bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual animal model estimates of genetic correlations between performance test and reproduction traits of landrace pigs performance tested in a commercial nucleus herd
Authors: Crump R. E. , Thompson R. , Haley C. S. , Mercer J.
Published: September 2010

Bivariate individual animal model estimates of genetic and environmental correlations between reproduction traits (number born alive and average piglet weight) and performance test traits (ultrasonic backfat depth, average daily food intake, average daily gain and food conversion ratio) of Landrace pigs were calculated. The estimates were produced using a derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood algorithm to calculate likelihoods for different combinations of covariance parameters. A quadratic approximation to the likelihood surface was used to estimate the maximum likelihood values with respect to the covariance parameters. For all combinations of performance test traits with reproduction traits the resulting genetic and residual correlation estimates were low, with a maximum absolute value of 0·233 for the genetic correlation between food conversion ratio and number born alive. Standard errors of genetic correlation estimates were between 0·11 and 0·15. There is expected to have been little effect upon reproduction traits from the rigorous selection carried out upon performance test traits over the years. When incorporating reproduction data into best linear unbiased prediction analysis procedures it should be possible to analyse performance test and reproduction traits from this population separately, thereby making savings on computer resources and time required for the analysis of all traits.
Energy expenditure of cattle walking on a flat terrain
Authors: Méndez D. G. , di Marco O. N. , Corva P. M.
Published: September 2010

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of horizontal walking upon CO2 production rate by the carbon dioxide dilution rate technique. This was used as an indicator of animal energy expenditure. Two groups of three 18-month-old Aberdeen-Angus steers were assigned to two experiments. Average weights were 290 (s.e. 7·6) kg and 285 (s.e. 1·0) kg for experiments 1 and 2 respectively. Animals were allocated to individual pens and given 5·0 and 4·5 kg dry matter of a mixed diet for experiments 1 and 2 respectively. After a 45-day training period they were assigned to three walking treatments: 0 (T0), 3 (T3) and 6 (T2) km at 3 km/hfor 3 days in a Latin square design (3 × 3). 14C labelled sodium bicarbonate (5·4 μCi/h), diluted in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer sterile solution 0·1 mol/l, was infused for 92 h intraperitoneally with portable peristaltic pumps carried by the animals. The CO2 production rate was calculated as the ratio between the rate of infusion (μCi/h) and the specific activity of CO2 (μCi/ml CO2) in saliva samples, which were taken, in experiment 1, as an average of the day (09.00 to 16.00 h) and the night (16.00 to 09.00 h of the following day). In experiment 2 the day was divided as follows: prior to activity (09.00 to 13.00 h), activity (14.00 and 15.00 h) and post activity (16.00 h). CO2 production rate (ml CO2 per h per kg M0·75) at resting was 817 (412 kj/kg M0·75), increasing during walking to 1·46 of the resting level (T1 and T2, experiment 2) with no differences between the 1st and 2nd h of activity. One hour post activity, the CO2 production rate returned in T2 to the level of T0 but in T2 remained at 1·28 times that of T0. The average CO2 production rate during a complete day or night (experiment 1) was not affected significantly by the activity. Assuming that CO2 production rate during walking is 1·46 of resting (experiment 2) and remains at that level even at lower speeds, it can be estimated that a daily 6 km walk would increase resting energy expenditure from 1·04 when walking takes 2 h, as in this experiment (3 km/h), to 1·11 when the animal spends 6h(1 km/h).
Inclusion of grape pomace, in substitution for alfalfa hay, in diets for growing rabbits
Authors: Ferreira W. Motta , Fraga M. J. , Carabañco R.
Published: September 2010

Four diets were formulated to study the effect of a progressive substitution of grape pomace (GP) for alfalfa hay (AH) at the rates 0, 100, 200 and 300 g/kg total weight. The control diet contained 500 g AH and 192 g acid-detergent fibre per kg dry matter (DM). In experiment 1, 32 Californian × New Zealand White rabbits were used to determine dietary nutrient apparent digestibility. The inclusion of GP decreased the apparent digestibility of crude protein (P < 0·001) and energy (P < 0·05). However, the digestible energy (DE) contents of the diets were similar because GP had a greater gross energy content than AH. In experiment 2, 36 rabbits given the same diets as in experiment 1 were used to determine several digestive and productive traits and chemical body composition (at 20kg live weight). Dietary inclusion of GP linearly decreased ammonia (P < 0·01), total volatile fatty acid concentration (P < 0·001) and the molar proportion of acetate (P < 0·05) in the caecum. Starch content in the Heal and caecal contents was low but linearly increased (P < 0·05) with increasing dietary concentration of GP. The average daily gain (from weaning at 30 days of age to 2·0 kg live weight) was not significantly affected (P > 0·10) by the diet, but the ratio gain: food linearly decreased (P < 0·001) with the GP inclusion. Dietary inclusion of GP linearly increased (P < 0·10) the fat content of the empty body of the rabbits. The efficiency of utilization of dietary DE and protein for growth were calculated by the comparative slaughter method, using the chemical body composition data of 22 suckling rabbits slaughtered at 30 days of age for the initial body composition. The efficiency of utilization of DE was not influenced by dietary GP inclusion, but GP linearly increased (P < 0·01) digestible crude protein utilization. The decrease in crude protein apparent digestibility may be the main reason that gain: food ratio was impaired in diets containing GP substituted for AH.
Influence of calving season on the interactions among reproductive disorders of dairy cows
Authors: Labernia J. , Lopez-Gatius F. , Santolaria P. , Hanzen C. , Laurent Y. , Houtain J. Y.
Published: September 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of calving season on the interactions among reproductive disorders prior to conception and their effect on subsequent reproductive performance in dairy cows. Data from 3170 lactations of Holstein-Friesian cows that subsequently conceived were analysed by means of path analysis techniques. The cows were from nine commercial dairy herds in north-eastern Spain. Lactation incidence rates for retained placenta, metritis, ovarian cysts and repeat breeding (more than four artificial inseminations per conception) were 6·4, 3·7, 5·4 and 7·9%, respectively, and there were no differences between warm (May to September) and cool (October to April) calving seasons. However, our data show that calving season influenced the interrelationships among reproductive traits. Lactation number was not related to any of the path model variables for cows calving in cool seasons and retained placenta did not directly influence ovarian cysts or repeat breeding. In contrast, older cows that calved during warm seasons showed an increased risk of experiencing retained placenta, ovarian cysts and more days open; retained placenta was a direct risk factor for ovarian cysts and repeat breeding. Our data indicated that a cool season decreased interactions among reproductive disorders of dairy cows. Cows that calved in a cool environment could more effectively cope with reproductive disorders prior to conception and this fact was mainly observed in older cows.
A terminal sire selection index for UK beef cattle
Authors: Amer P. R. , Crump R. , Simm G.
Published: September 2010

