bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Topical Application of Royal Jelly on Second-Degree Burn Wound Healing in Male Rats
Authors: Mahdian Zeinab , Amiri Fereshteh , Mohammadi Zohreh , Farzadinia Parviz , Safizadeh Fahimeh , Zare Zahra , Rahimi Rahimeh , Dehghani Zahra , Mohammadi Tahroodi Fariba
Published: December 2020

Background and Aims: Burn injury remain as a major medical problem throughout the world. This injury is accompanied with inflammatory and wound healing responses. Since royal jelly (RJ) has anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the repairing effects of RJ on skin burn- damage.
Materials and Methods: In an experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were engaged. The animals were divided into five equal groups. Group 1 was considered healthy control. Group 2 (positive control) was treated topically with Silver Sulfadiazine Cream, group 3 received Eucerin as negative control, and group 4, 5 treated with RJ (10 and 30%). Sampling was performed after observing the second-degree burns on the first, seventh and fourteenth days. Then after 28 days, rats were sacrificed and their skin tissues were used for morphological and morphometric assessments.
Results: The results of this study showed that the amount and arrangement of collagen type 1 protein was higher in the RJ treatment groups versus control group. Reconstruction and thickening of the epithelium in RJ treated groups confirmed therapeutic effects of RJ. In addition, RJ increased angiogenesis compared to the control group. The woundchr('39')s surface area was reduced in the RJ treatment groups compared to the control group. In addition, fibroblast cell proliferation was increased in the groups receiving RJ versus control.
Conclusions: It could be concluded that, RJ induce wound healing effects and might be considered as potential treatment option to improve the burn wound healing.
The Definition Artificial Intelligence and Its Semantic and Procedural Meaning in the Judicial System of Russia and Foreign Countries
Authors:   Professor of the Department of Civil Procedure Law of the Kazan Branch of the Russian State University of Justice LL.D., Associate Professor, Vorontsova Irina V. , LuKonyna Yulia A. ,   Lawyer at ZNAKOV Limited Liability Company Graduate Student of the Law Faculty of the Kazan Branch of the Russian State University of Justice
Published: December 2020

The article reveals the definition of the artificial intelligence through the prism of the information law and modern trends in the development of the new generation technologies in the judicial system of Russia and the most digitally developed foreign countries. The artificial intelligence is seen as a virtual assistant, designed not to replace the judge, but to become an aider for him, capable of performing simple automatic operations that make up the judicial process.
La unidad del derecho y las divergencias jurisprudenciales entre las altas cortes en Colombia
Authors: Silva Arroyave Sergio Orlando
Published: December 2020

El hecho de que las mismas normas puedan ser interpretadas y aplicadas de manera final y definitiva por varios jueces y tribunales de diferentes órdenes jurisdiccionales produce en ocasiones divergencias jurisprudenciales o “choque de trenes” cuando un mismo texto normativo es interpretado y aplicado de forma diferente por las distintas jurisdicciones. Estas divergencias jurisprudenciales afectan varios principios como los de igualdad, justicia o seguridad jurídica, así como también ciertos fines o valores como la unidad del derecho, que les permiten a los ordenamientos jurídicos cumplir con sus fines sociales. De esta manera, se debe profundizar en el estudio de la noción de la unidad del derecho con la finalidad de identificar si las divergencias jurisprudenciales entre las altas cortes en Colombia son la manifestación de la incorrecta interpretación del ordenamiento jurídico que realizan estas altas jurisdicciones o si, por el contrario, son la consecuencia de la manera particular como se conciben el orden jurídico colombiano y las acciones jurisdiccionales que él define.
Prevalencia de cinco virus de ARN en tubérculos-semilla de papa cultivados en Antioquia (Colombia)
Authors: Gallo García Yuliana Marcela
Published: December 2020

La papa (Solanum tuberosum) es uno de los productos agrícolas con mayor demanda interna en Colombia. Este cultivo es afectado por un complejo de virus que reduce los rendimientos y la calidad de los tubérculos-semilla. En este trabajo se evaluó la prevalencia de cinco virus de ARN (PVY, PVS, PVX, PLRV y PYVV) en brotes de tubérculos-semilla de origen comercial (TC) y no-comercial (TNC) y en sus plantas derivadas, utilizando RT-PCR en tiempo real. Los resultados evidenciaron altos niveles de infección de los cinco virus en el material de siembra e infecciones mixtas hasta con cuatro virus en los tubérculos comerciales. PVY (74%) y PVS (36%) presentaron los mayores niveles de prevalencia en plantas derivadas de tubérculos-semilla. La combinación PVY+PLRV presentó el mayor nivel de prevalencia en tubérculos-semilla TC (24%), mientras que en TNC las combinaciones PVY+PYVV+PVS y PVY+PVS+PLRV se presentaron en 10% de las muestras. La afinidad filogenética de los virus detectados se evaluó mediante secuenciación Sanger de amplicones de cápside, agrupándose en subclados previamente identificados sobre solanáceas en Colombia. Estos resultados señalan la necesidad de tomar acciones urgentes que permitan mejorar los niveles de sanidad viral de los materiales de siembra de papa cultivados en el país.
Relações de poder: o instituto da dotação na família imperial na Constituição de 1824
Authors: Andrade Ferreira Dirce Nazare , Bussinguer Elda Coelho de Azevedo
Published: December 2020

