bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infiltration efficiency and subsurface water processes of a sustainable drainage system and consequences to flood management
Authors: Archer Nicole A. L. , Bell Rachel A. , Butcher Andrew S. , Bricker Stephanie H.
Published: June 2020

With increased intensity rainfall events globally and urban expansion decreasing permeable surfaces, there is an increasing problem of urban flooding. This study aims to better understand rainfall infiltration into a Sustainable Drainage System (SuDS) permeable pavement, compared with an adjacent Green Area of made ground, in relationship to groundwater levels below both areas. Both areas were instrumented with soil water content and matric potential sensors and four shallow boreholes were instrumented with groundwater level sensors. Surface infiltration rates were measured using a double‐ring infiltrometer. Results showed that average infiltration rates of the SuDS (1,925 mm/hr) were significantly higher than the Green Area (56 mm/hr). The SuDS was well designed to transfer rainfall rapidly to the aquifer below, where groundwater levels rapidly rose within 1 hr of a 1 in 30 year event (32.8 mm/hr). In comparison, soil compaction of the made ground Green Area decreased infiltration rates, but still enabled the majority of rainfall events to infiltrate. The aquifer below the Green Area responded more slowly, as lower matrix potentials facilitated water retention in the soil profile, slowing water draining to the aquifer. This work reiterates the importance of ensuring a 1 m separation depth between the base of the SuDS infiltration zone and aquifer depth.
Effect of prophylactic closure on adverse events after colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Liu Mingqing , Zhang Yangyu , Wang Yueqi , Zhu He , Xu Hong
Published: June 2020

Background and Aim

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has a high en bloc resection rate and is widely performed for large colorectal lesions. However, colorectal ESD is associated with a high frequency of adverse events (AEs), and the efficacy of prophylactic endoscopic closure after ESD for preventing AEs is still controversial. This meta‐analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of closure on AEs following colorectal ESD.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for eligible studies. The chi‐square‐based Q statistics and the I2 test were used to test for heterogeneity. Pooling was conducted using a fixed or random effects model.

Results

We identified eight eligible studies that compared the effects of closure vs non‐closure with respect to delayed bleeding, delayed perforation, and post‐ESD coagulation syndrome. Compared with non‐closure (5.2%), closure was associated with a lower incidence (0.9%) of delayed bleeding (pooled odd ratios [ORs]:0.19, 95% CI: 0.08–0.49) following ESD. The pooled ORs showed no significant differences in incidence of delayed perforation (pooled OR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.05–1.03) or post‐ESD coagulation syndrome (pooled OR:0.75; 95% CI: 0.26–2.18) between the closure and non‐closure groups.

Conclusion

Prophylactic endoscopic closure may reduce the incidence of delayed bleeding following ESD of colorectal lesions. Future studies are needed to further illuminate risk factors and stratify high risk subjects for a cost‐effective preventive strategy.
Quantitative phase‐mode electrostatic force microscopy on silicon oxide nanostructures
Authors: ALBONETTI C. , CHIODINI S. , ANNIBALE P. , STOLIAR P. , MARTINEZ R. V. , GARCIA R. , BISCARINI F.
Published: June 2020

Phase‐mode electrostatic force microscopy (EFM‐Phase) is a viable technique to image surface electrostatic potential of silicon oxide stripes fabricated by oxidation scanning probe lithography, exhibiting an inhomogeneous distribution of localized charges trapped within the stripes during the electrochemical reaction. We show here that these nanopatterns are useful benchmark samples for assessing the spatial/voltage resolution of EFM‐phase. To quantitatively extract the relevant observables, we developed and applied an analytical model of the electrostatic interactions in which the tip and the surface are modelled in a prolate spheroidal coordinates system, fitting accurately experimental data. A lateral resolution of ∼60 nm, which is comparable to the lateral resolution of EFM experiments reported in the literature, and a charge resolution of ∼20 electrons are achieved. This electrostatic analysis evidences the presence of a bimodal population of trapped charges in the nanopatterned stripes.
Dental morphology and microstructure of the Prickly DogfishOxynotus bruniensis(Squaliformes: Oxynotidae)
Authors: Moyer Joshua K. , Finucci Brittany , Riccio Mark L. , Irschick Duncan J.
Published: June 2020

This study describes and illustrates the jaws, teeth, and tooth microstructure of the Prickly DogfishOxynotus bruniensis. Detailed accounts of the dental morphology ofO. bruniensisare rare and have not addressed the tissue arrangement or microstructure of the teeth. These features are documented and discussed in the contexts of interspecific comparisons with other elasmobranchs and the dietary specialization ofO. bruniensis. The overall tooth morphology ofO. bruniensisis similar to those of other closely related members in the order Squaliformes, as is the tissue arrangement, or histotype.Oxynotus bruniensisexhibits a simplified enameloid microstructure, which we compare with previously documented enameloid microstructures of other elasmobranchs. Though subtle interspecific differences in dental characters are documented, neither overall tooth morphology nor histotype and microstructure are unique toO. bruniensis. We conclude that in the case ofO. bruniensis, dietary specialization is facilitated by behavioral rather than morphological specialization.
Vectorial facial sculpting: A novel sub‐SMAS filler injection technique to reverse the impact of the attenuated retaining ligaments
Authors: Cohen Sarit , Artzi Ofir , Mehrabi Joseph N. , Heller Lior
Published: June 2020

Background

Age‐related attenuation of the orbital, zygomatic, and masseteric ligaments contribute to temporal brow ptosis, deepening nasolabial fold, and jowl, respectively.

