bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of photosensitive liquid crystalline poly(benzylidene‐ether)s with alkanones and methylene spacers in the main chain
Authors: Balaji K. , Murugavel S. C.
Published: September 2011

Photosensitive main chain liquid crystalline poly (benzylidene‐ether)s were synthesized by Claisen‐Schmidt polycondensation reaction of 4,4′‐Diformyl‐α,ω‐diphenoxyalkanes with acetone, cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone. The diformyl precursors were synthesized from 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and dibromoalkanes of varying spacer lengths. The structure of the monomers and polymers was confirmed by ELEM ANAL, Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral analyses. Molecular weight of the polymers was determined by gel permeation chromatography and was found to be moderate. The thermogravimetric analysis data revealed that the polymers were stable up to 280 °C and start degrading thereafter. Cyclopentanone containing polymers are more stable than acetone and cyclohexanone containing polymers. The self‐extinguishing properties of the synthesized polymers were studied by the determination of the limiting oxygen index values with Van Krevelen's equation. The influence of the length of methylene spacer on phase transition was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and proved that the isotropic temperature decreases as the spacer length increases. Polarized optical microscopic study showed that cyclohexanone containing polymer IIIb exhibit nematic schlieren texture. Crystallinity of the polymers was studied with X‐ray diffractograms. The photolysis of liquid crystalline poly(benzylidene‐ether)s revealed that the entgegen, zusammen (EZ) photoisomerization proceeds in the system. Fluorescence spectra showed violet and green emission maxima. The band gap energy is calculated from absorption spectra are in the range of 3.17–3.40 eV. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Computational analysis of bending strain in single chains of β‐PVDF
Authors: Viola Elana A. , Euler William B.
Published: September 2011

Hartree–Fock calculations on 20 carbon atom chains of β‐phase poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) were done as a function of bending strain. The results can be modeled in terms of a classical energy versus strain curve resulting in a pseudomodulus (310 GPa) comparable to the Young's modulus calculated for stretching along carbon atom chain (199 GPa). The model also shows that the minimum energy state of a single chain of the polymer is not linear in the all‐trans geometry and that a significant strain energy is stored in natural thin films. This suggests that energy can be captured from bending motions in β‐PVDF. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 1493–1495, 2011
Waiting to see the doctor: understanding appraisal and utilization components of consultation delay for new breast symptoms in Chinese women
Authors: Li Wylie W. Y. , Lam Wendy W. T. , Wong Jennifer H. F. , Chiu April , Chan Miranda , Or Amy , Kwong Ava , Suen Dacita , Chan Sharon W. W. , Fielding Richard
Published: September 2011

Background

Delayed consultation for potential cancer symptoms influences treatment outcomes and remains problematic. Delay components (Appraisal versus Utilization) and respective associations are poorly understood.

Methods

Eligible participants were Cantonese‐speaking Chinese women, ≥21 years old, with self‐discovered breast symptoms, recruited in surgical clinics before their first consultation, and naïve to their diagnosis. Overall 425/433 (98%) women completed a questionnaire on psychosocial, demographic and medical factors, how and when women discovered their breast symptom(s), and their subsequent decision making; 135/425 women (32%) were later diagnosed with breast cancer.

Results

Twenty‐two per cent of women delayed >3 months before consultation. Women with breast cancer (28%) more often had prolonged delay than women with benign disease (19%). Attributing symptom to a non‐cancerous condition, low fear on symptom discovery, not disclosing symptoms to others, and no prior breast symptom history predicted prolonged (>60 days) Appraisal Delay. Low fear on symptom discovery, seldom thinking about the symptom, and consultation for other reasons predicted prolonged (>14 days) Utilization Delay. Factors predicting Appraisal and Utilization Delays differentiated cancer from non‐cancer groups.

Conclusions

Indecision over symptom meaning comprised the main component of Appraisal and Total Delay, suggesting that educational strategies targeting atypical symptoms should reduce avoidable delays following self‐discovered breast symptoms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of the use of impulse oscillometry in the evaluation of children with asthma: Analysis of lung parameters, order effect, and utility compared with spirometry
Authors: Komarow Hirsh D. , Skinner Jeff , Young Michael , Gaskins Donna , Nelson Celeste , Gergen Peter J. , Metcalfe Dean D.
Published: September 2011

Background

The ability to objectively measure lung function in children is critical in the assessment and treatment of asthma in this age group. We thus determined the effectiveness of impulse oscillometry (IOS) as a non‐invasive technique to assess lung function in children and in comparison to spirometry for sensitivity and specificity, testing variability, and the order effect of sequential testing of IOS and spirometry.

Methods

One hundred seventeen children sequentially evaluated in a pediatric clinic and under medical care for disease, were asked to perform IOS and spirometry. The utility of IOS and spirometry in differentiating children that had asthma versus those children who did not was then analyzed.

