bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'ombre portée de 1914-1918 dans les années 1930
Authors: Garraud Philippe
Published: May 2010

Résumé D’une guerre à l’autre, on s’attache ici à souligner cinq différences majeures dans le domaine des croyances et des représentations de la politique de défense. La croyance en une guerre courte cède le pas à la représentation d’une guerre nécessairement longue où la production industrielle est déterminante. L’idéologie et la stratégie de « l’offensive à outrance » sont abandonnées au profit d’une nouvelle conception et d’une stratégie défensive. La nécessité d’assurer la protection du territoire national s’impose pour empêcher une « attaque brusquée » redoutée. La représentation de la valeur du capital humain se transforme également et le souci de limiter les pertes se substitue à l’indifférence à leur égard. Sur le plan moral, la crainte des « profiteurs de guerre » et des « embusqués » s’est actualisée en 1939-1940 dans des mesures visant à limiter ces phénomènes. Ces cinq changements majeurs sont le produit de l’expérience traumatisante de 1914-1918 et constituent une sorte d’ombre portée du premier conflit mondial sur le second.
La tentation « fasciste » des luttes anticoloniales Dai Viet
Authors: Guillemot François
Published: May 2010

Résumé Pourquoi et comment de nouvelles doctrines nationalistes Dai Viêt (Grand Viêt) ont-elles émergées après l’échec du parti national du Viêt-Nam (VNQDD) à Yen Bai en 1930. Cet échec et la forte répression coloniale qui s’ensuivit laissèrent dans la mémoire des nationalistes une trace profonde. Cependant, il fallait bien tirer les leçons politiques du soulèvement prématuré du parti révolutionnaire de Nguyên Thai Hoc. Les nationalistes révolutionnaires pensèrent alors que seule une doctrine solide dite « scientifique » permettrait de rallier et d’unifier le peuple dans la lutte pour l’indépendance. Vers le milieu des années 1930, la nécessité de repenser la révolution anticolonialiste s’imposa, sur le modèle lointain des doctrines fascistes européennes ou plus proche du panasiatisme. Dans cette perspective, la doctrine de la « Survivance du peuple » proposée par Truong Tu Anh, le chef du Dai Viêt Quôc Dân Dang (parti national du Grand Viêt-Nam) fait figure de modèle. Malgré leurs efforts pour la quête du pouvoir, les nationalistes Dai Viêt manquèrent l’occasion unique créée par l’effondrement du Japon impérial lors des journées d’août 1945.
Guerre totale, conflits de mémoire et culte des morts en RFA pendant la guerre froide
Authors: Echternkamp Jörg
Published: May 2010

Résumé Quels conflits de mémoire sont apparus en RFA, dans un régime pluraliste et qui justifie de son identité démocratique par la délimitation de la dictature du « Troisième Reich » ? Quelles ont été les diverses significations données à la seconde guerre mondiale dans le pays qui l’a provoquée ? Pour répondre à ces questions l’article met l’accent sur l’analyse du deuil des soldats morts de la Wehrmacht après 1945. Après avoir rappelé les événements historiques, notamment les crimes de guerre commis sur le front oriental ainsi que les conséquences de la « guerre totale », l’auteur explique d’abord le mythe de la Wehrmacht et sa destruction tardive dans les années 1990. Puis, il avance son argument central : pour pouvoir, dans une société démocratique, honorer publiquement la mémoire des soldats morts au combat du régime totalitaire nazi, s’est développé un culte des morts globalisé qui pouvait être instrumentalisé de différentes façons sur le plan politique. Cette commémoration historiquement indifférenciée n’a laissé place à une considération plus différenciée que depuis les années 1990.
Le Mouvement national algérien à Lyon
Authors: Atger Paul-Marie
Published: May 2010

Résumé Une guerre civile opposa, pendant la guerre d’Algérie, deux mouvements indépendantistes rivaux, le Front national de libération (FLN) et le Mouvement national algérien (MNA). De 1954 à 1962, l’affrontement entre ces deux partis causa, directement ou indirectement, la mort d’environ quatre mille personnes et en blessa douze mille autres. Ce conflit se déroula surtout en métropole : dès que le FLN réussit à prouver qu’il dirigeait effectivement les maquis, le MNA perdit presque tout soutien populaire en Algérie, ce qui ne l’empêcha pas de subsister en métropole. En prenant le cas d’une des plus grandes régions d’immigration algérienne, celle de Lyon, cet article cherche à expliquer comment le MNA, pourtant très marginal dès 1958, parvint à porter de durs coups au FLN jusqu’à la fin de la guerre. Après avoir retracé les principaux épisodes de la lutte entre le FLN et le MNA, il analyse la contre-société MNA et la construction de l’ethnicité qui la soutient. Il montre que les dirigeants locaux du MNA bénéficièrent à partir de 1959 de la connivence d’une partie de l’appareil d’État, notamment des Renseignements généraux, qui avaient réussi à faire d’un de leurs informateurs le chef du principal groupe de tueurs MNA de l’agglomération.
Tupamaros et dictature
Authors: Marchesi Aldo
Published: May 2010

