bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
15.3: Invited Paper: Volume Holographic Components for Display Applications
Authors: Trout T. John , Gambogi William J. , Steijn Kirk W. , Mackara Steven R.
Published: January 2005

Volume holographic components are being used to enhance the performance of a variety of liquid crystal and projection display systems. Holographic components address the ever‐present need within display systems for more efficient light management. With proper design, holographic components address this need with higher light throughput, reduced thickness and weight, reduced energy consumption, and additional opportunities for unique system functions.

This paper describes design parameters and examples of improved devices by introducing the unique features of diffractive holographic components. These features include angular and spectral selectivity, high efficiency, and multiple optical functions designed into single components. Holographic reflectors, front diffusers, and compensations films have been developed and used in direct view liquid crystal displays. Holographic color filters and projection screens have also been developed based on this technology. For these applications the holographic component and system will be discussed. Finally, design considerations will be discussed that relate to the development of new display systems and components.
16.4: Luminance Degradation of Blue Phosphor BaMgAl10O17: Eu for PDP
Authors: Ushirozawa Mizumoto
Published: January 2005

Luminance degradation of blue‐emitting phosphor BaMgAl10O17: Eu caused by the PDP making process and VUV irradiation was studied. The degradation by panel making process was investigated with samples prepared by several panel makers. The least degraded sample maintained 83% luminance after the process. The degradation by VUV was compared for the phosphor degraded by the process and initial phosphor. The luminance of the degraded one by process degraded lesser than non‐processed one. Chemical analysis indicated that the degradation was caused by the change in valence of europium in phosphor surface.
17.2: Ferroelectric Lyo‐Mesophase of Banana‐Shaped Molecules Showing Electro‐Optical Switching at Room Temperature
Authors: Jákli A. , Cao W. , Huang Y. , Wang S. , Lee C. K. , Chien L.‐C.
Published: January 2005

We prepared ferroelectric lyo‐mesophases of banana‐shaped molecules. It was observed that adding only 15% of non‐polar solvent xylene to the banana‐shaped molecules the isotropic‐B7 transition temperature lowered from 130°C to 70°C and the ferroelectric electro‐optical switching range extended from 1–2°C to more than 50°C, thus maintaining the switching even at room temperature. The textures and the switching characteristics are be discussed in detail.
17.3: Control of the Refractive Index and the Birefringence of Side‐Chain Liquid Crystalline Copolymers
Authors: Nakanishi Sadahiro , Nakano Shusaku , Mochizuki Amane , Miyatake Minoru , Fujimura Yasuo
Published: January 2005

The refractive index(no) and the birefringence(Δn) of side‐chain liquid‐crystalline copolymers (LCPs) are investigated. Introduction of the second fragment to a cyanobiphenyl derivative unit conducted LCPs to a wide range of optical properties. This technology is expected to be usable on a variety of optical devices.
17.4: Novel Liquid‐Crystal Materials with High Birefringence and Low Rotational‐Viscosity for the Field‐Sequential Color TN‐LCDs
Authors: Nakajima S. , Sugiyama Y. , Ichinose H. , Numata H. , Naemura S. , Manabe A.
Published: January 2005

Liquid crystal (LC) materials with features of coexistence of high birefringence and low rotational‐viscosity were developed, by introducing novel class of tolane substances. Those LC mixtures exhibit voltage‐holding‐ratio high enough for active matrix addressing, and their excellent physical properties improve the TN‐mode display performances significantly. The extremely fast switching characteristics enable TN LC panels to be applicable to field sequential color displays.
18.2: Galvanic Activity in Reflective LCDs
Authors: Melnik George , Janssen Peter , Cnossen Gerard
Published: January 2005

Reflective LC displays using an internal reflector are inherently asymmetric. This asymmetry affects the electro‐optic behavior of the LC and has been identified as the major cause of flicker. In this paper we report experiments which associate this flicker with electrochemical activity within the LCD itself.
18.3: Implementation of a New Wide Viewing Angle Mode for TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Kwag J. O. , Shin K. C. , Kim J. S. , Kim S. G. , Kim S. S.
Published: January 2005

Compare to the conventional twisted nematic (TN) mode TFT‐LCD fabrication process, so far suggested method for the wide viewing angle modes require extra mask‐counts. Patterning of the color filter common electrode to achieve the multi‐domain vertical alignment (VA) mode costs additional process step. In addition, to avoid improper disclinations, strict alignment margin is necessary. Enhanced vertical alignment (EVA) mode has been developed where the multi‐domain cell is formed by the interaction between fringe fields of the pixel electrodes and protrusions on the TFT‐array panel. Compared to the TN‐mode, since the common electrode is not patterned, EVA mode does not require any additional mask‐count. Using the combinations of multi‐layer overlap patterns with gate metal, gate dielectrics, passivation nitride, and source/drain metal, protrusions can be formed during the normal TFT‐array fabrication process. Viewing angle of the EVA mode can even surpass other wide viewing modes.
18.4: Development of a 19‐in.‐diagonal UXGA Super TFT‐LCM Applied with Super‐IPS Technology
Authors: Mishima Y. , Nakayama T. , Suzuki N. , Ohta M. , Endoh S. , Iwakabe Y. , Kagawa H.
Published: January 2005

