bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, attitude, practice of hand hygiene among nursing staff in medicine ICU in a tertiary health care centre in Western India
Authors: Pawar Satyajeet K. , Patil Rajvardhan R. , Shinde R. V. , Karande G. S.
Published: May 2018

Background: Hospital infection is one of the leading cause of public health related issue throughout the world. Hand hygiene is one of the leading measure used to prevent cross-transmission and thus to reduce health care associated infections.Aims & Objectives: To assess knowledge, attitude and practice about hand hygiene in nursing staff in medicine ICU in a tertiary health care centre.Methodology: Total 48 medicine ICU nursing staff were given open ended questionnaire on knowledge, attitude and practice of hand hygiene. Score were given for correct option and data was filled and analyzed in MS Excel softwareResults: Compliance in knowledge (62 %) and attitude (81 %) for hand hygiene was good. Performance in practice of hand hygiene was 54 % which was comparatively lower.Conclusion: Compliance of hand hygiene practice was lower compared to knowledge and attitude and needs to be addressed in the form of continued medical education.
Study of urinary protein creatinine index in hypertensive patient
Authors: Kumar Anoop , Archana Dr. , Sachan Shweta , Gupta Akash
Published: May 2018

Objectives: Proteinuria is a hallmark of glomerular diseases. Uncontrolled high blood pressure increases the risk of glomerular disease leading to proteinuria and high urinary creatinine. So an attempt was made to validate the PCI of a random urine sample as a reliable and a convenient test.Methods: Total of 42 hypertensive patients and 80 controls were selected. Their urinary protein was estimated by urinary dipstick method and colorimetric sulfosalicylic acid method. Urinary creatinine was estimated by modified Jaffe’s method. Protein creatinine index was measured for each patients and controls.Results: It was found that the amount of creatinine in urine in hypertensive patients (0.91 ± 0.29 mmol/dl) was comparable to that in the control subjects (0.86 ± 0.38 mmol/dl).The mean of urinary protein concentration in the hypertensive patients was 13.66 ± 5.77 mg/dl, and in the controls was 8.13 ± 2.82 mg/dl respectively. Highly significant value of PCI were observed in hypertensive patients (153 ±59.08) as compared to the controls where PCI was 114.64 ±47.96 (p<0.001). Conclusion: PCI of a random urine sample can serve as a reliable and convenient test to replace 24 hr urine protein estimation.  It can serve as baseline predictor of progression of renal diseases.
Targeted cortical reorganization using optogenetics in non-human primates
Authors: Yazdan-Shahmorad Azadeh , Silversmith Daniel B , Kharazia Viktor , Sabes Philip N
Published: May 2018

Brain stimulation modulates the excitability of neural circuits and drives neuroplasticity. While the local effects of stimulation have been an active area of investigation, the effects on large-scale networks remain largely unexplored. We studied stimulation-induced changes in network dynamics in two macaques. A large-scale optogenetic interface enabled simultaneous stimulation of excitatory neurons and electrocorticographic recording across primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortex (Yazdan-Shahmorad et al., 2016). We tracked two measures of network connectivity, the network response to focal stimulation and the baseline coherence between pairs of electrodes; these were strongly correlated before stimulation. Within minutes, stimulation in S1 or M1 significantly strengthened the gross functional connectivity between these areas. At a finer scale, stimulation led to heterogeneous connectivity changes across the network. These changes reflected the correlations introduced by stimulation-evoked activity, consistent with Hebbian plasticity models. This work extends Hebbian plasticity models to large-scale circuits, with significant implications for stimulation-based neurorehabilitation.
Semisynthetic biosensors for mapping cellular concentrations of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides
Authors: Sallin Olivier , Reymond Luc , Gondrand Corentin , Raith Fabio , Koch Birgit , Johnsson Kai
Published: May 2018

We introduce a new class of semisynthetic fluorescent biosensors for the quantification of free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and ratios of reduced to oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH/NADP+) in live cells. Sensing is based on controlling the spatial proximity of two synthetic fluorophores by binding of NAD(P) to the protein component of the sensor. The sensors possess a large dynamic range, can be excited at long wavelengths, are pH-insensitive, have tunable response range and can be localized in different organelles. Ratios of free NADPH/NADP+ are found to be higher in mitochondria compared to those found in the nucleus and the cytosol. By recording free NADPH/NADP+ ratios in response to changes in environmental conditions, we observe how cells can react to such changes by adapting metabolic fluxes. Finally, we demonstrate how a comparison of the effect of drugs on cellular NAD(P) levels can be used to probe mechanisms of action.
Differential temporal dynamics during visual imagery and perception
Authors: Dijkstra Nadine , Mostert Pim , Lange Floris P de , Bosch Sander , van Gerven Marcel AJ
Published: May 2018

Visual perception and imagery rely on similar representations in the visual cortex. During perception, visual activity is characterized by distinct processing stages, but the temporal dynamics underlying imagery remain unclear. Here, we investigated the dynamics of visual imagery in human participants using magnetoencephalography. Firstly, we show that, compared to perception, imagery decoding becomes significant later and representations at the start of imagery already overlap with later time points. This suggests that during imagery, the entire visual representation is activated at once or that there are large differences in the timing of imagery between trials. Secondly, we found consistent overlap between imagery and perceptual processing around 160 ms and from 300 ms after stimulus onset. This indicates that the N170 gets reactivated during imagery and that imagery does not rely on early perceptual representations. Together, these results provide important insights for our understanding of the neural mechanisms of visual imagery.
Cdc48-like protein of actinobacteria (Cpa) is a novel proteasome interactor in mycobacteria and related organisms
Authors: Ziemski Michal , Jomaa Ahmad , Mayer Daniel , Rutz Sonja , Giese Christoph , Veprintsev Dmitry , Weber-Ban Eilika
Published: May 2018

