bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formal Modeling and Verification of Security Property in Handel C Program
Authors: Fu Yujian , Kulick Jeffery , Yan Lok K. , Drager Steven
Published: November 2012

Multi-million gate system-on-chip (SoC) designs easily fit into today’s Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). As FPGAs become more common in safety-critical and mission-critical systems, researchers and designers require information flow guarantees for the FPGAs. Tools for designing a secure system of chips (SOCs) using FPGAs and new techniques to manage and analyze the security properties precisely are desirable. In this work we propose a formal approach to model, analyze and verify a typical set of security properties – noninterference – of Handel C programs using Petri Nets and model checking. This paper presents a method to model Handel C programs using Predicate Transition Nets, a type of Petri Net, and define security properties on the model, plus a verification approach where security properties are checked. Three steps are used. First, a formal specification on the Handel C description using Petri Nets is extracted. Second, the dynamic noninterference properties with respect to the Handel C program statements are defined on the model. To assist in verification, a translation rule from the Petri Nets specification to the Maude programming language is also defined. Thus, the formal specification can be verified against the system properties using model checking. A case study of the pipeline multiplier is discussed to illustrate the concept and validate the approach.
Follicular Adenoma with Extensive Extracellular Mucin Deposition: Report on Two Cases
Authors: Kim Na Rae , Cho Hyun Yee , Piña-Oviedo Sergio , De La Roza Gustavo , Lee Young Don , Ro Jae Y.
Published: November 2012

