bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syntactic Organization
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

This chapter completes the review of Jarawara syntax, by describing relative clauses and juxtaposed coordinate clauses (neither of which has any morphological marking), and com- paring the properties of different clause types. 24.4 briefly reviews f/m forms ending in -ro-/-ri, which recur throughout the grammar. Note that relative clauses in Jarawara all have a ‘restrictive‘ meaning, providing further specification of the reference of the CA in the main clause. I have not encountered any with a clearly ‘non-restrictive‘ meaning. As a natural consequence of this, all examples of relative clause constructions have the CA as 3rd person; there are no instances of 1st or 2nd person as CA.
Word Class Derivations
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

Jarawara has a number of ways of changing the word class of a lexical stem—by reduplication, by suffixation, and by altering the quality of the final vowel. These are dealt with in terms of the word class of the derived stem—possessed nouns in x25.1, free nouns in x25.2, verbs in x25.3, and adjectives in x25.4. Compounding is briefly dealt with in x26.1.2.
Prehistory
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

This chapter recapitulates some of the unusual and apparently irregular features of Jarawara grammar, and suggests a diachronic scenario which accounts for and explains a number of them. The discussion builds on earlier remarks-in 4.5.2 on the original - ha/-hi ending on verbs; in 6.1-2 on reconstruction of the original forms for tense-modal suffixes; in 16.4.5 on the biclausal origin for secondary verb constructions; and in 16.5 on occurrence of Oc ‘s in proto-Arawa‘ and developments in Jarawara. 27.1 states the main facts to be explained, and then 27.2 sets out a putative series of historical changes. Some other points in need of explanation are summarized in 27.3.
The soundscape of East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Goddard Cliff
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we first compare phoneme inventories in a sample of languages, and look at the patterns which govern how sounds can be combined to form syllables and words. Then we revisit the question of lexical tone. Finally we survey some ways in which phonology and morphology interact.

A word of caution at the onset. Linguists sometimes give the impression that identifying the phonemes of a language is a straightforward matter, but in reality there is often room for disagreement on matters of phonemic analysis. In the literature on certain languages of East and Southeast Asia the same phonemes are sometimes described in quite different terms and written with completely different symbols. Opinions can differ even about the number of phonemes in a particular language.
Writing systems
Authors: Goddard Cliff
Published: November 2023

Western linguists have often been disdainful of the written language. They have regarded language itself as primarily the spoken word, and writing merely as a medium for capturing the spoken word in a visible and stable form. For many people, however, especially in East Asia, the written form of a language is the language, and speech is regarded as an imperfect rendition of written words. In this book we take the view that people’s writing practices, and their ideas about writing, are an important part of the language culture of any society, and, as such, are worthy of study in their own right.
How to Know (that Knowledge-that is Knowledge-how)
Authors: Hetherington Stephen
Published: November 2023

In this paper I revive, refine, and apply an idea that has received undeservedly little epistemological attention over the past forty or so years. It concerns the nature of knowledge; and if it is correct, then knowledge is fundamentally not what most contemporary philosophers seemingly take it to be. I will try to render the basic idea more appealing, by showing how to embed it quite deeply within epistemology, and thereby how to redirect some core epistemological discussions. In short, I will suggest why the idea in question deserves to be more prominent in epistemology’s future than it has been in epistemology’s past.
Epistemology and Inquiry: the Primacy of Practice
Authors: Hookway Christopher
Published: November 2023

Epistemology, like ethics, studies part of our evaluative practice. We can provisionally characterize this practice by saying that it regulates our attempts to avoid error and arrive at accurate representations of reality, or perhaps by saying that it guides our search for knowledge of ourselves and of our surroundings. This characterization is provisional because part of our task here is to identify just what this practice regulates and to describe the vocabulary it should use in making these evaluations. It is also provisional because the evaluations we make use of in regulating this practice are not all epistemic: we can be concerned with whether particular beliefs are interesting or important, about whether methods of inquiry are ethical, about whether it would benefit us to believe some proposition for which we lack evidence, and so on.
Epistemic Finitude and the Framework of Inference
Authors: Grayling A C
Published: November 2023

Sit at an outdoor cafe table in a busy city square and watch people crossing streets, buying newspapers, locating and entering buildings, catching buses, checking the time, tying shoelaces, meeting acquaintances. Watch them for an hour, or for that matter five minutes, because it takes scarcely any time to reacquaint oneself, if reacquaintance were necessary, with a very familiar but signal fact, namely, that ordinarily competent human beings manifest a high level of success in navigating their environment, dealing with what they encounter in it, making appropriate judgements about it, rapidly correcting mistakes if such occur, and generally giving every evidence of acting with a large measure of rationality on the basis of largely true beliefs, or at least powerfully successful theories, about their spatiotemporal environment and how to deal with it.
The Cult of the Martyrs (1945-1947)
Authors: Mevius Martin
Published: November 2023

