bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An improved model for simulating the penetration, propagation and absorption of radiation within plant canopies
Authors: TORSSELL B. W. R. , McPHERSON H. G.
Published: July 2006

A mathematical model for simulating the penetration, propagation and absorption of radiation within crop canopies of random leaf distribution is presented. Although the treatment of radiation penetration is based on well known theory, a new approach is developed for tracing the quantity and direction of reflected and transmitted radiation. This approach allows for multiple reflection and transmission up to any required level of accuracy, reflection from the soil, upward as well as downward flux and provides an explicit account of the quantities and direction of scattered radiation. These features will be of most significance at wavelengths where absorption is lowest such as the near‐infrared wavebands which are important in remote sensing applications. The approach taken also allows for more flexible consideration of foliage angle which will be most relevant in the photosynthetically active waveband where absorption is high.

The predictions of the downward and upward travelling flux densities are compared under ideal conditions with measurements made in canopies of known architecture with three different species, under both clear and overcast skies. Good agreement was obtained in all cases. The expected model deviation in the case of non‐random foliage distribution is demonstrated, and the implications for further model development indicated.
Aspects of the biology of the Japanese snipe Gallinago hardwickii
Authors: FRITH H. J. , CROME F. H. J. , BROWN B. K.
Published: July 2006

The Japanese snipe Gallinago hardwickii breeds in Japan and migrates south, through New Guinea, to spend the southern summer in Australia. There is no acceptable evidence yet that it reaches the continent other than in north Queensland. Its movement in Australia is mainly coastal Most of the population spends the summer south of the Richmond River, New South Wales: elsewhere it is a passage migrant. Little is known of the movements of individual birds as few have been banded. The distribution of the species and that of G. megala in Australia is discussed.

There is no evidence of sexual activity whilst the birds are in Australia. Pre‐migratory fattening begins in February and in birds that had spent the summer in the highlands most fattening takes place at lower altitudes. There is a complete moult while the birds are in Australia. The food consists of animal and plant material, including seeds. The principal animals eaten are the larvae of insects and earthworms.

In Japan the bird breeds away from water in grassland, often in elevated dry situations. In Australia it frequents highland and lowland freshwater and occasionally saline habitats. In Japan much habitat has been destroyed but areas cleared for re‐afforestation provide suitable breeding places and the continued production of these disclimax communities results in regeneration of suitable breeding habitat. In Australia most habitat alteration is detrimental to the species and hence its population is not secure.
Field measurements of ingestion and assimilation for the Australian brine shrimp Parartemia zietziana Sayce (Crustacea: Anostraca)
Authors: MARCHANT R. , WILLIAMS W. D.
Published: July 2006

Ingestion and assimilation of the brine shrimp Parartemia zietziana were measured in the field. Populations in Pink Lake and Lake Cundare were used; both lakes are shallow (< 1 m), saline (> 60°/00), and located in western Victoria; they have tow primary production. P. zietziana relies largely on organic matter in lake sediment for food. Ingestion rate was measured in situ in Pink by following the uptake of 14C from labelled sediment. The rate of faecal pellet production was measured (in both lakes) by allowing animals to defaecate for 24 h in a net suspended in the lake. Ingestion rate varied from 0.35 to 13 01 × 10–1 mg dry wt h‐1 individual‐1 for a range in dry weight of shrimp from 0.2 to 2.3 mg individual‐1; for a similar range in weight, defaecation varied from 0.08 to 2.03 × 10‐1mg dry wt h‐1 individual‐1. These rates were converted to joules and assimilation efficiencies of 30–60% calculated. Regressions showed that change in dry weight of shrimp accounted for > 90% of the variance in both rates.
The gum tree thrips Isoneurothrips australis Bagnall. Survival at different temperatures and humidities and its relation to capacity for dispersal
Authors: LAUGHLIN ROGER
Published: July 2006

Thrips are carried long distances on the wind. Their ability to survive periods of fasting may determine their chance of completing such journeys alive. Thrips’survival was measured at various temperatures and humidities. Survival is best related to saturation deficit. This relation can be combined with meteorological data to calculate the survival time of thrips migrating at various times of year. From May to September inclusive a thrips can probably survive over 24 h in the air and runs little risk of death from desiccation. From December to March survival times average about 6h but can be as low as 3h on hot summer days.
Themeda australis grasslands on the Basalt Plains, Victoria: floristics and management effects
Authors: STUWE J. , PARSONS R.F.
Published: July 2006

The floristic composition of remnants ofThemeda australis grasslands from basaltic areas of western Victoria was described using methods employed by the Zürich‐Montpellier school of phytosociology.

