bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and fault diagnosis of cellular arrays realizing multiple‐valued logic functions
Authors: Kamiura Naotake , Hata Yutaka , Yamato Kazuharu
Published: July 2007

An efficient fault diagnostic method should be developed to reduce the turnaround time and the cost for developing binary LSI's. For the multiple‐valued logic system that has been expected in the post‐binary electronics, research on the fault diagnosis for the logic circuit will be essential.

This paper discusses the design and the fault diagnosis in multiple‐valued cellular arrays. First, the single‐level array, two‐level array, three‐level array, and n‐level array realizing k‐valued n‐variable logic functions are introduced. It is clarified that the two‐level array is the most suitable structure solving both problems of the number of cells and the fault location.

Next, further investigation is made for the fault diagnosis. The stuck‐at faults, the open fault, and the AND bridging fault are treated under the assumption that the single fault occurs in the array. In the authors' fault diagnostic method, the test inputs can easily be generated from the control inputs that specify the switches of cells. Moreover, the comparison with other testing methods for cellular arrays shows that our method reduces the order of steps for generating all test inputs.
A distributed shortest‐paths algorithm with distance‐dependent message complexities
Authors: Miura Kouji , Masuzawa Toshimitsu , Tokura Nobuki
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a distributed algorithm for the single‐source shortest‐paths problem in a network with nonnegative integral link weights. Its message complexity is

, where n is the number of processors, e is the number of links, and D is the maximum distance from the root. The known shortest‐paths algorithm with the distance‐dependent message complexity requires O(min(Dn + e, n2)) messages. The algorithm of this paper is more efficient for networks with D = o(n3/e) and D = ω(e/n). Moreover, the breadth‐first search tree problem is considered.
Comparison of two techniques for the evaluation of fetomaternal hemorrhage in RhD‐negative women: gel agglutination and haemoglobin F determination by flow cytometry
Authors: BEN‐HAROUSH AVI , BELKIN ALINA , CHEZAR JUDITH , ORLIN JEROME , HOD MOSHE , BAR JACOB
Published: July 2007

Background. In the treatment of RhD‐negative women, it is clinically important to adjust the RhD immunoglobulin dose to the volume of the fetal‐maternal hemorrhage (FMH). The present study compared a standard flow cytometry technique for FMH quantification to a simple alternative, the gel agglutination test. Methods. Blood samples were collected from 118 RhD negative women after delivery, and were analysed for the amount of FMH by both flow cytometry and the gel agglutination test. Events associated with increased FMH in a previous and current pregnancy, and with neonatal complications, were correlated to the results. Results. A FMH of 0.1 ml or more was detected in all 118 women in the study group by flow cytometry (mean 2.0±1.2 ml), but in only 31 women (35.6% of 87 with RhD positive infant) (mean FMH 0.76±1.48 ml) by the gel agglutination test (p<0.001). On multivariate regression analysis, only gestational age was a weak significant independent positive predictor for FMH (r2 = 0.037, p = 0.047). Conclusion. The gel agglutination technique, as used in the range of 0.1–10 ml, is not sensitive enough to detect FMH.
Adrenergic Stimulation of the Rat Diencephalon and its Effect on Food Intake and Hoarding Activity
Authors: Blundell J. E. , Herberg L. J.
Published: July 2007

The diencephalic area most sensitive to microinjections of noradrenaline lay outside the area of the lateral hypothalamus in which feeding can be produced by electrical stimulation. Injection of either area, including injections that caused increased feeding, failed to have any effect on hoarding activity. Since hoarding can be elicited both by food deprivation and by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, these findings indicate biochemical, anatomical and motivational differences between the central feeding mechanism sensitive to adrenergic stimulation, and that responding to electrical stimulation or nutritional depletion. The former mechanism may be disinhibitory; the latter, excitatory.
Effects of Word Frequency on Acquisition and Retention under Conditions of Free-recall Learning
Authors: Postman Leo
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of word frequency on acquisition and retention under conditions of free-recall learning. Three levels of frequency—high (HF), medium (MF) and low (LF)—were compared. Original learning consisted of four study-test cycles. A test of retention was given either 30 sec. or 7 days after the end of original learning and was followed by three cycles of relearning. List HF was learned and retained better than lists MF and LF; the latter two did not differ. Degrees of sequential organization in original learning increased with word frequency, as did the persistence on the tests of retention of the output orders which had occurred at the end of acquisition. For subjects learning a given type of list, however, there was little relation between degree of sequential ordering and amount of recall.
Orientation to Visual Stimuli and the Superior Colliculus in the Rat
Authors: Barnes P. J. , Smith L. M. , Latto R. M.
Published: July 2007

