bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erucic acid increases the potency of cisplatin‐induced colorectal cancer cell death and oxidative stress by upregulating the TRPM2 channel
Authors: Nazıroğlu Ayşenur , Çarhan Ahmet , Nazıroğlu Mustafa
Published: September 2024

Erucic acid (ErA) is a source of omega‐9 monounsaturated fatty acids. ErA exhibited antitumor effects by causing apoptosis and oxidative stress in tumor cells, with the exception of the HT‐29 human colorectal cancer cell line. The apoptotic and Ca2+ signaling pathways in tumor cells are triggered when mitochondrial Ca2+ and Zn2+ accumulation produce reactive free oxygen species (ROS), which in turn activate TRPM2. ErA‐induced ROS and TRPM2 stimulation may augment the anticancer action of cisplatin (CSP). We aimed to study the effects of ErA and CSP incubations on ROS, apoptosis, and cell death in the HT‐29 cells by activating TRPM2. The cells were divided into five groups: control, ErA (200 µM for 48 h), CSP (25 µM for 24 h), and ErA + CSP + TRPM2 antagonists (200 µM carvacrol and 25 µM N‐(p‐amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid for 24 h). The TRPM2 antagonists reduced ErA plus CSP‐induced increases in H2O2‐induced intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) and adenosine diphosphate‐ribose‐caused TRPM2 currents. ErA and CSP were found to cause apoptosis and cell death by raising the intracellular free Zn2+ concentration (Zn2+]c), caspase‐3, −8, and −9, mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, and ROS, while lowering reduced glutathione, cell viability, and cell number. The oxidative, apoptotic, and tumor cell death effects of CSP in the cells were enhanced by the increase of ErA‐mediated [Ca2+]c and Zn2+]c entering mitochondria through the activation of TRPM2. In conclusion, we observed that the combination of ErA and CSP was synergistic via TRPM2 activation for the treatment of HT‐29 tumor cells.
Hypocalcemic cardiomyopathy with heart failure: A rare Case report
Authors: Kharel Manish , Subedi Anukul , Hossain Md Fahad
Published: September 2024

Key Clinical Message

Hypocalcemia is one of the rarest causes of reversible cardiomyopathy. Patients with refractory heart failure need to be explored for hypocalcemia and need prompt correction.

Hypocalcemia is a rare cause of reversible dilated cardiomyopathy. Correction of calcium is crucial to recover left ventricular function and structure. We presented the case of a 55‐year‐old female who was admitted to the hospital with refractory heart failure due to hypocalcemia induced by primary hypoparathyroidism and complicated by vitamin D deficiency. The patient's cardiac symptoms improved dramatically upon correction of hypocalcemia, and vitamin D. Therefore, the key clinical message of this case report is, that hypocalcemia, although rare, should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses when heart failure is refractory and early diagnosis and treatment is necessary as it is the cause of reversible cardiomyopathy and could reduce morbidity and mortality.
One‐Pot Divergent Synthesis of a 13‐Ring Triquinone and its Facile Conversion to a [4.4.4]Tridecastarphene
Authors: Geng Hao , Kopreski Ryan P. , Liu Qian , Briggs Jonathan B. , Miller Glen P.
Published: September 2024

Acenes are notable for their optoelectronic properties and applications in organic electronics. Starphenes are structurally related molecules possessing three acene arms that radiate linearly from a central benzene ring (i. e., linearly annellated triphenylenes). Large starphenes have been prepared using convergent syntheses involving transition metal catalyzed cyclotrimerizations of either preformed acenes or arynes. Here, we report a one‐pot divergent synthesis of a 13‐ring triquinone that is readily converted to a [4.4.4]tridecastarphene derivative. The one‐pot procedure involves the sequential reactions of three 1,4‐anthraquinones with o‐quinodimethane derivatives that are generated sequentially from a stable, trisulfone precursor. The resulting [4.4.4]tridecastarphene derivative bearing p‐(t‐butyl)phenyl substituents was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and UV‐vis spectroscopies, as well as mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Theoretical and experimental studies reveal a relatively high‐lying HOMO orbital (about −4.70 to −4.86 eV) and a relatively small HOMO‐LUMO gap (2.1 eV), suggesting utility as a p‐type organic semiconductor. Our [4.4.4]tridecastarphene derivative photooxidizes in a CH2Cl2 solution exposed to ambient light and air with a half‐life of 150 minutes at room temperature, but shows no sign of degradation after 12 months in the solid‐state. Our [4.4.4]tridecastarphene derivative also shows excellent solubility in a number of organic solvents including dichloromethane, chloroform and toluene, potentially enabling printed electronic applications.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Deoxycyclophellitols as Human Retaining β‐Glucosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Radchenko Yevhenii , Su Qin , Schröder Sybrin S. , van Gijlswijk Luke , Artola Marta , Aerts Johannes M. F. G. , Codée Jeroen D. C. , Overkleeft Herman S.
Published: September 2024

