bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self‐reported prevalence of hypersensitivity reactions against drugs among medical students: does awareness cause any difference?
Authors: Bavbek Sevim , Erkekol Ferda Öner , Çelik Gülfem Elif , Gönüllü İpek , Mısırlıgil Zeynep
Published: December 2010

Purpose

True epidemiologic data on hypersensitivity reactions to drugs are scarce. More accurate data may be obtained in more specific clinical settings. Considering their educational background, medical students may be an appropriate target audience for evaluating prevalence of drug hypersensitivity. This study is designed to determine the prevalence of self‐reported drug hypersensitivity alongside related factors among young adults.

Methods

A structured questionnaire was administered to the students.

Results

A total of 1267 students (mean age: 21.71 + 1.90 years, F/M: 648/619) from all grades responded to the survey. The mean prevalence of self‐reported drug hypersensitivity was 4.7% (60/1267). The most frequently involved drugs were beta‐lactam antibiotics (55%) followed by non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (28%). The most commonly reported clinical presentations were cutaneous (43.3%), followed by systemic (36.8%), cardiovascular (8.3%) and respiratory (8.3%) symptoms. Factors related with reported reactions were higher grades (p = 0.015, OR: 2.09), female gender (p = 0.006, OR: 2.13), personal history of allergic diseases (p = 0.001, OR: 2.64), and family history of drug hypersensitivity (p < 0.001, OR: 5.78). Half of the students sought medical help during the acute stage of their reaction. Only 3.2% of the cases have been referred to an allergist for further evaluation.

Conclusion

This study, the first of its kind in Turkey, with medical students showed that self‐reported hypersensitivity reactions to drugs is highly prevalent and its prevalence seems to be affected by awareness of the individuals in addition to previously reported risk factors. The education of both patients and physicians on the management of drug hypersensitivity seems to be necessary. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of ultra‐thin tunneling oxides and Si/SiO2 nanostructures for the application in silicon solar cells
Authors: Malguth Enno , Roczen Maurizio , Gref Orman , Schoepke Andreas , Schmidt Manfred
Published: December 2010

The synthesis of Si/SiO2 nanostructures for the application as hetero‐emitter and passivation layer in high‐efficiency solar cells is explored with the long‐term perspective of exploiting quantum size effects for next‐generation photovoltaics. Ultra‐thin oxides are developed by means of oxidizing crystalline silicon using neutral oxygen atoms supplied by a RF plasma source. These oxides are characterized by an abrupt Si/SiO2 junction and good passivation of Si dangling bonds at the interface, a precondition for the implementation of Si/SiO2 nanostructures in photovoltaic devices. Another decisive issue is carrier transport across the SiO2 barrier which is demonstrated in form of a tunneling current in I–V measurements. Such tunneling oxides on Si(111) wafers are used as substrates for the subsequent deposition of Si nanodots. Nanodot synthesis is accomplished by first depositing a few nanometer thick layer of amorphous Si. During a subsequent recrystallization step at T > 600 °C, the surface tension between c‐Si and SiO2 causes a dewetting and, thus, the formation of crystalline Si nanodots, the size of which can be controlled by the thickness of the initial amorphous Si layer. Finally the dots are cladded with a shell of tunneling oxide. A close‐packing of spheres with dots stacked on top of each other is approximated by a repetition of this process.
Anomalous effects in the domain‐wall dynamics in magnetic microwires
Authors: Varga Rastislav , Infante German , Richter Kornel , Vazquez Manuel
Published: December 2010

In the present contribution, we deal with two anomalous effects that have been found in magnetic microwires during the domain‐wall dynamics study. First, there is a negative critical propagation field H0. Its frequency and temperature dependence is dealt in terms of two domain‐wall potential minima separated by the energy barrier. Secondly, it is a negative domain‐wall mobility S that appears as a result of stabilization of the domain structure through the structural relaxation. The domain‐wall mobility can be tuned from negative to positive values by properly setting measuring condition (frequency of applied magnetic field, temperature). This gives us also the possibility to obtain the domain‐wall dynamics that is not sensitive to the applied magnetic field H.
Heavy Si doping: The key in heteroepitaxial growth of a‐plane GaN without basal plane stacking faults?
Authors: Wieneke Matthias , Noltemeyer Martin , Bastek Barbara , Rohrbeck Antje , Witte Hartmut , Veit Peter , Bläsing Jürgen , Dadgar Armin , Christen Jürgen , Krost Alois
Published: December 2010

In this paper, we compare the effectiveness of two different methods regarding the reduction of defect densities in heteroepitaxially grown a‐plane GaN by heavy Si doping. The insertion of well‐established in situ SixNy nanomasks leads to locally heavy Si δ‐doped GaN. By increasing the SixNy deposition time in the range from 0 to 300 s the full width at half maxima (FWHM) of the X‐ray diffraction ω‐scans at in‐plane GaN(1${\bar {1}}$00) and GaN(0002) Bragg reflections decreases from 0.55° to 0.24° and from 0.45° to 0.16°, respectively. When growing without any SixNy interlayer but instead with continuously heavy Si‐doping, these values are further decreased to 0.13° and 0.15°, respectively. By measuring several higher order reflections and detailed evaluation of the ω‐scan broadening in Williamson–Hall‐plots (WHPs) a considerable reduction in defect densities and no hint of basal plane stacking faults (BSFs) were found for the heavy Si doped a‐plane GaN sample. To verify this result the micro‐structural properties of this sample were additionally investigated by transmission electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence (CL).
Theoretical study on photon–phonon coupling at (001)‐(2 × 1) surfaces of Ge and α‐Sn
Authors: Pérez‐Sánchez F. L. , Pérez‐Rodríguez F.
Published: December 2010

