bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Argumentation in Favor of the Legal Confirmation of the Principle of Good-Faith Discharge of Tax Obligations
Authors:   Professor of the Department of Civil and Legal Disciplines of the North Caucasian State Academy LL.D., Associate Professor, Napso Maryana B.
Published: December 2021

Throughout studying of a problematics of conscientiousness in article the question of legislative fastening of a category of conscientiousness from the point of view of various approaches is considered. Considering the complex approach necessary in questions of legal definition of the maintenance of this or that category, the author insists on introduction of concepts of conscientiousness, the diligent tax bearer, a presumption of conscientiousness not only and it is not so much within the limits of separate norms and articles, how many on necessity of reduction of maintenance НК the Russian Federation according to them. The legal regulation in such context when conscientiousness is a letter and spirit of the law, demands revision of set of its positions, concerning legal status of tax bearers, tax departments, tax agents, banks, a legal regulation of actions of tax control and consideration of their results, the tax information etc. Hence, for the author it is a question of giving to legal regulation of a certain orientation, a formulation new концепта, according to which: 1) the diligent person always has advantage before unfair, and the more so before the defaulter; 2) the diligent person cannot be put in the worst position, than unfair; 3) granting of tax privileges demands a recognition of the person the diligent; 4) application of special tax modes is put in direct dependence on a recognition of the person by the diligent. Thus, in a basis of legal regulation of a principle of conscientiousness the author puts the approach based on a recognition of a difference of legal status of persons depending on execution by them of a duty on payment of taxes that, in its opinion, to the greatest degree corresponds to taxation major principles — compulsions, generality, equality and justice.
LIABILITY FOR THE MANUFACTURE AND CIRCULATION OF FILES OR OBJECTS WITH PORNOGRAPHIC IMAGES OF MINORS IN INTERNATIONAL, FOREIGN AND RUSSIAN CRIMINAL LAW
Authors:   Associate Professor of the Department of Applied Law of the MIREA — Russian Technological University PhD (Law), Associate Professor, Konovalov Nikolay N.
Published: December 2021

The article analyzes the norms of international and international criminal law that prohibit the production and trafficking of materials or objects with pornographic images of minors. Various acts defining what should be considered pornography of minors are considered in sequence. Domestic and foreign legislation is also studied. In the process of studying the concept of “pornography”, the opinions of well-known Russian and foreign scientists are considered.
CRIMINAL OFFENSE IN FOREIGN CRIMINAL LAWS
Authors:   Leading Research Scientist of the Research Center of the Management Academy of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation Doctoral Student, PhD (Law), Sizova Viktoria N.
Published: December 2021

The article attempts to make a comparative legal analysis of foreign criminal legislation on the subject of legal regulation of the category of criminal offense. The presence of this category in most criminal law systems of foreign countries has been established. It is concluded that it is necessary to introduce a criminal offense in the Russian criminal law
THE CONTENT OF THE ADVERSARIAL PRINCIPLE DEVELOPED BY THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors:   Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Procedure and Criminalistics of the Southwest State University (Kursk) PhD (Law), Associate Professor, Chebotareva Irina N.
Published: December 2021

The article examines the adversarial principle from the point of view of the European Court of Human Rights, analyzes the case law, which formulates the position of the Court on the content of the adversarial process, and summarizes the opinions of scientists on this issue. The concept of adversarial process, developed by the European Court, is not identical to its understanding in national law and has an autonomous meaning.
Układ urbanistyczny Szadku – ocena konfiguracyjna
Authors: Lamprecht Mariusz
Published: December 2021

Artykuł zawiera wyniki analizy konfiguracyjnej układu urbanistycznego Szadku (obszaru miasta lokacyjnego i jego bezpośredniego otoczenia) z zastosowaniem narzędzi składni przestrzeni (space syntax). Przedstawione badania ujawniły przestrzenie kluczowe dla funkcjonowania miasta w kontekście konfiguracyjnym. Są to m.in. dwa rdzenie integracji: jeden o charakterze pasmowym, położony na obszarze miasta lokacyjnego z przedłużeniem w kierunku struktur Nowego Miasta, drugi o charakterze węzłowym, istniejący na obszarze przypuszczalnego położenia struktur przedlokacyjnych tego miasta. Zidentyfikowane zostały także przestrzenie istotne dla utrzymania sprawności systemu miejskiego w kontekście ruchu pieszego.
Polska Partia Robotnicza w Szadku w latach 1945–1948
Authors: Stulczewski Jarosław
Published: December 2021

