bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of different biodiesel fuels on the PCCI-DI combustion concept for constant speed genset application
Authors: Kinikar Hemant A , Kanasepatil A B , Thipse S S
Published: July 2022

Homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is a technology for concurrently reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matters (PM) emissions. Since, the pure HCCI lags in control over combustion phasing, Pre-mixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) method is proposed. To achieve partial homogeneity in PCCI combustion, the air is pre-injected with fuel. The main injection is required for the combination to take place. This paper investigates the impact of using the varying percentages and types of bio-diesels for the constant speed genset application engine. The paper first discus the effect of various ratios of diesel and biodiesel mixtures on the performance parameters like engine power, specific fuel consumption (sfc) and the break thermal efficiency. These effects are caused by the combustion happening inside the combustion chamber which can be seen in pressure, temperature and heat release curves. The result of the simulation finally discusses the formation of NOx and PM emissions during the combustion. These results also provide guidelines for actual testing of the engine with bio-diesel.
Design and fabrication of a partial flow dilution tunnel for particulate mass sampling in an ethanol blended CI engine
Authors: Kumar Atul , Sahu Tomesh Kumar , Shukla Pravesh Chandra
Published: July 2022

Diesel engine is mostly preferred engine especially for heavy duty work, as it delivers high efficiency, durability and low operating cost. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) are the main emission components emitted from these diesel engines. Alcohols or biodiesels blending with mineral diesel are known to reduce the NOx and PM emissions. Ethanol fuel contains 35% (m/m) of oxygen, which helps to minimise the smoke and PM emissions. The primary objective of this work is to in-house design and fabricate a partial flow dilution tunnel for PM sampling on substrates. Ethanol blends (E05 and E10; v/v) were tested for Particulate matter collection for a twin cylinder CRDI Compression Ignition Engine. Ethanol blends showed 33% reduction in PM emission compared to mineral diesel.
Exploring the state of solar photovoltaic decentralization in Ghana: trends and success factors
Authors: Sackey David M , Owusu-Manu De-Graft , Acakpovi Amevi , Appiah Frank K , Edwards David J , Hosseini Reza M
Published: July 2022

This research explores the trends of photovoltaic (PV) decentralization in Ghana and provides an updated illuminating insight into the sector. A literature review was carried out to understand and map out the trends, risks, and success factors. Additionally, time-series analysis was used to explore the installation trends from 2013 to 2019. A one-sample t-test was used to test the significance of each of the underlying indicators. The study identifies 2015 and 2018 as the years with the highest PV installations. On regional distribution, the research identified Central (63.25%), Greater Accra (26.44%), and Upper East (3.99%) as areas with the highest cumulative rate of a PV installation, respectively. This research raises awareness on the emerging perspectives on PV investment risk decisions and success criteria in Ghana. Considerations for potential investment opportunities and the stage of PV installations are expounded. It brings to light the geographical spread of installation that will aid critical policy decisions. Findings would be invaluable in making profound changes in the state’s policy formulation around PV. The study provides a sound basis for further research, to be directed towards complementing this work by focusing on the social impacts and further engagement of end-users with solar PV.
Techno-Economic Assessment of Grid Connected Solar PV/Wind hybrid System
Authors: Sulley Mustapha , Acakpovi Amevi , Adjei Patrick , Sackey David M. , Offei Felix , Afonope Maxwell , Kofi Daniel , Tay Godfred
Published: July 2022

Wind and Solar PV energy as alternative energy supplies to the traditional fossil fuel have been a subject of study for researchers at various fora including climate change summits. However, the technical and economic feasibility of wind and solar projects involve a lot of complexity and depends mostly on geographical location and availability of resources. To address the constraints and factors affecting wind and solar PV systems, this paper aims to undertake a techno-economic feasibility assessment of a grid connected solar PV/Wind hybrid system capable of meeting a typical commercial load, located in Kumasi, Ghana. To achieve the purpose of this study an energy audit has been undertaken to establish the load demand of the facility. Again, RETSCREEN software was used to design and simulate the proposed hybrid system in order to analyse the technical, economic and environmental implications of the system. Findings show that, there is a high potential for providing commercial scale energy consumption in most months in the year, and there is extra energy available to be sold to the grid, generating considerable income. Though the system has a high levelized cost of energy (LCOE) as compared to the existing grid tariff, the study adds significantly to the national objective to reduce its dependency on fossil fuels while meeting local energy requirement.
Economic-environmental impacts on reduction of energy consumption in technical high schools during the COVID-19 pandemic: case of Manzanillo, Mexico
Authors: Cuevas-Rodríguez V D , Rodríguez-Torres G M , Morales-Máximo M , López-Sosa L B
Published: July 2022

