bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A short note on the relationship between oven and toluene dry matter in maize silage
Authors: Haigh Philip M.
Published: October 2006

Dry matter (DM) contents of 34 maize silage samples were determined by toluene distillation and oven drying at 100°C. The toluene distillation method gave values 3.5–18.9% higher than the oven drying method. A highly significant correlation was shown between toluene dry matter and oven dry matter and an equation toluene DM = 0.95 oven DM + 3.3 (r = 0.95) presented which allows toluene dry matter to be readily estimated on a routine basis for maize silage.
Variation in in vitro digestibility of barley protein
Authors: Büchmann Nils B.
Published: October 2006

In vitro digestibility of protein was measured with pepsin/pancreatin in 321 spring barley lines grown in the field. The variation in digestibility was far less than the variation in the protein content. A small environmental influence on the digestibility was found. Two entries had slightly impaired digestibilities; these findings were partially verified in a repeated field trial, but were not confirmed in vivo. In vitro digestibilities of barleys grown in pots at various N‐levels were positively correlated with protein or hordein content. In vitro digestibility was negatively correlated with the fibre content in decortification fractions of Bomi and the high‐lysine mutant Risø 1508. The digestibility was positively correlated with the hordein concentration for the Bomi fractions, but not for the 1508 fractions.
Analysis of dietary fibre
Authors: Schweizer Thomas F. , Würsch Pierre
Published: October 2006

An analytical procedure for the determination of dietary fibre in food is described. The method consists of an enzymic in vitro digestion with pepsin, pancreatin arid glucoamylase. Insoluble fibres are recovered by centrifuging and soluble fibres by precipitation with ethanol. The method has been applied to 19 cereal fibres, vegetables and fruits and compared to the neutral and acid detergent methods. The soluble fibres accounted for 4–60% of the total dietary fibre. The component sugars and uronic acids of several fibre fractions have been quantitatively determined. The mild biochemical treatment of the samples makes it possible to study further physical properties of dietary fibres important for their physiological action.
The effect of irrigation and nitrogen supply on the yield and quality of protein in high‐lysine barleys
Authors: Jenkins Graham , Rhodes Anthony P. , GilL Anthony A. , Hanson Peter R.
Published: October 2006

The high‐lysine barley mutant 1508, a selection derived from it and its parent variety Bomi, were grown in a trial with two other varieties of normal‐lysine content, Maris Mink and a dwarf selection, HG 31 DD. Irrigation was applied as a main treatment and nitrogen as nitrochalk was applied either as a top dressing alone or with the subsequent addition of urea as a foliar spray at anthesis. Both high‐lysine barleys and Bomi showed a greater yield response to irrigation than the other varieties but did not differ in their response to nitrogen. On average, the high‐lysine barleys yielded as well as the normal varieties Bomi and Maris Mink but had a higher content of protein in the grain and of lysine in the protein, resulting in substantially higher yields of protein and lysine per hectare.
The effect of extractable lipid on the viscosity characteristics of corn and wheat starches
Authors: Melvin Madeleine A.
Published: October 2006

The defatting of both corn and wheat starch with 85% methanol yields starches which start to gelatinise at lower temperatures and have increased overall viscosities compared with untreated starches. The lipids extracted from wheat and corn starch with 85 % methanol were similar in total amount but showed very large differences in the proportions of neutral and phospholipids. The extracted corn lipids contained eight times as much neutral lipids (mainly free fatty acids) as phospholipids whereas the proportions of neutral and phospholipids in wheat starch were approximately equal. Addition of extracted lipids to defatted starches significantly modified the swelling and viscosity characteristics. Addition of wheat and corn lipids to potato starch (which contains almost no lipids) indicated that the higher percentage of phospholipids in wheat starch probably contributed towards the lower viscosity characteristics of wheat starch compared with corn starch.
Some effects of copper deficiency on the flowering copper status and phenolase activity of different cultivars of chrysanthemum morifolium
Authors: Graves Christopher J. , Adams Peter , Winsor Geoffrey W.
Published: October 2006

The effects of copper deficiency on the growth and flowering of 21 chrysanthemum cultivars were studied in a peat‐sand substrate (3:1 v/v); nine cultivars were grown as ‘sprays’, ten as ‘standards’ and six as pot plants. Copper deficiency either prevented or severely delayed floral development in many of the ‘spray’ and ‘standard’ cultivars, and resulted in continued vegetative growth. In cultivars which were less seriously affected, flowering was delayed and the number of blooms per plant was reduced. Cultivars grown in pots were sprayed with the growth retardant B‐Nine (daminozide); these plants showed the least response to omission of copper from the substrate, and flowering was delayed by only a few days. In the absence of added copper the substrate and the leaves of the plants contained 0.3‐0.5 μg Cu ml−1 and 1‐4 μg Cu g−1, respectively. When copper was supplied the corresponding values were 49‐55 fig μg Cu ml−1 and 7‐19 /μg Cu g−1. Copper deficiency reduced phenolase activity (Δ OD min−1 g−1 of fresh tissue) in the leaves of ‘spray’ and ‘standard’ cultivars from 25‐113 units to 4 units or less, and in the pot‐grown plants from 56‐169 units to 4‐47 units. No phenolase activity was detected in four of the ‘spray’ and three of the ‘standard’ cultivars when grown without added copper.
Nutritional evaluation of kidney beans (pxshaseolus vulgaris): Chemical composition, lectin content and nutritional value of selected cultivars
Authors: Pusztai Arpad , Clarke Eileen M. W. , King Timothy P. , Stewart James C.
Published: October 2006

