bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Road Map for Reading Specialists Entering Schools Without Exemplary Reading Programs: Seven Quick Lessons
Authors: Tatum Alfred W.
Published: December 2004

A reading specialist who worked in a high‐poverty urban elementary school that initially did not have an exemplary reading program provides seven lessons that can serve as a guidepost for other reading specialists. Several approaches that led to improved reading achievement of upper elementary school children are described. The seven lessons, when combined with lessons from reading specialists who work in schools with exemplary programs, have implications for current and future reading specialists. There are also implications for those responsible for preparing reading specialists. The focus is on increasing reading achievement schoolwide.
Tile Test: A Hands‐on Approach for Assessing Phonics in the Early Grades
Authors: Norman Kimberly A. , Calfee Robert C.
Published: December 2004

An instrument for assessing young students' understanding of the English orthographic system is presented. The Tile Test measures understanding of phoneme awareness, letter‐sound correspondences, decoding and spelling of words, sight‐word reading, and the application of decoding and spelling in sentences. Metalinguistic questions embedded within hands‐on interactive activities reveal the nature of children's problem‐solving strategies for decoding and spelling words. The instrument is efficient and flexible, and offers feedback to guide instruction. The authors describe the instrument, its administration, and scoring, as well as offer evidence of its validity and reliability. Examples of students' responses are provided to illustrate how analysis and interpretation of results are used to make instructional decisions. The authors discuss ways for teachers to adapt the individually administered test to match their curriculum and to accommodate small‐group settings.
Reading Acceleration Program: A Schoolwide Intervention
Authors: Feazell Victoria S.
Published: December 2004

This article shares the research‐based instructional techniques used in a reading program (Reading Acceleration Program, or RAP) in a school in which the majority of the students were English‐language learners and came from low‐income families. In this model, special education and general education teachers collaborated in order to intervene on behalf of struggling readers, both identified special education students and low‐performing general education students. Fluency training using cassette‐taped selections from grade‐level literature books was a key component of the program. Aspects of the traditional neurological impress method were employed in the fluency training. Phonemic awareness, music, rhythm, and fun were other major components of RAP. Participating students showed gains in reading skills as demonstrated by scaled score results on California Achievement Tests and on school‐based assessments.
Process/Content/Design/Critique: Generative and Dynamic Evaluation in a Digital World
Authors: Tierney Robert J. , Rogers Theresa
Published: December 2004

To illustrate assessment of multimedia work, the authors present three vignettes of classroom literacy involving new technologies and curricular goals. They recommend adoption of dynamic assessment tools, including electronic portfolios, to capture work in new media.
What Can Children's Spelling of Running and Jumped Tell Us About Their Need for Spelling Instruction?
Authors: Hauerwas Laura Boynton , Walker Joanne
Published: December 2004

This article describes effective instructional strategies for teaching verbs with inflected endings. The ability to spell past and present progressive verbs provides an example of how children need to learn to integrate their developing understanding of letter‐sound correspondences with knowledge of morphological and orthographic patterns in order to spell and write effectively. Furthermore, multisensory instruction that enables children to discover phonological, morphological, and orthographic patterns as well as instruction that incorporates opportunities for generalizing learning to context provides teachers with options for addressing these specific spelling deficits in children's written performance. While the instructional strategies described in this article were specifically designed for students who demonstrate difficulty spelling verbs with inflected endings, it is important to note that instruction in past and present progressive verbs also sets the groundwork for all students' future spelling development as they learn to spell words with multiple morphological units.
Young Children and Radical Change Characteristics in Picture Books
Authors: Pantaleo Sylvia
Published: December 2004

The Radical Change conceptual framework provides theory for understanding, appreciating, and evaluating three types of significant change in contemporary literature for children and youth: changing forms and formats, changing perspectives, and changing boundaries. A paucity of research has explored primary students' literary understandings of and responses to books with Radical Change characteristics. This article uses transcript excerpts from small‐group interactive read‐aloud sessions with grade 1 children to illustrate their understandings of and responses to the Radical Change characteristics in two picture books. The characteristics of Type One Radical Change (graphics in new forms and formats, words and pictures reaching new levels of synergy, nonlinear organization and format, nonsequential organization and format, multiple layers of meaning, and interactive formats), and one characteristics of Type Two Radical Change (multiple perspectives, visual and verbal), are used as a framework to discuss the grade 1 students' oral responses to and interpretations of the two books. The article also discusses the possibilities for language, literacy, and literary development afforded by picture books with Radical Change characteristics.
Cold Plums and the Old Men in the Water: Let Children Read and Write “Great” Poetry
Authors: Certo Janine L.
Published: December 2004

This article begins with a rationale for using “great” poems with children and the justification for linking the reading and writing of poetry. First, the author provides tips for teachers to use when selecting adult poems and offers a brief bibliography of classic poetry collections and anthologies appropriate for children. Next, suggestions for presenting and reading poems to students are given. Last, with anecdotes from her fifth‐grade classroom, she discusses how to use the reading of poetry as an opportunity for writing poetry in the classroom. The poetry link, which is a writing suggestion, statement, or assignment that stems from an original text, is a springboard to students' own writing. The author shows how this link, different from the traditional writing prompt, is created by students and the teacher, with the former taking the lead. The author advocates teaching “great” poetry to students to enhance students' perceptions, improve their writing, challenge their minds, and enrich their lives.
Using Book Talks to Promote High‐level Questioning Skills
Authors: Fischbaugh Rachel
Published: December 2004

