bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Property Rights Access to Genetic Resources and Indian Shrimp Aquaculture: Evolving Policy Responses to Globalization
Authors: Ramanna‐Pathak Anitha
Published: February 2015

Globalization of the aquaculture industry raises important questions regarding the means to ensure a balance between intellectual property rights (IPRs) and access to resources. Advocates of IPRs endorse convergence towards implementing Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPs) agreement as a method for promoting innovation, while others support divergence from global standards in order to uphold access to resources. This study analyzes the impact of the convergence–divergence debate on IPRs and access to resources in India's shrimp aquaculture sector. The Indian shrimp sector is at a crucial juncture, moving towards greater globalization and integration with international markets, along with the introduction of new species, new technologies and an increasing role for foreign companies. India requires access to foreign‐improved breeding material and technology, but must also create incentives for companies and institutions to invest in genetic material. In response to globalization, India's policy demonstrates both convergence and divergence with global standards. This paper outlines the policy options for India and points out that India's policy choices need not be restricted to one model, but can be based on innovative strategies to ensure a balance between IPRs and access over aquatic resources.
Reading difference: picture book retellings as contexts for exploring personal meanings of race and culture
Authors: Lysaker Judith , Sedberry Tiffany
Published: February 2015

In racially and culturally homogeneous school settings, opportunities for children to interact with those who are unlike themselves are not always available. Picture book retellings provide contexts within which students are exposed to racial and cultural differences by allowing them to engage in vicarious events with people they might not otherwise encounter. In this article, the authors explore two fourth graders' aided and unaided picture book retellings. They argue that retellings are dialogic literacy events that provide children with opportunities to explore difference through social imagination and develop empathetic response to a wide range of fictional others.
Much Obliged: Volunteering, Normative Activities, and Willingness to
Serve on Juries
Authors: Musick Marc A. , Rose Mary R. , Dury Sarah , Rose Roger P.
Published: February 2015

Although compulsory, many people treat jury duty as voluntary. This
article examines the conceptual and empirical links between participating in
voluntary activity and stated willingness to serve on a jury. We also
consider the role of engaging in other normative behaviors. Analysis of
1,304 US citizens in the Survey of Texas Adults showed an initial
relationship between volunteering and willingness to serve, net of personal
resources, prior jury service, and prosocial attitudes. However, indicators
of normative activities (voting, contacting elected officials, keeping up
with medical appointments, and avoiding bars) largely eliminated this
relationship. People who volunteered some, but not too much, were more
willing; an analysis of domains of volunteering showed that engaging in
public service work predicted willingness. Results suggest that the public
service and duty‐based nature of jury participation should be emphasized to
understand willingness to serve and to consider novel ways to increase
summons responses.
The Times of Law
Authors: Mawani Renisa
Published: February 2015

In this essay, I situate Kunal Parker's Common Law, History, and Democracy in America, 1790–1900, within a broader set of intellectual currents engaged with questions of time and temporality. Although Parker's book centers on the common law and history and develops specific conceptions of time, in so doing, he invites legal historians and legal scholars to ruminate on the times of law, particularly the temporal relations that law has with itself. Placing Parker in conversation with Henri Bergson and the recent Bergsonian revival in critical theory, I suggest that law has a duration, a formulation that opens other itineraries to consider the dynamic times of law.
Severe maternal morbidity and breastfeeding outcomes in the early post‐natal period: a prospective cohort study from one English maternity unit
Authors: Furuta Marie , Sandall Jane , Cooper Derek , Bick Debra
Published: February 2015

Previous research has identified potential issues of establishing and maintaining breastfeeding among women who experience severe maternal morbidity associated with pregnancy and birth, but evidence in the UK maternity population was scarce. We explored the association between severe maternal morbidity and breastfeeding outcomes (uptake and prevalence of partial and exclusive breastfeeding) at 6 to 8 weeks post‐partum in a UK sample. Data on breastfeeding outcomes were obtained from a large cohort study of women who gave birth in one maternity unit in England to assess the impact of women's experiences of severe maternal morbidity (defined as major obstetric haemorrhage, severe hypertensive disorder or high dependency unit/intensive care unit admission) on their post‐natal health and other important outcomes including infant feeding. Results indicated that among women who responded (n = 1824, response rate = 53%), there were no statistically significant differences in breastfeeding outcomes between women who did or did not experience severe morbidity, except for women with severe hypertensive disorder who were less likely to breastfeed either partially or exclusively at 6 to 8 weeks post‐partum. Rather, breastfeeding outcomes were related to multi‐dimensional factors including sociodemographic (age, ethnicity, living arrangement), other pregnancy outcomes (neonatal intensive care unit admission, mode of birth, women's perceived control during birth) and post‐natal psychological factors (depressive symptoms). Women who experience severe maternal morbidity can be reassured that establishing successful breastfeeding can be achieved. More studies are required to understand what support is best for women who have complex health/social needs to establish breastfeeding.
The role of maternal education in the 15‐year trajectory of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age in Bangladesh
Authors: Hasan Md Tanvir , Soares Magalhaes Ricardo J. , Williams Gail M. , Mamun Abdullah A.
Published: February 2015

