bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary: Neck dissection and radiotherapy or definitive radiotherapy
Authors: Demiroz Candan , Vainshtein Jeffrey M. , Koukourakis Georgios V. , Gutfeld Orit , Prince Mark E. , Bradford Carol R. , Wolf Gregory T. , McLean Scott , Worden Francis P. , Chepeha Douglas B. , Schipper Matthew J. , McHugh Jonathan B. , Eisbruch Avraham
Published: August 2013

Background

Management of head and neck carcinoma from unknown primary (HNCUP) remains controversial, with neck dissection and radiotherapy (RT) or definitive RT both commonly used. The purpose of this study was to characterize HNCUP and retrospectively compare outcomes for patients treated with neck dissection + RT versus definitive RT.

Methods

From 1994 to 2009, 41 patients with HNCUP underwent either neck dissection + RT (n = 22) or definitive RT ± concurrent chemotherapy (n = 19) at our institution. Treatment outcomes were compared using Kaplan–Meier methods and log‐rank test.

Results

There were no differences between patients treated with neck dissection + RT and definitive RT in overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), locoregional relapse‐free survival (LRFS), freedom from locoregional failure (FFLRG), or freedom from distant failure (FFDF). Among 17 patients who underwent neck dissection + RT for whom human papillomavirus (HPV) status could be determined, HPV(+) patients trended toward improved OS (p = .06) and PFS (p = .15).

Conclusion

Neck dissection and postoperative RT resulted in similar outcomes as definitive RT. The prognostic implications of HPV(+) nodes in HNCUP are similar to those in oropharyngeal primary cancers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1589–1595, 2014
TNM staging compared with a new clinicopathological model in predicting oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma survival
Authors: Okuyemi Oluwafunmilola T. , Piccirillo Jay F. , Spitznagel Edward
Published: August 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic impact of comorbidity and of demographic and pathological factors on oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) survival, and to compare the prognostic performance of a new clinicopathological model against the routinely used TNM staging.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of demographic, clinical, and pathological information of 166 patients with oral tongue SCC. Cox regression was used for multivariate analysis, model building, and model discriminatory analysis.

Results

Comorbidity had the most significant impact on overall survival (OS; log‐rank test, chi‐square  =  36.34; p  <  .0001). Comorbidity, tumor dimension >2 cm, and presence of extracapsular spread (ECS) or vascular invasion were independent predictors of survival. A clinicopathological model based on these 4 variables (chi‐square  =  60.23; p  <  .0001) was better (c‐statistic  =  0.736) at predicting survival compared to pathological TNM staging (c‐statistic = 0.645).

Conclusion

Comorbidity combined with tumor dimension, ECS, and vascular invasion provide a better prediction of oral tongue SCC survival than TNM staging alone. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1481–1489, 2014
Helicobacter pylori detected in pharyngeal and laryngeal pathologies in patients with proven gastric colonization
Authors: Fellmann Jonas , Weisert Jan U. , Soltermann Alex , Morand Grégoire , Morra Laura , Moch Holger , Huber Gerhard F. , Probst Rudolf
Published: August 2013

Background

Helicobacter pylori is known to cause gastric cancer. Presence and carcinogenicity in the upper aerodigestive system is doubtful. This study examined the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and related factors in biopsies from the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) in patients with gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori.

Methods

In a case series study, 26 patients with histopathologically confirmed gastric colonization were identified. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on matched formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissues of the stomach and the oral cavity, pharynx, or larynx.

Results

Helicobacter pylori was found in 38% of the samples from the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. An association with malignancies in these regions or possible risk factors, such as age, smoking, or alcohol, was not found.

Conclusion

The upper aerodigestive system seems to be an additional reservoir in a significant percentage of patients presenting with Helicobacter pylori gastritis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1562–1566, 2014
Ascorbate prevents cell death from prolonged exposure to glutamate in an in vitro model of human dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Ballaz Santiago , Morales Ingrid , Rodríguez Manuel , Obeso José A.
Published: August 2013

Ascorbate (vitamin C) is a nonenzymatic antioxidant highly concentrated in the brain. In addition to mediating redox balance, ascorbate is linked to glutamate neurotransmission in the striatum, where it renders neuroprotection against excessive glutamate stimulation. Oxidative stress and glutamatergic overactivity are key biochemical features accompanying the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra that characterizes Parkinson's disease (PD). At present, it is not clear whether antiglutamate agents and ascorbate might be neuroprotective agents for PD. Thus, we tested whether ascorbate can prevent cell death from prolonged exposure to glutamate using dopaminergic neurons of human origin. To this purpose, dopamine‐like neurons were obtained by differentiation of SH‐SY5Y cells and then cultured for 4 days without antioxidant (antiaging) protection to evaluate glutamate toxicity and ascorbate protection as a model system of potential factors contributing to dopaminergic neuron death in PD. Glutamate dose dependently induced toxicity in dopaminergic cells largely by the stimulation of AMPA and metabotropic receptors and to a lesser extent by N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate and kainate receptors. At relatively physiological levels of extracellular concentration, ascorbate protected cells against glutamate excitotoxicity. This neuroprotection apparently relies on the inhibition of oxidative stress, because ascorbate prevented the pro‐oxidant action of the scavenging molecule quercetin, which occurred over the course of prolonged exposure, as is also seen with glutamate. Our findings show the relevance of ascorbate as a neuroprotective agent and emphasize an often underappreciated role of oxidative stress in glutamate excitotoxicity. Occurrence of a glutamate–ascorbate link in dopaminergic neurons may explain previous contradictions regarding their putative role in PD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
6‐Shogaol inhibits chondrocytes’ innate immune responses and cathepsin‐K activity
Authors: Villalvilla Amanda , da Silva Jame's A. , Largo Raquel , Gualillo Oreste , Vieira Paulo Cezar , Herrero‐Beaumont Gabriel , Gómez Rodolfo
Published: August 2013

Scope

Ginger has long been used in traditional Asian medicine to treat osteoarthritis. Indeed, scientific research has reported that ginger derivatives (GDs) have the potential to control innate immune responses. Given the widespread use and demonstrated properties of GDs, we set out to study their anti‐inflammatory and anticatabolic properties in chondrocytes.