A study is presented on the economic and environmental impacts, due to the reduction of electricity consumption in a Technical High School in Manzanillo, Mexico, during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the impacts generated by the reduction of student mobility. This research shows an analysis of the reduction of electrical energy consumption, the reduction of monthly economic costs and CO2 emissions in the studied institution, these impacts on student mobility during confinement between November 2019 and October 2021 are also analyzed. Results show electrical energy savings of approximately 60MWh during this period, about 34 TnCO2 and an economic saving of 8654 USD. It has also estimated an economic saving in student mobility of approximately 312,840 USD and a reduction in emissions of the order of 64 TnCO2. This research also suggests the implementation of technologies that use renewable energy sources as a strategy in the face of this health emergency and contributes to raising future scenarios for sustainable energy planning.
Evaluation of the Audial Comfort of the Mosque on the Cross-City Route: Al-Ghani Mosque Ciamis
Authors: Gumelar R , Ramadhan T , Maknun J
Published: July 2022

Mosques are places of worship for Muslims, there are various factors for mosques so that worship activities can run smoothly and solemnly, one of which is audial comfort which is very important in a place of worship. Some mosques are located in environments with high noise levels which affect the quality of the audial comfort in the mosque. This case study examines the audial comfort problem in the mosque which is on the edge of a cross-city road. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the audial comfort of the Al-Ghani Mosque which is located on the edge of the city lane and find solutions to reduce the noise impact by high traffic of vehicles. This study uses a case study method with a quantitative descriptive approach that aims to evaluate the audial comfort of a mosque. This study conducted data through field measurement. Noisetools.net and IBANA Calc-Software were used to analyse noise level of surrounding and indoor buildings. Indonesian National Standard (SNI) was used to judge the noise level quality. The results of this study indicate a high level of noise in the mosque and not reach the standard. Barrier and building material design intervened to achieve the standard target through simulation. This study provides an overview of how the mosque should be built by considering various factors, especially audial comfort.
Strengthening Sustainable Context of Water Management in Educational Building Universitas Indonesia
Authors: Hidayat F , Dewi O C
Published: July 2022

This paper aims to strengthen the sustainability related to the water management system in an educational building, an integrated teaching and laboratory building in Universitas Indonesia. It provides recommendations to improve the water management system in the building in achieving the sustainable aspects of the local context. Water needs continuously increase due to population growth and rapid development, which require good water management. Water management is an activity in controlling water resources to use the water effectively and efficiently by minimizing damage to the environment and nature. Water is a natural resource that is very important for the survival of living things, so water for sustainable development should achieve sustainable access. Include sufficient quantities of water, of acceptable quality, at affordable prices to meet the needs of human society while maintaining the integrity of the hydrological cycle and the associated ecosystems. This paper used qualitative approaches carried out by collecting data through interviews, field observations and documents collection. The result of this study indicated that there are potentials to improve water management in the building. Optimizing the use of natural resources that exist in the building environment can strengthen the water management performance towards sustainability.
Review on Appropriateness of Urban Heat Island Mitigation Technologies at Several Climates Condition
Authors: Apritasari Y D , Triyadi S , Wonorahardjo S , Indraprastha A
Published: July 2022

Urban development causes changes in urban land cover and use as well as the thermal environment, which is indicated by increasing air temperature. As reported by many researchers, the physical aspect of urban areas plays an important role in the intensity of urban heat islands. This study examines urban heat island mitigation technology in urban areas in big cities in various countries. Identification of UHI mitigation technology consists of the role of geometry and building materials. We discuss the role of factors in any spatial pattern, shape, and density condition. The most studied geometric aspects are density, H/W ratio (urban canyon), and orientation. While the most studied material factors are pavements, roofs, facades, soft-scape materials in gardens, and vegetation. We confirm that urban geometric aspects affect the rate of solar radiation gain and wind effects. In comparison, material elements affect the absorption of solar radiation and the degree of reflection. This coupling factor mainly affects the temperature intensity of urban areas.
Analysis of Natural Lighting and Visual Comfort Multipurpose Hall Building Using Software DIALux Evo 10.0 Case Study: Multipurpose Hall Building of Imbanagara Raya Ciamis Village Chief’s Office, West Java
Authors: Maulana A I , Kusuma Y
Published: July 2022

