bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low-Wage Services: Interpreting the US-German Difference
Authors: Freeman Richard B , Schettkat Ronald
Published: October 2023

Services are the main sector of employment growth in advanced countries, and the principal area of difference between US and West European employment. Between 1970 and 1995 the USA increased the ratio of service employment to adult population by 15 percentage points while manufacturing employment per adult fell. In Germany (West) manufacturing employment relative to the population also fell, while service sector employment per adult rose. Employment in service sector jobs per adult increased by about 9 percentage points in Germany–6 points less than in the USA. The 6 point difference in the growth of service sector jobs per adult accounts for about 75 per cent of the 1980-95 increased gap between the German and US employment/population ratios. Since Germany and the USA had similar employment/population rates in 1970, the service sector difference also explains roughly three-quarters of the actual 1995 US-German difference in employment/population ratios overall. Thus, service industries are crucial for any explanation of the US-German differentials in employment trends.
Japan’s Public Pension System in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Horioka Charles Yuji
Published: October 2023

Japan’s public pension system is essentially a pay-as-you-go system that is fraught with problems. It has an adverse impact on the inter- and intragenerational allocation of resources, on the labor supply of the aged and of women, and on national saving, and it implicitly condones the widespread evasion of pension contributions.
Women’s Autonomy and Reproductive Behaviour in India
Authors: Jejeebhoy Shireen J
Published: October 2023

Regional disparities in reproductive behaviour are well established in India: the recent National Family Health Survey (IIPS 1995) observes a total fertility rate of 3.39 for the country as a whole, ranging from 3.6 to 4.8 in the five large northern states of Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh to between 2.0 and 2.8 in the four southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Uttar Pradesh. The total fertility rate is as high as 5.2 in Uttar Pradesh, but as low as 2.5 in Tamil Nadu; age at marriage is 17.9 among rural women in Uttar Pradesh but 20.0 in Tamil Nadu. Likewise, wide differences are observed in rural infant mortal ity rates (126.5 and 76.2 per 1,000 live births, respectively), current contraceptive use rates (16.7 per cent and 49.2 per cent, respectively) and ideal family size (3.5 and 2.1, respectively).
Reassessing the Diamond –Mirrlees Efficiency Theorem
Authors: Hammond Peter J
Published: October 2023

During the 1950s, much of the work in welfare economics had become increasingly critical of what had been accomplished during the 1930s and 1940s. It was realized that, unless all distortions in the economy could be removed, the usual first-order conditions might all become invalid. This apparently very robust negative conclusion had already been discussed in Samuelson (1947: 252-3), but it culminated in the work of Lipsey and Lancaster (1956).
Toward Consolidated Democracies
Authors: Stepan Alfred
Published: October 2023

It is necessary to begin by saying a few words about three minimal conditions that must obtain before there can be any possibility of speaking of democratic consolidation. First, in a modern polity, free and authoritative elections cannot be held, winners cannot exercise the monopoly of legitimate force, and citizens cannot effectively have their rights protected by a rule of law unless a state exists. In some parts of the world, conflicts about the authority and domain of the polis and the identities and loyalties of the demos are so intense that no state exists. No state, no democracy.
International Subcontracting in the Textile and Clothing Industry
Authors: Graziani Giovanni
Published: October 2023

Less and less of a Benetton shirt is assembled in Italy and more and more of it by independent external suppliers in South America, Asia, and Eastern Europe. Only the major strategic functions-design, cutting, quality control, and distribution-are still handled in-house in Treviso. Similarly, Levi’s denim jeans are largely sewn in Asia and in Mexico, while Marks & Spencer sources its apparel items from a dozen developing countries. Some members of the business community have even suggested that ‘made in Italy’ or ‘made in the USA’ labels are obsolete and that one should rather stress the ‘Italian style’ or the ‘American style’.
The Status of the Convention in National Law
Authors: Polakiewicz Jörg
Published: October 2023

The discussion on whether the Convention contains an obligation to incorporate its provisions into domestic law starts traditionally from the premiss that the Convention is a treaty concluded under the rules of international law.
Malta
Authors: Pullicino Joseph Said
Published: October 2023

With the advent of British rule in 1800, the Maltese legal system became exposed to new and perhaps more liberal ideas. The independence of the judiciary, trial by jury in criminal matters, the presumption of innocence of the accused, freedom from arrest without prompt trial (habeas corpus), the rule of law, and the equality of all before the law, aimed at ensuring speedy and impartial justice: in Malta these notions have their origin in the first fifty years of British rule.
Mao’s Crusade
Authors: Chan Alfred L
Published: October 2023

