bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EMERGENCE OF DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) FROM BURIED LOGS
Authors: Safranyik L. , Linton D.A.
Published: December 2009

The spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), causes periodic, widespread mortality of mature spruce (Picea spp.) in western North America (Massey and Wygant 1954; Schmid and Frye 1977). In British Columbia, logging of infested stands and felling of trap trees are the commonly recommended methods for preventing or suppressing spruce beetle outbreaks. Implicit in these methods is the requirement of treating infested logging residue, and removal for processing of trap trees after the attack period of the spruce beetle. The usual treatment for infested logging residue, prescribed burning, is difficult to carry out in most years because of the generally wet climate of spruce forests during the growing season and the fall period. The forest industry questioned whether burying infested logging residue would be effective in preventing emergence by the spruce beetle. The work described herein addressed this question.
THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE). EFFECTS OF DIETARY LINOLENIC ACID ON PUPAL SYNDROME, WING SYNDROME, SURVIVAL, AND PUPAL FAT COMPOSITION
Authors: Bracken G. K.
Published: December 2009

Linolenic acid, added to a defatted diet in which wheast and alfalfa meal were the only protein sources, optimally reduced wing syndrome (defined as crumpled wings) in Mamestra brassica Walker at 1.1 mg/g (w/w dry wt.) of diet, increased survival to pupa at 2.2 mg/g, and reduced pupal syndrome (defined as improper formation of the 4th abdominal sternite) and increased survival to adult at 5.8 mg/g. Pupal weight increased and incidence of diapause decreased as dietary linolenic acid increased. Linoleic acid substituted for linolenic acid only in survival to the pupal stage. Pupae from larvae fed artificial diets had more fat (20.6–25.5% dry wt.) than pupae from larvae fed rape leaves (16.5%). Absolute levels of linolenic acid increased in pupae in proportion to dietary levels including pupae from larvae reared on rape leaves but the relative amount of linolenic acid sequestered in pupae from leaf-fed larvae was greater.

Pupal syndrome is a sensitive indicator of dietary adequacy and its occurrence is affected by dietary linolenic acid and possibly other fat soluble components.
THE CARABID BEETLES OF INSULAR NEWFOUNDLAND (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE: CICINDELLIDAE) — 30 YEARS AFTER LINDROTH
Authors: Larson David J. , Langor David W.
Published: December 2009

The present carabid beetle fauna (sensuLindroth 1955, including Carabidae and Cicindellidae) of Newfoundland is compared with that observed by C. H. Lindroth 30 years ago. Five additional species are now known bringing the faunal total to 171 species. Two of these additional species,Chlaenius alternatesandLebia moestaare Nearctic whileCarabus granulatus,Leistus ferrugineus, andBembidion properansare of Palaearctic origin. The known ranges of an additional seven introduced species have increased. The patterns of these range changes support two models of Palaearctic species establishment in Newfoundland: by direct human-assisted introduction onto the island; and through flight across the Cabot Strait by winged species initially established on the North American mainland.
PATHOGENICITY OF VAIRIMORPHA NECATRIX (MICROSPORIDIA: NOSEMATIDAE) AGAINST OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Lewis Leslie C. , Gunnarson Robert D. , Cossentine Joan E.
Published: December 2009

Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer) readily infects and kills the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), in the laboratory. The corn borer is either killed in the larval stage within a few days after infection by disruption of the midgut and septicemia or in the pupal stage by microsporidiosis. Insects that are not killed by V. necatrix have a reduced potential for pupation, emergence, and reproduction.
A REVISION OF THE NEARCTICLEPTOCERA(THORACOCHAETADUDA) (DIPTERA: SPHAEROCERIDAE)
Authors: Marshall S. A.
Published: December 2009

Leptocera(ThoracochaetaDuda), a subgenus of sphaerocerid flies associated with marine supralittoral habitats, is revised for the Nearctic Region. Keys are provided for separation of the nine Nearctic species.L. (T.)teskeyi,L. (T.)flaminuta,L. (T.)calminuta, andL. (T.)bajaminutaare described as new andL. (T.)zosteraeis recorded from the Nearctic for the first time. The larvae of three species (zosterae,seticosta, andbrachystoma) are described.
MITOSYNUM VOCKEROTHI, A NEW GENUS AND NEW SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA (STAPHYLINIDAE: OXYTELINAE) FROM EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

Mitosynum vockerothi, a new genus and new species of Staphylinidae, is described from Kouchibouguac National Park, New Brunswick. The genus is compared with the genus Syntomium Curtis (Oxytelinae: Coprophilini). The phylogenetic position of the genus is considered based on Herman's (1970) study of the phylogeny of the genera of the Oxytelinae.
INFLUENCE OF HOST AGE ON HOST ACCEPTABILITY AND SUITABILITY FOR A SPECIES OF TRICHOGRAMMA (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) ATTACKING AQUATIC DIPTERA
Authors: Juliano Steven A.
Published: December 2009

