bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le nationalisme galicien, de la transition démocratique à l’autonomie
Authors: Núñez Seixas Xosé M.
Published: June 2024

La Galice est souvent présentée comme exemple d’un territoire ayant de nettes spécificités ethniques distinctives et où l’absence de modernisation industrielle, l’émigration massive et le clientélisme politique ont contribué à bloquer toute possibilité de réussite sociale pour l’ethno-nationalisme. Cependant, de profonds changements ont affecté la société galicienne depuis les années 1960, et les mobilisations sociales induites par le nouveau nationalisme de gauche au cours des années soixante-dix et quatre-vingt, ainsi que la combinaison particulière d’un radicalisme idéologique et d’un pragmatisme croissant de la part des leaders nationalistes, ont permis à la gauche nationaliste galicienne de s’appuyer sur les bases de sa croissance électorale ultérieure. Les dynamiques internes du mouvement nationaliste et sa capacité à s’adapter à l’évolution de son environnement institutionnel lui ont permis de rompre son isolement social, même si les niveaux de conscience nationale et l’articulation sociale y sont inférieurs à ceux d’autres nations européennes sans État, comme l’Écosse ou la Catalogne.
Estructura y dinámica de la población gallega entre 1950 y 2020. Entre la inercia y el pesimismo demográfico
Authors: Pérez-Caramés Antía
Published: June 2024

Este artículo presenta un análisis de la evolución reciente de la población gallega, atendiendo tanto a aspectos relativos a su estructura por sexo y edad, como a su dinámica de crecimiento poblacional. El período que recubre es entre 1950 y 2020. Se presta una especial atención al fenómeno del envejecimiento demográfico y también a la contribución del crecimiento natural y los movimientos migratorios a la dinámica poblacional. Por último, se presenta una reflexión sobre las recientes políticas de población puestas en marcha por el gobierno gallego para hacer frente a la situación demográfica.
Galice 1980-2022 : urbanisation et diversification économique du territoire
Authors: Lois González Rubén C.
Published: June 2024

Les quarante dernières années ont signifié pour la Galice l'aboutissement d'un ensemble de profondes transformations de son organisation territoriale et de son économie. Pour connaître l'ampleur de ces changements, nous partirons de la caractérisation de l'ancien complexe agraire, de la société paysanne dominante dans la région jusqu'aux années 1960. On abordera la crise de ce monde traditionnel, l'exode rural et la croissance des villes. Une croissance des villes qui s'inscrit dans une logique d'urbanisation généralisée, privilégie les zones côtières densifiées et marginalise les régions rurales de l'intérieur. La dynamique de changement profond des modes d'occupation du territoire est le résultat d'une transformation complète de sa structure économique. Un processus d'industrialisation intense et tardif se met en place, mais surtout le secteur des services se développe et la base productive se diversifie. L'évolution suivie par la Galice au cours des quarante dernières années illustre les changements rapides qui se sont produits dans toute l'Espagne après le début de la période démocratique.
Habiter à l’ombre du centre-ville patrimonialisé
Authors: Marchal Hervé
Published: June 2024

L’article vise à comprendre pourquoi des habitants résidant au sein d’une métropole régionale française témoignent d’un sentiment de vivre dans sa première couronne. Une telle situation est d’autant plus énigmatique que les habitants concernés résident au sein de deux quartiers résidentiels pouvant être qualifiés de centraux puisque situés, sur le plan spatial, à proximité du cœur historique de la ville. Le propos cherche alors à comprendre, à partir d’entretiens individuels et de focus groups, les représentations et les sentiments des habitants qui, bien que résidant intra muros, disent habiter au sein de la périphérie.
L’éducation populaire en crise
Authors: de Montlibert Christian
Published: June 2024

La définition de l’éducation populaire a été un enjeu considérable au xixe et au xxe siècle, aujourd’hui les débats portent moins sur les finalités de l’éducation populaire que sur son maintien et son adaptation aux situations présentes. De nombreux indices témoignent, en effet, de l’existence d’une crise. Les modes de fonctionnement des associations d’éducation populaire sont de plus en plus exposés à une logique managériale et à des contraintes de gestion imposées par des pouvoirs publics conquis au néolibéralisme. Tout montre qu’aujourd’hui les financeurs (État, collectivités territoriales, municipalités, etc.) souhaiteraient que l’éducation populaire devienne rentable alors qu’elle subit la concurrence commerciale des médias et que ses publics potentiels connaissent une détérioration des conditions d’existence qui ne favorise pas l’intérêt pour la culture.
Marqueurs de discours et rasoir d’Ockham
Authors: Deloor Sandrine
Published: June 2024

Most studies of discourse markers aim to establish a typology of uses for the unit under consideration. Authors seek to identify distinctive properties that characterize each use, and propose a more or less detailed semantic description for each one. In this article, we propose a critical analysis of the assumptions underlying this “taxonomic” approach to semantic description, and propose instead an “explanatory” approach based on the notion of “gloss”.
Mexico, 1968
Authors: Fabriol Anaïs
Published: June 2024