A selection index which incorporates estimated breeding values of traits recorded in the United Kingdom pedigree beef cattle breeds is described. The breeding objective is made up of commercial carcass, calving difficulty and gestation length traits. Economic values for these breeding objective traits are summarized from related studies, while partial genetic regression estimates of breeding objective traits on recorded traits are derived mainly from the literature.

The selection index is described in terms of the reduction in expected genetic response from selection on the index when individual recorded traits are omitted and the expected genetic responses in breeding objective traits with selection on the index under the assumption of mass selection. Failure to record all calving traits (birth weight, calving difficulty and gestation length) resulted in a reduction in expected economic response to selection of 8% from the situation where both calving traits and production traits (400-day weight, ultrasonic fat and muscle depths, and muscling score) are recorded. With a few stated exceptions, the index is relatively robust to errors in estimates of individual parameters.

It is suggested that the total index be used to assist commercial bull and semen buyers in their selection decisions but that two sub-indices for calving and production traits also be published to allow buyers to adjust emphasis on the two groups of traits depending on their individual production circumstances.
Effect of founder allele survival and inbreeding depression on litter size in a closed line of Large White pigs
Authors: Rodrigáñez J. , Toro M. A. , Rodriguez M. C. , Silió L.
Published: September 2010

An experimental herd of Large White pigs was established in 1931 and maintained as a closed population until 1992. The complete -pedigree (410 boars and 916 sows) has been analysed to measure along the succesive cohorts of breeding animals: thefounder representation and allele survival, the evolution ofcoancestry and inbreeding and the components of inbreeding due to each founder. Inferences about genetic and phenotypic parameters and effects of dam and litter inbreeding on litter size were obtained, using Bayesian techniques, from 2612 litter records. A significant mean reduction of 0·27 piglets born and 0·39 live born for each 10% of litter inbreeding was found but also evidence of variation among founder lineages in inbreeding depression. Alleles contributing to inbreeding depression were descendent from specific founder lineages.
Ohrakupunktur in der Therapie alkohol- und substanzbezogener Störungen – eine Übersicht
Authors: Kunz Stephanie , Schulz Michael , Syrbe Gabriele , Driessen Martin
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Lässt die wissenschaftliche Datenlage positive Behandlungseffekte durch Ohrakupunktur in der Entzugsbehandlung von Alkohol- und Opiatabhängigen erwarten?

Methodik: Die im Rahmen der Recherche gefundenen Studien bezogen sich auf den Entzug von Alkohol (sechs) und von Kokain und Opiaten (acht). Die Studien wurden auf ihre methodische Qualität hin überprüft.

Ergebnisse: Es konnten 14 randomisierte kontrollierte Studien (RCT) zu Ohrakupunktur in der Behandlung von Alkohol- und Opiatabhängigkeit identifiziert werden. Dabei weisen die meisten Studien methodische Mängel auf. Ein Vergleich der Studien ist aufgrund unterschiedlicher Paradigmen kaum möglich, die Drop Out Rate liegt häufig über 20%.

Schlussfolgerung: Insgesamt reicht die verfügbare wissenschaftliche Datenlage nicht aus, um eine positive Wirkung der Akupunktur bei substanzbezogenen Störungen als gesichert anzunehmen.
AWMF-Leitlinien: Postakutbehandlung bei Störungen durch Opioide
Authors: Havemann-Reinecke Ursula , Küfner Heinrich , Schneider Udo , Günthner Arthur , Schalast Norbert , Vollmer Heinz C.
Published: September 2010

Ziel: Die Erstellung von Leitlinien zur Postakutbehandlung bei Störungen durch Opioide.

Methode: Bis einschließlich 2003 wurden in 7 Datenbanken Literaturrecherchen über klinische Studien zur Substitution, zur
abstinenzorientierten, medikamentösen, psychosozialen und zur forensischen Behandlung gesucht. Die Erstellung der Leitlinien erfolgte nach den Richtlinien des Leitlinienmanuals der Ärztlichen Zentralstelle für Qualitätssicherung (ÄzQ)und der AWMF sowie entsprechend den Kriterien des Ratings wissenschaftlicher Publikationen des Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.

Ergebnis: Es wurde ein
konsentiertes Leitlinien-Kapitel über
»Postakutbehandlung bei Störungen durch Opioide« mit Evidenzeinschätzungen und entsprechenden Empfehlungen erstellt.

Schlussfolgerungen: Vorerst formulierte Expertenmeinungen sollten in naher Zukunft unter Wahrung ethischer Grenzen durch Resultate entsprechender Forschungsarbeiten ersetzt werden.
Review on psychotherapeutic interventions for cannabis disorders
Authors: Zimmermann Petra , Mühlig Stephan , Sonntag Dilek , Bühringer Gerhard , Wittchen Hans-Ulrich
Published: September 2010

Übersicht über psychotherapeutische Interventionen bei cannabisbezogenen Störungen

Ziel: Übersicht über die Literatur zur psychotherapeutischen Behandlung von Cannabismissbrauch und Abhängigkeit.