Most sites sampled were managed by either regular burning (rail sites) or grazing, or were not subject to any regular management practices (roadside sites). Rail sites contained relatively open, species‐rich vegetation with a smaller proportion of introduced species than the other two types of site. Grazed paddock sites contained relatively open, species‐poor vegetation, whilst roadside sites contained relatively dense, species‐poor vegetation. Such site differences appear to be related to the effect of management practices upon the competitive ability of T. australis and to species tolerance of them.
The function of sound in male spacing behaviour in bush‐crickets (Tettigoniidae, Orthoptera)
Authors: THIELE D. , BAILEY WINSTON J.
Published: July 2006

This paper examines the spatial dynamics of an aggregation of singing male bush‐crickets (Tettigoniidae) in respect to the degree of regularity between males. Our results establish that singing males of the genus Mygalopsis are regularly spaced within aggregations and that sound is involved in spacing. Attention is focussed on the male strategy of regular spacing within a widely dispersed aggregation in order to attract females reaching sexual maturity within the confines of that population. This is seen as an alternate to male aggregations attracting females from outside their boundary.
Further studies on acclimatization to low temperatures in the grain weevils Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Sitophilus granarius (L.)
Authors: EVANS D. E.
Published: July 2006

The effect of thermal acclimatization on the resting metabolism of adult grain weevils was examined by closely restraining the weevils during respirometry. Sitophilus oryzae (L.) acclimatized to 15°C consumed less oxygen over 11–23°C than 27°C‐acclimatized weevils but like amounts over 25–35°C. Similar results were observed with S. granarius (L.).

Respiration R–T curves of unrestrained S. oryzae and S. granarius showed no evidence of rotation at temperatures close to their chill‐coma thresholds but warm‐ and cold‐acclimatized weevils consumed similar amounts of oxygen when both categories of weevils were in chillcoma.

Acclimatizing S. oryzae from 27 to 13.5°C through four, weekly 4.5°C step‐transfers lowered the median chill‐coma thresholds of the weevils from 8.9 to 6.2°C, increased their life span at 9°C, an unfavourable temperature for this species, from 2 to 8 weeks and lowered their oxygen uptake at 9°C by 19%.
The effect of temperature on the population growth potential of Culex annulirostris Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: McDONALD G. , McLAREN I. W. , SHELDEN G. P. , SMITH I. R.
Published: July 2006

The effect of temperature on the population growth potential of Culex annulirostris was determined by studying larval growth rate and survival at seven temperatures between 10 and 40°C, and adult survival and fecundity at 20, 25 and 30°C. All larvae died at Wand 40°C; survival was greatest at 25°C. The period for complete juvenile development ranged from 8.57 days (35°C) to 37 days (15°C). Development from egg to adult required 196 day‐degrees above 9.7°C with incubation temperatures between 15 and 30°C. Population growth potential was positive at 20, 25 and 30°C, greatest at 25°C, but negative at 15°C. The minimum temperature for population growth was estimated as 17.5°C.
The effect of clipping on self‐thinning in Trifolium pratense
Authors: WESTOBY MARK , BROWN LEE
Published: July 2006

The self‐thinning rule describes mortality in a crowded even‐aged stand as a function only of biomass accumulation. We tested this prediction by stopping biomass accumulation with clipping treatments in Trifolium pratense. Moderate levels of clipping slowed thinning mortality considerably, but did not stop it entirely.
Estimating bark thickness in natural stands of Eucalyptus
Authors: GRASSIA A.
Published: July 2006

Information on bark thickness at various heights is sought to predict damage to trees by forest fires. A procedure which for natural stands of some smooth bark eucalyptus species enables the estimation of bark thickness at different heights from a single girth measurement at one metre height is discussed. The method utilizes the relationships of average girth, average bark thickness, and the regression coefficients of girth and bark thickness at given height positions, with height at one metre. The height positions are determined on a calibrating sample of about thirty trees of different sizes. Furthermore it is shown how the above information can be used to estimate bark volume, and hence bole volume, for Eucalyptus species of some commercial importance such as E. viminalis. Four species are considered: E. viminalis, E. pauciflora, E. mannifera and E. radiata.
Seasonal variation in insect abundance among three Australian rain forests, with particular reference to phytophagous types
Authors: LOWMAN MARGARET D.
Published: July 2006

Monthly sweep net and light trap samples were used to examine seasonal changes in the abundance of insects in subtropical, warm and cool temperate rain forest in New South Wales. Maximum insect abundance, especially of phytophages, coincided with leaf flushing in the canopy trees. Cool temperate insect numbers were highest during the month just following the beech leaf flush, a rapid and synchronous growth event. Conversely, numbers of subtropical insects fluctuated over a longer period, in a pattern similar to the continuous growth of leaves that occurred throughout spring and summer there. The warm temperate was intermediate in its vegetation growth phenology and insect patterns. Rainforest insect abundance varied both temporally and spatially.
Influence of floristic composition on the net primary production and dry matter turnover in a tropical grassland
Authors: GUPTA S. R. , SINGH J. S.
Published: July 2006

