bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in the Estimation of Ice Particle Fall Speeds Using Laboratory and Field Measurements
Authors: Heymsfield A. J. , Westbrook C. D.
Published: August 2010

Accurate estimates for the fall speed of natural hydrometeors are vital if their evolution in clouds is to be understood quantitatively. In this study, laboratory measurements of the terminal velocity υt for a variety of ice particle models settling in viscous fluids, along with wind-tunnel and field measurements of ice particles settling in air, have been analyzed and compared to common methods of computing υt from the literature. It is observed that while these methods work well for a number of particle types, they fail for particles with open geometries, specifically those particles for which the area ratio Ar is small (Ar is defined as the area of the particle projected normal to the flow divided by the area of a circumscribing disc). In particular, the fall speeds of stellar and dendritic crystals, needles, open bullet rosettes, and low-density aggregates are all overestimated. These particle types are important in many cloud types: aggregates in particular often dominate snow precipitation at the ground and vertically pointing Doppler radar measurements.

Based on the laboratory data, a simple modification to previous computational methods is proposed, based on the area ratio. This new method collapses the available drag data onto an approximately universal curve, and the resulting errors in the computed fall speeds relative to the tank data are less than 25% in all cases. Comparison with the (much more scattered) measurements of ice particles falling in air show strong support for this new method, with the area ratio bias apparently eliminated.
Nonlinear Waves ahead of Fronts in the Great Australian Bight
Authors: Schmidt Christoph W. , Goler Robert A.
Published: August 2010

This study investigates nonlinear waves ahead of cold fronts in the Great Australian Bight, south of the Australian continent. These waves often form a series of roll clouds on their crests analogous to the “morning glory,” which is observed around the Gulf of Carpentaria in northeastern Australia. High-resolution visible satellite imagery from NASA’s polar-orbiting Aqua and Terra satellites between 23 October 2004 and 29 February 2008 is used to determine how frequently these cloud lines occur ahead of cold fronts. A total of 14 cases are identified with the most cases occurring in summer and none occurring in winter. The authors hypothesize that the summer maximum is due to a combination of lower cloud amounts associated with summertime cold fronts, and a stronger maritime stable layer, which is produced as hot continental air, is advected offshore.

Three cloud line events are modeled using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5, version 3.6). In each case the low-level divergence field reveals convergence lines, which coincide with the cloud lines as identified on the satellite images. In two cases vertical cross sections of virtual potential temperature and horizontal and vertical velocity through the disturbances show a cold front advancing into a stratified environment leading to wave production at the leading edge of the cold air mass. Modeled maximal upward velocities range between 0.8 and 2.5 m s−1. Surface pressure jumps of about 1 hPa associated with the propagating waves occur in each case, which coincides with that predicted by simple bore theory. In two cases the front moves at supercritical speed (i.e., the frontal speed is larger than the speed of the fastest mode of small-amplitude long waves). In the third case the front does not propagate and the nonlinear waves produced become stationary as well.
Social Media as a Source of Meteorological Observations
Authors: Hyvärinen Otto , Saltikoff Elena
Published: August 2010

An increasing number of people leave their mark on the Internet by publishing personal notes (e.g., text, photos, videos) on Web-based services such as Facebook and Flickr. This creates a vast source of information that could be utilized in meteorology, for example, as a complement to traditional weather observations. Photo-sharing services offer an increasing amount of useful data, as modern mobile devices can automatically include coordinates and time stamps on photos, and users can easily tag them for content. In this study, different weather-related photos and their metadata were accessed from the photo-sharing service Flickr, and their reliability was assessed. Case studies of hail detection were then performed. The position of hail detected in the atmosphere by radar was compared with positions of Flickr photos depicting hail on the ground. As a result of this preliminary study, the authors think that further exploration of the use of Flickr photographs is warranted, and the consideration of other social media as data sources can be recommended.
Anxiety and Affective Control Among Distance Language Learners in China and the UK
Authors: Hurd Stella , Junhong Xiao
Published: August 2010

Foreign language anxiety (FLA) has been the focus of many studies into affect in classroom settings. However, the growing numbers of distance language learners worldwide in recent years calls for greater attention to be paid to this increasingly important constituency of language learners. Following on from Hurd’s investigation into FLA with distance learners of French at the Open University, UK (Hurd, 2007b), this article turns its attention to an Eastern context, reporting on a study into affect in the distance learning of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in China. Both studies examined anxiety from the learner’s perspective. Findings from the Chinese study showed that some anxiety-provoking factors were associated with an inability to apply even basic knowledge of grammar and acquired vocabulary to actual language use. In terms of affective control, there was little evidence in either study of the use of affective strategies considered to be conducive to reducing anxiety. It was also noted that students’ anxiety-reducing measures were characterized by a preference for self-help over help-seeking strategies, although the majority considered the tutor’s role to be of paramount importance. Results and pedagogical implications from the two studies are compared where applicable.
Connectivity: A Framework for Understanding Effective Language Teaching in Face-to-face and Online Learning Communities
Authors: Senior Rose
Published: August 2010

