bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ca2+-dependent modulation of voltage-gated myocyte sodium channels
Authors: Salvage Samantha C. , Habib Zaki F. , Matthews Hugh R. , Jackson Antony P. , Huang Christopher L.-H.
Published: October 2021

Voltage-dependent Na+ channel activation underlies action potential generation fundamental to cellular excitability. In skeletal and cardiac muscle this triggers contraction via ryanodine-receptor (RyR)-mediated sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) Ca2+ release. We here review potential feedback actions of intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) on Na+ channel activity, surveying their structural, genetic and cellular and functional implications, translating these to their possible clinical importance. In addition to phosphorylation sites, both Nav1.4 and Nav1.5 possess potentially regulatory binding sites for Ca2+ and/or the Ca2+-sensor calmodulin in their inactivating III–IV linker and C-terminal domains (CTD), where mutations are associated with a range of skeletal and cardiac muscle diseases. We summarize in vitro cell-attached patch clamp studies reporting correspondingly diverse, direct and indirect, Ca2+ effects upon maximal Nav1.4 and Nav1.5 currents (Imax) and their half-maximal voltages (V1/2) characterizing channel gating, in cellular expression systems and isolated myocytes. Interventions increasing cytoplasmic [Ca2+]i down-regulated Imax leaving V1/2 constant in native loose patch clamped, wild-type murine skeletal and cardiac myocytes. They correspondingly reduced action potential upstroke rates and conduction velocities, causing pro-arrhythmic effects in intact perfused hearts. Genetically modified murine RyR2-P2328S hearts modelling catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), recapitulated clinical ventricular and atrial pro-arrhythmic phenotypes following catecholaminergic challenge. These accompanied reductions in action potential conduction velocities. The latter were reversed by flecainide at RyR-blocking concentrations specifically in RyR2-P2328S as opposed to wild-type hearts, suggesting a basis for its recent therapeutic application in CPVT. We finally explore the relevance of these mechanisms in further genetic paradigms for commoner metabolic and structural cardiac disease.
Speech-Language Pathologists' Experiences With Interpreters in the School Setting: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Saenz Terry Irvine , Langdon Henriette W.
Published: October 2021

Purpose:

The purpose of this exploratory study was to obtain documentation about interpretive interactions that include speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and interpreters in public schools, including information on best practices and difficulties.

Method:

Seven California public school SLPs were interviewed by the authors using preset questions. Their responses were transcribed, then coded into 55 codes, and then combined into six different themes.

Results:

Results included the following six themes: (a) interpreter roles, (b) SLPs' characteristics or actions, (c) characteristics of effective interactions, (d) interpreters' positive characteristics or actions, (e) characteristics of ineffective interactions, and (f) interpreters' negative characteristics or actions. Some of the positive characteristics or actions reported about some interpreters included direct translation without adding, changing, or deleting information, knowledge of professional vocabulary, training as an interpreter, and demonstrating empathy. In addition, the majority of respondents stated that they used the briefing, interaction, and debriefing process in interpreted interactions.

Conclusions:

It was concluded that additional training of SLPs and interpreters was indicated. Given the small sample, generalizability is limited, but there is a need for further research, especially given that the quality of bilingual assessments and individualized education program rests directly on the skills of effective interpretation.
Speech-Language Pathologists' Practices Related to Evaluating Persistence Prognosis for Children Who Stutter: A Survey Study
Authors: Singer Cara M. , Kelly Ellen M.
Published: October 2021

Purpose:

Multiple studies and review papers have been published recently that provide recommendations to speech-language pathologists (SLPs) on how to assess young children who stutter and their likelihood of continuing to stutter or recovering naturally (i.e., prognosis). This study explored the current, self-reported evaluation practices of SLPs related to evaluating prognosis for a child who stutters.

Method:

Certified SLPs were recruited to complete an electronic questionnaire that focused on their experience, confidence, and practices evaluating preschool-aged children who stutter.

Results:

Findings, based on completed questionnaires from 87 SLPs, revealed that (a) assessing a child's chances of persisting is a common practice for many SLPs, (b) the types of information commonly collected during evaluations of young children, (c) the length SLPs typically spend on these evaluations (i.e., about an hour), and (d) SLPs' recommendations to caregivers influenced by a child's likelihood of persisting.

Conclusions:

SLPs are following many of the published recommendations for assessing preschoolers who stutter, including collecting risk factor information supported by empirical evidence and also valuing risk factors that have yet to receive much, if any, empirical exploration. Clinicians and researchers are encouraged to consider present findings when planning future work relative to evaluations of young children who stutter. Empirical evidence and clinical experience are, collectively, important sources of information in evidence-based practice.
International Telepractice for Therapy and Training: Auditory Verbal UK's Perspective
Authors: Clark Frances , Ashton Louise , Kenely Noel , Hogan Sarah
Published: October 2021

Purpose:

The aim of this clinical focus article is to discuss Auditory Verbal UK's (AVUK) training program for prospective listening and spoken language specialist certified auditory verbal (AV) therapists delivered globally via telepractice. Since 2015, AVUK has delivered training via telepractice to 18 countries. Consideration is given to the barriers and challenges of training across geographical and cultural boundaries, including access to technology, cultural and linguistic difference of families and trainees, and the differing global states of audiological practice for early intervention. Some possible solutions are offered. Although there have been calls for international consensus on early intervention, the reality of provision across Europe differs especially in the wake of COVID-19. From a global perspective, audiology and early intervention services differ considerably. Some countries are not up-to-date with the latest hearing technology and do not have access to tuning for cochlear implants or the technology required for families to attend therapy via telepractice.

