bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental and numerical investigation on axial compression of reinforced concrete columns made from recycled coarse and fine aggregates
Authors: Khelil Abdelouahab , Boissière Remi , Al Mahmoud Firas , Wurtzer Florian , Blin‐Lacroix Jean‐Luc
Published: October 2020

The current study is part of a larger project called RECYBETON developed in France since 2012. This part of project deals with the important properties of hardened concrete of recycled aggregates (RA), from microstructure to properties related to durability and fire behavior. The founding objective of the RECYBETON project is generally not to formulate concrete with a given recycling rate, but rather to optimize the recycling rate so that the benefit, whether economic or environmental, is maximized. This study describes a test campaign performed on reinforced concrete (RC) columns with different recycled aggregate ratios and a reference column made of natural aggregates. An eccentric compression‐loading device was developed to test the columns and determine the effects of small and high‐replacement ratios of recycled coarse and fine aggregates on the compression behavior of RC column. This required evaluating the mechanical behavior in compression and tension of the different materials (mechanical behavior of the various concretes according to their recycled aggregate ratios and the mechanical behavior of the steel). Finite element (FE) models were developed using Abaqus software and their performance validated based on experimental results of columns subjected monotonic loading to failure. The fracture mode was obtained by the finite element method, while the loads, displacements, and deformations of the steels and the concrete were studied and compared to the physical tests. Consistent results were obtained from the numerical and experimental tests.
What can forensic probabilistic genotyping software developers learn from significant non‐forensic software failures?
Authors: Buckleton John S. , Curran James , Taylor Duncan , Bright Jo‐Anne
Published: October 2020

We reprise four significant software failures and examine these cases for lessons that can be transferred to the development of forensic software. All four case studies have been well examined and causes described. No one factor is common to all four case studies. The studies are the MIT Kerberos security software, the Mars Climate Orbiter (MCO), the Therac‐25 radiation therapy machine, and the Boeing 737 MAX MCAS software. In order to increase the relevance to forensic DNA analysis using probabilistic genotyping (PG) we discuss the post‐production faults we have found in PG software including STRmix. Empirical testing is the primary method for detecting software faults. Of the four cases discussed, we think that testing could only have benefited the MCO and the MIT Kerberos software cases. The faults found in PG by us or STRmix users have all been found by testing or in use. Documentation is useful but an overreliance on documentation is seriously detrimental. The environment in which the software will be used is important. Redundancy is always beneficial. We consider that a key to successful data development and maintenance is a healthy culture of transparency and openness between developer and users. We also consider vital, maybe primary, a quality culture in development, verification and validation, and an avoidance of unreasonable goals and timelines.

This article is categorized under:

Forensic Biology > Ethical and Social Implications

Forensic Biology > Forensic DNA Technologies

Jurisprudence and Regulatory Oversight > Expert Evidence and Narrative
Geospatial Analyses for Assessing the Driving Forces of Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics Around the Nile Delta Branches, Egypt
Authors: Abd El-Hamid Hazem T.
Published: October 2020

Major driving forces can alter Land use/Land cover (LULC) dynamics and affect landscape sustainability around the Nile Delta of Egypt. The present study aims at evaluating and mapping changes in LULC and assessing the dynamics of LULC and Land Surface Temperature (LST) around the two branches of the Nile Delta, Egypt using Landsat data and GIS. Calibrated Landsat images were acquired on 2000, 2014 and 2019 and processed to produce LULC, environmental indices and LST, respectively, using ENVI 5.3. ArcGIS 10.1 was used to extract a transition map from 2000 to 2019 around the two branches. The results displayed that five classes of LULC were extracted around Damietta and Rosetta branches; water, urban, bare, dense and spare vegetation. A continuous increase in water was recorded around Damietta branch; 13.66 km2 (197%), 14.21 km2 (2.04%) and 16.54 km2 (2.30%) in 2000, 2014 and 2019, respectively. Also, urban area was increased around Damietta and Rosetta branch as follows: 53.6 km2 (7.72%), 58.34 (8.37%) and 90.37 km2 (13.70%) in 2000, 2014 and 2019, 59.55 km2 (6.809%), 104.16 (11.90%) and 149.77 km2 (17.11%) in 2000, 2014 and 2019, respectively. Urban achieved the highest gain of 24.807 and 85.70 km2 at the expense of dense vegetation around Damietta and Rosetta branch, respectively. The results showed that the decrease in vegetation and the increase in urban density lead to increasing LST of the study area. The changes in LST can be monitored depending on the construction materials such as the presence of green areas and topography. Urban and bare lands have the highest LST while the water bodies and vegetation temperature showed a tendency to decrease. It can be concluded that urban areas increased with annual rate 0.27 and 0.54 km2 and vegetation decreased with annual rate −0.57 and−0.55 km2 around Damietta and Rosetta branches from 2000 to 2019. Results showed that comprehensive index was 321.14 and 330.03 around Damietta and Rosetta branch, the higher the degree of development and exploitation. There has been a significant land use change which was due to an increase in population. Overall, this research provides valuable data about changes in LU/LC around the Nile Delta branches, it is very important for decision maker and stockholders for proper management.
Full and partial regularity for a class of nonlinear free boundary problems
Authors: Karakhanyan Aram
Published: October 2020

