bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gamma-Ray Lines from SN1987A and Interpretation
Authors: Chupp E. L.
Published: June 2019

Gamma-ray lines from the decay of 56Co in the SN1987A remnant have been detected by satellite and balloon experiments. The observations directly confirm the basic theoretical tenet that 56Ni was explosively synthesized in the aftermath of core collapse of the blue super giant Sanduleak – 69 202. The flux level of the 56Co lines at 847 keV and 1238 keV, from the Gamma-Ray Spectometer (GRS) on the SMM satellite, is consistent with a constant level from 1987 August through 1988 May. The early appearence of the γ-ray lines and the continuum reported by the Ginga and Mir-Kvant satellite experiments require mixing, or clumping of a few percent of the newly synthesized 56Ni in the expanding envelope. Results from balloon experiments, which are in the preliminary stage of analysis, do not give clear evidence for γ-ray line shifts from rest energies with a limit ΔE/E < 0.002, nor is there definitive evidence, at this time, of line splitting, but γ-ray line widths are clearly wider than instrument resolution at ΔE/E < 0.02. The continuum (50-500) keV/line ratio has stayed approximately constant at 8 from 1987 August to 1988 May indicating the origin of the continuum from Compton down-scattering of deeper lying 56Co and lines from 56Co at smaller γ-ray optical depths. Future balloon flights of the most sensitive high-resolution spectrometers, planned for 1988 November and 1989 April, are expected to be able to detect weaker γ-ray lines at a flux level of ~ 10-4 γ cm-2 s−1 for the 847 keV line. SN1987A was just close enough to the Earth to confirm theory with existing instruments. In this report we review only γ-ray line results, since the continuum observations have been reviewed by Professor Trümper in this session.
Interpretation of the CO Bands of Supernova 1987A
Authors: Sharp C.M. , Höflich P.
Published: June 2019

Model calculations for the interpretations of the CO bands in the IR are discussed. Spherical symmetry is assumed. Profiles of the physical quantities (i.e. temperature, mass, electron density, abundances, etc.) are given by NLTE models which allow for the representation of observed spectra of supernova 1987A in the optical and near infrared. C and O have to be chosen overabundant by a factor of 25 in the helium-rich layers, or a clumpy density distribution structure of a corresponding factor relative to the mean local value is needed. However, the comparison between the observed forbidden OI line at about 6300 A favours the first interpretation. A factor of about 3 has to be taken into account as uncertainty for the overabundance because of the assumptions of the background model. This implies evidence for strong mixing of the helium rich region with more central layers during the stellar evolution and/or the explosion.
NLTE Calculations of Hydrogen Line Profiles for SN1987A
Authors: Schmutz Werner
Published: June 2019

The synthetic line profiles presented here are the result of a series of models :

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Woosley's (1988) calculation of the stellar explosion yield the luminosity, the density and the velocity structure of the expanding SN as a function of time (Woosley's model 10HM was used)

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subsequent Monte Carlo simulations of the radiation transport in the expanding photosphere are based on the atmosphere structure given by the model above for a given time. The calculations take into account tens of thousands of lines and yield the line blanketed continuum flux and the temperature structure.

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The previous two models specify the physical condition of the expanding shell. With a third model the NLTE populations of 10 H and 12 He levels are determined and the emergent hydrogen lines profiles are obtained. The method of solving the NLTE problem is described by Wessolowski et al. (1988) and references therein.
What we know about Families of Asteroids
Authors: Zappala’ V.
Published: June 2019

Asteroid families are considered for the most to represent fragments of collisional breakup of precursor bodies. If true, this offers the unique possibility to examine the interiors of large bodies and to study the processes of collision on a scale much larger than can be done in laboratory. Indeed, the general features of the mass distributions and of the ejection velocities of the family members can be interpreted in terms of collisional disruption of a parent body followed by self-gravitational reaccumulation on the largest remnant. However, several problems remain open: a) the degree of fragmentation in real families is generally lower than that observed for experimental targets; b) the relative velocities computed including also proper eccentricity and inclination differences are higher by about a factor 4 than those derived from semiaxes differences only; c) only very few of the presently proposed families have distributions of inferred mineralogies consistent with cosmochemistry. Further studies are needed, including better proper elements computation, classification methods, and new investigations on the physics of hypervelocity impacts.
The Origin and Physical Characteristics of Meteoroids
Authors: Olsson-Steel Duncan
Published: June 2019

Recent investigations of the terrestrial influx of small meteoroids (sizes l00µm–1 cm) are reviewed, and it is shown that (i) Previous radar measurements have underestimated the influx of these bodies by at least an order of magnitude; (ii) The true height distribution of meteors in the atmosphere indicates a very low bulk density, in general of order 0.01-0.10 gm cm-3; (iii) Several Apollo asteroids have associated meteoroid streams, implying a genetic relationship and hence the possibility that these asteroids are in fact extinct or dormant cometary nuclei; and (iv) Along with the other three retrograde intermediate-period comets, P/Halley most likely originated in the Kuiper Cloud of comets just beyond the planetary region, and not in the distant Oort Cloud as is usually assumed.
Ultraviolet, Visible, and Infrared Spectroscopy of Interstellar Molecules
Authors: Black John H.
Published: June 2019