Cyclophellitol is a potent and selective mechanism‐based retaining β‐glucosidase inhibitor that has served as a versatile starting point for the development of activity‐based glycosidase probes (ABPs). We developed routes of synthesis of eight mono‐ and dideoxycyclophellitols and cyclophellitol aziridines, the latter as ABPs carrying either a biotin or fluorophore linked to the aziridine nitrogen. We reveal the potency of these 24 compounds as inhibitors of the three human retaining β‐glucosidases, GBA1, GBA2 and GBA3. We show that 3,6‐dideoxy‐β‐galacto‐cyclophellitol aziridine selectively captures GBA3 over GBA1 and GBA2 in extracts of cells overexpressing both GBA2 and GBA3. We also identify a probe that selectively labels GBA1 and GBA2 over GBA3 at lower concentrations. In sum, the here‐presented studies reveal new chemistries to prepare chiral, substituted cyclitol epoxides and aziridines, add to the growing suite of cyclophellitols varying in configuration and substitution pattern, and yielded a reagent that may find use to investigate the physiological role and therapeutic relevance of the most elusive of the three retaining β‐glucosidases: GBA3.
CrMn‐based catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene with CO2
Authors: Moniri Armin , Badoga Sandeep , Ali Mohamed , Chen Jinwen
Published: September 2024

The paper investigates the catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation of propane with carbon dioxide (ODH‐CO2) as a promising route for propylene production, an avenue yet to be commercially developed. Utilizing the incipient wetness catalyst preparation method, CrMn catalysts were synthesized on three supports (γ‐Al2O3, ZSM‐5, and SBA‐15). Comprehensive characterization through Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM)/scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)‐energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), and hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H2‐TPR) was conducted to comprehend catalyst behaviour. Among the six catalysts tested, Cr/SBA‐15 was exhibited as the best performer, achieving propane and CO2 conversions of 36.2% and 14.1%, respectively, with a propylene selectivity of 33.4%. Over a 50‐h time on stream (TOS), it demonstrated gradual declines in conversions while retaining 75% of initial values. The incorporation of manganese as a promoter effectively mitigated coke formation, albeit with slight reductions in propane conversion and propylene selectivity.
Bioremediation of Toxic Metals Using Aquatic Macrophytes: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Singh Salam Suresh , Meitei Maibam Dhanaraj , Upadhyay Keshav Kumar , Chanda Rajdeep , Mawi Ramthar , Singh Ngangbam Somen , Brearley Francis Q. , Tripathi Shri Kant
Published: September 2024

Environmental pollution caused by urbanization, agricultural intensification, and industrialization has led to an increase in the disposal of toxic effluents in aquatic environments. Most ecosystems in the world receive a variety of toxic metals (TMs) that exceed the capacity of water bodies to absorb or recycle them, thereby threatening aquatic and human life. Physicochemical remediation methods encounter problems because of the high cost, labor input, and use of chemicals with long residence times that later add toxic by‐products. However, bioremediation techniques are a safe option for mitigating environmental pollution because of their high efficiency, cost‐effectiveness, non‐intrusiveness, eco‐friendliness, ease of application, and social acceptance. Submerged and free‐floating macrophytes were found to be more effective in the bioaccumulation of TMs than emergent macrophytes. Furthermore, most studies have suggested the use of macrophytes for the removal of TMs from water bodies; however, studies on the management of phytoremediated biomass are scarce. This review demonstrates the role of various macrophytes for the removal of TMs from water bodies and suggests techniques for the disposal and recycling of phytoremediated biomass with accumulated TMs. Further, the applications of genetically modified plants, nanotechnology, and native hyperaccumulators have been suggested as suitable candidates for greater efficiency of phytoremediation and appropriate management of TMs in the environment in the future.
A call for action: Insights from the pre‐COP28 scholarly discourse and beyond the operationalization of the Loss and Damage Fund
Authors: Shumba Dorcas Stella
Published: September 2024

This paper conducts a semisystematic literature review from 2021 to 2023, focusing on loss and damage (L&D). Drawing upon the works of various scholars, it synthesizes critical concerns raised in the literature and assesses whether these concerns were addressed by the Transitional Committee's report on the operationalization of the new funding arrangements for responding to loss and damage, as outlined in COP 28 decisions 1/CP.28 and 5/CMA.5. By analyzing scholarly discussions on L&D leading up to COP 28, the study gauges the extent to which academic concerns have been addressed and identifies areas requiring improvement for better management of climate change‐induced L&D effects. The findings provide valuable insights for ongoing deliberations on the Loss and Damage Fund (LDF), offering guidance for policymakers as they address these challenges. Additionally, the paper informs future policy directions to ensure responsiveness to the needs of communities affected by climate change‐induced L&D. Lastly, the study contributes to ongoing scholarly dialogues by laying the groundwork for future research endeavors in this critical area.
Electrooxidative C(sp3)−H Cyanation of Sparteine and Lupanine in Undivided Batch and Continuous‐Flow Cells
Authors: Durão Raquel M. , Clemente Duarte B. , Muiz Abdullahi A. , Lima Sara , Carvalho Daniel F. , De Vos Stijn , de Jesus Rita , Fortuna Andreia , Afonso Carlos A. M. , Coelho Jaime A. S.
Published: September 2024

Sparteine is widely used as a chiral ligand in asymmetric synthesis, but methods for providing efficient access to functionalized sparteine derivatives are still limited. Herein, we describe an electrochemical α‐cyanation of sparteine‐type bis‐quinolizidine alkaloids. This method features commercially available setups for batch and single‐pass continuous flow conditions, enabling easy gram scale synthesis of valuable racemic and enantiopure products. Moreover, insights into the selectivity of the reaction and overoxidation mechanisms are disclosed. This allows for the development of divergent oxidation pathways depending on the electrolysis conditions.
A Four‐Degrees‐of‐Freedom Modulation Strategy for Series Resonant DAB DC‐AC Application
Authors: Zhang Ruifeng , Khan Muhammad Mansoor , Zhao Jing , Mukhametdinova Adelina , Khan Muhammad Qasim
Published: September 2024

