bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fiber's impact on high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein levels in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Butcher Jennifer L. , Beckstrand Renea L.
Published: October 2010

Purpose: To determine if increased dietary or supplemental intake of fiber slows or prevents inflammation as evidenced by high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) values.

Data sources: CINAHL, Medline, Health Source, Nursing/Academic Edition, and the Cochrane Library.

Conclusions: Evidence from this review suggested significant associations between fiber consumption and decreased risk for cardiovascular (CV) disease as evidenced by a decrease in hs‐CRP levels. Six of the seven articles reviewed showed statistically significant decreases in hs‐CRP levels as dietary fiber was increased.

Implications for practice: Fiber in the diet may play a strong role in CV health as evidenced by six clinical trials completed using amount of fiber intake in relation to inflammation, particularly hs‐CRP levels. Patients need to be educated to adhere to a high fiber diet, either by dietary or supplemental means, using the recommended 25–30 g of fiber per day.
Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid therapy for mild‐to‐moderate ulcerative colitis
Authors: Olmstead Jill
Published: October 2010

Purpose: 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) is the recommended first‐line treatment for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). These patients frequently fail to receive the full benefit from this treatment, often as a result of nonadherence to complex dosing regimens. The purpose of this review is to update nurse practitioners (NPs) on the available 5‐ASA formulations for patients with UC and to explore the role of NPs in the effective use of these drugs in disease management.

Data sources: Pubmed and recent conference abstracts were searched for studies that examined either 5‐ASA therapy in UC or the role of NPs in their treatment.

Conclusions: Patients frequently fail to adhere to their 5‐ASA treatment regimens, perhaps owing to a lack of understanding about their disease, or a lack of awareness of their medical management options. The unique relationship between patients and NPs allow barriers to treatment success to be identified and overcome.

Implications for practice: For patients with UC, NPs are often a primary point of contact, and are therefore ideally placed to take steps to positively influence and change patient behavior.
Temperature dependence of haemoglobin–oxygen affinity in heterothermic vertebrates: mechanisms and biological significance
Authors: Weber R. E. , Campbell K. L.
Published: October 2010

As demonstrated by August Krogh et al. a century ago, the oxygen‐binding reaction of vertebrate haemoglobin is cooperative (described by sigmoid O2 equilibrium curves) and modulated by CO2 and protons (lowered pH) that – in conjunction with later discovered allosteric effectors (chloride, lactate and organic phosphate anions) – enhance O2 unloading from blood in relatively acidic and oxygen‐poor tissues. Based on the exothermic nature of the oxygenation of the haem groups, haemoglobin–O2 affinity also decreases with rising temperature. This thermal sensitivity favours oxygen unloading in warm working muscles, but may become detrimental in regionally heterothermic animals, for example in cold‐tolerant birds and mammals and warm‐bodied fish, where it may perturb the balance between O2 unloading and O2 requirement in organs with substantially different temperatures than at the respiratory organs and thus commonly is reduced or obliterated. Given that the oxygenation of haemoglobin is linked with the endothermic release of allosteric effectors, increased effector interaction is an effective strategy that is widely exploited to achieve adaptive reductions in the temperature dependence of blood‐O2 affinity. The molecular mechanisms implicated in heterothermic vertebrates from different taxonomic groups reveal remarkable variability, both as regards the effectors implicated (protons in tunas, organic phosphates in sharks and billfish, chloride ions in ruminants and chloride and phosphate anions in the extinct woolly mammoth, etc.) and binding sites for the same effectors, indicating multiple evolutionary origins, but convergent physiological functionality (reductions in temperature dependence of O2‐binding affinity that safeguard tissue O2 supply).
Old proteins – new locations: myoglobin, haemoglobin, neuroglobin and cytoglobin in solid tumours and cancer cells
Authors: Gorr T. A. , Wichmann D. , Pilarsky C. , Theurillat J.‐P. , Fabrizius A. , Laufs T. , Bauer T. , Koslowski M. , Horn S. , Burmester T. , Hankeln T. , Kristiansen G.
Published: October 2010

Aim:  The unexpected identification of myoglobin (MB) in breast cancer prompted us to evaluate the clinico‐pathological value of MB, haemoglobin (HB) and cytoglobin (CYGB) in human breast carcinoma cases. We further screened for the presence of neuroglobin (NGB) and CYGB in tumours of diverse origin, and assessed the O2‐response of HB, MB and CYGB mRNAs in cancer cell lines, to better elicit the links between this ectopic globin expression and tumour hypoxia.

Methods:  Breast tumours were analysed by immunohistochemistry for HB, MB and CYGB and correlated with clinico‐pathological parameters. Screening for CYGB and NGB mRNA expression in tumour entities was performed by hybridization, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and bioinformatics. Hypoxic or anoxic responses of HB, MB and CYGB mRNAs was analysed by qPCR in human Hep3B, MCF7, HeLa and RCC4 cancer cell lines.

