bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modules, genes, and evolution: What have we learned from atypical development?
Authors: Karmiloff-Smith Annette
Published: November 2023

If the atypical brain presented with a neat juxtaposition of parts intact and parts impaired, then atypical development might be a direct window on normal developmental change, with clear-cut single and double dissociations. Such a view emanates from the model of adult neuropsychological patients whose brains were fully and normally developed until their brain insult. The developing brain is very different. It is neither localized nor specialized at birth, and many months and years are required for the progressive modularization of the adult brain to occur.
Introduction to Algebra
Authors: Cameron Peter J
Published: November 2023

Developed to meet the needs of modern students, this Second Edition of the classic algebra text by Peter Cameron covers all the abstract algebra an undergraduate student is likely to need. Starting with an introductory overview of numbers, sets and functions, matrices, polynomials, and modular arithmetic, the text then introduces the most important algebraic structures: groups, rings and fields, and their properties. This is followed by coverage of vector spaces and modules with applications to abelian groups and canonical forms before returning to the construction of the number systems, including the existence of transcendental numbers. The final chapters take the reader further into the theory of groups, rings and fields, coding theory, and Galois theory. With over 300 exercises, and web-based solutions, this is an ideal introductory text for Year 1 and 2 undergraduate students in mathematics.
The number systems
Authors: Cameron Peter J
Published: November 2023

The nineteenth-century German mathematician Leopold Kronecker said, ‘God made the integers; the rest is the work of man’. Many others, including non-mathematicians, have felt similarly What could be more general than 2, which can represent two galaxies or two pickles, or one galaxy plus one pickle (the mind doth boggle), or just 2 gently bobbing—where? It, like God, is an “I am” and many have thought that it must be a precipitate of ultimate reality.
The Grotzsch Argument
Authors: Fletcher A , Markovic V
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we use Grotzsch’s problem of finding a homeomorphism between two rectangles which is closest to a conformal map to motivate the idea of quasiconformality for C  1-diffeomorphisms. We will see that the afine stretching is our first example of a quasiconformal map which is not con- formal. We also include a short summary of the basic theory of Riemann surfaces.
Effects of global change on inflorescence production: a Bayesian hierarchical analysis
Authors: Lambers Janneke Hille Ris , Aukema Brian , Diez Jeff , Evans Margaret , Latimer Andrew
Published: November 2023

The effects of global change on seed production may dramatically impact plant community composition, because species-specific recruitment rates influence species diversity, successional trajectories and invasion rates. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to quantify the effects of three global change factors (elevated CO2, nitrogen deposition, and declining diversity) on allocation to inflorescence production of 12 grassland species. We used the results from these analyses to consider (1) how seed production might be affected by global change and (2) whether species within functional groups respond similarly to global change.
Nucleomorphs: remnant nuclear genomes
Authors: Kawach Oliver , Sommer Maik S , Gould Sven B , Voß Christine , Zauner, Stefan , Maier Uwe-G
Published: November 2023

Many organisms acquired their plastids by the engulfment and intracellular reduction of a eukaryotic phototroph. This process is called secondary endosymbiosis. Nature provides several stages of reduction of the secondary endosymbiont, which ultimately creates complex plastids surrounded by three or four membranes. In two cases, the chlorarachniophytes and the cryptophytes, a remnant cytoplasm as well as a pygmy cell nucleus, a nucleomorph, are maintained from the secondary endosymbiont.
The Dictyostelium genome – a blueprint for a multicellular protist
Authors: Schaap Pauline
Published: November 2023

The year 2005 saw the completion of the genome sequencing project of Dictyostelium discoideum, the first non-pathogenic protist to be completely sequenced (Eichinger et al. 2005). What is Dictyostelium’s place among the protists and why is knowledge of its genome important? Compared to the morphological variety of macroscopic life forms that can be observed by the naked eye, the much greater genetic diversity of microscopic life is usually unappreciated. However, it is from these humble origins that multicellular life was independently generated many times over.
Phase-Ordered Gamma Oscillations And The Modulation Of Hypnotic Experience
Authors: Pascalis Vilfredo De
Published: November 2023

Neuroscience has begun to open up a whole new perspective on the nature and causes of hypnosis that promises to transform the field over the next few years. This has occurred for three main reasons. First, a number of theories of brain functioning and attentional control in hypnosis have been elaborated that can be explicitly tested using neurophysiological methods (Woody and Bowers 1994; Ray 1997; Gruzelier 1998, 2000; Oakley 1999; Crawford 2001). Secondly, researchers have moved from studying passive resting states to experimental designs that assess brain function while participants respond to hypnotic suggestions such as hypnosis-induced analgesia (De Pascalis and Perrone 1996; Rainville et al. 1997) and hallucinations (Szechtman et al.
Dissociated Control As A Paradigm For Cognitive Neuroscience Research And Theorizing In Hypnosis
Authors: Jamieson Graham A , Woody Erik
Published: November 2023