In this article, a bidirectional DC‐AC modulation strategy for series resonant dual active bridge converter (SR‐DAB) is proposed. This modulation strategy combines phase shift (PS) and variable frequency (VF), which utilize four control variables, namely, three PS ratios and switching frequency. Three of four control variables are used for every operating scenario. Modulation methods under both buck and boost modes are considered and designed to attain a wide voltage gain range. Situations when modulation variables reach near transition limits are also given attention by introducing the notion of transition mode to realize smooth transition. The modulation strategy is optimized and designed by considering the operating constraints and the power losses in all aspects. Comparison of this optimization strategy with other strategies is carried out to prove the advantages of the proposed strategy. Finally, a 500‐W prototype is designed and built, which can operate under the condition of input DC voltage 10–50 V and output AC voltage 220 Vrms, 50 Hz, and the measured peak efficiency reaches 96.2%.
Diagnostic Accuracy of the WHO System for Reporting Lung Cytopathology: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Shakthivel V. , Ahluwalia Charanjeet , Ahuja Sana , Ranga Sunil
Published: September 2024

Background

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths globally, with early diagnosis crucial for improving survival. The 2023 WHO reporting system for lung cytopathology aims to standardize diagnostic criteria. This study assesses the system's diagnostic accuracy.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective study analyzed 207 respiratory tract cytology samples (bronchoalveolar lavage/bronchial washing and endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration) from January 2023 to June 2024. Samples were classified into five WHO categories: Nondiagnostic, Benign, Atypical, Suspicious for Malignancy, and Malignant. Histological correlation was performed where available. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy were calculated using histological diagnosis as the reference.

Results

Patients ranged from 27 to 87 years old, with a male‐to‐female ratio of 5.8:1. Sample distribution: Nondiagnostic (3.4%), Benign (63.7%), Atypical (6.3%), Suspicious for Malignancy (16.9%), and Malignant (9.6%). Histological correlation was available for 46.3% of cases. Risk of malignancy (ROM) was 25% for Nondiagnostic, 25.7% for Benign, 44.4% for Atypical, 93.5% for Suspicious for Malignancy, and 100% for Malignant. Highest sensitivity (84.75%) and NPV (74.29%) were achieved when Atypical, Suspicious for Malignancy, and Malignant categories were considered positive for malignancy.

Conclusion

The 2023 WHO reporting system for lung cytopathology offers a standardized and accurate diagnostic framework, enhancing patient management. Further studies are recommended to validate these results.
Effects of Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐1 Receptor Agonist on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover Markers: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Kim Hee‐Ju , Choi Seo‐A , Gu Min‐Sun , Ko Seo‐Yeong , Kwon Jae‐Hee , Han Ja‐Young , Kim Jae Hyun , Kim Myeong Gyu
Published: September 2024

Aims

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA) may promote bone formation, but conversely, they could also weaken bones due to the reduction in mechanical load associated with weight loss. However, the clinical effects in humans have not been clearly demonstrated. This meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate whether GLP‐1RAs affect BMD and bone turnover markers.

Material and Methods

PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched on June 13, 2024. The eligibility criteria were: (1) human studies, (2) receiving a GLP‐1RA for more than 4 weeks, (3) an untreated control group or a placebo group, (4) reporting of at least one BMD or bone turnover marker, and (5) an RCT design. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias 2 tool. Fixed‐ or random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed according to heterogeneity.

Results

Seven studies were included in the meta‐analysis. GLP‐1RAs did not significantly change BMD in the femoral neck (mean difference [MD], 0.01 g/cm2; 95% CI, −0.01–0.04 g/cm2), in the total hip (MD, −0.01 g/cm2; 95% CI, −0.02–0.01 g/cm2), and in the lumbar spine (MD, 0 g/cm2; 95% CI, −0.02–0.02 g/cm2). C‐terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX), a bone resorption marker, significantly increased after GLP‐1RA treatment (MD, 0.04 μg/L; 95% CI, 0.01–0.07 μg/L). GLP‐1RAs did not significantly change bone formation markers such as procollagen type 1 N‐terminal propeptide, bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin.

Conclusions

GLP‐1RA did not affect BMD and bone formation markers. However, GLP‐1RAs led to a significant increase in CTX.
Meaningful Associations Between Motivation for Treatment and Interpersonal Needs Within a Residential Sample of Women With Eating Disorders
Authors: Billman Miller Marley G. , Gioia Ayla N. , Frietchen Rachel E. , Grunewald William , Bodell Lindsay , Smith April R.
Published: September 2024

Objective

Perceived burdensomeness (PB) and thwarted belongingness (TB), two proximal risk factors for suicide, may rise during residential eating disorder (ED) treatment when patients are separated from support and face exorbitant costs of care. In this setting, fostering motivation for treatment is challenging, and low motivation for treatment may exacerbate feelings of PB and TB. Simultaneously, PB and TB could reduce motivation for treatment, though no studies have explored this relationship longitudinally. Accordingly, this study examined associations between interpersonal needs (TB, PB) and motivation for treatment across the first 6 weeks of residential ED treatment.