As presented in Chapter 5, the basic content of the MKP’s national policy was established in 1945. There were two chief aspects to the national line. First, the MKP presented itself as the party of Hungarian national interests. The previous chapters make it clear that the MKP continued this line throughout the coalition years. It supported national policies in domestic and foreign affairs whenever possible, that is, when they did not conflict with Soviet interests, and used national rhetoric to attack political opponents. Secondly, the party presented itself as heir to Hungary’s national traditions, and appropriated national Hungarian symbols. This part of the party’s national policy also continued after 1945.
The Cominform and the Nationalist Errors of the MKP (1947—1949)
Authors: Mevius Martin
Published: November 2023

The ‘national line’ of the Hungarian and other Eastern European communist parties had been established in 1941 by the Comintern, on Stalin’s instructions, to aid the parties in their struggle against the Germans. Partially to facilitate this policy, the Comintern was abolished in , which, it was hoped, would help the defence against the charge of being ‘agents of Moscow’. The ‘national line’ continued to be applied after the war, when it was a necessary accompaniment to the gradual, parliamentary route to power.
Conclusion
Authors: Mevius Martin
Published: November 2023

Returning to Szeged and once again marvelling at the Heroes’ Gate, it is now possible to answer some of the questions it raised. Demolishing the monument would not have done anything to improve the reputation of the MKP. Its destruction would have been interpreted as an act of revenge against the crushing of the revolution, and therefore would have pointed at the continuity with 1919 that the party was trying to downplay. Better then to render the ghosts of the past harmless by covering up the offensive murals and leaving the Gate as a memorial to the dead of the First World War.
Bletchley
Authors: Briggs ASa
Published: November 2023

Bletchley Park, to which Roy moved in April 1944 was a place of secrets, granted great publicity only almost half a century later. It was a site of national importance in the history of Intelligence. Yet the secrecy which had once protected it almost destroyed it, and at the beginning of the 1990s it was in danger of being converted into a housing estate. It was at Bletchley Park, then in its prime, that I got to know Roy. I had preceded him there by two years, neither of us arriving there directly from our universities, Oxford in his case, Cambridge in mine. The Park, surrounding an ugly and pretentious would-be country house, was conveniently located half-way between the two universities, and was then accessible by rail to both. At its peak around 10000 people worked there, all pledged to secrecy.
Backbencher
Authors: Watkins Alan
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1959 I was 26 years old and had just started to work for the Sunday Express. My duties were ill-defined. I was not an ordinary reporter. I was, I suppose, a very junior feature writer. Clearly, however, I was not as junior as all that: in my very first week on the paper, without previous journalistic experience of any kind, I had been required to write the political ‘Crossbencher’ column, then in its silver age, because the regular author of the column,Wilfred Sendall, was on holiday, and the editor of the paper, John Junor, had forgotten about his short absence. I would go down to the House of Commons on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday afternoons and was more or less Sendall’s deputy, continuing to write the column in his absence until I took it over completely in 1963.
Birmingham
Authors: Hattersley Roy
Published: November 2023

The relationship—intense if not passionate, loyal while it lasted—began inauspiciously. On his first visit to Birmingham, Roy Jenkins, like so many visitors to the city, lost his way. Arthur Jenkins— President of the Welsh miners’ union, member of the Labour Party’s National Executive, and Member of Parliament for Pontypool—supported Crossman at one of his public meetings and young Roy, on holiday from Abersychan Secondary School, went along with his father for the experience and the ride.
A Young Home Secretary
Authors: Allen Philip
Published: November 2023

Roy Jenkins’s first period of office as Home Secretary lasted less than two years—from 23 December 1965 to 29 November1967. Short as it was, it is not too much to say that it had a marked and lasting effect on the country ’s culture and social values. Many politicians would have been content to have achieved as much in a lifetime. The Home Office has never been an easy department, and had hardly covered itself in glory under Roy’s two predecessors, Henry Brooke and Frank Soskice. I had known Roy’s father when I worked with Clement Attlee during the war, and had taken an interest in following Roy’s career. I was not alone in looking to the appointment of this young reforming Home Secretary as giving hope for better things to come.
‘The Welsh Wrecker’
Authors: Marquand David
Published: November 2023

The 1970 election was a watershed in British history. It was also a watershed in the hitherto smoothly ascending career path of Roy Jenkins. It ushered in a period of economic crisis and political polarization, unprecedented since the end of the Second World War. Jenkins faced testing challenges and agonizing choices, which were to sweep him from the political moorings he had occupied for a quarter of a century. To remain true to himself and his beliefs, he had to slough off his old political skin, and grow a new one. He had to unlearn many of the habits and assumptions he had taken for granted for nearly a quarter of a century. Not least, he had to break away from the Labour Party, into which he had been born and in which he had spent his political life.
A Life in Caricature
Authors: Baker Kenneth
Published: November 2023