For much of its history, hypnosis has tended to be somewhat of a rogue topic, difficult to connect with the main body of psychological understanding. Hilgard ‘s (1977) neodissociation theory of hypnosis represented an attempt to integrate a scientific under- standing of hypnosis into the broader landscape of psychology. He commented, ‘Any satisfactory theory of hypnosis should also be a theory bearing on psychology at large ‘ (Hilgard 1991, p. 101). Accordingly, he attempted to explain hypnotic phenomena in terms of underlying cognitive control mechanisms and the alteration of their function in hypnosis (Hilgard 1991, 1992). He posited a system of multiple cognitive control subsystems that can operate somewhat autonomously, but which are ordinarily subordinate to a higher order executive system that monitors and coordinates the interaction among them.
An Empirical–Phenomenological Approach To Quantifying Consciousness And States Of Consciousness: With Particular Reference To Understanding The Nature Of Hypnosis
Authors: Pekala Ronald J , Kumar VK
Published: November 2023

Metzinger (1995) is his book, Conscious experience, wrote: ‘Today, the problem of consciousness… marks the very limit of human striving for understanding. It appears to many to be the last great puzzle and the greatest theoretical challenge of our time ‘ (p. 3). Research enumerated in this book suggests that consciousness can be elucidated through the scientific application of phenomenological, psychophysiological and neurobiological methodologies. In this chapter, we will delineate an approach that we have elsewhere called psychophenomenology (Pekala 1985a, 1991b; Pekala and Kumar 2000b); this approach combines an empirical descriptive self-report phenomenology with the quantitative and statistical procedures commonly employed in the psychological sciences to pro- duce a reliable and valid methodology to map, quantify and statistically assess the structures (dimensions) and resulting patterns of consciousness in reference to states of consciousness such as hypnosis.
How neuroscience might advance the law
Authors: O’Hara Erin Ann
Published: November 2023

These are exciting times for the curious and the contemplative, because the mysteries of the brain are beginning to be understood. The popular press is full of stories about studies attempting to locate the places in the brain where thoughts, perceptions, feelings and motivations are formed. For social scientists who create models of human behaviour, these findings have enormous potential theoretical value. For legal academics striving to find ways to use the law to maximize the beneficial effects of human tendencies, neuroscientific developments are potentially immensely important.
A cognitive neuroscience framework for understanding causal reasoning and the law
Authors: Fugelsang Jonathan A , Dunbar Kevin N
Published: November 2023

The human mind has evolved many cognitive tools including abstraction, counterfactual thought, deduction and induction, for a vast variety of circumstances that are applied differently depending on the task at hand. Central to these domain general processes is causal thinking. An individual’s ability to determine if a precipitating event was the cause of an outcome is essential for making sense of the complex world in which we live. Indeed, many of the learning and evaluative processes in which individuals engage pertain to the development and testing of causal models portraying the relationship between variables of interest (Dunbar 1995; Fugelsang et al. 2004). Such causal reasoning processes are evident in tasks ranging from simple everyday reasoning, such as why one’s computer crashes, to complex scientific discovery, such as the formulation of the ‘Universal Law of Gravitation’ in the Principia by The Royal Society’s former president Isaac Newton (Newton 1999).
Heat Equation and Brownian Motion
Authors: Field Timothy R
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the interrelationship between the theory of the heat process, in terms of the probability density function for a cloud of diffusing particles, and the underlying stochastic process pertaining to individual particles, which generates such an ensemble average behaviour that is called Brownian motion.
Simulation Of K-Scattering
Authors: Field Timothy R
Published: November 2023

We have seen in Chapter 8 that the stochastic differential equations (SDEs) arising in the description of scattering generically contain Wiener fluctuating terms whose noise power is a function of the state of the system, i.e. the system is said to have ‘multiplicative noise’ or, in other words, it falls under the category of a ‘stochastic volatility’ model. In this chapter we develop the tools necessary for the numerical integration/simulation of such systems in a fairly complete general context. From this analysis the case of additive noise, for which the noise power is independent of the state of the system, will emerge as a special case. This framework is applied to Rayleigh and gamma processes that are of special interest in K-scattering. We examine in detail the effect of Doppler for discrete time-series data and describe the simulation of a target in a clutter environment. The chapter ends with an investigation of the refinement in terms of second-order algorithms for the gamma process.
Observability Of Scattering Cross-Section
Authors: Field Timothy R
Published: November 2023

A study of some synthetically generated data provides a clear illustration of the consequences of Theorem 10.6 and Proposition 10.7 in a variety of experimental contexts. The theoretical results are conveniently substantiated using synthetic data, as such enables direct verification of the accuracy of the state estimation from the observations, the precise value of the ‘hidden’ state being known. One can then compare the values of the state inferred from the observations alone, with the exact values of the underlying hidden state recorded in the simulation.
Continuous random variables
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R
Published: November 2023

I am selling my house, and have decided to accept the first offer exceeding £ K. Assuming that offers are independent random variables with common distribution function F, find the expected number of offers received before I sell the house.
Generating functions and their applications
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R
Published: November 2023

