bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Striatal D2receptor binding in 22q11 deletion syndrome: an [123 I]IBZM SPECT study
Authors: Boot E. , Booij J. , Zinkstok JR , de Haan L. , Linszen DH , Baas F. , van Amelsvoort TA
Published: May 2009

It has been hypothesised that in subjects with 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) disturbances of the dopamine (DA) system contribute to their increased risk for cognitive deficits and psychiatric problems. However, central DAergic neurotransmission in 22q11DS has not been investigated. We measured striatal D2 receptor binding potential (D2R BPND) using (S)-(-)-3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl] benzamide-single photon emission computed tomography ([123I]IBZM SPECT) in 12 adults with 22q11DS and 12 matched controls. Correlations between D2R BPND and plasma prolactin (pPRL) levels were also determined. 22q11DS subjects and controls had similar D2R BP ND. There was a positive correlation between D2R BP ND and pPRL values in controls, but no such relation was found in 22q11DS subjects. This study suggests that a 22q11 deletion does not affect striatal DAergic neurotransmission in the living human brain. However, the disturbed relationship between D2R BPND and pPRL values suggests DAergic dysfunction at a different level. Further studies on DAergic function in extra-striatal brain regions and under challenged conditions are needed.
Relationship between response to risperidone, plasma concentrations of risperidone andCYP3A4polymorphisms in schizophrenia patients
Authors: Du J. , Zhang A. , Wang L. , Xuan J. , Yu L. , Che R. , Li X. , Gu N. , Lin Z. , Feng G. , Xing Q. , He L.
Published: April 2009

In this study, we examined the relationships between plasma concentrations of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone and polymorphisms of CYP3A4. All 130 schizophrenia patients (45 men, 85 women, age 15—60 years) who met DSM-IV criteria were given risperidone for 8 weeks. Clinical efficacy was determined using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). CYP3A4*1G was found to be associated with the change in total PANSS scores (Kruskal—Wallis test, P = 0.021), which was not significant on adjusting for multiple testing. Our study has, for the first time, conducted a genetic association study of the CYP3A4 gene with risperidone response. Further studies on larger groups and on the effects of the longer term risperidone treatment are needed to confirm these results.
Orosomucoid influences the response to antidepressants in major depressive disorder
Authors: Harley J. , Roberts R. , Joyce P. , Mulder R. , Luty S. , Frampton C. , Kennedy M.
Published: April 2009

Orosomucoid, an acute phase protein, carries basic drugs including antidepressants in plasma. Elevated levels have been reported in patients with depression. It has yet to be established whether orosomucoid concentration influences antidepressant response. The orosomucoid gene (ORM1) is polymorphic and the protein isoforms have differing pharmacokinetic properties which could alter plasma profile and blood brain barrier transport of antidepressants. Outpatients (n = 157) in a randomised control trial of fluoxetine versus nortriptyline were genotyped for the ORM1 variants. Plasma concentrations of acute phase proteins were also measured. Outcomes were the completion of an adequate six week trial of antidepressant and response. Response was defined as an improvement ≥60% on the Montgomery-Asperg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) over six weeks. The first notable finding was that individuals with an ORM1*S/*S genotype were less likely to complete an adequate six week trial of an antidepressant (OR = 4.707, 95% CI 1.769—12.527, P = 0.002). The second was that higher orosomucoid concentrations were found in antidepressant non-responders (91.4%) than responders (79.1%) (F1, 106 = 5.669, P = 0.019). These findings highlight the potential importance of variables such as orosomucoid which impact on drug availability on the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressant drugs.
Preparation and Characterization of YBa2Cu3O7-x/Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Composites
Authors: Bhadrakumari S. , Predeep P.
Published: April 2009

Composite samples of YBa2Cu3O7-x (Y-123) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) are prepared using Y-123 as filler. The electrical and magnetic properties and microstructure of these composites are presented. Although these composites do not show zero resistivity, the intrinsic diamagnetic properties of the superconducting materials are preserved in the composites and there is no change in the transition temperature of the superconductor. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies indicated a systematic variation in the microstructure in terms of the pores present and the extent of the intergrain contacts of the Y-123 filler.
Simplified Method for Predicting Overall Thermomechanical Properties of Cracked Composite Laminates
Authors: Yokozeki Tomohiro
Published: April 2009

Predictive method of overall thermomechanical properties of symmetric composite laminates with matrix cracks in multiple plies is presented. A general 2 n-ply symmetric cracked laminate is divided into n - 1 cracked sublaminates. Each sublaminate containing obliquely-crossed matrix cracks is analyzed using a two-dimensional shear-lag model and its effective in-plane properties are calculated. Application of lamination theory to the n - 1 sublaminates with effective properties results in estimation of overall properties of the cracked laminate. Effectiveness of this simplified method is verified by comparing with available FE results. Finally, this article shows the applicability of this predictive method to energy release rate analysis associated with matrix cracking.
Hygrothermal Stresses in Coated Hollow/Solid Fibers Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
Authors: Upadhyay P.C. , Wayne W.S. , Prucz Jacky , Lyons D.W.
Published: April 2009

