bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BORDER GATEWAY PROTOKOL KLARISA ANUGRAH 175100018
Authors: anugrah klarisa
Published: May 2019

AbstractBGP (Border Gateway Protocol) adalah sebuah protokol routing inter-Autonomous System dan salah satu jenis routing protokol yang banyak digunakan di ISP besar (Telkomsel) ataupun perbankan, Fungsi utama sistem BGP adalah untuk bertukar informasi network yang dapat dijangkau (reachability) oleh sistem BGP lain, termasuk di dalamnya informasi-informasi yang terdapat dalam list autonomous system (AS). BGP berjalan melalui sebuah protokol transport, yaitu TCP.AS (Autonomous System), menurut definisi klasik adalah seperangkat router yang berada di bawah otoritas/administrasi teknis tunggal. Untuk merutekan paket antar-AS internal, kita akan membutuhkan Interior Gateway Protocol. Sementara untuk merutekan paket ke AS lain, kita membutuhkan Exterior Gateway Protocol. BGP mempunyai skalabilitas yang tinggi karena dapat melayani pertukaran routing pada beberapa organisasi besar. Oleh karena itu BGP dikenal dengan routing protokol yang sangat rumit dan kompleks.Setiap orang yang menggunakan internet memiliki paling sedikit satu nomor unik AS (Autonomous System), dan mereka menggunakan BGP untuk menyebarkan jaringan mereka kepada jaringan peer/tetangga. Routing BGP adalah protokol path-vector. Oleh karena itu, BGP mengadvertise hanya jalur yang diperlukan untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. BGP tidak menjelaskan bagaimana sebuah paket akan dirutekan dalam suatu AS, tidak seperti yang dilakukan OSPF. BGP dapat disebut protokol distance-vector karena memiliki kesamaan walaupun sedikit.Hal tersebut dapat terjadi karena belum terintegrasinya antara bagian keuangan dan administrasi sehingga penyajian laporan yang dibuat menjadi tidak sama. Untuk itu perlunya usulan sistem yang berbasis jaringan untuk mendukung pengolahan data penerimaan dan pengeluaran kas sehingga penyajian laporan dapat dilakukan secara terstruktur.Kata Kunci : Border Gateway Protokol.
Arguments that Prehistorical and Modern Humans Belong to the Same Species
Authors: Kühne Rainer Walter
Published: May 2019

I argue that the evidence of the Out-of-Africa hypothesis and the evidence of multiregional evolution of prehistorical humans can be understood if there has been interbreeding between Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens at least during the preceding 700,000 years. These interbreedings require descendants who are capable of reproduction and therefore parents who belong to the same species. I suggest that a number of prehistorical humans who are at present regarded as belonging to different species belong in fact to one single species.
PERANAN PROMOSI DALAM MENINGKATKAN JUMLAH DANA PIHAK KETIGA PADA PT. BANK NAGARI CABANG PAINAN
Authors: khairunnisa Atika , Susanto Romi
Published: May 2019

The high level of competition in banks to obtain Third Party Funds (TPF), encourages banks to continue to lure customers in various ways, starting with improving operational performance, and improving services, to product diversification and the use of attractive incentive prizes. And also must try to anticipate and formulate the right strategy to win the competition in terms of collecting public funds. The purpose of this study is to determine the most appropriate strategy for Bank Nagari to conduct third party funds. The research method was carried out by referring to the strategy framework, after comparison, data was obtained from literature studies, and various other sources.
FUNGSI UTAMA ROTING TABLE PADA ROUTER (MUHAMMAD ARIF 175100040)
Authors: arif muhammad
Published: May 2019

AbstractRouter merupakan salah satu perangkat keras jaringan komputer yang banyak digunakan dalam jaringan komputer. Fungsi router pada jaringan komputer adalah untuk melakukan proses routing atau penghalaan. Apabila diibaratkan sebagai sebuah jalur transportasi di darat, maka router bertugas untuk melakukan penghalaan pada jalur mana saja yang akan dilewati oleh sebuah kendaraan.Dalam aplikasinya terdapat sebuah istilah, yaitu proses routing. Proses routing sendiri berarti merupakan sebuah proses yang dilakukan untuk melakukan penghalaan, yaitu sebuah protocol yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan rute dari satu jaringan ke jaringan yang lain. Ketika proses routing terjadi, maka seorang administrator dapat memilih proses routing berdasarkan tabel routing yang sudah dibuat.Jenis RouterSecara harafiah, routing sendiri merupakan suatu proses dimana sebuah router melakukan proses forward dari sebuah paket ke dalam jaringan yang dituju. Sebuah router membuat keputusan penghalaan berdasarkan IP address yang dituju oleh paket data tersebut. Semua router yang digunkaan untuk melakukan proses routing menggunakan IP address tujuan untuk mengirim paket.Kata Kunci : Fungsi Utama Routing Table Pada Router.
EGP JARINGAN KOMPUTER ALI HASAN 175100069
Authors: hasan ali
Published: May 2019

AbstractExterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) merupakan protokol yang mengumumkan kepada Autonomous System (AS) yang lain tentang jaringan yang berada dibawahnya. Maka jika sebuah Autonomous System (AS) ingin berhubungan dengan jaringan yang ada dibawahnya maka mereka harus melakukannya sebagai router utama. Akan tetapi kelemahan protokol ini tidak bisa memberikan rute terbaik untuk pengiriman paket data. routing protokol untuk Internet awalnya ditentukan pada tahun 1982 oleh Eric C. Rosen dari baut, Beranek Newman, dan David L. Mills. Ini pertama kali dijelaskan di RFC 827 dan resmi ditetapkan dalam RFC 904 (1984).Kata Kunci :EGP Jaringan Komputer.
AKTIVITAS PEMASARAN PRODUK BANK PADA PT. BANK PERKREDITAN RAKYAT (BPR) CEMPAKA MITRA NAGARI PADANG
Authors: Putri Vista Duhwi , Susanto Romi
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to find out how the marketing activities of bank products of PT. BPR Cempaka Mitra Nagari Padang. The data used in this study is to directly interview the interested parties. The data collection techniques are by field studies and library studies. From research and discussion it can be concluded that the marketing activities carried out can be planned and directed so that the bank implements policies in collecting and channeling funds by creating good quality storage products, set interest rates in accordance with applicable regulations and strategic operational places, and facilitate the community by providing services owned by the bank.
ANALISIS LOAN TO DEPOSIT RATIO DAN NON PERFOMING LOAN PADA PT. BANK PEMBANGUNAN DAERAH (BPD) SUMATERA BARAT CABANG UTAMA PADANG
Authors: Yati Helmi , Afriyeni Afriyeni
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this research is to expand credit insights into particularly in terms of how the analysis of the Loan To Deposit Ratio (LDR) and Non were Perfoming Loan (NPL) on PT. BPD Sumatera Barat is the main branch of the field. In analyzing the data, the authors use quantitative data analysis methods. Quantitative data data is information that is stated in the form the results of calculation and measurement analysis of the Loan To Deposit Ratio and Non-Performing Loan on the regional development of PT. BPD Sumatra Barat. The results of this research show that the Loan To Deposit Ratio (LDR) on PT. BPD Sumatera Barat is the main branch of the field during the period of research results is very good because it does not exceed the maximum limits set by Bank Indonesia 110%.
UPAYA PENANGANAN KREDIT MODAL KERJA DI PT. BANK PERKREDITAN RAKYAT (BPR) LENGAYANG
Authors: Idris Dini Sulastri , Widayati Ratna
Published: May 2019

Based on the results of research on the previous chapter can be summed up efforts in handling bad debt in the PT. BPR Lengayang .The cause of the bad debt in PT. BPR Lengayang in akibatkan.byweakening the economic activities of the community, the issue of the operational efforts, this is very more influenced on the debtor’s credit, and smoothness that have a less good fiith who intentionally delay payment at maturity. Handling the troubled creditbank is a party which is donewith the approach to the debtor via phone/sms or AO credits came home with spaciousness/debtor talk in a family, but to send a warning letter. The last step will be done is with a foreclosure guarantee.
Tania Rozanti Paper
Authors: Rozanti Tania
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of knowledge and attitude on apparatus performance in nagari financial management in Sungai TarabSubdistrict, Tanah Datar, West Sumatra. This study used quantitative approach. Population of this study consisted of 70 nagari apparatus in Sungai TarabSubdistrict. The sample in this study was determined through multi stage random sampling technique with Slovin formula and cosisted of 68 apparatus. Data were collected through questionnaires with Likert scale measurements and analyzed with multiple regression analysis technique. The results of this study indicated that there was a significant influence of the knowledge on nagari apparatus performance in financial management in Sungai TarabSubdistrict, Tanah Datar amounted to 5,4%. Besides, there was also a significant influence of the attitude on nagari apparatus performance in financial management amounted to 4,0%. Finally, there were also simultaneously significant influence of knowledge and attitude on the nagari apparatus performance in financial management amounted to 5,6%. Based on this study, it could be concluded that the knowledge and attitude were needed for nagari apparatus in nagari financial management, although the influence were not so strong.
ANALISIS PROGRAM HUTAN KEMASYARAKATAN (HKm) DI DESA DARA KUNCI KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR PROVINSI NTB
Authors: AS Mey Susanti
Published: May 2019

This study aims to analyze (1) the implementation of Community Forest Program (HKm) by Wana Lestari Group in Dara Kunci Village, East Lombok NTB; (2) the supporting and inhibiting factors of program implementation. The research method is descriptive qualitative with reference to suitability between the implementation process of HKm Program with Regional Regulation of Province of NTB Number 6, 2004 concerning Guideline of Community Forest Implementation. To analyze the supporting and inhibiting factors refers to the theory of Conformity Model David C. Korten. The reason to choose Dara Kunci Village is because of several considerations that is Dara Kunci Village is one of three locations of HKm area in Lombok Island of West Nusa Tenggara Province, but the area in Dara Desa Village is often hit by flood disaster during rainy seasonand drought during dry season. Data collection techniques with in-depth interviews, literature study and observation. The result of the research shows that there is inconsistency with Regional Regulation of Province of NTB Number 6, 2004, because (1) motivation of beneficiary community to manage HKm area; (2) There has been no program evaluation by the government; (3) Seeds that are imported are not seasonally appropriate; (4) The technical implementation unit is not supported by adequate financial resources; (5) Area of HKm area and number of groups resulted in less maximal assistance; (6) Community empowerment programs that are not properly targeted; (7) Development of community potential is not optimal.
An Overview of Patent Prosecution
Authors: Dingledy Frederick
Published: May 2019