Methods

Participants (n = 98) completed the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) and rated treatment motivation weekly. Pearson bivariate correlations examined the relationship between motivation and interpersonal needs at each timepoint. Two autoregressive cross‐lagged panel models (AR‐CLPMs) tested reciprocal relationships between these constructs longitudinally across the first 6 weeks of treatment.

Results

Motivation was significantly negatively correlated with PB and TB at all timepoints. In AR‐CLPM 1, Week 2 Motivation predicted Weeks 3 PB, then Week 3 PB predicted Week 4 Motivation. In AR‐CLPM 2, Week 2 TB predicted Week 3 Motivation, but Motivation did not predict TB at any timepoint.

Discussion

This study is the first to examine longitudinal relations between interpersonal needs and treatment motivation in residential ED care. PB and TB may influence one's motivation for treatment, although motivation and PB had a stronger reciprocal relationship than motivation and TB. Interpersonal needs should be addressed early in residential treatment to mitigate negative cycling.
Evidence for gene flow from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean in bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo)
Authors: Black Kristina L. , Liu Kathy , Graham Jasmin R. , Wiley Tonya R. , Gardiner Jayne M. , Macdonald Catherine , Matz Mikhail V.
Published: September 2024

Gene flow is important for maintaining the genetic diversity required for adaptation to environmental disturbances, though gene flow may be limited by site fidelity in small coastal sharks. Bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo)—a small coastal hammerhead species—demonstrate site fidelity, as females are philopatric while males migrate to mediate gene flow. Consequently, bonnetheads demonstrate population divergence with distance, and Atlantic populations are genetically distinct from those of the Gulf of Mexico. Indeed, Florida forms a vicariant zone between these two bodies of water for many marine species, including some sharks. However, while bonnetheads are expected to have limited dispersal, the extent and rate of bonnethead migration remain uncertain. Thus, we aimed to determine their dispersal capacity by evaluating connectivity between disparate populations from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean. Using 10,733 SNPs derived from 2bRAD sequences, we evaluated genetic connectivity between Tampa Bay on the Gulf Coast of Florida and Biscayne Bay on the Atlantic coast of Florida. While standard analyses of genetic structure revealed slight but significant differentiation between Tampa Bay and Biscayne Bay populations, demographic history inference based on the site frequency spectrum favored a model without divergence. However, we also estimate that if population divergence occurred, it would have been recent (between 1500 and 4500 years ago), with continuous unidirectional gene flow from Tampa Bay to Biscayne Bay. Our findings support the hypothesis that bonnetheads can migrate over relatively large distances (>300 miles) to find mates. Together, these results provide optimism that under proper management, a small‐bodied globally endangered shark can undergo long migrations to sustain genetic diversity.
Photocatalyst‐Free Visible‐Light Induced Radical Difluoromethylation/Cyclization Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of Difluoromethylated Oxindoles with Difluoromethyl Phenoxathiinium Salt
Authors: Long Hong‐Xin , Liu Guo‐Kai
Published: September 2024

A photocatalyst‐free photoinduced radical difluoromethylation approach for the convenient synthesis of difluoromethylated oxindoles from N‐arylacrylamides with difluoromethyl phenoxathiinium salt (PT‐CF2H+BF4−) was developed, this transformation involves radical difluoromethylation/cyclization cascade process and features photocatalyst‐free, mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope and good functional groups tolerance. With this method, a wide variety of N‐arylacrylamides were successfully converted to desired difluoromethylated oxindoles in good to excellent yields.
The burden of chronic pain in transgender and gender diverse populations: Evidence from a large US clinical database
Authors: Tabernacki Tomasz , Gilbert David , Rhodes Stephen , Scarberry Kyle , Pope Rachel , McNamara Megan , Gupta Shubham , Banik Swagata , Mishra Kirtishri
Published: September 2024

Background

Chronic pain, affecting approximately 20% of the global population, is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Transgender individuals are disproportionately exposed to chronic pain risk factors compared with the cisgender population. This study compares the incidence of chronic pain between transgender and cisgender individuals and examines the impact of gender affirming hormone therapy, anxiety, and depression on chronic pain.

Methods

The study analysed medical records data of 56,470 transgender men and 41,882 transgender women in the TrinetX database. Six cohorts were created: transgender women either receiving oestrogen or no intervention, transgender men receiving testosterone or no intervention and cohorts of cisgender males and females. Unmatched age‐adjusted incidence rates were calculated. Then cohorts were matched on 22 chronic pain‐associated covariates and the rate of new chronic pain diagnoses was compared between those receiving hormone therapy and those without.

Results

We observed significantly higher rates of chronic pain among transgender individuals compared with cisgender counterparts. Transgender men on testosterone therapy and transgender women on oestrogen therapy exhibited an increased likelihood of chronic pain diagnoses compared with those not receiving hormone therapy. Individuals with anxiety and depression were more likely to be diagnosed with chronic pain.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates a significant burden of chronic pain in transgender individuals, with an increased risk among those receiving hormone therapy. Our study, the first to assess chronic pain in a large cohort of transgender patients, provides support for a potential association between hormone therapy and risk of chronic pain diagnosis. Further research is required to understand causal mechanisms and to develop improved screening and management of chronic pain in transgender populations.