Aims

To present and assess the vectorial facial sculpting (VFS) technique, a novel nonsurgical panfacial rejuvenation method which focuses on reversal of the impact of attenuated ligaments on the aging face.

Methods

This case series included women who underwent vectorial facial sculpting at a private clinic from June 2018 to January 2019. Sagging tissues in the lateral brow, nasolabial fold, and jowl were repositioned in a directed manner with vectors whose cross‐product counteracted the vector of the respective causative attenuated ligament. Filler material was deposited into the supraperiosteal/sub‐SMAS plane in right angle vectors at the lateral supra‐orbital rim for brow ptosis, pre‐auricular and malar region for nasolabial fold and across the jawline region for jowl. Standardized photographs were taken before and at 3 months following treatment. Outcome was assessed by both the patients and an independent investigator using a validated Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale. Adverse outcomes were documented.

Results

Forty‐five patients of mean age 59.8 ± 3.9 years were included. Mean Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale scores for patients and an independent investigator alike at 3 months following treatment indicated “very much improved” (1.44 ± 0.66 and 1.56 ± 0.78, respectively). The procedure was well tolerated with no adverse events.

Conclusion

Vectorial facial sculpting is a comprehensive anatomical approach for nonsurgical directional tissue mobilization. Based on physical and mathematical rules to reverse the respective causative attenuated ligament, the technique effectively and safely restores youthful facial contours.
Tattoo: Ancient art and current problems
Authors: Gualdi Giulio , Fabiano Antonella , Moro Ruggero , Venturuzzo Anna , Monari Paola , Calzavara‐Pinton Piergiacomo , Amerio Paolo
Published: June 2020

The popularity of tattoos in the today's society brings with it a significant increase of the incidence of associated cutaneous reactions. Among the several complications that may occur after a tattooing procedure, allergic and photo‐allergic reactions, infections, and Koebner phenomenon are the most common ones observed. Most of these complications may be avoided by identifying, before tattooing, the presence of risk factors or comorbidities that may increase the risk of their onset.
Efficacy of Incobotulinum toxin‐A for the treatment of masseter muscle hypertrophy in Asian Indian patients: A 2‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Shome Debraj , Vadera Sapna , Shiva Ram Male , Kapoor Rinky
Published: June 2020

Background

With the changing trends, more and more patients are opting for nonsurgical or minimally invasive options for reshaping the face. Noninvasive treatments such as incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin Cosmetic®; Merz Pharma Canada Ltd., Burlington, ON, Canada) are a preferred modality for reducing the volume of the muscle and therefore reducing the width of masseter.

Aims

To evaluate the efficacy of Xeomin treatment in long‐term management of bilateral masseter hypertrophy in Asian Indian patients.

Patients/Methods

A total of 30 patients were enrolled in the study and were injected with 30 U Xeomin on each side of face, at baseline. Fifteen patients received a second session of Xeomin injection at 12th week, and remaining 15 patients received an additional third session, at 12th and 24th weeks post the first injection, respectively. Follow‐up was done at 4th‐, 12th‐, 24th‐, and 36th‐week and at first‐ and second‐year follow‐ups.

Results

For the patients who received two injections, the maximum reduction of 26.85% was observed at 24th week, which was maintained as 20.04% reduction until second follow‐up year. The patients who received three injections exhibited very high reduction of 43.12% of masseter volume at 36th week, which was maintained at 38.72 % until the second follow‐up year. Three sessions of Xeomin injections were proved to be more effective in long‐term maintenance of reduced masseter volume than 2 sessions of injections.

Conclusions

Xeomin injections were found to be effective in long‐term management of bilateral masseter hypertrophy. This is the first of its kind paper, which evaluates the long‐term effects of Xeomin injections for the treatment of masseter hypertrophy.
Is Bitcoin Really Untethered?
Authors: GRIFFIN JOHN M. , SHAMS AMIN
Published: June 2020

This paper investigates whether Tether, a digital currency pegged to the U.S. dollar, influenced Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency prices during the 2017 boom. Using algorithms to analyze blockchain data, we find that purchases with Tether are timed following market downturns and result in sizable increases in Bitcoin prices. The flow is attributable to one entity, clusters below round prices, induces asymmetric autocorrelations in Bitcoin, and suggests insufficient Tether reserves before month‐ends. Rather than demand from cash investors, these patterns are most consistent with the supply‐based hypothesis of unbacked digital money inflating cryptocurrency prices.
The influence of sleep on language production modalities in preschool children with Down syndrome
Authors: Arias‐Trejo Natalia , Angulo‐Chavira Armando Quetzalcóatl , Demara Bianca , Figueroa Carlos , Edgin Jamie
Published: June 2020