Cdc48 is a AAA+ ATPase that plays an essential role for many cellular processes in eukaryotic cells. An archaeal homologue of this highly conserved enzyme was shown to directly interact with the 20S proteasome. Here, we analyze the occurrence and phylogeny of a Cdc48 homologue in Actinobacteria and assess its cellular function and possible interaction with the bacterial proteasome. Our data demonstrate that Cdc48-like protein of actinobacteria (Cpa) forms hexameric rings and that the oligomeric state correlates directly with the ATPase activity. Furthermore, we show that the assembled Cpa rings can physically interact with the 20S core particle. Comparison of the Mycobacterium smegmatis wild-type with a cpa knockout strain under carbon starvation uncovers significant changes in the levels of around 500 proteins. Pathway mapping of the observed pattern of changes identifies ribosomal proteins as a particular hotspot, pointing amongst others toward a role of Cpa in ribosome adaptation during starvation.
Routine single particle CryoEM sample and grid characterization by tomography
Authors: Noble Alex J , Dandey Venkata P , Wei Hui , Brasch Julia , Chase Jillian , Acharya Priyamvada , Tan Yong Zi , Zhang Zhening , Kim Laura Y , Scapin Giovanna , Rapp Micah , Eng Edward T , Rice William J , Cheng Anchi , Negro Carl J , Shapiro Lawrence , Kwong Peter D , Jeruzalmi David , des Georges Amedee , Potter Clinton S , Carragher Bridget
Published: May 2018

Single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) is often performed under the assumption that particles are not adsorbed to the air-water interfaces and in thin, vitreous ice. In this study, we performed fiducial-less tomography on over 50 different cryoEM grid/sample preparations to determine the particle distribution within the ice and the overall geometry of the ice in grid holes. Surprisingly, by studying particles in holes in 3D from over 1000 tomograms, we have determined that the vast majority of particles (approximately 90%) are adsorbed to an air-water interface. The implications of this observation are wide-ranging, with potential ramifications regarding protein denaturation, conformational change, and preferred orientation. We also show that fiducial-less cryo-electron tomography on single particle grids may be used to determine ice thickness, optimal single particle collection areas and strategies, particle heterogeneity, and de novo models for template picking and single particle alignment.
Transcriptional profiling reveals extraordinary diversity among skeletal muscle tissues
Authors: Terry Erin E , Zhang Xiping , Hoffmann Christy , Hughes Laura D , Lewis Scott A , Li Jiajia , Wallace Matthew J , Riley Lance A , Douglas Collin M , Gutierrez-Monreal Miguel A , Lahens Nicholas F , Gong Ming C , Andrade Francisco , Esser Karyn A , Hughes Michael E
Published: May 2018

Skeletal muscle comprises a family of diverse tissues with highly specialized functions. Many acquired diseases, including HIV and COPD, affect specific muscles while sparing others. Even monogenic muscular dystrophies selectively affect certain muscle groups. These observations suggest that factors intrinsic to muscle tissues influence their resistance to disease. Nevertheless, most studies have not addressed transcriptional diversity among skeletal muscles. Here we use RNAseq to profile mRNA expression in skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues from mice and rats. Our data set, MuscleDB, reveals extensive transcriptional diversity, with greater than 50% of transcripts differentially expressed among skeletal muscle tissues. We detect mRNA expression of hundreds of putative myokines that may underlie the endocrine functions of skeletal muscle. We identify candidate genes that may drive tissue specialization, including Smarca4, Vegfa, and Myostatin. By demonstrating the intrinsic diversity of skeletal muscles, these data provide a resource for studying the mechanisms of tissue specialization.
mTORC1 and mTORC2 differentially promote natural killer cell development
Authors: Yang Chao , Tsaih Shirng-Wern , Lemke Angela , Flister Michael J , Thakar Monica S , Malarkannan Subramaniam
Published: May 2018

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that are essential for innate and adaptive immunity. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is critical for NK cell development; however, the independent roles of mTORC1 or mTORC2 in regulating this process remain unknown. Ncr1iCre-mediated deletion of Rptor or Rictor in mice results in altered homeostatic NK cellularity and impaired development at distinct stages. The transition from the CD27+CD11b− to the CD27+CD11b+ stage is impaired in Rptor cKO mice, while, the terminal maturation from the CD27+CD11b+ to the CD27−CD11b+ stage is compromised in Rictor cKO mice. Mechanistically, Raptor-deficiency renders substantial alteration of the gene expression profile including transcription factors governing early NK cell development. Comparatively, loss of Rictor causes more restricted transcriptome changes. The reduced expression of T-bet correlates with the terminal maturation defects and results from impaired mTORC2-AktS473-FoxO1 signaling. Collectively, our results reveal the divergent roles of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in NK cell development.
Functional and structural characterization of an ECF-type ABC transporter for vitamin B12
Authors: Santos Joana A , Rempel Stephan , Mous Sandra TM , Pereira Cristiane T , ter Beek Josy , de Gier Jan-Willem , Guskov Albert , Slotboom Dirk J
Published: May 2018