Résumé Le rôle et les actions du mouvement guerillero Tupamaros dans le contexte démocratique et libéral des années 1960 sont des facteurs d’explication récurrents dans certaines lectures du coup d’État en Uruguay en 1973. Dans les débats publics, des milieux de l’armée et de la droite civile qui a participé au régime dictatorial tiennent les Tupamaros pour responsables de la situation de chaos et de menace institutionnelle que vit le pays, situation qui pouvait trouver une issue uniquement dans la voie de l’autoritarisme. Certains chercheurs ont pour leur part insisté sur le fait que les attitudes déloyales des Tupamaros ont entamé la légitimité du système démocratique et ainsi contribué au coup d’État, alors que d’autres n’ont vu dans l’émergence du Mouvement de libération nationale-Tupamaros qu’une conséquence de la crise politique et économique que vivait le pays. Le présent article évalue, à l’aune de la trajectoire du mouvement Tupamaros (naissance, développement et échec), les différentes interprétations en cours sur l’émergence de ce groupe armé et son incidence dans le coup d’État.
Faire la révolution et rentrer dans le rang
Authors: Chirio Maud
Published: May 2010

Résumé Le pouvoir militaire brésilien, né du coup d’État de 1964, est l’héritier paradoxal d’un idéal de forces armées « professionnelles », organisées selon les principes de hiérarchie et de discipline : la politique, qui divise et désagrège, doit être tenue à l’écart de la caserne. Le pouvoir ne peut donc être exercé que par des généraux, qui s’efforcent de réduire au silence et à la passivité leurs subordonnés. Pourtant, la militarisation de l’appareil d’État et la légitimation du régime par sa double nature militaire et « révolutionnaire » créent des conflits de légitimité. Autour de l’ambiguïté fondamentale d’un régime qui entend démobiliser son assise politique, l’armée, cet article présente quelques réflexions sur les pratiques politiques d’officiers sous la dictature, leurs conflits internes et les rapports entre pouvoir d’État et institution armée entre 1964 et 1985.
La politique sous la dictature argentine
Authors: Canelo Paula
Published: May 2010

Résumé Tout en questionnant les lectures économicistes et celles qui interprètent la dernière dictature argentine comme l’expression du mal ou du pouvoir absolu, cet article analyse les ambitieux objectifs politiques du Processus de réorganisation nationale, ainsi nommé par les militaires. L’auteur montre comment les profondes divergences entre les différents groupes qui participent au régime dictatorial ont, dans une large mesure, empêché la réalisation de ces objectifs.
La classe média brésilienne face au régime militaire
Authors: Fico Carlos
Published: May 2010

Résumé L’article vise à analyser les variations des classes moyennes et supérieures vis-à-vis du régime militaire instauré au Brésil par le coup d’État de 1964, et à contester la vision dominante, selon laquelle la dictature ne bénéficia jamais de l’appui de la société. Le coup d’État reçut le soutien de divers segments sociaux, galvanisés par une forte campagne anticommuniste, mais ce soutien se dilua en raison de la violence employée contre les manifestations étudiantes de 1968. De jeunes étudiants allaient grossir les rangs des organisations de gauche qui avait choisi la lutte armée, tandis que leurs parents profitaient du régime au temps du « miracle économique brésilien ». Avec la fin de celui-ci, l’opinion publique exerça des pressions sur la dictature, exigeant l’amnistie des persécutés et le retour à l’élection du président de la République au suffrage universel. Ces mouvements ont fait oublier les phases antérieures où le régime bénéficiait d’un large soutien.
1968 au Brésil
Authors: de Moraes Ferreira Marieta
Published: May 2010

Résumé L’article analyse les événements de l’année 1968 au Brésil, plus précisément à Rio de Janeiro, en plaçant le mouvement étudiant au centre de l’étude. À partir des Mémoires et témoignages des leaders étudiants et des principaux quotidiens ( O Globo , Correio da manhã , Jornal do Brasil ), l’auteur cherche à comprendre les spécificités du mouvement étudiant brésilien, ses principaux mots d’ordre et l’impact de la conjoncture internationale sur les manifestations au Brésil.
L'homme révolté
Authors: Gouiffès Alain
Published: May 2010

Résumé Comme beaucoup d’autres personnes qui connaissent Frantz Fanon de nom, j’ai peu lu son œuvre écrite. Mais autrefois, acheter, et non voler, les livres de la petite collection Maspero, qui l’éditait, à la librairie du quartier Latin « La joie de lire » à Paris paraissait déjà un acte militant.
Malaise dans la civilisation, civilisation des malaises
Authors: Filhol Olivier
Published: May 2010

Résumé Aujourd’hui, nos sociétés « modernes » et policées sont de plus en plus gagnées par la peur, le désespoir et la violence. À côté de la violence brutale qui se répand dans le monde et qui se décline par des guerres avec leur cohorte de massacres et de génocides, il est d’autres formes de violences plus subtiles, plus discrètes, qui paraissent moins visibles et plus acceptables parce que plus quotidiennes.
Le goût des mots
Authors: Pachès Vincent , Drogou Annick
Published: May 2010

Résumé Poussé par des vents contraires, le navire partait à la dérive. Ils s’étaient réfugiés dans la cale. Un espace exigu. Les corps immanquablement se touchaient. Avec la houle extérieure, le mouvement devenait incontrôlable. C’était gênant. Personne n’osait parler.
Congruence du parcours de Frantz Fanon
Authors: Fanon France-Lyne
Published: May 2010

Résumé « ... Je veux ma voix brutale, je ne la veux pas belle, je ne la veux pas pure, je ne la veux pas de toutes dimensions. Je la veux de part en part déchirée, je ne veux pas qu’elle s’amuse car enfin, je parle de l’homme et de son refus de la quotidienne pourriture de l’homme, de son épouvantable démission... » Peau noire, masques blancs.
L'actualité de Frantz Fanon, psychiatre martiniquais
Authors: Charles-Nicolas Aimé
Published: May 2010

