bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beneficial Effect of Atorvastatin on Left Ventricular Remodeling in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Kang Lan , Ge Chang-Jiang , Hu Shen-Jiang
Published: May 2007

This study was designed to investigate whether atorvastatin has a beneficial effect on left ventricular (LV) remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and then explore the underlying mechanisms involved. 12 SHRs were randomized to receive either distilled water (SHR group, n = 6) or atorvastatin (ATV group, n = 6) for 10 weeks. Age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) gavaged by distilled water were used as normal controls (WKY group, n = 6). By using these rats, we observed the effects of atorvastatin on LV hypertrophy and fibrosis, and investigated atorvastatin-induced cell apoptosis and p27 protein expression. In addition, the serum lipid concentration and blood pressure level were also measured in this study. 10 weeks later, a significant decrease in the cardiosomatic ratio, LV weight to body weight ratio and cardiomyocyte transverse diameter, as well as myocardial hydroxyproline and collagen content was observed in the atorvastatin-treated SHR. In addition, atorvastatin increased the positive rate of cell apoptosis and p27 protein expression. A decreased serum lipid concentration and a reduced systolic blood pressure level were also found in the atorvastatin-treated SHR. These findings demonstrated a beneficial effect of atorvastatin on adverse LV remodeling in SHR, and the induction of cell apoptosis and upregulation of p27 protein may serve as the underlying mechanisms of this action.
The Economo-Koskinas Atlas Revisited: Cytoarchitectonics and Functional Context
Authors: Triarhou Lazaros C.
Published: May 2007

The monumental Atlas of Cytoarchitectonics of the Adult Human Cerebral Cortex of Economo and Koskinas represents a gigantic intellectual and technical effort, never sufficiently recognized. One reason might have been the limited number of copies produced; another, the complex (albeit logical and precise) symbol notation, which comprises a Roman capital (from the initial of the respective lobe), a calligraphic capital (the sequence of a gyrus within a lobe), and a Latin or Greek subscript (for microscopic features). Economo and Koskinas defined 107 cortical areas, as opposed to Brodmann’s 44 areas for the human brain. Their cytoarchitectonic criteria confer the advantage of a more detailed parcellation scheme, despite the traditional familiarity of neuroscientists with Brodmann numbers. The system of 107 areas of Economo and Koskinas may be especially useful for modern studies on functional localization.
Protective Effects of Chronic Lithium Treatment against Spatial Memory Retention Deficits Induced by the Protein Kinase AII Inhibitor H-89 in Rats
Authors: Sharifzadeh Mohammad , Aghsami Mehdi , Gholizadeh Shervin , Tabrizian Kaveh , Soodi Maliheh , Khalaj Siavash , Ranjbar Akram , Hosseini-Sharifabad Ali , Roghani Ali , Karimfar Mohammad H.
Published: May 2007

We have previously shown that infusion of the PKAII inhibitor H-89 in the CA1 area of the hippocampus impaired spatial memory retention. There is some evidence suggesting the neuroprotective effects of chronic lithium administration including its ability to attenuate a deleterious effect of chronic stress on spatial memory in rats. In the present study, we investigated whether chronic administration of lithium can improve memory as well as influence the inhibitory effect of H-89 on spatial memory retention. Male albino rats were treated systemically with lithium (600 mg/l) for 4 weeks and then trained for 4 days in the Morris water maze. Testing the animals 48 h later showed a significant reduction in escape latency (p < 0.05) and travel distance (p < 0.05) compared to the controls. In separate experiments, the rats were similarly treated with lithium for 4 weeks, followed by similar training for 4 days and then immediately infused bilaterally with vehicle or 5 µmol/l H-89 into the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Animals were then tested 48 h after H-89 infusion in order to assess their spatial memory retention. The lithium treatment caused a significant reduction in escape latency (p < 0.001) and travel distance (p < 0.001) compared to H-89-treated animals. The data suggest that lithium treatment for 4 weeks improved spatial memory retention and that lithium pretreatment prevented or reversed the H-89-induced spatial memory deficits.
Obtaining Medical Records from Healthcare Facilities under the HIPAA Privacy Rule: The Experience of a National Longitudinal Cohort Study
Authors: Houser Shannon H. , Howard Virginia J. , Hovater Martha K. , Safford Monika M.
Published: May 2007

The processes for acquiring medical records from healthcare facilities in longitudinal cohort studies have not been well examined post-HIPAA Privacy Rule. We examined the response rates, correlates of response rates, and response times for obtaining patient medical records from healthcare facilities under the HIPAA Privacy Rule. Medical records were requested from facilities across the country on adults 45 or older enrolled in the national longitudinal cohort study REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) who reported physician encounters for potential stroke events. From October 2003 to October 2006, 1,439 medical records were received out of 1,518 reported eligible events (94.7%), with 39 (2.6%) requests pending at the time of the analysis. The refusal rate for record requests from healthcare facilities was only 0.4%. The median length of time to receipt of a record was 26 days (range 1–679 days). Hospitals had the fastest return time (22 days from date of request to date of receipt) compared with outpatient clinics (28 days), doctor’s offices (31 days), and long-term care facilities (55 days, p < 0.01). Healthcare facilities located in the Southern region had fastest return time compared with those in the Northwestern region (23 vs. 46 days, p = 0.048). Medical records retrieval in prospective research studies is still feasible under HIPAA regulation.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Adipose Depots without Reduction of Stearoyl Coenzyme A Desaturase 1 Gene Expression
Authors: Hwang Yun-Hee , Kang Keum-Jee
Published: May 2007

