bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leveraging human touch in service interactions: lessons from hospitality
Authors: Solnet David , Subramony Mahesh , Ford Robert C. , Golubovskaya Maria , Kang Hee Jung (Annette) , Hancer Murat
Published: June 2019

Purpose

With the ever-increasing adoption of technology and automation radically changing the nature of service delivery, the purpose of this paper is to explore the role of human touch, introducing hospitable service as an enhancement for value creation in service organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on management, social sciences and hospitality literatures, a four-configuration model is presented to illustrate dimensions which arise from the confluence of different degrees of relationship orientation – shared mental models held by the host organization (self- or other-oriented), and guests’ service preferences (transactional or relational).

Findings

A theoretically grounded model of configurations resulting from variations on three key dimensions is offered. These are: employee organization relationships – social exchange processes governing the interactions between employees and their employers; HRM systems – internally consistent combinations of HR practices; and tech-touch trade-off – prioritization of technology vs employees to deliver services.

Research limitations/implications

Embedding hospitable service as a construct to support the leveraging of human touch in service organizations opens up new research opportunities including avenues to further conceptualize the nature and dimensions of hospitable service. Future research that supports further understanding about the role of human touch and value creation in service organizations is proposed.

Practical implications

Through the value-enhancing capability of human in the service encounter, firms can be enabled to accurately position themselves in one of the four relational configurations on offer and then identify opportunities for managers to leverage human touch to combat the diminishing role of the human touch in a technology-ubiquitous service context.

Originality/value

This is among the first papers to explore the influence of technology on the degree of human touch in the interface between hospitality employee and customer, and to develop a configuration model through which researchers and practitioners can operate during this declining era of human to human service interactions.
Multilocus sequence analysis of phytoplasma strains of 16SrII group in Iran and their comparison with related strains
Authors: Siampour Majid , Izadpanah Keramatollah , Martini Marta , Salehi Mohammad
Published: June 2019

Phytoplasmas of the group 16SrII (peanut witches'‐broom group) are among the most important phytoplasmas identified in Iran. These phytoplasmas are so diverse that they have been classified within 23 subgroups, among which phytoplasmas of subgroups 16SrII‐B, ‐C and ‐D have been recognised in Iran. In this study, we used multilocus sequence analysis as a tool to find the extent of genetic diversity and phylogeny of representative phytoplasmas of 16SrII in Iran in comparison to reference phytoplasma strains characterised elsewhere. The genes used were 16S rRNA, secY, rplV‐rpsC, imp and a hypothetical protein (inmp). Analysis of this study showed that phytoplasmas of 16SrII could be resolved into at least three main phylogenetic lineages. One lineage comprised phytoplasmas of the subgroups 16SrII‐A and II‐D, another included strains of subgroups 16SrII‐B and II‐C and the third lineage comprised phytoplasmas belonging to 16SrII‐E. The significance of host adaptation and geographical distribution in relation to the genetic diversity of these phytoplasmas is discussed. Among five different genetic loci used in this study, imp gene displayed the highest genetic diversity, hence considered as the most powerful genetic tool for differentiation of closely related phytoplasmas.
Home visits in the Danish High Risk and Resilience Study – VIA 7: assessment of the home environment of 508 7‐year‐old children born to parents diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
Authors: Gantriis D. L. , Thorup A. A. E. , Harder S. , Greve A. N. , Henriksen M. T. , Zahle K. K. , Stadsgaard H. , Ellersgaard D. , Burton B. K. , Christiani C. J. , Spang K. , Hemager N. , Uddin Md. J. , Jepsen J. R. M. , Plessen K. J. , Nordentoft M. , Mors O. , Bliksted V.
Published: June 2019

Objective

The home environment provided by the caregivers of a child is an influential single factor for development and well‐being. We aimed to compare the quality of the home environment of children at familial high risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder with population‐based controls.

Methods

Danish nationwide registers were used to retrieve a cohort of 522 7‐year‐old children of parents diagnosed with schizophrenia (N = 202), bipolar disorder (N = 120) or none of these diagnoses (N = 200). The home environment was assessed using the Middle Childhood‐Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment Inventory (MC‐HOME Inventory).

Results

The proportion of children living in home environments that were evaluated not to meet the needs of a 7‐year‐old child was significantly larger in the two familial high‐risk groups. This was true for 21% of the children with familial predisposition for schizophrenia and 7% of children with familial disposition for bipolar disorder.