The chemical composition, lectin content and nutritional value of selected cultivars of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were determined. Mainly due to different amounts of reserve globulins deposited, seed N content varied between 3.4 and 5.0%. The amino acid composition and the corresponding chemical score values of 40‐60 however, were similar for all the beans, with the sulphur‐containing amino acids limiting. Despite similarities in composition, 11 out of the 13 cultivars examined were highly toxic for rats in the raw state. These were all found to contain high concentrations of haemagglutinating lectins (over 10% of the total protein). On the other hand, two low‐lectin bean varieties, Pinto III and Great Northern, had no appreciable disruptive effects on the intestines and were essentially non‐toxic for rats.
Cellulose xanthate as a soil conditioner: Laboratory experiments
Authors: Page E. Ronald
Published: October 2006

Cellulose xanthate was found to be effective in reducing the strength of a crust formed under standard laboratory conditions on all soils tested, including some known to be unresponsive to conditioning by poly(vinyl alcohol). Suitable application rates were 12.5 or 25 kg (of cellulose) ha−1, as a 1% solution. It was more effective, weight for weight, than PVA or Natrosol 250 HHR. Whereas germination of seeds was either partially or completely inhibited by direct contact with 1% cellulose xanthate solution, even when its pH was adjusted with orthophosphoric acid from the initial 13.2 to 6.5, application of cellulose xanthate as a spray to the surface of the soil in pot experiments did not depress emergence of seedlings of lettuce, cabbage, onions or chicory.
Effect of irrigation on lipid biosynthesis in maturing sunflower seeds
Authors: Sukhija Pritam S. , Borthakur Alip , Bhatia Iqbal S.
Published: October 2006

The effect of irrigation on lipid biosynthesis in maturing sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds has been studied. Restricted irrigation adversely affected the biosynthesis of polar lipids during initial stages and triglycerides at the later stages of seed development. The fatty acid composition remained unaffected by irrigation. A de novo synthesis of triglycerides and fatty acids has also been observed.
Damage to cereals caused by decaying weed residues
Authors: Lynch James M. , Penn David J.
Published: October 2006

Poor establishment and growth of a succeeding crop has on some isolated occasions been observed after glyphosate has been used to kill dense infestations of couch (quack) grass. It appears that damage is caused by toxins and pathogens from the decaying weed residues rather than by the herbicide or its metabolites.
The effects of urea and artificial saliva on rumen bacterial protein synthesis in sheep receiving a high‐cereal diet
Authors: Chamberlain David G. , Thomas Phillip C.
Published: October 2006

Four sheep fitted with cannulas in the rumen and duodenum and given a basal diet of 18% chopped hay, 41% rolled barley and 41% flaked maize, known to be associated with low rates of bacterial protein synthesis in the rumen, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment to study the effects of continuous intraruminal infusions of water (2 litres day−1; control), urea solution (7.5 g urea litre−1, 2 litres day−1; urea), artificial saliva (4 litres day−1; saliva) and artificial saliva with added urea (3.75 g urea litre−1, 4 litres day−1; saliva+urea) on rumen ammonia‐nitrogen concentration, pH, liquid clearance rates and bacterial protein synthesis. Rumen ammonia‐nitrogen concentrations for control, urea, saliva and saliva + urea treatments were 81, 158, 38 and 151 mg litre−1, respectively. Corresponding mean values for rumen pH were 6.18, 6.09, 6.37 and 6.41 units and for rumen liquid clearance rates 0.082, 0.057, 0.062 and 0.051 h−1. The mean rate of bacterial protein synthesis in the rumen, estimated from the duodenal entry of α‐ϵ‐diaminopimelic acid, for the control treatment was 163 g crude protein (CP) kg−1 organic matter (OM) apparently digested in the stomach. Corresponding rates for the saliva and saliva + urea treatments were 169 g CP kg−1 OM apparently digested and 215 g CP kg−1 OM apparently digested, indicating responses in protein synthesis to the urea+saliva treatment but not to the saliva alone treatment. Infusion of urea solution increased the mean rate of protein synthesis to 204 g CP kg−1 OM apparently digested in the stomach but the responses were variable between animals and in three of the animals were small. It is concluded that with the type of diet used an enhanced entry of saliva into the rumen is necessary to ensure that supplementary urea produces a consistent improvement in ruminal protein synthesis.
The extent of hydrogenation of two formaldehyde‐treated spray‐dried mixtures of soya bean oil and casein fed to sheep
Authors: Clapperton John L.
Published: October 2006