During 1957 and 1958 Mao was seized by a vision that the Chinese economy could develop rapidly in leaps and bounds by relying on intuition and mass spontaneity. As a consequence, he single-handedly launched a colossal mobilization campaign called the Great Leap Forward, which featured many radical policy innovations, including the people's communes. This book is the first in-depth and original study of policy formulation and implementation during the Leap to link the roles of Mao, the central leaders, the ministries, and the province of Guangdong. Rejecting the theory that the Leap was an outcome of bureaucratic politics and competition, the study establishes beyond doubt the supreme and dominant position of Mao in initiating and commanding the Leap. Alfred L. Chan goes further than propounding a Mao-dominant model by documenting the strategic and tactical moves made by Mao in order to neutralize all opposition and to carry the day. He also discusses in detail the policy roles and input of other top leaders on whom the improvising Mao relied to feed his imagination and to flesh out his policies. In the chapters on the implementation of the Leap, Dr Chan explores how the ministries of Metallurgy and Agriculture were transformed from bureaucratic agencies into agents of mobilization, and how impossible targets forced them to keep up appearances by focussing on the rituals of mass mobilization. Similarly, other chapters on Guangdong show the simultaneously fervent, ritualistic, and desperate attempts to implement every hunch and intuition emanating from the centre. Exhaustive research using new material made available in the post-Mao era, as well as archives from the 1950s and 1960s, has yielded novel and original insights into the leader Mao, central decision-making, and policy implementation in the communist hierarchy.
On the Lender of Last Resort
Authors: Solow Robert M
Published: October 2023

In this chapter I must try to walk a narrow line. My task is to discuss the role of the lender of last resort from the point of view of a theorist interested in economic pol icy. That seems to be the natural role for the theorist of last resort. Everyone at this conference knows more than I do about the historical and institutional texture of lenders of last resort, and most know more about the history of economic thought on the subject. That very fact suggests that no one at this conference wants to see real (or even nominal) theorist’s theorizing, complete with hard mathematical models. So I shall aim for a compromise. My goal is to indicate in a general way what economic theory has to say on the two main analytical questions that generally arise in discussions of this subject.
Experienced Utility and Objective Happiness: A Moment-Based Approach
Authors: Kahneman Daniel
Published: October 2023

The concept of utility has carried two different meanings in its long history. As Bentham (1789) used it, utility refers to the experiences of pleasure and pain, the ‘sovereign masters’ that ‘point out what we ought to do, as well as determine what we shall do.’ In modern decision research, however, the utility of outcomes refers to their weight in decisions: utility is inferred from observed choices and is in turn used to explain choices.
The Workhouses and Irish Famine Mortality
Authors: Guinnane Timothy w. , Gráda Cormac Ó
Published: October 2023

though they ignore the role of specifically local factors. In local histories of the Irish famine an indulgent landlord, an active priest, or a corrupt workhouse master might mitigate or accentuate the disadvantages captured by other measures. Indeed, local histories often claim or imply that the experience of some location or other dif¬ fered from what might have been predicted on the basis of county- or province-level variables alone. In other words, agency matters. This study focuses on one issue often highlighted in such local accounts: the role of workhouse relief during the famine.
The Demographic Impact of a Mild Famine in an African City: The Case of Antananarivo, 1985-7
Authors: Garenne Michel , Waltisperger Dominique , Cantrelle Pierre , Ralijaona Osee
Published: October 2023

Famines have been recurrent throughout human history. Their occurrence has diminished only recently because of increases in food production, improved man¬ agement of food stocks, the diminishing isolation of most parts of the world, greater international trade, better and faster transport, as well as increased international awareness, higher sensitivity towards human rights, and greater international solidar¬ ity. However, even in the second half of the twentieth century severe famines occurred in South Asia, China, and sub-Saharan Africa. If earlier famines were primarily due to dimatic factors, plant diseases and poor crisis management, recent famines seem mostly to have been due to serious mismanagement by the state (i.e. bad governance) and to the voluntary or forced isolation of a country-often the consequence of international or civil war. The latter scenario applies particularly apropos famines in sub-Saharan Africa during the past quarter of a century.
The I.R.A. at War 1916-1923
Authors: Hart Peter
Published: October 2023

Between 1916 and 1923, Ireland experienced rebellion and mass mobilization, guerrilla and civil war, partition and ethnic conflict, and the transfer of power from British to Irish governments. The essays in The I.R.A. at War propose a new history of this Irish revolution: one that encompasses the whole of the island as well as Britain, all of the violence and its consequences, and the entire period from the Easter Rising to the end of the Civil War. When did the revolution start and when did it end? Why was it so violent and why were some areas so much worse than others? Why did the I.R.A. mount a terror campaign in England and Scotland but refuse to assassinate British politicians? Where did it get its guns? Was it democratic? What kind of people became guerrillas? 3What kind of people did they kill? Were Protestants ethnically cleansed from southern Ireland? Did a pogrom take place against Belfast Catholics? These and other questions are addressed using extensive new data on those involved and their actions, including the first complete figures for victims of the revolution. These events have never been numbered among the world's great revolutions, but in fact Irish republicans were global pioneers. Long before Mao or Tito, Sinn Féin and the Irish Republican Army were the first to use a popular political front to build a parallel underground state coupled with sophisticated guerrilla and international propaganda and fund-raising campaigns. Ireland's is also perhaps the best documented revolution in modern history, so that almost any question can be answered, from who joined the I.R.A. to who ordered the assassination of Sir Henry Wilson. The intimacy and precision with which we are able to reconstruct and analyse what happened make this a key site for understanding not just Irish, but world, history.
The Thompson Submachine Gun in Ireland Revisited
Authors: Hart Peter
Published: October 2023