Pesquisa realizada na Constituição Política do Império do Brazil de 1824 e legislação subsidiária do século XIX. Tem por objetivo deslindar o conceito de Dotação da Família Imperial, instituto expresso em 10 artigos na Constituição de 1824. Traz como problema de pesquisa entender os significados da expressão “Dotação da Família Imperial” e descrever sua importância e conteúdos demonstrando que a Constituição de 1824 garantia a propriedade dos bens materiais e imateriais e assegurava pelo instituto da Dotação uma série de direitos financeiros à família real, dentre eles: remuneração ao Rei, à esposa, pensão aos príncipes, às princesas, mordomos particulares para cuidar do acervo patrimonial, dote, educação com docente particular individual, et. em contraposição ao que se almejava na Europa do século XIX, contrária ao modus vivendi monárquico. A Metodologia proposta foi uma pesquisa histórica e descritiva com tratamentos de dados qualitativos, tendo como fontes primarias a Constituição de 1824 e o Decreto 151/1840. O método que deu suporte à pesquisa foi o indiciarismo. Os resultados demonstraram que a Dotação orçamentária foi importante instituto defendido pela monarquia e elite e dentre outros elementos, serviu como arrimo de poder e política.
Understanding Trumpism: Politics and Culture in an Age of Globalization
Authors: Weiner Mark S.
Published: December 2020

Neste ensaio, considero a vitória eleitoral de Donald Trump – como aconteceu? – e o Trumpismo como movimento – o que isso significa? Minhas preocupações são filosóficas e apartidárias, mas são motivadas pelo compromisso com o constitucionalismo liberal como forma de governo e o liberalismo como credo político. Descrevo pela primeira vez em termos neutros e retoricamente moderados como Donald Trump venceu a eleição presidencial americana de 2016. Esta descrição é granular. Então, na segunda metade do ensaio, eu medito mais abstratamente sobre o Trumpismo como um movimento político e um movimento de ideias. Descrevo primeiro como o populismo em geral, e o Trumpismo em particular, é uma resposta política a uma crise de representação democrática impulsionada pela globalização. Em seguida, voltando-me para a filosofia, apresento argumentos sobre a natureza da comunidade política, feita pelo teórico do direito antiliberal alemão Carl Schmitt, cuja obra ressoa fortemente em aspectos da política interna e externa do presidente Trump. Concluo com algumas reflexões sobre o significado do Trumpismo para o futuro do liberalismo.
Apresentação
Authors: Morais Jose Luis Bolzan de
Published: December 2020

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Comunicación organizacional
Authors: Contreras Delgado Omar Eduardo , Garibay Rendón Nadia Gabriela
Published: December 2020

La comunicación organizacional es un concepto que ha estado en constante construcción académica y profesional desde dos aspectos: la comunicación misma y los diferentes estudios organizacionales. El artículo presenta una investigación documental que implica un recorrido general por las principales fuentes, autores y enfoques que abordan dicha cuestiónla evolución del término en América Latina, con especial énfasis en su desarrollo en México. Se detalla la importancia que adquirió el concepto a partir de 1990, cuando se convirtió en un objeto de diferentes investigadores del área y los factores comunes que han contribuido al desarrollo de nuevos marcos de referencia para la investigación. El artículo describe las principales características de los estudios sobre la comunicación en las organizaciones e identifica las zonas de coincidencias para futuras investigaciones empíricasesde cinco perspectivas e abordaje, particularmente mexicanas y argentinas.
Sądy administracyjne jako organy wymiaru sprawiedliwości w sprawach z zakresu wolności zgromadzeń
Authors: Jaworska Malwina
Published: December 2020

Sądy administracyjne do 2015 roku jako właściwe do oceny decyzji wydawanych przez organy administracji publicznej w przedmiocie organizacji zgromadzeń wypracowały dorobek judykacyjny, który w pełni aprobuje przyjęte na płaszczyźnie konstytucyjnej oraz międzynarodowej standardy w tej kwestii. Przeprowadzona analiza orzecznictwa sądowoadministracyjnego, dostępnego w Centralnej Bazie Orzeczeń Sądów Administracyjnych, potwierdza, że wolność zgromadzeń jest jedną z cech demokratycznego ustroju państwa, a wszelkie decyzje w przedmiocie jej ograniczenia muszą być wydane po rzetelnie przeprowadzonym postępowaniu, uwzględniającym całokształt okoliczności sprawy, w tym rzeczywiste, a nie potencjalne zagrożenie dla życia, zdrowia lub mienia w znacznych rozmiarach.
Nadzór sądów i Ministra Sprawiedliwości nad postępowaniem dyscyplinarnym wobec radców prawnych
Authors: Niedziński Tomasz
Published: December 2020