Aims and Methods: This study investigated the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the body weight, fat deposition and the expression of stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) in the livers of male ICR mice that were fed with either beef tallow (BT) or fish oil (FO) supplemented with CLA. Mice weighing 25–30 g were divided into four groups, BT and BT supplemented with 0.5% CLA (BTC), FO and FO supplemented with 0.5% CLA (FOC). Each group consisted of 8 mice, and they were fed the experimental diets for 4 weeks. The experimental diets were composed of 59.18% carbohydrates, 19.73% proteins and 21.09% fat in terms of their contributions to total calories, and other nutrients were identical. CLA was added to the diets of the CLA supplementation groups at 0.5% (w/w). The measurement of triglyceride (TG) was done by using a kit. Fatty acid compositions were analyzed in both the plasma and the liver using a gas chromatograph. The levels of SCD1 expression were analyzed by RT-PCR in the liver. Results: No significant difference was found in the levels of food intake, body weight and food efficiency among experimental groups. However, the levels of both epididymal and visceral fat weight were significantly lower in the CLA-supplemented groups, BTC and FOC (p < 0.05). The level of the triglyceride concentration was also significantly lower in the CLA-supplemented groups (p < 0.05). The levels of the liver SCD1 gene expression were also higher in the CLA-supplemented groups. However, significant inhibition of conversion from C16:0 to C16:1 was found in both fatty acid compositions of the liver (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Addition of 0.5% CLA did not inhibit the liver SCD1 gene expression; however, it showed decreasing effects on the fat pad weight, the concentration of TG and on fatty acid composition, leading to a decrease in the fat depositions. Such effects were clearer when CLA was supplemented to BT rather than FO.
Iron Intake in Relation to Diet and Iron Status of Young Adult Women
Authors: Pynaert I. , Delanghe J. , Temmerman M. , De Henauw S.
Published: May 2007

Aims: To determine the iron intake and food sources of iron in young adult women and to compare women with high versus low iron intake on diet and iron status. Methods: Iron intake and food sources were assessed by a 2-day estimated food record. Iron status was determined by a fasting venous blood sample. Differences in diet and iron status between women with high versus low iron intake were examined by comparing women of the fourth respectively first quartile of total iron intake (mg/day). Results: The median total, heme and non-heme iron intake was 10.6, 0.6 and 9.8 mg/day, respectively. The median iron intake was 93 and 131% of the estimated average requirement (EAR) of the UK (11.4 mg/day) and USA (8.1 mg/day), respectively. The most important iron intake contributors were cereals and cereal products (31%), meat and meat products (12%) and vegetables (10%). Women with a high iron intake showed a significantly higher energy-adjusted intake of alcoholic beverages and soups and a lower intake of non-alcoholic beverages than women with a low iron intake. Approximately 5% of the women had anemia, of which 3% had iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Almost 20% was iron-deficient non-anemic. In this regard, no significant differences were found between the iron intake quartiles. Conclusion: The median iron intake in this study population is considerably below the national recommended dietary allowance (20 mg/day). However, based on the approach of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, iron intake seems to pose no major health problem when using the EAR as a reference. The number of women with IDA was indeed not alarming (3%), although 20% was iron-deficient non-anemic. The question remains whether an increase in iron intake can improve iron status.
Ultrasonic Visualization of Ultrasonically Produced Lesions in Brain
Authors: Fry F.J.
Published: May 2007

Three anatomically discrete, ultrasonically produced brain lesions in the rhesus monkey have been visualized ultrasonically in the immediate post-lesion period, as well as three weeks later. After sacrifice at three weeks, the histologically prepared brain sections in the lesion area have been compared with the echogram information to verify lesion placement and size. The correlation data indicate that ultrasonic visualization means can be used to aid in the accurate placement of brain lesions. Additionally, the lesions can hopefully be controlled in size and shape by this means. Subsequent examination of the lesions over a long period of time also appears to be possible with ultrasonic visualization techniques. The implications of the methods for experimental animal and human brain modification are discussed. Considerably more work needs to be done to study ultrasonically produced brain lesions in fine detail utilizing the methods available in our Institute [4, 5] but we feel the present work is a good indication of the results which may ultimately be achieved.
Modeling Orienting Behavior and Its Disorders with “Ecological” Neural Networks
Authors: Di Ferdinando Andrea , Parisi Domenico , Bartolomeo Paolo
Published: May 2007

