bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Soil Constituents and Water Quality on the Growth Rate of Olive Trees (Olea europaea L.) in Albaha Region, South-Western Saudi Arabia
Authors: Howladar Saad
Published: December 2019

The study aimed at evaluating the influence of the physicochemical properties of soil and water on the growth rate of olive trees (Olea europaea L.) at twelve locations at Albaha region, south-western Saudi Arabia. The studied locations demonstrated clear variation in soil contents. They showed deficiency in organic matter contents while they were significantly different in their soil salinity. Soil samples had no significant variations in their nitrogen contents and had moderate amount of phosphorous. Soil from Farm No.2a contained significantly high amount of calcium (2470 mg/kg) while Farm No.1b had high iron (690 mg/kg) content. Soil pH values of all the areas were in the neutral range. Water samples were not chemically contaminated and showed negative test for total coliform except water sample from farm No. 1 which had a positive test. The variations in growth rate and health among the studied trees could be attributed to the variations in physicochemical properties of soil and water at the studied locations.
Anti-HIV Drug Discovery, Development and Synthesis of Delavirdine: Review Article
Authors: Behja Wollela , Jemal Mudin
Published: December 2019

Viruses are the smallest infectious agents of animal and plant tissues. Viruses are totally dependent on living cells to survive as they utilize the host cell's own replication processes, in order to reproduce themselves. HIV is the causative agent of AIDS. HIV is an unusually difficult to treat because it incorporate its own genetic material into the genome of an infected host cell. It infects T cells that carry the CD4 antigen on their surface. Binding and fusion, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, assembly and budding are the major steps of the HIV life cycle. The HIV/AIDS disease is treated by interrupting the HIV life cycle with specially designed drugs. The discovery of effective drugs against HIV has focused on targeting various critical components of the replication cycle of HIV. Depending on the target within the HIV replicative cycle they interact with, anti-HIV compounds are categorized into six groups. These are: nucleoside (nucleotide) reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), cell entry inhibitors or fusion inhibitors (FIs), co-receptor inhibitors (CRIs) and integrase inhibitors (INIs). The development of effective anti-HIV drugs is difficult due to wide variations in nucleotide and amino acid sequences. The development of anti-HIV drug passes through several important steps. This includes development from α-APA to ITU, ITU to DATA, DAPY to etravirine. Fosdevirine, lersivirine and rilpivirine are among the drugs that were undergoing clinical development and finally only rilpivirine was approved by FDA. The synthesis of delavirdine employs the use of heterocyclic rings like substituted pyridine and indole.
Economic Analysis of Women Self Help Groups Generating Dairy Activity
Authors: Chopde K. D.
Published: December 2019

In India, the majority of the people live in a rural area and are engaged in agriculture, earning a subsistence wage. Women are a vital part of the Indian economy and employment to build their empowerment. Provision of loans and financial services to the poor is an important aspect of the development agenda of any economy. To ascertain the technical efficient self-help groups and identify the possible determinants of technical efficiency of dairy self-help groups. This study was undertaken in rural areas of Amravati division and for this study Selected those self-help groups which were engaged in agriculture-based activity dairy. To analyse the objectives of the study to ascertain the technical efficient self-help groups and identify the possible determinant of technical efficiency of dairy self-help groups, the primary data was collected with the help of Personal interview of self-help groups. The marginal value of productivity of assets determined to decrease the use of assets and scope to be increasing this variable. The variable asset executed negative significant contribution in determining the gross loan its indicates declining assets affects to the loan refund and hence its indicated limited the size of SHGs, in views of this it is necessary to increase the assets which will make the SHGs to increase their activities production which helps in increase gross returns to refund possible therefore assets is the possible determinant of gross loan portfolio. The average technical efficiency for the entire sample of dairy SHGs was 0.9771, allocative efficiency was 0.5843 and 0.5671 dairy SHGs economic efficiency. The variables such as Cost per borrower, Assets, Borrow per member, Net return and Subsidy contributes to the explanation of the variation in Economic Efficiency of the dairy SHGs.
Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Ibuprofen Loaded Nano-transferosomal Gel for the Treatment of Psoriasis
Authors: Abdallah Marwa H. , Lila Amr S. Abu , Anwer Md. Khalid , Khafagy El-Sayed , Mohammad Muqtader , S. Soliman Mahmoud
Published: December 2019

The present work was aimed to develop a transferosomal gel of ibuprofen (IBU) for the amelioration of psoriasis like inflammation. Three formulation of IBU loaded transferosomes (TFs1-TFs3) were prepared using different proportions of lipid (phospholipon 90H) and surfactant (tween 80) and further evaluated for vesicle size, zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release. The IBU loaded transferosomes (TFs2) was optimized with vesicle size (217±8.4 nm), PDI (0.102), ZP (-31.5±4.3 mV), entrapment efficiency (88.4±6.9%) and drug loading (44.2±2.9%). Further, the optimized IBU loaded transferosomes (TFs2) was incorporated into 1% carbopol 934 gel base and characterized for homogeneity, extrudability, viscosity and drug content. The in vivo pharmacodynamic study of gel exhibited reduction in psoriasis like inflammation in mice. The ibuprofen loaded transferosomal gel was successfully developed and has shown the potential to be a new therapy against psoriasis like inflammation.
Evaluating the influence of traditional land allotment in the historical district of Japanese regional urban center upon outdoor summer thermal environment
Authors: Takata Masahito
Published: December 2019

