bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application and trends of motifs and styles on mosque ornamentation in Malaysia: from traditional to global
Authors: Mohd Sojak Siti Dalila , Ahmad @ Taufik Fadhlina , Abdul Rani Muhammad Faizal
Published: December 2023

Mosque architecture in Malaysia has experienced a phase of development from the 16th century to the present. Moreover, mosque design and styles have various typologies which are heavily influenced by sociocultural factors. The diversity of the architectural design of this mosque also displays the development of Islamic culture and civilization which contains various historical backgrounds and influences, as well as having different timelines. However, this diversity of architectural language creates confusion about identity in the Malaysian mosque scenario. The study also found that there is a lack of documentation studies on the development of ornamentation that includes mosque architecture from the traditional to the global era. Therefore, this study aims to document the development of mosque ornamentation in six different eras in Malaysia and obtain the evolution in the application of motifs and styles. The study consists of 28 case studies of a selected iconic mosque which represent six different eras and adopted mix method strategy including content analysis and frequency analysis to track the pattern of changes and trends. The research findings show that changes in ornamentation involve several factors such as regional, colonialism, political, economic, and sociocultural has shaped the influences and styles of Malaysian mosques. This study also important in explaining the development of aesthetic preference and the application of ornamentation across the eras as well as classifying the style of ornamentation in each era of architecture to enrich the discourse of architecture in Malaysia and build a framework of ornamental design features that have a national identity.
A new perspective on cognitive rehabilitation: layout design methods for wandering behavior in dementia patients
Authors: Li Weicong , Syed Mahdzar Sharifah Salwa , Liu Yueling , Jia Qinghua , Shi Wenwen
Published: December 2023

The global prevalence of dementia is on the rise, and existing medical models can no longer fulfill the pervasive need for intervention. Dementia is incurable, but the identification of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) provides a window of opportunity for early intervention. The environmental therapy theory has been widely adopted, however, the implementation pathways and empirical evidence for cognitive behavioral interventions are still limited. The role of interior layout design as one of the environmental elements in guiding human behavioural patterns has been demonstrated by numerous scholars and extended to be explored in relation to perceptual and cognitive behavioural dimensions. There has been a great deal of research on Wandering Behavior In Patients With Cognitive Disorders in the medical field, but only sporadic reports in the field of design. Employing an “environment-behavior-neuroscience” research approach, this paper constructs the relationship between wandering behavior, cognitive function, and environmental factors, and explores the possibility of environmental intervention to improve cognitive functions. The study shows that: 1) The wandering patterns of dementia patients can be guided through landmarks; 2) There is a direct relationship between the depth of spatial communication and the layout, and optimizing the spatial layout can foster communication and theoretically have a restorative effect on cognitive function; 3) Centripetal layouts are more effective in behavior guidance, while multicore circulation path layouts can accommodate the wandering needs of dementia patients. As dementia is incurable, early intervention is the most effective approach, making this research highly valuable.
The Effect of Papaya Leaf Meal on Broiler Productivity
Authors: Hasanah U , Manurung D F , Desnamrina K C
Published: December 2023

Feed is one of the factors that greatly affect the productivity of livestock. Livestock productivity can be known from the performance of livestock. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of papaya leaf meal on livestock performance which includes body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion. This study used 100 DOC of Lohman strain broilers with four ration treatments which as follows: T1 (ration without papaya leaf meal), T2 (ration with 1.5% papaya leaf meal), T3 (ration with 2.5% papaya leaf meal). The results of this study are the treatment has a significant affect to the body weight gain and feed conversion (P<0.05) but there was no significant affect to the ration consumption (P>0.05). T3 (ration with 2.5% papaya leaf meal) can increase body weight gain up to 274.59±20.26 g/head/day and reduce the feed conversion value up to 1.62±0.10. T3 also can reduce ration consumption up to 435.22±20.80 g/head/day. The conclusion of this study is that giving papaya leaf meals up to 2.5% can increase body weight gain, reduce ration consumption and feed conversion of broilers.
The Effect of Biosecurity Implementation on Mortality in Layer Chicken Farming
Authors: Mirwandhono R E , Miranti A , sari T V , Aulia F D
Published: December 2023

Biosecurity is an effort to prevent and control livestock from disease. This study aims to determine the implementation of biosecurity on mortality in the laying hen farming in the Selesai District. Research design was explanatory quantitative. The sample in this study were 55 laying hens farmers. Data collection was carried out through interviews and questionnaires. Data analysis in this study was descriptive statistics using frequency distribution tables, multiple linear regression analysis, and statistical induction inference using Spearman’s rank correlation. Isolation, sanitation, and traffic control on the farm represent the biosecurity measures that were observed. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of biosecurity was in the poor category with an average weight value of 154.3. The variables (sanitation, isolation, and traffic control) simultaneously have an influence on the mortality variable. The implementation of biosecurity and mortality is interpreted as having a positive and unidirectional relationship.
The Study of Sustainable Biodesinfectants for Pig Farms in Samosir Island, Indonesia
Authors: Ginting N , Damanik M
Published: December 2023

