bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High embryo sac fertility and diversity of abnormal embryo sacs detected in autotetraploid indica/japonica hybrids in rice by whole‐mount eosin B‐staining confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Hu C. Y. , Zeng Y. X. , Lu Y. G. , Li J. Q. , Liu X. D.
Published: February 2009

An eosin B staining procedure for use with confocal microscopy (WE‐CLSM) was used to examine the mature embryo sacs in 24 typical autotetraploid (2n = 4x = 48) indica/japonica hybrids and to compare with their original diploid (2n = 2x = 24) indica/japonica hybrids in rice. Four of the 24 hybrids showed >80% embryo sac fertility, and 13 hybrids over 70%. The average embryo sac fertility of the 24 autotetraploid indica/japonica hybrids was 68.08%, which was 17.33% higher than that in diploid hybrids. When compared with the diploid hybrids, 79.17% of the autotetraploid hybrids had higher embryo sac fertility. A diversity of abnormal embryo sacs occurred in autotetraploid indica/japonica hybrids. Embryo sac abnormalities were similar for both autotetraploid and diploid hybrid, but their frequencies were different. Some novel abnormal types were found in autotetraploid hybrids, such as enlarged egg apparatus. The embryo sac fertilities and frequencies of various abnormalities in autotetraploid hybrids varied with parental genotype and environment. The average seed set of the autotetraploid hybrids were higher than their diploid hybrids in different growing seasons.
Inheritance of cabbage head formation in crosses of cabbage × ornamental cabbage and cabbage × kale
Authors: Tanaka N. , Niikura S. , Takeda K.
Published: February 2009

We investigated the inheritance of head formation in Brassica oleracea by using two crosses, cabbage × ornamental cabbage and cabbage × kale. The degree of head formation (DHF) was classified into nine grades ranging from non‐heading to full heading. DHF in the two F2 populations showed a continuous distribution. The variance of F3 offspring selected for full heading or non‐heading was large. The DHF distributions in the F3 offspring selected for moderate heading or randomly selected F3 populations were similar to those of the respective F2 populations, but had smaller average values and variance. However, the realized heritability in F3 offspring was similar in full‐heading and non‐heading selections. Our findings suggest that head formation is a quantitative trait controlled additively with low dominance effects. In comparisons of leaf developmental patterns among the parents, only cabbage showed a change in leaf shape becoming wider because of the shorter petiole length with increasing leaf position. These findings suggest that cabbage acquired the developmental changes in leaves required to form a head during the process of domestication.
Physicians' attitudes and practices regarding advanced end‐of‐life care planning for terminally ill patients at Chiang Mai University Hospital, Thailand
Authors: Sittisombut Sudarat , Maxwell Colleen , Love Edgar J. , Sitthi‐Amorn Chitr
Published: February 2009

This study examined physicians' attitudes toward advanced directives and practices for the end‐of‐life care at Chiang Mai University Hospital, Thailand. The data were collected from 55 physicians (24 instructors and 31 residents) using self‐reported questionnaires. The majority of the participants affirmed the usefulness of the advance directive (AD) for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and respected the patients' wish for this directive, although advanced end‐of‐life care and resuscitation planning with the patients was limited. Mostly, the relatives were consulted regarding ADs. This study suggests that, in traditional Thai culture, physicians and families are more inclined to make decisions for the patient when they feel that it is in the patient's best interest. Further research is needed to investigate how and to what extent such attitudes can affect medical practice for end‐of‐life care in the context of the rapid development and consequent changes taking place in Thailand.
Application of the theory of planned behavior to oral anticoagulant therapy
Authors: Burns Sharita
Published: February 2009

Anticoagulation control is imperative for individuals who are prescribed long‐term oral anticoagulation therapy. Therapeutic international normalized ratios decrease the risk of the thromboembolic complications that are associated with oral anticoagulation therapy. Individuals on oral anticoagulation therapy are often asked to make lifestyle modifications that can become barriers to medication adherence. The application of the theory of planned behavior to oral anticoagulation therapy can be used to assist advanced practice nurses in assessing individuals for the perceived barriers or obstacles that might interfere with the behavioral changes necessary to successfully comply with the recommended treatment plan.
Azithromycin treatment for nongonococcal urethritis negative for Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma urealyticum
Authors: Maeda Shin‐ichi , Yasuda Mitsuru , Ito Shin , Seike Kensaku , Ito Shin‐ichi , Deguchi Takashi
Published: February 2009

Some patients with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) are negative for Chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasmas, and ureaplasmas. The optimal antimicrobial chemotherapy for such NGU has not fully been clarified. We assessed the efficacy of azithromycin for treatment of nonmycoplasmal, nonureaplasmal, nonchlamydial NGU (NMNUNCNGU). Thirty‐eight men whose first‐pass urine was negative for Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma urealyticum were treated with a single dose of 1 g azithromycin. Urethritis symptoms and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in urethral smears or in first‐pass urine were assessed before and after treatment with azithromycin. Thirty‐two (84.2%) of the 38 men with NMNUNCNGU showed no signs of urethral inflammation after treatment. The efficacy of this azithromycin regimen was comparable to that of the 7‐day regimen of levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, minocycline, or clarithromycin reported previously. A single dose of 1 g azithromycin, which is effective not only for NGU due to specific pathogens but also for NMNUNCNGU, is an appropriate treatment for NGU.
Gene expression of forkhead transcription factors in the normal and diseased human prostate
Authors: Van Der Heul‐Nieuwenhuijsen Leonie , Dits Natasja F. , Jenster Guido
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE

To assess the expression of forkhead transcription factors (FOX) in normal prostate and prostate diseases, as since the first FOX was identified, its family members have been implicated in a variety of cellular processes, including embryonic development and disease.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We analysed a set of 12 different FOX genes by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction in prostate zones, prostate cancer, lymph node metastases, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), xenografts and several prostate cell lines.