In Japan, hot summer nights caused by urban heat island phenomena are affecting the health of the elderly population in many regional urban centers. Kumamoto city is one of the major regional urban centers in Japan, and urban heat island phenomena have serious implications especially in summer. Furumachi district is located in the center of Kumamoto city, and regarded as a historical district where many early modern houses have existed. The land allotment of city blocks in this district has not changed since the end of the early modern period in Japan (around 1868), and all new developments are performed as per this traditional land allotment. In the present study, for the effective utilization of the traditional land allotment in the historical district, summer thermal environment in Furumachi district has been analyzed and evaluated both from field measurements and numerical simulations. As a result, it has been demonstrated that the ground cover and spatial structure in and around vacant lands in the district, which have performed under the preserved traditional land allotment, have a significant influence on the sensible heat flux in building scale, and outdoor thermal comfort in living area scale.
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Authors: Neuman Lisa K.
Published: December 2019

The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is an agency of the US government with a complex relationship to Native Americans, their lands, their cultures, and their sovereignty. American Indians and Alaska Natives possess a unique government‐to‐government status vis‐à‐vis the United States stemming from treaties, which transferred indigenous land rights in return for federal promises. The BIA (now in the Department of the Interior) was designed to help fulfill these obligations. When treaty making ended in 1871, the BIA began to administer new federal policies of assimilation affecting Indians, like boarding schools and the break‐up of reservation lands. In the twentieth century, the BIA Commissioner John Collier implemented an “Indian New Deal,” partnered with anthropologists, and reversed course on policies of assimilation. A target of American Indian Movement protests in the 1970s, the modern BIA (under Native leadership) continues to fulfill the federal trust responsibility to American Indians and Alaska Natives.
Anthropology and Education: A Scientific Commission of the International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES)
Authors: Ford Emma
Published: December 2019

The International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES) Commission on Anthropology and Education brings together researchers, educators, and students from across the world who work at the intersections between anthropology and education. Established in 2015, the commission is one of thirty‐five scientific commissions of the IUAES, the oldest worldwide association for scholars engaged in the scientific study of humankind. Scientific commissions form the intellectual heart of the IUAES as they organize meetings, panels, workshops, and symposia connected with their thematic interests. These take place at IUAES‐organized congresses and inter‐congresses or at external conferences.
Ethnoveterinary Knowledge and Practices
Authors: Lans Cheryl A.
Published: December 2019

Veterinary anthropology or ethnoveterinary medicine studies folk understanding and management of animal health in the context of the wider social and cultural system, including beliefs and practices related to healing. It draws on sociocultural anthropology (especially ethnomedicine and medical anthropology) and more conventional veterinary theory to provide an integrated account of animal wellbeing, pathology, and treatment. In focusing on local materia medica, it also draws on related disciplines such as ethnobotany. Its practice relies extensively on participatory data collection, and it is essentially applied and motivated by strong ethical considerations as well as effectiveness.
Values, Environmental
Authors: Rolston Holmes
Published: December 2019

Environmental values are of various kinds, including intrinsic, inherent, systemic, Anthropocene, ecosystem, and spiritual.
Religious Dress
Authors: Hume Lynne
Published: December 2019

In the past, anthropology as a discipline has been somewhat reluctant to focus on dress as a subject worthy of attention. This attitude has changed in recent years, however, as new methodological and theoretical paradigms have emerged with regard to the intricate connections between culture and material objects. The entry provides a brief account of the wealth of anthropological information that can be gleaned when the focus is on religion and dress.
Exorcism
Authors: Alter Joseph S.
Published: December 2019

Exorcism involves the removal of an evil spirit from a person who is possessed. Although this may be taken as a straightforward definition, the rituals and beliefs associated with exorcism must be understood within the larger, holistic context in which they are meaningful. Most broadly, interpretation and analysis must take into consideration distinctions between mind and body, and between social reality and the supernatural, that often shape intellectual inquiry but are not universal. This entry reviews the anthropological literature on exorcism, focusing on cross‐cultural generalizations that are based on relativist methods, historically contextualized interpretations of meaning, phenomenological analyses of embodied experience, and an appreciation of the performative aspects of ritual healing.
Prayer
Authors: Bandak Andreas
Published: December 2019

In an anthropological examination, prayer may afford a fertile lens through which to explore what matters in socially discrepant environments as they are practiced in the mundane world of ordinary men and women, as well as among zealous practitioners and religious virtuosi. Prayer, however understood, may present ways to explore and conceive of religiosity without privileging a specific definition of religion itself. Generally, prayer points us to what matters to people. It offers a lens through which to explore the various affective and emotional relationships that people craft, nurture, and sustain over time. This entry explores prayer as an inherently social phenomenon, taking its cue from the work of Marcel Mauss. Prayer, it is argued, can be seen as a token of the implicatedness of prayerful subjects in their social world. Accordingly, in anthropological terms prayer may be seen as a way to act upon the world.
Affect
Authors: de Antoni Andrea
Published: December 2019

