bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Legalism and Lysias 12
Authors: Carawan Edwin
Published: November 2023

In the finale to Aristophanes’ Clouds we find this climactic reversal of the rules. The violence that a son might do his father was condemned by current statute and ancient taboo. Then as now, domestic violence all too often ends in death, and kin-slaying holds a special horror. Parricide was so heinous an offence that even the allegation was actionable under Athenian law (which recognized few slanders). But either the crime or the allegation was common enough for Aristophanes to make comedy of it more than once. Thus to overturn the most hallowed of laws, Pheidippides appeals to the harsh reality.
Greek Tragedy as She-Tragedy
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

Towards the beginning of Beryl Bainbridge’s novel According to Queeney (2001), the hypochondriacal Dr Johnson suffers a terrible turn. Unshaven, distracted, convinced he is on the threshold of death or madness, he locks himself in his bedroom. He will not unbolt the door until the well-meaning Revd John Delap, paying a chance visit, is persuaded to go to him. Dr Johnson gabbles wildly; Delap declaims the Lord’s Prayer. In a crisis witnessed by John­ son’s servants and newly arrived visitors, the Thrales, Johnson falls to his knees and wrestles with the good clergyman. Delap flees from the house, his white stockings falling round his ankles. It is an emotional-indeed hysterical-scene, full of pain and terror, passions in the delineation of which the real Delap, a keen tragedian, saw himself as a specialist.
Eighteenth-Century Electra
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

Peggy Ashcroft, Fiona Shaw, Zoe Wanamaker-some of the most powerful actresses to perform on British stages during the second half of the twentieth century were drawn to play Sophocles’ Electra.1 In this chapter some of their stellar eighteenth-century fore­ bears-Anne Bracegridle, Claire Clairon, Mary Ann Yates, Ann Barry, Sarah Siddons-will appear performing the same Sopho­ clean heroine or roles fundamentally informed by her. Although Euripides’ Electra is one of the few Greek tragedies scarcely to register in performance history during the period covered by this book, Sophocles’ version has always been prominent (it was the only Greek tragedy on the syllabus of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1800), and has exerted a profound influence on both dramatic theory and performance practice.
Caractacus at Colonus
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

After the astonishing successes of the Seven Years War (1756-63), during which the British conquered Canada, drove the French out of West Africa, took Havana from the Spanish, and asserted the supremacy of the British navy over all its European rivals, the euphoria of acquired empire evaporated with speed. One anxiety was that the British empire was now supported by oppressive military might. The parallel with the militaristic Roman empire, which had grown out of the Roman republic so admired by the earlier eighteenth-century aristocracy, began to seem pressing; it was rendered unavoidable by Edward Gibbon’s The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-88), the idea for which was conceived as early as 1763.
Greek Tragedy in Late Georgian Reading
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

Theresidents of the Berkshire town of Reading might in 1821 have been tempted by the advertisement in their local newspaper for forthcoming attractions at the neighbourhood’s commercial theatre. Should their taste encompass Graeco-Roman themes, they might have wanted to see ‘:.Vlonsieur DECOUR, the renowned FRENCH HERCULES!! Who will perform ... Feats and evolutions ... ‘. If they preferred oriental stunts, they would choose ‘The Chinese jugglers from the Court of Pekin!!’ Such exhibitions are typical of the entertainments enjoyed during the late Georgian era in any fast industrializing provincial town. But what is surprising is that the same newspaper offers a review of a production in the town hall of Euripides’ then little­ known tragedy Orestes.
Page versus Stage: Greek Tragedy, the Academy, and the Popular Theatre
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

Whilst the impact of the Mendelssohn Antigone in Britain was enormous and long-lasting, its consequences were in many ways different from those of the German-speaking world. It did not lead in any unequivocal sense to Greek tragedy being immediately transported ‘into the wide open ground of live art, accessible to all’. There were in its wake, as we have already heard, a number of serious productions of Medea, whose success and ‘accessibility’ would have been unimaginable without the collective memory of the 1845 Antigone.
Prayer in Greek Religion
Authors: Pulleyn Simon
Published: November 2023

In this, the first book-length study of Greek prayer to appear in English, Simon Pulleyn presents a comprehensive treatment of an aspect of religion which together with sacrifice was at the centre of Greek cult. Through a full examination of all the relevant literary and epigraphic material available from the archaic and classical periods, Pulleyn seeks both to describe the ancient practices and explain their significance. Great stress is laid on the central role of reciprocity in Greek relations with the gods, and the various ways in which they addressed the gods are shown to be related to strategies used in dealing with each other. The book also features an examination of the language used in prayer, e.g. formulae, and rhetorical structures, and draws on Indo-European comparative material.
Reciprocity and Remembrance
Authors: Pulleyn Simon
Published: November 2023

In Homer's Iliad, the old priest Chryses, who has been insulted by Agamemnon, goes away on his own to the sea-shore and prays to Apollo (1. 37ff.): Hear me, you of the silver bow, who protect Chryse and holy Cilla and rule with might over Tenedos, if ever I have roofed over for you a pleasing temple or burnt up for you fat thighs of bulls or goats, fulfil for me this wish: may the Danaans pay for my tears by your arrows.
Prayer and Supplication
Authors: Pulleyn Simon
Published: November 2023