We present a study of the far‐infrared reflectance anisotropy spectra for (001) surfaces of Ge and α‐Sn in the (2 × 1) asymmetric dimer geometry, which exhibit a resonance structure associated with the excitation of surface phonon modes. We have employed a theoretical formalism, based on the adiabatic bond‐charge model (ABCM), for computing the far‐infrared reflectance anisotropy spectra. In comparison with previous theoretical results for silicon and diamond surfaces, the resonance structure in the reflectance anisotropy spectrum for Ge(001)‐(2 × 1) turns out to be similar to that observed in the spectrum for the Si(001)‐(2 × 1) surface, whereas the spectrum for α‐Sn(001)‐(2 × 1) surface is noticeably different from the others. We have established a trend of far‐infrared reflectance anisotropy spectra for IV(001) surfaces: the weaker dimer strength, the stronger resonances of low‐frequency surface phonons.
Addition of sulfur radicals to fullerenes
Authors: Denis Pablo A. , Iribarne Federico
Published: December 2010

The addition of oxygen‐centered radicals to fullerenes has been intensively studied due to their role in cell protection against against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative damage. However, the analogous reaction of sulfur‐centered radicals has been largely overlooked. Herein, we investigate the addition of S‐centered radicals to C50, C60, C70, and C100 fullerenes by means of DFT calculations. The radicals assayed were: S, SH, SCH3, SCH2CH3, SC6H5, SCH2C6H5, and the open‐disulfide SCH2CH2CH2CH2S. Sulfur, the most reactive species, prefers to be attached to a 66‐bond of C60 with a binding energy (Ebind) of 2.4 eV. For the SR radicals the electronic binding energies to C60 are 0.77, 0.74, 0.58, 0.67, and 0.35 eV for SH, SCH3, SCH2CH3, SCH2C6H5, and SC6H5, respectively. The reactivity of C60 toward SR radicals can be increased by lithium doping. For Li@C60, the Ebind is increased by 0.65 eV with respect to C60, but only by 0.33 eV for the exohedral doping. Fullerenes act like free radical sponges. Indeed, the C60‐SR Ebind can be duplicated if two radicals are added in ortho or para positions. The enhanced reactivity because of multiple additions is mostly a local effect, although the addition of one radical makes the whole cage more reactive. Therefore, as observed for hydroxylated fullerenes, they should protect cells from oxidative damage. However, the thiolated fullerenes have one advantage, they can be easily attached to gold nanoparticles. For the addition on pentagon junctions smaller fullerenes like C50 are more reactive than C60. Interestingly, C70 is as reactive as C60, even for the addition on the equatorial belt. For larger fullerenes like C100, reactivity decreases for the carbon atoms belonging to hexagon junctions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Excited state reactivity index theory application for small moieties
Authors: Chatterjee Abhijit
Published: December 2010

This study aims to use the concept of ground‐state reactivity index formalism within density functional theory (DFT) to predict the behavior of the excited state through the response function produced by weak electric field on chlorinated methanes and chlorinated benzenes. A comparison was made between the geometry of ground state and the excited state for those moieties through configuration interaction (CI) method with Austin Model 1 Hamiltonian over the optimized geometry of DFT at the ground state. Results obtained through these two methodologies suggested that in terms of polarizability and heat of formation, DFT can reproduce the excited state qualitatively. Again, those results can be further validated through UV spectral data, generated using CI method. The reactivity index proposition at ground state shows the potential of DFT to simulate excitation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Theoretical investigation on the spectroscopic properties of cyclometallated iridium (III) complexes and the deprotonation influence on them in solution
Authors: Wang Jian , Xia Bao‐Hui , Bai Fu‐Quan , Sun Lei , Zhang Hong‐Xing
Published: December 2010

Electronic structures and spectroscopic properties of mixed‐ligand cyclometallated iridium complexes with general formula [Ir(NˆC)2(NˆN)]+ (NˆC = 2‐phenylpyridine, NˆN = Hcmbpy = 4‐carboxyl‐4′‐methyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine, 1; H2dcbpy = 4,4′‐dicarboxyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine, 2) were studied theoretically. The geometries of the complexes in ground and excited state were optimized at B3LYP and CIS levels, respectively. The absorption and emission of the complexes in CH3CN solutions were calculated by time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) with the PCM solvent model. The calculated absorptions and emissions of the complexes are in good agreement with the measured results. The deprotonation influence on the electronic structure and the optical properties of 2 was also investigated. The results indicate that the deprotonation which occurs on the COOH groups influences the geometries of the complexes in ground and excited state slightly but leads to significant blue‐shifts in low energy absorption and emission maximum. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry sensitivity enhancement via online sample dilution and trapping: applications in microdosing and dried blood spot (DBS) bioanalysis
Authors: Li Fumin , Zulkoski John P. , Ding Jie , Brown Wes , Addison Tom
Published: December 2010