We report two cases of follicular adenoma of the thyroid with extensive extracellular mucin deposition. Fine needle aspiration in Case 1 showed singly discohesive polygonal cells in a granular mucinous background. They contained abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, nuclear irregularities, and frequent nuclear inclusions with occasional bizarre mitoses. A right lobectomy was done. In Case 2, a 47-year-old Caucasian woman with multinodular goiter had total thyroidectomy and a yellow-tan nodule was found within the right lobe. Both tumors were well-encapsulated masses with thick capsules. Each was characterized by microfollicles without papillae in a mucinous stroma. Tumor cells were positive for thyroglobulin and negative for calcitonin, CEA, galectin-3, HBME-1, and CK19. The extracellular mucin stained with Alcian-blue and colloidal iron but not with mucicarmine and D-PAS. No BRAF gene mutation was detected. Because there were neither capsular nor vascular invasions, both cases were diagnosed as follicular adenomas of the thyroid with extensive extracellular mucin deposition, which as proposed by the WHO classification can be categorized as a mucinous variant of follicular adenoma. Retrospectively, frequent nuclear inclusions and the absence of nuclear grooves in the mucin-containing background of cytologic smears and histologic sections were shared by those of mucin-producing papillary carcinoma. It is unclear whether it belongs to an existing category of thyroid neoplasm with mucin production or whether it is truly a new tumor variant. Furthermore, pathologists should pay attention to avoid misdiagnosis of this variant of follicular neoplasm that shows an overlapping cytology with that of papillary carcinoma.
Supermicron modes of ammonium ions related to fog in rural atmosphere
Authors: Yao X. H. , Zhang L.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Fog-processed aerosols were identified and analyzed in detail from a large-sized database in which size-segregated atmospheric particles and gases were simultaneously measured at eight Canadian rural sites. In ten samples collected during or following fog events, at least one supermicron mode of particulate NH4+ was observed. The supermicron modes were likely associated with fog events since they were absent on non-fog days. The supermicron mode of NH4+ in the 5–10 μm size range probably reflected the direct contribution from fog droplets. Based on detailed analysis of the chemical compositions and the extent of neutralization, the supermicron mode of NH4+ in the 1–4 μm size range was believed to be caused by fog-processing of ammonium salt aerosols. These aerosol particles consisted of incompletely neutralized sulfuric acid aerosols in NH3-poor conditions or a mixture of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate aerosols in NH3-rich conditions. Interstitial aerosols and fog droplets presented during fog events likely yielded a minor direct contribution to the measured NH4+. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of the 1–4 μm mode of NH4+ strongly depended on ambient temperature (T) and can be grouped into two regimes. In one regime, the MMAD was between 1.1 and 1.7 μm in four samples, when fog occurred at T > 0 °C, and in two samples, at T > −3 °C. The MMAD of NH4+ in this size range was also observed in various atmospheric environments, as discussed in the literature. In the other regime, the MMAD was between 2.8 and 3.4 μm in four samples when fog occurred at T < −4 °C, a phenomenon that was first observed in this study. The MMAD was not related to chemical composition and concentration of ammonium salts. Further investigations are needed in order to fully understand the cause of the MMAD. The larger supermicron mode of ammonium salts aerosol observed at T < −4 °C has added new knowledge on the size distributions and chemical compositions of fog-processed aerosols under various ambient conditions.
Relationship between snow microstructure and physical and chemical processes
Authors: Bartels-Rausch T. , Jacobi H.-W. , Kahan T. F. , Thomas J. L. , Thomson E. S. , Abbatt J. P. D. , Ammann M. , Blackford J. R. , Bluhm H. , Boxe C. , Domine F. , Frey M. M. , Gladich I. , Guzmán M. I. , Heger D. , Huthwelker Th. , Klán P. , Kuhs W. F. , Kuo M. H. , Maus S. , Moussa S. G. , McNeill V. F. , Newberg J. T. , Pettersson J. B. C. , Roeselová M. , Sodeau J. R.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Ice and snow in the environment are important because they not only act as a host to rich chemistry but also provide a matrix for physical exchanges of contaminants within the ecosystem. This review discusses how the structure of snow influences both chemical reactivity and physical processes, which thereby makes snow a unique medium for study. The focus is placed on impacts of the presence of liquid and surface disorder using many experimental studies, simulations, and field observations from the molecular to the micro-scale.
On ion gyro-harmonic structuring in the stimulated electromagnetic emission spectrum during second electron gyro-harmonic heating
Authors: Samimi A. , Scales W. A. , Bernhardt P. A. , Briczinski S. J. , Selcher C. A. , McCarrick M. J.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Recent observations show that, during ionospheric heating experiments at frequencies near the second electron gyro-harmonic, discrete spectral lines separated by harmonics of the ion-gyro frequency appear in the stimulated electromagnetic emission (SEE) spectrum within 1 kHz of the pump frequency. In addition to the ion gyro-harmonic structures, on occasion, a broadband downshifted emission is observed simultaneously with these spectral lines. Parametric decay of the pump field into upper hybrid/electron Bernstein (UH/EB) and low-frequency ion Bernstein (IB) and oblique ion acoustic (IA) modes is considered responsible for generation of these spectral features. Guided by predictions of an analytical model, a two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) computational model is employed to study the nonlinear processes during such heating experiments. The critical parameters that affect the spectrum, such as whether discrete gyro-harmonic on broadband structures is observed, include angle of the pump field relative to the background magnetic field, pump field strength, and proximity of the pump frequency to the gyro-harmonic. Significant electron heating along the magnetic field is observed in the parameter regimes considered.
Effects of land cover change on temperature and rainfall extremes in multi-model ensemble simulations
Authors: Pitman A. J. , de Noblet-Ducoudré N. , Avila F. B. , Alexander L. V. , Boisier J.-P. , Brovkin V. , Delire C. , Cruz F. , Donat M. G. , Gayler V. , van den Hurk B. , Reick C. , Voldoire A.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The impact of historical land use induced land cover change (LULCC) on regional-scale climate extremes is examined using four climate models within the Land Use and Climate, IDentification of robust impacts project. To assess those impacts, multiple indices based on daily maximum and minimum temperatures and daily precipitation were used. We contrast the impact of LULCC on extremes with the impact of an increase in atmospheric CO2 from 280 ppmv to 375 ppmv. In general, consistent changes in both high and low temperature extremes are similar to the simulated change in mean temperature caused by LULCC and are restricted to regions of intense modification. The impact of LULCC on both means and on most temperature extremes is statistically significant. While the magnitude of the LULCC-induced change in the extremes can be of similar magnitude to the response to the change in CO2, the impacts of LULCC are much more geographically isolated. For most models, the impacts of LULCC oppose the impact of the increase in CO2 except for one model where the CO2-caused changes in the extremes are amplified. While we find some evidence that individual models respond consistently to LULCC in the simulation of changes in rainfall and rainfall extremes, LULCC's role in affecting rainfall is much less clear and less commonly statistically significant, with the exception of a consistent impact over South East Asia. Since the simulated response of mean and extreme temperatures to LULCC is relatively large, we conclude that unless this forcing is included, we risk erroneous conclusions regarding the drivers of temperature changes over regions of intense LULCC.
The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions
