bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical study of energetic trinitromethyl‐substituted tetrazole and tetrazine derivatives
Authors: Liu Zhichao , Wu Qiong , Zhu Weihua , Xiao Heming
Published: September 2013

Density functional theory method was used to study the heats of formation, energetic properties, and thermal stability for a series of trinitromethyl‐substituted tetrazole and tetrazine derivatives with different substituents. It is found that the group ―NO2, ―NHNO2, or ―NF2 play a very important role in increasing the heats of formation of the derivatives. The calculated detonation velocities and pressures indicate that the group ―CF2NF2, ―NHNO2, ―1H‐tetrazolyl, ―2H‐tetrazolyl, or ―1,2,4,5‐tetrazinyl is an effective structural unit for enhancing their detonation performance. An analysis of the bond dissociation energies for several relatively weak bonds indicates that incorporating the group ―NHNO2 and ―NH2 into parent ring decreases their thermal stability. Considering the detonation performance and thermal stability, 37 compounds may be considered as the potential high‐energy compounds. Their oxygen balances are close to zero. These results provide basic information for the molecular design of novel high‐energy compounds. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermodynamic dissection of large‐scale domain motions coupled with ligand binding of enzyme I
Authors: Yun Young‐Joo , Choi Ban‐Seok , Kim Eun‐Hee , Suh Jeong‐Yong
Published: September 2013

Domain motions are central to the biological functions of many proteins. The energetics of the motions, however, is often difficult to characterize when motions are coupled with the ligand binding. Here, we determined the thermodynamic parameters of individual domain motions and ligand binding of enzyme I (EI) using strategic domain‐deletion mutants that selectively removed particular motions. Upon ligand binding, EI employs two large‐scale domain motions, the hinge motion and the swivel motion, to switch between conformational states of distinct domain−domain orientations. Calorimetric analysis of the EI mutants separated the free energy changes of the binding and motions, demonstrating that the unfavorable hinge motion (ΔG = 1.5 kcal mol−1) was driven by the favorable swivel motion (ΔG = −5.2 kcal mol−1). The large free energy differences could be explained by the physicochemical nature of the domain interfaces associated with the motions; the hinge motion employed much narrower interface than the swivel motion without any hydrogen bonds or salt bridges. The small heat capacity further suggested that the packing of the domain interfaces associated with the hinge motion was less compact than that commonly observed in proteins. Lastly, thermodynamic analysis of phosphorylated EI suggests that the domain motions are regulated by the ligand binding and the phosphorylation states. Taken together, the thermodynamic dissection approach illustrates how multiple motions and ligand binding are energetically connected during the functional cycle of EI.
Glucuronidation of drugs in humanized UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase 1 mice: Similarity with glucuronidation in human liver microsomes
Authors: Kutsuno Yuki , Sumida Kyohei , Itoh Tomoo , Tukey Robert H. , Fujiwara Ryoichi
Published: September 2013

Uridine 5′‐diphosphate‐glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are phase II drug‐metabolizing enzymes that catalyze glucuronidation of various endogenous and exogenous substrates. Among 19 functional human UGTs, UGT1A family enzymes largely contribute to the metabolism of clinically used drugs. While the UGT1A locus is conserved in mammals such as humans, mice, and rats, species differences in drug glucuronidation have been reported. Recently, humanized UGT1 mice in which the original Ugt1 locus was disrupted and replaced with the human UGT1 locus (hUGT1 mice) have been developed. To evaluate the usefulness of hUGT1 mice to predict human glucuronidation of drugs, UGT activities, and inhibitory effects on UGTs were examined in liver microsomes of hUGT1 mice as well as in those of wild‐type mice and humans. Furosemide acyl‐glucuronidation was sigmoidal and best fitted to the Hill equation in hUGT1 mice and human liver microsomes, while it was fitted to the substrate inhibition equation in mouse liver microsomes. Kinetic parameters of furosemide glucuronidation were very similar between hUGT1 mice and human liver microsomes. The kinetics of S‐naproxen acyl‐glucuronidation and inhibitory effects of compounds on furosemide glucuronidation in hUGT1 liver microsomes were also slightly, but similar to those in human liver microsomes, rather than in wild‐type mice. While wild‐type mice lack imipramine and trifluoperazine N‐glucuronidation potential, hUGT1 mice showed comparable N‐glucuronidation activity to that of humans. Our data indicate that hUGT1 mice are promising tools to predict not only in vivo human drug glucuronidation but also potential drug‐drug interactions.
Risk analysis by means of a QRA approach on a LPG cylinder filling installation
Authors: Dormohammadi Ali , Zarei Esmaeil , Delkhosh Mohammad Bagher , Gholami Ali
Published: September 2013

In recent years in the process industries much attention has been paid to the quantitative risk analysis (QRA). This study describes a QRA evaluating the risk from the operation of an LPG installation. Both individual and societal risks to the installation personnel, customers, and neighbors/passer‐bys are evaluated. The study showed that the largest effect is caused by a jet fire and flash fires. Unacceptable individual risk is being imposed on personnel, consumers, and third parties. Societal risks are also unacceptable in comparison with the Installation's acceptable risk criteria. Risk reductive measures proposed for the Installation include the application of smaller pipes and fewer flanges in Compressor room, the use of smaller vessels in Storage units and the use of Emergency shutdown valve. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 33: 77–84, 2014
Atomistic modeling of dynamical quantum transport
Authors: Oppenländer Christian , Korff Björn , Frauenheim Thomas , Niehaus Thomas A.
Published: September 2013