Przedmiotem niniejszej pracy jest analiza oraz ocena modelu nadzoru sądów powszechnych i Ministra Sprawiedliwości nad postępowaniem dyscyplinarnym wobec radców prawnych. Artykuł ten wynika ze szczególnego zainteresowania autora tematyką postępowania dyscyplinarnego jako postępowania pozasądowego, prowadzonego przez organy samorządu zawodowego. Istotą jest ukazanie złożoności metody nadzoru sądów powszechnych i Ministra Sprawiedliwości nad postępowaniem dyscyplinarnym wobec radców prawnych. Autor stara się szczególnie wskazać na autonomiczność sądownictwa dyscyplinarnego radców prawnych jako zawodu zaufania publicznego, któremu Konstytucja RP zagwarantowała możliwość tworzenia samorządów zawodowych. Zamiarem jest też przybliżenie czytelnikom orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego oraz Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, omawiającego kwestię i zakres nadzoru sądów powszechnych i Ministra Sprawiedliwości nad postępowaniem dyscyplinarnym wobec radców prawnych.
Ryzyko socjalne w ubezpieczeniu emerytalnym. Międzynarodowe i krajowe uwarunkowania prawne i doktrynalne
Authors: Babińska-Górecka Renata
Published: December 2020

Artykuł, opierając się na utrwalonym poglądzie polskiej doktryny, że ziszczenie się ryzyka socjalnego jest przesłanką udzielenia świadczeń z ubezpieczeń społecznych, podaje w wątpliwość słuszność tej tezy w odniesieniu do emerytury. Ponadto stawia pytanie — zważywszy na nowe okoliczności, wobec których stają ludzie w trakcie swojego życia w rezultacie zmian społeczno-gospodarczych towarzyszących transformacji w kierunku społeczeństwa postindustrialnego — czy przesłanką udzielenia ochrony w przypadku prawa do emerytury może być ryzyko socjalne. Dalsze rozważania koncentrują się między innymi na kwestii, jak należałoby rozumieć ewentualne „ryzyko emerytalne (starości)” jako ryzyko socjalne.
Fast Response and Overreact: Vietnam’s Success Story in Tackling COVID-19
Authors: Saadah Kholifatus
Published: December 2020

Pandemi COVID-19 yang mulai menyebar dari awal tahun 2020 sudah menjadi bencana nasional bagi beberapa negara. Virus yang pada awalnya bernama SARS-Cov-2 ini kemudian menyebar dari Wuhan, Cina ke seluruh dunia dan menyebabkan WHO mengumumkan status pandemi. Vietnam merupakan satu dari sekian negara di dunia yang dinyatakan berhasil mengatasi pandemi ini dengan melaporkan nol kasus dalam waktu 14 (empat belas) hari, mengurangi kondisi social-distancing, dan membuka kembali kegiatan masyarakat secara terbuka. Tulisan ini membahas mengenai respon Vietnam pada saat SARS-Cov2 ini mulai mewabah di Vietnam dan strategi dari Pemerintah Vietnam untuk menghentikan wabah di tingkat domestik. Vietnam berhasil menangani COVID-19 karena langkah awal yang, walaupun berlebihan, namun tepat sasaran. Selain itu, peranan identitas nasional Vietnam sebagai negara yang hebat dalam sejarah dan berhasil mengusir siapapun yang menganggu mereka, juga menjadi kunci keberhasilan kolaborasi masyarakat dan pemerintah dalam menghadapi pandemi tersebut. Keberhasilan Vietnam bisa menjadi contoh bagi negara lain yang sedang mencari solusi dan strategi yang tepat untuk menghadapi wabah COVID-19 ini. Kata-kata kunci: SARS-Cov-2, COVID-19, pandemi, Vietnam, strategi The COVID-19 pandemic, which began to spread from early 2020, has become a national disaster for several countries. The virus, initially named SARS-Cov-2, spread from Wuhan, China, to the rest of the world and made WHO declare it as a pandemic status. Vietnam is one of the countries that has been regarded as successful in overcoming this pandemic by reporting zero cases within 14 (fourteen) days, reducing social distancing orders, and re-opening public activities. This paper discussed Vietnam's response when SARS-Cov2 began to plague Vietnam and the government's strategy to control the pandemic at the domestic level. Vietnam succeeded in defeating COVID-19 because of, although excessive, effective initial responses. Also, as a heroic country in history and succeeded in expelling enemies, Vietnam's national identity is the key for successful collaboration between the community and the government in the pandemic counter. Vietnam's success is a model for other countries looking for the right solutions and strategies to deal with the COVID-19 outbreak.Keywords: SARS-Cov-2, COVID-19, pandemic, Vietnam, strategy
The Success of Handling COVID-19 in Singapore: The Case of the Migrant Worker Cluster and the Economic Recession
Authors: Hennida Citra
Published: December 2020

