bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation of feline eosinophils via peritoneal lavage
Authors: Moriello Karen A. , Young Karen M. , Cooley A. James
Published: January 2024

Fourteen cats were inoculated orally with 1 of 2 infective doses of Toxocara canis to induce eosin-ophilia. Cats were subsequently challenge exposed twice via intraperitoneal injection with 1 of 2 Tcanis antigen preparations. Peritoneal lavage was performed 2 days after antigenic challenge exposure, and eosinophils in the peritoneal lavage fluid were quantified.

None of the cats developed clinical signs of disease after infection. All cats developed peripheral eosinophilia after infection. Significant (P < 0.05) difference in mean eosinophil count from the lavage fluid was observed between lavage 1 (prechallengc exposure) and lavages 2 and 3 (postchallcnge exposure) in both groups of cats. Significant difference in eosinophil count was not found between cats given different doses of eggs. After initial challenge exposure, significantly (P < 0.05) more eosinophils were obtained from cats given antigen preparation 2 (prep-2) than from those given antigen prep-1. This difference was no longer observed after the second challenge exposure with higher doses of either antigen prep-1 or prep-2. In cats given antigen prep-2, significant difference was not found between lavages 2 and 3. However, in cats given antigen prep-1, eosinophil count was significantly (P = 0.005) greater in fluid obtained from lavage 3, compared with eosinophil count from lavage 2. Mean ± SEM percentage of eosinophils in the fluid from lavage 3 in all cats was 70.8 ± 2.2%. Other cell types included macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells.

Gross postmortem findings were mild. One- to 3-mm nodular white foci of inflammation were observed on the serosal surfaces of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and omentum. Microscopic examination of tissues revealed pulmonary artery hypertrophy (n = 4), eosinophilic peribronchitis and perivasculitis (n = 10), mild granulomatous interstitial nephritis (n = 6), interstitial pancreatitis (n = 1), focal lymphocytic myocarditis (n = 1), focal eosinophilic granulomatous hepatitis (n = 1), and eosinophilic hyperplasia of bone marrow (n = 14).

Large numbers of eosinophils could be harvested from the peritoneal cavity of cats inoculated orally with 500 embryonated T canis eggs and subsequently challenge-exposed intraperitoneally with preparations of parasite antigens. After the second challenge exposure, at least 108 eosinophils could be harvested from each cat, yielding eosinophils in the quantity required to begin isolation of granule constituents.
Persistence of tissue cysts in edible tissues of cattle fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Thulliez Ph.
Published: January 2024

Four 1-year-old steers were each inoculated orally with 10,000 Toxoplasma gondii oocysts of the GT-1 strain and euthanatized on postinoculation days (pid) 350, 539, 1191, and 1201. Samples (500 g) of tongue, heart, semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles (roast), intercostal muscles (ribs), longismus muscles (tenderloin), brain, kidneys, liver, and small intestine were bioassayed for T gondii by feeding to cats and examination of cat feces for shedding of oocysts. Toxoplasma gondii was recovered by bioassays in cats from the 3 steers necropsied pid 350, 539, and 1191, but not from the steer euthanatized on pid 1201. Cats shed oocysts after ingesting tongue from 2 steers, heart from 3 steers, liver from 2 steers, and roast, ribs, brain, and intestines from 1 steer each. Toxoplasma gondii was not isolated from any of the other bovine tissues. In addition to tissues bioassayed in cats, homogenates of mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs, spinal cord, spleen, and eyes were bioassayed in mice for T gondii infection. Toxoplasma gondii was not recovered from the 135 mice inoculated with tissue from each of the 4 steers. All 4 inoculated steers developed high T gondii antibody titers (≥ 1:8,000) in the agglutination test, using formalin-fixed whole tachyzoites. In the steer euthanatized on pid 1201, agglutinating T gondii antibody titers decreased from 1:4,000 to 1:320 between 2 and 5 months after inoculation and to 1:20 by 19 months after inoculation.
Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage tumor necrosis factor-α synthesis by polymyxin B sulfate
Authors: Coyne C. P. , Fenivick Brad W.
Published: January 2024

The antibiotic polymyxin B sulfate is a cationic polypeptide with a unique cyclical configuration and distinct cationic characteristics. In this investigation, polymyxin H was evaluated to determine its ability to prevent synthesis of lactic acid and tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α) by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated strain RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cell populations. In this context, gradient concentrations of polymyxin B were formulated in the presence of fixed concentrations of lipopolysaccharide fractions from Escherichia coli (B4:0111), E coli (J5), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Salmonella minnesota, and S typhimurium (Re). Quantitation of tnf-α was established by the application of a tissue culture-based biological assay system, using the WEHI 164 clone 13 indicator cell line. Investigations also included evaluation of the ability of gradient concentrations of lipopolysaccharide fractions from E coli (B4:0111), E coli Q5), K pneumoniae, P aeruginosa, S minnesota, and S typbimurium (Re) to form a complex with polymyxin B. This was established through application of high-performance thin-layer chromatography techniques. On the basis of the known molecular characteristics of lipopolysaccharide, its lipid A-core subfractions, and polymyxin B, these results imply that cytoprotective properties of polymyxin B are attributable to direct interaction and subsequent complex formation. More specifically, the mechanism by which polymyxin B exerts affinity for lipopolysaccharide fractions is proposed to occur through attractive ionic interactions established between the cationic diami-nobutyric acid residues of polymyxin B and the mono- or diphosphate group(s) of the lipid A-corc moiety. It is highly probable that this molecular phenomenon is accompanied by hydrophobic interactions established between the terminal methyloctanoyl or methylheptanoyl groups of polymyxin B and the saturated carbon chains of the lipid A-core subfraction of lipopolysaccharide fractions
Effect of deferoxamine-hydroxyethyl pentafraction starch on free, autogenous full-thickness skin grafts in dogs
Authors: Hosgood Giselle , Lewis Daniel D. , Hodgin E. Clay , Church Daniel F. , Lopez Mae K.
Published: January 2024

