bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-resolution provenance of desert dust deposited on Mt. Elbrus, Caucasus in 2009–2012 using snow pit and firn core records
Authors: Kutuzov S. , Shahgedanova M. , Mikhalenko V. , Ginot P. , Lavrentiev I. , Kemp S.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The first record of dust deposition events on Mt. Elbrus, Caucasus Mountains derived from a snow pit and a shallow firn core is presented for the 2009–2012 period. A combination of isotopic analysis, SEVIRI red-green-blue composite imagery, MODIS atmospheric optical depth fields derived using the Deep Blue algorithm, air mass trajectories derived using the HYSPLIT model and analyses of meteorological data enabled identification of dust source regions with high temporal (hours) and spatial (ca. 20–100 km) resolution. Seventeen dust deposition events were detected; fourteen occurred in March–June, one in February and two in October. Four events originated in the Sahara, predominantly in northeastern Libya and eastern Algeria. Thirteen events originated in the Middle East, in the Syrian Desert and northern Mesopotamia, from a mixture of natural and anthropogenic sources. Dust transportation from Sahara was associated with vigorous Saharan depressions, strong surface winds in the source region and mid-tropospheric southwesterly flow with daily winds speeds of 20–30 m s−1 at 700 hPa level. Although these events were less frequent than those originating in the Middle East, they resulted in higher dust concentrations in snow. Dust transportation from the Middle East was associated with weaker depressions forming over the source region, high pressure centred over or extending towards the Caspian Sea and a weaker southerly or southeasterly flow towards the Caucasus Mountains with daily wind speeds of 12–18 m s−1 at 700 hPa level. Higher concentrations of nitrates and ammonium characterised dust from the Middle East deposited on Mt. Elbrus in 2009 indicating contribution of anthropogenic sources. The modal values of particle size distributions ranged between 1.98 μm and 4.16 μm. Most samples were characterised by modal values of 2.0–2.8 μm with an average of 2.6 μm and there was no significant difference between dust from the Sahara and the Middle East.
Experiments with Lymantria dispar larvae do not support the idea of physiological adjustment to host individuals by insect herbivores
Authors: Ruhnke H. , Matthies D. , Brandl R.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. All organisms have to cope with spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the environment. At short temporal and small spatial scales, organisms may respond by behavioural or physiological mechanisms. To test for physiological adjustments to variation in host quality among tree individuals within a host species, we performed a transfer experiment in a climate chamber using larvae of the polyphagous gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). We reared larvae for two weeks on leaves of one of three Quercus robur individuals. We found differences in the growth rate of larvae across the host individuals, which indicate that the oak individuals differed in their quality. Furthermore, families of larvae varied in their growth rate and there was variation among the families of gypsy moth larvae in response to leaves from the different oak individuals. After two weeks we offered larvae either leaves of the same or a different individual of the three oaks. We found no effect of transferring larvae to a different tree individual. The results thus do not support the idea of physiological adjustment of a generalist insect herbivore to variation in leaf quality among host individuals.
Consciousness, Solidarity and Hope as Prevention and Rehabilitation
Authors: Currie Elliott
Published: September 2013

This paper grapples with the question of how progressive criminologists might approach working with people who have committed violent or predatory crimes, or are ‘at risk’ of doing so. Progressives have often been uneasy about ‘intervention’ with people who offend: but in the face of the destructiveness of violence, especially in some parts of the world, a posture of simple non-intervention won’t suffice. I suggest three central principles – which I call consciousness, solidarity and hope – that may guide us in developing ways of working with offenders that are both progressive and effective.
Effects of Supplemental Chinese Traditional Herbal Medicine Complex on the Carcass Quality of Pigs
Authors: Yeh Hui-Shuang , Lin Kou-Joong , Chou Chun-Kuang , Lien Tu-Fa , Liao Chia-Mo
Published: September 2013

This study was to investigate the effect of adding Chinese traditional herbal medicine complex in diets on the carcass quality of the pigs. 100 crossbred growing pigs (LYD) (44.5 ± 1.63 kg) were randomly divided into 5 groups including supplementation 0.0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7% Chinese herbal medicine complex (CHM), and antibiotics groups (chlortetracycline 100 ppm and oxytetracycline 100 ppm) with four replicates. Experimental results indicated that meat polyphenol and flavonoids content in the group with 0.7% CHM addition, and the Hunter a value in the 0.5% and 0.7% CHM groups was better than those of the control and antibiotics groups (P<0.05). The panel evaluation revealed that the 0.7% CHM supplemented group had better values for juiciness and overall-acceptance than the control and antibiotics groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of Chinese herbal medicine complex in pig’s diet had beneficial effects on meat quality, and 0.7% CHM addition had the best results for meat quality.
Effects of Methylprednisolone on Femoral Bone Marrow: Age-Dependent Susceptibility
Authors: Chan Wing P. , Kuo Tzong-Fu , Lin Yun-Ho , Chen Chia-Chun , Yang Shu-Ru , Huang Sydney , Jiang Ching-Chuan
Published: September 2013

Purpose:

We aimed to test our primary hypothesis that the effects of methylprednisolone on bone marrow in chickens are age-sensitive and increase with prolonged treatment and our secondary hypothesis that the effects of methylprednisolone on bone marrow can have individual effects.

