bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HIV infection and bone disease
Authors: Compston J.
Published: June 2016

The success of antiretroviral therapy in treating HIV infection has greatly prolonged life expectancy in affected individuals, transforming the disease into a chronic condition. A number of HIV‐associated non‐AIDS comorbidities have emerged in the ageing HIV‐infected population, including osteoporosis and increased risk of fracture. The pathogenesis of fracture is multifactorial with contributions from both traditional and HIV‐specific risk factors. Significant bone loss occurs on initiation of antiretroviral therapy but stabilizes on long‐term therapy. Fracture risk assessment should be performed in HIV‐infected individuals and bone mineral density measured when indicated. Lifestyle measures to optimize bone health should be advised and, in individuals at high risk of fracture, treatment with bisphosphonates considered.
Bilateral sensory deprivation of trigeminal afferent fibres on corticomotor control of human tongue musculature: a preliminary study
Authors: Kothari M. , Baad‐Hansen L. , Svensson P.
Published: June 2016

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has demonstrated changes in motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in human limb muscles following modulation of sensory afferent inputs. The aim of this study was to determine whether bilateral local anaesthesia (LA) of the lingual nerve affects the excitability of the tongue motor cortex (MI) as measured by TMS. The effect on MEPs after bilateral LA of the lingual nerve was studied, while the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle served as a control in ten healthy participants. MEPs were measured on the right side of the tongue dorsum in four different conditions: (i) immediately prior to anaesthesia (baseline), (ii) during bilateral LA block of the lingual nerve, (iii) after anaesthesia had subjectively subsided (recovery) and (iv) 3 h after bilateral lingual block injection. MEPs were assessed using stimulus–response curves in steps of 10% of motor threshold (T). Eight stimuli were given at each stimulus level. The amplitudes of the tongue MEPs were significantly influenced by the stimulus intensity (P < 0·001) but not by condition (P = 0·186). However, post hoc tests showed that MEPS were statistically significantly higher during bilateral LA block condition compared with baseline at T + 40%, T + 50% and T + 60% (P < 0·028) and also compared with recovery at T + 60% (P = 0·010) as well as at 3 h after injection at T + 50% and T + 60% (P < 0·029). Bilateral LA block of the lingual nerve seems to be associated with a facilitation of the corticomotor pathways related to the tongue musculature.
Melatonin mediates selenium‐induced tolerance to cadmium stress in tomato plants
Authors: Li Meng‐Qi , Hasan Md. Kamrul , Li Cai‐Xia , Ahammed Golam Jalal , Xia Xiao‐Jian , Shi Kai , Zhou Yan‐Hong , Reiter Russel J. , Yu Jing‐Quan , Xu Ming‐Xing , Zhou Jie
Published: June 2016

Both selenium (Se) and melatonin reduce cadmium (Cd) uptake and mitigate Cd toxicity in plants. However, the relationship between Se and melatonin in Cd detoxification remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the influence of three forms of Se (selenocysteine, sodium selenite, and sodium selenate) on the biosynthesis of melatonin and the tolerance against Cd in tomato plants. Pretreatment with different forms of Se significantly induced the biosynthesis of melatonin and its precursors (tryptophan, tryptamine, and serotonin); selenocysteine had the most marked effect on melatonin biosynthesis. Furthermore, Se and melatonin supplements significantly increased plant Cd tolerance as evidenced by decreased growth inhibition, photoinhibition, and electrolyte leakage (EL). Se‐induced Cd tolerance was compromised in melatonin‐deficient plants following tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) gene silencing. Se treatment increased the levels of glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs), as well as the expression of GSH and PC biosynthetic genes in nonsilenced plants, but the effects of Se were compromised in TDC‐silenced plants under Cd stress. In addition, Se and melatonin supplements reduced Cd content in leaves of nonsilenced plants, but Se‐induced reduction in Cd content was compromised in leaves of TDC‐silenced plants. Taken together, our results indicate that melatonin is involved in Se‐induced Cd tolerance via the regulation of Cd detoxification.
2‐Hydroxymelatonin promotes the resistance of rice plant to multiple simultaneous abiotic stresses (combined cold and drought)
Authors: Lee Hye‐Jung , Back Kyoungwhan
Published: June 2016

We investigated the physiological roles of 2‐hydroxymelatonin (2‐OHMel) in rice seedlings. When they were challenged with simultaneous multiple abiotic stressors, such as a combination of cold and drought, those pretreated with 2‐OHMel were resistant, whereas no tolerance was observed in seedlings treated with either melatonin or water (control). The tolerance phenotype was associated with the induction of several transporter proteins, including the proton transporter (UCP1), potassium transporter (HKT1), and water channel protein (PIP2;1). Treatment with 2‐OHMel increased the content of the osmoprotectant proline and maintained mitochondrial structure when plants were subjected to a combination of cold and drought stress. We screened the corresponding transcription factors (TFs) for 2‐OHMel‐mediated resistance to the combined stressors through analysis of large numbers of cold‐ and drought‐related TFs. Two TFs, Myb4 and AP37, were only induced by 2‐OHMel treatment. Transgenic rice lines overexpressing rice Myb4 were not resistant to the combined stressors; however, the expression of UCP1, HKT1, and PIP2;1 transcripts was slightly enhanced. These data show that 2‐OHMel alleviates the effects of simultaneous abiotic stressors via the actions of multiple TFs, including Myb4 and AP37.
Elevated heart rate and nondipping heart rate as potential targets for melatonin: a review
Authors: Simko Fedor , Baka Tomas , Paulis Ludovit , Reiter Russel J.
Published: June 2016

