bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Encapsulation and stimulated release of enzymes using lecithin vesicles
Authors: KOIDE K. , KAREL M.
Published: July 2010

Lecithin vesicles prepared by dehydration‐rehydration (DR) were used to encapsulate enzymes (lysozyme and pepsin). The encapsulating efficiency was highest when the pH was close to the isoelectric point of each enzyme. Vesicles stored in suspension at 10°C for up to 21 days showed no release of enzymes. Acidic pH at 10°C and 25 mM Ca2+ at 10°C or 37°C produced pulse‐like release of 17–35%, while acidic pH at 37°C produced pulse‐like release followed by slow release up to 100%, and Tween 80 induced steady release from the beginning. The hydrolysis pattern of a protein by pepsin released from DR vesicles for 142 hr was similar to that obtained by the same total amount of fresh pepsin solution added stepwise, in proportion, indicating that the pepsin retains its activity throughout the period of encapsulation.

Vesicles prepared by processing of lecithin‐enzyme solution by a homogenizer (MicrofluidizerTM) were also characterized and found effective.
Heat transfer coefficient for nitrogen droplets film‐boiling on a food surface
Authors: AWONORIN S. O. , LAMB J.
Published: July 2010

A method of measuring heat transfer rates from a solid food surface to liquid nitrogen droplets on it has been developed using 0.5 sec repeat‐shot photography. Droplet diameters were varied from 0.1 to 2.5 mm and food surface temperatures from +30 to ‐100°C. All measurements were carried out at atmospheric pressure. The mean heat transfer coefficients were determined using an energy balance for the droplets. An empirical dimensionless correlation equation was established, and the significance of the results for food freezing by liquid nitrogen sprays is critically discussed.
Involvement of pseudomonads in deterioration or ‘ready‐to‐use’ salads
Authors: NGUYEN‐THE C. , PRUNIER J. P.
Published: July 2010

Microorganisms involved in the deterioration of ‘ready‐to‐use’ salads were investigated and bacteria able to cause soft rot of endive (Chicorum endiva) leaves were frequently found. These soft rot bacteria are fluorescent pectinolytic pseudomonads, specifically Pseudomonas marginalis, which is the most frequently isolated Pseudomonas sp. and present in the greatest numbers in stored ‘ready‐to‐use’ salads. A clear relationship exists between the incidence of ‘ready‐to‐use’ salads deterioration and the count of P. marginalis, after 10 days of storage at 10°C. Apart from the fluorescent pseudomonads, Erwinia herbicola is the next most commonly isolated organism.
Effect of pretreatment with salt and sucrose on the quality and stability of dehydrated cauliflower
Authors: JAYARAMAN K. S. , GUPTA D. K. DAS , RAO N. BABU
Published: July 2010

Dehydrated cauliflower was prepared by soaking the blanched pieces in solutions of different concentrations of common salt and sucrose (cane sugar), alone and in combination, prior to drying in a cabinet drier and evaluated for sensory, rehydration, storage, microbiological, histological and sorption characteristics. While sucrose alone produced considerable improvement, salt supplemented its effect. The optimum treatment was soaking in 3% salt and 6% sucrose for 12–16h at 4°C it markedly reduced shrinkage and improved rehydration without affecting palatability. It was necessary to boil the soak solution for 3 min and cool prior to soaking to reduce microbial contamination. The treatment increased ascorbic acid loss by 8%. Monolayer moisture content calculated from BET equation was 6.5% (moisture‐free) basis for treated and 5.3% for untreated. The treatment increased the shelf‐life of the product from 3 to 12 months at ambient temperature when packaged in paper‐foil‐polythene laminate.
Nutrient loss in the hot water blanching of potatoes
Authors: RICE P. , SELMAN J. D. , ABDUL‐REZZAK R. K.
Published: July 2010

Measurements have been made from which the apparent diffusivities (Da) were calculated for the loss of total solids, total sugars and reducing sugars in blanching. The variation of apparent mass diffusivity with temperature followed an Arrhenius‐type equation. Values for sucrose were estimated by difference from total and reducing sugar measurements.
Coagulation and washing conditions for acid casein production from skim milk powder
Authors: FICHTALI J. , VAN DE VOORT F. R. , TOUPIN C. J.
Published: July 2010

Response surface methodology was used to study the production of acid casein from skim milk powder and to investigate the effects of pH, concentration and washing conditions (agitation, time, temperature and wash water ratio) on the end product. The washed curd was analysed for residual ash, minerals and lactose. The critical variables were found to be concentration and pH in relation to mineral content; and concentration and washing time for lactose. Surface response methodology provides a unique insight into the relationships between the variables related to the process and the results are used to explain the observations in terms of milk chemistry. The washing process was further evaluated in terms of the Murphree Stage Efficiency to elucidate the effect of the number of washing stages on residual whey components in the casein curd. This study contributes to understanding the extrusion process of skim milk powder which makes use of higher milk solids concentrations.
The aqueous extraction of glucosinolates from rapeseed
Authors: DIETZ H. M. , KING R. D. , HARRIS R. V.
Published: July 2010

The losses of seed constituents from Brassica campestris var. Toria for various conditions of the leaching process developed at the Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute (ODNRI) were studied. Boiling seeds for 3 min at a seed/water ratio of 1:3 was sufficient to allow inactivation of the enzyme myrosinase; higher ratios did not increase losses in any of the constituents studied.

