bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury on plasma metabolomic profile during aging
Authors: de Lucia Claudio , Piedepalumbo Michela , Wang Lu , Carnevale Neto Fausto , Raftery Daniel , Gao Erhe , Praticò Domenico , Promislow Daniel E. L. , Koch Walter J.
Published: December 2020

Background

Heart disease is a frequent cause of hospitalization and mortality for elderly patients. A common feature of both heart disease and aging itself is the involvement of metabolic organ alterations ultimately leading to changes in circulating metabolite levels. However, the specific contribution of aging and ischemic injury to the metabolic dysregulation occurring in older adults with ischemic heart disease is still unknown.

Aim

To evaluate the effects of aging and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury on plasma metabolomic profiling in mice.

Methods

Young and aged mice were subjected to a minimally invasive model of I/R injury or sham operation. Complete evaluation of cardiac function and untargeted plasma metabolomics analysis were performed.

Results

We confirmed that aged mice from the sham group had impaired cardiac function and augmented left ventricular (LV) dimensions compared to young sham‐operated mice. Further, we found that ischemic injury did not drastically reduce LV systolic/diastolic function and dyssynchrony in aged compared to young mice. Using an untargeted metabolomics approach focused on aqueous metabolites, we found that ischemic injury does not affect the plasma metabolomic profile either in young or old mice. Our data also demonstrate that age significantly affects circulating metabolite levels (predominantly amino acids, phospholipids and organic acids) and perturbs several pathways involved in amino acid, glucid and nucleic acid metabolism as well as pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate salvage pathway in both sham and ischemic mice.

Conclusions

Our approach increases our understanding of age‐associated plasma metabolomic signatures in mice with and without heart disease excluding confounding factors related to metabolic comorbidities.
Microinduction of Buprenorphine/Naloxone: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Ahmed Saeed , Bhivandkar Siddhi , Lonergan Brady B. , Suzuki Joji
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives

Buprenorphine's high‐binding affinity as a partial µ‐opioid agonist displaces preexisting full agonists causing precipitated withdrawal, which requires most individuals starting buprenorphine to endure moderate withdrawal prior to induction to avoid precipitated withdrawal. A novel approach called microinduction has emerged to remove this prerequisite. Our aim is to review the literature on these alternative approaches.

Methods

Using keywords including buprenorphine, buprenorphine/naloxone, transdermal buprenorphine, suboxone, microinduction, microdosing, rapid induction, buprenorphine‐dosing protocol, the authors searched PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PsychARTICLES, and Scopus databases from the date of inception through April 30, 2020, which yielded 1726 results, which, in turn, after manual exclusion for irrelevant content and publication in languages other than English, generated a total of 18 papers.

Results

On the basis of 18 papers included in this review, 63 patients were successfully transitioned to buprenorphine using different microdosing techniques, primarily in the inpatient setting. From the available data, patients were transitioned from a variety of opioids over a range of dosing without significant withdrawal, and initial doses ranged most frequently from 0.2 to 0.5 mg. While the timeframe for the various schedules ranged from 3 to 112 days, most transitioned over a period of 4 to 8 days, and most participants completed the cross titration at 8 to 16 mg.

Discussion and Conclusions

The growing literature demonstrates some initial promise for alternative induction models, specifically targeting patients averse to withdrawal, patients prescribed opioids for chronic pain, patients on high‐dose methadone, and patients using illicit or pharmaceutical fentanyl.

Scientific Significance

This manuscript provides a review of the existing literature to help clinicians better understand the approaches to microdosing of buprenorphine in various clinical settings and populations. (Am J Addict 2020;00:00–00)
A Healthcare System‐Level Intervention to Increase Naloxone Availability for Patients With Opioid Prescriptions
Authors: Siff Jonathan E. , Margolius David , Papp Joan , Boulanger Bernard , Watts Brook
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives

National guidelines recommend prescribing naloxone to patients receiving chronic opioids. However, provider adherence to naloxone co‐prescribing best practices is poor and knowledge gaps for improvement efforts are large. As part of a system‐wide quality improvement intervention to improve opioid safety, we sought to improve access to naloxone for patients with opioid prescriptions.

Methods

A prompt for naloxone co‐prescribing was implemented in the electronic health record. Baseline data and data after implementation were collected for naloxone co‐prescribing and fill rates on naloxone prescriptions s (n = 9122 pre, 8368 post).

Results

In the 9 months following the implementation of the electronic prompt, the total number of naloxone prescriptions increased more than 15‐fold. Patients prescribed naloxone filled their naloxone prescriptions similarly (42%) before and after the prompt implementation, resulting in a marked increase in the absolute number of patients with access to naloxone. Patient fill rates varied by clinical area (33% emergency medicine to 47% general medicine).

