bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Migration Channels Approach to the Study of Professionals Moving to and from Hong Kong
Authors: Findlay Allan M. , Li F. L. N.
Published: June 2018

This article evaluates the concept of migration channels, identifying the strengths and weaknesses that have emerged from use of a migration channels framework in international migration research. Using professional migration to and from Hong Kong in the 1990s as an empirical lens, it is argued that the meso-scale understanding offered by examining the effect of migration channels is valuable. This is illustrated in terms of the contrasting channels used by different professions, as well by migrants motivated to move by citizenship as opposed to career reasons. Survey research of migrant engineers and doctors, however, points to the need to recast the channels migration framework in at least three ways, giving stronger recognition to 1) the strategic behavior of migrants themselves, 2) the need for a theorization of the hierarchically ordered economic “space” within which migration channels operate and, 3) the sociocultural context within which constructions of the meaning of migration and place occur.
Triumphant Transitions: Socioeconomic Achievements of the Second Generation in Canada
Authors: Boyd Monica , Grieco Elizabeth M.
Published: June 2018

Articulated within the last decade, the revisionary perspective on second generation integration argues that the model of equal or above average success of the second generation in North America is historically specific, based on the postwar entry of a white second generation in boom economic times. One implication is that the past patterns of second generation success may not hold now and in the future for immigrant offspring. Using data from the 1994 Canadian General Social Survey for women and men, age 25–64, this article assesses the proposition of triumphant transitions in which the second generation experiences high levels of educational and labor market achievements. Multivariate analyses confirm second generation success with respect to educational levels and occupational status, thus contradicting verdicts of a new chapter to be written for the second generation in Canada. Although limited by the small number of cases in the General Social Survey, exploratory analysis finds variations in educational and occupational attainments exist within second generation groups distinguished by parental region of origin. These findings support the argument that degrees of success are not uniformly assured for all second generation groups.
Social Remittances: Migration Driven Local-Level Forms of Cultural Diffusion
Authors: Levitt Peggy
Published: June 2018

Many studies highlight the macro-level dissemination of global culture and institutions. This article focuses on social remittances – a local-level, migration-driven form of cultural diffusion. Social remittances are the ideas, behaviors, identities, and social capital that flow from receiving- to sending-country communities. The role that these resources play in promoting immigrant entrepreneurship, community and family formation, and political integration is widely acknowledged. This article specifies how these same ideas and practices are remolded in receiving countries, the mechanisms by which they are sent back to sending communities, and the role they play in transforming sending-country social and political life.
Immigrant “Quality” in Canada: More Direct Evidence of Human Capital Content, 1956–1994
Authors: Akbari Ather H.
Published: June 2018

This article provides direct evidence about educational attainments of new arrivals in Canada over the period 1956 to 1994. This evidence is based on immigrants’ educational attainment data obtained from two sources: different population censuses from 1961 to 1986, including those from 1961, 1971, 1981 and 1986; and landing documents of immigrants. Data from these two sources allow an analysis of educational attainment trends over a longer period than that conducted in some other studies and in more depth. Finally, immigrant data are also compared with the educational attainment of the Canadian-born population in corresponding periods. Individuals aged 25 years or older are considered.

Results show that, in the total immigrant inflows of any subperiod since 1956, the percentages of those with high school education or less have been declining and have been lower than those for the Canadian-born population, while the percentages of those with university degrees have been rising and have been higher than those for the Canadian-born population. These results contradict the generally held view in Canada that in the post-1967 period, the immigration policy's increased focus on family and refugee classes has resulted in the admission of immigrants who are less educated than those who arrived before 1967. This result indicates that other factors such as discrimination and general economic conditions in the country should be investigated in depth to explain the recently cited decline in the economic performance of Canadian immigrants.
Death at the Border
Authors: Eschbach Karl , Hagan Jacqueline , Rodriguez Nestor , Hernández-León Rubén , Bailey Stanley
Published: June 2018

Debates about United States border control policies have generally ignored the human costs of undocumented migration. We focus attention on these costs by estimating the number, causes and location of migrant deaths at the southwest border of the United States between 1993 and 1997. We document more than 1,600 possible migrant fatalities along the border in this period. More than 1,000 of these deaths were reported by United States data sources, and the remainder were Rio Grande drowning deaths reported by Mexican sources. Additional deaths may go unrecorded because the bodies of the decedents do not come to the attention of government officials. Deaths from hyperthermia, hypothermia and dehydration increased sharply from 1993 to 1997 as intensified border enforcement redirected undocumented migration flows from urban crossing points to more remote crossing areas where the migrants are exposed to a greater risk of death.
The Spatial Assimilation Model Reexamined: An Assessment by Canadian Data
Authors: Fong Eric , Wilkes Rima
Published: June 2018