Conclusion

Children born to parents diagnosed with schizophrenia and to a lesser extent bipolar disorder are at an increased risk of growing up in a home environment with an insufficient level of stimulation and support. Identifying families with inadequate home environments is a necessary step towards specialized help and support to at‐risk families.
More long‐unburnt forest will benefit mammals in Australian sub‐alpine forests and woodlands
Authors: Dixon Kelly M. , Cary Geoffrey J. , Renton Michael , Worboys Graeme L. , Gibbons Philip
Published: June 2019

The composition of mammalian communities in Australia's Eucalyptus forests and woodlands is known to be affected by fire. However, there are few published studies that compare mammal assemblages in recently burnt and long‐unburnt forests because there are few areas with long‐term fire history data. Understanding the value of long‐unburnt forest is important because it is becoming rare in fire‐prone regions of the world, such as south‐eastern Australia, partly because of the widespread use of prescribed burning. We deployed wildlife cameras for 28 trap‐nights at each of 81 sites that ranged from 0.5 to at least 96 years since the last fire. We recorded a total of 15 native mammal species. At least one mammal species was recorded at 80 of the 81 sites. Significantly more species were detected at long‐unburnt sites (>96 years since fire) than sites 0.5–12 years since the last fire. Species composition varied significantly between sites 0.5–12 years and >96 years since the last fire but did not vary between sites 0.5–2 years and 6–12 years since the last fire. Although there was not one category of time since fire (i.e. 0.5–2 years, 6–12 years and >96 years) in which all 15 native mammal species were recorded, long‐unburnt sites were significantly more important for the occurrence of seven mammal species; intermediate and recently burnt sites were significantly more important for one species. Our results suggested that, while a diversity of fire ages is important for conserving mammalian diversity, long‐unburnt forests and woodlands (which comprised only 8% of our study area) are disproportionately important for mammal conservation. Our results add to a growing body of the literature from south‐eastern Australia, suggesting that remaining long‐unburnt forest should be afforded protection from fire and more forest should be transitioned to long unburnt.
Linking Gentrification and Labour Market Precarity in the Contemporary City: A Framework for Analysis
Authors: Gourzis Konstantinos , Herod Andrew , Gialis Stelios
Published: June 2019

The interplay between intensifying labour market precarity and gentrification constitutes a hitherto under‐researched topic in the fields of labour and urban geography. To rectify this lacuna, we argue that gentrification and labour flexibilisation are both socio‐spatial manifestations of capital's efforts to confront crises of accumulation. Distinguishing between what we call “weak” and “strong” links between them, and drawing upon the concepts of “gentrification‐supporting” and “gentrification‐fostered” labour flexibility, we outline a framework for connecting gentrification and precarity. This allows us to make links between the restructuring of the built environment and the reorganisation of work in the post‐industrial city; it also allows us to show how workers, through their agency, can shape rent gaps in the contemporary city.
More‐than‐therapeutic landscapes
Authors: Emmerson Phil
Published: June 2019

Building on geography's ongoing interest in therapeutic landscapes (and assemblages), this article contributes a further dimension to thinking about the spaces and places of health and care. Whilst recognising the value of focusing on the variegated ways in which “improvements” in health, wellness, and well‐being take shape, it suggests there is also something to be gained by addressing these spaces through de‐centring “the therapeutic,” and instead adopting a more‐than‐therapeutic approach in which the question of “what‐else happens?” is brought to the fore. Drawing on eight months of ethnographic research within care homes in the UK, it notes that within these spaces many activities and forms of relation can emerge that are not necessarily focused on the maintenance or improvement of health or well‐being. In particular the paper highlights: everyday homemaking by residents, friendships and rivalries between staff members, and major political events as exemplars of ordinary life within care homes that occur beyond “therapy” in its conventional sense. That said, it also notes that the therapeutic and more‐than‐therapeutic are relational, and as such, the paper's conclusion is that a more‐than‐therapeutic approach to landscapes of care can augment existing approaches through encouraging a more holistic attunement to their workings.
Must naive realists be relationalists?
Authors: Steenhagen Maarten
Published: June 2019

Relationalism maintains that perceptual experience involves, as part of its nature, a distinctive kind of conscious perceptual relation between a subject of experience and an object of experience. Together with the claim that perceptual experience is presentational, relationalism is widely believed to be a core aspect of the naive realist outlook on perception. This is a mistake. I argue that naive realism about perception can be upheld without a commitment to relationalism.
Cost‐effectiveness of screening for HLA‐B*1502 prior to initiation of carbamazepine in epilepsy patients of Asian ancestry in the United States
Authors: Choi Hyunmi , Mohit Babak
Published: June 2019

Objective

Carbamazepine, widely used in the treatment of partial and generalized tonic–clonic seizures, has been associated with life‐threatening Stevens‐Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis among some Asians. The HLA‐B*1502 genotype that occurs with varying frequency among Asians is recommended for screening prior to starting carbamazepine. Our goal is to explore the cost‐effectiveness of screening for the presence of this genetic allele.

Methods

We constructed a Markov model in a hypothetical cohort of adult Asian patients with epilepsy in the United States being considered for carbamazepine to investigate the cost‐effectiveness of two alternative strategies: (1) no HLA‐B*1502 gene allele screening and using carbamazepine and (2) HLA‐B*1502 gene allele screening and starting levetiracetam in the case of a positive screen.

Results

For the lifetime horizon, HLA‐B*1502 gene screening was the cost‐effective choice compared to no gene screening, with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of $27 058 per quality‐adjusted life‐year (QALY), below the $50 000/QALY threshold in 99.69% of probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Although gene screening strategy was more expensive than a no screening strategy, it was more effective, yielding more QALYs, across all Asian ethnic groups.