Conclusion and Scientific Significance

An electronic prompt, encouraging providers to prescribe naloxone to at‐risk patients led to a marked increase in the percentage of patients with an active naloxone prescription. The availability of naloxone in communities saves lives and this study is the first to demonstrate an intervention, which led to increased naloxone prescribing and reported on actual pharmacy fills of naloxone when co‐prescribed with opioids. (Am J Addict 2020;00:00–00)
Thinking about Government Authority: Constitutional Rules and Political Context in Citizens’ Assessments of Judicial, Legislative, and Executive Action
Authors: Braman Eileen
Published: December 2020

This study explores how citizens think about the appropriate exercise of authority across the branches of government. Three similarly designed experiments conducted on national samples reveal that what individuals are told about compliance with decision‐making rules matters across institutions, but so does the political context in which officials are acting. Participants’ policy preferences about the issues that are the subject of government action are particularly important in such assessments. Evidence suggests that feelings about President Trump and participants’ policy views are more important in assessments of the appropriateness of unilateral action than they were during the Obama administration; findings also suggest that what participants are told about President Trump's compliance with rules is less important. This could reflect an erosion in the importance of constitutional norms in citizens’ assessments of executive authority, but other explanations specific to the inquiry are also discussed.
Optic nerve sheath decompression saves sight in severe papilloedema: results from 81 eyes in 56 patients with pseudotumor cerebri
Authors: Söylev Bajin Meltem , Durmaz Engin Ceren , Yaman Aylin , Ayhan Ziya , Gökçay Figen , Çelebisoy Neşe , Men Süleyman , Akdal Gülden , Halmágyi Gábor Michael
Published: December 2020

Purpose

To report the outcome of optic nerve sheath decompression (ONSD) for papilloedema in a teaching hospital in western Turkey.

Methods

The charts of 56 patients who had ONSD surgery between April 2007 and September 2019 were collated; and a total of 81 operated and 31 fellow eyes were included. Pre‐ and postoperative ophthalmologic examination including best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), colour vision (CV), visual field (VF) analysis, fundoscopic examination and demographic and medical characteristics of the patients were noted and outcomes after surgery were investigated.

Results

Of all study eyes, 49 (43.7%) eyes had BCVA 0.2 or less and 62 (55.3%) eyes had mean deviation (MD) below – 20.0 dB. 62 (55.3%) eyes had Frisen grade 4 or 5 papilloedema. Almost half of the eyes had severe vision loss. After ONSD, BCVA, CV and MD in both operated and fellow non‐operated eyes improved significantly (p < 0.001, p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 for operated, p < 0.001, p = 0.007 and p < 0.001 for fellow eyes, respectively). Earlier surgery and higher cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure were related to better outcomes. None of the patients had major operative complications.

Conclusion

Optic nerve sheath decompression can safely improve vision not only of the operated but also of the non‐operated eye, even in cases with severe vision loss from severe bilateral papilloedema. Regardless of initial VA and VF, patients may benefit from ONSD; the earlier it is done the more likely the better outcome.
Angiotensin II receptor blockade alleviates calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity by restoring cyclooxygenase 2 expression in kidney cortex
Authors: Hu Junda , Xu Yan , Bachmann Sebastian , Mutig Kerim
Published: December 2020

Aim

The use of calcineurin inhibitors such as cyclosporine A (CsA) for immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation is commonly limited by renal side effects. CsA‐induced deterioration of glomerular filtration rate and sodium retention may be related to juxtaglomerular dysregulation as a result of suppressed cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) and stimulated renin biosynthesis. We tested whether CsA‐induced COX‐2 suppression is caused by hyperactive renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) and whether RAS inhibition may alleviate the related side effects.

Methods

Rats received CsA, the RAS inhibitor candesartan, or the COX‐2 inhibitor celecoxib acutely (3 days) or chronically (3 weeks). Molecular pathways mediating effects of CsA and RAS on COX‐2 were studied in cultured macula densa cells.

Results

Pharmacological or siRNA‐mediated calcineurin inhibition in cultured cells enhanced COX‐2 expression via p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase and NF‐kB signalling, whereas angiotensin II abolished these effects. Acute and chronic CsA administration to rats led to RAS activation along with reduced cortical COX‐2 expression, creatinine clearance and fractional sodium excretion. Evaluation of major distal salt transporters, NKCC2 and NCC, showed increased levels of their activating phosphorylation upon CsA. Concomitant candesartan treatment blunted these effects acutely and completely normalized the COX‐2 expression and renal functional parameters at long term. Celecoxib prevented the candesartan‐induced improvements of creatinine clearance and sodium excretion.

Conclusion

Suppression of juxtaglomerular COX‐2 upon CsA results from RAS activation, which overrides the cell‐autonomous, COX‐2‐stimulatory effects of calcineurin inhibition. Angiotensin II antagonism alleviates CsA nephrotoxicity via the COX‐2‐dependent normalization of creatinine clearance and sodium excretion.
INHALEd nebulised unfractionated HEParin for the treatment of hospitalised patients with COVID‐19 (INHALE‐HEP): Protocol and statistical analysis plan for an investigator‐initiated international metatrial of randomised studies
Authors: van Haren Frank M.P. , Richardson Alice , Yoon Hwan‐Jin , Artigas Antonio , Laffey John G. , Dixon Barry , Smith Roger , Vilaseca Alicia B. , Barbera Ruben A. , Ismail Tarek I. , Mahrous Rabab S. , Badr Mohamed , De Nucci Gilberto , Sverdloff Carlos , van Loon Lex M. , Camprubi‐Rimblas Marta , Cosgrave David W. , Smoot Thomas L. , Staas Sabrina , Sann Khine , Sas Caitlin , Belani Anusha , Hillman Christopher , Shute Janis , Carroll Mary , Wilkinson Tom , Carroll Miles , Singh Dave , Page Clive
Published: December 2020

Aims

Inhaled nebulised unfractionated heparin (UFH) has a strong scientific and biological rationale that warrants urgent investigation of its therapeutic potential in patients with COVID‐19. UFH has antiviral effects and prevents the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus' entry into mammalian cells. In addition, UFH has significant anti‐inflammatory and anticoagulant properties, which limit progression of lung injury and vascular pulmonary thrombosis.

