bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communicating uncertain experimental evidence
Authors: Davis Alex , Davis Alexander , Fischhoff Baruch
Published: July 2018

Four experiments examined when laypeople attribute unexpected experimental outcomes to error, in foresight and in hindsight, along with their judgments of whether the data should be published. Participants read vignettes describing hypothetical experiments, along with the result of the initial observation, considered as either a possibility (foresight) or a reality (hindsight). Experiment 1 found that the initial observation seemed more likely to be replicated when viewed in hindsight than in foresight. The remaining experiments contrasted responses to an initial observation from 1 of the 4 studies that waseither expected or unexpected (based on the predictions of participants in Experiment 1). Experiments 2A–C and Experiment 3 found that unexpected results were more likely to be attributed to methodological problems than were expected ones— but to the same degree in foresight and in hindsight. Participantsin Experiment 4 had more confidence in an explanation for an unexpected outcome when it was mentioned before that outcome was revealed than when it was suggested only after the surprise was known. In all the experiments, most participants recommended collecting more data before publishing the results, especially when they attributed the results to multiple causes. The results suggest that considering the causes of unexpected experimental results in foresight may improve the evaluation and communication of those results in hindsight.
How much data for facial action unit detection?
Authors: Girard Jeffrey M. , Cohn Jeffrey F , Jeni László A , Lucey Simon , De la Torre Fernando
Published: July 2018

By systematically varying the number of subjects and the number of frames per subject, we explored the influence of training set size on appearance and shape-based approaches to facial action unit (AU) detection. Digital video and expert coding of spontaneous facial activity from 80 subjects (over 350,000 frames) were used to train and test support vector machine classifiers. Appearance features were shape-normalized SIFT descriptors and shape features were 66 facial landmarks. Ten-fold cross-validation was used in all evaluations. Number of subjects and number of frames per subject differentially affected appearance and shape-based classifiers. For appearance features, which are high-dimensional, increasing the number of training subjects from 8 to 64 incrementally improved performance, regardless of the number of frames taken from each subject (ranging from 450 through 3600). In contrast, for shape features, increases in the number of training subjects and frames were associated with mixed results. In summary, maximal performance was attained using appearance features from large numbers of subjects with as few as 450 frames per subject. These findings suggest that variation in the number of subjects rather than number of frames per subject yields most efficient performance.
The cost of learning new meanings for familiar words
Authors: Maciejewski Greg , Rodd Jennifer M , Mon-Williams Mark , Klepousniotou Ekaterini
Published: July 2018

Research has shown that adults are highly skilled at learning new words and meanings. Here, we examined whether learning new meanings for familiar words affects the processing of their existing meanings. In Experiments 1 and 2, adult participants learnt new, fictitious meanings for previously unambiguous words (e.g., “sip” denoting a small amount of computer data) through four 30-minute training sessions completed over four consecutive days. We tested participants’ comprehension of existing meanings before and after training using a semantic relatedness decision task in which the probe word was related to the existing but not the new meaning of the trained word (e.g., “sip-juice”). Following the training, responses were slower to the trained, but not to the untrained, words, indicating competition between newly-acquired and well-established meanings. Furthermore, consistent with studies of semantic ambiguity, the effect was smaller for meanings that were semantically related to existing meanings than for the unrelated counterparts, demonstrating that meaning relatedness modulates the degree of competition. Overall, the key findings confirm that new word meanings can be integrated into the mental lexicon after just a few days’ exposure, and provide support for current models of ambiguity that predict semantic competition in word comprehension.
Controlling for Prior Attainment Reduces the Positive Influence that Single-Gender Classroom Initiatives Exert on High School Students’ Scholastic Achievements
Authors: Pennington Charlotte Rebecca , Kaye Linda Katherine , Qureshi Adam , Heim Derek
Published: July 2018

Research points to the positive impact that gender segregated schooling and classroom initiatives exert on academic attainment. An evaluation of these studies which reveal positive effects highlights, however, that students are typically selectively assigned to single- or mixed-gender instructional settings, presenting a methodological confound. The current study controls for students’ prior attainment to appraise the efficacy of a single-gender classroom initiative implemented in a co-educational high school in the United Kingdom. Secondary data analysis (using archived data) was performed on 266 middle-ability, 11–12 year-old students’ standardized test scores in Languages (English, foreign language), STEM-related (Mathematics, Science, Information and Communication Technology), and Non-STEM subjects (art, music, drama). Ninety-eight students (54, 55% female) were taught in single-gender and 168 (69, 41% female) in mixed gender classrooms. Students undertook identical tests irrespective of classroom type, which were graded in accordance with U.K national curriculum guidelines. Controlling for students’ prior attainment, findings indicate that students do not appear to benefit from being taught in single-gender relative to mixed-gender classrooms in Language and STEM-related subjects. Young women benefited from being taught in mixed-gender relative to single-gender classes for Non-STEM subjects. However, when prior ability is not controlled for, the intervention appears to be effective for all school subjects, highlighting the confounding influence of selective admissions. These findings suggest that gender-segregated classroom initiatives may not bolster students’ grades. It is argued that studies that do not control for selection effects may tell us little about the effectiveness of such interventions on scholastic achievement.
Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating in Androphilic and Gynephilic Men and Women
Authors: Antfolk Jan , Ålgars Monica , Holmgård Linn , Santtila Pekka
Published: July 2018

