bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Binding of liver derived, low density hepatitis C virus to human hepatoma cells
Authors: Martin Caroline , Nielsen Soren U. , Ibrahim Siti , Bassendine Margaret F. , Toms Geoffrey L.
Published: March 2008

HCV recovered from low density fractions of infected blood is associated with lipid and host apo‐lipoproteins in lipo‐viro‐particles (LVP). It has been proposed that these particles are capable of binding and entering hepatocytes by viral glycoprotein independent mechanisms utilizing uptake pathways of normal host lipoproteins after binding to cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAG), the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL‐r) or scavenger receptor B1 (SR‐B1). In this study binding to human hepatoma cells of HCV low density RNA containing particles, semi‐purified from macerates of infected human liver, is compared with that of normal host low density lipoprotein (LDL). Binding of both LDL and HCV low density RNA containing particles paralleled LDL‐r but not SR‐B1 expression on the recipient cells. Binding of both particle types was sensitive to suramin at 0°C but less so at 37°C suggesting that they both bind initially to GAG but, at 37°C, are internalized or transferred to a suramin resistant receptor. Suramin resistant uptake of both particles was blocked in the presence of excess LDL or oxidized LDL. However, whilst LDL uptake was blocked by anti‐apoB‐100, HCV low density RNA uptake was enhanced by anti‐apoB100 and further enhanced by a cocktail of anti‐apo‐B100 and anti‐apoE. Pre‐incubation of HCV low density RNA containing particles with antibodies to the E2 glycoprotein had little or no effect on uptake. These data indicate that whilst liver derived HCV RNA containing particles are taken up by HepG2 cells by a virus glycoprotein independent mechanism, the mechanism differs from that of LDL uptake. J. Med. Virol. 80:816–823, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of mixed infection cases with both herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2
Authors: Kaneko Hisatoshi , Kawana Takashi , Ishioka Ken , Ohno Shigeaki , Aoki Koki , Suzutani Tatsuo
Published: March 2008

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) is isolated principally from the upper half of the body innervated by the trigeminal ganglia whereas herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) is generally isolated from the lower half of the body innervated by the sacral ganglia. However, recent reports suggest that HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 can each infect both the upper and lower half of the body causing a variety of symptoms and there is a possibility that HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 infections can occur simultaneously with both causing symptoms. HSV type in clinical isolates from 87 patients with genital herpes and 57 with ocular herpes was determined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and six cases of mixed infection with both HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 were identified. Of the six cases, three were patients with genital herpes and three were ocular herpes patients. Analysis of the copy number of the HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 genome by a quantitative real time PCR demonstrated that HSV‐1 was dominant at a ratio of approximately 100:1 in the ocular infections. In contrast, the HSV‐2 genome was present at a 4–40 times higher frequency in isolates from genital herpes patients. There was no obvious difference between the clinical course of mixed infection and those of single HSV‐1 or HSV‐2 infections. This study indicated that the frequency of mixed infection with both HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 is comparatively higher than those of previous reports. The genome ratio of HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 reflects the preference of each HSV type for the target organ. J. Med. Virol. 80:883–887, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emergence of adamantane‐resistant influenza A(H3N2) viruses in Hong Kong between 1997 and 2006
Authors: Tang Julian W. , Ngai Karry L.K. , Wong Jasper C.L. , Lam Wai Y. , Chan Paul K.S.
Published: March 2008

Resistance to adamantanes for treating influenza A(H3N2) has increased dramatically, worldwide, over the past 5 years. A comprehensive 10‐year data set on the rise of adamantane‐resistance in Hong Kong is reported. Nucleotide sequences encoding the M2‐ion channel of influenza A(H3N2) were obtained from 281 H3N2 isolates collected from adamantane‐naive children admitted to a teaching hospital in Hong Kong, between 1997 and 2006. These sequences were screened for the presence of recognized adamantane resistance‐associated amino acid mutations (L26F, V27A, A30T, S31N, G34E). The amantadane (rimantadine is not used in Hong Kong) usage for this hospital during this period was also collated. Fifty‐eight isolates harbored at least one of these resistance signatures, the majority (57/58) being S31N, which increased rapidly over 2003–2005 from 20% to 83.3%. Other amino acid mutations, not previously associated with adamantane resistance, were also found. In particular, I51V was found to rise in frequency, along with S31N, though the significance of this mutation remains uncertain at present. A rise in amantadane usage occurred in Hong Kong between 2000 and 2002, which slightly preceded the subsequent rise in adamantane‐resistant influenza A(H3N2) isolates. This study shows a temporal correlation between increases in amantadane prescriptions and the prevalence of adamantane‐resistant influenza A(H3N2) viruses in Hong Kong. The underlying reasons for these findings are unclear and similar studies are required elsewhere to elucidate these and prevent this spread of drug‐resistance happening again in future. J. Med. Virol. 80:895–901, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feasibility of prevention of perinatal HIV infection by nevirapine in rural areas of the northeast Democratic Republic of Congo, 2002–2004
Authors: Kirere Mathe M. , Sondag‐Thull D. , Lepage P.
Published: March 2008

