bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conformational analysis and design of disulfides in antiparallel β‐sheets and helices
Authors: Santhanagopalan Indu , Kumar Senthil , Thakurela Sudhir , Gupta Mansi , Bhaskara Ramachandra , Kochat Veena , Ramakrishnan Chandrasekharan , Varadarajan Raghavan
Published: June 2021

A nonredundant data set having 5025 polypeptides with 2311 disulfides was used to study cross‐strand disulfides (CSDs) in antiparallel beta‐sheets, and intrahelical disulfides (IHDs).

75 and 1 CSDs were found at non‐hydrogen‐bonded (NHB) and hydrogen‐bonded (HB) registered pairs, respectively. Disulfides at HB pairs lead to steric repulsions with main chain and require a rare, positive χ1 value for at least one of the Cys. 13 disulfides were introduced in NHB and HB pairs in 4 model proteins: Leu binding protein (LBP), Leu, Ile, Val binding protein (LIVBP), maltose binding protein (MBP), and Top7. The LIVBP mutant did not show disulfide formation. Relative to wild type, LBP and MBP mutants were destabilized with respect to chemical denaturation, although the exposed NHB LBP mutant showed an increase of 3.1 °C in Tm. Both exposed and 2 of the 3 buried NHB Top7 mutants were stabilized. All 4 HB Top7 mutants were destabilized (ΔΔGo = −3.3 to −6.7 kcal/mol). Thus, CSDs engineered at exposed NHB pairs can be used to improve protein stability.

35 examples were found of IHDs between the N‐Cap and 3rd helical positions. Cys pairs were introduced at N‐Cap‐3; 1,4; 7,10 in 2 helices of an E. coli thioredoxin (Trx) mutant. Disulfides spontaneously formed only at positions N‐Cap‐3 during purification. All oxidized and reduced mutants were destabilized relative to nSS Trx. All mutants were mildly redox active.
Supplement Moringa oleifera leaves and their impact on the nutritional status of vitamin A, iron and zinc in preschools: A pilot study
Authors: grijalva maria isabel , Fernandez Isaura Victoria , Ponce Jose Antonio , Artalejo Elizabeth , nieblas amparo , Gonzalez Luis Enrique
Published: June 2021

Objective

To evaluate the effect of a dried leaves of Moringa oleifera(MOL) supplement, on the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency(VAD), and iron and zinc status in preschool children at risk of malnutrition in rural disadvantaged areas of Hermosillo, Mexico.

Subjects and Methods

A quasi‐experimental intervention accomplished a clinical study itself (n=56 children aged 3–5 years). A group (n=31) was supplemented with 1.17 g/day of MOL during 5 months, and another with no supplementation (n=25). Biochemical indicators (serum retinol and zinc, protoporphyrin, and hemoglobin) before and after supplementation. Socioeconomic, dietary and parasitic factors were used as covariate.

Results

Preschool children of farm workers in poverty communities showed inadequate dietary pattern of vitamin A (66.7%), iron (50.6%) and zinc (27.1%). There was a high prevalence of VAD (43.8%), anemia (11.9%) and intestinal parasites(from 47% to 64%). At the end of the study, supplementation reduced the prevalence of VAD (p<0.05) from 40% to14.3% in the supplemented group. Significant changes for hemoglobin concentration between groups was observed (p<0.001).

Conclusion

MOL supplementation showed a protective effect to maintain adequate levels of hemoglobin in the study population.
Absorption of Folic Acid is Similar from a Softgel Capsule and a Standard Tablet
Authors: Maki Kevin C , Ndife Louis I. , Kelley Kathleen M. , Lawless Andrea L. , Brooks James R. , Wright Shannon B. , Shields Jocelyn M. , Dicklin Mary R.
Published: June 2021

Folate (folic acid) supplementation is recommended for women of childbearing potential to reduce the risk for neural tube defects during fetal development. In this single‐blind (staff only), randomized crossover study, 16 premenopausal women (18–45 yr) were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of either 800 μg folic acid in two tablets or 800 μg folic acid in a multivitamin softgel capsule along with a low‐folate, low‐iron breakfast in random order. Mean serum folate total and net incremental (ni) areas under the curve (AUC0‐8 hr) were not significantly different between tablets and softgel capsule (total AUC0‐8hr 205.4±10.7 and 220.9±15.3 hr x ng/mL; niAUC0‐8hr 112.2±8.1 and 122.0±14.4 hr x ng/mL, respectively), nor was maximum folate concentration (Cmax; 43.1±2.4 and 49.0 ±4.4 ng/mL, respectively). Time to peak folate concentration (Tmax) was significantly (p < 0.001) delayed for the softgel capsule vs. tablet (3.9±0.3 vs. 1.7±0.2 hr, respectively). Plasma iron total AUC0‐8hr, niAUC0‐8hr and Cmax were significantly higher for the iron‐containing softgel supplement vs. the tablet, which contained no iron. Bioavailability of folic acid was similar for the folic acid tablets and a multivitamin softgel capsule. Increased post‐dose plasma iron concentration indicates iron was also absorbed from the softgel capsule.
Natural Forms of Vitamin E and 13□Œ‐Carboxychromanol, a Long‐Chain Vitamin E Metabolite, Inhibit Leukotriene Generation from Stimulated Neutrophils by Blocking Calcium Influx and Suppressing 5‐Lipoxygenase Activity, Respectively
Authors: Jiang Ziying , Yin Xinmin , Jiang Qing
Published: June 2021

