bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postmortem Forensic Toxicology of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: A Review of Pharmacology and Report of 168 Cases
Authors: Goeringer KE , Raymon L , Christian GD , Logan BK
Published: August 2015

This paper reviews the complex pharmacology of the new class of antidepressant medications exhibiting selective inhibition of serotonin reuptake. The four selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) considered—fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline and paroxetine—can result in toxicity and death through contributing to serotonergic excess resulting in serotonin syndrome, inhibiting the metabolism of other centrally acting drugs, leading to accumulation of toxic concentrations, and exerting complex vasoactive effects on the vascular smooth muscle. This latter feature is of particular concern in patients with preexisting heart disease.

An analytical method involving isolation of the drugs by liquid/liquid extraction at alkaline pH into n-butyl chloride, and analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is described, together with some of its limitations. Toxicologic and cause and manner of death data were examined in 60 deaths involving fluoxetine, 5 involving fluvoxamine, 75 involving sertraline, and 28 involving paroxetine. Deaths involving drug toxicity were generally a result of ingestion of multiple drugs, and in only a small number of the cases was death attributed principally to the SSRI involved. The potential for drug interactions between members of this class of drugs is discussed as well as their metabolites and a variety of other therapeutic and abused drugs which can contribute to their toxicity.

In the absence of other risk factors, the lowest concentrations determined to have resulted in death were 0.63 mg/L for fluoxetine, 0.4 mg/L for paroxetine, and 1.5 mg/L for sertraline. We had insufficient data to make even this crude assessment for fluvoxamine. Drug-induced elevation of serotonin concentrations may be a significant risk factor for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Other factors including preexisting disease and the presence of other drugs and their pharmacology need to be carefully considered before determining the appropriate cause and manner of death in these cases.
13C4-Secobarbital as the Internal Standard for the Quantitative Determination of Secobarbital—A Critical Evaluation
Authors: Chang W-T , Lin D-L , Low I-A , Liu RH
Published: August 2015

In this study, 13C4-secobarbital was used as an exemplar compound to illustrate the mechanism based on which the effectiveness of a proposed internal standard (IS) could be evaluated. A deuterated analog, 2H5-secobarbital, was also studied in parallel for comparison purposes. Well-established solid-phase extraction and methylation procedures were used prior to the GC/MS measurement step. The contribution of the intensity of an ion designated for the analyte (secobarbital) by the proposed IS, and similarly, the contribution of the intensity of an ion designated for the IS by the analyte—a phenomenon termed “cross-contribution”—were evaluated based on a “direct measurement” procedure in which equimolar amounts of the analyte and the IS were used to generate intensity data. These intensity data were then used as the basis for the calculation of “cross-contribution” (in percentages) of ions designated for the analyte and the IS. Cross-contribution data were compared with the linearity data resulting from two series of standards containing 25 to 9600 ng/mL secobarbital using two sets of quantitation ion pairs—m/z 196/200 and 195/199 with 13C4-secobarbital as the IS and m/z 196/201 and 195/200 with 2H5-secobarbital as the IS. 13C4-secobarbital was found to be much less problematic and thus can serve as a very effective IS. Cross-contribution data alone cannot fully explain the observed differences resulting from the use of these two ISs; further systematic study is needed to provide better understanding of the underlying interference mechanism.
Microchemical Identification of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
Authors: Andera KM , Evans HK , Wojcik CM
Published: August 2015

A new microcrystal test for the detection of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is described. The silver/copper reagent consists of an aqueous solution of 0.1 g of cupric nitrate and 0.1 g of silver nitrate in 10.0 mL water. While some crystals form upon evaporation of the reagent, the test forms distinctive crystals for GHB and does not form crystals with some commonly encountered controlled substances. The reagent was also tested against some controlled substances that have similar biological activity to GHB, including flunitrazepam, and some barbiturates. No crystals were observed with these compounds. A blind test was performed to determine if GHB could be discriminated from the other compounds. Two of ten unknowns were correctly identified as GHB—one solid, one liquid. One GHB sample was not identified as GHB and the remaining seven non-GHB samples were not identified as GHB. The reagent is therefore selective for GHB, but not extremely sensitive.
Evaluation of an Alkaline Lysis Method for the Extraction of DNA from Whole Blood and Forensic Stains for STR Analysis
Authors: Klintschar M , Neuhuber F
Published: August 2015

A modified alkaline lysis protocol for extracting DNA from forensically relevant specimens is evaluated and compared with the chelex 100 method. For whole blood, bloodstains and sperm stains, both methods yielded comparable results after amplification for a pentameric STR locus (HumCD4). The main advantages of the new method are: only approximately ten minutes and two pipetting steps are necessary and the expenses for the extraction are extremely low as only NaOH, TrisHC1 buffer and a single microcentrifuge tube are required. Alkaline lysis also proved to yield DNA suitable for typing longer STRs by using dye-labeled primers and capillary electrophoresis. These advantages should render this protocol especially interesting for high-throughput laboratories in combination with multiplex PCR and fluorescent dye technology, although the storability of the extracts proved to be problematic.
Usefulness of a Toothbrush as a Source of Evidential DNA for Typing
Authors: Tanaka M , Yoshimoto T , Nozawa H , Ohtaki H , Kato Y , Sato K , Yamamoto T , Tamaki K , Katsumata Y
Published: August 2015