According to the theory of intra-sexual competition for mates, androphilic individuals (i.e., sexually interested in men) are expected to emphasize their physical appearance, and be less satisfied with their bodies, compared to gynephilic individuals (i.e., sexually interested in women). To test this theory against objectification theory and minority stress theory of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating, we measured body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and body mass index (BMI) in both androphilic and gynephilic men and women in a large population-based sample (N = 8,007). Compared to gynephilic men, androphilic men were more likely to be dissatisfied with their bodies and display disordered eating. Gynephilic women were more dissatisfied with their bodies compared to androphilic women. Women were, on average, also more likely to be dissatisfied with their bodies and display disordered eating compared to men. Theoretical implications of the findings were discussed.
Visual perspective taking in young and older adults
Authors: Martin Andrew , Perceval Garon , Davies Islay , Su Peter , Huang Jasmine , Meinzer Marcus
Published: July 2018

Background: Advanced age is associated with difficulties in understanding the emotional or mental state of others. However, little is known about the underlying cognitive processes that may contribute. We investigate how perspective taking changes in older adults and how this relates to executive and social cognition.Method: Using a novel visual perspective taking (VPT) task, 50 healthy older adults and 122 healthy young adults completed measures of implicit VPT (i.e. egocentric-perspective only) and level one (i.e number of balls seen from egocentric/allocentric) and two (i.e. more balls on left or right from egocentric/allocentric) explicit VPT. Age differences on accuracy and response time (RT) were analysed. Baseline executive and social cognitive functioning were assessed for processing speed, updating, response inhibition, set-switching, affective theory of mind (ToM), and social-emotional cognition. Regression models were used to determine the relationship between VPT, executive, social cognition and ageing. Results: Older adults were slower when required to switch to the allocentric perspective in both level one and two VPT tasks. Congruency effects (impaired performance when scenes were incongruent with the alternate perspective) were identified for accuracy and RT for the egocentric and allocentric conditions of both level one and two explicit VPT. Older adults also displayed a greater congruency effect during the egocentric trials of the level two VPT task. Younger adults displayed a greater congruency effect for errors on the egocentric condition of the level one VPT task. Congruency effect for errors on the allocentric condition of both level one and two VPT tasks correlated with social emotional cognition, such that a greater ability to inhibit the egocentric perspective was associated with better social cognitive performance. Switching to the allocentric perspective was associated with both processing speed and response inhibition and these partially, but not completely, explained the age-related effects on switch cost. A robust implicit VPT effect was identified in both young and older adults. Conclusion: Social difficulties may arise in older adults due to difficulty switching to the allocentric perspective. A greater tendency to rotate into allocentric perspectives during egocentric judgements may reflect a weaker embodied self in older adults. Executive and social cognition are associated with perspective taking ability, but these only partially explain age-related performance differences. Lower level perspective taking difficulty should be considered in studies of social difficulties in advanced age.
Evidence for Cognitive Placebo and Nocebo Effects in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Turi Zsolt , Bjørkedal Espen , Gunkel Luisa , Antal Andrea , Paulus Walter , Mittner Matthias
Published: July 2018

Inactive interventions can have significant effects on cognitive performance. Understanding the generation of these cognitive placebo/nocebo effects is crucial for evaluating the cognitive impacts of interventional methods, such as non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS). We report both cognitive placebo and nocebo effects on reward-based learning performance induced using an active sham NIBS protocol, verbal suggestions and conditioning in 80 healthy participants. Whereas our placebo manipulation increased both expected and perceived cognitive performance, nocebo had a detrimental effect on both. Model- based analysis suggests manipulation-specific strategic adjustments in learning-rates: Participants in the placebo group showed stronger learning from losses and reduced behavioral noise, whereas in the nocebo group stronger learning from gains and increased behavioral noise. We conclude that experimentally induced expectancy can impact cognitive functions of healthy adult participants. This has important implications for the use of double-blind study designs that can effectively maintain blinding in NIBS studies.
Using Bayes factors to test hypotheses in developmental research
Authors: Williams Matt N , Bååth Rasmus , Philipp Michael Carl
Published: July 2018