Methods and results

6‐shogaol (6‐S), the most active GD, was obtained from ginger. 6‐S was not toxic as measured by MTT assay, and inhibited NO production and IL‐6 and MCP‐1 induced gene expression in LPSbut not in IL‐1β‐stimulated chondrocytes. 6‐S also inhibited LPS‐mediated ERK1/2 activation as well as NOS2 and MyD88 induced expression as determined by Western blot. Moreover, zymography revealed that 6‐S inhibited matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2/9 induction in LPS‐treated cells. Hydrated 6‐S was modified to obtain a compound (SSi6) without 6‐S potential anti‐inflammatory properties. Both 6‐S and SSi6 inhibited cathepsin‐K activity.

Conclusion

6‐S blocked TLR4‐mediated innate immune responses and MMP induction in chondrocytes. These results, together with GDs‐mediated cathepsin‐K inhibition, suggest the potential for GDs use against cartilage and bone degradation. Therefore, considering that clinical trials involving oral administration of ginger achieved relevant nontoxic GDs serum concentrations, we suggest that a ginger‐supplemented diet might reduce OA symptoms.
Influence of binary interactions on phase behavior of water/ dimethylsulfoxide/ polyethersulfone casting solution: Thermodynamic modeling
Authors: Madaeni S. S. , Bakhtiari L. , Salehi E.
Published: August 2013

Prediction and control of membrane morphology using multi‐phase thermodynamic knowledge are of growing interest. The water/dimethylsulfoxide/polyethersulfone ternary system is a widely used casting dope for the preparation of MF, UF, and NF membranes. In the current study, Flory–Huggins (F–H) model was applied to predict the behavior of this ternary system during phase inversion. Titration method was applied to generate cloud point data. The prediction accuracy of the F–H model was directly dependent on the binary interactions of the system components. The compressible regular solution (CRS) model predicts the binodal location using only the pure component properties as the input parameters. Accordingly, the influence of binary parameters on the location of the binodal curves was investigated. The predicted binodal points showed superior accordance with the experimental data, where the binary interaction between nonsolvent (water) and solvent (DMSO) was overlooked. In addition, the modelling results emphasized on the pivotal importance of the interactions between polymer (PES) and nonsolvent (water) on the phase inversion and thus, on the control of the membrane morphology. The CRS model offered a greater conformity with the experimental results in comparison with the F–H theory. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Siloxane photopolymer to replace polydimethylsiloxane in microfluidic devices for polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Vitale Alessandra , Quaglio Marzia , Turri Stefano , Cocuzza Matteo , Bongiovanni Roberta
Published: August 2013

Herein, we describe the preparation and characterization of a material suitable for the fabrication of microfluidic devices. The material is a silicone acrylic polymer, obtained by photopolymerization. It is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) compatible, resistant to temperature, optically transparent, and dimensionally stable; it has a better water and solvent resistance if compared with polydimethylsiloxane. Production of microfluidic layouts is successfully tested: a simple photolithographic approach allows to accurately control the pattern transfer and to produce PCR compatible microfluidic devices. The polymer characterization suggests that the proposed material satisfies all the characteristics required for an ideal PCR chip, without further treatment. Moreover, the possibility for fast, accurate, and cheap reproducibility of microdevices by liquid phase photopolymerization increases the polymer attractiveness. The material is a good alternative with respect to polydimethylsiloxane for the fabrication of microfluidic chips for biological analysis purposes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic transport through short dsDNA measured with mechanically controlled break junctions: New thiol–gold binding protocol improves conductance
Authors: Liu S. P. , Artois J. , Schmid D. , Wieser M. , Bornemann B. , Weisbrod S. , Marx A. , Scheer E. , Erbe A.
Published: August 2013

It is shown that double‐stranded DNA which is directly coupled to gold via a modified thymidine base exhibits a higher conductance than reported for DNA coupled to metal electrodes using different binding schemes. The measurements of electrical conductance are performed in a mechanically controlled break junction setup in aqueous solution and in high vacuum at room temperature. The current–voltage characteristics obtained in vacuum can be understood if a single molecular energy level determines the transport.
A morphometric model to predict the sex of virginia rails (Rallus limicola)
Authors: Fournier Auriel M.V. , Sheildcastle Mark C. , Fries Anthony C. , Bump Joseph K.
Published: August 2013