Evidence suggests that sleep may relate to oral language production in children with Down syndrome. However, these children are capable of using complex referential gestures as a compensation strategy for problems with oral production, and those with a greater productive oral vocabulary have less gestural vocabulary. The goal of this study was to explore whether sleep quality relates to oral and gestural production modalities in children with Down syndrome. We evaluated 36 preschool children with and without Down syndrome, paired by chronological age and gender, with similar sociodemographic backgrounds, using actigraphy to measure sleep behaviour and the Communicative Development Inventory for Down syndrome to measure vocabulary. Children with Down syndrome with better sleep efficiency showed more oral production but less gestural production. These results highlight the importance of sleep quality to language learning in children with Down syndrome.
Longitudinal Evidence for Simultaneous Bilingual Language Development With Shifting Language Dominance, and How to Explain It
Authors: Oppenheim Gary M. , Griffin Zenzi , Peña Elizabeth D. , Bedore Lisa M.
Published: June 2020

Theories of how language works have shifted from rule‐like competence accounts to more skill‐like incremental learning accounts. Under these, people acquire language incrementally, through practice, and may even lose it incrementally as they acquire competing mappings. Incremental learning implies that (1) a bilingual's abilities in their languages should depend on how much they practice each (not merely age of acquisition), and (2) using a L2 more could cause a bilingual to gradually “unlearn” their L1. Using timed picture naming and vocabulary measures, we tracked 139 children for several years as they transitioned from mostly‐Spanish homes to mostly‐English schools. Following their increased English use, many became more proficient in English than Spanish around the third grade, demonstrating continual learning. But their Spanish also improved, showing that L1‐attrition is not inevitable. Incremental learning explains both co‐improvement and L1‐attrition as consequences of experience‐driven learning: improvement from continuing L1 use can offset competitive unlearning.
The Neuroscience of Implicit Learning
Authors: Williams John N.
Published: June 2020

Over the past decades, research employing artificial grammar, sequence learning, and statistical learning paradigms has flourished, not least because these methods appear to offer a window, albeit with a restricted view, on implicit learning processes underlying natural language learning. But these paradigms usually provide relatively little exposure, use meaningless stimuli, and do not even necessarily target natural language structures. So the question arises whether they engage the same brain regions as natural language. The aim of this review is to use data from brain imaging, brain stimulation, and the effects of brain damage to identify the main brain regions that show sensitivity to structural regularities in implicit learning paradigms and to consider their relationship to natural language processing and learning.
Monetary regimes, the term structure and business cycles in Ireland, 1972–2018
Authors: Stuart Rebecca
Published: June 2020

The literature emphasizes the role of monetary policy for the term structure's ability to predict business cycles. Between 1972 and 2018, Ireland experienced three monetary regimes: first, the Irish Pound was fixed to Sterling (1972–1979); second the Pound floated in a band when Ireland was a member of EMS (1979–1998); and third, as a member of the euro area (1999–2018). Using dynamic probit models and monthly data, I show that the term spread only had predictive power during the second regime, the only one in which the Central Bank of Ireland had discretion to set interest rates based on the domestic conditions.
Is feyerabendian philosophy relevant for scientific knowledge development in nursing?
Authors: Yous Marie‐Lee , Strachan Patricia H. , Ploeg Jenny
Published: June 2020

To revitalize nursing science, there is a need for a new approach to guide nurse scientists in addressing complex problems in health care. By applying theoretical concepts from a revolutionary philosopher of science, Paul K. Feyerabend, new nursing knowledge can be produced using creativity and pluralistic approaches. Feyerabend proposed that methods within and outside of science can produce knowledge. Despite the recognition of Feyerabendian philosophy within science, there is currently a lack of literature regarding the relevance of Feyerabendian philosophy for nursing science. We aim to (a) describe and critique Feyerabendian concepts, (b) discuss the potential application of Feyerabendian philosophy for knowledge production within gerontological nursing and (c) describe theoretical possibilities for nurse scientists in using Feyerabendian philosophy to guide nursing knowledge development. We begin by introducing Feyerabend's life and his inspirations for his theoretical concepts, epistemological anarchism, theoretical pluralism and humanitarianism, and conclude by offering suggestions of how to apply Feyerabendian philosophy in nursing research.
Multi‐institutional retrospective analysis of adverse events following rigid tracheobronchoscopy
Authors: Fortin Marc , Yarmus Lonny , Rendina Erino Angelo , Rafeq Samaan , Andrade Rafael , Michaud Gaetane , Kazakov Jordan , Arias Sixto , Ciccone Anna Maria , Amador Ricardo O. , Liberman Moishe
Published: June 2020

RTB is associated with a 6.7% non‐lethal complication rate, a 1.2% periprocedural mortality rate and a 5.6% 30‐day mortality in a large multicentre cohort of patients with benign and malignant airway disease.
Social Innovation in Rural Regions: Older Adults and Creative Community Development*
Authors: Noack Anika , Federwisch Tobias
Published: June 2020