Eggs of Sepedon fuscipennis (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) < 1, 1–2, 2–3, and 3–4 days old were offered to inexperienced female Trichogramma sp. near californicum in a laboratory experiment. Exposure period (2 h) and number of host eggs offered at one time (10) were held constant. Percentage of hosts parasitized, total number of parasitoid progeny found in a group of hosts, percentage of parasitized hosts yielding adult parasitoids, and survivorship of parasitoid progeny to adulthood all decreased significantly with increased host age. Younger hosts yielded more than one adult parasitoid more often than did older hosts. Over 50% of the adult parasitoids emerging from hosts < 1, or 1–2 days old were female. Hosts 2–3 days old produced only males. The data show a somewhat different relationship of host age to host acceptance and suitability than do some published data on lepidopteran hosts of Trichogramma.
A REVISION OF HALIDAYINA DUDA (DIPTERA: SPHAEROCERIDAE)
Authors: Marshall S. A.
Published: December 2009

The formerly monotypic genus Halidayina Duda, based on the Holarctic species H. spinipennis (Haliday) is revised. Two new species are described, H. exserta from Arizona and California, and H. asymmetrica from Mexico.
NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA (=PORTHETRIA) DISPAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Morris Ray F. , Greenslade G. L. , Raske A. G.
Published: December 2009

On 20 September 1980 a single male gypsy moth, Lymantria (= Porthetria) dispar (L.), was found in a pheromone trap near the Arts and Culture Centre, Corner Brook, Newfoundland. Identification was confirmed by Dr. J. D. Lafontaine, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa. This was the first record of the gypsy moth in Newfoundland, which is separated in the south 144 km from Nova Scotia and in the north 14 km from Labrador.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN SEX ATTRACTANT TRAP CATCHES OF EUXOA MESSORIA AND E. OCHROGASTER(LEPIDOPTER: NOCTUIDAE) IN RELATION TO THEIR BIOLOGY IN MANITOBA
Authors: Ayre G. L. , Turnock W. J. , Struble D. L.
Published: December 2009

Tests of intertrap variability in catches of moths of the darksided and redbacked cutworms, Euxoa messoria (Harris) and E. ochrogaster (Guenée), were conducted by placing two traps for each species baited with synthetic sex attractants at 1.6 km (1 mi) intervals to form a grid covering 64 km2 (25 mi2) near Domain, Manitoba. These sex attractants were 93 and 99.6% species specific for E. messoria and E. ochrogaster respectively. Moth catches varied between traps and flights, but the ranking of the traps by catch for each species was consistent during any given flight period. Variability in intertrap catches of E. messoria indicated the moths were not evenly distributed throughout the test area and consequently a sex-attractant trap system with 1.6 km trap spacing is not suitable for monitoring population levels. For E. ochrogaster four traps within an area of 64 km2 would be required to give a population estimate within 20% of the true mean. The flights of E. messoria are not related to degree days and started abruptly and at the same time each year suggesting that development may be synchronized by the summer diapause of the prepupae. The flights of E. ochrogaster were related to degree day accumulations above a threshold temperature of 12.5 °C. Crops had no apparent influence on the distribution of moth catches for either species.
ACTIVITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CARABIDAE, ARACHNIDA, AND STAPHYLINIDAE IN NEW BRUNSWICK POTATO FIELDS
Authors: Boiteau Gilles
Published: December 2009

A 3-year faunal survey of insecticide-free potato fields revealed that Carabidae were the most abundant ground arthropods followed by Arachnida and Staphylinidae. Generic and species composition of Carabidae did not vary substantially from year to year but abundance did. The arthropods were distributed along a gradient decreasing with distance from the edge of the field closest to the woodland. Results of yellow pan trappings indicated that all types of Carabidae present in the pitfalls could fly but that flight activity was variable among genera. More than 50% of Staphylinidae and 85% of the Carabidae were trapped in the yellow pans at the time of field colonization in June. The significance of these findings in relation to the potential of the arthropods for natural biological control of potato pests is discussed.
NOCTUA PRONUBA, A EUROPEAN CUTWORM, ESTABLISHED IN NOVA SCOTIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Wright Barry , Neil Kenneth A.
Published: December 2009

In the palearctic region Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus), the Large Yellow Underwing Moth, ranges from North Africa through Western Europe to Finland and Iceland. In Britain the flight period extends from April to October with peak emergence in August. The larva feeds in winter on grasses and low plants and is often a pest in gardens. This species is occasionally bivoltine when eggs laid early in the year develop to adults in the fall. The moth comes readily to bait (fermented fruit and molasses) applied to tree trunks at dusk, and is also attracted to light. The moth is polymorphic and sexually dimorphic. All of the usual forms are present in Nova Scotia.
BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF SECONDARY COMPONENTS OF THE SEX PHEROMONE OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Alford A. R. , Silk P. J. , McClure M. , Gibson C. , Fitzpatrick J.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory wind tunnel and field observations have demonstrated an important behavioural role of tetradecanal (14:Ald) in the chemical communication system of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens). A greater number of males initiated upwind flight and continued on to contact the source when 14:Ald was present than with 95/5 E/Z11-tetradecenal (E/Z11-14:Ald) alone. The presence of E11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (E11-14:Ac) decreased the males' responsiveness to the aldehydes. Its effect appeared to be attenuated, when present at low levels with 95/5 E/Z11-14:Ald, by the presence of 14:Ald, but it is still unclear what effects low levels of E11-14:Ac have on male behaviour.
LOCAL DISPERSAL OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) MOTHS DETERMINED BY MARK, RELEASE, AND RECAPTURE
Authors: Sanders C. J.
Published: December 2009