This is an exploratory paper that uses the construct of connectivity to examine the nature of effective language teaching and learning in both face-to-face and online learning environments. Broader in scope than Siemens’ notion of connectivism, the term connectivity accommodates both transmission approaches to teaching and learning and social constructivist views of teaching and learning that accord with Web 2.0’s dialogue-building and social networking tools. The paper identifies five dimensions of connectivity, ranging from the connections that effective teachers make with their students in conventional classroom situations to the ways that effective teachers intuitively seek to meld their students into learning communities in blended and distance learning environments. The notion of connectivity also focuses attention on the complex and changing roles of teachers and their relationships with their classes in both traditional classrooms and more loosely-connected, virtual learning environments. The paper concludes by suggesting that, far from being redundant in a world increasingly shaped by socially-driven online interactions, classroom language teachers have a vital role to play in building and maintaining learning communities in which students are both supportive of, and feel supported by, both their teacher and their peers.
Beyond the Radial Delusion: Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy and Non-democracy
Authors: Møller Jørgen , Skaaning Svend-Erik
Published: August 2010

Typologies of political regimes in general and of democracy in particular proliferate in the literature. However, few efforts have been devoted to systematically scrutinizing the empirical relationship between the constitutive components of liberal democracy. In this article, we reassess the most promising such attempt, namely, the research agenda on “defective democracies.” Doing so, we identify a more general problem, which we term the “radial delusion.” This problem has to do with discarding the notion of a hierarchy among the attributes, thus creating empirically empty, diminished subtypes. We solve this by constructing an alternative typology that embraces well-established theoretical constructs and assigns referents to all relevant types. Furthermore, the empirical distribution virtually conforms to the hierarchical logic of a perfect simple order scale which justifies the construction of a democracy scale.
State Preferences and Institutional Feedback: CAP and European Integration
Authors: Kim Min-hyung
Published: August 2010

Through the examination of the interplay between the deepening process of European integration and the domestic politics of EU member states, this article seeks to show how the former affects the latter and ultimately leads to the reshaping of EU members’ preferences over time. The two cases examined here (agricultural policy preference shifts in France and Germany during the MacSharry reform negotiations) illustrate that European integration over time generates institutional feedback in which European policies become not just outputs but also major inputs of the political process of EU member states.The critical factor in this preference change is the domestic policy coalition shift, which is provoked by positive expectations regarding the national benefits to be gained from deeper integration.
Transparency is not Enough: Making Transparency Effective in Reducing Corruption
Authors: Lindstedt Catharina , Naurin Daniel
Published: August 2010

We test the commonly stated, but rarely investigated, assertion that making political institutions more transparent is an effective method for combating corruption. This assertion is confirmed with cross-national data, but also specified and qualified in several respects. Most importantly, we find that looking only at average effects gives a misleading picture of the significance of transparency for corruption. Just making information available will not prevent corruption if such conditions for publicity and accountability as education, media circulation and free and fair elections are weak. Furthermore, we find that transparency requirements that are implemented by the agent itself are less effective compared to non-agent controlled transparency institutions, such as a free press. One important implication of these findings is that reforms focusing on increasing transparency should be accompanied by measures for strengthening citizens’ capacity to act upon the available information if we are to see positive effects on corruption.
Art, Politics and Philosophy
Authors: Phillips John W.P.
Published: August 2010

Taking the publication in English of several works by Alain Badiou and Jacques Rancière as its point of departure, this review article attempts to outline what may be at stake in reading these two authors together. Looking especially at the works on politics and on aesthetics (particularly Badiou’s Handbook of Inaesthetics and Rancière’s Politics of Aesthetics ), the article also draws on other major texts by these authors as a way of clarifying their basic philosophical principles. Under the rubrics of ‘the axiom of equality’ (Rancière) and ‘the empty set’ (Badiou), these two thinkers establish links with their tradition in ways that are mobilized towards invention or transfiguration in spheres of both politics and art.
The Politics of Affect
Authors: Ruddick Susan
Published: August 2010

How do we fashion a new political imaginary from fragmentary, diffuse and often antagonistic subjects, who may be united in principle against the exigencies of capitalism but diverge in practice, in terms of the sites, strategies and specific natures of their own oppression? To address this question I trace the dissonance between the approaches of Antonio Negri and Gilles Deleuze back to their divergent mobilizations of Spinoza’s affect and the role it plays in the ungrounding and reconstitution of the social body. This dissonance reveals a divergence in their projects, the way these political projects emerge as counter-actualizations, the means by which they are expressed, and the necessity (or not) of a particular kind of historical subject to their realization. Most significantly, it speaks to how we might engage difference and alterity within our own political projects, our collective creations. I conclude with a focus on the productive possibilities provided by Deleuze’s writings on the scream, as a vehicle to uncover new terrains of struggle and new possibilities for collectivity.
Globalism as the Product of Nationalism
Authors: Çinar Alev
Published: August 2010

