bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information sharing and reporting systems in the UK and Ireland: Professional barriers to reporting child maltreatment concerns
Authors: Bunting Lisa , Lazenbatt Anne , Wallace Isla
Published: June 2009

Across the UK recent policy developments have focused on improved information sharing and inter‐agency cooperation. Professional non‐reporting of child maltreatment concerns has been consistently highlighted as a problem in a range of countries and the research literature indicates that this can happen for a variety of reasons. Characteristics such as the type of abuse and the threshold of evidence available are key factors, as are concerns that reporting will damage the professional‐client relationship. Professional discipline can also impact on willingness to report, as can personal beliefs about abuse, attitudes towards child protection services and experiences of court processes.

Research examining the role of organisational factors in information sharing and reporting emphasises the importance of training and there are some positive indications that training can increase professional awareness of reporting processes and requirements and help to increase knowledge of child abuse and its symptoms. Nonetheless, this is a complex issue and the need for training to go beyond simple awareness raising is recognised. In order to tackle non‐reporting in a meaningful way, childcare professionals need access to on‐going multidisciplinary training which is specifically tailored to address the range of different factors which impact on reporting attitudes and behaviours. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diamond‐ and Graphite‐Like Octacyanometalate‐Based Polymers Induced by Metal Ions
Authors: Wang Ying , Wang Tian‐Wei , Xiao Hong‐Ping , Li Yi‐Zhi , Song You , You Xiao‐Zeng
Published: June 2009

By using cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine (chxn), Ni(ClO4)2⋅6H2O and Na3[Mo(CN)8]⋅4H2O, a 3D diamond‐like polymer {[NiII(chxn)2]2[MoIV(CN)8]⋅8H2O}n (1) was synthesised, whereas the reaction of chxn and Cu(ClO4)2⋅6H2O with Na3[MV(CN)8]⋅ 4H2O (M=Mo, W) afforded two isomorphous graphite‐like complexes {[CuII(chxn)2]3[MoV(CN)8]2⋅2H2O}n (2) and {[CuII(chxn)2]3[WV(CN)8]2⋅2H2O}n (3). When the same synthetic procedure was employed, but replacing Na3[Mo(CN)8]⋅4H2O by (Bu3NH)3[Mo(CN)8]⋅4H2O (Bu3N=tributylamine), {[CuII(chxn)2MoIV(CN)8][CuII(chxn)2]⋅ 2H2O}n (4) was obtained. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses showed that the framework of 4 is similar to 2 and 3, except that a discrete [Cu(chxn)2]2+ moiety in 4 possesses large channels of parallel adjacent layers. The experimental results showed that in this system, the diamond‐ or graphite‐like framework was strongly influenced by the inducement of metal ions. The magnetic properties illustrate that the diamagnetic [MoIV(CN)8] bridges mediate very weak antiferromagnetic coupling between the NiII ions in 1, but lead to the paramagnetic behaviour in 4 because [MoIV(CN)8] weakly coordinates to the CuII ions. The magnetic investigations of 2 and 3 indicate the presence of ferromagnetic coupling between the CuII and WV/MoV ions, and the more diffuse 5d orbitals lead to a stronger magnetic coupling interaction between the WV and CuII ions than between the MoV and CuII ions.
Improved Tricyclic Inhibitors of Trypanothione Reductase by Screening and Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Richardson John L. , Nett Isabelle R. E. , Jones Deuan C. , Abdille Mohamed H. , Gilbert Ian H. , Fairlamb Alan H.
Published: June 2009

Trypanothione reductase (TryR) is a key validated enzyme in the trypanothione‐based redox metabolism of pathogenic trypanosomes and leishmania parasites. This system is absent in humans, being replaced with glutathione and glutathione reductase, and as such offers a target for selective inhibition. As part of a program to discover antiparasitic drugs, the LOPAC1280 library of 1266 compounds was screened against TryR and the top hits evaluated against glutathione reductase and T. brucei parasites. The top hits included a number of known tricyclic neuroleptic drugs along with other new scaffolds for TryR. Three novel druglike hits were identified and SAR studies on one of these using information from the tricyclic neuroleptic agents led to the discovery of a competitive inhibitor (Ki=330 nM) with an improved potency against T. brucei (EC50=775 nM).
A guide to practical babooning: Historical, social, and cognitive contingency
Authors: Barrett Louise
Published: June 2009

As ecologically adaptable animals, baboons are distributed widely across Africa, and display a variety of morphological and behavioral differences that reflect both local ecology and a complex evolutionary history. As long‐lived, slowly reproducing animals, baboons face numerous ecological challenges to survival and successful reproduction. As group‐living animals, the social world presents an equally diverse array of challenges that require the negotiation of individual needs within the constraints imposed by others. Understanding how all these facets of baboon evolutionary history, life history, ecology, sociality, and cognition fit together is an enormous but engaging challenge, and despite one hundred years of study, it is clear there is a still much to learn about the various natural histories of baboons. What also is clear, however, is that an appreciation of contingency holds the key to understanding all these facets of baboon evolution and behavior. In what follows, I hope to illustrate exactly what I mean by this, highlighting along the way that history is not to be ignored, variability is information and not merely “noise”, and that behavioral and cognitive complexity can be two very different things.
OCT imaging of skin cancer and other dermatological diseases
Authors: Mogensen Mette , Thrane Lars , Jørgensen Thomas M. , Andersen Peter E. , Jemec Gregor B. E.
Published: June 2009