Leukotrienes generated by 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX)‐catalyzed reaction are key regulators of inflammation. In ionophore A23187‐stimulated human neutrophils or differentiated HL60 cells, vitamin E forms differentially inhibited leukotriene B4 (LTB4) with IC50 of 5–20μM for γ‐tocopherol, δ‐tocopherol (δT) and γ‐tocotrienol, but much higher for α‐tocopherol. 13′‐carboxychromanol, a long‐chain metabolite of δT, suppressed neutrophil‐ and HL60 cell‐generated LTB4 with IC50 of 4–7μM and potently inhibited human recombinant 5‐LOX activity with IC50 of 1.5±1μM, but other metabolites, such as 9′‐carboxychromanol and 7,8‐dimethyl‐2‐(β‐carboxyethyl)‐6‐hydroxychroman (CEHC) did not show promising effects. In contrast, vitamin E forms had no effect on human 5‐LOX activity, but impaired ionophore‐induced intracellular calcium increase and calcium influx as well as the subsequent signaling including ERK1/2 phosphorylation and 5‐LOX translocation. Further investigation showed that δT suppressed cytosolic Ca2+ increase and/or LTB4 formation triggered by ionophores, sphingosine 1‐phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid, but not by fMLP or thapsigargin, indicating that δT does not likely affect fMLP receptor‐mediated signaling or storage‐depletion induced calcium entry. Instead, δT prevented ionophore‐caused cytoplasmic membrane disruption, which may account for its blocking of calcium influx. These activities by vitamin E forms and long‐chain carboxychromanol provide potential molecular bases for the differential anti‐inflammatory effects of vitamin E forms in vivo.
Study of barramundi (Lates carcarifer) delta‐6 desaturase and elongase functions and activities using a yeast heterologous expression system
Authors: Tu Wei‐Chun , James Michael J , Cook‐Johnson Rebecca J , Mühlhäusler Beverly S , Stone David A J , Gibson Robert A
Published: June 2021

Barramundi are diadromous fish inhabiting the fresh and salt water estuarine regions of northern Australia. Enzymatic capability for conversion of 18 carbon (C18) fatty acids to long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) in barramundi was examined. Functional expression was applied to barramundi Δ6 desaturase and elongase genes using yeast heterologous expression system. Results showed that the Δ6 desaturase is not only capable of desaturating α‐linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA) and 24:5 n‐3 to their desaturation products but also showed Δ8 desaturase activity. The elongase had a broad range of fatty acid substrate specificity from C18 to C22 PUFA with the greatest activity with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The conversion rate of desaturation was generally lower than elongation. We observed that the apparent desaturation and elongation activities were confounded by the rapid loss of substrates presumably by ß‐oxidation and by the release of desaturation/elongation products to the culture medium. Our findings not only indicate that barramundi have the desaturation and elongation capacity for LCPUFA biosynthesis using dietary ALA and LA as substrates but that because the Δ6 desaturase possesses Δ8 desaturase activity, an alternate route for LCPUFA synthesis exists.
Novel gene fad104 is required for lung morphogenesis
Authors: Kishimoto Keishi , Nishizuka Makoto , Osada Shigehiro , Imagawa Masayoshi , Imagawa Masayoshi
Published: June 2021

Previously, we identified fad104 (factor for adipocyte differentiation 104) as a novel gene whose expression was induced in the early stage of adipogenesis. Mouse fad104 encodes a 132‐kDa protein, which contains nine fibronectin type III domains and a transmembrane region. We have reported that fad104 promotes adipogenesis and that deletion of fad104 causes neonatal death. However, the cause of death in fad104‐deficient mice is unclear. Here, we attempted to clarify the cause of death in fad104‐deficient mice, and uncover the physiological role of fad104.

□@ First, phenotypic and morphological analyses showed that fad104‐deficient pups displayed cyanosis and died from respiratory distress immediately after birth. In addition, fad104‐deficient lungs were small and its alveolar spaces were not dilated adequately. Furthermore, we revealed that FAD104 was expressed in alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells in the developing lungs. Moreover, the ATII cells in fad104‐deficient lungs were immature and attenuated the expression of surfactant‐associated proteins.

In conclusion, this work demonstrated that fad104 has a crucial role in lung morphogenesis at least in part by regulating ATII cell maturation.
Fish oil and contaminated fish oil reduce risk factors of cardiovascular disease in rats
Authors: Mistry Prashila S , Wright Alely , Plumlee Deva , Hong Mee Young
Published: June 2021

High levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) omega‐3 fatty acids are found in most fish oil and have demonstrated favorable cardiovascular health benefits with regular consumption. Increasing evidence suggests that fish may contain high levels of environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). What is unclear is if the presence of PCBs in a fish oil supplement attenuates the benefits observed with cardiovascular health. This study examined the effect of fish oil contaminated with PCB (4000ng/ml fat) as compared to regular fish oil on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Thirty Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into three groups and fed corn oil (CO), fish oil (FO), or contaminated fish oil (PCB) for nine weeks. The FO and PCB groups had significantly lower total TG, LDL‐cholesterol, and C‐reactive protein, and higher HDL‐cholesterol than the CO group (P<0.05). The FO group had lower values of lactate dehydrogenase in comparison to CO and PCB groups (P<0.05). These findings suggest that contaminated fish oil does not significantly affect cardiovascular health markers as compared to non‐contaminated fish oil. While PCB alone may affect human health, it may not adversely affect the physiological properties of fish oil. Longer duration and higher levels of contamination may benefit future studies. Supported by SDSU UGP and SDSU NUTR 302L class.
Antioxidative Effects of Polyphenol‐Enriched Red Ginseng Extracts on Hydrogen Peroxide‐Induced Oxidative Stress in C2C12 Cells
Authors: Kim Young‐Cheul , Kim Yong Ook , Rho Jeonghae , Hong Hee Do , Swick Jennifer , Kim Young Chan , Lee Young Chul
Published: June 2021

Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skeletal muscle is known to cause muscle fatigue and damage, which can be countered by endogenous antioxidant enzyme systems and dietary antioxidants. Although the medicinal efficacy of red ginseng extract (RGE) have been largely attributed to ginsenosides, the effects of phenolic compounds in RGE on ROS scavenging activity are not well known. We assessed the changes in total contents of saponins and phenolic compounds and examined the antioxidative effects of polyphenol‐enriched RGE (PRGE) on hydrogen peroxide (HP)‐induced oxidative stress in differentiated C2C12 muscle cells. Cells treated with 100 μM HP caused a marked increase of ROS within 6 hr, peaking at 24 hrs and remained high till 48 hrs. Compared to controls, both RGE and PRGE at 1.0 mg/ml concentration caused a marked decrease of ROS levels during the time course of 24 hr. The inhibitory effect of PRGE was significantly higher compared with RGE, consistent with ~2.6‐fold increase of total phenolic contents and major phenolic compounds in PRGE. Moreover, PRGE at 1.0 mg/ml increased the expression of catalase and glutathione reductase mRNAs. These results indicate that the superior antioxidant effect of PRGE relative to RGE can be accounted for the higher phenolic contents that directly scavenges ROS and/or through activation of antioxidant enzymes.
Maternal consumption of soy protein isolate alters lipid metabolism of adult rat offspring fed ethanol diet
Authors: Kwon Young Hye , Won Sae Bom
Published: June 2021

Previously, we observed that maternal consumption of soy protein isolate (SPI) affects lipid metabolism and cell proliferation of liver in three‐week‐old male rat offspring. Therefore, we investigated whether the adaptive responses of the offspring to environmental factors potentially affect the development of liver disease later in life. In the present study, female Sprague Dawley rats were fed a casein diet (CAS: 200 g/kg diet) or a low‐isoflavone SPI diet (SPI: 200 g/kg) for two weeks before mating, and during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring was fed a regular chow diet until 8 weeks of age, and then pairs of offspring were fed control or alcohol liquid diet for 6 weeks. Ethanol ingestion significantly increased the relative liver weight and reduced the relative adipose tissue weight in both CAS and SPI groups. Serum GOT levels and hepatic SAM/SAH ratio were also significantly changed in offspring fed ethanol liquid diet. We observed significant interaction of maternal diet and ethanol feeding in serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. Maternal consumption of SPI reduced serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in offspring fed ethanol diet. Our data suggest that maternal consumption of SPI may program the offspring's susceptibility to the later development of alcoholic liver disease by altering lipid metabolism. This work was supported by a grant from Korea Research Foundation.
In vitro fermentation characteristics of select non‐digestible oligosaccharides using infant fecal inocula
Authors: Boler Brittany Vester , Rossoni Serao Mariana C. , Faber Trevor A. , Chow JoMay , Fahey George C.
Published: June 2021

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS), gum arabic (GA), HP inulin (HP), 2′‐fucosyllactose (2FL), 6′‐sialyllactose (6SL), and lacto‐N‐neotetraose (LNnT) were incubated (37°C) in semi‐defined medium with fecal inocula from healthy breast‐fed (n=4) or formula‐fed (n=4) infants, and samples collected over 12 h. LNnT, 2FL, and GOS led to rapid drops in pH (P<0.01; 3, 6, and 12 h), with intermediate changes for HP and 6SL, and no change for GA. GOS led to higher acetate production than 2FL at 3 h (P=0.02), and both 2FL and LNnT at 6 h (P<0.05). At 12 h, GOS led to greater production of acetate than the other substrates (GOS>LNnT=2FL>6SL>HP=GA; P<0.05). Other substrates produced more propionate than GA, but only detected at 12 h (6SL>LNnT=GOS=2FL=HP>GA; P<0.05). Butyrate increased to the same extent (P<0.01) for all substrates except for GA. More lactate accumulated for GOS, 2FL, and LNnT compared to HP, 6SL, and GA (P<0.01). GOS led to greater (P<0.01) lactate production compared to HP, 6SL, and GA at 3 h with this trend continuing through 12 h. This study suggests that the human milk oligosaccharides LNnT, 2FL, and 6SL are highly fermentable by infants. This research was supported by Abbott Nutrition.
Comparative effectiveness of two popular weight loss programs in women III: fitness markers
Authors: Byrd M , Mardock M , Lockard B , Simbo S , Jagim A , Kresta JY , Baetge C , Jung Y , Koozehchian M , Khanna D , Oliver JM , Kyul H , Greenwood M , Kreider R , Rasmussen C
Published: June 2021

42 sedentary women (33±7 yrs, 164±7 cm; 93±19 kg; 46±7% body fat, 35±6 kg/m2) were randomized to participate in the Curves (C) or Weight Watchers (W) programs for 16‐wks. Participants in the C program followed a 1,200 kcal/d diet for 1‐wk and 1,500 kcal/d diet for 3 wks (30:45 CHO:PRO). Subjects then ingested 2,000 kcals/d for 2‐wks (45:30) and repeated this diet while participating in the Curves with Zumba program 3‐d‐wk. Remaining subjects followed the W point‐based diet program. Data were obtained at 0, 4, 10, & 16 wks while fitness was assessed at 0 and 16 wks. Data were analyzed by MANOVA. Both programs decreased BMI (−6.5±4%, p=0.001), waist circumference (−6.2±5%, p=0.001), hip circumference (−5.7±4%, p=0.001), resting HR (−4.2±13%, qp=0.04), resting SBP (−3.2±8%, p=0.06), and increased peak aerobic capacity (10.9±9%, p=0.001). Waist circumference tended to decrease at a faster rate in the C group (qp=0.08) and changes in resting HR were generally improved to a greater degree in the C group. Bench press 1RM (C 4.9±13, W −1.1±11%, p=0.11), leg press 1RM (C 5.8±15, W 1.4±20%, p=0.44), bench press endurance (C 59±100, W 2.7±49%, p=0.02), leg press endurance (C 12.3±93, W 1.8±57%, p=0.66), and peak aerobic capacity (C 12.5±9, W 9.6±9%, p=0.31) were generally higher in the C group. Results indicate that participation in the C program improved some markers of health & fitness to a greater degree than the W program.
Total vitamin D intake and predictors of circulating 25(OH)D in african american men
Authors: Agurs‐Collins Tanya , Dodd Kevin , Williams Erica , Kittles Rick
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Evidence suggests that low vitamin D status is associated with chronic disease including colorectal cancer risk and all‐cause mortality. The purpose of this study was to assess vitamin D status against the new Institute of Medicine (IOM) vitamin D recommendation and to identify predictors of circulating 25(OH)D in 287 healthy African American men.