Significance Statement

Our study, featuring the largest cohort of Transgender and Gender Diverse (TGD) individuals assembled to date, reveals critical disparities in chronic pain among TGD populations, notably those on hormone therapy, compared with the cisgender population. It highlights the urgent need for specialized screening and treatment for this vulnerable population, and research into hormone therapy's impact on pain. These insights aim to foster more effective, personalized healthcare, enhancing the well‐being and quality of life for the TGD community.
How does prolonged tennis playing affect lower limb muscles' activity during first and second tennis serves?
Authors: Hansen Clint , Teulier Caroline , Micallef Jean‐Paul , Millet Grégoire P. , Girard Olivier
Published: September 2024

We examined the effect of prolonged tennis playing on lower limb muscles' activity during the execution of first and second tennis serves. Ten male competitive tennis players executed five first and second serves before (pretest) and after (posttest) a 3‐h tennis match. Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of four lower limb muscles (vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius lateralis, and soleus muscles) on each leg was recorded along with maximum ball velocity measured by a radar gun and peak vertical forces recorded by a force platform. For the vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius lateralis, and soleus muscles of the left leg as well as the vastus lateralis muscle of the right leg, EMG amplitude decreased from pre‐ to posttests (p ≤ 0.033). These reductions in the EMG signal were generally more pronounced in the first serve (i.e., ranging from −10% to −40%) compared to the second serve (0% to −25%). Maximum ball velocity for both first (159 ± 12 vs. 154 ± 12 km/h) and second (126 ± 20 vs. 125 ± 15 km/h) serves remained unchanged from pre‐ to posttests (p = 0.638) Similarly, peak vertical forces did not differ between pretest and posttest for both first (1.78 ± 0.30 vs. 1.72 ± 0.29 body weight) and second (1.62 ± 0.25 vs. 1.75 ± 0.23 body weight) serves (p = 0.730). In conclusion, a 3‐h tennis match led to decreased activation levels in various leg muscles during serves, particularly in first serves compared to second serves. Despite consistent maximum ball velocity and peak vertical forces, these reductions in EMG signals suggest that skilled tennis players may adopt compensatory strategies after prolonged play.
Survival After the Diagnosis of Mild‐to‐Moderate Alzheimer's Disease Dementia: A 15‐Year National Cohort Study in Taiwan
Authors: Sun Yu , Liu Chih‐Ching , Li Chung‐Yi , Chiu Ming‐Jang
Published: September 2024

Objectives

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions are mostly designed for patients with early Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. Long‐term case management and planning for the remainder of life with disability require an estimation of the survival duration.

Methods

This cohort study utilized data from the National Health Insurance Research Database, Taiwan, to identify incident cases of mild‐to‐moderate AD dementia diagnosed from 2000 to 2002, followed through December 31, 2017. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was constructed to compare the independent effects of age, sex, and comorbidities on all‐cause mortality risk. Cumulative survival rates and survival times were estimated.

Results

A total of 5258 incident cases were identified, all treated with cholinesterase inhibitors after diagnosis confirmation by an expert committee. During the 15‐year follow‐up period, 4331 deaths occurred. The 1‐, 3‐, 5‐, 10‐, and 15‐year cumulative survival rates were 95, 92, 67, 37, and 18, respectively. The median (95% CI) survival time after diagnosis was 7.69 (7.46–7.90) years overall, 6.37 (6.06–6.65) years in men, and 8.81 (8.49–9.12) years in women. After stratification by age and number of comorbidities, the median survival time ranged from 13.72 (ages 40–64) to 5.29 (ages ≥ 80) years among those without comorbidities. For those with ≥ 3 comorbidities, the median survival times decreased to 6.43 for individuals diagnosed at ages 40–64 and to 2.98 years for those diagnosed at age 80 or older.

Conclusions

This nationwide, large, long‐term cohort study provided survival rates and durations from diagnosis to death, varying by sex, age group, and presence/number of comorbidities. This information can serve as a foundation for further cost‐effectiveness studies on new treatments, and may aid clinicians, patients, and families in shared decision‐making and advance personalized care planning for early dementia cases.
Structural and functional brain alterations in laryngeal dystonia: A coordinate‐based activation likelihood estimation meta‐analysis
Authors: Kshatriya Nyah , Battistella Giovanni , Simonyan Kristina
Published: September 2024

Laryngeal dystonia (LD) is an isolated, task‐specific, focal dystonia characterized by intermittent spasms of laryngeal muscles impairing speech production. Although recent studies have demonstrated neural alterations in LD, the consistency of findings across studies is not well‐established, limiting their translational applicability. We conducted a systematic literature search to identify studies reporting stereotactic coordinates of peak structural and functional abnormalities in LD patients compared to healthy controls, followed by a coordinate‐based activation likelihood estimation meta‐analysis. A total of 21 functional and structural neuroimaging studies, including 31 experiments in 521 LD patients and 448 healthy controls, met the study inclusion criteria. The multimodal meta‐analysis of these studies identified abnormalities in the bilateral primary motor cortices, the left inferior parietal lobule and striatum, the right insula, and the supplementary motor area in LD patients compared to healthy controls. The meta‐analytical findings reinforce the current view of dystonia as a neural network disorder and consolidate evidence for future investigations probing these targets with new therapies.
Changes in snow‐dominated streamflow quantity and timing following an extensive wildfire in British Columbia
Authors: Spencer Sheena A. , Winkler Rita D.
Published: September 2024

