bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinique itinérante en milieu rural
Authors: Haza Marion , Grolleau Émeline
Published: February 2011

Résumé Partant de leurs expériences de clinique itinérante en milieu rural illustrées par une vignette clinique, les auteurs développent les spécificités des familles rurales et leurs conséquences sur la prise en charge des adolescents et de leur famille. À l’intérieur de scénarios particuliers à la ruralité, le développement de l’adolescent se heurte au fonctionnement du modèle familial, d’où il peut être difficile de s’extirper tant physiquement que psychiquement. Actes violents, tentatives de suicide, désinvestissement scolaire, ruptures diverses témoignent de la difficulté à trouver une place dans l’« appareil psychique familial ». Le dispositif conjuguant travail d’entretien clinique et de soin mené en binôme (psychologue et éducateur) permet de mobiliser les acteurs de la famille et de mettre du sens sur les fonctionnements pathogènes, en distinguant la scène familiale et la scène adolescente, et tente de briser la boucle des expériences traumatiques de la famille, comme l’incestualité, sans rejouer le secret familial.
Du venin dans la résonance
Authors: Mevel Françoise , Mével Gérard
Published: February 2011

Résumé L’insinuation est une violence qui attaque les liens familiaux. Elle se nourrit de disqualifications difficiles à débusquer. Redoutable car peu repérable, elle creuse ses galeries dans les assises identitaires narcissiques des sujets, mais aussi des groupes familles constitués. L’insinuation apparaît comme un « drone psychique » car elle vient repérer l’organisation des défenses de l’autre et s’y infiltrer par identification projective. Nous pouvons la voir à l’œuvre en thérapie familiale où elle distille de la confusion et bloque ainsi la résonance fantasmatique.
Un dispositif pour contenir la violence de la transmission dans l'inter-transfert des co-thérapeutes : l'intervision
Authors: Grange-Ségéra Évelyne
Published: February 2011

Résumé L’auteur présente un questionnement sur la violence des effets inter-transférentiels produits lorsque plusieurs thérapeutes interviennent auprès d’une même famille dans le cadre d’une thérapie familiale psychanalytique. Le dispositif d’intervision, mis en place au sein d’une Association lyonnaise de thérapie familiale, est l’occasion de montrer la complexité et la richesse des transferts activés tant sur la thérapie elle-même que sur l’Association. Une complexité supplémentaire provient du fait que cette Association est en position de dispenser la formation des nouveaux co-thérapeutes intégrés, avec des formateurs confirmés, dans les processus de thérapie familiale. Deux exemples cliniques montrent les risques de collusion psychique et leur évolution lors de processus thérapeutiques habités par la violence. Les retentissements et le traitement de cette violence dans les liens de groupement institués de l’Association de thérapie sont mis en évidence, particulièrement dans ce dispositif impliquant métaphoriquement deux générations de thérapeutes.
Entre créativité et violence : la réciprocité intersubjective dans la relation de couple
Authors: Bianchini Barbara , Dallanegra Laura
Published: February 2011

Résumé Les auteurs pensent que si le couple se forme pour satisfaire des besoins liés à la remise en jeu d’aspects irrésolus des relations objectales précoces, il le fait aussi en vertu d’enjeux liés à la nécessité de rétablir le contact avec des proto-émotions clivées. La réciprocité et la proximité avec l’autre psyché peuvent conduire à un développement de l’activité créative de l’esprit humain, ou bien rallumer des états proto-émotionnels capables d’engendrer de la violence. Il s’agit d’émotions en excès qui, ne trouvant pas un accueil et une transformation suffisants, sont évacuées. Dans ces cas, le fonctionnement du couple peut être caractérisé par des états proto-émotionnels qui font pression pour être recueillis, contenus et transformés ; il peut aussi être la conséquence d’un contenant inapproprié. De là naît la demande d’aide du couple. À travers des exemples cliniques, les auteurs tentent de montrer à quel point il est important au cours de la thérapie d’activer un processus capable d’inverser le sens du courant d’évacuation, de contenir la violence pour la rendre pensable, ou du moins accéder aux signes avant-coureurs de la pensée.
Violences dans les couples et les familles transculturels
Authors: Vermeylen Martine
Published: February 2011

Résumé Entre un couple mixte et ses familles d’origine, une violence peut s’installer, empreinte de passion haineuse ou de distance froide. Chaque famille tenant à sauvegarder « sa » culture, une lutte d’influence peut s’immiscer dans les processus de transmission. L’empiétement opéré par ces familles de milieu social, culturel ou géographique différents imprègne alors la vie du couple. Menacé dans ses objets internes par des pressions familiales et des enjeux narcissiques, le couple est parfois confronté à sa survie. Un exemple clinique illustre la violence du lien conjugal et celle qui se transmet aux enfants. Le travail psychanalytique avec ces couples et ces familles nécessite un transfert de type « transculturel ».
Liens narcissiques et objectaux du couple et leur articulation avec la différence des genres
Authors: Eiguer Alberto
Published: February 2011