In the foregoing chapters, we saw how give-and-take was a central modality underpinning Greek prayer and sacrifice. In this chapter, I wish to examine those prayers where the question of reciprocity is less to the fore and where the petitioner more or less throws himself on the mercy of the deity.
A Time for Building: Manning’s Via Media
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: November 2023

On his arrival at Lovington in January 1833, soon after his ordination as a deacon, H. E. Manning’s theological baggage fitted neatly into a few short sentences. He summed it up in 1850, in a letter to Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford and Manning’s brother-in-law: ‘when I came to Lovington in 1833 I believed, as I always did, in Baptismal Regeneration: I had no view of the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ: and no idea of the Church.’ 1 Years later, in the recollections of his later ‘Journal’ (1878-82), he described his position at this time in greater detail: ‘The state of my religious belief in 1833 was profound faith in the Holy Trinity and the Incarnation, in the Redemption by the Passion of our Lord, and in the work of the Holy Spirit, and the conversion of the soul. I believed in baptismal regeneration, and in a spiritual, but real, receiving of our Lord in Holy Communion. As to the Church, I had no definite conception.’ His theological horizon at the time of his arrival in Lovington—because of his previous formation or because of his lack of such—bore a certain resemblance to a mild Evangelical position or to an ill-defined High Church stance.
Conversion: ‘To Add, to Develop, to Perfect’
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: November 2023

Newman’s book on developmental had made Manning rethink his position with respect to the Anglican rule of faith. He thought that it was no longer tenable as an instrument to attain certainty in the knowledge of the truth of the Faith: it was incomplete and. in its present formulation, equivalent to private judgment. He had to find an answer to the fundamental question: Quo Judie? He discovered it in 184: the Church was the final judge in controversies about the Faith. and she was infallible in her judgments because of the perpetual presence of the Holy Spirit.
Conflicts at Home
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: November 2023

I. The Spirit of the Rambler and the Home and Foreign Review

Manning, while dealing with Pusey’s remarks and the APUC question, had an eye on developments within the Catholic Church which deeply worried him. He had, for some time, been concerned about the growth among Catholics of a school or thought which, if successful, would introduce into the Church the evils he saw afflicting Anglicanism. His fears were openly expressed in a letter to Ulla Thorne dated New Year’s Day, 1863:
Conclusion
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: November 2023

Gladstone always considered 1lanning a man of principle in action. Intellectually, Manning •was a man of first principles. Pastoral needs, his own temperament, and the circumstances of the times all conspired to channel his study and interest in that direction. He was involved in some of the major social and religious events of his time, and always brought first principles to bear upon the case in question. Sometimes they lay just beneath the surface of the argument, but on most occasions they emerged into broad daylight. He felt there was a need for clear exposition and defence of first principles, and this belief did not diminish with the progress of the century. On the contrary, the advances made in the natural and historical sciences opened new fronts against basic principles or the traditional assumptions of faith and religion, and made it ever more urgent. Old certainties and assumptions could no longer be accepted on trust. New questions had arisen, and they were urgently in need of answers.
Family and Familia in Roman Law and Life
Authors: Gardner Jane F
Published: November 2023

Roman families were infinitely diverse, but the basis of Roman civil law was the familia, a strictly-defined group consisting of a head, paterfamilias, and his descendants in the male line. Recent work on the Roman family mainly ignores the familia, in favour of examining such matters as emotional relationships within families, the practical effects of control by a paterfamilias, and demographic factors producing families which did not fit the familia-pattern. This book investigates the interrelationship between family and familia, especially how families exploited the legal rules for their own ends, and disrupted the familia, by use of emancipation (release from patria potestas) and adoption. It also traces legal responses to the effects of demographic factors, which gave increased importance to maternal connections, and to social, such as the difficulties for ex-slaves in conforming to the familia-pattern. The familia as a legal institution remained virtually unchanged; nevertheless Roman family law underwent substantial changes, to meet the needs and desires of Roman society.
Out of the Familia: The Practice of Emancipation
Authors: Gardner Jane F
Published: November 2023

The civil law of the Romans, of which the earliest form known to us took shape, according to Roman tradition, in the middle of the fifth century BC in the law of the Twelve Tables, was constructed, so far as the law of persons and property was concerned, with reference primarily to the interests of a close-knit and exclusive group of persons, the Jamilia, and its property. Both were under the legal control (potestas) of the head ofthefamilia, the pateifamilias. The persons under his control—i.e. his sons, daughters, sons’ children, and, at least in earlier times, his wife in manu, that is, also under the legal control of her husband—had no property of their own, and lacked independent power of legal action. Their position had, however, certain benefits (even though in practice in early Rome it is doubtful whether much could be done to enforce them); provision of necessary maintenance was the responsibility of the pater, and they had the right to share his inheritance—on intestacy, at least—when his potestas terminated at his death.
Into the Familia: The Practice of Adoption
Authors: Gardner Jane F
Published: November 2023

