bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LA AUTORREGULACIÓN EN EL PROCESO DE ENSEÑANZA Y APRENDIZAJE: PERCEPCIÓN DE LOS ESTUDIANTES DE LA CÁTEDRA DE TURISMO SOSTENIBLE DE LA UNED
Authors: Pérez-Chaverri Julia , Solís-Rosales Susan
Published: January 2021

Este avance de investigación expone algunos de los resultados que evidencian cómo un grupo de estudiantes de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED) perciben sus propios procesos de autorregulación como parte de la estrategia de enseñanza-aprendizaje en las asignaturas: Técnicas de Animación Turística (5166) y Técnicas de Servicio de Alimentos y Bebidas (5163) de los grados de Diplomado y Bachillerato que conforman la cátedra de Turismo Sostenible, perteneciente a la carrera Gestión Turística Sostenible de la Escuela de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades (ESCH).  La presente investigación inició en el I cuatrimestre del 2015  y actualmente está en proceso. Se realiza con una metodología mixta; de esa manera, se puede  cuantificar y describir algunas acciones que asume el estudiante para lograr el éxito de las demandas de cada asignatura. Esto le permite a la cátedra tomar decisiones para la mejora continua de los procesos didácticos, pedagógicos y evaluación de los aprendizajes de acuerdo a lo estipulado en el Modelo Pedagógico de la UNED, y sobre todo, favorecer la autorregulación como parte fundamental del proceso de aprendizaje individual que realiza cada persona y que exalta el actual Plan de Desarrollo Académico (2012-2017).Palabras clave: Autorregulación, metacognición, modelo pedagógico de la UNED, centralidad de la persona  estudiante, proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje. SummaryThis article is an improvement of results that show how a group of students from the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED) perceive their own processes of self-regulation as part of the strategy of teaching and learning in the subjects: Tourist Animation Techniques (5166) and Food and Beverage Service Techniques (5163) from the Diploma and Bachelor degrees that make up the chair of Sustainable Tourism, part of the Sustainable Tourism Management career at the School of Social Sciences and Humanities (ESCH). This investigation began in the first quarter of 2015 and is currently in process. It is done with a mixed methodology; that way, you can quantify and describe some actions that the student takes to succeed on the demands of each subject. This allows the chair to make decisions for continuous improvement of teaching processes and learning assessments in accordance with the stipulations of the pedagogical model of the UNED, and especially promote self-regulation as a fundamental part of the individual learning process that each person makes, exalting the current Academic Development Plan (2012-2017).Keywords: Self-regulation, metacognition, pedagogical model of the UNED, centrality of the individual student, teaching and learning process.
CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN COMO PARTE DE LA ESTRATEGIA EVALUATIVA DURANTE EL PROCESO DE ENSEÑANZA APRENDIZAJE EN ENTORNOS VIRTUALES: UNA PERSPECTIVA TEÓRICA
Authors: Pérez-Chaverri Julia , Salas-Soto Marianela
Published: January 2021

Esta revisión bibliográfica se llevó a cabo para identificar las condiciones y características de la retroalimentación como parte de la estrategia evaluativa durante el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en entornos virtuales. Estos fundamentos permiten orientar el quehacer de la docencia que se lleva a cabo en la Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED). El análisis de este estudio se basó en una revisión de literatura de los autores más reconocidos y actuales en el campo de la evaluación de los aprendizajes y su propósito fue recuperar la mayor cantidad posible de aportes sobre el papel de la retroalimentación y cómo esta puede potenciar procesos de aprendizaje más profundos y significativos. Los hallazgos más importantes se centran en la retroalimentación como proceso dialógico y colaborativo en el marco de la evaluación alternativa: formativa y formadora que se ve potenciada por las posibilidades de apertura, personalización, interactividad, ubicuidad, inmediatez, flexibilidad, interoperabilidad y colaboración que ofrecen los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje.Palabras claves: retroalimentación; feedback; estrategia de evaluación; proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje; entornos virtuales de aprendizaje. SummaryThis bibliographical review was conducted to identify the conditions and characteristics of feedback as part of the evaluation strategy during the teaching-learning process in virtual environments. These fundamentals orient the work of the teaching that takes place at the Universidad Estatal a Distancia.The analysis of this study is based on a literature review of the most recognized and present authors in the field of learning assessment, and its purpose was to recover the maximum amount of contributions on the role of feedback, and how it can enhance deeper and more meaningful learning processes.The most important findings focus on the feedback as a dialogical and collaborative process within the framework of alternative assessment: formative and forming, that is enhanced by opening possibilities, personalization, interactivity, ubiquity, immediacy, flexibility, interoperability and collaboration offering virtual learning environments.Keywords: feedback; evaluative strategy; teaching and learning process; virtual learning environments.
Evaluation Method of Training Simulation on Biological Models for Cardiovascular Surgery Residents
Authors: Brandão Carlos , Dallan Luis Roberto , Dinato Fabrício , Monteiro Rosangela , Fiorelli Alfredo , Jatene Fábio
Published: January 2021