Authors: Guenther A. B. , Jiang X. , Heald C. L. , Sakulyanontvittaya T. , Duhl T. , Emmons L. K. , Wang X.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1) is a modeling framework for estimating fluxes of biogenic compounds between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere using simple mechanistic algorithms to account for the major known processes controlling biogenic emissions. It is available as an offline code and has also been coupled into land surface and atmospheric chemistry models. MEGAN2.1 is an update from the previous versions including MEGAN2.0, which was described for isoprene emissions by Guenther et al. (2006) and MEGAN2.02, which was described for monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions by Sakulyanontvittaya et al. (2008). Isoprene comprises about half of the total global biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission of 1 Pg (1000 Tg or 1015 g) estimated using MEGAN2.1. Methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, α-pinene, β-pinene, t-β-ocimene, limonene, ethene, and propene together contribute another 30% of the MEGAN2.1 estimated emission. An additional 20 compounds (mostly terpenoids) are associated with the MEGAN2.1 estimates of another 17% of the total emission with the remaining 3% distributed among >100 compounds. Emissions of 41 monoterpenes and 32 sesquiterpenes together comprise about 15% and 3%, respectively, of the estimated total global BVOC emission. Tropical trees cover about 18% of the global land surface and are estimated to be responsible for ~80% of terpenoid emissions and ~50% of other VOC emissions. Other trees cover about the same area but are estimated to contribute only about 10% of total emissions. The magnitude of the emissions estimated with MEGAN2.1 are within the range of estimates reported using other approaches and much of the differences between reported values can be attributed to land cover and meteorological driving variables. The offline version of MEGAN2.1 source code and driving variables is available from
Quantifying aquifer properties and freshwater resource in coastal barriers: a hydrogeophysical approach applied at Sasihithlu (Karnataka state, India)
Authors: Vouillamoz J.-M. , Hoareau J. , Grammare M. , Caron D. , Nandagiri L. , Legchenko A.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Many human communities living in coastal areas in Africa and Asia rely on thin freshwater lenses for their domestic supply. Population growth together with change in rainfall patterns and sea level will probably impact these vulnerable groundwater resources. Spatial knowledge of the aquifer properties and creation of a groundwater model are required for achieving a sustainable management of the resource. This paper presents a ready-to-use methodology for estimating the key aquifer properties and the freshwater resource based on the joint use of two non-invasive geophysical tools together with common hydrological measurements. We applied the proposed methodology in an unconfined aquifer of a coastal sandy barrier in South-Western India. We jointly used magnetic resonance and transient electromagnetic soundings and we monitored rainfall, groundwater level and groundwater electrical conductivity. The combined interpretation of geophysical and hydrological results allowed estimating the aquifer properties and mapping the freshwater lens. Depending on the location and season, we estimate the freshwater reserve to range between 400 and 700 L m−2 of surface area (± 50%). We also estimate the recharge using time lapse geophysical measurements with hydrological monitoring. After a rainy event close to 100% of the rain is reaching the water table, but the net recharge at the end of the monsoon is less than 10% of the rain. Thus, we conclude that a change in rainfall patterns will probably not impact the groundwater resource since most of the rain water recharging the aquifer is flowing towards the sea and the river. However, a change in sea level will impact both the groundwater reserve and net recharge.
Using the UKCP09 probabilistic scenarios to model the amplified impact of climate change on drainage basin sediment yield
Authors: Coulthard T. J. , Ramirez J. , Fowler H. J. , Glenis V.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Precipitation intensities and the frequency of extreme events are projected to increase under climate change. These rainfall changes will lead to increases in the magnitude and frequency of flood events that will, in turn, affect patterns of erosion and deposition within river basins. These geomorphic changes to river systems may affect flood conveyance, infrastructure resilience, channel pattern, and habitat status as well as sediment, nutrient and carbon fluxes. Previous research modelling climatic influences on geomorphic changes has been limited by how climate variability and change are represented by downscaling from global or regional climate models. Furthermore, the non-linearity of the climatic, hydrological and geomorphic systems involved generate large uncertainties at each stage of the modelling process creating an uncertainty "cascade". This study integrates state-of-the-art approaches from the climate change and geomorphic communities to address these issues in a probabilistic modelling study of the Swale catchment, UK. The UKCP09 weather generator is used to simulate hourly rainfall for the baseline and climate change scenarios up to 2099, and used to drive the CAESAR landscape evolution model to simulate geomorphic change. Results show that winter rainfall is projected to increase, with larger increases at the extremes. The impact of the increasing rainfall is amplified through the translation into catchment runoff and in turn sediment yield with a 100% increase in catchment mean sediment yield predicted between the baseline and the 2070–2099 High emissions scenario. Significant increases are shown between all climate change scenarios and baseline values. Analysis of extreme events also shows the amplification effect from rainfall to sediment delivery with even greater amplification associated with higher return period events. Furthermore, for the 2070–2099 High emissions scenario, sediment discharges from 50-yr return period events are predicted to be 5 times larger than baseline values.
A hybrid model of self organizing maps and least square support vector machine for river flow forecasting
Authors: Ismail S. , Shabri A. , Samsudin R.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Successful river flow forecasting is a major goal and an essential procedure that is necessary in water resource planning and management. There are many forecasting techniques used for river flow forecasting. This study proposed a hybrid model based on a combination of two methods: Self Organizing Map (SOM) and Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) model, referred to as the SOM-LSSVM model for river flow forecasting. The hybrid model uses the SOM algorithm to cluster the entire dataset into several disjointed clusters, where the monthly river flows data with similar input pattern are grouped together from a high dimensional input space onto a low dimensional output layer. By doing this, the data with similar input patterns will be mapped to neighbouring neurons in the SOM's output layer. After the dataset has been decomposed into several disjointed clusters, an individual LSSVM is applied to forecast the river flow. The feasibility of this proposed model is evaluated with respect to the actual river flow data from the Bernam River located in Selangor, Malaysia. The performance of the SOM-LSSVM was compared with other single models such as ARIMA, ANN and LSSVM. The performance of these models was then evaluated using various performance indicators. The experimental results show that the SOM-LSSVM model outperforms the other models and performs better than ANN, LSSVM as well as ARIMA for river flow forecasting. It also indicates that the proposed model can forecast more precisely, and provides a promising alternative technique for river flow forecasting.
Exploring the physical controls of regional patterns of flow duration curves – Part 3: A catchment classification system based on regime curve indicators
