bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II. A letter of Dr. John Wallis, (Geom. Prof. Oxon, and F. R. S.) To Mr. Thomas Beverly; concerning his method for instructing persons deaf and dumb
Authors: Wallis John
Published: December 2006

Sir, I Have recieved your letter of
Sept
. 22. Wherin you tell me the case of a Family, wherein you are concerned; which is really very sad.
X. A copy of a letter from R. P. Vicar of Kildwick in Yorkshire, to a friend of his in those parts, wherein he gives an account of an extraordinary eruption of water, which happened in June, 1686
Authors: P R
Published: December 2006

Worthy Sir, I Have now drawn a full, though short, Account of the great Loss sustained by the Inhabitants of Kettlewell and Starbotton, in Craven, in the County of York; by a sudden overflow of Water.
IV. Concerning the magnetism of drills; by Mr. Ballard. Communicated by Dr. William Musgrave, fellow of the Colledge of Physicians and R. S
Authors: Ballard
Published: December 2006

1. As to the first Proposition,
viz
. that a Drill in boring of Iron will acquire a vigorous Polarity.
V. Part of a letter from the Reverend Mr. George Lewis, at Fort St George; to the Reverend Dr. Arthur Charlett, and the late Dr. Edward Bernard; concerning some Indian manuscripts, lately sent to the University of Oxford
Authors: Lewis George
Published: December 2006

Reverend Sirs, In pursuance to your joint Letter, bearing Date the 3d of
July
, 1695.
VIII. The extract of a letter from Mr. Petto, a grave divine, concerning some parelii seen at Sudbury in Suffolk, Decemb. 28th, 1698.
Authors: Petto
Published: December 2006

On August 28, 1698. being the Lord’s-Day, about Eight a Clock in the Morning, some Persons saw the Appearance of Three Suns; tis said, then the Apparition was most full, or a little after.
V. A supplement to the account of a Scolopendra Marina, & c. Described No 225. of these transactions
Authors: Molyneux Thomas
Published: December 2006

I Find a Letter (
Philosoph. Transact
. Numb. 249.) of Mr.
Dale's
to Dr.
Lister
, Wherein he mentions the
Scolopendra Marina
I gave an Account of, Numb. 225. of the
Transactions
, as described by
Rondeletius
, under the Title of
Physalus
, in his Book,
De Piscilubus
; but I must, crave leave to differ from him in Opinion as to this ParticuIar: For I conceive that Author could not understand by the Name of
Physalus
what I mean by
Scolopendra Marina
, é mare Hybernico, &c. but some other Marine Animal:
VII. An anatomical account of a child’s head, born without a brain in October last, 1698
Authors: Bussiere
Published: December 2006

A
French
Woman living at
Dung-hill
, of a good Complexion, and in perfect Health during all the time of her being with Child, was then brought to Bed of a Boy, as big and tall as a Child can be in that Age, well shap’d in his Body, and Limbs very sound, without the least mark of Corruption, except that his Eyes did look as if they had been placed at the top of the Forehead; the Skull was unequal, the skin whereof, though full of Hair, was a little redder than the rest of the Body.
VI. Part of a letter from Mr. Llwid to Dr. Tancred Robinson, F. R. S. concerning a figured stone found in Wales; with a note on it, by Hans Sloane, M. D.
Authors: Sloane Hans
Published: December 2006

I Here send you the Representation of a Limestone-Marble, we have lately Discovered in this Country, when Polish'd.
VI. An extract of a letter from Mr. Thomas Luffkin of Colchester to Dr. Wallis, concerning the use of the numeral figures in England, as old as the year 1090. And, concerning the application of an air-pumb, to cupping-glasses
Authors: Luffkin Thomas
Published: December 2006

Reverend Sir
, I Having lately taken notice of your accurate Treatise of Historic and Practic Algebra, and finding therein that you cannot Trace the use of
Numeral Figures
.
II. A letter of Dr Wallis to Dr Sloan, concerning the quadrature of the parts of the lunula of Hippocrates Chius, performed by Mr John Perks; with the further improvements of the same, by Dr David Gregory, and Mr John Caswell
Authors: Wallis John , Gregory David , Caswell John
Published: December 2006

Sir, The
Squaring
a certain
Lunula
by
Hippocrates Chius
long since, hath been known (as to the whole
Lunula
) for many Ages. But (as to the
Parts
of it, and the
Appurtenances
thereunto,)
New
Discoveries have been lately made, which (I think) had not been consider'd by any before this present age.
Part of a letter to Dr Sloane, wherein is an accounts of a double pear
Authors: Margrave
Published: December 2006

The Errors of Nature deservedly claim a place in her History, being of great use to illustrate her Ordinary and more Regular Motions.
II. Part of letter from the Reverend Mr Derham to Dr Sloane, giving an account of his observations of the weather for the Year 99.
Authors: Derham Mr.
Published: December 2006

Sir, I here send you the tablets of my last years observations; together with which I think it convenient to send some few remarks relating thereunto.
IV. Part of a letter from Mr. Gray, concerning an unusual parhelion and halo.
Authors: Gray Mr.
Published: December 2006

Sir, I had Scarce thought the account I sent you of the Parhelia I observ'd the 26th Feburary last, worth your Notice, had I not been prompted to think so by the instigation of my friends, for I find they are frequently seen, tho this is the first I ever saw.
II. A letter from Mr Anthony van Leuwenhoek, F. R. S. concerning some insects observed by him him on fruit trees
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