The multipurpose hall is a multifunctional place, this building is usually used to fulfil public/public activities such as meeting or as an indoor sports room. To carry out these activities, of course, it is necessary to have comfortable conditions so that the activities in them can run well, one form of comfort is the availability of natural lighting in the room. In addition to saving energy expended on buildings, natural lighting aims to provide visual comfort for the people inside. In order to get optimal lighting, it must meet the applicable standards and have been regulated in the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). This study examines the availability and feasibility of natural lighting and the level of visual comfort in the Multipurpose Hall of the Imbanagara Raya Ciamis Village Head Office. The research method used is a quantitative method obtained from the help of the Dialux Evo 10.0 simulation software. The data obtained will be adjusted to the lighting standards from SNI. After doing the synthesis, it is known that the Multipurpose Hall building lacks natural lighting, therefore a recommendation will be given in the form of using Skylights, so that the building gets natural lighting in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI).
The Investigation of Natural Light Level and Distribution Based on Opening Orientation (Case Studies: Laboratory in Educational Building)
Authors: Yuliana Y , Dewi O C
Published: July 2022

This research investigates the level and distribution of natural lighting based on the orientation of the openings in the laboratory room in the educational building at a university in Depok, West Java, Indonesia. The building was built using a green building approach. This building has several functions, two of which are the Basic Chemistry Lab and Biomedical Lab, which are located on the 8th floor of the educational building. This study addresses the questions, which laboratory room has the highest level of natural light in terms of the orientation of its openings? How is the distribution of natural lighting in these two laboratory rooms? On-site measurement was conducted to determine the natural light levels in laboratory rooms and building performance simulation software was used to investigate the distribution of natural lighting throughout the room. The results show that the level of natural lighting in the Basic Chemistry Lab (openings on the north side) and in the Biomedical Lab (openings on the south side) is similar, depends on the time and the sun position. The distribution of natural lighting in both laboratory rooms is not evenly distributed. To meet lighting needs, it is therefore the use of the distribution of natural light in the two rooms that needs to be adjusted.
BIM Utilization in Improving Energy Efficiency Performance on Architectural Design Process: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Primasetra Anjar , Larasati Dewi , Wonorahardjo Surjamanto
Published: July 2022

BIM utilization for energy simulation efficiency is increasing in Indonesia. BIM itself is one of the methods for carrying out building energy efficiency because it has dimensional features that can create collaborative work processes efficiently. This paper aims to describe BIM and building energy workflows in the design process and see the trend of BIM utilization in Indonesia, especially in the architectural design process. The methodology of this paper is a survey by online questionnaire for BIM stakeholders to make an overview of to what extent construction industry stakeholders have utilized BIM in Indonesia, especially in the design phase especially in building energy simulation. The BIM workflow that is integrated into building energy calculations can make the energy-oriented building design process. In addition, it can provide exciting and informative diagrams for the calculation of embodied energy will make it easier to understand the building energy by building construction stakeholders. In the final analysis of this paper, which is the hypothesis model of problem and solution of BIM utilization in Indonesia, there are 4 main problems and solutions according to the analysis of the questionnaire result: Flexibility and Collaboration, Technical Skill Problem and Training, BIM Management Data, and Low-Cost BIM. BIM utilization in Indonesia is still limited, especially in its use to analyze and mitigate building energy.
Implementation of SDGs Target 11.1 in Metropolitan Areas of West Java Indonesia
Authors: Vitriana A
Published: July 2022

Ensure access for all to adequate, safe, and affordable housing and basic services is one of the targets for achieving SDGs goal 11, which should be realized by 2030. This study aims to examine the achievement of SDGs target 11.1 in two national metropolitan areas located in West Java, Indonesia, namely the Bodebekjur Urban Area and the Greater Bandung Urban Area. This study used secondary data from the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, then processed and analysed through a descriptive-quantitative approach. Furthermore, the data compared to the sectoral target of housing adequacy in the National Medium-Term Development Plan 2020-2024 as the national tools in achieving the SDGs. Based on the 2016-2020 time-series data, the results showed that the Bodebekjur urban area on average had higher achievements of national SDGs target 11.1 rather than Greater Bandung urban areas. In addition, the lowest achievement indicator in both urban areas that should be considered is the access to safe drinking water. Other indicators that need concern in achieving national targets of SDGs target 11.1 in the Greater Bandung urban area are sufficient living areas and access to sanitation.
Ángel Rama
Authors: González José Eduardo
Published: July 2022

