bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infant Feeding Practices of Emirati Women in the Rapidly Developing City of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Gardner Hazel , Green Katherine , Gardner Andrew
Published: September 2015

Rapid economic and cultural transition in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been accompanied by new challenges to public health; most notably a rapid rise in chronic disease. Breastfeeding is known to improve health outcomes in adulthood, is associated with reduced risk of developing chronic disease, and is therefore an important public health issue for this rapidly increasing population. Factors associated with infant feeding practices were examined in a cohort of 125 Emirati women and their infants, with data collected at birth and 3, 6 and 15 months postpartum by questionnaires and interviews. Participants were recruited in the Corniche Hospital, the main maternity hospital in the city of Abu Dhabi. Factors affecting the duration of breastfeeding and the introduction of complementary foods were investigated using univariate and multivariate statistics. Recommended infant feeding practices, such as exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and timely introduction of appropriate complementary foods, were poorly adhered to. Factors implicated in early cessation of breastfeeding included: time to first breastfeed, mother’s education level, employment status and early introduction of complementary foods.
Mercury Toxicity and Contamination of Households from the Use of Skin Creams Adulterated with Mercurous Chloride (Calomel)
Authors: Copan Lori , Fowles Jeff , Barreau Tracy , McGee Nancy
Published: September 2015

Inorganic mercury, in the form of mercurous chloride, or calomel, is intentionally added to some cosmetic products sold through informal channels in Mexico and the US for skin lightening and acne treatment. These products have led to multiple cases of mercury poisoning but few investigations have addressed the contamination of cream users’ homes. We report on several cases of mercury poisoning among three Mexican-American families in California from use of mercury-containing skin creams. Each case resulted in widespread household contamination and secondary contamination of family members. Urine mercury levels in cream users ranged from 37 to 482 µg/g creatinine and in non-users from non-detectable to 107 µg/g creatinine. Air concentrations of up to 8 µg/m3 of mercury within homes exceeded the USEPA/ATSDR health-based guidance and action level of <1.0 μg/m3. Mercury contamination of cream users’ homes presented a multi-pathway exposure environment to residents. Homes required extensive decontamination, including disposal of most household items, to achieve acceptable air levels. The acceptable air levels used were not designed to consider multi-pathway exposure scenarios. These findings support that the calomel is able to change valence form to elemental mercury and volatilize once exposed to the skin or surfaces in the indoor environment.
Role of RUNX2 in Breast Carcinogenesis
Authors: Wysokinski Daniel , Blasiak Janusz , Pawlowska Elzbieta
Published: September 2015

RUNX2 is a transcription factor playing the major role in osteogenesis, but it can be involved in DNA damage response, which is crucial for cancer transformation. RUNX2 can interact with cell cycle regulators: cyclin-dependent kinases, pRB and p21Cip1 proteins, as well as the master regulator of the cell cycle, the p53 tumor suppressor. RUNX2 is involved in many signaling pathways, including those important for estrogen signaling, which, in turn, are significant for breast carcinogenesis. RUNX2 can promote breast cancer development through Wnt and Tgfβ signaling pathways, especially in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative cases. ERα interacts directly with RUNX2 and regulates its activity. Moreover, the ERa gene has a RUNX2 binding site within its promoter. RUNX2 stimulates the expression of aromatase, an estrogen producing enzyme, increasing the level of estrogens, which in turn stimulate cell proliferation and replication errors, which can be turned into carcinogenic mutations. Exploring the role of RUNX2 in the pathogenesis of breast cancer can lead to revealing new therapeutic targets.
PI3K and AKT: Unfaithful Partners in Cancer
Authors: Faes Seraina , Dormond Olivier
Published: September 2015

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway regulates multiple cellular processes. An overactivation of the pathway is frequently present in human malignancies and plays a key role in cancer progression. Hence, its inhibition has become a promising approach in cancer therapy. However, the development of resistances, such as the abrogation of negative feedback mechanisms or the activation of other proliferative signaling pathways, has considerably limited the anticancer efficacy of PI3K/AKT inhibitors. In addition, emerging evidence points out that although AKT is acknowledged as the major downstream effector of PI3K, both PI3K and AKT can operate independently of each other in cancer, revealing another level of complexity in this pathway. Here, we highlight the complex relationship between PI3K and AKT in cancer and further discuss the consequences of this relationship for cancer therapy.
Protective Effect of Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol against Ultraviolet B Radiation-Induced DNA Damage by Inducing the Nucleotide Excision Repair System in HaCaT Human Keratinocytes
Authors: Piao Mei , Hewage Susara , Han Xia , Kang Kyoung , Kang Hee , Lee Nam , Hyun Jin
Published: September 2015

