bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of mating disruption for control of New Zealand leafrollers in apple orchards
Authors: Walker J.T.S. , Rogers D.J. , Lo P.L. , Suckling D.M. , El-Sayed A.M. , Fraser T.M. , Horner R.M.
Published: October 2019

Leafrollers are important pests of apples and infested fruit can result in rejection of export consignments Leafroller mating disruption using a pheromone blend with activity against three species was examined in 12 Hawkes Bay orchards over two seasons (200910 and 201011) Pheromone dispensers (600/ha) and a single insecticide were applied to trees in early November and subsequent insecticide use was based on leafroller pheromone trapping and thresholds The pheromone blend substantially suppressed mating of virgin female lightbrown apple moth in treated orchards and reduced male catch in pheromone traps by up to 98 compared with the season prior to implementation Insecticide use for leafroller control decreased accordingly from 2127 insecticides per block in 2008/09 to 1018 in 2010/11 Leafroller control using mating disruption was acceptable fruit damage varied from 03 to 016 and no leafroller larvae were found on fruit in both field assessments and phytosanitary inspections of packed cartons
Targeted insecticides to control Australian citrus whitefly (Orchamoplatus citri)
Authors: Jamieson L.E. , Page-Weir N.E.M , Pyle K.
Published: October 2019

The recent invader Australian citrus whitefly (ACW) is causing severe sooty mould problems on citrus varieties throughout Northland Auckland Bay of Plenty Gisborne and Hawkes Bay Five insecticide programmes were applied to two orchards in Kerikeri and two orchards in Gisborne Four programmes used foliar insecticide targeting adults in November 2009 (pymetrozine diazinon polyether modified polysiloxane or pyrethrin) followed by another targeting crawlers/young instars in December (spirotetramat buprofezin mineral oil or pyrethrin respectively) The fifth programme was a single soil drench of imidacloprid in November Reductions in ACW populations were achieved on trees treated with pymetrozine then spirotetramat diazinon then buprofezin or polyether modified polysiloxane then mineral oil These reductions were greater than those observed on untreated trees pyrethrintreated trees or imidaclopridtreated trees Sooty mould on fruit and foliage was reduced with pymetrozine/spirotetramat diazinon/buprofezin or polyether modified polysiloxane/mineral oil treatments at the sites where sooty mould was severe on untreated trees
Control of powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa var rosae) on rose (Rosa L sp) using anhydrous milk fat and soybean oil emulsions
Authors: Chee A. Ah , Wurms K.V. , George M.
Published: October 2019

Powdery mildew (PM) is a serious fungal disease of a wide range of horticultural crops and can adversely affect crop yield and quality Anhydrous milk fat (AMF) and soybean oil (SBO) emulsions were evaluated for control of PM (Sphaerotheca pannosa var rosae) on potted rose plants (Rosa L sp Splendid Surprise and Sahara) maintained in a controlled environment Foliage was sprayed weekly with AMF (07 w/v) SBO (2 w/v) fungicide (Supershield 1 v/v) water or left unsprayed PM infection increased to 100 leaf area in water and unsprayed control plants over 6 weeks The fungicide reduced infection to a severity rating of 5 (>40 leaf area infection) The AMF and SBO treatments gave significantly better disease control (P
Introducing Asobara persimilis for control of Scaptomyza flava in South Island brassica crops
Authors: MacDonald F.H. , Walker M.K. , Walker G.P.
Published: October 2019

Scaptomyza flava (Diptera Drosophilidae) known as European leaf miner has recently been identified as the pest species causing major damage to seed and other brassica crops grown in the South Island This pest is particularly damaging to hybrid Asian brassica seed crops but is also a major pest of seedlings of radish turnip and broccoli plants A larval/pupal parasitoid Asobara persimilis (Hymenoptera Braconidae) is an effective natural enemy of S flava at Pukekohe at certain times of the year A project funded by MAF Sustainable Farming Fund involves massrearing the parasitoids in Auckland and releasing them in unsprayed brassica crops in Canterbury and North Otago A total of 6550 pupae and 760 emerged adults were released over fortnightly periods at 46 sites from October 2010 to April 2011 The pupae included about 80 parasitised pupae and 20 that were unparasitised as a source of hosts for emerging parasitoids Overwintering surveys and further releases are planned for 2011/12 to try and establish this natural enemy as part of the ongoing development of IPM tools for seed forage and vegetable brassica crops grown in the South Island
In vitro testing of New Zealand manuka oil and Lema oil for inhibition of Erwinia amylovora
Authors: Hough E.G. , Jia Y. , Horner M.B.
Published: October 2019