Elevated heart rate is a risk factor for cardiovascular and all‐cause mortalities in the general population and various cardiovascular pathologies. Insufficient heart rate decline during the night, that is, nondipping heart rate, also increases cardiovascular risk. Abnormal heart rate reflects an autonomic nervous system imbalance in terms of relative dominance of sympathetic tone. There are only a few prospective studies concerning the effect of heart rate reduction in coronary heart disease and heart failure. In hypertensive patients, retrospective analyses show no additional benefit of slowing down the heart rate by beta‐blockade to blood pressure reduction. Melatonin, a secretory product of the pineal gland, has several attributes, which predict melatonin to be a promising candidate in the struggle against elevated heart rate and its consequences in the hypertensive population. First, melatonin production depends on the sympathetic stimulation of the pineal gland. On the other hand, melatonin inhibits the sympathetic system in several ways representing potentially the counter‐regulatory mechanism to normalize excessive sympathetic drive. Second, administration of melatonin reduces heart rate in animals and humans. Third, the chronobiological action of melatonin may normalize the insufficient nocturnal decline of heart rate. Moreover, melatonin reduces the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, which are considered a crucial pathophysiological disorder of increased heart rate and pulsatile blood flow. The antihypertensive and antiremodeling action of melatonin along with its beneficial effects on lipid profile and insulin resistance may be of additional benefit. A clinical trial investigating melatonin actions in hypertensive patients with increased heart rate is warranted.
Serum C‐reactive protein and S100A12 concentrations in dogs with hepatic disease
Authors: Craig S. M. , Fry J. K. , Rodrigues Hoffmann A. , Manino P. , Heilmann R. M. , Suchodolski J. S. , Steiner J. M. , Hottinger H. A. , Hunter S. L. , Lidbury J. A.
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVES

To describe serum C‐reactive protein and S100A12 concentrations in dogs with hepatic disease and to determine whether there is a relationship between the concentration of either and the severity of hepatic necroinflammation.

METHODS

Serum C‐reactive protein and S100A12 concentrations were measured in 46 dogs undergoing hepatic biopsy. Dogs were divided into three groups: congenital portosystemic shunts, chronic hepatitis and hepatic neoplasia. The histological severity of hepatic necroinflammation was scored.

RESULTS

C‐reactive protein and S100A12 concentrations were greater than the upper limit of the reference intervals in 39 and 26% of dogs, respectively. There was no association of disease group with C‐reactive protein (P=0·1733) or S100A12 (P=0·1513) concentrations. There was a positive correlation between serum C‐reactive protein concentration and hepatic necroinflammatory activity (rs=0·428, P=0·006).

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Increased serum C‐reactive protein and S100A12 concentrations were observed in a subpopulation of dogs with various types of hepatic diseases, suggesting acute‐phase inflammation and activation of phagocytic cells, respectively. Dogs with higher hepatic necroinflammatory activity scores tended to have higher serum C‐reactive protein concentrations. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding in a larger group of dogs.
The Freedom of Expression Contours of Copyright in the Digital Era: A European Perspective
Authors: Izyumenko Elena
Published: June 2016

This paper analyses the influence of the right to freedom of expression and information on European copyright law in the digital context. Drawing on the practice of the two major European courts—the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)—it begins by exploring how this fundamental right shapes both the scope of copyright protection in Europe and what is traditionally termed as “exceptions and limitations” to exclusive rights. Specifically, a long‐standing practice of the ECtHR, in accordance with which copyright in turn may be viewed as an exception to freedom of expression and must hence be narrowly interpreted, is scrutinized. On a related note, a recent recourse by the CJEU to the language of “users' rights” is examined, inasmuch as it allows for a reconceptualization—in a normative framework of freedom of information—of copyright “exceptions” not as the exceptions as such, but as the equal rights of users of protected subject‐matter. In this regard, thelocus standiof “mere users” of online content and the somewhat diverging approaches of the Strasbourg and Luxemburg courts toward granting thereof are addressed. The paper then turns to discuss the recent recourse by the European courts to freedom of expression as a means to define the role of internet service providers in digital copyright enforcement, implicating issues ranging from the providers' liability in respect of the third‐party content posted online to the often far‐reaching injunctions imposed on non‐liable intermediaries. Several conclusions are drawn from the above analysis, reflecting on the potential of freedom of expression and information to inform the development of European standards applicable in the field of digital copyright.
Teaching to Hate through Theater: Hate, Violence, and the Invention of Piety in French Passion Plays
Authors: Marculescu Andreea
Published: June 2016

