bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF 4,8‐DIMETHYL‐5′‐CARBOXYPSORALEN: A MAJOR METABOLITE OF 4,5′,8‐TRIMETHYLPSORALEN
Authors: MARCIANI S. , GUIOTTO A. , RODIGHIERO P. , GIA O. , RODIGHIERO G. , PATHAK M. A.
Published: April 2016

Das Diphenol (I) reagiert mit Acetessigester (II) zum Cumarin (III).
ChemInform Abstract: BISMUTH(III) METHOXIDES
Authors: GATTOW G. , LINGENFELDER R.
Published: April 2016

Durch Umsetzung methanolischer Lösungen von LiOCH3 mit BiCl3 im Molverhältnis 1: l bis 4:1 bei 0 °C werden die Methoxide (I) mit nahezu quantitativer Ausb. erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME UNUSUAL METHYLATIONS AND ARYLATIONS OF PLATINUM(II) CHLORIDES BY ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS. THE CARBON‐13 NMR SPECTRA OF BISARYL(η‐CYCLOOCTA‐1,5‐DIENE)PLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: DAWOODI Z. , EABORN C. , PIDCOCK A.
Published: April 2016

Der Platin‐cyclooctadienyl‐Komplex (I) reagiert mit Tetramethylzinn (II) unter Substitution eines Chloratoms durch die Methylgruppe.
ChemInform Abstract: THE PREPARATION AND STEREOCHEMISTRY OF 1‐(CHLOROETHYL)‐4‐METHYL‐6,7‐DIMETHOXYISOCHROMAN
Authors: MCCALL J. M. , TENBRINK R. E. , KAMDAR B. V. , CHIDESTER C.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Carbinol (I) und dem Chlorpropionaldehydacetal (II) entsteht ein Gemisch der Cyclisierungsprodukte (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON 1‐ALKYL‐2(1H)‐PYRIDONE DERIVATIVES. XXVII. THE DIELS‐ALDER REACTIONS OF 1‐METHYL‐2(1H)‐PYRIDONE WITH METHYL ACRYLATE AND ACRYLONITRILE
Authors: TOMISAWA H. , HONGO H. , KATO H. , NARAKI T. , FUJITA R.
Published: April 2016

Das Pyridon (I) reagiert mit Acrylsäuremethylester (II) in 30%iger Gesamtausbeute zu einem Gemisch der Cycloaddukte (III)‐(V), die sich nicht trennen lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF DL‐HOP ETHER, AN IRIDOID MONOTERPENE
Authors: IMAGAWA T. , MURAI N. , AKIYAMA T. , KAWANISI M.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Ester (Ia) wird durch Reduktion mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid der Alkohol (Ib) erhalten, der zu (Ic) acyliert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES OF PYRAZINES. V. PREPARATION OF 2‐ALKYLPYRAZINES FROM ALKYL 2‐PYRAZINYL SULFONES
Authors: KONAKAHARA T. , GOKAN K. , IWAMA M. , TAKAGI Y.
Published: April 2016

Die Pyrolyse der 2‐Pyrazinylalkylsulfone (I) führt zu 2‐Alkylpyrazinen (II), Pyrazin (III) und SO2.
ChemInform Abstract: ROTATING DISK AND RING DISK ELECTRODE STUDIES OF TIN IN NEUTRAL PHOSPHATE SOLUTION
Authors: DO DUC H. , TISSOT P.
Published: April 2016

Die Auflösungsreaktionen der Sn‐Elektrode V01′ ihrer PHSSiViCTUPE 1388611 Sich durch die Ring‐Scheiben‐Methode charakterisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: AN X‐RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY STUDY OF THE PASSIVITY OF AMORPHOUS IRON‐MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS
Authors: HASHIMOTO K. , NAKA M. , ASAMI K. , MASUMOTO T.
Published: April 2016

Im Gegensatz zu kristallinen Legierungen ohne Cr auf Fe‐Basis fördert steigender Mo‐Gehalt in amorphen Fe‐Mm‐P‐C‐Legierungen die Passivierung in IN HCI.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF (RAC‐5,7,7,12,14,14,‐HEXAMETHYL‐1,4,8,11‐TETRAAZOCYCLOTETRADECANE)COPPER(II) O‐MERCAPTOBENZOATE HYDRATE, (CU(TET B)(O‐SC6H4CO2)).H2O, A COMPLEX WITH A CUN4S (MERCAPTIDE) CHROMOPHORE
Authors: HUGHEY J. L. IV , FAWCETT T. G. , RUDICH S. M. , LALANCETTE R. A. , POTENZA J. A. , SCHUGAR H. J.
Published: April 2016

Der in trockener Luft beständige Titelkomplex (I) wird durch Behandlung des aus hydratisiertem Cu(II)‐perchlorat und dem N4‐Makrocyclus bei pH 11 gebildeten kationischen 1:1‐ Komplex mit einem Überschuß des Dinatriumsalzes von o‐Mercaptobenzoesäure synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL BINDING TO FOUR DIFFERENT SITES IN ADENINE LIGANDS. CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF 2:1 METHYLMERCURY COMPLEXES WITH ADENINE AND 9‐METHYLADENINE
Authors: PRIZANT L. , OLIVIER M. J. , RIVEST R. , BEAUCHAMP A. L.
Published: April 2016

Aus einer wäßrigen Mischung von 9‐Methyladenin, Methylquecksilberperchlorat und NaOH im Verhältnis l :2: 1 wird der 2:1‐Komplex (I) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF 2‐IMINOCYCLOHEXANEDITHIOCARBOXYLIC ACID
Authors: TAKESHIMA T. , YANO A. , FUKADA N. , HIROSE Y. , MURAOKA M.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Ammoniumdithiocarboxylat (II), das durch Behandlung von Cyclohexanon (I) mit einem Überschuß an CS2 in wäßrigem Ammoniak entsteht, wird die Titelverbindung (III) mit Essigsäure freigesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY IN HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. 6. OXIDATIVE FLUORINATION OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: FEIRING A. E.
Published: April 2016

Die beiden p‐substituierten Toluole (I) reagieren mit verschiedenen Oxidationsmitteln wie Bleidioxid, Nickeldioxid, Co(III)‐acetat, Co(III)‐fluorid, Silber(II)‐ fluorid oder Silber(II)‐oxid in f1.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE WITH 2‐AMINO ALCOHOLS
Authors: WICKS Z. W. JUN. , CHEN G.‐F.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion zwischen Phthalsäureanhydrid (I) und′ den Aminoalkoholen (II) zu den Folgeprodukten (III) bis (V) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: DIINDENE (INDENE DIMER): A TRIBOLUMINESCENT COMPOUND
Authors: NOLAND W. E. , LANDUCCI L. L. , DARLING J. C.
Published: April 2016