Methods:

Sixteen control (group A) and 29 methylprednisolone-treated (group B) chickens were categorised by age: pubertal chicks (subgroups A1, B1), young hens (A2, B2), and adult hens (A3, B3). Histologic evaluation 12 to 50 weeks after the start of methylprednisolone treatment included fat cell proliferation, trabecular bone loss, necrosis of bone and marrow, and new bone formation in the femoral head, neck, and intertrochanteric area.

Results:

There were significant differences between groups A1 and B1 in new bone formation in the femoral neck (P = 0.048) and fat cell proliferation in the femoral head (P = 0.008) and neck (P = 0.048). New bone formation in the femoral head was also significantly different (P = 0.023) between groups A2 and B2. No differences were noted between groups A3 and B3 (all P>0.05). Necrosis of bone and marrow was observed in four control and three methylprednisolone-treated chickens (P>0.05). Significant new bone formation and fat cell proliferation in pubertal and young chickens occurred 12 to 19 weeks after administration of high-dose methylprednisolone.

Conclusions:

Younger animals may be more susceptible to methylprednisolone, and responses to methylprednisolone in femoral marrow may vary among individuals.
The 2012 Judicial Activity of the International Court of Justice
Authors: Cogan Jacob Katz
Published: September 2013

The International Court of Justice rendered four judgments in 2012: on February 3, a ruling on the merits inJurisdictional Immunities of the State(Germany v. Italy; Greece intervening), finding that Italy had violated its obligations under customary international law and requiring Italy to ensure that the decisions of its judicial authorities that infringed Germany’s immunities would cease to have effect; on June 19, a ruling on the compensation owed by the respondent inDiallo(Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), awarding Guinea $85,000 for non material injury to Diallo and $10,000 for material injury to his personal property;on July 20, a ruling on jurisdiction, admissibility, and the merits inQuestions Relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite(Belgium v. Senegal), finding jurisdiction and admissibility, and holding that Senegal had breached its obligations under Articles 6 and 7 the UN Convention Against Torture (CAT); and on November 19, a ruling on admissibility and the merits inTerritorial and Maritime Dispute(Nicaragua v. Colombia), finding admissible one of Nicaragua’s final submissions(which Colombia had challenged as a new claim), deciding that Colombia has sovereignty over a number of contested maritime features, and establishing a single maritime boundary delimiting the continental shelf and exclusive economic zones of the two countries.
Korean Film Export & Import Corp. v. Fuji Television Network, Inc.
Authors: Tomonori Mizushima
Published: September 2013

On December 8, 2011, the Japanese Supreme Court decided that the accession to a multilateral treaty by a state not recognized by Japan cannot create obligations between Japan and that state except with respect to obligations of universal value under general international law. The case arose in the specific context of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne Convention) but has broader implications for the operation of multilateral treaties in general.
NML Capital Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina
Authors: Blumrosen Alexander , Malet-Deraedt Fleur
Published: September 2013

In three cases decided on the same day, the French Court of Cassation held that the provisional attachments of funds belonging to the Republic of Argentina by NML Capital Ltd. (NML) were void on the ground of sovereign immunity from enforcement because the funds were intended to finance state noncommercial activities and had not been subject to an express waiver of immunity by Argentina. These cases are the first judicial application by the Court of Cassation of the 2004 United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (2004 UN Convention), which France signed on January 17, 2007, and ratified on June 28, 2011.
A Narrative Review of the Confluence of Breast Cancer and Low-wage Employment and Its Impact on Receipt of Guideline-recommended Treatment
Authors: Vanderpool Robin C. , Swanberg Jennifer E. , Chambers Mara D.
Published: September 2013

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer among women in the United States, costing the healthcare system, employers, and society billions of dollars each year. Despite improvements in screening and treatment, significant breast cancer treatment and survivorship disparities exist among various groups of women. One variable that has not been explored extensively as a possible contributor to breast cancer treatment disparities is employment. This is concerning, given the changing economic and employment trends in the United States favoring low-wage employment. Currently, one-quarter to one-third of all US workers are considered to be working poor, and women are disproportionally represented in this group. Characteristics of low-wage work—limited paid time off, minimal health benefits, schedule inflexibility, and economic insecurity—may become even more significant in the event of a breast cancer diagnosis. To date, there has been limited research into how job conditions inherent to low-wage work may influence working poor survivors’ receipt of guideline-recommended breast cancer treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review was to critically examine the current literature to further our understanding of how employment context may impact treatment decisions and adherence—and therefore receipt of guideline-recommended care—among newly diagnosed, working poor breast cancer survivors. After under-taking a comprehensive review, we failed to identify any published literature that explicitly addressed low-wage employment and receipt of guideline-recommended breast cancer treatment. Four articles reported circumstances where women delayed, missed, or quit treatments due to work interference, or alternatively, developed strategies that allowed them to continue to work and obtain their breast cancer treatment concurrent with medical and economic challenges. An additional five articles, while focused on other cancer and employment outcomes, described the need for increased patient-provider communication about the influence of work on treatment decisions and the development of alternative treatment plans. Due to the paucity of research in this area, future policy, practice, and research efforts should focus on the employment context of working poor breast cancer survivors as a potential contributor to cancer disparities. Engagement of women, employers, oncology providers, healthcare systems, and interdisciplinary researchers is warranted to improve cancer outcomes among this disparate population of working women.
Complete dissection of transcription elongation reveals slow translocation of RNA polymerase II in a linear ratchet mechanism
Authors: Dangkulwanich Manchuta , Ishibashi Toyotaka , Liu Shixin , Kireeva Maria L , Lubkowska Lucyna , Kashlev Mikhail , Bustamante Carlos J
Published: September 2013