Significance

Our analysis confirms the 2007 US Food and Drug Administration recommendation to screen for HLA‐B*1502 allele before starting treatment with carbamazepine in patients of Asian ancestry in the United States.
Scleroderma in Cairns: an epidemiological study
Authors: Abbot Samuel , McWilliams Leah , Spargo Llewellyn , de Costa Caroline , Ur‐Rehman Zia , Proudman Susanna , Bossingham David
Published: June 2019

Background

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) refers to an autoimmune fibrosing disorder with high disease burden and mortality. The prevalence of 23/100 000 in South Australia (SA) is among the highest documented, but anecdotally it is higher still in Cairns.

Aims

To ascertain the prevalence of SSc in Cairns and surrounding regions, and to compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with SSc in Cairns with those in SA.

Methods

Patients with SSc in Cairns were ascertained through hospital records and by referrals from specialist physicians in the region. These patients were interviewed and completed a structured questionnaire. Their physical findings and autoantibodies were recorded. These patients were compared with the SA patients enrolled in the Australian Scleroderma Cohort Study.

Results

A total of 81 patients was identified in Cairns, giving an estimated cross‐sectional prevalence of 33.7/100 000. Among 65 patients interviewed in Cairns, 23 were born in Cairns, 16 had migrated to Cairns to ameliorate their Raynaud phenomenon and 26 for other reasons. The clinical features in both cohorts were similar, although Cairns had a lower prevalence of digital ulcers (30.8% vs 46.6%; odds ratio (OR) = 0.5035, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2839–0.8929, P = 0.0271) and higher prevalence of calcinosis (29.2% vs 17.0%; OR = 2.005, 95% CI: 1.055–3.382).

Conclusions

The higher prevalence of SSc in Cairns is partly, but not completely, due to migration. Differences in clinical features are not entirely explained by the warmer climate. There is a need for greater rheumatologic services in the Cairns region.
Liberal Ideals, Postmodern Practice: A Working Paradox for the Future of Secondary School Art Education in England?
Authors: Grant Will
Published: June 2019

Modern liberal rationales continue to inform a majority of teaching and learning in English art classrooms. In a postmodern Western society increasingly informed by neoliberal globalisation this approach begins to look either like an anachronism or an act of outmoded pedagogic resistance. What is certain is that the modern liberal tradition is increasingly irrelevant to a young generation of learners, but while alternative paradigms have subsequently been suggested none have come to replace the stubbornly established rationales of modernism and liberalism. This article suggests novel futures for the justification and relevance of art education that move beyond those currently prevalent. Preferable futures are suggested that synthesise postmodern practice with liberal ideals in a paradox requiring creative consideration. While the difficulties of drawing upon such contradictory rationales are noted, a case is made that if such a purpose might be accepted and imbedded in art educational futures, then there may result a more relevant and sustainable future for art education in England.
Changes in pathogen spectrum and antimicrobial resistance development in the time‐course of acute necrotizing pancreatitis
Authors: Würstle Silvia , Hapfelmeier Alexander , Wöhrle Caroline , Dichtl Karl , Lahmer Tobias , Rasch Sebastian , Huber Wolfgang , Weber Andreas , Algül Hana , Spinner Christoph , Pichler Matthias , Schmid Roland M , Mayerle Julia , Schneider Jochen
Published: June 2019

Background and Aim

In contrast to the first peak of multi‐organ failure in acute pancreatitis, the second peak is mostly triggered by septic complications. Our aim was to analyze the spectrum of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance development in relation to the time‐course of the disease and its clinical outcome.

Methods

One hundred twenty‐two patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis undergoing pancreas puncture at two tertiary academic medical centers in Germany were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

At species level, there was a change in spectrum fromEnterococcus faecalis(∆d150 − d1 = 14.6% − 16.7% = −2.1%) toEnterococcus faecium(∆d150 − d1 = 93.1% − 16.3% = 76.8%) (P < 0.001) and fromCandida albicans(∆d150 − d1 = 39.7% − 23.6% = 16.1%) to non‐albicansCandidaspp. (∆d150 − d1 = 43.5% − 6.4% = 37.1%) (P = 0.005). Time‐to‐event analysis of acquired antimicrobial resistance showed that the overall number of patients with Enterobacteriaceae presented an antimicrobial susceptibility decrease by 59.7% (∆d1 − d100 = 87.0% − 27.3% = 59.7%). The cumulative incidence of multi‐resistant bacteria increased with length of hospital stay (∆d150 − d1 = 49.1% − 3.1% = 46.0%) (P = 0.004). Multivariable logistic regression analysis in relation to the pathogen spectrum and antimicrobial resistance development showed a significantly higher mortality for non‐albicansCandidaspp. (P = 0.039, odds ratio [OR] = 3.32 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–10.35]),E. faecium(P = 0.009, OR = 3.73 [95% CI: 1.38–10.05]), and multi‐resistant bacteria (P = 0.007, OR = 5.08 [95% CI: 1.55–16.66]).