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides clinicians and researchers with micrometer‐resolution,in vivo, cross‐sectional images of human skin up to several millimeter depth. This review of OCT imaging applied within dermatology covers the application of OCT to normal skin, and reports on a large number of applications in the fields of non‐melanoma skin cancer, malignant melanomas, psoriasis and dermatitis, infestations, bullous skin diseases, tattoos, nails, haemangiomas, and other skin diseases. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new method for the synthesis and herbicidal activity of 3‐phenoxy‐6‐(1H‐(substituted)pyrazol‐1‐yl) pyridazines
Authors: Hu Fang‐Zhong , Zhang Gui‐Feng , Liu Bin , Zou Xiao‐Mao , Zhu You‐Quan , Yang Hua‐Zheng
Published: June 2009

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A series of 3‐substituted phenoxy‐6‐((substituted)1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl) pyridazines were synthesized from the condensation of various phenols and 3‐chloro‐6‐(1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl) pyridazine 2 or 3‐chloro‐6‐(5′‐methyl‐4‐ethoxycarbonyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl) pyridazine 6 in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) at 120°C with K2CO3 as an acid receptor. The intermediates 2 or 6 were obtained from the cyclization of 3‐chloro‐6‐hydrazinyl pyridazine 1 with 3‐dimethylamino‐acrylaldehyde or ethyl 2‐((dimethylamino) methylene)‐3‐oxobutanoate in n‐butanol under reflux, respectively, and side products 3 or 7 were also generated. All of the title compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, infrared spectometry (IR) and elemental analyses. Preliminary bioassay indicated that some of the title compounds showed high inhibitory activity against Brassica campestris L. (B. campestris) and moderate inhibitory activity against Echinochloa crusgalli. For example, the inhibition percentages of compound 4b and 4c against B. campestris were both 94% at 10 μg/mL. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Synthesis and biological activity of 4‐methylene‐pyrido[4,3‐d]pyrimidines
Authors: Mo Wenyan , Yao Yongyan , Shen Yunli , He Hongwu , Gu Yucheng
Published: June 2009

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Fifteen novel 3‐substituted‐5‐methyl‐4‐methylene‐7‐alkylsulfanyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐pyrido[4,3‐d]pyrimidine‐8‐carbonitriles 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j, 5k, 5l, 5m, 5n, 5o, were synthesized via a facile annulation process in which formation of the pyrimidine ring proceeded smoothly by the regioselective attack of a formamidate group on a neighboring carbonyl group instead of a cyano group. Bioassay results indicated that these compounds showed significant herbicidal activity at a dose of 100 μg/mL on the roots of oil rape and barnyard grass. In addition, some of these compounds displayed fungicidal activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Quantitative contrast‐enhanced perfusion measurements of the human lung using the prebolus approach
Authors: Oechsner Markus , Mühlhäusler Matti , Ritter Christian O. , Weininger Markus , Beissert Matthias , Jakob Peter M. , Beer Meinrad , Hahn Dietbert , Köstler Herbert
Published: June 2009

Purpose

To investigate dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) for quantification of pulmonary blood flow (PBF) and blood volume (PBV) using the prebolus approach and to compare the results to the global lung perfusion (GLP).

Materials and Methods

Eleven volunteers were examined by applying different contrast agent doses (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mL gadolinium diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid [Gd‐DTPA]), using a saturation‐recovery (SR) true fast imaging with steady precession (TrueFISP) sequence. PBF and PBV were determined for single bolus and prebolus. Region of interest (ROI) evaluation was performed and parameter maps were calculated. Additionally, cardiac output (CO) and lung volume were determined and GLP was calculated as a contrast agent–independent reference value.

Results

The prebolus results showed good agreement with low‐dose single‐bolus and GLP: PBF (mean ± SD in units of mL/minute/100 mL) = single bolus 190 ± 73 (0.5‐mL dose) and 193 ± 63 (1.0‐mL dose); prebolus 192 ± 70 (1.0–2.0‐mL dose) and 165 ± 52 (1.0–3.0‐mL dose); GLP (mL/minute/100 mL) = 187 ± 34. Higher single‐bolus resulted in overestimated values due to arterial input function (AIF) saturation.

Conclusion

The prebolus approach enables independent determination of appropriate doses for AIF and tissue signal. Using this technique, the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) from lung parenchyma can be increased, resulting in improved PBF and PBV quantification, which is especially useful for the generation of parameter maps. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;30:104–111. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High B‐value apparent diffusion‐weighted images from CURVE‐ball DTI
Authors: Peled Sharon , Whalen Stephen , Jolesz Ferenc A. , Golby Alexandra J.
Published: June 2009

Purpose

To investigate the utility of a proposed clinical diffusion imaging scheme for rapidly generating multipleb‐value diffusion contrast in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR).

Materials and Methods

Our strategy for efficient image acquisition relies on the invariance property of the diffusion tensor eigenvectors tob‐value. A simple addition to the conventional diffusion tensor MR imaging (DTI) data acquisition scheme used for tractography yields diffusion‐weighted images at twice and three times the conventionalb‐value. An example from a neurosurgical brain tumor is shown. Apparent diffusion‐weighted (ADW) images were calculated forb‐values 800, 1600, and 2400 s/mm2, and a map of excess diffusive kurtosis was computed from the three ADWs.