Résumé Le lien entre partenaires est animé par leurs fonctionnements inconscients qui s’articulent selon une intersubjectivité infléchie par les résonances fantasmatiques et émotionnelles. La théorie des liens intersubjectifs du couple prend en compte aussi bien l’analogie que la différence et notamment celle entre les genres. L’auteur explique les termes utilisés et ses différentes options théoriques. La pratique de la thérapie psychanalytique de couple sollicite de la part du thérapeute une écoute affinée des mésententes, qui vont actuellement vers une violence accrue, parallèlement à l’évolution contemporaine des places de l’homme et la femme. La difficulté à identifier ces mésententes et de les comprendre est renforcée par la nature énigmatique de la différence des genres. Tout cela engendre rivalité, jalousie, crainte de l’emprise de l’autre. La reconnaissance d’autrui en est compromise au point que chaque partenaire reste aveugle au fait que les modifications de ces places permettraient pourtant des rapports plus stimulants et un épanouissement personnel plus accompli. Une vignette contribue à illustrer cette problématique et à proposer des instruments pour l’aborder.
La photo de famille
Authors: Pierron Jean-Philippe
Published: February 2011

Résumé La photographie de famille, objet qui investit les espaces domestiques, est aussi une manière d’élaborer un espace iconique dans et par lequel on apprend à se comprendre comme de cette famille. Plutôt qu’objets inertes et passés, ne peut-on pas la penser comme un tiers, médiation entre famille réelle et famille idéalisée ? Cachées ou montrées, mises en scène dans les cérémonies domestiques ou captées sur le champ par la numérisation, ces photographies constituent, en plus des récits explicites, une manière de bain d’images dans et par lesquelles se reconnaître d’un lignage. À une herméneutique des récits n’apportent-elles pas le prolongement d’une herméneutique des images en famille ?
Mémoire et violence subie par le fœtu
Authors: Do Carmo Cintra De Almeida-Prado Maria , Féres-Carneiro Terezinha
Published: February 2011

Résumé Le présent travail aborde le thème de la violence lors de la phase fœtale en essayant de l’envisager en tant qu’enregistrement mnésique, comme une inscription en quête de représentation et possédant la force d’un destin. La violence – psychologique et/ou physique – traduit l’incapacité des parents à régler leurs problèmes par la voie psychique. Des fragments d’un cas de thérapie familiale psychanalytique, mené dans les locaux d’un hôpital d’université public, ont été pris pour exemple. La famille en question était composée du père, de la mère et du fils, que nous appellerons Bertolet, alors âgé de 35 ans. Les accidents répétés subis par Bertolet semblaient avoir pour but de donner à son histoire la cohérence émotionnelle et l’unité de ce qu’il avait vécu au niveau des sensations, dans son passé prénatal et qui étaient restées gravées dans sa mémoire.
L'enveloppe familiale des enfants souffrant d'eczéma
Authors: Pasteur Romy
Published: February 2011

Résumé Cette étude propose une nouvelle approche psychosomatique de l’eczéma, en étudiant non plus l’image du corps du sujet ou la relation mère-enfant, mais le groupe familial en vue d’apporter des éléments nouveaux au sens du symptôme en le replaçant dans un contexte de relations intersubjectives. L’auteur a choisi d’expérimenter un outil projectif nouveau, «?Le dessin familial de la maison de rêve?», en cours d’élaboration par P. Cuynet à l’Université de Besançon. Ce dessin est conçu comme la projection de l’image du corps familial. Les résultats mettent en évidence une pathologie de l’enveloppe psychique familiale dans sa fonction contenante et cela ouvre de nombreuses perspectives de recherche afin de mieux prendre en charge ces enfants et leurs familles.
Homoparentalité : apports d'une approche psychanalytique
Authors: Ducousso-Lacaze Alain , Grihom Marie-José
Published: February 2011

Résumé Le mot homoparentalité désigne-t-il des changements profonds dans la famille et la filiation?? De quels changements s’agit-il?? Les auteurs tentent de répondre à ces questions à partir de données recueillies grâce à une recherche clinique et s’appuient, au plan théorique, sur la distinction entre parenté et parentalité. L’analyse métapsychologique du discours d’adultes homosexuels engagés dans la parentalité met en évidence la permanence des enjeux inconscients liés au devenir parent. Deux conclusions en découlent. Premièrement?: des changements dans la parenté n’entraînent pas forcément des changements dans la parentalité. Deuxièmement?: dans ces nouvelles configurations familiales les sujets semblent bien créer de nouveaux liens qui servent de support à la mise en place des processus psychiques de la parentalité.
Functional Characteristics of the High Affinity IgG Receptor, FcγRI
Authors: van der Poel Cees E. , Spaapen Robbert M. , van de Winkel Jan G. J. , Leusen Jeanette H. W.
Published: February 2011