Conclusions

Antimicrobial treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis becomes more challenging over time, owing to a change in spectrum favoring difficult‐to‐treat pathogens and an increase in multi‐resistant bacteria associated with worse clinical outcomes (World Health Organization trial registration number: DRKS00014785).
Effectiveness of Merger Remedies: Evidence from the Retail Gasoline Industry
Authors: Lagos Vicente
Published: June 2019

This article assesses the effectiveness of outlet divestitures as remedies in a merger between two large gasoline retailers. Results show that divestitures are effective in disciplining the increase in margins generated by the merger, but only for competing gas stations located within a one kilometer radius and only in municipalities with a low density of stations impacted by the merger. Interestingly, this density indicator is a good predictor of both the anticompetitive effect of the merger and the effectiveness of divestitures. Finally, prices of one merging party decreased in locations unaffected by higher concentration, evidencing the presence of efficiency gains.
Placebo and nocebo response magnitude on temporomandibular disorder‐related pain: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Porporatti André Luís , Costa Yuri Martins , Réus Jéssica Conti , Stuginski‐Barbosa Juliana , Conti Paulo César Rodrigues , Velly Ana Míriam , De Luca Canto Graziela
Published: June 2019

Objectives

The aim of this systematic review (SR) was to answer the following question: “In adult patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD)‐related pain, what is the placebo or nocebo effect of different therapies?”

Methods

A SR was performed with randomised clinical placebo‐controlled trials on diagnosed painful TMD studies from five main databases and from three grey literature. Studies included must have sample older than 18 years, with painful TMD, which diagnosis was done by Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC/TMD) or Diagnostic Criteria (DC/TMD).

Results

Out of 770 articles obtained, 42 met the inclusion criteria for qualitative and 26 for quantitative analysis. Meta‐analysis indicated mean variation on pain intensity for placebo therapy was higher on laser acupuncture with 45.5 mm point reduction, followed by avocado soya bean extract with 36 mm and amitriptyline 25 mg with 25.2 mm. Laser showed a 29% of placebo effect, as well medicine with 19% and other therapies with 26%. Possible nocebo effect of 8% pain increase was found for intra‐articular injection of Ultracain.

Conclusions

Based on the available data, the placebo response could play a major effect on TMD pain management and may be responsible from 10% to 75% of pain relief. Laser acupuncture, avocado soya bean and amitriptyline promoted the higher placebo effect. Possible nocebo effect was found only for Ultracain injection with 8%.

Clinical Relevance

Clinicians could apply such evidence to optimise pain management and judgement about treatment efficacy, and researches may find it useful when designing their investigations.
Physiological and pharmacological effects of melatonin on remote ischemic perconditioning after myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion injury in rats: Role of Cybb, Fas, NfκB, Irisin signaling pathway
Authors: Gul‐Kahraman Kubra , Yilmaz‐Bozoglan Merve , Sahna Engin
Published: June 2019

It has been found that remote organ/limb temporary ischemia, known as remote ischemic conditioning, can provide protection against the formation of lethal ischemic outcome. Current evidence suggests that aging and age‐releated comorbidities impair the cardioprotective effects of conditionings. In conjuction with aging, decrease in melatonin synthesis from pineal gland can have role in the pathogenesis of aging and age‐related cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of remote ischemic perconditioning (RIPerC) and physiological and pharmacological concentrations of melatonin on the infarct size, Fas gene, cytochrome b‐245 beta chain (Cybb) gene, nuclear factor‐kappa B (NfκB), and irisin using an in vivo model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Sprague‐Dawley rats that were divided into two groups first as non‐pinealectomized (Non‐Px) and pinealectomized (Px), and then (a) Control; (b) I/R (30‐minute ischemia, 120‐minute reperfusion caused by left coronary artery ligation); (c) I/R + RIPerC (when myocardial ischemia initiated, three cycles of 5‐minute occlusion followed by 5‐minute reperfusion); (d) I/R + Mel; (e) Px; (f) Px + I/R; (g) Px + I/R + RIPerC; (h) Px + I/R + RIPerC + Mel groups. The infarct size was determined by TTC staining and analyzed by the ImageJ program. Molecular parameters were evaluated by qRT‐PCR and Western blot. Results showed that increased infarct size in Non‐Px groups decreased with RIPerC and melatonin. However, increased infarct size in Px groups was decreased minimally with RIPerC and significantly decreased with RIPerC + Melatonin. Fold change in Fas gene was associated with the infarct size. RIPerC and melatonin reduced expressions of Cybb, NfκB, and irisin genes. The physiological release and pharmacological concentration of melatonin may improve protective effect of RIPerC against I/R‐induced infarct size by modulating Cybb, Fas, NfκB, Irisin signaling pathways.
Across the Sloping Meadow Floor: An Empirical Analysis of Preremoval Detention of Noncitizens
Authors: Vallbé Joan-Josep , González-Beilfuss Markus , Kalir Barak
Published: June 2019