Résumé Les notices biographiques de Frantz Fanon font référence tout autant au Martiniquais qu’au psychiatre. Elles le présentent comme théoricien anticolonialiste né à la Martinique, parfois comme penseur visionnaire, souvent simplement comme psychiatre martiniquais .
Quelle réparation pour le psychotrauma?
Authors: Bencharif M.A. , Ridouh Bachir
Published: May 2010

Résumé Le choc émotionnel ou « blessure invisible » est l’effet le moins manifeste et souvent le moins bien compris du psychotrauma. Il peut constituer pour certaines personnes une véritable fracture existentielle, un véritable bouleversement de l’organisation psychique.
Fanon, psychiatre encore et toujours
Authors: Berthelier Robert
Published: May 2010

Résumé C’est une bien étrange destinée que celle de ce psychiatre praticien que la volonté d’assumer et de dépasser sa « négritude » dans un militantisme permanent amena à devenir le héraut de la lutte des peuples de couleur, le chantre des damnés de la terre, le prophète de la révolution africaine, de l’anticolonialisme et de l’antiracisme.
Cette lettre oubliée. Récits d'un exil
Authors: Matamala-Verschelde Gisèle , Terral Daniel
Published: May 2010

Résumé Le 6 janvier 2004, la librairie toulousaine Ombres blanches accueillait, dans le cadre de ses rencontres avec les auteurs, Gisèle Matamala-Verschelde, pour son ouvrage Cette lettre oubliée. Récits d’un exil , présenté en ces termes :
Dépôt
Authors: Drogou Annick , Pachès Vincent
Published: May 2010

Résumé Un brin de bonheur entr’aperçu dans le possible d’un aiguillage. C’est si vrai, qu’il peut venir à vous. Posté en gare de ville, il déposait contre toute attente son impatience quotidienne. Dans l’excuse de trop bien faire, de s’asseoir, d’aller et venir. Et cet autre introuvable, qui le lui avait imposé ?
Clinique et transmission : le geste de l'écriture
Authors: Ossorguine Marc
Published: May 2010

Résumé Ce texte est issu d’un travail collectif conduit par l’équipe des formateurs du centre. Il a été présenté aux Rencontres de Saint-Alban sur le thème : « La transmission de l’expérience clinique en question. »
Pour une réforme de la protection de l'enfance
Authors: Kerr David
Published: May 2010

Résumé Le Conseil supérieur du travail social a été invité par Fabienne Quiriaux, conseillère de Philippe Bas, à apporter son expertise au ministre délégué à la Sécurité sociale, aux Personnes âgées, aux Personnes handicapées et à la Famille, à formuler ses avis et suggestions pour la future loi-cadre de la protection de l’enfance permettant d’améliorer la cohérence du dispositif et les pratiques des professionnels de terrain. Il l’a fait lors de sa séance plénière du 10 février 2006. Tout d’abord, le csts a souhaité réaffirmer les principes fondamentaux qui doivent présider à toute loi de protection de l’enfance, avant de faire des propositions pour son amélioration et pour la mise en œuvre.
Oui à l'évaluation, non à la démarche qualité…
Authors: Ladsous Jacques
Published: May 2010

Résumé C’est dans le groupe de travail dont la mission était de montrer comment mettre en œuvre l’ambition de rendre l’usager plus présent et plus participant à son propre cheminement que la question de l’évaluation a été traitée. Voici quelques extraits du rapport de ce groupe qui paraîtra aux Éditions de l’ ensp (devenues l’École des hautes études de la santé depuis le 1 er janvier 2007). Ces réflexions avaient fait l’objet d’une journée d’échange avec Jacques Ardoino, professeur émérite des sciences de l’éducation à l’université Paris VIII dont il nous semble important de rappeler l’essentiel (même si Lien social en a publié quelques extraits en son temps).
Les cemea et la réforme des hôpitaux psychiatriques
Authors: Daumezon Georges
Published: May 2010

Résumé Du 20 au 26 septembre dernier, les instructeurs permanents et bénévoles des Centres d’Entraînement se sont réunis à Caen, au nombre de six cents environ, pour y célébrer le vingtième anniversaire de la création de notre association. Dans le cadre moderne de l’université reconstruite, ils ont fait ensemble le bilan de la tâche accomplie depuis 1937 et le choix des travaux les plus urgents parmi tous ceux qui les sollicitent. C’est la première fois qu’ils se rassemblaient en aussi grand nombre dans une manifestation intérieure qui fut, avant tout, celle de leur amitié et de leur unité. Il était nécessaire que les équipes de travail qui représentent les ceméa aussi bien en France métropolitaine que dans les territoires d’outre-mer et à l’étranger, et qui poursuivent dans des milieux aussi divers une même tâche, se rencontrent pour mieux se connaître et pour découvrir à travers leurs expériences particulières l’étroite solidarité de toute notre action. Une journée officielle fut plus particulièrement consacrée au vingtième anniversaire. L’après-midi de cette journée fut réservée à la relation par diverses personnalités de « témoignages » précisant l’action des Centres d’Entraînement dans différents domaines. Nous avons pensé qu’il était intéressant de publier dans Vie Sociale et Traitements l’intervention de Georges Daumezon sur l’action des ceméa dans le perfectionnement des infirmiers des hôpitaux psychiatriques.
The WebQuest: Constructing Creative Learning
Authors: Sanford Julie , Townsend-Rocchiccioli Judith , Trimm Donna , Jacobs Mike
Published: May 2010