Ergebnisse: Beschränkungen von acht identifizierten Studien werden beschrieben. Als wirksame Therapiekomponenten stellten sich die Motivationssteigerungs-Therapie, die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie, das Notfallmanagement und verschiedene Arten der Familientherapie für jüngere gefährdete Cannabiskonsumenten heraus.

Schlussfolgerungen: Insgesamt belegen die Studien, dass es sowohl einen steigenden Bedarf als auch eine potenzielle Wirksamkeit von Behandlungen gibt, die speziell auf cannabisabhängige und gefährdete Konsumenten zugeschnitten sind. Trotzdem besteht immer noch ein erheblicher Forschungsbedarf zu spezifischen psychologischen Interventionen auf diesem Gebiet. Insbesondere in Europa herrscht ein eklatanter Mangel an Interventionsstudien und der Entwicklung von Behandlungsprogrammen für den routinemäßigen Einsatz in Einrichtungen für Suchthilfe.
Deutsche Suchthilfestatistik 2003 für stationäre Einrichtungen
Authors: Sonntag Dilek , Welsch Karin
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Die jährliche Auswertung der Daten stationärer Einrichtungen der Suchthilfe in Deutschland ermöglicht eine Analyse der Versorgungsstruktur, der Patientencharakteristika sowie der erzielten Ergebnisse. Sie erlaubt auch Trendanalysen und dient als Grundlage für die Planung von Forschungsprojekten und Modellprogrammen.

Methodik: Die Dokumentation für das Jahr 2003 basiert auf den Daten von 26.761 Patienten, darunter 23.617 Entlassungen aus 106 stationären Einrichtungen in Deutschland (2002: 25.502 Patienten in 85 Einrichtungen). Ausgewertet werden Aggregatdaten auf Basis des Bundesdatensatzes und des Deutschen Kerndatensatzes.

Ergebnisse: Bei 80 % der Patienten stehen alkoholbezogene Störungen im Vordergrund; sie sind durchschnittlich 43,7 Jahre alt, Patienten mit opiatbezogenen Störungen 29,9 Jahre. Die Behandlungsdauer beträgt bei Alkohol-Patienten 12,2 Wochen und bei Opiat-Patienten 13,3 Wochen. Etwa 76 % der alkohol- und 39 % der opiatbedingten Behandlungen werden planmäßig beendet. Bei planmäßiger Beendigung wird bei 98 % der Alkohol-Patienten und bei 96 % der Opiat-Patienten die Problematik als behoben oder gebessert eingeschätzt.
Brief alcohol screening and intervention for college students (BASICS): A German pilot study
Authors: Hanewinkel Reiner , Wiborg Gudrun
Published: September 2010

Pilotstudie zur Übertragbarkeit des alkoholbezogenen Screenings und Kurzintervention bei Studenten (BASICS)

Fragestellung: Die deutsche Adaption der »Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students« (BASICS) und eine erste Machbarkeitsstudie werden vorgestellt.  Methode: BASICS wurde ins Deutsche übersetzt und angepasst. 21 Studenten, die im letzten Monat fünf oder mehr alkoholische Getränke getrunken hatten (binge drinking), wurden zu einem einstündigen Gespräch eingeladen, das auf der Technik der Motivationalen Interviews basierte.  Ergebnisse: BASICS wurde auf eine Sitzung gekürzt und deutschsprachige Screening-Instrumente integriert. Die Studenten beurteilten das Feedbackgespräch positiv. Es zeigten sich hinsichtlich des durchschnittlichen täglichen Alkoholkonsums signifikante Reduzierungen acht Wochen nach Ende der Intervention von 31,5 auf 9,6 Gramm reinen Alkohols. Binge
drinking trat weiterhin auf.  Schlussfolgerungen: Es scheint, dass BASICS auch in Deutschland anwendbar ist. Randomisierte kontrollierte Studien zur Wirksamkeitsprüfung sind notwendig.
Peer influence, substance use and leisure: a cross-cultural comparison
Authors: Caldwell Linda L. , Weichold Karina , Smith Edward A.
Published: September 2010

Peer-Einfluss, Substanzkonsum und Freizeitverhalten: ein Kulturvergleich

Fragestellung: Diese Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Freizeitmotivation bzw. Peerdruck und Alkoholkonsum bei Jugendlichen aus drei Kulturen.

 Methodik: Sekundärdaten aus Süd-Afrika, Deutschland und den USA wurden analysiert.

 Ergebnisse: Peer-Einfluss korreliert positiv mit Alkoholkonsum in allen drei Stichproben. In der deutschen Stichprobe steht Freizeitmotivation in einem positiven Zusammenhang mit Alkoholkonsum. Geringe intrinsische / identifizierte Motivation bei amerikanischen und geringe identifizierte Motivation bei südafrikanischen Jugendlichen stehen in einen negativen Zusammenhang mit Substanzkonsum.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Peerdruck steht in den drei Stichproben mit Alkoholkonsum im Jugendalter in Beziehung, wogegen verschiedene Motivationsarten Alkoholkonsum in den drei Kulturen vorhersagen.
Behandlungsangebote für substanzabhängige Mütter kleiner Kinder: Bindungstheoretische Überlegungen
Authors: Winkler Klaudia
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Substanzabhängigkeit der Mütter stellt für ihre Kinder sowohl wegen des Substanzkonsums, als auch wegen zahlreicher psychosozialer Belastungen, denen diese Mutter-Kind-Dyaden zusätzlich ausgesetzt sind, ein erhebliches Entwicklungsrisiko dar. Die Entwicklung einer positiven Mutter-Kind-Beziehung, die als wichtiger Schutzfaktor für die Entwicklung des Kindes gilt, ist gefährdet. Basierend auf den Annahmen der Bindungstheorie werden Möglichkeiten zur Gestaltung beziehungsorientierter Behandlungsangebote, die vor allem die Steigerung der mütterlichen Feinfühligkeit zum Ziel haben, dargestellt.

