bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PARTICIPATION OF GRANULOCYTE‐SPECIFIC ANTINUCLEAR FACTORS IN RHEUMATOID JOINT FLUID CRYOPRECIPITATES
Authors: Wiik Allan , Jensen Erik , Friis Johannes , Bach‐Andersen Rasmus
Published: August 2010

Cryoglobulins, isolated from synovial fluids of 42 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 18 osteo‐arthrosis patients were studied immunochemically and serologically. The concentrations of total protein, IgG and IgA were significantly higher in the rheumatoid cryoglobulins, while complement components were rare in both types of cryoglobulins. Fibrinogen antigens were commonly demonstrated in both rheumatoid and osteo‐arthrosis cryoglobulins. Granulocyte‐specific antinuclear factors belonging to the IgG and/or IgM classes were found in 62 per cent of the rheumatoid but none of the osteo‐arthrosis cryoglobulins. Organ‐nonspecific antinuclear factors were detected in 30 per cent and antiglobulins in 24 per cent of the rheumatoid cryoglobulins, while osteo‐arthrosis cryoglobulins were devoid of such activity. In a few cases antinuclear factors and antiglobulins were solely detected in the cryoglobulin and not in the corresponding joint fluid. A comparison between cryoglobulin and joint fluid IgG as to the relative content of IgG antinuclear factors in paired positive specimens may indicate enrichment of the cryoglobulins with granulocyte‐specific and organ‐nonspecific antinuclear factors. Our data are compatible with the notion that rheumatoid joint fluid cryoglobulins, at least in part, represent cold‐insoluble immune complexes composed of antinuclear factors and antiglobulins as well as nuclear antigens as shown by others.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF HUMAN LYMPH NODES IN UREMIA AND DURING EXTRACORPOREAL IRRADIATION OF THE BLOOD
Authors: Birkeland S. A. , Moesner J. , Amtru F. , Svendsen E. V.
Published: August 2010

15 inguinal lymph nodes from uremic patients were compared with 15 lymph nodes from normal patients and with 15 lymph nodes from the same uremic patients after extracorporeal irradiation of the blood. The parameters recommended by WHO for reporting lymph node morphology in relation to immunological function were used to evaluate the lymph nodes. Pairs of lymph nodes were compared in a random series. Preparations for light microscopy were evaluated objectively and independently by two observers in two separate examinations, so that each lymph node pair was evaluated four times. The observations made by the same person were found to be consistent and the two observers evaluations to be in good agreement. The results of the comparisons were given a rank value and the average rank value for each parameter calculated from the values for each pair. The results for each parameter were evaluated using Wilcoxon's rank‐sum test of pair differences. In uremic lymph nodes a reduction was found in the number of germinal centres and the density of lymphocytes in the paracortex, and after ECIB the lymph nodes showed a tendency to an increase in all the examined parameters.
INFLUENCE OF METHYLPREDNISOLONE AND AZATHIOPRINE ON POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHILS (PMN) IN RAT PERITONEAL EXUDATES
Authors: Baardsen A.
Published: August 2010

In rats treated parenterally with high doses of methylprednisolone or azathioprine, peritoneal exudates were obtained by i.p. injection of sodium caseinate. Treatment by either drug caused a 50 per cent reduction of the PMN influx as compared to control animals simultaneously studied. The drug action evidently depends upon different mechanisms. Methylprednisolone blocked the emigration of PMN, while the low influx in the azathioprine‐treated rats was related to a lowered count of PMN in blood. The volume of exudates was not affected by drug treatment. The phagocytic activity of peritoneal PMN as expressed by uptake of 32P‐labelled E. coli, was found to be intact in either group of drug‐treated rats.
COMPLEMENT FIXATION WITH PORCINE SERUM ANTIBODIES
Authors: Eskildsen Morten
Published: August 2010

The complement fixing capacity of porcine IgG‐antibodies prepared from pseudorabies immune sera was examined in the presence and absence of preparations containing porcine Clq. Preparation of porcine Clq was performed by initial dialysis of normal swine serum against a 0.018 M EGTA buffer, pH 7.5, followed by purification on Sephadex G‐200 and subsequently on QAE‐Sephadex. The Clq activity in the different preparations was determined by haemolytic assay. Guinea pig complement depleted of Clq by dialysis in 0.018 M EGTA buffer was used as R‐Clq. Cl activity was assayed, using guinea pig complement diluted in a Na2Mg‐EDTA buffer as R‐Cl. The purity of the C1q preparations was estimated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and rocket immunoelectrophoresis, and it was found that porcine C1q of reasonable purity was obtained by the QAE‐Sephadex separation. Whether a microtechnique using four units of haemolytic complement (100 per cent) or a quantitative technique using fifty units of haemolytic complement (50 per cent) were applied, porcine C1q was found to be of crucial importance for complement fixation with porcine antibody (IgG)‐antigen complexes. This points to a selective requirement for porcine C1q as opposed to guinea pig C1q.
A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR OCHRATOXIN A: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
Authors: Aalund O. , Brunfeldt K. , Hald B. , Krogh P. , Poulsen K.
Published: August 2010

Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic secondary metabolite of several fungal species included in the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. A radioimmunoassay for this toxin is described. The reagents included antibodies against a coupling product of ochratoxin A and bovine IgG. 125I‐labelled egg‐albumin‐ochratoxin A was employed as radioactive antigen. Free ochratoxin A dissolved in phosphate‐buffered saline inhibited immunoprecipitation of the radioactive antigen. The procedure showed a lower limit of detection at 20 ppb of ochratoxin A.
CROSS‐REACTIONS OF KLEBSIELLA
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Nimmich Wolfgang , Eriksen Jorunn , Dutton Guy G. S. , Stirm Stephan , Fang Chyang T.
Published: August 2010