Find the generating functions of the following mass functions, and state where they converge. Hence calculate their means and variances.
Stationary processes
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R
Published: November 2023

Let S be the spectral process of a stationary process X with zero mean and unit variance. Show that the increments of S have zero means.
Martingales
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R
Published: November 2023

You play iteratively according to the above rule. If the sequence ever contains one term only, you wager that amount on an evens bet. If you win, you delete the term, and if you lose you append it to the sequence to obtain two terms.
Random processes
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R
Published: November 2023

This brief introduction to random processes includes elementary previews of stationary processes, renewal processes, queueing processes, and the Wiener process (Brownian motion). It ends with a discussion of the Kol- mogorov consistency conditions.
Lying with statistics
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: November 2023

We prefer the term “statistical communication,” but the phrase “how to lie with statistics” is a good hook to get students thinking about the issues involved. We try throughout to dampen the natural cynicism that comes with this topic and emphasize that, to most effectively tell the truth, you must avoid lying by accident as well as on purpose. We assign readings and also discuss several ways of lying with statistics that are not covered in usual treatments of the topic.
Computationally intensive methods
Authors: Garthwaite Paul , Jolliffe Ian , Jones Byron
Published: November 2023

Permutation tests exhibit trait (1), since the number of permutations increases dramatically with an increase in sample size. In Example 8.1, for instance, either a positive or negative sign is attached to each observation, giving 2n ‘permutations’ when the sample size is n . Thus adding a single datum doubles the number of permutations that must be considered. Randomization tests illustrate (2) since they involve taking a random sample of the possible permutations.
Generalized linear models
Authors: Garthwaite Paul , Jolliffe Ian , Jones Byron
Published: November 2023

While this model is important for normally distributed data, it is less useful for other distributions such as the binomial, Poisson and gamma. The context in which such distributions are used often means that we need to model E [Y ] as a non-linear function of Xβ . In a generalized linear model (glm) we are able to work with both non-normal data and non-linear functions of Xβ . The distributions for which glms are applicable belong to the exponential family. Maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of the parameters is conveniently undertaken by using an iteratively weighted least squares procedure. The relative goodness-of-fit of nested models can be tested using the deviance or scaled deviance.
Methods for eliciting reflexes from the carotid and aortic bodies
Authors: Daly M de Burgh
Published: November 2023

There are two methods commonly used for eliciting reflexes from the carotid and/or aortic bodies. The first is by injecting a chemical agent known to excite the chemoreceptors. When administered intravenously in a suitable dose, both groups of receptors will be stimulated. Specific excitation of the carotid chemoreceptors may be carried out by intracarotid injections, and of the aortic bodies by injections via a catheter, the tip of which lies in the ascending aorta near the aortic valves or in the left ventricle. These injection techniques give rise to brief stimulations of the chemoreceptors. The second method is to vascularly isolate the carotid or aortic body chemoreceptors and perfuse them with blood under controlled haemodynamic conditions.
Effects of respiration on the cardiovascular system
Authors: Daly M de Burgh
Published: November 2023

The evidence presented in Chapter 6 indicates that the cardiovascular effects of stimulation of the peripheral arterial chemoreceptors, and in particular the carotid bodies, are determined to a large extent by the concomitant increase in pulmonary ventilation. Before describing the ways by which the inputs from the carotid and aortic bodies are integrated with mechanisms arising from changes in respiration, which is the subject of the next chapter, a review will be given here of the various mechanisms by which respiration itself affects the cardiovascular system.
Examples of integrative control of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Authors: Daly M de Burgh
Published: November 2023

Examples of the integrative role of the peripheral arterial chemoreceptorsare discussed. The ‘diving response’, a pattern of responses consisting of apnoea, bradycardia, and selective peripheral vasoconstriction, can be elicited by stimulation of receptors in the skin of the face, nasal mucosa, pharynx, and larynx. Apnoea, whether evoked centrally or reflexly, plays a dominant role allowing the full expression of the cardiovascular components of the response which are enhanced by the increasing stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors through progressive asphyxia. At the same time, the respiratory excitatory effect of stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors is suppressed. Such integrative mechanisms are involved in breath-hold diving and in reflexes evoked by stimulation of receptors in the upper airways. They provide a defence mechanism against asphyxia by which the oxygen stores in the blood are diverted preferentially to the brain through a redistribution of the reduced cardiac output. The integrative role of the arterial chemoreceptors in other situations is discussed in relation to concomitant changes in pulmonary ventilation.
Selective methods
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter
Published: November 2023

The Valsalva manoeuvre, upright tilt, and other interventions that reduce venous return to the heart provoke complex changes of afferent autonomic sensory input that are mediated by multiple receptor groups. This chapter deals with more selective methods used to change human afferent arterial baroreceptor activity.
Baroreflex malfunction in cardiovascular patients: general principles
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter
Published: November 2023

