bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constructive criticism of the preliminary version of Libra as a fractional reserve device
Authors: Merino Jorge
Published: March 2021

Today, the new payment systems that seem available (Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, Facebook’s digital currency project “Libra”, etc.) has made people to realize that currencies could be decentral- ized (and de-monopolized), secret and without regulation of the

government (the vision of Hayek in Denationalization of Money), challenging the prevailing notions over what form money can take, who or what can issue it, and how payments can be settled and recorded (Brainard 2019).

Mark Zuckerberg (CEO of Facebook, Inc.) formally announced on June 18, 2019, the launchment of Libra in the first half of 2020 (Constine 2019), releasing its White Paper (Libra Association 2019a, 2019b). As it is still in a preparatory or preliminary phase, facing new emerging regulatory restrictions around the world (Brummer 2019; Brainard 2019; Nelson 2020), we cannot fully know how exactly it will be implemented, and correspondingly what its true nature will be (a private issuer of money or a mere payment platform?), but we can extract some clues guided by eco- nomic theory.

In order to go a step further at the micro level in the margin- al-subjectivist theoretic approach, we have presented a very simple model for depositary activity which allows us to follow one by one, step by step, the concrete human interactions under- lying the so-called business cycle (Bueso 2017). And we have found at the core of those unsustainable processes the actions of specific people (or organizations) erasing or blurring specific property boundaries on other people’s economic goods (thereby control over property is severed from ownership [Shaffer 2009: 167-68, in chapter 6 “Control as Ownership”], for his own, or a third party, benefit), while covertly mutualizing or externaliz- ing the risk or cost entailed. Then such processes appear at the aggregate or macro level as an increase in the money supply, leading to a lower interest rate and unsustainable overinvest- ment [Garrison 2001]).

On such a basis, in order to know the risks and opportunities open before us, we’ll study (following that model) the effects derived from depositaries practicing fractional reserve, we’ll con- sider to what extent Libra will represent such a phenomenon, with its particularities, and we’ll propose also a line for overcoming the externalization of costs entailed (that is, in order to improve the preliminary  project).
La Tiranía De Los Derechos Funda Mentales
Authors: Encinas Emilio
Published: March 2021

This article analyses the way fundamental rights have been under- stood along the years. The author states any ideology may be explained through a series of fundamental rights. Thus, those rights reveal themselves as a cause for ideological conflict. It is because of them that fear succeeds in col- lectivizing people and making them confront each other. Paranoia is pointed out as a consequence of fear. As a cause for collectivization and as a justifica- tion for political power.
Keywords: fundamental rights, Political Law, enviromental rights, social rights, ecol- ogism, paranoia, political power
JEL Classification: B41, B53, C18, D53, D6, D83, E32,E42, E52,E6, G21, L21, P41, P21
Resumen: En este artículo se analiza el modo en que se han ido concibiendo los derechos fundamentales a lo largo del tiempo. El autor señala que cual- quier ideología puede ser expresada en una tabla de derechos fundamenta- les. De este modo, los derechos fundamentales se destapan como un espacio de conflicto ideológico. A través de ellos, el miedo consigue colectivizar a las personas y enfrentarlas. Se señala a la paranoia como la consecuencia del miedo, como causa de la colectivización y justificación del poder político.
Palabras clave: derechos fundamentales, Derecho Político, derechos medioam- bientales, derechos sociales, ecologismo, paranoia, poder político
Clasificación JEL: B41, B53, C18, D53, D6, D83, E32, E42,E52,E6, G21, L21, P41, P21
Crovelli On Probability: A Critique
Authors: Wysocki Igor , Block Walter
Published: March 2021

According to that old adage, if you are going to attack the king, you had better kill him. Mises, of course, is our emperor. Crovelli (2010) has launched a denunciation of him. In our view, he has not at all succeeded. The monarch, of course, cannot respond, but we, his courtiers, can. In this paper we will attempt to refute the former in defense of the latter.
Crovelli, more than once, upbraids Mises for not defining probability; for using the concepts of case and class probability, without ever explicating what these two branches have in common. And, this is a legitimate, although somewhat minor, criticism of Ludwig von Mises. In fact we observe that “probability” is essentially mathematical in meaning, whether we consult Wolfram MathWorld which states:
“Probability is the branch of mathematics that studies the possible outcomes of given events together with the outcomes’ relative likelihoods and distributions. In common usage, the word “probability” is used to mean the chance that a particular event (or set of events) will occur expressed on a linear scale from 0 (impossibility) to 1 (certainty), also expressed as a percentage between 0 and 100%. The analysis of events governed by probability is called statistics.
There are several competing interpretations of the actual “meaning” of probabilities. Frequentists view probability simply as a measure of the frequency of outcomes (the more conventional interpretation), while Bayesians treat probability more subjectively as a statistical procedure that endeavors to estimate parameters of an underlying distribution based on the observed distribution”,1
or the OED:
“probability, n. 3. Mathematics. As a measurable quantity: the extent to which a particular event is likely to occur, or a particular situation be the case, as measured by the relative frequency of occurrence of events of the same kind in the whole course of experience, and expressed by a number between 0 and 1.An event that cannot happen has probability 0; one that is certain to happen has probability 1. Probability is commonly estimated by the ratio of the number of successful cases to the total number of possible cases, derived mathematically using known properties of the distribution of events, or estimated logically by inferential or inductive reasoning (when mathematical concepts may be inapplicable or insufficient).”
Alexis de Tocqueville and F.A. Hayek: Roads to servitude and serfdom
Authors: Lecour Juan
Published: March 2021

