bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haplotypes in theCRPGene Associated with Increased BMI and Levels of CRP in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes or Obesity from Southwestern Mexico
Authors: Martínez-Calleja América , Quiróz-Vargas Irma , Parra-Rojas Isela , Muñoz-Valle José Francisco , Leyva-Vázquez Marco A. , Fernández-Tilapa Gloria , Vences-Velázquez Amalia , Cruz Miguel , Salazar-Martínez Eduardo , Flores-Alfaro Eugenia
Published: September 2012

Objective. We evaluated the association between four polymorphisms in theCRPgene with circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and risk score of coronary heart disease.Methods. We studied 402 individuals and classified them into four groups: healthy, obese, T2D obese, and T2D without obesity, from Guerrero, Southwestern Mexico. Blood levels of CRP, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and leukocytes were measured. Genotyping was performed by PCR/RFLP, and the risk score for coronary heart disease was determined by the Framingham's methodology.Results. The TT genotype of SNP rs1130864 was associated with increased body mass index and T2D patients with obesity. We found that the haplotype 2 (TGAG) was associated with increased levels of CRP (β=0.3; 95%CI: 0.1, 0.5;P=0.005) and haplotype 7 (TGGG) with higher body mass index (BMI) (β=0.2; 95%CI: 0.1, 0.3;P<0.001). The risk score for coronary heart disease was associated with increased levels of CRP, but not with any polymorphism or haplotype.Conclusions. The association between the TT genotype of SNP rs1130864 with obesity and the haplotype 7 with BMI may explain how obesity and genetic predisposition increase the risk of diseases such as T2D in the population of Southwestern Mexico.
Identification by HPLC‐MS of Anthocyanin Derivatives in Raisins
Authors: Marquez Ana , Dueñas Montserrat , Serratosa María P. , Merida Julieta
Published: September 2012

The anthocyanin composition in red grapes dried under controlled conditions has been studied. Pyranoanthocyanins and condensed anthocyanins with flavanols by a methylmethine bridge have been identified. Typically, these compounds appear in wine after the fermentation process, as they require compounds such as pyruvic acid, acetoacetic acid, and acetaldehyde for their formation. During the chamber‐drying process a stress situation is originated, inducing significant changes in the grape metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic, and as a result it produces the activation of the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme (ADH) and others that would cause the formation of these compounds. These derivatives are very interesting because they give greater stability to the color of red wine.
One‐Pot Solvent‐Free Three‐Component Synthesis of Conjugated Enaminones Containing Three Alkyl Carboxylate Groups
Authors: Zohreh N. , Alizadeh A. , Babaki M.
Published: September 2012

An effective, one‐pot, multicomponent, and solvent‐free reaction for synthesis of conjugated enaminones containing three alkyl carboxylate groups is described. The reaction of primary amine, alkyl acetoacetate, and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate obtained the title compound in good yields in a short time.
Interaction of Natural Dye (Allium cepa) with Ionic Surfactants
Authors: Chandravanshi Shalini , Upadhyay Santosh K.
Published: September 2012

Allium cepa is a natural dye that has been extracted from onion skin with the help of soxhlet apparatus. The pigment in the dye pelargonidin was found to be 2.25%. The interaction of the dye with ionic surfactants, namely, cationic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) and anionic (sodium lauryl sulphate) has been studied by spectrophotometrically, conductivity, and surface tension measurements. The thermodynamic and surface parameters have been evaluated for the interaction process. The results indicate {surfactant‐dye} complex formation and domination of adsorption in comparison to micellization.
Loss of Heterozygosity at Tumor Suppressor Genes Detectable on Fractionated Circulating Cell-Free Tumor DNA as Indicator of Breast Cancer Progression
Authors: Schwarzenbach Heidi , Eichelser Corinna , Kropidlowski Jolanthe , Janni Wolfgang , Rack Brigitte , Pantel Klaus
Published: September 2012

Purpose: LOH on circulating DNA may provide tumor-specific information on breast cancer. As identification of LOH on cell-free DNA is impeded by the prevalence of wild type DNA in blood of cancer patients, we fractionated plasma DNA, and determined the diagnostic and prognostic value of both fractions.

Experimental design: Our cohort of 388 patients with primary breast cancer before chemotherapy was selected from a multicenter study (SUCCESS). Postoperative plasma was fractionated in low- and high-molecular weight DNA by two different column systems. In both fractions, LOH was determined by a PCR-based microsatellite analysis using a panel of 8 polymorphic markers. Circulating tumor DNA in plasma from 30 patients after chemotherapy was additionally analyzed. The significance levels were adjusted for multiple comparisons.

Results: More patients (38%) had LOH at all markers in the fraction containing short DNA fragments than in the fraction containing the long DNA molecules (28%, P = 0.0001). In both fractions 32.85% of LOH were concordant. LOH at the markers D3S1605, D10S1765, D12S1725, D13S218, and D17S855 significantly correlated with tumor stage, tumor size, and lymph node metastasis, positive progesterone, and HER2 receptor status. Most importantly, LOH at D12S1725 mapping to cyclin D2 correlated with shorter overall survival (P = 0.004).