Authors: Coopersmith E. , Yaeger M. A. , Ye S. , Cheng L. , Sivapalan M.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Predictions of hydrological responses in ungauged catchments can benefit from a classification scheme that can organize and pool together catchments that exhibit a level of hydrologic similarity, especially similarity in some key variable or signature of interest. Since catchments are complex systems with a level of self-organization arising from co-evolution of climate and landscape properties, including vegetation, there is much to be gained from developing a classification system based on a comparative study of a population of catchments across climatic and landscape gradients. The focus of this paper is on climate seasonality and seasonal runoff regime, as characterized by the ensemble mean of within-year variation of climate and runoff. The work on regime behavior is part of an overall study of the physical controls on regional patterns of flow duration curves (FDCs), motivated by the fact that regime behavior leaves a major imprint upon the shape of FDCs, especially the slope of the FDCs. As an exercise in comparative hydrology, the paper seeks to assess the regime behavior of 428 catchments from the MOPEX database simultaneously, classifying and regionalizing them into homogeneous or hydrologically similar groups. A decision tree is developed on the basis of a metric chosen to characterize similarity of regime behavior, using a variant of the Iterative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3) algorithm to form a classification tree and associated catchment classes. In this way, several classes of catchments are distinguished, in which the connection between the five catchments' regime behavior and climate and catchment properties becomes clearer. Only four similarity indices are entered into the algorithm, all of which are obtained from smoothed daily regime curves of climatic variables and runoff. Results demonstrate that climate seasonality plays the most significant role in the classification of US catchments, with rainfall timing and climatic aridity index playing somewhat secondary roles in the organization of the catchments. In spite of the tremendous heterogeneity of climate, topography, and runoff behavior across the continental United States, 331 of the 428 catchments studied are seen to fall into only six dominant classes.
Non-linear finite element analysis for prediction of seismic response of buildings considering soil-structure interaction
Authors: Çelebi E. , Göktepe F. , Karahan N.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The objective of this paper focuses primarily on the numerical approach based on two-dimensional (2-D) finite element method for analysis of the seismic response of infinite soil-structure interaction (SSI) system. This study is performed by a series of different scenarios that involved comprehensive parametric analyses including the effects of realistic material properties of the underlying soil on the structural response quantities. Viscous artificial boundaries, simulating the process of wave transmission along the truncated interface of the semi-infinite space, are adopted in the non-linear finite element formulation in the time domain along with Newmark's integration. The slenderness ratio of the superstructure and the local soil conditions as well as the characteristics of input excitations are important parameters for the numerical simulation in this research. The mechanical behavior of the underlying soil medium considered in this prediction model is simulated by an undrained elasto-plastic Mohr-Coulomb model under plane-strain conditions. To emphasize the important findings of this type of problems to civil engineers, systematic calculations with different controlling parameters are accomplished to evaluate directly the structural response of the vibrating soil-structure system. When the underlying soil becomes stiffer, the frequency content of the seismic motion has a major role in altering the seismic response. The sudden increase of the dynamic response is more pronounced for resonance case, when the frequency content of the seismic ground motion is close to that of the SSI system. The SSI effects under different seismic inputs are different for all considered soil conditions and structural types.
Long-term development and effectiveness of private flood mitigation measures: an analysis for the German part of the river Rhine
Authors: Bubeck P. , Botzen W. J. W. , Kreibich H. , Aerts J. C. J. H.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Flood mitigation measures implemented by private households have become an important component of contemporary integrated flood risk management in Germany and many other countries. Despite the growing responsibility of private households to contribute to flood damage reduction by means of private flood mitigation measures, knowledge on the long-term development of such measures, which indicates changes in vulnerability over time, and their effectiveness, is still scarce. To gain further insights into the long-term development, current implementation level and effectiveness of private flood mitigation measures, empirical data from 752 flood-prone households along the German part of the Rhine are presented. It is found that four types of flood mitigation measures developed gradually over time among flood-prone households, with severe floods being important triggers for an accelerated implementation. At present, still a large share of respondents has not implemented a single flood mitigation measure, despite the high exposure of the surveyed households to floods. The records of household's flood damage to contents and structure during two consecutive flood events with similar hazard characteristics in 1993 and 1995 show that an improved preparedness of the population led to substantially reduced damage during the latter event. Regarding the efficiency of contemporary integrated flood risk management, it is concluded that additional policies are required in order to further increase the level of preparedness of the flood-prone population. This especially concerns households in areas that are less frequently affected by flood events.
Semi-automated extraction of Deviation Indexes (DI) from satellite Persistent Scatterers time series: tests on sedimentary volcanism and tectonically-induced motions
Authors: Cigna F. , Tapete D. , Casagli N.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. We develop a methodology based on satellite Persistent Scatterers (PS) time series and aimed to calculate two indexes which are capable to depict the deviation from a deformation model defined a priori. Through a simple mathematical approach, these indexes reproduce the visual process of identification of trend deviations that is usually performed manually by the radar-interpreter, and guide the prioritization of further interpretation for those areas recording significant variations within their motion history. First tests on semi-automated extraction of the Deviation Indexes (DI) from RADARSAT-1 PS data available over Southern Italy allowed the quantification of tectonically-induced land motions which occurred in February 2005 within the town of Naro, and also the clear recognition of the precursors to mud volcano eruptions which occurred in August 2008 in the village of St. Barbara. For these areas, the information level brought by the DI increases and adds onto that of other PS parameters, such as yearly velocity, standard deviation and coherence. Factors exerting influence on the DI are critically tackled within the discussions, together with the analysis of the potentials of these indexes for monitoring and warning activities of geohazards.
Monte Carlo ice flow modeling projects a new stable configuration for Columbia Glacier, Alaska, c. 2020
Authors: Colgan W. , Pfeffer W. T. , Rajaram H. , Abdalati W. , Balog J.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Due to the abundance of observational datasets collected since the onset of its retreat (c. 1983), Columbia Glacier, Alaska, provides an exciting modeling target. We perform Monte Carlo simulations of the form and flow of Columbia Glacier, using a 1-D (depth-integrated) flowline model, over a wide range of parameter values and forcings. An ensemble filter is imposed following spin-up to ensure that only simulations that accurately reproduce observed pre-retreat glacier geometry are retained; all other simulations are discarded. The selected ensemble of simulations reasonably reproduces numerous highly transient post-retreat observed datasets. The selected ensemble mean projection suggests that Columbia Glacier will achieve a new dynamic equilibrium (i.e. "stable") ice geometry c. 2020, at which time iceberg calving rate will have returned to approximately pre-retreat values. Comparison of the observed 1957 and 2007 glacier geometries with the projected 2100 glacier geometry suggests that Columbia Glacier had already discharged ~82% of its projected 1957–2100 sea level rise contribution by 2007. This case study therefore highlights the difficulties associated with the future extrapolation of observed glacier mass loss rates that are dominated by iceberg calving.
Analysis of LAM and 38 kDa Antibody Levels for Diagnosis of TB in a Case-Control Study in West Africa
Authors: Gomez Marie P. , Donkor Simon , Adetifa Ifedayo M. , Ota Martin O. C. , Sutherland Jayne S.
Published: November 2012