An exciting expansion of online educational opportunities is occurring in nursing. The use of a WebQuest as an inquiry-based learning activity can offer considerable opportunity for nurses to learn how to analyze and synthesize critical information. A WebQuest, as a constructivist, inquiry-oriented strategy, requires learners to use higher levels of thinking as a means to analyze and apply complex information, providing an exciting online teaching and learning strategy. A WebQuest is an inquiry-oriented lesson format in which most or all of the information learners work with comes from the web. This article provides an overview of the WebQuest as a teaching strategy and provides examples of its use.
Ready, Set, Teach! How to Transform the Clinical Nurse Expert into the Part-Time Clinical Nurse Instructor
Authors: Hewitt Peggy , Lewallen Lynne Porter
Published: May 2010

Many schools of nursing are hiring part-time clinical instructors with little or no teaching experience. Although they contribute greatly to student nurses’ clinical experience, many do not realize the commitment they are making when they accept such a position. If key issues are addressed before new part-time clinical instructors begin teaching, the transition could be made more smoothly. An in-depth orientation, awareness of the need for preparation for clinical rotations, and strategies to assist students in achieving course objectives can guide new instructors as they begin this venture. Preparing new part-time clinical instructors from the beginning will give them a more accurate picture of clinical education, increasing their recruitment and retention and providing students with quality learning experiences.
Strength Training for the Young Athlete
Authors: Young Warren K. , Metzl Jordan D.
Published: May 2010

CME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

1.

Identify the concept of strength training in young athletes and provide a historical background on changing attitudes toward this practice over the past several decades.

2.

Discuss the proven benefits of strength training in young children and adolescents.

3.

List guidelines for safe and effective strength training in children and adolescents.
Functional Implications of Vitamin B
12
Deficiency
Authors: Cadogan Mary P.
Published: May 2010

Vitamin B
12
deficiency is a common but underrecognized problem in older adults. Historically, B
12
deficiency was diagnosed once a severe
pernicious anemia
developed. Scientific developments have led to a new understanding of a broader spectrum of B
12
deficiency and identification of a milder form of deficiency associated with food/vitamin B
12
malabsorption. Using an individual example, this article describes the functional impact of vitamin B
12
deficiency and highlights modern approaches to diagnosis and treatment.
The Importance of Plain Radiography in the Evaluation of Radiculopathy After Failed Diskectomy
Authors: Bronson Wesley H. , Koehler Steven M. , Qureshi Sheeraz A. , Hecht Andrew C.
Published: May 2010

Herniated disks in the lumbar spine are the leading cause of patient visits to spinal surgeons in the United States. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the diagnostic test of choice in patients with a herniated disk, plain radiographs can provide important information and should remain a standard part of the diagnostic workup in any patient indicated for revision spine surgery.

This article describes a case of a 36-year-old man with a >6-month history of worsening lumbar radiculopathy who was diagnosed with lumbar disk herniations based on MRI alone and underwent 2 unsuccessful attempts at microdiskectomy at another institution. Further workup by the senior author (A.C.H.), which included initial plain radiographs followed by computed tomography, demonstrated a large disk herniation with a markedly calcified annulus as the continuing source of neurologic compression. The patient underwent revision lumbar decompression with attention being paid to the removal of the calcified annulus and disk material that resulted in complete resolution of his symptoms.

Although MRI is the diagnostic test of choice in the evaluation of spinal pathology, plain radiographs can provide important additional information that can be vital to the successful outcome of patients undergoing revision spinal surgery.
Botulinum Toxin as a Solution in Voluntary Hip Dislocation After Modular Unipolar Hemiarthroplasty
Authors: Eren Abdullah , Ozkan Korhan , Unay Koray , Sahin Adem , Poyanli Oguz
Published: May 2010

This article presents a case of an 82-year-old woman with Alzheimer's disease who was treated with a modular unipolar hemiarthroplasty for a right femoral neck fracture, which she voluntarily dislocated 3 times in the first postoperative week. The hip was stable in all directions, even in 60° internal rotation, 0° abduction, and 90° flexion. The patient was mobilized 1 day postoperatively with full weight bearing. She dislocated her hip on postoperative day 3 while lying on her bed. After the dislocation, reduction under sedation was done again followed by a botulinum toxin injection of 50 IU to her adductor muscle group (including adductor longus, brevis, and magnus). The patient was mobilized after the injection and she had no difficulty walking. During the 6 months after the injection, no dislocation occurred again. Botulinum toxin decreases muscle activity by blocking the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, thereby rendering the muscle unable to contract for up to 3 to 4 months. This method of botulinum injection can be applied to noncompliant patients with mental problems as an alternative conservative and surgical approaches.
Simultaneous Reconstruction of Quadriceps Tendon Rupture after TKA and Neglected Achilles Tendon Rupture
Authors: Lee Yong Seuk , Min Byoung-Hyun , Han Kyeong-Jin , Cho Jae Ho , Han Seung Hwan , Lee Doo-Hyung , Oh Kyung Soo
Published: May 2010

We report a case of simultaneous reconstruction of a quadriceps tendon rupture after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and neglected Achilles tendon rupture, which occurred before TKA with an ipsilateral hamstring autograft.

