bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Venous Thrombosis after Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery: Pacemaker Leads as a Possible Cause
Authors: Delos Demetris , Rodeo Scott A.
Published: August 2011

Deep venous thrombosis is extremely rare after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. In this report, we describe one such case in a patient with a history of cardiac pacemaker placement. He presented with complaints of pain and swelling in the operated extremity several days after rotator cuff surgery and underwent ultrasound evaluation that confirmed thrombosis of the axillary vein with extension into the brachial and basilic veins, down to the level of the elbow. He was treated with Coumadin, as well as enoxaparin (Lovenox) at therapeutic dosages until INR levels were in the therapeutic range. Follow-up ultrasound at 6 months demonstrated successful recanalization of the affected vessels and no further complications were noted. This is the first report we are aware of that documents axillary vein thrombosis in the setting of arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Though the patient had several risk factors for hypercoagulability, including diabetes and hypertension, we suggest that his cardiac pacemaker leads may have contributed to a thrombogenic environment and cite medical literature that reports an association with thrombosis in the axillary and subclavian veins with pacemakers and defibrillators.
Imaging Findings of Ecthyma Gangrenosum, an Unusual Complication of Pseudomonas Sepsis
Authors: Kim Jane S. , Ricafort Rosanna , Garfein Evan S. , Levin Terry L.
Published: August 2011

A child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and pseudomonas sepsis rapidly developed left foot pain and swelling. A diagnosis of ecthyma gangrenosum was made. The clinical and imaging features of this unusual entity are discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the MR imaging findings of ecthyma gangrenosum.
Prader–Willi syndrome and autism spectrum disorders: an evolving story
Authors: Dykens Elisabeth M. , Lee Evon , Roof Elizabeth
Published: August 2011

Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is well-known for its genetic and phenotypic complexities. Caused by a lack of paternally derived imprinted material on chromosome 15q11–q13, individuals with PWS have mild to moderate intellectual disabilities, repetitive and compulsive behaviors, skin picking, tantrums, irritability, hyperphagia, and increased risks of obesity. Many individuals also have co-occurring autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), psychosis, and mood disorders. Although the PWS 15q11–q13 region confers risks for autism, relatively few studies have assessed autism symptoms in PWS or directly compared social, behavioral, and cognitive functioning across groups with autism or PWS. This article identifies areas of phenotypic overlap and difference between PWS and ASD in core autism symptoms and in such comorbidities as psychiatric disorders, and dysregulated sleep and eating. Though future studies are needed, PWS provides a promising alternative lens into specific symptoms and comorbidities of autism.
Cleanability Improvement of Cotton Fabrics Through Their Topographical Changes Due to the Conditioning with Cellulase Enzyme
Authors: Calvimontes A. , Lant N. J. , Dutschk V.
Published: August 2011

In this study, topographical changes of woven cotton fabrics conditioned with a cellulase enzyme during several wash–dry cycles are systematically studied. A recent study of cellulase enzyme effect on cellulose films has proven that this substance selectively attacks amorphous regions of cellulose, consisting of small hills in a matrix of flat crystalline regions. In another study, topographical changes caused by cotton treatment with cellulase by conditioning while washing were analysed on three different length scales in order to interpret their cooperation on water and oil absorption mechanisms and, hence, on the cleanability of cotton fabrics stained with liquid–solid, liquid and solid soils. In the present study, we emphasise the micro‐topographical changes resulting from several wash–dry cycles by the application of mathematical methods to quantify the changes of yarn micro‐surfaces. As a result, we present a conceptual model that describes how the topographical effect of washing and conditioning by cellulase enzyme improves the cleanability of woven plain cotton fabrics.
Caméras sur le terrain. Enquêter pendant un tournage
Authors: Pasquali Paul
Published: August 2011

L’article analyse les effets de la cohabitation sur un même terrain, d’un sociologue, enquêtant sur les élèves d’une classe préparatoire pour des bacheliers d’origine modeste, et d’une équipe de tournage réalisant un documentaire à leur sujet. Analysant la réception différenciée du tournage parmi les élèves et ses effets sur la conduite de l’enquête, l’article revient sur la collaboration entre le sociologue et les réalisateurs. Il montre comment cette expérience, malgré les difficultés qu’elle suscite, peut aussi s’avérer heuristique.
La déontologie ethnographique à répreuve du documentaire
Authors: Weber Florence
Published: August 2011

Les procès intentés au réalisateur par les personnes filmées dans le documentaire Être et avoir révèlent par comparaison la complexité du droit des enquêtés dans l’enquête ethnographique: droit à l’image, droit du travail, droit d’auteur? L’anonymat ne règle pas la question du rôle des enquêtés. Essentiel pendant l’enquête, minimal pendant l’analyse, il reste impensé lors de la publication. La nécessaire confidentialité des données nominatives ne devrait pas occulter la question de la participation des enquêtés à l‘œuvre publiée.
L'économie de la création. Le financement du film documentaire
Authors: Pinto Aurélie
Published: August 2011