Plant biomass, net primary productivity and dry matter turnover were studied in a grassland situated in a tropical monsoonal climate at Kurukshetra, India (29°58′N, 76°51′E). Based on differences in vegetation in response to microrelief, three stands were distinguished on the study site. The stand I was dominated by Sesbania bispinosa, stand II represented mixed grasses and stand III was dominated by Desmostachya bipinnata. Floristic composition of the three stands revealed the greatest number of species on stand II (75). The study of life form classes indicated a thero‐cryptophytic flora. The biomass of live shoots in all the three stands attained a maximum value in September (424–1921 g m‐2) and below ground plant biomass in November (749–1868 g m‐2). The annual above ground net primary production was greatest on stand I (2143 g m‐2) and lowest on stand II (617 g m‐2). The rate of production was highest during the rainy season (15.34 to 3.18 g m‐2 day‐2). Below ground net production ranged from 1592 to 785 g m‐2 y‐2 and the rates were high in winter and summer seasons. Total annual net primary production was estimated to be 3141, 1403, 2493 and 2134 g m‐2 on stands I, II, III and on the grassland as a whole, respectively. The turnover of total plant biomass plus below ground biomass indicated almost a complete replacement of phytomass within the year. The system transfer functions showed greater transfer of material from total net primary production to the shoot compartment during rainy season and to the root compartment during winter and summer seasons.
Modelling population growth in stage‐grouped organisms: a simple extension to the Leslie model
Authors: WOODWARD I. O.
Published: July 2006

A simple method for decomposing a population's stage grouping into the underlying age structure is described. The population's dynamics can then be predicted using standard age‐structured models, such as Leslie's matrix model. The method overcomes objections to previous attempts to use Leslie's procedure for modelling population growth in stage‐grouped organisms. A hypothetical example is used to illustrate the new technique.
Seed characteristics and regeneration of some species in invaded coastal communities
Authors: WEISS P. W.
Published: July 2006

The seed production, germination and regeneration characteristics of two native species (Acacia longifolia var. sophorae and Banksia integrifolia) and two invasive subspecies (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera and ssp. rotundata) were compared.

C. monilifera ssp. rotundata was similar in seed characteristics and regeneration to B. integrifolia in that: (1) seed production was over an extended period each year; (2) seed longevity was low (0–2% viable after burial for 3 years), but increased with depth of burial; and (3) regeneration from 26 to 28% of mature plants occurred after fire.

By contrast, C. monilifera ssp. monilifera was similar to A. Iongifolia var. sophorae in that; (1) seed production was over a short period each year; (2) of the total buried, 6–13% of seeds were viable after 3 years, and again numbers increased with depth of burial (percentages of missing seeds of A. longifolia were high but all remaining seeds were viable after 3 years); and (3) regeneration after fire occurred only from seed, hence their seed longevity is an important factor for long‐term survival.

However, growth habit and niche occupation by ssp. rotundata is similar to that of A. longifolia and the above differences may contribute to the observed displacement of the native by the invasive species. The distribution of the two invasive subspecies is at present largely in separate areas in Australia and it is predicted this situation will continue because of their differing climatic preferences, morphology and regeneration from fire.
Biological survey and reserve design by Landsat mapped ecoclines — a catastrophe theory approach
Authors: SAXON E. C. , DUDZINSKI M. L.
Published: July 2006

The hypothetical correlation between temporal and spatial patterning in Landsat data and temporal and spatial heterogeneity required by persistent small populations of animals vulnerable to extinction has been tested by a biological survey and then applied to the design of a biological reserve. Vulnerable animals were associated with gradual gradients (ecoclines) in multi‐temporal texture transforms of Landsat imagery. Potential pest species and sites without fauna were associated with textureless areas and with abrupt boundaries. An area 150 000 km2 of the Tanami Desert in central Australia was mapped. The data were utilized to order biological reserve priorities.
Vegetation and flora associated with localized snow accumulation at Mount Field West, Tasmania
Authors: GIBSON NEIL , KIRKPATRICK J. B.
Published: July 2006

The vegetation associated with a snow patch at Mt Field in Tasmania is described and mapped. Seven distinct vegetation types were found to be related directly to topography and hence to the patterns of snow accumulation, snow melt and soil drainage. The fjaeldmark found where snow lies longest is unusual for Tasmania and may be the product of past climatic events and a peculiar parent material. At the generic level there exists a high similarity with the snow patch flora of the Australian Alps.
The demography of the temperate mangrove [Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh.] at its southern limit in New Zealand
Authors: BURNS B. R. , OGDEN J.
Published: July 2006

An expanding monoculture of the mangroveAvicennia marinavar. resinifera growing at its southern limit in New Zealand was modelled using a Leslie matrix technique which assumed exponential population growth.

The predictions from the model were partially verified from sequential aerial photographs of the population. The results add to a growing body of practical experience in the application of matrix techniques to plant demography.

Modelling indicates that survivorship of the young tree size class is the main determinant of the population growth rate; annual seed production is relatively unimportant.

Avicenniatrees produce relatively few large viviparous propagules, each of which has a high probability of establishment. Seedlings are retained in a ‘seedling bank’ for several years.

The λ value of 1.2228 reflects the colonizing ability of the species, and is compared with published values for other species.
Habitat preferences of small mammals in tropical open‐forest of the Northern Territory
Authors: FRIEND GORDON R. , TAYLOR JOHN A.
Published: July 2006

Pattern analysis was used to investigate the habitat preferences of five small mammal species in tropical open‐forest of the Northern Territory. Fifty‐one sites were classified by faunal abundance and the groups examined for significant differences in vegetation structural attributes and plant species in both dry and wet seasons.