Artikel ini berfokus pada strategi penanganan COVID-19 di Singapura. Singapura adalah satu negara yang dianggap sukses dalam penanganan COVID-19. Dengan menggunakan analisis kapasitas kebijakan publik dan pegumpulan data selama Januari–Juli 2020, artikel ini menemukan bahwa ada tiga hal yang mendorong keberhasilan Singapura, yaitu: sistem mitigasi bencana kesehatan yang responsif dan efisien; legitimasi pemerintah yang tinggi; dan modal sosial di masyarakat yang pernah mengalami pandemi SARS. Artikel ini juga menemukan bahwa sistem mitigasi bencana kesehatan hanya berlaku maksimal untuk warga lokal, sedangkan warga asing khususnya para pekerja migran kerah biru tidak banyak dijangkau. Klaster asrama pekerja migran adalah klaster terbanyak ditemukan kasus COVID-19 dan lebih dari 90 persen kasus nasional berasal dari kelompok ini. Temuan lainnya adalah jatuhnya Singapura pada resesi dengan pertumbuhan minus 13,2 persen di kuartal kedua tahun 2020. Kebijakan stimulus fiskal dan moneter yang diberikan tidak mampu mendorong pertumbuhan karena ekonomi Singapura yang dependen terhadap ekonomi global; dominasi sektor transportasi, jasa, dan pariwisata Singapura adalah sektor-sektor yang paling terdampak akibat pandemi. Kata-kata kunci: COVID-19, mitigasi bencana kesehatan, pekerja migran, resesi, SingapuraThis article focuses on Singapore's strategies for dealing with COVID-19. Singapore is considered as a successful country in handling COVID-19. Using an analysis of public policy capacity and data collection within January-July 2020, this article finds three driving factors for Singapore's success: a responsive and efficient health disaster mitigation system; a high legitimacy in the government; and society's experience with the SARS epidemic. This article also finds that the health disaster mitigation system only applies optimally to permanent residents. While foreigners, mostly blue-collar migrant workers, are not widely reached. The migrant worker dormitory cluster is a cluster with the highest number of COVID-19 cases detected, which makes up to 90 percent of national cases. Other findings include Singapore's inevitable recession, with a minus 13.2 percent of the economic growth in the second quarter of 2020. The fiscal and monetary stimulus policies provided were not able to boost the economic growth because Singapore's economy depended on the global economy; the dominance of the transportation, service, and tourism sectors Singapore were most affected by the pandemic.Keywords: COVID-19, health disaster mitigation, migrant workers, recession, Singapore
State Capacity and Public Trust in Handling the COVID-19 Outbreak in Malaysia
Authors: Ladiqi Suyatno
Published: December 2020

Respon negara-negara terhadap pandemi global sangatlah beragam. Kebijakan yang diambil pemerintah dan dukungan dari masyarakat sangat menentukan keberhasilan penanganan pandemi tersebut. Ada beberapa negara yang cukup lama berjuang melawannya sehingga memiliki implikasi ekonomi yang serius. Tetapi, ada juga negara yang secara efisien mengatasinya sehingga mampu menghambat melonjaknya jumlah penderita Covid-19 dan  melindungi ekonomi negaranya. Selain Selandia Baru, Taiwan dan China,  Malaysia termasuk salah satu negara yang memiliki kapasitas cukup baik dalam penanganan pandemi Covid-19 dalam bentuk kemampuan menekan penyebaran virus, dan menormalkan kembali perekonomiannya. Artikel ini menjelaskan bagaimana kapasitas negara mampu menjadi modal besar dalam penanganan pandemi di Malaysia. Kapasitas negara yang memadai akan mampu menimbulkan kepercayaan publik sehingga kepercayaan itu dapat menjadi katalisator bagi berhasilnya pelaksanaan kebijakan. Selain kapasitas negara, aspek kepemimpinan di level nasional dan level lokal berperan penting dalam mendukung keberhasilan kebijakan pemerintah. Kepemimpinan yang efektif dapat mendorong suasana kondusif bagi ketaatan masyarakat untuk mentaati kebijakan pemerintah. Ibarat musuh bersama (common enemy), dukungan elemen masyarakat sangat diperlukan bagi keberhasilan melawan penyebaran virus.Kata-kata kunci: Malaysia, kapasitas negara, kepercayaan publikCountries' responses to global pandemic have been mixed. The policies taken by the government and the support of the community will significantly determine the success of handling the pandemic. Several countries have struggled against it for a long time to have profound economic implications, but some countries have efficiently dealt with it to prevent the increasing number of Covid-19 sufferers and protect the country's economy. Apart from New Zealand, Taiwan and China, Malaysia is one of the countries that have adequate capacity to handle the Covid-19 pandemic in the form of the ability to suppress the spread of the virus and normalize its economy again. This paper explains how the country's capacity can become a significant capital in handling pandemic in Malaysia. Adequate state capacity will generate public trust so that this trust can be a catalyst for the successful implementation of policies. Apart from the state's capacity, the leadership aspect at the national and local levels plays a vital role in supporting the success of government policies. Effective leadership can encourage a conducive atmosphere for community obedience to comply with government policies. Like a common enemy, the support of social elements is necessary for the success against the spread of the virus.Keywords: Malaysia, state capacity, public trust
PENGARUH VARIASI JUMLAH BAHAN PENGISI CARBON BLACK TERHADAP SIFAT MEKANIK DAN KARAKTERISTIK KARET ALAM PENGINGAT BENTUK
Authors: Setyadewi Noor Maryam , Susiani Endang , Radnawati Efa
Published: December 2020