Cinquante ans après les événements de 1968 à Mexico, des œuvres de fiction ont représenté la mémoire de cette période. Le roman graphique La pirámide cuarteada (L. Fernando, 2017) et la série audiovisuelle Un extraño enemigo (G. Ripstein, 2018) situent leur diégèse durant cette année troublée, avec deux objectifs différents : narrer un roman d’apprentissage et dresser un panorama de la corruption au sommet de l’État. Dans les deux cas de figure, l’on observe un décentrement d’un moment clé, le massacre de la place Tlatelolco. Comment situer cette mémoire dans une perspective historique plus large ?
Identité et mémoires croisées dans El país de las calles sin nombre de José Adiak Montoya
Authors: Besse Nathalie
Published: June 2024

El país de las calles sin nombre relate le voyage physique et mémoriel de la jeune Alice Miller, de retour dans un Nicaragua jamais nommé, mais clairement identifiable et rappelant le printemps convulsif et sanglant de 2018. Roman de la mémoire, donc, et à plusieurs égards, puisque l’histoire individuelle et l’histoire collective s’entremêlent ; entre souvenirs de la guerre civile au temps de la révolution et trouées mnésiques dues à l’exil, ce récit est aussi celui d’une redécouverte identitaire. Il s’agira de voir quels liens étroits entretiennent, dans cette fiction, mémoire et identité, dont on sait qu’elles sont corrélatives, sinon consubstantielles : comment les mémoires individuelle et collective agissent-elles sur l’identité de la protagoniste ? Comment entrent-elles en tension dans un contexte houleux qui remue un passé non moins troublé ? Nous nous intéresserons d’abord aux implications mémorielles du retour de la protagoniste au pays natal, puis aux répercussions identitaires que les mémoires de l’histoire collective auront sur elle ; nous étudierons enfin le traitement de l’espace, la mémoire ressortissant également à un cadre spatial.
La littérature graphique
Authors: Pouzol Camille
Published: June 2024

L’histoire courte scénarisée et dessinée par Matías Trillo est le parfait exemple du pouvoir de la littérature graphique. En effet, l’artiste raconte l’histoire des familles Menna Lanzillotto afin de les accompagner et de les aider dans leur quête de vérité, de justice, mais aussi, et surtout, d’identité puisque cette histoire courte porte un double objectif : raconter, rendre visible l’horreur de la dictature argentine et, également, participer à la recherche d’un enfant volé par la dictature. La bande dessinée se mue en œuvre de mémoire en narrant l’histoire terrible et véridique, de deux familles victimes du régime dictatorial. Elle aide à rendre observable et compréhensible le plus haut degré de l’horreur, participant ainsi à l’écriture de l’Histoire, à la récupération d’une mémoire collective traumatique dans une perspective clairement éthique et humaniste, et à la construction d’une identité en un sens pleine et réelle.
Idiosincrasia y paisaje en la literatura colombiana del siglo XIX
Authors: Álvarez Luis Eduardo Martínez
Published: June 2024

Le xixe siècle en Colombie fut une période historique marquée par les conflits, caractérisée par l’instabilité sociale et le besoin urgent de construire une nation. La poésie devient, dans ce contexte, un lieu de rencontre entre l’homme, son identité, son paysage, ses valeurs et son histoire. Dans cet article, nous nous concentrerons précisément sur la question de l’idiosyncrasie et du paysage à Antioquia, à travers l’œuvre poétique d’Epifanio Mejía, grâce à laquelle nous pourrons non seulement aborder certains des traits qui façonnent le caractère du peuple antioqueño et colombien, mais aussi nous projeter dans leur contexte social et leur paysage.
Enjeux identitaires de la naturalisation des arts dans la culture d’Aotearoa
Authors: Lorre Christine
Published: June 2024

Les arts traditionnels Māori sont étroitement liés à la nature ce qui explique qu’ils fascinent les Européens En ce sens, ils s’alignent pleinement sur un double processus de naturalisation, à la fois dans leur inspiration et dans leur dimension spectaculaire, à laquelle s’ajoute une autre dimension, en rapport avec leur statut de trésor culturel (taonga). Les artistes contemporains puisent dans cette tradition pour répondre aux questionnements de leur temps, liés à la nation biculturelle et son rapport à l’histoire coloniale, à l’éthique de l’appropriation culturelle, la consommation dans le monde globalisé… Le motif naturaliste de la spirale dans ses différents avatars – koru (la forme de base de la spirale), kowhaiwhai (peintures), moko (tatouages) – sera abordé pour analyser ces processus.
La notion de paix dans le Miroir des Saxons et la Paix impériale de Mayence de 1235
Authors: Herdam Ayaal
Published: June 2024

