bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Purpose-Driven Evaluation of Operation and Maintenance Efficiency and Safety Based on DIKWP
Authors: Liu Yanfei , Wang Wentao , Wang Wenjun , Yu Chengbo , Mao Bowen , Shang Dongfang , Duan Yucong
Published: August 2023

In large-scale public security equipment projects, long-term equipment operation often leads to equipment failures and other problems, so it is particularly important to choose the appropriate operation and maintenance (O&M) scheme based on the content of the equipment work orders. However, there are a variety of equipment models in the work orders; not only is the data complex, but also due to the long project cycle, there are often problems such as loss of content, which bring great challenges to the O&M work. This paper defines these problems as “3-No problems”: inconsistency, inaccuracy, and incompleteness. In this paper, an improved DIKWP model is proposed and combined with a random forest classifier to construct data graphs, information graphs, knowledge graphs, and wisdom graphs. Through the above model, the 3-No problem in equipment work orders can be solved, and the importance of each equipment model can be obtained. Eventually, combined with the purpose graph, the selection of models, the bid score calculation, and the selection of O&M schemes are carried out based on the obtained conclusion in a purpose-driven manner to achieve the evaluation of O&M efficiency and safety. Finally, an example is assumed to illustrate the application of the method in actual projects, which provides a certain reference value for the selection of an O&M scheme for large-scale equipment projects.
Metal Accumulation and Tolerance of Energy Willow to Copper and Nickel under Simulated Drought Conditions
Authors: Drzewiecka Kinga , Gawrysiak Przemysław , Woźniak Magdalena , Rybak Michał
Published: August 2023

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of drought on the accumulation and tolerance of energy willow (Salix viminalis L. var. ‘Gigantea’) to copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) in the context of phytoremediation potential of the plant and biomass production under adverse water conditions. Drought was simulated with polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000. 5%), and metals were added at a concentration of 1 mM. Plants were cultivated in greenhouse conditions for 21 days according to the experimental variants: control, Cu, Ni, PEG, PEG + Cu and PEG + Ni. The results indicate high toxicity of Cu (chlorosis, necrosis, decrease in biomass, plant dehydration, increase in the content of proline and phenolic compounds), and PEG + Cu co-treatment increased the toxicity of the metal. Ni applied at the same concentration did not cause toxicity symptoms. The willow exhibits the ability to accumulate Ni, and mutual application of PEG + Ni increased Ni uptake to new shoots. Cu caused elevated accumulation of proline and phenolics in leaves accompanied with a decreased carbon and nitrogen content in roots in favor of young shoots. Both metals and drought led to disruption in the content of mineral nutrients (Ca, Mg, Fe). Due to high tolerance to Ni and drought, S. viminalis var. ‘Gigantea’ bears high potential for biomass production on Ni-polluted sites with accompanying metal uptake increased under water deficit.
Enhancing Sustainable Performance: The Innovative Strategy of Digital Transformation Leading Green Collaborative Management
Authors: Ma Lina , Zhang Xue , Dong Longzhu
Published: August 2023

Within the framework of the increasing demand to balance digital transformation and sustainable development in businesses, this study explores the impact of digital transformation (DT) on sustainable development performance (including environmental, social, and economic performance) with the synergistic effects of green human resource management (GHRM) and green supply chain management (GSCM). This study was centered on Chinese manufacturing firms and utilized partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine data from 450 companies. The findings of the research suggest that GHRM and GSCM serve as partial mediators in the correlation between DT and sustainable development performance. Furthermore, the synergistic effects between GHRM and GSCM are crucial in leveraging the advantages of DT to improve overall organizational performance. These discoveries not only add to the current understanding in the field but also offer practical advice for managers.
Using PLE-SEM to Quantify the Impacts of Natural and Human Factors on Vegetation Change: A Case Study of the Jialing River Basin
Authors: Guo Xingyue , Wang Tian , Li Zhanbin , Cheng Shengdong , Li Peng , Li Hongtao , Zhang Naichang , Liu Xiaoping , Miao Ziyao
Published: August 2023

Vegetation cover is an important indicator reflecting changes in terrestrial ecosystems and plays an important role in regulating and maintaining ecosystem stability. To investigate the spatial and temporal variations in the NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and their intrinsic driving influences, this paper uses trend analysis and a barycentric model to study the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of vegetation in the Jialing River Basin from 2000 to 2020, constructs PLS-SEMs (partial least squares structural equation models), analyzes the indirect and direct effects of latent and observable variables of surface, human activities, and climate on vegetation growth, and explores the driving processes of different levels of NDVI. The vegetation center gradually migrates northwards. The impact of surface factors on the NDVI is mainly direct and positive. The impact of human activities on the NDVI is mainly direct and negative. The impact of climate factors on the NDVI is mainly positive. The driving mechanisms of low and medium NDVI are relatively similar but tend to be opposite to those of high NDVI. Medium and high NDVI values are more influenced by observable variables. The research on vegetation change and its driving factors, through indirect and direct paths, illustrates the driving processes of different latent and observable variables of the NDVI in more detail and provides a theoretical basis for the implementation of ecological restoration projects and construction of ecological civilizations in the future.
Exploring the Psychophysiological Effects of Viewing Urban Nature through Virtual Reality Using Electroencephalography and Perceived Restorativeness Scale Measures
Authors: Seiz Audrey , Kweon Byoung-Suk , Ellis Christopher D. , Oh Hyuk , Pietro Kyle
Published: August 2023