The medical literature indicates clearly that baroreceptor reflex mechanisms are distorted in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Abnormalities of parasympathetic cardiac control have been recognized since the studies of Muller in 1891, and Crawford in 1923. These physicians found that their patients with heart diseases experienced less cardioacceleration after blocking doses of atropine sulphate than did healthy people. Similar observations were made in 1971 by Eckberg et al., whose studies indicate also that patients with subnormal cardioacceleration after intravenous atropine also have subnormal vagally mediated R-R interval prolongation during arterial pressure elevations; in this study, the extent of both abnormalities was proportional to the functional severity of the underlying cardiovascular disease. These results suggest that patients with cardiovascular diseases have subnormal baseline levels of vagal-cardiac activity and subnormal increases of vagal-cardiac activity during baroreceptor stimulation.
Dysrhythmias
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter
Published: November 2023

Although organic heart disease, including particularly coronary artery disease, forms an essential substrate for the occurrence of most catastrophic cardiac dysrhythmias (Cobb et al. 1975), other factors also may be important. Several articles (Corr and Gillis 1978; Verrier and Lown 1984; P.J. Schwartz and Zaza 1986) criticize static views of cardiac anatomy and function and emphasize the role of dynamic changes of efferent autonomic activity in the pathophysiology of cardiac dysrhythmias. This chapter describes a wealth of published information which directly or indirectly implicates arterial baroreflexes in the pathophysiology of dysrhythmias. In some situations such as the provocation (Porns and Marcus 1963; M.V. Cohen 1972) or termination (Waxman et al. 1980c) of rhythm disturbances with carotid sinus massage, involvement of baroreflexes is inarguable. In other situations however, involvement of baroreflexes seems likely but is far from proven.
The late Palaeozoic radiation of malacostracan crustaceans
Authors: Briggs D E G , Clarkson E N K
Published: November 2023

The record of Palaeozoic shrimps is strongly influenced by taphonomic factors. The vast majority of shrimps lacked a mineralized exoskeleton. They are underrepresented in fully marine environments. The conditions required for their preservation, however, are prevalent in environments transitional between marine and fresh-water which were widespread during the Carboniferous. The earliest shrimps are middle Devonian in age, but it is likely that their range is taphonomically curtailed and that they had undergone a significant radiation (rapid cladogenesis) by this time. The recorded diversity of shrimps increases markedly in the early Carboniferous, and remains in excess of 10 families through most of the Visean to Westphalian.
Frigatebirds
Authors: Nelson J Bryan , Mackay Andrew , Busby John
Published: November 2023

ADULT M PRE-BREEDING: All black with green and purple sheen; mainly bluish-green on lanceolate head-feathers, bottle-green on those of back. No obvious alar bar. Shafts of wing-quills dark but of tail ivory white. Some, presumably young, breeding individuals have white breast and abdomen or reticulate patterns of white on black, or even white abdominal patches. Iris brown; eye-lids, eye-ring, feet, legs black. Courting males have crimson, inflatable gular pouch forming heart-shaped balloon.
Palynological diversity
Authors: Blackmore Stephen , Barnes Susan H
Published: November 2023

This paper introduces the three main themes of the symposium volume by emphasizing the importance of pollen and spore diversity to plant systematics. These themes are the ontogenetic processes that give rise to morphological diversity, systematic analyses of extant plants, and the fossil record of diversification through geological time.
The control of spore wall formation
Authors: van Uffelen Gerda A
Published: November 2023

In a study of the formation of the spore wall in several ferns of the family Polypodiaceae (Filicales), different series of surface patterns that are superimposed upon each other during exospore formation have been described (van Uffelen 1985, 1986, 1990, 1991 ). This study has led to the contemplation of some of the factors that may play a role in establishing surface patterns.
Systematic implications of comparative morphology in selected Tertiary and extant pollen from the Palmae and the Sapotaceae
Authors: Harley M M , Kurmann M H , Ferguson I K
Published: November 2023

There are many records of pollen and spores from the Tertiary based on light microscope investigations. In some instances such studies provide relatively limited information which can restrict accuracy of identification. Pollen morphological studies of many extant families have made clear that the much finer detail of the exine revealed with electron microscopy can, with few exceptions, considerably improve taxonomic discrimination of dispersed pollen. Using Palmae and Sapotaceae as examples, it is shown how ultrastructural study of fossil pollen, assignable to these families, extracted from Tertiary (Eocene) sediments of England, can contribute to a better understanding of their affinities.
Relationship between carbohydrate availability and assimilation of nitrate
Authors: Rufty, Jr.* Thomas W , Volk Richard J , Glass Anthony D M
Published: November 2023