The omnivore Isoodon macrourus showed strong association with floristic and vegetation structural attributes only in the dry season, when areas with a dense understorey of small trees and shrubs and a high percentage of leaf litter cover were favoured. Of the two primarily carnivorous species, Antechinus bellus was related strongly with floristic and structural attributes in both seasons and showed a consistent preference for areas with relatively dense low‐level foliage (< 2m). By contrast, Dasyurus hallucatus was associated more with the structurally simple open‐forest types. Of the two mainly herbivorous species Mesembdomys gouldii showed associations only withfioristics in both seasons, while the habitat relationships of Trichosurus arnhemensis were very weak due to its low abundance in the study area.

The number and strength of animal/habitat relationships were greatest in the dry season. Forest types with dense mid‐level foliage and abundant hollow logs and leaf litter had the greatest mammal richness and abundance; these areas may be critical to the survival of local mammal populations.

A comparison of site‐groups, defined independently on the basis of fauna, floristics or structure, showed that animal groups overlapped one to six of the habitat groups. The animal's perception of s‘habitat’ may thus differ from that of humans, or that defined by measurement of habitat attributes.
Decomposition and accumulation of litter after fire in sub‐alpine eucalypt forests
Authors: RAISON R. J. , WOODS P. V. , KHANNA P. K.
Published: July 2006

Accession, decomposition and accumulation of litter were studied in three sub‐alpine eucalypt forest communities (dominated by overstoreys of Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. pauciflora or E. dives) located in the Brindabella Range. Australian Capital Territory, at an elevation of 1100–1250 m. The sites had either been protected from fire for more than 20 years or been burnt by low‐intensity prescribed fires. After a prescribed burn, the rate of decomposition of abscised leaves was reduced by 22% in E. delegatensis forest and by 34% in E. pauciflora forest, but was little affected in the drier E. dives community. Lowered decomposition was apparently due to greater aridity after fire, a consequence of removal of the shading understorey and reduction in the depth and hence mulching effect of the titter layer. Litter accumulates rapidly after prescribed burning, reaching a mass of 10–12 t ha−1 within 4–5 years in all communities. Such quantities are dangerous from a fire control viewpoint. The quasi steady‐state mass of accumulated litter ranges from about 17 t ha−1 in E. dives and E. pauciflora forests to about 25 t ha−1 in old‐growth E. delegatensis forests. The rapid re‐accumulation of litter after fire is not the result of any significant change in litterfall rate, but is due to a marked reduction in the total amount of litter decomposing—and this reduction is more a consequence of a decrease in the weight of the forest floor than to any fire‐induced lowering of the rate of litter decomposition. The rapid build‐up of litter is a consequence of the relatively high rates of litterfall (3.4–5.0 t ha−1 year−1) and low rates of litter decomposition (k = 0.19–0.32 year−1) in these forests. In most cases the pattern of litter accumulation was well described by an exponential equation of the form Xt= Xss (1—e‐kt), where Xt is the weight (t ha−1) of litter accumulated at time t (year). Xss is the weight of litter accumulated under steady‐state conditions, and k is a decomposition rate constant (year−1). Marked temporal variations in annual litterfall and mass of accumulated litter were found at specific forest sites which had been unburnt for more than 4.5 years. Variation from the long‐term mean was greater for litterfall (31–37%) than for accumulated litter (14–26%). The maximum error when calculating decomposition rate (k) as the ratio of annual litterfall: accumulated titter, when based on single measurements of these parameters, ranged from 43 to 69% of that based on long‐term measurements. Decomposition rates of the entire titter layer, calculated for periods of 22–79 months, and based on measurements of litter input and change in mass of accumulated titter, were positively correlated with the average number of days per month during each period that the litter layer remained moist (>approx. 60% ODW). The implications of these findings for fire management planning in sub‐alpine and other eucalypt forests are briefly discussed.
The effect of fire frequency on the structure and floristic composition of a woodland understorey
Authors: FOX MARILYN D. , FOX BARRY J.
Published: July 2006

A long term study site which had not burnt since 1968 was partly burnt in August 1974 and the entire area burnt again in August 1980. The two wildfires, in the same season and with similar intensity, allowed a study of the effect of the frequency component of the fire regime on the floristic composition and structure of a shrubby woodland understorey. In 1982, 2 years after the last fire, that part of the site burnt twice in 12 years had significantly more plant species, higher shrub density and greater cover than that which burnt once only. Of the species found only on the single‐fire part of the site, all were obligate seedling regenerators, while the larger number of species found only on the twice‐burnt part were predominantly vegetative regenerators. The results have implications for vegetation managers: areas burnt too frequently may lose obligate seedling regenerators, while an area remaining unburnt for too long may lose some vegetatively regenerating species, as well as short‐lived obligate seedling regenerators. This highlights the necessity for research in different vegetation types to assess adequately these limits to their ‘natural’ frequencies. Such research would form the basis for informed management decisions.
Dieback of rural eucalypts: Tree phenology and damage caused by leaf‐feeding insects
Authors: LANDSBERG JILL
Published: July 2006

