bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formação Docente e a Nova Visão da Avaliação Educacional
Authors: Castanheira Ana Maria Porto , Ceroni Mary Rosane
Published: November 2015

Baseando-se na importância dos processos de avaliação educacional como caminho

fundamental para instituir medidas que melhorem o ensino, e levando em conta a atual

relevância da auto-avaliação como processo formativo que conduz ao auto-conhecimento e

a uma gestão partilhada com a comunidade acadêmica, desenvolve-se a presente discussão

sobre a inserção do novo papel do avaliador, bem como seu mérito como agente de

mudanças em razão dos conflitos e da complexidade do processo. O estudo fundamenta-se

em uma revisão teórica dos conceitos de avaliação e na reflexão sobre o que é considerado

importante na implantação de processos avaliativos, das atividades que contribuem para a

formação do docente de ensino superior, assim como a discussão de uma metodologia para

a obtenção de dados e sua análise, visando a tomada correta de decisão. A questão central é

o que se espera do avaliador sob o ponto de vista das políticas públicas atuais e até que

ponto sua participação poderá impactar na tomada de decisão de cada instituição.
O efeito da escola básica brasileira
Authors: Andrade Renato Júdice de , Soares José Francisco
Published: November 2015

O desempenho cognitivo de um aluno, medido pela sua proficiência em testes padronizados, é fruto de suas opções pessoais, de seus antecedentes sociodemográficos, da estrutura e valores de sua família e da sociedade em que vive e, finalmente, da escola em que estuda. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar, de duas maneiras distintas, o efeito das escolas de educação básica brasileira sobre o desempenho cognitivo de seus alunos. Como existem muitos outros determinantes, o efeito da escola só pode ser isolado e medido com o auxílio de modelos estatísticos que controlam a influência dos outros fatores. Para isto, este trabalho usa os modelos hierárquicos de regressão. O estudo empírico utiliza os dados do Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica (Saeb), referentes aos ciclos de 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001 e 2003; da 4a e 8a séries do ensino fundamental e da 3a série do ensino médio, tanto em Matemática como em Língua Portuguesa. Os resultados da pesquisa aqui relatada mostram a existência de escolas, no nosso sistema educacional, com efeito diferenciado e que, portanto, detêm informações sobre a gestão pedagógica de seus recursos humanos e físicos que, se usados em um número maior de escolas, podem melhorar o sistema brasileiro de educação básica.
Vertical Electrical Soundings for Locating Groundwater Potential Zones in Osmania University Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
Authors: Kumar D. Vijay , Ramadass G.
Published: November 2015

Based on the resistivity investigations Osmania University Campus, precisely depth and  resistivity of subsurface layers were computed, Various geoelectric sections along different profiels (I to VIII) was obtained and analyzed. The study area is showing four layered geoelectrical sections, the top soil layer of variable resisitivity  value between  11.2 to 599 Ωm, whose maximum thickness is 0.75 to 4.45 m.  The highly weathered second  layer resistivity value varing from1.72 to 1800 Ωm.  And thickness is 0.12 to 36.6m.  The third fractured layer indicated by resistivity value 16.3 to 46074 Ωm and thickness  is 4.9 to 87.4 m.  The basement that is associated with hard rock and very high resistivities ranging to infinity. The low restivity with thick overbuden and fractured bed rock constitute the aquifer units and the series of  basementt undulations identified from the geolelectrical sections  are potential points for groundwater  locations.
Activation of ERK1/2 Ameliorates Liver Steatosis in Leptin Receptor–Deficient (db/db) Mice via Stimulating ATG7-Dependent Autophagy
Authors: Xiao Yuzhong , Liu Hao , Yu Junjie , Zhao Zilong , Xiao Fei , Xia Tingting , Wang Chunxia , Li Kai , Deng Jiali , Guo Yajie , Chen Shanghai , Chen Yan , Guo Feifan
Published: November 2015

Although numerous functions of extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) are identified, a direct effect of ERK1/2 on liver steatosis has not been reported. Here, we show that ERK1/2 activity is compromised in livers of leptin receptor–deficient (db/db) mice. Adenovirus-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1), the upstream regulator of ERK1/2, significantly ameliorated liver steatosis in db/db mice, increased expression of genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation and triglyceride (TG) export and increased serum β-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) levels. Opposite effects were observed in adenovirus-mediated ERK1/2 knockdown C57/B6J wild-type mice. Furthermore, autophagy and autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7) expression were decreased or increased by ERK1/2 knockdown or activation, respectively, in primary hepatocytes and liver. Blockade of autophagy by the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine or adenovirus-mediated ATG7 knockdown reversed the ameliorated liver steatosis in recombinant adenoviruses construct expressing rat constitutively active MEK1 Ad-CA MEK1 db/db mice, decreased expression of genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation and TG export, and decreased serum 3-HB levels. Finally, ERK1/2 regulated ATG7 expression in a p38-dependent pathway. Taken together, these results identify a novel beneficial role for ERK1/2 in liver steatosis via promoting ATG7-dependent autophagy, which provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying liver steatosis and important hints for targeting ERK1/2 in treating liver steatosis.
Synthesis and characterization of graphene-epoxy nanocomposites
Authors: Acar Alperen , Çolak Özgen Ümit , Uzunsoy Deniz
Published: November 2015