 Ergebnisse: Bindungsorientierte Angebote für substanzabhängige Mütter und ihre Kinder können Angebote der stationären und ambulanten Sucht- und Drogenhilfe sinnvoll ergänzen.
Schulische Nikotinprävention. Ergebnisse einer raucherstatus- und geschlechtergerechten Intervention
Authors: Hinz Arnold
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Es wurde untersucht, ob durch die Anpassung der schulischen Nikotinprävention an die Bedürfnisse von Nichtrauchern und Rauchern und an die Bedürfnisse von Mädchen und Jungen bessere Effekte erzielt werden.

 Methodik: Es wurde ein Interventionsprogramm mit speziellen Einheiten für Nichtraucher, Raucher, Mädchen und Jungen entwickelt und in einem Kontrollgruppendesign (N=630) mit Prätest-, Posttest- und Follow-up-Messung evaluiert.

 Ergebnisse: Es konnten Interventionseffekte für Nichtraucher und Jungen nachgewiesen werden, nicht jedoch für Raucher und Mädchen.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Schulische Programme zur Nikotinprävention sollten genauer an den Konsum- oder Entwöhnungsstatus und an das Geschlecht der Schüler angepasst werden.
Disulfiram (Antabus ®) in der Suchtbehandlung
Authors: Olbrich Robert , Olbrich Roland
Published: September 2010

Ziel: Darstellung von Untersuchungen zur Effektivität von Disulfiram bei der Behandlung von Alkoholkranken und von Patienten mit Missbrauch/Abhängigkeit von anderen Suchtstoffen für den Zeitraum 1996–2005.

 Methodik: Systematische Literaturrecherche in zwei Datenbanken.

 Ergebnisse: Mit den verwendeten Auswahlkriterien wurden zehn Originalarbeiten gefunden; alle sind methodisch durch Randomisierung und Intent-to-Treat-Auswertungen gekennzeichnet. Im Vergleich zu Placebo war während einer Disulfiram-Behandlung die Zahl der Tage ohne Alkoholkonsum bei den Suchtkranken signifikant erhöht. Analoge Ergebnisse zeigten sich auch hinsichtlich des Konsums von Kokain bei Kokainabhängigkeit.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Die Wirksamkeit von Disulfiram in der Alkoholismusbehandlung wurde in Studien mit hohem methodischen Standard bestätigt. Auch ein neues Indikationsfeld für Disulfiram – die Kokainabhängigkeit – scheint sich auf vorerst schmaler empirischer Basis abzuzeichnen.
Eine multizentrische, randomisierte, kontrollierte Therapiestudie zur diamorphingestützten Behandlung Opiatabhängiger – Zielgruppenspezifische Ergebnisse
Authors: Haasen Christian , Verthein Uwe , Degkwitz Peter , Kuhn Silke , Hartwig Christina , Reimer Jens
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Ziel dieser Studie war eine Bestätigung der Wirksamkeit einer diamorphingestützten Behandlung an einer größeren Stichprobe von Non-Responder in der Methadonsubstitution und unter Einbeziehungen einer zweiten Zielgruppe derzeit nicht in Behandlung befindlicher Opiatabhängiger (»Nicht-Erreichte«).

 Methodik:
In einer randomisierten Kontrollgruppenstudie wurden 1.015 Schwerstopiatabhängige – 487 Non-Responder aus der Methadonsubstitution (MS) und 528 Nicht-Erreichte (NE) – entweder mit Diamorphin (N=515) oder mit Methadon (N=500) über 12 Monate behandelt.

 Ergebnisse: Die Haltequote war in der Diamorphingruppe (67,2 %) signifikant höher als in der Methadongruppe (40,0 %). In beiden Hauptzielkriterien erzielten Patienten in der Diamorphingruppe eine höhere Response als diejenigen in der Methadongruppe, ohne signifikanter Wechselwirkung mit den MS- und NE-Stratum.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie bestätigen die Effektivität der diamorphingestützten Behandlung bei Non-Respondern der Methadonsubstitution. Die höhere Wirksamkeit bei nicht in Behandlung befindlichen Schwerstopiatabhängigen könnte genutzt werden, um diese Patienten in das Suchthilfesystem besser einzubinden.
Effekte einer wiederholten Teilnahme am Nichtraucherwettbewerb »Be Smart – Don’t Start«
Authors: Isensee Barbara , Hanewinkel Reiner
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Welche Effekte hat eine wiederholte Teilnahme am Nichtraucherwettbewerb »Be Smart – Don’t Start«?

 Methodik: Querschnittbefragung von 1.816 Schülerinnen und Schülern, die a) im Schuljahr 2004/2005 zum ersten oder b) zum wiederholten Mal oder c) im Vorjahr (2003/2004) einmalig am Wettbewerb teilgenommen haben.

 Ergebnisse: Der Nieraucheranteil betrug bei einmaliger Teilnahme 41,6 %, bei erster Teilnahme 49,1 % und bei wiederholter Teilnahme 50,5 %.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Eine wiederholte Teilnahme am Wettbewerb scheint den initialen präventiven Effekt des Wettbewerbs zu stabilisieren.
Methadon-Racemat versus Buprenorphin zur stationären Entgiftungsbehandlung
Authors: Steinmann Carsten , Artmann Sissi , Schachtschneider Annett , Werner Paul Hans
Published: September 2010

Ziel: Methadon-Racemat bzw. Buprenorphin wurden beim Opiatentzug auf einer Drogenentzugsstation miteinander verglichen.