During three growing seasons, phenology and damage on leafy shoots of healthy eucalypts and others with dieback were monitored on pastoral properties in the Australian Capital Territory. Leaves from the dieback trees tended to be younger than those from nearby healthy trees. Leaves that were not lost prematurely lived for similar lengths of time on both dieback and healthy trees, but more leaves were initiated on the dieback trees. Dieback trees were also less active reproductively. During the study, chewing insects caused most of the damage on leaves, and there was usually more of this damage on leaves from the dieback trees. Young leaves accumulated damage at a much faster rate than older leaves, and this probably contributed to the relatively greater damage on the leaves from the dieback trees. However, the differences in the amount of damage on the leaves from healthy and dieback trees were not solely due to the differences in ages of the leaves. Generalized linear models which equalized the effects of the differences in leafing phenology produced adjusted estimates for damage to leaves that were still higher for dieback trees.
Effect of rainfall on biomass, growth and dieback of pastures in an arid grazing system
Authors: ROBERTSON GRAHAM
Published: July 2006

The influence of rainfall and initial pasture biomass on growth and dieback of pastures in temporary enclosures over quarterly periods was examined from 1980 to 1985 at Menindee in western New South Wales. Rainfall during the previous 12 months had the most influential effect on biomass of grazed pasture, and accounted for 69% of the variance. During quarterly periods, when the biomass of pasture protected from grazing increased, rainfall accounted for 93% of the variance. For all quarterly periods (whether pasture biomass increased or decreased) current rainfall accounted for 72% of the variance in biomass change (growth minus senescence) and initial biomass accounted for a further 14%. The growth response to rainfall was similar in pastures grazed by a combination of sheep and kangaroos and in those grazed by kangaroos alone.
Effects of logging, fire and drought on three species of lizards in Mumbulla State Forest on the south coast of New South Wales
Authors: LUNNEY DANIEL , EBY PEGGY , O'CONNELL MICHAEL
Published: July 2006

The effects of logging on three species of common skinks were estimated from censuses in four age classes of forest: unlogged, just logged, 1‐year logged and 10–15 year regrowth. The effects of topography (ridge and gully) were examined in each age class. Afire in November 1980 occurred fust after the initial census was completed. Another census was taken in December 1980 to assess its immediate effects. Further censuses were carried out each December from 1981 to 1984. An intense drought overlapped from 1980 to 1983 with the census period. Lampropholis guichenoti occurred in about equal numbers in unlogged and recently logged forest, but its numbers were reduced in the 10–15 year regrowth forest. This was attributed to changes in the amount and pattern of sunlight reaching the ground. A similar pattern of response was found for Lampropholis delicata. The numbers of Eulamprus heatwolei, a gully species requiring partial shade, were lowest in the exposed, recently‐logged forest, but had increased in the 10–15 year regrowth class to about equal their numbers in unlogged forest. Fire reduced the numbers ofL. guichenoti on ridges but had no immediate impact on numbers of tire other species, while drought markedly depressed numbers of all species. Lampropholis guichenoti recovered more quickly from the drought than did L. delicata, but the numbers of E. heatwolei were still declining 19 months after the drought broke. The drought also revealed a habitat (ridge/gully) difference between the two Lampropholis species. The management of these species in commercial forests requires that some areas, particularly gullies, be reserved and the logging sequence modified to prevent the creation of widespread stands of uniform regrowth.
Efficacy of primary hormone therapy for localized or locally advanced prostate cancer: results of a 10‐year follow‐up
Authors: AKAZA HIDEYUKI , HOMMA YUKIO , USAMI MICHIYUKI , HIRAO YOSHIHIKO , TSUSHIMA TOMOYASU , OKADA KIYOKI , YOKOYAMA MASAO , OHASHI YASUO , ASO YOSHIO ,   THE PROSTATE CANCER STUDY GROUP
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy of primary hormone therapy for localized or locally advanced prostate cancer, by analysing the 10‐year survival rates for men with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer treated with primary hormone therapy or prostatectomy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between February 1993 and March 1995, men with T1b, T1c or T2‐3 N0M0 prostate cancer were enrolled. In all, 176 men who had a prostatectomy were assigned to Study 1 and were given adjuvant luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist; 151 men who did not have a prostatectomy were assigned to Study 2 and had LHRH agonist monotherapy or combined androgen blockade. They were followed until death, loss to follow‐up, or until the end of the observation period (31 March 2004). We analysed all cases in each study as a single population, and compared Study 1 with Study 2.

RESULTS

The mean patient ages were 67.2 years in Study 1 and 75.7 years in Study 2. During a median of 10.4 years of follow‐up, 20 men in Study 1 and 17 in Study 2 died from prostate cancer, and 21 men in Study 1 and 50 in Study 2 died from other causes. In Study 1, the 10‐year overall survival rate was 73% and the 10‐year cause‐specific survival rate was 86%, vs 41% and 78% in Study 2. Overall survival curves were similar to expected survival curves in both studies. There was no significant difference between studies in cause‐specific survival.