Results

Highb‐value ADW images demonstrated decreased contrast between normal gray and white matter, while the heterogeneity and contrast of the lesion was emphasized relative to conventionalb‐value data. Kurtosis maps indicated the deviation from Gaussian diffusive behavior.

Conclusion

DTI data with multipleb‐values and good SNR can be acquired in clinically reasonable times. Highb‐value ADW images show increased contrast and add information to conventional DWI. Ambiguity in conventionalb‐value images over whether hyperintense signal results from abnormally low diffusion, or abnormally long T2, is better resolved in highb‐value images. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;30:243–248. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of PRESS and STEAM sequences on magnetic resonance spectroscopic liver fat quantification
Authors: Hamilton Gavin , Middleton Michael S. , Bydder Mark , Yokoo Takeshi , Schwimmer Jeffrey B. , Kono Yuko , Patton Heather M. , Lavine Joel E. , Sirlin Claude B.
Published: June 2009

Purpose

To compare PRESS and STEAM MR spectroscopy for assessment of liver fat in human subjects.

Materials and Methods

Single‐voxel (20 × 20 × 20 mm) PRESS and STEAM spectra were obtained at 1.5T in 49 human subjects with known or suspected fatty liver disease. PRESS and STEAM sequences were obtained with fixed TR (1500 msec) and different TE (five PRESS spectra between TE 30‐70 msec, five STEAM spectra between TE 20–60 msec). Spectra were quantified and T2 and T2‐corrected peak area were calculated by different techniques. The values were compared for PRESS and STEAM.

Results

Water T2 values from PRESS and STEAM were not significantly different (P = 0.33). Fat peak T2s were 25%–50% shorter on PRESS than on STEAM (P < 0.02 for all comparisons) and there was no correlation between T2s of individual peaks. PRESS systematically overestimated the relative fat peak areas (by 7%–263%) compared to STEAM (P < 0.005 for all comparisons). The peak area given by PRESS was more dependent on the T2‐correction technique than STEAM.

Conclusion

Measured liver fat depends on the MRS sequence used. Compared to STEAM, PRESS underestimates T2 values of fat, overestimates fat fraction, and provides a less consistent fat fraction estimate, probably due to J coupling effects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;30:145–152. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi andTrichoderma harzianumand their effects on Fusarium wilt in melon plants grown in seedling nurseries
Authors: Martínez‐Medina Ainhoa , Pascual Jose A , Lloret Eva , Roldán Antonio
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND:Biological control through the use ofTrichodermaspp. and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could contribute to a reduction of the inputs of environmentally damaging agrochemical products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interactions between four AMF (Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, Glomus claroideumandGlomus constrictum) andTrichoderma harzianumfor their effects on melon plant growth and biocontrol of Fusarium wilt in seedling nurseries.

RESULTS:AMF colonisation decreased fresh plant weight, which was unaffected by the presence ofT. harzianum.Dual inoculation resulted in a decrease in fresh weight compared with AMF‐inoculated plants, except forG. intraradices. AMF colonisation level varied with the AM endophyte and was increased byT. harzianum, except inG. mosseae‐inoculated plants. Negative effects of AMF onT. harzianumcolony‐forming units were found, except withG. intraradices. AMF alone were less effective thanT. harzianumin suppressing disease development. Combined inoculation resulted in a general synergistic effect on disease control.

CONCLUSION:Selection of the appropriate AMF species and its combination withT. harzianumwere significant both in the formation and effectiveness of AM symbiosis and the reduction of Fusarium wilt incidence in melon plants. The combination ofG. intraradicesandT. harzianumprovided better results than any other tested. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of penicillins in milk using LC‐UV, LC‐MS and LC‐MS/MS
Authors: Martínez‐Huelamo Miriam , Jiménez‐Gámez Esther , Hermo Maria Pilar , Barrón Dolores , Barbosa José
Published: June 2009

The aim of this work is to establish a method for the simultaneous determination of eight penicillins in milk samples by LC‐UV, LC‐MS and LC‐MS/MS. The procedure involves a step for clean‐up and to preconcentrate the analytes by SPE and a subsequent chromatographic analysis. LC‐UV, LC‐MS and LC‐MS/MS have been used for the simultaneous quantification of penicillins in milk. The proposed methods have been validated according to the EU guideline and present LOQ below the maximum limits of residues (MRLs) established by the European Union for penicillins in milk. The developed methods were applied to different milk samples obtained from cows medicated with penicillins.
Proparacaine complexation with β‐cyclodextrin and p‐sulfonic acid calix[6]arene, as evaluated by varied 1H‐NMR approaches
Authors: Arantes Lucas Micquéias , Scarelli Camilla , Marsaioli Anita Jocelyne , de Paula Eneida , Fernandes Sergio Antonio
Published: June 2009

This study focused on the use of NMR techniques as a tool for the investigation of complex formation between proparacaine and cyclodextrins (CDs) or p‐sulfonic acid calix[6]arene. The pH dependence of the complexation of proparacaine with β‐CD and p‐sulfonic acid calix[6]arene was studied and binding constants were determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy [diffusion‐ordered spectroscopy (DOSY)] for the charged and uncharged forms of the local anesthetic in β‐CD and p‐sulfonic acid calix[6]arene. The stoichiometries of the complexes was determined and rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (ROESY) 1D experiments revealed details of the molecular insertion of proparacaine into the β‐CD and p‐sulfonic acid calix[6]arene cavities. The results unambiguously demonstrate that pH is an important factor for the development of supramolecular architectures based on β‐CD and p‐sulfonic acid calix[6]arene as the host molecules. Such host–guest complexes were investigated in view of their potential use as new therapeutic formulations, designed to increase the bioavailability and/or to decrease the systemic toxicity of proparacaine in anesthesia procedures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The California State University: a case on branding the largest public university system in the US
Authors: Celly Kirti Sawhney , Knepper Brenda
Published: June 2009