L’article compare le traitement de la notion de paix dans deux textes juridiques fondamentaux rédigés en langue allemande au xiiie siècle, à savoir le Miroir des Saxons et la Paix impériale de Mayence. La comparaison révèle un certain nombre de différences liées au fait que les documents appartiennent à des types de texte distincts et poursuivent des objectifs différents. Le traitement de la notion de paix dans le Miroir des Saxons se place dans la tradition des paix territoriales antérieures, qui se sont elles-mêmes développées à partir du mouvement de la paix et de la trêve de Dieu. La Paix impériale de Mayence représente par contre une tendance visant à atteindre la paix en renforçant le pouvoir central, notamment en ce qui concerne la question de la violence légitime.
Raoul le Noir et la chute du royaume wisigothique de Tolède. Le surprenant récit de la conquête islamique de l’Espagne par un chroniqueur anglais de la fin du xiie siècle
Authors: Sirantoine Hélène
Published: June 2024

La Chronica universalis du théologien et chroniqueur anglais Raoul le Noir, composée à la fin du xiie siècle, incorpore un étonnant récit de la conquête islamique du royaume wisigothique de Tolède au début du viiie siècle. Le passage, constituant une digression à l’expédition d’Espagne de Charlemagne en 778, s’inspire de thèmes considérés jusqu’ici comme exclusifs à la dialectique de perte et de récupération de l’Espagne propre à la tradition historiographique ibérique. Il transmet ainsi une version inédite de la légendaire trahison par le comte Julien du roi des Wisigoths Rodrigue et fait écho à la résistance opposée aux musulmans par Pélage, premier roi des Asturiens. Le présent article a pour objet l’examen de ce passage, de ses sources, et des raisons pour lesquelles Raoul le Noir puisa dans cette matière pour composer sa chronique.
Monitoring LULC Dynamics and Landscape Pattern Analysis Using Landsat at Mongla and Surrounding Cities in Bangladesh
Authors: Fayshal M. A. , Silvi S. , Zannat B.
Published: June 2024

This study presents a thorough analysis of the temporal dynamics in land use and land cover (LULC) within the Mongla Port and its adjacent regions in Bangladesh, spanning from 2018 to 2022 and utilizing Landsat 8 satellite imagery. A seven-category classification system, including water bodies, trees, flooded vegetation, crops, built-up areas, bare ground, and rangeland, facilitated a detailed exploration of changing landscape patterns. Over the study period, a 1.87% reduction in tree cover was observed, contrasting with consistent expansion in built-up areas, which increased by 2.42%. Noteworthy fluctuations in agricultural lands revealed a net decrease of 165.95 km², while water bodies experienced fluctuations, ultimately recording a net increase of 142.29 km². The robust accuracy assessment, with overall accuracy ranging from 86.7% to 88.8%, underscores the reliability of the classification process. This research holds significant implications, offering valuable insights into sustainable development, conservation strategies, and disaster preparedness in a region undergoing transformative changes due to port establishment, especially considering the inclusion of the ecologically critical Sundarbans in the study area.
Determinants of Medical Care-Seeking Behavior for Musculoskeletal Conditions During US Marine Corps Training: A Thematic Analysis
Authors: Dartt Carolyn E. , Gregory Alexandria B. , de la Motte Sarah J. , Ricker Emily A.
Published: June 2024

Context

Musculoskeletal injuries (MSK-I) are a well-documented problem in military populations and a leading contributor to disability across military services. However, only a portion of Service members who sustain an MSK-I report it to medical providers. Although several studies have identified barriers to seeking medical care in military populations, less is known about what motivates Service members to seek care for MSK-I.

Objective

To describe determinants of medical care-seeking behavior for MSK-I and/or musculoskeletal pain (MSK-P) in recently enlisted US Marines during military training.

Design

Qualitative study.

Setting

School of Infantry-West (SOI-W), Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 1097 US Marines entering Infantry Training Battalion or Marine Combat Training at SOI-W.

Data Collection and Analysis

Participants completed written surveys at entry to (baseline) and graduation from SOI-W. Closed-ended question responses were used to calculate MSK-I/MSK-P and care-seeking frequencies. Open-ended responses describing determinants of care-seeking behavior were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.

Results

Ten percent of participants self-reported sustaining MSK-I during basic training, whereas 14% self-reported sustaining an MSK-I in SOI-W training. A greater proportion reported seeking medical care for their MSK-I/MSK-P during basic training than during SOI-W training. The thematic analysis resulted in 3 main themes that describe drivers and barriers for seeking medical care: (1) self-perceived need for medical care, (2) prioritizing military training, and (3) training-specific influences.

Conclusion

Understanding determinants of care-seeking behavior is valuable when designing intervention strategies to promote early MSK-I treatment. Our findings add to previous research to elucidate reasons underlying the decisions about care-seeking for MSK-I/MSK-P. Interventions, including educational strategies and direct approaches like embedding medical providers within units, to minimize barriers to seeking medical care in the military may reduce the burden of MSK-I/MSK-P on Service members throughout their military careers.
Assessment of disaster awareness and attitudes toward disasters among emergency and disaster management students at the Somali faculty of health sciences
Authors: Zortuk Ökkeş , Selvi Fatih , Bedel Cihan , Avcı Mustafa , Yıldız Günay
Published: June 2024

Background:

Disasters cause significant material and spiritual destruction within communities, resulting in significant damage to societal structures.

Objective:

This study aims to assess disaster awareness and attitudes toward disasters among emergency and disaster management students.