Computational modeling is a useful tool for spelling out hypotheses in cognitive neuroscience and testing their predictions in artificial systems. Here we describe a series of simulations involving neural networks that learned to perform their task by self-organizing their internal connections. The networks controlled artificial agents with an orienting eye and an arm. Agents saw objects with various shapes and locations and learned to press a key appropriate to their shape. The results showed the following: (1) Despite being able to see the entire visual scene without moving their eye, agents learned to orient their eye toward a peripherally presented object. (2) Neural networks whose hidden layers were previously partitioned into units dedicated to eye orienting and units dedicated to arm movements learned the identification task faster and more accurately than did nonmodular networks. (3) Nonetheless, even nonmodular networks developed a similar functional segregation through self-organization of their hidden layer. (4) After partial disconnection of the hidden layer from the input layer, the lesioned agents continued to respond accurately to single stimuli, wherever they occurred, but on double simultaneous stimulation they oriented toward and responded only to the right-sided stimulus, thus simulating extinction/neglect. These results stress the generality of the advantages provided by orienting processes. Hard-wired modularity, reminiscent of the distinct cortical visual streams in the primate brain, provided further evolutionary advantages. Finally, disconnection is likely to be a mechanism of primary importance in the pathogenesis of neglect and extinction symptoms, consistent with recent evidence from animal studies and brain-damaged patients.
The Role of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Bimodal Divided Attention: Two Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
Authors: Johnson Jennifer Adrienne , Strafella Antonio P. , Zatorre Robert J.
Published: May 2007

The neural processes underlying the ability to divide attention between multiple sensory modalities remain poorly understood. To investigate the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in bimodal divided attention, we completed two repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) studies. We tested the hypothesis that the DLPFC is necessary in the ability to divide attention across modalities. This hypothesis originated as a result of a previous fMRI study in which the posterior DLPFC was active during a bimodal divided attention condition [Johnson, J. A., & Zatorre, R. J. Neural substrates for dividing and focusing attention between simultaneous auditory and visual events. Neuroimage, 2006]. In the current experiments, two separate groups of subjects underwent 10 min of slow rTMS to temporarily disrupt function of the DLPFC. In both groups, the ability to divide attention between unrelated auditory and visual stimuli decreased following DLPFC disruption compared to control site stimulation. Specifically, the ability to divide attention between modalities was hindered, leading to a pattern of behavior similar to bimodal selective attention (ability to attend to one or the other modality but not both). We discuss possible roles of the posterior DLPFC in bimodal divided attention and conclude that the area may be functioning to support the increased working memory load associated with divided, compared to selective attention.
Induced Gamma Band Responses Predict Recognition Delays during Object Identification
Authors: Martinovic Jasna , Gruber Thomas , Müller Matthias M.
Published: May 2007

Neural mechanisms of object recognition seem to rely on activity of distributed neural assemblies coordinated by synchronous firing in the gamma-band range (>20 Hz). In the present electroencephalogram (EEG) study, we investigated induced gamma band activity during the naming of line drawings of upright objects and objects rotated in the image plane. Such plane-rotation paradigms elicit view-dependent processing, leading to delays in recognition of disoriented objects. Our behavioral results showed reaction time delays for rotated, as opposed to upright, images. These delays were accompanied by delays in the peak latency of induced gamma band responses (GBRs), in the absence of any effects on other measures of EEG activity. The latency of the induced GBRs has thus, for the first time, been selectively modulated by an experimental manipulation that delayed recognition. This finding indicates that induced GBRs have a genuine role as neural markers of late representational processes during object recognition. In concordance with the view that object recognition is achieved through dynamic learning processes, we propose that induced gamma band activity could be one of the possible cortical markers of such dynamic object coding.
Individual Differences in the Effects of Perceived Controllability on Pain Perception: Critical Role of the Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Salomons Tim V. , Johnstone Tom , Backonja Misha-Miroslav , Shackman Alexander J. , Davidson Richard J.
Published: May 2007

The degree to which perceived controllability alters the way a stressor is experienced varies greatly among individuals. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural activation associated with individual differences in the impact of perceived controllability on self-reported pain perception. Subjects with greater activation in response to uncontrollable (UC) rather than controllable (C) pain in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC), periaqueductal gray (PAG), and posterior insula/SII reported higher levels of pain during the UC versus C conditions. Conversely, subjects with greater activation in the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) in anticipation of pain in the UC versus C conditions reported less pain in response to UC versus C pain. Activation in the VLPFC was significantly correlated with the acceptance and denial subscales of the COPE inventory [Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267–283, 1989], supporting the interpretation that this anticipatory activation was associated with an attempt to cope with the emotional impact of uncontrollable pain. A regression model containing the two prefrontal clusters (VLPFC and pACC) predicted 64% of the variance in pain rating difference, with activation in the two additional regions (PAG and insula/SII) predicting almost no additional variance. In addition to supporting the conclusion that the impact of perceived controllability on pain perception varies highly between individuals, these findings suggest that these effects are primarily top-down, driven by processes in regions of the prefrontal cortex previously associated with cognitive modulation of pain and emotion regulation.
Climate Response to Rapid Urban Growth: Evidence of a Human-Induced Precipitation Deficit
Authors: Kaufmann Robert K. , Seto Karen C. , Schneider Annemarie , Liu Zouting , Zhou Liming , Wang Weile
Published: May 2007