Branding of universities is an area that is growing in importance as competition between
universities increases and creates an imperative for strong brand positioning and visual
identity as the basis for differentiation. In this context, this paper describes the process by
which the California State University (CSU), a major, multi‐campus public university
system developed a corporate visual identity system and analyzes the key issues in
developing this system, as well as the key challenges ahead.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the Success in International Sourcing of Information Technology Projects: The Need for a Relational Client-Vendor Approach
Authors: Haried Peter , Ramamurthy K.
Published: June 2009

This article investigates the differences across and the need to consider both the client and vendor perspective in evaluating international sourcing (offshoring) success and highlights the need for incorporating relational factors into the success assessment rather than focusing solely on financial or operational outcomes (e.g., projects delivered on time, within budgeted costs). We take an expanded view of project success (using relational/process dimensions) and provide insight into how client and vendor firms evaluate success differently across relational dimensions and how relational factors play a key role in achieving success. Based on the findings, propositions are presented to guide future offshoring success research.
The Relative Importance of the PMBOK® Guide's Nine Knowledge Areas during Project Planning
Authors: Zwikael Ofer
Published: June 2009

Although A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide)—Fourth Edition identifies nine Knowledge Areas that project managers should focus on while managing projects, it does not indicate the relative importance of each of these Knowledge Areas. However, such information can be of great significance in helping project managers determine how to use their available resources most effectively. This article investigates the relative importance of the project management Knowledge Areas used during the planning phase of a project and their impact on project success. Results presented in this article are based on a field study that involved 783 project managers from different countries and industries. The study revealed that the Knowledge Areas with the greatest impact on project success were Time, Risk, Scope, and Human Resources. However, these results have been found to be sensitive to the industry in which projects were undertaken. Differences among industries are described and discussed in the article.
The Logical Framework Approach-Millennium
Authors: Couillard Jean , Garon Serge , Riznic Jovica
Published: June 2009

The Logical Framework Approach (LFA) has proved to be a valuable tool for project approval, design, and evaluation. However, a few pitfalls make it hard to use within today's project management framework and to integrate with other project management tools. This article proposes an updated version of the LFA to improve its compatibility with today's corporate culture, project management framework, and tools. We propose to call the updated tool the Logical Framework Approach-Millennium (LFA-M). The LFA-M is a seven-step approach leading to the development of the Logframe-Millennium (LF-M), a five-column and four-line matrix describing major project commitments and providing an overall understanding of the project. It was successfully implemented at the Canadian Space Agency and the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission. The LFA-M fits well within today's project management framework and corporate culture and leads easily to other project management tools.
Work stress and depression: the direct and moderating effects of informal social support and coping
Authors: Chen Wei‐Qing , Siu Oi‐Ling , Lu Jia‐Fang , Cooper Cary L. , Phillips David R.
Published: June 2009

This article investigated the relationship between job stressors and employee mental health (depression). It also examined the direct and moderating effects of informal social support (objective and subjective) and coping (active coping, overeating and drinking, passivity, and distancing) on the relationships. Survey data were collected from 843 employees in eight types of domestic‐ and foreign‐invested enterprises in China. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that increased exposure to job stressors was directly associated with higher levels of depression. Subjective informal social support and passivity were found to have direct effect on employees' depression. Further, objective informal social support and distancing buffered the negative effect of job stressors on depression. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed in the paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agent‐based models in translational systems biology
Authors: An Gary , Mi Qi , Dutta‐Moscato Joyeeta , Vodovotz Yoram
Published: June 2009

Effective translational methodologies for knowledge representation are needed in order to make strides against the constellation of diseases that affect the world today. These diseases are defined by their mechanistic complexity, redundancy, and nonlinearity. Translational systems biology aims to harness the power of computational simulation to streamline drug/device design, simulate clinical trials, and eventually to predict the effects of drugs on individuals. The ability of agent‐based modeling to encompass multiple scales of biological process as well as spatial considerations, coupled with an intuitive modeling paradigm, suggests that this modeling framework is well suited for translational systems biology. This review describes agent‐based modeling and gives examples of its translational applications in the context of acute inflammation and wound healing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods
Prenatal diagnosis of the organic acidurias
Authors: Sweetman L.
Published: June 2009

Prenatal diagnosis for the genetic counselling of families at risk for having children with the life‐threatening organic acidurias is advancing rapidly. The two major approaches to prenatal diagnosis are the assay for deficient activity of the enzymes in cultured amniocytes and the measurement of increased concentrations of the organic acids in the amniotic fluid. The latter, when done by stable isotope dilution analysis, is rapid, relatively inexpensive and very reliable.
Effects of Temperature and UV Light on Degradation of α‐Tocopherol in Free and Dissolved Form
Authors: Sabliov Cristina M. , Fronczek C. , Astete C. E. , Khachaturyan M. , Khachatryan L. , Leonardi C.
Published: June 2009