Malnutrition in children under 5 years of age (U5s) is a serious public health problem in low‐ and middle‐income countries including Bangladesh. Improved maternal education can contribute effectively to reduce child malnutrition. We examined the long‐term impact of maternal education on the risk of malnutrition in U5s and quantified the level of education required for the mothers to reduce the risk. We used pooled data from five nationwide demographic and health surveys conducted in 1996–1997, 1999–2000, 2004, 2007 and 2011 in Bangladesh involving 28 941 U5s. A log‐binomial regression model was used to examine the association between maternal education (no education, primary, secondary or more) and malnutrition in children, measured by stunting, underweight and wasting controlling for survey time, maternal age, maternal body mass index, maternal working status, parity, paternal education and wealth quintile. An overall improvement in maternal educational attainment was observed between 1996 and 2011. The prevalence of malnutrition although decreasing was consistently high among children of mothers with lower education compared with those of mothers with higher education. In adjusted models incorporating time effects, children of mothers with secondary or higher education were at lower risk of childhood stunting [risk ratio (RR): 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81, 0.89], underweight (RR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.88) and wasting (RR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.91) compared with children of mothers with no education. We demonstrated the importance of promoting women's education at least up to the secondary level as a means to tackle malnutrition in Bangladesh.
The synthetic cationic lipid diC14 activates a sector of the Arabidopsis defence network requiring endogenous signalling components
Authors: Cambiagno Damián Alejandro , Lonez Caroline , Ruysschaert Jean‐Marie , Alvarez María Elena
Published: February 2015

Natural and synthetic elicitors have contributed significantly to the study of plant immunity. Pathogen‐derived proteins and carbohydrates that bind to immune receptors, allow the fine dissection of certain defence pathways. Lipids of a different nature that act as defence elicitors, have also been studied, but their specific effects have been less well characterized, and their receptors have not been identified. In animal cells, nanoliposomes of the synthetic cationic lipid 3‐tetradecylamino‐tert‐butyl‐N‐tetradecylpropionamidine (diC14) activate the TLR4‐dependent immune cascade. Here, we have investigated whether this lipid induces Arabidopsis defence responses. At the local level, diC14 activated early and late defence gene markers (FRK1, WRKY29, ICS1 and PR1), acting in a dose‐dependent manner. This lipid induced the salicylic acid (SA)‐dependent, but not jasmonic acid (JA)‐dependent, pathway and protected plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), but not Botrytis cinerea. diC14 was not toxic to plant or pathogen, and potentiated pathogen‐induced callose deposition. At the systemic level, diC14 induced PR1 expression and conferred resistance against Pst. diC14‐induced defence responses required the signalling protein EDS1, but not NDR1. Curiously, the lipid‐induced defence gene expression was lower in the fls2/efr/cerk1 triple mutant, but still unchanged in the single mutants. The amidine headgroup and chain length were important for its activity. Given the robustness of the responses triggered by diC14, its specific action on a defence pathway and the requirement for well‐known defence components, this synthetic lipid is emerging as a useful tool to investigate the initial events involved in plant innate immunity.
Primary IgA nephropathy in elderly patients
Authors: Cheungpasitporn Wisit , Nasr Samih H , Thongprayoon Charat , Mao Michael A , Qian Qi
Published: February 2015

Aim

Data on clinicopathological features, treatment and outcomes of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in elderly patients are limited.

Methods

Native kidney biopsies with a pathological diagnosis of IgAN (n = 1084) from Mayo Clinic Rochester in the years 1994–2013 were examined. After exclusion of the secondary IgAN, 45 elderly IgAN patients (age ≥65 years) were identified. One hundred sixty‐two younger adults (age 18–64 years) with IgAN were randomly selected for comparison.

Results

Compared with younger adults, elderly patients showed a higher rate of chronic hypertension (62.2 vs 27.2%), higher pulse pressures (65 ± 17 vs 51 ± 15 mmHg), requiring greater number of antihypertensive medications (2.5 ± 1.2 vs 1.7 ± 0.7) and lower blood haemoglobin (11.1 ± 2.3 vs 12.7 ± 2.1 g/dL) at time of kidney biopsy, all P < 0.001. Pathologically, elderly kidneys showed a higher degree of tubulointerstitial fibrosis (P = 0.04) and vascular sclerosis (P < 0.001). Treatments (including the use of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) and immunosuppressants) were similar in the two cohorts. Elderly patients had more end‐stage renal disease at 6 months (HR 5.51; 95% CI 1.46–22.3, P = 0.01) and higher 6‐month and 5‐year mortality (HR 2.31; 95% CI 1.04–5.17, P = 0.04) after adjusting the age and comorbidities.

Conclusion

IgAN diagnosed at age >65 years tends to have a faster renal disease progression and higher patient mortality.
C4d‐negative antibody‐mediated rejection with high anti‐angiotensin II type I receptor antibodies in absence of donor‐specific antibodies
Authors: Fuss Alexander , Hope Christopher M , Deayton Susan , Bennett Greg Donald , Holdsworth Rhonda , Carroll Robert P , Coates P Toby H
Published: February 2015

Aims

Acute antibody‐mediated rejection can occur in absence of circulating donor‐specific antibodies. Agonistic antibodies targeting the anti‐angiotensin II type 1 receptor (anti‐AT1R) are emerging as important non‐human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies. Elevated levels of anti‐angiotensin II receptor antibodies were first observed in kidney transplant recipients with malignant hypertension and allograft rejection. They have now been studied in three separate kidney transplant populations and associate to frequency of rejection, severity of rejection and graft failure.