The HIV NET 012 protocol for prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV, a single‐dose of nevirapine given to the mother during labor and one given to the newborn, has been adopted by several developing countries. The implementation of this protocol may be difficult in African rural regions and must be evaluated. The study was carried out at the Oicha General Hospital, Democratic Republic of Congo. HIV‐infected women with a gestational age ≥36 weeks were offered participation in the study during a prenatal visit. Among the 5,016 women tested during prenatal attendance from December 2002 to December 2004, 94 (1.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5–2.3%) were HIV‐infected. Among these women, 59 (62.8%; 95% CI: 53.0–72.6%) received nevirapine and 35 (37.2%; 95% CI: 27.4–47.0%) did not receive nevirapine prophylaxis. Twenty‐six (27.7%) of these women arrived fully dilated and 9 (9.5%) were not given the drug by the midwives. Among the 59 HIV‐infected pregnant women who received nevirapine before delivery, 33 (55.9%, 95% CI: 43.2–68.6%) received the drug at the start of uterine contractions and 24 (40.7%; 95% CI: 28.2–53.2%) did not receive nevirapine within the recommended time before delivery. Two women (3.4%) received nevirapine, but this was not written in the logbook. Overall, among the 101 newborns, all children received a single‐dose nevirapine: 48 (47.5%; 95% CI: 37.8–57.2%) of the 101 newborns received nevirapine in the 24–72 hr following birth and 52 (51.5%; 95% CI: 41.8–61.2%) just after birth when their mother did not receive nevirapine. Even for a protocol as simple as HIV prophylaxis with a single‐dose nevirapine, the application in African rural areas encounters field difficulties. Further simplified procedures and health care re‐organization are still needed to guarantee a full Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission coverage for every HIV pregnant woman in Africa. J. Med. Virol. 80:772–776, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
National survey of the prevalence and conditions of selection of HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase K70E mutation
Authors: Delaugerre C. , Flandre P. , Marcelin A.G. , Descamps D. , Tamalet C. , Cottalorda J. , Schneider V. , Yerly S. , LeGoff J. , Morand‐Joubert L. , Chaix M.L. , Costagliola D. , Calvez V.
Published: March 2008

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has become an important component of HIV combination therapy because of its potency and once‐daily dosing. Key mutation associated with resistance to TDF is a K65R in the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene. According to occurrence of K70E mutation after failure to TDF regimen, this mutation was recently reported as a mutation associated with TDF resistance in most resistance genotypic algorithms. The aim of this study was to analyze, retrospectively, the prevalence and conditions of selection of HIV‐1 RT K70E mutation from a national clinical survey. Absence of selection of K70E in 850 HIV‐1‐infected naive patients suggests its role in NRTI drug resistance. Prevalence of K70E RT was low (99/41601, 0.24%) in patients treated between 1999 and 2005. Conversely with K65R mutation, thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) can be concomitantly observed with K70E mutation but its frequency decreased as the number of TAM increases. Concomitant association of K65R and K70E was possible but infrequent (11%). At the time of K70E selection, 60% of patients had received or received TDF‐containing regimen and one‐third received exclusive NRTI regimen. In conclusion, the K70E mutation could be an alternative pathway of TDF resistance, but as the K65R mutation, other NRTI as ABC, ddI, and 3TC could be also associated with the K70E selection. J. Med. Virol. 80:762–765, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of locally recurrent epstein–barr virus‐associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma using the anti‐viral agent cidofovir
Authors: Yoshizaki Tomokazu , Wakisaka Naohiro , Kondo Satoru , Murono Shigeyuki , Shimizu Yoshinori , Nakashima Masashi , Tsuji Akira , Furukawa Mitsuru
Published: March 2008

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) associated malignant tumor. Recently, cidofovir, an anti‐viral drug which is an acyclic nucleoside analogue, has been reported to have an anti‐tumor potential. Two patients with NPC, who had previously received multi‐round therapy, were treated with cidofovir. Cidofovir was topically injected in and around the tumor once every 3 weeks (originally 75 mg/ml sulution, diluted to 15 mg/ml just before injection, 37.5 mg of cidofovir at a time). Tumor growth was suppressed for several months around the injection site in each patient. EBV‐encoded RNAs in situ hybridization revealed the reduction of the tumor cell population; however, the EBER expression was still maintained in the NPC tumor cells. Although the anti‐tumor mechanism remains unclear, these results suggest that cidofovir is actually an effective and safe agent for the treatment of NPC. J. Med. Virol. 80:879–882, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human papillomavirus infection and cervical abnormalities in Nairobi, Kenya, an area with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Yamada Rika , Sasagawa Toshiyuki , Kirumbi Leah W. , Kingoro Alan , Karanja Dominic K. , Kiptoo Michael , Nakitare George W. , Ichimura Hiroshi , Inoue Masaki
Published: March 2008

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical abnormalities, and their association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were studied in 488 women who visited a health center in Nairobi. PCR‐based HPV and cervical cytology tests were carried out on all participants, and peripheral CD4+ T cells and plasma HIV RNA were quantitated in HIV positive women. HIV were positive in 32% (155/488) of the women; 77% of these were untreated, and the others had been treated with anti‐retroviral drugs within 6 months. Cervical HPV infection was detected in 17% of HIV negative and 49% of HIV positive women. Low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions were observed in 6.9% of HIV negative and 21% of HIV positive women, while high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and cancer were seen in 0.6% and 5.8%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that HIV and HPV infections were associated with each other. Cervical lesions were significantly associated with high‐risk HPVs and with HIV infection, depending on HPV infection. HPV infection increased in accordance with lower CD4+ T cell counts and higher HIV RNA levels, and high‐grade lesions were strongly associated with high‐risk HPV infection and low CD4+ T cell counts. Immunosuppression as a result of HIV infection appears to be important for malignant progression in the cervix. Nationwide prevention of HIV infection and cervical cancer screening are necessary for the health of women in this area. High‐risk HPV infection and low CD4+ T cell counts are the risk factors for cervical cancer. J. Med. Virol. 80:847–855, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A part of the VP4 capsid protein exhibited by coxsackievirus B4 E2 is the target of antibodies contained in plasma from patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Sauter Pierre , Chehadeh Wassim , Lobert Pierre‐Emmanuel , Lazrek Mouna , Goffard Anne , Soumillon Magalie , Caloone Delphine , Vantyghem Marie‐Christine , Weill Jacques , Fajardy Isabelle , Alm Gunnar , Lucas Bernadette , Hober Didier
Published: March 2008