In the pre‐modern Christian imaginary, the tortured body of Christ represents a theological, visual, and performative conglomerate meant to edify Christian piety while fueling feelings of hate against the Jews. The fifteenth century French Passion Plays – large‐scale dramatic representations about the public life of Christ –are no exception in this sense either. Indeed, as theater historians argue, the plays encompass the minutiae of Christ's ordeal in order to coerce theater audience into cultivating such feelings of both piety and hate. While the persecuted body of Christ is for sure a powerful emotional vector, one should not forget that hate is also articulated through a particular vocabulary stemming out from certain intellectual practices and sources that do not necessarily have racial connotations. This paper will analyze the displacement and adaptation of such vocabularies of hate from its original background to the emotional economy in the plays.
An intervention programme for enhancing kindergarteners' cognitive engagement and comprehension skills through reading informational texts
Authors: Chlapana Elissavet
Published: June 2016

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether systematic instruction of informational texts can enhance kindergarteners' cognitive involvement in text discussion and comprehension skills. The sample consisted of 15 children aged 5–6 years old in a kindergarten classroom located in a rural area in Rethymno, Crete. A four‐phase intervention programme was implemented within a 2‐month period. During the first phase, activities were carried out in order to familiarise children with the features of informational texts. During the subsequent phases, reciprocal teaching, What I know ‐ What I want to learn ‐ What I learned (KWL) practice and dialogic reading were used to help children comprehend text information, enhance their cognitive involvement in text discussion and train them in asking literal and inferential questions. The teacher's reading‐aloud sessions were recorded and transcribed. Data showed that the intervention programme helped children recognise the features of informational texts, enhanced their cognitive involvement in text discussion and motivated them to demonstrate comprehension skills that are related to information processing.
Assessing current genetic status of the Hainan gibbon using historical and demographic baselines: implications for conservation management of species of extreme rarity
Authors: Bryant J. V. , Gottelli D. , Zeng X. , Hong X. , Chan B. P. L. , Fellowes J. R. , Zhang Y. , Luo J. , Durrant C. , Geissmann T. , Chatterjee H. J. , Turvey S. T.
Published: June 2016

Evidence‐based conservation planning is crucial for informing management decisions for species of extreme rarity, but collection of robust data on genetic status or other parameters can be extremely challenging for such species. The Hainan gibbon, possibly the world's rarest mammal, consists of a single population of ~25 individuals restricted to one protected area on Hainan Island, China, and has persisted for over 30 years at exceptionally low population size. Analysis of genotypes at 11 microsatellite loci from faecal samples for 36% of the current global population and tissue samples from 62% of existing historical museum specimens demonstrates limited current genetic diversity (Na = 2.27,Ar = 2.24,He = 0.43); diversity has declined since the 19th century and even further within the last 30 years, representing declines of ~30% from historical levels (Na = 3.36,Ar = 3.29,He = 0.63). Significant differentiation is seen between current and historical samples (FST = 0.156,P = 0.0315), and the current population exhibits extremely smallNe(currentNe = 2.16). There is evidence for both a recent population bottleneck and an earlier bottleneck, with population size already reasonably low by the late 19th century (historicalNe = 1162.96). Individuals in the current population are related at the level of half‐ to full‐siblings between social groups, and full‐siblings or parent–offspring within a social group, suggesting that inbreeding is likely to increase in the future. The species' current reduced genetic diversity must be considered during conservation planning, particularly for expectations of likely population recovery, indicating that intensive, carefully planned management is essential.
REFLECTIONS ON QUALITY AND DOSAGE OF PRESCHOOL AND CHILDREN'S DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Votruba‐Drzal Elizabeth , Miller Portia
Published: June 2016

This ambitious monograph tackles several important questions related to children's preschool experiences that have relevance for program and policy initiatives at the state and federal levels. The authors’ approach is rigorous: they conduct parallel analyses across eight large and diverse studies of preschool children in center care and use meta‐analysis to summarize patterns across studies. The study finds nonlinear associations between preschool quality and gains in language and literacy skills, with larger associations in higher versus lower quality classrooms. Results also show that domain‐specific measures of preschool quality were more strongly related to children's development than global quality measures. The “dosage” of preschool was likewise important: more years in Head Start predicted larger vocabulary and literacy gains, whereas more time spent on instruction predicted greater literacy and math skills growth. In this commentary, we situate these findings in the broader literature addressing links between preschool experiences and children's development and discuss key takeaways for research, practice, and policy.
Cell death triggering and effector recognition by Sw‐5 SD‐CNL proteins from resistant and susceptible tomato isolines to Tomato spotted wilt virus
Authors: De Oliveira Athos Silva , Koolhaas Ivo , Boiteux Leonardo Silva , Caldararu Octav F. , Petrescu Andrei‐Jose , Oliveira Resende Renato , Kormelink Richard
Published: June 2016

