bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EU Funds for Security
Authors: Fałdowski Marek , Nepelski Mariusz
Published: November 2018

Police Academy in Szczytno as a university applies for grants for scientific projects and education activities under national and international calls for proposals. To a large extent, the Academy, as part of national resources, participates in competitions of the National Centre for Research and Development, but also in national and regional operational programmes. The research carried out primarily has the nature of applied and industrial research carried out for the benefit of industry or development works for specific recipients from the area of generally understood security. The obtained European funds are primarily projects implemented under the 7th Framework Program, and currently mainly within the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme in the area of security. Police Academy in Szczytno is an active recipient of financial resources from European sources, mainly under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme. Police Academy in Szczytno is a member of scientific and industrial consortia implementing projects mainly in the fields of security, cybersecurity, organized crime and terrorism, and education of law enforcement officers. Police Academy in Szczytno has a highly qualified scientific and teaching staff and modern infrastructure, which enables the Academy to apply for funds under European programmes. This article presents five projects carried out by the Police Academy in Szczytno as part of European Union research programmes. The authors of the article provide overview of the characteristics of projects implemented in international consortia, discuss their goals and assumptions and indicate the potential ways of utilizing the developed solutions and project results.
Psychological Support for Drivers in Polish Police
Authors: Letkiewicz Arkadiusz , Nowicka Izabela , Kuczyńska Ewa
Published: November 2018

The objective of this article is to present an issue of psychological support for drivers, including drivers of emergency vehicles in the Polish Police. The publication will include preliminary results of scientific research conducted among senior management in the Polish Police — Regional Police Commanders and their deputies. Furthermore, the outline of support system concerning drivers’ psychological tests created in Polish Police will be presented. The research described in this article has been financed from the funds allocated for the implementation of a research project of Police Academy in Szczytno “Development of a system supporting psychological tests for drivers in the Police” No. DOB-BIO7/20/01/2015. The project has been developed by a scientific-industry consortium and is financed from the funds of National Centre for Research and Development under the call for proposals no. 7/2015 for development and financing projects for defence and security of the state. The project aims to produce a system supporting psychological studies of police drivers, including drivers of emergency vehicles in the Police, in accordance with current legislation. The system will be implemented in a network technology that facilitates direct cooperation with the Police Data Transmission Network, which will provide the basis for the independence and security of acquiring and storing data. The system will enable testing without additional equipment apart from an appropriately configured computer set. It will be equipped with a device to calibrate the response time measurement methodology. The system will allow assessment of intellectual ability, psychomotor skills and personality using the objective, standardized and normalized tools of proven accuracy, with reliability above 0.7, on a group of police drivers.
Education for Security as a Process of Eliciting and Developing Law Enforcers’ Personality
Authors: Pieczywok Andrzej
Published: November 2018

Present times are filled with a great number of incidents of a different nature because the 21st century is a time of significant transformation and progress in various areas of human life. In connection with the growing number of social and public threats, the importance of education for security is increasing, which is of particular significance when developing proper attitudes and values and for gaining knowledge and skills in the field of counteracting different threats. It is one of the fundamental methods of providing security and managing difficult or conflict situations. Education in security is of special importance in the work of law enforcement officers. Its content may considerably help when counteracting threats, and on the other hand, it may make law enforcers realise their potential as well as features of their personality. This education does not only mean transferring knowledge or developing skills, but also stimulating creativity in the work of law enforcers who are responsible for public safety. In the author’s opinion, thanks to education in security it is possible to create numerous personality attributes for officers, especially those of the human psyche (thinking) and mind (the state of self-consciousness, rationalism, empiricism, values, norms, moral and ethical problems). The author thinks that all the education and upbringing processes are possible when predispositions develop, which in turn are originally of an inborn and genetic structures status. A personality model of a law enforcer derived from the bicultural theory of a human being ought to be the basis of education for security which calls for an original paradigm for educating and upbringing. In the new paradigm, the role of public safety officers increases significantly because of high intellectual, moral and ethical expectations.
Financial Security of the Public Sector Versus the Indebtedness of Local Self-Government
Authors: Nogalski Bogdan , Kozłowski Andrzej , Czaplicka-Kozłowska Iwona Zofia
Published: November 2018

The 19th and 20th century in the history of Poland was primarily a time of foreign domination by neighbouring countries, mainly Russia and Germany. Except for the inter-war period of 1918–1939 when there was an attempt to rebuild an independent country, Polish culture in its social and economic dimension underwent a vicious destruction for almost 2 centuries. For that reason, political changes initiated in Poland in 1989 resulted in the emergence of new hope for the revival of its sovereignty and
its restoration as a sovereign and democratic country. After years of enslavement the regenerated Poland was economically weak in almost all its dimensions. Due to decisions made in the 1990s and the first years of the 21st century there was a hope for a clear acceleration of social and economic growth. The activities required the necessity of implementation of economic and rational procedures in financial management as well as the allocation of huge financial resources mainly for investment in the area of public utilities, and also for the implementation of modern technologies and methods in nearly all areas of economic and social life. The article is dedicated to the problem of the financial security of the country in relation to the burdens of debt of local authorities, particularly those at the lowest level of the governance structure of the country. Assuming that local authorities in the Polish legal system are public-legal unions equipped with a legal identity that act in their own name and at their own responsibility, it is the members of organisations who are directly responsible for an excessive indebtedness which can affect not only the financial security of the whole public-legal union which is a local self-government, but also the financial security of citizens.
The Subject Matter of Criminal Evidence Relating to the Disclosure of Information on Security Measures Applicable to Law Enforcement or Control Officials
Authors: Zajcew Oleg , Yepikhin Aleksander
Published: November 2018