A notion originally developed in social and cultural theory rather than in anthropology, affect has recently started being taken into consideration by various disciplines, as part of the broader project of investigating the entanglements involving the social, the biological, the material, and the cultural. Generally speaking, affect theory points at bodily capacities to affect and to be affected. According to Massumi, such capacities are conceived as originally prepersonal “intensities,” which are strongly linked with perception and movement, and which become socialized and eventually embedded into the realm of the sociocultural. Affects differ from emotions, seen as “captures” of affect within sociocultural structures of meaning, which cannot give a complete account of the experienced affects. This strong dichotomy between affect and discourse has been criticized as problematic. In order to respond to such criticisms, recent research has proposed ideas of “affective practices” or broader “skills of feeling with the world,” as novel ways to approach fieldwork and to ground theory in empirical data.
Length‐dependent MRI of hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies
Authors: Pridmore Michael , Castoro Ryan , McCollum Megan Simmons , Kang Hakmook , Li Jun , Dortch Richard
Published: December 2019

Objective

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) is caused by heterozygous deletion of theperipheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22)gene. Patients with HNPP present multifocal, reversible sensory/motor deficits due to increased susceptibility to mechanical pressure. Additionally, age‐dependent axonal degeneration is reported. We hypothesize that length‐dependent axonal loss can be revealed by MRI, irrespective of the multifocal phenotype in HNPP.

Methods

Nerve and muscle MRI data were acquired in the proximal and distal leg of patients with HNPP (n = 10) and matched controls (n = 7). More specifically, nerve magnetization transfer ratios (MTR) were evaluated to assay proximal‐to‐distal gradients in nerve degeneration, while intramuscular fat percentages (Fper) were evaluated to assay muscle fat replacement following denervation. Neurological disabilities were assessed via the Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth neuropathy score (CMTNS) for correlation with MRI.

Results

Fpervalues were elevated in HNPP proximal muscle (9.8 ± 2.2%,P = 0.01) compared to controls (6.9 ± 1.0%). We observed this same elevation of HNPP distal muscles (10.5 ± 2.5%,P < 0.01) relative to controls (6.3 ± 1.1%). Additionally, the amplitude of the proximal‐to‐distal gradient inFperwas more significant in HNPP patients than controls (P < 0.01), suggesting length‐dependent axonal loss. In contrast, nerve MTR values were similar between HNPP subjects (sciatic/tibial nerves = 39.4 ± 2.0/34.2 ± 2.5%) and controls (sciatic/tibial nerves = 37.6 ± 3.8/35.5 ± 1.2%). Proximal muscleFpervalues were related to CMTNS (r = 0.69,P = 0.03), while distal muscleFperand sciatic/tibial nerve MTR values were not related to disability.

Interpretation

Despite the multifocal nature of the HNPP phenotype, muscleFpermeasurements relate to disability and exhibit a proximal‐to‐distal gradient consistent with length‐dependent axonal loss, suggesting thatFpermay be a viable biomarker of disease progression in HNPP.
Iron‐Mediated Cyclization of 1,3‐Diynyl Propargyl Aryl Ethers with Dibutyl Diselenide: Synthesis of Selenophene‐Fused Chromenes
Authors: Lutz Guilherme , Back Davi F. , Zeni Gilson
Published: December 2019

The synthesis of selenophene‐fused chromene derivatives starting from 1,3‐diynyl propargyl aryl ethers is reported herein. The method is based on carbon‐carbon, carbon‐selenium, selenium‐carbon and carbon‐selenium bonds formation in a one‐pot protocol, using iron(III) chloride and dibutyl diselenide as promoters. The same reaction conditions were applied to propargyl anilines leading to the formation of 1‐(butylselanyl)‐selenophene quinolines. The results showed that the dilution and temperature of substrate addition had a crucial influence in the products obtained. When the substrates were added at room temperature, in the absence of a solvent, a mixture of products was obtained, whereas the slowly addition (15 min) of starting materials, as a dichloromethane solution, at 0 °C led to the product formation in good yields. The mechanistic study indicates that the cooperative action between iron(III) chloride and dibutyl diselenide was essential to promote the cyclization, whereas separately none of them was effective in promoting the cyclization. We proved the synthetic utility of heterocycles obtained in the Suzuki cross coupling reaction, giving the corresponding cross‐coupled products in good yields. In addition, the organoselenium moiety was removed from the structures of products by using n‐butyllithium.

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A CFD‐based design scheme for the perforated distributor with the control of radial flow
Authors: Wang Penghui , Pan Weitong , Dai Gance
Published: December 2019

In the present study, flow homogenization by distributors in chemical apparatus is studied as a process of flow control and its mechanism is reconsidered from the model of resistance to the model of radial flow. This process is composed of four consecutive behaviors: the generation, distribution, conversion of the radial flow and the momentum transfer of axial flow. Based on these flow behaviors, the novel distributor is designed as the combination of perforated plate in the center area and vertical guiding baffles around. Taking the wire‐screen catalytic reactor as a case study, numerical simulation is employed to optimize the structure of distributor and a CFD‐based design scheme called “flow field analysis scheme” is proposed. Numerical simulation is conducted in the apparatus with a diffuser (inlet D0 = 500 mm, main part D1 = 3,000 mm) under the gas velocity of 3.6 m/s (corresponding Re ≈ 12,000). The numerical results from optimized distributor show that compared with the traditional perforated plate, the flow field adjusted by the novel distributor can achieve a better flow uniformity with lower energy consumption. The theoretical analysis and numerical results are also validated and proved by the experimental results.
A Two‐way Street: Mentor Stress and Depression Influence Relational Satisfaction and Attachment in Youth Mentoring Relationships
Authors: Lindquist Emma G. , Raposa Elizabeth B.
Published: December 2019