RESULTS

There were striking differences among the expression of various FOX family members; most prominent were the high expression of FOXF1 and FOXF2 in the normal prostate transition zone and BPH, and their decreased expression in prostate cancer. Interestingly, although the FOXF genes are stroma‐specific, some of the androgen‐independent prostate cancer xenografts uniquely express these two genes. FOXD1 and FOXD2 were more highly expressed in prostate cancer and lymph node metastases. FOXA1 and FOXC1 have an opposite expression pattern for androgen‐dependent growth of prostate cancer cell lines and xenografts.

CONCLUSIONS

Various members of the FOX family are differentially expressed in the zones of the normal prostate and in benign and malignant outgrowths. The expression profiles of FOXF1 and FOXF2 suggest a role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition, while FOXA1 and FOXC1 expression is linked to androgen‐associated growth status of cancer.
A multicomponent behavioural and drug intervention for nocturia in elderly men: rationale and pilot results
Authors: Vaughan Camille P. , Endeshaw Yohannes , Nagamia Zobair , Ouslander Joseph G. , Johnson Theodore M.
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the number of medical and urological conditions associated with nocturia in a cohort of older men who were primary‐care enrolees, and to assess the feasibility and efficacy of using a multicomponent intervention to reduce nocturia and its bother.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Men aged ≥50 years and with two or more episodes of nocturia were recruited from the primary‐care clinics at one Veterans Affairs Medical Center to participate in a 4‐week, open‐label, prospective pilot study. A multicomponent intervention composed of behavioural therapy and targeted drug therapy was administered according to a specified protocol based upon identified risk factors for nocturia. Outcome measures included self‐reported nocturia and bother on the American Urological Association (AUA)‐7 Symptom Index, 3‐day bladder diaries and self‐reported sleep‐related measures recorded using 7‐day sleep diaries.

RESULTS

Fifty‐five men completed the protocol (mean age 67 years, sd 8.3); they had a mean of 4.5 of nine defined conditions potentially related to nocturia. Highly prevalent conditions included moderate‐to‐severe benign prostatic hyperplasia (87%), hypertension (86%) and urinary frequency (71%). The mean diary‐recorded nocturia decreased from 2.6 to 1.9 (P < 0.001), and bother score reduced from 3.1 to 1.1, representing a change from a ‘medium’ to a ‘very small’ problem (on a 5‐point scale). Sleep diary‐derived measures also improved significantly (time to initiate sleep, time to return to sleep after awakening, quality of sleep).

CONCLUSIONS

Given that individual older patients often have multiple coexistent risk factors for nocturia, identifying a principal cause of nocturia, a concept emphasized in treatment guidelines, proved to be difficult. Implementing a multicomponent behavioural intervention combined with drug(s) was feasible in older men and reduced nocturia frequency, bother from nocturia, and time to initiate sleep, within 4 weeks. These promising results merit repeating using a randomized, controlled trial.
Interobserver variation in grading and staging of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis in relation to the clinical outcome
Authors: Naumann Carsten M. , Alkatout Ibrahim , Hamann Moritz F. , Al‐Najar Amr , Hegele Axel , Korda Joanna B. , Bolenz Christian , Klöppel Günter , Jünemann Klaus‐Peter , Van Der Horst Christof
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE

To examine interobserver variations in assessing grade and stage of penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the pathological features and clinical outcome in 75 patients with SCC of the penis, who were treated in participating urological centres between 1996 and 2005; the assessments of the local pathologists and the review pathologists were compared.

RESULTS

There was conformity in tumour grade in 67% and the assessment of tumour stage conformed in 84%; the combination assessment of both grade and stage conformed in 56%.

CONCLUSION

Accurate histological subtyping by the surgical pathologist demands standardized guidelines, in particular for histological grading, which is crucial for clinical treatment, but shows significant interobserver variation.
Single‐port ‘scarless’ laparoscopic nephrectomies: the United Kingdom experience
Authors: Rane Abhay , Ahmed Shwan , Kommu Sashi S. , Anderson Christopher J. , Rimington Peter D.
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE

To present the UK experience to date with laparoendoscopic single‐site surgery (LESS) simple nephrectomy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Five female patients underwent LESS nephrectomy; three procedures were carried out with the umbilicus as the port of entry (U‐LESS).

RESULTS

All cases were completed uneventfully. The operative duration was 45–150 min and blood loss was negligible. There were no conversions to conventional multi‐port laparoscopy or open surgery. Recovery was uneventful with only minor complications in two patients; convalescence was rapid.