An earlier study of more than 60 Klebsiella K‐polysaccharides in anti‐pneumococcal sera of many capsular types provided the impetus for the present work. With anti‐Klebsiella sera, some of these cross‐reactions are now shown to be reciprocal. In most instances in which several or many K‐substances precipitated antipneumococcal sera of a given type, these same K‐polysaccharides were cross‐reactive with one or more anti‐Klebsiella sera belonging to the same group. For example, the polysaccharides K1, 15, 24, 31, 39, 42, and 59 precipitated an equine antipneumococcal type X serum. Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide type X and Klebsiella polysaccharides K15, 24, 31, 39, 42, and 59 precipitated one or both of the equine anti‐Klebsiella K1 sera available. Similar results with anti‐Klebsiella rabbit sera to other K‐types show the validity of this approach in revealing hitherto unknown serological, and hence chemical, relationships between the K‐types.
PRECIPITATING ANTIBODIES AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN SPUTUM FROM PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS: SPECIFICITIES AND TITRES DETERMINED BY MEANS OF CROSSED IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS WITH INTERMEDIATE GEL
Authors: Schiøtz P. O. , Hoiby N.
Published: August 2010

By means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel, paired 24‐h samples of sputum and sera from 19 patients with cystic fibrosis have been examined for the occurrence of precipitins against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Saliva from 9 of the patients was subject to similar analyses. A total of 50 precipitins was found in fifteen of the sputa and 296 precipitins were found in 18 of the sera. Fourteen of the patients had precipitins in sputum as well as in serum; one patient had a precipitin in sputum, but none in serum; and 4 had precipitins in serum, but not in sputum. All the precipitins in sputa could be identified and quanti‐tated in relation to the reference system and, in this way, 16 different precipitins were found in the sputa. If present in sputum, titres of these precipitins were nearly always found to be lower in sputum than those of the corresponding precipitin in serum from one and the same patient. One of the precipitins was, however, found in 8 of the sputa, but not in the corresponding sera. There was a positive correlation between the number of precipitins per sputum and between titre of the strongest precipitins and number of precipitins per serum. Pseudomonas antigens wefe demonstrated in 3 of the sputa. Saliva from the patients contained rarely precipitins.
TUMOR Fc RECEPTORS AND TUMOR‐ASSOCIATED IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Authors: TÖNDER OLAV , KRISHNAN ENGIKOLAI C. , JEWELL WILLIAM R. , MORSE PAUL A. , HUMPHREY LOREN J.
Published: August 2010

Tissue sections and cell suspensions from ten malignant tumors were tested for Fc receptors using sheep erythrocytes sensitized by rabbit IgG antibodies. Surface bound IgG on cells from the same tumors were estimated using an antiglobulin consumption test with 125I labelled human IgG as reference. The amount of IgG present per 106 cells varied from < 100 ng to approximately 600 ng. When these amounts of IgG were plotted against the Fc receptor activity of corresponding tumors, seven of the tumors were distributed along a line showing an inverse linear relationship; i.e. tumors with large amounts of IgG on their cell surfaces had the lowest Fc reactivity and vice versa. Cells from three of the tumors had lower amounts of IgG on their surface than expected from this relationship. However, the lack of correlation could be explained by the focal distribution of the Fc positive tissue within non‐reactive tissue. The cells from these areas presumably carry less IgG on their surface and thereby reduce the quantity of IgG calculated per 106 cells. Prolonged washing of tumor sections resulted in stronger Fc receptor activity, and correspondingly washed cells had lower amount of IgG on their surface. Presumably the Fc receptor can bind IgG in vivo.
THE MACROPHAGE RESPONSE IN MICE AFTER PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNIZATION WITH SHEEP RED BLOOD CELLS
Authors: Reikvam Åsmund
Published: August 2010

A primary and a secondary immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was evoked in mice by intraperitoneal injection of the antigen. Macrophage proliferation and migration as well as induction of the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase in macrophages were assessed along with lymphocyte proliferation. The proliferative responses were evaluated by 3H‐thymidine labelling (autoradiography). The secondary response elicited a faster and stronger lymphocyte proliferation than the primary response. This pattern was not seen to apply to the macrophages where the highest proliferative rate was found in connection with the primary response. The macrophages acquired an increased content of acid phosphatase during both types of responses, but the significantly highest level was reached in the secondary response. Large numbers of monocytes migrated into the peritoneal cavity during the first day after immunization. However, macrophage proliferation took place in resident as well as in immigrant cells.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT OF CORTISOL ON THYMOCYTES FROM MICE OF DIFFERENT AGES
Authors: CLAÉSSON M. H. , TJELL V.
Published: August 2010