Two experiments have been carried out to determine the degree of protection of soya bean oil mixed with sodium caseinate, spray‐dried and treated with formaldehyde. In experiment 1, the mixture contained two parts of oil to one part of sodium caseinate. In experiment 2, the mixture contained six parts of oil to one part of sodium caseinate. The animals also received either no added oil, or the same amount of free oil and, in experiment 2, the powder without any formaldehyde treatment. The basal diet used consisted of equal amounts of dried grass cubes and flaked maize. There were no statistically significant effects on the apparent digestibility of the dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen or total fatty acid. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:2 and 18:3) voided in the faeces was not affected by the form of oil. The amount of 18:0 and 18:1 in the faeces was increased by all the different forms of oil. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in both the solid and the liquid parts of the rumen digesta was markedly increased when the protected powder was added to the diet. This effect was most marked in the liquid. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids flowing to the duodenum was markedly increased when the protected powder was given. Of the 18:2 and 18:3 fatty acids added to the food in the soya bean oil, less than 6% passed to the duodenum when either loose oil or unprotected powder was added whereas, when the protected powder was added in experiment 1, 66% of the added polyunsaturated fatty acid passed to the duodenum and the corresponding figure in experiment 2 was 40%. It is concluded that the method of protection used was reasonably effective but that the amount of casein in the second preparation was not sufficient to afford optimum protection.
The effects of casein on the metabolism of fatty acids, methyl ketones and secondary alcohols by Penicillium roqueforti in buffered solutions
Authors: King Richard D. , Clegg Geoffrey H.
Published: October 2006

The metabolism of fatty acids and methyl ketones by Penicillium roqueforti was studied in phosphate buffered solutions and buffered solutions with added soluble casein. It was found that casein enhanced the metabolism of fatty acids and the quantity of methyl ketones produced. Methyl ketones were also found to be metabolised by P. roqueforti in phosphate buffered solutions. The addition of fatty acids inhibited the metabolism of the ketones. The inhibitory effects of the fatty acids were nullified in the presence of casein hydrolysate.
Volatile components produced during ontogeny of some cultivated crucifers
Authors: Cole Rosemary A.
Published: October 2006

Changes in the volatile chemicals produced on autolysis were monitored during the development of cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, fodder rape and radish. Compounds were identified from gas‐liquid chromatography retention times, and mass spectrometry, seven of the mass spectrographs not having previously been recorded. Of the 23 compounds identified overall, 19 were extracted from seeds which, whether aged or freshly harvested, contained the maximum concentration of volatiles encountered. A rapid decrease in the concentrations of volatile hydrolysis products occurred during the first 4 weeks of development. Thereafter a steady increase and change in compounds was recorded, usually related to biologically significant events. The enzymic production of these volatile chemicals is discussed with respect to the action of thioglucosidase and epithiospecifier protein.
An investigation into the physical properties of fibre prepared from several carrot varieties at different stages of development
Authors: Robertson James A. , Eastwood Martin A. , Yeoman Michael M.
Published: October 2006

Important physical properties of dietary fibre include water holding capacity (WHC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). In this investigation fibre prepared from different varieties of the same species, the carrot Daucus carota, have been sampled at different stages of development to determine whether these physical properties were dependent upon variety and the age of the plant. Results for WHC (g g−1 fibre) were dependent on the method of analysis. Differences found between varieties for WHC measured by centrifugation (mean 23.7 g, range 13.4–32.3) were not apparent when measured by filtration of a corresponding sample (mean 27.9 g, range 17.2–45.5). Differences between methods probably reflect structural differences in the fibre influenced by age and variety. Both methods showed carrot fibre to have a relatively high WHC. The CEC (meq g−1 fibre) was found to be similar between varieties but to increase with age within each variety, (mean 1.44 meq, range 1.07–2.42). The type of exchange did not change and the CEC 100 g−1 fresh carrot remained constant between varieties and also within each variety. The pK determined for each sample was between 4.42–5.30 which suggests pectins to be responsible for the CEC.
Phosphorus sorption by some coconut‐growing acid soils of Sri Lanka and its relationship to selected soil properties
Authors: Loganathan Paripurnananda , Fernando Walter T.
Published: October 2006

Phosphorus (P) sorption in the presence of 10−2M calcium chloride by ten coconut‐growing acid soil samples of Sri Lanka belonging to the Ultisol, Alfisol and Entisol orders was evaluated using the Langmuir sorption isotherm. The data for all samples fitted the single‐site Langmuir sorption isotherm when equilibrium P was less than 1 μg ml−1, but showed some deviations at larger concentrations of P. A two‐site Langmuir sorption isotherm was successfully used to describe the sorption data of three samples at these high concentrations. The single‐site Langmuir sorption maxima were greater for Ultisols (349–825 μg g−1) than for the other soils (136–345 μg g−1). These sorption maxima were significantly correlated with %‐clay, %‐silt, dithionite‐extractable iron, and 1M ammonium acetate (pH 4.8)‐extractable aluminium. Regression analysis of P sorption on different forms of iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) indicated that crystalline ‘free Fe oxides’ (dithionite‐extractable Fe minus 0.3M oxalate‐extractable Fe) and ‘active Al’ which consists of hydroxy Al monomers and polymers [1M ammonium acetates, (pH 4.8)‐extractable Al minus 1M potassium chloride extractable Al] were the important factors contributing towards P sorption.
Effects of amounts of surface mulch on physical and chemical properties of an alfisol from Nigeria
Authors: De Vleeschauwer Dirk , Lal Rattan , Malafa Robinson
Published: October 2006

Three consecutive mulch applications were made to a freshly cleared alfisol in Nigeria at 6‐month intervals at rates of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 12 t ha−1. Residues remaining after 6 months were removed prior to replacement additions. Pore size distribution and soil temperature are significantly affected by mulch rate. Total porosity, aggregation and infiltration rate increase with increasing mulch rate. A high correlation was found between mulch rate and earthworm activity. Due to differences in infiltration rate, run‐off and soil losses decrease with higher mulch rates. After 18 months continuous mulching, potassium content, phosphorus concentration, pH and organic carbon show an exponential increase with mulch rate. The decomposition rate of the mulch material is higher for lower mulch rates.
Protein quality of high and low saponin alfalfa protein concentrate
Authors: Hegsted Maren , Linkswiler Hellen M.
Published: October 2006

