bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diaphyseal growth in a nineteenth century skeletal sample of subadults from St Thomas' church, Belleville, Ontario
Authors: Saunders Shelley , Hoppa Robert , Southern Rebecca
Published: June 2005

This study presents skeletal growth data for a nineteenth century church cemetery sample from Belleville, Ontario. Skeletal growth profiles (SGPs), plotting measurements of growth against age estimated by tooth formation, were constructed for the sample. Means and confidence intervals for 1‐year cohorts up to 12 years of age are presented for each of the long bones, the ilium and scapula. Comparison of the SGPs created for this sample with modern and archaeological samples demonstrates that the nineteenth century Belleville children followed a growth pattern similar to their modern counterparts, at least until 12 years of age. It is recommended that these data can be used by other investigators as a comparative sample of nineteenth century children; they can also be used as standards of growth for the purpose of estimating age from diaphyseal lengths for other archaeological samples of similar temporal context and population affinities. It is argued that confidence intervals rather than standard deviations be used to report variation, as the former controls for sample size as well as variance.
Fishing in Denmark during the Ertebølle periodxs
Authors: Enghoff Inge Bødker
Published: June 2005

Fishing in Denmark during the Ertebølle period is discussed on the basis of almost 100000 identified fishbones from 14 coastal and two inland settlements. Forty‐one fish species were identified from coastal materials, 15 from inland ones. The frequency distribution of total body length of the numerically most important fish species was estimated from bone measurements, using logarithmic regression equations. Otoliths were analysed in order to provide an estimate of season of catch. The main conclusion of the study is that fishing was predominantly conducted by means of stationary fish traps with which uncritical samples of the local fish faunas were taken. Regional differences in the spectrum of species and their relative frequencies are shown to exist. Examples of connections between the coast and inland are given.
A further example of long‐bone damage due to chewing by deer
Authors: Kierdorf Uwe
Published: June 2005

A central diaphyseal fragment of a red deer metacarpus of recent origin is described, showing signs of bone chewing by deer, the most prominent being fork formation at either end of the specimen. Compared with a red deer metacarpus from the same region described previously, the present one was in a much more advanced stage of bone destruction as a result of osteophagia. Additionally, alterations resulting from gnawing by small rodents and from root etching were present in the specimen. Detailed knowledge of the full spectrum of bone changes originating from chewing by ruminants may prevent the erroneous interpretation of such altered bones as human artefacts.
Analysis of ancient Japanese society through mitochondrial DNA sequencing
Authors: Shinoda Ken‐Ichi , Kunisada Takahiro
Published: June 2005

In this study, DNA was extracted from human bones recovered from a 2000‐year‐old archaeological site located in northern Kyushu in southwestern Japan. Part of the mitochondrial control region was amplified by a polymerase chain reaction. Mitochondrial DNA sequences determined from 55 individuals were classified into 16 different types. Comparing the location of the burial site and the sequence types, people buried at separate sites were shown to have different maternal lineages. Our palaeomolecular biological findings strengthen the opinion that social differentiation began during this period in Japan, a fact that is generally accepted among archaeologists. The results of this study show that intensive analysis of ancient DNA from archaeological sites is a useful tool for investigating the social systems of vanished populations.
Sinus and meningeal vessel pattern changes induced by artificial cranial deformation: A pilot study
Authors: Dean Valerie L.
Published: June 2005

This study explores the changes in sinus and meningeal vessel patterns caused by various types of artificial cranial deformation. Endocranial casts were prepared from six crania exhibiting one of three types of deformation (lambdoid, parallelo‐fronto‐occipital and fronto‐vertico‐occipital), as well as from 15 undeformed crania. Vessel and sulcus patterns of each cranium were analysed and these patterns included depth of impressions, size and number of vessels, and directional pathways of vessels. Comparisons were made within and between the different deformation types. The results indicated that deformation has an effect upon the pattern, shape and depth of vessel impressions. Vessels tended to be flattened in the areas directly affected by cranial deformation, and there was often compensatory enlargement of other vessels. Further, three of the six artificially deformed crania exhibited enlarged occipital/marginal sinuses, suggesting that this trait is developmentally plastic and greatly influenced by environmental factors.
The fourth molar in a mandible found in a Jomon skeleton in Japan
Authors: Suzuki Takao , Kusumoto Ayano , Fujita Hisashi , de Shi Chang
Published: June 2005

A fourth molar in a mandible occurs very rarely, even in clinical surveys involving a large number of modern people. Having encountered a case with the fourth mandibular molar in a prehistoric skull in Japan, we would like to report on the macroscopic morphology of the case using X‐rays, and to discuss the case with reference to literature concerning supernumerary teeth in the molar region.
System of measurement of the severity of periodontal disease in past populations
Authors: Lavigne Salme E. , Molto Joseph E.
Published: June 2005