Modern legal systems vary widely in the regulations they lay down as to who may adopt or be adopted. Some bear a closer resemblance to those of ancient Rome than do others, among those most at variance being the law of England and Wales, which reflects a different conception of the nature and purpose of adoption from that of the Romans.
Introduction
Authors: Whitehead David
Published: November 2023

A papyrus of the late second or early first century bc, acquired by the British Museum in 1890 and published the following year (F. G. Kenyon, Classical Texts from the British Museum (London 1891) 42–55—hereinafter Kenyon, Phil. ed. pr,.), preserves the final nine, very narrow columns—thirteen chapters—of the speech. What survives amounts to little more than the recapitulatory conclusion, §§4–13. From the main body of the speech there is extant a score of detached fragments, their order indeterminable.
Translation
Authors: Whitehead David
Published: November 2023

For who is there, in the polis, so senseless as to credit these statements? (5) There must, men of the jury, have been, first, a muleteer and an usher accompanying the carriage which bore the woman, and then her escort of boys, and Dioxippos he, you see, being in attendance because the woman being given away in marriage was a widow.
From Logos to Mythos
Authors: Most Glenn W
Published: November 2023

Some readers, perhaps, will be startled by my title. And under-standably: after all, they will long have been familiar with the idea that the development of mankind as a whole has tended to follow a trajectory leading from Mythos to Logos, and will have learned that a development of this sort not only took place in ancient Greece but has also been one of the most important parts of the legacy of the Classical world to Western civilization. Such an idea is expounded in numerous works of scholarship and, even more, in countless popular presentations; and indeed there is much to be said for it, not least that it enlists the Greeks in the service of modern impulses towards Enlightenment whose benefits many of us have come to count upon (and thereby legitimates at one stroke both the ancients and the moderns). Hence my present purpose is not to call into doubt the fact, and the value, of some kind of evolution—in at least certain parts of the history of Europe and of those countries influenced by Europe-away from a traditional, narrative, anthropocentric view of the structure and meaning of things (which I shall call here Mythos) and towards a more progressive, logical, mechanical kind of account (let us call this Logos)—indeed, even brief reflection upon the news reports coming from those parts of our world today in which such an evolution has been delayed, halted, or reversed is enough to make one glad for its even sporadic appearances.
Myth, History, and Dialectic in Plato’s Republic and Timaeus-Critias
Authors: Rowe Christopher
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this paper is to explore, with the help of one central example, some aspects of the interplay between the notions of muthos, centred on the sense of the ‘fictional’, and logos, or whatever term might be used to denote the opposed category of the non-fictional, in Plato. My example is one that Penelope Murray also refers to in her contribution to the present volume: the construction of the ideal city of the Republic, and what seemsto be represented as the same city (exemplified, according to Critias, by a primitive Athens), in the Timaeus-Critias.
The Roman Frontier-Zone
Authors: Cherry David
Published: November 2023

The same sort of thinking that interpreted the Roman conquest of north Africa as a blessing for its indigenous peoples has traditionally understood the Roman frontiers to be lines of demarcation that distinguished and separated the civilized (that is, Roman) world from the barbarism that was thought to lie beyond it. The judgement is probably also a consequence of the nature of the physical record: very little that is visible survives of the Roman frontiers apart from their military installations—their forts, roads, and linear barriers. So Hadrian’s wall might be understood to have been intended, as one ancient writer put it (SHA Had. I 1. 2), ‘to separate barbarians and Romans’ (qui barbaros Romanosque divideret).
Measuring Romanization
Authors: Cherry David
Published: November 2023

Historians and archaeologists have long debated the nature and extent of the acculturation of the Roman provinces, perhaps more precisely, since the movement is usually understood to have been largely one-way, the Romanization of their indigenous peoples.
Towards Monotheism
Authors: West M L
Published: November 2023

A standard dictionary definition of ‘monotheism! is ‘the belief in only one God ‘. That seems simple and straightforward, except for the problem of what is meant by a god. There are probably many different definitions of the term ‘god ‘ to be found in theological and anthropological literature, and different ones may be suitable for different purposes and in different contexts. For the purposes of the present essay, I will define a god (and gods, of course, embrace goddesses) as an entity identified or postulated, by one or more members of the species homo sapiens, as a wilful agent possessing or exercising power over events that appear to be beyond human control or not governed by other intelligible agencies.
Antiquity in Jewish Apologetic
Authors: Coys-Stones G R
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 4 I argued that the first century bc saw the introduction of a new motif into the repertoire of anti-Semitic history, an argument from the supposed youth of the Jewish theological tradition to its philosophical inferiority: this, I suggested, provides evidence for the shift in attitude towards ancient cultural traditions as such introduced by the theories of the later Stoa.
The Invention of Hebraeo-Christian Orthodoxy
Authors: Coys-Stones G R
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters I have tried to suggest that our tendency to speak of ‘Middle’ Platonism as a period of doctrinal transition between the Hellenistic schools on the one hand and the philosophy of Plotinus and his successors (that is, of ‘Neoplatonism’) on the other is fundamentally misleading: that a concentration on doxographical evolution misses what in many ways is more important, namely the shift in philosophical methodology which characterized the Platonist movement. The influence of this new methodology, and the view of antiquity and tradition it entailed, were far more decisive and influential for the future development of Western philosophy than any particular beliefs formulated within the framework it provided; not least because, as I hope to show, it came to be adopted by the Christian Church as well, and used by it as a means of transporting itself (philosophically speaking) from Jerusalem to Athens.
Livy's Use of Exempla
Authors: Chaplin Jane D
Published: November 2023