The length and frequency of extreme fire weather has increased across the globe in recent decades, with potential deleterious consequences to streamflow quantity, timing and quality. Changes in the hydrologic regime following wildfire can have substantial downstream consequences, affecting communities and ecosystems through flooding, erosion, loss of habitat and degraded water quality. While there are many studies that address post‐wildfire hydrology across the globe, there are few studies in the snow‐dominated regions. The 2017 Elephant Hill wildfire in south‐central BC burned across or adjacent to four watersheds with long‐term streamflow gauges providing a rare opportunity to evaluate hydrologic change. Several approaches were used to identify patterns of change following the wildfire, all of which suggest increased post‐fire flows. The before‐after‐control‐impact design showed significant increases in annual, spring and summer water yield from the small (49 km2) Arrowstone Creek watershed (30%, 21% and 86%, respectively). Significant increases in spring water yield were observed in the larger (5318 km2) Bonaparte River watershed (48%). Annual and summer water yield increased in the Bonaparte River (31% and 58%, respectively) but these changes were not statistically significant. In both the Bonaparte River and Arrowstone Creek, the onset of spring freshet (26 days earlier in both) was significantly advanced, however, the timing of maximum snowmelt discharge was significantly advanced (27 days earlier) only in Arrowstone Creek. Smaller changes were also observed in the reference watersheds; however, these were not statistically significant. The difference in results between the small and large watershed, as well as the effects of weather and watershed attributes, highlight the need for continued research into the relationships between wildfire and hydrologic regime across diverse landscapes.
Spatio‐temporal wet snow dynamics from model simulations and remote sensing: A case study from the Rofental, Austria
Authors: Rottler Erwin , Warscher Michael , Hanzer Florian , Strasser Ulrich
Published: September 2024

The formation and concentration of liquid water (LW) in the snowpack constitute key processes linking snow and runoff. Hence, the LW content of the snowpack represents a crucial target variable to investigate for snowmelt‐induced runoff predictions. In this study, we capture the wet snow dynamics at higher than hectometre resolution in the alpine headwater catchment Rofental, Tyrol, Austria (98.1 km2) by means of distributed model simulations and remote sensing data for the 5 year period 10/2017–09/2022. The model simulations are conducted using the intermediate complexity open‐source snow‐hydrological model openAMUNDSEN. Simulation results are compared to wet snow maps (WSM) derived from Sentinel‐1 data. Our investigations indicate that distributed snow models of intermediate complexity, such as openAMUNDSEN and satellite‐based wet snow data are well capable of capturing the wet snow dynamics in high spatial and temporal resolutions. The areal extents of wet snow as well as the upward movement of the wet snow line to higher elevation with progressing snowmelt are captured well by both approaches. In order to evaluate the snow simulations, we use fractional snow cover (FSC) data based on Sentinel‐2, which proved to provide valuable small‐scale snow and snow redistribution patterns in alpine catchments. The comparison of model simulations with FSC maps with more than 50% of the non‐glaciated area being cloud‐free (i.e. 364 images) results in an accuracy of 0.91. This study represents a further step towards a serviceable operational snow‐hydrological monitoring and modelling framework for mountain regions including wet snow dynamics in high spatial and temporal resolutions.
Negative pressure wound therapy for the management of deep brain stimulation‐related surgical site infections: A retrospective case series
Authors: Yan Si‐Yu , Liu Yi‐Fan , Zhou Yi‐Cheng , Gao Yuan , Wu Yang , Deng Hao , Yang Cheng‐Hao , Guan Jun‐Wen , Wang Wei , Tian Rui
Published: September 2024

The management of deep brain stimulation (DBS)‐related surgical site infection (SSI) is challenging. This article aimed to report the efficacy of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in treating DBS‐related SSI while preserving all DBS devices. As a retrospective case series in a single center, localized DBS‐related SSI was treated with complete debridement and NPWT, with preserving all DBS devices. Successful infection control was defined as no clinical or microbiological evidence of recurrent infection 3 months after NPWT. Five patients (three females, two males, median age: 64 years) received NPWT for their DBS‐related SSI. The infection was located in the chest, parietal, and retroauricular areas. Only one patient had the extension wires removed due to the heavy contamination, while no DBS devices were removed in the other patients. All patients showed successful infection control without any remarkable side effects 3 months after debridement and NPWT. These findings suggest that NPWT may effectively promote wound healing with a high probability of preserving all DBS devices in DBS‐related SSI.
Profound primary prevention of liver cancer following a natural experiment in China: A 50‐year perspective and public health implications
Authors: Chen Jian‐Guo , Kensler Thomas W. , Zhu Jian , Zhu Yuan‐Rong , Wang Jin‐Bing , Lu Jian‐Hua , Muñoz Alvaro , Groopman John D.
Published: September 2024