A 19‐inch diagonal UXGA TFT‐LCM with a mega wide viewing angle applied with Super‐IPS technology has been developed. A high aperture ratio which is the same as that of the current 18.1‐ inch SXGA LCM under UXGA resolution in the 19‐inch diagonal LCM was obtained by optimization of pixel structure and the development of a liquid crystal mixture with low driving voltage. Introducing a compensatory pixel structure solved the problem of non‐uniformity of the brightness caused by signal delay. Moreover, the same external dimensions as those of the current 18.1‐inch TFT‐LCM and thinner package were realized.
19.3: Electrical Studies of Mechanically Deformed Indium Tin Oxide Coated Polymer Substrates
Authors: Cairns Darran R. , Sparacin Daniel K. , Paine David C. , Crawford Gregory P.
Published: January 2005

We report on the reliability of an ITO coated polymer substrate for flexible display applications. The resistance of the ITO layer increases with strain. The increase depends on ITO thickness, substrate material and additional polymer coatings. We present data for cyclic loading of the ITO coated polymer and the increase in resistance with temperature.
20.1: Invited Paper: What Is A Pixel?
Authors: Blinn James F.
Published: January 2005

Most computer graphics researchers would agree that the pixel is the fundamental atomic element of imaging. But what is a pixel? The simple notion of a hardware displayable pixel becomes far more complex when it is examined more closely.

Early 2D windowing systems considered a pixel to be a little square. A more enlightened signal processing approach thinks of a pixel as a point sample of a continuous function. Many signal processing problems occur since physical pixels can only have positive values.

Hardware pixels are usually given with 8 bits of resolution. But the precise translation of these bit patterns into physical intensities is often not specified. More careful treatment of intensity encoding takes into consideration gamma correction and dithering, as well as the intensity sensitivity of the human eye.

Color pixels are generally thought to have Red, Green and Blue components. A closer examination leads to the concept of a pixel as some projection of a full spectral distribution that must take into account the response of the eye and the physics of the display emitters. In addition, some modern displays, like LCD panels, have a predictable geometric offset between the color emitters. This has implications on the proper spatial filtering of an image in addition to any color matching problems. Compositing and blending images leads to the creation of a fourth channel, called alpha, to represent an amount of geometric coverage. The exact meaning of this transparency channel has also been a subject of debate. Furthermore, the traditional single alpha channel is often used to represent colored object transparency. This is another approximation to a more accurate approach that progresses through usage of three alpha channels per pixel to, ultimately, a whole spectral distribution for transmission as well as emission.

Finally, there are reasons to specify still more quantities, such as depth information, on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis.

Ultimatly, like the blind men and the elephant, a pixel means different things to different people. In fact, when we consider the proper handling of color, geometry and transparency we realize that an ordinary hardware pixel is simply a bad image compression technique.
20.2: Improved Character Representation by Non‐Square Pixel Grids
Authors: Sluyterman A. A. S.
Published: January 2005

The spacing between and representation of characters, in particular Italic characters and characters with oblique lines such as A, V and W, on a CRT display can be drastically improved with a non‐square pixel grid. The horizontal addressable pixel density is thereby increased without increasing the number of scanned lines.
20.3: Visual Search Performance on LCD and CRT Displays: An Experimental Comparison
Authors: Hollands J. G. , McFadden S. , Cassidy H. A. , Boothby R.
Published: January 2005

We examined visual search performance using 52‐cm liquid‐crystal (LCD) and cathode‐ray tube (CRT) displays. Twenty‐four subjects searched for navy tactical display symbols on a map background. When display clutter was low (few symbols), there was a CRT advantage for off‐axis viewing, but this advantage disappeared as the number of symbols increased.
20.4: Displaced Filtering for Patterned Displays
Authors: Betrisey Claude , Blinn James F. , Dresevic Bodin , Hill Bill , Hitchcock Greg , Keely Bert , Mitchell Don P. , Platt John C. , Whitted Turner
Published: January 2005

This paper describes the filtering used in Microsoft ClearType. ClearType is a software system than enhances the resolution and readability of fonts on displays that contain a repeating pattern of addressable colored sub‐pixels. The filtering in ClearType is based on a perceptual model of human vision. The perceptual model leads to an optimization technique for finding the best output values. The results of the optimization can be approximated by pre‐filtering each color channel of an input image and then sampling each filtered color image at the spatial locations of the same colored sub‐pixels in the display. We refer to this filtering followed by displaced sampling as RGB decimation. RGB decimation eliminates the phase error caused by standard anti‐aliasing. A further approximation of the optimal filter yields RGB decimation with displaced box filters. Fourier analysis demonstrates that both the optimization technique and the displaced box filter suppress frequencies that contribute most to color fringing in unfiltered displaced sampling.
5.2: High Performance Electrophoretic Displays
Authors: Swanson Sally A. , Hart Mark W. , Gordon Joseph G.
Published: January 2005

Electrophoretic (EP) displays have been proposed as a route to “paper‐like” displays. A high performance EP display designed by IBM will be described along with aspects of electrode design, display characteristics, particle selection, and particle stabilization.
21.1: Invited Paper: The Digital Revolution in Electronic Projection Display Technology
Authors: Kahn F. J.
Published: January 2005