It is entirely appropriate that there should be one chapter in this book on the cartoons of Roy Jenkins. Writing in 1992 in a collection of cartoons about Europe, Roy had written, High quality political cartoons have an ability to summon up a mood or a situation with an economy and a vividness which very few paragraphs of prose can match. They also age well. Some jokes can make just as big an impact today as they did 30 or even 60 years ago. That is one reason why a leavening of cartoons, some photographs are necessary as well, makes much the best mixture in illustrated volumes of biography or autobiography.
President of the European Commission
Authors: Tickell Crispin
Published: November 2023

For Roy Jenkins his presidency of the European Commission from January 1977 to January 1981 was at once the culmination of his European career, the end of his ambition to be a Labour Prime Minister, the opportunity for a major international success, and a time of frustration and eventual disappointment. I was his Chef de Cabinet, or chief of staff, throughout. The role of the Cabinet in most European systems of administration is much more than that of any private office in Britain (as I found from previous experience as private secretary to three British ministers). In Brussels the Cabinet is the prime interface between politics and administration, and is accountable only to the President. It takes the broad view, gives advice on policy, writes many of its own briefs and speeches, often instructs the administration, works directly with the Cabinets
The European Achievement
Authors: Tugendhat Christopher
Published: November 2023

How many divisions has the Pope?’, Stalin once famously asked. The President of the European Commission’s position in relation to heads of state and government is somewhat analogous to that of the Pontiff vis-à-vis the great powers in the past, but much weaker as he lacks their 2,000 years of history and the mantle of the Almighty. He is entirely dependent in his dealings with them on his own strength of personality and intellectual fire-power. Only three presidents have overcome this handicap:Walter Hallstein, Roy Jenkins, and Jacques Delors. There is, however, a great difference between them. Hallstein and Delors were operating within the framework of a set of objectives agreed by heads of state and government. In an important sense they were the instruments of the Member States’ collective will and the architects of their design. They also each came from a country
Oxford’s Chancellor
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

Roy Jenkins’s 1979 Dimbleby Lecture, and the Limehouse Declaration of 1981, were greeted with great interest in Oxford, and perhaps especially in Balliol. In 1963, when I joined Balliol as a young don, I found a college with a mainly Labour SCR and a mildly Conservative JCR. By the end of the 1970s, when I had become Master, the JCR was home to many a Trotskyist and most of the SCR had lost patience with the Labour Party. No one was comfortable with Thatcherite conservatism, and by a number of the dons the creation of the SDP was warmly welcomed.
A Biographer’s Tale
Authors: Adonis Andrew
Published: November 2023

Roy Jenkins’s Asquith was the first political biography I read, stuck in boarding school at the age of 15 during the ‘winter of discontent’. I remember the vivid excitement, awe, and sense of drama at the unfolding story, and my admiration in equal measure for Asquith and Jenkins. The date I recall precisely, because I reached the last chapter and Asquith’s condemnation of the General Strike, his last political act, just as the campaign of strikes and union intimidation paralysed Britain in the spring of 1979. It seemed to me at the time that this marked the final destruction of Asquith’s liberal idealism and I was puzzled by Jenkins’s continuing allegiance to the Labour Party. My admiration was for his combination of the statesman and the biographer, re-creating so brilliantly the classical age of British parliamentary politics. I immediately went on to read Mr Balfour’s Poodle, Jenkins’s account of the struggle between Asquith’s government and the reactionary House of Lords, and immersed myself in political history.
St Albans in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Clark James G
Published: November 2023

In medieval England St Albans was a byword for the older monastic order. For Londoners like Geoffrey Chaucer there could have been no more familiar Benedictines. But even those beyond the capital could not have failed to recognize a name connected not only with the country ‘s own protomartyr but also, across the centuries, with countless prelates, scholars, and (even) books; it was a measure of the monastery ‘s fame that many popular works of the period—Alexander Nequam ‘s Denaturis rerum, Mandeville ‘s Travels—circulated with spurious St Albans credentials of their own.² The reasons for the abbey ‘s pre-eminence were rooted in the distant past.
Walsingham, History, and Literature
Authors: Clark James G
Published: November 2023

Thomas Walsingham was formed by the currents of educational reform and religious revival, and by the wider cultural and social changes, which reshaped St Albans in the second half of the fourteenth century. Like the monastic authors of a much earlier era, he cultivated a degree of anonymity and never wrote in detail about himself or the course of his own career. But on the rare occasions that he did refer to his own experiences, he acknowledged the debt he owed to his monastic contemporaries and to the atmosphere of learning, teaching, and scholarly enquiry which they had stimulated at St Albans.¹ Walsingham was directly affected by the educational programme of Abbot de la Mare.
Outer Limits, Choral Space
Authors: Martin Richard P
Published: November 2023