Nitrogen and carbon assimilatory processes in crop plants are interdependent. If the activity of either assimilation system is disrupted, adjustments occur in the other. When the exogenous supply of nitrogen is limited, for example, distinct changes occur in photosynthetic rate (Natr 1975) and capacity, i.e. leaf area expansion (Watson 1947; Tolley-Henry and Raper, 1986). Nitrogen stress also alters partitioning of fixed carbon between starch and sucrose in leaves (Robinson and Baysdorfer 1985; Radin and Eidenbock 1986), utilization of carbohydrate in sink tissues (Rufty et al. 1988), and distribution of carbon between the shoot and root (Brouwer 1962; lngestad 1979). Reciprocally, when plants are utilizing , maximal assimilation depends on sustained photosynthetic activity and provision of carbohydrate (Hageman and Flesher 1960; Beevers and Hageman 1972; Mengel and Viro 1978; Aslam et al. 1979). Moreover, rates of assimilation in leaves in darkness are closely related to carbohydrate status (Aslam and Huffaker 1984), and uptake and reduction in roots decline rapidly when car bohydrate availability is restricted by decreasing the aerial concentration, darkness, shoot decapitation, and stem ringing (Breteler and Hanisch ten Cate 1980; Jackson et al. 1980; Hanischten Cate and Breteler 1981; Aslam and Huffaker 1982; Pace et al. 1990). While there is little doubt that carbon and nitrogen assimilation activities are closely coupled, numerous questions remain concerning the mechanistic basis for responses when imbalances occur.
Transport of nitrate and ammonium through plant membranes
Authors: Ullrich Wolfram R
Published: November 2023

Among the many ions required for growth and development of plant cells inorganic nitrogen ions are of special importance, qualitatively because of the fundamental role of nitrogen compounds in living matter, and quantitatively in comparison with most other ions which are required in smaller amounts. Because the uptake of these ions is subjected to complicated patterns of regulation and because of their rapid metabolism once inside the plant, this uptake has only recently reached a certain degree of mechanistic clarification (Syrett 1981; Ullrich 1983; Glass 1988). Although transport of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium as the respective ions very often proceeds towards the sites of consumption, i.e. is inwardly directed, it cannot simply be regarded as a net influx system.
Summary and future prospects for plant-animal interactions
Authors: Underwood A J
Published: November 2023

The topics discussed in this volume make it obvious that there is a wide range of approaches and concepts used in the study of interactions between animals and plants. As a result, a considerable body of knowledge can be assembled on many types of processes. There are, however, two major themes that could be explored profitably either in their own right or as part of the planning and implementation of future studies. Both would greatly aid future comparative assessments of the nature of interactions within and between marine animals and plants.
In vitro and in vivo characterization of CCKB receptors and behavioural responses induced by mesolimbic CCK receptor stimulation with compounds designed to recognize CCKA or CCKB sites selectively
Authors: Roques Bernard P , Durieux Christiane , Ruiz-Gayo Mariano , Derrien Muriel , Florence Bergeron , Pierre-Jean Corringer , Daugé. Valérie
Published: November 2023

CCK-8, the sulphated octapeptide fragment of CCK, has been found in specific neuronal cells where it is concentrated in synaptic vesicles and released by a calcium-dependent mechanism to interact with a similar nanomolar affinity with at least two binding sites designated CCK8 (or central site) and CCKA (or peripheral site) (Vanderhaeghen and Crawley 1985; Chapter 5 of this volume). The former site resembles the gastrin receptor and the latter appears to be similar to the pancreatic receptor. High concentrations of CCK-8 have been found in brain regions such as the limbic lobe (hippocampus, amygdala, and temporal cortex) and the mesocorticolimbic pathway (ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens, and frontal cortex), raising interesting questions as to the possible role of this peptide in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, the etiopathology of which has been related to dopamine (DA) over activity (Chapters 36 and 37 of this volume). Schizophrenic patients with negative symptoms (poverty of speech and affective disinterest) are characterized by a reduction in hippocampal size associated with lower amounts of CCK-8 and CCK binding sites in the hippocampus and amygdala (Ferrier et al. 1985). Furthermore, reduced levels of CCK have been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenics (Verbanck et al. 1983). Although there is some controversy about the reported antipsychotic action of the CCK analogue ceruletide (Chapter 36 of this volume), a direct CCK abnormality in the limbic system in which cognition, attention, and emotion are integrated was reported to be one of the possible biochemical bases of type II schizophrenia (Vanderhaeghen and Crawley 1985).
Central actions of CCK: modulation of GABA release by CCK
Authors: de Belleroche J
Published: November 2023

CCK is extremely abundant in the mammalian cerebral cortex, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, and hypothalamus. CCK messenger RNA (mRNA) is concentrated in the cerebral cortex in cells lying in layers II-III and V-VI (Fig. 15.1). The presence of CCK-like immunoreactivity and CCK mRNA in the cerebral cortex is clearly evident from day 1 after birth in the rat and shows a rapid increase in concentration up to adult levels by 4 weeks (Fig. 15.2) (de Belleroche et al. 1990), in keeping with its putative role as a transmitter in the adult cerebral cortex. High levels of CCK mRNA are also found in the periaqueductal grey and the thalamus. The physiological actions of central CCK neurons are poorly understood, although specific brain regions such as the nucleus tractus solitarius and the periaqueductal grey are likely to be important in the processing and regulation of satiety and pain responses in co-ordination with peripheral mechanisms (Chapters 17 and 44 of this volume).
Effects of CCK receptor blockade on hunger and gastric emptying in humans
Authors: Liddle Rodger A
Published: November 2023