Materials and Methods:

This study included undergraduate students enrolled in the Department of Emergency and Disaster Management during the 2022–2023 academic year. A total of 85 students participated in this study and were contacted via an online Google form to assess their disaster awareness and attitudes toward disasters. The survey, consisting of a total of 23 items, was designed to assess participants’ cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics.

Results:

The study included 85 participants studying in the Emergency and Disaster Management department. Females made up 64.7% of the participants. The mean score of the responses given in the cognitive subfactor was 2.69 ± 0.56, the mean score of the responses given in the affective subfactor was 3.13 ± 0.47, and the mean score of the responses given in the behavioral subfactor was 2.67 ± 0.76.

Conclusion:

Having previously experienced a disaster, being male, belonging to a higher socio-economic class, and being older increase the average Disaster Attitude Scale score, and the increase in the average score indicates an increase in disaster awareness.
Management strategy for high inguinal testis in a 9-year-old child: A case report
Authors: Saha Agnik , Hayder Shah Masud , Mudi Sonalina , Halder Pankaj
Published: June 2024

The high inguinal undescended testis is a unique clinical entity necessitating additional surgical procedures. Since the testis cannot be implanted in the scrotal sac due to the short testicular artery, transection of the artery (Fowler and Stephens procedure) is a viable alternative. The Fowler and Stephens procedure, either one- or two-stage, has remarkably good success rates, up to 80% for one-stage and 85% for two-stage. We present a 9-year-old child with high inguinal testis who underwent a one-stage open Fowler and Stephens orchiopexy to bring the testis into the scrotum.
Impact of Microplastics on Human Health: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Prathipa R. , Gopalakrishnan Niranjana Karukayil , Chaudhary Aditi , Pappuswamy Manikantan
Published: June 2024

This comprehensive review explores microplastic (MP) contamination in food and Incorporating nanotechnology into food packaging. It covers origins, pathways, health consequences, and analytical challenges. Microplastics (MPs), which are generation due to the breaking down of plastic garbage, presents significant dangers to both the environment and human health. These small particles, sometimes unseen to the unaided eye, can accumulation in ecosystems, harm wildlife, and even entering food chain, potentially cause health issues for humans who consuming contaminated food or water. Exposure occurs through ingesting MPs in food, notably in processed foods, canned goods, and infant milk powder, raising concerns about breast cancer. Nanotechnology in food packaging enhances characteristics but raises migration risks, introducing substances such as phthalates (PAEs), non-PAEs plasticizers (NPPs), bisphenols (BPs), and metal nanoparticles, posing health risks. Microwavable plastic food containers release both intentionally included substances and inadvertently included substances. Consumer attitudes toward nanotechnology are positive, driven by perceived benefits. Analytical techniques for MP detection, including micro-Raman spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging, face challenges like sample preparation. Multidisciplinary approaches and collaboration are crucial for complex MP analysis in diverse food matrices. The paper discusses MP accumulation in the human body, noting its presence in placentas, bodily fluids, and lower limb joints, raising health questions. Despite challenges in understanding the full health impact, standardized methods and collaboration are urgently needed. This holistic view of MP contamination and nanotechnology in food packaging underscores the necessity of safeguarding food safety and public health against pervasive environmental issues.
Knowledge and Perception of Leprosy Patients toward Self-care Practice in Mangalore, India: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Joseph Jagan N. , Fernandes Michelle Serene
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND:

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection that mainly affects the skin and peripheral nerves, causing deformities if not treated early. Disability prevention hinges on early diagnosis and poor knowledge of leprosy and its presentation leads to delays in seeking medical care. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and perception of leprosy and its associated self-care practices among patients with leprosy in Mangalore, India.

METHODS:

A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted in the dermatology outpatient department and leper homes in Mangalore. A validated predesigned and structured questionnaire was used to gauge knowledge of leprosy, and based on modified Bloom’s cutoff points, patients were categorized into those having good, moderate, or poor knowledge. Questions regarding their self-care practices were also asked and scored to assess their perception of the same, and the data were analyzed using SPSS.

RESULTS:

A total of 45 leprosy patients participated in this study, out of which 5 (11.1%) of them had “good knowledge,” 19 (42.2%) had “moderate knowledge,” and 21 (46.7%) of them had “poor knowledge” of leprosy. Male gender, young age, and being employed as a “skilled worker” were the groups that showed statistically significantly higher knowledge levels (P < 0.05), and having some secondary schooling was associated with good knowledge and was highly significant (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION:

A majority of the patients only had a poor or moderate level of knowledge of leprosy despite being afflicted with leprosy themselves. This needs to be remedied as there are many risks associated with low knowledge such as missing disease progression and poorer compliance to pharmacotherapy.
Comparative Analysis of Microscopic and Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction-based Methods for the Detection of Multidrug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Dave Niyam , Singh Shruchi
Published: June 2024