The authors establish the effect of urbanization on precipitation in the Pearl River Delta of China with data from an annual land use map (1988–96) derived from Landsat images and monthly climate data from 16 local meteorological stations. A statistical analysis of the relationship between climate and urban land use in concentric buffers around the stations indicates that there is a causal relationship from temporal and spatial patterns of urbanization to temporal and spatial patterns of precipitation during the dry season. Results suggest an urban precipitation deficit in which urbanization reduces local precipitation. This reduction may be caused by changes in surface hydrology that extend beyond the urban heat island effect and energy-related aerosol emissions.
Relationships between Marine Stratus Cloud Optical Depth and Temperature: Inferences from AVHRR Observations
Authors: Chang Fu-Lung , Coakley James A.
Published: May 2007

Studies using International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) data have reported decreases in cloud optical depth with increasing temperature, thereby suggesting a positive feedback in cloud optical depth as climate warms. The negative cloud optical depth and temperature relationships are questioned because ISCCP employs threshold assumptions to identify cloudy pixels that have included partly cloudy pixels. This study applies the spatial coherence technique to one month of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data over the Pacific Ocean to differentiate overcast pixels from the partly cloudy pixels and to reexamine the cloud optical depth–temperature relationships. For low-level marine stratus clouds studied here, retrievals from partly cloudy pixels showed 30%–50% smaller optical depths, 1°–4°C higher cloud temperatures, and slightly larger droplet effective radii, when they were compared to retrievals from the overcast pixels. Despite these biases, retrievals for the overcast and partly cloudy pixels show similar negative cloud optical depth–temperature relationships and their magnitudes agree with the ISCCP results for the midlatitude and subtropical regions. There were slightly negative droplet effective radius–temperature relationships, and considerable positive cloud liquid water content–temperature relationships indicated by aircraft measurements. However, cloud thickness decreases appear to be the main reason why cloud optical depth decreases with increasing temperature. Overall, cloud thickness thinning may explain why similar negative cloud optical depth–temperature relationships are found in both overcast and partly cloudy pixels. In addition, comparing the cloud-top temperature to the air temperature at 740 hPa indicates that cloud-top height generally rises with warming. This suggests that the cloud thinning is mainly due to the ascending of cloud base. The results presented in this study are confined to the midlatitude and subtropical Pacific and may not be applicable to the Tropics or other regions.
Onset and End of the Rainy Season in South America in Observations and the ECHAM 4.5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model
Authors: Liebmann Brant , Camargo Suzana J. , Seth Anji , Marengo José A. , Carvalho Leila M. V. , Allured Dave , Fu Rong , Vera Carolina S.
Published: May 2007

Rainfall in South America as simulated by a 24-ensemble member of the ECHAM 4.5 atmospheric general circulation model is compared and contrasted with observations (in areas in which data are available) for the period 1976–2001. Emphasis is placed on determining the onset and end of the rainy season, from which its length and rain rate are determined.

It is shown that over large parts of the domain the onset and ending dates are well simulated by the model, with biases of less than 10 days. There is a tendency for model onset to occur early and ending to occur late, resulting in a simulated rainy season that is on average too long in many areas. The model wet season rain rate also tends to be larger than observed.

To estimate the relative importance of errors in wet season length and rain rate in determining biases in the annual total, adjusted totals are computed by substituting both the observed climatological wet season length and rate for those of the model. Problems in the rain rate generally are more important than problems in the length.

The wet season length and rain rate also contribute substantially to interannual variations in the annual total. These quantities are almost independent, and it is argued that they are each associated with different mechanisms.

The observed onset dates almost always lie within the range of onset of the ensemble members, even in the areas with a large model onset bias. In some areas, though, the model does not perform well. In southern Brazil the model ensemble average onset always occurs in summer, whereas the observations show that winter is often the wettest period. Individual members, however, do occasionally show a winter rainfall peak. In southern Northeast Brazil the model has a more distinct rainy season than is observed. In the northwest Amazon the model annual cycle is shifted relative to that observed, resulting in a model bias.

No interannual relationship between model and observed onset dates is expected unless onset in the model and observations has a mutual relationship with SST anomalies. In part of the near-equatorial Amazon, there does exist an interannual relationship between onset dates. Previous studies have shown that in this area there is a relationship between SST anomalies and variations in seasonal total rainfall.
Experimental Forecasts of the Indian Ocean Dipole Using a Coupled OAGCM
Authors: Luo Jing-Jia , Masson Sebastien , Behera Swadhin , Yamagata Toshio
Published: May 2007

