bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting breeding season survival of red‐headed woodpeckers in South Carolina
Authors: Kilgo John C. , Vukovich Mark
Published: November 2011

Red‐headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) populations have declined in the United States and Canada over the past 40 years. However, few demographic studies have been published on the species and none have addressed adult survival. During 2006–2007, we estimated survival probabilities of 80 radio‐tagged red‐headed woodpeckers during the breeding season in mature loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) forests in South Carolina. We used known‐fate models in Program MARK to estimate survival within and between years and to evaluate the effects of foliar cover (number of available cover patches), snag density treatment (high density vs. low density), and sex and age of woodpeckers. Weekly survival probabilities followed a quadratic time trend, being lowest during mid‐summer, which coincided with the late nestling and fledgling period. Avian predation, particularly by Cooper's (Accipiter cooperii) and sharp‐shinned hawks (A. striatus), accounted for 85% of all mortalities. Our best‐supported model estimated an 18‐week breeding season survival probability of 0.72 (95% CI = 0.54–0.85) and indicated that the number of cover patches interacted with sex of woodpeckers to affect survival; females with few available cover patches had a lower probability of survival than either males or females with more cover patches. At the median number of cover patches available (n = 6), breeding season survival of females was 0.82 (95% CI = 0.54–0.94) and of males was 0.60 (95% CI = 0.42–0.76). The number of cover patches available to woodpeckers appeared in all 3 of our top models predicting weekly survival, providing further evidence that woodpecker survival was positively associated with availability of cover. Woodpecker survival was not associated with snag density. Our results suggest that protection of ≥0.7 cover patches per ha during vegetation control activities in mature pine forests will benefit survival of this Partners In Flight Watch List species. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Socioeconomic and ecological correlates of bobcat harvest in Minnesota
Authors: Kapfer Paul M. , Potts Kevin B.
Published: November 2011

Management of game animals requires understanding of factors that affect harvest levels. Although influenced by international law, bobcat (Lynx rufus) management is the responsibility of state or provincial agencies, and jurisdictional environmental, ecological, and regulatory differences may alter which variables influence harvest. Consequently, our understanding of the factors driving bobcat harvest should be at a scale similar to that at which they are managed. We associated 32 years of bobcat harvest data from Minnesota with socioeconomic (e.g., pelt prices, license sales) and ecological variables (e.g., prey abundance, bobcat‐specific index of winter severity) to determine what variables most strongly influenced annual bobcat harvest. We constructed candidate negative binomial generalized linear models based on an information–theoretic approach and used quasi‐likelihood Akaike's Information Criterion adjusted for small sample size to assess the relative performance of each model. Our best model suggested that annual bobcat harvest in Minnesota was positively related to the proportion of scent stations visited by bobcats and season length, and negatively related to the proportion of days when the maximum temperature did not exceed the bobcat's lower critical temperature. Our results differ from those of other studies examining factors influencing furbearer harvest that have suggested furbearer harvest is driven primarily by pelt price, and suggest that managers can influence the annual harvest of bobcats by changing season length. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Polymeric Photoresist Nanoparticles: Light‐Induced Degradation of Hydrophobic Polymers in Aqueous Dispersion
Authors: Klinger Daniel , Landfester Katharina
Published: November 2011

Nanoparticles consisting of a photoreactive polymer able to radically switch its hydrophobicity are successfully prepared by miniemulsion polymerization. Irradiation with UV light causes degradation of the particles whereat complete dissolution is achieved by changing the initial hydrophobic photoresist polymer into hydrophilic poly(methacrylic acid). Incorporation of the fluorescence‐sensitive Nile red serves as a solvatochromic probe to study the particle degradation. Diffusion of either Nile red out from or water into the former hard spherical nanoparticles is studied and not only renders the described material an ideal system for applications, where in situ dissolution of nanoparticles may be needed, but also bears the additional advantage of performing controlled burst release.
Functional Polyolefins: Poly(ethylene)‐graft‐Poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization From a Polybrominated Alkane
Authors: Xu Guangjuan , Wang Dongren , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: November 2011

Poly(cis‐cyclooctene) is synthesized via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization in the presence of a chain‐transfer agent and quantitatively hydrobrominated. Subsequent graft polymerization of tert‐butyl acrylate (tBA) via Cu‐catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from the non‐activated secondary alkyl bromide moieties finally results in PE‐g‐PtBA copolymer brushes. By varying the reaction conditions, a series of well‐defined graft copolymers with different graft densities and graft lengths are prepared. The maximum extent of grafting in terms of bromoalkyl groups involved is approximately 80 mol%. DSC measurements on the obtained graft copolymers reveal a decrease in Tm with increasing grafting density.
Homo‐ and methano[60]fullerenes with chiral attached moieties – 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift assignments and diastereotopicity effects
Authors: Khalilov Leonard M. , Tulyabaev Arthur R. , Tuktarov Airat R.
Published: November 2011