El presente ensayo busca comparar el pensamiento de Alexis de Tocqueville acerca de los acontecimientos ocurridos entre 1848 y 1852, con la obra Camino de Servidumbre de F. A. Hayek, publicada por primera vez en 1944. Si bien han transcurrido casi cien años entre las publicaciones de estos pensadores, ambos se encontraban con problemas similares a la hora de argumentar sus ideas. El paralelismo posible entre las dos épocas refuerza la idea de Pierre Rosanvallon en El Momento Guizot: “Las ideas liberales y democráticas modernas no se despliegan de manera lineal, como tampoco se acoplan a las fases de un movimiento socioeconómico que le otorgaría su sentido verdadero y último” (Rosanvallon, 2015: 12).

La elección de dichos autores no es casualidad. El mismo Hayek explicó al ser entrevistado por Leo Rosten, en 1978, que el título Road to Serfdom había sido elegido por la expresión “road to servitude”, acuñada por Alexis de Tocqueville en el primer tomo de La democracia en América. Este término fue utilizado por el pensador francés para referirse al “nuevo tipo de servidumbre” que la implementación de un sistema socialista traería. 1

Tampoco es azarosa la elección de períodos históricos tan particulares. Entre los años 1848 y 1852, el debate entre pensadores socialistas y liberales había tenido una presencia sin precedentes hasta aquel momento. Tal como escribe Melvin Richter: “Según Tocqueville, la Revolución Francesa había dejado una herencia ambigua, dos tradiciones de democracia: una compatible con ciudadanos gobernándose a sí mismos, mientras disfrutan de libertad, el estado de derecho, y derechos individuales; y otra, donde hay un gobierno en nombre del pueblo, en manos de individuos, grupos o partidos que desprecian abiertamente cualquier límite a la soberanía popular, que es fuente del poder que estos mismos partidos o grupos ejercen” (Richter, 1988: 114).

El contexto de Hayek es el del resurgimiento de este debate: un grupo mayoritario desea delegar el poder absoluto en un ente central para que lo planifique todo; este grupo se divide entre socialistas y nazis, y un grupo minoritario de liberales.2
Comprehensive Monetary Easing In The Eurozone: Lessons Learnt From Japan
Authors: Dierks Leef
Published: March 2021

The European Central Bank’s (ECB) unconventional monetary policy has so far failed to deliver the much-anticipated results. In October 2019, the euro area’s (EA-19) HICP-inflation fell to a three-year low of just 0.7% year-over-year (y/y), thus being far below the ECB’s goal of “below, but close to 2.00% over the medium term”. By November 2019, HICP-inflation had recovered to a modest 1.0% (y/y) with seasonally-adjusted Eurozone GDP growing at a disappointing 1.2% (y/y) in Q3 2019 compared with the same quarter of the previous year (Eurostat, 2019). Inevitably, these developments raise the question to what extent the ECB might eventually consider extending its Quantitative Easing (QE) program, i.e. its €2.6tn asset purchase programs (APP) beyond the ongoing €20bn-per-month purchase of fixed income securities. Any further easing could, for example, foresee an enhancement of the securities purchased to inter alia include shares of stock.
In contrast to widely held beliefs, this by no means were an entirely unprecedented phenomenon, but corresponded to measures (so-called comprehensive monetary easing, CME) adopted by the Bank of Japan (BoJ) as early as 2010 (Bank of Japan, 2010a). Notwithstanding the BoJ’s CME, however, HICP-inflation in Japan fell to 0.0% (y/y) in December 2019, the latest date for which data were available, which caused annual HICP-inflation for the full year to drop to only 0.8% (y/y).
Based on the experiences gained in Japan, and notwithstanding a potential revision of the ECB’s inflation target to a 1.5% to 2.5% range, this contribution will analyse the extent to which an expansion of the ECB’s set of hitherto employed unconventional monetary policies through CME could sustainably stimulate economic growth - and inflation - in the euro area. Preliminary results suggest a rather muted impact.
Postoperative COVID-19 Infection After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: Two Cases
Authors: Savluk Ömer Faruk , Yavuz Yasemin , Cine Nihat , Yılmaz Abdullah Arif , Türkmen Karaağaç Aysu , Işık Mehmet Emirhan , Ceyran Hakan
Published: March 2021

Stellate ganglion block is used as an adjunctive therapy method in various painful situations mediated by the sympathetic nervous system, especially complex regional pain syndrome. The process after medical and stellate ganglion block treatment in a 66-year-old female patient diagnosed with hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, Raynaud phenomenon, who presented to our algology outpatient clinic for complaints of bruising and severe pain at the fingertip, is presented with literature information.
Ultrasound-Guided Transverse Thoracic Muscle Plane Injection vs. Topical Spraying of Papaverine for LIMA Harvesting: A Pilot Study
Authors: Aydın Muhammed Enes , Al Sümeyye , Yayık Ahmet Murat , Kaya Uğur , Çolak Abdurrahim
Published: March 2021

