bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Budgeting Concepts for Nurse Managers
Authors: Jensen Susan
Published: August 2006

Budgeting Concepts for Nurse Managers, Steven A. Finkler, third edition, 2001, paperback, 439 pp $56.95
Essentials of Nursing Leadership and Management
Authors: Turner Cynthia D.
Published: August 2006

Essentials of Nursing Leadership and Management, Ruth M. Tapper, Sally A. Weiss, Diane K. Whitehead, third edition, 2004, softcover, 352 pp $31.95
Reclaiming the Passion: Stories that Celebrate the Essence of Nursing
Authors: Gerdes Susan
Published: August 2006

Reclaiming the Passion: Stories that Celebrate the Essence of Nursing, Kristin Baird, 2004, softcover, 208 pages $15.95
Pregnancy and Birth Sourcebook
Authors: Austin Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2006

Pregnancy and Birth Sourcebook, Amy L. Sutton, second ed, 2004, hardcover, 626 pages $78
Leadership in Action: A Manager's Guide to Success
Authors: Ouellette Mary‐Ellen
Published: August 2006

Leadership in Action: A Manager's Guide to Success, Carol Petersen, 2004, softcover, 241 pp $45 member/$56 nonmember
Questions That Work: How to Ask Questions That Will Help You Succeed in Any Business Situation
Authors: Cunningham Pearl
Published: August 2006

Questions That Work: How to Ask Questions That Will Help You Succeed in Any Business Situation, Andrew Finlayson, 2001, softcover, 366 pp $17.95
Access Device Guidelines: Recommendations for Nursing Practice and Education
Authors: Pease Gene
Published: August 2006

Access Device Guidelines: Recommendations for Nursing Practice and Education, Dawn Camp‐Sorrell, second edition, 2004, softcover, 141 pp $40
Handbook of Pain Relief in Older Adults: An Evidence‐Based Approach
Authors: Mathis Mary G.
Published: August 2006

Handbook of Pain Relief in Older Adults: An Evidence‐Based Approach, F. Michael Gloth, III, 2003, hardcover, 264 pp $99.50
New Manager's Starter Kit: Essential Tools for Doing the Job Right
Authors: Wellman Diane
Published: August 2006

New Manager's Starter Kit: Essential Tools for Doing the Job Right, Robert Crittendon, 2002, softcover, 182 pp $17.95
A Criterion‐Referenced Measure of Latex Allergy Knowledge
Authors: Kleinbeck S.V.M. , English N.L. , Sherley M.A. , Howes J.
Published: August 2006

The exponential use of latex products has increased patients' and health care workers' sensitization to natural rubber latex. The purpose of this research study was to develop and test a set of items designed to measure professional nurses' knowledge about natural rubber latex reactions and interventions appropriate for latex precautions. The items were developed from research reports in the literature and changed to reflect the suggestions offered by experienced perioperative nurses (pilot = 8) and three nationally known experts in latex allergy responses. The revised form was mailed to the home or distributed at the workplace of perioperative nurses (n = 158). Criteria for item retention were <.90 difficulty index and clinical relevance. Certified nurses (ie, CNORs) scored significantly higher than other nurses who took the test at the same time (t‐test = 2.00, P =.05). A pretest and posttest evaluation of the revised 20 items was conducted before and after a latex allergy continuing education program during the spring of 1998. The current knowledge test (ie, version 1.1) has reliability (alpha =.80); content validity (CVI =.92); and accumulated evidence of construct validity (preinstruction mean = 14.16, postinstruction mean = 17.15, t‐paired = 10.54, df = 70, P = <.001). An empirically, developed professional nurse latex allergy competency test suitable for clinical use was the outcome of this research study.
Hospital Explores Winning Balance in Perioperative Education
Authors: Onstott Anne T.
Published: August 2006

Although there are a number of education models used today that expose bachelor of nursing degree students to perioperative nursing, producing nursing graduates who have the education and experience needed to work in the demanding perioperative arena is a challenge for education facilities. The University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, has developed a perioperative education model that interfaces with one of the university's clinical sites, University Hospital, Denver, to achieve a winning balance between perioperative education and employment. The model provides nursing students with a realistic perspective of the OR and gives the employer an opportunity to thoroughly evaluate potential employees—beyond a resume and references.
Moving from an Hourly Pay Model to a Professional Salary Model
Authors: Avigne Gail , Guin Peggy , Pittman Linda , Surdez Maureen
Published: August 2006

The traditional hourly pay structure may no longer meet the needs of staff members, managers, or patients in the current health care environment. Staff members at a university surgical center ventured toward a professional salary model. The goals of the salary model were to increase professional practice, accountability, autonomy, and flexibility of nurses; increase overall efficiency of the facility; and to increase or maintain patient, staff member, and physician satisfaction. Data from this study indicate that the majority of these goals were met.
Advanced Design in Nursing Research
Authors: Anthony Margaret
Published: August 2006

Advanced Design in Nursing Research, second ed By Pamela J. Brink, Mariynn J. Wood 1997, 413 pp $42.95 paperback
Harvesting and Implanting Allograft Bone
Authors: Carter Gordon
Published: August 2006