Objectives: The goal of this study was to describe and evaluate our
simulation training program on biological models for the cardiovascular
surgery residency program at our institution. Material and Methods:
Since 2016, with the purpose to develop better practical performance and
evaluate the improvement of resident’s surgical skills, it was
implemented a simulation training program, composed of some elemental
procedures in cardiovascular surgery. It was established one wet lab
session weekly lasting 2 hours, coached by 2 expert cardiovascular
surgeons. Bovine and porcine hearts were used as biological models. At
the end of the hands on program, an objective assessment consisting of 2
practical modules was applied and performance was rated by way of a
5-point scale. In addition, to provide a subjective assessment, each
resident filled out a questionnaire consisting of 3 items reviewing the
overall quality of the workshops on a 10-point scale. Results: The
objective evaluation applied at the end of the training program
consisted by valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting
(CABG) modules. The mean performance rating scores for valve replacement
module ranged from 4.2 to 4.79, and to CABG, from 4.33 to 4.87.
Regarding subjective assessment, all items evaluated, such as expert’s
didactics, simulation performance and biological simulator fidelity,
received high grades (above 9 on a 10-point scale). Conclusions:
Simulator training on biological models for cardiac surgery medical
residents is a simple and effective learning method of surgical skills.
Silvopastoralism, local ecological knowledge and forest trajectories in a Category V- type management area
Authors: Root-Bernstein Meredith , Vargas Berta Holgado , Bondoux Arthur , Guerrero-Gatica Matías , Zorondo-Rodríguez Francisco , Huerta Margarita , Ángel Rafael Valenzuela , Bello Videla
Published: January 2021

Preserving landscape heritage elements and indigenous and local
knowledge is an increasingly popular approach in conservation. We focus
on a globally very contentious practice, silvopastoral livestock
raising, which along with other peasant practices, is slated for
elimination according to projected Chilean conservation policy. We used
ecological surveys to ask how central Chilean semi-arid woodlands in the
locality of Alhué have responded to past human livelihoods practices,
including silvopastoralism. Using interviews, we examined local
ecological knowledge and uses of forest plants. We also conducted
surveys on current agricultural practices. Many residents maintain a
diversified, smallholder subsistence agricultural strategy. Residents
identified 113 plants with 73 uses. They also demonstrated a good
knowledge of woodland regulations. We found that woodlands recover well
from historical disturbances over 50-100 year time scales. In fact, the
presence of cattle year-round in the woodlands was associated with
greater tree regeneration. We find that despite the conservation
discourse, there is no evidence of a degradation problem, and we
hypothesize based on our findings that eradicating peasants’
silvopastoralism and other practices could increase degradation. We
recommend that the Conservation Landscape programme be used to save key
traditional practices, which should be studied further to determine
optimal management. We show how conflicts and misalignments within and
between ILK, data, and environmental discourse can signal complex
socio-ecological issues where a closer look at how the evidence fits
together is necessary.
A comprehensive analysis of three-dimensional normal grain growth of pure iron via multi-phase field simulation
Authors: Mao H. , Li B. , Du Y.
Published: January 2021

A three-dimensional (3D) multi-phase field model was established to simulate normal grain growth in pure iron. The advanced visualization technology was used to extract the related data for individual grains, which can clearly display the grain morphology with distinct grain boundary surface as well as the space distribution of neighboring grains?Based on the simulation results, the grain growth kinetics model was described, which is in conformity with Burke and Turnbull?s parabolic law. The phenomenon of a ?Hillert regime? in 3D grain growth and the topological transformation mechanism were investigated. The grain size distributions under different time evolution showed a good agreement with the Hillert distribution. The details of grain growth, especially grain size distribution and volume growth rate, were analyzed. The models of von Neumann-Mullins and Hilgensfeldt for predicting the volumetric growth rate were compared. The volumetric growth rate was approximately zero when the number of grain sides was close to 13.7. The multi-phase field simulation can be used to analyze the dynamic evolution of the topological relationship of grains and reveal the general law of normal grain growth quantitatively.
EVOLUTION IN NATURE AND CULTURE
Authors: Schurz Gerhard
Published: January 2021

The goal of this paper is to defend the theory of generalized evolution (GE) against criticisms by laying down its theoretical principles and their applications in a unified way. Section 2 develops GE theory and its realization in biological evolution (BE) and cultural evolution (CE). The core of GE theory consists of the three Darwinian principles together with the models of population dynamics (PD). Section 3 reconstructs the most important differences between BE and CE. While BE is predominantly based on the replication of genes, CE is based on the reproduction of memes. Memes are understood as the informational “software” of human brains transmitted through social learning processes. The ontology of memes and the concept of cultural fitness is carved out and refined. Finally, section 4 articulates the minimal ontological assumptions of GE theory and the quantitative principles of generalized PD that unify biological PD and evolutionary game theory.
The First Genome-Wide Association Study for Type 2 Diabetes in Youth: The Progress in Diabetes Genetics in Youth (ProDiGY) Consortium
Authors: Srinivasan Shylaja , Chen Ling , Todd Jennifer , Divers Jasmin , Gidding Samuel , Chernausek Steven , Gubitosi-Klug Rose A. , Kelsey Megan M. , Shah Rachana , Black Mary Helen , Wagenknecht Lynne E. , Manning Alisa , Flannick Jason , Imperatore Giuseppina , Mercader Josep M. , Dabelea Dana , Florez Jose C. , Consortium ProDiGY
Published: January 2021