Free, autogenous, full-thickness skin grafting was performed on 10 dogs; 5 dogs were given an iron chelator, deferoxamine-10% hydroxyethyl pentafraction starch (DEF-HES; 50 mg/kg of body weight, IV), and 5 dogs were given 10% hydroxyethyl pcntafrac-tion starch (HES) in 0.9% saline solution (5 ml/kg, iv). The percentage of viable graft on day 10 was higher, but not significantly so, in DEF-HES-treated dogs (mean ± SD, 72.6 ± 24.8%; median 76.5%) than in HES-treated dogs (mean ± SD, 46.7 ± 34.3%; median, 48.8%). A trend for a positive correlation between the percentage of viable graft (on day 10) and the percentage of original graft area (on day 28) was observed in MES- and DEF-HES-treated dogs; this trend was significant in HES-treated dogs (P = 0.012). Both groups had significant positive correlation between percentage of viable graft on day 10 and percentage of haired skin on day 28 (HES, P = 0.000002; DEF-HES. P = 0.0148). A unique finding in DEF-HES treated dogs was the consistent observation of foamy macrophages in the dermis adjacent to the grafts, in deep subcutaneous tissue below the grafts, and in normal dermis.
Immunocytochemical localization of type A influenza virus nucleoprotein in chicken kidney, using freeze substitution technique for tissue fixation
Authors: Inpanbutr N. , Slemons R. D.
Published: January 2024

Kidney tissues were removed from euthanatized mature White Leghorn chickens 4 days after IV inoculation with type A influenza virus. The kidney tissues were then fixed at −70 C, using a freeze substitution technique. Type A influenza virus nucleoprotein was readily detected in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the proximal and distal tubular epithelial cells by immunocytochemistry, and the sharpness of the immunomarker in the cells indicated minimal antigen migration during fixation and tissue section preparation. This tissue fixation technique also resulted in good preservation of cellular morphology. The freeze substitution technique of tissue fixation is an excellent alternative to cryostat-cut acetone-fixed tissue sections or conventional chemical fixation of paraffin-embedded tissues for in situ immunocytochemical localization of type A influenza virus nucleoprotein antigen.
Distribution of dopamine β-hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves in healthy equine lungs
Authors: Sonea Ioana M. , Bowker Robert M. , Robinson N. Edward , Broadstone Richard V.
Published: January 2024

Immunohistochemical methods were used to determine the distribution of pulmonary nerves containing either an enzymatic marker of adrenergic nerves, dopamine β hydroxylase, or the putative neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y in 7 equids with healthy lungs. Nerves immunoreactive for these substances were found on airway smooth muscle in nearly all the samples of healthy equine lung examined. These nerves were generally more numerous in the larger airways but could be detected even in noncartilaginous bronchioles. Pulmonary and bronchial vessels also contained numerous immunoreactive nerves. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that dopamine β-hydroxylase- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves may be involved in the regulation of airway and vascular diameter in equids.
External loads on the limbs of jumping horses at take-off and landing
Authors: Schamhardt Henk C. , Merkens Henk W. , Vogel Vera , Willekens Charlotte
Published: January 2024

Using a force plate, ground reaction force (grf) patterns at take-off and landing between the hooves and the ground were recorded for all limbs of 5 Dutch Warmbloods jumping a 0.8-m vertical fence from the right-leading canter. Distribution of the grf and force impulses over the 4 limbs at take-off and landing were considerably different from those recorded at the normal canter. At take-off, the propulsory grf of the hind limbs were 3 to 5 times higher than at the normal canter, depending on the jumping technique of the horse. At landing, the propulsory grf were mainly increased in the trailing forelimb and in both hind limbs. The vertical grf amplitudes and force impulses were of similar magnitude to those at the canter, although increases up to 160% were found in the hind limbs of the horse with the worst jumping technique. The trailing forelimb carried the highest loads, up to twice the animal's body weight; grf amplitudes tended to increase when higher fences were used. However, the jumping technique of the horse may have more influence, because an easily jumping horse could clear a 1.3-m-high fence with similar loads on the limbs.
[3H]Ouabain binding in skeletal muscle from horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Authors: Pickar Joel G. , Spier Sharon J. , Harrold Doris , Carlsen Richard C.
Published: January 2024