Allograft bone (ie, bone that is obtained from a donor) implantation is used for bone replacement and for reconstructing serious bone defects during total joint revision surgery. It is also used for bone replacement after large excisions of bone tumors. An extensive variety of laboratory tests must be completed, appropriate storage facilities for allograft bone have to be available, and protocols must be developed before a facility can set up a bone bank. Many ethical issues and nursing responsibilities need to be considered before the decision is made to use allograft bone. AORN J 70 (Oct 1999) 660‐670.
Exploring Frameless Stereotactic Image Guided Surgery
Authors: Tessman Charles
Published: August 2006

Frameless stereotactic image guided surgery (IGS)—a fairly new modality originally used in cranial neurosurgical procedures—has been found to have several advantages over traditional framed methods of three‐dimensional navigation. Frameless stereotactic IGS is proving useful in neurosurgical procedures by allowing screws to be placed in the spine more quickly and accurately than with traditional methods. As IGS becomes standard clinical practice for certain spinal procedures—overlapping both neurosurgery and orthopedic specialties—new ideas for surgical application of the technology are developing. Currently, frameless stereotactic IGS is being investigated for use in hardware placement in orthopedic procedures and for endoscopic navigation in otorhinolaryngologic sinus procedures. Frameless stereotactic IGS is expected to gain application approval in both orthopedic and otorhinolaryngologic specialties from the US Food and Drug Administration in the near future. AORN J 69 (March 1999) 498–512.
Use of Decompressive Craniectomy After Severe Head Trauma
Authors: Wick Jane , Wade James , Rohrer Daniel , O'Neill Oisin
Published: August 2006

Ten percent of head injuries qualify as “severe,” requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment. This level I trauma center uses an aggressive approach to treatment of severe head injuries and, when indicated, intervenes with decompressive craniectomy. This article explains decompressive craniectomy, including indications, procedures, and protocols. The case studies presented highlight two patients with profound head injuries. Additionally, cranioplasty replacement of autograft flap is explained and discussed. AORN J 69 (March 1999) 517–529.
Temporary Abdominal Closure Using an IV Bag Silo for Severe Trauma
Authors: Fox Vicki J. , Miller Julie , Nix A. Meredithe
Published: August 2006

Patients with severe abdominal trauma injuries can have improved outcomes if a priority‐oriented approach is taken to surgical intervention. This includes temporary abdominal closure and planned reoperation to complete complex, lengthy procedures when the patient is stabilized. Temporary abdominal closure can be achieved safely and cost‐effectively by using a presterilized 3‐liter cystoscopy fluid IV bag. This article discusses the rationale for temporary abdominal closure and planned reoperation, physiologic considerations in abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), abdominal injuries or conditions leading to ACS, and manifestations of ACS. It compares and contrasts various materials used for temporary abdominal closure, illustrates bag preparation and silo application and removal, and analyzes complex intraoperative and postoperative nursing activities. AORN J 69 (March 1999) 530–541.
Is the Robotic Arm a Cost‐effective Surgical Tool?
Authors: Dunlap Karen D. , Wanzer Linda
Published: August 2006

With the advancement of technology, OR managers must properly appraise new tools and blend their resources to achieve optimal cost benefits. This article examines and compares five research studies to determine if the robotic arm can effectively provide the surgeon complete control of the surgical field and alleviate the need for a human camera holder assistant. The study results indicate the robotic arm not only outperforms human camera holders, but also reduces laparoscopic surgical operating time, resulting in improved efficiency and cost savings to the institution. AORN J 68 (August 1998) 265–272
Patient Satisfaction with 23‐Hour “Short‐Stay” Observation Following Breast Cancer Surgery
Authors: Graling Paula R.
Published: August 2006

Patient Satisfaction with 23‐Hour “Short‐Stay” Observation Following Breast Cancer Surgery, CC Burke, 24, May 1997, Oncology Nursing Forum, 645–651
Preventing Misdiagnosis of Women
Authors: Stevens Janice E.
Published: August 2006

Preventing Misdiagnosis of Women, By Elizabeth A. Klonoff, Hope Landrine 1997, 152 pp $19.95 paperback
Improving Glove Barrier Effectiveness
Authors: Rabussay Dietmar , Korniewicz Denise M.
Published: August 2006

Perioperative staff members depend on surgical gloves to prevent disease transmission between themselves and patients, but these gloves frequently fail during use. Three approaches can make surgical gloves more effective barriers: preventing glove failures, monitoring glove integrity, and improving glove quality. Failure prevention includes modifying surgical techniques, improving instruments and equipment, streamlining teamwork, selecting the most appropriate gloves, double gloving, and performing preventive glove changes. Glove integrity monitoring can be performed visually or by feel, by wearing glove pairs with color‐puncture indicators, or by using electronic monitoring devices. Glove quality improvements must be accompanied by testing methods that reflect in‐use conditions. A glove rating system that is based on in‐use performance may enhance glove safety substantially. AORN J 66 (Dec 1997) 1043–1063.
ORBIS—Training Nurses Worldwide in Ophthalmic Care
Authors: Watts Karen , Taylor Helen , Taylor Kevin
Published: August 2006

The unique nature of the ORBIS teaching mission is reflected in many arenas. The ORBIS organization recognizes that the nurse's role is critical to achieving their mission of preventing blindness through education, hence the emphasis on nurse education. The roles of the head nurse, nurse educator, staff nurses, and the bio‐medical engineering department are discussed briefly with emphasis on the needs assessment and the different programs offered to meet the identified needs.
The Phenomenon of Compassion Fatigue in Perioperative Nursing
Authors: Schwam Kendall
Published: August 2006