The effects of saponin content, methionine content, and digestibility on the protein quality of alfalfa protein concentrates (APC) made from high and low saponin alfalfa were evaluated by chemical analyses and by rat bioassays. The protein quality of the APC both with and without added methionine were measured as protein efficiency ratios and as relative nutritive values (by a slope‐ratio assay). The low saponin APC had a higher crude protein content, a higher protein digestibility, a higher relative nutritive value, and higher protein efficiency ratios at all levels of added methionine than the high saponin APC. With the addition of 0.3% methionine the protein quality of the low saponin APC was as good as casein.
Glucosinolates in brassica vegetables. Analysis of 22 varieties of brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera)
Authors: Heaney Robert K. , Fenwick G. Roger
Published: October 2006

The glucosinolate content of 22 cultivars of Brussels sprout have been determined. The levels of total glucosinolates, determined by methods based on glucose release and gas chromatography, were substantially higher than those reported by other workers for cabbage and Chinese cabbage. The major glucosinolates in Brussels sprout leaf material were identified as gluconapin, progoitrin, sinigrin and glucobrassicin, with the latter two generally predominating. Detailed analysis of the material from five different growing sites has shown considerable variation in the total content but surprisingly little difference in the relative proportions of the individual glucosinolates within each cultivar. The glucosinolates of the corresponding seed material differ significantly from that in leaf; in particular glucobrassicin is found in trace amounts only, and glucoerucin, glucotropaeolin and neoglucobrassicin are all present, in addition to sinigrin, progoitrin and gluconapin.
A simple colorimetric method for the determination of sugars in fruit and vegetables
Authors: Blakeney Anthony B. , Mutton Lachlan L.
Published: October 2006

A rapid, manual colorimetric method for determining glucose, fructose and sucrose in fruit and vegetables is described. The method is based on the determination of reducing sugars before and after invertase digestion using p‐hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide (PAHBAH). Total fructose (fructose plus fructose in sucrose) is determined using 2‐thiobarbituric acid and the component sugars calculated. Addition of sugars to fruit extracts gave good recoveries (97.4–101.8%) for glucose, fructose and sucrose.
Rapeseed meal and egg taint: The role of sinapine
Authors: Pearson Arthur W. , Butler Edward J. , Fenwick G. Roger
Published: October 2006

Neither the administration of sinapine bisulphate in the diet, nor the repeated intramuscular or intravenous injection of large doses of this substance, reduced the ability of chicks or laying hens to oxidise trimethylamine (TMA), as measured by the activity of TMA oxidase in hepatic microsomes or the amounts of 14C‐TMA oxide that appeared in the plasma after the infusion of a standard dose of 14C‐TMA. Thus, in contrast to its behaviour in vitro, sinapine did not produce significant inhibition of TMA oxidase under these conditions. Since the amount included in the diet was similar to that which would be provided by a diet containing 10% rapeseed meal, it was concluded that sinapine is not involved in the depression of TMA oxidation that occurs when the meal is fed and acts solely as a source of TMA in the consequent production of egg taint.
The effect of temperature on enzyme activity during the fermentation phase of black tea manufacture
Authors: Cloughley John B.
Published: October 2006

Activities of both polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase enzymes declined as a function of fermentation time, the magnitude of the effect on the former being much greater. The effect of temperature on the rate of inactivation was also much greater on polyphenoloxidase.
Acceptability of canned ham of differing water content
Authors: Rhodes Douglas N. , Nute Geoffrey R.
Published: October 2006

The eating quality of canned hams made with water contents covering the range of the current commercial products was compared using laboratory panels. It was established that polyphosphate added up to 0.8% had no effect upon flavour and that scores for tenderness and juiciness increased with increasing water content. The importance of these differences to the consumer was tested by submitting canned pasteurised hams containing up to 27% ‘added water’ to a 715 member consumer panel. The panel identified increases in tenderness and juiciness but neither had much effect upon the average acceptability of the food. About 10% of the consumers preferred the material of highest water content.
Natural plant enzyme inhibitors. Isolation and characterisation of two α‐amylase inhibitors from Colocasia antiquorum tubers
Authors: Sharma K. Krishna , Pattabiraman Thillaisthanam N.
Published: October 2006

Two α‐amylase inhibitors I‐1 and I‐2, were purified to homogeneity from Colocasia antiquorum tubers by extraction with 0.02m phosphate buffer pH 7.6, treatment with diethyl amino ethyl‐cellulose, ammonium sulphate fractionation, chromatography on Sephadex G‐50 and chromatography on phenyl sepharose CL‐4B. Both the inhibitors were basic proteins. I‐1 alone contained carbohydrates to the extent of 5.4%. The molecular weights of I‐1 and I‐2 were found to be about 14 300 and 12 500, respectively, by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The inhibitors inactivated human salivary, human pancreatic and hog pancreatic amylases but they had no action on Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus oryzae amylases and resisted attack by pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin and pronase. Chemical modification of amino groups and guanidino groups of I‐1 and I‐2 resulted in loss of inhibitory activities. Formation of enzyme inhibitor complexes between hog pancreatic amylase, I‐1 and I‐2 were demonstrated by gel chromatography on Sephadex G‐100. Total amylase inhibitory activity in Colocasia tubers decreased gradually during plant growth.
Gelation of reconstituted whey powders by heat
Authors: Hillier Robyn M. , Lyste Richard L. J. , Cheeseman Gordon C.
Published: October 2006

