bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double‐Blind Placebo‐Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial
Authors: Hausenblas Heather , Hooper Stephanie , Lynch Tarah
Published: February 2025

Background and Aims

Conduct a pilot randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled crossover trial for adults with subthreshold insomnia symptoms to examine the effectiveness of a cannabinoids supplement on sleep quality and health outcomes.

Methods

Adults with subthreshold insomnia symptoms (N = 20, Mage = 47.40) were randomized to either the Cannabinoids Supplement (CS) or Placebo Condition (PC) for 10 days. The CS was an oral soft gel that contained 3 mg Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, 6 mg cannabinol, 10 mg cannabidiol, and 90 mg of a proprietary food‐grade terpene blend. Following a 2‐week washout, they completed the alternate condition. The following validated questionnaires were collected at baseline and following each condition: Insomnia Severity Index, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Bergen Insomnia Scale, Profile of Mood States (POMS), Perceived Stress Scale, Pain and Sleep Questionnaire. Trait Anxiety Inventory, Flinders Daytime Fatigue, and Health‐related Quality of Life Scale. Clinical trial registry number = ISRCTN 15022302.

Results

When compared to PC, the CS Condition had significantly improved sleep quality/efficiency, insomnia symptoms, and health‐related quality of life, p < 0.05. Nonsignificant improvements for the CS compared to the PC were found for the POMS mood subscales of tension, anger, fatigue, depression, and vigor, as well as anxiety. The Esteem subscale improved significantly from Baseline to Post for the PC. Both the CS and PC Vigor improved significantly from baseline. Anxiety improved significantly from Baseline to Post for the CS. No adverse events reported.

Conclusion

This cannabinoid‐based formulation was a well‐tolerated oral supplement that may improve adults' sleep quality/efficiency and health‐related quality of life. Larger controlled trials are encouraged to examine the longer‐term effects of this supplement in a variety of populations and environments.
Association of SIRT1 rs3758391 Polymorphism With T2DM in Bangladeshi Population: Evidence From a Case‐Control Study and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Ahmed Rezwana , Safa Mushfikur Rahman , Zahid Zahidul Islam , Chowdhury Md. Mazharul Islam , Hasan A.B.M. Kamrul , Mostaid Md. Shaki , Reza Hasan Mahmud
Published: February 2025

Background and Aim

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, including Bangladesh. SIRT1, an NAD‐dependent deacetylase, is involved in energy homeostasis and protects β‐cells of the pancreas from oxidative stress. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SIRT1 gene have been found to be associated with T2DM in several populations, however, with conflicting results. The aim of this present case‐control study, along with the meta‐analysis, was to elucidate the association of rs3758391 polymorphism with the susceptibility to T2DM in Bangladeshi population.

Methods

72 T2DM patients and 90 healthy controls were enrolled in our study and polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) was employed for genotyping the SNP. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to represent the association of SIRT1 polymorphism with T2DM. For the meta‐analysis six studies were included and pooled odds ratio with 95% CI were calculated for six genetic models using the random effects model. Heterogeneity and publication bias was also calculated for each study.

Results

A significant association was found between rs3758391 polymorphism and increased risk of T2DM under codominant TT versus CC (OR = 3.88, 95% CI = 1.34–11.25, p = 0.012), recessive TT versus CC + CT (OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.12–7.09, p = 0.027) and allelic T versus C (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.07–2.60, p = 0.024) genetic models. However, no significant association between rs3758391 and other biochemical and anthropometric parameters were found. Our meta‐analysis showed no statistically significant association of this polymorphism.

Conclusion

We conclude that, polymorphism at rs3758391 of SIRT1 gene conferred an increased risk of T2DM in Bangladeshi population.
Incidence trends and relative survival of colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms: A population‐based study using German cancer registry data
Authors: Möller Lennart , Szentkirályi Andras , Eisfeld Christine , Wellmann Ina , Rees Franziska , Claaßen Kevin , Oesterling Florian , Kajüter Hiltraud , Stang Andreas
Published: February 2025

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the colon and rectum are a heterogeneous group of epithelial neoplasms with neuroendocrine differentiation. They include well‐differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and mixed neuroendocrine‐non‐neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs). Our aim was to calculate incidence, incidence trends and relative survival for colonic and rectal NETs, NECs, and MiNENs. We analyzed data covering the entire German population recorded between 2009 and 2021, calculating age‐standardized incidence rates, annual percent changes, and the relative 5‐year survival probability for the calendar period 2017–2021. Our comprehensive analyses included 12,602 NEN cases, with 59% located in the rectum. NECs, MiNENs and tumors with colonic location showed higher stages. We observed an increase in the incidence of NETs, particularly in patients aged <55 years, and in the incidence of MiNENs, and a constant incidence of NECs. The relative five‐year survival was high for rectal NETs (95.9%, 95%‐CI 94.6; 97.1) and colonic NETs (81.4%, 95%‐CI 78.3; 84.5) and low for colonic NECs (20.5%, 95%‐CI 17.6; 23.4) and rectal NECs (19.2%, 95%‐CI 15.7; 22.6). The increase in the incidence of NETs might be partly due to colorectal cancer screening, improved diagnostics, and changes in classification of NETs. We attribute the increase in incidence of MiNENs to the recent introduction of this morphological category. Higher stages at diagnosis, a higher proportion of NECs and higher median age at diagnosis may contribute to the less favorable survival probabilities associated with colonic as opposed to rectal location.
Risk Taking and Accidents in Adventure Sports Across Males and Females
Authors: Blanch Angel , Martínez Albert
Published: February 2025