Graphene, a monolayer of carbon atoms arranged in a two dimensional lattice, has attracted great attention in recent years due to its extra ordinary properties and potential applications. One obvious application of graphene is in the field of nano-composites. In this work, graphene platelets (GPL) reinforced with epoxy nano-composites were fabricated by using soft molding technique in two different ratios with two different solvents. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the structure of graphene and graphene reinforced composites. Tensile and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in three point bending mode were used to investigate the mechanical properties of the composites. The tensile strength and strain to failure of nanocomposites of GPL reinforced epoxy nanocomposite were enhanced by 9.31 % and 34.78 %, respectively, while small improvement is observed in the elasticity modulus. Dynamic mechanical analysis has shown that with the addition of 0.1 and 0.5 wt.-% graphene nanoplatelets, storage modulus has increased by 20 and 46 % on the glassy region, respectively. The glass transition temperature is not affected with addition of graphene.
Methodology to Compute Travel Time of a Roundabout Corridor
Authors: Bugg Zachary , Schroeder Bastian J. , Jenior Pete , Brewer Marcus , Rodegerdts Lee
Published: November 2015

Urban and suburban arterials with roundabouts in series are becoming more prevalent in North America. While the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) provides a methodology for computing segment travel time of urban streets with various forms of intersection control, the manual does not provide a similar procedure for corridors with interdependent roundabouts. Such a methodology is necessary to evaluate performance of roundabout corridors and will allow the practitioner to compare both roundabout and signalized treatments for the same series of intersections. This paper presents a series of models intended to predict arterial travel time for a corridor with roundabouts, including a model for free-flow speed (FFS), a model to predict the length of the roundabout influence area (RIA, the area where geometric delay has incurred), a model for geometric delay, and models for impeded delay and average travel speed. These models were calibrated with data from seven roundabout corridors. The resulting models suggest that while FFS is a function of segment length, posted speed limit, and central island diameter, RIA length and geometric delay are functions of the FFS itself, as well as other geometric elements. The impeded delay and average travel speed are functions of traffic congestion and FFS. After validating the models with travel time data from two additional roundabout corridors not used in model development, the authors present a framework for incorporating the procedure for travel time prediction into the HCM analysis of urban streets.
Conjurer le sort socioéconomique et démographique du Nouveau-Brunswick par l’engagement pour la réussite d’immigrés entrepreneurs
Authors: Sall Leyla
Published: November 2015

Confronté à une crise économique d’ordre structurel, à l’exode de ses jeunes vers l’ouest du pays et à la problématique du vieillissement de sa population, le Nouveau-Brunswick mise sur l’attraction d’immigrés entrepreneurs pour insuffler un dynamisme à son économie. Pour ce faire, la province et des bénévoles se sont engagés à socialiser les nouveaux immigrés entrepreneurs afin de faciliter leur succès entrepreneurial et leur intégration dans une province rurale caractérisée par la vulnérabilité entrepreneuriale. Un type d’engagement stratégique en faveur d’immigrés dotés de capitaux économiques se met ainsi en place avec ses logiques propres.
Quality of life research: interview with Professor Robert Cummins
Authors: Cummins Robert , Theofilou Paraskevi
Published: November 2015

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a fundamental concept in the field of clinical medicine and has been studied during the last years by psychologists, sociologists, economists and managers. The concept of HRQOL includes those aspects of overall QOL that can be indicated to have an impact on patients’ health, either physical or psychological. Concerning the individuals, this incorporates physical and mental health cognitions, including sociodemographic factors, sexual functioning, fatigue, sleep disorders and functional status. One of the most eminent experts in the world in the field of QOL is Prof. Robert Cummins [Professor of Psychology at Deakin University in Australia (School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Victoria 3125 Melbourne, Australia. E-mail: robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au)] who kindly accepted to answer our questions in the con- text of this special edition.
A new journal, a new start
Authors: Theofilou Paraskevi
Published: November 2015

Health psychology has been the most rapidly growing field of psychology of the past 15 years. It is an exciting area of study devoted to understanding the psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill and how they respond when they do.
Chronic kidney disease, spirituality and religiosity: a systematic overview with the list of eligible studies
Authors: Bragazzi Nicola Luigi , Del Puente Giovanni
Published: November 2015

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has a tremendous psychological burden, which sometimes is overlooked or underestimated in the daily clinical routine practice, since in the health care process physicians prefer to focus on the objective aspects of the pathology. In this contribution, we make a systematic overview of the relationship between spirituality/religiosity and CKD, an emerging theme which only recently has raised interest from the scientific community despite its importance. We investigate different variables, axis and categories (from the quality of life to customer’s satisfaction, treatment adherence and therapeutic alliance, clinical parameters, as well as overall survival, and coping strategies adopted by the patient). Moreover, we underpin the principal clinically relevant implications (like the possibility of psycho-therapeutic interventions based on the spiritual and religious attitudes of the patient) and we discuss the main gaps, methodological barriers and difficulties in the field, fostering and advocating further research and clinical studies. This last aspect, together with the quality assessment of the studies, will be further explored in the second part of the study.
The psychological effects of providing personal care to a partner: a multidimensional perspective
Authors: Hansen Thomas , Slagsvold Britt
Published: November 2015