Compassion fatigue is described as the emotional burden that health care providers may experience as a result of overexposure to a traumatic event that has befallen victims. Perioperative nurses are experiencing increased exposure to major traumatic events within their practice, especially those nurses who work in level I trauma centers. This article helps nurses identify risks for compassion fatigue and symptoms associated with this form of stress.
The Best Friends Approach to Alzheimer's Care
Authors: Husher Stephen F.
Published: August 2006

The Best Friends Approach to Alzheimer's Care By Virginia Bell, David Troxel 1997, 250 pp $24.95 paperback
Chemical Sensitivity: The Truth about Environmental Illness
Authors: Schild Sophia M.
Published: August 2006

Chemical Sensitivity: The Truth about Environmental Illnes By Ronald E. Gots 1998, 212 pp $26.95 hardcover
Are All Sterilization Processes Alike?
Authors: Muscarella Lawrence F.
Published: August 2006

Automated processes designed to sterilize reusable medical instruments use heat and low‐temperature chemicals. Several factors, including the physical properties of the sterilizing agents and whether all of the instruments' surfaces can be adequately cleaned, can cause significant variations in the reliability and effectiveness of the sterilization processes. Instruments exposed to heat‐based sterilization processes pose the lowest probability of transmitting diseases between patients. Heat can conduct through many different types of materials and can destroy microorganisms embedded under layers of patient debris. Studies have demonstrated, however, that‐unlike heat‐low‐temperature chemicals require direct contact with the microorganisms to be effective. Moreover, the complex designs of some instruments can adversely affect the low‐temperature sterilization processes' outcomes by hindering cleaning and preventing the flow of low‐temperature chemicals to all of the instruments' contaminated surfaces. This article will explore the differences between heat‐based and low‐temperature chemical processes to help health care providers minimize the risk of cross‐infection. AORN J 67 (May 1998) 966–976.
A Study of Patterns and Prevention of Blood Exposures in OR Personnel
Authors: Jagger Janine , Bentley Melanie , Tereskerz Patricia
Published: August 2006

The authors conducted a surveillance study of occupational blood exposures in the ORs at six hospitals to identify risk patterns and prevention strategies. For 15 months, trained circulating nurses recorded OR staff members' exposures during all surgical procedures using a modified version of the Exposure Prevention Information Network surveillance system. It was discovered that a high proportion of percutaneous injuries were potentially preventable if safer devices had been used, and the authors estimate that use of blunt suture needles alone could reduce injuries by 30%. Increased use of barrier precautions is indicated to prevent mucocutaneous blood exposures. Health care workers' eyes were identified in the study as being the most vulnerable location for serious blood exposures. AORN J 67 (May 1998) 979–996.
The Evolving Role of Advanced Practice Nurses in Surgery
Authors: Hodson Denise M.
Published: August 2006

Health care reform has created many opportunities for advanced practice nurses and for OR nurses who want to go beyond traditional circulating and scrub roles. This article will briefly differentiate between expanded and advanced nursing practice and offer a definition and conceptual model for the surgical arena. Literature will be reviewed related to development, evaluation, and practice issues of the emerging role of the surgical advanced practice nurse. AORN J 67 (May 1998) 998‐1009.
Should Do‐Not‐Resuscitate Orders Be Suspended During Surgical Procedures?
Authors: McGraw Kristin S.
Published: August 2006

One of the most controversial ethical dilemmas faced by perioperative nurses, surgeons, and anesthesia care providers is the do‐not‐resuscitate (DNR) order for a surgical patient. This article discusses Informed consent, decision makers, laws and policy, DNR orders, and ethical considerations. AORN J 67 (April 1998) 794–799.
Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology: A Review
Authors: Gavaghan Mary
Published: August 2006

This article reviews the normal anatomy and physiology of the heart. Understanding the normal anatomic and physiologic relationships described in this article will help perioperative nurses care for patients who are undergoing cardiac procedures. Such knowledge also assists nurses in educating patients about cardiac procedures and about activities that can prevent, reverse, or improve cardiac illness. AORN J 67 (April 1998) 802–822.
Perioperative Nursing Care When Sudden Patient Death Occurs in the OR
Authors: Onstott Anne T.
Published: August 2006

This article explores how nurses cope with sudden death in the OR. It reviews the literature on this topic and explores grief and bereavement models, as well as provides a discussion of clinical coping methods identified through nursing experience. An education model presents information about implementing nursing care for the patient and family members. Critical care nursing research has been used to develop the model with adaptation to the perioperative setting. The model discusses the value of support for perioperative nurses and peers experiencing sudden patient death. AORN J 67 (March 1998) 829–836.
Normalization Using Weighted Negative Second Order Exponential Error Functions (NeONORM) Provides Robustness Against Asymmetries in Comparative Transcriptome Profiles and Avoids False Calls
Authors: Noth Sebastian , Brysbaert Guillaume , Benecke Arndt
Published: August 2006