The influence of cortisolin vivoandin vitrowas studied on thymus sections, suspensions, and smears obtained from new‐born, 6 days old, and 30 days old mice. Histology as well as differential counts revealed that new‐born thymocytes are far more sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of cortisol than thymocytes from older animals, and thymocytes from 30 days old mice are more sensitive than cells from 6 days old animals. Thus, the number of pyknotic cells in the thymus of new‐born and 30 days old mice increased up to 20 per cent 6 h after injection of cortisol compared to 10 per cent in 6 days old animals. At 24 h after injection, the per cent of pyknotic cells in the thymus of new‐born mice was 50 compared with about 1 in the two older age‐groups. Supravital dye exclusion showed that thymocytes in 6 days old mice are less sensitive to the cytolytic action of cortisolin vivothan thymocytes from new‐born and 30 days old mice. Incorporation of3H‐TdR and3H‐UdR into thymocyte DNA and RNA, respectively, was inhibited in all groups after treatmentin vivo.DNA‐synthesis of thymocytes in new‐born animals was inhibited more than DNA‐synthesis in thymocytes of older animals, whereas RNA‐synthesis was inhibited to nearly the same extend in the three groups studied. Incubationin vitrowith 10‐***M cortisol inhibited the DNA‐synthesis to the same extent in thymocytes from the three age groups studied whereas the inhibiting effect of 10‐5M cortisol on thymocytes from 6 and 30 days old animals was more intense than that on cells in new‐born mice. The RNA‐synthesis of thymocytes from 6 days old mice incubated in 10‐5M cortisol was inhibited far less than RNA‐synthesis in cells from new‐born and 30 days old mice. The experiments reported, showing differential effects of cortisol on thymocytes obtained from mice of different ages, may reflect different stages of thymocytes maturation during the process of ontogenesis.
PURIFICATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN G Fc‐REACTIVE FACTOR FROM STREPTOCOCCUS AZGAZARDAH
Authors: CHRISTENSEN POUL , HOLM STIG E.
Published: August 2010

A factor from Streptococcus azgazardah (Lancefield's group C) capable of reacting with the Fc fragment of human IgG was partially purified and characterized. The bacteria were lysed by infection with phage, and the IgG Fc‐reactive factor was purified from the crude lysate by affinity chromatography on a IgG‐coupled Sepharose 4B column. The column was eluted with 3 M KSCN and the eluate gel‐filtered on a Sephadex G 75 column. A 30‐fold purification was obtained. The molecular weight of the IgG Fc‐reactive factor was estimated to be 60,000. The factor was sensitive to trypsin treatment and to heating 95° C, 10 min at pH 2.0. On polyacrylamide electrophoresis only one band was obtained. The trypsin‐ and heat‐sensitivity, and the estimated molecular weight of the factor was similar to an IgG Fc‐reactive factor preparation obtained from group A, type M 56 streptococci by heat treatment at 120° C for 30 min.
STUDY OF SUBSTANCES RELATED TO CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGENS, CEA‐NCA AND ASSOCIATION WITH α1‐ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN
Authors: ØRJASæTER HARALD
Published: August 2010

The α‐protein which we previously detected in PCA extracts of malignant tumours, normal tissues, sera and other body fluids has been further tested. The α‐protein was identified by immunological methods as α1‐antichymotrypsin. Experiments by crossed Immunoelectrophoresis showed that this protein cross‐reacts with the βE‐protein found in the PCA extracts. The βE‐protein shows heterogeneity in molecular size, electrophoretic mobility and it has been demonstrated that it shares antigenic determinants with the CEA or β1‐molecule. Cross‐reaction between βE and other glycoproteins found in the PCA extract of normal or malignant tissue or serum was not detected.
DETECTION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF IMMUNE COMPLEXES AND IgG AGGREGATES BY A COMPLEMENT CONSUMPTION ASSAY
Authors: NIELSEN HENRIK , SVEHAG SVEN‐ERIK
Published: August 2010

The applicability of a complement consumption assay as a means by which to detect IgG aggregates and immune complexes in serum was examined. Both heavy (≥19S) and intermediate (11‐17S) IgG aggregates were detected and the sensitivity of the assay was ≥10 μg aggregated IgG/ml. BSA anti‐BSA complexes, formed in slight antibody excess, were detected at a BSA concentration of 200 ng/ml. NHS stored at 4°C for ≥2‐3 weeks or at ‐20°C for more than 3 months developed distinct anticomplementarity (AC). This background AC, due to IgG aggregate formation, was reduced by heating the serum at 56°C for 50 min prior to testing. A similar reduction of AC and Clq fixation was observed when IgG aggregated at 61°C or 63°C was heated further at 56°C for 50 min. The abatement of AC could not be correlated to a change in IgG aggregation size. In contrast, AC of preformed antigen‐antibody complexes was not reduced by this heat treatment.
COMPARISON OF CELLULAR AND HUMORAL IMMUNITY AGAINST STREPTOCOCCAL AND ADULT HUMAN ORAL MUCOSA ANTIGENS IN RELATION TO EXACERBATION OF RECURRENT APHTHOUS STOMATITIS
Authors: DONATSKY O.
Published: August 2010

Cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) and humoral mediated immunity (HMI) against streptococcal and adult human oral mucosa (AHOM) antigens were investigated in patients with inactive and active recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). The CMI and HMI were examined by means of the leucocyte migration test (LMT) and a double layer immunofluorescence (IF) technique. The CMI against Streptococcus sanguis strain 2A, Streptococcus pyogenes strain M5, and AHOM was significantly increased in inactive and active RAS. Significant difference between active and inactive RAS was only demonstrated when Strep. 2A was used as antigen in the leucocyte migration cultures. Longitudinal observations in relation to exacerbation of RAS revealed significant changes in the migration indices (MI) when Strep. 2A and AHOM were used as antigens. Extracts of Strep. M5 and other tissues as kidney and uterus did not show any significant changes of MI in relation to the exacerbation of RAS. The IF‐investigations detected significantly raised IgG antibodies against washed whole cells of Streptococcus sanguis strain 2A and Streptococcus pyogenes strain M5 in sera from patients with RAS. The auto‐antibodies in RAS belonged to the immunoglobulin classes IgG and IgM. The detected antibodies were able to bind serum complement (C3). The distribution of endpoint titres (EPT) against Strep. 2A, Strep. M5, and AHOM antigens did not differ significantly in patients with active RAS in relation to those with inactive RAS. Furthermore, the EPT against Strep. 2A and AHOM were not significantly changed in relation to exacerbation of RAS. The present investigations show that CMI and HMI against streptococcal and AHOM antigens are characteristic features of RAS and indicate that the CMI against Strep. 2A and AHOM is significantly increased in relation to exacerbation of RAS.
IgA LEVELS AND CARRIER RATE OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE AND BETA‐HAEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI IN CHILDREN UNDERGOING TONSILLECTOMY
Authors: ØSTERGAARD POUL AABEL
Published: August 2010