This study is based on the argument that globalism is a product of nationalism. I argue that globalism, understood as the imagination of the world as a single place, was made possible by and accompanies the emergence of nationalism, defined as the formation of an imagined community in a given (local) discursive space. Focusing on the specific ways in which globalism is understood and experienced locally in Turkey, this study examines how the world-at-large is seen from Turkey as part and product of the founding national ideology during the 1920s and 1930s, particularly as expressed in cartoons, and how these visions and images of the globe are produced, mobilized and disseminated locally as part of ongoing nation-building efforts. I argue that during these years the global was invariably imagined as the West, referring mainly to Western Europe, and this imagining was mobilized toward the creation and projection of Turkey as a modern, Western, secular country. I argue that the founding national ideology projected an image of the West as the global-other to be taken as a model and imitated, setting norms for the creation of a new national identity and new norms of citizenship around the principles of secularism, modernity and civilization, which could only be attained by the erasure of the local.
Pre-clinical laboratory evaluation of the new ‘AF’ arterial line filter range
Authors: Yarham Gemma , Mulholland John
Published: August 2010

Introduction: The presence of emboli was recognised relatively early in the history of open heart surgery. The emboli produced during cardiopulmonary bypass have the predisposition to distribute into, and ultimately obstruct, microvessels of all tissues. The Sorin Group has recently developed a new range of arterial line filters. Before the Sorin AF range of filters was released for pre-launch clinical trials, our group performed in vitro laboratory testing of the AF range against a selection of commercially available filters on the global market.

Results: The Sorin AF620 and AF640 demonstrate both the smallest prime volume and smallest surface contact area (92ml and 290cm2, respectively).The results of the GME Handling Efficiency experiments ranged by 39.6%, from 95.9% to 56.3%. In terms of an air bolus handling, the results of the Limit Bolus experiment ranged by 97ml, from 147.5ml down to 50ml. The pressure drop across all the filters was measured under steady state experimental conditions. All of the above investigations were considered against surface area and prime volume.

Conclusion: It is clear from the results that some commercially available arterial line filters perform better than others, not only in overall performance, but also with regard to individual characteristics. Evaluating arterial line filters for hospital-specific use has to balance pressure drop, surface area, micro air handling, prime volume and gross air handling; all points need to be considered. In the AF620 and AF640, Sorin boast that they are the two smallest prime and smallest surface area filters commercially available on the global market. The Sorin AF filter range performs well in all of the areas we investigated and will be a competitive option for centres, irrespective of which characteristics they use to evaluate and select their arterial line filter.
Circadian Foraging Rhythms of Bumblebees Monitored by Radio-frequency Identification
Authors: Jürgen Stelzer Ralph , Stanewsky Ralf , Chittka Lars
Published: August 2010

Circadian clocks enable organisms to anticipate changes of environmental conditions. In social insects, the colony as a superorganism has a foraging rhythm aligned to the diurnal patterns of resource availability. Within this colony rhythm, the diurnal patterns of individuals are embedded, and various tasks within the colony are performed at different times by different individuals to best serve the colony as a whole. Recent studies have shown that social cues influence the traits of the circadian clock in social insects, but keeping track of the activity of individual workers is not an easy task. Here the authors use fully automatic radio-frequency identification (RFID) to analyze the circadian rhythms of bumblebee foragers ( Bombus terrestris) in the normal social context of their nest. They monitored their foraging patterns under different light conditions in the laboratory, including light:dark cycles (LD) as well as constant darkness (DD) and constant light conditions (LL). Their results show that the majority of bumblebee foragers exhibit robust circadian rhythms in LD under laboratory conditions, while they show free-running rhythms both in DD and LL, with free-running periods being significantly shorter in LL conditions. The authors also found that bumblebee workers show an increased level of arrhythmic activity (“death dance”) in the hours or days before their death.
Circadian Rhythm Phase Advance with Dawn Simulation Treatment for Winter Depression
Authors: Terman Michael , Jiuan Su Terman
Published: August 2010