Indonesia memiliki potensi komoditi karet alam yang besar, dengan modifikasi kimia karet alam dapat di design menjadi material pintar seperti halnya polimer sintetik lainnya. Material pintar yang dikembangkan pada penelitian ini adalah material shape memory atau pengingat bentuk. Material pengingat bentuk yaitu material yang memiliki kemampuan mengingat bentuk permanen, diprogram untuk menjadi bentuk tertentu dibawah lingkungan tertentu (seperti suhu dan pH), dan mampu kembali ke bentuk awalnya. Material pengingat bentuk berpotensi untuk diaplikasikan menjadi sensor, aktuator, alat kesehatan maupun spare part alat transportasi. Karet alam pengingat bentuk dibuat dengan metode swelling cross linked vulkanisat karet alam di dalam larutan asam stearat  dengan suhu 75⁰C - 80⁰C dalam waterbath selama 1 jam. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh variasi jumlah bahan pengisi (carbon black filler) pada 5 sampel (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5) terhadap sifat mekanik dan parameter pengingat bentuk. Hasil pengujian kuat tarik menunjukkan vulkanisat blanko memiliki kecenderungan nilai kuat tarik yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan vulkanisat yang mengalami treatment dengan asam stearat. Nilai shape recovery vulkanisat karet alam pengingat bentuk berkisar 76,9- 95,8% dan nilai shape fixity sebesar 14,8-26,1%.
Betroot (Beta vulgaris) administration to anemic pregnant women for increasing hemoglobin level
Authors: Wulandari Rr Catur Leny , Susiloningtyas Is
Published: December 2020

Objective: To identify the effectiveness of beet juice administration on hemoglobin level of anemic pregnant women.Materials and Methods: This was an experimental quantitative study using pretest-posttest design with a total sample of 30 patients who were divided into 2 groups of treatment groups (beetroot + Fe) and control group (Fe). The treatment was carried out for 14 days. Before and after the treatment, the samples were subjected to hemoglobin examination. Data in this study were the difference between pre-test and post-test values, the results of normality test with Shapiro Wilk, and, to identify the difference between pre-test and post-test, the results of Wilcoxon Test for abnormal data and Paired T-Test for normal data.Results: Mann Whitney Test results between treatment and control groups revealed p (0.023) < alpha (0.05). There was a significant difference in hemoglobin levels between TM III pregnant women with anemia receiving beets and those receiving Fe tablets only.Conclusion: Minimum Hb increase before and after the administration of Fe and beetroot juice to pregnant women was 17.7 gr% and the maximum Hb level was 0.8 gr%.
First sexual intercourse and high parity are the most influential factors of precancerous cervical lesion
Authors: Ashar Hadi , Kusrini Ina , Musoddaq Arif , Asturiningtyas Ika Puspita
Published: December 2020

Objectives: to analyze the relationship between characteristics, parity and maternal reproductive history with the risk of cervical pre-cancerous lesions.Materials and Methods: Cross Sectional Survey, in 2016 Non-Communicable Disease study, with a population of women aged 25-64 years, living in urban areas. A total of 1,547 samples were selected from the census blocks that were prepared to IVA examination. The variables in this article are maternal characteristics, menarche, age of first sexual intercourse, number of partners, parity and contraceptive use, as independent variables and cervical pre-cancerous lesions as dependent variables.Results: Factors influencing cervical pre-cancerous lesions were: Menarche with a value of P = 0.018; Age of first sexual intercourse with a value of P = 0,000; Number of sexual partners with a value of P = 0.023; and parity with a value of P = 0.049. Multivariate test results show that the age of first time having sex less than 20 years has a 2.3 risk; Mothers with high parity (> 4 children) and having more than one sexual partner have a 16.5 risk.Conclusion: Menarche, age of first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners and parity affect the incidence of cervical cancerous lesions. The most influential Factors are: the age of first sexual intercourse less than 20 years, and mothers with high parity who have more than one sexual partner.
Intrauterine device and cervical cancer
Authors: Tjokroprawiro Brahmana Askandar
Published: December 2020

From normal epithelial cells to invasive cervical cancer take a long time. It needs a step-by-step process. Normal cervical cells may be infected with the high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). The infection may persist or be cleared. The HPV persistence may change normal cells to invasive cancer. Recent findings showed that the intrauterine device (IUD) might have a protective effect on cervical cancer. Inflammation in the cervix induces the immune response that may alter normal cells' progression to cervical cancer. This article will explain the change from normal cells to invasive cervical cancer, the role of the IUD in cervical cancer prevention.
A “Clinician’s Probability Calculator” to convert pre-test to post-test probability of COVID-19 , based on method validation from each laboratory
Authors: Brooks Zoe , Das Saswati , Pliura Tom
Published: December 2020