In the current scenario, the rise of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) poses a worldwide challenge. MTB is an acid-fast bacillus that shows varying degrees of mutation among different strains and is especially found to be resistant to two major drugs (antibiotics): rifampicin and isoniazid. Hence, the early diagnosis of multidrug resistance (MDR) is critical to initiate effective therapy against MTB and protect against the community spread of MDR strains. Till now, mainly, two diagnostic methods have been developed for determining pathogen and drug susceptibility/resistance of MTB, namely, phenotypic analysis using microscopic methods like acid-fast bacilli antibiotic culture along with Ziehl–Neelsen staining and molecular methods such as real-time qualitative/quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The key advantages of RT-qPCR over microscopic methods include the rapid detection and specificity of diagnosis. Microscopic methods on the other hand require long culturing times and sometimes lead to false-negative results that would result in improper treatment outcomes and/or the transmission of resistant MTB strain. In contrast, false-positive results can also occur in the molecular analysis due to genetic variations and the presence of a mixed population of susceptible/resistant MTB bacilli in the clinical samples, which may mask the susceptible genes. Consequently, the optimal approach for MDR detection will likely involve both microscopic and molecular methods to identify resistant strains that would facilitate the appropriate management of MDR-MTB by reducing its transmission and infection among the human population. Therefore, RT-qPCR should be accompanied by microscopic methods to improve the sensitivity of tuberculosis diagnosis.
Dural Metastasis in Breast Cancer: MRI-Based Morphological Subtypes and Their Clinical Implications
Authors: Ahn Sung Jun , Joo Bio , Park Mina , Park Hun Ho , Suh Sang Hyun , Ahn Sung Gwe , Yoo Jihwan
Published: June 2024

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the clinical factors associated with breast cancer (BRCA) dural metastases (DMs), their impact on prognosis compared to brain parenchymal metastases (BPMs) alone, and differences between DM subtypes, aiming to inform clinical decisions.Materials and Methods We retrospectively analyzed 119 patients with BRCA with brain metastasis, including 91 patients with BPM alone and 28 patients with DM. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to compare the clinical characteristics between the two groups and within subtypes of DM. Overall survival after DM (OSDM) and the interval from DM to leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis.Results DM was notably linked with extracranial metastasis, luminal-like BRCA subtype (p=0.033), and skull metastases (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression revealed a strong association of DM with extracranial and skull metastases, but not with subtype or hormone receptor status. Patients with DM did not show survival differences compared with patients with BPM alone. In the subgroup analysis, nodular-type DM correlated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status (p=0.044), whereas diffuse-type DM was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of the luminal-like subtype (p=0.048) and the presence of skull metastasis (p=0.002). Patients with diffuse DM did not exhibit a significant difference in OSDM but had a notably shorter interval from DM to LMC compared to those with nodular DM (p=0.049).Conclusion While the impact of DM on the overall prognosis of patients with BRCA is minimal, our findings underscore distinct characteristics and prognostic outcomes within DM subgroups.
Mapping the global research landscape on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance: A visualization and bibliometric study
Authors: Zyoud Sa'ed H , Hegazi Omar E , Alalalmeh Samer O , Shakhshir Muna , Abushamma Faris , Khilfeh Shadi , Al-Jabi Samah W
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver condition that is prevalent worldwide and associated with significant health risks and economic burdens. As it has been linked to insulin resistance (IR), this study aimed to perform a bibliometric analysis and visually represent the scientific literature on IR and NAFLD.

AIM

To map the research landscape to underscore critical areas of focus, influential studies, and future directions of NAFLD and IR.

METHODS

This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of the literature on IR and NAFLD indexed in the SciVerse Scopus database from 1999 to 2022. The search strategy used terms from the literature and medical subject headings, focusing on terms related to IR and NAFLD. VOSviewer software was used to visualize research trends, collaborations, and key thematic areas. The analysis examined publication type, annual research output, contributing countries and institutions, funding agencies, journal impact factors, citation patterns, and highly cited references.

RESULTS

This analysis identified 23124 documents on NAFLD, revealing a significant increase in the number of publications between 1999 and 2022. The search retrieved 715 papers on IR and NAFLD, including 573 (80.14%) articles and 88 (12.31%) reviews. The most productive countries were China (n = 134; 18.74%), the United States (n = 122; 17.06%), Italy (n = 97; 13.57%), and Japan (n = 41; 5.73%). The leading institutions included the Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy (n = 29; 4.06%), and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy (n = 19; 2.66%). The top funding agencies were the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases in the United States (n = 48; 6.71%), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (n = 37; 5.17%). The most active journals in this field were Hepatology (27 publications), the Journal of Hepatology (17 publications), and the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (13 publications). The main research hotspots were “therapeutic approaches for IR and NAFLD” and “inflammatory and high-fat diet impacts on NAFLD”.