During transcription elongation, RNA polymerase has been assumed to attain equilibrium between pre- and post-translocated states rapidly relative to the subsequent catalysis. Under this assumption, recent single-molecule studies proposed a branched Brownian ratchet mechanism that necessitates a putative secondary nucleotide binding site on the enzyme. By challenging individual yeast RNA polymerase II with a nucleosomal barrier, we separately measured the forward and reverse translocation rates. Surprisingly, we found that the forward translocation rate is comparable to the catalysis rate. This finding reveals a linear, non-branched ratchet mechanism for the nucleotide addition cycle in which translocation is one of the rate-limiting steps. We further determined all the major on- and off-pathway kinetic parameters in the elongation cycle. The resulting translocation energy landscape shows that the off-pathway states are favored thermodynamically but not kinetically over the on-pathway states, conferring the enzyme its propensity to pause and furnishing the physical basis for transcriptional regulation.
On the move
Authors: Forties Robert A , Ma Jie , Wang Michelle D
Published: September 2013

Single-molecule experiments have shed new light on the mechanisms responsible for the movement of RNA polymerase along DNA during transcription.
Developing an Instrument-Independent Algorithm for Raman Spectroscopy: A Case of Cancer Detection
Authors: Dehghani-Bidgoli Z. , Baygi M. H. Miran , Kabir E. , Malekfar R.
Published: September 2013

One of the problems in the use of Raman spectroscopy for cancer detection in clinical application is the variety of Raman instruments, producing different spectra for the same sample, due to the nature of the measurement system. This prevents the measured spectra from different systems to be compared against one another without appropriate tools and techniques. Therefore, for each instrument one needs to spend considerable amount of time to prepare a set of reference data based on which the future measurements to be interpreted. For early diagnosis of cancer by Raman spectroscopy, there is a need for an algorithm by which such diagnosis can be made by any type of Raman instrument giving rise to the same findings. In the present study we have investigated the detection of breast cancer in three classes of breast samples (normal, benign and cancer) using three different Raman instruments (Almega, Bruker and R3000) to develop an algorithm that, irrespective of the type of Raman instrument, can be applied to the spectra to extract the features necessary to arrive at the same diagnosis. In doing so, we employed different pre-processing methods to eliminate the instrument-dependent effects on the spectra enabling us to fuse such spectra obtained from different instruments. Then, we classified the data using support vector machine (SVM) and multi-layer perception (MLP) to assess the degree to which the employed methods have been able to detect cancer. The results of the study showed that the range and resolution matching using spline interpolation, and noise and fluorescence elimination using wavelet and SNV normalizations were the most sensitive and accurate procedures for eliminating the instrumental specification-based effects and fusing the data from different instruments.
Sequential Chemoradiotherapy with Accelerated Hypofractionated Radiotherapy Compared to Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy with Standard Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Zhu Zheng-Fei , Ma Hong-Lian , Fan Min , Bao Yong , Zhuang Ting-Ting , Chen Ming , Jiang Guo-Liang , Fu Xiao-Long
Published: September 2013

To compare the outcomes and treatment-related toxicities of two chemoradiotherapy schedules given to the patients with unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): sequential chemotherapy with accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy (SCRT), and concurrent chemotherapy with standard radiotherapy (CCRT), 68 patients from two prospective clinical trials were included. Thirty-four patients were treated with SCRT using an accelerated hypofractionated radiation schedule, 34 patients received CCRT with standard radiation. Between the two treatment groups there were no significant differences in terms of overall survival, progression-free survival (PFS), locoregional-PFS or distant metastasis-PFS. For the SCRT group, the median survival time and 2- and 4-year overall survival rates were 19 months, 38.2%, and 23.5%, respectively, and for the CCRT group these were 19 months, 44.1%, and 19.6%. Esophageal and constitutional toxicities were more pronounced in the CCRT group, while there was no significant difference in pulmonary toxicities. The results suggest that for unresectable stage III NSCLC, the outcomes of SCRT with accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy and CCRT with standard radiotherapy are similar, but the toxicities associated with treatment are less in the SCRT group.
Findings and Implications of Focal Fatty Sparing of the Liver at Follow‐up
Authors: Wu Size , Tu Rong , Zheng Enhai , Shi Yusen , Liu Guangqing
Published: September 2013

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of focal fatty sparing of the liver and its clinical implications.