In the Preface Livy invites his audience to seek exempla in his narrative of Roman history. In accepting the offer, modern readers have tended to look to Livy’s treatment of well-known figures, especially those from the early days of the city. Lucretia, the victim of Sex. ‘Tarquinius’ lust, is a regular choice, and justifiably so, for she herself recog nizes her exemplary potential with her dying words: ‘nee ulla deinde impudica Lucretiae exemplo uiuet’. with this speech she seems to offer exactly the kind of lesson indicated in Preface Io. Curiously enough, however, in the extant books and fragments of ljvy, Lucretia is never cited as an exemplum, and no one ever takes her as a model of conduct.
Speaker, Audience, and Exemplum
Authors: Chaplin Jane D
Published: November 2023

Livy has three voices for articulating exempla within the History. The least frequent of these is that of the historian in his role as narrator: explicit moralizing, editorializing, or the introduction of an exemplary episode can call out this voice. Much more often, however, Livy introduces exempla through either the speeches or the thoughts of historical characters. As we saw with Caudium, it is relatively straightforward to identify the speaker or focalizer, even if the person is not actually named. In some cases he may take a prominent part in the events of his age; in others he may be obscure. Either way, there is nothing conceptually difficult about his role as a conduit for exempla.
Precedents and Change
Authors: Chaplin Jane D
Published: November 2023

C.Decimius Flavus, the urban praetor of 184, died in office. Among those who put themselves forward as his substitute was a certain Q. Fulvius Flaccus, who happened to be curule aedile at the time. His candidature split the tribunes: some thought there was no justification for one man simultaneously to hold two magistracies, especially curule ones; and others judged that Flaccus should be exempt from the law so that the people could choose whomever they liked as their new praetor. At first the consul was inclined to reject Flaccus’ candidacy, and so he consulted the Senate in order to have its backing. At the meeting, he told the senators no law or precedent permitted a curule aedile to seek a praetorship: conuocatis patribus referre se ad eosdixit quod nee iure ullo nee exemplo tolerabili liberae ciuitati aedilis curulis designatus praeturam peteret (39. 39. 6). The Senate advised the consul to appeal directly to Flaccus, who gave an evasive reply and continued to compete for votes. As the election began, it looked as if he would win. ‘I’he consul reconferred with the Senate and publicly asked Flaccus to give up his bid for the second office.
Introduction
Authors: Gradel Ittai
Published: November 2023

The owl of Minerva flies only at dusk: basic mental notions will typically find explicit expression only when challenged or under pressure from outside.
Before the Caesars
Authors: Gradel Ittai
Published: November 2023

It is a commonplace of handbooks on Roman history and religion that ruler worship fundamentally conflicted with republican tradition.
‘Medical Latin’
Authors: Langslow D R
Published: November 2023

In 1931 the great French Latinist Jules Marouzeau observed (1931: 32) that one of the least-studied aspects of Latin vocabulary was that of technical language., ‘la langue technique’. Technical authors had even then long been recognized as being of great importance for the study of the later Latin language., but they had been., and were stilly treated chiefly as evidence for popular, or ‘vulgar’., Latin; to be sure., this tradition was not without excellent results., which continue to emerge.2 Neglect of the technical languages per se had been based on the implicit, sometimes explicit, assumptions that it was impossible to separate ‘technical’ Latin from ‘Vulgar’ Latin and that the ‘Fachsprache’., or ‘Sondersprache’., consisted of nothing more than a number of ‘Fachausdrücke’., so that until recently the possibility was not explored of characterizing the language of Latin technical writers as other than popular or vulgar. Among the medical writers., those not noted for their popular language had been especially neglected. While the popular elements in texts such as Marcellus and the Latin versions of Oribasius had attracted some attention., writers of a more classical form of Latin., such as Celsus Scribonius Largus, or the Africans Theodorus Priscianus, Caelius Aurelianus, and Cassius Felix had been earlier by and large ignored.
Semantic Extension in Term-Formation
Authors: Langslow D R
Published: November 2023

