bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune Response in Vitro to Salmonella H-Antigens, Not Affected by Anti-Theta Serum
Authors: Diener E. , O'Callaghan Frances , Kraft N.
Published: December 2022

Treatment of mouse spleen cells with antiserum cytotoxic to theta antigens does not affect the subsequent immune response in vitro to Salmonella H-antigens. Similarly treated cells fail to initiate an immune response to sheep erythrocytes. This finding represents a strong argument for the existence of immune responses to certain antigens which do not require thymus-derived cells.
Immunoglobulin Receptors on Mouse Mast Cells. II. Mast Cells of Different Strains and Mastocytomas
Authors: Ovary Zoltan
Published: December 2022

Immunoglobulin receptors on free peritoneal mouse mast cells have been demonstrated by using the indirect rosette technique (1). As free mouse peritoneal mast cells probably bound antibody molecules only weakly, it would be expected that the indirect technique would be much more sensitive than the direct technique. The indirect technique involves the mixing of the mast cell suspension with antibody-coated erythrocytes, while in the direct technique the antibody is mixed with the mast cells followed by the addition of erythrocytes.

We also demonstrated that a great difference exists between the different strains of inbred mice with respect to the ability of free peritoneal mast cells to release their histamine content upon contact with antibody and antigen in vitro (2). A possible explanation of the failure of histamine release by the addition of antibody and antigen is the absence of receptors for immunoglobulins on these mast cells.
Titration and Typing of Serum Antibodies in Tric Infections by Immunofluorescence
Authors: Hanna Lavelle , Jawetz Ernest , Nabli Bechir , Hoshiwara Isao , Ostler Bruce , Dawson Chandler
Published: December 2022

An indirect immunofluorescence test was employed to detect and quantitate serum antibodies to trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) antigens of 6 types. This test was markedly more specific and sensitive than the group-reactive complement-fixation test. Striking differences in antibody patterns were detected in different groups of patients suffering from acute or chronic TRIC infections. Among Tunisian children 67% had antibody which was primarily directed against TRIC types A or C. Among American Indian students, 33% had antibody which was directed mainly against TRIC types B, D, or E, but not against A or C. Most San Francisco patients with acute oculogenital TRIC infection had antibodies broadly reactive with all 6 TRIC antigen types A to E. Some immunologic and epidemiologic implications of these results are discussed.
Maturation of the Immune Response to Soluble Rat Collagen: Late Appearance of Antibodies Directed to N-Terminal Sites of the α2-Chain
Authors: Timpl R. , Furthmayr H. , Beil W.
Published: December 2022

The specificity of rabbit antibodies to neutral salt-soluble rat skin collagen was studied by the aid of cyanogen bromide peptides. Early antisera contained mainly antibodies directed to C-terminal sequences of the α1 as well as of the α2 polypeptide chains. During hyperimmunization these titers usually were reduced and new α2-chain specific antibodies appeared. Inhibition tests demonstrated that they are directed to the N-terminal sequence. An increase in antigen dosage did not alter the early response. No exclusive relation of one of the different specificities to IgM antibodies could be demonstrated. The results were discussed in terms of competition between distinct antigenic determinants in the collagen molecule.
Genetic Control of Immune Response to Glutamic Acid, Alanine, Tyrosine Copolymers in Mice
Authors: Merryman Carmen F. , Maurer Paul H.
Published: December 2022

The immune responsiveness of 21 inbred and congenic strains of mice to two copolymers of L-glutamic acid, L-alanine and L-tyrosine, GAT10 and GAT4, was investigated. Mice of the H-2a, H-2b, H-2d and H-2k histocompatibility alleles were responders to GAT10, whereas strains possessing the H-2f, H-2j, H-2p, H-2q, H-2r, H-2s and H-2w histocompatibility alleles were nonresponders, indicating an association between immune responsiveness and the H-2 locus. Although the response to GAT4 was also linked to H-2 locus as above, the P strain having the H-2p allele produced a minimal response. The study of the specificity of the antibody produced with the cross-reacting polymers GA(T2) and GT indicated that the recognition of the antigenic determinant is under separate genetic control.
Further Characterization of the Local Respiratory Tract Antibody Response Induced by Intranasal Instillation of Inactivated Rhinovirus 13 Vaccine
Authors: Buscho Robert F. , Perkins John C. , Knopf Harry L. S. , Kapikian Albert Z. , Chanock Robert M.
Published: December 2022

The nasal secretory antibody response of volunteers vaccinated intranasally with an inactivated rhinovirus type 13 vaccine was further characterized. It appeared that intranasal vaccination induced resistance to challenge which lasted at least 6 months. The local neutralizing antibody which developed was specific for type 13 virus and this antibody persisted for at least 330 days following vaccination. Finally, there was a suggestion that the local respiratory tract secretory immune response possesses some degree of immunologic memory.
Use of Chicken Tracheal Organ Cultures for Studying Resistance of Respiratory Epithelium to Viral Infection
Authors: Finkelstein Martin S. , McWilliams Michael , Huizenga Charles G.
Published: December 2022