1H and 13C NMR chemical shift predictions of homo‐ and methano[60]fullerenes containing chiral centers in attached fragment were made using the two‐dimensional NMR technique (HH COSY, 1H–13C HSQC and HMBC) and the quantum chemistry GIAO calculation method in the PBE/3ζ approach. The influence of a chiral substituent on the 13C chemical shifts of diastereotopic fullerene carbons was estimated by comparing the calculated and experimental 13C NMR spectra. The resonances of the fullerene carbons in α‐, β‐ and δ‐positions relative to the position of the substituent exhibit the greatest diastereotopic splitting. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Homonuclear SQ‐DQ correlations in solids: applications of the broadband BaBa scheme to reveal 31P‐31P spatial correlations in two‐, three‐, four‐, and five‐spin systems
Authors: Szalontai Gábor , Besenyei Gábor , Párkányi László
Published: November 2011

In this paper, we report on the use and limitations of the popular double‐quantum recoupling sequence back‐to‐back in studies of 31P‐31P spatial proximities in Pd‐phosphine complexes at medium field (9.38 T) under the conditions of fast MAS. The effects of internuclear distances in different spin systems and the impact of isotropic chemical shift and chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) offsets on the detectibility of SQ‐DQ correlations were of particular interest to us. Selected model compounds with these requirements in mind were synthesized. By optimization of the excitation times of SQ‐DQ correlations up to 4.6 Å could be obtained even in four‐spin systems; however, certain long‐range correlations may be weak or missing. Although under fast MAS, CSA values up to 270 ppm are well tolerated, in multi‐spin systems in cases of isotropic chemical shift offsets larger than 50 ppm, the DQ coherences cannot be properly excited. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolutionary history of c‐myc in teleosts and characterization of the duplicated c‐myca genes in goldfish embryos
Authors: Marandel Lucie , Labbe Catherine , Bobe Julien , Le Bail Pierre‐Yves
Published: November 2011

c‐Myc plays an important role during embryogenesis in mammals, but little is known about its function during embryonic development in teleosts. In addition, the evolutionary history of c‐myc gene in teleosts remains unclear, and depending on the species, a variable number of gene duplicates exist in teleosts. To gain new insight into c‐myc genes in teleosts, the present study was designed to clarify the evolutionary history of c‐myc gene(s) in teleosts and to subsequently characterize DNA methylation and early embryonic expression patterns in a cyprinid fish. Our results show that a duplication of c‐myc gene occurred before or around the teleost radiation, as a result of the teleost‐specific whole genome duplication giving rise to c‐myca and c‐mycb in teleosts and was followed by a loss of the c‐mycb gene in the Gasterosteiforms and Tetraodontiforms. Our data also demonstrate that both c‐myc genes previously identified in carp and goldfish are co‐orthologs of the zebrafish c‐myca. These results indicate the presence of additional c‐myca duplication in Cyprininae. We were able to identify differences between the expression patterns of the two goldfish c‐myca genes in oocytes and early embryos. These differences suggest a partial sub‐functionalization of c‐myca genes after duplication. Despite differences in transcription patterns, both of the c‐myca genes displayed similar DNA methylation patterns during early development and in gametes. Together, our results clarify the evolutionary history of the c‐myc gene in teleosts and provide new insight into the involvement of c‐myc in early embryonic development in cyprinids. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79:85–96, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genes involved in the immediate early response and epithelial–mesenchymal transition are regulated by adipocytokines in the female reproductive tract
Authors: Yang Zhufeng , Norwood Kristin A. , Smith Jacqueline E. , Kerl Jill G. , Wood Jennifer R.
Published: November 2011

Obesity increases the risk of female reproductive tract cancers, but the underlying mechanistic link between the two is ill‐defined. Thus, the objective of the current study was to identify obesity‐dependent changes in the expression of immediate early (IE) genes that contribute to cell proliferation and differentiation, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes that promote cell migration. When HeLa cells were treated for 0–48 hr with IGF‐1, leptin, TNFα, or IL‐6, each individual adipocytokine altered the abundance of IE (cJUN, cFOS, and cMYC) and EMT (SNAI1, SNAI2, and TWIST1) mRNA abundance. For example, IGF‐1 increased cJUN and cFOS and decreased cMYC; leptin increased cFOS; IL‐6 increased cFOS and cMYC; and TNFα increased cJUN and cFOS mRNA abundance. Likewise, EMT gene expression was altered by IGF‐1, TNFα, and IL‐6. SNAI1 was increased by IGF‐1 and IL‐6; SNAI2 was increased by IGF‐1 and TNFα; and TWIST1 was increased by TNFα and IL‐6. Chronic exposure to adipocytokines also altered EMT gene expression in the whole uterus of obese compared to normal‐weight mice. Specifically, there was no difference in cJun, cFos, or cMyc mRNA abundance between normal‐weight and obese animals. Snai1, Snai2, and Twist1 mRNA abundance, however, was increased in the uterus of obese females and correlated with increased circulating IGF‐1 levels. These data indicate that obesity‐dependent alterations in adipocytokine levels regulate the expression of genes associated with cell proliferation and migration, and therefore may provide a plausible mechanism for obesity‐dependent increases in cancers of the female reproductive tract. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79:128–137, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Agreement between clinical screening procedures for neuropathy in the feet
Authors: Wang Yi , Goodrich Jaclyn M. , Werner Robert , Gillespie Brenda , Basu Niladri , Franzblau Alfred
Published: November 2011