The popularity and practice of adventure physical activities in nature (APAN) have risen substantially in the past 20 years. At the same time, the number of events leading to serious injury has increased substantially. Several factors account for the occurrence of such events, albeit individual differences in personality traits together with sex differences appear as important intervening factors. Social or evolutionary approaches might be helpful to explain the higher risk taking and accidents in males compared with females. We evaluated whether sex similarities or differences emerged when relating individual traits with accidents in adventure sports, with a sample of Spanish practitioners of adventure sports (337 males, 168 females). Males endured more accidents than females albeit scoring similarly in risk taking. There was a more robust association between age and deliberate risk taking for males than for females, and risk taking was a more robust predictor of accidents for males than for females. Further, males remained more prone than females to endure an accident when scoring high in risk taking.
CH Bond Activation Mechanism by a High‐Valent Dinuclear Copper Complex: Unraveling the Effect of a Base by a Theoretical Study
Authors: Mangel Oceane , Jamet Helene
Published: February 2025

Recently, an electrochemically monooxidized dinuclear copper(II) complex [Cu2(L)(μ‐OH)2]2+ with the dipyridylethane naphthyridine ligand (L) has been shown to activate the recalcitrant aliphatic Csp3H bond of toluene (bond dissociation free energy, BDFE = 87.0 kcal mol−1) at room temperature. The mechanistic pathway turns from stoichiometric to catalytic upon addition of a base (2,6‐lutidine), suggesting a modification of the reactive species. Herein, we report theoretical calculations to characterize the reactive species and obtain a detailed understanding of the reactivity. Since different electronic structures are possible for these high valent systems, we perform DFT calculations coupled to CCSD(T) ones using the DLPNO‐CCSD(T) scheme. Our results show that the presence of a base will impact the nature of the reactive species but also the type of mechanism involved in the CH activation.
Reference Interval Establishment for Neutrophil‐To‐Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet‐To‐Lymphocyte Ratio, and Systemic Immune‐Inflammation Index in Athletes: Analysis of Sex and Sport Type Impact
Authors: Wang Cong , Ning Zhengmei , Lu Qi , Huang Jianya , Yuan Guoqing , Chen Junfei , Liu Gang
Published: February 2025

Objective

To establish sex‐ and sport‐specific reference intervals (RIs) for the neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII) in athletes.

Methods

A retrospective study analyzed 13,647 entries from elite athletes (2018–2024), categorized by sex and six sport types. RIs were developed using a training set (9555 entries) and validated with a separate set (4092 entries). The RIs were defined using the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of the distribution.

Results

Females had higher RIs compared to males: NLR (females: 1.53 [0.74, 3.25]; males: 1.36 [0.70, 2.89]), PLR (females: 124 [69, 223]; males: 111 [65, 188]), and SII (females: 347 [146, 804]; males: 298 [139, 684]) (p < 0.001). Sport type influenced RIs, with significant differences noted across categories (p < 0.001). Validation showed an outlier rate below 10% across all groups, confirming robustness.

Conclusion

These sex‐ and sport‐specific RIs enhance the precision of health assessments, supporting early detection of overtraining and inflammation in athletes. Future studies should expand to diverse populations and consider factors like age and training cycles.
Ertapenem in the Context of Hypoalbuminemia: Implications for Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Seazzu Micaela Elene , Cabanilla M. Gabriela
Published: February 2025

The global rise in extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing Enterobacterales (ESBL‐E) has created significant challenges in the management of severe infections, including bacteremia. Ertapenem, a once‐daily carbapenem with high protein‐binding affinity (85%‐95%), is an ideal option for ESBL‐E because of its spectrum and dosing convenience. However, hypoalbuminemia, a common condition in critically ill patients that is independently associated with poor outcomes, raises concerns about altered pharmacokinetics, specifically increased free drug fractions, enhanced clearance, and shortened half‐life. These pharmacokinetic changes have been hypothesized to lead to suboptimal drug levels and treatment failure, although clinical evidence remains inconsistent. This narrative review examines ertapenem's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in patients with hypoalbuminemia, focusing on its clinical implications. While some studies have reported suboptimal outcomes in critically ill patients, others have demonstrated comparable efficacy to broader spectrum carbapenems when minimum inhibitory concentration values are favorable, and source control is achieved. These findings challenge the concerns raised in the 2024 Infectious Diseases Society of America Gram‐negative resistance guidance, which cautions against ertapenem use in patients with hypoalbuminemia. Rather than universally avoiding ertapenem, clinicians should prioritize individualized decision making based on patient‐specific factors. Further research is warranted to optimize dosing strategies. However, current data suggest that ertapenem remains a viable and effective option in this high‐risk population when used judiciously.
GDF15 Neutralization Ameliorates Muscle Atrophy and Exercise Intolerance in a Mouse Model of Mitochondrial Myopathy
Authors: Flaherty Stephen E. , Song LouJin , Albuquerque Bina , Rinaldi Anthony , Piper Mary , Shanthappa Dinesh Hirenallur , Chen Xian , Stansfield John , Asano Shoh , Pashos Evanthia , Ross Trenton Thomas , Jagarlapudi Srinath , Sheikh Abdul , Zhang Bei , Wu Zhidan
Published: February 2025