Researchers have long explored how humans respond psychologically and physiologically to distinct landscapes and natural features. Walking in nature and viewing photographs of natural landscapes have been shown to reduce stress measured through the physiological responses of blood pressure, salivary cortisol concentration, and pulse rate. Exposure to natural landscapes has also been shown to improve feelings of relaxation and positive emotion. Little research, however, has focused on the potential impact of visualization through virtual reality (VR). This study explores how brain frequencies and psychological measures test the restorativeness of a virtual place. Utilizing VR, twenty-one participants observed a virtual, vegetated, vacant site as it exists currently and then again as a reimagined greenspace. The psychological responses were analyzed using the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS), and the psychophysiological responses were analyzed using electroencephalography (EEG) with a specific focus on alpha and beta brain frequencies in the frontal and parietal lobes. Findings indicated that the perceived restorativeness of the designed site increased for two of the three determined factors. Alpha brain frequencies were not significantly different when viewing the vacant versus the designed site; however, beta brain frequencies demonstrated a marginally significant effect of sex with male beta power spectral density decreasing when viewing the designed site and female beta brain frequencies increasing. This research suggests that redesigning a vegetated urban vacant site can positively impact perceived restorativeness and unveils a potential gender effect present in beta brain frequencies.
Optimized Design and Experiment of a Self-Covering Furrow Opener for an Automatic Sweet Potato Seedling Transplanting Machine
Authors: Wu Guangwei , Wang Shoujiang , Zhang Anqi , Xiao Yuejin , Li Liwei , Yin Yanxin , Li Hanqing , Wen Changkai , Yan Bingxin
Published: August 2023

The yield and quality of sweet potatoes are significantly influenced by the transplantation posture of sweet potato seedlings. The performance of the sweet potato seedling transplanting opener directly affects the transplantation posture of sweet potato seedlings. In order to improve the yield and quality of sweet potatoes, this study proposes a joint simulation method based on discrete element and flexible multi body dynamics (DEM-FMBD), which optimizes the structure of a self-covering soil opener. By exploring the influence of self-covering soil trenchers on the planting depth and posture of sweet potato seedlings during horizontal transplantation, it was determined that the influencing factors of the experiment were wing spacing, soil reflux height, and soil reflux length. Based on the DEM-FMBD coupling simulation platform, single factor, and quadratic rotation orthogonal experiments were carried out. According to the results of the simulation test, the effect of the interaction of test factors on planting depth and planting attitude was analyzed by the response surface method. Finally, the optimal structural parameter combination was obtained by a multi-objective optimization method: the spacing of the wings was 58 mm, the height of the soil backflow port was 71 mm, and the length of the soil backflow port was 163 mm; thus, the quality of transplanting is improved effectively. This study provides the method and theory reference for the study of sweet potato transplanting.
Research on Supply Chain Emission Reduction Decisions Considering Loss Aversion under the Influence of a Lag Effect
Authors: Xu Yao , Sun Licheng
Published: August 2023

Considering that a lag effect exists in R&D investment, investigating the impacts of manufacturers’ resulting loss-averse behavior on R&D investment in carbon emission reduction technologies is important. This paper establishes three differential game models, namely centralized decision making, decentralized decision making with the manufacturers’ rational preferences, and decentralized decision making with the manufacturers’ loss-aversion preferences. The models are used to analyze the mechanism of the lag effect and loss aversion on manufacturers’ R&D investment in emission reduction, based on a two-level supply chain consisting of manufacturers and retailers. This study finds that: (1) The lag effect can encourage manufacturers to invest in the R&D of emission reduction technologies. (2) There is a threshold value for the lag time, and only when the lag time is higher than this threshold value will manufacturers display loss-averse behavior. (3) When manufacturers’ degree of loss aversion is small, loss-averse behavior has a negative effect on their investment in the R&D of emission reduction technologies, while the opposite has a positive effect.
A Relationship between the Schrödinger and Klein–Gordon Theories and Continuity Conditions for Scattering Problems
Authors: Scholle Markus , Mellmann Marcel
Published: August 2023

A rigorous analysis is undertaken based on the analysis of both Galilean and Lorentz (Poincaré) invariance in field theories in general in order to (i) identify a unique analytical scheme for canonical pairs of Lagrangians, one of them having Galilean, the other one Poincaré invariance; and (ii) to obtain transition conditions for the state function purely from Hamilton’s principle and extended Noether’s theorem applied to the aforementioned symmetries. The general analysis is applied on Schrödinger and Klein–Gordon theory, identifying them as a canonical pair in the sense of (i) and exemplified for the scattering problem for both theories for a particle beam against a potential step in order to show that the transition conditions that result according to (ii) in a ‘natural’ way reproduce the well-known ‘methodical’ continuity conditions commonly found in the literature, at least in relevant cases, closing a relevant argumentation gap in quantum mechanical scattering problems.
On Cyclic LA-Hypergroups
Authors: Kanwal Shehzadi Salma , Yaqoob Naveed , Abughazalah Nabilah , Gulistan Muhammad
Published: August 2023

