bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Second World War
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs , Kopeček Michal , Lisjak Gabrijelčič Luka , Falina Maria , Baár Mónika , Janowski Maciej
Published: November 2018

The Second World War catalyzed a profound reconfiguration of the political discourse in East Central Europe. A considerable part of the region experienced consecutive occupation regimes, which triggered strategies of playing out the occupiers against each other. A central tenet of any legitimization of collaboration was the idea that the liberal democratic world order had disintegrated and a new totalitarian Zeitgeist had emerged in its stead. In turn, the resistance movements were organized either by communists or by members of the prewar elites. The former had a hard time coping with the Nazi–Soviet friendship in 1939–41, and later had to show their relative independence from the Soviet Union in order to gain legitimacy in their societies. The resistance led by the members of the old elites, in turn, had to prove that they were able to modify their old ideas for a new situation. The chapter also reviews the first reactions to the genocidal policies during the war.
What Is Deceptive Lying?
Authors: Fallis Don
Published: November 2018

According to the traditional philosophical analysis of lying, you lie when you say what you believe to be false and intend your audience to believe what you say. Even though there may be lies that are not intended to deceive, the most epistemologically and ethically problematic lies are those that are intended to deceive. This chapter argues that the traditional analysis fails to capture this concept of deceptive lying. First, it does not count as lies cases where you only intend to deceive your audience about your believing what you say. Second, the traditional analysis handles inconsistently cases where you say something because you know that your audience does not trust you and will likely conclude that you believe something else. The chapter proposes two ways of modifying the traditional analysis of lying so that it handles such cases of doxastic misdirection and double bluffing correctly.
Sincerity and the Reliability of Testimony
Authors: Graham Peter J.
Published: November 2018

“Content Preservation” by Tyler Burge is one of the most influential articles in the epistemology of testimony. Burge argues for three theses: (1) That we enjoy a prima facie entitlement to take testimony (presentations-as-true) at face value, (2) That this entitlement has an a priori basis, based in the nature of reason, and (3) That in some cases testimony-based beliefs are warranted a priori. Most of the debate in the testimony literature is over the truth of (1). Most of the criticism of Burge’s paper focuses on (3). Burge has since abandoned (3). What about (2)? Burge’s argument for (2) is compressed; the underlying nuts and bolts are difficult to understand. This chapter reconstructs Burge’s overall teleo-functional reliabilist framework and then reconstructs Burge’s overall argument for (2) in some detail. Three criticisms are then offered of the argument. Even granting (1), Burge’s argument does not establish (2).
Fabrication and Testimony
Authors: Stokke Andreas
Published: November 2018

This chapter is concerned with the question, what are the conditions under which insincerity blocks testimonial knowledge and what are the conditions under which testimonial knowledge may be acquired in the face of insincere testimony? The chapter argues that when insincerity blocks testimonial knowledge, the insincerity involved is a kind of unreliability. In particular, insincere testimony—in particular, lying—is seen to involve fabrication, that is, making something up. It is argued that acquiring testimonial knowledge requires that the testimony be given on a reliable basis. Yet fabrication is not a reliable basis for testimony, and hence this explains why lying testimony typically does not yield testimonial knowledge. By contrast, the chapter shows that, in cases where listeners acquire testimonial knowledge from insincere testifiers, the testimony is given on a reliable basis.
Lying Among Friends
Authors: Dannenberg Jorah
Published: November 2018

Why are lies told among friends especially vicious? This chapter argues that friends must regard each other as entitled to claim each other’s trust. It defends this claim by appeal to a conception of friendship that involves a special kind of knowledge between friends, born of voluntary acts of self-disclosure. Yet treating someone as entitled to claim your trust also leaves you especially vulnerable to that person: you must be prepared to let her shape your conception of what the world is like. In extreme cases, you may even find you are obliged to believe things you know you cannot justify to others. The viciousness of lies told among friends can be understood in terms of this special and thoroughgoing form of vulnerability, which a lying friend exploits.
Coercion and Lies
Authors: Hawley Katherine
Published: November 2018

Can we be coerced into lying? Or does the very fact of coercion undercut the possibility of making an assertion? Through discussion of capitulations and other forms of coerced speech, this chapter explores the ways in which apparent assertions may be drained of standard normative significance, and thus excluded from the category of lies. Coerced pseudo-assertions are in this way similar to coerced pseudo-promises, and to coerced pseudo-gifts, neither of which have the standard normative significance associated with genuine promises and gifts. Nevertheless, our speech and actions under coercion are liable to moral evaluation, and coercion does not always make it permissible to speak falsely or attempt to mislead an audience.
Lying and Misleading
Authors: Adler Jonathan E.
Published: November 2018

