bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agrochemical lead optimization by scaffold hopping
Authors: Lamberth Clemens
Published: October 2017

Scaffold hopping, the exchange of a specific portion of a potential active ingredient with another substructure with the aim of finding isofunctional molecular structures with significantly different molecular backbones, often offers the chance in lead discovery or optimization to mitigate problems related to toxicity, intellectual property, and insufficient potency or stability. Scaffold hopping tools such as isosteric ring replacement including 1,3 nitrogen shift and cyclic imine–amide isosterism, but also ring opening and ring closure approaches, functional group isosterism, reversion of functional groups, chain shortening, chain lengthening, and scaffolds delivered by natural products, have become a permanent fixture of the innovation and optimization process in crop protection research. Their appropriate use will be explained through examples of success stories in the field of agrochemistry. Analogies to, but also differences from, the main categories of scaffold hopping in medicinal drug discovery are discussed. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Synergistic interactions between a variety of insecticides and an ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor fungicide in dietary exposures of bumble bees (Bombus terrestris L.)
Authors: Raimets Risto , Karise Reet , Mänd Marika , Kaart Tanel , Ponting Sally , Song Jimao , Cresswell James E
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

In recent years, concern has been raised over honey bee colony losses, and also among wild bees there is evidence for extinctions and range contractions in Europe and North America. Pesticides have been proposed as a potential cause of this decline. Bees are exposed simultaneously to a variety of agrochemicals, which may cause synergistically detrimental impacts, which are incompletely understood. We investigated the toxicity of the fungicide imazalil in mixture with four common insecticides: fipronil (phenylpyrazoid), cypermethrin (pyrethroid), thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid (neonicotinoids). Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor (EBI) fungicides like imazalil can inhibit P450 detoxification systems in insects and therefore fungicide − insecticide co‐occurrence might produce synergistic toxicity in bees. We assessed the impact of dietary fungicide − insecticide mixtures on the mortality and feeding rates of laboratory bumble bees (Bombus terrestris L.).

RESULTS

Regarding mortality, imazalil synergised the toxicity of fipronil, cypermethrin and thiamethoxam, but not imidacloprid. We found no synergistic effects on feeding rates.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that P450‐based detoxification processes are differentially important in mitigating the toxicity of certain insecticides, even those of the same chemical class. Our evidence that cocktail effects can arise in bumble bees should extend concern about the potential impacts of agrochemical mixtures to include wild bee species in farmland. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Ni‐Catalyzed Growth of Silica Nanowires From Amorphous Silicon Films and Growth Mechanism
Authors: Yoon Jong‐Hwan
Published: October 2017

The fabrication of amorphous silica nanowires (NWs) using an amorphous silicon (a‐Si) film grown by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition is demonstrated. Fabrication is achieved by conventional high‐temperature annealing of an a‐Si layer coated with a thin Ni film. Annealing of the Ni (≈20 nm)/a‐Si (≈1 μm) structure at 1100 °C for 1 h is shown to clearly result in the formation of densely packed amorphous silica NWs with diameters in the range from 35 to 70 nm. A comparison of energy dispersive X‐ray analyses on the tip and body of an NW demonstrates that NW growth proceeded via the solid–liquid–solid mechanism.
Intersection Nodes of Basal Screw Dislocations as Luminous Quantum Dots in GaN
Authors: Medvedev Oleg , Vyvenko Oleg
Published: October 2017

For the first time, in situ direct cathodoluminescence observation of the formation of luminous dots with a particular spectral luminescence band at the intersection nodes of straight basal screw dislocations in GaN is reported. The formation of the nodes that luminesced at around 3.3 eV proceeded under electron beam excitation as a result of interaction between straight screw dislocations, which possessed an own luminescence band at 3.1–3.2 eV. Possible configurations of the structure of dislocation nodes for the perfect and for the dissociated dislocations are presented and discussed, together with the properties of intersection‐related luminescence (IRL). The origin of IRL is tentatively ascribed to the optical transition between electronic states of quantum dots formed by extended dislocation nodes, consisting of I2 stacking faults bounded by 30° partial dislocations.
Application of 1013 ohm Faraday cup current amplifiers for boron isotopic analyses by solution mode and laser ablation multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Lloyd Nicholas S. , Sadekov Aleksey Yu. , Misra Sambuddha
Published: October 2017

Rationale

Boron isotope ratios (δ11B values) are used as a proxy for seawater paleo‐pH, amongst several other applications. The analytical precision can be limited by the detection of low intensity ion beams from limited sample amounts. High‐gain amplifiers offer improvements in signal/noise ratio and can be used to increase measurement precision and reduce sample amounts.

Methods

1013 ohm amplifier technology has previously been applied to several radiogenic systems, but has thus far not been applied to non‐traditional stable isotopes. Here we apply 1013 ohm amplifier technology for the measurement of boron isotope ratios using solution mode MC‐ICP‐MS and laser ablation mode (LA‐)MC‐ICP‐MS techniques. Precision is shown for reference materials as well as for low‐volume foraminifera samples.