The effects of heat and UV exposure on the degradation of free α‐tocopherol (oil form), α‐tocopherol dissolved in methanol, and α‐tocopherol dissolved in hexane were measured. Results showed that degradation of free α‐tocopherol due to heat followed first order kinetics, with the samples held at 180 °C showing the greatest degradation rate. Free α‐tocopherol degraded faster at high temperatures than dissolved α‐tocopherol. In contrast, free α‐tocopherol did not degrade when exposed to UV light for as long as 6 h, but the hexane and methanol samples degraded significantly as a matter of time. The α‐tocopherol dissolved in hexane and methanol degraded by 20 and 70%, respectively over this time span. A mechanism for degradation of α‐tocopherol was proposed to explain the higher degradation rate of α‐tocopherol in methanol, as compared to hexane for times longer than 180 min. Knowledge of degradation kinetics of pure α‐tocopherol as a result of temperature or exposure to UVA light whether in free or dissolved form is critically needed to understand how different processing parameters affect the amount of α‐tocopherol during extraction, stabilization, storage or encapsulation processes.
Infiltrative lymphocytic mural folliculitis: A histopathological reaction pattern in skin-biopsy specimens from cats with allergic skin disease
Authors: Rosenberg Andrew S , Scott Danny W , Erb Hollis N , McDonough Sean P
Published: June 2009

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of infiltrative lymphocytic mural folliculitis (ILMF) in skin-biopsy specimens from 354 cats with various inflammatory dermatoses and from 33 cats with normal skin. Although ILMF was present in 33/47 dermatoses evaluated, the prevalence of ILMF in allergic dermatoses (116/172 cats; 67%) was significantly greater than that in non-allergic dermatoses (61/182 cats; 33%). Cats with allergic dermatoses had a 4.1 times greater odds of having ILMF than cats with non-allergic dermatoses. ILMF was not observed in any of the normal skin specimens.
Seeing Like Citizens: Unofficial Understandings of Official Racial
Categories in a Brazilian University
Authors: SCHWARTZMAN LUISA FARAH
Published: June 2009

This paper investigates how students at the State University of Rio de Janeiro
(UERJ), one of the first Brazilian universities to adopt race-based quotas for
admissions, interpret racial categories used as eligibility criteria.
Considering the perspectives of students is important to understand the workings
of affirmative action policies because UERJ's quotas require applicants to
classify themselves. Students' interpretations of those categories often diverge
from the interpretations intended by people who shaped the policy. Students'
perspectives are formed by everyday experiences with categorisation and by their
self-assessment as legitimate beneficiaries of quotas. In contrast, the policies
were designed according to a new racial project, where black
consciousness-raising and statistics played an important role.
Seasonal and water-depth variations in sediment luminescence and in sedimentation from sediment trap samples at Gerlache Strait, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Berger Glenn W. , Ante Sara , Domack Eugene W.
Published: June 2009

Sediment trap arrays were deployed in Brialmont Cove and Andvord Bay, eastern Gerlache Strait, from December 2001–March 2003. The recovered sediments (representing instantaneous deposition from the viewpoint of luminescence dating) encompass all the annual and local glaciomarine depositional processes. Magnetic susceptibility profiles were used to infer seasonality in the trap cores, and thus to select subsamples for luminescence measurements. Multi-aliquot infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) apparent ages were used to assess the effectiveness of ‘clock zeroing’ (by daylight) of light sensitive luminescence within fine silt polymineral samples from each trap depth. IRSL apparent ages for 24 samples indicate that the largest age-depth differences occur with the autumn season samples at both trap sites, suggesting a previously unrecognized and regional (within the Gerlache Strait) change in depositional controls in the autumn compared to other seasons. The apparent ages also indicate some differences between the fjords, and a more complex oceanographic regime at Andvord Bay than at Brialmont Cove. Dry-mass sediment fluxes varied from 0.4 to 0.7 g cm-2yr-1, with the largest flux at Brialmont Cove (∼0.7 g cm-2yr-1) occurring in the bottom trap, whereas at Andvord Bay, the largest flux (∼0.6 g cm-2yr-1) occurred in the middle trap (∼45 m above seafloor).
Tunable microwave devices based on left/right-handed transmission line sections in multilayer implementation
Authors: Kapitanova Polina , Kholodnyak Dmitry , Humbla Stefan , Perrone Ruben , Mueller Jens , Hein Matthias A. , Vendik Irina
Published: June 2009

Metamaterial transmission lines can be realized as a combination of right- and left-handed transmission line (TL) sections exhibiting positive and negative dispersion. This approach gives additional degrees of freedom for improving the performance of microwave devices. Artificial right- and left-handed sections, which are based on lumped-element unit cells consisting of inductance and capacitances (LC-cells), are used. This makes it possible to decrease dimensions of the devices drastically. Furthermore, using variable capacitors in LC-cells allows designing tunable devices. This paper presents the results of design, numerical simulation, and experimental investigation of a tunable rat-race ring and free-of-spurious response dual-band filter manufactured as integrated ceramic multilayer circuits based on low-temperature co-fired ceramics. Commercial semiconductor varactors have been used as tunable components.
Reliabilität und Validität des Instruments „DoKuPro – Dokumentation Kunsttherapeutischer Prozesse”
Authors: Elbing Ulrich , Hölzer Michael , Danner-Weinberger Alexandra , von Wietersheim Jörn
Published: June 2009