Chicken tracheal explants have been used for measuring tracheal resistance to virus infection. This model offers many advantages over studies in intact animals. Resistance can be stimulated in vitro or in the donor animal in vivo. Preliminary results show that tracheal resistance, mediated at least in part by interferon, was dependent upon the route used to administer the interferon inducer. Interferon was not detected in the trachea or serum of protected chickens at the time studied. Antiviral resistance could also be stimulated in the donor chicken by prior immunization. Tracheal resistance developed only in those chickens immunized by the intra-tracheal route. Resistance correlated with tracheal, but not with serum antibody titer. Resistance could be partially blocked by exogenously applied rabbit anti-chicken globulin, suggesting that some of the antibody responsible for the protection was located in superficial sites.
Stimulation in vivo and in vitro of Anti-Dinitrophenyl Antibodies with Homologous Protein Carriers Devoid of Hapten
Authors: Strausbauch Paul H. , Tarrab Rebeca , Sulica Andrei , Sela Michael
Published: December 2022

Rabbits were immunized with dinitrophenyl-protein conjugates in complete Freund's adjuvant. After 2 to 4 weeks single cell suspensions were made from the spleens of these animals and cultured in vitro. A positive anti-dinitrophenyl secondary response was obtained in these cultures upon subsequent exposure to either dinitrophenyl-homologous protein carrier or homologous carrier alone. No response was obtained after addition of either dinitrophenyl-heterologous protein conjugate or unrelated protein. A positive response was indicated by an increase in cell proliferation, appearance of specific antibody-producing cells, and formation of soluble antibodies upon addition of antigen. Moreover, in vivo boosting with carrier protein alone of rabbits which had been previously immunized with dinitrophenyl-protein conjugate resulted in increased production of antibodies with a specificity for the dinitrophenyl hapten. Analysis of the antibodies produced by the rabbits immunized with hapten-protein conjugates revealed that a certain proportion of them were directed towards “shared” determinants, i.e., determinants partially composed of the hapten group and partially of the protein carrier in the vicinity of hapten attachment. The carrier boosting effect observed in the in vitro and in vivo experiments appeared to be due to stimulation of cells producing antibodies with such “shared” determinants.
The Antigen Specificity of Thymus-Derived Helper Cells
Authors: Hoffmann Michael , Kappler John W.
Published: December 2022

Heterologous erythrocytes have long been in general use as multideterminant antigens. The development of the hemolytic plaque assay has allowed the enumeration of individual cells producing antibody directed against an erythrocyte determinant (1). In the response of mouse spleen cells, it has been shown in vitro (2) and in vivo (3) that a portion of the plaque-forming cells (PFC) which arise to the sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) antigen also yields plaques or “cross-reacts” with the erythrocytes of the closely related species, goat (GRBC), but not with those of the phylogenetically more distant species, burro (BRBC). It is assumed that the extent of cross-reactivity of these PFC reflects to some degree the extent of cross-reactivity of the receptors on their bone marrow-derived precursors (B-cells).

Immunization of mice with heterologous erythrocytes also leads to a rapid increase in the spleen in the number of thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) with receptors specific for erythrocyte determinants (4, 5).
Immunoglobulin M: Identification of an Unusual Fragment Following High Temperature Trypsin Proteolysis
Authors: Plaut Andrew G. , Calvanico Nickolas , Tomasi Thomas B.
Published: December 2022

A fragment (Int-L) of m.w. 20,000 containing 25% carbohydrate has been identified in (Fc)5µ preparations obtained from high temperature trypsin digests of human λ type IgM molecules. This fragment consists of two disulfide linked components, one related to λ light chains and the second a portion of µ chain which presumably contains the carbohydrate. The intact fragment is univalent with respect to most anti-λ antisera which precipitate it only following reduction of disulfide bonds.

The Int-L has not been precisely localized in the IgM molecule. Some evidence indicates it may arise from outside the Fab fragment raising the possibility that it represents a third L chain per IgM subunit.
Hemagglutination-Inhibiting (HI) Antibody Response Against Rubella Virus in Non-Pregnant and Pregnant Rabbits and Transmission of Antibody to Young
Authors: Inouye Sakae , Kono Reisaku
Published: December 2022

The HI antibody response to rubella virus was studied in pregnant and non-pregnant rabbits and the classes of antibodies produced were analyzed by means of sucrose density gradient centrifugation and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The time of appearance of the antibodies belonging to the fast and slow-moving fractions of IgG, IgA and IgM was determined.

Transmission of antibody from the pregnant doe to the body fluids of its fetuses was studied. It was found that, as reported by Brambell et al. (1–4) 19S as well as 7S rubella HI antibody and anti-sheep erythrocyte hemolysins, utilized as a control, were transmitted from mother to the fetal blood, gastric juice and amniotic fluid. Natural agglutinins to goose erythrocytes were encountered in the fetal serum but were not detected in fetal gastric juice nor in the amniotic fluid; these agglutinins were sedimented in approximately the 11S fractions and were sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME).
Cytochalasin B
Authors: Becker Elmer L. , Davis A. Todd , Estensen Richard D. , Quie Paul G.
Published: December 2022