The Theatre of Dionysus as an arena for citizenship was every bit as politicized as the assembly area on the Pnyx, a few hundred yards from spectators’ seats on the slope of the Acropolis, or as the agora, on the other side of the hill. The similarities among these public performance venues, and the implications of their overlaps, have over the past three decades occupied critics of Athenian tragedy and comedy, as part of a much-needed larger effort to reimagine the cultural negotiations and contextualized meanings that one-time, live performance enabled. Froma Zeitlin’s work has been central in revitalizing the study of Greek drama along these lines. It is a pleasure to be able to offer this brief paradramatic paper as a token of the gratitude I owe for her deep personal generosity and unmatched scholarly inspiration during our years together at Princeton (1981-99).
The Invention of the Erinyes
Authors: Frontisi-Ducroux Fran¸coise
Published: November 2023

The story is well known: at the first performance of the Eumenides, the entry of the chorus of Erinyes allegedly aroused panic amongst the spectators.
Antifascism and Memory in East Germany
Authors: Mclellan Josie
Published: November 2023

AntiFascism and Memory in East Germany is a book about remembering and about forgetting, about war, and about the peace which eventually followed. In the unlikely setting of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), the Spanish Civil War became the subject of a debate which both predated and outlasted the Cold War, involving historians, veterans, politicains, censors, artists, writers, and Church activists. Examining these multiple memories and interpretations of Spain casts new and unexpected light on the legacy of the Spanish Civil War, and the relationship between history and memory under state socialism. The ruling Socialist Unity Party made full use of the antifascist legacy as legitimation for a non-democratic state. But despite dogged attempts at control and censorship, the state was unable to silence competing voices. All over East Germany, International Brigade veterans preserved their version of events - in letters to each other, in communications with the party, in discussions with friends and family around the kitchen table, and in memoirs written for the 'desk drawer'. For younger East Germans, the war retained an undeniably romantic aura. From their perspective, Spain was a far-away land to which they were forbidden to travel, the stuff of camp-fire singalongs and fantasies of adventure. This book dissects the relationship between state-sponsored history, the lobbying of veterans, cultural interpretations of war, and the memory traces left behind by marginalised or politically oppositional groups and individuals. It is a cultural history of memory under state socialism, a social history of veteran groups and their relationship with the state, and a political history of communist culture. Above all, it is the story of how post-war Europeans came to terms with the heavy burden of their pre-war past.
Belief in God
Authors: Mawson T J
Published: November 2023

Belief in God answers two questions: What, if anything, is it that Jews, Christians, and Muslims are agreeing about when they join in claiming that there is a God? and What, if any, prospects are there for rationally defending or attacking this claim? A highly accessible and engaging introduction to the philosophy of religion, this book offers full coverage of the key issues, from ideas about God ‘s nature and character to arguments for and against his existence. Author T. J. Mawson makes striking new claims and defends or attacks established positions in original ways. His conversational style, lively wit, and enlightening examples make Belief in God simultaneously instructive, thought-provoking, and enjoyable to read.
Omnipotence, Omniscience, Eternality
Authors: Mawson T J
Published: November 2023

God is the most powerful person there could be; he is omnipotent. The more powerful one is the more one can do, so one might suggest that we define an omnipotent being as a being who can do anything. This is a good starting point, but sadly we cannot rest completely content with this definition because there are questions over what exactly the word ‘anything’ should be taken to include. Consider these questions:
Perfect Freedom, Perfect Goodness, Necessity
Authors: Mawson T J
Published: November 2023

As with knowledge, Philosophers are not at all agreed about what freedom involves. Fortunately, as with knowledge, we do not need to know exactly what it involves to make some progress in understanding the traditional theistic claim that God is perfectly free. Most would agree that freedom requires or perhaps simply is the power to bring about what one wishes to bring about.1
The Problem of Evil
Authors: Mawson T J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I’m going to look at the argument against the existence of God, the Problem of Evil Why am I calling the Problem of Evil ‘the’ argument against the existence of God? Have I already covered some? Did you miss me doing so? Have you inadvertently skipped a chapter or two? Just as Kant divided arguments for the existence of God into three kinds: those that begin from determinate experience; those that begin from indeterminate experience; and those that begin from pure categories a priori, so one could divide all arguments against the existence of God into three kinds too: those that begin from determinate experience, which will be versions of the Problem of Evil, if evil is understood in a broad enough sense; those that begin from indeterminate experience, from the mere fact that there is a universe; and those that begin from pure categories a priori, i.e. those that seek to show that there is some incoherence in the concept of God.
Introduction
Authors: Caplan Jane
Published: November 2023

No one could accuse the Third Reich of being a topic neglected by historians, with something like 37,000 titles published so far, and still counting. But isn’t there a paradox here? On the one hand, few periods of human history, especially any as brief as this, can have been subjected to such intensive scrutiny, and on such a remarkably international scale. How can there possibly be anything new to be said about the twelve years of the Third Reich, or even the twenty-five years of National Socialism’s existence as a political movement? And on the other hand, surely there are few other periods of history on which the consensus view is so uniform, and so little divided by national loyalty.
Angelic Bodies, Demonic Bodies
Authors: Morfee Adrian
Published: November 2023

