bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COLORIMETRY AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF THREE AMAZON WOODS SUBMITTED TO NATURAL WEATHERING
Authors: Kerber Patrick Rogério , Stangerlin Diego Martins , Pariz Elisangela , De Melo Rafael Rodolfo , De Souza Adilson Pacheco , Calegari Leandro
Published: July 2024

COLORIMETRIA E RUGOSIDADE SUPERFICIAL DE TRÊS MADEIRAS AMAZÔNICAS SUBMETIDAS AO INTEMPERISMO NATURAL This study aimed to evaluate the color and surface roughness of the wood of three  Amazonian species  submitted to natural weathering. For this purpose, samples of Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J. F. Macbr., Erisma uncinatum Warm and Parkia pendula (Willd.) Benth. ex Walp., with dimensions of 1 x 2 x 30 cm (thickness, width and length, respectively), were exposed to natural weathering without contact with the soil for 240 days. The colorimetric characterization was performed by means of a colorimeter, and the parameters were L*, a*, b*, C*, h and ∆E. The roughness was determined with the aid of a profilometer of surface roughness, and the parameters Ra, Rz and Rt were evaluated. The wood exposed to natural weathering presented darkened (grayish color) surface, resulting from the reduction of colorimetric parameters L*, a* and b*. The Parkia pendula wood presented the greatest total variation of color in comparison to Apuleia leiocarpa and Erisma uncinatum. The parameters Ra, Rz and Rt showed an increase during the time of exposure of the woods to the natural weathering, in which Erisma uncinatum wood presented the roughest surface in comparison to the other species.Palavras-chave: ensaio de campo, deterioração da madeira, madeira tropical, qualidade da madeira. ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate the color and surface roughness of the wood of three Amazonian species submitted to natural weathering. For this purpose, samples of Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J. F. Macbr., Erisma uncinatum Warm and Parkia pendula (Willd.) Benth. ex Walp., with dimensions of 1 x 2 x 30 cm (thickness, width and length, respectively), were exposed to natural weathering without contact with the soil for 240 days. The colorimetric characterization was performed by means of a colorimeter, and the parameters were L*, a*, b*, C*, h and ∆E. The roughness was determined with the aid of a profilometer of surface roughness, and the parameters Ra, Rz and Rt were evaluated. The wood exposed to natural weathering presented darkened (grayish color) surface, resulting from the reduction of colorimetric parameters L*, a* and b*. The Parkia pendula wood presented the greatest total variation of color in comparison to Apuleia leiocarpa and Erisma uncinatum. The parameters Ra, Rz and Rt showed an increase during the time of exposure of the woods to the natural weathering, in which Erisma uncinatum wood presented the roughest surface in comparison to the other species.Keywords: field trial, deterioration of wood, tropical wood, wood quality.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v04n05a06
CONTROLLED POLLINATION FOR HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF INTERSPECIFIC CAIAUÉ VS DENDÊ
Authors: Cysne Alex Queiroz , Lima Wanderlei Antônio Alves de , Krug Cristiane
Published: July 2024

POLINIZAÇÃO CONTROLADA PARA PRODUÇÃO DE SEMENTES HÍBRIDAS INTERESPECÍFICAS DE CAIAUÉ VS DENDÊ O híbrido interespecífico caiaué vs dendê possui características superiores as quais podem ser exploradas comercialmente. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da quantidade de pólen, repetição de aplicação e períodos climáticos na produção de sementes híbridas entre essas espécies. Foram considerados neste experimento as variáveis período climático (seco e chuvoso), dosagem de pólen (15, 25, 40 e 62,5 mg) e repetibilidade da aplicação de pólen (uma e duas) em esquema fatorial com quatro repetições cada combinação. Observou-se diferença significativa na quantidade de sementes produzidas nos períodos climáticos efeito da quantidade de pólen aplicada e repetição da aplicação. Na estação chuvosa recomenda-se a aplicação de 15 mg de pólen sem repetição e na estação seca 40 mg de pólen com repetição da aplicação. Palavras-chave: Elaeis guineensis, Elaeis oleifera, palmeiras, pólen. ABSTRACTThe interspecific hybrid caiaué vs dendê has superior characteristics that can be exploited commercially. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of the amount of pollen, reapplication and climatic periods in the production of hybrid seeds of these species. The variables considered in this experiment were climatic season (dry and wet), pollen dosage (15, 25, 40 and 62.5 mg) and repeatability of pollen application (one and two repetitions) in a factorial design with four replications of each combination. There was a significant difference in the amount of seed produced in climatic seasons as an effect of the amount of pollen applied and reapplication. In the rainy season, it is recommended the use of 15 mg of pollen without repetition and in the dry season, 40 mg of pollen with repetition.  Keywords: Elaeis guineensis, Elaeis oleifera, palm trees, pollen. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v04n06a11
LOCAÇÃO DE CORREDORES ECOLÓGICOS E ÁREA DE PRESERVAÇÃO PERMANENTE NA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE VIÇOSA
Authors: Almeida Laura Thebit , Monteiro Luane Inês Brito , Silva Felipe Bernardes , Corrêdo Lucas de Paula , Cesconetto Laisi Bellon
Published: July 2024