Heat treatment of the seeds (5 min in boiling water) reduced the nitrogen solubility at the native pH (6.5) from 28 to 8%. The pH had little effect on the extent of glucosinolate leaching from coarsely ground seeds and the minimum protein loss occurred close to the native pH. Increased water temperatures (40, 50 and 80°C) did not lead to an increased leaching efficiency over ambient temperature (20°C). Seed/water ratio was found to be the most important factor during leaching. Cross‐current extraction over three stages at a seed/water ratio of 1:10 reduced the glucosinolate content by 98% while the crude protein loss was about 8.6%.
Catalysis of the sorbic acid–thiol reaction by bovine serum albumin
Authors: WEDZICHA B. L. , ZEB A.
Published: July 2010

The effect of bovine serum albumin (BSA, 0–4%, w/v) in increasing the rate of reaction of sorbic acid with mercaptoethanol, mercaptoacetic acid, cysteine and glutathione (pH 5.0, 40°C) is comparable to that of the nonionic surfactant, Tween 80. For cysteine and glutathione, BSA has a similar effect to that of the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, but is less effective for mercaptoethanol and mercaptoacetic acid. These preliminary observations are interpreted in terms of interactions between the reactants and nonionic environments on the BSA molecule.
Controlled atmosphere storage to decrease physiological disorders in nectarines
Authors: LURIE SUSAN
Published: July 2010

‘Fantasia’, ‘Flavortop’, and ‘Flamekist’ nectarines were examined for their response to controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. All three cultivars stored well for up to 6 weeks at 0°C in an atmosphere of 10% O2+ 10% CO2, while some but not all the cultivars also stored well in 2% O2+ 5% CO2 or 10% O2+ 5% CO2. The physiological storage disorders of internal breakdown and reddening were almost completely absent in nectarines kept in 10% O2+ 10% CO2. When ‘Flamekist’ nectarines from two harvests were stored in 10% O2+ 10% CO2 atmosphere for 6 or 8 weeks at 0°C, the fruit from the first harvest was of better quality after post‐storage ripening. Although this controlled atmosphere prevented internal breakdown and reddening, after extended storage fruit did not develop the increased soluble solids content or extractable juice during post‐storage ripening that occurred in non‐stored fruit. Therefore, while preventing storage disorders, CA does not reduce the loss of ripening ability occurring during nectarine storage.
Review: Assessing and managing risk due to consumption of seafood contaminated with micro‐organisms, parasites, and natural toxins in the US
Authors: Ahmed Farid E.
Published: July 2010

While most seafoods consumed in the US are wholesome, a variety of infectious agents and toxins have been implicated in disease aetiology. The major risk of acute illness is associated with consumption of raw molluscan shellfish. Most reported seafood‐associated illness (55%) have unknown aetiologies; they are believed to be due mainly to Norwalk, Norwalk‐like, or human enteric virus infection, with a smaller proportion caused by Vibrio bacteria. Parasites are less common than microbiological infections, with anisakids and cestodes having the greatest risks. People consuming tropically‐caught fish have a risk of acquiring ciguatera poisoning. Other common natural intoxications (mainly scombroid and to a lesser extent paralytic poisonings) occur due to consumption of finfish and shellfish, respectively.

Reduction of risks from the consumption of raw molluscs and other fishery products can be achieved by the following means: research to develop valid human enteric virus indicators, implementing and maintaining proper treatment and disposal of sewage, efforts aimed at identifying and limiting the number of pathogenic Vibrio species in shellfish, developing new diagnostic methods and improved processing technologies, applying risk‐based control measures for potential microbial pathogens in raw shellfish, cooking of seafoods, and proper application of a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system to processing and preparation operations of fishery products.
Firmness, seed wholeness and water uptake during the cooking of lentils (Lens culinaris cv. anicia) for ‘sous vide’ and catering preparations
Authors: VAROQUAUX PATRICK , OFFANT PIERRE , VAROQUAUX FRANÇOISE
Published: July 2010

The study aimed to optimize cooking conditions of lentils (Lens culinaris cv. anicia) for ‘sous vide’ processing and catering. the softening rate of lentil seeds during cooking in deionized water was consistent with two simultaneous first order mechanisms. the apparent activation energies of firmness breakdown and loss of integrity were 86.5 kJ mol−1 and 271.3 kJ mol−1, respectively. Wholeness of the lentils was better preserved when the cooking temperature did not exceed 90°C. the loss of firmness was a consequence of hydration of the seed since the regression coefficient between the logarithm of residual firmness and water uptake reached −0.93 regardless of cooking temperature and heating medium (steam or water). Thus, lentil seeds maintained their firmness and wholeness as required for ‘sous vide’ and catering if they were cooked below 90°C for up to 2 h. Higher temperature or longer cooking time resulted in loss of firmness and wholeness.
Effect of formulation on protein breakdown, in vitro digestibility, rheological properties and acceptability of tarhana, a traditional Turkish cereal food
Authors: IBANOGLU SENOL , AINSWORTH PAUL , WILSON GEORGE , HAYES GEORGE D.
Published: July 2010

Three formulations of tarhana, a traditional Turkish fermented yogurt‐wheat mixture used in soups, were prepared in the laboratory. The effects of white or wholemeal wheat flours and amount of yogurt on the protein breakdown, rheology and acceptability of the samples were measured and the samples were compared with single samples of homemade and commercial tarhana from Turkey.