Rats were trained in a six-choice jumping stand apparatus to enter the dark door, and avoid the five bright doors. Rats with bilateral superior collicular lesions were found to be severely impaired in this task, although further experiments showed that they were able to discriminate bright from dark stimuli and could perform correctly if allowed to approach each door in turn. It is suggested that the superior colliculus is important in orientation to visual cues, and there is some evidence that it is involved in orientation to brightness but not visual form cues.
Acoustic and Associative Coding in Short-Term Memory
Authors: Lindley Richard E. , Brown Donald R.
Published: July 2007

Short lists of word-digit pairs were presented to 456 college student subjects. One of the words was repeated as a memory probe either immediately after list presentation or after a short rehearsal interval. The stimulus words were either acoustically identical or associatively related (UP, DOWN). Both acoustic identity and associative relatedness produced a memory decrement which decreased with rehearsal. One interpretation of these results is that the primary memory trace is a multiple-dimension one and that, given time, subjects can recover non-acoustic information from it. The data also indicate that the “fate” over time is different for acoustically similar and associatively related items.
Natural and contrived experience in a reasoning problem
Authors: Wason P. C. , Shapiro Diana
Published: July 2007

This study is concerned with the effects of prior experience on a deceptive reasoning problem. In the first experiment the subjects (students) were presented with the problem after they had experienced its logical structure. This experience was, on the whole, ineffective in allowing subsequent insight to be gained into the problem. In the second experiment the problem was presented in “thematic” form to one group, and in abstract form to the other group. Ten out of 16 subjects solved it in the thematic group, as opposed to 2 out of 16 in the abstract group. Three hypotheses are proposed to account for this result.
The Psychological Refractory Period and Vertex Evoked Potentials
Authors: Boddy John
Published: July 2007

The averaged sensory evoked potential (EP) was recorded from the scalp (vertex to mastoid) in a psychological refractory period experiment in which 12 young adults participated. Reaction times (RTs) were measured to either both or only the second of pairs of stimuli, in different trial blocks, with inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) of 100, 200, 300 and 400 msec occurring in random sequence. EPs were recorded at each ISI. No latency changes could be found in the prominent non-specific components (P1–N1–P2) of the EP to stimulus 2 even at ISIs where the RT was substantially delayed. Thus the notions that the RT2 delay is due to occupation of a single channel central processor by S1 and that non-specific EP components reflect the time course of information processing in underlying neural tissue, do not lend each other mutual support. Furthermore, as profound amplitude refractoriness in components P1–N1 and N1–P2 persisted at ISIs where RT was as fast or faster than simple RT, there appears to be a dissociation between “psychological refractoriness” and “physiological refractoriness”. The implications of these results are discussed.
Identification versus Discrimination of Distinctive Features in Speech Perception
Authors: Blumstein Sheila , Cooper William
Published: July 2007

Dichotically presented CV syllables were presented to 24 normal subjects under two contrasting performance requirements: consonant identification and consonant discrimination. In the identification task, subjects made more errors identifying stimuli distinguished by two as opposed to one distinctive feature. Conversely, in the discrimination task, subjects made more errors for stimuli distinguished by one as opposed to two distinctive features. It was proposed that the results of the identification task reflect the degree of information load in short-term memory. The results of the discrimination task, on the other hand, reflect the degree of perceptual similarity between contrasting stimuli. Both results were accounted for within a distinctive feature framework. Analyses of the individual features which comprised one and two feature distinctions demonstrated the perceptual prominence of the feature [voice] in contrast to the two place features [compact] and [grave].
Division of Attention between Simultaneous and Successive Nonverbal Signals Varying in Discriminability
Authors: Long John
Published: July 2007

Impaired performance indexed by accuracy usually accompanies the division of attention between simultaneous difficult signals. Presenting the signals successively reduces the impairment. Presenting easy signals eliminates it. Both variables crucial to these findings, relative time of onset and discriminability, were manipulated in the first experiment using a two-choice recognition paradigm involving bimodal signals. The results showed that, when a difficult signal was followed by two simultaneous easy ones, in a different modality from the first, performance was significantly worse on each than on the same signals presented alone. Simultaneous presentation of all three signals further increased the impairment for the difficult signal, but not for the easy ones. In the second experiment, the discriminability of the following signals was varied. The results showed, that when a difficult signal was followed by either two simultaneous easy signals, in a different modality from the first, or by two difficult ones, performance was significantly worse than on the same difficult signal presented alone. Further, when the preceding difficult signal was auditory, but not when it was visual, performance was better with easy following signals than with difficult ones. It is argued that an adequate account of the results from the two experiments requires the following assumptions concerning the processing of multiple signals: (1) a loss associated both with the acquisition and the storage of information, (2) preferential processing of visual signals over auditory ones. Proposals are made for the incorporation of both assumptions into a single model of divided attention.
Appetitive–Aversive Interactions: Superconditioning of Fear by an Appetitive CS
Authors: Dickinson Anthony
Published: July 2007