Die z.B. mit Phosphorsäure vorgenommene Dimerisierung von lH‐Inden (Ia) und seinem 3‐Methyl‐Analo‐ ‐gon (Ib) führt zu den beiden Dimeren (II).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 7‐FLUOROBENZ(A)ANTHRACENE
Authors: NEWMAN M. S. , LILJE K. C.
Published: April 2016

Benz(a)anthracen (Ia) wird zu (Ib) nitriert und nach Reduktion zum Amin (Ic) in das Diazoniumsalz (Id) umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: CONDENSED THIOPHENE RING SYSTEMS. PART 21. 5‐ARYLTHIENO(3,2‐C)PYRAZOLES AND ATTEMPTED PREPARATION OF 5‐ARYLTHIENO(2,3‐C)PYRAZOLES, RESULTING IN A NOVEL THIOPHENE TO PYRROLE TRANSFORMATION
Authors: COLBURN V. M. , IDDON B. , SUSCHITZKY H. , GALLAGHER P. T.
Published: April 2016

Während die reduktive Cyclisierung der Anile (I) ‐ erhältlich aus dem Aldehyd (IX) mit entsprechenden Aminen ‐ mit Triethylphosphit zu den Produkten (IIa) (daneben das (abtrennbare) Aminophosphonat (III)) bzw. (IIb) führt, werden bei gleicher Behandlung aus den (I)‐Isomeren (IV) ‐ analog erhältlich aus dem Aldehyd (XIV) ‐ unerwarteterweise die Cyanpyrrole (V) gebildet (Diskussion des Bildungsmechanismus).
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOADDITION OF CHIRAL NITRONES. ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF ISOXAZOLIDINES
Authors: BELZECKI C. , PANFIL I.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Reaktion mit Phenylisocyanat (II) erhält man aus den Nitronen (I) die Addukte (III), mit Acrylester (IV) erhält man die Addukte (V).
ChemInform Abstract: A PREPARATION OF 3‐AMINO‐4,5‐DIARYL‐1,2,4‐TRIAZOLES
Authors: DAVIDSON J. S.
Published: April 2016

Thiobenzanilide (I) werden mit Hydrazin‐hydrat zu Benzamidrazonen (II) umgesetzt, die mit Bromcyan zu 3‐Amino‐1 ,2,4‐triazolen (III) cyclisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: GENERAL METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF N‐MONOSUBSTITUTED 3‐ISOTHIAZOLE AND 3‐(1,2,5‐THIADIAZOLE)AMINES. PREPARATION OF A NEW CLASS OF 2‐SUBSTITUTED 1,2,5‐THIADIAZOL‐3(2H)‐ONES
Authors: ROKACH J. , HAMEL P. , GIRARD Y. , READER G.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Isothiazolon (Ia) bzw. dem Isothiadiazolinon (Ib) erhält man bei der Methylierung die Salze (II), die bei der Behandlung mit Ammoniak zu den Aminen (III) umlagern.
ChemInform Abstract: PRODUCTS OF 1,8‐CINEOLE OXIDATION BY A PSEUDOMONAD
Authors: MACRAE I. C. , ALBERTS V. , CARMAN R. M. , SHAW I. M.
Published: April 2016

Aus Eukalyptusblättern wurde eine Bakterie isoliert, die in naher Verwandtschaft zu Pseudomonas flava steht.
ChemInform Abstract: DRUG‐INDUCED MODIFICATIONS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE. 1. SUBSTITUTED 1‐PHENYLISOQUINOLINES
Authors: ST. GEORGIEV V. , CARLSON R. P. , VAN INWEGEN R. G. , KHANDWALA A.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Phenethylamin (I) erhält man über das Amid (III) das Dihydroisochinolin (IV), das zum Tetrahydroisochinolin (V) reduziert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF 2,3,4,5‐TETRAHYDRO‐1,5‐METHANO‐1H‐3‐BENZAZEPINES
Authors: MAZZOCCHI P. H. , STAHLY B. C.
Published: April 2016

Die Synthese des Benzazepins (VII) gelingt ausgehend von dem Alkohol (I) über die bislang unbekannte Dicarbonsäure (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF P‐ AND M‐(ADAMANTYL)ARYLCHLOROSILANES
Authors: MIRONOV V. F. , FEDOTOV N. S. , EVERT G. E. , KUZNETSOVA M. G. , KISIN A. V.
Published: April 2016

Erhitzt man Chloradamantan (I), Phenyltrichlorsilan (II) und Aluminiumchlorid im Verhältnis 4213:1, dann entstehen die m‐, p‐Adamantyl‐phenyl‐trichlorsilane (III) neben 3,5‐Diadamantyl‐phenyl‐trichlorsilan (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF THREE‐COORDINATE PHOSPHORUS CHLORIDES WITH NONSYMMETRICAL FUNCTIONALLY SUBSTITUTED ACETALS
Authors: GAZIZOV M. V.
Published: April 2016

Phosphortrichlorid (I) reagiert mit dem Acetal (II) im Molverhältnis 1:1 zur Verbindung (III), mit Molverhältnis 1:3 bildet sich die Verbindung (IV); in Anwesenheit von Acetanhydrid entstehen die Substanzen (III), (VI) und (VII) sowie Polymere.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYLATION OF PHENYLPHOSPHINIC ACID
Authors: GARST M. E.
Published: April 2016

Das Dianion der Phenylphosphinsäure (II), das aus (I) und 2 Äquivalenten n‐BuLi gebildet wird, läßt sich mit verschiedenen Alkylierungsmitteln (III) zu den Alkylphosphinsäure (IV), mit den Bis‐Alkylierungsmitteln (V) zu den Bis‐phosphinsäuren (VI) umsetzen.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSPECIFICITY IN REACTIONS OF ACTIVATED η3‐ALLYL COMPLEXES OF MOLYBDENUM
Authors: ADAMS R. D. , CHODOSH D. F. , FALLER J. W. , ROSAN A. M.
Published: April 2016

Bei Reaktion des endo‐Allylkomplexes (Ia) oder des exo‐Komplexes (IVa) oder einem Gemisch von beiden mit dem Enamin (II) wurde ein einziges Produkt erhalten, das als die Verbindung (III) identifiziert wurde.
ChemInform Abstract: SOLUTION PH‐INDUCED REVERSAL OF STEREOSELECTIVITY. DEUTERATION OF MALONATE METHYLENES IN SOME BIS(MALONATO)COBALT(III) COMPLEXES
Authors: SAKAGUCHI U. , MORITO K. , YONEDA H.
Published: April 2016