The article analyses the characteristics of the subject of evidence (Article 73 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation) of objective and subjective characteristics of crime, which are listed in Article 320 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation. Considerable attention has been given to the establishment of criminal sanctions for the disclosure of information on security measures towards law enforcement or control officials as an important guarantee of the stability of the Russian management system and legal protection activities. The characteristics of the subject-matter of the evidence in criminal matters under investigation are expressed in the need to establish objective and subjective grounds for disclosing information on security measures in the course of criminal proceedings against law enforcement or control officials. The state protection measures themselves are defined by separate
regulations and are applied in the process of criminal proceedings and in the presence of evidence. However, this complex and multifaceted security process could be seriously undermined by the‘leak’ of classified security information. In case of such illegal disclosure, the penalty is defined in Article 320 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation. The authors draw attention to the existence of a direct or indirect relationship between the unauthorised activity and performing state service in legal protection bodies, as well as the need to prove the intention to commit this crime and the awareness of not disclosing secret information to unauthorized persons who do not have formal access to the above information. The authors conclude that the implementation of criminal evidence proceedings for the criminal case of the offence under Article 320 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation needs to be improved at this stage in order to increase the effectiveness and security of the protection of judges, law enforcement and control officials in Russia.
A trajetória da produção de uma Tecnologia Educacional: cuidados domiciliares ao idoso pós-neurocirurgia
Authors: Rocha Gisele Dos Santos , Oliveira Ana Paula Pessoa de , Teixeira Elizabeth
Published: November 2018

Objetivo: relatar a trajetória da produção de uma tecnologia educacional para orientação dos cuidados domiciliares dispensados à pessoa idosa pós-neurocirurgia. Método: relato descritivo de experiência sobre a produção de uma Tecnologia Educacional voltada aos cuidados domiciliares de pessoas idosas pós-neurocirurgia, desenvolvida no período de junho de 2015 a junho de 2016. A trajetória foi dividida em três passos: valorização da experiência profissional, revisão integrativa e elaboração de um manual impresso. Resultados: a construção do manual impresso intitulado “Cuidados familiares com a pessoa idosa submetida a cirurgia cerebral”, traz orientações para subsidiar o tratamento domiciliar dos longevos. Conclusão: a produção de uma tecnologia educacional voltada aos cuidados domiciliares para idosos pós-neurocirurgia, vem contribuir como estratégia de educação em saúde, proporcionando uma assistência de enfermagem humanizada e voltada para a melhoria da qualidade de vida dessas pessoas.
Nem neoliberalismo, nem desenvolvimentismo: o corporativismo de Estado no Brasil de 1990 a 2014.
Authors: Pont Juarez Varallo
Published: November 2018

O artigo pretende demonstrar que, passados 24 anos desde o primeiro governo eleito diretamente após o regime militar, os modelos econômicos implantados no País não foram nem neoliberais, nem desenvolvimentistas, se consideradas suas de nições econômica e sociológica. Os governos situados no suposto campo neoliberal (Collor, Itamar e FHC), durante o período de 1990 a 2002, por vezes deram claros sinais de retrocesso ideológico, ou de pragmatismo político, seja patrocinando políticas populistas, seja mantendo a forte presença do Estado na economia. Por sua vez, a ascensão de governos ditos de centro-esquerda, no período de 2003 a 2014, não lhes confere a condição de desenvolvimentistas, na medida em que tal ascensão implicaria um papel mais ativo do Estado na economia, induzindo o crescimento econômico sustentável. O Estado, nesse período, embora permanecesse participando do processo econômico, teve como principal opção política reduzir desigualdades. Essas, embora necessárias, se mostraram insu cientes para aproveitar a oportunidade que a conjuntura internacional propiciava ao País de ingressar em um ciclo desenvolvimentista, propriamente dito. Essa opção, mais populista, implantou um tipo particular de corporativismo estatal, ao mesmo tempo em que contemplou certa dose de irresponsabilidade fiscal.
O 'desenvolvimento' periférico em questão: ação do Estado, virada neoliberal e financeirização no Brasil.
Authors: Lapyda Ilan
Published: November 2018