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is the most complex B-type vitamin and is synthetized exclusively in a limited number of prokaryotes. Its biologically active variants contain rare organometallic bonds, which are used by enzymes in a variety of central metabolic pathways such as L-methionine synthesis and ribonucleotide reduction. Although its biosynthesis and role as co-factor are well understood, knowledge about uptake of cobalamin by prokaryotic auxotrophs is scarce. Here, we characterize a cobalamin-specific ECF-type ABC transporter from Lactobacillus delbrueckii, ECF-CbrT, and demonstrate that it mediates the specific, ATP-dependent uptake of cobalamin. We solved the crystal structure of ECF-CbrT in an apo conformation to 3.4 Å resolution. Comparison with the ECF transporter for folate (ECF-FolT2) from the same organism, reveals how the identical ECF module adjusts to interact with the different substrate binding proteins FolT2 and CbrT. ECF-CbrT is unrelated to the well-characterized B12 transporter BtuCDF, but their biochemical features indicate functional convergence.
Deficiency of parkin and PINK1 impairs age-dependent mitophagy in Drosophila
Authors: Cornelissen Tom , Vilain Sven , Vints Katlijn , Gounko Natalia , Verstreken Patrik , Vandenberghe Wim
Published: May 2018

Mutations in the genes for PINK1 and parkin cause Parkinson’s disease. PINK1 and parkin cooperate in the selective autophagic degradation of damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) in cultured cells. However, evidence for their role in mitophagy in vivo is still scarce. Here, we generated a Drosophila model expressing the mitophagy probe mt-Keima. Using live mt-Keima imaging and correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), we show that mitophagy occurs in muscle cells and dopaminergic neurons in vivo, even in the absence of exogenous mitochondrial toxins. Mitophagy increases with aging, and this age-dependent rise is abrogated by PINK1 or parkin deficiency. Knockdown of the Drosophila homologues of the deubiquitinases USP15 and, to a lesser extent, USP30, rescues mitophagy in the parkin-deficient flies. These data demonstrate a crucial role for parkin and PINK1 in age-dependent mitophagy in Drosophila in vivo.
Ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptor-cell circuits form a spectral depth gauge in marine zooplankton
Authors: Verasztó Csaba , Gühmann Martin , Jia Huiyong , Rajan Vinoth Babu Veedin , Bezares-Calderón Luis A , Piñeiro-Lopez Cristina , Randel Nadine , Shahidi Réza , Michiels Nico K , Yokoyama Shozo , Tessmar-Raible Kristin , Jékely Gáspár
Published: May 2018

Ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells represent two main lines of photoreceptor-cell evolution in animals. The two cell types coexist in some animals, however how these cells functionally integrate is unknown. We used connectomics to map synaptic paths between ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptors in the planktonic larva of the annelid Platynereis and found that ciliary photoreceptors are presynaptic to the rhabdomeric circuit. The behaviors mediated by the ciliary and rhabdomeric cells also interact hierarchically. The ciliary photoreceptors are UV-sensitive and mediate downward swimming in non-directional UV light, a behavior absent in ciliary-opsin knockout larvae. UV avoidance overrides positive phototaxis mediated by the rhabdomeric eyes such that vertical swimming direction is determined by the ratio of blue/UV light. Since this ratio increases with depth, Platynereis larvae may use it as a depth gauge during vertical migration. Our results revealed a functional integration of ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells in a zooplankton larva.
Structure of the CLC-1 chloride channel from Homo sapiens
Authors: Park Eunyong , MacKinnon Roderick
Published: May 2018

CLC channels mediate passive Cl− conduction, while CLC transporters mediate active Cl− transport coupled to H+ transport in the opposite direction. The distinction between CLC-0/1/2 channels and CLC transporters seems undetectable by amino acid sequence. To understand why they are different functionally we determined the structure of the human CLC-1 channel. Its ‘glutamate gate’ residue, known to mediate proton transfer in CLC transporters, adopts a location in the structure that appears to preclude it from its transport function. Furthermore, smaller side chains produce a wider pore near the intracellular surface, potentially reducing a kinetic barrier for Cl− conduction. When the corresponding residues are mutated in a transporter, it is converted to a channel. Finally, Cl− at key sites in the pore appear to interact with reduced affinity compared to transporters. Thus, subtle differences in glutamate gate conformation, internal pore diameter and Cl− affinity distinguish CLC channels and transporters.
The ER membrane protein complex interacts cotranslationally to enable biogenesis of multipass membrane proteins
Authors: Shurtleff Matthew J , Itzhak Daniel N , Hussmann Jeffrey A , Schirle Oakdale Nicole T , Costa Elizabeth A , Jonikas Martin , Weibezahn Jimena , Popova Katerina D , Jan Calvin H , Sinitcyn Pavel , Vembar Shruthi S , Hernandez Hilda , Cox Jürgen , Burlingame Alma L , Brodsky Jeffrey L , Frost Adam , Borner Georg HH , Weissman Jonathan S
Published: May 2018