Symmetries in the context of hypergroups and their generalizations are closely related to the algebraic structures and transformations that preserve certain properties of hypergroup operations. Symmetric LA-hypergroups are indeed commutative hypergroups. This paper considers a category of cyclic hyperstructures called the cyclic LA-semihypergroup that is a conception of LA-semihypergroups and cyclic hypergroups. We inaugurate the idea of cyclic LA-hypergroups. The interconnected notions of single-power cyclic LA-hypergroups, non-single power cyclic LA-hypergroups and some of their properties are explored.
Laplace-Domain Hybrid Distribution Model Based FDIA Attack Sample Generation in Smart Grids
Authors: Wu Yi , Zu Tong , Guo Naiwang , Zhu Zheng , Li Fengyong
Published: August 2023

False data injection attack (FDIA) is a deliberate modification of measurement data collected by the power grid using vulnerabilities in power grid state estimation, resulting in erroneous judgments made by the power grid control center. As a symmetrical defense scheme, FDIA detection usually uses machine learning methods to detect attack samples. However, existing detection models for FDIA typically require large-scale training samples, which are difficult to obtain in practical scenarios, making it difficult for detection models to achieve effective detection performance. In light of this, this paper proposes a novel FDIA sample generation method to construct large-scale attack samples by introducing a hybrid Laplacian model capable of accurately fitting the distribution of data changes. First, we analyze the large-scale power system sensing measurement data and establish the data distribution model of symmetric Laplace distribution. Furthermore, a hybrid Laplace-domain symmetric distribution model with multi-dimensional component parameters is constructed, which can induce a deliberate deviation in the state estimation from its safe value by injecting into the power system measurement. Due to the influence of the multivariate parameters of the hybrid Laplace-domain distribution model, the sample deviation generated by this model can not only obtain an efficient attack effect, but also effectively avoid the recognition of the FDIA detection model. Extensive experiments are carried out over IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems. The corresponding results unequivocally demonstrate that our proposed attack method can quickly construct large-scale FDIA attack samples and exhibit significantly higher resistance to detection by state-of-the-art detection models, while also offering superior concealment capabilities compared to traditional FDIA approaches.
Joint Optimization Scheme of User Association and Channel Allocation in 6G HetNets
Authors: Alhashimi Hayder Faeq , Hindia Mhd Nour , Dimyati Kaharudin , Hanafi Effariza Binti , Izam Tengku Faiz Tengku Mohmed Noor
Published: August 2023

The sixth-generation (6G) wireless cellular network integrates several wireless bands and modes with the objectives of improving quality of service (QoS) and increasing network connectivity. The 6G environment includes asymmetrical heterogeneous networks (HetNets) with the intention of making effective use of the available frequencies. However, selecting a suitable gNB and a communication channel that works for users in the network is an enormous challenge in 6G HetNets. This paper investigates a joint user association (UA) and channel allocation (CA) problem in two-tier HetNets by considering the downlink scenario to improve QoS. Our study presents an innovative scheme for user association and channel allocation, wherein the user can be connected to either the macro base station (MBS) or a possible small base station (SBS) in a direct or relay-assisted link. Furthermore, the proposed scheme identifies the optimal channel to be allocated to each user so that the overall network QoS can be maximized. A symmetric matching game-based user association is proposed to find the optimal association for users. Moreover, a modified auction game is applied to allocate the optimal channel by considering the quota of each gNB. Regarding connection probability, throughput, energy efficiency (EE), and spectrum efficiency (SE), the simulation results show that the proposed approach performs well over the state-of-the-art techniques.
Infection and Potential Challenge of Childhood Mortality in Sickle Cell Disease: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature from a Global Perspective
Authors: Sahu Tarun , Pande Babita , Verma Henu Kumar , Bhaskar L V K S , Sinha Meenakshi , Sinha Ramanjan , Rao Pasupuleti Visweswara
Published: August 2023

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a complex genetic disorder associated with multiple clinical manifestations, including increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections. This review article presents a comprehensive analysis of the current literature obtained from various online databases focusing on the relationship between SCD and infections caused by specific pathogens, such as pneumonia- and influenza-causing pathogens, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, parvovirus, and hepatitis viruses. We discuss the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the increased susceptibility of individuals with SCD to these infections, primarily related to the pathophysiology of variant hemoglobin (HbSS) and its impact on vascular occlusion, hemolysis, functional asplenia, and immune deficiency. Moreover, we highlight the significant burden of infections on SCD patients, particularly children under five years of age, where they are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Additionally, we address the challenges faced in attempts for reducing the global mortality rate associated with SCD, particularly in low-income countries, where factors such as increased pathogen exposure, co-morbidities like malnutrition, lower vaccination rates, and limited healthcare facilities contribute to the high disease burden. This review emphasizes the need for targeted interventions, improved healthcare access, vaccination programs, and infection prevention strategies to alleviate the impact of infections on individuals with SCD and reduce the global mortality rates associated with the disease.
A UK Single-Center, Retrospective, Noninterventional Study of Clinical Outcomes and Costs of Two BotulinumtoxinA Treatments for Limb Spasticity
Authors: Bezzina Clive , Degtiar Vadim , Danchenko Natalya , Maisonobe Pascal , Davis Benjamin , Engmann Emanuel , Guyon Elodie , Lecanuet Sophie , Whalen John
Published: August 2023