Given the theoretical importance and policy implications of the spatial assimilation model, it is surprising that few studies have carefully and empirically examined the relationship of the three key variables in the model that has been used to explain the process of neighborhood attainment among immigrants, i.e., neighborhood environments, socioeconomic resources, and duration of residence in the host country. Few studies have delineated separate models to analyze the relationship between neighborhood environments and socioeconomic resources to the length of time spent in the host country. Using data from 1991 Canadian Census 2B profile and a special requested table from Statistics Canada, we evaluate how much the relationships of the three key variables mentioned in the spatial assimilation model apply to the spatial attainment of various racial/ethnic groups in Canada. The results reveal that the model explains the spatial attainment experiences of European groups. However, for Asians and blacks, the results suggest that their neighborhood attainments are not strongly related to their socioeconomic statuses. The study calls for a cautious approach in applying the spatial assimilation model.
Migrants, Unemployment and Earnings in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area
Authors: Sana Mariano
Published: June 2018

The unemployment rate climbed to 20 percent in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area in the mid-1990s. Some government officials blamed immigration from neighboring countries as one factor responsible for the increase. This paper fails to find evidence to support such a view. In addition, variation of earnings between the beginning and the peak of the unemployment crisis is considered. Although males of all national origin groups were worse off after the employment bubble burst, the earnings of immigrants from neighboring countries declined the most. The explanation for this finding may rest on the legal status of these immigrants, which could not be tested with the available data.
Social Networks and Migrations: Italy 1876–1913
Authors: Moretti Enrico
Published: June 2018

The standard neoclassical economic model of migration introduced by Todaro predicts 1) that migration occurs when the expected net present value of earnings from migrating, weighted by the probability of employment in the destination country, is positive; and 2) that migrants choose as their destination country the one with the largest wage premium net of transportation costs. The pattern of Italian migration to the Americas does not conform to the standard model. I propose an alternative model in which the probability of migrating to a country depends positively on the social networks that link the migrant to that country. Econometric evidence suggests that both the timing and the destination of Italian migration between 1876 and 1913 can be explained by the presence of social networks in the destination country.
Economic Support from and to Extended Kin: A Comparison of Mexican Americans and Mexican Immigrants
Authors: Glick Jennifer E.
Published: June 2018

This article explores the prevalence of economic exchanges with extended kin within the Mexican-origin population in the United States. Data from the 1990 U.S. Census and the 1990 Panel Study of Income Dynamics-Latino Sample are employed to compare the characteristics of those contributing income to and receiving income from coresident extended relatives and extended family members in other households. The results suggest that immigrants, particularly recent immigrants, are more likely to participate in exchanges with relatives both within and beyond their household. There is a life course dimension to these exchanges. Mexican Americans, who are more likely to live in extended family households consisting of multiple generations, engage in economic exchanges from older adults to younger adults. Mexican immigrants, who are more likely to live with relatives at similar stages of the life course, are more likely to exchange resources with these kin in other households as well.
Risk of High School Dropout among Immigrant and Native Hispanic Youth
Authors: Driscoll Anne K.
Published: June 2018

This article examines the relationship between immigrant generation and high school dropout among Hispanic students. Using the NELS:88 data set, Hispanic eighth grade students were followed for four years to determine if, and when, they dropped out of high school. The findings suggest that, while the odds of early high school dropout are uniformly high among all generations, net of individual and family resources second generation eighth graders are less likely to drop out at any time, and first and second generation sophomores are more likely to complete high school. High educational expectations, family income and past academic performance protect against high school dropout.
Intermarriage of Asian Americans in the New York City Region: Contemporary Patterns and Future Prospects
Authors: Liang Zai , Ito Naomi
Published: June 2018

Using data from the 1990 U.S. Census, as well as in-depth interviews, this article examines the intermarriage patterns of five Asian-American groups in the New York City region: Chinese, Koreans, Indians, Japanese and Filipinos. Intermarriage patterns for all five Asian groups are analyzed, according to gender, nativity and education. American-born Asians are much more likely to intermarry than foreign-born Asians. Asian women are much more likely to intermarry than Asian men. We also find little evidence for Robert Merton's hypothesis that minority men exchange their high socioeconomic status for a white woman's “high” social status. Evidence strongly indicates that intermarried individuals share educational homogeneity. This analysis is further substantiated by in-depth interviews with intermarried couples who live in the region. The consequences and future prospects of intermarriage for Asian Americans are also discussed.
Determinants of Recent Immigrants’ Locational Choices
Authors: Zavodny Madeline
Published: June 2018