Ouabain, a cardiac glycoside, binds to the Na+ K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+ pump) and prevents active transport of Na+ and K+ across cell membranes. We used [3H]ouabain to quantify the number and affinity of Na+ pumps in skeletal muscle from Quarter Horses with the muscular disorder hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (hypp). [3H]Ouabain-binding properties of gluteal muscle from clinically normal and affected horses were used to determine whether altered Na+ pump number or affinity could contribute to the pathologic features of muscle in affected horses. Foals and adult horses with hypp were compared with age-matched clinically normal horses. The number of [3H]ouabain-binding sites in adult gluteal muscle was not different between the 2 types of horses (85.7 ± 8.9 pmol of [3H]ouabain-binding sites/g [wet muscle weight] in horses with hypp vs 100.2 ± 8.8 pmol/g in clinically normal adult horses). Gluteal muscles in hypp-affected and clinically normal foals also contained a similar number of [3H]ouabain-binding sites (222.3 ± 21.0 pmol/g vs 225.3 ± 24.2 pmol/g, respectively). The affinity of these binding sites for ouabain was not different, between adults or foals, in clinically normal or affected horses. Our results indicate that membrane events underlying the periodic episodes of paralysis in horses with hypp are not attributable to quantitative changes in Na+ pump number or affinity. Our data cannot exclude the possibility that the specific activity of the Na+ pump is altered in muscle from hypp-affected horses.
Influence of an abrupt change in diet on antroduodenal myoelectric activity in lactating cattle
Authors: Madison John B. , Merritt A.M. , Rice Brett , Donovan G. A. , Lester Guy D. , Tran Thang
Published: January 2024

Effects of a change from a diet composed primarily of forage to a diet composed primarily of concentrate on abomasal antral and duodenal motility were assessed in 5 lactating Holstein cows. Antroduodenal motility was measured by use of 8 silver electrodes sutured to the abomasum and duodenum, and abomasal emptying was assessed by continuous measurement of intraduodenal pH. Both diets were fed to achieve a daily dry matter intake of 2.7 kg/100 kg of body weight. The abrupt change in diet did not alter antroduodenal myoelectric activity or abomasal emptying. Initiation of phase III of the migrating myoelectric complex in the proximal portion of the duodenum corresponded with a decrease in abomasal antral spiking activity and an increase in intraduodenal pH. Results suggest that a high concentrate diet alone does not adversely affect antroduodenal motility in adult dairy cattle.
Detection of passage and absorption of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescent antibody testing
Authors: Yokoyama Hideaki , Peralta Robert C. , Sendo Sadako , Ikemori Yutaka , Kodama Yoshikatsu
Published: January 2024

Chicken egg yolk IgG can be absorbed and transferred as efficiently as colostral antibodies in the blood of neonatal pigs. Egg yolk IgG has a half-life of 1.85 days in newborn pig serum. This is shorter than the reported half-life (12 to 14 days) of homologous IgG in serum of pigs. Similar to colostral antibodies, egg yolk IgG absorption from intestine ceased at about 34 hours of age, after a logarithmic decrease in absorption rate from birth. Egg yolk IgG absorption inhibition time in the gastrointestinal tract took 1.73 hours to decrease by half. Egg yolk IgG was protective against experimentally induced diarrhea in pigs when it was administered at high dose, and multiple dosing was instituted. Adverse effects were not observed when chicken egg yolk IgG was administered orally to pigs.
In vitro concentrative accumulation of D-xylose by jejunum from horses and rabbits
Authors: Freeman David E.
Published: January 2024

Accumulation of d-xylose by jejunal mucosa from healthy horses and rabbits was studied in vitro. When tissue sheets were incubated with 1 mM d-xylose for 60 minutes, mucosa from horses and rabbits accumulated d-xylose against a concentration gradient. There was no accumulation when equine specimens were incubated with 5 mM d-xylose. By comparison, equine jejunum accumulated d-glucose against a concentration gradient when incubated in 5 mM D-glucose. In equine and rabbit jejunum, 13.3 ± 7.0% and 36 ± 11.0%, respectively, of accumulated Dxylose was phosphorylated when sheets were incubated in 1 mM d-xylose. Short-circuit current and potential difference were lower in equine jejunum than in rabbit jejunum, possibly because of differences in tissue thickness. None of the transmucosal electrical measurements increased after addition of d-xylose (1 mM and 5 mM) or d-glucose (5 mM).

The active transport system for d-xylose has a low affinity for this sugar and becomes saturated at low intraluminal concentrations. Therefore, abnormal d-xylose absorption test results in horses are more likely caused by abnormalities in mucosal surface area and mucosal permeability than by abnormalities of nutrient carbohydrate absorption.
Penetration of danofloxacin into the respiratory tract tissues and secretions in calves
Authors: Friis Christian
Published: January 2024

Pharmacokinetic determinants of danofloxacin (1.25 mg/kg of body weight, iv) and its penetration into the respiratory tract tissues were studied in sixteen 4- to 6-week-old calves. The disposition curve was best described by an open 3-compartment model. Mean elimination half-life was 7.4 hours and the steady-state volume of distribution was 4.3 L/kg. The large volume of distribution was confirmed by a rapid and high penetration of the drug into respiratory tract tissues and secretions. In all structures (lung tissue, bronchial mucosa, bronchial secretions, and nasal secretions), danofloxacin concentration peaked 1 hour after drug administration. The area under the curve ratio for concentrations in tissue or secretions to concentrations in plasma was approximately 5 for lung tissue, 3 for bronchial mucosa, 0.85 for bronchial secretions, and 0.42 for nasal secretions. Protein binding of danofloxacin was 49% in plasma, 31% in bronchial secretions, and 14% in nasal secretions, resulting in consistently higher free danoflaxacin concentrations in bronchial secretions than in plasma. Accumulation of danofloxacin within bronchial mucosa and the high concentration of free drug in bronchial secretions suggested that an active process may be involved in the transport of danofloxacin across the airway epithelium. The dose of danofloxacin administered provided drug concentrations above the minimal inhibitory concentration of common respiratory pathogens for up to 12 hours in bronchial mucosa, up to 8 hours in bronchial secretions, and up to 4 hours in nasal secretions.
Functional variation in endogenous and exogenous immunoglobulin binding to bovine neutrophils relative to parturition
Authors: Berning Leanne M. , Paape Max J. , Peters Robert R.
Published: January 2024