Students need to ask high‐level questions in order to develop critical thinking and deep comprehension. To promote high‐level questioning skills, the author used book talks with her fifth‐grade students. This strategy intends to grab the audience's interest and make them want to read.
From Phonological Awareness to Fluency in Each Lesson
Authors: Smith Melinda , Walker Barbara J. , Yellin David
Published: December 2004

Many beginning readers struggle with decoding text. The current trend is to directly teach them decoding skills in repeated but isolated lessons; however, the authors propose that struggling second graders would benefit from instruction that both moves them through the development of phonic knowledge and focuses on meaning.
Poetry on the Screen
Authors: Labbo Linda D.
Published: December 2004

Can a classroom computer be made to behave in poetic ways? What is the difference between poetry encountered on the page and on the screen? Can educators use computers to create poetry experiences that make us and our students laugh or cry or wonder or turn the page (or link to another screen) until we find a poem that sings the tune we wish to hear? The author explores all these issues and makes practical suggestions for using technology to enhance the love of poetry.
What Do I Do With the Rest of the Kids? Ideas for Meaningful Independent Activities During Small‐group Reading Instruction
Authors: Opitz Michael F. , Ford Michael P.
Published: December 2004

The authors review several books that suggest ways to engage students in meaningful independent activities. Such activities are useful when the teacher is working with small guided reading groups and need to ensure that other students are still enhancing their literacy learning.
No Half Measures: Reading Instruction for Young Second‐Language Learners
Authors: Lenters Kimberly
Published: December 2004

Consideration of literacy practices that ensure success for young second‐language learners has become crucial for educators, given the growing linguistic diversity in an ever‐increasing number of regions, the limited resources of school systems, and the swirling public debate on bilingual education. This article explores principles regarding bilingualism and the young child as a means of untangling the occasionally conflicting interpretations found in the research. The picture that emerges from the discussion is that children experience important cognitive (in addition to affective) gains through bilingualism. These gains, however, are experienced only when both languages are developed to a point of proficiency so that transfer can take place between the two. It is this dual proficiency that we must keep in mind when we consider reading instruction for young second‐language learners. In general, the development of this proficiency dictates that throughout their primary school years, bilingual children should receive dual‐language instruction, with no half measures in either language. These specific findings also provide some guidelines for undertaking second‐language reading instruction with young children.
Motivating Student Interest With the Imagine, Elaborate, Predict, and Confirm (IEPC) Strategy
Authors: Wood Karen D. , Endres Clare
Published: December 2004

In order to make predictions about a text, students must have prior knowledge or experiences about the topic and a means or a reason to retrieve this latent information and knowledge. The Imagine, Elaborate, Predict, and Confirm (IEPC) strategy takes the predictive process back to its origins in the imagination and extends it throughout the prereading, reading, and postreading stages of a lesson. The strength of IEPC appears to be in the whole‐class participation aspect, which enables the teacher to guide, focus, and direct classwide responses and discussions, thereby capitalizing on the collective experiences of the students. The IEPC strategy has been sampled in over 30 classrooms ranging from kindergarten to middle and high school levels. While its elements are not new to teachers, the concept of having a tangible, visual framework to guide the predictive process throughout the reading seems to be beneficial for both teachers and students. The IEPC strategy has potential as a means to improve understanding and to motivate students to want to read assigned texts, both expository and narrative.
Concept Muraling: Dropping Visual Crumbs Along the Instructional Trail
Authors: Farris Pamela J. , Downey Portia M.
Published: December 2004

Concept muraling is a direct instructional approach that visually represents the material to be taught. Using simple illustrations, the teacher presents an aural overview of the content area text to be studied in a form of visual representation. When used as a scaffolding technique, concept muraling can provide students with the basic concepts needed to comprehend content area text. For diverse learners and those with learning disabilities, it can be a foundation for other learning.
Pd(II)‐Schiff Base Complexes Heterogenised on MCM‐41 and Delaminated Zeolites as Efficient and Recyclable Catalysts for the Heck Reaction
Authors: González‐Arellano C. , Corma A. , Iglesias M. , Sánchez F.
Published: December 2004