A 64-year-old woman presented with persistent right knee pain. She also had right heel pain and had received multiple steroid injections at the knee joint and heel. On examination, she showed osteoarthritis in the medial and lateral compartments of the knee joint and an Achilles tendon rupture in the ipsilateral limb. There was skin dimpling and the proximal portion of tendon was migrated. We performed TKA, and the postoperative course was satisfactory. She returned 3 months postoperatively, however, with skin dimpling around the suprapatellar area and weakness of knee extension. Her ankle symptoms were also aggravated because she could not use the knee joint freely. We performed simultaneous reconstruction of the quadriceps tendon and the Achilles tendon using an ipsilateral hamstring autograft.

Hamstring autograft offers a good alternative treatment option for rupture repair, particularly with concommitant ruptures of multiple sites when primary repair is not possible or the viability of repaired tissue is poor.
Risk of Refractive Pathology After Spontaneously Regressed ROP in Emmetropic Patients
Authors: Morrison David G. , Emanuel Matthew , Donahue Sean P.
Published: May 2010

Purpose:

To evaluate the development of refractive error abnormalities after a normal first examination in children with spontaneously regressed retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Methods:

Two hundred twenty-six children with a history of spontaneously regressed ROP who had a cycloplegic refraction prior to 18 months of age were examined by a pediatric ophthalmologist. Children with a history of threshold ROP, strabismus, or a structural abnormality of the eye were excluded. A normal cycloplegic retinoscopy was defined as plano to less than +3.5 diopters of hypermetropia, less than +1.50 of symmetric astigmatism, and no anisometropia greater than 1.5 diopters in any meridian.

Results:

Of the 226 children, 87 had a second examination and cycloplegic refraction at a mean of 2 years after the initial visit. In 63 of the children, the second examination and refraction remained normal. Three (3.4%) children had significant refractive error and were treated with spectacles: two had anisometropia and one had myopic astigmatism. Twenty-one had symmetric low magnitude myopia that did not warrant treatment.

Conclusion:

Children with spontaneously regressed ROP and no significant refractive error on cycloplegic retinoscopy at first follow-up examination have a risk of developing ametropia that is similar to that of the general population. Such children can likely be observed with a verbal vision screening in the pediatrician's office at 3 to 4 years of age.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:141–144.]
Congenital Pupillary-Iris-Lens Membrane With Goniodysgenesis: Histopathologic Findings in an Enucleated Eye
Authors: Demidenko Alexander , Jakobiec Frederick A. , Hanna Eissa , Walton David S.
Published: May 2010

A 10-year-old boy with clinically confirmed congenital pupillary-iris-lens membrane with goniodysgenesis underwent light microscopic examination of the enucleated eye. The anterior segment changes consisted of the absence of the iridial pupillary sphincter muscle and dilator muscle processes. Endothelialization and descemetization of the anterior chamber angle and the anterior surface of the iris covered the original eccentric pupillary opening (occlusio pupillae), but grew around the fibrotic edges of the surgically created, patent pseudopupil, probably secondary responses to surgery. The anterior chamber findings in this case establish a localized syndrome that includes absence of the pupillary sphincter and dilator muscle processes. Incomplete development of the iris may be partly attributable to an abnormality of stromal development and inductions by the anterior neuroectodermal layer, together with anomalies of the pupillo-iridial vasculature.
[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:178–182.]
Pediatric Uveitis Secondary to Probable, Presumed, and Biopsy-Proven Sarcoidosis
Authors: Choi Daniel E. , Birnbaum Andrea D. , Oh Frederick , Tessler Howard H. , Goldstein Debra A.
Published: May 2010

Purpose:

To describe pediatric patients with uveitis diagnosed as having sarcoidosis.

Methods:

Medical records of pediatric patients evaluated between 1987 and 2008 were reviewed to identify those with ocular inflammation in whom a diagnosis of sarcoidosis was considered. A classification system including ocular findings and results of laboratory testing was devised and used to classify likelihood of sarcoidosis.

Results:

Four hundred sixty children younger than 17 years were evaluated. Based on the classification system designed, 13 patients (2.8%) had probable, presumed, or definite sarcoidosis. The mean age was 11.6 years (range: 5 to 16 years). Elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme was measured in 6 patients and lysozyme in 5 patients. Five of 12 patients in whom chest imaging was performed had signs of sarcoidosis. Anterior segment involvement was non-granulomatous more often than granulomatous. Seven patients had multifocal choroiditis and 4 patients had retinal periphlebitis.

Conclusion:

Ocular sarcoidosis is uncommon in children, even at a tertiary referral center. Pulmonary involvement was detected in slightly less than half of the patients who had imaging, in contrast to previous reports of almost universal lung involvement in children 8 to 15 years old. The classification system of presumed, probable, and definite sarcoidosis presented may be useful in clinical practice.
Functional Results of the Surgical Repair of a Lacerated Canaliculus in Children
Authors: Kwitny Alla , Baker John D.
Published: May 2010

Purpose:

This study examined the functional success of surgical repair of lacerated canaliculi in a pediatric population.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was performed on 46 patients who had surgical repair of a lacerated canaliculus. Functional success was defined as no tearing or discharge present at the end of treatment.

Results:

Forty-four of the 46 patients had repair with a Crawford tube. Of these, 39 presented for postoperative follow-up. Two patients had some tearing present at the time of tube removal. Eight patients whose tube fell out or was pulled out by the patient had no symptoms at their last visit. Fourteen patients were able to be contacted by phone for follow-up more than a year after treatment and 13 were symptom free. The child with reported discharge was more than 2 years post treatment and had not scheduled any return appointments to seek treatment.