In this paper we classify the nonnegative global minimizers of the functional

J_{F}(u) = \int \limits_{\mathrm{\Omega }}F(|\mathrm{∇}u|^{2}) + \lambda ^{2}\chi _{\{u > 0\}},

where

F

satisfies some structural conditions and

\chi _{D}

is the characteristic function of a set

D \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}

. We compute the second variation of the energy and study the properties of the stability operator. The free boundary

\partial \{u > 0\}

can be seen as a rectifiable

n−1

varifold. If the free boundary is a Lipschitz multigraph then we show that the first variation of this varifold is bounded. Hence one can use Allard's monotonicity formula to prove the existence of tangent cones modulo a set of small Hausdorff dimension. In particular, we prove that if

n = 3

and the ellipticity constants of the quasilinear elliptic operator generated by

F

are close to 1 then the conical free boundary must be flat.
Polytrauma from a North American Black Bear Attack
Authors: Cassone Marc , Vollmer Timothy , Factor Matthew , Sallade T. Douglas
Published: October 2020

Bear attacks, although rare, can inflict life-threatening injuries. We present the case of a 50-y-old woman from rural Pennsylvania who was attacked by a North American black bear, Ursus americanus. She sustained multiple complex injuries including near-complete scalp avulsion, bilateral ear avulsions, and fractures of the face, ribs, and pelvis. These injuries are similar to those sustained in other bear maulings reported in the literature and required both acute intervention and a multidisciplinary approach to recovery.
First Authenticated Case of a Bite by Rare and Elusive Blood-Bellied Coral Snake (Calliophis haematoetron)
Authors: Silva Anjana , Jayakody Shyamalee , Ranasinghe Nishadi , Manawaduge Asanka , Perera Kavinda
Published: October 2020

Blood-bellied coral snake ( Calliophis haematoetron) is a recently discovered forest-dwelling species of elapid hitherto known from 3 specimens found from central Sri Lanka. Herein we describe the first authenticated case of blood-bellied coral snakebite. The victim, an 11-mo-old infant who received the bite while handling the snake at her home, had mild transient swelling at the bite site. The patient had no clinical or laboratory evidence of systemic envenoming. We highlight the importance of clinicians being aware of the occurrence of this potentially medically important elapid snake in anthropogenic habitats.
Cryosectioning diagnosis and enzymatic cleaning of reverse osmosis membrane biofouling: Part II
Authors: Khan Mohiuddin Md. Taimur , Mickols William , Danielsen Steffen , Thomsen Keith , Camper Anne
Published: October 2020

Biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes is one of the main reasons for the flux decline in water reuse applications in the filtration industry. A simple screening approach to evaluate such membranes for their propensity to biofouling and a means of removing biofoulants, without changing surface physicochemical properties, would be of benefit to this sector. The objectives of this research are to investigate the mode of action of Subtilisin protease- and lipase-based enzymatic cleaning of thin-film composite reverse osmosis membrane biofoulants, and characterise the effects of the biofilm-resistant membrane surfaces by using cryosectioning of the membrane with biofilm on its surface. The first instalment of this article appears in the August 2020 issue of Membrane Technology (pages 5–10).
Faith, Hope and Charity
Authors: Wood Andy
Published: October 2020

Faith, Hope and Charity explores the interaction between social ideals and everyday experiences in Tudor and early Stuart neighbourhoods, drawing on a remarkably rich variety of hitherto largely unstudied sources. Focusing on local sites, where ordinary people lived their lives, Andy Wood deals with popular religion, gender relations, senses of locality and belonging, festivity, work, play, witchcraft, gossip, and reactions to dearth and disease. He thus brings a new clarity to understandings of the texture of communal relations in the historical past and highlights the particular characteristics of structural processes of inclusion and exclusion in the construction and experience of communities in early modern England. This engaging social history vividly captures what life would have been like in these communities, arguing that, even while early modern people were sure that the values of neighbourhood were dying, they continued to evoke and reassert those values.
Trends, abrupt shifts and interannual variability of the Arctic Wintertime Seasonal Sea Ice from 1979 to 2019
Authors: Hao Guanghua , Su Jie , Vihma Timo , Huang Fei
Published: October 2020

The Arctic winter seasonal sea ice (WSSI) concentration from 1979 to 2019 is derived from passive microwave data. Based on Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis, the WSSI time series includes regionally different trends, abrupt shifts and interannual variations. The time series of the first EOF mode (PC1) mainly represents the WSSI trend, which is characterized by an increase, particularly in the Pacific sector. PC1 confirms two abrupt shifts in WSSI in 1989 and 2007, with a variance of 31%. After 2007, the large-scale atmospheric circulation anomaly shows a strengthened wavenumber 3 structure at high latitudes associated with a mid-tropospheric low-pressure anomaly in central and western Siberia and a high-pressure anomaly in eastern Siberia in summer and autumn. These patterns have promoted the increased transport of moist static energy to the central Arctic and contributed to increased near-surface air temperatures that may enhance ice melting in summer and reduce ice growth in autumn and winter. The changes in ice melt and growth have had opposite effects in the Pacific and Atlantic sectors: WSSI has increased in the Pacific sector due to the replacement of multi-year ice by WSSI, and decreased in the Atlantic sector due to the replacement of WSSI by open water.
Sir Thomas Tresham and the Christian Cabala
Authors: Young Francis
Published: October 2020