Four groups of rats received conditioned suppression training in which a tone and light compound was reinforced with shock. If the light had been previously paired with free food, enhanced fear conditioning accrued to the tone during compound training relative to control groups pre-exposed to the light alone, the light semi-randomly associated with food, or the light unpaired with food. The second experiment replicated the difference in aversive conditioning for the groups receiving the light either paired or unpaired with food. The results are discussed in terms of the functional similarity of a conditioned excitor for food and a conditioned inhibitor for shock.
Division of Attention: Evidence for a Between-Trial Component of Impaired Performance
Authors: Long John
Published: July 2007

Detection and recognition studies are reviewed, which show a dependency between errors on successive trials. They suggest the impairment accompanying the presentation of simultaneous signals may also involve a similar “between-trial” component. The hypothesis was tested using a two-choice recognition paradigm with bimodal signals. Dimensions presented simultaneously were interleaved on alternate trials with a single dimension presented alone. Interleaving two signals in the first experiment showed no effect on the following signal presented alone, compared to a control condition in which the signal always preceded itself. Interleaving four signals in the second experiment produced a significant impairment. Accounts of the results based on the length of the response interval, fluctuations of state variables such as arousal and decay of the memory trace are rejected. Accounts based on the impairment and set-size of preceding simultaneous signals are retained. Both suppose part of the impairment accompanying simultaneous signals to be a between-trial phenomenon. Implications of the results for work on divided-attention are considered and a method of experimental control proposed.
Hand Dominance, Attention, and the Choice between Responses
Authors: Rabbitt Patrick
Published: July 2007

Thirty pairs of matched right- and left-handed subjects carried out a serial C.RT task involving reaches between 2.4 cm square contact grids set at 2.4 cm intervals in a horizontal line. In one condition they responded with the right hand alone, in a second with the left and in a third they had to choose between hands on each trial responding to left side grids with the left hand and to right side grids with the right.

All subjects took longer to respond when they had to choose between hands than when they used either hand alone. In the one-hand conditions neither group showed any effect of hand dominance. When choices had to be made between hands both groups responded faster with their dominant than with their nondominant hands.

Analysis of the results was undertaken in terms of two hypothetical systems of instructions which might control machines designed to carry out similar tasks. It is concluded that in some tasks hand dominance can be described in terms of an attentional bias towards the field of operation of one effector rather than another. In the present task the effects of such possible attentional biases were shown not to interact with other effects, such as the facilitation of successive responses by repeated use of the same limb. These latter effects seem to depend on processes underlying execution of responses rather than choices between responding limbs.
Effects of Visual Familiarity on “Same” and “Different” Decision Processes
Authors: Seymour Philip H. K. , Jack Maureen V.
Published: July 2007

An experiment was conducted in which subjects matched upper and lower case versions of well-known abbreviations, such as BBC and etc, and meaningless controls. “Same” RT showed a familiarity effect for upper case versions of abbreviations such as BBC and GPO, but not for the lower case versions bbc and gpo. The converse did not occur for abbreviations such as etc, which were thought to occur most frequently in lower case. The “different” RT was inhibited by familiarity, with pairs such as IBM GPO being classified less rapidly than their lower case versions or controls. These effects occurred for subjects instructed to report “No” for “same” displays and “Yes” for “different” displays as well as for subjects given a conventional decision-report assignment. Some implications of these results for an account of the manner in which familiarity affects graphemic comparison processes are considered.
In Defence of a Ratio Model for Movement Detection at Threshold
Authors: Moulden Bernard , Mather George
Published: July 2007

Sutherland (1961) proposed that the detection of motion might depend upon the ratios of firings in cells sensitive to movement in opposite directions. Sekuler and his collaborators have argued that the notion of a ratio mechanism at threshold is wrong. The findings and arguments upon which this conclusion was based are challenged, an explicit model is described which provides an account of data previously held to be inconsistent with a ratio model, and an experiment is reported which provides unequivocal support for the ratio model and whose findings are inconsistent with the predictions from Sekuler's “independence” model.
Transfer of Learning across Reinforcers: Appetitive Discrimination Learning between Stimuli Previously Associated with Shock
Authors: Hall Geoffrey , Pearce John M.
Published: July 2007

In each of two experiments rats learned a food-rewarded discrete-trial discrimination in which the correct response in a two-lever Skinner box was signalled by an external stimulus. For one (experimental) group of subjects, one of the stimuli had previously been associated with electric shock while the other had been used to signal the absence of shock. A control group had previously experienced the stimuli uncorrelated with shock. In both experiments its was found that the control subjects learned the discrimination more rapidly than experimental subjects. The relevance of these findings to theories of the acquired distinctiveness of cues and to accounts of interaction between appetitive and aversive motivational systems is discussed.
More on the Measurement of Spontaneous Alternation
Authors: Manning Susan Karp
Published: July 2007

