bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Tos3, a Snf1 Protein Kinase Kinase, during Growth of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
on Nonfermentable Carbon Sources
Authors: Kim Myoung-Dong , Hong Seung-Pyo , Carlson Marian
Published: May 2005

In
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, Snf1 protein kinase of the Snf1/AMP-activated protein kinase family is required for growth on nonfermentable carbon sources and nonpreferred sugars. Three kinases, Pak1, Elm1, and Tos3, activate Snf1 by phosphorylation of its activation-loop threonine, and the absence of all three causes the Snf
−
phenotype. No phenotype has previously been reported for the
tos3Δ
single mutation. We show here that, when cells are grown on glycerol-ethanol,
tos3
Δ reduces growth rate, Snf1 catalytic activity, and activation of the Snf1-dependent carbon source-responsive element (CSRE) in the promoters of gluconeogenic genes. In contrast,
tos3
Δ did not significantly affect Snf1 catalytic activity or CSRE function during abrupt glucose depletion, indicating that Tos3 has a more substantial role in activating Snf1 protein kinase during growth on a nonfermentable carbon source than during acute carbon stress. We also report that Tos3 is localized in the cytosol during growth in either glucose or glycerol-ethanol. These findings lend support to the idea that the Snf1 protein kinase kinases make different contributions to cellular regulation under different growth conditions.
Two Complexes of Spindle Checkpoint Proteins Containing Cdc20 and Mad2 Assemble during Mitosis Independently of the Kinetochore in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Poddar Atasi , Stukenberg P. Todd , Burke Daniel J.
Published: May 2005

Favored models of spindle checkpoint signaling propose that two inhibitory complexes (Mad2-Cdc20 and Mad2-Mad3-Bub3-Cdc20) must be assembled at kinetochores in order to inhibit mitosis. We have directly tested this model in the budding yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. The proteins Mad2, Mad3, Bub3, Cdc20, and Cdc27 in yeast were quantified, and there are sufficient amounts to form stoichiometric inhibitors of Cdc20 and the anaphase-promoting complex. Mad2 is present in two separate complexes in cells arrested in mitosis with nocodazole. There is a small amount of Mad2-Mad3-Bub3-Cdc20 and a much larger amount of a complex that contains Mad2-Cdc20. We use conditional mutants to show that both Mad2 and Mad3 are essential for establishment and maintenance of the spindle checkpoint. Both spindle checkpoint complexes containing Mad2 form in mitosis, not in response to checkpoint activation. The kinetochore is not required to form either complex. We propose that the conversion of Mad1-Mad2 to Cdc20-Mad2, a key step in generating inhibitory checkpoint complexes, is limited to mitosis by the availability of Cdc20 and is kinetochore independent.
Cell Biology of Conidial Anastomosis Tubes in
Neurospora crassa
Authors: Roca M. Gabriela , Arlt Jochen , Jeffree Chris E. , Read Nick D.
Published: May 2005

Although hyphal fusion has been well documented in mature colonies of filamentous fungi, it has been little studied during colony establishment. Here we show that specialized hyphae, called conidial anastomosis tubes (CATs), are produced by all types of conidia and by conidial germ tubes of
Neurospora crassa
. The CAT is shown to be a cellular element that is morphologically and physiologically distinct from a germ tube and under separate genetic control. In contrast to germ tubes, CATs are thinner, shorter, lack branches, exhibit determinate growth, and home toward each other. Evidence for an extracellular CAT inducer derived from conidia was obtained because CAT formation was reduced at low conidial concentrations. A
cr
-
1
mutant lacking cyclic AMP (cAMP) produced CATs, indicating that the inducer is not cAMP. Evidence that the transduction of the CAT inducer signal involves a putative transmembrane protein (HAM-2) and the MAK-2 and NRC-1 proteins of a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway was obtained because
ham
-
2
,
mak
-
2
, and
nrc
-
1
mutants lacked CATs. Optical tweezers were used in a novel experimental assay to micromanipulate whole conidia and germlings to analyze chemoattraction between CATs during homing. Strains of the same and opposite mating type were shown to home toward each other. The
cr
-
1
mutant also underwent normal homing, indicating that cAMP is not the chemoattractant.
ham
-
2
,
mak
-
2
, and
nrc
-
1
macroconidia did not attract CATs of the wild type. Fusion between CATs of opposite mating types was partially inhibited, providing evidence of non-self-recognition prior to fusion. Microtubules and nuclei passed through fused CATs.
Developmental and Transcriptional Responses to Host and Nonhost Cuticles by the Specific Locust Pathogen
Metarhizium anisopliae
var.
acridum
Authors: Wang Chengshu , St. Leger Raymond J.
Published: May 2005