Many items of medical terminology occur with a different meaning in nonmedical Latin; these include such diverse examples as album ‘the white’ (of the eye) and ‘white (thing)’, lenticula ‘a freckle’ and ‘a lentil’, impetus ‘the onset of a disease’ and ‘an attack, onrush’, plaga ‘a wound, incision’ and ‘a stroke, blow’. Some medical terms have more than one meaning even with in the field of medicine; examples include cubitus ‘the elbow’ and ‘the ulna bone of the forearm’, uterus ‘the belly’ and ‘the womb’. It is my aim in this chapter to list, explain, and exemplify the semantic relationships between the medical and non-medical (or the two medical) significata involved, with a view to comparing and contrasting the various kinds of semantic extension underlying this group of medical terms in our four authors.
Phrasal Terms
Authors: Langslow D R
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about a set of medical terms which arc formally not single words but noun phrases. Our authors attest a wide range of different types of medical referring-expressions consisting of more than one lexeme, which differ both formally and with regard to their status as medical terms. At one extreme, medical objects and medical phenomena arc referred to, rather long-windedly, by means of clauses and phrases of various types (si-clauses, relative clauses, etc.), which have no reasonable claim to any status as items of a terminology (but to which I return in Chapter 6). On the other hand, our authors attest a significant number of two-word phrases (noun + adjective, noun + genitive) which have a very good claim to he regarded as, at worst, single lexical items and, at best, fully fledged medical terms. I call these latter ‘phrasal terms’ and devote this chapter principally to them. 1 My purpose is twofold, and concerns both vocabulary and syntax. I mean in the first place simply to identify and underline the existence of these phrases, all too easily ignored, as established items of medical terminology. Secondly, I argue that phrasal terms represent an important interface between syntax and the lexicon, and a promising focus for further work, especially in the area of word-order at the level of the noun phrase (section 4. 4. 3. 3 below); phrasal terms play also, I believe, a significant role in the development of nominal syntax and the ‘scientific’ style (on which I shall have more to say in Chapter 6). Finally, phrasal terms can occasionally afford some insight into authors’ approaches to the business of translating Greek medical terms, especially when different phrasal terms arc used by different writers.
Towards some Relations between Terminology, Syntax, and Style in Medical Prose
Authors: Langslow D R
Published: November 2023

In contrast with Celsius, the earliest of our four authors, Cassius Felix, the latest, borrows Greek terms without restriction; he prefers a monolexematic derivative to a determining phrase or relative clause; and, in general, he appears to favour a heavily ‘nominal’ syntax. Let me illustrate this last point straightaway by setting side by side some contrasting synonymous expressions in Celsius and Cassius. Celsius introduces remedies for loss of hair with capillis fluentibus (Cels. 6. 1); Cassius has the nominal equivalent, capillorum defluxio (t. 11. 20; II. 21). Celsius refers to those parts of the body covered by hair with: in is partibus quae pilis conteguntur (Cels. 6. 3. 2); contrast Cassius’ terser capillosis in locis (12. 12; 13. 13), in which the relative clause is replaced by a derived adjective.
Introduction
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2023

This book explores a new and very simple approach to Homeric narratives. It begins from the assumption that paranarratives, by which I mean secondary narratives related by the poet’s characters, and also the interludes related in the voice of the poet himself which do not advance the progress of the main narrative, will be relevant in some way either to the interpretation of their immediate context or to that of the main narrative, or to both. To read the poems in this way requires no mastery of any complicated theory or terminology. Most people would now agree that paradigms (stories which provide a pattern or example to be imitated or avoided), such as the story of Niobe who remembered to eat in spite of her grief told to the grieving Priam to encourage him to remember to eat (II. 24. 602-17), relate to the situation of their addressee. A broader term than paradigm is required, however, to cover the subsidiary episodes of the primary narrative which do not advance its progress, but provide material for comparison with its major events. The idea that para-narratives are related in some way to the main narrative is not very different from Bundy’s idea that an epinician ode commissioned by a patron in praise of the achievements of a victor will be encomiastic in its primary intent, and any mythical material it may contain will serve the purpose of enhancing the glory of the patron.
Genealogy as Paradigm
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2023

Genealogical material can also send signals to the reader, sometimes as one of a series of correspondences which invite comparison of a pair or group of episodes, sometimes in paradigmatic fashion, where the career of a famous ancestor invites comparison with the career of a character in the poem.
Ceasefire
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2023

Put in mind of his own father and moved to tears Achilles took him by the hand and pushed the old king Gently away, but Priam curled up at his feet and Wept with him until their sadness filled the building.
Chorus
Authors: Allan William
Published: November 2023

Recent work on the tragic chorus has stressed the plurality of interpretative models available on the topic. The richness of modern debate contrasts with the brief treatment of the matter by Aristotle in his Poetics.
Gods
Authors: Allan William
Published: November 2023

The Andromache is an interesting text with which to explore Euripides’ handling of the gods. Such plays as the Hippolytus or Heracles are more commonly used sources for this discussion, yet the Andromache raises questions about divine vengeance and justice which are no less searching and no less profound. Study of a less obvious text, one of Euripides’ ‘problem’ plays, may be of value in so far as it addresses the issues from a less familiar perspective.
Myth, Ritual Memory, And Exchange
Authors: Gould John
Published: November 2023