High levels of immigration to the United States have caused the size of the foreign-born population to increase dramatically in recent years. Recent immigrants are concentrated in several states, particularly California. This article examines the determinants of the intended state of residence of new recipients of legal permanent resident status and new refugees from 1989 to 1994. The presence of other foreign-born people is the primary determinant of the locational choices of new legal permanent residents, but there are some differences among immigrant groups by admission category and by country of origin. Only refugees’ locations appear to be sensitive to welfare generosity.
Liberalism and Open Borders: The Argument of Joseph Carens
Authors: Meilaender Peter C.
Published: June 2018

Joseph Carens’ argument for open borders is evaluated in this article and concludes that it rests upon an unelaborated conception of liberalism that he does not himself defend. This raises the question of whether 1) it simply describes a position to which, in Carens's view, liberals are committed, or 2) it really is intended as an argument for open borders, addressed to all countries regardless of their philosophical commitments. Either way, the argument seems incomplete: if the former is true, then Carens should respond more fully to other liberals who disagree about liberalism's implications; and if the latter is true, then he must offer some further defense of liberalism itself before nonliberal countries can reasonably be expected to endorse his proposal.
A case of nickel allergy after endovascular aortic repair
Authors: Kawatani Yohei , Kurobe Hirotsugu , Nakamura Yoshitsugu , Hori Takaki
Published: June 2018

A 78-year-old man with no history of allergy, underwent endovascular aortic repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture. Postoperatively, he had low-grade fever and persistently raised white blood cell counts, but tests showed no infection. A skin rash appeared on the trunk and upper arms; we suspected a drug allergy. Despite withdrawal and/or change of medications, the symptoms remained. Finally, a patch test for nickel showed a strongly positive result. Oral prednisone 5 mg·day−1 was started, and the clinical findings resolved thereafter. No recurrence of allergy, infection, or exacerbation of the treated abdominal aortic aneurysm was noted at the 2-year follow-up.
Trans-mediastinal Kirschner wire migration treated by video-assisted thoracoscopy
Authors: Cabañero Alberto , Ovejero Patricia , Gorospe Luis , Serranol Percy , Muñoz Gemma , Moreno Nicolas
Published: June 2018

The use of osteosynthesis material in shoulder and clavicle surgery is common in orthopedic surgery. Although migration is rare, it is widely documented and can lead to serious complications and even death. We present a rare case of trans-mediastinal migration of a Kirschner needle used to fix a clavicle fracture, which fortunately did not injure the mediastinal structures and was resolved favorably by a video-assisted thoracic surgery approach.
What constitutes professional communication in aviation: Is language proficiency enough for testing purposes?
Authors: Kim Hyejeong
Published: June 2018

This paper aims to identify what aviation experts consider to be the key features of effective communication by examining in detail their commentary on a 17-minute segment of recorded radiotelephony discourse between a Russian pilot and a Korean air traffic controller. The segment was played to three practising pilots and three air traffic controllers. Their commentary on the qualities of communication displayed in the interaction was recorded and coded thematically, using a grounded ethnography approach. The analysis revealed that although the Russian pilot was viewed as having limited English proficiency, the strategies he used to make himself understood were evaluated positively as fulfilling the requirements of the professional role. By contrast, the Korean air traffic controller, although not evaluated as having limited proficiency, was criticized for his lack of professional knowledge. The discourse analysis and the feedback given by these expert informants highlight not only the nature of the miscommunication arising in unexpected situations, but also the multiple factors that may contribute to it. While language proficiency is clearly an issue, there are many other sources of miscommunication that emerge during the exchange. These findings are used to critique the narrow, language-focused oral proficiency construct as articulated in the holistic descriptors and the rating scale stipulated by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, 2010) as the basis for tests of aviation English worldwide. Instead the paper proposes an expanded construct of oral communication incorporating elements of professional knowledge and behaviour with a focus on interactional competence specific to this context.
Evaluating local workforce development programs in Upstate New York, USA
Authors: Balsas Carlos J. L. , Swingruber Anthony , Lin Yen-Fu
Published: June 2018

Workforce development programs in the United States have increasingly focused on two critical approaches: Learning at work and experience as education. Workforce development programs are increasingly aimed at making territories more competitive by strengthening labor markets and helping to meet the needs of employers in significant sectors of the economy. Workforce development in Upstate New York is an important step forward in preventing the region from lagging behind other regions in the country. In this paper, we examine the role of the Capital Region Workforce Investment Board, a local workforce improvement board under the supervision of the New York State Workforce Investment Board. Specifically, we evaluate the impacts of the new Capital Region Workforce Investment Board’s Program on the federally funded Workforce Investment Act of 1998 Adult Program priorities. Before-and-after analysis comparing the program outcomes in two four year periods, 2006–2009 and 2010–2013 are presented. The results of the new plan are mixed across several key performance indicators. Evidence shows that the new focuses increased the average earnings of program participants in a situation where employment rates decreased slightly. Significant industries for 2012–2022 are also reviewed.
Discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine-levamisole combinations in Sprague-Dawley rats
Authors: Zimmermann Zachary J , Gauvin David V , Poling Alan
Published: June 2018

Background:

Levamisole (LVM) is a common adulterant in clandestinely manufactured cocaine (COC), with a range of well-documented deleterious health effects. Although the prevalence of LVM in COC has been widely noted, the subjective effects related to concomitant COC-LVM administration are poorly understood.

