bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Addition/Cyclization: Highly Efficient Access to Phosphonylated Quinoline‐2,4(1H,3H)‐diones.
Authors: Li Ya‐Min , Wang Shi‐Sheng , Yu Fuchao , Shen Yuehai , Chang Kwen‐Jen
Published: August 2015

The title compounds are efficiently obtained by radical mediated cascade reaction which shows significant functional group tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐1,3‐selenazole via an Intermediary Amidinoselenourea.
Authors: Ranjan Alok , Yerande Ragini , Jadhav Mahantesh , Yerande Swapnil G. , Dethe Dattatraya H.
Published: August 2015

Amidinoselenoureas synthesized from isoselenocyanates and N,N‐diethyl amidines reacts with halomethylene compounds to furnish 2‐amino‐1,3‐selenazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Syntheses of (.+‐.)‐Gephyrotoxin and (.+‐.)‐Perhydrogephyrotoxin.
Authors: Shirokane Kenji , Tanaka Yuya , Yoritate Makoto , Takayama Nobuaki , Sato Takaaki , Chida Noritaka
Published: August 2015

The total syntheses of title compounds gephyrotoxin (I) and perhydrogephyrotoxin (II) are accomplished by taking advantage of an N‐methoxy group as a reactivity control element.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon Nanotubes and Catalysis: The Many Facets of a Successful Marriage
Authors: Melchionna M. , Marchesan S. , Prato M. , Fornasiero P.
Published: August 2015

Review: 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Role of the Bis‐trimethylsilylamido Ligand, [N{SiMe3}2]‐, in Main Group Chemistry. Part 1: Structural Chemistry of the S‐Block Elements
Authors: Coles Martyn P.
Published: August 2015

Review: 192 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bicyclic β‐Amino Acids
Authors: Grygorenko Oleksandr O.
Published: August 2015

Review: [272 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advancement in Lithium Perchlorate Catalyzed Synthesis of Organic Molecular Scaffolds
Authors: Kaur Manraj , Narang Rakesh , Nayak Surendra Kumar
Published: August 2015

Review: 126 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in the Horner—Wadsworth—Emmons Reaction
Authors: Bisceglia Juan A. , Orelli Liliana R.
Published: August 2015

Review: 169 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Isoxazolines: An Insight to Their Synthesis and Diverse Applications
Authors: Kumar K. Ajay , Govindaraju M. , Renuka N. , Kumar G. Vasanth
Published: August 2015

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Utility of Green Multi‐Component Reactions for the Efficient Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrans, Thiopyrans, Pyridines, and Pyrazoles
Authors: Elnagdi Mohamed Hilmy , Moustafa Moustafa Sherief , Al‐Mousawi Saleh Mohammed , Mekheimer Ramadan Ahmed , Sadek Kamal Usef
Published: August 2015

Review: 164 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐Liquid Phase C‐Alkylation of Active Methylene Containing Compounds under Microwave Conditions
Authors: Grun Alajos , Balint Erika , Keglevich Gyorgy
Published: August 2015

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Non‐Conventional Reaction Media — A Green Approach
Authors: Rajni Ratti
Published: August 2015

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Biological Activity of 2,4‐Azepandione Ring System
Authors: Waly Mohamed A. , Yossif Shiem A. , Sofan Mamdouh A. , Ibrahim Ismail T.
Published: August 2015

Review: [33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenylalanine Ammonia‐Lyase, a Key Component Used for Phenylpropanoids Production by Metabolic Engineering
Authors: Kong Jian‐Qiang
Published: August 2015

Review: 206 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity Scales for Quantifying Polar Organic Reactivity: The Benzhydrylium Methodology
Authors: Mayr Herbert
Published: August 2015

Review: [51 refs.
Copper‐Chiral Camphor β‐Amino Alcohol Complex Catalyzed Asymmetric Henry Reaction
Authors: Xu Feng , Lei Chao , Yan Lei , Tu Jingxuan , Li Gaoqiang
Published: August 2015

Four novel chiral amino alcohols were synthesized from D‐(+)‐camphor and utilized as ligands in a Cu(I)‐catalyzed asymmetric Henry reaction. The reactions were carried out under mild conditions with excellent enantioselectivities and moderate yields without the exclusion of air or moisture. The highest enantioselectivity was observed up to 94% enantiomeric excess (ee) with ligand L1 in toluene at room temperature. Chirality 27:761–765, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kaffeetrinken und DNA schützen
Authors: Richling Elke
Published: August 2015

Kaffee ist mit einem Konsum von über 160 Litern pro Jahr das beliebteste Getränk der Deutschen [1]. Nun gibt es Hinweise darauf, dass regelmäßiger Kaffeekonsum DNA‐Strangbrüche verhindert.
Vectorizing unstructured mesh computations for many‐core architectures
Authors: Reguly I Z. , László Endre , Mudalige Gihan R. , Giles Mike B.
Published: August 2015