Conclusions: The improved detection of LOH on cell-free DNA provides important information on DNA losses of tumor suppressor genes TIG1, PTEN, cyclin D2, RB1, and BRCA1 in breast cancer. In particular, loss of the cyclin D2 gene might become an important prognostic marker easily detectable in the peripheral blood. Clin Cancer Res; 18(20); 5719–30. ©2012 AACR.
Targeting the Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy in Medulloblastoma
Authors: Keating Joanna , Tsoli Maria , Hallahan Andrew R. , Ingram Wendy J. , Haber Michelle , Ziegler David S.
Published: September 2012

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. Novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to overcome cytotoxic resistance. We hypothesized that antiapoptotic signals contribute to resistance and that treatment with proapoptotic agents could increase the efficacy of conventional therapies. A PCR array was used to assess the status of the apoptotic signaling pathway in medulloblastoma cells after treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Treatment with cisplatin led to the upregulation of antiapoptotic signals, including inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP), in medulloblastoma cells. We subsequently investigated the synergistic effect of a small-molecule IAP inhibitor, LBW242, in combination with cisplatin and/or radiotherapy in three human medulloblastoma cell lines and 5 short term primary patient medulloblastoma cultures. The addition of LBW242 to chemotherapy resulted in significantly increased antitumor activity with a similar effect observed in combination with radiotherapy. Measurement of caspase-8 and -9 activity indicated that the synergy resulted from induction of both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Apoptosis was confirmed by Annexin V staining and activation of caspases 3/7. Xenograft models were used to evaluate the mechanism of action and efficacy in vivo. The combination therapy significantly reduced the tumor burden in a medulloblastoma xenograft model and TUNEL analysis in a medulloblastoma orthograft confirmed in vivo induction of apoptosis. These findings support the strategy of targeting IAPs in combination with cytotoxic therapy as a novel treatment strategy for patients with medulloblastoma. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(12); 2654–63. ©2012 AACR.
Inhibiting Aurora Kinases Reduces Tumor Growth and Suppresses Tumor Recurrence after Chemotherapy in Patient-Derived Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Xenografts
Authors: Romanelli Angela , Clark Anderson , Assayag Franck , Chateau-Joubert Sophie , Poupon Marie-France , Servely Jean-Luc , Fontaine Jean-Jacques , Liu Xiaohong , Spooner Edward , Goodstal Samantha , de Cremoux Patricia , Bièche Ivan , Decaudin Didier , Marangoni Elisabetta
Published: September 2012

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) have an aggressive phenotype with a relatively high rate of recurrence and poor overall survival. To date, there is no approved targeted therapy for TNBCs. Aurora kinases act as regulators of mammalian cell division. They are important for cell-cycle progression and are frequently overexpressed or mutated in human tumors, including breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of targeting Aurora kinases in preclinical models of human breast cancers using a pan-inhibitor of Aurora kinases, AS703569. In vitro, AS703569 was tested in 15 human breast cancer cell lines. TNBC cell lines were more sensitive to AS703569 than were other types of breast cancer cells. Inhibition of proliferation was associated with cell-cycle arrest, aneuploidy, and apoptosis. In vivo, AS703569 administered alone significantly inhibited tumor growth in seven of 11 patient-derived breast cancer xenografts. Treatment with AS703569 was associated with a decrease of phospho-histone H3 expression. Finally, AS703569 combined to doxorubicin–cyclophosphamide significantly inhibited in vivo tumor recurrence, suggesting that Aurora kinase inhibitors could be used both in monotherapy and in combination settings. In conclusion, these data indicate that targeting Aurora kinases could represent a new effective approach for TNBC treatment. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(12); 2693–703. ©2012 AACR.
RSK2Ser227 at N-Terminal Kinase Domain Is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Shimura Yuji , Kuroda Junya , Ri Masaki , Nagoshi Hisao , Yamamoto-Sugitani Mio , Kobayashi Tsutomu , Kiyota Miki , Nakayama Ryuko , Mizutani Shinsuke , Chinen Yoshiaki , Sakamoto Natsumi , Matsumoto Yosuke , Horiike Shigeo , Shiotsu Yukimasa , Iida Shinsuke , Taniwaki Masafumi
Published: September 2012

Multiple myeloma is an entity of cytogenetically and genetically heterogenous plasma cell neoplasms. Despite recent improvement in the treatment outcome of multiple myeloma by novel molecular-targeted chemotherapeutics, multiple myeloma remains incurable. The identification of a therapeutic target molecule in which various signaling for cell-survival converge is a core component for the development of new therapeutic strategies against multiple myeloma. RSK2 is an essential mediator of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway for cell survival and proliferation. In this study, we discovered that RSK2Ser227, which is located at the N-terminal kinase domain and is one site responsible for substrate phosphorylation, is activated through phosphorylation regardless of the type of cytogenetic abnormalities or upstream molecular signaling in all 12 multiple myeloma–derived cell lines examined and 6 of 9 patient-derived CD138-positive primary myeloma cells. The chemical inhibition of RSK2Ser227 by BI-D1870 or gene knockdown of RSK2 inhibits myeloma cell proliferation through apoptosis induction, and this anti-myeloma effect was accompanied by downregulation of c-MYC, cyclin D, p21WAF1/CIP1, and MCL1. RSK2Ser227 inhibition resulting from BI-D1870 treatment restored lenalidomide-induced direct cytotoxicity of myeloma cells from interleukin-6–mediated cell protection, showed no cross-resistance to bortezomib, and exerted additive/synergistic antiproliferative effects in conjunction with the mTOR, histone deacetylase, and BH3-mimicking BCL2/BCLXL inhibitors. These results suggest that RSK2Ser227 is a potential therapeutic target not only for newly diagnosed but also for patients with later phase multiple myeloma who are resistant or refractory to currently available anti-myeloma therapies. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(12); 2600–9. ©2012 AACR.
Targeting KRAS-Mutant Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer with the Hsp90 Inhibitor Ganetespib
Authors: Acquaviva Jaime , Smith Donald L. , Sang Jim , Friedland Julie C. , He Suqin , Sequeira Manuel , Zhang Chaohua , Wada Yumiko , Proia David A.
Published: September 2012