A Zona da Mata Mineira foi alvo do intenso cultivo de café, contribuindo para redução, e consequente fragmentação, da Mata Atlântica na Região. A Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) possui, em seu Campus sede situado na cidade de Viçosa/MG, fragmentos de vegetação de Mata Atlântica, que são importantes para a manutenção da flora e fauna locais. Sendo assim o presente trabalho teve como objetivo, num primeiro momento, propor adequações para as áreas de vegetação permanente, e, posteriormente, indicar corredores ecológicos interligando os fragmentos de vegetação de modo a garantir o fluxo gênico entre os remanescentes florestais dentro do Campus. Para isso foi utilizada uma imagem Ikonos do ano de 2007 do campus da universidade e por meio dela mapeou-se a hidrografia e também foi feita a classificação do uso do solo adotando como critério a interpretação visual. Em seguida, procedeu-se com a delimitação das áreas de preservação permanente de acordo com os critérios do Novo Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei 12.651/2012). Como resultado, obteve-se a necessidade de se recuperar 54,68 ha de Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) para adequá-la a legislação vigente, assim como a criação de 9,58 ha de corredores ecológicos para a ligação entre os remanescentes florestais.Palavras-chave: área de preservação permanente, uso e ocupação do solo, Mata Atlântica. INDICATING OF ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS AND PERMANENT PRESERVATION AREA IN THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF VIÇOSA ABSTRACTThe Atlantic Forest of Minas Gerais was specially reached by coffee agriculture that caused reduction and fragmentation of the forest. The main campus of Federal University of Viçosa, has Atlantic Forest fragmentation that is very important for flora and fauna conservation. This paper had the objective to propose adequation for permanent vegetation areas and indicate ecological corridors location linking the vegetation fragments to ensure the gene flow of forest species in the university Campus. It was utilized an IKONOS image corresponding to 2007 which was used to map the hydrography and to classify the soil use by visual interpretation. The permanent vegetation areas was delimitating according New Brazilian Forest Code (Law 12.651/2012). As result, is necessary to recover 54,68 ha of permanent conservation areas (APP), for legal regularization, and to create 9,58 ha of ecological corridors to link fragment vegetation.Keywords: permanent preservation area, land use, Atlantic Forest. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v04n06a12
EFEITO DA PRESSÃO E DO TEMPO DE COMPACTAÇÃO NAS PROPRIEDADES DE BRIQUETES DE RESÍDUOS MADEIREIROS DE PARICÁ
Authors: Freitas Adrieli Jéssila , Costa Ana Carolina Silva , Oliveira Aylson Costa , Pereira Bárbara Luísa Corradi , Rocha Maria Fernanda Vieira , Carneiro Angélica de Cássia Oliveira
Published: July 2024

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da pressão e do tempo de compactação nas propriedades de briquetes produzidos com resíduos de madeira laminada de paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum). Os resíduos provenientes da laminação de madeira foram coletados em empresas laminadoras, localizadas na região de Dom Eliseu, no estado do Pará. Os briquetes foram produzidos em uma briquetadeira laboratorial sendo testadas três pressões (1000, 1250, 1500 PSI) e três tempos de compactação (3, 5 e 7 minutos). Foram avaliadas: umidade de equilíbrio higroscópico, taxa de retorno no comprimento, taxa de retorno no diâmetro, carga de ruptura, densidade aparente, densidade energética e poder calorífico útil (PCU). Os resultados mostraram que a pressão e o tempo de compactação influenciaram significativamente as propriedades dos briquetes. A pressão de compactação do processo interferiu na densidade aparente e na densidade energética dos briquetes de forma semelhante, sendo as maiores médias encontradas para a maior pressão aplicada. O tempo de compactação teve menor influência nas propriedades dos briquetes. Concluiu-se que para obter uma maior produtividade, os briquetes de paricá devem ser produzidos com tempo de 3 minutos de compactação e pressão de 1500 PSI, o qual permitirá a geração de briquetes com propriedades adequadas para uso energético.Palavras-chave: densificação, bioenergia, Schizolobium amazonicum. EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND COMPRESSION TIME IN PROPERTIES OF PARICÁ WOOD WASTE BRIQUETTES ABSTRACTThis work aimed to evaluate the influence of pressure and compression time on the properties of briquettes prepared with paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum) veneer wood waste. The wood waste was collected in veneer companies, located in the region of Dom Eliseu, Pará. The briquettes were produced in a laboratory briquetter being tested three pressures (1000, 1250, 1500 PSI) and three times compression (3, 5, 7 minutes). Equilibrium moisture content, rate of return in length and diameter, tensile strength, apparent density, energy density and net calorific value were evaluated. The results indicated that pressure and compression time have influenced the properties of the briquettes. The compaction pressure interferes in the briquette apparent density and energetic density similarly, with higher averages found for the higher pressure. The time of compression had less influence on the properties briquettes. It was concluded that to achieve greater productivity, paricá briquettes must be produced with a time of 3 minutes and compression pressure of 1500 PSI, which will allow the generation of briquettes with properties suitable for energy use.Keywords: densification, bioenergy, Schizolobium amazonicum. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v04n06a06
RESTRICTIONS TO USE OVEN IN DETERMINING WATER CONTENT FOR BRAZIL NUTS
Authors: Carneiro Jeandson da Silva , Nogueira Roberta Martins , Pires Evaldo Martins , Valladão Denia Mendes de Souza
Published: July 2024