CONCLUSION

This is the first bibliometric analysis to examine the relationship between IR and NAFLD. In response to the escalating global health challenge of NAFLD, this research highlights an urgent need for a better understanding of this condition and for the development of intervention strategies. Policymakers need to prioritize and address the increasing prevalence of NAFLD.
2 Development of Motorcycle Using Electronic Controlled Continuously Variable Transmission
Authors: TSUTSUMIKOSHI Shinobu , TOMITA Kouhei , OHASHI Kazutoshi
Published: June 2024

Recently, society has demanded better performance from motorcycle regarding comfort, fuel economy, exhaust emission, and safety, in addition to traditional performance indicators. In the development of power trains, therefore, compact and lightweight hardware with improved transmission efficiency has been introduced, along with system technologies that optimize the engine revolution speed range and reduction ratio to suit driving conditions. This approach focuses on improving overall efficiency and addressing the issues of easier drivability and greater active safety. Electronic Controlled Continuously Variable Transmission (ECCVT) with high transmission efficiency is characterized by a Dry Hybrid Belt, in addition to an electronic controlled DC motor-driven shift mechanism, and an Electronic Controlled wet multi-plates Clutch (ECC). With the transmission ratio electronically controlled to suit various driving environments, ECCVT strikes a balance between driving performance and fuel economy.

The development was conducted through prototype research on three areas simultaneously: a new power train structure centered around this ECCVT, the frame structure, and the electronic control system. We thus developed a motorcycle with two Auto modes, one oriented to fuel economy and the other to power performance, and a Manual mode for sporty driving.
18 Gasoline CAI and Diesel HCCI: the Way towards Zero Emission with Major Engine and Fuel Technology Challenges
Authors: DURET Pierre
Published: June 2024

Engines and fuels for transport as well as off-road applications are facing a double challenge:

bring local pollution to the level requested by the most stringent city air quality standard

reduce CO2 emission in order to minimize the global warming risk.

These goals stimulate new developments both of conventional and alternative engines and fuels technologies. New combustion processes known as Controlled Auto-Ignition (CAI™) for gasoline engine and Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) for Diesel engine are the subject of extensive research world wide and particularly at IFP for various applications such as passenger cars, heavy-duty trucks and buses as well as small engines.

Because of the thermo-chemistry of the charge, the thermal NOx formation and the soot production are in principle much lower than in flames typical of conventional engines. Indeed, these new combustion processes bring NOx to virtually zero (“1 digit” ppm) while maintaining a very high thermodynamic efficiency of the combustion.

The control of such combustion is very complex due to the number of engine and fuel parameters involved. Consequently, scientific methodology is necessary to road map their development up to practical application. The purpose of this paper is to describe these new combustion processes, the scientific tools such as optically transparent engine for combustion diagnosis and the use of CFD modeling tools for understanding and mastering their development, and finally their possible application to small engine technologies.

A number of questions remain open by these combustion processes related to the future of after-treatments and fuel formulation. Fuel parameters such as the octane of the gasoline or the cetane of the diesel fuel which are key quality data for conventional combustion might not have similar value for CAI and HCCI combustion. One further view could even raise the question of one unique fuel for a unique combustion process.
19 Separation of Combustion Noise using Transient Noise Generation Model
Authors: KOMORI Masato , MIURA Yasuo , MIKAMI Masato , KOJIMA Naoya
Published: June 2024

In a running engine, various impacts are excitation sources for structural vibrations and engine noises. Engine noises are classified, depending on their excitation sources, into the combustion noise, the combustion induced mechanical noise and the mechanical noise. It is difficult to measure such noises separately because some impacts occur closely in time and space. In this paper, a transient noise generation model of an engine was proposed considering vibration and its damping of engine structure. The present model was verified through the single explosion excitation experiment for a stationary engine. Using the noise generation model, the combustion noise was separated from the total noise radiating from a running four-stroke gasoline engine for motorcycles. It was found that the combustion noise had larger power at lower frequencies than higher frequencies. However, its contribution to the total engine noise was relatively small.
20 A Combined Experimental and Numerical Approach for Motorcycle Crank Noise: Experimental Validation
Authors: SEKITA Masahiko , TAMURA Hiroshi , VANDENPLAS Bart , HENDRICX Wim
Published: June 2024

The demands for comfort and a cleaner environment have been increasing for the past years for motorcycle as well as car manufacturers. With the need to decrease the time-to-market, there is a clear drive to apply CAE-based methods in order to evaluate new designs and to propose design changes that solve any identified problems. More specifically, the demands on the comfort of the rider are not only related to ride & handling and vibration levels(1), but also to the noise levels generated by the motorcycle. This paper presents the virtual modeling of one-cylinder engine of a motorcycle that identifies the mechanism behind the generation of an annoying noise. Furthermore, different possible design changes were evaluated in order to solve the problem. A combined experimental and numerical approach was followed to achieve this. Experiments were used to identify important parameters that determine the engine behavior and thus are critical for the modeling of such an engine. In a previous paper (2) the focus is on the modeling while this paper describes that the numerical findings were validated by experimental data and the implementation of design changes on a prototype motorcycle.
21 Development of a Small Displacement Gasoline Direct Injection Engine
Authors: Inoue Hiroaki , Matsui Tokio , Noyori Takahiro
Published: June 2024

We have developed a small-displacement gasoline direct-injection engine (1.3L). Gasoline direct-injection engines rely on ultra-lean stratified combustion to deliver significantly better fuel economy, and are already used in many practical applications. When gasoline direct-injection is applied to a small-displacement engine, however, the amount of wall wetting of fuel on the piston surface will increase because the traveled length of the fuel spray is short. This may result in problems such as smoke production, high emissions of unburned HC, and poor combustion efficiency.