IgG FcRs are important mediators of immunity and play a key role during Ab-based immunotherapy. Within the leukocyte IgG receptor family, only FcγRI is capable of IgG binding with high affinity. FcγRI exists as a complex of a ligand binding α-chain and an FcR γ-chain. The receptors’ α-chain can, furthermore, elicit several functions independent of the ITAM-bearing FcR γ-chain. Functional implications of high-affinity IgG binding and mechanisms underlying FcR γ-chain–independent signaling remain unclear to this day. In this paper, we provide an overview of past literature on FcγRI and address the implications of recently described interactions between cytosolic proteins and the FcγRI α-chain, as well as cytokine-enhanced FcγRI immune complex binding. Furthermore, an analysis of potential polymorphisms within the FCGR1A gene is provided.
New Insights on the Evolutionary History of Aphids and Their Primary EndosymbiontBuchnera aphidicola
Authors: Pérez-Brocal Vicente , Gil Rosario , Moya Andrés , Latorre Amparo
Published: February 2011

Since the establishment of the symbiosis between the ancestor of modern aphids and their primary endosymbiont,Buchnera aphidicola, insects and bacteria have coevolved. Due to this parallel evolution, the analysis of bacterial genomic features constitutes a useful tool to understand their evolutionary history. Here we report, based on data fromB. aphidicola, the molecular evolutionary analysis, the phylogenetic relationships among lineages and a comparison of sequence evolutionary rates of symbionts of four aphid species from three subfamilies. Our results support previous hypotheses of divergence ofB. aphidicolaand their host lineages during the early Cretaceous and indicate a closer relationship between subfamilies Eriosomatinae and Lachninae than with the Aphidinae. They also reveal a general evolutionary pattern among strains at the functional level. We also point out the effect of lifecycle and generation time as a possible explanation for the accelerated rate inB. aphidicolafrom the Lachninae.
FXYD3: A Promising Biomarker for Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: Zhang ZhongFa , Pang See-Tong , Kasper Katherine A. , Luan Chunyan , Wondergem Bill , Lin Fan , Chuang Cheng-Keng , Teh Bin Tean , Yang Ximing J.
Published: February 2011

Objective

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the kidney is a relatively rare but aggressive form of kidney cancer. Differential diagnosis of renal UC from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) can be difficult, but is critical for correct patient management. We aimed to use global gene expression profiling to identify genes specifically expressed in urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the kidney, with purpose of finding new biomarkers for differential diagnosis of UC of both upper and lower tract from normal tissues.

Materials and Methods

Microarray gene expression profiling was performed on a variety of human kidney tumor samples, including clear cell, papillary, chromophobe, oncocytoma, renal UC and normal kidney controls. Differentially expressed mRNAs in various kidney tumor subtypes were thus identified. Protein expression in human UC tumor samples from both upper and lower urinary tract was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.

Results

FXYD3 (MAT-8) mRNA was specifically expressed in UC of the kidney and not in normal kidney tissue or in any RCC tumor subtypes. FXYD3 mRNA levels displayed equal or better prediction rate for the detection of renal UC than the mRNA levels of selected known UC markers as p63, vimentin, S100P, KRT20 and KRT7. Finally, immunohistochemical staining of clinical UC samples showed that FXYD3 protein is overexpressed in majority of UC of the upper genitourinary tract (encompassing the kidney, ~90%) and in majority of high grade bladder UC (~84%, it's < 40% in low grade tumors, P < 0.001) compared to normal kidney and bladder tissues.

Conclusion

FXYD3 may be a promising novel biomarker for the differential diagnosis of renal UC and a promising prognosis marker of UC from bladder. Because it was identified genome-widely, FXYD3 may have important biological ramifications for the genetic study of UC.
Long‐Term Ethanol Consumption Leadsto Lung Tissue Oxidative Stress and Injury
Authors: Das Subir Kumar , Mukherjee Sukhes
Published: February 2011

Background: Alcohol abuse is a systemic disorder. The deleterious health effects of alcohol consumption may result in irreversible organ damage. By contrast, there currently is little evidence for the toxicity of chronic alcohol use on lung tissue. Hence, in this study we investigated long‐term effects of ethanol in the lung.

Results: Though body weight of rats increased significantly with duration of exposure compared to its initial weight, there was no significant change in relative weight (g/100 g body weight) of lung due to ethanol exposure. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), nitrite, protein carbonyl, oxidized glutathione (GSS G), redox ratio (GSS G/ GSH ) and GST activity elevated; while reduced glutathione (GSH ) level and activities of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Na+K+ATPase reduced significantly with duration of ethanol exposure in the lung homogenate compared to the control group. Total matrix metalloproteinase activity elevated in the lung homogenate with time of ethanol consumption. Histopathologic examination also demonstrated that severity of lung injury enhanced with duration of ethanol exposure.

Methods: 16–18 week‐old male albino Wistar strain rats weighing 200–220 g were fed with ethanol (1.6 g/kg body weight/day) up to 36 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were collected from reteroorbital plexus to determine blood alcohol concentration and the animals were sacrificed. Various oxidative stress‐related biochemical parameters, total matrix metalloproteinase activity and histopathologic examinations of the lung tissues were performed.

