bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circling Taiwan, Chinese Tour-Group Style
Authors: Rowen Ian
Published: May 2023

This chapter talks about the eight-day Chinese group tour of Taiwan to see just how meticulously Taiwan can be performed as a part of China. This tour group is marketed and sold by a major Chinese state-owned travel agency and operated by a Taiwanese company incorporated in Kaohsiung. The chapter also points out how the tour guide of the group tour consistently performed Taiwan as a part of China and presented Taiwanese people as Chinese ethnic subjects, which was achieved via the tour guide's choice of territorial language and his selective narration of Taiwanese history. The chapter highlights the selective use of territorial terms like “the mainland” that is common in Taiwanese political discourse among Chinese nationalists and Taiwanese who conduct business or other forms of exchange in China. It stresses how the group tour structure generally reproduced the effect of being in China for most tourists.
The Politics of Trash
Authors: Strach Patiricia , Sullivan Kathleen S.
Published: May 2023

This book explains how municipal trash collection solved odorous urban problems using nongovernmental and often unseemly means. The book tells a story of dirty politics and administrative innovation that made rapidly expanding American cities livable. The solutions that professionals recommended to rid cities of overflowing waste cans, litter-filled privies, and animal carcasses were largely ignored by city governments. When the efforts of sanitarians, engineers, and reformers failed, public officials turned to the habits and tools of corruption as well as to gender and racial hierarchies. Corruption often provided the political will for public officials to establish garbage collection programs. To change domestic habits, officials relied on gender hierarchy to make the women of the white, middle-class households in charge of sanitation. When public and private trash cans overflowed, racial and ethnic prejudices were harnessed to single out scavengers, garbage collectors, and neighborhoods by race. These early informal efforts were slowly incorporated into formal administrative processes that created the public–private sanitation systems that prevail in most American cities today. The book locates these hidden resources of governments to challenge presumptions about the formal mechanisms of governing and recovers the presence of residents at the margins, whose experiences can be as overlooked as garbage collection itself. This consideration of municipal garbage collection reveals how political development often relies on undemocratic means with long-term implications for further inequality. Focusing on the resources that cleaned American cities also shows the tenuous connection between political development and modernization.
Picking Up Trash
Authors: Strach Patricia , Sullivan Kathleen S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter shows how corruption promoted policy development in Charleston and Pittsburgh, noting how the form of corruption endemic to each city differed and generated political will and political capacity to collect and dispose of trash. The chapter explains how corruption can actually encourage governments to adopt progressive policies and innovative technologies when they stand to benefit. It highlights what is counterintuitive to what many people believe, which is that corruption can produce policy development. The chapter talks about how to get householders to actually make their waste available to collectors once cities established their methods of collecting garbage. It explores out how governments get people to change their habits and behavior to make garbage collection successful.
Communism's Public Sphere
Authors: Kunakhovich Kyrill
Published: May 2023

This book explores the political role of cultural spaces in the Eastern Bloc. Under communist regimes that banned free speech, political discussions shifted to spaces of art: theaters, galleries, concert halls, and youth clubs. The book shows how these venues turned into sites of dialogue and contestation. While officials used them to spread the communist message, artists and audiences often flouted state policy and championed alternative visions. Cultural spaces therefore came to function as a public sphere, or a rare outlet for discussing public affairs. Focusing on Kraków in Poland and Leipzig in East Germany, the book sheds new light on state–society interactions in the Eastern Bloc. In place of the familiar trope of domination and resistance, it highlights unexpected symbioses like state-sponsored rock and roll, socialist consumerism, and sanctioned dissent. By examining nearly five decades of communist rule, from the Red Army's arrival in Poland in 1944 to German reunification in 1990, the book argues that cultural spaces played a pivotal mediating role. They helped reform and stabilize East European communism but also gave cover to the protest movements that ultimately brought it down.
Dangerous Intercourse
Authors: Winkelmann Tessa
Published: May 2023