The expected increasing demand for informal care in aging societies underscores the importance of understanding the psychological implications of caregiving. This study explores the effect of providing regular help with personal care to a partner on different aspects of psychological well-being. We use cross-sectional data from the Norwegian Life Course, Ageing and Generation study (n. ~15,000; age 40-84) and two-wave panel data from the Norwegian study on Life Course, Ageing and Generation (n. ~3000; age 40-84). To separate the effects of providing care from those of the partner’s disability, caregivers are contrasted with non-caregivers with both disabled and nondisabled partners. We separate outcomes into cognitive well-being (life satisfaction), psychological functioning (self-esteem, mastery), and affective well-being (happiness, depression, loneliness). Findings show that caregiving has important cross-sectional and longitudinal detrimental psychological effects. These effects are fairly consistent across all aspects of well-being, demonstrating that caregiving has a broad-based negative impact. Among women, however, these effects are similar to if not weaker than the effects of a partner’s disability. Caregiving effects are constant by age, education, and employment status, but stronger among caregivers with health problems. Providing personal care to a partner is associated with marked adverse psychological effects for men and women irrespective of age and socio-economic status. Hence, no socio-demographic group is immune from caregiving stress, so programs should be targeted generally. The results also suggest that the health needs of caregivers demand more attention.
Irritable bowel syndrome: Is it “irritable brain” or “irritable bowel”?
Authors: Padhy Susanta Kumar , Sahoo Swapnajeet , Mahajan Sonali , Sinha Saroj Kumar
Published: November 2015

