bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomewide association analyses of fitness traits in captive‐reared Chinook salmon: Applications in evaluating conservation strategies
Authors: Waters Charles D. , Hard Jeffrey J. , Brieuc Marine S. O. , Fast David E. , Warheit Kenneth I. , Knudsen Curtis M. , Bosch William J. , Naish Kerry A.
Published: January 2018

A novel application of genomewide association analyses is to use trait‐associated loci to monitor the effects of conservation strategies on potentially adaptive genetic variation. Comparisons of fitness between captive‐ and wild‐origin individuals, for example, do not reveal how captive rearing affects genetic variation underlying fitness traits or which traits are most susceptible to domestication selection. Here, we used data collected across four generations to identify loci associated with six traits in adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and then determined how two alternative management approaches for captive rearing affected variation at these loci. Loci associated with date of return to freshwater spawning grounds (return timing), length and weight at return, age at maturity, spawn timing, and daily growth coefficient were identified using 9108 restriction site‐associated markers and random forest, an approach suitable for polygenic traits. Mapping of trait‐associated loci, gene annotations, and integration of results across multiple studies revealed candidate regions involved in several fitness‐related traits. Genotypes at trait‐associated loci were then compared between two hatchery populations that were derived from the same source but are now managed as separate lines, one integrated with and one segregated from the wild population. While no broad‐scale change was detected across four generations, there were numerous regions where trait‐associated loci overlapped with signatures of adaptive divergence previously identified in the two lines. Many regions, primarily with loci linked to return and spawn timing, were either unique to or more divergent in the segregated line, suggesting that these traits may be responding to domestication selection. This study is one of the first to utilize genomic approaches to demonstrate the effectiveness of a conservation strategy, managed gene flow, on trait‐associated—and potentially adaptive—loci. The results will promote the development of trait‐specific tools to better monitor genetic change in captive and wild populations.
Abnormal locomotor muscle recruitment activity is present in horses with shivering and Purkinje cell distal axonopathy
Authors: Aman J. E. , Valberg S. J. , Elangovan N. , Nicholson A. , Lewis S. S. , Konczak J.
Published: January 2018

Background

Cerebellar Purkinje cell axonal degeneration has been identified in horses with shivering but its relationship with abnormal hindlimb movement has not been elucidated.

Objectives

To characterise surface electromyographic (sEMG) hindlimb muscle activity in horses with shivering, correlate with clinical scores and examine horses for Purkinje axonal degeneration.

Study design

Descriptive controlled clinical study.

Methods

The hindlimb of seven shivering and six control draught horses were clinically scored. Biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL), tensor fasciae latae and extensor digitorum longus were recorded via sEMG during forward/backward walking and trotting. Integrated (iEMG) and peak EMG activity were compared between groups and correlated with clinical locomotor exam scores. Sections of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) of six of the seven shivering horses were examined with calbindin immunohistochemistry.

Results

In control horses, backward walking resembled forward walking (right hindlimb peak EMG: backward: 47.5 ± 21.9%, forward: 36.9 ± 15.7%) but displayed significantly higher amplitudes during trotting (76.1 ± 3.4%). However, in shivering horses, backward walking was significantly different from forward (backward: 88.5 ± 21.5%, forward: 49.2 ± 8.9%), and resembled activity during trotting (81.4 ± 4.8%). Specific to backward walking, mean sEMG amplitude fell outside two standard deviations of mean control sEMG for ≥25% of the stride in the BF for all seven and the VL for six of the seven shivering horses. Locomotor exam scores were correlated with peak EMG (r = 0.87) and iEMG (r = 0.87). Calbindin‐positive spheroids were present in Purkinje axons in DCN of all shivering horses examined.

Main limitations

The neuropathological examination focused specifically on the DCN and, therefore, we cannot fully exclude additional lesions that may have influenced abnormal sEMG findings in shivering horses.

Conclusion

Shivering is characterised by abnormally elevated muscle recruitment particularly in BF and VL muscles during backward walking and associated with selective Purkinje cell distal axonal degeneration.
Functions of autophagy in the tumor microenvironment and cancer metastasis
Authors: Mowers Erin E. , Sharifi Marina N. , Macleod Kay F.
Published: January 2018

Macro‐autophagy is an ancient and highly conserved self‐degradative process that plays a homeostatic role in normal cells by eliminating organelles, pathogens, and protein aggregates. Autophagy, as it is routinely referred to, also allows cells to maintain metabolic sufficiency and survive under conditions of nutrient stress by recycling the by‐products of autophagic degradation, such as fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides. Tumor cells are more reliant than normal cells on autophagy for survival in part due to their rapid growth rate, altered metabolism, and nutrient‐deprived growth environment. How this dependence of tumor cells on autophagy affects their progression to malignancy and metastatic disease is an area of increasing research focus. Here, we review recent work identifying critical functions for autophagy in tumor cell migration and invasion, tumor stem cell maintenance and therapy resistance, and cross‐talk between tumor cells and their microenvironment.
Adaptive evolution in the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa oceanica following 1,000 generations of selection under elevated CO2
Authors: Tong Shanying , Gao Kunshan , Hutchins David A.
Published: January 2018

