bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Fluorescent Proteins with Intramolecular Photostabilization**
Authors: Henrikus Sarah S. , Tassis Konstantinos , Zhang Lei , van der Velde Jasper H. M. , Gebhardt Christian , Herrmann Andreas , Jung Gregor , Cordes Thorben
Published: July 2021

Genetically encodable fluorescent proteins have revolutionized biological imaging in vivo and in vitro. Despite their importance, their photophysical properties, i. e., brightness, count‐rate and photostability, are relatively poor compared to synthetic organic fluorophores or quantum dots. Intramolecular photostabilizers were recently rediscovered as an effective approach to improve photophysical properties of organic fluorophores. Here, direct conjugation of triplet‐state quenchers or redox‐active substances creates high local concentrations of photostabilizer around the fluorophore. In this paper, we screen for effects of covalently linked photostabilizers on fluorescent proteins. We produced a double cysteine mutant (A206C/L221C) of α‐GFP for attachment of photostabilizer‐maleimides on the β‐barrel near the chromophore. Whereas labelling with photostabilizers such as trolox, a nitrophenyl group, and cyclooctatetraene, which are often used for organic fluorophores, had no effect on α‐GFP‐photostability, a substantial increase of photostability was found upon conjugation to azobenzene. Although the mechanism of the photostabilizing effects remains to be elucidated, we speculate that the higher triplet‐energy of azobenzene might be crucial for triplet‐quenching of fluorophores in the blue spectral range. Our study paves the way for the development of fluorescent proteins with photostabilizers in the protein barrel by methods such as unnatural amino acid incorporation.
Enzymatic Asymmetric Reduction of Unfunctionalized C=C Bonds with Archaeal Geranylgeranyl Reductases
Authors: Cervinka Richard , Becker Daniel , Lüdeke Steffen , Albers Sonja‐Verena , Netscher Thomas , Müller Michael
Published: July 2021

The asymmetric reduction of activated C=C bonds such as enones is well established for non‐enzymatic methods as well as in biocatalysis. However, the asymmetric reduction of unfunctionalized C=C bonds is mainly performed with transition metal catalysts whereas biocatalytic approaches are lacking. We have tested two FAD‐dependent archaeal geranylgeranyl reductases (GGR) for the asymmetric reduction of isolated C=C bonds. The reduction of up to four double bonds in terpene chains with different chain lengths and head groups was confirmed. Methyl‐branched E‐alkenes were chemoselectively reduced in the presence of cyclic, terminal or activated alkenes. Using a removable succinate “spacer”, farnesol and geraniol could be quantitatively reduced (>99 %). The reduction is strictly (R)‐selective (enantiomeric excess >99 %). Hence, GGRs are promising biocatalysts for the asymmetric reduction of unactivated isolated C=C bonds, opening new opportunities for the synthesis of enantiopure branched alkyl chains.
Harlequin fetus: A mayhem in a consanguineous marriage?
Authors: Sereke Senai Goitom , Berhe Semhar Eyob , Bongomin Felix
Published: July 2021

Ichthyosis fetalis is a very rare and life‐threatening dermatological disorder that is very difficult to treat, especially in low‐resource settings.
Aus giftig wird gesund
Authors: Tetsch Larissa
Published: July 2021

Reispflanzen wachsen oft auf Böden, die mit Arsen verseucht sind. Ihre Körner lagern zudem das für Mensch und Tier giftige Element bereitwillig ein. Auf der anderen Seite sind sie relativ arm am essentiellen Spurenelement Selen. Menschen, die sich überwiegend von Reis ernähren, stehen damit vor gleich zwei Problemen, die eine neue Reismutante nun auf einen Schlag lösen könnte.
Straßenverkehr, des Bodens größter Feind?
Authors: Winkler Maximilian , Bussmann Lale
Published: July 2021

Eine Vielzahl an Studien belegt die negativen Auswirkungen des Verkehrs auf die Umwelt. Schwermetalle und Mikroplastik setzen sich durch den Brems‐ und Reifenabrieb ab. Allein ein Reifen verliert 1,5 kg an Gewicht innerhalb der ersten vier Gebrauchsjahre. Daher haben wir uns folgende Frage gestellt: Welchen Einfluss hat der Straßenverkehr auf umliegende Bodenflächen?
Multispectral hand features for secure biometric authentication systems
Authors: Bartuzi Ewelina , Trokielewicz Mateusz
Published: July 2021

With rapid growth of mobile‐based computing, reliable security and user authentication methods are necessary. This article proposes a proof‐of‐concept biometric authentication method utilizing hand images collected in different light spectra. An analysis of similarity between pattern of blood vessels extracted from near‐infrared images and thermal images and assessment of the correlation between individual biometric features contained in each image type is also performed. Results indicate a large potential of using thermal images in biometrics more extensively than now. Also proposed and evaluated are biometric recognition methods based on images of the hand acquired in visible light, near infrared, and using thermal infrared sensors. Two approaches were used to assess information content in images of each type: one based on texture descriptor and one employing convolutional neural networks. In an evaluation gathering data from 104 subjects, the former yielded the lowest equal error rate (EER) of , whereas the latter approach gave for thermal images. Finally, fusion of different‐spectra modalities increases accuracy and further reduces EER to . This is, to the authors' best knowledge, the first study exploring the concept of fusing different spectral representations of the human hand for the purpose of biometric recognition.
Effects of tillage methods on soil physical properties and maize growth in a saline–alkali soil
Authors: Chen Tianyu , Zhang Yifei , Fu Jian , Yang Li , Chi Yuxin , Yang Kejun , Wang Yufeng
Published: July 2021