Methods

Total vitamin D intake and lifetime ultraviolet light (UV) exposure were measured by questionnaires. Circulating 25(OH)D was measured using serum. Descriptive statistics and linear regression models were used to assess vitamin D intake and explore predictors of circulating 25(OH)D.

Results

Mean total vitamin D intake (food and supplement) was 272.3 IUs/day (95% CI:245.0,299.6), with only 10% of the sample meeting the 600 IUs recommendation. Mean circulating 25(OH)D was 18.0 ng/ml (95% CI:17.0,19.1), with 35% of the sample who met the recommended 20 ng/ml. A significant predictor of 25(OH)D was total vitamin D intake (food and supplement) p<0.001; lifetime UV exposure was suggestive (p=0.08). We estimated that an increase of 200 IUs from total vitamin D (food and supplement) would increase circulating levels of 25(OH)D by 1.4 ng/ml.

Conclusions

When compared to the IOM recommendation, circulating vitamin D and intakes were inadequate, which may partially explain increased cancer risk and mortality among African American men.
Association between rs13466632 in zinc transporter SLC30A8, glucose, insulin and zinc status in Mexican women
Authors: Tejero Maria Elizabeth , Erazo Berenice , Bonilla A , Aguilar G , Isoard Fernando , Perez‐Lizaur Ana , De Regil Luz Ma
Published: June 2021

The rs13466632 variant in zinc transporter SLC30A8 encodes for an amino acid substitution (Arg>Trp) in a zinc transporter that is mainly expressed in pancreas. This SNP has been associated with risk for type 2 diabetes in Caucasian and Chinese. Zinc is required for production, storage and release of insulin in beta cells. Deficiency of this micronutrient has been associated with glucose metabolism abnormalities. Low zinc levels are frequent among Mexican women. No studies have been conducted on the role of zinc status on the association between variation in SLC30A8 and the risk for type 2 diabetes, and glucose metabolism. A sample of 45 non‐pregnant adult women were included in the study. Fasting glucose, insulin, and zinc levels in plasma and erythrocytes were measured using standard techniques. The rs13466632 variant was genotyped by allelic discrimination. Genotypes followed the HW distribution. Associations between genotype and levels of the analyzed variables was explored using GLM using age, BMI and waist circumference as covariates, and genotype as fix factor. A significant association was found between fasting insulin levels and gentoype (P<0.05), after controlling for BMI and age. This association was not mediated by zinc status, as measured by the mentioned methods. No association was found between genotype and glucose or zinc levels.
Twist1 performs distinct spatio‐temporal functions in developing cardiac neural crest cells
Authors: Vincentz Joshua Wayne , Barnes Ralston , Firulli Beth , Spicer Douglas , Firulli Anthony
Published: June 2021

Although many cell types derive from neural crest cell (NCC) progenitors, the transcriptional programs that govern NCC fate choice are not well understood. Twist1−/− mutant cardiac NCC (cNCC) display migratory and morphological defects. Within the aorticopulmonary cushions (APC), Twist1−/− cNCC form abnormal cellular aggregations, or nodules, that express high levels of the related transcription factors Hand1 and Hand2. To precisely examine Twist1 function during cNCC maturation, we conditionally inactivated Twist1 in NCC at specific stages of development using the Wnt1‐Cre, P0‐Cre, and Hand1Cre alleles, which respectively express Cre recombinase in pre‐migratory, migratory, and post‐migratory cNCC. cNCC‐specific Twist1 ablation causes outflow tract defects, the penetrance and expressivity of which lessens the later Twist1 function is disrupted. However, NCC‐derived nodules are evident in all conditional knockouts (CKOs), regardless of the timing of Twist1 ablation. Expression analyses identified Twist1 CKO nodules as sympathetic neurons. Ectopic Twist1 expression in NCC using the conditionally activatable CAG‐CAT‐Twist1 and Wnt1‐Cre alleles revealed that, compared to control embryos, the Twist1‐overexpresser sympathetic chain contains fewer cells, from which TH expression is largely excluded. These data suggest that Twist1 represses NCC sympathoadrenal survival or differentiation.
White potatoes, non‐fried, do not displace other vegetables in meals consumed by American children and adolescents aged 4–18 years
Authors: Drewnowski Adam , Rehm Colin D , Beals Katherine
Published: June 2021

White potatoes are an accepted, affordable, and nutrient‐rich food. However, there are concerns that potatoes may displace other vegetables from meals and diets of American children. Using data from 4‐cycles (2001–08) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we evaluated whether consumption of white potatoes, baked, roasted, or boiled, displaced other vegetables from the meals of children and adolescents aged 4–18 y. Approximately 10,600 lunches and 11,500 dinners were characterized by place (at‐home or away from home) and by source of food (e.g., store or school cafeteria). Children and adolescents consuming white potatoes, baked, roasted, or boiled were identified using the individual‐food record. The median, inter‐quartile range and survey‐weighted mean number of other vegetable servings per 1000 calories were estimated for each meal. Children whose weekday lunches included non‐fried white potatoes consumed a median of 0.37 servings of other vegetables at lunch as compared to only 0.19 servings for children whose lunches did not include potatoes. There was no evidence that white potatoes, non fried, displaced other vegetables in school lunches. Meals containing potatoes had significantly higher amounts of vitamin C, potassium and fiber per 1000 calories than meals that did not contain potatoes. In some contexts, white potatoes, non‐fried, may be an indicator of a more nutrient‐dense and healthful meal. Supported by the US Potato Board.