The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) has profound socioeconomic impacts on not only the countries surrounding the Indian Ocean but also various parts of the world. A forecast system is developed based on a relatively high-resolution coupled ocean–atmosphere GCM with only sea surface temperature (SST) information assimilated. Retrospective ensemble forecasts of the IOD index for the past two decades show skillful scores with up to a 3–4-month lead and a winter prediction barrier associated with its intrinsic strong seasonal phase locking. Prediction skills of the SST anomalies in both the eastern and western Indian Ocean are higher than those of the IOD index; this is because of the influences of ENSO, which is highly predictable. The model predicts the extreme positive IOD event in 1994 at a 2–3-season lead. The strong 1997 cold signal in the eastern pole, however, is not well predicted owing to errors in model initial subsurface conditions. The real-time forecast system with more ensembles successfully predicted the weak negative IOD event in the 2005 boreal fall and La Niña condition in the 2005/06 winter. Recent experimental real-time forecasts showed that a positive IOD event would appear in the 2006 summer and fall accompanied by a possible weak El Niño condition in the equatorial Pacific.
PDO-Related Heat and Temperature Budget Changes in a Model of the North Pacific
Authors: Dawe Jordan T. , Thompson Lu Anne
Published: May 2007

Heat and temperature budget changes in a ⅓° model of the North Pacific driven by an idealized Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) atmospheric forcing are diagnosed to determine the roles of atmospheric heat flux and ocean dynamics in upper-ocean heat content and mixed layer temperature (MLT) changes. Changes in MLT and heat content during the transition between negative and positive PDOs are driven primarily by atmospheric heat fluxes, with contributions from ageostrophic advection and entrainment. Once the new PDO state is established, atmospheric heat flux in the central North Pacific works to mitigate the MLT change while vertical entrainment and ageostrophic advection act to enhance it. Upper-ocean heat content is affected in a similar matter, except that vertical processes are not important in the heat budget balance. At the same time, changes in wind stress curl cause the subtropical gyre to spin up and the subpolar gyre boundary to migrate southward. These circulation changes cause a large increase in the geostrophic advective heat flux in the Kuroshio region. This increase results in more heat flux to the atmosphere, demonstrating an active role for ocean dynamics in the upper-ocean heat budget. Eddy heat flux divergence along the Kuroshio Extension doubles after the transition, due to stronger eddy activity related to increased Kuroshio transport.
Time Matters
Authors: Bonoli Giuliano
Published: May 2007

Western welfare states were built during the postwar years, with one key objective: to protect family (male) breadwinners against the consequences of losing their ability to extract an income from the labor market. Structures of social risk, however, have changed dramatically since then, so that current social risks include precarious employment, long-term unemployment, being a working poor, single parenthood, or inability to reconcile work and family life. Changes in structures of social risk have resulted in the adaptation of welfare states only in the Nordic countries but much less in continental and southern Europe. To account for this divergence in social policy trajectories, this article argues that the reorientation of the Nordic welfare state was possible because new social risks emerged before the maturation of the postwar welfare states. The argument is demonstrated through comparative statistical analysis relating the timing of key socioeconomic developments to current levels of spending in relevant policies.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Mycophenolic Acid After Enteric‐Coated Mycophenolate Versus Mycophenolate Mofetil in Patients With Progressive IgA Nephritis
Authors: Czock David , Rasche Franz Maximilian , Carius Alexander , Glander Petra , Budde Klemens , Bauer Steffen , Keller Frieder , von Mμller Lutz
Published: May 2007

Mycophenolic acid can be administered orally using mycophenolate mofetil or enteric‐coated mycophenolate. In renal transplant patients on immunosuppressant combination therapy the overall mycophenolic acid exposure after oral dosing with mycophenolate mofetil and enteric‐coated mycophenolate is similar. This study compared pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mycophenolic acid after equivalent doses of enteric‐coated mycophenolate (360 mg twice daily) or mycophenolate mofetil (500 mg twice daily) in 7 patients with progressive IgA nephritis (glomerular filtration rate 20–35 mL/min) using a randomized crossover design. The pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid concentrations and pharmacodynamics (using inosine 5′‐monophosphate dehydrogenase activity as a bio‐marker) were sequentially monitored for 12 hours. After enteric‐coated mycophenolate treatment, the mycophenolic acid peak concentration (Cmax = 12.8 vs 6.0 μg/mL, P < .05) and the overall exposure were significantly higher (AUC = 60.9 vs 40.7 μgh/mL, P < .05), and the apparent clearance was significantly lower (CL/F = 7.9 vs 10.7 L/h, P < .05) as compared to that after mycophenolate mofetil. Paradoxically, inosine 5′‐monophosphate dehydrogenase activity was not significantly different. In conclusion, the steady‐state mycophenolic acid exposure was higher during treatment with enteric‐coated mycophenolate as compared to mycophenolate mofetil, which might be explained by more extensive enterohepatic recycling of mycophenolic acid after administration of enteric‐coated mycophenolate, whereas inosine 5′‐monophosphate dehydrogenase suppression was not different.
Multiplicity, Virtuality and Organization: The Contribution of Gilles Deleuze
Authors: Linstead Stephen , Thanem Torkild
Published: May 2007

Formal organization is often seen as opposed or resistant to change, in theory as well as in practice. Drawing primarily on the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze we argue that the reverse is true — that organization is itself a dynamic quality and that change and organization are imbricated in each other. We expand several key concepts of this philosophy in relation to organization (the multiplicity of order and the multiplicity of organization, strata and meshworks, virtuality and multitude) all of which draw attention to the unstable but ever-present forces that subvert and disrupt, escape, exceed and change organization. This enables an understanding of organization as creatively autosubversive — not fixed, but in motion, never resting and constantly trembling.
The Difficulties of Studying Children's Pain at Home
Authors: Van Kuiken Debra M. , Li Lin  , Martz Huth Myra
Published: May 2007