Results

The baseline uncertainty for a 0.1 pA 10B+ ion beam is reduced to <0.1 ‰ for a typical measurement period. The external precision is better than 0.2 ‰ (2SD) for δ11B measurements for solution samples containing as little as 0.8 ng total boron. For in situ microanalyses with LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS, the external precision of 11B/10B from an in‐house calcite standard was 1 ‰ (2SD) for individual spot analyses, and 0.3 ‰ for the mean of ≥10 replicate spot analyses.

Conclusions

1013 ohm amplifier technology is demonstrated to offer advantages for the determination of δ11B values by both MC‐ICP‐MS and LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS for small samples of biogenic carbonates, such as foraminifera shells. 1013 ohm amplifier technology will also be of benefit to other non‐traditional stable isotope measurements.
Bipolarity in planarians is not induced by space travel
Authors: Sluys Ronald , Stocchino Giacinta A.
Published: October 2017

Available evidence strongly suggests that alternative, Earth‐bound explanations should be sought first for the occurrence of a single bipolar planarian flatworm returning from space travel. Double‐headed worms have been amply documented as arising under experimental conditions as well as spontaneously in stock cultures of planarians.
The scale problem in tackling diffuse water pollution from agriculture: Insights from the Avon Demonstration Test Catchment programme in England
Authors: Biddulph M. , Collins A.L. , Foster I.D.L. , Holmes N.
Published: October 2017

Mitigation of diffuse water pollution from agriculture is of concern in the United Kingdom, so that freshwater quality can be improved in line with environmental objectives. Targeted on‐farm mitigation is necessary for controlling sources of pollution to rivers; a positive impact must also be delivered at the subcatchment and catchment scales before good ecological status can be achieved. A farm on the River Sem in the Hampshire Avon Demonstration Test Catchment was selected for monitoring due to its degraded farmyard, track, and drainage ditch, which was targeted by the Demonstration Test Catchment programme for improvement using a treatment train of interventions. The river was monitored before and after, upstream and downstream, of the potential sources of pollution and subsequent mitigation, both locally at farm scale, and downstream at the subcatchment scale. Sediment was obtained from the riverbed using a conventional disturbance technique, and source samples were collected from across the subcatchment. Samples were analysed for geochemistry, mineral magnetism, and environmental radionuclide activity using the <63‐μm fraction, before sediment source fingerprinting was conducted to apportion sources. Source tracing revealed that, although the degraded farm track was experiencing channelized flow and erosion in the pre‐mitigation period, it was not a major sediment source even at farm scale. Repeat source apportionment during the pre‐ and post‐mitigation periods showed that the targeted treatment train did not result in statistically significant decreases in predicted contributions from the farm track sources at either scale. Sediment sources must be determined at a range of spatial scales to support effective mitigation.
Self‐Powered Nanoscale Photodetectors
Authors: Tian Wei , Wang Yidan , Chen Liang , Li Liang
Published: October 2017

Novel self‐powered nanoscale photodetectors that can work without an external power source, which have great application potential in next‐generation nanodevices that operate wirelessly and independently, are being widely studied. This review aims to give a comprehensive summary of the state‐of‐the‐art research results on self‐powered nanoscale photodetectors. An introduction of recent progress on Schottky junction photodetectors is provided. Two types of Schottky junctions are discussed in detail: metal–semiconductor and semiconductor–graphene junctions. Next, recent developments of p–n junction photodetectors are highlighted, including homojunction and heterojunction photodetectors. Then, piezo‐phototronic effect enhanced photodetection performances of Schottky junctions and p–n junctions are discussed. Then, significant results on the photoelectrochemical‐cell‐based photodetector and integrated self‐powered nanosystem are presented, followed by a systematic comparison of different types of photodetectors. Finally, a summary of the previous results is given, and the major challenges that need to be addressed in the future are outlined. The hope is that this review can provide valuable insights into the current status of self‐powered photodetectors and spur new structure and device designs to further enhance photodetection performance.
Optimizing Multiplexed Detections of Diabetes Antibodies via Quantitative Microfluidic Droplet Array
Authors: Duan Kai , Ghosh Gargi , Lo Joe Fujiou
Published: October 2017

Sensitive, single volume detections of multiple diabetes antibodies can provide immunoprofiling and early screening of at‐risk patients. To advance the state‐of‐the‐art suspension assays for diabetes antibodies, porous hydrogel droplets are leveraged in microfluidic serpentine arrays to enhance reagent transport. This spatially multiplexed assay is applied to the detection of antibodies against insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and insulinoma‐associated protein 2. Optimization of assay protocol results in a shortened assay time of 2 h, with better than 20 pg mL Supporting Information detection limits across all three antibodies. Specificity and cross‐reactivity tests show negligible background, nonspecific antibody–antigen, and nonspecific antibody–antibody bindings. Multiplexed detections are able to measure within 15% of target concentrations from low to high ranges. The technique enables quantifications of as little as 8000 molecules in each 500 µm droplet in a single volume, multiplexed assay format, a breakthrough necessary for the adoption of diabetes panels for clinical screening and monitoring in the future.
On the Cobalt − Tungsten/Chromium Balance in Martensitic Creep Resistant Steels
Authors: Yu Hao , Xu Wei , van der Zwaag Sybrand
Published: October 2017