The capsid protein VP4 was identified previously as the target of antibodies contained in plasma enhancing the coxscakievirus B4 (CV‐B4) E2‐induced production of IFN‐α by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The sequence of VP4 recognized by these antibodies was investigated. This sequence was identified as amino acids 11 to 30 by using synthetic overlapping peptides spanning VP4CV‐B4 E2 in competition experiments for antibodies enhancing the CVB4 E2 induced production of IFN‐α by PBMCs. This amino acid sequence was the major target of anti‐VP4 antibodies according to enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). There was a positive correlation between the levels of anti‐VP4 and anti‐VP411–30 peptide antibodies detected by ELISA. The levels and the prevalences of these antibodies were significantly higher in patients with type 1 diabetes than in healthy controls. The proportions and the levels of those antibodies in patients were independent of HLA‐DR alleles, age, or presence of ketosis in blood and were not associated with newly or previously diagnosed disease. The VP4CV‐B4 E2 amino acid sequence was submitted to the Swiss‐model in project mode to visualize the possible shape of the sequence of VP4 corresponding to amino acids 11–30 which appeared to be constituted principally by an non‐structured loop. In conclusion, the sequence of VP4 corresponding to amino acids 11–30, or a part of it plays a role in the plasma‐dependent enhancement of CV‐B4 E2‐induced production of IFN‐α by PBMCs, suggesting that at 37°C the virus exhibits that region of VP4 to antibodies. J. Med. Virol. 80:866–878, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequential treatment for recurrent localized prostate cancer
Authors: van der Poel H.G. , Moonen L. , Horenblas S.
Published: March 2008

To compare toxicity and efficacy of both salvage prostatectomy and salvage radiotherapy for prostate cancer a retrospective analysis was conducted. Thirty‐two and 41 patients were treated with external beam radiotherapy or prostatectomy for cT1c‐T2 prostate cancer later requiring salvage surgery or radiotherapy. Salvage surgery was performed when a local recurrence was biopsy confirmed and life‐expectancy was more than 10 years. Salvage external beam radiotherapy was performed when PSA rose over 0.1 ng/ml in the absence of systemic disease. Ten‐year PSA‐recurrence free survival after primary treatment in the salvage surgery group and salvage radiotherapy groups was 55% and 44% (P > 0.05) respectively whereas prostate cancer specific survival was 93% and 89%, respectively (P > 0.05). Both, biopsy Gleason score prior to primary treatment and PSADT prior to salvage treatment were predictive of PSA‐recurrence free survival. Patients after salvage radiotherapy (13%) were less likely to wear pads for urinary incontinence compared to patients after salvage surgery (56%). Erectile dysfunction was more frequent after salvage surgery (81%) compared to salvage radiotherapy (61%). Salvage surgery and salvage prostatectomy after primary cT1‐2 prostate cancer provide comparable PSA‐recurrence free survival after primary treatment. Genitourinary functions were better preserved in the salvage radiotherapy group compared to the salvage prostatectomy group. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:377–382. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae strains and antibiotics usage patterns in pediatric outpatients: Results from a children's hospital in China (2000–2004)
Authors: Wang Aihua , Yu Sangjie , Yao Kaihu , Zhang Wenshuang , Yuan Lin , Wang Yonghong , Wei Jinghai , Shen Xuzhuang , Yang Yonghong
Published: March 2008

Objective

To investigate the nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility of H. influenzae among children younger than 5 years old and to assess antibiotics usage patterns in the outpatient department of Beijing Children's Hospital from 2000 to 2004.

Materials and Methods

From 2000 to 2004, At least 100 strains of H. influenzae were isolated from the pediatric patients who were younger than 5 years and who presented with symptoms of acute upper respiratory tract infections during February to May in each of the study years. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined; and antibiotics usage was expressed as defined daily dose (DDD)/100 patient days.

Results

The overall nasopharyngeal carriage rate of H. influenzae is 26.3% (562/2,137) in children younger than 5 years old with acute upper respiratory tract infection. The percentage of ampicillin‐resistant isolates ranges from 4.0% (4/100) to 14.3% (17/119) from 2000 to 2004. All the ampicillin‐resistant isolates are β‐lactamase producers. More than 80% of the isolates are susceptible to amoxicillin, cefaclor, and chloramphenicol; whereas, almost all (99–100%) of the isolates are sensitive to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, and cefuroxime. For antibiotics utilization, macrolides are the predominantly used antibiotics, followed by cephalosporins and penicillins among pediatric patients in the outpatient department during the study period.

Conclusion

All amoxicillin‐resistant isolates of H. influenzae are producing β‐Lactamase; and the rates of amoxicillin‐resistant isolates are increasing over time. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cephalosporins are highly sensitive to H. influenzae isolated from Chinese pediatric patients. Macrolides are the most used antibiotics in the outpatient department during the study period. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:457–462. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Scarless” (in the Neck) Endoscopic Thyroidectomy (SET): An Evidence‐based Review of Published Techniques
Authors: Tan Charles T. K. , Cheah W. K. , Delbridge Leigh
Published: March 2008

Background

Excision of the thyroid through a skin crease incision in the anterior neck provides good direct exposure to facilitate safe dissection and a quick operation with low morbidity and minimal mortality. However, these patients still have a scar in the neck. Technologic innovations have allowed surgeons to remove the thyroid gland from a remote site, providing a scarless outcome in the neck. This study was designed to assess the different techniques of scarless (in the neck) endoscopic thyroidectomy (SET) by reviewing the current literature.