Children experience moderate to severe pain in the days after tonsillectomy surgery. This article describes the challenges of analyzing data from pain diaries 24 hours after ambulatory tonsillectomy surgery. Instructions were to record pain levels every 4 hours and the analgesic as given; however, the number of entries was inconsistent, making comparison of groups difficult. The use of analgesics can threaten the construct validity of cause and must be considered and controlled statistically. Opioids were converted to morphine equivalents and the nonopioids were held as a separate covariate. This article describes the steps taken to find an appropriate statistical means of dealing with inconsistent diary entries and analgesic use. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) provides a means to analyze unbalanced data and control for analgesics. Issues of control must be addressed in research that measures children's pain in the home. HLM can address issues of incomplete data in repeated-measures studies.
Green Methodology with Ionic Liquids as a Media for Efficient Synthesis of Polyamides Derived from 4-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione and Diacid Chlorides2
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Rafiee Zahra
Published: May 2007

Ionic liquids (ILs) represent a fascinating and potentially very valuable group of new solvents, which have the benefit of zero vapor pressure and therefore easier handling than many conventional solvents. They are attracting a lot of attention as volatile organic compound-free solvents, eco-friendly and green media. Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) and particularly those based on substituted imidazolium cations, which can be synthesized easily from the commercially available starting material N-trimethylsilylimidazole and alkyl halides, are currently being extensively studied for a variety of applications. In this study a facile and efficient synthesis of heterocyclic polyamides by polycondensation of 4-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione with various commercially available aliphatic diacid chlorides in the presence of RTILs and molten tetrabutylammonium bromide as an IL was performed. The effect of various reaction parameters, including the nature of the ILs, the amount of IL, the reaction temperature, and the reaction time were investigated to optimize the conditions for the preparation of heterocyclic polyamides. The polymerization proceeded well in ILs without any catalyst and polyamides were obtained with high yields and moderate inherent viscosities. A comparative study between the effects exerted by different ILs and the conventional polymerization method is also reported.
Fabrication, Evaluation and Radiation Behavior of S2-Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyimide Laminates for Cryogenic Applications
Authors: Homrighausen Craig L. , Mereness Andrew S. , Schutte Erick J. , Williams Brett , Young Nathan E. , Blackburn Robert
Published: May 2007

A number of thermosetting polyimide resin formulations have been prepared evaluated and used in the resin transfer molding (RTM) fabrication of S2-glass reinforced composite laminates. The resin formulations are based on combining varying amounts of 3, 4'-oxydianiline and 4, 4'-(1,3-phenylenedioxy) dianiline with 4, 4'-bisphenol A dianhydride and 3, 3', 4, 4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride and terminated in 4-phenylethynyl phthalic anhydride. The initial viscosity and working life of the resins were measured to determine suitability for RTM. Composite laminates were prepared by degassing and then transferring the resins at 260 or 270 °C. A laboratory RTM system with process capabilities to 300°C and 2000 psi, was built and utilized. The polyimide matrix was cured at 320 and 340°C, with a dwell for 3 h at each temperature, under 280 psi hydrostatic pressure. The effect of three different Co-60 gamma irradiation doses on cryogenic (77K) mechanical and thermal properties was determined. Performance was compared to that of laminates prepared from a commercially available bismaleimide (RTM-651®). The composites are being studied for their potential use as the electrical insulation in the super-conducting magnet coils of future fusion reactor devices such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor.
Lung Transplantation and Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Yung Gordon
Published: May 2007

The presence of pulmonary hypertension affects lung transplantation in multiple ways, from patient selection, transplant risks, type of transplant, intraoperative management, to transplant outcome. A working knowledge of natural disease progression, the latest medical treatment options, and transplant outcome is critical in patient selection, and a good understanding of the transplant process, including the new transplant allocation system, is important for physicians involved in the care of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. The complexity of these factors underscores the importance of good communication between referring physicians and transplant centers.
Prediction of Virologic Outcome of Salvage Antiretroviral Treatment by Different Systems for Interpreting Genotypic HIV Drug Resistance
Authors: Maggiolo Franco , Airoldi Monica , Callegaro Annapaola , Ripamonti Diego , Gregis Giampietro , Quinzan Giampaolo , Bombana Enrico , Ravasio Veronica , Suter Fredy
Published: May 2007