Absorption line spectroscopy in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions can provide important probes of interstellar chemistry. Significant recent developments include the application of optical absorption line techniques to the study of thick molecular clouds and the improvements in infrared detectors that will eventually lead to effective interstellar spectroscopy in the infrared. Demands for basic molecular data will grow in scope and in level of precision.
Chemistry in Dense Interstellar Clouds – Data Requirements
Authors: Millar T. J.
Published: June 2019

Chemical models of dense interstellar clouds are reviewed with particular emphasis on recent results. The need for theoretical and experimental data on rate coefficients is pointed out and some observational studies are suggested.
Chemical Effects of Interstellar Grains
Authors: Williams David A.
Published: June 2019

The chemical effects of interstellar grains are briefly reviewed. Their dominant chemical role is to catalyze the formation of H2 which is the seminal molecule for efficient gas phase chemistry. In regions of at least moderate extinction grains accumulate molecular mantles of CO, H2O, etc. Solid state chemistry in such mantles may produce molecules of a type or in an abundance not achievable in the interstellar gas. Return of mantle material to the gas can – at least transiently – dominate gas phase chemistry. It is argued that the freeze-out of heavy atomic and molecular species on to grain surfaces limits the time available for chemistry, restricts molecular cloud chemistry to a “young” character, and suggests that chemical models of molecular clouds must have cyclic dynamics. Such models are briefly described.
Gravitation and Jet Induced Velocities in the Narrow Line Region of Active Galaxies
Authors: Whittle Mark
Published: June 2019

The basic question I want to address is : “What mechanism or mechanisms accelerate the gas in the narrow line region of active galaxies, yielding the observed profile shapes.” At the present time there is no generally accepted answer to this question. Part of the problem dates back to the first few Seyferts that were discovered which, in retrospect, seem to have had anomalously broad lines. For example NGC 1068, MKN 3, and MKN 78 have [OIII] λ 5007 FWHM ~ 1000 km s-1, which is clearly greater than anything associated with a normal galaxy velocity fields. An obvious implication was that these high velocities were in some way related to the activity. This view was reinforced by the discovery of a correlation between [OIII] FWHM and non-thermal radio luminosity (Wilson and Willis 1981). When many radio sources were found to have linear double or triple morphology (e.g. Ulvestad and Wilson 1984a,b), a natural explanation seemed to be outflowing radio jets which stir up the narrow line region and thus generate the correlation between line width and radio luminosity.
Wide Field / Planetary Camera-II for the Hubble Space Telescope
Authors: Trauger John
Published: June 2019

The Wide Field / Planetary Camera-II will be available to replace the WF/PC at the first opportunity for in-orbit Shuttle maintenance and refurbishment of the Hubble Space Telescope. It is fundamentally an engineering “clone” of the original radial camera, which nevertheless incorporates a number of science and operational enhancements based on improved technologies. Generic WF/PC performance issues identified and understood early in the WF/PC-II program provide the opportunity for carefully considered, cost effective hardware refinements. The result is improved science performance and operational efficiency for WF/PC-II which will be highly visible to the GO astronomer, and will provide savings in data reduction and calibration overhead.

Biased-platinum-gate CCD technology is introduced for the eight imaging sensors, in order to provide long and short term QE stability while obviating the solar UV light channel. Signal chain electronics have been modified in several ways to improve science performance and operational efficiency. The WF/PC set of 48 filters has been reviewed and a number of modifications have been implemented. The WF/PC-II is well into construction at JPL, scheduled for delivery in late 1991.
Gordon Newkirk’s Contributions to Coronal Studies
Authors: Eddy J. A.
Published: June 2019

Gordon Allen Newkirk, Jr. was born in West Orange, New Jersey June 12, 1928 and died in Boulder, Colorado December 21, 1985 at age 57. He was graduated from Harvard University in 1950 and in 1953 earned a Ph.D. in astrophysics from the University of Michigan. In 1955, after service in the Signal Corps of the U.S. Army he took a position at the High Altitude Observatory in 3oulder where he worked the remaining thirty years of his life. For 11 of those years (1968-1979) he was director of the observatory and associate director of the National Center for Atmospheric Research. He was also active as a teacher and from 1965 through 1985 was an adjoint professor at the University of Colorado. From 1972 through 1975 he served as Chairman of the Solar Physics Division of the American Astronomical Society and from 1976 through 1979 as President of Commission 10 (Solar Activity) of the International Astronomical Union.
The Application of Optical Arrays to Solar System and Stellar Problems
Authors: McAlister H.A.
Published: June 2019

Unprecedented activity exists in very high angular resolution astronomy at optical wavelengths. Applications of telescope arrays to modern problems have been described in publications too numerous to list here. For illustrative purposes, we shall here consider an array with a maximum baseline of 350 m corresponding to a limiting resolution at the first visibility null of about 0.3 milli-arcsec at 550 nm wavelength.
Photometric Data Archives
Authors: Jaschek C.
Published: June 2019

Astronomy being an observational science, it is clear that archiving must be an important part of our professional activities, because not preserving our observations means that we are building “on sand”.
Voyager: A Retrospective
Authors: Smith Bradford A.
Published: June 2019