Disease control in smallholder pig farms has not been appropriately taken care of on Samosir Island. Pig livestockers suffer a lot of losses due to bacterial infection. Reducing the bacterial population in the pigsty is beneficial for minimizing the access of animals infected with bacteria. One way is by applying a disinfectant. This study investigated the ability of alternative biodesinfectants with four concentrations to eliminate pig-associated Escherichia coli and Salmonella by in-vitro tests. Sustainable biodesinfectans are fermented fruit extract (FFE), and fermented fruits extract plus Agave sisalana (FFE +AS). The antimicrobial activity testing method was the diffusion method with a paper disc. Fermentation of fruit waste to produce FFE is more beneficial than disposing of the waste at a landfill. In this study, the fruit waste used comes from pineapple (Ananas comosus), papaya (Carica papaya), and banana (Musa paradisiaca). FEE + AS is FEE, which refermented to the addition of Agave sisalana. FFE and FFE + AS contain enzymes, organic acids, and microbial. The results showed that FEE +AS 100%, 1: 10, and 1:20 prove to inhibit Escherichia coli and Salmonella. The highest antimicrobial activity was obtained from FEE + AS with an 11.7 mm inhibition zone diameter. Further studies on disinfecting pig sheds are justified to assess their effectiveness.
Analysis of important features to identify potential compound as Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) using C5.0
Authors: Hasibuan L S , Prayitno L
Published: December 2023

AGP (Antibacterial Growth Promoter) functions as an antibiotic that prevents the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract of livestock, so that livestock have a better body weight and feed conversion ratio. Unfortunately, the continuous use of AGP has a detrimental impact on human health, because AGP stimulates pathogenic bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics. Therefore, the search for alternative antibiotics as an alternative for AGP is crucial in livestock production. Conventional search for antibiotics cannot be carried out because of the problemof dereplication. Furthermore, thesearch for antibiotics leads to synthetic compounds. The huge number of candidate compounds available to be tested is a strong reason for using in silico method. This study looks for the best features that can be used to select significant compounds. The feature selection method applied is C5.0, because this method has been widely used in various fields and gives the expected results. Based on the five available descriptors, the topological descriptor gives the best performance among others, especially for the nRings4, SCH.3, khs.dssC and khs.aasN features. While based on all features by all descriptors, there are 8 best features: BCUTc.1h, BCUTp.1l, nBase, nRings4, SCH.3, khs.dssC, khs.aasN, nHBAcc.
Chemical and In Vitro Evaluation of Biscuit of Bangun-Bangun Leaf (Coleus amboinicus Lour)
Authors: Mirwandhono R E , Janviktor Y , Kaban B A E A
Published: December 2023

One of the species of plant that contains lactagogum, which works to stimulate milk production is bangun-bangun leaf. In order to create biscuits which can be used as supplemental feed, bangun-bangun leaf can be used. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the nutritional value and digestibility of leaf biscuits. The study was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara. It took for two months, from August to October 2022, and involved chemical analysis at the Sei Putih Goat Research Laboratory and in vitro analysis at the Feed Science and Technology Laboratory of IPB University. Complete randomization was employed in the design (CRD), which included 4 treatments and 5 replications. P0 = 0% of the leaf, P1 = 6%, P2 = 9%, and P3 = 12% of the leaf. Nutrient content in the form of crude protein, crude fiber, and crude fat were among the parameters measured, along with dry matter digestibility coefficient (DMDC), and organic matter digestibility coefficient (OMDC). The findings demonstrated that the plant-based biscuits had a significant impact (P<0.05) on the values of crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, dry matter digestibility (DMD), and organic matter digestibility (OMD). The study’s finding is that using plant bangun leaf can improve the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter since they contain a high amount of nutrients.
Mesobiliverdin IXα ameliorate DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress in mice
Authors: Lin Y Y , Chang C W T , Takemoto J Y
Published: December 2023

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are enduring conditions distinguished by inflammation of the intestines and the presence of oxidative stress. The present work aimed to examine the possible mitigating effects of Mesobiliverdin IXα (MBV), a bioactive tetrapyrrole metabolite, on colitis produced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice. The mice were divided into four groups: control, DSS, MBV5, and MBV20. The DSS group was administered DSS to induce colitis, while the MBV5 and MBV20 groups received daily doses of Mesobiliverdin IXα at concentrations of 5 μM and 20 μM, respectively, along with DSS treatment. The control group was given a normal diet without DSS. Our results showed that DSS treatment caused significant weight loss in the mice, whereas MBV administration effectively mitigated this weight loss. Although the body weight did not fully recover to the normal level, MBV treatment led to significant improvements in colon weight, colon length, and the ratio of colon weight to colon length. Histological analysis revealed that MBV alleviated the damage to the colon tissue caused by DSS-induced inflammation. Moreover, MBV significantly reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, indicating a reduction in neutrophil activation and inflammation. Overall, our findings demonstrate that MBV effectively mitigates inflammation and oxidative stress in DSS-induced colitis in mice. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of MBV as a natural compound derived from microalgae, which warrants further investigation for the treatment of IBDs in humans.
The Effect of Single Starter Pediococcus pentosaceus Strain N6 Isolate on Yogurt Microbiological Quality and Fatty Acids
Authors: Ketaren N Br , Agustien A
Published: December 2023