Transcript patterns elicited in response to hosts can reveal how fungi recognize suitable hosts and the mechanisms involved in pathogenicity. These patterns could be fashioned by recognition of host-specific topographical features or by chemical components displayed or released by the host. We investigated this in the specific locust pathogen
Metarhizium anisopliae
var.
acridum
. Only host (
Schistocerca gregaria
) cuticle stimulated the full developmental program of germination and differentiation of infection structures (appressoria). Cuticle from beetles (
Leptinotarsa decimlineata
) repressed germination while cuticle from hemipteran bugs (
Magicicada septendecim
) allowed germination but only very low levels of differentiation, indicating that the ability to cause disease can be blocked at different stages. Using organic solvents to extract insects we identified a polar fraction from locusts that allowed appressorial formation against a flat plastic (hydrophobic) surface. Microarrays comprising 1,730 expressed sequence tags were used to determine if this extract elicits different transcriptional programs than whole locust cuticle or nonhost extracts. Of 483 differentially regulated genes, 97% were upregulated. These included genes involved in metabolism, utilization of host cuticle components, cell survival and detoxification, and signal transduction. Surprisingly, given the complex nature of insect epicuticle components and the specific response of
M. anisopliae
var.
acridum
to locusts, very similar transcript profiles were observed on locust and beetle extracts. However, the beetle extract cluster was enriched in genes for detoxification and redox processes, while the locust extract upregulated more genes for cell division and accumulation of cell mass. In addition, several signal transduction genes previously implicated in pathogenicity in plant pathogens were only upregulated in response to locust extract, implying similarities in the regulatory circuitry of these pathogens with very different hosts.
Actively Transcribing RNA Polymerase II Concentrates on Spliced Leader Genes in the Nucleus of
Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Dossin Fernando de Macedo , Schenkman Sergio
Published: May 2005

RNA polymerase II of trypanosomes, early diverging eukaryotes, transcribes long polycistronic messages, which are not capped but are processed by
trans
-splicing and polyadenylation to form mature mRNAs. The same RNA polymerase II also transcribes the genes coding for the spliced leader RNA, which are capped, exported to the cytoplasm, processed, and reimported into the nucleus before they are used as splicing donors to form mRNAs from pre-mRNA polycistronic transcripts. As pre-mRNA and spliced leader transcription events appear to be uncoupled, we studied how the RNA polymerase II is distributed in the nucleus of
Trypanosoma cruzi
. Using specific antibodies to the
T. cruzi
RNA polymerase II unique carboxy-terminal domain, we demonstrated that large amounts of the enzyme are found concentrated in a domain close to the parasite nucleolus and containing the spliced leader genes. The remaining RNA polymerase II is diffusely distributed in the nucleoplasm. The spliced leader-associated RNA polymerase II localization is dependent on the cell transcriptional state. It disperses when transcription is blocked by α-amanitin and actinomycin D. Tubulin genes are excluded from this domain, suggesting that it may exclusively be the transcriptional site of spliced leader genes. Trypomastigote forms of the parasite, which have reduced spliced leader transcription, show less RNA polymerase II labeling, and the spliced leader genes are more dispersed in the nucleoplasm. These results provide strong evidences that transcription of spliced leader RNAs occurs in a particular domain in the
T. cruzi
nucleus.
Developmental Variation in Rab11-Dependent Trafficking in
Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Hall Belinda S. , Smith Emma , Langer Wolfram , Jacobs Louisa A. , Goulding David , Field Mark C.
Published: May 2005

In
Trypanosoma brucei
, endocytosis is developmentally regulated and is substantially more active in the mammalian infective stage, where it likely plays a role in immune evasion. The small GTPase TbRAB11 is highly expressed in the mammalian stage and mediates recycling of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, including the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) and the transferrin receptor, plus trafficking of internalized anti-VSG antibody and transferrin. No function has been assigned to TbRAB11 in the procyclic (insect) stage trypanosome. The importance of TbRAB11 to both bloodstream and procyclic form viability was assessed by RNA interference (RNAi). Suppression of TbRAB11 in the bloodstream form was rapidly lethal and led to cells with round morphology and an enlarged flagellar pocket. TbRAB11 RNAi was also lethal in procyclic forms, which also became rounded, but progression to cell death was significantly slower and the flagellar pocket remained normal. In bloodstream forms, silencing of TbRAB11 had no effect on exocytosis of newly synthesized VSG, fluid-phase endocytosis, or transferrin uptake, but export of internalized transferrin was inhibited. Lectin endocytosis assays revealed a block to postendosomal transport mediated by suppressing TbRAB11. By contrast, in procyclic forms, depletion of TbRAB11 blocks both fluid-phase endocytosis and internalization of surface proteins. In normal bloodstream forms, most VSG is recycled, but in procyclics, internalized surface proteins accumulated in the lysosome. These data demonstrate that TbRAB11 controls recycling and is essential in both life stages of
T. brucei
but that its primary role is subject to developmental variation.
HIPPOCAMPAL MEMORY MODIFICATION INDUCED BY PATTERN COMPLETION AND SPIKE-TIMING DEPENDENT SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY
Authors: SAMURA TOSHIKAZU , HATTORI MOTONOBU
Published: May 2005