Using composite cylinders assembly (CCA) model, a generalized algorithm has been developed to evaluate the micro stresses developed in the constituent phases of multiply (N-phases) coated hollow/solid fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites (PMCs) under different hygrothermal loading conditions. In the formulation all the N-phases are considered to be transversely isotropic. Results have been presented for S-glass/epoxy and AS-graphite/epoxy composites treating them as a five-phase (fiber, coating, matrix, and the composite) composite, void being the fifth phase along the centre line of the fiber. Results reveal the differences in the nature and the magnitude of stresses developed when solid fibers are replaced by the hollow ones. The algorithm can be utilized for evaluating the stresses in the constituent phases of multiply coated fiber reinforced metal matrix composites also where more than one coating layer and reaction zones, each with different constituent properties, are to be considered and the composite has to be treated as multiphase composite.
Performance Evaluation of Alkali and Acrylic Acid Treated—Untreated Jute Composites of Mixed Epoxy—Phenolic Resins
Authors: Patel V.A. , Parsania P.H.
Published: April 2009

Hydrophilic character of jute fibers was reduced by acrylation of alkali treated fibers. Jute (treated and untreated) composites of mixed matrix material (25 wt% epoxy resin of bisphenol-C (EBC) and 25 wt% bisphenol-C-formaldehyde (BCF) of jute fibers) were prepared by hand lay-up technique at 150°C under 7.6 MPa pressure for 2 h. Tensile strength was found to increase from 44.3 to 63 MPa (42.2%) and flexural strength was found to increase from 56.2 to 64 MPa (13.9%) on alkali treatment and acrylation. Similarly electric strength was found to increase from 0.18 to 0.72 kV/mm (400%) and volume resistivity was found to increase from 4.13 × 1016 to 5.1 × 1016 Ω-cm (123.5%). Water absorption of the composites was carried out at room temperature in distilled water and 10% each of aq. HCl and aq. NaCl solutions, and also in boiling water. The equilibrium water uptake is reduced drastically from 17.3—12.3% to 8.8—4.9% on acrylation. Similarly diffusivity was also found to reduce from 5.7—3.9 × 10-12 m2 s-1 to 4.8—2.2 × 10-12 m2 s-1. Drastic reduction in water uptake and diffusivity are due to replacement of hydrophilic hydroxyl groups to hydrophobic vinyl ester groups. No effect of boiling water was observed on the stability of the composites. Saturation time in boiling water was reduced to about 34 and 30 times without any damage to the JEBCF-50 and TJEBCF-50 composites, respectively.
Effect of Nanoclay on the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Wood Polymer Nanocomposite
Authors: Hemmasi Amir Hooman , Khademi-Eslam Habibolah , Talaiepoor Mohamad , Kord Behzad , Ghasemi Ismaeil
Published: April 2009

Polypropylene/wood flour composites with different nanoclay and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) contents were fabricated by melt compounding and then by injection molding. The mechanical properties, such as flexural modulus, tensile modulus, elongation at break, and impact strength, were evaluated. Results indicated that the flexural modulus, tensile modulus, and elongation at break increases with increase of nanoclay up to 3 phc at the same concentration of PP-g-MA, and then decreases. However, the impact strength of the composites decreases with increased nanoclay loading. Also, the effect of compatibilzer was positive in terms of enhancing the mechanical properties of the composites. The morphology of the nanocomposites has been examined by using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Morphological findings revealed that intercalation form, the sample with 3 phc concentration of clay, which implies the formation of the intercalation morphology and better dispersion than 6 phc, and the d-spacing of clay layers in the composite were improved in the presence of compatibilizer.
Work on Low-velocity Impact Properties of Foam Sandwich Composites with Various Face Sheets
Authors: Fan Xia  , Xiaoqing Wu
Published: April 2009

Foam core sandwich composites in conjunction with various facings composed of glass, stitching glass, carbon, carbon/Kevlar hybrid, and Kevlar fabric were fabricated by using RTM process; and low-velocity impact performance was studied at three energy levels. This article proposes that the damage extent of foam core sandwich construction may be characterized by the average damage angle, penetration depth, and maximal cracking width. The results show that the foam core samples with Kevlar facing are optimal for the peak load at load versus time plot, the shortest history course and the lowest impact damage extent at 25 J; the range of average damage angle of Kevlar facing samples is biggest at 90—67°, and the range of maximal cracking width and penetration depth of Kevlar facing samples are smallest: one is at 4.5—15.5 mm, the other is at 16.8— 18.0 mm at 25, 45, and 70 J.
Flexural Fatigue and Reliability Analysis of Wood Flour/High-density Polyethylene Composites
Authors: Yang Han-Seung , Pizhong Qiao  , Wolcott Michael P.
Published: April 2009