CONCLUSION

LESS nephrectomy offers a safe, cosmetic alternative to conventional multi‐port laparoscopy, with younger female patients being especially happier with the ‘scarless’ outcome of U‐LESS. LESS certainly appears to be more in these situations.
The transition from children's to adult diabetes services: understanding the ‘problem’
Authors: Allen D. , Gregory J.
Published: February 2009

Aims  The importance of getting transition right for young people with diabetes is increasingly recognized and a strong professional consensus has emerged on best practice in this domain. Research evidence to inform the design of transitional healthcare services is weak, however, and prevailing views about ‘the problem of transition’ are based on a number of assumptions about adolescence, adulthood and chronic disease management which have been accepted uncritically.

Methods  Drawing on youth studies and the sociology of chronic disease management, in this paper we describe how ‘the problem of transition’ has been defined in the professional and UK policy literature and examine the assumptions that underpin it.

Results  We argue that the overwhelming emphasis is on how best to support young people in fitting in with the healthcare system. This has produced an orientation which is more concerned with supporting young people in the process of becoming adults rather than giving attention to their contemporaneous experiences and needs. Two years after the introduction of the UK National Service Framework for diabetes, the challenge of transitional services remains.

Conclusions  We suggest that the time has come to consider alternative formulations of the ‘problem’. Rather than asking how best to manage transition, we might ask how best to meet the needs of young people with diabetes at this stage of the life course. This requires an understanding of their experiences, the social networks in which they are embedded and consideration of how self‐management might be supported by the healthcare system.
A CONVENIENT MULTISECTORAL POLICY CONTROL FOR ICT IN THE US ECONOMY
Authors: Ciaschini Maurizio , Pretaroli Rosita , Socci Claudio
Published: February 2009

Through the application of the Macro Multiplier (MM) approach on an Input–Output matrix for US economy in year 2005, the paper identifies the ‘convenient’ structure of a policy control on final demand, oriented to a particular policy objective. The approach quantifies a set of aggregated scale effects, called MM, and the associated structures of both policy and objective variables. In this way the policy maker can both get a complete picture of the patterns of the objective that can be attained and determine a ‘convenient’ structure of the policy variable that compels the model towards those patterns.
Cerebral white matter hyperintensities are not increased in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome
Authors: Harboe E. , Beyer M. K. , Greve O. J. , Gøransson L. G. , Tjensvoll A. B. , Kvaløy J. T. , Omdal R.
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose:  It is frequently thought that cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) on T‐2 weighted MRI scans are increased in patients with autoimmune diseases. An increased frequency of WHMs has been described in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (PSS), but no controlled studies exist. The aim of this study was therefore to compare WMHs in PSS patients and healthy subjects applying the new European‐American criteria for PSS.

Methods:  Cross‐sectional controlled study of 68 unselected PSS patients and 68 healthy subjects was carried out. WMHs were rated using Scheltens method.

Results:  There were no differences in total or any regional WMH scores between PSS patients and healthy subjects.

Conclusions:  Patients with PSS do not have increased WMH load or distribution when compared with healthy subjects.
First trimester urinary placental growth factor and development of pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Savvidou MD , Akolekar R , Zaragoza E , Poon LC , Nicolaides KH
Published: February 2009

Objective  To compare urinary placental growth factor (PlGF) concentration at 11+0 to 13+6 weeks of gestation in women who subsequently develop pre‐eclampsia with normotensive controls.

Design  Nested case–control study within a prospective study for first trimester prediction of pre‐eclampsia.

Setting  Routine antenatal visit in a teaching hospital.

Population  Fifty‐two women who developed pre‐eclampsia and 52 controls matched for gestational age and sample storage time.

Methods  Urinary PlGF concentration and PlGF to creatinine ratio were measured in women who developed pre‐eclampsia and their matched controls. Comparisons between groups were performed using Student’s t test.

Main outcome measures  Development of pre‐eclampsia.

Results  In the pre‐eclampsia group, the median urinary PlGF concentration (20.6 pg/ml, interquartile range [IQR] 9.1–32.0 pg/ml) and median urinary PlGF to creatinine ratio (1.6 pg/mg, IQR 1.2–2.5 pg/mg) were not significantly different from the control group (11.8 pg/ml, IQR 5.5–29.8 pg/ml, P = 0.1 and 1.7 pg/mg, IQR 1.2–2.3 pg/mg, P = 0.3, respectively). There were no significant differences between women with early‐onset pre‐eclampsia requiring delivery before 34 weeks (n = 13) and those with late‐onset pre‐eclampsia (n = 39) and between women with pre‐eclampsia and fetal growth restriction (FGR) (n = 25) and those with pre‐eclampsia and no FGR (n = 27) in either median PlGF concentration or median urinary PlGF to creatinine ratio.