CONCLUSIONS

The progression of prostate cancer was retarded by primary hormone therapy in men with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer. With primary hormone therapy or prostatectomy, the men had a life‐expectancy similar to that of the normal population.
A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF RURAL‐URBAN MIGRATION UNDER UNCERTAINTY
Authors: Beladi Hamid , Ingene Charles A.
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT. This paper analyzes the implications of an exogenous shift in relative prices for an economy that suffers from urban unemployment, as well as uncertainty, in the agricultural sector. Among other things, we show that with agricultural uncertainty, an exogenous shift in relative prices will lower agricultural profit. This result is in sharp contrast with the conventional case of risk‐neutrality or certainty where agricultural profit is unaffected by changes in the terms of trade.
Wage Formation, Regional Migration and Local Labour Market Tightness*
Authors: Carlsen Fredrik , Johansen Kåre , RØed Knut
Published: August 2006

Empirical studies of regional wage formation and interregional migration routinely include the regional unemployment rate as indicator of local labour market tightness. However, these studies are usually motivated by economic theories that emphasize transition probabilities between unemployment and employment, and the unemployment rate is an imperfect proxy for these probabilities. We use a large micro data set to compute estimates of the rate of outflow from unemployment for 90 Norwegian travel‐to‐work areas. The outflow rates perform better than traditional measures of regional labour market tightness in panel data analyses of regional wages and interregional migration.
Evidence for an immunodeficiency syndrome related to beta‐haemolytic streptococci in patients with psoriasis
Authors: Weigl B.A.
Published: August 2006

Infection with beta‐haemolytic streptococci is accepted as one of the triggering factors leading to exacerbation of psoriasis. In a long‐term study lasting nine years (1982–1991) we investigated whether there is any evidence of dysfunction of humoral and cellular immune factors, and what part is played by microbial infection in this connection, with specific reference to streptococcal antigens. 110 patients with chronic psoriasis, either clinically inactive (stage 1) or active with eruptions (stage 2) and 70 healthy controls underwent the following immunologic investigations: streptococcal antibody titres, serum immunoglobulins IgM, IgA, IgG, total serum IgE, complement factors C3, C4, B and T cells, and subpopulations. The findings demonstrate that phases of inactivity are associated with a mechanism described as “Immunologic Regulation”‐activated antibacterial titres and unremarkable findings for humoral and cellular parameters. Eruptions of psoriasis are with phases of humoral and cellular deficiency; antibacterial titres are significantly elevated, serum IgM or IgA or IgG show deficient levels, C3 is activated, C4 is decreased, as are serum IgE and T4:T8 ratio. Shift in T‐cell subpopulations may depend on serum IgE concentration.

The question for consideration is whether antigen‐eliminating inflammatory lesions present in immunodeficiency phases trigger the formation of circulating immune complexes. It seems probable that the pathogenicity of these immune complexes is controlled by serum factors and that they are involved in the initiation of keratinocyte hyperproliferation.
Cutaneous lymphadenoma is distinct from basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Krahl Dieter , Kohl Peter Karl
Published: August 2006

Background Cutaneous lymphadenoma is a recently recognized unusual tumor. It presents as an indistinct solitary non‐ulcerating dermal nodule occuring mostly in the head and neck region of middle aged persons. Its histogenetic definition is controversial and recently it has been proposed that it might represent an unusual inflammatory basal cell carcinoma. We present clinical, hislological and immunohistochemistry data of two cases. For the first time lectin‐imrnunohistochemisiry of cutaneous lymphadenoma is reported on.

Observations One tumor was located on the eyebrow of a 37 years old, the other on the nose of a 75 years old male patient. Slow growth over years occured. Histology showed biphasic pattern of elongated and angulated lobules with peripheral rim of basaloid cells and central network of lymphohisltocytic cells with preponderance of protein S 100‐positive cells. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) did not show peripheral staining around tumor lobules as seen in basal cell carcinoma.

Conclusions Clinical and histological features as well as absence of peanut agglutinin staining argue in favor of the distinction of cutaneous lymphadenoma from inflammatory basal cell carcinoma. The former probably represents a benign growth of adnexal origin.
Silencing urokinase in the ventral tegmental area in vivo induces changes in cocaine‐induced hyperlocomotion
Authors: Bahi Amine , Boyer Frederic , Kafri Tal , Dreyer Jean‐Luc
Published: July 2006

Serine proteases in the nervous system have functional roles in neural plasticity. Among them, urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) exerts a variety of functions during development, and is involved in learning and memory. Furthermore, psychostimulants strongly induce uPA expression in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. In this study, doxycycline‐regulatable lentiviruses expressing either uPA, a dominant‐negative form of uPA, or non‐regulatable lentiviruses expressing small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeted against uPA have been prepared and injected into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of rat brains. Over‐expression of uPA in the VTA induces doxycycline‐dependent expression of its receptor, uPAR, but not its inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1). uPAR expression in the VTA is repressed upon silencing of uPA with lentiviruses expressing siRNAs. In addition, over‐expression of uPA in the VTA promotes a 15‐fold increase in locomotion activity upon cocaine delivery. Animals expressing the dominant‐negative form of uPA did not display such hyperlocomotor activity. These cocaine‐induced behavioural changes, associated with uPA expression, could be suppressed in the presence of doxycycline or uPA‐specific siRNAs expressing lentiviruses. These data strongly support the major role of urokinase in cocaine‐mediated plasticity changes.
In vivo detection of Egr2 binding to target genes during peripheral nerve myelination
Authors: Jang Sung‐Wook , LeBlanc Scott E. , Roopra Avtar , Wrabetz Lawrence , Svaren John
Published: July 2006