 Methodik: Von 10 weiblichen und 50 männlichen Patienten erhielten jeweils 30 Methadon-Racemat bzw. Buprenorphin. An den Tagen 1, 2, 3, 7, 14 und 21 wurden Entzugssymptome und der Suchtdruck standardisiert erfasst.

 Ergebnisse: Während der ersten 14 Tage zeigte sich eine z. T. bessere Wirkung von Buprenorphin gegen Entzugssymptome, ab Tag 7 auch gegen Suchtdruck. Bezüglich des Bedarfes einer Begleitmedikation gegen Entzugsbeschwerden oder der Rate an erfolgreich abgeschlossenen Entgiftungen ergab sich kein auffälliger Unterschied.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse lassen eine z. T. bessere Milderung von Entzugssymptomen und Suchtdruck bei der Entgiftung mit Buprenorphin annehmen.
Internethandel und Werbung mit alkoholhaltigen Getränken: Versagen der industriellen Selbstkontrolle?
Authors: Löbell-Behrends Sigrid , Kuballa Thomas , el-Atma Oliver , Marx Gerhard , Lachenmeier Dirk W.
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Der Internethandel und Internetwerbung bei alkoholhaltigen Getränken werfen neue Probleme für die Kontrolle dieser Produkte auf. Ein erster Überblick über das Angebot von alkoholhaltigen Getränken und deren Bewerbung im Internet soll gewonnen werden.

 Methodik: Eine Recherche nach typischen Suchbegriffen erfolgte in Internetsuchmaschinen. Die ermittelten Produkte, Inhaltsstoffe und Werbeclaims wurden rechtlich bewertet. Einzelne Produkte wurden angefordert und chemisch-toxikologisch untersucht.

 Ergebnisse: Allein im Bereich der Kräuterliköre wurden 64 auffällige Produkte festgestellt. Alkoholhaltige Getränke wurden mit irreführenden Werbeaussagen oder mit unzulässigen Health-Claims beworben. Deutliche Höchstmengenüberschreitungen des Aromastoffs Thujon in Absinth wurden ermittelt. Eine Reihe von offensichtlichen Nichtübereinstimmungen mit jugendschutzrechtlichen Regelungen oder Abweichungen von der Selbstverpflichtung der Industrie wurden festgestellt.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Das Internetangebot von alkoholhaltigen Getränken muß einer wirksamen Kontrolle unterzogen werden. Eine Prüfung, ob die bislang freiwilligen Werbegrundsätze ausreichen, erscheint erforderlich.
Ergebnisse eines Projektes zur kombinierten Prävention jugendlichen Rauschtrinkens
Authors: Reis Olaf , Pape Manuela , Häßler Frank
Published: September 2010

Ziel: Die Studie beschreibt Hintergründe akuter Alkoholintoxikationen unter Jugendlichen und evaluiert die gemeindezentrierte Kombination indizierter und selektiver Präventionsmaßnahmen.

 Methodik: Eine Inanspruchnahmepopulation intoxizierter Jugendlicher (n = 188) wird in wesentlichen Merkmalen beschrieben. Die Analyse der Interventionseffekte vergleicht Trenddaten der Jahre 20012006 zu Jahresprävalenzen akuter Intoxikationen (n = 1.805 Fälle) für die Projektregion (n = 26.490 Personen, Alter 10–18 Jahre) und die Vergleichsregion (n = 84.331).

 Ergebnisse: Risiken für akute Intoxikationen betreffen Herkunft aus Ein-Elter-Familien, Integration in eine Alkohol konsumierende Freundesgruppe, wahllosen Alkoholkonsum und die Belastung mit psychiatrischen Symptomen. Für die Zeit des Projektes wurden unterschiedliche Trends für die Interventions- und Vergleichsregion ermittelt. Während in der Interventionsregion die Jahresprävalenz der Intoxikationen um 20 % sank, stieg sie in der Vergleichsregion um 33 %.

 Schlussfolgerung: Akut intoxizierte Jugendliche entstammen überzufällig häufig Risikopopulationen. Gemeindezentrierte Präventionsmaßnahmen sind mit dem Rückgang von Jahresprävalenzen akuter Intoxikationen unter Jugendlichen assoziiert.
Does hydrologic circulation mask frictional heat on faults after large earthquakes?
Authors: Fulton Patrick M. , Harris Robert N. , Saffer Demian M. , Brodsky Emily E.
Published: September 2010

Knowledge of frictional resistance along faults is important for understanding the mechanics of earthquakes and faulting. The clearest in situ measure of fault friction potentially comes from temperature measurements in boreholes crossing fault zones within a few years of rupture. However, large temperature signals from frictional heating on faults have not been observed. Unambiguously interpreting the coseismic frictional resistance from small thermal perturbations observed in borehole temperature profiles requires assessing the impact of other potentially confounding thermal processes. We address several issues associated with quantifying the temperature signal of frictional heating including transient fluid flow associated with the earthquake, thermal disturbance caused by borehole drilling, and heterogeneous thermal physical rock properties. Transient fluid flow is investigated using a two‐dimensional coupled fluid flow and heat transport model to evaluate the temperature field following an earthquake. Simulations for a range of realistic permeability, frictional heating, and pore pressure scenarios show that high permeabilities (>10−14 m2) are necessary for significant advection within the several years after an earthquake and suggest that transient fluid flow is unlikely to mask frictional heat anomalies. We illustrate how disturbances from circulating fluids during drilling diffuse quickly leaving a robust signature of frictional heating. Finally, we discuss the utility of repeated borehole temperature profiles for discriminating between different interpretations of thermal perturbations. Our results suggest that temperature anomalies from even low friction should be detectable at depths >1 km 1 to 2 years after a large earthquake and that interpretations of low friction from existing data are likely robust.
Role of circulating neurotoxins in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy: potential for improvement following their removal by liver assist devices
Authors: Butterworth Roger F.
Published: September 2010