Still and MacMillan (1977) suggested the negative of the Phi coefficient (− φ) as a measure of free-trial spontaneous alternation. This new index is compared with the Adjusted Alternation Ratio (AAR), previously developed by Manning (1973b). It is concluded that there are many situations in which the AAR is a more useful measure. Other issues in assessing spontaneous alternation noted by Still and MacMillan are discussed.
DNA Damage in Nasal and Brain Tissues of Canines Exposed to Air Pollutants Is Associated with Evidence of Chronic Brain Inflammation and Neurodegeneration
Authors: Calderon-Garciduenas Lilian , Maronpot Robert R. , Torres-Jardon Ricardo , Henriquez-Roldan Carlos , Schoonhoven Robert , Acuna-Ayala Hilda , Villarreal-Calderon Anna , Nakamura Jun , Fernando Reshan , Reed William , Azzarelli Biagio , Swenberg James A.
Published: July 2007

Acute, subchronic, or chronic exposures to particulate matter (PM) and pollutant gases affect people in urban areas and those exposed to fires, disasters, and wars. Respiratory tract inflammation, production of mediators of inflammation capable of reaching the brain, systemic circulation of PM, and disruption of the nasal respiratory and olfactory barriers are likely in these populations. DNA damage is crucial in aging and in age-associated diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. We evaluated apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in nasal and brain genomic DNA, and explored by immunohistochemistry the expression of nuclear factor NF κB p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX2), metallothionein I and II, apolipoprotein E, amyloid precursor protein (APP), and beta-amyloid1-42 in healthy dogs naturally exposed to urban pollution in Mexico City. Nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Forty mongrel dogs, ages 7 days—10 years were studied (14 controls from Tlaxcala and 26 exposed to urban pollution in South West Metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC)). Nasal respiratory and olfactory epithelium were found to be early pollutant targets. Olfactory bulb and hippocampal AP sites were significantly higher in exposed than in control age matched animals. Ni and V were present in a gradient from olfactory mucosa > olfactory bulb > frontal cortex. Exposed dogs had (a) nuclear neuronal NF κB p65, (b) endothelial, glial and neuronal iNOS, (c) endothelial and glial COX2, (d) ApoE in neuronal, glial and vascular cells, and (e) APP and β amyloid1-42 in neurons, diffuse plaques (the earliest at age 11 months), and in subarachnoid blood vessels. Increased AP sites and the inflammatory and stress protein brain responses were early and significant in dogs exposed to urban pollution. Oil combustion PM-associated metals Ni and V were detected in the brain. There was an acceleration of Alzheimer's-type pathology in dogs chronically exposed to air pollutants. Respiratory tract inflammation and deteriorating olfactory and respiratory barriers may play a role in the observed neuropathology. These data suggest that Alzheimer's disease may be the sequela of air pollutant exposures and the resulting systemic inflammation.
Profiles of Metabolites and Gene Expression in Rats with Chemically Induced Hepatic Necrosis
Authors: Heijne Wilbert H. M. , Lamers Robert-Jan A. N. , van Bladeren Peter J. , Groten John P. , van Nesselrooij Joop H. J. , van Ommen Ben
Published: July 2007

This study investigated whether integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics data increased the sensitivity of detection and provided new insight in the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Metabolite levels in plasma or urine were analyzed in relation to changes in hepatic gene expression in rats that received bromobenzene to induce acute hepatic centrilobular necrosis. Bromobenzene-induced lesions were only observed after treatment with the highest of 3 dose levels. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that metabolite profiles of blood plasma were largely different from controls when the rats were treated with bromobenzene, also at doses that did not elicit histopathological changes. Changes in levels of genes and metabolites were related to the degree of necrosis, providing putative novel markers of hepatotoxicity. Levels of endogenous metabolites like alanine, lactate, tyrosine and dimethylglycine differed in plasma from treated and control rats. The metabolite profiles of urine were found to be reflective of the exposure levels. This integrated analysis of hepatic transcriptomics and plasma metabolomics was able to more sensitively detect changes related to hepatotoxicity and discover novel markers. The relation between gene expression and metabolite levels was explored and additional insight in the role of various biological pathways in bromobenzene-induced hepatic necrosis was obtained, including the involvement of apoptosis and changes in glycolysis and amino acid metabolism.