CCK is a classical gastro-intestinal hormone produced by discrete endocrine cells of the upper small intestine. The first biological actions of CCK to be identified were its ability to stimulate gall bladder contraction and pancreatic exocrine secretion. Other actions of CCK that were subsequently noted by injection of the hormone into animals included effects on gastric emptying, bowel motility, and food intake. Studies in several species have indicated that administration of CCK inhibits gastric emptying (Debas et al. 1975; Anika 1982; Moran and McHugh 1982; Valenzuela and Defilippi 1981); however, it has been difficult to establish whether these effects were physiological or pharmacological. In some studies, simultaneous measurements of pancreatic secretion (Valenzuela and Defilippi 1981) and gall bladder contraction (Debas et al. 1975) were used to estimate physiological CCK levels. Unfortunately these studies have offered conflicting conclusions regarding the role of CCK in gastric emptying.A major difficulty in establishing the physiological effects of CCK has been the limitation in measuring plasma levels of the hormone. This problem has been circumvented only with the recent development of specific and sensitive assays for CCK (Schlegel et al. 1977; Byrnes et al. 1981; Calam et al. 1982; Schafmayer et al. 1982; Chang and Chey 1983; Himeno et al. 1983; Jansen and Lamers 1983; Liddle et al. 1985; Turkelson et al. 1986). The traditional way to prove that a candidate hormone functions in physiological concentrations has been to measure the circulating hormone concentration simultaneously with its target tissue response, and then to reproduce those blood concentrations by infusion of exogenous hormone and determine the effect on the target tissue. With this approach it has been demonstrated that CCK has several hormonal actions, including delaying the gastric emptying of liquids (Liddle et al. 1986).
Functional analyses of the coexistence of CCK and dopamine
Authors: Crawley Jacqueline N , Fiske Susan M , Crawley Jacqueline N , Evers John R , Austin Mark C , Beinfeld Margery C
Published: November 2023

The discovery of the peptide CCK in porcine gut (Mutt 1980) and rat brain (Vanderhaegen et al. 1975), was quickly followed by the discovery of CCK-like immunoreactivity in mid-brain dopamine (DA) neurons (Hökfelt et al. 1980a). Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies have confirmed the presence of CCK in dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra of rats, cats, and primates (Hökfelt et al. 1980a, b; Freeman and Chiodo 1988; Ingram et al. 1989; Savasta et al. 1989; Seroogy et al. 1989a, b; Burgunder and Young 1990; Cottingham et al. 1990; Jayaraman et al. 1990; see Chapter 32 of this volume). Retrograde tracing studies and lesion techniques have identified the major projections of this CCK-DA coexistence as terminating in the medial caudal nucleus accumbens, the medial olfactory tubercle, and the medial septum, with a minor projection to the caudate nucleus (Hökfelt et al. 1980b; Marley et al. 1982; Fallon et al. 1983; Studler et al. 1981; Seroogy et al. 1989a; Adams and Fisher 1990). Demonstration of the anatomical distribution of CCK in the mesolimbic DA pathway sparked the intriguing hypothesis that CCK contributes to the functional activity of these dopaminergic brain regions, which have been implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia.The first functional examination of the CCK-DA coexistence took the form of neurophysiological studies of the effects of CCK on neuronal firing rates of mid-brain DA neurons in the rat. Skirboll and co-workers found that micro-iontophoresis of CCK increased the firing rate of ventral tegmental and substantia nigra neurons (Skirboll et al. 1981; Hommer et al. 1985). This excitatory effect of CCK was blocked by the CCK receptor antagonist proglumide (Chiodo et al. 1987). When given in combination with DA, or the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine, CCK facilitated the inhibitory effects of DA or apomorphine, potentiating the reduction in firing rates induced by the dopaminergic drugs (Hommer and Skirboll 1983; Hommer et al. 1986; Brodie and Dunwiddie 1987; Freeman and Bunney 1987; Freeman and Chiodo 1988; Stittsworth and Mueller 1990).
Biosynthesis of storage fat 1n oil crops–today and tomorrow
Authors: Stymne Sten
Published: November 2023

Plant storage lipids, commonly known as vegetable oils or fats, are the second most valuable commodity in world trade and have a global annual production exceeding 50 million metric tonnes (Hatje 1989). Vegetable oil finds its main application in food manufacture, but as much as 40 per cent is used for non-food purposes, in, for example, the United States (Pryde and Rothfus 1989). The quality of the oil is governed by its fatty acid composition and this largely determines its end-use. There is a rather limited number of commercial oil crops available and each of these crops has a defined oil quality which restricts its use.
Production of foreign proteins and peptides in transgenic plants
Authors: Krebbers Enno , Bosch Dirk , Vandekerckhove Joel
Published: November 2023