Conclusions: Results of this study indicate that long‐term ethanol administration aggravates systemic and local oxidative stress, which may be associated with lung tissue injury.
Retinal Redox Stress and Remodeling in Cardiometabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
Authors: Yang Ying , Hayden Melvin R. , Sowers Susan , Bagree Sarika V. , Sowers James R.
Published: February 2011

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant cause of global blindness; a major cause of blindness in the United States in people aged between 20–74. There is emerging evidence that retinopathy is initiated and propagated by multiple metabolic toxicities associated with excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The four traditional metabolic pathways involved in the development of DR include: increased polyol pathway flux, advanced glycation end‐product formation, activation of protein kinase Cisoforms and hexosamine pathway flux. These pathways individually and synergisticallycontribute to redox stress with excess ROS resulting in retinal tissue injury resulting in significant microvascular blood retinal barrier remodeling. The toxicity of hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, increased cytokines and growth factors, in conjunction with redox stress, contribute to the development and progression of DR. Redox stress contributes to the development and progression of abnormalities of endothelial cells and pericytes in DR. This review focuses on the ultrastructural observations of the blood retinal barrier including the relationship between the endothelial cell and pericyte remodeling in young nine week old Zucker obese (fa/ fa) rat model of obesity; cardiometabolic syndrome, and the 20 week old alloxan induced diabetic porcine model. Preventing or delaying the blindness associated with these intersecting abnormal metabolic pathways may be approached through strategies targeted to reduction of tissue inflammation and oxidative—redox stress. Understanding these abnormal metabolic pathways and the accompanying redox stress and remodeling mayprovide both the clinician and researcher a new concept of approaching this complicated disease process
Mass yields of secondary organic aerosols from the oxidation of α-pinene and real plant emissions
Authors: Hao L. Q. , Romakkaniemi S. , Yli-Pirilä P. , Joutsensaari J. , Kortelainen A. , Kroll J. H. , Miettinen P. , Vaattovaara P. , Tiitta P. , Jaatinen A. , Kajos M. K. , Holopainen J. K. , Heijari J. , Rinne J. , Kulmala M. , Worsnop D. R. , Smith J. N. , Laaksonen A.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a significant source of global secondary organic aerosol (SOA); however, quantifying their aerosol forming potential remains a challenge. This study presents smog chamber laboratory work, focusing on SOA formation via oxidation of the emissions of two dominant tree species from boreal forest area, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies), by hydroxyl radical (OH) and ozone (O3). Oxidation of α-pinene was also studied as a reference system. Tetramethylethylene (TME) and 2-butanol were added to control OH and O3 levels, thereby allowing SOA formation events to be categorized as resulting from either OH-dominated or O3-initiated chemistry. SOA mass yields from α-pinene are consistent with previous studies while the yields from the real plant emissions are generally lower than that from α-pinene, varying from 1.9% at an aerosol mass loading of 0.69 μg m−3 to 17.7% at 26.0 μg m−3. Mass yields from oxidation of real plant emissions are subject to the interactive effects of the molecular structures of plant emissions and their reaction chemistry with OH and O3, which lead to variations in condensable product volatility. SOA formation can be reproduced with a two-product gas-phase partitioning absorption model in spite of differences in the source of oxidant species and product volatility in the real plant emission experiments. Condensable products from OH-dominated chemistry showed a higher volatility than those from O3-initiated systems during aerosol growth stage. Particulate phase products became less volatile via aging process which continued after input gas-phase oxidants had been completely consumed.
Effects of absorbing aerosols in cloudy skies: a satellite study over the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Peters K. , Quaas J. , Bellouin N.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. We present a method for deriving the radiative effects of absorbing aerosols in cloudy scenes from satellite retrievals only. We use data of 2005–2007 from various passive sensors aboard satellites of the "A-Train" constellation. The study area is restricted to the tropical- and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. To identify the dependence of the local planetary albedo in cloudy scenes on cloud liquid water path and aerosol optical depth (AOD), we perform a multiple linear regression. The OMI UV-Aerosolindex serves as an indicator for absorbing-aerosol presence. In our method, the aerosol influences the local planetary albedo through direct- (scattering and absorption) and indirect (Twomey) aerosol effects. We find an increase of the local planetary albedo (LPA) with increasing AOD of mostly scattering aerosol and a decrease of the LPA with increasing AOD of mostly absorbing aerosol. These results allow us to derive the direct aerosol effect of absorbing aerosols in cloudy scenes, with the effect of cloudy-scene aerosol absorption in the tropical- and subtropical Atlantic contributing (+21.2 ± 11.1)×10−3 Wm−2 to the global top of the atmosphere radiative forcing.
Quantitative assessment of upstream source influences on total gaseous mercury observations in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Wen D. , Lin J. C. , Meng F. , Gbor P. K. , He Z. , Sloan J. J.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Hourly total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations at three monitoring sites (receptors) in Ontario were predicted for four selected periods at different seasons in 2002 using the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model, which transports Lagrangian air parcels backward in time from the receptors to provide linkages to the source region in the upwind area. The STILT model was modified to deal with Hg deposition and high stack Hg emissions. The model-predicted Hg concentrations were compared with observations at three monitoring sites. Estimates of transport errors (uncertainties in simulated concentrations due to errors in wind fields) are also provided that suggest such errors can reach approximately 10% of simulated concentrations. Results from a CMAQ chemical transport model (CTM) simulation in which the same emission and meteorology inputs were used are also reported. The comparisons show that STILT-predicted Hg concentrations usually agree better with observations than CMAQ except for a subset of cases that are subject to biases in the coarsely resolved boundary conditions. In these comparisons STILT captures high frequency concentration variations better than the Eulerian CTM, likely due to its ability to account for the sub-grid scale position of the receptor site and to minimize numerical diffusion. Thus it is particularly valuable for the interpretation of plumes (short-term concentration variations) that require the use of finer mesh sizes or controls on numerical diffusion in Eulerian models. We report quantitative assessments of the relative importance of different upstream sources for the selected episodes, based on emission fluxes and STILT footprints. The STILT simulations indicate that natural sources (which include re-emission from historical anthropogenic activities) contribute much more than current-day anthropogenic emissions to the Hg concentrations observed at the three sites.
Emulating coupled atmosphere-ocean and carbon cycle models with a simpler model, MAGICC6 – Part 1: Model description and calibration