Mutant KRAS is a feature of more than 25% of non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and represents one of the most prevalent oncogenic drivers in this disease. NSCLC tumors with oncogenic KRAS respond poorly to current therapies, necessitating the pursuit of new treatment strategies. Targeted inhibition of the molecular chaperone Hsp90 results in the coordinated blockade of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways in tumor cells and has thus emerged as an attractive avenue for therapeutic intervention in human malignancies. Here, we examined the activity of ganetespib, a small-molecule inhibitor of Hsp90 currently in clinical trials for NSCLCs in a panel of lung cancer cell lines harboring a diverse spectrum of KRAS mutations. In vitro, ganetespib was potently cytotoxic in all lines, with concomitant destabilization of KRAS signaling effectors. Combinations of low-dose ganetespib with MEK or PI3K/mTOR inhibitors resulted in superior cytotoxic activity than single agents alone in a subset of mutant KRAS cells, and the antitumor efficacy of ganetespib was potentiated by cotreatment with the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 in A549 xenografts in vivo. At the molecular level, ganetespib suppressed activating feedback signaling loops that occurred in response to MEK and PI3K/mTOR inhibition, although this activity was not the sole determinant of combinatorial benefit. In addition, ganetespib sensitized mutant KRAS NSCLC cells to standard-of-care chemotherapeutics of the antimitotic, topoisomerase inhibitor, and alkylating agent classes. Taken together, these data underscore the promise of ganetespib as a single-agent or combination treatment in KRAS-driven lung tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(12); 2633–43. ©2012 AACR.
Der p 2 Recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guérin Targets Dendritic Cells to Inhibit Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Asthma
Authors: Qu Shuo-Yao , Ou-Yang Hai-Feng , He Ya-Long , Wan Qi , Shi Jie-Ran , Wu Chang-Gui
Published: September 2012

Background: Previous studies showed that a recombinant bacille Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) which expressed the Der p 2 of house dust mites (Der p 2 rBCG) could suppress asthmatic airway inflammation. There are two possible mechanisms: (1) Der p 2 rBCG elicits immune deviation from Th2 to Th1, and (2) Der p 2 rBCG induces antigen-specific regulatory T cells. However, the role of dendritic cell (DC) Der p 2 rBCG in this protective effect and in reprogramming T-cell commitment still needs to be studied. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether DCs play a central role in the Der p 2 rBCG-mediated inhibition of allergic airway inflammation. Methods: DCs were collected from Der p 2 rBCG-immunized mice (Der p 2 rBCG-DCs) and adoptively transferred to Der p 2-sensitized mice. The effects of DCs on airway inflammation and immune regulation were analyzed. Results: Adoptive transfer of DCs from Der p 2 rBCG-immunized mice suppressed asthmatic responses, including airway inflammation, mucin secretion and airway responsiveness. Der p 2 rBCG-DCs could effectively inhibit excessive Th2 immune responses and induced a subtype of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ anti-specific regulatory T cells in this asthma model. Furthermore, Der p 2 rBCG immunization recruited more plasmacytoid DCs in abdominal draining lymph nodes. Conclusions: These findings suggest that DCs played a key role in Der p 2 rBCG-induced immunoregulation. Compared with BCG, Der p 2 rBCG displayed a more potent inhibitory effect on asthma responses, which may be related to the increase in plasmacytoid DC recruitment. These results improve our understanding of the cellular basis of Der p 2 BCG-mediated inhibition of asthma.
Low-Flow Mediated Constriction is Endothelium-Dependent
Authors: Dawson Ellen A. , Alkarmi Amr , Thijssen Dick H.J. , Rathore Sudhir , Marsman Diane E. , Cable N. Timothy , Wright D. Jay , Green Daniel J.
Published: September 2012

Background—

Radial artery catheterization is associated with endothelial denudation and impaired vasodilator function, while postcatheterization exercise training may enhance artery function. The impact of catheterization and subsequent exercise training on low-flow mediated vasoconstriction (L-FMC) has not previously been studied. The aim of this study was to examine whether radial artery L-FMC is impaired by catheterization and consequent endothelial denudation. A further aim was to examine the effect of local handgrip exercise training on radial artery L-FMC and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) after transradial catheterization.