Conclusions:

With appropriate technology, telepractice is a viable means of providing training in AV therapy. It builds communities across geographical areas, breaking down boundaries and facilitating global collaboration. Although considerable differences remain in both service provision and access to services across different countries, the passion of trainees worldwide and the good will of the AV community in supporting our colleagues give reason for optimism going forward.
Dysphagia in Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy: A Rapid Scoping Review
Authors: Abrams Sophia Werden , Chan Harmonie S. J. , Sikand Jasmeet , Wilkie Heather , Smith Kim
Published: October 2021

Purpose:

Dysphagia is a common symptom of the rare genetic disease oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD). There are, however, limited resources and recommendations for speech-language pathologists who treat individuals with this condition. This review provides a consolidation of the literature to understand how the components and outcomes of intervention for dysphagia rehabilitation are described and studied in adults with OPMD.

Method:

A rapid scoping review was completed to identify studies related to dysphagia interventions for adults with OPMD. Data were extracted and analyzed through the lens of the Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health frameworks.

Results:

A total of eight studies met the review criteria. Six of the studies described rehabilitative interventions, and three focused on outcomes of intervention. Rehabilitation interventions were not described in detail, and a wide variety of outcome measures were used.

Conclusions:

There is limited research to guide clinical decision-making and intervention for dysphagia rehabilitation in OPMD at this time. Neurodegenerative disorder research may be beneficial in guiding clinical practice. Further research is required to determine the most effective interventions for individuals with OPMD.
Critical Review of Online Resources Frequently Used by Certified Speech-Language Pathologists for Dysphagia Management
Authors: Hazelwood R. Jordan , Pollack Leanna M.
Published: October 2021

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to identify the online resources that are frequently used by certified speech-language pathologists (SLPs) for dysphagia management and to evaluate these online resources against a standardized critical review metric.

Method:

Certified SLPs were surveyed and asked to describe their familiarity and confidence in critically reviewing online resources and to provide three online resources that they use to inform them about their management of patients with swallowing disorders. Three raters independently judged each online resource that was provided by survey respondents using the DISCERN Instrument. Relationships between respondent demographics and characteristics of online resources were explored.

Results:

Our results revealed that no patterns in DISCERN Instrument ratings for online resources were provided by the 48 respondents. There was no difference in who was more or less likely to choose credible online resources for dysphagia management when considering respondents' characteristics and familiarity and confidence in reviewing online resources. Most of the online resources provided by the respondents lacked a high level of reliability for most of the DISCERN Instrument review criteria.

Conclusion:

Professional training in the critical review of online resources used for managing dysphagia is needed across all levels of training.
Adaptive distributed finite‐time fault‐tolerant controller for cooperative braking of the vehicle platoon
Authors: Han Jinheng , Zhang Junzhi , He Chengkun , Lv Chen , Li Chao , Hou Xiaohui , Ji Yuan
Published: October 2021

Vehicle platooning can significantly reduce traffic accidents and enhance transportation safety. Among many subsystems and functionalities equipped in a vehicle platoon, cooperative braking is a safety‐critical one. Besides, as actuator faults would deteriorate vehicle safety and stability, they pose a great challenge to the platoon, particularly during cooperative braking. To address the aforementioned problems, this study designed an adaptive distributed finite‐time fault‐tolerant controller for vehicle platoons under cooperative braking condition. First, based on the graph theory and vehicle longitudinal dynamics, the cooperative braking model of a platoon is constructed. Then, the models of hydraulic braking system and regenerative braking system are developed with malfunction analysis. Based on the vehicle's fault model and the representation of the platoon consensus errors, an adaptive finite‐time sliding‐mode fault tolerant controller is proposed to maintain consensus between vehicle's states during fault occurring. Further, a distributed adaptive law is presented considering the parameter estimation error and sliding‐mode surface. The finite‐time convergence property and the stability of the proposed controller are demonstrated. Numerical simulations are conducted under different conditions. The simulation results reflected by the control performance and actuators' responses validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the designed control method.
Ten-Year (2010–2019) Activity Report of the Replantation Service for Hand and Finger Amputations in Poland
Authors: Zyluk Andrzej
Published: October 2021

Replantation of amputated hands is now considered a routine procedure in countries representing high standards of medical care. However, organization of care for patients with hand amputations is not uniform and varies from country to country, even in the European Union. This article presents organization of the Replantation Service for hand amputations in Poland, and ten-year activity report of the Service. Data to this report were obtained by mailing questionnaires to seven participating departments.

