bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Zooplankton Fauna in the Running Waters of Arsuz District of Hatay Province
Authors: CAN Figen , BOZKURT Ahmet
Published: December 2022

Some water quality parameters (salinity, water temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen) and zooplankton fauna were investigated in 4 rivers within the borders of Arsuz district of Hatay Province. Forty three (43) species of Rotifera (61.43%), 21 species of Copepoda (30%), and 6 species of Cladocera (8.57%) were recorded. In the study, 15 families from Rotifera were recorded, Lecanidae was the richest family with 12 species, Chydoridae from Cladocera represented by three families was the richest family with 4 species, and Cyclopoidae from Copepoda, represented by 10 families, was the richest family with 8 species. It was observed that Cephalodella gibba, Colurella adriatica, Eucyclops serrulatus and Paracyclops fimbriatus were the most common species recorded in all four running waters. Most species (51 species) were recorded in Arsuz Stream, followed by Gümüşkent stream with 32 species. In the study in which a total of 70 taxa were recorded, only 12 taxa were very abundant (+++) and abundant (++) levels in various seasons and rivers. Only 2 rotifer Brachionus quadridentatus and Lecane hamata were very abundant. There was a significant and positive relationship between zooplankton species diversity, abundance, and water quality parameters.
Ekofeministinen kohtuutalous ja ekososiaaliset kriisit
Authors: Houtbeckers Eeva
Published: December 2022

Ekososiaaliset yhteen kietoutuvat kriisit aiheuttavat lukuisia ongelmia ihmisyhteisöjen ja muunlajisten elämän jatkuvuudelle. Ekososiaalisten kriisien juurisyyt palautuvat poliittiseen talouteen. Kohtuusajattelijat ovat osoittaneet, miten kapitalistinen järjestys mahdollistaa jatkuvan talouskasvun, joka on johtanut ylituotantoon ja -kulutukseen, kun taas ekofeministit muistuttavat, että kaikki eivät ole vastuussa näistä kriiseistä. Lisäksi dualistiset ja hierarkkiset ajattelutavat ylläpitävät naisten, vähemmistöjen ja muunlajisten hyväksikäyttöä. Yhteyden luominen näiden keskusteluiden välille on tärkeää, mikäli halutaan yhtäältä purkaa sukupuolittunutta taloudellista hyväksikäyttöä ja toisaalta kapitalistista kasvutaloutta. Tämä katsaus esittelee lyhyesti ekofeminismin historiaa ja ekofeminististä poliittista taloutta. Lisäksi se erittelee ekofeministisen kohtuutalousajattelun teemoja Ariel Sallehin ja Stefania Barcan teoksissa. On tärkeää tuoda esille ekofeminististä kohtuusajattelua, jotta ajankohtaisissa keskusteluissa ei sivuutettaisi naisten, vähemmistöjen ja muunlajisten institutionalisoitunutta hyväksikäyttöä taloudellisessa toiminnassa.
ANALISIS ALIRAN UDARA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KENYAMANAN TERMAL PADA RUANG KELAS DI MAUMERE – NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR
Authors: Maria Carolin Tandafatu  , Noralita M. Soludal  , Febryanti Alwisye Wara
Published: December 2022

Desain bangunan yang berada di daerah beriklim tropis, perlu memperhatikan tingkat penghawaan dankenyamanan thermal di dalam suatu ruangan. Faktor desain bukaan, desain bangunan, faktor internal dan faktoreksternal mempengaruhi penghawaan alami dan kenyamanan thermal. Ruang kelas merupakan ruang dimanaterjadi aktifitas tatap muka dalam proses kegiatan belajar dan mengajar. Kegiatan yang terjadi di dalam ruangkelas dengan waktu penggunaan ruang dari pagi hingga malam, membutuhkan penghawaan dan kenyamananthermal yang baik. Agar kualitas belajar menjadi lebih optimal, perlu memperhatikan pengaliran udara yangbaik, sehingga mampu memberikan kenyamanan dalam ruang kelas. Analisis dan identifikasi dilakukanpengukuran langsung, dengan menyimpulkan pengaruh luas bukaan, posisi bukaan dan material bukaanterhadap kecepatan angin, sehingga mampu mengoptimalkan kenyamanan thermal dan penghawaan alami dalamruangan. Penelitian ini diharapkan akan menjadi rujukan dalam mendesain ruang kelas yang nyaman danmembantu meningkatkan kualitas belajar
WATERMARKING MEDICAL IMAGE MENGGUNAKAN DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM BERBASIS KOMPRESI RUN LENGTH ENCODE
Authors: Abdussalam  , Elkaf Rahmawan Pramudya
Published: December 2022

Teknologi internet yang terus berkembang menimbulkan banyak dampak terhadap media digital yang berupateks, citra, audio dan video. Salah satu dampaknya adalah kemudahan dalam pertukaran, pendistribusian danpenggandaan data digital, di sisi lain kemudahan ini juga menimbulkan permasalahan ketika data digital ituterlindungi oleh hak cipta atau data digital itu bersifat rahasia. Watermarking menjadi salah satu solusi untukmasalah perlindungan hak cipta data digital. Penelitian tentang watermarking telah banyak dilakukan sebelumnyasalah satunya adalah DWT. Dari beberapa Penelitian yang telah dilakukan ditemukan adanya kelemahan padaproses penyisipan pesan yaitu waktu untuk proses penyisipan citra watermark yang relative lama apalagi untukcitra dengan size yang besar.Adanya permasalahan mengenai waktu penyisipan pesan yang relatif lama maka perluuntuk melanjutkan penelitian mengenai watermarking untuk mencoba menerapkan proses kompresi pada citra aslisebelum dilakukan proses penyisipan citra watermark. Citra asli yang akan disisipi citra watermark akandikompres menggunakan algoritma Run Length Encoding. Hasil dari kompresi RLE menunjukkan size file imagemenjadi besar dikarenakan dataset citra yang digunakan memiliki nilai intensitas yang beragam. Hasil dariwatermarking y
Peran Target Costing dalam Meningkatkan Daya Saing UMKM di Kota Surabaya
Authors: Pramandyah Fitah Kusuma  , Dessy Ismah Anggraini
Published: December 2022

