bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nationalism, Ethnocentrism, and the New World Order
Authors: Smith M. Brewster
Published: March 2007

In the aftermath of the collapse of Soviet Communism and the Gulf War, this article takes stock of what psychology might contribute to understanding events that we did not expect. The disturbing news is the persistent vitality of ethnocentrism-also known as nationalism and tribalism. Against the background of the World War II "Psychologists' Manifesto" and the 1986 "Seville Statement on Violence," the article suggests a partly evolutionary, partly humanistic interpretation, and draws on William James's "Moral Equivalent for War" in considering implications for social policy.
The Making of a Shaman: Calling, Training, and Culmination
Authors: Walsh Roger
Published: March 2007

Shamanism and especially the psychological health of shamans remain topics of considerable confusion. This article, therefore, examines the shamanic training process from a specifically psychological perspective. Much in this ancient tradition that formerly appeared arcane, nonsensical, or pathological is found to be understandable in psychological terms. The initial shamanic crisis is seen to be a culture-specific form of developmental crisis rather than being evidence of severe psychopathology. Commonalities are noted between certain shamanic training experiences and those of other religious traditions and various psychotherapies. Psychologically effective shamanic techniques are distinguished from merely superstitious practices and several shamanic techniques are seen to foreshadow ones now found in contemporary psychotherapies.
Contemplative Practice in Higher Education
Authors: Miller John P. (Jack)
Published: March 2007

Higher education is being severely criticized on a number of fronts. This article argues that a major problem with the university is that it is still rooted in dualism. Contemplation is generally practiced within a nondualistic framework that allows for genuine Self Integration. This article describes the efforts of the author to bring contemplative practice into a graduate school of education. Student experiences with various forms of meditation are described, illustrated by excerpts from students' journals.
Letting Go of Bitterness and Hate
Authors: Baures Mary M.
Published: March 2007

Feeling hate toward perpetrators is part ofthe recovery process from abuse, but "counter-dehumanization" is not a psychological victory and can perpetuate the cycle of dehumanization. Twenty survivors of extreme trauma-from abuse, accidents, serious illness, death of a child-who made positive transformations in the wake of the trauma. were interviewed. All of them found a way to let go of bitterness. Some of them realized the destructive quality of hate in their lives and made a conscious attempt to alter their thought processes. Others learned that to forgive did not mean to condone unjust behavior but let go of their need to judge themselves and others. Some helped other survivors and made a commitment to transforming themselves by finding new priorities and values.
Sharing Tools for Personal/Global Harmony
Authors: Olweean Steve , Friedman Sandra
Published: March 2007

In 1991, the Association for Humanistic Psychology expanded the grassroots efforts of its original United States/Soviet Professional Exchange Program and renamed it the AHP International Professional Program. An independent offshoot of this pioneering effort is the Annual International Conference on Conflict Resolution held in St. Petersburg, Russia. These collaborative U.S./ Russian projects have helped foster a period of unprecedented growth and development in the theory and application of humanistically based practices worldwide. The following article presents a brief history of the conference, a description of its purpose and content, and its impact on AHP as a rapidly emerging international organization.

Achieving our own inner potential and development does not automatically result in a better world to live in. We have to actively put these same humanistic principles to work in the planet.

-Steve Olweean

Report to the AHP Board Directors on the establishment of the First Annual International Conference on Conflict Resolution, 1993
Sources of Meaning: An Investigation of Significant Commitments in Life
Authors: Debats Dominique Louis
Published: March 2007

This study investigates, combining qualitative and quantitative research methods, the sources of meaning in life of young adult patients and nonpatients. In addition to the exploratory concerns, the current investigation tested the following three predictions: (a) Relationships are the most frequent sources of meaning in life; (b) patients are less committed to their personal meanings than nonpatients; and (c) participants’ degrees of meaning in life, as operationalized with their scores on the Life Regard Index (LRI), are related to the degree of their commitment to their personal meanings. Findings from both the phenomenal and statistical analyses strongly support the predictions and generally confirm the clinical relevance of the meaning in life construct. Notably, the interpersonal dimension appears a critically relevant domain in the established differential effects in both nonpatients-patients and females-males comparisons. Implications for clinical practice and suggestions for future research are offered.
Control Over the Organisation and Conduct of Work: Evidence from Some Australian Workplaces
Authors: Lumley Roger
Published: March 2007