INTRODUCTION: Although the effect of topical papaverine on the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) flow is a well-known method, papaverine hydro dissection is applied to the transverse thoracic muscle plane is unknown. This study aims to investigate the effect of ultrasound-guided transverse thoracic muscle plane papaverine injection on LIMA flow. METHODS: ASA II-III, 40 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting surgery, were randomly divided into two groups. Group topical papaverine (Group TP, n=20) and Group ultrasound-guided papaverine (Group USP, n=20). In Group TP, 10 mg papaverine in 10 mL saline was administered topically after LIMA harvesting. In Group USP, ultrasound-guided transverse thoracic muscle plane papaverine injection with the same solution preoperatively. Trans-time flow measurements (TTFM), LIMA harvesting time, and surgeon satisfaction were recorded. RESULTS: There was no difference in LIMA free flows before anastomosis between Group USP and Group TP (111.35±69.76 vs. 92.15±46.76, respectively, p=0.185). There was no significant difference between the groups in TTFM values evaluated after anastomosis (p> 0.05). LIMA harvesting time was statistically shorter in Group USP than Group TP (13.90±3.01 vs. 16.65±4.50 respectively, p=0.049). Surgeon LIMA harvest satisfaction was statistically significantly higher in group USP (p=0.029). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We think that papaverine injection via ultrasound-guided transverse thoracic muscle plane may be an alternative method to topical application to prevent LIMA spasm.
SURVEY ON STUDENTS' PERCEPTION ON UNIVERSITY LEADERSHIP RESPONSIVENESS TO ADDRESSING THEIR CONCERNS
Authors: Alari Jacklyne , Okoth Maurice
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Students' experience in institutions of higher learning can be a factor of make or break for the institution. Good students' experience is a great marketer of the institution through referrals of word of mouth by alumni and bad experiences can be great de-marketer. It is important that the universities strive to deliberately improve on students'
experience. Research indicates that great students' experience in universities promotes peaceful co-existence, enhances academic performance and minimize disruption to teaching and learning. Enhanced students experience is directly proportional to good handling of students' complaints as they may come up from time to time. The study was
guided by the following objectives: What are the major students concerns in the universities in Kenya? Is the University leadership aware of the students concerns? How does the University leadership address the major students concerns? A survey was conducted, data was randomly collected using digital google forms questionnaires. A total of 167 respondents participated in the study. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data. Quantitative data was analyzed directly using the google forms application as responses were received. Qualitative data was analyzed by creating themes and developing a narration. Results show that the major students concerns are: Stressful/traumatic experiences, academic issues and social issues. The findings also reveal that the university leadership is aware of the concern however there are serious lapses in addressing students' concerns. The lapses are systemic, policy related,
legislative, leadership, governance resulting to unsatisfying or no responses. The study recommends that there is need for timely feedback by University leadership on the key students concerns. Further there is need for a structured platform of feedback that is interactive and friendly. These include but not limited to dialogue; constant monitoring of student needs in order to improve the general students' experience in universities.
ASSESSMENT OF UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION PRACTICES IN KENYA: SETTING, MODERATION AND MARKING
Authors: Manasi Echaune , Maiyo Julius
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Examinations play a critical component of the education system. This study sought to assess the University examination practices in Kenya. The objectives of the study were; to establish the procedures involved in setting University examinations in Kenya, to assess the procedures on marking University examinations in Kenya and to establish the procedures on moderation of University examinations in Kenya. The study targeted all the 74 chartered Universities in Kenya. Stratified sampling was adopted. The sample was made up 10 Universities comprising of 5 Public Universities and 5 Private Universities. Findings of the study revealed that majority of Universities in Kenya administered sit in examinations set and marked by course lecturers who had not been trained to perform such activities. It was concluded that there was need to reform University examination policies and guidelines in Kenya. The study recommended that Universities should embrace online examinations and other contemporary examination practices such as screen marking. Keywords: Practices, Examinations, Assessments, University, Kenya
Using Pedotransfer Function (PTF) analysis in the assessment of the parameters of potential radionuclide transport through the vadose zone of PRAW “Novi Han” – an initial stage of a model case study
Authors: Antonov Dimitar , Stoyanov Nikolay , Benderev Aleksey
Published: March 2021

The Repository for Radioactive Waste in Novi Han, Lozen Mountain (Bulgaria), dates from the early 1960s. In the present study, the complex geoenvironmental setting of the repository site was analysed from the viewpoint of assessment of potential radionuclide migration from the repository to the geosphere. Thus, components of the mass transport field were elaborated as a part of a conceptual model. In connection with this, a detailed characterization of the subsurface, especially of the vadose zone around the repository, was performed. The fractions of sand, silt and clay based on the grain-size distribution curves of samples from the different hydrogeological units gathered on the site of RAW-Novi Han were implemented in the ROSETTA program, and the respective hydraulic parameters were determined. As a result, the entire vadose zone was hydraulically determined.
Biostratigraphy and microfacies of the pelagic carbonate formations in the Yavorets section (Tithonian–Berriasian), Western Balkan Mts, Bulgaria
Authors: Petrova Silviya , Koleva-Rekalova Elena , Ivanova Daria , Lakova Iskra
Published: March 2021