Die Deuterierung von Bis‐[malonato]‐ ethylendiamin‐cobaltat(III) erfolgt in D2O stereoselektiv.
ChemInform Abstract: CALCIFEROL AND ITS RELATIVES. PART 24. A SYNTHESIS OF VITAMIN D4
Authors: KOCIENSKI P. J. , LYTHGOE B. , RUSTON S.
Published: April 2016

Pyrolyse und anschließende Oxidation von A,B‐Des‐ergostan (I) liefert das N‐Olefin, das mit ethanolischem Na‐thiophenolat zu dem Sulfid (II) reagiert, aus dem durch Benzoylierung gefolgt von Oxidation das Derivat (III) synthetisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: METHANOL PRIMED FOR FUTURE ENERGY ROLE
Authors: STINSON S. C.
Published: April 2016

Die Planung von Kohlevergasungsanla‐ gen in den 80ger Jahren sieht die Synthese von Methanol zu einem Preis vor, der mit dem anderer Energiequellen vergleichbar ist.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF BICYCLO(3.3.1)NONANES
Authors: PETERS J. A.
Published: April 2016

Review: Dieser Übersichtsartikel beschreibt die Synthesen von Bicyclo(3,3,1)nonanen durch Anellierung von Cyclohexan‐ und Cyclooctan‐Derivaten, Ringspaltung von Adamantanen, Gerüstisomerisierungen und aus anderen Bicyclo(3,3,1)nonanen.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOELECTRON SPECTRA AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF LITHIUM HALIDE MONOMERS AND DIMERS
Authors: POTTS A. W. , LEE E. P. F.
Published: April 2016

Die He(I)‐PE‐Spektren der Monomeren und Dimeren der Halogenide LiX (X : Cl, Br, I) in der Dampfphase werden mit Hilfe der Molekularstrahlmethode aufgenommen und anhand von ab initio‐SCF‐Berechnung sowie unter Berücksichtigung der Spin‐Bahn‐Kopplung interpretiert.
ChemInform Abstract: CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF PRASEODYMIUM, EUROPIUM AND THULIUM TRIHYDROXIDES
Authors: MULLICA D. F. , MILLIGAN W. O. , BEALL G. W.
Published: April 2016

Aus Röntgen‐Einkristalldaten folgt, daß die hexagonale Modifikation der Trihydroxide in der Raumgruppe P63 /m mit Z=2 kristallisiert (Gitterkonstanten).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES OF INORGANIC ION EXCHANGERS. III. ION EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM M BIS(HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE) HYDRATES (TI(HPO4)2.0‐1/2H2O) TO ALKALI METAL AND AMMONIUM IONS
Authors: KOBAYASHI E.
Published: April 2016

Im Hinblick auf seine industrielle Anwendbarkeit werden die Austauschkapazitäten (Sättigungskapazitäten und Kapazitäten aus 0.1 M MC1‐Lösung) des Titel‐Hemihydrats gegenüber Li‐, Na‐, K‐, Cs‐ und NH4‐Ionen für die Hin‐ und Rückreaktion bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF TRIFLUOROMETHYL ISOCYANATE
Authors: LUTZ W. , SUNDERMEYER W.
Published: April 2016

Der Curtius‐Abbau zur Synthese der Titelverbindung (III) aus Trifluoracetylchlorid (I) und Azidotrimethylsilan (II) wird optimiert.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIVITIES AND ELECTRONIC ASPECTS OF NUCLEIC ACID HETEROCYCLES. 8. REGIOSELECTIVE RADICAL METHYLATION OF CARBON‐2 AND CARBON‐8 OF 6‐ AND 3,6‐SUBSTITUTED PURINES
Authors: ZADY M. F. , WONG J. L.
Published: April 2016

Verschiedene Purine (I)‐(IV) werden hinsichtlich einer Methylierung an den C‐Atomen in 2‐ und in 8‐Stellung unter verschiedenen Bedingungen untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐CUPROPHOSPHONATES. V. THE REACTION OF 3‐ AND 4‐OXOALKANEPHOSPHONATES AND THEIR USE IN AMINOALKANEPHOSPHONIC ACID SYNTHESIS
Authors: SAVIGNAC P. , BREQUE A. , MATHEY F. , VARLET J.‐M. , COLLIGNON N.
Published: April 2016

Die Phosphonester (I) können nach Überführung in die Kupfer‐Verbindungen mit Halogen‐substituierten Allylhalogeniden (II) in guten Ausbeuten zu den Verbindungen (III) alkyliert und anschließend mit Schwefelsäure zu den Oxoalkylphosphonaten (IV) (verseift werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF 2‐SUBSTITUTED ARSABENZENES
Authors: ASHE A. J. III , CHAN W.‐T.
Published: April 2016

1,4‐Pentadiin (I) reagiert mit Dibutylzinn (II) zu den beiden cyclischen Addukten (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: APPLICATION OF SOLID PROTON CONDUCTORS TO TUNGSTEN OXIDE ELECTROCHROMIC DISPLAYS
Authors: MOHAPATRA S. K. , BOYD G. D. , STORZ F. G. , WAGNER S. , WUDL F.
Published: April 2016

Außer den Protonenleitungscharakteristika der festen Protonenleiter (I) und (II) wird ihre Eignung als Elektrolyte in den elektrochromen Ganzfestkörperdisplays des symme trischen Typs Auntersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: RATIONAL SYNTHESIS OF UNIDIMENSIONAL MIXED VALENCE SOLIDS. STRUCTURE‐OXIDATION STATE‐CHARGE TRANSPORT RELATIONSHIPS IN IODINATED NICKEL AND PALLADIU BIS(BENZOQUINONE DIOXIMATES)
Authors: BROWN L. D. , KALINA D. W. , MCCLURE M. S. , SCHULTZ S. , RUBY S. L. , IBERS J. A. , KANNEWURF C. R. , MARKS T. J.
Published: April 2016

Durch Reaktion von Benzochinondioxim mit den Metallchloriden in Ethanol/Wasser werden die Komplexe (I) erhalten, die bei Oxidation mit Iod zu den Produkten (II) führen.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY IN COMPARISON WITH TRANSMISSION AND REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF SOME TEST SUBSTANCES
Authors: TILGNER R. , LUESCHER E.
Published: April 2016

Die photoakustische Spektroskopie (PAS) ist eine Methode, die zur Analyse der thermischen und optischen Eigenschaften oberflächennaher Schichten eingesetzt werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE PLATINUM‐GOLD MISCIBILITY GAP
Authors: SCHALLER H.‐J.
Published: April 2016