Whey protein preparations isolated from cheese whey form stable gels when their aqueous solutions are heated at 80°C. The gels consist of polypeptide chains crosslinked by disulphide bonds. They dissolve if a sulphydryl (‐SH) reagent is added after heating; their formation is retarded if compounds that react with ‐SH groups are added before heating. Opaque gels are formed from powders containing relatively large amounts of total ‐SH; clear gels form from those with low total ‐SH. Gels form faster on heating in N2 instead of air. Gels form more slowly at alkaline pH; it is suggested that this effect is caused by electrostatic repulsion between protein molecules with like charges.
Marquis‐K cultivar standard for wheat gliadin electrophoresis
Authors: Kosmolak Frederick G. , Kerber Eric R.
Published: October 2006

Gliadins from single kernels and bulk samples (1 g) of the common wheat cultivar Marquis grown in different years and from different seed sources were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gliadin electrophoregrams from inbred stocks of Marquis derived from a single‐plant selection propagated over a period of 13 years were identical. Single seed analysis indicated differences in gliadin composition of Marquis obtained from different sources. It is recommended that the inbred stock referred to as Marquis‐K be adopted as the standard for this cultivar.
Heat stability of ochratoxin A in pig products
Authors: Josefsson B. G. Egon , Möller Tord E.
Published: October 2006

Swedish blood‐pudding, kidneys, muscular tissue and adipose tissue from pigs, naturally contaminated with ochratoxin A, were analysed for ochratoxin A before and after cooking. Frying temperatures were 150–160°C. On average about 20% of the toxin was lost during cooking. In the adipose tissue no toxin was lost.
Natural plant enzyme inhibitors. α‐amylase inhibitors in millets
Authors: Chandrasekher Gudiseva , Raju D. Suryaprasad , Pattabiraman Thillaisthanam N.
Published: October 2006

Twelve varieties of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), 14 varieties of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum), 12 varieties of setaria (Setaria italica), four varieties of ragi (Eleucine coracana), 11 varieties of echinocloa millet (Echinocloa colona), 13 varieties of proso (Panicium miliaceum), 11 varieties of kodo (Paspalum scorbiculatum) and 11 varieties of miliare (Panicium miliare) were screened for inhibitory activity against human salivary amylase. Echinocloa, proso, kodo and miliare had no detectable activity. Two strains of sorghum and one strain of pearl millet did not show α‐amylase inhibitory activity. All other seeds had activity, the highest being observed in sorghum. Setaria had no action on human, bovine and porcine pancreatic anylases. Sorghum inhibitor did not act on bovine and porcine pancreatic amylases. Pearl millet and ragi extracts inhibited all the four α‐amylases. The inhibitors were non‐dialysable and were inactivated by pepsin treatment. Setaria and sorghum inhibitors were relatively thermolabile compared to ragi and pearl millet inhibitors.
Correlations between the inheritance of certain high‐molecular weight subunits of glutenin and bread‐making quality in progenies of six crosses of bread wheat
Authors: Payne Peter I. , Corfield Kathyrn G. , Holt Linda M. , Blackman John A.
Published: October 2006

The homoeologous group 1 chromosomes of wheat contain in total five major gene groupings which code for the high‐molecular weight subunits of glutenin. Each gene group displays allelic variation that is detectable by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). Some of the different allelic subunits have been assessed for their relationship to bread‐making quality. The procedure has been to analyse numerous, unselected progeny of crosses between varieties for both bread‐making quality (by the SDS‐sedimentation test) and subunit composition (by SDS‐PAGE). Two strong correlations with quality were detected in the progeny of several crosses: the presence of subunit 1, a polypeptide coded by genes of chromosome 1A, and the presence of subunits 5 and 10, coded for by chromosome ID. Other significant correlations were detected which need to be confirmed by further analyses. The results are discussed in relation to (i) the relative positions of the glutenin genes on the group 1 chromosomes; and (ii) future strategies for breeding wheats with improved bread‐making quality.
Studies on digestibility of selected legume carbohydrates and its impact on the ph of the gastrointestinal tract in rats
Authors: Geervani Pasala , Theophilus Florence
Published: October 2006

A study on the digestibility of legume carbohydrates in unprocessed and processed grain and also in the starch isolated from the grain was carried out by in vitro and in vivo methods. The legumes selected were red gram (Cajanus cajan cv. Hyd. 3A), Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum cv. BEG 482), black gram (Phaseolus mungo cv. T9) and green gram (Phaseolus aureus cv. PS 16). The processes tested were boiling, pressure cooking, roasting, germination, fermentation and parching. The digestibility in vitro was assessed on the basis of maltose released after amylolysis and digestibility in vivo was assessed on the basis of carbohydrate intake and excretion. Digestibilities of the Phaseolus varieties were superior to red gram and Bengal gram. Roasting did not improve the digestibility of any legume as much as boiling and pressure cooking. The digestibility of fermented and germinated legumes was not much higher than the legumes processed by other methods. The increasing order of digestibility in vivo was red gram < Bengal gram < black gram and < green gram. Significant differences were noticed in the digestibility in vivo of moist and dry heat‐treated legumes, and between Phaseolus starches and red gram and Bengal gram starch. The pH values of stomach, duodenum and small intestine contents of rats fed legume diets was greater than the pH values at similar sites in rats fed casein protein, whereas the pH values in the caecum of rats fed on legume diets was acidic and that of casein‐fed rats was neutral. Caecum weight of rats fed on red gram and Bengal gram diets was significantly higher (P<0.05) than black gram‐ and green gram‐fed groups.
The nutritional value of dried skim milk in broiler diets
Authors: Stevenson Mary H. , Jackson Norman
Published: October 2006