Methods and Results—

Thirty-two subjects undergoing transradial catheterization underwent assessment of L-FMC and FMD in the catheterized and contralateral radial artery before, and the day after, catheterization. A further 18 patients were recruited and randomly assigned to either a 6-week handgrip exercise training program (N=9) or a nonexercise control period (N=9). L-FMC was attenuated 1 day postcatheterization in the catheterized arm (−2.07±0.84 to 0.35±0.83), but unchanged in the noncatheterized arm (−0.93±0.86 to −0.90±0.92;
P
<0.05). In the training study, both FMD and L-FMC of the catheterized arm were preserved in the exercise group 7 weeks after catheterization (FMD-pre, 6.84±0.79; FMD-post, 6.85±1.16; L-FMC-pre, −2.14±1.42; L-FMC-post, −3.58±1.04%), but reduced in the control group (FMD-pre, 8.27±1.52; FMD-post, 4.66±0.70;
P
=0.06; L-FMC-pre, −3.26±1.19; L-FMC-post, −1.34±1.27%;
P
<0.05).

Conclusions—

Catheterization, and associated endothelial denudation, decreases L-FMC in the radial artery, suggesting that it is endothelium-dependent. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that exercise training has beneficial impacts on radial artery vasodilator and constrictor function.
Loss of Adenomatous Poliposis Coli-α3 Integrin Interaction Promotes Endothelial Apoptosis in Mice and Humans
Authors: de Jesus Perez Vinicio A. , Yuan Ke , Orcholski Mark E. , Sawada Hirofumi , Zhao Mingming , Li Caiyun Grace , Tojais Nancy F. , Nickel Nils , Rajagopalan Viswanathan , Spiekerkoetter Edda , Wang Lingli , Dutta Roop , Bernstein Daniel , Rabinovitch Marlene
Published: September 2012

Rationale:

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by progressive elevation in pulmonary pressure and loss of small pulmonary arteries. As bone morphogenetic proteins promote pulmonary angiogenesis by recruiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, we proposed that β-catenin activation could reduce loss and induce regeneration of small pulmonary arteries (PAs) and attenuate PH.

Objective:

This study aims to establish the role of β-catenin in protecting the pulmonary endothelium and stimulating compensatory angiogenesis after injury.

Methods and Results:

To assess the impact of β-catenin activation on chronic hypoxia-induced PH, we used the adenomatous polyposis coli (
Apc

Min/+

) mouse, where reduced APC causes constitutive β-catenin elevation. Surprisingly, hypoxic
Apc

Min/+

mice displayed greater PH and small PA loss compared with control C57Bl6J littermates. PA endothelial cells isolated from
Apc

Min/+

demonstrated reduced survival and angiogenic responses along with a profound reduction in adhesion to laminin. The mechanism involved failure of APC to interact with the cytoplasmic domain of the α3 integrin, to stabilize focal adhesions and activate integrin-linked kinase-1 and phospho Akt. We found that PA endothelial cells from lungs of patients with idiopathic PH have reduced APC expression, decreased adhesion to laminin, and impaired vascular tube formation. These defects were corrected in the cultured cells by transfection of APC.

Conclusions:

We show that APC is integral to PA endothelial cells adhesion and survival and is reduced in PA endothelial cells from PH patient lungs. The data suggest that decreased APC may be a cause of increased risk or severity of PH in genetically susceptible individuals.
The United Nations Global Compact
Authors: Rasche Andreas , Waddock Sandra , McIntosh Malcolm
Published: September 2012

This article reviews the interdisciplinary literature on the UN Global Compact. The review identifies three research perspectives, which scholars have used to study the UN Global Compact so far: a historical perspective discussing the Global Compact in the context of UN-business relations, an operational perspective discussing the composition and impact of its participants, as well as a governance perspective discussing the constraints and opportunities of the initiative as an institutionalized arena for addressing global governance gaps. The authors contrast these three perspectives and identify key empirical as well as conceptual scholarly contributions. The remainder of this article contains focused summaries of the articles selected for this Special Issue. All articles are introduced and evaluated against the background of the three research perspectives.
Failure criterion for two-ply plain-weave CFRP laminates
Authors: Mallikarachchi HMYC , Pellegrino Sergio
Published: September 2012

We present an experimentally based failure criterion for symmetric two-ply plain-weave laminates of carbon fiber reinforced plastic. The criterion is formulated in terms of six force and moment stress resultants and consists of a set of three inequalities, related to in-plane, bending, and combined in-plane and bending types of failure. All failure parameters in the criterion are measured directly from five sets of tests. The new criterion is validated against an extensive data set of failure test results that use novel sample configurations to impose different combinations of stress resultants. It is found that the proposed criterion is safe for all test conditions and yet avoids excessive conservatism.
Narratives of Learning to Teach
Authors: Schultz Katherine , Ravitch Sharon M.
Published: September 2012

This article examines the writing of new teachers in two different pathways into teaching—a university-based teacher education program and an alternative certification program. The teachers were members of a Narrative Writing Group formed by the authors to study how teachers construct a professional identity, to further understand the role of narrative and inquiry in teacher learning, and to add to conversations about the design of teacher preparation programs. An analysis of the teachers’ narratives reveals that their professional identities were shaped by their membership in a range of knowledge communities, including the Narrative Writing Group and also their schools, network of friends, and the preparation programs. The narratives of professional identity development were shaped in relationship to other people, including mentor teachers and students. Knowledge and perspectives from this writing provide critical understandings about the importance of addressing teaching as professional practice that have the potential to shape the current conversation about teacher preparation.
Evolution of the discontinuity concept in modeling and simulation: from original idea to model switching, switchable understanding, and beyond
Authors: Ören Tuncer I
Published: September 2012