Target costing adalah merupakan metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menentukan target hargaserta biaya maksimal untuk suatu produk untuk dapat mencapai keuntungan yang sesuai denganyang diharapkan. Target costing merupakan metode yang tepat digunakan bagi usaha dalammenghadapi persaingan yang semakin kompetitif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahuiapakah target costing dapat diterapkan oleh UMKM di Surabaya terutama makanan dan dapatmeningkatkan daya saing. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beberapa UMKM makanan diSurabaya telah menerapkan target costing dan berdampak pada meningkatnya daya saing seiringdengan meningkatnya laba.
Seasonal significance of new particle formation impacts on cloud condensation nuclei at a mountaintop location
Authors: Hirshorn Noah S. , Zuromski Lauren M. , Rapp Christopher , McCubbin Ian , Carrillo-Cardenas Gerardo , Yu Fangqun , Hallar A. Gannet
Published: December 2022

Abstract. New particle formation (NPF) events are defined as a
sudden burst of aerosols followed by growth and can impact climate by
growing to larger sizes and under proper conditions, potentially forming
cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Field measurements relating NPF and CCN are
crucial in expanding regional understanding of how aerosols impact
climate. To quantify the possible impact of NPF on CCN formation, it is
important to not only maintain consistency when classifying NPF events but
also consider the proper timeframe for particle growth to CCN-relevant
sizes. Here, we analyze 15 years of direct measurements of both aerosol size
distributions and CCN concentrations and combine them with novel methods to
quantify the impact of NPF on CCN formation at Storm Peak Laboratory (SPL),
a remote, mountaintop observatory in Colorado. Using the new automatic
method to classify NPF, we find that NPF occurs on 50 % of all days
considered in the study from 2006 to 2021, demonstrating consistency with
previous work at SPL. NPF significantly enhances CCN during the winter by a
factor of 1.36 and during the spring by a factor of 1.54, which, when combined with
previous work at SPL, suggests the enhancement of CCN by NPF occurs on a
regional scale. We confirm that events with persistent growth are common in
the spring and winter, while burst events are more common in the summer and
fall. A visual validation of the automatic method was performed in the
study. For the first time, results clearly demonstrate the significant
impact of NPF on CCN in montane North American regions and the potential for
widespread impact of NPF on CCN.
Doppler spectra from DWD's operational C-band radar birdbath scan: sampling strategy, spectral postprocessing, and multimodal analysis for the retrieval of precipitation processes
Authors: Gergely Mathias , Schaper Maximilian , Toussaint Matthias , Frech Michael
Published: December 2022

Abstract. This study explores the potential of using Doppler (power) spectra from vertically pointing C-band radar birdbath scans to investigate precipitating clouds above the radar. First, the new birdbath scan strategy for the network of dual-polarization C-band radars operated by the German Meteorological Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD) is outlined, and a novel spectral postprocessing and analysis method is presented. The postprocessing algorithm isolates the weather signal from non-meteorological contributions in the radar output based on polarimetric attributes, identifies the statistically significant precipitation modes contained in each Doppler spectrum, and calculates characteristics of every precipitation mode as well as multimodal properties that describe the relation among different modes when more than a single mode is identified. To achieve a high degree of automation and flexibility, the postprocessing chain combines classical signal processing with clustering algorithms. Uncertainties in the calculated modal and multimodal properties are estimated from the small variations associated with smoothing the measured radar signal. The analysis of five birdbath scans recorded at different radar sites and for various precipitation conditions delivers reliable profiles of the derived modal and multimodal properties for two snowfall cases and for stratiform precipitation above and below the melting layer. To help identify the dominant precipitation growth mechanism, Doppler spectra from DWD's birdbath scans can be used to retrieve the typical degree of riming for individual snow modes. Here, the automatically identified snow modes span a wide range of riming conditions with estimated rime mass fractions (RMFs) of up to RMF>0.5. The evaluation of Doppler spectra inside the melting layer and for an intense frontal shower, with observed radar reflectivities of up to about 40 dBZ, occasionally shows erroneously identified precipitation modes and spurious results for the calculated higher-order Doppler moments of skewness and kurtosis. Nonetheless, the Doppler spectra from DWD's operational C-band radar birdbath scan provide a detailed view into the precipitating clouds and allow for calculating a high-resolution profile of radar reflectivity, mean Doppler velocity, and spectral width even in intense frontal precipitation.
The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report WGIII climate assessment of mitigation pathways: from emissions to global temperatures
Authors: Kikstra Jarmo S. , Nicholls Zebedee R. J. , Smith Christopher J. , Lewis Jared , Lamboll Robin D. , Byers Edward , Sandstad Marit , Meinshausen Malte , Gidden Matthew J. , Rogelj Joeri , Kriegler Elmar , Peters Glen P. , Fuglestvedt Jan S. , Skeie Ragnhild B. , Samset Bjørn H. , Wienpahl Laura , van Vuuren Detlef P. , van der Wijst Kaj-Ivar , Al Khourdajie Alaa , Forster Piers M. , Reisinger Andy , Schaeffer Roberto , Riahi Keywan
Published: December 2022