Aims:

The present study sought to compare the subjective effects of LVM alone and in combination with COC in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate COC from vehicle injections.

Methods:

Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate COC from vehicle injections using a two-lever, food-reinforced drug discrimination procedure. Subsequent dose-effect curves were generated for COC, LVM, and a variety of COC-LVM combinations.

Results:

No significant difference in males and females was observed on any measure of responding. LVM alone dose-dependently decreased response rates and failed to produce substitution for COC. When LVM was administered with COC, previously ineffective doses of COC engendered COC-appropriate responding.

Conclusions:

LVM potentiates the subjective effects of COC when administered concomitantly. These findings are consistent with the popular notion that LVM is added as an adulterant to COC to amplify the subjective effects of COC administration.
Merchant Attitudes Toward a Healthy Food Retailer Incentive Program in a Low-Income San Francisco Neighborhood
Authors: McDaniel Patricia A. , Minkler Meredith , Juachon Lisa , Thayer Ryan , Estrada Jessica , Falbe Jennifer
Published: June 2018

In low-income urban communities across the United States and globally, small stores frequently offer processed foods, sodas, alcohol, and tobacco but little access to healthy products. To help address this problem, the city of San Francisco created a healthy food retailer incentive program. Its success depends, in part, on retailers’ willingness to participate. Through in-person interviews, we explored attitudes toward the program among store owners or managers of 17 nonparticipating stores. Eleven merchants were uninterested in the program due to negative past experiences trying to sell healthier products, perceived lack of customer demand, and fears that meeting program requirements could hurt profits. Six merchants expressed interest, seeing demand for or opportunity in healthy foods, foreseeing few difficulties in meeting program requirements, and regarding the assistance offered as appealing. Other municipalities considering such interventions should consider merchants’ perspectives, and how best to challenge or capitalize on retailers’ previous experiences with selling healthy foods.
“She Is NOT a Genuine Client”: Exploring Health Practitioner’s Mistrust of Rape Survivors in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Munala Leso , Welle Emily , Hohenshell Emily , Okunna Nene
Published: June 2018

Sexual violence is one of the most common forms of violence against women in Kenya. Recognizing this, the Kenyan government introduced health care sector guidelines for survivors of sexual violence. This study explores the care of rape survivors from the perspective of health-care practitioners and identifies a number of recommendations for improving the quality of care. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 health practitioners from eight post-rape care facilities located in Nairobi, Kenya. Data were analyzed using the Colaizzi’s 1978 analytical model. The study uncovered a troubling tendency of health practitioners questioning the authenticity of a woman’s claim, deeming some not to be genuine rape survivors. Doubts about the veracity of the client’s story led to additional emotional drain on health practitioners. This judgment negatively impacted the quality of care for rape survivors and in some cases, leading practitioners to deny services and exposing survivors to secondary victimization.
Knowledge of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Homeless People in a Municipal Shelter
Authors: Verulava Tengiz , Khuchua Lana , Kachkachishvili Iago , Jorbenadze Revaz
Published: June 2018

Health problems are substantially increased in homeless populations who have higher prevalence’s of infectious diseases than do general population. They have relatively earlier onset of sexual activity, and due to lack of information, many facilities for the practice of unprotected sex and low level of condom usage increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This study aims to identify the knowledge and prevention of STIs among homeless people. An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted in a Tbilisi municipal shelter. Within the framework of the quantitative research, the beneficiaries were interviewed with a self-administered questionnaire. Most of the respondents (98%) have heard about STIs, but their health literacy is low. Although respondents knew the risk factors for STIs, they had a high degree of risk-taking sexual behavior evidenced by the very low percentage using condoms (15.2%) and a large proportion having multiple partners (54.3%). It is necessary to raise awareness about STIs and promote sexual education of respondents at the municipal shelter.
Two-stage open reduction and internal fixation versus limited internal fixation combined with external fixation: a meta-analysis of postoperative complications in patients with severe Pilon fractures
Authors: Cui Xueliang , Chen Hui , Rui Yunfeng , Niu Yang , Li He
Published: June 2018

Objectives

Two-stage open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and limited internal fixation combined with external fixation (LIFEF) are two widely used methods to treat Pilon injury. However, which method is superior to the other remains controversial. This meta-analysis was performed to quantitatively compare two-stage ORIF and LIFEF and clarify which method is better with respect to postoperative complications in the treatment of tibial Pilon fractures.