At the heart of this book lies a concern with the interaction between the cultural assumptions and world-view of ancient (and often of modern) Greeks and their literature. John Gould examines the myths, rituals, memory, and exchange of ancient Greeks with an overriding interest in anthropological field-work which helps to shape his argument. The book contains the most significant essays (some now regarded as classics) written by one of the world's foremost experts in Greek mythology and culture over the last thirty years, including several previously unpublished papers. Newly revised, with reference both to corroborative material and to subsequent treatments and discussion of significantly different approaches to the same topics, these papers offer a marked coherence of focus and argument which informs the whole volume. Most of the essays arise out of the experience of teaching and address problems, puzzles, and misunderstandings encountered by students.
Tragedy in Performance
Authors: Gould John
Published: November 2023

Anyone who asks: What was Greek tragedy like? What was its effect, in performance? will find the business of answering these questions somewhat frustrating. For we are the prisoners of our evidence, which is everywhere slighter than we could wish, often much later than the period we are chiefly concerned with (the fifth century BC), and almost always difficult to interpret. There are all too many vital questions which we cannot answer without some measure of guesswork and speculation, nor without relying on a priori assumptions whose validity we can never adequately test. And yet it is essential that we do raise these questions, or else the texts of Greek tragedy must remain inert, like musical scores which we cannot and do not even try to perform. For the texts are essentially scripts for performance, and the style and context of that performance are fundamental to our understanding of the texts themselves.
On Making Sense of Greek Religion
Authors: Gould John
Published: November 2023

To talk meaningfully about the religion of another culture is not easy, and requires of us some degree of tact and imagination. We need to be aware of the pitfalls. To begin with, it will seem all too clear that what we are dealing with is a human invention, a ‘fiction’ constructed by men for their own purposes-an interpretation which we can never quite give to the religion of our own culture, even if we have rejected it. To make that assumption will not help us to understand though it may boost our sense of superiority. And secondly, there is the difficulty, if not the impossibility, of avoiding thinking about someone else’s religion as a kind of exercise in ‘decoding’, in translating myth and ritual into a ‘natural’ language (our own, of course) in which these things can be made to yield their true sense, which may be hidden from those who carry out the rituals and who recount the myths.
Mothers’ Day1: A Note on Euripides’ Bacchae
Authors: Gould John
Published: November 2023

The illusion of critical progress, I have the feeling, is very largely sustained by the simple expedient of forgetting what our predecessors have written. To go back to Professor Winningtonlngram’s Euripides and Dionysus more than thirty years after first reading it, and, incredibly, almost fifty years after his first writing it, was an astonishing and chastening experience: he has said so much; so much that one might have wanted to say. So much, that all I can offer in this paper is a sort of extended footnote to his text, the suggestion of a slightly different point of view from which to read the play-a suggestion made in admiration rather than disagreement.
Narrate and Describe: The Problem of Ekphrasis
Authors: Fowler Don
Published: November 2023

The subject of ekphrasis, and in particular of the ekphrasis of works of art, has recently begun to receive a great deal of attention from classical scholars. As will become clear, I believe that the reason for this is that many of the theoretical issues that are most pressing in classical studies-and indeed in cultural studies in general-are raised by the study of ekphrasis.
Second Thoughts on Closure
Authors: Fowler Don
Published: November 2023

The populace cheered and danced for joy where they stood, and there was no discordant voice as young and old, rich and poor, united in jubilation, for though they had understood very little of what was said, they were able to surmise the facts of the matter from what had already transpired concerning Charikleia; or else perhaps they had been brought to a realization of the truth by the same divine force that had staged this whole drama and that now produced a perfect harmony of diametric opposites: joy and sorrow combined; tears mingled with laughter; the most hideous horror transformed to celebration; those who wept also laughed; those who grieved also rejoiced; they found those whom they had not sought and lost those whom they ought to have found; and finally the offering of human blood, which all had expected to see, was transformed into a sacrifice free of all stain. Heliodorus
John Betjeman
Authors: Peterson William S
Published: November 2023

Sir John Betjeman (1906-1984), Poet Laureate, was probably the most widely-read English poet of the twentieth century. Because of his frequent appearances on radio and television and his fervent devotion to the preservation of England’s architectural heritage, his face and voice became familiar to millions. Few other poets of any century have had such a powerful influence on their contemporaries. This bibliography lists and describes all of his known writings, including his own books, ephemera, contributions to periodicals and to books by others, lectures, and radio and television programmes. Other categories such as editorships, music settings, and dramatic adaptations of his poems, recordings, and interviews are also included, as well as a section devoted to writings about him. Manuscripts and drafts of all his works are described in detail. This enormous body of material is thoroughly indexed, cross-referenced, and in most cases annotated. Now at last the activities of this remarkable man - both a poet and a cultural phenomenon - can be seen in their full breadth and complexity.
The Life Portraits of Coleridge
Authors: Paley Morton D
Published: November 2023