Cytochalasin B (2 to 4 µg/ml) reversibly inhibits the chemotactic response of human and rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes to a bacterial chemotactic factor or to the complement derived factor, C5a. At lower concentrations (1 to 0.1 µg/ml or less) Cytochalasin B actually stimulates chemotaxis. Spontaneous movement of the leukocyte is reversibly inhibited at concentrations as low as 0.2 µg/ml. Enhancement of the spontaneous motility has not been observed at this or lower concentrations.
Immunologic Deficiencies in Senescence
Authors: Price G. B. , Makinodan T.
Published: December 2022

The purpose of this investigation was to characterize immunologic deficiences which occur in senescent mice. Deficiencies intrinsic to the principal cell populations that participate in the events leading to production of specific antibody-forming cells in response to antigen stimulation were analyzed by limiting-dilution and dose-response analyses. A quantitative increase in thymus-derived cell frequency and a decrease in bone marrow-derived cell frequency were found. Both old thymus-derived and old bone marrow-derived cells were found to be less capable of growth and proliferation than the respective young cell populations. Efficiency of antigen processing was found to be reduced by about 10-fold, as judged by the minimum amount of antigen necessary for maximum stimulation of the immune system in young and in old mice.
Migration Inhibitory Effect of Cell-Free Supernatants from Mixed Human Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Clausen Jens Erik
Published: December 2022

Cell-free supernatants from mixed human lymphocyte cultures inhibited the migration of non-separated human peripheral leucocytes and purified polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The maximum inhibitory effect was observed in 4-day cultures, but even after 2 days inhibitory effect was demonstrated. The migration inhibitory factor (MIF) from mixed lymphocyte cultures was non-dialyzable, 56°C heat-stable and non-sedimentable at 78,000 × G. MIF was produced also in mixed cultures of lymphocytes pretreated with mitomycin C although the inhibitory effect was diminished in most of these experiments. The migration inhibition was demonstrated with an agarose plate technique which permits examination of only a few hundred microliters of unconcentrated MIF-containing supernatant.
A Model System for Study of Subcellular Distribution of Cell Surface Antigens
Authors: Wilson Lawrence A. , Boyle William
Published: December 2022

A model system is described for the study of cell surface antigens and their subcellular distribution. The nuclear sediment of a rat liver homogenate was subjected to a rate zonal centrifugation for the partial separation of subcellular organelles. The problem of obtaining pure preparations of all subcellular organelles was circumvented by careful quantitation of enzyme markers for all the major membranous organelles in each fraction. Large plasma membrane fragments were isolated free of contaminating organelles as determined by enzyme markers. After quantitation of a cell surface antigen by a cytotoxicity inhibition assay with selected fractions, enzyme to antigen ratios were calculated. The antigen detected in this study was found to be limited to the plasma membrane. The ratios of the plasma membrane-enzyme-marker to antigen content were essentially constant in all fractions regardless of varying degrees of contamination by other subcellular organelles. This system offers several advantages, one of which is the estimation of a surface antigen on other subcellular organelles without the necessity of obtaining “pure” fractions of each organelle. In addition, the model eliminates repetitive sedimentation of the organelles with its consequent aggregation of membranes which would interfere with quantitative antibody absorptions. The system is also applicable to livers of other species and provides liver plasma membranes of good purity with only one gradient rate sedimentation.
Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Bell David A. , Leblond Pierre F. , Leddy John P. , Lauf Peter K. , LaCelle Paul L. , Weed Robert I.
Published: December 2022

Erythrocytes of 19 sheep comprising 3 genetic types were studied for susceptibility to lysis by constant amounts of rabbit hemolysin and human complement. The sheep were classified as low K+ (LK) or high K+ (HK) by red cell K+ concentrations and then as antigenic types LL, LM or MM by detection of L and M erythrocyte antigens with specific antisera. The three genetic types of red cells consistently yielded differing levels of hemolysis in the following order of sensitivity: LK (LL) τ; LK (LM) τ; HK (MM). These differences could not be overcome by higher doses of antibody, were observed with both IgM and IgG hemolysin, and were not attributable to differing rates of hemolysis. A high K+ medium enhanced immune lysis of HK (MM) and LK (LM) cells but not LK (LL) cells. When the relationship of immune lytic potential of red cells to their sphericity and rigidity was examined by microscopic morphology, osmotic fragility and cellular deformability, heterogeneity was encountered within genetic types. The practical importance of these genetic differences in sheep erythrocytes for laboratories performing complement assays as a clinical service is demonstrated by comparative CH50 titers on representative human sera.
Production and Characterization of Migration Inhibitory Factor(s) (MIF) of Established Lymphoid and Non-Lymphoid Cell Lines
Authors: Papageorgiou Photini S. , Henley Walter L. , Glade Philip R. , Okas Sirje
Published: December 2022