Only a limited number of dominant resistance genes acting against plant viruses have been cloned, and further functional studies of these have been almost entirely limited to the resistance genes Rx against Potato virus X (PVX) and N against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Recently, the cell‐to‐cell movement protein (NSM) of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has been identified as the avirulence determinant (Avr) of Sw‐5b‐mediated resistance, a dominant resistance gene which belongs to the class of SD‐CC‐NB‐LRR (Solanaceae domain‐coiled coil‐nucleotide‐binding‐leucine‐rich repeat, SD‐CNL) resistance genes. On transient expression of the NSM protein in tomato and transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana harbouring the Sw‐5b gene, a hypersensitive cell death response (HR) is triggered. Here, it is shown that high accumulation of the Sw‐5b protein in N. benthamiana leaves, achieved by co‐expression of the Sw‐5b protein with RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs), leads to auto‐activity in the absence of NSM. In a similar approach, Sw‐5a, the highest conserved paralogue of Sw‐5b from Solanum peruvianum, also triggered HR by auto‐activation, whereas the highest conserved orthologue from susceptible S. lycopersicum, named Sw‐5aS, did not. However, neither of the last two homologues was able to trigger an NSM‐dependent HR. Truncated and mutated versions of these Sw‐5 proteins revealed that the NB‐ARC [nucleotide‐binding adaptor shared by Apaf‐1 (from humans), R proteins and CED‐4 (from nematodes)] domain is sufficient for the triggering of HR and seems to be suppressed by the SD‐CC domain. Furthermore, a single mutation was sufficient to restore auto‐activity within the NB‐ARC domain of Sw‐5aS. When the latter domain was fused to the Sw‐5b LRR domain, NSM‐dependent HR triggering was regained, but not in the presence of its own Sw‐5aS LRR domain. Expression analysis in planta revealed a nucleocytoplasmic localization pattern of Sw‐5b, in which the SD‐CC domain seems to be required for nuclear translocation. Although the Sw‐5 N‐terminal CC domain, in contrast with Rx, contains an additional SD, most findings from this study support a conserved role of domains within NB‐LRR (NLR) proteins against plant viruses.
Cognitive and hedonic responses to meal ingestion correlate with changes in circulating metabolites
Authors: Malagelada C. , Barba I. , Accarino A. , Molne L. , Mendez S. , Campos E. , Gonzalez A. , Alonso‐Cotoner C. , Santos J. , Malagelada J.‐R. , Azpiroz F.
Published: June 2016

Background

We have previously shown that meal ingestion induces cognitive perception (sensations) with a hedonic dimension (well‐being) that depends on the characteristics of the meal and the appropriateness of the digestive response. The aim of the present study is to identify metabolomic biomarkers of the cognitive response to meal ingestion.

Methods

In 18 healthy subjects, the response to a test meal (Edanec, 1 kcal/mL) ingested until maximum satiation (50 mL/min) was assessed. Perception measurements and blood samples were taken before, at the end of the meal, and 20 min after ingestion. The cognitive response and the hedonic dimension were measured on 10 cm scales. Metabolomic analysis was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and values of triglycerides, insulin, peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) were determined using conventional laboratory techniques.

Key Results

Ingestion up to maximum satiation induced sensation of fullness and decreased digestive well‐being. The total amount ingested by each subject correlated with the basal sensation of hunger, but not with other sensations or blood metabolite levels. Immediately after ingestion, satiation correlated with an increase in glucose (R = 0.49; p = 0.038) and valine levels (R = 0.48; p = 0.043). Twenty‐minutes after finalizing ingestion, triglyceride levels had significantly increased which correlated with the recovery in well‐being (R = 0.48; p = 0.046) and the decrease in desire to eat a food of choice (R = −0.56; p = 0.016). The increase in lipids inversely correlated with abdominal discomfort (R = −0.51; p = 0.032).

Conclusions & Inferences

Cognitive and hedonic responses to meal ingestion correlate with changes in circulating metabolites, which may serve as objective biomarkers of perception.
Potential of microbial‐derived nutrients for aquaculture development
Authors: Gamboa‐Delgado Julián , Márquez‐Reyes Julia Mariana
Published: June 2016

Fisheries and aquaculture products will have a lead role in satisfying the food requirements of the growing human population. The fish meal required for the manufacture of aquaculture feeds represents a limited resource having high demand. Unconventional sources of nutrients have been intensely researched and among these, the microbial biomass produced from heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms has been considered as a promising substitute for animal‐ and plant‐derived ingredients. Several studies have shown that different species of yeast, bacteria and microalgae are viable for high density culture and show excellent nutritional characteristics for terrestrial and aquatic animals. Such features have lead to additional research to upscale production and although production costs are still high; novel, sophisticated methods have focused on utilizing alternative substrates for producing microbial biomass. The aquaculture industry requires renewable nutrient sources that can yield high quality protein and other essential nutrients. In this context, the nutritional characteristics of microorganisms and the emerging technologies aimed to produce microbial biomass allow forecasting increased applications. The present manuscript reviews the current state of the production and use of microorganisms as dietary ingredients in aquaculture nutrition, with emphasis on those showing solid potential as functional additives and fish meal replacement ingredients. A synthesis of recent results on the effects promoted by the dietary inclusion of microbial biomass is presented, underlining the employment of different sources of yeast, bacteria and microalgae and the physiological ability of aquatic animals to utilize these alternative nutrient sources.
Use of Bayesian analysis with individual‐based modeling to project outcomes of coral restoration
Authors: Benjamin Caryl S. , Punongbayan Andalus T. , dela Cruz Dexter W. , Villanueva Ronald D. , Baria Maria Vanessa B. , Yap Helen T.
Published: June 2016