This book examines interracial social and sexual contact between Americans and Filipinos in the early twentieth century via a wide range of relationships—from the casual and economic to the formal and long term. The book argues that such intercourse was foundational not only to the colonization of the Philippines but also to the longer, uneven history between the two nations. Although some relationships between Filipinos and Americans served as demonstrations of US “benevolence,” too-close sexual relations also threatened social hierarchies and the so-called civilizing mission. For the Filipino, Indigenous, Moro, Chinese, and other local populations, intercourse offered opportunities to negotiate and challenge empire, though these opportunities often came at a high cost for those most vulnerable. The book highlights that sexual relationships enabled US authorities to police white and nonwhite bodies alike, define racial and national boundaries, and solidify colonial rule throughout the archipelago. The dangerous ideas about sexuality and Filipina women created and shaped by US imperialists of the early twentieth century remain at the core of contemporary American notions of the island nation and indeed, of Asian and Asian American women more generally.
Dangerous Intercourse: Romantic Pretense and Colonial Violence
Authors: Winkelmann Tessa
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into the notion of crossing sexual color lines in a US overseas colonial geography. During the formal US colonial rule of the Philippines, most Americans and Filipinos met through interracial intercourse or the violence of the Philippine–American War. Meanwhile, interracial intercourse continued to help in the dispossession of Indigenous people as the western frontier expanded into the Pacific Ocean. The chapter considers the implications of interracial marriages and relationships from the perspectives of Americans and Filipinos while also noting the unevenness of the relationship in an exploitative colonial society. The chapter highlights that interracial intercourse in the islands was largely characterized by colonial violence.
Colonial Sociality and Policing Dangerous Intercourse, 1898–1907
Authors: Winkelmann Tessa
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the blurred line between social and sexual intercourse in the US colony. It tackles how American and Filipino reformers attempted to police the relations that haunted and informed all aspects of colonial society. The notion of colonial sociality encompassed a broad range of interactions and relations taking place in overseas possession and served as an arena of negotiation regarding the sociopolitical implications of imperial rule. The chapter mentions how colonial sociality in the Philippines was always interrelated with the ideas of deviant Filipino sexuality and immorality. It cites that bailes and dance halls became hot spots for colonial tensions, so interracial intercourse was easily mobilized in an attempt to control the direction of colonial rule.
The Trials of Intercourse
Authors: Winkelmann Tessa
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines how colonial courts treated interracial relations while referencing cases involving criminal and family law. It starts with the trial of Chester Davis for killing his wife's alleged lover, citing that the media focused on Inez Davis and her sordid life prior to her marriage instead of Chester's murder. Due to dangerous intercourse in the colonial Philippines, the lines are blurred between the sexual economy and legitimate sexual relationships. The outcomes of trials of intercourse often showcased the common pitfalls and deficiencies of the colonially constructed legal system to administer justice and equal treatment before the law. Despite the uneven and biased legal system, Filipinas found courts receptive to their claims of inheritance and child custody, often to the displeasure of the American claimants.
Introduction
Authors: Burnet Jennie E.
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses the question of why some people defy the machine and risk their lives by examining a rescue during the 1994 genocide of Tutsi in Rwanda. It considers people who risked their lives to try to save people from the slaughter and examines how individual people reacted to the violence and chaos around them. In considering the many ways people acted during the genocide in Rwanda, the chapter looks at geographical features, the built environment, opportunity to rescue, details of genocide policy, and genocide timelines. The chapter examines the states of mind, characters, self-conceptions, moral orientations, and motivations of those who rescued or tried to rescue. It discusses social networks, gender or social position, local power dynamics, political ideologies, cultural models, the power of crowds, and collective action to explain how they shaped decision making and enabled people to rescue while pushing others to participate in the killing.
Resistance, Rescue, and Religion
Authors: Burnet Jennie E.
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the unfolding of genocide at the micro level at several sites in and around Nyanza town in southern Rwanda. In Gitarama and Butare prefectures, regional government administrators and security forces resisted the nationwide genocide policy and contained anti-Tutsi violence for two weeks. The chapter looks at few pivotal events at the national level that reconfigured regional and local leadership, and massacres engulfed Nyanza and communities across southern Rwanda. The chapter discusses hyper-local social histories, kinship ties, religious belief and practices, social cohesion, and decision making of local leaders that produced collective rescue efforts at the Centre Saint Antoine, in Mugandamure, and at Rubona hill. These cases illustrate that even if religion was not a determining factor in rescue, it still influenced the options available to people and the choices they made.
At the Margins of the State
Authors: Burnet Jennie E.
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the ways rural people engaged with the state's policy of genocide at the physical and symbolic margins of the state. It describes Rwanda's vast water border with the Congo that merged with local social histories in the rural communities along the lakeshore and shape agency during the genocide in varied ways. In Kayove, unique local histories of political authority, migration, and religion merged with its mountainous topography, its remoteness, Lake Kivu, and the border to produce distinct patterns of engagement with the state's genocidal sovereignty. The chapter talks about Hutu Muslims in Nkora that directly opposed the genocidal mobs early in April 1994. When open opposition became too dangerous, Hutu Muslims shifted strategies to hide and then evacuate Tutsi across the lake through ephemeral networks of assistance.
Conclusion
Authors: Burnet Jennie E.
Published: May 2023