Coccolithophores are important oceanic primary producers not only in terms of photosynthesis but also because they produce calcite plates called coccoliths. Ongoing ocean acidification associated with changing seawater carbonate chemistry may impair calcification and other metabolic functions in coccolithophores. While short‐term ocean acidification effects on calcification and other properties have been examined in a variety of coccolithophore species, long‐term adaptive responses have scarcely been documented, other than for the single species Emiliania huxleyi. Here, we investigated the effects of ocean acidification on another ecologically important coccolithophore species, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, following 1,000 generations of growth under elevated CO2 conditions (1,000 μatm). High CO2‐selected populations exhibited reduced growth rates and enhanced particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) production, relative to populations selected under ambient CO2 (400 μatm). Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) and PIC/POC ratios decreased progressively throughout the selection period in high CO2‐selected cell lines. All of these trait changes persisted when high CO2‐grown populations were moved back to ambient CO2 conditions for about 10 generations. The results suggest that the calcification of some coccolithophores may be more heavily impaired by ocean acidification than previously predicted based on short‐term studies, with potentially large implications for the ocean's carbon cycle under accelerating anthropogenic influences.
Phase angle measured by electrical bioimpedance and global cardiovascular risk in older adults
Authors: Saad Maria AN , Jorge Antonio JL , de Andrade Martins Wolney , Cardoso Gilberto P , dos Santos Marcia MS , Rosa Maria LG , Lima Giovanna AB , de Moraes Rafaela Q , da Cruz Filho Rubens A
Published: January 2018

Aim

Population aging is a worldwide phenomenon associated with physiological and metabolic changes that contribute to the increased prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The phase angle (PA) is a variable calculated by bioelectrical impedance analysis, interpreted as a direct measure of cell stability. The objective of the present study was to investigate the correlation of PA with the anthropometric measures, metabolic profile and the cardiovascular risk estimated by the Global Cardiovascular Risk Score in the elderly population.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was carried out with 402 patients aged >60 years (70.4 ± 6.9 years, 74% female) treated in primary care. Patients were evaluated by blood pressure, anthropometric measurements and body composition. The score of the risk and the stratification of the cardiovascular risk were calculated using the criteria from the Framingham Heart Study.

Results

Age, systolic blood pressure, neck circumference and fat‐free mass correlated with PA in female patients. In men, age and systolic blood pressure were the variables that correlated with the PA in the bivariate analysis. In the multiple linear regression, for the female group the risk score presented an independent variation with PA (P = 0.051) and age (P < 0.0001). The same correlation was observed for the male group both for PA (P = 0.042) and age (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

The present data show an independent association of PA with overall cardiovascular risk in the elderly population. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 732–737.
Adolescent Perspectives on the Burden of a Parent's Migraine: Results from the CaMEO Study
Authors: Buse Dawn C. , Powers Scott W. , Gelfand Amy A. , VanderPluym Juliana H. , Fanning Kristina M. , Reed Michael L. , Adams Aubrey Manack , Lipton Richard B.
Published: January 2018

Objective

To assess the impact of parental migraine on adolescents (aged 13‐21 years) living within the parental home from the adolescent's perspective.

Background

Family members are affected by their parent's migraine. We surveyed adolescents on the social, academic, and emotional effects of their parent's migraine.

Methods

The Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes (CaMEO) study was a longitudinal Web‐based study with cross‐sectional modules designed to assess migraine symptoms, severity, frequency, and disability; migraine‐related consulting practices, healthcare utilization, medication use, comorbid health conditions, and family related burden associated with migraine. The Family Burden Module (adolescent version; FBM‐A) from the CaMEO study assessed parents with migraine and adolescent household members (dyads). Adolescents ranged in age from 13‐21 years and were living at home with their parent. The initial FBM‐A survey included 52 items covering five domains, which was refined and reduced by confirmatory factor analysis to 36 items covering four domains. Depression (9‐item Patient Health Questionnaire) and anxiety (7‐item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale) were assessed. Item responses were stratified by parent migraine status (episodic migraine [EM], <15 headache days/month; chronic migraine [CM], ≥15 headache days/month). Frequencies of activities/events missed because of parental headache were categorized as ≥1 time or ≥4 times/previous 30 days.

Results

The sample included 1,411 parent‐adolescent dyads (parent with EM, n = 1,243 [88.1%]; parent with CM, n = 168 [11.9%]). Burden due to a parent's migraine was reported in four domains based on 36 items including: Loss of Parental Support and Reverse Caregiving (5 items); Emotional Experience (13 items); Interference with School (4 items); and Missed Activities and Events (14 items). Across domains, perceived burden was greater for adolescents of parents with CM vs EM. Rates of moderate‐to‐severe anxiety symptoms were higher among adolescents of parents with CM (6.2 vs 11.3%, P = .01), while moderate‐to‐severe depression symptom rates were similar (5.5 vs 8.9%, P = .08). More adolescents of CM vs EM parents reported having a headache within the previous 3 months (P < .001).