Although analog CRTs continue to enable most of the world's electronic projection displays such as US consumer rear projection televisions, digital AMLCD and DLP reflective mirror array projectors have rapidly created large non consumer markets—primarily for business. Recent advances in image quality, compactness and cost effectiveness of digital projectors have revolutionary implications for major consumer and entertainment markets as well. Fueled by advances in imaging panels, light sources and micro‐optics, digital projection is improving at a rate 5X to 12X faster than flat panel plasmas and analog CRT projectors. Continued rapid improvement is expected due to relative immaturity and the wide diversity of technological improvements being pursued by materials suppliers, component suppliers and the projector manufacturers themselves. As a result digital projection is likely to dominate both the consumer HDTV and the cinema market by 2010. Shipments for all projection markets should exceed 10M units per year in 2010 with upside potential for 70M units shipments driven by high image quality, low depth, relatively low cost and the potential to be the primary large area high definition display in most of the worlds living rooms.
23.1: Fast‐Switching LCD with Multi‐Domain Vertical Alignment Driven by an Oblique Electric Field
Authors: Yoshida H. , Nakanishi Y. , Sasabayashi T. , Tasaka Y. , Okamoto K. , Inoue Y. , Sukenori H. , Fujikawa T.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a novel fast‐switching LCD with multidomain vertical alignment driven by an oblique electric field. The oblique electric field is applied between comb‐shaped source electrodes and comb‐shaped common electrodes on a TFT substrate and an ITO electrode on a CF substrate covering the entire display area. The ITO electrode is covered by a dielectric layer. The LCD has a wide viewing range (>160°), a high contrast ratio (>250:1) and fast response times even in black‐and‐white (13 ms (rise), 4 ms (decay)), and gray‐scale (<17 ms) switching. The LCD has no problems with electrostatic charge, disclination, or slow gray‐scale switching.
23.2: Twisted Discotic Film Compensated Single‐Domain and Two‐Domain TN LCDs
Authors: Lu Minhua , Yang K. H.
Published: January 2005

A single‐layer twist discotic film with negative birefringence is used to compensate either a single‐domian (1D) TN or a two‐domain (2D) TN with advantages of higher contrast ratio, wider viewing angles, lower operating voltage, faster response times, and lower color‐shift over the uncompensated ones, respectively. The compensation on 2DTN has the added advantage of no extra light leakage at the locations of the disclination lines between two domains at any gray level so that no black matrix is needed at these locations. Further increases in viewing angles are possible by combining the compensation scheme with wide‐viewing‐angle polarizers. The compensation scheme can also be applied to reflective TNs for either direct‐view or projection displays.
25.3: An Ultra‐High‐Quality MVA‐LCD Using a New Multi‐Layer CF Resin Spacer and Black‐Matrix
Authors: Taniguchi Y. , Inoue H. , Sawasaki M. , Tanaka Y. , Hasegawa T. , Sasaki T. , Koike Y. , Okamoto K.
Published: January 2005

An ultra‐high‐quality MVA‐LCD has been developed using a newly designed CF. The Cr black‐matrix was replaced by multi‐layer CF resin, which was also used to eliminate the conventional bead spacer. The protrusions that are essential to building rubbing‐less MVA panels are stacked on the multi‐layer CF resin coated by ITO to prevent electrical shorting between the CF and TFT substrates and to maintain the appropriate cell gap. This beadless MVA panel improves the transmittance and cell gap uniformity. Moreover, this new design removes Cr BM from the CF structure and eliminates both spacer dispersion and rubbing from the MVA panel process.
26.2: Optimally Reducing Motion Artifacts in Plasma Displays
Authors: Klompenhouwer M. A. , de Haan G.
Published: January 2005

Plasma Display Panels (PDPs) suffer from motion artifacts caused by the subfield driving method. Motion compensation helps to prevent motion blur and dynamic contouring artifacts. Our new algorithm for motion compensation is very regular, inherently avoids rounding errors, and outperforms the earlier methods.
26.4: Artifacts of CRT Displays in Vision Research and Other Critical Applications
Authors: Peli Eli , García‐Pérez Miguel A.
Published: January 2005

Phosphor persistence and video bandwidth affect the appearance of images presented on CRTs. We provide specific illustrations of their effects, revealing severe problems for vision research and other critical applications.
27.1:Invited Paper: The Promise of Plasma Displays for HDTV
Authors: Weber Larry F.
Published: January 2005

The excellent image quality of HDTV demands display diagonals larger than 50 in. to satisfy human visual‐acuity limits in typical US home‐theater applications. PDPs will meet the HDTV market requirements by means of image‐quality issues, device characteristics and signal‐processing techniques reviewed here.
28.3: Evaluation of Thin Film Materials for Field Emission Displays
Authors: Chalamala Babu R. , Reuss Robert H.
Published: January 2005

A simple method for the evaluation of materials suitable for the fabrication of field emission displays is presented. The technique is based on the sensitivity of a large field emitter array to the outgassing or desorption of gas species from thin films under electron beam excitation. We demonstrate the usefulness of the technique for the evaluation of thin film materials suitable for use with Mo field emitter arrays.
28.4: Matrix Flat‐Panel Application of Ballistic Electron Surface‐Emitting Display
Authors: Komoda Takuya , Honda Yoshiaki , Hatai Takashi , Watabe Yoshifumi , Ichihara Tsutomu , Aizawa Koichi , Kondo Yukihiro , Koshida Nobuyoshi
Published: January 2005

Ballistic electron Surface‐emitting cold cathode based on porous polysilicon exhibits excellent performance as a novel flat panel display. It is demonstrated that emission current is stable up to an ambient pressure of 10 Pa. 53(RGB) × 40 pixels multicolour matrix panel is fabricated and evaluated its performance. Fabricating process is mainly based on conventional silicon process and anodisation process, for which we can expect lower production cost at larger panel fabrication.
29.2: New Photo Alignment Technology Based on •‐(4‐Chalconyloxy) Alkyl Groups
Authors: Kimura M. , Nakata S. , Makita Y. , Matsuki Y. , Kumano A. , Takeuchi Y. , Yokoyama H.
Published: January 2005