O presente artigo busca, a partir de uma perspectiva ampla sobre desenvolvimento amparada em uma revisão de literatura e apresentação de dados, analisar alguns aspectos da trajetória do Brasil desde a Era Vargas. A ênfase recai sobre o período mais recente, a partir da liberalização / financeirização dos anos 1990 e seus desdobramentos. Comparações com a Coreia visam mostrar que as decisões internas aos países são importantes e podem melhorar ou piorar sensivelmente sua situação. Contudo, elas são profundamente condicionadas pelas respectivas posições estruturais dos países no sistema-mundo, levando a um desenvolvimento contraditório nos marcos do capitalismo. Além disso, ca claro que um Estado interventor não é condição su ciente para o desenvolvimento, porém os países, periféricos em particular, claramente não podem prescindir dele, como atesta a piora do Brasil em termos sociais quando da liberalização. Por fim, o período mais recente mostra que desafios antigos e novos coexistem demandando uma superação.
A construção do mercado de tecnologias: alguns apontamentos sobre a participação do Estado a partir do polo tecnológico de Florianópolis.
Authors: Santos Leandro Dos , Mazon Márcia Da Silva
Published: November 2018

O objetivo do artigo é mapear o quadro de atuação do Estado no processo de construção do mercado de bens tecnológicos no Brasil. Analisamos a estruturação do polo tecnológico de Florianópolis, capital de Santa Catarina, o qual desponta em âmbito nacional como espaço ligado ao empreendedorismo inovador. O trabalho foi realizado através de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores do setor. Os resultados apontam que além do Estado ser um ator chave como provedor de recursos materiais e financeiros para o desenvolvimento das atividades e empreendimentos, são as mudanças no conteúdo da legislação e as políticas para a inovação elementos que contribuem na construção de uma aproximação cognitiva entre os diferentes atores. Neste quadro institucional, a inovação tecnológica passa a fazer parte do 'universo dos possíveis' confirmando que o Estado é um poderoso produtor de categorias e hierarquias como já anunciado por Bourdieu. Entre as modalidades de intervenção na configuração das condições de realização da inovação tecnológica, e que são realizadas sob a influência e mediação de empresas, associações, fundações de tecnologia e universidades, encontram-se políticas voltadas para a formação de novos atores, infraestrutura, subsídios fiscais, investimentos financeiros e publicidade que dão sustentação à constituição da oferta e demanda econômico-tecnológica por novos produtos e processos.
Cooperação e relações entre grandes e pequenas empresas em parques tecnológicos.
Authors: Neves Felipe Möller , Mocelin Daniel Gustavo
Published: November 2018

O artigo apresenta um esboço interpretativo sobre os padrões das relações de cooperação interfirmas. A instalação de grandes empresas em Parques Tecnológicos configura-se como uma oportunidade de cooperação técnica e comercial para pequenas empresas. Partindo-se do pressuposto de que o desenvolvimento econômico depende da aplicação da pesquisa básica e do conhecimento em inovação, a literatura aponta os Parques Tecnológicos como ambientes de interação técnica e econômica entre empresas e instituições de pesquisa. No caso brasileiro, o Estado possui papel fundamental, promovendo políticas de desenvolvimento e programas de fomento à inovação, buscando induzir a formação de alianças técnicas e comerciais nestes parques. A opção metodológica para a construção de tipos de cooperação foi por duas variáveis que estabeleceram a matriz de cooperação interfirmas: tipo e volume de ganhos (econômicos e tecnológicos) que as pequenas empresas possuem ao se aproximarem das grandes empresas. As diferentes formas de cooperação são observadas em dois Parques do Rio Grande do Sul. O esclavagismo é a relação contratual de subordinação da pequena empresa. No comensalismo, a grande empresa busca mão-de-obra qualificada e a pequena aproveita-se de spillovers. A proto-cooperação gera redes e spin-offs entre as empresas. O mutualismo consiste na relação plena de cooperação.
“Arca das Letras”: itinerários de uma pesquisa no rural teresinense
Authors: Silva Milane Batista da , Moraes Maria Dione Carvalho de
Published: November 2018

O debate sobre rural e relações rural-urbanas não pode ignorar inflexões – nas representações de rural como periférico – voltadas à perspectiva de cidadania cultural. Isto supõe pensar políticas de cultura no campo com a mesma atenção dada a áreas urbanizadas, uma vez que, em localidades rurais, estas ainda não apresentam protagonismo. Tomamos rural e cidade como categorias de classificação de espaços geossimbólicos, como conceito e como representação social. Apontamos para a importância de políticas culturais voltadas a povos rurais e focalizamos uma política específica, o Programa Arca das Letras, do extinto MDA, como política cultural de ampliação da experiência de leitura de textos escritos em localidades rurais. O lócus empírico é “o rural” de Teresina, Piauí, capital brasileira cuja zona rural é a maior, dentre as capitais do país, em termos relativos. Resultados parciais da pesquisa apontam para os novos investimentos desta, com foco nos sentidos e significados que povos e localidades atribuem ao programa.
Discursos sobre modernização e desenvolvimento nas eleições municipais: uma análise do HGPE de Porto Alegre, 2016
Authors: Radomsky Guilherme Francisco Waterloo
Published: November 2018