Virginia rails (Rallus limicola) are secretive marsh birds found in freshwater wetlands across much of North American. There is currently no known way to differentiate between the sexes in the field. We suggest the use of morphometric discriminant analysis as an effective method to separate males and females. We compared the length of the culmen, tarsus, wing chord, and middle toe of live birds captured at Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge (Ottawa Co., OH) during the springs of 2002–2011 and museum specimens measured the summer of 2011. We genetically determined the sex of a subset of samples using an intronic region of the chromo‐helicase‐DNA‐binding gene on the Z and W chromosomes. For live birds, 81% of males and 70% of females were classified correctly; and for museum specimens, 71% of males and 80% of females were classified correctly. This technique provides an accurate and simple method of determining Virginia rail sex that can contribute to efforts to better understand population demographics. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Instabilities in laminar separation bubbles
Authors: Robinet J.-C.
Published: August 2013

Wall-bounded flows, in their transition from a laminar state to turbulence, pass through a set of particular stages characterized by different physical processes. Among wall-bounded flows, separated flows have a special place because their dynamics can either be noise amplifiers or oscillators. For several years Marxen and co-workers have been studying the evolution of two- and three-dimensional perturbations in the laminar part of a laminar separation bubble. In Marxen et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 728, 2013, p. 58) they study vortex formation and its evolution in laminar–turbulent transition in a forced separation bubble. By the combined use of numerical and experimental methods, different mechanisms of secondary instabilities have been highlighted: elliptic instability of vortex cores and hyperbolic instability responsible for three-dimensionality in the braid region. This work shows, for the first time in laminar separation bubbles, the first nonlinear stages of transition to turbulence of such a flow. However, since this type of flow is very sensitive to various environmental stresses, several scenarios for transition to turbulence remain to be explored.
Effects of convection and diffusion of the vapour in evaporating liquid films
Authors: Kanatani Kentaro
Published: August 2013

We propose a novel model of a pure liquid film evaporating into an inert gas, taking into account an effect of convection of the vapour by the evaporation flow of the gas. For the liquid phase, the long-wave approximation is applied to the governing equations. Assuming that fluctuations of the vapour concentration in the gas phase are localized in the vicinity of the liquid–gas interface, we consider only the limit of the mass transport equation at the interface. The diffusion term in the vertical direction of the mass transport equation is modelled by introducing the concentration boundary layer above the liquid film and solving the stationary convection–diffusion equation for the concentration inside the boundary layer. We investigate the linear stability of a flat film based on our model. The effect of vapour diffusion along the interface mitigates the Marangoni effect for short-wavelength disturbances. The local variation of vertical advection is found to be negligible. A critical thickness above which the film is stable exists under the presence of gravity. The effect of fluctuation of mass loss of the liquid induced by horizontal vapour diffusion becomes the primary instability mechanism in a very thin region. The effects of the resistance of phase change and the time derivative of the interface concentration are also examined.
On the scaling of shear-driven entrainment: a DNS study
Authors: Jonker Harm J. J. , van Reeuwijk Maarten , Sullivan Peter P. , Patton Edward G.
Published: August 2013

The deepening of a shear-driven turbulent layer penetrating into a stably stratified quiescent layer is studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS). The simulation design mimics the classical laboratory experiments by Kato & Phillips (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 37, 1969, pp. 643–655) in that it starts with linear stratification and applies a constant shear stress at the lower boundary, but avoids sidewall and rotation effects inherent in the original experiment. It is found that the layers universally deepen as a function of the square root of time, independent of the initial stratification and the Reynolds number of the simulations, provided that the Reynolds number is large enough. Consistent with this finding, the dimensionless entrainment velocity varies with the bulk Richardson number as$R{i}^{- 1/ 2} $. In addition, it is observed that all cases evolve in a self-similar fashion. A self-similarity analysis of the conservation equations shows that only a square root growth law is consistent with self-similar behaviour.
Obama's Niebuhr Problem
Authors: Holder R. Ward , Josephson Peter B.
Published: August 2013

As a candidate for president Barack Obama identified Reinhold Niebuhr as one of the most important influences on his political and social thinking. Obama's referencing of Niebuhr was not casual. Frequently, in diverse contexts, and before a variety of audiences, Obama either subtly or overtly offered Niebuhr as a guide for statesmanship. He obliquely referenced Niebuhr's two-fold test of toleration at the 2011 National Prayer Breakfast; he structured his Nobel Prize speech around Niebuhr's consideration of the problem of Christian realism in foreign policy; and, in unveiling the stimulus package, Obama placed the entire work in a context of Christian realism. Clearly, Obama takes his Niebuhr seriously not only in theory, but also in practice. Obama's first term offered a lesson in Christian realism and governance.
IMAGES OF WORD MAPS IN FINITE SIMPLE GROUPS
Authors: LUBOTZKY ALEXANDER
Published: August 2013

In response to questions by Kassabov, Nikolov and Shalev, we show that a given subset A of a finite simple group G is the image of some word map w : G × G → G if and only if (i) A contains the identity and (ii) A is invariant under Aut(G).
The Norman Administration of Apulia and Capua more especially under Roger II and William I
Authors: Jamison Evelyn
Published: August 2013

On July 25th, 1127, duke William of Apulia died, and in the first days of August his kinsman and vassal, count Roger of Sicily, anchored his fleet in the bay of Salerno. Ambassadors left the ships and demanded the submission of the citizens to the count of Sicily, who claimed their allegiance on the ground of hereditary right. He asserted moreover that duke William, being childless, had during his life-time appointed him his heir. The Salernitans refused submission outright, because, they said, they had suffered much evil at the hands of the duke and his predecessors, and they expected no better from the count of Sicily. Not content with a plain refusal, they made their meaning clearer by killing one of the count's messengers. Roger in spite of this insult continued to urge his claim, and at length his politic self-control was rewarded. He obtained the submission of Salerno, but only at the price of confiding the custody of the castle to the citizens. In the meantime count Rainulf of Alife, the husband of Roger's sister Matilda, came to meet him and sought an interview on ship-board. Once more concessions were demanded as the price of homage.
A century of prehistory and landscape studies at the British School at Rome
Authors: Potter T. W. , Stoddart Simon
Published: August 2013