L’étude du financement des films documentaires par ses deux sources principales (chaînes de télévision et cinéma) permet de mettre au jour les conditions de possibilité de l’autonomie des auteurs/réalisateurs. Elle révèle une opposition entre deux« modèles»: une logique de « flux » dans le circuit audiovisuel (la télévision), et une logique de la « rareté » dans le circuit cinématographique, que viennent compléter de nouvelles formes de soutien financier.
On a model in radiation hydrodynamics
Authors: Ducomet Bernard , Feireisl Eduard , Nečasová Šárka
Published: August 2011

We consider a simplified model arising in radiation hydrodynamics based on the Navier–Stokes–Fourier system describing the macroscopic fluid motion, and a transport equation modeling the propagation of radiative intensity. We establish global-in-time existence for the associated initial–boundary value problem in the framework of weak solutions.
Osteoporosis Canada 2010 Guidelines for the Assessment of Fracture Risk
Authors:   Scientific Advisory Council of Osteoporosis Canada, Lentle Brian , Cheung Angela M. , Hanley David A. , Leslie William D. , Lyons David , Papaioannou Alexandra , Atkinson Stephanie , Brown Jacques P. , Feldman Sidney , Hodsman Anthony B. , Jamal Abida Sophina , Josse Robert G. , Kaiser Stephanie M. , Kvern Brent , Morin Suzanne , Siminoski Kerry
Published: August 2011

Osteoporosis Canada's 2010 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis in Canada focus on the clinical impact of fragility fractures, and on the assessment and management of women and men at high risk for fragility fracture. These guidelines now integrate a 10-year absolute fracture risk prediction into an overall management approach by using validated risk assessment tools. There currently is a large gap between optimal practices and those that are now being provided to Canadians with osteoporosis. These guidelines are part of a concerted effort to close this gap. Key changes from the 2002 guidelines of interest and relevance to radiologists are highlighted in this report.
Nerve growth factor‐mediated neuronal plasticity in spinal cord contributes to neonatal maternal separation‐induced visceral hypersensitivity in rats
Authors: Tsang S.W. , Zhao M. , Wu J. , Sung J.J.Y. , Bian Z.‐X.
Published: August 2011

Visceral hyperalgesia is a multifactorial gastrointestinal disorder which featured with alterations of abdominal motility and/or gut sensitivity, and is believed to be triggered by environmental stressor or psychological factors. However, its etiology remains incompletely understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether nerve growth factor (NGF)‐mediated neuronal plasticity is involved in neonatal maternal separation (NMS)‐induced visceral hypersensitivity in adult rats, and whether NGF antagonist can attenuate or block such development. In our experiments, animals subjected to NMS were developed with visceral hyperalgesia at age of 8 weeks. The threshold for visceral pain among these NMS rats was remarkably lowered than that of the normal handling (NH) rats; however, the expression levels of NGF, c‐fos, calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), Substance P, and tyrosine kinases A (TrkA) were notably elevated in lumbosacral spinal cord and/or dorsal root ganglion (DRG) when comparing to those of the NH rats. Further, as intra‐peritoneal administration of NGF (10 μl at 1 μg/kg/day) was given to NH rats during neonatal period, effects that comparable to NMS induction were observed in the adulthood. In contrast, when NMS rats were treated with NGF antagonist K252a (10 μl/day from postnatal days 2–14), which acts against tyrosine kinases, the neonatal stress‐induced down‐shifted visceral pain threshold was restored and neuronal activation, specifically NGF and neuropeptide production, was attenuated. In conclusion, our data strongly suggest that NGF triggers neuronal plasticity and plays a crucial role in NMS‐induced visceral hypersensitivity in which NGF antagonism provides positive inhibition via blocking the tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkA.
Occurrence of Occult Bacteriuria in Healthy Cats
Authors: Eggertsdóttir Anna V , Sævik Bente K , Halvorsen Ingvild , Sørum Henning
Published: August 2011

Knowledge of the occurrence of bacteriuria in adult, healthy cats is scarce in the scientific literature. A study was designed to investigate the occurrence of bacteriuria in healthy cats without current or previous signs of lower urinary tract disease. The study included 108 cats, 53 males (49.5%) and 55 females (50.5%). The cats ranged in age between 7 months and 18 years, with a mean age of 4.4 years and a median age of 4.0 years. Urine was obtained by cystocentesis from all the cats, and was submitted for bacteriological analyses. Urine and urine sediment was cultured on separate blood agar plates for quantification and species identification by standard procedures. Detection of ≤103 colony forming units (cfu) per ml urine was defined as significant bacteriuria. Significant bacteriuria exceeding 105 cfu/ml was detected in one sample with a combination of Enterococcus species and Staphylococcus species. There was no bacterial growth in the urine samples from 107 cats (99.1%). Results from our study indicate that the prevalence of bacteriuria in clinically healthy, adult cats is low. Also, that contamination of samples is rare when urine is collected by cystocentesis.
Measuring Care and Comfort in Children With Cerebral Palsy: The Care and Comfort Caregiver Questionnaire
Authors: Hwang Miriam , Kuroda Maxine M. , Tann Beverley , Gaebler‐Spira Deborah J.
Published: August 2011

Objective

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Care and Comfort Caregiver Questionnaire (CareQ), which was developed to measure the perceived effort of caregivers in providing care for children with moderate to severe cerebral palsy (CP).