This chapter argues that there is a moral asymmetry between lying and intentionally misleading. In particular, it is argued that ethical rules against asserting what one believes to be false with the intention to deceive the listener should be stronger than rules against asserting what one believes to be true with the intention that, as a result, the hearer infers, and comes to believe, something one believes to be false. In the latter case the speaker chooses to mislead, rather than to outright lie, and thereby takes on an additional cognitive burden in generating her utterance. This makes it possible to see the choice to avoid lying by merely misleading as an expression of an intention to respect a norm of truthfulness, as well as the hearer’s interests.
The Dual Penal State
Authors: Dubber Markus D.
Published: November 2018

Dual Penal State: The Crisis of Criminal Law in Comparative-Historical Perspective addresses one of today’s most pressing social and political issues: the rampant, at best haphazard, and ever-expanding use of penal power by states ostensibly committed to the enlightenment-based legal-political project of Western liberal democracy. Penal regimes in these states operate in a wide field of ill-considered and little constrained violence, where radical and prolonged interference with the autonomy of the very persons upon whose autonomy the legitimacy of state power is supposed to rest has been utterly normalized. At bottom, this crisis of modern penality is a crisis of the liberal project itself; the penal paradox is merely the sharpest formulation of the general paradox of power in a liberal state: the legitimacy of state sovereignty in the name of personal autonomy.
To capture the depth and range of the crisis of contemporary penality in ostensibly liberal states, Dual Penal State leaves behind customary temporal and parochial constraints, and turns to historical and comparative analysis instead. This approach reveals a fundamental distinction between two conceptions of penal power, penal law and penal police, that run through Western legal-political history, one rooted in autonomy, equality, and interpersonal respect, and the other in heteronomy, hierarchy, and patriarchal power. Dual penal state analysis illuminates how this distinction manifests itself in the history of the present of various penal systems, from the malign neglect of the American war on crime to the ahistorical self-satisfaction of German criminal law science.
Introduction
Authors: Dubber Markus D.
Published: November 2018

Dual Penal State is about the collective failure to address the fundamental challenge of legitimating the threat and use of penal violence in modern liberal states. The introduction introduces key notions that frame the discussion throughout the book, including the dual penal state and the concepts of penal law and penal police that constitute it, and the idea of the penal paradox of state punishment in a modern liberal democracy ostensibly grounded in the fundamental commitment to the autonomy of each person as such. The introduction also introduces the comparative-historical approach driving the book’s analysis and lays out the basic argument of the book, divided into three parts.
Penal Law and Penal Police in the Dual Penal State
Authors: Dubber Markus D.
Published: November 2018

The first part of Dual Penal State investigated various ways in which criminal law doctrine and scholarship (or “science”) have failed to address the challenge of legitimating penal power in a modern liberal democratic state. This, second, part explores an alternative approach to criminal law discourse that puts the legitimacy challenge of modern penal law front and center: critical analysis of criminal law in a dual penal state. Dual penal state analysis differentiates between penal law and penal police, two conceptions of penal power, and state power more generally, rooted in autonomy, equality, and interpersonal respect, on one hand, and in heteronomy, hierarchy, and patriarchal power, on the other. Chapter 4 applies the distinction between law and police as fundamental modes of governance set out in Chapter 3 to the penal realm and explores the tension between penal law and penal police as constituting the dual penal state.
Israeli Theatre
Authors: Yaari Nurit
Published: November 2018

This chapter reviews the state of Israeli theatre today, seventy-two years since the production of Racine’s Phaedra at Habima Theatre, and sums up its notable achievements, and the myriad forms, styles, artists, and institutions that together provide fertile ground for Israeli theatre’s encounters with classical drama. An overview of the seventy-two years of reception of Greek tragedy in Israeli theatre (1945–2017) demonstrates clearly that the most important development appears to be that local theatre makers have relinquished previous preconceived ideas about classical Greek drama and performance and of Aristotle’s theatrical doctrine, in favour of personal reading, study, research, and decoding of the classical works. It also presents the young and talented artists that are bringing the results of their studies and experimentations to the translation, writing, directing, and acting of classical drama to the Israeli stage, and using that drama to deliver innovative and challenging productions for today’s audiences.
Restored Forgetting
Authors: Beiner Guy
Published: November 2018

Social forgetting is reinforced by prohibitions on memories that do not correspond to the official ethos. Following Partition, the unionist state in Northern Ireland effectively proscribed commemoration of the United Irishmen. Nonetheless, interest in 1798 found expression in various cultural productions that broke the silence on this taboo. Local folk history traditions persisted into the twentieth century. However, during the violent years of the Troubles, open remembrance was once again subject to decommemorating and forms of censorship. Silencing was undermined by a number of nonconformist writers, who unflinchingly engaged with the ambiguous legacy of the United Irish rebellion.
Post-Forgetting
Authors: Beiner Guy
Published: November 2018