Results:  78.8% of breast cancer cases were positive for MB, 77.9% were positive for HB and 55.4% expressed CYGB. The closest correlation with markers of hypoxia was observed for CYGB. Compared to the weakly positive status of MB in healthy breast tissues, invasive tumours either lost or up‐regulated MB. Breast carcinomas showed the tendency to silence CYGB. HB was not seen in normal tissues and up‐regulated in tumours. Beyond breast malignancies, expression levels of NGB and CYGB mRNAs were extremely low in brain tumours (glioblastoma, astrocytoma). NGB was not observed in non‐brain tumours. CYGB mRNA, readily detectable in breast cancer and other tumours, is down‐regulated in lung adenocarcinomas. Alpha1 globin (α1 globin) and Mb were co‐expressed in MCF7 and HeLa cells; CYGB transcription was anoxia‐inducible in Hep3B and RCC4 cells.

Conclusions:  This is the first time that HB and CYGB are reported in breast cancer. Neither NGB nor CYGB are systematically up‐regulated in tumours. The down‐regulated CYGB expression in breast and lung tumours is in line with a tumour‐suppressor role. Each of the screened cancer cells expresses at least one globin (i.e. main globin species: CYGB in Hep3B; α1 globin + MB in MCF7 and HeLa). Thus, globins exist in a wide variety of solid tumours. However, the generally weak expression of the endogenous proteins in the cancer argues against a significant contribution to tumour oxygenation. Future studies should consider that cancer‐expressed globins might function in ways not directly linked to the binding and transport of oxygen.
A role for calreticulin in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Holoshitz Joseph , De Almeida Denise E. , Ling Song
Published: October 2010

Calreticulin (CRT) plays a role in the clearance of dying cells and has been implicated in autoimmunity. Recent evidence indicates that cell surface CRT (csCRT) acts as a signal transducing receptor for the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) shared epitope (SE). The SE binding site on CRT has been mapped to amino acid residues 217–223 in the P‐domain. Upon interaction with dendritic cells (DCs), the SE activates potent immune regulatory events. In CD8α+ DCs, which express higher abundance of csCRT, the SE inhibits the tolerogenic enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase with resultant inhibition of regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation. In CD8α− DCs, the SE ligand increases secretion of IL‐6 and IL‐23 and facilitates generation of Th17 cells, a T cell subset known to play a role in autoimmunity. On the basis of these recent findings, we discuss the possibility that the csCRT may play a pathogenic role in RA by transducing SE‐activated Th17‐polarizing signals.
Desirable cell death during anticancer chemotherapy
Authors: Locher Clara , Conforti Rosa , Aymeric Laetitia , Ma Yuting , Yamazaki Takahiro , Rusakiewicz Sylvie , Tesnière Antoine , Ghiringhelli François , Apetoh Lionel , Morel Yannis , Girard Jean‐Philippe , Kroemer Guido , Zitvogel Laurence
Published: October 2010

The concept of immunogenic chemotherapy that has recently emerged relies upon the capacity of a cytotoxic compound to trigger a cell‐death modality. This modality elicits cross‐priming by dendritic cells of tumor antigen‐specific T cells that will contribute to the tumoricidal activity of the compound and protect the host against relapse. In contrast, most anticancer drugs elicit nonimmunogenic apoptosis that is not accompanied with an immunizing property. This review will discuss some molecular and metabolic changes required at the level of the tumor that must engage key pathways at the level of the host for the induction of Tc1 polarized–protective T cell responses during chemotherapy. We will summarize the immune adjuvants that can boost the immunogenicity of cell death to augment the efficacy of chemotherapy.
Apoptotic mimicry: phosphatidylserine‐mediated macropinocytosis of vaccinia virus
Authors: Mercer Jason , Helenius Ari
Published: October 2010

Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that rely on cellular processes and factors for most aspects of their replication cycle. For entry, most viruses take advantage of cellular endocytic activities to be transported from the cell surface into the cytoplasm where they penetrate into the host cell cytosol. It has recently emerged that vaccinia virus, the prototypic poxvirus, uses macropinocytosis to gain entry. The incoming virus particles activate a complex signaling network that triggers dramatic changes in the cortical actin network, resulting in membrane blebbing that facilitates virus entry. Phosphatidylserine in the virus membrane is required to trigger the signaling, blebbing, and macropinocytic event, suggesting that the vaccinia virus uses an entry mechanism based on mimicry of apoptotic bodies.
Disorders of dysregulated signal traffic through the RAS‐MAPK pathway: phenotypic spectrum and molecular mechanisms
Authors: Tartaglia Marco , Gelb Bruce D.
Published: October 2010