The complete Table 2 is available as a supplemental file online at http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/openurlasp?genre=journal&issn=0192-6233 . To access the file, click on the issue link for 33(4), then select this article. A download option appears at the bottom of this abstract. In order to access the full article online, you must either have an individual subscription or a member subscription accessed through www.toxpath.org .
An Improved Model of Isolated Hemoperfused Porcine Livers Using Pneumatically Driven Pulsating Blood Pumps
Authors: Nagel Stefan , Hegemann Olaf , Groneberg David A. , Grosse-Siestrup Christian
Published: July 2007

Existing liver perfusion models are largely limited by high degrees of ischemic and reperfusion injury and the lack of standardization. To establish a highly standardized perfusion model and minimize reperfusion injury, a porcine liver perfusion model was developed using an artificial heart pump (Buecherl Artificial Heart). This model is characterized by pneumatically driven and pressure controlled blood pumps with pulsating flow characteristics. The perfusion parameters and the integrity of the perfused organ were assessed using hemodynamic and hepatic function tests. In eight porcine liver perfusion experiments the system allowed maintaining stable and physiologic organ function over 3 hours by bile production (5.5 ±3.1 ml/30 minutes, resp. 22.9 ±8.4 ml cumulative at 180 minutes), oxygen consumption (2.2 ±0.2 ml/min/100 g overall mean) and significantly better liver enzyme levels (AST 19.5 ± 10.1 U/l/100 g, ALT 2.1 ± 0.8 U/l/min, LDH 57.8 ± 24.2 U/l/100 g) compared to previous studies. It was also possible to reduce the circulating blood volume to 1,000 ml and to create a compact perfusion system that is adoptable to other organ systems such as the kidneys. The compact size and the absence of magnetic components also allow a use for advanced imaging techniques. In conclusion this optimized perfusion system provides a sound basis for future studies in the area of hepatotoxicity and pharmacology.
The Comparative Power of the Discriminant Methods Used in Toxicological Pathology
Authors: Holland Tom
Published: July 2007

It is highly desirable to use experimental methodologies in toxicological pathology that combine statistical power, practicality, and objective reviewability to detect small differences. The different ways of gathering data at the microscope can result in clear differences in power to discriminate small, but real, differences between treated and control rodent groups with nonneoplastic lesions. Six alternative methods of gathering and analysing results are compared. They are referred to as the Measuring, Ordering, Scoring (or Grading), Pair-contrast, Outside-control, and Affected methods. Measuring and Ordering methods are uniformly more powerful than other more common and highly esteemed methods, such as Scoring/Grading. From the practical perspective, Measuring and Ordering can be applied objectively, reviewed objectively, and interpreted to standards that are widely accepted as valid throughout experimental science e.g., using confidence limits and intervals. They also are intuitively natural extensions of routine toxicological histopathological examinations. Establishing a small difference between control and treated groups is commonly a problem when reporting no-observed-effect levels. Ordering is the recommended method for assessing if a small difference between treated and control groups is within chance variation or is the result of a true treatment effect, when measurement is impractical.
Transarterial embolization of giant liver hemangiomas associated with kasabach-merritt syndrome: a case report
Authors: Malagari K. , Alexopoulou E. , Dourakis S. , Kelekis A. , Hatzimichail K. , Sissopoulos A. , Delis S. , Letsou D. , Kelekis D.
Published: July 2007

Of 22 patients with symptomatic giant liver hemangiomas referred for embolization, two females (52 and 74 years) had Kasabach-Merritt syndrome (KMS). Hematocrit values were observed to be 33% and 29%, platelets 4000 and 5400/mm3, and fibrinogen 98 and 77 mg/dl, respectively. Lesion diameters were 7 and 14 cm, respectively. Hepatic angiography revealed excessive vascular lakes typical of cavernous hemangiomas. Microspheres of 40–300 µm were superselectively injected under fluoroscopic guidance until cessation of flow. Coil packing of the feeding hepatic artery was additionally used in one patient. The procedure was uneventful in both. Partial restoration of platelet count was observed immediately; fibrinogen levels and platelets were restored completely in one patient and partially in the other, without remissions at 2-year follow-up.
Aspergillus meningitis and discitis from low-back procedures in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Larson Kolbe A. B. , McKinney A. M. , Tuba Karagulle Kendi A. , Misselt D.
Published: July 2007

We present a case of an immunocompetent patient who developed Aspergillus meningitis, subsequent to discitis, presumed to be from an epidural steroid injection. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine confirmed the diagnosis of discitis. Fluoroscopic-guided aspiration of the disc showed growth of Aspergillus fumigatus. MRI of the brain revealed involvement of the right third cranial nerve. Repeat MRIs demonstrated multiple leptomeningeal masses consistent with granulomatous meningitis. Meningitis is a rare complication of discitis, discogram, or epidural steroid injection. Aspergillus usually only infects immunocompromised patients, but rarely can affect immunocompetent patients.
An agricultural strategy without farmers: Egypt's countryside in the New Millennium
Authors: Bush Ray
Published: July 2007