Studies on high-throughput global gene expression using microarray technology have generated ever larger amounts of systematic transcriptome data. A major challenge in exploiting these heterogeneous datasets is how to normalize the expression profiles by inter-assay methods. Different non-linear and linear normalization methods have been developed, which essentially rely on the hypothesis that the true or perceived logarithmic fold-change distributions between two different assays are symmetric in nature. However, asymmetric gene expression changes are frequently observed, leading to suboptimal normalization results and in consequence potentially to thousands of false calls. Therefore, we have specifically investigated asymmetric comparative transcriptome profiles and developed the normalization using weighted negative second order exponential error functions (NeONORM) for robust and global inter-assay normalization. NeONORM efficiently damps true gene regulatory events in order to minimize their misleading impact on the normalization process. We evaluated NeONORM’s applicability using artificial and true experimental datasets, both of which demonstrated that NeONORM could be systematically applied to inter-assay and inter-condition comparisons.
Predicting the Subcellular Localization of Human Proteins Using Machine Learning and Exploratory Data Analysis
Authors: Acquaah-Mensah George K. , Leach Sonia M. , Guda Chittibabu
Published: August 2006

Identifying the subcellular localization of proteins is particularly helpful in the functional annotation of gene products. In this study, we use Machine Learning and Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) techniques to examine and characterize amino acid sequences of human proteins localized in nine cellular compartments. A dataset of 3,749 protein sequences representing human proteins was extracted from the SWISS-PROT database. Feature vectors were created to capture specific amino acid sequence characteristics. Relative to a Support Vector Machine, a Multi-layer Perceptron, and a Naïve Bayes classifier, the C4.5 Decision Tree algorithm was the most consistent performer across all nine compartments in reliably predicting the subcellular localization of proteins based on their amino acid sequences (average Precision=0.88; average Sensitivity=0.86). Furthermore, EDA graphics characterized essential features of proteins in each compartment. As examples, proteins localized to the plasma membrane had higher proportions of hydrophobic amino acids; cytoplasmic proteins had higher proportions of neutral amino acids; and mitochondrial proteins had higher proportions of neutral amino acids and lower proportions of polar amino acids. These data showed that the C4.5 classifier and EDA tools can be effective for characterizing and predicting the subcellular localization of human proteins based on their amino acid sequences.
Truth, Agency and the Hutton Report: A Reply to Diana Coole
Authors: MENDUS SUSAN
Published: August 2006

In her provocative article, ‘Agency, Truth and Meaning: Judging the Hutton Report’, Diana Coole makes two important claims: first, that ‘political inquiry is impoverished to the extent that theorists … ignore the more mundane reports and statements that help constitute everyday political life’; and secondly, that a theoretical analysis of the Hutton Report shows it to have been informed by a particular conception of truth (Lord Hutton's own conception) that largely guaranteed its conclusions and served to make Dr Kelly and the BBC ‘victims of a particular sense of truth’.

I share Coole's belief that political theorists should contribute more to the analysis and understanding of ‘mundane’ texts, but I have grave reservations about the kind of analysis she favours, and about its implications in this particular case. It seems to me that her focus on truth is de-politicizing, while her conclusion that Dr David Kelly was a ‘victim’ rests upon a simplistic understanding of moral agency and responsibility. If we wish to bring the resources of theory to bear on everyday political texts, we do better, I suggest, to focus on moral and political philosophy than on epistemology.

TRUTH

Coole claims that the conclusions of the Hutton Report were informed (even determined) by a ‘positivist-juridical (empiricist-legalistic)’ conception of truth, one which displayed ‘antipathy towards the idea that truth is a matter of interpretation and hence dependent on subjective judgements’. As this conception worked its way through the inquiry it ‘guaranteed’ partisan conclusions that were at odds with the self-understanding of other protagonists in the affair, most notably that of Dr David Kelly.
The Shaping of Irish Presbyterian Attitudes to Mission, 1790–1840
Authors: HOLMES ANDREW
Published: August 2006

This article explores the various factors that both encouraged Irish Presbyterian involvement in mission and shaped how they understood their missionary calling. It contributes to the recent growth of interest in the Protestant missionary movement and takes issue with the predominant interpretation of Irish Presbyterianism offered by David Miller who misunderstands the complex relationship between traditional Presbyterianism, evangelicalism and modernity. After an overview of the main developments between 1790 and 1840, a consideration of the influence of the Reformed theological tradition, eschatology and the growth of evangelicalism is followed by an examination of the Enlightenment, the expansion of the British empire and the Presbyterian sense of patriotic duty. Though various non-religious factors shaped Presbyterian attitudes to mission, it will be argued that their active involvement was a product of sincere religious conviction and an eschatological reading of the signs of the times.
Isabel of Aragon (d. 1336): Model Queen or Model Saint?
Authors: McCLEERY IONA
Published: August 2006

Very little work has been done on Iberian queens and even less on Iberian saints. This study of Isabel of Aragon (c. 1270–1336), wife of King Dinis of Portugal (1279–1325), who was venerated as a saint from shortly after her death, aims to explore the relationship between Isabel's queenship and her sainthood. It engages with recent research, and critiques obvious comparisons between Isabel and her great-aunt St Elizabeth of Thuringia. Isabel may also be compared with numerous other medieval European queens and her main vita displays striking similarities to royal courtesy literature found elsewhere.
A new species of Biemna (Porifera: Poecilosclerida) from Antarctica: Biemna strongylota
Authors: Ríos Pilar , Cristobo Javier
Published: August 2006

A new species of Biemna, Biemnastrongylota sp. nov. is described from Antarctica. The new species is compared to other Antarctic species of Biemna, B. chilensis and B. macrorhaphis from which it differs in that it possesses strongyle megascleres, instead of styles, and of the microsclere complement which includes microxeas, raphides and two categories of sigmata.
New coral reef boring sponges (Hadromerida: Clionaidae) from the Mexican Pacific Ocean
Authors: Bautista-Guerrero Eric , Carballo José Luis , Cruz-Barraza José Antonio , Nava Héctor H.
Published: August 2006