UN SECOLO DI STUDI PREISTORICI E DEL PAESAGGIO ALLA ‘BRITISH SCHOOL AT ROME’

Questo articolo esamina i cento anni di tradizione di studi preistorici e del paesaggio della ‘British School at Rome’. Questo secolo di ricerca consiste in tre fasi principali: la direzione di Ashby, quella di Ward-Perkins e gli ultimi tre decenni del ventesimo secolo. Le prime due sezioni, scritte principalmente da Tim Potter prima della sua scomparsa, ripercorrono lo sviluppo degli studi topografici dai primi decenni del ventesimo secolo fino allo studio regionale degli anni’ 60. Nell'ultima sezione l'attivita della ‘British School at Rome’ è inserita nel contesto delle tendenze più recenti nell'archeologia del paesaggio: una combinazione di orientamento delle problematiche ed un'accresciuta intensità di ricerca. Nonostante l'Etruria sud-orientale sia generalmente considerata come il principale interesse delle ricerche sul paesaggio condotte dalla ‘British School’, questo articolo cerca di sottolineare anche l'importanza di ricerche condotte altrove, particolarmente nell'Africa settentrionale, Malta ed in Italia meridionale. L'obiettivo per il futuro è di vedere fino a che punto la tradizione britannica di sintesi riuscirà a collegare queste nuove tendenze negli studi sull'archeologia di paesaggio.
Urban Production in the Roman World: the View from North Africa
Authors: Wilson Andrew
Published: August 2013

LA PRODUZIONE CITTADINA NEL MONDO ROMANO, VISTA DAL NORD AFRICA

Questo articolo esamina l'evidenza per le attivita industriali nelle città del nord Africa romano e dimostra come l'importanza della produzione artigianale urbana sia stata largamente sottovalutata in molte discussioni di economia antica. Di solito è difficile stabilire la giusta scala delle attività produttive urbane senza effettuare degli scavi estensivi, visto che i laboratori erano molto spesso piuttosto piccoli; ciò non toglie che essi potrebbero essere stati comunque numerosi e distribuiti all'interno della città. Scavi della estensione necessaria non sono irrealizzabili con le tecniche odierne; due siti scavati nella prima metà del ventesimo secolo hanno infatti portato alia luce un quadro caratterizzato da numerosi laboratori: 22 fulloniche a Timgad e 18 stabilimenti per la salatura del pesce a Sabratha. La ricognizione di superficie viene qui indicata come il metodo migliore per effettuare ricerche nei siti che lo consentono, al fine di identificare l'ampiezza dei depositi di rifiuti di fabbricazione, con l'aiuto di indagini geofisiche per trovare forni e fornaci, e scavi di alcune aree specifiche. Questo tipo di tecniche è stato sperimentato con successo a Leptiminus, Meninx e Thamusida, e ha permesso di identificare la presenza di attività di produzione ceramica, lavoro dei metalli e dell'industria per l'estrazione della porpora per la tintura. L'evidenza che emerge dalle recenti indagini archeologiche suggerisce che il contributo dell'industria cittadina all'economia delle città antiche fosse potenzialmente significativo, mentre la scala di produzione nei siti discussi indica un carattere artigianale della vita di queste città molto più consistente di quanto non sia stato di solito ritenuto. Il modello della ‘città di consumo’ non sembra adattarsi completamente a molte delle città romane, e i tentativi di descrizione dell'economia dell'urbanismo romano dovrebbero prestare piu attenzione al ruolo delle città nelle reti di commercio locale, regionale e su lunga distanza.
A collection of inscriptions for Lorenzo de' Medici. Two dedicatory letters from Fra Giovanni Giocondo: introduction, texts and translation
Authors: Koortbojian Michael
Published: August 2013

UNA RACCOLTA DI ISCRIZIONI PER LORENZO DE' MEDICI. DUE LETTERE DEDICATORIE DI FRA GIOVANNI GIOCONDO: INTRODUZIONE, TESTO E TRADUZIONE

Nel 1489, Fra Giovanni Giocondo dedicò due volumi della sua collezione di iscrizioni antiche a Lorenzo de' Medici. Questo articolo presenta le lettere dedicatorie insieme ad una traduzione e ad un saggio introduttivo che colloca questi documenti nel loro contesto storico.
English properties in Rome, 1450–1517
Authors: Majanlahti Anthony
Published: August 2013

LE PROPRIETÀ INGLESI A ROMA, 1450–1517

Lo studio delle proprietà del Collegio Inglese di Roma tra 1460 e il 1517 indica una rapida ascesa: degli affitti a partire dal 1490, un ulteriore aumento nell'anno giubilare del 1500 e un'elaborazione di strutture e di riparazioni. A questo cambiamento drastico, consistente spesso nella triplicazione degli affitti rispetto la decade precedente, si affiancarono però, in alcuni casi, riduzioni degli affitti e addirittura atti di carità da parte del Collegio.
An archaeological survey of the Faliscan settlement at Vignale, Falerii Veteres (province of Viterbo)
Authors: Carlucci Claudia , De Lucia Brolli Maria Anna , Keay Simon , Millett Martin , Strutt Kristian
Published: August 2013