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) supports biosynthesis of proteins with diverse transmembrane domain (TMD) lengths and hydrophobicity. Features in transmembrane domains such as charged residues in ion channels are often functionally important, but could pose a challenge during cotranslational membrane insertion and folding. Our systematic proteomic approaches in both yeast and human cells revealed that the ER membrane protein complex (EMC) binds to and promotes the biogenesis of a range of multipass transmembrane proteins, with a particular enrichment for transporters. Proximity-specific ribosome profiling demonstrates that the EMC engages clients cotranslationally and immediately following clusters of TMDs enriched for charged residues. The EMC can remain associated after completion of translation, which both protects clients from premature degradation and allows recruitment of substrate-specific and general chaperones. Thus, the EMC broadly enables the biogenesis of multipass transmembrane proteins containing destabilizing features, thereby mitigating the trade-off between function and stability.
Use of a Clinical Pathologic Conference to Demonstrate Residents’ ACGME Emergency Medicine Milestones, Aid in Faculty Development, and Increase Academic Output
Authors: Kane Kathleen , Weaver Kevin , Barr Gavin , Quinn Shawn , Goyke Terrence , Smith Amy , Yenser Dawn , Kane Bryan
Published: May 2018

The Emergency Medicine Milestones Project, developed by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and the American Board of Emergency Medicine, includes competence targets for residents to attain and, ultimately, to exceed American Osteopathic Association and ACGME expectations for residents. The authors sought to use the clinical pathologic conference (CPC) format in their institutions’ Emergency Medicine Milestones Project to provide measurable residency academic and faculty development outcomes. The CPC is an event in which a resident presents an unknown case to a discussant in advance of a didactic session to demonstrate an organized approach and decision-making rationale to a differential diagnosis. Feedback forms included the assessment of resident discussants from the perspective of level-5 Milestone achievements in particular. Developing an internal CPC competition with a dedicated core faculty coordinator who provides skill development for both resident and faculty presentation has proven successful. Such a competition can document the level-5 achievements for senior residents, be a source of faculty development, and increase peer-reviewed academic output.
Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of GRAS gene family in pepper (Capsicum annuumL.)
Authors: Liu Baoling , Sun Yan , Xue Jinai , Jia Xiaoyun , Li Runzhi
Published: May 2018

Plant-specific GRAS transcription factors regulate various biological processes in plant growth, development and stress responses. However, this important gene family was not fully characterized in pepper (Capsicum annuumL.), an economically important vegetable crop. Here, a total of 50 CaGRAS members were identified in pepper genome and renamed by their respective chromosomal distribution. Genomic organization revealed that mostCaGRASgenes (84%) have no intron. Phylogenetic analysis divided pepper CaGRAS members into 10 subfamilies, with each having distinct conserved domains and functions. For the expansion of theGRASgenes in pepper, segmental duplication contributed more than tandem duplication did. Gene expression analysis in various tissues demonstrated that most ofCaGRASgenes exhibited a tissue- and development stage-specific expression pattern, uncovering their potential functions in pepper growth and development. Moreover, 21CaGRASgenes were differentially expressed under cold, drought, salt and gibberellin acid (GA) treatments, indicating that they may implicated in plant response to abiotic stress. Notably, GA responsivecis-elements were detected in the promoter regions of the majority ofCaGRASgenes, suggesting that CaGRAS may involve in signal cross-talking. The first comprehensive analysis of GRAS gene family in pepper genome by this study provide insights into understanding the GRAS-mediated regulation network, benefiting the genetic improvements in pepper and some other relative plants.
Associations between psychometrically assessed life history strategy and daily behavior: data from the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR)
Authors: Manson Joseph H.
Published: May 2018

Life history theory has generated cogent, well-supported hypotheses about individual differences in human biodemographic traits (e.g., age at sexual maturity) and psychometric traits (e.g., conscientiousness), but little is known about how variation in life history strategy (LHS) is manifest in quotidian human behavior. Here I test predicted associations between the self-report Arizona Life History Battery and frequencies of 12 behaviors observed over 72 h in 91 US college students using the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR), a method of gathering periodic brief audio recordings as participants go about their daily lives. Bayesian multi-level aggregated binomial regression analysis found no strong associations between ALHB scores and behavior frequencies. One behavior, presence at amusement venues (bars, concerts, sports events) was weakly positively associated with ALHB-assessed slow LHS, contrary to prediction. These results may represent a challenge to the ALHB’s validity. However, it remains possible that situational influences on behavior, which were not measured in the present study, moderate the relationships between psychometrically-assessed LHS and quotidian behavior.
MIPhy: identify and quantify rapidly evolving members of large gene families
Authors: Curran David M. , Gilleard John S. , Wasmuth James D.
Published: May 2018

After transitioning to a new environment, species often exhibit rapid phenotypic innovation. One of the fastest mechanisms for this is duplication followed by specialization of existing genes. When this happens to a member of a gene family, it tends to leave a detectable phylogenetic signature of lineage-specific expansions and contractions. These can be identified by analyzing the gene family across several species and identifying patterns of gene duplication and loss that do not correlate with the known relationships between those species. This signature, termed phylogenetic instability, has been previously linked to adaptations that change the way an organism samples and responds to its environment; conversely, low phylogenetic instability has been previously linked to proteins with endogenous functions. With the increase in genome-level data, there is a need to identify and quantify phylogenetic instability. Here, we present Minimizing Instability in Phylogenetics (MIPhy), a tool that solves this problem by quantifying the incongruence of a gene’s evolutionary history. The motivation behind MIPhy was to produce a tool to aid in interpreting phylogenetic trees. It can predict which members of a gene family are under adaptive evolution, working only from a gene tree and the relationship between the species under consideration. While it does not conduct any estimation of positive selection—which is the typical indication of adaptive evolution—the results tend to agree. We demonstrate the usefulness of MIPhy by accurately predicting which members of the mammalian cytochrome P450 gene superfamily metabolize xenobiotics and which metabolize endogenous compounds. Our predictions correlate very well with known substrate specificities of the human enzymes. We also analyze the Caenorhabditis collagen gene family and use MIPhy to predict genes that produce an observable phenotype when knocked down in C. elegans, and show that our predictions correlate well with existing knowledge. The software can be downloaded and installed from https://github.com/dave-the-scientist/miphy and is also available as an online web tool at http://www.miphy.wasmuthlab.org.
ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКИЙ КАПИТАЛ РОССИЙСКИХ РАБОЧИХ: СОСТОЯНИЕ, ДИНАМИКА, ФАКТОРЫ, "Общественные науки и современность"
Authors: Тихонова Наталья Евгеньевна , КАРАВАЙ Анастасия Вадимовна
Published: May 2018