Methods

We report 11 cases of biopsy‐proven, Complement 4 fragment d (C4d)‐negative, acute rejection occurring without circulating donor‐specific anti‐HLA antibodies. In eight cases, anti‐angiotensin receptor antibodies were retrospectively examined. The remaining three subjects were identified from our centre's newly instituted routine anti‐angiotensin receptor antibody screening.

Results

All subjects fulfilled Banff 2013 criteria for antibody‐mediated rejection and all responded to anti‐rejection therapy, which included plasma exchange and angiotensin receptor blocker therapy.

Conclusions

These cases support the routine assessment of anti‐AT1R antibodies in kidney transplant recipients to identify subjects at risk. Further studies will need to determine optimal assessment protocol and the effectiveness of pre‐emptive treatment with angiotensin receptor blockers.
Bulbophyllum huangshanense sp. nov. (Orchidaceae) from Anhui, China
Authors: Hu Yimin , Zhang Jianji , Jin Xiaohua
Published: February 2015

Bulbophyllum huangshanense, a new species of orchid from Anhui, China, is described and illustrated. This new species is close to B. taeniophyllum with pseudo‐bulbs closely spaced along the rhizome, leathery leaf, entire dorsal sepal, toothed petals, the lateral edges of lateral sepals connate and fleshy lip, but differs from the latter in having roots arising from the node with the pseudo‐bulb, inflorescence much shorter than leaf, flowers pure yellow, lip mobile, and stelidia broadly triangular.
Persistent vertigo and dizziness after mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: Fife Terry D. , Kalra Deepak
Published: February 2015

Vertigo, dizziness, and disequilibrium are common symptoms following concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Dizziness and vertigo may be the result of trauma to the peripheral vestibular system or the central nervous system, or, in some cases, may be due to anxiety, depression, or posttraumatic stress disorder; these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. While most peripheral vestibular disorders can be identified by testing and examination, those without inner‐ear causes that have persisting complaints of dizziness and motion sickness are more difficult to understand and to manage. Some of these patients exhibit features compatible with vestibular migraine and may be treated successfully with migraine‐preventative medications. This paper reviews the nonotogenic causes of persisting dizziness, the possible mechanisms, and the pathophysiology, as a framework for patient management and for future research.
What does the head impulse test versus caloric dissociation reveal about vestibular dysfunction in Ménière's disease?
Authors: McGarvie Leigh A. , Curthoys Ian S. , MacDougall Hamish G. , Halmagyi G. Michael
Published: February 2015

In patients with Ménière's disease (MD), caloric testing can show, depending on the stage and activity of the disease, a variety of results. Between attacks, many, or perhaps even most, patients with unilateral early or mild MD have normal caloric tests; late MD can show abnormalities ranging from mild to severe unilateral canal paresis with or without directional preponderance. The explanation of canal paresis in MD is not clear. The most obvious explanation, severe loss of lateral canal hair cells, is not likely to be correct because hair cell loss will not explain the fluctuating canal paresis to caloric stimulation. In contrast, the published evidence is that rotational testing of semicircular canal function in MD patients typically shows little reduction in function and even enhancement of vestibulo‐ocular reflex gain, at least in the early stages of the disease. Here, we offer a novel explanation for this dissociation. We propose that hydropic expansion of the lateral canal membranous labyrinth permits convective recirculation within the duct that allows dissipation of the hydrostatic force that would normally cause cupular displacement and nystagmus in the caloric test.
Neurophysiological models for new treatment development in schizophrenia: early sensory approaches
Authors: Javitt Daniel C.
Published: February 2015

Schizophrenia is a major mental disorder associated with core neurocognitive impairments. The ability to recreate these deficits in animal models is limited, hampering ongoing translational drug development efforts. This paper reviews the use of electroencephalography (EEG)‐based neurophysiological measures, such as event‐related potentials (ERPs) or event‐related spectral perturbations (ERSPs), as novel translational biomarkers for both etiological and treatment development research in neuropsychiatry. In schizophrenia, cognitive impairments manifest as deficits not only in high‐level processes, such as working memory or executive processing, but also as deficits in neurophysiological responses to simple auditory and visual stimuli. Moreover, neurophysiological responses can be assessed even in untrained animals and are therefore particularly amenable to translational, cross‐species investigation. To date, several sensory‐level ERP measures, including auditory mismatch negativity and N1, and visual P1 and steady‐state responses, have been validated in both human clinical investigations and animal models. Deficits have been tied to impaired neurotransmission at N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate–type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). Time‐frequency analysis of ERSP permits further extension of these findings from physiological to circuit/cellular levels of analysis.
Intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of activity budgets in sympatric grey and harbour seals
Authors: Russell Deborah J. F. , McClintock Brett T. , Matthiopoulos Jason , Thompson Paul M. , Thompson Dave , Hammond Phil S. , Jones Esther L. , MacKenzie Monique L. , Moss Simon , McConnell Bernie J.
Published: February 2015