This paper discusses the concept of Bayes factors as inferential tools that can serve as an alternative to statistical significance testing in the day-to-day work of developmental researchers. A Bayes factor indicates the degree to which data observed should increase (or decrease) the credibility of one hypothesis in comparison to another. Bayes factor analyses can be used to compare many types of models, but are particularly helpful when comparing a point null hypothesis to a directional or non-directional alternative hypothesis. A key advantage of this approach is that a Bayes factor analysis makes it clear when a set of observed data is more consistent with the null hypothesis than the alternative. Bayes factor alternatives to common tests used by developmental psychologists are available in easy-to-use software. However, we note that analysis using Bayes factors is a less general approach than Bayesian estimation/modeling, and is not the right tool for every research question.
Moral self-judgment is stronger for future than past actions
Authors: Sjåstad Hallgeir , Baumeister Roy
Published: July 2018

When, if ever, would a person want to be held responsible for his or her choices? Across four studies (N = 915), people assigned more moral responsibility to themselves for their future than their past actions. This included thinking that they should receive more blame and punishment for future misdeeds than for past ones, and more credit and reward for future good deeds than for past ones. The tendency to moralize the future more than the past was mediated by anticipating (one’s own) emotional reactions and concern about one’s reputation, which was stronger in the future as well. The findings fit the pragmatic view that people moralize the future more than the past partly to guide their choices and actions, such as by increasing their motivation to restrain selfish impulses and build long-term cooperative relationships with others. We conclude that the psychology of moral responsibility has a strong future component.
Correcting the Bias of the Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation under Missing Data
Authors: Fitzgerald Cailey Elizabeth , Estabrook Ryne , Martin Daniel Patrick , Brandmaier Andreas Markus , von Oertzen Timo
Published: July 2018

Missing data are ubiquitous in both small and large datasets. Missing data may come about as a result of coding or computer error, participant absences, or it may be intentional, as in planned missing designs. We discuss missing data as it relates to goodness-of-fit indices in Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), specifically the effects of missing data on the Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA). We use simulations to show that naive implementations of the RMSEA have a downward bias in the presence of missing data and, thus, overestimate model goodness-of-fit. Unfortunately, many state-of-the-art software packages report the biased form of RMSEA. As a consequence, the community may have been accepting a much larger fraction of models with non-acceptable model fit. We propose a bias-correction for the RMSEA based on information-theoretic considerations that take into account the expected misfit of a person with fully observed data. This results in an RMSEA which is asymptotically independent of the proportion of missing data for misspecified models. Importantly, results of the corrected RMSEA computation are identical to naive RMSEA if there are no missing data.
Let’s find the evidence: An analogue study of confirmation bias in criminal investigations
Authors: Eerland Anita , Rassin Eric
Published: July 2018

People involved in criminal proceedings (e.g. police officers, district attorneys, judges, and jury members) may run the risk of developing confirmation bias, or tunnel vision. That is, these parties may readily become convinced that the suspect is guilty, and may then no longer be open to alternative scenarios in which the suspect is actually innocent. This may be reflected in a preference for guilt-confirming investigation endeavours, as opposed to investigations that are aimed at confirming, or even excluding, alternative scenarios. In three studies, participants read a case file, and were subsequently instructed to select additional police investigations. Some of these additional endeavours were guilt- confirming (i.e. incriminating), whereas others were disconfirming (i.e. exonerating). Results suggest that additional investigation search was guided by an initial assessment of the suspect’s guilt (Study 1). Furthermore, participants’ tendency to select incriminat- ing investigations increased with increased crime severity, and with the strength of the evidence present in the case file. Finally, the selection of incriminating investigations was associated with conviction rates (Study 3). However, in general, participants did not favour incriminating endeavours. That is, in the three studies, the percentages of selected incriminating endeavours did hardly or not exceed 50%.
Analytic flexibility in laboratory aggression paradigms: Relations with personality traits vary (slightly) by operationalization of aggression
Authors: Hyatt Courtland , Chester David , Zeichner Amos , Miller Josh
Published: July 2018