Frederick W. Dingledy, "An Overview of Patent Prosecution", Virginia Lawyer, June/July 2012, at 47. Brief summary of patent prosecution process and list of relevant research resources.
Keeping up with Tax Law and the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Dingledy Frederick
Published: May 2019

Frederick W. Dingledy, Keeping up with Tax Law and the Affordable Care Act, Virginia Lawyer, Oct. 2015, at 49. Lists available resources for keeping up-to-date on developments with the Affordable Care Act and with tax law.
Collection Development, Acquisitions, and Licensing
Authors: Dingledy Frederick , Keele Benjamin John , Sekula Jennifer
Published: May 2019

Frederick W. Dingledy, Benjamin J. Keele, and Jennifer E. Sekula, Collection Development, Acquisitions, and Licensing, in Law Librarianship in the Twenty-First Century 133 (Roy Balleste, Sonia Luna-Lamas, and Lisa Smith-Butler eds., 2d ed. 2014).
A Psychology of Power that is Embedded in Societal Structures
Authors: Kraus Michael W. , Torrez Brittany
Published: May 2019

Here, we look ahead to a psychology of power that is embedded in societal structures, specifically with regard to the North American context of race, gender, and social class. We argue that studies of power are limited when decoupled from these societal structures of power and we make this argument by examining dominant working definitions and links between power and prosociality. We end with a suggestion that a fully embedded and historical psychological account of social power will require greater constraints on generality, additional descriptive work on the experience of power in everyday life, and methods and samples that bring research on social power out of university spaces and into the places, spaces, and institutions where that power is intertwined.
Personal, Master, and Alternative Narratives: An Integrative Framework for Understanding Identity Development in Context
Authors: McLean Kate C. , Syed Moin
Published: May 2019

In this paper we propose a model for examining personal identity development that moves attention from a relatively exclusive examination of the individual, to an examination of the intersection between self and society. We propose that a master narrative model of identity development allows researchers to 1) align the study of culture and individual on the same metric of narrative, 2) investigate the processes of negotiating personal and cultural narratives, the latter of which are embedded within the structures of society, and 3) investigate the internalization of those structures in personal identities. In laying out this model we define a narrative approach to identity development, five principles for defining master narratives (ubiquity, utility, invisibility, rigidity, and their compulsory nature), three types of master narratives (life course, structural, and episodic), and case examples of each type. This model brings attention to the interaction between self and society, as well as to the constraints on individual agency to construct a personal identity. We conclude by raising questions that emerge out of this framework that we hope will inspire future work on the relation between self and society in the study of identity development.
Le commerLe commerce de Venise aux ports de Tripoli et de Laodicée durant la première moitié du XVe sièclece de Venise aux ports de Tripoli et de Laodicée durant la première moitié du XVe siècle
Authors: Moukarzel Pierre
Published: May 2019

Des premières Croisades jusqu'à la veille des grandes découvertes à la fin du XVe siècle, les flottes des villes commerçantes européennes, et en particulier celles des Italiens, ont continué à fréquenter les principaux ports du Levant pour déposer marchands et marchandises. Cette activité a été stimulée par la possession d'avantages territoriaux et commerciaux de grande ampleur dans les villes dominées par les Latins. Le développement de l'activité commerciale de l'Europe avec la Syrie2 et l'Égypte a connu un grand essor grâce aux conditions favorables et des privilèges accordés par les sultans ayyoubides et mamelouks à partir des XIIe et XIIIe siècles. En 1291, avec la chute d'Acre et la perte des États latins sur le littoral syrien, le commerce entre l'Europe et le Levant a subi un coup très dur. Mais, dès le début du XIVe siècle et malgré les prohibitions pontificales, le commerce a repris avec les pays soumis au sultan et il a connu un élan croissant à partir de la seconde moitié de ce siècle et tout au long du siècle suivant. En Syrie, Beyrouth est le principal port à travers lequel s'effectuent les échanges commerciaux avec l'Europe. Mais il y avait d'autres ports de la côte syrienne qui ont connu une croissance progressive et ont pu, durant la première moitié du XVe siècle, concurrencer Beyrouth et devenir les principaux ports de Syrie du Nord pour le commerce du coton et des cendres avec l'Europe et particulièrement Venise : il s'agit de Tripoli (Tarâblous) et de Laodicée (Lâdhkiya).
Archaeology of Medieval Lebanon: an Overview
Authors: Voderstrasse Tasha
Published: May 2019

This article will present an overview of the archaeological work done on medieval Lebanon from the 19th century to the present. The period under examination is the late medieval period, from the 11th to the 14th centuries, encompassing the time when the region was under the control of various Islamic dynasties and the Crusaders. The archaeology of Lebanon has been somewhat neglected over the years, despite its importance for our understanding of the region in the medieval period, mainly because of the civil war (1975-1990), which made excavations and surveys in the country impossible and led to the widespread looting of sites (Hakiman 1987; Seeden 1987; Seeden 1989; Fisk 1991; Hakiman 1991; Ward 1995; Hackmann 1998; Sader 2001. In general, see Fisk 1990). Furthermore, many collections within Lebanon itself could not be visited for the purpose of study and even collections outside Lebanon remained largely neglected. The end Of the civil war, however, marked a time of renewed interest in the country's archaeology, particularly in the city of Beirut. Also, the identification of large numbers of Christian frescoes in the region meant that churches and their paintings were studied in detail for the first time. Although much had been lost during the civil war, it was clear the archaeological heritage of Lebanon remains critical to our understanding of the archaeology of the Levant. As a crossroads for Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the late medieval period, the region that is now Lebanon was of great importance in the 1 lth to 14th centuries.
Three Late-Ottoman governors of Konya and their urban development activities
Authors: Akpolat Mustafa
Published: May 2019