This paper describes a new photo alignment method based on the •‐(4‐Chalconyloxy) Alkyl side group with styrene units and phenylmaleimide units. We compared the proposed photo alignment method with the rubbing method and found that there was a gain in anchoring energy at the interface between the alignment film and LC. Furthermore, we found the improvement in TN cell electro‐optical characteristics when we used this new photo alignment method. We think this photo alignment method was available in practical applications.
6.2: Integrated TFT‐ LCD Timing Controllers with RSDS Column Driver Interface
Authors: Lee A. , Lee D. W.
Published: January 2005

A new generation of TFT LCD Timing controllers (TCON) are developed. This TCON offers higher levels of integration by integrating the industry de facto FPD Interface standard, LVDS receiver. In addition, This TCON provides support for multiple LCD Panel Design. This Timing Controller also features a new Column Driver interface, RSDS™, Reduce Swing Differential Signaling. Through the implementation of this high speed interface, higher resolutions at reduced EMI can be achieved. This paper will review the technical features of this new TCON, FPD87310.
30.3: Seamless Tiling Technology for Large Direct‐View Color AMLCD's
Authors: Greene R. G. , Krusius J. P. , Seraphim D. P. , Skinner D. , Yost B.
Published: January 2005

We describe a novel low cost seamless AMLCD tiling technology that has been developed by Rainbow Displays, Inc. This tiling technology facilitates robust, continuous, and uniform displays without visible seams. Prototype displays with 4 tiles, 38.6″ diagonal size, 4×3 aspect ratio, 800×600 resolution, 200 nit brightness, and 160° horizontal viewing angles have been built. Displays with 16×9 aspect ratio and higher resolution are under development.
30.4L: Late‐News Paper: 15‐in. Quad‐VGA TFT‐LCD High Resolution for Multimedia Applications
Authors: Gofuku Eishi , Takahashi Seiki , Numano Yoshinori
Published: January 2005

15‐inch Quad‐VGA LCD panel which has 1,280 × 960 resolution is developed (Figure 1). This LCD panel provides adaptability to the new media such as DVD using PC because of 4/3 screen format. 15‐inch diagonal size is the best selection for a personal use monitor from standpoint of ergonomics. Main features of this panel are higher brightness, higher contrast ratio, higher color saturation and smooth gray‐scale to achieve excellent images especially for motion pictures on high‐resolution screen using generic PC systems.
30.5L: Late‐News Paper: An Advanced 23‐inch In‐Plane‐Switching Mode TFTLCD with H1920 × V1200 Pixels
Authors: Kimura M. , Fukami T. , Kumagawa K. , Asada S. , akemoto H. , akubo Y.
Published: January 2005

A new 23‐inch diagonal IPS (In‐Plane‐Switching) mode TFT‐LCD with H1920 × V1200 pixels has been developed. This TFT‐LCD has obtained good uniformity by using an advanced driving method which combines the Dual‐line driving and the design of optimized storage‐capacitance for each pixels. Furthermore, using a new pixel structure, which is a zigzag shaped pixel including zigzag shaped source lines, common electrodes, pixel electrodes and a color‐filter, the aperture ratio becomes 25% larger than a conventional LCD.
32.2: Design of the Double Q‐pole Deflection Yoke for the Real Flat CRT (Cybertube)
Authors: Spanjer T. G.
Published: January 2005

The design of the deflection yoke of the Philips Cybertube is presented. Two dynamically driven magnetic quadrupoles have been added to vary the virtual gun pitch seen at the screen synchronously with the frame deflection. This gun pitch modulation enables additional mask curvature for improved doming, drop‐test and microphony performance.
32.4: New Driving Scheme for the Camel CRT
Authors: Huqiang Long , Dong Xu , Baolin Huang , Shuquan Lin , Denyi Tang
Published: January 2005

Some characteristics of the black‐white camel CRT made in our lab are briefly presented in this paper, and the detailed descriptions of the new driving scheme for the camel CRT are then given. New circuit design has a very simple structure and can effectively remove or decrease the bright or black stripe between both unit‐images of a camel CRT.
6.4: Image Scaling at Rational Ratios for High‐Resolution LCD Monitors
Authors: Kazuo Sekiya , Shimizu Junya
Published: January 2005

We propose a new scaling technology, called “Expansion Scaling with Complementary Outlining on Rule‐based Trace (ESCORT),” which expands the digital video image at rational ratios. ESCORT has been developed with targeting the computer screen images and gives superior legibility at the expansion ratios less than two whose ratios are required in high‐resolution LCDs.
33.1: Invited Paper: Displays for Hand‐Held Portable Electronic Products
Authors: Akins R.
Published: January 2005

The hand‐held electronic product field includes most telecommunication, palm computing and navigation products, making this a large market for smaller displays (typically from 1″ to 4″ diagonal). Historically, this market has demanded displays with low power and cost, rather than high image quality, as evidenced by the historical dominance of monochrome TN and STN displays. However, within these constraints there is a strong trend toward larger displays capable of higher information content, including a migration toward low power color solutions.
33.2: Development of 2‐in. Plastic‐Film STN‐LCD with Uniform Cell Gap
Authors: Park S. K. , Han J. I. , Kim W. K. , Kwak M. K.
Published: January 2005