Various approaches to coral restoration have been developed to help increase rate of reef recovery from perturbations, among the most common of which is coral transplantation. Success is often evaluated based on short‐term observations that capture only the initial phase of space colonization by coral transplants. Here, an individual‐based model is developed to quantify uncertainty in future trajectories in experimental plots given past observations. Empirical data were used to estimate probabilistic growth, survival, and fission rates of Acropora pulchra and A. intermedia (order Scleractinia) in a sandy reef flat (Bolinao, Philippines). Simulations were initialized with different densities (25 or 50 transplants per species per 16 m2) to forecast possible coral cover trajectories over a 5‐year period. Given current conditions, there is risk of local extinction which is higher in low‐density plots for both species, and higher for A. intermedia compared to A. pulchra regardless of density. While total coral cover is projected to increase, species composition in the future is more likely to be highly uneven. The model was used to quantify effect on recovery rate of protection from pulse anthropogenic disturbances, given different initial transplantation densities. When monitoring data are limited in time, stochastic models may be used to assess whether the restoration trajectory is heading toward the desired state and at what rate, and foresee system response to various adaptive interventions.
The Role of Household Social Organization in the Structure of Rural Economies: Comparing Forest Resource Dependent and Agriculturally Dependent Regions in Russia
Authors: Glass Gary D. , O'Brien David J.
Published: June 2016

Sociologists have examined how structural economic change affects household social organization and generation of household income from different sources. The introduction of elements of a market economy into rural Russia in the early 1990s provides a unique opportunity to examine these relationships. Much of the work on this topic, however, has been conducted in black earth zone, agriculturally dependent regions. Less attention has been given to non‐black‐earth zone, forest resource dependent regions. This article addresses this limitation by comparing the relationships between household income generation strategies and household social organization in a 2009 survey of villages in three forest resource dependent regions in northwest Russia with findings from a 2006 survey of households in nine agricultural regions of Russia. Income generated from enterprises based on household social organization—household labor and social helping networks—is substantially greater in agriculturally dependent than in forest resource dependent regions. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding intranational regional differences in the relationship between economic systems, household social organization, and rural household economies as well as the obstacles facing policymakers and environmentalists who attempt to shift household income generation strategies away from an environmentally harmful lumber industry to income generation activities that are less harmful to the environment.
PAS or plasma for storage of platelets? A concise review
Authors: van der Meer P. F.
Published: June 2016

Platelet additive solutions (PASs) are becoming increasingly popular for storage of platelets, and PAS is steadily replacing plasma as the storage medium of platelets. PASs are electrolyte solutions intended for storage of platelets, and they are used to modulate the quality of the platelets by adding specific ingredients. All currently available PASs contain acetate. Acetate reduces the amount of glucose that is oxidised into lactic acid and thereby prevents the lowering of pH, which decreases platelet quality. Furthermore, the oxidation of acetate leads to the production of bicarbonate, which serves as buffer. The presence of potassium and magnesium in PAS prevents the lowering of pH and reduces the degree of spontaneous activation of the platelets during storage. In the hospital, platelets stored in PAS result in about half of the number of allergic transfusion reactions as compared with platelets in plasma. Recovery and survival after transfusion, as well as corrected count increments, are at least as good for platelets in PAS as for plasma, and recent data suggest they may even be better. Therefore, with the current generation of PASs, PAS should be preferred over the use of plasma for the storage of platelet concentrates.
Dorsal Arthroscopic Approach and Intra‐Articular Anatomy of the Bovine Antebrachiocarpal and Middle Carpal Joints
Authors: Lardé Hélène , Nichols Sylvain , Babkine Marie , Desrochers André
Published: June 2016

Objective

To determine arthroscopic approaches to the dorsal synovial compartments of the antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints in adult cattle, and to describe the arthroscopic intra‐articular anatomy from each approach.

Study Design

Ex vivo study.

Animals

Six fresh adult bovine cadavers.

Methods

Two carpi were injected with latex and dissected to determine the ideal location for arthroscopic portals. Arthroscopy of the antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints of 10 carpi was then performed. The dorsolateral approach was made between the extensor carpi radialis and common digital extensor tendons. The dorsomedial approach was made medial to the extensor carpi radialis tendon, midway between the distal radius and proximal row of carpal bones (antebrachiocarpal joint) and midway between the two rows of carpal bones (middle carpal joint), with the joint in flexion.