Design

Cross‐sectional data collection from a representative sample of a large racially/ethnically diverse geographic region.

Setting

Outpatient CP clinics at a metropolitan rehabilitation institution.

Participants

A total of 100 primary caregivers of children with CP whose Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels were III‐V.

Methods

The CareQ was administered to primary caregivers of children with CP. Internal consistency of the CareQ and its 3 domains (Personal Care, Positioning/Transfers, and Comfort) were evaluated with the Cronbach α. Construct validity of the CareQ was evaluated by its correlation with the Pediatric Functional Independence Measure (WeeFIM). Associations between CareQ scores and child and caregiver characteristics were assessed.

Results

Mean CareQ scores for children with GMFCS levels III, IV, and V were 30.6, 42.8, and 45.1, respectively (P < .01). The Cronbach α was 0.90 for total CareQ and 0.93, 0.80, and 0.82 for its Personal Care, Positioning/Transfers, and Comfort domains, respectively. Total CareQ and WeeFIM scores were negatively correlated (r = −.22; P = .03). Total CareQ scores were positively correlated with the child's age (r = .38; P < .01) and with body weight (r =.37; P < .01); however, no caregiver characteristics were associated with CareQ scores.

Conclusions

The CareQ is a concise and internally consistent measure of difficulty of care as perceived by caregivers of children whose GMFCS levels were III‐V. Further investigation should include assessment of responsiveness of the CareQ to changes in the child's functional status over time and/or with rehabilitation interventions.
Sharing sovereignty for policy outcomes
Authors: Mikler John
Published: August 2011

After the hyperglobalists declared the demise of the nation state in the early 1990s, more sober and qualified analysis soon followed by authors defending its continued relevance. They stressed that states remain central actors in international politics even if they must share their sovereignty with non-state actors. Much of the debate dominating the globalisation literature now revolves around the extent to which states and non-state actors share authority, and how they do this, rather than whether one possesses it and the other does not. Rather than saying that regulation is now driven by non-state actors, that authority for policy-making has moved from the public to the private sector, or that regardless of states’ regulatory preferences the market is in charge, the contributions in this issue explore some of the many ways in which state and market actors share authority for policy outcomes.
Dissimilar control of momentum and heat transfer in a fully developed turbulent channel flow
Authors: Hasegawa Y. , Kasagi N.
Published: August 2011

A wide range of applicability of the Reynolds analogy between turbulent momentum and heat transport implies inherent difficulty in diminishing or enhancing skin friction and heat transfer independently. In the present study, we introduce suboptimal control theory for achieving a dissimilar control of enhancing heat transfer, while keeping the skin friction not increased considerably in a fully developed channel flow. The Fréchet differentials clearly show that the responses of velocity and temperature fields to wall blowing/suction are quite different, due to the fact that the velocity is a divergence-free vector field while the temperature is a conservative scalar field. This essential difference allows us to achieve dissimilar control even in flows where the averaged momentum and energy transport equations have an identical form. It is also found that the resultant optimized mode of control input exhibits a streamwise travelling-wave-like property. By exploring the phase relationship between the travelling-wave-like control input and the velocity and thermal fields, we reveal that such control input contributes to dissimilar heat transfer enhancement via two different mechanisms, i.e. direct modification of the coherent components of the Reynolds shear stress and the turbulent heat flux, and indirect effects on the incoherent components, through modification of the mean velocity and temperature profiles. Based on these results, a simple open-loop strategy for dissimilar control is proposed and assessed.
Linear and nonlinear stability of floating viscous sheets
Authors: Pfingstag G. , Audoly B. , Boudaoud A.
Published: August 2011

We study the stability of a thin, Newtonian viscous sheet floating on a bath of denser fluid. We first derive a general set of equations governing the evolution of a nearly flat sheet, accounting for geometrical nonlinearities associated with moderate rotations. We extend two classical models by considering arbitrary external body and surface forces; these two models follow from different scaling assumptions, and are derived in a unified way. The equations capture two modes of deformation, namely viscous bending and stretching, and describe the evolution of thickness, mid-surface and in-plane velocity as functions of two-dimensional coordinates. These general equations are applied to a floating viscous sheet, considering gravity, buoyancy and surface tension. We investigate the stability of the flat configuration when subjected to arbitrary in-plane strain. Two unstable modes can be found in the presence of compression. The first one combines undulations of the centre-surface and modulations of the thickness, with a wavevector perpendicular to the direction of maximum applied compression. The second one is a buckling mode; it is purely undulatory and has a wavevector along the direction of maximum compression. A nonlinear analysis yields the long-time evolution of the undulatory mode.
Stretching of viscous threads at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: Wylie Jonathan J. , Huang Huaxiong , Miura Robert M.
Published: August 2011