This chapter draws out the common elements shared by many rescuers in Rwanda. It talks about individuals in Rwandan genocide who faced complex decisions about how to behave and what to do, noting how these decisions were often morally ambiguous or impossible. It also points out how refusing to participate in the genocide or choosing to rescue someone was not a onetime decision driven by moral, ethical, or religious conviction, and how the compulsion to help was the beginning and not the end of rescue. The chapter discusses repeated decision making that reflects the way all ordinary Rwandans navigated the genocide. It explores the implications of the rescue itself as a morally ambiguous category.
Free Culture and the City
Authors: Corsín Jiménez Alberto , Estalella Adolfo
Published: May 2023

This chapter traces the rise of free culture in Spain over the past twenty years. It explores how a set of technologies, legal arguments, and pedagogical tools that were devised at the end of the twentieth century to define and defend the reach of digital liberties in the age of the internet were unexpectedly reworked over the course of the following two decades into activist designs and problematizations against austerity urbanism. It is also an ethnography of Madrid, a city caught between near-Norths and near-Souths, between fatuous regimes of modernization and the legacies of postdictatorial peripheralizations. The chapter tells the story of the ways in which free culture carved out a space for itself as a political project between the digital and the urban, and between bricks and bytes. It confirms what the return of the political looks like in the wake of ecological and austerity crises.
Free Neighborhoods
Authors: Corsín Jiménez Alberto , Estalella Adolfo
Published: May 2023

This chapter traces the history of autonomous movements in Madrid and their entanglement with the struggles for housing rights and neighborhood politics of squatted social centers. It looks at the ties that university students established with Italian autonomia collectives in their fight against precarity in the 1990s. It also cites Manuel Castells' The City and the Grassroots that famously described the vibrancy of the associative, neighborhood, and libertarian movements in Madrid. The chapter talks about the citizen social movement that took to the streets in the 1970s and is considered as the most powerful and innovative neighborhood movement of any European capital. It mentions that the Madrid Citizen Movement epitomized for Castells the capacity of social movements to vindicate specific rights or resources and to produce qualitative changes in the urban system, local culture, and political institutions.
Ambulations
Authors: Corsín Jiménez Alberto , Estalella Adolfo
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the art of politics at assemblies. It examines how the art of politics was transformed from the voicing of reasoned arguments and practice of deliberation to the enablement of listening and the practice of mutual sensing and caretaking. Assemblies organized themselves into sensory organs that perambulated Madrid in marches and demonstrations through the everyday exploration of its local injuries and grievances. The chapter points out how assemblies worked as political ambulatories by perambulating the neighborhood's environments and sensing its frontiers at the same time as they delivered care to its outside patients or residents. The chapter demonstrates that the operation of assembly functioned in Madrid as an operation for political liberation and as a method for the composition of urban conviviality.
Introduction
Authors: Liu Huwy-min Lucia
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the concept of commemorating the dead in urban China. It explores the odd coexistence of religion and secular socialism that allowed Mao Zedong to be honored for being the inventor of memorial meetings. The popularity of memorial meetings was surprising not only because they were secular rituals but simultaneously being of socialist commemorative ceremonies. The chapter considers the rise of personalized funerals, individualism, and religious revivals. It elaborates on the concept of funeral governance in contemporary China, referring to the Chinese death rituals traditionally containing three interrelated sets of rituals: the bin (or sang), zang, and ji ceremonies.
Market Governance
Authors: Liu Huwy-min Lucia
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into the emergence of market governance of death as China moved to a market economy. The notion of market governance of death aims to transform funeral parlors into profit-making businesses for the state. Some grassroots state funeral practitioners have turned into working-class subjects whose collective actions were driven by both socialist moralities of equality and the capitalist logic of market competition. Additionally, some people took collective action to fight against the interests of the state. The Shanghai funeral industry changed dramatically after two decades of implementing market economic principles in governing death. The chapter considers the emerging dissonance between market governance and market subjectivity.
Dying Socialist in “Capitalist” Shanghai
Authors: Liu Huwy-min Lucia
Published: May 2023

This chapter tackles the meaning of memorial meetings in the context of economic reform in China. It explains how memorial meetings created socialist citizen subjects and became popular in Shanghai. The concept of ritual framing indicates that ritual is always metacommunicative, which would then result in the acceptance of social conventions that existed before and beyond those individuals. The chapter cites that the Chinese Communist Party objected to memorial meetings after the Cultural Revolution ended, expounding on how performing memorial meetings provided a potential critique of contemporary Chinese market governance in a market-driven reality by recognizing the impossible alternatives. It explains how ritually constructed subjectivity created space for the living to gain a moment of self-reflexivity.
No One is Forgotten, No One is Forgiven
Authors: Bernstein Seth
Published: May 2023