We investigated the usefulness of a toothbrush as a source of DNA for an unidentified cadaver. Ten toothbrushes were obtained from ten individuals along with their peripheral blood. We recovered from 10 to 430 ng of DNA from all but one of the toothbrushes. All ten toothbrushes, including the one containing no detectable DNA by fluorometry, were typed correctly at all of the loci tested, including nine STRs. Three toothbrushes obtained in two actual deaths also identified two victims and one suspect. Therefore, toothbrushes seem to be useful as a source of evidential DNA for personal identification.
Population Genetics of HPRTB, F13B, and LPL inPernambuco, Northeast Brazil
Authors: Mauricio-da-Silva L , Silva RS , Dellalibera E , Donadi EA
Published: August 2015

One hundred thirty-four unrelated Northeast Brazilian individuals were typed for the HPRTB, F13B, and LPL short tandem repeats (STRs). DNA was amplified by specific primers and identified by silver staining of polyacrylamide gels. The allelic frequencies of these loci were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg proportions. The most frequent alleles were HPRTB*13, F13B*10, LPL*10. The combined probability of paternity and the discrimination power of these 3 STRs were high, permitting their utilization for forensic science purposes.
The Slovenian Population Data on the PCR Based Loci HLA-DQA1, LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, GC, and D1S80
Authors: Drobnič K , Regent A , Budowle B
Published: August 2015

Allele frequencies for the loci HLA-DQA1, LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, GC, and D1S80 were determined for a sample population of unrelated individuals from Slovenia. All loci meet Hardy-Weinberg expectations, except the loci GYPA (p = 0.041) and D1S80 (p = 0.009). There is little evidence for association of alleles among the seven loci. Only one out of 21 pairwise comparisons demonstrated departures from independence (HLA-DQA1/HBGG, p = 0.008). The allelic frequency data generally are similar to that of U.S. Caucasians.
Population Studies and Validation of Paternity Determinations by Six Microsatellite Loci
Authors: Ingvarsson S , Finnsdottir V , Sigurdsson A , Geirsson G
Published: August 2015

A single locus system of 6 microsatellite markers was evaluated for paternity testing. A nonradioactive method based on peroxidase labeling of a DNA probe was used to estimate the allele frequency of markers D1S216, D3S1217, D7S480, D9S157, D13S153, and D16S422 by genotyping 1134–1698 chromosomes. The number of detected alleles were 22, 15, 23, 10, 16, and 19, respectively, and the allele frequency varied from 0.001 to 0.317. The genotype of 87 families, consisting of mother, father, and child was determined. The probability that a random individual will give a positive paternity was evaluated. We conclude that the markers can be reliably typed and give sufficient and reliable information for paternity testing.
Allele and Genotype Frequencies for D1S80 Locus in a Brazilian Population Sample
Authors: Soares-Vieira JA , Billerbeck AEC , Iwamura ESM , Muñoz DR , Otto PA
Published: August 2015

Gene and genotype frequencies in relation to the D1S80 locus were determined in a sample of 197 unrelated individuals (144 Caucasians and 53 Mulattoes), living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The Mulatto group was composed by mixed individuals who presented at least one negroid physical characteristic or declared themselves to be of mixed (Black-White) ancestry. Nineteen different alleles were detected in the Caucasian sample and 15 among Mulattoes. Alleles 18 and 24 were found to be the most common ones in the Caucasian population with frequencies of 0.173 and 0.357 respectively; the sample heterozygote frequency was estimated in 0.824. Alleles 18, 24, and 28 were found to be the most common alleles among Mulattoes with respective frequencies of 0.150, 0.349, and 0.113; the sample heterozygote frequency was 0.759. Fifty-five different genotypes were detected among Brazilian Caucasians whereas the respective figure among Mulattoes was 31. No significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found in both population samples.
Anger Experience, Styles of Anger Expression, Sadistic Personality Disorder, and Psychopathy in Juvenile Sexual Homicide Offenders
Authors: Myers WC , Monaco L
Published: August 2015

Sexual homicide by juveniles is a rare phenomenon, and information regarding the psychological and behavioral characteristics of this group is limited. No studies exist which have investigated anger experience and styles of anger expression, and the relationship between anger, sadistic personality disorder, and psychopathy, in this type of youthful offender. These areas were explored by evaluating 14 juvenile sexual homicide offenders through clinical assessment, the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP), the Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R), and review of correctional records. Descriptive information for the STAXI scales and internal consistency data are presented. Trait Anger was significantly higher than State Anger for the youth, but still comparable to adolescent norms. The difference between Anger-In and Anger-Out scale scores was not significant. Unexpectedly, Anger Control scale scores were significantly higher than Anger Out scale scores, clinically consistent with efforts by some of these boys to resist sadistic impulses. Those four (31%) participants who met criteria for sadistic personality had significantly higher Anger-Out scale scores than those without the disorder, and were also higher on Trait Anger to a marginally significant degree. Psychopathy was significantly negatively associated with Anger Control. This study is intended to contribute to the scant literature on juvenile sexual homicide, and lends some support to the validity and utility of sadistic personality disorder as a diagnosis in younger forensic populations. The findings did not support the contention that this form of violence is necessarily an outgrowth of excessive anger.
The Comparison of Toluene Determination Between Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction and Headspace Methods in Glue-Sniffer's Blood and Urine Samples
Authors: Kim NY , Park SW
Published: August 2015