Goat milk is a food ingredient with high nutritional content and is a good medium for microbial growth. An effort to maintain the nutritional quality of goat’s milk by a sustainable way, i.e. making milk into yogurt. This study aims to determine the effect of increasing the dose and incubation time on microbiological quality (number of starters, number of coliforms, yeasts, and fungi) and fatty acids of fermented goat’s milk yogurt with isolate Pediococcus pentosaceus Strain N6. The study used a factorial 3 x 3 Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 repetitions. Factor I: starter dose: 3% (D1), 6% (D2), and 9% (D3). Factor II, incubation time: 6 (L1), 12 (L2), and 18 hours (L3). Incubation temperature 45°C. Parameters consist of microbiological quality and yogurt fatty acids. The results of treatment with a starter dose of 9% (D3) and an incubation time of 18 hours (L3) showed a significant effect (P<0.05) on improving the microbiological quality of yogurt. i.e. the number of coliforms, yeast, and fungus. In this study, the total starter colonies were 8.2 x 107 CFU/ml. Caproic (C6), Capric (C10), and Caprylic (C8) fatty acids after fermentation decreased by 1.07%, 2.09%, and 7.06% so the strong aroma of goat’s milk yogurt decreased.
Addition of Synbiotic Pediococcus pentosaceus Strain N6 Isolate and Cassava Peel to the Gastrointestinal Profile of Super Native Chickens
Authors: Ketaren N Br , Nurjanah  , Ismail R
Published: December 2023

This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of synbiotic isolate Pediococcus pentosaceus Strain N6 and cassava peel on the digestive tract profile of super native chickens, which is mixed into the ration of super native chickens. The amount of material used was 100 super native chickens. The method used is an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replicates. The treatments consisted of P0 (Basal ration without the addition of synbiotics (Control)), P1 (Basal ration + feed additive 150 ml/kg ration), P2 (Basal ration + feed additive 300 ml/kg ration), P3 (Basal ration + feed additive 450 ml/kg ration). Parameters observed were slaughter weight, percentage of proventriculus, percentage of gizzard, percentage of small intestine, percentage of cecum, length of small intestine and length of cecum. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and DMRT further test. The results showed that the addition of synbiotic isolate Pediococcus pentosaceus Strain N6 and cassava peel did not have a significant effect (P>0.05) on the percentage of proventriculus with an average of 0.311-0.428%, the percentage of gizzard with an average of 1.939-2.457%, the percentage of small intestine with an average of 2.721-3.959%.
Evaluation Nutrient of Larvae Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) on Fermented Palm Oil Sludge Culture Media
Authors: Ismail R , Trisna A , Tati V S , Amran M
Published: December 2023

Livestock business is affected by 50-70% of feed ingredients. Therefore it needs to find alternative feed ingredients either high nutrient or low cost. This study aims to examine the effect of palm oil sludge fermentation media with different types of fungi and dosage for maintan larvae black soldier fly. The method used in this study was an experimental method by Completely Randomized Factorial Design with 3 replications with 2 factors. Factor A is the type of fungi used with the three treatments and factor B is the dose used with the three treatments. Factor A was the type of fungi used: A1 (Pleurotus ostreatus), A2 (Lentinus edodes) and A3 (Phanerochaete chrysosporium). Factor B is the dose of fungi used: B1 (5%), B2 (7%) and B3 (9%). The variables observed consisted of protein content (%), fat content (%), crude fiber content (%). The mathematical model used is analysis of variance and if there are differences between treatments it is continued with the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed that there were interactions with respect to the type of fungi used, crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber. The conclusion from this study is that palm oil sludge fermentation using the type of Lentinus edodes fungi at a dose of 7% can increase crude protein, reduce crude fiber and reduce crude fat of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae.
Analysis of Application of Corn Cob Biochar As Planting Media on The Growth of Mini Elephant Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum Cv. Mott)
Authors: Daulay A H , Sitepu F
Published: December 2023