A total of 974 patients, 871 men (89 %) and 103 women (11 %) at a mean age of 40 years with total or subtotal amputations or other severe upper limb-threatening injuries were admitted to the seven units participating in the Service. The most common injury was multidigital amputation – 353 (36 %), followed by the thumb – 282 (29 %), the metacarpal and wrist – 231 (24 %) and the forearm and arm – 108 (11 %) amputations. The most common operation was replantation of totally amputated hands/fingers – 368 cases (38 %), followed by revascularization of subtotal amputated hands/fingers – 344 (35 %). Primary reconstruction of a complex injury to the hand was performed in 135 patients (14 %). The rate of survival of the replanted/revascularized hands/fingers was a mean of 80 %. The report is supported by literature review about replantation services in other countries.
Holoprosenzephalie – eine Krankheit mit vielen Facetten
Authors: Mittendorf Luisa , Stein Robert , Pfäffle Roland , Körner Antje , Abou Jamra Rami , Merkenschlager Andreas , Bertsche Astrid , Kiess Wieland
Published: October 2021

Holoprosenzephalie (HPE) ist ein komplexes Krankheitsbild mit variabler genetischer und klinischer Ausprägung. Es existieren verschiedene Formen der HPE mit Unterschieden in der Schwere des Verlaufes. Die schwere Form der HPE stellen die lobare und alobare HPE dar, die mit Zyklopie (Vereinigung von beiden Augenanlagen in einer einzigen Orbita) einhergehen, wohingegen Minor-Formen/HPE-Spektrumerkrankungen eine Mikrozephalie und/oder Hypotelorismus oder eine Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalte aufweisen. Die genetischen Mechanismen sind noch nicht abschließend geklärt. Es wurden autosomal-dominante, rezessive und digenetische Vererbungsmuster beschrieben. Wir ergänzen das Spektrum der HPE-Erkrankungen um eine Patientin mit compound heterozygoter DISP1-Mutation, die einen Panhypopituitarismus in Kombination mit Entwicklungverzögerung, Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalte, persistierendem Ductus Arteriosus Botalli und Visusminderung aufweist.
Therapie mit Januskinasehemmern bei Autoimmunerkrankungen und Interferonopathien
Authors: Klein Ariane
Published: October 2021

Eine neuere Entwicklung bei der Pharmakotherapie der Autoimmunerkrankungen sind die Janus-Kinase (JAK)-Inhibitoren (JAKI) und Aktivatoren der Transkription (STAT).

Der JAK/STAT-Signalweg und die damit verbundene Aktivierung des Transkription-Signalweges spielen offenbar eine zentrale Rolle in der Pathogenese vieler immunvermittelter Krankheiten, da die Wirkung vieler verschiedener Zytokine und anderer Moleküle hierüber vermittelt wird. JAKI wirken intrazellulär und können so gleichzeitig die Signalwege mehrerer Zytokine blockieren.

Während des letzten Jahrzehnts wurden mehrere JAKI, die eines oder mehrere der an diesem Signalweg beteiligten Moleküle blockieren, entwickelt und in klinischen Studien für viele verschiedene Indikationen getestet. Obwohl der Schwerpunkt der JAKI für die Behandlung chronisch entzündlicher Erkrankungen auf der rheumatoiden Arthritis (RA) lag, gibt es andere immunvermittelte Erkrankungen, bei denen JAKI als therapeutische Optionen dienen könnten. Hierzu zählen Psoriasis, atopische Dermatitis, Alopezia areata, chronisch entzündliche Darmerkrankungen, Interferonopathien und andere. Es soll hier ein Überblick über den Einsatz von JAKI bei immunvermittelten Erkrankungen abgesehen von der rheumatoiden Arthritis und der juvenilen idiopathischen Arthritis vermittelt werden.
JAK-Hemmer bei adulter und juveniler Arthritis
Authors: Hügle Boris
Published: October 2021

Die Therapie kindlicher rheumatischer Erkrankungen hat sich über die letzten dreißig Jahre entschieden verbessert durch die Einführung von wirksamen Medikamenten einschließlich biologischer DMARDS. Trotzdem ist die nächste Neuerung bereits in Sicht: ‚small molecules‘ in Tablettenform, die unterhalb der Ebene der Zytokin-Rezeptor-Interaktion mehrere Signalwege gleichzeitig hemmen können. In der Erwachsenenheilkunde haben diese Medikamente schon Einzug gehalten und sind inzwischen ein unverzichtbarer Bestandteil der rheumatologischen Behandlung. Für Kinder wird die Einführung des ersten Medikaments dieser Art noch in diesem Jahr erwartet. Nicht nur die in Studien gezeigte gute Wirksamkeit weckt hohe Erwartungen, auch die für Kinder nicht zu vernachlässigende Verbesserung durch die orale Gabe wird von Kinderrheumatologen dankbar angenommen werden. Weitere Verbesserungen des Wirkmechanismus dieser Medikamente haben dazu geführt, dass sich aktuell mehr als ein Dutzend Wirkstoffe in der ‚Pipeline‘ befinden; einschneidende Änderungen in der Therapie der rheumatoiden Arthritis und der juvenilen Arthritiden sind hier auf Jahre hinaus zu erwarten.
Neue Kriterien zur Klassifikation und Diagnose der juvenilen Arthritis
Authors: Minden Kirsten , von Stuckrad Sae Lim
Published: October 2021