RESTRIÇÕES AO USO DA ESTUFA PARA DETERMINAÇÃO DE UMIDADE DE CASTANHA DO BRASILA castanheira-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) é uma planta nativa da região da Amazônia. As nozes são amplamente utilizadas como alimento e nas indústrias de cosméticos. Durante o seu processamento, um dos parâmetros mais importantes para ser determinado é o teor de umidade, o qual é crítico para as etapas de secagem e armazenagem. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a exatidão do método de estufa a 105 °C por 24 h sobre a determinação de umidade para a castanha do Brasil, em comparação com os níveis de umidade determinados por titulação de Karl Fisher. Verificou-se que a aplicação da estufa a 105 °C por 24 h para determinar o teor de umidade da castanha não é eficiente, uma vez que os resultados foram mais elevados do que os obtidos a partir de titulação de Karl Fisher. As amostras submetidas à estufa apresentou alto índice de peróxidos, indicando a sua oxidação e consequente formação de compostos voláteis, que poderia ser a razão para a superestimação do teor de umidade determinado.Palavras-chave: Karl Fischer, óleo, peróxido, qualidade.  ABSTRACTThe Brazil nut plant (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) is native from Amazonia region. The nuts are extensively used as food and in cosmetic industries. During its processing, one of the most important parameters to be determined is its water content, which is critical to drying and storage steps. Thus, the objective on this study was to verify the accuracy of the method of oven at 105 °C to 24 h on water content measurement for Brazil nuts, in comparison to water content levels determined by Karl Fisher titration. It was verified that applying oven at 105 °C to 24 h to determine water content of Brazil nuts is not adequate, once the results were higher than those obtained from Karl Fisher titration. The samples submitted to oven showed high peroxide value, indicating its oxidation and consequent formation of volatile secondary compounds, which could be the reason to overestimation of water content determined.Keywords: Karl Fischer, oil, peroxide, quality. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/2318-7670.v05n01a07
DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE Escallonia bifida Link & Otto EM RELAÇÃO À VARIÁVEIS AMBIENTAIS, EM FRAGMENTO FLORESTAL EM VIAS DE RESTAURAÇÃO NO RS
Authors: Felker Roselene Marostega , Rovedder Ana Paula Moreira , Stefanello Maureen de Moraes , Hummel Rafaela Badinelli , Piaia Bruna Balestrin , Camargo Betina
Published: July 2024

O estudo da dinâmica e distribuição das espécies nativas e sua interação com as variáveis ecológicas são aspectos importantes para a definição de estratégias de restauração e manejo de florestas nativas. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho visa estudar a relação existente entre a distribuição da espécie Escallonia bifida em relação a variáveis ambientais em fragmento de Floresta Estacional Decidual, na região central do RS. Para verificação da densidade e distribuição da espécie Escallonia bifida na área de estudo, foram avaliadas quatro classes de amostragem, incluindo o estrato arbóreo (Classe IV (CAP ≥ 15), amostrados em 16 parcelas de 10 x 10 m² e 64 subparcelas de 5 x 5 m² para a classe III (5.1 ≥ CAP ≤ 14.9 cm). Para a regeneração foram alocadas 64 subparcelas de 5 x 5 m² para a classe II (1 ≤ CAP ≥ 5 cm) e 256 subparcelas de 2 x 2 m² para a classe I (DAS ≥ 1 cm, H ≥ 30 cm). Escalonia bifida apresenta comportamento generalista em termos de condições de solo e demonstrou estar relacionada a áreas de maior luminosidade. Tais características conferem à espécie potencial para utilização em ações de restauração ecológica.Palavras-chave: análise de correspondência canônica, variáveis edáficas, espécie estrategista. DISTRIBUTION OF Escallonia bifida Link & Otto IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLE IN FRAGMENT OF FOREST RESTORATION IN ROADS IN RS ABSTRACTThe study of the dynamics and distribution of native species and their interaction with ecological variables are important aspects for definition of restoration strategies and management of native forests. Thus, this paper aims to study the relation between the distribution of Escallonia bifida in relation to environmental variables in fragment of Deciduous Forest in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. Were evaluated four sampling classes to check the density and distribution of Escallonia bifida in the study area, including arboreous stratum (Class IV ((CBH ≥ 15), sampled in 16 plots of 10 x 10 m² and 64 subplots of 5 x 5 m² for class III (5.1 ≥ CBH ≤ 14.9 cm). Were allocated 64 subplots of 5 x 5 m² for class II (1 ≤ CBH ≥ 5 cm) and 256 subplots of 2 x 2 m² for class I (DGH ≥ 1 cm, H ≥ 30 cm) to evaluated regeneration stratum. Escalonia bifida presents general behavior in terms of soil conditions and proved to be related to higher luminosity areas. These characteristics provide the species potential for use in ecological restoration.Keywords: canonical correspondence analysis, soil variables, strategist species. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/2318-7670.v05n02a09
Comparative analysis of red skin Tilapia and bovine gelatins as halal alternatives in food industry
Authors: Fazial Farah Faiqah , Norfarahin Mohd Rasidi  , Azfar Al Ariff Ahmad
Published: July 2024