Results

In the primary analysis (n = 117), bronchodilator response using IOS distinguished asthmatics from non‐asthmatics, P = 0.0008 for R10. Receiver–operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis of R10 bronchodilator response at the best cut‐off (−8.6% change) correctly identified 77% of patients with asthma and excluded 76% of non‐asthmatics. Amongst those children able to perform spirometry (asthmatics, n = 66; non‐asthmatics, n = 16), FEV1 did not reveal a difference between these two groups, while area of reactance (AX) did distinguish these groups (P = 0.0092). Sequential testing of IOS and then spirometry (n = 47) showed a significant decrement in lung function as determined by IOS following performance of spirometry (P = 0.0309).

Conclusion

In the diagnosis and management of children with lung disease, IOS is a non‐invasive approach that easily and objectively measures lung impedance and should be considered as both an adjunct, and in some situations, an alternative to standard spirometry. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:18–26. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IgG gene expression and its possible significance in prostate cancers
Authors: Liu Yuxuan , Chen Zhengshan , Niu Na , Chang Qing , Deng Ruishu , Korteweg Christine , Gu Jiang
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND

In spite of recent advances in treatment strategies, prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second leading cause of cancer death in men with its genetic and biologic behaviors still poorly understood. Recently, accumulating evidence indicates that cancer cells, as well as some normal cells can secret IgG. This study was designed to evaluate IgG gene expression and its possible significance in PCa tissue samples and cell lines.

METHODS

IgG expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, RT‐PCR, and Western blot. The possible significance of IgG was evaluated on tissue array and cell lines. To assess cell viability and proliferation, MTS assay was carried out. Apoptosis was evaluated with propidium iodide and annexin‐V staining.

RESULTS

Expressions of IgG and its related genes were detected in cell lines. Abundant gene expressions of Igγ and Igκ chain were detected in PCa tissue samples, but not in normal prostate tissues. In addition, IgG expression was significantly higher in PCa tissues than in the benign prostate hyperplasia tissues (P < 0.001). Igγ expression was positively correlated to Gleason score and histological grade (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that anti‐human monoclonal IgG antibody suppressed cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in cultured PCa cells.

CONCLUSION

IgG gene expression in PCa is related to cell differentiation and clinical status. PCa cell produced IgG is involved in the biological behavior of this cancer and may serve as a useful marker for cancer cell differentiation and prognosis. Locally produced IgG could be a potential target for therapy. Prostate 72:690–701, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of plant‐growth‐promoting rhizobacteria, acibenzolar‐S‐methyl and hymexazol for integrated control of Fusarium crown and root rot on tomato
Authors: Myresiotis Charalampos K , Karaoglanidis George S , Vryzas Zisis , Papadopoulou‐Mourkidou Euphemia
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND: Plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be potential agents for biological control of plant pathogens, while their combined use with conventional pesticides may increase their efficacy and broaden the disease control spectrum. The effect of four different Bacillus sp. PGPR strains (B. subtilis GB03 and FZB24, B. amyloliquefaciens IN937a and B. pumilus SE34) applied individually and in mixtures, as well as in combined use with acibezolar‐S‐methyl (ASM) and hymexazol, on plant growth promotion and on the control of Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR) of tomato was evaluated.

RESULTS: All PGPR strains promoted the tested plant growth characteristics significantly. A higher promoting effect was provided by SE34. Experiments on population dynamics of PGPR strains revealed that, after 28 days of incubation, populations of strain SE34 remained stable, while the remaining bacterial strains showed a slight decline in their population densities. The GB03 and FZB24 strains provided a higher disease suppression when applied individually. However, application of IN937a in a mixture with GB03 provided a higher control efficacy of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis‐lycopersici (Forl). Treatment of tomato plants with ASM resulted in a small reduction in disease index, while application of hymexazol provided significantly higher control efficacy. Combined applications of the four PGPR strains with either ASM or hymexazol were significantly more effective.

CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that, when bacilli PGPR strains were combined with pesticides, there was an increased suppression of Forl on tomato plants, and thus they may prove to be important components in FCRR integrated management. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Defect modulated Raman response of KC8 single crystals
Authors: Chacón‐Torres J. C. , Pichler T.
Published: September 2011

In situ experiments of graphite intercalation with potassium have been performed under high vacuum (HV) conditions. A detailed Raman lineshape analysis of the G‐line was applied to determine the intrinsic response of the stage one KC8 compound. Four defect‐modulated graphite single crystals were analyzed. We observe five vibrational modes (∼560, 1260, 1510, 1547, and 1563 cm−1). From a Breit–Wigner–Fano (BWF) lineshape analysis we elucidate the contribution of each vibrational mode observed. The intensity of the z‐axis mode (CZ) around ∼560 cm−1 varies depending on the defect modulated nominal KC8 crystal chosen. We prove that the intrinsic G‐line of KC8 is at 1510 cm−1, and it is strongly dependent on the actual defect content in the sample, which has important implications for the electron phonon coupling (EPC) responsible of superconductivity in this system.
The nonlinear optical absorption and corrections to the refractive index in a GaAs n‐type delta‐doped field effect transistor under hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Martínez‐Orozco J. C. , Mora‐Ramos M. E. , Duque C. A.
Published: September 2011