We present a widely applicable approach for the preparation of Pd‐complexes supported on silica‐based mesoporous and laminar inorganic solids (silica gel, purely siliceous and acidic MCM‐41, and delaminated zeolites ITQ‐2 and ITQ‐6) which involves the use of the Schiff bases 2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methyl‐6{(E)‐[(2S)‐1‐(1‐arylmethyl)pyrrolidinyl]imino}methylphenol (aryl=phenyl, 1‐naphthyl, 2‐naphthyl) as anchored ligands. As an extension of our research in “recyclable catalytic systems” we report results demonstrating the reactivity and recyclability of these systems for the Heck reaction (in a biphasic mode using ethylene glycol and toluene) and Suzuki coupling under phosphine‐free conditions. The complexes are insensitive to oxygen or moisture, and no change of their activity was observed when exposed to an open system during the usual operation. No palladium black was observed after an extended reaction time and no residual palladium was detected from the filtrate at the end of the reaction.
A Novel Thiourea Ligand Applied in the Pd‐Catalyzed Heck, Suzuki and Suzuki Carbonylative Reactions
Authors: Mingji Dai , Liang Bo , Wang Cuihua , You Zejin , Xiang Jing , Dong Guangbin , Chen Jiahua , Yang Zhen
Published: December 2004

A novel C2 symmetrical and sterically bulky thiourea ligand 1 has been successfully applied to Heck, Suzuki and Suzuki‐type carbonylative coupling reactions under aerobic conditions. Since the metal‐sulfur bond in the thiourea complexes is stronger than the metal‐phosphorus bond of typical phosphine complexes, thiourea ligands generally do not easily dissociate from the metal center under catalytic conditions, which establishes the thiourea 1‐based palladium complexes as effective catalysts for the palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions.
Arylation of Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Rhodium and Iridium 1,3‐R2‐Tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidenes: Structure‐Reactivity Correlations
Authors: Imlinger Nicolas , Mayr Monika , Wang Dongren , Wurst Klaus , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: December 2004

Six different well‐defined rhodium and iridium N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes, i.e., RhCl(1,3‐dimesityltetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidene)(COD) (1), RhBr(1,3‐dimesityltetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidene)(COD) (2), RhCl[1,3‐di(2‐propyl)tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidene](COD) (3), IrCl(1,3‐dimesityltetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidene)(COD) (4), Rh(CF3COO)(1,3‐dimesityltetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidene)(COD) (5), and IrBr[1,3‐di(2‐propyl)tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidene](COD) (6) (COD=1,5‐cyclooctadiene, mesityl=2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl) have been used as catalysts for the arylation of aldehydes and α,β‐unsaturated ketones using different arylboronic acids. Compounds 1–4 and 6 were prepared by reaction of [RhCl(COD)]2 and [IrCl(COD)]2, respectively, with a base and the corresponding 1,3‐R2‐tetrahydropyrimidinium salt. Compound 5 was prepared by reaction of 1.0 equivalents of CF3COOAg with 1. The use of an excess of CF3COOAg resulted in the replacement of Rh(I) by Ag(I) and yielded Ag(1,3‐dimesityltetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidene)+Rh2(CF3COO)3(COD)− (8). Compounds 4 and 8 were characterized by X‐ray analysis. The activity of the rhodium complexes increased in the order 5>3>1>2, indicating the necessity of strongly electron‐withdrawing groups at the metal centers, thus increasing their nucleophilicity. In due consequence, the “softer” iridium complexes 4 and 6 exhibited significantly reduced catalytic activity albeit with enhanced selectivity. The syntheses of the metal complexes as well as a detailed study on their reactivity in the arylation of carbonyl compounds using equimolar amounts of arylboronic acid and carbonyl compound in the presence of 0.08–1 mol % catalyst are presented.
Aromatic CH Borylation Catalyzed by Iridium/2,6‐Diisopropyl‐N‐(2‐pyridylmethylene)aniline Complex
Authors: Tagata Tsuyosi , Nishida Mayumi
Published: December 2004

The CH borylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds, such as benzene, 1,3‐dichlorobenzene, 1,3‐bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene, 2,6‐dichloropyridine, indole, benzothiophene and benzofuran, by bis(pinacolato)diboron or pinacolborane was catalyzed by a 1/2 [IrCl(COD)]2‐2,6‐diisopropyl‐N‐(2‐pyridylmethylene)aniline complex. The isopropyl groups of the ligand are essential for obtaining the products in high yield. Octane was a suitable solvent for the reactions of the above compounds except for indole. In the case of indole, DME was better than octane and the yield tended to improve with a smaller amount of the catalyst.
Novel Nickel‐Catalyzed Coupling Reaction of Allyl Ethers with Chlorosilanes, Alkyl Tosylates, or Alkyl Halides Promoted by Vinyl‐Grignard Reagent Leading to Allylsilanes or Alkenes
Authors: Terao Jun , Watabe Hiroyasu , Watanabe Hiroyuki , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: December 2004

A new method for a carbon‐silicon or carbon‐carbon bond forming reaction between allyl ethers and chlorosilanes, alkyl tosylates, or alkyl halides giving rise to allylsilanes or alkenes has been developed. This reaction proceeds efficiently at ambient temperature by the combined use of nickel catalysts and a vinyl‐Grignard reagent. A possible reaction pathway involving the formation of allyl‐Grignard reagents via transmetallation of π‐allylnickel complexes with the vinyl‐Grignard reagent and subsequent trapping of the thus formed allyl‐Grignard reagents with electrophiles is proposed.
Asymmetric Heck Reaction
Authors: Shibasaki Masakatsu , Vogl Erasmus M. , Ohshima Takashi
Published: December 2004