UNA RICOGNIZIONE ARCHEOLOGICA DELL'INSEDIAMENTO FALISCO A VIGNALE, FALERII VETERES (PROVINCIA DI VITERBO)

L'articolo presenta i risultati di una ricognizione geofisica condotta a Vignale nel 2001–2 come parte del ‘Progetto città romane nella media e bassa valle del Tevere’. Il sito costituisce una parte importante dell'insediamento topograficamente complesso di Falerii Veteres (moderna Civita Castellana) nella provincia di Viterbo. Il sito ebbe una lunga e complessa occupazione che si estese dall'età del bronzo al basso medioevo, benché il suo principale periodo di vita sia stato l'età del ferro.

Le caratteristiche di questo sito particolare necessitavano di una ricognizione topografica dettagliata, associata all'uso della magnetometria, della resistività e di un programma di campionatura geochimica. I risultati di simili approcci hanno gettato nuova luce sull'organizzazione spaziale del pianoro di Vignale. Inoltre, i dati sono stati integrati con quelli raccolti in passato sulla stessa Vignale da Raniero Mengarelli tra il 1895 e il gennaio del 1896. Le evidenze emerse, insieme al riesame delle terrecotte raccolte sul sito, suggeriscono che a Vignale si trovasse uno dei santuari falisci principali di Falerii Veteres e che esso si sia sviluppato tra il V e il III secolo a.C.
Falerii Novi: a new survey of the walled area
Authors: Keay Simon , Millett Martin , Poppy Sarah , Robinson Julia , Taylor Jeremy , Terrenato Nicola
Published: August 2013

FALERII NOVI: UNA NUOVA RICOGNIZIONE DELL'AREA MURATA

I risultati di una ricognizione dell'intera parte murata della città romana di Falerii Novi vengono presentati insieme a quelli di una piccola area posta al di fuori delle mura. I metodi impiegati consistono in una integrazione di rilevamento topografico, ricognizione a piedi dell'area ed estensivo uso di un gradiometro ‘fluxgate’. I risultati permettono di ricostruire in dettaglio una nuova pianta della città, che viene presentata in questo articolo, insieme ad una dettagliata descrizione delle strutture messe in luce, che includono un foro di dimensioni sostanziali, un teatro ed un portico, una serie di templi e una varietà di case private. Sebbene in maniera preliminare, questi edifici vengono discussi nel loro contesto, anche in considerazione dei nuovi dati che questa ricognizione ha fornito sullo sviluppo della topografia e delle difese della città.
Engendering Italian Renaissance art — a bibliographic review
Authors: Welch Evelyn
Published: August 2013

L'IDENTITÀ SESSUALE NELL'ARTE RINASCIMENTALE ITALIANA — UNA RASSEGNA BIBLIOGRAFICA

Questo saggio fornisce una rassegna di precedenti approcci allo studio della figura femminile nell'arte rinascimentale italiana e dei recenti sviluppi negli studi femministi e sull' identità sessuale. Mentre gli storici hanno in anni recenti adottato nuovi metodi e domande di ricerca nell'esplorare in maniera produttiva il ruolo economico e sociale della donna, gli storici dell'arte rinascimentale si sono mostrati più reticenti verso queste innovazioni. Solo di recente sono venuti alla luce nuovi libri ed articoli che trattano della donna come pittrice, mecenate e come oggetto di rappresentazioni figurate. Tuttavia queste pubblicazioni vanno viste come episodi isolati in un campo che si mostra restio allo studio del ruolo della donna. In questo saggio l'attuale diversità di approcci allo studio dell storia dell'arte viene illustra to. L'importanza degli studi di identità sessuale come un concetto cruciale per gli studi rinascimentali viene proposta come un concetto fondamentale affinchè il campo mantenga la sua vitalità nel XXI secolo.
Art, benefaction and élites in Roman Etruria. Funerary relief fragments from Saturnia
Authors: Pollard Nigel
Published: August 2013

ARTE, BENEFICENZA ED ELITE NELL'ETRURIA ROMANA. FRAMMENTI DI RILIEVI FUNERARI DA SATURNIA

Questo articolo discute due frammenti di scultura, uno di una scena di banchetto e l'altro rappresentante un gladiatore, attualmente localizzati nella moderna città – e precedente colonia romana – di Saturnia. I frammenti provengono da una grande villa tardo repubblicana/alto imperiale situata nei dintorni della città. L'evidenza epigrafica suggerisce che questa villa potrebbe essere appartenuta ad una famiglia locale (probabilmente di decurioni), i Varii. La scultura potrebbe derivare dalla tomba monumentale di un membro di quella famiglia. Sia banchetti che gladiatori sono comunemente rappresentati su monumenti funerari romani, e rappresentano anche una componente comune di opere civiche di beneficenza. Il materiale epigrafico di Saturnia rappresenta un'importante evidenza di euergetismo nel principato, e la scultura funeraria proviene da quel contesto culturale. L'evidenza di euergetismo a Saturnia fa riferimento alia continua stretta relazione fra proprietari terrieri locali e la vita civica, per il tramite del principato. Ciò è in contrasto con quanta avveniva nella bassa valle dell'Albegna, dove, fin dai tempi di Augusto, i proprietari che non risiedono nelle sue terre avevano mostrato scarsa partecipazione alia vita civica.
Power and laughter: imperialdicta
Authors: Laurence Ray , Paterson Jeremy
Published: August 2013