The opening of the Ottoman economy to the world economy by the Anglo-Turkish Commercial Treaty of 1838 as well as the new concept of administration introduced by the Tanzimat Firman, led to important transformations in the urban structures of the country's cities in the second half of the 19th century. New economic relations and new forms of administration required new urban centres, new infrastructure and new institutions. The transformation could not be realized by the existing Ottoman laws and institutions, which were manifestly out of date (Tekeli 1992:19). For this reason, new laws, regulations and methods imported from the West were implemented in Ottoman cities by institutions that were also transferred from the West. The Birinci Ebniue Nizamnamesi (the First Building Regulation), which included new techniques such as parcellation and the widening of streets necessary for reconstruction activities, was issued in 1848. In 1856, the Istimlak Nizamnamesi (the Regulation on Expropriations), which was an important means for the implementation of city plans, was promulgated. The first city plan was implemented in the capital; this was followed by its implementation in other cities. Thus, the utilization of Western methods gradually started to change the physical appearance of Ottoman cities.
ذيل على مخطوط "الحقائق الوافية في تاريخ بطاركة الكنيسة الأنطاكية" لمخائيل بريك حتى سنة 1891 بقلم أنطون صيفي
Authors: Karam Sarjoun , Walbiner Carsten
Published: May 2019

يتضمن المخطوط رقم ٤٤٠ الموجود في بطريركية الروم الأورثوذكس في دمشق وفق تعريف الكاتالوج له: "تاريخ بطاركة أنطاكية ويدأ بالبطريرك غريغوريوس ll عام ١٦١٠ م وحئى غبطة البطريرك جراسيموس ١٨٨٥م(المخطوطات العربهة ٦٨٠١٦٠). إلا أ إلقاء نظرة فاحصة ومدققة في المخطوط نفسه تقودنا إلى تصحيح أو إضافة بعض النقاط". فالجزء الأساسى من المخطوط هو سرد مطؤل لتاريخ بطاركة الروم الأورثوذكس الأنطاكيين لميخائيل بريك، وقد قامت بتحقيقه مؤخرا نائلة قائدبيه (بريك ٢٠٠٦). أتا المخطوط الدمشقى، الذي فقد مطلعه ولم يق بين أيدينا إلا ابتداء من الصفحة الحادية والستين، فيتضعن تاريح بريك من البطريرك ثاوفاني، الذي أصح بطريركا عام ١ ٦٨ ميلادية، وحتى تنصيب البطريرك دانيل عام ٦٧ ١٧ ميلادية (ص. ٦١ ١٤٧). ويحتل ذلك المساحة الممتدة من الصفحة ٩٨ وحتى الصفحة .١٧ من الطبعة المحققة المذكورة (بريك ٢٠٠٦). ويمكن القول، بعد مقارنة سريعة، إنه ليس هناك اختلافات بين نمى المخطوط الدمشقى وبين طبعة تحقيق مخطوط بريك.
Le rétablissement du patriarcat latin de Jérusalem en 1847 et la Custodie de Terre Sainte
Authors: Pieraccini Paolo
Published: May 2019

Cet article porte sur le rétablissement du patriarcat latin de Jérusalem dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle, après plus de quatre siècles d'absence. Il traite surtout de la législation canonique du Saint Siège, du régime de I'Église patriarcale hiérosolymitaine et des rapports du patriarche avec la Custodie. En l'abordant, nous avons aussi tracé le profil historique des deux principales institutions religieuses catholiques de la Palestine, au cours d'une période sensible de leur existence. Nous avons mis en évidence les causes de leur conflit endémique, ainsi que les éléments qui allait permettre au patriarcat latin de se doter d'un clergé et d'une hiérarchie ecclésiastique presque exclusivement autochtones. L'originalité de cette analyse historique est qu'elle repose sur des sources jusque-là très marginalement exploitées, principalement les archives de la Congrégation de la Propaganda Fide, celles de la Curie Généralice des Frères mineurs et de la Custodie de Terre Sainte.
التخطيط العمراني والتنمية الاجتماعية – الاقتصادية في المناطق التاريخية المأهولة: حالة قلعة الخوابي في الساحل السوريّ
Authors: El-Cheikh Zeina
Published: May 2019

تعد المناطق التاريخية محور اهتمام أساسي للمعماريين والمخططين، سواء أكانت هذه المناطق داخل المدن الحديثة أو خارجها، ولكن من الصعب إيجاد موقع تاريخى يمتاز بكونه لا يزال مأهولا بالسكان على مر عقود طويلة، إضافة إلى ما يمكن أن عتاز به هذا الموقع من إمكانيات متعددة (تاريخية، اجتماعية،...) تدفع إلى إعادة النظر والتفكير به كنقطة بداية لتنميته محيطه المجاور، فالتعامل مع المناطق التاريخية يصبح أكثر تعقيدا عندما تكون مأهولة بالسكان، إذ غالبا ما تتعارض الأفكار حول إخلائها من سكانها أو إبقائهم فيها قل البدء بأية عملية للتنمية أو الحفاظ.
Utilisation d’albums bilingues par des familles bi/plurilingues : description des langues employées lors des lectures et des interactions
Authors: Gosselin-Lavoie Catherine , Armand Françoise
Published: May 2019