During coronavirus pandemic testing and identifying the virus has been a unique and constant challenge for the scientific community. In this paper, we discuss a practical solution to help guide clinicians and public health staff with the interpretation of the probability that a positive, or negative, COVID-19 test result indicates an infected person, based on their clinical estimate of pre-test probability of infection. The LinkedIn survey confirmed that the pre-test probability of COVID-19 increases with patient age, known contact, and severity of symptoms, as well as prevalence of disease in the local population. PPA (Positive Percent Agreement, PPA) and NPA (Negative Percent Agreement, specificity), differ between individual methods. Results vary between laboratories and the manufacturer for the same method. The confidence intervals of results vary with the number of samples tested, often adding a large range of possibilities to the reported test result. The online calculator met the objective.The authors postulated that the clinical pre-test probability of COVID-19 increases relative to local prevalence of disease plus patient age, known contact, and severity of symptoms. We conducted a small survey on LinkedIn to confirm that hypothesis. We examined results of PPA (Positive Percent Agreement, sensitivity) and NPA (Negative Percent Agreement, specificity) from 73 individual laboratory experiments for molecular tests for SARS-CoV-2as reported to the FIND database,(1) and for selected methods in FDA EUA submissions (2,3). We calculated likelihood ratios to convert pre-test to post-test probability of disease, then further calculated the number of true and false results expected in every ten positive or negative test results, plus an estimate that one in ‘x’ test results is true. We designed an online calculator to create graphics and text to fulfill the objective. A positive or negative test result from one laboratory conveys a higher probability for the presence or absence of COVID-19 than the same result from another laboratory, depending on clinical pre-test probability of disease plus proven method PPA and NPA in each laboratory. Likelihood ratios and confidence intervals provide valuable information but are seldom used in clinical settings. We recommend that testing laboratories verify PPA and NPA, and utilize a tool such as the “Clinician’s Probability Calculator” to verify acceptable test performance and create reports to help guide clinicians and public health staff with estimation of post-test probability of COVID-19 .
Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells-derived exosomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome and COVID-19
Authors: Zhou Yueyuan , Yamamoto Yusuke , Xiao Zhongdang , Ochiya Takahiro
Published: December 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has reached a global epidemic across the world after first reported in Wuhan, China’s Hubei province in December 2019. The pandemic is also associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) characterized by excess inflammation, progressive arterial hypoxemia and dyspnea. Mesenchymal stem/ stromal cells (MSCs) have been investigated as treatment for ARDS due to immunomodulatory property. Exosomes derived from MSCs play an important role in paracrine signaling of MSCs, thereby contributed to immunomodulation of the immune microenvironment. Exosomes are emerged as potential alternative to MSC cell therapy with superiority of safety. In this review, we will introduce MSC-derived exosomes and briefly discuss current progress on MSCs and exosomes in ARDS, which may have clinical implications in pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19.
The Safety and Security Measures of the Selected Universities in Nueva Ecija, Philippines: Its Combat to COVID–19 Pandemic
Authors: Mina Jennilyn C. , Aydinan Januaryn Jose B. , Campos Romeo B. , Aye-eo Shirley P.
Published: December 2020

To define and evaluate the areas of consideration concerning in identifying the critical factors that top universities in Nueva Ecija, Philippines can be used for triangulating the courses of actions that can be applied to improve the current practices of universities towards its combat to the COVID–19 disease is the primary objective of this study. The researchers used a descriptive design of methodology by using questionnaire–checklist to scientifically describe the situation, problems, phenomenon, or program, or provide information about certain issues related to the virus outbreak. The respondents of the study were faculty and staff of five established universities in Nueva Ecija, Philippines wherein the researchers employed a non–probability sampling technique to be logically assumed as the representative of the entire population. The results of the study shown that the top universities in Nueva Ecija have made efforts to ensure the safety of university workers by complying with the Inter–Agency Task Force (IATF) protocols. It can be inferred, in reality, that there are some areas that must be improved especially when it comes to ensuring the welfare of the personnel who are still reporting to work even in this time of the pandemic. The researchers suggested an enhancement plan that can be adapted by these universities to resolve the concerns of the faculty and staff especially in reducing the spread of the virus without sacrificing the day–to–day transactions of the academic institutions.
The Increase of Soil Organic Matter Reduces Global Warming, Myth or Reality?
Authors: Navarro-Pedreño Jose , Almendro-Candel María Belén , Zorpas Antonis A.
Published: December 2020

The soil has lost organic matter in the past centuries. Adding organic matter to soils is one of the management practices applied to recover the levels of soil carbon of the past. Is it a good practice to reduce global warming? In fact, one of the practices promoted to combat climate change is increasing soil organic matter. However, the addition of organic residues to the soil could facilitate the liberation of CO2 and wastes could also have no positive effects on soil properties. In this sense, what it is important is: a) to know which is the expected effect of the organic matter added to the soil; b) how this application alters the soil processes; c) which are the management practices that should be applied; d) how much is the real amount of carbon sequester by the soil and; e) the balance at short and long period after the application of the organic matter. The adequate strategy should be to favour the increment of biologically stabilized soil organic matter considering medium and long time. However, it is necessary to adapt the strategies to the local environmental conditions.
Antimicrobial Peptides Grafted onto a Plasma Polymer Interlayer Platform: Performance upon Extended Bacterial Challenge
Authors: Griesser Stefani , Jasieniak Marek , Vasilev Krasimir , Griesser Hans J.
Published: December 2020

To combat infections on biomedical devices, antimicrobial coatings have attracted considerable attention, including coatings comprising naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this study the aim was to explore performance upon extended challenge by bacteria growing in media above samples. The AMPs LL37, Magainin 2, and Parasin 1 were covalently grafted onto a plasma polymer platform, which enables application of this multilayer coating strategy to a wide range of biomaterials. Detailed surface analyses were performed to verify the intended outcomes of the coating sequence. Samples were challenged by incubation in bacterial growth media for 5 and 20 hrs. Compared with the control plasma polymer surface, all three grafted AMP coatings showed considerable reductions in bacterial colonization even at the high bacterial challenge of initial seeding at 1x107 CFU, but there were increasing numbers of dead bacteria attached to the surface. All three grafted AMP coatings were found to be non-toxic to primary fibroblasts. These coatings thus could be useful to produce antibacterial surface coatings for biomaterials, though possible consequences arising from the presence of dead bacteria need to be studied further, and compared to non-fouling coatings that avoid attached dead bacteria.
Integrated Approach for the Assessment of Strategies for the Decarbonization of Urban Traffic
Authors: Göhlich Dietmar , Nagel Kai , Syré Anne Magdalene , Grahle Alexander , Martins-Turner Kai , Ewert Ricardo , Miranda Jahn Ricardo , Jefferies Dominic
Published: December 2020