Two experiments are reported in which dried skim milk was used at levels of 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 g kg−1 of diet to replace mainly fishmeal in broiler diets. In experiments 1 and 2, the stocking densities were 0.2 and 0.08 m2 per bird, respectively. Food intake was increased by dried skim milk, particularly at the higher levels of inclusion. Live‐weight gain was not affected by the inclusion of skim milk, but the efficiency of food conversion was adversely affected after week 1 in experiment 1 and by week 4 in experiment 2. Litter moisture content was virtually unaffected by treatment in experiment 1 but was significantly increased by dietary treatment in experiment 2. It is suggested that the wet litter had contributed to the incidence of breast‐burn in the broilers.
The fate of stearoyl lactylates when used in breadmaking
Authors: Thewlis Basil H.
Published: October 2006

The composition of four different commercial stearoyl lactylate samples has been determined by methylation followed by gas‐liquid chromatography. Components present included lactic, palmitic, stearic, palmitoyl lactic and stearoyl lactic acids. When the samples were used in baking bread their components became bound to starch but could be recovered almost quantitatively after treatment with α‐amylase, showing that they remained unchanged during baking.
Functional properties of four types of mung bean flour
Authors: Del Rosario Ricardo R. , Flores Dulce M.
Published: October 2006

The functional characteristics of mung bean flour were determined in four forms; as raw flour, blanched, sprouted, and air‐classified high‐protein fraction. Protein content ranged from 23 to 54%. The functional properties investigated were: nitrogen solubility, water and fat absorption, gelation capacity, whippability and foam stability. The nitrogen solubility profile showed no significant differences. The airclassified high‐protein fraction showed excellent functional properties. Mung bean was in general found to have a good potential in all the above functional properties and would, therefore, be applicable in a variety of food systems.
Effect of sodium hydroxide, ozone and sulphur dioxide on the composition and in vitro digestibility of wheat straw
Authors: Ben‐Ghedalia Daniel , Miron Joshua
Published: October 2006

Wheat straw was treated with 5 % sodium hydroxide, ozone, and 5 % sulphur dioxide at 70°C for 72 h, and the effect of treatments on the composition and the in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) by rumen microorganisms was studied. Ozone and SO2 solubilised most or all of the straw hemicellulose, converting it into cell solubles, whereas sodium hydroxide exerted a limited effect in this direction. The level of cell solubles increased from 31.8 to 48.2 and 52.2% and that of the reducing sugars from 2.2 to 15.6 and 24.3%, by ozone and SO2 treatments, respectively. The IVOMD of straw was significantly increased by 80% (from 44 to 80%) with SO2, whereas NaOH and ozone improved the IVOMD by only 50% (from 44 to 66%). The initial digestibility (ID at 6 h) suggested to represent substrate fermentability was significantly increased by SO2 from 7.4 to 29.3 %. In the present study, SO2 was found to be the most efficient treatment for wheat straw in terms of overall degradability and fermentability. The technological advantage of the proposed treatment lies in the low moisture content (40%) and the moderate temperature required (70°C), conditions which could be attained by solar systems.
Photochemical removal of headspace oxygen by a singlet oxygen reaction
Authors: Rooney Michael L. , Holland Robert V. , Shorter Anthony J.
Published: October 2006

A new method is described for removing low levels of oxygen from enclosed atmospheres. The scavenging medium is a film of polymer such as ethyl cellulose or cellulose acetate which contains a sensitising dye and a singlet oxygen acceptor. The acceptor reacts with singlet oxygen formed by the sensitising action of the dye when illuminated. It is shown that the scavenging rate depends on the oxygen permeability of the polymer and on the dye concentration. Removal of oxygen to the detection limit of 0.03 % oxygen is achieved using erythrosin and difurfurylidinepentaerythritol in ethyl cellulose and in cellulose acetate. Potential applications include removal of oxygen from nitrogen‐flushed packages of oxygen‐sensitive foods, essences and chemicals, as well as from vessels for anaerobic microbiology.
Relationship between tenderness of three beef Muscles
Authors: Dransfield Eric , Jones Richard C. D.
Published: October 2006

Toughness was determined instrumentally in Musculus longissimus dorsi (LD), M. semitendinosus (St) and M. semimembranosus (Sm) from 166 commercial beef animals. LD was, on average, more tender than either St or Sm, which were similar, but was also most variable in texture. St was the least variable. Toughness of one muscle was significantly correlated with that of another (r=0.4‐0.7) but toughness of one muscle could not be predicted reliably from that of another. Pure Aberdeen Angus, Hereford Friesian cross or Charolais Friesian cross did not differ significantly in toughness and the relationship between muscles was not improved when breeds were considered separately.
The glycoalkaloid content of potato berries
Authors: Coxon David T.
Published: October 2006