В статье показано, что образовательный уровень российских рабочих довольно высок, хотя у подавляющего большинства из них нет профессиональной подготовки по той специальности, по которой они работают, или по близкой к ней (за исключением обучения непосредственно на рабочем месте). Более того, они не повышают и не стремятся повышать свою квалификацию. Продемонстрировано, что все эти особенности в последние годы усилились и что ключевые для развития данных негативных тенденций факторы - институционального характера, прежде всего незначимость в масштабах страны для уровня зарплат рабочих продолжительности их обучения или уровня профессионализма. Положительно влияет на их зарплату лишь наличие диплома о высшем образовании, который выступает для работодателя маркером большей социализированности, поскольку полученная в вузе специальность никак не соотносится у подавляющего большинства из них с профилем их деятельности. Падение ценности профессионализма и депрофессионализация не только рабочих, но и других российских работников, активно разворачивающаяся сейчас в России под лозунгами перехода к компетентностному подходу, ведет к тому, что в национальной производственной культуре постепенно утрачиваются ценности профессионализма. Однако видеть складывающуюся в области человеческого капитала рабочих картину исключительно в черном цвете тоже было бы неверно, поскольку у трети из них ярко выражена способность к обучению и переобучению, и при грамотной государственной политике именно эта часть рабочих способна стать кадровым резервом для технологического прорыва страны.
ПРОЩАЙ, СОВЕТСКИЙ ПРОСТОЙ ЧЕЛОВЕК!*, "Общественные науки и современность"
Authors: РАДАЕВ Вадим Валерьевич
Published: May 2018

Обосновывается идея социального перелома в современной России, вызванного сменой поколений и обусловленного размыванием ценностей “советского простого человека”. ­Рассматриваются специфика и ограничения концепции “советского простого человека” и политического подхода к анализу поколений. Предлагается оригинальная классификация поколений, построенная по характеру исторических условий в период взросления. Исследуется межпоколенческая динамика по широкому набору социальных показателей. Особый акцент делается на разделении “советских” и “постсоветских” поколений. Для эмпирических иллюстраций используются данные Российского мониторинга экономического положения и здоровья населения НИУ ВШЭ (1994-2016 гг.). ­Выявлена устойчивая значимость межпоколенческих различий в уровне образования, использовании цифровых технологий, формах досуговой деятельности и приверженности здоровому образу жизни. Делается общий вывод о необходимости новых исследовательских программ, альтернативных концепции “советского простого человека”.
МЕЖНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ БРАКИ КАК ЧАСТЬ СОВЕТСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО СЦЕНАРИЯ: СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ПОДХОД*, "Общественные науки и современность"
Authors: Лурье Светлана Владимировна
Published: May 2018

В статье рассматриваются межнациональные браки в СССР как социокультурный феномен в контексте формирования в стране сценария “дружба народов”. Анализируется влияние советской национальной политики на народные сценарии межэтнических отношений. Сценарий “дружба народов” анализируется как форма поведенческого ролевого сценария, который проявляется в ­институте межнационального брака. Выдвигается тезис, что возможность массового распространения межнациональных браков между народами СССР была обусловлена формированием единого советского обобщенного культурного сценария, имевшего преломления в каждой из культур советских народов. Особое значение для межнациональной брачности имело распространение его в русской культуре, которая в лице мигрантов-колонистов в союзных республиках представала в ее советско-имперской форме. Изучаются особенности ассимиляционных процессов в СССР.
Long‐Lived Flexible Displays Employing Efficient and Stable Inverted Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Fukagawa Hirohiko , Sasaki Tsubasa , Tsuzuki Toshimitsu , Nakajima Yoshiki , Takei Tatsuya , Motomura Genichi , Hasegawa Munehiro , Morii Katsuyuki , Shimizu Takahisa
Published: May 2018

Although organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are promising for use in applications such as in flexible displays, reports of long‐lived flexible OLED‐based devices are limited due to the poor environmental stability of OLEDs. Flexible substrates such as plastic allow ambient oxygen and moisture to permeate into devices, which degrades the alkali metals used for the electron‐injection layer in conventional OLEDs (cOLEDs). Here, the fabrication of a long‐lived flexible display is reported using efficient and stable inverted OLEDs (iOLEDs), in which electrons can be effectively injected without the use of alkali metals. The flexible display employing iOLEDs can emit light for over 1 year with simplified encapsulation, whereas a flexible display employing cOLEDs exhibits almost no luminescence after only 21 d with the same encapsulation. These results demonstrate the great potential of iOLEDs to replace cOLEDs employing alkali metals for use in a wide variety of flexible organic optoelectronic devices.
High‐Performance, Solution‐Processed, and Insulating‐Layer‐Free Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Colloidal Quantum Dots
Authors: Zhang Zhenxing , Ye Yuxun , Pu Chaodan , Deng Yunzhou , Dai Xingliang , Chen Xiaopeng , Chen Dong , Zheng Xuerong , Gao Yuan , Fang Wei , Peng Xiaogang , Jin Yizheng
Published: May 2018