We investigate the classical problem of the extension of an axisymmetric viscous thread by a fixed applied force with small initial inertia and small initial surface tension forces. We show that inertia is fundamental in controlling the dynamics of the stretching process. Under a long-wavelength approximation, we derive leading-order asymptotic expressions for the solution of the full initial-boundary value problem for arbitrary initial shape. If inertia is completely neglected, the total extension of the thread tends to infinity as the time of pinching is approached. On the other hand, the solution exhibits pinching with finite extension for any non-zero Reynolds number. The solution also has the property that inertia eventually must become important, and pinching must occur at the pulled end. In particular, pinching cannot occur in the interior as can happen when inertia is neglected. Moreover, we derive an asymptotic expression for the extension.
Linear stability analysis of capillary instabilities for concentric cylindrical shells
Authors: Liang X. , Deng D. S. , Nave J.-C. , Johnson Steven G.
Published: August 2011

Motivated by complex multi-fluid geometries currently being explored in fibre-device manufacturing, we study capillary instabilities in concentric cylindrical flows of $N$ fluids with arbitrary viscosities, thicknesses, densities, and surface tensions in both the Stokes regime and for the full Navier–Stokes problem. Generalizing previous work by Tomotika ($N= 2$), Stone & Brenner ($N= 3$, equal viscosities) and others, we present a full linear stability analysis of the growth modes and rates, reducing the system to a linear generalized eigenproblem in the Stokes case. Furthermore, we demonstrate by Plateau-style geometrical arguments that only axisymmetric instabilities need be considered. We show that the $N= 3$ case is already sufficient to obtain several interesting phenomena: limiting cases of thin shells or low shell viscosity that reduce to $N= 2$ problems, and a system with competing breakup processes at very different length scales. The latter is demonstrated with full three-dimensional Stokes-flow simulations. Many $N\gt 3$ cases remain to be explored, and as a first step we discuss two illustrative $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow} \infty $ cases, an alternating-layer structure and a geometry with a continuously varying viscosity.
On the coherent structures and stability properties of a leading-edge separated aerofoil with turbulent recirculation
Authors: Kitsios V. , Cordier L. , Bonnet J.-P. , Ooi A. , Soria J.
Published: August 2011

The present study is motivated by a need to produce stability modes to assist in the understanding and control of unsteady separated flows. The flow configuration is a NACA 0015 aerofoil with laminar leading-edge separation and turbulent recirculation. In previous water tunnel experiments, this flow configuration was measured in an unperturbed (uncontrolled) separated state, and a harmonically perturbed (controlled) reattached state. This study presents numerical data of the unperturbed case, and recovers stability modes to describe the evolution of perturbations in this environment. The unperturbed flow is numerically generated using large eddy simulation. Its temporal properties are quantified via a Fourier analysis of the velocity time history at selected points in space. The leading-edge shear layer instability is characterized by instantaneous vortex structures, and the bluff body shedding is illustrated by proper orthogonal decomposition modes. Statistical measures of the velocity field agree well with the water tunnel measurements. Finally a stability analysis is undertaken using a triple decomposition to distinguish between the time averaged field, the unsteady scales of motion, and a coherent wave (perturbation). This analysis identifies that perturbations in the region immediately downstream of the separated shear layer have the highest spatial growth rates. The associated frequency is of the order of the sub-harmonic of the shear layer instability.
Multiple helical modes of vortex breakdown
Authors: Sørensen J. N. , Naumov I. V. , Okulov V. L.
Published: August 2011

Experimental observations of vortex breakdown in a rotating lid-driven cavity are presented. The results show that vortex breakdown for cavities with high aspect ratios is associated with the appearance of stable helical vortex multiplets. By using results from stability theory generalizing Kelvin’s problem on vortex polygon stability, and systematically exploring the cavity flow, we succeeded in identifying two new stable vortex breakdown states consisting of triple and quadruple helical multiplets.
Do Democracies Select More Educated Leaders?
Authors: BESLEY TIMOTHY , REYNAL-QUEROL MARTA
Published: August 2011

This paper uses a unique data set on over 1,400 world leaders between 1848 and 2004 to investigate differences in educational qualifications between leaders who are selected in democracies and autocracies. After including country and year fixed effects, we find that democracies are around 20% more likely to select highly educated leaders. This finding is robust to a wide range of specifications, choices of subsamples, controls, and ways of measuring education and democracy.
MAXIMAL SUBSETS OF PAIRWISE NONCOMMUTING ELEMENTS OF SOMEp-GROUPS OF MAXIMAL CLASS
Authors: FOULADI S. , ORFI R.
Published: August 2011

LetGbe a group. A subsetXofGis a set of pairwise noncommuting elements ifxy≠yxfor any two distinct elementsxandyinX. If |X|≥|Y| for any other set of pairwise noncommuting elementsYinG, thenXis said to be a maximal subset of pairwise noncommuting elements. In this paper we determine the cardinality of a maximal subset of pairwise noncommuting elements for somep-groups of maximal class. Specifically, we determine this cardinality for all 2 -groups and 3 -groups of maximal class.
The protective effect of supplemental calcium on colonic permeability depends on a calcium phosphate-induced increase in luminal buffering capacity
Authors: Schepens Marloes A. A. , ten Bruggencate Sandra J. M. , Schonewille Arjan J. , Brummer Robert-Jan M. , van der Meer Roelof , Bovee-Oudenhoven Ingeborg M. J.
Published: August 2011