Methods

The INHALEd nebulised unfractionated HEParin for the treatment of hospitalised patients with COVID‐19 (INHALE‐HEP) metatrial is a prospective individual patient data analysis of on‐going randomised controlled trials and early phase studies. Individual studies are being conducted in multiple countries. Participating studies randomise adult patients admitted to the hospital with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, who do not require immediate mechanical ventilation, to inhaled nebulised UFH or standard care. All studies collect a minimum core dataset. The primary outcome for the metatrial is intubation (or death, for patients who died before intubation) at day 28. The secondary outcomes are oxygenation, clinical worsening and mortality, assessed in time‐to‐event analyses. Individual studies may have additional outcomes.

Analysis

We use a Bayesian approach to monitoring, followed by analysing individual patient data, outcomes and adverse events. All analyses will follow the intention‐to‐treat principle, considering all participants in the treatment group to which they were assigned, except for cases lost to follow‐up or withdrawn.

Trial registration, ethics and dissemination

The metatrial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT04635241. Each contributing study is individually registered and has received approval of the relevant ethics committee or institutional review board. Results of this study will be shared with the World Health Organisation, published in scientific journals and presented at scientific meetings.
Midwifery knowledge of equitable and culturally safe maternity care for Aboriginal women
Authors: Marriott Rhonda , Reibel Tracy , Barrett Terri‐Lee , Bowen Angela , Bradshaw Sue , Kendall Sally , Kotz Jayne , Martin Tracy , Monterosso Leanne , Robinson Melanie
Published: December 2020

Background

The Birthing on Noongar Boodjar project (NHMRC Partnership Project #GNT1076873) investigated Australian Aboriginal women and midwives’ views of culturally safe care during childbearing. This paper reports on midwifery knowledge of Aboriginal women's cultural needs, their perceptions of health systems issues, and their ability to provide equitable and culturally safe care.

Method

A qualitative study framed by an Indigenous methodology and methods which supported inductive, multilayered analyses and consensus‐driven interpretations for two clinical midwife data groups (n = 61) drawn from a larger project data set (n = 145) comprising Aboriginal women and midwives.

Findings

Midwives demonstrated limited knowledge of Aboriginal women's cultural childbearing requirements, reported inadequate access to cultural education, substituted references to women‐centered care in the absence of culturally relevant knowledge and consistently expressed racialized assumptions. Factors identified by midwives as likely to influence the midwifery workforce enabling them to provide culturally safe care for Aboriginal women included more professional development focused on improving understandings of cultural birth practices and health system changes which create safer maternal health care environments for Aboriginal women.

Conclusions

Individual, workforce, and health systems issues impact midwives’ capability to meet Aboriginal women's cultural needs. An imperative exists for effective cultural education and improved professional accountability regarding Aboriginal women's perinatal requirements and significant changes in health systems to embed culturally safe woman‐centered care models as a means of addressing racism in health care.
Leaky salt: Pipe trails record the history of cross‐evaporite fluid escape in the northern Levant Basin, Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Oppo Davide , Evans Sian , Iacopini David , Kabir S. M. Mainul , Maselli Vittorio , Jackson Christopher A.‐L.
Published: December 2020

Despite salt being regarded as an extremely efficient, low‐permeability hydraulic seal, an increasing number of cross‐evaporite fluid escape features have been documented in salt‐bearing sedimentary basins. Because of this, it is clear that our understanding of how thick salt deposits impact fluid flow in sedimentary basins is incomplete. We here examine the causes and evolution of cross‐evaporite fluid escape in the northern Levant Basin, Eastern Mediterranean. High‐quality 3D seismic data offshore Lebanon image hundreds of supra‐salt fluid escape pipes distributed widely along the margin. The pipes consistently originate at the crest of prominent sub‐salt anticlines, where overlying salt is relatively thin. The fact the pipes crosscut the salt suggests that hydrofracturing occurred, permitting focused fluid flow. Sequential pipes from unique emission points are organized along trails that are several kilometres long, and which are progressively deformed due to basinward gravity gliding of salt and its overburden. Correlation of pipes in 12 trails suggests margin‐wide fluid escape started in the Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene, coincident with a major phase of uplift of the Levant margin. We interpret that the consequent transfer of overpressure from the central basin area, in addition to gas exsolution from hydrocarbons already trapped in sub‐salt anticlines, triggered seal failure and cross‐evaporite fluid flow. We infer that other causes of fluid escape in the Eastern Mediterranean, such as subsurface pressure changes driven by sea‐level variations and salt deposition associated with the Messinian Salinity Crisis, played only a minor role in triggering cross‐evaporite fluid flow in the northern Levant Basin. Further phases of fluid escape are unique to each anticline and cannot be easily correlated across the margin. Therefore, despite a common initial cause, long‐term fluid escape proceeded according to structure‐specific characteristics, such as local dynamics of fluid migration and anticline geometry. Our work shows that the mechanisms triggering cross‐evaporite fluid flow in salt basins vary in time and space.
Primitive Object Grasping for Finger Motion Synthesis
Authors: Hwang Jae‐Pyung , Park Gangrae , Suh Il Hong , Kwon Taesoo
Published: December 2020