An accurate and simple method was developed to determine the level of toluene in urine and blood quantitatively by using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with headspace—solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique. An assembly of SPME with a replaceable extraction fiber, coated with 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane, was used. The detection limit of toluene in blood and urine with HS-SPME technique was 10 times higher than that with headspace (HS) technique. To compare the HS-SPME with HS technique for the determination of toluene in biological fluids, blood and urine samples from glue sniffers were analyzed by both methods. The level of toluene by the two techniques was highly correlated: the correlation coefficient (r2) between the two sets of values were 0.98 and 0.96 in urine and blood, respectively.
Achiral and Chiral Quantification of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine in Human Urine by Semi-micro Column High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Al-Dirbashi OY , Wada M , Kuroda N , Takahashi M , Nakashima K
Published: August 2015

In this paper, miniaturized achiral and chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic procedures for the determination of methamphetamine and amphetamine in human urine are described. After a simple pretreatment of human urine (i.e., 10 μL of urine or diluted urine were acidified and dried-up under N2 at room temperature) and fluorescence derivatization with 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-benzoyl chloride under mild conditions (pH 9.0, 10 min at room temperature), the derivatives were isocratically separated on a semi-micro ODS column with Tris-HCl buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0): acetonitrile (45 + 55 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min or their enantiomers were separated on a semi-micro OD-RH column with sodium hexafluorophosphate (0.3 M aq.): acetonitrile (44 + 56 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.1 mL/min as the mobile phase. Wide-ranged calibration curves were obtained with detection limits for the achiral and chiral analyses in the atto and femtomol levels, respectively, per injected volume. Satisfactory within- and between-day reproducibility data were obtained with both the methods with the highest relative standard deviation being 9.6%. The methods were applied to the determination of methamphetamine and amphetamine in human urine samples and the concentrations determined by the two methods were well correlated (r = 0.994).
The Search for “Yvonne”: A Case Example of the Delineation of a Grave Using Near-Surface Geophysical Methods
Authors: Nobes DC
Published: August 2015

Shallow electromagnetic (EM) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were conducted in an area north of Auckland, New Zealand to assist the search for human remains. The body had been buried for almost 12 years in a plantation forest that was irregularly disrupted and modified by tree harvesting and the partial removal of stumps. EM identified anomalous areas of potential interest, because a target need only be nearby to generate an EM response. GPR was then used to map subsurface layering, layering disruption, and buried objects, immediately adjacent to an EM anomaly. Because of the nature of the site, numerous geophysical anomalies were present. GPR was particularly sensitive to site disturbance resulting from the forestry operations. An isolated EM anomaly on the fringes of an expanded survey area was coincident with the location of the body. Whether for criminal investigations or for archaeological work, a combination of geophysical techniques is recommended.
Physical Match of Fragmented Bullets
Authors: Klein A , Nedivi L , Silverwater H
Published: August 2015

The technique of physical match, which is widely used with materials such as plastic and glass, is applied to fragmented bullets for determination of common origin. The more conventional method, of tool marks comparison, is later used to connect the bullet with a firearm.
Hyperparathyroidism and Psychosis: Possible Prelude to Murder
Authors: Bresler SA , Logan WS , Washington D
Published: August 2015

The authors present a case of a middle aged attorney who suffered from hyperparathyroidism and a psychotic disorder. It is possible that the hyperparathyroidism may have precipitated an acute psychotic delusional rage leading to an attempted mass murder. They discuss the relationship between hyperparathyroidism and neuropsychiatric symptoms in consideration of available research.
Sudden Unexpected Infant Death due to Fibroma of the Heart
Authors: Meissner C , Minnasch P , Gafumbegete E , Reiter A , Gerling I , Oehmichen M
Published: August 2015

A 7-month-old previously healthy female infant was found dead in her crib by her mother shortly after having been laid down to sleep following the noontime feeding. Because the child did not suffer from an acute illness and no other evidence pointed to a cause of death, it was initially assumed by the police that she had died of sudden infant death syndrome. At autopsy, however, the cause of death was determined to be cardiac arrhythmia secondary to fibroma of the heart.
Homicidal Commotio Cordis in Two Children
Authors: Scott Denton J , Kalelkar MB
Published: August 2015