Samuel Taylor Coleridge did not like his own face. Here is his description of it to John Thelwall, written on 19 November 1796: As to me, my face, unless when animated by immediate eloquence, expresses great Sloth, & great, indeed almost ideotic good nature. ‘Tis a mere carcase of a face: fat, flabby, & expressive chiefly of inexpression. —Yet, I am told, that my eyes, eyebrows, & forehead are physiognomically good —; but as to this the Deponent knoweth not ... I cannot breathe thro’ my nose —so my mouth, with its sensual thick lips, is almost always open.
Catalogue
Authors: Paley Morton D
Published: November 2023

While even brief mentions of historical importance are referenced under Literature, no attempt has been made to list merely passing modern references. All known lifetime engravings of Coleridge appear here, with a selection of the most important posthumous engravings after life portraits. Engravings: frontispiece by R. Woodman, ‘From a Painting by Vandyke (1795) in Possession of Mr Cottle’, Joseph Cattle’s Early Recollections (London, 1837). BM Dept. of Prints and Drawings has an example lettered ‘Proof’ (1853-11-23-1o).
Supplementary Notes
Authors: Paley Morton D
Published: November 2023

Three masks of Coleridge, two life-masks and a death-mask, are listed by J.B. S.Jackson MD in Harvard Universiry: A Descriptive Catalogue Of the Warren Anatomical Museum, under the category ‘Miscellany’ and the Subcategory ‘Series XLIV. —Phrenology’. Unfortunately, the Warren Museum collections are not accessible at the time of writing, having been removed and stored off-site for eventual reinstallation in the Count way Library of Medicine (Boston). It has therefore not been possible to examine the masks or to obtain photographs of them.
The Feathery Scribe
Authors: Beal Peter
Published: November 2023

IN my first chapter, In praise of scribes, I spoke about knaves, as well as drudges, in the world of seventeenth-century clerks and scriveners. I now want to introduce one particular scribe-a drudge, perhaps. But whether harmless or not I shall leave an open question. A case history of one particular scribe is not, I would suggest, unseasonable. For, as I have said before, while we have a mountain of information about seventeenth-century printers, stationers, and publishers-and even about some compositors-we know little, if anything, about individual scribes-and even those who have attracted some attention (Ralph Crane, for instance) have done so only because they happen to be associated with particular literary or dramatic interests, not because their work is felt to deserve bibliographical study in its own right.
Introduction
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: November 2023

In 1935, John Eglinton published an account of Joyce in Irish Literary Portraits. It must have seemed to Joyce, wrote Eglinton, ‘that he held English, his country’s spiritual enemy, in the palm of his hand’. Alas, the English language ‘found itself constrained by its new master to perform tasks to which it was unaccustomed in the service of pure literature....Joyce rejoiced darkly in causing the language of Milton and Wordsworth to utter all but unimaginable filth and treason.’ Eglinton argued that Ulysses was an act of ‘treason’ fuelled by an ‘ironic detachment from the whole of the English tradition.’ It was Joyce’s ‘Celtic revenge’ on the colonial power.
Patiens Ingemiscit: Stephen Dedalus, Ireland, and History
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: November 2023

The critical view of the ‘Telemachiad’ has recently changed quite markedly and radically. The (broadly humanist) tradition of Joyce criticism from Kain onwards interpreted Stephen Dedalus’s early progress in particular ways. On the one hand, to adopt Charles Peake’s terms, the ‘Telemachiad’ saw the emergence of Stephen the artist figure, to be followed by citizen Bloom.1 As in the Odyssey, in Ulysses, son preceded (spiritual) father with whom he would establish a (more or less ironically treated) connection in later chapters. The organization and structural parallels of the first six chapters carefully contrasted the two characters.
History, All That: ‘Sirens’, ‘Cyclops’
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: November 2023

Having scanned the Dublin of 1904, Joyce embarks on a particular kind of treatment of English and Anglo-Irish discourses that is to a large extent responsible for producing the famous ‘styles’ of Ulysses. To continue with my theme from the previous chapter: the practices in question are retributive, but with many complications. The beginnings of these practices have been evident earlier in the novel, above all, in ‘Scylla and Charybdis’, a chapter which allows us to see Joyce’s project in the later part of the novel emerging out of Stephen. Now, however, Joyce separates his stratagems decisively from the melancholy of the young man, giving them an independent life. Like Bloom, they follow on logically from Stephen, but also challenge and transform much that is still rigid in Stephen’s thought.
An Irish Bull in an English Chinashop: ‘Oxen of the Sun’
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: November 2023

Commentators on ‘Oxen’ have tended to see it as partly the work of an ‘advocate of fertility’. Of course, not all critics have taken the ‘advocacy’ seriously. But few have doubted that it is central to the chapter. Yet this central place raises another question, which is why Joyce bothered with the theme at all. Richard Brown has argued that Joyce ironizes the fertility theme in the interest of expressing a different and more progressive conception of sexuality. But the problem still remains as to why the expression requires so oddly indirect a vehicle.
Strangers in My House, Bad Manners to Them!: ‘Circe’
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: November 2023