Many so‐called structurally disadvantaged rural regions are characterized by an ongoing demographic change, low economic productivity, and an insufficient infrastructure. Paradoxically, citizens of such regions are often urged to address local challenges by developing innovative ideas, products, or services. Innovation is becoming a “message of salvation” and imperative to local action due to a rise of an innovation regime that conceptualizes innovation as reflexive and ubiquitous. Unlike cities, however, disadvantaged rural regions are often seen as not conducive to innovation. And older adults are rarely ever regarded as potential innovators. This article will examine how innovations emerge in disadvantaged rural regions and what role older adults play in this context. It focuses on social innovation which is important for processes of rural renewal. Drawing on insights gained through the “Innovation in Rural Municipalities” research project, the paper illustrates the resourcefulness of older adults in the context of socially innovative community development. Older adults can in fact act as drivers of innovative projects, actively participate in and make use of social innovations. Their specific role, however, depends on their personal motives, community‐related interests, and available resources.
High‐frequency ultrasound skin thickness: Comparison of manual reading and automatic border detection includes assessment of interobserver variation of measurement
Authors: Alsing Kasper Køhler , Serup Jørgen
Published: June 2020

Background

Twenty megahertz ultrasound is the preferred method for in vivo measurement of skin thickness. This study on methodology aimed to compare operator‐managed or “manual” measurement of skin thickness (MM) with measurement by automatic border detection (ABD).

Methods

The skin thickness of the flexor mid‐forearm was measured in 48 subjects (subgroups 32 and 16) with the DermaScan C® (Cortex Technology). MM and ABD were performed on the same scans by two experienced operators. MM is measured on the peak of interface A‐mode echoes representing the epidermal surface and the dermis‐subcutis interface, while ABD measures on the slope of the echoes, for example, the acoustic contour.

Result

Automatic border detection measured the skin about 20% thicker (mean: 0.94/0.89 mm, SD: 0.09/0.11) in comparison with MM (mean: 1.25/1.22 mm, SD: 0.09/0.12), P < .001. The two methods correlated, r = .9443 and .8663. Two individual researchers reached very close results using MM, that is, mean 0.91 and 0.93 mm, and the interobserver variation was nonsignificant.

Conclusion

MM and ABD for ultrasound skin thickness measurement rely on different principles and consequently measure skin thickness differently, with ABD overestimating the thickness with about 20%. MM measures anatomically more correct and is preferred in research. MM has been validated against area‐based thickness measurement without contour artifact and produced identical results. ABD is less operator–dependent and applicable to field studies, and useful in the beauty industry to characterize aged skin. The two methods of recording each have a scene of use.
Tracing Internal Categoricity
Authors: Väänänen Jouko
Published: June 2020

Informally speaking, the categoricity of an axiom system means that its non‐logical symbols have only one possible interpretation that renders the axioms true. Although non‐categoricity has become ubiquitous in the second half of the twentieth century whether one looks at number theory, geometry or analysis, the first axiomatizations of such mathematical theories by Dedekind, Hilbert, Huntington, Peano and Veblen were indeed categorical. A common resolution of the difference between the earlier categorical axiomatizations and the more modern non‐categorical axiomatizations is that the latter derive their non‐categoricity from Skolem's Paradox and Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems, while the former, being second order, suffer from a heavy reliance on meta‐theory, where the Skolem–Gödel phenomenon re‐emerges. Using second‐order meta‐theory to avoid non‐categoricity of the meta‐theory would only seem to lead to an infinite regress. In this article we maintain that internal categoricity breaks with this traditional picture. It applies to both first‐ and second‐order axiomatizations, although in the first‐order case we have so far only examples. It does not depend on the meta‐theory in a way that would lead to an infinite regress. It also covers the classical categoricity results of early researchers. In the first‐order case it is weaker than categoricity itself, and in the second‐order case stronger. We provide arguments to suggest that internal categoricity is the “right” concept of categoricity.
Estimation of white blood cell and platelet counts in ovine blood smears, and a comparison with the ADVIA 120 hematology analyzer
Authors: Katsogiannou Eleni G. , Athanasiou Labrini V. , Katsoulos Panagiotis D. , Polizopoulou Zoe S. , Tzivara Athanasia , Christodoulopoulos Georgios
Published: June 2020

Background

Manual evaluation of blood cell counts on stained blood films is a common procedure in resource‐limited laboratories of farm animal clinics. Moreover, settings for sheep blood cell counts are not provided on most veterinary hematology analyzers.

Objectives

We aimed to (a) compare the results of white blood cell (WBC) counts evaluated microscopically on ovine blood smears with those obtained by the ADVIA 120 hematology analyzer and validate appropriate correction factors for the manual technique; and (b) assess the two suggested factors to calculate platelet counts on blood smears in sheep.

Methods

The blood samples of 57 sheep were used to generate a regression equation between the average WBC count per field and the WBC count determined using the ADVIA 120 analyzer. Thirty‐one new ovine samples were used to assess the agreement between the calculated WBC counts based on a generated equation and those obtained by the analyzer using the Passing‐Bablok test and Bland‐Altman plots. Similarly, agreements between platelet counts using two different factors for platelet calculation were assessed using the Bland‐Altman plot.

Results

The average bias of calculated WBC counts was 0.4%, with precision and accuracy being over 95%. Regarding calculated platelet counts, Bland‐Altman plots revealed a bias of 26.4% and 1.4% when the average number of platelets per field was multiplied by 15 000 and 20 000, respectively.