My last was of the 7th of the last month, which I hope is come safe to your hands; I take the liberty again of sending you these my poor Observations, with the Figures annex'd.
VII. Part of a letter from Dr J. Wallace, F. R. S. to the publisher, concerning a stone cut out of the bladder, having hair in it, &c
Authors: Wallis John
Published: December 2006

I am sorry I can give so ill an account of these things you wrote if to me: For that of Sir
William Elliot's
pissing Hair at several times, I had from Sir
Archibald Stevenson
and Dr
Pitcairn
, his Physicians;
VIII. Part of a letter from Dr George Garden to the publisher, concerning a stone cut from a child, having a flint within it
Authors: Garden George
Published: December 2006

There was a remarkable passage that fell out in this Shire concerning a young Boy of five or six years of age, who was Cut of the Stone, and when the Stone was taken out of the Bladder, being by accident broke a little, there was to be seen within it a Flint Stone shaped like to that of a Pistol, with-the Calculus crusted about it.
IX. D. Wilhelmi Musgrave Coll. Med. Lond. & Soc. Reg. Soc. Epistola re polypo in cane reperto
Authors: Musgrave William
Published: December 2006

Canis Anatome, privato quondam
Oxonii
Collegio, habita; prope Lienem in Orbiculare quid incidimus; quod
Glandulam
, prima facie, referebat.
III. A letter from Mr Anthony Van Lewenhoek, F. R. S. concerning his further observations on the animalcula in semine masculino
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

I Observed in the month of
July
that the young Rams made several attempts to couple with the Ewes, tho they were but four months and a half old, and tho they are not ripe for Copulation till about 3 months after.
V. An abstract of two letters written by Dr Francis Monginor, to Dr Peter Silvestre, F. R. S. giving an account of an unusual medicinal case
Authors: Monginor Francis
Published: December 2006

I was surpriz'd yesterday with a very extraordinary Case, and I am sure you will find it such as deserves most particular consideration.
VII. Excerpta ex literis D. Petri Hotton Med. & Botan. Profess in Acad. Lugduno Batava, ad editorem de Acemella & ejus facultate lithontriptica
Authors: Hotton Pieter
Published: December 2006

Attmella, Acemella, & Hacmella, istis enim nominibus missa mihi anno 1691 semina ex insula Ceylon, ubi nascitur & familiaris est.
I. A letter from the Reverend Mr William Derham to the publisher, concerning an insect that is commonly called the death-watch
Authors: Derham William
Published: December 2006

Sir, I Confess I am not so well acquainted with Books, which treat of
Insects
, to know whether the account which I now send you, concerning
Death-Watches
, be a Novelty, or not.
II. A letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. To Mr Chamberlaine, concerning the causes of the different tastes of waters and edge of razors.
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Worthy Sir, I have received your obliging Letter, of the 13th of April, 1701.
II. Part of a letter from Mr Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. To the Pablisher. Concerning several Microscopical observations
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni van
Published: December 2006

In the Account of Books for the Months of
March
and
April
for this Present year, I met with a Book whose Title in
English
runs thus:
Historical and Philological Miscellanies, collected
by Mr Vigneuil-Marville,
the 2d part printed at
Rotterdam
for
Elias Yuans, 1700.
V. An abstract of a letter, wrote some time since, by Signior John Ciampini of Rome, to Father Bernard Joseph a Jesu Maria, &c. concerning the asbestus, and manner of spinning and making an incombustible cloath thereof.
Authors: Ciampini John , Jesu Maria Bernard Joseph
Published: December 2006

After some account of the Name of the Asbestus Stone, he mentions four sorts, of which he has Specimens in his Musæum.
II. An account of Mr Sam. Brown his sixth book of East India Plants, with their names, vertues, description, &c
Authors: Brown Sam. , Petiver James
Published: December 2006

The following Plants being less known, and more enquired for by
Curious Persons
, I took them out of several
Books
at different
Seasons
, and placed them here together.
IV. Part of a letter from Mr Ralph Thoresby, F. R. S. to the publisher, concerning several observables in his musæum, near Leeds in Yorkshire.
Authors: Thoresby Ralph
Published: December 2006

Sir, I Remember that upon perusal of the Catalogue of the Natural Curiosities in my poor Musæum, you desired a more particular account of. the Skin of the Fishes Stomach from the Indies; of the Coystal and the ways of its Concretion; of the Iron turned into Ore; and of the Octoedra from the Copper Mines in Sweden.
V. Extracts of two letters from the Reverend Mr Abraham de la Pryme, F. R. S. to the publisher, concerning subterraneous trees, the bitings of mad dogs. &c
Authors: Pryme Abraham De La
Published: December 2006

Since I writ last unto you, I have had the good fortune to get two or three very considerable new Informations about the great Fir-trees that formerly grew in these Levels, which I thought not unworthy of communicaring unto you.
II. An account of divers schemes of arteries and veins, dissected from adult human bodies, and given to the repository of the Royal Society by John Evelyn, Esq; F. R. S. To which are subjoyn'd a description of the extremities of those vessels, and the manner the blood is seen, by the microscope, to pass from the arteries to the veins in quadrupeds when living: with some chirurgical observations, and figures after the life, by William Cowper, F. R. S.
Authors: Evelyn John , Cowper William
Published: December 2006