Lymphoid cells from established human lymphoid suspension cultures migrate in vitro like guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. Used as indicator cells in the capillary migration technique, these cultured cells appear to be more sensitive than guinea pig peritoneal macrophages to migration inhibitory products. Human lymphoid cell line supernatants contain a factor(s) which inhibits the migration of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages and the cultured lymphoid cells. A number of non-lymphoid cell lines including HeLa, human embryonic lung, rat thymus and malignant hamster brain tumor, were found to contain similar migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-like activity in their supernatants. The MIF derived from the supernatants of a human lymphoid (SWB-46A) and a human non-lymphoid (HeLa) cell line were characterized and compared. The MIF produced by these cell lines were found in the present studies to be similar in many respects including: a) inhibition of cultured human lymphoid cell migration by crude supernatants, b) peak inhibitory activities in the same fractions (m.w. 10,000 to 30,000) following separation by ultrafiltration, c) similar elution profiles from Sephadex G-50 (peak inhibitory activity elutes between enzyme markers of m. w. 12,400 and 25,000), d) non-dialyzability and e) heat stability at 56°C for 30 min. The similarity found in the properties of these MIF suggests that migration inhibitory factor is not solely a lymphoid product.
Passive Immunization against the Local Shwartzman Reaction
Authors: Braude Abraham I. , Douglas Herndon
Published: December 2022

Passive immunization with rabbit antiserum to endotoxin prevented the Shwartzman reaction due to homologous and heterologous endotoxins. Homologous protection lasted at least 1 month, was conferred with the 19S fraction, and was accompanied by accelerated clearance of radioactive endotoxin from the circulating blood. Heterologous protection was not accompanied by accelerated clearance of endotoxin and bore no relationship to “0” antibody. Antiserum to the epimerase-deficient rough mutant J5 of Escherichia coli 0:111, which cannot incorporate “0” antigenic units, gave better protection than antiserum to smooth endotoxins. These results indicate that antiserum prevents the Shwartzman reaction by action against a toxic antigen common to endotoxins from unrelated bacterial genera; that loss of “0” antigenic units may enhance the production of protective antisera; and that accelerated clearance of endotoxin from the circulation is not necessary for protection.
Clearance of Equine Antitoxin-Toxin Complexes by the Reticuloendothelial System
Authors: Normann Sigurd J.
Published: December 2022

Antitoxins are frequently equine IgA (T) immunoglobulins which fix complement poorly and form soluble complexes in antitoxin excess. Such antisera produce unusual vascular clearance of toxin-antitoxin complexes. Clearance in rats of staphylococcal enterotoxin-equine antitoxin complexes has been examined throughout the range of antigen to antibody ratios by varying the amount of passively administered antitoxin. In toxin excess, clearance of the complexes was slow and independent of antisera concentration until sufficient antitoxin was present to bind 80% of the toxin. At equivalence, clearance was rapid; cellular localization revealed the majority of complexes in reticuloendothelial system (RES) cells. In antibody excess, high molecular weight non-precipitating complexes were formed yet the clearance rate slowed, decreasing further with additional excess antisera. Clearance rate correlated with the amount of precipitate formed in vitro at equivalent antitoxin to toxin ratios. These observations suggest that rapid removal of toxin and its catabolism by RE cells cannot be an important mechanism of detoxification by antibody in vivo. In fact, equine antitoxin functioned as an opsonin only when it reacted with toxin to produce aggregates whose solubility in plasma appeared to be the critical determinant to recognition by the RES.
Immunologic Response Restored by Macrophages in Mice with Immunosuppression Due to Normal RNA
Authors: Londner M. V. , Morini J. C. , Amerio Nelly , Font María Teresa , Rabasa S. L.
Published: December 2022

The immunosuppressive effect of normal RNA has been reported previously by several authors (1–4), but its site of action is unknown. Recently, we (5) found that normal RNA depressed the immunologic system when injected 5 days before the antigen, confirming the results of others (1, 2). These experiments show that normal RNA effects both humoral and cellular immunity.

The purpose of this work is to determine where in the immunologic sequence RNA acts when administered before the antigen. If the immunologic sequence is assumed to be: antigen-macrophage-sensitized immunocyte (lymphocyte or plasma cell), it should be possible to restore the normal immunologic response after the administration of RNA by injecting these cells from isogenic normal donors if RNA acts on them. In the present experiment the action of normal macrophages has been investigated.
Antigen and Antibody in Aleutian Disease in Mink. I. Precipitation Reaction by Agar-Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Cho Hyun J. , Ingram D. G.
Published: December 2022

An antigen in tissue from mink infected with Aleutian disease, detectable by agar-gel electrophoresis, was partially purified by fluorocarbon treatment and concentration by ultracentrifugation from the spleen, kidney and liver of experimentally infected mink. Antibody against this antigen, which seems to be specific for AD, appeared as early as 9 days after experimental infection. Normal animals had no detectable antigen or antibody specific for AD virus.
Endocytosis by Lymphocytes of Complexes of Anti-Ig with Membrane-Bound Ig
Authors: Unanue Emil R. , Perkins William D. , Karnovsky Morris J.
Published: December 2022

Spleen lymphocytes that were incubated at low temperatures with fluorescent or 125I-labeled anti-Ig showed Ig molecules throughout the membrane as evidenced by immunofluorescence or electron microscopic autoradiographs. Incubation of these lymphocytes at 37°C resulted in the rapid endocytosis of the membrane anti-Ig-Ig complex.
Release of Cell Surface Immunoglobulin by Mouse Splenic Lymphocytes
Authors: Vitetta Ellen S. , Uhr Jonathan W.
Published: December 2022

Considerable evidence has accumulated that Ig is present on lymphocytes where it acts as antigen specific receptor (1). We have recently described a method for the isolation and characterization of this cell surface Ig and have demonstrated that it is predominantly 8S IgM on mouse splenic lymphocytes (2).