Seit Mitte der 1990er-Jahre wird die heterogene Gruppe der chronischen Arthritiden des Kindes- und Jugendalters auf Empfehlung eines Expertengremiums der ILAR unter dem Oberbegriff juvenile idiopathische Arthritis zusammengefasst, wobei die Klassifikation der einzelnen Formen der JIA auf der Basis klinischer Parameter erfolgt. Diese international akzeptierte und heutzutage üblicherweise angewandte Klassifikation der JIA definiert sieben verschiedene Erkrankungen bzw. Kategorien der JIA, die sich in ihrer klinischen Präsentation, ihrem Verlauf sowie z. T. genetischen Hintergrund voneinander unterscheiden. Trotz vieler Vorzüge im Vergleich zu früheren Klassifikationen weist die ILAR-Klassifikation auch Schwächen auf. Neue Vorschläge zur Klassifikation der chronischen Arthritiden des Kindes- und Jugendalters, u. a. von der PRINTO, wurden gemacht. Ob sie die ILAR-Klassifikation ablösen werden, bleibt abzuwarten. Evaluationen der neuen Klassifikationskriterien der PRINTO sind unterwegs.
Adapted Bag-in-the-Lens Implantation Technique in Children with Congenital Ectopia Lentis
Authors: Van Os Luc , Hildebrand Göran Darius , Tassignon Marie-José
Published: October 2021

Background Subluxation of the crystalline lens in childhood confronts the surgeon with a dilemma: to operate or to wait and see. Surgery is usually not performed when the subluxation is still limited. However, postponing the surgery increases the surgical difficulty as the capsular bag becomes more difficult to use as a means of support for the intraocular lens (IOL). A large number of children already present a pronounced subluxation at first presentation. In this paper, we describe a technique to optimise centration and fixation of the bag-in-the-lens (BIL) IOL in children younger than 7 years of age with congenital ectopia lentis.

Methods Between October 2019 and December 2020, we performed lens extraction using a combination of bean-shaped segments to support the BIL IOL and a 6 – 0 polypropylene loop fixated at the sclera, following the Yamane technique, for the purpose of centration. We used this technique for seven eyes of four patients. The patients were between 2 and 6 years old; 3 boys and 1 girl. A definite diagnosis of Marfan syndrome was made for two children; for the other two, there was no proven underlying pathology. The luxation was upwards in all cases. The degree of luxation was severe in all eyes. The preoperative refraction values showed high astigmatism values for all eyes, ranging from 6.5 to 11.25 dioptres. Three out of the four patients were myopic, ranging from − 1.5 to − 9 dioptres.

Results The surgery could be performed without major complications in all eyes. Good centration was obtained, which remained stable in the postoperative period. Refraction improved with greatly diminished degrees of astigmatism (ranging from 0.25 to 3 dioptres) and myopia (spheres ranging from − 2 to + 1.75 dioptres).

Conclusion Our novel technique incorporated the BIL technique with the addition of bean-shaped segments and a polypropylene 6/0 suture fixated at the sclera. In this way, we were able to obtain good centration and stability of the implanted IOL, as well as a good refractive outcome in all cases.
Finding Use for Sorghum Bicolor Leaf Sheath in Coating Technology
Authors: Isaac Johnson Ajeh , Fasuba Kayode Ilesanmi
Published: October 2021

This study aimed to investigate the potential use of aqueous extract of Sorghum bicolor leaf sheath (SBLS) as a coating agent for paracetamol tablets. The mechanical properties of the coated tablets were assessed using crushing strength and friability test, while the release properties of the tablet were evaluated using disintegration and dissolution tests. The physicochemical properties of the coated tablets did not show any striking differences when compared with the uncoated tablet as par compendium specifications, which formed the basis for performing further in vitro dissolution study. Our data showed that SBLS enhanced the hardness and friability of the tablets in a dose-dependent manner. Tablets coated with 3, 5, and 7.5% of SBLS disintegrated in 8.13, 6.25, and 4.13 minutes, respectively, while the uncoated tablet disintegrated in 0.7 minutes. Furthermore, 3, 5, and 7.5% of SBLS-coated tablets exhibited slower release of their active ingredient (releasing 21, 16, and 17%, respectively) than that of the uncoated tablet (releasing 40%) in 5 minutes. Besides, comparison between the dissolution profiles was successfully achieved using difference factor (f1) and similarity factor (f2). The apparent dissimilarity between our coated tablets and the uncoated one led to further study of convolution in vitro–in vivo correlation, with the aim to obtain data that converted into mathematical prediction of in vivo data. For all batches, the percent predictable errors of C max and T max were within the acceptable limit of no more than 10%. In summary, SBLS aqueous extract is a potential and protective coat agent for paracetamol tablets. The in vitro established dissolution of the coated tablets provided scientific information for the prediction of the in vivo plasma drug profile.
Dual measurements of temporal and spatial coherence of light in a single experimental setup using a modified Michelson interferometer
Authors: Singh Mohit Kumar , Datta Shouvik
Published: October 2021

An experimental technique is developed to simultaneously measure both temporal and spatial coherences of a light source by altering a standard Michelson interferometer, which has been primarily used for measuring temporal coherence only. Instead of using simple plane mirrors, two retroreflectors and their longitudinal and lateral movements are utilized to incorporate spatial coherence measurement using this modified Michelson interferometer. In general, one uses Young’s double slit interferometer to measure spatial coherence. However, this modified interferometer can be used as an optical setup kept at room temperature outside a cryostat to measure the spatiotemporal coherence of a light source placed at cryogenic temperatures. This avoids the added complexities of modulation of interference fringe patterns due to single slit diffraction as well. The process of mixing of spatial and temporal parts of coherences is intrinsic to existing methods for dual measurements. We addressed these issues of spatiotemporal mixing, and we introduced a method of “temporal filtering” in spatial coherence measurements. We also developed a “curve overlap” method that is used to extend the range of the experimental setup during temporal coherence measurements without compromising the precision. Together, these methods provide major advantages over plane mirror based standard interferometric systems for dual measurements in avoiding systematic errors, which lead to inaccuracies, especially for light sources with low coherences.
Entanglement entropy bounds in the higher spin XXZ chain
Authors: Fischbacher Christoph , Ogunkoya Oluwadara
Published: October 2021