Popular commemoration of previously forbidden memories seems to signal the end of social forgetting. Though this is not necessarily the final word. The bicentenary of 1798 coincided with the signing of the Good Friday Agreement, which promised to bring to Northern Ireland a new ‘parity of esteem’, accommodating traditions that had hitherto been forbidden. The wide range of commemorative activities through which the legacy of the United Irishmen has been publicly celebrated at a local and provincial level since 1998 gives the impression that all inhibitions about speaking of ‘Ninety-Eight’ have been overcome. Yet, on the background of continuing sectarian tensions in post-conflict Northern Ireland, there are indications that social forgetting has not been entirely eradicated.
Conclusion
Authors: Beiner Guy
Published: November 2018

An understanding of the historical dynamics of social forgetting can be learned from the detailed case study of the vernacular historiography of the 1798 Rebellion in Ulster. It has far-reaching implications for a more meaningful appreciation of the relationship between history and memory. The political impasse in post-conflict Northern Ireland, which has stumbled over disagreements on ‘dealing with the past’ in the context of finding acceptable arrangements for transitional justice, could benefit from showing more sensitivity, not only to the role of oral history storytelling, but also to ingrained traditions of ‘vernacular silence’ that perpetuate social forgetting. A brief inspection of some prominent twentieth-century examples demonstrates the wider relevance of studying social forgetting. In today’s digital age, explorations of social forgetting suggest new possibilities for reconciling conflicts between an inner duty to remember and the right to be outwardly forgotten.
Brute Necessity and the Mind–Body Problem
Authors: Van Cleve James
Published: November 2018

In a growing number of papers one encounters arguments to the effect that certain philosophical views are objectionable because they would imply that there are necessary truths for whose necessity there is no explanation. For short, they imply that there are brute necessities. Therefore, the arguments conclude, the views in question should be rejected in favor of rival views under which the necessities would be explained. This style of argument raises a number of questions. Do necessary truths really require explanation? Are they not paradigms of truths that either need no explanation or automatically have one, being in some sense self-explanatory? If necessary truths do admit of explanation or even require it, what types of explanation are available? Are there any necessary truths that are truly brute? This chapter surveys various answers to these questions, noting their bearing on arguments from brute necessity and arguments concerning the mind–body problem.
Truthmaking and the Mysteries of Emergence
Authors: Morris Kevin
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses and evaluates the role of truthmaking in articulating an unproblematic concept of emergence—specifically, the proposal that emergent properties should be characterized as those that, while “ontologically dependent”, are yet needed as truthmakers. It argues that while emergence so understood appears to avoid several well-known concerns about emergence and emergent properties, including those that stem from the alleged “brute determination” of emergent properties, this result is secured through the weak notion of dependence that it employs. The appeal to truthmaking, in contrast, proves largely superfluous. While truthmaking may thus not be able to play a significant role in emergentist metaphysics, it is argued that it is consistent with this verdict that truthmaking can play a more significant role in characterizing an attractive middle ground between reductive and nonreductive approaches to physicalism.
There is Nothing (Really) Wrong with Emergent Brute Facts
Authors: Vintiadis Elly
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to offer a defense of the emergentist view concerning emergent brute facts. To this end, it reviews and evaluates the three main objections raised against the possibility of emergent brute facts: the simplicity argument, the question of whether the idea of emergent brute facts is a coherent idea, and the question of empirical evidence. This chapter contends that none of these arguments is successful in refuting the possibility or the plausibility of the existence of emergent brute facts. It also argues that, in the end, the question revolves around empirical evidence, and that empirical considerations favor the existence of emergent brute facts.
Biological Interventions for Crime Prevention
Authors: Chew Christopher , Douglas Thomas , Faber Nadira S.
Published: November 2018

This chapter sets the scene for the subsequent philosophical discussions by surveying a number of biological interventions that have been used, or might in the future be used, for the purposes of crime prevention. These interventions are pharmaceutical interventions intended to suppress libido, treat substance abuse or attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or modulate serotonin activity; nutritional interventions; and electrical and magnetic brain stimulation. Where applicable, we briefly comment on the historical use of these interventions, and in each case we discuss the evidence that they are effective, or might become so with further refinement. The chapter concludes with a comment on some potentially significant differences between the varieties of intervention that we canvass.
Crime-Preventing Neurointerventions and the Law
Authors: Forsberg Lisa
Published: November 2018