Conclusions

Parental migraine negatively impacts adolescent children, extending our understanding of the family burden of migraine and emphasizing the potential benefit to children of optimizing migraine care.
Examination of the skin barrier repair/wound healing process using a living skin equivalent model and matrix‐assisted laser desorption‐ionization‐mass spectrometry imaging
Authors: Lewis E. E. L. , Barrett M. R. T. , Freeman‐Parry L. , Bojar R. A. , Clench M. R.
Published: January 2018

Objective

Examination of the skin barrier repair/wound healing process using a living skin equivalent (LSE) model and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI‐MSI) to identify lipids directly involved as potential biomarkers. These biomarkers may be used to determine whether an in vivo wound is going to heal for example if infected.

Methods

An in vitro LSE model was wounded with a scalpel blade and assessed at day 4 post‐wounding by histology and MALDI‐MSI. Samples were sectioned at wound site and were either formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) for histology or snapped frozen (FF) for MSI analysis.

Results

The combination of using an in vitro wounded skin model with MSI allowed the identification of lipids involved in the skin barrier repair/wound healing process. The technique was able to highlight lipids directly in the wound site and distinguish differences in lipid distribution between the epidermis and wound site.

Conclusion

This novel method of coupling an in vitro LSE with MSI allowed in‐depth molecular analysis of the skin barrier repair/wound healing process. The technique allowed the identification of lipids directly involved in the skin barrier repair/wound healing process, indicating these biomarkers may be potentially be used within the clinic. These biomarkers will help to determine, which stage of the skin barrier repair/wound healing process the wound is in to provide the best treatment.
Fabrication of calcium hexaluminate‐based porous ceramic with microsilica addition
Authors: Li Yuanbing , Xiang Ruofei , Xu Nana , Wang Qingheng , Li Shujing , Wu Mengfei , Yang Chunrui
Published: January 2018

Calcium hexaluminate (CA6)‐based porous ceramic was prepared with α‐alumina powders and nanometer‐sized calcium carbonate using a direct foaming technique with the addition of calcium aluminate cement and microsilica. The microsilica leads to the acceleration of CA6 formation. Moreover, the shrinkage, densification, and elastic modulus at room temperature were enhanced with increasing microsilica content. But the hot elastic modulus showed obvious reduction between 1100°C and 1200°C if the microsilica content was over 0.5 wt%. Furthermore, α‐Al2O3 appeared in the specimens with and without microsilica after treatment at 1550°C, and the proportion of CA6 grains having a high aspect ratio increased after microsilica addition.
A case of paraneoplastic elastosis perforans serpiginosa associated with ovarian malignancy
Authors: Quinlan Catherine , Boggs Jennifer , Finan Megan , Mulligan Niall , Gulmann Christian , O'Kane Marina , Ralph Nicola
Published: January 2018

Elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS) is a rare skin disorder in which there is transepithelial elimination of elastin fibers. It belongs to a group of perforating disorders of which there are four classic types. The EPS type is extremely rare. There have been no previous reports of elastosis perforans serpiginosa occurring as a paraneoplastic phenomenon. We report a case of paraneoplastic elastosis perforans serpiginosa in the setting of stage 4 ovarian cancer.
Fermentation dynamics of Lactobacillus helveticus H9 revealed by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Mi Zhihui , Kwok Lai‐yu , Xue Jiangang , Wang Yuenan , Zhang Heping , Chen Yongfu
Published: January 2018

Lactobacillus (L.) helveticus H9 is a probiotic strain that can produce antihypertensive peptides during milk fermentation. This study analysed the dynamics of skim milk fermentation by L. helveticus H9 by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q‐TOF MS). A total of 1992 metabolites were detected from all of the fermented samples in the LC‐MS analysis by multivariate statistical analysis. Metabolites with variable importance in projection (VIP) values ≥2 were considered differentially abundant among samples and were responsible for the unique taste and nutritional and functional qualities of fermented milk. Valine, threonine, l‐methionine, tyrosine, asparagine and leucine were the predominant amino acids produced during fermentation, and their quantities changed remarkably during the fermentation process. Citric acid and uric acid were the major, and only detectable, organic acids. Some intermediate metabolites, such as N‐acryloylglycine and nicotinamide‐N‐oxide, were also detected. Moreover, certain oligopeptides such as Val‐Leu, Lys‐Gly, Ala‐Glu, Asp‐Ser, Leu‐Pro and Val‐Phe‐Ala were not detected until the middle and late fermentation periods. This study demonstrated dynamic metabolic changes, providing a strong foundation for deciphering the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of the fermentation process.
VIIaAT complexes, procoagulant phospholipids, and thrombin generation during postprandial lipemia
Authors: Silveira A. , Carlo A. , Adam M. , McLeod O. , Lundman P. , Boquist S. , Woodhams B. J. , Hamsten A.
Published: January 2018

Introduction

Factor VII activation occurs postprandially. A proportion of activated factor VII (VIIa) circulates in complex with antithrombin (VIIaAT). Our primary objective was to assess the effects of postprandial lipemia on circulating VIIaAT, procoagulant phospholipid (PPL) activity, and thrombin generation.