This concluding chapter reviews how no one is forgotten, and no one was forgiven as Soviet officials attempted to bring repatriates back to the USSR. Efforts to bring nonreturners who remained in Allied-occupied Europe to the USSR held less economic value but immense political and ideological importance. Stalinist leaders forgave returnees in the sense that most were not arrested upon return. However, to describe that as forgiveness is a cruel joke. During the war, the Germans made deportees from the occupied east into forced laborers. After liberation, returnees faced a hazardous journey to the Soviet Union. As repatriates in the USSR, police monitored them as collaborators and spies for years to come. The worst fears of Siberian exile or the Gulag did not come to pass. Instead, their repatriate biography meant discrimination for most of their lives. Ultimately, the restoration of Stalinist orthodoxy made a casualty of Soviet displaced people's complicated, transnational history of deprivation and liberation.
Violent America
Authors: Chebel d'Appollonia Ariane
Published: May 2023

This book counterintuitively analyzes why and how various ethnoracial groups proactively and instrumentally use different forms of violence to achieve their goals. Combining a historical analysis spanning the centuries with an examination of contemporary problems, the book considers how and why ethnoracial groups can be both perpetrators and victims of violence, why some minority groups react differently to violence in comparable situations, and what the consequences are today for politics in both America and Europe. The book thus explores the effects of physical and discursive violence on the ways in which ethnoracial groups define themselves. It argues that the use of ethnoracial violence has been and remains an effective identity strategy by which all ethnoracial groups are able to integrate themselves into the mainstream of American society. The book provides an alternative way of understanding the complex relationship between migrant phobia, multiethnic grievances, and intergroup conflicts in America.
Violence as the Cause of Ethnoracial Identities
Authors: d’Appollonia Ariane Chebel
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers violence as the cause of ethnoracial identities. It starts with the historical emergence of the adversity–identity nexus by focusing on the fluidity and ambiguity of ethnoracial divisions before the 1960s. White people constructed the concept of “Blackness” as a category through racism, racial policies, and racial violence. Moreover, the notions of violence formed from whiteness and Blackness had been central to the formation and organization of group relations in America. The chapter discusses a historical account surrounding a process of “reactive identification” and the emergence of ethnoracial identities that concerns the relative malleability of identity politics in America.
The Dynamics of Contention
Authors: d’Appollonia Ariane Chebel
Published: May 2023

This chapter expounds on the concept of contentious identity politics. It notes the growth of racial prejudice and social distance over time in America. The contentious repertoires and rites of violence inherited from the post-civil rights era have fostered new cycles of grievances. For example, riots result from the continuous cycles of grievance inherited from the past, coupled with unprecedented contentious repertoires. The chapter explains how protest politics became a defining feature of contemporary America. It enumerates the main components of contentious identity politics: the effect of group position, the spillover process of identity politics, and the multiplication of contentious repertoires.
Two Tales of One Nation
Authors: d’Appollonia Ariane Chebel
Published: May 2023

This chapter elaborates on the continuing debate over post-racialism concerning the diversification of ethnoracial diversity and the integration of nonwhite minorities and immigrants. Over the last two decades, American society became more open, diverse, and tolerant of various forms of diversity following the recent shifts in the population's racial and ethnic composition. However, daunting socioeconomic and discriminatory practices remain obstacles to minority integration. America is simultaneously experiencing significant forms of turbulence fueled by the persistence of racial prejudice, socioeconomic inequalities, and resilient negative attitudes toward immigrants and religious minorities. The chapter references racial disparities in law that doubt the expected benefits of dismantling the racist legislative framework during the civil rights era.
Centrifugal Dynamics of Ethnoracial Fragmentation
Authors: d’Appollonia Ariane Chebel
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the centrifugal dynamics of ethnoracial fragmentation. High-level protest politics define the last two decades, especially when Liberals contested that security measures after the 9/11 issue were a nefarious antidemocratic infringement on civil liberties and violations of human rights. Moreover, the Black Lives Matter movement illustrates the interaction between centripetal and centrifugal forces between and within different minority groups in America. Even though civil protests are a healthy sign of democratic vitality, they can become grounds for serious concerns when fueled by racial prejudice and violence. The chapter looks into the growing concerns about how race, class, and political partisanship are dividing Americans. It also considers the polarization and racialization of contentious repertoires.
Everyday Sci-Fi and Practical Orientalism
Authors: Uehling Greta Lynn
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers the sense that the world had become strange, which was pivotal in the decision to leave the nongovernment-controlled territory and added impetus to the military conflict itself. It adopts the term “everyday sci-fi” to describe how people saw their lives as similar to living in a science fiction drama. Viewing people in the separatist controlled territories as “zombies” might be viewed as a tactic for absolving people of wrongdoing and thereby maintaining everyday peace. The chapter looks at the fantastical language of human “herds,” mysterious “waves,” and gender mutants that formed the basis of an embodied and practical orientalism that divided the social world. Conflict-affected people painted a world so uncannily altered by violence that it felt as if they were living in a science fiction drama.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Uehling Greta Lynn
Published: May 2023