POTERE E RISATA: IDICTAIMPERIALI

Un gran numero di massime argute (dicta) sono state attribuite ad imperatori, in particolare dagli antichi biografi. Queste continuano ad essere usate da moderni biografi come indizi sul carattere degli imperatori. Questo articolo analizza l'origine e la natura di questidictae dimostra l'impossibilità di attribuire detti particolare ad uno specifico imperatore. Tuttavia idictapossono essere divisi in gruppi legati da un tema comune e possono essere usati per chiarire i compiti degli imperatori e i problemi che essi dovevano affrontare, quali, ad esempio, rifiutare alcune richieste. In alcune situazioni queste massime argute potevano essere usate per distogliere o dissolvere risentimenti.
An expression of piety: the last will of Cardinal Paolo Emilio Sfondrato (1561–1618)
Authors: Gallagher Kate
Published: August 2013

UN'ESPRESSIONE DI PIETÀ: LE ULTIME VOLONTÀ DEL CARDINALE PAOLO EMILIO SFONDRATO (1561–1618)

Il cardinale Paolo Emilio Sfondrato morì nel 1618 dopo 27 anni di camera ecclesiastica durante la quale era passato dalla funzione di abate a quella di cardinale ed infine di vescovo. Commentatori più tardi lo ricordano come un uomo ambizioso ed avido che dimenticò gli ideali della sua istruzione religiosa quando divenne cardinale nel 1591. Tuttavia, sulla base delle memorie di Guido Bentivoglio del diciassettesimo secolo, gli ultimi anni della vita di Sfondrato testimoniarono un notevole cambiamento di attitudine, dalla avidità alla pietà. L'ultimo testamento di Sfondrato, qui riprodotto nella sua interezza, è testimone di questo nuovo atteggiamento di pietà che egli aveva sviluppato nell'ultima parte della sua vita e dell'importanza delle reliquie di Santa Cecilia nell'espressione di questa pietà.
Notes on Roman Historical Sculptures
Authors: Jones H. Stuart
Published: August 2013

§ I.—That the three historical reliefs, of which two are immured in the north and south walls of the portico of the Villa Borghese, while the third rests on the ground to the left of the entrance, once belonged to a triumphal arch erected by Claudius in commemoration of his conquest of Britain, seems to be the accepted belief at the present time. The reliefs are published under this title in Brunn-Bruckmann's Denkmäler; their provenance from the Arch of Claudius is affirmed without question by Helbig in his guide to the Roman collections, and has been assumed in all recent discussions of the history of Roman art. Nevertheless it has no foundation, save in a conjecture of Nibby, contained in his Monumenti scelti della Villa Borghese, a work published in 1832. The Villa had been stripped of its principal treasures during the Napoleonic period—when some scores of statues and reliefs found their way to Paris, and now form no inconsiderable portion of the sculptures of the Louvre—and their places were partly filled by less important works gathered from the gardens of the Villa and from the other properties of the Borghese. It was thus that the reliefs in question came to be employed in the decoration of the portico; up till that time they had, as it would appear, lain neglected and scarcely noticed in the gardens of the Villa.
The Historical Interpretation of the Reliefs of Trajan's Column
Authors: Jones H. Stuart
Published: August 2013

The object of this paper is neither to discuss the artistic significance of the reliefs which adorn the Column of Trajan, nor to solve the problem raised by the inscription on its base, but solely to treat the sculptures as embodying an historical narrative in stone, and to present certain conclusions differing from those of earlier interpreters. These conclusions were originally formed during my residence in Rome as Director of the British school; they were first tentatively expressed at a meeting of the School held on April 4, 1906 (when I had ceased to hold the office of Director) and developed with greater detail in a paper read before the Oxford Philological Society on March 15, 1907 (see Class. Rev. 1907, p. 125) and finally in a communication made to the International Historical Congress at Berlin on August 8, 1908. It is unnecessary to say that the great publication of Cichorius (and the incisive criticisms of that work by Petersen) have brought the question here to be discussed into the foreground of archaeological debate; the views since put forward by von Domaszewski and Weber appear to me (as will presently be shewn) to betoken a retrogression in the direction of theories which should have been recognised as put definitely out of court by the researches of Cichorius and Petersen.
Quadriporticus Sancti Petri in Vaticano
Authors: Egger† Hermann
Published: August 2013

Among the countless attempts by nineteenth-century architects to supply a reconstruction of some ancient or medieval building, none was more favourably received nor more widely reproduced than the general view of Old St. Peter's and the adjoining Vatican Palace ‘about the year MCCCCL’, drawn in 1891 by Henry William Brewer. Brewer is better known for his tentative reconstruction of the city of Paris in the first third of the sixteenth century; but like the rest of his imaginative reconstructions, his drawing of Old St. Peter's also is a notable performance, bearing witness to the preparation of many years; and it has since been accepted in all hand-books on early Christian art as an attractive, and seemingly very instructive, illustration. Nevertheless it will not bear close, critical examination. In the Jubilee year of 1450 neither the Sixtine Chapel nor the Belvedere were yet standing, nor had the angle projection of the Palatium Archipresbyteri yet received its two-storied archway.