STN LCDs on plastic film substrates for mobile communication devices have been researched and developed at KETI in KOREA. The plastic film substrate is so weak to heat and pressure that its fabrication process is limited to 110°C. The ITO electrode layer was deposited on the bare plastic film substrate by rf‐magnetron sputtering. And in order to maintain uniform cell gap and press on the plastic film substrate without deformation of substrate surface, we utilized newly invented jig and fabrication process. Electro‐optical characteristics are better than or equivalent to those of typical glass LCDs though it is thinner, lighter‐weight, and more robust than glass LCD.
33.3: Contrast Enhancement of OLED Displays
Authors: Johnson David , Hofstra Peter , Zhou Theodore X. , Brown Julie J.
Published: January 2005

A high contrast OLED display technology has been developed using Luxell's BlackLite™ technology integrated with UDC's transparent cathode structure. This structure demonstrates the potential of achieving an OLED display with low reflectivity, enhanced image clarity, reduced drive currents and enhanced display lifetime.
P‐1: Optical Properties of Reflective LCD with Diffusive Micro Slant Reflectors (DMSR)
Authors: Wen C.‐J. , Ting D.‐L. , Chen C.‐Y. , Chuang L.‐S. , Chang C.‐C.
Published: January 2005

A reflective TFT‐LCD with an internal diffusive micro slant reflector (DMSR) is developed to improve the previous MSR structure. The DMSR structure is optimized to obtain a desired light scattering disbribution cone while still preserving the asymmetry characteristics. A 6.4″ VGA full‐color reflective TFT‐LCD with a DMSR is realized. In this paper, we will discuss the optical perperties of the panel. The measurement results show that the reflectance is 42% compared with a Lambertian white standard and the contrast ratio is larger than 20:1.
P‐5: A New Touch‐on‐Tube CRT Touch Technology
Authors: Armstrong Donald B.
Published: January 2005

It has long been a dream to create an “ideal” touch monitor—a touchmonitor without a touchscreen. Such a touchmonitor could be assembled easily using existing assembly‐line techniques for monitor manufacturing. As an added benefit, the touchmonitor offers the features of a modern CRT: a durable, vandal‐resistant touch surface with an unobstructed view. Yet, with the computer display world moving from curved to flat, the question arises: Why would we want to expend effort on a new CRT technology? We believe that where there is space for a CRT it is still — and will continue to be — the most cost‐effective display available. We also believe that for the foreseeable future there will continue to be a significant demand for large CDT displays (CRTs made for monitors) for kiosks, gaming, process control, and any application that uses video. Elo's new iTouch “touch‐on‐tube” technology uses surface acoustic waves, which have been the basis for Elo's IntelliTouch overlay touchscreens for more than 10 years.
6.5L: Late‐News Paper: Design for Super‐Resolution Image Processing Using a Parallel Image Processor Chip Set
Authors: Greenberg Robert , Decker Les
Published: January 2005

This design provides a solution for super resolution display that overcomes current bandwidth limitations. The display is essentially split into two halves, with each half driven by a PW364 ImageProcessor. The design is versatile in handling multiple input signals and scalable for even higher resolution displays. It uses mass‐produced components that reduce costs and enable faster time to market.
P‐7: New TACless Wide‐View Film for TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Mori H. , Itoh Y. , Murayama M. , Ogawa M. , Yabuki Y. , Shinagawa Y.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a new TACless Wide‐View film, a successor of the current Wide‐View film, which makes the polarizer thinner and allows higher light transmittance, by eliminating one of the TAC films and directly attaching the optical compensation layers to the PVA layer of the polarizer. The new TACless Wide‐View film gives the same optical effect on the TN mode TFT‐LCD as the predecessor.
P‐8: A Novel Bright Reflective Color STN‐LCD with the ISR (Inner Scattering Reflector) Structure
Authors: Hatanaka T. , Fujita S. , Mizuno H. , Sakurai Y. , Iwai Y. , Ogawa T.
Published: January 2005

A novel bright reflective color STN‐LCD with the ISR (Inner Scattering Reflector) structure has been developed for the first time in reflective color STN‐LCDs. The adoption of the ISR structure enables the LCD to obtain not only clear image without blur but also 2.5 times brightness as high as that of conventional reflective color STN‐LCDs.
P‐10: Integrated Display Architecture for Ultra‐Portable Multimediaprojectors
Authors: Winzker Marco , Rabeler Uwe , Stephan Manfred , von Husen Gerd
Published: January 2005

Multimediaprojectors require sophisticated image processing realized on limited board space. An architecture is presented that combines available components and a dedicated display controller for a flexible, compact and cost efficient display electronic. A basic version of the display controller is available as an ASIC, an advanced version has been prototyped as an FPGA.
P‐14: Mechanical Drop Simulation Using FEM to Improve Shockproof Characteristic in Cathode‐Ray Tube
Authors: Park Sang‐Hu , Kim Sung‐Dae , Lee Jae‐Kee , Lee Sang‐Bong
Published: January 2005

In this study, the structural design concepts of main parameters of a Cathode‐Ray Tube(CRT) such as frame, spring, shadow mask were proposed to guarantee a failure‐proof CRT under mechanical shock. With the help of computer simulation, some pieces of information on the structural design were obtained as the followings; the frame and the shadow mask of CRT needed designing to increase strength, so double‐beads shape at the corner of frame was newly designed for it. And the spring, which interconnected frame with panel glass, was required to deform elastically for the purpose of absorbing the shock energy in the direction of drop. A new type of spring, it is named as ‘Twist Spring’, was designed to get the flexibility in the direction.