The theoretical study of linear and nonlinear optical absorption, and the nonlinear corrections to the refractive index in a GaAs n‐type delta‐doped field effect transistor is preformed taking into account the effects of applied hydrostatic pressure on the quantum well energy states, the size of the system and the Scottky barrier height. The potential well model includes Hartree and exchange effects via a Thomas‐Fermi‐based local density approximation. The allowed levels are calculated within the effective mass and envelope function approximations by means of an expansion over an orthogonal set of infinite well eigenfunctions. The results for the linear, nonlinear and total optical absorption, as well that those corresponding to the relative corrections of the host material refractive index in first and third order of the susceptibility, are reported for several values of the hydrostatic pressure. For P around 5 kbar, an enhancement in the linear and nonlinear contributions is detected.
Memristive switching behavior in Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3 by incorporating an oxygen‐deficient layer
Authors: Park Sangsu , Jung Seungjae , Siddik Manzar , Jo Minseok , Lee Joonmyoung , Park Jubong , Lee Wootae , Kim Seonghyun , Sadaf Sharif Md. , Liu Xinjun , Hwang Hyunsang
Published: September 2011

We propose a homogeneous nanoscaled (∅︁ 250 nm) bilayered Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3 (PCMO)‐based memory device that exhibits low power and good memristive switching behavior. Accurate control of the oxygen‐deficient (PCMO3–x) layer thickness promotes oxygen migration between PCMO3–x and stoichiometric PCMO (PCMO3). The bilayered PCMO structure was confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vaccinium myrtillus Ameliorates Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Induced Depression: Possible Involvement of Nitric Oxide Pathway
Authors: Kumar Baldeep , Arora Vipin , Kuhad Anurag , Chopra Kanwaljit
Published: September 2011

Chronic unpredictable stressors can produce a situation similar to clinical depression and such animal models can be used for the preclinical evaluation of antidepressants. Nitric oxide, a secondary messenger molecule, has been implicated in neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, learning, aggression and depression. Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) extract is a potent inhibitor of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and cytokine production. The present study investigated the role of nitric oxide in the antidepressant action of Vaccinium myrtillus in unpredictable chronic mild stress‐induced depression in mice. Animals were subjected to different stress paradigms daily for a period of 21 days to induce depressive‐like behavior. Pretreatment with l‐arginine significantly reversed the protective effect of bilberry (500 mg/kg) on chronic stress‐induced behavioral (immobility period, sucrose preference) and biochemical (lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels; endogenous antioxidant activities) in stressed mice. Furthermore, l‐NAME (10 mg/kg) pretreatment with a sub‐effective dose of bilberry (250 mg/kg) significantly potentiated the protective effect of bilberry extract. The study revealed that modulation of the nitric oxide pathway might be involved in antidepressant‐like effects of Vaccinium myrtillus in stressed mice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Possible mechanisms of water splitting reaction based on proton and electron release pathways revealed for CaMn4O5 cluster of PSII refined to 1.9 Å X‐ray resolution
Authors: Saito T. , Yamanaka S. , Kanda K. , Isobe H. , Takano Y. , Shigeta Y. , Umena Y. , Kawakami K. , Shen J.‐R. , Kamiya N. , Okumura M. , Shoji M. , Yoshioka Y. , Yamaguchi K.
Published: September 2011

Recently, Umena et al. have revealed the X‐ray diffraction structure of the CaMn4O5 cluster in the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII) refined to 1.9 Å resolution. Their X‐ray structure has first elucidated hydrogen‐bonding networks and proton release pathways at OEC of PSII. Here, several working hypotheses (heuristic principles) for water splitting reaction are derived from their X‐ray structure for theoretical modeling. These hypotheses suggest how water can be oxidized at OEC of PSII: namely possible reaction mechanisms for the reaction. To confirm them, we have also performed broken‐symmetry (BS) UB3LYP calculations for active site models based on their XRD structure. The bond lengths of formal Mn(V)O with labile dπ‐pπ bonds are optimized to clarify possible roles of the species that are often introduced as a key intermediate in the catalytic (Kok) cycle for water splitting reaction at OEC of PSII. Location of the transition structure for the oxygen‐oxygen (OO) bond formation is also performed by the energy optimization technique. The natural orbital (NO) analysis of the UB3LYP solutions has been performed to obtain the natural molecular orbitals and their occupation numbers that have been useful for classification of localized d‐electrons, labile chemical bonds and closed‐shell (valence) orbitals. The localized d‐electrons characterized by the NO analysis are the origins for the magnetism revealed by ENDOR and other magnetic experiments. On the other hand, the nature of labile (soft) dπ‐pπ bonds responsible for the OO bond formation has been investigated on the basis of chemical indices such as effective bond order (b), diradical character (y), and spin density (Q) indices that are calculated using the orbital overlap between broken‐symmetry orbitals. These chemical indices have been calculated for the transition structure of the OO bond formation at OEC of PSII. Implications of present computational results are discussed in relation to the derived hypotheses and available accumulated experimental results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Stable carbon isotope evidence for nitrogenous fertilizer impact on carbonate weathering in a small agricultural watershed
Authors: Brunet F. , Potot C. , Probst A. , Probst J.‐L.
Published: September 2011