We investigated the protective properties of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC), a phlorotannin, against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) in HaCaT human keratinocytes. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) system is the pathway by which cells identify and repair bulky, helix-distorting DNA lesions such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced CPDs and 6-4 photoproducts. CPDs levels were elevated in UVB-exposed cells; however, this increase was reduced by DPHC. Expression levels of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) and excision repair cross-complementing 1 (ERCC1), which are essential components of the NER pathway, were induced in DPHC-treated cells. Expression of XPC and ERCC1 were reduced following UVB exposure, whereas DPHC treatment partially restored the levels of both proteins. DPHC also increased expression of transcription factor specificity protein 1 (SP1) and sirtuin 1, an up-regulator of XPC, in UVB-exposed cells. DPHC restored binding of the SP1 to the XPC promoter, which is reduced in UVB-exposed cells. These results indicate that DPHC can protect cells against UVB-induced DNA damage by inducing the NER system.
Marine Compounds and Cancer: Where Do We Stand?
Authors: Dyshlovoy Sergey , Honecker Friedemann
Published: September 2015

In Western countries, cancer is among the most frequent causes of death. Despite striking advances in cancer therapy, there is still an urgent need for new drugs in oncology. Current development favors so called “targeted agents” or drugs that target the immune system, i.e., therapeutic antibodies that enhance or facilitate an immune response against tumor cells (also referred to as “checkpoint inhibitors”). However, until recently, roughly 60% of drugs used in hematology and oncology were originally derived from natural sources, and one third of the top-selling agents are either natural agents or derivatives [1]. There is justified hope for the discovery and development of new anticancer agents from the marine environment. Historically, this habitat has proven to be a rich source of potent natural compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, macrolides, peptides, and polyketides, among others. Interestingly, marine agents and cancer treatment have had a special relationship from the beginning. One of the first marine-derived compounds, discovered in 1945 that was later developed into a clinically used drug, was spongothymidine [2–4], which was the lead compound for the discovery of cytarabine [5]. Until today, cytarabine remains one of the most widely used agents in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and relapsed aggressive lymphomas. [...]
γ-Lindane Increases Microcystin Synthesis in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806
Authors: Ceballos-Laita Laura , Calvo-Begueria Laura , Lahoz Jessica , Bes María-Teresa , Fillat María , Peleato María-Luisa
Published: September 2015

HCH factories, and the waste dumpsites associated to its production, have become a global environmental concern, and their runoff could pollute ground and surface waters with high levels of the pollutant. In this study, the influence of lindane (γ-HCH) on microcystin production has been investigated in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806. This toxic cyanobacterium is highly tolerant to γ-lindane (20 mg/L), and produces more toxin (microcystin) in the presence of the pollutant. Microcystis degrades γ-lindane and presence of γ-lindane induces genes involved in its own degradation (nirA). RT-PCRsq has been used to monitor changes in levels of transcripts encoded by the mcy operon (mcyD, mcyH and mcyJ), responsible for the microcystin synthesis machinery, as well as other genes involved in its transcriptional regulation, such as ntcA and fur family members. The presence of lindane in the culture media induces mcyD expression, as well as ntcA gene transcription, while other genes, such as mcyH, (putative ABC transporter), are downregulated. The amount of microcystin found in the cells and the culture media is higher when M. aeruginosa is treated with γ-lindane than in control cells. The results suggest that in a lindane polluted environment, Microcystis toxic strains may enhance their microcystin synthesis.
Thermo-Acidic Pretreatment of Beach Macroalgae from Rügen to Optimize Biomethane Production—Double Benefit with Simultaneous Bioenergy Production and Improvement of Local Beach and Waste Management
Authors: Barbot Yann , Thomsen Laurenz , Benz Roland
Published: September 2015

Eutrophication is a phenomenon which can rapidly generate masses of marine macroalgae, particularly in areas with high nutrient pollution. Washed ashore, this biomass impairs coastal tourism and negatively affects the coastal ecosystem. The present study evaluates the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of a macroalgae mix (Rügen-Mix, RM (RM = Rügen-Mix)) originating from Rügen, Germany. To improve biomethane recovery, thermo-acidic pretreatment was applied to the biomass prior to biomethanation to disintegrate the biomass macrostructure. Acid hydrolysis was successfully triggered with 0.2 M industry-grade HCl at 80 °C for a 2 h period, increasing biomethane recovery by +39%, with a maximum BMP of 121 mL·g−1 volatile solids (VS). To reduce the necessity for input material, HCl was replaced by the acidic waste product flue gas condensate (FGC). Improved performance was achieved by showing an increase in biomethane recovery of +24% and a maximum BMP of 108 mL·g−1 VS. Continuous anaerobic digestion trials of RM were conducted for three hydraulic retention times, showing the feasibility of monodigestion. The biomethane recovery was 60 mL and 65 mL·g−1 VS·d−1 for thermophilic and mesophilic operation, respectively. The quality of biomethanation performance aligned to the composition of the source material which exhibited a low carbon/nitrogen ratio and an increased concentration of sulfur compounds.
Heavy Metal Behavior in Lichen-Mine Waste Interactions at an Abandoned Mine Site in Southwest Japan
Authors: Sueoka Yuri , Sakakibara Masayuki , Sera Koichiro
Published: September 2015