Conclusions

Microscopic WBC counting in ovine blood is a reliable alternative to automated analyses using the generated equation. A better agreement between the two methods was observed when a factor of 20 000 was used to calculate platelet counts in ovine blood smears.
Serum hepcidin measurements in healthy dogs using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Vizi Zsuzsanna , Lányi Katalin , Bagi Melinda , Laczay Péter , Balogh Nándor , Sterczer Ágnes
Published: June 2020

Background

Hepcidin is a key regulator of iron homeostasis. The measurement of this hormone is essential for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia and might be useful as a prognostic factor in many diseases. Serum hepcidin levels have been infrequently evaluated in dogs.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to measure serum hepcidin in a population of healthy dogs using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), considered the gold standard assay for measuring hepcidin like in human medicine.

Methods

Blood samples from 86 healthy dogs of 25 different breeds were measured with the LC‐MS/MS method. Synthetic canine hepcidin was used as the standard reagent. Reference values were calculated based on the results.

Results

The mean hepcidin concentration of the study population was 16.6 ± 7.7 ng/mL. There reference interval (RI) was defined as 5.3‐36.4 ng/mL. No significant difference was found between male and female dogs, or between different age and body weight groups. Hepcidin concentrations did not correlate with red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentrations, iron levels, iron‐binding capacities, and C‐reactive protein concentrations in this healthy population. A weak negative correlation was found between hepcidin and the mean corpuscular volume.

Conclusion

LC‐MS/MS proved to be a reliable and time‐effective method for the detection of canine hepcidin. The RI was similar but narrower compared with that of human studies.
Use of bilateral superficial gluteal muscle flaps for the repair of ventral perineal hernia in dogs: A cadaveric study and short case series
Authors: Bitton Erez , Keinan Yael , Shipov Anna , Joseph Rotem , Milgram Joshua
Published: June 2020

Objective

To describe bilateral mobilization of the superficial gluteal muscle (SGM) to treat ventral perineal hernias in dogs.

Study design

Cadaveric study and short case series.

Sample population

Male dog cadavers (n = 10) weighing between 5 and 42 kg and three dogs treated for ventral perineal hernia.

Methods

Cadavers were positioned in right and left lateral recumbency to free the origin and insertion of the ipsilateral SGM except for muscle fibers originating on the first tail vertebra and sacrotuberous ligament. The dogs were placed in ventral recumbency to approach the perineum and rotate the muscle flaps. The insertions of the SGM were sutured together ventral to the anal sphincter muscle. The dorsal border of the overlapping tendons was sutured to the anal sphincter muscle, and the ventral border was sutured to the ischiourethralis muscle. The amount of overlap between bilateral flaps was measured. The SGM flaps were used to revise recurrent perineal hernias in three dogs.

Results

Superficial gluteal muscle flaps were created without damage to the blood supply in all dogs. The overlap between the bilateral flaps ventral to the anal sphincter measured 0 to 2.4 cm. No recurrence was detected at follow‐up (6‐12 months) in the three dogs treated with these flaps.

Conclusion

Superficial gluteal muscle flaps were mobilized without damage to the blood supply and crossed the midline ventral to the anal sphincter. Flaps were used successfully to repair ventral perineal hernias in three dogs.

Clinical significance

Bilateral SGM flaps can be considered to repair ventral perineal hernias.
Effect of acute nitrite infusion on contractile economy and metabolism in isolated skeletal muscle in situ during hypoxia
Authors: Porcelli Simone , Rasica Letizia , Ferguson Brian S. , Kavazis Andreas N. , McDonald James , Hogan Michael C. , Grassi Bruno , Gladden L. Bruce
Published: June 2020

Key points

Increased plasma nitrite concentrations may have beneficial effects on skeletal muscle function.

The physiological basis explaining these observations has not been clearly defined and it may involve positive effects on muscle contraction force, microvascular O2 delivery and skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism.

In the isolated canine gastrocnemius model, we evaluated the effects of acute nitrite infusion on muscle force and skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism.

Under hypoxic conditions, but in the presence of normal convective O2 delivery, an elevated plasma nitrite concentration affects neither muscle force, nor muscle contractile economy.

In accordance with previous results suggesting limited or no effects of nitrate/nitrite administrations in highly oxidative and highly perfused muscle, our data suggest that neither mitochondrial respiration, nor muscle force generation are affected by acute increased concentrations of NO precursors in hypoxia.

Contrasting findings have been reported concerning the effects of augmented nitric oxide (NO) on skeletal muscle force production and oxygen consumption (). The present study examined skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and contractile economy in an isolated muscle preparation during hypoxia (but normal convective O2 delivery) with nitrite infusion. Isolated canine gastrocnemius muscles in situ (n = 8) were studied during 3 min of electrically stimulated isometric tetanic contractions corresponding to ∼35% of . During contractions, sodium nitrite (NITRITE) or sodium chloride (SALINE) was infused into the popliteal artery. was calculated from the Fick principle. Experiments were carried out in hypoxia ( = 0.12), whereas convective O2 delivery was maintained at normal levels under both conditions by pump‐driven blood flow (). Muscle biopsies were taken and mitochondrial respiration was evaluated by respirometry. Nitrite infusion significantly increased both nitrite and nitrate concentrations in plasma. No differences in force were observed between conditions. was not significantly different between NITRITE (6.1 ± 1.8 mL100 g−1 min−1) and SALINE (6.2 ± 1.8 mL 100 g−1 min−1), even after being ‘normalized’ per unit of developed force (muscle contractile economy). No differences between conditions were found for maximal ADP‐stimulated mitochondrial respiration (both for complex I and complex II), leak respiration and oxidative phosphorylation coupling. In conclusion, in the absence of changes in convective O2 delivery, muscle force, muscle contractile economy and mitochondrial respiration were not affected by acute infusion of nitrite. The previously reported positive effects of elevated plasma nitrite concentrations are presumably mediated by the increased microvascular O2 availability.
Well-Posed Formulations for Nonholonomic Mechanical System Dynamics
Authors: Haug Edward J.
Published: June 2020