Replacement of white wheat flour with wholemeal flour and increasing the yogurt had little effect on protein breakdown, but the true‐ to crude‐protein ratio fell slightly during fermentation. Tarhana soups behaved as pseudoplastics (ñ < 1) at 80°C, and those with ñ values (>0.8) closer to Newtonian flow (ñ= 1) were most liked in mouth feel; however high apparent viscosity and samples with less liked mouth feel were not less liked in overall acceptability than the commercial sample. In vitro digestibility of commercial tarhana was lower than the laboratory prepared tarhana.
The Probability of Donor‐Recipient Histocompatibility in Different HL‐A Phenotype Combinations
Authors: HÖGMAN CLAES F. , LINDBLOM J. BERTIL
Published: July 2010

The probability of donor‐recipient histocompatibility within the HL—A system was investigated in 1,281 different HL—A phenotypes. The calculations were made by means of a computer program and based on haplotype frequencies. In the present study 195 haplotypes were obtained from HL—A typing of an east Swedish population, including 7 alleles of the first (“LA”) locus and 9 alleles of the second (“Four”) locus.

In 19 phenotypes the probability was more than 5 per 1,000 that an A match would occur, i.e. identical phenotypes in donor and recipient. Of all phenotypes investigated 30% had an incidence lower than 10 per 1,000 of a “good to acceptable” match (A, B or C match).

In an attempt to check the reliability of the results, 266 patients transplanted within the Scandiatransplant organization were classified according to the probability of different matches. Patients with a calculated A match incidence above 10 per 1,000 got A‐match transplants in a significantly higher proportion than the others. Similarly, patients with an A to C match incidence below 10 per 1,000 were rarely transplanted (7% of total). It is concluded that knowledge of the incidence of histocompatibility of a patient's phenotype may be of considerable help to the clinician in his decision concerning treatment.
The Expression of the HL‐A Antigens on Human Spermatozoa
Authors: Halim A. , Abbasi K. , Festenstein H.
Published: July 2010

Double and single fluorescent labelling techniques were used to study HL‐A antigens in human spermatozoa. Between 56 and 68 % of sperm suspension was labelled with apparent haploid expression thereof on the head of the sperm.
HLA‐D locus in Israel. Characterization of 14 local HTC's and a population study
Authors: AMAR A. , OKSENBERG J. , COHEN N. , COHEN I. , BRAUTBAR C.
Published: July 2010

Fourteen homozygous typing cells identified in Israel are described. Of these typing cells two were of Ashkenazi and 11 of non‐Ashkenazi origin, while the remaining HTC was from an Arab donor. Ten of the 14 HTCs characterized in this manner were offspring of consanguineous marriages; all of them were non‐Ashkenazim. Nine HTCs express specificities previously recognized in Caucasians, 4 HTCs represent new specificities (JI‐J4), and one typing cell was found to be analogous to the Japanese Dw12 (DHO) specificity.

The distribution of HLA‐D specificities in 120 randomly selected Israelis representing the two main Jewish subpopulations, Ashkenazim and non‐Ashkenazim, was studied with the locally defined HTCs. HLA‐Dw5 and Dw10 were found to be significantly increased while Dw2 and Dw6 were significantly decreased in Israelis as compared to Caucasians.
The canine major histocompatibility complex
Authors: Raff Robert F. , Deeg H. Joachim , Farewell VERNON T. , DeRose Susan , Storb Rainer
Published: July 2010

The frequencies of 12 DLA‐D alleles in a random canine population were determined in one‐way mixed lymphocyte cultures using a panel of homozygous typing cells established in this laboratory. The homozygous typing cells served as stimulators for responder lymphocytes obtained from 160 random dogs. The results of these studies were compared to those with lymphocytes from 75 dogs in our research laboratory. DLA‐D allelic frequencies were estimated by maximum likelihood techniques. The use of a relative response (RR) ≫5% as a definition of a typing response resulted in the recognition of a total allele frequency of 59% in dogs from the research laboratory. Three of the 12 DLA‐D alleles were not detected. Typing responses of cells from random dogs to the 12 DLA‐D alleles were determined using RRs °5%, °10%, °15%, and °20%. With RRs of °5%, °10%, and °15%, the total allele frequencies recognized were 39%, 47%, and 55%, respectively. Within each of these %RR ranges all but one of the DLA‐D alleles were detected. With an RR °20% the total allele frequency recognized was 58% and all 12 alleles were detected. Our results indicate that an RR of °10% could be used to define a phenotypic DLA‐D typing response in the dog. The level of allelic frequencies detected in both the research and random canine populations indicates the need to identify additional DLA‐D alleles through expanded family studies using mixed lymphocyte culture and homozygous cell typing.
Immunization of normal human splenocytes in vitro to produce human monoclonal antibodies to cellular antigens
Authors: Hulette C. M. , Effros R. B. , Walford R. L.
Published: July 2010