Results

Arthroscopy of the antebrachiocarpal joint allowed visualization of the distal radius, proximal aspect of the radial, intermediate and ulnar carpal bones, and a palmar ligament located between the radius and the intermediate carpal bone. The approach to the middle carpal joint allowed visualization of the distal aspect of the radial, intermediate, and ulnar carpal bones, the proximal aspect of the fourth and fused second and third carpal bones and an interosseous ligament. The most lateral articular structures (lateral glenoid cavity of the distal radius, ulnar carpal and fourth carpal bones) were difficult to assess.

Conclusion

Dorsal approaches to the antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints allowed visualization of most intra‐articular dorsal structures in adult cattle.
Impact of wetting agents, time of day and periodic energy dosing strategy on the efficacy of hot water for weed control
Authors: De Cauwer B , De Keyser A , Biesemans N , Claerhout S , Reheul D
Published: June 2016

To further increase the cost‐effectiveness and sustainability of hot water weed control, the further optimisation of hot water efficacy is needed. Therefore, three dose–response experiments were carried out to evaluate the impact of wetting agents (an ethoxylated triglyceride, an esterified rapeseed oil and a liquid linseed oil‐based soap), time of day (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h after sunrise) and treatment frequency (1–6 treatments in a 12 week period) on the hot water sensitivity of prevalent weed species (Lolium perenne, Festuca rubra, Taraxacum officinale and Plantago major) on public pavements. Generally, wetting agents did not improve hot water sensitivity. Taraxacum officinale with large planophile leaves showed a higher sensitivity than grasses with an erectophile growth habit. Festuca rubra was more sensitive than L. perenne due to its high leaf dry matter content. The plant species were most sensitive to hot water in the afternoon. This variation in sensitivity during the day was related to the variation in leaf thickness and dry matter content. In general, hot water weed control was highly efficient when conducted four times in a 12 week period at an energy dose of 589 kJ m−2.
Simultaneous anterior and posterior serosal mapping of gastric slow‐wave dysrhythmias induced by vasopressin
Authors: Du Peng , O'Grady Gregory , Paskaranandavadivel Niranchan , Tang Shou‐jiang , Abell Thomas , Cheng Leo K.
Published: June 2016

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

This study aimed to provide the first comparison of simultaneous high‐resolution mapping of anterior and posterior gastric serosa over sustained periods.

What is the main finding and its importance?

Episodes of spontaneous gastric slow‐wave dysrhythmias increased significantly following intravenous infusion of vasopressin compared with the baseline state. A number of persistent dysrhythmias were defined, including ectopic activation, conduction block, rotor, retrograde and collision/merger of wavefronts. Slow‐wave dysrhythmias could occur either simultaneously or independently on the anterior and posterior gastric serosa, and interacted depending on activation–repolarization and frequency dynamics.

High‐resolution mapping enables mechanistic insights into gastric slow‐wave dysrhythmias and is now achieving clinical translation. However, previous studies have focused mainly on dysrhythmias occurring on the anterior gastric wall. The present study simultaneously mapped the anterior and posterior gastric serosa during episodes of dysrhythmias induced by vasopressin to aid understanding of dysrhythmia initiation, maintenance and termination. High‐resolution mapping (8 × 16 electrodes on each serosa; 20–74 cm2) was performed in anaesthetized dogs. Baseline recordings (21 ± 8 min) were followed by intravenous infusion of vasopressin (0.1–0.5 IU ml−1 at 60–190 ml h−1) and further recordings (22 ± 13 min). Slow‐wave activation maps, amplitudes, velocity, interval and frequency were calculated, and differences compared between baseline and postinfusion. All dogs demonstrated an increased prevalence of dysrhythmic events following infusion of vasopressin (17 versus 51%). Both amplitude and velocity demonstrated significant differences (baseline versus postinfusion: 3.6 versus 2.2 mV; 7.7 versus 6.5 mm s−1; P < 0.05 for both). Dysrhythmias occurred simultaneously or independently on the anterior and posterior serosa, and then interacted according to frequency dynamics. A number of persistent dysrhythmias were compared, including the following: ectopic activation (n = 2 animals), conduction block (n = 1), rotor (n = 2), retrograde (n = 3) and collision/merger of wavefronts (n = 2). We conclude that infusion of vasopressin induces gastric dysrhythmias, which occur across a heterogeneous range of frequencies and patterns. The results demonstrate that different classes of gastric dysrhythmias may arise simultaneously or independently in one or both surfaces of the serosa, then interact according to their relative frequencies. These results will help to inform interpretation of clinical dysrhythmia.
A Constant-Pressure Model for the Overlap of Chambers in Rotary Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: López Ezequiel J. , Wild Cañón Carlos A. , Sarraf Sofía S.
Published: June 2016