This paper presents a review of the antiquity of periodontal disease, discussing past aetiological concepts in comparison to current research on the causes of this condition. As periodontal disease is analysable on dry bone specimens, it is possible to document its natural history. To date, little work has been done on an actual system of measurement for periodontal disease in such specimens. A new system of measurement is proposed, which is confined to evaluating the periodontal status of post‐mortem skulls. The system is a modification of the Ramfjord index for periodontal disease (PDI) and can be adapted for both individual specimen measurement and for population studies. Seven skulls, ca. AD 500–700, from the Varden Site at Long Point, Ontario, were examined using the proposed system. Mean attachment loss was computed for each of the seven specimens. The results revealed one specimen with early periodontitis, four with moderate periodontitis and two with advanced periodontitis. This system provides a concise method for classification of the severity of periodontal disease in dry bone specimens that will be useful in documenting the history of this disease.
Sex assessment of medieval Norwegian skeletons based on permanent tooth crown size
Authors: Beyer‐Olsen Eva Margrete Stermer , Alexandersen Verner
Published: June 2005

The excavation of the Library site in Trondheim uncovered the medieval cemetry of St. Olav's church containing 388 skeletons, of which 248 had skulls with teeth. Sex assessment was based on osteological criteria, and for 145 skeletons sex classification was performed with a high degree of certainty. The remaining 103 were classified as uncertain male, uncertain female and sex undetermined. Mesio‐distal and facio‐lingual crown widths of permanent teeth in the group of reliably assessed males and females were used in sex‐discriminant analyses. A combination of two or more teeth was less effective in discrimination than using one tooth alone. This was due to missing data in the combined variable sets and thereby loss of cases. Missing variables were due to post‐mortem tooth loss, attrition or large deposits of calculus. The teeth were ranked according to their power in sex discrimination. The left maxillary first molar (26) represented by its facio‐lingual dimension was the best sex discriminator (classified 85 per cent of the cases correctly), followed by the right maxillary first molar (16) also represented by its facio‐lingual dimension (classified 77 per cent correctly). With only one variable in the discriminant function, a critical value could be calculated and tabulated for each tooth. This was used in sex assessment of the osteologically undetermined and uncertain groups. Only variables that could sex classify correctly at least 70 per cent of the cases with the Jack‐knife procedure were used. Sex assessment could be made for 16 of 24 (66.7 per cent) of the osteologically sex‐undetermined adult individuals and for 21 of 44 (47.7 per cent) of the children. Of 35 osteologically uncertainly sex‐assessed skulls, only nine (six men and three women) corresponded with dental classification.
Skeletal distribution of degenerative changes in vertebral osteophytosis, vertebral osteoarthritis and DISH
Authors: Maat George J. R. , Mastwijk Rob W. , van der Velde Edo A.
Published: June 2005

In order to comprehend the condition of vertebral osteophytosis, vertebral osteoarthritis and DISH (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis) with respect to diagnosis and aetiology, the vertebral and peripheral (appendicular) frequency and distribution pattern of degenerative joint changes of 176 rather affluent citizens were analysed from the late medieval city of Dordrecht in Holland. Patterns of frequencies with respect to age and sex were found to be similar essentially to those of a present‐day Dutch suburban village population. Frequencies for vertebral osteophytosis were twice those for vertebral osteoarthritis, and both increased with age in both sexes. The individual pattern of vertebral osteophytosis and vertebral osteoarthritis seems to indicate that each disorder possesses its own progressive identity. From the distribution pattern and frequency of peripheral osteoarthritis it was concluded, with respect to the vulnerability of developing this complication under physically moderate life conditions, that causal factors for vertebral osteophytosis are less important than those for vertebral osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis presented itself as a systemic disorder, affecting synovial joints in general. Finally it was appreciated that, with increasing age, bony outgrowths from joint degeneration become anatomically masked by para‐articular ossifications from DISH.
Rates of dentine mineralization in permanent human teeth
Authors: Dean M. C. , Scandrett A. E.
Published: June 2005

Previous experimental studies have estimated linear rates of dentine formation in modern humans to be close to 4μm day−1. In this study a method similar to that first adopted by Kawasaki, Tanaka and Ishikawa5 was used to estimate linear rates of dentine mineralization over a period of 1200 days in both the cusps and cervical regions of several permanent tooth types. All teeth were from the same individual. Rates in the cusps of teeth with the tallest crowns were estimated to be between 5 μm day−1 and 6 μm day−1. This is higher than previous estimates in permanent tooth crowns, although rates in the cusp of a first permanent molar, where cusps were less tall and cuspal dentine therefore less thick, were close to previous estimates of 4 μm day−1. Despite this variation in cuspal rates, mineralization rates were linear in all cusps studied over a long period of time. Rates in the cervical region, either close to the enamel dentine junction or to the cement dentine junction, were estimated to be between 1.3 μm day−1 and 1.5 μm day11, much slower than reported previously. Rates in the mid‐portion of the dentine, in both the lateral part of the crown and in the cervical one‐third of the root, rose steadily to match rates in the cuspal region, but then slowed towards the pulp chamber. These data extend the findings of previous studies on permanent human dentine. They demonstrate a wide range of mineralization rates in permanent dentine and provide a more secure basis for judging different rates in different locations of different human tooth types.
Changes in the distribution of osteoarthritis over historical time
Authors: Waldron Tony
Published: June 2005