Ten healthy first- and second-lactation Holstein cows were observed from 1 week before to 1 week after calving and at postpartum day 30 to determine polymorphonuclear neutrophil (pmn) functional variation and immunoglobulin binding profiles. Blood and mammary pmn were obtained 3 times weekly and within 24 hours of calving. Functional traits measured included phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and in vitro chemotaxis through micropore filters in a Boyden chamber. Additionally, pmn were evaluated for endogenous binding of IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM before and after in vitro chemotaxis. Exogenous binding of the same isotypes was determined after incubation in pooled colostrum, purified immunoglobulin, and pooled sera. Phagocytosis results indicated a significant and transient increase in percentage of milk pmn with associated, rather than phagocytosed, bacteria for 1 week after calving. Blood pmn phagocytosis was not significantly different during this period. Though total chemotaxis was essentially unchanged, the percentage of pmn that were unable to complete migration increased substantially on the day of calving, an effect that disappeared by postpartum day 4. A significant (P < 0.01) positive correlation (r = 0.29) between percentage of pmn migrating completely through the micropore filter and percentage of blood pmn with associated bacteria was observed. Changes were not observed in endogenous immunoglobulin binding, with the exception of a peak in relative fluorescence intensity for IgG1 on the day of calving; this disappeared within 2 days after calving. Correlations between relative intensities of IgG2 and IgM, and percentage of mammary neutrophils phagocytosing were 0.37 and 0.70. Exogenous binding of antibody to blood neutrophils before chemotaxis was generally accomplished most effectively by pooled colostrum, whereas use of pooled sera markedly reduced binding and percentage and intensity of IgM in all cases. Binding of all isotypes was slightly higher before than after calving. Incubation of blood neutrophils in isotypes G1, G2, A, and M after chemotaxis yielded lower immunoglobulin binding among all isotypes, particularly IgM. Fluctuations in neutrophil function were observed immediately around parturition, and these changes correlated strongly with endogenous immunoglobulin-binding profiles.
Comparison of 0.9, 3.6, and 7.2% NaCl for correction of experimentally induced hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis in sheep
Authors: Ward J. L. , Smith D. F. , Fubini S. L. , Gröhn Y. T.
Published: January 2024

Nine adult female sheep were each surgically fitted with an Ivan and Johnston reentrant cannula in the cranial part of the duodenum just distal to the pylorus. By diversion (loss) of abomasal outflow, this model has been shown to consistently induce hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, accompanied by hyponatremia and dehydration. Each sheep was subjected to 3 treatment trials, each preceded by a 24-hour prediversion period, and a diversion period during which a syndrome of hypochloremia (68 ± 2 mEq/L), hypokalemia, hyponatremia, and metabolic alkalosis was induced.

Development of this syndrome was attributable to losses of large amounts of acid and electrolytes in the abomasal effluent. Mean total electrolyte contents of the effluent were: Cl−, 650 ± 27 mEq; Na+, 388 ± 23 mEq; and K+, 123 ± 12 mEq, with total volume loss ranging from 3.6 to 10.0 L of gastric contents and pH ranging from 3 to 5. Decreases in plasma electrolyte concentrations also can be attributed to decreased intake, because anorexia developed shortly after the onset of diversion. Electrolyte losses in urine during diversion were minimal for Cl− (mean ± sem, 12.0 ± 5.1 mEq), but were greater for Na+ (124.2 ± 14.5 mEq) and K+ (185.1 ± 31.2 mEq).

Treatments consisted of 0.9% NaCl (300 mosm/L), 3.6% NaCl (1,200 mosm/L), and 7.2% NaCl (2,400 mosm/L) administered over a 2-hour period, with the administered volume determined by the estimated total extracellular fluid Cl− deficit. Significant difference was not found among treatments, with all solutions resulting in return of clinicopathologic and physical variables to prediversion values within 12 hours of treatment. We concluded that rapid iv replacement of Cl−, with small volumes of hypertonic saline solution, is safe and effective for correction of experimentally induced hypochloremic, hypokalemic, metabolic alkalosis in sheep.
Normal laparoscopic anatomy of the bovine abdomen
Authors: Anderson David Edgar , Gaughan Earl Michael , St.-Jean Guy
Published: January 2024

Three laparoscopic procedures were performed on each of 6 adult Jersey cows in the first trimester of gestation to describe normal laparoscopic anatomy of the bovine abdomen. Also, a technique for laparoscopy of the cranioventral portion of the abdomen was described. Right paralumbar fossa, left paralumbar fossa, and cranioventral midline laparoscopy were performed 72 hours apart on each cow. Physical examination findings, cbc, serum biochemical analysis, and peritoneal fluid analysis before and 72 hours after the first surgery were used to assess the effects of the procedures on the cows. Exploratory celiotomy was performed 2 weeks after the last laparoscopy. The cows were then reexamined 6 weeks after the last procedure. The t-test for paired data was used for statistical analysis; the level of significance was P < 0.05. Laparoscopy was performed without complication in all cows. Adverse effects of laparoscopy, individually or serially, were not observed. Significant differences were not found between cbc, serum biochemical, and peritoneal fluid variables taken before and 72 hours after surgery.
Consequences of dose-dependent immunosuppression by progesterone on parasitic worm burdens in lambs
Authors: Fleming Michael W. , Gamble H. Ray
Published: January 2024