In this study, the flexural fatigue behavior of wood flour/high-density polyethylene composites is characterized. A non-dimensional analysis is adopted to establish a prediction equation for the fatigue life of the composites, and S—N curves and survivability diagrams are then constructed to show the fatigue life prediction of the wood/plastic composites (WPCs). Small coupon samples of the composites are tested in flexural fatigue. The predicted results in the non-dimensional (non-linear) fatigue model are better related to the testing data than the classical S—N curve (linear experimental data) fitting, and they could be used as the predicting model for fatigue life analysis of the WPCs. The best-fit S—N curve and its corresponding bounds based on 95% confidence are provided for the composites, and the fatigue data are well distributed within 95% confidence range. Fatigue life distribution diagrams are produced for the WPCs using a two-parameter Weibull cumulative density function based on the probability of survival concept, and this concept is then used to predict the fatigue life of the composites under an applied load. From these diagrams, the fatigue life can be easily determined at any given reliability index. The S—N plots under different reliability index present considerable value to the designer if the structure contains a critical component where any failure is catastrophic. The proposed experimental fatigue study and related analyses verify the applicability of non-dimensional fatigue model and theory of two-parameter Weibull distribution to fatigue life prediction and reliability analysis of WPCs, and they can be used to predict fatigue behavior of similar materials.
Mathematical Modeling of Nanocomposite Properties Considering Nanoclay/Epoxy Debonding
Authors: Park Jin Y. , Fay Timothy A. , Sullivan Paul L.
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study is to develop analytical equations using micromechanical methods that can effectively and accurately estimate the mechanical properties of polymer composite materials containing clay nanoparticle fillers. Various modeling techniques using the micromechanical approach are researched, including conventional micromechanical models. An analytical model was developed with consideration of the effects of imperfect bonding between the nanoparticle fillers and the matrix in the composite materials. The mechanical properties of the considered nanocomposites were estimated, and the estimated values were validated using the experimentally determined mechanical properties. For the experimental program, clay/epoxy nanocomposite specimen were fabricated and tested. The developed model was also compared to the conventional and previously developed micromechanical models.
Impact of the Fiber-reinforced Plastic (FRP) and the Thermal Effect for the Interfacial Stresses
Authors: Kerboua Bachir , Adda Bedia El Abbès , Tounsi Abdelouahad
Published: April 2009

In this article, an original survey on the stresses between the structure and the fibers composite (FRP) was finalized, taking into account, the mechanical and thermal load and the effects of the FRP plate fibers orientation. This originality, puts in evidence a new approach theory and the physical and geometric parameters coupled with the thermal model, which is one aspect that has not be taken into account by previous studies.
Integrating Hazard Mitigation into New Urban and Conventional Developments
Authors: Berke Philip R. , Yan Song  , Stevens Mark
Published: April 2009

The twentieth century model of the sprawling metropolis has fostered a massive build up of highly vulnerable development. New Urbanism has emerged to counter many of the societal ills of sprawl, but there is growing concern about placing this compact urban form in harm's way. Using 33 matched pairs of New Urban and conventional low-density developments we examine how well New Urban developments located in hazardous areas incorporate hazard mitigation techniques. Findings indicate that New Urban developments are compounding the growing risk to hazards by potentially adding higher density development than in the past. We recommend changes in New Urban model codes, and public policy that places more emphasis on mitigation through comprehensive planning.
Dealing With the Stress of College
Authors: Kohler Giancola Jennifer , Grawitch Matthew J. , Borchert Dana
Published: May 2009

With an increase in nontraditional students attending college, there is a need to understand how work/school/life stress affects adult students. The purpose of this study is to test a comprehensive stress model that posits appraisal (cognitive evaluation) and coping as mediators between stressors/interrole conflict and psychosocial outcomes. The model proposes that higher levels of stressors/interrole conflict will be associated with lower positive and higher negative appraisals. The model also predicts that positive and negative appraisals will predict specific adaptive and maladaptive coping behaviors. Adaptive coping results in positive outcomes, whereas negative coping leads to negative outcomes. The results support appraisal and coping as partial mediators with positive appraisal and adaptive coping having the hypothesized positive effects. Family—school conflict and school—work conflict and work stressors, in particular, emerge as key stressors for the adult student. This study provides direction for future researchers and implications for adult higher education.
MELAS With A3243G Mutation Presenting With Occipital Status Epilepticus
Authors: Karkare Shefali , Merchant Sabiha , Solomon Gail , Engel Murray , Kosofsky Barry
Published: May 2009

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is a mitochondrial disorder commonly caused by the A3243G mutation. We report a patient who initially presented with visual hallucinations, headaches, and nonconvulsive status epilepticus originating in left occipital lobe who subsequently progressed to have multifocal seizures. His magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed subtle T2 hyperintensity at first presentation that subsequently fully resolved. He then had more typical diffusion restriction not conforming to vascular territories. Evolution of his neuroimaging and electroencephalogram (EEG) is discussed with a brief review of literature. Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes should be suspected early with occipital lobe seizures.
The Effects of an Internationalized University Experience on Domestic Students in the United States and Australia
Authors: Lindsey Parsons R.
Published: April 2009