A total of 2635 skeletons recovered from different sites in England was examined for the presence of osteoarthritis (OA); 206 were from pre‐medieval sites, 1453 from medieval sites and 976 from post‐medieval sites. Where OA was considered to be present in a joint, the site was noted and for each time period the total number of anatomical sites with the condition was determined and the number of major sites with OA (10 in number) was expressed as a proportion of this total. There were no differences in the distribution of osteoarthritis between the pre‐medieval and medieval periods but there were between the medieval and post‐medieval periods. In the post‐medieval period the proportion of osteoarthritis of the knee increased whereas that of the hip decreased; the proportion of osteoarthritis of the hands also increased whereas that of the wrist decreased. Other data presented indicate that patellofemoral disease is about twice as common as tibio‐femoral disease in both medieval and post‐medieval periods and that lateral compartment disease is almost as common as medial compartment disease.
A pituitary tumour in a medieval skull
Authors: Hacking Peter
Published: June 2005

Evidence of pituitary tumours in osteoarchaeological material is rare. In the present case, an enlarged pituitary fossa in the sphenoid bone indicated an expanding lesion. There was no evidence of hormonal abnormality, and a non‐secreting adenoma or, less likely, a craniopharyngioma are suggested as probable diagnoses.
Transplantation of a segment of ileum to the external abdominal wall: An animal model of intestinal mucosal hyperplasia
Authors: Senior P. V. , Pritchett C. J. , Sunter J. P. , Appleton D. R. , Watson A. J.
Published: June 2005

When a segment of small intestine is transplanted to the external abdominal wall in rats adaptive changes occur in the exposed mucosa. These probably represent an extreme example of a physiological response to one type of trophic influence—the effect of mechanical trauma. The nature of the changes has been studied at 7 weeks after externalization using simple morphometry and a number of cytokinetic techniques (thymidine labelling, vincristine‐induced metaphase arrest and the fraction‐of‐labelled‐mitoses method), and comparisons drawn with the normal ileum. The exteriorized mucosa showed marked villus atrophy and hyperplasia of the crypts to three times normal size as a result of increases both in crypt length and crypt circumference. Neither metaplastic nor dysplastic epithelial abnormalities were observed. Crypt‐cell production rate doubled in the hyperplastic crypts due to an increase in the size of the proliferation zone within the crypt, and the distribution of proliferating cells within the crypt changed. But cell cycle times were prolonged and more maturing cells were retained in the hyperplastic crypts. The potential usefulness of this model, particularly in carcinogenicity studies is considered.
Immunocytochemical characterization of monocyte colonies of human bone marrow: A clue to the origin of langerhans cells and interdigitating reticulum cells
Authors: Goordyal Pramila , Isaacson Peter G.
Published: June 2005

Human bone marrow was cultured and cells from individual monocyte colonies stained with a variety of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Erythroid colonies and peripheral blood monocytes were used as controls. Both bone marrow cultured and peripheral blood monocytes stained with antibodies to lysozyme, non‐specific cross reacting antigen (NCA) and alpha‐1‐antitryspin and the cells stained variably for HLA‐DR. A small number of cells in each cultured bone marrow colony stained with antibody to human thymic antigen (HTA T6) and most of the cells stained with variable intensity using anti‐S‐100 protein. No cells reactive with these two antibodies were detected in peripheral blood monocyte preparations and erythroid colony cells were negative for all antigens studied. The presence of cells within individual bone marrow colonies with phenotypic properties of both phagocytic macrophages (lysozyme positive, NCA positive, alpha‐1‐antitrypsin positive) and Langerhans cells/interdigitating reticulum cells (HTA (T6) positive, S‐100 protein positive) suggests that these cells share a common stem cell and are both components of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
Regulatory peptides in Barrett's oesophagus
Authors: Buchan Alison M. J. , Grant Susan , Freeman H. J.
Published: June 2005

Barrett's epithelium refers to the presence of ectopic mucosal types in the squamous‐lined oesophagus. Previous studies have documented argentaffin and argyrophil‐positive cells as well as gastrin‐like immunoreactivity in oesopha‐geal tissue extracts from patients with Barrett's mucosa. In the present study, 125 oesophageal biopsies obtained under direct vision at endoscopy from 22 patients with Barrett's oesophagus were systematically studied using fluorescence and peroxidase antiperoxidase single and double‐staining immunocytochemical methods employing highly specific antibodies to localize the following peptide‐containing cell types in Barrett's mucosa: gastrin, somatostatin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, motilin, neurotensin and pancreatic glucagon. In addition, EC cells were localized using a cytochemical silver staining method. The results of this study indicate that EC cells and gastrin‐ and somatostatin‐containing endocrine cells are detectable in Barrett's epithelium.
HLA‐DR expression in a human colonic carcinoma cell linexs
Authors: Lampert Irvin A. , Kirkland Susan , Farrell Siobhan , Borysiewicz Leszek K.
Published: June 2005