We developed a new framework to generate hand and finger grasping motions. The proposed framework provides online adaptation to the position and orientation of objects and can generate grasping motions even when the object shape differs from that used during motion capture. This is achieved by using a mesh model, which we call primitive object grasping (POG), to represent the object grasping motion. The POG model uses a mesh deformation algorithm that keeps the original shape of the mesh while adapting to varying constraints. These characteristics are beneficial for finger grasping motion synthesis that satisfies constraints for mimicking the motion capture sequence and the grasping points reflecting the shape of the object. We verify the adaptability of the proposed motion synthesizer according to its position/orientation and shape variations of different objects by using motion capture sequences for grasping primitive objects, namely, a sphere, a cylinder, and a box. In addition, a different grasp strategy called a three‐finger grasp is synthesized to validate the generality of the POG‐based synthesis framework.
Can esophageal motility disorders be detected by esophagogastroduodenoscopy?
Authors: Kuribayashi Shiko , Uraoka Toshio
Published: December 2020

This Editorial refers to the article by M. Matsubara et al., p 753‐760 of this issue.
Single‐balloon enteroscopy assisted successful removal of a migrated covered self‐expandable metal stent for hepaticojejunostomy anastomotic stenosis
Authors: Toyonaga Haruka , Hayashi Tsuyoshi , Katanuma Akio
Published: December 2020

Watch a video of this article.
Effectiveness of pit and fissure sealants on primary molars: A 2‐yr split‐mouth randomized clinical trial
Authors: Chabadel Olivier , Véronneau Jacques , Montal Sylvie , Tramini Paul , Moulis Estelle
Published: December 2020

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sealants in preventing pit and fissure caries in primary molars. The secondary objective was to assess the sealant retention during a 2‐yr study period. A 2‐yr split‐mouth randomized clinical trial including 90 3–7‐yr‐old children was conducted in the paediatric dental department of Montpellier hospital. The dentition of each included patient was divided into an experimental side and a control side, with annual follow‐up visits. Caries increments, measured as the number of new occlusal cavitated lesions, were not different between the sealed (mean 0.23) and the control primary molars (mean 0.29). A multiple mixed‐effects logistic regression showed that male gender, moderate/high caries risk, and a higher oral hygiene index score, had a statistically significant effect resulting in higher caries increments in the primary molars, than did female gender, low caries risk, and lower oral hygiene index scores. Sealing showed no statistically significant influence on the development of new caries lesions. After 2 yr, the percentages of partially or totally lost sealants were 22.7% and 32.0%, respectively. In this sample of children, the caries increment was not significantly different between the sealed and the unsealed molars. At the end of this 2‐yr study, more than half of the sealants were totally or partially lost, which could explain the low sealant effectiveness.
Identifying seizure risk factors: A comparison of sleep, weather, and temporal features using a Bayesian forecast
Authors: Payne Daniel E. , Dell Katrina L. , Karoly Phillipa J. , Kremen Vaclav , Gerla Vaclav , Kuhlmann Levin , Worrell Gregory A. , Cook Mark J. , Grayden David B. , Freestone Dean R.
Published: December 2020

Objective

Most seizure forecasting algorithms have relied on features specific to electroencephalographic recordings. Environmental and physiological factors, such as weather and sleep, have long been suspected to affect brain activity and seizure occurrence but have not been fully explored as prior information for seizure forecasts in a patient‐specific analysis. The study aimed to quantify whether sleep, weather, and temporal factors (time of day, day of week, and lunar phase) can provide predictive prior probabilities that may be used to improve seizure forecasts.

Methods

This study performed post hoc analysis on data from eight patients with a total of 12.2 years of continuous intracranial electroencephalographic recordings (average = 1.5 years, range = 1.0–2.1 years), originally collected in a prospective trial. Patients also had sleep scoring and location‐specific weather data. Histograms of future seizure likelihood were generated for each feature. The predictive utility of individual features was measured using a Bayesian approach to combine different features into an overall forecast of seizure likelihood. Performance of different feature combinations was compared using the area under the receiver operating curve. Performance evaluation was pseudoprospective.

Results

For the eight patients studied, seizures could be predicted above chance accuracy using sleep (five patients), weather (two patients), and temporal features (six patients). Forecasts using combined features performed significantly better than chance in six patients. For four of these patients, combined forecasts outperformed any individual feature.