The use of corn cob agricultural waste as a material for making Biochar is an alternative to the abundant utilization of corn cob, where until now, corn cob waste has become waste piled up and burned in corn sheller refineries without being utilized. This study aims to evaluate the vegetative Growth of mini elephant grass given different doses of corn cob biochar. This research was conducted experimentally using the complete randomized design (CRD) method, five treatments, and four replications, namely treatment P0 = control; P1 = corn cob biochar 5% polybag-1; P2 = Biochar 10%; P3 = Biochar 15%; and P4 = Biochar 20%. Parameters observed were plant height, number of tillers, number of leaves, and fresh and dry weight. The results showed that the application of corn cob biochar had a good effect on the Growth of plant height, number of tillers, number of leaves, and fresh and dry weight. The best results were obtained by applying 10% corn cob biochar, which produced an average number of tillers 238% more than the control, the number of leaves 275% more than the control, and fresh weight 394% higher than the control treatment.
The Effect of Dietary Suplementation with Curcuma Flour (Curcuma Zanthorrhiza) and Betaine on Mortality and Weaning Weight for Lactating Rabbits
Authors: Sinaga S , Silalahi M , Kaban B A E A , Novianto M Y
Published: December 2023

The aim of this research was to know the effects of giving curcuma flour (Curcuma zanthorrhiza) and betaine in lactating rabbits on mortality and weight of weaning rabbits (weaned 2 months). The research was carried out in April – June 2021 at the Rabbit Livestock Production Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Padjadjaran University. This study used 18 New Zealand White rabbits with an average weight of 1.5 kg. The experimental method was used with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with consisted of three treatments and six repetitions. The treatments consisted of P0 = basal diet containing 0,8% curcuma flour, P1 = basal diet + betaine 0,05%, and P2 = basal diet + betaine 0.1%. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that the addition of curcuma flour and betaine had a significant effect on the mortality rate and weaning weight of rabbits. The use of betaine 0.1% to the rabbit diet resulted in the lowest mortality rate (5.56%) and the higher weaning weight (1,164.85 grams).
Palatability Test of Urea Molasses Multinutrient Block (UMMB) Based on Cocoa Pods Fermented with LMO (Local Microorganisms) in Sheep
Authors: Irsyad M , Yunilas  , Kaban B A E A , Sitorus D R , Ramadhani R , Soraya D
Published: December 2023

This study aims to determine the benefits of giving UMMB (Urea molasses Multinutrient Block) based on cocoa fruit peels fermented by local microorganisms (LMO). The research was conducted at Dompet Dhuafa farm, Bulu Cina village, Hamparan Perak district, Deli Serdang. The research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The three treatments are K1 = UMMB containing 10% unfermented cocoa pods; K2 = UMMB containing 10% fermented cocoa pods; and K3 = UMMB containing 15% fermented cocoa pods. The parameters observed were palatability, feed consumption, feed conversion, and body weight gain. The results showed that UMMB (Urea molasses Multinutrient Block) based on fermented cocoa fruit peel with LMO did not significantly affect UMMB palatability, feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion of sheep.
Vaginal Cytology as a tool for estrus detection improves the success of artificial insemination in water buffalo
Authors: Duran D H , Duran P G
Published: December 2023

Estrus detection in water buffalo is affected by the high incidence of poor manifestation inherent in this animal species. This affected the success rate of Artificial Insemination (AI) and Embryo Transfer (ET) due to the failure of perfect timing in AI and embryo-recipient synchrony in ET. While various ways of estrus detection were reported, the accuracy was interfered with by other symptoms that signify the health condition rather than the reproductive status of the animal. This results in a low conception rate and long calving intervals in AI and ET programs. Vaginal Cytology is a simple clinical tool of estrus detection that can also detect the pathological status of the reproductive tract and the perfect time for AI. While this is greatly used in canines, application in large animals was limited. The need to collect the swab from animals in the field and bring the smeared sample for analysis to the laboratory hindered its use and application. Our study, however, showed that by adopting this tool in estrus detection, increase in conception rate and calf production were achieved. A >60.0% cornification with the presence of >10 mm Graafian follicle is enough indicators of the perfect time for AI resulting in 80-100% conception. The development of a water buffalo vaginal chart helped determine the time of estrus. Strategies to adopt this tool for improved livestock reproduction are warranted.
Quality Evaluation of Chicken Sausage Incorporated with Andaliman Fruit Powder as Natural Preservatives at Cold Storage
Authors: Julianti E , Lubis Z
Published: December 2023

This research was conducted to evaluate the quality of chicken sausage mixed with Andaliman Fruit Powder (AFP) in cold storage. The study was conducted using a completely randomized factorial design with the addition of AFP (A) as factor I consist of Ao = control (0%), A1 = 0.5%, A2 = 1.0%, and A3 = 1.5%, and storage time at cold temperatures (10 ± 2°C) (S) as factor II consist of So = 0 days, S1 = 7 days, S2 = 14 days, and S3 = 21 days. The sausages were packaged in vacuum plastic packaging. The addition of AFP significantly (p<0.01) decreased the cooking loss and Free Fatty Acids (FFA) of sausages, but increased the Water Holding Capacity (WHC), texture, organoleptic values of tenderness, texture, juiciness, and overall acceptability of sausages. During storage there was a significant increase (p<0.01) in the FFA, texture, WHC, but the organoleptic values of texture, elasticity, juiciness, and overall acceptability were not significantly different (p>0.01) during storage. The interaction between the addition of andaliman fruit powder and storage time only had a significant effect (p<0.01) on the WHC value of the sausages. From this study it was concluded that 1.5% of AFP could be used effectively to maintain the quality of sausages for 21 days of storage, while sausages without the addition of AFP could only maintain the quality for 7 days of storage at cold temperatures.
Effect of Addition Sinbiotic Isolate Pediococcus pentosaceus Strain N6 and Cassava Peel on Immunity Organs and Total Microbes in the Small Intestine of Super Native Chicken
Authors: Umar S , Hulu Y
Published: December 2023