A human colonic carcinoma cell line (HCA‐7) isolated from a well differentiated mucoid adenocarcinoma of the colon has been maintained in vitro for 3 years. It spontaneously synthesizes HLA‐DR which is mainly intracytoplasmic. Stimulation with lymphocyte conditioned medium and recombinant γ‐interferon results in enhanced synthesis of HLA‐DR and the appearance of the antigen on the cell surface. A dose response study showed that maximal stimulation of the culture was achieved with 50 units/ml of recombinant γ‐interferon. Staining for HLA‐DR was uneven being confined to focal areas of the monolayer, which is similar to the focal expression of HLA‐DR seen in sections of adenocarcinoma of the colon. The functional significance of this phenomenon is unclear, but it may explain the presence of lymphoid infiltrates in tumours.
The gastro‐duodenal epithelium in peptic ulceration
Authors: Steer Howard W.
Published: June 2005

Mucosa‐related bacteria, intra‐epithelial lymphocytes and intra‐epithelial polymorphonuclear leucocytes have been studied in 35 patients with duodenal ulceration, 27 patients with gastric ulceration and eight control subjects with normal gastro‐duodenal mucosa. Mucosa‐related bacteria were found in approximately 80 per cent of peptic ulcer patients and rarely in controls. The bacteria were most numerous at the sites of active chronic gastritis. There was a positive correlation between the number of bacteria and the number of intra‐epithelial polymorphonuclear leucocytes. There was no correlation between the peripheral blood white cell count and the number of intra‐epithelial polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The number of intra‐epithelial lymphocytes was increased in peptic ulceration.
Effects of endotoxin‐treatment on inflammatory cell infiltrates in murine meth A sarcoma
Authors: Kuper C. Frieke , Bloksma Nanne , Bruyntjes Joost P. , Hofhuis Frans M. , Wolterink Gerrit
Published: June 2005

The effect of intravenously injected endotoxin on inflammatory cells within solid Meth A tumours was studied and central hyperaemia, necrosis and early collapse were observed macroscopically at 4, 24 and 48 h, respectively. The effects were studied in semithin sections and cytocentrifuge preparations of the tumours. The inflammatory cell reaction evoked by the tumours in untreated animals was relatively slight. It was located predominantly around the lateral margins of the tumours and only a few inflammatory cells were found inside the tumour. Prominent effects of endotoxin included a transient increase of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the centre of the tumour by 4 h and a reduction of the influx of lymphocytes, observed in and around the margin of control tumours, by 48 h. Mast cells formed an important part of the inflammatory cell infiltrate, but no distinct changes in number and appearance were observed with time or following treatment. Total host cell numbers within tumours did not increase significantly upon endotoxin‐treatment. Results suggest that a direct cytotoxic action of host cells cannot account for the extensive tumour damage observed. Rather, endotoxin‐induced regression seems to be related to decreased lymphocyte numbers.
Uptake and disposal of bsa‐coated latex particles by the rat mesangium: Reaction with subsequently administered heterologous antiserum
Authors: Goode Nigel P. , Davison Alex M. , Gowland Gerald , Aparicio Samuel R. , Shires Michael
Published: June 2005

Mesangial uptake and disposal of antigen‐coated latex particles and the ability of subsequently injected antibody to maintain complexed antigen in the rat mesangium has been investigated. Carboxylate‐modified latex particles, coated with bovine albumin (BSA) were injected i.v. to 36 Wistar rats. Twenty‐two rats (group 1) were not treated further. Fourteen rats (group 2) received rabbit anti‐BSA antiserum i.v. and i.p. 24 h later. Control groups were injected with uncoated, unmodified latex particles or soluble BSA with and without subsequent antibody administration. Latex was present in the mesangial matrix of rats in group 1 at 1 h in association with a diffuse mesangial distribution of BSA. At 24 h, BSA staining was markedly reduced and extracellular latex was no longer observed. Intracellular latex aggregates were present in experimental and control groups at 24 h‐14 days in cytoplasmic vacuoles of hypertrophic mesangium which showed minor infiltration by macrophage‐like cells. Progressive removal of latex aggregates coincided with declining mesangial reactivity. Rapid disappearance of antigen apparently results from local degradation of tracer in the mesangium. Antibody administration preserves BSA in the mesangium due to immune complex formation and is associated with retention of ingested latex by mesangial cells. However, efficient disposal of glomerular immune deposits by the mesangium appears to minimize infiltration by monocytes and prevents aggravation of glomerular inflammation.
Lymphocyte status of lymph node and blood in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS‐related complex disease
Authors: Schuurman Henk‐Jan , Kluin Philip M. , Meijling Frits H. J. Gmelig , van Unnik Jan A. M. , Kater Louis
Published: June 2005

Blood lymphocytes and lymph nodes from three patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and two cases with AIDS‐related complex (ARC) were studied during the course of the disease. The lymph node histomor‐phology could be grossly categorized into three stages: follicle hyperplasia, follicle degeneration and the depleted stage. In the first stage, follicles show large and sometimes irregular‐sized germinal centres and narrow B‐cell mantles. Dendritic reticulum cells in the germinal centres reveal disruption of their fine dendritic processes; often indentations are visible, filled with small B‐ and T‐lymphocytes of follicle mantle and paracortical origin. These lesions may be the first signs of follicle degeneration, in which only hyalinized remnants of follicle centres are found. The changes in the paracortex are less prominent than those in the follicles. The disturbance in the numerical balance of T‐cell subsets of helper–inducer and suppressor–cytotoxic phenotypes is less than that found in the blood. In some cases the paracortex reveals a high density of T6‐positive elements resembling interdigitating cells, suggestive of continuous antigen exposure. We found follicle hyperplasia in ARC, follicle degeneration in one case of ARC and in full‐blown AIDS, while the depleted stage was found in lymph nodes at autopsy of AIDS patients. Lymph node changes do not completely correlate with the changes in the blood lymphocyte pool. Investigations on lymph nodes may be of value in the assessment of the prognosis of the disease.
Subepithelial neuroendocrine cells and carcinoid tumours of the human small intestine and appendix. A comparative immunohistochemical study with regard to serotonin, neuron‐specific enolase and S‐100 protein reactivity
Authors: Lundqvist Monalill , Wilander Erik
Published: June 2005