In 1967 The’ Irish Sword published a pioneering article by J. Bowyer Bell on the carly history of the Thompson submachine gun and its acquisition by the Irish Republican Army in 192 1. Bell was one of the first historians to deal with guns and gunmen in a scholarly fashion, and in doing so also uncovered an extraordinary story ‘involving Irish agents, British spies, inscrutable Japanese, aborted smuggling’, and the first ever use of the Tommy gun in action.’ Due to the lack of available documents at the time, however, much of this story remained untold, particularly the details of the ‘aborted smuggling’, how and when the guns reached Ireland, and what happened to them after the Truce of 1921. Fortunately, since Bell’s article was first published a full history of the Thompson gun has appeared and a large amount of relevant material has come to light in lrish and British archives.
Michael Collins and the Assassination of Sir Henry Wilson
Authors: Hart Peter
Published: October 2023

Joe went in a straight line while 1 determined intercept him (Wilson) from entering the door. Joe deliberately levelled his weapon at four yards range an<l fired twice. Wilson made for the dour as best he could and actually reached the doorway when 1 encountered him at a range of seven or eight feet. I fired three shots rapidly, the last om: from the hip, a I took a step forward. Wilson was now uttering short cries and in a doubled up position staggered towards the edge of the pavement. At this point Joe fired once again and the last I saw of him he (Wilson) had collapsed.’
Postcolonialism
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: October 2023

Postcolonial literatures (anglophone, francophone, lusophone, etc.) proliferate and change constantly, even as postcolonial critical studies in the academy continue to grow apace. This chapter aims to outline 1990s developments in the area, in particular with respect to the prominence of two constituencies of postcolonial writers relatively overlooked at the time of independence and into the 1970s—women and Indigenous peoples.
Has the Coffee Federation become Redundant? Collective Action and the Market in Colombian Development
Authors: Thorp Rosemary
Published: October 2023

This paper considers the role andmodus operandi of a remarkable and controversial group: the National Coffee Federation of Colombia. Over time, the Federation has been both respected and criticized, often fiercely. Today its role is being challenged as inappropriate to the new commitment, in Latin America, and specifically in Colombia, to a free market economy, and as an obstacle to a ‘level playing field’. To evaluate both the past and the contemporary challenge, we need to explore the origins and historical role of the Federation, over its seventy years of existence, to provide a basis for an attempt at imagining Colombia without its Federation, and by that means for evaluating what its true role is today.
Dynamic Decisions under Uncertainty: Some Recent Evidence from Economics and Psychology
Authors: Cubitt Robin P , Starmer Chris , Sugden Robert
Published: October 2023

Many of the decision problems under uncertainty that are faced by individuals have a dynamic structure. Educational choices and long-term savings decisions are obvious examples. Conventional economic theory has provided ways of analyzing such problems by endorsing a set of principles that can extend the standard theory of individual static choice under uncertainty, expected utility theory (henceforth EUT), into a dynamic context. However, most experimental investigation of single agent decision-making under uncertainty has related to static contexts, that is, to straightforward choices between single-stage gambles. In contrast, in this chapter, we discuss recent experimental research that is directly concerned with dynamic decision problems. We will describe below some important properties of the standard approach to modeling dynamic choice and show how, as descriptive claims, they are challenged by this experimental evidence. We briefly consider the implications of this fact for future directions in modeling dynamic choice under uncertainty.
Introduction
Authors: Engel William E
Published: October 2023

The spirit of the subtitle of this book, ‘Shades of Memory’, is embodied in these three citations. The first comes from an Italian-English dictionary, and covers the range of meanings associated with the word for ‘shade’ in the Renaissance. The second citatio, taken from a thesauru, identifies the word ‘shady’ as being one of the many possible epithets an aspiring poet might use with ‘oblivion’. The first speaks of art as well as of nature, and concerns the supernatural (‘a ghost, a spirit’) as well as antisocial behaviour (‘unkindness or jealousie’).
Modelling the Universe: Poetry, Science, and the Art of Metaphor
Authors: Armitage Simon
Published: October 2023

Housman might have been wrong about the number of planets or he might have been anticipating the debate over the actual status of Pluto, but he did have something to say about imitation, and I’ll come back to that ‘mimic heaven’ later in the day. At the University where I once taught Creative Writing, the Physics Department offered a course known in the common room as Astronomy for Poets. Being somewhat interested in both subjects, I got very curious when I heard about Astronomy for Poets, and phoned up the admissions secretary, who sent me a glossy full-colour brochure, much of it written in Day-Glo yellow, like the wording on the packet of an improved biological washing powder.
Introduction
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