Conclusion:

Surgical repair of a lacerated canaliculus using a Crawford silicone tube in the pediatric population has an excellent chance of having a good functional outcome with no tearing or discharge present.
Potential Adverse Effects of Discontinuing Psychotropic Drugs: Part 1: Adrenergic, Cholinergic, and Histamine Drugs
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: May 2010

Understanding drug pharmacology and mechanism of action can help explain not only therapeutic effects and side effects, but also potential adverse effects when drugs are discontinued. This series of articles will broadly review the potential adverse effects associated with the discontinuation of various psychotropic drugs. This first article focuses on adrenergic, cholinergic, and histamine drugs. After chronic use, abruptly stopping adrenergic receptor drugs can cause rebound anxiety, restlessness, and heart palpitations. Abruptly stopping anticholinergic drugs can lead to an anticholinergic discontinuation syndrome characterized by cholinergic rebound, symptoms of which include nausea, sweating, and urinary urgency. Discontinuation of acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitor drugs may be associated with mild anticholinergic-like effects such as dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision. Abrupt discontinuation of histamine-blocking drugs can be associated with activation, insomnia, and a mild anticholinergic withdrawal syndrome. Tapering, rather than abruptly discontinuing, medication can avoid or minimize medication discontinuation effects.
Update on Autism and Vaccines
Authors: McGuinness Teena M. , Lewis Shannon
Published: May 2010

As the rate of autism spectrum disorders rises, parents are searching for answers. In this article, a small study that fueled the belief in an association between autism and vaccines is reviewed, and the scientific evidence regarding the relationship between autism and vaccines is explored.
Comparison of Corneal and Total Ocular Aberrations Before and After Myopic LASIK
Authors: Gatinel Damien , Adam Pierre-Alexandre , Chaabouni Slim , Munck Jacques , Thevenot Maud , Hoang-Xuan Thanh , Pieger Stefan , Fujieda Masanao , Bains Harkaran S.
Published: May 2010

PURPOSE:

To assess the compensation of total ocular and corneal wavefront aberrations after conventional myopic LASIK.

METHODS:

This study comprised 57 eyes of 57 patients. Total and corneal aberrations were measured preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively using the OPD-Scan (NIDEK Co Ltd) aberrometer. Total and corneal aberrations root-mean-square (RMS) was calculated out to the 6th Zernike order for a 6.0-mm pupil diameter. The percentage increase postoperatively was defined by the ratio of RMS pre- and postoperatively for each corneal and total eye group. The compensation between corneal and internal aberrations for a given aberration group was defined as: (corneal aberration group RMS — total eye aberration group RMS)/corneal aberration group RMS.

RESULTS:

Postoperatively, higher order aberrations increased by a factor of 1.77±1.26 (total) and 2.47±2.25 (corneal) (
P
<.05). Coma aberration increased by a factor of 2.43±2.61 (total) and 2.56±2.66 (corneal). Spherical aberration increased by a factor of 1.46±1.83 (total) and 2.64±2.24 (corneal). The values of the ratio of compensation did not change significantly before and after LASIK for individual aberrations (
P
>.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Although myopic LASIK induced signifi-cant corneal aberrations, the level of partial compensation of corneal aberrations by internal structures remained unchanged. These results suggest that the previously described emmetropization that is effective during development may also be effective with acquired variations in corneal shape. [
J Refract Surg
. 2010;26:333–340.]
Computer-Assisted Image Processing for a Simulated Stereo Effect of Ocular Fundus and Fluorescein Angiography Photographs
Authors: Chen Lee-Jen , Yeh Shu-I
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To report computer-assisted image processing for a simulated stereo effect of fundus and fluorescein angiography (FAG) digital photographs in patients with ocular fundus pathology.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Fundus red-free and FAG photographs of patients with a variety of ocular fundus pathologies were digitized and then processed with the sketch bas relief filter of Adobe Photoshop software (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA) to create a stereo-like carved image. The images were compared with indirect slit-lamp biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for accuracy and reliability in showing ocular pathology.

RESULTS:

The bas relief filter could transform ocular fundus and FAG photographs into images carved in relief. Dark areas of the fundus image took on the background color, and light colors used the foreground color. A variety of ocular fundus pathologies with fluorescein dye leakage in the FAG were found to be elevated lesions after image processing with the bas relief filter. Image misinterpretations might occur and can be avoided with careful examination of the ocular fundus with indirect slit-lamp biomicroscopy and OCT.

CONCLUSION:

Computer-assisted image processing for a simulated stereo effect of fundus and FAG photographs is a simple and assessable method of image processing that decreases the complexity of ocular fundus and FAG photographs for patient interpretation. It might be a useful tool in assisting physician–patient communication by creating pseudo three-dimensional images and highlighting ocular fundus pathology.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:293–300.]
Comparison of Macular Thickness Measurement and Segmentation Error Rate Between Stratus and Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Modjtahedi Sara , Chiou Christine , Modjtahedi Bobeck , Telander David G. , Morse Lawrence S. , Park Susanna S.
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To compare macular thickness measurements and segmentation error rates between Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA), and Fourier-domain OCT (RTVue, Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

A retrospective study was performed of 93 normal and pathologic eyes from 79 subjects imaged with both OCT instruments on the same day. Both the macular thickness measurement for each Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) zone and the incidence of segmentation error in the central macula between the two instruments were compared.

RESULTS:

Macular thickness measurements for all nine ETDRS zones were higher with RTVue compared with Stratus OCT (
P
< .01). Linear regression analysis showed the highest correlation in the central macula (R
2
= 0.88), with progressively lower correlation peripherally. The overall segmentation error rate was 29% with Stratus OCT versus 32% with RTVue (
P
> .05).