Current tools for the control of fire blight disease of apples caused by Erwinia amylovora have limitations including the increasing pressure by markets against the use of streptomycin Coast Manuka and Coast Lema Oil products have been previously shown to provide control against some bacterial fungal and yeast diseases Experiments were carried out to determine whether either of these products provided control against Erwinia amylovora Coast Lema Oil (05 1 2 3 4 w/v) inhibited E amylovora when added to a bacterial suspension Coast Manuka Oil (04 w/v) failed to inhibit E amylovora when added to the bacterial suspension It was also demonstrated that Coast Lema Oil (05 1 2 3 4 w/v) and Coast Manuka Oil (05 1 2 3 4 w/v) inhibited E amylovora replication when added to agar Filter paper discs soaked in Coast Lema Oil (2 3 4 w/v) caused small inhibition zones around the product when placed directly onto E amylovora Coast Manuka Oil (04 w/v) was unsuccessful in causing inhibition zones around the discs when placed directly onto E amylovora These initial results indicate that Lema oil has the potential to control fire blight in pipfruit trees
Modelling emergence of bronze beetle (Eucolaspis spp) adults using degreedays and threshold temperatures
Authors: Doddala P.R.C. , Minor M.A. , Trewick S.A. , Rogers D.J.
Published: October 2019

Eucolaspis spp beetles are native and endemic to New Zealand and are important pests of exotic fruit crops Organic apple orchards in Hawkes Bay seem to be particularly vulnerable and there adult beetles emerge during spring/summer feed on leaves and fruitlets and cause significant economic loss Seasonal variations in bronze beetle occurrence especially in adult emergence add further problems to already deficient control measures available to organic growers Phenological models that could predict adult emergence in the field would greatly benefit bronze beetle control programmes Pupal development was observed in bronze beetles at three constant temperatures (12 15 and 18C) in the lab and the lower threshold temperature (469C) and degreedays (237 degreedays) required for adult emergence from pupae were calculated using linear regression Adult emergence data obtained from other trials and from Plant Food Research were used to validate the thermal calculations A biofix date of the second week in September and horizontal degreeday calculation method using soil temperature (at 10 cm depth) gave best predictions Further research on thermal requirements of prepupal postdiapause larvae would augment these findings
Virus status of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) does not affect their response to a thrips lure or host plant volatiles in a Ytube olfactometer
Authors: Davidson M.M. , Skill S.M. , Butler R.C. , Nielsen M-C. , Keenan S. , Bulman S.R.
Published: October 2019

The impact of tospovirus infection on the behaviour of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) was evaluated in a Ytube olfactometer The response of female western flower thrips with or without a tospovirus (Tomato spotted wilt virus TSWV) to a thrips lure (methyl isonicotinate MI) and chrysanthemum buds was recorded Compared to the blank arm significantly more thrips chose the odourladen arm of the Ytube when it contained MI (65 P016) increase the percentage of thrips that chose the odourladen arm over and above the cleanair arm but thrips (virusfree and infected) moved more quickly to the end of either arm when a bud was present The virus status of thrips was confirmed with RTPCR The presence of the virus in the vector did not substantially affect the behavioural response of the vector to a lure or hostplant material (P>04)
Effect of nutritional stress and larval crowding on survival development and reproductive output of Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller
Authors: Bhavanam S.P. , Wang Q. , He X.Z.
Published: October 2019

Eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth (MFM) are widely used for rearing biocontrol agents Understanding how nutritional stress and larval crowding affect MFM fitness is essential to the development of an optimal production programme Such knowledge could also help lead to novel management strategies because it is an important storage pest The development survival and reproductive output of MFM under five densities (50 100 200 400 and 800 larvae reared on 50 g of diet) were examined As larval density increased the larval developmental period significantly increased from 278 to 337 days and the larval survival rate and resulting females fecundity significantly decreased from 776 to 476 and 3268 to 1326 eggs respectively (P
Influence of summer dung deposition on estimated yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) seed production
Authors: Gerard P.J. , Cook A.F.B. , Wilson D.J.
Published: October 2019

A study was carried out to investigate the impact of dung pats on seeding by yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) Fresh cow dung was placed on dairy pasture as uniform pats in summer at two sites in Waikato New Zealand and changes in pasture attributes and earthworm abundance monitored over three grazing rotations A zone of repugnance where dairy cows avoided grazing formed out to 40 cm from the centre of the pat It was still evident at 60 days The site with highest yellow bristle grass incidence had taller and bigger yellow bristle grass seed heads in the zone resulting in over twice as much seed as control pasture Earthworm abundance was markedly higher under dung than control pasture the main species being Aporrectodea caliginosa Onfarm management strategies that may accelerate the return of the zone of repugnance to full utilization by stock and minimise weed exploitation are discussed
Investigating the potential of Eadya paropsidis (Braconidae) from Tasmania as a biocontrol agent for Paropsis charybdis in New Zealand
Authors: Withers T.M. , Allen G.R. , Patel V.S. , Satchell D. , Manley G.
Published: October 2019

Despite considerable efforts the eucalyptus tortoise beetle Paropsis charybdis continues to defoliate Eucalyptus nitens plantations throughout New Zealand preventing expansion of this forest resource or requiring constant management through aerial insecticide application A parasitoid wasp of the springtime larval stage of the eucalyptus leaf beetle Paropsisterna agricola (Chapuis) (Chrysomelidae) in Tasmania is being investigated as a potential biological control agent for New Zealand The potential agent Eadya paropsidis Huddleston and Short (Braconidae) was caught as adults on the wing from E nitens plantations in northern Tasmania and brought into the laboratory in Hobart for preliminary host specificity testing Using a sequential nochoice test method to examine the response of individual females 9 of the 10 female parasitoids attacked P agricola while 7 of those 9 attacked P charybdis larvae Those P charybdis larvae that were attacked proved to be a highly suitable physiological host for E paropsidis development emerging as a larger sized parasitoid larva from P charybdis than from P agricola This potential agent will be further evaluated in a collaborative project with New Zealand eucalyptus growers and the Sustainable Farming Fund
Predicting the potential global distribution of Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae (Psa)
Authors: Khandan H.A. Narouei , Worner S.P. , Jones E.E. , Villjanen-Rollinson S.L.H. , Gallipoli L. , Mazzaglia A. , Balestra G.M.
Published: October 2019