Die Analyse des Zweiphasengebietes der binären Mischphasen wird zur Bestimmung der thermodynamischen Eigenschaften von Pt‐Au‐Legierungen eingesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF DIALUMINUM HEPTACHLORIDE FORMATION IN ALUMINUM CHLORIDE‐1‐BUTYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE MIXTURES
Authors: GALE R. J. , OSTERYOUNG R. A.
Published: April 2016

Die Säure‐Base‐Eigenschaften von AlCl3/Butylpyridiniumchlorid(RCl)‐Schmelzen bei Molverhältnissen zwischen 2.2: 1 und 0.6:1.0 werden potentiometrisch im Temp.‐Bereich 30‐175°C an elektrochemischen Ketten des Typs A untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: THE BIHYDROXIDE (H3O2‐) ANION. A VERY SHORT, SYMMETRIC HYDROGEN BOND
Authors: ABU‐DARI K. , RAYMOND K. N. , FREYBERG D. P.
Published: April 2016

Im Rahmen der Charakterisierung der Strukturen und des Bindungsverhaltens von Thiohydroxamat‐ und Thiohydroximat‐Komplexen wird in wäßriger NaOH‐Lösung das Tris(thiobenzohydroximato)chromat(III)‐Anion dargestellt, das nach [Et3MeN]‐ I‐Zusatz als gemischtes Salz (I) auskristallisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURE AND CONFORMATION OF HETEROCYCLES. X. ON 1,4,5,8‐TETRAAZADECALINS
Authors: FUCHS B. , ELLENCWEIG A.
Published: April 2016

Die Strukturen und Konformationen der Tetraazadecaline (I)‐(II) (zugänglich in 54‐78proz. Ausb. aus den entsprechenden Ethylendiaminen und Glyoxal) bzw. (III) bis (IV) (zugänglich in 44/50 bzw. 19proz. Ausb. durch säurekatalysierte Kondensation von 2,3‐Dimethoxy‐1,4‐dimethyl‐piperazin mit den entsprechenden Ethylendiaminen)" werden ausführlich untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS. PART 23. THE PHOTO‐FRIES REARRANGEMENT OF BIS‐(2‐ACETYLAMINOPHENYL) DISULFIDES
Authors: MAKI Y. , SAKO M.
Published: April 2016

Bei Bestrahlung mit UV‐Licht liefern die Disulfide (Ia) bzw. (Ib) unter intermolekularer Fries‐Umlagerung die Arylmercaptobenzothiazole (IIa) bzw. (IIb) im Gemisch mit den Benzothiazolen (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: METALATION OF PYRANS AND DIHYDROPYRIDINES: HOW TO PREPARE AN 8Π SYSTEM
Authors: SCHLOSSER M. , SCHNEIDER P.
Published: April 2016

Die Metallierung der Pyrane (I) mit Butyl‐Li (II)/K‐tert.‐Butylat oder mit dem Reagenz (III) erfolgt gleichermaßen in 2‐Stellung; nachfolgende Umsetzung mit den Verbindungen (IV) gibt die Derivate (V).Ebenso wird das Dihydropyridin (VIb) von II/K‐tert.‐butylat nur in 2‐Stellung metalliert [‐+ (VII)]; nachfolgende Einwirkung von D2O bzw. (IVc) gibt die Derivate (VIIIb) bzw. (VIIIc).
ChemInform Abstract: OXYGEN‐CHLORINE CARBENOID EXCHANGE BETWEEN ALDEHYDES AND COMPOUNDS CONTAINING A TRICHLOROMETHYL GROUP
Authors: FILIMONOV B. F. , LITVINENKO G. S. , DVORKO G. F. , MRAMORNOVA S. A.
Published: April 2016

Aromatische Aldehyde (I) reagieren mit Derivaten des Trichlormethans (II) unter Austausch von Sauerstoff gegen Chlor zu Dichlormethylderivaten (III) und Säurechloriden (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: THE UNAMBIGUOUS SYNTHESIS OF LIGNANS OF THE 2,6‐DIARYL‐3,7‐DIOXABICYCLO‐(3.3.0)OCTANE SERIES. THE SYNTHESIS OF EUDESMIN AND 4,8‐DIHYDROXYSESAMIN
Authors: PELTER A. , WARD R. S. , WATSON D. J. , COLLINS P. , KAY I. T.
Published: April 2016

Verschiedene Synthesen von Lignanen werden untersucht und diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIAL ANTICANCER AGENTS. XII. A. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BENZOCHROMANONES RESULTED FROM CONDENSATION OF 3,3‐DIMETHYLACRYLIC ACID WITH TWO DIHYDROXYNAPHTHALENES
Authors: DRAGOTA I. , NICULESCU‐DUVAZ I.
Published: April 2016

Das Dihydroxynaphthalin (I) setzt sich mit der Dimethylacrylsäure (II) wahrscheinlich über eine Pries‐Umlagerung zu dem Benzochromanon (III) um.
ChemInform Abstract: MONO‐ AND DIISOCYANATES OF α‐ALKOXYALKYLPHOSPHONIC ACIDS
Authors: KOZHUSHKO B. N. , PALIICHUK YU. A. , SHOKOL V. A.
Published: April 2016

α‐Chloralkylether (I) und Monoisocyanate (II) reagieren ohne Katalysator nach Arbusov zu Isocyanatoalkylestern von Alkoxy‐alkyl‐phosphonsäuren (IIIa) und (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF CYCLIC AND LINEAR AMIDOPHOSPHITES WITH ACETYL CHLORIDE
Authors: PUDOVIK M. A. , KIBARDINA L. K. , MEDVEDEVA M. D. , PUDOVIK A. N.
Published: April 2016

Die cyclischen Chlorphosphite (Ia) und (Ib) reagieren mit Trimethyl‐silylanilin (II) zu den N‐Phenyl‐N‐trimethylsilyl‐aminophosphiten (IIIa) und (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: SELENOCYANATION USING A COMBINED REAGENT OF TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE AND SELENOCYANOGEN. A NEW AND SIMPLE SYNTHESIS OF ALKYL SELENOCYANATES AND SYMMETRICAL ALKYL DISELENIDES FROM ALCOHOLS
Authors: TAMURA Y. , ADACHI M. , KAWASAKI T. , KITA Y.
Published: April 2016

Triphenylphosphin (I) reagiert mit Selenocyan (II) zum Addukt (III), aus dem mit Alkoholen (IV) die Selenocyanate (V) und weiter durch Hydrolyse und Oxidation die Diselenide (VI) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL COMPLEXES OF FLUOROPHOSPHINES. VIII. SOME METAL COMPLEXES OF PHENYLIMINOBIS(DIFLUOROPHOSPHINE)
Authors: KING R. B. , GOEL S.
Published: April 2016