Studies of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE in serum and of IgG, IgA and IgM in saliva were performed in 52 children undergoing tonsillectomy. The results revealed that levels of IgA in serum and saliva in the patients were significantly reduced as compared with levels in age‐ and sex‐related healthy controls (p<0.001 and <0.025 repectively). Recovery of beta‐haemolytic streptococci and Haemophilus influenzae from the removed tonsils was also well correlated with low IgA in serum (p<0.01). A considerable lack of IgA fluorescing plasma cells in tonsillar tissue demonstrated in an earlier study of the same patients was consistent with carriage of beta‐haemolytic streptococci and Haemophilus influenzae (p<0.01). The significant decrease in serum‐ and saliva IgA was only found among the youngest patients in this study. The hypothesis is raised that the decreased level of saliva IgA influences the increased tendency at pathogenic bacteria to adhere to and colonize on the tonsil mucosa, and furthermore, the lack of IgA plasma cells in the tonsils supports the view that IgA prevents penetratation of microorganisms through the epithelial surface, secondarily establishing an acute inflammation of the tonsils.
STUDIES OF THE ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE OF TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM, TRICHOPHYTON MENTAGROPHYTES, MICROSPORON CANIS, AND EPIDERMOPHYTON FLOCCOSUM BY CROSSED IMMUNO‐ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: CHRISTIANSEN AAGE HEIN , SVEJGAARD ELSE
Published: August 2010

By means of crossed immuno‐electrophoresis, 35 antigens of T. rubrum, 26 of T. mentagrophytes, 35 of M. canis, and 25 of E. floccosum have been demonstrated. Tandem crossed immuno‐electrophoresis has revealed two antigens common to T. rubrum and the other species, which, however, differ within the species. No common antigens have been demonstrated between T. mentagrophytes, M. canis, and E. floccosum. The technique for preparation of extracts and production of immune serum is described, and the procedure for the electrophoresis is outlined.
PROLONGATION OF XENOGRAFT SURVIVAL BY INFUSION OF HETEROLOGOUS ANTIBODIES AGAINST RECIPIENT SERUM
Authors: Kemp Ejvind , Kemp Grethe , Svendsen Per , Nielsen Ebbe , Buhl Mads R. , Jacobsen Ib Abildgaard , Lundborg Carl Johan
Published: August 2010

Survival of renal xenografts from rabbit to cat has been prolonged by several hours by injection of antibodies against cat serum into the recipient. In control experiments the transplanted rabbit kidney was rejected by the cat in a few minutes.
C1r LEVELS IN NORMAL HUMAN SERA DETERMINED BY ELECTROIMMUNOASSAY
Authors: Sjöholm A. G. , Märtensson U. , Laurell A.‐B.
Published: August 2010

C1r levels in sera from 100 normal adults were determined by electroimmunoassay. The 95 percent range was 71‐133 per cent of a normal reference pool. C1r values were well correlated to the levels of C1q (r = 0.708) and of C1s (r = 0.768). The interplate variation of the method on double determinations was 3.4 (SD). C1r values in normal sera not appreciably affected by storage at room temperature or by repeated freezing and thawing. The C1r antigen in EDTA plasma was found to be labile.
LYMPHOCYTE MARKERS IN NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: HALLBERG T. , HALLBERG ANITA
Published: August 2010

Purified peripheral blood lymphocytes from 20 newborn infants and 12 adults have been studied for the presence of surface markers. Adults and infants did not differ in the percentage of sheep RBC‐binding cells (means 58‐65 per cent) or in Ig‐bearing cells measured by the mixed antiglobulin reaction (means 7.2‐11.6 per cent). However, newborn infants had a significantly lower percentage of lymphocytes binding Fc of IgG (mean 10.4 per cent) as compared to adults (mean 17.2 per cent). No overall correlation between plasma Ig levels and Ig‐bearing lymphocytes was found but a single infant with increased plasma IgA also showed the highest level of Ig‐bearing lymphocytes among all infants.
LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION IN VITRO IN DERMATOPHYTOSIS
Authors: SVEJGAARD E. , THOMSEN M. , MORLING N. , CHRISTIANSEN AA. HEIN
Published: August 2010

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 59 patients with dermatophytosis and from nine young healthy women were studied by the lymphocyte transformation test (LT) using mitogens and bacterial as well as fungal antigens. The latter included Candida albicans (CA) and four dermatophyte species, viz. Trichophyton rubrum (TR), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (TM), Epidermophyton floccosum (EF) and Microsporum canis (MF). Most of the patients showed normal transformation in response to mitogens and non‐dermatophyte antigens, indicating that they have no functional T‐cell deficiency. Dermatophyte antigens act as stimulators in LT. In general, patient lymphocytes responded more strongly to these antigens than lymphocytes from controls. In most patients suffering from TM infections, response to the TM antigen was significantly stronger (p<0.05) than that in the other patients, indicating that this antigen preparation shows species specificity. In patients with Trichophyton (TR + TM) infections, response to the corresponding antigens was significantly stronger than that in the other patients, which suggests the existence of genus specificity. Any differences beween patients suffering from chronic TR infections and those with acute TR infections were not observed, a finding which is in contrast to those obtained in other studies. However, a few patients with chronic TM infections responded weakly to mitogens and non‐dermatophyte antigens. LT in four patients with id‐reaction to TM infection was not found to differ from that in the remaining TM patients.
THE EFFECT OF STEROIDS ON ADHESIVENESS, ROSETTE‐FORMING ABILITY AND SURVIVAL OF CULTURED, HUMAN MONONUCLEAR CELLS
Authors: VIKEN K. E.
Published: August 2010