We present dynamical transport calculations based on a tight‐binding approximation to adiabatic time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFTB). The reduced device density matrix is propagated through the Liouville–von Neumann equation. For the model system, 1,4‐benzenediol coupled to aluminum leads, we are able to confirm the equality of the steady state current resulting from a time‐dependent calculation to a static calculation in the conventional Landauer framework. We also investigate the response of the junction subjected to alternating bias voltages with frequencies up to the optical regime. Here we can clearly identify capacitive behaviour of the molecular device and a significant resonant enhancement of the conductance. The results are interpreted using an analytical single level model comparing the device transmission and admittance. In order to aid future calculations under alternating bias, we shortly review the use of Fourier transform techniques to obtain the full frequency response of the device from a single current trace.
Analysis of absorption enhancement in tailor‐made periodic polycrystalline silicon microarrays
Authors: Preidel Veit , Lockau Daniel , Sontheimer Tobias , Back Franziska , Rudigier‐Voigt Eveline , Rech Bernd , Becker Christiane
Published: September 2013

We present a design study of 3D photonic poly‐Si microarchitectures on 2 µm periodically textured glass substrates for application as absorber layers in crystalline Si thin‐film solar cells. Different arrays of microholes and microcones were fabricated in a low‐cost process, by combining high rate electron beam evaporation, nanoimprint technology and self‐organized solid phase crystallization. Two promising designs exhibiting strong absorption enhancement were identified by optical analysis. High angular acceptance and calculated maximum achievable short‐circuit current density of 27.6 mA/cm2 for an effective Si thickness of 1.1 µm highlight the optical potential of these microarchitectures as broadband absorbers in polycrystalline Si thin‐film solar cells.

magnified image

Tailor‐made 2 µm periodic polycrystalline silicon micro‐arrays on nanoimprint patterned glass substrates for an application as light harvesting architectures in polycrystalline Si thin‐film solar cells.

(© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
GUIDING OUT‐MIGRATING JUVENILE SEA LAMPREY (PETROMYZON MARINUS) WITH PULSED DIRECT CURRENT
Authors: Johnson N. S. , Miehls S.
Published: September 2013

Non‐physical stimuli can deter or guide fish without affecting water flow or navigation and therefore have been investigated to improve fish passage at anthropogenic barriers and to control movement of invasive fish. Upstream fish migration can be blocked or guided without physical structure by electrifying the water, but directional downstream fish guidance with electricity has received little attention. We tested two non‐uniform pulsed direct current electric systems, each having different electrode orientations (vertical versus horizontal), to determine their ability to guide out‐migrating juvenile sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Both systems guided significantly more juvenile sea lamprey to a specific location in our experimental raceway when activated than when deactivated, but guidance efficiency decreased at the highest water velocities tested. At the electric field setting that effectively guided sea lamprey, rainbow trout were guided by the vertical electrode system, but most were blocked by the horizontal electrode system. Additional research should characterize the response of other species to non‐uniform fields of pulsed DC and develop electrode configurations that guide fish over a range of water velocity. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Theranostic GO‐Based Nanohybrid for Tumor Induced Imaging and Potential Combinational Tumor Therapy
Authors: Qin Si‐Yong , Feng Jun , Rong Lei , Jia Hui‐Zhen , Chen Si , Liu Xiang‐Ji , Luo Guo‐Feng , Zhuo Ren‐Xi , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: September 2013

Graphene oxide (GO)‐based theranostic nanohybrid is designed for tumor induced imaging and potential combinational tumor therapy. The anti‐tumor drug, Doxorubicin (DOX) is chemically conjugated to the poly(ethylenimine)‐co‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PEI‐PEG) grafted GO via a MMP2‐cleavable PLGLAG peptide linkage. The therapeutic efficacy of DOX is chemically locked and its intrinsic fluorescence is quenched by GO under normal physiological condition. Once stimulated by the MMP2 enzyme over‐expressed in tumor tissues, the resulting peptide cleavage permits the unloading of DOX for tumor therapy and concurrent fluorescence recovery of DOX for in situ tumor cell imaging. Attractively, this PEI‐bearing nanohybrid can mediate efficient DNA transfection and shows great potential for combinational drug/gene therapy. This tumor induced imaging and potential combinational therapy will open a window for tumor treatment by offering a unique theranostic approach through merging the diagnostic capability and pathology‐responsive therapeutic function.
Multi‐Objective Genetic Algorithms and Genetic Programming Models for Minimizing Input Carbon Rates in a Blast Furnace Compared with a Conventional Analytic Approach
Authors: Jha Rajesh , Sen Prodip Kumar , Chakraborti Nirupam
Published: September 2013

Data‐driven models were constructed for the Productivity, CO2 emission, and Si content for an operational Blast furnace using evolutionary approaches that involved two recent strategies based upon bi‐objective genetic Programming and neural nets evolving through Genetic Algorithms. The models were utilized to compute the optimum tradeoff between the level of CO2 emission and productivity at different Si levels, using a Predator–Prey Genetic Algorithm, well tested for computing the Pareto‐optimality. The results were pitted against some similar calculations performed with commercial softwares and also compared with the results of thermodynamics‐based analytical models.
Frames with unique global and local imperfection in the shape of the elastic buckling mode (Part 2)
Authors: Chladný Eugen , Stujberová Magdalena
Published: September 2013

This paper presents the procedure for members with a tapered section and/or non‐uniform distribution of the compression force along their length. The arrangement of formulas from part 1 (s. last issue of “Stahlbau”) for arch structures with mutually inclined arches is shown too. Numerical examples in this part demonstrate a wide field of applications for the hinit,m imperfection, also for cases where other methods allowed for in EN1993‐1‐1:2005 and in EN1999‐1‐1:2005 are not applicable or can be used only as an approximation. The abbreviation hinit,m imperfection is used for equivalent unique global and local initial imperfection.