Die bei der Umsetzung der Metallcarbonyle (II) bis (VII) mit dem Phenylamino‐bis‐difluorphosphin (I) entstehenden Komplexe werden beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SOME NOVEL GERMANIUM(IV)‐SCHIFF BASE COMPLEXES
Authors: SINGH R. V. , TANDON J. P.
Published: April 2016

Die Schiff′schen Basen (I) reagieren mit dem Tetraethoxygerman (II) zu den Komplexen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: CARBON‐CARBON BOND FORMATION BETWEEN TWO α‐DIIMINES WITH THE SIMULTANEOUS FORMATION OF A METAL‐METAL BOND. X‐RAY STRUCTURE OF HEXACARBONYLBIS(μ‐(1‐(ISOPROPYLAMINO)‐2‐(ISOPROPYLIMINO)ETHANO‐N,N′))‐DIMOLY# BDENUM
Authors: STAAL L. H. , OSKAM A. , VRIEZE K. , ROOSENDAAL E. , SCHENK H.
Published: April 2016

Die Reduktion der α‐Diimin‐Mo‐Komplexe (I) mit einer NaK‐Legierung und die darauffolgende Oxidation entweder a) mit Bromo‐a‐diimin‐Mn‐tricarbonyl oder b) mit Bromopentacarbonyl‐Mn oder c) mit HgCl2/H führen zu den dimeren Komplexen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: MIGRATION OF TRIPHENYLBORON FROM IRON TO A GEMINAL η5‐CYLOPENTADIENYL LIGAND
Authors: BURLITCH J. M. , BURK J. H. , LEONOWICZ M. E. , HUGHES R. E.
Published: April 2016

Triphenylboran bildet mit dem Ammoniumferrat (I) das luftempfindliche 1:1‐Addukt (II), für das mittels IR‐ und NMR‐spektroskopischer Untersuchungen und Vergleiche die Fe‐B‐Bindung und die negative Ladung am B‐Atom bestätigt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF ELECTRON‐TRANSFER REACTIONS. 3. ELECTROCHEMICAL ISOMERIZATION OF A METAL‐HYDROCARBON BOND IN THE REDUCTION OF CYCLOPENTADIENYLCOBALT CYCLOOCTATETRAENE
Authors: MORACZEWSKI J. , GEIGER W. E. JUN.
Published: April 2016

Cyclische Voltammetrie‐Messungen im Zusammenhang mit der elektrochemischen Reduktion des Titelkomplexes (I) in THF oder MeCN zeigen, daß zwei Spezies im Gleichgewicht miteinander vorliegen, die NMR‐spektro‐ 11 skopisch als (I) und (II) identifiziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF TRANSITION‐METAL CARBOXYLATO COMPLEXES
Authors: JACKMAN L. M. , SCOTT R. M. , PORTMAN R. H. , DORMISH J. F.
Published: April 2016

Die Carboxylatopent:aammin‐metall(III)‐Komplexe (I), (II) und (III) werden durch Behandlung der aus den entsprechenden Aquo‐Analogen mit Base erhaltenen Hydroxo‐Derivate in situ mit Carbonsäureanhydriden oder p‐Nitro‐ sowie 2,4‐Dinitrophenylestern in guten Ausb. erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: AMINO‐ACIDS AND PEPTIDES. PART 41. AN EXAMINATION OF SOME NEW AMINO‐PROTECTING GROUPS
Authors: COYLE S. , KELLER O. , YOUNG G. T.
Published: April 2016

Der Einfluß der Einführung basischer Gruppen auf die Säurestabilität von Alkoxycarbonylgruppen wird anhand der neuen Aminoschutzgruppen (I)‐(IV) untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOAMINO ACIDS AND NUCLEOPEPTIDES. III. SYNTHESIS OF NUCLEODIPEPTIDES CONTAINING URACILYL‐N1‐α‐ALANINE AND ADENYLYL‐N9‐α‐ALANINE RESIDUES
Authors: SHVACHKIN YU. P. , OLSUF'EVA E. N. , SEMILETOV YU. A.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Umsetzung des Esters (III) mit aktivierten Estern von Aminosäuren ( ;z.B. (IV)) entstehen die Dipeptide (V).
Performance of Tropical Vertical Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands at Different Hydraulic Loading Rates
Authors: Weerakoon G.M.P.R. , Jinadasa K.B.S.N. , Herath G.B.B. , Mowjood M.I.M. , Zhang Dongqing , Tan Soon Keat , Jern Ng Wun
Published: April 2016

The hydraulic loading rate (HLR) plays a vital role in pollutant removal in constructed wetlands. This study evaluated the effects of HLR variation on pollutant removal in continuously fed vertical subsurface flow (VSSF) constructed wetlands in tropical conditions. Three VSSF wetland beds (Length: 1.4 m, Width: 0.5 m and Depth: 0.6 m), filled with 10–20 mm gravel media, were set up in a tropical region. Two beds were planted with a locally available emergent macrophyte narrow‐leaf cattail (Typha angustifolia), and the remaining bed was used as a control without plants. The performance of these wetland mesocosms was tested at different HLRs of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm day−1 changing at 2 week intervals in two phases over a period of 6 months. The results revealed that both VSSF wetland systems are capable of substantial reduction of pollutants with a good buffering capacity up to 25 cm day−1 HLR.
Disassembly of myofibrils and potential imbalanced forces on Z‐discs in cultured adult cardiomyocytes
Authors: Liu Honghai , Qin Wan , Wang Zhonghai , Shao Yonghong , Wang Jingcai , Borg Thomas K. , Gao Bruce Z. , Xu Meifeng
Published: April 2016

Myofibrils are the main protein structures that generate force in the beating heart. Myofibril disassembly is related to many physiological and pathological processes. This study investigated, in a cultured rat adult cardiomyocyte model, the effect of force imbalance on myofibril disassembly. The imbalance of forces that were exerted on Z‐discs was induced by the synergistic effect of broken intercalated discs and actin–myosin interaction. Cardiomyocytes with well‐preserved intercalated discs were isolated from adult rat ventricles. The ultrastructure of cardiomyocyte was observed using a customized two‐photon excitation fluorescence and second harmonic generation imaging system. The contraction of cardiomyocytes was recorded with a high‐speed CCD camera, and the movement of cellular components was analyzed using a contractile imaging assay technique. The cardiomyocyte dynamic remodeling process was recorded using a time‐lapse imaging system. The role of actin–myosin interaction in myofibril disassembly was investigated by incubating cardiomyocytes with blebbistatin (25 μM). Results demonstrated that the hierarchical disassembly process of myofibrils was initiated from cardiomyocyte free ends where intercalated discs had broken, during which the desmin network near the free cell ends was destroyed to release single myofibrils. Analysis of force (based on a schematic model of cardiomyocytes connected at intercalated discs) suggests that breaking of intercalated discs caused force imbalance on both sides of the Z‐discs adjacent to the cell ends due to actin–myosin interaction. The damaged intercalated discs and actin–myosin interaction induced force imbalance on both sides of the Z‐discs, which played an important role in the hierarchical disassembly of myofibrils. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial organization of astrocytes in ferret visual cortex
Authors: López‐Hidalgo Mónica , Hoover Walter B. , Schummers James
Published: April 2016