Other chapters in this volume have focused on natural plant products and the manipulation of their synthesis either to alter plant characteristics or to produce these substances for other purposes. In this chapter we will focus on the possible use of plants as production systems for completely foreign (to the plant) products. Plants offer several potential advantages as biological production systems. Chief among these is the low cost of growing plants and the availability of technology for harvesting and initial processing at medium and large scales. Disadvantages include the speed of transformation systems; the period from the initiation of an experiment with a suitable explant to the harvest of seed from the primary transformant is usually measured in months.
Agrobacterium-Induced Crown Gall And Hairy Root diseases: their biology and application to plant genetic engineering
Authors: Davey* M R , Curtis* I S , Gartlandf† K M A , Power* J B
Published: November 2023

The Gram-negative soil bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes infect a wide range of dicotyledonous plants at wound sites, where they incite the development of tumours or roots characteristic of crown gall and hairy root diseases. The molecular basis of these diseases involves the transfer and integration of the T-DNA region of the bacterial Ti (tumour-inducing) and Ri (root-inducing) plasmids into the genome of recipient plant cells, followed by expression of bacterial genes. The precise mechanism of T-D NA transfer is not clear, although it involves interaction between the T-D NA border sequences and plasmid virulence genes. Tumours induced by agrobacteria carrying wild-type Ti plasmids generally remain undifferentiated following transfer to culture. In contrast, cultured trans formed roots of several species produce transgenic shoots either spontaneously or following stimulation with the appropriate growth regulators. Ri-transformed plants have characteristic phenotypes, including wrinkled leaves, dwarfism, and reduced fertility. Such effects result from an alteration in cell physiology.
Protein kinases in the cell cycle—an overview
Authors: Francis D
Published: November 2023

The mitotic cell cycle consists of interphase and a mitotic cell division (M-phase) when equal numbers of chromatids are partitioned into two daughter cells. Generally, the majority of a proliferating cell’s life is spent in interphase during which a doubling of DNA amount occurs (the duplication of each chromatid into a chromosome). This key event (DNA synthetic (S)-phase) is normally separated in time from mitosis by Gl (pre-synthetic interphase) and G2 (post-synthetic interphase). During interphase, the cell grows, the cell’s mass doubles, and the chromosomes contract progressively so that they are maximally condensed at metaphase of mitosis (Fig. 12.1). The exceptions are the rapid M-S-M-S nuclear
Elusin: a receptor-like kinase with an EGF domain in the cell wall
Authors: Kohorn B D , He Z -H , Fujiki M
Published: November 2023

To identify proteins that either modify or bind LHCP (the integral membrane protein of the thylakoid that binds chlorophylls and serves as a reaction centre antenna) we developed a general selection scheme for the isolation of cDNAs that encode proteases and binding peptides for known target peptide sequences. This general method has been presented and reviewed elsewhere (Smith and Kohorn 1991; Kohorn 1993). The assay uses yeast to select from a cDNA library an encoded protein that can specifically inactivate a yeast transcription factor GAL4-fusion protein. This fusion protein has a short peptide of defined specificity inserted between the GAL4 activation and DNA binding domains.
Cytoplasmic incompatibility in insects
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A , Michael Turelli
Published: November 2023

Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) was first described in mosquitoes by Ghelelovitch (1952) and studied in detail by Laven in the 1950s (reviewed in Laven 1967b). Laven observed that crosses between different strains of mosquitoes sometimes failed to produce progeny, or produced progeny only when crossed in one direction (i.e. crosses of males from one strain with females from another produce progeny, but not the reciprocal cross). Laven showed that cytoplasmic factors were involved. This led to the isolation of Wolbachia microorganisms as the causative agent of incompatibility by Yen and others.
Biophysical problems of small size in vertebrates
Authors: Alexander R McN
Published: November 2023

Geometrically similar animals of different sizes have areas proportional to length squared and volumes to length cubed. Metabolic rates of similar animals of different sizes tend to be proportional to (body mass)°.75 Many important consequences follow from these simple scaling rules. Small endotherms require very high metabolic rates in cold conditions, small ectotherms heat up and cool down quickly, small animals in dry environments lose water rapidly by evaporation both through the skin and in the breath, maximum rates of oxygen uptake in lungs or gills of small animals may be smaller multiples of basal metabolic rate than for larger animals, and small birds and bats fly slowly.
Physical and physiological changes in minimally processed fruits and vegetables
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E
Published: November 2023