This anthology makes available in modern spelling and punctuation substantial Catholic contributions to literature, history, and theology in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Featuring some essential medieval and Continental works, Early Modern Catholicism aims to recover the Catholic origins and expressions of the English Renais-sance (c.1520–1640). The term ‘Catholic’ (from katholicos, ‘universal’) names the Western Latin church loyal to Rome, as it did originally in the work of St Cyprian (c.252). This term, of course, is fraught with complexities. The Eastern schism (1054) established a rival Catholic structure with a patriarch in Constantinople. The Roman Church experienced severe internal divisions as it struggled to balance temporal and spiritual concerns and to lead a far-Xung collection of powerful, autonomous kingdoms.
On Free Will, 1524
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

By ‘free will’ here we understand a power of the human will by which man may be able to direct himself towards, or turn away from, what leads to eternal salvation.
Nicholas Sander
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

In the Wrst wave of Catholic exiles under Elizabeth, Nicholas Sander (1530–81) became a priest and professor of theology at Louvain. He wrote a weighty defence of the Church, De visibili monarchia ecclesiae (Louvain, 1571), as well as a Catholic account of the changes in religion in England, De schismate Anglicano (Cologne, 1585) (see histories). His A Treatise of the Images of Christ (1566) defended Catholic beliefs and practices against Protestant iconoclasm, speciWcally against the attack of Bishop Jewel, A Reply unto M. Harding’s Answer (1565), who condemned Catholic veneration of images as idolatry (see also Foxe’s depiction, Fig. 4). In the selections below Sander recalls with horror the Lutheran desecration of Catholic icons in Antwerp.
The Tower Debates, 1581
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Second Day The excerpt here comes from the second debate, 18 September 1581. Campion acquitted himself so well in the Wrst debate (31 August 1571), that the authorities changed the opponents and the venue, reduced the audience, and excluded fellow Catholic prisoners. Church Militant the Church on earth, struggling against the powers of evil. 1. visibility i.e. visibility of the Church. Catholics argued that Christ established the Roman Church and that the institution and its followers were visible through the ages; Protestants argued that the true Church consisted in the invisible fellowship of the elect. 2. Goade Roger Goade (1538–1610), Cambridge scholar and administrator. 14. Diocletian Roman emperor (245– 313) who persecuted Christians. 20. Sylvester Saint Sylvester, pope (r. 314–35). 21. Queen Mary Catholic Mary Tudor (r. 1553–8), a period of persecution for Protestants. 22. Goade’s response diVers in A True Report (1583): ‘Surely you make evil and untrue comparisons. You have no such cause to complain of bloody persecutions in the time of our gracious queen, and do not well to compare Her Highness’s peaceable and mild government with those tyrannical persecutions’ (sig. J1).
A Declaration of the Sentence and Deposition of Elizabeth, 1588
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Sixtus the Fifth, by God’s providence the universal pastor of Christ’s Xock, to whom by perpetual and lawful succession appertaineth the care and government of the Catholic Church, seeing the pitiful calamities which heresy hath brought into the renowned countries of England and Ireland, of old so famous for virtue, religion, and Christian obedience, and how at this present through the impiety and perverse government of 5 Elizabeth, the pretensed Queen, with a few of her adherents, those kingdoms be brought not only to a disordered and perilous state in themselves but are become as infected members, contagious and troublesome to the whole body of Christendom, and not having in those parts the ordinary means which by the assistance of Christian princes he hath in other provinces to remedy disorders and keep in obedience and ecclesiastical 10 discipline the people, for that Henry the Eighth, late king of England, did of late years by rebellion and revolt from the See Apostolic violently separate himself and his subjects from the communion and society of the Christian commonwealth; and Elizabeth, the present usurper, doth continue the same with perturbation and peril of the countries about her, showing herself obstinate and incorrigible in such sort that without her 15 24. only mere. 37. deceitful division Burlegh blamed the Northern Uprising in 1569, led by the earls of Westmoreland and Northumberland, on the papal bull that appeared in 1570 (Execution, 1584, sigs. Biii–Biiiv ). 38. Libeller Lord Burleigh.
Robert Southwell
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Brilliant and well born, Robert Southwell (1561–95) joined the Society of Jesus in 1578, and in 1586 he returned to England to minister to Catholics, including Philip Howard, imprisoned for his faith. He wrote an An Epistle of Comfort (1587) to all persecuted Catholics (see Consolations, instructions and devotions), and other works, notably Mary Magdalen’s Funeral Tears (1591), and a plea for tolerance, An Humble Supplication to Her Majesty (1595, pub. 1600–1). Southwell endured capture, imprisonment, and torture before his execution in 1595.
Gertrude More
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Great-great-granddaughter of Thomas More, Gertrude More (ne´e Helen) (1604–33) inherited the family faith, Catholicism, its intellectual traditions, and its practice of educating women. Gertrude’s father, Cresacre More, founded the English Benedictine convent at Cambrai and sent Gertrude there, along with her sister and two cousins. Under the spiritual direction of the great contemplative Dom Augustine Baker (see instructions and devotions), More studied St Augustine as well as mystics such as St John of the Cross, St Teresa of Avila, St Gertrude, and Walter Hilton. She wrote two prose works,The Holy Practices of a Divine Lover (1657) and The Spiritual Exercises (1658), both of which contain mystical poetry—poetry that charts the journey of the human soul to love and praise of God.
Meditations
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Arising from Scripture, patristic writing, and early Christian practice, the traditions of Catholic meditation or ‘mental prayer ‘ are rich and deep. Early modern manuals and handbooks by such writers as Antonio de Molina and Gaspare Loarte, provide instructions 20. St Damascene John of Damascus, 8th-c. Church Father. 22. stay support. 34. four. elements earth, air, Wre, and water, supposed the basic elements of creation. 41. cithern wire-strung instrument.
Francis de Sales
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Admired preacher and doctor of the Church, Francis de Sales (1567–1622) founded the Institute of the Visitation (a religious order for women) and a congregation of priests now known as the Oblates of St Francis de Sales. Among his writings is An Introduction to a Devout Life (tr. 1613), which broke with previous practice by addressing not religious but 7. Timete Dominum sung as a gradual at the All Saints Mass.
William Shakespeare
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