A comparative immunocytochemical study was performed of subepithelial neuroendocrine cells of the human small intestine and appendix and carcinoid tumours of these sites, using a monoclonal antibody to serotonin and polyclonal antisera against neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) and S‐100 protein. Subepithelial neuroendocrine cells were easily identified in the lamina propria of the appendix. These cells, which sometimes occurred in aggregates, displayed serotonin and NSE immunoreactivity and were surrounded by S‐100 protein immunoreactive cells, presumably of Schwann cell origin. In the appendix scattered cells with corresponding morphological features and immunoreactivity were also observed deep in the submucosa. In addition, subepithelial neuroendocrine cells were sparsely present in the lamina propria of the small intestine, occurring only as single cells in the deeper part of the mucosa below or between the epithelial crypts. Most appendiceal carcinoid tumours (11 of 12 examined cases) were biphasic and consisted of neuroendocrine tumour cells with intermingled S‐100 protein immunoreactive cells (Schwann cells) with long cytoplasmic extensions. However, small intestinal (11 cases) and caecal (10 cases) carcinoids lacked S‐100 protein immunoreactive cells as an integral component. The results indicate that the appendiceal carcinoids are mostly closely related structually to the subepithelial neuroendocrine and Schwann cell aggregates of the lamina propria and are thus presumed to be histogenetically related to this cell system, while the histogenesis of small‐intestinal and caecal carcinoids remains less clear.
The control of fibrogenesis: Stimulation and suppression of collagen synthesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane with fibrin degradation products, wound extracts and proteases
Authors: Thompson W. D. , Ervans A. T. , Campbell R.
Published: June 2005

The chick chorioallantoic membrane model (CAM) has, previously been used to demonstrate cell proliferation, characteristic of both angiogenesis and fibrogcncsis, after exposure 10 fibrin degradation products. This model has now been adapted for quantitative in vivo assay of collagcn polypeptide synthesis and prolyl hydroxylase activity. The CAM exhibits oscillations in the level of labelled collagen, a pattern attributable to rapid intracellular degradation and proline recycling following a brief labelling period. Both collagen synthesis and prolyl hydroxylase activity are stimulated by fibrin degradation products ( <50 000 MW). Such stimulation occurs by 3 h and precedes the rise in general protein synthesis. Extracts of healing mouse skin wounds, rich in proteases, inhibited collagen synthesis, as did pure plasmin. Conversely, stimulation was achieved when proteolytic activity was neutralized by soybean trypsin inhibitor. These findings help to explain the observation that fibroblasts and endothelial cells proliferate and migrate centrally in an inflammatory lesion without depositing collagen, whilst in a milieu of high proteolytic activity. More peripherally, where proteases are inactivated by antiproteases in inflammatory exudate, such cell movement ceases and collagen deposition is observed.
Transferrin receptor expression in non‐malignant and malignant human breast tissue
Authors: Walker Rosemary A. , Day Sheila J.
Published: June 2005

The expression of transferrin receptor by normal, pregnant and benign hyperplastic breast lesions and by breast carcinomas has been investigated immunohistochemically using two monoclonal antibodies directed against the receptor. Unlike a previous immunohistological study in which staining was confined to imlignant breast, transferrin receptor has been detected in pregnant breast and in benign lesions as well as in all carcinomas examined. The latter showed variable reactivity but with staining of most cells in 70 percent of cases.

Although the expression of transfcrrin reccptor in non‐malignant conditions may be related to cell proliferation, as has been suggested from studies of activated cells, the extent of reactivity of carcinomas has shown no correlation with tumour characteristics such as differentiation and local tumour spread. It is therefore suggested that the immunologically active transferrin receptor of breast carcinomas may have significance other than that relating to proliferation. The finding that with some carcinomas differences in staining occurred between the two antibodies is a further illustration of the complexities of the nature of Itransfcrrin receptor.
Light and ultrastructural features of lymphoepithelial lesions of the salivary glands in Mikulicz's disease
Authors: Chaudhary Anand P. , Cutler Leslie S. , Yamane George M. , Satchidanand Sateesh , Labay Gerald , Sunderraj Mary
Published: June 2005

This investigation deals with the histogenesis of the so‐called ‘epimyoepithelial islands’ in Mikulicz's disease of the major salivary glands and is based on light and electron microscopic sludy in six patients.