Competitive reaction time tasks (CRTTs) have been used widely in social science research, but recent criticism has been directed at the flexible quantification strategies used with this methodology. One estimate suggests that over 150 different quantification strategies have been used, and there is evidence to suggest that different operationalizations can affect the results and interpretations of experiments using CRTTs (Elson, Mohseni, Breuer, Scharkow, & Quandt, 2014). In the current investigation, we re-analyze data from four extant samples from two different sites (total N = 600) to examine how the relations between a range of personality traits and aggression vary based on how aggression is operationalized. Our results suggest that there is a modest degree of heterogeneity in effect size and direction for these relations, and that effect size and direction were more consistent for traits more generally related to lab aggression (e.g., psychopathy, low FFM Agreeableness). Additionally, profile matching analyses suggest that different operationalizations yield strong intraclass correlations with one another. These results were consistent across site, methodology, and type of sample, suggesting that these issues are likely generalizable across most labs using CRTTs. We conclude with suggestions for future directions, particularly emphasizing the need for adequately-powered samples, and for researchers to preregister a justified plan for how CRTT data will be analyzed.
The impact of alexithymia on autism diagnostic assessments
Authors: Hobson Hannah , Westwood Heather , Conway Jane , McEwen Fiona , Colvert Emma , Catmur Caroline , Bird Geoff , Happé Francesca
Published: July 2018

**Please note that this paper has now been published - there are some minor changes following reviewer feedback, so we'd suggest accessing the final version if possible. Published DOI is here: 10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101531 **Alexithymia, a difficulty identifying and communicating one’s own emotions, affects socio-emotional processes, such as emotion recognition and empathy. Co-occurring alexithymia is prevalent in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and underlies some socio-emotional difficulties previously attributed to autism. Socio-emotional abilities are examined during behavioural diagnostic assessments of autism, yet the effect of alexithymia on these assessments is not known. In this study, two previously collected samples of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) assessments were used to examine the relationship between alexithymia and ADOS score. Participants included 96 women with anorexia, and 147 adolescents who were either high in autistic symptoms, or whose twin had high autistic symptoms. We examined 1) the impact of alexithymia on meeting the criteria for autism/ASD, 2) correlations between alexithymia and ADOS subscales, and 3) whether alexithymia predicted scores on specific ADOS items, selected a priori based on the literature. In the adolescent group, parent-reported (but not self-reported) alexithymia predicted autism/ASD diagnosis, correlated with both sub-scales, and predicted scores on ADOS items. Fewer associations were observed in the anorexic sample, but the presence of alexithymia predicted a near fourfold increase in the likelihood of meeting diagnostic criteria for autism/ASD in this sample.
Leaning to the left makes the Eiffel tower seem smaller: Posture-modulated estimation
Authors: Eerland Anita , Guadalupe Tulio M. , Zwaan Rolf Antonius
Published: July 2018

In two experiments, we investigated whether body posture influences people’s estimation of quantities. According to the mental-number-line theory, people mentally represent numbers along a line with smaller numbers on the left and larger numbers on the right. We hypothesized that surreptitiously making people lean to the right or to the left would affect their quantitative estimates. Participants answered estimation questions while standing on a Wii Balance Board. Posture was manipulated within subjects so that participants answered some questions while they leaned slightly to the left, some questions while they leaned slightly to the right, and some questions while they stood upright. Crucially, participants were not aware of this manipulation. Estimates were significantly smaller when participants leaned to the left than when they leaned to the right.
Identity, influence, and intervention: The roles of social media in alcohol use
Authors: Westgate Erin Corwin , Holliday Jason
Published: July 2018

Alcohol-related content is common on social media and may both reflect and influence offline drinking behavior. Posting alcohol-related content has been linked to alcohol outcomes, including higher rates of alcohol consumption, cravings, alcohol-related problems, and clinical alcohol use disorders. Exposure to alcohol-related content on social media has likewise been associated with adverse alcohol outcomes. In this paper, we review research on the relationship between social media and alcohol use, and explore the ways that online identity and social influence can account for this relationship. Finally, we call for further research on the use of social media as a platform for prevention and intervention efforts.
Algorithms in the historical emergence of word senses.
Authors: Ramiro Christian , Srinivasan Mahesh , Malt Barbara Claire , Xu Yang
Published: July 2018

Human language relies on a finite lexicon to express a potentiallyinfinite set of ideas. A key result of this tension is that wordsacquire novel senses over time. However, the cognitive processesthat underlie the historical emergence of new word senses arepoorly understood. Here, we present a computational frameworkthat formalizes competing views of how new senses of a wordmight emerge by attaching to existing senses of the word. We testthe ability of the models to predict the temporal order in whichthe senses of individual words have emerged, using an historicallexicon of English spanning the past millennium. Our findingssuggest that word senses emerge in predictable ways, followingan historical path that reflects cognitive efficiency, predominantlythrough a process of nearest-neighbor chaining. Our work contributesa formal account of the generative processes that underlielexical evolution.
Special Needs Is an Ineffective Euphemism
Authors: Gernsbacher Morton Ann
Published: July 2018