Recently, novel martensitic creep resistant steels strengthened by slowly coarsening Laves phase or stable M23C6 precipitates have been identified both computationally and experimentally. The coarsening kinetics of these precipitates, traditionally considered to be very detrimental in creep steels, can be suppressed to a degree which makes them attractive strengthening factors by alloying such steels to high Cobalt levels. As high Co levels are undesirable for various reasons, in the present work, the characteristics of Laves phase and M23C6, in particular the volume fraction, coarsening rate, and precipitation strengthening factor, in newly designed alloys are computationally compared with those of existing Co‐containing creep steels. The binary analyses of Co–M balance show that the Co–W levels are highly coupled for creep steels strengthened by Laves phase deposits and W can be used to partially replace Co to yield the same precipitation strengthening. For the M23C6 strengthened alloys, irrespective of the Cr level, a high Co concentration is predicted to be necessary for a high creep resistance.
Effect of drywall and brick wall on fire behavior of concrete‐filled steel tube column
Authors: Abdollahzadeh Gholamreza , Afaghi‐Darabi Alireza
Published: October 2017

The walls around the columns play a decisive role in temperature distribution and mechanical behavior of the column under fire. This study has been conducted to investigate the effects of the presence of two types of walls, including clay masonry wall and dry wall on temperature distribution, and mechanical behaviors of the column compared to the adiabatic condition. A three‐dimensional finite element model was developed and validated using the experimental results of the column under the non‐uniform fire. In this state, three different wall locations around the columns were considered. In modeling clay masonry wall, the thermal properties of the brick block and the cement mortar and in dry wall modeling the thermal properties of Gypsum panel and the applied insulator were extracted from the prior research. The outputs of the model consist of temperature distribution in the cross section of the wall and the column, fire resistance time, and residual strength of the column. The results of the research showed that the presence of brick and dry walls, under the best conditions, increases the resistance time to 46 and 53%, respectively, and residual strength of concrete‐filled steel tube to 27% as compared to the adiabatic condition.
Non‐invasive high‐intensity focused ultrasound treatment of the placenta: a preliminary in‐vivo study using a simian model
Authors: Caloone J. , Huissoud C. , Kocot A. , Vincenot J. , Dehay C. , Giroud P. , Misery P. , Allias F. , Rudigoz R. C. , Melodelima D.
Published: October 2017

Objective

To demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for the non‐invasive creation of placental lesions in a simian model.

Methods

Eight pregnant monkeys were exposed to HIFU treatment after anesthesia, using a toroidal HIFU 2.5‐MHz transducer with an integrated ultrasound imaging probe. Lesions on the placental tissue were created non‐invasively by placing the HIFU probe on the skin surface. Fetal and maternal parameters, such as maternal heart rate, fetal heart rate and subcutaneous and intra‐amniotic fluid temperature, were recorded during HIFU exposure. Cesarean section was performed immediately after the procedure to extract the placenta and examine the fetus and the maternal abdominal cavity. Placental HIFU lesions were assessed by ultrasound, gross pathology and histology.

Results

The mean gestational age of the monkeys was 72 ± 4 days. In total, 13 HIFU procedures were performed. The acoustic power and exposure time were increased progressively. This gradual increase in total energy delivered was used to determine a set of parameters to create reproducible lesions in the placenta without complications. Five placental lesions were observed with average diameters of 6.4 ± 0.5 mm and 7.8 ± 0.7 mm and an average depth of 3.8 ± 1.5 mm. Ultrasound examination of the placentae revealed hyperechoic regions that correlated well with macroscopic analysis of the HIFU lesions. Necrosis of placental tissue exposed to HIFU was confirmed with macroscopic and microscopic analysis. There was no significant variation in maternal and fetal parameters during HIFU exposure.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the feasibility of HIFU applied non‐invasively to the placental unit in an in‐vivo pregnant monkey model. The technique is safe in the immediate short term and is potentially translatable to human pregnancy. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Economic growth and development with low‐carbon energy
Authors: Fankhauser Sam , Jotzo Frank
Published: October 2017

Energy is needed for economic growth, and access to cheap, reliable energy is an essential development objective. Historically most incremental energy demand has been met through fossil fuels; however, in future that energy will have to be low carbon and ultimately zero‐carbon. Decarbonization can and needs to happen at varying speeds in all countries, depending on national circumstances. This article reviews the implications of a transition to low‐carbon energy on economic growth and development in current low‐income countries. It sets out empirical findings about trajectories for energy intensity and emissions intensity of economic growth; explores pathways to accelerate decarbonization; reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on economic costs and co‐benefits of energy decarbonization; and assesses analytical approaches. It discusses the opportunities that might arise in terms of a cleaner, more dynamic and more sustainable growth model, and the options for developing countries to implement a less‐carbon intensive model of economic development.WIREs Clim Change2018, 9:e495. doi: 10.1002/wcc.495

This article is categorized under:

Climate Economics > Economics and Climate Change

Climate and Development > Decoupling Emissions from Development
Open‐source tool for interactive digitisation of pluviograph strip charts
Authors: Sušin Nejc , Peer Peter
Published: October 2017