The lichen, Stereocaulon exutum Nylander, occurring in a contaminated abandoned mine site was investigated to clarify (1) the behavior of heavy metals and As during the slag weathering processes mediated by the lichen; and (2) the distribution of these elements in the lichen thallus on slag. The heavy metals and As in the slag are dissolved from their original phases during the weathering process by lichen substances (organic acids) and hypha penetration, in addition to non-biological weathering. The dissolved elements are absorbed into the lichen thallus. Some of these dissolved elements are distributed in the cells of the hyphae. The others are distributed on the surface of the hyphae as formless particles and show lateral distribution inside the cortex of the thallus. The Cu and Zn concentrations in the thalli are positively correlated with the concentrations in the corresponding substrata and a positive intercept in the regression curve obtained using a linear function. These chemical characteristics make this lichen a good biomarker for Cu and Zn contamination of the substrata of the lichen. Therefore, the present study supposes that Stereocaulon exutum has a possible practical application in biomonitoring or risk assessment of heavy metal pollution at abandoned mine sites.
Recent Advances in Applications of Droplet Microfluidics
Authors: Chou Wei-Lung , Lee Pee-Yew , Yang Cing-Long , Huang Wen-Ying , Lin Yung-Sheng
Published: September 2015

Droplet-based microfluidics is a colloidal and interfacial system that has rapidly progressed in the past decade because of the advantages of low fabrication costs, small sample volumes, reduced analysis durations, high-throughput analysis with exceptional sensitivity, enhanced operational flexibility, and facile automation. This technology has emerged as a new tool for many recently used applications in molecular detection, imaging, drug delivery, diagnostics, cell biology and other fields. Herein, we review recent applications of droplet microfluidics proposed since 2013.
Characteristic Evaluation of a Shrouded Propeller Mechanism for a Magnetic Actuated Microrobot
Authors: Fu Qiang , Guo Shuxiang , Zhang Songyuan , Hirata Hideyuki , Ishihara Hidenori
Published: September 2015

Medical microrobots have been widely used in clinical applications, particularly the spiral type locomotion mechanism, which was recently considered one of the main self-propelling mechanisms for the next medical microrobot to perform tasks such as capsule endoscopy and drug delivery. However, limits in clinical applications still exist. The spiral action of the microrobot while being used for diagnosis may lead to pain or even damage to the intestinal wall due to the exposed mechanisms. Therefore, a new locomotive mechanism, named the shrouded propeller mechanism, was proposed to achieve a high level of medical safety as well as effective propulsive performance in our study. The shrouded propeller mechanism consists of a bare spiral propeller and a non-rotating nozzle. To obtain a high effective propulsive performance, two types of screw grooves with different shapes including the cylindrical screw groove and the rectangular screw groove with different parameters were analyzed using the shrouded model. Two types of magnetic actuated microrobots with different driving modes, the electromagnetic (three-pole rotor) actuated microrobot and the permanent magnet (O-ring type magnet) actuated microrobot were designed to evaluate the performance of the electromagnetic actuation system. Based on experimental results, the propulsive force of the proposed magnetic actuated microrobot with a shrouded propeller was larger than the magnetic actuated microrobot with a bare spiral propeller under the same parameters. Additionally, the shrouded propeller mechanism as an actuator can be used for other medical microrobots for flexible locomotion.
Synthetic Routes to N-9 Alkylated 8-Oxoguanines; Weak Inhibitors of the Human DNA Glycosylase OGG1
Authors: Mahajan Tushar , Ytre-Arne Mari , Strøm-Andersen Pernille , Dalhus Bjørn , Gundersen Lise-Lotte
Published: September 2015

The human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase OGG1 is involved in base excision repair (BER), one of several DNA repair mechanisms that may counteract the effects of chemo- and radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer. We envisage that potent inhibitors of OGG1 may be found among the 9-alkyl-8-oxoguanines. Thus we explored synthetic routes to 8-oxoguanines and examined these as OGG1 inhibitors. The best reaction sequence started from 6-chloroguanine and involved N-9 alkylation, C-8 bromination, and finally simultaneous hydrolysis of both halides. Bromination before N-alkylation should only be considered when the N-substituent is not compatible with bromination conditions. The 8-oxoguanines were found to be weak inhibitors of OGG1. 6-Chloro-8-oxopurines, byproducts in the hydrolysis of 2,6-halopurines, turned out to be slightly better inhibitors than the corresponding 8-oxoguanines.
Concise Synthesis of Broussonone A
Authors: Jo Hyeju , Choi Minho , Viji Mayavan , Lee Young , Kwak Young-Shin , Lee Kiho , Choi Nam , Lee Yeon-Ju , Lee Heesoon , Hong Jin , Lee Mi , Jung Jae-Kyung
Published: September 2015