Although euphemisms are intended to put a more positive spin on the words they replace, some euphemisms are ineffective. Our study examined the effectiveness of a popular euphemism for persons with disabilities, special needs. Most style guides prescribe against using the euphemism special needs and recommend instead using the non-euphemized term disability; disability advocates argue adamantly against the euphemism special needs, which they find offensive. In contrast, many parents of children with disabilities prefer to use special needs rather than disability. But no empirical study has examined whether special needs is more or less positive than the term it replaces. Therefore, we gathered a sample of adult participants from the general population (N = 530) and created a set of vignettes that allowed us to measure how positively children, college students, and middle-age adults are viewed when they are described as having special needs, having a disability, having a certain disability (e.g., is blind, has Down syndrome), or with no label at all. We predicted and observed that persons are viewed more negatively when described as having special needs than when described as having a disability or having a certain disability, indicating that special needs is an ineffective euphemism. Even for members of the general population who have a personal connection to disability (e.g., as parents of children with disabilities), the euphemism special needs is no more effective than the non euphemized term disability. We also collected free associations to the terms special needs and disability and found that special needs is associated with more negativity; special needs conjures up more associations with developmental disabilities (such as intellectual disability) whereas disability is associated with a more inclusive set of disabilities; and special needs evokes more unanswered questions. These findings recommend against using the euphemism special needs.
Insidious assumptions: How pluralistic ignorance of studying behavior relates to exam performance
Authors: Buzinski Steven G. , Clark Jenna , Cohen Matthew , Buck Benjamin , Roberts Scott P.
Published: July 2018

Pluralistic ignorance occurs when individuals misperceive a group norm and attempt to match the perceived – rather than actual – norm. The present research examined the pluralistic ignorance of studying behavior and its relationship with examination performance across four studies. Results suggested that students underestimate peers’ amount of studying (Study 1) and that the extent of their estimation error is related to exam performance (Study 2); a relationship that is fully mediated by a perceived lack of preparation (Study 3). Finally, a brief classroom intervention (Study 4) may be able to eliminate the pluralistic ignorance.
childes-db: a flexible and reproducible interface to the Child Language Data Exchange System
Authors: Sanchez Alessandro , Meylan Stephan , Braginsky Mika , MacDonald Kyle Earl , Yurovsky Daniel , Frank Michael C.
Published: July 2018

The Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) has played a critical role in research on child language development, particularly in characterizing the early language learning environment. Access to these data can be both complex for novices and difficult to automate for advanced users, however. To address these issues, we introduce childes-db, a database-formatted mirror of CHILDES that improves data accessibility and usability by offering novel interfaces, including browsable web applications and an R application programming interface (API). Along with versioned infrastructure that facilitates reproducibility of past analyses, these interfaces lower barriers to analyzing naturalistic parent-child language, allowing for a wider range of researchers in language and cognitive development to easily leverage CHILDES in their work.
Near and Far Transfer in Cognitive Training: A Second-Order Meta- Analysis
Authors: Sala Giovanni , Aksayli N Deniz , Tatlidil K Semir , Tatsumi Tomoko , Gondo Yasuyuki , Gobet Fernand
Published: July 2018

Theory building in science requires replication and integration of findings regarding a particular research question. Second-order meta-analysis (i.e., a meta-analysis of meta-analyses) offers a powerful tool for achieving this aim, and we use this technique to illuminate the controversial field of cognitive training. Recent replication attempts and large meta-analytic investigations have shown that the benefits of cognitive-training programs hardly go beyond the trained task and similar tasks. However, it is yet to be established whether the effects differ across cognitive-training programs and populations (children, adults, and older adults). We addressed this issue by using second-order meta-analysis. In Models 1 (k = 99) and 2 (k = 119), we investigated the impact of working-memory training on near-transfer (i.e., memory) and far-transfer (e.g., reasoning, speed, and language) measures, respectively, and whether it is mediated by the type of population. Model 3 (k = 233) extended Model 2 by adding six meta-analyses assessing the far-transfer effects of other cognitive-training programs (video-games, music, chess, and exergames). Model 1 showed that working-memory training does induce near transfer, and that the size of this effect is moderated by the type of population. By contrast, Models 2 and 3 highlighted that far-transfer effects are small or null. Crucially, when placebo effects and publication bias were controlled for, the overall effect size and true variance equaled zero. That is, no impact on far-transfer measures was observed regardless of the type of population and cognitive-training program. The lack of generalization of skills acquired by training is thus an invariant of human cognition.
Correcting for bias in psychology: A comparison of meta-analytic methods
Authors: Carter Evan C , Schönbrodt Felix D. , Gervais Will M , Hilgard Joseph
Published: July 2018