We have obtained human monoclonal antibodies to polymorphic cell surface determinants by immunizing normal human splenecytomy in vitro to allogeneic cells. Splenocytes from young patients undergoing splenectomy secondary to traumatic injury are separated into T and B lymphocyte populations. The T lymphocytes are irradiated with 1500 rad to selectively inactivate T suppressors. Responder T and B cells are then recombined at a 1:1 ratio. Maximal IgM and IgG production is obtained when pokeweed mitogen and irradiated stimulator cells are added to the cultures. Stimulator cell specific antibody levels peak at day 7 of in vitro immunization, and fall thereafter. Fusion of the immunized splenocytes to a human fusion partner as early as day 4 results in hybridomas secreting antibodies to cellular antigens. Transformation by EBV, expansion and fusion of the immunized cell line also yield hybridomas secreting stimulator cell specific antibody.
Volumetric neuroimaging investigations in mood disorders: bipolar disorder versus major depressive disorder
Authors: Konarski Jakub Z , McIntyre Roger S , Kennedy Sidney H , Rafi‐Tari Shahryar , Soczynska Joanna K , Ketter Terence A
Published: July 2010

Background:  As patients with mood disorders manifest heterogeneity in phenomenology, pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment response, a biological classification of mental disease is urgently needed to advance research. Patient and methodological variability complicates the comparison of neuroimaging study results and limits heuristic model development and a biologically‐based diagnostic schema.

Objective:  We have critically reviewed and compared the magnetic resonance neuroimaging literature to determine the degree and directionality of volumetric changes in brain regions putatively implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) versus bipolar disorder (BD).

Methods:  A total of 140 published magnetic resonance imaging investigations evaluating subjects with BD or MDD were selected to provide a summary and interpretation of volumetric neuroimaging results in MDD and BD. Further commentary on the pathophysiological implications, and putative cellular and pharmacological mechanisms, is also provided.

Results:  While whole brain volumes of patients with mood disorders do not differ from those of healthy controls, regional deficits in the frontal lobe, particularly in the anterior cingulate and the orbitofrontal cortex, appear to consistently differentiate subjects with mood disorders from the general population. Preliminary findings also suggest that subcortical structures, particularly the striatum, amygdala, and hippocampus, may be differentially affected in MDD and BD.

Conclusions:  Structural neuroimaging studies have consistently identified regional abnormalities in subjects with mood disorders. Future studies should strive to definitively establish the influence of age and medication.
The specific burden of comorbid anxiety disorders and of substance use disorders in bipolar I disorder
Authors: Goldstein Benjamin I , Levitt Anthony J
Published: July 2010

Objectives:  Uncertainty exists regarding whether comorbid substance use disorders (SUDs) in bipolar I disorder are more prevalent among persons with versus without comorbid anxiety disorders. Moreover, the independent contribution of these comorbidities to the burden of bipolar disorder (BD) is unclear.

Methods:  The 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions was used to identify respondents with lifetime BD (n = 1,411). Illness severity was compared across four groups based on the presence of lifetime anxiety disorders, lifetime SUDs, neither, or both. Variables included lifetime prevalence of mixed mania, prolonged mood episodes, BD‐related health service utilization, and forensic history, 12‐month prevalence of mania and depression, and current general mental health functioning. Diagnoses were generated using the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule, DSM‐IV Version. Analyses were computed separately for males and females.

Results:  For females only, the lifetime prevalence of SUDs was significantly greater among those with lifetime anxiety disorders [odds ratio (OR) = 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08–1.86]; this was not found among males (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.79–1.68). In multiple logistic regression analyses among both males and females, anxiety disorders were significantly associated with mixed episodes, prolonged depressive episodes, 12‐month prevalence of depression, BD‐related health service utilization, and poorer current mental health functioning. SUDs were significantly associated with mixed episodes among females, 12‐month prevalence of depression among males, and with forensic history among both males and females.

Conclusions:  Whereas comorbid anxiety disorders appear to confer increased liability towards poor mental health functioning and greater BD‐related health service utilization, comorbid SUDs are associated with positive forensic history. Early identification and treatment of these comorbid conditions are of paramount importance. Further representative prospective studies are needed.
A novel in vivo ovine model of transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI)
Authors: Tung J. P. , Fung Y. L. , Nataatmadja M. , Colebourne K. I. , Esmaeel H. M. , Wilson K. , Barnett A. G. , Wood P. , Silliman C. C. , Fraser J. F.
Published: July 2010

Background and Objectives  Even with the introduction of specific risk‐reduction strategies, transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) continues to be a leading cause of transfusion‐related morbidity and mortality. Existing small animal models have not yet investigated TRALI resulting from the infusion of heat‐treated supernatant from whole blood platelet concentrates. In this study, our objective was the development of a novel in vivo two‐event model of TRALI in sheep.