Background

Primary mitochondrial myopathies (PMMs) are disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding mitochondrial proteins and proteins involved in mitochondrial function. PMMs are characterized by loss of muscle mass and strength as well as impaired exercise capacity. Growth/Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) was reported to be highly elevated in PMMs and cancer cachexia. Previous studies have shown that GDF15 neutralization is effective in improving skeletal muscle mass and function in cancer cachexia. It remains to be determined if the inhibition of GDF15 could be beneficial for PMMs. The purpose of the present study is to assess whether treatment with a GDF15 neutralizing antibody can alleviate muscle atrophy and physical performance impairment in a mouse model of PMM.

Methods

The effects of GDF15 neutralization on PMM were assessed using PolgD257A/D257A (POLG) mice. These mice express a proofreading‐deficient version of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma, leading to an increased rate of mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). These animals display increased circulating GDF15 levels, reduced muscle mass and function, exercise intolerance, and premature aging. Starting at 9 months of age, the mice were treated with an anti‐GDF15 antibody (mAB2) once per week for 12 weeks. Body weight, food intake, body composition, and muscle mass were assessed. Muscle function and exercise capacity were evaluated using in vivo concentric max force stimulation assays, forced treadmill running and voluntary home‐cage wheel running. Mechanistic investigations were performed via muscle histology, bulk transcriptomic analysis, RT‐qPCR and western blotting.

Results

Anti‐GDF15 antibody treatment ameliorated the metabolic phenotypes of the POLG animals, improving body weight (+13% ± 8%, p < 0.0001), lean mass (+13% ± 15%, p < 0.001) and muscle mass (+35% ± 24%, p < 0.001). Additionally, the treatment improved skeletal muscle max force production (+35% ± 43%, p < 0.001) and exercise performance, including treadmill (+40% ± 29%, p < 0.05) and voluntary wheel running (+320% ± 19%, p < 0.05). Mechanistically, the beneficial effects of GDF15 neutralization are linked to the reversal of the transcriptional dysregulation in genes involved in autophagy and proteasome signalling. The treatment also appears to dampen glucocorticoid signalling by suppressing circulating corticosterone levels in the POLG animals.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the potential of GDF15 neutralization with a monoclonal antibody as a therapeutic avenue to enhance physical performance and mitigate adverse clinical outcomes in patients with PMM.
Efficiency of adsorption of PSNPs using spontaneous magnetic biochar prepared from pyrolysis of municipal sludge and industrial red mud solid waste
Authors: Feng Dongsheng , Yi Junming , Liu Yuxin , Fu Jiangzhe , Gong Ruihui , Li Huidong
Published: February 2025

BACKGROUND

The environmental problems caused by microplastics are becoming increasingly serious with the widespread use of plastic products. This study utilized lignin‐modified preparation of spontaneous magnetic sludge‐based biochar (LC@SRBC) to remove Polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs).

RESULT

The quasi‐second‐order adsorption kinetics model, and the SIPs adsorption isothermal model exhibited excellent agreement with the experimental data, the Theoretical saturation adsorption capacity of 406.68 mg/g was found at the 500 °C‐pyrolyzed LC@SRBC. The effects of different factors on the efficiency of PSNPs removal by adsorbents were analyzed in detail, and the final PSNPs removal rate reached 97.87% in 30 min. We believe that the electrostatic effect is the main factors affecting the removal effect of PSNPs. With the increase of pH value, the potential difference between PSNPs and the surface of adsorbent increases, and the electrostatic repulsion is strengthened, which leads to a significant decrease in the adsorption capacity. Furthermore, the presence of metal nanoparticles on the LC@SRBC surface promoted the formation of metal‐O‐PSNPs and oxygen‐containing functional groups, which enhanced its adsorption capacity for PSNPs. Meanwhile, the spontaneous magnetism of the adsorbent is utilized for solid–liquid separation, avoiding the influence of filtration on the experimental effect.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the present study found that the preparation of adsorbent materials from the resource utilization of red mud solid wastes is effective for the removal of polystyrene from water. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Analysis of Ultrasound Features for Breast Cancers With Different Risk Categories and Evaluation of a New Predicting Method
Authors: Hu Wenjie , Liu Lu , Zhao Ting , Lin Jie , Wang Yong , Li Fan , Ding Hong
Published: February 2025

Objectives

To explore pathology and ultrasound features of breast cancers with different risk categories. To establish and validate a nomogram primarily based on grayscale ultrasound features for non‐invasive preoperative prediction of high‐risk breast cancers and for rapid individual risk assessment and clinical decision making.

Methods

A total of 685 breast malignant lesions were enrolled in this study. All lesions were classified according to the St. Gallen risk categories criteria. The pathology and ultrasound features were compared among different risk groups. A multifactorial Logistic model and a nomogram primarily based on grayscale ultrasound were established. Then prediction ability was evaluated.