Stabwerke mit einmaliger globaler und lokaler Imperfektion in der Form der elastischen Knickfigur (Teil 2). In diesem Beitrag wird das Verfahren für Bauteile mit veränderlichem Querschnitt und/oder mit ungleichmäßiger Druckbelastung vorgestellt sowie die Formeln für Tragwerke mit schräg zueinander stehenden Bögen. Numerische Beispiele in diesem Beitrag zeigen ein weites Anwendungsfeld der hinit,m Imperfektion, auch für Fälle, in welchen die in EN1993‐1‐1:2005 und in EN1999‐1‐1:2005 vorgesehenen Methoden nicht oder nur als eine Approximation verwendbar sind.
Einflussfaktoren auf die Festigkeit von laserstrahl‐MSG‐hybridgeschweißten Verbindungen bei Blechdicken bis zu 40 mm
Authors: Kranz Bernd , Neubert Jan , Wetzel Gloria
Published: September 2013

Das Laserstrahl‐MSG‐Hybridschweißen bietet gegenüber konventionellen Schweißverfahren Potenzial, die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Schweißens durch eine Reihe werkstofftechnischer sowie nahtgestalterischer Besonderheiten zu verbessern. Untersuchungen dieses Verfahrens beschränkten sich für Stahl bisher auf den Blechdickenbereich zwischen 6 mm und ca. 12 mm. Im Stahl‐, Behälter‐, Fahrzeug‐ oder Schiffsbau sind aber auch Bauteile größerer Wanddicke von Interesse. Diese werden derzeit unter Nutzung des Unterpulverschweißprozesses unter hohen Aufwendungen für Energie, Zusatzwerkstoff und Arbeitszeit gefertigt. Gegenstand dieses Projektes waren Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Verringerung des Nahtvolumens und der Streckenenergie durch das Hybridschweißen auf die Entstehung von Eigenspannungen sowie deren Auswirkungen auf die Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Blechen mit großer Wanddicke. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass mit dem Hybridprozess vergleichbare und bessere Verbindungsqualitäten durch das Wurzel‐/Gegenlageschweißen gegenüber dem reinen UP‐Schweißen bei Blechdicken von 40 mm erreicht wurden.

Influences on the strength of laser GMA hybrid welded joints in the case of sheet thicknesses to 40 mm. The laser GMA hybrid welding offers capabilities to improve the economy of welding compared to conventional welding processes due to characteristics concerning material and seam design. Researches of this process were restricted to a sheet thickness range between 6 mm and 12 mm for steel. But especially for steel‐, container‐, vehicle‐ or ship‐engineering structures (components) with large wall thicknesses are of interest. These structures are currently welded by using the submerged arc welding process with a high effort of energy, welding material and working time. The object of this project was the determination of the influence of the reduction of weld volume and energy per unit length of weld on the formation of residual stresses and their effects on the fatigue strength of hybrid welded sheets with large wall thicknesses. In result better qualities with regard to fatigue strength and toughness for hybrid welded joints has been achieved compared to submerged arc welded joints for wall thicknesses of 40 mm.
Größeneinflüsse bei der Windbeanspruchung:
Authors: Pertermann Ina , Puthli Ram
Published: September 2013

Bei großflächigen Stahlleichtbauten wird die Windeinwirkung nicht nur für Dach‐ und Außenwandbauteile bemessungsrelevant, sondern auch für die Unterkonstruktion. Hohe Soglasten in Kombination mit großen Horizontalkräften infolge Wind erfordern schwere Gründungen. Bei einer mehrschiffigen Halle z. B. mit einem Grundriss von 384 m × 400 m (Raster: 9,6 m × 4 m) sind über 90 % aller Fundamente Innenfundamente. Hier kann mit zutreffenden Lastansätzen ein erhebliches Einsparpotential aktiviert werden.

Der Eurocode DIN EN 1991‐1‐4 [1] sieht auch für nicht schwingungsanfällige, flache Bauwerke die Möglichkeit zur Berücksichtigung von Größeneinflüssen vor. In diesem Beitrag werden die Strukturbeiwerte cscd und die Luv‐Lee‐Korrelation vorgestellt und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten diskutiert. Die Berücksichtigung von Größeneinflüssen bei der Windbeanspruchung wird in anderen europäischen Ländern bereits seit langem praktiziert. In der neuen ISO 4354 [7] werden die beiden Einflüsse bestätigt. In Deutschland dagegen wurde der Größeneinfluss nach DIN 1055‐4:2005 [8] nur im Böenreaktionsfaktor G und zusammen mit Kraftbeiwerten und mittleren Geschwindigkeitsdrücken für schwingungsanfällige Systeme verwendet, oder er musste ebenso wie die Luv‐Lee‐Korrelation in aufwändigen winddynamischen Gutachten nachgewiesen werden.

