward the end of anesthesia. The blood glucose level was elevated only during halothane anesthesia.

The present results thus support our earlier suggestion that lipolysis is stimulated by halothane and methoxyflurane anesthesia.

In Hinblick auf unsere früheren Befunde, die Stimulation der Lipolyse durch Halothan und Methoxyfluran und deren Metaboliten in vivo und in vitro an Ratten betreffend, wurden die Wirkungen von Halothan‐ und Methoxyflurannarkosen auf die Plasmaspiegel der freien Fettsäuren, von Glyzerol und Glukose am Menschen untersucht.

Die Untersuchungsserie umfaßte 18 Patienten, die für kleine elektive Eingriffe vorgesehen waren. Die Patienten wurden mit drei Anaesthesie‐Kombinationen narkotisiert. Als Kontrolle wurden Lachgas und Thiopental verwendet; bei den anderen beiden Gruppen wurden Halothan bzw. Methoxyfluran zusätzlich verabreicht.

Sowohl Halothan als auch Methoxyfluran verursachten ein Ansteigen der freien Fettsäuren und der Glyzerolwerte im Plasma verglichen mit der Kontroll‐Anaesthesiegruppe. Diese Stimulation der Lipolyse war bei Methoxyfluran gegen Ende der Narkose besonders ausgeprägt. Der Blutzuckerspiegel war nur während der Halothannarkose erhöht.

Diese Ergebnisse unterstützten somit unsere frühere Annahme, daß Halothan‐ und Methoxyflurannarkosen die Lipolyse anregen.
FOOD POISONING CauSED BY PatHOGENIC HALOPHILIC BACTERIA (Pseudomonas enteritis TAKIKAWA)
Authors: Okudaira Masahiko , Kawamura Hironori , Ueno Masahiko , Nakahara Yoshiyuki , Zen‐Yoji Hiroshi , Sakai Senzo , Terayama Takeshi , Benoki Masao
Published: December 2008

Four autopsy cases of food poisoning caused by pathogenic halophilic bacteria (Pseudomonas enteritis Takikawa) have been reported for the first time.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ATHEROSCLEROSIS –AN ATTEMPT AT ITS PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
Authors: Shimamoto Takio
Published: December 2008

Electron microscopical analysis of endothelial linings of the aortic lumen and of the vasa vasorum was made in man, rhesus monkey, dog, rabbit, rat, chicken and pigeon with reference to permeability of the arterial wall, because cholesterol and other substances accumulating in atheromatous lesions have been known to be transported mainly by infiltration into the lesions from the blood stream across the endothelial lining. Porous capillaries were found in vasa vasorum of man, rabbit and pigeon and a well developed vacuole system in the endothelial cells of man and chicken. For the present experiment of atherosclerosis the rabbit has been chosen.

In the succeeding experiments we found substances capable of inhibiting the edematous arterial reaction such as pyridinolcarbamate and its derivatives as well as estrogens and glucocorticoids. We have tested these substances for the prevention of atherosclerosis of cholesterol‐fed rabbits and also for the treatment of established atherosclerosis of the animals.

The first important finding was the correlation between their inhibiting potency against the edematous arterial reaction and their property of preventing atherosclerosis. The second Important finding was appearance of atrophy, necrosis and calcification of arterial wall along with the atheroma‐preventive effect of estrogen and prednisolone and the absence of such effects in pyridinolcarbamate, while the latter substance enhances the regeneration of smooth muscles in the lesions. Dosages of 10 to 30 mg per kg of pyridinolcarbamate given by mouth daily have shown the atheromatous mass with foam cells, necrosis and degenerative foci being replaced by regenerated smooth‐muscle, collagen and elastic fibers, and the cholesterol content of arterial wall was definitely reduced in the course of 6 to 30 weeks of the treatment, without any untoward effect.

Histoenzymatic analysis revealed the increased enzymatic activity of glycolytic enzymes Including glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase in the arterial wall of animals treated with pyridinolcarbamate and the decreased enzymatic activity of glycolytic enzymes in that of animals treated by estrogen.

The results reported in this paper show that the author's edematous arterial reaction has opened a way toward finding antiatherosclerotic agents which may prove to be useful in the prevention and treatment of human atherosclerosis. ACTA PATH. JAP. 19: 15˜43, 1969.
BONE TUMORS AMONG THE ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVORS OF HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI
Authors: Yamamoto Tsutomu , Wakabayashi Toshiro
Published: December 2008

A study was made of 163 benign and malignant bone tumors found at autopsy and in surgical specimens in Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the period 1950–1965 in order to determine whether or not there is a relationship between atomic bomb radiation and formation of bone tumors.

Twenty‐four bone neoplasms were found in a fixed population sample (the ST‐100 sample), and nine of these (7 malignant and 2 benign tumors) were encountered at autopsy. The prevalence rate for malignant bone tumors in the autopsies in the fixed sample was estimated to be 0.26%.