This chapter reviews the conceptual vocabulary for describing what happens to civilians in a time of war, without that war being declared, and without relying on what has been called “the suffering slot,” by which is meant viewing survivors of conflict primarily as traumatized victims. It focuses on the mutual care people were able to foster in this difficult environment. It also points out the productive potential that inheres when there are ethics of care inherent in worlds also filled with violence, and everyday peace in the midst of war. The chapter shows the multiple ways the geopolitical conflict was woven into the fabric of interpersonal relationships. It explores creative practices that emerged from individuals that acknowledge one another's human vulnerability and connectedness both within and outside the confines of kin relations.
Greek Dilemmas
Authors: Marantzidis Nikos
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the Communist Party of Greece's (KKE) encounters with Soviet foreign policy during the Second World War in the context of the wider Balkan strategies for antifascist resistance. The Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact of 1939, and later the British–Soviet agreement on “spheres of influence” in the Balkans in October of 1944, created particular difficulties and dilemmas for the Greek party. On the other hand, antifascist resistance transformed the Greek Communists into leading actors in Greek politics, giving rise to the hope that, following liberation, a radical regime change could take place in Greece, as was happening in the rest of the Balkans. Toward the end of the war, Communists in Greece, Yugoslavia, and Albania had a major role in their respective national political scenes. However, when the Red Army entered Romania and Bulgaria, the Western powers all acknowledged that the balance of power in southeastern Europe had changed: the USSR now exerted more control over the region than the Western European powers did. While the Greek Communists thought this meant the time was ripe for a revolution, and despite Josip Broz Tito's promise of support for his southern comrades, Joseph Stalin chose to remain passive, still tied to his wartime alliance with the British and the Americans, and having different plans for the small but strategic Mediterranean country.
Sardanapalus’s Hoard
Authors: Pfeifer Annie
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines The Aspern Papers (1888) alongside Henry James's own hoarding tendencies—the obsessive way he controlled his work by commissioning frontispieces, extensively revising his texts, and framing them through detailed prefaces. The novella revolves around Juliana Bordereau, an eccentric old hoarder who tries to keep valuable papers out of the hands of the conniving narrator, an ambitious young editor. The narrator's rapacity sets off a struggle for possession, culminating in a climactic conflagration that consumes the entire collection. Like Juliana and other characters who would rather destroy their valuable collections than see them fall into the wrong hands, James is troubled by the prospect of a meddling editor who might tamper with his work or disclose compromising information. Hoarding becomes a bulwark against spoliation, exemplified by the prying editor-collector who seeks to quite literally force open Juliana's closet. The chapter then looks at James's objectification of characters and personification of objects in relation to the ethics of writing as a form of possession.
Body
Authors: Dalarun Jacques
Published: May 2023

This chapter begins by analyzing the reaction of the servant who pulled back her foot during the washing of the feet and in so doing kicked Clare of Assisi in the mouth. In the thirteenth century, “to raise the heel” became shorthand for rebellion. It was not part of Thomas of Celano's intention to fracture the ideal community of the sisters of San Damiano or to make Clare appear as another Christ. As he stresses in the legend's prologue, her role should be limited to a model for feminine behavior, itself shaped by the Virgin Mary's footprint. Perhaps because she felt sheltered by her virginity, preserved on earth, and protected by her longed-for heavenly union, St. Clare of Assisi had little hesitation in employing bodily language. The chapter then looks at how Clare saved Assisi when the Saracen soldiers of Frederick II threatened San Damiano.
Grandmont I: Facts
Authors: Dalarun Jacques
Published: May 2023