Astrocytes form an intricate partnership with neural circuits to influence numerous cellular and synaptic processes. One prominent organizational feature of astrocytes is the “tiling” of the brain with non‐overlapping territories. There are some documented species and brain region–specific astrocyte specializations, but the extent of astrocyte diversity and circuit specificity are still unknown. We quantitatively defined the rules that govern the spatial arrangement of astrocyte somata and territory overlap in ferret visual cortex using a combination of in vivo two‐photon imaging, morphological reconstruction, immunostaining, and model simulations. We found that ferret astrocytes share, on average, half of their territory with other astrocytes. However, a specific class of astrocytes, abundant in thalamo‐recipient cortical layers (“kissing” astrocytes), overlap markedly less. Together, these results demonstrate novel features of astrocyte organization indicating that different classes of astrocytes are arranged in a circuit‐specific manner and that tiling does not apply universally across brain regions and species. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3561–3576, 2016. © 2016 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photosynthesis, growth, and decay traits in Sphagnum – a multispecies comparison
Authors: Bengtsson Fia , Granath Gustaf , Rydin Håkan
Published: April 2016

Peat mosses (Sphagnum) largely govern carbon sequestration in Northern Hemisphere peatlands. We investigated functional traits related to growth and decomposition in Sphagnum species. We tested the importance of environment and phylogeny in driving species traits and investigated trade‐offs among them. We selected 15 globally important Sphagnum species, representing four sections (subgenera) and a range of peatland habitats. We measured rates of photosynthesis and decomposition in standard laboratory conditions as measures of innate growth and decay potential, and related this to realized growth, production, and decomposition in their natural habitats. In general, we found support for a trade‐off between measures of growth and decomposition. However, the relationships are not strong, with r ranging between 0.24 and 0.45 for different measures of growth versus decomposition. Using photosynthetic rate to predict decomposition in standard conditions yielded R2 = 0.20. Habitat and section (phylogeny) affected the traits and the trade‐offs. In a wet year, species from sections Cuspidata and Sphagnum had the highest production, but in a dry year, differences among species, sections, and habitats evened out. Cuspidata species in general produced easily decomposable litter, but their decay in the field was hampered, probably due to near‐surface anoxia in their wet habitats. In a principal components analysis, PCA, photosynthetic capacity, production, and laboratory decomposition acted in the same direction. The species were imperfectly clustered according to vegetation type and phylogeny, so that some species clustered with others in the same section, whereas others clustered more clearly with others from similar vegetation types. Our study includes a wider range of species and habitats than previous trait analyses in Sphagnum and shows that while the previously described growth–decay trade‐off exists, it is far from perfect. We therefore suggest that our species‐specific trait measures offer opportunities for improvements of peatland ecosystem models. Innate qualities measured in laboratory conditions translate differently to field responses. Most dramatically, fast‐growing species could only realize their potential in a wet year. The same species decompose fast in laboratory, but their decomposition was more retarded in the field than that of other species. These relationships are crucial for understanding the long‐term dynamics of peatland communities.
Divergence and isolation of cryptic sympatric taxa within the annual legume Amphicarpaea bracteata
Authors: Kartzinel Rebecca Y. , Spalink Daniel , Waller Donald M. , Givnish Thomas J.
Published: April 2016

The amphicarpic annual legume Amphicarpaea bracteata is unusual in producing aerial and subterranean cleistogamous flowers that always self‐fertilize and, less commonly, aerial chasmogamous flowers that outcross. Although both morphologic and genetic variants are known in this highly selfing species, debate continues over whether this variation is continuous, reflecting the segregation of standing genetic variation, or discontinuous, reflecting distinct taxa that rarely intercross. We characterized SNP variation in 128 individuals in southern Wisconsin to assess within‐ and among‐population variation at 3928 SNPs. We also assessed genotype and leaf morphology in an additional 76 individuals to connect phenotypic variation with genetic variation. Genetic variation maps onto three strongly divergent and highly inbred genetic groups showing little relation to site location. Each group has a distinct phenotype, but the divergence of these groups differs from the varietal divisions previously identified based on morphological characters. Like previous authors, we argue that the taxonomy of this species should be revised. Despite extensive sympatry, estimates of among‐group migration rates are low, and hybrid individuals were at low frequency (<2%) in our dataset. Restricted gene flow likely results from high selfing rates and partial reproductive incompatibility as evidenced by the U‐shaped distribution of pairwise FST values reflecting “islands” of genomic divergence. These islands may be associated with hybrid incompatibility loci that arose in allopatry. The coexistence of lineages within sites may reflect density‐dependent attack by species‐specific strains of pathogenic fungi and/or root‐nodulating bacteria specializing on distinct genotypes.
Solvatochromic CuII‐Containing Ionic Liquids with Ether Side Chains: Control of Solvent Response through Intramolecular Coordination
Authors: Lan Xue , Hosokawa Hitoshi , Funasako Yusuke , Mochida Tomoyuki
Published: April 2016

We reported previously that ionic liquids containing cationic solvatochromic metal–chelate complexes exhibit vapochromic and solvatochromic properties, changing color upon coordination of different solvents. To control the solvent response by intramolecular coordination, an ether side chain was introduced into the cation as an additional flexible coordination site, and ionic liquids of the formula [Cu(acac){Me2NCH2CH2NMe(CH2)nOMe}][Tf2N] {[1][Tf2N]: n = 3, [2][Tf2N]: n = 4; acac = acetylacetonato, Tf2N = (F3CSO2)2N–} were synthesized. The melting points of [1][Tf2N] and [2][Tf2N] were 44.1 °C and 49.8 °C, respectively. X‐ray crystal‐structure determination revealed intramolecular coordination of the side chain in [1][Tf2N] and its absence in [2][Tf2N] in the solid state. The addition of 1 and 2 mol‐equiv. of dimethyl sulfoxide to [1][Tf2N] produced ionic liquids with Tm = 28.6 °C and –12.0 °C, respectively. To investigate the potential competition between side‐chain coordination and solvent coordination, the solvatochromism of these salts was investigated in various solvents. Although the d–d transition energy of [2][Tf2N] varies linearly with the donor number (DN) of a solvent, that of [1][Tf2N] is nearly constant in solvents with a DN smaller than that of methanol owing to intramolecular coordination. This demonstrates the control of solvent response by intramolecular coordination sites.
Synthesis of 4‐Quinolones: N,O‐Bis­(trimethylsilyl)acetamide‐Mediated Cyclization with Cleavage of Aromatic C–O Bond
Authors: Píša Ondřej , Rádl Stanislav
Published: April 2016