Results

In training cohort, the ultrasound features with significant differences were selected again through Lasso regression. Then, age, maximum diameter in ultrasound, posterior echo attenuation, spiculate margin and suspicious axillary lymph nodes were selected to establish the prediction model and nomogram. The areas under the curve in training cohort and internal test cohort were 0.833 and 0.827. Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were 75.6%, 76.6%, 76.4%, 41.4% and 93.5%, respectively.

Conclusions

Breast cancers with different risk categories exhibit distinct pathology and ultrasound features. The prediction model and nomogram have good and stable diagnostic efficiency.
Calcaneo‐stop for paediatric idiopathic flexible flatfoot: High functional results and return to sport in 644 feet at mid‐term follow‐up
Authors: Silva Simone , Tavernini Tullia , Bruschi Alessandro , Andriolo Luca , Guizzardi Giulia , Serra Margherita , Rocca Gino , Filardo Giuseppe
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Idiopathic flexible flatfoot (IFF) is a frequent condition in children. Patients refractory to conservative treatments may benefit from surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes and sport activity levels in a large cohort of paediatric patients treated with calcaneo‐stop (CS) for the symptomatic IFF.

Methods

A single‐centre retrospective study was conducted using an institutional database that prospectively collected clinical outcomes of patients treated with CS for symptomatic IFF. The procedure included the implantation of a cancellous screw through the talus, which was subsequently removed after 2 years. A total of 644 feet (336 consecutive patients) followed up to a mean of 41.3 ± 6.7 months after implant removal were included. Foot pain and sport activity were assessed.

Results

A successful outcome, defined as the presence of a painless, corrected foot together with patient satisfaction, was obtained in 94% of the patients, while 35 feet were considered failed. Extracurricular sport participation was possible in most patients after CS screw implantation (55%) and fully recovered after implant removal (77%). No activity level increase was shown compared to baseline. The only factor that correlated significantly with the incidence of failures was the occurrence of adverse events (p = 0.001), which negatively influenced also the sport activity level (p = 0.008). Females obtained lower Tegner scores compared to males (3.5 vs. 5.0, p < 0.0005).

Conclusions

CS procedure provided highly satisfactory clinical results at mid‐term follow‐up. Full sport activity level was recovered after screw removal and a 94% favourable outcome was obtained in terms of foot pain relief as well as patient and parents satisfaction.

Level of Evidence

Level IV, case series.
The Mechanisms, Research Status, and Future Prospects of m6A Modification in Breast Cancer
Authors: Xue‐mei Xiu , Yang Chen , Wen‐ting Ju , Wen‐xing Qin
Published: February 2025

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modification is a significant methylation alteration frequently observed in eukaryotic RNAs, garnering considerable attention in the field of breast cancer research in recent years. The m6A modification profoundly influences the onset, progression, and prognosis of breast cancer by regulating RNA stability, translation efficiency, and degradation processes. Numerous studies have demonstrated that m6A regulatory factors, including METTL3, METTL14, and ALKBH5, play pivotal roles in breast cancer cells, affecting cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Furthermore, the interactions between m6A modification and non‐coding RNAs, as well as its role in the tumor microenvironment, have increasingly attracted researchers' interest. Although numerous studies have elucidated the dual roles of m6A in breast cancer, its specific molecular mechanisms remain to be thoroughly investigated. Future research should explore various aspects, including the role of m6A in different subtypes of breast cancer, its involvement in chemotherapy resistance, and its interactions with the tumor microenvironment. This exploration will contribute to advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. The present article aims to systematically summarize the research progress on m6A modification in breast cancer, offering novel insights and strategies for future related research and clinical applications.
Large‐Scale Screening of CD4+ T‐Cell Epitopes From SARS‐CoV‐2 Proteins and the Universal Detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 Specific T Cells for Northeast Asian Population
Authors: Zhao Yu , He Chengtao , Peng Min , Li Min , Liu Xiaotao , Han Xuelian , Fu Qiang , Wu Yandan , Yue Fangping , Yan Chunguang , Zhao Guangyu , Shen Chuanlai
Published: February 2025

The polymorphism of human leukocyte antigens in the Northeast Asian populations and the lack of broad‐spectrum T‐cell epitopes covering this cohort markedly limited the development of T cell‐directed vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, and also hampered the universal detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 specific T cells. In this study, 93 CD4+ T‐cell epitopes restricted by 12 prevalent HLA‐DRB1 allotypes, which covering over 80% Chinese and Northeast Asian populations, were identified from the S, E, M, N and RdRp proteins of SARS‐CoV‐2 by in silico prediction, DC‐peptide‐PBL coculture experiment, and immunization in HLA‐A2/DR1 transgenic mice. Furthermore, by using validated 215 CD8+ T cell epitope peptides and 123 CD4+ T‐cell epitope peptides covering Northeast Asian cohort, the universal ELISpot detection systems of SARS‐CoV‐2 specific CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells were established, for the first time, and followed by the tests for 50 unexposed and 100 convalescent samples. The median of spot‐forming units for CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells were 68 and 15, respectively, in the unexposed donors, but were 137 and 52 in the convalescent donors 6 months after recovery while 128 and 47 in the convalescent donors 18 months after recovery. This work initially provided the broad‐spectrum CD4+ T‐cell epitope library of SARS‐CoV‐2 for the design of T cell‐directed vaccines and the universal T cell detection tool tailoring to Northeast Asian population, and confirmed the long‐term memory T cell immunity after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
Cytoplasmic Shift of Interferon Regulatory Factors Co‐Evolved With Jawed Vertebrate Innate Immunity
Authors: Hubing Vanessa , Marquis Avery , Ziemann Chanasei , Moriyama Hideaki , Moriyama Etsuko N. , Zhang Luwen
Published: February 2025