The increasing spread of kiwifruit bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae (Psa) prompted a modelling effort to assess the global and local potential risk of this species The current potential distribution of Psa was modelled with two wellused models (CLIMEX and MaxEnt) based on available presence records and environmental data Most discrepancies in model projections occurred for New Zealand data that was used for validation Model projections can provide information to alert decisionmakers in kiwifruitgrowing regions to prepare for possible incursions of Psa However in this study because model findings did not agree on the New Zealand validation data more research is necessary to achieve greater confidence on projections for novel areas Despite that result this study provides useful information for some kiwifruit growing countries that have not yet been affected by Psa such as USA Iran Greece Belgium Denmark and especially South Africa where commercial kiwifruit orchards have been planted recently
Resistance of Venturia inaequalis to demethylation inhibitor and dodine fungicides in four New Zealand applegrowing regions
Authors: Beresford R.M. , Wright P.J. , Wood P.N. , Park N.M. , Larsen N.J. , Fisher B.M.
Published: October 2019

A survey of 41 apple orchards in Hawkes Bay (25) Nelson (7) Otago (4) and Waikato (5) provided 796 isolates of Venturia inaequalis (black spot or scab) which were tested using an agar plate assay for sensitivity to two demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides (myclobutanil and penconazole) and to dodine Each fungicide was used at two concentrations to distinguish between highly sensitive sensitive and resistant isolates Sensitivity to DMIs in all regions was lower than baseline sensitivity in previous studies particularly for myclobutanil Waikato showed significantly lower DMI sensitivity than other regions Dodine sensitivity was greater than in the 1990s although Otago isolates were significantly less dodinesensitive than those from other regions In a plant inoculation assay to test control by five DMI fungicides of disease caused by resistant isolates flusilazol and difenoconazole gave significantly better disease control of resistant isolates than myclobutanil penconazole or fenbuconazole at standard field rates
How fresh is that frass
Authors: Novoselov M.A. , Iline I.I. , Phillips C.B.
Published: October 2019

Many insects inhabit concealed locations such as within timber but leave outward signs of their presence such as frass Deposits of fresh frass on the outside of infested material would indicate a high probability of live insects being present within A method for estimating the age of frass could therefore be useful for assessing treatment efficacy For example the success of termite eradication could be monitored by regularly checking for the presence of fresh frass near old colonies Similarly the presence of fresh frass in borer holes in fumigated timber would raise concerns that the fumigation had been ineffective This study examined whether the age of frass could be estimated from levels of esterase enzyme activity in frass of four species; the termites Stolotermes inopinus and Kalotermes brouni and the weevils Sitona lepidus and Listronotus bonariensis With the termites active esterases were found in 1dayold frass but not in 1monthold frass indicating clear potential for development of a test With the weevils esterase activity occurred both in 1dayold frass and in 1monthold frass so development of a method for these species requires a faster degrading enzyme
Grass grub distribution on the upper West Coast defined by soil sampling and pheromone trapping
Authors: Townsend R.J. , Dunbar J.E. , Jackson T.A.
Published: October 2019

The New Zealand grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) is distributed throughout the South Island but surprisingly has not been recorded west of Reefton In 2006 pasture damage from rootfeeding scarab larvae on the West Coast initially attributed to grass grub was found to be caused by manuka beetles Pyronota spp Winter surveys during 20082012 between Karamea and Hokitika confirmed that most damage patches were caused by manuka beetle larvae but there was a small localised population of C zealandica associated with Westport airport and golf course In 2012 a network of phenolbaited pheromone traps was established around this epicenter during the grass grub flight season with traps spaced at approximately 05 km intervals Traps within the identified zone of grass grub infestation caught 15 beetles per night Single male beetles were trapped up to 75 km from the epicenter but with no evidence of established populations from larval sampling It is likely that the localised grass grub population became established after an accidental introduction of insects with soil or plant material to the modified and drained airport and golf course environments and may act as an infestation source for other areas Pastures on the nearby newlyflipped land of Cape Foulwind may also be suitable for grass grub and should be regularly inspected to anticipate and prevent outbreaks
Determining the propagule size required for Meloidogyne species to establish in managed and native soil in New Zealand
Authors: Rohan T.C. , Aalders L.T. , Bell N.L.
Published: October 2019