Conclusions  The development of pre‐eclampsia is not preceded by altered urinary PlGF concentration in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Barriers to seeking treatment for women with persistent or recurrent symptoms in urogynaecology
Authors: Basu M , Duckett JRA
Published: February 2009

The aim of this study was to identify the reasons why women with recurrent bothersome urogynaecological symptoms do not seek further treatment. A cohort of 17 women with recurrent incontinence or prolapse symptoms following a prolapse repair were identified and interviewed about their reasons for not seeking help when their symptoms recurred. The mean time between the surgery and the interview was 3 years. The interview transcripts were analysed using constant comparison derived from Grounded Theory. Dominant themes were beliefs about ageing, attitudes towards incontinence, health professionals and treatment and access to services. These factors may be important when counselling women postoperatively.
Hypoxic stress‐induced changes in adrenergic function: role   of HIF1α
Authors: Tai T. C. , Wong‐Faull David C. , Claycomb Robert , Wong Dona L.
Published: February 2009

Sustaining epinephrine‐elicited behavioral and physiological responses during stress requires replenishment of epinephrine stores. Egr‐1 and Sp1 contribute by stimulating the gene encoding the epinephrine‐synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT), as shown for immobilization stress in rats in adrenal medulla and for hypoxic stress in adrenal medulla‐derived PC12 cells. Hypoxia (5% O2) also activates hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 1α, increasing mRNA, nuclear protein and nuclear protein/hypoxia response element binding complex formation. Hypoxia and HIF1α over‐expression also elevate PNMT promoter‐driven luciferase activity in PC12 cells. Hypoxia may be limiting as HIF1α over‐expression increases luciferase expression to no greater extent than oxygen reduction alone. HIF1α inducers CoCl2 or deferoxamine elevate luciferase as well. PC12 cells harboring a HIF1α expression construct show markedly higher levels of Egr‐1 and Sp1 mRNA and nuclear protein and PNMT mRNA and cytoplasmic protein. Inactivation of Egr‐1 and Sp1 binding sites in the proximal −893 bp of PNMT promoter precludes HIF1α stimulation while a potential hypoxia response element (−282 bp) in the promoter shows weak HIF1α affinity at best. These findings are the first to suggest that hypoxia activates the proximal rat PNMT promoter primarily via HIF1α induction of Egr‐1 and Sp1 rather than by co‐activation by Egr‐1, Sp1 and HIF1α. In addition, the rise in HIF1α protein leading to Egr‐1 and Sp1 stimulation of PNMT appears to include HIF1α gene activation rather than simply prevention of HIF1α proteolytic degradation.
Menstrual Migraine in Adolescents
Authors: Crawford Megan J. , Lehman Laura , Slater Shalonda , Kabbouche Marielle A. , LeCates Susan L. , Segers Ann , Manning Paula , Powers Scott W. , Hershey Andrew D.
Published: February 2009

Objective.— To characterize menstrually associated headaches and migraine in adolescent girls and identify any developmental and pubertal changes.

Background.— Headache and migraine is a common problem in adolescents with a transition to adult patterns. One pattern of adult migraine is the menstrual association in a significant number of women.

Methods.— A retrospective analysis was performed of characteristics of adolescent's headaches including association with menstrual pattern. A detailed analysis of the patient‐ and parent‐reported headache characteristics and patterns of longitudinal change with development and puberty was reviewed, including timing of headache with age and menstrual period and progression of these events over the adolescence.

Results.— Of the 896 girls between 9 and 18 years old reviewed at initial evaluation, 331 (50.3% of menarchal girls and 36.9% of all girls) report experiencing headaches with their menstrual period. Of those reporting a menstrual pattern, 63.6% reported migraines starting between day −2 and +3 of their menstrual period start. Girls with menstrual migraine reported increased associated symptoms compared with girls without menstrual migraine. There was no difference in disability between girls with a menstrual pattern and those without a menstrual pattern (t = 1.64; P = .10). Additionally, 160 girls reported a monthly pattern to their headaches prior to beginning menstruation, suggestive of a menstrually related migraine pattern prior to menstruation.

Conclusions.— The pattern of menstrual association begins to become apparent during adolescence. Once the menstrual pattern has developed, this association is stable. Early identification of this pattern has potential long‐term benefit for improved lifelong outcome.
Treatment of experimental periodontal disease by photodynamic therapy in immunosuppressed rats
Authors: Fernandes Leandro Araújo , De Almeida Juliano Milanezi , Theodoro Leticia Helena , Bosco Alvaro Francisco , Nagata Maria José Hitomi , Martins Thiago Marchi , Okamoto Tetuo , Garcia Valdir Gouveia
Published: February 2009

Background and Objective: The aim of this study was to compare photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunctive treatment of induced periodontitis with scaling and root planing (SRP) in dexamethasone‐inhibited rats.

Material and Methods: The animals were divided into two groups: ND (n=90), saline solution treatment; D (n=90), dexamethasone treatment. In the ND and D Groups, periodontal disease was ligature‐induced at the first mandibular molar. After 7 days, the ligature was removed and all animals received SRP and were divided according to the following treatments: SRP, saline solution; Toluidine Blue‐O (TBO), phenothiazinium dye; and PDT, TBO and laser irradiation. Ten animals in each treatment were killed at 7, 15 and 30 days. The radiographic and histometric values were statistically analysed.

Results: In the ND and D Groups, radiographic analysis showed less bone loss in animals treated by PDT in all the experimental periods than SRP and TBO at 15 days (p<0.05). After a histometric analysis was carried out in the ND and D groups, the animals treated by PDT showed less bone loss in all periods than SRP and TBO after 15 days (p<0.05).

Conclusions: The PDT was an effective adjunctive treatment of induced periodontitis compared with SRP in dexamethasone‐inhibited rats.
Common single nucleotide polymorphisms in cyclooxygenase‐2 and risk of severe chronic periodontitis in a Chinese population
Authors: Xie Cheng‐Jie , Xiao Li‐Min , Fan Wei‐Hua , Xuan Dong‐Ying , Zhang Jin‐Cai
Published: February 2009

Aim: Several common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) gene have been reported to be functional. The association between −1195GA, −765GC and 8473TC of COX‐2, and severe chronic periodontitis (CP) in a Chinese population was investigated.