Over the past two decades, youth mentoring programs have increased in popularity as an intervention for children exposed to a range of stressful life circumstances. Such programs have been shown to promote positive youth development and reduce risk for emotional and behavioral problems; yet, the effect size of youth gains remains small. The current study examined the influence of college student mentors’ history of early life stress and baseline depressive symptoms on their effectiveness in youth mentoring relationships using 340 randomized mentor–youth pairs from College Mentors for Kids, a well‐established mentoring program with chapters across the United States. Hierarchical linear models revealed that mentors with higher levels of depressive symptoms reported lower relationship satisfaction and increased avoidance in the mentoring relationship. In contrast, mentors who experienced higher levels of early life stress had youth who reported greater satisfaction in the mentoring relationship and decreased relational anxiety. These findings are some of the first to examine the impact of mentor characteristics on mentor–youth relationships and highlight the importance of considering factors relevant to psychosocial functioning and emotional distress when recruiting, training, and supporting college student mentors.
A Unified Mechanism on the Formation of Acenes, Helicenes, and Phenacenes in the Gas Phase
Authors: Zhao Long , Kaiser Ralf I. , Xu Bo , Ablikim Utuq , Ahmed Musahid , Evseev Mikhail M. , Bashkirov Eugene K. , Azyazov Valeriy N. , Mebel Alexander M.
Published: December 2019

A unified low‐temperature reaction mechanism on the formation of acenes, phenacenes, and helicenes—polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are distinct via the linear, zigzag, and ortho‐condensed arrangements of fused benzene rings—is revealed. This mechanism is mediated through a barrierless, vinylacetylene mediated gas‐phase chemistry utilizing tetracene, [4]phenacene, and [4]helicene as benchmarks contesting established ideas that molecular mass growth processes to PAHs transpire at elevated temperatures. This mechanism opens up an isomer‐selective route to aromatic structures involving submerged reaction barriers, resonantly stabilized free‐radical intermediates, and systematic ring annulation potentially yielding molecular wires along with racemic mixtures of helicenes in deep space. Connecting helicene templates to the Origins of Life ultimately changes our hypothesis on interstellar carbon chemistry.
Triangulenes: From Precursor Design to On‐Surface Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Su Jie , Telychko Mykola , Song Shaotang , Lu Jiong
Published: December 2019

Triangulene and its higher homologues are a class of zigzag‐edged triangular graphene molecules (ZTGMs) with high‐spin ground states. These open‐shell molecules are predicted to host ferromagnetically coupled edge states with net spin values scaling with molecular size and are therefore considered promising candidates for future molecular spintronics applications. Unfortunately, the synthesis of unsubstituted [n]triangulenes and the direct observation of their edge states have been a long‐standing challenge due to a high reactivity towards oxygen. However, recent advances in precursor design enabled the on‐surface synthesis and characterization of unsubstituted [3]‐, [4]‐, and [5]triangulene. In this Minireview, we will highlight key aspects of this rapidly developing field, ranging from the principles of precursor design to synthetic strategies and characterization of a homologous series of triangulene molecules synthesized on‐surface. We will also discuss challenges and future directions.
Acid Exfoliation of Imine‐linked Covalent Organic Frameworks Enables Solution Processing into Crystalline Thin Films
Authors: Burke David W. , Sun Chao , Castano Ioannina , Flanders Nathan C. , Evans Austin M. , Vitaku Edon , McLeod David C. , Lambeth Robert H. , Chen Lin X. , Gianneschi Nathan C. , Dichtel William R.
Published: December 2019

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are highly modular porous crystalline polymers that are of interest for applications such as charge‐storage devices, nanofiltration membranes, and optoelectronic devices. COFs are typically synthesized as microcrystalline powders, which limits their performance in these applications, and their limited solubility precludes large‐scale processing into more useful morphologies and devices. We report a general, scalable method to exfoliate two‐dimensional imine‐linked COF powders by temporarily protonating their linkages. The resulting suspensions were cast into continuous crystalline COF films up to 10 cm in diameter, with thicknesses ranging from 50 nm to 20 μm depending on the suspension composition, concentration, and casting protocol. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the film fabrication process proceeds through a partial depolymerization/repolymerization mechanism, providing mechanically robust films that can be easily separated from their substrates.
Axially Chiral TADF‐Active Enantiomers Designed for Efficient Blue Circularly Polarized Electroluminescence
Authors: Li Meng , Wang Yin‐Feng , Zhang Dongdong , Duan Lian , Chen Chuan‐Feng
Published: December 2019