Like ‘Wandering Rocks’, but unlike all the other later chapters in Ulysses, ‘Circe’ does not chiefly rework English (or Anglo-Irish) discourses that are traceable to printed texts. Fragments of a variety of the kind of discourses I’ve described appear in the chapter. But it is not primarily a treatment of them. For ‘Circe’ is a chapter of voices. In ‘Circe’, people speak, and the effects of colonial power are heard in what they say, and how they say it. If the chapter cannot principally be read off against a set of discourses, it nonetheless exposes the pervasiveness and complexity of the effects of colonization as much as any other chapter in Ulysses. It tells us a lot more than we have so far learnt about how the British have left their mark. ‘Circe’ turns Dublin-and the account of Dublin that has preceded it —inside out.
Mingle Mangle or Gallimaufry: ‘“Eumaeus’
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: November 2023

Eighteenth-century England saw an increasing concern with the state of the language. Many eminent figures shared it, grammarians not least. As John Barrell has amply shown, it was connected with the belief that the question of the English language was also a question of nationhood; in particular, that the language could be a powerful instrument for national unity. The language at issue was always the English of a few, the ‘men of letters and education’ . In his Philosophy of Rhetoric (1776), George Campbell claimed that ‘ninety-nine of a hundred’ English speakers did not speak the language of ‘custom’ or ‘the language properly so-called’.2 Swift, Johnson, Burke, and many others asserted the need to protect the language against reform, innovation, and ‘improper’ usage.
An Aberration of the Light of Reason: ‘Ithaca’1
Authors: Science Anglo-Irish
Published: November 2023

‘Ithaca’ is self-evidently concerned with contemporary, scientific discourses. In engaging with them, it also engages with the cultural politics of science in Ireland, and is partly to be understood as Joyce’s intervention in that politics. Frank A. J. L. James has asserted that, up to and including the period in question, there was no ‘characteristically Irish’ science. The scientific institutions existing in Ireland were not home-grown products, and must always be located within the context of a larger, i.e. British scientific activity. The many scientists the British government employed in Ireland were mainly English and Anglo-Irish.
The End of All Resistance: ‘Penelope’
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: November 2023

Why does Joyce give Molly Bloom a childhood and youth specifically in Gibraltar? The Rock had apparently no personal significance for Joyce, and he never visited it. So why does Gibraltar figure so significantly in the closing pages of Ulysses? With one or two notable exceptions, like Susan Bazargan, critics have seldom addressed this question. As Bazargan indicates, however, one principal issue is clearly Gibraltar’s status as a British colony; a colony, moreover, where, because of the relative smallness of the place and the concentration of its armed forces, the British presence was uniquely conspicuous. However, the generality of ‘colonial status’ tells us too little.
The First and Second Satires of the Second Book of Horace (I733–I734): Parallel Texts
Authors: McLaverty James
Published: November 2023

After the Dunciad Variorum and its revisions, the imitations of Horace are Pope’s most elaborate examples of bookmaking. Extravagant in print and paper, they presented the Latin (in italic) and English (in roman) on facing pages, and they employed a double apparatus to specify the relations between the two texts. A system of small superior numbers linked the texts by dividing them into equivalent sections, and key words in the Latin text were highlighted by being printed in roman.
Arbitrary and Despotic Characters
Authors: Bowen John
Published: November 2023

A Christmas Carol starts with the ambiguous words, ‘Marley was dead: to begin with.’1 Like many storytellers, Dickens begins with what appears at first to be a simple and unequivocal death, but as so often in his work there is no simple end to the life, or beginning to the story, for, as Scrooge and we learn, Jacob Marley will not stay dead. He returns to tell Scrooge to change his life, bringing with him three Christmas Spirits, festive and demanding in equal measure. Scrooge is made to visit his own grave, to appear at his own wake as it were, an event which is also his awakening.
Nell’s Crypt: The Old Curiosity Shop and Master Humphrey’s Clock
Authors: Bowen John
Published: November 2023

There are Many echoes of Nicholas Nickleby in the Old Curiosity Shop. Both begin with the impoverishment of their admirable but vulnerable central character (through Nicholas’s father’s bankruptcy and death and Nell’s grandfather’s gam bling) which precipitates the hero out of the family home and into a series of loosely related encounters and adventures. Nicholas and Nell both have a foolish relative (Mrs Nickle by, Nell’s grandfather), visit a country school, and meet sympathetically drawn travelling showmen who help them.
Marriage and Oxford: 1872-1878
Authors: Sutherland John
Published: November 2023

THE first question that the newly-wed Wards had to confront was whether to stay on in Oxford. By marrying, Humphry had thrown away his fellowship and was now demoted to the rank of college tutor. Partly this was the con¬sequence of Brasenose intransigence. But it was also an unflattering measure of Humphry’s worth in the academic market. His friend Mandell Creighton had found himself in a similar dilemma on becoming engaged at exactly the same period. Mandell wrote to his Louise that he was 'distracted by advice from every side what to do; several of the Fellows beseech me not to leave the college .... Others of my friends advise me at all events to keep my Tutorship, even if I vacate my Fellowship by marriage, and stay at Oxford taking pupils’.1 He was also strongly tempted by the offer of a remunerative teaching job at Harrow School.