CD4+ T cells are required for protection against tuberculosis (TB) disease progression, but interest in the role of antibodies in early protection, as biomarkers for disease status, and use in diagnostic tests has recently increased. In this study we analyzed plasma antibody levels in TB cases before and after treatment in both HIV-positive and -negative individuals and compared them with tuberculin skin test (TST+) (latently infected) household contacts (HHC). We also analyzed HHC that subsequently progressed to active disease within 2 years in order to see if antibodies play a role in protection against disease progression. We used a commercially available kit to 38 kDa antigen and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and found that immunoglobulin (Ig) G levels were 4-fold higher in subjects with disease compared to latently infected controls (P<0.001) and were 2-fold higher than pretreatment levels following successful TB treatment (P<0.001 compared to both pretreated cases and latently infected controls). HIV infection resulted in low antibody levels regardless of disease status or treatment outcome. Furthermore, levels in disease progressors (incident cases) were similar to nonprogressors and were not elevated until just prior to disease progression confirming previous reports that IgG antibodies, at least in the periphery, do not confer protection against TB disease progression.
Self-Organizing Processes in Landscape Pattern and Resilience: A Review
Authors: DeAngelis Donald L.
Published: November 2012

Environmental conditions influence the way different types of vegetation are distributed on various scales from the landscape to the globe. However, vegetation does not simply respond passively but may influence its environment in ways that shape those distributions. On the landscape scale, feedbacks from vegetation can lead to patterns that are not easily interpreted as merely reflecting external abiotic conditions. For example, sharp ecotones exist between two vegetation types, even if the basic abiotic gradient is slight, somewhere along the gradient. These are observed in transitions between numerous pairs of ecosystem types, such as tree/grassland, tree/mire, tree tundra, and halophytic plants/glycophytic plants. More complex spatial vegetation patterns may also exist, such as alternating stripes or irregular patterns of either two types of vegetation or vegetation and bare soil. One purpose of this paper is to emphasize that these two types of patterns, sharp ecotones between vegetation types and large-scale landscape patterns of vegetation, both have a common basis in the concept of bistability, in which alternative stable states can occur on an area of land. Another purpose is to note that an understanding of the basis of these patterns may ultimately help in management decisions.
Some Studies on Prestressed Reinforced Granular Beds Overlying Weak Soil
Authors: Jayamohan J. , Shivashankar R.
Published: November 2012