Society: American Society for Nutrition

Abstract ID: 9123
Comparative effectiveness of two popular weight loss programs in women I: body composition and resting energy expenditure
Authors: Mardock M , Lockard B , Byrd M , Simbo S , Jagim A , Kresta JY , Baetge C , Jung Y , Koozehchian M , Khanna D , Kyul H , Oliver JM , Greenwood M , Rasmussen C , Kreider R
Published: June 2021

42 sedentary women (33±7 yrs, 164±7 cm; 93±19 kg; 46±7% body fat, 35±6 kg/m2) were randomized to participate in the Curves (C) or Weight Watchers (W) weight loss programs for 16‐wks. Participants in the C program followed a 1,200 kcal/d diet for 1‐wk and 1,500 kcal/d diet for 3 wks (30:45 CHO:PRO). Subjects then ingested 2,000 kcals/d for 2‐wks (45:30 CHO:PRO) and repeated this diet while participating in the Curves with Zumba program 3‐d‐wk. Remaining subjects followed the W point‐based diet program, received weekly counseling, and were encouraged to exercise. DEXA body composition and REE measurements were obtained at 0, 4, 10, & 16 wks and analyzed by MANOVA. Subjects in both groups lost a similar amount of body weight (C −2.7±2.3, −4.9±3.8, −5.4±4.1; W −2.9±1.6, −5.7±2.9, −6.7±4.3 kg, p=0.31). However, subjects in the C group experienced significantly greater loss in fat mass (C −4.2±6.4, −4.8±6.2, −6.5±4.1; W 0.2±6, −1.0±7.3, −2.6±7.9 kg, qp=0.03) and reductions in percent body fat (C −3.3±6.3, −3.0±5.9, −4.8±6.7; W 1.1±6.7, 0.3±8.7, −1.0±8.3 %, qp=0.06) while FFM was increased in the C group and decreased in the W group (C 1.6±5.2, 0.1±4.8, 1.2±5.0; W −2.5±5.6, −3.7±6.5, −3.4±5.7 kg, p=0.02). REE values increased over time and were non‐significantly higher in the C group. Results indicate that participation in the C program promotes more favorable changes in body composition than participation in the W program.
A Study on Beverage Consumption of Korean Elementary School Students with Different Obesity Index
Authors: Park Eun‐Hye , Bae Yun Jung , Kim Soon‐Kyung , Choi Mi‐Kyeong
Published: June 2021

A purpose of this study is to estimate the beverage consumption frequency and find its problems according to obesity index of elementary school students. Among 488 students, the underweight students were 31.1% and the students with the normal weight were 48.2%, the overweight students were 20.7% and there was no significant difference in obesity index distribution according to the gender. Average age of the students was 10.1 years old, and average obesity was −1.3%. Regardless of whether or not there is a seasonal factor, consumption frequency appeared very high in milk and yogurt, the next was functional drinks and fruit or vegetable juice. In the consumption frequency of 239 students per drink for a week in the summer who responded that there is the seasonal factor in beverage consumption, milk and yogurt were 3.3 times and functional drinks were 2.7 times. In consumption frequency of 239 students for a week in other seasons excluding the summer who responded that there is the seasonal factor, milk and yogurt were 2.8 times and functional drinks 2.2 times. In consumption frequency of 249 students per drink for a week who responded that there is no seasonal factor, milk and yogurt were 1.6 times and functional drinks 1.3 times. Kinds of favorite beverage were carbonated drinks, functional drinks and dairy drinks and a main reason for choice of drinking beverage was ¡°taste is good”.
ACUTE EXPOSURE OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS AFFECTS EMOTIONAL MEMORY DECREASING BOTH INHIBITORY AVOIDANCE LEARNING AND ANXIETY IN FEMALE ADOLESCENT RATS
Authors: Rosa Dariana , Ramos Keyla M. , Villafañe Blanca , Pérez Nivia , Barreto Jennifer
Published: June 2021

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) can affect brain regions associated with cognitive processes through steroid sensitive regions in the amygdala and hippocampus. We aim to assess the effect of acute exposure to AAS in adolescent female rats (PN‐40) on emotional memory using the Inhibitory Avoidance Task (IAT). On day 1 (D‐1), animals were placed into the illuminated side of the chamber and the latency to enter to the dark side of the chamber was recorded. On day 2 (D‐2), rats were injected with a high dose of 17α‐methyltestosterone (7.5 mg/kg) during the diestrus phase of the estrus cycle. They received an electric foot shock (0.3mA, 3 sec) in the dark side of the chamber. On day 3 (D‐3), each animal was placed into the illuminated side of the chamber and the latency to enter the dark compartment was recorded. In addition, gene a tendency of AAS to decrease the latency to move to the dark side of the chamber on D‐3. Similarly, AAS elicited a tendency to spend more time in the open arms of the EPM. Ou ralized anxiety was determined using the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM). Our results suggest that acute exposure to AAS in adolescent female rats affects emotional memory decreasing inhibitory avoidance learning and decreasing generalized anxiety.
Effect of Combined Folic Acid, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12 on Risk of Colorectal Adenoma in Women: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Song Yiqing , Manson JoAnn E , Lee I‐Min , Cook Nancy R , Giovannucci Edward , Zhang Shumin M
Published: June 2021

Folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 act in concert in the one‐carbon metabolism. Supplementation with B vitamin combination may confer a protection against the development of colorectal neoplasia. We aimed to evaluate the effect of combined folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 treatment on colorectal adenoma in women from the Women's Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study (WAFACS). All participants were randomly assigned to either an active treatment group (daily intake of a combination pill of 2.5 mg of folic acid, 50 mg of vitamin B6, and 1 mg of vitamin B12) or to the placebo group. The present study included 1,470 participants who underwent at least one endoscopy after randomization and were followed from April 1998 through June 30, 2007. Compared with placebo, women receiving the active treatment had similar risk of developing at least one adenoma (multivariate‐adjusted rate ratio [RR], 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83–1.20). Treatment was also not associated with risk of adenoma according to subsite (proximal or distal), size (small or large), stage (early or advanced), and the number of adenomas (1 or ≥2). In conclusion, our results indicate no significant effect of combined folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 treatment on colorectal adenoma risk among women.
Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Counseling in Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Trovato Guglielmo M. , Martines G.Fabio , Trovato Francesca M , Pirri Clara , Pennisi Alessia , Pace Patrizia , Catalano Daniela
Published: June 2021

Nutritional guidelines in Arterial Hypertension (AH) are presently not sufficiently followed in Italy as elsewhere. Dietary adherence of patients can be a consequence of the different health professionals involved. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and its Score (AMDS; range 0–55) is a tool used as a proxy for suggested guidelines in Italy.

Methods

630 AH out‐patients (F 334, M 296, age 61,9±11,9 years, BMI 27,8±5,4 Kg/m2 ) were studied. A dietary history, with 7‐days food recall records by Dietosystem Software, and AMDS were assessed.

AH as a cardiovascular risk factor was explained to patients and dietary treatment prescribed. Difference between one year dietary changes were assessed comparing counseling results of Primary M.D.s, Specialist M.D.s (Cardiologist) and dietitians.

Results

Significant one‐year AMDS changes were observed in each group.

Greater AMDS change is observed in Dietitians' group: AMDS change from 27,60±8,77 to 37,20±4,52 (p < 0.0001).

Significant BMI changes are present in Primary M.D.s group (BMI from 28,35±4,43 to 26,75±3,18; p<0.0001) and in Dietitian counseling group (BMI from 30,22±6,75 to 26,72±4,87;p<0.0001).

Conclusion

The need of a consistent professional counseling in AH is necessary due to the co‐existence of obesity and of the low adherence to suggested dietary guidelines.

Beneficial changes can be achieved using Mediterranean Diet as a nutritional and friendly paradigm.
Knowledge of breastfeeding recommendations among pregnant women who had attended a WIC breastfeeding class
Authors: Oaks Brietta , Nommsen‐Rivers Laurie A , Chantry Caroline J , Dewey Kathryn G
Published: June 2021

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is recommended for 6 months and continued breastfeeding with complementary foods (BF) until at least 1 (American Academy of Pediatrics) to 2 y (World Health Organization). It is uncertain how effectively these recommendations are communicated. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of accurate knowledge of current breastfeeding recommendations among expectant primiparas who are enrolled in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program. We based our analysis on data from the UC Davis Early Lactation Success [ELS] Study. Expectant primiparas ≥ 32 wk gestation were interviewed regarding their perception of the recommended duration of EBF and BF. Of the 532 women enrolled in the ELS study, 241 were enrolled in WIC, and 134 had attended a WIC breastfeeding class. Of the 134 women, the recommended duration of EBF was reported as “don't know” for 32 (23.9%); < 4 mo for 16 (11.9%); 4–6 mo for 11 (8.2%); and > 6 mo for 34 (25.4%); only 41 (30.6%) gave the correct response (6 mo). Regarding the recommended duration of any BF, 40 (29.9%) responded “don't know”. In conclusion, after attending a WIC breastfeeding class, more than 60% of the women either did not know the recommended duration of EBF or gave responses that were clearly incorrect. Efforts should be made to address the effectiveness of the WIC breastfeeding class.
Characteristics of young adult male and female emotional eaters
Authors: Melanson Kathleen , Greene Geoffrey
Published: June 2021

Emotional eating (EmE) is associated with excess energy intake and BMI. Male (n=210, BMI=24±4, 20±4 y) and female (n=571, BMI=23±5, 19±3 y) respondents to an online survey were divided into tertiles of the EmE scale of the Weight‐Related Eating Questionnaire. Responses to other survey items were compared by 3‐way ANOVA or ×2. Males in the highest EmE tertile had higher BMI (p=.03) and gap between desired & reported weight (p=.001) than the lowest tertile. There was no difference in eating pace, fruit and vegetable intake (F&V), nor importance or effort of achieving desired weight. Females in the highest EmE tertile had significantly higher BMI (p<0.001), weight gap (p<0.001), eating pace (p=0.001), importance of weight change (p=0.01), and effort (p=0.03), but no difference in F&V. For both genders, the highest EmE tertiles had higher cognitive restraint and susceptibility to external cues (both p<.001) and desire to lose weight (2.5 lbs males, 16.0 lbs females) than the lowest. In the lowest EmE tertiles males desired to gain 8.2lb and females to lose 8.8lb showing gender differences in young adults who are not emotional eaters. Interventions should account for gender similarities and differences.
Effect of low GI diets on weight loss and glycemic control in overweight people with type 2 diabetes: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Kim Yeonsoo
Published: June 2021