By using them, the deformation energy, which were occurred by mechanical shock, of a shadow mask could be reduced within some degree. To accomplish those simulations, commercial codes, Pam‐Crash and I‐DEAS were used and a CRT was estimated as an example to prove the usefulness of this study.
P‐16: New CCFL Power Supply Expands Automotive Applications for Backlit Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Henry George
Published: January 2005

New backlight inverter features pioneered by LinFinity are solving major problems in automotive LCD back lighting applications. The problems and their solutions, along with actual laboratory data, are presented in this paper.
P‐17: Low Power RLC‐Resonant Method for Driving Liquid‐Crystal Displays
Authors: Devisch Frédéric , Stiens Johan , Vounckx Roger , Kuijk Maarten
Published: January 2005

In this paper we focus on a novel method to drive the set of pixels in a LCD with lowered power dissipation. By simply adding an (surface mount) inductor to the driver IC, RLC resonant circuits can be constructed to charge and discharge the pixels periodically, hence recycling energy.
P‐20: Development of Spacer Formation Method Using Anodic Bonding Technique for Field Emission Display
Authors: Kang M. S. , Ju B. K. , Jang Y. T. , Lee D. J. , Lee Y. H. , Oh M. H. , Yoo K. H. , Lee N. S. , Kim J. M.
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we suggest the spacer formation method in the field emission display (FED) using glass‐to‐glass anodic bonding, which has been well known in the area of vacuum sealing and mounting of micro devices. It can offer very clean process without generating gases during vacuum sealing. This aligning and mounting method of high aspect ratio spacers can be a prospective technique having advantages of easy alignment, high strength, and short process time. We have designed the bonding tool that is capable of aligning and bonding of spacers. The diode‐type FED panel with spacer of 80 width was successfully fabricated and operated at 1000 V DC.
P‐22: Qualification of LCD Grade NF3 for PECVD Chamber Cleaning
Authors: Won T. K. , Shang Q. , Harshbarger W. R.
Published: January 2005

LCD grade NF3 gas, which has lower purity, was evaluated for chamber cleaning in a PECVD system for TFT‐LCD manufacturing. This paper presents a comparison of performance criteria: deposited film properties, cleaning rate, in‐film contamination analysis (SIMS and TXRF) and deposition and clean repeatability for LCD‐grade and ULSI‐grade of NF3.
P‐23: Some Properties of Column Structure on a Color Filter
Authors: Harada Ryutaro , Ishikawa Keizo , Nishijo Hirokazu
Published: January 2005

A novel color filter structure with column spacer has been developed. This color filter can reduce a spacer‐ball dispersion process, as well as maintain accurate cell thickness. Hardness of the column spacer is discussed in comparison with spacer‐ball.
P‐24: Manufacturing Process for Harsh‐Environment Operation LCDs
Authors: Bakumenko V. , Popov Yu. , Meshkova S. , Smirnov A.
Published: January 2005

Main features of the design and mass production of high reliable LCDs operating under extremal temperature and humidity conditions are discussed using multiplexed LCDs for cold and hot water counters as an example. There was found out the mechanism of breaking of LCD's hermeticity, caused by the corrosion damages of a lead in a “bottle‐neck” design. We are presenting here the developed basic technology of LCDs production for the usage under severe climatic and temperature conditions.
P‐25: An Accurate Spectral Method for Measuring Twist Angle of Twisted Cells with Rubbed and Grooved Surfaces
Authors: Konovalov V. A. , Muravski A. A. , Yakovenko S. Ye. , Pelzl J.
Published: January 2005

Accurate optical method for measuring twist angle in TN LC cells is presented. Deviation of the measured values for different orientations of the cell and polarizes have been analyzed. The method allows to determine twist angle with high accuracy for cells with rubbed surfaces as well as for cells where at least one surface is corrugated.
P‐26: Improvement in Measuring the Luminance Distribution of the CRT Electron Beam Spot
Authors: Shiramatsu Naoki , Iwata Shuji
Published: January 2005

Improvement of the sensitivity and the dynamic range of the imaging method achieved the measurement that is comparable to the human vision. Also suggested reconstruction algorithm improved the reliability of the measurement. Newly investigated measurement method is available for evaluating the electron beam distribution.
P‐29: Design of the Viewing‐Angle‐Controlling Film for LCD
Authors: Li Q. , Zhang X. P. , Zhang Z. Y. , Zhang J.
Published: January 2005

A method to control the viewing angles of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) with the controlling films externally to the device is presented. The film is composed of the prismatic or/and ellipsoid optical cells. By the design of shapes and structure parameters and the combination of the different cells, we can obtain the viewing‐angle‐controlling films within the range of ±20° to ±90°.
P‐30: Fine Patterning of Lateral Three Color Emitters for Organic EL Devices Using a Metal Mask Sliding in Vacuum Vapor Deposition
Authors: Utsugi Koji , Tamegai Masashi , Hasegawa Etsuo
Published: January 2005

In order to form high‐resolusion pixels for a small organic elctroluminescent (EL) device having a three‐color independent emission system using a low molecular evaporation method, a metal mask sliding control system with a pulse control motor was made for the initial trials. This system has a substrate holding table which has the functions of rotation angle adjustment, adjustment of the XY direction movements, adjustment of the Z direction movements and an XY stage for a metal mask sliding which is based on the leaf spring structure. The patterning of the RGB thin films was done by precisely controlling the position of the XY stage for a metal mask sliding using a DC servomotor. An organic EL device, which has the sub‐pixel pitch of 33 μm × 100 μm, aperture ratio of 70% and 254 ppi (pixel/inch), has been manufactured using this system.
P‐31: New Organic Electroluminescence Structures Using Porous Alumina Films
Authors: Kukhta Alexander , Kolesnik Eduard , Shakah Ghazi , Taoubi Mohammad , Mozalev Alexander , Smirnov Alexander
Published: January 2005