This paper mainly investigates, from a series of laboratory scale bearing capacity tests carried out on a model square footing, the improvement in bearing capacity and reduction in settlement of a geonet reinforced granular bed (RGB) overlying weak soil due to prestressing the reinforcement. The parameters are the strength of the underlying weak soil, thickness of the granular bed, and magnitude and direction of prestressing force. The settlements at the interface are also measured. The addition of prestress to geonet reinforcement results in significant improvement in the load carrying capacity and settlement response of the prestressed geonet RGB. Improvement in bearing capacity is found to be more with biaxial prestressing than with uniaxial prestressing. Experimental results are also used to validate a proposed numerical model. The BCR (bearing capacity ratio) values predicted from this model are found to be in good agreement with the experimentally obtained BCR values. Finite element analyses are also carried out using the programme PLAXIS, to study the effect of prestressing the reinforcement. Results obtained from finite element analyses are also found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.
Molecular Profiles of Pre- and Postoperative Breast Cancer Tumours Reveal Differentially Expressed Genes
Authors: Riis Margit L. H. , Lüders Torben , Markert Elke K. , Haakensen Vilde D. , Nesbakken Anne-Jorun , Kristensen Vessela N. , Bukholm Ida R. K.
Published: November 2012

Gene expression studies on breast cancer have generally been performed on tissue obtained at the time of surgery. In this study, we have compared the gene expression profiles in preoperative tissue (core needle biopsies) while tumor is still in its normal milieu to postoperative tissue from the same tumor obtained during surgery. Thirteen patients were included of which eleven had undergone sentinel node diagnosis procedure before operation. Microarray gene expression analysis was performed using total RNA from all the samples. Paired significance analysis of microarrays revealed 228 differently expressed genes, including several early response stress-related genes such as members of the fos and jun families as well as genes of which the expression has previously been associated with cancer. The expression profiles found in the analyses of breast cancer tissue must be evaluated with caution. Different profiles may simply be the result of differences in the surgical trauma and timing of when samples are taken and not necessarily associated with tumor biology.
Individual, Social, Economic, and Environmental Model: A Paradigm Shift for Obesity Prevention
Authors: Amarasinghe Anura , D'Souza Gerard
Published: November 2012

Obesity has joined the list of “wicked problems” with associated implications for public health, food security, and the entire food supply chain. This paper examines the possible causes, consequences, and policy implications, especially important in an environment of shrinking budgets. The causes of obesity are multifaceted and involve complex interactions; hence any successful prevention and mitigation strategy should identify the key factors and interactions thereof. We propose a dynamic and integrated individual, social, economic and environmental model (ISEEM) to accomplish this. Within this framework, the optimal mix of economic incentives, better education, and land use planning emerge as key factors in obesity prevention and mitigation and the promotion of healthier, more sustainable communities. The use of the ISEEM framework, involving a combination of strategies targeted to specific circumstances of individual communities and localities, could address this wicked problem in an environment characterized by increasing conflicts among budgets, heuristics, and politics.
Food Analysis: Present, Future, and Foodomics
Authors: Cifuentes Alejandro
Published: November 2012

This paper presents a revision on the instrumental analytical techniques and methods used in food analysis together with their main applications in food science research. The present paper includes a brief historical perspective on food analysis, together with a deep revision on the current state of the art of modern analytical instruments, methodologies, and applications in food analysis with a special emphasis on the works published on this topic in the last three years (2009–2011). The article also discusses the present and future challenges in food analysis, the application of “omics” in food analysis (including epigenomics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics), and provides an overview on the new discipline of Foodomics.
3-Formylindole-4-aminobenzoic Acid: A Potential Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel and Copper in Hydrochloric Acid Media
Authors: Paul Aby , Thomas K. Joby , Raphael Vinod P. , Shaju K. S.
Published: November 2012

The corrosion inhibition efficiencies of Schiff base 3-formylindole-4-aminobenzoic acid (3FI4ABA) on mild steel (MS) and copper in 1.0 M HCl solution have been investigated using weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization studies. The results show that inhibition efficiencies on both metals increase with increasing the concentration of the inhibitor. 3FI4ABA exhibited comparatively good inhibition towards mild steel in HCl medium even at low concentrations. The adsorption of inhibitor on the surfaces of the corroding metal mild steel and copper obeys the Langmuir isotherm. Polarization studies revealed that 3FI4ABA acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. Thermodynamic parameters (, ) were calculated using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on Residual Renal Function in Chronic Haemodialysis Patients Treated with High-Flux Synthetic Dialysis Membranes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Feldman Leonid , Abu Hamad Ramzia , Efrati Shai , Ashker Ali , Beberashvili Ilia , Shani Michal
Published: November 2012