The Christian Cabala, a Christianised version of Jewish mysticism originating in Renaissance Italy, reached England in the early sixteenth century and was met with a variety of responses from English Catholics in the Reformation period. While ‘cabala’ was used as a slur by both Protestant and Catholic polemicists, Robert Persons drew positively from the work of the Italian cabalist Pietro Galatino, and in 1597 Sir Thomas Tresham, then a prisoner at Ely, described in detail a complex cabalistic design to decorate a window. While the Christian Cabala was only one source of inspiration for Tresham, he was sufficiently confident in his cabalistic knowledge to attempt manipulations of names of God in his designs for the window at Ely and to insert measurements of cabalistic significance in the gardens on his Lyveden estate. Persons’s and Tresham’s willingness to draw on Christian cabalism even after its papal condemnation suggests the intellectual independence of English Catholics, who were prepared to make use of esoteric traditions to bolster their faith. The evidence for experiments with cabalism by a few English Catholics highlights the need for further re-evaluation of the significance of esoteric traditions within the English Counter-Reformation and the eclectic nature of post-Reformation English Catholic mysticism.
Exploring Participants’ Views on a Supported Work Internship Program for Autistic and Learning Disabled Young People
Authors: Romualdez Anna Melissa , Yirrell Katie , Remington Anna
Published: October 2020

Individuals with additional needs, such as learning disabilities, face a crisis of unemployment in the United Kingdom (UK). Many of these individuals encounter few adult services that are in place to address their support needs. Supported work internship programs are one attempt to address this crisis. One such program for young people with learning disabilities is the Project SEARCH model. Though a number of research studies have explored the efficacy of the Project SEARCH model, the reported markers of success (e.g., subsequent employment rates) have not taken into account first-hand participant experiences. The current study aimed to establish whether participant views were consistent with the previously reported, positive, quantitative measures. We explored the views of seven interns, aged 17 to 24 years, with various learning difficulties, and three job coaches who were involved in the program from September 2017 to June 2018. Semistructured interviews were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis. Participants revealed meaningful experiences for those involved, positive self-development, and renewed aspirations for the future. The value of a strong and consistent support network involving family members, job coaches, coworkers, and supervisors was highlighted. The study also found ongoing challenges associated with the scheme. These centred on concerns that interns’ abilities were being underestimated, the impact of a reduction/withdrawal of support at the conclusion of the program, and the barriers to finding subsequent competitive employment for interns. The research highlights the value of eliciting participant voice within research, and discusses how the findings can be used to further develop supported work internship programs.
HOMOTOPY MODEL THEORY
Authors: HALIMI BRICE
Published: October 2020

Drawing on the analogy between any unary first-order quantifier and a “face operator,” this paper establishes several connections between model theory and homotopy theory. The concept of simplicial set is brought into play to describe the formulae of any first-order language L, the definable subsets of any L-structure, as well as the type spaces of any theory expressed in L. An adjunction result is then proved between the category of o-minimal structures and a subcategory of the category of linearly ordered simplicial sets with distinguished vertices.
MODEL THEORY AND COMBINATORICS OF BANNED SEQUENCES
Authors: CHASE HUNTER , FREITAG JAMES
Published: October 2020

We set up a general context in which one can prove Sauer–Shelah type lemmas. We apply our general results to answer a question of Bhaskar [1] and give a slight improvement to a result of Malliaris and Terry [7]. We also prove a new Sauer–Shelah type lemma in the context of
$ \operatorname {\textrm{op}}$
-rank, a notion of Guingona and Hill [4].
A Q-WADGE HIERARCHY IN QUASI-POLISH SPACES
Authors: SELIVANOV VICTOR
Published: October 2020

The Wadge hierarchy was originally defined and studied only in the Baire space (and some other zero-dimensional spaces). Here we extend the Wadge hierarchy of Borel sets to arbitrary topological spaces by providing a set-theoretic definition of all its levels. We show that our extension behaves well in second countable spaces and especially in quasi-Polish spaces. In particular, all levels are preserved by continuous open surjections between second countable spaces which implies e.g., several Hausdorff–Kuratowski (HK)-type theorems in quasi-Polish spaces. In fact, many results hold not only for the Wadge hierarchy of sets but also for its extension to Borel functions from a space to a countable better quasiorder Q.
Macroevolutionary patterns of body plan canalization in euarthropods
Authors: Aria Cédric
Published: October 2020