We consider the Heisenberg XXZ spin-J chain (J∈N/2) with anisotropy parameter Δ. Assuming that Δ > 2J and introducing threshold energies EK≔K1−2JΔ, we show that the bipartite entanglement entropy of states belonging to any spectral subspace with energy less than EK+1 satisfies a logarithmically corrected area law with the prefactor (2⌊K/J⌋ − 2). This generalizes the previous results by Beaud and Warzel [J. Math. Phys. 59, 012109 (2018)], as well as by Abdul-Rahman, Fischbacher, and Stolz [Ann. Henri Poincaré 21, 2327 (2020)], who covered the spin-1/2 case.
The quantum gravity disk: Discrete current algebra
Authors: Freidel Laurent , Goeller Christophe , Livine Etera R.
Published: October 2021

We study the quantization of the corner symmetry algebra of 3D gravity, that is, the algebra of observables associated with 1D spatial boundaries. In the continuum field theory, at the classical level, this symmetry algebra is given by the central extension of the Poincaré loop algebra. At the quantum level, we construct a discrete current algebra based on a quantum symmetry group given by the Drinfeld double DSU(2). Those discrete currents depend on an integer N, a discreteness parameter, understood as the number of quanta of geometry on the 1D boundary: low N is the deep quantum regime, while large N should lead back to a continuum picture. We show that this algebra satisfies two fundamental properties. First, it is compatible with the quantum space-time picture given by the Ponzano–Regge state-sum model, which provides discrete path integral amplitudes for 3D quantum gravity. The integer N then counts the flux lines attached to the boundary. Second, we analyze the refinement, coarse-graining, and fusion processes as N changes, and we show that the N → ∞ limit is a classical limit where we recover the Poincaré current algebra. Identifying such a discrete current algebra on quantum boundaries is an important step toward understanding how conformal field theories arise on spatial boundaries in quantized space-times such as in loop quantum gravity.
Anisotropic artificial synapse based on 2D ReS2 field-effect transistor
Authors: Wang Qilitai , Lv Wenxing , Cai Jialin , Lv Weiming , Lei Ting , Cui Boyao , Luo Jun , Bian Lifeng , Sun Xuemei , Wu Dongmin , Zhang Baoshun , Zeng Zhongming
Published: October 2021

Taking inspiration from the brain, neuromorphic systems are thought to be a potential computational platform to solve the problems of the “von-Neumann bottleneck.” Artificial synaptic devices hold the potential to emulate the multi-synapse system to perform complex functions by applying anisotropic materials. Here, we demonstrate a synaptic device based on a two-dimensional ReS2 material, exhibiting synaptic functions such as short-term plasticity, long-term plasticity, paired-pulse facilitation, and spike-rate dependent plasticity. More importantly, benefiting from the broken symmetry of the ReS2 crystal, the devices showed obvious anisotropy of response behavior to the same input signal. In addition, the synaptic performance can also be modulated by laser irradiation. Our results provide possibilities for two-dimensional materials to mimic the biological axon-multisynapse systems with additional optical modulation.
Transport of fast electron beam in mirror-field magnetized solid-density plasma
Authors: Cao Y. , Yang X. H. , Yu T. P. , Ma Y. Y. , Yu M. Y. , Hu L. X. , Zhang G. B. , Xu H. , Lang Y.
Published: October 2021

In experiments on the effect of magnetic field on electron transportation in laser–plasma interaction, the magnetic field is often produced by two coils and is mirror-like. In this paper, the transport and the reflection of fast electron beam generated in laser–plasma interaction in solid-density plasma immersed in a mirror magnetic field are studied using particle-in-cell simulation. The helicoidal motion of fast electrons in the field and the convergence of magnetic induction lines leads to the collimated transport and focusing of the fast electrons. The reflection of the fast electrons can lead to the decrease in the transmission ratio, and this reflection increases with the magnetic mirror ratio, but saturates at a certain level.
Prospects toward flexible magnonic systems
Authors: Faurie D. , Adeyeye A. O. , Zighem F.
Published: October 2021

This paper presents the prospects for periodic magnetic nanostructures in the form of magnonic crystals on polymer substrates. Indeed, arrays of magnetic nanostructures on flexible substrates are promising for microwave applications in the GHz frequency range. In particular, the mastery of the potentially coupled physical properties (magnetic and mechanical) allows one to consider devices for microelectronics in general, combining the microwave properties of spin waves with the lightness and conformability of polymer substrates. However, there are still scientific hurdles to be overcome, particularly with regard to the reliability of these systems, which is the focus of this review. Subsequently, we propose a general state of the art, a summary of the precursor works, and a general strategy for the optimization of these systems and their future possibilities.
Reducing Shockley–Read–Hall recombination losses in the depletion region of a solar cell by using a wide-gap emitter layer
Authors: Nakamura Tetsuya , Yanwachirakul Warakorn , Imaizumi Mitsuru , Sugiyama Masakazu , Akiyama Hidefumi , Okada Yoshitaka
Published: October 2021