Methods

This prospective study consisted of 2 parts. In the first part, patients who underwent sonography and computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were selected, and abnormal findings including focal and diffuse liver abnormalities were documented. In the second part, patients with nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis and focal fatty sparing were included and underwent follow‐up with sonography in the second and third years (study interval, 34–37 months; mean ± SD, 35.9 ± 1.14 months). Some cases of focal fatty sparing that were not appreciable on sonography in the third year were reevaluated with CT.

Results

A total of 6781 patients with nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis and focal abnormalities were found among 35,337 people undergoing liver sonography; 2133 underwent CT, MRI, biopsy, or a combination thereof. Eighty‐nine of those patients (63 male and 26 female; mean age, 37.6 ± 17.5 years; range, 18–72 years) with hepatic steatosis and focal fatty sparing were finally included. In the second part of the study, focal fatty sparing was appreciable on follow‐up sonography in 78 cases (87.6%) and 61 cases (68.5%) in the second and third years, respectively. The hepatic steatosis resolved in the third year in 4 patients, and 26 of 28 cases (92.8%) of focal fatty sparing that were not appreciable on follow‐up sonography were found on CT in the third year.

Conclusions

Focal fatty sparing may change with fatty liver changes over time, and it is sometimes not appreciable on sonography, although it is often evident on CT. These findings imply that if differentiation between focal fatty sparing and a tumor is undetermined and follow‐up is performed, should any change occur, then an abnormality that is no longer appreciable at follow‐up is probably focal fatty sparing rather than a true tumor.
Size Discrepancy Between Sonographic and Computed Tomographic/Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurement of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Cha Min Jae , Lee Min Woo , Cha Dong Ik , Kim Jae-Hun , Rhim Hyunchul , Cho Yun Ku , Kim Young Jun , Choi Dongil , Kim Young-sun , Lim Hyo K.
Published: September 2013

Objectives

There is no standardized method for size measurement of hepatocellular carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the size and stage of hepatocellular carcinoma differ according to the imaging modality.

Methods

This retrospective study was approved by our Institutional Review Board, and written informed consent was waived. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent either computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) along with planning sonography for radiofrequency ablation on the same day were included. A total of 113 patients with 127 hepatocellular carcinomas were included. The sizes of the tumors were measured and the tumor stages were assessed on CT/MRI and sonography. The results were compared by a t test, Bland‐Altman limits of agreement, and a McNemar test.

Results

There was a significant difference in the hepatocellular carcinoma size between CT/MRI and sonographic measurements (mean difference, 0.26 cm; P < .0001). The sizes of 102 tumors (80.3%) were larger on sonography than on CT/MRI. Twelve tumors (9.5%) were the same size and 13 (10.2%) were smaller on sonography than on CT/MRI. There was also difference in the tumor stage (very early or not) between CT/MRI and sonography (P= .006, McNemar test). The stage was discordant in 16 of 127 tumors (12.6%). Among 69 tumors at the very early stage on CT/MRI, 14 (20.3%) were beyond the very early stage on sonography.

Conclusions

The size of hepatocellular carcinoma measured on sonography tends to be larger than on CT/MRI; therefore, the tumor stage can differ between sonography and CT/MRI.
Evaluation of the Fetal Heart at 14 to 18 Weeks' Gestation in Fetuses With a Screening Nuchal Translucency Greater Than or Equal to the 95th Percentile
Authors: Foy Pamela M. , Wheller John J. , Samuels Philip , Evans Kevin D.
Published: September 2013

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine whether normal fetal cardiac anatomy could be successfully demonstrated and congenital heart disease detected transabdominally at 14 to 18 weeks' gestation in fetuses with a nuchal translucency greater than or equal to the 95th percentile.

Methods

In this retrospective chart review, grayscale images, Z scores, and Doppler evaluations, including pulsed, color, and spectral Doppler imaging, were reviewed to determine whether fetal heart evaluation findings at 14 to 18 weeks' gestation were normal or abnormal.

Results

Normal cardiac anatomy was successfully evaluated in 32 of 33 normal cases; only an aortic arch and a ductal arch were not successfully visualized in 1 case. Major congenital heart disease was detected prenatally in 4 abnormal cases.

Conclusions

The fetal heart can be successfully evaluated at an earlier gestational age but may be dependent on the skill of the sonographer and reading physician. Maternal decisions can be made earlier in gestation, before the pregnancy is obvious, and can allow planning for a pregnancy that will need to be delivered at a medical center that has a level 3 nursery.
Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Training and Competency Assessment Program for Rheumatology Fellows
Authors: Kissin Eugene Y. , Niu Jingbo , Balint Peter , Bong David , Evangelisto Amy , Goyal Janak , Higgs Jay , Malone Daniel , Nishio Midori J. , Pineda Carlos , Schmidt Wolfgang A. , Thiele Ralf G. , Torralba Karina D. , Kaeley Gurjit S.
Published: September 2013

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to establish standards for musculoskeletal ultrasound competency through knowledge and skills testing using criterion‐referenced methods.

Methods

Two groups of rheumatology fellows trained in musculoskeletal ultrasound through a standardized curriculum, which required submission of ultrasound studies for review over 8 months. Both groups then completed written and practical examinations in musculoskeletal ultrasound. Instructors, advanced users, and intermediate users of musculoskeletal ultrasound served as comparison groups. A passing score (competency) was established for the written examination by the Angoff procedure and for the practical examination by the borderline method.