Quantum‐dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs) may combine superior properties of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) and advantages of solution‐based fabrication techniques to realize high‐performance, large‐area, and low‐cost electroluminescence devices. In the state‐of‐the‐art red QLED, an ultrathin insulating layer inserted between the QD layer and the oxide electron‐transporting layer (ETL) is crucial for both optimizing charge balance and preserving the QDs' emissive properties. However, this key insulating layer demands very accurate and precise control over thicknesses at sub‐10 nm level, causing substantial difficulties for industrial production. Here, it is reported that interfacial exciton quenching and charge balance can be independently controlled and optimized, leading to devices with efficiency and lifetime comparable to those of state‐of‐the‐art devices. Suppressing exciton quenching at the ETL–QD interface, which is identified as being obligatory for high‐performance devices, is achieved by adopting Zn0.9Mg0.1O nanocrystals, instead of ZnO nanocrystals, as ETLs. Optimizing charge balance is readily addressed by other device engineering approaches, such as controlling the oxide ETL/cathode interface and adjusting the thickness of the oxide ETL. These findings are extended to fabrication of high‐efficiency green QLEDs without ultrathin insulating layers. The work may rationalize the design and fabrication of high‐performance QLEDs without ultrathin insulating layers, representing a step forward to large‐scale production and commercialization.
Cobalt Covalent Doping in MoS2 to Induce Bifunctionality of Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Xiong Qizhong , Wang Yun , Liu Peng‐Fei , Zheng Li‐Rong , Wang Guozhong , Yang Hua‐Gui , Wong Po‐Keung , Zhang Haimin , Zhao Huijun
Published: May 2018

The layer‐structured MoS2 is a typical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst but it possesses poor activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this work, a cobalt covalent doping approach capable of inducing HER and OER bifunctionality into MoS2 for efficient overall water splitting is reported. The results demonstrate that covalently doping cobalt into MoS2 can lead to dramatically enhanced HER activity while simultaneously inducing remarkable OER activity. The catalyst with optimal cobalt doping density can readily achieve HER and OER onset potentials of −0.02 and 1.45 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) in 1.0 m KOH. Importantly, it can deliver high current densities of 10, 100, and 200 mA cm−2 at low HER and OER overpotentials of 48, 132, 165 mV and 260, 350, 390 mV, respectively. The reported catalyst activation approach can be adapted for bifunctionalization of other transition metal dichalcogenides.
Ionic Liquid Gating Control of Spin Reorientation Transition and Switching of Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy
Authors: Zhao Shishun , Wang Lei , Zhou Ziyao , Li Chunlei , Dong Guohua , Zhang Le , Peng Bin , Min Tai , Hu Zhongqiang , Ma Jing , Ren Wei , Ye Zuo‐Guang , Chen Wei , Yu Pu , Nan Ce‐Wen , Liu Ming
Published: May 2018

Electric field (E‐field) modulation of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) switching, in an energy‐efficient manner, is of great potential to realize magnetoelectric (ME) memories and other ME devices. Voltage control of the spin‐reorientation transition (SRT) that allows the magnetic moment rotating between the out‐of‐plane and the in‐plane direction is thereby crucial. In this work, a remarkable magnetic anisotropy field change up to 1572 Oe is achieved under a small operation voltage of 4 V through ionic liquid (IL) gating control of SRT in Au/[DEME]+[TFSI]−/Pt/(Co/Pt)2/Ta capacitor heterostructures at room temperature, corresponding to a large ME coefficient of 378 Oe V−1. As revealed by both ferromagnetic resonance measurements and magnetic domain evolution observation, the magnetization can be switched stably and reversibly between the out‐of‐plane and in‐plane directions via IL gating. The key mechanism, revealed by the first‐principles calculation, is that the IL gating process influences the interfacial spin–orbital coupling as well as net Rashba magnetic field between the Co and Pt layers, resulting in the modulation of the SRT and in‐plane/out‐of‐plane magnetization switching. This work demonstrates a unique IL‐gated PMA with large ME tunability and paves a way toward IL gating spintronic/electronic devices such as voltage tunable PMA memories.
Temperature and Humidity Stable Alkali/Alkaline‐Earth Metal Carbonates as Electron Heterocontacts for Silicon Photovoltaics
Authors: Wan Yimao , Bullock James , Hettick Mark , Xu Zhaoran , Samundsett Chris , Yan Di , Peng Jun , Ye Jichun , Javey Ali , Cuevas Andres
Published: May 2018