This article argues that Egypt's countryside is at a turning point. The economic reforms have not delivered the intended improvements in production and yet there is little indication that the Government of Egypt (GoE) will manage to work with the IFIs to promote an alternative economic adjustment. The reforms began in Egypt's agricultural sector in the mid‐1980s and were eventually matched in 1991 by an economic reform and structural adjustment programme (ERSAP) and a renewed programme with the IFIs in 1996. Macro‐economic targets set by the IFIs have helped stabilise the economy, reduce government expenditure, inflation and budget deficits although large scale privatisation of state assets have failed to emerge and so too has significant economic growth (Pfeifer, 1999; Mitchell, 1999). Attention has particularly focused on price and marketing reforms in agriculture, on the slashing of subsidies and on the promotion of cash crops for export. Land reform, favouring landowners and marginalising tenant interests, has also been central to agricultural transformation. Sustained and diverse economic growth has eluded Egypt's economy. Unemployment remains a central problem exacerbated by the economic reforms as levels of rural and urban poverty have also risen.
Human rights, democracy & the donors: the first MMD government in Zambia
Authors: Bartlett Dave
Published: July 2007

At the beginning of the 1990s the stage appeared set for an era of global democratisation with western attention particularly focused on Africa. After the 1991 election Zambia was praised by western donor countries and the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) as a beacon which heralded political transformation across the continent. Yet any exploration of the Movement for Multi‐Party Democracy's (MMD) political performance, its record in developing human rights, or the personal integrity of ministers would have revealed this acclaim to be unfounded. This contention is substantiated through an examination of the areas of personal security and government/ press relations. It is argued that donor support for political reform was grounded in their desire for the implementation of structural adjustment programmes and economic liberalising measures which resulted in the concept of democracy with which they were associated, becoming discredited.
Political parties and ideology in Nigeria
Authors: Joseph Richard
Published: July 2007

First interpreting the complex forces at work since the overthrow of Gowon, this article then explores the process of party formation that has gone on as Nigeria begins the return to civilian rule. Noting that no socialist grouping on a national plane has emerged, it documents how the major contenders for power in the forthcoming elections are groups, not solely based on ethnicity, that do have some ideological differences, but are nevertheless parties that are organised around well‐known political figures from pre‐military coup days. It remains to be seen whether subsequent developments lead to the more clear‐cut emergence of ideological competition or back to the old ethnic in‐fighting and the perpetuation of the present class domination.
Liberation ideology and national development strategy in Mozambique
Authors: Meyns Peter
Published: July 2007

At the beginning of 1980 Mozambique's President Samora Machel declared that the coming decade would be ‘the decade of Mozambique's victory over under‐development’. By 1990 the country would be well on its way to advanced socialism. Speaking on the same issue before the People's Assembly in December 1979 Samora Machel had said: To win this war we must fully and consciously assume the values that we gained during the national liberation struggle’.

These two statements set the tone for this article. Looking ahead to the aims of national development strategy in the 1980s Machel refers the people of Mozambique back to the values gained during the national liberation struggle before 1974. The focus of this article is precisely on the process of transforming liberation ideology into national development strategy underway in Mozambique since 1975. Objective and subjective factors, the colonial legacy and liberation ideology, are of relevance in analysing the process. The article begins by briefly outlining the colonial legacy as the point of departure and the material foundation of Mozambique's development after independence. It then turns to the ‘values gained’ during the armed liberation struggle from 1964 to 1974, and discuss theoretical issues which were raised during that period and which related to the perspective of Mozambique's post‐independence development. Finally, it looks at the new phase of national development after 1975. Dealing with the key areas of political mobilisation and organisation, the state sector and rural development, the focus here is on the political‐administrative and socio‐economic problems of transforming the values gained, the experiences made, the political line developed during the preceding 10 years into a national development strategy.

The article is based on a dialectical relationship, whereby the colonial legacy, liberation ideology and post‐independence development strategy can be looked upon as thesis, antithesis and synthesis. This framework of analysis is considered to be helpful in understanding the complex and contradictory process of development which Mozambique has been undergoing since independence.
Forced resettlement and the political economy of South Africa
Authors: Freund Bill
Published: July 2007

Apart perhaps from the direct confrontations that take place between capital and labour, the most significant social process in recent South African history has been the continued and massive population removals. The South African government has at times insisted that such removals were fundamentally voluntary in character. Since the often bitterly resisted removals of the 1950s from both urban and rural areas, however, force has at least potentially been at issue and often directly applied. Consequently it seems appropriate to refer to a policy of forcedresettlement.

In their recent important analysis of South African conditions, John Saul and Stephen Gelb described the population removal programme as the ‘ugliest of all aspects of apartheid’. This justifiable assertion follows on sporadic, often journalistic, coverage of removal that goes back to Cosmas Desmond's remarkable book, The Discarded People.Desmond's account was largely narrative and concerned with the unpleasantnesses of removal itself and its immediate consequences. Saul and Gelb, by contrast, only devote a short if valuable amount of space to discussing forced resettlement. Between these two poles there is a need for a generalised and analytical assessment which places the programme in a political and historical context and this is the aim of the following discussion.
No shortcuts to democracy: the long march towards modernity
Authors: Copans Jean
Published: July 2007

Fundamental theoretical and practical issues are raised by the present commitment to democracy. A realistic democratic programme will require intellectual prerequisites, essentially in the form of a shared political language in which debate between conflicting interests and forces can be conducted without resort to violence or repression, just as much as new institutional forms of multi‐partyism. One requirement, slowly being initiated in a dialogue between historians and social actors, is to cast off the extra‐African mechanisms for dictating social thought and the dead hand of the state on independent thinking so as to generate theories about Africa, its history and its prospects; to develop an African image of modernity that goes beyond the narrow mechanical process of ‘modernisation’.