No direct relationship was found between the frequency or type of bone tumor and exposure distance.

The case histories of 5 proximally exposed persons who died of malignant bone tumors (2 osteosarcoma and 3 multiple myeloma) were described.
NUCLEOLAR ALTERATIONS OF ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS IN RATS FOLLOWING A SINGLE INJECTION OF MONOCROTALINE
Authors: Hayashi Yuzo , Hasegawa Toshiaki
Published: December 2008

Nucleolar alterations characterized by disintegration of nucleolonemal structure, and segregation of granular and fibrillar components were produced in the alveolar epithelial cells of rats after an injection of monocrotaline, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid from Crotalaria spectabilis. These lesions appeared most prominently 6 hours after injection, and most of the alveolar epithelial cells, both type I and type II cells were shown to be involved. At the 24th and 48th hour, nucleolonemal strands became reorganized, and the granular component appeared to be more abundant than in the control nucleolus. The significance of these nucleolar alterations was discussed in connection with a possible biochemical action of monocrotaline on the nuclear DNA of the alveolar epithelial cells. ACTA PATH. JAP. 19: 315˜327, 1969.
AN AUTOPSY CASE OF OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA CONGENITA—–HISTOCHEMICAL and ELECTRON MICROSCOPICAL STUDIES—–
Authors: Haebara Hideyuki , Yamasaki Yoshikazu , Kyogoku Masahisa
Published: December 2008

An autopsy case of a female infant aged nine hours, with osteogenesis imperfecta congenita is presented.

Histochemical and electron microscopical studies were performed on the bones, skin and eyes of this case, comparing with normal control. In the periosteum, corium layer of the skin, sclera and cornea of the eyes of this case, the connective tissue mostly consisted of thin and delicate fibers, instead of the usual collagen fibers. Histochemically, these fibers showed PAS‐positive, argyrophilic and acid mucopolysaccharide negative properties. They were composed of uniform and slender fibrils which had a cross‐striatlon periodicity at 200–400 Å intervals and thickness at 400 Å, in contrast with the cross‐striation periodicity at 640–700 A intervals and thickness at 1,000 A of the usual collagen. The presence of this collagen in the bone matrix caused irregular and granular calcium depositions. Augmented reaction of chondroitin sulfate A or C was seen in the epiphyseal cartilaginous matrix, central core of primary bone and of basophilic osteoid trabecule, and in the cartilaginous callus. On the other hand, periosteal basophilic osteoid bone, periphery of primary bone and of basophilic osteoid trabecule showed intense PAS‐positive, argyrophilic and acid mucopolysaccharide negative characteristics.

The relationship between the pathogenesis of this disease and the disturbance of collagen formation as well as the augmented chondroitin sulfate A or C in the matrix of connective tissue was discussed.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY ON PRE‐ AND POSTNATAL GROWTH OF HUMAN HEART
Authors: Hieokawa Katsuiku
Published: December 2008

Hearts of newborns, children and adults of autopsied cases without cardiac diseases were studied quantitatively. In prenatal term, the growth rate of ventricular weight is higher than that of body weight, but after birth vice versa. Abrupt change from fetal to adult circulation has a prolonged effect on the morphological growth of the heart at least 1 to 2 years after birth. Newborns who died of pulmonary diseases have more hyperplastic right ventricle or more hypoplastic left one than those who died of non‐cardiopulmonary diseases. Widely patent ductus arteriosus is more frequently observed in the former than in the latter. Proportion of both ventricular masses was studied in relation to the width of ductus arteriosus and preponderance of the left ventricular mass was suggested to be a requirement for closure of ductus arteriosus
AN AUTOPSY CASE OF PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS COMPLICATING A FATAL STRONGYLOIDIASIS
Authors: Takaoi Minoru , Ishikawa Goro , Hori Eitaro
Published: December 2008

An autopsy case of fatal strongyloidiasis in a patient with pemphigus vulgaris receiving long‐term administration of corticosteroids was presented. There might exist a subclinical stage of 26 years between the acquisition of infection and the appearance of its severe symptoms. It is suggested that the long‐term administration of corticosteroids and debilitating diseases increase the pathogenecity of Strongyloides stercoralis by autoinfection, and that fatal strongyloidiasis could be a possible complication of treatment with corticosteroids.
ROLE OF ELECTRIC SURFACE CHARGE OF CELL MEMBRANE IN PHAGOCYTOSIS
Authors: Nagura Hiroshi , Asai Junpei , Katsumata Yoshinao , Kojima Kiyohide
Published: December 2008