Introduction: The correlation between monofilament testing, symptom surveys, and electrodiagnostic studies for the diagnosis of axonal polyneuropathy has not been well studied. This investigation was done to assess the agreement between these procedures in a non‐random sample of volunteers. Methods: The procedures evaluated included electrodiagnostic tests of the sural nerve, monofilament testing of the great toe, a symptom survey, and a body diagram. Kappa coefficients and sensitivity and specificity, using nerve conduction as a “gold standard,” were used to determine the agreement between various combinations of procedures. Results: Poor agreement (kappa values −0.12–0.44) and sensitivity (sensitivity <30%) were found for all combinations of symptoms and monofilament results in comparison with sural peak latency and amplitude. Conclusions: Overall, the results demonstrated a low discriminatory power for the screening procedures for identifying persons with impaired sural nerve function. The results highlight the need for further development and evaluation of screening methods for distal neuropathy in population‐based studies. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Muscle magnetic resonance imaging sensitivity does not decrease in chronic, mild, or proximal lower limb neuropathies
Authors: Deroide Nicolas , Bousson Valérie , Daguet Edouard , Dumurgier Julien , Tin Sophie Ng Wing , Hannouche Didier , Richette Pascal , Beaudreuil Johann , Lioté Frédéric , Lévy Bernard , Vicaut Eric , Laredo Jean Denis , Kubis Nathalie
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an innovative tool for exploring focal neuropathies. However, its usefulness in mild, proximal, or chronic lesions, when electromyography (EMG), the current “gold standard” sensitivity is inadequate, has yet to be studied. Methods: Clinical, MRI, and EMG examinations were performed in 113 muscles of 17 consecutive patients with clinically diagnosed lower limb focal neuropathies. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI and EMG were evaluated in relation to disease duration, severity, and anatomical location. Results: Muscle MRI was highly sensitive for the detection of denervated muscle, and, unlike EMG, its sensitivity did not decrease regardless of the anatomical location, duration, or severity of the neuropathy. Five MRI false positives were noted, including three in the thigh muscles. Conclusions: Muscle MRI is an alternative tool to EMG in proximal, mild, or chronic clinical diagnoses of lower limb focal neuropathies. However, it also seems prone to false‐positive results, particularly in proximal muscles. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Myosin heavy chain isoform expression in human extraocular muscles: Longitudinal variation and patterns of expression in global and orbital layers
Authors: Park Kyung‐Ah , Lim Jeonghee , Sohn Seongsoo , Oh Sei Yeul
Published: November 2011

Introduction: We investigated the distribution of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms along the length of the global and orbital layers of human extraocular muscles (EOMs). Methods: Whole muscle tissue extracts of human EOMs were cross‐sectioned consecutively and separated into orbital and global layers. The extracts from these layers were subjected to electrophoretic analysis, followed by quantification with scanning densitometry. Results: MyHC isoforms displayed different distributions along the lengths of EOMs. In the orbital and global layers of all EOMs except for the superior oblique muscle, MyHCeom was enriched in the central regions. MyHCIIa and MyHCI were most abundant in the proximal and distal ends. Conclusions: A variation in MyHC isoform expression was apparent along the lengths of human EOMs. These results provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the functional diversity of EOMs. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Quality of life and measures of quality of life in patients with neuromuscular disorders
Authors: Burns Ted M. , Graham Christopher D. , Rose Michael R. , Simmons Zachary
Published: November 2011

In this review we present an overview of quality of life (QOL) and QOL measures in neuromuscular disorders. We discuss the characteristics of QOL measures used in neuromuscular research, highlighting differences between generic versus disease‐specific and global versus health‐related QOL instruments. The phenomenon of response shift is reviewed. Commonly used QOL instruments are reviewed for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, muscle diseases, myasthenia gravis, and polyneuropathy. We also review some of what is known about QOL for patients with these neuromuscular disorders. Muscle Nerve 46: 9–25, 2012
Modeling of the three‐dimensional subsidence diffusion–convection problem above a trapdoor
Authors: Vairaktaris E. , Stavropoulou M.
Published: November 2011