In every sense a special case, William Shakespeare (1563–1616) stands at the centre of the new early modern England that is emerging as a site of religious struggle and redeWnition. While there is no conclusive evidence for Shakespeare’s own religious convictions and practices, scholars now take more seriously Richard Davies ‘ late 17th-c. comment, ‘He died a papist ‘, and recognize the circumstantial evidence in favour of Roman Catholicism. Stratford-upon-Avon remained partially loyal to Catholicism as, indeed, did Warwick-shire, home to the Coventry mystery plays, an early dramatic inXuence on Shakespeare.
Ben Jonson
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Catholicism colours the work of Ben Jonson (1572–1637) early and late (see poetry). Sejanus (1603–4) provoked Lord Henry Howard to summon Jonson before the Privy Council for ‘popery and treason ‘ (Jonson, Informations, ll. 325–7). Since no record of the session survives and since the extant play has been revised, we cannot know exactly what prompted the charges. But as it stands Sejanus, like the verse epistle to Lady Aubigny, reXects contemporary conXicts and mirrors the Catholic plight. The Roman government silences dissent, oppresses historians, burns books, falls prey to faction, and, most important, spies on and punishes its citizens.
James Shirley
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Massinger’s successor in the King’s Men, James Shirley (1596–1666) became a leading dramatist of the early and mid-seventeenth century, admired chieXy for his witty, satirical comedies. Ordained in the Church of England, Shirley may have become a Catholic around 1622; some of his thirty-seven plays and masques show marked sympathy for the Catholic faith. There is praise for the Benedictines throughout The Grateful Servant (1630)
Bartolomeade Las Casas
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Early in his life the Dominican priest, Bartolomede Las Casas (1474–1566), received land and Indian slaves for participating in the conquest of Cuba. In 1514 he experienced the radical change of heart that initiated his life’s work as an advocate for native peoples in present-day Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean.
Robert Persons
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Eloquent, zealous, and proliWc, Robert Persons (1546–1610) became a Jesuit in 1575, established seminaries abroad, and served as rector of the English College in Rome. Emerging as the leader of the English Mission (1579–81), he preached, administered sacraments, and set up a press which printed responses to attacks as well as Catholic oVensives. Persons distinguished himself as a polemicist and as a devotional writer in works such as Certain Reasons why Catholics Refuse to go to Church (1580, see Langdale, controversies); the Ignatian Book of the Christian Exercise (1582, reprinted and revised forty times before 1640); and A Treatise of Three Conversions (1603–4), excerpted below, which presents a Catholic national history of England against the Acts and Monuments of John Foxe. Like William Allen, Persons advocated armed intervention in England and thus aroused the mistrust and hostility of most English Catholics.
Philip O’s ullivan-Beare
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

From County Cork, Philip O’s ullivan-Beare (1590?–1660?) studied at Compostella, served as a soldier, wrote saints ‘ lives as well as his important Historiae Catholicae Iberniae Compendium ( ‘History of Catholic Ireland ‘, Lisbon, 1621). Like fellow countrymen Peter Lombard and David Rothe, O’s ullivan-Beare wrote his history in Latin for European audiences. The Compendium presents the complicated struggles of Ireland as a battle between heretical English invaders and native Irish Catholics.
Elizabeth Cary
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Elizabeth Cary (TanWeld), Viscountess Falkland (c.1585–1639), dramatist and historian, mastered Latin, Hebrew, and modern languages including Irish, and identiWed herself as ‘a Catholic, and a woman ‘ (Reply, 1630, sig. eˆ1v ). After her conversion to Catholicism in 1626, her husband Henry Cary renounced her and forced separation from her children. Destitute, Elizabeth Cary performed charitable works and wrote translations, saints ‘ lives, hymns to the Virgin, and the History of Edward II (1627), recounting the reign and assassination.
Anthony Copley
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