Zusammenfassung. Das von Elbing und Hölzer (2007) vorgestellte Instrument zur Dokumentation kunsttherapeutischer Prozesse wird mit drei voneinander unabhängigen Beobachtergruppen auf Interrater-Reliabilität untersucht. Eine Expertengruppe (N = 11) und zwei Studentengruppen der Kunsttherapie im Hauptstudium (N = 35 und 42) ohne und mit Beobachtertraining schätzen fünf- bis zwanzigminütige, mit Video dokumentierte Gestaltungsprozesse einer Studentin und dreier Patienten einer psychosomatischen Tagesklinik ein. Die mit Kendall’s W berechnete Übereinstimmung ergibt Werte in mittlerer Höhe auf einem Signifikanzniveau von p < .001 mit einer Ausnahme (p < .05). Die Übereinstimmung variiert hierbei je nach beobachteter Person unabhängig von der Beobachtungsdauer. In die Diskriminanzfunktionen gehen überwiegend Items ein, mit denen die „Arbeitsweise” und der „Ausdruck” der Gestaltung erfasst werden. Die Relokationsgenauigkeit variiert zwischen den beobachteten Personen von durchschnittlich 85 bis 90.5 Prozent. Die Ergebnisse werden als insgesamt ermutigend zur weiteren Entwicklung des Instruments bewertet, wobei vor allem die methodischen Probleme der Variabliltät beobachteten Verhaltens diskutiert werden.
Hip-Hop in der Sekundarstufe II
Authors: Drewniok Jutta
Published: June 2009

Zusammenfassung. Beim Hip-Hop handelt es sich um einen modernen Tanzstil, der den Jugendlichen aus den Medien (MTV, VIVA) bekannt ist und Mädchen und Jungen gleichermaßen zum Tanzen motiviert. Wegen seiner vergleichsweise unnormierten Technik führt er auch bei Anfängern schnell zu einem tänzerischen Erfolgserlebnis. Es wird eine Vorgehensweise zur Erarbeitung einer Hip-Hop-Choreografie vorgestellt.
Computation and approximation of the length scales of harmonic modes with application to the mapping of surface currents in the Gulf of Eilat
Authors: Lekien F. , Gildor H.
Published: June 2009

Open‐boundary modal analysis (OMA) is a generalized Fourier transform that interpolates, extrapolates, and filters scattered current measurements and produces smooth current maps in coastal areas. Boundary conditions are enforced by adjusting the OMA modes to the coastline. Filtering is achieved by discarding OMA modes whose length scales are below a selected threshold. In this paper, we determine the length scale of the OMA modes, and we derive approximated formulas. Operational use of the OMA modes and the length scale formulas are illustrated on surface currents measured by high‐frequency radar in the Gulf of Eilat (Gulf of Aqaba).
Barrier layer variability in the western Pacific warm pool from 2000 to 2007
Authors: Bosc Christelle , Delcroix Thierry , Maes Christophe
Published: June 2009

Major features of the equatorial portion of the western Pacific warm pool (WP) were brought to light through the analysis of an unprecedented collection of temperature and salinity profiles derived from Argo floats from 2000 to 2007. A region of thick (>15–25 m) and quasi‐permanent barrier layers (BLs) was found to occur in a band from 10° to 20° longitude to the west of the maximum zonal sea surface salinity gradient (∂S/∂x), which occurs at the eastern edge of the WP. In this region, thick BLs and associated maxima (∂S/∂x) were displaced eastward (westward) during El Niño (La Niña) over a distance of more than 6000 km. The thickness of the BL in this region is, to the first order, proportional to ∂S/∂x and quasi‐permanently associated with the occurrence of sea surface temperatures warmer than 28–29°C, which are a good proxy for maximum atmospheric convection for the current Pacific climate. Statistics indicated that a thick BL forms preferentially under low wind conditions, heavy precipitation, eastward advection of low sea surface salinity, zonal current vertical shear, and/or in conjunction with equatorial downwelling Kelvin and Rossby waves (favoring the vertical stretching of the upper water column). None of these processes seemed to dominate the others, indicating that the formation of a thick BL results from a combination of different and complex mechanisms. The fact that a thick BL represents a quasi‐permanent feature in the WP signifies that its specific stratification and likely impact on the sea surface temperature balance should be accounted for in coupled models.
Influence of the 2008 Kasatochi volcanic eruption on sulfurous and carbonaceous aerosol constituents in the lower stratosphere
Authors: Martinsson B. G. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , Carn S. A. , Hermann M. , Heue K.‐P. , van Velthoven P. F. J. , Zahn A.
Published: June 2009

Influences on stratospheric aerosol during the first four months following the eruption of Kasatochi volcano (Alaska) were studied using observations at 10700 ± 600 m altitude from the CARIBIC platform. Collected aerosol samples were analyzed for elemental constituents. Particle number concentrations were recorded in three size intervals together with ozone mixing ratios and slant column densities of SO2. The eruption increased particulate sulfur concentrations by a factor of up to 10 compared to periods before the eruption (1999–2002 and 2005–August 2008). Three to four months later, the concentration was still elevated by a factor of 3 in the lowermost stratosphere at northern midlatitudes. Besides sulfur, the Kasatochi aerosol contained a significant carbonaceous component and ash that declined in time after the eruption. The carbon‐to‐sulfur mass concentration ratio of the volcanic aerosol was 2.6 seven days after the eruption and reached 1.2 after 3–4 months.
Nonlinear interaction of radiation belt electrons with electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves
Authors: Albert J. M. , Bortnik J.
Published: June 2009