Obesity contributes initiation of type 2 diabetes. Low GI diets have been recommended in some countries for weight loss and management of type 2 diabetes. However, there are still controversial to use of low glycemic index (GI) diet in weight management and glycemic control. A meta‐analysis of randomized intervention studies was performed to measure if low GI diet, compared with high GI or traditional diets, can improve weight loss and glycemic control in overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes. Literature searches identified 7 randomized studies (3 randomized cross‐over and 4 randomized parallel trials) with a total of 331 subjects who met strict inclusion criteria. Meta‐analyses indicated no beneficial effects of low GI diets on weight loss and HbA1c with a standardized mean difference of −0.148 units (95% CI: −0.372, 0.077) and 0.047 (95% CI: −0.216, 0.309), respectively. Low GI diet was not successful in enhancing weight reduction and glycemic control in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Further studies should be conducted in longer‐term, larger randomized controlled trials.
Effect of weekly vs daily zinc supplementation on inflammation and oxidative stress markers in women
Authors: Tejero Maria Elizabeth , Garza M , Gaytan A , Gutiérrez A , Isoard Fernando , Perez‐Lizaur Ana , De Regil Luz Ma
Published: June 2021

Zinc is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions, some of them aimed to control the effects of inflammation and oxidative stress. Participants were healthy adult women, non‐pregnant or breastfeeding, non anemic, who were not consuming vitamin or mineral supplements. They were randomly assigned one of three groups (n=15 per group) to receive 1) placebo, 2) 30 mg of zinc or 3) 90 mg of zinc weekly for 4 weeks. Zinc was given as gluconate. Anthropometry, dietary intake, fasting glucose, insulin, adiponectin, IL‐6, zinc in plasma and erithrocytes, and Tbars were measured pre‐post intervention. Side effects were recorded on a diary card. Differences within and among groups were analyzed by a Student t test and one way ANOVA, respectively. Zinc levels increased significantly in plasma and erythrocytes in the supplemented groups. No differences were observed on glucose, insulin, adiponectin and Tbars levels across the compared groups. A low incidence of side effects such as GI tract discomfort were reported in the supplemented groups.
Participant compliance and vital sign changes associated with a low, normal, and high dietary sodium protocol
Authors: Knutson Jean Nicole , Winslow Nolan K , Silva Bruno M , White Alexander I , Eisenach John H
Published: June 2021

Salt sensitivity is a major cardiovascular focus, but extremes of sodium (Na+) intake can affect subject dropout rates. We analyzed dietary compliance and baseline cardiovascular indices in an ongoing genotype‐phenotype protocol in healthy young adults. Study visits followed 5 day consumption of 3 daily Na+ levels: normal (150) low (10) and high (400 mmol/day). Compliance was determined by 24‐hour Na+ excretion. Vital signs were obtained on each visit. Of the first 30 subjects to date, one was unable to tolerate the low Na+ diet due to palatability. Mean ± SE urine Na+ excretion was 113 ± 27, 25 ± 18 and 328 ±110 mmol for normal, low, and high Na+, respectively. Low Na+ caused a significant weight change of −1.6 ± 2.2 kg from screen. High Na+ diet decreased resting HR (−2.7 bpm) and increased 24hr urine volume 25% from the normal Na+ diet. No correlation was found between urine indices and weight change in the subjects. This dietary sodium crossover study is generally well‐tolerated with high compliance. Low Na+ diet appears to cause weight loss; high Na+ causes an increase in urine volume and decrease in HR, but no effects on weight or blood pressure. HL 089331
Evidence for critical period in development of cutaneous innervation: A study in nude mice
Authors: Trotter Caitlyn , Hansen Laura , Conway Marianne , Maklad Adel
Published: June 2021

Cutaneous sensory structures are important sources for guidance cues and neurotrophic support for the sensory nerves innervating them. Spontaneous mutation of the hair follicles in the skin of nude mice provides an excellent model to test the role played by sensory structures in the development of their sensory innervation. The innervation of the skin in normal and nude mice was compared using several pan neuronal markers and keratin 14 antibodies. The pattern of innervation of the skin was disrupted in nude mice; the normal arrangement of three horizontal nerve plexuses was lost and replaced by random nerve fibers. Also, the density of sensory innervation in nude skin was decreased compared to normal skin. The rudimentary follicles in nude skin did not carry lanceolate endings in the isthmus region or Merkel endings in the rete ridge. To determine if a normal target can reverse these innervation errors, normal skin was grafted onto the dorsal interscapular region of nude skin. Analysis of the innervation pattern in grafted skin revealed that the abnormal pattern persisted. We conclude that hair follicles are required for patterning cutaneous sensory nerves and that the innervation defects cannot be reversed upon exposure to a normal target later in development. The latter finding suggests that a critical window exists for correct pattern formation in the cutaneous sensory nerves.
TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY, LIPID PEROXIDATION, BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN GENETICALLY OBESE RATS
Authors: Pierine Damiana Tortolero , de Faria Jacob Mirelle , Ortega Tainá Teixeira , Braz Mariana Gobbo , Campos Dijon Henrique Salomé , Cicogna Antonio Carlos , Corrêa Camila Renata , Ferreira Ana Lúcia dos Anjos
Published: June 2021

Obesity is a disease that is associated with increased risk of mortality. Genetically obese Zucker rats (mutation of the leptin receptor gene, fa/fa) have been used as an experimental model for the study of obesity. These rats seems to display a sufficient line of defense against oxidative stress during the development of obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluated the total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, biochemical parameters and blood pressure in obese Zucker rats (ZO) males at 34 weeks of age. Ten Zucker rats (ZO, n=5, control n=5) were used in the study. Body fat (g), Total antioxidant performance (TAP: %), malondialdehyde (MDA: μM), glucose (mg/dL), triglycerides (mg/dL), total cholesterol (TC, mg/dL), and systolic blood pressure (SBP: mmHg) were analyzed. Compared to the control group, ZO showed increased (p <0.05) in body fat (89.5±11.77 vs 16.8±2,42), glucose (180.2±35.9 vs 111.3±11.3), triglycerides (260.5±143.4 vs 40.3±12.7), TC (85.1±40.9 vs 40.3±12.7) and SBP (155.4±7.2 vs 128.0±8.0). The groups showed similar values (p>0.05) of TAP (44.1±19.5 vs 59.6±14.3) and MDA (0.21±0.02 vs 0.19±0.02). These data support the conclusion that obese Zucker rats at 34 weeks of age not show losses of antioxidant defense system, despite the comorbidity installed, such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension.