The emergence of jaws in early vertebrates introduced a novel feeding apparatus and powerful oral defenses, but it also increased the risk of physical injury and pathogen exposure. Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play critical roles in orchestrating innate immunity and inflammation in response to invading microbes and tissue damage, with their subcellular localization being essential to some IRFs' function. Our results indicate that IRF members underwent independent expansion and diversification in two distinct vertebrate lineages: jawed and jawless vertebrates. The jawed vertebrate‐specific factor, IRF5, has maintained conserved nuclear export sequences throughout evolution, while newly diversified IRF members in jawed vertebrates have acquired cytoplasmic localization. This cytoplasmic shift particularly affected IRFs involved in type I interferon (IFN) signaling (IRF3, IRF5, IRF7, and IRF9), suggesting co‐evolution with the development of the type I IFN system in jawed animals. Interestingly, although IRF9 is inherently nuclear, its association with Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 2 (STAT2) has led to its cytoplasmic localization. Additionally, IRF6, another jawed vertebrate‐specific factor, plays a crucial role in jaw development, reflecting an evolutionary adaptation that aligns structural innovations with immune function. Our findings suggest that the evolution of jaws coincided with the adoption of cytoplasmic localization in IRF members, potentially enhancing rapid immune responses to meet the immunological challenges posed by the predatory lifestyle of early jawed vertebrates.
Comparison of Airborne SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron and Pre‐Delta Variants Around Infected Patients
Authors: Fraenkel Carl‐Johan , Thuresson Sara , Medstrand Patrik , Alsved Malin , Löndahl Jakob
Published: February 2025

Transmissibility has increased during the evolution of SARS‐CoV‐2, possibly by improved airborne transmission. An increased transmission was noted also in many hospitals. We analyzed SARS‐CoV‐2 in room air of hospitalized Omicron infected patients and compared results with previous findings with pre‐Delta variants to study if SARS‐CoV‐2 was more prevalent in patient rooms after the introduction of Omicron. Only 4 of 75 (5%) air samples, from 3 of 43 included patients, were positive during the early Omicron wave, compared to 14/120 (12%), from 10 of 60 included patients during the initial wave. No certain statistical difference between virus variants could be established, but the tendency was a lower occurrence at Omicron infected patients, also when adjusting for relevant confounders. These finding do not support the initial hypothesis that increased SARS‐CoV‐2 aerosol emission from diagnosed patients with Omicron could explain any increased risk of hospital transmission.
Distinct and reproducible esophageal motility patterns in children with esophageal atresia
Authors: Tan Tanny Sharman P. , Comella Assia , McCall Lisa , Hutson John M. , Finch Sue , Safe Mark , Teague Warwick J. , Omari Taher I. , King Sebastian K.
Published: February 2025

Objectives

Esophageal atresia (EA) is a significant congenital anomaly, with most survivors experiencing esophageal dysmotility. Currently, there is no reliable way to predict which patients will develop significant, life‐threatening dysmotility. Using high‐resolution impedance manometry (HRIM), this study aimed to characterize the common pressure topography patterns in children with repaired EA.

Methods

This prospective longitudinal cohort study focused on children (<18 years) with repaired EA. Utilizing HRIM, esophageal motility patterns were studied. Repeat manometric assessments were performed in a selected group.

Results

Seventy‐five patients with EA (M:F = 43:32, median age 15 months [3 months to 17 years]) completed 133 HRIM studies. The majority (54 out of 75, 85.3%) had EA with distal tracheo‐esophageal fistula. Thirty‐five out of 75 (46.7%) underwent one study, 24 out of 75 (32.0%) two studies, 14 out of 75 (18.7%) three studies, and 2 out of 75 (2.7%) four studies. Seventy‐two patients had analyzable studies. Three common motility patterns were demonstrated: (1) aperistalsis (26 out of 72, 36.1%); (2) distal esophageal contraction (25 out of 72, 34.7%); and (3) pressurization (6 out of 72, 8.3%). A minority demonstrated combination patterns, including aperistalsis with weak distal contraction (10 out of 72, 13.9%) and aperistalsis with pressurization (2 out of 72, 2.8%). Contraction was normal in 3 out of 72 (4.2%). At repeat assessment, the dominant motility pattern persisted in 26 out of 38 (68.4%) of the second studies and 9 out of 15 (60.0%) of the third studies.

Conclusion

Utilizing HRIM in children with repaired EA, we have demonstrated objective, distinct, and reproducible motility patterns. In this cohort, the majority of motility patterns were maintained longitudinally, and dysphagia scores remained unchanged, even after dilatation.
Microwave‐assisted drying techniques to enhance the drying efficiency and quality of dried Gastrodia elata
Authors: Lin Rongru , Wang Bo , Li Bingzheng , Zeng Shiyu , Lv Weiqiao , Xiao Hongwei
Published: February 2025

Background

Gastrodia elata (G. elata) is highly valued for its health and medical effects. A timely and efficient drying process helps improve the quality of dried G. elata. Prior to drying, G. elata was steamed at 100 °C for 20 min to improve final product quality. In this study, microwave drying (MD), microwave hot‐air rolling‐bed drying (MHARD), microwave infrared vibrating‐bed drying (MIVBD) and pulse‐spouted microwave vacuum drying (PSMVD) were used to dry G. elata. The effects of drying techniques on drying kinetics, moisture state, color profile, microstructure, glass transition temperature, active ingredients (total phenol, total flavonoids, total sugar, gastrodin and p‐hydroxybenzyl alcohol contents) and antioxidant properties of dried samples were investigated.