The Annext Figures of the Arteries and veins (i. e. Fig. the 1st, 6th, and 8th,) were drawn after the vessels themselves Pasted and dryed, which were Diffected from Adult Human Bodies, and display’d on Tables now to be seen in the Repository of the Royal Society and are the Generous Present of John Evelyn, Esq; from whom l received the following Letter concerning them and other Tables of the Nerves, &c; to which I, have subjoyn’d a further account, &c.
III. Part of two letters to the publisher from Mr James Cunningham, F. R. S. and Physician to the English at Chusan in China, giving an account of his voyage thither, of the Island of Chusan, of the several sorts of tea, of the fishing, agriculture of the Chinese, &c. with several observations not hitherto taken notice of
Authors: Cunningham James
Published: December 2006

Sir
, My last to you was from the Island of
Borneo
, in which I gave you an account of our arrival there the 17th of
July
, where we staid but 2 days, the Season of the year being so far past, and from thence made the best of our way through the Streights of
Banca
with favourable Winds and Weather, till we came on the Coast of the
China
the 13th of
August
, then we had variable Winds which Carried us abrest of
Emuy
the 19th following, at which time the North East Winds setting in fresh, put us in great fears of losing our passage.
IV. A letter from Mr James Young, F. R. S. to Dr Edward Tyson, F. R. S. concerning a ball extracted from a person, who had suffered by it 30 years, in which was a plumb-stone.
Authors: Yonge James
Published: December 2006

Worthy Sir, When I had last the Honour to be at a meeting of the Royal Society in Gresham College, there happened in a discourse concerning Plumbs, which gave me occasion to tell you of one detained in the Guts of a Woman above 30 years, causing strange and grievous accidents, till I drew it our ex Ano.
III. Observatio de portions intestini canis fæliciter abscissa, a Joanne Shipton, Chirurgiæ Studioso.
Authors: Shipton Johanne
Published: December 2006

Intestinorum vulnera, crassorum quidem ut plurimum, tenuium verò semper lethalia esse, ab omni retro Antiquitate tradicum est.
II. De curvarum tangentibus è maximorum ac minimorum theoriâ immediatè deductis: Unâ cùm theorem: quibusdam ad sectiones conicas pertinentibus, ejusdem calculi anxilio invstigatis
Authors: Ditton Humphry
Published: December 2006

Tangentium methodum propono, facilem satis ac generalem, imò generalissimam, ut pote curvis omnibus unâ eâdemque opera inservientem.
II. An answer to Dr Wright's letter, concerning the cure of an aposthumation of the lungs
Authors: Cowper William
Published: December 2006

Sir, Had we more such Communications as you are pleased would favour us with, the Publick as well as my self would have reason have to be thankful.
I. The eighth book of East India Plants; sent from fort St George to Mr James Petiver Apothecary, and F. R. S. with remarks on them
Authors: Petiver James
Published: December 2006

Fungs Madraspatanus, Porofivulgaris facie.
This
Mushroom
is reddish above, sprinkled with black oval Specks like lnk blots, undernearlb it's whitish, and the pres very fine
.
II. A letter from Mr. Anthony van Leuwenhoek, concerning the seeds of oranges, &c.
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

I have formerly, according to my small capacity, abundantly demonstrated, that almost all Seeds are only made for the nourishment of the young Plant within them (which is a small Particle of the Seed; as little as it appears to our Eyes) till it be able to spring forth from the Earth.
IV. Some observation concering the invention and progress of printing, to the Year 1465. Occasioned by by the Reverend Mr. Ellis's letter, exhibited in phil tranf. no. 286. pag. 1416
Authors: Wanley Mr
Published: December 2006

What this Gentleman says about the Books Printed at
Harlaem
by
Laurence koster
, agreeing do well with the account given by
Theodore Schrevelius
and others leaves us little or no room to doubt (who must needs take it for granted that his observation is accurate, and the
Dates
to be true
II. An account of an extraordinary cure by sweating in hot turff; with a description of the Indian hot-houses; by the Honourable Paul Dudley, Esq; F. R. S.
Authors: Dudley Paul
Published: December 2006

In the Year 1704.
Peter Coffin
, Esq; of Exeter in
New England
, being then seventy four Years of Age, had taken a great Surfeit, as it was thought, by drinking cold Water, in a very hot Day, and when he had heated himself in the Woods.
A Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms of Cocaine Actiona
Authors: XU MING , HU XIU‐TI , COOPER DONALD C. , WHITE FRANCIS J. , TONEGAWA SUSUMU
Published: December 2006

The brain dopamine system is thought to be the major target for the neuropharmacological actions of psychomotor stimulants such as cocaine. To investigate the mechanisms of cocaine action, we used a genetic approach, the gene‐targeting technique, and generated D1 dopamine receptor mutant mice. Locomotor activity analysis in response to cocaine indicates that, in contrast to control mice which showed a dose‐dependent increase in locomotion, D1 receptor mutant mice exhibited a dose‐dependent decrease, suggesting that D1 receptors play an essential role in mediating such effects. Extracellular single unit recording of dopamine sensitive nucleus accumbens neurons in the D1 receptor mutant mice and control mice revealed a marked reduction in the inhibitory effects of cocaine and dopamine on the generation of action potentials, suggesting that D1 receptors play a fundamental role in cocaine‐ and dopamine‐mediated neurophysiological effects within the nucleus accumbens. From these analyses, we conclude that the D1 dopamine receptor plays essential roles in mediating these effects of cocaine. In the future, the use of this powerful genetic approach will be essential for elucidating the molecular components of the signal transduction pathway leading to anatomical,
Neurochemical Analysis of the Psychotoxicity of Methamphetamine and Cocaine by Microdialysis in the Rat Brain
Authors: SHIMADA AKIRA , YAMAGUCHI KAZUKO , YANAGITA TOMOR
Published: December 2006