Ángel Rama (1926–1983) was a prominent Uruguayan literary critic and theorist whose most important and influential work was produced between the mid-1960s and 1983, when he was killed in an airplane accident that took the lives of several writers, artists, and performers. He will forever be associated with the group of Latin American fiction writers known as the Boom movement, whose work Rama promoted. These authors achieved sudden critical and commercial success in the 1960s and became known worldwide for their innovative and often experimental fiction. The group included Nobel Prize winners such as Gabriel García Márquez and Mario Vargas Llosa, as well as other well-known fiction authors such as Carlos Fuentes and Julio Cortázar. Rama was influential in advancing a sociological interpretation of Latin American literary history, especially framing contemporary appreciation of regional styles, such as modernismo and the gauchoesque genre (literary works about gaucho lives and adventures), from a political perspective or by studying the forces at work in the local reception of international styles like the avant-garde movement. In American academia, Rama’s work is best known for two theories that he developed about Latin American culture: literary transculturation and the lettered city. Transculturation is an anthropological term that Rama used for describing the process of cultural negotiation between Latin American traditional worldviews and values and the cultural modernization entering that geographical region from the advanced centers of the Anglo-European world. For its part, the theory presented in The Lettered City focuses on the history of the traditionally close relationship since colonial times between intellectuals in Latin American and state power. This is also the aspect of Rama’s work that has had the greatest influence in the scholarly perception and interpretation of Latin American culture in the United States. The Lettered City has become a book taught in a wide variety of historical- and cultural-studies courses with emphasis on Latin America. It has greatly influenced our perception of colonial and 19th-century Latin American lettered culture. It has also been used to study challenges and alternatives to an urban-centered view of civilization.
Black Gay Men in Television Comedy
Authors: Brown Cameron Lynn , Martin Alfred L.
Published: July 2022

Approaches to studying Black gay men within television typically center examinations of the textual features of particular representations. In general, scholars focus on Black gayness vis-à-vis historic stereotypes, often focusing on hegemonic femininity as an analytic framework for cataloguing stereotypes of Black gay characters. Across White-/multicultural-cast sitcoms, Black-cast sitcoms, and sketch comedy, one of the difficulties associated with engaging with television and its engagement with the intersections of Blackness and gayness is that communication scholars often engage with media texts rhetorically. In that rhetorical treatment, there is often an elision of not only the specificities of television form but also the contours of genre. Thus, when examining Black gayness in television, that examination will look different depending on whether Black gayness appears on a “prestige” drama on a premium cable network or streaming platform, a sitcom with a principally Black or White cast, or a sketch comedy series.
Queer(ing) Popular Music Culture
Authors: Leibetseder Doris
Published: July 2022

Queer(ing) popular music culture is a diverse field. It focuses, on the one hand, on the adjective “queer” and describes and analyzes what makes certain music queer. On the other hand, there is a strong emphasis on the verb “to queer,” on the doing, on how music culture can be made queer. Queer music is directed against not only norms concerning gender and sexuality, but also other intersectionalities correlating to the body and desire, such as disability, race, ethnicity, class, religion, and so forth. Early on, queer music culture stood for “homosexual” musicians, performances, taste, or audiences, but has now opened up toward other identities and queering practices showing the construction of identities in an interplay of dominant power mechanisms (e.g., racialization). To queer music culture is to step outside of binary normative assumptions and dichotomous thinking and to introduce more subtle in-betweens in music, which are directed against the hegemonic power structures at place in music culture and the society in general, and aim to dissolve them.

Queer musical performances and how to queer music culture depend strongly on the cultural and historical context the music is placed in. Two key concepts for the analyses are the performance and performativity (repetition of performances) of gender and sexuality and other intersectional identities. Both concepts are crucial because they form the foundation of queer theory.

In terms of music culture, this means that it is not only about how a musician performs their gender during a show, but also that this gendered performance needs to be repeated over time and in society. For example, members of the same audience could emulate the gendered performance of the musician in their own social life. Gender is performed and performative, as are other kinds of identities such as sexuality and other intersectionalities (race, class, age, dis/ability). Analyzing how a gender/sexuality/class/race performance is done and how it is repeated in everyday life (performativity) helps to find queer acts and gestures. In music culture this means to look at not only musical performances or at the appearance and behavior of the audience during the performance and in their daily lives, but also in doing music culture differently—hence “queering” music culture—and not corresponding to the heteronormative production and consumption scheme. This kind of “queering,” for example, happened in the Riot Grrrl movement when they produced their own labels and escaped the male-dominated studio productions. Other examples are their self-produced zines to spread queer-feminist knowledge or their DIY archives (see History of Queer(ing) Popular Music Culture), and the queering of the production/consumption scheme is also seen in the ballroom culture as explained in the following section. Further musical periods and genres will be examined critically for their queerness: blues and jazz in the early 20th century, glam rock in the 1960s and 1970s, Black hip-hop from the 1990s until now, and contemporary trans music.
Race, Ethnicity, and Cultural Industries
Authors: Sinclair John
Published: July 2022

The term cultural industries was first coined in the 1980s as a comprehensive means to understand production, distribution, and consumption in the traditional information and entertainment industries—press, radio, and television—and others such as film and recorded music. Closely related industries, such as advertising, marketing, and public relations, were also included. With the subsequent popular embrace and commercialization of the internet, especially the social media platforms, the concept was necessarily expanded to incorporate such “new” media of the digital age. The relevance of these cultural industries for racial and ethnic groups living within the nations of the developed world is significant in at least two contexts: national and transnational.