RAS GTPases control a major signaling network implicated in several cellular functions, including cell fate determination, proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, and senescence. Within this network, signal flow through the RAF‐MEK‐ERK pathway—the first identified mitogen‐associated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade—mediates early and late developmental processes controlling morphology determination, organogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and growth. Signaling through the RAS‐MAPK cascade is tightly controlled; and its enhanced activation represents a well‐known event in oncogenesis. Unexpectedly, in the past few years, inherited dysregulation of this pathway has been recognized as the cause underlying a group of clinically related disorders sharing facial dysmorphism, cardiac defects, reduced postnatal growth, ectodermal anomalies, variable cognitive deficits, and susceptibility to certain malignancies as major features. These disorders are caused by heterozygosity for mutations in genes encoding RAS proteins, regulators of RAS function, modulators of RAS interaction with effectors, or downstream signal transducers. Here, we provide an overview of the phenotypic spectrum associated with germline mutations perturbing RAS‐MAPK signaling, the unpredicted molecular mechanisms converging toward the dysregulation of this signaling cascade, and major genotype–phenotype correlations.
Gas Chromatography/Olfactometry and Electronic Nose Analyses of Retronasal Aroma of Espresso and Correlation with Sensory Evaluation by an Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Michishita Tomomi , Akiyama Masayuki , Hirano Yuta , Ikeda Michio , Sagara Yasuyuki , Araki Tetsuya
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  To develop a method for evaluating and designing the retronasal aroma of espresso, sensory evaluation data was correlated with data obtained from gas chromatography/olfactometry (GC/O, CharmAnalysis™) and from an electronic nose system αFOX4000 (E‐nose). The volatile compounds of various kinds of espresso (arabica coffee beans from 6 production countries: Brazil, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Colombia, Indonesia, and Tanzania; 3 roasting degrees for each country: L values, 18, 23, and 26) were collected with a retronasal aroma simulator (RAS) and examined by GC/O and E‐nose. In addition, sensory descriptive analysis using a 7‐point scale for RAS effluent gas was performed by 5 trained flavorists using sensory descriptors selected based on the frequency in use and coefficient of correlation. The charm values of 10 odor descriptions obtained from GC/O analysis exhibited the significant (P < 0.05) differences among both roasting degrees and origins. Also, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) on the E‐nose‐sensor resistances and factor analysis on the sensory evaluation scores showed that the differences of aroma characteristics among the roasting degrees were larger than those among the origins. Based on an artificial neural network (ANN) model applied to the data from GC/O analyses and sensory evaluations, the perceptual factor of the RAS aroma was predicted to be mainly affected by sweet‐caramel, smoke‐roast, and acidic odors. Also, 3 metal oxide semiconductor sensors (LY2/Gh, P30/1, and T40/1) of E‐nose were selected for analyses of RAS aroma and correlated with the sensory descriptive scores by the ANN to support sensory evaluation.
Use of Species Other than Oak to Flavor Wine: An Exploratory Survey
Authors: Young O.A. , Kaushal M. , Robertson J.D. , Burns H. , Nunns S.J.
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  The concept of geographical exclusivity prompted an exploratory survey with toasted woods other than oak to flavor wine. A total of 11 woods and oak (Quercus alba) were cut into chips 20 × 10 × 2.5 mm and toasted at 200 °C for 2 h (light toast) or 210 °C for 3 h (dark). Weight losses and changes in CIE color space were monitored. The toasted chips were infused in unoaked chardonnay (5 g L−1) for 2 wk. Parallel infusions were done with model wine (water, ethanol, tartaric acid) adjusted to pH 3.5. Ultraviolet absorbances due to infusion were recorded on the basis that that lignin compounds and their potential pyrolysates are based on phenolic structures that absorb in the ultraviolet range. Weight losses on light and dark toasting were highly variable between species as were color changes, suggesting potential for different flavor outcomes from chemical changes. Ultraviolet absorbance curves were also highly variable showing that different species yielded different quantities of potentially flavor‐active phenolic compounds in real and model wine. More absorbing matter was extracted from the light toast treatments, and light toast oak, which demonstrated the greatest weight loss on light toasting, yielded the widest range of ultraviolet‐absorbing matter. In an informal sensory trial with the 24 species/toast combinations infused in chardonnay all but one wood, Cupressus macrocarpa, resulted in flavors reminiscent of oaked wines. A hedonic consumer trial with 4 species and oak compared with uninfused chardonnay showed that each of the 4 had potential as a flavorant. Thus, woods unsuited to barrel construction could provide unrealized flavor opportunities in the wine industry, and could extend to flavoring spirits.

Practical Application:  This is about using toasted wood chips of species other than oak to enhance wine flavor. A wide range of species unsuited to barrel construction was toasted and tested for compounds that extract into wine. Informal and formal sensory trials showed that most woods had the potential to impart desirable flavors to wine.
Variation in Sensory Profile of Individual Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Same Production Batch
Authors: Green‐Petersen Ditte Marie Benedikte , Hyldig Grethe
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  The variation in sensory profile of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), belonging to the same aquaculture production batch and handled the same way, was explored by using objective sensory profiling on heat‐treated minced fillets. In addition, quality index, mechanical texture, pH, fat, and water content were measured. Different groups of fish were sampled 3 different times during a production day. The results showed significant differences in the sensory profiles of individual fish within all 3 groups as well as significant differences between the groups. Differences in mechanical texture were found between individuals in 2 of the 3 groups and between the groups. No differences were found in quality index neither between individuals nor groups. A significant negative correlation between lipid content and firm texture was observed, but in general, the chemical and physical measurements could not explain the differences in the sensory profiling or in the mechanical texture measurements. The results showed that significant differences in the sensory profiles of individual fish from the same aquaculture production batch may occur. Furthermore, the results also showed sensory differences between groups of samples taken at different times during a production day.