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been recognized as one of the most common and best studied disorders among the group of functional gastrointestinal disorders. It is a functional bowel disorder in which abdominal pain or discomfort is associated with defecation or a change in bowel habit. In the Western world, IBS appears to affect up to 20% of the population at any given time but in Asian countries, the median value of IBS prevalence defined by various criteria ranges between 6.5% and 10.1%, and community prevalence of 4% is found in North India. Those attending gastroenterology clinics represent only the tip of the iceberg. The disorder substantially impairs the quality of life, and the overall health-care costs are high. IBS has therefore gained increased attention from clinicians, researchers, and pharmaceutical industries. It is often frustrating to both patients and physicians as the disease is usually chronic in nature and difficult to treat. However, the understanding of IBS has been changing from time to time and still most of its concepts are unknown. In this review we have discussed, debated, and synthesized the evidence base, focusing on underlying mechanisms in the brain and bowel. We conclude that it is both brain and bowel mechanisms that are responsible. The clinical implication of such mechanisms is discussed.
A process-based 222radon flux map for Europe and its comparison to long-term observations
Authors: Karstens U. , Schwingshackl C. , Schmithüsen D. , Levin I.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Detailed 222radon (222Rn) flux maps are an essential pre-requisite for the use of radon in atmospheric transport studies. Here we present a high-resolution 222Rn flux map for Europe, based on a parameterization of 222Rn production and transport in the soil. The 222Rn exhalation rate is parameterized based on soil properties, uranium content, and modelled soil moisture from two different land-surface reanalysis data sets. Spatial variations in exhalation rates are primarily determined by the uranium content of the soil, but also influenced by soil texture and local water-table depth. Temporal variations are related to soil moisture variations as the molecular diffusion in the unsaturated soil zone depends on available air-filled pore space. The implemented diffusion parameterization was tested against campaign-based 222Rn soil profile measurements. Monthly 222Rn exhalation rates from European soils were calculated with a nominal spatial resolution of 0.083° × 0.083° and compared to long-term direct measurements of 222Rn exhalation rates in different areas of Europe. The two realizations of the 222Rn flux map, based on the different soil moisture data sets, both realistically reproduce the observed seasonality in the fluxes but yield considerable differences for absolute flux values. The mean 222Rn flux from soils in Europe is estimated to be 10 mBq m−2 s−1 (ERA-Interim/Land soil moisture) or 15 mBq m−2 s−1 (GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation System) Noah soil moisture) for the period 2006–2010. The corresponding seasonal variations with low fluxes in winter and high fluxes in summer range in the two realizations from ca. 7 to ca. 14 mBq m−2 s−1 and from ca. 11 to ca. 20 mBq m−2 s−1, respectively. These systematic differences highlight the importance of realistic soil moisture data for a reliable estimation of 222Rn exhalation rates. Comparison with observations suggests that the flux estimates based on the GLDAS Noah soil moisture model on average better represent observed fluxes.
Laboratory evidence of organic peroxide and peroxyhemiacetal formation in the aqueous phase and implications for aqueous OH
Authors: Lim Y. B. , Turpin B. J.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Aqueous chemistry in atmospheric waters (e.g., cloud droplets or wet aerosols) is considered a potentially important atmospheric pathway to produce secondary organic aerosol (SOAaq). Water-soluble organic compounds with small carbon numbers (C2–C3) are precursors for SOAaq; products include organic acids, organic sulfates, and high-molecular-weight compounds/oligomers. Fenton reactions and the uptake of gas-phase OH radicals are considered to be the major oxidant sources for aqueous organic chemistry. However, the sources and availability of oxidants in atmospheric waters are not well understood. The degree to which OH is produced in the aqueous phase affects the balance of radical and non-radical aqueous chemistry, the properties of the resulting aerosol, and likely its atmospheric behavior. This paper demonstrates organic peroxide formation during aqueous photooxidation of methylglyoxal using ultra-high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). Organic peroxides are known to form through gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds. They contribute secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation directly by forming peroxyhemiacetals and epoxides (i.e., IEPOX), and indirectly by enhancing gas-phase oxidation through OH recycling. We provide simulation results of organic peroxide/peroxyhemiacetal formation in clouds and wet aerosols and discuss organic peroxides as a source of condensed-phase OH radicals and as a contributor to aqueous SOA.
Impact of particle shape on the morphology of noctilucent clouds
Authors: Kiliani J. , Baumgarten G. , Lübken F.-J. , Berger U.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Noctilucent clouds (NLCs) occur during summer in the polar region at altitudes around 83 km. They consist of ice particles with a typical size around 50 nm. The shape of NLC particles is less well known but is important both for interpreting optical measurements and modeling ice cloud characteristics. In this paper, NLC modeling of microphysics and optics is adapted to use cylindrical instead of spherical particle shape. The optical properties of the resulting ice clouds are compared directly to NLC three-color measurements by the Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research (ALOMAR) Rayleigh/Mie/Raman (RMR) lidar between 1998 and 2014. Shape distributions including both needle- and disc-shaped particles are consistent with lidar measurements. The best agreement occurs if disc shapes are 60 % more common than needles, with a mean axis ratio of 2.8. Cylindrical particles cause stronger ice clouds on average than spherical shapes with an increase of backscatter at 532 nm by ≈ 30 % and about 20 % in ice mass density. This difference is less pronounced for bright than for weak ice clouds. Cylindrical shapes also cause NLCs to have larger but a smaller number of ice particles than for spherical shapes.
Water limitations on forest carbon cycling and conifer traits along a steep climatic gradient in the Cascade Mountains, Oregon
Authors: Berner L. T. , Law B. E.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Severe droughts occurred in the western United States during recent decades, and continued human greenhouse gas emissions are expected to exacerbate warming and drying in this region. We investigated the role of water availability in shaping forest carbon cycling and morphological traits in the eastern Cascade Mountains, Oregon, focusing on the transition from low-elevation, dry western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) woodlands to higher-elevation, wetter ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and grand fir (Abies grandis) forests. We examined 12 sites in mature forests that spanned a 1300 mm yr−1 gradient in mean growing-year climate moisture index (CMIgy ), computed annually (1964 to 2013) as monthly precipitation minus reference evapotranspiration and summed October to September. Maximum leaf area, annual aboveground productivity, and aboveground live tree biomass increased with CMIgy (r2 = 0.67–0.88, P < 0.05), approximately 50-, 30-, and 10-fold along this drier to wetter gradient. Interannual fluctuations in CMI affected the annual radial growth of 91 % of juniper, 51 % of pine, and 12 % of fir individuals from 1964 to 2013. The magnitude of the site-average growth–CMI correlations decreased with increased CMIgy (r2 = 0.53, P < 0.05). All three species, particularly fir, experienced pronounced declines in radial growth from c. 1985 to 1994, coinciding with a period of sustained below-average CMIgy and extensive insect outbreak. Traits of stress-tolerant juniper included short stature, high wood density for cavitation resistance, and high investment in water transport relative to leaf area. Species occupying wetter areas invested more resources in height growth in response to competition for light relative to investment in hydraulic architecture. Consequently, maximum tree height, leaf area : sapwood area ratio, and stem wood density were all correlated with CMIgy . The tight coupling of forest carbon cycling and species traits with water availability suggests that warmer and drier conditions projected for the 21st century could have significant biogeochemical, ecological, and social consequences in the Pacific Northwest.
Quantifying molecular oxygen isotope variations during a Heinrich stadial
Authors: Reutenauer C. , Landais A. , Blunier T. , Bréant C. , Kageyama M. , Woillez M.-N. , Risi C. , Mariotti V. , Braconnot P.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. δ18O of atmospheric oxygen (δ18Oatm) undergoes millennial-scale variations during the last glacial period, and systematically increases during Heinrich stadials (HSs). Changes in δ18Oatm combine variations in biospheric and water cycle processes. The identification of the main driver of the millennial variability in δ18Oatm is thus not straightforward. Here, we quantify the response of δ18Oatm to such millennial events using a freshwater hosing simulation performed under glacial boundary conditions. Our global approach takes into account the latest estimates of isotope fractionation factor for respiratory and photosynthetic processes and make use of atmospheric water isotope and vegetation changes. Our modeling approach allows to reproduce the main observed features of a HS in terms of climatic conditions, vegetation distribution and δ18O of precipitation. We use it to decipher the relative importance of the different processes behind the observed changes in δ18Oatm. The results highlight the dominant role of hydrology on δ18Oatm and confirm that δ18Oatm can be seen as a global integrator of hydrological changes over vegetated areas.
Updating sea spray aerosol emissions in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.0.2
Authors: Gantt B. , Kelly J. T. , Bash J. O.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Sea spray aerosols (SSAs) impact the particle mass concentration and gas-particle partitioning in coastal environments, with implications for human and ecosystem health. Model evaluations of SSA emissions have mainly focused on the global scale, but regional-scale evaluations are also important due to the localized impact of SSAs on atmospheric chemistry near the coast. In this study, SSA emissions in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model were updated to enhance the fine-mode size distribution, include sea surface temperature (SST) dependency, and reduce surf-enhanced emissions. Predictions from the updated CMAQ model and those of the previous release version, CMAQv5.0.2, were evaluated using several coastal and national observational data sets in the continental US. The updated emissions generally reduced model underestimates of sodium, chloride, and nitrate surface concentrations for coastal sites in the Bay Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (BRACE) near Tampa, Florida. Including SST dependency to the SSA emission parameterization led to increased sodium concentrations in the southeastern US and decreased concentrations along parts of the Pacific coast and northeastern US. The influence of sodium on the gas-particle partitioning of nitrate resulted in higher nitrate particle concentrations in many coastal urban areas due to increased condensation of nitric acid in the updated simulations, potentially affecting the predicted nitrogen deposition in sensitive ecosystems. Application of the updated SSA emissions to the California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) study period resulted in a modest improvement in the predicted surface concentration of sodium and nitrate at several central and southern California coastal sites. This update of SSA emissions enabled a more realistic simulation of the atmospheric chemistry in coastal environments where marine air mixes with urban pollution.
Evaluating flood potential with GRACE in the United States
Authors: Molodtsova T. , Molodtsov S. , Kirilenko A. , Zhang X. , VanLooy J.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. One of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) products, the Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA), was used for assessing large-scale flood risk through Reager's Flood Potential Index (RFPI) by Reager and Famiglietti (2009). The efficacy of the proposed RFPI for flood risk assessment was evaluated over the continental US using multi-year flood observation data from 2003 to 2012 by the US Geological Survey and Dartmouth Flood Observatory. In general, the flood risk based on the RFPI agreed well with the observed floods on regional and even local scales. The method exhibits higher skill in predicting the large-area, long-duration floods, especially during the summer season.
Dynamics and heterogeneity of a fate determinant during transition towards cell differentiation
Authors: Peláez Nicolás , Gavalda-Miralles Arnau , Wang Bao , Navarro Heliodoro Tejedor , Gudjonson Herman , Rebay Ilaria , Dinner Aaron R , Katsaggelos Aggelos K , Amaral Luís AN , Carthew Richard W
Published: November 2015