Este artigo tem por nalidade examinar os discur- sos sobre desenvolvimento, crescimento e modernização dos candidatos à eleição majoritária de Porto Alegre em 2016. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo e utilizou-se o Horário Gratuito Político Eleitoral (HGPE) da televisão das eleições para prefeito de 2016 como fonte de pesquisa, focando em discursos, suas dimensões significativas e seus efeitos estratégicos. A hipótese é que em eleições o tema do desenvolvimento (e termos associados ou aproximados) constitui uma linguagem e caz. Por meio dele, candidatos apresentam propostas de caráter transformador e positivo, mas simultaneamente sem nenhum rigor. Fala-se de modernização, de crescimento e de desenvolvimento sem perceberem desentendimentos das de nições e muitas vezes de maneira intercambiável. A pesquisa mostra que os resultados eleitorais favoreceram candidatos que se voltaram a discursos de e ciência, gestão, empreendedorismo e sistemas de informação para o bom funcionamento social associando-os ao desenvolvimento. Com isto, sugere-se que aspectos típicos do mundo político, tais como a democracia, as mobilizações e as disputas no plano ideológico-partidário, perdem espaço para uma visão da política enquanto atividade técnica e gerencial da sociedade.
Uma nova geração de Seguridade Social: a teoria por trás do combate à pobreza nos grandes países em desenvolvimento
Authors: Galvani Maria Denise Guedes
Published: November 2018

Como resultado de experiências nos países em desenvolvimento, o campo da Segurança Social desenvolveu-se e evoluiu para o conceito mais amplo de Proteção Social – que, além dos tradicionais sistemas de licenças e aposentadorias a trabalhadores da economia formal, inclui o direito a benefícios não-contributivos (transferências) para pessoas de baixa renda. Esses programas focalizados de transferência de renda são tratados aqui como seguridade social de “nova geração”, por seu propósito de conciliar os objetivos de combate à pobreza e desenvolvimento econômico. A primeira parte deste artigo recupera algumas das principais teorias acerca da pobreza e do desenvolvimento que ganharam força no nal do século XX, identi cando suas repercussões na estruturação da seguridade social de nova geração. A segunda parte do artigo apresenta o desenho institucional de sete programas de Proteção Social (em quatro países: África do Sul, Brasil, China e Índia) que se enquadram na concepção da “nova geração”, a m de levantar hipóteses para futuros testes sobre a e cácia da Proteção Social em países em desenvolvimento.
Memória social e ação política no processo de autonomia do pueblo indígena de Cherán
Authors: Lima Jonatas Pinto , Silva Douglas Mansur da
Published: November 2018

Este artigo procura compreender o processo de transformação sócio-política ocorrido no “pueblo” indígena de Cherán, pertencente ao Estado de Michoacán, México. Esta comunidade conquistou em 2011 o direito à instauração de um governo regido por seus usos e costumes, após uma série de con itos motivados tanto pela exploração ilegal de suas terras comunais por parte de madeireiros, envolvidos com o tráfico de drogas, quanto pelo descaso das autoridades governamentais frente aos ocorridos. O estudo deste processo social e político será realizado a partir da análise dos discursos e relatos veiculados em diferentes mídias, além de pesquisa bibliográfica e histórica, com o objetivo de perceber, através do discurso dos moradores deste “pueblo” e de sua memória coletiva, o sentido/significado para suas ações, buscando compreender porque a população de Cherán decidiu “defender” os bosques comunais através do confronto com os madeireiros e posterior instauração de um governo próprio. Percebemos que a memória coletiva, neste caso, propicia um horizonte de significados que, em conjunto com a figuração do tempo presente, motivaram a ação dos moradores de Cherán.
Raça e psiquiatria: uma análise genealógica da questão racial na psiquiatria brasileira
Authors: Soares Silvio De Azevedo
Published: November 2018

O propósito deste trabalho é problematizar a tematização da questão racial na psiquiatria brasileira. A partir do debate sobre raça e racismo (presente em Fredrickson, Hund e Wade), esse trabalho busca analisar a noção de raça e racismo a partir do quadro analítico desenvolvido por Michel Foucault. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho é compreender qual a especificidade da questão racial e do negro nas práticas e discursos da psiquiatria brasileira entre o final do século XIX e início do século XX. Em termos metodológicos, considerou-se a psiquiatria como um dispositivo: uma rede de práticas de poder, discursos de saber e modos de concepção de sujeitos. Assim, nos discursos e nas práticas psiquiátricas desse período, analisamos como características físicas e fenotípicas de indivíduos e grupos negros foram operacionalizadas, submetendo esses sujeitos à condições de inferioridade e de desigualdade. Por último, buscamos apresentar contribuições para as possíveis reflexões sobre a relação entre as práticas psiquiátricas de racismo interno e a proposta de “branqueamento” da nação (compreendendo-a como uma estratégia biopolítica de gestão da população brasileira).
Apresentação do Dossiê
Authors: Zanini Maria Catarina Chitolina , Mocellin Maria Clara , Maffia Marta Mercedes
Published: November 2018