The isotopic signature of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), δ13CDIC, has been investigated in the surface waters of a small agricultural catchment on calcareous substratum, Montoussé, located at Auradé (south‐west France). The Montoussé catchment is subjected to intense farming (wheat/sunflower rotation) and a moderated application of nitrogenous fertilizers. During the nitrification of the NH4+, supplied by fertilization, nitrate and H+ ions are produced in the soil. This anthropogenic acidity is combined with the natural acidity due to carbonic acid in weathering processes. From an isotopic point of view, with 'natural weathering', using carbonic acid, δ13CDIC is intermediate between the δ13C of soil CO2 produced by organic matter oxidation and that of the carbonate rocks, while it has the same value as the carbonates when carbonic acid is substituted by another acid like nitric acid derived from nitrogen fertilizer. The δ13CDIC values range from −17.1‰ to −10.7‰ in Montoussé stream waters. We also measured the δ13C of calcareous molassic deposits (average −7.9‰) and of soil organic carbon (between −24.1‰ and −26‰) to identify the different sources of DIC and to estimate their contribution. The δ13CDIC value indicates that weathering largely follows the carbonic acid pathway at the springs (sources of the stream). At the outlet of the basin, H+ ions, produced during the nitrification of N‐fertilizer, also contribute to weathering, especially during flood events. This result is illustrated by the relationship between δ13CDIC and the molar ratio NO3–/(Ca2+ + Mg2+). Consequently, when the contribution of nitrate increases, the δ13CDIC increases towards the calcareous end‐member. This new isotopic result provides evidence for the direct influence of nitrogen fertilizer inputs on weathering, CO2 consumption and base cation leaching and confirms previous results obtained using the chemistry of the major ions present in the field, and in soil column experiments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Susceptibility to winter vomiting disease: a sweet matter
Authors: Rydell Gustaf E. , Kindberg Elin , Larson Göran , Svensson Lennart
Published: September 2011

Norovirus, the cause of winter vomiting disease, has emerged in recent years to be a major cause of sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. The virus has been estimated to cause >200 000 deaths each year in developing countries. Although the virus is highly contagious, volunteer and field studies have shown that a subset of individuals appears resistant to infections. A single nucleotide mutation (G428A) in the fucosyltransferase gene (FUT2) on chromosome 19 provides strong protection from infection in 20% of the white population. Histo‐blood group ABO(H) antigens with terminal fucose are believed to function as receptors for human norovirus in the gastrointestinal tract, but also negatively charged potential receptors have been identified. Norovirus infection is a unique example where a single nucleotide mutation in a fucosyltransferase gene plays a crucial role in susceptibility to one of the most common viral diseases. This review discusses the role of host genetics and carbohydrate structures in susceptibility to winter vomiting disease. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LMI‐based robust sliding control for mismatched uncertain nonlinear systems using fuzzy models
Authors: Liu Sung‐Chieh , Lin Sheng‐Fuu
Published: September 2011

We propose a robust sliding control design method for uncertain Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy models. The uncertain fuzzy systems under consideration have mismatched parameter uncertainties in the state matrix and external disturbances. We make the first attempt to relax the restrictive assumption that each nominal local system model shares the same input channel, which is required in the traditional VSS‐based fuzzy control design methods. We derive the existence conditions of linear sliding surfaces guaranteeing the asymptotic stability in terms of constrained LMIs. We present an LMI characterization of such sliding surfaces. Also, an LMI‐based algorithm is given to design the switching feedback control term so that a stable sliding motion is induced in finite time. Finally, we give two simulation results to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An investigation of hydrogen depth profiling using ToF‐SIMS
Authors: Zhu Zihua , Shutthanandan Vaithiyalingam , Engelhard Mark
Published: September 2011

Hydrogen depth distributions in silicon, zinc oxide, and glass are of great interest in material research and industry. Time‐of‐flight SIMS has been used for hydrogen depth profiling for many years. However, some critical information, such as optimal instrumental settings and detection limits, is not easily available from previous publications. In this work, optimal instrumental settings and detection limits of hydrogen in silicon, zinc oxide, and common glass were investigated. The recommended experimental settings for hydrogen depth profiling using time‐of‐flight SIMS are: (i) keeping pressure in the analysis chamber as low as possible, (ii) using a cesium beam for sputtering and monitoring the H– signal, (iii) employing monatomic ion analysis beams with the highest currents, and (iv) using interlace mode. In addition, monatomic secondary ions from a matrix are recommended as references to normalize the H– signal. Detection limits of hydrogen are limited by the pressure of residual gases in the analysis chamber. The base pressure of the analysis chamber (with samples) is about 7 × 10−10 mbar in this study, and the corresponding detection limits of hydrogen in silicon, zinc oxide, and common glass are 1.3 × 1018 atoms/cm3, 1.8 × 1018 atoms/cm3, and 5.6 × 1018 atoms/cm3, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methane chemical vapor deposition on transition metal/GaAs samples – a possible route to Haeckelite carbon nanotubes?
Authors: Burek Michael J. , Hesjedal Thorsten
Published: September 2011