Nanometer scale interfacial layers between the metal cathode and the n‐type semiconductor play a critical role in enhancing the transport of charge carriers in and out of optoelectronic devices. Here, a range of nanoscale alkali and alkaline earth metal carbonates (i.e., potassium, rubidium, caesium, calcium, strontium, and barium) are shown to function effectively as electron heterocontacts to lightly doped n‐type crystalline silicon (c‐Si), which is particularly challenging to contact with common metals. These carbonate interlayers are shown to enhance the performance of n‐type c‐Si proof‐of‐concept solar cells up to a power conversion efficiency of ≈19%. Furthermore, these devices are thermally stable up to 350 °C and both the caesium and barium carbonates pass a standard 1000 h damp heat test, with >95% of their initial performance maintained. The temperature and humidity stable electron heterocontacts based on alkali and alkaline earth metal carbonates show a high potential for industrial feasibility and longevity for deployment in the field.
Designing Low Impedance Interface Films Simultaneously on Anode and Cathode for High Energy Batteries
Authors: Liao Bo , Li Hongying , Xu Mengqing , Xing Lidan , Liao Youhao , Ren Xiubin , Fan Weizhen , Yu Le , Xu Kang , Li Weishan
Published: May 2018

High energy batteries urgently required to power electric vehicles are restricted by a number of challenges, one of which is the sluggish kinetics of cell reactions under low temperatures. A novel approach is reported to improve the low temperature performance of high energy batteries through rational construction of low impedance anode and cathode interface films. Such films are simultaneously formed on both electrodes via the reduction and oxidation of a salt, lithium difluorobis(oxalato) phosphate. The formation mechanisms of these interface films and their contributions to the improved low temperature performances of high energy batteries are demonstrated using various physical and electrochemical techniques on a graphite/LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 battery using 1 m LiPF6‐ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (1/2, in weight) baseline electrolyte. It is found that the interface impedances, especially the one on the anode, constitute the main obstacle to capacity delivery of high energy batteries at low temperatures, while the salt containing fluorine and oxalate substructures used as additives can effectively suppress them.
Carbene und Nitrene: Aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Grundlagenchemie
Authors: Wentrup Curt
Published: May 2018

Carbene und Nitrene können sowohl in Singulett‐ als auch Triplett‐Zuständen existieren, die zuweilen gleich stabil sind und entweder thermisch oder photochemisch interkonvertiert werden können. Viele Carben‐ und Nitren‐Reaktionen verlaufen über Tunnelprozesse bei tiefen Temperaturen. Zahlreiche Singulett‐ und Triplett‐Zustände wurden spektroskopisch charakterisiert, und ein detailliertes Verständnis der chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften von Carbenen und Nitrenen ist im Entstehen. In den letzten Jahren gab es signifikante Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der direkten Beobachtung von Carbenen, Nitrenen und vielen anderen reaktiven Zwischenstufen mittels Matrix‐Photolyse und Vakuum‐Blitzpyrolyse (flash vacuum pyrolysis, FVP) gekoppelt mit Matrixisolation bei kryogenen Temperauren. Unser Verständnis von Singulett‐ und Triplett‐Zuständen hat sich durch das Zusammenspiel von Spektroskopie und theoretischen Studien weiterentwickelt. Die Existenz bistabiler Carbene und Nitrene sowie viele Beispiele von Tunnelprozessen wurden demonstriert, ebenso wie die Korrelation zwischen den magnetischen Nullfeldparametern D und Spindichten in Nitrenen und Carbenen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz gibt einen Überblick über einige diese Entwicklungen.
Innovative Strategien für die photodynamische Therapie hypoxischer Tumore
Authors: Li Xingshu , Kwon Nahyun , Guo Tian , Liu Zhuang , Yoon Juyoung
Published: May 2018

Trotz ihres Potentials für klinische Anwendungen besitzt die photodynamische Therapie einen entscheidenden Nachteil, der mit der inhärenten Abhängigkeit von Sauerstoff einhergeht und ihre Effektivität bei der Behandlung hypoxischer Tumore einschränkt. Des Weiteren befördern sowohl der Sauerstoffverbrauch als auch die Schädigung der Mikrovaskulatur die Tumorhypoxie und beeinträchtigen daher den möglichen Therapieerfolg. In den letzten Jahren widmeten sich zahlreiche Untersuchungen der Entwicklung innovativer Methoden, um diese Schwierigkeiten zu überwinden und die Einschränkungen der PDT im Zusammenhang mit Hypoxie zu umgehen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studien werden in diesem Kurzaufsatz zusammengefasst.
Van der Waals Emulsions: Emulsions Stabilized by Surface‐Inactive, Hydrophilic Particles via van der Waals Attraction
Authors: Marina Paula Facal , Cheng Chongling , Sedev Rossen , Stocco Antonio , Binks Bernard P. , Wang Dayang
Published: May 2018

Surface‐inactive, highly hydrophilic particles are utilized to effectively and reversibly stabilize oil‐in‐water emulsions. This is a result of attractive van der Waals forces between particles and oil droplets in water, which are sufficient to trap the particles in close proximity to oil–water interfaces when repulsive forces between particles and oil droplets are suppressed. The emulsifying efficiency of the highly hydrophilic particles is determined by van der Waals attraction between particle monolayer shells and oil droplets enclosed therein and is inversely proportional to the particle size, while their stabilizing efficiency is determined by van der Waals attraction between single particles and oil droplets, which is proportional to the particle size. This differentiation in mechanism between emulsification and stabilization will significantly advance our knowledge of emulsions, thus enabling better control and design of emulsion‐based technologies in practice.
Innovative Strategies for Hypoxic‐Tumor Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Li Xingshu , Kwon Nahyun , Guo Tian , Liu Zhuang , Yoon Juyoung
Published: May 2018