Methods

Plasma samples from postmyocardial infarction patients (n = 40) and controls (n = 39) were taken before and at 3 and 6 hours during a standardized oral fat tolerance test (OFTT). Fasting PPL activity measurements were also made in a second cohort of 108 postinfarction patients and 109 controls. VIIaAT was analyzed with the Asserachrom VIIaAT ELISA, PPL activity with the STA‐Procoag‐PPL kit, and thrombin generation with calibrated automated thrombogram with PRP‐Reagent as trigger (all Diagnostica Stago products).

Results

Postprandially, VIIaAT increased in all samples without significant case‐control differences in the overall response during the OFTT. Thrombin generation measures peak height and velocity, and PPL activity, were marginally affected by the test meal in the controls. Levels of all patient baseline measures were significantly different from controls, indicating a more hypercoagulable state, and these differences were maintained throughout the OFTT. Fasting samples from cases showed higher PPL activity than control samples.

Conclusion

Viewing VIIaAT quantitation as a surrogate for TF activity measurement, postprandial increase in VIIaAT may reflect a mechanism that adds to the cardiovascular risk associated with postprandial lipemia. On the other hand, the impact of postprandial lipemia on PPL activity and thrombin generation seems to be minor.
1918 pandemic morbidity: The first wave hits the poor, the second wave hits the rich
Authors: Mamelund Svenn‐Erik
Published: January 2018

Background

Whether morbidity from the 1918‐19 influenza pandemic discriminated by socioeconomic status has remained a subject of debate for 100 years. In lack of data to study this issue, the recent literature has hypothesized that morbidity was “socially neutral.”

Objectives

To study the associations between influenza‐like illness (ILI) and socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and wave during the 1918‐19 influenza pandemic.

Methods

Availability of incidence data on the 1918‐19 pandemic is scarce, in particular for waves other than the “fall wave” October‐December 1918. Here, an overlooked survey from Bergen, Norway (n = 10 633), is used to study differences in probabilities of ILI and ILI probability ratios by apartment size as a measure of SES and gender for 3 waves including the waves prior to and after the “fall wave.”

Results

Socioeconomic status was negatively associated with ILI in the first wave, but positively associated in the second wave. At all SES levels, men had the highest ILI in the summer, while women had the highest ILI in the fall. There were no SES or gender differences in ILI in the winter of 1919.

Conclusions

For the first time, it is documented a crossover in the role of socioeconomic status in 1918 pandemic morbidity. The poor came down with influenza first, while the rich with less exposure in the first wave had the highest morbidity in the second wave. The study suggests that the socioeconomically disadvantaged should be prioritized if vaccines are of limited availability in a future pandemic.
Utility of perioperative skin perfusion pressure measurement for treatment of ulcers caused by arteriovenous access ischaemic steal
Authors: Atomura Daisuke , Aihara Junko , Omori Makoto , Terashi Hiroto
Published: January 2018

Arteriovenous access ischaemic steal is a serious complication following arteriovenous fistula (AVF) construction. The aim of treatment is to improve distal circulation without impairing the function of the fistula. Therefore, any repair should be performed with intraoperative monitoring. We report 2 cases of this disorder treated using perioperative measurement of skin perfusion pressure (SPP) for preoperative surgical planning and intraoperative guidance.

A 73‐year‐old woman with a left cubital AVF developed gangrene of the tip of the left little finger. Arteriovenous access ischaemic steal was suspected. The SPP of the little finger was 18 mm Hg, which increased to 65 mm Hg after manual occlusion of the fistula. A 58‐year‐old woman with a left antebrachial AVF had gangrene of the tip of the left middle finger. The SPP was 19 mm Hg, and steal syndrome was suspected based on angiography and the SPP with manual occlusion of the fistula.

In both cases, serial plication of the fistula was performed based on intraoperative perfusion pressure monitoring, leading to the successful resolution of the ischaemic steal syndrome. In both cases, haemodialysis could be continued through the repaired fistula.
Additivity of nebivolol/valsartan single‐pill combinations versus other single‐pill combinations for hypertension
Authors: Ishak Jack , Rael Michael , Punzi Henry , Gradman Alan , Anderson Lynn M. , Patel Mehul , Ali Sanjida , Ferguson William , Neutel Joel
Published: January 2018