This research was conducted to determine whether the benefits claimed by advocates of university internationalization would be evidenced by students at two universities in the United States and one in Australia. A review of the literature of study abroad, intergroup contact theory, intercultural communication and sensitivity, worldmindedness, and internationalization of the curriculum was conducted to determine the expected and desired outcomes of university internationalization, and an instrument was created to measure them. Responses from 1,302 students indicated that that the primary components of an internationalized education (study abroad, contact with international students, and an internationalized curriculum) and frequent attendance at international events, were significantly correlated with higher scores on almost all of the scales and subscales. Other international variables, as well as older age, a greater number of years at college, and senior versus freshman standing, were also significantly correlated, but with fewer scales.
Three Lessons From a Randomized Trial of Massage and Meditation at End of Life: Patient Benefit, Outcome Measure Selection, and Design of Trials With Terminally Ill Patients
Authors: Downey Lois , Engelberg Ruth A. , Standish Leanna J. , Kozak Leila , Lafferty William E.
Published: April 2009

Improving end-of-life care is a priority in the United States, but assigning priorities for standard care services requires evaluations using appropriate study design and appropriate outcome indicators. A recent randomized controlled trial with terminally ill patients produced no evidence of benefit from massage or guided meditation, when evaluated with measures of global quality of life or pain distress over the course of patient participation. However, reanalysis using a more targeted outcome, surrogates’ assessment of patients’ benefit from the study intervention, suggested significant gains from massage—the treatment patients gave their highest preassignment preference ratings. The authors conclude that adding a menu of complementary therapies as part of standard end-of-life care may yield significant benefit, that patient preference is an important predictor of outcome, and that modifications in trial design may be appropriate for end-of-life studies.
Multidisciplinary Family Meetings in the ICU Facilitate End-of-Life Decision Making
Authors: Machare Delgado Enrique , Callahan Amy , Paganelli Galia , Reville Barbara , Parks Susan M. , Marik Paul E.
Published: April 2009

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of establishing a multi-disciplinary family meeting (MDFM) program and the impact of such a program on the end-of-life decision making in the setting of an ICU. Methods: During the study period MDFMs were scheduled for patients requiring mechanical ventilation for 5 or more days. The meeting followed a structured format. The pertinent details of the meeting as well as the treatment goals were recorded. Results: Twenty-nine patients were enrolled in this study. Thirty-five MDFM’s were held on 24 patients. A meeting could not be arranged for four patients. All meetings addressed patient’s diagnosis, prognosis and goals of care. Fifteen (52%) patients (9 of whom had metastatic malignancy) had life support withdrawal and died a mean of 4.8 + 4.2 days after the first family meeting. In the remaining 9 patients (3 with localized cancer and 6 with non-cancer diagnoses), the plan following the family meeting was to continue supportive care; all of these patients survived to hospital discharge. Conclusions: Proactive MDFM’s improve communication and understanding between patients’ family and the treating team and facilitates end-of-life decision making.
Comorbidity/Overlapping Between ADHD and PTSD in Relation to IQ Among Children of Traumatized/Non-Traumatized Parents
Authors: Daud Atia , Rydelius Per-Anders
Published: April 2009

Objective: This study explores the comorbidity between symptoms of ADHD and PTSD in relation to IQ among refugee children of traumatized parents (TP) and non-traumatized parents (NTP). Method: The study compares 80 refugee children, 40 with TP with 40 with NTP. ADHD and PTSD are assessed using DICA. Children’s cognitive functions are measured by WISC. Teacher ratings of YCI and SDQ are performed. Results: Overlapping between ADHD and PTSD symptoms are represented among children with TP. Cognitive functions, related to ADHD and PTSD, reveal associations between low IQ (<84) and having both ADHD and PTSD among children with TP. Conclusions: Concerns are raised about how ADHD and PTSD symptoms in a child are to be interpreted. Some overlapping exists between the two syndromes, but further studies should determine whether true comorbidity exists between ADHD and PTSD symptoms to better understand how to correctly diagnose and treat refugee children with TP. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 13(2) 188-196)
Memory for Object Locations in Boys With and Without ADHD
Authors: Reck Sarah G. , Hund Alycia M. , Landau Steven
Published: April 2009

Objective: To determine whether 7- to 12-year-old boys with ADHD, relative to non-ADHD age-mates, exhibit greater difficulty learning and remembering object locations. The second purpose was to examine the functional utility of mnemonic strategies, specifically speech-to-self, used by boys with and without ADHD. Method: Boys with and without ADHD were videotaped while completing a well-established, laboratory-based object location learning and memory task. Results: Boys with ADHD evinced a deficit while learning the location of objects and employed less sophisticated forms of private speech during the memory task. Conclusion: These findings reveal details about the utility of private speech during spatial working memory performance and further a theoretical understanding of ADHD. (J. of Att. Dis. 2010; 13(5) 505-515)
Behavioral Approach in ADHD
Authors: Mitchell John T.
Published: April 2009