Eighteen female lambs with prior exposure to Haemonchus contortus infections were ovariectomized and assigned to 1 of 3 replacement regimens: 0, 25, or 250 mg of progesterone/d delivered im. After 3 weeks of hormonal treatment, all lambs were inoculated with 100,000 infective larvae of H contortus. After 8 weeks of hormonal treatment, a blastogenic assay was performed on blood lymphocyte populations, and the abomasum from each lamb was obtained for larval and adult worm recoveries of H contortus. Lambs of the 25 mg of progesterone group had significantly (P < 0.05) reduced blastogenic response to concanavalin A and greater adult and larval populations, compared with controls. Lambs of the 250 mg of progesterone group had worm burdens and lymphocyte blastogenesis values intermediate between those of the other treatment groups.
Cefazolin antibacterial activity and concentrations in serum and the surgical wound in dogs
Authors: Rosin Eberhard , Uphoff Timothy S. , Schultz-Darken Nancy J. , Collins Michael T.
Published: January 2024

An antibiotic selected for surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis must be present in the surgical site throughout the operation in concentration sufficient to prevent growth of contaminating pathogens. The antimicrobial spectrum, minimal toxicity, and low cost of cefazolin make this first-generation cephalosporin a logical choice for antimicrobial prophylaxis in small animal surgical procedures in which the normal microbiologic flora of skin and gastrointestinal tract are the most likely pathogens. Pharmacokinetic variables of cefazolin were determined in serum and surgical wounds in dogs. Drug concentration in interstitial fluid of muscle biopsy specimens taken at random from wound surfaces and in postoperative wound fluid samples were determined. Effective surgical wound concentration of cefazolin was defined as 4 μg/ml, a concentration that inhibited the growth in vitro of 100% of staphylococcal and 80% of Escherichia coli clinical isolates. After iv and sc administrations, cefazolin equilibrated rapidly between serum and the surgical wound, and concentrations in the 2 sites decreased in parallel. With a bolus dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight given iv at the beginning of surgery and repeated by sc administration at 6 hours, cefazolin concentration in the surgical wound remained > 4 μg/ml for longer than 12 hours.
Antigen-capture enzyme immunoassay for detection of avian influenza virus in turkeys
Authors: Kodihalli S. , Sivanandan V. , Nagaraja K. V. , Goyal S. M. , Halvorson D. A.
Published: January 2024

A double-antibody sandwich elisa (das-elisa) was developed for detection of avian influenza virus (aiv) antigen. A monoclonal antibody to the viral nucleoprotein (np) was used to coat the elisa plates. A direct das-elisa and an indirect das-elisa were evaluated. In the direct das-elisa, monoclonal antibody to the aiv np conjugated with horseradish peroxidase was used. The direct das-elisa was evaluated for its sensitivity to detect purified np; this procedure detected as little as 0.1 ng. In the indirect das-elisa, rabbit np antibody and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobin were used as primary and secondary antibodies, respectively. The indirect das-elisa was evaluated for its ability to detect the aiv antigen in tracheal and cloacal specimens from turkeys inoculated with aiv. Results of indirect das-elisa were compared with those of conventional virus isolation. Percentage agreement between indirect das-elisa and virus isolation in aiv-positive samples was found to be 76.1% and, in aiv-negative samples, it was found to be 82.1%. These results in dicate that the das-elisa might be a viable alternative to virus isolation because of its rapidity, compared with virus isolation.
Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations and clinical abnormalities in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived neonatal foals given endotoxin
Authors: Allen Gary K. , Green Eleanor M. , Robinson Julie A. , Garner Harold E. , Loch Wayne E. , Walsh Donald M.
Published: January 2024

We examined the effect of infusion of lipopolysaccharide (lps) on serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfα) concentration and clinical attitude in 2- to 3-day-old colostrum-fed (cf) and colostrum-deprived (cd) foals. Eleven cf and 8 cd neonatal foals were given a bolus IV infusion of Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharide (0.5 µg kg of body weight) in sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Four cf and 2 cd foals were given saline solution alone. Serum IgG concentration and serum anti-lps IgG(T) antibody titer were determined for each foal prior to infusion. A depression index was used to score clinical abnormalities. Serum tnfα concentration was estimated by use of an in vitro cytotoxicity bioassay that used WEHI 164 clone 13 cells as targets. The cytotoxic serum factor was identified as tnfα by immunoprecipitation with caprine antisera raised against the 15 NH2- terminal amino acids of human tnfα. Tumor necrosis factor alpha was not detected in any preiniusion serum samples nor in any samples from foals given saline solution alone. Serum tnfα concentration increased in all lps-infused foals and peaked between 60 and 90 minutes after infusion. Serum tnfα concentrations, expressed as mean percentage of peak serum tnfα concentration, persisted longer in cd foals given lps than in cf foals given lps. All lps-infused foals displayed clinical signs of endotoxemia, but mean depression index scores of the cf and cd foals given lps were not significantly different at any time. Serum tnfα concentrations were correlated with depression index scores in both lps-infused groups. Mean rectal temperature increased by 1 hour and remained high for 4 hours after infusion in cf foals given lps. Mean rectal temperature in cd foals given lps was significantly less than that for cf foals given lps 1 and 2 hours after infusion and was higher than mean rectal temperature prior to infusion 3 and 4 hours after infusion. Neither preinfusion total serum IgG concentration nor serum anti-lps IgG(T) antibody titer correlated with peak serum tnfα concentration in the 19 lps-infused foals.
Effect of estradiol administration and subsequent nonfeeding on liver estrogen receptor, serum apolipoprotein B-100, and serum triglycerides concentrations in steers
Authors: Katoh Norio , Minoura Seijiro , Uchida Eiji , Takahashi Kiyoshi
Published: January 2024