Evidence is presented from two principal case studies and three minor case studies conducted in Australia on the extent of union involvement, strategies of employer control, and union responses in organisations. The fieldwork concentrated on the identification of management actions as issues for union concern and the way these are processed. The theoretical basis for the research was to consider ideology as a central resource in the struggle for control. Ideology underlies both employer strategies and the ability of leaders of the union in the workplace to mobilise any opposition. The paper draws attention to the diversity of industrial relations practice existing within the common institutional framework of compulsory arbitration and to the dynamic interaction between employer strategies for control and union workplace organisation and activity. It concludes that the different patterns of interaction observed are unlikely to be equally stable over time.
The Long-Term Decline in the Standard Working Year
Authors: Steinke John
Published: March 2007

Available information on twentieth century increases in leave and holiday entitlements are analysed in an attempt to quantify the decline between 1948 and 1982 in the hours scheduled to be worked in the standard working year. Annual leave, long-service leave, paid public holidays, sick leave, maternity leave, study leave, and leave without pay are discussed. The decline in the standard working year is calculated: labour productivity would have had to rise by an average of 0.2 per cent a year to provide an off-setting effect.
Realism Revisited: a Reply To Hawke's Alternative View
Authors: Hunter Boyd
Published: March 2007

It is dificult to argue with Hawke's contention that indigenous Australians have not benefited significantly from the previous industrial relations regime. Indeed, my original article documented the historical lack of articulation of indigenous interests within the system (Hunter 1997a). The aim of that article was to inform readers of the potential risks of the Workplace Relations Act 1996 for a disadvantaged group with little bargaining power in the labour market, rather than to argue that it would necessarily lead to worse outcomes. This rejoinder addresses Hawke's main arguments with that paper and reflects on the need for further research into one of the most disadvantaged sectors of the industrial relations system. Nevertheless, it concludes that the risks of exacerbating this disadvantage are palpable and the prospects for improving indigenous experience of employment in a more deregulated system are circumscribed.
Measuring Space: A Minimum-Distance Database and Applications to International Studies
Authors: Gleditsch Kristian S. , Ward Michael D.
Published: March 2007

In this overview of a new database and approach to measuring distance among historical and contemporary independent nation-states, we review the utility of space to theory and empirical research in international studies. We identify weaknesses in existing empirical data on distances and contiguity among nations. Categorical data on distance treat proximity as an either-or issue and do not permit identifying degree of proximity among states. Continuous measures of distances between midpoints, such as capital cities, often overstate the actual distances between state borders and suffer for large states and irregular territories. We outline a new alternative approach, based on measuring the minimum distance for pairs of polities in the international system, which remedies some of these shortcomings. The current implementation of the minimum-distance database includes the minimum distances for all polities within 950 km of each other from 1875 to the present. We demonstrate the enhanced flexibility of the new minimum-distance approach relative to existing alternatives. Moreover, we illustrate how variables constructed from distance measures, combined with spatial statistical techniques, can contribute substantively to international relations and cross-national comparative research. We demonstrate the importance of dependence among geographical neighbors by examining the link between levels of economic wealth and prospects for democracy in the context of regional interdependence among states.
The Psychohistory of Warfare: The Co-Evolution of Culture, Psyche and Enemy
Authors: Zur Ofer
Published: March 2007

The commonly held belief that there have always been wars is documented, and its implications for the inevitability of war are explored. Against this belief is placed a new definition of war as a social institution that was born with civilization about 13,000 years ago. War is dissociated from mere violence, aggression and homicide, and is presented as a reflection of the culture rather than a pathology that can be eradicated. Thus, the presumed innate tendency to make war and the inevitability of war are challenged. This paper takes a psychohistorical approach to warfare and describes the co-evolution of warfare and culture. Six types of warfare are described: (a) Primitive/ritualistic, (b) political/greedy, (c) Heroic/ aggrandizing, (d) Holy/defense of God, (e) Defensive/protecting one's group/country, (f) Terrorist and guerrilla/defense against an invisible inner enemy. As these cultures of warfare are described, two major themes are emphasized: the evolution and consistency of the goals and modes of each warfare, and the changing concept of the enemy. The activity of 'enemizing' is presented and psychologically analyzed. By arguing that there have not always been wars and that warmakmg is not part of human nature, combined with the observation that war and culture co-evolve, this paper provides hope for the preservation of life on the planet and the prevention of nuclear war.
Foreign Overt Military Intervention in the Nuclear Age
Authors: Tillema Herbert K.
Published: March 2007