Objective: Etiological models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increasingly support the role of a motivational dysfunction pathway, particularly for hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Overactive behavioral approach tendencies are implicated among these motivational accounts. However, other externalizing disorder symptoms, such as the psychopathy dimension, are also associated with behavioral approach and frequently co-occur with ADHD. The current study tested the hypothesis that behavioral approach is differentially associated with hyperactive-impulsive ADHD and psychopathy symptoms. Method: A sample of young adults ( n = 220) completed self-report measures assessing behavioral approach and inhibition, ADHD symptoms, and psychopathy symptoms. Results: Structural equation analyses supported the hypothesis that behavioral approach predicts hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms while considering symptom overlap with psychopathy symptoms. Conclusion: These findings support motivational accounts that behavioral approach tendencies are predictive of ADHD symptoms and address concerns about externalizing comorbidity. Implications for ADHD etiology are discussed.
Usefulness of a Clinician Rating Scale in Identifying Preschool Children With ADHD
Authors: Gopin Chaya , Healey Dione , Castelli Katia , Marks David , Halperin Jeffrey M.
Published: April 2009

Objective: To ascertain the psychometric properties and clinical utility of the Behavioral Rating Inventory for Children (BRIC), a novel clinician inventory for preschoolers. Method: Completion of the BRIC for 214 preschoolers follows 2 evaluation sessions, generally separated by less than 2 weeks. Items are submitted to a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) with Varimax rotation. Test-retest reliability and validity relative to other measures are assessed. Results: PCA yields a 2-factor solution representing a “Symptom Triad” and a “Mood/Sociability Factor.” Test-retest reliability of the triad and factor are .78 ( p <.001) and .55 ( p < .001), respectively. Correlations between parent and teacher ratings of ADHD-related behaviors and the Symptom Triad range from .39-.47 (all p <.001); similar correlations are found with laboratory measures of activity level ( r = .35-.49, all p <.001). Conclusion: The Symptom Triad of the BRIC appears to be a reliable and valid tool that may assist researchers and clinicians in studying and diagnosing ADHD in preschoolers, particularly in cases where teacher ratings are unavailable. J. of Att. Dis. 2010; 13(5) 479-488
Enacting Traffic Spaces
Authors: Kullman Kim
Published: May 2009

Children's mobility in Euro-American settings is increasingly circumscribed by adult surveillance and escorting, reflecting broader cultural constructions of safety and risk, autonomy, and protection. This article explores the spatial limits and possibilities of childhood in relation to everyday traffic. It describes a series of pedagogical interventions in a traffic park, where young children are prepared for the events of daily traffic by staging traffic encounters during classes and exercises. Analyzing these enactments through four forms of relational space developed in science and technology studies, the article brings out and contrasts the normativities framing the relationship between children and traffic, some taking determinate, others more fluid and ambivalent shapes. Arguing that neither traffic nor childhood are unitary phenomena but emerge out of diverse ideals and experiences, the article suggests that “good” traffic spaces and agencies are made possible only through ongoing engagement between the different bodies, materials, and hopes of mundane settings.
Health-related quality of life is associated with COPD severity: a comparison between the GOLD staging and the BODE index
Authors: Medinas Amorós M , Mas-Tous C , Renom-Sotorra F , Rubí-Ponseti M , Centeno-Flores MJ , Gorriz-Dolz MT
Published: May 2009

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent disease. Currently, severity Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria are used to diagnose the severity of COPD, but a new grading system, the body mass index, bronchial obstruction, dyspnea, exercise (BODE) index, was recently proposed to provide useful prognostic information. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and COPD severity assessed by two criteria: the GOLD classification and the BODE index. Sixty-four patients with COPD were examined with lung function tests and specific and generic HRQOL questionnaires (St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire [SGRQ], Nottingham Health Profile [NHP]). Participants were divided into four severity groups using the GOLD guidelines and the BODE index quartiles. The association between NHP and SGRQ subscales, and the BODE index was significant ( P < 0.01). However, the GOLD classification shows a correlation only with SGRQ total score ( P < 0.05) but not with NHP or SGRQ subscales. There was an association of the SGRQ total score between the severity groups of BODE ( P = 0.0001), but there was no difference in the SGRQ total score between the severity groups of GOLD classification ( P = 0.244). The present study suggests that COPD severity assessed by the BODE index can be more directly related with HRQOL.
The Epidemiology of Trauma, PTSD, and Other Posttrauma Disorders
Authors: Breslau Naomi
Published: May 2009

Epidemiologic studies have reported that the majority of community residents in the United States have experienced posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)—level traumatic events, as defined in the DSM-IV. Only a small subset of trauma victims develops PTSD (<10%). Increased incidence of other disorders following trauma exposure occurs primarily among trauma victims with PTSD. Female victims of traumatic events are at higher risk for PTSD than male victims are. Direct evidence on the causes of the sex difference in the conditional risk of PTSD is unavailable. The available evidence suggests that the sex difference is not due to (a) the higher occurrence of sexual assault among females, (b) prior traumatic experiences, (c) preexisting depression or anxiety disorder, or (d) sex-related bias in reporting. Observed sex differences in anxiety, neuroticism, and depression, inducing effects of stressful experiences, might provide a theoretical context for further inquiry into the greater vulnerability of females to PTSD.
U.K. Television News
Authors: Wayne Mike , Murray Craig
Published: April 2009