Methods

A computer‐assisted search of the Medline database through September 2007 was undertaken. The combination of terms used included the following: endoscopic thyroidectomy; minimally invasive thyroidectomy; minimally invasive endocrine surgery; thyroidectomy via the axillary approach; thyroidectomy via the anterior approach; and thyroidectomy via the breast approach. Additional data were provided based on previously unpublished experience from our own unit with SET.

Results

There were seven studies that involved 186 patients in whom the thyroid was excised via the axillary method and five published series that involved 169 patients who had thyroidectomies performed via the anterior approach. There were four published series of thyroidectomies performed via a hybrid approach, which is a combination of both the anterior and axillary approach, involving 180 patients. Four studies compared SET and another approach for a thyroidectomy. In our unpublished series of SET, we performed 20 cases during a 2‐year period comprising 11 cases via the axillary approach and 9 cases via the anterior/breast approach. Nineteen cases were lobectomies and one case was an isthmusectomy. SET was associated with a longer operative time and increase postoperative pain. Patients who had SET were satisfied with the aesthetic outcome of the procedure.

Conclusion

Scarless (in the neck) endoscopic thyroidectomy is not a minimally invasive technique but a maximally invasive one that involves a longer operative time and greater postoperative pain. What it does provide is a safe excision of the thyroid pathology with the absence of a scar in the neck. However, there is a steep learning curve. With experience and newer surgical instruments, the operative time and postoperative pain might decrease.
Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on adiponectin in patients with heart failure
Authors: Tanaka Toshinari , Tsutamoto Takayoshi , Sakai Hiroshi , Nishiyama Keizo , Fujii Masanori , Yamamoto Takashi , Horie Minoru
Published: March 2008

Background:

The adipocyte‐specific cytokine adiponectin, has cardioprotective effects, correlates with endogenous cardiac natriuretic peptides and adipocyte has guanylyl cyclase‐A receptors of natriuretic peptides.

Aims:

To evaluate the effect of carperitide (atrial natriuretic peptide; ANP) on plasma adiponectin in patients with heart failure.

Methods and results:

Seventy‐five patients admitted to our hospital with decompensated heart failure were randomised (1:2) to nitroglycerin (group I: n = 23) or carperitide infusion (group II: n = 52). Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 7 days. Plasma levels of total and high‐molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, ANP and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups. In group I, plasma levels of total and HMW adiponectin were significantly decreased (21.1±2.5 to 18.6±2.5 μg/mL, p < 0.05, 12.3±1.8 to 10.8±1.7 μg/mL, p < 0.05, respectively) concomitant with the decrease in plasma levels of ANP and BNP. In group II, plasma levels of total and HMW adiponectin were significantly increased (17.3±1.3 to 19.7±1.6 μg/mL, p < 0.0001, 9.8±1.0 to 10.5±1.0 μg/mL, p < 0.05, respectively) concomitant with the increase in ANP.

Conclusions:

These findings indicate that carperitide infusion increases plasma levels of total and HMW adiponectin in patients with heart failure.
Prognostic role of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines and their polymorphisms in acute decompensated heart failure
Authors: Miettinen Kati H. , Lassus Johan , Harjola Veli‐Pekka , Siirilä‐Waris Krista , Melin John , Punnonen Kari R. , Nieminen Markku S. , Laakso Markku , Peuhkurinen Keijo J.
Published: March 2008

Background:

Cytokines play an important role in chronic heart failure (HF), but little is known about their involvement in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF).

Aim:

To evaluate the prognostic role of inflammatory cytokines in patients with ADHF.

Methods:

Levels of interleukin (IL)‐6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), IL‐10 and N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) were measured in 423 patients with ADHF. In addition, appropriate cytokine gene polymorphisms were determined. Survival was followed up to 12 months, and prognostic factors were evaluated.

Results:

Elevated levels of IL‐6 and TNF‐α were strongly associated with increased 12‐month mortality (P < 0.001 for both), whereas the level of IL‐10 was predictive only of 6‐month mortality (P < 0.01). In multivariate analysis IL‐6, chronic renal insufficiency, NT‐proBNP, age/10 years' increase and TNF‐α were identified as the most powerful predictors of 12‐month mortality. Furthermore, high levels of both IL‐6 and NT‐proBNP were associated with >7‐fold mortality. Cytokine gene polymorphisms were not associated with outcome.

Conclusions:

Circulating levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and TNF‐α, and the level of an anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10, but not their gene polymorphisms, provide novel and important prognostic information in patients with ADHF. Combining measurements of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and NT‐proBNP seems a promising tool in the prognostic assessment of these patients.
Chronic heart failure, selected risk factors and co‐morbidities among adults treated for hypertension in a cardiac referral hospital in Cameroon
Authors: Dzudie Anastase , Kengne Andre Pascal , Mbahe Salomon , Menanga Alain , Kenfack Monique , Kingue Samuel
Published: March 2008

Background:

Information on clinical characteristics of heart failure (HF) among Africans with hypertension is needed to help define the burden of hypertension in this population, but currently there is little data available.

Aims:

To determine the clinical characteristics of HF, related risk factors and co‐morbidities among adult Cameroonians treated for hypertension.