In this work, a constant-pressure model capable to simulate the overlap of chambers in rotary internal combustion engines is proposed. It refers as a chamber overlap when two adjacent chambers are in communication through the same port, which could occur in some rotary internal combustion engines. The proposed model is thermodynamic (or zero-dimensional (0D)) in nature and is designed for application in engine simulators that combine one-dimensional (1D) gasdynamic models with thermodynamic ones. Since the equations of the proposed model depend on the flow direction and on the flow regime, a robust and reliable solution strategy is developed. The model is assessed using a two-dimensional (2D) problem and is applied in the simulation of a rotary internal combustion engine. Results for this last problem are compared with other common approaches used in the simulation of rotary engines, showing the importance of effects such as the interaction between overlapping chambers and the dynamics of the flow.
Field and Laboratory Evaluations of Commercial and Next-Generation Alumina-Forming Austenitic Foil for Advanced Recuperators
Authors: Pint Bruce A. , Dryepondt Sebastien , Brady Michael P. , Yamamoto Yukinori , Ruan Bo , McKeirnan Robert D.
Published: June 2016

Alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) steels represent a new class of corrosion- and creep-resistant austenitic steels designed to enable higher temperature recuperators. Field trials are in progress for commercially rolled foil with widths over 39 cm. The first trial completed 3000 hrs in a microturbine recuperator with an elevated turbine inlet temperature and showed limited degradation. A longer microturbine trial is in progress. A third exposure in a larger turbine has passed 16,000 hrs. To reduce alloy cost and address foil fabrication issues with the initial AFA composition, several new AFA compositions are being evaluated in creep and laboratory oxidation testing at 650–800 °C and the results compared to commercially fabricated AFA foil and conventional recuperator foil performance.
Nonlinear Bilateral Adaptive Impedance Control With Applications in Telesurgery and Telerehabilitation
Authors: Sharifi Mojtaba , Behzadipour Saeed , Salarieh Hassan
Published: June 2016

A bilateral nonlinear adaptive impedance controller is proposed for the control of multi-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) teleoperation systems. In this controller, instead of conventional position and/or force tracking, the impedance of the nonlinear teleoperation system is controlled. The controller provides asymptotic tracking of two impedance models in Cartesian coordinates for the master and slave robots. The proposed bilateral controller can be used in different medical applications, such as telesurgery and telerehabilitation, where the impedance of the robot in interaction with human subject is of great importance. The parameters of the two impedance models can be adjusted according to the application and corresponding objectives and requirements. The dynamic uncertainties are considered in the model of the master and slave robots. The stability and the tracking performance of the system are proved via a Lyapunov analysis. Moreover, the adaptation laws are proposed in the joint space for reducing the computational complexity, however, the controller and the stability proof are all presented in Cartesian coordinates. Using simulations on a 2DOF robot, the effectiveness of the proposed controller is investigated in telesurgery and telerehabilitation operations.
Size Estimation for Naturally Occurring Bearing Faults Using Synchronous Averaging of Vibration Signals
Authors: Wang Wenyi , Sawalhi Nader , Becker Andrew
Published: June 2016

One of the most critical categories of machine failure is rolling element bearing failure. Most bearing failures start from raceway fatigue spalls. From the initial formation of spalls, a bearing may still have 10–20% useful life remaining. This makes rolling element bearing an ideal candidate component for fault prognosis. The size estimation for bearing raceway spalls can provide crucial information for bearing fault prognosis. Vibration analysis has been used for bearing fault detection and diagnosis for many years. However, the estimation of bearing fault size using vibration analysis has been only found in dealing with simulated or notched ideal bearing faults. It is a significant challenge to estimate the size of naturally occurring bearing faults using vibration analysis. The objective of this research is to define some feasible vibration signal processing methodologies in dealing with size estimation for naturally generated and propagated faults in high-speed bearings. In this paper, we propose a scheme of estimating bearing spall size based on synchronous signal averaging (SSA) with respect to the bearing fault characteristic frequency, combined with envelope and wavelet analyses of the averaged signals. The averaged signal presents the vibration characteristics within one period of impacts produced by the bearing faults. When the fault size is smaller than the pitch spacing of the balls, the features associated with the balls entry into and exit from the spalled zone can be extracted by envelope and wavelet analyses, and then, the fault size can be estimated. The main novelty in this paper is the use of the tacho-less SSA method in size estimation of naturally occurring large spalls in high-speed rolling element bearings. The technique is validated using the vibration data from naturally spalled bearings in a high-speed bearing test rig. The results show that the technique is effective in revealing the entry and exit features needed for the size estimation of naturally occurring bearing faults.
Low Velocity Impact Characterization of Nanoclay and MWCNTs Binary Nanoparticles Modified Carbon/Epoxy Composites Subjected to Marine Environmental Conditioning
Authors: Islam Md. Ekramul , Mahdi Tanjheel H. , Hosur Mahesh V. , Tcherbi-Narteh Alfred , Jeelani Shaik
Published: June 2016

The use of carbon fiber reinforced polymeric composites (FRPC) for naval vessels has been increasingly recently, where high impact resistance is a major concern. Recent advancement in the use of nanoparticles has enabled the design of lighter, stronger and more durable FRPC structures compared to the traditional FRPC. In this study, carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites were modified with binary (2 wt.% montmorillonite nanoclay and 0.1 wt. % MWCNT together) nanoparticles and subjected to marine environmental conditioning. Low velocity impact response of the modified samples were tested after 6 months of conditioning and compared with control carbon/epoxy composites. The composite laminates were subjected to impact loading at 30J and 40J energy levels. Load vs displacement characteristics were obtained and analyzed. The damage area for all control and modified samples were observed using thermography imaging technique and quantified. From experimental results, it was evident that durability of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites was significantly improved by modification with montmorillonite nanoclay along with slight amount of MWCNTs.
Comparative Study of Properties of Cellulose Nanofibers From Wheat Straw Obtained by Chemical and Chemi-Mechanical Treatments
Authors: Nuruddin Md. , Hosur Mahesh , Triggs Eldon , Jeelani Shaik
Published: June 2016