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in youth has
increased substantially, yet the genetic underpinnings remain largely
unexplored. To identify genetic variants predisposing to youth-onset type 2
diabetes, we formed ProDiGY, a multi-ethnic collaboration of three studies (TODAY,
SEARCH, and T2D-GENES) with 3,006 youth type 2 diabetes cases (mean age
15.1±2.9 y) and 6,061 diabetes-free adult controls (mean age 54.2±12.4 y). After stratifying by principal
component-clustered ethnicity, we performed association analyses on ~10 million
imputed variants using a generalized linear mixed model incorporating a genetic
relationship matrix to account for population structure and adjusting for sex. We
identified 7 genome-wide significant loci, including the novel locus rs10992863
in PHF2 (P=3.2´10-8,
odds ratio [OR]=1.23). Known loci identified in our analysis include rs7903146 in
TCF7L2 (P=8.0´10-20,
OR 1.58), rs72982988 near MC4R (P=4.4´10-14, OR=1.53), rs200893788 in CDC123 (P=1.1´10-12,
OR= 1.32), rs2237892 in KCNQ1 (P=4.8´10-11, OR=1.59), rs937589119 in IGF2BP2 (P=3.1´10-9,
OR=1.34) and rs113748381 in SLC16A11 (P=4.1´10-8, OR=1.04). Secondary analysis with 856
diabetes-free youth controls uncovered an additional locus in CPEB2 (P=3.2´10-8,
OR=2.1) and consistent direction of effect for diabetes risk. In conclusion, we
identified both known and novel loci in the first genome wide association study
(GWAS) of youth-onset type 2 diabetes.
Er jeg musikalsk? Barnehagelærerstudenters oppfatning av egen musikalitet
Authors: Torgersen Jan Ketil , Sæther Morten
Published: January 2021

This article presents results from a quantitative study of Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) student teacher’s relationship to music and musicality. Survey data was collected among first-year students at a university college for ECEC at the start of studies in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2017. The survey consists in its entirety of ten different questions. This article discusses four questions from the survey that deal with the students’ perception of their own musicality and what it means to be musical.

1,019 responses have been registered, which gives a response rate of approximately 91% of the total number of students in the four study years the survey was conducted. Frequency analyzes and cross-table analyzes have been performed.

Results show that perceptions of one’s own musicality can be put in context with different understandings of what it means to be musical. Musical activity in close family in childhood is important when it comes to musical interest and perception of one’s own musicality.

The article discusses the significance of the results in relation to music teaching in higher education.
The Discursive Terms of Music/Teacher Education at Four Higher Educational Institutions
Authors: Angelo Elin , Knigge Jens , Sæther Morten , Waagen Wenche
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, we examine how music/teacher education is represented on the websites of four Norwegian institutions that offer diverse kinds of music/teacher education at the BA, MA, and PhD levels and that offer qualifications for all types of music teaching professions in Norway. These four cases serve as examples of the main traditions of music/teacher educations in the Nordic area, with distinctive differences in their notions of music, pedagogy, professional orientation, and research. The analysis is theoretically grounded in Foucault’s concepts of power/knowledge and governmentality. The findings suggest, on the one hand, considerable variations among the institutions and, on the other hand, similarities in how the representations operate in a range of steering techniques in the ways that these education programs, orientations, groups, and individuals are portrayed. The concluding discussion questions the power/knowledge constructions that provide authority to the dominating discourses, critically pointing to some effects that diverse representations might have for positions, ambitions, and individuals. Getting the diverse communities of music/teacher educations to communicate seems imperative to evolve more reflexive, conscious, and participative music/teacher education programs in the 21st century.
Can We Buy Virtue? Implications from State University Funding On Musical Instrument Performance Teacher Mandate
Authors: Rolfhamre Robin
Published: January 2021

Recent world developments have put a strain on the humanities in general, and higher education music performance study degree-programmes in particular. In an educational system currently promoting consumer-product relationships where the music performance teacher is very much accountable for the students’ development into professional musicians and, recently, also sustainable world citizens, we must give more attention to what, whom and why we educate? This chapter is an armchair analytical philosophical continuation of a paper published elsewhere (Rolfhamre, 2020). Taking the lead from Julia Annas’ (2011) virtue-as-skill, I will, here, elaborate on what implications the Norwegian state higher education funding system may have on the higher education music performance teacher’s perceived mandate from the perspectives of music pedagogy, rhetoric and virtue ethics. First, I pursue three different usages of the verb “to buy” to exemplify why I find the chapter’s title to be relevant and valid. This sets the premises for the following turn to rhetoric to highlight the starting point’s persuasive functions and incentives. Subsequently, I briefly relate the argument to Butlerian performativity to emphasise its relation to normativity, inclusion-exclusion and the theoretical possibility of “breaking free”. From this position, I draw on Aristotelian phronesis, mainly through the position held by Hansen (2007) to sketch up an ecology in which I ask how this all affects the teacher’s mandate?
Organ Teaching for Children in Norway: An Educational Field in Development
Authors: Hamnes David Scott
Published: January 2021