Size influence on wind actions according to EN 1991‐1‐4: Structural factor cscd for shallow buildings. For steel buildings with large floor areas, the wind action is not only design relevant for the roof and outside wall components, but also for the substructure. High suction in combination with large horizontal forces due to wind require heavy foundations. For a multi‐bay low rise building with a floor size of for example 384 m × 400 m (9.6 m × 4 m grid), more than 90 % of all foundations are internal. Appreciable savings can be achieved here by applying appropriate loads.

The Eurocode DIN EN 1991‐1‐4 [1] also allows the possibility of considering the size influence for shallow buildings that are not susceptible to vibrations. This publication discusses the structural factor cscd and the windward‐leeward correlation and their application possibilities. The size influence for wind actions has long been applied in other European countries. The new ISO 4354 [7] has now established both influences for use in design. However, in Germany, the size influence in DIN 1055‐4: 2005 [8] has until now only been considered in the gust reaction factor G and together with force factors and average velocity pressures for structures susceptible to vibrations, or substantiated in elaborate wind dynamic expert reports, just as for the windward‐leeward correlation.
Fetal Intelligent Navigation Echocardiography (FINE): a novel method for rapid, simple, and automatic examination of the fetal heart
Authors: Yeo Lami , Romero Roberto
Published: September 2013

Objective

To describe a novel method (Fetal Intelligent Navigation Echocardiography (FINE)) for visualization of standard fetal echocardiography views from volume datasets obtained with spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) and application of ‘intelligent navigation’ technology.

Methods

We developed a method to: 1) demonstrate nine cardiac diagnostic planes; and 2) spontaneously navigate the anatomy surrounding each of the nine cardiac diagnostic planes (Virtual Intelligent Sonographer Assistance (VIS‐Assistance®)). The method consists of marking seven anatomical structures of the fetal heart. The following echocardiography views are then automatically generated: 1) four chamber; 2) five chamber; 3) left ventricular outflow tract; 4) short‐axis view of great vessels/right ventricular outflow tract; 5) three vessels and trachea; 6) abdomen/stomach; 7) ductal arch; 8) aortic arch; and 9) superior and inferior vena cava. The FINE method was tested in a separate set of 50 STIC volumes of normal hearts (18.6–37.2 weeks of gestation), and visualization rates for fetal echocardiography views using diagnostic planes and/or VIS‐Assistance® were calculated. To examine the feasibility of identifying abnormal cardiac anatomy, we tested the method in four cases with proven congenital heart defects (coarctation of aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum).

Results

In normal cases, the FINE method was able to generate nine fetal echocardiography views using: 1) diagnostic planes in 78–100% of cases; 2) VIS‐Assistance® in 98–100% of cases; and 3) a combination of diagnostic planes and/or VIS‐Assistance® in 98–100% of cases. In all four abnormal cases, the FINE method demonstrated evidence of abnormal fetal cardiac anatomy.

Conclusions

The FINE method can be used to visualize nine standard fetal echocardiography views in normal hearts by applying ‘intelligent navigation’ technology to STIC volume datasets. This method can simplify examination of the fetal heart and reduce operator dependency. The observation of abnormal echocardiography views in the diagnostic planes and/or VIS‐Assistance® should raise the index of suspicion for congenital heart disease. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
A unified spectrum sensing and throughput analysis model in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Hsu Ming‐Fong , Wang Tsang‐Yi , Yu Chao‐Tang
Published: September 2013

Cognitive radio (CR) is a newly developed technology for increasing spectral efficiency in wireless communication systems. In the CR networks, there exist two traditional spectrum‐sharing technologies called spectrum overlay and spectrum underlay. A new hybrid overlay/underlay paradigm has also been discussed in the literature. In this work, we create a unified spectrum sensing and throughput analysis model, which is suitable for overlay, underlay, and hybrid overlay/underlay paradigms in the CR networks. In the proposed model, the energy detection scheme is employed for the spectrum sensing in the network in which the co‐channel interference is present among primary users and secondary users (SUs). The SUs' throughput in the proposed CR system model is then analyzed. The simulations are also carried out for demonstrating the performance of overlay, underlay, and hybrid overlay/underlay paradigms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A decision tree cognitive routing scheme for cognitive radio mesh networks
Authors: Soltani Soroor , Mutka Matt W.
Published: September 2013

Routing in a cognitive radio network operating in a dynamic environment is a complex decision problem. Diversity in the number of available spectrum bands and their stability, in addition to the secondary users' heterogeneities, affect the consequence of the routing decision. We use a decision theory framework to model the problem of routing under uncertainties involved in a cognitive radio network. A utility function is designed to capture the effect of spectrum measurement, fluctuation of bandwidth availability, and path quality. A node cognitively decides its best candidate among its neighbors by utilizing a decision tree. Each branch of the tree is quantified by the utility function and a posterior probability distribution that predicts the suitability of available neighbors. In decision tree cognitive routing (DTCR), nodes learn their operational environment and adapt their decision‐making accordingly. We compared our scheme with the optimal performance in a highly dynamic environment and local coordination‐based routing and spectrum assignment protocol [1]. Our results show that the DTCR tends to perform near optimum. It easily adapts to environmental dynamics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term suspended sediment transport in the Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed and Salt River Basin, Missouri, USA
Authors: Baffaut Claire , Ghidey Fessehaie , Sudduth Kenneth A. , Lerch Robert N. , John Sadler E.
Published: September 2013