Significance

Environmental and physiological data, including sleep, weather, and temporal features, provide significant predictive information on upcoming seizures. Although forecasts did not perform as well as algorithms that use invasive intracranial electroencephalography, the results were significantly above chance. Complementary signal features derived from an individual's historic seizure records may provide useful prior information to augment traditional seizure detection or forecasting algorithms. Importantly, many predictive features used in this study can be measured noninvasively.
Interspecific aggression and defence of extra nest sites in two species of songbirds
Authors: Slagsvold Tore , Wiebe Karen L.
Published: December 2020

Interspecific competition is expected when two species share resource needs. For example, secondary cavity‐nesting birds may compete vigorously for suitable nest sites both within and among species. However, little is known of whether monogamous species defend more than one nest site on their territory after breeding has begun, and in particular whether they are aggressive against other species. Defending extra nest sites may be adaptive because they may be used for renesting after a failure or to produce a second brood. We studied interactions between a monogamous, resident bird, the great tit Parus major and a migrant, the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca, providing nest boxes in woodlands in Norway. Agonistic behaviours may be subtle and easily overlooked so we experimentally placed caged male pied flycatchers near nests of great tits and at a dyad of empty nest boxes erected in the territory 25 m away. We filmed interactions between species at 21 sites in the egg‐laying period of the tit, and at 26 nest sites during incubation. Male great tits showed aggression towards the caged flycatcher both at their own nest box and at the nest boxes erected at a distance. We manipulated the external appearance of the nest boxes with painted designs around the entrances but the intensity of aggression at the empty nest boxes did not depend on whether those boxes matched the nest box with the tit nest and was not correlated with tit clutch size. Neither was the intensity of display activity at each nest box by the flycatchers that settled associated with these variables. The results are discussed in relation to hypotheses for nest site choice involving interspecific social learning and aggression.
Histologic progression of acne inversa/hidradenitis suppurativa: Implications for future investigations and therapeutic intervention
Authors: Dunstan Robert W. , Salte Katherine M. , Todorović Viktor , Lowe Margaret , Wetter Joseph B. , Harms Paul W. , Burney Richard E. , Scott Victoria E. , Smith Kathleen M. , Rosenblum Michael D. , Gudjonsson Johann E. , Honore Prisca
Published: December 2020

Since first recognized in 1839, the pathogenesis of acne inversa (AI) has undergone repeated revisions. Although there is agreement that AI involves occlusion of hair follicles with subsequent inflammation and the formation of tracts, the histologic progression of this disease still requires refinement. The objective of this study was to examine the histologic progression of AI based on the examination of a large cohort of punch biopsies and excisional samples that were examined first by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The most informative of these samples were step‐sectioned and stained by immunohistochemistry for epithelial and inflammatory markers. Based on this examination, the following observations were made: 1) AI arises from the epithelium of the infundibulum of terminal and vellus hairs; 2) These form cysts and epithelial tendrils that extend into soft tissue; 3) Immunohistochemical staining demonstrates the epithelium of AI is disordered with infundibular and isthmic differentiation and de novo expression of stem cell markers; 4) The inflammatory response in AI is heterogeneous and largely due to cyst rupture. The conclusions of this investigation were that AI is an epithelial‐driven disease caused by infiltrative, cyst forming tendrils and most of the inflammation is due to cyst rupture and release of cornified debris and bacteria. Cyst rupture often occurs below the depths of punch biopsy samples indicating their use for analysis may give an incomplete picture of the disease. Finally, our data suggest that unless therapies inhibit tendril development, it is unlikely they will cause prolonged treatment‐induced remission in AI.
Regulation of bacterial ATP synthase activity: A gear‐shifting or a pawl–ratchet mechanism?
Authors: Miranda‐Astudillo Héctor , Zarco‐Zavala Mariel , García‐Trejo José J. , González‐Halphen Diego
Published: December 2020

The F1Fo‐ATP synthase, a widely distributed nanomotor responsible of ATP synthesis, rotates its central rotor reversibly: In the clockwise direction when viewed from the Fo (with the observer facing the positive side of the energy transducing membrane and looking down into the negative side of the membrane), it functions as ATP synthase, while in counterclockwise sense, it operates as a proton‐pumping ATP hydrolase. Regulation exerted by naturally occurring inhibitory proteins of the enzyme appears to function by avoiding ATP hydrolysis while preserving ATP synthesis. The work of Liu et al. describes an unbiased, elegant analytical pipeline that provides important insights into the inhibitory role of the ε‐subunit of the bacterial F1Fo‐ATP synthase in vivo. We discuss if a gear‐shifting versus a pawl–ratchet mechanism may explain the regulatory role of the ε‐subunit.
Can producers and consumers of color decolonize foodie culture?: An exploration through food media in settler colonies
Authors: Khorana Sukhmani
Published: December 2020