Material and Methods: 148 cases of healthy controls (control group) and 146 cases of severe CP were recruited in this study. Genotypes of −1195GA, −765GC and 8473TC were determined by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP). The distributions of genotypes and haplotypes were compared by χ2 test and the odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by logistic regression analysis.

Results: The prevalence of the −1195A was more prevalent in CP group (60.62%) than control group (51.35%), and the distributions of the −765C and 8473C were higher in control group (6.76% and 21.96%) compared with CP group (3.08% and 15.07%). Only genotype distribution of −1195GA was significant when p‐value was corrected for multiple testing (pc=0.033). The adjusted ORs for the −1195AA/GA, −765GC and 8473CC/TC were 2.49 (95% CI=1.33–4.69, p=0.005), 0.45 (95% CI=0.20–1.04, p=0.061) and 0.67 (95% CI=0.41–1.11, p=0.118). Subjects with the haplotype AGT had a significantly higher risk of periodontitis than those with the most common haplotype GGT (OR=1.91, 95% CI=1.32–2.76, pc<0.001).

Conclusions: It suggests the −1195A variant is associated with an increased risk for severe CP.
One‐stage full‐mouth disinfection versus quadrant and full‐mouth root planing
Authors: Swierkot Katrin , Nonnenmacher Claudia Ivana , Mutters Reinier , Flores‐de‐Jacoby Lavin , Mengel Reiner
Published: February 2009

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the one‐stage full‐mouth disinfection (FMD) provides greater clinical and microbiological improvement compared with full‐mouth scaling and root planing (FM‐SRP) within 24 h and quadrant scaling and root planing (Q‐SRP) in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis.

Material & Methods: Twenty‐eight patients were randomized into three groups. 25 patients completed the study and were the basis for analysis. The Q‐SRP group was scaled quadrant‐wise at 1‐week intervals. The other groups received a one‐stage full‐mouth scaling with (FMD) and without (FM‐SRP) chlorhexidine. At baseline, after 1, 2, 4 and 8 months clinical parameters were recorded and microbiological analysis was performed.

Results: All three treatment modalities resulted in significant clinical improvement at any time. There were only group differences after 1 and 2 months: in the FM‐SRP group was a significantly higher reduction of probing depth and bleeding on probing compared with the other two groups. The bacteria could be reduced in every group although this reduction was only significant for Prevotella intermedia in the FMD group 8 months after treatment.

Conclusion: All three treatment modalities lead to an improvement of the clinical and microbiological parameters, however, without significant group differences after 8 months.
Spontaneous squamous cell carcinomas in 13 baboons, a first report in a spider monkey, and a review of the non‐human primate literature
Authors: Haddad Jamie L. , Dick, Jr Edward J. , Guardado‐Mendoza Rodolfo , Hubbard Gene B.
Published: February 2009

Abstract Background  Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a neoplastic proliferation of epithelial cells undergoing squamous differentiation and represents a diagnostic challenge in non‐human primates (NHP), especially in baboons with perineal SCC.

Methods  Fourteen SCC (13 baboons, 1 spider monkey) were identified over a 20‐year period. A literature search identified 86 additional published cases of spontaneous NHP SCC.

Results  Squamous cell carcinoma was most commonly reported in macaques, baboons, marmosets, and squirrel monkeys. Metastasis occurred in 23%, of NHP. The most frequently reported primary locations were the oral cavity, integument, esophagus, and cervix‐uterus. Perineal SCC occurred mainly in baboons. All reported SCC in marmosets occurred in the head. Nasal cavity SCC was only reported in male marmosets. All reported pulmonary SCC occurred in males, mostly in tree shrews.

Conclusions  Squamous cell carcinoma is a common neoplasm in NHP and exhibits species differences. NHPs may provide a useful SCC animal model.
Interdependent Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking and Interactions of Dis3 with Rrp6, the Core Exosome and Importin‐α3
Authors: Graham Amy C. , Davis Stephanie M. , Andrulis Erik D.
Published: February 2009

Subcellular compartmentalization of exoribonucleases (RNAses) is an important control mechanism in the temporal and spatial regulation of RNA processing and decay. Despite much progress towards understanding RNAse substrates and functions, we know little of how RNAses are transported and assembled into functional, subcellularly restricted complexes. To gain insight into this issue, we are studying the exosome‐binding protein Dis3, a processive 3′ to 5′ exoribonuclease. Here, we examine the interactions and subcellular localization of the Drosophila melanogaster Dis3 (dDis3) protein. N‐terminal domain mutants of dDis3 abolish associations with the ‘core’ exosome, yet only reduce binding to the ‘nuclear’ exosome‐associated factor dRrp6. We show that nuclear localization of dDis3 requires a C‐terminal classic nuclear localization signal (NLS). Consistent with this, dDis3 specifically co‐precipitates the NLS‐binding protein importin‐α3. Surprisingly, dDis3 constructs that lack or mutate the C‐terminal NLS retain importin‐α3 binding, suggesting that the interaction is indirect. Finally, we find that endogenous dDis3 and dRrp6 exhibit coordinated nuclear enrichment or exclusion, suggesting that dDis3, Rrp6 and importin‐α3 interact in a complex independent of the core. We propose that the movement and deposition of this complex is important for the subcellular compartmentalization and regulation of the exosome core.
The 5′ Cap of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Is Required for Virion Attachment to the Actin/Endoplasmic Reticulum Network During Early Infection
Authors: Christensen Nynne , Tilsner Jens , Bell Karen , Hammann Philippe , Parton Richard , Lacomme Christophe , Oparka Karl
Published: February 2009