An increased intestinal permeability is associated with several diseases. Previously, we have shown that dietary Ca decreases colonic permeability in rats. This might be explained by a calcium-phosphate-induced increase in luminal buffering capacity, which protects against an acidic pH due to microbial fermentation. Therefore, we investigated whether dietary phosphate is a co-player in the effect of Ca on permeability. Rats were fed a humanised low-Ca diet, or a similar diet supplemented with Ca and containing either high, medium or low phosphate concentrations. Chromium-EDTA was added as an inert dietary intestinal permeability marker. After dietary adaptation, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) were added to all diets to stimulate fermentation, acidify the colonic contents and induce an increase in permeability. Dietary Ca prevented the scFOS-induced increase in intestinal permeability in rats fed medium- and high-phosphate diets but not in those fed the low-phosphate diet. This was associated with higher faecal water cytotoxicity and higher caecal lactate levels in the latter group. Moreover, food intake and body weight during scFOS supplementation were adversely affected by the low-phosphate diet. Importantly, luminal buffering capacity was higher in rats fed the medium- and high-phosphate diets compared with those fed the low-phosphate diet. The protective effect of dietary Ca on intestinal permeability is impaired if dietary phosphate is low. This is associated with a calcium phosphate-induced increase in luminal buffering capacity. Dragging phosphate into the colon and thereby increasing the colonic phosphate concentration is at least part of the mechanism behind the protective effect of Ca on intestinal permeability.
Dacryolith in an unusual case of epiphora: open or endoscopic approach?
Authors: Gadepalli C , Malik V , Inkster C , Lobo C
Published: August 2011

Introduction:

Dacryoliths are concretions formed in the lacrimal sac from cellular debris and proteins, which may calcify and cause further obstruction of the nasolacrimal pathway. Dacryoliths are often underlying contributors in cases of intermittent or chronic dacryocystitis (i.e. nasolacrimal sac inflammation, characterised by epiphora, pain, erythema, sac dilation and lacrimal punctum swelling).

Objective:

We report an unusual case of dacryolith resulting in obstructive epiphora, managed via an endonasal endoscopic approach.

Method:

Case report and literature review pertaining to dacryolith.

Results:

A 54-year-old man attended the multidisciplinary nasolacrimal clinic due to recurrent epiphora. Obstructive epiphora secondary to chronic dacryocystitis was diagnosed. He underwent endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. Intra-operatively, a large dacryolith was found to be the cause of epiphora.

Conclusion:

Dacryolith is an unusual cause of nasolacrimal duct obstruction. This case highlights this unusual cause, and the relevant diagnostic investigations. This case also illustrates successful endonasal endoscopic management, rather than an external, open approach.
Biofilm formation on bone-anchored hearing aids
Authors: Monksfield P , Chapple I L C , Matthews J B , Grant M M , Addison O , Reid A P , Proops D W , Sammons R L
Published: August 2011

Objective:

To investigate microbiological biofilm contamination of retrieved bone-anchored hearing aids.

Materials and methods:

Nine failed, retrieved bone-anchored hearing aids and 16 internal screws were examined by scanning electron microscopy. A fixture from a failing implant, which had been removed and disassembled under aseptic conditions, was cultured. Finally, an internal screw from a new, unimplanted fixture was examined by scanning electron microscopy.

Results:

Debris was seen on the fixture and abutment of all bone-anchored hearing aids, and on the heads of the 16 internal screws. On eight screws, biofilm extended down the shaft to the threads, where it was several micrometres thick. Culture of a failing fixture yielded staphylococcus. The new, unimplanted fixture internal screw showed evidence of scratching and metallic debris on the threads, which may interfere with close fitting of the screw and subsequently facilitate microleakage.

Conclusion:

There may be a link between internal microbial contamination and failure of bone-anchored hearing aids.
Population structure of the intertidal crab Cyrtograpsus altimanus (Brachyura: Varunidae) in a northern Patagonia mussel bed
Authors: Vázquez María Guadalupe , Bas Claudia C. , Spivak Eduardo D.
Published: August 2011

The population structure, size at maturity, reproductive period, recruitment and habitat use were studied in a population of the grapsoid crab Cyrtograpsus altimanus in an intertidal mussel bed at San Antonio Bay, Argentina. Samples were taken from October 2000 to January 2002. Crabs were sized and sexed to estimate size–frequency distributions (SFD). Modal groups of males and females were the same. Growth, evidenced by the shift to right of SFD modal classes, was observed in spring, summer and autumn. Size at maturity of females varied seasonally. Ovigerous females were found in winter, spring and summer, but two discrete recruitment events (in spring and autumn) are proposed. Based on the maximum male and female sizes found in the mussel bed, a size constraint is proposed that forces large crabs to migrate to cobblestone adjacent habitats.
Diversity of zooxanthellae from corals and sea anemones after long-term aquarium culture
Authors: Hartle-Mougiou Katherine , D'Angelo Cecilia , Smith Edward G. , Burt John , West Paul , Wiedenmann Jörg
Published: August 2011