Practical Application:  Based on the conclusion from this study, it is generally recommended to perform objective sensory measurements on aquaculture fish either by giving all sensory assessors samples from the same fish or by using an appropriate number of replicates to assure that a sufficient number is used to obtain a valid conclusion.
Aroma Profile and Volatiles Odor Activity Along Gold Cultivar Pineapple Flesh
Authors: Montero‐Calderón Marta , Rojas‐Graü María Alejandra , Martín‐Belloso Olga
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Physicochemical attributes, aroma profile, and odor contribution of pineapple flesh were studied for the top, middle, and bottom cross‐sections cut along the central axis of Gold cultivar pineapple. Relationships between volatile and nonvolatile compounds were also studied. Aroma profile constituents were determined by headspace solid‐phase microextraction at 30 °C, followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. A total of 20 volatile compounds were identified and quantified. Among them, esters were the major components which accounted for 90% of total extracted aroma. Methyl butanoate, methyl 2‐methyl butanoate, and methyl hexanoate were the 3 most abundant components representing 74% of total volatiles in pineapple samples. Most odor active contributors were methyl and ethyl 2‐methyl butanoate and 2,5‐dimethyl 4‐methoxy 3(2H)‐furanone (mesifuran). Aroma profile components did not vary along the fruit, but volatile compounds content significantly varied (P < 0.05) along the fruit, from 7560 to 10910 μg/kg, from the top to the bottom cross‐sections of the fruit, respectively. In addition, most odor‐active volatiles concentration increased from the top to the bottom 3rd of the fruit, concurrently with soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) differences attributed to fruitlets distinct degree of ripening. Large changes in SSC/TA ratio and volatiles content throughout the fruit found through this study are likely to provoke important differences among individual fresh‐cut pineapple trays, compromising consumer perception and acceptance of the product. Such finding highlighted the need to include volatiles content and SSC/TA ratio and their variability along the fruit as selection criteria for pineapples to be processed and quality assessment of the fresh‐cut fruit.

Practical Application:  Aroma profile and odor activity of volatile compounds along pineapple fruit are useful for quality control of raw and processed fruit products, determination of changes through storage and product shelf life, and to offer good and consistent quality to the consumers. Most odor active volatiles give hints of important compounds to assess throughout storage to maintain fruit quality.
Consumer Perception of Astringency in Clear Acidic Whey Protein Beverages
Authors: Childs Jessica L. , Drake MaryAnne
Published: October 2010

Abstract: Acidic whey protein beverages are a growing component of the functional food and beverage market. These beverages are also astringent, but astringency is an expected and desirable attribute of many beverages (red wine, tea, coffee) and may not necessarily be a negative attribute of acidic whey protein beverages. The goal of this study was to define the consumer perception of astringency in clear acidic whey protein beverages. Six focus groups (n= 49) were held to gain understanding of consumer knowledge of astringency. Consumers were presented with beverages and asked to map them based on astringent mouthfeel and liking. Orthonasal thresholds for whey protein isolate (WPI) in water and flavored model beverages were determined using a 7‐series ascending forced choice method. Mouthfeel/basic taste thresholds were determined for WPI in water. Acceptance tests on model beverages were conducted using consumers (n= 120) with and without wearing nose clips. Consumers in focus groups were able to identify astringency in beverages. Astringency intensity was not directly related to dislike. The orthonasal threshold for WPI in water was lower (P< 0.05) than the mouthfeel/basic taste threshold of WPI in water. Consumer acceptance of beverages containing WPI was lower (P< 0.05) when consumers were not wearing nose clips compared to acceptance scores of beverages when consumers were wearing nose clips. These results suggest that flavors contributed by WPI in acidic beverages are more objectionable than the astringent mouthfeel and that both flavor and astringency should be the focus of ongoing studies to improve the palatability of these products.

Practical Application: Whey protein beverages represent an expanding segment of the beverage and meal replacement sector. This study demonstrates that flavors contributed by whey proteins remain a crucial concern for consumer acceptance and that both flavor and astringency should be the focus of ongoing studies to improve the palatability of these products.
Effect of Microbial Transglutaminase on Gel Properties and Film Characteristics of Gelatin from Lizardfish (Saurida spp.) Scales
Authors: Wangtueai Sutee , Noomhorm Athapol , Regenstein Joe M.
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  The addition of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) generally increased the gel strength of lizardfish (Saurida spp.) scale gelatin gels (P≤ 0.05) with an increase in gel strength with the addition of MTGase up to 0.5% (w/v). The texture profile analysis compression tests of lizardfish scale gelatin gel with and without MTGase were studied to determine their effects on gel characteristics. MTGase added to the gels decreased the band intensity of the β‐ and α‐components with increasing concentrations of enzyme. Gel microstructures with various concentration of MTGase showed denser strands in the gels with enzyme compared with the looser stands in non‐enzyme‐treated gel samples. Films cast from lizardfish scale gelatin with and without 0.5% MTGase and bovine gelatin films were transparent and flexible. The lizardfish gelatin films were all slightly yellowish while the bovine gelatin films were clearer. The L value of bovine gelatin films had the highest value (P≤ 0.05) whereas lizardfish scale gelatin films with and without enzyme were not significantly different (P > 0.05) for L, a, and b values and ΔE. The film's mechanical properties included tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (E) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) for E and the films of lizardfish scale gelatin showed higher TS than the films without enzyme added (P ≤ 0.05). The water vapor permeability of films from lizardfish scale gelatin with and without 0.5% MTGase and bovine gelatin films were 21.0 ± 0.17, 26.3 ± 0.79, and 25.8 ± 0.09 g·mm/m2·d·kPa, respectively, while the oxygen transmission rate of all 3 types of films were less than 50 cc O2/m2·d.