The analysis of weather requires data collected over long periods of time. Rainfall intensity is one of the basic weather measurements. Paper strip charts were used in the past, and in some parts of the world are used even today, to record rainfall intensity over a given period of time. Since most modern analysis takes place on computers, we need a way to digitise historical data to be able to process it. An existing automated algorithm was adapted and implemented in an interactive program to solve this task. The algorithm automatically processes images of rainfall charts and allows users to manually correct any errors, resulting in a very accurate reading. This paper documents how the program works, the results it gives and the underlying problem itself. It also offers some commentary on computer‐aided digitisation of other strip charts. The software is freely available on the web under an open‐source license and serves as a base for continued growth and evolution by contributions from the community.
Determination of the Hydrogen Positions in the Novel Barium Boroarsenate Ba[B2As2O8(OH)2] by Combined Single Crystal X‐ray and Powder Neutron Investigations
Authors: Lieb Alexandra , Weller Mark T.
Published: October 2017

The boroarsenate Ba[B2As2O8(OH)2] was obtained by the reaction of NH4H2AsO4, B(OH)3 and BaBr2·2H2O in the melt. Ba[B2As2O8(OH)2] was obtained as thin colorless needles, together with spherical crystals of BAsO4 as by‐product, grown on a pellet of Ba[BAsO5]. The products could be separated mechanically. For neutron scattering experiments a sample was prepared with 11B(OH)3 as a starting material. The crystal structure of Ba[B2As2O8(OH)2] was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and exhibits a layer structure with an unprecedented layer topology. The exact positions of the hydrogen atoms were determined using combined single‐crystal X‐ray and powder neutron diffraction investigations. Ba[B2As2O8(OH)2] was further characterized by IR spectroscopy and EDX analysis.
Organometallic Lewis Acids, Part LXII. Chiral Carbonyl‐Cyclopentadienyl‐Triphenylphosphine‐Iron and ‐Ruthenium Complexes with Tertiary Nitriles [CpM(CO)(PPh3)(N≡C–CR1R2R3)]+ BF4– (M = Fe, Ru)
Authors: Missling Christopher U. , Sünkel Karlheinz , Langhals Heinz , Beck Wolfgang
Published: October 2017

A series of tertiary nitriles was synthesized by alkylation of acetonitrile, primary and secondary nitriles, using alkylbromides and sodium amide in liquid ammonia. By reaction of the in situ formed organometallic Lewis acids [CpM(CO)(PPh3)]+ (M = Fe, Ru) with the novel tertiary nitriles, the complexes [CpM(CO)(PPh3)(N≡C–CR1R2R3]BF4 were obtained. A di‐iron complex was formed with 1,6‐dicyanohexane.
Unexpected Trend Deviation in Isoelectronic Transition Metal BoridesA3T5B2(A= group 4,T= group 9): Ti3Co5B2‐ vs. Perovskite‐Type Studied by Experiments and DFT Calculations
Authors: Shankhari Pritam , Scheifers Jan P. , Hermus Martin , Yubuta Kunio , Fokwa Boniface P. T.
Published: October 2017

We present the first bulk synthesis of Ti3Co5B2, which was realized by arc‐melting a Co‐rich elemental mixture. Our X‐ray diffraction studies revealed a Ti/Co mixed occupancy on one of two possible Ti sites suggesting a phase width withx= 0–0.52 in Ti3–xCo5+xB2. Moreover, we studied experimentally and theoretically the isoelectronic substitution of Ti and Co by their respective higher homologues (Zr/Rh and Hf/Ir). Surprisingly, Ti3Co5B2‐type phase was obtained only for the Hf/Ir combination (single crystal analysis of Hf3Ir5B2), whereas for Zr/Rh a perovskite‐like phase (ZrRh3Bx) was discovered instead. We found that small but crucial differences (atomic radius ratio and electronegativity difference) between elements of the same group in the periodic Table are responsible for the unexpected trend deviation. This finding is supported by DFT calculations of the free energy of formation.
Synthesis, Structural and Energetic Properties of Copper(II) Perchlorate Complex with Aminoguanidine
Authors: Mahdavi Mohammad , Ghani Kamal , Nosratzadegan Keyvan
Published: October 2017

The complexation of copper(II) perchlorate with aminoguanidine hemesulfate (AGHS) yield related mononuclear complex bis(aminoguanidine)copper(II) perchlorate; [Cu(AG)2](ClO4)2 (I). The characterization of complex I was done by elemental analysis, electronic spectra, IR studies, and X‐ray diffraction. From analytical data, a stoichiometry of 1:2 of metal to ligand was determined for the complex. The structure consists of centrosymmetric square planar [Cu(AG)2]2+ cations and perchlorate counterions. The CuII atom is four‐coordinate by two imine N atoms and two amine N atoms from two aminoguanidine ligands, forming a slightly distorted square‐planar coordination. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked through intermolecular N–H···O hydrogen bonds, forming a network. The thermal decomposition process of this complex was investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the sensitivities toward impact and friction were assessed using a BAM drophammer and a BAM friction tester.
Failing Fast
Authors: Kvalnes Øyvind
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores how learning from failure requires close attention to the distinction between causes of failure and blame for failure. It also identifies and discusses three psychological phenomena that pose a challenge to effective learning from failure. All of them have links to the communication climate for voicing a concern that the proposed course of action may not after all be the best one. First, the sunk-cost-fallacy is the tendency we have to follow through on an activity even when it is not meeting our expectations, because of the resources we have already invested in it. Second, research on the bystander effect indicates that the more people who are witness to an event that calls for help or some other form of intervention, the less likely it is that anybody will step forward and help or intervene. Third, people are vulnerable to the confirmation fallacy, in that they have a tendency to notice information that is in line with their beliefs and assumptions, and to disregard information that gives them reason to reconsider.
Coping with Fallibility in Aviation
Authors: Kvalnes Øyvind
Published: October 2017