Service model changes at the North Staffordshire Rehabilitation Centre (UK) included switching spasticity treatment from onabotulinumtoxinA (onaBoNT-A) to abobotulinumtoxinA (aboBoNT-A). This noninterventional, retrospective, longitudinal study (NCT04396704) describes the clinical and economic outcomes in toxin-naive adults with spasticity who received onaBoNT-A (Cohort 1; 2015–2017) or aboBoNT-A (Cohort 2; 2017–2019). Outcomes included Goal Attainment Scale T (GAS-T) score, treatment satisfaction, quality of life (QoL; EQ-5D visual analog scale [VAS] score), and treatment costs. Adverse events were recorded for Cohort 2. Cohort 1 included 60 patients (mean [standard deviation] dose, 206.0 [98.8] U); Cohort 2 included 54 patients (753.7 [457.3] U). Mean (95% confidence interval) GAS-T scores for Cohorts 1 and 2 were 43.1 (39.3–46.9) and 47.8 (43.7–51.9) at Week 6, and 43.2 and 44.3 at Week 12, respectively. In both cohorts most patients were satisfied with treatment. At Week 12, QoL had not changed in Cohort 1 but had improved in Cohort 2 (EQ-5D VAS, −5). Mean estimated per-patient costs (in 2021) for Cohorts 1 and 2 were £315.56 and £249.25, respectively, at Week 6, and £343.20 and £273.21, respectively, at Week 12. Fifteen non–treatment-related serious adverse events and two deaths were recorded. These data may warrant a larger prospective study powered to compare outcomes of aboBoNT-A and onaBoNT-A.
B-Type Fumonisins in Post-Fermented Tea: Occurrence and Consumer Dietary Exposure in Guangxi, China
Authors: Qiu Taotao , Zhu Jialin , Zhang Huayi , Xu Biyun , Guo Yanju , Li Jingrong , Xu Xin , Peng Fenglin , Liu Weiguo , Zhao Shengmei , Yin Zuocheng , Mao Shihong
Published: August 2023

Post-fermented tea (PFT), a commonly consumed beverage worldwide, is characterized by the rapid growth of its microbial groups and the substantial changes they undergo. Consequently, PFT may contain mycotoxins such as B-type fumonisins (FBs). This study aimed to assess the intake of FBs through the consumption of PFT among consumers in Guangxi, China. A novel quantitative method using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the FB concentration in PFT products. Additionally, a PFT consumption survey was conducted using a face-to-face questionnaire, recording their body weight and PFT consumption patterns based on a three-day dietary recall method. Finally, hazard index was calculated to estimate the health risk of FBs from the consumption of PFT products in Guangxi. The results revealed that the occurrence of FBs in PFT was 20% (24/120), with a concentration ranging from 2.14 to 18.28 μg/kg. The results of the survey showed that the average daily consumption of PFT by consumers was 9.19 ± 11.14 g. The deterministic risk assessment revealed that only 0.026% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of FBs was consumed through PFT, indicating that FB contamination in PFT is not a public health risk.
Relationship of Maternal Age and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) with Traumatic Sequelae in Commercially Sexually Exploited Youth
Authors: Byrnes Kirsten , Han HaeSung , Fujii Kie
Published: August 2023

The impact of early maternal age on several outcomes (e.g., mental health issues, delinquency, aggression, impulsivity, victimization, and interpersonal difficulties) has been studied since the late 1980s. Research has demonstrated links between exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and trauma-related outcomes such as substance abuse, interpersonal and self-directed violence, and sexual risk-taking, to name a few. The current study analyzed the incidence of ACE exposure and mental health outcomes (e.g., suicidal behaviors or self-harm, psychiatric hospitalizations, and substance use) as related to early maternal age in youth known to have experienced trafficking or sexual abuse. General demographics and incidence of various experiences and clinical presentations (e.g., ACE exposure, age of mother at birth of youth, and age at first birth), and history of self-harm, substance use, and psychiatric hospitalization, were examined in a sample of 225 youth referred for services subsequent to experiences of sex trafficking or exploitation. Relationships between ACE exposure and maternal age related to mental health outcomes were also examined. Trafficked and exploited youth reported rates of ACE exposure and poor mental health outcomes at far greater rates than the general population. Significant findings were related to early maternal age and engaging in self-harm or suicidal behaviors. Previously anticipated mediational analyses were not conducted due to the sample size and lack of correlations. Findings highlight the significant ACE exposure and high needs of exploited, trafficked, and abused youth and related mental health outcomes, emphasizing the need for early and comprehensive preventive and therapeutic interventions.
Alleviating the H0 Tension in Scalar–Tensor and Bi-Scalar–Tensor Theories
Authors: Petronikolou Maria , Saridakis Emmanuel N.
Published: August 2023