Abstract. While the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) physical science reports usually assess a handful of future scenarios, the Working Group III contribution on climate mitigation to the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report (AR6 WGIII) assesses hundreds to thousands of future emissions scenarios. A key task in WGIII is to assess the global mean temperature outcomes of these scenarios in a consistent manner, given the challenge that the emissions scenarios from different integrated assessment models (IAMs) come with different sectoral and gas-to-gas coverage and cannot all be assessed consistently by complex Earth system models. In this work, we describe the “climate-assessment” workflow and its methods, including infilling of missing emissions and emissions harmonisation as applied to 1202 mitigation scenarios in AR6 WGIII. We evaluate the global mean temperature projections and effective radiative forcing (ERF) characteristics of climate emulators FaIRv1.6.2 and MAGICCv7.5.3 and use the CICERO simple climate model (CICERO-SCM) for sensitivity analysis. We discuss the implied overshoot severity of the mitigation pathways using overshoot degree years and look at emissions and temperature characteristics of scenarios compatible with one possible interpretation of the Paris Agreement. We find that the lowest class of emissions scenarios that limit global warming to “1.5 ∘C (with a probability of greater than 50 %) with no or limited overshoot” includes 97 scenarios for MAGICCv7.5.3 and 203 for FaIRv1.6.2. For the MAGICCv7.5.3 results, “limited overshoot” typically implies exceedance of median temperature projections of up to about 0.1 ∘C for up to a few decades before returning to below 1.5 ∘C by or before the year 2100. For more than half of the scenarios in this category that comply with three criteria for being “Paris-compatible”, including net-zero or net-negative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, median temperatures decline by about 0.3–0.4 ∘C after peaking at 1.5–1.6 ∘C in 2035–2055. We compare the methods applied in AR6 with the methods used for SR1.5 and discuss their implications. This article also introduces a “climate-assessment” Python package which allows for fully reproducing the IPCC AR6 WGIII temperature assessment. This work provides a community tool for assessing the temperature outcomes of emissions pathways and provides a basis for further work such as extending the workflow to include downscaling of climate characteristics to a regional level and calculating impacts.
Poética insurrecta. Las múltiples imágenes de un emblema rebelde en La Bandera de Chile de Elvira Hernández
Authors: Pinto Carvacho Karem
Published: December 2022

The aim of the article is to analyze La Bandera de Chile by Elvira Hernández, in its formal and semantic dimension. The essay proposes that the montage of images, sustained in the tension and complement of its two basic figures, irony and sentence, compose a poetics that represents and encourages the process of social insurrection. The analysis reviews a selection of three representative images of that trajectory, exposed in terms of crisis, political consciousness and liberation.
Factores clínicos asociados a complicaciones pulmonares y extrapulmonares en pacientes con fibrosis quística
Authors: Almonte Mora Florisel , Cuevas Schacht Francisco Javier , Pérez González Oscar Alberto
Published: December 2022

Introducción: La fibrosis quística (FQ), afecta el epitelio exocrino, formando una mucosidad espesa que obstruye los conductos de los diferentes órganos, siendo el pulmón y páncreas los más afectados. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la asociación entre los factores clínicos y las complicaciones, así como la supervivencia de pacientes con FQ atendidos en un centro de referencia pediátrica en México.

Métodos: El presente estudio observacional, longitudinal, fue realizado en el Instituto Nacional de Pediatría en México, de abril del 2012, a abril del 2022. Con una muestra no probabilística ingresaron al estudio niños con fibrosis quística. Las variables fueron: demográficas, complicaciones pulmonares, extrapulmonares y mortalidad. Se realiza la asociación con chi-cuadrado y la supervivencia con Kaplan-Meir.

Resultados: Se analizan 71 pacientes, lactantes menores 41 casos (62%), pre-escolares 12 casos (16.9%). Fueron 40 hombres (56.3%). 57 casos (80.3%) tuvieron exacerbación infecciosa, 11 casos (15.5%) aspergilosis broncopulmonar, 9 casos (12.7%) con hipertensión pulmonar, 5 casos (7%) con neumotórax, 12 casos (16.9%) con ventilación mecánica, 70 casos (98.5) con insuficiencia pancreática, 10 casos (14%) con enfermedad hepatobiliar. Hubo asociación de complicaciones extrapulmonares con el fenotipo F508. La supervivencia global fue de 150 meses. En pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva la supervivencia fue de 55 meses (P<0.001), en pacientes con ventilación mecánica no invasiva fue de 106 meses (P<0.001), en pacientes con neumotórax fue de 25 meses P<0.001, en pacientes con aspergilosis broncopulmonar alérgica fue de 125 meses P<0.01.

Conclusión: la mayor complicación extrapulmonar de pacientes con FQ es la insuficiencia pancreática. La presencia de neumotórax disminuye la supervivencia.
Supporting affective connections between older adults through socially interactive robots: A design framework
Authors:   , Macalupu Chira Valeria Alessandra
Published: December 2022

Using a designerly approach that involved and empowered Australian older adults in technology design, this research provided theoretical and methodological contributions on how to design socially interactive robots for older adults and how to engage them in the design of habituated imaginaries of future technologies. In doing so, this research addressed how future socially interactive robots can support critical issues of ageing that are detrimental to wellbeing, like mental health and social isolation.
To engage students with the World, in the field of the Environment
Authors: Galvani Adriana , Sotelo Pérez María
Published: December 2022

Globalization is shaping new societies, new kinds of communication, intensification of travels, pervasion of media, acceleration of information, at the same time as the news become outdated in few seconds. The rapidity of media exchanges is relentlessly dragging technology, like technology circularly increases the frequency and speed of news. The waves of information will change our attitude of thinking, even the brain mechanisms, forging a new social order. All this imposes new practices of teaching, in general, and in environmental, in particular, correlated to new procedures of teachers’ training. The new teachers should be instructed in technology, like they must instruct apprentices, to know the influence of the Web on identifying different appearances of society. There is a need of specialists, suitable for organizing the students, navigation into the ocean of information, at the same time, instructors must protect the youngest from the ultra-infiltration and dominance or pervasion of the Web. The educators’ job is progressively complicated, since education occurs yet more outside the school’s room in an amazing number of ways. The global world has open windows and open doors: everything (or almost) enters and everything goes out, creating opportunities, but also risks.
مقاصد الشريعة وعلاقتها بالسياسة الشرعية (دراسة تحليلية)
Authors:   دكتوراه في مقارنة الأديان، مؤسسة التعليم الدولية دبي، الإمارات العربية المتحدة, البنا إبراهيم
Published: December 2022