A mobilidade humana é um fenômeno complexo que se tem acentuado no século XXI, seja quantitativamente seja do ponto de vista das diversas formas em que se tem processado e se ma- nifestado. O fenômeno migratório tem sido preocupação constante de pesquisas em diversas áreas de conhecimento, dentro e fora das Ciências Sociais Contudo, o que tem chamado a atenção nas últimas décadas, devido às novas tecnologias de comunicação, bem como ao encurtamento das espaço-temporalidades, são as dinâmicas subjetivas e objetivas de se constituir enquanto sujeito nesses percursos. Considerando o aumento dos deslocamentos humanos, em suas diferentes formas, objetivamos, para este dossiê, agregar trabalhos que analisassem e trouxessem elementos empíricos acerca dos proces- sos sociais e políticos desses deslocamentos, seja do ponto de vista temático, teórico, bem como de novas abordagens metodológicas para essas questões. Nesse sentido, esta edição da revista dedica-se a trabalhos que tenham como propósito compreender as mobilidades e os seus diferentes deslocamentos em suas múltiplas facetas, bem como a trabalhos que tratem das interações sociais, dos processos de diferenciação e alteridade decorrentes dos processos migratórios, como também os que relacionem a migração com o mundo do trabalho, com o projeto migratório e as estratégias familiares e religiosas. Selecionamos, também, trabalhos que se dedicaram a analisar aspectos dos deslocamentos internacionais que ganharam destaque no cenário mundial recente, na medida em que trataram das dinâmicas transnacionais e de transmigrantes que se deslocam entre duas ou mais sociedades. Foi de grande satisfação recebermos um número grande de artigos e foi um trabalho árduo podermos selecionar somente alguns. Isso nos aponta para o crescimento dessa área de pesquisa no Brasil e para como se está sedimentando, do ponto de vista teórico-metodológico, em várias áreas das Ciências Humanas.
The second Brazilian migration wave: The impact of Brazil’s economic and social changes on current migration to the UK.
Authors: Dias Gustavo , Martins Júnior Angelo
Published: November 2018

This article explores the effects of Brazil’s recent economic growth and the narrowing of the inequality gap on the second Brazilian migration wave to the UK over the last two decades. Migration-related research has emphatically argued that this ongoing international mobility results from transnational networks developed by pioneers who encouraged fellow citizens to travel. Although this paper considers social networks as an important factor shaping the movement of Brazilians abroad, we propose to debate contemporary Brazilian migration by shedding light on the national socio-economic policies implemented since the late 1990s. Thus, through a rigorous literature review of Brazilian transnational migration studies and multi-sited ethnography in Brazil and London, we focus particularly on how the opening up of the Brazilian economy to international capital flow, and the implementation of social programmes followed by the enlargement of its domestic consumer market, helps to explain the current increase and diversification of Brazilians abroad.
MECHANICAL AND TRIBOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF MULTICOMPONENT SOLID LUBRICANT COMPOSITES BASED ON ULTRA HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE
Authors: Panin Sergey V. , Alexenko Vladislav О. , Kornienko Lyudmila А. , Buslovich Dmitry G. , Valentyukevich Natalya N.
Published: November 2018

Multicomponent composites with ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) matrix reinforced by short carbon fibers (CF) and filled with solid lubricant particles of finely dispersed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) have been studied. It is shown that simultaneous loading of two kinds of microfillers (enforcing and solid lubricant) ensures increasing both mechanical properties (elastic modulus, yield point, shore D hardness) and wear resistance of three-component UHMWPE composites at variation of triboloading conditions. It is shown that at moderate sliding velocity (V = 0.3 m/s) and load (P = 60 N) the rational composition providing maximum wear resistance under dry sliding friction is “UHMWPE + 5 wt. % fluorolite + 5 wt. % CF” (wear resistance is doubled). The latter results from the pattern of the formed permolecular structure and friction surface material response onto tribotechnical loading (due to formation of transfer film).Under severe tribotesting conditions (P = 140 N × V = 0.5 m/s) the two-fold increase in wear resistance demonstrates the composite “UHMWPE + 5 wt. % fluorolite + 10 wt. % CF”. This effect is mostly governed by enforcing action of short carbon fibers. The mechanism of this improvement might be explained in the following way. Friction heating induced increase of the temperature gives rise to local melting and surface layer plasticization. Presence of enforcing fibers ensures better protection of the friction surface from combined action of compressive and shear forces transferred from rotating steel counterface. Friction coefficient, topography of wear track surfaces and wear mechanisms of multicomponent UHMWPE composites are discussed taking into account the data on permolecular structure formation and the temperature in the tribocontact zone.
GRAPHITIZATION DYNAMICS OF SURFACE OF DETONATION NANO AND MICRO DIAMONDS
Authors: Shevchenko Nikolay V. , Gorbachev Valentin A. , Chobanyan Vladimir A. , Sigalayev Sergey K. , Rizakhanov Rajudin N. , Vysotina Elena A. , Blank Vladimir D. , Golubev Alexander A.
Published: November 2018