An attempt to clarify the role of surface charge on cell membrane was performed on two cell types, phagocytic (rat peritoneal macrophage) and non‐phagocytic cells (Ehrlich ascites tumor cell). The electrophore‐tic mobility of both cells was remarkably reduced by the treatment with protamine sulfate, and diminished considerably by the increase of ionic strength in electrophoretic medium. Both cells were aggregated into small clumps in varying size by the treatment with protamine sulfate. Such a decrease of negative electric charge density on the cell surface resulted in active phagocytosis. Even in non‐phagocytic cells phagocytosis occurred after the treatment with protamine sulfate. In contrast, no significant difference in phagocytic activity was observed between chondroitin sulfate‐treated and untreated cells. Under the electron microscope the cells of both types incubated in the medium with the addition of protamine sulfate showed numerous bizarre and irregular cytoplasmic projections, while no particular feature was observed after treatment with chondroitin sulfate. In protamine sulfate‐treated cells, many particulate substances were usually found attaching to the cell membrane. In the medium without ionic substance, particle attachment on the cell surface was hardly observed in the cells of both types. Therefore it was strongly suggested that the electric charge density on the cell surface was at least one of the factors responsible for the attachment of the particle to the cell.
AN AUTOPSY CASE OF RADIATION MYELOPATHY
Authors: Ishida Yooichi , Hashiba Yukiko , Kanda Hiroshi , Tanaka Takashi , Niibe Hideo
Published: December 2008

An autopsy case of radiation myelopathy Is described in a 24‐year‐old woman, who had developed signs of progressive myelitis following repeated courses of radiation therapy for a lymphoepithelioma of the nasopharynx with metastases to the cervical lymph nodes. Histopathologic studies disclosed an extensive area of necrosis in sections of the upper cervical spinal cord coextensive with an area of irradiation. Vascular changes were prominent and a glial reaction was sparse. It is suggested that a vasculo‐circulatory factor plays an important role in the production of the parenchymal lesion.
A NOTE ON FINE STRUCTURE OF SYNOVIAL SARCOMA
Authors: Kubo Toshio
Published: December 2008

A well differentiated synovial sarcoma was examined by electron microscopy. This study shows that the epithelioid cells lining the gland like spaces are lying on a basement membrane. These cells have filopodia on their free surfaces and have desmosomes. This further study of the fine structure of the synovial sarcoma suggests that there is a histogenetic relationship to the clear‐cell sarcoma described in a previous communication by the author.
INFANTILE DIGITAL FIBROMATOSIS HISTOPATHOLOGICAL and ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY WITH A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Iwasaki Hiroshi , Tsuneyoshi Masazumi , Enjoji Munetomo
Published: December 2008

Five cases of Infantile digital fibromatosis were described. Three were male and two were female. Multiple lesions were noted in two cases. The lesions were Intradermal and had a peculiar histologic pattern with intracytoplasmic inclusions. By electron microscopy, the inclusions were composed of a meshwork of both fibrils and fine granules and have no limiting membrane. No virus‐like particle could be identified in the proliferating cells. Follow‐up information was available in all five cases; one had recurring tumors.
A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY ON THE ACTIVITY OF GAMMA‐GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASE IN LIVER DISEASE
Authors: Tanaka Mitsugu
Published: December 2008

Comparative histochemical study for γ‐GTP and alkaline phos‐phatase was performed in several disorders of liver.

Areas of extensively proliferated fibrosis in chronic active hepatitis and areas of newly formed fibrosis in cirrhosis showed prominent activity of γ‐GTP but poor activity for alkaline phosphatase. On the other hand, alkaline phosphatase activity was remarkably high in the connective tissue around proliferating bile ductules.

Activity of both enzymes was prominent in the bile canaliculi and sinusoidal walls in obstructive jaundice, but marked decrease or loss of activity of the enzymes was observed in the degenerated or necrotic areas. While fatty degeneration of hepatocytes showed no increase in activity of the enzymes, prominent activity of γ‐GTP was noted in the connective tissue surrounding degenerated hepatocytes in alcoholic liver disease.

There was marked activity of γ‐GTP in most tumor cells of hepatoma, while in metastatic tumor the activity of both enzymes was noted in only bile canaliculi and sinusoidal wall adjacent to the tumor.
TYPE IV GLYCOGENOSIS ‐ A STUDY OF TWO CASES
Authors: Ishihaea Tokuhiro , Uchino Fumiya , Adachi Hironobu , Takahashi Mutsuo , Watanabe Seishiro , Tsunetoshi Sadahiko , Fuji Tsunehiro , Ikee Yoshihiko
Published: December 2008