Calpionellid study has provided new evidence of early and late Tithonian age of the top of the Gintsi Formation, and of late Tithonian and early Berriasian age of the Glozhene Formation in the Yavorets section (Western Balkan Mts, Bulgaria). The calpionellid Chitinoidella, Praetintinnopsella, Crassicollaria, and Calpionella zones have been documented in successive order. Three calcareous dinocyst zones – Colomisphaera tenuis, Colomisphaera fortis and Stomiosphaerina proxima, have been determined in this lower Tithonian to lower Berriasian interval. From the base upwards, the following microfacies have been recognized: Saccocoma (Gintsi Formation, lower and upper Tithonian), Globochaete alpina, and calpionellid (Glozhene Formation, upper Tithonian and lower Berriasian). The base of the Berriasian has been traced at the explosion of the uniformly shaped spherical variety of Calpionella alpina. Evolutionary lineages of species of the genus Calpionella are discussed, as well as the vertical distributions and abundance peaks of crassicollarians. The calpionellid zones described herein are correlated with coeval zonations from the Western, Central and Eastern Tethyan domains. The regional correlation with previously studied sections of Tithonian/Berriasian pelagic carbonates in the Western Balkan Mts revealed a transition to hemipelagic deposition of the limestone-marl succession of the Salash Formation and/or sandstone accumulation during the middle to late Berriasian (Elliptica and Simplex calpionellid subzones) due to unstable conditions of the sedimentary environment. From the west to the east in the Western Balkan Unit (i.e., from the Rosomač section in eastern Serbia to the Sarbenitsa, Bov and Yavorets sections in the Iskar River Valley area), there is a trend of slight progressive deepening of the basin. This is manifested in the occurrence of redeposited shallow-carbonate-platform microfossils in the west to greater thickenesses of the Gintsi and Glozhene formations and occurrence of sandstone channel deposits in the east.
The Regional Impact of Recent Inflation by Income Class
Authors: Akin John S. , Stephenson, Jr. Stanley P.
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we create twelve separate cost-of-living indexes on the basis of three income classes (poor, middle, and rich) in the four major regions of the country (Northeast, North Central, South and West). After estimating from the Consumer Expenditure Survey the percents of after-tax income spent on various goods and services in the regions, we use the price change series for the regions, as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, to determine changes in the cost of the twelve specific market baskets over the period of inflation. The results of this exercise in the construction of Laspeyres price indexes allow us to determine the relative price indexes experienced by families in various parts of the country, given the assumption that the mix of goods and services purchased by each group does not change over the period of analysis.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Downtown Renewal in Troy, New York
Authors: Vitaliano Donald F.
Published: March 2021

An increasing number of cities are attempting to use urban renewal to stem what they see as the deterioration of their central business district (CBD), manifested by physical deterioration of commercial structures and growing numbers of vacant shops. One such city is Troy, New York, population 62,000 (1970), located in upstate New York about ten miles north of Albany, the state capital, and about 10 miles east of Schenectady. These three cities comprise the Capital District Region. Troy flourished in the early nineteenth century because of its strategic location at the headwaters of the Hudson River and the eastern end of the Erie Canal. Population peaked around 1910 and has been declining since. Befitting its Nineteenth Century status and prosperity, Troy developed a hustling downtown business district, filled with rows of shops, newspapers, trolley lines, etc. Indeed, it was a classic Nineteenth Century city. Since World War II, the decline in Troy’s downtown has been obvious. The erosion of its economic base, the suburbanization of population and shopping left Troy with fourteen percent of its CBD ground floor retail space vacant in 1969. The upper stories of many downtown commercial buildings are vacant. Little new construction, aside from recent urban renewal, has taken place in the core. Most of the buildings are between seventy-five and one hundred years old.
Regional Economics or Regional Science: Evolution or Odyssey?
Authors: Miernyk William H.
Published: March 2021

The history of regional economics is relatively short. This Fellow’s Address discusses the transition from conventional economics, including the small branch which dealt with regional matters, to regioanl science. Has it been a linear evolution, or does the transition more nearly resemble the wanderings of Odysseus before he finally returned to Ithaca a decade after the Trojan War?
A Space Odyssey: The Future is Not What It Used to Be — A Babyboomer’s Travel Guide and Challenge to Young Explorers
Authors: Isserman Andrew M.
Published: March 2021

This piece is published in honor of Andy Isserman, who lef us all suddenly on November 4, 2010. The final version was completed by Sarah Low and Mallory Rahe.
Ranking Regional Air and Water Environmental Degradations
Authors: Nissan Edward , Carter George
Published: March 2021

Utilizing a distance index, state-level pollution data extracted from List and McHone (2000b ), states, and regions of the United States are ranked for their air, river, lake, composite water (lake and river), and overall composite (water and air) environmental degradation outputs. For the composite water index, the New England region is ranked first and the Far West region is ranked last. For the overall composite index, the Rocky Mountain region is ranked first and the Mideast region is ranked last.
The Regional Impact of Wal-Mart Entrance: A Panel Study of the Retail Trade Sector in West Virginia
Authors: Hicks Michael J. , Wilburn Kristy L.
Published: March 2021