Within the brief span of a decade, from 1979 to 1989, the Voyager spacecraft visited the four giant planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune – along with their satellites and their rings. The science return from these two spacecraft forever changed our views of this remote region of our solar system. Often overlooked, however, is the incremental gain in knowledge from these encounters over that which had been known in the early 1970s when the Voyager project first came into being. From a post-Voyager perspective, it is astonishing how little was known about the outer planets just a mere two decades ago. Yet, with all of the knowledge that the space program has brought us, there remain a number of unanswered questions and a great many new ones that have been posed as a result of this wealth of new information. Discussed here is summary of the results of the Voyager imaging cameras together with some of the many new questions that subsequently have been raised.
Diffuse Interstellar Clouds
Authors: Lambert David L. , Federman S. R.
Published: June 2019

Diffuse clouds are interstellar objects through which starlight is not greatly extinguished. As a result, many studies rely on ultraviolet and visible measurements. The focus of this review is on spectroscopic work involving atomic and molecular lines. From these measurements, the physical and chemical makeup of the clouds is derived. Here we stress that technological advances have influenced our perception of diffuse clouds.
The Interstellar Medium in Nearby Galaxies
Authors: Hulst J. M. Van Der
Published: June 2019

Recent observations of the several phases of the interstellar medium in galaxies reveal a wide range of structures and physical properties. The HI structure in nearby galaxies is very filamentary with a large number of shells and filaments suggestive of a close interaction between the star formation in the disk and the surrounding interstellar medium.
Possible Features of IAU Standards
Authors: Seidelmann P. K.
Published: June 2019

In the past, the IAU has adopted standard values for some constants, primarily for use with solar system ephemerides. The constants adopted in 1976 were specifically adjusted to provide internal consistency. In each case, when constants have been adopted, the changes have reflected accuracy improvements, and the purpose has been to encourage the accomplishment of better science.

Over the past 12 years, the Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates has issued triennial reports giving the best values for the sizes and rotations for the planets and satellites. This working group now is an IAU/IAG/COSPAR working group reflecting the different organizations that have recognized the benefits of this group. This is an example of a properly functioning working group, which provides the best values on a regular basis. The IUGG also provides best estimates triennially for values of interest in geodesy and geodynamics.
Recent Results from the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometer
Authors: Bennett C. L.
Published: June 2019

The scientific objective of the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR) investigation is to use the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation as a probe of cosmology. Stringent limits can be set on the amplitude of fluctuations of the potential energy at the surface of last scattering of the CMB photons. Large angular scale (>1 .) fluctuations in the gravitational potential energy are directly related to temperature anisotropies in the CMB by the Sachs-Wolfe Effect (Sachs & Wolfe 1967), which describes the gravitational redshift of photons as they are last scattered at a gravitational potential energy per unit mass, ϕ, giving δϕ/c2 = 3δT/T. The DMR instrument was described by Smoot et al. (1990), recent scientific results by Smoot et al. (1991a,b), and calibration by Bennett et al. (1991). The DMR consists of two independent radiometers at each of three frequencies: 31.5, 53, and 90 GHz. Each radiometer measures the difference in temperature between two 7. FWHM beams separated by 60.. The scanning pattern of the instrument causes all 60. separation pixel-pairs to be observed thousands of times.
The Printed Version of the Hipparcos Input Catalogue
Authors: Turon C. , Morin D. , Gomez A. , Crifo F. , Arenou F. , Sellier A. , Marouard M.
Published: June 2019

The data selected for publication and the stellar content of the 118,000 stars constituting the observing programme of the Hipparcos satellite are briefly described.
Double Star Observations with HIPPARCOS: reduction methods and early results by NDAC
Authors: Söderhjelm S. , Evans D.W. , van Leeuwen F. , Lindegren L.
Published: June 2019

The Hipparcos satellite has a predefined observing program given by an Input Catalogue with 118 000 entries. This includes some 10 000 members of known double or multiple systems (with separations above 0.1 arcsec and magnitude-differences below 4-5), which are observably non-single and thus need a more complex reduction procedure. Also, a similar number of hitherto unknown doubles showing deviations from a single-star observation model will be included in the double-star reductions. A key feature in the NDAC reductions is the use of the main reduction results to calibrate and collect the data for individual doubles in ‘Case History Files’. This enables a global solution of both absolute and relative parameters for a double to be carried out later in a single solution. Using provisional data tapes covering small parts of a 14-month interval, tests have been made of major parts of the double star reductions. Comparisons with the main reduction results for single stars indicate that remaining calibration errors are below the 10 milliarcsec level. For known doubles, the solutions are good relative to the Input Catalogue at the expected 0.3 arcsec level, and for a few tens of systems observed with the star-mapper, the agreement is at the 0.05 arcsec level. A few hundred doubles not flagged in the Input Catalogue have also been detected and had their parameters provisionally determined. A detailed paper describing these methods and results has been accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics.
HST Observations of the JET in M87
Authors: Macchetto F.
Published: June 2019