In a series of previous works, the plane strain and the axisymmetric cases of the so‐called active trapdoor problem have been modeled by virtue of Litwiniszyn's theory of deep subsidence. However, in reality, there exist trapdoor base geometries—in plan view—which can be very well approximated by an elliptical boundary. Following the elliptical shape of the trapdoor, the contour lines of subsidence also appear to be similar ellipses. In this work, an elliptic model of deep subsidence is presented, the mentioned hypothesis of the self‐similar subsidence contour lines is validated, and finally a simplified model is presented. For completeness of the present three‐dimensional model analysis, a rectangular model is also considered. Results are finally presented and compared with those of plane strain and axisymmetric problems. Some suggestions that have been proposed in previous similar works are also evaluated and compared with the results of the present study. Finally, some estimates are proposed for different trapdoor base geometries. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variance‐constrained robust estimation for uncertain systems with multiple packet dropouts
Authors: Wang Baofeng , Guo Ge , Yue Wei
Published: November 2011

This paper deals with variance‐constrained filtering problem in networked control systems (NCSs) with multiple packet dropouts. The system is subject to time‐invariant norm‐bounded parameter uncertainties in both the state and measurement matrices. Based on a model of multiple packet dropouts, the consecutive packet losses rate is transformed into a stochastic parameter in the system representation. The problem addressed is to design a linear filter such that, for all admissible parameter uncertainties and consecutive packet dropouts, the error state of the filtering process is mean square bounded, and the steady‐state variance of the estimation error for each state is not more than the individual prescribed upper bound. The conditions for the existence of a desired filter are obtained in terms of the solutions of two algebraic matrix inequalities, based on which an explicit expression of the robust filter is derived. Finally, an algorithm for solving the coupling inequalities, which is not optimal but practical, is provided and applied to some numerical examples. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absolute lymphocyte counts refine minimal residual disease‐based risk stratification in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Rabin Karen R. , Gramatges M. Monica , Borowitz Michael J. , Palla Shana L. , Shi Xiaodong , Margolin Judith F. , Zweidler‐McKay Patrick A.
Published: November 2011

Background

Several studies have demonstrated the prognostic utility of absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) during therapy for a range of malignancies, with low ALC associated with adverse outcome. Here we investigated whether ALC retained independent prognostic significance with respect to minimal residual disease (MRD) status in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Procedure

We reviewed 171 cases of pediatric ALL treated on the Children's Oncology Group P9900 series of treatment trials. Variables analyzed included ALC at several time points during Induction, age at diagnosis, cytogenetics, initial white blood cell count, and MRD status at Day 29 of Induction (MRD‐29).

Results

We found high ALC at Induction Day 29 (ALC‐29) to be an independent, clinically significant predictor of improved relapse‐free and overall survival (OS). Patients with ALC‐29 >1,500 cells/µl had a superior 6‐year relapse‐free survival (80 ± 4% vs. 62 ± 8%, P = 0.018) and overall survival (96 ± 2% vs. 74 ± 8%, P = 0.001). Moreover, ALC‐29 identified distinct prognostic subgroups within cases stratified by MRD‐29. In subjects with >0.01% MRD, ALC‐29 > or <1,500 cells/µl had a significant 51% difference in 6‐year OS (92 ± 7% vs. 41 ± 16%, P = 0.0001).

Conclusions

ALC, a readily obtainable test, constitutes a significant and independent prognostic factor in childhood ALL that may refine current MRD‐based risk stratification algorithms and provide key prognostic information in settings where MRD determination is not feasible. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:468–474. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antifungal prophylaxis in pediatric hematology/oncology: New choices & new data
Authors: Dvorak Christopher C. , Fisher Brian T. , Sung Lillian , Steinbach William J. , Nieder Michael , Alexander Sarah , Zaoutis Theoklis E.
Published: November 2011

A severe complication of the treatment of pediatric cancers is the development of an invasive fungal infection (IFI). The data to support antifungal prophylaxis in pediatric oncology patients derive primarily from adult patients, and thus the optimal agent to utilize is not clear. Fluconazole has been a standard option, but agents with antimold activity are now available, each with limitations. Pediatric dosing for voriconazole and posaconazole is uncertain and multiple drug interactions exist. The echinocandins are well‐tolerated, but only available in intravenous form. Ultimately, studies demonstrating biologic risk factors for the development of IFI may lead to personalized prophylactic strategies. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 21–26. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevention of bacterial infection in pediatric oncology: What do we know, what can we learn?
Authors: Alexander Sarah , Nieder Michael , Zerr Danielle M. , Fisher Brian T. , Dvorak Christopher C. , Sung Lillian
Published: November 2011

Bacterial sepsis continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and toxic death in children receiving intensive therapy for cancer. Empiric therapy for suspected infections and treatment of documented infections are well‐established standards of care. The routine use of prophylactic strategies is much less common in pediatric oncology. This paper will review the current literature on the use and risks of antimicrobial prophylaxis as well as non‐pharmacological methods for infection prevention and will address areas in need of further research. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 16–20. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A sustainable model for pediatric oncology nursing education in low‐income countries
Authors: Day Sara W. , Garcia Jose , Antillon Federico , Wilimas Judith A. , McKeon Leslie M. , Carty Rita M. , de Alarcon Pedro , Pui Ching‐Hon , Ribeiro Raul C. , Howard Scott C.
Published: November 2011