This paper examines the retail trade sector in 55 West Virginia counties from 1989 through 1998. A time-space recursive model evaluates the impact of the entrance of Wal-Mart stores in the county and in adjacent counties. This paper differs from earlier research in that it controls for endogeneity in the entrance decision of Wal-Mart in faster-growing counties, applies spatial analysis, and estimates impacts at the county level. This research finds a net increase in employment (55 jobs) and a mild increase in the number of firms (five) in the Retail Trade sector (SIC 52). The study supports the pull-factor explanation of retail trade growth. The paper concludes with further research recommendations.
Land-Use Controls, Natural Restrictions, and Urban Residential Land Prices
Authors: Guidry Krisandra , Shilling James D. , Sirmans C.F.
Published: March 2021

Research has focused on how variations in land-use controls explain interurban variations in prices. With the notable exception of the work by Rose (1989a, 1989b), virtually no attention has been focused on how natural restrictions (bodies of water, mountains, etc.) impact land prices. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of both land-use controls and natural restrictions on interurban variation in residential land prices. Our results indi-cate that, as expected, land prices are significantly higher as the land supply decreases both as a result of natural and man-made restrictions.
Worker Displacement, Job Search, and Reemployment: A Temporal Analysis of Regional Structural Conditions
Authors: Hill John Adam
Published: March 2021

This research developed a methodology for assessing regional structural changes across time based on the labor market outcomes of displaced workers. The investigation of changing regional structure requires that correlation between worker displacement and regional structural change be established. Establishing this connection is crucial, because it is the goal of this investigation to gain insight regarding changing regional structure from the labor market outcomes of displaced workers. Census data was used to calculate reemployment rates and estimate a series of job-search equations for displaced workers. The estimates were used to decompose the differences in reemployment rates into components that are representative of (1) changes in reemployment linked to changing worker endowments and (2) changes in the reemployment rate linked to changing employer’s perceptions about worker endowments or structure.
Regional Income Disparities in Canada: Implications for Theories of Regional Convergence
Authors: Carayannis Elias G. , Mallick Rajiv
Published: March 2021

Traditional regional convergence theory has come under serious scrutiny in view of the recent divergence in regional incomes in the U.S. during the eighties. Neither the neoclassical theory of a steady decline in regional disparities over time nor Kuznets’ inverted-U hypothesis can satisfactorily explain regional divergence in an advanced industrial nation. Alternative theories that emphasize spatial restructuring of economic activity have been offered to explain rising regional inequality in the U.S. In this paper, we caution against a hasty approach to new theorizing based on the U.S. experience alone. We study the Canadian experience with regional economic convergence to see how, if at all, it parallels the experience of the United States, Europe, and Australia, with respect to regional growth. By examining provincial data at the industry level, we seek to detect if there are any leading sectors of spatial concentration as in the U.S. We find that, unlike the U.S., European, and Australian experience, Canada has been characterized by consistent, albeit gradual, economic convergence, including in the 1980s. No leading sectors of regional importance emerge, but based on available data, federal programs of regional equalization may be at least partly responsible for continued regional convergence in Canada.
Spatial Diffusion Of Economic Impacts And Development Benefits in Hierarchically Structured Trade Regions: An Empirical Application of Central Place-Based Input-Output Analysis
Authors: Robison M.H. , Hamilton J.R. , Connaughton K.P. , Meyer N. , Coupal R.
Published: March 2021

This paper examines the spatial diffusion of economic effects from rural to urban subregions. By employing a spatial variation of the supply-demand-pool nonsurvey I-O modeling technique and central place theory, we can construct an interregional I-O model for a functional economic trade region centered on Salt Lake City, Utah. Rural to urban spillovers are explored with summary measures of interconnectedness. It is found that the diffusion of economic effects from lower- to higher-order subregions depends on the infrastructure development of lower-order subregions and on the infrastructure development of intervening subregions. The modeling framework adds a spatial dimension that can enhance the effectiveness of economic impact assessment and economic development policy formation.
Proactive Industrial Development Strategies and Portfolio Analysis
Authors: Schoening Niles C. , Sweeney Larry E.
Published: March 2021

The analytical concepts of security portfolio theory can be applied to measure a targeted industry’s compatibility with the community’s existing industrial base. The model introduced in Part II of this paper allows for the measurement of the trade-off between employment growth and employment instability. The basic premises underlying this application are that employment and income instability in a region is analogous to risk in securities markets and that economic growth is similar to the return on a security portfolio. It is also assumed that the community leadership values economic growth and wishes to minimize future employment and income fluctuations. The use of portfolio analysis to find the optimal industrial mix is limited by both empirical and theoretical considerations. The succeeding sections of this paper explore the extent and severity of the limitations, especially when portfolio analysis is applied to the preparation of a targeted industries list for a small region.
Shortcut Multiplier Formulas for Interregional Input-Output Models
Authors: Katz Joseph L. , Burford Roger L.
Published: March 2021