The use of a chiral, emitting skeleton for axially chiral enantiomers showing activity in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) with circularly polarized electroluminescence (CPEL) is proposed. A pair of chiral stable enantiomers, (−)‐(S)‐Cz‐Ax‐CN and (+)‐(R)‐Cz‐Ax‐CN, was designed and synthesized. The enantiomers, both exhibiting intramolecular π‐conjugated charge transfer (CT) and spatial CT, show TADF activities with a small singlet–triplet energy difference (ΔEST) of 0.029 eV and mirror‐image circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) activities with large glum values. Notably, CP‐OLEDs based on the enantiomers feature blue electroluminescence centered at 468 nm with external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 12.5 and 12.7 %, and also show intense CPEL with gEL values of −1.2×10−2 and +1.4×10−2, respectively. These are the first CP‐OLEDs based on TADF‐active enantiomers with efficient blue CPEL.
Three‐dimensional Octameric Assembly of Icosahedral M13 Units in [Au8Ag57(Dppp)4(C6H11S)32Cl2]Cl and its [Au8Ag55(Dppp)4(C6H11S)34][BPh4]2 Derivative
Authors: Jin Shan , Zhou Manman , Kang Xi , Li Xiaowu , Du Wenjun , Wei Xiao , Chen Shuang , Wang Shuxin , Zhu Manzhou
Published: December 2019

The high‐dimensional (that is, three‐dimensional (3D)) assembly of nanomaterials is an effective means of improving their properties; however, achieving this assembly at the atomic level remains challenging. Herein, we obtained a novel nanocluster, [Au8Ag57(Dppp)4(C6H11S)32Cl2]Cl (Dppp=1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) showing a 3D octameric assembly mode involving the kernel penetration of eight complete icosahedral Au@Ag10Au2 units for the first time. The atomically precise structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, and further confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry measurements. Furthermore, ligand‐induced transformation prompted the conversion of [Au8Ag57(Dppp)4(C6H11S)32Cl2]Cl, with complete octameric fusion into [Au8Ag55(Dppp)4(C6H11S)34][BPh4]2, with incomplete octameric fusion. These observations will hopefully facilitate further research on the assembly of M13 nanobuilding blocks.
Crystallization‐Induced Reversal from Dark to Bright Excited States for Construction of Solid‐Emission‐Tunable Squaraines
Authors: Yang Shuaijun , Yin Ping‐An , Li Lin , Peng Qian , Gu Xinggui , Gao Ge , You Jingsong , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: December 2019

Squaraines (SQs) with tunable emission in the solid state is of great importance for various demands; however a remaining challenge is emission quenching upon aggregation. Herein, a unique SQ, named as CIEE‐SQ, is designed to exhibit strong emission in crystal, undergoing crystallization‐induced reverse from dark 1(n+σ,π*) to bright 1(π,π*) excited states. Such an excited state of CIEE‐SQ can be subtly tuned by molecular conformation changes during the unexpected temperature‐triggered single‐crystal to single‐crystal (SCSC) reversible transformation. Furthermore, co‐crystallization between CIEE‐SQ and chloroform largely stabilize the 1(π,π*) state, enhancing the transition dipole moment and decreasing the reorganization energy to boost the fluorescence, which is promising in data encryption and decryption.
Stable Mesoionic N‐Heterocyclic Olefins (mNHOs)
Authors: Hansmann Max M. , Antoni Patrick W. , Pesch Henner
Published: December 2019

We report a new class of stable mesoionic N‐heterocyclic olefins, featuring a highly polarized (strongly ylidic) double bond. The ground‐state structure cannot be described through an uncharged mesomeric Lewis‐structure, thereby structurally distinguishing them from traditional N‐heterocyclic olefins (NHOs). mNHOs can easily be obtained through deprotonation of the corresponding methylated N,N′‐diaryl‐1,2,3‐triazolium and N,N′‐diaryl‐imidazolium salts, respectively. In their reactivity, they represent strong σ‐donor ligands as shown by their coordination complexes of rhodium and boron. Their calculated proton affinities, their experimentally derived basicities (competition experiments), as well as donor abilities (Tolman electronic parameter; TEP) exceed the so far reported class of NHOs.
Synthesis and Properties of 2,3‐Diethynyl‐1,3‐Butadienes
Authors: Sowden Madison J. , Ward Jas S. , Sherburn Michael S.
Published: December 2019

The first general preparative access to compounds of the 2,3‐diethynyl‐1,3‐butadiene (DEBD) class is reported. The synthesis involves a one‐pot, twofold Sonogashira‐type, Pd0‐catalyzed coupling of two terminal alkynes and a carbonate derivative of a 2‐butyne‐1,4‐diol. The synthesis is broad in scope and members of this structural family are kinetically stable enough to be handled using standard laboratory techniques at ambient temperature. They decompose primarily through heat‐promoted cyclodimerizations, which are impeded by alkyl substitution and accelerated by aryl or alkenyl substitution. An iterative sequence of these unprecedented Sonogashira‐type couplings generates a new type of expanded dendralene. A suitably substituted DEBD carrying two terminal alkyne groups undergoes Glaser–Eglinton cyclo‐oligomerization to produce a new class of expanded radialenes, which are chiral due to restricted rotation about their 1,3‐butadiene units. The structural features giving rise to atropisomerism in these compounds are distinct from those reported previously.
Understanding the uncertainty of disaster tweets and its effect on retweeting: The perspectives of uncertainty reduction theory and information entropy
Authors: Son Jaebong , Lee Jintae , Larsen Kai R. , Woo Jiyoung
Published: December 2019