To examine the neurochemical mechanism underlying the development of psychotoxicity by methamphetamine and cocaine, the levels of dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites were determined by in vivo microdialysis in the brains of freely moving rats. Methamphetamine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) or cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was repeatedly administered for 8 to 21 experiment days, and after confirming the development of sensitization to the stimulating effect of the drugs on spontaneous motor activity, a microdialysis probe was implanted into the nucleus accumbens (N. Acc.) or striatum of the brain of the treated rats. Then, each test drug was readministered to the rats and dopamine and DOPAC or serotonin and 5‐HIAA concentrations were determined. In the N.Acc. of untreated control rats, methamphetamine increased dopamine to about 4 times the preadministration value along with a decrease of DOPAC. Methamphetamine also increased serotonin to about twice the preadministration value along with no change in 5‐HIAA. Cocaine increased dopamine to about 4 times along with a slight decrease in DOPAC. In the treated rats as compared with the untreated rats, the increasing effect of methamphetamine on dopamine in the N. Acc. was enhanced but that of cocaine was not. Also, the serotonin levels were lower than in the untreated rats and 5‐HIAA was unchanged. In the striatum of untreated rats, methamphetamine increased dopamine to about 3 times the preadministration value along with a slight decrease in DOPAC. In the treated rats, the increasing effect of methamphetamine on dopamine in the striatum was enhanced, and the DOPAC level was higher than in the treated rats. The present study suggests that the dopamine level at the N. Acc. does not necessarily reflect the sensitization to spontaneous motor activity, and that enhancement of the motor activity does not seem to be the best model for psychotoxic manifestation.
Spaces of Valuations
Authors: HECKMANN REINHOLD
Published: December 2006

Valuations are measurelike functions mapping the open sets of a topological space X into positive real numbers. They can be classified into finite, point continuous, and Scott continuous valuations. We define corresponding spaces of valuations VfX⊂ VpX⊂VX. The main results of the paper are that VpX is the soberification of VfX, and that VpX is the free sober locally convex topological cone over X. From this universal property, the notion of the integral of a real‐valued function over a Scott continuous valuation can be easily derived. The integral is used to characterize the spaces VpX and VX as dual spaces of certain spaces of real‐valued functions on X.
On the Duality of Compact vs. Open
Authors: JUNG ACHIM , SÜNDERHAUF PHILIPP
Published: December 2006

It is a pleasant fact that Stone‐duality may be described very smoothly when restricted to the category of compact spectral spaces: The Stone‐duals of these spaces, arithmetic algebraic lattices, may be replaced by their sublattices of compact elements thus discarding infinitary operations.