Brewer was above all concerned to illustrate the grace of a grandiose, light-strewn quadriporticus. Its northern arcade, with its continuous sloping roof, rests against a long and extremely narrow south wing of the Vatican Palace. This fact alone is a clear indication that his drawing was based on nothing more precise or more reliable than the well-known plan of Tiberius Alpharanus, published in 1589–90, or on plans derived from it.
The Porticoes of Metellus and Octavia and their Two Temples
Authors: Boyd M. J.
Published: August 2013

In the Via del Portico d'Ottavia at Rome, close by the Theatre of Marcellus, there still stands the propylaeum of the Porticus Octaviae, from which the street took its name. The inscription on the architrave records the restoration of the building by Septimus Severus and Caracalla in A.D. 203, but passes over in silence the previous history of the site. For that we are dependent largely on literary sources, chief among which is a passage of Velleius Paterculus, in which he records the building-activities of Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus (cos. 143, censor 131 B.C.), the conqueror of Andriscus: Hic est Metellus Macedonicus, qui porticus, quae fuerunt circumdatae duabus aedibus sine inscriptione positis, quae nunc Octaviae porticibus ambiuntur, fecerat, quique hanc turmam statuarum equestrium quae frontem aedium spectant, hodieque maximum ornamentum eius loci, ex Macedonia detulit. … Hic idem primus omnium Romae aedem ex marmore in iis ipsis monumentis molitus  vel magnificentiae vel luxuriae princeps fuit.

Velleius' statement, that the site of the Porticus Octaviae had formerly been occupied by a Porticus erected by Metellus, is clear, and adequately confirmed elsewhere. Less clear is what he says about the two temples, which we know from other evidence to have been dedicated to Juppiter Stator and Juno Regina.
The Caesareum at Cyrene and the Basilica at Cremna, with a note on the inscriptions of the Caesareum by J. M. Reynolds
Authors: Perkins J. B. Ward , Ballance M. H.
Published: August 2013

One of the most impressive surviving monuments of Roman rule in Africa is the Caesareum at Cyrené. It was excavated some thirty years ago by the Italian Archaeological Mission, led by the late Gaspare Oliverio, and skilfully restored some years later by the Superintendency of Antiquities for Libya; but owing to the other preoccupations of its original investigators and, subsequently to the accidents of war, it has remained substantially unpublished. Recently it has been the subject of comment by Erik Sjöqvist in his valuable study of the Kaisareion at Alexandria, published in the volume of the Acta of the Swedish Institute in Rome presented to Axel Boethius on his sixty-fifth birthday. The points raised by Sjöqvist are of considerable importance for the study both of the origins and of the later development of a rich field of Roman monumental architecture, and in the summer of 1956 the British School at Rome undertook limited supplementary excavations within the Caesareum with the specific purpose of clearing up some doubtful points of fact. The main purpose of the present article is to present the results of these excavations within the framework of a more detailed architectural description of the site than is at present available.
The Purpose and Organisation of the Alimenta
Authors: Duncan-Jones Richard
Published: August 2013

The opening of Trajan's reign saw the propagation in Italy of a system of government alimenta or subsistence payments, which had perhaps been begun by his predecessor, Nerva. Their immediate purpose was clearly the support of children in the small inland towns of Italy at which units of the scheme were mainly concentrated. Male recipients of the alimentary dole were given a cash payment of HS16 per month; girls received HS12 per month, the amounts given to illegitimate children being somewhat lower for both sexes. Hadrian laid down that boys who benefited were to be given support until the age of 18, and girls until 14; under Trajan, the ages at which support ceased had presumably been lower. The scheme was financed by grants from the fiscus which were placed with landowners in the districts in which children were to be supported. In general, each landowner who took part in the loans received a sum amounting to about 8% of the stated value of his land, and had to pay to the city interest of 5% per year, which formed the income from which the children were supported.
An Early Augustan Capital in the Forum Romanum
Authors: Ward-Perkins J. B.
Published: August 2013

The fragmentary upper part of a Corinthian capital which is the principal subject of this note can be seen near the north-east corner of the Temple of Saturn, between it and the Basilica Julia. Until a few years ago the two surviving fragments were separated, one piece lying approximately where it now is, the other among the debris stacked against the base of the temple. It was through the kindness of the Superintendent of Antiquities for the Forum and Palatine that the two pieces were placed together, confirming the writer's suspicion that they were parts of the same badly damaged capital. To Professor Carettoni, to Miss Vanessa Wills (Mrs. P. Winchester) who helped in the initial study of the fragments, and to Dr. F. Rakob and Dr. D. E. Strong, the writer wishes to express his warm thanks. The drawings and many of the photographs here reproduced are the work of Miss Sheila Gibson, A.R.I.B.A.