Methods and results:

Medical files of 1218 patients with hypertension followed at the cardiac clinic of Yaounde General Hospital were evaluated over a 10‐year period from 1995 to 2005. One hundred and forty (11.5%) patients with clinical HF or asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction were included in the present analysis. Ages ranged from 26 to 84 years (mean 54.9 years) and 86 (61.4%) were men. Systolic dysfunction and isolated diastolic HF were found in 64% and 23% of patients, respectively. Seventy nine (56.4%) patients had at least one co‐morbidity and 43 (30.7%) had multiple co‐morbidities. Co‐morbidities included: renal impairment (24.3%), overweight and obesity (20.7%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (17.1%), gout (16.4%), anaemia (15.7), diabetes mellitus (13.5%), atrial fibrillation (12.9%), stroke (9.3%), and ischaemic heart disease (5.7%).

Conclusions:

HF is frequent among Cameroonian patients treated for hypertension and is regularly associated with co‐morbidities. Efforts are needed to improve the control of hypertension and enhance early detection of these co‐morbidities in this context.
Prognostic value of sequential measurements of amino‐terminal prohormone of B‐type natriuretic peptide in ambulatory heart failure patients
Authors: Moertl Deddo , Hammer Alexandra , Huelsmann Martin , Pacher Richard , Berger Rudolf
Published: March 2008

Background:

We evaluated the prognostic value of sequential NT‐proBNP values in ambulatory heart failure patients after discharge, investigating whether the current value or the recent percent change is more important.

Methods and results:

In 166 patients, NT‐proBNP was measured at discharge from heart failure hospitalisation and three months later. The combined endpoint of death or heart failure rehospitalisation was evaluated after a maximum of 18 months or at follow‐up closure. During a mean observation time of 14±4 months, 63 patients (38%) reached the endpoint. In multiple Cox analysis, NT‐proBNP three months after discharge (NT‐proBNP‐3Mo) and NT‐proBNP percent change (NT‐proBNP‐%change) were the only independent predictors of the endpoint among various clinical and laboratory variables. After definition of a high‐ (n = 83, 57% endpoints) and a low‐NT‐proBNP patient subgroup (n = 83, 19% endpoints) according to the median NT‐proBNP‐3Mo (1751 pg/ml), NT‐proBNP‐%change was the strongest predictor in the high‐NT‐proBNP subgroup. In the low‐NT‐proBNP subgroup, NT‐proBNP‐3Mo was the only independent predictor.

Conclusions:

In ambulatory heart failure patients, the prognostic value of sequential NT‐proBNP measurements depends on the magnitude of the current NT‐proBNP value. Recent percent changes in NT‐proBNP provide important prognostic information in patients with high NT‐proBNP but not in patients with low NT‐proBNP.
Sendai virus F glycoprotein induces IL‐6 production in dendritic cells in a fusion‐independent manner
Authors: Suzuki Hayato , Kurooka Masayuki , Hiroaki Yoko , Fujiyoshi Yoshinori , Kaneda Yasufumi
Published: March 2008

We previously reported that inactivated Sendai virus particle (hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope; HVJ‐E) has anti‐tumor effects by eliciting IL‐6 production in dendritic cells (DCs). In the present study, we investigated which components of HVJ‐E elicit IL‐6 production. HVJ‐E containing F0 protein inactive for virus envelope–cell membrane fusion enhanced IL‐6 production. Reconstituted liposomes containing F protein stimulated IL‐6 production. The antibody against F protein inhibited IL‐6 secretion by HVJ‐E. When carbohydrate chains of the F glycoprotein were removed, HVJ‐E lost the ability to stimulate IL‐6 secretion. These results suggest that F glycoprotein is required for IL‐6 production in DCs.
Blocking mitochondrial permeability transition prevents p53 mitochondrial translocation during skin tumor promotion
Authors: Liu Jianfeng , St. Clair Daret K. , Gu Xin , Zhao Yunfeng
Published: March 2008

The tumor suppressor p53 can translocate into mitochondria and activate apoptosis. Here we studied whether p53 mitochondrial translocation and subsequent apoptosis were affected by blocking mitochondrial permeability transition pore using cyclosporine A (CsA) and bongkrekic acid (BA) in skin epidermal JB6 cells and skin tissues. Our results demonstrated that CsA and BA blocked TPA‐induced p53 translocation, leading to protection against the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and Complex I activity, and eventually suppression of apoptosis. Thus, our results suggest that mitochondrial permeability transition is required for p53 mitochondrial translocation.
Role of side‐chains in the operation of the main molecular hinge of 3‐phosphoglycerate kinase
Authors: Szabó Judit , Varga Andrea , Flachner Beáta , Konarev Peter V. , Svergun Dmitri I. , Závodszky Péter , Vas Mária
Published: March 2008

The single mutants (F165A, E192A, F196A, S392A, T393A) at and near the main hinge (β‐strand L) of human 3‐phosphoglycerate kinase (hPGK) exhibit variously reduced enzyme activity, indicating the cumulative effects of these residues in regulating domain movements. The residues F165 and E192 are also essential in maintaining the conformational integrity of the whole molecule, including the hinge‐region. Shortening of βL by deleting T393 has led to a dramatic activity loss and the concomitant absence of domain closure (as detected by small angle X‐ray scattering), demonstrating the role of βL in functioning of hPGK. The role of each residue in the conformational transmission is described.
NB‐protein (BchN–BchB) of dark‐operative protochlorophyllide reductase is the catalytic component containing oxygen‐tolerant Fe–S clusters
Authors: Nomata Jiro , Ogawa Takuro , Kitashima Masaharu , Inoue Kazuhito , Fujita Yuichi
Published: March 2008