One specific task of social theorising would be to articulate a method for thinking about democracy appropriate for Africa, and which therefore must be rooted in the processes whereby actual political ‘communities’ beyond the state are constituted – which have to be recognised for what they are, often based on age, gender, ethnicity, religion – and the images and languages through which they express themselves. These two prerequisites will in turn depend on the active role and involvement with popular forces of African intellectuals, who face difficult and deteriorating conditions in the availability of education, publishing outlets and the media. Nevertheless, African professional associations and journals are beginning now to set the terms of the debate on the meaning of democracy, human rights and modernity in Africa. This process will require a new social definition, a new mode of practice by intellectuals and a new kind of dialogue with the people.
A critique of Marxism‐Leninism as theory and Praxis
Authors: Pearce Carol
Published: July 2007

A systematic reconsideration of Marxism in theory and practice reveals the inadequacy, indeed the unacceptability, as far as democratic socialists are concerned of Marxism‐Leninism. This article is, in essence, a critique of Marxism‐Leninism and a plea for a less doctrinaire approach to both theory and practice. The point, is not simply that Leninism flies in the face of all that makes marxism desirable, nor simply that Leninism is immoral (as if this were not enough). It is that, although Leninism may be one of the logical consequences of Marxism, it contradicts the Marxist premise and the point of Marx's own work. This may lead us to ask whether Marx's texts display the required internal coherence for a scientific theory. It also considers the approaches within the Marxist‐Leninist traditions which can be identified as deterministic Marxism and voluntarist Marxism neither of which is theoretically or ethically satisfactory. The general argument is related to Marxism and Marxism‐Leninism in Africa.
From thaw to flood: the end of the Cold War in Southern Africa
Authors: Saul John S.
Published: July 2007

A cause for celebrations? Who can feel any nostalgia for the palsied regimes of Eastern Europe, even though one may have legitimate fears for the future of such countries as they advance all too heedlessly into the maw of international capitalism? The implications for southern Africa at the ‘end of the Cold War’ is a little more complicated. How is one to assess the costs and benefits of the virtual disappearance of both a Soviet presence and of a ‘Soviet model’ from the lists in that region of the world?
Christian fundamentalism and development
Authors: Gifford Paul
Published: July 2007

This article discusses the characteristics of the fundamentalist form of Christianity which emerged in early 20th century America and re‐emerged as a significant trend in the late 1970s. Gifford describes the spread of this form of Christianity to Africa in the 1980s and its implications in the present crisis in Africa. The central argument is that these features, all or some of which are found in particular fundamentalist theology, encourage a passive acceptance of disasters, misfortune and a lack of social responsibility, leading to the absence of any commitment to development.
A tribute to Amílcar Cabral, 12 September 1924–20 January 1973
Authors: Powell Mike
Published: July 2007

ROAPEsdecision to mark the twentieth anniversary of the murder of Amílcar Cabral reflects the view that this is an opportune time to consider his achievements and the relevance of both his thought and practice — especially regarding events that are unfolding in Africa today. The contributions from Basil Davidson, Shubi Ishemo and Lars Rudebeck each provide a stimulating analysis that covers enormous ground but hardly overlaps at all.
Land and freedom in South Africa
Authors: Murray Colin , Williams Gavin
Published: July 2007

We will not sit back and watch as the wealth builds up in the cities, while on the edges of these cities, in the small towns and in the countryside, we continue to starve.
Resettlement and land reform in South Africa
Authors: de Wet Chris
Published: July 2007

Since 1913, at least seven million South Africans, mainly Africans, have been uprooted or actively resettled for predominantly political purposes. This article provides a brief overview of the extent and the consequences of several different kinds of resettlement. It then argues that land reform in a post‐apartheid South Africa will require further resettlement, and considers a number of possible settlement patterns, as well as some of the problems likely to arise.
Manufacturing consensus:(Geo)political knowledge and policy‐based lending
Authors: Mohan Giles
Published: July 2007

This article examines the inter‐relations between power and knowledge in the contemporary world order. It begins by examining recent contributions to development theory especially post‐modern formulations. These are seen to foster an apolitical stand on development which relativises values and hence negates the possibility of emancipatory politics. However, the technique of deconstruction is useful in revealing the geo‐political basis of power structures and by so doing can help enliven progressive political debate. The article then examines how the World Bank's universalising visions of the developing world in general and Africa in particular enables the Bank to prescribe uniform adjustment programmes. As such the article reveals the links between research and policy. It ends by calling for a revitalisation of political economy which can provide a structural account of the power relations in which development discourses circulate.
Demilitarisation, disarmament & development in Southern Africa
Authors: Willett Susan
Published: July 2007