In this paper, I examine the “Home Cooking” episode of Netflix series Ugly Delicious, and the “Toronto Truths with Foodies of Colour” episode of award‐winning Racist Sandwich podcast to uncover their mediation of a foodie and cosmopolitan person of color identity. By paying close attention to biographical details and the foregrounding of certain aspects of foodie and racialized identities, this paper addresses the question of performativity when it comes to food adventuring by using the mediated lens of the two chosen food shows. Are the hosts (and the semiotics of the programs) potentially challenging the archetype of the adventurous meat‐eating white male, or reinforcing the same by letting certain people into the fold? This analysis is necessary to understand if producers and consumers of color who are vested in exploring different food cultures through their practices do this any differently from dominant cultures.
Credit rating, post‐earnings‐announcement drift, and arbitrage from transient institutions
Authors: He Guanming
Published: December 2020

This study first establishes a robust link between credit rating and post‐earnings‐announcement drift (PEAD). I find strong evidence that PEAD is more salient for firms with low credit ratings. This finding is consistent with the notion that investors are prone to underreact to earnings news from low credit rating firms that are characterized by high uncertainty of asset fundamentals. The association between credit rating and PEAD is not driven by traditional information uncertainty proxies such as earnings volatility, cash flow volatility, accruals quality, firm age, idiosyncratic volatility, and analyst forecast dispersion. I further investigate whether transient institutions exploit the differential of PEAD among different rated firms in their arbitrage trades. The results reveal that transient institutions tend to focus their arbitrage on low credit rating firms. However, the existence and concentration of PEAD in low credit rating firms suggest that transient institutions fail to arbitrage away PEAD among low‐rated firms and that the arbitrage strategy is riskier than expected by the transient institutions. This in turn implies that estimation risk associated with pricing the earnings news of low‐rated firms plays a substantive role in forming the strong PEAD of these firms.
Huaier shows anti‐cancer activities by inhibition of cell growth, migration and energy metabolism in lung cancer through PI3K/AKT/HIF‐1α pathway
Authors: Liu Xiangli , Liu Lidan , Chen Keyan , Sun Lei , Li Wenya , Zhang Shuguang
Published: December 2020

Huaier has been verified to have anti‐cancer effects on many tumours. However, little information is available about the effects of Huaier on non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We sought to probe the anti‐cancer effects and related mechanisms of Huaier on lung cancer. A549 cells were pre‐treated with 2, 4 and 8 mg/mL Huaier at different time points. Thereafter, cell viability was analysed by CCK‐8 and the migration and invasion were detected by Scratch test and Transwell chamber migration assay. Moreover, ELISA, Western blot, shRNA transfection and RT‐PCR were conducted to discover the related gene and protein expressions of energy metabolism and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT/hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) pathway. Furthermore, tumour xenografts were accomplished to inspect the anti‐cancer effects of Huaier. Our consequences suggested that Huaier considerably repressed cell viability and migration in a dose‐dependent way. In addition, Huaier statistically suppressed glycolysis, glucose transport and lactic acid (LA) accumulation. Besides, we detected that Huaier could inactivate the PI3K/AKT/HIF‐1α pathway. The in vivo data confirmed that Huaier obviously decreased tumour volume and tumour growth, reduced the glycolysis, glucose transport and HIF‐1α expression in the tumour‐bearing tissues. Our results suggested Huaier revealed anti‐tumour effects in both in vivo and in vitro possibly through PI3K/AKT/HIF‐1α pathway.
Knockout of Akt1/2 suppresses the metastasis of human prostate cancer cells CWR22rv1 in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Su Bing , Zhang Lijuan , Zhuang Wenfang , Zhang Wei , Chen Xiaofan
Published: December 2020

Although primary androgen deprivation therapy resulted in tumour regression, unfortunately, majority of prostate cancer progress to a lethal castration‐resistant prostate cancer, finally die to metastasis. The mutual feedback between AKT and AR pathways plays a vital role in the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer. Therefore, the treatment of a single factor will eventually inevitably lead to failure. Therefore, better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying metastasis is critical to the development of new and more effective therapeutic agents. In this study, we created prostate cancer CWR22rv1 cells with the double knockout of Akt1 and Akt2 genes through CRISPR/Cas9 method to investigate the effect of Akt in metastasis of prostate cancer. It was found that knockout of Akt1/2 resulted in markedly reduced metastasis in vitro and in vivo, and appeared to interfere AR nuclear translocation through regulating downstream regulatory factor, FOXO proteins. It suggests that some downstream regulatory factors in the AKT and AR interaction network play a vital role in prostate cancer metastasis and are potential targeting molecules for prostate cancer metastasis treatment.
Prevalence and risk/protective indicators of buccal soft tissue dehiscence around dental implants
Authors: Romandini Mario , Pedrinaci Ignacio , Lima Cristina , Soldini Maria Costanza , Araoz Ana , Sanz Mariano
Published: December 2020

Aim

To evaluate the prevalence of buccal peri‐implant soft tissue dehiscence (PISTD) in anterior implants and to identify the risk/protective indicators of PISTD in implants not suffering peri‐implantitis.

Materials and methods

240 randomly selected patients from a university clinic database were invited to participate in the present cross‐sectional study. Those who accepted, after the evaluation of their medical and dental records, were clinically examined to assess the prevalence of buccal PISTD in non‐molar implants. Multilevel multivariate logistic regression analyses were then carried out to identify those factors associated either positively (risk) or negatively (protective) with buccal PISTD in implants without peri‐implantitis.