Anti-libidinal interventions (ALIs) are a type of crime-preventing neurointervention (CPN) already in use in many jurisdictions. This chapter examines different types of legal regimes under which ALIs might be provided to sex offenders. The types of legal regimes examined are dedicated statutes that directly provide for ALI use, consensual ALI provision under general medical law principles, mental health legislation providing for ALI use (exemplified by the mental health regime in England and Wales), and European human rights law as it pertains to ALI provision. The chapter considers what we might learn from ALIs in respect of likely or possible arrangements for the provision of other CPNs, and draws attention to some ethical issues raised by each of these types of regime, worth keeping in mind when considering arrangements for CPN provision.
The Importance of Context in Thinking About Crime‐Preventing Neurointerventions
Authors: Matravers Matt
Published: November 2018

This chapter argues that neurointerventions, whether in criminal justice or in any other social practice, need to be understood, and can only be evaluated, in light of the context provided by the relevant practice. In the case of criminal justice, the meaning and nature of the practice is contested and so the evaluation of proposed neurointerventions must be preceded by substantive argument about its justification. The chapter considers the retributive context of much criminal justice theory and practice before noting the continued existence—and indeed renaissance—of rehabilitative features of that practice. The argument proceeds by showing that neither retributive considerations, such as proportionality, nor an appeal to independent moral values, such as dignity, can in themselves guide us in deciding on the justification of neurointerventions. It also raises the question of whether, in evaluating alternatives to current practices, we should take as our baseline what we currently do or what we would ideally do in ideal circumstances.
Neurointerventions, Self-Ownership, and Enforcement Rights
Authors: Vallentyne Peter
Published: November 2018

Individuals who have not intruded, and who do not risk intruding, upon the rights of others, normally are wronged by harmful non-consensual neurointerventions. Nonetheless, this chapter argues that neurointerventions sometimes do not wrong the intervenee; namely, when (1) suitably valid consent has been given by the intervenee, or (2) the intervenee risks non-rightfully intruding upon the rights of others and the intervention is proportionate and necessary for suitably reducing the intrusion-harms she imposes, or (3) the intervenee is not psychologically autonomous and the intervention is in her interests. Moreover, in the second case, it wrongs an individual to impose harmful non-consensual alternatives to neurointerventions (such as incarceration) when they impose greater intrusion-harm on the individual and do not achieve a greater reduction in the relevant intrusion-harm she imposes.
The Self-Ownership Trilemma, Extended Minds, and Neurointerventions
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: November 2018

Many believe that, ceteris paribus, neurointerventions on convicted criminals that render reoffending less likely are morally more problematic than comparable indirect interventions, such as compulsory attendance at anger management classes. One justification for this view appeals to the putative fact that persons have moral ownership over themselves—their bodies and minds—and that neurointerventions violate or infringe this right. Suppose, however, that the mind is extended outside the skull and spreads into the external world. Because the most important object one owns, inasmuch as one owns oneself, is one’s mind and because claims to original ownership over things outside one’s body are much less plausible than the self-ownership thesis, the extended mind thesis weakens the attraction of the latter thesis. Because the extended mind thesis is true, self-ownership-based arguments for the relevant moral asymmetry are not sound. Admittedly, there are objections to neurointerventions not based on self-ownership, but these are less attractive, often based on contingent empirical facts, and, in some cases, might also be weakened by the extended mind thesis.
Moral Paternalism and Neurointerventions
Authors: Bullock Emma
Published: November 2018

A natural approach to justifying the coercive administration of morally enhancing neurointerventions is to appeal to a principle of moral paternalism. This chapter outlines the factors that need to be taken into account in order for a principle of moral paternalism to morally justify coercively administering neurointerventions. First, the author argues that the moral paternalist must take special care to ensure that the interventions will improve moral character. Second, she outlines the potential costs that the moral paternalist needs to address before a moral paternalistic interference is justified. The author argues that whilst the moral paternalistic administration of a neurointervention may have more kinds of cost to consider than other forms of moral paternalistic interference, this does not mean that such interventions cannot be justified under the principle.
‘The Soul is the Prison of the Body’
Authors: Bublitz Jan Christoph
Published: November 2018