In many countries, the law permits state authorities to detain noncitizens before deportation. Typically judicial decisions about preremoval detention must be made within a short period of time during which deportable noncitizens are held in police premises, and depending on the country detention may last just one month (e.g., France) or up to 18 months (the Netherlands). While previous research has explored various dimensions of noncitizen detention including the legal procedure, health consequences, the condition of detention centers, and the lives of deportable noncitizens, the empirical assessment of the determinants of decisions on preremoval detention are largely unexplored. Using data from court proceedings of police petitions of detention in Spain and a quantitative strategy, in this article we undertake an empirical analysis of noncitizen detention combining personal background of deportable noncitizens, legal factors of the case, and the behavior of different actors involved in the procedure. To do it, we fit models that take into account variation occurred at judicial district levels. Results indicate, on the one hand, that relevant actors involved in the procedure use different informational cues to decide on cases. On the other hand, the role of prosecutors and attorneys during hearings proves also relevant to predict detention.
Estimating narwhal (Monodon monoceros) age using tooth layers and aspartic acid racemization of eye lens nuclei
Authors: Watt Cortney A. , Stewart Barbara E. , Loseto Lisa , Halldorson Thor , Ferguson Steven H.
Published: June 2019

Counting growth‐layer groups (GLGs) in teeth is one of the most precise and widely accepted methods for aging marine mammals. Male narwhals have a large erupted tusk that can be used for aging, but this tusk is often difficult or expensive to obtain from hunters and most females do not display the tusk; thus, alternative methods for narwhal aging are needed. In this study, we aged narwhals by counting annual GLGs in embedded tusks and by measuring the change in the ratio of D‐ and L‐enantiomers of aspartic acid in the eye lens nucleus that occurs as the animal ages (the aspartic acid racemization [AAR] technique). Absolute age estimates were estimated for seven tusks aged ≤15 yr. Estimated age was a significant predictor of aspartic acid D/L ratios with a racemization rate (Kasp) of 9.72 × 10−4/year ± 2.28 × 10−4 and a (D/L)0 of 3.46 × 10−2 ± 1.78 × 10−3 (r2 = 0.74). Results from our study, which included more younger GLG‐aged animals than previously evaluated, confirms AAR can be used to generate age estimates for narwhals.
The Elasticity of Substitution Between Capital and Labour in the US Economy: A Meta‐Regression Analysis
Authors: Knoblach Michael , Roessler Martin , Zwerschke Patrick
Published: June 2019

Despite extensive research, there is no agreement on the value of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labour at the aggregate or the industrial level. Utilizing 2,419 estimates from 77 studies published between 1961 and 2017, this paper provides the first meta‐regression analysis for the US economy. We show that the heterogeneity in previously reported estimates is driven primarily by modelling decisions for technological dynamics. Throughout the analysis, the hypothesis of a Cobb–Douglas production function is rejected. Based on our meta‐regression sample, we estimate a long‐run meta‐elasticity for the aggregate economy in the range of 0.45–0.87. Most industrial estimates do not deviate significantly from the estimate for the aggregate economy.
Sugar partitioning and source–sink interaction are key determinants of leaf senescence in maize
Authors: Kumar Rohit , Bishop Eugene , Bridges William C. , Tharayil Nishanth , Sekhon Rajandeep S.
Published: June 2019

Source–sink communication is one of the key regulators of senescence; however, the mechanisms underlying such regulation are largely unknown. We analysed senescence induced by the lack of grain sink in maize, termed source–sink regulated senescence (SSRS), and compared the associated physiological and metabolic changes with those accompanying natural senescence. Phenotypic characterization of 31 diverse field‐grown inbreds revealed substantial variation for both SSRS and natural senescence. Partitioning of excess carbohydrates to alternative sinks, mainly internodes and husks, emerged as a critical mechanism underlying both SSRS and stay‐green. Time‐course analyses of SSRS sensitive (B73) and resistant (PHG35) inbreds confirmed the role of sugar partitioning in SSRS and stay‐green. Elevated hemicellulose content in PHG35 internodes highlighted the role of the cell wall as a significant alternative sink. Sugar signalling emerged as an important regulator of SSRS as evident from an increased accumulation of trehalose‐6‐phosphate and decreased transcript levels of snf1‐related protein kinase1, two signalling components associated with senescence, in B73. These findings demonstrate a crucial role of sugar partitioning, signalling, and utilization in SSRS. Available genetic variation for SSRS and a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms would help modify sugar partitioning and senescence to enhance the productivity of maize and related grasses.
Relationship work among young adult couples: Romantic, social, and physiological considerations
Authors: Jensen Jakob , Fish Matthew , Dinkins Quianna , Rappleyea Damon , Didericksen Katharine W.
Published: June 2019

We examined romantic, social, and physiological variables associated with partners discussing romantic challenges together and with friends, a process known as relationship work (RW). Actor‐partner interdependence models examining 71 heterosexual, young adult couples and their friends suggested social network approval, friendship quality, and partners' perspective taking were each associated with partners' RW patterns. Skin conductance activity readings revealed males universally experienced greater physiological arousal when discussing romantic problems than females. Unexpectedly, both males and females experienced greater skin conductance activity when discussing romantic challenges with friends than with partners. Males were more likely to discuss romantic challenges with friends when their female partners experienced greater baseline skin conductance activity. Findings inform researchers regarding links between romantic, social, and physiological functioning.
School education to increase organ donation and awareness of issues in transplantation in the UK
Authors: Byrne Matthew , Stainer Benjamin , Symington Matthew , Leighton Jess , Jackson Helen , Singhal Nidhi , Patel Sanya , Shiel‐Rankin Susan , Mayes Jonathan , Mogg Jasper , Bonham Timothy , Smit Amy , Deutsch Elizabeth , Thompson Emily , Wilson Colin
Published: June 2019

Background

Over 6000 people are on the United Kingdom organ transplant waiting list, and approximately three people die each day due to a lack of donors. Social deprivation status has been shown to affect registration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of school level education at increasing awareness of the issues surrounding organ donation and organ donor registration, and the effect of socioeconomic deprivation and age has on these outcomes.