Yan is an ETS-domain transcription factor responsible for maintaining Drosophila eye cells in a multipotent state. Yan is at the core of a regulatory network that determines the time and place in which cells transit from multipotency to one of several differentiated lineages. Using a fluorescent reporter for Yan expression, we observed a biphasic distribution of Yan in multipotent cells, with a rapid inductive phase and slow decay phase. Transitions to various differentiated states occurred over the course of this dynamic process, suggesting that Yan expression level does not strongly determine cell potential. Consistent with this conclusion, perturbing Yan expression by varying gene dosage had no effect on cell fate transitions. However, we observed that as cells transited to differentiation, Yan expression became highly heterogeneous and this heterogeneity was transient. Signals received via the EGF Receptor were necessary for the transience in Yan noise since genetic loss caused sustained noise. Since these signals are essential for eye cells to differentiate, we suggest that dynamic heterogeneity of Yan is a necessary element of the transition process, and cell states are stabilized through noise reduction.
Lipopolysaccharide induces a downregulation of adiponectin receptorsin-vitroandin-vivo
Authors: Hall Alison , Leuwer Martin , Trayhurn Paul , Welters Ingeborg D.
Published: November 2015

Background.Adipose tissue contributes to the inflammatory response through production of cytokines, recruitment of macrophages and modulation of the adiponectin system. Previous studies have identified a down-regulation of adiponectin in pathologies characterised by acute (sepsis and endotoxaemia) and chronic inflammation (obesity and type-II diabetes mellitus). In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that LPS would reduce adiponectin receptor expression in a murine model of endotoxaemia and in adipoocyte and myocyte cell cultures.

Methods.25 mg/kg LPS was injected intra-peritoneally into C57BL/6J mice, equivalent volumes of normal saline were used in control animals. Mice were killed at 4 or 24 h post injection and tissues harvested. Murine adipocytes (3T3-L1) and myocytes (C2C12) were grown in standard culture, treated with LPS (0.1 µg/ml–10 µg/ml) and harvested at 4 and 24 h. RNA was extracted and qPCR was conducted according to standard protocols and relative expression was calculated.

Results.After LPS treatment there was a significant reduction after 4 h in gene expression of adipo R1 in muscle and peri-renal fat and of adipo R2 in liver, peri-renal fat and abdominal wall subcutaneous fat. After 24 h, significant reductions were limited to muscle. Cell culture extracts showed varied changes with reduction in adiponectin and adipo R2 gene expression only in adipocytes.