In the many texts written in the last five years of his life Artaud continued to write about the issues at the heart of his 1920s writings. Over thousands of pages he insists, with an urgency surpassing anything to be found in the earlier work, that neither his body nor his self belongs to him. From his arrival at Rodez in 1943 to his death in 1948 he developed a rapidly mutating, fantastical theoretical framework to explain this sense of alienation. His body and self are said to be at the centre of an ontological war pitching Artaud against all reality, and they are stolen by his parents, by his past, by demons, by society. Most especially, he came to decide after a complex engagement with theology and theologically overseen philosophies of language, they are stolen by God, the arch- parasite who, to come into existence, must penetrate and possess Artaud’s body.
Building the database (2): the lexical unit
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we guide you through the process of compiling entries for a monolingual database. The objective is to set out the lexicographic techniques needed for writing database entries, and to do this we need illustrative material. The language used to illustrate the practical points is English, but we hope that the techniques themselves may be adapted to fit the needs of any language.
Building the bilingual entry
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we guide you through the process of compiling entries for a bilingual dictionary. An outline of what is covered is given in Figure 12.1. Our objective in this chapter is to explain the lexicographic techniques needed for writing bilingual entries, and to do this we need illustrative material. Like the database explained in Chapter 9, our source language in this exercise is English. Our target language, for illustrative purposes, is French.
Interchanging Interpretations: Conclusion
Authors: Müller Herta , Moníková Libuše , Hensel Kerstin
Published: November 2023

My examination of the works of Herta Muller, Libuse Monikova, and Kerstin Hensel has pursued three main concerns: I considered ways of approaching the texts which recognize their social and political context as well as their aesthetic qualities, and the places where these coincide. I analysed images of the body, looking at how it can be represented in language and how these images participate in wider political discourses about the body within the Eastern Bloc countries of Romania, Czechoslovakia, and the GDR. Finally, I examined the narrative strategies employed by the three authors, which derive from their representations of the body and attempt to portray alternative views of reality. My focus has been the figures of trauma, hysteria, and the grotesque: in the works of Muller, Monikova, and Hensel, they are direct or indirect responses to the experience of the Eastern Bloc countries, and confirm ‘DaB dies der Osten ist Was im Kopf nicht aufhort’.
Music in the Holocaust
Authors: Gilbert Shirli
Published: November 2023

In Music in the Holocaust Shirli Gilbert provides the first large-scale, critical account of the role of music amongst communities imprisoned under Nazism. She documents a wide scope of musical activities, ranging from orchestras and chamber groups to choirs, theatres, communal sing-songs, and cabarets, in some of the most important internment centres in Nazi-occupied Europe, including Auschwitz and the Warsaw and Vilna ghettos. Gilbert is also concerned with exploring the ways in which music - particularly the many songs that were preserved - contribute to our broader understanding of the Holocaust and the experiences of its victims. Music in the Holocaust is, at its core, a social history, taking as its focus the lives of individuals and communities imprisoned under Nazism. Music opens a unique window on to the internal world of those communities, offering insight into how they understood, interpreted, and responded to their experiences at the time.
Hume on Causation: The Projectivist Interpretation
Authors: Beebee Helen
Published: November 2023

Hume’s views on causation are notoriously hard to pin down. The traditional interpretation takes Hume to be a naive regularity theorist: one event a causes another, b, just if a is prior to and contiguous with b. and events similar to a are constantly conjoined with events similar to b. Causation, on this view, just is regular association: there is no ‘tie’ or connection of any sort between a and b. The traditional interpretation of Hume has, of course, spawned an entire philosophical tradition, running from the logical positivists, through Quine, Davidson, and others, to David Lewis’s thesis of’ Humean supervenience’ (‘Humean’ because Lewis, in line vvith the traditional interpretation, regards Hume as a ‘denier of necessary connections’ (1986, p. ix)), and the industry of providing a reductive analysis of causation.
Medicine and Magic in Elizabethan London
Authors: Kassell Lauren
Published: November 2023

Simon Forman (1552-1611) is one of London's most infamous astrologers. He stood apart from the medical elite because he was not formally educated and because he represented, and boldly asserted, medical ideas that were antithetical to those held by most learned physicians. He survived the plague, was consulted thousands of times a year for medical and other questions, distilled strong waters made from beer, herbs, and sometimes chemical ingredients, pursued the philosopher's stone in experiments and ancient texts, and when he was fortunate spoke with angels. He wrote compulsively, documenting his life and protesting his expertise in thousands of pages of notes and treatises. This highly readable book provides the first full account of Forman's papers, makes sense of his notorious reputation, and vividly recovers the world of medicine and magic in Elizabethan London.
From a few sounds to many words
Authors: Burling Robbins
Published: November 2023