Effectiveness of a nurse educator in the pediatric oncology unit in Guatemala was assessed by measuring completion of an education course, chemotherapy and central line competency, continuing education, and cost. All newly hired nurses completed the education course. Of the nurses employed, 86% participated in the chemotherapy course, and 93% achieved competency; 57% participated in the central line course, and 79% achieved competency. The nurses completed a mean of 26 hours continuing education yearly. The annual direct cost of the educator ($244/nurse) was markedly less than other models. This is an effective and sustainable means to educate nurses in low‐income countries. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 163–166. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study of alternating current impedance analysis and dielectric properties of carbon nanotube‐based polysulfone nanocomposites
Authors: Nayak L. , Khastgir D. , Chaki T.K.
Published: November 2011

Polysulfone (PSU)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposites containing 0.5–3 wt% of MWCNTs were prepared by solution casting technique. To understand the dispersion behavior of MWCNTs inPSU matrix, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used. Electrical properties of nanocomposites were investigated by analyzing alternating current (AC) impedance spectra. The real part of complex impedance was decreased with increasing carbon nanotubes loading in the PSU matrix, which may be due to increase in conductive networks in the nanocomposite. The complex impedance Nyquist plots for PSU/MWCNTs nanocomposites were characterized by the appearance of a single semicircular arc, whose radii of curvature decreases with increasing MWCNTs loading. The polarization mechanism and the AC conduction mechanism were studied by designing equivalent circuit from impedance data. The dielectric response of PSU/MWCNTs nanocomposite was investigated over a wide range of frequency from 10 Hz to 10−6 Hz. Dielectric constant of PSU/MWCNTs nanocomposite was enhanced significantly from 2 to 6 × 1010 at 10 Hz when the addition of MWCNTs was increased from 0 to 3 wt%. The enhancement of dielectric property might be due to the interfacial polarization between carbon nanotubes and polysulfone. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Study of oxygen permeability and flame retardancy properties of biodegradable polymethylmethacrylate/starch composites
Authors: Kisku Sudhir K. , Swain Sarat K.
Published: November 2011

Polymethylmethacrylate/starch (PMMA/starch) composites were prepared by emulsion polymerization method using potassium persulphate (KPS) as the radical initiator. The interaction of starch with polymethylmethacrylate was evidenced by ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The structure of PMMA/starch composite was studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) study and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The thermal properties of starch, PMMA/starch composites were compared with the virgin PMMA sample. The PMMA/starch composites were found to be flame retardant material from the measurement of limiting oxygen index (LOI) of samples. The biodegradability of the PMMA/starch composites were studied by active sludge water and it was found that degradability of composites increases with increasing time interval. The oxygen permeability of PMMA/starch composites was substantially decreased as compared to virgin PMMA. The reduction of oxygen permeability of the PMMA/starch composites may enable the materials applicable in packaging industries. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Reference values of nocturnal oxygenation for use in outpatient oxygen weaning protocols in premature infants
Authors: Rhein Lawrence , Simoneau Tregony , Davis Jaclyn , Correia Catherine , Ferrari Dan , Monuteaux Michael , Gregory MaryLucia
Published: November 2011

Objective

To define reference ranges for oxygen saturation (SpO2) values in healthy full‐term infants in the first days of life and in preterm infants off supplemental oxygen as they approach neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge.

Methods

From April 2009 to March 2010, we enrolled convenience samples of full‐term infants from the newborn nursery and former preterm infants who did not require supplemental oxygen at the time of discharge from the NICU. Overnight SpO2 and signal quality recordings were obtained and analyzed for duration of artifact‐free recording time (AFRT), time (s) with SpO2 less than several different target saturations (90–95%), and number of falls in SpO2 by ≥4% and ≥10%.

Results

We studied 102 full‐term infants and 52 preterm infants. Preterm and full‐term infants spent similar amounts of time less than 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, and 95% although preterm infants had more falls in SpO2 by ≥4% per hour of AFRT. Over 67% of term and preterm infants spent less than 6% of their time below 93%.