Within the frame of the nation, the issues concern the status of these groups as minorities; and in a global perspective, the groups come to be seen as members of transnational communities, with ties both to a putative nation of origin and to their counterparts in other nations. Most theoretical and research attention has focused on media representations—that is, on how racial and ethnic minorities are portrayed in the content of the cultural industries’ outputs, seen both in a national context, such as the perpetuation of stereotypes in news and television series, and globally, as in film. Yet such a focus on representations tends to position minorities as passive victims of the media. Less common is research in which minorities are viewed as active agents producing their own information and entertainment, as they do, with local, national, and even transnational distribution.

Minorities’ own media can range from local community radio to globally available television channels and internet platforms serving vast diasporas, the largest of these being those of non-resident Indians (NRIs) and the Chinese-speaking world (the “Sinosphere”). Each of these provides a case in which the industrial structure of the huge home media market provides the basis for far-flung consumption in all those countries in which members of the respective ethnicities have settled. In situations in which they attain a certain critical mass, such racial and ethnic minorities form a market for the cultural industries and consumer goods industries more broadly.

Also to be taken into account is the phenomenon of racial and ethnic minorities having an impact on the cultural industries of the dominant cultures of the nations in which they dwell. The most striking case in that regard is how African American popular music made the profound cross-over from segregated radio stations and live venues to infuse the commercial mainstream of music recording and performance in the United States and, ultimately, the world. Although such creativity is valued, there remains a diversity issue about the actual participation of racial and other minorities in executive, management, and production roles in the major cultural industries.
Recognition
Authors: Jütten Timo
Published: July 2022

Recognition can be understood as a positive acknowledgment or affirmation of a person’s existence, identity, rights, or achievement. It is sometimes said to be a necessary condition for self-confidence, self-respect, and self-esteem. Although the concept has origins in Hobbes, Rousseau, Fichte, and Hegel, it has come to renewed prominence since the early 1990s, when philosophers such as Charles Taylor and Axel Honneth developed theories of recognition. These showed that the need for social recognition underlies many social and political movements from struggles for civil and labor rights to modern multiculturalism.

In social and political philosophy, Honneth has argued that three forms of social recognition—affective care, equal respect, and social esteem—are preconditions of individual autonomy and that the principles governing these three forms of recognition should be the core of a conception of social justice. According to the theory of recognition, modern capitalist society can be evaluated as a recognition order that institutionalizes the distribution of respect and social esteem according to people’s individual achievements in their contributions to socially shared goals. Methodologically, Honneth uses an approach of normative reconstruction. Rather than constructing principles of justice on the basis of hypothetical agreement, he reconstructs the normative principles that are immanent in our social practices and institutions and sometimes contain a “normative surplus” that points beyond the status quo. This approach has been very productive in elucidating the importance of social recognition in the sphere of work, but critics have suggested that it limits the scope of radical social criticism. Honneth has proposed the concept of ideological recognition, where there is a chasm between the evaluative promise entailed by a form of recognition and its material fulfilment, in order to address this problem. More generally, critics have questioned whether recognition must be understood as positive rather than ambivalent, because this limits the scope of misrecognition and means that phenomena such as interpellation or objectification cannot easily be analyzed as forms of misrecognition.
Critical Perspectives on Historical Criminology
Authors: Tepperman Alex
Published: July 2022

In its current form, historical criminology is only a few decades old, though the questions and approaches that guide the field owe much to the same foundational theorists so central to the development of criminology, sociology, and social history. Broadly speaking, historical criminology focuses on the ways in which historical theories, methods, and perspectives fit into criminological practice, providing history-facing theories and methods to those scholars interested in long-term trajectories and explanations of present-day criminological concerns. Central to this approach is a distrust of the presentist view that contemporary phenomena are unprecedented or that they signify distinct breaks from past processes. Rather, historical criminology embraces the idea that scholars can find meaningful comparisons to events that may seem sui generis or unprecedented within the historical record, or that scholars may find value by simply better understanding the context of the present or recent past. These views position historical criminology within the broader purview of critical criminology by challenging positivistic or Whiggish impulses within criminal justice research that become far less stable when made to struggle with questions of contingency and path dependency. For more than a century, works with historical orientations have productively challenged criminologists to reimagine the present by offering scholars a view of what was and what might have been when it comes to issues relating to crime, deviance, law enforcement, courts, and corrections.