The use of bilingual books represents an interesting means of supporting the development of emergent literacy skills among young multilingual children. The family practices that surround these books have, however, remain little explored. In this exploratory study, in order to document the use of this type of book by multilingual families, six parent-child dyads were filmed during the repeated reading of two bilingual books. Our analysis has been focused on the use the parents and children make of the various resources of their linguistic repertoire in order to read and discuss the books. A variety of practices surrounding the use of bilingual books have been observed, thereby highlighting the importance of taking different factors into account when considering an intervention based on using bilingual books in/among multilingual families.
A Canadian Parlor Room–Type Approach to the Long-Term-Care Insurance Puzzle
Authors: Boyer M. Martin , De Donder Philippe , Fluet Claude , Leroux Marie-Louise , Michaud Pierre-Carl
Published: May 2019

We examine different hypotheses of the cause of the low market penetration of long-term-care (LTC) insurance in Canada. Our analysis is based on results from a survey of 2,000 Canadians aged between 50 and 70 years that was conducted in autumn 2016. A remarkable proportion of individuals in this age bracket report never having been approached to purchase such protection. Respondents who report having LTC insurance do not differ in risk perception or health from uninsured respondents, but they are more likely to report having an employer-sponsored pension plan and, conditional on low income, to have bequest motives. We conclude that supply-side factors, including crowding out by government programs, are the most likely reasons why the proportion of Canadians who purchase private LTC insurance is so low.
Priapisme veineux aigu aux urgences : procédure fondée sur une revue systématique de la littérature
Authors: Carnicelli D. , Bondil P. , Habold D.
Published: May 2019

Le priapisme veineux aigu (PVA) est urgent en raison de séquelles érectiles éventuelles. Sa rareté et l’absence de procédure expliquent des traitements encore inégaux, peu normés.

Objectif : Optimiser la prise en charge initiale d’un PVA grâce à une procédure décisionnelle, adaptée aux urgentistes.

Matériel et méthode : Une revue systématique de la littérature recense les algorithmes schématisés ainsi que des articles de revue et mises au point récents. Les critères diagnostiques et thérapeutiques ont été analysés puis comparés pour vérifier s’ils répondaient aux besoins. La validation de cette procédure par des experts a été recherchée. Résultats : L’originalité de notre procédure réside dans sa cible (urgentistes), sa hiérarchisation, « Que faire ? Comment faire ? Quand faire ? Qui fait ? », de façon graduée et séquentielle via une chronologie détaillée, et une priorité donnée à la gazométrie caverneuse, fil conducteur de la prise en charge, facilement disponible. À cela s’ajoutent des tableaux, des check-lists (contexte étiologique et souffrance ischémique), des schémas descriptifs des traitements médicaux indiqués en première ligne (technique, matériel de ponction décompressive et d’injection intracaverneuse d’alpha-stimulant), critères de recours à l’urologue, suivi et hospitalisation. Cette procédure a été validée par le conseil scientifique du réseau nord-alpin des Urgences, le comité d’andrologie et médecine sexuelle de l’Association française d’urologie.

Conclusion : Facile à utiliser, cette procédure inédite répond à un réel besoin. Son appropriation et sa diffusion s’inscrivent dans une démarche qualité adaptée au parcours de soins du PVA en France afin de prévenir les séquelles érectiles de cette urgence affectant majoritairement des sujets jeunes.
ELECTION OF MATTHIAS (ACTS 1: 12-26): LESSONS FOR DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA
Authors: Ezeogamba Anthony Ikechukwu
Published: May 2019