Local dispersal and survival of male spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), moths under field conditions was determined by mark, release, and recapture in pheromone-baited traps. Recapture rates and distance of recapture were dependent upon height of traps and proximity of traps to the release point, but over 65% of those recaptured were caught within 50 m. With traps 20 m apart, 30% of the recaptures were in traps farthest from the release point (50–70 m), a fact which suggests that male spruce budworm may disperse beyond this distance at low densities. Males were recaptured up to 7 days after release, and had a daily survival rate averaging 67%.
EFFECTS OF ELEVATION ON THE RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Thomson A. J. , Harris J. W. E. , Silversides R. H. , Shepherd R. F.
Published: December 2009

A simple empirical model of temperature variation with elevation was successfully used to explain variation in observed rates of development of larvae and pupae of the western spruce budworm in mountainous terrain. Hopkins' Bioclimatic Law did not adequately describe development of stages earlier than the sixth instar. Regional differences in the effect of elevation are demonstrated and related to coastal and interior conditions. Direct solar heating effects appear to be of major significance in the early instars. The empirically-derived rates of temperature decrease could be generally applied to regions with dry inland conditions, but not to moist coastal regions.
PROTECTION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS FROM INACTIVATION BY SUNLIGHT
Authors: Morris O. N.
Published: December 2009

The effectiveness of several commercially available sunlight screens in protecting Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (B.t.) against inactivation by solar irradiation was assessed in the laboratory and field. Spore viability and residual insecticidal activity of B.t. were rapidly reduced by solar radiation in the range of 300 to 400 nm wavelength. The addition of ultraviolet absorbers, Uvinul DS49 and Erio Acid Red, to a Thuricide spray formulation prolonged the insecticidal residual activity on coniferous trees, resulting in greater effectiveness against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), compared with a formulation lacking these protectants.
SAMPLING LEAVES TO ESTIMATE THE DENSITY OF BROWN MITE, BRYOBIA RUBRIOCULUS (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE), ON APPLES
Authors: Herbert H. J. , Hamilton D. , Gabor G.
Published: December 2009

In the first generation brown mite, Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten), on apple inhabits the wood as well as the leaves. To eliminate sampling the wood, which is very tedious and time consuming, equations were developed to describe the total population of immature stages and adults from observations of the number of mites on the leaves alone.
RESPONSES TO WEATHER OF EIGHT APHID SPECIES COMMONLY FOUND IN PASTURES IN SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Gutierrez A. P. , Yaninek J. S.
Published: December 2009

A very simple model of normalized growth rates of temperate pasture legumes and grasses in response to temperature and moisture developed by Fitzpatrick and Nix for Australia was modified and used to examine the favorability of weather for the build-up of eight species of aphids in southeastern Australia. The work takes a physiological approach to describing the condition favorable for aphid population development.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WET GRAIN, CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE) POPULATIONS, AND HEATING IN WHEAT STORED IN GRANARIES
Authors: Smith L. B.
Published: December 2009

Water added to stored wheat in the Prairie Provinces of western Canada promotes heating in the autumn and early winter. A rapid increase in a population of C. ferrugineus (Stephens) where the wheat was wet occurred after heating began and was, therefore, a consequence of the heating and not a cause.
IMPACT OF METHAMIDOPHOS AND METHOMYL ON POPULATIONS OF LIRIOMYZA SPECIES (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) AND ASSOCIATED PARASITES IN CELERY
Authors: Trumble John T. , Toscano Nick C.
Published: December 2009

Methamidophos proved more suitable than methomyl for incorporation in an integrated pest management program for celery. Methomyl applications resulted in increased leaf mining and greater emergence of Liriomyza species leafminers. Methomyl use also increased adult parasite mortality, and significantly reduced the rate of parasitism by approximately 50% as compared to methamidophos or control treatments. Species composition of parasites was influenced by pesticide treatments; the Diglyphus species, Chrysocharis species and Halticoptera circulus (Walk.) demonstrated tolerance, but Chrysonotomyia punctiventris (Crawford) was intolerant.
EGG DISPERSAL PATTERNS AND ADULT FEEDING BEHAVIOUR IN THE LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Hebert Paul D. N.
Published: December 2009

The adults of many Lepidoptera augment carbohydrate and protein reserves accumulated during larval life by feeding on nectar or sap flows. However, the adults of other species have non-functional mouthparts. The feeding behaviour of the species in a particular family or subfamily tends to be stereotyped. Thus in some taxa nearly all of the species have functional mouthparts in the adult stage, while in other taxa the mouth-parts are aborted. In those taxa whose adults feed, eggs are nearly always laid singly or in pairs. By contrast a significant proportion of the species whose adults fail to feed lay their eggs in clusters. This shift in egg laying behaviour can be explained by recognizing that an increased proportion of the energy reserves stored during larval life can be directed towards egg production if females engage in limited flight.
PHENOLOGY OF FLEA BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) FLIGHT IN RELATION TO THEIR INVASION OF CANOLA FIELDS IN MANITOBA
Authors: Lamb R. J.
Published: December 2009

A suction trap operating 1.4 m above ground and sticky traps arranged from ground level to 7 m were used to collect flea beetles during 1979–1982. The suction trap showed a peak in flight activity for Phyllotreta striolata (F.) in late April and May, but caught few beetles later in the season. The same trap showed that Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) commenced flying a few days later than P. striolata, but continued to fly through the summer. The highest catch of P. cruciferae occurred in late August and early September. Prior to early June more flea beetles were caught on sticky traps at 1 and 2 m than on traps at ground level or 0.5 m. Subsequently more were caught at the two lower elevations. Beetles were captured on sticky traps up to the highest trapping height of 7 m throughout the growing season. These data suggest that the average flight elevation and level of flight activity are highest until the beginning of June for both species and then drop, and that P. cruciferae usually flies more actively and at higher elevations than P. striolata.