One of the roles of the hippocampus is viewed as modifying episodic memory so that it can contribute to form semantic memory. In this paper, we show that pattern completion ability of the hippocampal CA3 and symmetric spike timing-dependent synaptic plasticity (STDP) induce memory modification so that the hippocampal CA3 can memorize invariable parts of repetitive episodes as essential elements and forget variable parts of them as unnecessary ones.
PROTEIN METAL BINDING RESIDUE PREDICTION BASED ON NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: LIN CHIN-TENG , LIN KEN-LI , YANG CHIH-HSIEN , CHUNG I-FANG , HUANG CHUEN-DER , YANG YUH-SHYONG
Published: May 2005

Over one-third of protein structures contain metal ions, which are the necessary elements in life systems. Traditionally, structural biologists were used to investigate properties of metalloproteins (proteins which bind with metal ions) by physical means and interpreting the function formation and reaction mechanism of enzyme by their structures and observations from experiments in vitro. Most of proteins have primary structures (amino acid sequence information) only; however, the 3-dimension structures are not always available. In this paper, a direct analysis method is proposed to predict the protein metal-binding amino acid residues from its sequence information only by neural networks with sliding window-based feature extraction and biological feature encoding techniques. In four major bulk elements (Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium, and Sodium), the metal-binding residues are identified by the proposed method with higher than 90% sensitivity and very good accuracy under 5-fold cross validation. With such promising results, it can be extended and used as a powerful methodology for metal-binding characterization from rapidly increasing protein sequences in the future.
BEAMFORMING OF ULTRA-WIDEBAND PULSES BY A COMPLEX-VALUED SPATIO-TEMPORAL MULTILAYER NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: SUKSMONO ANDRIYAN BAYU , HIROSE AKIRA
Published: May 2005

We present a neuro-beamformer of ultra-wideband (UWB) pulses employing complex-valued spatio-temporal multilayer neural network, where complex-valued backpropagation through time (CV-BPTT) is used as a learning algorithm. The system performance is evaluated with a UWB monocycle pulse. Simulation results in suppressing multiple UWB interferers and in steering to multiple desired UWB pulses, demonstrates the applicability of the proposed system.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEREST GROUP POLITICS IN AMERICA: Beyond the Conceits of Modern Times
Authors: Tichenor Daniel J. , Harris Richard A.
Published: May 2005

▪ Abstract  Research on interest groups today neglects the important task of analyzing historical patterns and secular, long-term changes. We note critical measurement errors in how contemporary political science has assessed the origins and development of interest group politics in the United States. Interest group scholars lack the reliable longitudinal data available to such fields as electoral or congressional studies. We suggest multidimensional means of recovering the “lost years” of interest group research, compensating for the absence of comprehensive and systematic data on U.S. organized interests before the 1960s. In order to generate empirical and theoretical insights that are not constrained by a particular historical context, we propose a conceptual framework for studying “interest group systems” across time. We also examine the rich possibilities of investigating the interest group and party systems as interacting and autonomous vehicles of representation in American political development. Only by broadening the time horizons of research will scholars be able to develop reliable insights about patterns and transformations of American interest group politics.
Defining the role of the hospital social worker in Australia
Authors: Davis Cindy , Milosevic Biljana , Baldry Eileen , Walsh Anne
Published: May 2005

English

This study used qualitative methods to explore the role of the hospital social worker, providing further meaning to quantitative results reported in the first article. Findings revealed that social workers performed various tasks under the umbrella of discharge planning. Social workers' unique approach to patient care with its emphasis on self-determination often causes conflict with other medical professionals who tend to be directive.

French

Cette étude a utilisé des méthodes qualitatives pour explorer le rôle des travailleurs sociaux en milieu hospitalier fournissant davantage du sens aux résultats quantitatifs déjà documenté. Les résultats indiquent que les travailleurs sociaux ont accompli de diverses taªches sous la rubrique de la planification des sorties. L'approche favorisé par les travailleurs sociaux mettant l'accent sur l'autodétermination, crée souvent des conflits avec d'autres professionnels de la santé qui ont tendance à utiliser une approche plutôt directive.

Spanish

Este estudio utilizó métodos cualitativos para explorar el rol del trabajador social hospitalario, ofreciendo nuevos significados a los recientes resultados cualitativos reportados. Los hallazgos revelaron que los trabajadores sociales llevaron a cabo varias tareas bajo el paraguas de la planeación de las altas. El único acercamiento de los trabajadores sociales, para el cuidado de los pacientes, con énfasis en la determinación personal, a menudo ocasiona conflicto con otros profesionales médicos quienes tienden a ser directivos.
Factors in the marital relationship in a changing society
Authors: Shen April Chiung-Tao
Published: May 2005

English

This study aims to examine factors associated with marital satisfaction in the context of cultural shifts. Results showed that couples in Taiwan have adopted a conjugal model rather than the traditional culture in evaluating their marital relationship. The spousal relationship has become the primary dyad in marriage, but the extended families remain influential on marital relations.