Egr2/Krox20 is a zinc finger transactivator that regulates a diverse array of genes required for peripheral nerve myelination. Although several studies have elucidated the Egr2‐regulated gene network, it is not clear if Egr2 regulates its target genes directly or indirectly through induction of other transactivators. Moreover, very few Egr2 binding sites have been identified in regulatory elements of myelin genes. To address this issue, we have successfully adapted chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to test if Egr2 binds directly to target genes in myelinating rat sciatic nerve. These experiments demonstrate direct binding of Egr2 to previously described binding sites within the Schwann cell enhancer of the myelin basic protein gene. Furthermore, we show Egr2 binding to a conserved site within the myelin‐associated glycoprotein gene. Finally, our experiments provide the first evidence that Egr2 directly regulates expression of desert hedgehog, which is critically involved in development, maintenance and regeneration of multiple nerve elements including myelinated fibers. Surprisingly, this analysis has identified an apparent preponderance of Egr2 binding sites within conserved intron sequences of several myelin genes. Application of chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis to myelination in vivo will prove to be a valuable asset in assaying transcription factor binding and chromatin modifications during activation of myelin genes.
Relative immunogenicity of Fya and K antigens in a Caucasian population, based on HLA class II restriction analysis
Authors: Noizat‐Pirenne France , Tournamille Christophe , Bierling Philippe , Roudot‐Thoraval Françoise , Le Pennec Pierre‐Yves , Rouger Philippe , Ansart‐Pirenne Hélène
Published: July 2006

BACKGROUND: It has long been known that relative immunogenicity is a characteristic of protein red blood cell (RBC) antigens, but the mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this work was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this relative immunogenicity.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Two RBC antigens were used as a model—the highly immunogenic K antigen (KEL1) and the less immunogenic Fya antigen (FY1)—and analyzed the distribution of DRB1* molecules in two groups of Caucasian individuals producing anti‐Fya (n = 29) or anti‐K (n = 30) alloantibodies. These experimental results were compared to the results generated by TEPITOPE, a DRB1* peptide–binding motif prediction algorithm.

RESULTS: It was found that within the anti‐Fya group, the DRB1*04 phenotypic frequency was 100 percent, indicating that the DRB1*04 molecule is the restriction molecule. In the anti‐K group, numerous DRB1* molecules were identified, demonstrating a high degree of histocompatibility promiscuity, corresponding to the predominant molecules in the Caucasian population. These findings were confirmed by TEPITOPE.

CONCLUSION: These results strongly suggest that protein RBC intrinsic immunogenicity depends on the distribution of DRB1* restriction molecules.
A PCR‐Based Method to Distinguish the Sibling Species Stylonychia mytilus and Stylonychia lemnae (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) Using Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Gene Sequences
Authors: HAENTZSCH MADLEN , SCHMIDT STEPHANIE L. , BERNHARD DETLEF , AMMERMANN DIETER , BERENDONK THOMAS U. , SCHLEGEL MARTIN
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT. A differentiation, based on morphological characters, between Stylonychia mytilus and Stylonychia lemnae is very difficult, especially for non‐specialists. These two sibling species were considered as one species, S. mytilus, until detailed cytological and genetic studies could show the existence of two genetically isolated varieties. Further morphological and biochemical analyses verified the separation and finally in 1983 a new species S. lemnae was described. The examination of several isoenzymes revealed unambiguous differences in the banding pattern of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) between these two species. Therefore, the IDH gene of 30 isolates of S. lemnae and S. mytilus coming from various regions all over the world were amplified and sequenced. The sequence analyses revealed intraspecific as well as interspecific substitutions, which were used for the development of species‐specific PCR primers for both species. Application of these species‐specific primer pairs now allows a very easy and clear identification of both sibling species.
Black‐White Semantic Differences and interracial Communication1
Authors: Lewit David W. , Abner Edward V.
Published: August 2006

In Phase I, black and white adolescent males made semantic differential ratings of 14 concepts representing a wide range of values. MOTHER, FATHER, GIRLS TV, GOD. POLICE. and NEXT YEAR yielded profiles significantly different for the 2 racial groups. In Phase II, 28 blacks and 28 whites each attempted to decode the profiles of 1 black and 1 white other. For combined racial groups, accuracy was greater when the other was semantically similar. Disregarding semantic similarity, accuracy was greater when the other was of the same race. Semantic similarity made little difference, however, when both encoder and decoder were black. Whites excelled in decoding the profiles of other whites where concepts were commonly encoded by both racial groups, while blacks were more accurate intraracially where concepts were differentially encoded by the 2 racial groups. Results were related to the assumption of a standard set of meanings for whites and a standard‐nonstandard dual system for blacks.
Petitioner's Attire and Petition Signing by Peace Demonstrators: A Field Experiment1
Authors: Suedfeld Peter , Bochner Stephen , Matas Carol
Published: August 2006