The EO galaxy M87 harbours the prototypical and most studied example of an optical jet. First observed by Curtis in 1918, it remained little more than a curiosity, until Baade and Minkowski studied it in 1954 and first used the term “jet” to describe the sequence of optical knots extending to about 20” from the nucleus. Since then, the jet has been observed at radio (Owen, Hardee & Cornwell, 1989, Biretta, Stern & Harris 1991), optical (de Vaucouleurs & Nieto 1979, Keel 1988, Fraix-Burnet, Le Borgne & Nieto 1989) and X-rays wavelengths (Schreier, Gorenstein & Feigelson, 1982).
Blue Stragglers in the Core of the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae
Authors: Meylan G. , Paresce F. , Shara M.
Published: June 2019

High resolution imaging observations of the core of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae with the Faint Object Camera (FOC) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) reveal a very high surface density of blue stragglers. This discovery supports the hypothesis that they are among the most massive objects in globular clusters, concentrated in the core by mass segregation. Taken together with the presence in 47 Tue of an X-ray source, eleven millisecond and binary pulsars, and two high-velocity stars ejected out of the core, these observations favour the scenario that blue stragglers are either mergers formed through coalescent collisions, or binaries formed through close encounters.
Atomic Data from the Opacity Project
Authors: Mendoza C.
Published: June 2019

The name Opacity Project (OP) refers to an international collaboration that was formed in 1984 to calculate the extensive atomic data required to estimate stellar envelope opacities. The project has involved research groups from France, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States and Venezuela. The approach adopted by the OP to calculate opacities is based on a new equation-of-state formalism (see the series of papers “The equation of state for stellar envelopes”, ref. [1] and contributions thereafter) and on the calculation of accurate atomic properties such as energy levels, fvalues and photoionisation cross sections (see the series of papers “Atomic Data for Opacity Calculations”, ref. [2] and contributions thereafter). The theoretical framework used to compute ionic states (bound and free) and their radiative properties is based on the close-coupling formalism of scattering theory [3] and on the R-matrix numerical approach developed by Burke and collaborators [4]. Considerable improvements and extensions were introduced in the R-matrix package to adapt it for this task, thus producing a powerful computational tool to study both collisional and radiative properties of electronion systems. In particular, an innovative treatment of the asymptotic region has led to high efficiency and speed in computation, and allows unobserved bound states to be calculated since initial energy estimates are no longer required [5].
Atomic Data Needed for Solar Astronomy from Space
Authors: Dubau Jacques
Published: June 2019

The UV and X-ray wavelength ranges are rich in emission unes from the transition region and the corona, formed at temperatures from 104 K to 107 K. Fortunately, these emission lines, absorbed by the earth upper atmosphere, can be observed by some solar space observatories. In particular, the NASA SMM satellite, from 1980 to 1990, has obtained very interesting spectra from which important solar results were derived. In a close future, they will be again observed but with improved spectral, spatial and temporal resolution by SOLAR-A and SOHO.
HR Diagram of Evolved Stars
Authors: Schönberner D.
Published: June 2019

A short review is presented on the various methods to construct the HR diagram for central stars of planetary nebulae (CPN).
Asteroseismological Probing of the Thermal Evolution of White Dwarf Stars
Authors: Fontaine G. , Wesemael F.
Published: June 2019

It is generally believed that the immediate progenitors of most white dwarfs are nuclei of planetary nebulae, themselves the products of intermediate- and low-mass main sequence evolution. Stars that begin their lifes with masses less than about 7-8 M⊙ (i.e., the vast majority of them) are expected to become white dwarfs. Among those which have already had the time to become white dwarfs since the formation of the Galaxy, a majority have burnt hydrogen and helium in their interiors. Consequently, most of the mass of a typical white dwarf is contained in a core made of the products of helium burning, mostly carbon and oxygen. The exact proportions of C and 0 are unknown because of uncertainties in the nuclear rates of helium burning.
N-body Simulations to Test the Reliability of Two-point Correlation Functions of Galaxies
Authors: Suto Yasushi
Published: June 2019

The shape and amplitude of the galaxy – galaxy correlation functions, ξgg(r), are among the most widely used measures of the large-scale structure in the universe (Totsuji & Kihara 1969). The estimates, however, might be seriously affected by the limited size of the sample volume, or equivalently, the limited number of available galaxies. In fact, while the observable universe extends c/H0 ~ 3000h-1Mpc, most observational works to map the distribution of galaxies so far have been mainly applied to samples within ~ 100h-1Mpc from us. Thus a CfA redshift survey slice, for example, of 8h < α < 17h, 26.5° < δ < 32.5°, and cz ≾ 15000km/sec (de Lapparent et al. 1986, 1988) represents merely ~ 2 x 10-5 of the total volume of the observable universe. This clearly illustrates the importance of examining possible systematic biases and variations in the estimates of two-point correlation functions from instrinsically limited data. We studied such sample-to-sample variations by analysing subsamples extracted from large N-body simulation data.
Archiving CCD/Electronic Astronomical Data
Authors: Huenemoerder David
Published: June 2019

The availability and advances in two-dimensional electronic detectors, in particular the charge-coupled-devices (CCDs), are a great asset to astronomical imaging and spectroscopy because of their sensitivity, dynamic range, and linearity. In some cases photographic plates still offer an advantage to imaging of large size, but the advent of large format CCDs may make a figure of merit, the area per exposure time, much more favorable for CCDs.
Archiving for Future Extragalactic Image-Databases
Authors: Paturel G.
Published: June 2019