Achieving optimal performance on the latest multi‐core and many‐core architectures increasingly depends on making efficient use of the hardware's vector units. This paper presents results on achieving high performance through vectorization on CPUs and the Xeon‐Phi on a key class of irregular applications: unstructured mesh computations. Using single instruction multiple thread (SIMT) and single instruction multiple data (SIMD) programming models, we show how unstructured mesh computations map to OpenCL or vector intrinsics through the use of code generation techniques in the OP2 Domain Specific Library and explore how irregular memory accesses and race conditions can be organized on different hardware. We benchmark Intel Xeon CPUs and the Xeon‐Phi, using a tsunami simulation and a representative CFD benchmark. Results are compared with previous work on CPUs and NVIDIA GPUs to provide a comparison of achievable performance on current many‐core systems. We show that auto‐vectorization and the OpenCL SIMT model do not map efficiently to CPU vector units because of vectorization issues and threading overheads. In contrast, using SIMD vector intrinsics imposes some restrictions and requires more involved programming techniques but results in efficient code and near‐optimal performance, two times faster than non‐vectorized code. We observe that the Xeon‐Phi does not provide good performance for these applications but is still comparable with a pair of mid‐range Xeon chips. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Domain Analysis in Nanostructured Liquids: A Post‐Molecular Dynamics Study at the Example of Ionic Liquids
Authors: Brehm Martin , Weber Henry , Thomas Martin , Hollóczki Oldamur , Kirchner Barbara
Published: August 2015

In the present computational work, we develop a new tool for our trajectory analysis program TRAVIS to analyze the well‐known behavior of liquids to separate into microphases. The dissection of the liquid into domains of different subsets, for example, in the case of fluorinated ionic liquids with anionic and cationic head groups (forming together the polar domain), fluorous, and alkyl subsets is followed by radical Voronoi tessellation. This leads to useful average quantities of the subset neighbor count, that is, the domain count that gives the amount of particular domains in the liquid, the domain volume and surface, as well as the isoperimetric quotient, which provides a measure of the deviation of the domains from a spherical shape. Thus, the newly implemented method allows analysis of the domains in terms of their numbers and shapes on a qualitative and also quantitative basis. It is a simple, direct, and automated analysis that does not need evaluation of the structure beforehand in terms of, for example, first solvent shell minima. In the microheterogeneous ionic liquids that we used as examples, the polar subsets always form a single domain in all investigated liquids. Although the fluorous side chains are also more or less connected in one or, maximally, two domains, the alkyl phases are dispersed.
Non‐destructive Patterning of Carbon Electrodes by Using the Direct Mode of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Stratmann Lutz , Clausmeyer Jan , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: August 2015

Patterning of glassy carbon surfaces grafted with a layer of nitrophenyl moieties was achieved by using the direct mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to locally reduce the nitro groups to hydroxylamine and amino functionalities. SECM and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that potentiostatic pulses applied to the working electrode lead to local destruction of the glassy carbon surface, most likely caused by etchants generated at the positioned SECM tip used as the counter electrode. By applying galvanostatic pulses, and thus, limiting the current during structuring, corrosion of the carbon surface was substantially suppressed. After galvanostatic patterning, unambiguous proof of the formation of the anticipated amino moieties was possible by modulation of the pH value during the feedback mode of SECM imaging. This patterning strategy is suitable for the further bio‐modification of microstructured surfaces. Alkaline phosphatase, as a model enzyme, was locally bound to the modified areas, thus showing that the technique can be used for the development of protein microarrays.
Double Jahn–Teller Distortion in AuGe Complexes Leading to a Dual Blue–Orange Emission
Authors: Bojan R. Vilma , López‐de‐Luzuriaga José M. , Monge Miguel , Olmos M. Elena , Echeverría Raquel , Lehtonen Olli , Sundholm Dage
Published: August 2015

The tetrahedral AuI complexes [Au(GeCl3)L3] (L=PMe3 (1), PMe2Ph (2), PMePh2 (3), PPh3 (4)) were synthesized by in situ treatment of the [Au(GeCl3)(tht)] complex with three equivalents of the corresponding tertiary phosphine. The crystal structures of complexes 1 and 3 have been determined through X‐ray diffraction studies and show [GeCl3]− fragments bonded to the corresponding [Au(PR3)3]+ units through covalent bonds, leading to a tetrahedral coordination environment for gold. Complexes 3 and 4 show dual phosphorescence in the solid state at 77 K and, in the case of complex 4, an interesting room‐temperature mechanochromism effect is observed. Correlated MP2, SCS‐MP2, SCS‐CC2, and ONIOM MP2/UFF calculations suggest the existence of two largely distorted and thermally connected triplet excited states (T1 and T2) for a model system of complex 4. The AuP3+ moiety can be distorted in two different planes leading to the two triplet excited states T1 and T2, leaving the GeCl3− unit almost unaltered. The emissions of these phosphorescent AuIGeII complexes is mainly ascribed to a metal (gold)‐centered (3MC) transition with some contribution from the [GeCl3]− fragments.
Visible‐Light‐Driven Oxidation of Organic Substrates with Dioxygen Mediated by a [Ru(bpy)3]2+/Laccase System
Authors: Schneider Ludovic , Mekmouche Yasmina , Rousselot‐Pailley Pierre , Simaan A. Jalila , Robert Viviane , Réglier Marius , Aukauloo Ally , Tron Thierry
Published: August 2015