New Zealand a geographically isolated country has a unique ecosystem and economy mainly dependant on primary industries Productive and native systems face the ongoing threat of invasive pests The risk from potential pathways for new species including nematodes entering New Zealand is being investigated However there is little knowledge on the nematode inoculum size required for invasion of plant roots and thus establishment of a population in a new area or habitat The present research focused on determining the minimum number of nematode eggs required for invasion into white clover (Trifolium repens) roots commonly found in mixed pasture swards The most economically damaging plant parasitic nematode group worldwide root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp) was used for this study Experiments were set up for three species of root knot nematodes already present in New Zealand with five rates of eggs 0 5 10 50 or 100 inoculated into soil from managed or native grasslands The study revealed that five eggs of root knot nematode of all three species are enough for root invasion It was concluded that the invasion of one exotic mature female root knot nematode could be sufficient to establish a new population and pose a threat to the New Zealand ecosystem
Monitoring and manipulation of New Zealand flower thrips (Thrips obscuratus) in summerfruit orchards
Authors: Stanbury M.E. , Vries E. de , El-Sayed A.M. , Chinellato F. , Colhoun K.M. , Attfield B. , Suckling D.M.
Published: October 2019

New Zealand flower thrips (NZFT) are a pest in New Zealand stone fruit orchards In this study NZFT density was manipulated in the field using a known kairomone It was discovered that the addition of the kairomone to any given tree within an orchard increased NZFT density in direct proportion to the amount of kairomone used It was also found that delta traps baited with kairomone must be within 15 m from each other before trap competition occurs indicating a high density of traps is required for mass trapping Daily monitoring of NZFT catch using selfreporting camera trap technology in a Clyde orchard revealed that despite large daily variation in NZFT catch the population displayed a linear growth trend This indicates that NZFT establishment in Central Otago cannot be explained by the sudden arrival of windborne adults as previously thought These results indicate that it may be possible to manipulate NZFT density within an orchard in such a way that the majority of fruiting trees are protected by trap trees during harvest
Impact of covered structures on PsaV in kiwifruit vines
Authors: Casonato S.G. , Reynolds S.M. , Manning M.A. , Horner I.J.
Published: October 2019

Trials have been established in three Bay of Plenty kiwifruit orchards to determine the impact of blockscale breathableplastic covers on the progression of PsaV (Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae) in preinfected established vines and in newly grafted uninfected plants On each orchard there were three replicated covered areas each spanning four rows and five bays with the uncovered control areas adjacent Two sites with established previously infected vines showed little or no reduction in the expression of disease relative to that observed in vines in uncovered control areas No major progression of disease was observed in one of these orchards In the second there was widespread expression of PsaV symptoms postgirdling irrespective of whether they were covered or not In the third orchard uninfected grafted vines planted under the canopies of mature infected vines remained relatively disease free compared with similar vines not under cover where numerous leaf spots and secondary symptoms were observed The trials will continue to be monitored
Screening supplements to enhance the biological control activity of HR42 against Colletotrichum acutatum
Authors: Vergara M.J. , Larsen N.J. , Pushparajah I.P.S. , Everett K.R.
Published: October 2019

Ten compounds were evaluated for their effects on the efficacy of the bacterial biological control agent (BCA) HR42 against the avocado postharvest rot fungus Colletotrichum acutatum The effects of the 10 compounds (chitin Dglucose glycol chitosan Lserine Laspartic acid calcium chloride calcium carbonate potassium chloride ammonium molybdate and sodium carbonate) at four different concentrations (1 10 100 and 1000 mM) were tested separately on bacterial and fungal growth Lserine Laspartic acid and calcium chloride all stimulated growth of HR42 and suppressed mycelial growth of C acutatum The BCA and these compounds were then tested in combination on detached avocado fruit for their ability to inhibit lesion development following woundinoculation A high concentration of HR42 (107 cfu/ml) significantly inhibited the development of lesions caused by 105 and 107 conidia/ml of C acutatum There was no improvement of control by the addition of any of the three compounds These results show that HR42 has biocontrol activity against C acutatum in a detached fruit test but there was no enhancement of control by the addition of supplements
Farmscale assessments of natural enemies for controlling Bactericera cockerelli in potatoes with Phacelia tanacetifolia as a border planting
Authors: MacDonald F.H. , Walker G.P. , Connolly P.G. , Hart B.
Published: October 2019

AS Wilcox Sons are investigating planting Phacelia tanacetifolia (phacelia) alongside commercially grown potatoes to attract natural enemies into the crop to control Bactericera cockerelli the tomato potato psyllid Using the validated method of middle leaf sampling in potatoes to assess crop infestations and predator numbers assessments were conducted from November 2012 to January 2013 in Wilcox crops at Pukekohe Waiuku and Matamata Insect numbers with and without phacelia plantings and over differing distances from the phacelia were compared At sites with phacelia Melanostoma fasciatum (small hover fly) numbers were significantly increased when compared to the site without while the other common predator found on potatoes Micromus tasmaniae (brown lacewing) was generally unaffected The number of hover flies (eggs and larvae) at phacelia sites ranged from almost 4/middle leaf at 5 m from the planting to
Effects of kaolin clay sulphur and fosetylaluminium on tomatopotato psyllid and zebra chip in fried potato crisps
Authors: Wright P.J. , Walker G.P. , Hedderley D.I.
Published: October 2019