Overwintered P. cruciferae flew only when daily maximum temperatures exceeded 14 °C. The new generation of adults was captured flying in August and September when daily maximum temperatures were as low as 4.7 °C. Throughout the season, the catch in a suction trap was negatively correlated with average wind speed.

Given the extended flight period of P. cruciferae, late seeding of canola would not prevent invasion of the crop by this pest. Day to day variation in beetle catches by sticky traps or a suction trap, and trap to trap variation for sticky traps was high. Therefore, such traps would not provide sufficiently precise estimates of flea beetle densities prior to seeding to permit farmers to determine whether a field requires a seed treatment.
MAXILLARY, MANDIBULARY, AND HYPOPHARYNGEAL STYLETS OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE); A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY
Authors: Lee Robert M. K. W. , Craig D. A.
Published: December 2009

Mandibles of females of 10 species of mosquitoes from five genera; hypopharynx of females of 26 species from 11 genera; and laciniae of females of 31 species from 14 genera, were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Mandibular teeth are present inAnophelesandArmigeresfemales, but absent inAedes,Culiseta, andCulex. Interdigitating cuticular projections are present at the tip of the hypopharynx in all females examined. The salivary canal is open both at the tip as well as dorsally along a longitudinal slit. The average number of lateral teeth on the maxillary stylets varies according to species. Mesial and vestigial teeth are present in some species. There is no correlation between number of maxillary teeth and specific hosts of mosquito species. The function of stylet structure in feeding is discussed.
HYALOMYODES TRIANGULIFER (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) PARASITIZES ADULTS OF RHINOCYLLUS CONICUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Smith Lane M. , Kok L. T.
Published: December 2009

Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich was introduced from Europe into Canada and the United States for the biological control of Carduus thistles (Kok 1981). Although several reports indicate that the larval and pupal stages of R. conicus are parasitized by native hymenopterous parasites (Dowd and Kok 1982; Puttler et al. 1978; Rees 1977; Surles 1974) and by mites (Goeden and Ricker 1977) in the USA, no native parasite attacking eggs or adults of R. conicus has ever been reported. However, in 1981 and 1982, flies emerged from puparia formed beside field collected adult R. conicus which were maintained in the laboratory. Three specimens were obtained and identified as Hyalomyodes triangulifer (Loew) (Diptera: Tachinidae). This is the first native nearctic parasite known to attack adult R. conicus.
PESTICIDES, POLLINATION, AND FRUIT SET ON APPLE
Authors: Hagley Elmer A. C.
Published: December 2009

Insecticides are often applied immediately prior to bloom on apple to control various pests. While extensive reviews (Johansen 1977; Standifer 1977) of the toxic effects of these materials on honey bees are available, little is known of their “repellent” effect (van Praag 1980), which might result in reduced flower visits and hence less efficient pollination. Little information is also available on the direct effect of insecticides on pollination and fruit set.
REFRIGERATION, A PRACTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR STORAGE OF EGGS OF TRICHOSIROCALUS HORRIDUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Kok L. T. , McAvoy T. J.
Published: December 2009

Trichosirocalus (= Ceutorhynchidius) horridus (Panzer), introduced from Italy into the USA for the control of Carduus thistles in 1974/75, is well established in Virginia (Kok and Trumble 1979). Field studies on the development of this weevil on Carduus thistles in Italy (K. E. Frick, USDA, Stoneville, Mississippi — pers. comm; Boldt and Campobasso 1981) and in Virginia (Trumble and Kok 1979) revealed that weevil eggs were commonly found in rosettes during the winter months. In Virginia, first instars were detected in rosettes immediately after the snow melted (Trumble and Kok 1979). Therefore, the eggs are exposed to the coldest temperatures in January and February when air temperatures reach −20°C in western Virginia. The effects of such temperatures on the proportion of hatch and on the viability of the hatchlings are not known. In addition, T. horridus has consistently laid the maximum number of eggs in November and December in the laboratory for the past 10 years. Thus, a large supply of thistles had to be grown in the greenhouse to support the weevil population during the winter when plant growth was poor and mortality of laboratory reared T. horridus was high. In any successful biological control program the proper time of release of the beneficial organism as well as numbers available is critical. Successful storage of T. horridus eggs would greatly increase the number of T. horridus available when needed for inoculative releases or experimental purposes. The purpose of this study was to determine suitable temperatures and storage times for T. horridus eggs without affecting hatch and viability.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, SEX, AND GENETIC BACKGROUND ON COLORATION OF CHORISTONEURA SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS IN SOUTH-CENTRAL OREGON
Authors: Volney W. J. A. , Liebhold A. M. , Waters W. E.
Published: December 2009