This chapter illustrates how, unlike at Fontevraud or the Paraclete, at Grandmont the status of women was never an issue. It must be said that—according to the rule of this Limousin community, written shortly before 1156 under the guidance of the fourth prior, Stephen of Liciac, and based on earlier instructions given by the founder, Stephen of Muret—the hermits of Grandmont did not burden themselves with much. Like the men and women who followed Robert of Arbrissel or Peter Abelard, the Limousin hermits claimed no title other than “Poor of Christ.” As in the Benedictine Rule, the designation of the superior comes at the end of the Rule of Grandmont. But the desire to distance the Rule from monastic tradition is apparent here. The prior is not to be chosen from outside the community; nor is his election to be subject to any external influence. Once elected, he is to do everything possible to avoid leaving the enclosure of Grandmont.
Experiments
Authors: Dalarun Jacques
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents a comparison of the dossiers of the diverse communal experience: Fontevraud, the Paraclete, Grandmont, the Preachers, and the Lesser Brothers. The five dossiers are unique in the way these communities apportioned the responsibilities of government. To fight against the combined effects of growing numbers and passing time, the project that emerged in practically all of these religious institutions was to entrust—or to want to entrust—governance to the category that seemed, adopting Benedictine vocabulary, the less worthy of the two to exercise it. This meant female converts at Fontevraud, and in a more roundabout way at the idealized Paraclete. It meant convert brothers at Grandmont and with the Preachers. Since they could not maintain their original fluidity in the face of success and the passage of time, these communities tried to preserve the spirit of complete openness and mutual humility by inverting a hierarchy that was assumed to be natural. With the Lesser Brothers, neither Francis nor Elias resorted to this extreme measure. Instead, it was precisely the original moment that they tried for thirty years to preserve, against the turning tide and the headwinds of time.
Word by Word
Authors: Dalarun Jacques
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents a translation of Francis of Assisi's note to Brother Leo. The young brother wants to be sure of doing the right thing, according to Francis's “counsel.” Far from offering his friend an exceptional place in the community, Francis gives him the only teaching that can free him from his personal torment, by reminding him of how ordinary his situation is in the eyes of the institution: what goes for him goes for all, what goes for all goes for him. If Leo and the brothers follow Christ in the very essence of his nature and of his human experience, poverty, then they will naturally gain the approval and favor of the Lord God who had shown the way and they will have fulfilled the obedience that they promised Francis according to the terms of the Rule. The chapter then considers how the possible arrival of democracy emerges from a sort of call from the void to the summit, a void through the pursuit of humility.
Resumption
Authors: Dalarun Jacques
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes the interpretive reversal for the original draft of the Spoleto note, from maternal affection to maternal government. The heart of Francis of Assisi's message is evangelical poverty. Motherhood is the institutional application of this poverty, a representation of the “renunciation of power.” In the Spoleto note, Francis sets Brother Leo, and through him all the brothers, face to face with God and their own freedom. The final order is given in the name of obedience even while removing obedience as an external constraint, since the same result can be reached by the exercise of internal free will, which in turn reinforces the subject's adherence to the original order. More than an expression of remorse or even of repentance, the note's last four lines are really a resumption. Francis resumes the course of his writing; he restarts, and he recaptures Leo in a net whose mesh is finer than that of institutional snares: the government of the soul.
Cultural Entanglement and European Anxiety in the Early Eighteenth Century
Authors: Kane Maeve
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at how Haudenosaunee consumers integrated European cloth and clothing into their daily garments as the relative prices for it declined. In so doing, it highlights that Haudenosaunee people domesticated European cloth and clothing and remade them as Haudenosaunee. The chapter opens with a discussion on how Haudenosaunee made these choices about how and what European goods to integrate and domesticate deliberately. European traders brought a wide range of goods to Haudenosaunee territories, but only some were of interest to Haudenosaunee consumers, who rejected markers of European masculinity like hats and shoes. These buyers styled and remade purchased cloth and clothing in ways often disturbing to European observers. The chapter argues that Haudenosaunee consumers did not undertake this remaking out of ignorance or poverty. It emphasizes that Haudenosaunee people were themselves keen observers of the Europeans who settled on the edges of their territories and the European missionaries and diplomats who wished to change Indigenous peoples. The chapter examines how Haudenosaunee material identity coupled with Haudenosaunee military neutrality for much of the eighteenth century provoked intense anxiety for Europeans.
Robots Won't Save Japan
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2023

This book addresses the Japanese government's efforts to develop care robots in response to the challenges of an aging population, rising demand for eldercare, and a critical shortage of care workers. Drawing on ethnographic research at key sites of Japanese robot development and implementation, the book reveals how such devices are likely to transform the practices, organization, meanings, and ethics of caregiving if implemented at scale. This new form of techno-welfare state that Japan is prototyping involves a reconfiguration of care that deskills and devalues care work and reduces opportunities for human social interaction and relationship building. Moreover, contrary to expectations that care robots will save labor and reduce health care expenditures, robots cost more money and require additional human labor to tend to the machines. As the book shows, robots alone will not rescue Japan from its care crisis. The attempts to implement robot care instead point to the importance of looking beyond such techno-fixes to consider how to support rather than undermine the human times, spaces, and relationships necessary for sustainably cultivating good care.
Crisis and Care Robots
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2023