We present a systematic study of atmospheric chemical vapor deposition growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on patterned, transition metal/GaAs samples employing methane as the carbon feedstock. Controlled CNT growth was found to occur from the exposed metal‐semiconductor interface, rather than from the metal or semiconductor surfaces themselves. A fast sample loading system allowed for a minimization of the exposure to high temperatures, thereby preventing excessive sample damage. The optimum growth temperature for CrNi/GaAs interfaces is 700 °C (at a methane flow rate of 700 sccm). Possible growth scenarios involving the Ni–As–Ga system and its interaction with C is discussed. Raman spectroscopy of the CNTs revealed the presence of pentagon–heptagon defects. Closer analysis of the spectra points towards a mixture of so‐called Haeckelite CNTs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resistive‐Switching Crossbar Memory Based on Ni–NiO Core–Shell Nanowires
Authors: Cagli Carlo , Nardi Federico , Harteneck Bruce , Tan Zhongkui , Zhang Yuegang , Ielmini Daniele
Published: September 2011

Resistive‐switching memory (RRAM) is an emerging nanoscale device based on the localized metal–insulator transition within a few‐nanometer‐sized metal oxide region. RRAM is one of the most promising memory technologies for the ultimate downscaling of nonvolatile memory. However, to develop memory arrays with densities approaching 1 Tb cm−2, bottom‐up schemes based on synthesis and assembly of metal oxide nanowires (NWs) must be demonstrated. A RRAM memory device based on core–shell Ni‐NiO NWs is presented, in which the Ni core plays the role of the metallic interconnect, while the NiO shell serves as the active switching layer. A resistance change of at least two orders of magnitude is shown on electrical operation of the device, and the metal–insulator switching is unequivocally demonstrated to take place in the NiO shell at the crossing between two NWs or between a NW and a gold electrode strip. Since the fabrication of the NW crossbar device is not limited by lithography, this approach may provide a basis for high‐density, low‐cost crossbar memory with long‐term storage stability.
(MC2)2: criteria, requirements and a software prototype for Cloud infrastructure decisions
Authors: Menzel Michael , Schönherr Marten , Tai Stefan
Published: September 2011

Cloud computing is a disruptive technology, representing a new model for information technology solution engineering and management that promises to introduce significant cost savings and other benefits. The adoption of Cloud computing requires a detailed comparison of infrastructure alternatives, taking a number of aspects into careful consideration. Existing methods of evaluation, however, limit decision‐making to the relative costs of Cloud computing, but do not take a broader range of criteria into account. The Multi‐Criteria Comparison Method for Cloud Computing () offers a multi‐criteria‐based decision framework that can be applied to Cloud computing. The framework allows organizations to create evaluation methods that help to determine what infrastructure best suits their needs by evaluating and ranking infrastructure alternatives using multiple criteria derived from a comprehensive criteria catalog. Therefore, offers a way to differentiate infrastructures not only by costs but also in terms of benefits, opportunities and risks. can be adapted to facilitate a wide array of decision‐making scenarios within the domain of information technology infrastructures, depending on the criteria selected to support the framework. The software prototype presented in this paper creates an interface to decision‐makers that makes the framework more usable for Cloud infrastructure decisions in practice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on physicochemical characteristics of waxy potato starch in comparison with other waxy starches
Authors: Yan Hong , Yayuan Zhang , Ling Zhu , Zhengbiao Gu
Published: September 2011

The physicochemical properties of wx potato, wx corn, and wx rice starches were examined and compared. wx potato starch displayed the B‐type XRD pattern, whereas wx rice and wx corn displayed the A‐type. Shapes of wx potato starch were oval or slightly round, wx corn and wx rice starch granules were polygonal. AM contents of the three starches were between 1.0 and 1.5%. Rapid viscosity analyzer data showed initial pasting temperatures of wx potato, wx corn, and wx rice starches as 69.6, 75.4, and 76.8°C, respectively, peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback of wx potato starch were 2114, 1084, and 4 mPa s. Using DSC, onset temperature of gelatinization of wx potato starch was 5.5–7.2°C higher than those of wx rice and wx corn starches. The thermal enthalpies of the starches studied in our laboratory were in the range of 0.2268–1.9900 J/g with decreasing order of wx potato > wx corn > wx rice starch.
Finding functional redundancies in offshore wind turbine design
Authors: Echavarría E. , van Bussel G. J. W. , Tomiyama T.
Published: September 2011

Offshore operational conditions for wind farms differ from onshore especially because of their exposure to extreme weather, their remote locations and their inaccessibility in certain periods of the year. This brings a new challenge for the wind energy industry, which faces the need of more reliable systems. A common approach to improve reliability is to use component redundancies. Although this may be a good solution in some cases, it can also give undesirable consequences such as additional weight, need of additional space and cost increase. Another approach is to look at the functional capabilities of existing components to accomplish functions not initially intended to do so. In the event of a fault, these additional capabilities may be used to substitute the function of a faulty component and to have the system available for operation.