Zebra chip (ZC) is mottled browning discolouration of cooked potato crisps caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) ZC has caused significant problems in the New Zealand potato industry Tomatopotato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) (TPP) is a vector for CLso Surround WP formulated from nontoxic kaolin clay and a spreadersticker is effective in protecting fruit trees from various insect pests Sulphur has been widely used to control arthropod pests especially mites Fosetylaluminium has no bactericide properties as such but can change the host susceptibility to some bacteria such as fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) A field trial conducted at Pukekohe to determine the effects of kaolin clay sulphur and fosetylaluminium applied as foliar sprays on TPP potato yields tuber dry matter content and incidence of ZC found that while not reducing ZC sulphur demonstrated potential for reducing TPP nymph numbers in the crop Kaolin and fosetylaluminium were not effective in controlling either TPP or ZC
Evaluation of spray deposition in potatoes using various spray delivery systems
Authors: Roten R.L. , Hewitt A.J. , Ledebuhr M. , Thistle H. , Connell R.J. , Wolf T.M. , Sankar S. , Woodward S.J.R.
Published: October 2019

The tomatopotato psyllid incurs high control costs through intensive spraying and other treatments A field study was conducted in March 2012 in Pukekohe New Zealand to evaluate the pesticide deposition potential of five different spray delivery systems The treatments included a conventional boom a canopy submerged drop sprayer combination a pneumatic electrostatic spraying system an airassisted rotary atomizer and a highvolume airassist boom Each system was calibrated for appropriate spray volume rates between 167 and 400 litres/ha Rhodamine WT fluorescent dye used as a tracer was sampled on folded Kromekote sampling cards oriented flat and horizontally above central to and below the canopy Spray coverage rates were quantified at designated heights adjacent to leaves to assess deposition throughout the potato canopy All treatments that consisted of one or more novel technologies consistently gave higher coverage to the underside of the potato leaves than with the conventional boom
The impact of post acquisition period on detection of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum in tomato potato psyllid
Authors: Sandanayaka W.R.M. , Tooman L.K. , Hewett R.E.
Published: October 2019

The impact of post acquisition period (PAP) on detection of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso) in adult tomato potato psyllid (TPP; Bactericera cockerelli) was investigated using qPCR assays on whole insects Lso in adults was initially tested immediately after acquisition access periods (AAP) of 15 24 48 72 96 h or 1 week on Lsoinfected tomato leaves These results were compared with those from adults with 15 or 24 h AAP followed by 24 48 or 72h PAP on Lsofree tomato leaves From 1520 individuals of each treatment tested 515 were positive for Lso immediately after AAP of 15 or 24 h That increased to 84 and 100 with 24 and 48h PAPs respectively but decreased to 2547 after 72 h Longer AAP (48 h1 week) without PAP did not exceed 55 acquisition success The phloem ingestion and possible acquisition of Lso during 15 and 24 h plant access periods are discussed
Weed population dynamics for contrasting organic pasture establishment techniques
Authors: Harrington K.C. , Kemp P.D. , Horne D.J. , He X.Z.
Published: October 2019

A trial was conducted on an organic dairy farm in Manawatu New Zealand to determine how well perennial weeds are controlled during pasture renewal Changes in weed populations were monitored following three different nonchemical methods of regrassing Regrassing by planting pasture 4 weeks after ploughing the old pasture (grassto grass) was compared for spring and autumn cultivation The third method involved ploughing in spring growing turnips over summer then regrassing in autumn All three techniques caused significant increases in broadleaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius) and creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens) populations Although both these species regrew from vegetative organs it was the establishment of new seedlings following cultivation that appeared to increase populations most This buildup of dock seedlings occurred more when using a crop than just grasstograss systems A 2week fallow after ploughing gave better control of perennial weeds than having no fallow but a 4week fallow gave little further improvement
Fenoxaprop for control of yellow bristle grass in pasture and its efficacy on other C4 grasses
Authors: James T.K. , Rahman A. , Dowsett C.A. , Trolove M.R.
Published: October 2019

The efficacy of the herbicide fenoxaprop for control of yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) in pasture was evaluated in two field trials Additionally glasshouse experiments investigated its phytotoxicity on seven annual and four perennial C4 grass species Results of the field trials showed good control of yellow bristle grass and consequently a very high (up to 98) reduction in seed head production Fenoxaprop had no measurable effect on clover yield but the removal of yellow bristle grass resulted in higher production of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Fenoxaprop killed all the annual C4 species tested viz yellow bristle grass summer grass (Digitaria sanguinalis) witchgrass (Panicum capillare) smooth witchgrass (Panicum dichotomiflorum) barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli) broom corn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and crowfoot grass (Eleusine indica) but was less effective on the perennial C4 grass species viz Indian doab (Cynodon dactylon) Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) Mercer grass (Paspalum distichum) and paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum)
Development of a concentrated oil spray programme on avocados to control insect and mite pests
Authors: Gaskin R.E. , Pak H.A.
Published: October 2019