The asymmetric Heck reaction is a powerful method for the synthesis of both tertiary and quaternary chiral carbon centers, with an enantiomeric excess often greater than 80%, and in some cases much higher (up to 99% ee). A variety of carbocyclic and heterocyclic systems can be constructed, including spirocyclic systems. The scope of the reaction with respect to the product alkene isomerization is somewhat limited by problems of regioselectivity, however, these problems are surmountable, and a new generation of ligands that dissociate more rapidly from the products, might improve both enantio‐ and regiocontrol. A variety of chiral compounds prepared by the asymmetric Heck reaction were successfully utilized in the enantioselective syntheses of complex natural products.
Use of “Homeopathic” Ligand‐Free Palladium as Catalyst for Aryl‐Aryl Coupling Reactions
Authors: Alimardanov Asaf , Schmieder‐van de Vondervoort Lizette , de Vries André H. M. , de Vries Johannes G.
Published: December 2004

We have previously shown that the use of ligand‐free palladium employing Pd(OAc)2 as catalyst precursor in the Heck reaction of aryl bromides is possible if low catalyst loadings, typically between 0.01–0.1 mol % are used. We have now tested this phenomenon, which we have dubbed “homeopathic” palladium, in biaryl formation using the Suzuki, the Negishi and the Kumada cross‐coupling reactions. The Suzuki reaction of aryl bromides, both activated and deactivated, is possible using 0.02–0.05 mol % of Pd(OAc)2. In this reaction turnover frequencies up to 30,000 have been reached with activated substrates. Even aryl chlorides could be reacted if strongly electron‐withdrawing substituents were present. The Negishi coupling with a variety of arylzinc halides was possible on aryl bromides containing electron‐withdrawing substituents. The Kumada reaction only gave low yields of products under “homeopathic' conditions.
Enzymatic tailor‐made proteolysis of whey in a vortex flow reactor
Authors: Resende Miriam M. , Sousa Ruy , Tardioli Paulo W. , Giordano Raquel L. C. , Giordano Roberto C.
Published: December 2004

Enzymatic hydrolysis of cheese whey proteins with immobilized enzymes, providing a tailor‐made pool of peptides, within narrow ranges of molecular weight, might be an advantageous alternative for this by‐product of the dairy industry. In this work, Alcalase® was immobilized in agarose–glyoxyl gel beads and the proteolysis reaction was run in a continuous Taylor–Couette–Poiseuille reactor [or vortex flow reactor (VFR)], which presented efficient stirring without damaging the fragile beads. VFR mass transfer parameters were estimated after residence time distribution assays. Artificial neural networks were used to predict reaction rates of five ranges of peptide molecular weights. Using this hybrid model, a detailed description of the system was achieved. A bench‐scale VFR (radius ratio η = 0.48 and aspect ratio Γ = 11.9) was used to validate the model. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 21: 314–322, 2005
Modeling Al3+/H+ ion transport in Donnan membrane process for coagulant recovery
Authors: Prakash Prakhar , SenGupta Arup K.
Published: December 2004

A single‐step Donnan Membrane Process (DMP) has recently been investigated for selective recovery of Al3+ from water treatment plant residuals using cation exchange membranes. The DMP works on an electrochemical potential gradient and is not susceptible to fouling even in the presence of high concentration of particulates and natural organic matter (NOM). A step‐wise algorithm is presented to predict the kinetics of Al3+  H+ coupled transport using the Nernst‐Planck equation. The model includes the effect of solvent osmosis. Two characteristically different cation exchange membranes, namely the homogeneous Nafion 117 and the heterogeneous Ionac MC 3470, were included in the study. Both the membranes have hydrophilic properties when compared with recognized hydrophobic material, such as the polytetrafluoroethlylene (PTFE) surface. The average Al3+H+ interdiffusion coefficient (¯DAlH) value determined under nearly identical experimental conditions was an order of magnitude greater for the Nafion 117 membrane (10−10 m2/s) in comparison with Ionac MC 3470 membrane (10−11 m2/s). The lower diffusion coefficient values for Ionac MC 3470 membrane was attributed to the presence of nonionogenic pockets in the membrane phase that offer greater diffusional resistance to ion transport. A step‐wise protocol for the coupled transport of Al3+ and H+ during DMP successfully predicted the Al3+ recovery profile for both homogeneous and heterogeneous membranes. The Nafion 117 membrane could selectively recover Al3+ from water treatment plant residuals and could exclude dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the recovered solution through Donnan co‐ion exclusion. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 333–344, 2005
Molecular simulation of adsorption of HCFC‐22 in pillared clays
Authors: Yang Qingyuan , Bu Xinping , Zhong Chongli , Li Yi‐gui
Published: December 2004