Theories of how and why violent conflicts occur generally distinguish between structural factors on the one hand and accelerating or triggering factors on the other (Azar, 1990). Structural factors, which must be viewed as long term, include interrelated political, social and economic elements, such as the failure to meet basic human needs, population pressure, unequal distribution of wealth, depletion of natural resources, environmental degradation and ethnic tensions. Accelerating or triggering factors on the other hand, operate in the context of the above adverse structural factors but involve specific events, attitudes or decisions of dominant actors, which provoke or encourage violence. Triggering factors include the unequal distribution of power, the abuse of military power, the proliferation of small arms ideological conflict, struggles related to natural resources. How these triggers activate violence depends heavily upon the specific context.

By examining the process of disarmament and demilitarisation within the southern African region, this article seeks to highlight the contradictions between treating the symptoms rather than the underlying causes of violence. In the final section some lessons from the region's experience will be highlighted which might be pertinent to national and international attempts at establishing peace and stability in future conflict zones.
The contradictions of broadcasting reform in post‐apartheid South Africa
Authors: Barnett Clive
Published: July 2007

This article examines the process of mass media reform in South Africa during the 1990s, with particular reference to broadcasting. It identifies tensions between the attempt to restructure broadcasting as a public sphere capable of supporting national unification and democratisation, the existence of socioeconomic differentiation and cultural diversity at sub‐national scales and the pressures which impinge upon the broadcasting sector as a result of policies aimed at internationalising the South African economy. The formulation of broadcasting policy between 1990 and 1995 is reviewed, and the changes that have taken place during the implementation of restructuring and re‐regulation from 1996 to 1998 are critically assessed. The article concludes that the intensified commercialisation of broadcasting is at odds with political objectives of transforming the mass media into a public sphere supportive of a diverse and independent civil society.
The impact of country of birth and time in Sweden on overweight and obesity: A population-based study
Authors: Lindström Martin , Sundquist Kristina
Published: July 2007

Aims: A study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between country of birth, time in Sweden, and overweight and obesity. Methods: Approximately 4,000 people aged 20—80 participated in a cross-sectional survey in 1994. The ethnic differences in overweight and obesity were analysed in a multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusting for age and education. The effect of number of years spent in Sweden on overweight and obesity was assessed for some of the ethnic groups compared with the Swedish-born group. Results: Men from Yugoslavia and Arabic-speaking countries were overweight/obese (BMI 25.0—) and obese (BMI 30.0—) to a significantly higher extent than men born in Sweden. Women born in Poland, Arabic-speaking countries, and all other countries were overweight/obese and obese to a significantly higher extent than women born in Sweden. Both Arabic men and women who had immigrated to Sweden in 1989 or earlier had an increased risk of overweight/obesity and obesity compared with the participants born in Sweden, while no increased risk was observed for the Arabic group that immigrated after 1989. Conclusions: There were significant differences in overweight and obesity between the country of birth groups. The findings follow the patterns of low leisure time physical activity among certain ethnic groups reported in a previous study, which has implications for public health measures directed to decrease differences in overweight and obesity by country of birth.
Successive Reversals Involving Two Cues
Authors: Sutherland N. S.
Published: July 2007

Rats were trained on a visual discrimination problem with two relevant cues—brightness and orientation. They were then given eight reversals in succession on the same problem. After reversals 7 and 8 they were tested with each cue presented on its own to see how much they had learned about each. Individual animals tended to reverse the cue about which they learned more from reversals 7 to 8, so that animals that had learned reversal 7 mainly in terms of the brightness cue learned reversal 8 mainly in terms of the orientation cue and vice versa. The result provides further confirmation for a two-process model of discrimination learning in which one process is that of selective attention
The Capacity for Generating Information by Randomization
Authors: Baddeley A. D.
Published: July 2007

Response selection was studied independently of the stimulus by asking subjects to generate random sequences of letters or numbers. Experiment 1 varied rate of letter generation from ½ sec. to 4 sec. per item and showed that the redundancy of the sequence increased linearly with rate. Experiment 2 added random generation of letters as a secondary task to paced card sorting. Information load per card was varied from 1 through 2 to 4 to 8 alternatives, with sorting rate held constant. As predicted, the redundancy of the sequences generated increased linearly with sorting load. Experiment 3 varied number of items to be randomized. Rate of random generation increased systematically from 2 to 4 to 8 alternatives, but levelled out beyond this point, showing no difference between 16 and 26. In general, these results suggest a response-selection mechanism of limited informational capacity.