Estradiol was administered to 3 steers (0.12 mg/kg of body weight/d for 14 consecutive days), followed by 2 days of nonfeeding (starvation). During estradiol administration, liver nuclear estrogen receptor and serum apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100), as well as serum triglycerides concentrations were increased, compared with values before administration. Starvation, together with interruption of estradiol administration, resulted in rapid decreases of the receptor, serum apoB-100, and serum triglycerides concentrations, and increase of nonesterified fatty acids concentration. Of the 3 steers, 2 had higher liver triglyceride content, compared with values before treatment. In the control group (3 steers that received vehicle alone, then starved similarly), these concentrations, except for serum nonesterified fatty acids and triglycerides concentrations after starvation, were not changed. In another experiment, serum apoB-100 concentration in dairy cows was significantly (P< 0.05) lower at parturition than values before and after parturition. These results indicate that estradiol may be involved in development of fatty liver in cattle.
Guidelines for animal surgery in research and teaching
Authors: Brown Marilyn J. , Pearson Phillip T. , Tomson Farol N.
Published: January 2024

Executive Summary

The direct or delegated authority for activities involving animals used in research and teaching programs lies with the attending veterinarian. These duties and responsibilities cannot be abrogated by others in the organization. The veterinarian is the single individual with the broadest range of knowledge of animals used in biomedical research, testing, and teaching. Federal regulations and policy require that the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IA-CUC) ensure that the use of animals will be ethically justifiable and humane and that all individuals who perform surgery on animals will be appropriately qualified and trained. The attending veterinarian also has specific responsibilities under law and must take an active role in providing this assurance. In recognition of this, the Council on Research of the AVMA created a Panel on Animal Surgery in Research and Teachinga to develop a report on guidelines for performing animal surgery in a research or teaching setting. Drafts of the panel report were sent through an extensive review process that included representative groups in veterinary medicine, human health, government, biomedical research, and animal welfare.

The report of the panel was referred to the American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners (ASLAP). As an organization, the major focus of which is the role of the veterinarian in research using animals, it is appropriate that the ASLAP further refine this report into a set of guidelines for the research community. The ASLAP committeeb wishes to acknowledge the AVMA for recognizing the need for these guidelines and providing the financial support to convene the initial panel.

This document was compiled with expectations for change in future revisions. Intended to complement other pertinent guidelines and regulations on animal surgery, these guidelines are designed to help individuals charged with the stewardship of animals used in research and teaching.
Ultrasonographically detected changes in equine superficial digital flexor tendons during the first months of race training
Authors: Gillis Carol L. , Meagher Dennis M. , Pool Roy R. , Stover Susan M. , Craychee Therese J. , Willits Neil
Published: January 2024

The forefimb superficial digital flexor (sdf) tendons of 6 Thoroughbreds were examined clinically and ultrasonographically during the first 4 months of race training. Sonograms were interpreted clinically and by use of computer-aided analysis. Tendon tissue from all horses was examined histologically at the end of the study.

Computer-aided analysis of sonograms of the sdf tendons revealed trends toward an increase in mean cross-sectional area and a decrease in mean echogenicity over time with training. An inverse relation was found between increase in cross-sectional area and decrease in mean echogenicity over time in training. Two of the trained horses developed clinical signs of mid sdf tendonitis. Ultrasonography revealed an increase in cross-sectional area and decrease in mean echogenicity of clinically affected areas of the sdf tendons of 1 horse, compared with changes observed prior to the onset of tendonitis (these changes were not statistically significant). Blood vessels and lymphatics supplying the clinically and ultrasonographically affected tendon sites were large and thick-walled. These changes were not observed in the tendons of the other horses at the end of the study.

The authors conclude that equine sdf tendons adapt to the early months of race training by increasing in size and decreasing in echogencity, as determined by ultrasonography.
Tracheal mucociliary transport rate in awake dogs
Authors: Boothe Harry William , Boothe Dawn Merton , Komkov Andrea , Longnecker Michaell T. , Hightower Dan
Published: January 2024

To measure tracheal mucociliary transport rate (tmtr) in awake dogs, restrained in dorsal recumbency 99mtechnetium-labeled macroaggregated albumin was administered by tracheal injection, and the cephalic movement of boluses containing the radiopharmaceutical was detected by a gamma camera positioned lateral to the dog's head and neck. The distance traveled by each bolus was measured, relative to external markers placed a known distance apart. Tracheal mucociliary transport rates were calculated by dividing the measured distance of radiopharmaceutical movement by elapsed time. The technique was efficient and well tolerated. Mean (± sd) tmtr was 35.3 ± 15.9 mm/min. Significant (P = 0.029) difference in tmtr was found between males and females, but significant difference attributable to age of the dog was not detected. This method of measuring tmtr in awake dogs has potential for evaluation of clinical animal patients with suspected tracheal mucociliary abnormalities.
Effect of ketoprofen on Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin-induced diarrhea of calves
Authors: Roussel A. J. , Dodson S. L. , Brumbaugh G. W. , Sriranganathan N. , Overbay T. D.
Published: January 2024