A simple online sample dilution, enrichment, and cleanup technique was developed for sensitive microdosing and dried blood spot (DBS) liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) bioanalysis. Samples are diluted online with water and enriched in a trap column which is subsequently switched inline with the analytical column. Excellent lansoprazole (in acetonitrile) peak shape is maintained even with an 80‐µL injection. In comparison, similar chromatographic peaks were observed only when a small volume of the same solution, i.e., 1 µL, was injected on a regular high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, where an injection of 5 µL resulted in severe peak fronting. A substantial enhancement in sensitivity is realized in the trapping mode using large injection volumes. The trap column is washed at the beginning and at the end of each injection with aqueous and organic solvent respectively to remove matrix components. This ultimately leads to reduction of matrix effects and mass spectrometer noise, thus facilitating the utilization of protein precipitation as the sample preparation for plasma samples. A lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 0.5 pg/mL was demonstrated for lansoprazole in human plasma with a signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratio of 13 using a 100 µL injection. Excellent intra‐day precision and accuracy were established for lansoprazole in human plasma with good linearity (R2 > 0.999) from 0.5 to 500 pg/mL. This level of LLOQ makes LC/MS/MS a practical alternative for microdosing bioanalysis, where the dose is typically 100 times lower than the therapeutic dose. The same technique was applied to quantitate lansoprazole in human whole blood employing DBS technology. With a single 3‐mm punch, i.e. ∼2 µL of whole blood or ∼1 µL plasma, a LLOQ of 0.1 ng/mL showed sufficient S/N ratio (40) for lansoprazole when 75 µL of extract was injected. In all, the online sample dilution, cleanup, and enrichment technique demonstrated the practical utility of LC/MS/MS in microdosing and DBS bioanalysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two tools for applying chromatographic retention data to the mass‐based identification of peptides during hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments by nano‐liquid chromatography/matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Gershon P. D.
Published: December 2010

Two tools are described for integrating LC elution position with mass‐based data in hydrogen‐deuterium exchange (HDX) experiments by nano‐liquid chromatography/matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (nanoLC/MALDI‐MS, a novel approach to HDX‐MS). The first of these, ‘TOF2H‐Z Comparator’, highlights peptides in HDX experiments that are potentially misidentified on the basis of mass alone. The program first calculates normalized values for the organic solvent concentration responsible for the elution of ions in nanoLC/MALDI HDX experiments. It then allows the solvent gradients for the multiple experiments contributing to an MS/MS‐confirmed peptic peptide library to be brought into mutual alignment by iteratively re‐modeling variables among LC parameters such as gradient shape, solvent species, fraction duration and LC dead time. Finally, using the program, high‐probability chromatographic outliers can be flagged within HDX experimental data. The role of the second tool, ‘TOF2H‐XIC Comparator’, is to normalize the LC chromatograms corresponding to all deuteration timepoints of all HDX experiments of a project, to a common reference. Accurate normalization facilitates the verification of chromatographic consistency between all ions whose spectral segments contribute to particular deuterium uptake plots. Gradient normalization in this manner revealed chromatographic inconsistencies between ions whose masses were either indistinguishable or separated by precise isotopic increments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examination of the translocation of sulfonylurea herbicides in sunflower plants by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging
Authors: Anderson David M. G. , Carolan Vikki A. , Crosland Susan , Sharples Kate R. , Clench Malcolm R.
Published: December 2010

Pesticides are widely used in agriculture to control weeds, pests and diseases. Successful control is dependent on the compound reaching the target site within the organism after spray or soil application. Conventional methods for determining uptake and movement of herbicides and pesticides include autoradiography, liquid scintillation and chromatographic techniques such as high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Autoradiography using radiolabelled compounds provides the best indication of a compound's movement within the plant system. Autoradiography is an established technique but it relies on the synthesis of radiolabelled compounds. The distribution of four sulfonylurea herbicides in sunflower plants has been studied 24 h after foliar application. The use of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI‐MSI) images of protonated molecules and fragment ions (resulting from fragmentation at the urea bond within the sulfonylurea herbicides) has provided evidence for translocation above and below the application point. The translocation of nicosulfuron and azoxystrobin within the same plant system has also been demonstrated following their application to the plant stem. This study provides evidence that MALDI‐MSI has great potential as an analytical technique to detect and assess the foliar, root and stem uptake of agrochemicals, and to reveal their distribution through the plant once absorbed and translocated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmospheric pressure‐electron capture dissociation of peptides using a modified PhotoSpray ion source
Authors: Robb Damon B. , Rogalski Jason C. , Kast Jürgen , Blades Michael W.
Published: December 2010