AbstractBoth acute and chronic liver failure result in impaired cerebral function known as hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Evidence suggests that HE is the consequence of the accumulation in brain of neurotoxic and/or neuroactive substance including ammonia, manganese, aromatic amino acids, mercaptans, phenols, short‐chain fatty acids, bilirubin and a variety of neuroactive medications prescribed as sedatives to patients with liver failure. Brain ammonia concentrations may attain levels in excess of 2 mm, concentrations which are known to adversely affect both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission as well as brain energy metabolism. Manganese exerts toxic effects on dopaminergic neurones. Prevention and treatment of HE continues to rely heavily on the reduction of circulating ammonia either by reduction of gut production using lactulose or antibiotics or by increasing its metabolism usingl‐ornithine‐l‐aspartate. No specific therapies have so far been designed to reduce circulating concentrations of other toxins. Liver assist devices offer a potential new approach to the reduction of circulating neurotoxins generated in liver failure. In this regard, the Molecular Absorbents Recirculating System (MARS) appears to offer distinct advantages over hepatocyte‐based systems.
Microbial community structures in anoxic freshwater lake sediment along a metal contamination gradient
Authors: Gough Heidi L , Stahl David A
Published: September 2010

Contamination, such as by heavy metals, has frequently been implicated in altering microbial community structure. However, this association has not been extensively studied for anaerobic communities, or in freshwater lake sediments. We investigated microbial community structure in the metal-contaminated anoxic sediments of a eutrophic lake that were impacted over the course of 80 years by nearby zinc-smelting activities. Microbial community structure was inferred for bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic populations by evaluating terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) patterns in near-surface sediments collected in triplicate from five areas of the lake that had differing levels of metal contamination. The majority of the fragments in the bacterial and eukaryotic profiles showed no evidence of variation in association with metal contamination levels, and diversity revealed by these profiles remained consistent even as metal concentrations varied from 3000 to 27 000 mg kg−1 total Zn, 0.125 to 11.2 μ pore water Zn and 0.023 to 5.40 μm pore water As. Although most archaeal fragments also showed no evidence of variation, the prevalence of a fragment associated with mesophilic Crenarchaeota showed significant positive correlation with total Zn concentrations. This Crenarchaeota fragment dominated the archaeal TRFLP profiles, representing between 35% and 79% of the total measured peak areas. Lake DePue 16S rRNA gene sequences corresponding to this TRFLP fragment clustered with anaerobic and soil mesophilic Crenarchaeota sequences. Although Crenarchaeota have been associated with metal-contaminated groundwater and soils, this is a first report (to our knowledge) documenting potential increased prevalence of Crenarchaeota associated with elevated levels of metal contamination.
Functional genomic analysis of an uncultured δ-proteobacterium in the sponge Cymbastela concentrica
Authors: Liu Michael Yizhe , Kjelleberg Staffan , Thomas Torsten
Published: September 2010

Marine sponges are ancient, sessile, filter-feeding metazoans, which represent a significant component of the benthic communities throughout the world. Sponges harbor a remarkable diversity of bacteria, however, little is known about the functional properties of such bacterial symbionts. In this study, we present the genomic and functional characterization of an uncultured δ-proteobacterium associated with the sponge Cymbastela concentrica. We show that this organism represents a novel phylogenetic clade and propose that it lives in association with a cyanobacterium. We also provide an overview of the predicted functional and ecological properties of this δ-proteobacterium, and discuss its complex interactions with surrounding cells and milieu, including traits of cell attachment, nutrient transport and protein–protein interactions.
Resting Heart Rate as a Predictor of Body Weight Gain in the Early Stage of Hypertension
Authors: Palatini Paolo , Mos Lucio , Santonastaso Massimo , Zanatta Nello , Mormino Paolo , Saladini Francesca , Bortolazzi Alessandra , Cozzio Susanna , Garavelli Guido ,   On behalf of the HARVEST Study Group
Published: September 2010

We did a prospective study to investigate whether clinic heart rate (HR) and 24‐h ambulatory HR were independent predictors of subsequent increase in body weight (BW) in young subjects screened for stage 1 hypertension. The study was conducted in 1,008 subjects from the Hypertension and Ambulatory Recording Venetia Study (HARVEST) followed for an average of 7 years. Ambulatory HR was obtained in 701 subjects. Data were adjusted for lifestyle factors and several confounders. During the follow‐up BW increased by 2.1 ± 7.2 kg in the whole cohort. Both baseline clinic HR (P = 0.007) and 24‐h HR (P = 0.013) were independent predictors of BMI at study end. In addition, changes in HR during the follow‐up either measured in the clinic (P = 0.036) or with 24‐h recording (P = 0.009) were independent associates of final BMI. In a multivariable Cox regression, baseline BMI (P < 0.001), male gender (P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (BP) (P = 0.01), baseline clinic HR (P = 0.02), and follow‐up changes in clinic HR (P < 0.001) were independent predictors of overweight (Ov) or obesity (Ob) at the end of the follow‐up. Follow‐up changes in ambulatory HR (P = 0.01) were also independent predictors of Ov or Ob. However, when both clinic and ambulatory HRs were included in the same Cox model, only baseline clinic HR and its change during the follow‐up were independent predictors of outcome. In conclusion, baseline clinic HR and HR changes during the follow‐up are independent predictors of BW gain in young persons screened for stage 1 hypertension suggesting that sympathetic nervous system activity may play a role in the development of Ob in hypertension.
Biochemical and thermodynamic characterization of mutated β1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 involved in the progeroid form of the Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Authors: Rahuel-Clermont Sophie , Daligault Franck , Piet Marie-Helene , Gulberti Sandrine , Netter Patrick , Branlant Guy , Magdalou Jacques , Lattard Virginie
Published: September 2010