The rapid and wide dissemination of up‐to‐date, localized information is a central issue during disasters. Being attributed to the original 140‐character length, Twitter provides its users with quick‐posting and easy‐forwarding features that facilitate the timely dissemination of warnings and alerts. However, a concern arises with respect to the terseness of tweets that restricts the amount of information conveyed in a tweet and thus increases a tweetʼs uncertainty. We tackle such concerns by proposing entropy as a measure for a tweetʼs uncertainty. Based on the perspectives of Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT), we theorize that the more uncertain information of a disaster tweet, the higher the entropy, which will lead to a lower retweet count. By leveraging the statistical and predictive analyses, we provide evidence supporting that entropy validly and reliably assesses the uncertainty of a tweet. This study contributes to improving our understanding of information propagation on Twitter during disasters. Academically, we offer a new variable of entropy to measure a tweetʼs uncertainty, an important factor influencing disaster tweetsʼ retweeting. Entropy plays a critical role to better comprehend URLs and emoticons as a means to convey information. Practically, this research suggests a set of guidelines for effectively crafting disaster messages on Twitter.
Effects of Mn‐Doping on the Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Na3Ni2SbO6 for Sodium‐Ion Battery.
Authors: Kee Yongho , Put Brecht , Dimov Nikolay , Staykov Aleksandar , Okada Shigeto
Published: December 2019

Recently, layered O′3‐Na3Ni2SbO6 has been investigated as a unique cathode material for Na‐ion batteries due to the good electrochemical performance via O′3‐P′3 phase transitions in the voltage range between 2.0 and 4.0 V vs Na+/Na. However, at present it is not well understood whether transition metal doping of the pristine structure could improve the phase transition kinetics during charge/discharge. In this study, we synthesized Mn‐doped Na3Ni2‐xMnxSbO6 (x=0, 0.25, 0.5) layered oxides and investigated their feasibility as cathode materials for Na‐ion batteries using ex‐situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) coupled with DFT calculations. The results show that light Mn doping (x=0.25) energetically enhances the O′3‐P′3 phase transition kinetics with smaller unit‐cell‐volume changes. However, the heavily doped (x=0.5) sample suffers from large polarization, which could be attributable to the reduced two‐phase reaction range and a large unit‐cell‐volume change upon sodium extraction.
New bioluminescence pyrophosphate assay for high‐sensitivity detection of food‐borne pathogens
Authors: Fei Zhongjie , Zhou Dongrui , Li Na , Xiao Pengfeng
Published: December 2019

Traditional methods of identifying food‐borne pathogens are time consuming and laborious, so innovative methods for their rapid identification must be developed. Testing for bioluminescence pyrophosphate is a convenient and fast method of detecting pathogens without complex equipment. However, the sensitivity of the method is not as high as that of other methods, and it has a very high detection limit. In this study, the method was optimized to improve its sensitivity. The shortcomings of the method were first identified and corrected using dATPαS instead of dATP for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), therefore reducing the background signal. Also, when the DNA template extracted from the food‐borne pathogens was purified, the new bioluminescence pyrophosphate assay had a limit of detection of <10 copy/μl or 10 colony‐forming units/ml, and its sensitivity was higher than that of fluorescent real‐time quantitative PCR. Moreover, a single copy of a food‐borne pathogen could be detected when a single DNA template was included in the PCR. Salmonella was detected in and isolated from 60 samples of broiler chicken, and the accuracy of the results was verified using a culture method (GB 4789.4–2010). These results showed that the new bioluminescence pyrophosphate assay has the advantages of an intuitive detection process, convenient operation, and rapid measurements. Therefore, it can be used for the rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria and probiotics in various fields.
Phase I metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist PX‐1 (5F‐APP‐PICA) via incubation with human liver microsomes and UHPLC–HRMS
Authors: Presley Brandon C. , Logan Barry K. , Jansen‐Varnum Susan A.
Published: December 2019

Studies of the metabolic and pharmacological profiles of indole carboxamide synthetic cannabinoids (a prevalent class of new psychoactive substances) are critical in ensuring that their use can be detected through bioanalytical testing. We have determined the in vitro Phase I metabolism of one such compound, PX‐1 (5F‐APP‐PICA), and appropriate markers to demonstrate human consumption. PX‐1 was incubated with human liver microsomes, followed by analysis of the extracts via high‐resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 10 metabolites were identified, with simultaneous defluorination and monohydroxylation of the pentyl side chain as the primary biotransformation product (M1). Additional metabolites formed were hydroxylation products of the indole and benzyl moieties, distal amide hydrolysis, N‐desfluoropentyl, and carboxypentyl metabolites. Three monohydroxylated metabolites specific to PX‐1 were identified and are reported for the first time in this study. The primary metabolite, M1, was further oxidized to M5, a carboxypentyl metabolite. M8 is PX‐1 specific, possessing an intact fluoropentyl side chain. These three metabolites are the most suitable for implementation into bioanalytical assays for demonstrating PX‐1 consumption. The findings of this study can be used by analytical scientists and medical professionals to determine PX‐1 ingestion and predict the metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids sharing structural elements.
Factors for cognitive impairment in adult epileptic patients
Authors: Wang Lei , Chen Shenggen , Liu Changyun , Lin Wanhui , Huang Huapin
Published: December 2019

Objective

To analyze factors for cognitive impairment in epileptic patients.

Methods

A total of 257 epileptic patients completed clinical memory scale (CMS) and 70 of them were further surveyed with mini‐mental state examination (MMSE), Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), digital symbol test (DSy), verbal fluency test, digit span test (DSp), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) and Hamilton depression scale (HAMD). Monadic linear related analysis and multiple stepwise regression analysis were performed to evaluate the potential factors for cognitive impairment.