Results

The results revealed that steaming increased the proportion of free water in G. elata and facilitated its migration to the sample surface during drying. Among the various drying techniques, MIVBD achieved the shortest drying time of 44.7 min and it accelerated drying by 21.16%, 39.02% and 59.36% compared to MD, PSMVD and MHARD methods, respectively. PSMVD resulted in a minimal color change (ΔE = 21.5) and the dried sample had a porous structure. Drying process reduced the antioxidant activity, and MHARD‐dried samples showed the highest total phenol and gastrodin contents.

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that MIVBD significantly improved the drying efficiency of G. elata, while MHARD maximumly preserved the bioactive compounds. It aims to provide theoretical support for the microwave drying of G. elata. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Genetic algorithm‐based structural optimization of foldable OLED panels
Authors: Feng Qibin , Zheng Chen , Dong Zhe , Guo Yusong , Wang Zi , Lv Guoqiang
Published: February 2025

OLEDs are playing an important role in flexible displays, smart wearable, in‐vehicle displays, and other fields. Foldable OLED panels consist of multiple layers of film. To ensure the reliability, some key films such as the OLED should be placed on the neutral plane, which is usually achieved by adjusting the thickness of each layer. In this paper, genetic algorithm is introduced to find the optimum configurations of the thickness of each layer. Based on the mathematical express of the stress happening on each film when an OLED panel is folded, the objective function can be defined and the optical thicknesses of some layers can be got. The simulation results show that with such optical thickness configuration, the stresses on key films can effectively reduce. The method proposed in the paper can help improve the folding performance of a foldable OLED panel.
Feeding habits of sympatric aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) and desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) in West Texas
Authors: Parikh Grace L. , Etchart Jose L. , O'Shaughnessy Ryan , Harveson Louis A. , Cain James W.
Published: February 2025

Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia), native to northern Africa, were introduced as exotic game animals to the Chihuahuan Desert in West Texas, USA, and have become invasive. Aoudad and bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) are adapted to rugged terrain in arid climates, and both persist in desert regions with low primary productivity and limited perennial water availability, which suggests potential for competition for food and water resources. Aoudad are highly adaptable, which could make them more resilient to a changing environment with extreme conditions, providing a competitive edge over bighorn sheep. To evaluate the potential for exploitative competition between invasive aoudad and endemic desert bighorn sheep, we used genetic metabarcoding to assess diet composition using fecal samples collected from adults of each species in the Sierra Vieja Mountains in West Texas. We collected 32 composite samples from aoudad and 27 composite samples for bighorn sheep and identified 88 genera consumed. Bighorn sheep and aoudad diets (as inferred by genera) were most different during the warm‐wet season (16 June–15 October; Kulczynski similarity index = 0.81) and most similar during the warm‐dry season (16 February–15 June; Kulczynski similarity index = 1.05). During the warm‐wet season, the 2 herbivores tended to consume different genera, suggesting the possibility of resource partitioning, with less likelihood of resource partitioning during the warm‐dry season when forage was more limited and diets were similar. Diet diversity, measured by Shannon's diversity index, did not vary substantially between species, but for aoudad it was highest during the warm‐wet season (1.1 ± 0.0.1 [SE]) and lowest during the cool‐dry season (16 October–15 February, 0.9 ± 0.0.1). For bighorn sheep, diet richness was highest during the cool‐dry season (1.1 ± 0.2) and lowest during the warm‐dry season (0.8 ± 0.10). Bighorn sheep may specialize on high‐quality forage species, particularly during the warm‐wet season, while aoudad have a more generalist foraging strategy, although temporal windows for increased competition for food resources likely occur. Aoudad are well‐adapted to low‐quality forage and arid climates, which could increase their competitive ability and compromise bighorn sheep conservation efforts in areas of sympatry.
Impact of the Water Reservoir and River Engineering Structures on Longitudinal and Transverse (Dis)connectivity Associated With Sediment Transfer
Authors: Piasecka Joanna , Święchowicz Jolanta , Najwer Alicja , Zwoliński Zbigniew
Published: February 2025