A concise and expeditious approach to the total synthesis of broussonone A, a p-quinol natural compound, has been developed. The key features of the synthesis include the Grubbs II catalyst mediated cross metathesis of two aromatic subunits, and a chemoselective oxidative dearomatizationin the presence of two phenol moieties. Especially, optimization associated with the CM reaction of ortho-alkoxystyrenes was also studied, which are known to be ineffective for Ru-catalyzed metathesis reactions under conventional reaction conditions because ortho-alkoxy group could coordinate to the ruthenium center, resulting in the potential complication of catalyst inhibition.
Adsorption and Corrosion Inhibition Studies of Some Selected Dyes as Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Acidic Medium: Gravimetric, Electrochemical, Quantum Chemical Studies and Synergistic Effect with Iodide Ions
Authors: Peme Thabo , Olasunkanmi Lukman , Bahadur Indra , Adekunle Abolanle , Kabanda Mwadham , Ebenso Eno
Published: September 2015

The corrosion inhibition properties of some organic dyes, namely Sunset Yellow (SS), Amaranth (AM), Allura Red (AR), Tartrazine (TZ) and Fast Green (FG), for mild steel corrosion in 0.5 M HCl solution, were investigated using gravimetric, potentiodynamic polarization techniques and quantum chemical calculations. The results showed that the studied dyes are good corrosion inhibitors with enhanced inhibition efficiencies. The inhibition efficiency of all the studied dyes increases with increase in concentration, and decreases with increase in temperature. The results showed that the inhibition efficiency of the dyes increases in the presence of KI due to synergistic interactions of the dye molecules with iodide (I−) ions. Potentiodynamic polarization results revealed that the studied dyes are mixed-type inhibitors both in the absence and presence of KI. The adsorption of the studied dyes on mild steel surface, with and without KI, obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and involves physical adsorption mechanism. Quantum chemical calculations revealed that the most likely sites in the dye molecules for interactions with mild steel are the S, O, and N heteroatoms.
Comparing the Antibacterial and Functional Properties of Cameroonian and Manuka Honeys for Potential Wound Healing—Have We Come Full Cycle in Dealing with Antibiotic Resistance?
Authors: Boateng Joshua , Diunase Keshu
Published: September 2015

The increased incidence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has generated renewed interest in “traditional” antimicrobials, such as honey. This paper reports on a study comparing physico-chemical, antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics (that potentially contribute in part, to the functional wound healing activity) of Cameroonian honeys with those of Manuka honey. Agar well diffusion was used to generate zones of inhibition against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus while broth dilutions were used to study the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Non-peroxide activity was investigated by catalase for hydrogen peroxide reduction. The Cameroonian honeys demonstrated functional properties similar to Manuka honey, with strong correlations between the antioxidant activity and total phenol content of each honey. They were also as effective as Manuka honey in reducing bacteria load with an MIC of 10% w/v against all three bacteria and exhibited non-peroxide antimicrobial activity. These Cameroon honeys have potential therapeutic activity and may contain compounds with activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Antibacterial agents from such natural sources present a potential affordable treatment of wound infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria, which are a leading cause of amputations and deaths in many African countries.
N-Monosubstituted Methoxy-oligo(ethylene glycol) Carbamate Ester Prodrugs of Resveratrol
Authors: Mattarei Andrea , Azzolini Michele , Zoratti Mario , Biasutto Lucia , Paradisi Cristina
Published: September 2015

Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol with many interesting biological activities. Its pharmacological exploitation in vivo is, however, hindered by its rapid elimination via phase II conjugative metabolism at the intestinal and, most importantly, hepatic levels. One approach to bypass this problem relies on prodrugs. We report here the synthesis, characterization, hydrolysis, and in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of resveratrol prodrugs in which the OH groups are engaged in an N-monosubstituted carbamate ester linkage. As promoiety, methoxy-oligo(ethylene glycol) groups (m-OEG) (CH3–[OCH2CH2]n–) of defined chain length (n = 3, 4, 6) were used. These are expected to modulate the chemico-physical properties of the resulting derivatives, much like longer poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains, while retaining a relatively low MW and, thus, a favorable drug loading capacity. Intragastric administration to rats resulted in the appearance in the bloodstream of the prodrug and of the products of its partial hydrolysis, confirming protection from first-pass metabolism during absorption.
An Expedient Regio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Hybrid Frameworks with Embedded Spiro[9,10]dihydroanthracene [9,3′]-pyrrolidine and Spiro[oxindole-3,2′-pyrrolidine] Motifs via an Ionic Liquid-Mediated Multicomponent Reaction
Authors: Arumugam Natarajan , Almansour Abdulrahman , Kumar Raju , Menéndez J. , Sultan Mujeeb , Karama Usama , Ghabbour Hazem , Fun Hoong-Kun
Published: September 2015

A series of hitherto unreported anthracene-embedded dispirooxindoles has been synthesized via a one-pot three-component 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of an azomethine ylide, generated in situ from the reaction of isatin and sarcosine to 10-benzylideneanthracen-9(10H)-one as a dipolarophile in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide([bmim]Br), an ionic liquid. This reaction proceeded regio- and diastereoselectively, in good to excellent yields.
In Silico Identification and in Vitro Activity of Novel Natural Inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase
Authors: Herrmann Fabian , Lenz Mairin , Jose Joachim , Kaiser Marcel , Brun Reto , Schmidt Thomas
Published: September 2015