تناول هذا البحث: "مقاصد الشريعة وعلاقتها بالسياسة الشرعية"، مستخدمًا المنهج التحليلي الذي تم من خلاله مناقشة مفهوم مقاصد الشريعة، والسياسة الشرعية في اللغة، والاصطلاح، بعد ذلك تم تسليط الضوء على علاقة مقاصد الشريعة، بالسياسة الشرعية مع محاولة الربط بينهما، وتم ذلك عن طريق وضع الباحث قاعدتين لكلٍ منها، فالسياسة الشرعية تقوم على حفظ الدين، وقيادة الدين للسياسة، أما المقاصد فتقوم على جلب المصالح، ودرء المفاسد، ثم انتقل الباحث إلى القواعد والضوابط الفقهية، وتطبيقاتها في السياسة الشرعية، وتم إلقاء الضوء على عدة قواعد منها: قاعدة الأمور بمقاصدها، والضرر يزال شرعًا، والضرورات تبيح المحذورات، والضرر الأشد يزال بالضرر الأخف، ودر المفاسد، والتصرف في أمور الرعية مع وضع مثال لكل قاعدة من الفقه، والسياسة الشرعية، بعد ذلك تم الانتقال إلى إبراز بعض مواقف النبي ﷺ ومراعاته لمقاصد الشريعة وتم طرح موقفين للنبي ﷺ وهما، صلح الحديبية، وعدم هدم الكعبة وبنائه على قواعد إبراهيم عليه السلام، وتكمن أهمية البحث في أن كثيراً من المستجدات يحتاج الناس إلى بيان حكم الله تعالى فيها، ومن أهم هذه المستجدات باب السياسة الشرعية التي ندرت الدراسات التي تربط السياسة الشرعية بمقاصد الشريعة وبهدي النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم في سياسته الشرعية، وكيفية التطبيق على قضايا الواقع، وخلصت الدراسة لِعدة نتائج منها أهمية علم المقاصد وخاصة في مجال السياسة الشرعية بسبب كثرة النوازل، ومستحدثات العصر، كما أن القواعد الفقهية التي تعتمد عليها مقاصد الشريعة الإسلامية هي عينها القواعد التي تعتمد عليها السياسة الشرعية، وأوصى الباحث بضرورة تدريس فقه السياسة الشرعية بفرعيها مع مقارنتها بالقوانين الدستورية والدولية التي تحكم العالم في هذا العصر، وبيان موافقتها أو مخالفتها له.
العوامل المؤثرة على تفضيل المرضى للقطاع الصحي الخاص (دراسة تطبيقية في محافظة حفر الباطن)
Authors:   أخصائي أول إدارة صحية، مديرية الشؤون الصحية بحفر الباطن، وزارة الصحة، المملكة العربية السعودية, العنزي سعد , العنزي محمد ,   أخصائي، مديرية الشؤون الصحية بحفر الباطن، وزارة الصحة، المملكة العربية السعودية, العنزي سعود ,   أخصائي، مديرية الشؤون الصحية بحفر الباطن، وزارة الصحة، المملكة العربية السعودية, العنزي عبد الله ,   أخصائي أول تمريض، مديرية الشؤون الصحية بحفر الباطن، وزارة الصحة، المملكة العربية السعودية
Published: December 2022

هدفت الدراسة الى التعرف على مستوى كفاءة الخدمات الصحية المقدمة في المستشفيات الحكومية والخاصة من خلال آراء المرضى في كل من القطاعين، وبيان اثر العوامل المادية (الأجهزة الطبية الحديثة، وسائل الراحة والرفاهية)، وكفاءة الخدمات (فترة الانتظار، خبرة الاطباء) على اختيار المرضى للمستشفيات الخاصة، اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التحليلي من خلال استبانة تم توزيعها على مستشفيين من القطاع الخاص وتم أخذ عينة عشوائية تبلغ 190 شخص من المرضى في كل مستشفى المرضى، وتوصلت الدراسة الى أن كافة المتغيرات هي من العوامل تؤثر على تفضيل المرضى للمستشفيات الخاصة، أما أهم عامل فهو فترة الانتظار تلاه خبرة الأطباء ومقدمي الخدمة ثم توفر وسائل الراحة وأخيرا توفر الأجهزة الطبية، وعلى ضوء النتائج أوصت الدراسة بأنه على المستشفيات الحكومية أن تعمل على تحسين طرق أداءها وتحسين كفاءة خدماتها وجودتها وتحسين نظام فترات الانتظار والعمل على تقليل الوقت اللازم للحصول على الرعاية الصحية للمرضى والعمل على تعيين الأطباء والكادر الصحي من ذوي الخبرة العالية وتأهيل الموظفين الجدد وتدريبهم، وتوفر وسائل الراحة بما يتلاءم مع متطلبات المرضى.
التسامح الفكري في الإسلام
Authors:   أستاذ التربية الإسلامية للناطقين بالإنجليزية والعربية، مؤسسة الإمارات الدولية للتعليم، دبي، الإمارات العربية المتحدة, راشد محمد
Published: December 2022

تهدف هذه الدراسة الى اكتشاف طبيعة التسامح كما قدمها الإسلام فقد دعا الإسلام إلى العفو والتسامح، وهو فضيلة أخلاقية مهمة في الحياة؛ إذ إن التسامح يؤدي إلى إزالة الأضغان والأحقاد وينقذ حياة الناس؛ ولهذا حبب الإسلام الناس إلى التسامح والصفح؛ وفي التسامح توثيق للروابط الاجتماعية التي تتعرض إلى الوهن والانفصام بسبب إساءة بعض الناس إلى بعضهم الآخر، وجناية بعضهم على بعض، وهذا عكس التسامح الفكري الذي يقوم على نيل مرضات الله سبحانه وتعالى، وهو سبب للتقوى، قال تعالى: (وَأَنْ تَعْفُوا أَقْرَبُ لِلتَّقْوَى وَلاَ تَنْسَوُا الْفَضْلَ بَيْنَكُمْ). ولم يدع الإسلام إلى التسامح فحسب بل دعا أيضًا إلى مقابلة السيئة بالحسنة؛ لأنها أكبر عامل لزيادة المودة بين الناس؛ ذلك أن الإنسان المسيء عندما يرى الإحسان ممن أساء إليه يقدره. آثار التسامح على الفرد. آثار التسامح الدنيوية، إنّ للتسامح آثاراً تعود على الشخص المتسامح، ومن هذه الآثار ما يلمسه في الدنيا، ومنها: شعور المتسامح بالسعادة، حيث يجد في نفسه هناء وطيب عيش لأنه لا يقلق من تبدل الأحوال والأوضاع، فهو يشعر دائما بالرضا. وكسب محبة الناس وثقتهم، حيث إن المتسامح يحبه الناس ويجدون فيه الشخص اللّين، فهو يعامل الناس بلطف وإحسان. آثار التسامح الآخرويه للتسامح أيضاً آثار في الآخرة تعود على المتسامح، ومنها: اكتساب رضا الله تعالى عن الشخص المتسامح ومحبته، فمن أحب الناس ورضي لهم الخير أحبه الله. دخول الجنة، فالشخص المتسامح لا يعتدي على الآخرين ولا يقوم بأذية الغير، بل هو دائم الإحسان إلى الآخرين. هناك 5 طرق لتعزيز التسامح، كن مثقفا، قدر قيمة التنوع، اختلط بالأخر، انظر بعيون الاخرين، رأيك ثواب يحتمل الخطأ. ل هذا يقودنا للتسامح مع الاختلاف الفكري.. وكما قال الإمام الشافعي: رأيي صواب يحتمل الخطأ ورأي غيري خطأ يحتمل الصواب.
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN GURU DALAM MENERAPKAN MODEL-MODEL PEMBELAJARAN MELALUI KEGIATAN SUPERVISI
Authors: Mahin Mahin
Published: December 2022