French

Cette étude examine les facteurs associés à la satisfaction dans les relations conjugales dans un contexte de changements culturels. Les résultats démontrent que les couples au Taïwan ont adopté le modèle conjugal plutôt que la'culture traditionnelle dans l'évaluation de leurs relations maritales. Quoique la famille élargie continue d'exercer son influence sur les relations de couples, la relation conjugale est devenue la dyade primordiale dans le mariage.

Spanish

Este estudio pretende examinar los factores asociados a la satisfacción matrimonial en el contexto de los cambios culturales. Los resultados muestran que las parejas en Taiwan han adoptado un modelo conyugal más allá de la cultura tradicional, evaluando su relación matrimonial. La relación de pareja se ha convertido en el elemento principal del matrimonio, pero la familia extensa continúa influenciando las relaciones matrimoniales.
Child abuse in Chinese families in Canada
Authors: Kwok Siu-ming , Tam Dora M.Y.
Published: May 2005

English

The purpose of this article is to understand the concept of child abuse in Chinese community in Canada, and to discuss the implications for child protection practice in Canada of this concept.

French

Les buts de cet article sont de comprendre le concept du mauvais traitement des enfants dans la communauté chinoise au Canada, et de discuter les implications de ce concept pour la pratique en matière de protection de l'enfance au Canada.

Spanish

Dos son los propósitos de este artículo: 1) entender el concepto de abuso infantil en la comunidad China de Canadá y 2) discutir las implicaciones del concepto de abuso infantil en la comunidad China, de cara a la práctica de protección de menores en Canadá.
Discoloration in Fire-Retardant Flexible Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Levchik Sergei , Luda Maria Paola , Bracco Pierangiola , Nada Paola , Costa Luigi
Published: May 2005

The mechanism of discoloration (‘scorch’) of water-blown flame-retardant polyurethane (PU) foams has been studied. As UV spectroscopy showed, scorch is a kinetically controlled phenomenon, and it can occur either in flame-retardant or non-flame-retardant foams. Isolated isocyanate groups in the PU structure, which transform into aromatic amines, are mostly responsible for scorch.

Some flame retardants tend to accelerate scorch, and it becomes visible during industrial foaming, especially in hot and humid weather conditions. UV, FTIR,13C and 31P NMR and GC-MS study carried out with a model aromatic amine showed that aliphatic phosphate esters as well as aliphatic chloroalkyl phosphates tend to N-alkylate aromatic amines. N-alkylated aromatic amines are easier to oxidize to colored quinoid type chromophores compared to primary aromatic amines. Discoloration can be significantly decreased by using aromatic flame retardants or by applying proper antioxidants in combination with aliphatic flame retardants.
Essay on the Phenomenon of Indifference
Authors: Moreva Liubava
Published: May 2005

That human beings do not only live their lives as if running the distance between birth and death, but also search for meaning during their stay in this world, is almost a commonplace differentia in the definition of the human species. In this search, human beings undertake a task similar to that of a fairytale character: ‘Go I know not where, bring I know not what.’ Human beings go, without knowing where, making their way in life through the semantic field of unpredictable possibilities. The questions forming the rhythmic pattern of going this way or that also seem to derive from a fairytale: ‘Who are we? - Where have we come from in this world? - Where are we going?’ These questions are variations on the classic questions of gnosis: ‘Whither do we strive? To escape from what? What is birth? What is rebirth?’ (Valentine, II, Clem. Exc. Theod. 68.2). This echoes the Christian Gnostic calling to know ‘What you are born for; to whose image? What is your essence? Who governs you? What is your relation to God?’ (Clement of Alexandria, II Strom. v. 23, 1).
A Spirituality of Disability: The Christian Heritage as Both Problem and Potential
Authors: Hull John M.
Published: May 2005

The image of God in the Bible is a projection of the normal human, raised to the highest degree. This excludes the human body which is different. Knowledge itself is based in bodily experience, and a starting place for a theology of disability may be found in the phenomenology of different bodies. When philosophers and theologians use the image of the face of God, this hegemony of the average is particularly noticeable. Blind people are only one of a number of human experiences without the face, and if the theological tradition is to be redeemed from the dominance of exclusion, the image of God must be poly-anthropomorphic rather than uniform.
Pushing the Limit: Theology and Responsibility to Future Generations
Authors: Muers Rachel
Published: May 2005

The question of responsibility to future generations is a distinctively modern ethical problem, which exposes the limits of many modern ethical frameworks. I argue for the theological importance of this ‘limit’, and of the question of responsibility to future generations, drawing on the ultimate/penultimate conceptuality of Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s Ethics. Responsibility to future generations calls for detailed attention to a given situation, in the light of its openness to a future not within our control; and action for the sake of future generations requires a suspension of one’s own judgement on that action. Christian ethics can take responsibility to future generations seriously while (and indeed through) maintaining a critique of attempts to orient action towards an innerworldly future utopia.
The Truth of Ethics
Authors: Parsons Susan F.
Published: May 2005