Methods

A 15‐minute presentation about organ donation and the issues in transplantation was given to secondary school students from the United Kingdom. An optional questionnaire was then distributed.

Results

1155 paper questionnaires were completed from nine schools. The average age was 15.5 (SD = 0.5) years. Before the presentation, 10% of students were on the ODR. Following the presentation, the number of students who were on the ODR or planned to join significantly increased to 56%, independent of age (P < 0.0001). Similarly, there was a significant increase in Likert scores for awareness of the issues in transplantation, independent of age (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

This early educational presentation significantly increased awareness of the issues in transplantation and planned organ donor registration, independent of age and deprivation.
Salt marsh shoreline geomorphology influences the success of restored oyster reefs and use by associated fauna
Authors: Keller Danielle A. , Gittman Rachel K. , Brodeur Michelle C. , Kenworthy Matthew D. , Ridge Justin T. , Yeager Lauren A. , Rodriguez Antonio B. , Fodrie F. Joel
Published: June 2019

Restoration is increasingly implemented as a strategy to mitigate global declines in biogenic habitats, such as salt marshes and oyster reefs. Restoration efforts could be improved if we knew how site characteristics at landscape scales affect the ecological success of these foundation species. In this study, we determined how salt marsh shoreline geomorphologies (e.g. with variable hydrodynamic energy, fetch, erosion rates, and slopes) affect the success of restored intertidal oyster reefs, as well as how fauna utilize restored reefs and forage along marsh habitats. We constructed oyster reefs along three marsh shoreline geomorphologies in May 2012: 1) “creek” (small‐fetch, gradual‐sloped shoreline), “ramp” (large‐fetch, gradual‐sloped shoreline), and “scarp” (large‐fetch, steep‐sloped shoreline). Following recruitment, oyster spat density was greatest on ramp reefs; however, 2 years later, the highest adult oyster densities were found on creek reefs. Total nekton and blue crab catch rates in trawl nets were highest in the creek, while piscivore catch rates in gill nets were highest along the scarp shoreline. We found no difference in predation on snails in the salt marsh behind constructed reef and nonconstructed reference sites, but there were more snails consumed in the creek shoreline, which corresponded with the distribution of their major predator—blue crabs. We conclude that oyster reef construction was most successful for oysters in small‐fetch, gradual‐sloped, creek environments. However, nekton abundance did not always follow the same trends as oyster density, which could suggest constructed reefs may offer similar habitat‐related functions (prey availability and refuge) already present along existing salt marsh borders.
Offshoring Brains? Evidence on the Complementarity between Manufacturing and R&D in Danish Firms*
Authors: Andersen Svend Greniman
Published: June 2019

By employing a firm‐level linked employer–employee dataset for Danish manufacturing firms, this paper investigates whether offshoring is complementary to, or a substitute for, research and development (R&D) activities. Offshoring is instrumented with world export supply to circumvent the inherent endogenous nature of the firm's decision to offshore. Results suggest that firms with increased offshoring do in fact tend to engage in further R&D activities at home. Moreover, they also tend to reallocate R&D resources toward product R&D, possibly at the expense of process R&D.
Distributed phenomics with the unPAK project reveals the effects of mutations
Authors: Rutter Matthew T. , Murren Courtney J. , Callahan Hilary S. , Bisner April M. , Leebens‐Mack Jim , Wolyniak Michael J. , Strand Allan E.
Published: June 2019

Determining how genes are associated with traits in plants and other organisms is a major challenge in modern biology. The unPAK project – undergraduates phenotyping Arabidopsis knockouts – has generated phenotype data for thousands of non‐lethal insertion mutation lines within a single Arabidopsis thaliana genomic background. The focal phenotypes examined by unPAK are complex macroscopic fitness‐related traits, which have ecological, evolutionary and agricultural importance. These phenotypes are placed in the context of the wild‐type and also natural accessions (phytometers), and standardized for environmental differences between assays. Data from the unPAK project are used to describe broad patterns in the phenotypic consequences of insertion mutation, and to identify individual mutant lines with distinct phenotypes as candidates for further study. Inclusion of undergraduate researchers is at the core of unPAK activities, and an important broader impact of the project is providing students an opportunity to obtain research experience.
Intraarticular injection of a Tin‐117 m radiosynoviorthesis agent in normal canine elbows causes no adverse effects
Authors: Lattimer Jimmy C. , Selting Kimberly A. , Lunceford Joni M. , Holland James R. , Simon Jaime , Stevenson Nigel R. , Doerr Cynthia A.
Published: June 2019