A naturalistic pattern of dawn simulation (93 min, 0.001-250 lux) delivered to sleeping patients with winter depression has clinical efficacy similar to postawakening bright light therapy. The authors tested the circadian phase-shifting capacity of the dawn signal in a placebo-controlled, randomized 3-week field trial using 4 photic or nonphotic comparators: 30-min, 10,000-lux bright light therapy; a 13-min, 250-lux light pulse at the end of sleep; and high- and low-density negative air ionization timed to match the dawn. Bright light and dawn treatments both produced average phase advances of ~30 min, while the pulse and ion exposure had minimal effect. The authors conclude that very dim, incremental levels of light at the end of the night, with a dominant red component through eyelid filtering, facilitate circadian rhythm phase advances, possibly in conjunction with room light after awakening.
Fact or Fiction? Gender Issues Related to Newspaper Reports of Intimate Partner Homicide
Authors: Wozniak Jessica A. , McCloskey Kathy A.
Published: August 2010

The present study compared newspaper articles reporting female-perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV) homicides with those reporting male-perpetrated IPV homicides. Domestic violence was not mentioned in 72% of the articles. Female-perpetrated IPV homicide, although relatively rare, was not portrayed as more newsworthy nor did it receive more coverage when compared to male-perpetrated IPV homicide. When analyzing explanations for homicides given in newspaper reports, as well as descriptors used to describe the perpetrator, there was no support found for gender bias in favor of male perpetrators. Female victims were more likely to be portrayed as innocent when compared to males.
Experiences of Immigrant Women Who Self-Petition Under the Violence Against Women Act
Authors: Ingram Maia , McClelland Deborah Jean , Martin Jessica , Caballero Montserrat F. , Mayorga Maria Theresa , Gillespie Katie
Published: August 2010

Undocumented immigrant women who are abused and living in the United States are isolated in a foreign country, in constant fear of deportation, and feel at the mercy of their spouse to gain legal status. To ensure that immigration law does not trap women in abusive relationships, the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA, 1994) enabled immigrant women to self-petition for legal status. Qualitative research methods were used in this participatory action research to investigate the experiences of Mexican immigrant women filing VAWA self-petitions. Emotional, financial, and logistic barriers in applying are identified, and recommendations for practice research and policy are provided.
Incapacitated Rape and Alcohol Use in White and Asian American College Women
Authors: Nguyen Hong V. , Kaysen Debra , Dillworth Tiara M. , Brajcich Marci , Larimer Mary E.
Published: August 2010

This study examined the role of Asian ethnicity as a moderator of drinking outcomes associated with alcohol-related sexual assault (incapacitated rape). Participants were 5,467 Asian American and White college women. Results found the overall MANOVA for ethnicity and incapacitated rape (IR) interactions to be significant. Asian American participants with no history of IR had fewer drinking problems than White American participants with no history of IR. Asian American participants with IR histories had more drinking problems than White Americans with IR histories. Findings indicate Asian Americans who experience IR may be at increased risk for negative alcohol outcomes.
‘At least he’s doing something’: Moral entrepreneurship and individual responsibility in Jamie’s Ministry of Food
Authors: Hollows Joanne , Jones Steve
Published: August 2010

Jamie Oliver’s celebrity image has undergone various transformations since his debut as ‘the naked chef’. In this article, we focus on his recent series, Jamie’s Ministry of Food, locating it within debates about lifestyle television, class and neoliberalism. We identify a shift in his image from lifestyle expert to moral entrepreneur, involved with a range of social enterprises. We examine the show’s textual strategies, highlighting similarities with earlier forms of social exploration and contemporary depictions of the working class. We conclude with a consideration of how the show resonates with an emergent discourse that represents Britain as a broken society in need of political and social ‘healing’. In the show, representations of fast food, obese bodies, sink estates and poverty of aspiration delineated a general crisis demanding direct action by an inspirational figure. In this way, the show legitimated Jamie’s new role as a moral and social entrepreneur.
Let’s make love: Whiteness, cleanliness and sexuality in the French reception of Marilyn Monroe
Authors: Handyside Fiona
Published: August 2010

Richard Dyer’s seminal work on whiteness in film considers Marilyn Monroe as the epitome of an institutionally racist Hollywood system that imagines the most desirable woman to be blonde, given that blondeness is understood as a guarantee of whiteness. This article adds to other recent scholarship on Monroe that has sought to complicate this reading by examining other meanings that can be attributed to her bleached blonde hair. By closely analyzing media texts that discussed Monroe in 1950s France, this article demonstrates the way in which her performance of ideal American female sexuality was read through the prism of Monroe as icon of cleanliness and (linked) modernity. It examines the way in which Monroe’s modernity allowed her to partially escape the traditional feminine private sphere and it concludes that Monroe’s bleached blonde hair can be seen in this context as having liberatory potential.
At the Borders of Citizenship: A Democracy in Translation?
Authors: Balibar Etienne
Published: August 2010