Herein, we investigate scalar–tensor and bi-scalar–tensor modified theories of gravity that can alleviate the H0 tension. In the first class of theories, we show that by choosing particular models with a shift-symmetric friction term we are able to alleviate the tension by obtaining a smaller effective Newton’s constant at intermediate times, a feature that cannot be easily obtained in modified gravity. In the second class of theories, which involve two extra propagating degrees of freedom, we show that the H0 tension can be alleviated, and the mechanism behind this is the phantom behavior of the effective dark-energy equation-of-state parameter. Hence, scalar–tensor and bi-scalar–tensor theories have the ability to alleviate the H0 tension with both known sufficient late-time mechanisms.
Inactivation of Bacteriophage ɸ6 and SARS-CoV-2 in Antimicrobial Surface Tests
Authors: Poelzl Sabine , Rieger Julia , Zatloukal Kurt , Augl Stefan , Stummer Maximilian , Hinterer Andreas , Kittinger Clemens
Published: August 2023

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have focused on new preventive measures to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2. One promising application is the usage of antimicrobial materials on often-touched surfaces to reduce the load of infectious virus particles. Since tests with in vitro-propagated SARS-CoV-2 require biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratories with limited capacities and high costs, experiments with an appropriate surrogate like the bacteriophage ɸ6 are preferred in most studies. The aim of this study was to compare ɸ6 and SARS-CoV-2 within antiviral surface tests. Different concentrations of copper coatings on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were used to determine their neutralizing activity against ɸ6 and SARS-CoV-2. The incubation on the different specimens led to similar inactivation of both SARS-CoV-2 and ɸ6. After 24 h, no infectious virus particles were evident on any of the tested samples. Shorter incubation periods on specimens with high copper concentrations also showed a complete inactivation. In contrast, the uncoated PET foils resulted only in a negligible reduced inactivation during the one-hour incubation. The similar reduction rate for ɸ6 and SARS-CoV-2 in our experiments provide further evidence that the bacteriophage ɸ6 is an adequate model organism for SARS-CoV-2 for this type of testing.
Navigating the Landscape: A Comprehensive Review of Current Virus Databases
Authors: Ritsch Muriel , Cassman Noriko A. , Saghaei Shahram , Marz Manja
Published: August 2023

Viruses are abundant and diverse entities that have important roles in public health, ecology, and agriculture. The identification and surveillance of viruses rely on an understanding of their genome organization, sequences, and replication strategy. Despite technological advancements in sequencing methods, our current understanding of virus diversity remains incomplete, highlighting the need to explore undiscovered viruses. Virus databases play a crucial role in providing access to sequences, annotations and other metadata, and analysis tools for studying viruses. However, there has not been a comprehensive review of virus databases in the last five years. This study aimed to fill this gap by identifying 24 active virus databases and included an extensive evaluation of their content, functionality and compliance with the FAIR principles. In this study, we thoroughly assessed the search capabilities of five database catalogs, which serve as comprehensive repositories housing a diverse array of databases and offering essential metadata. Moreover, we conducted a comprehensive review of different types of errors, encompassing taxonomy, names, missing information, sequences, sequence orientation, and chimeric sequences, with the intention of empowering users to effectively tackle these challenges. We expect this review to aid users in selecting suitable virus databases and other resources, and to help databases in error management and improve their adherence to the FAIR principles. The databases listed here represent the current knowledge of viruses and will help aid users find databases of interest based on content, functionality, and scope. The use of virus databases is integral to gaining new insights into the biology, evolution, and transmission of viruses, and developing new strategies to manage virus outbreaks and preserve global health.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRSV2) Viral Diversity within a Farrow-to-Wean Farm Cohort Study
Authors: Kikuti Mariana , Vilalta Carles , Sanhueza Juan , Pamornchainavakul Nakarin , Kevill Jessica , Yang My , Paploski Igor A. D. , Lenskaia Tatiana , Odogwu Nkechi M. , Kiehne Ross , VanderWaal Kimberly , Schroeder Declan , Corzo Cesar A.
Published: August 2023

Describing PRRSV whole-genome viral diversity data over time within the host and within-farm is crucial for a better understanding of viral evolution and its implications. A cohort study was conducted at one naïve farrow-to-wean farm reporting a PRRSV outbreak. All piglets 3–5 days of age (DOA) born to mass-exposed sows through live virus inoculation with the recently introduced wild-type virus two weeks prior were sampled and followed up at 17–19 DOA. Samples from 127 piglets were individually tested for PRRSV by RT-PCR and 100 sequences were generated using Oxford Nanopore Technologies chemistry. Female piglets had significantly higher median Ct values than males (15.5 vs. 13.7, Kruskal–Wallis p < 0.001) at 3–5 DOA. A 52.8% mortality between sampling points was found, and the odds of dying by 17–19 DOA decreased with every one unit increase in Ct values at 3–5 DOA (OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.61–0.94, p = 0.01). Although the within-pig percent nucleotide identity was overall high (99.7%) between 3–5 DOA and 17–19 DOA samples, ORFs 4 and 5a showed much lower identities (97.26% and 98.53%, respectively). When looking solely at ORF5, 62% of the sequences were identical to the 3–5 DOA consensus. Ten and eight regions showed increased nucleotide and amino acid genetic diversity, respectively, all found throughout ORFs 2a/2b, 4, 5a/5, 6, and 7.
Atovaquone and Pibrentasvir Inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 Endoribonuclease and Restrict Infection In Vitro but Not In Vivo
Authors: von Beck Troy , Mena Hernandez Luis , Zhou Hongyi , Floyd Katharine , Suthar Mehul S. , Skolnick Jeffrey , Jacob Joshy
Published: August 2023