This chapter focuses on the lessons learned in aviation about coping with fallibility. Safety in aviation has improved in recent decades because of a shared realization that pilots are fallible beings. There has been a shift in attitude, from seeing pilots as extraordinary, infallible individuals who could be trusted to bring the plane safely to its destination, to understanding air travel as depending on teamwork, where all the individuals involved depend on feedback and support from others. The development of Crew Resource Management (CRM) tools and training practices have strengthened the safety climate. The chapter builds on interviews with a pilot and a flight engineer. These are interpreted in light of theoretical contributions from social psychology.
Industrial antifoam agents impair ethanol fermentation and induce stress responses in yeast cells
Authors: Nielsen Jens Christian , Senne de Oliveira Lino Felipe , Rasmussen Thomas Gundelund , Thykær Jette , Workman Christopher T. , Basso Thiago Olitta
Published: October 2017

The Brazilian sugarcane industry constitutes one of the biggest and most efficient ethanol production processes in the world. Brazilian ethanol production utilizes a unique process, which includes cell recycling, acid wash, and non-aseptic conditions. Process characteristics, such as extensive CO2 generation, poor quality of raw materials, and frequent contaminations, all lead to excessive foam formation during fermentations, which is treated with antifoam agents (AFA). In this study, we have investigated the impact of industrial AFA treatments on the physiology and transcriptome of the industrial ethanol strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae CAT-1. The investigated AFA included industrially used AFA acquired from Brazilian ethanol plants and commercially available AFA commonly used in the fermentation literature. In batch fermentations, it was shown that industrial AFA compromised growth rates and glucose uptake rates, while commercial AFA had no effect in concentrations relevant for defoaming purposes. Industrial AFA were further tested in laboratory scale simulations of the Brazilian ethanol production process and proved to decrease cell viability compared to the control, and the effects were intensified with increasing AFA concentrations and exposure time. Transcriptome analysis showed that AFA treatments induced additional stress responses in yeast cells compared to the control, shown by an up-regulation of stress-specific genes and a down-regulation of lipid biosynthesis, especially ergosterol. By documenting the detrimental effects associated with chemical AFA, we highlight the importance of developing innocuous systems for foam control in industrial fermentation processes.
Self‐Aggregation and Emulsifying Properties of Methyl Ester Sulfonate Surfactants
Authors: Asselah Amel , Pinazo Aurora , Mezei Amalia , Pérez Lourdes , Tazerouti Amel
Published: October 2017

Methyl ester sulfonate (MES) anionic surfactants made from natural resources are of particular interest as sustainable surfactants. They offer good physicochemical properties for applications as detergents and emulsifiers. The liquid crystal structures of MES surfactants synthesized in a previous work were determined by polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). The emulsifying activity for each surfactant was also measured, and the stability of emulsions was estimated and compared to that induced by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The POM micrographs showed the presence of birefringent textures. Several factors, including temperature and hydration, influenced the stability of the phases and their structure. SAXS confirmed the structure of the phases formed by dry and hydrated ф‐MES surfactants at 25 °C, giving the position of peaks corresponding to the ratio 1:2:3 and revealing the phase transitions of lamellar to double lamellar or the reverse. Also, the Bragg distance (d) decreased with an increase in chain length from 13 to 17 carbon atoms and an increase in the area per molecule of surfactant. The geometric packing parameters were also determined, and suggest that surfactants are tilted. The stability of surfactant emulsions is around 60%, which is comparable to that of SDS. The micrographs show that the emulsions formed are O/W, and an increase in chain length gives rise to a decrease in the size of the emulsion droplets. These results are confirmed by the values of hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance (HLB) which reveals the hydrophilic nature of these surfactants.
Building Fathering Competencies Through a Universal, Soft-Entry, Early Intervention and Prevention Service
Authors: Macfarlane Kym , Hayes Amy , Lakhani Ali , Hodgson Glenn
Published: October 2017

There is sparse research on playgroups for fathers, therefore, the benefits of such programmes are difficult to discern. However, there is much research on the positive developmental outcomes children experience with involved fathers (Appl, Brown, & Stone, 2008; Evans, Harrison, Rempel, & Slater, 2006; Green, 2003; Rosenberg & Wilcox, 2006). This research focused on a Dad's playgroup run as part of the Communities for Children Logan Project in south-east Queensland, Australia. The research found that the fathers gained positive results as being a part of the playgroup, including improved family functioning, a feeling of belonging to a community in which advice was freely available, improved relationships with their child/children and feelings that this programme met the unique needs of fathers when others in the community have not. These needs were met through the play environment, scheduling, staffing and support networks.
Vibration Analysis of Non-Uniform Imperfect Functionally Graded Beams with Porosities in Thermal Environment
Authors: Ebrahimi F. , Hashemi M.
Published: October 2017