Komitet Miejski Polskiej Partii Robotniczej na terenie Szadku został utworzony w lutym 1945 r. Jego I sekretarzem przez cały okres istnienia był Józef Płusa, pełniący w latach 1946–1948 funkcję burmistrza Szadku. Tym samym PPR wspomagana przez PPS dzierżyła całkowitą władzę w mieście. W pierwszych miesiącach 1945 r. działacze PPR byli zaangażowani w realizację reformy rolnej, a następnie odegrali istotną rolę przy sfałszowaniu referendum w 1946 r. i wyborów do Sejmu Ustawodawczego w 1947 r. W maju 1948 r. zorganizowano Komitet Gminny PPR na czele z i sekretarzem Józefem Kolendą vel Kolędą, wybranym następnie na wójta gminy Szadek. Na podstawie zgromadzonych materiałów źródłowych można wysunąć wniosek, że szadkowska PPR przez cały okres swojego funkcjonowania wykazywała słabą aktywność polityczną. W szczytowym momencie działalności jej struktury w mieście liczyły nieco ponad 50 członków. W obliczu wielu problemów, z którymi borykano się w pierwszych latach po wojnie, a także w związku z wewnątrzpartyjnymi nieporozumieniami organizacja PPR na terenie miasta i gminy Szadek nie odegrała istotnej roli.
Religious Beliefs, Practices, and Representations as Humanly Enacted Realities: Lucian (circa 120-200) Addresses Sacrifices, Death, Divinity, and Fate
Authors: Prus Robert
Published: December 2021

Lucian of Samosata (circa 120-200) may be primarily envisioned as a poet-philosopher from the classical Roman era. However, the material he develops on religion not only anticipates important aspects of contemporary pragmatist/constructionist approaches to the sociology of religion but also provides some particularly compelling insights into religion as a humanly engaged realm of reality. Following an introduction to a pragmatist approach to the study of religion, this paper presents a synoptic overview of several of Lucian’s texts on religion. In addition to the significance of Lucian’s materials for comprehending an era of Roman and Greek civilization, as well as their more general sources of intellectual and aesthetic stimulation, these texts also provide an array of valuable transhistorical reference points and alert scholars in the field of religion to some ways in which the study of religion could be more authentically approached within the social sciences. The paper concludes with a consideration of the affinities of Lucian’s depictions of religion with pragmatist, interactionist, and associated approaches as this pertains to the study of religion as a realm of human involvement.
Storying the Good Life: Selfhood and Morality Through the Biographical Narrative Storyline
Authors: Bernasconi Oriana
Published: December 2021

The connection between personal story and morality has been long enunciated, but remains under-researched. Combining moral and narrative theory, this article approaches this relation by introducing a line of narrative inquiry oriented towards the exploration of how ethical intentions with regard to the good life manifest in and shape the biographical storyline and the self narratively assembled. The analysis encompasses a first case-based stage focused on the examination of the main motive of the personal story and its effects upon the organization of both self and narrative, followed by a comparative phase in which storylines and moral motives that work as reference of a set of biographical accounts belonging to different social positions, temporalities, or geographies are contrasted in order to establish linkages, breaks, and transformations in the relation between identity and morality across cases. This line of inquiry is applied into a research about intergenerational changes and continuities in the relation between selfhood and morality, based on life stories conducted with Chilean people of successive generations. In the conclusions, this strategy of narrative analysis is assessed in the light of current development of this field of qualitative social research.
Faith-Based Charitable Giving and Its Impact on Notions of “Community”: The Case of American Muslim NGOs
Authors: Khan Sabithulla
Published: December 2021

With the current economic downturn, increased levels of unemployment, and poverty, the role of non-profits has come into spotlight. Considering that there are over 1.5 million NGOs in the U.S.A., and a proliferation of faith-based organizations (FBOs), their role in social capital, civic engagement cannot be discounted (Salamon, Sokolowski, and Anheier 2000). The role of FBOs has also been recognized as being important, and this became a part of mainstream discourse with the Charitable Choice provisions introduced by President Bill Clinton and consolidated under George W. Bush. While there is a lot of literature on Christian FBOs, there is very little written matter on American Muslim NGOs, or comparative research. American Muslim FBOs have emerged in the last 20 years, as important players in both domestic and international humanitarian aid movement. I will examine the case of Muslim faith-based giving to organizations to analyze how charitable giving towards them is influencing discourse about the American Muslim “community,” and how it is best to understand their work “relationally” rather than in opposition to other faith traditions (GhaneaBassiri 2010). While the narrative of giving among American Muslims seems simple and there is also very little literature on this issue, my preliminary research points towards a complicated landscape of giving, which combines both local giving at the mosque level and giving at the international level to the Ummah (community) or brotherhood, through transnational humanitarian aid agencies such as Islamic Relief. I argue that giving practices are creating new forms of “relational communities” in America. This notion of “relationality” can be applied in philanthropy, and is evident in the global humanitarian aid movement, as I demonstrate. I ask whether this is forming a new “moral geography” that is more pluralistic and broader than the one that we are familiar, especially in the American context. A closer examination of this phenomenon offers us insights into how a community is imagined and created. This paper seeks to contribute to the growing body of literature on FBOs, and also that on American philanthropy.
Floristic Diversity and Ethnobotanical Studies of Nandha Gopalasamy Hill Temple Sacred Grove of Western Ghats, Pollachi Taluk, Coimbatore
Authors: Kumar A.M. Ananda , Rathika D. , Rakkimuthu R. , Sathishkumar P.
Published: December 2021