Authors: Meinshausen M. , Raper S. C. B. , Wigley T. M. L.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Current scientific knowledge on the future response of the climate system to human-induced perturbations is comprehensively captured by various model intercomparison efforts. In the preparation of the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intercomparisons were organized for atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) and carbon cycle models, named "CMIP3" and "C4MIP", respectively. Despite their tremendous value for the scientific community and policy makers alike, there are some difficulties in interpreting the results. For example, radiative forcings were not standardized across the various AOGCM integrations and carbon cycle runs, and, in some models, key forcings were omitted. Furthermore, the AOGCM analysis of plausible emissions pathways was restricted to only three SRES scenarios. This study attempts to address these issues. We present an updated version of MAGICC, the simple carbon cycle-climate model used in past IPCC Assessment Reports with enhanced representation of time-varying climate sensitivities, carbon cycle feedbacks, aerosol forcings and ocean heat uptake characteristics. This new version, MAGICC6, is successfully calibrated against the higher complexity AOGCMs and carbon cycle models. Parameterizations of MAGICC6 are provided. The mean of the emulations presented here using MAGICC6 deviates from the mean AOGCM responses by only 2.2% on average for the SRES scenarios. This enhanced emulation skill in comparison to previous calibrations is primarily due to: making a "like-with-like comparison" using AOGCM-specific subsets of forcings; employing a new calibration procedure; as well as the fact that the updated simple climate model can now successfully emulate some of the climate-state dependent effective climate sensitivities of AOGCMs. The diagnosed effective climate sensitivity at the time of CO2 doubling for the AOGCMs is on average 2.88 °C, about 0.33 °C cooler than the mean of the reported slab ocean climate sensitivities. In the companion paper (Part 2) of this study, we examine the combined climate system and carbon cycle emulations for the complete range of IPCC SRES emissions scenarios and the new RCP pathways.
NLC and the background atmosphere above ALOMAR
Authors: Fiedler J. , Baumgarten G. , Berger U. , Hoffmann P. , Kaifler N. , Lübken F.-J.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Noctilucent clouds (NLC) have been measured by the Rayleigh/Mie/Raman-lidar at the ALOMAR research facility in Northern Norway (69° N, 16° E). From 1997 to 2010 NLC were detected during more than 1850 h on 440 different days. Colocated MF-radar measurements and calculations with the Leibniz-Institute Middle Atmosphere (LIMA-) model are used to characterize the background atmosphere. Temperatures as well as horizontal winds at 83 km altitude show distinct differences during NLC compared to the absence of NLC. On seasonal mean it is colder and the winds are stronger westward when NLC are detected. The wind separation is a robust feature as it shows up in measurements as well as in model and it is consistent with the current understanding that lower temperatures support the existence of ice particles. For the whole 14-years data set there is no statistically significant relation between NLC occurrence and solar activity. On the other hand NLC occurrence and temperatures at 83 km show a significant anti-correlation, which suggests that the thermal state plays a major role for the existence of ice particles and dominates the pure Lyman-α influence on water vapor during certain years. We find the seasonal mean NLC altitudes to be correlated to both Lyman-α radiation and temperature. NLC above ALOMAR are strongly influenced by atmospheric tides. Diurnal and semidiurnal amplitudes and phases show partly pronounced year-to-year variations. In general, amplitudes as well as phases vary in a different manner. Amplitudes change by a factor of more than 3 and phases vary by up to 7 h. Such variability can impact NLC observations limited to fixed local times.
Productivity patterns and N-fixation associated with Pliocene-Holocene sapropels: paleoceanographic and paleoecological significance
Authors: Gallego-Torres D. , Martinez-Ruiz F. , Meyers P. A. , Paytan A. , Jimenez-Espejo F. J. , Ortega-Huertas M.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. We have studied a suite of 35 sapropel sequences from a transect of four ODP sites across the Eastern Mediterranean to explore for paleoproductivity patterns and provide new insights on ecological changes during their deposition. Paleoproductivity variations were identified using TOC and Babio mass accumulation rates and δ15Ntotal and δ13Corg values. Elevated Ba/Al and TOC mass accumulation rates record periods of basin-wide amplified productivity. Our data further support that sapropels were formed by cyclic increases in primary production of marine organic matter largely sustained by N-fixing bacteria. This productivity increase was triggered by climate factors leading to increased fluvial discharge and amplified nutrient input that also favored the establishment of N-fixing bacteria. Enhanced productivity led to depletion of deepwater dissolved oxygen and consequently improved organic matter preservation. Primary production was more intense during the middle to Late Pleistocene compared to Pliocene equivalents, coinciding with increasing total sedimentation rates. δ15N values are dramatically lower in the sapropels than in TOC-poor background sediments, indicating a major contribution from nitrogen-fixing bacteria to the higher productivity during sapropel deposition. Additionally, different degrees of denitrification occurred as a consequence of water column oxygenation which in turns evolved from stagnant anoxic bottom waters during Pliocene sapropels to oxygen depleted and sluggish circulation in late Quaternary layers. These differences between sapropel layers provide new evidences for the general evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean basin during the last 3 Mys in terms of paleoceanographic conditions and the intensity of climate variability leading to sapropel deposition.
The key role of topography in altering North Atlantic atmospheric circulation during the last glacial period
Authors: Pausata F. S. R. , Li C. , Wettstein J. J. , Kageyama M. , Nisancioglu K. H.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 000 years before present) was a period of low atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, when vast ice sheets covered large parts of North America and Eurasia. Paleoclimate reconstructions and modeling studies suggest that the atmospheric circulation was substantially altered compared to today, both in terms of its mean state and its variability. Here we present a suite of coupled model simulations designed to investigate both the separate and combined influences of the main LGM boundary condition changes (greenhouse gases, ice sheet topography and ice sheet albedo) on the mean state and variability of the atmospheric circulation as represented by sea level pressure (SLP), 200-hPa zonal wind in the North Atlantic sector. We find that ice sheet topography accounts for most of the simulated change during the LGM. Greenhouse gases and ice sheet albedo affect the SLP gradient in the North Atlantic, but the overall placement of high and low pressure centers is controlled by topography. We also show that North Atlantic sea surface temperatures do not substantially influence the pattern of the climatological-mean SLP field, SLP variability or the position of the North Atlantic jet in the LGM.
A new dust cycle model with dynamic vegetation: LPJ-dust version 1.0
Authors: Shannon S. , Lunt D. J.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. This paper presents a new offline dust cycle model which uses the Lund-Potsdam-Jena dynamic global vegetation model (Sitch et al., 2003) to calculate time varying dust sources. Surface emissions are calculated by simulating the processes of saltation and sandblasting using an existing model (Tegen et al., 2002). Dust particles are transported using the TOMCAT chemical transport model (Chipperfield, 2006). Dust particles are removed from the atmosphere by dry deposition and sub-cloud scavenging. The model is designed so that it can be driven using reanalysis data or GCM derived fields. To improve the performance of the model, threshold values for vegetation cover, soil moisture, snow depth and threshold friction velocity, used to determine surface emissions are tuned. The effectiveness of three sub-cloud scavenging schemes are also tested. An ensemble of tuning experiments are evaluated against dust deposition and surface concentration measurements. Surface emissions which produce the best agreement with observations range from 1600 to 2400 Mtyr−1.
Spectral wave modelling of Typhoon Krosa
Authors: Babanin A. V. , Hsu T.-W. , Roland A. , Ou S.-H. , Doong D.-J. , Kao C. C.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. This paper presents modelling the wave conditions in Typhoon Krosa prior to touching Taiwan in October 2007, with third-generation wave models of SWAN and WWM. The accuracy of the extreme wave measurement Hmax = 32 m with significant wave height Hs ≈ 24 m at the depth of h = 38 m is discussed first. It is concluded that the measurement does not appear faulty and is physically realistic. The numerical results are then analysed in order to examine the models' capability to reproduce the observed conditions. It is found that neither SWAN nor WWMII are able to hindcast the extreme measurement. Series of sensitivity tests are conducted for different numerical and diffraction schemes, and source functions. It is shown that, in the circumstances, the model performance only improves in response to the bottom-limited breaking formulation.
Peter Jonkers and Ruud Welten, eds., God In France: Eight Contemporary French Thinkers on God
Authors: Simmons Aaron
Published: February 2011