Gelatin plays a vital role in the food industry, serving as a thickening agent, emulsifier, wetting agent, and stabiliser. However, conventional sources like mammalian gelatin pose health and societal issues, while poultry gelatin can present risks related to avian flu. Our work was motivated by recent studies focusing on alternative gelatin sources, which prompted further investigation. Our study aimed to extract gelatin from red-skin Tilapia and bovine sources. Both types of gelatin underwent pre-treatment using 0.2 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 0.05 M acetic acid (CH3COOH) at 27ºC, followed by water extraction at 60°C for 3 hours. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed that the extracted gelatins exhibited peaks similar to commercial gelatin. The extracted fish gelatin (EFG) demonstrated superior gel strength compared to commercial fish gelatin (CFG), whereas commercial bovine gelatin (CBG) exhibited superior gel strength than extracted bovine gelatin (EBG). The protein content of EFG and EBG was comparable, but the fat content was significantly higher in EFG. The foaming capacity was also evaluated, with EFG showing greater capacity than EBG. Our work demonstrates excellent potential of alternative gelatin for usage in various applications and creates new opportunities for the food sector, particularly for halal food production.
Reduction of Peak to Average Power Ratio in OFDM System Using Discrete Cosine Transform Technique
Authors: K. Abed Ahmed
Published: July 2024

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a form of multi-carrier modulation technique with high spectral efficiency, robustness to channel fading and immunity to impulse interference. Recently, it is being used for both wireless and wired high data rate communications. Despite of its many advantages, OFDM has a main drawback, namely high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR).High PAPR causes saturation in power amplifiers, and leads to inter-modulation products among the sub carriers and disturbing out of band energy. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the PAPR. In this paper we used Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (IDCT) technique in the transmitter side to reduce PAPR problem. The use of this technique in the output of Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) stage gave good results toward reduction PAPR. The receiver side includes Discrete Cosine Transform to achieve correct detection. Computer simulation tests have been applied on IEEE 802.11a standard as OFDM practical system with the proposed method .The results exhibit the ability of such techniques to reduce the PAPR with no major effect on the system performance as compared with the conventional OFDM technique
Analysis of Solar Powered Air Conditioning Systems for Residential Applications
Authors: Ismael Hasan Mushtaq , D. Salman Mohammed , Adnan Abid Ghassan
Published: July 2024

In this paper the absorption air conditioning system has been analyzed, and the solar energy has been used as a source for heat required to operating the absorption cycle. The influence of most of the parameters which may affect the performance of absorption air conditioning system has been studied under the climatic conditions of Iraq. The main advantage of solar based air conditioning systems is the synchronization between the cooling demand and the availability of solar energy especially in hotregions like Iraq which containshuge potential of solar energy in summer season. The results obtained indicate the ability of using solar energy to reduce the electricity consumption for air conditioning applications. Fora certain space with cooling load 5 Ton (17.5 kW) for climatic conditions (solar radiation intensity 1000 W/m2 and ambient temperature 45oC) the solar collector with area 40 m2 can provide 75% of required heat to produce this cooling load demand and a collector with area53 m2 can provide 100 % of required heat to produce this cooling load demand for the seclimatic conditions.
Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Flat Plate Collector
Authors: Sabri Hameed Raed
Published: July 2024

In this work a flat plate collector was designed and manufactured with dimension of (100cm×160cm×20cm) and analyzed experimentally and theoretically. The designed FPC consist of Nine pipes with (2.223cm in diameter with 140cm long) welded above the plate to act as heat removal fluid passage ways. The flow inside the pipes can takes place by forced convection. However, certain energy absorbed by the plate is lost to atmosphere due to higher temperature of the plate. Effect of plate temperature on efficiency and top loss coefficient studied for different wind velocities and different air temperature. Effect of emissivity of absorber plate on top loss coefficient was estimated.The obtained result showed that the efficiency of FPC increase by 3%with the increase in ambient temperature by8 ̊C, the efficiency decrease with the increase in plate temperature and the top loss coefficient increase when the emissivity of absorber plate increase and when wind velocity increase. The comparison of result showed a good agreement.
Experimental Study of Fluid Flow Through Packed Beds of Glass Sphere Packing
Authors: N. Latif Mohammed , Abd Al-Wahed Wekar , Talib Abidzaid Zainab
Published: July 2024

Fluid flow through packed bed has many important applications in chemical and other process engineering fields such as fixed-catalytic reactor, adsorption of a solute, gas absorption, combustion, drying, filter bed, wastewater treatment and the flow of crude oil in petroleum reservoir.The present work presents the study of air flow through a packed bed of glass sphere packing with 0.42, 0.50, 0.61, 0.79 and 1.01 cm in diameter, and the packed column was 7.62cm in diameter and 57 cm long. Different flow rates of fluid were used which expressed by modified Reynolds number. Many variables were studied in this work such as fluid type (airflow), flow rate and the packing porosity, in order to study the effect of these variables on the friction factor.Anew correlation for friction factor as a function of Reynolds number for air flow through packed of mono size packing has been made.The results showed that the pressure drop through a packed bed is highly sensitive to the packing porosity which has a significant effect on the friction factor. It was found that as the bed porosity increases the friction factor values as well as the pressure drop values decrease.
Durability of Concrete Incorporating Corrosion Inhibitors Exposed to a Salt Solution of CL - +SO 4 -2
Authors: Hayder Majeed Oleiwi
Published: July 2024