Three mutations of the B4GALT7 gene [encoding β1,4-GalT7 (β1,4-galactosyltransferase 7)], corresponding to A186D, L206P and R270C, have been identified in patients with the progeroid form of the Ehlers–Danlos syndrome and are described as being associated with the reduction or loss of β1,4-GalT7 activity. However, the molecular basis of the reduction or loss of activity remained to be determined. In the present study, wild-type, A186D, L206P and R270C β1,4-GalT7 were expressed in CHO618 cells as membrane proteins and in Escherichia coli as soluble proteins fused to MBP (maltose-binding protein). The ability of the expressed proteins to transfer galactose from donor to acceptor substrates was systematically characterized by kinetic analysis. The physicochemical properties of soluble proteins were explored by isothermal titration calorimetry, which is a method of choice when determining the thermodynamic parameters of the binding of substrates. Together, the results showed that: (i) the L206P mutation abolished the activity when L206P β1,4GalT7 was either inserted in the membrane or expressed as a soluble MBP–full-length fusion protein; (ii) the A186D mutation weakly impaired the binding of the donor substrate; and (iii) the R270C mutation strongly impaired the binding of the acceptor substrate. Moreover, the ex vivo consequences of the mutations were investigated by evaluating the priming efficiency of xylosides on GAG (glycosaminoglycan) chain initiation. The results demonstrate a quantitative effect on GAG biosynthesis, depending on the mutation; GAG biosynthesis was fully inhibited by the L206P mutation and decreased by the R270C mutation, whereas the A186D mutation did not affect GAG biosynthesis severely.
Alkylene Trithiocarbonates and Attempted Syntheses of 2,3-Dimercaptopropanol (B.A.L.)
Authors: Culvenor CCJ , Davies W
Published: September 2010

Alkylene trithiocarbonates are usually
conveniently made from the corresponding alkylene oxide or sulphide by the
action of potassium xanthate or sodium trithiocarbonate. Propylene and
isobutylene trithiocarbonates have been prepared, and it is found that the
alkaline hydrolysis of alkylene trithiocarbonates to give the corresponding
1,2-dithiol is a general one. This hydrolysis should produce
2,3-dimercaptopropanol when applied to the trithiocarbonates derived from
epichlorhydrin, glycidol and its acetate. However, these reactive substances do
not produce pure trithiocarbonates. Hydroxypropylene sulphide has been obtained
by treating chlorpropylene sulphide with sodium carbonate.
Hydrogen Atmospheres in the Absence of Thermodynamic Equilibrium. II. The Populations of the Lower Atomic States
Authors: Giovanelli RG
Published: September 2010

The populations of the hydrogen substates
of principal quantum number 1, 2, or 5 are calculated for a range of electron
concentrations from 108 to 1013 per cc. and electron
temperatures from 7.5 x 103 to 1.0 x 105 �K., in the
presence of radiation from a black body at a temperature of 5x 103 �K.,
diluted by a factor of 1, 0.5, or 0.
Hydrogen Atmospheres in the Absence of Thermodynamic Equilibrium. III. The Emission of Radiation
Authors: Giovanelli RG
Published: September 2010

Well-known theories of the profile and
intensity of spectral lines are fist extended to lines involving a number of
degenerate substates and under conditions where thermodynamic equilibrium does
not apply. It is shown that much information can be obtained from an effective
temperature and the absorption coefficient, and these two properties are then
tabulated for the Lα, Lβ,
and Hα lines of hydrogen. The physical
conditions considered cover electron concentrations from 108 to 1013
per cc., gas temperatures from 7.5 x 103 to 1.0X 106 �K.,
and incident black-body radiation (5000 �K.) diluted by a factor 1, 0.5, or 0.
Statistical Mechanics of High Polymer Solutions
Authors: Miller AR
Published: September 2010

The configurational partition function for
random mixtures containing any numbers of components which can consist of
simple, simple chain, branched chain, or closed ring molecules is examined.
Using a general statistical method a set of partial differential equations is
obtained for the appropriate combinatory factor. The integrability of this set
of equations is examined. This provides a criterion by which it can be decided
in what cases a mathematically precise value for the combinatory factor can be
obtained rigorously by solving the set of partial differential equations. In
these cases general formulae are given for the combinatory factor. It is shown
that precise formulae can be deduced rigorously (a) for all binary mixtures
whether the components consist of simple, simple chain, branched chain, or
closed ring molecules ; (b) mixtures of any number of components containing not
more than one high polymer species, which can consist of closed ring equally
well as of simple chain or branched chain molecules ; and (c) mixtures of any
number of components containing more than one high polymer species provided
these consist only of simple chain or branched chain molecules.

It is also shown that even in the case in
which the condition of integrability is not satisfied, an approximation, which
involves negligible error for high polymer molecules, indicates that the
general formula must still provide a good approximation practically. The
approximations inherent in the physical model are also considered.
N-Acyl Derivatives of Aromatic Ketimines
Authors: Banfield JE , Brown GM , Davey FH , Davies W , Ramsay TH
Published: September 2010

It has been found that N-acyl aromatic
ketimines in general have the property of combining with certain compounds with
active hydrogen, such as alcohols, amines, and mercaptans. The reaction takes
place at room temperatures and is most pronounced when the acyl group is
aliphatic. This property of acyl ketimines can be weakened or prevented by
steric hindrance.
Translation and Development in Two Dimensional Fields with Special Reference to Pressure Variations
Authors: James RW
Published: September 2010

In previous studies of translation of
field entities attention has been focused on singular points and lines of the
field, with the result that the complementary concept of development in the
field has been left either not at all, or quite arbitrarily, defined. By
determining the least-squares fit to the rate of change of the entity throughout
the field, rigid and unique definitions are derived of both the translation
and rotation of the system of isolines of the entity, and also of the local and
total development in the field.