One of the most serious practical impediments to the widespread application of regional input-output models for impact analysis is, on the one hand, the extreme time and expense required to construct a detailed survey based model and, on the other hand, the practical inability to develop satisfactory low cost models using secondary data methods. This paper extends the earlier work on regional models to the estimation of shortcut impact formulas for interregional output, income and employment multipliers.
Removing the Residual in Standardization Procedure
Authors: Dholakia Ravindra H.
Published: March 2021

In regional analysis, one of the most important problems is to distribute observed change in a dependent variable, such as employment, output or productivity, among various component factors or independent variables, such as industry mix, output per worker, etc. The technique most commonly used is the standardization procedure.
Elderly Migration into Rapidly Growing Areas: A Time Series Approach
Authors: Smith Stanley K. , Fishkind Henry H.
Published: March 2021

Many studies have dealt with the determinants of elderly migration, but none have done so from a time series perspective. This article focuses on the timing of elderly migration, or the factors that cause migration levels to be higher some years than other years. A model is developed for net migration of the elderly into rapidly growing areas. It is tested using data for three rapidly growing states: Florida, Arizona and Nevada. The model is found to explain a large proportion of the variation in annual levels of elderly net migration into these states and to provide estimates that track very well both inside and outside the sample period. The potential usefulness of the model in forecasting elderly and total population appears to be substantial.
PERSPECTIVE OF PHOTOTHERAPY OF DERMATOSES BY MEANS OF UVB -311 NM
Authors: ცისკარიშვილი ნ. Tsiskarishvili N. , კაციტაძე ა. Katsitadze A. , ცისკარიშვილი ნ. Tsiskarishvili N. , ცისკარიშვილი ც. Tsiskarishvili Ts. , ჭითანავა ლ. Chitanava L.
Published: March 2021

The paper presents the modern data concerning the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation and its impact on the structure and function of the skin at various dermatoses. The possibilities of non-drug treatment of dermatoses using different UV spectrum are described. Particular attention is paid to the study of the most effective and safe method for treatment by means of narrow-wave phototherapy with a maximum emission at a wavelength of 311 nm (UVB - 311). The results of the comparative analysis of efficacy and safety of PUVA photochemotherapy and phototherapy UVB -311, on examples of some specific nosologic units (psoriasis, parapsoriasis, vitiligo, mycosis fungoides, photodermatosis, atopic dermatitis)  are presented. Based on analysed data, authors conclude that UVB -311 nm is an effective, well-tolerated, safe and alternative method for treatment of chronic dermatoses.  The brief review of the available in literature data, allow authors to make conclusion about the possibility of widespread implementation of phototherapy method in practical dermatology.
ABOUT THE MATTER OF LABOUR CONDITIONS CLASSIFICATION IN TBILISI SUBWAY
Authors: ხუნაშვილი ნ. Khunashvili N. , კვერენჩხილაძე რ. Kverenchkhiladze R. , ბაქრაძე ლ. Bakradze L. , კვერენჩხილაძე გ. Kverenchkhiladze G. , ციმაკურიძე მ. Tsimakuridze M.
Published: March 2021

The aim of  this research was the development of the hygienic classification of labour conditions of workers of the Tbilisi subway by indicators of harm and danger of work on the basis of appropriate standard document. The complex of adverse factors of the labour  environment which is a potential risk for workers’  health is revealed.  It is established that the most adverse, i.e. extreme working  conditions (a class of danger 4) are noted on a workplace of a machinist, that is generally caused by parameters of  noise and vibration (a class of danger 3 and 4). In the distribution hall and on a workplace of the controller on duty a working condition corresponds 3. 1 class of danger, and on other workplaces to 3.2 class.  The results of the designated research are used for development of complex improving measures, which include technological, sanitary and hygienic and medico-preventive measures
THE ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AND HUMAH HEALTH
Authors: ჯავახაძე რ. Javakhadze R. , თურმანაული მ. Turmanauli M. , კვერენჩხილაძე რ. Kverenchkhiladze R. , ჩიქოვანი ა. Chikovani A. , არაბიძე მ. Arabidze M. , ქვათაძე მ. Kvatadze M.
Published: March 2021

One of the actual global problems of mankind is an environmental pollution and its negative impact on a population’s health, that is the basis of existence of each human being and the entire state. The purpose of this article is to inform the public about the environmental factors affecting human health and its causes.As there is significant rise of ecological diseases, in many countries worldwide during the last years a great attention is paid to the legal side of environmental protection. Public well being is determined by ensuring its sanitaryepidemiological conditions,safe environment and disease prevention.
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT WITH THE VECTOR SYSTEM
Authors: ჯანჯალაშვილი თ. Janjalashvili T. , ივერიელი მ. Iverieli  M.
Published: March 2021