A Catholic poet who responded to Spenser’s Faerie Queene in A Fig for Fortune (1596, see poetry), Anthony Copley (1567–1609?) also published a book of jests, Wits, Fits, and Fancies (1595). Largely translated from a Spanish work, La Xoretta spagnola, Copley published the book to ‘minister content and merriment ‘(sig. A3) to readers. Wits, Fits, and Fancies displays the kinds of humour evident in the drama of the period, rich in puns, wordplay, and character stereotypes. Including jokes about doctors, worldly clerics, and famous church Wgures, the selections below also touch upon serious religious issues of the time, the persecution of Jews and the dissolution of the monasteries.
Thomas Lodge
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Having converted to Catholicism, probably during his youth (1581?), Thomas Lodge (1558–1625) studied law, sailed on expeditions, studied medicine, worked as a London doctor with a large Catholic practice, and suVered several indictments for recusancy. Among other works he translated the Dominican Luis de Granada, and wrote pamphlets, plays, and Wction (including the pastoral Rosalynde, a source for As You Like It). As a London author Lodge mainly shares the vision and artistic values of the Protestant University Wits, George Peele, Thomas Nashe, and Robert Greene. Anatomizing contemporary vice in the manner of their works, Wit’s Misery (1596), for example, discovers in early modern London seven devils and their oVspring, walking about as contemporary slanderers, fashion-mongers, actors, liars, and haters of virtue.
Robert Chambers
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Originally from Yorkshire, Robert Chambers (1571–1628) studied at the English colleges at Rheims and Rome and received ordination as a Catholic priest in 1593. From 1599 to 1623 he served as confessor to the English Benedictine nuns in Brussels. Chambers wrote an account of the miracles performed by the Virgin Mary at Montaigu (1606) and a biblical romance, Palestina (1600), excerpted below. There the Emperor of the heavenly 48. embased debased. 52. extenuate lesser. 54. deWnite limited. martyrize wound. 60. paschal lamb the lamb sacriWced at the Jewish feast of Passover, whose blood sprinkled on the doorposts originally protected the families within. 61. thraldom captivity.
The Colonization of the New World (Inter caetera), 1493
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Alexander, bishop, the servant of the servants of God, to our most dear, beloved son in Christ, King Ferdinand, and to our dear, beloved daughter in Christ, Elizabeth, Queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Sicily, and Granada, most noble princes, greeting and apostolical benediction. Among other works acceptable to the Divine Majesty and according to our hearts ‘ 5 desire, this certainly is the chief, that the Catholic faith and Christian religion specially in this our time may in all places be exalted, ampliWed, and enlarged, whereby the health of souls may be procured and the barbarous nations subdued and brought to the faith.
Government Spending on Research and Development in the UK
Authors: Stoneman Paul
Published: October 2023

The UK government, in common with the governments of most developed economies, expends large amounts annually either directly upon, or in support of, scientific and technological activities. The aim of this paper is to review this expenditure. In the sections below, I will address several issues. I begin by looking at the extent of current government spending and place this in its recent historical context. I then move to consider what arms of government incur the relevant expenditures, the primary purposes of the expenditures undertaken and the extent to which the government performs as well as funds REtD. These patterns are then considered in the context of a comparison with other OECD economies.
Intervention To Save Hong Kong
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Dai Lu
Published: October 2023

By August 1998, the Hong Kong economy had become threatened not only by the natural consequences of the Asian crisis (1997/8), but also by waves of speculation, betting that the authorities would be forced to abandon the linked exchange rate (to the US dollar). When facing previous speculative attacks (starting October 1997), the authorities had followed traditional policies of raising interest rates. But, by August 1998, such policies had helped to batter asset markets; property prices and output were falling, and confidence was low. Moreover, the speculators had developed an ingenious ‘double-play’, simultaneously selling both the foreign exchange market and the Hang Seng equity market short; whether the authorities used an interest rate defence, or abandoned the ‘link’, the speculators would gain either way. So, the authorities decided on a bold, unexpected and unconventional response to reports of a further attack. They would undertake counter-intervention, again both in the equity and foreign exchange markets. This was the largest, and most successful, counter-speculative intervention ever undertaken. In comparison to the size of Hong Kong’s economy, it was massive. On one day -- Friday, 28 August, 1998 -- the authorities bought up around five per cent of the total capitalization of the Hang Seng. Despite the eventual success of the exercise, the authorities have been quite reticent about their actions, revealing only the aggregate amounts of purchases of each stock intervened. This book uses publicly available market data to trace out the authorities’ actions on a blow-by-blow basis, primarily in the Hang Seng equity market, but also in the futures and foreign exchange market. The authors set the intervention in its economic context, describe its development, and assess its results. The book provides a fascinating story and insights into what lessons academics and practitioners can learn from the turbulent events of the time.
Double Jeopardy? Female Rural Migrant Labourers in Urban China, The Case of Shanghai
Authors: Feng Wang , Anan Shen
Published: October 2023