The single‐pill combination (SPC) comprising nebivolol (5 mg), a vasodilatory β1‐selective antagonist/β3‐agonist, and valsartan (80 mg), a renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system inhibitor, is the only Food and Drug Administration–approved β‐blocker/renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system inhibitor SPC for hypertension. Additive effects of four nebivolol/valsartan SPC doses (5 mg/80 mg, 5/160 mg, 10/160 mg, 10/320 mg nebivolol/valsartan) were compared with five Food and Drug Administration–approved non–β‐blocker/renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system inhibitor SPCs (aliskiren/hydrochlorothiazide, aliskiren/amlodipine, valsartan/amlodipine, aliskiren/valsartan, and telmisartan/amlodipine). Additivity is the ratio of placebo‐adjusted SPC blood pressure (BP) reduction to the placebo‐adjusted monotherapy component BP reduction sums. A weighted average of comparator scores was calculated and compared vs nebivolol/valsartan. Additivity ratio scores for nebivolol/valsartan SPCs (diastolic BP range: 0.735–0.866; systolic BP range: 0.717–0.822) were similar to the comparator weighted average (diastolic BP: 0.837; systolic BP: 0.825). Among the nebivolol/valsartan SPCs, 5/80 mg had the greatest additivity (diastolic BP: 0.866; systolic BP: 0.822). BP reduction contributions with monotherapy were similar for nebivolol/valsartan 5/80 mg SPC. Additivity scores for nebivolol/valsartan and select non–β‐blocker/renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system inhibitor SPCs were comparable.
Framingham Stroke Risk Profile is related to cerebral small vessel disease progression and lower cognitive performance in patients with hypertension
Authors: Uiterwijk Renske , Staals Julie , Huijts Marjolein , de Leeuw Peter W. , Kroon Abraham A. , van Oostenbrugge Robert J.
Published: January 2018

The Framingham Stroke Risk Profile (FSRP) was developed to predict clinical stroke. We investigated if FSRP is associated with more “silent” effects of cerebrovascular disease, namely progression of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD)‐related brain damage and cognitive performance in hypertensive patients. Ninety patients with essential hypertension underwent a brain MRI scan and FSRP assessment at baseline, and a second brain MRI scan and neuropsychological assessment at 9‐year follow‐up. We visually rated progression of cSVD‐related MRI markers. FSRP was associated with progressive periventricular white matter hyperintensities (P = .017) and new microbleeds (P = .031), but not after correction for the FSRP age component. FSRP was associated with lower overall cognitive performance (P < .001) and this remained significant after correction for the FSRP age component. A vascular risk score might be useful in predicting progression of cSVD‐related brain damage or future cognitive performance in hypertensive patients. Age seems to be the most important component in FSRP.
Creatine kinase and renal sodium excretion in African and European men on a high sodium diet
Authors: Brewster Lizzy M. , Oudman Inge , Nannan Panday Rani V. , Khoyska Inna , Haan Yentl C. , Karamat Fares A. , Clark Joseph F. , van Montfrans Gert A.
Published: January 2018

Creatine kinase (CK) rapidly regenerates ATP for Na+/K+‐ATPase driven sodium retention throughout the kidney. Therefore, we assessed whether resting plasma CK is associated with sodium retention after a high sodium diet. Sixty healthy men (29 European and 31 African ancestry) with a mean age of 37.2 years (SE 1.2) were assigned to low sodium intake (< 50 mmol/d) during 7 days, followed by 3 days of high sodium intake (> 200 mmol/d). Sodium excretion (mmol/24‐h) after high sodium was 260.4 (28.3) in the high CK tertile versus 415.2 (26.3) mmol/24‐h in the low CK tertile (P < .001), with a decrease in urinary sodium excretion of 98.4 mmol/24‐h for each increase in log CK, adjusted for age and African ancestry. These preliminary results are in line with the energy buffering function of the CK system, but more direct assessments of kidney CK will be needed to further establish whether this enzyme enhances sodium sensitivity.
Interventions to improve retention in a surgical, clinical trial: A pragmatic, stakeholder‐driven approach
Authors: Leighton Paul A. , Brealey Stephen D. , Dias Joseph J.
Published: January 2018

Objective

To explore stakeholder perspectives upon participant retention in clinical trials, and to generate strategies to support retention in a surgical, clinical trial.

Study design and setting

The SWIFFT trial is a multicenter study comparing treatments for the fracture of the waist of the scaphoid bone in adults. Here we report upon a multistage, iterative consultative process with SWIFFT stakeholders, these include workshops with members of the public, with nurses involved in data collection, and with consultant clinicians. Structured discussions were digitally recorded and transcribed, data were handled and analyzed following a framework approach to qualitative data analysis.

Results

Removing practical barriers were identified as important factors in supporting retention. Stakeholders also identified that (i) how well a study is understood and (ii) how much it is valued are important factors in an individual's willingness to maintain their involvement. A number of strategies resulted from this consultation, these include: in‐clinic data collection, co‐ordinated clinical and research appointments, a SWIFFT website, and newsletter.

Conclusion

A participatory approach to trial retention might engage all relevant stakeholders in the delivery of a clinical trial, it might also support the generation of specific and contextually relevant solutions to the challenge of participant retention.
The Brain Health Assessment for Detecting and Diagnosing Neurocognitive Disorders
Authors: Possin Katherine L. , Moskowitz Tacie , Erlhoff Sabrina J. , Rogers Kirsten M. , Johnson Erica T. , Steele Natasha Z. R. , Higgins Joseph J. , Stiver Jordan , Alioto Andrea G. , Farias Sarah T. , Miller Bruce L. , Rankin Katherine P.
Published: January 2018

Background/Objectives

Brief cognitive screens lack the sensitivity to detect mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or support differential diagnoses. The objective of this study was to validate the 10‐minute, tablet‐based University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Brain Health Assessment (BHA) to overcome these limitations.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Setting

UCSF Memory and Aging Center.