This essay provides a statistical and qualitative analysis of the hierarchical coverage of politics by UK Television news. It finds that there is a rigidly structured hierarchy of political access and focus, whereby the Prime Minister dominates over the cabinet, the cabinet dominates over ordinary MPs, the governing party dominates over the opposition, the three main parties dominate overwhelmingly over smaller parties, and the political elites dominate over ordinary members of the public. The paper also provides a framing analysis of TV news both during and after an election campaign period, and finds a skew towards `horse race' and personalization coverage which both outweigh `policy' issues. Thus television news is characterised by a hybrid of hierarchical and exclusive coverage of politics, combined with a narrowly expressed `cynicism' or populist antagonism towards politics that is personalized and anti-systemic in its focus.
Initiated Distrust
Authors: Dyck Joshua J.
Published: May 2009

An abundance of recent research has suggested that direct democracy institutions, such as the initiative and referendum, craft an environment ripe for encouraging better democratic citizenship. High and frequent exposure to ballot measures has been shown to increase the awareness, efficacy, political participation, and even the general level of happiness of citizens. In contrast to these studies, I develop and test a theory that the use of ballot initiatives undermines the ability of government to prove themselves trustworthy. Using data from two surveys, I demonstrate that ballot initiatives in the American states do indeed create an environment that encourages citizens to distrust their government. The findings have implications in assessing the positive externalities to direct legislation as well as in understanding policy choice made in these elections.
A Historical Perspective of the Understanding of the Link Between Diet and Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Yngve Agneta
Published: April 2009

The development of the understanding of the underlying causes of coronary heart disease has undergone several stages. Ecological studies, such as the Seven Countries' Study, showed a possible relationship between mortality in coronary heart disease and intake of saturated fats. The investigated area with the lowest rates of cardiovascular disease was the island of Crete, Greece. A discussion soon started to evolve around the Mediterranean diet, which at the time consisted mainly of foods of vegetable origin, olive oil, and cereals of unrefined nature. Several clinical trials have been undertaken since then, including the Lyon Heart Diet Study, in which it was clearly shown that both mortality and morbidity in coronary heart disease were substantially lowered by Mediterranean food compared with controls. Dean Ornish proved that an extreme regimen actually could reduce already existing sclerotic plaques, while the Women's Health Initiative study showed that a more modest diet change did not cause the intended reduction in heart disease in middle-aged women. Another prospective study of a similar age group of women showed that a diet with a low glycemic load provided a good reduction in coronary heart disease. Multiple studies of different components of food have shown no positive result, pointing at the whole diet rather than its components of nutrients as being of importance. Today, the experts agree on the optimal diet to prevent not only heart disease but also cancer forms and other chronic disease such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. This diet consists of a lot of fruit and vegetables, lots of fish, less salt and sugar, more unrefined cereals, beans, and nuts. Going from a general notion of Mediterranean food to testing that food in clinical settings and testing nutrients as preventative agents, it can be concluded that a generally healthy lifestyle, including a healthy diet, appropriate amounts of physical activity, good sleep, and less stress, is the way to a heart-healthy life.
Emerging from Ethical Scandal: Can Corruption Really Have a Happy Ending?
Authors: O'Connell Wendy , Bligh Michelle
Published: May 2009

Prior research suggests that companies with ethical leadership, a climate characterized by ethical values, and a formal ethics program have employees who engage in less misconduct. In this study, we examine one company's journey to develop these three elements and successfully emerge from scandal to eventually be hailed as a model of organizational ethics. A qualitative analysis of newspaper articles across three periods from scandal exposure to scandal emergence is used to explore the media's role in framing and reframing the perceptions of (un)ethical leadership actions and eventually changing the reputation of one organization. Results sugges that the leaders in this case study helped move beyond the scandal by avoiding even the appearance of impropriety, making ethics visibly stand out from the everyday business environment, and working to symbolically create perceptions of an ethical climate both inside and outside of the organization. Leadership lessons and limitations of the study are discussed.
Flexor Pollicis Longus Tendon Ruptures after Palmar Plate Fixation of Fractures of the Distal Radius
Authors: CASALETTO J. A. , MACHIN D. , LEUNG R. , BROWN D. J.
Published: April 2009

Palmar plate fixation of distal radial fractures is becoming a standard treatment for this common injury. Ruptures of the extensor pollicis longus tendon have been reported in 8.6% of cases after this procedure. Although palmar plate fixation has also been associated with flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon problems, the majority of reported cases pre-date the use of newer anatomically precontoured locking plates. In this paper seven cases of FPL rupture are presented. This complication does not appear to be unique to one type of implant. The possible aetiologies for FPL ruptures are discussed and ways to reduce the incidence of this complication are suggested.
Wireless Infrared Thermometer in the Follow-Up of Finger Temperatures
Authors: RUOPSA N. , KUJALA S. , KAARELA O. , OHTONEN P. , RYHÄNEN J.
Published: April 2009