Publication bias and questionable research practices in primary research can lead to badly overestimated effects in meta-analysis. Methodologists have proposed a variety of statistical approaches to correct for such overestimation. However, much of this work has not been tailored specifically to psychology, so it is not clear which methods work best for data typically seen in our field. Here, we present a comprehensive simulation study to examine how some of the most promising meta-analytic methods perform on data that might realistically be produced by research in psychology. We created such scenarios by simulating several levels of questionable research practices, publication bias, heterogeneity, and using study sample sizes empirically derived from the literature. Our results clearly indicated that no single meta-analytic method consistently outperformed all others. Therefore, we recommend that meta-analysts in psychology focus on sensitivity analyses—that is, report on a variety of methods, consider the conditions under which these methods fail (as indicated by simulation studies such as ours), and then report how conclusions might change based on which conditions are most plausible. Moreover, given the dependence of meta-analytic methods on untestable assumptions, we strongly recommend that researchers in psychology continue their efforts on improving the primary literature and conducting large-scale, pre-registered replications. We provide detailed results and simulation code at https://osf.io/rf3ys and interactive figures at http://www.shinyapps.org/apps/metaExplorer/.
Encoding Differences Affect the Number and Precision of Own- vs. Other-Race Faces Stored in Visual Working Memory
Authors: Zhou Xiaomei , Mondloch Catherine J. , Emrich Stephen
Published: July 2018

Other-race faces are discriminated and recognized less accurately than own-race faces. Despite a wealth of research characterizing this other-race effect (ORE), little is known about the nature of the representations of own- vs. other-race faces. This is because traditional measures of this other-race effect provide a binary measure of discrimination or recognition (correct/incorrect), failing to capture potential variation in the quality of face representations. We applied a novel continuous-response paradigm to independently measure the number of own- and other-race face representations stored in visual working memory (VWM) and the precision with which they are stored. Participants reported target own- or other-race faces on a circular face space that smoothly varied along the dimension of identity. Using probabilistic mixture modeling, we found that following ample encoding time, the ORE is attributable to differences in the probability of a face being maintained in VWM. Reducing encoding time, a manipulation that is more sensitive to encoding limitations, caused a loss of precision or an increase in variability of VWM for other- but not own-race faces. These results suggest that the ORE is driven by the inefficiency with which other-race faces are rapidly encoded in VWM, and provide novel insights about how perceptual experience influences the representation of own- and other-race faces in VWM.
The Lifespan Self-Esteem scale: Initial validation of a new measure of global self-esteem suitable for use with children and adults
Authors: Lucas Michelle , Donnellan Brent , Trzesniewski Kali
Published: July 2018

This paper introduces the Lifespan Self-Esteem scale (LSE; a 4-item measure with a 5-point smilie face response format), a short measure of global self-esteem suitable for use with populations drawn from across the lifespan. Existing measures of global self-esteem cannot be used across multiple developmental periods due to changes in item content, response formats, and other scale characteristics, and have not been validated for children under the age of 8. The LSE is essentially unidimensional, internally consistent, and converges with existing measures across ages 5 to 93 (N=2,761).
Are Attention Check Questions a Threat to Scale Validity?
Authors: Kung Franki Y. H. , Kwok Navio , Brown Douglas
Published: July 2018

Attention checks have become increasingly popular in survey research as a means to filter out careless respondents. Despite their widespread use, little research has empirically tested the impact of attention checks on scale validity. In fact, because attention checks can induce a more deliberative mindset in survey respondents, they may change the way respondents answer survey questions, posing a threat to scale validity. In two studies, we tested this hypothesis (N = 816). We examined whether common attention checks—instructed-response items (Study 1) and an instructional manipulation check (Study 2)—impact responses to a well-validated management scale. Results showed no evidence that they affect scale validity, both in reported scale means and tests of measurement invariance. These findings allow researchers to justify the use of attention checks without compromising scale validity and encourage future research to examine other survey characteristic-respondent dynamics to advance our use of survey methods.
Baby Cry Detection in Domestic Environment using Deep Learning
Authors: Lavner Yizhar , Cohen Rami , Ruinskiy Dima , IJzerman Hans
Published: July 2018