Four formulations of nonholonomic mechanical system dynamics, with both holonomic and differential constraints, are presented and shown to be well posed; i.e., solutions exist, are unique, and depend continuously on problem data. They are (1) the d'Alembert variational formulation, (2) a broadly applicable manifold theoretic extension of Maggi's equations that is a system of first-order ordinary differential equations (ODE), (3) Lagrange multiplier-based index 3 differential-algebraic equations (index 3 DAE), and (4) Lagrange multiplier-based index 0 differential-algebraic equations (index 0 DAE). The ODE formulation is shown to be well posed, as a direct consequence of the theory of ODE. The variational formulation is shown to be equivalent to the ODE formulation, hence also well posed. Finally, the index 3 DAE and index 0 DAE formulations are shown to be equivalent to the variational and ODE formulations, hence also well posed. These results fill a void in the literature and provide a theoretical foundation for nonholonomic mechanical system dynamics that is comparable to the theory of ODE.
Thermal Exchange of Glass Micro-Fibers Measured by the 3ω Technique
Authors: Nguyen T. D. , Richard J. , Doumouro J. , De Wilde Y. , Bourgeois O.
Published: June 2020

In this work, we propose an experimental setup to measure the thermal conductivity and specific heat of a single suspended glass fiber, as well as the thermal contact resistance between two glass fibers. By using optical lithography, wet and dry etching and thin film deposition, we prepared suspended glass fibers that are coated by niobium nitride (NbN) thin film used as room temperature thermal transducer. By using the 3ω technique, the thermal conductivity of glass fiber was measured to be 1.1 W m−1 K–1 and specific heat 0.79 J g−1 K–1 around 300 K under vacuum conditions. By introducing exchange gas into the measurement chamber, influence of the gas on the heat transfer was studied, and the convection coefficient h for all the measurement ranges from a pressure of 0.01 hPa to 1000 hPa, over more than five orders of magnitude, has been obtained. By adding a bridging glass fiber on top of two other suspended glass fibers, it was possible to estimate the thermal contact resistance between two glass fibers Rc in the range of 107–108 K W–1.
Water, Toluene, Methanol, and Ethanol Under Microwave Irradiation: Numerical Simulations of the Effect of the Vessel's Size
Authors: Navarro M. C.
Published: June 2020

In this article, we study numerically the effect of the variation of the vessel's radius on the distribution of flow velocity and temperature for four solvents with different dielectric properties, frequently used in organic chemistry: water, toluene, ethanol, and methanol, when they are irradiated with microwaves at 2.45 GHz. We use a multidimensional axisymmetric numerical model based on spectral element methods for solving heat and momentum equations coupled with Maxwell's equations. The varied dielectric behavior of the solvents results in a different behavior when the size of the vessel varies: from solvents for which the variation of the radius has little effect, as in the case of toluene due to its high penetration depth, to high absorbing solvents, with smaller penetration depth as ethanol, for which the effect of the radius is determinant for the distribution of the power absorption and, consequently, for the temperature and flow in the sample. Results are interesting as they provide a full description and understanding of the velocity and temperature distribution in the flow depending on the sample size and the dielectric properties of the solvents, becoming an important tool for prediction when parameters in the experiments are varied.
The Discrete Green's Function for Convective Heat Transfer—Part 2: Semi-Analytical Estimates of Boundary Layer Discrete Green's Function
Authors: Eaton John K. , Milani Pedro M.
Published: June 2020

This is the second paper in a set that defines the discrete Green's function (DGF). This paper focuses first on the turbulent boundary layer and presents two different methods to estimate the DGF. The long-element formulation defines the DGF with just two simple algebraic equations, but it is not quantitatively accurate for short element lengths. A short element correction is derived, but must be recalculated for each selection of flow parameters and element lengths. A similarity solution is derived that allows accurate estimates of the DGF diagonal elements for laminar boundary layers and for turbulent boundary layers discretized with short element lengths. To illustrate other methods to derive DGFs in more complex flows, a low-resolution DGF for laminar stagnation line boundary layers is determined using the skin-friction formulation combined with similarity solutions for two different thermal boundary conditions. Stagnation line flow is shown to be highly sensitive to the thermal boundary condition, and this can be analyzed effectively using the DGF.
Three-Dimensional Designing of Octet-Truss Structures With Controlled Thermal Anisotropy
Authors: Zheng Zihao , Bai Xiaohui , Kuwahara Fujio , Nakayama Akira
Published: June 2020