Methods

We conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively compare the postoperative complications between two-stage ORIF and LIFEF. Eight studies involving 360 fractures in 359 patients were included in the meta-analysis.

Results

The two-stage ORIF group had a significantly lower risk of superficial infection, nonunion, and bone healing problems than the LIFEF group. However, no significant differences in deep infection, delayed union, malunion, arthritis symptoms, or chronic osteomyelitis were found between the two groups.

Conclusion

Two-stage ORIF was associated with a lower risk of postoperative complications with respect to superficial infection, nonunion, and bone healing problems than LIFEF for tibial Pilon fractures.

Level of evidence

2.
Characteristics of uterine rupture after laparoscopic surgery of the uterus: clinical analysis of 10 cases and literature review
Authors: Wu Xiaoyi , Jiang Wei , Xu Huan , Ye Xuping , Xu Congjian
Published: June 2018

Objective

An increasing trend of uterine rupture (UR) after laparoscopic surgery of the uterus (LSU) has been observed. Although the overall incidence is extremely low, UR may have catastrophic outcomes. Therefore, investigation of its potential risk factors is important.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical data of 10 women who developed UR after LSU performed at our hospital from October 2003 to October 2016 and conducted a literature review.

Results

All cases of UR occurred during the third trimester of pregnancy. The surgeries contributing to UR were laparoscopic myomectomy, adhesion decomposition, and salpingectomy, resulting in unfavorable outcomes especially for the fetus. Diathermy was routinely used for hemostasis, and multilayer suturing was not adequately performed in many cases. The posterior wall was the most common site of UR in most cases. Silent rupture with unremarkable symptoms was not rare. Similar risk factors were identified in the literature review.

Conclusions

Excessive use of energy equipment and the lack of multilayer suturing were the most common characteristics of UR after LSU. A history of LSU should always be considered a risk factor for UR.
Marginality as strategy: Leveraging peripherality for creativity
Authors: Grabher Gernot
Published: June 2018

This is an account on peripherality, dissociation, and outsiders. It is, however, not a story about a marginal backwater region whose fate is sealed by geography and history; and it does not resonate with the standard narrative of regional suffering imposed by a lack of centrality. In this account, peripherality does not feature as destiny, but as the result of a deliberate choice to shield creativity and dissenting ideas from the mimetic pressures of the mainstream. Moreover, rather than as a static dualism, periphery and center are regarded as relationally constituted and functionally interdependent both with regard to the generation of novelty as well as to the valuation of creativity. This account demonstrates how self-chosen peripherality was leveraged to instigate an architectural movement that elevated outsiders to world-fame as Baukünstler, and that transformed a provincial Austrian region into an international center of architectural creativity.
Provider-Related Linkages Between Primary Care Clinics and Community-Based Senior Centers Associated With Diabetes-Related Outcomes
Authors: Noël Polly Hitchcock , Wang Chen-Pin , Finley Erin P. , Espinoza Sara E. , Parchman Michael L. , Bollinger Mary J. , Hazuda Helen P.
Published: June 2018

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) suggests that linkages between primary care practices and community-based resources can improve health in lower income and minority patients, but examples of these are rare. We conducted a prospective, mixed-methods observational study to identify indicators of primary care–community linkage associated with the frequency of visits to community-based senior centers and improvements in diabetes-related outcomes among 149 new senior center members (72% Hispanic). We used semistructured interviews at baseline and 9-month follow-up, obtaining visit frequency from member software and clinical assessments including hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) from colocated primary care clinics. Members’ discussion of their activities with their primary care providers (PCPs) was associated with increased visits to the senior centers, as well as diabetes-related improvements. Direct feedback from the senior centers to their PCPs was desired by the majority of members and may help to reinforce use of community resources for self-management support.
Multi-criteria decision analysis of waste-to-energy technologies for municipal solid waste management in Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Qazi Wajeeha A , Abushammala Mohammed FM , Azam Mohammed-Hasham
Published: June 2018