Reconstructing patterns of macroevolution has become a central endeavor in paleobiology, because it offers insight into evolutionary models shaping the history of life. As the most diverse and abundant animals since the Cambrian period, arthropods provide copious data to elucidate the emergence of body plans in metazoan lineages. However, information provided by fossils on the tempo and mode of this phenomenon has lacked a recent synthesis. Here, I investigate macroevolutionary patterns of morphological evolution in Euarthropoda using a combined extinct and extant dataset optimized for multivariate analyses. Overall ordination patterns between the main morphogroups are consistent with another, independently coded, extant-only dataset providing molecular and morphological rates of evolution. Based on a “deep split” phylogenetic framework, total-group Mandibulata and Arachnomorpha emerge as directional morphoanatomical lineages, with basal fossil morphogroups showing heterogeneously spread-out occupations of the morphospace. In addition to a more homogeneous morphological variation, new morphogroups arose by successive reductions of translation distances; this pattern was interrupted only by terrestrialization events and the origin of pancrustaceans. A displaced optimum type of model is proposed to explain the fast assembly of canalized body plans during the Cambrian, with basal fossil morphogroups fitting intermediate fitness peaks in a moving adaptive landscape. Given time constraints imposed by the paleontological evidence, and owing to the interplay between canalization and modularity, as well as a decoupling between molecular and morphological rates, the rise of euarthropods would support the view that the swiftness of the Cambrian explosion was mostly associated with the buildup of genetic regulatory networks.
EXISTENCE AND BOX DIMENSION OF GENERAL RECURRENT FRACTAL INTERPOLATION FUNCTIONS
Authors: RUAN HUO-JUN , XIAO JIAN-CI , YANG BING
Published: October 2020

The notion of recurrent fractal interpolation functions (RFIFs) was introduced by Barnsley et al. [‘Recurrent iterated function systems’, Constr. Approx.5 (1989), 362–378]. Roughly speaking, the graph of an RFIF is the invariant set of a recurrent iterated function system on
$\mathbb {R}^2$
. We generalise the definition of RFIFs so that iterated functions in the recurrent system need not be contractive with respect to the first variable. We obtain the box dimensions of all self-affine RFIFs in this general setting.
POETRY ON THE ADVANCE: THE EMERGENCE AND FORMATION OF A POETIC CULTURE IN ROMAN BRITAIN
Authors: Kruschwitz Peter
Published: October 2020

The way in which the Roman army, as a major factor contributing to relative mobility of individuals within the Roman Empire, may be thought of as a driver behind the diffusion and general dynamic of Roman poetry and song, has not sufficiently been explored. Similarly, regionalized approaches to poetry and song as a cultural practice, subject to local, ethnic, social, and cultural variation and change, have not yet been pursued in a research context in which Roman poetry has largely remained a domain of study in upper-class entertainment and intertextuality. Not only is the common approach at odds with a methodology that has long, and successfully, been adopted otherwise in historical and linguistic research: it also excludes the vast majority of surviving poems from the Roman world, the Carmina Latina Epigraphica, from consideration – a body of texts that provides us with information about a cultural practice that, subject to substantial regional variation, literary poets stylized and drove to its artistic extremes.
NOW THAT APRIL'S THERE: HORACE, ODES 3.18
Authors: Woodman A.J.
Published: October 2020

In the first half of the ode (1–8) Horace prays to Faunus and guarantees him an annual sacrifice. Nisbet and Rudd describe the prayer as a ‘summons’ and identify it as ‘kletic’, but this cannot be right, since in the same breath the god is asked to depart no less than to come (3–4: lenis incedas abeasque… | aequus). The fact is that lenis incedas does not mean ‘may you progress and be gentle about it’ but ‘may your progress be gentle’, just as abeasque…aequus means ‘and may your departure be favourable’. Horace is neither summoning the god nor sending him off: Faunus’ visit is taken for granted, which is hardly surprising since we were told in 1.17.1–2 that he visits Horace's estate ‘often’ (saepe). It is the manner of his visit for which the annual sacrifice constitutes the quid pro quo.
RETHINKING LATIN AMERICA'S COLD WAR
Authors: BOOTH WILLIAM A.
Published: October 2020

This review outlines some of the key interventions in the literature on Latin America's Cold War produced since the early 1990s, concentrating largely on broad shifts in anglophone historiography. With questions of periodization and definition in mind, it offers a new, multi-layered model of the Cold War in the region, though with wider application. Using the example of Mexico, it then demonstrates some of the weaknesses of the current literature's assumptions and argues for the potential usefulness of a new way of seeing the period and its interconnected conflicts.
Olympic Recoveries
Authors: McDonald Kate
Published: October 2020