Liver biopsy materials of two siblings with type IV glycogenosis were studied by light and electron microscopy. Biochemical analysis was added using autopsy material in one of the two cases. Two kinds of polysaccharides were noted not only in the cardiac muscle, skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and reticuloendothelial cells, but also in the neutrophils and platelets. One was glycogen and the other was similar to amylopectin. Ultrastructurally, a large amount of fibrils, 60 A in width, glycogen rosettes and glycogen granules were detected in those cells. Branching glycosyl‐transferase deficiency was biochemically confirmed in one case examined.
AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY ON PRECANCEROUS AND CANCEROUS LESIONS OF THE GLANDULAR STOMACH IN RATS INDUCED BY N‐METHYL‐N'‐NITRO‐ N‐NITROSOGUANIDINE
Authors: Tahara Eiichi , Haizuka Shojiro , Tokuoka Shoji
Published: December 2008

Electron microscopic study was made on precancerous and cancerous lesions in glandular stomach of rats induced by MNNG. Three types of lesions, were found; regenerative glandular hyperplasia, adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma. These were compared with the fine structure of similar lesions produced by X‐irradiation in the glandular stomach of mice. The precancerous lesion in the present study demonstrated formation of adenomatous hyperplasia by epithelial cells which included mucoid cells characterized by sparce surface microvilli, a few erratic terminal webs, small number of mucous granules, many small mitochondria, and a bizarre nucleus. The development of these mucoid cells seems to be related with the growth of gastric carcinoma. The ultrastructure of adenocarcinomas revealed many structural variations or abnormalities of cellular differentiation. They were classified into 1) surface and pit mucous cell type, 2) pyloric gland cell type, 3) goblet cell type, 4) paneth cell type, 5) intestinal epithelial cell type, 6) endocrine cell type, 7) oncocyte type, 8) filament‐rich cell type, and 9) anaplastic cell type involving intracellular microcyst cells. Filament‐rich cells were found in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or scirrhous carcinoma and may be derived from metaplasia of tumor cell.
HUGHES‐STOVIN SYNDROME
Authors: Kinjo Mitsuru , Tanaka Kenzo , Ishimaru Shuzo , Shigematsu Nobuaki , Sugiyama Kohtaro
Published: December 2008

A 37‐year‐old female with multiple pulmonary aneurysms, thrombotic obstruction of the inferior vena cava and mural thrombosis in the right heart was reported. Arterial blood culture repeatedly examined had been negative. The patient died of massive hemoptysis. This case was equivalent to Hughes‐Stovin syndrome and was the first female case of typical Hughes‐Stovin syndrome.

Review of the literature revealed 9 typical cases of this syndrome and 5 atypical cases who had solitary intrapulmonary aneurysm. It was obscure whether the typical cases were essentially different from the atypical ones or not, but the cases with solitary pulmonary aneurysm might proceed to the cases with multiple ones, as shown in this case.

Pathogenesis of the syndrome has been controversial. In the present case, development of pulmonary aneurysms seemed to be closely related to thromboembolization derived from venous thrombosis due to artificial abortion.
A PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF PROLONGED CASES OF MINAMATA DISEASE—With Particular Reference to 83 Autopsy Cases—
Authors: Eto Komyo , Takeuchi Tadao
Published: December 2008

This study consists of 83 autopsy cases including 64 prolonged cases of Minamata disease. Lesions were severe in the prolonged cases with an acute onset, while they tended to be mild in those with chronic onset. Cerebral cortex showed loss of nerve cells in many of the former, with the cortex often being in a loosening or spongy state, while the thinning‐out or decrease of neurons not exceeding 30% of all cells was frequent in the latter. Glial reaction was also intense in the former, but relatively weak in the latter; gradual loss of degenerative neurons without glial reaction was not rare. A given selectivity was found in the localization of lesions of the cerebral cortex, but it was not so conspicuous in those with a chronic onset as in those with an acute onset. Secondary changes corresponding to the lesions of the cortex appeared in the medulla.

Cerebellar lesions in the chronic onset cases, as compared with those in the acute onset ones, were milder: the selectively localized area was diminished; the nodulus, uvula and lingula of the vermis and the medial surface of the semilunar lobules were the most likely to be damaged. Of the spinal peripheral nerves, damages to the spinal sensory nerve were found, which were more predominant than those to the motor nerve system, and in which was noted prominent regeneration and repair.