Background. Preservation of residual renal function in chronic dialysis patients has proven to be a major predictor of survival. The aim of the present study was to investigate an ability of the combined use of N-acetylcysteine and high-flux biocompatible haemodialysis membranes to improve residual renal function in haemodialysis patients.Patients and Methods. Chronic haemodialysis patients with a residual urine output of at least 100 mL/24 h were administered oral an N-acetylcysteine 1200 mg twice daily for 2 weeks. Treatment group included patients treated with dialysers using high-flux synthetic biocompatible membranes. Control group included patients treated with dialysers using low-flux semisyntetic triacetate haemodialysis membranes.Results. Eighteen patients participated in the study. The residual glomerular filtration rate showed a nonsignificant trend for increase in both groups. The magnitude of GFR improvement after N-acetylcysteine administration was less pronounced in the group treated with high-flux biocompatible membranes: +0.17 ± 0.56 mL/min/1.73 m2in treatment group and +0.65 ± 0.53 mL/min/1.73 m2in control group (P<0.05).Conclusion. In this study of favorable effect of N-acetylcysteine on residual renal function in chronic haemodialysis patients may be less pronounced when using high-flux biocompatible, rather than low-flux semisyntetic, HD membranes.
The Epidemiological Implications of Deer Fly Nuisance Biting and Transmission of Loiasis in an Endemic Area in Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Chukwunenye Uttah Emmanuel
Published: November 2012

This work was aimed at determining the epidemiological implications of deer fly biting in Southeastern Nigeria and ascertaining the circadian and monthly biting pattern and the transmission potential of Chrysops in the area. Human-landing catches were carried out for 52 weeks by a catching team of four. A total of 930 female Chrysops sp. was caught; biting peaked during the months of June through August. The highest monthly biting rate (MBR) was 353 bites per person per month in July 2006. The annual biting rate (ABR) was 3,317 bites per person per year. The overall infective rate was 3.8%. A total of 314 L3s was recorded with a mean of 9.8 L3s per infective Chrysops. The highest monthly transmission potential (MTP) was 389 infective bites per month observed in July 2006. The annual transmission potential (ATP) was 1,265 infective bites per person per year. Parous rate was 29.3% and was higher during dry months of October through February. The circadian biting activities showed two peaks: between 07:00 and 10:00 hours and between 15:00 and 17:00 hours. The epidemiological implications of deer fly biting in the area are multifaceted. Resources must not be spared in bringing an end to their menace.
Ethnobotanical review of food uses of Polygonatum (Convallariaceae) in China
Authors: Wujisguleng Wujisguleng , Liu Yujing , Long Chunlin
Published: November 2012

According to our literature survey, fifteen species in the genus Polygonatum (Convallariaceae) have been used as food in China. Five main categories of use (drinks, snacks, vegetables, staple food and seasoning) were found. The plants from this genus are used mainly as vegetables. Rhizomes are the main parts used. The categories of use and diverse preparation methods have some similarities with those in other countries. Among all the recorded species, Polygonatum sibiricum and P. odoratum are the most commonly consumed species in China. Local people from different places have their own unique preparation methods and customs. However, the use of Polygonatum still remains at the level of family consumption, and the resources have not been fully used yet. We proposed ideas for further exploitation and conservation of edible Polygonatum species, and suggested fur- ther research, e.g. on the nutritional properties of all recorded edible species. It is believed that there is still plentiful traditional knowledge about food uses of Polygonatum to be documented in China.
Marking 100 years since Rudolf Höber’s discovery of the insulating envelope surrounding cells and of the β-dispersion exhibited by tissue
Authors: Pethig Ronald , Schmueser Ilka
Published: November 2012

Between 1910 and 1913 Rudolf Höber presented proof that the interiors of red blood cells and muscle cells contain conducting electrolytes, and that each conducting core is contained within an insulating membrane. He did this by demonstrating, in a series of remarkable electrical experiments, that the conductivity of compacted cell samples at low frequencies (~150 Hz) was about ten-times less than the value obtained at ~5 MHz. On perforation of the membrane, the low-frequency conductivity increased to a value approaching that exhibited at MHz frequencies. Apart from representing a major milestone in the development of cell biology and electrophysiology, Höber’s work was the first description of what we now call the dielectric β-dispersion exhibited by cell suspensions and fresh tissue.
Activities for Students: Don't Fret over Exponential Functions
Authors: Matson Clea L. H. , Grigoriadou Olga
Published: November 2012

Have you ever wondered what determines the position of frets—the raised elements on the neck of some stringed instruments, such as guitars and the electric bass? Is there a rule that determines where each fret is placed, and, if so, what is this rule? In this musical introduction to the exponential function, we give students an opportunity to discover this rule themselves.
Delving Deeper: Optimization on Discrete Domains Using Calculus
Authors: Malandro Martin E. , Cory Beth
Published: November 2012

Whether teaching calculus or simply living life, we often find ourselves confronted with functions that we would like to optimize. For example, suppose that we have a function that tells us the amount in millions of dollars that we will earn as profit by producing x units of widgets. Suppose, for example, that our profit function is given by f (x) = -9x3 + 71x2 - 91x
The Back Page: My Favorite Lesson: The Trig Tribe
Authors: Bannat Steven
Published: November 2012

My favorite lesson is my lighthearted introduction to righttriangle trigonometry. I explain that we are starting a lesson that connects to the social studies curriculum—specifically, the Lewis and Clark expedition.
Model-Eliciting Activities for Teaching Mathematics
Authors: Bostic Jonathan D.
Published: November 2012