The promise of neurobiological interventions that afford improving pro-social behavior is particularly interesting for criminal justice systems. After all, rehabilitation of offenders is one of their central objectives. This raises the question of whether states can deploy such means to rehabilitate offenders against the latters’ will, as part of—or instead of—punishment. Some advocates of compulsory treatments of offenders consider them more humane (and effective) than current forms of hard treatment such as incarceration. This chapter critically engages with suggestions to treat legally competent offenders for rehabilitative purposes against their will by emphasizing two aspects. First, strong human rights of offenders—summarily the right to mental self-determination—oppose mandatory interventions into criminogenic psychological states or processes. These human rights are not (yet) recognized in every jurisdiction, but emerge from general liberal and democratic principles that most western jurisdictions endorse. Secondly, the case for mandatory rehabilitation is weaker than it may appear at first glance, because it is anything but clear that and why the penological aim of rehabilitation justifies severe interferences of offenders’ rights. In any case, it seems that states could attain their legitimate forward-looking aims—preventing recidivism—by less restrictive means such as incapacitation. Thus, compulsory rehabilitation may only be justified in exceptional cases. Rather, offenders should be offered a choice between neurorehabilitation and detention.
Can Neurointerventions Communicate Censure?
Authors: Birks David
Published: November 2018

According to some philosophers, a necessary condition of morally permissible punishment is that it communicates deserved censure for the offender’s wrongdoing. The author calls this the Communicative Condition of punishment. The chapter considers whether the use of mandatory crime-preventing neurointerventions is compatible with the Communicative Condition. The author argues that it is not. If we accept the Communicative Condition, it follows that it is impermissible to administer mandatory neurointerventions on offenders as punishment. The author then considers whether it is permissible to offer an offender a neurointervention as a replacement for incarceration or in exchange for a shorter sentence. He notes that this could meet the Communicative Condition, although, somewhat oddly, only in cases where the neurointerventions have harmful effects.
The Quality, Improvement, Productivity, and Prevention (QIPP) programme in the English National Health Service
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Dopson Sue , Bennett Chris , Fischer Michael D. , Ledger Jean , McGivern Gerry
Published: November 2018

This chapter focuses on the importance of the QIPP productivity programme, and the techniques underpinning implementation. It offers a historical analysis of the various phases of QIPP. The chronology indicates that QIPP was originally developed in 2009 under a Labour government following the 2008 global financial crisis. QIPP involved three streams of activity: pay restraint and reduced administration costs; lower national tariffs and increased productivity; and system redesign. We note the involvement of external management consultants brought in to advise government. The chapter reviews existing commentaries on QIPP; however, we note that the nature and effects of QIPP have been badly under-researched, despite its major importance. Think tank-based commentaries suggest QIPP relied on crude cost compression, with little evidence of the productivity-enhancing service transformation initially hoped for. The chapter ends by introducing subsequent chapters that explore the career of QIPP in our case-study sites.
Beyond Just Silencing
Authors: Saul Jennifer
Published: November 2018

One popular line of thought in the media holds that academic freedom of speech is under threat from politically correct students and universities. In this chapter, it is argued that this debate is enhanced by enriching our range of concepts for thinking about freedom of speech. While silencing is an important concept, it’s a crude tool for thinking through these complex issues. Several new categories are introduced, presenting uncontroversial instances of each before working through how they apply to the more controversial instances that are the main focus. Using this new framework, it is argued that content warnings and the calling out of microaggressions do not present a significant threat to academic freedom of speech. However, there is a legitimate reason that they may appear to do so: the increasingly insecure employment structure of academia means that a wide variety of student preferences can have a damaging effect on pedagogical freedom.
Introduction
Authors: Gilbert Jérémie
Published: November 2018

The chapter explains the relationship between the issue of natural resources management and international human rights law (IHRL), and places it into context with regards to the book. It examines how the management of natural resources is linked to broad issues of economic development, peace, and security, as well as the political, economic, social, and cultural rights of individuals and communities. The introduction also establishes the analytical framework of the book by adopting a rights-based approach to natural resources management and its regulation, and how these activities related to the structural allocation of wealth and power. Overall, it looks at the interaction between IHRL and natural resources based on six main concerns: sovereignty, property, governance, access to sources of livelihood/food production, cultural and natural heritage, and conservation.
Governance of Natural Resources and Human Rights
Authors: Gilbert Jérémie
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the role that human rights law can play in the governance of natural resources. Using the compass of the right to development, it explores how human rights law supports the emergence of a right to participation, to consent, and to benefit from the exploitation of natural resources. The aim is to analyse how the right to development, despite its flaws and controversies, has become an important anchor to support the right of local communities to the governance over the natural resources located on their territories. It discusses the emergence of the rights to participation and consent as well as to benefit from natural resources exploitation. It also examines the potential connection between human rights law and taxation, rent, allocation, and use of revenues emerging from natural resources exploitation.
Life and Natural Resources
Authors: Gilbert Jérémie
Published: November 2018