Conclusion

These data represent reference SpO2 ranges for both preterm infants not requiring supplemental oxygen at NICU discharge and full‐term infants in the first days of life. As we currently lack guidelines dictating the optimal target oxygen saturations for infants and the acceptable maximal time that they can safely spend below set target saturations, our data may serve as a guide to interpreting SpO2 recordings of premature outpatient infants who are weaning from supplemental oxygen. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:453–459. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using layers of protection analysis to evaluate fire and gas systems
Authors: Baybutt Paul
Published: November 2011

An International society of automation (ISA) technical report provides guidance on evaluating the effectiveness of fire and gas systems (FGSs) in reducing risks in processes using an event tree risk model in preference to layers of protection analysis (LOPA) which was viewed as too limited for application to FGSs. This article shows that LOPA can be used instead of event trees to produce equivalent results and that LOPA is preferred for both technical and practical reasons. One of the examples from the ISA technical report is analyzed using LOPA to show how this is accomplished. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Determination of famoxadone, fenamidone, fenhexamid and iprodione residues in greenhouse tomatoes
Authors: Angioni Alberto , Porcu Luciano , Dedola Fabrizio
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND: Greenhouse tomato production is intended exclusively for fresh consumption. Typical greenhouse conditions provide a conducive environment for the development of different fungi, principally late blight and grey mould, that can destroy plants and fruits. For this reason, different fungicides with different sites of action are used in integrated pest management strategies. Famoxadone, fenamidone, fenhexamid and iprodione (fig. 1) are fungicides of difference classes with different actions that could be used to control tomato pests.

RESULTS: The QuEChERS method showed good recoveries, and the analytical method allowed good separation of the fungicides selected. Good results were obtained in terms of repeatability and intermediate precision, with a coefficient of variation of < 9.8%. The limits of determination and quantification of the method were far below the maximum residual levels (MRLs) set by the EU for these fungicides in tomatoes. The analysis of fungicide residues showed that cv. Shiren accounted for higher residue levels than cv. Caramba. The dissipation curves were similar in the two cultivars, indicating that the decrease in pesticides was not related to the tomato type.

CONCLUSIONS: Care should be taken when using pesticides in greenhouse conditions, because degradation mainly affects fruit growth. The size of the tomato, in particular its surface/weight ratio, is very important for defining pesticide residues. All fungicides used showed residue levels below the MRLs at the preharvest interval. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Contact and fumigant toxicity of Armoracia rusticana essential oil, allyl isothiocyanate and related compounds to Dermatophagoides farinae
Authors: Yun Yeon‐Kyeong , Kim Hyun‐Kyung , Kim Jun‐Ran , Hwang Kumnara , Ahn Young‐Joon
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND: The toxicity to adult Dermatophagoides farinae of allyl isothiocyanate identified in horseradish, Armoracia rusticana, oil and another 27 organic isothiocyanates was evaluated using contact + fumigant and vapour‐phase mortality bioassays. Results were compared with those of two conventional acaricides, benzyl benzoate and dibutyl phthalate.

RESULTS: Horseradish oil (24 h LC50, 1.54 µg cm−2) and allyl isothiocyanate (2.52 µg cm−2) were highly toxic. Benzyl isothiocyanate (LC50, 0.62 µg cm−2) was the most toxic compound, followed by 4‐chlorophenyl, 3‐bromophenyl, 3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyclohexyl, 2‐chlorophenyl, 4‐bromophenyl and 2‐bromophenyl isothiocyanates (0.93–1.41 µg cm−2). All were more effective than either benzyl benzoate (LC50, 4.58 µg cm−2) or dibutyl phthalate (24.49 µg cm−2). The structure‐activity relationship indicates that types of functional group and chemical structure appear to play a role in determining the isothiocyanate toxicities to adult D. farinae. In the vapour‐phase mortality bioassay, these isothiocyanates were consistently more toxic in closed versus open containers, indicating that their mode of delivery was, in part, a result of vapour action.

CONCLUSION: In the light of global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in indoor environments, the horseradish oil‐derived compounds and the isothiocyanates described herein merit further study as potential acaricides for the control of house dust mite populations as fumigants with contact action. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
A generalized design methodology for the output feedback regulation of a special type of systems with bounded inputs
Authors: Zavala‐Río A. , Aguilera‐González A. , Martínez‐Sibaja A. , Astorga‐Zaragoza C. M. , Adam‐Medina M.
Published: November 2011

In this work, a generalized design scheme for the output feedback regulation of a special type of systems with bounded inputs is proposed. It gives rise to a simple dynamic controller that guarantees the regulation objective avoiding input saturation, for any initial condition within a specific set that may comprehend the whole state space and that does not require any additional system data (apart from the output variable). Several processes, like double‐pipe heat exchangers, bioreactors, and binary distillation columns, are shown to be part of the type of systems that may be regulated through the developed methodology. The efficiency of the proposed scheme is corroborated through experimental and simulation results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delay‐dependent stability and robust L2 −L ∞  control for a class of fuzzy descriptor systems with time‐varying delay
Authors: Kchaou Mourad , Souissi Mansour , Toumi Ahmed
Published: November 2011