Soil sodicity and salinization is a major issues concerning agricultural production in northeast China. The effects of six treatments—no tillage (NT), no tillage and subsoiling (NTS), rotary and ridge tillage (RT), rotary and ridge tillage and subsoiling (RTS), rotary and flat tillage (FT), and rotary and flat tillage and subsoiling (FTS)—on soil physical and chemical properties and yields were compared from 2016 to 2018. The results showed that compared with the RT treatment, which is the traditional tillage method in this area, and the FT treatment, the NT treatment increased the soil water content (SWC) during the first‐leaf growth stage (V1). The use of subsoiling increased the average daily temperature and the soil thermal time (TTsoil). Subsoiling contributed to the growth and development of deep roots and increased leaf area index (LAI) to intercept more radiation. The NTS treatment increased grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) by 2.7–15.2%, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 4.2–14.4%, and water use efficiency (WUE) by 5.4–16.5% compared with RT. In conclusion, NTS soil management practices appear to be a sustainable approach to farming in the semiarid region of the Songnen Plain.
CMIP interacts with WT1 and targets it on the proteasome degradation pathway
Authors: Zhang Shao‐Yu , Fan Qingfeng , Moktefi Anissa , Ory Virginie , Audard Vincent , Pawlak Andre , Ollero Mario , Sahali Dil , Henique Carole
Published: July 2021

Background

The Wilms tumor 1 suppressor gene, WT1, is expressed throughout life in podocytes and is essential for their function. Downregulation of WT1 has been reported in podocyte diseases but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Podocyte injury is the hallmark of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS), the most frequent glomerular disease in children and young adults. An increase in the abundance of Cmaf‐inducing protein (CMIP) has been found to alter podocyte function, but it is not known whether CMIP affects WT1 expression.

Methods

Transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation of WT1in the presence of CMIP was studied using transient transfection, mouse models, and siRNA handling.

Results

We showed that overproduction of CMIP in the podocyte was consistently associated with a downregulation of WT1 according to two mechanisms. We found that CMIP prevented the NF‐kB‐mediated transcriptional activation of WT1. We demonstrated that CMIP interacts directly with WT1 through its leucine‐rich repeat domain. Overexpression of CMIP in the M15 cell line induced a downregulation of WT1, which was prevented by lactacystin, a potent proteasome inhibitor. We showed that CMIP exhibits an E3 ligase activity and targets WT1 to proteasome degradation. Intravenous injection of Cmip‐siRNA specifically prevented the repression of Wt1 in lipopolysaccharides‐induced proteinuria in mice.

Conclusions

These data suggest that CMIP is a repressor of WT1 and might be a critical player in the pathophysiology of some podocyte diseases. Because WT1 is required for podocyte integrity, CMIP could be considered a therapeutic target in podocyte diseases.
Histone acetyltransferase 1 upregulates androgen receptor expression to modulate CRPC cell resistance to enzalutamide
Authors: Hong Zhe , Xiang Zhendong , Zhang Pan , Wu Qiang , Xu Chengdang , Wang Xinan , Shi Guowei , Hong Zongyuan , Wu Denglong
Published: July 2021

Castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the latest stage of PCa, and there is almost no effective treatment available for the patients with CRPC when next‐generation androgen deprivation therapy drugs, such as enzalutamide (ENZ), fail. The androgen receptor (AR) plays key roles in PCa and CRPC progression and drug resistance. Histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) has recently been reported to be highly expressed in some tumors, such as lung carcinoma. However, what relationship between the AR and HAT1, and whether or how HAT1 plays roles in CRPC progression and drug resistance remain elusive. In the present study, we found that HAT1 is highly expressed in PCa cells, and the overexpression of HAT1 is linked with CRPC cell proliferation. Moreover, the HAT1 expression is positively correlated with the expression of AR, including both AR‐FL (full‐length) and AR‐V7 (variant 7), which is mainly mediated by a bromodomain containing protein 4 (BRD4) ‐mediated pathway. Furthermore, knockdown of HAT1 can re‐sensitize the response of CRPC cells to ENZ treatment in cells and mouse models. In addition, ascorbate was observed to decrease AR expression through downregulation of HAT1 expression. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel AR signaling regulation pathway in PCa and CRPC and suggest that HAT1 serves as a critical oncoprotein and an ideal target for the treatment of ENZ resistance in CRPC patients.
Plant‐eating carnivores: Multispecies analysis on factors influencing the frequency of plant occurrence in obligate carnivores
Authors: Yoshimura Hiroto , Hirata Satoshi , Kinoshita Kodzue
Published: July 2021