This chapter analyses the potential role that human rights law can play when control over natural resources is associated with loss of life. It examines three different approaches. The first focuses on livelihood and examines situations where life is in danger for lack of access to natural resources essential to sustaining life, and explores how the right to life can be interpreted to include access to essential natural sources such as water and food. The second approach focuses on accountability for crimes during ‘resources conflicts’, and examines the relationship between international human rights law, international humanitarian law, and international criminal law with the objective of analysing the criminal approach to armed conflicts connected to natural resources. The third approach relates to the protection of individuals who have lost their lives, or whose physical integrity is in jeopardy, as result of their personal engagement to protect natural resources. It focuses on the rights of ‘environmental defenders’ and ‘land and natural resources defenders’—those who have become human rights defenders as a result of their actions taken to protect natural resources.
Lowe, the Primacy of Metaphysics, and the Basis of Categorial Distinctions
Authors: Simons Peter
Published: November 2018

This chapter continues and amplifies themes from my paper in the volume Contemporary Aristotelian Metaphysics entitled ‘Four Categories – and More’, a paper which begins with the words ‘Jonathan Lowe’ and ends with the words ‘I salute him’. It continues my appreciation of and predominant agreement with the methods, tone, and philosophical attitude of Jonathan Lowe, while continuing to demur from several of his key metaphysical theses. I emphasize here our independent convergence on what seems an odd, even an inconsistent view, but is I think deep, important, and under-recognized, namely that the most basic attributes characterizing and linking the fundamental categories of being are not themselves beings.
Existents and Universals
Authors: Heil John
Published: November 2018

Following the lead of D. C. Williams, the chapter advances the thought that E. J. Lowe’s universals are not, after all, general entities—immanent or transcendent—but particular entities—either objects, such as tomatoes, or their characteristics—considered without regard to their particularity. Just as you can consider a tomato’s color without considering the tomato, so you can consider the tomato’s color without considering it as the tomato’s. The upshot amounts to what Keith Campbell calls ‘painless realism’. Regarding objects’ properties as universals is to adopt what Williams regards as a ‘rule for counting’, according to which identity is grounded in similarity.
Could Mental Causation be Invisible?
Authors: Robb David
Published: November 2018

E. J. Lowe proposed a model of mental causation on which mental events are emergent, thus exerting a novel, downward causal influence on physical events. Yet on Lowe’s model, mental causation is at the same time empirically undetectable, and in this sense is ‘invisible’. Lowe’s model is ingenious, but I don’t think emergentists should welcome it, for it seems to me that a primary virtue of emergentism is its bold empirical prediction about the long-term results of human physiology. Here I’ll try to restore emergentism’s empirical status, but my broader aim is to use Lowe’s model to explore some central topics in the mental causation debate, including the ‘causal closure’ of the physical world and the nature of causal powers.
The Samaritan Esther
Authors: Silverstein Adam J.
Published: November 2018

This chapter focuses on a Samaritan version of Esther, in which the story is rewritten to bring it in line with the Samaritan perspective on history. The author of this Arabic text replaces the Jews in Esther with Samaritans, while portraying the evil vizier as a Jew. The ways in which the author has adapted Esther for his purposes bring to mind the acculturation of the story within Islamic historiography (as described earlier in the book). Additionally, based on our analysis of the “plot of the eunuchs” in this Samaritan text, it is argued that its author used a rendition of Esther that was based on the Septuagint’s version of the story.
Esther and Ancient Persian Storytelling
Authors: Silverstein Adam J.
Published: November 2018

This chapter argues that both the Hebrew and the Greek versions of Esther, as well as some ancient midrashim on the story, belonged to an ancient Persian storytelling context. Scholars have shown that Esther can be contextualized—historically or literarily—with reference to ancient Greek writings on Persia. In this chapter, it is shown that ancient Persian stories, which are preserved in Islamic-era texts, are just as important for the contextualization of Esther. Moreover, we revisit de Goeje’s theory regarding the possible relationship between Esther and the prologue of the 1001 Nights, and argue that although this theory was almost unanimously rejected by subsequent generations of scholars, aspects of it take on new meaning when considered as part of the Persian storytelling context that is argued for in this chapter.
Why Did Mordecai Refuse to Bow?
Authors: Silverstein Adam J.
Published: November 2018