Borders are never purely local institutions, never reducible to a simple history of conflicts and agreements between neighboring groups and powers. Borders are already global, ways of dividing the world into regions and thus make possible place and a ‘mapping imaginary’. Borders are characterized by an intrinsic ambivalence that derives from their internal and external functions, as the basis of collective belonging and state control over mobility and territory. The construction of political space takes place through modes of translation between inside and outside that the border signifies.
Wars of Mobility
Authors: Papastergiadis Nikos
Published: August 2010

In the aftermath of 9/11, world leaders addressed the nation as a body under threat and hastened in new policies to bolster border protection and ‘securitize’ immigration. While the terrorist attacks cast new forms of public attention on the risks posed by mobile agents, the link between national security and regulating migration has always been at the forefront of the constitution of the nation state. Despite this persistent anxiety towards the social impact of migration and the status of people on the move, a more general understanding of mobility is not only missing in public debates, but has been a lacunae in the social sciences. What is mobility — a state, a force, a set of shifting co-ordinates? How does the definition of mobility shape social attitudes and personal experiences? This article examines the use of organic and mechanistic metaphors that have underpinned the classical paradigm for understanding of mobility in the social sciences. It argues that the global patterns of migration and the contemporary forms of hybrid subjectivity do not fit well with this paradigm. The limits and kinetophobic associations generated by the classical paradigm are examined through Harald Kleinschmidt’s theory of residentialism. The final part of this article outlines an alternative conceptual frame that is based on key terms from complexity theory.
Injustice at Intersecting Scales: On ‘Social Exclusion’ and the ‘Global Poor’
Authors: Fraser Nancy
Published: August 2010

It is widely appreciated today that injustices can arise on different scales — some are national, some regional, some global. Thus, the notion of a plurality of scales of justice is intuitively plausible. What may be less evident is the idea that some important injustices are best located not on any one single scale but rather at the intersection of several scales. This article argues that this is the case for one of the core characteristic injustices of the present era: namely, ‘the social exclusion of the global poor’.
Theorizing Irregular Migration: The Control of Spatial Mobility in Differentiated Societies
Authors: Cvajner Martina , Sciortino Giuseppe
Published: August 2010

This article claims that the study of irregular migration may be a strategic research material for the development of an adequate understanding of contemporary society. The field, however, suffers not only from a lack of reliable empirical data, but also from endemic undertheorizing. The article shows how the attempt to develop an understanding of irregular migration from within a general theory of modern society has positive consequences both for the clarification of the problems and for the design of research programs able to deal adequately with the phenomena. Particularly, it is argued that a theory of modern society centered on its form of differentiation may help to clarify both the political dimension of contemporary international mobility, the variety of irregular statuses existing in the foreign population of receiving countries, and the condition of inclusion and exclusion of irregular migrants.
Migration and Race in Europe: The Trans-Atlantic Metastases of a Post-Colonial Cancer
Authors: De Genova Nicholas
Published: August 2010

This article examines dominant socio-political questions regarding migration, ‘multiculturalism’, and ‘integration’, as a politics of citizenship (and race) in contemporary (post-colonial) Europe. The argument unfolds through a critique of the nationalist complacencies and racial complicities in Jürgen Habermas’s remarks on ‘multiculturalism’ during the 1990s. With recourse to ‘underclass’ discourse, Habermas’s reflections were themselves a trans-Atlantic metastasis of a distinctly US ‘American’ hegemonic sociological commonsense with regard to, but actively disregarding, the fact of white supremacy. Habermas’s thoughts are critically situated alongside their subsequent metastasis, back across the Atlantic, into Francis Fukuyama’s recent invocations of ‘terrorism’ and his advocacy of the ‘American melting pot’ model as a trans-Atlantic prescription for Europe’s ailments. Treating ‘immigrants’ as a kind of societal illness, both are preoccupied by the same ‘problem’ — non-Europeans (as disaffected ‘minorities’). Thus, these discourses of ‘immigration’ manifest a distinctly post-colonial cancer coursing restlessly through the larger social formation of ‘the West’.
Analysing the language of war monuments
Authors: Abousnnouga Gill , Machin David
Published: August 2010

This paper seeks an approach for a systematic analysis of the semiotic resources used by the designers of British World War 1 monuments. Semiotic studies of monuments have emphasised on the one hand factors from outside the’ text’, in other words contextual social and political factors that lead to design decisions, and on the other hand factors within the text, as being maximally important for this — the latter characterising such visual communication, like language, as a system or code. The paper uses an assessment of an example of the latter, O’Toole’s functional analysis (1994) of sculptures, using a number of theories of the visual to draw out its limitations and point to a number of characteristics of visual communication that would need to be considered in order to carry out a satisfactory analysis.
Acculturation
Authors: Sam David L. , Berry John W.
Published: August 2010