Participants

Older adults (N = 347) (neurologically healthy controls (n = 185), and individuals diagnosed with MCI (n = 99), dementia (n = 42), and as normal with concerns (n = 21)).

Measurements

The BHA includes subtests of memory, executive function and speed, visuospatial skills, and language and an optional informant survey. Participants completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and criterion‐standard neuropsychological tests. Standardized structural 3T brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 145 participants.

Results

At a fixed 85% specificity rate, the BHA had 100% sensitivity to dementia and 84% to MCI; the MoCA had 75% sensitivity to dementia and 25% to MCI. The BHA had 83% sensitivity to MCI likely due to AD and 88% to MCI unlikely due to AD, and the MoCA had 58% sensitivity to MCI likely AD and 24% to MCI unlikely AD. The BHA subtests demonstrated moderate to high correlations with the criterion‐standard tests from their respective cognitive domains. Memory test performance correlated with medial temporal lobe volumes; executive and speed with frontal, parietal, and basal ganglia volumes; and visuospatial with right parietal volumes.

Conclusion

The BHA had excellent combined sensitivity and specificity to detect dementia and MCI, including MCI due to diverse etiologies. The subtests provide efficient, valid measures of neurocognition that are critical in making a differential diagnosis.
Reducing Off‐Label Antipsychotic Use in Older Adults: Time to Look Beyond the Doors of Nursing Homes
Authors: Lapane Kate L.
Published: January 2018

This editorial comments on the article by Zhang et al.
Fiscal Multipliers at the Zero Lower Bound: The Role of Policy Inertia
Authors: HILLS TIMOTHY S. , NAKATA TAISUKE
Published: January 2018

The presence of the lagged shadow policy rate in the interest rate feedback rule reduces the government spending multiplier nontrivially when the policy rate is constrained at the zero lower bound (ZLB). In the economy with policy inertia, increased inflation and output due to higher government spending during a recession speed up the return of the policy rate to the steady state after the recession ends, which in turn damps the expansionary effects of the government spending during the recession via expectations. In our baseline experiment intended to capture the effectiveness of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, the output multiplier at the ZLB is 1.9 when the weight on the lagged shadow rate is zero, and 0.5 when the weight is 0.85.
The Bullionist Controversy: Theory and New Evidence
Authors: HENDRICKSON JOSHUA R.
Published: January 2018

The Bullionist Controversy in the United Kingdom is one of the first debates about the determination of the price level and the exchange rate under a paper money standard. Despite the importance of the debate in the development of monetary theory, there remains little empirical evidence that uses modern, multivariate time series techniques. The evidence that does exist provides support for the Anti‐Bullionist position. The purpose of this paper is to review the debate and develop a dynamic general equilibrium model that is capable of capturing key features of the nineteenth‐century British financial system. The model is estimated using Bayesian procedures to test the competing hypotheses. The paper provides support for the Bullionist position.
Limitations of Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Success Prediction
Authors: Thornton Patrick
Published: January 2018

The Society for Maternal‐Fetal Medicine endorses an algorithm for estimating the probability of successful vaginal birth for women undergoing trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC). The algorithm is available online in the form of an easy‐to‐use calculator. This calculator has significant limitations that are easily overlooked by women and providers alike. The calculator has much greater positive than negative predictive power, and it cannot predict unsuccessful TOLAC or uterine rupture. Furthermore, the calculator cannot predict rare catastrophes, such as unplanned hysterectomy, permanent injury, or death. Predictions are heavily influenced by race and ethnicity, which are social and not biological constructs. Relevant variables, such as provider attitudes and institutional differences, are not accounted for. Providers should be mindful and transparent about calculator limitations when counseling women, particularly Latina and African American women. It may be appropriate to use the calculator to inform but not restrict women's options.
Complex neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of histone deacetylases
Authors: Thomas Elizabeth A. , D'Mello Santosh R.
Published: January 2018

By their ability to shatter quality of life for both patients and caregivers, neurodegenerative diseases are the most devastating of human disorders. Unfortunately, there are no effective or long‐terms treatments capable of slowing down the relentless loss of neurons in any of these diseases. One impediment is the lack of detailed knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the processes of neurodegeneration. While some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are mostly sporadic in nature, driven by both environment and genetic susceptibility, many others, including Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxias, and spinal‐bulbar muscular atrophy, are genetically inherited disorders. Surprisingly, given their different roots and etiologies, both sporadic and genetic neurodegenerative disorders have been linked to disease mechanisms involving histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins, which consists of 18 family members with diverse functions. While most studies have implicated certain HDAC subtypes in promoting neurodegeneration, a substantial body of literature suggests that other HDAC proteins can preserve neuronal viability. Of particular interest, however, is the recent realization that a single HDAC subtype can have both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects. Diverse mechanisms, beyond transcriptional regulation have been linked to these effects, including deacetylation of non‐histone proteins, protein–protein interactions, post‐translational modifications of the HDAC proteins themselves and direct interactions with disease proteins. The roles of these HDACs in both sporadic and genetic neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed in the current review.