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Antigone's Line
Authors: Mader Mary Beth
Published: February 2011

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Deleuze et les Stoïciens: une logique de l'événement
Authors: Bowden Sean
Published: February 2011

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Ann Hartle, Michel de Montaigne: Accidental Philosopher
Authors: Kim-Reuter Jonathan
Published: February 2011

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Slavoj Zizek , Organs Without Bodies: On Deleuze and Consequences
Authors: Noted Author Not
Published: February 2011

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The Chemistry of Phthalic Anhydride in Cure Retardation of Rubbers
Authors: Son P. N.
Published: February 2011

Since we found no appreciable reaction between phthalic anhydride and cis-polyisoprene at 140°C, it is very unlikely that the scorch delay resulting from the use of phthalic anhydride is due to the blocking of cure sites of diene rubbers by phthalic anhydride. Rather, we incline to believe that the formation of a PA-ZnO-MBT complex during the cure is responsible for the observed scorch delay. “Starvation” of zinc oxide by phthalic anhydride was considered as an alternative explanation for the scorch delay, but it was ruled out on the basis of the finding that neither 0.8 phr of additional zinc oxide nor the reaction product of phthalic anhydride with zinc oxide showed very much effect on scorch delay.
Cis-Polyoctenamer: Thermodynamic Parameters of Fusion and Crystallization Kinetics
Authors: Gianotti G. , Capizzi A. , Del Giudice L.
Published: February 2011