Dark‐operative protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase is a nitrogenase‐like enzyme consisting of the two components, L‐protein (BchL‐dimer) and NB‐protein (BchN–BchB‐heterotetramer). Here, we show that NB‐protein is the catalytic component with Fe–S clusters. NB‐protein purified from Rhodobacter capsulatus bound Pchlide that was readily converted to chlorophyllide a upon the addition of L‐protein and Mg‐ATP. The activity of NB‐protein was resistant to the exposure to air. A Pchlide‐free form of NB‐protein purified from a bchH‐lacking mutant showed an absorption spectrum suggesting the presence of Fe–S centers. Together with the Fe and sulfide contents, these findings suggested that NB‐protein carries two oxygen‐tolerant [4Fe–4S] clusters.
Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD): The first twenty years
Authors: Fillenbaum Gerda G. , van Belle Gerald , Morris John C. , Mohs Richard C. , Mirra Suzanne S. , Davis Patricia C. , Tariot Pierre N. , Silverman Jeremy M. , Clark Christopher M. , Welsh-Bohmer Kathleen A. , Heyman Albert
Published: March 2008

The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) was funded by the National Institute on Aging in 1986 to develop standardized, validated measures for the assessment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present report describes the measures that CERAD developed during its first decade and their continued use in their original and translated forms. These measures include clinical, neuropsychological, neuropathologic, and behavioral assessments of AD and also assessment of family history and parkinsonism in AD. An approach to evaluating neuroimages did not meet the standards desired. Further evaluations that could not be completed because of lack of funding (but where some materials are available) include evaluation of very severe AD and of service use and need by patient and caregiver. The information that was developed in the U.S. and abroad permits standardized assessment of AD in clinical practice, facilitates epidemiologic studies, and provides information valuable for individual and public health planning. CERAD materials and data remain available for those wishing to use them.
Partnership between academia and industry for drug discovery in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ivinson Adrian J. , Lane Roger , May Patrick C. , Hosford David A. , Carrillo Maria C. , Siemers Eric R.
Published: March 2008

Drug discovery has traditionally been almost exclusively the purview of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, whereas universities have focused on basic research. However, given the challenges involved in discovering and developing truly effective, symptomatic treatments and disease‐modifying drugs for Alzheimer's disease, there is a need to reassess this simple division of labor. Whereas each sector is likely to retain a core interest and expertise at either end of the drug discovery spectrum, there is room for closer cooperation at the intersection of the for‐profit and not‐for‐profit sectors. The Alzheimer's Association Research Roundtable convened a meeting of senior industry researchers and academic investigators to discuss this intersection and to assess the opportunity for closer partnership on Alzheimer's disease drug discovery and development.
Logic of Operating Room Nursing
Authors: Clare Sister M. Virginia
Published: March 2008

Jacqueline Willingham, Logic of Operating Room Nursing, 1962, Springer Publishing Company, New York, 93 pages. Price: $1.95.
Medicine for Nurses
Authors: Fisher Leona M.
Published: March 2008

Seventh Edition, by M. Toohey, M.D. (Arnold Bloom, M.D., F.R.C.P., Ed.), E. & s. Livingstone Ltd., Edinburgh and London. (The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Md.) 1965. Price $8.50
Surgery: Principles and Practice
Authors: Miller Joan
Published: March 2008

Surgery: Principles and Practice by Moyer, Rhoades, Allen and Harkin, Lip‐pincott, philα pa., 1965. Price $19.00.
Neurosurgical Nursing
Authors: Wilson Mary
Published: March 2008

Reginald Hooper M.S., F.R.C.S., F.R.A.C.S., NEUROSURGICAL NURSING, 1964, Charles C. Thomas Publishers, Springfield Illinois, 215 pages, Price $10.50.
Techniques and Procedures of Anesthesia
Authors: Eharut Joseph
Published: March 2008

TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES OF ANESTHESIA by John Adriani, M.D., Third Edition, 643 pages, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 1964. Price $10.50.
Urology for Nurses
Authors: Rogers Caroline
Published: March 2008

J.P. Mitchell T.D., M.S. (London), F.R.C.S., F.R.C.S. (Edinburgh), Urology For Nurses, 1965, The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Maryland, 324 pages Price $5.50.
Nursing Care of Patients with Urologic Diseases
Authors: Tighe Isabella
Published: March 2008

Janet R. Sawyer, Nursing Care of Patients With Urologic Diseases, 1963, C. V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, 351 pages, Price $7.75.
Pye's Surgical Handicraft: Volume II.
Authors: Tighe Isabellla
Published: March 2008

Hutnzlton Bailey F.R.C.S. (ling.); F.A.C.S.; F.K.S. (Edin.), James Kyle M.Ch. (Belfast); F.R.C.S. (I), F.R.C.S. (Eng.), Pye's Surgical Handicraft: Volume II, 1962, Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 424 pages, Price $18.50
Prescription: Laughter
Authors: Ilch Delia
Published: March 2008

Prescription: Laughter, An Anthology of Medical Merriment, Edited by William Adler, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., New York, 1968, 171 pages. Price $4.50.
Problems in Hospital Law
Authors: Crawford Mabel
Published: March 2008

Problems in Hospital Law, Edited by Professor Nathan Hershey, Health Law Center, The Aspen Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 203 pages. Price $10.18.
The Cardiac Surgical Patient
Authors: Crawford Mabel
Published: March 2008

The Cardiac Surgical Patient, by Maryann Powers, R.N., and Frances Storlie, R.N., M.S., Collier‐MacMillan Limited, London, 1969, 239 pages. Price $7.95.
Nurse's Liability for Malpractice
Authors: Kane Sister Dolores
Published: March 2008