In the present study, thermo-mechanical vibration behavior of non-uniform beams made of functionally graded (FG) porous material are investigated under different thermal loadings for the first time. It is observed that during the fabrication of functionally graded materials (FGMs) porosities and micro-voids can be occured inside the material, thus in this study vibration analysis of FG beams by considering the effect of these imperfections is performed. Material properties of the FG beam are assumed to be temperature-dependent and vary continuously through thickness direction according to a power-law scheme which is modified to approximate material properties for both even and uneven distributions of the porosities. Different thermal environmental conditions, including uniform, linear and non-linear temperature changes through the thickness direction are considered. The motion equations are derived based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory through Hamilton's principle and they are solved applying the differential transformation method (DTM). In order to show the accuracy of the present analysis, comparisons are made with previous researches and an excellent agreement is observed. The obtained results are presented for the thermo-mechanical vibration characteristics of the FG beams such as the influences of various temperature rises, gradient index, porosity volume fraction, taper ratio and the boundary conditions in detail.
Influence of Non-Physical Chosen Parameters on Impact Dynamics of Discretized Elastic Bodies
Authors: Wang J. Y. , Liu Z. Y. , Hong J. Z.
Published: October 2017

In the dynamic analysis of discretized elastic bodies with contacts/impacts, the common formulations to model contact force include the penalty method and the Lagrangian method, which are different in the constraint imposition strategies. Traditionally, the Lagrangian method is thought to be less efficient due to additional multipliers and numerical complexity, however, the viewpoint is challenged in this paper. The goal of this paper is to investigate how numerical efficiency and accuracy using the two different methods are influenced by some non-physical chosen parameters such as stiffness coefficient, time step size and spatial discretization. An experimental sphere-rod impact problem and a multi-point impact problem are solved to evaluate certain numerical intricacies of the two implementations. The results show that in dealing with normal impact problems, the choice of penalty factor and time step size using the penalty method is not an omissible act to obtain accuracy and stability, while there are no such manually-defined parameters using the Lagrangian method. Moreover, there seems to be a clear advantage of the Lagrangian method in which much less mesh elements are needed to achieve the same accuracy compared to those of the penalty method.
The Inversion and Kelvin's Transformation in Plane Thermoelasticity with Circular or Straight Boundaries
Authors: Chao C. K. , Wu C. H. , Ting K.
Published: October 2017

The problem of a circular elastic inclusion perfectly bonded to a matrix of infinite extent and subjected to arbitrarily thermal loading has been solved explicitly in terms of the corresponding homogeneous problem based on the inversion and Kelvin's transformation. It is to be noted that the relations established in this paper between the stress functions are algebraic and do not involve integration or solution of some other equations. Furthermore, the transformation leading from the solution for the homogeneous problem to that for the heterogeneous one is very simple, algebraic and universal in the sense of being independent of loading considered. The case of two bonded half-planes is obtained as a limiting case.
Factors Associated with Adherence to Transdermal Nicotine Patches within a Smoking Cessation Effectiveness Trial – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: Handschin Jonnie , Hitsman Brian , Blazekovic Sonja , Veluz-Wilkins Anna , Wileyto E. Paul , Leone Frank T. , Ashare Rebecca L. , Schnoll Robert A.
Published: October 2017

The above published article by Handschin et al. contains an error in the spelling of an author's name.

Brain Hitsman, should read: Brian Hitsman

This error has now been rectified in the online version of this article.
Effects of Cultural Diversity and Emotional Regulation Strategies on Team Member Performance
Authors: Hui Ki Ming , Bednall Timothy C. , Wang Lu , Sanders Karin
Published: October 2017

Research on the effects of cultural diversity on individual team member performance has typically assumed a linear relationship, but has yielded mixed findings. In the study, we address these inconsistencies by hypothesizing an optimal (mid-range) level of diversity that maximizes performance. Given the potential for negative emotions to arise within a diverse team, we also hypothesize that team members who employ emotional self-regulation strategies will demonstrate stronger performance. We adopt an individual-level perspective, assessing diversity as the cultural dissimilarity between each individual and their teammates. Using a sample of 103 postgraduate students (23 teams with 3–6 participants in each), we found evidence of a curvilinear relationship between cultural dissimilarity and individual team member performance. Contrary to our expectations, we found that individual performance is greatest at very low and very high levels of dissimilarity. In terms of emotional regulation strategies, we found that cognitive reappraisal was associated with higher performance, but there was no evidence for the effects of expressive suppression. Together, the present findings challenge the assumption that the diversity-performance relationship is linear. Our findings also indicate individual performance in culturally diverse teams is influenced by individuals’ use of cognitive reappraisal to regulate negative emotions.
Mineral magnetic record of the Miocene-Pliocene climate transition on the Chinese Loess Plateau, North China
Authors: Ao Hong , Dekkers Mark J. , Roberts Andrew P. , Rohling Eelco J. , An Zhisheng , Liu Xiaodong , Jiang Zhaoxia , Qiang Xiaoke , Xu Yong , Chang Hong
Published: October 2017