We need to grapple with a question that is easy to pose but hard to answer: Why did audible languages become dominant over visible languages? People who, because of deafness, cannot use a spoken language are able to develop sign languages that appear to be every bit as rich and as Flexible as the spoken languages of the majority. Spoken languages and signed languages each have their own special advantages, but both can be used for the same purposes. Animals, too, communicate with both visible gestures and with audible calls and cries. Yet in spite of their apparent equivalence, hearing people always choose spoken words in preference to gestured signs.
Introduction
Authors: Potter Jane
Published: November 2023

A battered pith helmet, a khaki pack, a canteen, and a shovel were kept in the garage of the house in Long Beach, California, where I grew up. They belonged to my step-great grandfather, James ‘Dada Jim’ Allan (1888—1950). An immigrant from Belfast, he joined the American Red Cross in 1915. When, two years later, the United States declared war he was inducted into federal service and served with the 101st Trench Mortar Battery as a Medical Sergeant (2821). His demobilization papers record the ‘battles, engagements, skirmishes, expeditions’ in which Jim Allan was involved: Chemin des Dames; Bois Brule (Apremont); Jury Woods; the 2nd Battle of the Marne (18 July—4 August 1918); the St Mihiel Offensive (Les Eparges); and the Battle of the Meuse (Bois d’Haumont, Bois d’Ormont, Bois Belleau). On 10 May 1918, he was gassed at Bois Brule (Apremont), and was subsequently awarded the Purple Heart. I never met Jim Allan; I know him only by the military memorabilia of his time in France and by photographs.
Before the Lamps Went Out: The Social and Literary Background of the Great War
Authors: Potter Jane
Published: November 2023

The literary responses of British women to the First World War can and should be put into an ideological and historical framework: the ways in which they represented their experiences in their novels and memoirs were mediated and informed by their learned values, earlier reading habits, and the social atmosphere in which they were raised. Although it is not possible to establish whether particular women read specific magazines or novels, an examination of representative texts illuminates the kinds of concerns, language, and themes that dominated the writing of the decade or so before the Great War. The Second Anglo-Boer War (1899—1902), in particular, provides models for the literary representations of the later war.
Putting Things in Their Right Places’:The War in Romance Novels
Authors: Potter Jane
Published: November 2023

She spoke in a low appealing voice, pressing up against him, as though she begged the soul in him that had been momentarily unconscious of her, to come back to her. He laughed, and the vision before his eyes broke up. ‘Darling, it’s adorable now to be a woman! How I shall think of you, when I’m out there away from all the grime and the horror sitting by this lake, and looking as you do now. ‘Will you ever have time to think of me George?’ She bent towards him. ‘Well, not when I’m going over the parapet to attack the Boches. Honestly, one thinks of nothing then but how one can get one’s men across. But you won’t come off badly, my little Nell for thoughts night or day. And you mustn’t think of us too sentimentally. It’s quite true that men write wonderful letters and wonderful verse too men of all ranks things you’d never dream they could write. I’ve got a little pocket- book full that I’ve collected.
I Alone am Left to Tell the Tale Memoirs by Women on Active Service
Authors: Potter Jane
Published: November 2023

It is quite impossible to keep pace with all the new incarnations of women in war-time—’bus-conductress, ticket-collector, lift- girl, club waitress, post-woman, bank clerk, motor-driver, farm-labourer, guide, munition maker. There is nothing new in the function of the ministering angel: the myriad nurses in hospital here or abroad are only carrying out, though in greater numbers than ever before, what has always been women’s mission. But whenever he sees one of these new citizens, or hears fresh stories of their address and ability, Mr. Punch is proud and delighted. Perhaps in the past, even in the present, he may have been, or even still is, a little given to chaff Englishwomen for some of their foibles, and even their aspirations. But he never doubted how splendid they were at heart; he never for a moment supposed they would be anything but ready and keen when the hour of need struck.
Introduction
Authors: Hanssen Jens
Published: November 2023

In the early 1880s, one of Beirut’s flourishing printing presses published the first six volumes of a monumental Arabic encyclopedia: Da’irat al-ma’arif, composed by Butrus al-BustanI. In the fifth volume, the city’s most prolific nineteenth-century writer and influential public intellectual dedicated ten pages to the long history of Beirut. The encyclopedia entry, which culminates in lists of architectural landmarks and demographic details, not only informs the reader of Beirut’s coordinates in the global grid of latitudes and longitudes, in the Arabic alphabetical order ‘Bayrut’ also ranges between the entries for Peru (Bayru) and Perugia (Bayruja). In a world of words, the city of Beirut had entered the academic stage of urban representations. In the Beirut entry of Da’irat al-ma’arif the entire history of the Eastern Mediterranean and Greater Syria-or Bilad al-Sham-is told as the story of the changing fortunes of this city.
The Intermediary Bourgeoisie and Municipal Politics
Authors: Hanssen Jens
Published: November 2023