Laboratory investigations were performed in order to assess the effectiveness of three types of inhibitors, calcium nitrite, ethanolamine and Sika ferro  gard 901(commercial inhibitor) with 1%, 2% and 3%concentration by weight of cement for each inhibitor to retarding corrosion of steel embedded in concrete. Concrete specimens were used to assess the effects of corrosion inhibitors on the compressive and tensile strength of concrete and corrosion of reinforcement.Some of the specimens were subjected to wetting and drying cycles and reinforcement corrosion was evaluated by measuring corrosion potentials and corrosion current density. Other concrete specimens were immersed in the salt (Cl-+So3-2) solution and reinforcement corrosion was accelerated by impressing an anodic potential of +12 V from a DC power supply and measuring the time-to-cracking of the concrete specimens.The results indicated that the concrete specimens incorporated corrosion inhibitors of calcium nitrite and Sika ferro gard  901 did not adversely affect the compressive and tensile strength of concrete. Furthermore, the time-to-cracking in specimens contains those two inhibitors (calcium nitrite and Sika ferro gard 901) were higher. Two percent of calcium nitrite followed by three percent of Sika ferro gard 901 were efficient in delaying the initiation of reinforcement corrosion and reducing the rate of reinforcement corrosion current density in the concrete specimens, while all the percentages of ethanolamine corrosion inhibitor were ineffective to delay corrosion of the rebar under the conditions of the study and it's adversely affect the strength.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CIRCULAR ALUMINUM COLUMNS ENHANCED
Authors: Fahad Resan Sa'ad
Published: July 2024

In structural engineering, introducing an efficient structural elements with high ratio of strength or ductility to weight is a challenge.This paper is presenting and developing aluminum columns having circular hollow section strengthened with CFRP possess the highest specific (divided -by weight) mechanical properties to be advantageous in lightweight and space limited structures .The structural performance of these columns was investigated experimentally by using different strengthening orient styles and CFRP piling layers. The column specimens were subjected to uniform axial compression. The strength, ductility, axial load-shortening displacement relationships, lateral strains, and failure modes of columns were presented. Designing guideline empirical equations were derived from experimental results, the predicted unfactored strengths are found to be in a good agreement with the experimental values.
Designing of Soft Core Processor System with Direct Memory Access (DMA) Mode
Authors: Rejab Khalil Mazin , Taha Mahmood Rafal
Published: July 2024

A soft core processor system is constructed using embedded design techniques and it is configured on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The system is accommodated to act with Direct Memory Access (DMA) mode using suitable Xilinx Intellectual Property (IP) core. A dual data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory (DDR_SDRAM) with 64 Mbyte capacity is introduced to the system and accessed by the DMA controller.The controller is performed to transfer programmable quantity of data from source address to destination address without intervention of the processor. Spartan-3E slice is used and programmed using Xilinx Platform Studio (XPS)which is provided by Xilinx integrated software environment at (ISE 10.1). The system performance is tested by transferring data from matlab media to the DDR_SDRAM and vice-versa, mat lab 2012a version software is used for this type of data transfer.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF PLATE LOADING TEST BASED ON FIELD WORKS
Authors: Salih Abd-Ali Mohammed
Published: July 2024

In this work, the bearing capacity of soil is evaluated for a substation of residential compound in Amarah city by plate loading test. The study consists of two parts, the first part is the field work which includes soil tests in the field for the locations of two rectangular foundations of transformers with dimensions (for each foundation) of (3.5 m x 2.5 m), called (Point 1 and Point 2).Results showed that the settlements in the locations of points 1 and 2 are within the permitted settlement, and the allowable bearing capacity of soil in these locations is (9.1) T/m2. In the second part of the study, the tested soils by plate loading test are analyzed using nonlinear three dimensional finite element models. ANSYS (11.0) program is used to analyze the three dimensional model. The adopted finite element models are found to give results in an excellent agreement with the field results. For the same applied load, it is found that the ratio of theoretical to field values of settlement is 0.99 for the both points (1) and (2).The effect of size of plate of loading has been carried out to investigate its effect on the predicted finite element results. It is found that the settlement is increased with increasing the size of the loading surface.
STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR FOR DOUBLE EDGE CRACKED FINITE PLATE SUBJECTED TO TENSILE STRESS
Authors: Shekher Jabur Lattif , Rustum Mohsin Najah
Published: July 2024