Conclusions.LPS reduced adiponectin receptor gene expression in several tissues including adipocytes. This reflects a down-regulation of this anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitising pathway in response to LPS. The trend towards base line after 24 h in tissue depots may reflect counter-regulatory mechanisms. Adiponectin receptor regulation differs in the tissues investigated.
A 1.5‐D anisotropic sigma‐coordinate thermal stress model of landlocked sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Authors: Hata Y. , Tremblay L. B.
Published: November 2015

We present a 1.5‐D thermal stress model that takes into account the effect of land confinement, which causes anisotropy in thermal stresses. To this end, we fix the total strain in the direction perpendicular to the coastline to its value at landlocked ice onset. This prevents thermal expansion in the direction perpendicular to the coastline and therefore induces larger thermal stresses in this direction. The simulated stresses best match the observations, when a Young's Modulus of 0.5 GPa and a relaxation time constant of 8 days are used. This simulation gives root‐mean‐square errors of 13.0 and 13.1 kPa (∼15%) in the major and minor principal stresses, respectively. The simulated anisotropic component of thermal stress also generally agrees with observations. The optimal Young's Modulus is in the low range of reported values in the literature, and the optimal relaxation time constant (8 days) is larger than the largest relaxation time constant reported in the literature (5 days). A series of experiments are done to examine the model sensitivity to vertical resolution, snow cover, and the parameterizations of Young's Modulus and viscous creep. Results show that a minimum of one and three layers in the snow and ice, respectively, is required to simulate the thermal stresses within 15% error of the value assessed with the higher‐resolution control simulation. This highlights the importance of resolving the internal snow and ice vertical temperature profile in order to properly model the thermal stresses of sea ice.
3D Woven Near‐Net‐Shape Preforms for Composite Structures
Authors: Mountasir Adil , Löser Michael , Hoffmann Gerald , Cherif Chokri , Großmann Knut
Published: November 2015

Weaving of near‐net‐shape spacer structures is an efficient way to produce preforms for fiber‐reinforced composites. The preforms are woven using non‐crimp fiber arrangement in warp and weft directions. For getting a better insight into the weaving process as well as to analyze warp thread forces, a simulation model has been developed. This enables calculations under variation of machine and process parameters to minimize warp thread forces. The aim in conjunction with this is downsizing the tensile stress of threads for reducing fiber damage. The high potential of the non‐crimp fiber arrangement is demonstrated in consolidated 2D composite sheets and 3D spacer composites.
Rational Design of Small Molecules to Implement Organic Quaternary Memory Devices
Authors: Zhang Qijian , He Jinghui , Zhuang Hao , Li Hua , Li Najun , Xu Qingfeng , Chen Dongyun , Lu Jianmei
Published: November 2015

Organic small‐molecule‐based devices with multilevel electroresistive memory behaviors have attracted more and more attentions due to their super‐high data‐storage density. However, up to now, only ternary memory molecules have been reported, and ternary storage devices may not be compatible with the binary computing systems perfectly. In this work, a donor–acceptor structured molecule containing three electron acceptors is rationally designed and the field‐induced charge‐transfer processes can occur from the donors. Organic quaternary memory devices based on this molecule are successfully demonstrated for the first time. The switching threshold voltages of the memory device are –2.04, –2.73, and –3.96 V, and the current ratio of the “0,” “1,” “2,” and “3” states is 1:101.78:103.47:105.36, which indicate a low possibility of read and write errors. The results represent a further step in organic high‐density data‐storage devices and will inspire the further study in this field.
N,S‐Induced Electronic States of Carbon Nanodots Toward White Electroluminescence
Authors: Do Sungan , Kwon Woosung , Kim Young‐Hoon , Kang So Rang , Lee Taehyung , Lee Tae‐Woo , Rhee Shi‐Woo
Published: November 2015

In this work, nitrogen and sulfur‐doped carbon nanodots (CNDs) have been synthesized from ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐diacetic acid and 2,2′‐(ethylenedithio)diacetic acid, respectively. The method used in this work features the use of “single” molecular precursors that contain both carbon and dopant atoms, which allows examining the effects of doping in a molecular level. The effects of doping on the electronic structure of CNDs could be examined by a series of spectroscopic measurements including UV–vis absorption and photoluminescence. It is found that doping gives rise to new light absorption and photoluminescence bands at around 500 nm. Finally, light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with the CNDs synthesized have been demonstrated to show that the electronic states induced by direct doping influence their electroluminescence. Such LEDs successfully exhibit broadband electroluminescence covering the visible light range from 500 to 700 nm, resulting in bright pure white light whose CIE (Commission Internationale d'Éclairage) coordinate is (0.2894, 0.3351).
Assessment of the variability of pollutants concentration over the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil, using the wavelet transform
Authors: Zeri M. , Carvalho V. S. B. , Cunha‐Zeri G. , Oliveira‐Júnior J. F. , Lyra G. B. , Freitas E. D.
Published: November 2015