The GEneral System Theory implementer (GEST) was the first system-theory-based simulation model specification language. Even though a commercial implementation of GEST was not realized, over the years interesting ideas emerged based on it. At the beginning of this sequence of developments was the realization of two types of discontinuity in the integration of piecewise continuous systems. Afterwards, concepts generalized from the discontinuity processing were applied: (a) to modeling as a model update, multimodels, model switching, DNA-based modeling, dynamic model coupling, and dynamic model composability; (b) to simulations as multisimulation; (c) to psychology as a personality update and dynamic personality in human behavior simulation; (d) to understanding as multiunderstanding, switchable understanding, and misunderstanding avoidance; and (e) to emotion understanding as multiunderstanding and switchable understanding for better emotional intelligence as they are applied to the emotions of self and others. Each one of these areas may be the basis for some advanced modeling and simulation methodologies. Even though references are given for them, the emphasis in this article is the applicability of the same two discontinuity concepts to many different areas.
“Seeing the Theory Is Believing”
Authors: Pelton Julie A.
Published: September 2012

Both “theory” and “writing” engender a great deal of anxiety for the typical undergraduate sociology major. Writing-intensive theory courses increase this feeling exponentially. Active learning approaches to teaching theory are often advocated as a way to combat these fears, but few studies have tested whether these innovations effectively reduce student anxiety. This article describes and evaluates the Film Analysis Papers writing assignment designed to reduce student anxiety in an undergraduate theory course. I present data from a questionnaire that asked students to assess the effect of writing about film on theory anxiety. Findings show that the film assignment reduced anxiety about writing theoretically and improved student confidence in their ability to theorize. This study is unique in that it isolates the effect of active learning approaches on theory anxiety in order to understand whether anxiety mediates the relationship between active learning and learning outcomes in theory classes.
From Recording to Intervention
Authors: Piedras Pablo
Published: September 2012

The study of Argentine social and political documentaries from 1956 to 1974 allows one to trace the crisis and discrediting of democracy that began in 1930 and intensified after 1955 with the overthrow of Juan Domingo Perón. The documentaries show the decline of legitimacy of the opposing political forces, the radicalization of the political actors involved, and the configuration and affirmation of antagonistic social subjects. Toward the end of the 1960s, this process led to an imaginary of revolution and violence that energized documentary practices and forms.

Un análisis del documental social y político de la Argentina desde 1956 a 1974 permite reconocer la crisis y desacreditación de la democracia que comienza en 1930 y se intensifica luego de 1955 con el derrocamiento de Juan Domingo Perón. Los documentales demuestran el decline de la legitimidad de fuerzas políticas opositoras, la radicalización de los actores políticos involucrados, y la configuración y afirmación de sujetos sociales antagónicos. A fines de 1960, este proceso condujo a la construcción de un imaginario de revolución y violencia que transformó las formas y las prácticas del cine documental.
Labyrinths and Lines of Memory in Documentary Film
Authors: Ciancio María Belén
Published: September 2012

An examination of two Argentine documentaries that show distinct experiences of memory— Memoria del saqueo (released in English as Social Genocide, Fernando Solanas, 2004) and Los rubios (released in English as The Blonds, Albertina Carri, 2003)—in dialogue with the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and his vision of Third World cinema as an eminently political practice reveals a tension between a linear memory that continues along the same lines as the political films of the 1960s and 1970s and a labyrinthic memory that experiments with absence in the search for recollections.

Un examen de dos documentales argentinos que demuestran distintas experiencias de la memoria– Memoria del saqueo (distribuida en inglés como Social Genocide, Fernando Solanas, 2004) y Los rubios (distribuido en inglés como The Blonds, Albertina Carri, 2003)–entran en dialogo con la filosofía de Gilles Deleuze. Su visión del cinema del tercer mundo como practica eminentemente política se usa para revelar la tensión entre una memoria linear que continua la línea de las películas políticas de los 1960 y 1970, y la memoria laberíntica que experimenta con la ausencia en la búsqueda de recuerdos.
Revisiting the Argentine Political Documentary of the Late 1950s and Early 1960s
Authors: Fradinger Moira
Published: September 2012

Criticism has tended to see the pioneer documentaries of the New Latin American Cinema in the late 1950s and early 1960s as reproducing what they denounced. Close analysis of the formal strategies of three classic Argentine films of the period—Fernando Birri’s Tire Dié, Humberto Ríos’s Faena, and Raymundo Gleyzer’s Ceramiqueros de Traslasierra—suggests, instead, that the questions and contradictions in these political documentaries are illuminated by the desire to imagine and address a new audience as an agent of social change.