Factory feed is often added with antibiotics as a growth promoter. Giving synthetic antibiotics is very dangerous for health. This study aims to determine effect of addition synbiotic isolate Pediococcus pentosaceus strain N6 and cassava peel flour on the immune organs and total microbes in the small intestine of super native chickens. This research was conducted in Pancur Batu from September - December 2022. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments 5 replicates so that 20 experimental units were obtained. The super native chicken used were 100 DOC. The treatments given were P0 (basal ration without sinbiotic), P1 (basal ration + sinbiotic 150 ml/kg ration), P2 (basal ration + sinbiotic 300 ml/kg ration), and P3 (basal ration + sinbiotic 450 ml/kg ration). Parameters studied were weight percentage of immune organs and total microbial colonies. The results of this study indicated that the addition of synbiotic isolate Pediococcus pentosaceus strain N6 and fermented cassava peel flour up to a dose of 450 ml/kg as an alternative feed for native chickens increased percentage weight of spleen, thymus, bursa fabrisius, and total microbial colony of super native chickens.
The Potential of Oil Palm Plantation Byproducts as Feed for Beef Cattle
Authors: Hanum C
Published: December 2023

Oil palm is one of the plantation commodities that Indonesia relies on to generate foreign exchange annually. The oil palm industry generates both solid and liquid waste. Oil palm waste is a byproduct of the oil palm industry that is not reused; however, with technological advancements, this waste can be utilized as supplementary feed, especially for ruminants. The waste obtained from oil palm plantations and oil palm mills includes oil palm fruit bunches, oil palm fibers, oil palm shells, oil palm kernel meal, oil palm leaves, and oil palm sludge. Mucuna barcteata can also be used as a protein source for animal feed. Research was conducted in the Sei Mangkei plantation, and feed trials were carried out in the Bangun PTPN III Plantation (Simalungun). The methods employed included surveys and laboratory research. Proximate analysis of the suspected feed sources was conducted by PT Saraswanti Indo Genetech Bogor, which encompassed total energy, moisture and ash content, total fat, protein, carbohydrates, crude fiber, calcium, and phosphorus. The weight gain of cattle after being fed the experimental diet was observed over a three-month period. The research results indicate that oil palm byproducts can support a population of 12,365 head of beef cattle per year. Mucuna bracteata, oil palm kernel meal, oil palm fronds, and solid decanter can be used as animal feed. A feed mixture containing 30% Mucuna resulted in the highest weight gain in cattle compared to the other three treatments, with an average daily gain of 0.97.
Effects of Different Inclusion Rates of Pre-Treated Rubber Seed Meal (RSM) on Physicochemical Properties of Juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii Feed
Authors: Khalid H N M , Jafri N A , Kari Z A , Mat K , Rusli N D , Mahmud M , Al-Amsyar Syed M , Sukri S A M , Harun H C
Published: December 2023

The present study investigated the potential of rubber seed as an alternative ingredient partial inclusion with improved nutritional value and inexpensive freshwater prawn feed. Rubber seeds are proven to have a nutritional composition such as protein suitable in animal feed. In this study, Rubber Seed Meals (RSM) were formulated using different inclusion rates of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% Sodium Bicarbonate Treated Rubber seed (SBRS) as a partial replacement to fish meal in prawn diets, while feed without SBRS as control. The study’s objectives were to evaluate the chemical composition and sensory acceptability of the newly formulated RSM through proximate analysis, physical properties analysis and Textural Profile Analysis (TPA). Each of the analyses was performed in triplicates. The preliminary proximate analysis revealed that raw rubber seed powder contained a higher amount of crude protein (19.63%), crude fat (40.00%), crude fibre (7.20%) and metabolisable energy (4961 Kcal/kg) as compared to the SBRS powder. Among all treatments, a diet with 40% inclusion of SBRS showed the highest value of crude fat of 40.80% while with 0% SBRS has the lowest value of 27.22%. In conclusion, RSM with 20% inclusion of SBRS was found to be the most suitable diet that satisfies the nutritional needs of juvenile M. rosenbergii; due to its acceptable content of crude protein (32.70%), crude fat (31.88%), crude fibre (5.33%) and ash content (4.50%). In addition, diet with 20% inclusion of SBRS as the potential alternative prawn feed by having suitable physical properties with bulk density (0.57 g/mL) and sinking velocity (0.09 s/cm). In addition, values for hardness of the pellet were 1073 g and for cohesiveness and springiness were 1.15 and 8.46, respectively.
A successful smallholder cattle fattening project based on leucaena diets in eastern Indonesia
Authors: Shelton H M , Panjaitan T , Dahlanuddin  , Nulik J , Hau D K , Hilmiati N , Halliday M J
Published: December 2023