In this paper, the problem of delay‐dependent robust L2 −L ∞  (energy to peak) control for a class of uncertain fuzzy descriptor systems with time‐varying delay is investigated. The parametric uncertainties are assumed to be of a linear fractional form involving all system matrices. First, a delay‐dependent criterion is given in terms of LMIs to guarantee that the fuzzy descriptor system is regular, impulse free, and stable. Based on this criterion, a state fuzzy feedback controller is designed to ensure that the closed‐loop system is regular, impulse free, and robustly stable with a prescribed L2 −L ∞  performance satisfied for all admissible parameter uncertainties. Numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive fuzzy decentralized output feedback control for stochastic nonlinear large‐scale systems using DSC technique
Authors: Tong Shaocheng , Li Yongming , Wang Tao
Published: November 2011

In this paper, an adaptive fuzzy decentralized backstepping output feedback control approach is proposed for a class of uncertain large‐scale stochastic nonlinear systems without the measurements of the states. The fuzzy logic systems are used to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions, and a fuzzy state observer is designed for estimating the unmeasured states. Using the designed fuzzy state observer, and by combining the adaptive backstepping technique with dynamic surface control technique, an adaptive fuzzy decentralized output feedback control approach is developed. It is shown that the proposed control approach can guarantee that all the signals of the resulting closed‐loop system are semi‐globally uniformly ultimately bounded in probability, and the observer errors and the output of the system converge to a small neighborhood of the origin by choosing appropriate design parameters. A simulation example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Output regulation for a class of switched nonlinear systems: an average dwell‐time method
Authors: Dong Xiaoxiao , Zhao Jun
Published: November 2011

This paper studies the problem of output regulation for a class of switched nonlinear systems. Sufficient conditions for the problem to be solved are presented in terms of the average dwell‐time scheme. These conditions are obtained based on full information feedback laws and error feedback laws, respectively. The results extend the output regulation theory for non‐switched nonlinear systems to switched nonlinear systems. A simulation example also shows the validity of the results.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS study of Al‐Alkyl effect on Ziegler–Natta catalytic system
Authors: Wenqing Huang , Xi Zhao , Ying Zhang
Published: November 2011

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was performed on Ziegler–Natta catalysts to elucidate the effect of aluminum alkyl compounds (Al‐Alkyl) on TiClx/MgCl2/THF catalytic system. Chemical structure and element composition changes of catalysts were studied and various reduction activity of Al‐alkyl on catalysts was identified in different processes. The analytical results indicate that XPS is an acceptable method to measure titanium valence in Al‐alkyl‐ZN catalysts with a proper sample protection method. The XPS results demonstrate that the Al‐alkyl treatment of ZN catalysts could influence the chemical state of titanium dramatically. In Method A, the valence of Ti was reduced to Ti3+ partially, and the contents of Ti3+ increased with the increasing amount of DC, but Ti2+ was absent. With same amount of Al%, combination of DC and THA has better reduction effect than DC with Method B. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preconditioning by Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibition Improves Therapeutic Efficacy of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Following Myocardial Infarction in Mice
Authors: Hoke Nicholas N. , Salloum Fadi N. , Kass David A. , Das Anindita , Kukreja Rakesh C.
Published: November 2011

The rationale of this article is enhancing the therapeutic potential of stem cells in ischemic microenvironments by novel preconditioning strategies is critical for improving cellular therapy. We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) with sildenafil (Viagra) or knockdown with a silencing vector in adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) would improve their survival and enhance cardiac function following myocardial implantation in vivo. ASCs were treated with sildenafil or PDE-5 silencing vector short hairpin RNA (shRNAPDE-5) and subjected to simulated ischemia/reoxygenation in vitro. Both sildenafil and shRNAPDE-5 significantly improved viability, decreased necrosis, apoptosis, and enhanced the release of growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF), and insulin-like growth factor. Inhibition of protein kinase G reversed these effects. To show the beneficial effect of preconditioned ASCs in vivo, adult male CD-1 mice underwent myocardial infarction. Preconditioned ASCs (4 × 105) were directly injected intramyocardially. Preconditioned ASC-treated hearts showed consistently superior cardiac function when compared with nonpreconditioned ASCs after 4 weeks of treatment. This was associated with significantly reduced fibrosis, increased vascular density, and decreased resident myocyte apoptosis when compared with mice receiving nonpreconditioned ASCs. VEGF, b-FGF, and Angiopoietin-1 were also significantly elevated 4 weeks after cell therapy with preconditioned ASCs. We conclude that preconditioning by inhibition of PDE-5 can be a powerful novel approach to improve stem cell therapy following myocardial infarction.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Epithelial and Mesenchymal Subpopulations Within Normal Basal Breast Cell Lines Exhibit Distinct Stem Cell/Progenitor Properties
Authors: Sarrio David , Franklin Chris K. , Mackay Alan , Reis-Filho Jorge S. , Isacke Clare M.
Published: November 2011