Two fundamental economic and social transformations of the past two decades are redefining the lives of Chinese women simultaneously. One transformation involves an economic transformation characterized by a shift from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented economy. The other is a transition from a predominantly agrarian economy to an industrial and post-industrial economy.As a result of the first transformation, China’s state dominance and control over the economy has been weakened drastically during the past two decades. Between 1978 and 1993, for instance, the share of retail sales in China that was under the government’s fixed prices declined from 97 to 5 per cent, whereas the share under market or ‘guidance’ prices rose from 3 to 95 per cent (Naughton 1995: 14).
‘The Farmer as a Conservationist’: Sidney Rubidge at Wellwood, Graaff-Reinet, 1913–1952
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

White farmers, or their political representatives, sat on a number of key conservationist commissions, and the progressive elite clearly shared a general concern about soil erosion. Some anglophone landowners in the midlands and eastern Cape had contributed significantly to defining South African environmental problems and elaborating conservationist concerns in respect of pastoral farming. For them, intensifying production was closely linked to environmental management; both were in their own and the national interest. In the inter-war years, however, major reports by the Drought Commission (1923) and of the Native Economic Commission (1932) tended to pin most of the responsibility for environmental degradation on the methods and practices of white and black stock-owners respectively. In more recent years critical, anti-apartheid academic research has also targeted white farmers for their environmental record.
The Face of Securitas: Redefining the Relationship of Security and Foreigners in Europe
Authors: Guild Elspeth
Published: October 2023

In 2000, Carol Harlow and I jointly edited a book on the implementation of immigration and asylum powers in European Community law. The book examines the extent of the powers introduced by the Amsterdam Treaty into the EC Treaty in this field and the options for implementation open to the Community.
Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame, and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity1
Authors: Kimmel Michael S
Published: October 2023

We think of manhood as eternal, a timeless essence that resides deep in the heart of every man. We think of manhood as a thing, a quality that one either has or doesn’t have. We think of manhood as innate, residing in the particular biological composition of the human male, the result of androgens or the possession of a penis. We think of manhood as a transcendent tangible property that each man must manifest in the world, the reward presented with great ceremony to a young novice by his elders for having successfully completed an arduous initiation ritual. In the words of poet Robert Bly (1990), ‘the structure at the bottom of the male psyche is still as firm as it was twenty thousand years ago’ (p. 230).
The Market Valuation of Biotechnology Firms and Biotechnology R&D
Authors: Hand John R M
Published: October 2023

Despite its size and public importance, little academic research has sought empirically to identify or analyses the determinants of the equity market values of a growing high-tech sector of the US economy—that of biotechnology.
Everyday Life
Authors: Sheringham Michael
Published: October 2023

In the last twenty years the concept of the quotidien, or the everyday, has been prominent in contemporary French culture and in British and American cultural studies. This book provides the first comprehensive analytical survey of the whole field of approaches to the everyday. It offers, firstly, a historical perspective, demonstrating the importance of mainstream and dissident Surrealism; the indispensable contribution, over a 20-year period (1960-80), of four major figures: Henri Lefebvre, Roland Barthes, Michel de Certeau, and Georges Perec; and the recent proliferation of works that investigate everyday experience. Secondly, it establishes the framework of philosophical ideas on which discourses on the everyday depend, but which they characteristically subvert. Thirdly, it comprises searching analyses of works in a variety of genres, including fiction, the essay, poetry, theatre, film, photography, and the visual arts, consistently stressing how explorations of the everyday tend to question and combine genres in richly creative ways. By demonstrating the enduring contribution of Perec and others, and exploring the Surrealist inheritance, the book proposes a genealogy for the remarkable upsurge of interest in the everyday since the 1980s. A second main objective is to raise questions about the dimension of experience addressed by artists and thinkers when they invoke the quotidien or related concepts. Does the 'everyday' refer to an objective content defined by particular activities, or is it best thought of in terms of rhythm, repetition, festivity, ordinariness, the generic, the obvious, the given? Are there events or acts that are uniquely 'everyday', or is the quotidien a way of thinking about events and acts in the 'here and now' as opposed to the longer term? What techniques or genres are best suited to conveying the nature of everyday life? The book explores these questions in a comparative spirit, drawing new parallels between the work of numerous writers and artists, including André Breton, Raymond Queneau, Walter Benjamin, Michel Leiris, Maurice Blanchot, Michel Foucault, Stanley Cavell, Annie Ernaux, Jacques Réda, and Sophie Calle.
The concept of critical infrastructure protection
Authors: Metzger Jan
Published: October 2023