The deposited mercury found in organs tended to remain in the nervous system and the kidneys during the prolonged course of this disease, and the prolonged accumulation of mercury in the nervous system appeared to have an influence on the pathogenesis of chronic Minamata disease.
PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION DISTURBANCES
Authors: Takagi Toshitaka
Published: December 2008

A hlstopathological study was made on 150 autopsied hearts according to the method of Lev in order to investigate the correlation of condution disturbances with the branching pattern of the bundle branches. Subsequently, the study of bundle branch block and A‐V block cases revealed that no explicit correlation existed between hlstopathological changes and functional disturbances nor between disturbances in conduction (i.e. breakdown of the physiological mechanism) and hlstopathological findings.
MALIGNANT NEUROFIBROMA WITH GLANDULAR DIFFERENTIATION (GLANDULAR SCHWANNOMA)
Authors: Takahara Osamu , Nakayama Iwao , Yokoyama Shigeo , Moriuchi Akira , Muta Hiroo , Uchida Yuzo
Published: December 2008

A case of malignant shwannoma is reported with unusual elements in an 89‐year‐old female. A large mass was located in the subcutaneous tissue of the right lateral chest wall and measured 5 cm in the greatest diameter. Histologically the tumor was composed of neurofibroma and malignant schwannoma with glandular differentiation. Neurofibroma characterized by numerous hyaline neural nodules was located in the peripheral portion of the tumor, whereas malignant schwannoma occupied a large part of the central portion of the tumor. The glandular elements observed in some areas of malignant schwannoma consisted of cuboidal and columnar shaped cells and were arranged in tubular or tubulo‐medullary fashion in which rosettes or pseudorosettes were found. Mucicarminophilic material was observed, both in the cytoplasm and in the lumen. Seven reported cases of peripheral nerve tumor with glandular differentiation are reviewed briefly. ACTA PATH. JAP. 29: 597–606, 1979.
SOME PROBLEMS ON THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF NON‐HODGKIN'S MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA— A Proposal of a New Type—
Authors: Suchi Taizan , Tajima Kazuo , Nanba Koji , Wakasa Haruki , Mikata Atsuo , Kikuchi Masahiro , Mori Shigeo , Watanabe Shaw , Mohri Noboru , Shamoto Mikihiro , Harigaya Kenichi , Itagaki Tetsuro , Matsuda Mikio , Kirino Yuji , Takagi Keizo , Fukunaga Shinji
Published: December 2008

A new classification for non‐Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma is proposed as the one suited for the Lymphomas in Japan, which is to provide a new subtype “pleomorphic” for those more or less rapid‐growing lymphomas of peripheral T‐cell nature, along with another subtype lymphoblastic, after Nathwani et al. for those of central T‐cell nature. The proposal is based on the result of the investigation by the Study Group for Histopathological Diagnosis on Malignant Lymphoma that (1) the presence of a significant number of T‐cell lymphomas with peculiar “pleomorphism” is responsible for the very low reproducibility rate of histopathological diagnosis on the diffuse, mixed L&H type of Rappaport classification, and (2) the relative incidence of lymphoms of peripheral T‐cell nature including the so‐called adult T‐cell leukemia is much higher in Japan than in the Western countries.
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF HYPERTENSIVE PULMONARY ARTERIAL CHANGE
Authors: Yamaki Shigeo , Tezuka Fumiaki
Published: December 2008

A new method to quantitatively evaluate pulmonary arterial change in pulmonary hypertension is presented in this paper. Hypertensive pulmonary arterial changes are classified into four grades according to severity and a score from 1 to 4 is given to each arterial change according to the grading. An index of pulmonary vascular disease is then defined as a relative mean value of all scores. It is concluded that this index accurately expresses the grade of pulmonary arterial change in the whole pulmonary arterial system in any given case and makes possible a detailed statistical analysis of large numbers of cases.
THE CHOLEDOCHO‐PANCREATICO‐DUCTAL JUNCTION IN INFANTILE OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE DISEASES
Authors: Suda Koichi , Miyano Takeshi , Hashimoto Keisuke
Published: December 2008

A histopathological study on how the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct open into the duodenum was performed on autopsied cases of infantile obstructive jaundice diseases, and control cases. The so‐called “common channel” formation type (Type III) was divided into two types; the junction of the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct was situated in the mucosal or submucosal layer of the duodenum in type IIIa and the junction below the propria muscularis of the duodenum in type IIIb. Type IIIb was identified in 17 out of 28 cases in congenital biliary atresia and in 2 cases of congenital choledochal cyst, while the control cases all belonged to type IIIa. In cases of type IIIb the well‐developed sphincter muscle was located in the submucosal layer and it surrounded the common channel after joining of both ducts suggesting the possibility of free communication of both ducts. As the intraductal pressure of pancreatic duct is normally higher than that of the bile duct, reflux of pancreatic juice may occur into the bile duct. Abnormal choledocho‐pancreaticoductal junction was suggested to be a pathogenic factor which causes infantile obstructive jaundice diseases.
EFFECTS OF CEMENTED TUNGSTEN CARBIDE DUST ON RAT LUNGS FOLLOWING INTRATRACHEAL INJECTION OF SALINE SUSPENSION
Authors: Kitamura Hitoshi , Yoshimura Yoshiyuki , Tozawa Takashi , Koshi Kimiko
Published: December 2008