Introduction of new methods of diagnosis and treatment of periodontal complex diseases in practice  represents priority issues for modern dentistry. Diagnosis of the disease is based on clinical and laboratory  findings.The active growth of bacteria in plaque and the appearance of increased virulence of periodontal pathogens is an important factor in the development of  Periodontitis.  Periodontal complex disease treatment depends on the type and progress of diseases, it is necessary to eliminate pathogens and carry out symptomatic treatment, which has been successfully achieved by conservative treatment with Vector system.  Periodontal therapy by means of Vector device directly affects an environment of the tooth. It allows removing sub gingival dental plaque destroying pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins, washing out periodontal pockets carefully  and polishing teeth roots. During treatment the hard tissues as well as gum are not injured. Periodontal therapy with the ultrasonic device leads to clinical improvements. It was found that Vector treatment was effective in the treatment of patients suffering from periodontitis.
THE CHANGES IN CLONES OF ANTIGENEREACTIVE IMMUNE LYMPHOCYTES TO DIFFERENT MICROORGANISMS DURING PARODONTITIS
Authors: ჯაში ლ. Jashi L. , აბაშიძე ნ. Abashidze N. , გოგებაშვილი ნ. Gogebashvili N.
Published: March 2021

The activation of clones of immune lymphocytes to streptococci takes place at parodontitis. The number of noted lymphocytes significantly increases in the blood of patients with parodontitis  as compared to healthy persons having intact parodontium (12.7±0.3 versus 3.87±0.32, P<0.001). At various forms of parodontitis the growth of antigenreactive lymphocytes  is expressed with different degrees.  Particularly sharp increase is observed during severe forms of parodontitis as compared to average and light forms (the number of antigenereactive  lymphocytes to streptococci in the blood respectively made up 16.9±0.59, 12.8±0.23, 9.5±0.27, P<0.001).  As to immune lymphocytes to staphylococci and actinomycete, their activation was not revealed at parodontitis. The quantitative indices of the noted clones of lympho- cytes in the blood did not essentially differ from analogical indices of healthy individuals (an average amount of immune lymphocytes to staphylococci and fungi made up 4.3±0.26 and 3.84±0.29, P<0.05 as compared to healthy individuals). Thus, the increase of number of lymphocytes having receptors to streptococci in the blood has been first established at parodontitis and its intensity was in direct correlation to the degree of the generalization of the process. Proceeding from the aforesaid, it is possible to think that the leukocytes accumulated as a result of chemotaxis in response to microbial aggression in the inflammatory focus, developed in the tissues of  parodontium, especially neutrophils and macrophages induce the disorganization of streptococci and their antigens, including the release of antigens common to the tissues of the organism, followed by the development of reciprocal protective and destructive immune processes.
DENTAL ASSISTANTS IN THE TEAMWORK
Authors:   Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria., Yaneva-Ribagina Krassimira , Antonova Cvetelina ,   Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Published: March 2021

Purpose: The aim of the study was to establish the socio-demographic and professional characteristics of the sample of dental assistants and their contributions to the efficiency of dental teamwork. Material and methods: An anonymous inquiry was conducted among 108 dental assistants working in dental offices in 4 Bulgarian cities. The questionnaire consisted of 18 questions about socio-demographic and professional characteristics of the sample and their opinion about obligations, positives and negatives in the workplace, and efficiency of teamwork. The methods used in the survey were sociological (poll) and statistical (alternative analysis). Results: The socio-demographic and professional characteristics of the surveyed dental assistants were established, such as: gender and age distribution, work in active working age/pension, types of working places, location of practices, types of education and number of dentists working with over the period of their work experience. All respondents reported that they assisted the physicians in the treatment process and the majorityf them (70.37- 85.19%) cleaned, disinfected and sterilized the instruments, the workplace and the premises of the practice. Only 4.6% dealt financialelations with the patients and worked directly in their mouths. The opinion of the respondents for building a well-functioning dental team was that both the personal and professional qualities of the team members were essential. Conclusions: Dental assistants were convinced of the benefits of their assistance; between 79.6% and 58.3% of them believed that they had contributed for quicker and better job of the doctor and to patient'somfort.
Determinants of Household Savings: An Empirical Evidence from the OECD Member Countries
Authors: Hunt Ethan , Jeon Hyungjoon , Lee Sang
Published: March 2021

Using the data from the 36 OECD member countries over a time period of 1970-2017, we study variations in household saving rate across the countries through the lens of the socio-economic and -demographic shifts over time. In addition to traditional determinants of household saving such as life expectancy, education, average number of children born per woman over a lifetime, and household debts, we examined changes in the socio-economic and -demographic conditions that are conducive to the human capital value of female labor force and thus female employment opportunities. We have identified that the narrower is the gap between genders in higher education attainment and employment, the higher is the household saving rate. Our empirical findings also suggest that both giving childbirth at an old age and preferential income tax rates for households with children are negatively affecting the household saving rate.
Sacred recipes: The praxis, power, and politics of Black food culture
Authors: Forbes Lauren
Published: March 2021

Garth and Reese’s edited volume Black Food Matters paints a vivid picture of the evolution of Black food culture as it negotiates the socio-cultural and political complexities surrounding food and race in America. This work centers around the manifestation of Black food in all its stages, from seed to plate, recognizing that it is both a reflection of the lived experiences of Black people in America and an outright rejection of the harm inflicted on them through a persistently anti-Black structural context. The authors trace the resistance and sur­vival praxis of Black food culture from its earliest origins in the practices of slaves on the Middle Passage to the contemporary practices of local-food–based economies in Black urban and rural communities across the nation. In doing so, each of the authors highlights the ongoing threat that racial capitalism poses to the cultural integrity and socio-economic sustainability of Black com­muni­ties. Readers are able to draw valuable com­parisons between the past and present as they see how Black alimentary and economic autarky have consistently been met with multifaceted exploita­tion by mainstream, white-dominated society. And yet, the stories told by the book’s authors are ones of resilience and dignity, highlighting the innova­tion, adaptability, and forti­tude of Black people, as reflected in both African-American and Afro-diasporic food culture.
Interessamento genitale della porpora di Schönlein-Henoch
Authors: Tovaglieri Nicola , Amariti Rossella , Loiacono Francesca , De Giacomo Costantino
Published: March 2021