This paper's objective is to describe two cases of fatal commotio cordis resulting from the deliberate striking of children's chests by adults with their fists. These deaths involve two male children, ages 3 years and 14 months. The clinical histories, events in the households prior to the deaths, behaviors of the children, autopsy findings, and investigation results are all similar. In both cases, fatal blows were delivered to the anterior chest with a closed fist. Both children collapsed immediately, unable to be resuscitated. Confessions were obtained in both cases by investigators soon after the children's deaths. Autopsies showed chest contusions in only one child, presumably due to knuckle impact. The cardiac rhythms noted by paramedics were ventricular fibrillation and asystole. Due to the lack of physical findings, an immediate and thorough investigation is critical. An accurate history of events preceding death must be obtained.
Fatal Poisoning from Nicotiana Glauca Leaves: Identification of Anabasine by Gas-Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Mizrachi N , Levy S , Goren Z
Published: August 2015

Death of a worker occurred after ingestion of unknown amounts of Nicotiana glauca G leaves. The leaves were cooked after having been mistakenly considered to be spices of a type which grow in Thailand. After ingestion, two Thai workers collapsed, one with asystolia. Resuscitation efforts were successful only for one of the victims. A GC/MS method was used for the identification of anabasine as the main constituent in the leaves, food extract, blood, and the urine of the deceased. Lacking a standard, it was necessary to interpret the GC/MS spectrum to identify anabasine and establish its presence.
Gene Frequencies for Six STR Loci in a Chilean Population of Mixed Ancestry
Authors: Figueroa CC , Acuña M , Cifuentes L
Published: August 2015

Gene Frequencies for Six STR Loci in a Chilean Population of Mixed Ancestry
Allele Frequencies for Nine STR Loci in African American and Caucasian Populations from Marion County, Indiana, USA
Authors: Balamurugan K , Budowle B , Tahir MA
Published: August 2015

Allele Frequencies for Nine STR Loci in African American and Caucasian Populations from Marion County, Indiana, USA
Environmental Forensics: A Glossary of Terms
Authors: Uzych L
Published: August 2015

Environmental Forensics: A Glossary of Terms, by Dr. Robert Morrison, is actually bifurcated into a glossary, containing over 3500 definitions, and 1500 acronyms and abbreviations. The book encompasses terms that are drawn from diverse, environmental forensic-related realms, including: chemistry, physics, toxicology, geology, and engineering. Typically, the definition are one sentence along, although some are considerably longer.
Forensic Science Glossary
Authors: Uzych L
Published: August 2015

As the already expansive terrain of forensic science continues to expand its boundaries, the number of attendant technical terms continues to grow as well. A glossary which provides succinct, plain-English explanations for such teims has clear value, because it may help bridge communications barriers that may otherwise separate scientist from non-scientist, and which may, as well, act as a language chasm drawing apart one scientist from another.
Chemical Development of Latent Fingerprints: Computational Design of Ninhydrin Analogues
Authors: Elber R , Frank A , Almog J
Published: August 2015

The design of chemical compounds for development of latent fingerprints is explored computationally. Our main findings are: (a) We show why past attempts to improve the widely used ninhydrin gave relatively small improvements (referring to color only). The optical transition is connected with a “transition core” and therefore is influenced little by substitution on the aromatic rings. (b) We propose new analogues of ninhydrin with a significant potential such as thiono derivatives.
Photoluminescent CdS/Dendrimer Nanocomposites for Fingerprint Detection
Authors: Menzel ER , Takatsu M , Murdock RH , Bouldin K , Cheng KH
Published: August 2015

CdS/dendrimer nanocomposites with a range of concentrations of the photoluminescent semiconductor nanocluster and the dendrimer are prepared in methanol and 1:9 methanol:water solutions. The solutions are utilized for detection of cyanoacrylate ester fumed and unfumed fingerprints on polyethylene and aluminum foil.
Method for Characterization of Adhesion Properties of Trace Explosives in Fingerprints and Fingerprint Simulations
Authors: Phares DJ , Holt JK , Smedley GT , Flagan RC
Published: August 2015

The near inevitable transfer of explosive particulate matter through fingerprints makes it possible to detect concealed explosives through surface sampling. Repeatable and well-characterized fingerprint simulation facilitates quantitative comparison between particulate sampling methods for subsequent detection of trace explosive residues. This study employs a simple, but reproducible sampling system to determine the accuracy of a fingerprint simulation. The sampling system uses a gas jet to entrain particles from a substrate and the resulting airborne particles are then aspirated onto a Teflon filter. A calibrated Barringer IonScan 400 ion mobility spectrometer was used to determine the mass of explosive material collected on the filter. The IonScan 400 was calibrated with known masses of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The resulting calibration curve is in good agreement with that obtained by Garofolo et al. (1994) (1) for an earlier model of the instrument. The collection efficiency of the sampling system was measured for three particle sizes (8.0, 10.0, and 13.0 μm) using spherical polystyrene particles laced with known quantities of TNT. Collection efficiency ranged from less than 1% for the larger particles to 5% for the smaller particles. Particle entrainment from the surface was monitored with dark field imaging of the remaining particles. The sampling system was then applied to two C4 test samples—a fingerprint transfer and a dry Teflon transfer. Over 100 ng of RDX was collected from the dry transfer sample, while less than 1 ng was collected from the fingerprint transfer. Possible explanations for this large difference are presented based on the system calibration.
ABTS: A Safe Alternative to DAB for the Enhancement of Blood Fingerprints
Authors: Caldwell JP , Henderson W , Kim ND
Published: August 2015