As part of our ongoing efforts to identify natural products with activity against pathogens causing neglected tropical diseases, we are currently performing an extensive screening of natural product (NP) databases against a multitude of protozoan parasite proteins. Within this project, we screened a database of NPs from a commercial supplier, AnalytiCon Discovery (Potsdam, Germany), against Trypanosoma brucei glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (TbGAPDH), a glycolytic enzyme whose inhibition deprives the parasite of energy supply. NPs acting as potential inhibitors of the mentioned enzyme were identified using a pharmacophore-based virtual screening and subsequent docking of the identified hits into the active site of interest. In a set of 700 structures chosen for the screening, 13 (1.9%) were predicted to possess significant affinity towards the enzyme and were therefore tested in an in vitro enzyme assay using recombinant TbGAPDH. Nine of these in silico hits (69%) showed significant inhibitory activity at 50 µM, of which two geranylated benzophenone derivatives proved to be particularly active with IC50 values below 10 µM. These compounds also showed moderate in vitro activity against T. brucei rhodesiense and may thus represent interesting starting points for further optimization.
Effect of 12 Weeks High Oleic Peanut Consumption on Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors and Body Composition
Authors: Barbour Jayne , Howe Peter , Buckley Jonathan , Bryan Janet , Coates Alison
Published: September 2015

Epidemiological evidence indicates an inverse association between nut consumption and obesity, inflammation, hyperlipidaemia and glucose intolerance. We investigated effects of high oleic peanut consumption vs. a nut free diet on adiposity and cardio-metabolic risk markers. In a randomised cross-over design, 61 healthy subjects (65 ± 7 years, body mass index (BMI) 31 ± 4 kg/m2) alternated either high oleic peanuts (15%–20% of energy) or a nut free diet for 12 weeks. Body composition and mass, waist circumference, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipids, glucose and insulin were assessed at baseline and after each phase. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) compared the two diets. Consistent with other nut studies, there were no differences in lipids, CRP, glucose and insulin with peanut consumption. In contrast, some reports have demonstrated benefits, likely due to differences in the study cohort. Energy intake was 10% higher (853 kJ, p < 0.05), following peanut consumption vs. control, attributed to a 30% increase in fat intake (p < 0.001), predominantly monounsaturated (increase 22 g, p < 0.05). Despite greater energy intake during the peanut phase, there were no differences in body composition, and less than predicted increase (0.5 kg) in body weight for this additional energy intake, possibly due to incomplete nutrient absorption and energy utilisation.
Egg Consumption and Human Cardio-Metabolic Health in People with and without Diabetes
Authors: Fuller Nicholas , Sainsbury Amanda , Caterson Ian , Markovic Tania
Published: September 2015

The guidelines for dietary cholesterol and/or egg intake for both the general population and those at higher risk of cardiovascular disease (for example, people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)) differ between countries, and even for different specialist societies in a country. The disparity between these guidelines is at least in part related to the conflicting evidence as to the effects of eggs in the general population and in those with T2DM. This review addresses the effect of eggs on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk from both epidemiological research and controlled prospective studies, in people with and without cardio-metabolic disease. It also examines the nutritional qualities of eggs and whether they may offer protection against chronic disease. The evidence suggests that a diet including more eggs than is recommended (at least in some countries) may be used safely as part of a healthy diet in both the general population and for those at high risk of cardiovascular disease, those with established coronary heart disease, and those with T2DM. In conclusion, an approach focused on a person’s entire dietary intake as opposed to specific foods or nutrients should be the heart of population nutrition guidelines.
Investigating the Potential of Using the Spatial and Spectral Information of Multispectral LiDAR for Object Classification
Authors: Gong Wei , Sun Jia , Shi Shuo , Yang Jian , Du Lin , Zhu Bo , Song Shalei
Published: September 2015

The abilities of multispectral LiDAR (MSL) as a new high-potential active instrument for remote sensing have not been fully revealed. This study demonstrates the potential of using the spectral and spatial features derived from a novel MSL to discriminate surface objects. Data acquired with the MSL include distance information and the intensities of four wavelengths at 556, 670, 700, and 780 nm channels. A support vector machine was used to classify diverse objects in the experimental scene into seven types: wall, ceramic pots, Cactaceae, carton, plastic foam block, and healthy and dead leaves of E. aureum. Different features were used during classification to compare the performance of different detection systems. The spectral backscattered reflectance of one wavelength and distance represented the features from an equivalent single-wavelength LiDAR system; reflectance of the four wavelengths represented the features from an equivalent multispectral image with four bands. Results showed that the overall accuracy of using MSL data was as high as 88.7%, this value was 9.8%–39.2% higher than those obtained using a single-wavelength LiDAR, and 4.2% higher than for multispectral image.
Flip Chip Bonding of a Quartz MEMS-Based Vibrating Beam Accelerometer
Authors: Liang Jinxing , Zhang Liyuan , Wang Ling , Dong Yuan , Ueda Toshitsugu
Published: September 2015