As the signs of the highest expectations of the world’s economy come crashing down around us and the dust settles on a sorrowing humanity led foolishly towards war as its only and immediate prospect, ethical thinking is called upon to hold open the way for us to find the truth by which we are to live, and to do so with intellectual acuity and pastoral sensitivity. What might this way be? This paper is written as a preliminary exploration of the question of this way, and of the truth to which ethics is ordered, and it is written to enquire about the way that is being drawn out by a global ethics.
Violence and Non-Violence in Conflict Resolution: Some Theological Reflections
Authors: Forrester Duncan B.
Published: May 2005

Christian thought on the resolution of conflicts rests on a strong predisposition against violence and a determination to discourage outbreaks of violence, limit the means used, and bring the conflict to as speedy an end as possible. Less attention has been given to the psychological and social roots of violence, the moments of transition from violence to diplomacy and reconciliation, and alternative ways of conflict resolution. These three areas are explored with special reference to the use of sanctions, the WCC’s Programme to Overcome Violence, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa, Gandhian Satyagraha, and the Northern Ireland Peace Process. Such measures should be judged against the same criteria as are used in relation to violence and war.
The Quest for Appropriate Accountability: Stakeholders, Tradition and the Managerial Prerogative in Higher Education
Authors: Roberts Richard H.
Published: May 2005

British higher education has undergone an unprecedented transformation over the past twenty years from an elite and individualised personal option embodied in historic universities (and their qualified institutional imitation in post-war expansion) to an industrialised, mass higher education system designed to produce a standard, reliable, predictable human ‘product’ suited to the putative needs of British industry and commerce. This ‘reform’ or ‘modernisation’ incorporates key features of ‘managerial modernity’ and it has been imposed without effective critique or resistance. In this paper we outline and analyse aspects of the quasi-totalitarian ‘normalisation’ of the education system as a whole, and pose some basic questions about the adequacy of the result as means of intellectual maturation and fundamental socialisation. It is concluded that the limits of ‘accountability’ have been narrowly and prescriptively drawn, and that both the tacit assumptions and targeted outcomes of this facility for social reproduction may be held in part responsible for a reduced and diminished ‘post-humanity’. Some marginal figures offer material for creative resistance, but what resources, if any, do conventional Christian theology, ethics or pedagogic practice offer in the face of this forced homogenisation of the human?
The Responsibilities of Universities in a Religious and Secular World
Authors: Ford David F.
Published: May 2005

Our world is not simply religious or simply secular but complexly both. A wide range of issues for universities arise from this, such as the need to have such issues widely discussed and also to develop the field of theology and religious studies. Five key responsibilities are: towards future generations; for the formation of people in wisdom as well as through information, knowledge, practices and skills; for uniting teaching and research; for contributing to religious and secular society; and for the fostering of collegiality and good governance. If these are to be fulfilled well the best of religious and secular wisdom is needed. The final sections of the paper outline a Christian wisdom theology with reference to the responsibilities of universities, concluding with a case study of the relevance of Scriptural Reasoning (the mutual study of their scriptures by a group of Jewish, Christian and Muslim text scholars, philosophers and theologians) to the responsibilities of universities towards the flourishing of our religious and secular world.
Reason, Meaning and Truth in Religious Narrative: Towards an Epistemic Rationale for Religious and Faith School Education
Authors: Carr David
Published: May 2005

It would appear that certain deeper concerns about epistemic status and credibility underlie recent heated controversies about faith schools. The evident hostility of secular liberals to religious education in general and faith schools in particular rests on the deep-seated conviction that religious claims, beliefs and narratives are essentially non-rational, if not irrational, and therefore that no religious instruction could avoid indoctrination. Proceeding via an exploration of the non-literal signification of myth and fiction, this essay sets out to show how religious and other non-literal stories and narratives can be routes to objective meaning and truth that fully engage reason and understanding as well as feeling and emotion. However, the article also acknowledges the likely reservations of some religious believers to any such approach.
Tolerance, Education and Hospitality: A Theological Proposal
Authors: Bretherton Luke
Published: May 2005

This article gives a critique of the notion of tolerance and the promotion of tolerance in education as a means of fostering respect for the ‘other’. In its place the theologically specified notion of hospitality is proposed. In the process of doing this, the article addresses three questions: is there an inherent contradiction between liberal philosophies of education and the promotion of tolerance? Is tolerance the best way to enable genuine respect for the ‘other’? And is tolerance something Christians should promote? To address these question, first, definitions of tolerance are assessed; second, the relationship between tolerance and autonomy is analysed; third, an account of how hospitality is conceived within the Christian tradition is set out; and lastly, hospitality and tolerance are contrasted in theory and practice. The article ends by drawing some conclusions for the practice of education.
For Gain, for Curiosity or for Edification: Why Do we Teach and Learn?
Authors: Atkins Margaret
Published: May 2005