Pre-Quaternary terrestrial climate variability is less well understood than that during the Quaternary. The continuous eolian Red Clay sequence underlying the well-known Quaternary loess-paleosol sequence on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) provides an opportunity to study pre-Quaternary terrestrial climate variability in East Asia. Here, we present new mineral magnetic records for a recently found Red Clay succession from Shilou area on the eastern CLP, and demonstrate a marked East Asian climate shift across the Miocene-Pliocene boundary (MPB). Pedogenic fine-grained magnetite populations, ranging from superparamagnetic (SP)/single domain (SD) up to small pseudo-single domain (PSD) sizes (i.e., from <30 nm up to ~1000 nm), dominate the magnetic properties. Importantly, our mineral magnetic results indicate that both pedogenic formation of SP grains and transformation of SP grains to SD and small PSD grains accelerated across the MPB in the Shilou Red Clay, which are indicative of enhanced pedogenesis. We relate this enhanced pedogenesis to increased soil moisture availability on the CLP, associated with stronger Asian Summer Monsoon precipitation during an overall period of global cooling. Our study thus provides new insights into the Miocene-Pliocene climate transition in East Asia.
TIMEKEEPING IN THE ROMAN ARMY
Authors: Cupcea George
Published: October 2017

The structure and organization of the Roman army is a complex subject for ancient historians. Of its multiple aspects, the schedule of the daily routine is one of the most interesting but, at the same time, is scarcely known. Of course, huge progress has been made with the publication of the daily rosters of one particular auxiliary unit in the East (cohors XX Palmyrenorum, at Dura, Syria), but the detail of the chronological organization of the unit's schedule is still to be revealed.
BATTLE DESCRIPTION IN THE ANCIENT HISTORIANS, PART II: SPEECHES, RESULTS, AND SEA BATTLES
Authors: Lendon Jon E.
Published: October 2017

If Herodotus borrowed from Homer the way the later tradition of historical battle description described fighting, adapted the array of the armies from the Homeric catalogue, and himself invented the ‘weighing’, the historian's declaration about why one side defeated the other, Thucydides was the creator of the battle speech – theparaklēsisorparainesis,cohortatioin Latin – that so frequently became a part of the depiction of ancient battles. There is, of course, a great deal of incidental talking and encouragement during fighting in Homer, and many of the sentiments that later authors were to use can be found in Homer as well. Herodotus borrowed from him the habit of including incidental snippets of encouragement before or during battles by the way (6.11, 8.83, 9.17–18, 9.42), and the habit was adopted here and there in later authors, and especially by Livy. So similarly theepipōleēsis, the general's going along the ranks of his army and addressing a few appropriate remarks to each different contingent: this imitated Agamemnon's tour of his forces in Book IV of theIliad, and was to have a long life in historical authors.
Art and Archaeology
Authors: Spivey Nigel
Published: October 2017

Visitors to modern Istanbul struggle to imagine how the city as created by Constantine appeared. But the elongated promenade now usually indicated as Sultan Ahmet Parki, but also known as the At-meidam (‘Horse-Square’), is vaguely conceivable as the ancient Hippodrome, the centre of public life in imperial Constantinople; and of the numerous monuments that once adorned this area, a trio persists along the site of the ‘spine’ of the ancient racetrack. Two obelisks are still conspicuous; between them lurks the ‘Serpent Column’, which was already a piece of antiquity when Constantine had it removed from Delphi. Of all bronzes to survive from the classical world it is perhaps the most deserving of its own ‘cultural biography’. This is what Paul Stephenson offers withThe Serpent Column. He starts in the broadest possible terms – mankind's general phobia of snakes – and then guides the reader through two and a half millennia of the vicissitudes endured by a sacred object wrenched from its ‘pagan’ purpose and somehow accorded special status within first Christian and then Muslim theocracies. Several times damaged, but never destroyed, the structure originally erected to mark the Greek victory over the Persians at Plataia in 479bcnow serves as a sort of talisman against snakebites. Stephenson calls upon some esoteric sources to inform its symbolic genesis – though disappointingly attempts no reconstruction of how it originally supported a tripod with cauldron – and shows how that symbolism could be adapted in biblical terms. Constantine's motives for relocating the monument remain obscure; nonetheless, we can surely dismiss Gibbon's conclusion that the emperor reveals merely ‘the rapacious vanity of a despot’. Recall the tradition that in his new forum he buried, beneath a pillar, an ensemble of relics comprising the Trojan-Roman Palladium, Noah's axe, Mary Magdalene's ointment jar, the crosses of the two thieves, and twelve baskets used by the apostles at the feeding of the five thousand. Superstitious he may have been; yet, by his choice of objects, Constantine also shows a fine sense of cumulative tradition at the juncture of Europe and Asia.
General
Authors: Petrovic Ivana , Petrovic Andrej
Published: October 2017