In this study, a novel method to assemble a micro-accelerometer by a flip chip bonding technique is proposed and demonstrated. Both the main two parts of the accelerometer, a double-ended tuning fork and a base-proof mass structure, are fabricated using a quartz wet etching process on Z cut quartz wafers with a thickness of 100 μm and 300 μm, respectively. The finite element method is used to simulate the vibration mode and optimize the sensing element structure. Taking advantage of self-alignment function of the flip chip bonding process, the two parts were precisely bonded at the desired joint position via AuSn solder. Experimental demonstrations were performed on a maximum scale of 4 × 8 mm2 chip, and high sensitivity up to 9.55 Hz/g with a DETF resonator and a Q value of 5000 in air was achieved.
Energy-Efficient Crowdsensing of Human Mobility and Signal Levels in Cellular Networks
Authors: Foremski Paweł , Gorawski Michał , Grochla Krzysztof , Polys Konrad
Published: September 2015

The paper presents a practical application of the crowdsensing idea to measure human mobility and signal coverage in cellular networks. Currently, virtually everyone is carrying a mobile phone, which may be used as a sensor to gather research data by measuring, e.g., human mobility and radio signal levels. However, many users are unwilling to participate in crowdsensing experiments. This work begins with the analysis of the barriers for engaging people in crowdsensing. A survey showed that people who agree to participate in crowdsensing expect a minimum impact on their battery lifetime and phone usage habits. To address these requirements, this paper proposes an application for measuring the location and signal strength data based on energy-efficient GPS tracking, which allows one to perform the measurements of human mobility and radio signal levels with minimum energy utilization and without any engagement of the user. The method described combines measurements from the accelerometer with effective management of the GPS to monitor the user mobility with the decrease in battery lifetime by approximately 20%. To show the applicability of the proposed platform, the sample results of signal level distribution and coverage maps gathered for an LTE network and representing human mobility are shown.
Real-Time QoS Routing Protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks: Study and Analysis
Authors: Alanazi Adwan , Elleithy Khaled
Published: September 2015

Many routing protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks. These routing protocols are almost always based on energy efficiency. However, recent advances in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) cameras and small microphones have led to the development of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) as a class of wireless sensor networks which pose additional challenges. The transmission of imaging and video data needs routing protocols with both energy efficiency and Quality of Service (QoS) characteristics in order to guarantee the efficient use of the sensor nodes and effective access to the collected data. Also, with integration of real time applications in Wireless Senor Networks (WSNs), the use of QoS routing protocols is not only becoming a significant topic, but is also gaining the attention of researchers. In designing an efficient QoS routing protocol, the reliability and guarantee of end-to-end delay are critical events while conserving energy. Thus, considerable research has been focused on designing energy efficient and robust QoS routing protocols. In this paper, we present a state of the art research work based on real-time QoS routing protocols for WMSNs that have already been proposed. This paper categorizes the real-time QoS routing protocols into probabilistic and deterministic protocols. In addition, both categories are classified into soft and hard real time protocols by highlighting the QoS issues including the limitations and features of each protocol. Furthermore, we have compared the performance of mobility-aware query based real-time QoS routing protocols from each category using Network Simulator-2 (NS2). This paper also focuses on the design challenges and future research directions as well as highlights the characteristics of each QoS routing protocol.
Electrochemical Interrogation of G3-Poly(propylene thiophenoimine) Dendritic Star Polymer in Phenanthrene Sensing
Authors: Makelane Hlamulo , Tovide Oluwakemi , Sunday Christopher , Waryo Tesfaye , Iwuoha Emmanuel
Published: September 2015

A novel dendritic star-copolymer, generation 3 poly(propylene thiophenoimine) (G3PPT)-co-poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) star co-polymer on gold electrode (i.e., Au|G3PPT-co-P3HT) was used as a sensor system for the determination of phenanthrene (PHE). The G3PPT-co-P3HT star co-polymer was synthesized via in situ electrochemical co-polymerization of generation 3 poly (propylene thiophenoimine) and poly (3-hexylthiophene) on gold electrode. 1HNMR spectroscopy was used to determine the regioregularity of the polymer composites, whereas Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to study their structural and morphological properties. Au|G3PPT-co-P3HT in the absence of PHE, exhibited reversible electrochemistry attributable to the oligo (thiophene) ‘pendants’ of the dendrimer. PHE produced an increase in the voltammetric signals (anodic currents) due to its oxidation on the dendritic material to produce catalytic current, thereby suggesting the suitability of the Au|G3PPT-co-P3HT electrode as a PHE sensor. The electrocatalysis of PHE was made possible by the rigid and planar oligo-P3HT species (formed upon the oxidation of the oligo (thiophene) pendants of the star-copolymer), which allowed the efficient capture (binding) and detection (electrocatalytic oxidation) of PHE molecules.
ISAR Imaging of Maneuvering Targets Based on the Modified Discrete Polynomial-Phase Transform
Authors: Wang Yong , Abdelkader Ali , Zhao Bin , Wang Jinxiang
Published: September 2015

Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging of a maneuvering target is a challenging task in the field of radar signal processing. The azimuth echo can be characterized as a multi-component polynomial phase signal (PPS) after the translational compensation, and the high quality ISAR images can be obtained by the parameters estimation of it combined with the Range-Instantaneous-Doppler (RID) technique. In this paper, a novel parameters estimation algorithm of the multi-component PPS with order three (cubic phase signal-CPS) based on the modified discrete polynomial-phase transform (MDPT) is proposed, and the corresponding new ISAR imaging algorithm is presented consequently. This algorithm is efficient and accurate to generate a focused ISAR image, and the results of real data demonstrate the effectiveness of it.
Prevention of Exponential Equivalence in Simple Password Exponential Key Exchange (SPEKE)
Authors: Lee Hanwook , Won Dongho
Published: September 2015

Simple Password Exponential Key Exchange (SPEKE) and Dragonfly are simple password-based authenticated key exchange protocols that use a value derived from a shared password as a generator for modular exponentiation, as opposed to Diffie–Hellman key exchange, which uses a fixed value. However, it has been shown that in SPEKE, an active attacker, can examine multiple passwords in a single attempt because the passwords have an exponential correlation.We show that Dragonfly can also suffer from the same problem, and we propose a simple countermeasure to prevent the exponential equivalence in SPEKE.
Le contentieux de l'environnement, nouvelles dimensions, nouvelles stratégies
Authors: Huglo Christian
Published: September 2015

Dans une intervention en forme de conclusions de commissaire du Gouvernement, l'auteur s'interroge sur le caractère particulier du contentieux de l'environnement, et sur la nécessité, compte tenu de sa spécificité, d'un traitement adapté.

La première partie, centrée autour du rôle du juge administratif dans la protection de l'environnement, souligne la faible importance statistique de ce contentieux en même temps que l'accroissement du volume normatif, où le droit international et le droit communautaire prennent de plus en plus de place.

Quant à la stratégie contentieuse, l'importance de l'aspect préventif dans la protection de l'environnement invite à recourir, aussi souvent que possible pour éviter le fait accompli, aux procédures de référé administratif ou de constat d'urgence qui permettent d'ordonner des mesures d'expertise et de faire un état des lieux préalablement à tout débat sur le fond.
Le contentieux de l'environnement en république fédérale allemande
Authors: Hartloff Volker
Published: September 2015

II n'existe pas de droit processuel propre au domaine de l'environnement en Allemagne fédérale. Le contentieux administratif de l'environnement y est donc caractérisé par des règles qui régissent la procédure contentieuse allemande en général. Il faut cependant relever le rôle particulier joué en ce domaine par la procédure de fixation d'un plan (Planfestellungsverfahren). Pour les recours contre les actes administratifs individuels ou tendant à rédiction de tels actes, les conditions de l'action sont dominées par la notion de droit subjectif. Celle-ci ne laisse que peu de place à l'action des groupements. Elle contribue aussi à rendre très complexe la question des moyens susceptibles d'être invoqués par un requérant puisque celui-ci ne peut invoquer que des illégalités correspondant à la lésion d'un droit personnel.

Dans le souci de faciliter les investissements, des lois récentes ont cherché à réduire les exigences de la procédure administrative en matière d'autorisation d'ouvrages ou d'installations en remplaçant dans certains cas les procédures de fixation de plan par des autorisations simplifiées et en réduisant les effets contentieux de vices de forme ou de procédure. On a cherché également, mais sans succès jusqu'à présent, à réduire l'intensité du contrôle juridictionnel par voie législative.

En ce qui concerne les recours contre les actes réglementaires dans le domaine de l'environnement, celui-ci n'a été institué que dans certains Länder. Lorsqu'il existe, il permet un contrôle complet et objectif de la mesure contestée, mais le critère de l'intérêt à agir, qui suppose un préjudice subi ou à venir, reste complexe. Dans ce domaine aussi, certains courants préconisent de rendre plus restrictives les conditions de recours.

A l'opposé de ces éléments qui manifestent un état d'esprit défavorable au contrôle juridictionnel en matière d'environnement, on peut évoquer l'inscription dans la constitution allemande du respect de l'environnement comme objectif de l'Etat.
Nursing Education Transformation: Promising Practices in Academic Progression
Authors: Gorski Mary Sue , Farmer Patricia D. , Sroczynski Maureen , Close Liz , Wortock Jean M.
Published: September 2015

Background:

Health care has changed over the past decade; yet, nursing education has not kept pace with social and scientific advances. The Institute of Medicine report,The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, called for a more highly educated nursing work-force and an improved nursing education system. Since the release of that report, the Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action, supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, AARP, and the AARP Foundation, has worked with nursing education leaders to better understand existing and evolving nursing education structures.

Method:

Through a consensus-building process, four overarching promising practice models, with an emphasis on seamless academic progression, emerged to advance the goals of education transformation.

Results:

Key nurse educators and other stakeholders refined those models through a series of meetings, collaborative partnerships, and focused projects that were held across the United States.