An improved in‐source atmospheric pressure‐electron capture dissociation (AP‐ECD) method is described. Building upon the early example of Laprévote's group, photoelectrons generated within a commercial PhotoSpray atmospheric pressure photoionization source are used to induce ECD of multiply charged peptide ions originating from an upstream heated nebulizer device. To attain high sensitivity, the method makes use of a novel electropneumatic‐heated nebulizer to assist in the creation and transmission of multiply charged ions from sample solutions. Here, we demonstrate that readily interpretable AP‐ECD spectra of infused peptides can be acquired from 100 fmol sample consumed, on a chromatographic time scale, using a conventional quadrupole time‐of‐flight (Q‐ToF) mass spectrometer otherwise incapable of ECD/ETD experiments. Though much work remains to be done to develop and characterize the method, the results indicate that AP‐ECD has the potential to be a practical new tool for the mass spectrometric analysis of peptides and proteins. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charge‐state‐derivation ion detection using a super‐conducting nanostructure device for mass spectrometry
Authors: Suzuki K. , Ohkubo M. , Ukibe M. , Chiba‐Kamoshida K. , Shiki S. , Miki S. , Wang Z.
Published: December 2010

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a method of analyzing ions based on their mass/charge (m/z) ratios. The m/z peak identification requires speculation on the ionic unit‐charge states. This problem can be solved by using superconducting junction devices to measure the kinetic energies of single molecules. However, the kinetic energy measurement is followed by the dead time of 1–20 µs, which is fatally slow for modern high‐resolution time‐of‐flight (TOF) analyzers. In this paper, we demonstrate that a superconducting nano‐stripline detector (SSLD) composed of a 10‐nm‐thick and 800‐nm‐wide NbN strip realizes the charge‐state derivation, and furthermore satisfies the ideal MS detector specifications such as a nano‐second response, a short recovery time, a wide mass range, and no noise. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of the fragmentation pathways of [CuII(Ma)(Mb)]•2+ complexes where Ma and Mb are peptides containing either a tryptophan or a tyrosine residue
Authors: Ke Yuyong , Aribi Houssain El , Siu Chi‐Kit , Siu K.W. Michael , Hopkinson Alan C.
Published: December 2010

[CuII(Ma)(Mb)]•2+ complexes, where Ma and Mb are dipeptides or tripeptides each containing either a tryptophan (W) or tyrosine (Y) residue, have been examined by means of electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Collision‐induced dissociations (CIDs) of complexes containing identical peptides having a tryptophan residue generated abundant radical cations of the peptides; by contrast, for complexes containing peptides having a tyrosine residue, the main fragmentation channel is dissociative proton transfer to give [Ma + H]+ and [CuII(Mb – H)]•+. When there are two different peptides in the complex, each containing a tryptophan residue, radical cations are again the major products, with their relative abundances depending on the locations of the tryptophan residue in the peptides. In the CIDs of mixed complexes, where one peptide contains a tryptophan residue and the other a tyrosine residue, the main fragmentation channel is formation of the radical cation of the tryptophan‐containing peptide and not proton transfer from the tyrosine‐containing peptide to give a protonated peptide. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometric and semi‐empirical calculations study of five isoflavone aglycones
Authors: Madeira Paulo J. Amorim , Borges Carlos M. , Florêncio M. Helena
Published: December 2010

Five isoflavones, daidzein, genistein, formononetin, prunetin and biochanin A, known for their biological properties, are investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode. The most probable protonation sites are determined taking into account semi‐empirical calculations using the PM6 Hamiltonian. Fragmentation mechanisms are proposed based on accurate mass measurements, MS3 experiments and supported by the semi‐empirical calculations. Some of the fragmentation pathways were found to be dependent on the substitution pattern of the B‐ring and the ions afforded by these fragmentations can be considered as diagnostic. It was possible to distinguish between prunetin and biochanin A, two isobaric isoflavone aglycones included in this study. Furthermore, a comparison of the fragmentation patterns of genistein and biochanin A, two isoflavones, with those of their flavone counterparts, apigenin and acacetin, enabled us to identify some key ions mainly due to structural features, allowing distinction to be made between these two classes of compounds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time monitoring of the progress of polymerization reactions directly on surfaces at open atmosphere by ambient mass spectrometry
Authors: Nørgaard Asger W. , Vaz Boniek G. , Lauritsen Frants R. , Eberlin Marcos N.
Published: December 2010

The progress of an on‐surface polymerization process involving alkyl and perfluoroalkyl silanes and siloxanes was monitored in real‐time via easy ambient sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI‐MS). When sprayed on surfaces, the organosilicon compounds present in commercially available nanofilm products (NFPs) react by condensation to form a polymeric coating. A NFP for coating of floor materials (NFP‐1) and a second NFP for coating tiles and ceramics (NFP‐2) were applied to glass, filter paper or cotton surfaces and the progress of the polymerization was monitored by slowly scanning the surface. Via EASI(+)‐MS monitoring, significant changes in the composition of hydrolysates and condensates of 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorooctyl triisopropoxysilane (NFP‐1) and hexadecyl triethoxysilane (NFP‐2) were observed over time. The abundances of the hydrolyzed species decreased compared with those of the non‐hydrolysed species for both NFP‐1 and NFP‐2 and the heavier oligomers became relatively more abundant over a period of 15–20 min. A similar tendency favouring the heavier oligomers was observed via EASI(−)‐MS. This work illustrates the potential of ambient mass spectrometry for the direct monitoring of polymerization reactions on surfaces. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐Nitrosopiperazines form at high pH in post‐combustion capture solutions containing piperazine: a low‐energy collisional behaviour study
Authors: Jackson Phil , Attalla Moetaz I.
Published: December 2010