Investigation of activity budgets in relation to seasonal, intrinsic (age, sex) and extrinsic (time of day, spatial) covariates enables an understanding of how such covariates shape behavioural strategies. However, conducting such investigations in the wild is challenging, because of the required large sample size of individuals across the annual cycle, and difficulties in categorising behavioural states and analysing the resulting individual‐referenced and serially correlated data. In this study, from telemetry tags deployed on 63 grey seals Halichoerus grypus and 126 harbour seals Phoca vitulina we used behavioural data, and movement data within a Bayesian state–space model (SSM), to define population‐level activity budgets around Britain. Using generalised estimating equations (GEEs) we then examined how time spent in four states (resting on land (hauled out), resting at sea, foraging and travelling) was influenced by seasonal, intrinsic and extrinsic covariates. We present and discuss the following key findings. 1) We found no evidence that regional variation in foraging effort was linked to regional population trajectories in harbour seals. 2) Grey seals demonstrated sex‐specific seasonal differences in their activity budgets, independent from those related to reproductive costs. 3) In these sympatric species there was evidence of temporal separation in time hauled out, but not in time foraging. 4) In both species, time spent resting at sea was separated into inshore (associated with tidal haul out availability) and offshore areas. Time spent resting at sea and on land was interchangeable to some extent, suggesting a degree of overlap in their functionality. This may result in a relaxation of the constraints associated with a central place foraging strategy. More generally, we demonstrate how a large dataset, incorporating differing tag parameters, can be analysed to define activity budgets and subsequently address important ecological questions.
Surgical Site Infection After Skin Excisions in Children: Is Field Sterility Sufficient?
Authors: Nuzzi Laura C. , Greene Arin K. , Meara John G. , Taghinia Amir , Labow Brian I.
Published: February 2015

Skin excisions are common procedures in children. They may be performed in the clinic using field sterility or the operating room with strict sterile technique. We compared the effect of these locations and the use of antibiotics on the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) after skin excisions. Patients ages 0–18 years presenting to our department for the excision of lesions from 2006 to 2010 with complete medical records were included in our study. Records were reviewed for demographic characteristics, presentation, perioperative conditions, and postoperative SSI and other wound complications. Analyses were performed to estimate the costs associated with sterility technique and perioperative antibiotic use. We identified 700 patients with a mean age of 9.1 years. Of 872 lesions excised, 0.3% resulted in SSI and 1.8% had other wound complications. The incidence of SSI did not vary according to sterility technique, antibiotic usage, surgeon, age, or lesion size, type, or location. The equipment costs to excise a lesion in the operating room were 200% greater than in the clinic. The incidence of SSI after excision of benign lesions in children did not differ between those performed using clinic field sterility and those using the standard aseptic sterile technique in the operating room. A considerable cost savings could be realized by adopting field sterility for simple excisions performed in the operating room and avoiding routine perioperative antibiotics in pediatric skin excisions.
Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis: A Case Report of an Atypical Presentation in a 2‐Year‐Old
Authors: Olson Jaleh , Mann Julianne A. , White Kevin , Cartwright Victoria W. , Bauer Jeremy , Nolt Dawn
Published: February 2015

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MRH) is a rare systemic inflammatory granulomatous disease marked by severe and often rapidly progressive polyarticular arthritis and cutaneous papulonodules. Initial clinical diagnosis may be difficult. We describe a 2‐year‐old girl presenting with pink dermal papules on the forehead, thighs, elbows, knees, and palms of the hands. Based on clinical findings and skin biopsy results, she was initially diagnosed with granuloma annulare. At 5 years of age, she developed arthritis, fatigue, and more widespread skin papules leading to the diagnosis of MRH. To our knowledge, this is the youngest individual with MRH yet described. We outline the timeline and unique features of her case and review the literature pertaining to MRH in children. Although rare, MRH can be permanently debilitating, making prompt diagnosis critical. A standardized approach to investigation and management needs to be developed.
Endogenous Retinoic Acid Required to Maintain the Epidermis Following Ultraviolet Light Exposure in SKH‐1 Hairless Mice
Authors: Gressel Katherine L. , Duncan F. Jason , Oberyszyn Tatiana M. , La Perle Krista M. , Everts Helen B.
Published: February 2015

Ultraviolet light B (UVB) exposure induces cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), one of the most prevalent human cancers. Reoccurrence of cSCC in high‐risk patients is prevented by oral retinoids. But oral retinoid treatment causes significant side effects; and patients develop retinoid resistance. Exactly how retinoids prevent UVB‐induced cSCC is currently not well understood. Retinoid resistance blocks mechanistic studies in the leading mouse model of cSCC, the UVB‐exposed SKH‐1 hairless mouse. To begin to understand the role of retinoids in UVB‐induced cSCC we first examined the localization pattern of key retinoid metabolism proteins by immunohistochemistry 48 h after UVB treatment of female SKH‐1 mice. We next inhibited retinoic acid (RA) synthesis immediately after UVB exposure. Acute UVB increased RA synthesis, signaling and degradation proteins in the stratum granulosum. Some of these proteins changed their localization; while other proteins just increased in intensity. In contrast, acute UVB reduced the retinoid storage protein lectin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) in the epidermis. Inhibiting RA synthesis disrupted the epidermis and impaired differentiation. These data suggest that repair of the epidermis after acute UVB exposure requires endogenous RA synthesis.
The laurel and the axe: Petrarchist execution lyrics in late‐Renaissance Italy
Authors: Cox Virginia
Published: February 2015