Financial Support: CAPES, FAPESP
Effects of Digitaria exilis (fonio) on glucose metabolism and inflammatory cytokines in KK/HIJ diabetic male mice
Authors: Traore Djibril , Chandra Lawrance , French Christine , Lucas Edralin A , Stoecker Barbara J , Kuvibidila Solo
Published: June 2021

Digitaria exilis, a wild cereal consumed in West Africa, is rich in chromium, beta‐glucans and sulfur amino acids, factors that modulate inflammation. Fonio is thought to have anti‐diabetic properties, but the mechanism is unknown. Considering that one of the characteristics of diabetes is inflammation, we investigated whether its beneficial effects might be regulated through inflammation. Four‐week old KK/HIJ transgenic male mice were fed either the AIN 93 diet or the same diet fortified with 30% fonio or rice flour (n=20). Ten mice/diet were sacrificed after 3 or 4 months. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests (GTT & ITT) were studied by standard techniques. Spleen cells (2 x 106/ml) were activated with 2.5 μg/ml Con A or LPS for 48 h, and cytokines were measured in the supernatant and plasma by ELISA. After 4 months, results showed that ITT test was different among groups. Blood glucose levels were lower in mice fed fonio than in those fed the other two diets (p<0.01). Fonio non‐significantly reduced GTT. Serum TNF‐alpha was lower in mice fed fonio than in those fed baseline and rice‐fortified diets (p<0.05). Serum IL‐6 of mice fed fonio was not different from those fed baseline diet; but it was lower than those fed rice diet (P<0.01). Fonio and rice did not significantly affect in vitro cytokine secretion. Data suggest that fonio may modulate diabetes severity by reducing inflammatory cytokines. (Supported by Oklahoma Center for Advancement of Science and Technology and Oklahoma State University)
Incidence of Diabetes Among Students at Two Different Ethnic Colleges of Pharmacy
Authors: Obih Patience Ogechi , Bennett Lunawati L , Burnett Derrick D , Thomas Rodney B
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study is to determine if racial differences and life style play a role in the development of type 1 Diabetes (DM1) and type 2 Diabetes (DM2) in college students. A survey was conducted among pharmacy students at College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana (XULA), a historically black college and students at the College of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University (PABU), Florida, a predominantly Caucasian university. The survey questions included demographics, life style; diagnosis of diabetes (DM1, DM2); and family history. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of both colleges. Our results indicate that out of five hundred and fifty five students that participated in the study from both colleges, 8 in total were diagnosed with diabetes and 4 from each college. XULA had 3 students with DM1 and 1 student with DM2. PBAU had 4 cases of diabetes and all 4 of them were DM1. Most of the students studied in both colleges were in the 16–35 years age bracket: XULA (216) and PBAU (209). Most of the participants in the study, 186 at XULA and 139 at PBAU, seemed to be within the weight range of 100lb – 200lb. The incidence of diabetes in the groups studied seemed to be low with 8 cases out of 555 students surveyed in the two colleges. Although the incidence of type 1 and type 2 Diabetes have been reported to be significantly higher in Blacks than in Caucasians in the general population, our study did not show a significant difference between the college students that participated in this survey from a historically Black college (XULA) and a historically Caucasian college (PABU). With only one case of type 2 Diabetes observed in both colleges, we suggest that improved life style in college students may have played an important role in this observation.
MEDITERRANEAN DIET ADHERENCE. WHICH RELATIONSHIP WITH OBESITY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE
Authors: Trovato Guglielmo M. , Catalano Daniela , Pirri Clara , Trovato Francesca M , Pennisi Alessia , Puglisi Claudia , Martines G. Fabio
Published: June 2021

Relationship of Adherence to Mediterranean Diet, insulin sensitivity and obesity is controversial. Adherence to this dietary profile was associated with reduced weight gain, so that this dietary pattern could be recommended to slow down age‐related weight gain, but others report increased Insulin Resistance (IR).

Methods

187 consecutive non‐diabetic overweight‐obese patients (F 114, M 73, years 47,17±13,95, BMI 32,72±5,79), no/low alcohol habits (< 20 ml/day), were referred to our Day‐Hospital‐Clinic for dietary counseling. Insulin Resistance by HOMA (Homeostasis‐Model‐Assessment‐IR) and the Adherence Mediterranean Diet Score (AMDS: range: 0–55) were assessed. Dietary data were collected by monthly dietary recall; Dietosystem® diet prescriptions were provided.

Results

No correlation between AMDS vs. BMI (r= −0,028; p: NS ) whereas inverse correlation between AMDS and HOMA (r= −0,306; p: <0,0001) were found. By Odds Ratio the risk for IR (HOMA≥1.7) is increased by more severe obesity (OR: 3,002; CI 1,509–5,972) and decreased by 75% by greater AMDS (OR: 0,266; CI: 0,136–0,523). Multiple Linear Regression model (p< 0,0001) explains by AMDS, BMI and HDL 25,7 % of variance to HOMA.

Conclusion

Mediterranean Diet Adherence in obesity is associated with lower prevalence and severity of IR, despite the association with greater BMI. This dietary pattern might be advised for improving insulin sensitivity.