In order to examine the effect of cemented tungsten carbide dust on the animal lung, saline suspensions were intratracheally administered into the lungs of rats in a single dosage. About one‐fifth of the animals died during the first three days. The acute response of the lungs was hemorrhagic edema with intense alveolar congestion. The animals killed at six months all presented pulmonary lesions of patchy fibrosis in the vicinity of the deposited dusts, occasionally associated with focal traction emphysema and broncho‐bronchiolar ectasia. At twelve months, two‐third of the animals had neither fibrosis nor dust deposition, although the remaining animals showed pulmonary lesions similar to those seen in the six‐months responders. Pibrosis of the lungs seemed to consist of collapsed alveoli with condensation of the preexistent reticulin fibers, but without noticeable collagenization. It is supposed that both the early toxic and the late flbrogenic effects of the carbide dust are attributable to the cytotoxic action of cobalt present in the dust particles. It is possible that recovery of the pulmonary lesions results from removal of the dusts from the lesions.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA ARISING IN THE SALIVARY GLAND OF A CHILD
Authors: Mueao Tsuyoshi
Published: December 2008

A case of adenoid cystic carcinoma which developed in the left parotid gland of an 11‐year‐old girl was studied by electron microscopy. Islands of tumor cells, showing glandular and cribriform appearances, infiltrated the surrounding tissue and nerves. True lumina and pseudocysts were present in the islands of tumor cells. Electron microscopic examination revealed two types of tumor cells; clear cells (secretory epithelial cells) and dark cells myoepithelium‐like cells). Some of the tumor cells, showing a transitional form between the two types, formed a part of the luminal wall. There were many crystalline spicules, cellular debris, and fine stellate granules in the lumina. Pseudocysts were composed of replicated basal laminae, fine stellate granules, and a central core of microfilaments. Rarely, a capillary was noted in the center of the pseudocysts. It is speculated that ultrastructural features of adenoid cystic carcinoma in children may differ from the adult cases in the following ways; they contain numerous crystalline spicules in the lumina, dark cells with microvilli forming the luminal wall, and fine capillaries in the pseudocysts.
DIFFUSE HEMANGIOMATOSIS, COAGULOPATHY AND MICROANGIOPATHIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
Authors: Maeda Hiroshi , Matsuo Takeshi , Nagaishi Tadanori , Ikeda Takayoshi , Tomonaua Yu , Mori Hiromu
Published: December 2008

Described here is an autopsy case of a 30‐year‐old woman with systemic hemangiomatosis accompanied by coagulopathy and mlcroanpiopathfc hemoly‐tic anemia. She had hepato‐splenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, prolonged prothrombin time and partial thromboplaetin time, and fibrinogenopenia. A splenectomy was performed and a diffuse angioma of the spleen was found. Postmortem examination revealed cavernous hemanguomas and hemangioendotheliomatous lesions in the liver, bone marrow, inteetine, and lymph nodes. Coagulation studies suggested that exacerbation of coagulopathy occurred due to Liniac (10MV X‐ray) irradiation. Our observation raised the possibility that the irradiation might lead to chronic localized consumption coagulopathy, which was confined to the hemangioma, to acute disseminated types of intravascular coagulation.
ACUTE DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS
Authors: Kitano Motoo , Hayashi Ko
Published: December 2008

A case of acute decompression sickness presenting severe clinical features was reported. At the time of autopsy, intra‐and extravascular air bubbles were found in various organs. Pulmonary fat embolism was also prominent in association with severe circulatory disturbances of the lungs. The spinal cord showed edematous and congestive swelling which was intimately related to the coagulation of blood within the epidural veins that contained innumerable fat droplets. Intravascular fat seemed to be created in and released from the injured adipose tissue, especially that of the bone marrow during decompression and to have acted as an accelerator of intravascular coagulation. The pathophysiological significance of the fat embolism for the development and the progression of decompression sickness is discussed.
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF GALLBLADDER
Authors: Karasawa Tsutomu , Itoh Kazuro , Komukai Minoru , Ozawa Utsuhiko , Sakurai Isamu , Shikata Toshio
Published: December 2008

Two cases of a well‐differentiated keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder were reported. Pathologic analysis of this rare neoplasm was made in conjunction with cases of the gallbladder carcinoma of a squamous cell variety reported in literatures. The squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by a well‐localized growth and a rarity or lack of metastasis. These characteristics make a good contrast with an adenosquamous carcinoma of the gallbladder which usually infiltrates rather extensively and metastasizes widely. Thus the adenosquamous carcinoma should be sequestered from group of squamous cell carcinoma. Radical operative procedures may well be encouraged on selected cases of squamous cell carcinoma.
SANDHOFF DISEASE
Authors: Tatematsu Masae , Imaida Katsumi , Ito Nobuyuki , Togari Hajime , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Ogiu Toshiaki
Published: December 2008