After replantation surgery it is helpful to use temperature monitoring in order to detect vascular problems early. One of the methods currently employed is to use a thermometer with a wired probe attached to the tissue being monitored. An infrared wireless thermometer, commonly used in industry, measures temperatures of surfaces without actually touching them. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of infrared wireless thermometer technology for monitoring finger temperature. Finger temperatures of 38 volunteers were measured using the infrared wireless thermometer. A traditional wired thermometer was used as control. The measurements of both thermometers were similar when the temperature was 31.5° and over, with no statistical differences (mean difference 0.06°, P=0.521). At lower temperatures, however, the wireless infrared thermometer showed slightly lower temperature values (mean difference 1.01°, P<0.001). There was no difference between the finger temperatures of smokers and non-smokers. There is potential for the wireless infrared thermometer to be used as an easier alternative to the traditional wired thermometer in monitoring temperatures of revascularised or replanted parts including digital replants. Further clinical studies would be warranted.
Colles’ Fracture Treated with Non-Bridging External Fixation: A 1-Year Follow-Up
Authors: ANDERSEN J. K. , HØGH A. , GANTOV J. , VÆSEL M. T. , HANSEN T. BÆK
Published: April 2009

The results in 75 of 105 patients with Older type II/III (AO type A2.2, A3.1, A3.2) Colles’ fractures, treated with non-bridging external fixation are presented. The mean age was 67.8 years, and all patients were followed prospectively for 12 months with radiological and functional assessment. No statistically significant loss of radial length, angulation or inclination was seen between the postoperative reduction and the 1-year follow-up examination. The clinical results after 1 year were 66 (88%) excellent/good, nine (12%) fair and 0 (0%) poor according to the modified Gartland and Werley score. Mean visual analogue scale pain score after 1 year was 0.8. In three patients (4%), re-displacement of the fracture occurred and was treated with plating. Non-bridging external fixation offers a reliable method of maintaining radiological reduction of Older type II/III fractures of the distal radius and gives a good functional outcome after 1 year.
Bilateral Hand Transplantation: Result at 20 Months
Authors: CAVADAS P. C. , LANDIN L. , IBAÑEZ J.
Published: April 2009

On November 2006, a bilateral hand allotransplantation was performed for a 47-year-old female who had suffered radiocarpal amputations 28 years before. Technical aspects of the operation are detailed. Alemtuzumab induction, and triple therapy of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone were used to control rejection. The evolution of the result and functioning at 20 months are presented in detail. Two acute rejection episodes occurred and were successfully treated with steroids. In addition the patient developed a factitious visual disorder and a facial basal cell carcinoma. Functionally, at 20 months, the patient had a Hand Registry Functional Score of 69 (good), and a DASH score of 19.
The Partial Excision Greenstick (PEG) Osteotomy: A Novel Approach to the Correction of Clinodactyly in Children’s Fingers
Authors: TANSLEY P. D. T. , PICKFORD M. A.
Published: April 2009

Closing wedge osteotomy is an accepted technique for correcting bony malalignment. This study reports the results of a novel osteotomy technique used in children’s hands. Excision of a partial wedge generates a ‘greenstick’ type of fracture which can then be reduced and stabilised using only intraosseous wires. Eight consecutive patients who underwent surgery of this type between March 2003 and January 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. Union was obtained in all cases and there was good bone alignment and range of movement. No significant technique-related complications were encountered. This approach is a simple and effective way of correcting malalignment in the small bones of children’s hands.
Long-Term Results of Low Rotation Humeral Osteotomy in Children with Erb’s Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy
Authors: AL-QATTAN M. M. , AL-HUSAINAN H. , AL-OTAIBI A. , EL-SHARKAWY M. S.
Published: April 2009

Seventeen children with Erb’s (C5/6 and C5/6/7 types) obstetric brachial plexus palsy who underwent low rotation humeral osteotomy to treat internal rotation contracture of the shoulder were recalled back to the clinic at a mean of 10 (range 8–14) years after surgery. Eight were male and nine female with mean age of 16 (range 13–20) years. The osteotomy procedure was done at a mean age of 6 (range 5–8) years. Preoperative, early postoperative, and late postoperative motor assessments were compared. There was no recurrence of the internal rotation posturing of the shoulder and there was maintenance of the improvements in elbow extension deficit and forearm rotation. The most surprising finding was a significant ( P = 0.003) decrease in shoulder abduction on long-term follow-up (the mean shoulder abduction was 135 °, 146° and 109° measured pre-, early post- and late postoperatively, respectively). There was no correlation between changes in shoulder abduction and the radiological score of the shoulder.
What is the Significance of Tendon Suture Purchase?
Authors: KIM J. B. , DE WIT T. , HOVIUS S. E. R. , MCGROUTHER D. A. , WALBEEHM E. T.
Published: April 2009