The ‘epimyoepithelial islands’ represent collapsed acini prior to their complete involution and disappearance, the intraductal cellular proliferation, stratification and differentiation into luminal and peripheral myoepithelial cells with partial and complete obliteration of their lumina and finally, cord‐like proliferation and formation of nests of residual pluripotential cells showing squamous metaplasia and occasional myoepithelial cell differentiation.

A pink, homogenous and hyaline material on light microscopic examination is multilayered and extracellular and is in close association with the basal lamina when viewed with electron microscope.
DNA flow cytometry of histological material from human gastric cancer
Authors: Macartney James C. , Camplejohn Richard S. , Powell Gillian
Published: June 2005

DNA flow cytometry was performed on fixed embedded histological material from 56 radical gastrectomies for human gastric cancer. The ploidy and proportion of cells in the DNA synthetic phase of the cell cycle (S phase fraction) were estimated and the results correlated with histological features. DNA aneuploidy was encountered in 73 per cent of cases. Aneuploid and diploid tumours both had significantly higher fractions of cells in S phase than normal mucosa. S phase fractions for aneuploid tumours were higher than diploid tumours. There was a trend for tumours exhibiting an infilrating mode of growth and poor tubule formation to have a diploid DNA content and low S phase fraction. No difference was observed between the results obtained from tumours with or without lymph node metastases. Early uniform fixation greatly improved the quality of the flow cytometry results measurable by a reduction in the mean coefficient of variation.
The significance of myocardial bridge upon atherosclerosis in the left anterior descending coronary artery
Authors: Ishii Toshiharu , Hosoda Yasuhlro , Osaka Tetsushl , Imai Tamotsu , Shimada Hiroyuki , Takami Akira , Yamada Hikoaki
Published: June 2005

The relation between myocardial bridges (MB) and atherosclerosis in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was explored using morphometric methods in 642 hearts. The location of myocardial bridges in the LAD was classified according to distribution as proximal, middle and distal. Myocardial bridges were found in 48 per cent of males and 36 per cent of females. When proximal myocardial bridging was present intirmal thickening and macroscopic raised lesion were increased just before the bridge as compared with the corresponding site in thc other two categories. Underneath bridges eccentric plaques and raised lesions arc absent althought there is often concentric intimal thickening. The overall frequency of myocardial infarction was the same in patients with and without myocardial bridges However, when infarction occurred in the patients having bridges, it was almost confined to those in the proximal group despite this being infrequent in the general distribution of myocardial bridges in the left anterior descending artery. It is postulated that hypertension may enhances infarction in the case of myocardial bridges in the very proximal left anterior descending artery. It is concluded that the location of myocardial bridges greatly alters the distribution of physical force against the arterial wall and influences the extent of atherosclerosis.
Flow cytometry: Methodology and applications in pathology
Authors: Quirke P. , Dyson J. E. D.
Published: June 2005

Flow cytometry offers pathologists a powerful new method which can be applied especially for diagnosis, prediction of prognosis and measurement of response to therapy of tumours. It also has a wide variety of other applications in research and its use for investigation of non‐neoplastic disease has only just begun. The object of this brief review is to stimulate interest in this technique and to outline some of the most interesting applications that may be of use to pathologists in the near future.
The expression of fucosylated type 2 blood group chains in human breast and their significance
Authors: Walker Rosemary A. , Day Sheila J.
Published: June 2005

Monoclonal antibodies directed against O(H) blood group antigen and 3‐fucosyl‐N‐acetyllactosamine have been used to investigate the incidence and significance of these type 2 blood group chains in non‐malignant and malignant human breast tissue. The findings have been compared with those obtained with the fucose‐binding lectins, Ulex europeus I and Lotus tetragonolobus. The expression of O(H) antigen in non‐malignant breast is heterogenous and shows no relationship to blood group status. Its expression in carcinomas shows no relationship to prognostic parameters such as differentiation and node status, whereas loss of Ulex europeus I binding is related to metatasis. The presence of 3‐fucosyl‐N‐acetyllactosamine is limited in non‐malignant breast, apart from pregnancy, but in carcinomas shows a relationship to differentiation, a feature not seen with fucose‐binding lectins. It is apparent that to obtain the maximum amount of information about the modifications occurring in fuco‐substances that appear to be of significance in breast malignancy, it is important to use monospecific probes as well as reagents with broader specificities, such as lectins.
The utilization of [3H] sugars by non‐malignant and malignant human breast
Authors: Walker Rosemary A. , Sanderson P. R. , Day Sheila J.
Published: June 2005

The utilization of [3H] sugars and leucine by non‐malignant and malignant human breast has been assessed using an organ culture technique with subsequent tissue autoradiography. The uptake of sugars by normal and hyperplastic breast was generally constant, with some differences observed in the utilization of galactose by acini of normal and hyperplastic tissues. After 24 h incubation localization was predominantly at the luminal cell periphery. The utilization of sugars by carcinomas was much more variable. Differences were observed between adjacent cells and cell groups of the same tumour. The uptake of individual sugars within a carcinoma was also varied being either similar to, or greater or lesser than normal breast. Variation between carcinomas was also present. No correlation between type and differentiation was noted in this respect, but there was between localization of sugars and differentiation. Better differentiated areas in tumours showed patterns similar to non‐malignant breast whilst localization in poorly differentiated cell groups was cytoplasmic. The uptake of leucine was more constant and proved to be a useful indicator of viability. While this approach cannot give information with regard to differences in glycoprotein structure between non‐malignant and malignant breast, it has been of value in determining the heterogeneity of tumour cells with regard to the enzymes involved in glycosylation. As such it would be of use in assessing the uniformity of response to agents modifying glycosylation.
An immunohistochemical study of a colonic mucus antigen in normal and neoplastic gastrointestinal tissues
Authors: Macartney J. C. , Oriol R. , Ciclitira P. J.
Published: June 2005