Best practice guidelines have been developed in recent years for application of low volume concentrated pesticide sprays to avocado orchards Oil sprays an important component of spray programmes on avocado orchards have been excluded from the concentrate programme because of the risk of damage to the crop Two unreplicated trials were undertaken on commercial orchards one each in Northland and Bay of Plenty from December 2012December 2013 Each plot consisted of a single orchard block (ca 1 ha) per treatment Dilute (05 oil) high volume sprays (up to 3000 litres/ha) were compared with concentrated (15 oil) lowvolume sprays (up to 1000 litres/ha) containing a horticultural superspreader adjuvant Monitored pest populations were comparable in both treatments throughout the year with no detrimental impacts of concentrate oil sprays on either export packout rates or storage quality of fruit after harvest Safe use of concentrate oil sprays on avocados is practical using a horticultural superspreader adjuvant
Resistance of Zymoseptoria tritici to azoxystrobin and epoxiconazole in the lower North Island of New Zealand
Authors: Stewart T.M. , Perry A.J. , Evans M.J.
Published: October 2019

In response to a suspected fungicide resistance problem in the spring of 2013 23 isolates of Zymoseptoria tritici (also known as Mycosphaerella graminicola) were collected from wheat fields showing symptoms of speckled leaf blotch around the lower North Island EC50 values for the collected isolates and three sensitive isolates against rates of azoxystrobin epoxiconazole and isopyrazam were determined by growth in microplates as measured by light absorbance Furthermore greenhouse inoculations on fungicidesprayed plants were conducted with selected isolates Resistance to azoxystrobin appears widespread as does reduced sensitivity to epoxiconazole Most growers supplying the samples were using epoxiconazole as their standard cereal fungicide but at lower than label rates A combination of conducive weather low fungicide rates resistance to azoxystrobin and reduced sensitivity to epoxiconazole is likely to have contributed to the disease epidemic
Hidden arsenal endosymbionts in arthropods their role and possible implications for biological control success
Authors: McNeill M.R. , Richards N.K. , White J.A. , Laugraud A.
Published: October 2019

Bacterial endosymbionts are common among arthropods including many important pest and beneficial insect species These symbionts provide either an obligate function performing essential reproductive or nutritive roles or are facultative influencing the ecology and evolution of their hosts in ways that are likely to impact biological control This includes resistance against parasitoids and modification to parasitoid fecundity Recent research has shown that endosymbionts are associated with exotic weevil pests found in New Zealand pasture including the clover root weevil Sitona obsoletus (S lepidus) The role of endosymbionts in insect biology and impacts on biological control is reviewed For New Zealand plant protection scientists endosymbiont research capability will provide important insights into interactions among insect pests plant hosts and biological control agents which may provide management opportunities for existing and future pest incursions in New Zealand
Potential for entry and establishment in New Zealand of Tilletia indica the cause of Karnal bunt of wheat
Authors: Marroni M.V. , Brown H. , Viljanen-Rollinson S.L.H.
Published: October 2019

Karnal or partial bunt caused by the smut fungus Tilletia indica is a disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum and T durum) and triticale (x Triticosecale) It is listed as a quarantine pest in a large number of countries including New Zealand Strict phytosanitary measures are in place in New Zealand and offshore to prevent T indica from entering the country However they may not be strict enough to prevent undetected contamination of grain or other traded goods via potential entry pathways This study used climatic indices generated by two meteorological models to indicate that climatic conditions in wheatgrowing regions of New Zealand are suitable for the establishment of T indica Establishment of T indica on wheat may have a significant effect on grain quality and restrict trade of grain or grain products The exclusion of the pathogen through improved border measures is the most costeffective way to minimise the likelihood of T indica introduction
Sensitivity of Neonectria ditissima to carbendazim fungicide in New Zealand
Authors: Walter M. , Stevenson O.D. , Amponsah N.T. , Scheper R.W.A. , McLachlan A.R.G.
Published: October 2019

Carbendazim can be used by New Zealand pipfruit growers for control of European canker caused by Neonectria ditissima A total of 162 N ditissima isolates were tested for carbendazim sensitivity using a mycelial growth assay on amended malt extract agar plates at concentrations from 02 mg/litre Generally isolates ceased growth at 2 mg/ litre carbendazim with 65 isolates ceasing growth at 1 mg/litre The EC50 values calculated for 19 isolates ranged from 051 to 138 mg/litre The data suggested that isolates ranged from sensitive (EC50100 mg/litre The isolates tested were mostly sensitive to carbendazim but some showed a shift towards intermediate resistance Mycelial growth tests at 2 mg/litre may be a useful tool to screen single spore isolates quickly for potential carbendazim resistance
Control of Epiphyas postvittana (lightbrown apple moth Lepidoptera Tortricidae) on grapevines with tebufenozide
Authors: Lo P.L. , Newman I.C. , Cole L.M. , Rogers D.J. , Burnip G.M.
Published: October 2019