An extensive grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation combined with quantum mechanics calculations has been conducted to investigate the dependency of the adsorption isotherms, local density profiles, and orientational behaviors of HCFC‐22 confined in pillared clays on pore width, porosity, pressure, and the density of the activated sites at 300 K. The calculated results suggest that there are optimal pore width and pressure for adsorption, and the effects of porosity and the activated sites on adsorption are significant at low pressure and become weaker with increasing pressure. A combination of the GCMC simulation and the quantum mechanics calculation results shows that hydrogen atom is the adsorption site of an HCFC‐22 molecule adsorbed on the pillared clay walls and most of the molecules in the contact layers orient perpendicularly to the walls in the direction of C → H when physical adsorption is predominant, and the orientation changes with increasing pressure. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 281–291, 2005
Extremely low frequency magnetic fields originating from equipment used for assisted reproduction, umbilical cord and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, transfusion, and hemodialysis
Authors: Moriyama Kosei , Sato Hiroyuki , Tanaka Kenji , Nakashima Yoshiyuki , Yoshitomi Kuniaki
Published: December 2004

The extremely low‐frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MFs) originating from equipment used for assisted reproduction, umbilical cord‐blood and peripheral‐blood stem cell transplantation, transfusion, and hemodialysis were measured. The ELF‐MF values were 0.1–1.2 μT on clean benches, <0.1–8.0 μT on inverted microscopes, <0.1–13.6 μT in CO2 incubators, 4.3–11.5 μT in centrifuges, 0.4–18.8 μT in programmed freezers, <0.1–0.3 μT in deep freezers, 0.3–3.1 μT on cell separators, and 0.2–0.9 μT in hemodialysers. Frequencies of MFs were nominally 60 Hz, but some devices showed non‐sinusoidal 120 Hz. Such MFs can be reduced by shielding the sources or altering the protocols employed. Bioelectromagnetics 26:69–73, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Main accessory sulcus of the liver
Authors: Macchi Veronica , Porzionato Andrea , Parenti Anna , Macchi Carlo , Newell Richard , De Caro Raffaele
Published: December 2004

It has been proposed that the superficial part of the portal fissures weakens the surface hepatic parenchyma, allowing the development of accessory sulci caused by diaphragmatic pressure. To evaluate the relationship of the sulci in the antero‐superior surface of the right liver with the right portal fissure, macroscopic post mortem examination of 85 livers was carried out and radio‐opaque resins were injected into the portal and hepatic venous systems to obtain vascular casts. After formalin fixation, the 85 livers also underwent CT and MR scans and 3D image elaboration. Diaphragmatic sulci were found in 32 cases. We studied the sulci located in the right liver, i.e., those that lay to the right of the line of Cantlie. They were found in 28 instances and in 16 cases they were multiple. In the livers with a single sulcus, it extended between the anterior and right surfaces of the right liver and showed a curved course downward and forward, toward the inferior margin. In the cases with multiple sulci, one sulcus always showed a course similar to that of the single sulci. The 28 sulci, with similar position and course, showed variable characteristics (mean length = 7.6 ± 2.7 cm, mean width = 0.8 ± 0.7 cm, mean depth = 1.4 ± 0.8 cm). Both radiological images and corrosion casts showed a correspondence between these sulci and the right hepatic vein and the right portal fissure in 71% of cases. These sulci may represent the variable expression (cranial, intermediate, or caudal portions) of a potential sulcus, the main accessory sulcus (MAS), that develops along a theoretically predictable course corresponding to the superficial part of the right portal fissure. The high prevalence of location of the MAS at the level of the upper part of the right portal fissure can be ascribed to the presence at this level of the watershed between the roots of the tributaries of the hepatic veins coming from segments VIII and VII, draining respectively into the middle and right hepatic veins. Thus, the coexistence of the two portal and hepatic venous boundaries may represent a further predisposition to the effects of diaphragmatic pressure. The MAS may represent a marking for the right portal fissure, and hence a superficial reference for the deep course of the right hepatic vein. Clin. Anat. 18:39–45, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using computer‐based interactive imagery strategies for designing instructional anatomy programs
Authors: Khalil M.K. , Lamar C.H. , Johnson T.E.
Published: December 2004

In an effort to design and implement effective anatomy educational programs, this study was conducted to evaluate students' perceptions toward using two computer‐based self‐directed instructional modules (e.g., digestive system and canine skull) that were designed utilizing interactive imagery strategy for teaching and learning veterinary anatomy. Sixty‐eight freshmen veterinary students and one graduate student participated in this study. Open‐ended and close‐ended questionnaires were administered to evaluate the utilization of computer‐based interactive imagery strategy in developing anatomy instructional programs, and to collect data about the students' perceptions toward the use of interactive images in teaching and learning of anatomy. Means and standard deviations were calculated and analyzed for close‐ended items. The open‐ended questionnaire items were analyzed to identify shared patterns or themes in the students' experience after using the two instructional anatomy modules. Students reported positive attitudes toward the interactive imagery strategy used in the development of computer‐based anatomy modules. Based on our findings, this study outlines the characteristics of effective instructional images that will serve as guidelines for the preparation and selection of anatomical images, as well as, how to utilize these images to develop computer‐based instructional anatomy programs. Students perceived interactive imagery as an effective design strategy that helped them learn anatomical concepts. Clin. Anat. 18:68–76, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validity and reliability of existing and modified clinical methods of measuring femoral and tibiofibular torsion in healthy subjects: Use of different reference axes may improve reliability
Authors: Tamari Kotaro , Tinley Paul , Briffa Kathy , Breidahl William
Published: December 2004