‘Le réglement organique du nouveau cerde municipal de Beyrouth ... a été presque entierèment copié sur celui de Pera.’ Thus begins the first assessment of the newly created municipal council in Beirut in 1868. Its two authors, George Laurella and Edmond de Perthuis, were to occupy municipal posts until the 1877 law on provincial municipalities restricted membership of the council to Ottoman subjects. The report of these two European business-men-the former Austrian, the latter French-was full of praise for their local colleagues on the council, which was ‘composed of enlightened and highly spirited men. They capture all that is good for this city and country in this new institution that represents a new step on the road to reform and progress.
Provincial Architecture and Imperial Commemoration
Authors: Hanssen Jens
Published: November 2023

Monumental imperishability bears the stamp of the will to power. The last chapter ended with a discussion of Khalil Jibran’s unusual sketch for a ‘Syrian Opera of Beirut’. It may never have wielded any influence on Beirut’s urban fabric but the American experience of another Lebanese public figure was to provide a more lasting effect on Beirut’s architectural culture. Yusuf Aftimos (1866-1952), the leading Lebanese architect and urban planner in the first half of the twentieth century brought Ottoman architectural revivalism from Istanbul and the world exhibitions to Beirut at the end of the nineteenth century. This revival movement had multiple roots and took circuitous routes before it came to dominate Beirut’s public constructions in the last two decades of Ottoman rule.
Seven Years that Changed the World
Authors: Brown Archie
Published: November 2023

A rigorously argued and lively interpretation of the transformation of the Soviet system, the disintegration of the Soviet state, the end of the Cold War, and the role of Mikhail Gorbachev. Written by a leading authority on Soviet politics, this thoroughly researched book draws on new archival sources and puts perestroika in fresh perspective. Perestroika began as an attempt by a minority within the leadership of the Communist Party to reform the Soviet system. The decisive role was played by the new General Secretary, Mikhail Gorbachev. Perestroika (reconstruction) developed into an attempt to move from Communism to competitive elections and a market economy of a social democratic type. This 'revolution from above' had profound consequences, both intended and unintended. The latter included the dissolution of the Soviet state. Four of the ten chapters were written in 'real time' - in the second half of the 1980s while perestroika was still underway. The other six chapters provide an up-to-date discussion of such important issues as the stimuli to perestroika, its intellectual origins and development, its influence on other countries and their influence on developments in the Soviet Union, and the ending of the Cold War. Archie Brown takes issue with a number of popular interpretations of perestroika - and of the end of the Cold War - and draws on new archival sources in a book which is both clearly and vigorously argued and well documented.
Reconstructing the Soviet Political System
Authors: Brown Archie
Published: November 2023

It is important to put into context the remarkably bold attempts of the Gorbachev era to reform the Soviet political system. That means considering both the extent to which the Soviet system had already changed over time and the nature of the system Gorbachev inherited. In this way it should become clearer how the concept of political reform and actual political change under Gorbachev differ from past chapters of Soviet history.

The Soviet political system has undergone several changes, inasmuch as the powers of particular institutions have varied from one period to another. Thus, from approximately 1934 until his death in 1953, Stalin was probably more powerful than the rest of the Politburo put together. That was not the case in the 1920s, nor has any one of Stalin’s successors wielded such absolute power. Khrushchev did on occasion make policy without adequate consultation with his colleagues, and sometimes acted as if the First Secretary of the Central Committee (as the General Secretary’s post was known then) was not bound by any norms of collective responsibility. However, this style of rule—as well as the combination of the post of first secretary with the chairmanship of the Council of Ministers of the USSR—was part of his undoing. He became the first, and thus far the only, leader of the Soviet Communist Party whose political demise preceded his earthly one.
Character Before Content
Authors: Pietroski Paul M
Published: November 2023

Speakers can use sentences to make assertions. Theorists who reflect on this truism often say that sentences have linguistic meanings, and that assertions have propositional contents. But how are meanings related to contents? Are meanings less dependent on the environment? Are contents more independent of language? These are large questions, which must be understood partly in terms of the phenomena that lead theorists to use words like ‘meaning’ and ‘content’, sometimes in nonstandard ways. Opportunities for terminological confusion thus abound when talking about the relations among semantics, pragmatics, and truth.
Stalnaker and Indexical Belief
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2023

If you asked me why I am going to campus I might say, ‘‘I have a class to teach in half an hour.’’ I might add, if your question makes me doubt my own grasp on my schedule, ‘‘At least I believe I have a class to teach in half an hour.’’ In the first case I would have expressed my belief, and in the second case reported it. In both cases it would have been decidedly odd to use my name instead of the indexical ‘‘I’’. If I had said, ‘‘John Perry has a class to teach,’’ or ‘‘I believe John Perry has a class to teach,’’ it would have sounded like there must be some other John Perry who is going to hold a class I want to attend. Or perhaps I would have merely sounded self-important, like President de Gaulle did (with considerable justification) when he used to talk about himself in the third person.
The Language of Donation
Authors: Davies Wendy
Published: November 2023