Oxidation reactions are highly important chemical transformations that still require harsh reaction conditions and stoichiometric amounts of chemical oxidants that are often toxic. To circumvent these issues, olefins oxidation is achieved in mild conditions upon irradiation of an aqueous solution of the complex [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and the enzyme laccase. Epoxide formation is coupled to the light‐driven reduction of O2 by [Ru(bpy)3]2+/laccase system. The reactivity can be explained by dioxygen acting both as an oxidative agent and as renewable electron acceptor, avoiding the use of a sacrificial electron acceptor.
Continuous Flow Polymer Synthesis toward Reproducible Large‐Scale Production for Efficient Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Pirotte Geert , Kesters Jurgen , Verstappen Pieter , Govaerts Sanne , Manca Jean , Lutsen Laurence , Vanderzande Dirk , Maes Wouter
Published: August 2015

Organic photovoltaics (OPV) have attracted great interest as a solar cell technology with appealing mechanical, aesthetical, and economies‐of‐scale features. To drive OPV toward economic viability, low‐cost, large‐scale module production has to be realized in combination with increased top‐quality material availability and minimal batch‐to‐batch variation. To this extent, continuous flow chemistry can serve as a powerful tool. In this contribution, a flow protocol is optimized for the high performance benzodithiophene–thienopyrroledione copolymer PBDTTPD and the material quality is probed through systematic solar‐cell evaluation. A stepwise approach is adopted to turn the batch process into a reproducible and scalable continuous flow procedure. Solar cell devices fabricated using the obtained polymer batches deliver an average power conversion efficiency of 7.2 %. Upon incorporation of an ionic polythiophene‐based cathodic interlayer, the photovoltaic performance could be enhanced to a maximum efficiency of 9.1 %.
Postembryonic staging of wild‐type goldfish, with brief reference to skeletal systems
Authors: Li Ing‐Jia , Chang Chun‐Ju , Liu Shi‐Chieh , Abe Gembu , Ota Kinya G.
Published: August 2015

Background: Artificial selection of postembryonic features is known to have established morphological variation in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Although previous studies have suggested that goldfish and zebrafish are almost directly comparable at the embryonic level, little is known at the postembryonic level. Results: Here, we categorized the postembryonic developmental process in the wild‐type goldfish into 11 different stages. We also report certain differences between the postembryonic developmental processes of goldfish and zebrafish, especially in the skeletal systems (scales and median fin skeletons), suggesting that postembryonic development underwent evolutionary divergence in these two teleost species. Conclusions: Our postembryonic staging system of wild‐type goldfish paves the way for careful and appropriate comparison with other teleost species. The staging system will also facilitate comparative ontogenic analyses between wild‐type and mutant goldfish strains, allowing us to closely study the relationship between artificial selection and molecular developmental mechanisms in vertebrates. Developmental Dynamics 244:1485–1518, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorinated β‐Ketoiminate Zinc Precursors and Their Utility in the AP‐MOCVD Growth of ZnO:F
Authors: Cosham Samuel D. , Kociok‐Köhn Gabriele , Johnson Andrew L. , Hamilton Jeff A. , Hill Michael S. , Molloy Kieran C. , Castaing Rémi
Published: August 2015

A novel family of zinc bis(β‐ketoiminate) complexes 2b–2h have been synthesized by reaction of the isolated free ligands 1a–h with dimethylzinc. The isolated zinc complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and in the case of 2b–d and 2f–h, the molecular structures of the complexes were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction which reveals the compounds to be pseudo‐octahedral six‐coordinate, monomeric homoleptic complexes in the solid state. TG analysis showed complexes 2b–f all to have residual masses at 400 °C of 10 % or less, well below the value for ZnO and thus indicative of volatility. Of these systems 2b [Zn{MeC(O)CHC(NCH2CH2OMe)CF3}2] has been investigated for its utility in the AP‐MOCVD growth of F‐doped ZnO (ZnO:F) in the absence of additional oxidant at 400 °C on glass and silicon substrates.
Lithium Borohydride for Achiral and ­Stereospecific Reductive Boronation at Phosphorus: Lack of Electronic Effects on Stereoselective Formation of Alkoxyphosphonium Salts
Authors: Al Sulaimi Sulaiman S. , Rajendran Kamalraj V. , Gilheany Declan G.
Published: August 2015

We report LiBH4 as a preferred, simple and effective reagent for reductive boronation of achiral and racemic chlorophosphonium salts (CPS) and for diastereomeric alkoxyphosphonium salts (DAPS), both of which are, in turn, easily generated from either the corresponding phosphane or, more conveniently, the phosphane oxide. Further, we have shown that the DAPS reduction/boronation could be achieved with complete stereocontrol to give scalemic phosphane–borane directly in excellent yield and enantiomeric excess (ee). This new methodology was employed to investigate the effects of aryl substitution on the outcome of dynamic kinetic resolution of arylmethylphenylphosphanes and phosphane oxides via DAPS. It was found that substitution at the ortho position strongly affects the degree of stereoselection. However, surprisingly, we confirmed that there was no variation of stereoselectivity seen with the electronic effect of substituents on the para position.
Synthesis of Ganbajunins D and E and the Proposed Structure of Thelephantin D
Authors: Fujiwara Kenshu , Kushibe Keisuke , Sato Takuto , Norikura Toshio , Matsue Hajime , Iwai Kunihisa , Katoono Ryo , Suzuki Takanori
Published: August 2015