Teaching children how to play the pipe organ represents a radical revision of a well-established instrumental education field. This article provides an overview of organised teaching praxis in teaching children to play the organ, established in Norway in the early 2000s. Commentary on the limited previous research in organ teaching for children is provided, and based upon the findings in these studies and on praxis experience, areas which necessitate further research are identified. The practical teaching experience of the author provides a frame of reference throughout. Selected instrumental teaching studies related to teaching philosophies, motivation and organisational frameworks, as well as teaching materials (textbooks) are also included in the discussion. These aid in identifying areas in which potential and existing tensions in perceptions and methodologies call for study, evaluation and revision. The primary aim of this article is thus to identify and map the educational field’s structural parameters (organ schools) and praxis in Norway, and identify areas where further research is required, in order to understand how childhood introduction to organ playing may inform organ education and the organist profession in general.
Dilemmaer i skandinavisk korlederutdanning
Authors: Jansson Dag , Balsnes Anne Haugland
Published: January 2021

Within higher education, programmes in choral conducting are offered of varying kinds and at different levels, from dedicated programmes to single courses that are embedded in other music programmes. The choral practice field is varied; choral leadership is partly a generic music competence and partly a profession. The variety and social reach of the choral movement suggest that the educational offering in choral conducting should be manifold in type and quantity in order to supply the practice field with qualified conductors.

n this chapter we take a renewed look at material from three previous studies: (1) a mapping of Scandinavian choral leader education, based on document analysis and interviews with tutors and newly graduated conductors; (2) a quantitative survey on choral conducting competencies, where more than 600 conductors in Norway, Sweden, and Germany participated; and (3) an interview study of twenty Norwegian choral conductors on their professional careers. Although the findings from these studies were salient enough, the implications for choral conducting education were not equally clear. The point of departure for this chapter is that this is due to a series of difficult trade-offs, and we ask the question: What dilemmas do we face when educating choral conductors, and how might we understand these in light of the composite data? The material is analysed by drawing on established pedagogic categories, Wenger’s theory of communities of practice (1998), Jansson’s competence model for choral conductors (2018), and Varvarigou and Durrant’s discussion framework for choral conducting (2011).
Literatures
Authors: Damrosch David
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the assemblage of works that make up a literary culture, including its canon and historical tradition. It describes how comparatists often had an uneasy relation to national literatures due to their ideological opposition to nationalism or impatience with the parochialism of national traditions. It also explains how national literatures remain a major force in a transnational age. The chapter discusses Albert Guérard's article entitled “Comparative Literature?” from 1958, which shows a classic expression of impatience with the very idea of comparing national literatures. It also analyzes Guérard's prediction on the disappearance of comparative literature through an analogy of Europe's impending economic unification.
INFESTASI PENGGEREK BUAH KAKAO KEDALAM PERKEBUNAN KAKAO DI KAWASAN KERKAP, BENGKULU UTARA DAN PENGENDALIANNYA
Authors: Suparno Teddy
Published: January 2021

Infestation of cocoa pod borer into cacao plantation in kerkap  area, north bengkulu and  their control. Cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen, has known as a primary pest on cacao plantation and caused much yield loss. This pest was newly infest into cacao plantation in Bengkulu Province. Objective of the research was to know infestation of CPB into Cacao Plantation in Kerkap area, North Bengkulu.  The result showed that all location on cacao plantation area at Kerkap area was gain infestation by cocoa pod borer except the Cacao Plantation at Serumbung Village.  Their attack on all plant population was in range between 0.01 and 0.23%, while in produced plant population was in range between 0.20 and 3.06%.  The control could be apply are early pick up the pods, used the resistant clones for juvenilization, and spraying by synthetic.
EFIKASI SERBUK TUMBUHAN DALAM MENGENDALIKAN PENYAKIT BUSUK PANGKAL BATANG LADA DI LAPANGAN
Authors: Ginting Cipta , R.J. Sembodo Dad , Susanto Herry
Published: January 2021

The efficacy of plant powder to control foot rot on black pepper in field condition. One of the problems in cultivating black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is foot rot caused by Phytophthora capsici Leonian (P. palmivora MF4), that could kill the plants in only few days especially during rainy season.  The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of several plant powder to control the disease in semi-field condition.  The experiment was conducted at the experiment station located at the campus of the University of Lampung from May to October of 2000.  The semi-field condition was made by pushing a barrel into the soil to isolate the field soil as testing medium from the rest of the field soil.  The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with five replications and consisted of the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, Alpinia galanga, and Kaempferia galanga, whole plant of Cymbopogon citratus and Elephantopus scaber, metalaxyl, and untreated control.  To prepare the plant powder, each material was cut into small pieces then dried in oven at 50o C for 4 days and then ground in a blender.  The powder was applied 3 days after inoculum infestation.  The powder and inoculum was mixed with soil to the depth of 12 cm so that the soil contained 2% each.  After one week, four plants were planted.  As additional bioindicator to detect infective inoculum, eight leaf portions were pressed into the soil so that half of the leaf was bellowed the soil line.  The plants were watered and observed daily.  To determine viable fungal propagules, soil sample was taken weekly for five weeks.  Soil assay was done with dilution technique using PDA supplemented with rosebengal.  The results of the observation show that the treatments did not influence significantly the disease intensity on leaf portions or the whole plants.  There were no significant differences on viable fungal propagules in soils received different treatments.
PENGGUNAAN PERANGKAP UNTUK PENGENDALIAN HAMA TIKUS SAWAH (RATTUS RATTUS ARGENTIVENTER)
Authors: Wibowo Lestari , Gede Swibawa I , Muryanto Tejo
Published: January 2021