Competing theories about who is most responsible for the overall frequency and geographic scope of international armed conflict in the nuclear age are systematically tested against the record of states' warlike actions since World War II. These theories include the traditional view of `power politics' which assumes that intervention is practiced primarily by great powers and the vision of `nuclear paralysis' which presumes that great powers use military force infrequently compared to aggressive minor states. The frequency of foreign overt military intervention both within and outside of war is compared among all states. Analysis is based upon a new catalog of international armed conflicts, the OVERT MILITARY INTERVENTION file, that attempts to identify all foreign overt military interventions initiated since World War II. Ninety-seven states initiated 591 foreign overt military interventions within 269 international armed conflicts between 1945 and 1985. All international armed conflicts, the intervenors and their territorial targets are named in an Appendix that accompanies the article. Results provide partial support for both the power politics and nuclear paralysis perspectives but also raise questions about the adequacy of each of these views. Great powers excepting the Soviet Union have intervened more frequently than have virtually all other states, and the Soviet Union is not far behind. China, France and the United Kingdom, however, now intervene less frequently than they did in the first decades after World War II. Moreover, great powers as a group account for only a small fraction of all foreign overt military interventions, in part because nearly all but very small states intervene occasionally. Direct responsibility for the incidence and scope of contemporary international armed conflict is more diffuse than is implied by some traditional theories of power politics. At the same time, great powers employ warlike force more often than is implied by the image of nuclear paralysis.
In-Depth Defense: A Scenario for the US Military Structure
Authors: Fish David S.
Published: March 2007

The article presents an alternative defensive structure for the United States. Operating within the ideas offered by Johan Galtung in his research on transcendence of nuclear deterrence through transarmament, a plausible course of action is outlined. The process of transarmament would provide both superpowers with the means to escape their respective nuclear-dependent military doctrines. While this paper is only a thumbnail sketch of a paradigmatic shift from offensive to defensive national perceptions, its systemic orientation does suggest that transarmament is a possible future. It is a future whereby the US can increase world stability with little risk to its own legitimate national interests. The cost is in surrendering the role of world policeman. As a process of transcending offensive foreign policies, its strength lies in an increase in citizen participation and a total rejection of offensive strategies and weapon systems. The military will be structured to include both a Civil Defense (with a non-violent functional capability) and local militia (citizen soldiers). This deepening of policy-making will reinforce the other changes necessary for a defensively oriented and invulnerable country. The former is vital for the rest of the world and the latter is necessary for the self-interests of the US.
The Concept of Stability in the Context of Conventional War in Europe
Authors: Axelrod Robert
Published: March 2007

`Stability' is a widely used concept in strategic analysis, especially in the context of nuclear strategy. This article examines the meaning of the term, and shows how it can be usefully applied to problems of conventional war, especially as these problems apply to Europe. In scientific usage, stability is the condition in which a slight disturbance in a system does not produce too disturbing an effect on that system. Traditionally, military writings in both East and West have been more deeply concerned with balance than with stability. In Europe today there is a paradox of strategic stability: the danger of instability at high levels of conflict promotes stability at low levels. Nevertheless, there are many political problems in Europe that are potential causes of instability and that should not be ignored. Attending to the problems of strategic stability also means a concern with linkages between conventional and nuclear war, vulnerabilities of armies to surprise attacks, maintenance of command and control, the relative strength of the defense compared to the offense, and the subtle interacting effects of dispersal, alert, and mobilization.
Mediation in the Development of Norms to Manage Conflict: Kissinger in the Middle East
Authors: Mandell Brian S. , Tomlin Brian W.
Published: March 2007

This article integrates the context and process of mediation in an exploration of the ways in which third parties may alter the parameters of a dispute in order to manage conflict. It does so through a focus on the role that mediation may play in fostering new norms of conflict management. Adopting an evolutionary approach to the development of norms in conflict systems, the study examines the strategies that may be employed by mediators to bring about normative change. A case study of the mediation activities of US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in the Middle East during the period 1973-76 confirms that Kissinger's mediation effort did foster conditions necessary for the creation of new norms. The case also confirms the presence of a number of discrete elements associated with the development of a new normative order to restrain conflict. These findings are important insofar as they suggest that Kissinger's contribution to the Arab-Israeli peace process was more than a short-term, tactical success. Indeed, the analysis suggests that mediation may accomplish more than a reordering of the preference structure of disputants. It may well promote and embed within a conflict system new kinds of behaviour that are not realized for a number of years but whose importance and potential extend well beyond the more limited success of the moment. This suggests, in turn, that we may have to reconceptualize our criteria for what constitutes success in international mediation and pay greater attention to the ways in which mediation can foster change in regional conflict systems.
Military Expenditure, Government Size and Economic Growth in the Middle East in the Period 1973-85
Authors: Lindén Mikael
Published: March 2007