Nurse's Liability for Malpractice, by Eli P. Bernziveig, McGraw‐Hill Book Company, The Blakiston Division, New York, 1969, 256 pages. Price $5.95.
Pardon Us—While We Computerize
Authors: Rogers Caroline
Published: March 2008

At the request of the AORN Board of Directors, Mrs. Rogers has undertaken an intensive three‐month study of the Association's Membership Department. New initial recommendation has been that the membership records should be placed on computer as the first step leading to full computerization of Association records, including Journal, membership and accounting. In this article, Mrs. Rogers tells of her work in preparing the Membership Department for computerization.
Concepts and Practices of Intensive Care for Nurse Specialists
Authors: Kane Sister Delores
Published: March 2008

CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES OF INTENSIVE CARE FOR NURSE SPECIALISTS, by Lawrence Meltzer, Faye Abdellah and I. Roderick Kitchell, The Charles Press Publishers, Inc., Philadelphia, 1969, $950, 469 pages.
How to Conduct a Selection Interview
Authors: Hutton Wyn M.
Published: March 2008

HOW TO CONDUCT A SELECTION INTERVIEW, by John W. Blyth, Ph.D., and Millicent Atlee, Argyle Publishing Corporation, New York, 1968, $9.75.
Disaster Handbook
Authors: Tighe Isabella
Published: March 2008

DISASTER HANDBOOK Solomon Gurb, M. D. and Evelyn Eng, R.N., M.A., 236 pages, Springer Publishing Co., New York, 1964. Price $4.75.
Operating Room Manual: A Guide for O.R. Personnel
Authors: Bonfield Katherine K.
Published: March 2008

OPERATING ROOM MANUAL: A GUIDE FOR O.R. PERSONNEL Mary Ellen Yeager, 313 pages, G. P. Put‐nam's Sons, New York, 1965. Price $7.50.
Social Interaction and Patient Care
Authors: Tighe Isabella
Published: March 2008

SOCIAL INTERACTION AND PATIENT CARE James K. Skipper, Jr., and Robert C. Leonard, 399 pages,). B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1965. Price $3.90.
Surgery
Authors: Ehardt Joseph E.
Published: March 2008

SURGERY George L. Nardi, M.D., and George D. Zuidema, M.D., 1035 pages, Little Brown and Co., Boston, 1965. Price $13.00.
The Oswestry Textbook for Orthopedic Nurses
Authors: Straessle Mary Fedelmia
Published: March 2008

THE OSWESTRY TEXTBOOK FOR ORTHOPEDIC NURSES Robert Roaf, M.A., F.R.C.S., and Leonard J. Hodkinson, S.R.N., S.T.D., 458 pages, Pitman Medical Publishing Co. Ltd., London, England (U.S. Publisher, J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia), 1963. Price $6.75.
Opportitnities in Nursing Careers
Authors: Bauer Cecilia
Published: March 2008

OPPORTITNITIES IN NURSING CAREERS M. Olga Weiss, R.N., 128 pages, Vocational Guidance Manuals, Universal Publishing and Distributing Corporation, New York, 1964. Price $1.45 paper, $2.65 doth.
Fitndamentals of Neurology, by Ernest Gardner, M.D., W.B. Saunderb CO., Philndelphia, 1968, 367 pages. Price $7.50.
Authors: Crawford Mabel
Published: March 2008

Fitndamentals of Neurology, by Ernest Gardner, M.D., W.B. Saunderb CO., Philndelphia, 1968, 367 pages. Price $7.50.
How to Hold A Better Meeting
Authors: Kane Sister Dolores
Published: March 2008

How to Hold A Better Meeting, by Frank Stnell, Cornerstone Library, New York, 1958 reprinted 1968, Papeback $1.00. 144 pages
How to Function Effectively as a Teacher in the Clinical Area
Authors: Skalitzky Barbara
Published: March 2008

How to Function Effectively as A Teacher in The Clinical Area by Grace K. Clissold, 111 pages, New York, Springer Publishing Company, Inc., 1962. Price: $3.00.
Care of the Adult Patient
Authors: Lorson Eileen L.
Published: March 2008

CARE OF THE ADULT PATIENT by Dorothy W. Smith, R.N., Ed.D. and Claudia D. Gips, R.N., Ed.D., 1,521 pages, Philadelphia and Montreal, J.B. Lippincott Company, 1963. Price: $10.00.
Cardiovascular Surgical Nursing
Authors: Reeser Fiances E.
Published: March 2008

Cardiovascular Surgical Nursing by Mary E. Fordham, R.N., 141 pages, New York The Macmillan Company, 1962. Price $5
The Story of Wound Healing and Wound Repair
Authors: Driscoll Joan
Published: March 2008

The Story of Wound Healing and Wound Repair by Allen O. Whipple, M.D., D.Sc., 135 pages, Springfield, Illinois, Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1963. Price: $5.75
Drug Presentation and Prescribing
Authors: Fisher Leona M.
Published: March 2008

W.R.L. Brown B. Pharm., Ph.D., F.P.S., J.W. Hadgraft F.P.S., F.R.I.C., DRUG PRESENTATION AND PRESCRIBING, 1964, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 118 pages, Price $2.50
OR Fact & Principle
Authors: Brooks Helen Louise
Published: March 2008

The opinions or assertions contained in these answers are those of the author and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Navy Department or Naval Service at large.
Joint nucleation from cavity‐shaped flaws: Field observations, probability of occurrence, and 3‐D mechanical analysis
Authors: Weinberger Ram , Maimon Ornit , Begin Ze'ev B. , Lyakhovsky Vladimir
Published: March 2008