The use of 2,2′-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazolinesulfonate(6)] diammonium salt (ABTS) for the enhancement of fingerprints in blood has been investigated. Optimal pH conditions and H2O2 concentrations have been determined using UV/Vis spectroscopy. ABTS is an effective and safe noncarcinogenic (though more expensive) alternative to the presently used 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) for the development of blood fingerprints, especially on porous surfaces. The bright green color of the oxidized ABTS is an advantage on certain colored surfaces where the dark brown color of DAB does not stand out well from the background. Development with ABTS does not interfere with subsequent DAB treatment, making ABTS a “nothing-to-lose” reagent. ABTS can be used after ninhydrin treatment, but the reverse is not the case.
A Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for ABO Blood Typing of Semen by Using Anti-p 84 Monoclonal Antibody as a Marker of Blood Group Substance in Semen
Authors: Sato I , Nakamura A , Ujiie K , Yukawa N , Nakajima Y
Published: August 2015

A blood group substance (BGS), a protein with ABH antigenic activity, was isolated from human seminal plasma and designated as p 84 (Sato, 1995) (1). We have developed a method for determining the ABO blood type of semen by performing a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in which p 84 is captured with an anti-p 84 monoclonal antibody, and evaluated the specificity and sensitivity of this method. Although BGS activity was detected in semen sensitively by this method, it was not detected in saliva, urine, breast milk, blood or vaginal secretions. Since the concentration of p 84 in semen was independent of the secretion status, the status can be determined as non-secretor when p 84 but not BGS activity was detected. To determine the stability of BGS activity on p 84, dried stains of semen on filter paper were kept at 4, 26, and 37°C for 8 months, 2 years and 1 month, respectively, and their BGS activities were examined. After 8 months at 4°C, over 60% of the original BGS activity was recovered from the stain. The activity could be detected even from a square as small as 0.25 by 0.25 cm. After 1 month at 37°C and 2 years at 26°C, 31 and 20% of the BGS activity, respectively, still remained. It could be detected from the pieces of 1.0 by 1.0 cm and 0.5 by 0.5 cm squares, kept for 1 month at 37°C and 2 years at 26°C, respectively. Finally, semen was mixed with saliva or blood at varying volumetric ratios and used for the sources of dried stains. The BGS activity of p 84 could be detected in the stains until the ratio between semen and saliva or blood reached 1:4. We conclude that this sandwich ELISA offers a more sensitive and specific method for determining the ABO blood type of semen samples obtained from sexual assault victims than existing methods, such as the conventional absorption-elution and classical hemagglutination-inhibition tests.
Gelatinase A in Human Dentin as a New Biochemical Marker for Age Estimation
Authors: Martín-de las Heras S , Valenzuela A , Overall CM
Published: August 2015

Dentin proteins from 24 individual permanent molars from patients aged 15 to 73 years were sequentially extracted, with guanidinium chloride (G1-extract) and then with EDTA; after demineralization, the material was again extracted with guanidinium chloride (G2-extract). Extracts were analyzed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and the gels were processed for zymography to detect gelatinolytic activities. The patterns of gelatinase A distribution differed in the different dentin protein fractions, and the changes varied with age. Significant differences were detected in gelatinase A in G2-extracts between individual younger than 20 years old and the rest of the sample (xexp2 ,429; 1 d.f.; p < 0.001). The incidence of true and false positives and negatives, and sensitivity and specificity for the presence of gelatinase A in dentin extracts, were calculated. Determination of gelatinase A in human dentin may be a useful marker to estimate age, especially when other morphological methods are of limited usefulness.
Partial Sequencing of the Cytochrome Oxydase b Subunit Gene I: A Tool for the Identification of European Species of Blow Flies for Postmortem Interval Estimation
Authors: Vincent S , Vian JM , Carlotti MP
Published: August 2015

The identification of insects found on a dead body can lead to the estimation of the time of death (postmortem interval). We report an updated version of an established method based on sequence analysis of PCR products from a region of the cytochrome b oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial gene of different members of the family Calliphoridae, by sequencing six European species: Lucilia sericata (Meigen), Lucilia caesar (Linné), Lucilia illustris (Meigen), Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvody), Calliphora vomitoria (Linné), Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvody) and one Guianese species: Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius). This technique provided clear results when applied to the larvae and we also report the identification of empty puparia.
Minimum and Maximum Development Rates of Some Forensically Important Calliphoridae (Diptera)
Authors: Anderson GS
Published: August 2015

Blow fly development rates are frequently used to estimate elapsed time since death in homicide investigations in the first few weeks after death. However, in order to make more precise estimates of time since death, accurate developmental data must be generated for all carrion species, and at temperatures that are comparable with those found at crime scenes. This paper presents developmental rates determined for five forensically important species in British Columbia, Phormia regina (Meigen), Phaenicia sericata (Meigen), Eucalliphora latifrons (Hough), Lucilia illustris (Meigen), and Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, at several temperatures.
Complications Following Insertion and Replacement of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) Tubes
Authors: Platt MS , Roe DC
Published: August 2015