The use of traps to control lowland rats. The lowland rat (Rattus rattus argentiventer ) is one of the importance pests of rice in Indonesia.  The rat may cause serious damage on rice and other crops.  This study was aimed to determine the affectivity of rat trappings.  Traps were set in Pekalongan Central Lampung, from  October to December 2002.  The treatments were arranged in a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design.  The first factor was the type of traps (bamboo trap and wired “bubu” trap) while the second factor was the location of traps (rice field, swamp, tertiary irrigation canal, and rice plot borders). The catches show that there were no interaction between the trap type and trap location. In addition, more rats were caught in bamboo than those in wired “bubu” trap.  The highest number of rat catches was from the swamp area.
ASPEK FISIOLOGIS DAN BIOKIMIAWI INFEKSI JAMUR PATOGEN TUMBUHAN
Authors: Gafur Abdul
Published: January 2021

Physiological and biochemical aspects of plant fungal pathogen infections.  Interaction between plants and pathogens is a major subject of interest in the field of contemporary plant pathology.  Specificity of this kind of interaction is a very comprehensive phenomenon involving complicated mechanisms at different levels.  Elucidation of this phenomenon including physiological and biochemical aspects is therefore an important task.  From this point of view, enzymes play one of the most important roles in the infection process and pathogenesis.  Our current understanding in this area is quite limited.  A relatively limited number of enzymes have so far been studied in relation to the infection process and pathogenesis in plants.  In this review, ivolvement of the enzymes, i. e. cutinases, esterases, hydrolases, lyases, cellulases, depolymerases and proteases, during the pathogenesis and their role in different stages of disease development is analyzed.
EFFECTS OF TILLAGE SYSTEM – CORN VARIETY COMBINATIONS ON AIRBORNE DISEASES
Authors: Prasetyo Joko
Published: January 2021

Pengaruh Kombinasi Sistem Olah Tanah dan Varietas Jagung terhadap Penyakit-penyakit Terbawa Udara. Suatu percobaan telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi sistem olah tanah dan varietas jagung terhadap beberapa penyakit atau patogen terbawa udara, yaitu patogen bulai, karat, dan hawar daun.  Percobaan ini disusun secara faktorial (2 x 3) dalam rancangan acak kelompok lengkap dengan enam ulangan. Percobaan terdiri dari enam kombinasi perlakuan, yaitu varietas RR-corn ditanam pada sistem olah tanah konservasi (RRCT), C7 ditanam pada sistem olah tanah konservasi (C7CT), Bisma ditanam pada sistem olah tanah konservasi (BCT), RR-corn ditanam pada sistem olah tanah sempurna (RRFT), C7 ditanam pada sistem olah tanah sempurna (C7FT), dan Bisma ditanam pada sistem olah tanah sempurna BFT). Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa secara nyata kombinasi sistem olah tanah dan varietas jagung mempengaruhi intensitas penyakit. Kombinasi sistem olah tanah dan varietas jagung berpengaruh terhadap penyakit bulai. Varietas jagung yang ditanam pada sistem olah tanah konservasi secara nyata menurunkan intensitas penyakit bulai dibandingkan dengan varietas jagung yang ditanam pada sistem olah tanah sempurna, kecuali varietas Bisma. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa varietas Bisma dapat menurunkan intensitas penyakit bulai dibandingkan dengan varietas RR-corn dan C7 pada sistem olah tanah sempurna. Kombinasi sistem olah tanah dan varietas jagung berpengaruh terhadap intensitas penyakit karat. Pada sistem olah tanah konservasi, secara nyata varietas C7 menurunkan intensitas penyakit karat dibandingkan dengan RR-corn dan Bisma. Varietas RR-corn dan Bisma menurunkan intensitas penyakit karat bila ditanam pada sistem olah tanah sempurna bila dibandingkan dengan yang ditanam pada sistem olah tanah konservasi. Kombinasi sistem olah tanah dan varietas jagung juga secara nyata berpengaruh terhadap intensitas penyakit hawar daun. Varietas RR-corn dan Bisma yang ditanam pada sistem olah tanah sempurna  menurunkan intensitas penyakit hawar daun bila dibandingkan dengan yang ditanam pada sistem olah tanah konservasi.
AKTIVITAS INSEKTISIDA BAGIAN TUMBUHAN CALOPHYLLUM SOULTTRI BURM.F. (CLU IACEAE) TERHADAP LARVA LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Syahputra Edy , Manuwoto Syafrida , Darusman Latifah K , Dadang Dadang , Prijono Djoko
Published: January 2021