The main problem in this research is "Is the application of learning models through classroom supervision activities able to improve the quality of learning for students at SD Negeri 2 Tlanak, Kedungpring District, Lamongan Regency?". Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that the application of learning models through classroom supervision by the school principal proved successful in increasing the ability of SD Negeri 2 Tlanak teachers, Kedungpring District, Lamongan Regency in managing the learning process. In addition, with the increasing ability of SD Negeri 2 Tlanak teachers in Kedungpring District, Lamongan Regency in managing the learning process, not only does the student learning process become more meaningful but also their learning outcomes increase.
GÜNCEL İÇTİHATLAR IŞIĞINDA MUNZAM ZARAR
Authors: AKÇAAL Mehmet
Published: December 2022

Munzam zarar para borcuna ilişkin temerrüdün özel sonuçlarından biridir. Temerrüt faizinden farklı olarak, munzam zararın tazmini için zarar ve kusur şarttır. Kusurun ispatı konusunda kusur karinesi geçerlidir. Özellikle yüksek enflasyon sebebiyle munzam zararın tazmininde zararın ispatı konusunda soyut ispatın mı yeterli olduğu, yoksa somut ispatın mı aranacağı hususu ise tartışmalıdır. Meseleyi daha da güncel hale getiren husus Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin bireysel başvuru üzerine verdiği bir karar olmuştur. Söz konusu karar Yargıtay’ın içtihatlarını da şekillendirmeye başlamıştır. Başka bir deyişle, munzam zararın tazmini konusunda salt yüksek enflasyonun zararın ispatı için yeterli olduğuna yönelik içtihatlar giderek artmaktadır. Bireysel başvuru suretiyle hak aramanın dolaylı şekilde sağlanması gibi soyut ispatı yeterli sayan bu yaklaşım da eleştiriye açıktır.
Pengaruh Edukasi Kesehatan Terhadap Peningkatan Pengetahuan Ibu Tentang Pemberian MP-ASI Pada Balita Usia 6-24 Bulan
Authors: Yuliani Eva , Sastriani Sastriani , Irfan Irfan , Evawaty Evawaty , Herlis Herlis
Published: December 2022

Perkembangan dan pertumbuhan bayi erat kaitannya dengan pemberian nutrisi pada bayi melalui makanan pendamping ASI (MP-ASI). Pemberian makanan pendamping ASI dipengaruhi oleh kurangnya pengetahuan ibu. Edukasi merupakan salah satu intervensi keperawatan dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan yang lebih baik terhadap pemberian makanan pendamping ASI pada anak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh edukasi terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan ibu tentang pemberian MP-ASI pada balita usia 6-24 bulan di Desa Bonde Utara Kecamatan Pamboang Kabupaten Majene. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu Quasi Eksperimen dengan desain penelitian One Group Pre Test dan Post Test Design. Dengan jumlah sampel 30 orang diambil menggunakan Purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian rata-rata pengetahuan responden sebelum diberikan edukasi yaitu 84,27 dan sesudah diberikan edukasi pengetahuan responden meningkat menjadi 91,73 dengan p = 0,000 < α = 0,05. Kesimpulan ada pengaruh edukasi terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan ibu tentang pemberian MP-ASI pada balita usia 6-24 bulan di Desa Bonde Utara Kecamatan Pamboang Kabupaten Majene.Infant development and growth is closely related to providing nutrition to infants through complementary feeding (MPASI). The provision of complementary feeding is influenced by the mother's lack of knowledge. Education is one of the nursing interventions in increasing better knowledge of the provision of complementary foods to breast milk in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of education on increasing mother's knowledge about giving complementary feeding to toddlers aged 6-24 months in North Bonde Village, Pamboang District, Majene Regency. The research method used is Quasi Experiment with One Group Pre Test and Post Test Design research designs. With a sample of 30 people taken using purposive sampling. The results of the study the average knowledge of respondents before being given education was 84.27 and after being given education the knowledge of respondents increased to 91.73 with p = 0.000 < = 0.05. The conclusion is that there is an effect of education on increasing mother's knowledge about giving complementary feeding to toddlers aged 6-24 months in North Bonde Village, Pamboang District, Majene Regency.
Surrogate Skin-Gelatin-Protein Complex based evaluation of Psorolin B and Psoriasis management
Authors: V Aruna , GV Amruthavalli , R Gayathri
Published: December 2022

For the rapid evaluation of any anti-psoriatic preparations require a credible and scientifically acceptable model that should at least partially resemble the skin. The skin is composed by cholesterol, proteins like elastin, keratin etc. Therefore a semi-permeable membrane composed on most of such agents may help us to evaluate how the absorption and associated permeation of the drug happens through such membrane. We have developed a surrogate skin model using the essential chemical composition of the skin and have evaluated the absorption kinetics of Psorolin B and details are presented in the article.