Automatic detection of a baby cry in audio signals is an essential step in applications such as remote baby monitoring. It is also important for researchers, who study the relation between baby cry patterns and various health or developmental parameters. In this paper, we propose two machine-learning algorithms for automatic detection of baby cry in audio recordings. The first algorithm is a low-complexity logistic regression classifier, used as a reference. To train this classifier, we extract features such as Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients, pitch and formants from the recordings. The second algorithm uses a dedicated convolutional neural network (CNN), operating on log Mel-filter bank representation of the recordings. Performance evaluation of the algorithms is carried out using an annotated database containing recordings of babies (0-6 months old) in domestic environments. In addition to baby cry, these recordings contain various types of domestic sounds, such as parents talking and door opening. The CNN classifier is shown to yield considerably better results compared to the logistic regression classifier, demonstrating the power of deep learning when applied to audio processing.This paper was published in IEEE International Conference on the Science of Electrical Engineering:Lavner, Y., Cohen, R., Ruinskiy, D., & IJzerman, H. (2016, November). Baby cry detection in domestic environment using deep learning. In Science of Electrical Engineering (ICSEE), IEEE International Conference on the Science of Electrical Engineering (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
The Effect of Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry on Public Speaking Performance
Authors: Manley Harry , Paisarnsrisomsuk Nuttha , Roberts Ross
Published: July 2018

Objective. A narcissistic individual can seek to maintain his/her grandiose self-view through different processes associated with assertive self-enhancement (narcissistic admiration) or antagonistic self-protection (narcissistic rivalry). Here, we examine how admiration and rivalry affect anxiety and performance in a speaking task. Because the behaviours associated with narcissistic rivalry are motivated by ego threat, we further examined the moderating effect of self-affirmation, a process designed to reduce ego threat, on performance. Method. We assigned 90 Thai students to a self-affirmation or control group and asked them to deliver a short speech. We assessed speech performance through self-report and observer ratings, and state anxiety using self-report. Results. Narcissistic admiration was adaptive for speech performance and predicted higher self and observer-rated speech performance and lower anxiety. In contrast, narcissistic rivalry was associated with greater anxiety but was unrelated to speech performance. Self-affirmation moderated the effect of narcissistic rivalry on self-rated speech performance but in an unexpected direction such that rivalry was negatively related to speech performance following self-affirmation.Conclusion. These results add to the developing literature on the behavioural correlates of narcissistic admiration and rivalry, with admiration reflecting the more socially adaptive component of grandiose narcissism.
Is There a Positive Association between Working Memory Capacity and Mind Wandering in a Low-Demand Breathing Task? A Preregistered Replication of Levinson, Smallwood, and Davidson (2012)
Authors: Meier Matt Ethan
Published: July 2018

Levinson, Smallwood, and Davidson (2012, Experiment 2) found that working memory capacity (WMC) correlated positively with mind-wandering propensity measured by thought probes in a breath-monitoring task, but was unassociated with the tendency to self-catch mind-wandering. Here, I sought to replicate the associations between mind-wandering and WMC in the Levinson et al. breath task. With data from a large sample of subjects and two measures of WMC, the data from the current study suggests that, if WMC correlates with probe-caught mind wandering, it is most likely negative. In addition, the evidence regarding self-caught mind wandering is consistent with Levinson et al. for the sum of self-caught responses, but when self-caught responses are considered in proportion to probe-caught mind wandering, modest evidence was found for a positive association with WMC.
A Framework for Treating DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorder Features
Authors: Hopwood Christopher James
Published: July 2018

Suggestions and hypotheses for approaching treatment using the alternative model framework for personality disorders in DSM-5, Section 3.
How Do We Encourage Gifted Girls to Pursue and Succeed in Science and Engineering?
Authors: Boston Jilana S , Cimpian Andrei
Published: July 2018

Despite having the raw ability to pursue careers in science and engineering, gifted girls often shy away from such careers. Here, we explore two explanations for this puzzling phenomenon. Specifically, we argue that exposure to (1) negative stereotypes about women’s intellectual abilities and (2) stereotypes about scientists as “nerdy,” eccentric loners may undermine gifted girls’ confidence in their ability to succeed in science and engineering, their sense of belonging in these fields, and—ultimately—their interest. We also suggest evidence-based strategies for inoculating girls against these stereotypes and boosting their interest in science and engineering.
A multitrait-multimethod validation of the Implicit Association Test
Authors: Nosek Brian A. , Smyth Frederick L.
Published: July 2018