A finite rectangular plate with double edge crack under uniaxial tension depends on the assumptions of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics LEFM and plane strain problem are studied in the present paper. The effect of crack position, crack oblique and the kinked crack orientation are investigated to predict if a crack starts to grow. These problems are solved by calculating the Stress Intensity Factor SIF for mode I (KI) and II (KII) near the crack tip theoretically using mathematical equations and numerically using finite element software ANSYS R15. A good agreement is observed between the theoretical and numerical solutions. The results show that the KI increases with increasing the relative crack length and tensile stress and these values are increased when the crack position draws near the plate edge while in case of parallel cracks the mutual shielding effect reduces KI in each crack.In mixed mode, it is shown that the maximum values of KI and KII occur at crack angle β=0o and 45o, respectively and the orientation of the kinked crack have significant effects on the KI and KII.
Artificial Aging Time Effect on Fatigue stress for Friction Stir Welded AA6061T6
Authors: Ahmad Jasim Mohammad
Published: July 2024

This work involves studying the effect of heat treatment on the fatigue stress of friction stir welded joint of 6061T6 aluminum alloy. The microstructure,micro hardness , tensile and fatigue test of the welds and base alloy were examined before and after heat treatment which includes solution heat treatment at 500ºC and artificial aging at 190ºC for 2, 4, and 8 hrs.The friction stir welding was carried out by using CNC milling machine at constant tool rotational speed of (1000 rpm) and welding speed of (20mm/min),the fatigue test is investigated for all specimens to obtain the S-N curve. The results show that the heat treatment decreased fatigue strength for all elements comparing with base metal, while ageing at 2 hrs gives the best fatigue strength due to participated phases.
Localization and Normalization of Isolated Direct Contour Lines Based On Masks and Form-Factor
Authors: Oday J. Al-Furaiji  , Aksana G. Shauchuk  , Viktar Yu. Tsviatkou
Published: July 2024

The method for localization of isolated direct contour lines based on form-factor is proposed in this paper. The essence of this method consists in comparison to unit of value of form-factor –the relations of the size of the contour line (distance between end points) to its length (number of the forming contour pixels). It is found that the proposed method provides a gain in speed of allocating direct contour lines in 4 times in comparison with the method of LSD (Line Segment Detector) and in 14.8 times in comparison with the method based on the Hough transform.The effective method of normalization of the contour line on thickness on the basis of the analysis of orientation of the connected pixels is proposed in this paper. This method is specially developed for deleting excess pixels of a dedicated line.Also developed algorithm of normalization of contour lines on thickness promotes the best calculation of a form-factor.
STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR FOR DOUBLE EDGE CRACKED FINITE PLATE SUBJECTED TO TENSILE STRESS
Authors: Shekher Jabur Lattif , Rustum Mohsin Najah
Published: July 2024

A finite rectangular plate with double edge crack under uniaxial tension depends on the assumptions of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics LEFM and plane strain problem are studied in the present paper. The effect of crack position, crack oblique and the kinked crack orientation are investigated to predict if a crack starts to grow. These problems are solved by calculating the Stress Intensity Factor SIF for mode I (KI) and II (KII) near the crack tip theoretically using mathematical equations and numerically using finite element software ANSYS R15.A good agreement is observed between the theoretical and numerical solutions. The results show that the KI increases with increasing the relative crack length and tensile stress and these values are increased when the crack position draws near the plate edge while in case of parallel cracks the mutual shielding effect reduces KI in each crack.In mixed mode, it is shown that the maximum values of KI and KII occur at crack angle β=0o and 45o, respectively and the orientation of the kinked crack have significant effects on the KI and KII.
Design an Intelligent Traffic Light Controller
Authors: Kareem Abdulrazzaq Ali
Published: July 2024

The aim of this research is to design an intelligent traffic light control system using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology. And Very High Speed Hardware Description Language(VHDL). A structure of four road intersection (Al-Raiyah intersection) has been selected as reference site,which is located in Al-Nasiriyah city, Iraq. This intersection interconnects Bent-Al-Huda hospital, civil defense directory, the international high-way, the police office directory, and the railway station. In addition to utilizing a regular Traffic Light Controller (TLC), multiple level of functionality such as adding a standby control signal have been considered in this design. Moreover, the motion sensor handling part, special request implementation, and loaded traffic design have been taken into consideration. Its function was verified and simulated using ModelSim.
MGF Approach Based Analysis Of Energy Detection In  K -M Shadowed Fading Channels And Diversity Receivers
Authors: Al-Hmood Hussien
Published: July 2024

In this paper, the performance of Energy Detection (ED) over  K-M  shadowed fading channel is investigated using the Moment Generating Function (MGF) of the received Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). The   K-M shadowed is a generic composite fading channel of  K- M   fading and which represents the impact of multipath in line-of sight (LoS) communication scenario and Nakagami - m  distribution. The study is then extended to include Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Square Law Combining (SLC), and Square Law Selection (SLS) diversity receivers. The simulation and numerical results for the Complementary Receiver Operating Characteristics (CROC) and average Area under the CROC (CAUC) curves are given for different scenarios and compared with some previous works. These results show an improvement in the overall detection capability of ED is noticed when the diversity receptions are employed. In contrast to previous works which are limited by the values of the fading parameters, the proposed approach is not restricted by any condition.
Effect Of Cutting Parameters On Surface Roughness And Cutting Tool Temperature In Turning AISI 1045 Steel
Authors: M. Mohammad Haider , Hameed Ibrahim Roaa
Published: July 2024