Background: The sacred groves are considered to be ecologically most important area as they are rich in plant diversity. It is considered to be repository of many important medicinal plantspecies including endangered and endemic and many valuable plant species. An ethanobotanical survey was carried out to assess the floristic diversity and it medicinal properties used by the indigenous peoples and local people. The floristic study conducted to understand the status of vegetation an it is important step towards conservation. Methods: The study was carried out for about one yearby frequent field visit and inperson interview with indigenous peoples to know the medicinal properties of the species. Result: The study showed presence of 54 medicinal plants out of which 22 are herbs, 12 shrubs, 2 climbers and 17 are tree habits. All the plants are found to be highly medicinal in treating many diseases. The survey reveals the conservation importance of the sacred grove to safe guard the ecosystem for sustainable development.
Lessons Learned from Community-based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) Programmes that Operate in Fragile or Conflict Affected Settings
Authors: Quak Evert-jan
Published: December 2021

This rapid review synthesises the literature on how community-based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) programmes could be adapted in settings of conflict and fragility. It identifies multiple factors affecting the quality and effectiveness of CMAM services including the health system, community engagement and linkages with other programmes, including education, sanitation, and early childhood development. Family MUAC (Mid-Upper Arm Circumference) is a useful tool to increase community participation and detect early cases of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) and severe acute malnutrition (SAM) more effectively and less likely to require inpatient care. The literature does not say a lot about m-Health solutions (using mobile devises and applications) in data collection and surveillance systems. Many of the above-mentioned issues are relevant for CMAM programmes in settings of non-emergency, emergency, conflict and fragility. However, there are special circumstance in conflict and fragile settings that need adaptation and simplification of the standard protocols. Because of a broken or partly broken health system in settings of conflict and fragility, local governments are not able to fund access to adequate inpatient and outpatient treatment centres. NGOs and humanitarian agencies are often able to set up stand-alone outpatient therapeutic programmes or mobile centres in the most affected regions. The training of community health volunteers (CHVs) is important and implementing Family MUAC. Importantly, research shows that: Low literacy of CHVs is not a problem to achieve good nutritional outcomes as long as protocols are simplified. Combined/simplified protocols are not inferior to standard protocols. However, due to complexities and low funding, treatment is focused on SAM and availability for children with MAM is far less prioritised, until they deteriorate to SAM. There is widespread confusion about combined/simplified protocol terminology and content, because there is no coherence at the global level.
Alternative Systems for Managing Financial Transactions in Humanitarian Crises
Authors: Megersa Kelbesa
Published: December 2021

Restrictions on the banking sector are having a growing adverse impact on the flow of funds to humanitarian agencies and assisting communities affected by humanitarian crises has also become much more difficult and costly. Delays, refusals of transactions by financial institutions and outright bank account closures worsen humanitarian crises by delaying aid distribution response times. The inability to channel funds and critical financial services into countries in humanitarian crisis prevents life-saving humanitarian assistance from reaching those who need it most. The absence of legal transfer channels means the financing vacuum is often filled by illicit means, which can facilitate the spread of crime and corruption (ODI, 2021). Humanitarian organisations have turned to a variety of transaction channels due to disruptions in legitimate transfer mechanisms. Without these alternative money transfer channels humanitarian organisations have been unable to run some parts of their programming. These alternatives means of obtaining funds requires humanitarian organisations to enter into less regulated financial agreements that are not subject to international standards.
Labour migration in the border region according to online recruitment data (based on the materials of Amur Region)
Authors: Alkhasov Stanislav , Ryazantsev Sergey
Published: December 2021