Materials and Methods  Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 15 μg/kg) as a first event, modelled clinical infection. Transfusion (estimated at 10% of total blood volume) of heat‐treated pooled supernatant from date‐of‐expiry human whole blood platelet concentrates (d5‐PLT‐S/N) was used as a second event. TRALI was defined by both hypoxaemia that developed either during the transfusion or within two hours of its completion and post‐mortem histological evidence of pulmonary oedema.

Results  LPS infusion did not cause lung injury itself, but did result in decreased circulating levels of lymphocytes and neutrophils with evidence of the latter becoming sequestered in the lungs. Sheep that received LPS (first event) followed by d5‐PLT‐S/N (second event) displayed decreased pulmonary compliance, decreased end tidal CO2 and increased arterial partial pressure of CO2 relative to control sheep, and 80% of these sheep developed TRALI.

Conclusions  This novel ovine two‐event TRALI model presents a new tool for the investigation of TRALI pathogenesis. It represents the first description of an in vivo large animal model of TRALI and the first description of TRALI caused by transfusion with heat‐treated pooled supernatant from human whole blood platelet concentrates.
The chromosome 16q‐linked autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (16q‐ADCA): A newly identified degenerative ataxia in Japan showing peculiar morphological changes of the Purkinje cell
Authors: Ishikawa Kinya , Mizusawa Hidehiro
Published: July 2010

The chromosome 16q22.1‐linked autosomal‐dominant cerebellar ataxia (16q‐ADCA) is a form of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) common in Japan. It is clinically characterized by late‐onset purely cerebellar ataxia. The neuropathologic hallmark of 16q‐ADCA is degeneration of Purkinje cells accompanied by an eosinophilic structure which we named “halo‐like amorphous materials”. By immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, the structure has been so far found to contain two components: the somatic sprouts from the Purkinje cells and presynaptic terminals of unknown origin. As far as we are aware, this peculiar morphological change of Purkinje cells has not been previously described. Further investigations may disclose unique pathological processes in SCA.
Acetylcholine–dopamine balance hypothesis in the striatum: An update
Authors: Aosaki Toshihiko , Miura Masami , Suzuki Takeo , Nishimura Kinya , Masuda Masao
Published: July 2010

The imbalance between cholinergic activity and dopaminergic activity in the striatum causes a variety of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. During sensorimotor learning, the arrival of a conditioned stimulus reporting a reward evokes a pause response in the firing of the tonically active cholinergic interneurons in targeted areas of the striatum, whereas the same stimulus triggers an increase in the firing frequency of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The pause response of the cholinergic interneurons begins with an initial depolarizing phase followed by a pause in spike firing and ensuing rebound excitation. The timing of the pause phase coincides well with the surge in dopaminergic firing, indicating that a dramatic rise in dopamine (DA) release occurs while nicotinic receptors remain unbound by acetylcholine. The pause response begins with dopamine D5 receptor‐dependent synaptic plasticity in the cholinergic neurons and an increased GABAergic IPSP, which is followed by a long pause in firing through D2 and D5 receptor‐dependent modulation of ion channels. Inactivation of muscarinic receptors on the projection neurons eventually yields endocannabinoid‐mediated, dopamine‐dependent long‐term depression in the medium spiny projection neurons. Breakdown of acetylcholine‐dopamine balance hampers proper functioning of the cortico‐basal ganglia‐thalamocortical loop circuits. In Parkinson's disease, dopamine depletion blocks autoinhibition of acetylcholine release through muscarinic autoreceptors, leading to excessive acetylcholine release which eventually prunes spines of the indirect‐pathway projection neurons of the striatum and thus interrupts information transfer from motor command centers in the cerebral cortex. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10 (Suppl. 1): S148–S157.
Long‐term efficacy and safety of ezetimibe/simvastatin coadministered with extended‐release niacin in hyperlipidaemic patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome
Authors: Fazio S. , Guyton J. R. , Lin J. , Tomassini J. E. , Shah A. , Tershakovec A. M.
Published: July 2010

Aims: To assess the efficacy and safety of ezetimibe/simvastatin (E/S) plus extended‐release niacin (N) in hyperlipidaemic patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), metabolic syndrome (MetS) without DM (MetS/non‐DM) or neither (non‐DM/non‐MetS).

Methods: A subgroup analysis of a double‐blind, 64‐week trial of 1220 randomized patients who received E/S (10/20 mg) + N (to 2 g) or E/S (10/20 mg) for 64 weeks, or N (to 2 g) for 24 weeks then E/S (10/20 mg) + N (2 g) or E/S (10/20 mg) for 40 additional weeks. The evaluable populations of this analysis included n = 765 patients at 24 weeks and n = 574 at 64 weeks. Among those receiving N, only those who attained the 2‐g dose were included in the analysis.