This longitudinal prospective exploratory study used serial measurements in five dogs to evaluate safety and retention of a tin‐117 m (117mSn) colloid after intra‐articular injection in normal elbow joints. Each dog was deemed healthy based on physical examination, laboratory results, and radiographic evaluation of both elbows. While anesthetized, each received an MRI of both elbows, followed by fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans of both elbow joints and associated lymph nodes. Joint fluid (0.5‐1.0 mL) was withdrawn aseptically from the left elbow joint, followed by intra‐articular injection of 117mSn colloid (92.5 MBq; 1‐1.5 ml). Post‐injection assessments included blood counts, serum chemistry panels, urinalyses, radiographs, joint fluid analyses, MRI/positron emission tomography scans, scintigraphy, and biodistribution scans. On day 45‐47, each dog was euthanized and a complete postmortem examination was performed. Tissue samples were submitted for histopathology and radioisotope retention studies. Left elbow joints were decalcified and sectioned for future autoradiography. Scintigraphy, 1 day after injection, indicated slight radioisotope escape from the joint to regional lymph nodes. Serial blood, urine, feces, and organ counts indicated >99.1% of the 117mSn activity was retained in the joint for 45‐47 days. Radiation output levels were below patient release levels the day following injection. Maximum standard uptake value for the injected joint decreased. Joint fluid cytology was unchanged. No dog exhibited lameness during the study. Absence of joint damage and lack of systemic effects after injection of the 117mSn colloid in normal canine elbow joints indicate that this agent may be safely used for radiosynoviorthesis in dogs with osteoarthritis.
CT measures of lumbosacral paraspinal muscle size are not correlated with CT measures of lumbosacral stability in military working Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Jones Jeryl C. , Kimmett Krystina L. , Sharp Julia L. , Sanders Samantha R. , Wilmoth Tiffany A.
Published: June 2019

Management of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in military working dogs more frequently utilizes core conditioning exercise programs. Future research on the effectiveness of these programs may benefit from an improved understanding of relationships between paraspinal muscle size and lumbosacral stability. The aim of this retrospective, secondary analysis, cross‐sectional study was to test the following hypotheses related to CT measures: (a) transverse paraspinal muscle area ratios differ between hip flexion and extension, (b) lumbosacral angle and lumbosacral range of motion differ by lumbosacral angle measurement technique, and (c) transverse paraspinal muscle area ratios are correlated with CT measures of lumbosacral stability (parasagittal and parasagittal oblique foraminal area changes) regardless of hip position and with lumbosacral range of motion within each hip position. Lumbosacral CT scans in hip flexion and extension were retrieved from a previous prospective study of military working Labrador Retrievers. A single observer performed triplicate measurements of transverse paraspinal muscle area ratios, parasagittal foraminal area, and parasagittal oblique foraminal area for each hip position and another observer independently performed triplicate measurements of lumbosacral angle and lumbosacral range of motion at L7‐S1 using two published techniques. Thirty‐nine dogs were analyzed and significant differences were identified between hip flexion and extension for all mean transverse paraspinal muscle area ratio values (P ≤ .05). Mean lumbosacral angles also significantly differed between the published techniques in both hip flexion and extension. When comparing mean lumbosacral range of motion values, one of the published techniques produced significantly smaller values. No significant correlation was found between transverse paraspinal muscle area ratios and parasagittal foraminal area changes, parasagittal oblique foraminal area changes, or lumbosacral range of motion. These results should be considered when designing studies using these CT measures in military working dogs.
Stimulation of subchondral bone cyst healing by placement of a transcondylar screw in the equine medial femoral condyle
Authors: Frazer Lance L. , Santschi Elizabeth M. , Fischer Kenneth J.
Published: June 2019

Objective

To predict the bone formation stimulus of a transcondylar screw across an equine subchondral bone cyst (SBC) in an equine medial femoral condyle (MFC).

Study design

Finite element modeling (FEM) of an equine MFC with a 2 cm3SBC under several transcondylar screw conditions.

Sample population

The right stifle of a yearling thoroughbred without stifle disease that had been euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study and donated to the University.

Methods

The FEM was derived from computed tomography of a yearling thoroughbred and analyzed in ABAQUS v6.14. The transcondylar screw was modeled as a 4.5‐mm stainless steel cylinder. The region of interest was the centrodistal MFC, and bone stimulus was calculated. The stimulus threshold for bone formation (BFT) was >60 MPa and is presented as the percentage of total bone surface area (BFA) and frontal plane maps. Principal compressive stress vectors were also determined. Tested variables were daily cycles, load, and screw compression and position.

Results

At 750 cycles and 900‐N load, <3% of the BFA exceeded the BFT. Increases in BFA > BFT occurred proportionally with load, screw compression, and daily cycles (steps). Compressive stress was oriented vertically on the SBC surface without a screw but aligned with the long axis of well‐placed lag screws. Screw placement through the void also increased the number and magnitude of compressive vectors.

Conclusion

This model predicted that a transcondylar lag screw across an MFC SBC increased surface BFA stimulation and reoriented the compression vector. Increasing screw compression, load, and steps per day increased the bone formation stimulus.