Amur Region (also named Amur Oblast) is a border region of Russia, characterized by socio-economic disadvantages (low standard of living, high prices) and unfavorable climatic conditions in part of the territory. Major projects in the field of construction, transportation, industrial production, fuel, and energy are being implemented in this region: the Vostochny Cosmodrome, the Amur Gas Processing Plant, etc. Territories of accelerated socioeconomic development (the Russian acronym is TOR) are being created. The regional government is making efforts to increase the investment attractiveness of the region, which is of interest to the business communities of neighboring countries. We formulate the portrait of a typical potential migrant worker who is ready to relocate to work in the Amur Region. According to the data of Internet recruitment, we show that the migration inflow prevails for the purpose of rotational basis (temporary) work. We identify the most significant donor regions, popular industries, and median salary expectations of potential migrant workers. We pay attention to the fact that the salaries of rotational basis workers are, on average, noticeably higher than the salaries of the local population: it becomes an additional factor of social tension. The incomes of rotational basis workers increase the values of regional average salaries, but in reality, this money does not remain inside Amur Region. Disproportions in the labour market are one more factor in the growth of inequality in the region, which additionally provokes the outflow of the local population from the region. Accordingly, the implementation of large-scale construction and fuel and energy projects in its current form is unable to overcome negative demographic trends, because it cannot individually solve the complex problems of socio-economic development of the Russian Amur river region. Social programs, such as «Zemsky Teacher» and «Zemsky Doctor», are not of a systematic nature. Ultimately, the social sector continues to degrade and does not receive a meaningful inflow of new highly qualified specialists (doctors, teachers, scientists, etc.) from outside.
Comprehensive assessment of the citizen wellbeing in the territory of residence: taking into account the changing influence of indicators economic security
Authors: Kuklin Alexsandr , Okhotnikov Sergey
Published: December 2021

The article considers a generalizing characteristic of the citizen's wellbeing in the territory of residence, assesses indicators based on statistical data, and makes adjustments due to safety indicators. The author's diagnostic technique was used, which includes corrective indicators. For this purpose, the method of express diagnostics was applied, which made it possible to select the 8 most significant from 12 modules and 43 indicators of economic security. The rate of change of each of the 8 indicators was taken into account, which made it possible to determine the changes in these indicators and the predisposition to one degree or another of the socio-economic crisis. A change in the trend of an indicator can lead to the opposite effect at the expense of other main influencing indexes. This takes into account the borderline state of the indicator, namely, its rate of growth or decline and predisposition to a particular crisis zone. The turning zones of the trend of changes in indicators have been determined. The object of the research is the well-being of the individual in the territory of residence for each subject of the Ural Federal District. The authors made an attempt to consider in the analysis not just the population of the subject (the number of people), but also to assess the personality from the standpoint of moral development, the level of education, the available opportunities for spiritual development, the provision of benefits necessary to maintain life and the degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population. This will allow to carry out the current analysis of the state, but also to consider the forecast dynamics of change for the next 2 to 3 years. The results obtained can be used in the current assessment of the socio-economic situation in the regions of Russia, as well as in planning and forecasting individual indicators of individual citizen wellbeing in the territory of residence
Universal basic income as a regulator of increasing the standard and quality of life of citizens and society sustainability: problems and possible ways of their solution. discussion at the Russian-German international conference. Moscow. May 20, 2021
Authors: Bobkov Vyacheslav , Odintsova Elena , Pilyus Alexandra
Published: December 2021

This paper examines international discourse borders regarding theoretical and practical problems of Universal basic income concept through the prism of the scientific discussion which took place in May 2021 at the International Scientific Russian-German Conference «Universal basic income as a regulatory measure for improvement of citizens’ standard and quality of life improvement and social sustainability: problems and possible solutions». The authors presented the digests of the speakers' speeches, which formed the scientific basis of the article devoted to the conceptualization of the phenomenon of universal basic income (UBI), scientific, political, and state aspects of the discourse on the implementation of UBI, the problems of introduction of UBI in transitional forms, the practice of the experimental introduction of UBI, modeling the consequences of the introduction of UBI, the impact of UBI on various aspects of life, etc. The materials of the above-mentioned Conference depict the main problematic edges of UBI concept exploration as well as implementation issues and allow to determine directions of further appliances. The most important ones are – search for country-specific transitional forms of UBI and instruments for its experimental approbation in order to improve quality of life and social sustainability of the society. The discussion at the Conference about the UBI concept is commented in the paper in the context of factual actions of Russian and German officials, ideas and suggestions of the international scientific community, and the need for a transition towards greater and complex UBI piloting, considering aspects examined in detail at the International BIEN Congress (August 2021), Glasgow, Scotland
Química analítica básica
Authors: Andrade João Carlos de
Published: December 2021