The synthesis of 1,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxoquinoline derivatives (4‐quinolones) based on a BSA [N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide]‐mediated cyclization of substituted 1‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐(alkyl/arylamino)prop‐2‐en‐1‐ones is described. The reaction belongs to a rare set of cyclizations in which a methoxy group serves as the leaving group. Reaction takes place by the action of silylating agent under mild conditions and provides high yields of pure products following simple aqueous work‐up. The versatility of the approach is exemplified by a wide range of 1‐alkyl/aryl 3‐carboxylates and 3‐nitriles that have been prepared. A crucial advantage of this approach is the facile availability of starting methoxy compounds enabling new synthetic possibilities as well as improved cost efficiency.
Recent Advances in Electroanalysis of Vitamins
Authors: Brunetti Barbara
Published: April 2016

Vitamins are a chemically heterogeneous group of compounds known as essential for the normal functioning of the organic metabolism. Their decrease in humans can lead to several diseases and not being produced by the body, they need to be obtained from dietary sources or supplements. For these reasons, their determination in food, pharmaceutical and clinical samples is crucial. This article reviews key advances in electrochemical measurements of vitamins over the past decade. Particular attention is given to papers proving applicability to real samples analysis. The technical features of the proposed sensors are presented and discussed along with their analytical performances. Future trends and challenges are also addressed.
Surface Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay for Highly Sensitive Detection of Disease Biomarkers in Whole Blood
Authors: Yang Runping , Liu Yuanlin , Ye Huazhen , Qiu Bin , Lin Zhenyu , Guo Longhua
Published: April 2016

Recently we demonstrated that the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of noble metal nanoparticles would significantly enhance the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emission of Ru(bpy)32+. Based on this finding, we developed a new branch of surface enhanced spectroscopy (SES), namely, surface enhanced electrochemiluminescence (SEECL). In this communication, we demonstrate for the first time the combination of SEECL with conventional immunoassay technique to develop a new electroanalysis method called surface enhanced electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (SEECL‐IA). The proposed method is demonstrated for the detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA), and the results show that our method can detect as low as 2.0×10−12 ng/mL PSA in whole blood without any sample pretreatment process.
Out‐of‐plane stability assessment of buckling‐restrained braces including connections with chevron configuration
Authors: Takeuchi Toru , Matsui Ryota , Mihara Saki
Published: April 2016

One of the key limit states of buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) is global flexural buckling including the effects of the connections. The authors have previously proposed a unified explicit equation set for controlling the out‐of‐plane stability of BRBs based on bending‐moment transfer capacity at the restrainer ends. The proposed equation set is capable of estimating BRB stability for various connection stiffnesses, including initial out‐of‐plane drift effects. However, it is only valid for symmetrical end conditions, limiting application to the single diagonal configuration. In the chevron configuration, the out‐of‐plane stiffness in the two ends differs because of the rotation of the attached beam. In this study, the equation set is extended to BRBs with asymmetric end conditions, such as the chevron configuration. Cyclic loading tests of the chevron configuration with initial out‐of‐plane drifts are conducted, and the results are compared with the proposed equation set, which is formulated as a function of the normalized stiffness of the attached beam. © 2016 The Authors. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. © 2016 The Authors. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Response prediction, experimental characterization and P‐spectra design of frames with viscoelastic–plastic dampers
Authors: Guo Jack Wen Wei , Christopoulos Constantin
Published: April 2016

Viscoelastic–plastic (VEP) dampers are hybrid passive damping devices that combine the advantages of viscoelastic and hysteretic damping. This paper first formulates a semi‐analytical procedure for predicting the peak response of nonlinear SDOF systems equipped with VEP dampers, which forms the basis for the generation of Performance Spectra that can then be used for direct performance assessment and optimization of VEP damped structures. This procedure is first verified against extensive nonlinear time‐history analyses based on a Kelvin viscoelastic model of the dampers, and then against a more advanced evolutionary model that is calibrated to characterization tests of VEP damper specimens built from commercially available viscoelastic damping devices, and an adjustable friction device. The results show that the proposed procedure is sufficiently accurate for predicting the response of VEP systems without iterative dynamic analysis for preliminary design purposes. A design method based on the Performance Spectra framework is then proposed for systems equipped with passive VEP dampers and is applied to enhance the seismic response of a six‐storey steel moment frame. The numerical simulation results on the damped structure confirm the use of the Performance Spectra as a convenient and accurate platform for the optimization of VEP systems, particularly during the initial design stage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genomic aberrations frequently alter chromatin regulatory genes in chordoma
Authors: Wang Lu , Zehir Ahmet , Nafa Khedoudja , Zhou Nengyi , Berger Michael F. , Casanova Jacklyn , Sadowska Justyna , Lu Chao , Allis C. David , Gounder Mrinal , Chandhanayingyong Chandhanarat , Ladanyi Marc , Boland Patrick J , Hameed Meera
Published: April 2016

Chordoma is a rare primary bone neoplasm that is resistant to standard chemotherapies. Despite aggressive surgical management, local recurrence and metastasis is not uncommon. To identify the specific genetic aberrations that play key roles in chordoma pathogenesis, we utilized a genome‐wide high‐resolution SNP‐array and next generation sequencing (NGS)‐based molecular profiling platform to study 24 patient samples with typical histopathologic features of chordoma. Matching normal tissues were available for 16 samples. SNP‐array analysis revealed nonrandom copy number losses across the genome, frequently involving 3, 9p, 1p, 14, 10, and 13. In contrast, copy number gain is uncommon in chordomas. Two minimum deleted regions were observed on 3p within a ∼8 Mb segment at 3p21.1–p21.31, which overlaps SETD2, BAP1 and PBRM1. The minimum deleted region on 9p was mapped to CDKN2A locus at 9p21.3, and homozygous deletion of CDKN2A was detected in 5/22 chordomas (∼23%). NGS‐based molecular profiling demonstrated an extremely low level of mutation rate in chordomas, with an average of 0.5 mutations per sample for the 16 cases with matched normal. When the mutated genes were grouped based on molecular functions, many of the mutation events (∼40%) were found in chromatin regulatory genes. The combined copy number and mutation profiling revealed that SETD2 is the single gene affected most frequently in chordomas, either by deletion or by mutations. Our study demonstrated that chordoma belongs to the C‐class (copy number changes) tumors whose oncogenic signature is non‐random multiple copy number losses across the genome and genomic aberrations frequently alter chromatin regulatory genes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Amplification of the 9p13.3 chromosomal region in prostate cancer
Authors: Latonen Leena , Leinonen Katri A. , Grönlund Teemu , Vessella Robert L. , Tammela Teuvo L. J. , Saramäki Outi R. , Visakorpi Tapio
Published: April 2016