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Reliability of a two‐colour chewing gum test to assess masticatory performance in complete denture wearers
Authors: Silva L. C. , Nogueira T. E. , Rios L. F. , Schimmel M. , Leles C. R.
Published: January 2018

The aim of this study was to test the reliability of a method to measure the masticatory performance of complete denture wearers employing a colour‐mixing ability test and assessment by visual and electronic colourimetric analysis. A sample of 75 subjects was selected from patients who received new conventional complete dentures. Masticatory tests were performed using a two‐colour chewing gum that was masticated for 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 chewing cycles, performed in a random order. The mixing level of the two colours of the chewed gum was assessed visually by two independent raters based on a 5‐point ordinal scale. The specimens were flattened into a 1‐mm‐width wafer, scanned and saved as a two‐sided digital image. Each pair of images was submitted to an electronic colourimetric analysis to assess the level of colour mixture, measured by the circular variance of hue (VOH). Overall inter‐ and intra‐rater agreements in visual analysis were 64% and 68%, respectively (almost 99% of scores ranged within ±1 point), whilst overall weighted kappa was >0.80. A proportional increase in the level of mixture occurred with increased number of chewing cycles (P < .001). Similarly, VOH and the visual analysis were highly correlated (r = −.89; P < .001). Bland‐Altman plots revealed excellent agreement and extremely low systematic error between duplicated VOH measures. It was concluded that the two‐colour chewing gum test is a reliable method to assess the masticatory performance in complete denture wearers using both visual and electronic colourimetric analyses.
Perfume experts' perceptions of body odors: Toward a new lexicon for body odor description
Authors: Allen C. , Havlíček J. , Williams K. , Roberts S. C.
Published: January 2018

Human axillary (armpit) odors are highly diverse and have potential to reveal a wide range of individual information. This is echoed in gas chromatography findings, which show that axillary odors are comprised of many volatile compounds. Despite this, only a small number of verbal descriptors are used when investigating the perceptual qualities of body odors. We set out to develop a lexicon that would capture these perceptual qualities in more detail, working alongside perfumers and fragrance evaluators in order to benefit from their expertise in olfactory perception and semantic labeling of odors. Four experts developed a list of 15 verbal descriptors based on an exemplar set of male and female axillary samples, and then rated 62 samples (31 men and 31 women) using these. We explored the predictive value of these ratings, finding that subsets of descriptors distinguished male from female samples, appearing to be more reliable than explicit judgments of odor sex.

Practical applications

This lexicon was successful in discriminating sex of odor samples and could enable improved understanding of other perceptual qualities of human odor. For example, it could be possible to link specific perceptual qualities to specific cues (e.g., symmetry, masculinity) or to manipulate odors based on perceptual qualities in experimental settings, with direct practical implications for odor researchers. Furthermore, the existence of such a lexicon will allow body odors to be categorized for practical purposes. For example, such categorization will facilitate exploration of how fragrances, ingredients, or accords may interact with and complement different body odor types.
Canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations associated with intervertebral disc disease in 84 dogs
Authors: Schueler R. O. , White G. , Schueler R. L. , Steiner J. M. , Wassef A.
Published: January 2018

Objective

To determine the differences in serum canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity between dogs with intervertebral disc herniation and healthy control dogs.

Materials and Methods

Eighty‐four client‐owned dogs with intervertebral disc herniation, diagnosed by neurologic examination and imaging, and 18 healthy control dogs. Samples of whole blood were collected within 90 minutes of admission. Serum canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations were measured by a commercial immunoassay and evaluated for association with intervertebral disc herniation, signalment, neurolocalisation and the preadmission administration of glucocorticosteriods or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs.

Results

Serum canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations were statistically increased in dogs with intervertebral disc herniation (P<0·01, n=38). A subgroup of dogs (19/38) with elevated canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations was re‐evaluated between 2 and 4 weeks later, and 15 had resolution of clinical signs and values less than 200 μg/L. Serum canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations were not significantly correlated with clinical gastrointestinal disease, neurolocalisation or the preadmission administration of corticosteroids or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs.

Clinical significance

These results suggest that serum canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations are significantly elevated in dogs with intervertebral disc herniation.
Leiomyoma in the nasal cavity of a dog
Authors: Hamon M. , Dequeant B. , Decambron A. , Reyes‐Gomez E. , Manassero M.
Published: January 2018

A 7‐year‐old, 34‐kg, neutered male Labrador retriever was presented with a 1‐year history of intermittent sneezing with occasional left‐sided epistaxis. CT revealed a mass in the left nasal cavity. Histopathological analysis of rhinoscopy‐guided tissue biopsies was consistent with chronic necrotic and ulcerative rhinitis. Surgical debridement by ventral rhinotomy was subsequently performed and histopathological diagnosis was leiomyoma. Complete resolution of the nasal discharge and reduced sneezing frequency were observed after surgery. Fourteen months postoperatively, CT detected no regrowth of the mass.
Reference values and changes in infant sleep–wake behaviour during the first 12 months of life: a systematic review
Authors: Dias Cláudia C. , Figueiredo Bárbara , Rocha Magda , Field Tiffany
Published: January 2018