The authors assessed the predictive capacity of 3 rule-based algorithms (Bergamo, Stanford University, Rega Institute) for HIV genotypic interpretation. A total of 1132 postgenotypic regimens in 533 patients were considered. The genotypic sensitivity score (GSS) was strongly associated ( P < .0001) with the virologic outcome (1 log HIV-RNA reduction). The 3 algorithms had a highly significant prediction efficiency. The Bergamo algorithm receiver-operating characteristic curve area under the curve (AUC) for the prediction of ≥1 log HIV-RNA reduction was 0.753 (95% confidence interval, 0.725-0.781), testifying that the prediction was significantly different ( P < .0001) from simple chance. The AUCs obtained by the 2 other systems were similar (0.752 Stanford; 0.741 Rega). The predictive capacity of the algorithms was not influenced by the type of antiviral drugs used. The 3 considered rule-based algorithms for the interpretation of HIV genotypic resistance yield congruent results and may effectively predict the virologic outcome of rescue therapy. Their use may help clinicians in interpreting mutational patterns and in making therapeutic choices.
A Program to Provide Antiretroviral Therapy to Residents of an Urban Slum in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Marston Barbara J. , Macharia Doris K. , Nga'nga Lucy , Wangai Mary , Ilako Festus , Muhenje Odylia , Kjaer Mette , Isavwa Anthony , Kim Andrea , Chebet Kenneth , DeCock Kevin M. , Weidle Paul J.
Published: May 2007

Objective: To evaluate retention in care and response to therapy for patients enrolled in an antiretroviral treatment program in a severely resource-constrained setting. Methods: We evaluated patients enrolled between February 26, 2003, and February 28, 2005, in a community clinic in Kibera, an informal settlement, in Nairobi, Kenya. Midlevel providers offered simplified, standardized antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens and monitored patients clinically and with basic laboratory tests. Clinical, immunologic, and virologic indicators were used to assess response to ART; adherence was determined by 3-day recall. A total of 283 patients (70% women; median baseline CD4 count, 157 cells/ mm3; viral load, 5.16 log copies/mL) initiated ART and were followed for a median of 7.1 months (n = 2384 patient-months). Results: At 1 year, the median CD4 count change was +124.5 cells/mm3 (n = 74; interquartile range, 42 to 180), and 71 (74%) of 96 patients had viral load <400 copies/mL. The proportion of patients reporting 100% adherence over the 3 days before monthly clinic visits was 94% to 100%. As of February 28, 2005, a total of 239 patients (84%) remained in care, 22 (8%) were lost to follow-up, 12 (4%) were known to have died, 5 (2%) had stopped ART, 3 (1%) moved from the area, and 2 (< 1% ) transferred care. Conclusions: Response to ART in this slum population was comparable to that seen in industrialized settings. With government commitment, donor support, and community involvement, it is feasible to implement successful ART programs in extremely challenging social and environmental conditions.
Profile of Hospitalized HIV-Infected Persons in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era in Barbados
Authors: Kumar Alok , Kilaru Krishna R. , Sandiford Shelly , Forde Sheila
Published: May 2007

Objectives: To investigate the reasons for hospitalization and its outcome in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Barbados. This report also describes the profiles of the HIV-infected persons who were hospitalized in the HAART era. Methods: The authors examined the admission case notes to conduct an observational, retrospective study of all HIV-infected patients admitted to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH) during September 1, 2004, through March 31, 2005. Data collected included patients' profile, including the date of diagnosis of HIV infection. Outcome of the current admission in terms of discharge or death and the final diagnosis at the time of discharge or death was noted. Results: Over the 6-month period, there were 160 adult admissions to the QEH where HIV/AIDS was at least one of the final diagnoses. Eighty-four (52.5%) admissions were in persons who were known to be HIV infected prior to the current admission, where a diagnosis of HIV infection was made for the first time during the current hospitalization in the remaining 76 (47.5%) cases. Nearly two thirds of those hospitalized and who had a CD4 count done had CD4 counts of < 200. Overall, opportunistic infection was the most common (38.1%), at discharge or as a final diagnosis, followed by serious bacterial infections, anemia, and HIV nephropathy. The outcome of these admissions was death in 30 (18.7%) cases, whereas the patient was discharged in the remaining 130 (81.3%) cases. Conclusions: A significant proportion of the hospitalized HIV-infected persons in the HAART era is newly diagnosed. The majority of those hospitalized had severe immunodeficiency, and consequently opportunistic infection was the most common final diagnosis.
Results of an Antiretroviral Adherence Intervention: STAR (Staying Healthy: Taking Antiretrovirals Regularly)
Authors: Murphy Debra A. , Marelich William D. , Rappaport Neil B. , Hoffman Dannie , Farthing Charles
Published: May 2007

A randomized 2-group medication adherence intervention is evaluated with HIV-infected adults (N = 141) assessed at baseline, 3-, and 9-month follow-ups. Cognitive (self-efficacy, behavioral intent), mental health (depression, well-being), and substance use indicators were the outcome measures. In addition, a posttest-only analysis from 3 to 9 months evaluates intervention impact on antiretroviral adherence, measured through Medication Event Monitoring System and pill counts. Compared to the standard care group, the intervention group showed significant increases in adherence self-efficacy and behavioral intent at 3 and 9 months and marginal improvements in mental health. Although the standard care group had higher adherence at 3 months (no baseline data were available prior to intervention), intervention group patients showed significant increases in adherence from 3 to 9 months. Although adherence levels achieved by intervention patients may not be sufficient for virological control, this is one of the first studies to provide promising results of longer term effectiveness of a behavioral adherence intervention.
Safety of HIV-1 Perinatal Transmission Prophylaxis With Zidovudine and Nevirapine in Rural South India
Authors: Read Jennifer S. , Samuel N.M. , Parameshwari S. , Dharmarajan Shoba , Van Hook Hannah M. , Mini Jacob S. , Junankar Viju , Bethel James , Jiahong Xu  , Stoszek Sonia K.
Published: May 2007