In cross-cultural psychology, one of the major sources of the development and display of human behavior is the contact between cultural populations. Such intercultural contact results in both cultural and psychological changes. At the cultural level, collective activities and social institutions become altered, and at the psychological level, there are changes in an individual’s daily behavioral repertoire and sometimes in experienced stress. The two most common research findings at the individual level are that there are large variations in how people acculturate and in how well they adapt to this process. Variations in ways of acculturating have become known by the terms integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization. Two variations in adaptation have been identified, involving psychological well-being and sociocultural competence. One important finding is that there are relationships between how individuals acculturate and how well they adapt: Often those who integrate (defined as being engaged in both their heritage culture and in the larger society) are better adapted than those who acculturate by orienting themselves to one or the other culture (by way of assimilation or separation) or to neither culture (marginalization). Implications of these findings for policy and program development and for future research are presented.
Culture Wires the Brain
Authors: Park Denise C. , Huang Chih-Mao
Published: August 2010

There is clear evidence that sustained experiences may affect both brain structure and function. Thus, it is quite reasonable to posit that sustained exposure to a set of cultural experiences and behavioral practices will affect neural structure and function. The burgeoning field of cultural psychology has often demonstrated the subtle differences in the way individuals process information—differences that appear to be a product of cultural experiences. We review evidence that the collectivistic and individualistic biases of East Asian and Western cultures, respectively, affect neural structure and function. We conclude that there is limited evidence that cultural experiences affect brain structure and considerably more evidence that neural function is affected by culture, particularly activations in ventral visual cortex—areas associated with perceptual processing.
Children’s Integration in Communities and Segregation From People of Differing Ages
Authors: Rogoff Barbara , Morelli Gilda A. , Chavajay Pablo
Published: August 2010

This article reviews cultural differences in the extent of segregation of children from community life and their integration with people of differing ages, focusing especially on children’s engagement with older children or similar-age children. We highlight cultural differences in children’s everyday companionship with older children and with peers by discussing a study using naturalistic observations of young children’s days in four cultural communities. Young children were more often involved with older children (who were often related to them) among the Efe of the Ituri Forest of the Democratic Republic of Congo and in the Guatemalan Mayan town of San Pedro, whereas middle-class European American children from two regions in the United States were more frequently involved with children of similar ages (who were often unrelated to them). The mainstream research focus on similar-age (unrelated) peer involvements, often regarded as the “norm,” needs to be broadened to consider the various patterns of children’s social engagements worldwide, which often involve integration of children in broader communities, engaging with adults and children of all ages.
Moving Beyond Conventional Wisdom
Authors: Gibson Cristina B. , McDaniel Dana M.
Published: August 2010

In this article, we discuss the importance of a cross-cultural approach to organizational behavior. To do so, we illustrate how cross-cultural research in the past two decades has enabled us to reconceptualize constructs, revise models, and extend boundary conditions in traditional organizational behavior theories. We focus on three domains—teams, leadership, and conflict—and review cross-cultural empirical evidence that has extended several theories in each of these domains. We support the claim that even well-established organizational behavior theories vary in the extent to which they may be applied unilaterally across cultures, thus identifying the critical need to advance these theories via a cross-cultural research agenda.
Culture and Well-Being
Authors: Oishi Shigehiro , Schimmack Ulrich
Published: August 2010

What is a good society? Philosophers from Plato to Bentham have argued that a good society is a happy society—namely, a society in which most citizens are happy and free from fear. Since the publication of The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith in 1776, most economists have implicitly assumed that a happy society is a materially wealthy society. Thus, gross national product and related indices became the most popular indicators of the well-being of nations from the 1950s to date. Recently, however, prominent economists as well as political scientists, sociologists, and psychologists have shown that a happy society is not only a materially wealthy society but also a society in which citizens can trust one another, have a sense of freedom, and have close social relationships. The inquiry into the psychological wealth of nations, or the subjective well-being of nations, helps answer a fundamental question in philosophy and social sciences for millennia: “What is a good society?”
Effects of Fe and Nb content on microstructure and mechanical characteristics of biomedical Ti based alloys
Authors: Guo Q. H. , Zhan Y. Z. , Zhang X. J. , Du Y. , Lin M. N. , Huang Z. Z. , Huang G. R.
Published: August 2010

The microstructures and resulting mechanical properties of Ti– xNb–6Zr–7·5Sn– yFe ( x=24, 30, 35 and y=1, 2, 2·5 wt-%) alloys were investigated for biomedical application. The microstructures were examined by means of optical microscopy, SEM and X-ray diffraction, and Vickers hardness, compressive elastic modulus and the yield strength have been measured. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the alloys consist of β+ α or β+ α+ α″ phases. The volume fraction of each phase changes with the variation of Fe and Nb contents according to consulting the relation between the contents of β stabilising elements and phase composition of Ti alloys after quenching from β phase region. The different microstructures result in various mechanical properties of the alloys. Ti–24Nb–6Zr–7·5Sn–2Fe has the higher strength/modulus ratio, i.e. the lower elastic modulus and the higher yield strength; hence, it is more suitable than the other alloys for biomedical applications.
Microstructural control of maraging steel C300
Authors: Zhu F. , Yin Y. F. , Faulkner R. G.
Published: August 2010