Two alpha growth form species of boring sponges, Clionapocillopora sp. nov. and Cliona mucronata are described from coral reefs in the Mexican Pacific Ocean. Clionapocillopora sp. nov. is a light brown sponge containing tylostyles that measure 146×5 μm. Tylostyles are generally curved and have a globular or mucronated head, sometimes placed at some distance from the proximal end. In addition, straight, short and thick tylostrongyles and centrotylote oxea occasionally appear. Cliona mucronata is reported for the first time in the eastern Pacific Ocean. It is a red to red-orange sponge with two types of tylostyles, long and slender tylostyles, and short ensiform tylostyles. Both species have been found exclusively excavating corals of the genus Pocillopora. The boring activity of Clionapocillopora sp. nov. produces a network of galleries with mainly rectangular or polygonal chambers measuring from 0.7 to 2.4 mm in diameter, and C. mucronata produces a network of reticulate galleries with irregularly spherical or ovoid chambers 1.14×0.67 mm in diameter.
Reclassification of the clausophyid siphonophore Clausophyes ovata into the genus Kephyes gen. nov.
Authors: Pugh P.R.
Published: August 2006

Comparisons are made between the species currently called Clausophyes ovata and other Clausophyes species. It is concluded that Cl. ovata should be removed to another genus and, consequently, the genus Kephyes gen. nov. is established for it. The relationships of all clausophyid genera are briefly discussed.
Morphology of Xenodasys (Gastrotricha): the first species from the Mediterranean Sea and the establishment of Chordodasiopsis gen. nov. and Xenodasyidae fam. nov.
Authors: Todaro M.A. , Guidi L. , Leasi F. , Tongiorgi P.
Published: August 2006

During a survey of the Italian marine meiofauna, several specimens of the rare gastrotrich genus Xenodasys were found in a submarine cave along the Ionian coast of Apulia. The finding represents the first record of the genus for the Mediterranean Sea and reinforces the consideration of marine caves as habitats of high naturalistic value. The specimens, analysed using different microscopy techniques, showed a new species, named Xenodasys eknomios. Scanning electron microscopy, unveiling the astonishing morphology of this unusual gastrotrich, indicates that, due to technical artefacts, light microscopy may generate unreal features, which in the past may have led to the misinterpretation of the anatomical traits of these creatures. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the ‘Seitenfüsschen’, are genuine elements of the adhesive apparatus, in contrast with previous investigation, which attributed an exclusive sensorial function to these organs. Confocal laser scanning microscopy, combined with actin-binding fluorochromes, revealed muscular elements in a region where originally the muscular chordoid organ was reported for gastrotrich species belonging to the genus Chordodasys. A taxonomic revision of the species currently allocated to the genus Xenodasys led to the establishment of Chordodasiopsis gen. nov. to integrate the former Xenodasys (=Chordodasys) antennatus and to the drafting of emended diagnosis of the genus Xenodasys. An overview of the high-rank systematization of these genera is also provided, with the establishment of Xenodasyidae fam. nov. to allocate both Xenodasys and Chordodasiopsis.
Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) in the German Bight (North Sea)—species diversity during the past 130 years
Authors: Boos Karin , Franke Heinz-Dieter
Published: August 2006

In this study, an overview of the current species composition of ophiuroids off Helgoland, German Bight (North Sea) is given. In addition, abundance and distribution of ophiuroids on different types of soft bottom sediments taken by van Veen grab samples around Helgoland were recorded. The literature was reviewed in order to outline the diversity of ophiuroid species over the past 130 years in the inner German Bight. In the historical literature, quantitative references often apply to verbal descriptions and thus make comparisons to modern data and assessment of possible changes in abundance rather subjective.

In total, six ophiuroid species were identified off Helgoland: Acrocnida brachiata, Amphiura filiformis, Amphipholis squamata, Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiura albida and Ophiura ophiura. The species found in this study had also been reported by previous investigators and are regarded as ‘common’ species in the German Bight. Occasional findings in this area refer to Amphiura chiajei, Ophiopholis aculeata, Ophiocten affinis and Ophiura sarsi, which are regarded here as ‘rare’ species. These findings, however, do not indicate sustainable changes in the species diversity over time.

Apart from Acrocnida brachiata, a newcomer in the 1970s, findings of the common species mentioned above can be dated back to 1875. Therefore, a fairly stable composition of brittle stars is represented in the inner German Bight during the past 130 years.
The ocean sunfish Mola mola: insights into distribution, abundance and behaviour in the Irish and Celtic Seas
Authors: Houghton Jonathan D.R. , Doyle Thomas K. , Davenport John , Hays Graeme C.
Published: August 2006