The characteristic features, properties and phase composition of the surface of nano and microcrystals of diamond of detonation synthesis subjected to graphitization are studied. The patterns of this process and the accumulation of graphitization products have been studied by applying Raman scattering, electron microscopy on an electron microscope, and X-ray phase analysis of micropowder samples. As objects of research, samples of chemically purified detonation nano and microdiamonds obtained by detonation synthesis were used. The used samples of carbon particles were investigated in the temperature range of 20 - 1500 °C, in an inert gas atmosphere, at different heating rates of the object. The graphitization of nanodiamonds is characterized by rigorous stage transformations associated with the growth of Raman intensities of Raman peaks (1350 and 1610 cm-1) characterizing graphitization associated with the appearance and accumulation of sp2-type carbon bonds. The recorded manifestations of Raman scattering are associated with the appearance and accumulation of crystalline and amorphous products of nanodiamond graphitization. The final products of the process studied had a Raman peak at 1575 cm-1, which directly indicates the appearance of onion-like forms of carbon on the surface of the nanodiamond particles studied. The distinctive features of the dynamics of graphitization of the surface of carbon particles having different structural organization are established. Nanodiamond particles are more sensitive to graphitization processes than microdiamond particles, and their changes are deeper. The graphitization of nano and microdiamond particles is accompanied by the transition of the surface carbon from sp3 to the sp2 phase, as well as the appearance of various forms of the amorphous phase. This process is characterized by the appearance and accumulation of onion-like graphite products (onions). The peculiarities of graphitization of microdiamonds are associated with the appearance of onion-like extended structures, which are much larger in size than microstructures, in comparison with onions arising from detonation nanodiamonds.
Kjeld Nielsen (red.): Arbejdsliv og arbejdsmiljø i et socialt ressource perspektiv
Authors: Abildgaard Johan Simonsen
Published: November 2018

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ОНТОГЕНЕЗ NABALUS OCHROLEUCUS (ASTERACEAE), "Ботанический журнал"
Authors: Чубарь Е. А.
Published: November 2018

Исследован онтогенез и морфогенез Nabalus ochroleucus в лесных и луговых местообитаниях южных районов Приморского края. Выделены группы и подгруппы j-, im-, v-, g-особей. В соответствии со стадиями онтогенеза идут модификационные преобразования всех структурных органов растений: листовых пластинок, побеговой и корневой систем. Жизненный цикл длится 4-5 лет. На первом этапе развития формируется розеточный полициклический побег (j-™-особи) с запасающей короткокорневищно-стержнекорневой системой, а на завершающем этапе - полурозеточный вегетативно-генеративный моноциклический побег (v-g-особи) с короткокорневищной системой с запасающими придаточными корнями. Структурно многолетняя подземная часть соответствует одноглавому каудексу, так как включает основание розеточного побега, гипокотиль и базальный участок главного корня. Ответвлений каудекса (каудикулов) у исследованных образцов не наблюдалось. Принципиальных различий в структуре корневых систем, надземных и подземных побегов между континентальными N. ochroleucus и N. tatarinowii, имеющими жизненную форму полурозеточного монокарпика с запасающей короткокорневищно-стержневой системой, и островными японскими видами N. acerifolius и N. tanakae не выявлено.
Newly qualified chiropractors' perceptions of preparedness for practice: A cross-sectional study of graduates from European training programs
Authors: Pulkkinen Elina , de la Ossa Pablo Pérez
Published: November 2018

Objective:

The purpose of this pilot study was to explore chiropractic graduates' perceived preparedness for practice in the 7 key competencies of the Canadian Medical Education Directives for Specialists.

Methods:

An anonymous 5-point Likert scale electronic questionnaire was distributed to graduates from the 2014–2016 cohorts of 9 European chiropractic colleges accredited by the European Council of Chiropractic Education. For each group under 1 competency role, the mean overall score was calculated. Statistical differences were analyzed using a t test and analysis of variance. Cronbach's alpha was calculated for internal consistency.

Results:

Results of 7 chiropractic colleges were analyzed (n = 121). Differences were found among colleges, competencies, and items. Overall, the graduates who responded scored the lowest in collaborator (3.76) and scholar (3.78) competencies. They scored the highest in professional (4.39) and chiropractic expert (4.13) competencies. In all colleges, a lower level of perceived preparedness was found in collaborator, scholar, and manager competencies. Statistical differences were found that compared the type of employment and cohorts.