Em um artigo anterior publicado nesta Revista foram deduzidas as equações que descrevem as curvas teóricas de dois métodos volumétricos redox diferentes que podem ser usados na determinação de ferro em solução, nominalmente a cerimetria e a permanganometria. Mas a literatura descreve que o procedimento padrão adotado para tal fim é a titulação da amostra de ferro com uma solução padrão de dicromato de potássio, usando detecção visual, mesmo sabendo que o dicromato apresenta o menor potencial formal de redução dos três agentes oxidantes considerados. Daí surgem perguntas tais como: qual a razão da preferência pelo dicromato de potássio? Por que utilizar a detecção visual do ponto de equivalência? Quais os indicadores recomendados? Como preparar a amostra e o titulante para uma titulação redox? Para responder essas questões, além de saber como o sistema químico deve se comportar, o que é feito por meio das curvas teóricas de titulação, é preciso também ter bom conhecimento prático da química envolvida nesses procedimentos, determinantes para se aceitar as ações a serem executadas em laboratório. Para isso a experiência prévia do analista é um fator essencial. Neste artigo, serão destacados os pontos essenciais a serem observados, antes de se considerar (ou aceitar) um procedimento como adequado à prática da volumetria redox.
Plastic surgery in a trauma center: a multidisciplinary approach for polytrauma patients
Authors: Moon Kyung-Chul , Yun Yu-Kyeong
Published: December 2021

Purpose: With the increasing number of polytrauma patients treated at high-level trauma centers, plastic surgery has entered the specialty of traumatology. Plastic surgeons specialize in the simultaneous surgical care of patients with facial or hand trauma and soft tissue injuries requiring microsurgery. The purpose of this study was to introduce the role of plastic surgery in a high-level trauma center.Methods: Between January 2020 and December 2020, 5,712 patients with traumatic injuries were admitted to the emergency department of a tertiary hospital. Of these 5,712 patients, 1,578 patients were hospitalized for surgical treatment and/or critical care. Among the 1,578 hospitalized trauma patients, 551 patients (35%) required at least one plastic surgery procedure. The patient variables included age, sex, etiology, the injured area, and injury characteristics. We also retrospectively investigated surgical data such as the duration of the operation, hospital stay, length of time from injury to surgery, and collaboration with other departments.Results: The most common injury referred to plastic surgery was facial trauma (41%), followed by hand trauma (36%), and soft tissue injuries requiring microsurgery in various parts of the body other than the hand (7%). The majority of facial and hand traumas were concomitant injuries. Sixteen percent of patients underwent collaborative surgical management for polytrauma involving both plastic surgery and another department.Conclusions: The role of plastic surgery in multidisciplinary teams at high-level trauma centers has become increasingly important. The results of this study may help in the development of multidisciplinary trauma team strategies and future workforce planning.
Acute methemoglobinemia after a blast injury: a case report
Authors: Kim Donghoon , Lee Yoonhyun , Jeong Sung Yub , Lee Hojun
Published: December 2021

Methemoglobin is a structurally modified form of hemoglobin incapable of binding oxygen, and elevated levels of methemoglobin cause tissue hypoxia. Occupational exposure to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, commonly called trinitrotoluene, causes methemoglobinemia. This case report describes a 27-year-old male sergeant who developed methemoglobinemia upon exposure to trinitrotoluene after a blast injury while welding the walls of tank shells. This is the first case of its kind in Korea. The patient had multiple burns in his abdomen and open fractures in his right leg. While his body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, and chest X-ray were normal, arterial gas analysis revealed acute (methemoglobinemia concentration, 13.5%; oxygen saturation, 92.0%), probably caused by nitroglycerin exposure. Aspiration and adsorption through the skin and respiratory system were suspected to be the routes of entry. His methemoglobinemia normalized after 4 days after treating the wounds surgically, administering oxygen therapy, and performing blood transfusion.
Investigation and Analysis of ICT development index (IDI) for measuring ICT resources in Georgia
Authors: Popkhadze Giorgi , Dašić Predrag , Turmanidze Raul
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Information and communication technologies (ICT) are a set of equipment (devices, systems, etc.) and techniques with associated software (software systems and software tools) that have been developed and used for more efficient communication, creation, distribution, storage and management of information. The IDI (ICT Development Index) index is most often used to measure ICT resources, which is defined as a composite index that combines 11 indicators (classified into 3 sub-indices: Access, Use and Skills). Data on values of IDI index has been retrieved from Measuring the Information Society Report (MISR), which since 2008 has been publishing by International Telecommunications Union (ITU). The IDI index for 2017 was determined for 176 countries of the world, with the first on the ranking list was Iceland with IDI2017=8.98 and the last Eritrea with IDI2017=0.96. The mean value of IDI index for 2017 was Avg=5.11, standard deviation was StD=2.22 and coefficient of variation was CoV=43.52. In this paper is given of analysis of IDI (ICT development index) for measuring ICT resources in Georgia. The data were approximated using a 3rd degree polynomial regression model (PRM3) with a correlation coefficient R=0.9964, determination coefficient R2=0.9928 and adjustment coefficient of determination is AdjR2=0.9885.
The Role of the UN Peacemaking Operations in the Foreign Policy of Denmark in the 1990s: from an Exemplary Peacemaker to an Ardent Atlanticist
Authors: Belukhin N.
Published: December 2021