An augmented two-sector growth model is derived to analyse the effects of the military burden and government expenditure on the growth of GNP in selected Middle Eastern countries. The empirical results reveal that the military burden and related activities had a negative effect on the growth of GNP in the period 1974-85. The size of the government sector, oil prices and capital formation, in turn, had positive effects on economic growth. The difference in marginal productivity in different sectors is relatively small and the positive externality effect of the government on private consumption is fairly large. Country-specific factors had a minor effect on the result.
Territorial Changes and International Conflict
Authors: FORSBERG TUOMAS
Published: March 2007

The changes in European politics have brought territorial disputes back on to the agenda. Territorial disputes have suffered from scholarly neglect during the past decades. Goertz and Diehl's recent study is a major effort within this field; despite its many merits, however, the book suffers from certain major deficiencies. Notably, territorial disputes are poorly suited for behaviouristic analysis. There is therefore a need for more studies, drawing on different approaches, within the field of territorial conflicts and their resolution.
Human Rights and Ethnic Conflict Management: The Case of Nigeria
Authors: Osaghae Eghosa E.
Published: March 2007

Against the background of the debate among scholars of human rights over whether group rights exist, and if they do, whether they are compatible with individual rights, this article tries to show that in divided multi-ethnic societies there is a need to balance the two kinds of rights. It approaches human rights from a conflict-management perspective and argues that there are interests and demands of a group nature which individual rights cannot satisfy and that, in fact, the observance of group rights is often a necessary condition for the enjoyment of individual rights. This is especially so in countries where there are deep and structural socio-economic and political cleavages among ethnic groups and where the state is not an autonomous agency or neutral umpire, as is assumed by liberal scholars. The underlying premise of the article is that human rights are neither natural nor given, and therefore that the kinds of rights demanded as well as the purposes for which they are demanded are often indicative of the kinds of balances that need to be made between individual and group rights. The article discusses the human rights approach to ethnic conflict management in Nigeria from these standpoints.
Reconfiguring The Arms Race-War Debate
Authors: Diehl Paul F. , Crescenzi Mark J.C.
Published: March 2007

A recent article by Susan Sample purports to resolve a debate that has generated a great deal of scholarly attention over the past two decades, whether arms races are associated with the escalation of militarized disputes to war. In response, we outline a research agenda designed to reconfigure the arms race-war debate rather than to perpetuate the controversy. We argue for better theoretical specification of the arms race-war relationship, and for empirical tests to sort out whether this relationship is direct, indirect, or spurious. We also advocate some methodological changes including more longitudinal studies, a broader spatial domain to include minor powers, less reliance on military expenditure data, and multivariate (rather than bivariate) tests of the arms race-war relationship.
Personality and Method in the Differential Association Theory
Authors: Kirson Weinberg S.
Published: March 2007

The reformulation of Sutherland's differential association theory by De Fleur and Quinney into set theory statements has added considerably to its clarification and to facilitating the processes of its verification by research inquiry. The work of these two authors has also made the theory consistent with the general concepts in contemporary sociology and social psychology; and their theoretical sets and subsets have paved the way for amplifying the basic theory by subhypotheses and criminal typologies. Basic questions on the original as well as the re formulated theory pertain to conceptions of a passive rather than a dynamic and active personality as the agent in criminal behavior, the function of the modes of learning in secondary as well as in primary groups, the influence of prior socializa tion in the development of criminal behavior, the role of the subject's interpretation of opportunities in contributing to overt criminal conduct, and the relationship of a closed theoretical system to exceptional and negative instances.
A Cost Approach to the Assessment of Gang Rehabilitation Techniques
Authors: Adams Stuart
Published: March 2007

Cost-effectiveness methods were used for a rigorous evaluation of Group Guidance, a detached worker technique used in Los Angeles for coping with delinquent gangs. One hundred core members of three comparable gangs were subjects of a study designed as a natural experiment. One gang had received full Group Guidance service, another had received partial service, and the third gang had received no service.

Gang members' records were examined for correctional actions and services occurring over a six-year period which was divided evenly into "before treatment" and "after treatment" phases. The total period covered, roughly, the fourteenth through the twentieth year in the gang members' lives.