Practical Application:  Scales of fish are generally a by‐product of fisheries and have very little value. As part of fish meal, they detract from the fish meal's nutritional quality. Thus, the use of fish scale gelatin could open up a new value‐added potential for the fish processor and leads to less waste. By using transglutaminase, the characteristics of the fish scale gelatin can be changed, hopefully, improved. Film formation represents a potentially valuable use of the fish gelatin.
Study of the Quality Characteristics in Cold‐Smoked Salmon (Salmo Salar) Originating from Pre‐ or Post‐Rigor Raw Material
Authors: Birkeland S. , Akse L.
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Improved slaughtering procedures in the salmon industry have caused a delayed onset of rigor mortis and, thus, a potential for pre‐rigor secondary processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rigor status at time of processing on quality traits color, texture, sensory, microbiological, in injection salted, and cold‐smoked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Injection of pre‐rigor fillets caused a significant (P < 0.001) contraction (–7.9%± 0.9%) on the caudal‐cranial axis. No significant differences in instrumental color (a*, b*, C*, or h*), texture (hardness), or sensory traits (aroma, color, taste, and texture) were observed between pre‐ or post‐rigor processed fillets; however, post‐rigor (1477 ± 38 g) fillets had a significant (P > 0.05) higher fracturability than pre‐rigor fillets (1369 ± 71 g). Pre‐rigor fillets were significantly (P < 0.01) lighter, L*, (39.7 ± 1.0) than post‐rigor fillets (37.8 ± 0.8) and had significantly lower (P < 0.05) aerobic plate count (APC), 1.4 ± 0.4 log CFU/g against 2.6 ± 0.6 log CFU/g, and psychrotrophic count (PC), 2.1 ± 0.2 log CFU/g against 3.0 ± 0.5 log CFU/g, than post‐rigor processed fillets. This study showed that similar quality characteristics can be obtained in cold‐smoked products processed either pre‐ or post‐rigor when using suitable injection salting protocols and smoking techniques.

Practical Application:  It is possible to produce smoked salmon from raw material in a pre‐rigor state. Thus, avoiding storage of fillets for 3 to 4 d until rigor mortis has resolved.
Differential Effects of Sulfated Triterpene Glycosides, Holothurin A1, and 24‐Dehydroechinoside A, on Antimetastasic Activity via Regulation of the MMP‐9 Signal Pathway
Authors: Zhao Qin , Xue Yong , Liu Zhi‐dong , Li Hui , Wang Jing‐feng , Li Zhao‐jie , Wang Yu‐ming , Dong Ping , Xue Chang‐hu
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Two sulfated triterpene glycosides, holothurin A1 (HA1) and 24‐dehydroechinoside A (DHEA), isolated from the sea cucumber Pearsonothuria graeffei, are of the holostane type with 18(20)‐lactone and identical carbohydrate chains. DHEA has a side chain 23 (24)‐double bond, while HA1 has a hydroxyl group at C‐21. In this study, we compared the effects of DHEA and HA1 on metastasis in vitro and in vivo. The results show that HA1 and DHEA treatment significantly suppressed adhesion of human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) to both matrigel and human endothelial cells (ECV‐304) and inhibited HepG2 cell migration and invasion in a dose‐dependant manner. HA1 and DHEA reduced tube formation of ECV‐304 cells on the matrigel in vitro and attenuated neovascularization in the chick embryo using the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay in vivo. Immunocytochemistry analyses revealed that both HA1 and DHEA significantly decreased the expression of the matrix metallo‐proteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) and increased the expression level of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1), an important regulator of MMP‐9 activation. Western blot analyses demonstrated that HA1 and DHEA remarkably abolished the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The expression of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) was significantly decreased by HA1, while DHEA treatment had no effect on the down regulation of NF‐κB expression. These data suggest that both DHEA and HA1 exert significant antimetastatic activities by inhibiting MMP‐9 and VEGF expression. DHEA‐induced antimetastasis was more potent than HA1. In addition, only HA1 treatment downregulated the expression level of NF‐κB, suggesting that the antimetastatic activity of triterpene glycosides derived from P. graeffei can be either NF‐κB‐dependent or ‐independent, depending on their structure.
Utilization of Oryzacystatin for Regulating the Ripening of Squid Shiokara, a Traditional Japanese Salted and Fermented Seafood
Authors: Funaki J. , Tamura T. , Nishinoaki M. , Misaka T. , Eto W. , Asakura T.
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Shiokara is a fermented seafood composed of sliced squid mantle muscle ripened with fresh squid liver. Preliminary sensory evaluation by using the ranking test revealed that the hardness of squid muscle in shiokara was reduced within 7 d of ripening. During the process of ripening, muscle proteins were digested by proteinases present in squid liver. The degradation of paramyosin and myosin heavy chain was observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The hardness of squid mantle muscle in shiokara was reduced with the degradation of paramyosin and myosin heavy chain. This degradation was mainly caused by E‐64‐sensitive cysteine proteinases. To control the hardness of shiokara, we used rice seed oryzacystatin, which suppresses proteolysis by papain‐like cysteine proteinases. When oryzacystatin was added 4 d after the start of shiokara ripening, the muscle protein degradation stopped, without further muscle softening. These results show that oryzacystatin is useful to control the ripening of shiokara by regulating its hardness.
Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Fresh Potato‐Based Pasta (Gnocchi)
Authors: Alessandrini Laura , Balestra Federica , Romani Santina , Rocculi Pietro , Rosa Marco Dalla
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  This study dealt with the characterization and quality assessment of 3 kinds of potato‐based pasta (gnocchi) made with steam‐cooked, potato puree (water added to potato flakes), and reconstituted potatoes as main ingredients. The aim of the research was to evaluate the quality of the products in terms of physicochemical, textural, and sensory characteristics. Water content, water activity, color (L* and h°), and texture (texture profile analysis [TPA] and shearing test) were evaluated on both raw and cooked samples. In addition, on the recovered cooking water the loss of solid substances was determined and on the cooked gnocchi a sensory assessment was performed. Eight sensory attributes (yellowness, hardness, gumminess, adhesiveness, potato taste, sweet taste, flour taste, and sapidity) were investigated. Statistically significant differences among products were obtained, especially concerning textural properties. In fact, sample made with reconstituted potatoes and emulsifiers resulted the hardest (8.53 ± 1.22 N), the gummiest (2.90 ± 0.05 N), and the “chewiest” (2.90 ± 0.58 N) after cooking. Gnocchi made with potato puree or reconstituted potatoes significantly differed from the one produced with steam‐cooked potatoes in terms of sensory properties (yellowness, hardness, flour taste, and sapidity). Pearson's correlation analysis between some textural instrumental and sensory parameters showed significant correlation coefficients (0.532 < r < 0.810). Score plot of principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed obtained results from physicochemical and sensory analyses, in terms of high discriminant capacity of colorimetric and textural characteristics.
UVR Emissions from Solaria in Australia and Implications for the Regulation Process
Authors: Gies Peter , Javorniczky John , Henderson Stuart , McLennan Alan , Roy Colin , Lock Jordan , Lynga Claire , Melbourne Alan , Gordon Louisa
Published: October 2010