A little‐investigated feature of the lyric tradition in late sixteenth‐century Italy is its increased engagement with the social world. Occasional poetry in this period constitutes a potentially rich resource for social historians, yet this remains almost entirely unexploited to date. This article examines a body of verse of particular interest in this regard: a collection of around eighty mainly anonymous printed and manuscript poems commemorating the execution for murder of two young lovers in Bologna in 1587. These poems represent a rare case of Petrarchist lyric intruding into a literary space more commonly associated with popular forms such as ballads and broadsheets, and they provide novel and striking documentation of gender attitudes and attitudes to crime and punishment in this period. Particularly interesting is the diversity of opinions expressed in the lyrics, and the sometimes sharply polemical tone they assume. Taken as a whole, this body of literature illustrates the continuing vitality of civic conversation in Counter‐Reformation Bologna, during a pontificate, that of Sixtus V, when the administration of papal justice was a highly politicized issue.
Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for adult Friesian horses from North America
Authors: Sample Saundra H. , Fox Katherine M. , Wunn Denise , Roth Elizabeth , Friedrichs Kristen R.
Published: February 2015

Background

Established breed‐specific reference intervals (RI) are an important tool for monitoring the health of horses. There is a lack of published work on breed‐specific RI for Friesian horses.

Objectives

The goal of this project was to determine hematologic and biochemical RI for Friesian horses residing in North America.

Methods

Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were established for selection of reference subjects and for blood specimen collection and handling. Blood samples from 123 healthy, adult (range 3–18 years, median 8 years) Friesian horses of both sexes (70 mares, 45 geldings, and 8 stallions) were used to determine RI. Complete blood counts (CBC) and biochemistry profiles were performed on the Sysmex XT‐2000iV hematology and Olympus AU400 biochemistry analyzers, respectively, at IDEXX Laboratories Inc. (Columbus, OH, USA). Results were analyzed using Reference Value Advisor. According to the guidelines of the ASVCP, nonparametric RI with 90% confidence intervals were determined.

Results

IDEXX equine RI are transferrable to Friesian horses for 30 of 36 analytes. Friesian‐specific RI (medians) are recommended for the following variables: RBC 5.02–8.74 × 106/μL (6.66), HCT 27–42% (34), HGB 9.0–14.3 g/dL (11.4), lactate dehydrogenase 299–866 U/L (493), direct bilirubin 0.3–0.7 mg/dL (0.5), and anion gap 7–18 mEq/L (12).

Conclusions

The RI established in this study provide a useful baseline for the assessment of hematologic and biochemical data in Friesian horses residing in North America.
Review: Innate immunity, lipid metabolism and nutrition in canine atopic dermatitis
Authors: Pucheu‐Haston Cherie M. , Santoro Domenico , Bizikova Petra , Eisenschenk Melissa N. C. , Marsella Rosanna , Nuttall Tim
Published: February 2015

Background

The pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (AD) involves dysfunction of the adaptive immune system. Recent evidence suggests that nonantigen‐specific inflammatory elements may play a role in the development and perpetuation of canineAD.

Objectives

The objective of this review is to provide an update on recent advances in the understanding of the role of innate immune cells, keratinocytes, lipid metabolism and nutrition in the pathogenesis ofADin dogs.

Methods

Citation databases, abstracts and proceedings from international meetings published between 2001 and 2013 are reviewed in this update. Where necessary, older articles are included for background information.

Results

Members of the innate immune system (including dendritic cells, Langerhans cells and mast cells) and keratinocytes interact with each other and with environmental antigens during both induction and effector phases of atopic inflammation. The responses of these cells and associated noncellular factors (such as complement and protease‐activated receptors) to environmental stimuli influence the entire future course of the immune response to a given agent. Abnormalities in lipid metabolism may also influence the pathogenesis of canineADvia the production of inflammatory mediators and by alteration of epidermal barrier function and antigen presentation. However, a lack of fully controlled studies precludes definitive interpretation of these data.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Evidence indicates that the cells and noncellular components of the innate immune system and the epidermis may play critical roles during both the sensitization and the effector phases of canineAD. Derangements in lipid metabolism may be involved in the pathogenesis ofADin dogs, but additional controlled studies are required in this area.
Induction of PERV antigen in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells by human herpesvirus 1
Authors: Kim Jiyeon , Kim Jung Heon , Hwang Eung Soo
Published: February 2015

Background

Xenotransplantation represents one of alternative candidates for allotransplantation due to the chronic shortage of suitable human tissues; however, many obstacles remain. Expression and release of endogenous retroviral antigens by porcine cells after transplantation may evoke adverse immune responses in human subjects. Here, we examined whether human herpesvirus 1 (HHV‐1) could induce the production of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) antigens in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

Methods

Porcine PBMCs were infected with HHV‐1 and examined for the production of PERV Gag protein and HHV‐1 using antigen‐capture ELISA and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively.

Results

HHV‐1 infection resulted in a 1.7‐ to 33.2‐fold induction of PERV Gag relative to mock infection controls, compared to a 2.9‐ to 12.9‐fold induction following treatment with PMA. Expression of PERV Gag was detected in porcine PBMCs and PK‐15 cells after HHV‐1 infection by double immunofluorescence staining of PERV Gag and HHV‐1 antigen. The viability of HHV‐1‐infected porcine PBMCs was significantly lower than that of mock‐infected cells. The HHV‐1 level in the culture supernatant increased 5.2‐fold relative to controls 24‐h post‐infection, indicative of active replication within these cells; decreased levels of HHV‐1 were detected 72‐h post‐infection.