By use of current auditor's estimates of the costs of actions and services, a career correctional cost was determined for each boy over the six-year follow-up. The cost data disclosed a relationship between service by detached workers and differentials in mean correctional career costs. Application of Group Guidance techni ques was associated with (1) reduction in mean correctional costs from "before" to "after," and (2) reduction in mean costs from no treatment to full treatment. For the fully treated gang, the reduction in correctional costs in one year was several times the cost of the treatment. For the untreated gang, correctional costs rose from before to after.
Reducing Discrepancies in Professional and Custodial Perspectives
Authors: Piliavin Irving M. , Vadum Arlene C.
Published: March 2007

Conflict between custodial and professional treatment person nel has been a persistent problem in correctional institutions. It has been suggested that a possible solution of this problem lies in reducing the discrepant views of custodians and professionals by providing some overlap in their respective roles. The question investigated in the present study was whether such overlap would reduce this discrepancy. Prison custodial officers who volunteered to counsel inmate groups were found to have attitudes toward inmates significantly more congruent with those of professionals than those of custodians who were not counselors; in addition, they were slightly more positive toward treatment personnel. The results suggest that overlap in custodial and treatment roles may be a viable device for more congruent perspectives and expectations among those carrying out these roles.
Comparison of Multiple Regression and Configural Analysis Techniques for Developing Base Expectancy Tables
Authors: Babst Dean V. , Gottfredson Don M. , Ballard Kelley B.
Published: March 2007

This study compares two statistical techniques-multiple re gression and configural analysis—used in developing parole pre diction tables, according to their ability to (1) differentiate be tween offenders who violate parole and those who do not, (2) predict violators from among a new group of parolees, and (3) assist administrators and researchers.

First, experience tables had to be developed and tested for prediction ability. Once their accuracy in predicting had been demonstrated, they could be used as base expectancies because they had the quality of being "expected." As such, they could be used as a yardstick to evaluate correctional programs' ability to reduce these "expected" violation rates.

The two methods were applied to the same body of data and the results were compared. The data consist of Wisconsin adult male offenders paroled in 1954-57 and in 1958-59. All were followed up for two years while they were on parole. The first group was used to develop the experience tables; the second group was used to test prediction ability.

The tables were compared for accuracy in predicting through use of the Dc index and for accuracy in differentiating by the J index, measures developed by H. Richard John using Daniel Glaser's data gathered for federal parolees.
Crime and the Cost of Crime: An Economic Approach
Authors: Hann Robert G.
Published: March 2007

In the past few years there has been a considerable shift in the proportion of resources devoted to more operational or manage ment-oriented approaches to criminological research and devel opment. To a large extent this shift, with a few notable exceptions, has been accomplished by the influx of researchers or practitioners from outside the ranks of traditional criminological researchers.

Unfortunately, there seems to have been a lack of real under standing of both new and existing methods and approaches and, therefore, a reduction in the degree of acceptance and cooperation between the two groups.

By presenting an "economic" approach to a subject of past and present interest and relevance, namely "The Cost of Crime," this paper attempts to begin to alleviate this problem of communi cation as well as to summarize the work done in this area to date.

The paper first deals with problem definitions within an economic framework and then proceeds to develop economic guidelines relevant for a policy-maker in the Criminal Justice System. In so doing, it also lays a theoretical structure for evalu ating existing or conducting future research into the cost of crime.
Crime and Deterrence: A Correlation Analysis
Authors: Bailey William C. , Martin J. David , Gray Louis N.
Published: March 2007

A correlation analysis of the severity and certainty of punish ment and offense rates for the major index crimes produces results consistent with the predictions of deterrence theory. Certainty of punishment proves to be the chief deterrent for most crimes. Homicide, however, is influenced by severity, pos sibly reflecting the differences between homicide and other of fenses. Little evidence of interaction is found between certainty and severity in effects on crime rate. A powerfunction proves to better describe the relationship between the punishment varia bles and crime rates than a rectilinear equation-a conclusion which, even apart from the date, appears more reasonable than the reverse.
Violence in the Road: The Crime of Vehicular Homicide
Authors: Michalowski Raymond J.
Published: March 2007

While social scientists have devoted considerable attention to the study of inter-personal violence, little is known about the patterns of imper sonal violence represented by vehicular homicides. This report presents a descriptive analysis of 119 vehicular homicides occurring in a large mid western city during a three-year period. In analyzing vehicular homicides from a criminological perspective an attempt was made to identify the ecological, demographic, social, and prior offense patterns of this form of violent death. The findings indicate that the sociological characteristics of vehicular homicide are nearly identical to those of other urban crimes of violence, that individuals with a prior history of criminal aggressivity constitute a significant proportion of vehicular homicide offenders, and that there is a strong positive relationship between traffic offenses and a history of criminal aggressivity. It is concluded that these findings sup port the hypothesis that the tendency toward aggressive behavior, charac teristic of a subculture of violence, influences the way an individual drives as well as his face-to face interactions.
An Economic Model of Crime and Police: Some Empirical Results
Authors: Chapman Jeffrey I.
Published: March 2007