To assist in the development of the 2008 Australian/New Zealand standard on solaria and related regulations, Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency scientists visited a number of tanning establishments during 2008 to measure the intensity and spectral distribution of the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) emissions from a range of solaria. The 2002 Australian/New Zealand Standard “Solaria for cosmetic purposes” (AS/NZS 2635) allowed a maximum UVR output from solaria of UV Index 60, a compromise between the solarium industry who wanted no upper limit and the health agencies who wanted to limit intensity. Of the 20 solaria examined in detail, only one had emissions of intensity less than UV Index 12, typical of mid‐latitude summer sunlight, 15 units emitted more than UV Index 20, while three units emitted at intensities above UV Index 36, the maximum allowed by the new standard, AS/NZS 2635 (2008) and would thus not comply. UVA emissions ranged from 98 W · m−2 up to a maximum of 438 W · m−2, more than six times the UVA content of mid‐latitude summer sunshine. The results indicate that solaria users in Australia have access to solaria that are high intensity units with both significantly higher UVB and UVA emissions than sunlight, with implications for resultant adverse health effects.
Absorption and Emission Spectroscopic Characterization of Lumichrome in Aqueous Solutions†
Authors: Tyagi Amit , Penzkofer Alfons
Published: October 2010

The spectroscopic behavior of lumichrome (7,8‐dimethyl‐alloxazine, LC) in aqueous solutions in a pH range from −1.08 to 14.6 is studied. Absorption spectra, fluorescence quantum distributions, quantum yields, and lifetimes are determined. The ionization stage of ground‐state LC changes with rising pH from the cationic form (LCH2+) to the neutral form (LCH) with a mid‐point pH of pKc ≈ −0.53, and to the anionic form (LC−) with a mid‐point pH of pKa ≈ 12.5. Above pH 7 a partial ground‐state tautomerization of LCH to 7,8‐dimethyl‐isoalloxazine (IAH) occurs by N1–N10 intra‐molecular proton transfer. For pH > pKa ≈ 12.5 LCH and IAH change to the anionic forms LC− and IA−, and above pH 14 LC− tautomerizes completely to IA−. In the excited state some neutral lumichrome (LCH*) converts to cationic lumichrome (LCH2+) at low pH by proton transfer from H3O+ to LCH*. No photoinduced excited‐state tautomerization of lumichrome was observed. LCH for pH > 3 and IAH are reasonably fluorescent. The fluorescence efficiencies of LC− and IA− are lower than those of LCH and IAH. The fluorescence of LCH2+ is strongly quenched likely by intra‐molecular diabatic charge transfer and excited‐state relaxation by potential surface touching with the ground state.
Transmission of Light to the Young Primate Retina: Possible Implications for the Formation of Lipofuscin
Authors: Gaillard Elizabeth R. , Merriam John , Zheng Lei , Dillon James
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the transmission properties of the anterior segment of young primate eyes and potentially relate those changes to photochemical processes in the retina that lead to the early, rapid formation of lipofuscin. A simple method has been developed to determine the optical properties of the anterior segment of the intact eye. Using this technique, the transmission/absorption properties of primate cadaver eyes were determined. A young primate anterior segment has a maximum absorption at 365 nm due to the presence of the O‐β‐glucoside of 3‐hydroxykynurenine in the lens. This is synthesized in the last trimester of gestation. Although this compound filters out most of the UV light from reaching the retina, there is a small window of transmission centered on an absorption minimum at 320 nm. This closes by the second decade of life. The window of transmission of UV light to the primate retina may explain the initial accelerated formation of lipofuscin in the young human retina by a photochemical process. This would be exacerbated by any decrease in the ozone layer with concomitant increase in UV‐B reaching the earth’s surface.
Radical Protection by Sunscreens in the Infrared Spectral Range
Authors: Meinke Martina C. , Haag Stefan F. , Schanzer Sabine , Groth Norbert , Gersonde Ingo , Lademann Jürgen
Published: October 2010