This chapter traces the origins of Japan's current care crisis by looking at the history of care and welfare provision in the country, particularly the introduction of the national Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) system. Long-Term Care Insurance represented a huge increase in the size of the Japanese welfare state. The imposition of a new tax marked a definitive shift toward the perception of care as a universal right for older people and away from both a reliance on family for its provision and the stigma associated with nonfamilial care. This led to the huge rise in demand for care workers. Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry have for decades been involved in trying to find economic and technological solutions to the growing demand for care, including through migration. However, the prospect of migrant care workers securing permanent residency in Japan is remote and requires overcoming daunting bureaucratic and academic hurdles. The chapter considers how robots came to be seen as one of several possible solutions to the crisis by some in government, how policies were implemented to support robot care at the national and regional levels, and why it remains controversial.
Paro
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses Paro, a robot shaped like a seal pup marketed as a therapeutic communication device. The concepts underlying Paro have deep roots in a broader intellectual ferment of ideas about therapy, communication, and their digitalization—and, in particular, about iyashi (healing or relaxation) and keichō (active listening). Like other iyashi products, Paro represents commercialized affective interaction, but as a robot, it also reconfigures communication as a mechanically and digitally reproducible, scalable, commodified, and one-sided form of therapy. When Paro was introduced at Sakura nursing home in late March 2016, it quickly proved popular. However, contrary to the manager's hope that the use of Paro would reduce the repetitious demands of some residents with dementia, this did not prove to be the case. In fact, using Paro ended up creating new challenges for care staff. It risked disruption to the institutional flow, evoked strong affective reactions from residents with dementia, and led to a degree of withdrawal from the communal social world of the care home.
Blood cells and hematological parameters of Chiala Mountain Salamander, Batrachuperus karlschmidti (Urodela, Hynobiidae)
Authors: Liu Xiuying , You Zhangqiang , Luo Wei , Xiong Jianli , Wang Guangli
Published: May 2023

Hematological parameters are essential indices for assessing the function of blood and reflecting not only the health status of animal but also their physiological adaptation to the environment. Herein, the composition of blood cells and the hematological parameters of wild Batrachuperus karlschmidti were examined for the first time, and the effects of sex, body size, body mass, and age on the hematological parameters were explored. The morphology and morphometric data of the blood cells, as well as the hematological parameters, of B. karlschmidti were slightly differ from those of its congener. However, hematological differences between sexes were only found in erythrocyte and leukocyte count, and mean cell volume (MCV), which possibly reflecting the need for better oxygen distribution and stronger immune protection for reproduction. Hematocrit (Hct) and mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) were strongly dependent on body mass. These also might have been attributed to higher oxygen requirements with larger body masses. This is a pilot project exploring the hematology of this species that may help establish hematological parameters in future for supporting species protection and monitoring studies, as well as help understanding the physiological adaptation of this species.
First approximation of the growth and the spawning period of Symphodus ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces: Labridae) in the southeastern Black Sea
Authors: Onay Hatice
Published: May 2023

The aim of this study was to provide a first approximation of the growth, reproduction, and length–weight relationships of Symphodus ocellatus in the southeastern Black Sea, Turkey. A total of 320 specimens (273 males, 47 females) were collected between June 2015 and May 2016, and their biological parameters were estimated for each sex and both sexes combined. Total length ranged from 6.90 to 13.70 cm and the parameters (a, b) in the power length–weight relationships were a = 0.065 and b = 2.38 for males and a = 0.102 and b = 2.20 for females. Age was successfully estimated by commonly accepted procedures for otolith analysis. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters from the otolith age estimation were L∞ = 12.66 cm, k = 0.764, and t0 = –1.151 (0–3 years) for males, and L∞ = 14.15 cm, k = 0.764, and t0 = –0.188 (1–3 years) for females. The monthly gonadosomatic index values reflected a spawning period between April and July, with a spawning peak in May–June. The present study provides the first estimate of the growth and reproduction of S. ocellatus in the southeastern Black Sea of Turkey and compares the results with those from other areas.
К ВОПРОСУ О МЕХАНИЗМЕ ПРОВОДИМОСТИ В МЕМРИСТОРНЫХ СТРУКТУРАХ НА ОСНОВЕ НИТРИДА КРЕМНИЯ, "Электронная техника. Серия 3. Микроэлектроника"
Authors: Макеев В.В. , Теплов Г.С. , Саттаров П.Ш.
Published: May 2023

Приведены результаты исследования ВАХ и механизма проводимости в RERAM на базе нестехиометрического нитрида. Сделана попытка объяснить разброс экспериментальных характеристик и сложность моделирования токопереноса в мемристорах кластерной структурой пленки нестехиометрического нитрида. Выдвинуто предположение, что при реальных толщинах функционального слоя в 4–8 нм, разброс параметров RERAM связан с неоднородностью фазового состава этого слоя. Наличие в слое кластеров, соизмеримых с толщиной пленки и имеющих различный химический состав, вносит элемент случайности в результаты измерения ВАХ и не позволяет корректно рассчитать параметры модели.
МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ В ЦИЛИНДРИЧЕСКИХ КООРДИНАТАХ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ТЗЧ НА МОП-СТРУКТУРУ ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ СЕЧЕНИЯ СБОЯ, "Электронная техника. Серия 3. Микроэлектроника"
Authors: Смирнова В.П. , Крупкина Т.Ю. , Мещанов В.Д.
Published: May 2023