Since 1992, efforts have been conducted in Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed to assess suspended sediment transport from this 73 km2 watershed located in the Salt River Basin, Missouri, USA. This effort was complemented by assessment of field‐scale sediment loss and of suspended sediment transport at 12 watersheds in the Salt River Basin. The database includes 10 to 20 years of data from 3 fields ranging from 7 to 35 ha, and 5 to 20 years of data from 15 stream sites ranging from 10 to 6200 km2. Sampling techniques, analytical methods, site locations, and equipment infrastructure are described in this paper.
Physics performance for scalar electron, scalar muon and scalar neutrino searches at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 3 TeV and 1.4 TeV at CLIC
Authors: Battaglia M. , Blaising J-J. , Marshall J. S. , Poss S. , Sailer A. , Thomson M. , van der Kraaij E.
Published: September 2013

Abstract

The determination of scalar lepton and gaugino masses is an important part of the programme of spectroscopic studies of Supersymmetry at a high energy e
+
e
− linear collider. In this article we present results of a study of the processes: e
+
e
− →
$ \widetilde{e}_R^{+}\widetilde{e}_R^{-} $
→ e
+
e
−

$ \widetilde{\chi}_1^0\widetilde{\chi}_1^0 $
, e
+
e
− →
$ \widetilde{\mu}_R^{+}\widetilde{\mu}_R^{-} $
→ μ
+
μ
−

$ \widetilde{\chi}_1^0\widetilde{\chi}_1^0 $
, e
+
e
− →
$ \widetilde{e}_L^{+}\widetilde{e}_L^{-} $
→ e
+
e
−

$ \widetilde{\chi}_2^0\widetilde{\chi}_2^0 $
and e
+
e
− →
$ {{\widetilde{\nu}}_{\mathrm{e}}}{{\widetilde{\nu}}_{\mathrm{e}}} $
→ e
+
e
−

$ \widetilde{\chi}_1^{+}\widetilde{\chi}_1^{-} $
in two Supersymmetric benchmark scenarios at
$ \sqrt{s} $
=3 TeV and 1.4 TeV at CLIC. We characterize the detector performance, lepton energy resolution and boson mass resolution. We report the accuracy of the production cross section measurements and the
$ {{\widetilde{e}}_{\mathrm{R}}} $

,

$ {{\widetilde{\mu}}_{\mathrm{R}}} $

,

$ {{\widetilde{\nu}}_{\mathrm{e}}} $

,

$ \widetilde{\chi}_1^{\pm } $
, and
$ \widetilde{\chi}_1^0 $
mass determinations, estimate the systematic errors affecting the mass measurement and discuss the requirements on the detector time stamping capability and beam polarization. The analysis accounts for the CLIC beam energy spectrum and the dominant beam-induced background. The detector performances are incorporated by full simulation and reconstruction of the events within the framework of the CLIC ILD CDR detector concept.
Isolating prompt photons with narrow cones
Authors: Catani S. , Fontannaz M. , Guillet J. Ph. , Pilon E.
Published: September 2013

Abstract

We discuss the isolation of prompt photons in hadronic collisions by means of narrow isolation cones and the QCD computation of the corresponding cross sections. We reconsider the occurence of large perturbative terms with logarithmic dependence on the cone size and their impact on the fragmentation scale dependence. We cure the apparent perturbative violation of unitarity for small cone sizes, which had been noticed earlier in next-to-leading-order (NLO) calculations, by resumming the leading logarithmic dependence on the cone size. We discuss possible implications regarding the implementation of some hollow cone variants of the cone criterion, which simulate the experimental difficulty to impose isolation inside the region filled by the electromagnetic shower that develops in the calorimeter.
Unitarity and fuzzball complementarity: “Alice fuzzes but may not even know it!”
Authors: Avery Steven G. , Chowdhury Borun D. , Puhm Andrea
Published: September 2013

Abstract

We investigate the recent black hole firewall argument. For a black hole in a typical state we argue that unitarity requires every quantum of radiation leaving the black hole to carry information about the initial state. An information-free horizon is thus inconsistent with unitary at every step of the evaporation process. The required horizon-scale structure is manifest in the fuzzball proposal which provides a mechanism for holding up the structure. In this context we want to address the experience of an infalling observer and discuss the recent fuzzball complementarity proposal. Unlike black hole complementarity and observer complementarity which postulate asymptotic observers experience a hot membrane while infalling ones pass freely through the horizon, fuzzball complementarity postulates that fine-grained operators experience the details of the fuzzball microstate and coarse-grained operators experience the black hole. In particular, this implies that an in-falling detector tuned to energy E ~ T

H
, where T

H
is the asymptotic Hawking temperature, does not experience free infall while one tuned to E ≫ T

H
does.
DEGRO practical guidelines: radiotherapy of breast cancer I
Authors: Sedlmayer F. , Sautter-Bihl M.-L. , Budach W. , Dunst J. , Fastner G. , Feyer P. , Fietkau R. , Haase W. , Harms W. , Souchon R. , Wenz F. , Sauer R. ,   Breast Cancer Expert Panel of the German Society of Radiation Oncology (DEGRO)
Published: September 2013

Background and purpose

The aim of the present paper is to update the practical guidelines for postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy of breast cancer published in 2007 by the breast cancer expert panel of the German Society for Radiooncology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Radioonkologie, DEGRO). The present recommendations are based on a revision of the German interdisciplinary S-3 guidelines published in July 2012.