This paper presents a new design philosophy based on functional redundancies and reconfiguration that can help to increase availability of wind turbines. It has a special impact on offshore applications where, in addition to the difficult accessibility, energy output per unit is more significant because of the continuous increase in sizes. An example is presented using a conceptual design of a wind turbine, showing how to find potential functional redundancies that can provide fault‐tolerant solutions and bring flexibility to the system's operation, at no significant additional weight and cost. The methodology is implemented in a software tool named Knowledge Intensive Engineering Framework, which supports functional representation and, more specifically, function‐behavior‐state modeling. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical methods for computer performance evaluation
Authors: Patil Shruti , Lilja David J.
Published: September 2011

Computer performance has traditionally played a fundamental role in computer system design. Performance measurements and their quantitative analyses are useful in understanding and enhancing a computer system and in comparing different systems. Owing to the stochastic nature of systems, measuring performance is prone to noise and experimental errors. The field of statistics provides a rich set of tools and techniques to effectively deal with such noise and errors, allowing one to obtain meaningful measurements. Statistical techniques have also been applied in many other areas of computer performance measurement, such as designing experiments, simulation, analyzing results, and predicting performance. In this article, we present a comprehensive discussion of how statistical theories apply during the process of computer performance measurement and describe the statistical techniques that have been used in the literature. WIREs Comp Stat 2012, 4:98–106. doi: 10.1002/wics.192

This article is categorized under:

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Algorithms
The state of the State Mental Hospital at the turn of the century
Authors: Bachrach Leona L.
Published: September 2011

There is a core of services whose specific content varies from place to place that still appears to belong to the state mental hospital.
Can advising lead to meaningful relationships?
Authors: Rappaport Nancy
Published: September 2011

Schools have increasingly implemented advising programs as a means of linking students with caring adults. Although this approach is promising, its success depends on adequate funding; the full commitment of administration, staff, and parents; and a thoughtful definition of the procedures for achieving the goals.
The Crystal and Molecular Structure of γ‐P4S6
Authors: Rödl Thomas , Pfitzner Arno
Published: September 2011

The crystal and molecular structure of γ‐P4S6 was determined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. It crystallizes monoclinically in the space group P21/m (No. 11) with a = 6.627(3) Å, b = 10.504(7) Å, c = 6.878(3) Å, β = 90.18(4)°, V = 478.8(4) Å3, and Z = 2. The structure consists of cage‐like P4S6 molecules with CS symmetry arranged with the topology of a cubic close packing.
Quaternary Germanide Arsenides ZrCuGeAs and HfCuGeAs
Authors: Baergen Alyson M. , Blanchard Peter E. R. , Stoyko Stanislav S. , Mar Arthur
Published: September 2011

The quaternary germanide arsenides ZrCuGeAs and HfCuGeAs were prepared by reaction of “ZrCuGe” or “HfCuGe” precursor materials with As at 800 °C. They are new representatives of the ZrCuSiAs‐type structure (tetragonal, space group P4/nmm, Z = 2, Pearson symbol tP8), as determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction on ZrCuGeAs (a = 3.7155(2) Å, c = 9.5644(6) Å) and powder X‐ray diffraction on HfCuGeAs (a = 3.6935(3) Å, c = 9.5557(9) Å). They belong in the small category of ZrCuSiAs‐type compounds exhibiting strong covalent bonding in three dimensions, as reflected in their location in a structure map and as confirmed by band structure calculations. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy provides evidence for anionic As atoms. Both compounds exhibit temperature‐independent Pauli paramagnetism.
Solubility Behaviour of TiCl4, ZrCl4, and HfCl4 in Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids
Authors: Dötterl Matthias , Haas Isabelle , Alt Helmut G.
Published: September 2011

The solubility of NbCl5, TaCl5, TiCl4, ZrCl4, and HfCl4 in neutral [BMIM][AlCl4] (BMIM = 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) was determined. While TiCl4 was immiscible with the neutral ionic liquid, 0.80 molar equivalents of ZrCl4 and stoichiometric amounts of HfCl4 dissolved in the melt at ambient temperature. The crystal structures and the unit cell parameters of [BMIM]2[Ti2Cl10], [BMIM]2[Zr2Cl10], and [PhNMe3][Hf2Cl9] were determined. [BMIM]2[Ti2Cl10], and [BMIM]2[Zr2Cl10] were crystallised from basic chloroaluminate melts. With a trimethylanilinium cation, [PhNMe3][Hf2Cl9] crystallised from an equimolar composition of PhNMe3Cl, AlCl3, and HfCl4. Obviously, HfCl4 abstracted a chloride ligand from [AlCl4]– to give highly Lewis acidic [Al2Cl7]– anions.
Ammonium Phenylphosphonamidodiselenoates and Phenylphosphonamidodi‐selenoic Diamides from the Selenation of Primary and Secondary Amines
Authors: Hua Guoxiong , Randall Rebecca A. M. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek
Published: September 2011