The rapid loss of radiation belt electrons in the main phase of geomagnetic storms is believed to be aided by EMIC waves, and is usually analyzed with quasi‐linear theory. However, even moderate EMIC wave intensities easily cause resonant electrons to respond nonlinearly, with drastically different results. We map out the region of nonlinear behavior with a single parameter, and show that both the direction and magnitude of scattering can be estimated by analytical expressions. The nonlinear interactions typically lead to advection toward large pitch angles, rather than diffusion toward the loss cone. This is expected to reduce the overall loss rate and greatly affect the distribution of trapped electrons.
Radial and solar cycle variations of the magnetic fields in the heliosheath: Voyager 1 observations from 2005 to 2008
Authors: Burlaga L. F. , Ness N. F. , Acuña M. H. , Wang Y.‐M. , Sheeley N. R.
Published: June 2009

We discuss the magnetic field strength B(t) and polarity observed by Voyager 1 (V1) in the heliosheath at the heliographic latitude ≈34° as it moved away from the Sun from 2005 through 2008.82 (where 2008.0 is the beginning of 1 January 2008). The pattern of the polarity of the magnetic field changed from alternating positive and negative polarities to predominantly negative polarities (magnetic fields pointing along the Archimedean spiral field angle toward the Sun) at ≈2006.23). This transition indicates that the latitudinal extent of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) was decreasing in the supersonic solar wind, as expected for the declining phase of the solar cycle, and as predicted by extrapolation of the magnetic neutral line near the photosphere to the position of V1. However, the polarity was not uniformly negative in during 2008, in contrast to the predicted polarity. This difference suggests that the maximum latitudinal extent of the HCS was tending to increase in the northern hemisphere in the heliosheath, while it was decreasing in the supersonic solar wind. The large‐scale magnetic field strength B(t) was observed by V1 from 2005 through 2008.82. During this interval of decreasing solar activity toward solar minimum, B(t) at 1 AU was decreasing, and the solar wind speed V at the latitude of V1 was increasing. Adjusting the temporal profile of B(t) observed by V1 for the solar cycle variations of B and V in the supersonic solar wind, we find that the radial gradient of B(R) in heliosheath from the radial distance R = 94.2 AU to 107.9 AU between 2005.0 and 2008.82 was 0.0017 nT/AU ≤ grad B ≤ 0.0055 nT/AU, or grad B = (0.0036 ± 0.0019) nT/AU.
Roux‐en‐Y Gastric Bypass Enhances Energy Expenditure and Extends Lifespan in Diet‐induced Obese Rats
Authors: Stylopoulos Nicholas , Hoppin Alison G. , Kaplan Lee M.
Published: June 2009

Gastrointestinal weight‐loss surgery (GIWLS) is currently the most effective treatment for severe obesity, with Roux en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) among the best of the available surgical options. Despite its widespread clinical use, the mechanisms by which RYGB induces its profound weight loss remain largely unknown. This procedure effects weight loss by altering the physiology of weight regulation and eating behavior rather than by simple mechanical restriction and/or malabsorption as previously thought. To study how RYGB affects the physiology of energy balance, we developed a rat model of this procedure. In this report, we demonstrate that RYGB in diet‐induced obese (DIO) rats induces a 25% weight loss, prolongs mean survival by 45%, and normalizes glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. RYGB induced a 19% increase in total and a 31% increase in resting energy expenditure (REE). These effects, along with a 17% decrease in food intake and a 4% decrease in nutrient absorption account for the normalization of body weight after this procedure. These effects indicate that surgery acts by altering the physiology of weight regulation and help to explain the effectiveness of RYGB in comparison to restrictive dieting and other forms of dietary and pharmacological therapies for obesity. The clinical effectiveness of RYGB and its physiological effects on body weight regulation and energy expenditure (EE) suggest that this operation provides a unique opportunity to explore the mechanisms of energy homeostasis and to identify novel therapies for obesity and related metabolic diseases.
Trimorphs of a pharmaceutical cocrystal involving two active pharmaceutical ingredients: potential relevance to combination drugs
Authors: Aitipamula Srinivasulu , Chow Pui Shan , Tan Reginald B. H.
Published: June 2009

The first example of a trimorphic cocrystal involving two active pharmaceutical ingredients, ethenzamide and gentisic acid, is reported; metastable polymorphs convert to the stable form upon solid-state grinding; pharmaceutical cocrystals involving two or more APIs have potential relevance to combination drugs.
Mechanism of azimuthal mode selection in two-dimensional coaxial Bragg resonators
Authors: Ginzburg N. S. , Peskov N. Yu. , Sergeev A. S. , Zaslavsky V. Yu. , Konoplev I. V. , Fisher L. , Ronald K. , Phelps A. D. R. , Cross A. W. , Thumm M.
Published: June 2009

The analysis of electrodynamic properties of two-dimensional (2D) Bragg resonators of coaxial geometry realizing 2D distributed feedback was carried out using a quasioptical approach of coupled-wave theory and three-dimensional (3D) simulations. It is shown that the high selectivity of a 2D Bragg resonator over the azimuthal index originates from the topological difference in the dispersion diagrams of the normal symmetrical and nonsymmetrical waves near the Bragg resonance frequency in a double-periodic corrugated unbounded waveguide. For a symmetrical mode near the Bragg frequency it was found that the group velocity tends to zero as well as its first derivative. This peculiarity of the dispersion characteristic provides the conditions for the formation of an eigenmode with a Q-factor essentially exceeding the Q-factors of other modes. The results of the theoretical analysis coincide well with results of 3D simulations using the CST code “MICROWAVE STUDIO” and confirm the high azimuthal selectivity of the system.
Investigation at the atomic scale of the Co spatial distribution in Zn(Co)O magnetic semiconductor oxide
Authors: Lardé R. , Talbot E. , Vurpillot F. , Pareige P. , Schmerber G. , Beaurepaire E. , Dinia A. , Pierron-Bohnes V.
Published: June 2009