This paper presents a new methodology to derive and analyze strategies for a fully decarbonized urban transport system which combines conceptual vehicle design, a large-scale agent-based transport simulation, operational cost analysis, and life cycle assessment for a complete urban region. The holistic approach evaluates technical feasibility, system cost, energy demand, transportation time and sustainability-related impacts of various decarbonization strategies. In contrast to previous work, the consequences of a transformation to fully decarbonized transport system scenarios are quantified across all traffic segments, considering procurement, operation and disposal. The methodology can be applied to arbitrary regions and transport systems. Here, the metropolitan region of Berlin is chosen as a demonstration case. First results are shown for a complete conversion of all traffic segments from conventional propulsion technology to battery electric vehicles. The transition of private individual traffic is analyzed regarding technical feasibility, energy demand and environmental impact. Commercial goods, municipal traffic and public transport are analyzed with respect to system cost and environmental impacts. We can show a feasible transition path for all cases with substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions. Based on current technologies and today’s cost structures our simulation shows a moderate increase in total systems cost of 13-18%.
Rethinking the Penalty of Illicit Enrichment Crime in Ethiopia: Lessons from Comparative Analysis
Authors: Tulu Diriba Adugna
Published: December 2020

The crime of illicit enrichment has been widely accepted as a useful mechanism for curbing corruption, both international and regional anti-corruption instruments. This article's main objective is to comparatively analyze the rationality and appropriateness of the penalty provided for illicit enrichment crime in the Ethiopian Corruption Crimes Proclamation compared with Hong Kong and Rwanda's legal regimes to draw some best lessons and way forwards for the identified problems. The article found that the Ethiopia Corruption Crimes Proclamation fails to set a minimum penalty limit and entails severe punishment in terms of imprisonment and fine that can convey a meaningful message to potential offenders. Thus, the penalty provided for the crime of illicit enrichment is designed in a manner in which the person who commits such crime has the chance to be less punished. In effect, this provision is inconsistent with the purpose of criminal law and major sentencing principles, but it also degenerates public confidence in the justice system. Therefore, Ethiopia needs to take a lesson from Hong Kong and Rwanda's experiences in incorporating severe and setting minimum limit of penalty for the crime of illicit enrichment that can convey a meaningful message to potential offenders.
Immunity of State Owned Non-Commercial Ships and Vessel Protection Detachments in the Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction
Authors: N Nikhilesh
Published: December 2020

This article studying the issue of sovereign immunity of ships and vessel protection detachments from criminal jurisdiction of foreign courts. The issue immunity of ships from foreign criminal jurisdiction can be understand from Schooner Exchange case onwards. In the initial stages the courts were given absolute immunity of the government ships in the foreign jurisdiction. Later on the courts, jurists and states classified the immunity in two heads such as personal immunity and functional immunity. Immunity not only given to the troika but also to the other officials engaged in the sovereign functions for their respective states with the exception of universal crimes. The status of the warships, government non commercial ships under the law of the sea convention is analysing.  At the end the Article considering whether functional immunity applicable to the vessel protection detachments appointed by the states to protect their ship from piracy in accordance with the IMO guidelines.
Developing Database System for Managing Medical Insurance Claims in the Human Resource Department
Authors: Ramadhany Salma Eka , Azwir Hery Hamdi
Published: December 2020

PT. X Indonesia provides medical insurance for their employee from BPJS Kesehatan and other private company insurance. Currently, the data management of medical insurance members is not efficient and effective because the data regarding medical insurance are managed manually using MS Excel. The manual process leads to incorrect data input and causes a delay in the process of getting treatment and reimbursement claim process. The company will reimburse the payment but the process is long and complicated because the company should check the limitation for reimbursement claim per year. To solve the problem, database systems are constructed using System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) methodology which consists of five phases; systems planning, systems analysis, systems design, systems implementation, and system test, and deployment. The business process flow diagram of the current and proposed system is analyzed. After that, user requirements are determined. The data flow diagram and entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is constructed. And the system is developed using MS Access. Finally, the system is deployed. The result is an application running in MS Access that can manage medical insurance claim with more efficient and effective, compare to previous MS Excel.

 
URBAN SPRAWL AND SPATIAL PLANNING DOCUMENTS: THE CASE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF BIECZ, POLAND
Authors:   Cracow University of Technology Faculty of Architecture, Institute of City and Regions Planning, Ciepiela Agnieszka , Łasocha Marceli ,   Spatial Planning Office of Krakow
Published: December 2020

Cities all over the world are expanding their suburbs, which typically feature districts comprised of single-family development - urban sprawl. In recent years, urban sprawl has also become highly visible in Poland, not only in the vicinity of large cities like Krakow, Rzeszow or Warsaw, but has also affected several smaller municipalities, e.g. in the south of the country. Based on the case study of the municipality of Biecz, located at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, it was concluded that spatial disharmony is strongly linked with municipal policy. The lack of precise legal regulations causes areas that are assigned for development in planning documents to exceed the actual development potential of the municipalities themselves.
A Comparison of Growth Characteristics, Dry Matter Yield, and Forage Quality Between Mixed Cropping and Pure Stand Systems (Monoculture Systems)
Authors: Utamy Renny Fatmyah , Sonjaya Herry , Prahesti Kusumandari Indah
Published: December 2020