Liver cancer causes upwards of 1 million cancer deaths annually and is projected to rise by at least 55% over the next 15 years. Two of the major risk factors contributing to liver cancer have been well documented by multiple epidemiologic studies and the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and aflatoxin show a synergy that increases by more than 8‐fold the risk of liver cancer relative to HBV alone. Using the population‐based cancer registry established by the Qidong Liver Cancer Institute in 1972 and aflatoxin‐specific biomarkers, we document that reduction of aflatoxin exposure has likely contributed to a nearly 70% decline in age‐standardized liver cancer incidence over the past 30 years despite an unchanging prevalence of HBV infection in cases. A natural experiment of economic reform in the 1980s drove a rapid switch from consumption of heavily contaminated corn to minimally, if any, contaminated rice and subsequent dietary diversity. Aflatoxin consumption appears to accelerate the time to liver cancer diagnosis; lowering exposure to this carcinogen adds years of life before a cancer diagnosis. Thus, in 1990 the median age of diagnosis was 48 years, while increasing to 67 years by 2021. These findings have important translational public health implications since up to 5 billion people worldwide might be routinely exposed to dietary aflatoxin, especially in societies using corn as the staple food. Interventions against aflatoxin are an achievable outcome leading to a reduction in liver cancer incidence and years of delay of its nearly always fatal diagnosis.
Regulatory factors of ILC2 are therapeutic targets for lung inflammation
Authors: Cui Lele , Wang Yajie
Published: September 2024

Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are an important class of innate immune cells that play a key role in regulating immune responses, maintaining tissue homeostasis, and participating in immune responses induced by inflammatory diseases. In lung inflammation, ILC2s drive the inflammatory response by secreting type 2 cytokines, and have a significant role in tissue repair and the maintenance of barrier function by secreting IL‐9 and antimicrobial peptides. ILC2s activation and function are affected by various regulatory factors, including epithelial‐derived alarmins such as IL‐25, IL‐33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, neurotransmitters, metabolites and hormones. These regulatory factors affect the development and activation of ILC2s through signaling pathways under different pathological conditions. An in‐depth study of regulatory factors is expected to provide new targets and strategies for the treatment of lung inflammation.
Climate‐resilient irrigation: Essential changes to balance food production and water security on a livable planet
Authors: Talbi Amal , Karimi Poolad , Waalewijn Pieter , Onimus Francois , de Jong I Jsbrand , Zaveri Esha Dilip , Li Ruyi
Published: September 2024

Climate‐resilient irrigation is a necessity for sustainable development, aligning with broader goals of poverty alleviation, food security and environmental stewardship. By embracing adaptive strategies and fostering collaborative efforts, communities can navigate the challenges posed by a changing climate, safeguarding livelihoods and ecosystems. Climate‐resilient irrigation can improve coping measures and build resilience for communities through pathways which help improve agriculture. The relationship between agriculture, irrigation, water resources and climate change calls for an evolution of traditional irrigation practices towards climate‐resilient irrigation approaches, such as farmer‐led irrigation development; innovation and modernization to ensure the long‐term viability and functionality of irrigation systems and infrastructure; financing mechanisms to support the transition towards climate resilience; partnerships between governments, international organizations and the private sector to mobilize resources effectively; and efficient service delivery mechanisms, promoting equitable access and effective management of water resources. Emphasizing the need climate‐resilient irrigation to balance food production and water security, this essay advocates a paradigm shift towards sustainable water management, ensuring resilience in the face of climate uncertainties while safeguarding agricultural productivity and environmental integrity for a livable planet.
Application of the AquaCrop model and response surface method to determine the optimum irrigation water and seeding density for wheat growing under sprinkler irrigation system
Authors: Shabani Ali , Habibagahi Majid , Mahbod Mehdi , Partojou Farhad , Mahmoudi Mohammad Reza
Published: September 2024

This study aimed to determine the optimal seeding density and irrigation water for maximizing wheat yield, water productivity and income using the AquaCrop model and response surface method (RSM). The AquaCrop model was calibrated and validated using experimental data from two successive growing seasons. The AquaCrop simulations for grain yield, biomass, soil water content, evapotranspiration and canopy cover were satisfactory and acceptable. After calibration, the model simulated the grain yield for 47 years with five seeding densities and four irrigation schedules. By applying RSM to the AquaCrop model outputs over 47 years, it was found that irrigation water amounts of 747, 198 and 747 mm, along with seeding densities of 211, 188 and 208 kg ha−1, respectively, maximized the wheat yield, water productivity and profit per unit area. A seeding density of 162.4 kg ha−1 combined with a total of 350 mm of irrigation water and rainfall resulted in the highest water productivity. This study demonstrated the reliability of the AquaCrop model in predicting wheat grain yield under various irrigation and seeding density conditions, providing valuable insights for farmers and agricultural experts to optimize crop productivity and profitability.
Clinical analysis of 145 cases of pediatric pulmonary artery sling diagnosed by echocardiography
Authors: Liu Xiaofang , Liu Qinghua
Published: September 2024

This study explored echocardiography's role in diagnosing and managing pediatric pulmonary artery sling (PAS). Data from 145 patients (January 2017 to December 2023) were analyzed, including echocardiography, CT angiography, bronchoscopy, and surgical records. Results indicated echocardiography accurately diagnosed PAS in 98.62% cases, with 1.38% misdiagnosed. Tracheal compression was common (95.86%), along with intracardiac anomalies (73.79%). Combined vascular ring types were found, notably PAS with left aortic arch and aberrant right subclavian artery (LAA‐ARSA) and PAS with double aortic arch (DAA). Echocardiography's effectiveness underscores its crucial role in clinical management and surgical planning for these complex conditions.
Low placenta at the mid trimester anomaly scan—A cause for concern?
Authors: Yadav Sarika , Shah Aditi
Published: September 2024