Results

Thirty‐eight fellows (19 in each group) took the final examination. Five fellows failed the written examination, and 1 failed the practical examination, whereas none of the advanced users failed. Written examination scores did not differ between the two fellow groups (74% versus 70%; P > .05), were reliable, and were able to discriminate between the intermediate and advanced groups. Practical and written examination results correlated in both groups (first group, r = 0.70; P = .0008; second group, r = 0.59; P = .009).

Conclusions

Criterion‐referenced methods were used for the first time to determine fellow musculoskeletal ultrasound competency. The examination used to determine competency was reproducible, was reliable, and could differentiate musculoskeletal ultrasound users with different levels of experience. Most rheumatology fellows completing our program passed the written and practical examinations, suggesting achievement of basic musculoskeletal ultrasound competency.
Movement of the Ulnar Nerve at the Elbow
Authors: Yang Seung Nam , Yoon Joon Shik , Kim Sei Joo , Kang Hyo Jung , Kim Se Hwa
Published: September 2013

Objectives

The aim of this study was to measure the degree of movement of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel using sonography in patients with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow compared to a healthy control group.

Methods

We examined the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel using sonography with the elbow extended and then flexed in 26 patients with ulnar neuropathy and 13 control participants. The distance from the ulnar nerve to the skin, medial epicondyle, and tip of olecranon at the inlet of the cubital tunnel and the distance from the ulnar nerve to the skin and olecranon recess at the outlet of the cubital tunnel were measured when the elbow was extended and flexed, respectively. Displacement of the ulnar nerve during elbow extension and flexion between patients with ulnar neuropathy and controls was compared.

Results

There was significantly greater displacement of the ulnar nerve to the medial epicondyle at the inlet of the cubital tunnel in the patients with ulnar neuropathy (mean ± SD, 4.22 ± 3.79 mm) compared to the controls (1.76 ± 1.51 mm) during elbow extension and flexion (P = .008).

Conclusions

A significantly greater degree of movement of the ulnar nerve occurs in patients with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow compared to healthy people, as determined by sonography.
Carotid Intima‐Media Thickness in Patients With Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Park Joong Hyun , Kim Shi Nae , Han Seung Min , Cheon Kyeong Yeol , Han Sang Won , Kim Jeong Yeon , Baik Jong Sam , Park Jae Hyeon
Published: September 2013

Objectives

We measured the carotid intima‐media thickness, a surrogate marker of early atherosclerosis, in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome compared to a control group to evaluate the risk of atherosclerotic disease.

Methods

Between January 2011 and December 2011, female patients presenting to the outpatient neurology clinic for pain and paresthesia in the hands were screened for study enrollment. Patients 30 years or older were eligible for the study if they did not have a history of stroke or cardiovascular disease.

Results

During the study period, 111 patients (58 in the carpal tunnel syndrome group and 53 in the control group) were enrolled, with a mean age of 56 years (range, 32–79 years). There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics except maximum carotid intima‐media thickness and body mass index. The maximum intima‐media thickness was greater in the carpal tunnel syndrome group (mean ± SD, 1.05 ± 0.17 mm) than the control group (0.85 ± 0.22 mm; P < .0001). The body mass index was greater among the controls (P = .012). Simple linear regression analysis revealed that age (P < .0001), carpal tunnel syndrome (P < .0001), hypertension (P = .022), and systolic blood pressure (P = .034) were statistically significantly associated with increased intima‐media thickness. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that hypertension (P = .033), systolic blood pressure (P = .022), age (P < .0001), and carpal tunnel syndrome (P < .0001) were significantly associated with increased intima‐media thickness, with carpal tunnel syndrome being the most influential factor (β= 0.489).

Conclusions

The maximum carotid intima‐media thickness was significantly increased in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome compared to controls. Chronic inflammation beyond the traditional cardiovascular risk factors might be related to increased carotid intima‐media thickness in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.
Role of Dynamic Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography for Characterization and Monitoring of Extramedullary Myeloma
Authors: Pintoffl Jan P. , Weisel Katja , Schulze Maximilian , Maksimovic Olga , Claussen Claus D. , Kramer Ulrich , Horger Marius
Published: September 2013

Objective

To measure blood perfusion in extramedullary myeloma by contrast‐enhanced sonography, correlate it with specific hematologic parameters, and determine their utility for local and systemic response monitoring.

Methods

Twenty‐five consecutive patients (14 male and 11 female; median age, 68 years) with extramedullary myeloma were included. After intravenous administration of 2.4 mL of sulfur hexafluoride, extramedullary myeloma masses were examined for 60 seconds. All patients underwent contrast‐enhanced sonography at baseline, and 15 were monitored additionally (3 weeks during therapy). Average peak perfusion, regional blood flow (RBF), and regional blood volume (RBV) were calculated. Baseline perfusion parameters were compared with short‐term follow‐up sonographic data and serologic biomarkers (M gradient). For validation of extramedullary myeloma and systemic myeloma, patients underwent midterm (<3 months) imaging and serologic diagnosis.