The syntheses of ganbajunins D and E and of the structure proposed for thelephantin D, as well as its regioisomer, were achieved in a divergent manner via a common monoester intermediate. The proposed structure of thelephantin D had NMR chemical shifts different from those of natural thelephantin D. This supported Takahashi's suggestion that the true structure of natural thelephantin D should be the same as that of terrestrin C, as was deduced from the similarities in their NMR spectra. The presence of isomerization equilibria between 2′,5′‐ and 2′,6′‐diacyloxy‐p‐terphenyl derivatives in solution, which are the cause of the inseparability of these derivatives, was also demonstrated by monitoring the dynamic transition from a 2′,6′‐diacyloxy‐p‐terphenyl‐rich mixture of the derivatives to an equilibrium mixture. The results of biological and chemical property tests – such as cytotoxicity against cancer cells, affinity towards Fe2+ ion, and antioxidative activity – with the synthesized compounds are also described.
Olefin Cross‐Metathesis: a Versatile Synthetic Reaction for the Design of Janus Liquid Crystals
Authors: Trinh Thi Minh Nguyet , Nguyen Thanh Tung , Kopp Cyril , Pieper Pauline , Russo Virginie , Heinrich Benoît , Donnio Bertrand , Nguyen Thi Le Anh , Deschenaux Robert
Published: August 2015

The olefin cross‐metathesis reaction using the second‐generation Grubbs catalyst was employed to prepare non‐symmetrical thermotropic liquid crystals from various mesomorphic or nonmesomorphic type I and type II olefinic constructs, including linear, chiral, dendritic and ferrocenyl olefins. Smectic C, smectic A and nematic phases, as well as chiral smectic A and chiral nematic phases were observed in agreement with the structure and nature of the mesogens. The olefin cross‐metathesis proved to be a valuable chemical reaction in designing dimeric and Janus‐like thermotropic liquid crystals built from two different molecular entities.
Improved Strategy for the Synthesis of the Anticancer Agent Culicinin D
Authors: Stach Michaela , Weidkamp Andreas J. , Yang Sung‐Hyun , Hung Kuo‐yuan , Furkert Daniel P. , Harris Paul W. R. , Smaill Jeff B. , Patterson Adam V. , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: August 2015

The anticancer peptaibol culicinin D was synthesised via a newly developed pathway. This route included an improved attachment of a C‐terminal amino acid alcohol building block to 2‐chlorotrityl chloride resin. A model system utilising readily available Fmoc‐alaninol as the substitute for the unusual APAE building block was developed to investigate the resin‐loading by N‐anchoring of the first C‐terminal residue and an intramolecular O–N acyl shift. The use of both Fmoc SPPS and the crucial O–N acyl transfer afforded a C‐terminal alcohol that enabled the synthesis of a library of five related peptaibols. This model system was then applied to the synthesis of culicinin D. The C‐terminal APAE building block was anchored to 2‐chlorotrityl chloride resin in 67 % loading yield using the optimised conditions, and culicinin D (6.31 mg, 4 %) was prepared by SPPS prior to peptide cleavage and O–N acyl shift. This synthetic strategy was also used to prepare a diastereomer of culicinin D containing the unnatural (S)‐AHMOD amino acid.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Medium‐Sized‐Ring Lactones by Organocatalytic Michael Addition Followed by Reductively Initiated Fragmentation
Authors: Roudier Mylène , Constantieux Thierry , Quintard Adrien , Rodriguez Jean
Published: August 2015

A new strategy for the rapid synthesis of enantioenriched medium‐sized‐ring lactones was developed. The method combines the organocatalytic Michael addition of cycloalkane‐1,3‐diones to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes with a subsequent reductively initiated Claisen fragmentation, which allows access to 10‐ and 11‐membered‐ring lactones with 91 to >99 % ee.
Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals
Authors: Wang Yuexiang , Mao Lanqun
Published: August 2015

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.
Segmented Thermoelectric Oxide‐Based Module for High‐Temperature Waste Heat Harvesting
Authors: Hung Le Thanh , Van Nong Ngo , Han Li , Bjørk Rasmus , Ngan Pham Hoang , Holgate Tim C. , Balke Benjamin , Snyder G. Jeffrey , Linderoth Søren , Pryds Nini
Published: August 2015

We report a high‐performance thermoelectric (TE) oxide‐based module using the segmentation of half‐Heusler Ti0.3Zr0.35Hf0.35CoSb0.8Sn0.2 and misfit‐layered cobaltite Ca3Co4O9+δ as the p‐leg and 2 % Al‐doped ZnO as the n‐leg. The maximum output power of a 4‐couple segmented module at ΔT=700 K attains a value of approximately 6.5 kW m−2, which is three times higher than that of the best reported non‐segmented oxide module. The TE properties of individual legs, as well as the interfacial contact resistances, were characterized as a function of temperature. Numerical modeling was used to predict the efficiency and to evaluate the influence of the electrical and thermal losses on the performance of TE modules. Initial long‐term stability tests of the module at the hot and the cold side temperatures of 1073 K and 444 K, respectively, showed a promising result with 4 % degradation for 48 h operating in air.
Changing sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in sediments and ecological risk for nekton in the lower Passaic River and Newark Bay, New Jersey, USA
Authors: Khairy Mohammed , Barrett Kirk , Lohmann Rainer
Published: August 2015