Aquarium systems allow technically sophisticated experiments that promise new opportunities to answer urgent questions about reef coral biology, for instance assessing the responses to decreasing environmental pH and/or increased temperatures. Over recent years, long-term culture and (predominantly asexual) propagation of corals has become possible in such systems. At present however, only limited data are available that clarify whether or not responses of the coral holobiont are dominated by the acclimatization to life in captivity or continue to reflect, for example, taxonomic differences seen in nature. We studied the diversity of the symbiotic algae in corals and sea anemones after long-term aquaculture by analysis of their small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA gene. A field sample ofAcropora clathratafrom the Arabian Gulf which was used as a control contained clade C zooxanthellae. The aquarium corals also harboured clade C symbionts, but sequencing of the SSU DNA suggested that the analysed animals host different subclades. A prevalence of clade C is also found among corals from the Indo-Pacific region, the origin of most of the aquarium samples. An individual of the temperate sea anemoneAnemonia sulcata (viridis)contained clade A symbionts, similar to those found in nature, even after nearly 10 years of co-culture with sea anemones(Entacmaea quadricolor)and corals hosting clade C symbionts. The results indicate that the specific host–symbiont association occurring in nature appears to persist over >2 years timescales in captivity, with no mixing of symbionts between hosts maintained in the same aquarium or apparent selection of stress-tolerant symbiont strains such as clade D.
A host-endoparasite network of Neotropical marine fish: are there organizational patterns?
Authors: BELLAY SYBELLE , LIMA DILERMANDO P. , TAKEMOTO RICARDO M. , LUQUE JOSÉ L.
Published: August 2011

Properties of ecological networks facilitate the understanding of interaction patterns in host-parasite systems as well as the importance of each species in the interaction structure of a community. The present study evaluates the network structure, functional role of all species and patterns of parasite co-occurrence in a host-parasite network to determine the organization level of a host-parasite system consisting of 170 taxa of gastrointestinal metazoans of 39 marine fish species on the coast of Brazil. The network proved to be nested and modular, with a low degree of connectance. Host-parasite interactions were influenced by host phylogeny. Randomness in parasite co-occurrence was observed in most modules and component communities, although species segregation patterns were also observed. The low degree of connectance in the network may be the cause of properties such as nestedness and modularity, which indicate the presence of a high number of peripheral species. Segregation patterns among parasite species in modules underscore the role of host specificity. Knowledge of ecological networks allows detection of keystone species for the maintenance of biodiversity and the conduction of further studies on the stability of networks in relation to frequent environmental changes.
Genetic manipulation of schistosomes – progress with integration competent vectors
Authors: SUTTIPRAPA SUTAS , RINALDI GABRIEL , BRINDLEY PAUL J.
Published: August 2011

Draft genome sequences forSchistosoma japonicumandS. mansoniare now available. The schistosome genome encodes ∼13 000 protein-encoding genes for which the functions of few are well understood. Nonetheless, the new genes represent potential intervention targets, and molecular tools are being developed to determine their importance. Over the past 15 years, noteworthy progress has been achieved towards development of tools for gene manipulation and transgenesis of schistosomes. A brief history of genetic manipulation is presented, along with a review of the field with emphasis on reports of integration of transgenes into schistosome chromosomes.
Selenium-induced apoptosis-like cell death inPlasmodium falciparum
Authors: SURADJI EKA W. , HATABU TOSHIMITSU , KOBAYASHI KENJI , YAMAZAKI CHIHO , ABDULAH RIZKY , NAKAZAWA MINATO , NAKAJIMA-SHIMADA JUNKO , KOYAMA HIROSHI
Published: August 2011

Plasmodium falciparumhas for some time been developing resistance against known anti-malarial drugs, and therefore a new drug is urgently needed. Selenium (Se), an essential trace element, in the form of inorganic Se, selenite (SeO32−), has been reported to have an anti-plasmodial effect, but its mechanism is still unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-plasmodial effect of several Se compounds againstP. falciparum in vitro. The anti-plasmodial effect of several Se compounds was analysed and their apoptosis-inducing activity was evaluated by morphological observation, DNA fragmentation assay and mitochondrial function analysis. SeO32−, methylseleninic acid, selenomethionine and selenocystine have anti-plasmodial effects with 50% inhibition concentration at 9, 10, 45, and 65μm, respectively, while selenate and methylselenocysteine up to 100μmhave no effect on parasite growth. The effective Se compounds caused the parasites to become shrunken and pyknotic and significantly increased mitochondrial damage againstP. falciparumcompared to the untreated control. In conclusion, SeO32−, methylseleninic acid, selenomethionine and selenocystine have anti-plasmodial activities that induce apoptosis-like cell death inP. falciparum, and the anti-plasmodial effects of Se seem to be based on its chemical forms. The apoptosis-like cell-death mechanism inP. falciparumcan be beneficial to respond to the growing problem of drug resistance.
Road to full recovery: longitudinal relationship between symptomatic remission and psychosocial recovery in first-episode psychosis over 7.5 years
Authors: Álvarez-Jiménez M. , Gleeson J. F. , Henry L. P. , Harrigan S. M. , Harris M. G. , Killackey E. , Bendall S. , Amminger G. P. , Yung A. R. , Herrman H. , Jackson H. J. , McGorry P. D.
Published: August 2011

Background

In recent years there has been increasing interest in functional recovery in the early phase of schizophrenia. Concurrently, new remission criteria have been proposed and several studies have examined their clinical relevance for prediction of functional outcome in first-episode psychosis (FEP). However, the longitudinal interrelationship between full functional recovery (FFR) and symptom remission has not yet been investigated. This study sought to: (1) examine the relationships between FFR and symptom remission in FEP over 7.5 years; (2) test two different models of the interaction between both variables.