Plant‐eating behavior is one of the greatest mysteries in obligate carnivores. Despite unsuitable morphological and physiological traits for plant consumption, the presence of plants in scat or stomach contents has been reported in various carnivorous species. However, researchers’ interpretations of this subject are varied, and knowledge about it is scarce, without any multispecies studies. This study assessed the extent of variation in the frequency of plant occurrence in scat and stomach contents, as well as its relationship with various factors in 24 felid species using data from 213 published articles. Since the frequency of plant occurrence has not always been reported, we created two‐part models and estimated parameters in a Bayesian framework. We found a significant negative relationship between the frequency of plant occurrence and body mass. This may be because plant‐eating behavior reduces the energy loss caused by parasites and increases the efficiency of energy intake, which has a greater importance in smaller animals that have relatively high metabolic rates. This exploratory study highlights the importance of considering plant consumption in dietary studies on carnivorous species to understand the adaptive significance of this behavior and the relationship between obligate carnivores and plants.
Considerations for future environmental DNA accreditation and proficiency testing schemes
Authors: Trujillo‐González Alejandro , Villacorta‐Rath Cecilia , White Nicole E. , Furlan Elise M. , Sykes Mark , Grossel Geoff , Divi Uday K. , Gleeson Dianne
Published: July 2021

Environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring has revolutionized the way biodiversity is surveyed and has been proposed as a reliable method to inform management decisions. Recognition of eDNA techniques as reliable tools to inform management and biosecurity require stringent standards to assess sample quality and reliability of results. Laboratories can have their workflows assessed and certified through accreditation and be involved in proficiency testing schemes provided to test the accuracy and precision of molecular methods. Currently, there is only one eDNA‐based proficiency testing scheme designed to test competency of laboratories in amplifying eDNA from the Great Crested Newt, Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768) in water samples. This test, however, is a closed scheme currently run by invitation only to laboratories in the United Kingdom. Given the paucity of eDNA‐based proficiency schemes to ensure high‐quality services, this commentary discusses how future proficiency testing schemes could be designed to assess eDNA sample quality and reliability on detection results for environmental management and biosecurity applications. We discuss the use of tissue‐derived and synthetic oligonucleotides as reference materials, the need for proficiency testing schemes to assess the capacity of analytical facilities to determine sample quality as well as accurately detecting trace eDNA in blind samples and discuss the context in which fit for purpose eDNA testing schemes could be designed. To complement the future development of eDNA proficiency testing schemes, we provide firsthand accounts and lessons learned while developing the current Great Crested Newt eDNA proficiency scheme. Lastly, we highlight current limitations in standardizing rapidly improving eDNA‐based techniques and discuss disadvantages to accreditation and standardization from an Australian‐centered perspective as a means to promote an active debate on the topic of future eDNA accreditation and proficiency testing.
Use of novel non‐invasive techniques and biomarkers to guide outpatient management of fluid overload and reduce hospital readmission: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zisis Georgios , Halabi Amera , Huynh Quan , Neil Christopher , Carrington Melinda , Marwick Thomas H.
Published: July 2021

Aims

Fluid congestion is a leading cause of hospital admission, readmission, and mortality in heart failure (HF). We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to determine the effectiveness of an advanced fluid management programme (AFMP). The AFMP was defined as an intervention providing tailored diuretic therapy guided by intravascular volume assessment, in hospitalized patients or after discharge. The AFMP group was compared with patients who received standard care treatment. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to determine the effectiveness of an AFMP in improving patient outcomes.

Methods and results

A systematic review of randomized controlled trials, case–control studies, and crossover studies using the terms ‘heart failure’, ‘fluid management’, and ‘readmission’ was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus up until November 2020. Studies reporting the association of an AFMP on readmission and/or mortality were included in our meta‐analyses. Risk of bias was assessed in non‐randomized studies using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. From 232 retrieved studies, 12 were included in the data synthesis. The 6040 patients in the included studies had a mean age of 72 ± 4 years and mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 39 ± 8%, there were slightly more men (n = 3022) than women, and the follow‐up period was a mean of 4.8 ± 3.1 months. Readmission data were available in 5362 patients; of these, 1629 were readmitted. Mortality data were available in 5787 patients; of these, 584 died. HF patients who had an AFMP in hospital and/or after discharge had lower odds of all‐cause readmission (odds ratio—OR 0.64 [95% confidence interval—CI 0.44, 0.92], P = 0.02) with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 46.5) and lower odds of all‐cause mortality (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.69, 0.98], P = 0.03) with low heterogeneity (I2 = 0). The use of an AFMP was equally effective in reducing readmission and mortality regardless of age and follow‐up duration. Effective pre‐discharge diuresis was associated with significantly lower readmission odds (OR 0.43 [95% CI 0.26, 0.71], P = 0.001) compared with a fluid management plan as part of post‐discharge follow‐up.