Conclusion:

Our results show there may be a gap between education and professional practice regarding perceived preparedness, and graduates perceived themselves to be unprepared in some competencies. The preliminary results of this study could be used to improve curricula of chiropractic education.
Archaeological Photography
Authors: Schlitz Matthew
Published: November 2018

Archaeological photography is essential to the discipline of archaeology. Along with text, mapping, and drawing, photography is a cornerstone of archaeological method and practice and continues to have a critical role in both the objective and subjective way in which the past is recorded. From analog origins in the second half of the nineteenth century, archaeological photography has now evolved into a digital process since the beginning of this century. Digital cameras, scanning technology, storage media, and computational photography have afforded the greatest transformations in the process of recording archaeology, as reflected in the research literature. While three‐dimensional (3D) approaches of visualizing cultural landscapes, excavations, built heritage, and artifacts are rapidly changing the face of archaeology, traditional archaeological photography is still the baseline of the discipline. Both are complementary methods, just as photography was quickly adopted as an archaeological tool to sit beside archaeological illustration over 150 years ago.
Archaeomagnetism
Authors: Gómez‐Paccard Miriam , Pavón‐Carrasco Francisco Javier
Published: November 2018

Archaeomagnetism is generally defined as the study and interpretation of the magnetic properties of archaeological baked materials. It is an interdisciplinary topic that particularly requires the expertise of specialists from earth sciences and archaeology. It relies on the ability of certain archaeological materials, heated to high temperatures, to acquire a stablethermoremanent magnetizationparallel and proportional to the Earth's magnetic field present at the time of cooling. This provides a tool for geophysicists to study the spatiotemporal variability of the geomagnetic field prior to direct observations (i.e., the last four centuries). Conversely, knowledge of the past fluctuation of the Earth's magnetic field in a particular region offers a dating technique applicable to baked archaeological materials. In addition, the study of the magnetic properties of archaeological materials can provide a wealth of information including insight into their composition, provenance and paleofiring conditions.
Archaeomineralogy
Authors: Rapp George
Published: November 2018

Archaeomineralogy is a young subdiscipline of the expanding field of geoarchaeology. It draws on many physical and historical sciences to detail the development of the human exploitation of minerals and rocks since prehistoric times. Humans have utilized earth materials for ornaments, medicines, implements, building materials, and paints, as well as starting material for processed products such as ceramics and metals. The Greek Hellenistic philosopher Theophrastus in his publicationOn Stoneswas perhaps the first to take a systematic look at human uses of minerals and rocks. Since then, many authors around the world have published accounts of the mining, metallurgy, mineralogy, lithology, gemology, and other aspects of earth material exploitation. Rocks and minerals that have been altered by humans are found throughout archaeological and historical records. The Bible has over 1,700 references to minerals and gems. Minerals and rocks have played key roles in the development of society.
Authenticity in
VRM
Authors: Wittur Joyce
Published: November 2018

Authenticity is an ambivalent term. In order to throw light on its applicability in the realm of virtual reality modeling it is necessary to first define what is considered to be authentic or inauthentic within archaeology and associated fields of study. Hereby it becomes apparent that there are two conflicting perspectives: authenticity can be seen as an inherent part of the fabric of a material object or it can be considered to be a socially negotiated attribute. In the first case, a virtual model can never claim authenticity, being only visual and not material, whereas in the second case there is the possibility that authenticity can be assigned to products of virtual reality modeling.
Biogeography
Authors: Sykes Naomi
Published: November 2018

The study of ancient plant and animal biogeography has the potential to answer a wider suite of questions concerning human migration and trade, and cultural and environmental change, as well as providing data of relevance to present‐day biodiversity management. This entry details the methods available and intellectual approach required to accurately reconstruct the timing, circumstances, and meaning of plant and animal translocations. Particular attention is given to the global spread of the chicken (Gallus gallus) from its homeland in Southeast Asia.
Characterization of Metals and Alloys
Authors: Maldonado Blanca
Published: November 2018

Archaeometallurgy is a specialized field of archaeometry that employs scientific methods to explore issues in archaeology and cultural history and technological aspects of ancient metal artifacts in order to broaden our understanding of the ancient cultures that produced them. Characterizing ancient metals and alloys can provide more comprehensive answers to research questions by integrating quantitative and qualitative methods. The development of such analytical techniques has led to the emergence of new methods that are now being widely applied in archaeometallurgical research. This entry explores the properties, capabilities, advantages, and disadvantages of some current approaches to the characterization of metals and alloys. The application of such techniques as X‐ray fluorescence, proton‐induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) spectrometry, microscopic and spectroscopic (semi‐destructive) analyses is discussed with comments on how they can be combined to advance research in archaeometallurgy.
Chromosomal
DNA
Authors: Linderholm Anna E.
Published: November 2018

DNA is a biomolecule (a double‐stranded deoxyribonucleic molecule) that carries the design for how living organisms are made. Most DNA is organized and packaged in units called chromosomes. The ability to extract chromosomal DNA from ancient remains has made it possible to study ancient populations in a completely new way. Scientists can look at admixture between populations, and from this they have concluded that both Neanderthals and Denisovans have contributed to the modern human genome. We now know that some Neanderthals had red hair and that there were blond mammoths roaming the earth before they both went extinct. We can also identify disease patterns in past populations and their response to climate change by looking at chromosomal DNA.
Cluster Analysis
Authors: Papageorgiou Ioulia
Published: November 2018