Bernard of Clairvaux observed that some goals can corrupt the activity of learning. Bernard’s claim is not only correct and important, but can be applied more widely to purposive activity in general. The exploration of his claim makes possible a consideration of the question, ‘How might different motivations affect, and indeed corrupt, the way in which we teach and learn?’ Although, pace Bernard, learning for learning’s sake does not corrupt the activity of learning, it may, however, as Aquinas’s account of curiositas is used to show, corrupt the character of the scholar. In order to protect scholarship against such corruption we need to be wary in particular of the temptation to excessive specialisation. Finally, the question is raised of what it might mean to ‘refer’ or ‘order’ study to God, and in particular in what way one might characterise the relation between attending to study and attending to God.
Reforming Land Rights: The World Bank and the Globalization of Agriculture
Authors: Fortin Elizabeth
Published: May 2005

Since independence, landholdings in Southern Africa have remained highly skewed between the rich and poor, reflecting the land and agricultural policies adopted in colonial times and after independence. More recently, agricultural policies have been prescribed by the World Bank as conditionalities of multilateral loans which have both facilitated and also driven the growing integration of such countries in the world economy. This article argues that such integration is being played out on an increasingly unequal global playing field, structured by global agricultural commodity chains and international trade, and strengthened by those very policy prescriptions of the World Bank. Instead of overcoming the dual economies and regulatory systems created in colonial times, people living in the region have only seen growing poverty and deepening inequality. This provides the context necessary for analysing the World Bank’s recently published policy position on land reform. It argues that the approach taken by the Bank does not address the structural reasons for the distortions of land-holdings in the region, and moreover that such inequality is likely to be reaffirmed and reproduced by the Bank’s proposals. It further argues that the model of market-based land redistribution favoured by the Bank will be insufficient to dissipate the pressures of this ever-growing inequality. With considerations of ‘efficiency’ given prominence over other concerns, it concludes that the Bank’s policies are unlikely to meet both of its overarching goals of poverty reduction and growth.
The Mysteries of Human Dignity and the Brave New World of Human Cloning
Authors: Gurnham David
Published: May 2005

This article examines the ethical case against human reproductive cloning and specifically the way in which it is perceived to undermine certain human values. The focus will be the ethical notion of ‘human dignity’: what constitutes a life lived with dignity and how might this be threatened or undermined by cloning technology? The argument presented here is that in the ethical debate on cloning, human dignity must be understood in relation to a notion of mystery, and the capacity of this mystery to both encourage and undermine the moral value of human life. Ethical criticisms tend to identify cloning as threatening to eliminate a form of mystery that should be protected using arguments of human rights and democracy, while simultaneously introducing a form of mystery that must be suppressed because it perverts normal social relations. For those who make such criticisms, a ‘dignified’ human life embraces mystery only insofar as its ultimate origins and design are mysterious. To render other aspects of life mysterious - such as a person’s relationship to family members - would be to threaten that dignity.
Nondimensional Analysis of Electrorheological Dampers using an Eyring Constitutive Relationship
Authors: Choi Young-Tai , Bitman Lionel , Wereley Norman M.
Published: May 2005

This study presents nondimensional analysis of an Eyring constitutive model to describe the field-dependent behavior of an electrorheological (ER) damper. An ER damper having a damping level comparable to a shock absorber for a small-sized passenger car damper is manufactured, and its performance is modeled using the Eyring model. To accurately identify the rheological parameters of the Eyring model, a parameter identification method is used. The force versus piston displacement and velocity behavior of the ER damper are experimentally measured with respect to the applied electric field and excitation frequency. To validate the Eyring model, the experimental results are compared to the predictions of the damping force versus piston displacement and velocity behaviors for four different applied fields and excitation frequencies tested. In addition, a set of nondimensional variables to characterize preyield and postyield behaviors of ER or MR fluids are proposed and nondimensional analysis for the Eyring model is undertaken in this study.
Modeling Magnetorheological Dampers with Application of Nonparametric Approach
Authors: Song Xubin , Ahmadian Mehdi , Southward Steve C.
Published: May 2005

This article studies the application of nonparametric modeling approach to model magnetorheological (MR) dampers. For comparison purposes, another typical parametric modeling method for electrorheological (ER) and MR dampers is reviewed. The existing parametric MR damper model includes a stiff Bouc-Wen model that is not friendly for simulation study and real time implementation of model-based advanced control algorithms. In order to avoid the difficulties by using the existing parametric model, the test data from a commercialized MR damper is employed to develop nonparametric models, which can consist of a series of numerically efficient mathematic functions. In addition, the selected functions are required to be continuous and differentiable for potential model-based control algorithms. The results of the nonparametric models show that such different models are comparable. Furthermore, one nonparametric model is selected to be compared with a parametric model and the test data to illustrate the accuracy of the model. The comparison shows that the proposed nonparametric models are able to accurately predict the damper force characteristics, damper bilinear behavior, hysteresis, and electromagnetic saturation. It is further shown that the nonparametric models can be numerically solved with an integration step size of the order of 10 2 s, much faster than the parametric models of the order of 10 5 s, which clearly shows that the proposed nonparametric models are feasible even for real time model-based control algorithms.
Physical activity among young people in the context of lifestyle
Authors: Telama Risto , Nupponen Heimo , Piéron Maurice
Published: May 2005