The effect of different steroids on human mononuclear blood cells during the first 90 minutes of culture in vitro was tested. Cortisol and testosterone were found to increase the ability of lymphocytes to adhere on plastic surfaces. None of the other steroids tested exhibited this effect. Cortisol and corticosterone were found to reduce the number of surviving macrophages in the culture dishes, tested 4 to 8 days after the exposure to the drugs. No lysis of mononuclear cells could be detected following addition of cortisol in doses up to 10‐1 mg/ml. The findings support the previous statements that human lymphocytes are more cortisol‐resistant than those of mouse, rat and rabbit.
THE EFFECT OF STEROIDS ON DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION OF CULTURED, MONONUCLEAR CELLS
Authors: VIKEN K. E.
Published: August 2010

When monocytes had differentiated to macrophages during 8 days of culture in vitro without being exposed to steroids, neither the engulfement nor the digestion step of phagocytosis was found to be influenced by cortisol or the other steroids tested. This indicates that cortisol has no direct effect on the phagocytic function of macrophages in doses below 10‐1 mg/ml. Continuous exposure to cortisol during the period of differentiation resulted in a dose dependent inhibition of the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. Testosterone, desoxy‐corticosterone and tetrahydrocortisol in concentration of 10‐1 mg/ml, tested in the same way were found to be toxic to the cells. In lower concentrations, however, these steroids were found to have no effect on the cultured cells. The impaired differentiation of monocytes is suggested as an additional explanation of the reduced number of macrophages appearing at the site of inflammation during cortisol treatment.
ISOLATION OF Clq‐BINDING IMMUNE COMPLEXES BY AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY AND DESORPTION WITH A DIAMINOALKYL COMPOUND
Authors: SVEHAG S.‐E. , BURGER D.
Published: August 2010

The applicability of affinity chromatography to the isolation of Clq‐binding immune complexes (IC) in sera was explored. Purified human Clq was covalently coupled to agarose or adsorbed to IgG‐agarose resins. Sera containing preformed virus‐antibody complexes or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sera were passed through the columns and Clq‐bound IC, eluted off with 1,4‐diaminobutan at mild basic conditions, were analysed by immunodiffusion, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, gel filtration and electron microscopy. Under conditions of antibody treatment which caused almost 100 per cent inhibition of virus plaque formation, about 30 per cent of formed 14C‐labelled equine arteritis virus‐antibody complexes was bound specifically to and desorbed from Clq‐IgG agarose columns. Studies with RA‐sera indicated the presence of both IgM‐IgG and intermediate size IgG, Clq‐binding, complexes in 3 out of 5 tested seropositive sera. In two sera only intermediate size IC were demonstrable. The results obtained in these two IC model systems suggested that the described methods could be useful for isolation of Clq‐binding IC in general.
HUMAN COLOSTRAL IgA INTERACTING WITH STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A
Authors: Grov A.
Published: August 2010

Human colostral IgA from three apparently healthy mothers were all divided into protein A reactive and protein A non‐reactive fractions on a Sepharose‐protein A column. The reactive fractions, giving no direct precipitation but co‐precipitations, were found to interact with protein A through the Fc‐region.
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS:
Authors: HØiby Niels , Olling Sante
Published: August 2010

P. aeruginosa strains originating from the respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and patients with other diseases (non‐CF) were analysed with regard to their sensitivity to the bactericidal activity of human serum. P. aeruginosa strains isolated from CF patients were more sensitive than strains from non‐CF patients to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum. The bactericidal activity was heatlabile. As regards the sensitivity to normal human serum, mucoid and non‐mucoid variants were not found to differ. Strains originating from chronically infected CF patients with many precipitins against these bacteria did not differ with respect to serum sensitivity from strains originating from intermittently colonized CF patients without P. aeruginosa precipitins. Compared with normal sera, CF sera showed similar or higher bactericidal activity against a panel of P. aeruginosa strains. In this respect, any difference between CF sera with precipitins and CF sera without precipitins against P. aeruginosa was not found. Sera from three CF patients chronically infected with P. aeruginosa, and with many precipitins against these bacteria, showed a selective inability in bactericidal activity against the patients' own P. aeruginosa isolate possibly reflecting the presence of “bactericidal blocking” antibodies.
STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES BETWEEN A PROTEIN EXTRACTED FROM NORMAL HUMAN TISSUES AND A COMPONENT OF AMYLOID FIBRILS
Authors: Husby Gunnar , Sletten Knut
Published: August 2010

Comparative immunologic and chemical studies of crude or fractionated amyloid fibrils and materials obtained from corresponding normal tissues have been performed. Materials from the amyloidotic and normal tissues were subjected to identical methods of extraction, chemical treatment and protein fractionation. Antigenic similarities between crude amyloid fibrils and corresponding normal tissue extracts were observed, however, a considerably larger concentration of the latter antigens was needed to obtain immunologic reactivity in double diffusion in gel. Striking similarities were observed when the amino acid composition of a high molecular weight subcomponent of amyloid fibrils was compared with that of normal tissue extracts. Crude, intact amyloid fibrils were highly effective in absorbing Congo‐red while the ability to absorb Congo‐red was by far less if the high molecular weight subcomponent of amyloid fibrils as well as the corresponding normal tissue extracts were used. The high molecular weight subcomponent of amyloid, which seems to be an integral part of the amyloid fibrils, most probably is a protein derived from normal tissue.
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY AND BORDERLINE ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION Delayed Hypersensitivity Against Arterial Wall Components in Patients suffering from Borderline Essential Hypertension
Authors: Olsen Finn , Rasmussen Sten
Published: August 2010