Results

Patients with baseline β2‐microglobulin (B2M) greater than 3.5 mg/L (n = 17) showed higher perfusion parameters compared with baseline B2M less than 3.5 mg/L (n = 8). At short‐term follow‐up, patients were classified by serologic criteria as responders (n = 9) and nonresponders (n = 6) and by sonographic criteria as responders (n = 10) and nonresponders (n = 5). In sonographic responders, mean peak, RBV, and RBF dropped from 59.13, 1446.09, and 71.52 (artificial units) at baseline to 29.30, 364.19, and 34.64 at follow‐up (P < .05), whereas in nonresponders, perfusion parameters increased from 33.18, 789.82, and 36.92 at baseline to 51.14, 1491.06, and 65.34 at follow‐up (P > .05). Prediction of a midterm course of systemic myeloma using serologic data yielded sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.66, 0.77, 0.66, and 0.77, whereas sonographic results (judged by RBV) yielded values of 0.66, 0.55, 0.5, and 0.71. Separate prediction of a local (extramedullary myeloma) response by sonography yielded sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 0.8, 1.0, 1.0, and 0.71.

Conclusions

Contrast‐enhanced sonography is a valuable tool for short‐term monitoring of the treatment response in extramedullary myeloma.
Evaluation of a Hydrogen Peroxide‐Based System for High‐Level Disinfection of Vaginal Ultrasound Probes
Authors: Johnson Stephen , Proctor Matthew , Bluth Edward , Smetherman Dana , Baumgarten Katherine , Troxclair Laurie , Bienvenu Michele
Published: September 2013

Objectives

Because of the complex process and the risk of errors associated with the glutaraldehyde‐based solutions previously used at our institution for disinfection, our department has implemented a new method for high‐level disinfection of vaginal ultrasound probes: the hydrogen peroxide‐based Trophon system (Nanosonics, Alexandria, New South Wales, Australia). The aim of this study was to compare the time difference, safety, and sonographers' satisfaction between the glutaraldehyde‐based Cidex (CIVCO Medical Solutions, Kalona, IA) and the hydrogen peroxide‐based Trophon disinfection systems.

Methods

The Institutional Review Board approved a 14‐question survey administered to the 13 sonographers in our department. Survey questions addressed a variety of aspects of the disinfection processes with graded responses over a standardized 5‐point scale. A process diagram was developed for each disinfection method with segmental timing analysis, and a cost analysis was performed.

Results

Nonvariegated analysis of the survey data with the Wilcoxon signed rank test showed a statistical difference in survey responses in favor of the hydrogen peroxide‐based system over the glutaraldehyde‐based system regarding efficiency (P = .0013), ease of use (P = .0013), ability to maintain work flow (P = .026), safety (P = .0026), fixing problems (P = .0158), time (P = .0011), and overall satisfaction (P = .0018). The glutaraldehyde‐based system took 32 minutes versus 14 minutes for the hydrogen peroxide‐based system; the hydrogen peroxide‐based system saved on average 7.5 hours per week. The cost of the hydrogen peroxide‐based system and weekly maintenance pays for itself if 1.5 more ultrasound examinations are performed each week.

Conclusions

The hydrogen peroxide‐based disinfection system was proven to be more efficient and viewed to be easier and safer to use than the glutaraldehyde‐based system. The adoption of the hydrogen peroxide‐based system led to higher satisfaction among sonographers.
Quantification of Ultrasound Correlation‐Based Flow Velocity Mapping and Edge Velocity Gradient Measurement
Authors: Park Dae Woo , Kruger Grant H. , Rubin Jonathan M. , Hamilton James , Gottschalk Paul , Dodde Robert E. , Shih Albert J. , Weitzel William F.
Published: September 2013

This study investigated the use of ultrasound speckle decorrelation‐ and correlation‐based lateral speckle‐tracking methods for transverse and longitudinal blood velocity profile measurement, respectively. By studying the blood velocity gradient at the vessel wall, vascular wall shear stress, which is important in vascular physiology as well as the pathophysiologic mechanisms of vascular diseases, can be obtained. Decorrelation‐based blood velocity profile measurement transverse to the flow direction is a novel approach, which provides advantages for vascular wall shear stress measurement over longitudinal blood velocity measurement methods. Blood flow velocity profiles are obtained from measurements of frame‐to‐frame decorrelation. In this research, both decorrelation and lateral speckle‐tracking flow estimation methods were compared with Poiseuille theory over physiologic flows ranging from 50 to 1000 mm/s. The decorrelation flow velocity measurement method demonstrated more accurate prediction of the flow velocity gradient at the wall edge than the correlation‐based lateral speckle‐tracking method. The novelty of this study is that speckle decorrelation‐based flow velocity measurements determine the blood velocity across a vessel. In addition, speckle decor‐relation‐based flow velocity measurements have higher axial spatial resolution than Doppler ultrasound measurements to enable more accurate measurement of blood velocity near a vessel wall and determine the physiologically important wall shear.
Influence of Gain Adjustment on 3‐Dimensional Power Doppler Indices and on Spatiotemporal Image Correlation Volumetric Pulsatility Indices Using a Flow Phantom
Authors: Miyague Andre H. , Raine-Fenning Nicholas J. , Pavan Theo Z. , Polanski Lukasz T. , Baumgarten Miriam N. , Nastri Carolina O. , Martins Wellington P.
Published: September 2013