Crime and police are two interdependent phenomena; yet, they are often analyzed separately. This paper develops a simultaneous model of crime causation, police output and demand for police and therefore incorporates this inter dependence. It was found that relative illegal wages have a strong positive influence on crime, but police activity can retard crime. Further, police labor is positively related to police output and property crimes are more important than other types of felonies in increasing the demand for police.
Psychological Characteristics of Successful and Unsuccessful Parolees: Implications of Heteroscedastic and Nonlinear Relationships
Authors: Werner Eric , Palmer Ted
Published: March 2007

This study suggests that the use of traditional statistical models can increase the already difficult task of discriminating between specific criterion populations, e.g., parole successes and parole failures. It would seem valuable for correctional researchers to supplement these standard models and approaches with others that allow for a relaxation of the assumptions of linearity and homoscedasticity, in particular. This should make it possible to uncover relationships, between independent and dependent variables, that might otherwise remain obscured. The potential value of this more flexible approach is seen in the present study-one which suggests that psychological characteristics of selected offenders may account for considerably more variance, in measures of parole perform ance, than has been reported to date.
Recidivism and Changes Made By Delinquents During Residential Treatment
Authors: Lukin Penny R.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationship of recidivism among juvenile delinquents and changes in their behavior during residential treatment. Change was measured by the fourteen scales of the Jesness Behavior Checklist, and recidivism was determined by a six-month follow-up of subjects. Results showed an interaction between recidivism status and personality characteristics on change scores for several of the checklist scales. For instance, the nonrecidivists who were labeled Neurotic Acting-Out and Immature Conformist improved on several scales, while those delinquents classified as Neurotic Anxious who did well on parole showed less improvement while institutionalized than those who later recidivated. Such data em phasize the importance of considering various personality groups' differential responsiveness to treatment. It is suggested that researchers use several types of scales to measure change when evaluating programs and examine personality differences when analyzing results. It is also recommended that those involved in program development consider that various treatment interventions and different treatment goals may be necessary for different groups of delinquents.
Urbanism, Race, and Crime
Authors: Laub John H.
Published: March 2007

There is general agreement that urbanism is an important correlate of criminality. However, the interpretation of the relation is a matter of theoretical dispute. Some argue that differences in crime rates across the urban-rural dimension can be attributed to differences in the compositions of the populations residing in those areas. The most common argument is that there is a confounding effect between urbanism and race. This paper uses National Crime Survey data to test the compositional argument. The findings imply a reconsideration of the accepted relationship between urbanism and crime generally portrayed in the criminological literature. Data limitations are noted.
Public Perceptions of the Criminal Courts: The Role of Demographic and Related Attitudinal Variables
Authors: FLANAGAN TIMOTHY J. , McGARRELL EDMUND F. , BROWN EDWARD J.
Published: March 2007

From many perspectives, public perceptions of the criminal courts are critical to the maintenance and operation of the judicial system. Despite their importance, few attempts have been made to examine these perceptions. This article reviews the previous work on public perceptions and support for criminal courts, and further examines this issue with nationwide survey data. Unlike previous studies, our findings indicate that demographic characteristics of respondents are significant correlates of public perceptions of courts. However, the influence of these demographic characteristics is outweighed by the effect of related social attitudes. Implications for the further study of perceptions of the courts, as well as for judicial policymakers are discussed.
The Etiology of Bias: Social Heuristics and Rational Decision Making in Deviance Processing
Authors: HILL GARY D. , HARRIS ANTHONY R. , MILLER JoANN L.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to redress a critical conceptual and methodological weakness in prevailing research on bias in deviant status attainment processes by focusing explicit attention on the dynamic, sequential, and reflexive nature of processing. The argument put forth here is that while processors are oriented toward rational decision making, uncertainty is an inherent part of judgements. As a result, effective decision making requires the use of available social heuristics to make decisions possible and still rational in appearance. We suggest that one underlying heuristic is typescripting. When recent anomalies in data on bias in criminal and juvenile justice processing are viewed with a dynamic model of processing that incorporates the idea of social heuristics, they appear to make sense. We discuss some of these anomalies, present some illustrative data from a large-scale survey of juveniles, and use the model to predict some counterintuitive findings.
The Gender Gap in Theories of Deviance: Issues and Evidence
Authors: SMITH DOUGLAS A. , PATERNOSTER RAYMOND
Published: March 2007

With few exceptions, the development of theories of deviance and delinquency has evolved along gender-specific lines. Mainstream theories have usually been formulated to explain the deviant behavior of young males. Conversely, those theories developed to explain female deviance have been on the periphery of the field. The gender-specific origins of many deviance theories have led some to argue that “general” theories of deviance are little more than specific theories of male deviance. This article assesses the relative explanatory power of key elements of four major theories of deviance (social bonds, differential association, strain, and deterrence) in accounting for marijuana use among males and females. Using longitudinal data from a sample of high school students, this article examines whether explanatory variables derived from these theories equally explain the behavior of males and females, by examining two aspects of marijuana use: (1) participation decisions and (2) frequency of marijuana use.
Referral for Treatment among Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Abusers
Authors: DOWNS WILLIAM R. , ROBERTSON JOAN F.
Published: March 2007