Results

92 patients with a total of 272 dental implants were analysed. At implant‐level, the prevalence of buccal PISTD was 16.9%, while when selecting only implants without peri‐implantitis it was 12.0%. Buccal PISTD was present in 26.7% of the implants diagnosed with peri‐implantitis. The following factors were identified as risk/protective indicators of buccal PISTD in implants without peri‐implantitis: malposition (too buccal vs. correct: OR=14.67), thin peri‐implant phenotype (OR=8.31), presence of at least one adjacent tooth (OR=0.08) and presence of abutment (OR=0.12).

Conclusions

PISTD are highly prevalent among patients with dental implants in this university‐based population, and several factors were identified as risk and protective indicators of PISTD in implants not suffering peri‐implantitis.
Newly graduated registered nurses' evaluation of their preparedness, confidence and attitudes towards clinical assessments
Authors: Taylor Peta , Hudson Dianne , Thomson Patricia , Greenlees‐Rae Joanne
Published: December 2020

Background

Historically, it has been reported that new graduates make limited use of their clinical assessment skills, yet these form the basis for making nursing decisions and selecting all nursing interventions.

Aims and objectives

To explore new graduates' preparedness for, and confidence with, clinical assessment and their reliance on electronic monitoring. To identify barriers that hinder, and strategies that enable, clinical assessment.

Design

A mixed‐method study comprising a cross‐sectional, quantitative survey and qualitative data, gathered using the World Café method.

Methods

Data were collected from volunteers (n = 137) of all new graduates (n = 160) working in adult settings for a New Zealand district health board over a 1‐year period. A paper‐based survey explored use of clinical assessment, using a five‐point Likert scale. Qualitative data comprised written records of group discussions and individual responses to four questions with thematic analysis of results. A STROBE checklist was used.

Results

Most (n = 128) new graduates agreed/strongly agreed that clinical assessment was part of their role. Most (n = 119) agreed/strongly agreed that assessing patients by technology alone was inadequate. Thirty‐six did not agree/strongly agree that they were well‐prepared to perform clinical assessment. Forty‐one did not agree/strongly agree that they were confident to perform clinical assessment, particularly those aged ≥30 years. Factors limiting use of clinical assessment were lack of time, knowledge, skill, confidence, reliance on doctors and an unsupportive work environment. Factors that would enhance clinical assessment involved increased supervision by experienced staff, provision of short courses and more in‐service education on clinical assessment.

Conclusions

New graduates acknowledged that clinical assessment was part of their role and involved more than electronic monitoring. However, many lacked confidence and preparedness for clinical assessment in their work area, particularly those aged ≥30 years, potentially limiting clinical assessment use. Supportive changes, including short courses to revise clinical assessment skills and supervision of workplace‐specific clinical assessments, could help new graduates more confidently and efficiently assimilate clinical assessment into their practice.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

This research identified reasons that caused a cohort of new graduates to make limited use of their clinical assessment skills. It also reports the practical solutions they considered would help them increase their use of clinical assessment and thus support their decision‐making in nursing practice.
Persons with dementia as internet users: what are their needs? A qualitative study
Authors: Schnelli Angela , Hirt Julian , Zeller Adelheid
Published: December 2020

Aims and objectives

The aim of this study was to identify the needs and expectations of persons with dementia regarding dementia‐related information on the internet concerning content, presentation, navigation, language and design.

Background

Research on internet‐related needs of persons with dementia is lacking. However, the importance of the internet as a source of health information is increasing. To improve health literacy and to ensure participation in therapy decisions, target group‐specific health information is necessary, especially for persons with chronic conditions like dementia.

Design

We conducted a qualitative interview study between April 2019 and April 2020 in the German‐speaking part of Switzerland. To report the study, we used the COREQ checklist.

Methods

We analysed the interview data using content analysis according to Mayring.

Results

Four interviews with five persons with dementia took place. We identified two main themes: (1) ‘use of media and changing needs’ and (2) ‘information about dementia on the internet’. The first theme is related to changing user habits due to progressing dementia. The second theme is focussed on requirements concerning design and content. Critical reception and assessment of internet‐based information are also addressed.

Conclusions

Information should be adapted to the course of disease. Opportunities and positive aspects should also be mentioned. The presentation should be well‐structured. Health professionals might support persons with dementia in searching and interpreting internet‐based information.