Conclusions

An effective AFMP is associated with improving readmission and mortality in HF. Our results encourage attainment of optimal volume status at discharge and prescription of optimal diuretic dose. Ongoing support to maintain euvolaemia and effective collaboration between healthcare teams, along with effective patient education and engagement, may help to reduce adverse outcomes in HF patients.
Reflecting on research: Researcher identity in conflict studies from the perspectives of participants
Authors: Uluğ Özden Melis , Acar Yasemin Gülsüm , Kanık Betül
Published: July 2021

While researchers have long discussed the impact that ingroup–outgroup identities may have on participant–researcher dynamics, no previous study that we know of has investigated how these identities impact participants’ decisions to participate in research in conflict contexts. In this study, we aimed to examine participants’ perspectives on their decisions to participate in research and how those decisions may be related to both their and the researchers’ identities as well as other important dynamics, such as political ideology. We used the Turkish–Kurdish conflict as a case and examined participants’ perspectives on Turkish researchers in this conflict context. More specifically, we investigated (1) opinions and feelings about Turkish researchers; (2) reasons for (not) participating in research by Turkish researchers; (3) the ways Turkish researchers affect participants’ decisions; and (4) attitudes toward Kurdish researchers. We used a survey with open‐ended questions to explore participants’ perspectives and analysed the data from 137 participants who identify as Kurdish using qualitative content analysis. Results highlighted the important opinions and feelings about Turkish researchers such as researchers’ ideological positions, objectivity, and sincerity, as well as how researchers’ other identities may affect participants’ evaluations of their research and how Kurdish researchers are perceived by Kurdish participants. We discuss the ingroup–outgroup dynamics together with other identities in relation to existing identity literature, as well as practical implications of our research for participant recruitment.
Novel Aqueous Zinc–Halogenate Flow Batteries as an Offspring of Zinc–Air Fuel Cells for Use in Oxygen‐Deficient Environment
Authors: Modestov Alexander D. , Andreev Vladimir N. , Antipov Anatoliy E. , Petrov Mikhail M.
Published: July 2021

Autonomous and portable electronic devices require cheap energy storage units of ever‐increasing power and energy densities. Zinc/halogenate flow battery is proposed as a new type of reserve or emergency power supply unit. The battery uses a mechanically rechargeable zinc anode in contact with neutral aqueous salt electrolyte, cation‐exchange membrane, and a carbonaceous flow through cathode, at which aqueous acidified halogenate is reduced to halide in a six‐electron process. A new multielectron oxidizer, aqueous iodate, that can be used in other electrochemical power sources, is introduced. It is shown that iodate can be readily reduced in acidic media at cheap carbonaceous electrodes. Electrochemical experiments with stationary and rotating disk glassy carbon electrodes reveal that in acidic aqueous electrolytes reduction of iodate can be as fast as earlier studied reduction of bromate. Theoretical energy densities per reactants of Zn/bromate and Zn/iodate batteries are 1.2 and 1.45 kWh L−1, respectively. Area‐specific power of the single cells of these batteries reaches 0.57 W cm−2 at 50 °C.
Thermodynamic characterization of Mg‐50 wt% LaNi5 composite hydride for thermochemical energy storage application
Authors: Sarath Babu Kaki , Emadabathuni Anil Kumar
Published: July 2021

In the present work, composite material, Mg‐50 wt% LaNi5, is thermodynamically characterized for thermochemical energy storage application, and its mechanism of hydrogen absorption is studied by using Johnson‐Mehl‐Avrami (JMA) equation. Pressure concentration isotherms (PCI) of the composite during hydrogen absorption and desorption are measured at 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, and 375°C. The enthalpy of absorption and enthalpy of desorption are calculated as 62.082 and 66.009 kJ/mol H2. Absorption kinetics is measured at 250°C, 300°C, and 350°C with hydrogen supply pressures of 10, 20, and 30 bar. The activation energies are calculated at different supply pressures using Arrhenius equation. Based on activation energy, the rate‐limiting steps are identified. A thermochemical energy storage method is proposed based on equilibrium pressure‐temperature relation obtained during absorption and desorption. The amount of thermochemical energy stored and recovered per kg of the composite is calculated based on reaction enthalpies and hydrogen concentration. The maximum theoretical thermochemical energy stored and recovered at a temperature of 350°C is calculated as 1452.198 and 1365.804 kJ/kg respectively. The maximum theoretical energy storage efficiency is estimated as 0.94. Hence, the composite, Mg‐50 wt% LaNi5, can be used as thermochemical energy storage material in the temperature range of 250°C‐350°C with a thermochemical energy storage capacity of 0.403 kWh/kg composite.
Modeling the Bioavailability of Nickel and Zinc to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Neocloeon triangulifer in Toxicity Tests with Natural Waters
Authors: Besser John M. , Ivey Chris D. , Steevens Jeffery A. , Cleveland Danielle , Soucek David , Dickinson Amy , Van Genderen Eric J. , Ryan Adam C. , Schlekat Chris E. , Garman Emily , Middleton Ellie , Santore Robert
Published: July 2021