Methods

A comprehensive survey of the literature concerning radiotherapy following breast conserving therapy (BCT) was performed using the search terms “breast cancer”, “radiotherapy”, and “breast conserving therapy”. Data from lately published meta-analyses, recent randomized trials, and guidelines of international breast cancer societies, yielding new aspects compared to 2007, provided the basis for defining recommendations according to the criteria of evidence-based medicine. In addition to the more general statements of the DKG (Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft), this paper addresses indications, target definition, dosage, and technique of radiotherapy of the breast after conservative surgery for invasive breast cancer.

Results

Among numerous reports on the effect of radiotherapy during BCT published since the last recommendations, the recent EBCTCG report builds the largest meta-analysis so far available. In a 15 year follow-up on 10,801 patients, whole breast irradiation (WBI) halves the average annual rate of disease recurrence (RR 0.52, 0.48–0.56) and reduces the annual breast cancer death rate by about one sixth (RR 0.82, 0.75–0.90), with a similar proportional, but different absolute benefit in prognostic subgroups (EBCTCG 2011).

Furthermore, there is growing evidence that risk-adapted dose augmentation strategies to the tumor bed as well as the implementation of high precision RT techniques (e.g., intraoperative radiotherapy) contribute substantially to a further reduction of local relapse rates. A main focus of ongoing research lies in partial breast irradiation strategies as well as WBI hypofractionation schedules. The potential of both in replacing normofractionated WBI has not yet been finally clarified.

Conclusion

After breast conserving surgery, no subgroup even in low risk patients has yet been identified for whom radiotherapy can be safely omitted without compromising local control and, hence, cancer-specific survival. In most patients, this translates into an overall survival benefit.
Endometrial polyp size and polyp hyperplasia
Authors: Lasmar Bernardo P. , Lasmar Ricardo B.
Published: September 2013

Objective

To assess the correlation between the size of endometrial polyps and the histopathologic diagnosis of hyperplasia or cancer.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted using databases of the outpatient clinic at Antonio Pedro University Hospital in Niterói, Brazil, and of a private hysteroscopy service. The analysis included 1136 asymptomatic patients with an endometrial polyp identified on hysteroscopy, with pathologic examination, during the period 1999–2012. The polyp size, the patients' age, the indication for hysteroscopic examination, and the use of hormone medication were compared with the finding of hyperplasia in the pathologic examination.

Results

Only polyp size showed statistical significance among the variables analyzed (P < 0.05). Endometrial polyps greater than 15 mm showed a hyperplasia rate of 14.8%, compared with 7.7% in the group with smaller polyps (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Endometrial polyps measuring more than 15 mm were associated with hyperplasia.
Examining IQ among a clinical sample of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder over time
Authors: Barry M. , Moran A. , Anglim M. , Conway E. V. , Guerin S.
Published: September 2013

Background

The cognitive functioning of children who received a diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) during the preschool years was assessed at the time of diagnosis (Time 1) and reassessed, on average, 3 years and 5 months later (Time 2).

Method

A total of 50 children were assessed (76% male, n = 38); the group had an average age of 4 years 3 months at Time 1 and 7 years 8 months at Time 2.

Results

There was a significant positive relationship (r = 0.791, p < 0.01) between the group's Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ)/Developmental Quotient (DQ) at Time 1 and at Time 2. Results indicated a significant increase in FSIQ/DQ over time for the total group and for both the High Functioning (IQ ⩾ 70) and Low Functioning (IQ < 70) groups. Of the total samples, 32% showed a clinically significant change in FSIQ/DQ of 15 points or more from Time 1 to Time 2. When age at Time 1 was included as a covariate, no significant difference was identified for change in FSIQ over time. The practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Three-dimensional quasi-geostrophic convection in the rotating cylindrical annulus with steeply sloping endwalls
Authors: Calkins Michael A. , Julien Keith , Marti Philippe
Published: September 2013

The rotating cylindrical annulus geometry was first developed by Busse (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 44, 1970, pp. 441–460) as a simplified analogue for studying convection in rapidly rotating spherical geometries. Although it has provided a more tractable two-dimensional model than the sphere, it is formally limited to asymptotically small slopes and thus weak velocities in the direction parallel to the rotation axis. We present an asymptotically reduced three-dimensional equation set to model quasi-geostrophic convection in the annulus geometry where order-one slopes are permissible; this model provides a closer analogue to quasi-geostrophic convection in spheres and spherical shells where steeply sloping boundaries are present. A linear stability analysis of the reduced equations shows that a new class of three-dimensional, convectively driven Rossby waves is present in this system. The gravest modes exhibit strong axial variations as the slope of the boundaries becomes large. In addition, higher-order eigenmodes showing increasingly complex axial dependence are found that possess critical Rayleigh numbers close to that of the gravest mode.
Coherent Lagrangian vortices: the black holes of turbulence
Authors: Haller G. , Beron-Vera F. J.
Published: September 2013

We introduce a simple variational principle for coherent material vortices in two-dimensional turbulence. Vortex boundaries are sought as closed stationary curves of the averaged Lagrangian strain. Solutions to this problem turn out to be mathematically equivalent to photon spheres around black holes in cosmology. The fluidic photon spheres satisfy explicit differential equations whose outermost limit cycles are optimal Lagrangian vortex boundaries. As an application, we uncover super-coherent material eddies in the South Atlantic, which yield specific Lagrangian transport estimates for Agulhas rings.
Vorticity moments in four numerical simulations of the 3D Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Donzis Diego A. , Gibbon John D. , Gupta Anupam , Kerr Robert M. , Pandit Rahul , Vincenzi Dario
Published: September 2013