On the experience acquired since 1983 when creating the Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database, we discuss the problems of identifying and designating extragalactic objects. We suggest some ways of improvement. The main conclusion is that it is urgent to use images in a standardised format. The IAU could help to organise such a standardisation.
Archiving Asteroid Photometric Data
Authors: Tedesco Edward F.
Published: June 2019

Current programs which produce asteroid photometric data range from astrometry through visual and near-infrared photometry and spectrophotometry to thermal infrared (8 to 30 micrometers) photometry. These data are published in a variety of places including observatory publications, IAU Circulars, the Minor Planet Circulars, and various journals.
Archiving and Distribution of Spectroscopic Data
Authors: Viotti Roberto
Published: June 2019

Spectroscopy is a fundamental tool for the investigation of physical conditions in astronomical objects. Up to the present a considerable amount of information has been collected, which could be of great help in research in all fields of Astrophysics. There is however the problem of safeguarding such material, to create ad hoc archives of raw and/or reduced spectral data, and to have homogenised means of documentation and of distribution of the material to the Astronomical Community. These problems were discussed by members of the IAU Commission 29, Stellar Spectra, during the 21st IAU General Assembly, and the results are herewith summarized.
Atmospheric extinction in B and V photometry at the South Pole
Authors: Chen Kwan-Yu , Wood Frank Bradshaw
Published: June 2019

Scientific work at the South Pole during austral winter began in 1957, the International Geophysical Year. Interest in a polar observatory was already expressed in the survey of polar research conducted by the Committee of Polar Research (Gould, 1970). But not until 1986, was photoelectric photometry of variable stars made at the South Pole (Chen et al 1988); and in 1988, stellar observations for atmospheric extinction were made. The optical telescope used for stellar observations at the South Pole is a twin-mirror siderostat with an 8 cm lens (Chen et al 1986; Taylor 1988). The computer-controlled automated telescope made the polar observations possible.
Prospects for unprecedented seeing in Antarctica
Authors: Gillingham Peter
Published: June 2019

Seeing degradation is almost entirely the result of thermal inhomogeneity in the atmosphere and at most observatory sites, a major contributor to this inhomogeneity is the diurnal variation in temperature. In addition to its effects on the free atmosphere, the daily temperature variation leads to local seeing degradation, especially with large telescopes, because the temperatures of massive components tend to lag behind the temperature of the surrounding air and give rise to convective disturbances.
Soviet experience at vostok and plans for Antarctic astronomy
Authors: Burdyuzha V
Published: June 2019

The station Vostok is on the polar cap at an altitude of about 3500 m. Vostok comprises a special complex for geophysical research together with accommodation and power generating facilities. Its location far inland at a high altitude provides a unique astroclimate. From 1958 to 1980, the mean annual temperatures were -55.3°C at Vostok, -49.3°C at Amundsen-Scott (S. Pole), and -11.3°C at Mirny (near the coast). Mirny recorded an average of 199 days/year with strong wind, Vostok only 3.2. The mean number of days/month with heavy cloud were 3.4 at Vostok, 4.0 at Amundsen-Scott, and 6.6 at Mirny. The number of days/year with little cloud: Vostok : 361, Mirny : 174.
British plans for astronomy in Antarctica
Authors: Davies R D , Hough J M
Published: June 2019

The South Pole air shower experiment (SPASE), a joint Bartol Research Institute and Leeds University project, has been operational since the austral summer of 1987/88. It is a cosmic ray telescope searching for cosmic gamma rays at energies up to 1000 TeV. Although it has a relatively small area (6800 m2), it is situated at an altitude of 2800 m and has a 24 hour coverage, making it very competitive. The angular resolution of 0.°8 at 200 TeV is state-of-the-art in gamma ray astronomy. The astronomical programme includes searches for gamma ray sources, searches for anisotropy in the cosmic ray sky and measuring the energy spectrum over the range 1014-1016 eV.
Manterrupting in the German Bundestag: Gendered Opposition to Female Members of Parliament?
Authors: Och Malliga
Published: June 2019

The problem of manterrupting, i.e. men interrupting women to take control of a conversation, claiming superior knowledge, or discrediting women's arguments, has garnered major attention in social and traditional media. Yet scholarly accounts of gendered speech interruption patterns in parliamentary debates are less common. In this article, I argue that manterrupting can be considered a form of resistance against women in politics and, in its worst iteration, prevent female representatives from representing women's interests. This article will analyze the problem of ‘manterrupting’ regarding parliamentary debates in Germany by investigating the nature and extent of male interruptions during parliamentary debates in the 17th legislative period. Drawing on insights from social psychology and masculinity studies, this article finds that in the case of Germany, manterruptions are neither systemic and frequent enough to constitute a form of resistance against women in politics nor do they prevent female representatives from engaging in the substantive representation of women.
The Place of Kastabos in Greek Architecture
Authors: Plommer W. H.
Published: June 2019

The following article forms the conclusion to my chapter in a projected work on the Temple of Hemithea at Kastabos. The sanctuary is described by Diodorus in Book v, 62—3, and lies about a thousand feet above sea-level on the north-west slopes of the Carian Chersonese, overlooking from the south-east the more easterly isthmus on the long Cnidian Peninsula. It is the first Greek sanctuary of any importance and the first peripteral temple to be explored in the Rhodian Incorporated Peraea (see Fraser and Bean, The Rhodian Peraea and Islands, pp. 123 ff.), of which the whole Chersonese formed part.