By means of the leucocyte migration technique, it has been demonstrated that the migration indices from 19 patients suffering from borderline essential hypertension are significantly different from those of 19 normal persons. These results support the view that delayed hypersensitivity directed against arterial wall components is a possible pathogenetic factor in patients suffering from essential hypertension.
IN VITRO STUDIES ON NORMAL, STIMULATED AND IMMUNOLOGICALLY ACTIVATED MOUSE MACROPHAGES
Authors: Rhsgaard S. , Bennedsen J. , Rhodes J. M.
Published: August 2010

Oxidation of 1‐14C glucose of BCG/listeria activated, proteose‐peptone stimulated and typhoid‐parathypoid vaccine (T.A.B.) stimulated peritoneal and spleen macrophages from C3H, CBA and C57B1 mice was determined at various times after treatment. The study showed no major differences between the oxidation of stimulated and activated macrophages, but a variation was seen in C3H mice in the kinetics of glucose oxidation of BCG/listeria activated and proteose‐peptone stimulated peritoneal macrophages. It was also observed, in these mice, that the response appeared and disappeared earlier in the spleen than in the peritoneal macrophages.
AN IN VITRO ASSAY FOR THE QUANTITATION OF PHAGOCYTIC CELLS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMIC ORIGIN
Authors: Hertel‐Wulff Birgit
Published: August 2010

The survival of peritoneal exudate macrophages after 3 to 10 days in culture was examined by measuring the numbers of phagocytes per culture. This was determined by letting the cultured cells phagocytize Latex particles. The number of Latex particle‐containing cells was taken as a measure of the survival of phagocytes. It was found that one tenth of the cells judged by light microscopy as macrophage‐like survived the culture period. Thus, the calculated plating factor of 9.3 was used to estimate the actual number of macrophages in suspensions of spleen, lymph node or thymus cells by culturing these cells and subsequently counting Latex particle‐containing cells. In addition, the acridine orange technique was used to determine actual numbers of macrophages in freshly prepared cell suspensions of lymphoid organs. Latex studies on spleen and thymus cells gave results correlating well with data obtained by the acridine orange technique. By contrast, many more acridine orange positive cells than phago‐cytizing cells were found when lymph node cells were cultured.
THE USE OF HOMOCARNOSINE AS A SPACER IN INDIRECT HAEMAGGLUTINATION
Authors: Dalen Are B.
Published: August 2010

Homocarnosine (γ‐butyryl‐L‐histidine) was bound to erythrocytes through the action of glutaraldehyde in order to increase the number of available groups for diazotization on the surface of the cells. Diazotization was performed with tetrazotizized di‐o‐anisidine (TOD). TOD decomposed rapidly at an alkaline pH. The reagent was stabilized by the use of borate buffers. The presence of homocarnosine on erythrocytes enhanced the coupling of histidine by diazotization. TOD formed bonds of varying lability with alifatic amino and imino groups. This inhibited completely the formation of stable bonds with histidine and tyrosine. The relative amounts of stable bonds formed by TOD and human serum albumin and TOD and γ‐globulin varied inversely with the concentration of the proteins. The two proteins were used as model antigens and the presence of homocarnosine on the surface of the erythrocytes increased the sensitivity of the haemagglutination reaction by a factor of 4–8.
INFLUENCE OF HYDROCORTISONE ON GRANULOCYTE FUNCTION AND GLUCOSE METABOLISM
Authors: Christie Karen Elina , Kjøsen Berit , Solberg Claus O.
Published: August 2010

Examination has been made of the influence of hydrocortisone on the in vitro phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus by human neutrophils and the production of lactate and CO2 during phagocytosis of latex particles. In high concentrations, 0.5–2 mg per ml, hydrocortisone caused a significant reduction in the phagocytosis and the production of lactate. Neither the bactericidal activity nor the production of 14CO2 from (U‐24C) glucose in phagocytizing leukocytes was influenced by these hydrocortisone concentrations.
MODULATION OF HUMAN LEUCOCYTE MIGRATION INHIBITORY FACTOR (LIF) BY 3', 5'‐CYCLIC AMP, 3', 5'‐CYCLIC GMP AND AGENTS KNOWN TO INFLUENCE INTRACELLULAR CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
Authors: Bendtzen K. , Palit J.
Published: August 2010

A study was made of the effects of 3', 5'‐cycylic AMP (3', 5' cAMP), 3', 5'‐cyclic GMP (3', 5' cGMP) and their dibutyryl derivatives, and the effects of various both cyclic and non‐cyclic nucleotides and of nucleosides on the in vitro migration of human peripheral blood leucocytes under agarose and on the activity of leucocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF). Leucocyte migration was not significantly influenced by any of the above‐mentioned drugs. However, LIF activity was significantly depressed by 3', 5' cAMP and dibutyryl 3', 5' cAMP, whereas cells challenged with 10‐4M of the other drugs, including 2', 3' cAMP, 3'‐AMP, 5'‐AMP and adenosine, showed unreduced migration inhibition under standard test conditions. A possible role of 3', 5' cAMP in the mechanism of LIF action was supported further by experiments with various drugs known to influence intracellular 3', 5' cAMP metabolism. Treatment of leucocytes with the 3', 5' cAMP generating, beta‐adrenergic agent isoproterenol (10‐4M) caused a rapid, transient reduction of LIF activity as compared to LIF‐treated controls. The alfa‐adrenergic agent norepinephrine (10‐4M) was ineffective. Treatment of leucocytes with the phosphodiesterase inhibitors papaverine (10‐4M) and dipyridamole (2×10‐5) enhanced their motility and enabled them to escape migration inhibition as compared to LIF‐treated controls. 3', 5' cGMP may also participate in the expression of LIF activity, since cells treated with 3', 5' cGMP partially escaped migration inhibition during the first 3 hours of migration.
GEL‐PRECIPITATING MEASLES VIRUS ANTIBODIES IN SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS: RELATION TO OLIGOCLONAL IgG PROTEINS IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AND SERUM, AND THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO SEPARATE FRACTIONS OF ANTIBODY TO VIRUS NUCLEOCAPSIDS
Authors: Vandvik Bodvar
Published: August 2010