This research used logit analysis on a sample of adolescents referred for alcohol and other drug abuse treatment (N = 127, 72 males) and a randomly selected comparison group sample (N = 101, 51 males) of adolescents to test whether certain status characteristics increase the likelihood of referral to the treatment program. Results indicated that two status characteristics do so: labeling of the adolescent based on prior involvement in the social service delivery system and labeling of the adolescent based on a lower level of involvement in conventional groups. Gender did not affect the probability of referral directly, but the effect of level of involvement in conventional groups on referral likelihood depended on gender. Controlling for level of substance use, girls who were more involved in conventional groups and boys who were less involved in conventional groups were more likely to be referred. Implications for labeling theory and a policy of nonintervention for the commission of minor delinquencies are discussed.
Bringing “Booze” Back In: The Relationship Between Alcohol and Homicide
Authors: PARKER ROBERT NASH
Published: March 2007

Although there has been a great deal of theoretical and empirical research on the causes and distribution of homicide during the past 30 years, almost all of this research has excluded from consideration the relationship between homicide and alcohol consumption. Based on theoretical analysis, a U.S. state-level study was conducted to test hypotheses concerning the relationship between alcohol and homicide from four major theoretical perspectives; specific predictions based on previous research on the causes of types of homicide were also derived. Five types of homicide rates were examined, with findings revealing that alcohol consumption rates change the way important predictors such as poverty and deterrence are related to specific types of homicide. Alcohol consumption has important direct net effects on two types of primary homicide, and alcohol regulation was found to interact with other forms of social control like capital punishment. Support was also found for a rational choice-based interaction between alcohol consumption and the application of death sentences. The article concludes with a discussion of the value of theoretical analysis, particularly when applied to the prediction of interactions.
Gender, Self-Control, and Crime
Authors: BURTON VELMER S. , CULLEN FRANCIS T. , EVANS T. DAVID , ALARID LEANNE FIFTAL , DUNAWAY R. GREGORY
Published: March 2007

This article assesses empirically whether Gottfredson and Hirschi's “general theory” can account for the “gender gap” in crime and, when rival theories are included in the analysis, can explain criminal behavior for both males and females. Based on a sample of 555 adults, the results indicate that the relationship of gender to crime becomes nonsignificant when self-control is introduced into the analysis. Further, when males and females are analyzed separately, self-control is related, albeit differently, to males' and females' criminal involvement. These results suggest that Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory should be incorporated into future empirical assessments of gender and crime.
Teacher Education in the Confusion of Our Times
Authors: Britzman Deborah P.
Published: March 2007

There is little agreement in teacher education as to what counts as knowledge and how individuals come to be affected by ideas, people, and events in their world. Whereas teacher education seems to debate questions about the adequacy of its structures, it has forgotten its place in the world and its obligations to world making. However, teacher education has not yet grappled with a theory of knowledge that can analyze social fractures, profound social violence, decisions of disregard, and how from such devastations, psychological significance can be made. Returning to an earlier history and drawing upon philosophers who were also concerned with the relation between teacher education and social reparation, this article advocates for a view of teacher education that can tolerate existential and ontological difficulties, psychical complexities, and learning from history.
The Case for a Third Alternative
Authors: Huling Leslie , Resta Virginia , Rainwater Nancy
Published: March 2007

Today, the nation is facing an unprecedented teacher shortage, which will undoubtedly result in increased attention to alternative certification programs as a possible means of addressing the school-staffing crisis. For the past decade, much has centered on the tensions between school, college, and department of education (SCDE) programs and alternative programs, and the relative merits and drawbacks of two delivery systems—one in which candidates complete initial certification prior to employment and one that provides training to candidates while they are employed as full-time teachers. The authors advocate a third alternative for midcareer teacher candidates, one that encompasses the strengths and minimizes the weaknesses of the two predominant delivery systems currently available. This alternative is the comprehensive, accelerated, customer-oriented teacher preparation program, coupled with an intensive induction support system. The authors describe one such program and discuss the compelling reasons for SCDEs nationwide to consider moving in this direction.
Beyond the New Conception of Teacher Induction
Authors: Lawson Hal A.
Published: March 2007