The practical result is to derive a system
of weighting factors for the translation of elements of the field, and to
stress the special importance of those regions where the gradient of the entity
is greatest. In meteorology this means that the movement of pressure-systems is
dominated by that of the regions of strongest wind.

Comparison is made with earlier results,
and the question of the consistent motion of coexistent fields (e.g. pressure
and temperature) is discussed.
The Iodination of Aromatic Compounds. I. The Action of Iodine on Aniline in the Presence of Mercuric Oxide
Authors: Jurd L
Published: September 2010

A satisfactory process for the preparation
of p-iodo- and 2,4-diiodo-aniline has
been developed, aniline being treated with iodine in the presence of mercuric
oxide. Acetanilide was also iodinated by this procedure. When lead, calcium,
and ferric oxides were employed the yields of p-iodo-aniline proved to be only slightly greater than that
obtained by the action of iodine alone, whilst zinc oxide lowered the yield
considerably.

The influence of added iodides, acids, and
mercuric iodide on the rate of reaction of iodine and aniline was investigated.

A theory has been proposed to explain the
role of mercuric oxide in effecting the iodination of aniline.
The Occurrenee of β-Carotene and "Phytofluene" in the Wood of Acacia acuminata
Authors: Stanley P , Trikojus VM
Published: September 2010

The separation from extracts of Acacia
acuminata, by chromatographic procedures, of β-carotene and a colourless
fluorescent oil of similar adsorption properties is described.

On the basis of its absorption spectrum
and other properties the fluorescent oil is considered to be closely related to
and possibly identical with the colourless carotenoid, phytofluene.
Solar Radio-Frequency Radiation of Thermal Origin
Authors: Pawsey JL , Yabsley DE
Published: September 2010

Observations of solar radiation in the
wavelength range from one centimetre to four metres are studied in relation to
expected thermal radiation. The data are derived partly from published and
partly from unpublished observations.

It is found that a relatively constant
component can be identified throughout the whole of this wavelength range
despite the complication introduced on the longer wavelengths by the presence
of highly variable components. This steady component has the properties expected
of thermal radiation and it is concluded that it is, in fact, thermal radiation
from the ionized gases of the outer atmosphere of the sun.

The intensity of radiation is found to increase fairly uniformly from that
corresponding to black-body radiation at about 104 �K . at 1.25 cm.
to about 106 �K. at 1.5 m.

The results yield direct confirmation of
the hypothesis that the corona has a kinetic temperature of about a million
degrees.
The Iodination of Aromatic Compounds. II. The Iodination of Aromatic Ethers and of 2-Naphthol
Authors: Jurd L
Published: September 2010

A rapid process for the iodination of
aromatic ethers is described, the ether in 95 per cent. ethanol being treated
with iodine and mercuric oxide at an elevated temperature. Anisole and the
2-alkoxy-naphthalenes give high yields of iodo- compounds by this process.

1-Iodo-2-naphthol is readily prepared by
the action of iodine and alkali or iodine and mercuric oxide on 2-naphthol.

A mechanism is suggested for the
iodination of phenols and ethers in the presence of mercuric oxide.
The Distribution of Light from Optical Systems
Authors: Steel WH
Published: September 2010

A geometrical method is
developed for calculating the distribution of intensity with angle of the light
leaving an optical system, when the angle at which a ray from a point on the
optical axis leaves the system is known as a function of the aperture. The case
of a point source on the axis of the system is treated exactly, and an
approximation is given for that of a small finite source ; the method is
applicable to systems with spherical aberration. The distribution of
illumination across any plane normal to the axis is treated by analogous
methods. The results are compared with measurements of the light distribution
from an optical system possessing considerable spherical aberration.
Alkaloids of the Australian Rutaceae: Evodia xanthoxyloides. I. Evoxanthine
Authors: Hughes GK , Neill KG
Published: September 2010

From the bark and leaves of E.
xanthoxyloides four alkaloids, melicopidine, evoxanthine, xanthevodine, and
kokusaginine, were isolated. The structure of evoxanthine was shown to be
2,3-methylenedioxy-4-methoxy-10-methylacridone.
Self-Diffusion in Tin Crystals
Authors: Fensham PJ
Published: September 2010

The rate of self-diffusion in single
crystals of white tin of various orientations has been measured using the
radio-active isotope Sn113. The ratio of the diffusion coefficients
parallel and perpendicular to the tetragonal (c) axis is approximately 2 at 180
�C. and approximately 3 at 223 �C. The diffusion coefficients in both
directions at various temperatures are given by the Arrhenius expressions Dc=
1.2 x 10-5e-10,1500/RT cm.2sec.-1
and Da=3.7 X 10-8e-5,900/RT
cm.2sec.-l. The anisotropy is discussed in terms of
the vacancy mechanism of diffusion.
Remarks on the Latitude Effect of Cosmic Rays at Sea-Level
Authors: Rathgeber HD
Published: September 2010

During a recent voyage from Australia to
Japan the intensity of cosmic rays was measured with several Geiger counter
telescopes of different designs. The conclusions to be drawn from these and
other results are presented in this paper. It is shown that the latitude effect
at sea-level (averaged over all azimuths) is approximately proportional to cos2
1.2ζ, where ζ is the zenith angle of the incident radiation, and that
the vertical latitude effect is 18 per cent. In general, the latitude effect
depends both on zenith angle and azimuth. The phenomenological relationships of
these intensity variations with the zenith angle distribution at two fixed
locations, i.e. at high latitudes and at the equator, and with the east-west
effect at the equator, are deduced. After correction for longitude and zenith
angle, Geiger counter telescope and ionization measurements do not differ by
more than their errors of measurements ; the average specific ionization does
not vary with latitude. Qualitative explanations of the equality of the
latitude effects for mesons and for electrons, as well as of the latitude effect
of small extensive showers are given.