The emergence of SARS-CoV-1 in 2003 followed by MERS-CoV and now SARS-CoV-2 has proven the latent threat these viruses pose to humanity. While the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shifted to a stage of endemicity, the threat of new coronaviruses emerging from animal reservoirs remains. To address this issue, the global community must develop small molecule drugs targeting highly conserved structures in the coronavirus proteome. Here, we characterized existing drugs for their ability to inhibit the endoribonuclease activity of the SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 15 (nsp15) via in silico, in vitro, and in vivo techniques. We have identified nsp15 inhibition by the drugs pibrentasvir and atovaquone which effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 at low micromolar concentrations in cell cultures. Furthermore, atovaquone, but not pibrentasvir, is observed to modulate HCoV-OC43 dsRNA and infection in a manner consistent with nsp15 inhibition. Although neither pibrentasvir nor atovaquone translate to clinical efficacy in a murine prophylaxis model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, atovaquone may serve as a basis for the design of future nsp15 inhibitors.
Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccination in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Tortellini Eeva , Fosso Ngangue Yann Collins , Dominelli Federica , Guardiani Mariasilvia , Falvino Carmen , Mengoni Fabio , Carraro Anna , Marocco Raffaella , Pasculli Patrizia , Mastroianni Claudio Maria , Ciardi Maria Rosa , Lichtner Miriam , Zingaropoli Maria Antonella
Published: August 2023

People living with HIV (PLWH) remain at high risk of mortality and morbidity from vaccine-preventable diseases, even though antiretroviral therapy (ART) has restored life expectancy and general well-being. When, which, and how many doses of vaccine should be administered over the lifetime of PLWH are questions that have become clinically relevant. Immune responses to most vaccines are known to be impaired in PLWH. Effective control of viremia with ART and restored CD4+ T-cell count are correlated with an improvement in responsiveness to routine vaccines. However, the presence of immune alterations, comorbidities and co-infections may alter it. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on immune responses to different vaccines in the setting of HIV infection, emphasizing the potential effect of HIV-related factors and presence of comorbidities in modulating such responses. A better understanding of these issues will help guide vaccination and prevention strategies for PLWH.
Establishment of a Dual-Antigen Indirect ELISA Based on p30 and pB602L to Detect Antibodies against African Swine Fever Virus
Authors: Zhou Lei , Song Jinxing , Wang Mengxiang , Sun Zhuoya , Sun Junru , Tian Panpan , Zhuang Guoqing , Zhang Angke , Wu Yanan , Zhang Gaiping
Published: August 2023

African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, virulent, and highly fatal infectious disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). There is no effective vaccine or diagnostic method to prevent and control this disease currently, which highlights the significance of ASF early detection. In this study, we chose an early antigen and a late-expressed antigen to co-detect the target antibody, which not only helps in early detection but also improves accuracy and sensitivity. CP204L and B602L were successfully expressed as soluble proteins in an Escherichia coli vector system. By optimizing various conditions, a dual-antigen indirect ELISA for ASFV antibodies was established. The assay was non-cross-reactive with antibodies against the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, classical swine fever virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and pseudorabies virus. The maximum serum dilution for detection of ASFV-positive sera was 1:1600. The intra-batch reproducibility coefficient of variation was <5% and the inter-batch reproducibility coefficient of variation was <10%. Compared with commercial kits, the dual-antigen indirect ELISA had good detection performance. In conclusion, we established a detection method with low cost, streamlined production process, and fewer instruments. It provides a new method for the serological diagnosis of ASF.
Mpox Vaccination Hesitancy and Its Associated Factors among Men Who Have Sex with Men in China: A National Observational Study
Authors: Zheng Min , Du Min , Yang Guanghong , Yao Yongming , Qian Xiaohan , Zhi Yuan , Ma Lin , Tao Rui , Zhu Zhilin , Zhou Feng , Dai Siqi , Yang Jie , Liu Min , Liu Jue
Published: August 2023