Background: The authors assessed acceptance and safety of, and adherence to, perinatal HIV-1 transmission prophylaxis at 2 public hospitals in rural Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: Eligible HIV-1—infected women were offered zidovudine (ZDV) beginning at 28-weeks gestation until delivery. Their infants received ZDV for 6 weeks. A subsequent revision to the protocol added 1 dose of nevirapine (NVP) for mother and infant. Results: Sixty of 67 women (90%) met inclusion criteria for the cohort study. Thirty-four of 36 eligible women and all 19 eligible live born infants received prophylaxis on study. Infant, but not maternal, adherence to ZDV varied by antiretroviral prophylaxis group (those receiving combined prophylaxis with ZDV and NVP had lower median adherence) ( P = .02). Neutropenia (usually transient) was the most common severe adverse event. Only 1 of 5 women with neutropenia possibly related to ZDV permanently discontinued ZDV. ZDV was not discontinued for any infant. Conclusion: With the exception of neutropenia, usually transient and always without clinical consequences, long-term ZDV (with or without NVP prophylaxis) is well tolerated.
The State, Internationalization, and Capitalist Diversity in Eastern Europe
Authors: Bohle Dorothee , Greskovits Béla
Published: May 2007

This article contributes to the debate on varieties of capitalism in Eastern Europe in three ways. First, four types of capitalist regimes that differ in particular institutional configurations and performances are empirically identified: the state-crafted neoliberalism of the Baltic States, the more directly world-market driven neoliberalism of the CIS countries, the embedded neoliberalism of the Visegrád countries, and neo-corporatism in Slovenia. Second, the diversity of capitalist regimes – is explained as a result of the complex interplay of external factors – specifically world commodity and financial markets, international institutions and foreign direct investment – and different state capacities to implement reform choices. Third, caution is given against an uncritical application of the dominant approach of comparative political economy, varieties of capitalism, since it is ill suited to study the emergence of institutions, their international embeddedness, and the semi-peripheral character of East European capitalisms.
Tissue factor: a link between C5a and neutrophil activation in antiphospholipid antibody–induced fetal injury
Authors: Redecha Patricia , Tilley Rachel , Tencati Michael , Salmon Jane E. , Kirchhofer Daniel , Mackman Nigel , Girardi Guillermina
Published: May 2007

Fetal loss in patients with antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies has been ascribed to thrombosis of placental vessels. However, we have shown that inflammation, specifically activation of complement with generation of the anaphylotoxin C5a, is an essential trigger of fetal injury. In this study, we analyzed the role of the procoagulant molecule tissue factor (TF) in a mouse model of aPL antibody–induced pregnancy loss. We found that either blockade of TF with a monoclonal antibody in wild-type mice or a genetic reduction of TF prevented aPL antibody–induced inflammation and pregnancy loss. In response to aPL antibody–generated C5a, neutrophils express TF potentiating inflammation in the deciduas and leading to miscarriages. Importantly, we showed that TF in myeloid cells but not fetal-derived cells (trophoblasts) was associated with fetal injury, suggesting that the site for pathologic TF expression is neutrophils. We found that TF expression in neutrophils contributes to respiratory burst and subsequent trophoblast injury and pregnancy loss induced by aPL antibodies. The identification of TF as an important mediator of C5a-induced oxidative burst in neutrophils in aPL-induced fetal injury provides a new target for therapy to prevent pregnancy loss in the antiphospholipid syndrome.
The Hedgehog receptor Patched controls lymphoid lineage commitment
Authors: Uhmann Anja , Dittmann Kai , Nitzki Frauke , Dressel Ralf , Koleva Milena , Frommhold Anke , Zibat Arne , Binder Claudia , Adham Ibrahim , Nitsche Mirko , Heller Tanja , Armstrong Victor , Schulz-Schaeffer Walter , Wienands Jürgen , Hahn Heidi
Published: May 2007

A first step in hematopoiesis is the specification of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages from multipotent progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Using a conditional ablation strategy in adult mice, we show that this differentiation step requires Patched (Ptch), the cell surface–bound receptor for Hedgehog (Hh). In the absence of Ptch, the development of T- and B-lymphoid lineages is blocked at the level of the common lymphoid progenitor in the bone marrow. Consequently, the generation of peripheral T and B cells is abrogated. Cells of the myeloid lineage develop normally in Ptch mutant mice. Finally, adoptive transfer experiments identified the stromal cell compartment as a critical Ptch-dependent inducer of lymphoid versus myeloid lineage commitment. Our data show that Ptch acts as a master switch for proper diversification of hematopoietic stem cells in the adult organism.