This paper describes the outcomes of a five-year (2011-2016) partnership project between the Indonesian Government and the Australian Centre for international Agricultural Research. The objective was to promote the use of Leucaena leucocephala for fattening cattle in the Provinces of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Detailed biophysical and socio-economic measurements demonstrated that it was possible to double productivity of smallholder cattle by improving their nutrition based on feeding leucaena, thus improving the livelihoods of farming families. The results highlighted an opportunity to similarly enhance productivity of other smallholder cattle enterprises in Indonesia and in other tropical developing countries.
Modified Chameleon Swarm Optimization Algorithm to Improve the Power System Stability
Authors: Shivakumar R , Sowranchana S
Published: December 2023

Power system stability has been difficult due to the occurrence of low frequency oscillation in the modern power system. Oscillation is mainly due to sudden changes of frequency, load, voltage, active power and reactive power. In this paper we provide a damping solution to oscillate the low frequency by using modified chameleon optimization algorithm. Damping performance and stability analysis of system is done by proposed modified chameleon Swarm Algorithm compared with conventional chameleon Swarm algorithm and Genetic algorithm with different operating condition in terms of Real power, Reactive power and Load disturbances. The comparative results confirmed that the proposed controller exhibit higher damping ratio, and better damping of deviations in speed and power angle to improve the stability of the system.
The meaning of knowledge transfer in educating engineers for modern manufacturing technologies
Authors: Piili H , Huusko A , Kurvinen A , Pikkarainen A
Published: December 2023

The development of modern manufacturing technologies such as additive manufacturing and other laser-based manufacturing technologies have increased their usage, especially in engineering education. Education must correspond to different applications of these technologies to ensure the quality of their usage in the manufacturing industry. Laser-based technologies have an impact on society through companies and industry in the manufacturing sector as they are employing graduated students, who are more aware of the possibilities of the technologies. Traditional manufacturing industries are facing the era of digital transformation. There are vast differences between industries and different industry players as well as their ability to keep up with the transformation process. The pace of the process can depend on many different items that are related to the company organization and leadership, technology base and to the abilities to modify these. The pace can also depend on the processes of cooperation and development between other ecosystem players e.g., supply chain partners or development drivers such as customer industries. This study concentrates on one of the key issues, namely learning and adoption of new skills to tackle the change. Universities have a major role in the knowledge transfer from education to working life. To develop this, there is a need to identify the factors in university training or pedagogical choices that can speed up the process of transformation. The aim of this research is to identify the factors for knowledge transfer through arranging efficient education for laser-based manufacturing technologies, especially in engineering education. It was concluded that by educating engineers with sufficient knowledge about the technologies, the manufacturing industry can utilize the knowledge and implement laser-based technologies better in their operations.
In-process monitoring of track geometry as a control approach for laser metal deposition
Authors: Schinderling A , Bohlen A , Seefeld T , Falldorf H
Published: December 2023

Laser metal deposition (LMD) is an additive manufacturing process, which is used to generate large parts or for reconditioning machine components. During the process the welding tracks are affected by complex dynamic temperature-time curves that results in geometric deviations, which limits the build-up process. Therefore, complex structures are more difficult to manufacture with constant parameters. The present work describes an in-process monitoring system and first approaches of a control concept for LMD processes. It is set up using a newly developed laser triangulation sensor from Falldorf Sensor GmbH, which is trailing mounted. Due to the resistance to diffused radiation, e.g. from process light, it is possible to place the sensor close to the process zone which offers the possibility of a height control system. For the experiments, single tracks were welded from 316L powder by using a diode laser. The results show that the track width and height increase with rising laser power. Depending on the process parameter the height changes up to 29% and the width up to 58% if only the laser power is modified by 1800 W. The monitoring system forms a good basis for a later control concept, which can be used to make the process more stable in the case of complex structures.
Influence of buoyancy on phase separation during laser melting of Silicon and Iron ore
Authors: Yang Dan , Naesstroem Himani , Volpp Joerg
Published: December 2023