The thermodynamic parameters of fusion and crystallization kinetics of cis-polyoctenamer were investigated. We adopted the cryoscopic method based on the melting point decrease in the presence of diluents, using toluene as a diluent. It was also possible to determine the equilibrium melting temperature by extrapolating the “kinetic” melting points, measured on polymers crystallized at various temperatures. The dependence of ΔHu and Teq on the cis content allows evaluation of their values for all-cis-polyoctenamer. Conclusions about the elastomeric properties of the polymer are drawn.
Relationship between Operating Variables and Temperature of Elastomer Entering the Mold on a Coaxial Screw/Pot Injection Molding Machine
Authors: Reber D. , Chen I. , Siwiecki K. J.
Published: February 2011

The conclusions from this study are : 1. A linear model can be easily developed and is a useful tool to aid in setting up an injection molding machine. 2. An elastomer temperature in the holding chamber close to the 3-min induction-time temperature usually yields reasonable cure times without scorch in the coaxial screw/pot machine described. 3. Material properties, especially viscosity, seem to have a relatively minor effect on elastomer purge temperature because of low shear rates. However, in a mold with small runners viscosity could have a significant effect on elastomer temperature.
Shrinkage of Cured Fluoroelastomers. I. Basic Parameters
Authors: Fogiel A. W. , Frensdorff H. K. , MacLachlan J. D.
Published: February 2011

The thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) is eminently suitable for the measurement of the thermal expansion coefficient of rubbers, provided the equipment is calibrated with materials of similar expansion coefficient. FKM or other thermally stable and amorphous polymers (of independently determined thermal expansion characteristics) can be used as calibration standards. The relative simplicity and precision of the TMA method for the determination of the coefficient of isotropic linear expansion, and hence, of volumetric expansion of rubbers, makes this important thermodynamic parameter easily accessible experimentally. Because of the frequently observed anisotropy of molded elastomeric compounds, measurements in all three dimensions are required to define linear, isotropic expansion and shrinkage which, to an excellent approximation, are represented by arithmetic averages of the three unidirectional values. Good agreement has been found between the average (isotropic) shrinkage determined experimentally and that calculated from the average (isotropic) coefficient of linear thermal expansion, α. The effect of fillers, such as carbon black, on α is additive. This makes it possible to predict α and shrinkage of all filled compounds from a single value of α of the unfilled rubber. The linear thermal expansion coefficients of the tested rubbers (FKM, NBR, EPDM) increase linearly with temperature, the increase being generally stronger for FKM than for the other elastomers. The appreciably higher mold shrinkage of FKM relative to NBR is directly due to the higher α of FKM for comparable levels of fillers. This must be kept in mind when expedience dictates the use of the same molds for FKM and NBR compounds.
Shrinkage of Cured Fluoroelastomers. II. Shrinkage Control
Authors: MacLachlan J. D. , Fogiel A. W.
Published: February 2011

Processing variables have been examined for the prediction and control of mold shrinkage in directions pertinent to practical applications. (1) Of the total shrinkage of finished parts, more than 75% results from the press cure, and the remainder is the result of weight losses during the subsequent oven cure. (2) Mold shrinkage may be reduced by addition of CaO, bituminous coal fines, or epoxy resins. Shrinkage can be increased by addition of volatile materials. (3) Control of shrinkage may also be effected with acicular fillers or filler mixtures through fiber orientation in the elastomeric matrix in the desired direction. In the case of O-rings, inside diameter shrinkage values ranging from zero to three per cent can be produced in a controllable manner by blank preparation techniques commonly used in the industry.
Rheological Characteristics of Gum Elastomers
Authors: Nakajima N. , Collins E. A.
Published: February 2011

A systematic characterization of gum elastomers may be done by measuring viscoelastic and ultimate properties. The viscoelastic properties of amorphous elastomers can be reduced to a master curve by means of the temperature-time, pressure-time, and strain-time correspondence principles. If a structure, e.g. crystallinity, develops with a change of temperature, pressure, or strain, such structural change may be regarded as a deviation. The ultimate properties may be represented either as stress-strain at break, modulus-strain at break, rupture-energy-deformation-rate, or stress-at-break-deformation-rate and strain-at-break-deformation-rate. The modulus-strain-at-break plot shows promise for interpreting mill processability in terms of the basic rheological properties. The rupture-energy-deformation-rate plot supplies a useful quantitative input for mill mixing.
Heterogeneous Blends of Polymers. Rheology and Morphology
Authors: Avgeropoulos G. N. , Weissert F. C. , Biddison P. H. , Böhm G. G. A.
Published: February 2011