Keywords: Psorolin B, lipo-hydro balance, xerotic skin, psoriasis
WANPRESTASI DALAM PELAKSANAAN PEMBAYARAN HARGA EKSPOR IKAN TUNA DI BANDA ACEH
Authors: Kurniasari Eka , Nia Nia
Published: December 2022

Riset ini untuk mengetahui dan menjelaskan metode pelaksanaan dan bentuk pembayaran harga yang digunakan dalam perjanjian ekspor impor ikan tuna dan resikonya bagi pengekspor, bentuk-bentuk wanprestasi yang terjadi dalam pelaksanaan pembayaran harga ekspor ikan tuna, serta upaya yang dilakukan dalam penyelesaian wanprestasi yang terjadi dalam pelaksanaan pembayaran harga ekspor ikan tuna di Banda Aceh. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan  jenis penelitian yuridis empiris. Pengumpulan data diperoleh dari penelitian lapangan dengan melakukan observasi dan wawancara terhadap Pengusaha ekspor ikan tuna diwilayah kota Banda Aceh, Staff Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan serta Staff Dinas Perindustrian dan Perdagangan Kota Banda Aceh dan. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh Metode pelaksanaan Ekspor yang dilakukan Eksportir Ikan Di Banda Aceh pada dasarnya dibagi menjadi 3 bagian Sale’s Contract Process, Cargo Shipment Process, Shipping Documents Negotiation Process.
Antonis Samarakis’in “Nehir” Öyküsünde Su İmgesi
Authors: ATAY Özlem
Published: December 2022

Çağdaş Yunan Edebiyat Tarihinde Savaş Sonrası Kuşak (1945- 1967) olarak adlandırılan kuşakta edebi eserler veren Atina doğumlu Antonis Samarakis bu kuşakta yazan pek çok edebiyatçı gibi 2. Dünya Savaşı, Alman İşgali, Direniş, Yunan İç savaşı gibi Yunanistan tarihinin dönüm noktalarına şahit olmuştur. Yazar, bahsi geçen tarihi ve toplumsal olayları kurgu dünyada yeniden yaratır ve okura sunar. Öykü alanında yalın, abartıdan uzak yer yer okurun kalbini sıkıştıran, onu rahatsız eden fakat mutlak suretle düşünmeye teşvik eden bir anlatı benimser. Öykülerinde modern dünyanın birey üzerinde yarattığı baskı ve endişeye, günümüz bireyinin etik olarak duyarsızlaşmasına yer verir. Umut arayıcısı olan Antonis Samarakis, insana olan inancını her daim korumaya çalışır.Çalışmada ilk baskısı 1954 senesinde gerçekleşen Umut Aranıyor (Zitite Elpis) adlı öykü derlemesinde yer alan “Nehir” adlı öykü incelenecektir. Öykü yer, mekân, zaman, kimlik tanımlaması yapılmadan bir nehrin iki kıyısında yer alan iki farklı millete ait askerler ve onlardan bir tanesi olan henüz yirmi üç yaşını doldurmamış isimsiz askerin trajik hikayesini anlatır. Eser Çağdaş Yunan Edebiyatı’nın savaş karşıtı eserleri arasında kabul edilir.Nehir (Potami) adlı öykü su imgesi çerçevesinde incelenecektir. Kavram ve varlıkların yeniden anlamlandırması olan imge, anlatıda su üzerinde şekil bulacak, değişecek, dönüşecek ve pek çok farklı anlamla yeniden şekillenecektir.
Maslow 2.0 Dijital İhtiyaçlar Hiyerarşisi Bağlamında Dijital Okuryazarlık ve Pozitif Psikolojik Sermaye İlişkisi: İmalat Sektöründe Bir Araştırma
Authors: AKYAZI Turgut Emre
Published: December 2022

Dijitalleşme olgusu ülke ekonomilerini bir bütün olarak önemli ölçüde etkilemekte, buna bağlı olarak örgütlerdeki iş yapma biçimlerinin, ürün ve hizmetlerin ve iş modellerinin dönüştürülmesini ve güncellenmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır (Schrekling & Steiger, 2017, s. 3). Bu bağlamda, 21. yüzyıl becerileri arasında kabul edilen dijital okuryazarlık kavramının örgütler açısından önemi açıktır. Bu çalışma, çağımızda hayatta kalma becerilerinden biri olan dijital okuryazarlığın pozitif örgütsel davranışın en önemli bileşeni olan psikolojik sermaye üzerinde herhangi bir etkisi olup olmadığını belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın evrenini Aksaray ilinde faaliyet göstermekte olan imalat işletmeleri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma örneklemi ise Aksaray Organize Sanayi Bölgesi’nde makine ve ekipman ve otomotiv sektörlerinde faaliyet gösteren 6 adet işletmenin çalışanlarından oluşmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında 443 adet katılımcıdan veri toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizi sonrasında dijital okuryazarlığın psikolojik sermayeyi pozitif yönlü ve anlamlı biçimde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Dijital okuryazarlığın alt boyutları ile psikolojik sermaye ilişkisi incelendiğinde ise etik ve sorumluluk, profesyonel üretim ve gizlilik ve güvenlik alt boyutlarının psikolojik sermayeyi pozitif yönde etkilediği gözlenmiştir. Diğer yandan, dijital okuryazarlığın genel bilgi ve işlevsel beceriler, günlük kullanım ve sosyal boyut alt boyutlarının psijolojik sermaye üzerinde herhangi bir etkiye sahip olmadığı görülmüştür. Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda, sahada işletmeler bünyesinde görev yapan uygulamacılara ve akademik çevrelere konuyla ilgili çeşitli öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
The Basic Features of the Patriotism and his Place in the Social Life
Authors:   Armed Forces Academy of general Milan Rastislav Stefanik, Brezina Daniel , Šimko Juraj ,   Armed Forces Academy of general Milan Rastislav Stefanik
Published: December 2022