Conclusions

These results suggest that HHV‐1 may be capable of infecting transplanted porcine cells, resulting in strong direct induction of PERV antigen.
Restoration of chondrocytic phenotype on a two-dimensional micropatterned surface
Authors: Zhou Mi , Yuan Xiaofei , Yin Huabing , Gough Julie E.
Published: February 2015

Chondrocytes within mature cartilage reside in a 3D matrix and adopt a distinctive round morphology. A vast 2D-culture surface is well-known to induce chondrocyte dedifferentiation characterized by the loss of spherical morphology and ceased expression of chondrogenic markers. Methods to restore chondrogenesis so far only occur on a certain level producing varied cell subpopulations and inferior cartilage matrix; the critical parameters, especially for the pericellular microenvironment, are still to be precisely determined. In this study, arrays of 2D circular micropatterns were designed to hold single subcultured chondrocytes with stable adhesion. The chondrocytes rounded up forming a 3D architecture; they remodeled their cytoskeleton to resemble in-situ chondrocytes and expressed collagen II instead of collagen I or fibronectin. This technique suggested that pure physical constraints can induce chondrocytic phenotype restoration on a 2D surface; it also provides a new design pathway to precisely control the microenvironment surrounding every chondrocyte therefore to unify the redifferentiation level of individual cell.
Etching mechanisms of (In, Ga, Zn)O thin films in CF4/Ar/O2 inductively coupled plasma
Authors: Kim Kwangsoo , Efremov Alexander , Lee Junmyung , Kwon Kwang-Ho , Yeom Geun Young
Published: February 2015

The authors investigated the etching characteristics and mechanisms of (In, Ga, Zn)O (IGZO) thin films in CF4/Ar/O2 inductively coupled plasmas. The etching rates of IGZO as well as the IGZO/SiO2 and IGZO/Al2O3 etching selectivities were measured as functions of O2 content in a feed gas (0%–50%) and gas pressure (p = 4–10 mTorr) at fixed input power (Winp = 700 W) and bias power (Wdc = 200 W). It was found that the IGZO etching rate decreases monotonically toward O2 rich plasma but exhibits a maximum under gas pressure conditions. The zero-dimensional plasma model with Langmuir probe diagnostics data provided the information on plasma parameters and densities of plasma active species. The model-based analysis shows the dominance of the ion-flux-limited etching regime at p ≥ 6 mTorr as well as the noticeable influence of CFx radicals on the overall etching kinetics.
Buried Accomplishments: Institutional Isomorphism in College Athletics Mission Statements
Authors: Ward Russell E.
Published: February 2015

Despite suggestions that mission statements represent a strategic component of organizational communication, there has been little research of these documents in athletic departments at U.S. colleges and universities. The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between mission statement content and athletic department accomplishments in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I schools (N = 343). The content analysis of mission statements revealed that athletics missions do not differentiate accomplished from less accomplished athletic programs. Athletic departments with strong traditions of promoting the academic advancement of student-athletes, achieving gender equity, and complying with NCAA rules tend to reference these distinctions in the same way as departments with less favorable histories. Grounded in institutional theory, this article describes the external pressures toward sameness rather than differentiation in mission statement content. Implications for intercollegiate athletics and higher education are discussed.
The Role of Media in Enhancing People’s Perception of Hosting a Mega Sport Event: The Case of Pyeongchang’s Winter Olympics Bids
Authors: Kim Ari , Choi Moonhoon , Kaplanidou Kyriaki
Published: February 2015

Residents’ support for hosting the Olympic Games is crucial for a bid to succeed in the Olympic host-city selection process. Because of the vital role of the media in framing public perceptions of Olympic bids, the purpose of this study was to examine media coverage of hosting the Olympic Games during the Olympic host-city bid process. A quantitative content analysis was conducted on newspaper articles about Pyeongchang, Korea. Pyeongchang was a candidate city for 3 consecutive bids for the Winter Olympic Games, and it finally won its latest bid to host the 2018 Games. Six hundred Korean newspaper articles were collected for analysis. The results indicated that positive, nationwide discussions of hosting the Olympic Games were presented during the successful bid. Infrastructure legacy was mentioned frequently and dominantly for both successful and unsuccessful bid periods, whereas the presence of sport-development and sociocultural-legacy themes increased in the latest, successful, bid. In addition, extensive coverage related to celebrity endorsement was found during the successful bid.
Doping Through Supplement Use: A Review of the Available Empirical Data
Authors: Outram Simon , Stewart Bob
Published: February 2015