The objective of this work was to investigate the mean and variability of a dataset of pollutant concentrations from measurements taken over the metropolitan area of São Paulo city, Brazil. Wavelet analysis was applied to the time series of pollutant concentrations, revealing the strongest harmonics influencing the signals. A mode of variability of 4–8 days was significant until the middle of the last decade and is likely associated with the approach and passage of meteorological systems. A dataset representing the number of frontal systems moving across the state helped to explain the interannual variability during wintertime. Years with fewer frontal systems had higher levels of pollutants in several locations. Weather events such as inversions and the passage of frontal systems influence the concentration of pollutants. Public policies on air quality should focus not only on reducing the long‐term exposure of city‐dwellers to the negative effects of pollutants but also account for the possible short‐term effects of the weather on air quality.
Development and validation of an LC/MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of shionone and epi‐friedelinol in rat plasma for pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Aster tataricus extract
Authors: Yin De‐Feng , Zhou Kai , Liu Ji‐Tao , Hu Li , Liu Ying , Deng Jun , Wang Song‐Ping , Xiong Ying , Zhong Wu
Published: November 2015

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated using spinasterol as the internal standard (IS) for the simultaneous determination of shionone and epi‐friedelinol in rat plasma. Plasma samples were pretreated using liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl ether. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) with an isocratic elution consisting of acetonitrile–0.1% formic acid water (75:25, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.30 mL/min. Detection was performed under the selected reaction monitoring scan using an electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode. The mass transitions were as follows: m/z 427.4 → 95.1 for shionone, m/z 411.4 → 205.2 for epi‐friedelinol and m/z 395.3 → 105.2 for IS. All calibration curves exhibited good linearity (r > 0.995) over the concentration range for both components. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions at three QC and lower limit of quantitation levels were both <10.21% in terms of relative standard deviation, and the accuracy ranged from −7.13 to 8.02% in terms of relative error. The extraction recoveries of the compounds ranged from 82.07 to 89.81%. The developed method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of shionone and epi‐friedelinol after oral administration of Aster tataricus extract to rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re‐building Bridges: Homeless People's Views on the Role of Vocational and Educational Activities in Their Everyday Lives
Authors: Iveson Mandie , Cornish Flora
Published: November 2015

Homeless people face everyday challenges of marginalisation and stigmatisation. Consequently, they can suffer from low self‐confidence, self‐efficacy and agency. Empirical research in Britain on educational, skill‐building and meaningful activities for homeless people principally emphasises the instrumental value of training and learning as a route to employment rather than the impact of activities on homeless people's everyday lives. Theoretical literature suggests that psychosocial benefits related to the development of self‐efficacy, agency and empowerment can be gained from such activities. Participants' experiences and perceptions of educational and recreational activities were examined through 29 interviews at three homeless day centres in London. Thematic analysis suggests the restorative power of engagement in activities and shows that participants value activities, not only as the foundation for future goals of finding employment and housing, but as an immediate way of restoring a sense of self and finding positive experiences with a focus on the present. The findings underline the importance of viewing these interventions from a ‘bottom‐up’ perspective. The study tentatively concludes that accepting and emphasising the immediate personal benefits as a positive achievement of activities may be a valuable approach to better engage homeless clients. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approaching the Kinetic Inertness of Macrocyclic Gadolinium(III)‐Based MRI Contrast Agents with Highly Rigid Open‐Chain Derivatives
Authors: Tircsó Gyula , Regueiro‐Figueroa Martín , Nagy Viktória , Garda Zoltán , Garai Tamás , Kálmán Ferenc Krisztián , Esteban‐Gómez David , Tóth Éva , Platas‐Iglesias Carlos
Published: November 2015

A highly rigid open‐chain octadentate ligand (H4cddadpa) containing a diaminocylohexane unit to replace the ethylenediamine bridge of 6,6′‐[(ethane‐1,2 diylbis{(carboxymethyl)azanediyl})bis(methylene)]dipicolinic acid (H4octapa) was synthesized. This structural modification improves the thermodynamic stability of the Gd3+ complex slightly (log KGdL=20.68 vs. 20.23 for [Gd(octapa)]−) while other MRI‐relevant parameters remain unaffected (one coordinated water molecule; relaxivity r1=5.73 mm−1 s−1 at 20 MHz and 295 K). Kinetic inertness is improved by the rigidifying effect of the diaminocylohexane unit in the ligand skeleton (half‐life of dissociation for physiological conditions is 6 orders of magnitude higher for [Gd(cddadpa)]− (t1/2=1.49×105 h) than for [Gd(octapa)]−. The kinetic inertness of this novel chelate is superior by 2–3 orders of magnitude compared to non‐macrocyclic MRI contrast agents approved for clinical use.
Copper Causes Regiospecific Formation of C4F8‐Containing Six‐Membered Rings and their Defluorination/Aromatization to C4F4‐Containing Rings in Triphenylene/1,4‐C4F8I2 Reactions
Authors: Rippy Kerry C. , Bukovsky Eric V. , Clikeman Tyler T. , Chen Yu‐Sheng , Hou Gao‐Lei , Wang Xue‐Bin , Popov Alexey A. , Boltalina Olga V. , Strauss Steven H.
Published: November 2015