Our excavation, primarily salvage-work in remote country after a forest-fire had uncovered the remains, formed one stage in the mapping of ancient cities and demes of this neighbourhood by Professor John Cook and Professor George Bean. It established, from a stamped vase-handle and an inscription on a subsidiary building, that this was indeed, as surmised by Cook, the shrine of Hemithea, a local healing-goddess evidently, as Diodorus shows, of considerable local repute. We found that its greatness virtually began in the late fourth century, and was perhaps of fairly short duration.
The Role of the Chorus in Sophocles' Antigone
Authors: Coleman Robert
Published: June 2019

This essay depends upon certain assumptions, which had better be made explicit at the outset.

The first is that in Attic tragedy the choral odes were always intended to have an organic relation to the drama as a whole. They are not mere intermezzi inserted to relieve tension and allow the audience to relax between successive steps in the real business of the drama, but serve rather as lyrical commentaries on what is happening on the stage, inviting us to the emotional response appropriate at that point in the action, and to reflect upon certain ideas and concepts implicit in the events themselves. They form a bridge between successive acts, and their contextual relevance looks back to what has immediately preceded and forward to what is about to come. At this level we need not expect complete consistency between different odes. The Chorus's interpretation of the situation and the emotional reaction it expresses may change quite drastically in the light of a change in situation or the revelation of hitherto unknown facts.
Stesichorus, Fragment 207 P
Authors: Dawe R. D.
Published: June 2019

Schol. Pind. Ol. x 19, i 315 Dr.

κυκνέα μάχη · ὃτι τὸν ἊρɛΞς κύκνΞν Ἡρακλῆς φυγών αὖτις ἀνɛἱλɛ, ΣτησίχΞρΞς ἐν τῶι ɛπιγραφΞμένωι κύκνωι φησίν. 21, p. 316 ɛτράπη μἐν ἐν τῆι μάχηι τΞῦ κύκνΞυ ὁ Ἠρακλῆς. ὁ κύκνΞς υἱὸς ὤν τΞῦ ἌρɛΞς ἐν τῆι παρόδωι τῆς Θɛσσαλίας Ξἰκῶν τΞὺς παριόντας ξένΞυς ἐκαρατόμɛι, έκ τῦν κɛφαλῶν ναὸν τῶι Ἀπόλλωνι (Ἄρɛι coni. Heyne, Boeckh) πΞιῆσαι βΞυλόμɛνΞς. παριόντι τΞίνυν τῶι Ἠρακλɛῖ ἐπɛβΞύλɛυσɛ καὶ σύστάσης μάχης ἐτράπη ɛἰς φυγὴν ὁ Ἡρακλῆς συλλαβΞμένΞυ τΞῦ ἌρɛΞς ὡς παίδι τῶι κύκνωι. ἀλλὰ ὔστɛρΞν αὔτόν μόνΞν γɛνόμɛνΞν ἐνίκησɛν ó ρακλῆς, ita cod. A: fere eadem codd. BCDEQ (ad 19), add. ΣτησίχΞρΞς ɛν τῶι> ἐπιγραφΞμένωι κύκνωι ἱστΞρɛῖ.
Vrbs Avgvrio Avgvsto Condita: Ennius ap. Cic.Diu.I. 107 (=Ann.77–96 V2)
Authors: Jocelyn H. D.
Published: June 2019

My concern is with the account in Ennius’Annalsof Romulus and Remus and the foundation of Rome, in particular with the verses which Cicero made his brother Quintus quote atDiu.I. 107 (=Ann.77-96 V2)

curantes magna cum cura tum cupientes regni dant operam simul auspicio augurioque. ‹… …›

†in montef† Remus auspicio se deuouet atque secundam solus auem4 seruat. at Romulus pulcher in alto 80 quaerit Auentino, seruat genus altiuolantum. ‹… … ›

certabant urbem Romam Remoramne uocarent. omnibus cura uiris uter esset induperator. †expectant† ueluti, consul cum mittere signum uolt, omnes auidi spectant ad careens oras, 85 quam mox emittat pictis e faucibus currus, sic expectabat populus atque ore timebat rebus, utri magni uictoria sit data regni. interea sol albus recessit in infera noctis. exin candida se radiis dedit ieta foras lux 90 et simul ex alto longe pulcherrima praepes laeua uolauit auis. simul8 aureus exoritur sol, cedunt de caelo ter quattuor corpora saneta auium, praepetibus sese pulchrisque locis dant. conspicit inde sibi data Romulus esse priora, 95 auspicio regni stabilita scamna solumque.
The effects of particle size and liquid feeding on the performance of young pigs offered mash and steam pelleted diets
Authors: Chesworth K. A. , Choct M. , Brooks P. H.
Published: June 2019

There is a well-established relationship between particle size of processed grains in diets and pig performance. It has been reported that as the particle size of feed is reduced there is an increase in the performance of pigs (Wondra et al., 1995). Increasing the surface area of feed ingredients by reducing particle size facilitates greater enzyme activity. Liquid feed provides an excellent medium for endogenous enzyme activation and the opportunity to improve the availability of nutrients (Brooks et al., 1996). The current study investigated the effect of particle size, processing and feed form on pig performance.
The use of hyper-immunised egg as a source of prophylactic antibodies in the neonatal piglet
Authors: Rizvi S. , Harbour D.A. , Pearson G. R. , Patel D. , Stokes C. R. , Miller B. G.
Published: June 2019