Method

Altogether, 209 FEP patients treated at a specialized early psychosis service were assessed at baseline, 8 months, 14 months and 7.5 years to determine their remission of positive and negative symptoms and functional recovery. Multivariate logistic regression and path analysis were employed to test the hypothesized relationships between symptom remission and FFR.

Results

Remission of both positive and negative symptoms at 8-month follow-up predicted functional recovery at 14-month follow-up, but had limited value for the prediction of FFR at 7.5 years. Functional recovery at 14-month follow-up significantly predicted both FFR and remission of negative symptoms at 7.5 years, irrespective of whether remission criteria were simultaneously met. The association remained significant after controlling for baseline prognostic indicators.

Conclusions

These findings provided support for the hypothesis that early functional and vocational recovery plays a pivotal role in preventing the development of chronic negative symptoms and disability. This underlines the need for interventions that specifically address early psychosocial recovery.
Clarifying domains of internalizing psychopathology using neurophysiology
Authors: Vaidyanathan U. , Nelson L. D. , Patrick C. J.
Published: August 2011

Current initiatives such as the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria project aim to reorganize classification of mental disorders along neurobiological lines. Here, we describe how consideration of findings from psychiatric research employing two physiological measures with distinct neural substrates – the startle blink reflex and the error-related negativity (ERN) – can help to clarify relations among disorders entailing salient anxiety or depressive symptomatology. Specifically, findings across various studies and reviews reveal distinct patterns of association for both the startle blink reflex and the ERN with three key domains of psychopathology: (1) Fear (or phobic) disorders (distinguished by increased startle to unpleasant stimuli, but normal-range ERN). (2) Non-phobic anxiety disorders and negative affect (associated with increased ERN, increased startle across all types of emotional stimuli and increased baseline startle) and, more tentatively (3) Major depression (for which patterns of response for both startle and ERN appear to vary, as a function of severity and distinct symptomatology). Findings from this review point to distinct neurobiological indicators of key psychopathology domains that have been previously demarcated using personality and diagnostic data. Notably, these indicators exhibit more specificity in their relations with these three domains than has been seen in quantitative-dimensional models. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Hypothesis-driven candidate genes for schizophrenia compared to genome-wide association results
Authors: Collins A. L. , Kim Y. , Sklar P. ,   International Schizophrenia Consortium, O'Donovan M. C. , Sullivan P. F.
Published: August 2011

Background

Candidate gene studies have been a key approach to the genetics of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, the results of these studies are confusing and no genes have been unequivocally implicated. The hypothesis-driven candidate gene literature can be appraised by comparison with the results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

Method

We describe the characteristics of hypothesis-driven candidate gene studies from the SZGene database, and use pathway analysis to compare hypothesis-driven candidate genes with GWAS results from the International Schizophrenia Consortium (ISC).

Results

SZGene contained 732 autosomal genes evaluated in 1374 studies. These genes had poor statistical power to detect genetic effects typical for human diseases, assessed only 3.7% of genes in the genome, and had low marker densities per gene. Most genes were assessed once or twice (76.9%), providing minimal ability to evaluate consensus across studies. The ISC studies had 89% power to detect a genetic effect typical for common human diseases and assessed 79% of known autosomal common genetic variation. Pathway analyses did not reveal enrichment of smaller ISCpvalues in hypothesis-driven candidate genes, nor did a comprehensive evaluation of meta-hypotheses driving candidate gene selection (SCZ as a disease of the synapse or neurodevelopment). The most studied hypothesis-driven candidate genes (COMT,DRD3,DRD2,HTR2A,NRG1,BDNF,DTNBP1andSLC6A4) had no notable ISC results.

Conclusions

We did not find support for the idea that the hypothesis-driven candidate genes studied in the literature are enriched for the common genetic variation involved in the etiology of SCZ. Larger samples are required to evaluate this conclusion definitively.
Multifractal structure of Bernoulli convolutions
Authors: JORDAN THOMAS , SHMERKIN PABLO , SOLOMYAK BORIS
Published: August 2011

Let νpλbe the distribution of the random series$\sum_{n=1}^\infty i_n \lam^n$, whereinis a sequence of i.i.d. random variables taking the values 0, 1 with probabilitiesp, 1 −p. These measures are the well-known (biased) Bernoulli convolutions.