During the process of exploring aqueous piperazine chemistry under simulated flue‐gas scrubbing conditions, positive‐ion electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric (ESI‐MS) analyses of the resulting reaction mixtures in a triple quadrupole system revealed the presence of peaks at m/z 116 and 145, the putative N‐nitroso derivatives of piperazine. Confirmation of the presence of these species in the reaction mixtures was achieved using collision‐induced dissociation experiments. A purchased standard, together with in‐house synthesised N‐nitrosopiperazine standards (including N‐nitroso derivatives derived from deuterium‐labelled precursor materials), were used for this purpose. Across a small range of collision energies, large fluctuations in the abundance of the two major product ions of protonated N‐nitrosopiperazine, m/z 86 and 85, were observed. Using B3LYP/6‐311 + +G(d,p) computations, the potential energy surface was determined for loss of NO and [H,N,O]. At an activation energy slightly in excess of 1 eV, intramolecular isomerisation precedes loss of NO (m/z 86) via a 4,1 H‐shift, and at activation energies between 2.1–2.3 eV, consecutive loss of NO and atomic hydrogen competes with the direct loss of nitrosyl hydride (m/z 85). It is recommended that any multiple reaction monitoring method for quantifying N‐nitrosopiperazines at low collision energies use the sum of both transitions (m/z 116 ← 85, m/z 116 ← 86) to avoid errors that could be introduced by subtle changes in ES source conditions or collision voltages. This approach is adopted in an HPLC/MS/MS method used to monitor the degradation of N‐nitrosopiperazine exposed to (i) broad‐band UV light and (ii) heat typical of an amine regeneration (stripper) tower. The results reveal that aqueous N‐nitrosopiperazine is thermally stable at 150°C but will degrade slowly upon exposure to UV light. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specification, implementation and performance evaluation of the QoS‐friendly encapsulating security payload (Q‐ESP) protocol
Authors: Mostafa Mahmoud , Kalam Anas Abou El , Maachaoui Mohamed , Idboufker Noureddine
Published: December 2010

While IPSec standard is largely used to protect real time network applications, it unfortunately consumes more processing time, cause packet delay and impede QoS enforcement. The QoS level that a flow receives depends on the value of the Type of Service (ToS) field; the later is set by the ‘Multi‐Field’ (MF) packet classifiers according to the IP source and destination addresses and ports as well as the transport layer protocol. The last three fields are encrypted by the IPSec ESP, and thus ESP prevents network control devices from providing preferred treatment for time critical applications. To solve this problem, we propose a QoS‐friendly Encapsulated Security Payload (Q‐ESP) as a new IPSec security protocol that provides QoS supports while enforcing the same security services assured by IPSec ESP and AH used jointly. Basically, Q‐ESP allows network elements to inspect all the needed fields to perform classification adequately. In this paper, we present details about Q‐ESP design, processing and kernel implementation. Moreover, we give analytical as well as experimental evaluation of our protocol to measure its impact on real time VoIP; we also compare it to IPSec ESP and AH according to QoS and security metrics. Finally, we present and discuss some application scenarios in which the use of the Q‐ESP protocol has many advantages. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tuning Temperature and Size of Hot Spots and Hot‐Spot Arrays
Authors: Saïdi Elika , Babinet Nicolas , Lalouat Loïc , Lesueur Jérôme , Aigouy Lionel , Volz Sébastian , Labéguerie‐Egéa Jessica , Mortier Michel
Published: December 2010

By using scanning thermal microscopy, it is shown that nanoscale constrictions in metallic microwires deposited on an oxidized silicon substrate can be tuned in terms of temperature and confinement size. High‐resolution temperature maps indeed show that submicrometer hot spots and hot‐spot arrays are obtained when the SiO2 layer thickness decreases below 100 nm. When the SiO2 thickness becomes larger, heat is less confined in the vicinity of the constrictions and laterally spreads all along the microwire. These results are in good agreement with numerical simulations, which provide dependences between silica‐layer thickness and nanodot shape and temperature.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with Roux‐en‐Y anatomy
Authors: Lopes Tercio L. , Baron Todd H.
Published: December 2010

Introduction

Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass is increasingly performed in the United States. In addition, liver transplantation and other complex hepatobiliary surgeries are increasingly performed with creation of a Roux‐en‐Y hepaticojejunostomy. Consequently, endoscopists more frequently need to carry out endoscopic procedures in patients with Roux‐en‐Y anatomy.

Materials and methods

The present article discusses the techniques and instruments available to therapeutic endoscopists who are faced with the challenge of performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with long‐ or short‐limb Roux‐en‐Y anatomy.