Gastrointestinal infection caused by pathogenic bacteria and viruses are an important cause of diarrhoea and ill-thrift in human and animal neonates (Guerrant et al., 1986, Radostits et al., 1994). Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Rotavirus are both important causes of neonatal diarrhoea, in addition E.coli is an important factor in the post-weaning diarrhoea syndrome seen in early weaned piglets (Radostits et al., 1994). Neonates reared on maternal milk are protected by antibodies (IgA in humans and pigs, IgG in ruminants) which act passively in the gut against organisms which cause gastrointestinal disease. This study investigated the protective effect of egg antibodies (Lohmann Animal Health) against E.coli and Rotavirus challenge in neonatal piglets. The eggs were sourced from hens vaccinated against E.coli and Rotavirus.
The influence of the temporal pattern of post-ruminal energy and protein supply on nitrogen metabolism in growing lambs
Authors: Randles W.G. , Lomax M.A. , J.C. MacRae
Published: June 2019

The poor efficiency with which ruminants utilise nitrogen (N) for growth may be due to differences in the temporal pattern of energy and protein absorption following a meal. Efficiency is higher in non ruminant animals where energy (glucose) and protein is absorbed from the same site and at the same time following a meal. Indeed, when an asynchronous pattern of energy and protein supply is imposed on non ruminants, the efficiency of nitrogen utilisation is reduced (Barja et al., 1972). The present experiment compares the efficiency of N utilisation in growing lambs given different temporal patterns of post-ruminal energy and protein supply.
Selection indexes using calving interval, condition score and milk yield in dairy cattle
Authors: Pryce J.E. , Coffey M.P. , Brotherstone S.H. , Woolliams J.A.
Published: June 2019

Increasing genetic merit for production has been associated with a decline in dairy cow fertility. In order to sustain lactation it appears that appreciable amounts of body condition are being mobilised, which may impinge on fertility. Body condition score (BCS) of first lactation heifers is recorded by Holstein UK and Ireland (HUKI) as part of its national type classification scheme. BCS may be a useful selection criterion for improving fertility. Calving dates and hence calving interval (CI) are generally very reliably recorded, but the usefulness of CI as a selection criterion is hampered for a number of reasons, one being that only the most fertile cows have two consecutive calving dates. This is a serious issue that still needs to be addressed. Our aim here was to investigate if there is genetic covariation between BCS and CI after adjustment for milk yield and to investigate selection responses in all three traits when selection is for each trait in turn and how responses are affected by restrictions imposing no genetic change in one of the traits. Restricting a trait to no change when it is correlated to a trait under selection may be important in developing customised indexes to satisfy specific requirements.
Multi-trait selection indexes for sustainable improvement of UK hill sheep
Authors: Conington J. , Bishop S.C. , Grundy B. , Waterhouse A. , Simm and G.
Published: June 2019

Profitability of hill sheep enterprises depends on both maternal and lamb traits, and selection programmes should include all aspects of performance. However, the relative contribution of different traits to overall profitability depends on the type of hill farm and, specifically, the severity of the environmental constraints on the farm (Coningtonet al., 2000). The objective of this paper is to derive and evaluate selection indexes for holistic and sustainable genetic improvement of hill sheep on ‘intensive’ and ‘extensive’ hill farms by considering carcass, maternal and ‘sustainability’ traits simultaneously.
Gene frequency estimation from a biased sample of individuals
Authors: Grundy B. , Lewis R.M.
Published: June 2019

With individual genes being identified that have an important effect on performance and fitness in livestock it is likely that such genes will be included in selection programmes. However, in order to devise sensible strategies to achieve this, knowledge of the frequency of the gene of interest is required. In practice, it is possible that estimates for gene frequency are based on genotype testing of only a subset of the population. The question then arises as to what conclusions can be drawn about the population gene frequency particularly in the likely scenario where the sample genotyped is not chosen at random. A procedure was developed by Van Arendonk et al. (1989) to have genotype information on as many individuals as possible given financial limits in the numbers genotyped. In this procedure the genotypes of individuals are predicted using pedigree information and the rules of Mendelian inheritance. What is less clear is the value of the additional information in predicting the population gene frequency. The objective of this study was to assess to consequence of sampling procedures on estimates of gene frequency when additional genotype information is or is not obtained by predicting genotypes on individuals themselves not tested.
The effects of gestation on behaviour, heart rate and heart rate variability of gilts
Authors: Forde R.M. , Marchant J.N.
Published: June 2019

In recent years, there has been increased interest in the development of non-invasive methods to assess the welfare status of an animal. The objectives of this study were to determine the suitability of using heart rate variability analysis as a measure of autonomic activity in pigs during various behaviours and to determine whether these measures were influenced by stage of gestation.
Annual depletion and repletion of carcass fat depots in Scottish Blackface ewes
Authors: Kvame T. , Young M.J. , Kolstad K. , Lambe N.R. , Conington J. , Simm G.
Published: June 2019