More than 400 confirmed mpox cases have been reported in China. The mpox vaccination is crucial to mitigate mpox transmission, especially for at-risk populations. This study aimed to determine mpox vaccination hesitancy and its associated factors in Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM). This nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted among 7538 Chinese MSM in 27 MSM social organizations from 21 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions of China from 31 July to 4 August 2023. Of them, the rate of mpox vaccination hesitancy was 5.59% (421/7538). The most common reason for mpox vaccination hesitation was concerns of safety and side effects (62.71%, 264/421), followed by concerns of privacy (38.24%, 161/421), thoughts of impossible infection (37.53%, 158/421), no effectiveness in preventing reinfection (30.88%, 130/421), and no worry about infection (12.35%, 52/421). Regarding the concerning characteristics of the vaccines, concerns of vaccine safety ranked first (71.74%, 5408/7538), followed by vaccine effectiveness (14.05%, 1059/7538), vaccine costs (7.35%, 554/7538), and the continuity of vaccine effectiveness (3.91%, 295/7538). The highest odds ratio of mpox vaccination hesitation was seen in MSM who were infected with mpox virus (aOR = 2.38; 95%CI = 1.08, 5.23), followed by those aged ≥60 years (aOR = 2.25; 95%CI = 1.31, 3.88), those who were unemployed (aOR = 1.66; 95%CI = 1.25, 2.19), and those who had an education level of postgraduate and above (aOR = 1.55; 95%CI = 1.01, 2.37). However, MSM who had a higher level of mpox-related knowledge (moderate: aOR = 0.53; 95%CI = 0.36, 0.77; high: aOR = 0.30; 95%CI = 0.23, 0.40) had a lower odds ratio of mpox vaccination hesitation. MSM in China had low hesitancy toward mpox vaccination. The safety and effectiveness of the vaccine and privacy were important aspects of hesitancy. Health education on mpox-related knowledge should be encouraged to promote future vaccination plans.
Addressing the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Heatwaves in Portugal with a Validated ERA5-Land Dataset (1980–2021)
Authors: Espinosa Luis Angel , Portela Maria Manuela , Moreira Freitas Laryssa Mariana , Gharbia Salem
Published: August 2023

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of heatwaves in mainland Portugal from 1 October 1980 to 30 September 2021 (41 hydrological years). It addresses a research gap by providing an updated assessment using high-resolution reanalysis daily minimum and maximum temperature data (Tmin and Tmax) from the gridded ERA5-Land dataset, overcoming the lack of publicly available daily temperature records. To assess the representation of the previous dataset, nine different grid-point locations across the country were considered. By comparing monthly ERA5-Land temperature data to ground-based records from the Portuguese Met Office, a monthly validation of the data was conducted for the longest common period, demonstrating good agreement between the two datasets. The heatwave magnitude index (HWMI) was employed to establish the temperature thresholds and thus identify heatwaves (defined as three or more consecutive days above the threshold). With over 640 Tmin heatwave days recorded at each of the nine ERA5-Land grid-points, data analysis revealed a discernible upward trend in Tmin heatwaves. The grid-point situated in the capital city’s urban area, i.e., Lisbon, exhibited the highest number of Tmin heatwave days. With an average of more than 800 Tmax heatwave days over the 41-year period, the northern and interior regions of Portugal had the greatest number of occurrences, reaching up to 916. A kernel rate estimation method was applied to further investigate the annual frequency of Tmin and Tmax heatwave occurrences. Results exhibited clear temperature changes, with a widespread increase in the number of heatwave days over the past two decades, particularly for Tmax. In summary, the occurrence of this phenomenon displayed significant spatial variations, with the southern interior and coastal grid-points experiencing a greater increase in annual Tmax heatwave days, rising from 10 to 30 between 2018 and 2019.
Water Valuation in Urban Settings for Sustainable Water Management
Authors: Irfeey Abdul Munaf Mohamed , Alotaibi Bader Alhafi , Najim Mohamed M. M. , Shah Ashfaq Ahmad
Published: August 2023

This study examines water scarcity and quality deterioration in various components of the urban setting, including agriculture, manufacturing, construction, residential buildings, and the recreational industries. This paper also analyzes various measures that can be used as valuation matrices to assess the quality and quantity of water consumption, as well as conservation practices and sustainable management strategies. The aim of this work is to enhance and encourage an increase in the value of consumed water through economistic, efficient, and sustainable approaches. The analysis includes the evaluation of measures such as price reform, adoption of efficient appliances, implementation of effective utilization techniques, reduction in water waste, treatment of wastewater, and employment of reuse and reclamation techniques. This article further discusses the multifaceted costs associated with the acquisition of water, emphasizing the need to consider not only economic factors but also environmental and social implications. This study examines the potential adverse effects of introducing value-added measures, specifically focusing on the impact of water pricing reforms on farmers and industrial manufacturers. The analysis highlights the potential increase in costs that these stakeholders may face as a result of such reforms. This study suggests that the implementation of subsidies can be an effective measure to mitigate the negative effects discussed. This article highlights the urgent global need for governments and international organizations to implement strict policies and regulations in order to preserve water resources and protect their inherent value and, also, emphasizes the importance of consumers understanding the true value of water in order to grasp its significance and scarcity.
Comparisons of Retention and Lag Characteristics of Rainfall–Runoff under Different Rainfall Scenarios in Low-Impact Development Combination: A Case Study in Lingang New City, Shanghai
Authors: Zhang Chen , Lv Yongpeng , Chen Jian , Chen Tao , Liu Jinqiao , Ding Lei , Zhang Nan , Gao Qiang
Published: August 2023