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in sediments (surface and deeper sediments) and porewater of the lower Passaic River and Newark Bay (New Jersey, USA) to apportion their sources and conduct an ecological risk assessment. Positive matrix factorization was applied to identify sources of PCDD/Fs. Five source profiles were extracted from the positive matrix factorization model applied to the sediment samples including chloranil, combustion, polychlorinated biphenyl impurities, mixed urban sources, and the historical contamination from the former Diamond Alkali plant. The ecological risk assessment was estimated using several lines of evidence depending on site-specific data (blue crab and fish samples representing different feeding habits and positions in the trophic wood web of the river). Porewater concentrations gave the best estimates of lipid concentrations especially in the blue crab samples (with an average factor difference of 3.8). Calculated hazard quotients (HQs) for the fish samples and blue crab were >1 based on the no-effect concentration and tissue screening concentration approaches. At the same time, calculated porewater toxic units were >1. Sediment concentrations exceeded the published sediment quality guidelines for the protection of fish and benthic species, indicating the existence of significant risk to the aquatic life in the Passaic River. Accordingly, further actions and control measures are needed to reduce the emission of PCDD/Fs from ongoing sources. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:550–562. © 2015 SETAC
Variational formulations for single‐crystal strain‐gradient plasticity at large deformations
Authors: Reddy B. D.
Published: August 2015

Variational formulations are constructed for rate‐independent problems in single‐crystal strain‐gradient plasticity in the framework of large deformations. Provision is made for energetic and dissipative microstresses, and a hardening law based on accumulated generalized slips is introduced. The variational formulations use the flow rule either in terms of the dissipation function or a generalized normality law. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mediating water governance: point‐of‐use water filtration devices for low‐income communities along the US–Mexico border
Authors: Vandewalle Emily , Jepson Wendy
Published: August 2015

Small‐scale decentralised facilities and household‐level water purification technologies (HWTs) have become unconventional modes of delivering potable water. This paper examines how HWTs transformed from a temporary solution to unsanitary drinking water conditions in the global South to a legitimised technological fix for communities that experience chronic household water insecurity in the United States. We examine the discursive and material processes through which HWTs are applied in periurban and rural subdivisions on the Texas–Mexico border, called colonias. HWTs, through the intervention of social entrepreneurs, experts, and the state, mediate water governance by rearticulating the individual solution and foreclosing a collective or political process to improve community water systems for colonia residents.
Geochemistry, zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os dating of the Taolaituo porphyry Mo deposit in the Central Great Hinggan Range: implications for the geodynamic evolution of northeastern China
Authors: Wu Chen , Jiang Tian , Wu Chu , Li Hanshi , Li Zheng , Liu Wencan
Published: August 2015

The Taolaituo porphyry‐type molybdenum deposit is located in the eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China. The mineralization occurs mainly as veins, lenses and layers within the host porphyry. To better understand the link between the mineralization and the host igneous rocks, we studied samples from the underground workings and report new SHRIMP II zircon U–Pb and Re–Os molybdenite ages, and geochemical data from both the molybdenites and the porphyry granites. Five molybdenite samples yield a Re–Os isochron weighted mean age of 133.0 ± 0.82 Ma, whereas the porphyry granitoids samples yield crystallization ages of 133 ± 1 Ma and 130.4 ± 1.3 Ma. The U–Pb and Re–Os ages are similar, suggesting that the mineralization is genetically related to the Early Cretaceous porphyry emplacement. Re contents of the molybdenites range from 21.74 to 42.45 ppm, with an average of 32.69 ppm, whereas δ34S values vary between 3.7‰ and 4.2‰, which is typical of mantle sulphur. The 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/ 204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb vary in the ranges of 18.276–18.385, 15.566–15.580 and 38.321–38.382, respectively. The Taolaituo Early Cretaceous granitoids are A‐type granites. These observations indicate that the molybdenites and the porphyry granites were derived from a mixed source involving young accretionary materials and enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle. A synthesis of geochronological and geological data reveals that porphyry emplacement and Mo mineralization in the Taolaituo deposit occurred contemporaneously with the Early Cretaceous tectonothermal events associated with lithospheric thinning, which was caused by delamination and subsequent upwelling of the asthenosphere associated with intra‐continental extension in northeast China. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of APOE promoter polymorphism on the topological organization of brain structural connectome in nondemented elderly
Authors: Shu Ni , Li Xin , Ma Chao , Zhang Junying , Chen Kewei , Liang Ying , Chen Yaojing , Zhang Zhanjun
Published: August 2015