Election is mostly conducted in a nation, community or society whenever there is immediate vacancy or where the existence of vacancy is imminent. Mostly, election is done so as to avert constitutional crisis. Such an election is always successful to the admiration and acceptability of all and sundry when the majority have sincere heart and intention and working selflessly towards communal wellbeing. Admiration and acceptability of any electoral outcome depend solely on the faithful observance of laid down criteria for the said election. Compromise of any electoral criteria (law) gives room for outright rejection of results which may eventually leads to anarchy if not properly managed by the court of the said land. Election of Matthias in Acts 1:12-26 shows oneness of purpose, and willingness to follow a laid down criteria for anyone who would replace the impaired disciple. The criteria suggested two qualified candidates. Eventually, Matthias was unanimously elected and admirably accepted. The aim of this paper is to show that the majority of the electoral outcome that are rejected and contested in court are those the criteria that led to them were highly compromised. The paper argues that if Nigerians were to respect her electoral laws in every election then there will be little or no suit challenging the outcome of such elections in court. Significantly, the outcome of this work will benefit all Nigerians and indeed all nations of the world. The method we shall employ is exegesis of Acts 1:12-26 and library research.
Absorption of non-specific antibodies with Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium suspensions from tested serum samples as a useful method in serodiagnosis of salmonellosis carried out by ELISA for epidemiological surveillance
Authors: Rastawicki Waldemar , Rokosz-Chudziak Natalia , Śmietańska Karolina , Roguska Urszula
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Diagnosis of salmonellosis is usually made by stool culture however in many laboratories ELISA for the detection of human serum antibodies against mixture of LPS antigens of the two predominant serovars of Salmonella was developed. We present the method of absorbing non-specific antibodies with S. Enteritidis (serovars D) and S. Typhimurium (serovars B) suspensions from serum samples as a useful method in serodiagnosis of salmonellosis carried out by ELISA. This simple, cost-efficient and effective method of absorption may be used in the epidemiological investigations.
Methods: We used in-house ELISA three different antigens: LPS of the S. Enteritidis, LPS of the S. Typhimurium and 1:1 mixture of LPS of both serovars. Serum samples collected from 14 patients with salmonellosis, were absorbed with 20% bacterial suspensions obtained from S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and mixture of both serovars (serovars B+D). The non-absorbed sera and sera after particular absorptions were tested separately in ELISA with all three antigens.
Results: The all 14 non-absorbed serum samples showed a high positive results in the IgA, IgG and IgM ELISA with all three LPS antigens. Absorption of the 13 from 14 tested samples with the Salmonella B suspension resulted in a significant decrease in the level of antibodies to Salmonella B antigen, but only a very slight decrease in the levels of Salmonella B + D and Salmonella D antigen. On the other hand, the absorption of the same sera with Salmonella D suspension, caused a significant decrease in the level of antibodies for serovars D, B and B + D antigens. Such a test result clearly shows that the 13 serum samples were obtained from patients with an infection caused by S. Enteritidis (serogroup D). A opposite picture of the humoral response was obtained in the case of one serum sample obtained from a subject with an infection caused by S. Typhimurium (serogroup B).
Conclusions: The presented work demonstrates the usefulness of absorption of non-specific antibodies with S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium suspensions in serodiagnosis of salmonellosis carried out by ELISA.
Avidity of IgG class antibodies to Francisella tularensis in the course of tularemia in humans
Authors: Rastawicki Waldemar , Śmietańska Karolina , Rokosz-Chudziak Natalia , Roguska Urszula
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Tularemia is a highly infectious zoonotic disease caused by Gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis. The microbiological diagnosis of tularemia is based mainly on serological investigations. The present study was undertaken to determine the avidity of IgG class antibodies to Francisella tularensis in the course of tularemia in humans and to evaluate its value for estimation of the phase of diseases.
Methods: Fifty two serum samples obtained from 40 patients with tularemia were tested by in-house ELISA in duplicate in the same plate, without and after the 0.5 h incubation with 8M urea. The age of the subjects was between 6 and 77 years. From one patient, a 9-years-old girl with oculoglandular form of tularemia, five serum samples were taken, respectively after 0.5, 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 months from the beginning of the first clinical symptoms.
Results: The results of the study showed higher values of the avidity index (AI) of IgG antibodies for F. tularensis, often exceeding the value of 0.9, in children and adolescents than in adults. The examination of serum samples obtained 2-3 times in the course of tularemia from few patients did not show significant differences in the level of avidity index depending on the period of the disease. However, in five serum samples obtained from a 9-years-old girl in the different phases of tularemia the avidity index showed increasing values (0.51, 0.80, 0.92, 0.90 and 0.94, respectively).
Conclusions: The avidity index of IgG may be helpful in excluding recent infection, but its usefulness in detecting an active phase of invasion requires further research.
New species within Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata
Authors: Domański Dariusz , Sikora Magdalena Anna , Kuthan Robert Tomasz , Augustynowicz-Kopeć Ewa , Swoboda-Kopeć Ewa
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata are another yeasts that form complexes of crypospecies. Although these species have been described more than a decade ago, knowledge about them is still limited. The reason for this is the large phenotypic similarity that unables them from being differentiated by classical diagnostic methods. The aim of the study was to identify species of clinical strains within C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis complexes.
Material and methods: Standard PCR-RFLP of the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase gene (SADH) with BanI restriction enzyme served to determine species affiliation within the C. parapsilosis complex. The internal transcribed spacer was used to confirm the identification of C. glabrata sensu stricto. The D1/D2 domain of the 26S rDNA gene was sequenced in order to identify C. nivariensis and C. bracarensis strains.
Results: As a result of the molecular analysis, 24 Candida nivariensis isolates and 4 C. metapsilosis strains and 9 C. orthopsilosis strains were detected.
Conclusions: Prevalence of new cryptic species was relatively low.
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK KULIT BATANG DALU – DALU (Salix tetrasperma Roxb) MENGGUNAKAN METODE DPPH (1,1-DIFENIL-2-PIKRILHIDRAZIL)
Authors: Syafrinal Syafrinal , Ramadhani Sari
Published: May 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dari  ekstrak kulit batang Dalu – Dalu (Salix tetrasperma Roxb) dengan menggunakan metode DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil). Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan n-heksana ,etil asetat  dan metanol. Aktivitas antioksidan diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis dan dinyatakan sebagai nilai IC50. Hasil pengukuran secara spektrofotometri menunjukkan bahwa fraksi n-heksana memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat lemah  dengan  nilai  IC50   sebesar  713,58 ppm, fraksi etil asetat dan metanol memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat  dengan  nilai  IC50   sebesar  9,14 ppm dan 12,68 ppm  serta asam askorbat sebagai  kontrol  positif memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sangat kuat dengan IC50 sebesar 10,65 ppm.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ORAL CLONIDINE VERSUS ORAL PREGABALIN ON HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSES TO LARYNGOSCOPY AND ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION UNDER GENERAL ANAESTESIA
Authors: Rathore Pratibha , Saini Varsha , Ahmed Fareed , Chatterjee Rama , Rathore Monika
Published: May 2019

Background: Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation are potent stimuli that can induce increased sympathetic activity leading to tachycardia, hypertension and dysrrhythmias. Various drugs and methods have been tried to obtund this response. To obtain ideal drugs, studies still continue. We compared the efficacy of clonidine and pregabalin to attenuate the pressor response during laryngoscopy and intubation.