One essential reason for skin ageing is the formation of free radicals by excessive or unprotected sun exposure. Recently, free radical generation in skin has been shown to appear not only after irradiation in the UV wavelength range but also in the infrared (IR) spectral range. Sunscreens are known to protect against radicals generated by UV radiation; however, no data exist for those generated by IR radiation. This paper has investigated four different, commercially available sunscreens and one COLIPA standard with regard to radical formation in the skin after IR irradiation, using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The use of sunscreens has led to reduced amounts of radicals compared to untreated skin. Furthermore, absorption and scattering properties and the radical protection factor of the formulations were determined to investigate their influence on the radical protection of the skin. None of these formulations contained an optical absorber in the IR range. The protection efficiency of the sunscreens was shown as being induced by the high scattering properties of the sunscreens, as well as the antioxidants contained in the formulations.
CLINICAL INNOVATIONS IN THE THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY AND COMMUNITY CARE
Authors: Foster Angela
Published: October 2010

abstract

My contribution to the development of theory and practice has taken the form of writing and teaching based on clinical experience, and for this celebration of the work of Robert (Bob) Hinshelwood I have selected four examples of innovation – the first two in the boundaried setting of a therapeutic community, the third in a temporary organization representing care in the community and the fourth in a community service that requested consultancy following the tragic death of a child.
LOOKING FOR THE UNEXPECTED: PSYCHOANALYTIC UNDERSTANDING AND POLITICS
Authors: Rustin Michael
Published: October 2010

abstract

This paper argues, with examples which include the nuclear arms race and climate change, that the most valuable psychoanalytic insights into political questions are likely to be counter‐intuitive, since they will draw attention to unconscious states of mind which resist recognition.
Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) and its conservation implications
Authors: Mascia Michael B. , Pailler Sharon
Published: October 2010

National parks and other protected areas (PAs) are the foundation of global efforts to conserve biological diversity. Conservation policy and practice assume that PAs are permanent fixtures on the landscape, but scattered evidence points to widespread—yet largely overlooked—PA downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD). As a preliminary investigation of PADDD and its implications for conservation science and policy, we explore the published literature and contemporary media reports. We identify 89 historic instances of PADDD, in 27 countries, since 1900. Contemporary accounts reveal that PADDD has recently occurred or is currently under consideration in at least 12 countries worldwide. Proximate causes of PADDD vary widely, but center on access to and use of natural resources. Case studies from India and South America highlight the fact that PAs are socially defined and socially constructed governance regimes, responsive to social pressures—including conservation demands—at local to global scales. PADDD challenges longstanding assumptions underlying conservation policy and practice, including efforts to reduce deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), and underscores the need for resilient and robust conservation strategies. Because many fundamental questions regarding PADDD remain unanswered, further research is required to understand this conservation phenomenon and develop tailored policy responses.
A Microfluidic Device to Establish Concentration Gradients Using Reagent Density Differences
Authors: Kong Qingjun , Able Richard A. , Dudu Veronica , Vazquez Maribel
Published: October 2010

Microfabrication has become widely utilized to generate controlled microenvironments that establish chemical concentration gradients for a variety of engineering and life science applications. To establish microfluidic flow, the majority of existing devices rely upon additional facilities, equipment, and excessive reagent supplies, which together limit device portability as well as constrain device usage to individuals trained in technological disciplines. The current work presents our laboratory-developed bridged μLane system, which is a stand-alone device that runs via conventional pipette loading and can operate for several days without need of external machinery or additional reagent volumes. The bridged μLane is a two-layer polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic device that is able to establish controlled chemical concentration gradients over time by relying solely upon differences in reagent densities. Fluorescently labeled Dextran was used to validate the design and operation of the bridged μLane by evaluating experimentally measured transport properties within the microsystem in conjunction with numerical simulations and established mathematical transport models. Results demonstrate how the bridged μLane system was used to generate spatial concentration gradients that resulted in an experimentally measured Dextran diffusivity of (0.82±0.01)×10−6 cm2/s.
Determination of Coefficient of Friction for Self-Expanding Stent-Grafts
Authors: Vad Siddharth , Eskinazi Amanda , Corbett Timothy , McGloughlin Tim , Vande Geest Jonathan P.
Published: October 2010