Repairs have been performed on porcine flexor tendons and subjected to tensile stress measurements to determine the effects and mechanism of core suture purchase (the length of the suture bite). Eighty-four pig trotter flexor profundus tendons were divided and repaired using four lengths of core suture purchase (1.33, 1, 0.66 and 0.33 cm) using a double modified Kessler repair (four strands, two knots) with a peripheral epitendinous suture. Tendon purchase was achieved by either bilateral equal purchase lengths or with one tendon purchase at a fixed depth of 1 cm. A separate group of tendons were incubated in blood for 24 hours to simulate the wound environment prior to testing. Tensile tests demonstrated a progressive increase of repair strength with purchase length. With the exception of the 0.33 cm group, video analysis demonstrated the mode of failure as suture failure and not due to suture pullout. Therefore, the increase in breaking strength cannot be attributed to a better grip of the tendon ends, but to the mechanical characteristics of the suture polymer. The tendency for the incubated tendons to fail more consistently by pullout rather than suture failure, particularly in the shorter purchase lengths, emphasises the importance of studying tendon purchase in vivo. The significance of ex vivo mechanical testing should be considered with caution.
Age is an important predictor of short-term outcome in endoscopic carpal tunnel release
Authors: HANSEN T. B. , LARSEN K.
Published: April 2009

Endoscopic carpal tunnel release is a minimally invasive technique that may reduce sick leave and facilitate postoperative rehabilitation and short-term outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of age as a predictor of short-term outcome in endoscopic carpal tunnel release. We did a prospective registration of patient satisfaction, symptoms and function before and 2-months after endoscopic carpal tunnel release in 101 consecutive patients aged 23–94 years and then submitted the data to multivariable logistic regression analysis. Patient age >65 years was a good predictor of a less favourable short-term outcome, and endoscopic carpal tunnel release may not be justified as a routine procedure in elderly patients.
Cervical Spine Alignment During On-Field Management of Potential Catastrophic Spine Injuries
Authors: Swartz Erik E. , Rossi Gianluca Del
Published: May 2009

Context:

When cervical spine injuries are suspected, the cervical spine should be immobilized in a neutral position and neck motion controlled in preparation for transport to an emergency facility. Protocols for emergency transport utilizing common devices (cervical collars) and methods (transfer techniques) during these procedures are not entirely evidence based.

Evidence Acquisition:

The medical literature search covered the time period of January 1966 to June 2008 using the following keywords, either alone or in combination: extrication collars, cervical collars, spine orthoses, spinal immobilization, spine board, spinal board, transfer techniques, and back board. Biomedical databases searched included Medline, Web of Science, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL [1982 to 2008]). The reference lists of all trials identified were also searched for additional trials.

Methods:

Only trials that directly compared the efficacy or safety of transfer methods and/or immobilization devices were included. Studies that measured voluntary head movement after the fitting of the cervical orthoses and those that did not evaluate motion across individual spinal segments were not included.

Results:

A lift-and-slide transfer method with a full body immobilization device creates less motion than a log-roll maneuver. Extrication-type cervical immobilization collars are limited in their ability to control neck motion in the injured cadaveric model.

Conclusion:

Allied health professionals responsible for the management of the cervical spine–injured patient should become familiar with and employ a lift-and-slide transfer technique in appropriate situations and should not rely exclusively on extrication-type collars to immobilize the neck.
Low Back Pain in Young Athletes
Authors: Purcell Laura , Micheli Lyle
Published: May 2009

Context:

Low back pain in young athletes is a common complaint and should be taken seriously. It frequently results from a structural injury that requires a high degree of suspicion to diagnose and treat appropriately.

Evidence Acquisition:

A Medline search was conducted from 1996 to May 2008 using the search terms “low back pain in children” and “low back pain in athletes.” Known texts on injuries in young athletes were also reviewed. References in retrieved articles were additionally searched for relevant articles. Sources were included if they contained information regarding diagnosis and treatment of causes of low back pain in children.

Results:

Low back pain is associated with sports involving repetitive extension, flexion, and rotation, such as gymnastics, dance, and soccer. Both acute and overuse injuries occur, although overuse injuries are more common. Young athletes who present with low back pain have a high incidence of structural injuries such as spondylolysis and other injuries to the posterior elements of the spine. Disc-related pathology is much less common. Simple muscle strains are much less likely in this population and should be a diagnosis of exclusion only.

Conclusion:

Young athletes who present with low back pain are more likely to have structural injuries and therefore should be investigated fully. Muscle strain should be a diagnosis of exclusion. Treatment should address flexibility and muscle imbalances. Injuries can be prevented by recognizing and addressing risk factors. Return to sport should be a gradual process once the pain has resolved and the athlete has regained full strength.
Bone Health: Part 1, Nutrition
Authors: Lorincz Caeley , Manske Sarah L. , Zernicke Ron
Published: May 2009

Nutrition, in sufficient amount and substance, is crucial for healthy growth and development of the skeleton and surrounding tissues, especially in physically active populations. Inadequate nutrition has been linked to maladies such as the female athlete triad, as well as poor training or competitive performance and increased risk of injury. Dietary choices favoring items high in quality protein of animal or plant origin, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fruits and vegetables high in potassium and fiber, and dairy products or other beverages fortified with calcium and vitamin D are essential to athletes to ensure adequate vitamin and mineral availability to the skeleton, which in turn can affect peak physical performance.