Almost nothing is known of the earliest stages of plant virus infections. To address this, we microinjected Cy3 (UTP)‐labelled tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) into living tobacco trichome cells. The Cy3‐virions were infectious, and the viral genome trafficked from cell to cell. However, neither the fluorescent vRNA pool nor the co‐injected green fluorescent protein (GFP) left the injected trichome, indicating that the synthesis of (unlabelled) progeny viral (v)RNA is required to initiate cell‐to‐cell movement, and that virus movement is not accompanied by passive plasmodesmatal gating. Cy3‐vRNA formed granules that became anchored to the motile cortical actin/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network within minutes of injection. Granule movement on actin/ER was arrested by actin inhibitors indicating actin‐dependent RNA movement. The 5′ methylguanosine cap was shown to be required for vRNA anchoring to the actin/ER. TMV vRNA lacking the 5′ cap failed to form granules and was degraded in the cytoplasm. Removal of the 3′ untranslated region or replicase both inhibited replication but did not prevent granule formation and movement. Dual‐labelled TMV virions in which the vRNA and the coat protein were highlighted with different fluorophores showed that both fluorescent signals were initially located on the same ER‐bound granules, indicating that TMV virions may become attached to the ER prior to uncoating of the viral genome.
Neurobehavioral abnormalities in the dysbindin‐1 mutant, sandy, on a C57BL/6J genetic background
Authors: Cox M. M. , Tucker A. M. , Tang J. , Talbot K. , Richer D. C. , Yeh L. , Arnold S. E.
Published: February 2009

Sandy mice have a deletion mutation in the gene encoding dysbindin‐1, Dtnbp1, with consequent reduction of the protein in heterozygotes and its loss in homozygotes. The sandy mouse thus serves as an animal model of dysbindin‐1 function. As this protein is concentrated in synaptic tissue and affects transmitter release, it may affect neuronal processes that mediate behavior. To investigate the neurobehavioral effects of the Dtnbp1 mutation, we studied littermate sandy and wild‐type controls on a C57BL/6J genetic background. The three animal groups were indistinguishable in their external physical characteristics, sensorimotor skills and indices of anxiety‐like behaviors. In the open field, however, homozygous animals were hyperactive and appeared to show less habituation to the initially novel environment. In the Morris water maze, homozygous animals displayed clear deficits in spatial learning and memory with marginal deficits in visual association learning. Apart from the last mentioned deficits, these abnormalities are consistent with hippocampal dysfunction and in some cases with elevated dopaminergic transmission via D2 dopamine receptors. As similar deficits in spatial learning and memory have been found in schizophrenia, where decreased dysbindin‐1 has been found in the hippocampus, the sandy mouse may also model certain aspects of cognition and behavior relevant to schizophrenia.
Ethanol‐ and cocaine‐induced locomotion are genetically related to increases in accumbal dopamine
Authors: Meyer Paul J. , Meshul Charles K. , Phillips Tamara J.
Published: February 2009

Neuroanatomical research suggests that interactions between dopamine and glutamate within the mesolimbic dopamine system are involved in both drug‐induced locomotor stimulation and addiction. Therefore, genetically determined differences in the locomotor responses to ethanol and cocaine may be related to differences in the effects of these drugs on this system. To test this, we measured drug‐induced changes in dopamine and glutamate within the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a major target of mesolimbic dopamine neurons, usingin vivomicrodialysis in selectively bred FAST and SLOW mouse lines, which were bred for extreme sensitivity (FAST) and insensitivity (SLOW) to the locomotor stimulant effects of ethanol. These mice also show a genetically correlated difference in stimulant response to cocaine (FAST > SLOW). Single injections of ethanol (2 g/kg) or cocaine (40 mg/kg) resulted in larger increases in dopamine within the NAcc in FAST compared with SLOW mice. There was no effect of either drug on NAcc glutamate levels. These experiments indicate that response of the mesolimbic dopamine system is genetically correlated with sensitivity to ethanol‐ and cocaine‐induced locomotion. Because increased sensitivity to the stimulating effects of ethanol appears to be associated with greater risk for alcohol abuse, genetically determined differences in the mesolimbic dopamine response to ethanol may represent a critical underlying mechanism for increased genetic risk for alcoholism.
Benchmarking and the bottom line
Authors: Siemiatycki Matti
Published: February 2009

Matti Siemiatycki presents the case for expanding and formalising performance benchmarking processes to address the persistent problems of escalating costs and missed deadlines in infrastructure and public works projects
Systematic Reviews as a Tool for Planning and Interpreting Trials
Authors: Bath Philip M. W. , Gray Laura J.
Published: February 2009

Background

Systematic reviews followed by a meta-analysis are carried out in medical research to combine the results of two or more related studies. Stroke trials have struggled to show beneficial effects and meta-analysis should be used more widely throughout the research process to either speed up the development of useful interventions, or halt more quickly research with hazardous or ineffective interventions. Summary of review This review summarises the clinical research process and illustrates how and when systematic reviews may be used throughout the development programme. Meta-analyses should be performed after observational studies, preclinical studies in experimental stroke, and after phase I, II, and III clinical trials and phase IV clinical surveillance studies. Although meta-analyses most commonly work with summary data, they may be performed to assess relationships between variables (meta-regression) and, ideally, should utilise individual patient data. Meta-analysis techniques may also work with ordered categorical outcome data (ordinal meta-analysis) and be used to perform indirect comparisons where original trial data do not exist.