Conclusion

Endoscopists can successfully perform ERCP in patients with Roux‐en‐Y anatomy by making use of appropriate techniques and instruments.
Free acid gel form of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) improves HMB clearance from plasma in human subjects compared with the calcium HMB salt
Authors: Fuller John C. , Sharp Rick L. , Angus Hector F. , Baier Shawn M. , Rathmacher John A.
Published: December 2010

The leucine metabolite, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), is a nutritional supplement that increases lean muscle and strength with exercise and in disease states. HMB is presently available as the Ca salt (CaHMB). The present study was designed to examine whether HMB in free acid gel form will improve HMB availability to tissues. Two studies were conducted and in each study four males and four females were given three treatments in a randomised, cross-over design. Treatments were CaHMB (gelatin capsule, 1 g), equivalent HMB free acid gel swallowed (FASW) and free acid gel held sublingual for 15 s then swallowed (FASL). Plasma HMB was measured for 3 h following treatment in study 1 and 24 h with urine collection in study 2. In both the studies, the times to peak plasma HMB were 128 (sem11), 38 (sem4) and 38 (sem1) min (P < 0·0001) for CaHMB, FASW and FASL, respectively. The peak concentrations were 131 (sem6), 249 (sem14) and 239 (sem14) μmol/l (P < 0·0001) for CaHMB, FASW and FASL, respectively. The areas under the curve were almost double for FASW and FASL (P < 0·0001). Daily urinary HMB excretion was not significantly increased resulting in more HMB retained (P < 0·003) with FASW and FASL. Half-lives were 3·17 (sem0·22), 2·50 (sem0·13) and 2·51 (sem0·14) h for CaHMB, FASW and FASL, respectively (P < 0·004). Free acid gel resulted in quicker and greater plasma concentrations (+185 %) and improved clearance (+25 %) of HMB from plasma. In conclusion, HMB free acid gel could improve HMB availability and efficacy to tissues in health and disease.
Dealcoholised beers reduce atherosclerosis and expression of adhesion molecules in apoE-deficient mice
Authors: Martinez Nuria , Urpi-Sarda Mireia , Martinez-Gonzalez Miguel Angel , Andres-Lacueva Cristina , Mitjavila Maria Teresa
Published: December 2010

Polyphenols exert beneficial effects in atherosclerosis. The crucial step in atherosclerosis is the recruitment of monocytes to the subendothelial space, induced by endothelial adhesion molecules through the activation of factors such as NF-κB. We studied the effect of a dealcoholised lager beer (DLB) and a dealcoholised dark beer (DDB) on atherosclerotic lesions, and the underlying mechanisms. Dealcoholised beers were administered in the diet (42 ml/kg body weight per d) to 4-week-old male apoE knockout (apoE − / − ) mice for 20 weeks. The atherosclerotic lesions in the thoracic aorta were reduced by 44 % (P = 0·003) and 51 % (P < 0·001) in DLB- and DDB-treated mice, respectively. Also, the mRNA expressions of the endothelial adhesion molecules in the total aorta were decreased: P-selectin showed a 17 % (P = 0·004) reduction in DDB-treated mice; vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was decreased by 20 % (P = 0·012) and 32 % (P = 0·001) in DLB- and DDB-treated mice, respectively; intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) showed a 14 % (P = 0·014) reduction in DLB-treated mice. The protein expressions of these molecules and NF-κB were studied in the aortic root. P-selectin was decreased by 37 % (P = 0·012) in DDB-treated mice; VCAM-1 was reduced by 48 % (P = 0·001) and 54 % (P < 0·001) in DLB- and DDB-treated mice, respectively; ICAM-1 was decreased by 25 % (P = 0·028) and 30 % (P = 0·018) in DLB- and DDB-treated mice, respectively; NF-κB was reduced by 46 % (P = 0·042) in DDB-treated mice. In conclusion, dealcoholised beers protected apoE − / −  mice against atherosclerosis, through the modulation of endothelial adhesion molecules, possibly induced by NF-κB.
Either-Or: The Narrative of “Crisis” in Weimar Germany and in Historiography
Authors: Graf Rüdiger
Published: December 2010

The notion of “crisis” plays an important role in both the history of the Weimar Republic and the historiography on this period of German history. Modifying Max Horkheimer's famous dictum on the intrinsic connection between capitalism and fascism, one might even say that anyone who does not want to talk about “crisis” should remain silent about Weimar Germany. In the brief period between 1918 and 1933 Germany not only had to cope with the consequences of World War I and the Versailles Treaty, but also it was struck by two severe economic crises. Moreover, strong political forces relentlessly tried to overcome the unpopular democratic political system. After the National Socialists finally succeeded in overthrowing the republic, Weimar came to be conceptualized as the ill-born precursor of National Socialism, as the critical stage of German history before the establishment of a rule of terror that intentionally led into the most devastating war in human history. This perspective on the failure of Germany's first democracy stems largely from the dominance of National Socialism as a negative point of reference in historical as well as public debates in the Federal Republic.
Performing the Nation: Sports, Spectacles, and Aesthetics in Germany, 1926–1936
Authors: Rossol Nadine
Published: December 2010

National Socialist propaganda has created an aesthetic legacy that is difficult to shake off. Filmic images of well-trained athletes preparing for the Berlin Olympics or mass scenes from Nazi Party rallies have become familiar features in history documentaries. While many of us lack personal memories of the Third Reich, we think we know what Nazism looked like. In addition, Walter Benjamin's concept stressing the use of aesthetics in politics has become commonplace in interpretations of Nazi representation. “Gesamtkunstwerkof political aesthetics” or “formative aesthetics” are terms used to analyze festivities and spectacles in the Third Reich, suggesting that the Nazis developed a specific style with a focus on aesthetics, symbols, and festive set-up. This allegedly distinctive Nazi style is emphasized even more by contrasting it favorably with celebrations of the Weimar Republic. Once again, the German republican experience is placed in “the antechamber of the Third Reich.”
Occurrence of a short variant of theTol2transposable element in natural populations of the medaka fish
Authors: KOGA AKIHIKO , SASAKI SHIN , NARUSE KIYOSHI , SHIMADA ATSUKO , SAKAIZUMI MITSURU
Published: December 2010