La crítica ha tendido a ver los documentales pioneros del Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano de la década de 1950 y comienzos de 1960 como la reproducción de lo que denunciaban. Un análisis más detallado de las estrategias formales de tres clásicos del cine argentino de la época— Tire Dié de Fernando Birri, Faena de Humberto Ríos, y Ceramiqueros de Traslasierra de Raymundo Gleyzer—sugiere, en cambio, que las cuestiones y contradicciones en estos documentales políticos son clarificadas por el deseo de imaginar y dirigirse a una nueva audiencia entendida como un agente de cambio social.
Framing Ruins
Authors: Rodríguez Juan Carlos
Published: September 2012

The representations of ruins in three of Patricio Guzmán’s postdictatorial documentaries— Chile, la memoria obstinata (1997), La isla de Robinson Crusoe (1999), and El caso Pinochet (2001)—can be seen as allegories of different aspects of Chilean history: the defeat of Allende’s democratic alliance, the end of the Pinochet regime, and the challenges of social reconciliation in contemporary Chile. Guzmán’s strategy of screening architectonic ruins evokes the ruin of the socialist and dictatorial regimes in Chile. The filmmaker also presents a second image of ruin that evokes the ruin of the screen and, in this way, confronts viewers with the limits of representation, language, reconciliation, and testimony.

Las representaciones de ruinas en tres de los documentales de la posdictadura de Patricio Guzmán— Chile, la memoria obstinada (1997), La isla de Robinson Crusoe (1999), y Le cas Pinochet (2001)—pueden verse como alegóricas de aspectos distintos de la historia de Chile: la derrota de la Alianza Democrática de Allende, el fin del régimen de Pinochet, y los retos de la reconciliación social en el Chile contemporáneo. La estrategia de Guzmán de proyectar ruinas arquitectónicas evoca la ruina de los regimenes socialistas y dictatoriales en Chile. También se presenta otro imagen de ruina que evoca la ruina de la pantalla, de modo de que se elaboran los limites de la representación, la lengua, la reconciliación, y el testimonio.
The Timing of Exposure in Clinic-Based Treatment for Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Gryczkowski Michelle R. , Tiede Michael S. , Dammann Julie E. , Brown Jacobsen Amy , Hale Lisa R. , Whiteside Stephen P. H.
Published: September 2012

The present study examines treatment length and timing of exposure from two child anxiety disorders clinics. Data regarding symptoms and treatment characteristics for 28 youth were prospectively obtained through self, parent, and therapist report at each session. Information regarding length of treatment, timing of exposure initiation, and drop-out rates were compared with those obtained through efficacy and effectiveness trials of manualized treatment for anxious youth. Findings from the authors’ clinical data revealed significantly shorter treatment duration with exposures implemented sooner than in the previous studies. Dropout rates were significantly higher than in the efficacy trial but comparable with the effectiveness trial. Outcome data from a subset of eight patients revealed large effect sizes. These findings suggest that effective treatment can be shorter and more focused on exposure than is often outlined in manuals and have important implications for outcome research and dissemination.
Understanding PRACTICE: An acronym for the holistic approach to practice
Authors: Townsend Brendan
Published: September 2012

The purpose of this article is to provide a mnemonic device that when incorporated into practice behavior is shown through case study to help students develop an understanding of the relationship between exercises, new and old, and the music that they are preparing. I developed the mnemonic “Preparation of Relevant Activities Causes Technical Improvement, and, Correct Execution” and conducted a limited case study with cello students unknown to me prior to the study, and observed the result of this approach in their practice. This article describes the relationship of the three parts of the mnemonic device and how they are applied for the student.
Diagnostic Exercise
Authors: Brosinski K. , Burkhardt W. A. , Venzin C. , Grest P.
Published: September 2012

A 14-year-old neutered male cat presenting with chronic vomiting had 2 masses within the submucosa of the stomach that were excised. They presented histologically as circumscribed, submucosal masses consisting of diffusely arranged medium-sized round cells with a moderate amount of cytoplasm and interspersed eosinophils, separated by trabecular fibroblastic stroma. The overlying mucosa was diffusely infiltrated by the same round cells, and marked epitheliotropism was present. Neoplastic cells labelled positive for CD3 and negative for CD79a and CD117. Giemsa staining and silver staining (SNOBA) were also negative. A T-cell lymphoma with reactive fibroplasia was diagnosed, and differential diagnoses including mast cell tumor and feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia could be excluded.
Endothelial Binding of Beta Toxin to Small Intestinal Mucosal Endothelial Cells in Early Stages of Experimentally Induced Clostridium Perfringens Type C Enteritis in Pigs
Authors: Schumacher V. L. , Martel A. , Pasmans F. , Van Immerseel F. , Posthaus H.
Published: September 2012

Beta toxin (CPB) is known to be an essential virulence factor in the development of lesions of Clostridium perfringens type C enteritis in different animal species. Its target cells and exact mechanism of toxicity have not yet been clearly defined. Here, we evaluate the suitability of a neonatal piglet jejunal loop model to investigate early lesions of C. perfringens type C enteritis. Immunohistochemically, CPB was detected at microvascular endothelial cells in intestinal villi during early and advanced stages of lesions induced by C. perfringens type C. This was first associated with capillary dilatation and subsequently with widespread hemorrhage in affected intestinal segments. CPB was, however, not demonstrated on intestinal epithelial cells. This indicates a tropism of CPB toward endothelial cells and suggests that CPB-induced endothelial damage plays an important role in the early stages of C. perfringens type C enteritis in pigs.
Flies in the North
Authors: Kauranen Hannele , Menegazzi Pamela , Costa Rodolfo , Helfrich-Förster Charlotte , Kankainen Annaliisa , Hoikkala Anneli
Published: September 2012