Представлена модель в цилиндрических координатах для приборно-технологического моделирования эффектов воздействия ТЗЧ на n-МОП-структуру в TCAD. Выработанный критерий сбоя на основе граничного тока позволяет определить радиус воздействия диффузионного тока, возникшего от частицы. Предложена методика быстрой аналитической оценки сечения сбоя микросхемы памяти с использованием полученных результатов моделирования. Проведена апробация методики с использованием экспериментальных данных, полученных по результатам испытаний опытных образцов микросхем СОЗУ информационной емкостью 16 Мбит, изготовленных по технологии КМОП с проектными нормами 90 нм.
Screening of Solanum tuberosum Cultivars Salt Tolerences In vitro Condition
Authors: Jahan Mst. Nusrat , Islam Mohammad Saiful , Aftab Roksana , Hasan Md Mahmudul
Published: May 2023

Aims: To evaluate the impacts of salinity on some physiological traits of potato cultivars under in Vitro conditions.

Study Design:  Completely Randomized Design using two factors.

Place and Duration of Study: The Genetics and Plant Breeding Department, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University from October 2019 to January 2021.

Methodology: Ten varieties; eight were collected from Tuber Crops Research Centre (TCRC), Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, and two from Sylhet were used. The varieties were BARI 29 (V1), Pechar Chokh (V2), BARI 72 (V3), Lal Shila (V4), BARI 53 (V5), BARI 25 (V6), BARI 28 (V7) and BARI 36 (V8), BARI 7 (V9) and BARI 73 (V10). Four salinity treatments including T1 (control), T2 (5 dS/m), T3 (10 dS/m), and T4 (15 dS/m) were applied to the varieties.

Results: Varieties and salinity treatment were influenced individually in the interaction with the physiological traits of potatoes.V8 showed higher chlorophyll content (63.892%) while a minimum of 27.5% was recorded in V5. The chlorophyll content of potato varieties was increased at the lower level of salinity (T0). The accumulation of proline was observed in all varieties and treatments; however, the V7 cultivar (14.02 µmol-1FW) and T4 salinity treatment had higher accumulation. In response to salinity, the content of Na+ of potato plants rose at 0.26% in T4 while the decreasing trend was found in K+ due to salinity stress. Moreover, the highest Na+ content (0.20%) was found in V7 whereas the highest value of K+ content (0.20 %) was reported in the V4 variety.

Conclusion: From the experiment, it has been found that BARI Alu-72(V3) performed well under 5 dS/m salinity level and 10 dS/m level because better yields were obtained from these varieties. So V3 variety is recommended for mild to moderate saline-prone areas in Bangladesh.
Evolution of Mechanized Agriculture in China: A Comprehensive Analysis
Authors: Gu Shengyu
Published: May 2023

The use of mechanized agriculture has rapidly increased in China in recent years, driven by the government's policies aimed at modernizing the agriculture sector and addressing labour shortages. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review of the state of mechanized agriculture in China, including its historical development, current status, challenges, advantages, and disadvantages. The review highlights the benefits of mechanized agriculture in terms of productivity, efficiency, and the reduction of labour costs, as well as it is potential to improve the standard of living in rural areas. However, there are also concerns about the high cost of equipment, the lack of skilled operators, and the environmental impact of mechanized agriculture. The review also includes international comparisons and best practices, which can provide insights for promoting sustainable mechanized agriculture in China. Based on the literature review, the paper discusses the implications of mechanized agriculture for the future of China's agricultural sector, including policy recommendations and potential areas for future research. Overall, this paper provides a valuable contribution to the understanding of the state of mechanized agriculture in China and its potential to shape the country's agriculture sector in the years to come.
AMMI and GGE Biplot Analysis of Yield and Related Traits among Selected Mini-core Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) Accessions
Authors: Okpanachi Fidelis Etuh , Amusa Oluwafemi Daniel , Ogunkanmi Liasu Adebayo , Oboh Bola
Published: May 2023

Pigeon pea [Canjanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] is an orphan crop that has remained greatly unimproved in quality and quantity in Africa even though it has great potential of supplying food to the growing population. Its yield is affected by various biotic and abiotic factors and a lack of varieties with broad adaptability to a range of environments. It is therefore important to select accessions that are stable in different environments for yield and yield components. A randomized complete block design layout was used to carry out a multi-locational trial using 107 pigeon pea accessions. Data was taken for the total number of pods per plant at maturity, pod length, seed weight, seeds per pod, and seed yield per plant. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) with genotype and genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot were used to interpret the data. The mean squares for the PCA explained by the first two principal components account for 100% of the G x E interaction. The results revealed that the differences in the yield and yield components across the three locations were mostly due to the genotypes of the pigeon pea and to some extent the genotype by environment interaction. Six accessions were observed to be high-yielding and stable across all three environments.