The Sultanate of Oman faces challenges, like rapid growth of waste generation, which calls for an optimum waste management strategy. Oman has witnessed the production of 1.5m t of municipal solid waste in 2012, which is expected to elevate to 1.89m t in 2030. This rapid increase needs to be tackled to reduce the generation rates along with the environmental impacts. Currently, there are no treatment facilities in Oman other than limited recycling, and therefore dumping waste into the landfill is the only ultimate way to dispose solid waste. Hence, this study is an initiative to improve the waste managing system in Oman by proposing optimum waste-to-energy technology using an analytical hierarchy process, manually and through expect choice software as well. In the present study, the identified important parameters were considered in an analytical hierarchy process model to rank the waste-to-energy technology alternatives. Based on the survey conducted, the most important criteria were environmental and economic, with the local priority vector of 0.400 and 0.277, respectively. This research concludes that the most suitable waste-to-energy technology for Oman, on the basis of the identified criteria, is anaerobic digestion followed by fermentation and incineration, which will help to reduce the amount of waste, greenhouse gas emissions and developing and maintaining costs of landfills.
Understanding the Elevated Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence in Interracial Relationships
Authors: Brownridge Douglas A. , Taillieu Tamara , Chan Ko Ling , Piotrowski Caroline
Published: June 2018

Research from the United States and Canada suggest that interracial relationships tend to have an elevated prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV). Among seven extant studies, only one empirically examined speculations in the literature for this relationship. Based on analyses of data from Statistics Canada’s 2009 General Social Survey (GSS), Brownridge was not able to fully account for the elevated odds of IPV in interracial relationships. The current study used data on 16,706 Canadians (731 in interracial relationships and 15,975 in noninterracial relationships) from the 2014 iteration of Statistics Canada’s GSS to determine whether the risk of IPV in interracial relationships had changed since 2009 and to explore risk factors that may account for the elevated odds of IPV in interracial relationships. Results showed that individuals in interracial relationships faced elevated odds of IPV victimization relative to monoracial relationships in the 5-year reporting period prior to the study (odds ratio [OR] = 2.37; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.40, 4.02]; p < .001). This was similar to what Brownridge found in the 2009 GSS data, indicating that the elevated risk of IPV in interracial relationships had remained stable in Canada over a 10-year reporting period. Risk factors from three levels of an ecological model were explored, and logistic multiple regression analyses showed that characteristics of the partner (young age, drug use, and jealous behavior) fully accounted for the significantly elevated odds of IPV victimization in interracial unions. Although the leading speculation for this relationship implicates stressors that are unique to these relationships, the current study suggested that this phenomenon is mostly due to characteristics of individuals with whom those in interracial relationships are more likely to be coupled.
Living With Ambiguity: A Gift and a Challenge for Teaching-Learning
Authors: Yancey Nan Russell
Published: June 2018

In reflecting on the personal experience of moving beyond life as a nurse academician, the author explored the phenomenon of living with ambiguity in the teaching-learning endeavor. From the stories of new graduates of baccalaureate nursing programs, comfort-discomfort, sureness-unsureness, and confirming-not confirming arose as paradoxical rhythms of the experience of living with ambiguity. Acknowledging the challenge of creating sacred space in the contemporary nursing curriculum for living with ambiguity and not knowing, the author provided insights into the importance of creating a safe, sacred space with trusted faculty mentors to allow students to begin a journey where discovery and inquiry are valued in their process of becoming competent professional nurses on a never-ending journey of coming to know.
Homelessness: The Paradoxical Experience of Mattering-Not Mattering
Authors: Milton Constance L.
Published: June 2018

A paradox is an idea stated as an unexpected contradictory term, showing apparent opposing thoughts. Mattering-not mattering is a paradox that may surface as persons experience feeling that they are significant and feeling concern from others in light of not feeling significant or concern from others as they are living quality. A case study of homelessness will be used to illustrate the ethical paradox from the humanbecoming ethos of understanding with implications for nurse practice.
Towards a novel technology transfer office typology and recommendations for developing countries
Authors: Fai Felicia M. , de Beer Christle , Schutte Corne S. L.
Published: June 2018

Potentially, technology transfer offices (TTOs) can play a significant role in facilitating the successful transfer of technologies and knowledge between universities and industry. Many developing countries are currently developing technology transfer practices within their universities. However, many developing country TTOs operate inefficiently or are ineffective. The sharing of experiences can lead to improvements in this endeavour. Advanced nations can serve as a frame of reference and a basis of policy recommendations for developing countries due to the longevity of their technology transfer activities. The authors issued 234 questionnaires to European university TTOs, of which 54 usable questionnaires were returned. They combine the data from these questionnaires with 19 interviews conducted with university TTO staff from 9 countries in an attempt to create a typology of practices that developing nations could emulate to improve technology transfer in their own contexts. While ultimately a clear typology was not forthcoming, the authors found some relationship between the dominant focus in the mission statement of developed country TTOs, the activities they undertake, their position in the university governance structure and their level of maturity which may usefully inform the development of TTO practices in developing countries.
Theoretical, numerical and experimental investigation of hydro-mechanical deep drawing of steel/polymer/steel sandwich sheets
Authors: Fazlollahi Majid , Morovvati Mohammad Reza , Mollaei Dariani Bijan
Published: June 2018