Two female experimenters, one dressed as a “hippie” and the other wearing “straight” dress, solicited signatures for an anti‐war petition at the April 1971 Washington peace demonstration. Although the petition was identical in both conditions, and a large degree of attitudinal homogeneity in the subject population could be assumed, the hippie condition produced more signatures, more subjects who signed without looking at the petition, and attracted a larger number of unsolicited signatures. These differences were attributed to the effect of implied attitude (reference group) similarity between experimenters and subjects in the hippie and dissimilarity in the straight condition; in‐group members were more effective than out‐group members, despite experimenter‐subject similarity in explicit attitudes under both conditions.
The “Clean for Gene” Phenomenon: The Effect of Students' Appearance on Political Campaigning1
Authors: Darley John M. , Cooper Joel
Published: August 2006

Field experiments investigated the relationship between a political campaigner's dress and appearance and his campaign effectiveness. In one study deviant, “freaky” appearing campaigners attempting to hand out innocuous leaflets in a shopping center had a lower acceptance rate than did more conventionally dressed campaigners. Those shoppers who did accept leaflets from “freaks” were more likely to throw them away unread. The first experiment suggested that deviant‐appearing campaigners have difficulty communicating information to potential voters, but it was argued that, in another sense, they convey all too much information. Knowing only that the campaigners for one candidate were deviant and “hippy” in appearance as compared to the conventionally dressed campaigners supporting a second candidate, voters in a second experiment were willing to ascribe more radical opinions to the deviants' candidate. Voters then used their inferences as the basis on which to select a candidate. The rationality of inferring beliefs from appearances is discussed in terms of correspondent inference theory.
Effect of Musical Accompaniment on Attitude: The Guitar as a Prop for Persuasion
Authors: Galizio Mark , Hendrick Clyde
Published: August 2006

This study examined the effects on attitude, mood, and recall of embedding a communication in different musical art forms. Subjects listened to four folk songs, each of which either had or did not have guitar accompaniment, and which were either sung or dramatically spoken. Results indicated greater positive emotional arousal and greater persuasion with the presence of guitar accompaniment. The sung‐spoken variation had few effects. The results were interpreted as supporting a conclusion of Dabbs and Janis (1965) that a pleasant activity such as eating creates a momentary mood of compliance toward a communication's recommendations. The present study generalized Dabbs and Janis' conclusion to a stimulus situation involving instrumental music. An alternative interpretation that the music inhibited counterargument production was discussed and rejected. The implications of the study for a more general arousal‐persuasion model were noted.
Accurate, Deceptive, and No Prior Feedback About Decisionmaking Acumen as an Influencer of Group Decisionmaking
Authors: Frederickson William A. , Kizziar Gary
Published: August 2006

Eighteen groups of four subjects each performed the “Lost on the Moon” task before and after group discussion of the task. The major variable manipulated involved the influence of a group member's knowledge about his pretest performance on group decisionmaking. It was found that the greatest influence is exerted by individuals told by the experimenter that their performance was the most accurate when it was actually the least accurate. Under this influence synergy, although achieved, was impeded relative to gains made by the control condition and the condition where the “piant” actually had the most accurate score within his group on a pretest.
Likability, Sex‐role Congruence of Interest, and Competence: It All Depends on How You Ask1
Authors: Spence Janet T. , Helmreich Robert , Stapp Joy
Published: August 2006

Subjects were shown one of four videotaped versions of a male or female stimulus person (SP) being interviewed, the SP' s being Competent or Incompetent and Masculine or Feminine in their interests. All S s were asked to rate the SPs' likability on an objective questionnaire, those in one condition (Standard) immediately after viewing the tape, and in another (Projective) after first having responded to a series of open‐ended, TAT‐like questions about the SP. In the Standard condition, the major results were two highly significant effects‐Competent SP s were liked better than Incompetent ones, and the Masculine Competent SP s more than their feminine counterparts. Several changes occurred in the Projective condition. Only profeminist women continued to prefer the Masculine Competent female SP to the Feminine Competent, the other group reversing their ratings. In response to the male SP s, profeminist males in the Projective condition preferred both Masculine SP s to the Feminine ones and, in comparison with other groups, exhibited a reduced competency effect.
Frequency of Exposure and Evaluation of Candidates and Campaign Speeches1
Authors: Suedfeld Peter , Rank Darylynn , Borrie Roderick A.
Published: August 2006

Three slides, each showing the photograph of a college‐age male, were shown either 5, 10, or 25 times to a total of 95 students (S s). After the presentation, the slides, plus a fourth not previously shown, were presented as photographs of candidates in a campus election, each being paired with a campaign speech. Three speeches consisted of bland platitudes, whereas the fourth argued in favor of a large tuition increase. Ratings of the speeches and the candidates indicated that subjects were accurate in ranking the relative frequency of exposure of the four slides and that the controversial speech elicited less agreement and less favorable ratings than the three other messages. There were U‐shaped curvilinear effects of exposure on S s' agreement with the messages, and with ratings of the persuasiveness of the message. Neither exposure nor speech effects were found in ratings of the candidates themselves. Implications of these findings for the frequency of exposure hypothesis (Zajonc, 1968) and for political campaigns are discussed.