An increasing focus has been given to stormwater management using low-impact development (LID), which is regarded as a “near-nature” concept and is utilized to manage and reduce surface runoff during the rainfall–runoff process. According to the hydrological monitoring data, we evaluated the retention and lag characteristics of rainfall–runoff in LID combination under three rainfall-intensity scenarios (light–moderate, heavy, and torrential rainfall) in Lingang New City in Shanghai. LID facilities have been constructed for three years in the target study area, including rain gardens, retention ponds, green parking, porous pavement, and grass swales. The average runoff retention was 10.6 mm, 21.3 mm, and 41.6 mm under light–moderate, heavy, and torrential rainfall scenarios, respectively, and the corresponding runoff retention rate was 72.9%, 64.7%, and 76.1% during the study period. By comparing rainfall, runoff retention, runoff retention rate, cumulative rainfall, and lag times, it becomes evident that the ability to retain runoff can be greatly improved in the LID combination. The average runoff retention was significantly enhanced by nearly two times and four times under the heavy and torrential rainfall scenarios compared to the conditions under the light–moderate rainfall scenario. Furthermore, the lag time from the end of rainfall to the end of runoff (t2) and the lag time between the centroid of rainfall and the centroid of runoff (t3) showed a significantly negative correlation with rainfall intensity. Meanwhile, t3 presented an incredibly positive correlation with rainfall duration. In this study, the LID combination demonstrated superior benefits in extending the duration of runoff in rainfall events with lower rainfall amounts, and demonstrated significant overall lag effects in rainfall events with longer durations and lower rainfall amounts. These results confirmed the vital role of the LID combination in stormwater management and the hydrologic impact of the LID combination on rainfall-induced runoff retention and lag effects. This work has provided valuable insights into utilizing LID facilities and can contribute to a better understanding of how runoff retention and lag characteristics respond to different rainfall intensity scenarios.
A Review of Data Quality and Cost Considerations for Water Quality Monitoring at the Field Scale and in Small Watersheds
Authors: Harmel Robert Daren , Preisendanz Heather Elise , King Kevin Wayne , Busch Dennis , Birgand Francois , Sahoo Debabrata
Published: August 2023

Technological advances and resource constraints present scientists and engineers with renewed challenges in the design of methods to conduct water quality monitoring, and these decisions ultimately determine the degree of project success. Many professionals are exploring alternative lower-cost options because of cost constraints, and research and development is largely focused on in situ sensors that produce high temporal resolution data. While some guidance is available, contemporary information is needed to balance water quality monitoring decisions with financial and personnel constraints, while meeting data quality needs. This manuscript focuses on monitoring constituents, such as sediment, nutrients, and pathogens, at the field scale and in small watersheds. Specifically, the impacts on the costs and data quality of alternatives related to site selection, discharge measurement, and constituent concentration measurement, are explored. The present analysis showed that avoiding sites requiring extensive berm construction and the installation of electric power to reach distant sites greatly reduces the initial costs with little impact on data quality; however, other decisions directly impact data quality. For example, proper discharge measurement, high-frequency sampling, frequent site and equipment maintenance, and the purchase of backup power and monitoring equipment can be costly, but are important for high quality data collection. In contrast, other decisions such as the equipment type (mechanical samplers, electronic samplers, or in situ sensors) and whether to analyze discrete or composite samples greatly affect the costs, but have minimal impact on data quality. These decisions, therefore, can be based on other considerations (e.g., project goals, intended data uses, funding agency specifications, and agency protocols). We hope this guidance helps practitioners better design and implement water quality monitoring to satisfy resource constraints and data quality needs.
The Influence of the South-to-North Water-Diversion Project on Terrestrial Water-Storage Changes in Hebei Province
Authors: Liu Tianxu , Zhang Dasheng , Shi Yanfeng , Li Yi , Sun Jianchong , Zhang Xiuping
Published: August 2023

The lack of water resources has emerged as a major factor limiting the high-quality economic and ecological development in Hebei Province. Therefore, it is of great significance to understand the dynamic changes in terrestrial water storage for effectively managing water resources in Hebei Province. The evolution pattern and spatial distribution of TWS anomalies (TWSA) were analyzed utilizing gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) solutions and the water balance method from 2003 to 2020, and the missing monthly data during GRACE and GRACE-FO missions were filled by combining the climate-driven model and meteorological products. Moreover, the impact of the south-to-north water-diversion (SNWD) project on alleviating the water-storage deficit was quantified. The results revealed that the water-balance method on the strength of the combination of CMA precipitation and Noahv2.1-simulated evapotranspiration and runoff data matches well with the TWSA data derived from GRACE, with a correlation coefficient up to 0.95. However, the accuracy was unsatisfactory during the process of characterizing the spatial characteristics of TWSA. After the SNWD project, GRACE-derived results showed that the downtrends of TWSA were reduced by 10.93%, especially in mountainous areas: by 79.78%. Concerning the spatial scale, the deficit trends were reduced to a certain extent in northern Hebei Province, while the decreasing trends cannot be reversed for a short time in southern areas where human activities are intensive.