We present a similar approach to describe the Stone‐duals of coherent spaces, thus dropping the requirement of having a base of compact‐opens (or, alternatively, replacing algebraicity of the lattices by continuity). The construction viastrong proximity latticesis resembling the classical case, just replacing the order by anorder of approximation. Our development enlightens the fact that “open” and “compact” are dual concepts which merely happen to coincide in the classical case.
Meteoroid Orbits: Implications for Near‐Earth Object Search Programs
Authors: STEEL DUNCAN
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: The available orbital database on macroscopic potential impactors of our planet (asteroids and comets, collectively near‐Earth objects or NEOs) numbers less than one thousand, whereas there have been some hundreds of thousands of orbits of Earth‐impacting meteoroids determined in various surveys, mostly using meteor radars. If one assumes that NEOs have orbital characteristics broadly similar to meteoroids, then the orbits of the latter can give important indications concerning the conduct of search programs designed to discover large NEOs well ahead of any catastrophic impact, allowing ameliorative action to be taken. For smaller NEOs that cannot be telescopically detected until the day or so before impact, the radiant distribution of observed meteors shows the regions of the sky from which impactors are most likely to emanate. It is shown that the vast majority of meteoroids striking the Earth have geocentric (apparent) radiants within two near‐ecliptic regions a few tens of degrees wide and centered on longitudes ±90° from the apex of the Earth's way (the so‐called helion and antihelion sources). These are bodies with low inclinations, large eccentricities (e= 0.7 – 0.9) and quite small semimajor axes (mostly a= 1.3 – 2.5 AU). After allowing for the terrestrial motion about the Sun (conversion to the true radiant), the longitudes are around ±120° from the apex. For a ground‐based search on the nightside, the best search region is that within ∼20° of the arc joining the geocentric and true radiants (longitudes 90° and 120°). On the dayside, proximity to the solar direction argues for a space‐based surveillance program, if small NEOs are to be found just prior to impact.
Colliding Asteroids from Blind Directions
Authors: ISOBE SYUZO , YOSHIKAWA MAKOTO
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: The Spaceguard Project proposes to set up a network of five ground‐based telescopes, each with an aperture of 2–3 m. With ground‐based telescopes, there is a blind celestial area surrounding the Sun (say, within 30 degrees), in which an asteroid approaching the Earth cannot be detected optically because of bright sky background. Our study shows that the number of close approaches of asteroids coming from this area to within a minimum distance of less than 0.01 AU of the Earth is more than 30% of the total.
NEO Orbits and Nonlinear Dynamics: A Brief Overview and Interpretations
Authors: REMO JOHN L.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: The development of nonlinear dynamics is outlined with emphasis on the concepts leading to the development of a numerical technique known as “fuzzy boundary theory” or FBT. Origins of this methodology are a direct outgrowth of concepts derived from the Hamiltonian formulation, KAM theory, and “Mather regions.” The significance of FBT as a computational methodology for NEO studies includes the weak capture and fast resonance shifting applied to NEO orbits and spacecraft rendezvous as described by a paper by Belbruno in this volume. Further implications of the FBT methodology suggest that some NEO capture cross‐sections with planetary bodies may have to be recomputed.
Fast Resonance Shifting as a Mechanism of Dynamic Instability Illustrated by Comets and CHE Trajectories
Authors: BELBRUNO EDWARD
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: An interesting process is described where a particle can very rapidly jump between different resonance orbits about the Earth, where the resonances are with respect to the Moon. This was discovered numerically in 1988, and until recently there was no way to prove its validity. Recent results with Brian Marsden and the author have proven that comets are performing this dynamics about the Sun in resonances with Jupiter. The fast resonance shift, termed the hop, occurs in a region of sensitive dynamics where weak capture occurs. The hop provides an interesting mechanism for instability of motion in the n‐body problem, n > 2. Although most of this paper is survey in nature, some new results are presented on special capture‐hop‐escape trajectories, CHEs, which may have relevance to the Birkhoff conjecture. The significance of the weak capture region about the Moon was demonstrated in 1991 when a Japanese spacecraft arrived there on a new low‐energy transfer.
Laboratory Planetary Physics
Authors: HAMMERLING P. , REMO J. L.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: his paper describes experimental approaches to determine how the micro‐structure of near‐Earth objects (NEOs), responds to high pressure and loading conditions. Meteorites are used as analog materials and are illuminated by high‐energy lasers or x‐rays to bring them to the required conditions.
A Proposal to the United Nations Regarding the International Discovery Programs of Near‐Earth Asteroids
Authors: GEHRELS TOM
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: The largest near‐Earth asteroids are dangerous to all people. It seems appropriate that the United Nations undertake an administrative role in supporting the discovery programs. With a relatively small amount of support we can have the problem largely under control by the year 2020.
International Efforts toward the Spaceguard System
Authors: CARUSI A.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Near‐Earth Objects are responsible for the cratering of the Earth‐Moon system. Depending on the size of the impacting body, the effects of these events on the terrestrial environment range from nothing at all to catastrophes which may pose a very serious threat to life on Earth. Our knowledge of the population of bodies responsible for Earth cratering is currently very poor, because only a minority of them has been discovered and because the parameters and the possible evolution of their orbits are very uncertain. In the last few years several initiatives have been started in order to plan alert systems. A global observational network, the Spaceguard System, is being studied at an international level. Consciousness of the threat has also driven actions at a political level that are, however, still very far from conveying to these researches the resources that would be necessary. In this paper I give a short account of the activity that the International Astronomical Union has initiated by creating the Working Group on near‐Earth objects.
United Nations Contributions to the Worldwide Development of Astronomya
Authors: HAUBOLD HANS J.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: The United Nations in cooperation with the European Space Agency organized a unique series of annual Workshops on Basic Space Science since 1991 for the benefit of astronomers and space scientists in Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, and Western Asia. The merits and accomplishments of these Workshops and their regional follow‐up projects are reviewed in this paper.
Clinical Trials in Dementia with Propentofyllinea
Authors: KITTNER BARBARA , RÖSSNER MARTIN , ROTHER MATTHIAS
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: The mode of action of propentofylline (a xanthine derivative) suggested that it would have beneficial effects in patients with Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia. In four double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized studies, 901 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and 359 patients with mild to moderate vascular dementia were treated for up to 12 months (daily dose of propentofylline: 3 × 300 mg taken 1 hr before food). Patients were assessed at regular intervals for efficacy and safety of the drug. Efficacy variables covered cognitive and global functions as well as activities of daily living. Propentofylline showed statistically significant, clinically relevant improvements over placebo in efficacy assessments, both in patients with Alzheimer's disease and in patients with vascular dementia. The drug was also well tolerated. It had no significant effects on laboratory findings and the adverse events that were considered to be related to the study medication were mostly minor, transient, and affected the digestive and nervous systems.
Through a Glass Darkly: Distinguishing Chaotic from Stochastic Resonancea
Authors: VON HARDENBERG J. GRAF , PAPARELLA F. , PROVENZALE A. , SPIEGEL E. A.
Published: December 2006