Smallholders beef cattle are facing many problems, such as the unsustainable supply, limited quantity, and poor quality of forage, which all are crucial to increase the population and productivity of their beef cattle. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of monoculture and mixed cropping system between dwarf napiergrass with siratro and centro on growth characteristics, fresh and dry matter (DM) yield, and forage quality. The study was carried out for 4 months. There were 3 experiment treatments, namely P0 = dwarf napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum cv Mott) planted on monoculture system; P1 = dwarf napiergrass planted in mixed cropping system with siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum cv Siratro); and P2 = dwarf napiergrass planted in mixed cropping system with centro (Centrocema pubescent). All treatments were replicated 3 times. All plants on each treatment were planted on 3 3 m plots, with 1 m of distance between the plots. Data were collected four times after transplanting, i.e. August 20th, September 17th; October 28th; and December 16th of 2017, respectively. The results of study indicated that neither plant height nor tiller number in all treatments and measurement periods were significantly affected (p>0.05), except in month-3 (plant height) and month-4 (tiller number). Although treatments did not alter fresh and DM yield (p>0.05), the DM yield from mixed cropping system tended to be higher. Hence, it can be concluded that growth characteristic, productivity, and forage quality in mixed cropping system were better than in monoculture system.
Pengaruh profitabilitas, solvabilitas, likuiditas dan audit tenure terhadap audit report lag dengan komite sebagai pemoderasi
Authors: Tampubolon Ryan Rich , Siagian Valentine
Published: December 2020

This study aims to examine empirical evidence regarding the effect of profitability, solvency, liquidity, and audit period on the audit report with the audit committee as a moderating variable. This research was conducted by a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. The population in this study are property, real estate, and construction companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) in 2016-2019. The sampling method used was the purposive sampling method. The sample in this study was 184 firm year observations. Data analysis used multiple linear regression analysis and moderated regression analysis with interaction test. The results of this study indicate that profitability has a significant negative effect on audit report lag, solvency has a significant negative effect on audit report lag, liquidity has a significant positive effect on audit report lag, and audit tenure has a significant positive effect on audit report lag. The audit committee as a moderating variable strengthens all independent variables on the dependent variable. For further researchers, it is recommended to increase the sample size and expand the object of research by researching sectors that have more companies and also increasing the period of research.
INNOVATION, CORRUPTION, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN EMERGING ASIA
Authors: Das Aurolipsa , Dash Devi Prasad , Sethi Narayan
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we investigate the impact of innovation and corruption on economic growth for 13 emerging Asian economies over the period of 2009 to 2018. Using global innovation and corruption indices, we show that innovation has no significant impact on growth. In contrast, corruption slows down growth in the region. Our results indicate that innovation in the region is not robust enough to attract growth and that corruption is the major hindrance to growth.
INFORMATION FLOW BETWEEN THE US DOLLAR-RUPIAH EXCHANGE RATES
Authors: Lau Wee-Yeap , Yip Tien-Ming
Published: December 2020

This study investigates the information flow between non-deliverable forward (NDF), spot, and forward US dollar–rupiah exchange rates during the post-Quantitative Easing (QE) period. Our results show a unidirectional information flow from NDF to the spot and forward rates in the post-QE period. We also find that the Indonesian government securities (IGS) played a vital role during the QE period, while international reserves preceded the US dollar–rupiah spot, forward, and NDF exchange rates post-QE. Hence, international reserves became an important policy variable in managing the currency value. Our finding redefines the role of IGS as a policy tool. As a policy suggestion, the Bank Indonesia should maintain a sufficient amount of foreign reserves to mitigate foreign exchange risks of the rupiah.
CRIMINAL RECORDS OF VIOLENCE INVOLVING VENEZUELANS IN NORTH BRAZIL
Authors: Cornacchia Ana Paula Ananiades , Carvalho Gilberto de Paiva , Araújo Rafael , Dias Paulo Eduardo Miamoto , Franco Ademir
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Refugee crisis is a problem faced worldwide. The large borders with neighbouring countries make Brazil a potential destination for most of those seeking for a new life in South America. Venezuela currently fights the worst humanitarian crisis in the history of the country, and migration to Brazil emerges as an option. Living in border regions, these people are more susceptible to violence. Objective: This study aimed to revisit the medico-legal records of a city in North Brazil to calculate rates of Venezuelans involved in situations of violence. Material and methods: Medico-legal records of the city of Pacaraima, Roraima, Brazil, dated from 2013 and 2018, were revisited. The nationality of victims and perpetrators of violent actions were noted as well as the type of crime. Results: In 2013 (n = 86, 39.3%) and 2018 (n = 133, 60.7%), 219 forensic records were documented. Venezuelans were involved in 63 forensic reports (28.7%) – one in 2013 and 62 in 2018. Most of the reports were related to bodily integrity investigations (n = 169, 77.2%). Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of building-up social strategies to support Venezuelans and Brazilians living in the city of Pacaraima, as the number of forensic reports increased 54.7% from 2013 to 2018. This data might reflect the increase of violence in the border region, in which Venezuelans and Brazilians may figure as victims and perpetrators.