Previous studies have evaluated reliability and validity of clinical measurements of femoral and tibiofibular torsion, however, the results are conflicting, warranting an alternative method. The authors developed modified methods of measuring femoral and tibiofibular torsion using different reference axes, and validity and reliability of the modified and existing methods were examined in healthy subjects. Reference values were established using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the validity study. There were significant differences between all clinical methods and corresponding MRI outcomes (P < 0.05), whereas Pearson's correlation coefficients between the clinical methods and MRI ranged from 0.67–0.92. For modified methods, intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.89–0.97, whereas those of existing methods were 0.75–0.81. Modified methods were more precise, with standard error of measurements (SEM) of 1.5–2.9°, compared to existing methods (SEM = 4.0–5.1°). These results indicate that clinical methods available currently do not accurately measure true torsion of the femur and tibia. Nevertheless, the clinical methods may be useful for screening and descriptive purposes as indices of true torsion, and use of different reference axes could improve their reliability. Clin. Anat. 18:46–55, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between sex, age, and the minimum thickness of the roof of the glenoid fossa in normal temporomandibular joints
Authors: Honda Kazuya , Kawashima Shoji , Kashima Masahiro , Sawada Kunihiko , Shinoda Koji , Sugisaki Masashi
Published: December 2004

This autopsy study investigates the minimum thickness of the roof of the glenoid fossa of grossly normal temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and correlates this to gender and age. This study was based on 49 TMJ specimens collected from 26 male and 23 female cadavers whose mean age at death was 73.8 years (range = 50–96). No information was available about TMJ symptoms before death. A digital micrometer was used to measure the minimum thickness of the glenoid fossae. Comparisons were made based on gender and age. The mean value for the minimum roof thickness of all joint specimens examined was 0.8 mm. Mean values for male and female specimens were 0.8 and 0.7 mm, respectively, which were not significantly different. In addition, no age‐related differences were observed. The average thickness was 0.7 mm for individuals in their fifties, 0.8 mm for those in their sixties and seventies, 0.6 mm for those in their eighties, and 0.8 mm for individuals in their nineties. Although these data indicate that the minimum thickness of the glenoid fossa of the TMJ is not significantly correlated with sex or age in patients 50 years of age and older, they nonetheless provide additional information about normal TMJ anatomy, particularly with regard to our knowledge of joint remodeling and function in the disease and non‐disease states. Thickness of the glenoid fossa has also been implicated as a factor in facial trauma involving superior displacement of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa. The thickness of the glenoid fossa is also of potential interest during surgeries involving the glenoid fossa, such as TMJ arthroplasty or joint reconstruction. Clin. Anat. 18:23–26, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A predictive model for psychological reactions to crime in Italy: an analysis of fear of crime and concern about crime as a social problem
Authors: Amerio Piero , Roccato Michele
Published: December 2004

In this study a model for predicting fear of crime (FC) and concern about crime as a social problem (CC) in Italy has been built, using three sets of independent variables concerning: (a) the sociodemographic and criminal victimization domain; (b) the psychosocial domain; and (c) the mass media. A secondary analysis on data gathered by the Observatory of the North‐West (N = 3262, a mail panel that is representative of the Italian population over 18) has been performed. Results showed that FC and CC are related yet distinct constructs: FC is less widespread than CC, and has different predictors. FC predictors are sociodemographic, psychosocial and, above all, victimization variables; whereas mass media and psychosocial variables predict CC. Results were compared with the literature on the topic. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Women's experiences of workplace bullying: changes in social relationships
Authors: Lewis Sian E. , Orford Jim
Published: December 2004

This article reports a qualitative study, which investigated social processes in workplace bullying, based on in‐depth interviews with ten British women professionals who were targets of workplace bullying. Data were analysed using grounded theory methods. The resulting analysis showed links between disclosures of bullying, reactions of others, and some impacts on targets' psychological health. Key themes which emerged from the data included ‘being heard’ which describes how others reacted to disclosures of bullying behaviours, and the ‘ripple effect’ which describes how bullying impacted upon targets' significant others; these predominantly describe relationships with others outside the workplace. The theme of ‘withdrawal’ describes how targets and others managed relationships within the workplace, and ‘denial’ and ‘personalizing problems’ describe how others within the workplace responded to knowledge of bullying behaviours. The theme ‘maintaining self’ describes how participants responded to changed relationships and struggled to maintain a coherent sense of self during and subsequent to bullying. This research emphasizes the role of social processes and social environments, rather than individual or personality characteristics, in explaining the development of workplace bullying and its impacts on targets. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Policy: The inconspicuous barrier to expanding e‐learning in community colleges
Authors: Chaloux Bruce N.
Published: December 2004

Based on regional and national perspectives developed by the Southern Regional Education Board (SREB), this chapter examines policy barriers to e‐learning and related challenges community colleges must face if they are to create an open marketplace for e‐learning.
Application of radial basis meshless methods to direct and inverse biharmonic boundary value problems
Authors: Li Jichun
Published: December 2004