A monoclonal antibody YPC 44.3 which reacts with human large intestinal goblet cell mucus has been used to examine normal gastrointestinal mucosa and a series of gastric and colorectal carcinomas in an immunohistochemical study. In normal colonic mucosa the antibody is shown to detect an antigen which is expressed polymorphically and depends on the presence of the active allele at the Lewis locus for its expression. However the antigen appears distinct from regular Lewis antigens on the basis of immunoabsorption studies and organ distribution. Results of immunostaining tumours show no correlation with the site, classification or grade of tumour or the type of metaplasia adjacent to gastric cancers. The relationship of YPC 44.3 to other mucus antibodies and the importance of screening tissues with a wide range of blood group phenotypes is discussed.
Effect fixation on T and B lymphocyte surface membrane antigen demonstration in paraffin processed tissue
Authors: Holgate Clive S. , Jackson Peter , Pollard Kenneth , Lunny Declan , Bird Colin C.
Published: June 2005

The identification of lymphoid surface membrane antigens in tissue sections using immunohistochemical techniques is becoming increasingly important for the diagnosis and classification of lymphoproliferative disorders. Many of the lymphocyte specific monoclonal antibodies used, however, can only be applied to frozen tissue sections. In this paper we report the successful application of a number of these antibodies to paraffin processed tissue utilizing alternative fixatives and the highly sensitive immunogold‐silver staining method. The best fixatives for this purpose were formol dichromate, periodate‐lysine‐paraformaldehyde (PLP) and a novel fixative formed from the addition of a dichromate solution to PLP.
Mast cells in acute hepatitis
Authors: Bardadin Krzysztof A. , Scheuer Peter J.
Published: June 2005

The prevalence and morphological characteristics of mast cells were studied in 41 liver biopsies from patients with acute hepatitis of different causes. In 17 of these biopsies mast cells were found both in portal tracts and sinusoids. They were mainly found in the classical and periportal types of hepatitis, and were more abundant in the later stages of the disease. Their presence was established both by staining for mast cells at light microscopic level and by electron microscopy. Two types of mast cells were found. Those in the portal tracts had the characteristics of connective tissue mast cells in other organs. The second type was the sinusoidal mast cell. These were closely associated with a variety of myeloid cells, and ultrastructural evidence suggests that they may be derived from the latter. Mast cells are considered to participate in the inflammatory response in acute hepatitis.
Thymoma: An integrated clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Ring Nicola P. , Addis Bruce J.
Published: June 2005

The clinicopathological features of 32 thymomas were reviewed and tumours were staged according to their degree of invasion. Their antigenic profiles were studied using monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratins (CAM 5.2 and DAKO‐CK1), HNK‐1 (Leu 7), and HLA‐DR (TAL‐IB5). Stage I (non‐invasive) tumours were mainly of the spindle cell (SC) or predominantly lymphocytic (PL) types, whilst all the predominantly epithelial (PE) tumours were either locally invasive (stage II) or showed more extensive spread (stage III). Neoplastic epithelial cells all expressed cytokeratin, but varied in their degree of positivity. CAM 5.2 was more uniformly positive with cells at the periphery of tumour nodules and lining tubulo‐cystic areas staining most strongly. DAKO‐CK1 gave less uniform positivity but highlighted areas of medullary differentiation. HNK‐1 was variably expressed in all tumour groups but was found more often in the invasive tumours (73 per cent stage III, 62 per cent stage II, 50 per cent stage I), particularly those of PE or mixed (M) type. In general, TAL‐IB5 expression was lost in the more invasive thymomas. Focal medullary differentiation in tumours suggests a common origin for cortical and medullary epithelium, indicating that sub‐division of tumours into cortical or medullary types is not valid. Immunohistochemistry may usefully complement clinical and macroscopic findings in the assessment of malignancy in thymoma.
Stromal changes in early invasive and non‐invasive breast carcinoma: An ultrastructural study
Authors: Tamimi Salah O. , Ahmed Ali
Published: June 2005