Phase separation is a well-known effect in liquid-liquid interactions, which can also occur during laser-related processes such as laser melting and laser alloying. However, the mechanism of phase separation between immiscible liquids on a millimeter scale during rapid laser processes has not been fully investigated, in which the extent of buoyancy’s contribution to it has remained unclear. Therefore, this investigation focused on the effect of buoyancy on liquid phase separation during the laser melting of silicon (Si) and iron ore. A simplified 2D numerical model was established to simulate the motion of a single Si liquid droplet in iron ore melt with and without the impact of gravity, respectively. The rise velocity of the droplet was calculated and analyzed under the effect of gravity. In addition, the phenomena of simultaneous laser remelting of Si and iron ore in layers were recorded with a high-speed camera, and the element and phase distributions of the target nugget were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). By combining the simulation, high-speed imaging, and SEM/EDS analysis, the effect of buoyancy on phase separation has been qualitatively analyzed. This investigation revealed that buoyancy is not the main driving force of liquid-liquid phase separation during rapid laser processing.
Thermal post-treatment and material characterization of laser powder bed fusion additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Anand Abhinav , Devarajan Nagarajan , Gupta Rohit Kumar , Kamboj Nikhil , Ganvir Ashish
Published: December 2023

Laser powder bed fusion of Ti-6Al-4V (PBF-LB/Ti-6Al-4V) alloy results in the formation of non-equilibrium microstructures due to very high cooling rates, causing them to be unfit for direct applications; therefore, post-heat-treatment operations are required. This paper investigates the effects of different heat treatment operations on the microstructure, hardness and phase composition of as-built PBF-LB/Ti-6Al-4V samples. Six sets of heat-treatment operations have been designed in which samples have been first subjected to either above or below the beta (β) transus zone of 980 °C, then subjected to air cooling or water quenching followed by ageing at 510 °C. The novelty of this article is performing double quenching on as-built Ti-6Al-4V parts. Optical microscopy, Vickers microhardness testing, and XRD analysis have been performed on heat-treated samples for material characterization. Microstructural studies have revealed that depending upon the cooling medium and subjected temperature during heat treatment, the extent of dissolution of martensitic (α′) needle-like phases present in as-built samples into α-β phase varies, resulting in variation of hardness values. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of β-phase along with the α-phase in the matrix in air-cooled heat-treated samples. Maximum hardness was obtained in the case when the sample was solutionized at 1050 °C, followed by water quenching and ageing due to the formation of intermetallic precipitates.
Effects of powder recycling on laser-based powder bed fusion produced SS316L parts
Authors: Gopaluni Aditya , Nayak Chinmayee , Piironen Aki , Kantonen Tuomas , Salminen Antti
Published: December 2023

Laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) is one of the extensively used additive manufacturing (AM) methods as the parts printed by PBF-LB/M have high resolution due to low layer thickness. Recycling and Reusing of the powder in this process has a significant impact on the surface roughness, mechanical properties such as hardness, elastic modulus and fracture strength etc. of the manufactured parts. The aim of the present study is to understand the effects of powder recycling on the properties of SS316L parts such as hardness and surface roughness. The developed method featured the use of SS316L powder five times over with weight percentage adjusted as required for the build job. The printed parts were checked for surface roughness across different surfaces with respect to the build direction along with Vickers hardness test. The surface roughness of the parts before polishing showed a steady increasing trend of about 40% with the recycling count while there was no significant effect on hardness as the values stayed in the range of 230+/-5 HV. Powder morphology studies with SEM displayed visible changes in terms of satellite formations, broken particles etc. with the increase in counts of recycling and particle size distribution showed a linear increase with the increase in recycling counts. This study was performed within the limited scope of a bigger study for which a detailed methodology of powder recycling will be developed.
Laser polishing of PBF-LB manufactured stainless steel surfaces
Authors: Karlsson J , Väisänen I , Tourunen E , Piiroinen A , Gopaluni A , Salminen A
Published: December 2023

Laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) is additive manufacturing where material is added layer by layer. This technology has revolutionized the manufacturing during last few recent years by enabling more efficient material usage and more functions to each component. However, for many industrial cases, the PBF-LB surfaces need an additional finishing operation like the machining or polishing operation. Laser polishing process was studied to solve the problems of traditional technologies to improve the surface quality and to enable automation of it. In this study parts were manufactured by PBF-LB of austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316L) into shapes of mechanical property testing samples in different orientations and locations in building platform. The surface roughness was measured prior and after polishing. The experiments showed that considerable surface smoothening even up to 85% (Sa from 48 μm to 11 μm) was reached in two treatments.
Effect of post-weld heat treatment on heat affected zone microstructure of additively manufactured Inconel 718
Authors: Lindqvist M , Kivirasi E , Lipiäinen K , Piili H , Salminen A
Published: December 2023

Laser powder bed fusion for metals is a method of producing end use components for industrial use. Powder bed fusion machines are relatively small, and are usually used to create only the critical part of the larger assembly. Therefore, L-PBF manufactured parts must be attached to each other for example by welding. The industrial world needs to be able to join the printed superalloy components to the traditionally manufactured components to reach better corrosion, wear and/or heat resistance in selected parts in an assembly. The problem is that there is limited amount of information about the suitable welding parameter values for these applications. This study examines how the standard heat treatment cycles affect to the quality of the weld, and if the post-heat treatment is reducing undesired phases in the heat affected zone. Test has shown that post heat treatment highlights cuboidal shaped niobium rich carbides throughout the material to the heat affected zone grain boundaries.
Process advantages of laser hybrid welding compared to conventional arc-based welding processes for joining thick steel structures of wind tower
Authors: Brunner-Schwer Christian , Üstündag Ömer , Bakir Nasim , Gumenyuk Andrey , Rethmeier Michael
Published: December 2023