Method: Total 80 patients of ASA grade I scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia, were randomized into two groups. Group A received oral clonidine 300 mcg 2 hrs prior to surgery, group B received oral pregabalin 75mg 2 hrs prior to surgery. Heart rate and blood pressure (SBP, DBP &MAP) were recorded at baseline, before induction, before intubation, during laryngoscopy, 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10 minutes after intubation.

Results: When compared to clonidine and pregabalin, there was a significant increase in HR and MAP in pregabalin after laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Clonidine was better than pregabalin in suppressing the pressor response.

Conclusion: Clonidine appears to be better than Pregabalin for control of haemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation besides providing sedation.

Keywords: Clonidine, Pregabalin, hemodynamic changes and endotracheal intubation.
PACKAGING AND LABELING REQUIREMENTS OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN REGULATED MARKETS LIKE U.S.A. AND INDIA
Authors: Agarwal Sakshi , Singh Deepanmol , Voore Sandeep Kumar
Published: May 2019

In pharmaceutical industry packaging and labeling plays a very important role. This article provides an overview of regulatory requirements and tests for Quality control and suitability of packaging and labeling of prescription and Over-The-Counter (OTC) Products in USA and India. The study has been informative to understand the need and importance of the labeling requirements of pharmaceuticals to protect the consumers by providing the suitable instructions for the use of the drug product at suitable place and suitable format.

KEYWORDS: Innovator, Generics, PLR (Physician Labeling Rule), OTC, FPL (Final Printed Labeling), Testing of packages, ANDA, Regulatory requirements, USA, India Market.
Utilization Chart of Account For Effectiveness Company Cash Mapping On Web Based Accounting Online System 2.0
Authors: Suryana Endang , Syafnidawati Syafnidawati , Aryani Diah
Published: May 2019

In a company, the accounting system is very important, because it contains financial information that can be used to make a decision. Currently already developed online web-based accounting, where the accounting system can be used anytime and anywhere with an internet connection. An accountant is someone who has an important role in the success of financial processing company. Where, to facilitate the processing process, the accountant must be able to perform the company's cash mapping. By grouping into multiple accounts will facilitate the process of financial information delivery. The data of all transactions will be entered into accounts that have been made previously. And if the accounts that have been used in the year are not reused, then the accountant can delete the account, then add a list of new accounts. However, if the account is still reused, the accountant can also archive the account, so the data will not be deleted, but only archived or hidden. Thus, the menu chart of accounts in WBAOS 2.0 (Web Based Accounting Online System) can facilitate the recording of corporate cash mappings.

 

Keywords​: WBAOS, Chart of Account, and cash mapping
Peranan Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia dalam Menanggulangi Persoalan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia di Malaysia
Authors: Hariss Abdul
Published: May 2019

The Government of the Republic of Indonesia that is obliged to protect its citizens wherever they are located, with negarannya commissioned the Embassy to address problems encountered. The one that needs to be done is legal protection for the workforce of Indonesia in particular who are in Malaysia, the role of the Embassy of Indonesia in Malaysia of which commissioned the Consular Affairs to handle Immigration Attaches correspondence ( Indonesia's labor Administration) in Malaysia as both travelers (tourists) as well as Indonesia's labor. When livelihoods work in the country's increasingly narrow then becomes one of a promising option in menompang a living life out to seek livelihoods abroad, one of which was Malaysia which became one of the main goals for the community Indonesia in search of a decent livelihood. Livelihood that promises to work outside the country raises many of the benefits of kindness as well as problems that arise either channelling legally or illegally, for the workforce in addition in the menafkahi family for labor Indonesia working outside the country will add to his family's prosperity for the regions in addition can also add defisa to the country so that workers who work outside of the country became the hero of the defisa for the State, then the labor should be given good legal protection. Because the State must be present to protect all the citizens of the respective countries anywhere.
Implikasi Prinsip Most Favoured Nation terhadap Pengaturan Tarif Impor Di Indonesia
Authors: Pebrianto Dony Yusra
Published: May 2019

The existence of trade liberalization are faced with the fact that competition in the trade of countries particularly in this export and import kian feels very rapidly. The existence of instruments of international law contained in the General Agreement on the set fee and Trade (GATT) becomes an important point in the conception of international trade arrangements for States parties who joined GATT in the World Trade Organization (WTO). So the principles inherent in the preparation of the concept of a national law for countries that have ratified GATT. Indonesia one of the countries that have ratified GATT would of course be bound by those principles, one of which is the principle of Most Favoured Nation tariff arrangements that implicates to import in Indonesia. So the protection of local commodities closed chances though limited to keep the continuity of the national production.
Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Peternak Ayam Broiler dalam Pola Kemitraan Inti Plasma dengan PT Ciomas Adisatwa di Kabupaten Kerinci
Authors: Maryati Maryati , Sari Putri Anggela
Published: May 2019