The presence of Cu in reactions of triphenylene (TRPH) and 1,4‐C4F8I2 at 360 °C led to regiospecific substitution of TRPH ortho C(β) atoms to form C4F8‐containing rings, completely suppressing substitution on C(α) atoms. In addition, Cu caused selective reductive‐defluorination/aromatization (RD/A) to form C4F4‐containing aromatic rings. Without Cu, the reactions of TRPH and 1,4‐C4F8I2 were not regiospecific and no RD/A was observed. These results, supported by DFT calculations, are the first examples of Cu‐promoted 1) regiospecific perfluoroannulation, 2) preparative C−F activation, and 3) RD/A. HPLC‐purified products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, low‐temperature PES, and 1H/19F NMR.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Monoalkenylation of Aromatic Ketones by Cleavage of Carbon—Heteroatom Bonds with Unconventional Chemoselectivity.
Authors: Kondo Hikaru , Akiba Nana , Kochi Takuya , Kakiuchi Fumitoshi
Published: November 2015

A selective ruthenium‐catalyzed monoalkenylation of different carbon‐heteroatom bonds is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Incredible Role of Glycerol in Multicomponent Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroquinazoline‐4(1H)‐ones and 1‐Amidoalkyl‐2‐naphthols.
Authors: Hajjami Maryam , Bakhti Fariba , Ghiasbeygi Elahe
Published: November 2015

Efficient and simple multicomponent syntheses of quinazolinones (III) (9 examples) and 1‐amidoalkylnaphthols (VII) (11 examples) using glycerol as solvent are given.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II) Complexes Containing ONO Tridentate Hydrazone for Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling of Aryl Chlorides in Aqueous‐Organic Media.
Authors: Arumugam Vignesh , Kaminsky Werner , Bhuvanesh Nattamai S. P. , Nallasamy Dharmaraj
Published: November 2015

The title complexes are highly active with 0.01 mol% loading and can be used for 5 cycles without significant loss of the activity.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Spiropyrroloquinoline‐Isoindolinone and Their Aza‐Analogues via the Ugi‐4CR/Metal‐Free Intramolecular Bis‐annulation Process.
Authors: Ghandi Mehdi , Zarezadeh Nahid , Abbasi Alireza
Published: November 2015

Combination of an Ugi four‐component reaction with two intramolecular cyclizations affords the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Triple Successive C—H Functionalization: Direct Synthesis of Functionalized Carbazoles from Indoles.
Authors: Verma Akhilesh K. , Danodia Abhinandan K. , Saunthwal Rakesh K. , Patel Monika , Choudhary Deepak
Published: November 2015

Indole and substituted derivatives thereof are transformed according to the title reaction with electron‐deficient as well as electron‐rich alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Arylbenzoxazoles by Gas‐Free Carbonylation Using Dicobalt Octacarbonyl as a Solid Carbon Monoxide Source.
Authors: Baburajan Poongavanam , Elango Kuppanagounder P.
Published: November 2015

The synthesis of various title compounds is performed in a two‐step, one‐pot process and includes a simple water work‐up.
ChemInform Abstract: Double‐Stereodifferentiation in Rhodium‐Catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition: Chiral Ligand/Chiral Counterion Matched Pair.
Authors: Auge Mylene , Feraldi‐Xypolia Alexandra , Barbazanges Marion , Aubert Corinne , Fensterbank Louis , Gandon Vincent , Kolodziej Emilie , Ollivier Cyril
Published: November 2015

A Rh(I) complex salt comprising both a chiral ligand and a chiral counterion is generated in situ, prior to addition of the educts, from the components shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination Complexes of 15‐Membered Pentadentate Aza, Oxoaza and Thiaaza Schiff Base Macrocycles “Old Complexes Offer New Attractions”
Authors: Gavey Emma L. , Pilkington Melanie
Published: November 2015

Review: 141 refs.
A framework for quantifying the influence of adherence and dose individualization
Authors: Assawasuwannakit P , Braund R , Duffull SB
Published: November 2015

A failure to accommodate for a patient's imperfect adherence may result in therapeutic failure. Similarly, failure to accommodate a patient's individual needs via dose individualization may also result in poor patient outcomes. The property of a drug that signifies the likelihood of therapeutic success to imperfect adherence is termed “forgiveness.” We introduce an extension to this concept as: (1) a priori forgiveness (forgiveness when dose individualization is not considered) and (2) a posteriori forgiveness (forgiveness when considering dose individualization). We illustrate cases when adherence is of primary importance and in which dose individualization is of primary importance. The concept of a priori forgiveness and a posteriori forgiveness provides a quantitative measure that allows the influence of adherence to be disentangled from dose individualization and could be used to provide clear guidelines about the relative importance of each in clinical practice.
Depth Interpolation Using Tangent Planes on Superpixels of a Color Image
Authors: MATSUO KIYOSHI , AOKI YOSHIMITSU
Published: November 2015

This paper describes a method for accurately interpolating a low‐resolution depth image using a high‐resolution color image. In our method, first, tangent planes on each superpixel are estimated from sparse depth information and dense color information. Then, the neighboring superpixels that have smooth‐connectable tangent planes are connected, and image segmentation to smooth surfaces is achieved. Finally, the low‐resolution depth image is interpolated by using this smooth surface segmentation. In experiments with images from the Middlebury stereo data sets, our method interpolates each image at a high rate, and achieves the lowest error when compared to existing techniques.