Under the Cold War Denmark successfully employed the UN peacemaking operations to increase its own international status and strengthen relations with the key Western allies. The Nordic model of peacemaking was later considered as an example to be followed by other European states in the 1990s. As the role of the UN gradually declined during the 1990s and the UN peacemaking operations led to major failures, most notably the Srebrenica massacre and the Rwandan genocide, NATO, as well as the EU, started expanding their own activities in the sphere of peacemaking and peace enforcement. As a consequence, Denmark stopped considering the UN peacemaking as the main framework for international activism and started getting increasingly engaged in coalition operations and NATO operations as a means to win the favor of the key ally — the USA. Another factor that significantly contributed to Denmark’s growing atlanticism was the so-called "defense clause" which prevented Denmark from participating in the military dimension of the emerging CFSP within the EU and later CSDP. The Danish international activism acquired therefore a tangible military element which on the one hand enabled Denmark to punch above its weight, but at the same time became contradictory to the very ideas and goals which made international activism attractive for the Danish public in the first place. The initial value- and identity-driven UN peacemaking eventually became reduced to a means of accomplishing limited goals of status-seeking and ensuring the country’s place as a non-permanent member of the Security Council. It is thus becoming increasingly difficult for Denmark to reconcile the adherence to humanitarian diplomacy and Nordic "Peace Brand" with aggressive military activism.
Budget Funding Priorities and Development Prospects of the US Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Selyanin Y.
Published: December 2021

The US Government has initiated a large-scale activity on artificial intelligence (AI) development and implementation. Numerous departments and agencies including the Pentagon, intelligence community and citizen agencies take part in these efforts. Some of them are responsible for technology, materials and standards development. Others are customers of AI. State AI efforts receive significant budget funding. Moreover, Department of Defense costs on AI are comparable with the whole non-defense funding. American world-leading IT companies support state departments and agencies in organizing AI technologies development and implementation. The USA's highest military and political leadership supports such efforts. Congress provides significant requested funding. However leading specialists criticize the state's approach to creating and implementing AI. Firstly, they consider authorized assignments as not sufficient. Secondly, even this funding is used ineffectively. Therefore Congress created National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence (NSCAI) in 2018 for identifying problems in the AI area and developing solutions. This article looks at the stakeholders and participants of the state AI efforts, the budget funding authorization, the major existing problems and the NSCAI conclusions regarding the necessary AI funding in FYs 2021-2032.
THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN ROMANIA’S TOURISM SECTOR: FROM LEVEL DESCRIPTORS TO LEARNING OUTCOMES
Authors: Ispas Ana
Published: December 2021

Tourism is generally and globally acknowledged as one of the few economic sectors that has more than significant growth prospects and is characterized as a catalyst for peace and prosperity. At the same time, this sector is known for its high turnover of staff, persistent lack of qualified personnel and rapidly changing skill needs. If Romania wants to be a competitive tourist destination, we must assure a high quality of the tourism services and the people who deliver them. The most important labour shortage in Romania’s tourism is at the management level (top and middle management) and entrepreneurs. There are several reasons for this. For a long time, Romania’s tourist industry was dominated by large public enterprises. Most often, top and middle management were not appointed and promoted according to their education and capabilities, but according to other non-professional criteria. Education at all levels, especially higher education, has not been producing a competent labour force. Management education has been especially weak, with no specialized education for management in tourism. Some available programmes were of too general and with little practical training. Although there are several institutions of higher education which provide education for tourism, all of them need to modernize their programmes with a greater emphasis on management, foreign languages, ICT, and practical training. Today, Romania started to reform education. This is a significant challenge for the entire education system, including higher education in tourism. This year a consultation process was started to identify the most important competences that should be formed or developed in a degree programme. The outcome of this consultation process will be reflected in the set of reference points – generic and subject specific competences – identified by 10 subject areas, including tourism.
TRENDS AND THE NEED FOR NEW PROFESSIONS AND FORMS OF EDUCATION IN TOURISM AND HOTEL MANAGEMENT
Authors: Vujić Vidoje , Bečić Emira , Črnjar Kristina
Published: December 2021

Tourism is a very significant sector of the economy in most countries. Its quality growth is not possible without an effective policy of developing human potential. All this, surely, is a weight to be borne in particular by hotel managers who are specifically responsible to ensure new know-how and professions within the corpus of employees. The paper shows the benchmarks and anticipates the prospects of tourism development. It deliberates over the modern forms of formal, not formal and informal education of personnel in tourism. It defines new trends in tourism and their impact on the professional development of personnel and on the innovating of knowledge to employees in tourism.
ENERGY AUDIT – METHOD FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN HOTELS
Authors: Hrs Borkovic Zeljka , Kulisic Biljana , Zidar Margareta
Published: December 2021