The two fragments are of a white Carrara marble of which some of the surfaces have been badly damaged by fire. Together they constitute the greater part of one carved face and of half of an adjoining carved face of a large angle-pilaster or anta capital which, when complete, occupied the full height of two courses of the masonry into which it was built. In addition to the two carved faces there are substantial remains of the upper surface and of the two inner vertical faces, and a short stretch of the under surface. On the upper surface can be seen the seatings of an architrave block laid at right-angles across the carved corner. The overall dimensions of the block, when complete, were 1·71 m. long, 70 cm. wide and 68 cm. high (fig. 1).
Two Inscriptions from Aphrodisias
Authors: Erim Kenan
Published: August 2013

The two fragmentary inscriptions presented herewith were unearthed at Aphrodisias in Caria during the 1963 and 1966 campaigns of excavation. Both, cut on panels of coarse-grained, white Aphrodisias marble, were found out of context in Byzantine fill, re-used as convenient building or paving blocks. The one (in two joining fragments) lay in the collapsed fill of a building complex subsequently suggested to have been a Bishop's Palace. The second fragment was discovered nearby in the excavation of the area adjoining the so-called Bishop's Palace, the Odeon and its porticus post scaenam. Their present interim and unedited publication is warranted by the significance of their contents for the history of Roman Asia Minor and the necessity of making them available without undue delay to interested scholars. Since a partial edition would be ill-advised at this point, and this writer lays noclaim to full expertise in Anatolian epigraphy, it has appeared judicious to offer merely an austere transcription of what can be read with certainty or reasonable probability, virtually without supplements. This publication does not therefore pretend to be an editio princeps.
A New Fragment of the Arval Acta
Authors: Reynolds J. M.
Published: August 2013

While excavating a mausoleum associated with the destroyed church of Santa Rufina (beside the Via Cornelia, the modern Via di Boccea) in 1968, Lady Wheeler found several fragmentary inscriptions, including one which deserves separate publication because it contains part of an entry from the Arval Acta for the early second century A.D. Its presence there is of interest both for the history of the site and for that of the Arval monuments from the Vigna Ceccarelli, which seem to have been broken up and to some extent dispersed in the fifth and sixth centuries A.D. Most of the dispersed pieces have been recovered in the city of Rome or its immediate neighbourhood, but this one went rather farther afield, presumably in a load of building material brought out from the city to the site. It is in fact valuable evidence for the use of material from the city in the Christian buildings of South Etruria at this date.
Two Templar-Hospitaller Preceptories North of Tuscania
Authors: Luttrell Anthony
Published: August 2013

Very little work has so far been published on the Templars and Hospitallers in the area north of Rome, so that this study of the two preceptories of San Savino and Castell'Araldo makes a contribution to the history of both Orders. Archaeological investigations of Hospitaller and Templar preceptories or commanderies have been made in a number of countries. In this present case there was no excavation, but the combination of a careful survey on the ground with a detailed though far from exhaustive study of the written sources has made it possible to evaluate the significance of these preceptories as economic and social units, while the identification and investigation of two previously unnoticed and markedly dissimilar abandoned communities is of some value for the general history of the region.

The existing works on the neighbourhood contain almost no information about the two castles, neither of which has so far attracted scholarly attention. The chronicles and archives of Viterbo and Orvieto are more helpful, though only very limited research on unpublished materials from these two towns was attempted. Scarcely anything relevant to the medieval period seems to have been preserved at Marta, where the Archivio Comunale is in disorder, though the consiglio records contain a wealth of post-1500 documents which could be used to study the agrarian history of the area.
The Earliest Wall Mosaics in Italy
Authors: Sear Frank
Published: August 2013

Mentions of wall and vault mosaics were rare (Ronczewski 1903 and Ricci 1914) until Carlo Cecchelli wrote the first definitive work on the subject (Cecchelli 1922). Since then scholars such as Bovini (1954) and Stern (1959) have sought the origins of wall mosaics. Others, like Parlasca (1959, 66–8) and Becatti (1961, 274–6, 291–4) have made valuable contributions to the subject in the form of essays within longer works. Neuerburg's (1965) work on fountains and nymphaea is particularly useful as a source because so many nymphaea are decorated with wall and vault mosaic. Another recent contribution to the subject is that of D. Joly (1965). A study of these works and of the monuments themselves reveals the following broad facts:

that wall mosaics, as distinct from floor mosaics, are largely composed of glass rather than stone tesserae;

that the earliest wall mosaics (those of the first half of the first century A.D.) incorporate, in addition to glass tesserae, a number of other materials, such as shells, pumice, twisted glass rods, pieces of glass and a substance known as Egyptian blue (Sear 1972–3, 29, n. 2);
Nicomedia and the Marble Trade
Authors: Ward-Perkins J. B.
Published: August 2013

The paper that follows calls for a brief preliminary word of explanation. In a characteristically stimulating note published over 20 years ago M. Louis Robert called attention to a number of inscriptions which attest the existence of an organisation of marble workers based on Nicomedia, an organisation of which he promised a fuller study in the near future. For a number of years I have myself been independently concerned with the archaeological and art-historical aspects of the same phenomenon, and although I had hoped to be able to publish the results of that work with the full benefit of M. Robert's unique knowledge of the epigraphic evidence, I am reluctant to delay publication further simply for that reason. In acknowledging my debt, I feel confident that M. Robert will correct, with his customary thoroughness, any errors of interpretation which I may commit.
Venice and the Kingdom of Naples in the Last Years of Robert the Wise 1332–1343
Authors: Abulafia David
Published: August 2013

The fortunes of Venice were built, at least indirectly, on the southeastern coasts of Italy. Venetian help to the Byzantine emperor against first the Saracens and then Guiscard's Normans brought Venice its mighty privileges in Greece and Constantinople. But Venetian cooperation with those who finally came to rule over Apulia also brought rewards, in the form of prosperous trading stations which outrivalled all the achievements of the Apulian merchants themselves; in the form of regular access to supplies of wheat, oil and salted meat; and in the form of additional points of surveillance from which to protect Venetian and subject fleets. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the Venetian government displayed great agility and flexibility in its dealings with the rulers of Apulia and Sicily.