A sputtered Zn0.95Co0.05O layer was chemically analyzed at the atomic scale in order to provide an accurate image of the distribution of Co atoms in the ZnO matrix. The investigation of the magnetic properties shows that the as-deposited Zn0.95Co0.05O is ferromagnetic at room temperature. Atom probe tomography reveals a homogeneous distribution of all chemical species in the layer and the absence of any Co clustering. This result proves that the ferromagnetic properties of this magnetic semiconductor cannot be attributed to a secondary phase or to metallic Co precipitates within the layer.
Influence of interface modifications on carrier mobilities in rubrene single crystal ambipolar field-effect transistors
Authors: Wang Yan , Kumashiro Ryotaro , Nouchi Ryo , Komatsu Naoya , Tanigaki Katsumi
Published: June 2009

Carrier mobilities in ambipolar field-effect transistors (FETs) are studied using a rubrene single crystal assembled with Au/Ca electrodes and SiO2 gate insulators modified by polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), parylene-C, and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). The experimental results are interpreted in terms of the two interfacial efficiency parameters, the injection, and the transport efficiencies. The efficiency of electron carrier injection can be evaluated using Au–Au and Au–Ca electrodes. The efficiency of electron carrier transport was compared among the device with PMMA, parylene-C, and HMDS modification layer. The shallow trap density at the semiconductor-gate dielectric interface is shown not to be the most important factor for controlling FET mobilities. Instead, the surface polarization associated with the surface molecular structure is proposed to be another possible parameter. Furthermore, the shift of light emitting with applied gate voltage was observed in a device with PMMA modified insulator and Au–Ca asymmetric metals.
Low-leakage p-type diamond Schottky diodes prepared using vacuum ultraviolet light/ozone treatment
Authors: Teraji T. , Garino Y. , Koide Y. , Ito T.
Published: June 2009

Room-temperature fabrication of Schottky diodes was demonstrated for p-type boron-doped diamond. This fabrication method’s key technique is selective modification of surface termination from monohydride into oxygen groups using vacuum ultraviolet light irradiation in oxygen. The Au contacts, formed on the hydrogen-terminated surface, maintained Ohmic properties after this selective surface oxidation. The Au contacts then deposited on the oxidized surface, imparting Schottky properties. The lateral-type diodes comprising Au Schottky contacts and Au Ohmic contacts showed blocking voltage higher than 1 kV without electrode guarding. The leakage current at 1 kV was as low as 30 pA.
Flat Bogomolnyi–Prasad–Sommerfeld domain walls on two-dimensional Kähler–Ricci soliton
Authors: Gunara Bobby Eka , Zen Freddy Permana
Published: June 2009

In this paper we address several aspects of flat Bogomolnyi–Prasad–Sommerfeld (BPS) domain walls together with their Lorentz invariant vacua of four-dimensional N=1 supergravity coupled to a chiral multiplet. The scalar field spans a one-parameter family of two-dimensional Kähler manifolds satisfying a Kähler–Ricci flow equation. We find that BPS equations and the scalar potential deform with respect to the real parameter related to the Kähler–Ricci soliton. In addition, the analysis using gradient and renormalization group flows is carried out to ensure the existence of Lorentz invariant vacua related to anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence.
Decoherence and dissipation in a molecular system coupled to an environment: An application of semiclassical hybrid dynamics
Authors: Goletz Christoph-Marian , Grossmann Frank
Published: June 2009

Applying the recently developed semiclassical hybrid dynamics [Grossmann, J. Chem. Phys. 125, 014111 (2006)], we study the decay of interference patterns in the reduced density as well as of the purity in a Morse oscillator test system due to the interaction with a finite harmonic bath at zero temperature. In the case that the bath mimics a continuous Ohmic spectral density, in addition to the quantum classical transition induced by the interaction with the environment, we corroborate the existence of a blueshift due to the bath coupling, predicted by Pollak [Phys. Rev. A 33, 4244 (1986)]. Furthermore, the decoherence dynamics of cat states is confirmed to be faster than that of single coherent states and we show that for a resonant bath the dissipation leads to an increase in the decoherence rate as compared to the low frequency bath.
The impact of bubble diffusivity on confined oscillated bubbly liquid
Authors: Shklyaev Sergey , Straube Arthur V.
Published: June 2009

We consider the dynamics of monodisperse bubbly liquid confined by two plane solid walls and subject to small-amplitude high-frequency transverse oscillations. The period of these oscillations is assumed small in comparison with typical relaxation times for a single bubble but comparable with the period of volume eigenoscillations. The time-averaged description accounting for the two-way coupling between the liquid and the bubbles and for the diffusivity of bubbles is applied. We find nonuniform steady states with the liquid quiescent on average. At relatively low frequencies, accumulation of bubbles either at the walls or in planes parallel to the walls is detected. These one-dimensional states are shown to be unstable. At relatively high frequencies, this accumulation is found at the central plane and the solution is stable.