: In the very near future, energy efficient hotels will cease to be the exception but will be the rule. Energy conservation and the intelligent utilization of renewable energy sources are prerequisite for sustainable development of tourism. Due to global warming and increased standards in hotel industry, there is an increasing demand for energy for cooling in general, although this is especially reflected in hotel industry peaking in summer period. Furthermore, energy demand for hot water and food and beverages preparation in a hotel increases proportionally with the number of tourists. All these energy issues are overburdening the ever competing hotel industry. Hotels, in order to optimize their energy costs and implementation of renewable energy sources utilization, have to perform energy audit - an analysis of thermal performance and energy systems of building with the purpose to determent its energy efficiency or non-efficiency. This paper combines energy audit methodology with properties of energy consumption in hotel industry with an aim to provide guidelines for modern hotel energy management.
RESTORABLE ENERGY SOURCES AS A FACTOR OF THE COMPETITIVE IMPROVEMENT ABILITY OF A TOURIST DESTINATION
Authors: Gračan Daniela , Alkier Radnić Romina , Bogdan Siniša
Published: December 2021

Energy supply represents not only the energetic and ecological undertaking factor of tourist economy bearers, but the factor of profitability and competitiveness within the foreign tourist market as well. Lower energy costs form the prerequisites for higher profit accomplishments, as well as better market price competitiveness. Instead of exploiting natural resources, tourism should make the most of them, which brings into relief the directing of tourist economy subjects towards the use of restorable energy sources, particularly solar and wind energy. In spite of favourable climate features of Croatia, expressed in terms of insulation and windstrength, the restorable energy sources are still used rather insignificantly. Some positive moves in such a trend are noticeable on the island of Pag and in the town of Sibenik, where the electric energy is obtained in wind power-plants. In accordance with the concept of sustainable development of tourism, both solar energy and wind-mill energy should represent the skeleton for the energetic supply of the Croatian tourist coastline in the future. And only then, with the right amount of energy and without dependence on the world energetic markets, Croatia can develop its own healthy economic and tourist future.
pratiques commerciales trompeuses en viticulture
Authors: Valette-Ercole Vanessa
Published: December 2021

Dans un arrêt rendu par la chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation le 12 juin 2019, l’appréciation de l’existence d’une pratique commerciale trompeuse dans le domaine viticole a fortement surpris par son étroitesse. Retour sur les pratiques commerciales déloyales au prisme de cette affaire "Petrus".
Exploring the Genetic Diversity Among Weedy Rice Accessions Differing in Herbicide Tolerance and Allelopathic Potential
Authors: Shrestha Swati , Sharma Gourav , Stallworth Shandrea , Redoña E. D. , Tseng Te Ming
Published: December 2021

Increasing agricultural productivity is indispensable to meet future food demand. Crop im-provement programs rely heavily on genetic diversity. The success of weeds in the ecosystem can be attributed to genetic diversity and plasticity. Weedy rice, a major weed of rice, has diverse morphology and phenology, implying wide genetic diversity. Study was conducted to genotype weedy rice accessions (n =54) previously phenotyped for herbicide tolerance and allelopathic potential using 30 SSR markers. Cultivated rice (CL163, REX) and allelopathic rice (RONDO, PI312777, PI338047) were also included in the study. Nei’s genetic diversity among weedy rice (0.45) was found to be higher than cultivated rice (0.24) but less than allelopathic rice (0.56). The genetic relationship and population structure based on herbicide tolerance and allelopathic po-tential were evaluated. Herbicide-tolerant and susceptible accessions formed distinct clusters in the dendrogram, indicating their genetic variation, whereas no distinction was observed between allelopathic and non-allelopathic weedy rice accessions. Weedy rice accession B2, which was previously reported to have high allelopathy and herbicide tolerance, was genetically distinct from other weedy rice. Results from the study will help leverage weedy rice for rice improvement programs as both rice and weedy rice are closely related, thus having a low breeding barrier.
A human body as an energy source
Authors: Honcharov Yevgen , Kriukova Nataliya , Markov Vladislav , Polyakov Igor
Published: December 2021