Objective

This study was aimed to assess the predictive validity of internal os distance (IOD) in mid‐trimester scan for the prediction of third‐trimester low‐positioned placenta, and to define a cut‐off of IOD at which third‐trimester low‐positioned placenta could be identified, see the association of placental site (anterior/posterior), previous history of cesarean section with abnormal location of placenta in third trimester and see the maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Methods

It was a prospective cohort study of women with low‐positioned placenta (IOD < 20 mm) at mid‐trimester anomaly scan followed up in third trimester till birth. Relative risks for a low‐positioned placenta in the third‐trimester were calculated for women with posterior versus anterior, low‐lying placenta versus placenta previa and positive versus negative history of cesarean section. Multilevel likelihood ratios and corresponding ROC curves for different ranges of IOD were calculated.

Results

Women with posterior placenta had a high risk of low positioned placenta compared to anterior placenta (9.28% vs. 0.74%); RR 1.45, similarly women with placenta previa had high risk compared to low lying placenta (68.57% vs. 1.69%); RR 6.51, so did the women with previous cesarean section (9.41% vs. 5.87%); RR 1.47.

Conclusions

93.42% placenta which were low positioned in mid trimester were normally situated in third trimester. The cut‐off for IOD in anterior placenta was −40 mm and in posterior placenta was 14.3 mm. IOD measurement and interpretation seems promising.
Analyzing infections caused by 11 respiratory pathogens in children: Pre‐ and post‐COVID‐19 pandemic trends in China
Authors: Li Huamei , yang Ying , Tao Ran , Shang Shiqiang
Published: September 2024

With the lifting of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) restrictions in December 2022 in China, the population was widely infected with COVID‐19. We aim to analyzed changes in the epidemiological characteristics of other respiratory pathogens in children before and after the COVID‐19 pandemic. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 44 704 children with acute respiratory infections who underwent 11 respiratory pathogen tests based on multiplex polymerase chain reaction between February and December in both 2022 and 2023. The total pathogen detection rate (24861, 74.80% vs. 6423, 56.01%; p = 0.000) and detection rates of coinfection (4059, 12.21% vs. 676, 5.89%; p = 0.000) in 2023 was significantly higher than that in 2022. The detection rates of influenza A (2567, 7.72% vs. 222, 1.94%; p = 0.000), influenza B (383, 1.15% vs. 37, 0.32%; p = 0.000), human parainfluenza virus (2175, 6.54% vs. 602, 5.25%; p = 0.000), human metapneumovirus (1354, 4.07% vs. 346, 3.01%; p = 0.000), respiratory syncytial virus (3148, 9.47% vs. 870, 7.59%; p = 0.000), and Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP; 9494, 28.56% vs. 1790, 15.61%; p = 0.000) in 2023 were significantly higher than those in 2022, whereas the detection rates of human adenovirus (1124, 3.38% vs. 489, 4.26%; p = 0.000) and human bocavirus (629, 1.89% vs. 375, 3.27%; p = 0.000) were significantly lower than those in 2022. Chlamydia, human rhinovirus, and human coronavirus showed similar detection rates between 2023 and 2022. In 2023, the influenza virus and human parainfluenza virus regained seasonal characteristic, an outbreak of MP infection occurred, the epidemic season of respiratory syncytial virus changed, and the proportion of children with acute respiratory infection aged 0–28 days and over 3 years old increased. Influenza B, metapneumovirus, and human bocavirus were detected in children aged 0–28 days in 2023, but not in 2022. After the COVID‐19 pandemic, we should be alert to the increase of respiratory diseases and the change of epidemic season and susceptible age.
Characterization of the Synergistic Effect of Fungal Isolates in Suppressing Ganoderma boninense and Enhancing Oil Palm Growth
Authors: Anuar Muhammad Salahudin Kheirel , Hashim Amalia Mohd , Sundram Shamala , Rahman Siti Rahmah Abdul , Ho Chai Ling , Wong Mui‐Yun , Saidi Noor Baity , Wasoh Helmi , Yusof Mohd Termizi
Published: September 2024

The globally vital oil palm, a major oil producer, confronts productivity challenges due to Ganoderma boninense (Gb), causing output decline. Chemical control efforts have proven ineffective, prompting exploration of microbial‐based biocontrol. While single fungal biocontrol research exists, the impact of employing multiple biocontrols concurrently to combat Ganoderma and enhance oil palm growth remains uncharted. This study examined four soil‐derived fungal isolates for their ability to antagonize Gb PER71 in vitro. Molecular identification categorized them as Talaromyces spp. and Penicillium sp. Moreover, all isolates were revealed to have at least three plant growth‐promoting (PGP) traits and were shown to have phosphoric hydrolase, ester hydrolase, peptide hydrolase, and glycosidase activities which are essential for plant growth. Furthermore, the synergistic evaluation of fungal isolates was tested against Gb PER71. One out of six combinations of fungal isolates showed a synergistic effect in vitro, and two showed a synergistic effect in planta. The application of single and combined fungal isolates tested in planta also suppressed Gb PER71 and enhanced oil palm growth compared to control groups. The findings indicate the promising potential of these isolates as biocontrol agents (BCAs) and bioformulations against Gb in oil palm cultivation.