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube insertion was introduced in 1980 as an alternative to nasogastric tubes and surgically placed gastrostomy tubes. The procedure is indicated in those patients who have an inability to sustain adequate nutrition in the presence of a functioning gastrointestinal tract. We report four deaths that arose within a ten-week period in 1998.
Decomposition Patterns in Terrestrial and Intertidal Habitats on Oahu Island and Coconut Island, Hawaii
Authors: Davis JB , Goff ML
Published: August 2015

Decomposition studies were conducted at two sites on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii, to compare patterns of decomposition and arthropod invasion in intertidal and adjacent terrestrial habitats. The animal model used was the domestic pig. One site was on Coconut Island in Kaneohe Bay on the northeast side of Oahu, and the second was conducted in an anchialine pool located at Barber's Point Naval Air Station on the southwest shore of Oahu. At both sites, the terrestrial animal decomposed in a manner similar to what has been observed in previous studies in terrestrial habitats on the island of Oahu. Rate of biomass depletion was slower in both intertidal studies, and decomposition was primarily due to tide and wave activity and bacterial decomposition. No permanent colonization of carcasses by insects was seen for the intertidal carcass at Coconut Island. At the anchialine pool at Barber's Point Naval Air Station, Diptera larvae were responsible for biomass removal until the carcass was reduced below the water line and, from that point on, bacterial action was the means of decomposition. Marine and terrestrial scavengers were present at both sites although their impact on decomposition was negligible. Five stages of decomposition were recognized for the intertidal sites: fresh, buoyant/floating, deterioration/disintegration, buoyant remains, and scattered skeletal.
Determining the State of the Deceased During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation from Tissue Distribution Patterns of Intubation-Related Lidocaine
Authors: Moriya F , Hashimoto Y
Published: August 2015

The objective of this study was to determine whether the concentrations of lidocaine, used for endotracheal intubation, in body fluids and tissues reflect the state of the circulation of the deceased during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The tissue distribution of lidocaine was investigated in seven individuals (Cases 1–7) who underwent medical treatment with endotracheal intubation using Xylocaine jelly (a 2% lidocaine hydrochloride preparation), before being pronounced dead. Six patients (Cases 1–6) had cardiopulmonary arrest on arrival at hospital.

In Cases 1–4, there was no restoration of heartbeat during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. However, systemic distribution of intubation-related lidocaine was observed and the kidney-to-liver ratios of lidocaine were less than 1. In Cases 5 and 6, the heartbeat resumed temporarily with cardiac massage, and a kidney-to-liver lidocaine ratio greater than 1 was observed. In Case 7, where the patient was comatose upon admission to hospital, the kidney-to-liver ratio of lidocaine was also greater than 1. These phenomena were substantiated in animal experiments.

Our results indicate that the absorption of tracheal lidocaine during the artificial circulation resulting from cardiopulmonary resuscitation results in a kidney to liver ratio of less than 1, whereas absorption during natural circulation gives a ratio greater than 1. The kidney-to-liver ratio of intubation-related lidocaine may give useful information on the state of a patient during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Postmortem Forensic Toxicology of Trazodone
Authors: Goeringer KE , Raymon L , Logan BK
Published: August 2015

Trazodone is a popular antidepressant medication that has been available for approximately 30 years. It has a reputation as a safe drug with relatively few reported fatalities attributed solely to it. We review the pharmacology and forensic toxicology of trazodone and report toxicology and cause and manner of death in a series of 37 deaths in which trazodone was detected.

Although the normal upper therapeutic blood concentration for trazodone is about 2 mg/L, fatalities are rarely attributed solely to it at blood concentrations below 9 mg/L. Considering the pharmacology of the drug, potential interactions between other drugs with serotonin reuptake properties need to be considered, as does the increased susceptibility to the toxic effects in patients with pre-existing heart disease.

In the cases reviewed, none were attributed solely to trazodone, although trazodone was frequently present together with other serotonergic drugs, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors like fluoxetine and sertraline. Ten cases had blood trazodone concentrations above 2 mg/L. Of these cases, trazodone played a primary role in the death of three subjects, with blood concentrations all greater than 9 mg/L.

We confirm the conclusions of others that trazodone is a relatively safe drug except in massive overdose, although its toxicity may be influenced by the presence of other drugs and underlying pathophysiology.
Optimization of Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) for the Recovery of Explosives from Aqueous and Post-Explosion Debris Followed by Gas and Liquid Chromatographic Analysis
Authors: Furton KG , Wu L , Almirall JR
Published: August 2015

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been evaluated for the recovery of explosives residues from aqueous samples and real post-explosion solid debris samples and optimized using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). A modified SPME/HPLC interface utilizing dual six-port valves allowed for independent optimization of SPME desorption and injection variables that provided improved chromatographic resolution and sensitivity. A unique combination of cyano and octadecyl columns resulted in the complete separation of the 14 explosives in EPA method 8330 mixture using HPLC with good quantitative results. At the optimum SPME conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) were found to be of 5 ng/mL to 16 ng/mL of explosives in water and 10 μg/kg to 40 μg/kg of explosives from soil. The technique has been successfully applied to the analysis of real post-explosion debris and can be adapted for use in the field utilizing portable chromatographic instruments.
Application of True Color X-Ray Vision for Electron Microscopy in Fired Bullets and Gunshot Residue Investigation
Authors: Torre C , Mattutino G
Published: August 2015