Tol2is a member of thehAT(hobo/Activator/Tam3) transposable element family, residing as 10–30 copies per diploid genome in the medaka fish. We previously reported that this element is highly homogeneous in structure at both the restriction map level and the nucleotide sequence level. It was, however, possible that there is variation of such a low frequency as not to have been detected in our previous surveys, in which samples from 12 geographical locations were used. In the present study, we first conducted searches of genome sequence databases of medaka, and found a 119-bp-long internal deletion. We then conducted a survey of samples from 58 locations for this deletion by performing PCR preceded by restriction enzyme digestion to increase the sensitivity to this deletion. We found that copies suffering this deletion have spread, or have been generated by multiple origins, in the northern-to-central part of mainland Japan. Thus, although the high homogeneity in structure is a distinct feature ofTol2, variation does exist at low frequencies in natural populations of medaka. The current status ofTol2is expected to provide information with which results of future surveys can be compared for clarification of determinants of population dynamics of this DNA-based element.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN SMILING AND OTHER PHOTOGRAPHED TRAITS: A THEORETICAL ASSESSMENT
Authors: ELLIS LEE , DAS SHYAMAL
Published: December 2010

Many studies have shown that females smile more than males do in social situations. The present study extends this research by examining a large sample of high school yearbook photographs. In addition to assessing the degree of smiling, ratings were obtained of the following traits for each photograph: hair length, hair colour, masculine–feminine appearance and physical attractiveness. Results reconfirmed earlier research showing that females smile more than males do while they are being photographed. Other findings were that smiling was positively correlated with hair length, femininity and physical attractiveness for females but not for males. When a multivariate analysis was performed, none of these traits predicted smiling in males, and only femininity was significant in predicting smiling in females. Although social learning theories of smiling can account for some of these findings, a recently proposed neurohormonal theory seems to best explain why femininity is related to smiling in females but not in males.
Psychopathology in young adults born at extremely low birth weight
Authors: Boyle M. H. , Miskovic V. , Van Lieshout R. , Duncan L. , Schmidt L. A. , Hoult L. , Paneth N. , Saigal S.
Published: December 2010

Background

Little is known about the long-term mental health of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) (<1000 g) survivors. We test whether young adults aged 22 to 26 years born at ELBW differ from normal birth weight (NBW) controls in self-reported levels of psychopathology.

Method

Participants included 142 ELBW survivors (86% response) born between 1977 and 1982 to residents of central-west Ontario, Canada and 133 NBW control subjects (92% response). The Young Adult Self-Report measure was used to create five DSM-IV oriented scales aggregated to form internalizing (depressive problems, anxiety problems, avoidant personality problems) and externalizing (attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder problems and antisocial personality problems) scales.

Results

After adjusting for family background characteristics, mean scores for ELBW survivors were 3.02 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78–5.26] points higher for internalizing problems and no different, i.e. 0.00 (95% CI −1.17 to 1.17), for externalizing problems. There was a sex×group statistical interaction such that being male muted the risk for externalizing problems among those born at ELBW: −2.11 (95% CI −4.21 to −0.01). Stratifying ELBW adults as born small for gestational age (SGA)versusappropriate weight for gestational age (AGA) revealed a significant gradient of risk for levels of internalizing problems that was largest for SGA, i.e. 4.75 (95% CI 1.24–8.26), and next largest for AGA, 2.49 (95% CI 0.11–4.87), compared with NBW controls.

Conclusions

Depression, anxiety and avoidant personality problems (internalizing problems) are elevated in young adulthood among ELBW survivors. This effect is relatively small overall but noticeably larger among ELBW survivors born SGA.
Trajectory planning for flexible Cartesian robot manipulator by using artificial neural network: numerical simulation and experimental verification
Authors: Abe Akira
Published: December 2010

This paper presents a novel trajectory planning method for a flexible Cartesian robot manipulator in a point-to-point motion. In order to obtain an exact mathematical model, the parameters of the equation of motion are determined from an identification experiment. An artificial neural network is employed to generate the desired base position, and then, a particle swarm optimization technique is used as the learning algorithm, in which the sum of the displacements of the manipulator is chosen as the objective function. We show that the residual vibrations of the manipulator can be suppressed by minimizing the displacement of the manipulator. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed method are demonstrated by comparing the simulation and experimental results.
Embodied Activisms: The Case of the Mu Guiying Brigade
Authors: Manning Kimberley Ens
Published: December 2010