Relevance to clinical practice

Website operators should consider specific needs of persons with dementia regarding design and content. Involving persons with dementia in the development of website content and design could be an opportunity for better meeting their needs.
Responsiveness and Democratic Accountability: Observational Evidence from an Experiment in a Mixed‐Member Proportional System
Authors: Breunig Christian , Grossman Emiliano , Hänni Miriam
Published: December 2020

Electoral systems provide distinctive accountability mechanisms in democratic polities and thereby affect government responsiveness to citizens. In this article, we concentrate on the effects of proportional vis‐à‐vis majoritarian electoral rules. We expect members of parliament to be more responsive under majoritarian rule, because these MPs have a direct mandate from their local constituency, are less dependent on their party, and can be held directly accountable by voters. We exploit Germany's mixed‐member system and test MP’s responsiveness using behavioral data generated within a two‐round field experiment. The experiment observes concrete interactions between voters and representatives. In the experiment, real voters sent emails about a policy issue to their MPs. We show that MPs who were elected via the majoritarian tier are almost twice as likely to respond to a voter request than MPs elected via PR. Our results deliver novel evidence that electoral institutions cause distinct behavioral responses from elected officials.
When a knockout is an Achilles’ heel: Resistance to one potyvirus species triggers hypersusceptibility to another one in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Zafirov Delyan , Giovinazzo Nathalie , Bastet Anna , Gallois Jean‐Luc
Published: December 2020

The translation initiation factors 4E are a small family of major susceptibility factors to potyviruses. It has been suggested that knocking out these genes could provide genetic resistance in crops when natural resistance alleles, which encode functional eIF4E proteins, are not available. Here, using the well‐characterized Arabidopsis thaliana–potyvirus pathosystem, we evaluate the resistance spectrum of plants knocked out for eIF4E1, the susceptibility factor to clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV). We show that besides resistance to ClYVV, the eIF4E1 loss of function is associated with hypersusceptibility to turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), a potyvirus known to rely on the paralog host factor eIFiso4E. On TuMV infection, plants knocked out for eIF4E1 display striking developmental defects such as early senescence and primordia development stoppage. This phenotype is coupled with a strong TuMV overaccumulation throughout the plant, while remarkably the levels of the viral target eIFiso4E remain uninfluenced. Our data suggest that this hypersusceptibility cannot be explained by virus evolution leading to a gain of TuMV aggressiveness. Furthermore, we report that a functional eIF4E1 resistance allele engineered by CRISPR/Cas9 base‐editing technology successfully circumvents the increase of TuMV susceptibility conditioned by eIF4E1 disruption. These findings in Arabidopsis add to several previous findings in crops suggesting that resistance based on knocking out eIF4E factors should be avoided in plant breeding, as it could also expose the plant to the severe threat of potyviruses able to recruit alternative eIF4E copies. At the same time, it provides a simple model that can help understanding of the homeostasis among eIF4E proteins in the plant cell and what makes them available to potyviruses.
The nation on and beyond the screen: A history of film and nation‐building in Flanders
Authors: Willems Gertjan , Vande Winkel Roel , Biltereyst Daniel
Published: December 2020

Most research on the relationship between film and nation‐building focuses on the content of films (the nation on the screen). Much less common is research on the structural organisation of the film sector (the nation beyond the screen). This article argues for a combined focus in order to gain deeper insight into the relationship between film and nation‐building. This is illustrated by a case study focusing on Flanders. The Flemish case shows that the relationship between film and nation‐building is dynamic and multiple. There is a clear evolution from a Belgian, French‐speaking film sector to a separate Flemish film sector. This process was stimulated by the coming of sound film in the early 1930s and by political developments towards more Flemish autonomy. But while Flemish nation‐building keeps growing to this day, the concept of ‘Belgian cinema’ has gained renewed relevance since the 2000s.
Hymenidium pilosum (Apiaceae) is a synonym of H. apiolens based on morphology and molecular data
Authors: Guo Xian‐Lin , Gou Wei , Xie Fu‐Min , Zhou Song‐Dong , He Xing‐Jin
Published: December 2020

Hymenidium apiolens and H. pilosum have been recorded to co‐occur in the Himalayas, and it was found difficult to distinguish between them in the field. In this study, we reconstructed the phylogeny and estimated the genetic distance between individuals of H. apiolens, H. pilosum and related species based on nuclear ITS sequences, and rpl16 and rps16 introns, to determine the relationship between H. apiolens and H. pilosum. The analyses suggest that H. apiolens and H. pilosum are nested together, and that the ratio of genetic distance between them is smaller than that between individuals of Chamaesium spatuliferum, Hansenia forbesii or Ligusticum acuminatum. Furthermore, we found similar morphological characteristics of bracteoles, rays, petals and mericarps in H. apiolens and H. pilosum. Consequently, both molecular and morphological evidence supports that Hymenidium pilosum is a synonym of H. apiolens.
Remapping the European agenda‐setting landscape
Authors: Deters Henning , Falkner Gerda
Published: December 2020

In the European Union (EU), agenda setting is formally centralized at the European Commission. During the last decade since the Lisbon Treaty, however, this agenda‐setting monopoly was challenged by other institutions against the backdrop of the Treaty change, intergovernmental crisis management, politicization, and more informal legislative bargaining. This symposium therefore surveys the emerging agenda‐setting powers of the EU's other main institutional actors in their relation to the Commission. The introduction provides a conceptual framework, distinguishing between procedural and discursive agenda‐setting power, as well as gatekeeping power and agenda leadership. Based on this typology, we argue that not only the European Council (agenda leadership) but even the Court of Justice of the EU (procedural agenda setting) and the European Parliament (discursive agenda setting) gained more influence on policy decisions through their informal agenda‐setting activities. The landscape has thus become variegated, and the Commission, although remaining center stage, now depends more strongly on interinstitutional alliances.