We studied biotic ligand model (BLM) predictions of the toxicity of nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in natural waters from Illinois and Minnesota, USA, which had combinations of pH, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) more extreme than 99.7% of waters in a nationwide database. We conducted 7-day chronic tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia and 96-hour acute and 14-day chronic tests with Neocloeon triangulifer and estimated median lethal concentrations and 20% effect concentrations for both species. Toxicity of Ni and Zn to both species differed among test waters by factors from 8 (Zn tests with C. dubia) to 35 (Zn tests with N. triangulifer). For both species and metals, tests with Minnesota waters (low pH and hardness, high DOC) showed lower toxicity than Illinois waters (high pH and high hardness, low DOC). Recalibration of the Ni BLM to be more responsive to pH-related changes improved predictions of Ni toxicity, especially for C. dubia. For the Zn BLM, we compared several input data scenarios, which generally had minor effects on model performance scores (MPS). A scenario that included inputs of modeled dissolved inorganic carbon and measured Al and Fe(III) produced the highest MPS values for tests with both C. dubia and N. triangulifer. Overall, the BLM framework successfully modeled variation in toxicity for both Zn and Ni across wide ranges of water chemistry in tests with both standard and novel test organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3049–3062. © 2021 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Comparison of prospective Hawkes and recursive point process models for Ebola in DRC
Authors: Lee Sarita D. , Shen Andy A. , Park Junhyung , Harrigan Ryan J. , Hoff Nicole A. , Rimoin Anne W. , Paik Schoenberg Frederic
Published: July 2021

Point process models, such as Hawkes and recursive models, have recently been shown to offer improved accuracy over more traditional compartmental models for the purposes of modeling and forecasting the spread of disease epidemics. To explicitly test the performance of these two models in a real‐world and ongoing epidemic, we compared the fit of Hawkes and recursive models to outbreak data on Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2018–2020. The models were estimated, and the forecasts were produced, time‐stamped, and stored in real time, so that their prospective value can be assessed and to guard against potential overfitting. The fit of the two models was similar, with both models resulting in much smaller errors in the beginning and waning phases of the epidemic and with slightly smaller error sizes on average for the Hawkes model compared with the recursive model. Our results suggest that both Hawkes and recursive point process models can be used in near real time during the course of an epidemic to help predict future cases and inform management and mitigation strategies.
Association between serum potassium and risk of all‐cause mortality among chronic kidney diseases patients: A systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis of more than one million participants
Authors: Sorraya Nasim , Farrokhzad Amirhosein , Hassani Bahar , Talebi Shokoofeh
Published: July 2021

We aimed to perform a meta‐analysis, using prospective cohort studies, to test the association between serum potassium and all‐cause mortality among chronic kidney diseases (CKD) patients. A systematic search was performed using PubMed‐MEDLINE and Scopus, up to July 2020. Prospective cohort studies which reported risk estimates of all‐cause mortality in CKD patients with different serum potassium levels were included in the present meta‐analysis. Thirteen studies were included in the analysis. A nonlinear dose–response meta‐analysis suggested that there is a J‐shaped association between serum potassium levels and the risk of all‐cause mortality, with a nadir at serum potassium of 4.5 mmol/L. Subgroup analyses indicated that the strength and shape of the association between serum potassium and all‐cause mortality may be influenced by age. Our meta‐analysis provides supportive evidence that there is a J‐shape association between serum potassium and all‐cause mortality among CKD patients.
Permian naotic‐dissepimented rugose corals in China and their palaeoenvironmental implications
Authors: Wang Xiaojuan , Yao Le , Wang Xiangdong
Published: July 2021

Naotic dissepiments are special structures of rugose corals, characterized by a column of distally arched plates at peripheral parts of thick septa or within the cystozone. In this study, naotic‐dissepimented colonial rugose corals Gyanyimaphyllum crassiseptatum and Ipciphyllum naoticum and their associated microfacies were documented from the Late Permian Gyanyima section in Tibet, southwestern China. The morphology of the Gyanyima naotic‐dissepimented corals is cerioid massive forms or fasciculate forms with connected individuals, with broken skeletons. Between coral colonies and/or skeletons, the interspaces are occupied by highly fragmented bioclasts and sparry calcite. These biotic and sedimentary characteristics suggest that the Gyanyima naotic‐dissepimented corals could have developed in high water‐energy environments above fair‐weather wave‐base. This implies that the development of naotic dissepiments was probably related to an enhanced hydrodynamic force. According to a review on the Permian naotic‐dissepimented rugose corals in China, they are mainly composed of massive colonial forms with a few fasciculate colonial and solitary forms. Current available data indicate that they could occur in bioclastic grainstones and oncoid limestones with eroded skeletons, which also support a conclusion that naotic dissepiments formed in turbulent environments. Based on the ontogenic studies on naotic‐dissepimented rugose corals, naotic dissepiments occur sporadically in the neanic stage and are well developed but not permanently and uniformly in adult stage. Furthermore, different species in the same genus have different degrees of development of naotic dissepiments, which might imply that naotic dissepiments are not suitable to be an important taxonomic character in higher than species level.
Rising cholera cases: Harnessing the momentum of COVID‐19 to strengthen Nigeria's health systems
Authors: Oladapo Rasaq Kayode , Oyetola Afeez Babatunde , Obidiro Onyinyechi Patience , Olajide Adekunle , Osuagwu‐Nwogu Eze , Olaitan Olajide Mariam , Ngokere Chinonso , Monisola Igbalajobi , Ibraheem Bakare , Afolayan Abiola
Published: July 2021