Coloration of larval, pupal, and adult progeny of Choristoneura spp. collected from Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. in south-central Oregon depended on the temperature at which the insects were reared. Sex and genetic background were also major sources of variation in coloration. Many of the characters which varied with temperature were thought to be of value in distinguishing C. occidentalis Freeman from C. retiniana (Walsingham). The association between a combination of larval characters and a combination of adult forewing maculations, though weak, allows a calculation of the probability that an adult belongs to a certain lineage defined by larval features. Individuals from mixed families were particularly difficult to categorize because of the variation encountered and the sensitivity of their appearance to rearing temperature. The biological significance of this variation and its implications to pest management are discussed.
OPTIMAL SAMPLE SIZE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS ON BALSAM FIR AND WHITE SPRUCE
Authors: Régnière Jacques , Sanders C. J.
Published: December 2009

An equation is presented for the determination of sample sizes needed to estimate with a given precision the larval population density of spruce budworm on balsam fir and white spruce branch tips in Ontario. This equation is primarily applicable to low densities, but is valid to a density of 50 larvae/branch tip. The distribution of budworm larvae at densities below 0.1/branch tip is nearly random, and is aggregated at higher densities. Their distribution is the same on the two host species.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF PISSODES GERMAR (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): FEEDING PREFERENCE AND BREEDING SITE SPECIFICITY OF P. STROBI AND P. APPROXIMATUS
Authors: Phillips Thomas W. , Lanier Gerald N.
Published: December 2009

Pissodes strobi (Peck) and P. approximatus Hopkins are sibling species that can produce fertile hybrids in the laboratory, but in nature they are isolated by differences in their breeding habits. In a laboratory assay for feeding preference, these species exhibited similar patterns of acceptance of most conifer hosts in the fall, but differed distinctly in their preferences for certain conifers in the spring. Both species had high levels of feeding on white spruce in the fall and spring tests, hut these data apparently do not reflect host preference in nature. In field tests, P. strobi males and females confined on 1-year-old terminal leaders of eastern white pine (their usual breeding sites) produced abundant progeny, whereas P. approximatus pairs confined on leaders produced few progeny. Mixed species pairs were successful in killing and breeding in white pine leaders when the females were P. strobi, but not when the females were P. approximatus. Laboratory-reared hybrids were unsuccessful when forced to breed in leaders. When confined on red pine bolts (the usual breeding sites of P. approximatus), P. strobi and hybrids produced substantially fewer progeny than did P. approximatus. Breeding site separation provides compelling evidence of reproductive isolation between these sympatric species.
WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), ATTACK ON VARIOUS CONIFERS IN NEW YORK
Authors: Phillips Thomas W. , Lanier Gerald N.
Published: December 2009

Field studies were conducted in which adult white pine weevils, Pissodes strobi (Peck), were confined on the leaders of six different conifer species and various parameters of weevil attack were recorded. Eastern white pine, Pinus strobus, the preferred native host, was the most susceptible to attack and the most suitable for brood production. All white pine leaders on which 3 or 6 male–female pairs of weevils were confined were killed, and mean numbers of emerging brood adults per leader were 26.0 and 37.3, respectively. Some leaders of the other species of pine and of spruce, Picea spp., were also killed, but brood production from them was very low. White spruce, P. glauca, leaders proved to be the least suitable for production of brood because no adult progeny emerged, even from leaders that had been killed.
SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) MOTH FLIGHT FROM NEW BRUNSWICK TO NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Dobesberger E. J. , Lim K. P. , Raske A. G.
Published: December 2009

Numerous spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), moths were observed and trapped in western Newfoundland between 8 and 17 July 1982. At that time about 91% of the native Newfoundland budworm population was in the 5th and 6th instars and less than 1% had pupated. Spruce budworm moths probably emigrated with the aid of suitable weather from New Brunswick to Newfoundland.
SURVIVAL OF SPRINGAEDESSPP. MOSQUITO (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) LARVAE IN ICE-COVERED POOLS
Authors: Westwood A. R. , Surgeoner G. A. , Helson B. V.
Published: December 2009

First instar larvae of five springAedesspp. mosquitoes survived for at least 25 days beneath moderately thick ice (4.5 cm) in an open field habitat. While survival in the open field was in excess of 85%, larvae inhabiting a nearby deciduous woodland pool suffered 100% mortality within 25 days. Dissolved oxygen levels in the woodland pool fell drastically over the period of ice-cover indicating a trend toward an anaerobic condition which likely contributed to larval mortality.
VARIATION IN SPRING EMERGENCE PATTERNS AMONG WESTERN CHORISTONEURA SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS IN SOUTHERN OREGON
Authors: Volney W. Jan A. , Waters William E. , Akers R. Patrick , Liebhold Andrew M.
Published: December 2009