Results:
E/S+N improved levels of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, other lipids and lipoprotein ratios compared with N and E/S at 24 weeks and E/S at 64 weeks. The combination increased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI comparably to N and more than E/S. E/S+N reduced high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) levels more effectively than N and similarly to E/S. E/S+N was generally well tolerated. Discontinuations due to flushing with N and E/S+N were comparable and greater than E/S in all subgroups. Fasting glucose trended higher for N vs. E/S. Glucose elevations from baseline to 12 weeks were highest for patients with DM (24.9 mg/dl for N, 21.2 mg/dl for E/S+N, 17.5 mg/dl for E/S); fasting glucose then declined to pretreatment levels at 64 weeks in all subgroups. New‐onset DM was more frequent among MetS patients than those without MetS during the first 24 weeks and trended higher among those assigned to N‐containing regimens [n = 5(5.1%) for N, n = 2(1.7%) for E/S, n = 21(8.8%) for E/S+N]; during 24–64 weeks, diabetes was diagnosed in five additional patients in the E/S (cumulative incidence of 5.9%) and one in the E/S+N (cumulative incidence of 9.2%) groups. Treatment‐incident elevations in uric acid levels were increased among subjects assigned to N‐containing regimens, but there were no effects on symptomatic gout.

Conclusion: Combination E/S+N is a safe treatment option for hyperlipidaemic patients including those with DM and MetS, but requires monitoring of glucose and potentially uric acid levels.
The novel sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin sustains pancreatic function and preserves islet morphology in obese, diabetic rats
Authors: Macdonald F. R. , Peel J. E. , Jones H. B. , Mayers R. M. , Westgate L. , Whaley J. M. , Poucher S. M.
Published: July 2010

Aims: To investigate whether glucose lowering with the selective sodium glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor dapagliflozin would prevent or reduce the decline of pancreatic function and disruption of normal islet morphology.

Methods: Female Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, 7–8 weeks old, were placed on high‐fat diet. Dapagliflozin (1 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was administered for ∼33 days either from initiation of high‐fat diet or when rats were moderately hyperglycaemic. Insulin sensitivity and pancreatic function were evaluated using a hyperglycaemic clamp in anaesthetized animals (n = 5–6); β‐cell function was quantified using the disposition index (DI) to account for insulin resistance compensation. Pancreata from a matched subgroup (n = 7–8) were fixed and β‐cell mass and islet morphology investigated using immunohistochemical methods.

Results: Dapagliflozin, administered from initiation of high‐fat feeding, reduced the development of hyperglycaemia; after 24 days, blood glucose was 8.6 ± 0.5 vs. 13.3 ± 1.3 mmol/l (p < 0.005 vs. vehicle) and glycated haemoglobin 3.6 ± 0.1 vs. 4.8 ± 0.26% (p < 0.003 vs. vehicle). Dapagliflozin improved insulin sensitivity index: 0.08 ± 0.01 vs. 0.02 ± 0.01 in obese controls (p < 0.03). DI was improved to the level of lean control rats (dapagliflozin 0.29 ± 0.04; obese control 0.15 ± 0.01; lean 0.28 ± 0.01). In dapagliflozin‐treated rats, β‐cell mass was less variable and significant improvement in islet morphology was observed compared to vehicle‐treated rats, although there was no change in mean β‐cell mass with dapagliflozin. Results were similar when dapagliflozin treatment was initiated when animals were already moderately hyperglycaemic.

Conclusion: Sustained glucose lowering with dapagliflozin in this model of type 2 diabetes prevented the continued decline in functional adaptation of pancreatic β‐cells.
The Prevalence and Effects of Occupational Licensing
Authors: Kleiner Morris M. , Krueger Alan B.
Published: July 2010

Our study provides the first national analysis of the labour market implications of workers who are licensed by any agency of the government in the USA. Using a specially designed Gallup survey of a nationally representative sample of Americans, we provide an analysis of the influence of this form of occupational regulation. We find that 29 per cent of the workforce is required to hold a licence, which is a higher percentage than that found in other studies that rely on state‐level occupational licensing data or single states. Workers who have higher levels of education are more likely to work in jobs that require a licence. Union workers and government employees are more likely to have a licence requirement than are non‐union or private sector employees. Our multivariate estimates suggest that licensing has about the same quantitative impact on wages as do unions — that is about 15 per cent — and that being both licensed and in a union can increase wages by more than 24 per cent. However, unlike unions which reduce variance in wages, licensing does not significantly reduce wage dispersion for individuals in licensed jobs.
AN EFFICIENT MODEL FOR ENHANCING TEXT CATEGORIZATION USING SENTENCE SEMANTICS
Authors: Shehata Shady , Karray Fakhri , Kamel Mohamed S.
Published: July 2010

Most of text categorization techniques are based on word and/or phrase analysis of the text. Statistical analysis of a term frequency captures the importance of the term within a document only. However, two terms can have the same frequency in there documents, but one term contributes more to the meaning of its sentences than the other term. Thus, the underlying model should identify terms that capture the semantics of text. In this case, the model can capture terms that present the concepts of the sentence, which leads to discovering the topic of the document. A new concept‐based model that analyzes terms on the sentence, document, and corpus levels rather than the traditional analysis of document only is introduced. The concept‐based model can effectively discriminate between nonimportant terms with respect to sentence semantics and terms which hold the concepts that represent the sentence meaning. A set of experiments using the proposed concept‐based model on different datasets in text categorization is conducted in comparison with the traditional models. The results demonstrate the substantial enhancement of the categorization quality using the sentence‐based, document‐based and corpus‐based concept analysis.
SHORT‐AND LONG‐TERM UNEMPLOYMENT. A PARAMETRIC MODEL WITH TIME‐VARYING EFFECTS
Authors: Portugal Pedro , Addison John T.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