While historical criminologists often share similar inclinations, there also exist important philosophical disagreements within the field. For one, scholars have long deliberated over the question of how to meaningfully parse the differences between historical criminology, crime history, and historical sociology, and they have found little forward movement in this regard over recent decades. Scholars also struggle to market historical perspectives to criminologists, despite the clear value that historical methods and theories offer interdisciplinary “meeting place” fields such as criminology. In the future, historical criminologists may choose to grow their field by encouraging colleagues to grapple more deliberately with conceptions of time, era, and progress; to lean more aggressively into incorporating insights from history and history-adjacent disciplines, such as anthropology, archaeology, folklore studies, and comparative literature into their own work; and by undertaking concerted advocacy efforts for the greater adoption of historical units, courses, and readings in both undergraduate and graduate criminology university courses.
Indigenous Education, Decolonization, and Reinvigorating the Work of Our Ancestors
Authors: Kulago Hollie A. , Jaime Angela M.
Published: July 2022

Indigenous peoples have always had their educational strategies and systems in place to pass on their Ways of Knowing from one generation to the next. Indigenous education is an ongoing process in which the curriculum comes from the land, language, and community from where their ancestors emerged. Many systems and Ways of Knowing have been disrupted by settler colonialism’s persistent attempts to erase Indigenous peoples from the lands and mainstream narrative. Indigenous decolonization of education intervenes the assimilative frameworks of western education in order to work toward Indigenous sovereignty of the minds, lands, peoples, and nations.
Chinese Occidentalism and Educational Tour
Authors: Li Kaiyi
Published: July 2022

How Western education was constructed and could be employed to help develop modern Chinese education was an important vehicle for understanding the development of education in China, as well as the broader discourse of Occidentalism in China. Since the mid-19th century, the traditional Chinese worldview “all under heaven” became gradually disrupted. The new image of the West until the 1920s in China overlapped with the image of modernization, and from the image of the West, Chinese scholars conceived Chinese national goals. Education was considered by Chinese scholars and governments to be a tool to realize national modernization as well as a symbol of modernization. Sending educators and officials to Western countries was a popular method then in China to find references for Chinese domestic educational reform. The discourses of Western education articulated by these Chinese who had personal experiences abroad and had a close engagement with the West hence were authorized to describe an authentic Western education, and they thus contributed to the discourses of Occidentalism in China. Although with different social and political backgrounds, Chinese scholars all described education to be the foundational basis of Western countries and constructed direct connections between education and desired social progress, without considering other factors that influenced social progress. Those scholars contributed to the discourse of education as bearing the burden of providing social progress. They also established gaps between Western and Chinese education. One such gap was that Western education represented the international tendencies and model, while Chinese attempts to modernize education were portrayed as being in their infancy, suggesting China should learn from the West. The other gap was that Western education was essentialized as being more substantial and having successfully achieved modernization, while Chinese achievement in modern education was considered to be superficial and to have purportedly missed the essence of modernization. By contending that Chinese modern education missed the essence of modernization, Chinese scholar-officials and educators in the early decades of the 20th century established their opposition to the previous way of organizing modern education in China. However, establishing the gaps between Western education and Chinese education meant emphasizing not the immutability of Western education, but rather the dynamic character of Western education and the orientation of Chinese education. Such a discourse on Western education was part of a type of discourse on Occidentalism in China during the early decades of the 20th century and served to promote domestic reform—the West and China were different, but modernization was universally available to China.
Analyzing Everyday Life at School Through Lenses of Feminist Ethnography
Authors: Lahelma Elina , Tolonen Tarja , Lappalainen Sirpa
Published: July 2022

Feminist ethnography in education has in so-called Western countries developed in the late 1900s into a research approach with its own identifiable characteristics. Starting points are in feminist theorizations that draw from perspectives of different marginal groups, raised in the context of cultural radicalization of the 1960s and 1970s. In Finland, feminist ethnography took the first steps in the 1990s and achieved a stable position in educational research in the early 2000s. This emerging research has provided possibilities for subtle analysis in educational institutions on gendered, spatial and embodied practices, which have impact on intersectional inequalities.