Come quando una grossa nebbia spira, o quando l'emisperio nostro annotta, par di lungi un molin che‘l vento gira, veder mi parve un tal dificio allotta… Dante Aligheri [Inferno, Canto 34]
Regulation of 5‐HT Receptors and the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis
Authors: LÓPEZ JUAN F. , VÁZQUEZ DELIA M. , CHALMERS DEREK T. , WATSON STANLEY J.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Disturbances in the serotonin (5‐HT) system is the neurobiological abnormality most consistently associated with suicide. Hyperactivity of the hypothalmic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis is also described in suicide victims. The HPA axis is the classical neuroendocrine system that responds to stress and whose final product, corticosteroids, targets components of the limbic system, particularly the hippocampus. We will review resulsts from animal studies that point to the possibility that many of the 5‐HT receptor changes observed in suicide brains may be a result of, or may be worsened by, the HPA overactivity that may be present in some suicide victims. The results of these studies can be summarized as follows: (1) chronic unpredictable stress produces high corticosteroid levels in rats; (2) chronic stress also results in changes in specific 5‐HT receptors (increases in cortical 5‐HT2A and decreases in hipocampal 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B); (3) chronic antidepressant administration prevents many of the 5‐HT receptor changes observed after stress; and (4) chronic antidepressant administration reverses the overactivity of the HPA axis. If indeed 5‐HT receptors have a partial role in controlling affective states, then their modulation by corticosteroids provides a potential mechanism by which these hormones may regulate mood. These data may also provide a biological understanding of how stressful events may increase the risk for suicide in vulnerable individuals and may help us elucidate the neurobiological underpinnings of treatment resistance.
Pathophysiology of the Locus Coeruleus in Suicidea
Authors: ORDWAY GREGORY A.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Clinical and basic research findings implicate a role for brain norepinephrine in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders that can lead to suicide. However, the precise biological abnormality of neurons that produce norepinephrine in the brain in these disorders has not been elucidated. We have studied the biochemistry of the locus coeruleus (LC), the principal source of brain norepinephrine, from suicide victims and form age‐matched, natural or accidental death control subjects. Levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (rate‐limiting enzyme in nor‐epinephrine biosynthesis) and amounts of binding to a2 adrenoceptors (norepinephrine receptors) are elevated in the LC of suicide victims as compared to control subjects. These biological abnormalities in the LC from suicide victims are very similar to biochemical changes observed in the rat LC following repeated exposure to environmental stimuli that activate the LC or to treatment with pharmacological agents that deplete brain norepinephrine. It is hypothesized that persons who commit suicide have experienced chronic activation of the LC, resulting in depletion of synaptic norepinephrine and compensatory changes in concentrations of noradrenergic proteins.
Suicide and Antidepressants
Authors: MONTGOMERY STUART A.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts are an integral part of various depressions. Suicide attempts are common in major depression but even more common in recurrent brief depression, and the rate is further increased when these depressions occur comorbidly. Combined depression, where recurrent brief depression and major depression coexist, is the strongest clinical predictor of suicide attempts in the literature.

There have been very few controlled studies of treatments for depression in high‐risk groups of suicide attempters. Psychotherapy has been found to significantly raise the suicide attempt rate compared with conventional treatment, whereas fluoxetine and mianserin were not different from placebo. The only treatment that has been found to lower the suicide attempt rate in those with a history of previous suicide attempts is low doses of flupenthixol, a neuroleptic licenced for depression in Europe. This drug had a significant advantage compared with placebo in a six‐month study.

There are indications from large studies that maprotiline and amitriptyline might raise the suicide attempt rate, compared with placebo or other antidepressants, independent of their inherent toxicity in overdose. Several analyses of coroners' data show that tricyclic antidepressants are associated with high and unacceptable death rates in overdose compared with SSRIs and other safer antidepressants. Toxic antidepressants should be avoided in those thought to be at particular risk.
Comparison of Kinome Profiles of Barrett's Esophagus with Normal Squamous Esophagus and Normal Gastric Cardia
Authors: van Baal Jantine W.P.M. , Diks Sander H. , Wanders Ronald J.A. , Rygiel Agnieskza M. , Milano Francesca , Joore Jos , Bergman Jacques J.G.H.M. , Peppelenbosch Maikel P. , Krishnadath Kausilia K.
Published: December 2006

The precursor metaplastic mucosal lesion that predisposes for esophageal adenocarcinoma is Barrett's esophagus. Because the signal transduction events that occur in Barrett's esophagus are poorly understood, this study aimed at generating a comprehensive description of cellular kinase activity in Barrett's esophagus, normal squamous esophagus, and gastric cardia to gain more insight into the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus. Peptide arrays, exhibiting 1,176 specific consensus sequences for protein kinases, were used to produce a global analysis of cellular kinase activity in biopsies of Barrett's esophagus, and results were compared with the neighboring cardia and squamous epithelia. Several differences in kinase activity using immunoblot analysis and enzyme activity assays were validated in biopsies of 27 Barrett's esophagus patients. Three unique kinome profiles are described and compared. We identified cascades of activated kinases showing that mitogen-activated protein kinase and epidermal growth factor receptor activity are both significantly altered in Barrett's esophagus compared with squamous and gastric cardia epithelia. Another novel finding is that the glycolysis pathway is significantly up-regulated in Barrett's esophagus, which is illustrated by an up-regulated pyruvate kinase activity. Here, the unique kinome profile of Barrett's esophagus is made available as a comprehensive database. Several signaling pathways are revealed as specifically expressed in Barrett's esophagus when compared with the adjacent normal epithelia. These unique findings provide novel insight in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus that will ultimately help to resolve the increasing problem of Barrett's esophagus and prevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11605-12)
HMGA1 Is a Determinant of Cellular Invasiveness and In vivo Metastatic Potential in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Liau Siong-Seng , Jazag Amarsanaa , Whang Edward E.
Published: December 2006