An autopsy case of Sandhoff disease in a 2‐year‐old boy is reported. Diagnosis was established by enzyme assay, which demonstrated total deficiency of hexosaminidase in the serum. Histochemical examination, using hematoxylin‐eosin (H & E) and Luxol fast blue (LFB) stain, showed accumulation of LFB‐positive material not only in cells of the cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system, but also in reticuloendothelial cells of the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and liver, in podocytes of renal glomeruli, in all types of renal tubular cells, in endothelial cells of small vessels, in fibroblasts, and in epithelial cells of the epididymis and ductus deferens. Electron microscopic examination showed that these deposits contained electrondense membranous bodies. Lipid analysis demonstrated a marked elevation of ganglioside GM2 and its asialo derivative in the brain and liver. Accumulation of globoside was found in the liver, kidney, and spleen. There was complete absence of hexosaminidase in the brain and liver.
Experimental osteodystrophy of chronic renal failure induced by aluminum‐ and ferric‐nitrilotriacetate in Wistar rats
Authors: Yukihiro Shigefumi , Okada Shigeru , Takeuchi Kazuhiro , Inoue Hajime
Published: December 2008

The aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) chelate complexes of nitrilotriacetate (NTA) cause renal insufficiency when they are administered intraperitoneally to rats. Their effects on bone metabolism were studied in 4 week old Wistar rats. Daily intraperitoneal administration of Al‐NTA (3 mg Al/kg for 11 weeks) induced osteomalacia, impaired bone growth, decreased bone mineral density, lower serum PTH levels than normal as well as renal insufficiency. Al staining showed diffuse deposition in the trabecula and a strong linear band of aluminum deposited at the mineralization front and along the cement line. The osteoid seen markedly within the trabecula was probably the decalcified portion of the bone, the calcium apatite of which was defectively fabricated because of diffuse Al deposition in the trabecula. Al deposition along the cement line would make it much more susceptible to external shear stress than normal. Although daily intraperitoneal administration of Fe‐NTA (6 mg Fe/kg for 11 weeks) caused impaired bone growth, decreased bone mineral content and renal insufficiency, the osteoid volume did not increase. Fe staining showed that Fe was deposited diffusely in the cytoplasm of osteoblasts. The results of this study demonstrated that during renal insufficiency, different minerals exhibi different modes of action on bone metabolism, and that AI‐NTA is useful for experimental animal models of Al‐induced osteomalacia in renal insufficiency.
Conversion of glomerular histology from a mesangiopathic to a membranopathic pattern in serum sickness nephritis with prolonged sensitization
Authors: Yang Xiuying , Nakazawa Koh , Katoh Masahiro , Itoh Nabuo , Shigematsu Hidekazu
Published: December 2008

In order to examine the effect of prolonged sensitization on glomerular injury, serum sickness nephritis was induced in Fischer rats by administration of egg albumin (EA). Animals were divided into A, B and C groups with 4‐week, 6‐week and 6‐week sensitization, respectively. The experimental results were as follows: Both group A (4 weeks) and group B (6 weeks) showed mesangial immune complex deposition with proliferation (mesangiopathic pattern), but in the latter both the size and the amount of the deposits were larger than those in the former; while group C (8 weeks) demonstrated predominant distribution of deposition along the capillary walls (membranopathic pattern). It is suggested that such conversion of deposition from mesangiopathic to membranopathic pattern after prolonged repeated sensitization may be the result of the change of the host immune response to antigen, and for the character of the antibody.
Pulmonary vasculitis with hypereosinophilia and episodic pulmonary hypertension: Report of three siblings
Authors: Kawashima Atsuhiro , Kimura Akiko , Katsuda Shogo , Sumita Ryo , Yachie Akihiro , Nonomura Akitaka , Nakanishi Isao
Published: December 2008

Three siblings with eosinophilia who developed pulmonary hypertension are reported. They consisted of a 3 year old boy (case I), a 9 year old boy (case 2) and a 13 year old girl (case 31, all of whom died within an 18 month period of severe episodic attacks of pulmonary hypertension and the resultant low cardiac output. Marked peripheral eosinophilia was found in cases 1 and 2, and mild eosinophilia in case 3. Open lung biopsy of case 1 revealed pulmonary arteritis with massive eosinophilic infiltration and intimal thickening of muscular arteries of 300–1500μm in diameter. At autopsy, caws 2 and 3 showed almost similar findings, comprising widespread obliteration of the pulmonary arteries by concentric intimal thickening, medial hypertrophy and recanalized thrombi of arterioles. Rarely, there were foci of granulomas in the thickened intima surrounding birefringent foreign bodies. There were small areas of infarction in the lungs and heart due to arterial thrombi. Vascular lesions other than those in the lungs were mild and almost limited to the branches of the coronary arteries. Therefore, the present cases appear to be a single disease of pulmonary hypertension secondary to endothelial injury and the resultant intimal fibrosis probably evoked by toxic substances, although such agents were not confirmed.
Case report of a malignant Brenner tumor with hyperestrogenism
Authors: Joh Kensuke , Aizawa Shigeo , Ohkawa Kiyoshi , Dohzono Haruhiko , Aida Sadashi , Ohgoshi Eiki
Published: December 2008