The most common welding processes when joining thick-walled steels in the industry are arc-based welding processes such as GMAW or SAW. For this purpose, the sheets are joined in multi-layer technique, which can lead to productivity losses due to high welding times. The process-specific challenges in welding thick steels using multi-layer technique relate to the high heat input from the process. Therefore, alternative welding processes are being actively sought. A suitable alternative is provided by beam-based welding processes such as the laser hybrid welding processes, which are characterized by deep penetration welds and lower heat input. With implementation of the laser hybrid welding process in the heavy industry, such as the wind tower industry, economic benefits can be reached such as the increase in productivity by reducing the layer number, and the lower consumption of filler material and energy. When comparing SAW welded 25 mm thick steels in five to six layers and single-pass laser hybrid welding, the welding time can be reduced more than 80 % and the costs of filler material, flux and energy can be saved up to 90 %. However, the industrial use of the laser hybrid welding process is still limited to applications, where the material thickness does not exceed 15 mm due to some process-specific challenges such as the sagging, sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances such as gaps and misalignment, limited filler wire mixing, and deteriorated mechanical properties resulting from high cooling rates. To overcome these challenges, a contactless electromagnetic backing based on an externally applied AC magnetic field was used. Eddy currents are induced due to the oscillating magnetic field, and an upward-oriented Lorentz force is generated to counteract the droplets formed due to gravitational forces. It allows to weld up to 30 mm thick structural steels in a single-pass with a 20-kW fiber laser system. Additionally, the gap bridgeability and the misalignment of edges were increased to 2 mm when welding 20 mm thick steels. With the aid of the AC magnetic field, a vortex was formed in the weld root, which had a positive effect on the filler wire mixing. A further significant advantage of the EM backing was the possibility to expand the process parameter window to maintain desired cooling times and mechanical properties, without suffering adverse effects concerning the root quality of the weld.
Effect of heat treatment in dissimilar welds of additively manufactured laser welded 316L-Inconel 718 joints
Authors: Lindqvist M , Kivirasi E , Lipiäinen K , Piili H , Salminen A
Published: December 2023

Laser powder bed fusion for metals is a method of producing end use components for industrial use. Powder bed fusion machines are relatively small and are usually used to create only the critical part of the larger assembly. Therefore, L-PBF manufactured parts must be attached to each other for example by welding. The industrial world needs to be able to join the printed superalloy components to the traditionally manufactured components to reach better corrosion, wear and/or heat resistance. The problem is that there is limited amount of information about the suitable welding parameter values for these applications. This study examines how the standard heat treatment cycles affect to the quality of the weld, and if the post-heat treatment is reducing undesired phases in the heat affected zone. It is also examined how post weld heat treatment for Inconel 718 affects the base material in IN718-316L dissimilar welds. Tests show that post-weld heat treatment has a positive effect on weld hardness on IN718 side. After welding, the hardness drops to 50% of the nominal hardness. When the welds are heat treated according to AMS5662, the hardness values are restored. Tests also show that the heat treatment does not have significant effect on tensile or hardness properties of 316L.
High-speed laser cladding: new developments for wear and corrosion protection
Authors: Tuominen J , Hallaji M , Kiviö J , Vihinen J
Published: December 2023

Fusion-bonded and low-diluted overlay welded coatings are frequently very thick (>1mm), which results in high material consumption (kg/m2) and expenses. High-speed laser cladding is a novel process, which can produce thin fusion-bonded and low-diluted coatings with high coverage rates and low heat input. Coating materials utilized in high-speed cladding have varied from soft Ni-based superalloys to harder martensitic stainless steels and base materials from low alloy steels to austenitic stainless steels. The ultimate objective has been to develop crack-free alternatives to environmentally hazardous hard-chrome plating. In this paper, high-speed laser cladding was used to fabricate relatively thin Ni-based coatings on various cast irons for corrosion protection and Ni-based hard-faced coatings reinforced with chromium (Cr3C2) and tungsten carbides (WC/W2C), for the first time, onto low-alloy structural and quenched & tempered steels for wear applications. Obtained coatings were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical (OM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Corrosion performances were explored in long-term salt spray tests. Mechanical and wear properties were tested with Vickers microhardness measurements and three-body dry-sand rubber wheel abrasion tests (RWAT). It was shown that soft low-diluted Ni-based coatings protected the cast iron base materials in salt spray tests. Ni-based hard-faced coatings with hardness up to 1200 HV1 exhibited high wear resistance in low-stress three-body abrasion better than hard-chrome plated coating, which was attributed to the high volume fraction of hard carbide reinforcements.