A theoretical and methodological invention developed by the first Finnish feminist ethnographers in the 1990s is differentiation between the official, informal, and physical layers of the school. Teaching and learning, the curriculum, pedagogy, and formal hierarchies belong to the official layer. Interaction among teachers and students, including informal hierarchies and youth cultures, takes place in the informal layer. The physical school refers to temporality, spatiality, and embodiment. These layers are intertwined in the everyday life of the school; the distinctions between them are analytical. This differentiation is one illustration of nuanced ways to conduct analysis of gendered, classed, and racialized processes and practices in schools.

This analytical tool was elaborated in the large ethnographic project, Citizenship, Difference and Marginality in Schools—With Special Reference to Gender (1993–1998). The project was conducted in schools in Finland, collaborating with a similar project in the United Kingdom. The collective project was conceptualized in comparative reflections on contemporary educational politics and policies in both countries and included cross-cultural ethnographic analysis. The layers were used as tools in constructing the theoretical-methodological layout of the project and in focusing the ethnographic gaze in the field, as well as in analysis, interpretation, and writing. Using the layers of the school as an analytic tool passed on to later studies and have further been developed in novel ways, demonstrating the usefulness of collaborative feminist work in national and international networks.
Vocational Education
Authors: Billett Stephen
Published: July 2022

This chapter aims to discuss what constitutes the project of vocational education through the elaboration of its key purposes. Although taking many and diverse institutional forms, and being perhaps the least unitary of educational sectors, vocational education stands as a distinct and long-standing educational provision premised on its own specific set of purposes. It has long been central to generating the occupational capacities that societies, communities, and workplaces need, contributing to individuals’ initial and ongoing occupational advancement and their sense of selves as working age adults. It also has the potential to be, and often is, the most inclusive of educational sectors by virtue of engaging the widest range of learners within its programs and institutions. Yet, because its manifestations are shaped by country-specific institutional arrangements and historical developments, it defies attempts to easily and crisply define or capture the singularity of its purposes, forms, and contributions. In some countries it is a distinct educational sector, quite separate from both schools and universities. This can include having industry-experienced teachers. In others, it is mainly enacted in high schools in the form of a broadly based technology education, mainly intended for students not progressing educationally beyond schooling, which promotes and reinforces its low standing. In others again, it comprises in postsecondary institutions that combine general and occupational education. These distinctions, such as being either more or less general or occupational educational provision, also change across time as policy imperatives arise and decline. Much of vocational education provisions are associated with initial occupational preparation, but some are also seen more generally as preparation for engaging in working life, and then others have focuses on continuing education and training and employability across working lives. Sometimes it is enacted wholly within educational institutions, but others can include, and even largely comprise, experiences in workplaces. So, whereas the institutions and provisions of primary, secondary, and university education have relatively common characteristics and profiles, this is far less the case with what is labeled vocational education. Indeed, because of the diversity of its forms and purposes, it is often the least distinguishable of the educational sectors within and across countries. In seeking to advance what constitutes vocational education, the approach adopted here is to focus on its four key educational purposes. These comprise of (a) preparation for the world of work, (b) identifying a preferred occupation, (c) occupational preparation, and (d) ongoing development across working life.
Asian American and Pacific Islander Children
Authors: Ooka Pang Valerie , Chang Benjamin , Pak Yoon K. , Hokoda Audrey , Rodríguez Noreen Naseem , Kim Esther June
Published: July 2022

Asian American and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) are often invisible to others. AAPI children are even more ignored in schools. They comprise many different groups with diverse cultures, languages, values, geographical roots, and ethnicities. This is why we have chosen to write about AAPI young people and not to limit our discussions to Asian Americans. We believe in inclusivity and so use the pan-Asian term of AAPIs. Some children may be Guamanian American, Thai American, Taiwanese American, Samoan American, Hawaiian American, Fijian American, Filipinx American, or a combination of several ethnic or racial backgrounds. Not all AAPI youth are the same. This is a major AAPI issue that teachers need to understand. Often teachers hold the misconception that most AAPIs are Chinese American. This is not true.