This research aims to find out and analyze the implementation of legal protection of chicken broiler breeders in partnership pattern core plasma with PT Ciomas Adisatwa Kerinci Regency, to know and analyze problems that happens in relationships the partnerships as well as to know and analyze the efforts that can be made to give legal protection to the breeder the plasma. Ciomas Adisatwa PT is a company that conducts business activities engaged in the breeding of the DOC (Day Old Chickhen) and produces various types of medicines and fodder for livestock. The number of breeders who do partnership with this company is as much as 14 farmers. This study is an empirical juridical research, i.e. research intended to find out how the implementation of legal protection of chicken broiler breeders in partnership with PT Ciomas Adisatwa. in Kerinci; whether it has been in accordance with the legislation in force. Primary data in this study were obtained directly from the results of the research field (field research) by doing the interview PT Ciomas Adisatwa employee, energy coaching and counseling in Dinas Farm District Kerinci, and six (6) people Chicken broiler breeders who partnered with PT Ciomas Adisatwa.. The results showed, legal protection of chicken broiler breeders in partnership with PT Ciomas Adisatwa. in Kerinci haven't fulfilled completely. A right that is already being met with a good breeder is a right to receive guidance about chicken farming from PPL sent by parties to the core. The right to the core of the saprodi have not been fulfilled so well because breeders often get DOC quality bad, feed and drug-obatanpun doubt its quality. The right to obtain a guarantee of marketing is indeed being met but the price that the parties set out the core of the breeder is not satisfactory. Whereas rights that have not been met at all was the right to participate in the making of the agreement. Problems occurring in the implementation of the partnership between rancher PT Ciomas Adisatwa with plasma is a low selling price of production results, Division of excess selling price of no obvious calculation breeder plasma just given potluck, the risk of failed harvest is fully charged to the plasma though the cause of the failed panennya are disease outbreaks, often late harvest and the core does not serve a protest from a breeder. Efforts that can be done to protect the ranchers plasma is by increasing the Government's role in the supervision, control and sustainable construction against the operations of the partnership and gave strict sanctions for parties breaking the rules of partnership.
Fungsi Badan Pertanahan Nasional Dalam Pengawasan Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah Di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat
Authors: Masriyani Masriyani
Published: May 2019

In the national land Agency Chief Regulation No.1 Year 2006 as modified by regulation the head of BPN number 23-year 2009 on implementation of the provisions of the Government Regulation Number 37 Year 1998, head of the Office of land do coaching and surveillance against a land deed official (PPAT). Starting on the dotted the legal basis and see the development as well as the needs of the ground then for the validity of the ownership of the land, should be are published through the certificate of property rights. For it is necessary supervision against the authorized officials as a PPAT in the deed of the land pembuatak. As for the problems in this research is how the functions of the national land Agency in the construction and supervision of land deed official Tanjung Jabung Barat region. The type of research that is in use is the empirical research. Data on use is the primary data and the data of skunder. Data collection was done through the research library and field research. The research describes the construction and supervision on Land against the head of the Office to do the task in Tanjung Jabung PPAT West, running as it should be in accordance with article 65 of the regulation of the Republic of Indonesia head of BPN No. 1 year 2006 regarding the implementation of the provisions of REGULATION No. 37 Year 1998 Of Regulations Office of the PPAT in coaching and supervision is quite optimal. It can be seen that for the year 2016 year 2017 until the violations perpetrated PPAT decreased. Surveillance against PPAT performed by the Head Office of land is to provide direction to all stakeholders associated with the PPAT's, conducting surveillance over the organisation of the profession of PPAT to keep running in accordance with the direction and the goal, run other actions deemed necessary to ensure the service of PPAT continue to run properly and to conduct surveillance against a PPAT and PPAT in order to run the code of ethics of the profession, the PPAT Tanjung Jabung West land in cooperation with the relevant parties especially the IPPAT code of ethics watchdogs and PPAT.
Peranan Pemerintah Daerah di Era Reformasi
Authors: Ansori Mhd
Published: May 2019

The republic of Indonesia as a unitary state embraces the principle of decentralization in the administration of goverment, by providing opportunies and freedom to the region to organize regional autonomy. Thus, regional autonomy is a policy that is in accordance with the principle of decentralization within the framework of the unitary state of the Indonesian republic. The real autonomy is the flexibility of the region to exercise the authority of the goverment in certain areas that are real and necessary and growing, living and developing in the regions. Of course this is to realize independence, autonomy is closely related to the pattern of relation between the central and regional which includes various aspects of the relationship of authority, supervisory relations, financial relations, and so forth traditional. Soewargono and Djohan stated that one of the main functions of goverment is to make public policy. The role of goverment is more as a servant of society that does not aim to gain profit rather than fulfill what the bureaucracy’s own will. The purpose of this paper to know the role of local goverment in the current era of reformasi. The type of research used is normative juridical research, using conceptual approach, legislation approach, and historical approach.
Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Wisatawan Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 2009 Tentang Kepariwisataan
Authors: Oktaviarni Firya
Published: May 2019

Tourism is the country's foreign exchange contributing sector, so tourism is needed. However, there are some cases that occur at tourist attractions such as a tourist being a sinking victim, a tourist dies at a tourist location and a tourist becomes a victim of the price of admission at tourist sites. For this reason, legal protection is needed for tourists so that losses suffered are not always given to tourists. The research objective is to find out the legal protection of tourists according to Law Number 10 of 2009 concerning Tourism. The method used is normative juridical research, legal material in the form of primary and secondary legal materials, research collected with literature study and qualitative normative analysis techniques