An analysis of the times to emergence in three sparse populations of Choristoneura spp. in western North America indicates that there was considerable variation in the calculated threshold of development among populations. Also, the number of heat units required to effect the emergence of any specified proportion of the population varied considerably among populations. The pattern of intra-population variation in times to emergence is such that the within-family variation was much larger than the among-family variation in the two populations from areas in which white fir is the only host. In the other population, from an area with a mixed stand of Douglas-fir and white fir, the pattern is reversed. This pattern remains even after an accounting is made for the parental host and larval color morph. It is hypothesized that the pattern of variation in the times to emergence may be due to the presence, in the latter population, of physiological morphs which cannot be recognized either by their appearance or their host of origin. These results have clear implications for pest management procedures which attempt to schedule activities related to the emergence of these insects in the spring.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW PTEROSTICHUS (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) FROM BEAVER HOUSES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Goulet Henri , Bousquet Yves
Published: December 2009

A new carabid species, Pterostichus (Melanius) castor, is described and characterized. The species appears to be restricted to beaver houses in eastern North America. The new species is closely related to P. ebeninus Dejean but can be distinguished from that species mainly by the form of the pronotum. Lindroth's key to Pterostichus of Canada is modified to include the new species.
DIAPAUSE TERMINATION AND THE THERMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR POSTDIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT IN SIX ONTARIO POPULATIONS OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Trimble R. M.
Published: December 2009

The timing of diapause termination and the thermal characteristics of postdiapause development were compared in six Ontario populations of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.). The populations studied were from the major apple growing areas which are located in four climatically different zones. Pupae of all populations collected in the fall and stored under simulated overwintering conditions had terminated diapause by the end of January. Pupae overwintering under natural conditions had also terminated diapause by this time. Significant population differences occurred in the postdiapause developmental threshold (t0) and thermal constant (K). Simulating postdiapause development and emergence of the six populations using the 1981 temperature records from one location resulted in a 9-day difference between the earliest and latest mean emergence times. The implications of these results for pest management are discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL HYBRIDIZATIONS BETWEEN POPULATIONS OF CAVERNICOLOUSPTOMAPHAGUSBEETLES (COLEOPTERA: LEIODIDAE: CHOLEVINAE)
Authors: Peck Stewart B.
Published: December 2009

Fourteen reciprocal crosses between 11 populations (demes) of troglobitic (obligately cavernicolous)Ptomaphagusbeetles were made. Numbers of F1and F2larvae and adults are reported. Markedly lower fecundity (but not fertility), viability, and longevity in the hybrids between morphologically distinct populations from Alabama caves indicate substantial reproductive isolation. This and distributional data suggest that the morphologically distinguishable populations are full species.
INTRODUCED AND NATIVE LEAFHOPPERS COMMON TO THE OLD AND NEW WORLDS (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: December 2009

Fourteen new records of introduced leafhoppers are added to the 157 leafhoppers previously recorded as occurring in both the Old and New worlds. Of these, 62 were erroneously recorded previously although 12 of the European species subsequently have been found in North America. Two North American species have been introduced into Europe, and one European species has been found in South America; North America has received 61 species from Europe, 3 from Asia, and 1 from Africa. One pan-tropical species is probably a recent introduction into the Caribbean from the Old World. There are 30 transboreal leafhoppers, 5 transarctic species inhabiting the tundra and alpine meadows, and 9 inhabiting temperate regions of both Eurasia and North America.

The Aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes) is removed from synonymy with the transboreal sedge-feeding M. fascifrons (Stål) and 25 other confused species are distinguished in the genera Aphrodes, Euscelis, Evacanthus, Limotettix, Macrosteles, and Typhlocyba. These include 11 new species: Evacanthus bellaustralis, E. chlamidatus, E. grandipes, E. lacunar, E. nigramericanus, E. ustanucha, Macrosteles lagus, M. severini, M. tesselatus, M. vilbastei, and Typhlocyba frigida, all from North America, Balclutha punctata confluens Rey and Limotettix striola ferganensis Dubovsky are elevated to species status. One new generic synonymy, 23 new specific synonymies, and 3 new combinations are created.
CONTRASTS IN THE TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOUR OF THREE SPECIES OF HOVER FLIES (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)
Authors: Fitzpatrick Shelia M. , Wellington William G.
Published: December 2009

Among territorial syrphids, males of Eumerus tuberculatus (Rond.) are less aggressive than Merodon equestris (Fab.) and Eristalis tenax (L.) males. This difference in aggressiveness persists even when territorial pressures increase with increasing numbers of conspecifics.

Males of each species recognized conspecific females mainly by a combination of visual and behavioural cues. A territorial male might approach any intruder, but would only attempt to mate if, like the appropriate female, the intruder did not respond to the male's approach. Differences in behavioural patterns may be due to different mating strategies.
BIOASSAY OF TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES IN SOIL USING EGGS AND LARVAE OF THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Read D. C.
Published: December 2009

A bioassay method was developed for estimating persistence and rate of vertical movement of toxic residues of insecticides in soil Laboratory or field microplots of soil 15 to 45 cm deep were enclosed within a metal or plastic framework comprised of 1 or 5 cm sections which could be readily separated for bioassay. Using eggs and larvae of the cabbage maggot, toxic residues of carbofuran could be estimated at concentrations ranging from ca. 0.2 to 30 μg AI/g of dry soil. Higher concentrations were estimated from bioassays on treated soil serially diluted with untreated soil.
PHEROMONE TRAPS FOR MONITORING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA) ABUNDANCES: EVALUATION OF CONE-ORIFICE AND OMNI-DIRECTIONAL DESIGNS
Authors: Struble D. L.
Published: December 2009