Feeding by leafroller larvae damages grape bunches and makes them susceptible to Botrytis cinerea disease Leafroller infestation of foliage and bunches and the incidence of botrytis was measured on vineyards in Gisborne Hawkes Bay and Marlborough over 2 years Fortyfour blocks received no leafrolleractive insecticides while 22 were sprayed once preflowering with the selective insect growth regulator tebufenozide Tebufenozide very effectively reduced infestations and gave seasonlong control On leaves untreated blocks averaged 14 leafrollers/search compared with 4 on sprayed blocks Comparative figures for fruit at harvest were 18/100 bunches and 3/100 respectively There was a trend for lower botrytis incidence in blocks where tebufenozide was used Over 99 of the leafrollers reared were Epiphyas postvittana Parasitism of larvae and pupae at 67 on leaves and 50 in bunches was similar in untreated and treated blocks Epiphyas postvittana in vineyards is easily managed using tebufenozide which did not compromise biological control
Effect of fumigant dose timber moisture content endgrain sealing and chamber load factor on sorption by sawn timber fumigated with ethanedinitrile
Authors: Pranamornkith T. , Hall M.K.D. , Adlam A.R. , Somerfield K.G. , Page B.B.C. , Hall A.J. , Brash D.W.
Published: October 2019

Ethanedinitrile (EDN syn cyanogen EDN Fumigas) is a relatively new fumigant with the potential to disinfest quarantine pests from radiata pine (Pinus radiata D Don) logs and sawn timber for export This research evaluated the effects of dose (20 g/m3 or 50 g/m3) timber moisture content (green or kiln dried sawn timber) endgrain sealing (sealed or unsealed timber endgrain) and load factor (11 or 44) on sorption of EDN fumigation chambers Chamber loading significantly influenced sorption with higher loading resulting in greater sorption Changes in the dose of EDN did not affect the sorption pattern Increased moisture content and endgrain sealing both reduced sorption but these effects were relatively small and the differences in sorption patterns caused by moisture content or endgrain sealing decreased over time
Relative methyl bromide tolerances of Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant) Hylurgus ligniperda (F) and Hylastes ater (Paykull) adults
Authors: Pranamornkith T. , Hall M.K.D. , Adlam A.R. , Page B.B.C. , Connolly P.G. , Somerfield K.G. , Brash D.W.
Published: October 2019

The adult stages of three key New Zealand forest pests burnt pine longhorn beetle (Arhopalus ferus) goldenhaired bark beetle (Hylurgus ligniperda) and black pine bark beetle (Hylastes ater) were fumigated at 10 or 20C for 4 h to determine their mortalities at increasing dosages of methyl bromide as a first step towards developing a new fumigation schedule for New Zealand export logs Hylastes adults were the most methyl bromide tolerant methyl bromide concentration required to control Hylastes adults is much lower than the phytosanitary requirement for export logs to India and China which requires 120 g/m3 for for logs exported from New Zealand but further work on other life stages is required
Reducing the risk of importing pestinfested citrus by applying high pressure washing treatments offshore
Authors: Griffin M.J. , Olsson S.R. , Jamieson L.E. , Kagy V. , Mille C. , Connolly P.G. , Woolf A.B.
Published: October 2019

New Caledonia exports limes to New Zealand and Australia each year In 2011 a high pressure washing (HPW) system was installed in an existing fresh lime grading line in La Tontouta New Caledonia Since then fumigation of limes has decreased from 100 of shipments prior to 2011 to 58 in 2012 and 12 in 2013 (from 173 and 82 shipments respectively) This paper reports on trials undertaken over the last 2 years while installing modifying testing and commercially operating the HPW system for lime exports Fruit quality and removal of pests (mainly Glovers scale (Lepidosaphes gloverii) and mussel scale (Lepidosaphes beckii)) indicated that a 175 psi (1207 kPa) HPW treatment under a gantry of seven rows of two angled nozzles resulted in up to 97 removal of pests and >84 of heavily infested limes being clean of pests with no adverse effect on fruit quality
Low incidence of Liberibacterpositive psyllids (Bactericera cockerelli) in Pukekohe potato growing area
Authors: Gardner-Gee R. , Puketapu A.J.
Published: October 2019

In the Pukekohe region potatoes grown over the summer season without insecticide protection typically have 40 of tubers with symptoms of zebra chip (ZC) a disease caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso) The bacterium is vectored by the pest psyllid species Bactericera cockerelli known in New Zealand as the tomato potato psyllid (TPP) Although TPP has been present in New Zealand since at least 2006 relatively little is known about the incidence of Lso or the Lsotitre levels in New Zealand TPP populations Preliminary sampling work conducted near the Pukekohe Research Station over the summer of 2013/2014 is presented Onehundred TPP adults were collected from sticky traps in potato fields over 4 months Each insect was tested for the presence of Lso using established qPCR diagnostic protocols For comparison 100 TPP from laboratory colonies were also tested for Lso over the same time period Although plants with ZC symptoms were widespread in the sampling area only 2 of the TPP sampled from sticky traps had detectable levels of Lso and Lsotitre in the Lsopositive TPP was extremely variable In contrast colony TPP (originally collected from potatoes and then maintained on tomato plants) tested 100 positive for Lso and had consistently high Lsotitre
Can differences in Cirsium arvense and Rumex obtusifolius densities within pastures be explained by soil parameters
Authors: Harrington K.C. , Horne D.J. , Kemp P.D.
Published: October 2019