In March 2020, Prime Minister Abe Shinzō, the Tokyo Olympic Organising Committee, and the International Olympic Committee postponed the 2020 Tokyo Olympics for one year. The delay is the most prominent consequence of the COVID-19 crisis in Japan thus far. But the “Corona Calamity” (korona ka) is bigger than the Olympics. The totality of the disaster is impossible to capture. The very thing that makes it a calamity are the myriad rhythms of crisis that intersect at COVID-19. If there is a shared theme to be found in these rhythms, it is the question of recovery. When will it happen? What will it look like? And what, exactly, will we recover? In what follows, I share three rhythms of crisis and recovery: national history, the tourism industry, and the parcel delivery industry.
Afterword: Lives Interrupted, Trends Continued?
Authors: Pomeranz Kenneth
Published: October 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic is nowhere near over. Some things, however, seem relatively clear. So far, the agendas of the world's most powerful actors seem unchanged—or, indeed, accelerated. Partly as a result, disease mortality and economic losses have fallen largely on poorer people, though deaths so far have been concentrated among poorer people in rich countries. Consequently, the pandemic's implications look very different at the local, subnational, and international levels—although at all levels, they thus far reflect accelerations of preexisting trends more than new departures. Many developments reflect remarkable gains in human capacity to cope with disasters—a point highlighted by comparisons to the 1919 flu and other historical events pandemics made by the authors in this forum. Those gains are particularly evident in Asia, though they look more precarious in South Asia and Southeast Asia than in East Asia; this has contributed to a marked shift in rhetoric about global “sickness” and health and seems consistent with prophecies of a coming “Asian century.” However, COVID-19 may not be a singular event like 1919 but may portend a wave of environmental emergencies; in that scenario, no world region has exhibited as much resilience as it would need.
Promoting a ‘Pinochetazo’: The Chilean Dictatorship's Foreign Policy in El Salvador during the Carter Years, 1977–81
Authors: Avery Molly
Published: October 2020

This article takes existing histories of Chilean transnational anti-communist activity in the 1970s beyond Operation Condor (the Latin American military states’ covert transnational anti-communist intelligence and operations system) by asking how the Pinochet dictatorship responded to two key changes in the international system towards the end of that decade: the Carter presidency and introduction of the human rights policy, and the shift of the epicentre of the Cold War in Latin America to Central America. It shows how both Salvadoreans and Chileans understood the Pinochet dictatorship as a distinct model of anti-communist governance, applicable far beyond Chile's own borders. This study of Chilean foreign policy in El Salvador contributes to new histories of the Latin American Extreme Right and to new understandings of the inter-American system and the international history of the conflicts in Central America in the late 1970s and the 1980s.
Comparative study of the surface potential of magnetic and non-magnetic spherical objects in a magnetized radio-frequency discharge
Authors: Choudhary Mangilal , Bergert Roman , Mitic Slobodan , Thoma Markus H.
Published: October 2020

We report measurements of the time-averaged surface floating potential of magnetic and non-magnetic spherical probes (or large dust particles) immersed in a magnetized capacitively coupled discharge. In this study, the size of the spherical probes is taken greater than the Debye length. The surface potential of a spherical probe first increases, i.e. becomes more negative at low magnetic field (

$B < 0.05\ \textrm {T}$

), attains a maximum value and decreases with further increase of the magnetic field strength (

$B > 0.05\ \textrm {T}$

). The rate of change of the surface potential in the presence of a

$B$

-field mainly depends on the background plasma and types of material of the objects. The results show that the surface potential of the magnetic sphere is higher (more negative) compared with the non-magnetic spherical probe. Hence, the smaller magnetic sphere collects more negative charges on its surface than a bigger non-magnetic sphere in a magnetized plasma. The different sized spherical probes have nearly the same surface potential above a threshold magnetic field (

$B > 0.03\ \textrm {T}$

), implying a smaller role of size dependence on the surface potential of spherical objects. The variation of the surface potential of the spherical probes is understood on the basis of a modification of the collection currents to their surface due to charge confinement and cross-field diffusion in the presence of an external magnetic field.
Critical Knowledge Mobilization: Directions for Social Gerontology
Authors: Grenier Amanda , Gontcharov Igor , Kobayashi Karen , Burke Equity
Published: October 2020

The concept of knowledge mobilization (KMb) is prominent in governance frameworks of tri-council funding in Canada. Yet there are a number of conceptual and practical challenges when such ideas are proposed for adoption across large multidisciplinary contexts. This research note introduces the concept ofcritical knowledge mobilizationas a way to understand KMb in large multidisciplinary teams and social gerontology. It begins with a high-level sketch of the historic changes in knowledge production and knowledge sharing, followed by a definition of critical knowledge mobilization and examples of historical ideas and everyday tensions in practice. Building on these, we propose the need to advance and shift the culture of KMb, and to embark on engaged research as a means of innovation. We suggest that a reflexive process of critical KMb can facilitate innovation and promote a culture of knowledge mobilization in Canadian social gerontology.
Heritage, Conflict, and Reconstructions: From Reconstructing Monuments to Reconstructing Societies
Authors: Aljawabra Alkindi
Published: October 2020

This article reflects on the arguments that heritage is as much about people as it is about places and objects. It is focused on Syria and based on a doctoral research project. The article investigates how heritage is approached by both “civil society” groups and extremist religious groups in Syria. It argues that the utilization of heritage by these groups offers learning lessons and examples of people-centered, socially innovative, and future-oriented heritage practices. The article suggests that the heritage community’s efforts in conflict contexts should be less about preservation and more about embracing change and finding creative ways to manage the transformation process from a pre-conflict society to a post-conflict society. In other words, they should tackle issues that matter to conflict-affected people, improve the quality of their life, and increase their horizons of hope and opportunities in assembling better futures.
Comprehensive evidence for subspecies designations in Cook’s Petrel Pterodroma cookii with implications for conservation management
Authors: RAYNER MATT J. , VAN LOENEN AYLA L. , SHEPHERD LARA D. , CUBRINOVSKA ILINA , SCOFIELD R. PAUL , TENNYSON ALAN J. D. , BUNCE MICHAEL , STEEVES TAMMY E.
Published: October 2020