Six examples of histologically diagnosed, non‐invasive breast carcinomas were studied by electron microscopy to elucidate the ultrastructural features for an accurate diagnosis of in situ carcinoma. The results obtained revealed two patterns of basal lamina/stromal cells relationship. One pattern showed intact basal lamina with associated periductal stromal cells consisting entirely of fibroblasts, the other pattern showed disruption of basal lamina by gaps and malignant cell protrusions with associated stromal cells consisting of both fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. As myofibroblasts are not a component of normal breast stroma but are known to be a prominent feature in the stroma of infiltrating breast carcinoma, the present observations suggest that myofibroblastic proliferation around in situ carcinoma represents an early sign of carcinomatous infiltration. Hence the definitive diagnosis of non‐invasive carcinoma of the breast requires an intact basal lamina and a complete absence of a myofibroblastic reaction.
Cluster differentiation antigen expression, proliferative activity and clinical stage in centroblastic centrocytic lymphomas
Authors: Williamson J. M. S. , Grigor I. , Smith M. E. F. , Holgate C. S. , Quirke P. , Bird C. C. , Alison D. L. , Child J. A.
Published: June 2005

Using a panel of B‐cell antibodies recognizing clusters of leucocyte differentiation antigens, immunostaining patterns of eight reactive lymph nodes and 28 centroblastic/centrocytic and centrocytic lymphomas have been studied. Centroblastic/centrocytic and centrocytic lymphomas retained many of the B‐cell differentiation antigens and neoplastic follicles partially recapitulated the staining patterns observed in reactive follicles. Centrocytic lymphomas usually expressed a heavy chain mantle zone‐like phenotype. Nearly one‐half of follicular lymphomas showed extension of neoplastic cells into interfollicular areas as evidenced by positivity for CD 10 (common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia) and/or CD9 (immature B‐cell) and CD23 (B‐blast cell) antigens. Cases showing interfollicular involvement also manifested considerable phenotypic heterogeneity. Light chain restriction could not be used to determine interfollicular involvement because of the presence of many non‐neoplastic cells. Most follicular lymphomas retained a polyclonal mantle around at least some neoplastic follicles and in no case was a monoclonal mantle seen. Most lymphomas (16/21) were diploid when examined by flow cytometry. Diploid tumours exhibiting interfollicular lymphomatous involvement had high proliferation (S + G2) fractions and these lymph nodes were usually derived from patients with widespread disease. Tumours containing a high percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phases displayed fewer B‐cell differentiation antigens than tumours with low G0/G1 fractions.
Endocrine differentiation of extra‐pulmonary small cell carcinoma demonstrated by immunohistochemistry using antibodies to PGP 9.5, neuron‐specific enolase and the C‐flanking peptide of human pro‐bombesin
Authors: Springall David R. , Ibrahim Nassif B. N. , Rode Jurgen , Sharpe Mandy S. , Bloom Stephen R. , Polak Julia M.
Published: June 2005

Several recent studies have confirmed the endocrine nature of small cell carcinoma of the lung. In extra‐pulmonary sites, small cell ‘undifferentiated’ carcinomas have classical morphological features similar to their pulmonary counterpart. We therefore investigated, using immunocytochemistry, the possibility that the non‐pulmonary neoplasms may also be endocrine in nature. Sections of 29 small cell carcinomas from oesophagus, stomach, larynx, colon and urinary bladder were immunostained using antisera to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), cytokeratin, leucocyte common antigen and peptides including bombesin, the C‐flanking peptide of human probombesin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, neurotensin, calcitonin and pancreatic polypeptide. All the tumours showed immunoreactivity for at least one of the two general endocrine markers PGP 9.5 and NSE. Twenty‐three of the 29 cases were immunoreactive for PGP 9.5, 27 for NSE. All were positive for cytokeratin and negative for leucocyte common antigen. Of the regulatory peptides, immunoreactivity was obtained with antisera to bombesin (one case), the C‐flanking peptide of human pro‐bombesin (14 cases), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (one case) and calcitonin (three cases). No PGP 9.5‐, NSE‐or peptide‐like immunoreactivity was detected in 25 control tumours from similar sites, including lymphomas and poorly differentiated tumours. These results suggest that non‐pulmonary small cell carcinoma has an endocrine character.
The toxic plant proteins ricin and abrin induce apoptotic changes in mammalian lymphoid tissues and intestine
Authors: Griffiths Gareth D. , Leek Michael D. , Gee D. J.
Published: June 2005

The toxins ricin and abrin are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis. Apoptosis has been shown to be induced in some cells by cycloheximide and actinomycin D whereas the process is prevented in other cells by the same agents, both inhibitors of protein synthesis. We were interested to find whether ricin and abrin caused any apoptotic changes in rapidly dividing tissues where we believed that these toxins concentrate. Rats were injected intramuscularly with toxin and killed at time intervals, tissues being removed and examined by light and electron microscopy.

Apoptotic‐like bodies were abundant in para‐aortic lymph nodes, Peyer's patches and ileal crypts of ricin or abrin intoxicated rats. Abrin was found to cause markedly more pronounced changes in these tissues, when compared with a similar dose of ricin. Prior to this, these toxins have been reported as causing necrosis in animal tissues.
Reaction of monoclonal anti Leu M1—a myelomonocytic marker (CD15)—with normal and neoplastic epithelia
Authors: Sewell Herb F. , Jaffray Bruce , Thompson W. Douglas
Published: June 2005

The present study describes the distribution of Leu M1 (CD15) immunoreactivity in 13 normal epithelia and 14 epithelial neoplasms. The findings are compared with those obtained using other epithelial markers. Cautionary points and broad recommendations are made with regard to use of anti Leu M1 antibody.