Conclusion:

This article summarizes that process and provides a description of the models, challenges, common themes, recommendations, and progress to date. [J Nurs Educ. 2015;54(9):509–515.]
Expanding Simulation Capacity: Senior-Level Students as Teachers
Authors: Dumas Bonnie P. , Hollerbach Ann D. , Stuart Gail W. , Duffy Nancy D.
Published: September 2015

Background:

The effectiveness of using senior-level nursing students as teachers to junior-level students in simulated learning was examined in a prelicensure nursing program. Simulation requires considerable financial resources in faculty time and effort. It was theorized that using senior students as teachers for junior students in peer-assisted simulation for learning health assessment clinical skills would offer an equally effective learning experience as faculty instructors.

Method:

A total of 60 junior-level students were randomized into a simulated learning experience taught by 20 senior-level students or nursing faculty.

Results:

Evaluation of junior students’ clinical performance, postsimulation debriefing assessment, and satisfaction with the simulation learning experience indicated that senior nursing students were equally effective as faculty simulation instructors.

Conclusion:

Findings suggest that the Senior Students as Teachers program, using the train-the-trainer model, was successful in preparing students as simulation instructors and has the potential for reducing faculty time and cost, as well as enhance student peer-to-peer learning. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(9):516–519.]
Stress and Anxiety Management in Nursing Students: Biofeedback and Mindfulness Meditation
Authors: Ratanasiripong Paul , Park Janet F. , Ratanasiripong Nop , Kathalae Duangrat
Published: September 2015

Background:

The current study investigated the efficacy of two brief intervention programs—biofeedback and mindfulness meditation—on levels of state anxiety and perceived stress in second-year Thai nursing students as they began clinical training.

Method:

Eighty-nine participants from a public nursing college in Thailand were randomly assigned to one of three groups: biofeedback group, mindfulness meditation group, or a control group. All participants were given pre- and postintervention surveys, which included demographic information; the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (State Anxiety Scale); and the Perceived Stress Scale.

Results:

Findings indicated that biofeedback significantly reduced anxiety and maintained stress levels in nursing students. Mindfulness meditation similarly decreased anxiety levels, while also significantly lowering stress levels. The biofeedback group exhibited significant reduction in anxiety levels among the three groups at postintervention.

Conclusion:

Despite stressors and demands nursing students experience as they begin clinical practice, study findings support the use of biofeedback and mindfulness meditation interventions to assist nursing students in managing stress and anxiety. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(9):520–524.]
The Use of MOOCs in the Continuing Education of Individuals and Organisations
Authors: Andreatos Antonios S.
Published: September 2015

In today's world, due to the evolution in technology and science, old knowledge is fast becoming obsolete while new knowledge is produced in exponential rates. Therefore, lifelong learning is essential for knowledge-intensive persons such as engineers and scientists, as well as, organisations which want to stay competitive in today's globalised environment. It is the aim of this chapter to examine the use of MOOCs in the continuing education of employees in knowledge-intensive workplaces, as well as, organisations based on the knowledge economy. Initially, the main characteristics of the modern learning landscape will be presented; the need for continuing education and lifelong learning will be discussed. An extensive presentation of MOOCs will take place. A survey of the open research problems in the study of MOOCs will be presented. Finally, educational policies, enterprise policies and suggestions for self-directed continuing and lifelong learning via MOOCs will be proposed.
Get Out of My Sandbox
Authors: Bordalejo Barbara
Published: September 2015

This chapter considers how one may use Genette's concepts of paratext and hypertext within transmedia narratives and born-digital texts and explores how Web publication problematizes standard ideas of authorship and copyright. This challenges our concepts of originality and our understanding of what constitutes the text and what stands outside it. This chapter explores Nick Montfort's “Taroko Gorge,” a born-digital poem, and Jasper Fforde's “The Eyre Affair,” analyzed as a transmedia narrative, within the framework of Genette's theories of “paratext” and “hypertext.” This chapter highlights the difficulty of reconciling the intellectual and political necessity of a world in which data is freely shared with the practical concern of how the producers of creative work can make a living.
Motives for Feral Systems in Denmark
Authors: Tambo Torben , Olsen Martin , Bækgaard Lars
Published: September 2015

Feral systems have largely been regarded as the users' response to discrepancies between official IT software systems and actual business processes. Inadequacies, discrepancies, and absence of systems support to work processes might lead to users initiating systems development themselves: systems involving any combination of software and manual processes. Feral systems are unofficial and exhibit a conflict between formal and actual operational implementation. In this chapter, the use and implementation of feral systems in Denmark are analysed and discussed. It is found interesting to aim for an understanding of feral systems in a small, relatively agile economy with traditionally positive to rapid adoption of information technology in enterprises. The method being used is qualitative case studies in selected companies representing various complexities of their respective business models and industries. The case studies address both issues of organisational and technological nature of the feral systems typically with an offset in the companies' overall information systems architecture. Among findings are (1) feral systems as a known choice when reflecting business processes with open and non-routinised character, (2) a general acceptance not related to the size or industry, (3) feral systems have received attention as implementations of innovation, (4) feral systems start as opposed to formal and official systems, but during their lifetime they can drift towards a more official status, and (5) feral systems are accepted as low-cost solutions to fill gaps in business process support where ERP systems come short.