The article deals with the actual problems of using the energy released by the human body. The question arises how much energy can the human body generate? Is it possible to use this energy for domestic and industrial needs? In the 18th and 19th centuries, the first scientific works on this topic appeared. It turned out that the charge carriers in the proteins of a living organism are protons and electrons, which, together with the electron-hole conduction system, create a single conductivity inherent only in a living organism. The electrical activity of the brain is assessed by voltage pulses with an amplitude of 500 μV of various frequencies from 0.5 to 55 Hz. It is impossible to receive pulses with such a frequency and such an amplitude from only ionic-type charge carriers. Electrochemical current sources are inertial; therefore, this fact can be direct evidence of the presence of electronic movement of charge carriers in the brain and the nervous system as a whole. It is quite realistic to use the thermal energy of the human body. Currently, the central building of the Stockholm railway station has been turned into a kind of experimental testing ground. Every day about 250 thousand people pass through the station building, who emit up to 25 MW of thermal energy. Most of it in the form of heated air is collected in ventilation and through heat exchangers energy is transferred to heat water in the heating system of another building. According to rough estimates, the efficiency of such a system can save up to 25% of the energy spent on heating the building. Inside a person, electric currents of various frequencies are generated in 7 biological power plants: in the heart, in the brain and in the five sense organs. All the electricity that is generated inside the human body is absorbed by its own tissues. Not a single electron produced inside a living organism leaves the human body, and does not pass into the environment, but is absorbed by the skin. This is the reason for the closure of the human electrical system. The body itself absorbs all the electricity that it previously produced. The energy generated by the human body is divided into mechanical, thermal, and electrical. The thermal energy of the human body can be used most effectively. Mechanical energy can also be used, but with much less efficiency. The electrical energy of the human body at this stage in the development of science and technology is practically impossible to use. Its use is likely to become real in the very distant future
Fostering metacognitive skill: A means to improve students’ academic achievement
Authors: Rizkia Andini Maulida , Zulfiani Zulfiani
Published: December 2021

Metacognition is one of the five key learning skills in the 21st century. This research aims to describe the profile of the students' metacognitive skills in biology learning at Tangerang Selatan Senior High School. This type of research was survey with descriptive approach. The population of this research was students of Senior High school in Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia. Sampling was conducted with stratified sampling, four school was determined by random sampling.  Data on metacognitive skills are collected using questionnaires with supporting data in the form of interviews, observations, and documentation. The survey results of metacognitive skills and observation were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Based on the results of the survey, the average planning result is 72.47%, monitoring by 73%, and evaluating by 72.17%. The results showed that students' metacognitive skills  in biology are in a strong category so that these  skills can support the increase learner academic outcomes in the learning process.
The Protection of the Interests of Future Generations in the 10-Year-Old Hungarian Constitution, With Special Reference to the Right to a Healthy Environment and Other Environmental Issues
Authors: Szilágyi János Ede
Published: December 2021

The present study is inspired by the tenth anniversary of the new Hungarian Constitution, known under the name of Fundamental Law, which was adopted in 2011 and entered into force in 2012. In this study we analyse the ten-year old Fundamental Law and its constitutional practice with regard to the important challenges and tasks of the 21st century, namely how the protection of the interests of future generations and the environment are reflected in it. Particularly important elements of the study are (a) the institutional guarantees of the relevant provisions, such as the provisions relating to the Constitutional Court and the Advocate of Future Generations, (b) the concept of GMO-free agriculture in the Fundamental Law, (c) the theses of the Constitutional Court practice on the prohibition of retrogression and the precautionary principle, (d) new interpretative frameworks and possibilities arising from other values of the Fundamental Law, such as the provisions on Christian culture, (e) the open questions of interpretation of the Fundamental Law on waste and the environmental liability regime, (f) the priority protection of natural resources, which are the common heritage of the nation, and last but not least (g) the particularly forward-looking integration of the interests of future generations in the rules on public finances and national assets.
Current tendencies of the development of the right to a healthy environment in Hungary in the light of the practice of the Constitutional Court in recent years
Authors: Hojnyák Dávid
Published: December 2021

In recent years, there have been several Constitutional Court decisions dealing with the right to a healthy environment and its interpretation. In these decisions, the Constitutional Court has further developed and partially renewed the content of the right to a healthy environment and its interpretation, which was necessary and justified following the adoption of the Fundamental Law of Hungary, and especially following its fourth amendment. Accordingly, the present study reviews the recent changes in the content and interpretation of the right to a healthy environment and the new tendencies that can be observed in this context by analysing the practice of the Constitutional Court of Hungary.
The approach of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia towards the protection of the right to a healthy environment
Authors: Ofak Lana
Published: December 2021

This paper analyzes provisions of the Croatian Constitution related to environmental protection, as well as their application in the case law of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia. The main aim is to examine whether the Constitutional Court considers Croatian Constitution as prescribing the right to a healthy environment although it only explicitly prescribes the right to a healthy life. The paper shall also explore the Constitutional Court’s interpretation of other environmental provision that are enshrined in the Croatian Constitution. For the purposes of writing this paper, 94 decisions of the Constitutional Court containing the word ‘human environment’ were examined. However, the paper dealt in detail with only those decisions that explicitly referred to the application of environmental provisions of the Constitution. The paper ends with conclusions which can be drawn from the case law of the Constitutional Court with an important observation that the conclusion concerning the constitutional protection of the right to a healthy environment in Croatia unfortunately cannot be deduced due to the extreme lack of cases in which applicants call for protection of this right in their constitutional complaints.