Here we provide baseline data on the distribution and abundance of Mola mola within the Irish and Celtic Seas, made during aerial surveys from June to October during 2003–2005. These data were considered in conjunction with concurrent observations of three potential jellyfish prey species found throughout the region: Rhizostoma octopus, Chrysaora hysoscella and Cyanea capillata. A total area of 7850 km2 was surveyed over the three years with an observed abundance of 68 sunfish giving a density of 0.98 ind/100 km2. Although modest, these findings highlight that the species is more common than once thought around Britain and Ireland and an order of magnitude greater than the other apex jellyfish predator found in the region, the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). Furthermore, the distribution of sunfish sightings was inconsistent with the extensive aggregations of Rhizostoma octopus found throughout the study area. The modelled distributions of predator–prey co-occurrence (using data for all three jellyfish species) was less than the observed co-occurrence with the implication that neither jellyfish nor sunfish were randomly distributed but co-occurred more in the same areas than expected by chance. Finally, observed sunfish were typically small (∼1 m or less) and seen to either bask or actively swim at the surface.
Romans 12.4–8: One Sentence or Two?
Authors: BERDING KENNETH
Published: August 2006

Is Rom 12.4–8 to be read as one sentence or as two sentences – do verses 12.6–8 form a different sentence from Rom 12.4–5, or does the sentence begun in v. 4 continue all the way through to the end of v. 8? One initial difficulty when considering this problem is that grammarians and commentators discussing this issue usually comment on one or two (or none) of the seven or so pertinent issues in the passage and then offer their opinion as to whether this is one sentence or two. Romans 12.4–8, however, features a number of difficult issues that must be held together in order to arrive at an adequate understanding of what Paul intends. The goal of this short study is to consider each of these issues and to argue that a one-sentence reading is the most satisfying option.
Greenbottle (Lucilia sericata) Larval Secretions Delivered from a Prototype Hydrogel Wound Dressing Accelerate the Closure of Model Wounds
Authors: Smith Annie G. , Powis Rachel A. , Pritchard David I. , Britland Stephen T.
Published: August 2006

The resurgence of larval biotherapy as a debridement tool in wound management has been accompanied by several clinical reports highlighting concomitant tissue regeneration. Studies employing in vitro cell motility assays have found that purified excretory/secretory (ES) products from Greenbottle larvae (blowfly, Lucilia sericata) are motogenic for human dermal fibroblasts when used as a supplement in culture media. The objective of the present study was to determine whether ES delivered using a prototype hydrogel wound dressing induced similar motogenic effects on fibroblastic (3T3) and epithelial cells (HaCaTs) comprising a scratched‐monolayer wound model. Quantitative analysis by MTT assay failed to detect significant mitogenic effects of ES on either cell type. Quantitative image analysis revealed that ES exposure markedly accelerated wound closure through a motogenic effect on both fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Quantitative histochemical analysis detected significantly higher phosphotyrosine (pTyr) expression in ES‐exposed cell cultures than in controls; moreover immunocytochemistry revealed conspicuously raised levels of pTyr expression in cells located at the wound margin. By attenuation with a panel of enzyme inhibitors these effects were attributed to the protease components of ES. The present results suggest that controlled delivery of ES as a follow‐up to maggot debridement therapy may be an effective therapeutic option for stimulation of tissue regeneration in wound management.
Cholinesterase activity in human pulmonary arteries and veins
Authors: Walch L , Taisne C , Gascard J P , Nashashibi N , Brink C , Norel X
Published: August 2006

Human isolated pulmonary vessels were treated with cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors to determine the role of these enzymes in regulating vascular muscle tone. In addition, kinetic parameters were determined for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in human pulmonary vessel homogenates.

Carbachol (CCh) and acetylcholine (ACh) were equipotent contractile agonists in human pulmonary arteries (pD2 values, 5.28±0.05 and 5.65±0.16; Emax, 0.91±0.26 and 0.98±0.30 g wt. for CCh and ACh, respectively; n=7). In venous preparations, ACh was ineffective and CCh induced small contractions (Emax, 0.08±0.04 g wt.; n=13).

In human pulmonary arteries following pretreatment with tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso‐OMPA, 100 μM), an increased sensitivity to the contractile agonist ACh was observed (pD2 values, 5.80±0.13 and 6.37±0.19 for control and treated preparations, respectively; n=5). This pretreatment had no effect on the CCh concentration response curve. In contrast, human pulmonary veins pretreated with iso‐OMPA failed to elicit a contractile response to ACh.

Neither Iso‐OMPA nor neostigmine elicited concentration‐dependent contractions in human isolated pulmonary arteries or veins. These results suggest the absence of sufficient spontaneous release of ACh to modulate human pulmonary vessel basal tone.

CCh was less potent than ACh in relaxing precontracted human isolated pulmonary arteries (pD2 value, CCh: 6.55±0.15 and ACh: 7.16±0.13, n=4) and veins (pD2 value, CCh: 4.95±0.13; n=5 and ACh: 5.56±0.17; n=6). Pretreatment of vessels with either iso‐OMPA or neostigmine did not modify ACh relaxant responses in either type of preparation.

In human pulmonary veins, the ChE activity was two fold greater than in arteries (n=6). Vmax for AChE was 1.73±0.24 and 3.36±0.26 miu mg−1 protein in arteries and veins, respectively, whereas Vss for BChE was 1.83±0.22 and 4.71±0.17 miu mg−1 protein, in these respectively.

In human pulmonary arteries, BChE activity may play a role in the smooth muscle contraction but not on the smooth muscle endothelium‐dependent relaxation induced by ACh. A role for ChE activity in the control of venous tone is presently difficult to observe, even though this tissue contains a greater amount of enzyme than the artery.
Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by antisense techniques: investigations of the roles of NO produced by murine macrophages
Authors: Cartwright J E , Johnstone A P , Whitley G St J
Published: August 2006

An antisense approach to block nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was developed, complementing the widely used chemical inhibitors and overcoming problems associated with their use in studying the roles of NO.