The authors in this article are discussing about different problematic areasin terms of patriotism, including legal environment, forms and ways ofeducation, as well as about the negative manifestations and consequencesof misunderstanding principles in patriotism from the individuals point ofview. The main aim of the article is the assessment of the basic features ofpatriotism via analyses the mentioned areas and spheres of patriotismmainly in the conditions of Slovak Republic. In the publication process theauthors consulted the given facts with a lot of experts, not only fromacademic environment but as well as from the environment of publicauthorities and institutions, for example Matica Slovenská and SlovakUnion of Anti-Fascist Fighters.
The development of BPR models in smart cities using loop detectors and license plate recognition technologies: A case study
Authors: Rajabi Mohammad Sadra , Habibpour Mahdi , Bakhtiari Sarah , Rad Faeze Momeni , Aghakhani Sina
Published: December 2022

The trend toward sustainable city development is associated with intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Automation, efficiency, safety, security, and cost-effectiveness are critical factors in establishing each aspect of a smart city. Real-time data obtained from ITS play an essential role in improving the level of service of road segments, enhancing road safety, and supporting road users with road circumstances information. Travel time information is applicable in travel time maps, decision makings for traffic congestion, dynamic pricing of the network, emergency relief services, traffic flow monitoring, traffic jams management, and air quality analysis. Travel time on a road segment highly depends on geometrical specifications, environmental and weather conditions, traffic flow, and driving behavior. Due to specific driving behavior and road conditions, the above parameters are not essentially applicable in another region. The present research uses the data collected from loop detectors and License Plate Recognition (LPR) systems to develop a Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) model for Iran’s freeway network (Tehran-Qom Freeway). Because of the large amount of data, the SQL server program was used for creating and organizing the database and the BPR model was calibrated using SPSS statistical software. The results of the BPR model were evaluated with an ANOVA test, indicating that the derived model can estimate the travel time at freeway sections with a %5.2 error for the volume-to-capacity ratio (V/C) of less than 0.8.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND MEAT CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HEALTHY AND INFECTED CIRRHINUS MRIGALA, AND (LABEO ROHITA X CIRRHINUS MRIGALA) HYBRID WITH ABDOMINAL DROPSY DISEASE
Authors: Nazir Sadia , Bano Sheeza , Asghar Muhammad , Batool Aamna , Hameed Sadaf
Published: December 2022

The current study has been conducted for investigating effects of Aeromonas hydrophila infection on haematological indices of Cirrhinus mrigala, and Labeo rohita×Cirrhinus mrigala (hybrid). However, some haematological indices, including those for healthy and infected fish, were measured in two adult groups of Indian major carps. Our findings showed that infected fish had significantly lower values for red blood cells, white blood cells, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophils, basophils, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and platelet count (p<0.05) as compared to healthy fish. Meat chemical analysis values were also shown significant (p<0.05) both in infected and healthy fish. In conclusion, our findings concluded that Aeromonas hydrophila can alter the haematology of Indian major carps to affect their health.
Method Development using a UV Visible Spectrophotometer for the Simultaneous Estimation of Metformin (MET), Saxagliptin (SXG), and Dapagliflozin (DGF) in Marketed Formulation
Authors: Barbude Priya , Tawar Mukund , Burange Prashant
Published: December 2022

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disorder distinguished by resisting insulin effects and/or its reduced secretion leading to high blood sugar levels. It is fast becoming epidemic worldwide and is a major cause of death in the past years. Maintaining a correct blood sugar level is the primary target in the management of T2DM. Developing a single analytical method for estimation of individual drug from a multidrug composition is a very challenging task. A complexation, derivatization, extraction, evaporation and sensitive-free direct a new, simple, precise, accurate, reproducible, and efficient UV spectrophotometric method is developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of ternary mixture of metformin (MET), saxagliptin (SXG) and dapagliflozin (DGF) in both their bulk form and combined in tablet dosage form recently approved by FDA in 2019 to be used for treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus by simultaneous equation method. The solutions of standard and sample were prepared in methanol: water (80:20 v/v). The 𝜆max for MET, SXG, and DGF were 232.0, 212.0 and 272.0nm, respectively. Calibration curves are linear in the concentration ranges 10-50𝜇g/ml for MET, 1-5𝜇g/ml for SXG and 5-25𝜇g/ml for DGF, respectively. Results of analysis of simultaneous equation method were analyzed and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines.
A brief Review on Q-absorption Ratio Method in UV-Spectrophotometry
Authors: J. Vyas Amitkumar , H. Patel Brijesh , B. Patel Ashok , I. Patel Ajay , K. Patel Nilesh.
Published: December 2022

This present work carries a brief review on Q-Absorption ratio method in UV-spectrophotometry. Absorption ratio method is used for the ratio of the absorption at two selected wavelengths one of which is iso-absorptive point and other being the λmax of one of the two components. The aim of this article is to give brief idea about various method developed using Q-Absorption ratio methodon combined dosage forms. It shows selection of wavelength, linearity study and choosing solvent for give combine dosage form. This study also gives brief idea about practical and industrial application of Q-Absorption ratio method.
Monoclonal Antibodies as a Site Specific Particulate Drug Delivery System: A Review
Authors: Shinde. G.S. , Prasad Kumbhar , Jadhav. R.S. , Vikhe. D. N
Published: December 2022

Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are identical because they were produced by one type of immune cell, all Human monoclonal antibody immunotherapy in clinical medicine has been an exciting prospect for some time, and increasing numbers of such antibodies have gradually become available. Targets and basic characterization of novel classes of bioactive agents, to the development of ‘designer’ or ‘smart’ materials which provide required excipient or carrier properties to achieve modulated and targeted drug delivery. Drug particle engineering, or crystal engineering, provides an additional dimension to drug delivery and targeting. Traditional methods of particle formation, crystallization. Antibodies can be heterogeneous with respect to size, charge, antigen specificity, and affinity. These factors may be significant when antibodies are used as a drug delivery system. Drug targeting and delivery using antibodies has been most useful in the field of chemotherapy because this is an area of research in which there is the greatest need for target-site specificity. Antibodies have been found to have many applications in the management of human carcinomas, including colorectal, gastric, ovarian, endometrial, breast, lung.
Women Empowerment among students of selected Degree Colleges
Authors: Dabashini Devi Laishram , Sanathoi Chanu Ahongsangbam
Published: December 2022