Two to five separate gel‐precipitating (GP) antibody activities to sonicated measles virus cell pack antigen were detected by double immunodiffusion and Immunoelectrophoresis of sera and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) The major GP activity was identified as antibody to measles virus nucleocapsids, and a weaker activity as antibody to the virus haemagglutinin. The specificities of the other activities were not determined. Evidence is presented that measles GP antibody activities of both serum and CSF from patients with SSPE are carried by IgG proteins of restricted heterogeneity. Two separate and differently charged homogeneous IgG proteins with antibody activities to partially different measles nucleocapsid antigens were detected in about half the patients. The combined use of agarose electrophoresis and measles GP antibody immunoelectrophoresis of serum and CSF proved helpful in establishing rapidly the specific diagnosis of SSPE.
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF HUMAN MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES ON DNA SYNTHESIS IN STIMULATED LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Unsgaard G. , Lamvik J.
Published: August 2010

Human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro revealed an inhibitory influence on DNA synthesis, as measured by 3H thymidine incorporation, in lymphocytes stimulated by a lectin (PHA), a soluble antigen (PPD) and allogenic lymphocytes. The inhibitory effect increased with increasing ratio of macrophages to lymphocytes, and was positively related to the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. The inhibitory ability appeared to have no connection with the histocompatibility gene complex. The culture medium of macrophages cultured with and without lymphocytes showed no inhibitory effect.
IMMUNO‐INDUCTIVE AND IMMUNO‐SUPPRESSIVE INFLUENCE OF HUMAN MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES CULTURED IN VITRO
Authors: Unsgaard G.
Published: August 2010

DNA‐synthesis, as measured by 3H thymidine incorporation, in immune lymphocytes from human blood stimulated in vitro with PPD was shown to require monocytes. No such requirement was demonstrated for PHA‐induced DNA‐synthesis under the same conditions. Initial packing of cells by centrifugation was beneficial for the cultures stimulated by antigen, but not for the cultures stimulated by lectin, thus indicating the necessity for contact between monocytes and lymphocytes for antigen stimulation. Monocytes and macrophages preincubated with PPD induced DNA‐synthesis in lymphocytes. Monocytes were found to be at least as capable of retaining and presenting antigen as macrophages, and autologous macrophages presented antigen more efficiently than allogeneic macrophages. DNA‐synthesis in lymphocytes, induced by adding PPD or PHA to the culture medium, was inhibited by a large number of monocytes. Macrophages caused inhibition under the same conditions, even a small number. DNA‐synthesis in lymphocytes induced by PPD‐preincubated monocytes and macrophages increased with increasing ratio of mononuclear phagocytes to lymphocytes up to a certain value. A further increase in the ratio caused inhibition, thus indicating both an immuno‐inductive and an immuno‐suppressive influence of mononuclear phagocytes.
HUMORAL AND CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNITY TO HEPATITIS B VIRUS ANTIGEN IN A HAEMODIALYSIS‐RENAL TRANSPLANTATION UNIT
Authors: Skinhoj Peter , Aldershvile Jan , Hardt Finn
Published: August 2010

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the corresponding antibody (anti‐HBs), the antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc), and the cellular immune response to purified HBsAg (leucocyte migration inhibition test: LMT‐HBsAg) were determined in 19 staff members, 11 long‐term haemodialysis patients, and 22 renal transplant patients in a haemodialysis‐renal transplantation unit. Past or present infection, as expressed by the presence of circulating anti‐HBs or HBsAg, was found in 30 cases (58 per cent) (11 staff members, six dialysis patients and 13 transplant patients). Anti‐HBc was found in all the ten HBsAg positive cases‐all patients‐and in 15 out of 20 anti‐HBs positive cases. Four staff members and seven patients had positive LMT‐HBsAg; of these only one patient had HBsAg, whereas seven cases had anti‐HBs. Neither the antibody determination nor the leucocyte migration inhibition assay disclosed any significant difference between patients and staff which could explain the different course of the hepatitis B virus infection in the two groups.
HUMAN LEUCOCYTE MIGRATION: STUDIES WITH AN IMPROVED SKIN CHAMBER TECHNIQUE
Authors: Hellum Kjell B. , Solberg Claus O.
Published: August 2010

An improved skin chamber technique has been developed for the study of localized leucocyte mobilization (LLM). Uniform “windows” of denuded dermis were produced by a suction device applied to the forearm skin, eliciting delineated areas of epidermal separation by blister formation. The acellular blister fluid, roof and basement membrane were removed, and the blister base was covered with a rubber chamber containing autologous serum as leucocyte attractant. Duplicate chambers were harvested at prescribed intervals during the first 24 hours. In 15 healthy individuals, virtually no cells were observed after 2 hours, a median of 1.9 × 106 after 4 hours, increasing to 3.8 × 107 after 24 hours. Subnormal LLM was demonstrated in three of seven patients with severe bacterial infections and in three of seven leukaemia patients. LLM was normal in eight patients with other malignancies. Ninety to 98 per cent of the cells were polymorphonuclear neutrophils and less than 1 per cent were erythrocytes. In the chamber neutrophils, vacuolization of the cytoplasm was prominent, bactericidal capacity reduced and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction increased, thus indicating functional derangement of emigrated cells compared to peripheral blood neutrophils. Simplicity and good reproducibility should make this method a valuable tool in the study of leucocyte migration.
ELIMINATION OF PROTEIN A‐IgG COMPLEXES FROM THE BLOOD CIRCULATION IN RABBITS: ROLE OF SPLEEN AND LIVER
Authors: HÄllgren R. , StÅlenheim G. , Bill A.
Published: August 2010