One of the reasons that teachers and the general public are not aware of the educational, social, or psychological needs of AAPI children is because of the model minority myth. Not all AAPI students do well in school. Research has shown that young people have different academic strengths and vulnerabilities. These distinctions may be due to many variables such as ethnic membership, class status, parent education, and language proficiency in English. The model minority stereotype hurts and conceals the hardships that many AAPIs face, from low self-esteem to academic limitations. In addition, there are AAPI students who must deal with trauma from microaggressions that young people face because they are bullied due to accents, differences in physical appearance, and cultural conflicts. Others have come to the United States experiencing trauma as refugees who fled civil persecution or war. In addition, students who are LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning) and AAPI may have to deal with the trauma of homophobia. Teachers must be able to identify ways to reduce trauma in schools like using culturally relevant/responsive strategies to help lessen student depression and anxieties. There are numerous approaches that teachers can take to develop compassionate classrooms in a democracy where all students are accepted and respected. They can teach compassion and kindness. Educators can teach about the contributions of various AAPI civil rights role models such as Grace Lee Boggs, Larry Itliong, Kiyoshi Kuromiya, Philip Vera Cruz, Patsy Mink, and Yuri Kochiyama in the curriculum. Teaching about civil rights activists demonstrates to children and adults that AAPIs have been actively fighting for the rights of all. In addition, teachers can integrate AAPI children’s literature so students are aware of cultural values, experiences, and knowledge that has arisen from AAPI communities. All students should have the opportunity to see photos and drawings of various AAPI people in picturebooks and other texts. AAPI students are not super students; they are not math whiz kids. They are Americans like anyone else, with strengths and limitations.
Multiliteracies in Classrooms
Authors: Seglem Robyn , Garcia Antero
Published: July 2022

Multiliteracies were first conceptualized in 1994 by the New London Group (NLG), a group of global scholars who specialized in different aspects of literacy instruction including classroom discourse, multilingual teaching and learning, new technologies, critical discourse and literacy, linguistics, cultural and social educations, semiotics, and visual literacy. Published in 1996, the NLG focused on equalizing the power dynamics within education by moving away from traditional print-based literacies that privilege the cultural majority who hold the most wealth and power in the world. Their work seeks to elevate those who are traditionally marginalized by embracing literacies that leverage multiple languages, discourses, and texts. Multiliteracies have been widely adopted, expanded upon, and contested in academia, but classroom teachers have been much slower in adopting them. Although systems of accountability and standardization contribute to a slow adoption of multiliteracies practices, teachers have found ways to integrate multiliteracies into instruction. In doing so, students are provided with more linguistic capital and a deeper understanding of how meaning is made across multiple contexts.
NCPEA to ICPEL: Professional Organization of Educational Administration Leadership
Authors: Papa Rosemary , Creighton Theodore , Berry James
Published: July 2022

The story of the creation of the field of educational administration, management, and leadership from the 19th to the 21st century is best understood through the lens of the first professional organization founded for school leaders, formerly known as the National Council of Professors of Educational Administration (NCPEA), now the International Council of Professors of Educational Leadership (ICPEL). The mission of the ICPEL is to advance the field of educational leadership/administration/management through research, teaching, and service as a means to better prepare aspiring and practicing educational leaders/administrators. The difference between the NCPEA of 1947 and the ICPEL of 2022 can best be summed up as the same intent to improve K–12 education by training school leaders but a different organizational structure to deliver member services.
Music in East Africa
Authors: Perullo Alex
Published: July 2022

The earliest evidence of music in East Africa appears in rock art paintings from around 500 CE. Images of instruments, dances, and ritual processes demonstrate the connection between music and other aspects of daily life. By the 1700s, written documents of poetry and songs appeared on the Swahili coast. The Swahili coast also brought together a diverse range of communities, including many involved in the expansive trade between the interior of Africa and the coast as well as those forced into slavery. In each of these cases, a wide range of musical forms, instruments, and dances emerged as cultural groups interacted with one another. The movement of people, goods, and resources also brought musical ideas into the interior regions of East Africa, and musical instruments, song forms, and dances continually shifted to incorporate new sounds or develop new traditions. Colonialism further impacted the sound and circulation of music through the creation of social halls and clubs, radio stations, and gramophones as well as laws and rules that limited the performance of certain styles of music or dance. By independence, several popular genres emerged that dominated urban spaces and brought a sense of cosmopolitanism to cities and towns across East Africa.
Gene–Environment Interplay in the Social Sciences
Authors: Dias Pereira Rita , Biroli Pietro , Galama Titus , von Hinke Stephanie , van Kippersluis Hans , Rietveld Cornelius A. , Thom Kevin
Published: July 2022

Nature (one’s genes) and nurture (one’s environment) jointly contribute to the formation and evolution of health and human capital over the life cycle. This complex interplay between genes and environment can be estimated and quantified using genetic information readily available in a growing number of social science data sets. Using genetic data to improve our understanding of individual decision making, inequality, and to guide public policy is possible and promising, but requires a grounding in essential genetic terminology, knowledge of the literature in economics and social-science genetics, and a careful discussion of the policy implications and prospects of the use of genetic data in the social sciences and economics.