Migration of stent-grafts (SGs) after endovascular aneurysm repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms is a serious complication that may require secondary intervention. Experimental, analytical, and computational studies have been carried out in the past to understand the factors responsible for migration. In an experimental setting, it can be very challenging to correctly capture and understand the interaction between a SG and an artery. Quantities such as coefficient of friction (COF) and contact pressures that characterize this interaction are difficult to measure using an experimental approach. This behavior can be investigated with good accuracy using finite element modeling. Although finite element models are able to incorporate frictional behavior of SGs, the absence of reliable values of coefficient of friction make these simulations unreliable. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate a method for determining the coefficients of friction of a self-expanding endovascular stent-graft. The methodology is demonstrated by considering three commercially available self-expanding SGs, labeled as A, B, and C. The SGs were compressed, expanded, and pulled out of polymeric cylinders of varying diameters and the pullout force was recorded in each case. The SG geometries were recreated using computer-aided design modeling and the entire experiment was simulated in ABAQUS 6.8/STANDARD. An optimization procedure was carried out for each SG oversize configuration to determine the COF that generated a frictional force corresponding to that measured in the experiment. The experimental pullout force and analytically determined COF for SGs A, B, and C were in the range of 6–9 N, 3–12 N, and 3–9 N and 0.08–0.16, 0.22–0.46, and 0.012–0.018, respectively. The computational model predicted COFs in the range of 0.00025–0.0055, 0.025–0.07, and 0.00025–0.006 for SGs A, B, and C, respectively. Our results suggest that for SGs A and B, which are exoskeleton based devices, the pullout forces increase upto a particular oversize beyond which they plateau, while pullout forces showed a continuous increase with oversize for SG C, which is an endoskeleton based device. The COF decreased with oversizing for both types of SGs. The proposed methodology will be useful for determining the COF between self-expanding stent-grafts from pullout tests on human arterial tissue.
Aspects of hybrid pattern definition while combining thermal nanoimprint with optical lithography
Authors: Scheer H.-C. , Möllenbeck S. , Mayer A. , Dhima K.
Published: October 2010

Thermal nanoimprint (T-NIL) is uniquely suitable for combinational lithography because it proceeds without cross-linking and does not rely on changes in properties of the imprint material. Most typical are combinations with other lithography techniques. Combinations with optical lithography may help to circumvent the pattern size dependence of nanoimprint and help to remove the residual layer by a simple development step. This work focuses on a hybrid processing combining T-NIL with optical lithography by using a single resist layer. Critical issues are the imprintability of typical photoresists and the fact that lithography has to be performed over a prepatterned topography. A well-known positive tone photoresist, AZ 1500, is compared with a previously investigated negative tone resist, SU-8. Gel permeation chromatography reveals typical differences of these photoresists compared to typical imprint polymers. The results demonstrate that molecular mobility is a more important indicator for viscosity of photoresists than molecular weight. Additionally, a simple construction method was found to allow prediction of features typically encountered during hybrid patterning.
Impact of development chemistry on extreme ultraviolet resist performance
Authors: Gronheid Roel
Published: October 2010

Tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide (TBAH) has recently been identified as a promising material for aqueous base development of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photoresists. In this article, the merits and applicability of this new material are being further investigated. In general, TBAH has no impact on line width roughness or sensitivity performance when compared to conventional tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide. It does, however, improve the pattern collapse performance of several resists. Since pattern collapse is an important failure mechanism for EUV, TBAH also improves ultimate resolution of these materials and allows overexposure to target smaller critical dimensions. In contrast, several other resist platforms show no impact of TBAH on their pattern collapse behavior. A mechanism is proposed to explain this observation based on modification of the chemical surface properties during development. This mechanism is supported by independent contact angle measurements.
Statistical classification of road pavements using near field vehicle rolling noise measurements
Authors: Paulo Joel Preto , Coelho J. L. Bento , Figueiredo Mário A. T.
Published: October 2010

Low noise surfaces have been increasingly considered as a viable and cost-effective alternative to acoustical barriers. However, road planners and administrators frequently lack information on the correlation between the type of road surface and the resulting noise emission profile. To address this problem, a method to identify and classify different types of road pavements was developed, whereby near field road noise is analyzed using statistical learning methods. The vehicle rolling sound signal near the tires and close to the road surface was acquired by two microphones in a special arrangement which implements the Close-Proximity method. A set of features, characterizing the properties of the road pavement, was extracted from the corresponding sound profiles. A feature selection method was used to automatically select those that are most relevant in predicting the type of pavement, while reducing the computational cost. A set of different types of road pavement segments were tested and the performance of the classifier was evaluated. Results of pavement classification performed during a road journey are presented on a map, together with geographical data. This procedure leads to a considerable improvement in the quality of road pavement noise data, thereby increasing the accuracy of road traffic noise prediction models.