The objective of this test was evaluate the insecticidal activity of ectract of some parts of Calophyllum soulattri (Clusiaceae) against larvae of three species of Lepidoptera, i. e Crocidolomia pavonana, Plutella xylostela, and Pieris sp.. Extraction of plant materials was done by infusion method using ethanol. The bioassays were conducted by leaf-feeding method. Second-instar larvae were fed extract-treated broccoli leaves of 48 hours, then they were presented with untreated leaves until the surviving larvae larvae reached the fourth-instar stage. The number of dead larvae was recorded daily an larval mortality date were analyzed by probit method. The result showed the gummy bark exudates and bark extract of old and young C. soulattri plants were highly active against C. pavonana. The abrk extact of old C. soulattri plant was also effective against P. xilostella and Pieris sp. The gummy exudates possessed strong insecticidal activity against C. pavonana larvae with LC50 of 0.04% and prolonged the developmental time from second to fourth instar of C. soulattri 2.03-7.25 days compared with control. The bark excudate gave positive respon to alkaloid flavonoid, and tannin test. Futher studies are needed to identify insecticidal compound in those active extracts.
POLYTOMOUS QUANTAL RESPONSE OF CROCIDOLOMIA PAVONANA (F.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) TO EXTRACTS OF AGLAIA SPP. AND DYSOXYLUM SPP. (MELIACEAE)
Authors: Prijono Djoko
Published: January 2021

Polytomous Quantal Response of Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to Extracts of Aglaia spp. and Dysoxylum spp. (Meliaceae).  This work was done to study the polytomous binary response of the cabbage head caterpillar Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) to extracts of two species each of Aglaia and Dysoxylum (Meliaceae). Second-instar larvae C. pavonana were fed extract-treated broccoli leaves for 2 days and then the surviving larvae were maintained on untreated leaves until pupation.  Relationship between extract concentration and the number of dead larvae in different instars was analyzed using polytomous quantal response analysis based on the conditional logit model.  The results showed that twig extract of Dysoxylum acutangulum and seed extract of D. mollissimum possessed strong insect growth regulating activity against C. pavonana larvae as reflected by highly significant responses in the later insect life stages after the feeding treatment was removed, including the significant occurrence of malformed pupae. On the contrary, the feeding treatment with twig extract of Aglaia odorata and seed extract of A. odoratissima resulted in highly significant responses only in the treated larval instar, and after the feeding treatment was removed, responses in the later life stages were insignificant or much less significant. Overall, the above results suggest that Dysoxylum extracts interfered with hormonally-controlled insect development and metamorphosis, whereas the activity of Aglaia extracts was more insecticidal rather than insect growth regulating.
ASOSIASI KETERJADIAN KOLONI VERTICILLIUM DAN INTENSITAS NAUNGAN SERTA LETAK DAUN KOPI
Authors: Mujim Subli , Ruswandi Rudi , Ginting Cipta , Evizal Rusdi
Published: January 2021

Association of  Verticillium colony intensity and shade and coffee leaf position. Since conventional control methods of leaf rust of coffee is still unsatisfactory, it is needed to study toward the possibility of using biocontrol agents including factors that may influence the occurrence of the agents.  The objective of this study was to determine the strength of the association of Verticillium colony occurrence and shade and leaf position.  Leaf samples were taken from four sites at three coffee fields at Sumberjaya Sub district, West Lampung. Samples were taken from plants with and without shade.  From each shade level, leaves showing symptoms were taken from the plants and from the ground (fallen leaves). The samples were placed individually on plastic bag and transported to the laboratory, where the samples were incubated for four days at room temperature.  The proportion of lesion caused by H. vastatrix on coffee leaves that showed whitish Verticillium colonies was recorded and modified to score 0 (without Verticillium colony) to 4 (colony 50% or more).  Data were analyzed with log linear saturated model. Data suggested that the occurrence of Verticillium colony was higher on plant with canopy compared to that on plants without canopy.  In addition, Verticillium occurred more frequently on leaves still on the plants compared to that on leaves on the ground. Canopy factor was relatively stronger than leaf position factor in influencing the occurrence of  Verticillium colony.
PENGARUH WAKTU INFEKSI VIRUS KERDIL PISANG TERHADAP KERENTANAN TIGA KULTIVAR
Authors: Widyastuti Dewi , Hendrastuti Hidayat Sri
Published: January 2021

Effects of time of infection of banana bunchy top virus on susceptibility of three banana cultivars. Banana Bunchy Top, caused by Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV), is one of the most important banana diseases in Indonesia. Approach to reduce disease incidence involves prevention of early infection especially on susceptible cultivars. This study was conducted to evaluate the response of three banana cultivars, Ambon Kuning, Tanduk, and Kepok, to different time of infection of BBTV i.e., one week and three week after adaptation period, and one week during adaptation period. Banana plants used in the study were prepared through in vitro propagation (tissue culture) and virus transmission was done using aphid vector, Pentalonia nigronervosa.  In addition to observation on symptom expression, inhibition of plant height, and reduction of leaf size, conformation of virus infection was done through indirect ELISA. Virus concentration on different part of the plant, young leaf, stem, and root, tends to decrease over the time due to the ability of BBTV to move from cell to cell before replication takes place. It is evidenced that BBTV was able to infect banana in all growth stages although the younger plant is more susceptible to BBTV. Although concentration of the virus in the tested plant is considered high, symptoms expression of BBTV infection can be differentiated from moderate to very severe. Response of banana plants to infection of BBTV can be grouped into susceptible (Ambon Kuning), moderate tolerant (Tanduk), and tolerant (Kepok).
POTENSI AGENSIA HAYATI DAN NABATI DALAM MENGENDALIKAN PENYAKIT BUSUK RIMPANG JAHE
Authors: Soesanto Loekas , Sudarmono Sudarmono , Prihatiningsih Nur , Manan Abdul , Iriani Endang , Pramono Joko
Published: January 2021