Spatiotemporal image correlation can be used to acquire 3‐dimensional power Doppler information across a single cardiac cycle. Assessment and comparison of the systolic and diastolic components of the data sets allow measurement of the recently introduced “volumetric pulsatility index” (vPI) through algorithms comparable with those used in 2‐dimensional Doppler waveform analysis. The vPI could potentially overcome the dependency on certain machine settings, such as power, color gain, pulse repetition frequency, and attenuation, since these factors would affect the power Doppler signal equally throughout the cardiac cycle. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of color gain on the vascularization index (VI), vascularization‐flow index (VFI), and vPI using an in vitro flow phantom model. We separated gains into 3 bands: −8 to −1 (no noise), −1 to +5 (low noise), and +5 to +8 (obvious noise). The vPI was determined from the 3‐dimensional VI or VFI using the formula vPI = (maximum − minimum)/mean. Using no‐noise gains, we observed that although the VI and VFI increased linearly with gain, the vPI was substantially less dependent on this adjustment. The VI and VFI continued to increase linearly with gain, whereas the vPI decreased slightly using low‐noise gains. When gain was increased above the lower limit of obvious noise (+5), the VI and VFI increased noticeably, and there were marked reductions in both vPI values. We conclude that the vPI is less affected by changes in color gain than the VI and VFI at no‐noise gains.
Novel Use of Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography in the Diagnosis of Central Uterine Necrosis Following Embolization for Postpartum Hemorrhage
Authors: Desille Hélène , Ouldamer Lobna , Bleuzen Aurore , Arbion Flavie , Herbreteau Denis , Marret Henri
Published: September 2013

Since 2007, we have identified 2 cases of central uterine necrosis after uterine arterial embolization for postpartum hemorrhage. Contrast‐enhanced sonography showed an absence of enhancement of the internal myometrium. Magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium confirmed the diagnosis. The images obtained for the first case were corroborated by histologic analysis from a hysterectomy done for sepsis. For the second case, contrast‐enhanced sonography performed during a follow‐up period of conservative treatment revealed a reduction of necrosis. Our study shows that contrast‐enhanced sonography seems to be a useful examination as an adjunct to grayscale and power Doppler imaging in the diagnosis and follow‐up of uterine necrosis.
Non-degenerate squarks from flavored gauge mediation
Authors: Galon Iftah , Perez Gilad , Shadmi Yael
Published: September 2013

Abstract

We study the squark spectra of Flavored Gauge Mediation Models, in which messenger-matter uperpotential couplings generate new, generation-dependent contributions to the squark masses. The new couplings are controlled by the same flavor symmetry that explains the fermion masses, leading to excellent alignment of the quark and squark mass matrices. This allows for large squark mass splittings consistent with all flavor bounds. In particular, second-generation squarks are often significantly lighter than the first-generation squarks. As squark production at the LHC is dominated by the up- and down-squarks and the efficiencies for squark searches increase with their masses, the charm and/or strange squark masses can be well below the current LHC bounds. At the same time, even with a single set of messengers, the models can generate large stop mixings which result in large loop contributions to the Higgs mass.
Invasive and socially parasitic ants are good bioindicators of habitat quality in Mediterranean forest remnants in northeast Spain
Authors: Bernal Víctor , Espadaler Xavier
Published: September 2013

We surveyed ants in 16 forest remnants in the Vallès lowlands north of Barcelona, Spain: eight with invasive exotic ants (IE =Linepithema humileand/orLasius neglectus) present, seven with native parasitic ants (P =Lasius meridionalis,Lasius carniolicus,Plagiolepis xene,Chalepoxenus muellerianus, and/orPolyergus rufescens) present, and one remnant with both invasive exotic and parasitic ants present. Forest remnants with IE ants were smaller, more isolated, had greater perimeter/area, lower ant species density, and lower ant species richness than remnants with P ants. The community composition was also significantly different, with greater dissimilarity within remnants with alien, invasive species. The presence of some species is bio‐indicator of low disturbance, whereas others are indicative of high disturbance. Our findings underscore the value of different types of ants as bio‐indicators of fragmentation and habitat quality.
Cationic Imidazolium Monomeric Surfactants: Their Synthesis and Surface Active Properties
Authors: Ahmad Ishtiaque , Patial Pankaj , Kaur Charanjeet , Kaur Satindar
Published: September 2013