We solved these problems by forming an ideal air-fuel mixture distribution as follows: (1) by developing new multi-hole injectors (maximum fuel pressure of 12 MPa), which offer a high degree of freedom in arranging the fuel spray pattern, have superior atomization characteristics, and maintain their spray shape under high backpressure conditions; and (2) by developing the piston cavity and using a variable swirl control valve to optimize the air motion. These techniques have also made it possible to obtain stable stratified combustion throughout a wide operating range with reduced NOx emissions under a large EGR rate.
Development of P/M Aluminum Alloy and Extrusion Process for Cylinder Liners
Authors: Kusui Jun , Okaniwa Shigeru , Inoue Atsushi , Adachi Shuhei
Published: June 2024

New powder metallurgy (P/M) aluminum alloy and new extrusion process have been developed for cylinder liners in high-speed motorcycle engines. The new alloy composition is Al-26Si-0.8Mg (mass%).

Most commercialized high Si P/M aluminum alloys had a matrix of 2000 series and containing 3 - 5 mass % Cu which increases the hot extrusion resistance and lower the solidus temperature of the alloys. On the other hand, the new alloy matrix contains a small amount of Mg (0.8 mass%), and this composition resulted in a good extrusion surface, higher extrusion speed and higher recovery.

The new manufacturing process of powder billets has been developed. Rapidly solidified aluminum alloy powder prepared by the air-atomization technique was cold-isostatic- pressed (CIP) into a cylindrical shape (260mm in diameter and 420mm in length) and vacuum sintered. The sintered billet was transferred by mass production line conveyers without any breaking problems and quickly pre-heated by the induction heater before seamless extrusion. This new process enabled P/M billets to be treated as same process and time schedule as I/M (Ingot Metallurgy) billets. In the conventional powder extrusion, CIP billets were carefully transferred manually and they were heated up in a inert gas furnace for long hours. Also this process does not include the canning process and it has two advantages. Firstly, scalping process is not needed after extrusion, and secondly, the top end and the discard of the powder extrusions can be directly re-melted for an ingot of the same alloy for atomization without any composition adjustment. A novel P/M extrusion process including recycle was achieved by this billet making process in mass production scale.

Among the each manufacturing process, the sintering condition of the billet was carefully chosen. The higher the sintering temperature, the harder the sintered billet, but the hardness of the extruded tube decreased. At lower sintering temperatures, the hardness of the billet was not enough to be transferred by production line conveyer and blistering problem occurred after T6 heat treatment of the extruded tubes. Finally 560C was chosen as a standard sintering temperature.
79 Study on Bearing Lubricity of Two-cycle Engine Oil
Authors: KAWABE Hideaki , ISHIMARU Mitsuaki
Published: June 2024

Polybutene is generally formulated in two-cycle engine oil in order to prevent smoke and carbon accumulation on exhaust system in motorcycles. The higher content of polybutene in oil is said to be essential to maintain the initial performance of two-cycle engines. However, it is not so known that this polybutene deteriorates the lubricity of bearing. Therefore, we developed a method for evaluating the lubricity of bearing to verify the influence caused by two-cycle engine oils. The test was conducted to measure the temperature of the big end of connecting rod directly while running the engine. The bearing lubricity was evaluated by comparing the temperature of the big end of connecting rod of candidate oils with that of standard oil. A better two-cycle engine oil formulation was able to be led by adding this bearing lubricity test to the JASO(or ISO) standard tests.
Alternative Fuels and Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion Technology
Authors: Iida Norimasa
Published: June 2024

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion requires high EGR rate and high intake temperature. HCCI combustion has not yet been made to operate at conditions other than low speed and low load in a four-stroke engine. Two stroke engine, however, have produced reasonable power in the HCCI combustion or active thermo-atmosphere combustion (ATAC) mode. In this paper, the nature of ATAC is discussed by spectroscopic observation to determine why the ATAC (under favorable condition) produces very low cyclic irregularity and low NO emission. ATAC low heat rejection engine and ATAC with alternative fuels are discussed.
Delayed-Charging and Low-Pressure Fuel Injection: a Step towards less Consumption and less Pollution in Small Two-Stroke Engines
Authors: Rochelle P. , Perrard W.
Published: June 2024

The classical two-stroke engine is well known for its mechanical simplicity, its high power-to-weight ratio but also, unfortunately, for its poor fuel utilization effectiveness due to large losses of fuel during scavenging leading to a high specific consumption and a high hydrocarbon pollution rate. A very simple system, called Delayed-Charging (D.-C.), was proposed in earlier papers, improving fuel utilization by separating the scavenging and charging functions, the latter being retarded. In this paper, comparisons are made between a 50 cc production engine and D.-C. modified 50 cc engines equipped with a pressurized carburetter or a low-pressure injector feeding the air flow into the charging-transfer duct (i.e. various engines including parameter changes such as injector location, fuel jet angle, jet direction, injection closing angle, D.C.-transfer duct geometry, number of scavenging transfer ducts,…). With electronic fuel injection, one notices a further marked reduction in fuel-consumption and HC pollution, with figures down to respectively 310 and 36 g/kWh, associated with low CO production, which is at the expense of the slightly lower b.m.e.p..
A STUDY OF MOTORCYCLE ENGINES IN TYPICAL URBAN DRIVING CONDITIONS
Authors: Rogers Nicholas , Lindermaier Rudi , Jaeger Deane
Published: June 2024