By reacting two equivalents of primary or secondary amines with 2,4‐bis(phenyl)‐1,3‐diselenadiphosphetane‐2,4‐diselenide (Woollins' reagent) at room temperature a series of new ammonium phenylphosphonamidodiselenoates 1–7 have been obtained in good to excellent yields (70–99 %). The first metal complex of phenylphosphonamidodiselenoate, the complex of Cd2L4 (L = [Se2PPh(NCH(CH3)2]–) (8) has been prepared from the reaction of diisopropylamine N‐isopropyl‐P‐phenylphosphonamidodiselenoate with Cd(CH3COO)2 in dichloromethane. Upon heating to 130 °C the ammonium phenylphosphonamidodiselenoates lose hydrogen selenide leading to the corresponding phenylphosphonamidodiselenoic diamides 9–11 in almost quantitative yields. The same products 9–11 can also be prepared directly from the reaction of primary amines with Woollins' reagent in refluxing toluene. Three representative X‐ray structures are described.
Balance dysfunction and falls in people with lower limb arthritis: factors contributing to risk and effectiveness of exercise interventions
Authors: Levinger Pazit , Wallman Susannah , Hill Keith
Published: September 2011

Chronic musculoskeletal conditions in the lower extremities, particularly arthritis, and the chronic pain associated with them, are independent risk factors for falls, with approximately 50% of people with arthritis reporting one or more falls. Despite this, few studies have specifically addressed balance dysfunction, falls risk and falls incidence in people with arthritis. This review aimed to identify potential factors contributing to the increased risk of falls in people with lower limb osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis and to summarise the evidence base for effective exercise interventions targeted to reduce their risk of falls. A systematic search of the literature was conducted in February 2010 and included the following databases: MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Allied and Complementary Medicine, Cochrane Library and PsycINFO. Only three studies that investigated exercise programmes for people with lower limb arthritis met all inclusion criteria, but none used falls as an outcome measure. To broaden the review, systematic reviews that assessed the effectiveness of exercise interventions for fall prevention in older people were also included. The presence of any form of lower limb arthritis and the associated consequences including pain, balance impairment, reduced muscle strength and reduced function are all associated with increased risk of falling. Due to the link between musculoskeletal pain and the increased risk of falls, further research needs to investigate which type of exercise programme will be effective in reducing the risk of falls in populations with arthritis in the lower limbs.
Impact of apolipoprotein ɛ4–cerebrospinal fluid beta‐amyloid interaction on hippocampal volume loss over 1 year in mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Chiang Gloria C. , Insel Philip S. , Tosun Duygu , Schuff Norbert , Truran‐Sacrey Diana , Raptentsetsang Sky T. , Thompson Paul M. , Reiman Eric M. , Jack Clifford R. , Fox Nick C. , Jagust William J. , Harvey Danielle J. , Beckett Laurel A. , Gamst Anthony , Aisen Paul S. , Petersen Ron C. , Weiner Michael W.
Published: September 2011

Background

The majority of studies relating amyloid pathology with brain volumes have been cross‐sectional. Apolipoprotein ɛ4 (APOE ɛ4), a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, is also known to be associated with hippocampal volume loss. No studies have considered the effects of amyloid pathology and APOE ɛ4 together on longitudinal volume loss.

Methods

We evaluated whether an abnormal level of cerebrospinal fluid beta‐amyloid (CSF Aβ) and APOE ɛ4 carrier status were independently associated with greater hippocampal volume loss over 1 year. We then assessed whether APOE ɛ4 status and CSF Aβ acted synergistically, testing the significance of an interaction term in the regression analysis. We included 297 participants: 77 cognitively normal, 144 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 76 with Alzheimer's disease.

Results

An abnormal CSF Aβ level was found to be associated with greater hippocampal volume loss over 1 year in each group. APOE ɛ4 was associated with hippocampal volume loss only in the cognitively normal and MCI groups. APOE ɛ4 carriers with abnormal CSF Aβ in the MCI group acted synergistically to produce disproportionately greater volume loss than noncarriers.