Results

Educational level was correlated with scores of cognitive tests (p < .01), with a difference between the junior high school group and senior high school group (p < .01 or p < .05). Seizure frequency was negatively correlated with CMS scores (p < .01), with a difference between the group with a seizure frequency of less than once a year and other groups (p < .01). The kind of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) was negatively correlated with CMS scores (p < .01), with a difference between the single‐drug group and the group taking more than two kinds of AEDs (p < .01). Depression scores were negatively correlated with MMSE, MoCA, DSy, DSp (p < .01 or p < .05), disease duration negatively with DSy (p < .01), and age negatively with MoCA (p < .05). Seizure type was correlated with DSy, and general seizure fared worse in the tests than other seizure types (p < .05).

Conclusion

Educational level, seizure frequency, kinds of AEDs and depression can affect the cognitive function of epileptic patients. High educational level, good seizure control, single‐drug treatment and healthy psychological state are protective factors for cognitive function of epileptic patients.
Impact of Phosphorothioate Chirality on Double‐Stranded siRNAs: A Systematic Evaluation of Stereopure siRNA Designs
Authors: Sakamuri Sukumar , Eltepu Laxman , Liu Dingguo , Lam Son , Meade Bryan R. , Liu Bin , Dello Iacono Giuseppe , Kabakibi Ayman , Luukkonen Lena , Leedom Tom , Foster Mark , Bradshaw Curt W.
Published: December 2019

Oligonucleotides are important therapeutic approaches, as evidenced by recent clinical successes with antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and double‐stranded short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Phosphorothioate (PS) modifications are a standard feature in the current generation of oligonucleotide therapeutics, but generate isomeric mixtures, leading to 2n isomers. All currently marketed therapeutic oligonucleotides (ASOs and siRNAs) are complex isomeric mixtures. Recent chemical methodologies for stereopure PS insertions have resulted in preliminary rules for ASOs, with multiple stereopure ASOs moving into clinical development. Although siRNAs have comparatively fewer PSs, the field has yet to embrace the idea of stereopure siRNAs. Herein, it has been investigated whether the individual isomers contribute equally to the in vivo activity of a representative siRNA. The results of a systematic evaluation of stereopure PS incorporation into antithrombin‐3 (AT3) siRNA are reported and demonstrate that individual PS isomers dramatically affect in vivo activity. A standard siRNA design with six PS insertions was investigated and it was found that only about 10 % of the 64 possible isomers were as efficacious as the stereorandom control. Based on this data, it can be concluded that G1R stereochemistry is critical, G2R is important, G21S is preferable, and G22 and P1/P2 tolerate both isomers. Surprisingly, the disproportionate loss of efficacy for most isomers does not translate into significant gain for the productive isomers, and thus, warrants further mechanistic studies.
Influence of heat denaturation and freezing–lyophilization on physicochemical and functional properties of quinoa protein isolate
Authors: Cerdán‐Leal Martín A. , López‐Alarcón Cyndy A. , Ortiz‐Basurto Rosa I. , Luna‐Solano Guadalupe , Jiménez‐Fernández Maribel
Published: December 2019

Backgrounds and objectives

Quinoa protein isolate has been shown to confer significant health benefits. However, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of processing on its properties. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of heat denaturation or freezing followed by lyophilization on the physicochemical and functional properties of the quinoa protein isolate.

Findings

Freezing–lyophilization of quinoa protein isolate (QPI‐FL) exhibited a higher foaming capacity and emulsifying capacity at pH 10, and the oil retention capacity was ten times greater that exhibited by the unmodified quinoa protein isolate (QPI), while the particle size and water and oil retention capacity in the modified protein isolate by heat denaturation (QPI‐HD) were twice as compared to QPI. The pH had a significant effect on all physicochemical and functional properties. The flow properties and the micrograph analysis of modified protein isolates revealed greater porosity in comparison with those of the unmodified protein isolate. QPI‐FL showed higher water adsorption capacity at high water activity and a greater displacement in the thermal transitions.

Conclusions

In general, heating did not significantly affect the functional properties of the quinoa protein isolate, while the freezing–lyophilization improved them, which may be of interest in the processes of foods that include in their process the heating or freezing.

Significance and novelty

Quinoa protein isolate can be added to different food products with the purpose of improving its composition. However, heating and freezing are two frequent operations in most processes that could affect their properties.
Infective dermatitis‐like lesions as a novel skin manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Raynal Margot , Frumholtz Laure , Galicier Lionel , Saussine Anne , Vignon‐Pennamen Marie‐Dominique , Battistella Maxime , Bagot Martine , Rybojad Michel , Bouaziz Jean‐David
Published: December 2019

We describe a unique case of human T‐lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV‐1)‐associated infective dermatitis‐like lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus. This suggests that some lupus patients may have immunological abnormalities resembling to those described in chronic HTLV‐1 infection.
Personality, ideology, and money attitudes as correlates of financial literacy and competence
Authors: Fenton‐O'Creevy Mark , Furnham Adrian
Published: December 2019