In this chapter, it is argued that a pivotal episode in Esther, Mordecai’s refusal to bow to Haman, is to be read literarily, as a topos, rather than literally, as a historical event. Drawing on materials from the ancient Near East, the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, Late Antiquity, the Qur’an, and the Islamic era, it is shown that Mordecai’s refusal to bow to Haman is but one link in a very long chain of comparable episodes in Near and Middle Eastern literature. Furthermore, in tracing this topos through history, we are able to cast new light on the Qur’anic passages in which Satan (“Iblis”) refuses to bow to the newly created Adam.
The Incarnation and Intellectual Humility
Authors: Macaskill Grant
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the ways in which the incarnation of Jesus Christ is specifically represented as an outworking of divine humility. Importantly, this is rendered using imagery borrowed from biblical descriptions of wisdom, something that is suggestive for reflection on intellectual humility. Particular attention is paid to Philippians 2:1–11, which presents Christ’s ‘humility of mind’ as exemplary for Christian life and conduct. The humility in question is not associated with limitation or deficiency, and far less with sin, but rather with ‘selflessness’ and ‘servanthood’. Participation in Christ’s wisdom entails a preparedness to make sacrifices intended for the flourishing of others or for the glory of God. The chapter will also consider 1 Corinthians 1:18–2:10, where the ‘wisdom of God’ is contrasted with human wisdom, and Matthew 11:25–30, where Jesus is represented as the embodiment of divine wisdom.
Complementary Tools and Incentives
Authors: et Mokal
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses the complementary tools and incentives that can be adopted by jurisdictions to ensure the proper and effective use of the Modular Approach and to give due regard to the position and role of the various types of stakeholders involved in a MSME insolvency process. It specifically focuses on the roles and obligations of the MSME entrepreneur, both at times approaching insolvency and during the MSME insolvency process. Entrepreneurs do not always possess the education and skills to monitor the financial situation of their business and to react accordingly. With regard to the MSME framework, they would usually not be capable of designing a proper continuation plan. They might not even be aware that there is a chance to turn their business around by using mechanisms under insolvency law. In all these areas, education is a useful remedy. Jurisdictions should establish a method for providing affordable educational counselling and legal advice.
The Role and Position of Other Key Stakeholders Interacting with or Affected by the Distressed MSME
Authors: et Mokal
Published: November 2018

This chapter looks at other stakeholders that have an important role in the proper functioning of the MSME insolvency system and that may interact with the debtor during its distress situation in important ways. Both the inception and the ensuing solution for the business in distress may be heavily influenced by the behaviour of creditors, particularly financial creditors, and by the involvement of tax authorities. The fair and efficient handling of the MSME insolvency process may also require dealing with the position of the entrepreneur or the entrepreneur’s family members as guarantors. The MSME insolvency system must also have regard to the position of a MSME’s employees. Finally, the chapter proposes ways and options to address the issues arising for MSMEs as a result of the interaction between the debtor and these other stakeholders.
Examples for Implementing the Modular Approach beyond Specific Economic and Institutional Backgrounds
Authors: et Mokal
Published: November 2018

This chapter presents four examples of how the Modular Approach could be designed and implemented in specific economic, institutional, and socio-economic frameworks. The country examples are fictional countries, but the factual background for each example is drawn from common characteristics of jurisdictions in the region. They illustrate how specific module choices can be made to create a fair, effective, and efficient MSME insolvency system. The first example is a European developed economy; the second is an Asia-Pacific newly industrialized economy; the third is an African emerging nation; and, finally, there is a European emerging nation country example, which could also apply to a central Asian emerging nation. These country examples are not proposing the optimal combination of modules; rather, they are to illustrate the types of choices that could be made, given particular socio-economic, financial, and institutional circumstances.
Annex 2
Authors: et Mokal
Published: November 2018

The second annex offers an example of how one jurisdiction identified the policy needs for reform of the treatment of the insolvency of MSMEs by working with individuals on the ground to develop ideas for a fairer and more effective system. In Canada, it is generally acknowledged that the insolvency system works relatively well, particularly for consumer debtors and large enterprises. However, as in other jurisdictions, regulators have had questions as to whether the system adequately serves MSMEs. A study commissioned by the Industry Canada Marketplace Policy Branch of the Canadian Government resulted in Janis Sarra conducting a study on MSME insolvency in Canada in 2015 and 2016, with the goal of identifying challenges that MSMEs face within the existing Canadian insolvency regime. Part of Sarra’s methodology was to undertake a survey of more than sixty practitioners who deal on a daily basis with MSME insolvency, including insolvency professionals and loan officers.
Annex 3
Authors: et Mokal
Published: November 2018