The conversion efficiency of a solar cell depends on the degree of non-radiative recombination, and thus efficiency improvements can also be achieved by reducing Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) recombination losses. This type of loss depends not only on the crystal quality, but also on the device structure. A clear separation of the contributions of these factors would improve our understanding of the control of non-radiative recombination. In this work, we discuss the reduction of the integrated SRH recombination rate in the depletion region (USRHdep) by changing the emitter material, instead of fabricating a base layer with a higher crystal quality. First, we theoretically show that, by employing a suitable n-InGaP/p-GaAs heterojunction structure instead of a GaAs p–n homojunction, the integrated USRHdep can be reduced, because a significant part of the depletion region in the heterojunction is located in the wide-gap emitter material, which has a lower intrinsic carrier density. Then, the effective SRH recombination coefficient in the depletion region (Adep¯) is obtained from experiments, and the effect of the structural modification on USRHdep is analyzed. We are able to clearly assess the effect of the heterojunction structure on the non-radiative recombination because the grown samples exhibit the same radiative recombination loss. The analysis reveals that, in suitable heterojunction solar cells with an emitter layer containing a low intrinsic carrier concentration, Adep¯ (and thus also USRHdep) is effectively reduced.
Effects of external circuit on current and voltage waveforms in atmospheric pressure RF symmetrical alpha-mode discharges
Authors: Du M. Q. , Ding Z. F.
Published: October 2021

Evolutions of distortions in voltage and current waveforms in atmospheric pressure radio frequency (RF) symmetrical alpha-mode discharges were obtained by varying the driving frequency and the length of connection coaxial cable in the external circuit. Based on the fast Fourier transform analysis on waveforms, the pronounced current and voltage waveforms are, respectively, attributed to series and parallel resonances occurring between the atmospheric pressure RF plasma and the external circuit. Despite the weak nonlinearity due to the geometrical symmetry and high collision-frequency at atmospheric pressure, variations of the external circuit such varying the length of the connecting cable can still influence discharges at an equal power.
The invariant domain of Riemann solution for 1D non-isentropic gas dynamics equations
Authors: Zhang Tingting
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we get the invariant domain of 1D non-isentropic gas dynamics equations. First of all, we construct the elementary waves with the characteristic analysis method. According to the characteristic of elementary waves, we divide the u–p plane into five areas. By analyzing the structure of Riemann solutions in each area, we find a new convex bounded domain where if the Riemann data belong to the domain, then the Riemann solutions also belong to the domain. Moreover, it is used to prove the uniform boundedness of approximate solutions built by the difference scheme, so it is the basis for the Riemann problem to be applied to the Cauchy problem.
Tempering stochastic density functional theory
Authors: Nguyen Minh , Li Wenfei , Li Yangtao , Rabani Eran , Baer Roi , Neuhauser Daniel
Published: October 2021

We introduce a tempering approach with stochastic density functional theory (sDFT), labeled t-sDFT, which reduces the statistical errors in the estimates of observable expectation values. This is achieved by rewriting the electronic density as a sum of a “warm” component complemented by “colder” correction(s). Since the warm component is larger in magnitude but faster to evaluate, we use many more stochastic orbitals for its evaluation than for the smaller-sized colder correction(s). This results in a significant reduction in the statistical fluctuations and systematic deviation compared to sDFT for the same computational effort. We demonstrate the method’s performance on large hydrogen-passivated silicon nanocrystals, finding a reduction in the systematic deviation in the energy by more than an order of magnitude, while the systematic deviation in the forces is also quenched. Similarly, the statistical fluctuations are reduced by factors of ≈4–5 for the total energy and ≈1.5–2 for the forces on the atoms. Since the embedding in t-sDFT is fully stochastic, it is possible to combine t-sDFT with other variants of sDFT such as energy-window sDFT and embedded-fragmented sDFT.
A novel pulsed magnet for magnetic linear birefringence measurements
Authors: Béard J. , Agil J. , Battesti R. , Rizzo C.
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we describe a novel pulsed magnet, called foil coil, which can deliver a field transverse to the light propagation of more than 10 T over about 0.8 m operating without cryogenic equipment. It has been designed for linear magnetic birefringence measurements. We report on testing the coil and also show some physics data taken in vacuum during its commissioning in the framework of the Biréfringence Magnétique du Vide (BMV) apparatus, with special attention to noise induced by the pulse itself. Finally, we compare the preliminary results obtained here with data from the previous BMV coil.
Impact of roughness on heat conduction involving nanocontacts
Authors: Guen Eloïse , Chapuis Pierre-Olivier , Kaur Nupinder Jeet , Klapetek Petr , Gomés Séverine
Published: October 2021