The promotion of a healthy lifestyle is the main goal of physical education in many countries. However, very little is known about the relationship between different life styles and physical activity patterns among young people. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between lifestyle and physical activity among 12- and 15-year-old boys and girls in Belgium and Finland. The data came from an extensive comparative study, ‘Sporting Lifestyle, Motor Performance and Olympic Ideals of European Youth’. The subjects in this study were 1439 Belgian and 789 Finnish adoles cents. Using factor and cluster analyses, five ways of spending leisure time repre senting different lifestyles were formulated. Additional descriptors of lifestyle were attitude toward school and Physical Education (PE), the importance of being good academically and in sport, perceived competence, and goal orientation. The results showed that there were significant differences in physical activity between the life style groups and that high physical activity was related to more than one lifestyle group. Those who were only interested in computer games and TV-watching were the most inactive, although many computer game players were also physically active. Perceived physical competence and task orientation were positively related to a phys ically active lifestyle. It was concluded that if the aim of physical education is to enhance an active lifestyle, then a variety of characteristics should be taken into account in teaching.
Profiling sport role models to enhance initiatives for adolescent girls in physical education and sport
Authors: Vescio Johanna , Wilde Kerrie , Crosswhite Janice J.
Published: May 2005

This study involved the investigation of sport role models for adolescent girls in Australia. Initially, a theoretical perspective is presented based on social learning and gender theory. Then, using quantitative and qualitative data obtained through two focus group interviews and a survey (n = 357) conducted at two Sydney high schools, the authors establish a profile of a sport role model for adolescent girls. Results showed that a relatively small percentage of girls (8.4 percent) perceived a sports person to be their role model, with a large percentage of girls nominating a role model from the family (mother), peer or entertainment domains. The majority of girls with a sport role model described the model as female, under 40 years of age with a similar sporting background to themselves who display essential masculine and feminine qualities. Using the profile of a sport role model, several suggestions are made which could enhance initiatives and programs for adolescent girls in physical education and sport.
Coronary heart disease risk factors in young people of differing socio-economic status
Authors: Thomas Non-Eleri , Cooper Stephen-Mark , Williams Simon P. , Baker Julien S. , Davies Bruce
Published: May 2005

This study determined the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in young people1 of differing socio-economic status (SES). A cohort of 100 boys and 108 girls, aged 12.9, SD 0.3 years drawn of differing SES were assessed for CHD risk factors. Measurements included indices of obesity, blood pressure, aerobic fitness, diet, blood lipids and lipoproteins. Significant differences ( P ≤ 0.05) were detected with respect to SES, for systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and low density lipopro tein cholesterol, but in boys only. Significant sex differences ( P ≤ 0.05) were identified for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, aerobic fitness, waist to hip ratio, summation of four skinfold thicknesses, average daily kilocalorie intake, total choles terol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Moreover, increased body fatness, low aerobic fitness, a high fat diet and elevated lipoprotein (a), were the most frequently identified CHD risk factors in this cohort. This study reveals a high incidence of CHD risk factors in young people irrespective of SES and sex, and highlights the need for vigilance in identifying such risk factors from a young age.
Dialogue on oral poetry
Authors: Mammeri Mouloud , Bourdieu Pierre
Published: May 2005

In this dialogue held in the mid-1970s, Pierre Bourdieu and the Algerian ethnologist, writer, and poet Mouloud Mammeri (1917-1989) explore and explicate the social bases, uses, and meaning of oral poetry in Kabyle society and history, thus illuminating the peculiarity of oratory and the social conditions of symbolic efficacy. As the son of the next-to-last amusnaw (sage, bard) of his tribe, Mammeri is uniquely placed to situate this master of words who served the traditional function of mediator and carrier of knowledge, and stood as the living incarnation of tamusni (the practical philosophy of Berber excellence), in relation to the marabout, bearer of the sacred scriptures of the Koran, and to the peasants who composed his main audience. Becoming an amusnaw occurred by election and entailed a two-fold apprenticeship, first by osmosis in a milieu saturated by verbal commerce and contest (in the armourer’s workshop, the village assembly, the markets and pilgrimages) and, later, through explicit training with a master-poet setting out a series of exercises and exams. It required not only commanding a set of verbal techniques and an oratorial canon but also imbibing and embodying wisdom. Playing on the multi-layeredness of language, adapting with flexibility and à propos to the specificities of each occasion and audience, the Kabyle bard was continually tested and his cultural skills endlessly refined, to the point where he would not only master the rules of the craft but also play with them, transgress them within the spirit of tradition in order to invent new rhetorical figures extracting the maximum ‘yield’ from language. Tamusni thus emerges not as a body of inert knowledge cut off from life and transmitted for its own sake but as a ‘practical science’ constantly revivified by and for practice. The poet is the spokesperson of the group who, through his cultural discernment and expert use of language, perfects the specific values of the group, separates things that are confused and, by shedding light on things obscure, mobilizes the people.
Colonial rule and cultural sabir
Authors: Bourdieu Pierre , Sayad Abdelmalek
Published: May 2005