In this paper, we develop a non‐iterative way to solve biharmonic boundary value problems by using a radial basis meshless method. This is an original application of meshless method to solving inverse problems without any iteration, since traditional numerical methods for inverse boundary value problems mainly are iterative and hence very time‐consuming. Numerical examples are presented for inverse biharmonic boundary value problems and corresponding direct problems, since solving direct problems is a preliminary step for inverse problems. All our examples of direct and inverse problems are solved within seconds in CPU time on a standard PC, which makes our proposed technique a great potential candidate for wide‐spread applications to other inverse problems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction and application of a full‐coverage, high‐resolution, human chromosome 8q genomic microarray for comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: van Duin Mark , van Marion Ronald , Watson J. E. Vivienne , Paris Pamela L. , Lapuk Anna , Brown Nils , Oseroff Vanessa V. , Albertson Donna G. , Pinkel Daniel , de Jong Pieter , Nacheva Elizabeth P. , Dinjens Winand , van Dekken Herman , Collins Colin
Published: December 2004

Background

Array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) enables genome‐wide quantitative delineation of genomic imbalances. A high‐resolution contig array was developed specifically for chromosome 8q because this chromosome arm is frequently altered in many human cancers.

Methods

A minimal tiling path contig of 702 8q‐specific bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones was generated with a novel computational tool (BAC Contig Assembler). BAC clones were amplified by degenerative oligonucleotide primer (DOP) polymerase chain reaction and subsequently printed onto glass slides. For validation of the array DNA samples of gastroesophageal and prostate cancer cell lines, and chronic myeloid leukemia specimens were used, which were previously characterized by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization and conventional CGH.

Results

Single and double copy gains were confidently demonstrated with the 8q array. Single copy loss and high‐level amplifications were accurately detected and confirmed by bicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments. The 8q array was further tested with paraffin‐embedded prostate cancer specimens. In these archival specimens, the copy number changes were confirmed. In fresh and archival samples, additional alterations were disclosed. In comparison with conventional CGH, the resolution of the detected changes was much improved, which was demonstrated by an amplicon of 0.7 Mb and a deletion of 0.6 Mb, both spanned by only six BAC clones.

Conclusions

A comprehensive array is presented, which provides a high‐resolution method for mapping copy number alterations on chromosome 8q. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the way to the future: The knowledge‐based enterprise
Authors: Hejduk Irena K.
Published: December 2004

The knowledge employees, who constitute intellectual capital of contemporary organizations, are the essence of 21st century enterprises. Utilization of such intellectual capital requires making changes in the enterprise's organizational culture to implement efficient and effective knowledge management processes. The concept of knowledge management as a business tool is discussed, and definitions and classification of contemporary knowledge management strategies and techniques are provided herein. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 15: 5–14, 2005.
Flexibility‐based competition: Skills and competencies in the new Europe
Authors: Kozminski Andrzej K.
Published: December 2004

In this paper the competitive strength and weaknesses of unifying and enlarging Europe in the global economy are examined. The focus is on people at work, their skills, and competencies. The idea of flexibility‐based competition is developed implicating product and services portfolios, technologies, volumes, quality standards, distribution networks, and development cycles. Flexibility calls for speed maximizing management and special work force and labor markets characteristics. A new employment policy should change European labor markets making them more flexible and enabling “high‐speed management.” People able to adjust to flexible labor markets are described as “niche finders.” Those who are equipped to excel in such markets and to win the competition game are presented in this paper as “top performers.” Educational systems and particularly management education and development have to undergo deep restructuring to meet the challenge. An outline of new management education is provided. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 15: 35–47, 2005.
Amino acid signaling through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway: Role of glutamine and of cell shrinkage
Authors: Fumarola Claudia , Monica Silvia La , Guidotti Guido G.
Published: December 2004

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) mediates a signaling pathway that couples amino acid availability to S6 kinase (S6K) activation, translational initiation and cell growth rate, participating to a versatile checkpoint that inspects the energy status of the cell. The pathway is activated by branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA), leucine being the most effective, whereas amino acid dearth and ATP shortage lead to its deactivation. Glutamine‐ or amino acid‐deprivation and hyperosmotic stress induce a fast cell shrinkage (with marked decrease of the intracellular water volume) associated to mTOR‐dependent S6K1 dephosphorylation. Using cultured Jurkat cells, we have measured the changes of cell content and intracellular concentration of ATP, of relevant amino acids (BCAA) and of ninhydrin‐positive substances (NPS, as measure of NH2‐bearing organic osmolytes) under conditions that deactivate (leucine‐deprivation, glutamine‐deprivation, amino acid withdrawal, sorbitol‐induced hyperosmotic stress) or reactivate a previously deactivated, mTOR‐S6K1 pathway. We have also assessed the mitochondrial function by measurements of mitochondrial transmembrane potential in cells subjected to hypertonic stress. Our results indicate that diverse control signals converge on the mTOR‐S6K1 signaling pathway. In the presence of adequate energy resources, the pathway senses the amino acid availability as inward transport of effective amino acids (as BCAA and especially leucine), but its activation occurs only in the presence of an extracellular amino acid complement, with glutamine as obligatory component, and does not tolerate decrements of cell water volume incapable of maintaining adequate intracellular physicochemical conditions. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimized synthesis of lipase‐catalyzed biodiesel by Novozym 435
Authors: Chang Hung‐Min , Liao Hui‐Fen , Lee Chin‐Chia , Shieh Chwen‐Jen
Published: December 2004