Directional cone-orifice traps were suitable for monitoring population densities of five Lepidoptera species, provided the captured moths were removed from the traps on a regular basis of at least once a week throughout the flight period. Omni-directional traps with circular screen barriers in the entrance area and a slow-release insecticide in the receiver to kill the captured moths functioned well over extended periods of unattended use. These traps would be useful for monitoring and mass trapping purposes. Similar traps without the circular screen barriers were less efficient but, due to their simplicity, they would also be suitable for monitoring purposes. The optimum quantity of pheromone per dispenser was the same for the directional cone-orifice and omni-directional traps.
LYGUS HESPERUS FIELD LIFE TABLE STUDIES IN COTTON AND ALFALFA (HETEROPTERA: MHUDAE)
Authors: Cave R. D. , Gutierrez A. P.
Published: December 2009

Lygus bugs (Lygus hesperus Knight) were reared in the field on cotton and alfalfa to estimate their longevity, fecundity, and survivorship. In some tests, individuals were switched from one host plant to the other at the beginning of the adult stage.

Net reproductive rates (Ro) and innate capacities for increase (rm) were calculated for each of the three test populations and used as indices of host suitability. Females reared on alfalfa had greater Ro and rm values than those on cotton, while those switched from alfalfa to cotton at the adult molt had the lowest Ro value and an intermediate value of Rm.
OVIPOSITION BY GLYPTA FUMIFERANAE (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) IN CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) LARVAE AND THE EFFECT OF HONEY ON THEIR FECUNDITY AND SURVIVAL
Authors: Stairs Gordon R.
Published: December 2009

Females of Glypta fumiferanae (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) lived 8–28 days and oviposited 42–176 eggs if fed honey but lived only 2–5 days and oviposited 4–89 eggs if unfed. Experiments were done under near natural conditions of temperature and humidity (15°–26 °C and 50–80% R.H.). At low host densities fed adults oviposited live eggs daily and unfed adults, 10. Starved adults at low host densities lived about a day longer than those at high host densities indicating that resorption of eggs may occur in this species. General parasite and host density relationships are discussed.
PERIODICITY IN THE RESPONSIVENESS OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO SYNTHETIC SEX ATTRACTANT
Authors: Thomas A. W.
Published: December 2009

Past experiments concerned with the elucidation of the daily activity pattern of male spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), have used the response of males to virgin females as the criterion of activity. Males showed a peak response just after sunset and little activity in the early afternoon (Greenbank 1963; Sanders 1971a). Difficulty arises in interpreting such data in terms of male activity patterns. It is obvious that males are active after sunset; however, there is no way of knowing whether the reduced activity in the early afternoon is a result of changing response thresholds by the males or whether it is a result of the females releasing insufficient, if any, pheromone (see Morse et al. 1982). After the identification of the components of the female sex pheromone (Sanders and Weatherston 1976) a synthetic sex attractant was developed and the inherent daily activity pattern of male spruce budworm could be determined.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LODGEPOLE PINE WOUND RESPONSES TO A FUNGAL SYMBIONT OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Raffa K. F. , Berryman A. A.
Published: December 2009

The acetone-soluble fraction of phloem tissue samples from 78 lodgepole pines was examined prior to and following artificial inoculation with Europhium clavigerum, a fungus transmitted by the mountain pine beetle. All trees showed quantitative increases in the concentration of extractives within 3 days after treatment. Further increases continued for at least 7 days. By this time qualitative changes in the chemical composition of the host tissue had also occurred.

Trees were defined as resistant or susceptible depending on whether they survived beetle attack under natural conditions. The composition of the acetone-soluble extracts was similar for the constitutive tissue of resistant and susceptible trees, but the total quantity of acetone extractives of reaction tissue was higher in resistant trees.

The ability of trees to respond to fungal inoculation is diminished by mass attack. Trees responded more extensively to inoculation prior to, than during, aggregation under field conditions. An experiment was conducted to simulate this relationship under controlled conditions by examining the effect of multiple fungal inoculations on the production of monoterpenes during the wound response. Individual trees showed a weaker quantitative response on stem sections administered high inoculation densities than on stem sections administered only a single inoculation. Those trees which responded most extensively to a single invasion by the pathogen were more responsive at all inoculum densities.
DESCRIPTION OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF LEUCOPIS SP. NR. ALBIPUNCTA (DIPTERA: CHAMAEMYIIDAE) AND THEIR ROLE AS PREDATORS OF THE APPLE APHID, APHIS POMI (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Tracewski Kevin T.
Published: December 2009

The role of Leucopis sp. nr. albipuncta larvae in controlling outbreaks of the apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer, was studied in five New Hampshire orchards. There was significant correlation of larval density with changes in the density of apple aphid populations, and larvae were widely distributed throughout the apple growing region of the state. The egg, three larval instars, and puparium are described and illustrated.
TOXICITY AND RESIDUAL ACTIVITY OF FENVALERATE TO TYPHLODROMUS OCCIDENTALIS (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE) AND ITS PREY TETRANYCHUS URTICAE (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) ON PEAR
Authors: Riedl Helmut , Hoying S. A.
Published: December 2009