The purpose of the present study was to determine the fate of cell surface Ig in splenic lymphocytes from nonimmunized mice. This information would be helpful in eventually achieving an understanding of the effect of antigen interaction on the receptor and the mechanism by which this effect is translated into a signal for stimulation of the lymphocyte.

Our results indicate that cell surface Ig turns over rapidly and is released during in vitro incubation.

Materials and Methods. Preparation of iodinated splenic lymphocytes. Splenic lymphocytes from adult BALB/c mice were prepared and iodinated as previously described (2).
Antibody Affinity and Valence in Viral Neutralization
Authors: Blank Susan Erma , Leslie Gerrie A. , Clem L. William
Published: December 2022

This work shows that viral neutralization appears to be a function not only of antibody concentration but also of affinity, valence, and possibly molecular configuration of antibody. When antibody molecules of similar valence are grouped, neutralization increases with increasing molecular affinity. Conversely, if antibody molecules have comparable affinities, an increase in valence markedly increases neutralization. From these studies it appears that valency is perhaps the greater factor contributing to the neutralizing efficiency of antibody molecules. These findings also seem to indicate that the phage neutralization assay may not be accurate for quantitative antibody comparisons.
Surface Antigen Produced by Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Authors: Ito Michio , Barron Almen L.
Published: December 2022

Surface antigen of cells infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) was studied by mixed agglutination technique. The surface antigen was stable to heat at 56°C, formalin, periodate and 2-4-dinitrophenol, but was not detected after treatment with acetone or ethanol. Surface antigen preceded infectious virus and required protein synthesis. DNA synthesis was not required since cytosine arabinoside did not inhibit production of surface antigen. HSV surface antigen was not shared by other members of the herpesvirus group. Detection of surface antigen by mixed agglutination was distinguished from surface conditions responsible for adherence of sensitized sheep erythrocytes.
Studies on Human Secretory Immunoglobulin A
Authors: Mestecky Jiri , Kulhavy Rose , Kraus Frederick W.
Published: December 2022

Secretory IgA (S-IgA), in dissociating media, released small portions of secretory component (SC) and light chains but no J chain. After oxidative sulfitolysis, or reduction and alkylation followed by gel filtration in 5 M guanidine-HCl, SC was eluted in the heavy chain fraction, and J chain in the light chain fraction. A considerable portion of SC and J chain was released by oxidative sulfitolysis in the absence of dissociating agents and separated by gel filtration in neutral buffer. Data indicate one SC and one J chain per molecule of 11S S-IgA. The proposed molecular formula is (α2L2)2J1SC1.
Quantitation of Immunoglobulin Genes by Nucleic Acid Hybridization with RNA from Myeloma and Spleen Microsomes
Authors: Storb Ursula
Published: December 2022

Nucleic acid hybridization has been used in an attempt to determine the fraction of spleen DNA which is homologous to immunoglobulin messenger RNA (mRNA). Microsomes prepared from the mouse myeloma MOPC 104E and from spleens of mice hyperimmunized with Salmonella typhi were used as a source of RNA rich in immunoglobulin mRNA. It was shown that RNA extracted from microsomes contained a very limited number of RNA species and was essentially uncontaminated by other cytoplasmic and nuclear RNAs. Hyperimmune spleen DNA was hybridized with radiolabeled RNA from spleen and myeloma microsomes in the presence of unlabeled liver RNA. It was assumed that liver RNA should compete for the binding of most or all microsomal RNA species other than immunoglobulin mRNA. The amount of presumptive immunoglobulin mRNA bound indicated that spleen cells contain about 6 to 14 × 103 sequences per haploid genome for immunoglobulins of the size of the variable region of immunoglobulin polypeptide chains. The data favor germ line rather than somatic theories of the genetic basis of antibody variability.
The Effect of Actinomycin D and 5-Azacytidine on Macromolecular Synthesis in Murine Myeloma Tumor Cells
Authors: Shutt Richard H. , Krueger Robert G.
Published: December 2022

A tissue culture-adapted cell line of the murine myeloma tumor MOPC 21 was employed to study the relationship between RNA and protein synthesis in myeloma tumor cells. This cell line constitutively synthesizes and secretes a large proportion of its total cellular protein as a homogeneous γG immunoglobulin. Two inhibitors which function at the level of transcription, actinomycin D and 5-azacytidine, were used to obtain an estimate for the half-life of the mRNA coding for myeloma globulin. While a high concentration of actinomycin D (5.0 µg/ml) inhibited RNA synthesis by greater than 95% after one hr of incubation, a high concentration of 5-azacytidine (100 µg/ml) allowed considerable RNA synthesis for 4 hr. The half-life of the myeloma mRNA, as estimated by measuring the capacity to synthesize and secrete myeloma globulin while transcription of functional mRNA was inhibited, appeared to be of the order of 2 to 3 hr. The average half-life of the mRNA coding for total intracellular protein appeared to be similar to that of the globulin mRNA by these methods. The protein secreted in the presence of both actinomycin D and 5-azacytidine was in the form of a reduced amount of intact γG globulin. Neither inhibitor showed a nonspecific effect on incorporation in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system. The implications of a relatively short-lived mRNA coding for myeloma globulin are discussed.
Hereditary C2 Deficiency with Some Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Agnello V. , de Bracco M. M. E. , Kunkel H. G.
Published: December 2022