Some organic farming literature suggests that the presence of weeds in pastures can be explained by problems with the soil Sixty 1 m2 patches of pasture with different densities of broadleaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius) were identified across six different paddocks on an organic dairy farm Various soil parameters were measured in each patch to determine if any of these correlated well with the differing weed densities Parameters measured included soil pH moisture compaction and concentrations of 12 nutrients in adjacent perennial ryegrass This process was repeated for Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense) using a different series of 60 patches Significant correlations were found between dock density and pH potassium magnesium and manganese and Californian thistle density was significantly correlated to soil pH and sulphur content However these correlations were generally weak and are not considered good indicators of whether these weed species would thrive within this particular farm
Investigations into suitability of Trifolium occidentale as a host plant for two common pasture pests
Authors: Gerard P.J. , O'Donnell K.M.
Published: October 2019

Western clover (Trifolium occidentale) is a diploid perennial clover that is reported to be one of the progenitors of white clover (Trifolium repens) The ability to produce hybrids between T repens and T occidentale provides an opportunity to introduce factors to improve white clover tolerance to common stress factors A series of assays was undertaken to compare the feeding and performance of two contrasting pests on two T occidentale lines and two T repens cultivars Clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) adults showed a preference for T repens but this diminished if weevils had been previously exposed to T occidentale Weevil longevity feeding levels and oviposition were comparable over 32 days indicating T occidentale is a host plant for adult S lepidus Clover flea (Sminthurus viridis) showed a strong preference for T repens over T occidentale in a choice test and higher feeding levels on T repens in the nochoice test
Evaluation of fungicides for control of bitter and sprinkler rots on apple fruit
Authors: Everett K.R. , Pushparajah I.P.S. , Taylor J.T. , Timudo-Torrevilla O.E. , Spiers T.M. , Chee A. Ah , Shaw P.W. , Wallis D.R.
Published: October 2019

Bitter rot is an apple fruit disease most commonly caused in New Zealand by the fungus Colletotrichum acutatum The timing of fungicide applications to manage this disease was investigated during two seasons Fungicides applied during October (carbendazim) or November and December (tolyfluanid captan and mancozeb) reduced incidence of rots expressing on trees in the orchard Fungicides (halfstrength copper oxychloride Bacillus subtilis QST 713 and tolyfluanid) applied during January and February reduced the incidence of postharvest rots Bacillus subtilis QST 713 applied regularly throughout the season reduced incidence of field rots but was not effective when the number of applications was reduced Calcium chloride (CaCl2) or copper oxychloride applied during November and December reduced the incidence of sprinkler rots caused by Phytophthora cactorum
Influence of cold storage on survival and fitness of Mastrus ridens an ectoparasitoid of codling moth
Authors: Sandanayaka W.R.M. , Davis V.A. , Chhagan A. , Connolly P.G. , Charles J.G.
Published: October 2019

The effects of cold storage on eclosion longevity and fecundity of adults of Mastrus ridens an ectoparasitoid of codling moth were investigated by holding different lifestages (4 6 8 10 and 12 weeks) Cold storage of eggs for 4 weeks resulted in high larval mortality The development periods after cold storage decreased and the immature mortality increased with advancing developmental stages before cold storage The longevity of females decreased with increasing cold storage of prepupae and pupae Neither fecundity nor oviposition period of females emerging from the seven selected treatments was different from the control (females reared at optimum temperature) Results indicated that 7 to 10dayold their survival or quality of adulthood Application of this finding will help with supply of the large numbers of parasitoids needed during the release programme
A method for rearing Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant) (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) larvae on a modified artificial diet
Authors: Barrington A.M. , Logan D.P. , Connolly P.G.
Published: October 2019

Burnt pine longhorn (BPL) Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant) (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) is an introduced species sometimes found in association with export logs and sawn timber A rearing method was developed to produce larvae of a known age number and quality for control trials Growth of larvae from newly hatched to 5 weeks was measured on a standard cerambycid artificial diet and on modified diets Replacing pine wood with pine bark sawdust increased survival at 5 weeks from 23 to 76 and mean weight from 9 to 21 mg There were significant interactions between the influences of three factors (diet period of rearing initial larval density) on the weight of surviving larvae Individual rearing was preferred for convenience and a standardised method was used to rear 8740 larvae for disinfestation trials Establishment and survival to 6 weeks for these larvae was 97
The influence of shelterbelts in arable farmland on beneficial and pest invertebrates
Authors: Davidson M.M. , Howlett B.G. , Butler R.C. , Taylor N.M. , Walker M.K.
Published: October 2019

Shelterbelts of Pinus radiata and Cupressus macrocarpa are common landscape features on arable farmland in New Zealand This study aimed to determine whether such shelterbelts could influence the relative abundance and diversity of beneficial and pest invertebrates commonly found in arable crops Window intercept yellow sticky and pitfall traps were placed next to shelterbelts or post and wire fences and also 50 m from these borders into adjacent crops on two arable farms in Canterbury and one in Wairarapa over 12 weeks in summer 2012 and autumn 2013 The abundance of given species/taxa varied considerably depending on farm location season and field border type However the mean number of beneficial insect species/taxa per trap did not vary markedly between field border types or adjacent crops while traps at shelterbelts or their adjacent crops caught more of some pest species/taxa than traps beside fences The pine/macrocarpa shelterbelts did not markedly increase relative abundance or diversity of beneficial insects