Cluster analysis is a multivariate analysis methodology with the aim of confirming suspected heterogeneity in the data, identifying distinct groups and at the same time validating the ability of the included variables to make the group identification. A plethora of clustering techniques have been developed, varying with respect to the statistical assumptions they make, the complexity of the methodology, and the computational effort they demand. Consequently, the clustering methods also range in their limitations or advantages/disadvantages, the properties they impose on the resulting groups, and the type and degree of information they provide. Cluster analysis is a powerful numerical tool and has been widely applied in archaeology.
Community Heritage
Authors: Purser Margaret
Published: November 2018

“Community heritage” refers to those projects, research trajectories, and theoretical discussions that explore how a specific community defines its connection to both past and place, in some way. It is a term used to describe both a subject for study (community heritage research), and a broader field of practice (community heritage projects). It is a rapidly expanding multidisciplinary practice that archaeologists share with a wide variety of other practitioners, including public historians, folklorists, geographers, museum professionals, heritage organizations, and government agencies. Participation in this field requires archaeologists to radically expand both their methodologies, their research frameworks and practices, and their expectations about research results and outcomes. Meeting these demands has generated a significant body of literature that critiques some core concepts, including both “community” and “heritage,” and explores the consequences of these profound shifts in archaeological practice.
Computed Tomography
Authors: Hughes Stephen
Published: November 2018

Computed tomography (CT) is a powerful technique for seeing inside objects that would otherwise be difficult to view. Useful images can be obtained if X‐rays are able to penetrate the object under examination and there is variation in the absorption of X‐rays in different parts of the object to provide contrast. Since images of the internal structure of an object are provided without the need for physical cutting, and the intensity of X‐rays is too low to cause any damage, CT scanning is often categorized as nondestructive testing. In an X‐ray CT scanner, multiple plain X‐ray projections are obtained by rotating an X‐ray source around an object. A cross‐sectional image is formed via a mathematical process known as back projection. A major advantage of CT is that the acquired cross‐sectional images can be used to generate three‐dimensional images of an object. X‐ray CT scanners were first developed for medical applications but have subsequently been used extensively in archaeology, for example to X‐ray mummies of all types, clay tablets, and vases.
Computer Applications in Archaeology
Authors: Huggett Jeremy
Published: November 2018

Computer applications in archaeology have been a feature of archaeology since the 1950s. From the 1950s into the 1980s they were closely associated with quantitative methods, but since then, the increasing availability and capability of personal computers has seen a dramatic growth in use. Beyond standard office software, key application areas in archaeology include databases, geographical information systems, and data visualization. The expansion of the Internet and the World Wide Web has seen the development of new means of communicating archaeological information, such as the provision of access to online data and data archives.
Discrete Traits
Authors: Springer Victoria S.
Published: November 2018

Discrete traits on the skeleton and dentition are variations and abnormalities of the morphology of typical skeletal biology, such as additional cusps on dentition or additional foramina in the cranium. These traits are measured on an ordinal or categorical scale, as opposed to metrically. As heritable traits, they can provide information on relationships, such as ancestry, kinship, or biological distance, making them useful to the bioarchaeologist or forensic anthropologist. Standardization in recording these traits is aided by resources such as the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System and
Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains
. Using these resources and testing inter‐ and intra‐observer error ensure repeatability and comparability.
DNA
: Mitochondrial
Authors: Raff Jennifer
Published: November 2018

Mitochondrial DNA forms a circular maternally inherited genome separate from that present in the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotic organisms. The mitochondrial genome contains genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, the process that metabolizes nutrients to make energy, as well as hypervariable regions which allow the tracking of maternal lineages through time and space in population genetics studies.
Drugs and Psychotropics
Authors: Merlin Mark , Fitzpatrick Scott M.
Published: November 2018

Documentation exists for very widespread traditional human consumption of psychoactive drug materials over thousands of years. However, the worldwide chronology, biological diversity, and geographical range of human use of mind‐altering drug substances are neither complete nor unchangeable. Numerous psychoactive species of plants and fungi, and the regions in which humans have encountered and used them, are under‐researched and require initial or additional research regarding their use and motivations for doing so. Many scholars would believe it to be safe to assume that most psychoactive plants and fungi have a very long history of use. This entry focuses on theory, methodology and future inquiry of human use of psychoactive substances using selected examples.
Desert Environments
Authors: di Lernia Savino
Published: November 2018

As privileged locations for the analysis of the interface(s) between climate, landscape, resources, and humans, desert environments play a fundamental role in the archaeological sciences. The Sahara, with a surface area of over 9 million km
2
, is the world's largest hot desert. It can be considered, with some caveats, fairly representative of desert environments. A long tradition of environmental, archaeological, and rock art research beginning in the mid‐nineteenth century has made the Sahara particularly rich in scientific data. This entry summarizes some key topics in archaeological research in this region, focusing mainly on issues such as the type of contexts, preservation, and dating.
Experts and Stakeholders
Authors: Fredheim L. Harald
Published: November 2018

The language of “experts” and “stakeholders” is established in archaeological and heritage literature and practice. Nevertheless, their identities and relationships are neither simple, nor uncontested. This entry introduces experts and stakeholders, and invites the reader to consider how their roles and responsibilities are changing at a time when participatory approaches increasingly are emphasized in heritage and archaeology.