Objective of this work was to compare morphology, crystalline and thermal properties of cellulose nano fibers derived from wheat straw by two different processes (ball milling and acid hydrolysis treatment). The characterization of extracted CNFs was done by Scanning electron micrograph (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found from morphological, crystalline and thermal analyses that isolated cellulose nanofibers have diameter of nano meter ranges (10–25 nm), 68–80 % crystallinity and decomposition temperature of around 284–353° C, depending upon isolation techniques.
Characterization of Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of SC-15 Epoxy Nanocomposites Reinforced With Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Nanoclay and Binary Nanoparticles
Authors: Mahdi Tanjheel H. , Islam Mohammad E. , Hosur Mahesh V. , Tcherbi-Narteh Alfred , Jeelani S.
Published: June 2016

Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with carboxyl functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNT), montmorillonite nanoclays (MMT) and MWCNT/MMT binary nanoparticle were investigated. In this study, 0.3 wt. % of COOH-MWCNT, 2 wt. % of MMT and 0.1 wt. % COOH-MWCNT/2 wt. % MMT binary nanoparticles by weight of epoxy were incorporated to modify SC-15 epoxy resin system. The nanocomposites were subjected to flexure test, dynamic mechanical and thermomechanical analyses. Morphological study was conducted with scanning electron microscope. Addition of each of the nanoparticles in epoxy showed significant improvement in mechanical and viscoelastic properties compared to those of control ones. But, best results were obtained for addition of 0.1% MWCNT/2% MMT binary nanoparticles in epoxy. Nanocomposites modified with binary nanoparticles exhibited about 20% increase in storage modulus as well as 25° C increase in glass transition temperature. Flexural modulus for binary nanoparticle modified composites depicted about 30% improvement compared to control ones. Thus, improvement of mechanical and viscoelastic properties was achieved by incorporating binary nanoparticles to epoxy nanocomposites. The increase in properties was attributed to synergistic effect of MWCNTs and nanoclay in chemically interacting with each other and epoxy resin as well as in arresting and delaying the crack growth once initiated.
Reliability Analysis of Repairable System With Multiple Fault Modes Based on GO Methodology
Authors: Xiao-Jian Yi , Jian Shi , Hai-Ping Dong , Yue-Hua Lai
Published: June 2016

GO methodology is a success-oriented method for system reliability analysis. There are components with multiple fault modes in repairable systems. It is a problem to use the existing GO method to make reliability analysis of such repairable systems. A new GO method for reliability analysis of such repairable systems with multiple fault modes is presented in this paper. For quantitative reliability analysis of repairable system, formulas of reliability parameters of operators which are used to describe components with multiple fault modes in reparable systems are derived based on Markov process theory. Qualitative reliability analysis of repairable systems with multiple fault modes is conducted by combining the existing GO method with Fussell-Vesely method. This new GO method is applied for the first time in reliability analysis of a Hydraulic Transmission Oil Supply System (HTOSS) of a Power-Shift Steering Transmission under high speed condition. Firstly, the operator type and fault modes of each component are determined through systematic analysis. Secondly, GO model of the system is built. And availability of each component is computed with the above equations deduced in this paper. Then, success probability of the system is calculated respectively by the direct algorithm, modified algorithm with shared signals and exact algorithm with shared signals. And all system minimum cut sets containing all fault modes are obtained by using the new GO method. Finally, Compared with Fault Tree Analysis and Monte Carlo simulation, the results show that this new GO method is correct and suitable for reliability analysis of repairable systems with multiple fault modes.
Piping Anti–Corrosion Coating Life Assessment
Authors: Modiri Bahman , Pourgol Mohammad Mohammad , Yazdani Mojtaba , Nasirpouri Farzad , Salehpour Farzin
Published: June 2016

The pitting corrosion is influential mechanism in determining life of pipes and coatings. Many researches have been conducted on pitting corrosion in the pipelines, resulting in development of some corrosion models. For internal corrosion, there is one main mechanism and it is the uniform corrosion, because dynamic corrosion occurs inside the pipe. However outside the pipe, two corrosion mechanisms are considered for gas pipelines: i) uniform corrosion and ii) pitting corrosion. Effect of uniform corrosion is less than the pitting corrosion, so just pitting corrosion is investigated. Calculating the depth of corroded area is the most important part in this research. This parameter is calculated with two deferent equations for pitting and uniform corrosion. Monte Carlo simulation is used for sampling and calculation of the reliability index. This index is utilized for estimating of reliability. The extended probabilistic analysis framework is applied to a typical gas pipeline.