CONCLUSION:

Macular thickness measurement was greater with RTVue than with Stratus OCT in all ETDRS areas, with the best correlation seen in the central macula. No difference in segmentation error rate was noted between the two instruments.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:301–310.]
Ultra-Wide–Field Imaging for Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
Authors: Mudvari Sachin S. , Virasch Vanee V. , Singa Ramesh M. , MacCumber Mathew W.
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To compare the Optomap imaging system (Optos PLC, Dunfermline, Scotland) with conventional fundus photography in patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Patients treated at Rush University for acquired immune deficiency syndrome and CMV retinitis were studied prospectively. Conventional nine-field photography and Optomap ultra-wide–field photography were performed on the same day. A patient satisfaction questionnaire was completed. The main outcome measures were total retinal area imaged, area of CMV retinitis imaged, and patient satisfaction.

RESULTS:

Twelve eyes met the inclusion criteria. Ultra-wide–field imaging captured 48.3% greater retinal area and 40.0% greater CMV retinitis area compared with standard photography. Standard photography missed peripheral CMV lesions in two eyes. The patient satisfaction survey indicated a preference for ultra-wide–field imaging based on increased comfort and decreased imaging time.

CONCLUSION:

The ultra-wide–field Optomap imaging system tended to capture greater areas of total retina and peripheral CMV retinitis lesions. Patients tended to prefer ultra-wide–field imaging because of the perceived time requirements and comfort of use.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:311–315.]
Phacoemulsification and Trabeculotomy Combined With Goniosynechialysis for Uncontrollable Chronic Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Authors: Kiuchi Yoshiaki , Tsujino Chieko , Nakamura Takao , Otori Yasumasa , Mochizuki Hideki
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To assess and explore the effectiveness of phacoemulsification and trabeculotomy combined with goniosynechialysis in lowering intraocular pressure in eyes with uncontrollable chronic angle-closure glaucoma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

The medical charts of 24 eyes of 22 patients with chronic angle-closure glaucoma were reviewed retrospectively. The probability of successful treatment in 12 eyes that had earlier glaucoma attacks and 12 that did not have an attack were evaluated with Kaplan–Meier life-table analysis with the target pressure set at 15 mm Hg.

RESULTS:

Mean preoperative intraocular pressure for all eyes was 33.3 ± 12.0 mm Hg and decreased to 11.8 ± 2.3 mm Hg. The success rate was 86.6% at 1 year after surgery. Life-table analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the two groups.

CONCLUSION:

Phacoemulsification and trabeculotomy combined with goniosynechialysis is an effective surgical treatment for chronic angle-closure glaucoma in eyes with or without a previous glaucoma attack.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:348–354.]
Half-Moon Supracapsular Nucleofractis Phacoemulsification Technique
Authors: Can Izzet , Takmaz Tamer , Genç Ipek
Published: May 2010

Many nucleofractis techniques introduced to date have both advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the search for the most effective, functional, and safest technique continues. The half-moon supracapsular phacoemulsification technique, which the authors define as a new method, is a hybrid technique derived from both chopping and supracapsular techniques. This technique allows the endonucleus to partially prolapse out of the capsulorhexis rim into the anterior chamber during hydrodissection, to be chopped under direct vision, and to continue the quadrant-removal stage endocapsularly after sending the heminuclei back into the capsular bag. The nucleus-splitting stage is performed in the anterior chamber, and the quadrant-removal stage continues in the capsular bag away from the corneal endothelium, which is again the safest place. The half-moon supracapsular phacoemulsification technique achieves the two stages of nucleus removal in the safest location with the most effective method and therefore may provide some advantages in terms of efficacy, safety, and functionality.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:390–393.]
Augmented Antibody Response with Premature Germinal Center Regression in CD40L Transgenic Mice
Authors: Kishi Yusuke , Aiba Yuichi , Higuchi Tetsuya , Furukawa Koji , Tokuhisa Takeshi , Takemori Toshitada , Tsubata Takeshi
Published: May 2010

Although CD40 signaling is required for activation and differentiation of B cells, including germinal center (GC) formation and generation of memory B cells, in vivo generation of CD40 signaling augments plasma cell differentiation but disrupts GCs. Thus, CD40 signaling is thought to direct B cells to extrafollicular plasma cell fate rather than GC formation. In this study, we analyzed CD40L transgenic (CD40LTg) mice that constitutively express CD40L on B cells. After immunization, activation of B cells, but not dendritic cells, was augmented, although dendritic cells can be activated by CD40 ligation. Bone marrow chimera carrying CD40LTg and nontransgenic B cells showed increased Ab production from transgenic, but not from coexisting nontransgenic, B cells, suggesting that CD40L on a B cell preferentially stimulates the same B cell through an autocrine pathway, thereby augmenting Ab production. Although GCs rapidly regressed after day 5 of immunization and failed to generate late-appearing high-affinity Ab, CD40LTg mice showed normal GC formation up to day 5, as well as normal generation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cell responses. This observation suggests that CD40 signaling does not block GC formation or differentiation of GC B cells, but it inhibits sustained expansion of GC B cells and augments B cell differentiation.
Myeloid PTEN Promotes Inflammation but Impairs Bactericidal Activities during Murine Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Authors: Schabbauer Gernot , Matt Ulrich , Günzl Philipp , Warszawska Joanna , Furtner Tanja , Hainzl Eva , Elbau Immanuel , Mesteri Ildiko , Doninger Bianca , Binder Bernd R. , Knapp Sylvia
Published: May 2010