A rare malignant Brenner tumor of the ovary presenting with hyperestrogenism in a 79 year old woman was examined immunohistochemically and by light and electron microscopy. High pre‐operative serum and urinary estrogen concentrations, low serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, and histologically confirmed atypical endometrial hyperplasia suggested the presence of hyperestrogenism. The reduction in serum and urinary estrogen and the increase in serum LH and FSH concentrations after tumor removal confirmed that the tumor was synthesizing estrogen. Histologically, the malignant element was predominantly a squamous cell carcinoma. Transitional cell carcinoma was partially found on the cyst wall. There was a spectrum of morphologic changes between benign and malignant elements with an intermediate area with a proliferating Brenner tumor. Immunohistochemically, only the carcinoembryonic antigen was positive exclusively on the malignant element as well as in the microcyst in the benign epithelial cord, whereas all of the markers for germ cell tumors were negative. The ultrastructural features of the stromal cells were of two types: fibroblasts and steroidproducing cells. The latter type of cells might correspond morphologically to estrogen‐producing cells. The present case is the fourth report showing a malignant Brenner tumor combined with apparent hyperestrogenism.
Apoptosis in histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis
Authors: Liu Qiang , Ohshima Koichi , Shinohara Tetuo , Kikuchi Masahiro
Published: December 2008

Cell death can now be divided into necrosis and apoptosis, which are different in their morphology, biochemistry and biological significance. The present study was designed to investigate cell death in histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (HNL). The features of cell death in 10 cases of HNL were analyzed using histiomorphology, ultrastructure and in situ apoptosis detection (ApopTag) methods. Two patterns of cell death were discerned. One was apoptosis of individual cells and the other was necrosis. The first pattern could be observed in all cases and the morphological features of the dead cells were consistent with those of apop tosis, which included distinctive cell volume shrinking and chromatin condensation. The apoptotic cells and bodies could frequently be found to be phagocytosed by the histiocytes. ApopTag was positively stained in most of the morphologically apoptotic cells. By double staining, most ApopTag positive cells were found to be T lymphocytes. A previous report showed that the majority of the proliferative cells were T lymphocytes. Based on those results, if was speculated that the main pathological characteristics of HNL therefore consisted of apoptosis and the proliferation of T lymphocytes.
Relationship between cell proliferation activity and morphological characteristics of papillary microcarcinoma in the thyroid of Graves' disease
Authors: Hori Yuko , Kashima Kenji , Daa Tsutomu , Yokoyama Shigeo , Nakayama Iwao , Noguchi Shim
Published: December 2008

Three hundred and seven lesions of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid (PMT), found in 6830 cases of Graves' disease, were reviewed to evaluate the morphological characteristics. The prevalence rate and incidence of multiplicity of PMT in Graves' disease were higher (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005, respectively) in females (4.03% and 0.73%, respectively) than in males (2.68% and 0.12%, respectively). All lesions of PMT were classified histologically into three types: sclerosing non‐encapsulated (SNE), non‐sclerosing encapsulated (NSE) and non‐sclerosing nan‐encapsulated (NSNE). Comparison of the three types of PUT revealed that the mean age and tumor size of NSNE were less than those of NSE and SNE (P < 0.001 and P < 0.005, respectively), and 13 of 19 lesions less than 1 mm belonged to NSNE. In addition, cell proliferation and expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors were examined immunohisto‐chemically in 257 lesions of PMT. The Ki‐67 labeling index of NSE was lower than that of NSNE and SNE (P < 0.005). None of the cases of PMT was positive for estrogen or progesterone receptors. The present study indicated that NSNE may be an early stage in tumor progression, and that fibrous encapsulation has the potential to modify neoplastic cell proliferation.
Studies an morphological typing of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions
Authors: Xu Liang Zhong , Zhu Wei Ping , Chen Gang
Published: December 2008

Morphological typing of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) in 300 caws of malignant tumors and 140 cams of benign lesions was analyzed and five morphological types of ApNOR were described in detail. In malignant tumors, the diffuse type (78%) was the most frequently seen, and in benign lesions, the nucleolar type (92.85%); the difference was thus highly significant (P < 0.001). The intranucleolar and aggregate types were not observed in benign lesions. There was no obvious difference in the proportion of the mixed type in benign and malignant lesions (P > 0.05). The relationship between grade of malignancy and morphological typing of AgNOR and its clinical significance are discussed.