The potential for supplement use to result in doping infringements is likely to be of concern for anyone involved in sports nutrition. The available data indicates that between 40–70% of athletes use supplements, and that between 10–15% of supplements may contain prohibited substances. Such data indicates that there is a considerable risk of accidental or inadvertent doping through using supplements. Accordingly, this paper sets out to provide an overview of the currently available empirical evidence of accidental doping by supplement use. In carrying out this task, the authors refer to press releases and proxy measures associated with nutritional supplement use, as well as statistical data on supplement contamination rates and doping infractions. A number of different indications as to the percentage of doping cases that might be attributed to supplement use are presented, ranging from 6.4% to 8.8%. Such percentages are not comparable; instead they are provided as indications as to how difficult it is to ascertain or estimate the scale of this problem. Although some forms of estimation can be made, it is suggested that it is currently not possible to quantify the scale of the problem. By way of conclusion, it is argued that antidoping regulators may wish to review current data gathering and information provision systems so that the problem of inadvertent doping can be more directly assessed as a factor in sports doping overall.
Mer signaling increases the abundance of the transcription factor LXR to promote the resolution of acute sterile inflammation
Authors: Choi Ji-Yeon , Seo Jeong Yeon , Yoon Young-So , Lee Ye-Ji , Kim Hee-Sun , Kang Jihee Lee
Published: February 2015

The receptor tyrosine kinase Mer resolves local and systemic inflammation by increasing the abundance of liver X receptors.
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch inhibits p38α signaling and skin inflammation through the ubiquitylation of Tab1
Authors: Theivanthiran Balamayooran , Kathania Mahesh , Zeng Minghui , Anguiano Esperanza , Basrur Venkatesha , Vandergriff Travis , Pascual Virginia , Wei Wei-Zen , Massoumi Ramin , Venuprasad K
Published: February 2015

By keeping activation of the kinase p38α in check, the ubiquitin ligase Itch inhibits skin inflammation in mice.
Intracisternal cyclodextrin prevents cerebellar dysfunction and Purkinje cell death in feline Niemann-Pick type C1 disease
Authors: Vite Charles H. , Bagel Jessica H. , Swain Gary P. , Prociuk Maria , Sikora Tracey U. , Stein Veronika M. , O’Donnell Patricia , Ruane Therese , Ward Sarah , Crooks Alexandra , Li Su , Mauldin Elizabeth , Stellar Susan , De Meulder Marc , Kao Mark L. , Ory Daniel S. , Davidson Cristin , Vanier Marie T. , Walkley Steven U.
Published: February 2015

Intracisternal injection of cyclodextrin into cats with Niemann-Pick type C1 disease results in Purkinje cell survival and normal neurological function, suggesting its usefulness for treating the human disease.
Oxidation increases mucin polymer cross-links to stiffen airway mucus gels
Authors: Yuan Shaopeng , Hollinger Martin , Lachowicz-Scroggins Marrah E. , Kerr Sheena C. , Dunican Eleanor M. , Daniel Brian M. , Ghosh Sudakshina , Erzurum Serpel C. , Willard Belinda , Hazen Stanley L. , Huang Xiaozhu , Carrington Stephen D. , Oscarson Stefan , Fahy John V.
Published: February 2015

A thiol-modified carbohydrate compound treats pathologic mucus gel formation in inflamed airways.
Timely and spatially regulated maturation of B and T cell repertoire during human fetal development
Authors: Rechavi Erez , Lev Atar , Lee Yu Nee , Simon Amos J. , Yinon Yoav , Lipitz Schlomo , Amariglio Ninette , Weisz Boaz , Notarangelo Luigi D. , Somech Raz
Published: February 2015

Immunocompetence in the developing fetus is temporally and spatially regulated.
Paying for innovation: Reimbursement incentives for antibiotics
Authors: Hwang Thomas J. , Carpenter Daniel , Kesselheim Aaron S.
Published: February 2015

Reimbursement incentives could promote antibiotic research and development—in particular, for new drugs to treat complex infections commonly found in hospitals.
Financing translation: Analysis of the NCATS rare-diseases portfolio
Authors: Fagnan David E. , Yang N. Nora , McKew John C. , Lo Andrew W.
Published: February 2015

Simulations using National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences data show that a portfolio of rare-disease therapeutics can yield attractive financial returns.
Functional characterization of IgA-targeted bacterial taxa from undernourished Malawian children that produce diet-dependent enteropathy
Authors: Kau Andrew L. , Planer Joseph D. , Liu Jie , Rao Sindhuja , Yatsunenko Tanya , Trehan Indi , Manary Mark J. , Liu Ta-Chiang , Stappenbeck Thaddeus S. , Maleta Kenneth M. , Ashorn Per , Dewey Kathryn G. , Houpt Eric R. , Hsieh Chyi-Song , Gordon Jeffrey I.
Published: February 2015

Gut bacterial strains targeted by IgA in undernourished Malawian children produce severe enteropathy in gnotobiotic mice and correlate with health status.
Pharmacodynamics of Amphotericin B Deoxycholate, Amphotericin B Lipid Complex, and Liposomal Amphotericin B against Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Al-Nakeeb Zaid , Petraitis Vidmantas , Goodwin Joanne , Petraitiene Ruta , Walsh Thomas J. , Hope William W.
Published: February 2015