Fabricating flat sandwich sheets into components with a required shape and dimensions is a challenging job in the metal forming field. In this article, hydro-mechanical deep drawing was used for sandwich sheet forming. The aim of the work is to achieve higher drawing ratio of these sheets. Theoretical, numerical and experimental analysis of the hydro-mechanical deep drawing of sandwich sheets was carried out. Separated layers theory method is used for theoretical analysis of the process. Then, the numerical simulation of the process was developed by finite element method. The effect of core layer thickness on the forming force of the sandwich sheet and effective parameters of the process such as strain and forming force was investigated. Experimental works were conducted on the steel/polymer/steel sandwich sheets by a hydro-mechanical deep drawing die. A good agreement was observed between theoretical, numerical and experimental results. The safe zone of fluid pressure for achieving a part without rupture was obtained. It was shown that the limit drawing ratio is increased by increasing the pressure but after a particular point, the limit drawing ratio is decreased by increasing the chamber pressure. It was also observed that maximum drawing ratio for achieving a part without rupture in the hydro-mechanical deep drawing process is higher than conventional deep drawing process.
Validation of vehicle-based tyre testing methods
Authors: Albinsson Anton , Bruzelius Fredrik , Jacobson Bengt , Ran Shenhai
Published: June 2018

The development process for passenger cars is both time- and resource-consuming. Full vehicle testing is an extensive part of the development process that consumes large amount of resources, especially within the field of vehicle dynamics and active safety. By replacing physical testing with complete vehicle simulations, both the development time and cost can potentially be reduced. This requires accurate simulation models that represent the real vehicle. One major challenge with full vehicle simulation models is the representation of tyres in terms of force and moment generation. The force and moment generation of the tyres is affected by both operating conditions and road surface. Vehicle-based tyre testing offers a fast and efficient way to rescale force and moment tyre models to different road surfaces, in this study the Pacejka 2002 model. The resulting tyre model is sensitive to both the operating conditions during testing and the road surface used. This study investigates the influence of the slip angle sweep rate and road surface on the lateral tyre force characteristics of the fitted tyre model. Tyre models fitted to different manoeuvres are compared and the influence on the full vehicle behaviour is investigated in IPG Carmaker. The results show that by using the wrong road surface, the resulting tyre model can end up outside the tolerances specified by the ISO standard for vehicle simulation model verification in steady-state cornering. The use of Pacejka 2002 models parameterized in a steady-state manoeuvre to simulate the vehicle behaviour in sine-with-dwell manoeuvres is also discussed.
Compound optimal control for shift processes of a two-speed automatic mechanical transmission in electric vehicles
Authors: Chai Benben , Zhang Jianwu , Wu Shaofang
Published: June 2018

Public interest in pure electric vehicles equipped with two-speed automatic mechanical transmission is increasing because of not only widened high-efficiency operation zone but also reduced speed range and cost of electric drive system. In this paper, transient dynamic behaviors of an e-drive passenger car including clutch-free two-speed automatic mechanical transmission are analyzed during up and down shifts. Bench tests for the proposed electric driveline are conducted, by which the dynamic model and the shift control strategy are validated. In experiments, severe jerking phenomena are observed when the drive motor torque sharply decreases before the separation with current gear meanwhile fast increases after the engagement with target one. For alleviation of the torsional shocks, feed-forward control in combination with optimal torque feedback control is developed for the drive motor according to torque estimation of the half shaft using extended Kalman filtering method. Meanwhile, a sliding mode control is employed for precise positioning of the shift fork for the transmission. By comparisons of the simulation and test results, it is demonstrated that the proposed control strategy reduces the jerking intensity of driveline as well as the shift period effectively in shift process.
Multi-physics simulation of in situ microwave casting of 7039 Al alloy inside different applicators and cast microstructure
Authors: Mishra Radha Raman , Sharma Apurbba Kumar
Published: June 2018

In the present study, finite element models of three different applicators (A1, A2, and A3) having different power densities were developed to study melting of the charge and solidification of the melt during in situ microwave casting. Multi-physics simulations were carried out to understand the effect of applicator specific processing conditions on the distribution of electric field inside the cavities at 2.45 GHz for Al 7039 alloy as charge. The alloy was cast inside the selected applicators and the mold temperature was monitored. The experimental results showed reasonable agreement with the simulation data. Simulation results revealed that the distribution of electromagnetic field inside A3 offers the lowest melting time of the charge (141% less than A1); however, it also caused the highest preheating of the graphite mold with respect to A1 (30% higher) and A2 (25% higher). It was found that the applicator-specific solidification conditions affect grain structure, intermetallic precipitation, and their distribution inside the casts. Coarser intermetallic phases (57 µm) and grains (97 ± 54 µm) were present in the Cast 3 developed using A3 due to higher preheating of the mold and slower cooling rate of the melt as compared to that in A1 and A2.
Do we need a transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion cage to increase the stability of functional spinal unit when comparing unilateral and bilateral fixation?
Authors: Ulutaş Murat , Özkaya Mustafa , Yaman Onur , Demir Teyfik
Published: June 2018