The ability of immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) to catalyze the alcoholysis of canola oil and methanol was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) and five–level–five–factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD) were employed to evaluate the effects of synthesis parameters, such as reaction time, temperature, enzyme concentration, substrate molar ratio of methanol to canola oil, and added water content on percentage weight conversion of canola oil methyl ester by alcoholysis. Reaction temperature and enzyme concentration were the most important variables. High temperature and superabundant methanol inhibited the ability of Novozym 435 to catalyze the synthesis of biodiesel. Based on the analysis of ridge max, the optimum synthesis conditions were as follows: reaction time 12.4 h, temperature 38.0 °C, enzyme concentration 42.3%, substrate molar ratio 3.5:1, and added water 7.2%. The predicted value was 99.4% weight conversion, and the actual experimental value was 97.9% weight conversion. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Autofocusing in computer microscopy: Selecting the optimal focus algorithm
Authors: Sun Yu , Duthaler Stefan , Nelson Bradley J.
Published: December 2004

Autofocusing is a fundamental technology for automated biological and biomedical analyses and is indispensable for routine use of microscopes on a large scale. This article presents a comprehensive comparison study of 18 focus algorithms in which a total of 139,000 microscope images were analyzed. Six samples were used with three observation methods (brightfield, phase contrast, and differential interference contrast (DIC)) under two magnifications (100× and 400×). A ranking methodology is proposed, based on which the 18 focus algorithms are ranked. Image preprocessing was also conducted to extensively reveal the performance and robustness of the focus algorithms. The presented guidelines allow for the selection of the optimal focus algorithm for different microscopy applications. Microsc. Res. Tech. 65:139–149, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An interferon‐γ‐related cytokine storm in SARS patients
Authors: Huang Kao‐Jean , Su Ih‐Jen , Theron Michel , Wu Yi‐Chun , Lai Shu‐Kuan , Liu Ching‐Chuan , Lei Huan‐Yao
Published: December 2004

Fourteen cytokines or chemokines were analyzed on 88 RT‐PCR‐confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patients. IFN‐γ, IL‐18, TGF‐β, IL‐6, IP‐10, MCP‐1, MIG, and IL‐8, but not of TNF‐α, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐13, or TNFRI, were highly elevated in the acute phase sera of Taiwan SARS patients. IFN‐γ was significantly higher in the Ab(+) group than in the Ab(−) group. IFN‐γ, IL‐18, MCP‐1, MIG, and IP‐10 were already elevated at early days post fever onset. Furthermore, levels of IL‐18, IP‐10, MIG, and MCP‐1 were significantly higher in the death group than in the survival group. For the survival group, IFN‐γ and MCP‐1 were inversely associated with circulating lymphocytes count and monocytes count, but positively associated with circulating neutrophils count. It is concluded that an interferon‐γ‐related cytokine storm was induced post SARS coronavirus infection, and this cytokine storm might be involved in the immunopathological damage in SARS patients. J. Med. Virol. 75:185–194, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and virological characteristics of untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C who develop serum alanine aminotransferase flare‐up
Authors: Hiraga Nobuhiko , Suzuki Fumitaka , Akuta Norio , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Sezaki Hitomi , Hosaka Tetsuya , Someya Takashi , Kobayashi Masahiro , Saitoh Satoshi , Arase Yasuji , Ikeda Kenji , Kobayashi Mariko , Matsuda Marie , Watabiki Sachiko , Satoh Junko , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: December 2004

Among patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) rarely increases above 500 IU/L. We examined the clinical and virological features of untreated patients with serum ALT ≥ 500 IU/L. One thousand seven hundred and sixty adult patients with chronic HCV infection were followed‐up. Among these patients, 22 developed ALT flare‐up (M:F = 13:9, median age, 50.5 years). We evaluated liver function tests, genotype, and viral titer in these patients and 44 randomly selected age‐ and sex‐matched control without ALT flare‐up. In four patients with ALT flare‐up, we examined changes in viral loads and sequential changes in amino acid sequences of the core region, hypervariable region 1 (HVR1), and interferon sensitivity determining region (ISDR) before and after ALT flare‐up. Multivariate analysis identified genotype 2 as the only significant determinant of ALT flare‐up. ALT flare‐up occurred in three of four patients without increase in viral load. Several alterations in amino acids were noted in HVR1 before and within 6 months of ALT flare‐up. One or two alterations in the core region and many alterations in HVR1 were noted after ALT flare‐up in some patients. Genotype 2 is an important factor for ALT flare‐up. However, we could not directly relate ALT flare‐up to these alterations in amino acids of the core region, HVR1, and ISDR. J. Med. Virol. 75:240–248, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.