An X-ray color imaging system was used to study primer particles and fired bullets from different .22 rimfire ammunition. The technique proved to be very useful, allowing a ready, concomitant analysis of the morphology of primer particles and their elemental composition. The investigation of the bottom of fired bullets showed that antimony present in the bullet alloy is not evenly distributed, but organized in plates made up of almost pure antimony. Moreover, particles and other traces adherent to lead bottomed bullets containing elements different from lead, therefore, useful to the understanding of primer composition are readily and easily detected.
Obtaining Fingerprints from Mummified Fingers: A Method for Tissue Rehydration Adapted from the Archeological Literature
Authors: Schmidt CW , Nawrocki SP , Williamson MA , Marlin DC
Published: August 2015

Our laboratory was asked to help with the rehydration of mummified human fingertips that had been removed from a recently deceased, unidentified female. Using a solution that was found in the archeological literature, we were able to successfully rehydrate dermal tissues to the extent that fingerprints could be taken. We believe that this solution, which until now has not been described in the forensic literature, is effective, affordable, and relatively easy to produce and use.
A New Infrared Spectral Library of Controlled and Noncontrolled Drug Standards Using Internal Reflection Spectroscopy
Authors: Koulis CV , Hymes KJ , Rawlins JL
Published: August 2015

An infrared spectral library containing 455 controlled and noncontrolled solid drug standards was generated using internal reflection spectroscopy. All attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectra were obtained with small diamond internal reflection elements. ATR spectra will have minor variations from transmission spectra commonly found in commercial infrared libraries.
Normalization of Residual Ions After Removal of the Base Peak in Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Steeves JB , Gagné HM , Buel E
Published: August 2015

The mass spectra of compounds that produce limited detail under electron impact conditions may yield useful data for identification purposes when further examined. Through the mathematical removal of the base peak, previously noninformative ions become discriminating and useful for identification. In this work we show that this process of base peak removal and the re-normalizing of the remaining ions is reproducible under a variety of conditions and can be valuable for compound identification.
A Novel Approach to Obtaining Reliable PCR Results from Luminol Treated Bloodstains
Authors: Manna AD , Montpetit S
Published: August 2015

In recent years the forensic scientist has been afforded great advances in technology both in the detection of latent bloodstains and in acquiring reliable DNA typing results from very small pieces of physical evidence. Scientists are now able to detect minute quantities of latent bloodstains by utilizing the luminol reagent, oftentimes indicating that an attempt has been made to conceal any evidence of bloodshed. With the introduction of PCR based technology to the forensic arena, scientists are now routinely able to obtain DNA typing results from previously insufficient amounts of biological material, items as small as a single hair, saliva on a cigarette butt, or a bloodstain the size of a pin head. We present here a merging of these two advances coupled with a new collection medium for post luminol treated latent bloodstains. The forensic scientist is now able to routinely isolate and recover an adequate amount of DNA suitable for PCR typing at all of the Promega GenePrint® PowerPlex™ 1.1 loci. In this study, several dilutions of latent bloodstains were prepared in an effort to simulate transferred bloodstains that are routinely encountered in a crime scene setting. The latent bloodstains were treated with luminol and subsequently collected using conventional cotton tipped swabs as well as a Puritan™ sponge tipped swab. PCR typing at the Promega GenePrint® PowerPlex™ 1.1 loci was then attempted upon all dilutions of the latent bloodstains for both collection mediums. The results clearly indicate that it is now routinely possible to recover adequate amounts of DNA suitable for PCR typing upon post luminol treated bloodstains.
Allelic Distribution of Four Tetranucleotide Repeat Loci (D3S1358, D18S51, D19S253, and FGA) in a Population from Porto (North Portugal)
Authors: Pinheiro F , Pontes L , Pinto da Costa J , Huguet E , Moreno P , Gené M
Published: August 2015

Allele frequencies for four short tandem repeat loci were determined in a population sample from Porto (North Portugal), using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in order to investigate possible genetic differences between populations from the center and north of Portugal. After denaturing PAGE electrophoresis, nine alleles were identified for D3S1358 (n = 256), 13 alleles for D18S51 (n = 235), 10 alleles for D19S253 (n = 238), and 15 alleles for FGA (n = 181). No deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found. The allele frequencies observed are similar to those of the Portuguese population compared except for the D3S1358 system.
The Analysis of Three Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Loci in the Slovene Population by Multiplex PCR
Authors: Drobnič K , Budowle B
Published: August 2015