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a paediatric vasculitis, affecting several organs. Purpura is typically found on posterior surface of lower limbs and is more often associated with joint, abdominal and kidney involvement. The paper reports a case of HSP with mild cutaneous and abdominal manifestations, with genital involvement (haemorrhagic oedema of the penis that is more rarely described in literature), which was treated with oral steroid therapy that led to an optimal clinical response.
Sugerencias metodológicas para utilizar el polígono patrón en las clases prácticas de la asignatura Topografía
Authors: Silva Cruz Mariela , Acosta González Luis Enrique , Almaguer Guerrero Isabel
Published: March 2021

La investigación responde a la necesidad de perfeccionar el trabajo metodológico y el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la asignatura de Topografía, que limitan el desarrollo de habilidades profesionales para ejecutar levantamientos topográficos, replanteo y control de las obras, en las diferentes fases del proceso inversionista en los estudiantes de la carrera de Licenciatura en Educación Construcción. El objetivo consiste en la elaboración de sugerencias metodológicas para el desarrollo de las clases prácticas de los temas II, III y V de la asignatura de Topografía, en el segundo año de la carrera, con la utilización del polígono patrón de la asignatura, que favorezca la apropiación integrada de los contenidos, y el desarrollo de las habilidades profesionales declaradas en el modelo del profesional. Se aplicaron métodos de investigación del nivel teórico, empírico y estadístico, que permitieron constatar las insuficiencias en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la asignatura de Topografía y valorar la factibilidad de los aportes de la investigación.
Anticiparea evolutiilor si adecvarea ofertei educationale la cererea pietei muncii
Authors: Mocanu Cristina
Published: March 2021

Tema lucrarii de fata este profund interdisciplinara, prioritizata in discursul public cu precadere de decidentii de politica, si, promovata ca panaceu la mare parte din problemele sistemului de educatie sau ale insertiei tinerilor pe piata muncii. Este o tema care se bazeaza in principal pe date/abordari empirice, desi exista si cadre teoretice dezvoltate in ultimele decenii, cadre neintegrate insa intr-o abordare unitara. Exista cadre teoretice si metodologice dezvoltate atat in economie, dar si in sociologie, management, marketing etc. Necorelarea este intrinseca modului in care functioneaza economiile, insa nu exista studii care sa conchida asupra nivelului de dezechilibru care ar putea fi considerat firesc, benign, si care este acel nivel de dezechilibru de la care economia, indivizii (firme sau persoane) sau comunitatile sunt afectate de consecintele negative ale acestuia.
FIZICA. 400 de grile pentru admiterea la Medicina
Authors: Surdu Mihai , Surdu Gratiela
Published: March 2021

Prezenta culegere contine 10 teste sau 400 de grile selectate in vederea pregatirii examenului de fizica pentru admiterea la Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie, impreuna cu baremele de corectare. Rezolvarea acestor grile asigura parcurgerea intregii programe de fizica pentru admiterea la Medicina, in concordanta cu manualele agreate si la un nivel mediu spre inalt. Problemele au fost concepute astfel incat sa raspunda unor subtilitati ale cerintelor examenului de admitere, fapt ce ar duce la obtinerea unor rezultate performante. In acest sens, sugestia este ca rezolvarea unui test sa se incadreze intr-un interval de 50 de minute. Lucrarea vine in complementaritatea Culegerii editate de UMF „Carol Davila” si in ajutorul elevilor care se pregatesc pentru o cariera de excelenta, prin modelarea unui mod de gandire critic si analitic, ata de necesar unei profesii de vocatie.
Analiza sistemului educational universitar
Authors: Palade (Zamfirache) Alexandra
Published: March 2021

Cartea denumita generic Analiza sistemului educational universitar este structurata in patru capitole, primele fiind aspecte teoretice ale marketingului educational si a comportamentului consumatorului. In aceasta parte a cartii sunt descrise si definite aspecte definitorii ale marketingului educational, calitatea serviciilor educationale, aspecte definitorii ale comportamentului consumatorului de servicii educationale. Sunt descrise etapele achizitiei de servicii educationale si este definit clientul produselor si serviciilor educationale superioare. Pe scurt sunt prezentate aspecte ale aplicarii mixului de marketing in domeniul serviciilor educationale. In cadrul capitolului 3 este descrisa piata educationala universitara. Sunt analizate date statistice ale dimensiunii pietei educationale la nivel international, pentru intocmirea unei imagini cat mai clare la nivelul spatiului european, pentru ca mai apoi sa fie descrise cat mai pe larg caracteristicile principale ale pietei educationale la nivel national.