If you still haven't chosen a book to take with to the desert island, I have a suggestion:L'encyclopédie du ciel. At 1,202 pages, it will keep you occupied day and night: what you read as text by day will help you read by night in the sky. This wonderful and extremely useful book is as difficult to classify as it is to put down. Essentially, it is a compendium of Greco-Roman discourse on the stars and planets, divided into three parts. The first (‘Les images: histoire et mythologie: voir et raconter’) is about the constellations and the planets. It opens with a catalogue in which each constellation is illustrated, explained, and accompanied with appropriate quotations from Eratosthenes’Catasterismoiand Hyginus’Astronomica. There follow essays about the names of the constellations, on the Sun, Moon, and the planets, and one on Greek and Roman creation myths. All are accompanied by long passages of appropriate Greek and Latin texts in translation. The second part of the book (‘Les lois: l'astronomie: observer et calculer’) is about the ancient attempts to make sense of and explain the stars and planets as a system, about calendars, and about ancient astronomical instruments and objects. This part of the book also contains a complete translation of Hipparchus’Commentary on the Phaenomena of Eudoxus and Aratus. It closes with an account of Greek star catalogues. The third part of the book is concerned with various attempts to interpret the celestial phenomena (‘Les messages: signes et influence: interpréter et prédire’). It includes, but is not restricted to, astrology; philosophical ideas are also discussed, such as astral apotheosis, the ascent of the soul through the sky, and the music of the spheres. There is a dictionary of astronomical and astrological terms and a dictionary of ancient astronomers and authors dealing with astronomy. The book closes with parallel star catalogues of Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, and Ptolemy.
Time Travelling in Dixie: Race, Music, and the Weight of the Past in the British “Televisual” South
Authors: O'CONNELL CHRISTIAN
Published: October 2017

This article examines a series of British travel documentaries on the American South made since 2008 which are representative of the way in which southern distinctiveness is maintained through television within a transatlantic context. The travelogues focus on historic racial struggles, southern food, and music, and frame the South as a distinctly historical space, where either historical moments obscure the contemporary South, or cultural continuity and resistance to change and modernity are celebrated. The article also discusses the similarities between the travelogues and the southern tourist industry, and how transatlantic “televisual tourism” works against the wider scholarly challenge to southern exceptionalism.
Comparative study of dust ion acoustic Korteweg–de Vries and modified Korteweg–de Vries solitons in dusty plasmas with variable temperatures
Authors: Kalita B. C. , Das S.
Published: October 2017

In this plasma model, consisting of ions and electrons with pressure variations in both the components in the presence of stationary dust, both compressive and rarefactive Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) solitons of interesting character are established. Based on high dust charge, characteristics of soliton growth are found to be amplified for various pairs of ion and electron streaming speeds. It is noteworthy to mention that for some pairs of ion and electron initial streaming speeds, only compressive KdV solitons with either decreasing or increasing growth are shown to reflect. Contrary to this, for some other pairs of ion and electron streaming speeds, the amplitudes of both rarefactive and compressive solitons are seen to be produced, changing from rarefactive to compressive growth. At the stationary background of the massive dust particles, the lighter particles suffer appreciable initial drifts (backwards streaming) which characteristically change the growth of solitons. For inclusion of higher-order nonlinearity, only compressive modified Korteweg–de Vries (MKdV) solitons of much higher amplitude are found to exist whereas for the same set of parameter values both compressive and rarefactive KdV solitons are found to exist. Smaller values of electron streaming speed are seen to produce high amplitude MKdV solitons. We also observe that due to higher-order nonlinearity, the nonlinear monotonic growth of amplitudes of MKdV solitons is supported by the almost equal streaming speed pairs of ions and electrons for relatively small values of$Z_{d}$, where$Z_{d}$is the number of charges in a dust particle
Dispersion relation for electrostatic waves in plasmas with isotropic and anisotropic Kappa distributions for electrons and ions
Authors: Ziebell L. F. , Gaelzer R. , Simões F. J. R.
Published: October 2017

Velocity distribution functions which feature extended tails with power-law dependence have been consistently observed in the solar wind environment and are frequently modelled by the so-called Kappa distributions. Different forms of Kappa distributions are commonly employed in analytical studies, and despite their similarities, they can produce different effects on the dispersion properties that occur in a plasma. We consider two different and widely used forms of Kappa distributions, in both isotropic and anisotropic cases, and systematically discuss their effects on the dispersion relations of Langmuir and ion-sound waves. It is shown that in the case of Langmuir waves, one of the forms leads to the expression for the Bohm–Gross dispersion relation, valid for plasmas with Maxwellian velocity distributions, while the other form of Kappa functions leads to a dispersion relation with significant difference regarding the Maxwellian case, particularly in the case of small values of the kappa index. For ion-sound waves, the dispersion relations obtained with the different forms of Kappa distributions are different among themselves, and also different from the Maxwellian case, with difference which increases for small values of the kappa index. Some results obtained from numerical solution of the dispersion relations are presented, which illustrate the magnitude of the perceived differences. Some results obtained with relativistic particle-in-cell simulations are also presented, which allow the comparison between the dispersion relations obtained from analytical calculations and the frequency–wavelength distribution of wave fluctuations which are observed in numerical experiments.