Amplification of the 9p13.3 chromosomal region occurs in a subset of prostate cancers (PCs); however, the target gene or genes of this amplification have remained unidentified. The aim of this study was to investigate the 9p13.3 amplification in more detail to identify genes that are potentially advantageous for cancer cells. We narrowed down the minimally amplified area and assessed the frequency of the 9p13.3 amplification. Of the clinical samples from untreated PCs that were examined (n = 134), 9.7% showed high‐level amplification, and 32.1% showed low‐level amplification. Additionally, in clinical samples from castration‐resistant PCs (n = 70), high‐ and low‐level amplification was seen in 14.3% and 44.3% of the samples, respectively. We next analyzed the protein‐coding genes in this chromosomal region for both their expression in clinical PC samples as well as their potential as growth regulators in PC cells. We found that the 9p13.3 amplification harbors several genes that are able to affect the growth of PC cells when downregulated using siRNA. Of these, UBAP2 was the most prominently upregulated gene in the clinical prostate tumor samples. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel EGR‐1 dependent mechanism for YB‐1 modulation of paclitaxel response in a triple negative breast cancer cell line
Authors: Lasham Annette , Mehta Sunali Y. , Fitzgerald Sandra J. , Woolley Adele G. , Hearn James I. , Hurley Daniel G. , Ruza Igor , Algie Michael , Shelling Andrew N. , Braithwaite Antony W. , Print Cristin G.
Published: April 2016

Chemotherapy with taxanes such as paclitaxel (PTX) is a key component of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment. PTX is used in combination with other drugs in both the adjuvant setting and in advanced breast cancer. Because a proportion of patients respond poorly to PTX or relapse after its use, a greater understanding of the mechanisms conferring resistance to PTX is required. One protein shown to be involved in drug resistance is Y‐box binding protein 1 (YB‐1). High levels of YB‐1 have previously been associated with resistance to PTX in TNBCs. In this study, we aimed to determine mechanisms by which YB‐1 confers PTX resistance. We generated isogenic TNBC cell lines that differed by YB‐1 levels and treated these with PTX. Using microarray analysis, we identified EGR1 as a potential target of YB‐1. We found that low EGR1 mRNA levels are associated with poor breast cancer patient prognosis, and that EGR1 and YBX1 mRNA expression was inversely correlated in a TNBC line and in a proportion of TNBC tumours. Reducing the levels of EGR1 caused TNBC cells to become more resistant to PTX. Given that PTX targets cycling cells, we propose a model whereby high YB‐1 levels in some TNBC cells can lead to reduced levels of EGR1, which in turn promotes slow cell cycling and resistance to PTX. Therefore YB‐1 and EGR1 levels are biologically linked and may provide a biomarker for TNBC response to PTX.
Prognostic impact of tumour‐infiltrating B cells and plasma cells in colorectal cancer
Authors: Berntsson Jonna , Nodin Björn , Eberhard Jakob , Micke Patrick , Jirström Karin
Published: April 2016

Multiple studies have described associations between infiltrating immune cells and prognosis in cancer; however, the clinical relevance has most often been attributed to the T‐cell linage. This study aimed to further investigate the clinicopathological correlates and prognostic impact of B cell and plasma cell infiltration in CRC. Immunohistochemical expression of CD20, CD138 and immunoglobulin kappa C (IGKC) was analysed in tissue microarrays with tumours from 557 incident cases of CRC from a prospective population‐based cohort. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to determine the impact of CD20, CD138 and IGKC expression on 5‐year overall survival. Immune cell‐specific CD20, CD138, and IGKC expression correlated significantly with lower T‐stage (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.006, respectively). A higher density of CD20+ cells correlated significantly with an improved OS (HR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.36–0.78), remaining significant in multivariable analysis adjusted for age, TNM stage, differentiation grade and vascular invasion (HR = 0.51; 95% CI 0.33–0.80). Immune cell‐specific CD138 and IGKC expression correlated significantly with an improved OS in univariable Cox regression analysis; however, these associations did not remain significant in multivariable analysis. Finally, tumour cell‐specific CD138 expression was found to be an independent factor of poor prognosis (HR 1.52; 95% CI 1.03–2.24). The results from the present study demonstrate that B cell infiltration in CRC has a significant impact on tumour progression and prognosis. These findings supplement and extend the current knowledge of the immune landscape in colorectal cancer, and merit further study.
Fuzzy Sarsa Learning of Operational Instructions to Schedule Water Distribution and Delivery
Authors: Shahverdi Kazem , Monem Mohammad Javad , Nili Majid
Published: April 2016

Operational instructions have a major role in improving water delivery performance in irrigation canals. Of different delivery systems, on‐request systems have higher flexibility than rotational ones and can be applied to present irrigation networks with minor changes. The main challenge in on‐request systems is determining appropriate operational instructions. The main objective of this paper is formulating a fuzzy Sarsa learning (FSL) system for learning operational instructions. As a result of its properties, including being model free and generalizable, FSL can learn in a limited number of situations and suggest operational instructions for a wide range of conditions. The FSL steps in an irrigation system include present depths observation and flows, selection and execution of the operational instructions, observing new depths and flows, and assigning reward to the applied operational instructions and learning accordingly. The physical and hydraulic data of the East Aghili Canal are used for evaluation of our FSL. The results support the suitability of FSL in terms of performance with respect to generalization and convenience of deployment; the total operation time decreased from 23.1 h in conventional operation to 5.76 h in FSL, the efficiency and adequacy indicators obtained were close to desired values, and water level deviations were less than 10%. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Some Novel 1,4‐Phenylene‐bis‐thiazolyl Derivatives and Their Anti‐hypertensive α‐blocking Activity Screening
Authors: Abdelrazek Fathy M. , Gomha Sobhi M. , Metz Peter , Abdalla Mohamed M.
Published: April 2016

A series of novel 1,4‐phenylene‐bis‐thiazolyl derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anti‐hypertensive activities as α‐blocking agents and some of them showed promising activities.