Cook’s Petrel Pterodroma cookii is an endemic New Zealand seabird that has experienced a large range decline since the arrival of humans and now only breeds on two offshore islands (Te Hauturu-o-Toi/Little Barrier Island and Whenua Hou/Codfish Island) at the extreme ends of its former distribution. Morphological, behavioural, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) sequence data led a previous study to recognise the two extant populations as distinct conservation management units. Here, we further examine the genetic relationship between the extant populations using two nuclear introns (β-fibint7 and PAX). Using one mitochondrial locus (CO1), we also investigate the past distribution of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that differentiates the modern populations using bone and museum skins sourced from within its former range across New Zealand’s North and South Islands. We found significant population genetic structure between the two extant Cook’s Petrel populations for one of the two nuclear introns (β-fibint7). The mitochondrial DNA CO1 analysis indicated that the SNP variant found in the Codfish Island population was formerly widely distributed across both the North and South Islands, whereas the Little Barrier Island variant was detected only in North Island samples. We argue that these combined data support the recognition of the extant populations as different subspecies. Previous names for these taxa exist, thus Cook’s Petrel from Little Barrier Island becomes Pterodroma cookii cookii and Cook’s Petrel from Codfish Island becomes P. c. orientalis. Furthermore, we suggest that both genetic and non-genetic data should be taken into consideration when planning future mainland translocations. Namely, any translocations on the South Island should be sourced from Codfish Island and future translocations on the North Island should continue to be sourced from Little Barrier Island only.
Reproductive strategies and chromosomal aberrations affect survival in the Rivuliid fish Hypsolebias sertanejo
Authors: Evangelista Mariana Machado , Romagosa Elizabeth , Siqueira-Silva Diógenes Henrique , Yasui George Shigueki , Fujimoto Takafumi , Senhorini José Augusto
Published: October 2020

Rivulidae comprises a family of fish largely distributed in Brazil that includes 201 species, of which 125 are considered endangered. This fact emphasizes the need for development of conservation strategies including studies on genetics and reproduction. In this paper, we describe aspects of biology and reproduction of the rivuliid species Hypsolebias sertanejo. We outline the reproductive behaviour of this species under laboratory conditions, analyze ploidy status by flow cytometry, describe reproductive behaviour and performance and test dry and wet incubation of eggs. Although H. sertanejo showed well known patterns of reproductive behaviour, we verified many peculiarities inherent to its reproductive biology. As expected, most individuals were diploid (87.71%), however 14.29% were considered mosaics. Although no sterility was observed within mosaics, infertility of these fish was not fully evaluated. Hatching rate of the eggs collected was very low following both dry and wet incubation (5.04 and 3.79%, respectively). These results provide interesting information regarding the reproductive success of this species, and suggest that chromosomal abnormalities described may reduce the survival of H. sertanejo under natural conditions, limiting the perpetuation of this species, and emphasizing the need for more preservation efforts, including artificial propagation and gene banking.
Late Roman viticulture in Rough Cilicia: an unusual wine-press at Antiochia ad Cragum
Authors: Dodd Emlyn
Published: October 2020

Rough Cilicia is well-known for the number of wine-presses found,1 which shows that viticulture was important locally as well as wine being a likely candidate for export.2 Excavation and survey here has generally lagged behind other regions,3 and work at Antiochia ad Cragum (Güney Köyü, Gazipaşa) in particular is relatively recent, starting with the Rough Cilicia Archaeological Survey Project (RCSP) and continuing with its offshoot, the Antiochia ad Cragum Archaeological Research Project (ACARP).4 The city, founded by Antiochus IV of Commagene in the Julio-Claudian period, lies on an important road along the S coast with direct links to settlements of the central Anatolian plateau;5 it also lies on the maritime trade route extending from Syria and Palestine to Constantinople and the area of the Black Sea, with another going to central and W Mediterranean lands.6 Occupied continuously from the Imperial to the Byzantine period,7 it achieved a considerable size.
Poverty and the Politics of Capitalism
Authors: Freeman R. Edward
Published: October 2020

1 Here’s a way to think about poverty. People who live in poverty do so because they have few opportunities to pull themselves up by their bootstraps. In fact the gap between rich and poor has increased in recent times due to the more wholesale adoption of capitalist practices around the world. The institutions of business and government conspire to give the poor a Hobson’s choice of minimal wage McJobs or unemployment. Neglect of both urban ghettoes and the rural poor has been systematic, if not conscious. The very idea of capitalism reinforces the notion that some are meant to be poor and some are meant to be rich. Such a system must be overridden at times by government to help the poor cope with their lot. The only solution is a massive redistribution of income and a system of capitalism that is severely restrained. All of this is at best highly unlikely. Even if there were such a redistribution policy we could not count on government to execute it fairly.
Moral Imagination and the Search for Ethical Decision-Making in Management
Authors: Werhane Patricia H.
Published: October 2020

1993: GE’s NBC News unit issues an on-air apology to General Motors for staging a misleading simulated crash test. NBC agrees to pay GM’s estimated $1 million legal and investigation expenses.