In this paper we present the first application to unemployment duration analysis of a mixture distribution model initially proposed in the biosciences literature by Blackstone, Naftel and Turner (1986). The model is characterized by the decomposition of an aggregate hazard function into a number of distinct hazard functions. The approach allows us to attribute to each function a different set of covariates as well as coefficients. Using US data on displaced workers, we are able to decompose the time varying hazard into two distinct phases — corresponding to short‐term and long‐term unemployment — and in the process evaluate (and reject) the proportionality assumption. We also compare the results from the model with those obtained from the Cox proportional hazards model and with a parametric hazards model in which a Burr specification is employed for the baseline hazard.
MUTUALITY, PERFORMANCE AND EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION†
Authors: Ingham Hilary , Thompson Steve
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTS

The determinants of CEO compensation within the UK Building Society sector are investigated. Using an unbalanced panel data set for the period 1986–90, we find only weak support for the existence of a positive link between performance and CEO remuneration. In contrast we find age to be an important determinant of CEO pay increases. This finding reinforces the oft noted potential for inefficiencies in mutuals. Given that alternative market based control systems are absent, our results suggests that there is a lack of any mechanism to align owner and manager interests in the UK building societies.
SPECIFYING AND TESTING OUTPUT AND PRICING STRUCTURES OF ALTERNATIVE MACROECONOMIC MODELS
Authors: Paloni Alberto
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

This paper puts forward a framework for choosing between alternative macroeconomic models. It is shown that a three‐sector model with importables, exportables and non‐traded goods can be specified so as to encompass both the Keynesian one‐sector imperfect substitutes model and the two‐sector dependent economy model with traded and non‐traded goods as special cases. A two‐stage test procedure is suggested in order to let the data determine which of these alternative models is the most appropriate. The use of this procedure is illustrated for the case of Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.
BOOTSTRAPPING THE TRACE STATISTIC IN VAR MODELS: MONTE CARLO RESULTS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Giersbergen Noud P. A. van
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates through Monte Carlo experiments both size and power properties of a bootstrapped trace statistic in two prototypical DGPs. The Monte Carlo results indicate that the ordinary bootstrap has similar size and power properties as inference procedures based on asymptotic critical values. Considering empirical size, the stationary bootstrap is found to provide a uniform improvement over the ordinary bootstrap if the dynamics is underspecified. The use of the stationary bootstrap as a diagnostic tool is suggested. In two illustrative examples this seems to work, and again it appears that the bootstrap incorporates the finite‐sample correction required for the asymptotic critical values to apply.
THE EFFECTS OF COMPANY TRAINING, FURTHER EDUCATION AND THE YOUTH TRAINING SCHEME ON THE EARNINGS OF YOUNG EMPLOYEES*
Authors: Green Francis , Hoskins Martin , Montgomery Scott
Published: July 2010

Abstract

This paper provides evidence on the impact of company training, of post‐compulsory education and of the UK Youth Training Scheme in the late 1980's on the earnings of 21‐year‐old employees in England and Wales. Earnings equations are estimated for each of seven groups of employees who have followed alternative routes from compulsory education into employment, allowing for selectivity into these routes. There are several findings, including: both high parental social class and better school qualifications help to channel people into higher status routes, while high local unemployment has the opposite effect; participation in company training in long spells substantially raises wages but short spells do not; YTS participation fails to raise, and possibly substantially lowers, wages even three years after graduation compared to those who left school at 16 and went to work and received no training; there is weak evidence that, even for those that do not enter higher education, it is better to stay on at school after 16 than go into YTS.
DETERMINANTS OF INTRA‐INDUSTRY TRADE: A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS*
Authors: Torstensson Johan
Published: July 2010

Abstract

This paper examines the robustness of determinants of IIT to changes in the set of included variables and to measurement errors. On applying extreme bounds analysis (EBA) on Swedish IIT, it is found that most variables are sensitive to changes in the selected control variables. When examining the effects of errors of measurement and when only robust variables are included in the model, the estimated coefficients are bounded although they are unbounded when more variables are included. It is also found that the proxy‐variables for product differentiation need to be of much higher quality than actually seems to be the case, if we are to ensure that the signs of the proxy‐variables correspond to the signs of the ‘true’ variables.
ECONOMETRIC MODELLING OF UK HOUSE PRICES USING ACCELERATED IMPORTANCE SAMPLING*
Authors: Richard Jean‐François , Zhang Wei
Published: July 2010

We consider stochastic and dynamic extensions of a model for UK house prices proposed by Hendry (1984). Numerical integrations are carried out by means of an accelerated importance sampling technique developed by Richard and Zhang (1996a,b). We find that prices ‘perfectly’ adjust to a stochastic latent variable (‘excess demand’) whose distribution only depends upon observable characteristics of the market, not upon its own lagged values.
INCOME PERSISTENCE AND MACRO‐POLICY FEEDBACKS IN THE US*
Authors: Muellbauer John N. J.
Published: July 2010