Conclusion

Systematic review/meta-analyses are powerful tools in medical research and should be used throughout the development of all stroke and other interventions.
Editorial
Authors: Donnan Geoffrey
Published: February 2009

It is hard to believe that we are now entering our fourth year of publication of the International Journal of Stroke and are now established as the global journal for stroke, with an Impact Factor and Medline listing. We have evolved from a purely review-based journal to now accepting a limited number of high-quality original research contributions; this edition is no exception. Lovelock et al., explore the proportion of minor strokes due to intracerebral hemorrhage and show that they were very similar in both population- and hospital-based cohorts. This emphasizes the need to image early with CT to avoid misdiagnosis and thus inappropriate management. The second is a novel randomized-controlled trial showing that a minimally invasive craniopuncture compared with conservative treatment may improve outcomes of patients with small basal ganglionic hemorrhage. Clearly, this technique represents a considerable advance in the field and needs to be confirmed in other populations.
Safety and Dose-Escalation Study Design of Transcranial Ultrasound in Clinical Sonolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke: The TUCSON Trial
Authors: Barreto Andrew D. , Sharma Vijay K. , Lao Annabelle Y. , Schellinger Peter D. , Amarenco Pierre , Sierzenski Paul , Alexandrov Andrei V. , Molina Carlos A.
Published: February 2009

Rationale

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring during intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (i.v.-tPA) infusion increases recanalization rates in acute ischemic stroke. Addition of perflutren-lipid microspheres MRX-801 (μS) may further enhance the process of recanalization. This article describes the design of the Transcranial Ultrasound in Clinical SONolysis (TUCSON) trial.

Aims and Design

TUCSON is a phase I-II, randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label, safety, dose-escalation clinical trial of μS+TCD ultrasound (sonolysis). Patients with acute ischemic stroke and arterial intracranial occlusions are enrolled within 3 h of symptom onset. All patients receive standard i.v.-tPA and will be randomized to 90 min of continuous 2-MHz TCD+μS or 90 min of saline+brief TCD vessel assessments. The safety profile of four escalating dose tiers will be assessed. Arterial occlusions and recanalization are defined with the Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia flow grades. Study Outcomes Safety is determined by the rates of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage within 36 h. Neurological deficits and outcomes are measured with the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin Scale (mRS). The signal-of-efficacy is determined by rates of recanalization, dramatic or early clinical recovery within 2 h, clinical recovery at 24–36 h and independent outcome (mRS 0–2) at 90 days.
Estimating fisheries‐induced selection: traditional gear selectivity research meets fisheries‐induced evolution
Authors: Kuparinen Anna , Kuikka Sakari , Merilä Juha
Published: February 2009

The study of fisheries‐induced evolution is a research field which is becoming recognized both as an important and interesting problem in applied evolution, as well as a practical management problem in fisheries. Much of the research in fisheries‐induced evolution has focussed on quantifying and proving that an evolutionary response has taken place, but less effort has been invested on the actual processes and traits underlying capture of a fish by a fishing gear. This knowledge is not only needed to understand possible phenotypic selection associated to fishing but also to help to device sustainable fisheries and management strategies. Here, we draw attention to the existing knowledge about selectivity of fishing gears and outline the ways in which this information could be utilized in the context of fisheries‐induced evolution. To these ends, we will introduce a mathematical framework commonly applied to quantify fishing gear selectivity, illustrate the link between gear selectivity and the change in the distribution of phenotypes induced by fishing, review what is known about selectivity of commonly used fishing gears, and discuss how this knowledge could be applied to improve attempts to predict evolutionary impacts of fishing.
Motivating Juvenile Offenders Toward Making Responsible Choices in Daily Life
Authors: Ramm Douglas R. , Driscoll Judge John J. , Beighley Adeline , Ramm Jessica K.
Published: February 2009

Based on the premise that the best deterrent to delinquent behavior is the offender's motivation to engage in moral reasoning and action, this article describes the value of teaching scientifically formulated principles of morality in the juvenile justice system. The authors review The Facts of Life Seminar, a program for teaching scientifically formulated principles of morality to delinquent youth. Outcome statistics demonstrate this approach is effective in providing incentives for adjudicated adolescents to refrain from theft and violence, to keep their promises, and to tell the truth.
Paleopathological analysis on bronchial washing fluid from a mummy: The “General Hak‐Bong” mummy, Korea
Authors: Lee Sangyeub , Lee Eunju , In Kwangho , Yoo Sehwa , Woo Okhee , Rhee Yumi , Cho Hanhee , Kim Kijung , Shin Bongkyung , Kim Hankyeom
Published: February 2009