We studied the elimination from rabbit circulation of soluble immune complexes made with staphylococcal protein A and rabbit IgG. In in vivo experiments the complexes were cleared from the circulation by the liver and spleen. In the saline perfused isolated liver there was rapid uptake of protein A‐IgG complexes which indicated that the elimination of these complexes by fixed tissue macrophages may occur independent of complement components.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASS OF ANTILYMPHOCYTE ANTIBODIES IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS PATIENTS AND THEIR FAMILIES
Authors: Searles Robert P. , Husby Gunnar , Messner Ronald P.
Published: August 2010

Antilymphocyte antibody (ALA) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was studied using an indirect immunofluorescent technique with air‐dried, acetone‐fixed lymphocytes. Ninety‐four per cent of patients with SLE and 65 per cent of their relatives had ALA. The ALA response in SLE patients involved antibodies of all classes. However, the ALA in their relatives was primarily of the IgM class. Restriction of the class of ALA in asymptomatic relatives is analogous to that seen with anti‐RNA antibodies and suggests that the switch to production of autoantibodies of the IgG class may be important in the pathogenesis of SLE.
SYNTHETIC DISACCHARIDE‐PROTEIN ANTIGEN FOR PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIC O2 ANTISERUM FOR IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE DIAGNOSIS OF SALMONELLA
Authors: SVENUNGSSON BO , LINDBERG ALF A.
Published: August 2010

Antisera from rabbits immunized with the synthetic disaccharide paratose 1→3 mannose, representative of Salmonella O‐antigen 2. covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA). were used in indirect immunofluorescence studies for the identification of Salmonella serogroup A (O‐antigen 1, 2,12) bacteria. Among 1311 enteric bacteria tested. 497 were Salmonella. The anti‐paratose 1→3 mannose‐BSA serum identified correctly all the 63 serogroup A strains tested. No positive reactions were recorded among 1248 strains representing Salmonella other than serogroup A, E, coli., Shigella, Citrobacter. Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia. Proteus, Pseudomanas, Acinetobacter, Vibrio, Yersinitia and Bacteroides. The study illustrates the high specificity of the antiserum elicited by immunization with the synthetic disaccharide‐protein immunogen.
CROSSED IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS ANTIGENS AND OF CORRESPONDING ANTIBODIES IN PATIENTS WITH MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE
Authors: Hoff Gerd Eva , Høiby Niels
Published: August 2010

Sixty‐three different antigens of Neisseria meningitidis groups A, B and C were demonstrated by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis against rabbit antiserum. The group‐specific polysaccharides A and C were identified in the immunoprecipitate pattern. The majority of the remaining antigens were common to all three groups of meningococci. A clearcut rise in antibodies was found in all of 27 patients with meningococcal meningitis or septicaemia. These antibodies were directed against both group‐specific antigens and common antigens. No such rise was seen among the 22 patients with purulent meningitis of non‐meningococcal etiology. Altogether 15 precipitins were detected in the patients with meningococcal disease. Nine of these antibodies could be identified by comparison with the rabbit antiserum. The antibody rise was semiquantified by means of a scoring system. The rise in the precipitin score of antibodies against common antigens in patients infected with group B meningococci was significantly higher than in patients infected with group A meningococci.
THE PREVALENCE AND POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE OF IgD GRANULOCYTE‐SPECIFIC ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODIES IN NEUTROPENIC AND NON‐NEUTROPENIC CASES OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: Wiik Allan , Permin Henrik
Published: August 2010

Sera from 21 rheumatoid arthritis patients with accompanying neutropenia (2000 neutrophils/μ1) and 45 rheumatoid arthritis patients without neutropenia were studied for the occurrence of IgD granulocyte‐specific antinuclear antibodies. Such antibodies were found in 67 per cent of the neutropenic and 18 per cent of the non‐neutropenic cases (p<0.001). The titres of IgD granulocyte‐specific antinuclear antibodies varied independently of the titres of IgD and complement‐fixing granulocyte‐specific antinuclear antibodies, but showed some covariation with granulocyte‐specific antinuclear antibodies of the IgA and IgM classes most probably reflecting a broad polyclonal antibody response to phagocyte nuclear antigens in the serologically highly active neutropenic cases. Gel filtration studies on selected sera containing IgD granulocyte‐specific antinuclear antibodies indicated participation of these antibodies in immune complexes. It is thus possible that IgD granulocyte‐specific antinuclear antibodies may have some significance for the rheumatoid inflammatory processes.
AN INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TEST FOR DETERMINATION OF RUBELLA VIRUS SPECIFIC IgM ANTIBODIES:
Authors: Skaug Kjell , Gaarder Per Ivar
Published: August 2010

Absorption of sera with protein A rich staphylococci eliminated unwanted secondary IgM staining caused by rheumatoid factors in the indirect immunofluorescence test for rubella virus antibodies. The absorption did not lower the sensitivity for IgM rubella antibodies as compared with the haemagglutination inhibition test on the IgM serum fractions obtained by ultracentrifugation.