Conclusion

Baseline CSF Aβ predicts progression of hippocampal volume loss. APOE ɛ4 carrier status amplifies the degree of neurodegeneration in MCI. Understanding the effect of interactions between genetic risk and amyloid pathology will be important in clinical trials and our understanding of the disease process.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Lyketsos Constantine G. , Carrillo Maria C. , Ryan J. Michael , Khachaturian Ara S. , Trzepacz Paula , Amatniek Joan , Cedarbaum Jesse , Brashear Robert , Miller David S.
Published: September 2011

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are core features of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Once thought to emerge primarily in people with late‐stage disease, these symptoms are currently known to manifest commonly in very early disease and in prodromal phases, such as mild cognitive impairment. Despite decades of research, reliable treatments for dementia‐associated NPS have not been found, and those that are in widespread use present notable risks for people using these medications. An Alzheimer's Association Research Roundtable was convened in the spring of 2010 to review what is known about NPS in Alzheimer's disease, to discuss classification and underlying neuropathogenesis and vulnerabilities, and to formulate recommendations for new approaches to tailored therapeutics.
New information about the stratigraphic position and age of the sauropodAragosaurus ischiaticusfrom the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: CANUDO J. I. , GASCA J. M. , MORENO-AZANZA M. , AURELL M.
Published: September 2011

The sauropodAragosaurus ischiaticusSanz, Buscalioni, Casanovas & Santafé, 1987 was the first dinosaur to be described in Spain. The holotype was recovered from the site of Las Zabacheras (Galve, Teruel province). This site has traditionally been situated in the El Castellar Formation (in the lower part of the Wealden facies). Recently, it has been proposed that the remains ofAragosaurusstem from the Villar del Arzobispo Formation (late Tithonian–upper part of the early Berriasian), which would mean that the sauropod was almost 15 million years older than previously thought. Detailed field work has been carried out, making it possible to pinpoint the position of the low-angle unconformity between the Villar del Arzobispo Formation and the El Castellar Formation. This unconformity originated as a result of block tilting that occurred during the early stages of the Early Cretaceous rifting episode. The upper levels of the Jurassic sequence (i.e. the Villar del Arzobispo Formation) were exposed to erosion and karstification, leading to the formation of a discontinuous conglomeratic level. This level has been locally preserved at the bottom of the Wealden syn-rift sequence (i.e. the El Castellar Formation). The results of our detailed mapping demonstrate that theAragosaurusholotype was found in the lower part of the El Castellar Formation. Moreover, our revision of the existing datings suggests that the El Castellar Formation as a whole is Valanginian?–early Barremian in age. Given thatAragosauruswas located in its lower part, it is probably Valanginian?–Hauterivian in age.
Detecting new and emerging diseases on livestock farms using an early
detection system
Authors: KOSMIDER R. D. , KELLY L. , SIMONS R. L. , BROUWER A. , DAVID G.
Published: September 2011

The monitoring and surveillance of animal diseases is becoming increasingly
important to policy-makers in Great Britain particularly given recent incursions
of avian influenza and the emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. To
meet this surveillance objective, data from British livestock is collected and
analysed retrospectively on an ongoing basis. However, these data can also be
analysed prospectively within an early detection system which raises alerts to
significant increases in disease reporting soon after they occur in the field.
The feasibility of such an approach has been examined previously for
Salmonella. This paper applied the approach to a further
subset of surveillance data to alert those monitoring disease to increases in
potentially new and emerging diseases. Thus far, the analysis, conducted on a
quarterly basis, has proved a useful additional tool in enhanced surveillance by
raising alerts to significant increases in several syndromes in both sheep and
cattle.
Using Activity Theory to understand the contradictions in an online transatlantic collaboration between student-teachers of English as a Foreign Language
Authors: Antoniadou Victoria
Published: September 2011

This article describes the contradictions reported by student-teachers in Barcelona who engaged in telecollaboration with transatlantic peers via Second Life, during their initial training in Teaching English as a Foreign Language. The data analysis draws upon Grounded Theory and is theoretically informed by Activity Theory and the notion of contradictions. The study discusses technology-based, intra- and inter-institutional contradictions, their impact on the development of the telecollaborative activity, and outcomes in bolstering student-teachers’ conceptual understanding of Network-Based Language Instruction.
Self-care management and risk factors for depressive symptoms among elderly outpatients in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Yun-Fang , Liu Li-Ling , Tsai Hsiu-Hsin , Chung Shih-Chi
Published: September 2011

Background:Early detection and appropriate treatment interventions for depressive symptoms in the elderly are important issues for healthcare systems. However, few studies to date have focused on understanding self-care strategies to manage depressive symptoms among elderly people worldwide. The purpose of this study was to explore self-care management strategies and risk factors for depressive symptoms among elderly outpatients in Taiwan.

Methods:A convenience sample of elderly persons (≥65 years old; N = 1054) was recruited from outpatient clinics of two hospitals in northern Taiwan.

Results:In our sample, the prevalence of depressive tendency was 16.3%. The majority of participants (70.1%) managed depressive symptoms with self-care strategies. The strategy most often used to relieve depressive symptoms was “take a walk.” The main information source for self-care strategies was self-learning. Depressive tendency in this sample was shown by logistic regression analysis to be significantly predicted by gender, marital status, perceived income adequacy, perceived health condition, stroke, and cancer.

Conclusion:Elderly people need to be made more aware of strategies to self-manage depressive symptoms. Healthcare providers can decrease/prevent the first risk factor for depressive symptoms (poor perceived health status) by improving elders’ perceived health and promoting their actual health. The second risk factor (poor perceived income adequacy) can be decreased/prevented by carefully assessing patients’ financial situation during clinic visits and providing suitable referral for further assistance.