The cuts and abrasion that are used to prepare minimally processed fruits and vegetables produce both an immediate and a subsequent physical and physiological response. Some of the injurious manipulations during minimal processing involve the peeling of apples, the slicing of cucumbers, the abrading and cutting of carrots, and the shredding of lettuce and cabbage. Not only do mechanical shocks during these manipulations produce surface bruises and cracks, but the propagated hydraulic shock can also extend deep within the tissue and cause extensive internal bruising and fracturing. Liquids released from cut and damaged cells and water used during processing can coat the surface, block pores and significantly reduce gas diffusion into and out of the tissue. Later, as the surface liquid evaporates or is taken up by the tissue, gas diffusion increases beyond its initial value since the natural protective layers of the epidermis have been removed during processing. The lack of an intact epidermis and the presence of free water on the surface accelerate both water loss and possible infestation by microorganisms and contamination by pollutants. Loss of moisture can also render the surface debris remaining after processing translucent and impart a whitish discoloration to the abraded surface of the processed tissue.
Monitaring the Environment
Authors: Cartledge Bryan
Published: November 2023

What are the environmental realities behind the headlines? In this book, eight leading figures in science and government tackle the facts and look at the issues for the future. Whether it is global warming or industrial pollution, the spread of deserts or the extinction of species, everyone knows we are facing massive environmental problems. The complex questions of what science, technology, and human imagination can do to reverse damaging trends need to be explored. The lectures in this volume, organized by Linacre College, Oxford University, bring together diverse viewpoints and areas of expertise. The Secretary of State for the Environment, the Director of Kew Gardens, and a former head of the Met Office were among the speakers. After absorbing what all the lecturers had to say, some readers may feel more concerned than ever while others emerge somewhat reassured, but few will disagree that nothing could be more important than caring for the environment.
Lake Tanganyika and its Life
Authors: Tiercelin J-J , Mondegeur A , Hecky R E , Spigel R H
Published: November 2023

Lake Tanganyika, situated in the western rift system of East Africa, is the largest in volume of the African Great Lakes and the second deepest lake in the world. It is extremely ancient in comparison with most lakes. The aquatic flora and fauna are remarkable for their diversity and high degree of endemicity, as well as for the numbers of species and genera present. The lake has attracted international interest and much has been written about it. With its comprehensive bibliography, this book should provide a foundation of information that will be useful in further studies.
The geology of the Tanganyika Trough
Authors: Tiercelin Jean-Jacques , Mondeguer Andre
Published: November 2023

The geomorphology and stratigraphy of various parts of the rift formations and surrounding areas of East and Central Africa were studied by pioneer geologists: notably Gregory (1921), Krenke! (1925), Willis (1936), Robert (1946), Dixey (1946, 1956) and Cahen (1954). A general account of the geological development of the rift system was given by McConnell (1972), and of the Tanganyika Trough, in particular its southern part, by Haldemann (1969). More recently, Grove (1983) reviewed the evolution of the physical geography of the East African Rift System. Capart (1952a) described the geographic and geophysical environment of the lake.
Outline of brushless servomotors
Authors: Dote Yasuhiko , Kinoshita Sakan
Published: November 2023

In the field of factory automation (FA), FA equipment, numerical control (NC) machine tools, industrial robots, etc., are used to save energy and promote automation, which gives high productivity and produces high-quality products. They are becoming more and more intelligent. Servomotor and motion-control technologies are being applied to this new equipment. Servomotor and motion-control technologies are based on mechatronics engineering (which is the replacement, combination, and fusion of electronics and mechanical engineering and is interdisciplinary).
The Space-Vector Method
Authors: Vas Peter
Published: November 2023

In the theory of a.c. circuits, where the voltages and currents are sinusoidal in time, a commonly used approach is to represent the quantities which vary sinusoidally in time by their complex phasors. This gives a very convenient way of obtaining the required solutions. In alternating current electrical machines a number of physical quantities (for example, the flux density, the stator, and rotor m.m.f.s) can be considered as periodic functions which can be resolved into a series of harmonic quantities which are sinusoidally distributed in space around the periphery of the machine in the air gap. Thus, similarly to the approach when the time functions in a.c. circuits are represented by time phasors, the sinusoidal spatial waves in the air gap can be represented by complex space phasors which are usually referred to as space vectors, although the nomenclature ‘space phasor’ would be more correct. The space-vector analysis will be described in the present section, and it will be shown that this method can be used for both smooth-air-gap and salient-pole electrical machines.
Steady-State and Transient Operation Of Induction Machines and Induction Motor Drives
Authors: Vas Peter
Published: November 2023

In Section 2.7.6 a systematic approach for the deduction of various types of electrical machines was presented. It has been shown that a constant electromagnetic torque can be produced by a machine where on the stator there is a symmetrical multi-phase winding excited by symmetrical multi-phase voltages and on the rotor there is a symmetrical multi-phase winding which carries symmetrical multi-phase rotor currents. These requirements can be fulfilled by an induction machine. In an induction machine the air gap can be considered to be uniform if the effects of slotting are neglected. The stator of an induction machine is usually wound with a three-phase winding and on the rotor there is a wound three-phase winding or a squirrel-cage winding. The three-phase stator windings are usually connected in star or delta and the three-phase rotor windings, which have a different number of turns from the stator windings, can also be connected in star or delta, and the ends of the windings are connected to slip rings (slip-ring induction machine). A typical connection is shown in Fig. 3.1.