The impact of surface roughness on conductive heat transfer across nanoscale contacts is investigated by means of scanning thermal microscopy. Silicon surfaces with the out-of-plane rms roughness of ∼0, 0.5, 4, 7, and 11 nm are scanned both under air and vacuum conditions. Three types of resistive SThM probes spanning curvature radii over orders of magnitude are used. A correlation between thermal conductance and adhesion force is highlighted. In comparison with a flat surface, the contact thermal conductance can decrease as much as 90% for a microprobe and by about 50% for probes with a curvature radius lower than 50 nm. The effects of multi-contact and ballistic heat conduction are discussed. Limits of contact techniques for thermal conductivity characterization are also discussed.
Temperature dependence of He bubble evolution in UNS N10003 alloys under He ion irradiation
Authors: Bai Juju , Li Jianjian , Fu Chonglong , Li Ying , Ren Cuilan , Liu Renduo , Lei Qiantao , You Yan , Lin Jun
Published: October 2021

The effects of irradiation temperature on helium bubble evolution in UNS N10003 alloys were studied using 500 keV He ion irradiation at a dose of 2 × 1016 ions/cm2 from 650 to 850 °C. As the irradiation temperature increased, the density of the helium bubbles decreased and their size increased. Polyhedral bubbles were observed at 850 °C, and the non-spherical shapes of these bubbles reduced their surface energy. The densities and mean diameters of the bubbles at 650–850 °C show Arrhenius behaviors with activation energies of 1.06 ± 0.17 and 0.35 ± 0.02 eV, respectively. The activation energies indicate that the He bubble evolution at temperatures ranging from 650 to 850 °C is not only controlled by He diffusion via a self-interstitial/He replacement mechanism but is also affected by the migration and coalescence of He clusters or bubbles via surface diffusion. Furthermore, bubble-loop complexes were observed at 750 and 850 °C. With the temperature increasing, the helium bubbles prompted the growth of dislocation loops, suggesting that the interaction between the helium bubbles and the dislocation loops is dependent on the irradiation temperature.
Perspectives on all-optical Kerr switching for quantum optical applications
Authors: England Duncan , Bouchard Frédéric , Fenwick Kate , Bonsma-Fisher Kent , Zhang Yingwen , Bustard Philip J. , Sussman Benjamin J.
Published: October 2021

We offer a perspective on recent advances in picosecond-timescale all-optical switching with applications in quantum optics. The switch is based on polarization rotation in standard single-mode fiber via the optical Kerr effect. By using ultrafast laser pulses and short (∼10 cm) fibers, this technique can achieve a switching duration of ≲1 ps, at the repetition rate of 80 MHz or above. This high repetition rate is well-suited to quantum optics where experiments operate in the photon-counting regime. The switch efficiency can be ≳99% with a noise floor of just ∼10−4 photons/pulse, enabling high fidelity operations on quantum states of light, with negligible generation of spurious noise photons. We highlight the capabilities of this technique in four early applications: switching of heralded single photons, time-bin to polarization conversion of photonic qubits, noise gating for quantum key distribution, and pulse carving.
Mechanical properties and scaling laws of polycrystalline CuZr shape memory alloy
Authors: Zhang Yuhang , Li Jiejie , Hu Yiqun , Ding Suhang , Du Fuying , Xia Re
Published: October 2021

Thanks to their excellent properties such as superelasticity, high hardness, and shape memory effect, polycrystalline shape memory alloys (SMAs) have extensive applications in various engineering fields including automobile, functional materials, and aerospace. Using molecular dynamics simulations, the present paper aims to a systematic study of the fundamental tensile behavior in the nanoscale of polycrystalline B2-CuZr SMAs with mean grain sizes in the range of 6–25 nm. Effects of mean grain size, temperature, and tensile rate on mechanical properties are considered. Our results show that along with the increase in mean grain size came increases in Young's modulus, yield strength, flow stress, and ultimate tensile strength. The development of amorphous regions in the grain cores is the major deformation mode in polycrystalline CuZr SMAs with larger grain sizes, while the grain boundary sliding and grain rotation for smaller grain sizes. Besides, an increased temperature results in mechanical performance degradation and the temperature sensitivity of mechanical properties does not depend on the mean grain size. Our work would lay the groundwork for the optimization of the mechanical properties of polycrystalline SMAs as well as serving as a useful theoretical guideline for their practical engineering applications.
Determination of the oscillation frequency in a strongly damped dipole trap by control of spin current
Authors: Zheng Ningxuan , Liu Wenliang , Tang Hui , Li Yuqing , Li Peng , Fu Yongming , Wu Jizhou , Ma Jie , Zhang Wenxian , Xiao Liantuan , Jia Suotang
Published: October 2021

We present experimental and theoretical results on the measurements of the oscillation frequency in a dipole trap based on the spin current in a sodium spinor Bose–Einstein condensate. The spin current is induced under different magnetic field intensities. The oscillation of the spin components in the dipole trap is strongly enhanced by a radio frequency pulse. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that this method can be used to efficiently measure the trap frequencies. Since this mechanism is independent of atomic species, this study is promising to be extended to rubidium and other optical-trappable quantum gases.
Three-dimensional fluorescence imaging through dynamic scattering media by motionless optical scanning holography
Authors: Yoneda Naru , Saita Yusuke , Nomura Takanori
Published: October 2021