The glycoalkaloid contents of potato (Solanum tuberosum) berries from six of the main UK commercial varieties of potato which freely produce fruits were determined. The significance of the possible occurrence of potato or other solanaceous (e.g. S. nigrum) fruits as toxic contaminants in frozen peas and beans is discussed.
Association between electrophoretic patterns of gliadin proteins and quality characteristics of wheat cultivars
Authors: Wrigley Colin W. , Robinson Peter J. , Williams William T.
Published: October 2006

Electrophoretic patterns for cereal‐grain prolamins were coded in numerical form to permit computer‐based comparison, either for facilitating the identification of cultivars or for the study of genotypic relationships. In a group of 80 cultivars, including wheats grown in countries other than Australia, gliadin patterns reflected both pedigree and taxonomic relationships, particularly in the separate grouping of a rye, and of durum and club wheats. Certain gliadin bands were also found to be significantly associated with the quality characteristics of hardness and dough strength.
Methods for the estimation of protein in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and the relationship between whole grain and dhal protein contents
Authors: Singh Umaid , Jambunathan Ramamurthi
Published: October 2006

Protein determinations of 172 grain and dhal (decorticated dry split seed) pigeonpea samples were carried out using three methods: (a) micro‐Kjeldahl (MKJ), (b) colorimetric estimation of NH4+ with phenol hypochlorite reagents using the Technicon Auto‐Analyser (TAA), and (c) dye‐binding capacity (DBC) method using Acid Orange 12 dye. Protein percentages determined by the TAA and MKJ methods were highly correlated for whole‐grain (0.948**) and dhal (0.967**) samples. The DBC method gave reliable results for dhal samples only. In the DBC procedure, higher protein percentages were recorded with smaller flour particles and longer mixing time, but different temperatures and durations of heating had no effect. Positive and highly significant correlations were obtained between the protein values of whole‐grain and dhal samples in all the methods. Small grains gave a lower correlation between whole‐grain and dhal protein content due to the observed negative correlation between grain size and percentage of seed‐coat.
The structure of tannins of some edible fruits
Authors: Foo Lai Yeap , Porter Lawrence J.
Published: October 2006

The tannins of 20 species of edible fruits are described. The majority contain condensed tannins (polymeric proanthocyanidins) whose structural units and number average molecular weight have been determined. Some fruits contain both condensed and hydrolysable, or hydrolysable tannins alone—notably those in the genus Rubus. The structures of tannins in the fruit and leaves are compared in several cases.
Mutagenicity of chemicals of industrial and agricultural relevance in Salmonella, streptomyces and Aspergillus
Authors: Principe Paola , Dogliotti Eugenia , Bignami Margherita , Crebelli Riccardo , Falcone Emiliana , Fabrizi Maria , Conti Giuseppe , Comba Pietro
Published: October 2006

Five chemicals of industrial and agricultural relevance—ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, propylene dichloride, allyl alcohol and sulphallate—were tested for their ability to induce reverse mutations in Salmonella typhimurium and forward mutations in Streptomyces coelicolor and Aspergillus nidulans. Ethylene dibromide was positive in all the genetic systems employed; sulphallate gave a positive response, to different degrees, in all the microorganisms; ethylene dichloride was weakly active in S. typhimurium following microsomal activation; propylene dichloride was detected as a direct acting mutagen in S. typhimurium and A. nidulans but not in S. coelicolor; allyl alcohol was completely negative in all test systems.
Lipid‐protein interactions during dough development
Authors: Frazier Peter J. , Daniels Norman W. R. , Eggitt Peter W. Russell
Published: October 2006

Radionuclide‐labelled glycerol triolein has been used to follow the fate of triglyceride lipids during the mixing of wheat flour doughs. After removal of residual free lipid by petrol extraction, initial fractionation of freeze‐dried dough identified the acetic acid‐soluble protein as being the only component involved significantly in work‐induced lipid binding during dough development under nitrogen, and also in lipid release on admission of air. Very little labelled lipid was found in either the water‐soluble proteins or the starch residue. Sub‐fractionation of the acetic acid‐soluble protein by ammonium sulphate precipitation from acetic acid‐urea‐cetyltrimethyl‐ammonium bromide (AUC) solvent showed bound lipid to be distributed almost entirely between high‐molecular‐weight glutenin and protein which remained soluble in the AUC supernatant even in the presence of 20% ammonium sulphate. Precipitated gliadins contained very little labelled lipid. However, significant levels were found in classical ethanol‐extracted gliadin, and were traced predominantly to the same supernatant‐protein owing to its solubility in aqueous ethanol. Examination of this AUC‐supernatant fraction showed it to contain a hitherto unreported protein which had a molecular weight of about 9000, was strongly complexed with tri‐glyceride lipid on a 1:1 molar basis and showed a tendency to aggregate in solution. Its amino acid frequency was found to differ significantly from both glutenin and purothionin, the latter containing in particular very much more cysteine than the supernatant‐protein. Representing 10% or more of the total gluten, this small, highly interactive protein is responsible for a significant, if not the major, part of lipid binding activity in dough and may well have a fundamental role in the formation of an insoluble glutenin structure through both —SH and hydrophobic interaction. Accordingly, the name ‘Ligolin’ is proposed, from the Latin ligare: to bind, to tie.
Autoxidation of methyl linolenate and methyl linoleate: The effect of α‐tocopherol
Authors: Peers Kenneth E. , Coxon David T. , Chan Henry W‐ S.
Published: October 2006