A family with hereditary C2 deficiency was studied. The proposita, homozygous for this trait, showed certain clinical and serologic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus which included a widespread skin rash and a positive LE cell test.
A Rapid Solid Phase Radioimmunoassay for Staphylococcal B Enterotoxin
Authors: Collins William S. , Metzger Joseph F. , Johnson Anna D.
Published: December 2022

This paper describes a rapid sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay procedure for staphylococcal enterotoxin B, which can be applied to A and C. The procedure is 100-fold more sensitive thandescribed immunodiffusion and precipitin methods and is reliable at a level of 0.01 µg/ml. It is usable for detection ad measurement of enterotoxin in foodstuffs, biologic fluids and toxin preparations, both purified and crude.
Identification of Basophil Granulocytes as a Site of Allergic Histamine Release
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , DeBernardo Robert , Tomioka Hisao , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. , Ishizaka Kimishige
Published: December 2022

Human blood was fractionated by differential centrifugation on a Hypaque-Ficoll layer, followed by chromatography on a glass-bead column. Analysis of subfractions of leukocytes thus obtained indicated that essentially all histamine in human leukocytes was associated with basophil granulocytes. Histamine release experiments from the subfractions by anti-IgE and by allergen showed that histamine release was induced by IgE-anti-IgE or allergen-IgE antibody reaction on basophil granulocytes. None of the neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes is involved in the mechanisms of histamine release. It was confirmed that anti-IgG-released histamine from leukocytes of some atopic patients. In spite of the presence of IgG on neutrophils, none of the neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes is essential for anti-IgG-induced histamine release. A minute amount of IgG was demonstrated on basophil granulocytes from both atopic and normal individuals by autoradiography, and evidence was obtained that the reaction of the basophil-bound IgG with anti-IgG is accompanied by histamine release from the cells.
Immunological Enhancement of Skin Grafts in the Mouse
Authors: Jeekel Johannes J. , McKenzie Ian F. C. , Winn Henry J.
Published: December 2022

The survival times of B10.D2 mouse skin grafted onto B6AF1 recipients were significantly and consistently prolonged through treatment of the hosts with B6AF1 anti-B10.D2 serum. In this experimental system the grafts contain only one isoantigenic specificity, H-2.31, which is absent in the recipients' tissues. It is thus possible to suppress specifically the host response to all relevant antigens in the graft. The importance of this condition in obtaining enhancement of skin grafts was shown through the use of grafts which contained, in addition to H-2.31, other H-2 or non-H-2 antigens not present in the recipient mice. In these cases, prolongation of survival was not observed or was less striking than that observed for B6AF1 hosts. Injections of serum given on alternate days until rejection occurred were only slightly more effective than a single injection given at the time of grafting, and second set grafts were completely unaffected by antiserum. Both of these observations suggest that interference with the effector mechanisms of immunity does not play an important role in enhancement of skin grafts. Marked prolongation of graft survival was observed when recipients received total body x-irradiation (400 R) and anti-H-2.31.
Serial Passive Transfers of Immune Response by an Immune Ribonucleic Acid Preparation
Authors: Kurashige Satonori , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: December 2022

An immune ribonucleic acid (RNA) preparation was extracted with phenol from the spleens of mice immunized with Salmonella flagella. This material was able to induce immunologic memory cells to respond to a secondary antigen stimulus. Administration of actinomycin D inhibited this ability of immune RNA. The ability to induce the immunologic memory cells with immune RNA was serially and passively transfered to mice by an RNA fraction extracted from spleens of mice. Administration of actinomycin D, however, inhibited this ability of immune RNA to transfer serially immunologic memory. These results suggest that the immune RNA is functional per se and capable of replicating actively in recipient cells, although the mechanisms still remain unknown.
The Effect of Plasmacytomas on the Immune Response of Mice
Authors: Zolla Susan
Published: December 2022

The effect of plasmacytomas on the immune response of mice was studied by examining the number of direct and indirect plaque-forming cells in the spleens of tumor-bearing animals and the capacity of spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice to immunologically reconstitute irradiated mice. These studies revealed that plasmacytomas differ in their ability to depress the primary 19S response. A γ1-producing tumor and a non-producing tumor in BALB/c mice and a γG2b-producing tumor in DBA/2 mice severely depressed the primary 19S response in mice bearing these tumors, while a γG2b-producer in BALB/c mice had either no effect or a stimulatory effect on the primary 19S response of its host. The effect of the tumors could not be correlated with the presence or absence of paraprotein production. The primary 7S response was not depressed in plasmacytoma-bearing mice.

The secondary antibody response to SRC, whether primed before or after tumor implantation was unaffected in mice bearing these tumors.

Spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice whose immunocompetence was depressed were capable of restoring the immune response of lethally irradiated mice. The data suggest that either the immunologically depressed cells can recover their immunocompetence upon transfer to a tumor-free host or a proportion of cells in the tumor-bearing mice retain their immunocompetence and these latter cells are responsible for the immune reconstitution of the irradiated mice.
Electrophoretic and Antigenic Analysis of Mouse and Guinea Pig Anaphylactic Antibodies
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Warner Noel L.
Published: December 2022

Mice and guinea pigs were immunized with dinitrophenyl (DNP) protein complexes in low doses combined with aluminium hydroxide gel adjuvant. This scheme led to the production of two different types of antibodies mediating passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions in each species. Both species made a heat stable IgG1 antibody capable of giving PCA reactions with a short sensitization period, which was removed by treatment with specific anti-IgG1 serum, and migrated electrophoretically with the total IgG1 globulins of each species. The other antibody provoking PCA reactions in each species was detected with a longer sensitization period (2 days in mice and 4 days in guinea pigs). These antibodies did not show identical properties to each other. The mouse antibody was completely heat labile, was not removed by a specific anti-IgG1 serum, and migrated electrophoretically slightly more slowly than did IgG1. In distinction, the guinea pig antibody was only marginally affected by heating, was removed by pretreatment with a specific anti-IgG1, and had a faster electrophoretic mobility than IgG1 globulin. These results support a previous observation of Parish, that guinea pigs may possess two heat stable IgG1-type antibodies that can mediate PCA, possibly as well as having a true reaginic antibody.
A Rapid Assay of Cell Mediated Immunity to Soluble Antigens Based on the Stimulation of Protein Synthesis
Authors: Rosenberg Steven A. , Levy Ronald
Published: December 2022

A rapid in vitro assay for cell mediated immuntiy in guinea pigs to soluble antigens has been developed. This assay is based on changes in the rate of protein synthesis that can be detected within 4 hr after the addition of specific antigen to sensitized lymphocytes. Antigen concentrations as low as 10-3 µg/ml provide effective stimulation of immunized cells. This stimulation of protein synthesis exhibits antigenic specificity, cannot be transferred by serum, is not present in animals immunized so as to produce antibody and not cellular immunity and exhibits a different time course of development after immunization than does antibody synthesis. This assay is thought to represent a rapid in vitro correlate of cellular immunity suitable for the study of soluble antigens.
Synthesis of Nuclear-Associated Proteins by Lymphocytes Within Minutes After Contact with Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Rosenberg Steven A. , Levy Ronald
Published: December 2022

The interaction of lymphoid cells with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) gives rise to a series of chemical and morphologic changes that culminate in the mitosis of the lymphoid cell (1). Although mitosis is not detectable for 2 to 3 days after contact with PHA, earlier changes in the lymphocyte have been described (2–17). The molecular mechanism underlying the activation of the lymphocyte are unknown and little is known concerning the chemical nature of the proteins synthesized shortly after contact with PHA.

Using a double isotope technique we have identified a class of nuclear proteins whose synthesis is stimulated within 20 min after contact with PHA. These proteins may be associated with nucleic acids and represent aggregates with a molecular weight greater than 1,000,000.

Lymph nodes were obtained from strain 2 guinea pigs 2 to 6 weeks after injection with 0.1 ml of complete Freund's adjuvant into each of the foot pads.
Allelic and Class Exclusion of Membrane-Associated Immunoglobulins of Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Litwin Stephen D.
Published: December 2022

Data from several sources indicate that the immunoglobulin (Ig) found within the cytoplasm of the individual lymphocyte or plasma cell is of a single allotype and class (1, 2). Ig antigens have also been found in association with the plasma membranes of 5 to 20% of human peripheral blood lymphocytes; many of the bound Ig molecules are believed to be antigen receptors (3–7). The present experiments were designed to establish whether the genic restrictions that have been demonstrated for cytoplasmic Ig are true for membrane Ig of human peripheral lymphocytes. This information is important both to confirm the clonal nature of lymphocytes, and to determine at what level of the immune response genetic restrictions occur.

Membrane Ig was detected by the mixed antiglobulin technique (immunocytoadhesion) in which human lymphocytes, after incubation with an antiglobulin, are reacted with Ig-coated indicator red cells (3, 8).
The Synthesis of Secretory Component by the Human Thymus
Authors: Tomasi Thomas B. , Yurchak Anthony M.
Published: December 2022

The existence in human external secretions of an additional component, originally called secretory “piece” and attached to the majority of IgA molecules is now well established (1). Secretory “piece” (now called secretory component or S component) has been isolated from the intact secretory IgA molecule and from the secretions of normals and patients with agammaglobulinemia in which it occurs “free” or unassociated with IgA. An apparently analogous component has been identified in several animal species, particularly the rabbit (2) and cow (3). In each of these species, S component has been shown to be a glycoprotein with a m.w. of approximately 60,000. S component has been shown to be synthesized in a variety of epithelial cells including those of the GI and respiratory tracts, kidney, sweat glands, pancreas and gallbladder (4). We here describe the synthesis of S component in the human thymus and its immunohistologic localization in Hassall's corpuscles and in the epithelial cells surrounding these structures.
Local Synthesis of Secretory IgA in Experimental Pyelonephritis
Authors: Smith James W. , Hand W. Lee , Sanford Jay P.
Published: December 2022