The issue of intermittency in numerical solutions of the 3D Navier–Stokes equations on a periodic box ${[0, L] }^{3} $ is addressed through four sets of numerical simulations that calculate a new set of variables defined by ${D}_{m} (t)= {({ \varpi }_{0}^{- 1} {\Omega }_{m} )}^{{\alpha }_{m} } $ for $1\leq m\leq \infty $ where ${\alpha }_{m} = 2m/ (4m- 3)$ and ${[{\Omega }_{m} (t)] }^{2m} = {L}^{- 3} \int \nolimits _{\mathscr{V}} {\vert \boldsymbol{\omega} \vert }^{2m} \hspace{0.167em} \mathrm{d} V$ with ${\varpi }_{0} = \nu {L}^{- 2} $. All four simulations unexpectedly show that the ${D}_{m} $ are ordered for $m= 1, \ldots , 9$ such that ${D}_{m+ 1} \lt {D}_{m} $. Moreover, the ${D}_{m} $ squeeze together such that ${D}_{m+ 1} / {D}_{m} \nearrow 1$ as $m$ increases. The values of ${D}_{1} $ lie far above the values of the rest of the ${D}_{m} $, giving rise to a suggestion that a depletion of nonlinearity is occurring which could be the cause of Navier–Stokes regularity. The first simulation is of very anisotropic decaying turbulence; the second and third are of decaying isotropic turbulence from random initial conditions and forced isotropic turbulence at fixed Grashof number respectively; the fourth is of very-high-Reynolds-number forced, stationary, isotropic turbulence at up to resolutions of $409{6}^{3} $.
Coupled systems of two-dimensional turbulence
Authors: Salmon Rick
Published: September 2013

Ordinary two-dimensional turbulence corresponds to a Hamiltonian dynamics that conserves energy and the vorticity on fluid particles. This paper considers coupled systems of two-dimensional turbulence with three distinct governing dynamics. One is a Hamiltonian dynamics that conserves the vorticity on fluid particles and a quantity analogous to the energy that causes the system members to develop a strong correlation in velocity. The other two dynamics considered are non-Hamiltonian. One conserves the vorticity on particles but has no conservation law analogous to energy conservation; the other conserves energy and enstrophy but it does not conserve the vorticity on fluid particles. The coupled Hamiltonian system behaves like two-dimensional turbulence, even to the extent of forming isolated coherent vortices. The other two dynamics behave very differently, but the behaviours of all four dynamics are accurately predicted by the methods of equilibrium statistical mechanics.
The (In)frequency of the Name ‘Erastus’ in Antiquity: A Literary, Papyrological, and Epigraphical Catalog
Authors: Brookins Timothy A.
Published: September 2013

Three questions have remained central to the Erastus debate (Ἔραστος ὁ οἰκονόμος τῆς πόλɛως, Rom 16.23): the date ofIKorinthKent232, the nature of the office of οἰκονόμος (τῆς πόλɛως), and the frequency of the name ‘Erastus’ in antiquity. The present article focuses on the third issue. Moving beyond Meggitt's earlier research (1996, 1999), the author here furnishes a comprehensive catalog of literary, papyrological, and epigraphical occurrences of the name (in Greek and in Latin) in antiquity. The chief payoff of the catalog is two-fold: (1) it provides, for the first time, comprehensive quantitative evidence that the name was in fact rare; and (2) it reveals a significant dearth of attestations from first-century Greece.
Neither Proof Text nor Proverb: The Instrumental Sense of διά and the Soteriological Function of Fire in 1 Corinthians 3.15
Authors: Frayer-Griggs Daniel
Published: September 2013

According to the prevailing interpretation of 1 Cor 3.15, the phrase διὰ πυρός must be taken in the local sense, and the fire of vv. 13 and 15 plays no soteriological function. This article contests this reading, arguing that Paul's probable allusion to Mal 3 and his reference to the testing function of fire may imply refining as well. More importantly, it demonstrates that whereas the phrase διὰ πυρός is indeterminate and may take either the local or the instrumental sense, nearly every other instance of the construction σῴζω + διά + genitive in the relevant Greek literature has an instrumental sense.
Sold under Sin: Echoes of Exile in Romans 7.14-25
Authors: Goodrich John K.
Published: September 2013

Although Romans has been heavily mined for scriptural allusions in recent years, the influence of Isaiah 49–50 on Rom 7.14-25 has gone largely unnoticed. Building on Philonenko's work on the allusion to Isa 50.1 in the phrase ‘sold under sin’ (Rom 7.14), this study seeks to identify additional echoes from LXX Isa 49.24–50.2 in Rom 7.14-25 and to interpret Paul's discourse in the light of the sin–exile–restoration paradigm implied by both the source's original context and Paul's own strategic use of Isaiah in his portrayal of the plight of ἐγώ. The identification of these echoes, it is suggested, aids in interpreting the story of ἐγώ by connecting the allusions to Israel'searlyhistory in Rom 7.7-13 to images of the nation'slaterhistory in 7.14-25, thus showing the speaker's plight under sin to be analogous to Israel's own experiences of deception, death, and exile.
Hapax legomena: Definition einesterminus technicusund Signifikanz für eine pragmatisch orientierte Sprachanalyse
Authors: Kraus Thomas J.
Published: September 2013