The microstructure evolution and precipitation kinetics of maraging steel C300 have been studied in the aging temperature range from 400 to 600°C. The relation between mechanical properties and precipitation hardening response is explained, and modelling is used to optimise the properties. Ultrafine needle shaped Ni3Ti phase is the main strengthening precipitate in maraging C300, and it shows very high resistance to coarsening. A spherically shaped Fe2Mo phase is formed at higher temperatures and in the overaged condition. Inter- and intralath reverted austenite nucleates at higher temperature (∼600°C). Rolling and aging treatment can produce the highest hardness by a combination of work hardening and precipitation strengthening. Microstructural evolution simulation using Monte Carlo modelling has been applied to this alloy, and the modelling has been validated by the experimental results.
Control of ductile to brittle transition temperature in ferritic pressure vessel steel
Authors: Faulkner R. G. , Riddle N.
Published: August 2010

Controlled amounts of cold work are shown to cause a minimum in the ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) in a ferritic steel at a critical level of ∼1·5. Mechanical property assessments show that the hardness values exhibit the same trend. A theory is advanced for explanation of these effects, based on work hardening and Cottrell–Bilby locking models. Consideration is given to an alternative Ashby–Embury model, but it is concluded that the former approach is most successful in predicting the observed DBTT shift behaviour. Although independent of fracture surface type, the degree of plastic deformation shows some dependency on the grain boundary character. This leads to the conclusion that the matrix yield strength is the primary factor in determining the DBTT in these steels. Discussion focuses on methods for exploiting the effect to give higher toughness steels utilising knowledge of how to control matrix hardening and cleavage fracture strength.
R value measurement issues for grain boundaries in nickel single crystal castings
Authors: Clay K. , Mingard K. , Morrell R. , Quested P.
Published: August 2010

Cast single crystal (SX) nickel superalloy components for modern gas turbine engines are rarely free from grain boundaries. The application relevant properties are grain boundary sensitive, so component specific acceptance standards are applied that include limits for the misorientation between grains across a boundary, the R value. R value calculation requires the determination of the orientations of adjacent grains, both measured using the same arbitrary reference system. Comparisons of extant definitions for this parameter revealed both variations and inconsistencies. Uncertainties for R value measurements were established within a European round robin study using surface back reflection X-ray Laue systems. For some boundaries, a position dependency of the value of R was found. In some specimens, electron backscattered diffraction studies revealed continuous changes in orientation within the grains, as the point examined was moved away from the boundary, providing an explanation of the observed position dependency. Further investigations linked spot splitting and smearing in Laue patterns to different intragrain substructures.
25 Year Perspective Defining grain boundaries: An historical perspective The development and limitations of coincident site lattice models
Authors: Brandon D.
Published: August 2010

Any attempt to summarise the concept of ‘grain boundaries’ in a short article is destined to fail, but by focusing on one aspect of the literature, the coincident site lattice model, it may be possible to provide an historical perspective that includes some insight. This contribution attempts to outline the symbiotic relation between the development of the tools of microstructural investigation in the twentieth century and the dawning understanding of the complexity of interface and interphase boundaries in engineering materials.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Modelling impact resistance of functionally graded steels with crack divider configuration
Authors: Nazari A. , Aghazadeh J.-M.
Published: August 2010

Retraction Statement

See article DOI: 10.1080/02670836.2022.2099860
In anemia of multiple myeloma, hepcidin is induced by increased bone morphogenetic protein 2
Authors: Maes Ken , Nemeth Elizabeta , Roodman G. David , Huston Alissa , Esteve Flavia , Freytes Cesar , Callander Natalie , Katodritou Eirini , Tussing-Humphreys Lisa , Rivera Seth , Vanderkerken Karin , Lichtenstein Alan , Ganz Tomas
Published: August 2010