The circadian clock plays an important role in adaptation in time and space by synchronizing changes in physiological, developmental, and behavioral traits of organisms with daily and seasonal changes in their environment. We have studied some features of the circadian activity and clock organization in a northern Drosophila species, Drosophila montana, at both the phenotypic and the neuronal levels. In the first part of the study, we monitored the entrained and free-running locomotor activity rhythms of females in different light-dark and temperature regimes. These studies showed that D. montana flies completely lack the morning activity component typical to more southern Drosophila species in an entrained environment and that they are able to maintain their free-running locomotor activity rhythm better in constant light than in constant darkness. In the second part of the study, we traced the expression of the PDF neuropeptide and the CRY protein in the neurons of the brain in D. montana adults and found differences in the number and location of PDF- and CRY-expressing neurons compared with those described in Drosophila melanogaster. These differences could account, at least in part, for the lack of morning activity and the reduced circadian rhythmicity of D. montana flies in constant darkness, both of which are likely to be adaptive features during the long and dark winters occurring in nature.
Time of Day Changes in Cyclic Nucleotides Are Modified via Octopamine and Pheromone in Antennae of the Madeira Cockroach
Authors: Schendzielorz Thomas , Peters Wladimir , Boekhoff Ingrid , Stengl Monika
Published: September 2012

The cockroach Rhyparobia ( Leucophaea) maderae expresses a circadian rhythm in pheromone-dependent mating activity that peaks at the late day/early night. In contrast, the circadian rhythm in olfactory sensitivity of the Madeira cockroach is at its minimum during this time. Until now, the reasons for this obvious discrepancy in phase were not understood. Previously, it was shown that cyclic nucleotides modulate olfactory sensitivity in a zeitgeber time (ZT)–dependent manner. In moths’ olfactory receptor neurons, adapting pheromone concentrations elevate cGMP levels, which decrease pheromone sensitivity. In contrast, cAMP elevations sensitized pheromone responses. Thus, with immunoassay kits, it was determined whether cAMP and cGMP baseline levels vary in a ZT-dependent manner in antennal lysates of female R. maderae, revealing underlying circadian rhythms in olfactory sensitivity. Furthermore, it was examined whether adapting pheromone exposure elevates cGMP levels in cockroach antennae, possibly overshadowing underlying circadian rhythms in sensitivity via sensory adaptation. It was shown for the first time that cAMP and cGMP baseline levels oscillate in antiphase in a ZT-dependent manner in an insect’s antenna, with the maximum in cAMP concentrations coinciding with maximal mating activity during the late day. Moreover, the cAMP baseline level oscillation expressed a circadian rhythm since it persisted under constant darkness in contrast to cGMP baseline levels. Furthermore, while excess exposure to male pheromones increased cGMP and decreased cAMP baseline levels, the stress hormone octopamine increased adenylyl cyclase activity at all ZTs tested. Therefore, it is suggested that cyclic nucleotide–dependent modulation of olfactory sensitivity due to olfactory overstimulation and stress could be responsible for previously measured phase discrepancies between rhythms in mating behavior and pheromone sensitivity.
Harmonizing Diversity
Authors: Fischer Michael D. , Lyon Stephen M. , Sosna Daniel , Henig David
Published: September 2012

The contributions in this issue of Social Science Computer Review represent a range of computational approaches to theoretical and disciplinary specializations in anthropology that reflect on and expand the future orientation and practice of the formal and comparative agenda in the context of an increasing emphasis on complexity in anthropology as a discipline. Themes covered in this issue include kinship, funerary burials, urban legends, eye tracking, and looking at mode influences on online data collection. A common theme throughout the articles is examining the relationship between global emergent processes and structures and the local individual contributions to this emergence, and how the local and global contexts influence each other. We argue that unless complexity is addressed more overtly by leveraging computational approaches to data collection, analysis and theory building, anthropology and social science more generally face an existential challenge if they are to continue to pursue extended field research exercise, intersubjective productions, deep personal involvement, interaction with materiality, and engagement with people while generating research outcomes of relevance to the world beyond the narrow confines of specialist journals and conferences.
Pneumatic position servo control of magnetic resonance compatible needle insertion robot
Authors: Jiang Shan , Feng Wenhao , Zheng Peng , Liu Jun , Yang Jun
Published: September 2012

This paper presents a control methodology that enables nonlinear model-base control of pulse width modulated (PWM) pneumatic position servo control system of a magnetic resonance (MR) compatible needle insertion robot used for MRI-guided prostate brachytherapy. Sliding mode control with a boundary layer is investigated based on the equivalent continuous-time dynamic model. Considering chattering in sliding mode control applications, especially in motion control of the robot, a fuzzy method is developed to tune the boundary layer of the sliding mode controller. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the controller is effective in both position control and trajectory tracking. With the boundary layer increasing, the steady state error of the response is becoming larger; however the maximum error is less than 0.2 mm. This steady state performance meets the accuracy requirement.
Most Reported Genetic Associations With General Intelligence Are Probably False Positives
Authors: Chabris Christopher F. , Hebert Benjamin M. , Benjamin Daniel J. , Beauchamp Jonathan , Cesarini David , van der Loos Matthijs , Johannesson Magnus , Magnusson Patrik K. E. , Lichtenstein Paul , Atwood Craig S. , Freese Jeremy , Hauser Taissa S. , Hauser Robert M. , Christakis Nicholas , Laibson David
Published: September 2012