This study looked at whether demographics, religious beliefs, political orientation, personality traits, and money attitudes are correlates of financial capability, knowledge and distress. Over 3,500 British participants completed multiple measures online. As hypothesized, demographics, religious beliefs, political orientation, personality traits, and money attitudes each explained unique variance in financial capability, financial knowledge, and financial distress. Regression and correlational results showed demographic factors particularly age, education, and income were significantly related to all criteria variables. Money attitudes explained additional variance in financial capability and distress beyond that explained by demography, ideology, and personality. Trait conscientiousness, money as security attitude, age, and income were most strongly correlated with financial capability and financial distress.
Conversion from Heterometallic to Homometallic Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Song Jeong Hwa , Lee Giseong , Yoon Jung Heum , Jang Junyeon , Choi Doosan , Yun Heejun , Kwon Kangin , Kim Hojin , Hong Chang Seop , Kim Youngki , Han Hogyu , Lim Kwang Soo , Lee Woo Ram
Published: December 2019

Two new heterometallic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), LnZnTPO 1 and 2, and two homometallic MOFs, LnTPO 3 and 4 (Ln=Eu for 1 and 3, and Tb for 2 and 4; H3TPO=tris(4‐carboxyphenyl)phosphine oxide) were synthesized, and their structures and properties were analyzed. They were prepared by solvothermal reaction of the C3‐symmetric ligand H3TPO with the corresponding metal ion(s) (a mixture of Ln3+ and Zn2+ for 1 and 2, and Ln3+ alone for 3 and 4). Single‐crystal XRD (SXRD) analysis revealed that 1 and 3 are isostructural to 2 and 4, respectively. TGA showed that the framework is thermally stable up to about 400 °C for 1 and 2, and about 450 °C for 3 and 4. PXRD analysis showed their pore‐structure distortions without noticeable framework–structure changes during drying processes. The shapes of gas sorption isotherms for 1 and 3 are almost identical to those for 2 and 4, respectively. Solvothermal immersion of 1 and 2 in Tb3+ and Eu3+ solutions resulted in the framework metal‐ion exchange affording 4 and 3, respectively, as confirmed by photoluminescence (PL), PXRD, IR, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analyses.
Copper‐Mediated Fluorination of Aryl Trisiloxanes with Nucleophilic Fluoride
Authors: Dorel Ruth , Boehm Philip , Schwinger Daniel P. , Hartwig John F.
Published: December 2019

A method for the nucleophilic fluorination of heptamethyl aryl trisiloxanes to form fluoroarenes is reported. The reaction proceeds in the presence of Cu(OTf)2 and KHF2 as the fluoride source under mild conditions for a broad range of heptamethyltrisiloxyarenes with high functional group tolerance. The combination of this method with the silylation of aryl C−H bonds enables the regioselective fluorination of non‐activated arenes controlled by steric effects following a two‐step protocol.
The “Metallo”‐Diels–Alder Reactions: Examining the Metalloid Behavior of Germanimines
Authors: Evans Matthew J. , Anker Mathew D. , Mouchfiq Ahmed , Lein Matthias , Fulton J. Robin
Published: December 2019

Addition of MesN3 (Mes=2,4,6‐Me3C6H2) to germylene [(NONtBu)Ge] (NONtBu=O(SiMe2NtBu)2) (1) gives germanimine, [(NONtBu)Ge=NMes] (2). Compound 2 behaves as a metalloid, showing reactivity reminiscent of both transition metal‐imido complexes, undergoing [2+2] addition with heterocumulenes and protic sources, as well as an activated diene, undergoing a [4+2] cycloaddition, or “metallo”‐Diels–Alder, reaction. In the latter case, the diene includes the Ge=N bond and π‐system of the Mes substituent, which is reactive towards dienophiles including benzaldehyde, benzophenone, styrene, and phenylacetylene.
Dithienopyrrole Derivatives with Nitronyl Nitroxide Radicals and Their Oxidation to Cationic High‐Spin Molecules
Authors: Kolanji Kubandiran , Baumgarten Martin
Published: December 2019

Three 1 N‐phenyl nitronyl nitroxide (NN) 4‐substituted dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole (DTP) derivatives with R1=4‐phenyl‐, 4H‐, and 4‐methylthiothiophenyl‐ (R12DTP‐Ph‐NN, R1=H, Ph and MeSTh) were designed, synthesized and characterized. The electrochemical properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV). All the molecules exhibited two main oxidation peaks, first for radical cation and next for dication formation. The cation and dication formation were also confirmed by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy for Ph2DTP‐Ph‐NN and MeSTh2DTP‐Ph‐NN titrated with tris(4‐bromophenyl)aminiumhexachloroantimonate (magic blue). In addition, the cation and dication formation were verified by EPR spectroscopy. Finally, the exchange interactions (J/kB) of NN and radical cation were calculated by DFT studies.
Pillar[n]arenes: Chemistry and Their Material Applications
Authors: Behera Harekrushna , Yang Lu , Hou Jun‐Li
Published: December 2019

Pillar[n]arene, a new class of macrocycle was first introduced in the year 2008. Since then, it has gained much attention in supramolecular chemistry. The structural simplicity combined with its straightforward synthesis through one‐step reaction process paves the way to develop various functionalized materials. The electron‐rich cavities of pillar[n]arene attached to suitable functional groups have been extensively used for various applications. This report will be focused on the challenges to engineer pillar[n]arene scaffold to get functionalized materials, potential applications and their future scope.