This paper is a systematic review on the reference values and changes in infant sleep–wake behaviour during the first 12 months of life. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA). Seventy‐four papers were included, and the reference values and changes in sleep–wake behaviour during the first 12 months of life were identified. Sleep duration during the 24‐h period, and day and sleep periods during the night decreased over the first 12 months of life. Night wakings and bedtime/sleep‐onset time decreased, while the longest sleep period increased at night during the first 6 months. High discrepancy was noted between studies in the reference values of sleep–wake behaviour, while more congruence was noted regarding changes, especially those occurring in the first 6 months of life. Several methodological differences were identified between studies and may partially explain inconsistencies in the results, including the assessment of different sleep–wake behaviours, the focus on specific ages or age ranges, the use of self‐report, observational or direct measures, the recruitment of small or large representative samples, and the countries where the research was conducted. These aspects should be considered in future research and caution should be taken when generalizing results from studies with diverse methodological characteristics. Nonetheless, this review identifies normative reference values and the changes occurring in infant sleep–wake behaviour, and could inform both practitioners and researchers, helping them identify infants with sleep delays or problems.
Investigation of the Role of Campylobacter Infection in Suspected Acute Polyradiculoneuritis in Dogs
Authors: Martinez‐Anton L. , Marenda M. , Firestone S.M. , Bushell R.N. , Child G. , Hamilton A.I. , Long S.N. , Le Chevoir M.A.R.
Published: January 2018

Background

Acute polyradiculoneuritis (APN) is an immune‐mediated peripheral nerve disorder in dogs that shares many similarities with Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) in humans, in which the bacterial pathogen Campylobacter spp. now is considered to be a major triggering agent. Little information is available concerning the relationship between APN and Campylobacter spp. in dogs.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To estimate the association between Campylobacter spp. infection and APN. Associations with additional potential risk factors also were investigated, particularly consumption of raw chicken.

Animals

Twenty‐seven client‐owned dogs suffering from suspected APN and 47 healthy dogs, client‐owned or owned by staff members.

Methods

Case‐control study with incidence density‐based sampling. Fecal samples were collected from each enrolled animal to perform direct culture, DNA extraction, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Campylobacter spp. In some cases, species identification was performed by sequence analysis of the amplicon. Data were obtained from the medical records and owner questionnaires in both groups.

Results

In cases in which the fecal sample was collected within 7 days from onset of clinical signs, APN cases were 9.4 times more likely to be positive for Campylobacter spp compared to control dogs (P < 0.001). In addition, a significant association was detected between dogs affected by APN and the consumption of raw chicken (96% of APN cases; 26% of control dogs). The most common Campylobacter spp. identified was Campylobacter upsaliensis.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Raw chicken consumption is a risk factor in dogs for the development of APN, which potentially is mediated by infection with Campylobacter spp.
Holocene vegetation history of the Jeseníky Mts: Deepening elevational contrast in pollen assemblages since late prehistory
Authors: Dudová Lydie , Hájek Michal , Petr Libor , Jankovská Vlasta
Published: January 2018

Questions

How did the vegetation of a Central European mountain region with a fragmented alpine zone develop during the Holocene? When did human land use start to alter summit grasslands? Which gradient in pollen assemblages was strongest and was it consistent through time?

Location

Jeseníky Mountains, Czech Republic.

Methods

Sixteen pollen records were subjected to DCA in order to explore patterns of compositional similarities in the fossil pollen data. Because only the last 6,000 years were recorded in the study sites from mountain summits, we restricted further analysis to this period. Twelve radiocarbon‐dated pollen records were subjected to DCCA constrained by modelled calibrated age. Responses of individual pollen types to the principal DCCA gradients were tested with GAMs.

Results

In the DCA, Early Holocene samples were located close to recent ones due to abundant pollen of herbs, Poaceae, Betula, Pinus sylvestris type and rare pollen of climax deciduous trees. In the DCCA for the last 6,000 years, the sorting of sites along the first unconstrained axis correlated with altitude, which is a complex factor corresponding to temperature and geomorphology (flat summits vs alluvia of mountain rivulets). This elevational differentiation became more pronounced after 2,250 cal BP when summit peatlands started to contain more Vaccinium, Calluna vulgaris, Amaranthaceae, Plantago lanceolata and Rumex acetosa type pollen. In contrast, mid‐elevation pollen spectra started to contain more meadow herbs (Caltha, Potentilla type, Cirsium/Carduus). Picea pollen was surprisingly more associated with mid‐elevation than high‐elevation sites, unlike Fagus.

Conclusion

Increasing contrast between summits and middle elevation alluvia seems to be a major feature of vegetation development over the last 6,000 years. While alluvial areas were encroached by Alnus–Picea forests, and later locally transformed into wet grasslands, grazing and forest burning at summits gradually increased abundance of acidophytic dwarf shrubs and peatlands, especially since the Iron Age. Human impact might facilitate beech expansion at high elevations, with Picea‐dominated forests being restricted to alluvia and around mid‐elevation basin peatlands prior to establishment of modern Picea plantations.