Fenvalerate applied at field rates (3.4–13.7 g AI/100 L) to pear foliage in early season remained highly active to the predatory mite Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt for several months until leaf drop. According to leaf disc assays, fresh deposits of fenvalerate caused considerable direct mortality but most of the later mortality was apparently caused by repellency of the residue and subsequent mite departures. Fenvalerate applied to the bark lost its contact activity more quickly than on foliage. In contrast, adult female Tetranychus urticae Koch suffered no mortality when exposed to leaf deposits, but at high dosages of fenvalerate egg laying was temporarily reduced. In slide-dip tests fenvalerate was about 5 times more toxic to T. occidentalis than to T. urticae (LC50's of 1.21 and 6.74 g AI/100 L, respectively). Our data suggest that because of the persistence of fenvalerate and the high sensitivity of T. occidentalis to this compound this predatory mite would not be able to reestablish after foliar fenvalerate applications and provide biological control of phytophagous mites.
RELATIVE POTENCIES OF 50 ISOLATES OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS FOR LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Morris O. N. , Moore A.
Published: December 2009

Fifty Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) isolates representing K-1, galleriae, K-73, thuringiensis, aizawai, dendrolimus, tolworthi, kenyae, darmstadiensis, alesti, and entomocidus crystal antigen types were bioassayed against fifth-instar spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), larvae. In addition, larvae reared on diet with and without aureomycin were tested for their susceptibility to B.t. The data indicated no significant differences in susceptibility to B.t. among insects reared on aureomycin or on aureomycin-free diet, but differences were evident in larval growth and mortality among untreated controls. None of the 50 isolates bioassayed was any more toxic to the budworm than is the strain used at present in commercial preparations of B. thuringiensis.
THE ARTHROPOD COMMUNITY OF POTATO FIELDS IN NEW BRUNSWICK, 1979–1981
Authors: Boiteau Gilles
Published: December 2009

The arthropod fauna of New Brunswick potato fields was surveyed using pitfalls, yellow pan traps, ground cloths, and sweepnets. Of the more than 560 species or group-species identified during the 3-year study, at least 80% were transient ones indicating a loosely structured community of insects. Terricolous arthropods typically had a lower number of species and a more even distribution than aerial arthropods but a similar index of diversity. The proportion of parasitic and predatory species was high suggesting a potential for the use of native biological control techniques in potato pest management programs.
TEMPERATURE MODIFICATION BY BAGS OF THE BAGWORMTHYRIDOPTERYX EPHEMERAEFORMIS(LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE)
Authors: Barbosa P. , Waldvogel M. G. , Breisch N. L.
Published: December 2009

Surface and internal temperatures of bags made byThyridopteryx ephemeraeformis(Haworth) as well as ambient temperatures were recorded in sun and shade. Temperatures of bags in both shaded and exposed areas of the tree were significantly higher than ambient air temperatures. Bag surface temperatures were not significantly different from internal bag temperatures. Differences between internal, surface, and ambient temperatures could not be attributed to host tree species. Finally, there were no significant differences in temperature between bags with and without larvae.
INDUCTION OF DIAPAUSE IN CULEX PIPIENS AND CULEX RESTUANS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Madder D. J. , Surgeoner G. A. , Helson B. V.
Published: December 2009

Culex pipiens entered diapause in early July with more than 90% in diapause by mid-August. Onset of diapause in Culex restuans was in early July with greater than 80% in diapause by late July. The incidence of diapause in C. pipiens increased when larvae were reared at low temperatures or high densities under similar photoperiod conditions. Diapausing adult females of C. pipiens and C. restuans had ratios of follicle:germarium length of less than 2.00:1.00. Ovarioles of recently emerged diapausing C. pipiens developed to the nondiapause stage in 3–4 weeks when held at 25 °C and a photoperiod of 16L:8D. Ovarioles of diapausing C. pipiens in the field did not develop to the nondiapause state before females left their overwintering sites in the spring.
DESCRIPTION OF LARVAE OF NUDOMIDEOPSIS MAGNACETABULA (ACARI: ARRENUROIDEA: MIDEOPSIDAE) WITH NEW DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS FOR THE SPECIES AND REMARKS ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF NUDOMIDEOPSIS
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of Nudomideopsis magnacetabula (Smith) are described. New distributional and host association data for this species are presented, along with remarks on the phylogenetic affinities and taxonomic status of Nudomideopsis. It is proposed that Nudomideopsis be removed from the genus Mideopsis and elevated to generic rank.
EFFECTS OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURE, RELATIVE HUMIDITY, AND SIMULATED RAINFALL ON DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL OF THE SPRUCE SPIDER MITE (OLIGONYCHUS UNUNGUIS)
Authors: Boyne John V. , Hain Fred P.
Published: December 2009

Experiments were conducted on Fraser fir,Abies fraseri(Pursh) Poir, seedlings or cut terminals. Results indicate thatOligonychus ununguis(Jacobi) responds most favorably to temperatures approximating 26 °C and to relative humidity levels approaching 50 to 60%. Developmental time, time to 50% mortality, net reproductive rate, mean generation time, intrinsic rate of natural increase, finite rate of increase, and days for populations to double were computed for each temperature and relative humidity regime. Simulated rainfall severely limits population density on Fraser fir seedlings.