Murine macrophage cell lines (J774.2) were generated expressing a 500 bp sequence from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in either the antisense or sense orientation, driven by the SV40 promoter/enhancer region.

Messenger RNA derived from the transfected sequences was detected by a specific cDNA probe. Cells expressing sense and antisense iNOS RNA were characterized further.

The antisense lines produced 22–97% less NO than the sense lines on stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the range 1 ng ml−1–10 μg ml−1, as determined by nitrite production. One antisense line in particular, A10, expressed substantially less iNOS protein on LPS stimulation as determined by western blot analysis.

Adhesion of the antisense line, A10, to cytokine‐stimulated murine endothelial cells (sEnd.1 line) was significantly higher than adhesion of the sense lines. There was a negative correlation between the amount of NO produced, as determined by nitrite accumulation, and the level of adhesion of the transfected lines. This indicates an anti‐adhesive role of NO, produced by macrophages during the 15 min of the assay, in adhesion to endothelial cells.

This novel approach allowed the roles of NO in adhesion to be investigated with the substantial advantage that the contribution of NO produced rapidly by activated macrophages could be studied separately from that produced in a continuous manner by endothelial cells.

These lines, and the extension of this approach, will be of great use in dissecting the contributions of NO produced by different cell types to its many potential functions.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 146–152; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700863
Antihyperglycaemic effect of saccharin in diabetic ob/ob mice
Authors: Bailey Clifford J , Day Caroline , Knapper Jacqueline M E , Turner Susan L , Flatt Peter R
Published: August 2006

The effect of chronic saccharin (benzosulphimide) consumption on glucose homeostasis was examined in normal lean +/+ mice and genetically obese hyperglycaemic insulin‐resistant ob/ob mice.

Consumption of a 5% (w/v) sodium saccharin solution for 7 weeks prevented the development of hyperglycaemia, improved glucose tolerance (area under curve decreased by 51%), reduced the extent of hyperinsulinaemia (by 21%), and reduced excessive weight gain (by 18%) in ob/ob mice.

Consumption of 5% (w/v) sodium saccharin temporarily decreased hyperphagia at the beginning of treatment, decreased hepatic glycogen content (by 47%), increased abdominal muscle glycogen content (by 82%), but did not significantly alter the hypoglycaemic response to exogenous insulin in ob/ob mice.

Consumption of a 1% (w/v) sodium saccharin solution did not prevent the development of hyperglycaemia in ob/ob mice.

Normal lean +/+ mice consuming 5% (w/v) sodium saccharin solution showed a marginal decrease (by 8%) in glycaemia, and glucose tolerance was improved (area under curve decreased by 30%) without a significant change in the insulin response to glucose or the hypoglycaemic effect of exogenous insulin.

The results suggest that chronic consumption of saccharin can defer the development of hyperglycaemia and improve glucose homeostasis in insulin‐resistant ob/ob mice through a mechanism that is independent of insulin.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 74–78; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700871
The potential role of peroxynitrite in the vascular contractile and cellular energetic failure in endotoxic shock
Authors: Zingarelli Basilia , Day Brian J , Crapo James D , Salzman Andrew L , Szabó Csaba
Published: August 2006

Peroxynitrite is a toxic oxidant species produced from nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide. We have recently observed that the cell‐permeable superoxide dismutase mimetic Mn(III)tetrakis(4‐benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP) inhibits the suppression of mitochondrial respiration elicited by authentic peroxynitrite in vitro. Here we have investigated the relative potency of MnTBAP and a range of related compounds in terms of inhibition of peroxynitrite‐induced oxidation and cytotoxicity. In addition, we tested the effects of MnTBAP on the vascular and the cellular energetic failure in rodent models of endotoxic shock.

We observed a dose‐related inhibition of the peroxynitrite‐induced oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123 to rhodamine by MnTBAP, ZnTBAP and FeTBAP, but not by MnTMPyP [(5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(N‐methyl‐4′‐pirydyl)porphinato)‐manganese (III)]. In addition, MnTBAP, ZnTBAP and FeTBAP, but not MnTMPyP prevented the suppression of mitochondrial respiration by authentic peroxynitrite in cultured J774 macrophages.

In rat cultured aortic smooth muscle cells, MnTBAP protected against the suppression of mitochondrial respiration in response to authentic peroxynitrite, immunostimulation and nitric oxide (NO) donor compounds. MnTBAP slightly reduced the amount of nitrite/nitrate produced in response to immunostimulation in these cells.

Administration of MnTBAP, 15 mg kg−1 i.v., before the administration of endotoxin (15 mg kg−1, i.v.) to rats ameliorated the development of vascular hyporeactivity and the development of endothelial dysfunction in the thoracic aorta ex vivo.

MnTBAP also prevented the endotoxin‐induced decrease in mitochondrial respiration, the development of DNA single strand breaks, and the depletion of intracellular NAD+ in peritoneal macrophages ex vivo.

MnTBAP did not inhibit the expression by endotoxin of the inducible NO synthase in lung samples.

MnTBAP did not alter survival rate in mice challenged with high dose endotoxin.