Women Domestic violence, dowry related violence, female feticide, gender inequality are some of the social evils faced by women all over the world. Most of the women in our society are the victims of one or the other social evils. Still gender bias and beliefs are playing as chief obstacle for the growth of women empowerment worldwide. The data was collected students studying at Om Prabha First Grade College for Women who fulfill the inclusion criteria. After a brief introduction of self, the investigator and the participants were seated in the class room and self-administered questionnaire was distributed to get response from each subject. The students took about 30 minutes to complete the questionnaire. The purpose of the study was explained and confidentiality was assured. Thanking the respondents, then the data collection procedure was terminated. Thus the attitude regarding women empowerment was assessed. The attitude towards women empowerment was assessed through 5 point rating scale, majority of the respondents 64% had favourable attitude regarding women empowerment and 36% of the respondents had moderately favourable attitude regarding women empowerment. The mean of overall attitude score was 118.28, mean % was 78.9 with standard deviation 15.2 and standard deviation % 10.1. Hence the association between attitude and selected demographic variables is statistically significant with respect to Age, Religion, Type of family, Number of siblings and Source of information and non-significant with respect to occupation of mother and occupation of father. Hence H1-there will be a significant association between attitude and demographic variables was accepted. The study concluded that Attitude brings about remarkable changes in the status of women. This study will throw light to empower women in all dimensions which in turn improve the society
CRPS after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: A case report
Authors:   Department of Anesthesia, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W 10th Ave., Columbus OH 43215, USA., Grabnar Maria , Benhatzel Christopher ,   Department of Anesthesia, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W 10th Ave., Columbus OH 43215, USA., Rajneesh Kiran ,   Department of Anesthesia, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W 10th Ave., Columbus OH 43215, USA.
Published: December 2022

A 59-year-old female presented with pain, warmth, erythema, and swelling over the medial aspect of her left knee that began after medial unicompartmental arthroplasty. Exam fulfilled the Budapest criteria for diagnosis of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) type 2. Topical compound cream and physical therapy were prescribed, and symptoms were improved at follow up visit. CRPS localized to the knee after unicompartmental arthroplasty has not been reported in the literature to date, therefore we report a case of CRPS after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.
Application of terrestrial photogrammetry method in cultural heritage studies: A case study of Seyfeddin Karasungur
Authors: KABADAYI Adem , ERDOĞAN Alperen
Published: December 2022

Since mankind began to adapt to settled life, it has established various settlements. In these areas, they have built many structures for accommodation and social activities. Some of these structures are still in use today, but most of them are waiting to be underground for various natural or unnatural reasons or have been destroyed due to indifference. Survey studies play an important role in documenting, protecting and transferring cultural heritages that have survived for centuries or that were found during archaeological excavations. The cultural heritage handed down to us from past societies must be preserved for the benefit of all. In the era of globalization, cultural heritage helps us remember our cultural diversity and its understanding fosters mutual respect and renewed dialogue between different cultures. Transferring the cultural heritage that has survived from the past to the present to the societies that will live after us, without any change in its essence, contributes both to the development of a country and to new works to be done. A country's economic growth and social progress present both challenges and opportunities for the preservation of cultural heritage. In this study, the documentation and survey sample study of Syefeddin Karasungur tomb in Konya province was carried out. For the documentation work, a 3D model of the building was obtained in terrestrial photogrammetry software with pictures taken from various angles.
應用類神經網路進行台灣地區颱風系集降雨機率預報校正
Authors: 莊美誼 莊美誼 , Joyce Juang 王彥雯 , Charlotte Wang 黃煜鈞 , Yu-Jyun Huang 李美賢 , Mei-Hsien Lee 張惠玲 , Hui-Ling Chang 洪景山 , Jing-Shan Hong 蕭朱杏
Published: December 2022

颱風定量降雨預報是氣象防災的重中之重，建立在系集預報所提供的大數據基礎上，利用類神經網路技術建立颱風定量降雨預報校正模型，將是一個值得期待的趨勢。然而，由於雨量特殊的統計特性以及颱風個案稀少，因而使得應用類神經網路技術建立預報校正模型時將面臨相當的挑戰。本研究旨在探討類神經網路方法應用在台灣地區颱風雨量預報校正的可行性，以及在不同颱風雨量下的預報校正成效；特別是在雨量極大時，類神經網路校正模型是否能改善原始系集降雨機率預報。

以2015年蘇迪勒颱風為例，本研究建立3個淺層類神經網路與1個深層類神經網路，進行颱風未來24小時累積降雨預報校正，評比結果顯示淺層類神經網路有較佳的校正成效。本研究同時考量颱風快速變化的特性，使用非均等權重方法來建構模型，結果顯示非均等權重方法比均等權重方法所建立之淺層類神經網路模型有較佳的校正成效。本研究也將結果應用到2013-2015年間侵台的其他11個颱風，同樣發現非均等權重方法的淺層類神經網路能校正颱風原始系集降雨機率預報。

 

Focusing on typhoon precipitation, this study adopts the neural network (NN) technique to calibrate the bias of 0-24-h probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts (PQPF) over Taiwan produced by the WRF ensemble prediction system (WEPS) developed by the Central Weather Bureau. The goals are to explore whether the NN post-processing technique is suitable for the calibration of typhoon precipitation forecasts and to compare the calibration effects among different structures of NN models.

Four NN models (three are shallow NNs and one is a deep NN) are developed and applied to calibrate the precipitation forecasts of Typhoons Soudelor, which brought torrential rain during the period of its passing through Taiwan. Evaluation results indicate that the post-processing procedures improve the performance of calibration of ensemble precipitation forecasts, especially for heavy precipitation. The simple shallow NNs perform better than the deep learning NN model. In addition, we compare the forecast performance of the NN models when equal temporal weights (unadjusted) or unequal weights are used for the training data. The results with unequal temporal weights have lower forecast errors than the model with equal weights. This model is then applied to other typhoons that attacked Taiwan during 1013-2015, and the finding remains that the unequal weights of simple shallow NN can improve the calibration. However, it is noted that the NN models in this study can correct only the values of forecast probability, not the precipitation pattern.

 