Recently, there has been a surge in cholera cases in Nigeria. With the exhausting health resources and the overwhelming attention towards COVID‐19, Nigeria is in danger of worsening the epidemiological profile of cholera in the country. Thus, it is pertinent to address the surge to prevent further weakening of the country's health system. In this paper, we, therefore, explore the various interrelated factors accounting for the surge in Nigeria. It is therefore suggested that multifaceted public health strategies be employed that leverage the current level of disease preparedness and response capacities to the COVID‐19 pandemic to reduce the impacts of cholera. These measures will not only help in strengthening the country's health system but also enhance the achievement of the relevant strategies toward eradicating cholera.
How do management alternatives of fast‐growing forests affect water quantity and quality in southeastern Brazil? Insights from a paired catchment experiment
Authors: Ferraz Silvio F. B. , Rodrigues Carolina B. , Garcia Lara G. , Peña‐Sierra Diana , Fransozi Aline , Ogasawara Matheus E. K. , Vasquez Katherine , Moreira Rildo M. , Cassiano Carla C.
Published: July 2021

Fast‐growing forest plantations have been expanding in Brazil in the last 50 years, which reach productivities by over 40 m3 ha−1 year−1 in reduced rotation between 5 and 15 years. In the 1990s, environmental warnings about these plantations guided research projects seeking to understand their effects on water and propose forest management actions to minimize them. The assessment of forest management effects on water resources is conducted by long‐term experiments in paired catchments. In this paper we present results of some studies conducted at the hydrological monitoring centre of Itatinga Experimental Forest Station, of the University of São Paulo, where hydrological monitoring began in 1987, and currently include three catchments (83–98 ha) under different forest management regimes: short‐rotation Eucalyptus plantation, long‐term forest plantation mosaic and native forest restoration. Results show that at similar conditions observed at study area including deep soils and good natural water regulation, hydrological effects vary according to the forest management regime adopted, increasing water consumption and making the flow regime vulnerable to intra‐ and inter‐annual seasonality. Regarding water quality, weekly sampling results showed suspended sediments and nitrate concentrations below water quality thresholds criteria by silvicultural operations, and the effects were transient but higher concentrations of nutrients were observed in intensive management regime. In the study area, reducing the management intensity of forest plantation by increasing the rotation time, adopting forest age mosaic and avoiding the coppice technique are alternative choices that reduced water use and increased flow regulation. Different adopted forest management schemes directly affected water use, showing that in water‐deficit tropical regions, management regime of fast‐growing forest plantations controls water availability.
The structural, functional, and dynamic effect of Tau tubulin kinase1 upon a mutation: A neuro‐degenerative hotspot
Authors: Ahamad Shahzaib , Hema Kanipakam , Kumar Vijay , Gupta Dinesh
Published: July 2021

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to degenerate and die. AD is one of the common causes of dementia that leads to a decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently. Tau‐tubulin kinase1 (TTBK1) is a crucial disease regulating AD protein, which is majorly responsible for the phosphorylation and accumulation of tau protein at specific Serine/Threonine residues found in paired helical filaments, suggesting its role in tauopathy. TTBK1 involvement in many diseases and the restricted expression of TTBK1 to the central nervous system (CNS) makes TTBK1 an attractive therapeutic target for tauopathies. The genetic variations in TTBK1 are primarily involved in the TTBK1 pathogenesis. This study highlighted the destabilizing, damaging and deleterious effect of the mutation R142Q on TTBK1 structure through computational predictions and molecular dynamics simulations. The protein deviation, fluctuations, conformational dynamics, solvent accessibility, hydrogen bonding, and the residue‐residue mapping confirmed the mutant effect to cause structural aberrations, suggesting overall destabilization due to the protein mutation. The presence of well‐defined free energy minima was observed in TTBK1‐wild type, as opposed to that in the R142Q mutant, reflecting structural deterioration. The overall findings from the study reveal that the presence of R142Q mutation on TTBK1 is responsible for the structural instability, leading to disruption of its biological functions. The mutation could be used as future diagnostic markers in treating AD.
Lower expression of Hsa_circRNA_102682 in diabetic hyperhomocysteinemia negatively related to creatinemia is associated with TGF‐β and CTGF
Authors: Hu Fei , Sha Wenxin , Dai Huixue , Yang Xiangwei , Hu Peng , Chu Yudong , Qiu Xiaohui , Bu Shizhong
Published: July 2021

Background

Diabetic nephropathy is a kidney disease caused by long‐term hyperglycemia. Hsa_circRNA_102682 is related to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is related to hypertension and proteinuria, and diabetic nephropathy is mainly manifested by hypertension and proteinuria. The main pathological change in diabetic nephropathy is glomerular fibrosis.

Methods

This study used serum samples of patients treated at Li Huili Eastern Hospital, Ningbo, China, from July 10, 2018 to February 15, 2019. We included 73 patients with diabetes and divided them into a normal‐homocysteine group and a high‐homocysteine group. We selected used quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction to measure Hsa_circRNA_102682 concentration in the serum. Serum transforming growth factor‐beta and connective tissue growth factor levels were tested using ELISA. The Pearson correlation test was used to assess the correlations between Hsa_circRNA_102682, transforming growth factor‐beta, connective tissue growth factor, homocysteine, and creatinine.