Our findings, taken together with previous data demonstrating protective effects of NO synthase inhibitors against the endotoxin‐induced contractile and energetic failure in the models of shock used in the current study, and with the known ability of peroxynitrite to cause cellular energy depletion, suggest a role for peroxynitrite in the pathogenesis of cellular energetic failure and contractile dysfunction in endotoxin shock.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 259–267; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700872
Different effects of reducing agents on ω‐conotoxin GVIA inhibition of [3H]‐acetylcholine release from rat cortical slices and guinea‐pig myenteric plexus
Authors: Casali T A A , Gomez R S , Moraes‐Santos T , Romano‐Silva M A , Prado M A M , Gomez M V
Published: August 2006

The effect of reducing reagents on ω‐conotoxin GVIA (ω‐CgTX) inhibition of the release of [3H]‐acetylcholine ([3H]‐ACh) induced by tityustoxin, K+ 50 mm and electrical stimulation was investigated in rat brain cortical slices.

In cortical slices the inhibition of tityustoxin or electrically‐stimulated [3H]‐ACh release by ω‐CgTX was dramatically increased by reducing reagents ascorbate or β‐mercaptoethanol. Dehydroascorbic acid did not substitute for ascorbate

Depolarization induced by K+ 50 mm caused [3H]‐ACh release from cortical slices which was not inhibited by ω‐CgTX, even in the presence of ascorbate.

In the guinea‐pig myenteric plexus, ω‐CgTX inhibition of the tityustoxin induced release of [3H]‐ACh was independent of ascorbate.

It is suggested that N‐type‐like calcium channels in guinea‐pig myenteric plexus may have pharmacological/biochemical diversity from similar channels of rat cerebral cortex.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 88–92; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700873
Calcium‐antagonist effects of norbormide on isolated perfused heart and cardiac myocytes of guinea‐pig: a comparison with verapamil
Authors: Bova Sergio , Cargnelli Gabriella , D'Amato Elvira , Forti Stefano , Yang Quan , Trevisi Lucia , Debetto Patrizi , Cima Lorenzo , Luciani Sisto , Padrini Roberto
Published: August 2006

Cardiac effects of norbormide and verapamil were compared in single ventricular myocytes, right atria, and Langendorff perfused hearts isolated from guinea‐pigs.

In ventricular myocytes, norbormide 50 μm inhibited the peak calcium current (ICa) by 49.6±3.9% without altering the shape of the current‐voltage relationship; verapamil 1 μm inhibited ICa by 83.2±3.3%. Neither norbormide nor verapamil affected ICa at the first beat after a 3 min quiescence period; during repeated depolarizations, both drugs cumulatively blocked ICa (use‐dependence), with time constants of 23.0±7.0 s for norbormide and 91.3±8.4 s for verapamil.

In constant‐flow perfused hearts electrically driven at 2.5 Hz or 3.3 Hz, both norbormide and verapamil concentration‐dependently decreased ventricular contractility (dP/dtmax), atrio‐ventricular (AV) conduction velocity and coronary pressure. Intraventricular conduction velocity was slightly decreased by norbormide but not by verapamil. At an equivalent change in AV conduction, norbormide depressed heart contractility less than verapamil. The effects of norbormide on AV conduction, intraventricular conduction, and contractility were frequency‐dependent. Furthermore, the curves correlating the mechanical and electrical effects of norbormide at the two frequencies used were apparently coincident, while those of verapamil were clearly separated.

In spontaneously beating right atria, norbormide and verapamil decreased the frequency of sinus node (SA) in a concentration‐dependent way. At an equivalent effect on the AV conduction, norbormide exerted a greater effect on sinus frequency than verapamil.

These results indicate that in guinea‐pig heart norbormide has the pharmacological profile of a Ca‐antagonist with strong electrophysiological properties. In comparison with verapamil, norbormide is more selective on SA and AV node tissues and exerts a weaker negative inotropic effect on ventricles. In principle, this pattern of effects may be an advantage in treating supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with heart failure. The effect of norbormide on intraventricular conduction may represent an additional antiarrhythmic mechanism.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 19–24; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700876
The effect of CP‐99994 on the responses to provocative motion in the cat
Authors: Lucot J B , Obach R S , McLean S , Watson J W
Published: August 2006

The NK1 receptor antagonist CP‐99994 has been shown to prevent vomiting elicited by both peripherally and centrally acting emetogens in ferrets and dogs. These results have now been extended to another stimulus, provocative motion, and another species, the cat.

CP‐99994 displaced [3H]‐substance P from cat cortex with IC50 of 0.52±0.08 nm. Following s.c. administration, peak plasma drug levels were achieved at 30 min. The plasma drug half life was 1.4 h.

Subcutaneous administration of CP‐99994 inhibited motion‐induced vomiting in the cat with an ED50 of 144 μg kg−1 but did not change the epiphenomena associated with provocative motion in the cat over the dose range of 30 to 300 μg kg−1. The antiemetic effect of CP‐99994 can be attributed to antagonism of the NK1 receptor because its enantiomer, CP‐100,263, which is 900 fold weaker as an NK1 antagonist, had no effects on any response to provocative motion.

The inhibitory effect of CP‐99994 on motion‐induced retching and vomiting is consistent with a central site of antiemetic action, potentially at the level of the motor nuclei responsible for these behaviours.

An investigation into whether the failure of CP‐99994 to alter the epiphenomena will also predict a lack of anti‐nausea effects in man will provide critical information on the neural organization of the emetic reflex.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 116–120; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700888