Porous alumina based organic electroluminescence structure doped with naphthalimide deriative is developed. The usage of porous alumina cathode results in more inhomogeneous electric field and, as a consequence, more intensive autoelectron emission. Organic electroluminescent devices of this type are easily produced and can be more efficient and stable as compared with usual structures.
7.2: Invited Paper: Fourth‐Generation TFT‐LCD Production Line
Authors: Chang Wonkie
Published: January 2005

With the explosive growth of Note‐PC and Desktop‐PC monitor market, TFT LCD market was confronted with the entire supply shortage in 1999. Forecasting a more boooming stage for the next several years, many TFT LCD panel manufacturers continue to expand the capacity of their existing plants and also make an additional investment in building new plants. The new investment is concentrated on the 4th generation TFT LCD line in order to improve investment efficiency. The setup of a Samsung's 3.5th generation line progressed satisfactorily with a glass size of 600×720mm2. We have continuously reviewed several issues regarding the glass size for our next 4th generaton line, which leads to adopt 730×920mm2. Due to the continuous enlargement of a substate size and following difficulty in transferring cassettes, the next line is expected to be the last line that employs “cassette transfer”. The layout of the next line will shift from conventional “concentration‐type” to “separation‐type” configuraton for the purpose of reducing transfer distance as well as transfer time. The details will be discussed in this paper.
P‐33: Effect of Rapid Thermal Annealing on CaS:Pb Electroluminescent Devices Containing Ta2O5 as Insulating Layer
Authors: Park Sang‐Hee Ko , Kim Yong Shin , Kang Jung‐Sook , Yun Sun Jin
Published: January 2005

The effect of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on the CaS:Pb electroluminescent device containing Ta2O5 as lower insulator has been investigated. RTA greatly improved characteristics of dielectric Ta2O5 layer such as dielectric strength and leakage current to enhance luminescent characteristics of EL device.
P‐39: Degradation Mechanism of Spindt‐Type Molybdenum Field Emitter Arrays by Oxidation and Surface Chemical Modification
Authors: Lee H. W. , Cha S. N. , Choi J. H. , Park Y. J. , Kim J. W. , Jung J. E. , Lee N. S. , Jin Y. W. , Jung B. H. , Jang J. E. , Lee E. S. , Kang S. H. , You J. H. , Kim J. M. , Park G. S. , Chee J. K. , Hong J. P.
Published: January 2005

Oxidation and chemical modification of molybdenum micro tip surface have been investigated to understand the performance degradation mechanism of field emitter arrays(FEAs). Molybdenum FEAs could be easily oxidized due to their interaction with oxygen‐containing species including O2, CO2 and H2O during cathode fabrication or thermal sealing processes of field emission displays(FEDs). During device operation, outgassing from phosphors due to electron‐stimulated desorption and from other components inside a panel such as cathode, spacers, and sealant can lead to the chemical modification of the emitter surface. The oxidation and chemical modification of the emitter surface degrade the emission characteristics, resulting in the instability of an emission current, an increase of an electron extraction voltage for a given current, and lifetime reduction of the device. After the vacuum sealing and operation of the FED device, a micro tip is observed, and compared with an as‐grown one by using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). Chemical composition analyses of the degraded emitter surface by nano‐probed Auger electron spectroscopy(AES) suggest that molybdenum micro tip is contaminated with S, In, C, and O after the device operation, where S and In seem to originate from the dissociation of phosphors by electron bombardment.
LP‐4: Late‐News Poster: A New Red Phosphor, Li‐Doped Gd2O3:Eu3+ with a High Luminescent Efficiency at Low Voltages
Authors: Park Jung‐Chul , Moon Hye‐Kyung , Kim Dong‐Kuk , Byeon Song‐Ho , Kim Bong‐Chul , Suh Kyung‐Soo
Published: January 2005

Li‐doped Gd2O3:Eu3+ phosphor was developed by the conventional solid state and sol‐gel methods. The effect of lithium concentration on the emission behavior of Gd2−x−yLixEuyO3−δ was investigated by photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence measurements. At 500 V, a cathodoluminescent efficiency of ∼180 % compared to that of commercial red‐phosphor Y2O3:Eu3+, was observed with the nominal composition of (Gd1.84Li0.08Eu0.08)O3−δ. Such a brightness is the highest among the previously reported red‐emission in the electron voltage range of 0.5 − 1 kV. This material would be a potential candidate for application in field emission display.
LP‐5: Late‐News Poster: Nanocrystalline Phosphors for Low Voltage Excitation Applications
Authors: Wakefield G. , Williams D. M. , Harris C. G. , Dobson P. J.
Published: January 2005

Chemical precipitation techniques allow the preparation of a wide variety of materials, in the form of perfect single crystals, to be produced in the size range of 50–100nm. The properties of three such compounds, Y2O3:Eu, Zn2SiO4:Mn and Y2SiO5:Ce, are discussed. Results under electron excitation show that luminescence efficiencies of up to 10 lm.W−1 are attainable under 1–2kV excitation.
P‐45: Analysis for the Effects of Wall Charge Distribution Profile on the Firing Voltage in AC‐PDP
Authors: Hong B. H. , Kim J. K.
Published: January 2005

A new method based on Paschen's law is developed to analyze the effects of wall charge distribution on the firing voltage of AC‐PDP. A fluid discharge simulation code and a Boltzmann equation solver are incorporated into the scheme. The dependency of the sustaining voltage on the addressing condition and the firing voltage of Ne‐Xe gas mixture is studied.
P‐47: High‐Luminous‐Efficiency Barrier‐Rib Structure in Color AC PDPs
Authors: Park Hun‐Gun , Park Young‐Chan , Ha Seok‐Cheon , Ryu Jae‐Hwa
Published: January 2005

We suggest new types of barrier rib structure of color PDP—fish bone (FB type), semi box (SB type), embossing (EB type)—to achieve high luminous efficiency. The luminous efficiency has been increased, 15%∼18%, by adapting advanced barrier rib structure without any additional production process and mask.