Human impact in the form of reservoir construction and river regulation downstream of reservoirs, is causing irreversible alterations to hillslope and river channel connectivity in river catchments. This disruption in the dynamic equilibrium of the river is attributed to sediment accumulation upstream of the reservoir's dam, limited sediment outflow from the reservoir, and increased downcutting downstream of the dam. Consequently, these alterations necessitate further human interference in natural environmental processes through the construction of various river engineering structures designed to reduce the intensity of downcutting. The purpose of the present study was to assess the impact of a small mountain reservoir and additional river regulation structures on the Wapienica River in southern Poland, focusing on the structural and functional connectivity of the river channel in terms of sediment transfer. This assessment was based on erosion and connectivity modeling, as well as field mapping. A high‐resolution digital elevation model (HRDEM) was examined in the study along with survey data on suspended sediment accumulation sites along the river. The study utilized open‐source tools, including SedInConnect for connectivity index (IC) calculation, and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for ArcGIS software. It was found that the Wapienica reservoir permanently retains the floating material, making the likelihood of this material flowing out of the reservoir minimal. Within the reverse delta of the reservoir, the entire load of bottom material (sand) is also retained. Thicker bottom material (gravel, boulders) is deposited in the riverbed within the delta, leading to the shallowing of the bed upstream of the delta. These processes disrupt longitudinal connectivity. Six connectivity zones have been identified within the catchment. The first four are situated in the southern part of the catchment: strong connectivity, reduction, concrete channel, and damage area. The remaining two, situated in the northern part are: artificial channel and drainage channels. Each of the six zones is characterized by different sediments and river processes. It was demonstrated that a more detailed and more probably connectivity pattern for hillslopes and river channels may be obtained through the use of several tools and parameters at the same time (i.e., fieldwork, SWAT, IC).
High‐Speed Blue Laser Diodes with InGaN Quantum Barrier for Beyond 36 Gbps Visible Light Communications
Authors: Jia Haolin , Hu Junhui , Xu Zengyi , Gu Zhenqian , Yang Zhen , Li Zengxin , Zhou Yingjun , Shi Jianyang , Li Ziwei , Zhang Junwen , Chi Nan , Shen Chao
Published: February 2025

Laser‐based visible light communication (VLC) is emerging as a crucial technology for future applications like the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence. However, the data transmission rate is limited by the modulation bandwidth of visible laser diodes (LDs). This paper presents the design and fabrication of blue GaN‐based short‐cavity (300 µm/500 µm) LDs with InGaN quantum barrier (QB) and a narrow ridge width of 2 µm for high‐speed VLC systems. Theoretical analyses of the band structure and carrier distribution, along with experimental results, reveal significant improvements in electro‐optical performance and frequency response of the demonstrated blue LDs with InGaN QB. A high slope efficiency of 1.85 W A−1, a wall‐plug efficiency of 29%, and an intrinsic 3 dB bandwidth exceeding 8 GHz are achieved. By using the high‐speed blue LD as a transmitter, the VLC system achieves a record data rate of 36.5 Gbps. The system shows a larger operation window for high speed and better temperature adaptability, marking a substantial advancement for high‐speed VLC links.
OVERCOMING OUR OWN HURDLES TO LEARNING
Authors: Novak David
Published: February 2025

The author, founder of David Novak Leadership and former chairman and CEO of Yum! Brands, writes about what he calls an “active learning discipline.” Active learners, in his words, ask better questions and listen carefully to the answers; make, and check, their own judgments; see the world as it really is; reflect; celebrate others’ ideas; and trust in positive intentions. In point one, he asks, “What one question could you ask today that could make a substantial difference in what you learn and in what you help others discover?” In point two, “What habit could you develop that would expand your perspective and heuristics by interacting with more people and learning about their ideas and experiences?” In point three, “Where in your life are you relying on information that is secondhand, that just confirms your thinking, or that isn’t capturing the whole truth of a situation and how could you get to the truth or the source instead?” In point four, “If you had to add up the minutes, how much time do you think you spend per week in deep reflection or letting your mind wander? How could you boost that number?”
Recent Advances in Polymer Nanofibers for Optoelectronics Applications
Authors: Sun Sai , Kuang Ting , Li Jinyong , Zhang Bin
Published: February 2025

In the contemporary era, marked by escalating environmental pollution and energy scarcities, the advancement of microscale, flexible, and wearable optoelectronic devices has become a primary area of research focus. Polymer nanofibers, notable for their extensive specific surface area, superior conductivity, and high electron mobility, have risen to prominence within this domain. These fibers now play a pivotal role in a variety of optoelectronic applications, including light‐emitting devices, photodetectors, photovoltaics, transistors, and generators, as well as in energy storage devices like supercapacitors. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the synthesis of polymer nanofibers and their applications in optoelectronics, while also discussing future developmental prospects.
Pechmann Dye‐Containing Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Stretchable Polymer Semiconductors
Authors: Lee Seunglok , Yoo Hyeonjin , Jeong Seokhwan , Kim Dae Hong , Kang So‐Huei , Choi Yukyeong , Yang Changduk , Lee Byoung Hoon , Lee Kyu Cheol
Published: February 2025

Conjugated polymer design via random terpolymerization with irregular backbones has emerged as a strategy for stretchable organic electronics, requiring diverse molecular architectures to balance charge carrier mobility (μ) and stretchability. In this study, diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐based conjugated polymers with 0%, 5%, and 10% Pechmann dye (PDy) units, denoted as DP‐T0, DP‐T5, and DP‐T10, respectively, are introduced, and explore the impact of PDy on structural mobility and stretchability through experimental and computational analyses. Electrical measurements reveal hole mobilities ranging from 0.01 to 0.08 cm2 V⁻¹ s⁻¹, with a slight decrease as PDy content increases. Stretchability tests indicate significant improvements in DP‐T5 and DP‐T10 due to their loosely packed lamellar structures. Notably, DP‐T5 achieves a crack onset strain (εc) of 250% and a polarization dichroic ratio (PDR) of 2.4 under 200% strain, leading to a mobility ratio (μ200/μ0) exceeding 5. These results demonstrate that PDy incorporation enhances the mechanical stretchability of DPP‐based conjugated polymers while maintaining reasonable electronic performance. This work highlights the potential of PDy‐based random terpolymerization for developing stretchable polymer semiconductors.
Design of strong and tough biofibers and their biomedical applications
Authors: Sun Dongpeng , Zheng Yuan , Zhang Anxun , Wang Jing , Xiao Yao , Chen Dong
Published: February 2025