The present study is prompted by Hellen Mardaga's recent discussion and definition of so-calledhapax legomena(HLL), ‘rare words’ or ‘words occurring only once’, within and outside the MT, the LXX and/or the NT. After interacting with Mardaga's theses an alternative definition is provided, developed from and proved by several examples. By doing so the significance of HLL for the pragmatic linguistic analysis of a text is highlighted, of which HLL form an integral and interesting element. Throughout the study, however, it is stressed that HLL areonly oneelement among many in a full analysis of a text and the language of its author. Consequently, HLL need to be evaluated within the context of all elements of such an analysis.
The Christo-Centrism of Faith in Christ: Martin Luther's Reading of Galatians 2.16, 19–20
Authors: Linebaugh Jonathan A.
Published: September 2013

It is regularly suggested that the great weakness of reformational orderings of ‘faith’ and ‘justification’ is that they fail to coordinate Christology and the doctrine of justification. Behind this assertion is a particular construal of thepistis Christoudebate: the interpretative decision to read Christ as the object of faith contributes to an anthropocentric account of justification whereas a ‘subjective’ interpretative of the genitive phrase restores the (Pauline) relationship between Jesus and justification. This article will argue that this is a misreading of Protestant theology, at least as it comes to expression in Martin Luther's exegesis of Galatians 2.16, 19-20 which presents a radically Christocentric account of ‘faith in Christ’. For Luther, thesola fide, as an interpretation of a Pauline antithesis—‘not by works of the law, but through faith in Jesus Christ’—, is an anthropological negation and a christological confession: it excludes the human as the subject of salvation and confesses Christ, who is present in faith, as theoneby, in, and on the basis of whom God justifies the ungodly.
Jamaica’s Endangered Species
Authors: Mittermeier Russell A.
Published: September 2013

Man and mongoose between them have decimated several endemic reptile and mammal species in Jamaica. This paper, the result of a survey early last year, describes the present status of the one land mammal, the hutia, and all the reptiles currently recognised as endangered, and suggests a few more to add to the endangered list.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling regulates NF‐κB RelB activation during dendritic‐cell differentiation
Authors: Vogel Christoph F A , Wu Dalei , Goth Samuel R , Baek Jaeeun , Lollies Anna , Domhardt Rowena , Grindel Annemarie , Pessah Isaac N
Published: September 2013

How the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) regulates dendritic‐cell (DC) differentiation is unknown. We show that activation of AhR by 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) caused enhanced differentiation from immature DCs (IDCs) to mature DCs (MDCs) in the bone‐marrow‐derived DCs (BMDC) from B6 wild‐type mice but not in the BMDCs from AhR‐null mice as indicated by the expression of CD11c and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Enhanced maturation of BMDCs was associated with elevated levels of CD86 and an increased AhR‐dependent nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor‐kappa‐light‐chain enhancer of activated B cell (NF‐κB) member RelB in BMDCs. The expression of interleukin (IL) 10 and chemokine DC‐CK1 was suppressed, whereas that of CXCL2, CXCL3 and IL‐22 was significantly increased in AhR‐activated BMDCs. Furthermore, TCDD induced expression of the regulatory enzymes indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO1) and indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase‐like 1 (IDO2). Increased expression of IDO2 was associated with coexpression of the cell‐surface marker CCR6. Interestingly, mRNA expression of the chemokine receptor CCR6 was drastically decreased in AhR‐null IDCs and MDCs. Overall, these data demonstrate that AhR modifies the maturation of BMDCs associated with the induction of the regulatory enzyme IDO and altered expression of cytokine, chemokines and DC‐specific surface markers and receptors.
On the growth mode of two-lobed curvilinear graphene domains at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Kumar Kitu , Yang Eui-Hyeok
Published: September 2013

We demonstrate the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of 2-lobed symmetrical curvilinear graphene domains specifically on Cu{100} surface orientations at atmospheric pressure. We utilize electron backscattered diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy to determine an as-yet unexplored growth mode producing such a shape and demonstrate how its growth and morphology are dependent on the underlying Cu crystal structure especially in the high CH4:H2 regime. We show that both monolayer and bilayer curvilinear domains are grown on Cu{100} surfaces; furthermore, we show that characteristic atmospheric pressure CVD hexagonal domains are grown on all other Cu facets with an isotropic growth rate which is more rapid than that on Cu{100}. These findings indicate that the Cu-graphene complex is predominant mechanistically at atmospheric pressure, which is an important step towards tailoring graphene properties via substrate engineering.
On the performance of asynchronous ad‐hoc networks using interference alignment with renewal process
Authors: Luo Yi , Du Huiqin , Xue J. , Ratnarajah Tharm , Wilcox Dave
Published: September 2013

The performance of ad‐hoc networks is greatly affected by interference, particularly interference from nearby nodes. Based on stochastic geometry, this work studies a form of multiple‐input–multiple‐output (interference alignment (IA) that eliminates interference from transmitters within a range and treats the remaining interference as a shot noise process. Adapting to the bursty nature of ad‐hoc network traffic, the authors introduce a novel distributed ad‐hoc network with renewal process, whereby cooperation between interferer and receiver is implemented in one‐way process, which results from the difficulties for the node to change the beamforming or receiving matrix whereas communicating with a proposed transmitter. In addition, this scheme takes advantage of IA, leaving the desired signal with higher degree of freedom (DoF) compared with the partially zero‐forcing method. Outage probability and transmission capacity are derived with and without Rayleigh fading. Simulation results show the effect of IA in ad‐hoc network, including the incremental in the DoF of the desired signal as time goes by. Monte Carlo simulations are implemented and show that IA outperforms successive interference cancellation by at least 10 dB in terms of the signal‐to‐interference ratio with large path‐loss exponent.