It has been proposed that epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells generates stem cell features, and that the presence of EMT characteristics in claudin-low breast tumors reveals their origin in basal stem cells. It remains to be determined, however, whether EMT is an inherent property of normal basal stem cells, and if the presence of a mesenchymal-like phenotype is required for the maintenance of all their stem cell properties. We used nontumorigenic basal cell lines as models of normal stem cells/progenitors and demonstrate that these cell lines contain an epithelial subpopulation (“EpCAM+,” epithelial cell adhesion molecule positive [EpCAMpos]/CD49fhigh) that spontaneously generates mesenchymal-like cells (“Fibros,” EpCAMneg/CD49fmed/low) through EMT. Importantly, stem cell/progenitor properties such as regenerative potential, high aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 activity, and formation of three-dimensional acini-like structures predominantly reside within EpCAM+ cells, while Fibros exhibit invasive behavior and mammosphere-forming ability. A gene expression profiling meta-analysis established that EpCAM+ cells show a luminal progenitor-like expression pattern, while Fibros most closely resemble stromal fibroblasts but not stem cells. Moreover, Fibros exhibit partial myoepithelial traits and strong similarities with claudin-low breast cancer cells. Finally, we demonstrate that Slug and Zeb1 EMT-inducers control the progenitor and mesenchymal-like phenotype in EpCAM+ cells and Fibros, respectively, by inhibiting luminal differentiation. In conclusion, nontumorigenic basal cell lines have intrinsic capacity for EMT, but a mesenchymal-like phenotype does not correlate with the acquisition of global stem cell/progenitor features. Based on our findings, we propose that EMT in normal basal cells and claudin-low breast cancers reflects aberrant/incomplete myoepithelial differentiation.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Measuring instructional practice in science using classroom artifacts: lessons learned from two validation studies
Authors: Martínez José Felipe , Borko Hilda , Stecher Brian M.
Published: November 2011

With growing interest in the role of teachers as the key mediators between educational policies and outcomes, the importance of developing good measures of classroom processes has become increasingly apparent. Yet, collecting reliable and valid information about a construct as complex as instruction poses important conceptual and technical challenges. This article summarizes the results of two studies that investigated the properties of measures of instruction based on a teacher‐generated instrument (the Scoop Notebook) that combines features of portfolios and self‐report. Classroom artifacts and teacher reflections were collected from samples of middle school science classrooms and rated along 10 dimensions of science instruction derived from the National Science Education Standards; ratings based on direct classroom observations were used as comparison. The results suggest that instruments that combine artifacts and self‐reports hold promise for measuring science instruction with reliability similar to, and sizeable correlations with, measures based on classroom observation. We discuss the implications and lessons learned from this work for the conceptualization, design, and use of artifact‐based instruments for measuring instructional practice in different contexts and for different purposes. Artifact‐based instruments may illuminate features of instruction not apparent even through direct classroom observation; moreover, the process of structured collection and reflection on artifacts may have value for professional development. However, their potential value and applicability on a larger scale depends on careful consideration of the match between the instrument and the model of instruction, the intended uses of the measures, and the aspects of classroom practice most amenable to reliable scoring through artifacts. We outline a research agenda for addressing unresolved questions and advancing theoretical and practical knowledge around the measurement of instructional practice. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 38–67, 2012
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Program Attenuates Stress and Accelerates Recovery in Patients After Radical Resection for Colorectal Cancer: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ren Li , Zhu Dexiang , Wei Ye , Pan Xiangou , Liang Li , Xu Jianmin , Zhong Yunshi , Xue Zhanggang , Jin Ling , Zhan Shaokang , Niu Weixin , Qin Xinyu , Wu Zhaohan , Wu Zhaoguang
Published: November 2011

Background

The aim of this trial was to compare the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) program with conventional perioperative management in patients who underwent radical resection for colorectal cancer.

Methods

A combination of evidence‐based and consensus methodology was used to develop the ERAS protocol. Five hundred ninety‐seven consecutive patients who underwent elective colorectal resection were randomized to either the ERAS (n = 299) or the control group (n = 298). Outcomes relating to nutrition and metabolism index, stress index, and recovery index were measured and recorded.

Results

Demographic and operative data were similar between the two groups. Patients in the ERAS group showed improved nutritional status when compared with those of the control group. On postoperative day (POD) 1, the HOMA‐IR (insulin resistance index) of the ERAS group was lower than that of the control group (p < 0.001). The cortisol level of the control group was elevated on both POD 1 (p = 0.007) and POD 5 (p = 0.002) compared to the preoperative level. However, the cortisol level of the ERAS group was not increased until POD 5 (p = 0.001). Reduced levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IFN‐γ in the ERAS group indicated less postoperative stress responses. In addition, ERAS was associated with accelerated recovery of gastrointestinal function. The postoperative length of stay (p < 0.001) and expense (p < 0.001) for the ERAS group were reduced in comparison to the controls. Twenty‐eight cases in the control group and twenty‐nine in the ERAS group suffered complications, which was not significantly different.

Conclusion

The ERAS protocol attenuates the surgical stress response and accelerates postoperative recovery without compromising patient safety.