Amphotericin B is a first-line agent for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. However, relatively little is known about the pharmacodynamics of amphotericin B for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. We studied the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of amphotericin B deoxycholate (DAMB), amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC), and liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB) by using a neutropenic-rabbit model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The study endpoints were lung weight, infarct score, and levels of circulating galactomannan and (1→3)-β-
d
-glucan. Mathematical models were used to describe PK-PD relationships. The experimental findings were bridged to humans by Monte Carlo simulation. Each amphotericin B formulation induced a dose-dependent decline in study endpoints. Near-maximal antifungal activity was evident with DAMB at 1 mg/kg/day and ABLC and LAMB at 5 mg/kg/day. The bridging study suggested that the “average” patient receiving LAMB at 3 mg/kg/day was predicted to have complete suppression of galactomannan and (1→3)-β-
d
-glucan levels, but 20 to 30% of the patients still had a galactomannan index of >1 and (1→3)-β-
d
-glucan levels of >60 pg/ml. All formulations of amphotericin B induce a dose-dependent reduction in markers of lung injury and circulating fungus-related biomarkers. A clinical dosage of liposomal amphotericin B of 3 mg/kg/day is predicted to cause complete suppression of galactomannan and (1→3)-β-
d
-glucan levels in the majority of patients.
Bestatin Induces Specific Changes in Trypanosoma cruzi Dipeptide Pool
Authors: Trochine Andrea , Creek Darren J. , Faral-Tello Paula , Barrett Michael P. , Robello Carlos
Published: February 2015

Proteases and peptidases in
Trypanosoma cruzi
are considered potential targets for antichagasic chemotherapy. We monitored changes in low-mass metabolites in
T. cruzi
epimastigotes treated with bestatin, a dipeptide metalloaminopeptidase inhibitor. After treatment, multiple dipeptides were shown to be increased, confirming
in situ
inhibition of the leucine aminopeptidase of
T. cruzi
(LAPTc) and probably other peptidases.
Persistence of Vancomycin Resistance in Multiple Clones of Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Danish Broilers 15 Years after the Ban of Avoparcin
Authors: Bortolaia Valeria , Mander Manuela , Jensen Lars B. , Olsen John E. , Guardabassi Luca
Published: February 2015

The occurrence and diversity of vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus faecium
(VREF) were investigated in 100 Danish broiler flocks 15 years after the avoparcin ban. VREF occurred in 47 flocks at low fecal concentrations detectable only by selective enrichment. Vancomycin resistance was prevalently associated with a transferable nontypeable plasmid lineage occurring in multiple
E. faecium
clones. Coselection of sequence type 842 by tetracycline use only partly explained the persistence of vancomycin resistance in the absence of detectable plasmid coresistance and toxin-antitoxin systems.
phoU
Inactivation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enhances Accumulation of ppGpp and Polyphosphate
Authors: de Almeida Luiz Gustavo , Ortiz Julia Helena , Schneider René P. , Spira Beny
Published: February 2015

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a linear polymer composed of several molecules of orthophosphate (P
i
) linked by energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds. In
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, P
i
is taken up by the ABC transporter Pst, encoded by an operon consisting of five genes. The first four genes encode proteins involved in the transport of P
i
and the last gene of the operon,
phoU
, codes for a protein which exact function is unknown. We show here that the inactivation of
phoU
in
P. aeruginosa
enhanced P
i
removal from the medium and polyP accumulation. The
phoU
mutant also accumulated high levels of the alarmone guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), which in turn increased the buildup of polyP. In addition,
phoU
inactivation had several pleiotropic effects, such as reduced growth rate and yield and increased sensitivity to antibiotics and stresses. However, biofilm formation was not affected by the
phoU
mutation.
A Patatin-Like Protein Associated with the Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Granules of Haloferax mediterranei Acts as an Efficient Depolymerase in the Degradation of Native PHA
Authors: Liu Guiming , Hou Jing , Cai Shuangfeng , Zhao Dahe , Cai Lei , Han Jing , Zhou Jian , Xiang Hua
Published: February 2015

The key enzymes and pathways involved in polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis in haloarchaea have been identified in recent years, but the haloarchaeal enzymes for PHA degradation remain unknown. In this study, a patatin-like PHA depolymerase, PhaZh1, was determined to be located on the PHA granules in the haloarchaeon
Haloferax mediterranei
. PhaZh1 hydrolyzed the native PHA (nPHA) [including native polyhydroxybutyrate (nPHB) and native poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (nPHBV) in this study] granules
in vitro
with 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) monomer as the primary product. The site-directed mutagenesis of PhaZh1 indicated that Gly
16
, Ser
47
(in a classical lipase box, G-X-S
47
-X-G), and Asp
195
of this depolymerase were essential for its activity in nPHA granule hydrolysis. Notably,
phaZh1
and
bdhA
(encoding putative 3HB dehydrogenase) form a gene cluster (
HFX_6463
to
_6464
) in
H. mediterranei
. The 3HB monomer generated from nPHA degradation by PhaZh1 could be further converted into acetoacetate by BdhA, indicating that PhaZh1-BdhA may constitute the first part of a PHA degradation pathway
in vivo
. Interestingly, although PhaZh1 showed efficient activity and was most likely the key enzyme in nPHA granule hydrolysis
in vitro
, the knockout of
phaZh1
had no significant effect on the intracellular PHA mobilization, implying the existence of an alternative PHA mobilization pathway(s) that functions effectively within the cells of
H. mediterranei
. Therefore, identification of this patatin-like depolymerase of haloarchaea may provide a new strategy for producing the high-value-added chiral compound (
R
)-3HB and may also shed light on the PHA mobilization in haloarchaea.