The French policy of ‘resettlement’ of Algerian peasants, designed to undercut popular support for the nationalist war of liberation (1954-62), led to the displacement of one-fourth of the indigenous population of Algeria in 1960. By disciplining space and rigidly reorganizing the life of the fellahin under the sign of the uniform, the French military hoped to tame a people, but it only completed what early colonial policy and the generalization of monetary exchanges had started: the ‘depeasantization’ of agrarian communities stripped of the social and cultural means to make sense of their present and get hold of their future. The devolution of the traditional way of life fostered by forced resettlement was redoubled by urbanization, which caused irreversible transformations in economic attitudes at the same time as it accelerated the contagion of needs, plunging the uprooted individuals into a ‘traditionalism of despair’ suited to daily survival in conditions of extreme uncertainty. War thus accomplished the latent intention of colonial policy, which is to disintegrate the indigenous social order in order to subordinate it, whether it be under the banner of segregation or assimilation. But imperial domination also produces a new type of subject containing within himself or herself the contradictions born of the clash of civilizations: the patterns of behavior and economic ethos imported by colonization coexist inside of the exiled Algerian peasant with those inherited from ancestral tradition, fostering antinomic conducts, expectations, and aspirations. This double-sidedness of objective and subjective reality threatened to undermine the efforts to socialize agriculture after independence, as the logic of decolonization inclined the educated petty bourgeoisie of bureaucrats to magically deny the contradictions of reality as shameful ghosts of a dead colonial past rather than strive to overcome them through an educative and political action guided by an adequate knowledge of the real condition of the peasantry and subproletariat of the emerging Algerian nation.
Pierre Bourdieu in Algeria at war
Authors: Yacine Tassadit
Published: May 2005

Pierre Bourdieu’s early trajectory is retraced to highlight the foundational role his fieldwork in colonial Algeria played in his intellectual development and subsequent sociological theorizing. Plunged without forewarning into the midst of a caste society torn by capitalist development and a brutal war of national liberation, the young philosopher turned to empirical investigation in order to understand Algerian society from the inside and to take apart the mechanisms of imperial rule. This article reconstitutes the proximate academic milieu, the intellectual signposts, the personal contacts, and the tragic political conjuncture within which Bourdieu’s youthful inquiries took shape. These inquiries, which entailed dangerous fieldwork in regions fought over by the French military and the guerrillas of the Algerian National Liberation Front, were facilitated by Bourdieu’s social and regional dispositions as a ‘colonized of the interior’ of France and led him to erase the established intellectual division of labor between sociology, ethnology, and Oriental studies. It is in the Algerian crucible, suffused by fear, risk, and ‘ambient fascism’, that an engaged ethnosociology was forged, alive to the complexity of the real and resistant to theoretical simplification. Bourdieu’s first field studies of the uprooting of the Algerian peasantry and the birth of that country’s urban (sub)proletariat are essential to understanding the formation of his intellectual dispositions and bring to light the organic linkage that existed from the outset between his scientific and political engagements.
Following Pierre Bourdieu into the field
Authors: Wacquant Loïc
Published: May 2005

Attending to Bourdieu’s early field studies conducted concurrently in colonial Algeria and in his childhood village of Béarn in southwestern France sets his scientific approach and output into a new light: it reveals the twinned ethnographic roots of his theoretical enterprise; it dissolves the caricatural figure of the ‘reproduction theorist’ oblivious to historical change; and it dispels the academic fiction of the ‘practice theorist’ by displaying how Bourdieu’s conceptual innovations (such as the reintroduction of habitus) were driven by questions of field research centered on social transformation, cultural disjuncture, and the fissuring of consciousness. Using each site as a living laboratory to cross-analyze the other enabled Bourdieu to discover the specificity of the ‘universally prelogical logic of practice’ and led him to break out of the structuralist paradigm. It also stimulated him to translate his existential disquiet with the scholastic posture into a methodical return onto the operations and tools of objectivation that evolved into his trademark stance of epistemic reflexivity. Recoupling his youthful inquiries in Kabylia and Béarn further reveals how, foreshadowing the ‘repatriation’ of anthropology after the close of the imperial age, Bourdieu revoked the dominant conception of ethnography as a heroic exploration of otherness and pioneered multi-sited ethnography as a means for controlling the construction of the object. Bourdieu’s paired field studies of social structure and sentiment in the far-away colony and the mother-country not only efface in practice the disciplinary division between sociology and anthropology. They demonstrate that one can conduct ‘insider ethnography’ and acknowledge the social embeddedness and split subjectivity of the inquirer without reducing ethnography to story-telling and forsaking social theory for poetry. Indeed, the ‘participant objectivation’ that Bourdieu sought to achieve and exemplify in his linked trans-Mediterranean investigations aimed to buttress the scientific underpinnings of fieldwork and points up his conception of social science as an instrument of self-appropriation.