Studies were performed to determine if secretory IgA was synthesized by kidney following hematogenous and retrograde urinary tract infection in rabbits. The synthesis of secretory IgA was analyzed by comparing the percentage of radioactivity (14C) precipitated by an antiserum to secretory piece to that precipitated by an antiserum to colostral IgA. The IgA synthesized by pyelonephritic kidney was precipitated by anti-secretory piece, whereas IgA synthesized by the spleen was not. Newly synthesized IgA from pyelonephritic kidney migrated immunoelectrophoretically as did colostral IgA. These studies confirm that newly synthesized IgA is secretory IgA. Reduction and alkylation of secretory IgA was followed by disc electrophoresis in alkaline urea gel. These studies demonstrated that newly synthesized IgA contained heavy, light and “J” chain. Since secretory IgA was synthesized late in the inflammatory response in hematogenous pyelonephritis and was not synthesized in mild pyelonephritis produced by retrograde route, extensive tubular epithelial destruction appears to be central to the synthesis of secretory IgA in pyelonephritis. No specific cell-binding antibody activity was demonstrated for newly synthesized secretory IgA by pyelonephritic kidney in these studies.
A Radioactive Antigen-Binding Assay for Neisseria Meningitidis Polysaccharide Antibody
Authors: Brandt Brenda L. , Wyle Frederic A. , Artenstein Malcolm S.
Published: December 2022

A modification of the Farr technique (see reference 7) was used to develop a highly sensitive and specific radioactive antigen-binding assay for the detection of antipolysaccharide antibody to the groups B and C meningococci. Labeled polysaccharide was extracted from 16-hr culture supernatants of organisms grown in modified Frantz medium containing 14C sodium acetate. The polysaccharide was precipitated by Cetavlon and purified by CaCl2 extraction, ethanol fractionation and Sepharose 4B chromatography.

The assay was shown to be highly reproducible and group specific. An unexpected cross-reaction was demonstrated between certain anti-B antisera with the group C antigen. Complete agreement was found between the group C antigen-binding assay and the group C hemagglutination test in detecting antibody rises in adults who were asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriers, clinical cases or vaccine recipients. Nineteen paired sera from group B meningitis patients all showed antibody rises in the B antigen-binding assay whereas only 14 showed rises by the B hemagglutination test. Only 3 of 11 group B nasopharyngeal carriers showed an antibody response in the radioactive antigen-binding test. In young children immunized with the group C polysaccharide vaccine, the sensitive group C antigen-binding assay demonstrated antibody rises in 93% of the children, most of whom showed borderline or negative response as measured by the hemagglutination test.
Cellular and Humoral Aspects of the Influence of Environmental Temperature on the Immune Response of Poikilothermic Vertebrates
Authors: Cone Robert E. , Marchalonis John J.
Published: December 2022

A study was made of the influence of environmental temperature on the immune response of a poikilothermic vertebrate, the marine toad (Bufo marinus). Three days after intraperitoneal injection of horse erythrocytes (HRBC) toads maintained at 20°C produced as many splenic anti-HRBC rosette-forming cells (RFC) as toads kept at 37°C. However, the number of splenic RFC declined rapidly after day 3 when toads were maintained at 20°C. In addition, the appearance of circulating hemagglutinins was retarded or suppressed in animals kept in a 20°C environment. Temperature shifts from 20°C to 37°C or 37°C to 20°C on the 3rd day after immunization resulted in a corresponding increase or decrease in splenic RFC and circulating antibodies on day 6.

The results indicate that temperature may influence discrete events in the naturation of immunocompetent cells.
The Serum and Secretory Immunoglobulins of Cattle: Characterization and Quantitation
Authors: Duncan J. R. , Wilkie B. N. , Hiestand F. , Winter A. J.
Published: December 2022

Immunoglobulins in bovine serum and in lacteal, salivary, nasal and vaginal secretions have been characterized on the basis of antigenic distinctions, ion exchange and gel filtration properties, and ultracentrifugal analysis. IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA have been clearly distinguished and the presence of a secretory IgA system analogous to that in other mammalian species has been confirmed. All detectable bovine serum IgA has a molecular weight consonant with its existence in dimeric form.

The quantitative distribution of immunoglobulins and albumin were measured in serum and nasal, lacrimal, salivary and vaginal secretions of four heifers for 9- to 12-week periods. IgA is a minor serum component but is the predominant immunoglobulin in nasal secretions, tears and saliva; in vaginal mucus its relative concentration is lower than IgG but still much higher proportionally than in serum. Marked weekly fluctuations occurred in each secretion in IgA/total protein ratios. IgG1 was consistently the predominant IgG subclass in each secretion although the serum relationship varied among animals. With two exceptions a significant positive correlation existed between IgG and albumin in every secretion. IgM levels in secretions were generally low but in two parenterally immunized heifers mean IgM concentrations in nasal secretions exceeded those of IgG. Local synthesis or selective transport must account for virtually all of the IgA as well as a portion of IgG1 and, possibly, IgM in these secretions. Serum components derived by transudation account for a much higher proportion of total protein in vaginal mucus than in nasal, lacrimal, or salivary secretions.