General intelligence ( g) and virtually all other behavioral traits are heritable. Associations between g and specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several candidate genes involved in brain function have been reported. We sought to replicate published associations between g and 12 specific genetic variants (in the genes DTNBP1, CTSD, DRD2, ANKK1, CHRM2, SSADH, COMT, BDNF, CHRNA4, DISC1, APOE, and SNAP25) using data sets from three independent, well-characterized longitudinal studies with samples of 5,571, 1,759, and 2,441 individuals. Of 32 independent tests across all three data sets, only 1 was nominally significant. By contrast, power analyses showed that we should have expected 10 to 15 significant associations, given reasonable assumptions for genotype effect sizes. For positive controls, we confirmed accepted genetic associations for Alzheimer’s disease and body mass index, and we used SNP-based calculations of genetic relatedness to replicate previous estimates that about half of the variance in g is accounted for by common genetic variation among individuals. We conclude that the molecular genetics of psychology and social science requires approaches that go beyond the examination of candidate genes.
Intergenerational Transmission of the Reminiscence Bump and Biographical Conflict Knowledge
Authors: Svob Connie , Brown Norman R.
Published: September 2012

In the study reported here, we investigated intergenerational transmission of life stories in two groups of young adults: a conflict group and a nonconflict group. Only participants in the conflict group had parents who lived through violent political upheaval. All participants recalled and dated 10 important events from one of their parents’ lives. There were three main findings. First, both groups produced sets of events that displayed a reminiscence bump related to the parent’s estimated age at the time of the event. Second, the majority of the events in both groups were transitions that were perceived to have exerted a significant psychological and material impact on a parent’s life. Third, in the conflict group, 25% of recalled events were conflict related. This finding indicates that historical conflict knowledge is passed from one generation to the next and that it is understood to have had a personally relevant, life-altering effect. Moreover, the findings suggest that transitional impact and perceived importance help determine which events children will remember from a parent’s life.
Powers of Reach
Authors: Akinwumi Akin
Published: September 2012

Scholars working in the legal geography tradition have consistently argued that there is an important, although often under-explored or even unarticulated, relationship between law and space. They have stressed that, even when the connections between both categories are not always immediately self-evident, space matters to law. In simple analytical terms, this article continues in this spatio-legal tradition by injecting the distinctively geographical register of reach into contemporary modes of socio-legal theorizing. Building on a body of work deploying ideas around reach, the article draws attention to the ways in which legal mobilization orchestrated at a distance serves as a surface of action for pursuing a range of claims, aims and agendas in the pursuit of ends linked to justice. The empirical focus of the article revolves around an aspect of the litigation-driven redress campaign by the South African social movement Khulumani Support Group that draws on the utility of the US legal statute – the Alien Tort Claims Act.
Linking Corporate Power to Corporate Structures
Authors: Boggio Andrea
Published: September 2012

Corporations are contested legal entities. Many see them merely as vehicles for financial and business elites to acquire and maintain unfettered power. In this paper, I look at the relationship between corporate power and corporate structures, and argue that corporate power is importantly located in the exploitation of the principles of separate personality of corporate entities and shareholder limited liability. Courts’ unwillingness to pierce the corporate veil and to extend the liability of parent company/principal to the acts of a subsidiary/agent contributes to enabling the creation and exploitation of corporate networks. This is particularly problematic when the corporate creditors are tort victims, who do not assent to limited liability through voluntary transactions. The argument is supported by empirical evidence of the strategies of three asbestos firms to avoid accountability for their tortious conduct. These strategies were curbed only by recourse to criminal law by holding corporate personnel directly responsible for their corporate activities in question and by boycott and political mobilization.
Building Pro-poor Value Chains: Experiences from Rural India
Authors: Pastakia Astad
Published: September 2012

In spite of the early success of Verghese Kurien in building pro-poor dairy value chains in India during the 1940s, this strategy for strengthening rural livelihoods remained largely under-utilised until recently. During the past two decades, several social entrepreneurs/developmental agencies have successfully carried out pro-poor value chain interventions (PVCIs) in a wide range of sub-sectors. The article examines the strategies deployed in six such PVCIs, culminating in the development of a typology of strategies. The typology includes strategies for working with existing value chains (reviving, reconstructing, leveraging) as well as for creating new value chains (linking distant consumers and marginal producers through fair-trade channels, creating networks of decentralised value chains). The typology is suggestive of what works best under different situations. Also included is a discussion on building appropriate social capital for PVCIs, which is critical for the success and sustainability of such interventions.
Taking an Active Approach in Entrepreneurial Mentoring Programmes Geared towards Immigrants
Authors: Schlosser Francine
Published: September 2012

Immigrants face significant challenges that impair their ability to access resources that can develop their entrepreneurial potential. Using an action research and case-based approach, we highlight the challenges experienced by immigrant entrepreneurs and in turn discuss practical measures to resolve these challenges through mentoring programmes for nascent entrepreneurs. We profile a unique multi-disciplinary programme involving both business and law students who coordinate and deliver workshops for course credit. Established entrepreneurs and professionals also volunteer their time as mentors. We develop a balanced scorecard to assess and improve the programme. Study results provide a model to enable universities and others to reach out to nascent immigrant entrepreneurs.