A single polymer pair (BR and EPDM) was used to confirm experimentally rheology-morphology relationships that have been previously gleaned from comparison of a variety of blend systems. The relative importance of the primary factors which govern blend morphology (composition and relative mixing viscosity of the components) was determined over the range of practical interest. In addition, correlation of mixing rheology with more accurate and complete shear modulus data allowed (a) molecular interpretation of rheological behavior in terms of network parameters, such as physical entanglements, and (b) estimation of the elastic and loss components of the shear modulus during mixing. An attempt was made at explaining the dependence of blend morphology on the viscoelastic properties of the components in terms of a fracture or tearing mechanism.
Densities of Amorphous Polymers at High Pressures
Authors: Beret S. , Prausnitz J. M.
Published: February 2011

Experimentally determined densities and compressibilities of amorphous polymers are frequently available; but, because of experimental difficulties, few experimental results have been reported at high pressures. Such densities, however, are sometimes required for rational design of extrusion and similar processes. We report here a simple method for estimating densities and compressibilities at high pressures from experimental compressibilities at low pressure. Our method is based on a relation for liquids suggested by Wada and developed by Chueh and Prausnitz. The purpose of this note is to suggest a method for estimating polymer densities at high pressure wherever experimental data are insufficient for obtaining parameters needed in an equation of state, as, for example, the Tait equation.
Variations in Testing Procedures on the Rotary Flexometer
Authors: Kainradl P. , Wolf F. , Ecker H.
Published: February 2011

The rotary flexometer described in German Standard Proposal DIN 53 533 has been used to determine heat generation and fatigue resistance on homogeneous rubber specimens, laminated specimens, and some containing fabric plies. When a series of compounds having a range of hysteresis or hardness is run at constant deformation amplitude, the ranking is usually inverse to that obtained when run at constant force amplitude. The test method should be chosen to correspond to the proposed use of the compound. Accessories developed permit testing of 10 ×. 10 mm cylindrical specimens as well as conventional 20 × 20 mm cylinders. Temperature measurements in the specimen center have proven to be more precise than those on the free surface or on a clamped surface. Temperature increase during cycling is strictly a function of the viscoelastic properties of the compound. Creep measured at ambient temperature may rate a series of compounds differently than if measured at an elevated temperature. Fatigue resistance is well represented by S-N curves where the logarithm of N, the cycles to failure is plotted as a function of S, the severity factor (deformation amplitude or force amplitude). An inverse relationship exists between rate of heat generation and failure by degradation of the specimen center. The vulcanization system affects fatigue life. The temperature reached during testing of a highly hysteretic material can be minimized by using it as the central layer of a laminated specimen and higher hysteretic materials for the rest of the specimen. The apparatus can be used for testing dynamic adhesion fatigue of rubber-fabric bonds. Failure between plies started as a failure of the bond between rubber and cord.
Measurement of Molecular Weight Distribution of SBR and Prediction of Rubber Processability
Authors: Smith B. R.
Published: February 2011

This investigation on the origins of variable processability of emulsion SBR as measured by the BIT test established that no simple relationship exists between Mooney viscosity and processability, and that molecular weight distribution must be considered when producing to a BIT specification. By devising a sample preparation method directly from latex and the peak-height-ratio technique, a rapid method of estimating BIT from GPC chromatograms was developed. The method is suitable for process control. The mixing studies showed a general trend of increasing die swell with increasing BIT. The soluble rubber phase was found to have the same molecular weight distribution irrespective of the distribution at the commencement of mixing. It appears that die swell is influenced by variations in carbon-gel.
Compound Processability and Molecular Weight Distribution of SBR
Authors: Mills W. , Giurco F.
Published: February 2011

Nonuniformities in the mixing and extrusion behavior of nominally standard grades of emulsion- and solution-polymerized oil-extended SBR are associated with variations in molecular weight distribution but are not reflected by Mooney viscosity. The variations in the samples studied were representative of normal production material. The solution-polymerized polymers characteristically exhibit wider variations in compound die swell and have generally more rapid dispersion of carbon black than comparable emulsion-polymerized polymers. This is true, regardless of whether BIT or t′ point is considered as a measure of carbon black dispersibility. Generally, increasing polydispersity increases compound die swell and retards the rate of carbon-black dispersion. Utilization of unit work instead of mixing time as a measure for torque rheometer processability gives similar information on carbon-black dispersibility. However, unit work is preferred because of the promise it holds for scaleup and interlaboratory correlation. Delta Mooney values, and to a lesser extent peak Mooney torque, provide a useful basis for predicting the mixing and extrusion behavior of oil-extended SBR. The torque rheometer t′ point recently proposed as an index for carbonblack dispersibility is also useful for predicting compound die swell.
Synthesis and Properties of Uniform Polyisoprene Networks. I. Synthesis and Characterization of α,ω-Dihydroxy-Polyisoprene
Authors: Morton M. , Fetters L. J. , Inomata J. , Rubio D. C. , Young R. N.
Published: February 2011

The results of this study are the first to show that high-1,4 linear α,ω-dihydroxypolydienes can be synthesized with (a) predictable molecular weights, (b) narrow molecular weight distributions, and (c) high functionalities. Using the functionalized polyisoprenes prepared in this work, a series of networks was prepared with a purified triisocyanate as the chain linking agent. The soluble fraction in these networks ranged from 4.6 to 1.6 per cent. The characteristics and physical properties of these networks will be the subject of a forthcoming publication.