The polymorphism of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) promoter rs405509 can regulate the transcriptional activity of the APOE gene and is related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, its effects on cognitive performance and the underlying brain mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we performed a battery of neuropsychological tests in a large sample (837 subjects) of nondemented elderly Chinese people, and explored the related brain mechanisms via the construction of diffusion MRI‐based structural connectome and graph analysis from a subset (84 subjects) of the sample. Cognitively, the rs405509 risk allele (TT) carriers showed decreased attention and execution functions compared with noncarriers (GG/GT). Regarding the topological alterations of the brain connectome, the risk allele group exhibited reduced global and local efficiency of white matter structural networks, mainly in the left anterior and posterior cingulate cortices (PCC). Importantly, the efficiency of the left PCC is correlated with the impaired attention function and mediates the impacts of the rs405509 genotype on attention. These results demonstrated that the rs405509 polymorphism affects attention function in nondemented elderly people, possibly by modulating brain structural connectivity of the PCC. This polymorphism may help us to understand the neural mechanisms of cognitive aging and to serve as a potential marker assessing the risk of AD. Hum Brain Mapp 36:4847–4858, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk of second primary malignancy after nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the United States: A population‐based study
Authors: Chan Jason Y. K. , Gooi Zhen , Mydlarz Wojciech K. , Agrawal Nishant
Published: August 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of second primary malignancies in patients diagnosed with an index nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in the United States.

Methods

The cohort was assembled from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database with a primary NPC between 1973 and 2005.

Results

There was a 47% increased risk of second primary malignancy. The sites with increased risk include the oral cavity and pharynx (standardized incidence ratio [SIR] = 7.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.21–9.49), esophagus (SIR = 3.50; 95% CI = 1.68–6.44), nose, nasal cavity, and middle ear (SIR = 15.54; 95% CI = 5.70–33.83), and lung and bronchus (SIR = 2.39; 95% CI = 1.91–2.96).

Conclusion

Patients with NPC are likely at a significant risk for second primary malignancies, most notably in the oral cavity and pharynx, which is most likely related to genetic susceptibility, increased surveillance, and treatment effects. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1130–E1136, 2016
False‐positive finding of retropharyngeal lymph node recurrence in both fluorine 18FDG PET and MRI in a patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Tsai Ming‐Chen , Shu Yu‐Chi , Hsu Chia‐Chen , Lin Chih‐Kung , Lee Jih‐Chin , Chu Yueng‐Hsiang , Huang Wen‐Yen
Published: August 2015

Background

Biopsy of the retropharyngeal node is not routinely accessible. The diagnosis of retropharyngeal lymph node recurrence in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is often based on an imaging study.

Methods

We reported a patient with NPC who was incorrectly diagnosed with left retropharyngeal lymph node recurrence by both MRI and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT.

Results

A woman who was treated for stage IVA NPC 2 years previously was found to have a nodal lesion in the left retropharyngeal space on MRI together with focal fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on PET/CT. Locoregional recurrence was suspected, and surgery was performed. Subsequent pathology results showed reactive lymphoid hyperplasia.

Conclusion

Although tissue biopsy for the retropharyngeal node is technically difficult, this case demonstrates that tumor recurrence cannot be diagnosed even based on both positive findings on MRI and PET/CT in patients with NPC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E84–E86, 2016
Median raphe stimulation‐induced motor inhibition concurrent with suppression of type 1 and type 2 hippocampal theta
Authors: Bland Brian H. , Bland Cheryl E. , MacIver M. Bruce
Published: August 2015

This study investigated behavioral, anatomical and electrophysiological effects produced by electrical stimulation of posterior hypothalamic (PH) or median raphe (MR) nuclei, independently and during combined stimulation of both PH and MR. These three stimulation conditions were applied during spontaneous behavior in an open field and during PH stimulation‐induced wheel running, while simultaneously recording hippocampal (HPC) field activity. An additional objective was to determine the effects of MR stimulation on Type 1 movement related theta and Type 2 sensory processing related theta. To achieve the latter, when behavioral studies were completed we studied the same rats under urethane anesthesia and then during urethane anesthesia with the addition of atropine sulfate (ATSO4). Here we demonstrated that electrical stimulation of a localized region of the MR nucleus resulted in a profound inhibition of both spontaneously occurring theta related motor behaviors and the theta related motor behaviors induced by electrical stimulation of the PH nucleus. Furthermore, this motor inhibition occurred concurrently with strong suppression of hippocampal theta field oscillations in the freely moving rat, a condition where the theta recorded is Type 2 sensory processing theta occurring coincidently with Type 1 movement related theta (Bland, 1986). Our results indicate that motor inhibition resulted from stimulation of neurons located in the mid central region of the MR, while stimulation in adjacent regions produced variable responses, including movements and theta activity. The present study provided evidence that the pharmacological basis of the suppression of Type 2 sensory processing HPC theta was cholinergic. However, MR inhibition of PH‐induced wheel running was not affected by cholinergic blockade, which blocks Type 2 theta, indicating that MR stimulation‐induced motor inhibition also requires the suppression of Type 1 theta. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Donor miR‐196a‐2 polymorphism is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation in a Han Chinese population
Authors: Xu Xiao , Ling Qi , Wang Jianguo , Xie Haiyang , Wei Xuyong , Lu Di , Hu Qichao , Zhang Xuanyu , Wu Liming , Zhou Lin , Zheng Shusen
Published: August 2015

Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of death after liver transplantation (LT). We aim to evaluate the association of donor and recipient single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the risk of HCC recurrence after LT. A total of 155 adult patients who underwent primary LT for HCC were enrolled. Ten SNPs associated with HCC susceptibility were genotyped. Patients who received donor livers with the rs11614913 homozygous CC variant presented significantly higher recurrence rates of HCC (41.7 vs. 15.3%, p = 0.009) and lower cumulative tumor‐free survival (p = 0.005) than those who received TT wild‐type donor livers. The donor rs11614913 genetic variant was an independent risk factor for HCC recurrence (odds ratio = 2 per each C allele, p < 0.05) and could significantly improve the predictive abilities of clinical models (Milan, UCSF and Hangzhou criteria). Donor livers homozygous for rs11614913 CC were associated with a higher miR‐196a expression than TT (p = 0.002). In a lentiviral infection of mouse liver and orthotopic mouse model of HCC, the liver miR‐196a overexpression group showed a significantly larger tumor size than the control group (p = 0.001). There is a close association between the tumor size and expression of miR‐196a in the liver (r = 0.693, p = 0.001). In conclusion, the donor miR‐196a‐2 rs11614913 polymorphism is associated with HCC recurrence after LT and improves the predictive value of clinical models. The overexpression of miR‐196a in the liver might provide a tumor‐favorable environment for the development of HCC.
The distribution of BRAF gene fusions in solid tumors and response to targeted therapy
Authors: Ross Jeffrey S. , Wang Kai , Chmielecki Juliann , Gay Laurie , Johnson Adrienne , Chudnovsky Jacob , Yelensky Roman , Lipson Doron , Ali Siraj M , Elvin Julia A. , Vergilio Jo‐Anne , Roels Steven , Miller Vincent A , Nakamura Brooke N. , Gray Adam , Wong Michael K , Stephens Philip J
Published: August 2015

Although the BRAF V600E base substitution is an approved target for the BRAF inhibitors in melanoma, BRAF gene fusions have not been investigated as anticancer drug targets. In our study, a wide variety of tumors underwent comprehensive genomic profiling for hundreds of known cancer genes using the FoundationOne™ or FoundationOne Heme™ comprehensive genomic profiling assays. BRAF fusions involving the intact in‐frame BRAF kinase domain were observed in 55 (0.3%) of 20,573 tumors, across 12 distinct tumor types, including 20 novel BRAF fusions. These comprised 29 unique 5′ fusion partners, of which 31% (9) were known and 69% (20) were novel. BRAF fusions included 3% (14/531) of melanomas; 2% (15/701) of gliomas; 1.0% (3/294) of thyroid cancers; 0.3% (3/1,062) pancreatic carcinomas; 0.2% (8/4,013) nonsmall‐cell lung cancers and 0.2% (4/2,154) of colorectal cancers, and were enriched in pilocytic (30%) vs. nonpilocytic gliomas (1%; p < 0.0001), Spitzoid (75%) vs. nonSpitzoid melanomas (1%; p = 0.0001), acinar (67%) vs. nonacinar pancreatic cancers (<1%; p < 0.0001) and papillary (3%) vs. nonpapillary thyroid cancers (0%; p < 0.03). Clinical responses to trametinib and sorafenib are presented. In conclusion, BRAF fusions are rare driver alterations in a wide variety of malignant neoplasms, but enriched in Spitzoid melanoma, pilocytic astrocytomas, pancreatic acinar and papillary thyroid cancers.
An aptamer targeting shared tumor‐specific peptide antigen of MAGE‐A3 in multiple cancers
Authors: Wang Chin‐Yu , Lin Bai‐Ling , Chen Chung‐Hsuan
Published: August 2015

A DNA aptamer was identified against the shared tumor‐specific MAGE‐A3111–125 peptide antigen. The dissociation constant between the aptamer and the peptide was measured at 57 nM. Binding of the aptamer to seven types of cancer cells, melanoma, breast, colorectal, liver, lung, pancreas and oral cancer, was confirmed with flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging. Cy3‐conjugated aptamers signals were specifically localized to the surface of those cancer cells. The results indicate that the DNA aptamer against the shared tumor‐specific MAGE‐A3 peptide can be used in cancer cell targeting and has the potential for developing into new modalities for the diagnosis of multiple cancers.
Association between physical activity and all cancer mortality: Dose–response meta‐analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Li Yingjun , Gu Mengjia , Jing Fangyuan , Cai Shaofang , Bao Chengzhen , Wang Jianbing , Jin Mingjuan , Chen Kun
Published: August 2015

The relationship between physical activity (PA) before cancer diagnosis and all cancer mortality among the general population is not well defined because of inconsistent results from published studies. Thus, the lack of a meta‐analysis that addresses that issue prompted the current report. We conducted a literature search of PubMed and Web of Science to identify all relevant epidemiological studies published before February 28, 2015. We performed categorical and dose–response meta‐analyses to evaluate and quantify the association between pre‐diagnosis PA and all cancer mortality. A total of 32 prospective cohort studies involving 59,362 cancer deaths were included in this meta‐analysis. The pooled relative risks (RRs) of all cancer mortality were 0.80 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.76–0.85)] for highest versus lowest PA group and 0.85 (95% CI = 0.82–0.88) for PA versus non/occasional PA group. Dose–response analysis showed that the increment in pre‐diagnosis PA level was associated with a decreased risk of cancer death continuously. Moreover, an increment of 10 MET‐h/week was related to a 7% lower risk for all cancer mortality (RR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.91–0.95). In conclusion, the present meta‐analysis provides evidence of an inverse association between pre‐diagnosis PA and all cancer mortality among the general population. High‐quality epidemiological studies that employ standardized PA assessments and unified definitions of PA levels should be developed in future.
Temperament and self‐based correlates of cooperative, competitive and individualistic learning preferences
Authors: Gocłowska Małgorzata A. , Aldhobaiban Nawal , Elliot Andrew J. , Murayama Kou , Kobeisy Ahmed , Abdelaziz Ashraf
Published: August 2015