Potency of biological and botanical agents in controlling ginger rhizome rot. Research aimed at knowing integrity of various control agents in controlling causal agent of ginger rhizome rot. The research was carried out at Gowak Village, Pringsurat District, Temanggung Regency, Central Java Province, from November up to May 2004. Randomized Block Design was used with treatments of biological (Bacillus sp. with density of x  1010 cfu ml-1 suspension and Trichoderma harzianum 20 g crop-1), of botanical (clove leaves powder of 20 g crop-1 and neem seeds extract of 25 ml crop-1), and synthetical agents (benomil with concentration of 2 g l-1) either alone or in combination, with three replicates. Variables observed were incubation period, disease intensity, infection rate, number of leaves per crop, crop height, and ginger production per hectare. Result of the research showed that the location was endemic of the disease. The treatments could generally retard the incubation period and the infection rate, decrease the disease intensity, and increase the ginger production. The highest ginger yield was obtained from the plot given Trichoderma harzianum (Trikonis), either alone or in combination with the dry clove leaves of 10 g crop-1 as many as four times with interval of seven days started from seedling planted.
PENGARUH PERLAKUAN SORTASI, NATRIUM HIPOKLORIT DAN FUNGISIDA PADA KACANG TANAH UNTUK MENGELIMINASI KONTAMINASI ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS
Authors: Avivi Sholeh
Published: January 2021

The Effect of Sorting, Sodium hypochloride (NaClO), and Fungicide Treatment on Peanut  in Elimination  the  Aspergillus flavus Contamination.  The humid tropical condition of Indonesia, the post harvest treatment, and the storage practices favour rapid growth and wide spread Aspergillus infestation on peanut. The objectives of this research was to find the best technique in controlling the Aspergillus infection on peanut.  To achieve those objectives, complete randomised design in factorial with three factors was applied.  The factors were grading and colour sorting (A1 = grading and colour sorting;  A2 = without grading and colour sorting), NaClO blanching (B1 = without blanching; B2 = 1.25% NaClO blanching; B3=2.5% NaClO blanching), and Benlate T-20 WP treatment (C1 = 2,5 g/L; C2 = 3 g/L;  C3 = 3,5 g/L).  The result showed that the best combination treatment was A2B2C3 with the minimum amount of spore on peanut seed.  With those combination treatment we concluded that the grading and colour sorting, the 1.25% NaClO blanching, and the application of 3,5 g/L Benlate T-20 WP could reduced the Aspergillus contamination up to 80% compare with A1B1C3 treatment.
PENGARUH FRAKSI AKTIF AGLAIA HARMSIANA PERKINS (MELIACEAE) TERHADAP FISIOLOGI LARVA SPODOPTERA LITURA (F.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Candra Lina Eka , Prijono Djoko , Dadang Dadang
Published: January 2021

The effect of active fraction Aglalia harmsiana Perkins (Meliaceae) to physiology of Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) larvae. This study was conducted to evaluate the physiological interferences in the soybean armyworm Spodoptera litura caused by active fractions of Aglaia harmsiana seed extract.  The activity of the test materials was assessed by dietary preparation and topical application method. Repeated fractionations of A. harmsiana extract by chromatographic methods yielded two active fractions, designated as fraction 2-7 (0.0184%) and 2-8 (0.3773%). The results showed that fraction 2-8 had strong insecticidal activity against S. litura larvae, with LC50 by topical application and dietary preparation were 0.49% and 0.0044%, respectively.  A sublethal treatment with the active fraction (LC25) reduced the relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food, and efficiency of conversion of digested food by 52.9%, 42.9%, 49.6% with topical application and 66.7%, 50%, 63.8% with dietary preparation method.  The treatments with that fraction at LC10 and LC25 to the fourth instars reduced the activity of invertase enzyme by 34% and 47%, but increased the activity of trehalase by 6.2% and 12.5% as compared with controls.
SEBARAN DAN EFIKASI BERBAGAI GENUS CENDAWAN ENTOMOPATOGEN TERHADAP Riptortus linearis PADA KEDELAI DI LAMPUNG DAN SUMATRA SELATAN
Authors: Prayogo Yusmani
Published: January 2021

Distribution and efficacy on various entomopathogenic fungi at Lampung and South Sumatra as a biological control agent against Riptortus linearis. This study was conducted from June to September 2005.  The fungi were isolated from insect cadavers, insect bait, and soil sample from the soybean land. Each fungal sample was identified  base on their morphology using determination keys.  The fungal isolates were inoculated to the pod sucking bug Riptortus linearis.  The results showed that there were six genera of entomopathogenic fungi that can be isolated, i.e.  Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Metarhizium sp., Verticillium sp., Paecilomyces sp., and  Beauveria sp.  The fungus-induced  mortality of R. linearis varied between 5 - 30%.  Paecilomyces sp. isolated from Lebak Batang Baru induced 25%; Beauveria sp. isolated from Pulung Kencana 25%; Verticillium sp. isolated from Kaliungu 20%. Metarhizium sp. isolated from Terbanggi Subing 20% and Verticillium sp. isolated from Lebak batang Baru 20% mortality. It was suggested that these fungi have potential as biological control agents  for the pod sucking bug in dry acid land.
PERKECAMBAHAN UREDOSPORA HEMILEIA VASTATRIX PADA EKSTRAK RIMPANG JAHE DAN KUNYIT SERTA DAUN CENGKEH DAN SIRIH
Authors: Ginting Cipta
Published: January 2021