This third annex presents a questionnaire that has been used for in-depth interviews conducted under the Research Project UST/2014/JCOO/AG/CIVI/7627 of the Directorate General Justice and Consumers of the European Commission (European Union) entitled ‘Contractualised distress resolution in the shadow of the law: Effective judicial review and oversight of insolvency and pre-insolvency proceedings’. Although the questionnaire is separated into different sets of questions depending on the type of advice provided by the lawyer being interviewed, the main bulk of the questions apply to all interviewees. Some questions include direct enquiries about the law, but they are meant to elicit the lawyer’s opinion of the regulation at issue. In other words, the questions are asked to determine whether there are controversial elements or differences of interpretation in the law.
Science and Capitalism as ‘Background’
Authors: Collini Stefan
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the work of two figures of somewhat lesser stature who nonetheless had a considerable influence on interpretations of intellectual and literary history between the 1930s and 1960s. It discusses Basil Willey’s work, especially The Seventeenth-Century Background, emphasizing the ways in which it adapted or reworked Eliot’s account of the seventeenth century into a more Romantic conception of the threat to religion and poetry posed by the rise of science. It then moves on to examine the work of L. C. Knights, especially his Drama and Society in the Age of Jonson, showing how it is informed by a conception of the role of economic thinking in modern society and the search for a socially grounded ethical alternative to it, which Knights found still existing in late-sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century literature. The chapter illustrates just how much history can be smuggled into literary studies via the notion of ‘background’.
Literary History as Cultural History
Authors: Collini Stefan
Published: November 2018

This chapter begins with the observation that a number of literary critics in this period express the hope that a new form of ‘cultural history’ would provide the basis for an evaluative assessment of the direction of social change. They look to those trained as critics, not to historians, for such an approach, one that tries to identify the ‘quality of living’ in evidence in various periods. The chapter shows how such work played an important part in a wider public’s understanding of history in the years between the 1940s and the 1970s, with the Pelican Guide to English Literature providing a notable illustration. The chapter suggests that the reception of Williams’s unconventional book, The Long Revolution, in 1961 can be seen to mark the end of the style of work considered in the previous chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Henriksen Niels Engholm , Hansen Flemming Yssing
Published: November 2018

This introductory chapter considers first the relation between molecular reaction dynamics and the major branches of physical chemistry. The concept of elementary chemical reactions at the quantized state-to-state level is discussed. The theoretical description of these reactions based on the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and the Born–Oppenheimer approximation is introduced and the resulting time-dependent Schrödinger equation describing the nuclear dynamics is discussed. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of matter at thermal equilibrium, focusing at the Boltzmann distribution. Thus, the Boltzmann distribution for vibrational, rotational, and translational degrees of freedom is discussed and illustrated.
Potential Energy Surfaces
Authors: Henriksen Niels Engholm , Hansen Flemming Yssing
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses potential energy surfaces, that is, the electronic energy as a function of the internuclear coordinates as obtained from the electronic Schrödinger equation. It focuses on the general topology of such energy surfaces for unimolecular and bimolecular reactions. To that end, concepts like saddle point, barrier height, minimum-energy path, and early and late barriers are discussed. It concludes with a discussion of approximate analytical solutions to the electronic Schrödinger equation, in particular, the interaction of three hydrogen atoms expressed in terms of Coulomb and exchange integrals, as described by the so-called London equation. From this equation it is concluded that the total electronic energy is not equal to the sum of H–H pair energies. Finally, a semi-empirical extension of the London equation—the LEPS method—allows for a simple but somewhat crude construction of potential energy surfaces.
The Fight against Disease
Authors: Heath Anthony F. , Garratt Elisabeth , Kashyap Ridhi , Li Yaojun , Richards Lindsay
Published: November 2018

Life expectancy is a fundamental measure of social progress, with excellent data enabling us to measure progress. Britain made huge strides in improving health and life expectancy during the second half of the twentieth century, life expectancy increasing by over ten years. There were large reductions in infant mortality and control of infectious diseases, as well as a decline in smoking and its related causes of death. Progress continued into the twenty-first century, although progress in increasing disability-free life expectancy among women stalled, and social class inequalities in infant mortality, after narrowing considerably, also stalled. Moreover, peer countries such as France, Germany, and Italy made even more progress than Britain in extending life expectancy and reducing infant mortality. New challenges such as obesity appear likely to hinder Britain’s progress in the future. Cancer survival rates in Britain, although improving, remain considerably lower than in peer countries.
The Challenge of Inequality of Opportunity
Authors: Heath Anthony F. , Garratt Elisabeth , Kashyap Ridhi , Li Yaojun , Richards Lindsay
Published: November 2018

Discrimination and inequality of opportunity run counter to British values, are inefficient and waste talent, and can be a potent source of grievance. Discrimination also has highly negative consequences for the well-being and mental health of those affected. However, despite the various Acts of Parliament which made discrimination for jobs illegal, Blacks and Asians experience much the same level of discrimination as they did forty years ago. There is a rather more optimistic picture in the case of the gender wage gap, where the evidence suggests that there was some decline in unequal treatment. In contrast, the story for social class inequalities of opportunity is less encouraging, with little evidence of improvement over the post-war period. Most peer countries exhibit similar inequalities, but Canada appears to do better with respect to social class and France with respect to gender inequalities. There is scope for improvement.