To evaluate the effect of ketoprofen on fecal output during secretory diarrhea, 16 calves were given approximately 200 μg of heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin by suckling on 2 occasions. On one day, treatment was not administered. On the other day, either 3 mg of ketoprofen/kg of body weight (n = 8) or 6 mg of ketoprofen/kg (n = 8) was administered 1 hour before and 3 hours after administration of enterotoxin. Fecal output was no different after 8 or 24 hours from calves given 3 mg/kg, but fecal output was less at 8 hours and 24 hours for calves given 6 mg/kg (P = 0.0588), compared with the control day.
Prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicosis in dogs, using hypertonic saline solution as the vehicle of administration
Authors: Forrester S. Dru , Fallin Edward A. , Saunders Geoffrey K. , Kenny James E.
Published: January 2024

We determined whether administration of cisplatin in hypertonic saline solution would prevent significant decrease in renal function, as measured by exogenous creatinine clearance, in healthy dogs. A single dose of cisplatin (70 mg/m2 of body surface) was mixed in 3% saline solution and was infused IV (6.5 ml/kg of body weight) over a 20-minute period to 6 healthy dogs. Exogenous creatinine clearance was determined prior to treatment of dogs with cisplatin and again on days 3 and 21 after administration of cisplatin. All 6 dogs vomited at least once within 12 hours of treatment with cisplatin; however, clinically important changes in appetite, body weight, or hydration status were not apparent during the 21-day study. Although mean values for exogenous creatinine clearance decreased from baseline on days 3 and 21, changes were not significantly different. Renal histologic lesions included mild, chronic, lympho-plasmacytic interstitial nephritis in 5 dogs, and presumably, were unrelated to treatment with cisplatin. Mild renal tubular atrophy (n = 2) and tubular necrosis (n = 1) may have developed secondary to treatment with cisplatin. Results of this study indicated that administration of a single dose of cisplatin in 3% saline solution to healthy dogs was not associated with significant decrease in glomerular filtration rate. This is a convenient protocol for administering cisplatin; however, additional study is required before it can be recommended for clinical patients, especially those with preexisting renal disease or those receiving multiple doses of cisplatin.
Intranasal administration of Pasteurella multocida toxin in a challenge-exposure model used to induce subclinical signs of atrophic rhinitis in pigs
Authors: van Diemen Pauline M. , de Jong Marten F. , de Vries Reilingh Ger , van der Hel Prins , Schrama Johan W.
Published: January 2024

A challenge-exposure model was developed for dose-dependent induction of subclinical (moderate) atrophic rhinitis (ar) in conventionally raised Dutch Landrace and Large White pigs, about 4 weeks old. Under favorable climatic and housing conditions, pigs were intranasally challenge-exposed with Pasteurella multocida-derived toxin (Pm-T) 3 days after pretreatment by inoculation with 1% acetic acid. Pigs were challenge-exposed with 1 of the following Pm-T doses: 0 (control), 5, 13, 20, or 40 μg of Pm-T/ml of phosphate-buffered saline solution (pbss), 0.5 ml/ nostril/d on 3 consecutive days. Five weeks after challenge exposure, subclinical (moderate) ar status was defined as intermediate conchal atrophy (grade 2 for ventral conchae on a 0 to 4 scale and grade 1 or 2 for dorsal conchae on a 0 to 3 scale, respectively) and perceptible difference in change in brachygnathia superior (cbs) between control and challenge-exposed pigs between the beginning and end of the study.

All Pm-T-exposed pigs had nasal damage that was dose-dependent. The higher Pm-T doses resulted in higher ventral conchae atrophy and dorsal conchae atrophy scores. The CBS increased with applied Pm-T dose, resulting in significant (P < 0.05) differences between controls (3.88 mm) and the 13-, 20-, and 40-μg Pm-T-treated groups (7.77, 6.58, and 7.98 mm, respectively). In response to the applied dose, weight gain per week for Pm-T-exposed pigs was lower than that of controls after week 3 (P < 0.01). Difference from controls was 32, 54, 52, and 96 g/d/pig for 5-, 13-, 20-, and 40-μg Pm-T-treated groups respectively, in the last 2 weeks.

For Dutch Landrace and Large White pigs, intranasally administered Pm-T mimicked the pathogenic effect of in vivo infection with toxigenic Pm strains. The optimal model to induce subclinical ar appeared to be 13 μg of Pm-T/ml (0.5 ml/nostril/d) on 3 consecutive days. Our model should enable studies of exogenous and endogenous factors involved in development of ar, independent of the colonizing ability of the Pm strain used.
Safety assessment of moxidectin 1% injectable on reproductive performance in beef cows
Authors: Rae D. O. , Larsen R. E. , Wang G. T.
Published: January 2024

The safety of moxidectin 1% injectable anthelmintic (0.6 mg/kg of body weight, 3 times the recommended dose) was evaluated in 145 reproductively sound, beef cows undergoing estrous cycle. Five treatment groups received moxidectin 1% injectable at specific times relative to a synchronized estrus (day 0): preovulatory treatment (day — 2, treatment group 1), treatment at ovulation (day 0, group 2), and treatment after ovulation (days 7, 14, and 28, group 3, 4, and 5, respectively). Two groups of control cows received an injection of vehicle only at times corresponding to treatment in the other groups (6 at days — 2, 7, and 28; 7 at days 0, 7, and 14). A final control group (8) received neither product or vehicle. Adverse clinical reactions were not observed in moxidectin- or vehicle-treated cows. Cows were bred by artificial insemination between days - 2 and 25 and, subsequently, by breeding-sound bulls through day 65 of the study. Treatment and control groups did not differ in pregnancy rate or time to conception. Moxidectin (at 3 times the therapeutic dose) did not have deleterious effects on cow reproductive performance as examined (eg, at folliculogenesis, ovulation, and the early embryonic phase of development).
Evaluation of Janeway gastrostomy in llamas
Authors: Schmotzer Wayne B. , Huber Michael J. , Frank Anthony A. , Riebold Thomas W. , Hollingshead Nancy C. , Smith Bradford B.
Published: January 2024