Recent theoretical and methodological innovations suggest a distinction between automatic and controlled evaluative processes. We report a construct validation investigation of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) as a measure of attitudes. In Study 1, a composite of 57 unique studies (total N=13,165), correlated two-factor (implicit and explicit attitudes) structural models fit the data better than single-factor (attitude) models for each of 57 different domains (e.g., cats-dogs). In Study 2, we distinguished attitude and method factors with a multitrait-multimethod design: N=287 participants were measured on both self-report and IAT for up to seven attitude domains. With systematic method variance accounted for, a correlated two-factor-per-attitude- contrast model was again superior to a single-factor-per-attitude specification. We conclude that these implicit and explicit measures assess related but distinct attitude constructs.
Worldview Conflict in Daily Life
Authors: Brandt Mark John , Crawford Jarret , Van Tongeren Daryl R.
Published: July 2018

Building on laboratory and survey-based research probing the psychology of ideology and the experience of worldview-conflict, we examined the association between worldview-conflict and emotional reactions, psychological well-being, humanity-esteem, and political ideology in everyday life using experience sampling. In three combined samples (Total N= 328), experiencing disagreement compared to agreement was associated with experiencing more other-condemning emotions, less well-being, and less humanity-esteem. There were no clear associations between experiencing disagreement and experiencing self-conscious emotions, positive emotions, and mental stress. None of the relationships were moderated by political ideology. These results both replicate and challenge findings from laboratory and survey-based research, and we discuss possible reasons for the discrepancies. Experience sampling methods can help researchers get a glimpse into everyday worldview-conflict.
Native Americans in Higher Education: An Ecological Systems Perspective
Authors: Fish Jillian , Syed Moin
Published: July 2018

As a result of the U.S. government’s involvement in Native American education, the current experiences of Native American college students are characterized by educational disparities. Higher education professionals are in an ideal position to meet the needs and interests of Native American students; however, most of the literature concerning this population takes a deficit approach. The present paper offers a reconceptualization of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems model as an alternative framework for the experiences of Native American college students. In privileging historical and cultural factors, this reconceptualization demonstrates how transforming educational institutions could influence the experiences of Native American college students.
Is There Variation Across Individuals in Processing? Bayesian Analysis for Systems Factorial Technology
Authors: Thiele Jonathan E. , Haaf Julia M. , Rouder Jeffrey N.
Published: July 2018

Systems factorial technology (Townsend:Nozawa,1995) is a leading methodology for assessing the processing of multiple-feature items. By using certain experimental designs and analyses, researchers can assess wether features are processed in serial, in parallel, or coactively. Current practice is to categorize each individual as displaying one of these three architectures. We argue this approach implicitly assumes heterogeneity of processing strategies across participants. A more scientifically meaningful approach may be to first ask whether all people are serial or parallel or coactive before assuming heterogeneity. We develop a series of Bayesian hierarchical models that captures both situations where everyone follows a common architecture and, alternatively, where there is heterogeneity in architecture. These models use g-prior structures that make computation of Bayes factors convenient. We report an application to investigate Miller's (1956) notion of chunking. We asked participants to compare object that are composed of separable features simultaneously, a perception task, and sequentially, a memory task. We assessed whether processing changed across the perception and memory tasks with the notion that participants might have to chunk features to store them, and that this chunking might make processing more efficient. The answer is ``no." We find a serial architecture for processing for highly separable features (size of circle and the orientation of its diameter) in both the perception and memory tasks. We also find parallel processing for less separable features (first and second digit in a two-digit number) in both perception and memory tasks. Taken together, while processing may depend on the separability of features, it does not vary across perception and memory. As importantly, we find that all people had the same processing strategy; that is models that stated no heterogeneity outperformed those with heterogeneity. This result indicates that architecture may be universal in this setting and not under strategic control.
Eye contact modulates facial mimicry in 4-month-old infants: an EMG and fNIRS study
Authors: de Klerk Carina , Hamilton Antonia , Southgate Victoria
Published: July 2018

Mimicry, the tendency to spontaneously and unconsciously copy others’ behaviour, plays an important role in social interactions. It facilitates rapport between strangers, and is flexibly modulated by social signals, such as eye contact. However, little is known about the development of this phenomenon in infancy, and it is unknown whether mimicry is modulated by social signals from early in life. Here we addressed this question by presenting 4-month-old infants with videos of models performing facial actions (e.g. mouth opening, eyebrow raising) and hand actions (e.g. hand opening and closing, finger actions) accompanied by direct or averted gaze, while we measured their facial and hand muscle responses using electromyography to obtain an index of mimicry (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2 the infants observed the same stimuli while we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate the brain regions involved in modulating mimicry by eye contact. We found that 4-month-olds only showed evidence of mimicry when they observed facial actions accompanied by direct gaze. Experiment 2 suggests that this selective facial mimicry may have been associated with activation over posterior superior temporal sulcus. These findings provide the first demonstration of modulation of mimicry by social signals in young human infants, and suggest that mimicry plays an important role in social interactions from early in life.