Allele frequencies for three tetrameric short tandem repeat (STR) loci D3S1358, HUMVWA, and HUMFGA were determined in a Slovene Caucasian population sample. DNA samples from a total of 221 Slovenes were amplified by multiplex PCR using the commercial kit AmpFISTR Blue (Perkin-Elmer). Separation and detection of the amplified STR fragments were carried out using a 377 automated genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystem Division/Perkin Elmer). Seven alleles at the D3S1358 locus, 8 alleles at the HUMVWA31A locus, and 13 alleles at the HUMFGA locus were observed. A deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed, only at the HUMVWA31A locus (p = 0.045, exact test). The departure at this locus was not significant after Bonferroni correction. There were no detectable departures between pairwise comparisons of the loci. The combined power of discrimination for all three loci is 0.9998, and the power of exclusion is 0.9526. The observed allele frequencies for the loci D3S1358, IIUMVWA31A, and HUMFGA are similar to those in European and U.S. Caucasian populations.
DNA Typing of Samples for Polymarker, DQA1, and Nine STR Loci from a Human Body Exhumed After 27 Years
Authors: Tahir MA , Balraj E , Luke L , Gilbert T , Hamby JE , Amjad M
Published: August 2015

A body was exhumed from the ground after 27 years. Samples of femur bone, tooth, and a fingernail were collected and successfully subjected to DNA extraction, quantitation, amplification, and subsequently typed for DQA1, polymarker, and nine STR loci. All three types of samples were typed for D3S1358, vWA, FGA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S17, D7S820, and amelogenin using ABI Prism 377 DNA sequencer.
The Frye Hearing in Florida: An Attempt to Exclude Scientific Evidence
Authors: Sturner WQ , Herrmann MA , Boden C , Scarritt TP , Sherman RE , Harmon TS , Woods KB
Published: August 2015

State Supreme Courts require a minimum threshold of reliability and acceptance in the scientific community for all medical and similar evidence to be admitted at trial. In Florida and some other states, the courts adhere to what is known as the Frye standard, whereas in most states and in Federal Courts, it is the so-called Daubert standard. The jurisdiction of the present case is Hillsborough County (Tampa), Florida. Forensic pathologists seldom, if ever, are requested to participate in such hearings, unlike their toxicological and basic science colleagues who are more involved in research methodology and technical procedures.

The burden is on the proponent of the evidence to prove the general acceptance of both the underlying scientific principle of the test and procedures used to apply that principle to the facts of the case at hand. The trial judge has the sole discretion to determine this question and general acceptance must be established by a preponderance of the evidence.

The authors describe in detail a hearing in a case in which they were all involved. One author (WQS) had researched and documented the original scientific methodology in the literature. The situation involved a car and tractor trailer crash with the two occupants of the car dying of multiple trauma, whereas the truck driver was not injured. Autopsy of the auto driver revealed multiple injuries with exsanguination, and only vitreous humor and liver tissue, but not blood, were tested for ethyl alcohol. The estate of the driver of the automobile brought suit against the owner of the trucking company for wrongful death. The plaintiff requested a Frye hearing to question the reliability of testing other body specimens to translate to probable blood alcohol level. The testimony, submitted documents, and eventual decision by the judge are discussed.
Work-Place Homicide by Bow and Arrow
Authors: Eriksson A , Georén B , Öström M
Published: August 2015

Arrow wounds represent an unusual class of wounds rarely seen by most forensic pathologists. In this paper we present a case of homicide by bow and arrow and the characteristics of such injuries. The essential characteristics of the lesions obtained from conically-tapered field points and from hunting broadhead tips are described and discussed in relation to injuries caused by firearm bullets. In the present case, three arrows struck the victim, and the order in which the injuries were sustained are analyzed. We also discuss the possibilities of localizing the shooter relative to the victim by analysis of the trajectories.
Motorboat Propeller Injuries
Authors: Di Nunno N , Di Nunno C
Published: August 2015

The authors anlayze the case of an Albanian refugee who was killed by the propellers of the outboard engine of a rubber dinghy while illegally attempting to reach Italy. The finding of multiple parallel, deep clear-cut injuries is uncommon, but highly characteristic of the object producing the lesions. These are typical and cannot be mistaken with those produced by sharp objects or shark bites. The description of the injuries is vital for establishing the position of the victim with regard to the propellet that struck him.
Unexpected Sudden Death from Coronary Sinus Thrombosis. An Unsual Complication of Central Venous Catheterization
Authors: Suárez-Peñaranda JM , Rico-Boquete R , Muñoz JI , Rodríguez-Núñez A , Martínez Soto MI , Rodríguez-Calvo M , Concheiro-Carro L
Published: August 2015

Coronary sinus thrombosis is an unusual but potentially serious complication of the use of central venous devices. We report a fatal case of coronary sinus thrombosis in relation to a malpositioned central venous catheter. The death occurred very soon following the beginning of symptoms and the cause could not be suspected. Direct trauma of the catheter on the coronary sinus endothelium seems the most probable cause of the thrombosis.
Unusual Cases of Suicide Among Health Care Workers
Authors: Budakov BM , Simic MA , Tasic MM , Vujic DN
Published: August 2015

We describe three unusual cases of suicide committed by health care workers. The aim of this paper was to analyze and evaluate the evidence of general diagnostic elements of poisoning in these cases.