Teaching about, teaching for, and teaching through problem solving are explored.
Trains of Thought
Authors: Bair Sherry L. , Mooney Edward S.
Published: November 2012

Students' thinking is discussed, and the procedures used with problem solving are explored.
Finding Balance at the Elusive Mean
Authors: Hudson Rick A.
Published: November 2012

Innovative, technology-enhanced tasks can help students construct robust understandings of the mean.
Integrating Measurement and Computational Estimation in Geometry
Authors: Lucas Karen K. , Son Ji-Won
Published: November 2012

Students work in pairs to estimate various lengths found in triangles and circles.
Have You Used a Glog Yet?
Authors: Baker Courtney , Wills Theresa
Published: November 2012

Teachers share success stories and ideas that stimulate thinking about the effective use of technology in K–Grade 6 classrooms. This article explores the use of glogs.
How Many Dogs? How Many Chickens?
Authors: Dunne Melissa
Published: November 2012

Students say some amazing things. Back Talk highlights the learning of one or two students and their approach to solving a math problem. Each article includes the prompt used to initiate the discussion, a portion of dialogue, student work samples (when applicable), and teacher insights into the mathematical thinking of students. This article describes the thought processes of two third-grade students who were given a problem involving finding the number of dogs and chickens on a farm when they know only the total number of legs. Their solution strategies include standard mathematical operations as well as pictorial representations.
Le jeu comme modèle de l’activité humaine et comme modèle en théorie de l’action conjointe en didactique. Quelques remarques
Authors: Sensevy Gérard
Published: November 2012

Dans cet essai, j’envisage la notion de jeu en tant qu’elle peut fournir une structure pour modéliser l’activité humaine en général, et l’activité didactique en particulier. Je tente de montrer certains aspects de sa pertinence scientifique, telle qu’elle est utilisée au sein de la théorie de l’action conjointe en didactique. Pour cela, je présente la notion de jeu en tant qu’outil de description de la pratique, c’est-à-dire en tant qu’élément de constitution d’une théorie de la pratique. Dans cette perspective, le modèle du jeu a pour fonction de mieux comprendre et expliquer l’action humaine. Après avoir présenté certains éléments d’arrière-plan sur la base desquels la notion de jeu me paraît pouvoir être employée de manière fructueuse, je m’efforce de dissiper certaines ambiguïtés attachées à l’usage de la notion, et à clarifier ce que peut signifier l’expression « utiliser le modèle du jeu ». Je tente ensuite de donner à voir certains intérêts génériques de l’usage du modèle du jeu, avant de préciser rapidement certains aspects de cet usage par comparaison à ceux de tâche et d’activité. La conclusion se concentre sur la production de critères d’usage du modèle du jeu.
L’idéologie en musicologie. L’Essai sur la complexité de Célestin Deliège
Authors: Darbon Nicolas
Published: November 2012

Cet article analyse la production de certaines idées en musicologie, concentrant la focale sur l’Essai sur la complexité de Célestin Deliège. Il croise les approches de l’idéologie d’Edgar Morin et de Raymond Boudon. Est présenté le courant musical de la fin du XXesiècle, la New Complexity et son représentant le plus connu, Brian Ferneyhough. Pour comprendre les ressorts de la pensée de Deliège d’autres écrits permettent de cerner les « bonnes raisons » qui l’ont conduit à définir la Modernité (à travers ce que l’auteur appelle son dodécalogue), cet idéo-mythe contemporain. Le système philosophique sous-jacent est celui de Theodor W. Adorno. Il est intéressant d’observer le cheminement d’une idée originelle vers son interprétation, à travers la notion de « tour de force » (tirée de la Ästhetische Theorie), que Deliège perçoit dans le hiatus entre virtuosité et résultat esthétique. Ou encore dans le voyage de la notion de critique entre sociologie et politique. L’article étudie les « effets » de position ou de communication en direction d’une « musicologie critique ». Deliège incarne le paradoxe du musicologue, entre science et doctrine, entre rationnalisation et lucidité. Il réalise la justesse de la critique selon Baudelaire, partiale, passionnée et politique.
Chantiers de rénovation urbaine : nouveaux terrains pour la recherche en sciences sociales
Authors: Lamic Nicolas
Published: November 2012

Le matériau utilisé pour la rédaction de cet article est issu de l’une des interventions psychosociologiques que nous avons réalisées dans le cadre de projets de rénovation urbaine en Martinique au cours des années 2006-2008. La problématique que nous soulevons est celle du risque de dérive technocratique qui menace l’action publique dès lors qu’elle ne se donne pas les moyens d’associer les individus et les groupes dans la détermination des objectifs qu’elle poursuit. C’est ainsi que nous montrons comment l’analyse des présupposés qui organisent l’action publique dans ces sociétés postcoloniales permet d’illustrer la violence exercée contre certaines catégories de la population martiniquaise.