Despite its clinical promise, photodynamic therapy (PDT) suffers from a key drawback associated with its oxygen‐dependent nature, which limits its effective use against hypoxic tumors. Moreover, both PDT‐mediated oxygen consumption and microvascular damage further increase tumor hypoxia and, thus, impede therapeutic outcomes. In recent years, numerous investigations have focused on strategies for overcoming this drawback of PDT. These efforts, which are summarized in this review, have produced many innovative methods to avoid the limits of PDT associated with hypoxia.
Zinc(II)‐N2O2ligation complex‐based DNA/protein binder and cleaver having enhanced cytotoxic and phosphatase activity
Authors: Neelakantan M.A. , Balakrishnan C. , Balamurugan K. , Mariappan S.S.
Published: May 2018

The alkyne arms containing zinc(II) N2O2ligation complexes (1) and (2) were prepared from 2,2′‐{cyclohexane‐1,2‐diylbis[nitrilo(E)methylylidene]}bis[5‐(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yloxy)phenol] (L1) and 2,2′‐{1,2‐phenylenebis[nitrilo(E)methylylidene]}bis[5‐(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yloxy)phenol] (L2) and characterized by analytical and various spectral techniques. The molecular geometry of1and2was optimized by Density Functional Theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) level and compared with literature. The complexes are stable in solution, and their solution structure was assessed using NMR and ESI‐MS spectroscopy. Topological analysis of the electron density and nature of the bonding in the complexes has been determined by using Bader's AIM method. The interaction and binding modes of calf thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) with complexes (1and2) were investigated by using absorption and emission spectral and viscometric studies. The nuclease activity investigated through gel electrophoresis reveals that1and2exhibits a significant DNA cleavage activity via a hydrolytic pathway and is further confirmed by an experiment performed in the presence of T4 ligase. The protein binding ability of1and2with bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein evaluated show good protein binding propensity.In‐vitrocytotoxicity of the complexes has shown significant activity against human brain tumor (U87 MG) and breast carcinoma (BT20) cancer cell lines. The comet assay has been used to determine the extent of DNA fragmentation in cancer cells. The phosphatase activity investigated through kinetic measurements establishes that the zinc complexes possess significant hydrolytic efficiency and follow the order2 > 1. The DFT calculations have also been carried out to support the proposed mechanistic pathway of catalytic activity.
Selective oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenone over Cr(III) Schiff base complex intercalated into layered double hydroxide
Authors: Kirar Jagat Singh , Khare Savita
Published: May 2018

A new heterogeneous catalyst, Cr(III) Schiff base‐containing layered double hydroxide, was synthesized using the intercalation method. The Cr(III) Schiff base complex derived from 2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthaldehyde and 4‐aminobenzoic acid was intercalated into the layered double hydroxide. The synthesized materials were characterized using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, diffuse reflectance UV–visible spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The catalytic activity was investigated for the oxidation of ethylbenzene with tert‐butylhydroperoxide as an oxidant under solvent‐free conditions as well as with lower chromium concentrations. In the oxidation reaction, ethylbenzene was oxidized to acetophenone and benzaldehyde. The catalyst was recycled ten times without significant loss of catalytic activity. Leaching studies performed with hot filtration experiments showed that the chromium catalyst was heterogeneous in nature and stable under the reaction conditions.
On fail‐safe systems under random shocks
Authors: Zhang Yiying , Amini‐Seresht Ebrahim , Zhao Peng
Published: May 2018

In practical situations, systems often suffer shocks from external stressing environments, stressing the system at random. These random shocks may have non‐ignorable effects on the system's reliability. In this paper, we provide sufficient (and necessary) conditions on components' lifetimes and their surviving probabilities from random shocks for comparing the lifetimes of two fail‐safe systems by means of the usual stochastic, hazard rate, and likelihood ratio orderings. Numerical examples are presented to highlight these theoretical results as well.
Cancer phase I trial design using drug combinations when a fraction of dose limiting toxicities is attributable to one or more agents
Authors: Jimenez Jose L. , Tighiouart Mourad , Gasparini Mauro
Published: May 2018

Drug combination trials are increasingly common nowadays in clinical research. However, very few methods have been developed to consider toxicity attributions in the dose escalation process. We are motivated by a trial in which the clinician is able to identify certain toxicities that can be attributed to one of the agents. We present a Bayesian adaptive design in which toxicity attributions are modeled via copula regression and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) curve is estimated as a function of model parameters. The dose escalation algorithm uses cohorts of two patients, following the continual reassessment method (CRM) scheme, where at each stage of the trial, we search for the dose of one agent given the current dose of the other agent. The performance of the design is studied by evaluating its operating characteristics when the underlying model is either correctly specified or misspecified. We show that this method can be extended to accommodate discrete dose combinations.
19q13.11 microdeletion: Clinical features overlapping ectrodactyly ectodermal dysplasia‐clefting syndrome phenotype
Authors: Abe Kikue Terada , Rizzo Isabela M. P. O. , Coelho Ana L. V. , Sakai Nilo , Carvalho Daniel R. , Speck‐Martins Carlos E.
Published: May 2018

Key Clinical Message

We report a patient who was followed for a long time under an ectrodactyly ectodermal dysplasia‐clefting (EEC) syndrome and was subsequently diagnosed with a 19q13.11 microdeletion. After a review of the related literature, we suggest testing patients with EEC for 19q13.11 microdeletion and include WTIP and UBA2 to a minimal overlapping region.