Result

Hsa_circRNA_102682 was significantly lower in diabetic patients with high levels of homocysteine than in those with normal levels of homocysteine, whereas transforming growth factor‐beta and connective tissue growth factor levels were higher in diabetic patients with hyperhomocysteinemia. Hsa_circRNA_102682 was negatively correlated with the levels of transforming growth factor‐beta, connective tissue growth factor, homocysteine, and creatinine. Transforming growth factor‐beta and connective tissue growth factor were both positively correlated with homocysteine and creatinine.

Conclusion

Low Hsa_circRNA_102682 was associated with high levels of transforming growth factor‐beta and connective tissue growth factor as well as homocysteine and creatinine. These results suggest that Hsa_circRNA_102682 might be related to the pathogenesis of hyperhomocysteinemia in diabetic nephropathy.
Highly efficient synthesis of rosuvastatin intermediate using a carbonyl reductase–cofactor co‐immobilized biocatalyst in the non‐aqueous biosystem
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Jian , Wu Di , Wang Wen‐Zhong , Cao Min , Liu Qian , Liu Zhi‐Qiang , Zheng Yu‐Guo
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Non‐aqueous biocatalytic system has exhibited advantages including outstanding substrate solubility, facilitation for product purification, suppression of unwanted water‐dependent side reactions and rare wastewater discharge. However, limited by enzyme stability, selectivity and cofactor recycling, there has been no successful attempt to use carbonyl reductases in non‐aqueous phase.

RESULTS

In this study, a non‐aqueous catalytic system of carbonyl reductase was developed for the first time with a carbonyl reductase–cofactor co‐immobilized biocatalyst. Using n‐hexane as the reaction medium, the key chiral diol intermediate of the top‐selling hypolipidemic drug rosuvastatin, tert‐butyl (3R,5S)‐6‐chloro‐3,5‐dihydroxyhexanoate ((3R,5S)‐CDHH) was prepared in a continuous packed‐bed bioreactor, with a total yield of 95.51%, enantiomeric excess (e.e.) > 99.5% and diastereomeric excess (d.e.) > 99.5% in a 44‐batch reaction. The yield of per unit biocatalyst was 34.42 mg U−1, and the space–time yield was 91.01 g h−1 L−1.

CONCLUSION

Our work corroborated the valuable potential of carbonyl reductases in non‐aqueous biosynthesis of chiral pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
A possible highway system for the rapid delivery of sperm from the testis to the penis in the naked mole‐rat, Heterocephalus glaber
Authors: van der Horst Gerhard , Kotzè Sanet , O'Riain Mannus Justin , Muller Nolan , Maree Liana
Published: July 2021

Gametogenesis is suppressed in most members of the eusocial naked mole‐rat (NMR) colony, while the queen selects mainly one breeding male during her life span. Recently, it was reported that the NMR testicular organization seems to produce spermatozoa on demand after suppression of spermatogenesis during most of gestation. A Sertoli cell “pump” is then used to flush the spermatozoa into short tubuli recti and simplified rete testis to reach the excurrent duct system. We hypothesize that the components of this duct system are adapted for rapid delivery of spermatozoa to the penis and for numerous copulations with the queen. Therefore, the aim was to study the ultrastructure of the male NMR reproductive duct system using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The NMR rete testis gives rise to six to eight efferent tubules joining the caput epididymis. The caput epididymis resembles that of other rodents but with less distinction in terms of histological zoning. The remainder of the epididymis is considerably reduced in length compared to other rodents. In contrast, the vas deferens epithelium is highly specialized in that a vast range of vesicles, often closely associated with the spermatozoa, were visible. The large ampulla is a factory for merocrine and apocrine secretions, producing even more diverse vesicles. The transitional epithelial cells of the bladder appear to secrete abundant mucous and the penis as well as its baculum is relatively small. We speculate that these modifications strongly suggest that the excurrent duct system has been simplified and adjusted to compensate for the absence of long maturation and storage of spermatozoa. We propose that these adaptations to the NMR reproductive tract are associated with a state of degenerative orthogenesis that was selected for due to the absence of sperm competition and apparently rapid delivery of spermatozoa from the testis.
Skeletal muscle wasting after a severe burn is a consequence of cachexia and sarcopenia
Authors: Song Juquan , Clark Audra , Wade Charles E , Wolf Steven E
Published: July 2021