HMGA1 proteins are architectural transcription factors that are overexpressed in a range of human malignancies, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We hypothesized that HMGA1 expression is a determinant of cellular invasiveness and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Stable silencing of HMGA1 in MiaPaCa2 and PANC1 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells was achieved by transfection of short hairpin RNA–generating vectors. Additionally, stable overexpression of HMGA1 in MiaPaCa2 cells (characterized by low levels of inherent HMGA1 expression) was achieved. HMGA1 silencing resulted in significant reductions in cellular invasiveness through Matrigel; in cellular matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity, mRNA levels, and gene promoter activity; and in Akt phosphorylation at Ser473. Conversely, forced HMGA1 overexpression resulted in significant increases in cellular invasiveness; in cellular MMP-9 activity, mRNA levels, and promoter activity; and in Akt phosphorylation at Ser473. HMGA1 overexpression–induced increases in invasiveness were MMP-9 dependent. The role of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt in mediating HMGA1-dependent invasiveness was elucidated by a specific PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and constitutively active and dominant-negative Akt adenoviral constructs. Akt-dependent modulation of MMP-9 activity contributed significantly to HMGA1 overexpression–induced increases in invasive capacity. Furthermore, HMGA1 silencing resulted in reductions in metastatic potential and tumor growth in vivo and in tumoral MMP-9 activity. Our findings suggest that HMGA1 may be a novel molecular determinant of invasiveness and metastasis, as well as a potential therapeutic target, in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11613-22)
Adrenal Hyperplasia and Adenomas Are Associated with Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase 11A in Carriers of PDE11A Sequence Variants That Are Frequent in the Population
Authors: Horvath Anelia , Giatzakis Christoforos , Robinson-White Audrey , Boikos Sosipatros , Levine Elizabeth , Griffin Kurt , Stein Erica , Kamvissi Virginia , Soni Payal , Bossis Ioannis , de Herder Wouter , Carney J. Aidan , Bertherat Jérôme , Gregersen Peter K. , Remmers Elaine F. , Stratakis Constantine A.
Published: December 2006

Several types of adrenocortical tumors that lead to Cushing syndrome may be caused by aberrant cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling. We recently identified patients with micronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia who were carriers of inactivating mutations in the 2q-located phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A) gene. We now studied the frequency of two missense substitutions, R804H and R867G, in conserved regions of the enzyme in several sets of normal controls, including 745 individuals enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study, the New York Cancer Project. In the latter, we also screened for the presence of the previously identified PDE11A nonsense mutations. R804H and R867G were frequent among patients with adrenocortical tumors; although statistical significance was not reached, these variants affected significantly enzymatic function in vitro with variable increases in cAMP and/or cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate levels in HeLa and HEK293 cells. Adrenocortical tissues carrying the R804H mutation showed 2q allelic losses and higher cyclic nucleotide levels and cAMP-responsive element binding protein phosphorylation. We conclude that missense mutations of the PDE11A gene that affect enzymatic activity in vitro are present in the general population; protein-truncating PDE11A mutations may also contribute to a predisposition to other tumors, in addition to their association with adrenocortical hyperplasia. We speculate that PDE11A genetic defects may be associated with adrenal pathology in a wider than previously suspected clinical spectrum that includes asymptomatic individuals. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11571-5)
Calmodulin-Androgen Receptor (AR) Interaction: Calcium-Dependent, Calpain-Mediated Breakdown of AR in LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Pelley Ronald P. , Chinnakannu Kannagi , Murthy Shalini , Strickland Faith M. , Menon Mani , Dou Q. Ping , Barrack Evelyn R. , Reddy G. Prem-Veer
Published: December 2006

Chemotherapy of prostate cancer targets androgen receptor (AR) by androgen ablation or antiandrogens, but unfortunately, it is not curative. Our attack on prostate cancer envisions the proteolytic elimination of AR, which requires a fuller understanding of AR turnover. We showed previously that calmodulin (CaM) binds to AR with important consequences for AR stability and function. To examine the involvement of Ca2+/CaM in the proteolytic breakdown of AR, we analyzed LNCaP cell extracts that bind to a CaM affinity column for the presence of low molecular weight forms of AR (intact AR size, ∼114 kDa). Using an antibody directed against the NH2-terminal domain (ATD) of AR on Western blots, we identified ∼76-kDa, ∼50-kDa, and 34/31-kDa polypeptides in eluates of CaM affinity columns, suggesting the presence of CaM-binding sites within the 31/34-kDa ATD of AR. Under cell-free conditions in the presence of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, AR underwent Ca2+-dependent degradation. AR degradation was inhibited by N-acetyl-leu-leu-norleu, an inhibitor of thiol proteases, suggesting the involvement of calpain. In intact cells, AR breakdown was accelerated by raising intracellular Ca2+ using calcimycin, and increased AR breakdown was reversed with the cell-permeable Ca2+ chelator bis-(O-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetra-(acetoxymethyl)-ester. In CaM affinity chromatography studies, the Ca2+-dependent protease calpain was bound to and eluted from the CaM-agarose column along with AR. Caspase-3, which plays a role in AR turnover under stress conditions, did not bind to the CaM column and was present in the proenzyme form. Similarly, AR immunoprecipitates prepared from whole-cell extracts of exponentially growing LNCaP cells contained both calpain and calpastatin. Nuclear levels of calpain and calpastatin (its endogenous inhibitor) changed in a reciprocal fashion as synchronized LNCaP cells progressed from G1 to S phase. These reciprocal changes correlated with changes in AR level, which increased in late G1 phase and decreased as S phase progressed. Taken together, these observations suggest potential involvement of AR-bound CaM in calcium-controlled, calpain-mediated breakdown of AR in prostate cancer cells. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11754-62)
Multiple Interacting Oncogenes on the 8p11-p12 Amplicon in Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Yang Zeng Quan , Streicher Katie L. , Ray Michael E. , Abrams Judith , Ethier Stephen P.
Published: December 2006