Strong and tough biofibers, which have comparable mechanical performances with conventional synthetic fibers derived from petrochemicals, have demonstrated superior advantages in sustainability and biocompatibility and have provided innovative solutions for various areas over synthetic fibers. Studies on strong and tough biofibers have addressed the growing demand for sustainable products and biomedical applications. Here, recent advances in strong and tough biofibers are summarized and discussed, including their materials, spinning methods, strengthening strategies, and various applications. Four natural materials commonly used for biofibers are introduced first, including spider silk, silkworm silk, chitin, and cellulose, and then four different spinning techniques developed to prepare strong and tough biofibers are summarized, including dry spinning, wet spinning, 3D printing, and microfluidic spinning. Strengthening strategies, such as dual crosslinking and post treatment, are applied to further improve the mechanical performances of biofibers, and their applications, especially in clothing, suture, would dressing, tissue engineering, and sensor, are discussed in detail. Continuous innovations in strong and tough biofibers hold a great promise for driving further advancements and offering solutions to related global challenges.
Neuroimaging Techniques in Huntington's Disease: A Critical Review
Authors: Farag Mena , Knights Harry , Scahill Rachael I. , McColgan Peter , Estevez‐Fraga Carlos
Published: February 2025

Background

Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive, neuropsychiatric and motor symptoms caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene. Imaging techniques are crucial for understanding HD pathophysiology and monitoring disease progression.

Objectives

This review is targeted at general neurologists and movement disorders specialists with an interest in HD and aims to bring complex imaging, including new experimental techniques, closer to the practicing clinician.

Methods

We provide a summary of findings from conventional structural, diffusion and functional imaging in HD studies, together with an update on emerging novel techniques, including multiparametric mapping, multi‐shell diffusion techniques, ultra‐high field 7‐Tesla MRI, positron emission tomography and magnetoencephalography.

Results

Conventional imaging techniques have deepened our understanding of neuropathological progression in HD, from striatal atrophy to widespread cortical and white matter changes. The integration of novel imaging techniques reviewed has further improved our ability to interrogate, quantify and visualize disease‐specific alterations with high precision.

Conclusions

Novel imaging techniques have promising roles to further our understanding of HD pathology and as imaging markers for clinical trials, disease staging and therapeutic monitoring. Additionally, the synergistic potential of combining imaging modalities with molecular and genetic data, along with wet biomarkers and clinical data, will help provide a complete and comprehensive view of HD pathology and progression.
Trichothiodystrophy due to ERCC2 Variants: Uncommon Contributor to Progressive Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy
Authors: Tavasoli Ali Reza , Kaki Arastoo , Ganji Maedeh , Kahani Seyyed Mohammad , Radmehr Foozhan , Mohammadi Pouria , Heidari Morteza , Ashrafi Mahmoud Reza , Lewis Kara S.
Published: February 2025

Background

Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in genes associated with DNA repair. The ERCC2 gene encoded a protein, XPD, that is a subunit of the general transcription factor TFIIH and important in both DNA repair and transcription. Disease‐causing variants in ERCC2 can partially inactivate these activities, giving rise to symptoms seen in TTD, Cockayne syndrome (CS) and xeroderma pigmentosa (XP). Although generalized cerebral white matter abnormalities is reported in TTD, myelination disorders specifically linked to ERCC2 gene variants are exceptionally uncommon. Here, we introduce a thorough investigation of a patient exhibiting classic TTD symptoms alongside progressive cerebral hypomyelination with ERCC2 variants.

Methods

In a non‐consanguineous family, we conducted Autism/ID gene Panel on a 5‐year‐old affected child who presented with microcephaly, failure to thrive, developmental delay, and progressive hypomyelination on three serial brain imaging over 5‐years follow‐up. Our investigation aimed to elucidate the genetic underpinnings of the observed phenotype. We also conducted a comprehensive review of the genetic profiles of all documented ERCC2‐related patients exhibiting myelination disorders.

Results

Autism/ID gene Panel identified a compound heterozygous variant in ERCC2 gene causing TTD. Clinical and paraclinical findings enabled differentiation of TTD from Cockayne syndrome and XP. Segregation analysis revealed that, the variation in the paternal allele was a splice junction loss (c.2190 + 1delG), and the other alteration in the maternal allele was a pathogenic variant (c.1479 + 2dupT). It has been noted that these variants were reported in previous studies in homozygous or compound heterozygous form in patients with TTD, but none of them exhibited hypomyelinating leukodystrophy.

Conclusion

The identification of hypomyelination in TTD due to ERCC2 sheds a light on the molecular diagnosis and contributing to the limited literature on ERCC2 variants and associated hypomyelinating leukodystrophy in patients with TTD.