α‐Tocopherol substantially affects the distribution of peroxidic compounds formed during the autoxidation of methyl linolenate and methyl linoleate. In the autoxidation of both these unsaturated fatty acid esters the proportion of monohydroperoxides with conjugated double bonds in the trans, trans configuration is reduced until at high concentrations of α‐tocopherol (5%) only cis, trans isomers are formed. In the autoxidation of methyl linolenate the proportion of hydroperoxy‐epidioxides is reduced and only monohydroperoxides are formed when 5% α‐tocopherol is present. The results are discussed in terms of recent findings concerning the mechanism of the autoxidation of unsaturated lipids.
The toxicity of Phaseolus vulgaris lectins. Nitrogen balance and immunochemical studies
Authors: Pusztai Arpad , Clarke Eileen M. W. , Grant George , King Timothy P.
Published: October 2006

Inclusion of pure lectins isolated from the seeds of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Processor) in diets for rats increased both faecal and urinary losses of N and resulted in a negative N balance for the animals. The relationship between total body N change [y (mg)] and lectin concentration [x (g kg−1)] of the diet was: y=421.5‐75.1 x, which was statistically significant (P=0.05). These rats developed circulating antibodies of low avidity to the dietary lectins, while no other proteins of the diet elicited a similar antibody response. Additionally, in several serum samples from rats which had been fed raw beans, the presence of small amounts of a protein reactive with rabbit anti‐lectin antibodies was detected. This protein was isolated from the immune precipitate and was shown by sodium dodecylsulphate‐gel electrophoresis to contain a protein subunit of 30 000, which was very similar to that of pure lectins. It is tentatively suggested that lectin toxicity results from the combined effects of the interference with normal intestinal digestion and/or absorption of N through the damaged enterocytes and of systemic immune (and other) responses of the rat to the internalised lectin.
The use of a microcomputer in the classification of grape brandies by pattern recognition
Authors: Leegwater Dick C. , Leegwater Jan Adriaan
Published: October 2006

German and French grape brandies have been differentiated by means of a binary pattern recognition technique, using the concentrations of 2,4,5‐trimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolane, ethyl butanoate, ethyl octanoate, and benzaldehyde as characteristic variables.
Estimation of 2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐3(2H)‐furanone (FURANEOLA®) in cultivated and wild strawberries, pineapples and mangoes
Authors: Pickenhagen Wilhelm , Velluz Alain , Passerat Jean‐Pierre , Ohloff Günther
Published: October 2006

The amount of FURANEOLA® in strawberries, pineapples, and mangoes has been determined by quantitative gas chromatography after ethyl ether extraction of the fruits.
Relative humidity control in equilibration studies
Authors: Henderson Sylvia , Pixton Stanley W.
Published: October 2006

The relative humidities in closed containers over both saturated salt solutions and wheat were identical at atmospheric and reduced pressures and reducing the pressure did not alter the relationship between moisture content and equilibrium relative humidity. When using saturated salt or potassium hydroxide solutions to condition samples of wheat, wheatfeed and rapeseed to required humidities, reducing the pressure accelerated the rate of moisture exchange between the product and the atmosphere, without affecting the moisture content‐relative humidity equilibria. There was almost total loss of viability of seeds conditioned at 93% r.h., and some loss for seeds that had been wetted prior to exposure at lower humidities, especially for wheat at atmospheric pressure. It is recommended that saturated salt solutions be used for reliable humidity control when conditioning products, but whenever there is any reason to use potassium hydroxide, as much solution as possible should be used with the required quantity of product.
A gas chromatographic method for the determination of medicagenic acid in lucerne (Alfalfa) leaf protein concentrate
Authors: Brawn Peter R. , Lindner Nigel M. , Miller Janet M. , Telling Geoffrey M.
Published: October 2006

A gas chromatographic method for the determination of medicagenic acid in alfalfa leaf protein concentrate is described. This method involved acid hydrolysis of medicagenins to release medicagenic acid, which was extracted from the hydrolysate and purified by column chromatography. After derivatisation to a dimethyl ester, di‐ (tri‐methyl silyl) ether the medicagenic acid was then quantified by gas chromatography. Recoveries of medicagenic acid added to alfalfa leaf protein concentrate after acid hydrolysis were quantitative.
Precipitation of proteins from potato juice with bentonite
Authors: Lindner Pinhas , Ben‐Gera Itamar , Keren Rami
Published: October 2006

The recovery of proteins from potato juice by treatment with bentonite has been investigated. All proteins can be precipitated from potato juice by acidification and addition of bentonite. The acid‐coagulatable protein fraction is adsorbed less by bentonite than the acid‐soluble protein fraction. Maximum adsorption of the acid‐soluble fraction occurs at pH 5.0. The working conditions recommended for obtaining a protein‐free potato juice are acidification to pH 4.5 and addition of bentonite to obtain a weight ratio of soluble protein: bentonite of 0.9. At the natural pH of potato juice (pH 5.8‐6.0), adsorption of potato proteins on bentonite is irreversible. About 62% of the adsorbed protein can be recovered by alkali treatment at pH 13.