February 1994: The Justice Department brought a criminal antitrust case against General Electric, accusing it of conspiring with an arm of the South African DeBeers diamond cartel to fix prices in the $600 million world market for industrial diamonds. General Electric denied wrongdoing...
Comparison of different piglet diets in organic agriculture using milk powder, enriched lysine, conventional potato protein or high soybean cake content
Authors: Quander-Stoll Nele , Holinger Mirjam , Früh Barbara , Zollitsch Werner , Leiber Florian
Published: October 2020

Feeding monogastric livestock in organic agriculture is challenging due to several tradeoffs between animal welfare aspects, resource efficiency, as well as ecological and social sustainability. Organic standards may even increase such conflicts, as is currently the case with upcoming new regulations regarding restrictions of feed sources for organic pigs in Europe. In order to contribute data for balancing reasons to minimize tradeoffs, we compared four different piglet diets, each targeted to reach a high protein quality by either a high proportion of soybean cake (SOY), inclusion of milk powder (MILK), fermentatively produced lysine (LYS) or conventional potato protein (POT). All diets were designed to meet the nutritional requirements of piglets in the best possible way, however they all represented different conflicts with either organic regulations or sustainability goals. In each of five consecutive runs, respectively three litters were assigned to every dietary treatment, resulting in 15 litters per treatment in total. In each litter, seven focus animals were defined. The piglets were studied from birth until 58 days of age. They were weaned at day 46 and sold from the farm at day 58. Piglets were individually weighed at an average age of 3, 21, 43, 50 and 58 days with simultaneous assessment of body condition score (BCS) and prevalence of diarrhea. Feed intake (FI) was recorded litter wise weekly, starting from week three. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated for the period after weaning. Statistical analysis was executed using linear mixed effect models. Regarding FI, FCR and daily weight gains, no treatment effect was found. Only at day 21, BCS was lower for piglets receiving POT. Prevalence of diarrhea increased after weaning for all treatments. All four tested diets led to similar weight gains and feed conversion in the piglets. Animals fed diet POT recovered better from diarrhea compared to the other treatments. A high soybean cake content or lysine supplementation in the diet was disadvantageous with regard to the occurrence of diarrhea. LYS diet led to signs of threonine deficit, indicating that lysine addition alone may not solve the issue. The addition of milk powder provided no extra benefit. In recognition of the health benefits, the use of 5% potato protein, even if it is sourced from conventional production, must still be considered as a sustainable option for feeding organic piglets. The sustainability implications are discussed in the paper.
Reducing topramezone injury to bermudagrass using chelated iron and other additives
Authors: Boyd Adam P. , McElroy J. Scott , McCurdy James D. , McCullough Patrick E. , Han David Y. , Guertal Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2020

POST goosegrass and other grassy weed control in bermudagrass is problematic. Fewer herbicides that can control goosegrass are available due to regulatory pressure and herbicide resistance. Alternative herbicide options that offer effective control are needed. Previous research demonstrates that topramezone controls goosegrass, crabgrass, and other weed species; however, injury to bermudagrass may be unacceptable. The objective of this research was to evaluate the safening potential of topramezone combinations with different additives on bermudagrass. Field trials were conducted at Auburn University during summer and fall from 2015 to 2018 and 2017 to 2018, respectively. Treatments included topramezone mixtures and methylated seed oil applied in combination with five different additives: triclopyr, green turf pigment, green turf paint, ammonium sulfate, and chelated iron. Bermudagrass bleaching and necrosis symptoms were visually rated. Normalized-difference vegetative index measurements and clipping yield data were also collected. Topramezone plus chelated iron, as well as topramezone plus triclopyr, reduced bleaching potential the best; however, the combination of topramezone plus triclopyr resulted in necrosis that outweighed reductions in bleaching. Masking agents such as green turf paint and green turf pigment were ineffective in reducing injury when applied with topramezone. The combination of topramezone plus ammonium sulfate should be avoided because of the high level of necrosis. Topramezone-associated bleaching symptoms were transient and lasted 7 to 14 d on average. Findings from this research suggest that chelated iron added to topramezone and methylated seed oil mixtures acted as a safener on bermudagrass.
Information Flows: Characterizing Precipitation‐Streamflow Dependencies in the Colorado Headwaters With an Information Theory Approach
Authors: Franzen Samuel E. , Farahani Mozhgan A. , Goodwell Allison E.
Published: October 2020