Hepcidin is the principal iron-regulatory hormone and a pathogenic factor in anemia of inflammation. Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) frequently present with anemia. We showed that MM patients had increased serum hepcidin, which inversely correlated with hemoglobin, suggesting that hepcidin contributes to MM-related anemia. Searching for hepcidin-inducing cytokines in MM, we quantified the stimulation of hepcidin promoter-luciferase activity in HuH7 cells by MM sera. MM sera activated the hepcidin promoter significantly more than did normal sera. We then examined the role of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), the major transcriptional regulators of hepcidin. Mutations in both BMP-responsive elements abrogated the activation dramatically, while mutations in the IL-6–responsive signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-binding site (STAT3-BS) had only a minor effect. Cotreatment with anti–BMP-2/4 or noggin-Fc blocked the promoter induction with all MM sera, anti–IL-6 blocked it with a minority of sera, whereas anti–BMP-4, -6, or -9 antibodies had no effect. BMP-2–immunodepleted MM sera had decreased promoter stimulatory capacity, and BMP-2 concentrations in MM sera were significantly higher than in normal sera. Our results demonstrate that BMP-2 is a major mediator of the hepcidin stimulatory activity of MM sera.
Predictive filter calculation of primary fields in a fixed-wing time-domain AEM system
Authors: Smiarowski Adam , Macnae James , Bailey R. C.
Published: August 2010

High-altitude data are used to calibrate a least-squares recursion filter that estimates the continually changing primary field of an airborne electromagnetic (AEM) system. The coupling changes in fixed-wing towed-bird systems generate “geometry noise” that in the on-time can be much larger than the ground secondary response. The LSQ filter accurately predicts the high-altitude primary field of a fixed-wing system. The filter is then applied to survey-altitude data to estimate the primary field for subsequent subtraction. After removing the primary field, a spatially consistent difference is detected over a range of delay times, as would be expected from geologic responses. A map of decay constants is produced for the survey area using the data corrected by the predicted primary field. Comparing these time constants with those computed from the conventional method, the maximum decay constant detectable was seven times larger. Thus, the new process can characterize conductors that are seven times more conductive than the conventional processing method. The residual primary field occurs at relatively high frequencies compared to targets of interest. At low frequencies [Formula: see text], we estimate that 28% of the survey-altitude primary field remains whereas only 1% of calibration flight primary is not predicted.
A new misfit function for multimodal inversion of surface waves
Authors: Maraschini Margherita , Ernst Fabian , Foti Sebastiano , Socco Laura Valentina
Published: August 2010

Higher-mode contribution is important in surface-wave inversion because it allows more information to be exploited, increases investigation depth, and improves model resolution. A new misfit function for multimodal inversion of surface waves, based on the Haskell-Thomson matrix method, allows higher modes to be taken into account without the need to associate experimental data points to a specific mode, thus avoiding mode-misidentification errors in the retrieved velocity profiles. Computing cost is reduced by avoiding the need for calculating synthetic apparent or modal dispersion curves. Based on several synthetic and real examples with inversion results from the classical and the proposed methods, we find that correct velocity models can be retrieved through the multimodal inversion when higher modes are superimposed in the apparent dispersion-curve or when it is not trivial to determine a priori to which mode each data point of the experimental dispersion curve belongs. The main drawback of the method is related to the presence of several local minima in the misfit function. This feature makes the choice of a consistent initial model very important.
Adaptive subtraction using complex-valued curvelet transforms
Authors: Neelamani Ramesh (Neelsh) , Baumstein Anatoly , Ross Warren S.
Published: August 2010

We propose a complex-valued curvelet transform-based (CCT-based) algorithm that adaptively subtracts from seismic data those noises for which an approximate template is available. The CCT decomposes a geophysical data set in terms of small reflection pieces, with each piece having a different characteristic frequency, location, and dip. One can precisely change the amplitude and shift the location of each seismic reflection piece in a template by controlling the amplitude and phase of the template's CCT coefficients. Based on these insights, our approach uses the phase and amplitude of the data's and template's CCT coefficients to correct misalignment and amplitude errors in the noise template, thereby matching the adapted template with the actual noise in the seismic data, reflection event-by-event. We also extend our approach to subtract noises that require several templates to be approximated. By itself, the method can only correct small misalignment errors ([Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] data) in the template; it relies on conventional least-squares (LS) adaptation to correct large-scale misalignment errors, such as wavelet mismatches and bulk shifts. Synthetic and real-data results illustrate that the CCT-based approach improves upon the LS approach and a curvelet-based approach described by Herrmann and Verschuur.
Epidemic hysteria aboard ship in 1848
Authors: Kinnear Malcolm
Published: August 2010

Dr Colin Arrott Browning (1791–1856), a minister's son from Auchtermuchty, joined the Royal Navy as assistant surgeon near the end of the Napoleonic Wars and served aboard the frigate HMS Hebrus at the bombardment of Algiers in 1816. He rejoined the Navy after receiving his MD and spent several years as surgeon in warships before being appointed surgeon superintendent in his first convict transport in 1831. He made nine highly successful voyages in this capacity, mainly to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), that of the Hashemy being his last, and wrote two books on the subject (The Convict Ship and England's Exiles, later compiled into one). A dedicated and competent physician, he was a forthright advocate of humane treatment and literacy for convicts, and a fervent evangelist.