This paper analyses and forecasts annual time series of aggregate real income per head in the US. The approach integrates elements from recent univariate time series analyses with multi‐equation macromodels in which policy feedback rules have been endogenized. The main conclusions are as follows. Firstly, aggregate real per capita income is subject to significant trend reversion. This conclusion comes through more clearly by examining the data at an annual rather than the more usual quarterly frequency and by incorporating multivariate economic content in the income process. Secondly, there is significant evidence for the Lucas (1976) or Haavelmo (1944) critique: in the US there appears to have been a shift in the structural macropolicy reaction function causing a corresponding shift in the reduced form income forecasting equation. This is associated with increased concern in the late 1980's over the size of US budget deficits. Thirdly, with the above proviso, useful real income forecasts can be made as far as three years ahead. Finally, the paper provides empirical evidence for the effectiveness of monetary policy on real output or income. The change in the short‐term interest rate is highly significant in forecasting income growth up to three years after the change.
Dickey–Fuller Type of Tests against Nonlinear Dynamic Models*
Authors: He Changli , Sandberg Rickard
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we introduce several test statistics testing the null hypothesis of a random walk (with or without drift) against models that accommodate a smooth nonlinear shift in the level, the dynamic structure and the trend. We derive analytical limiting distributions for all the tests. The power performance of the tests is compared with that of the unit‐root tests by Phillips and Perron [Biometrika(1988), Vol. 75, pp. 335–346], and Leybourne, Newbold and Vougas [Journal of Time Series Analysis(1998), Vol. 19, pp. 83–97]. In the presence of a gradual change in the deterministics and in the dynamics, our tests are superior in terms of power.
Convergence of Prices and Rates of Inflation*
Authors: Busetti Fabio , Fabiani Silvia , Harvey Andrew
Published: July 2010

We consider how unit‐root and stationarity tests can be used to study the convergence of prices and rates of inflation. We show how the joint use of these tests in levels and first differences allows the researcher to distinguish between series that are converging and series that have already converged, and we set out a strategy to establish whether convergence occurs in relative prices or just in rates of inflation. Special attention is paid to the issue of whether a mean should be extracted in carrying out tests in first differences and whether there is an advantage to adopting a (Dickey–Fuller) unit‐root test based on deviations from the last observation. The asymptotic distribution of this last test statistic is given and Monte Carlo simulation experiments show that the test yields considerable power gains for highly persistent autoregressive processes with ‘relatively large’ initial conditions. The tests are applied to the monthly series of the consumer price index in the Italian regional capitals over the period 1970–2003.
Efficacy of CO2 laser for treatment of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, compared with combination of cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate
Authors: Shamsi Meymandi S , Zandi S , Aghaie H , Heshmatkhah A
Published: July 2010

Background  Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in developing countries. Several types of treatments have been suggested, but none of them is completely effective and without side‐effects. CO2 laser has a specific thermolysis effect on infected tissues in CL.

Objectives  To determine the efficacy and safety of CO2 laser vs. combined cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) in dry‐type CL.

Methods  This is a prospective, randomized open trial study (Kerman, Iran) from November 2007 to August 2009. A total of 96 patients were randomly assigned to receive one session of CO2 laser therapy and 95 patients on combined cryotherapy biweekly with intralesional meglumine antimoniate weekly until complete cure or up to 12 weeks, whichever is earlier. Clinical and laboratory cure, defined as complete re‐epithelialization of 100%, complete flattening of induration and negative smear of lesions compared with baseline at weeks 2, 6, 12 and 16, and also at the time of complete cure (week 2, 6, 12 or 16).

Results  Of 191 participants, 80 patients with 95 lesions in group A and 80 patients with 95 lesions in group B completed the study. Complete cure was 93.7% (89/95 lesions) in group A and 78% (74/95 lesions) in group B. Complications were similar in the two groups and were limited to the ulcer sites.

Conclusions  The CO2 laser was more effective in treating dry‐type cutaneous leishmaniasis than combined cryotherapy and intralesional glucantime and resulted in a shorter healing time (6 weeks vs. 12 weeks) with a single treatment session.
Increased plumage darkness of female Shiny Cowbirds Molothrus bonariensis in the subtropics: an adaptation to bacterial degradation?
Authors: MAHLER BETTINA , LOPEZ NANCY I. , DI GIACOMO ALEJANDRO G. , REBOREDA JUAN C.
Published: July 2010

The Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis is a sexually dichromatic species, in which males have blackish‐blue iridescence and females are dull brown. However, in some subtropical parts of its distribution, females show a plumage polymorphism that ranges from dull brown to dark brown and even black. Plumage melanization has been shown to protect feathers from bacterial degradation, decreasing the effects of harmful bacterial activity and thus plumage damage. In this study, we assessed whether bacterial feather‐degrading activity is acting as the selective force to increase darkness in the plumage of the female Shiny Cowbirds in Argentina. We compared the degradation of female Shiny Cowbird feathers belonging to different colour morphs when exposed to bacterial strains isolated from subtropical and temperate zones of its distribution, as well as to Bacillus licheniformis. We did not find differences in susceptibility to bacterial degradation between brown feathers and darker feathers. These results suggest that female plumage polymorphism in Shiny Cowbirds has not arisen as a defence against bacterial feather‐degrading activity.