An octet-truss structure is considered as one of promising candidates for modern heat exchanger structures due to its light weight with stress supporting structure and high thermal performance as a multifunctional heat exchanger. A design strategy has been established to control the anisotropy of its effective thermal conductivity tensor by deforming the structure according to its specific heat transfer application. The solution surface of flat triangle was constructed in the space with three coordinate axes being the principal components of the effective thermal conductivity, using the analytical expressions derived for metal frame structures of low solidity. The design parameters of two structural angles can readily be found from this analytical solution surface with equal angle lines to transfer heat in a particular direction, or to block heat in any other direction. Full three-dimensional (3D) numerical computations were also conducted to verify the validity of the present analytical strategy.
Three new species of the genus Proctotydaeus (Acari: Iolinidae) associated with Brazilian stingless bees

Authors: Da-costa Tairis , Rodighero Luana Fabrina , Da Silva Guilherme Liberato , Monjarás-barrera Jose Irving , Blochtein Betina , Ferla Noeli Juarez
Published: June 2020

Proctotydaeus (Acari: Iolinidae) species live in bird nests, insect colonies, plants and barn straw, and comprise 17 species belonging to four subgenera. Here, we report three new species of Proctotydaeus mites living inside stingless bee colonies in Brazil. Proctotydaeus (Neotydeolus) lasaroi Da-Costa, Rodighero & Ferla sp. nov., Proctotydaeus (Oriolella) dorsoreticulatus Da-Costa, Rodighero & Ferla sp. nov. and Proctotydaeus (Oriolella) quadrifasciatae Da-Costa, Rodighero & Ferla sp. nov. are described and illustrated based on specimens collected from three species of stingless bees in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Estimating the acoustical properties of locally reactive finite materials using the boundary element method
Authors: Luo Zhong-Wei , Zheng Chang-Jun , Zhang Yong-Bin , Bi Chuan-Xing
Published: June 2020

The finite size of a sound-absorbing material may lead to inaccurate results when measuring the acoustical properties of the material using the free-field measurement methods. In this study, a method of estimating the acoustical properties of locally reactive finite materials is proposed by combining a sound field model established by the boundary element method with an iteration algorithm. The proposed method takes the finiteness of the material into account, meaning that the size effect is removed and accurate results can be obtained. Numerical simulations and experiments of two kinds of materials, including a rigid floor and a porous material, are carried out to verify the validity of the proposed method. Results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in estimating the acoustical properties of these two kinds of materials. Besides, a detailed analysis of the influences of the sample size, the source location, and the receiving point position is done in the simulations.
Too Many Chairs: Spatiality and Disability in Integrated Sporting Spaces
Authors: Quinn Nancy , Misener Laura , Howe P. David
Published: June 2020

The research examined spatiality of The Village during the Commonwealth Games XXI. Central to the research is the perspective of the parasport athlete. By foregrounding this perspective, new understandings of the geography of sporting spaces become possible. The integrated nature of the Games establishes The Village as a significant space to consider spatiality and disability. Ethnographic methodology was utilized. The first author, a veteran of many Paralympic Games, brought an “insider” perspective. Thematic analysis was conducted, and three themes, such as language informs space, hypervisibility of the body, and indoor versus outdoor spaces are presented as an ethnographic vignette. Inaccessible construction and hypervisibility of the body in certain spaces impacted athlete experience. The Village Pub and pools were examples of inhospitable spaces for athletes. The language of Games personnel significantly affected athlete participation in Village life.
Antibody cocktail to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein prevents rapid mutational escape seen with individual antibodies
Authors: Baum Alina , Fulton Benjamin O. , Wloga Elzbieta , Copin Richard , Pascal Kristen E. , Russo Vincenzo , Giordano Stephanie , Lanza Kathryn , Negron Nicole , Ni Min , Wei Yi , Atwal Gurinder S. , Murphy Andrew J. , Stahl Neil , Yancopoulos George D. , Kyratsous Christos A.
Published: June 2020

An antibody cocktail against SARS-CoV-2

There is an urgent focus on antibodies that target the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral spike and prevent the virus from entering host cells. Hansen
et al.
generated a large panel of antibodies against the spike protein from humanized mice and recovered patients. From this panel, they identified several neutralizing antibodies, including pairs that do not compete for binding to the receptor binding domain. Baum
et al.
focused in on four of these antibodies. All four are effective against known spike variants. However, by growing a pseudovirus that expresses the spike in the presence of individual antibodies, the authors were able to select for spike mutants resistant to that antibody. In contrast, escape mutants are not selected when pseudovirus is grown in the presence of pairs of antibodies that either do not compete or only partially compete for binding to the RBD. Such a pair might be used in a therapeutic antibody cocktail.

Science
, this issue p.
1010
, p.
1014
From Etest to Vitek 2: Impact of Enterococcal Linezolid Susceptibility Testing Methodology on Time to Active Therapy
Authors: Nguyen Cynthia T. , Bethel Cindy , Pettit Natasha N. , Charnot-Katsikas Angella
Published: June 2020

Different linezolid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) methodologies yield various results. In 2018, we transitioned our linezolid AST methodology from the Etest to Vitek 2. We sought to evaluate the impact of this change on antibiotic use among 181 inpatients with vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) infections. The transition from Etest to Vitek 2 resulted in an increase in linezolid susceptibility (38% versus 96%;
P
< 0.001) and a reduction in time to active antibiotic therapy (3 versus 2.
Potential Risk of Spreading Resistance Genes within Extracellular-DNA-Dependent Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans in Response to Cell Envelope Stress Induced by Sub-MICs of Bacitracin
Authors: Nagasawa Ryo , Sato Tsutomu , Nomura Nobuhiko , Nakamura Tomoyo , Senpuku Hidenobu
Published: June 2020