During the past 20 years the term induction was given new meaning in education, replacing the traditional conception. Today, induction refers to preplanned, structured, and short term assistance programs offered in schools for beginning teachers. This new conception owes its popularity to three convergent influences: educational research, political intrusions, and educators' reform proposals. Benefits of this new conception include the attention it gives to beginning teachers. Its problems include (a) trying to do too much, (b) contriving collegiality, (c) fostering competition among teachers, (d) neglecting teachers' needs, (e) increasing custodial orientations among teachers, and (e) failing to accommodate personal-developmental needs of teachers. Teaching is an intellectual, moral, and political endeavor, yet the new conception ignores this. Alternative conceptions of induction should begin with these unique qualities of teaching and should focus on developing teachers' identities and their adaptive as well as technical competence.
A University Supervisor Negotiates Territory and Status
Authors: Slick Susan K.
Published: March 2007

Being a supervisor is a hundred times more political than I anticipated it would be. There are constraints and obstacles that I hadn't thought about in place for the supervisor. Negotiating your way into the classroom, sometimes feeling as if the cooperating teacher isn't saying things because of the personal relationship that is going on, things that need to be said. So sometimes the supervisor has to initiate some of those conversations that the cooperating teacher is reluctant to because she lives every day with the student teacher. And the placement is tough. Also not getting direct support from the English Education people, not because they don't want to give it, but because I don't think they really know what kind of support that I need. Like I needed to be able to talk to other supervisors which has really helped a whole bunch. I honestly think I have gotten better as the years have gone by, but I think it is too bad that it takes so long to figure out some of the system's problems, to get to know the cooperating teachers and to work with them well. (Meg White, university supervisor)
Defence Expenditure
Authors: Paige D. C.
Published: March 2007

In discussions of defence policy and of disarmament there are often references to the economic aspects of defence expenditure. This article is intended to provide a background to such discussions. It is a factual and statistical analysis of the level and pattern of defence expenditure over the past ten years. The sources and methods used in the estimates are described in an appendix.
The State of the Oil Industry
Authors: Frankel P. H. , Newton W. L.
Published: March 2007

The oil industry has grown more rapidly and more regularly in this century than almost any other major industry. Its growth continues unchecked; but lately, a growing world surplus of oil has become noticeable. This is not a new problem. There has more often than not been a surplus of oil in time of peace—in the sense that the big companies could at short notice have increased their output of crude oil substantially. What changes, partly in response to the size of the surplus, are the methods by which supply is regulated and prices are determined. This article examines the present position in the industry.
Economic Review: An Assessment of Forecasts, 1959-1960
Authors: Neild R. R. , Shirley E. A.
Published: March 2007

The Review has now been appearing for more than two years; this article looks critically at our attempts at forecasting. Forecasting is not the Review's only purpose; it aims to provide a regular and systematic analysis of recent economic developments, which allows readers to form their own views of the future. Our forecasts provide one view for them to consider.
EEC and EFTA : Tariffs on Manufactures and Our Trade Balance
Authors: Maizels A. , Campbell-Boross L. F. , Glover F. J.
Published: March 2007

Britain's protective tariff on manufactured goods is, on balance, rather higher than the average level of tariffs imposed against non-members by our partners in EFTA, and than the average level of tariffs against non-members in the EEC countries. In this note, estimates are made of the direct effects on our exports and imports of manufactures of the tariff changes resulting from continued membership of EFTA and exclusion from EEC. The estimates, which relate wholly to the assumed effects of tariff changes on relative prices, are based on the trade flows in 1960 and on the general tariff position in that year. The calculation shows the effect on the 1960 volume of our trade in manufactures of all the tariff changes planned for the period up to 1970. Admittedly, these may not be the major factors determining the future development of trade patterns. In particular, the calculation excludes the further effects which would arise from differences in the rates of economic growth in EEC and EFTA during the rest of the decade, as well as from changes in our competitiveness apart from tariffs.
Married Women At Work in 1972
Authors: Beckerman Wilfred , Sutherland Jane
Published: March 2007

In any projection of the working population in Britain, it is the number of married women at work which is the main uncertainty. For men and (to a lesser extent) for single women, the numbers likely to be working can be foreseen fairly accurately. Reasonable estimates can be made of the total numbers in each age group, and in all the sizeable age-groups over 95 per cent have a job. These participation rates—that is, the proportion in each age group which is at work—have not changed much in the past, and there is not much scope for them to rise in the future.
Measuring National Product
Authors: Godley W. A. H. , Gillion C.
Published: March 2007

The term national product is used in this note, for convenience, as shorthand for gross domestic product at constant factor cost. Where the word ‘output’ is used, it refers to the estimate of the national product from output data.