The language used to record the making of gifts in these tenth-century Spanish texts is often brief and simple but it is also often very elaborate, and laced with pious explanations; in extreme cases it can be very convoluted. That may at first sight appear problematic but it is, on the contrary, rather helpful: while the genre is undoubtedly formulaic, there is a great wealth of different forms within these records; to dismiss this kind of writing as simply formulaic would miss a key to one level of understanding of process and relationships.1 The range of language deployed has to be taken into account and its significance explored.
Translation and Transference since 1932
Authors: Bradley Laura
Published: November 2023

It was only after the Second World War that Die Mutterreached a truly worldwide audience, and only in the 1970s and 1980s that it became popular among politicized theatres in England and Scandinavia. For these two reasons, this chapter is an appropriate point at which to focus on the play’s international reception and the problems of translation and transference. Although this approach interrupts my chronological discussion of German stagings, it actually continues my analysis of performance as a response to politico-cultural context by considering how, and how far, foreign-language productions have negotiated the differences between their audiences, Brecht’s German text, and its Russian subject-matter. Methodologically, my approach accords with the comparatively recent shift in emphasis in Translation Studies from linguistic transcoding to cultural transference. Following this ‘cultural turn’, most theorists now see the relationship between a text and its translations as culturally and historically conditioned. Indeed, Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere have even argued that translators sometimes need to avoid ‘faithful’ renditions in order to reach their target audiences.
A Short Introduction
Authors: Beall JC , Armour-Garb Bradley
Published: November 2023

Typical introductory essays aim to do one of two things (or both): either provide a synopsis of the individual essays or provide suffcient background material for the essays. This introductory essay is atypical. The essays in this volume are self-contained, for the most part, and the relevant background material is covered elsewhere.
The Garden as Epiphany
Authors: Cooper David E
Published: November 2023

The meaning of The Garden, if there is one, is what exemplary gardens exemplify. The Garden is appropriate to what it means through exemplifying it. Such was the thought announced at the end of the previous chapter and the one I develop in the present chapter. First, however, some further remarks on exemplification and related notions. Nelson Goodman, from whom I have borrowed the terminology, tends to provide fairly sober examples of this mode of meaning: the swatch that exemplifies its own colour, the painting that exemplifies a certain style, and so on.
Brighton
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard
Published: November 2023

Greene originally thought that Brighton Rock would be an ‘entertainment’. He changed his mind before the book was published, though not in time to stop the first American edition from being so described on the title page. Its roots in popular fiction are evident, both the classical detective story and the tough, fast-moving thriller on the American model. It also provides a mode of fictional mass- observation; it is immersed in the social behaviour and the sights, sounds and smells of Brighton on a few days of early summer in the mid-1930s. And it is the first of his novels to introduce overtly Catholic themes; among other things it is a moral fable about sin and damnation.
The Greene Man
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard
Published: November 2023

Greene liked putting the word ‘man’ in his titles: The Man Within, The Third Man, Our Man in Havana, The Tenth Man, No Man’s Land. In this spirit Marie-Françoise Allain called her collection of inter- views with him The Other Man and the first chapter ‘The Secret Man’. I continue the tradition in the title of this chapter, which gestures towards Greene’s interest in things that are green, and in persons named Green or Greene. Specifically, it recalls the Green Man, the pub in It’s a Battlefield where Conder meets the policeman Patmore. Maurice Bendrix is the first of the clearly identifiable Greene Men, though there are hints of them in D. and Arthur Rowe and Henry Scobie. Indeed, Norman Sherry, who loses no opportunity to identify Greene and his characters, remarks exaggeratedly that Scobie ‘is almost a clone of Greene himself ‘. Like many of Greene’s characters, Scobie is deeply weary and longs for peace; but he lacks the world-weariness, the cynicism, the experience with women, and the sexual jealousy that belongs to the fully-formed Greene Man. I am indebted to Sherry for pointing me towards this concept, even though I deplore his readiness to reduce novels to the raw material of biography.
How are Objective Epistemic Reasons Possible?
Authors: Boghossian Paul A
Published: November 2023

Epistemic relativism has the contemporary academy in its grip. Not merely in the United States, but seemingly everywhere, most scholars working in the humanities and the social sciences seem to subscribe to some form of it. Even where the label is repudiated, the view is embraced. Sometimes the relativism in question concerns truth, sometimes justification. The core impulse appears to be a relativism about knowledge. The suspicion is widespread that what counts as knowledge in one cultural, or broadly ideological, setting need not count as knowledge in another.