The US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was established on 1 January 2003, following the largest administrative restructuring undertaken in the United States since World War II. The task of the 170 000 DHS employees, in over 20 agencies and under the leadership of Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge, is to protect the nation against the threat of terrorist attacks. A sizeable portion of the budget for fiscal year 2003 of nearly $38 billion will be allocated to the area of Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection, one of the four main DHS directorates. A major task of the Assistant Secretary for Infrastructure Protection, Robert P.
Monetary Policy Implementation
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich
Published: October 2023

The first of its kind, this book is entirely dedicated to the implementation of monetary policy. Monetary policy implementation has gone through tremendous changes over the last twenty years, which have witnessed the quiet end of 'reserve position doctrine' and the return of an explicit focus on short-term interest rates. Enthusiastically supported by Keynes and later by the monetarist school, reserve position doctrine was developed mainly by US central bankers and academics during the early 1920s, and at least in the US became the unchallenged dogma of monetary policy implementation for sixty years. The return of interest rate targeting also corresponds largely to the restoration of central banking principles established in the late 19th century. Providing a simple theory of monetary policy implementation, Bindseil goes on to explain the role of the three main instruments (open market operations, standing facilities, and reserve requirements) and reviews their use in the twentieth century. In closing, he summarizes current views on efficient monetary policy implementation.
Exact Initial Kalman Filtering and Smoothing for Nonstationary Time Series Models
Authors: Koopman Siem Jan
Published: October 2023

Assume that a vector of observations yt is generated by the Gaussian state-space model where p 1 vector αtis the state vector. The system matrices, Zt , Tt , Gt, and Ht, for t 1,..., n, are assumed to be fixed and known. The former equation of (1) is referred to as the observation equation, whereas the latter equation is called the transition equation. A normally distributed random vector x with mean µ and variance matrix A is denoted by x N(µ, A). The disturbance vector εtis serially uncorrelated. The appearance of εtin both equations is general rather than restrictive. The special case HtG±  t 0, for t 1,…, n, implies mutual independence between the two sets of disturbances. The mean vector and variance matrix P of the initial state vector are assumed to be known.

The state-space model (1) is often used as a framework for representing linear time series models such as autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA)
Univariate Detrending Methods with Stochastic Trends
Authors: Watson Mark W
Published: October 2023

Most macroeconomic time series exhibit a clear tendency to grow over time and can be characterized as ‘trending’. The statistical theory underlying most modern time series analysis relies on the assumption of covariance stationarity, an assumption that is clearly violated by most macroeconomic time series. In applied econometric work it is usually assumed that this statistical theory can be applied to deviations of the observed time series from their trend value. Since it is often the case that these deviations or economic fluctuations are of primary interest, modern time series techniques are often applied to ‘detrended’ economic time series.
Experiences with the Clean Development Mechanism in India
Authors: Singhania Jaya
Published: October 2023

The Government of India has taken serious cognizance of the requirement for sustainable development by environmentally friendly methods and technologies and preventive measures for greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction. Even before the popularity of COM projects under the Kyoto Protocol, the Government oflndia has been promoting these methods and technologies. The focus is on renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency in the industry and transport sector and waste to energy projects, and the main activity thus far has been in the energy and transport sector. Renewable energy projects have been encouraged in as much as the availability of incentives under a wide range of programmes by the Government and vehicular emissions have been controlled by prescription of strict
Emissions Trading under Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol
Authors: W‘ijnen Rutger de W‘itt
Published: October 2023

Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol introduces a relatively new concept of approaching environmental issues: the trading of emission rights. Emissions trading is not entirely new. The first programmes were introduced in the US in the 1970s under the Clean Air Act. In the agricultural sector, some European countries developed trading systems in the 1980s for manure rights, an emission avant la lettre. Emissions trading has proven to be a cost-effective way to achieve environmental goals. Not only are environmental concerns addressed, but consideration is also given to economical sustainability.
The Emissions Trading Scheme of the European Union
Authors: Dornau Robert
Published: October 2023

Europe is taking the lead in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading. On 22 July 2003 the European Council approved a Directive1 setting the framework for an EU-wide system of GHG emission allowance trading at company level. This European Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) will start 1 January 2005. The Directive requires each Member State to impose binding caps on emissions of CO2 from installations involved in energy activities, the production and processing of ferrous metals, the mineral industry (for example, cement, glass, or ceramic production), and pulp, paper or board production. Other GHGs and sectors will be added in later periods. The EU ETS is seen as the essential measure for the European Community (EC) and its Members to fulfil its commitments under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce their aggregate anthropogenic emissions of GHGs listed in Annex A to the Kyoto Protocol by 8 per cent compared to 1990 levels in the period 2008 to 2012.