The 8p11-p12 genomic region is amplified in 15% of breast cancers and harbors several candidate oncogenes. However, functional evidence for a transforming role for these genes is lacking. We identified 21 genes from this region as potential oncogenes based on statistical association between copy number and expression. We further showed that three of these genes (LSM1, BAG4, and C8orf4) induce transformed phenotypes when overexpressed in MCF-10A cells, and overexpression of these genes in combination influences the growth factor independence phenotype and the ability of the cells to grow under anchorage-independent conditions. Thus, LSM1, BAG4, and C8orf4 are breast cancer oncogenes that can work in combination to influence the transformed phenotype in human mammary epithelial cells. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11632-42)
The Global Distribution of Supersaturation in the Upper Troposphere from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder
Authors: Gettelman Andrew , Fetzer Eric J. , Eldering Annmarie , Irion Fredrick W.
Published: December 2006

Satellite data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is analyzed to examine regions of the upper troposphere that are supersaturated: where the relative humidity (RH) is greater than 100%. AIRS data compare well to other in situ and satellite observations of RH and provide daily global coverage up to 200 hPa, though satellite observations of supersaturation are highly uncertain. The climatology of supersaturation is analyzed statistically to understand where supersaturation occurs and how frequently. Supersaturation occurs in humid regions of the upper tropical tropopause near convection 10%–20% of the time at 200 hPa. Supersaturation is very frequent in the extratropical upper troposphere, occurring 20%–40% of the time, and over 50% of the time in storm track regions below the tropopause. The annual cycle of supersaturation is consistent for the ∼2.5 yr of data analyzed. More supersaturation is seen in the Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes, which may be attributed to higher temperature variance.
On the occurrence of metamorphic minerals in calcareous rocks in the Bodmin and Camelford areas, Cornwall
Authors: Barrow G. , Thomas H. H.
Published: December 2006

Cornwall has long been famous for the occurrence of certain minerals, found in the neighbourhood of the great granitic intrusions, that are rare in, or absent from, the aureoles of metamorphism surrounding the granites of many other regions. It is now generally recognized that these minerals have been produced by the action of certain heated gases on the rocks they penetrate along cracks and fissures ; but the exact age of this type of alteration is not so well known. It is often held to be contemporaneous with the thermo-metamorphism produced by the granite, and rocks Containing these minerals are included in the description of the ‘contact rocks’ surrounding the granite.
Supplementary notes on the mineral Kaolinite
Authors: Dick Allan B.
Published: December 2006

In the year 1888 I gave before the Mineralogical Society an account of the forms and optical characters of some minute crystals of kaolinite from Anglesey. At that time I was unable to ascertain whether the mineral was optically positive or negative, and it was stated that the axial angle 2V would approximate to 90°. Subsequently, by the aid of oil-immersion lenses and condensers of high angular aperture (numerical aperture=1.25), it was found that the mineral is optically positive and that the acute bisectrix is normal to the clinopinacoid (the obtuse negative bisectrix emerging through the basal plane). The optic axial angle in air was determined with an eyepiece micrometer to be 2E = 121°, with a possible error of one or two degrees, due to the small size of the crystals and the consequent weak interference-figures.
Detrital Andalusite in Tertiary and Post-tertiary sands
Authors: Thomas H. H.
Published: December 2006

Until quite recently, in spite of its characteristic features, andalusite had not been met with in the younger detrital rocks of Britain ; a few years ago, however, I remarked on its relative abundance in the older Pliocene sands of St. Erth and St. Agnes in the west of Cornwall. Its presence in these deposits, in which it is associated with pink garnet and cyanite, is easily explained by the close proximity of the areas of deposition to the metamorphic aureoles of the west of England granitemasses, in which andalusite of identical character is exceedingly common. It also occurs in fair quantity in the Pliocene sands of Lenham in Kent accompanied by cyanite, and together with cyanite and garnet in the Red and Norwich Crags and the Chillesford Beds in the east of England.
On a group of minerals formed by the combustion of pyritous shales in Midlothian
Authors: Shand S. J.
Published: December 2006

At the Emily coal pit, Arniston, Midlothian, a heap of shaly refuse from the workings became spontaneously ignited some time ago, the cause being presumably the evolution of heat by atmospheric oxidation of iron-pyrites. As a result of the slow combustion of the shale, accompanied as it is by liberation of sulphuric vapours, a number of uncommon mineral-species have been formed and deposited as sublimates in the cooler parts of the heap. The credit of discovering these minerals and recognizing their unusual character belongs to Mr. A. Craig Christie, F.L.S., from whom the specimens in the Royal Scottish Museum were obtained.