We present field observations, probability of occurrence, and three‐dimensional mechanical analysis of joint nucleation from cavity‐shaped flaws. A unique set of cavity‐shaped flaws and their associated joints were documented in Cretaceous dolomite layers that crop out in central Israel. In this set, cavities that initiate joints (“initiator cavities”) are commonly larger and located farther away from the bottom of the layer than non‐initiator cavities. They also have significantly less neighboring cavities. The probability of occurrence of initiator cavities is calculated by a logistic regression and compared to a mechanical analysis. Stress distribution around a cavity is calculated analytically using the solution for the elastic stress distribution around a spherical cavity in an infinite medium under triaxial loading and numerically using three‐dimensional simulations. The analytical solution and numerical modeling show that a single cavity transforms the remote compression into local tension around its periphery. The numerical simulations enable us to relate the magnitude of the tensile stress to the cavity size, location within the bed, and the relative orientation of the neighbor cavity. Our observations and analyses indicate the existence of effects arising from both the size of cavities and their distribution in the rock mass. It is shown that the reduction of rock strength by increasing porosity cannot simply apply to heterogeneous media such as carbonatic rocks. These results demonstrate the role played by large, isolated, and preferably located cavities in initiating joints in heterogeneous media.
X rays from 80‐cm long sparks in air
Authors: Rahman Mahbubur , Cooray Vernon , Ahmad Noor Azlinda , Nyberg Johan , Rakov Vladimir A. , Sharma Sriram
Published: March 2008

New data on X‐ray production by laboratory sparks in air are reported. The total deposited energy ranged from about 30 keV to a few MeV. X‐ray signals were observed both before and during the collapse of voltage across the gap. The earlier signal is likely associated with processes involving runaway electron breakdown in streamer tips and the later signal with the attachment (final jump) process.
Tilt change recorded by broadband seismometer prior to small phreatic explosion of Meakan‐dake volcano, Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Aoyama Hiroshi , Oshima Hiromitsu
Published: March 2008

We discovered an anomalous very long period (VLP) signal (duration: about 60 s) in the broadband seismic record of the precursory swarm of a small phreatic explosion at the Meakan‐dake volcano, Hokkaido, Japan, in 2006; this signal was masked by a short‐period tremor in the original velocity waveform, but a considerable DC step appeared in the displacement trace. Since such a step results from a tilt change, we interpreted the observed trace as being a combination of rotational (tilt) and translational (displacement) motions. The apparent displacement step in the VLP signal indicates subsidence of the summit crater. Owing to limited data, we attempted deflating the Mogi source and simulating the seismic record including both motions. When only rotational motion is considered, the simulated waveform explains well the general features of the observed trace. However, the combined trace has incompatible phases, suggesting that a more complicated source process should be considered.
Nitrous oxide emissions from tropical hydroelectric reservoirs
Authors: Guérin Frédéric , Abril Gwenaël , Tremblay Alain , Delmas Robert
Published: March 2008

We report original data on nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from two tropical reservoirs, their rivers below the dam, and from natural aquatic ecosystems and rainforest soils in French Guiana and Panama. We also review published N2O fluxes from other tropical reservoirs and natural environments. We show that: (1) N2O emissions from tropical reservoirs occur mainly at the reservoir surface, fluxes downstream of dams being minor; (2) Because pre‐flooding natural N2O fluxes are significant, the net N2O emissions from reservoirs are less than ∼50–70% of gross N2O emissions; (3) the contribution of N2O to the global warming potential of emissions from reservoirs could be significant for gross emissions, but less than 10% for net emissions, disregarding N2O degassing emissions.
High‐definition analysis of fluid‐induced seismicity related to the mesoscale hydromechanical properties of a fault zone
Authors: Guglielmi Yves , Cappa Frédéric , Amitrano David
Published: March 2008

Interactions between pore pressure, strain and seismicity were analyzed in a 30‐m‐thick shallow fault zone that was subjected to a small overpressure of 80 kPa to produce small changes in effective stress. Simultaneous pressure‐strain and seismic measurements taken in the fractured damage zone during the pressurization indicated that seismicity is triggered along low‐permeable, highly rigid, low‐dip angle, mesoscale‐inherited fractures where deformation is controlled by the hydromechanical behavior of the surrounding high‐permeability, not‐so‐rigid, aseismic, sub‐vertical, fault‐related fractures. Using a three‐dimensional distinct‐element representation of the fractures network, we show that the seismicity observed is mainly due to shear‐slip along inherited planes in response to the mechanical loading induced by the opening by a few microns of the surrounding subfaults.
Evolution of ocean wave statistics in shallow water: Refraction and diffraction over seafloor topography
Authors: Janssen T. T. , Herbers T. H. C. , Battjes J. A.
Published: March 2008

We present a stochastic model for the evolution of random ocean surface waves in coastal waters with complex seafloor topography. First, we derive a deterministic coupled‐mode model based on a forward scattering approximation of the nonlinear mild slope equation; this model describes the evolution of random, directionally spread waves over fully two‐dimensional topography, while accounting for wide angle refraction/diffraction, and quadratic nonlinear coupling. On the basis of the deterministic evolution equations, we derive transport equations for the wave statistical moments. This stochastic model evolves the complete wave cross‐correlation matrix and thus resolves spatially coherent wave interference patterns induced by topographic scattering as well as nonlinear energy transfers to higher and lower frequencies. In this paper we focus on the linear aspects of the interaction with seafloor topography. Comparison to analytic solutions and laboratory observations confirms that (1) the forward scattering approximation is suitable for realistic two‐dimensional topography, and (2) the combined effects of wide angle refraction and diffraction are accurately captured by the stochastic model.