Watersheds aggregate precipitation signals of many intensities and from many locations into a single observable streamflow at an outlet point. This dependency between precipitation and streamflow varies seasonally and can shift over time due to changes in land cover, climate, human water uses, or changes in properties of precipitation events themselves. We apply information theory‐based measures to capture temporal linkages, or information transfers, from daily precipitation occurrence at different locations in a basin to streamflow at an outlet. We detect critical magnitudes of precipitation and lag times associated with the strongest precipitation‐streamflow relationships, and further partition information transfers to determine relative contributions from the knowledge of wet versus dry past states. Based on an analysis of daily U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow and Climate Prediction Center (CPC) gridded gauge‐based precipitation data sets in the Colorado Headwaters Basin, this dependency is strongest in fall, the longest dominant lag times occur in spring, and the strengths of dependencies have increased in spring and summer over the past 65 years. These features relate to both seasonal and spatial characteristics of precipitation and the landscape. A partitioning of information components shows that in this basin, the particular knowledge of a lagged, or past, wet state tends to be more informative to flow than a lagged dry state, even though dry days are more frequent. This study introduces several signatures of precipitation‐streamflow relationships that can also more broadly characterize strengths, thresholds, and timescales associated with various interconnected processes.
Resilience of School Systems Following Severe Earthquakes
Authors: Hassan Emad M. , Mahmoud Hussam N. , Ellingwood Bruce R.
Published: October 2020

Natural disasters may have catastrophic and long‐lasting impacts on communities' physical, economic, and social infrastructure. Slow recovery of educational services following such events is likely to cause traumatic stress in children, lead families to out‐migrate, and affect the community's overall social stability. Methods for quantifying and assessing the restoration process of educational systems and their dependencies on other supporting infrastructure have not received adequate attention. This study introduces, for the first time, a new framework to evaluate the functionality, recovery, and resilience of a school system following severe earthquake events. The framework considers both the quantity and quality of education services provided, school enrollment, and staff employment, as well as the interaction between various agents such as staff, students, parents, administration, and community. A virtual testbed community, Centerville, is utilized to highlight the application of this framework. The impact of school reopening policies on the number of students enrolled as well as the potential for homeschooling is also considered. The availability of various enrollment alternatives for students, backup classroom space and functioning utility systems, and facilitation of staff and supplies transfer between schools substantially increase the resilience of the education service.
MESSENGER Observations of Planetary Ion Characteristics in the Vicinity of Kelvin‐Helmholtz Vortices at Mercury
Authors: Aizawa Sae , Raines Jim M. , Delcourt Dominique , Terada Naoki , André Nicolas
Published: October 2020

The MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft regularly observed the magnetospheric flanks of Mercury during its orbital phase. Data from the Magnetometer (MAG) and the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer (FIPS) allow us to investigate the statistical properties of planetary ions (Na+) in the presence of Kelvin‐Helmholtz (KH) waves at the duskside magnetopause. We collect the data from orbits with clear signatures of KH waves under northward interplanetary magnetic field, as well as from adjacent orbits that do not have KH signatures, and we compare the energy characteristics between the KH and non‐KH events. Although low planetary counts in FIPS data make the comparison of these characteristics difficult, we find that in the presence of KH waves: (1) large counts of planetary ions are observed and (2) differences in Na+ energy spectra are only seen inside the magnetosphere, where they show a deceleration signature for ions with energies above 2.0 keV/e. These results suggest that planetary ions are not escaping from the magnetosphere and that electric field structures related to KH waves can decelerate planetary ions originating from the magnetotail region. The understanding of the energy distribution of planetary ions in the magnetospheric flanks of Mercury is important for a better understanding of plasma convection in the magnetosphere.
Electrical Conductivity of Talc Dehydration at High Pressures and Temperatures: Implications for High‐Conductivity Anomalies in Subduction Zones
Authors: Wang Libing , Wang Duojun , Shen Kewei
Published: October 2020

The dehydration of hydrous minerals is one of the causes of high‐conductivity anomalies in subduction zones. To determine the origin of these anomalies, the trade‐off between the dehydration and conduction mechanisms of hydrous minerals at high pressures and temperatures should be clarified. Talc is a typical hydrous mineral in hot subduction zones, and previous studies may have underestimated its contribution to high‐conductivity anomalies. We report the new electrical conductivity results for talc, which were measured at 1.0–4.0 GPa and 523–1293 K using impedance spectroscopy. The pressure effect on conductivity of talc is obvious in the different heating stages. The pressure decreased the conductivity prior to dehydration and remarkably increased the conductivity during dehydration. A sharp conductivity increase was observed beyond the dehydration temperature, and the maximum conductivity was 0.1 S/m. The increase in conductivity associated with a high activation energy of 284.5 ± 11.8 kJ/mol and an activation volume of −6.2 ± 0.6 cm3/mol was attributed to an inhomogeneous dehydration model involving cation migration. The talc dehydration temperatures at different pressures derived from the conductivity inflection points are 1023–1093 K. The increased electrical conductivity produced by talc ongoing dehydration provides an explanation for the high‐conductivity anomalies observed at deep depths in hot subduction zone. The silica‐rich fluid released by talc may contribute to the silica deposition in plate interface and induce the high‐conductivity anomalies observed at shallow depths in the hot subduction zones.