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion was an alternative to posterior lumbar interbody fusion for decompression surgeries. This study investigates the biomechanical responses of the unilateral and bilateral pedicle screw fixations with/without transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion cages under axial compression, flexion, and torsional loads. Ovine vertebrae were used in this study. Cadavers, randomly divided into five, were intact control group, bilateral pedicle screw fixation group, bilateral pedicle screw fixation group with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion cage, unilateral pedicle screw fixation group, and unilateral pedicle screw fixation group with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion cage. Axial compression, flexion, and torsion tests were performed on specimens. All study groups provided higher stiffness and yield load values than control group under axial compression. Addition of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion cage to bilateral fixation increased the stiffness under axial compression. Moreover, additional use of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in unilateral fixation increased the yield load values under axial compression. Control group was the stiffest in flexion test. Placing a transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion cage to both unilateral and bilateral fixations did not significantly change the stiffness values. Additional transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion cage increased the yield moment of the bilateral fixation. In torsion test, control group had the highest stiffness and yield torque. The facet joints are the most important parts of the vertebrae on the stability. When comparing the bilateral and unilateral fixations with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion addition, the more facet preserving approach has significantly higher stability under axial compression, flexion, and torsion. Unilateral fixation with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion cage can be said biomechanically stable and advantageous fixation system because of the advantage on the less facet and soft tissue resection compared to bilateral fixation with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.
HIV and the dual burden of malnutrition in Senegal, 1994–2012
Authors: Benzekri Noelle A , Seydi Moussa , NDoye Ibrahima , Toure Macoumba , Kiviat Nancy B , Sow Papa Salif , Hawes Stephen E , Gottlieb Geoffrey S
Published: June 2018

The aims of this study were to determine the nutritional status of HIV-positive versus HIV-negative adults in Senegal and to identify predictors of nutritional status among people living with HIV (PLHIV). We conducted a retrospective study using data from individuals enrolled in previous studies in Senegal. Undernutrition was defined as body mass index (BMI) <18.5 and overnutrition was defined as BMI ≥25.0. Subcategories of overnutrition were overweight (defined as BMI 25.0–29.9) and obesity (BMI ≥30.0). Predictors of nutritional status were identified using multinomial logistic regression. Data from 2448 adults were included; 1471 (60%) were HIV positive. Among HIV-negative individuals, the prevalence of undernutrition decreased from 23% in 1994–1999 to 5% in 2006–2012, while the prevalence of overnutrition increased from 19 to 55%. Among PLHIV, undernutrition decreased from 52 to 37% and overnutrition increased from 10 to 15%. Women had greater odds of obesity (odds ratio [OR] 11.4; p < 0.01). Among HIV-positive women, undernutrition was associated with WHO stage 3 or 4 and CD4 cell count <200; antiretroviral therapy (ART) and education were protective. Obesity was associated with age > 35 years, commercial sex work, and alcohol use. Among HIV-positive men, WHO stage 3 or 4 and CD4 cell count <200 were predictive of undernutrition; ART was protective. Our study highlights the need for the integration of nutrition interventions into HIV programs in Senegal and suggests that for nutrition programs to be most effective, strategies may need to differ when targeting men versus women. Furthermore, improving access to education and focusing on women for nutrition interventions could be of particularly high impact at the household level.
The Smile-Seeking Hypothesis: How Immediate Affective Reactions Motivate and Reward Gift Giving
Authors: Yang Adelle X. , Urminsky Oleg
Published: June 2018

People making decisions for others often do not choose what their recipients most want. Prior research has generally explained such preference mismatches as decision makers mispredicting recipients’ satisfaction. We proposed that a “smile-seeking” motive is a distinct cause for these mismatches in the context of gift giving. After examining common gift options for which gift givers expect a difference between the recipients’ affective reaction (e.g., a smile when receiving the gift) and overall satisfaction, we found that givers often chose to forgo satisfaction-maximizing gifts and instead favor reaction-maximizing gifts. This reaction-maximizing preference was mitigated when givers anticipated not giving the gift in person. Results from six studies suggest that anticipated affective reactions powerfully shape gift givers’ choices and giving experiences, independently of (and even in spite of) anticipated recipient satisfaction. These findings reveal a dominant yet overlooked role that the display of affective reactions plays in motivating and rewarding gift-giving behaviors and shed new light on interpersonal decision making.