People vary in the extent to which they prefer cooperative, competitive or individualistic achievement tasks. In this research, we conducted two studies designed to investigate correlates and possible roots of these social interdependence orientations, namely approach and avoidance temperament, general self‐efficacy, implicit theories of intelligence, and contingencies of self‐worth based in others' approval, competition and academic competence. The results indicated that approach temperament, general self‐efficacy and incremental theory were positively related, and entity theory was negatively related to cooperative preferences (|r| range from .11 to .41); approach temperament, general self‐efficacy, competition contingencies and academic competence contingencies were positively related to competitive preferences (|r| range from .16 to .46); and avoidance temperament, entity theory, competitive contingencies and academic competence contingencies were positively related, and incremental theory was negatively related to individualistic preferences (|r| range from .09 to .15). The findings are discussed with regard to the meaning of each of the three social interdependence orientations, cultural differences among the observed relations and implications for practitioners.
Lean Reliability Engineering
Authors: Barnard Albertyn
Published: August 2015

Many reliability engineering activities practised today cannot contribute to the objective of reliability engineering, which is the prevention of failure. Lean is a management philosophy with the objective of maximising value by removal of waste from all activities. Waste is defined as any non‐value added activity or process. Can lean be applied to reliability engineering?

This paper starts with a brief discussion on the essence and practice of both reliability engineering and lean. It provides a definition of value in the context of reliability engineering, and applies this definition to identify categories of reliability engineering activities which can be considered as waste. It is argued that lean can (and should) be used during the development of a Reliability Program Plan to select only value added activities for execution.
Implementation of information technology in a South African construction company: A case study
Authors: Eicker Albert , Weeks Richard
Published: August 2015

The unpacking and uptake of technologies and specifically information technology has proven to be a critical strategic tool in many industries, but considering the nature of the construction industry this adoption of new technologies have been relatively slow in comparison (Kim, 2003:25).

This research study investigates the technology information implementation strategies and methodologies followed by an industry representative of the construction industry. The main theoretical proposition of the study is to understand the factors that influence technology systems implementation projects at construction organisations and to establish the rational for those influencing factors. The contextual comparison between the approaches followed by the company and of that reported in relevant implementation derived literature highlights the evident disparities and explores the results thereof.

The findings revealed that the underlying cause of the implementation problems were in the fact that the technology and overall company strategies where misaligned and that the user requirements for the implementation project were not clearly defined from the onset of the project. Organisational culture and leadership primarily dictates the direction of implementation projects, and the identification and selection of technologies are conducted in an isolated fashion, further driving the internal misalignment between departments and strategies.

For future technology implementation projects it is proposed that clear user requirements are established and that thorough change management programmes are utilised to ensure stakeholder buy‐in throughout the organisation, this would also drive the alignment of the different internal business strategies within the organisation.
Requirements engineering for human activity systems
Authors: Erasmus Jonnro
Published: August 2015

The paper explores the use of requirements engineering techniques and principles for the description of social systems. The scope is limited to only defining requirements for the system‐of‐interest, thus excluding any attempt to design the system. The requirements engineering domain is briefly investigated to identify the applicable techniques and principles. Systems theory and soft systems methodology are investigated to understand how social systems are currently described and analysed. To demonstrate how requirements engineering and social systems may be unified, the example of an illustrative health care system is used. The paper concludes with the finding that it is a valid approach to use requirements to describe desired characteristics of social systems, for the purpose of giving context and enabling the systems engineering of elements of social systems.
A template for solving wicked problems
Authors: Graves Henson , Garrett Robert K.
Published: August 2015

Wicked engineering problems are the ones that are difficult to solve because of complex interdependences between the systems involved, and incomplete, inconsistent, information about the problem context. Wicked problems are dynamic and span many domains with complex legal, ethical, and societal aspects. Analysis of large data sets is at the core of understanding wicket problems. The high volume, high velocity, and high variety of information requires new ways of processing for decision making, insight discovery and process optimization. The ability, and necessity, to offload cognitive processing to computers fundamentally changes the engineering tool set. Cognitive processing by computer offers the ability to generate and test hypothesis of problem causes and solution consequences. Engineers need to understand how these tools work, how they can make problem solving easier, as well as the pitfalls of their use.
Reconfigurability in Decision‐centered System Design
Authors: Houllier Marc
Published: August 2015

Correctly informing the decision makers of the consequences of the various choices they can take during design is an important task which requires specific tools. With as our system of interest an emergency encampment, we explore the design dimension that is reconfigurability. Specifically, we explore the trade‐offs implied by the choice of a reconfigurable architecture and the possibility to include reconfigurability in architecture multi‐objective optimization, with a study of the complexity induced by such an inclusion. Finally, we take a look at a broader set of system properties for which this study applies, and the trade‐offs between these properties.