This work aims to study the effect of cutting speed and feed rate on surface roughness and tool temperature by prediction mathematical models from the experimental data using LAB-Fit Data software. The mathematical models have been used to study the behavior of both surface roughness which is considered an indicator of workpiece quality and tool temperature that is related to tool wear and surface roughness. The experiments were conducted on AISI 1045 carbon steel that has wide range of applications by using CNC turning machine under dry cutting condition. The results shows that surface roughness decreases with increasing cutting speed while it increases with increasing feed rate, also it has been noticed that the temperature of cutting tool increases with increasing both cutting speed and feed rate.
Proper Supply Air Distribution Inside A Ship Cabin For A Best Ventilation Efficiency In Basrah City
Authors: A. Etaiwi Husain , A.Monem Ali , A. Khazal Emad
Published: July 2024

This paper focuses on the thermal comfort inside a selected Iraqi ship’s (GOUGE) cabin space whom working in the Umqaser port. Because of limited space and low ceiling height of these cabins, a low mixing ratio between the supplied conditioned air and the indoor air is expected. This lack of homogeneity of the air mixture causes many health problems for the crew and reduces their effectiveness. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used within the program (ANSYS 15) for the purpose of analysis and solving the equations of mass, momentum and energy and to compare the numerical results obtained from the program with the experimental results for distribution the temperature, velocity and relative humidity of the air conditioned inside Iraqi ship’s cabin, where the results showed good matching.A full scale test cabin has been designing and building as a simulator cabin with the same specifications of the real cabin to validate the measurements which carried out on this test cabin with the experimentaland numerical results on the real cabin. In this study different supply diffusers are tested, such as square and circular ceiling diffusers, side wall register and slot diffuser. It was found that the ceiling square diffuser is the proper diffuser for thecabin. This study focuses on the air changing per hour, also on the air diffusion inside the cabin, taking into consideration the climatic basrah where the temperature and high humidity.
Optimum Design Of Silo Structures
Authors: C. Ghaleb Alaa , A . Abdali Tahseen
Published: July 2024

This paper deals with the problem of optimal design of reinforced concrete silos using genetic algorithms and minimizing the maximum objective method. The study provides two types of concrete silos circular and rectangular. Janssen theory method is used to analyze the structure design of silos. The cost function represents the cost of concrete, steel, and form work for the silos. The design variables are taken such as diameter, long wall, short wall, height of cylinder and box for circular & rectangular silo respectively with free board,depth of the hopper, thickness of the wall, dimensions of ring beam, thickness of slab, angles of incline of the hopper and the amounts of reinforcement for silos. The formulation of the problem is according to ACI (313-97) code and is carried out by using a toolbox of MATLAB program. The change of design capacity related to total cost approximately linearly. The effect of the change of the concrete grade, unit price of steel and concrete, and finally the unit cost of form work leads to increasing the total cost, while changing the steel grade leads to decreasing the total cost of both types of silo.
A Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Increasing Blade Numbers on Cavitation and Performance of Centrifugal Pumps at Constant Parameters
Authors: Kareem Sakran Hayder
Published: July 2024

In the present paper, a numerical study has been investigated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze pressure, head, head coefficient, pressure coefficient, input power, and volume fraction  of cavitation  at  three  cases  of simulation  in  which  each  one  has  constant parameters; however, with modifying number of blades which is changed from five to sixteen. The constant parameters are rotating speed, volume flow rate, mass flow rate, outlet diameter, suction specific speed Nss, Reynolds number and NPSHr. These parameters have been fixed to have the same conditions for each case. The shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model has been used to inspect a steady state incompressible flow through centrifugal pump numerically. The simulation has done by using ANSYS®, Vista CPDTM Release 15.0. The results are plotted and discussed to describe and find a relation among cavitation, pump behavior, and variation of blade numbers at constant conditions. The results show a strong relation among increasing blade numbers, centrifugal pump performance and reducing pump cavitation.
Design FIR Band Pass Filter With Centered At 50 Hz For Medical Application
Authors: Jalil Aklo Nabil
Published: July 2024

Digital signal processing techniques used widely to cancel undesired parts of the signals, like that interference with other frequency range. Electromagnetic signals can be interference with human body signals such as Electrocardio signal Electroencephalogram and Electromyography. These interferences can be affect on the diagnosis signal during the examination and when these happen with different frequencies,such as (EMG) noise, devices that have high vibration which give fault data or effect the final result. Filtering of signals interference is very useful in the diagnosis of biomedical cases, as instant as the ECG signal that represent weak signal. This work treat problems of all kinds of interference with ECG signal and reduce it based on the development of digital Finite Impulse Response (FIR)filter for ECG signal which has the frequency between (5Hz to 100 Hz)using fdtool by MATLAB instead of classical filters that often unaccurate. It is hard to get pure signal from human body without any interferences specially with that range of frequencies. In this paper the ECG signal has been presented from human body with its frequency spectrums before filtering then filtered from unwanted frequencies and show the elimination of the disturbance interference from this signal
Cu Nanostructures for Enhanced Heat Transferin Micro Systems
Authors: J. Khudhayer Wisam
Published: July 2024