Background and aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the lungs of a mummified individual. We attempted to use minimally invasive tools for examining the mummy, given the desire for the preservation of the mummy. Methods: We studied the “General Hak‐Bong” mummy, dated from the early ‘Chosun’ dynasty era, a dynasty that flourished in the beginning of the 15th century (1392–1910). Bronchoscopic biopsy and washing were performed, and chest multidetector CT (MDCT) was also done. The bronchial washing fluid and biopsy specimens were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Results: Pollen grains were found in the bronchial washing fluid. This pollen proved to be Typha angustifolia or Typha orientalis by scanning electron microscopic analysis, and this was used as a hemostatics in ancient oriental medicine. MDCT showed the loss of volume and suspicious cystic lesions in the left lung. Conclusions: We successfully investigated the lungs of the mummy by using bronchoscopy, MDCT and microscopic analysis. The pollen grains found in the bronchi of the mummy, which was previously used as an hemostatics in ancient oriental medicine, could guide us in determining more about General Hak‐Bong's death.
Ongoing debates in the assessment of the HER2 status in breast cancer: A comparative analysis by immunohistochemistry and FISH using original FDA and ASCO/CAP guidelines
Authors: Ko Hyoungsuk , Seol Hyesil , Kim Wook Youn , Im Seock‐Ah , Han Wonshik , Noh Dong‐Young , Jeon Yoon Kyung , Park In Ae
Published: February 2009

Background and aims: HER2 status should be precisely evaluated in breast cancer to ensure appropriate patient management. Method: We evaluated HER2 status in 755 breast cancers including 92 consecutively resected cases by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Results: For the 92 consecutive cases, the positive rate of HER2 IHC (2+ and 3+) was 25.0%, and HER2 amplification (HER2/CEP17 ratio ≥ 2.0) was observed in 21.7%. Of the 755 cases, 88% of IHC 3+ cases; 57% of IHC 2+ cases; 15% of IHC 1+ cases; and 1% of IHC 0 cases showed HER2 amplification. Notably, 20 (2.6%) of the 755 cases exhibited a HER2/CEP17 ratio between 1.8 and 2.2, which was recently classified equivocal by the ASCO/CAP. Most of them revealed HER2 high polysomy with an average copy number per cell between 3.29 and 7.24. Immunohistochemically, 4 of the 20 cases were luminal A, 12 were luminal B, and 3 were HER2 subtype. Conclusions: The relatively high rate of HER2 amplification among IHC 1+ or 2+ cases at our institute emphasizes the importance of validating HER2 testing in different laboratories and the need for complementary HER2 FISH in IHC 1+ patients. Most patients equivocal for HER2 amplification had HER2 high polysomy and expressed hormone receptor.
Circulating Cults in Highland New Guinea: Pointers for Research
Authors: Strathern Andrew
Published: February 2009

Trance and dreams become emphasized in inverse proportion to the emphasis on achieved leadership by means of exchange. That is, trance and dream are less emphasized as a means of establishing political leadership when they are replaced by leadership based on competitive exchange activities. The hypothesis is intended to apply regionally in the first instance.
The Law of the Exclusive Muddle: Categories and Social Theory
Authors: Olding Alan
Published: February 2009

If the work of enquiry is to be carried on, it must be at once scientific and philosophic… if, in particular, the scientist is not philosophic, he will fall into confusions, he will rebuff philosophic criticism – he will lack a theory of categories, of sorts of problem, of ‘method’– especially he will be carried away by practical interests, by the interest of producing something or implementing a programme instead of finding something out (Anderson 1962:183).
Introduction
Authors: Jolly Margaret
Published: February 2009

There has of late been much debate about the relation of women, nationalism and ethnicity. This collection contributes to that debate in several ways. Firstly, it considers the ways in which gender and ethnicity are complicit, or more precisely how identities as women and as national/ethnic subjects are mutually created. Secondly, it ponders the relation between the colonial and the postcolonial in such discourses of gendered ethnicity. And finally it poses the tough question about the problematic relation beteen women as objects and subjects of both colonial and postcolonial discourses.
Lipreading: Remembering Saartjie Baartman
Authors: Wiss Rosemary
Published: February 2009

This paper moves towards a retracing of an imagined ‘metanarrative’ on race and gender in emergent sciences of human difference. It is a specific bid to locate a series of ideas on transcendent notions of objectivity in one of their sites of practice and gestures to contemporary practices of defining difference.

In 1810 Saartjie Baartman, a !Kung woman from South Africa, was taken to England for public display as the ‘Hottentot Venus’. Amidst contention on the colonization of the Cape and the moral and social capacities of Africans to progress to civility, Saartjie Baartman's differences were evaluated in relation to European senses of self. This paper examines a court case on the issue of Saartjie Baartman's consent to such an exhibition, and upon her death, an autopsy report by the comparative anatomist Cuvier on her capacity to reason according to emergent racial criteria. As these legal, bio‐medical and anthropological discourses on non‐European difference gained strength in the nineteenth century new categories of difference were constructed and reified as race. As the moral core of the person became increasingly bound to biology the compelling difference of Saartjie Baartman fixated on her sexual self. Signified in her genitalia, her sexuality was devalued as excessive and abhorrent to normative and masculine European self representations. By such a process the sexual difference of ‘Hottentot’ women came to signify a form of racialized difference so extreme as to create a new, and devalued racial type.