To what extent different fat depots of the carcass are more or less useful to the animal as readily labile energy stores is not clear. A knowledge of how ewes partition and use fat within the carcass is vital in order to estimate the impact of selection to reduce subcutaneous fat on other carcass fat depots. This study was designed to describe changes in the different carcass fat depots over one annual production cycle.
The effect of freezing and thawing fresh grass silage on near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) predictions
Authors: Park R. S. , Agnew R. E. , Kilpatrick D. J.
Published: June 2019

The accurate analysis of forage is paramount if the nutritive value to the ruminant animal is to be estimated. NIRS has the potential to accurately and rapidly evaluate the chemical and biological parameters of fresh silage. In many laboratory situations the pressure of proximate and specialized chemical analyses means that routinely, fresh forages have to be stored frozen (–20°C) before analysis. Research by MacRae et al., (1975) has shown that although the physico-chemical composition of high quality forages changed upon freezing and subsequent thawing there were no differences in the apparent digestibilities and total nitrogen remained relatively constant. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of freezing and thawing fresh silage on NIRS predictions.
Environmentally and economically sustainable systems of sheep and goat meat production
Authors: Stamataris C. , Arsenos G. , Zygoyiannis D. , Katsaounis N. , Abrosiadis J.
Published: June 2019

Recent studies on the production and marketability of sheep meat in Greece have shown that response of the small ruminant sector to changing consumer demands has been to produce consistently larger and leaner lambs all year round. Moreover, purchases of such meat are likely to favour less exploitative systems of production (Zygoyiannis et al. 1999). The idea is that such systems should constitute more environmentally and economically sustainable options. The objective of the current study was to investigate the potential of developing sustainable systems of sheep and goat meat production that are less depended on pharmaceutical control of gastrointestinal parasitism without comprising the quality of produced meat.
Intake of lactating and dry dual-purpose cows grazing two species of Brachiaria pastures in Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Authors: Joaquin N. , Herrero M.
Published: June 2019

Brachiaria spp. pastures, specially B. decumbens, cover an area of 400 thousand ha in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. They comprise the basal diet for ruminants in dual-purpose and small-holder dairy systems of the region (Herrero et al. 1999). Therefore, an important portion of the animal production is conditioned by the amount and quality of these pastures and their intake. Knowledge of pasture intake is crucial for formulating bio-economically feasible feeding systems for ruminants. The objective of this work was to measure intake of Brachiaria spp pastures using alkanes as markers and to quantify pasture intake differences between dry and lactating cows.
Voluntary intake of grass and a forage tree when offered simultaneously
Authors: Lizarraga-Sánchez H.L. , Solorio-Sánchez F.J. , Sandoval-Castro C.A.
Published: June 2019

Voluntary intake of tropical grasses is a major constraint to animal performance in tropical countries. The use of forage trees as supplements has been associated with an improved rumen environment and hence an increased intake of forage (Umunna et al., 1995). Under practical conditions, grass and forage trees are commonly offered simultaneously at feeding time. However, little information is available as to the effect of this practice on intake of different forages. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the intake of grass and a forage tree when offered simultaneously, and to assess the benefits on total DM intake with five different forage tree species.
Level of supplementary concentrates for Holstein-Friesian young bulls fed silage
Authors: Keane M. G. , Fallon R. J.
Published: June 2019

As a result of the Agenda 2000 increase in the Special Beef Premium and introduction of a slaughter premium for bulls, there is renewed interest in bull beef production especially from low value Holstein-Friesian calves. To evaluate the economics of such a production system further information is required on responses to supplementary concentrates with silage and duration of the finishing period.
Effects of extending the grazing season in beef production systems
Authors: O’Neill B.J. , Drennan M.J. , Caffrey P.J.
Published: June 2019

The cost of grazed grass is less than half that of grass silage (O’Kiely, 1994) and incomes from beef production are low and largely dependent on EU support schemes. Thus the income from beef production could be incresed by reducing feed costs through increasing the proportion of grazed grass in the diet and optimising the use of the various support schemes. The objective of this two-year study was to examine the effects on the performance of yearling cattle of turnout to pasture three weeks earlier than normal. This was examined within two suckler beef production systems. One was a standard system similar to that outlined by Drennan (1993) and the second was compatible with the Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS).
Effect of particle size and supplemental sugar beet pulp on in vitro fermentation of high temperature dried alfalfa incubated with an equine faecal inoculum
Authors: Murray J. M. D. , Longland A. C.
Published: June 2019

The fibrous forage high temperature dried (HT) alfalfa has been fed to horses for a number of years because of its consistently high nutritive value. It is common practise in the UK to combine HT alfalfa either chopped or in a ground and pelleted form with sugar beet pulp (SB) as this is regarded as a nutritious feed for horses. Synergistic effects of sugar beet when added to fibre-based diets have been observed in other species (Longland et al., 1994) whereby the digestibility of graminaceous forages has been increased. However, such effects have been little examined in horses and there is a lack of information in the literature on the effects of SB on the digestibility of leguminous forages. Thus, the effect of sugar beet on the in vitro fermentation of ground and chopped HT alfalfa by an equid hind-gut microflora using the pressure transducer technique of Theodorou et al. (1994) was investigated.