Three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence imaging is an essential technique in the biomedical field. In particular, 3D fluorescence imaging through dynamic scattering media is a crucial task for the minimally invasive observation of labeled cells. In this study, this task was accomplished via motionless optical scanning holography, proposed as a single-pixel 3D imaging technique. The proposed method does not require additional computational processing or optical components when the detected intensities do not considerably fluctuate irrespective of the presence of dynamic scattering media. The results of a proof-of-principle experiment indicated that the proposed method can help in computationally refocusing fluorescent objects that are placed at different positions behind dynamic scattering media.
The influence of twin boundary on lattice thermal conductivity of thermoelectric InSb
Authors: Ran Yongpeng , Lu Zhongtao , Zhang Xiaolian , Li Wenjuan , Duan Bo , Zhai Pengcheng , Li Guodong
Published: October 2021

Twin boundaries (TBs) can increase interface scattering to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity. InSb has good electronic transport properties, but its high thermal conductivity constrains its thermoelectric application. In this work, we aim to study the role of TBs on lattice thermal conductivity of InSb. We use non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation to investigate how the TB spacing and orientation influence the lattice thermal conductivity of InSb. We find that TBs can hinder the heat flow, leading to decreased temperature gradient and, hence, remarkably reduced lattice thermal conductivity. The relationship between κL and λ can be described by a proportional function. Nanotwinned InSb with TB spacing of 1.1 nm has a lattice thermal conductivity of 12.6 W/m K, a decrease in 22.2% compared with its single crystal (16.2 W/m K). We also find that a minimum lattice thermal conductivity of InSb can be obtained when the TB orientation is perpendicular to the direction of heat flow. These findings provide a theoretical guidance for TBs engineering to reduce the thermal conductivity of thermoelectric materials.
Controllable phase transitions between multiple charge density waves in monolayer 1T-VSe2 via charge doping
Authors: Wang Zishen , Zhou Jun , Loh Kian Ping , Feng Yuan Ping
Published: October 2021

Two-dimensional materials are known to possess emergent properties that are not found in their bulk counterparts. Recent experiments have shown a 7×3 charge density wave (CDW) in monolayer 1 T-VSe2, in contrast to the 4×4×3 phase in bulk. Here, via first-principles calculations, we show that multiple CDW phases compete in monolayer VSe2, the ground state of which can be tuned by charge doping. With doping, the 7×3 CDW of the pristine VSe2 transfers to a 4×4 or 3×3 phase, at critical doping concentrations of around 0.2 electrons per formula unit and 0.2 holes per formula unit, respectively. These transitions are further understood by analyzing the role of Fermi surface nesting and momentum-dependent electron–phonon coupling in monolayer 1T-VSe2. These results make VSe2 an appealing material for electronic devices based on controllable CDW phase transitions.
Testing the quasicentroid molecular dynamics method on gas-phase ammonia
Authors: Haggard Christopher , Sadhasivam Vijay Ganesh , Trenins George , Althorpe Stuart C.
Published: October 2021

Quasicentroid molecular dynamics (QCMD) is a path-integral method for approximating nuclear quantum effects in dynamics simulations, which has given promising results for gas- and condensed-phase water. In this work, by simulating the infrared spectrum of gas-phase ammonia, we test the feasibility of extending QCMD beyond water. Overall, QCMD works as well for ammonia as for water, reducing or eliminating blue shifts from the classical spectrum without introducing the artificial red shifts or broadening associated with other imaginary-time path-integral methods. However, QCMD gives only a modest improvement over the classical spectrum for the position of the symmetric bend mode, which is highly anharmonic (since it correlates with the inversion pathway). We expect QCMD to have similar problems with large-amplitude degrees of freedom in other molecules but otherwise to work as well as for water.
Self-amplifying hetons in vertically sheared geostrophic turbulence
Authors: Sutyrin G. G. , Radko T. , McWilliams J. C.
Published: October 2021

This paper examines baroclinic turbulence in the local approximation using a quasi-geostrophic beta-plane numerical model with bottom friction. New coherent vortex structures are found to emerge and self-amplify in a horizontally homogeneous mean flow directed westward in the upper layer where the potential vorticity gradient (PVG) is negative. Opposite sign eddies shifted eastward are formed in the lower layer with positive PVG owing to the Rossby wave radiation. Such baroclinic structures can be viewed as self-amplifying hetons supported by the energy transfer from the mean flow. Their growth and saturation are controlled by the competition between vortex amplification associated with the crossflow drift and viscous decay enhanced by core deformations. The presented numerical simulations indicate that subtropical regions with westward flows in the upper layer favor eddy growth and long-distance propagation.
A full-dimensional ab initio potential energy and dipole moment surfaces for (NH3)2
Authors: Yang Shuo , Zhang Zhaojun , Zhang Dong H.
Published: October 2021

A full-dimensional ab initio potential energy surface (PES) and dipole moment surface (DMS) for the ammonia dimer (NH3)2 are reported. The database of the PES consists of 27 736 ab initio energy points and all of these points were calculated at the UCCSD(T)-F12a/AVTZ level. The PES was fitted by using the fundamental invariant neural network (FI-NN) method that satisfies the permutational symmetry of identical atoms, and the root mean square fitting error for the PES is very small as low as 0.562 meV. The geometries for the (NH3)2 DMS are the same as those used for the PES and are calculated at the XYG3/AVTZ level. This PES can describe a variety of internal floppy motions, including all kinds of vibrational modes no matter intermolecular or intramolecular. The CCSD(T)-PES can dissociate correctly to two NH3 monomers, with De = 1135.55 cm−1 (13.58 kJ/mol) which agrees accurately with the 13.5 ± 0.3 kJ/mol predicted by previous work.