Motor vehicle noise is regulated by the pass-by provisions of ISO 362. Although motorcycle noise levels have fallen significantly, in line with the legal requirements, there is still a difference between noise levels for new and in-use vehicles. A research program was initiated to compare in-use motorcycle operating conditions with the requirements of the pass-by test. Ten current production motorcycles were monitored during actual urban driving conditions in several European cities during various driving periods. The results show the pass-by provisions of ISO 362 do not reflect actual in-use operating characteristics of modern motorcycles. To be representative, the test procedure should be based on engine rpm and not vehicle speed.
Prediction of Exhaust Pressure Pulses for Active Control of Exhaust Noise on a Small SI Engine
Authors: Hong Guang
Published: June 2024

This paper reports the work on modeling the exhaust noise pressure of a small single-cylinder SI engine. The model will ultimately be used for on-line prediction of exhaust noise in an active control system with a single-error microphone. The frequency properties of the engine exhaust noise generated by this SI engine are characterized by harmonic components related to engine firing conditions. The frequencies of the harmonic components depend only on the engine firing frequency while the amplitudes of the harmonic components vary with the engine load. The twenty harmonic components at the lower frequency band were used to model the exhaust pressure pulse which is a two-dimensional function of engine speed and load. The model is represented by a double Chebyshev polynomial. The instantaneous exhaust pressure at steady state for a fixed position in the exhaust pipe was predicted using this model and compared with the experimental data. The result of this comparison is regarded as satisfactory.
Road Load Simulation of Two Wheeler by Simple Technique on Two Poster
Authors: Kharul Ravindra V. , Pomaje Sharad D.
Published: June 2024

Various techniques have been developed for vehicle durability test in laboratory by using dedicated, sophisticated simulation software, specially developed rigs and vehicle holding fixtures. Such setups are expensive and complex.

A successful attempt was made to devise a simple, effective, economical, accelerated technique for fatigue evaluation of two wheeler on two poster, using simple vehicle holding fixture, dead weights and low end software for drive file generation.

Paper discusses the methodology adopted for road load data acquisition, analysis and simulation in laboratory. To judge the quality of simulation, comparison was made between acquired data in field (target data) and response data on rig from various angles.

The exercise enabled to generate quick drive file and compress the test span by about 25 times than the actual road test. The technique was very much useful for quick evaluation of chassis, body components, plastic panels etc. during developmental stages.
A Study on Adaptability of Alternative Fuels for Lean Burn Two-Stroke ATAC Engine
Authors: Oguma Hajime , Ichikura Takayoshi , Iida Norimasa
Published: June 2024

ATAC is “bulk-like” and/or “non-propagating” combustion caused by compression autoignition of premixture, and it is stable even in the lean region. And ATAC engine is expected to be an engine using alternative fuels which are difficult to apply to usual engines because of their low cetane number. In this study, a two-stroke ATAC engine test was carried out to evaluate an adaptability of alternative fuels for lean burn. Methanol, ethanol, DME, methane and propane were used as the test fuels, and the influence of fuel characteristics on autoignition timing, combustion duration and autoignition temperature were investigated in the lean region. Using oxygenated fuels, the lean limit of ATAC operation region shifts to lean side. ATAC autoignition temperature is not depend on equivalence ratio, delivery ratio and engine speed, and it is only decided by the kind of fuel. The order of the ATAC autoignition temperature is methanol, ethanol, DME, gasoline from lower side.
Overview of Emission Reduction Technology Development on Motorcycle Application in Taiwan
Authors: Shu P.H. Jet , Chiang Wei-Li , Lee Wen-Bin , Wu Y.Y. C. , Peng Y.Y. , Huang L. K.
Published: June 2024

Five systems, fuel injection, ignition modulation, intake port flow control, exhaust after-treatment, and electric propulsion systems, are discussed here in terms of engine design modifications and new systems retrofitted to the motorcycle to reduce the exhaust emission.

A fuel injection system has been implemented to a 125cc air-cool four-stroke engine, and the results show that the improvement on the fuel economy, reduction of emission on HC and CO, and the fuel economy are 20%, 68%, and 10% respectively. By implementing the electrical ignition system into the target engine, the fuel economy and emission have slightly improved. The application of the inlet air flow control to a target engine also obtains 75% on CO reduction. The effectiveness of the exhaust after-treatment on a 80cc 2-stroke engine has demonstrated that the emission can be reduced up to 75%. The last emission reduction development is the electric propulsion system development which provide a zero emission and better energy efficiency solutions for the future motorcycle usage in the urban areas.

The authors will overview the development methodologies of the mentioned systems and the effectiveness of emission and fuel economy improvement from these engineering efforts in this article.