These structures provide wider phosphor area than stripe type structure does and higher exhausting speed compared with that of box type structure. The operating voltage of FB, SB, EB is almost the same with that of conventional barrier rib type.
P‐49: Investigation on Parallel Operating Characteristics of a Closed Microhollow Cathode Discharge for Direct Current Plasma Display Panels
Authors: Park Hae , Noh Joo Hyon , Baik Hong Koo , Ryu Byung Gil
Published: January 2005

Open microhollow cathode discharge shows a flat (dV/dI=0) or negative behavior in current‐voltage characteristics for the entire pressure (70 to 760 Torr). On the contrary, the closed microhollow cathode discharge of 200 μm hole diameter leads to a positive differential resistance, in the range of pressure (70 to 760 Torr), without the individual ballast resistance and the distributed resistor. Also for the closed microhollow cathode discharges, the microdischarge in 200 μm hole diameter results in parallel operation characteristics at pressures higher than in 500 μm opening because of the large resistance of discharge itself as well as the small power requirement for producing the plasma in a hole. Therefore, parallel operating characteristics of microhollow cathode discharge allows us to fabricate the DC plasma display panel with high pressure and low current density.
P‐52: Birefringent Colour Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays Using Broadband Cholesteric Reflectors
Authors: van Asselt Rob , van Rooij Rob A. W. , Broer Dirk J.
Published: January 2005

The application of broadband cholesteric reflectors in birefringent colour reflective LCDs is described. As compared to metallic reflectors, contrast and colour saturation are better, while the brightness is comparable. Moreover, when a cholesteric reflector is used the displays can be operated in the transmissive mode, in which case complementary colours are obtained. In this way transflective displays are obtained without sacrificing brightness of the reflective or the transmissive state.
P‐55: Contrast and Brightness Enhancement of RTN‐LCDs Using Antireflective Layers
Authors: Yakovlev Dmitry , Chigrinov Vladimir , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: January 2005

New constructions of RTN‐LCDs with antireflective (AR) coatings were proposed. Both one polarizer and Polarizer Beam Splitter (PBS) variants were considered. The AR coatings can be made both in the outer surface of the one‐polarizer RTN‐LCD and on the upper substrate between the glass plate and aligning layer. The damping of the LCD reflection in the “dark” state of one‐polarizer RLCD by introducing AR layers considerably improves the contrast ratio and only slightly affects the brightness of RLCD. The application of AR‐layers in PBS‐RLCD results in an improved brightness.
P‐58: Diffuse H‐PDLC Reflective Displays: An Enhanced Viewing‐Angle Approach
Authors: Escuti M. J. , Kossyrev P. , Bowley C. C. , Danworaphong S. , Crawford G. P. , Fiske T. G. , Colegrove J. , Silverstein L. D. , Lewis A. , Yuan H.
Published: January 2005

We demonstrate a Holographic‐Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (H‐PDLC) with an enhanced viewing‐angle, formed by writing a diffuse hologram structure directly into our H‐PDLC material. We model the diffuse H‐PDLC reflectance by summing over the contributions of discrete grating domains of differing orientations. We use a normal distribution function to weight each orientation to describe the grating densities. SEM studies were performed to determine the morphologies and orientations of multiple gratings within the sample.
P‐59: Technology of Stacking HPDLC for Higher Reflectance
Authors: Colegrove J. , Kelly J. , Fiske T. , Lewis A. , Yuan H. , Tran H. , Crawford G. P. , Silverstein L.
Published: January 2005

The ability to stack multiple HPDLC layers between one set of electrodes is an important milestone. This will enable increased reflection efficiency for HPDLC color display, color filter and other applications. We present the results of a novel stacking technology that yields switchable, highly reflective and multicolor HPDLC devices.
P‐65: Advanced Bistability and Novel Fabrication Process for Flexible Devices of Dual Frequency Driven PDLC Displays
Authors: Ohyama J. , Kitayama H. , Ueno R. , Maruyama T. , Takeda T. , Horikiri T. , Matsuda H. , Eguchi K.
Published: January 2005

We have previously reported that dual frequency driven PDLC exhibits electrically reversible switching in a time for practical applications without sticking. The device retains the memory state even after removal of the driving voltage. This bistable memory switching is remarkably enhanced by a high concentration of bi‐functional prepolymers, which leads to a smaller and uniform morphology of polymer‐balls. As a result, the memory state shows a higher contrast. For a flexible type of the display, a thick resist, which is originally issued in micromechanics technology, is well applicable as the gap spacer on a plastic substrate. This simplifies the fabrication process.
8.3L:Late‐News Paper: New Simple Cell Gap Measurement Method With Three Transmission Measurements
Authors: Ong Hiap L.
Published: January 2005

We developed a fast and simple optical measurement method to measure the LCD cell gap. The method uses the standard LCD measurement geometry with two polarizers, a monochromatic light source, and a detector, without other special components. We showed that only three measurements and a simple equation are needed for this cell gap measurement method.