In this paper we study the multifractal spectrum of νpλfor typical λ. Namely, we investigate the size of the setsOur main results highlight the fact that for almost all, and in some cases all, λ in an appropriate range, Δλ,p(α) is nonempty and, moreover, has positive Hausdorff dimension, for many values of α. This happens even in parameter regions for which νpλis typically absolutely continuous.
Beyond the ‘Iron Lungs of Gerontology’: Using Evidence to Shape the Future of Nursing Homes in Canada
Authors: Hirdes John P. , Mitchell Lori , Maxwell Colleen J. , White Nancy
Published: August 2011

Institutionalization of the Elderly in Canadaa proposé que les efforts de s’attaquer aux causes sous-jacentes de baisses liées à l’âge de santé pourraient éradiquer la necessité pour les maisons de soins infirmiers. Cependant, la prévalence des maladies chroniques a augmenté, et les conditions comme la démence signifie que les maisons de soins infirmiers sont susceptibles de rester des éléments importants du système de soins de santé canadien. Le manque d’information clinique à l’échelle individuelle a été un problème fondamental qui limite la capacité de comprendre comment les maisons de soins infirmiers peuvent changer pour mieux répondre aux besoins d’une population vieillissante L’introduction d’instruments d’évaluation interRAI pour la plupart des provinces et territoires canadiens et la création du Système d’information sur les soins représentent des étapes importantes dans notre capacité à comprendre les soins dispensés par les maisons de soins infirmiers au Canada. Le témoignage de huit provinces et territoires montre que les besoins des personnes dans les soins de longue durée sont très complexes, que les allocations de ressources ne correspondent pas toujours aux besoins, et que la qualité varie considérablement entre et au sein des provinces.
The effectiveness of outreach testing for hepatitis C in an immigrant Pakistani population
Authors: JAFFERBHOY H. , MILLER M. H. , McINTYRE P. , DILLON J. F.
Published: August 2011

In Scotland, an estimated 1% of the population is infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). There is ethnic diversity in Scotland, with a large Pakistani sub-population. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of HCV in an immigrant Pakistani population and effectiveness of an outreach testing intervention. We arranged a series of HCV awareness meetings at the mosques and Pakistani Women's centre in the city of Dundee. Thereafter short-term outreach HCV testing clinics were set up in the same venues. Venous blood samples were obtained and tested for HCV IgG and HbsAg. A short questionnaire was also completed. In total, 177 individuals volunteered for testing, out of an estimated 250 who attended meetings and a total Pakistani population in Dundee of 1723. Of those tested 170 were Scottish Pakistanis (159 first generation, 11 second generation). There were 145 (85·2%) men. The mean age was 45·11 (±s.d. 16·7) years. Seven (4·1%) individuals in the cohort were anti-HCV positive. Five (2·9%) were found to have HCV RNA by PCR. Only one patient had chronic hepatitis B infection. All patients with positive results were seen in the liver clinic for consideration of treatment. We have demonstrated that immigrant Pakistanis retain a higher prevalence of HCV compared to the population of their adopted country. Outreach targeted testing in this group can be achieved using religious and cultural gatherings, with only modest investment in staff time.
Clinical application of a micro multiplane transoesophageal probe in congenital cardiac disease
Authors: Pushparajah Kuberan , Miller Owen I. , Rawlins Debbie , Barlow Anna , Nugent Kelly , Simpson John M.
Published: August 2011

Aim

To assess the quality of imaging modalities of a new micro multiplane transoesophageal echocardiogram probe.

Method

This is a prospective study of micro transoesophageal echocardiogram S8-3t probe used at a single institution between 15 December, 2009 and 15 March, 2010. The images were compared with standard paediatric or adult probes where possible. Assessors prospectively rated imaging quality – two dimensional, colour flow imaging, pulse wave, and continuous wave Doppler – with a subjective 4-point scale (1 = poor to 4 = excellent).

Results

A total of 24 studies were performed on 23 patients, with a median weight = 11.7 kilograms (2.6–72 kilograms) and a median age of 3 years (0.16–60 years). Of the 23 patients, one neonate (2.8 kilograms) had transient bradycardia on probe insertion. Imaging in patients less than 10 kilograms was of full diagnostic value and new information was obtained in eight out of ten patients. Pulse wave and continuous wave Doppler was consistently good across all weight groups. There were high frame rates and good imaging quality to a depth of 4–6 centimetres in all studies. A comparison with a larger alternative probe was available for 12 studies (weight 11.9–72 kilograms). The median micro transoesophageal two-dimensional image quality score was 3 (2–4) and 4 (3–4) with the comparative probe. For the 10- to 30-kilogram group, image quality with the micro transoesophageal echocardiogram probe was judged as inferior to larger standard probes. Adult sized patients had good imaging of near the field, allowing guidance for percutaneous device closure of the atrial septum.

Conclusion

The micro multiplane transoesophageal echocardiogram probe provides imaging of diagnostic quality in neonates. In larger patients, it offers good imaging of near field structures. In the intermediate-sized child (10–30 kilograms), standard paediatric probes provide better imaging.
Donald Charles Fyler: 1924–2011
Authors: Newburger Jane W. , Fyler Jennifer , Colan Steven D.
Published: August 2011

We are honoured to provide a tribute to Dr Donald Fyler inCardiology in the Youngon the occasion of his induction into the Paediatric Cardiology Hall of Fame. Among his extraordinary contributions to paediatric cardiovascular disease, he described the epidemiology of congenital heart disease; created the framework for regionalised data collection, collaboration, and care in New England; and designed a standardised system of codes for congenital heart disease in wide use today.