Muscle wasting is common and persistent in severely burned patients, worsened by immobilization during treatment. In this review, we posit two major phenotypes of muscle wasting after severe burn, cachexia and sarcopenia, each with distinguishing characteristics to result in muscle atrophy; these characteristics are also likely present in other critically ill populations. An online search was conducted from the PubMed database and other available online resources and we manually extracted published articles in a systematic mini review. We describe the current definitions and characteristics of cachexia and sarcopenia and relate these to muscle wasting after severe burn. We then discuss these putative mechanisms of muscle atrophy in this condition. Severe burn and immobilization have distinctive patterns in mediating muscle wasting and muscle atrophy. In considering these two pathological phenotypes (cachexia and sarcopenia), we propose two independent principal causes and mechanisms of muscle mass loss after burns: (1) inflammation‐induced cachexia, leading to proteolysis and protein degradation, and (2) sarcopenia/immobility that signals inhibition of expected increases in protein synthesis in response to protein loss. Because both are present following severe burn, these should be considered independently in devising treatments. Discussing cachexia and sarcopenia as independent mechanisms of severe burn–initiated muscle wasting is explored. Recognition of these associated mechanisms will likely improve outcomes.
Archaeal lipids reveal climate‐driven changes in microbial ecology at Lake El'gygytgyn (Far East Russia) during the Plio‐Pleistocene
Authors: Daniels William C. , Castañeda Isla S. , Salacup Jeffrey M. , Habicht M. Helen , Lindberg Kurt R. , Brigham‐Grette Julie
Published: July 2021

Isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (iGDGTs) are commonly preserved molecular biomarkers of archaea whose distributions can be used to reconstruct past temperature, and possibly, methane and nitrogen cycling. To date, iGDGT systematics have not been widely investigated in Arctic lacustrine environments. Here, we analyze iGDGTs in sediments of Lake El'gygytgyn, located in the Russian Arctic, to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental conditions from the Pliocene to today using TEX86and other indices. The TEX86‐inferred temperature history shows a long‐term warming trend, in stark contrast to other Arctic records and other proxies from Lake El'gygytgyn, suggesting that non‐temperature factors obfuscate the use of TEX86at this site. Other GDGT‐based indices including the BIT Index, ΔRing Index, Methane Index and the GDGT‐0/crenarchaeol ratio suggest that TEX86is strongly influenced by archaeal community changes. The most significant community shifts are observedc. 2.4 Ma and record an increase in Euryarchaeota production and/or a decrease in Thaumarchaeota production, which was driven by the establishment of permafrost and perennial lake ice during the early Pleistocene. Overall, this study demonstrates an important interpretative framework for iGDGTs in lacustrine systems and describes variations in Arctic climate and lake biogeochemistry over timescales of thousands to millions of years.
Phytochemical analysis of UV active and inactive bioactive compounds present in Polianthes tuberosa (Linn.) flower
Authors: Srinivasa Suryakoppa Kaveesha , Appadurai Ramesh , Byrappa Kullaiah , Khan Moodgere Habeebulla Moinuddin
Published: July 2021

Polianthes tuberosa (Linn.) is traditionally considered an ornamental and medicinal plant worldwide. However, extensive studies on its phytochemical composition are very limited. Hence the present work aims to identify the total phytochemical ingredients present in different crude extracts of tuberosa. Phytochemical analysis has been carried out for differential cold solvent extracts of various parts of tuberosa such as petals, stamens, and ovary by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, ultra‐performance liquid chromatography to quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, and evaporative light scattering detector analyzers for the identification of bioactive components. Among the various solvents used for the extraction, diethyl ether is found to be the most suitable and efficient solvent, as its total differential recovery from the crude extract is about 0.24% as compared to 0.04% obtained by using n‐hexane or petroleum ether. Numerous phytochemicals have been identified by the chromatography and MS techniques, which demonstrate the presence of essential fatty acids along with other pharmacological importance phytoconstituents. Identification of additional phytochemicals present in the crude extract of tuberosa flower further enhances its biological and pharmacological significance. The present work lays a foundation for further research and development of phytoconstituents of the tuberosa flower.
A Pilot Trial of Universal School‐Based Mental Health Screening in El Salvador: Traumatic Stress in an Underresourced School Environment
Authors: Stewart Regan W. , Villalobos Bianca T. , Dueweke Aubrey R. , Rodriguez Juventino Hernandez , Nicasio Andel V. , Alto Michelle , Orengo‐Aguayo Rosaura
Published: July 2021

Salvadoran youth have an elevated risk of trauma exposure and related mental health problems. However, investigations of childhood trauma exposure and mental health sequelae in El Salvador are limited. The present study aimed to (a) explore the prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events and symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression and (b) evaluate the associations between specific trauma types and emotional functioning among Salvadoran youth. A total of 1,296 youth aged 8–21 years from seven public schools completed self‐report measures of trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), anxiety, and depression. Participants reported high levels of trauma exposure, endorsing an average of 3.62 (SD = 2.32) trauma types. In total, 34.5% of participants reported clinically elevated PTSS; fewer youths reported elevated depressive (8.7%) and anxiety symptoms (8.6%). Although boys reported exposure to more trauma types than girls, d = 0.22, girls were more likely to endorse elevated PTSS, V = .11; anxiety, V = .06; and depression, V = .10. Adolescents reported exposure to more trauma types than younger children, d = 0.23, and were more likely to endorse elevated PTSS, V = .07; anxiety, V = .13; and depression, V = .16. Undergoing a frightening medical procedure, OR = 2.30; female sex, OR = 1.92; witnessing domestic violence, OR = 1.70; and experiencing war between gangs, OR = 1.61, were strong predictors of elevated PTSS. This broad, school‐based screening was a critical step toward better understanding the rate of trauma exposure and trauma‐related symptoms among Salvadoran youth.