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase has been described as an essential signaling component involved in the chemotactic cell influx that is required to eliminate pathogens. At the same time, PI3K was reported to modulate the immune response, thus limiting the magnitude of acute inflammation. The precise role of the PI3K pathway and its endogenous antagonist phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) during clinically relevant bacterial infections is still poorly understood. Utilizing mice lacking myeloid cell-specific PTEN, we studied the impact of PTEN on the immune response to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Survival analysis disclosed that PTEN-deficient mice displayed less severe signs of disease and prolonged survival. The inflammatory response to S. pneumoniae was greatly reduced in macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Unexpectedly, neutrophil influx to the lungs was significantly impaired in animals lacking myeloid-cell PTEN, whereas the additional observation of improved phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages lacking PTEN ultimately resulted in unaltered lung CFUs following bacterial infection. Together, the absence of myeloid cell-associated PTEN and consecutively enhanced PI3K activity dampened pulmonary inflammation, reduced neutrophil influx, and augmented phagocytic properties of macrophages, which ultimately resulted in decreased tissue injury and improved survival during murine pneumococcal pneumonia.
Sensitive Explosive Vapor Detection with Polyfluorene Lasers
Authors: Yang Ying , Turnbull Graham A. , Samuel Ifor D. W.
Published: May 2010

Distributed feedback organic semiconductor lasers based on polyfluorene are shown to be suitable for use as chemical sensors for the detection of nitroaromatic‐based explosive vapors. The laser threshold is increased by a factor of 1.8 and the slope efficiency is reduced by a factor of 3 after exposure to the vapor. The sensing efficiency depends strongly on the excitation energy with a maximum efficiency of 85%. The temporal dynamics of the laser response to the analyte have been investigated. The laser emission falls to 60% of its initial value in 46 s. A model is developed to offer some insight into the diffusion of the vapor molecules inside the polymer layer.
Tunable Guided‐Mode Resonance Grating Filter
Authors: Szeghalmi Adriana , Helgert Michael , Brunner Robert , Heyroth Frank , Gösele Ulrich , Knez Mato
Published: May 2010

The optical characteristics of shallow 2D nanostructured polycarbonate samples are presented. Tunable guided‐mode resonance filters are experimentally demonstrated for the visible spectral range when functional coatings are applied to 2D nanostructures by means of atomic layer deposition. The wavelength position of the reflection peaks can be easily tuned in a broad range (>150 nm) through rotation of the optical element around the axis normal to the substrate without changing the rest of the optical setup. Rigorous coupled wave approach simulation of model systems is performed to obtain insight into the complexity of the optical properties of these systems. The photonic nanostructures presented here are promising optics for application in ultra‐compact, portable, miniaturized optical systems.
Mussel‐Inspired Polydopamine Coating as a Universal Route to Hydroxyapatite Crystallization
Authors: Ryu Jungki , Ku Sook Hee , Lee Haeshin , Park Chan Beum
Published: May 2010

Bone tissue is a complex biocomposite material with a variety of organic (e.g., proteins, cells) and inorganic (e.g., hydroxyapatite crystals) components hierarchically organized with nano/microscale precision. Based on the understanding of such hierarchical organization of bone tissue and its unique mechanical properties, efforts are being made to mimic these organic–inorganic hybrid biocomposites. A key factor for the successful designing of complex, hybrid biomaterials is the facilitation and control of adhesion at the interfaces, as many current synthetic biomaterials are inert, lacking interfacial bioactivity. In this regard, researchers have focused on controlling the interface by surface modifications, but the development of a simple, unified way to biofunctionalize diverse organic and inorganic materials remains a critical challenge. Here, a universal biomineralization route, called polydopamine‐assisted hydroxyapatite formation (pHAF), that can be applied to virtually any type and morphology of scaffold materials is demonstrated. Inspired by the adhesion mechanism of mussels, the pHAF method can readily integrate hydroxyapatites on ceramics, noble metals, semiconductors, and synthetic polymers, irrespective of their size and morphology (e.g., porosity and shape). Surface‐anchored catecholamine moieties in polydopamine enriches the interface with calcium ions, facilitating the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals that are aligned to thec‐axes, parallel to the polydopamine layer as observed in natural hydroxyapatites in mineralized tissues. This universal surface biomineralization can be an innovative foundation for future tissue engineering.
Low‐Temperature Superionic Conductivity in Strained Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia
Authors: Sillassen Michael , Eklund Per , Pryds Nini , Johnson Erik , Helmersson Ulf , Bøttiger Jørgen
Published: May 2010

Very high lateral ionic conductivities in epitaxial cubic yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) synthesized on single‐crystal SrTiO3 and MgO substrates by reactive direct current magnetron sputtering are reported. Superionic conductivities (i.e., ionic conductivities of the order ∼1 Ω−1cm−1) are observed at 500 °C for 58‐nm‐thick films on MgO. The results indicate a superposition of two parallel contributions – one due to bulk conductivity and one attributable to conduction along the film–substrate interface. Interfacial effects dominate the conductivity at low temperatures (<350 °C), showing more than three orders of magnitude enhancement compared to bulk YSZ. At higher temperatures, a more bulk‐like conductivity is observed. The films have a negligible grain‐boundary network, thus ruling out grain boundaries as a pathway for ionic conduction. The observed enhancement in lateral ionic conductivity is caused by a combination of misfit dislocation density and elastic strain in the interface. These very high ionic conductivities in the temperature range 150–500 °C are of great fundamental importance but may also be technologically relevant for low‐temperature applications.