Clinical significance

This study provides evidence that supports the use of a lag screw thorough an MFC SBC to promote bone formation.
Indian English in political discussions
Authors: Gargesh Ravinder , Sharma Anamika
Published: June 2019

The present paper on ‘verbal disputes’ is a tribute to Professor Braj B. Kachru, who himself had a keen interest in the politics of language. This paper draws its data from three types of political discussions in India: a debate, an interview, and an altercation between the moderator and a guest on three different televised programme. This article analyses various aspects of political argumentation in the Indian context, including such macrolinguistic features as the setting of discussions, the socio‐cultural and political context, and the argumentation of participants, as well as the microlinguistic features of the texts generated in political discussions. Such features include patterns of code‐mixing and code‐switching, lexis, phonology, rhetoric, syntax, and the use of tag questions.
Implementing Evidence‐Based Guidelines for Falls Prevention: Observations of Nursing Activities During the Care of Older People With Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Grealish Laurie , Real Belinda , Todd Jo‐Anne , Darch Jacob , Soltau Dawn , Phelan Maggie , Lunn Matthew , Brandis Susan , Cooke Marie , Chaboyer Wendy
Published: June 2019

Background

Evidence‐based guidelines assist clinicians in practice, but how the guidelines are implemented is less established.

Aim

To describe the nurses’ implementation of activities recommended in evidence‐based guidelines for falls prevention and care of older people with cognitive impairment.

Methods

Structured observation with a categorical checklist was used. Nursing personnel were recruited from one subacute and two acute wards in two hospitals in one tertiary‐level health service in south‐eastern Queensland, Australia. The data collection instrument identified 31 activities drawn directly from the evidence‐based guidelines, which were categorized into six domains of nursing practice: clinical care, comfort, elimination, mobility, nutrition and hydration, and social engagement. Four‐hour observation periods, timed to occur across the morning and evening shifts, were conducted over 2 months.

Results

Nineteen registered nurses, six enrolled nurses, and 16 assistants in nursing (N = 41) were observed for 155 hr of observation. There was variability in adherence with specific activities, ranging from 21% to 100% adherence. Three categories with the highest adherence were nutrition and hydration, mobilization safety, and social engagement. The clinical care, comfort, and elimination categories had lower adherence, with lowest adherence in activities of education provision about falls risk, pain assessment, using a clock or calendar to reorient to time and place, and bowel care.

Linking Evidence to Action

Nursing care is delivered within an interdisciplinary team. Therefore, responsibility for the everyday fundamental care activities known to prevent falls in older people with cognitive impairment requires localized negotiation. A practical guide for preventing in‐hospital falls in older people with cognitive impairment addressing the interdisciplinary context of practice is required. Interdisciplinary teams should develop strategies to enhance the implementation of pain assessment and prevention of constipation in the context of regularly implemented hydration, nutrition, and mobilization care strategies.
Rapsyn facilitates recovery from desensitization in fetal and adult acetylcholine receptors expressed in a muscle cell line
Authors: Cetin Hakan , Liu Wei , Cheung Jonathan , Cossins Judith , Vanhaesebrouck An , Maxwell Susan , Vincent Angela , Beeson David , Webster Richard
Published: June 2019

Key points

The physiological significance of the developmental switch from fetal to adult acetylcholine receptors in muscle (AChRs) and the functional impact of AChR clustering by rapsyn are not well studied.

Using patch clamp experiments, we show that recovery from desensitization is faster in the adult AChR isoform.

Recovery from desensitization is determined by the AChR isoform‐specific cytoplasmic M3–M4 domain.

The co‐expression of rapsyn in muscle cells induced AChR clustering and facilitated recovery from desensitization in both fetal and adult AChRs. In fetal AChRs, facilitation of recovery kinetics by rapsyn was independent of AChR clustering.

These effects could be crucial adaptations to motor neuron firing rates, which, in rodents, have been shown to increase around the time of birth when AChRs cluster at the developing neuromuscular junctions.

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the site of a number of autoimmune and genetic disorders, many involving the muscle‐type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR), although there are aspects of normal NMJ development and function that need to be better understood. In particular, there are still questions regarding the implications of the developmental switch from fetal to adult AChRs, as well as how their functions might be modified by rapsyn that clusters the AChRs. Desensitization of human muscle AChRs was investigated using the patch clamp technique to measure whole‐cell currents in muscle‐type (TE671/CN21) and non‐muscle (HEK293) cell lines expressing either fetal or adult AChRs. Desensitization time constants were similar with both AChR isoforms but recovery time constants were shorter in cells expressing adult compared to fetal AChRs (P < 0.0001). Chimeric experiments showed that recovery from desensitization was determined by the M3–M4 cytoplasmic loops of the γ‐ and ε‐subunits. Expression of rapsyn in TE671/CN21 cells induced AChR aggregation and also, surprisingly, shortened recovery time constants in both fetal and adult AChRs. However, this was not dependent on clustering because rapsyn also facilitated recovery from desensitization in HEK293 cells expressing a δ‐R375H AChR mutant that did not form clusters in C2C12 myotubes. Thus, rapsyn interactions with AChRs lead not only to clustering, but also to a clustering independent faster recovery from desensitization. Both effects of rapsyn could be a necessary adjustment to the motor neuron firing rates that increase around the time of birth.