Vertically aligned copper (Cu) nanorod arrays fabricated by glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique was used to study the heat transfer by natural convection in micro systems. These nanorods were deposited on Cu thin film surface, which was coated on Si (100) wafer substrates. For comparison, planar Cu thin film samples were also produced by normal incidence deposition. This study focuses on investigating experimentally the heat transfer by natural convection from the sample(nanostructured plate) to the surrounding air. Newton's law of cooling has been utilized to calculate the free-convection heat transfer coefficient for Cu nanorods as well as Cu thin film. Compered to Cu thin film samples, it has been found that the heat transfer coefficient values of Cu nanorods are higher due to the enhanced heat transfer-surface area, which causes a significant reduction in thermal resistance. These nanostructured surfaces offer an effective method of device cooling such as for small electronic devices, micro-reactors and air conditioning.
Studying the performance of evaporative cooler using pre-cooling water system
Authors: Kadhim Japer Oday , H. Hammadi Salman
Published: July 2024

The big increase of the ambient temperature during the summer season leads to increase of energy consumption for air conditioning which in turn increases peak electrical study load. In this work, theoretical and experimental study are performed for hybrid system combined of evaporative air cooler and refrigeration unit. The experimental rig is build and tested during the summer months. The theoretical model is performed based on heat and mass transfer for the hybrid system. The effect of may parameters are studied such as, water temperature, water and air mass flowrates and wetted pad thickness. The results show that the pre-cooling water temperature improves effectiveness by about (5-10%). The results of the present work are compared with results of other works and show a good agreement.
Effect the Dissociation of H2O and CO2 on Adiabatic Flame Temperature
Authors: Ali Jabbar Tahseen
Published: July 2024

In this study a theoretical model was accredited to show the effect of dissociation phenomenon on adiabatic flame temperature. CH4, C2H6, C3H8 and C4H10 as gases fuel, global reaction and a thermodynamics analysis were dependent in this model to analysis a combustion to evaluated adiabatic flame temperature. Four cases are studied no dissociation, only H2O dissociation, only CO2 dissociation and both H2O and CO2 dissociation together. The results show that with dissociation adiabatic flame temperature will be decreased and the bigger effect on adiabatic flame temperature when only CO2 dissociation. Also the effect range of equivalence ratio on dissociation phenomenon was from 0.9 to 1.1
Using GIS Application to Control the Recording of Traffic Accidents in the Large AL-Najaf City
Authors: Yaha Abd Abas Ahmed , Athab Al-Jameel Hamid
Published: July 2024

Recently, the number of accidents in Iraq increases sharply after 2003 as the number of vehicles increases rapidly. The absence of adequate documentation system leads to unclear picture of the cause of these accidents. Therefore, this study tries to put the first step toward recoding the accurate details of the accidents. The GIS technique has been adopted as a knowledge base for the accidents recording along different types of roads within Al-Najaf city as study case. Reference points have been suggested on roads using electrical columns which already were installed along these roads. To link these referencing points together with GIS, there is a need for new accident form. This form will includes, in addition to the types of accidents, the causes of accidents and the name of roads, the referencing point which is close to the accident location. This system has been built according to field data collecting from miscellaneous resources. The developed model is able to indicate the black spot location (i.e. the location with high frequency of accidents) by change the color of points or segments relating to black spot.  The developed system now is ready to be used by the authority of traffic.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CK35 Steel by Using Nano Fluid (Water/TiO2) and Oil (SAE 10W40/TiO2) as Quenching Media
Authors: L. Jaber Hasenen
Published: July 2024

Four different quenching media (water, oil(SAE 10W40), Water/TiO2 nanofluid and oil(SAE 10W40/TiO2) nanofluid were used to compare the influence of quenching media on the mechanical properties and microstructure of CK35 steel. The results have proved that the microstructure for nanofluid (water base) quenching and tempering sample is the combination of tempered martensite and retained austenite with best mechanical properties and for water quenching and tempering specimen is mostly tempered martensite. While for Nanofluid (oil base) quenching and tempering specimen the microstructure is the heterogeneous mixture of ferrite and perlite with formation of Fe3C during the quenching, while for oil quenching and tempering specimen is an equi-axed arrangement of ferrite grains with grainy spheroidized spots of cementite at the ferrite grains and along the grain boundaries.
Theoretical Analysis of Axial Behavior of Circular Column Confined with Polymer Material
Authors: K. Hussain Haleem
Published: July 2024

The collapse of the bridge are due to inadequate seismic performance of bridge pier (or pile) and columns, which provided with poor ductility and energy dissipation. Deep study of strengthening structural element concern elasto –plastic behavior of concrete would be important to increase the capacity of structures elements. Considering the rapid development of economic construction and the Traffic volume through different regions has been escalating, there is a substantial contribution has been developed in traffic construction and structures. This research focus on new strengthening method to provide effective confinement to the concrete core and obtain elastic deformation of the circular columns. The finite element software ABAQUS used for the nonlinear numerical analysis of the concrete column strengthening with polyurethane cement composite mix. Results shows that the use of new technique for strengthening has greatly improved the ultimate capacity of column. The thickness of strengthening material is the main parameters in this study and govern by the behavior of polyurethane-cement material. The improvement ratio in loading capacity with confinement thickness 40 mm and density of confinement material 1600 Kg/m3 is 277% compared with non-strengthening model.