Germination of Hemileia vastatrix uredospores on crude water extracts of zinger and turmeric rhizome and clove and Piper betle leaves.  Coffee leaf rust caused by H. vastatrix especially on Arabica coffee is one of most important diseases in coffee and conventional control methods of leaf coffee rust is still unsatisfactory.  The objective of this study was to determine the effect of crude water extract on the germination of H. vastatrix uredospores.  The study was conducted from January to September 2004 in the Laboratory of Plant Pathology at Unila.  In each test, treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications.  Crude water extract was prepared by homogenizing 100 g of material in 100 ml sterilized distilled water.  After being passed through four layers of sterilized cheesecloth, the mixture was defined as the aliquot (100% extract) and dilutions were made with sterile distilled water to obtain concentrations of 2.5 to 10%.  Each of four materials (zinger, turmeric, clove, and Piper betle) was tested separately in five aliquot concentration levels.  One ml of each extract was mixed with 0.25 ml of uredospora suspension (4 x 105 per ml), and 0.2 ml of the mixture was incubated.  The variable was germinated uredospora (%) that was determined under a mikroscope.  The results show that significant reduction in spore germination occurred by  turmeric, clove, and P. betle extracts at > 2.5% and by zinger extract at > 5%.  Some uredospora exposed to plant extract germinated abnormally:  germ tubes shorten, swollen, or malform.
ISOLASI NEMATODA PATOGEN SERANGGA STEINERNEMA DAN HETERORHABDITIS
Authors: Chaerani Chaerani , Suryadi Y. , Priyatno T.P. , Koswanudin D. , Rahmat U. , Sujatmo Sujatmo , Yusuf Yusuf , Griffin C.T.
Published: January 2021

Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernema and Heterorhabditis. Entomopathogenic nematodes from the genus Steinernema and Heterorhabditis (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) are promising biological control agent of insect pests. Indigenous nematodes have been isolated and collected for the use in local biological control program of important insect pests. The nematodes were isolated using soil baiting method with insect larvae. Laboratory tests have shown that the mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) served as a good alternative to the standard insect bait, the greater wax moth larvae Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Galleriidae) for isolation and maintenance of nematodes. Both nematodes were successfully isolated using T. molitor larvae from 13% soil samples (26 out of a total of 207) collected from 14 locations in West and Central Java and Lampung provinces in the period of 1993 until 2006. Heterorhabditis (9%) was more prevalent than Steinernema (4%). Both nematodes were successfully propagated on mealworm larvae.
KEANEKARAGAMAN HYMENOPTERA PARASITOID PADA STURUKTUR LANSKAP PERTANIAN BERBEDA DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS) CIANJUR, JAWA BARAT
Authors: Yaherwandi Yaherwandi , Manuwoto S. , Buchori D. , Hidayat P. , Prasetyo L.B.
Published: January 2021

Diversity of Hymenoptera Parasitoid in Different Agricultural Landscape at Cianjur Watershed, West Java. Understanding how the landscape structure affect the interaction between crops, pests and their natural enemies is a complex problem that can significantly impact on the success or failur of insect biological control. Hymenoptera parasitoid are particularly important natural enemies because of their great diversity and effectiveness as agents of biological control. The objective of this research is to study the diversity of Hymenoptera parasitoid in rice field at Cianjur Watershed. Insects were sampled using three trapping techniques (farmcop, insect net and yellow pan trap). Species accumulative curves, Jackknife-1 estimator, indices of diversity, indices of community similarities and cluster analysis were applied to analyze the data. Results indicated that there were 2750 speciment consist of 26 family and 325 species of Hymenoptera parasitoid in rice fields at Cianjur Watershed. Diversity of Hymenoptera parasitoid were found to be influenced by the landscape structure and seasone of  ricefield. Species richness and diversity were higher in Nyalindung landscape than Gasol and Selajambe landscape.
PENEKANAN HAYATI PENYAKIT MOLER PADA BAWANG MERAH DENGAN TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM, TRICHODERMA KONINGII, DAN PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS P60
Authors: Edy Santoso Suprapto , Soesanto Loekas , Agung Dwi Haryanto Totok
Published: January 2021

Biological Suppression of Moler Disease on Shallot  by Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, and Pseudomonas fluorescens P60. Research aiming for (1) knowing efectivity of biological suppression with T. harzianum, T. koningii, and P. fluorescens P60 and (2) studying growth and production of shallot caused by the suppression carried out at the shallot farm. Split-Split Plot Design arranged in Randomized Completely Block Design was used with three replicates. The research result showed that P. fluorescens P60 was the most effective antagonistic agent to suppress the disease either alone or in combination while T. harzianumi and T. koningii did not suppress effectively. Pseudomonas fluorescens P60 could suppress the disease up to 41.96%. The best method of P. fluorescens P60 application was spraying method for 10 mL with 107 cfu/mL population density, which was able to dicrease incubation period, disease intensity, and final pathogen population up to 62.46, 18.19, and 80.67%, respectively. Growth and production of the crop tended to increase resulted from biological suppression by P. fluorescens P60, but not by T. harzianum nor T. koningii.