A series of long‐chain ester‐based water‐soluble cationics have been synthesized by using renewable raw materials like fatty acids and halogenated alcohols. The surface activity of the molecules has been determined by measurement of their conductance and surface tension in aqueous solution. The dynamics of surface activity of these surfactants have also been investigated in the presence of sodium halides (NaCl and NaBr) by surface tension measurement. A series of useful parameters like critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at the CMC (γCMC), adsorption efficiency (pC20), effectiveness of surface tension reduction (ΠCMC), Gibbs free energy of the micellization (ΔG0mic) and Gibbs free energy of adsorption (ΔG0ads) have been determined from the measurements obtained by surface tension and conductivity methods. Further with the application of the Gibbs adsorption isotherm, maximum surface excess concentration (Γmax) and minimum surface area/molecule (Amin) at the air–water interface were also estimated. Thermal stability of these long chain cationics have been measured by thermal gravimetric analysis under a nitrogen atmosphere. Analysis of thermal stability measurement indicated that the thermal stability of these long chain imidazoliums increases with an increase in chain length.
Xanthophylls, Phytosterols and Pre‐β1‐HDL are Differentially Affected by Fenofibrate and Niacin HDL‐Raising in a Cross‐Over Study
Authors: Niesor Eric J. , Gauthamadasa Kekulawalage , Silva R. A. Gangani D. , Suchankova Gabriela , Kallend David , Gylling Helena , Asztalos Bela , Damonte Elisabetta , Rossomanno Simona , Abt Markus , Davidson W. Sean , Benghozi Renee
Published: September 2013

Fenofibrate and extended‐release (ER) niacin similarly raise high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) concentration but their effects on levels of potent plasma antioxidant xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) and phytosterols obtained from dietary sources, and any relationship with plasma lipoproteins and pre‐β1‐HDL levels, have not been investigated. We studied these parameters in 66 dyslipidemic patients treated for 6 week with fenofibrate (160 mg/day) or ER‐niacin (0.5 g/day for 3 week, then 1 g/day) in a cross‐over study. Both treatments increased HDL‐C (16 %) and apolipoprotein (apo) A‐I (7 %) but only fenofibrate increased apoA‐II (28 %). Lutein and zeaxanthin levels were unaffected by fenofibrate but inversely correlated with percentage change in apoB and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and positively correlated with end of treatment apoA‐II. ApoA‐II in isolated HDL in vitro bound more lutein than apoA‐I. Xanthophylls were increased by ER‐niacin (each ~30 %) without any correlation to lipoprotein or apo levels. Only fenofibrate markedly decreased plasma markers of cholesterol absorption; pre‐β1‐HDL was significantly decreased by fenofibrate (−19 %, p < 0.0001), with little change (3.4 %) for ER‐niacin. Although fenofibrate and ER‐niacin similarly increased plasma HDL‐C and apoA‐I, effects on plasma xanthophylls, phytosterols and pre‐β1‐HDL differed markedly, suggesting differences in intestinal lipidation of HDL. In addition, the in vitro investigations suggest an important role of plasma apoA‐II in xanthophyll metabolism.
Growing Up Together: Cohort Composition and Child Investment
Authors: Jones Kelly M.
Published: September 2013

In sub-Saharan Africa, 60 % of child deaths are preventable by investments in child health as simple as immunizations, bed nets, or water purification. This article investigates how a household’s decisions regarding such investments are affected by the size and gender composition of a child’s cohort. I focus on a previously overlooked type of investment: nonrival, child-specific goods (club goods). I empirically estimate the response of immunization status to cohort characteristics. I carefully address the problem of endogenous fertility, which is common in cohort studies. Because most rural Senegalese households are composed of multiple nuclear families, a child’s cohort is composed of both siblings and nonsibling children. Estimating within households, I instrument cohort characteristics with those of the nonsibling (exogenous) portion. I find that children with larger (or more predominantly male) cohorts of vaccine-eligible age are significantly more likely to receive immunization. These findings suggest that children with larger cohorts may be better off in terms of club investments; this is a significant finding for child health given that many illness prevention methods are of a club good nature.
Assessing Validity and Application Scope of the Intrinsic Estimator Approach to the Age-Period-Cohort Problem
Authors: Luo Liying
Published: September 2013

In many different fields, social scientists desire to understand temporal variation associated with age, time period, and cohort membership. Among methods proposed to address the identification problem in age-period-cohort analysis, the intrinsic estimator (IE) is reputed to impose few assumptions and to yield good estimates of the independent effects of age, period, and cohort groups. This article assesses the validity and application scope of IE theoretically and illustrates its properties with simulations. It shows that IE implicitly assumes a constraint on the linear age, period, and cohort effects. This constraint not only depends on the number of age, period, and cohort categories but also has nontrivial implications for estimation. Because this assumption is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to verify in empirical research, IE cannot and should not be used to estimate age, period, and cohort effects.
International note: Temperament and character's relationship to subjective well‐being in Salvadorian adolescents and young adults
Authors: Garcia Danilo , Nima Ali A. , Archer Trevor
Published: September 2013

The present study investigated the relationship between personality and Subjective Well‐Being in a sample of 135 Salvadorian adolescents and young adults (age mean = 21.88 sd. = 4.70). Personality was assessed through self‐reports using the Temperament and Character Inventory‐Revised. Subjective Well‐Being was also self‐reported using the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Structural equation modeling was used to determine relationships between personality and Subjective Well‐Being. Regarding temperament dimensions, Harm Avoidance was positively associated to negative affect and negatively associated to positive affect, while Persistence was positively associated to positive affect. Regarding character dimensions, only Self‐directedness was related to Subjective Well‐Being: positively related to life satisfaction and positive affect. The results presented here mirror findings using the temperament and character model of personality among European and North American adolescents.