Antibiotics have been reported to induce biofilm formation in many bacteria at subinhibitory concentrations. Accordingly, it is conceivable that the MIC against drug-sensitive bacteria may promote biofilm formation of resistant bacteria. Since drug-resistant bacteria have spread, it is important to understand the behavior of resistant bacteria.
Streptococcus mutans
is bacitracin resistant, and the 1/8× MIC of bacitracin, which is a cell wall-targeted antibiotic, induced eDNA-dependent biofilm formation. The Δ
mbrC
and Δ
mbrD
strains, which are not resistant to bacitracin, also formed biofilms in the presence of bacitracin at 1/2× MIC, and biofilms of both the wild type and mutants promoted horizontal gene transfer. Another cell wall-targeted antibiotic, vancomycin, showed effects on biofilms and gene transfer similar to those of bacitracin. Thus, treatment with cell wall-targeted antibiotics may promote the spread of drug-resistant genes in biofilms. Therefore, the behavior of resistant bacteria in the presence of antibiotics at sub-MICs should be investigated when using antibiotics.
Involvement of Chromosomally Encoded Homologs of the RRNPP Protein Family in Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Formation and Urinary Tract Infection Pathogenesis
Authors: Parthasarathy Srivatsan , Jordan Lorne D. , Schwarting Nancy , Woods Megan A. , Abdullahi Zakria , Varahan Sriram , Passos Patricia M. S. , Miller Brandy , Hancock Lynn E.
Published: June 2020

Enterococcus faecalis
causes health care-associated infections and displays resistance to a variety of broad-spectrum antibiotics by acquisition of resistance traits as well as the ability to form biofilms. Even though a growing number of factors related to biofilm formation have been identified, mechanisms that contribute to biofilm formation are still largely unknown. Members of the RRNPP protein family regulate a diverse set of biological reactions in low-G+C Gram-positive bacteria (
Firmicutes
). Here, we identify three predicted structural homologs of the RRNPP family, EF0073, EF1599, and EF1316, which affect biofilm formation and CAUTI pathogenesis.
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ORF3 Protein Is Transported through the Exocytic Pathway
Authors: Si Fusheng , Chen Bingqing , Hu Xiaoxia , Yu Ruisong , Dong Shijuan , Wang Ruiyang , Li Zhen
Published: June 2020

Coronaviruses typically express several accessory proteins. They vary in number and nature, and only one is conserved among most of the coronaviruses, pointing at an important biological function for this protein. PEDV is peculiar in that it expresses just this one accessory protein, termed the ORF3 protein. While its analogs in other coronaviruses have been studied to different extents, and these studies have indicated that they share an ion channel property, little is still known about the features and functions of the PEDV ORF3 protein except for its association with virulence. In this investigation, we studied the intracellular trafficking of the ORF3 protein both in infected cells and when expressed independently. In addition, we analyzed the effects of mutations in five sorting motifs in its C-terminal domain and investigated whether the protein, found to follow the same exocytic route by which the viral structural membrane proteins travel, is also incorporated into virions.
Hfq and sRNA 179 Inhibit Expression of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa cAMP-Vfr and Type III Secretion Regulons
Authors: Janssen Kayley H. , Corley Jodi M. , Djapgne Louise , Cribbs J. T. , Voelker Deven , Slusher Zachary , Nordell Robert , Regulski Elizabeth E. , Kazmierczak Barbara I. , McMackin Emily Williams , Yahr Timothy L.
Published: June 2020

Control of gene expression by small noncoding RNA (sRNA) is well documented but underappreciated. Deep sequencing of mRNA preparations from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
suggests that >500 sRNAs are generated. Few of those sRNAs have defined roles in gene expression. To address that knowledge gap, we constructed an sRNA expression library and identified sRNA 179 as a regulator of the type III secretion system (T3SS) and the cAMP-Vfr regulons. The T3SS- and cAMP-Vfr-controlled genes are critical virulence factors. Increased understanding of the signals and regulatory mechanisms that control these important factors will enhance our understanding of disease progression and reveal potential approaches for therapeutic intervention.
Bacterial Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Potential in Soil Varies with Phylum, Depth, and Vegetation Type
Authors: Sharrar Allison M. , Crits-Christoph Alexander , Méheust Raphaël , Diamond Spencer , Starr Evan P. , Banfield Jillian F.
Published: June 2020

Microbes produce specialized compounds to compete or communicate with one another and their environment. Some of these compounds, such as antibiotics, are also useful in medicine and biotechnology. Historically, most antibiotics have come from soil bacteria which can be isolated and grown in the lab. Though the vast majority of soil bacteria cannot be isolated, we can extract their genetic information and search it for genes which produce these specialized compounds. These understudied soil bacteria offer a wealth of potential for the discovery of new and important microbial products. Here, we identified the ability to produce these specialized compounds in diverse and novel bacteria in a range of soil environments. This information will be useful to other researchers who wish to isolate certain products. Beyond their use to humans, understanding the distribution and function of microbial products is key to understanding microbial communities and their effects on biogeochemical cycles.