To provide long-term gastric fistulas for collection of third-compartment gastric contents, Janeway mucosal tube gastrostomy was performed, using a gastrointestinal stapling instrument, in 6 castrated adult male llamas. Mean operative time (±sem) was 65 ±4.16 minutes. All llamas survived the 6-week study period. Of the 6 llamas, 5 did not have signs of abdominal pain and returned to preoperative food consumption amounts within 36 hours. One llama had mild intermittent signs of abdominal pain daily for 7 days before returning to preoperative amount of food consumption. All gastrostomies leaked small amounts of gastric contents around indwelling 6- to 8-mm cannulas at the skin surface. Gastric contents did not leak when cannulas were dislodged from gastrostomy stomas. Replacement of cannulas was rapid and easy. Gravity-flow sample collection was best accomplished through 8-mm cannulas. Mean (±sem) weight loss was detected in all llamas (15 ± 3 kg) and was associated with frequent nonfeeding and stress of sample collection.

Gross necropsy findings were unremarkable in 5 of 6 llamas. All mucosal tube gastrostomies were patent, and there was no evidence of peritonitis. One llama had a single fibrous adhesion connecting the operative site with the ascending colon. Histologically, small (2.5- to 15-mm diameter) partial-thickness mucosal erosions identified at the tube gastrostomy-gastric wall junctions may have been associated with indwelling gastric cannulas. The Janeway gastrostomy was generally well tolerated in the llamas and should be considered as a useful long-term fistulation technique.
Correlation between ultrasonographic findings and serum testosterone concentration in prepubertal and peripubertal colts
Authors: Holyoak G. Reed , Little Thomas V. , Vernon Michael , McCollum William H. , Timoney Peter J.
Published: January 2024

Correlation between serum testosterone concentration and morphometric findings from ultrasonography of the accessory sex glands in peripubertal colts was investigated during pubertal development. Nineteen colts of initial age ranging from 5 to 12 months were monitored over a 13-month period. Serum testosterone concentration was determined on a biweekly basis, and accessory sex gland development was ultrasonographically monitored once a month. Notwithstanding individual variation, there was significant correlation (r = 0.913; P < 0.01) between increasing serum testosterone concentration and the onset of developmental changes involving the accessory sex glands. As colts entered their 2-year-old year with relatively immature reproductive tracts, compared with mature stallions, there was still a significant seasonal effect on serum testosterone concentration and accessory sex gland measurements (P < 0.05). Ultrasonography was confirmed as a valuable noninvasive method of monitoring and assessing peripubertal accessory sex gland development in colts.
Lymphocyte proliferation responses of pigs inoculated with transmissible gastroenteritis virus or porcine respiratory coronavirus
Authors: Brim Theresa A. , VanCott John L. , Lunney Joan K. , Saif Linda J.
Published: January 2024

Cell-mediated immunity was evaluated in intestinal, respiratory, and systemic lymphoid tissues of pigs exposed when 11 days old to virulent transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), attenuated tgev, or porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv), 3 antigenically related porcine coronaviruses with distinct enteric and respiratory tissue tropisms. Mononuclear cells were prepared from mesenteric lymph nodes (mln), bronchial lymph nodes (bln), and spleens of pigs and tested for virus-specific responses by use of lymphocyte proliferation assays. Vigorous mln and bln proliferation responses to virulent tgev and prcv, respectively, at postinoculation days 8 to 24 were strongly associated with prior detection of tgev in rectal swab samples and prcv in nasal swab samples. Gastrointestinal disease and intestinal virus replication, assessed on the basis of rectal virus shedding, were almost exclusively found in the virulent tgev-inoculated pigs, even though virulent tgev and a high dose of attenuated tgev elicited the highest proliferation responses in mln. Pigs exposed to prcv or attenuated tgev did not have clinical signs of disease, and only 1 pig given a high dose of attenuated tgev shed virus in feces. Porcine respiratory coronavirus replicated in the respiratory tract after either oronasal or aerosol inoculation of virus and induced strong bln, but not mln, proliferation responses. A high dose of attenuated tgev (4 × 108 plaque-forming units) was more effective than a lower dose of attenuated tgev (7 × 106 plaque-forming units) in eliciting significant lymphocyte proliferation in mln and bln. Cellular immune function, assessed on the basis of mitogen-induced proliferation of lymphocytes, was comparable for all 3 sources of lymphocytes and was not adversely affected by exposure to any of the 3 coronaviruses, nor did it vary with age of the pigs. The tissue tropism of tgev and prcv was associated with induction of virus-specific cell-mediated immune responses, as evidenced by substantial lymphocyte proliferation responses in mln and bln, mucosa-associated lymph nodes adjacent to the primary sites of virus replication. The failure of prcv strain ISU-1 to replicate in the intestinal tract correlated with poor virus-specific cellular immune responses in mln.