In this article I re-think the complex legacies of the Maoist era and their relationship to the contemporary decline in rural women's leadership. By focusing on some of the gendered dimensions of rural development policy, it becomes evident that many “traditional” beliefs about the leadership abilities of rural women were given new life during the Maoist era. Prior to the Cultural Revolution rural women had two dominant paths of “liberation” orjiefangavailable to them: one that involved a liberationthroughthe female body and household, the path ofdangjia, and one that involved a liberationfromthe constraints of the female body and household, the path offanshen. In this article I show how the simultaneous implementation of these two paths of liberation on a unique women-led Mu Guiying Brigade during the Great Leap Forward reproduced the problem of the political unacceptability of rural women.
Income, Work Preferences and Gender Roles among Parents of Infants in Urban China: A Mixed Method Study from Nanjing
Authors: won Kim Sung , Fong Vanessa L. , Yoshikawa Hirokazu , Way Niobe , Chen Xinyin , Deng Huihua , Lu Zuhong
Published: December 2010

This article explores the relationship between gender and income inequality within and across households in an urban Chinese sample by looking at survey data from 381 married couples with infants born in a Nanjing hospital between 2006 and 2007 and in-depth interviews with a subsample of 80 of these couples. We explore the relationship between family income and differences between husbands’ and wives’ work preferences. A couple-level quantitative analysis shows that in lower-income families, husbands were more likely than their wives to prefer career advancement and low stress at work, and wives were more likely than their husbands to prefer state jobs. Our analyses of the qualitative subsample show that, even though high-income husbands and wives are more likely to share similar work preferences, the household division of roles within their marriages is still gendered along traditional lines, as it is in the marriages of low-income couples.
Intergenerational Transmission of Family Property and Family Management in Urban China
Authors: Wang Danning
Published: December 2010

This article applies Myron Cohen's studies of family division and family management in rural China to an examination of how working class families in urban China cope with the hardships created by industrial transition and housing reform. Senior parents work with their adult children; parental authority retains a critical role. By flexibly shifting powerful domestic roles, senior women, in particular, work with their adult sons in order to transmit the domestic resources necessary to secure the filial services to which they feel entitled. In China's fast-changing economic environment, fuelled by the modernization process, the dynamics of family culture still present effective tools and strategies for individual citizens seeking to protect and advance their own interests.
Unpacking the Relationship between Operational Efficiency and Quality of Care in Ontario Long-Term Care Homes
Authors: Berta Whitney , Laporte Audrey , Kachan Natasha
Published: December 2010

Dans cette étude de cas multiples, nous avons retenu les administrateurs des maisons de soins de longue durée (SLD) dans les entretiens semi-structurés afin d’accroître notre compréhension de l’influence exercée par les facteurs organizationnels et extra-organisationnels sur deux aspects clés de la performance organizationnelle : l’efficacité operationnelle et la qualité des soins. Nous avons aussi examiné l’influence de ces facteurs sur la relation entre l’efficacité et la qualité. Grace à un examen de la littérature de soins de santé et de l’organisation de gestion, quatre grands facteurs ont été identifiés a priori comme influents pour un ou deux résultats de rendement et ont été utilisés pour guider notre collecte de données : les caractér-istiques du personnel, les caractéristiques de l’établissement, les influences extra-organisationnelles, et les fonction de bénévoles.

Nos résultats suggèrent que, alors que tous les deux, haut rendement et haut qualité des soins, sont réalisables, il y a des aspects de la fonctionnement d’une maison et les réalités associés au secteur des soins de longue durée en Ontario qui peut faire atteindre tous les deux à la fois, simultanément, excessivement difficile.
Echocardiography of the aortopulmonary window, aorto-ventricular tunnels, and aneurysm of the sinuses of Valsalva
Authors: Mahle William T. , Kreeger Joseph , Silverman Norman H.
Published: December 2010

There is a collection of rare congenital cardiac defects that can produce significant haemodynamic embarrassment. Owing to their rarity, these lesions may be overlooked or mistaken for other more common congenital cardiac defects. Using careful segmental echocardiographic techniques, such as multiple planes of imaging and inferential Doppler findings, it is possible to identify these lesions and thus plan surgical management. Some of the lesions of importance reviewed include the aortopulmonary window, the aorto-ventricular tunnels, the aorto-atrial tunnels, and aneurysm of the sinuses of Valsalva. Some conditions such as the aortopulmonary window and aneurysm of the sinuses of Valsalva often occur in the setting of other congenital cardiac lesions. At times, the presence of coexisting lesions may mask some of the characteristic features of these defects. With prompt identification, all of these rare conditions are amenable to complete surgical repair. Newer modalities such as three-dimensional echocardiography can further enhance surgical planning.
Capacitive and ohmic RF NEMS switches based on vertical carbon nanotubes
Authors: Ziaei A. , Charles M. , Le Baillif M. , Xavier S. , Caillard A. , Cojocaru C.S.
Published: December 2010

The objective is to demonstrate a reproducible carbon nanotube (CNT)-based technology for radio frequency (RF) switch working in the range of 40–60 GHz and fulfilling the specifications: low losses, high isolation, and an operating voltage below 30 V. The first processed component had an operating voltage of 14 V for an ohmic contact in a Nano-Electro Mechanical System (NEMS) tweezer design. This result is confirmed by theory with an operating voltage of 13 V. A capacitive-contact NEMS is also developed using multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) coated with a SiO2 dielectric layer deposited by electron beam induced deposition method (EBID). High Frequency Simulation Software (HFSS) RF-simulation on an innovative NEMS geometry shows encouraging results with transmission ratios between “on” state and “off” state up to 34% for ohmic-contact switch and 25% for a capacitive-contact switch.