bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis‐Associated Markers in the American Red Cross Blood Donor Population
Authors: Nath N. , Pielech M. , Dodd R.Y.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A total of 20,643 samples of blood donated to three American Red Cross Blood Service regions were tested for antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc) in order to evaluate and understand its significance and implications. All 20,643 samples were non‐reactive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) when screened at the regions. Overall, 2.2% of all samples were found to have anti‐HBc, and a total of 16 had anti‐HBc in the absence of antibodies to surface antigen (anti‐HBs) activity. 1 of the 16 samples with anti‐HBc in the absence of anti‐HBs was found to have HBsAg when tested by a sensitive procedural modification of the Ausria II test. Samples with low levels of anti‐HBc activity were significantly more likely to be negative for anti‐HBs.
Mouse Monoclonal Anti‐HBs and Its Use in the Screening of Donated Blood by Elisa
Authors: Els Maryna C. , Govender Mathaven , Marimuthu Thanapal , Bubb Martin O. , Conradie Jan D.
Published: March 2009

A method is described for the production of mouse monoclonal antibodies to HBsAg. 4 clones produced antibodies directed at the a and one at the d determinant of HBsAg. These antibodies were conjugated to horse radish peroxidase and used in an Elisa for the detection of HBsAg in donated blood. Antibody C10 produced conjugate which rendered the Elisa as sensitive as a commercially obtainable immunoradiometric assay with which it was compared. Conditions for this assay were optimised and it may be used as a rapid (1 h) test for detecting HBsAg‐positive blood. It is practicable to read this Elisa by eye instead of photometrically and it can be thus used under field conditions or in emergencies.
A Genetic Marker of Human IgE Heavy Chains, Em(1)1
Authors: van Loghem Erna , Aalberse R.C. , Matsumoto H.
Published: March 2009

A monoclonal anti‐IgE antibody was obtained that reacted with some IgE myeloma proteins and with all but a few normal sera. Family studies proved that a genetic marker of IgE had been detected. This allotype, called Em(1), segregates in association with certain Gm‐Am haplotypes. The available quantitative evidence warrants the conclusion that human IgE has genetic variants, but no subclasses. Samples from various populations of five continents, representative for the respective prevalent Gm‐Am haplotypes, were tested for Em(1). Em(1) was absent mainly in haplotypes carrying A2m(2) and G2m(n). These closely linked genes are located in a chromosomal region that comprises theγ2‐γ4‐ε‐α2CH genes. A hypothesis for the generation of Em(1) is given.
A Retrospective Study on Transmission of Adult T Cell Leukemia Virus by Blood Transfusion: Seroconversion in Recipients
Authors: Okochi Kazuo , Sato Hiroyuki , Hinuma Yorio
Published: March 2009

Possible transmission of adult T cell leukemia virus (ATLV) by blood transfusion was studied retrospectively. Of 41 recipients of whole blood or blood components containing cells from donors having antibodies to antigen that is associated with ATLV (anti‐ATLA), 26 (63.4%) produced anti‐ATLA. However, no anti‐ATLA was detected in all 14 recipients of fresh‐frozen plasma prepared from anti‐ATLA‐positive donors. None of 252 recipients of blood with cell components from anti‐ATLA‐negative donors produced anti‐ATLA. The development of anti‐ATLA in the recipients may correspond to antibody production after establishment of primary infection with ATLV that is associated with cells in blood from anti‐ATLA‐positive donors who are ATLV carriers.
Buffy Coat or Platelet‐Rich Plasma?
Authors: Rácz Zoltán , Thék Melitta
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Platelet concentrates were produced by buffy coat and platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) techniques. In vitro reactions of platelets were compared within 4 h of processing and even after 1 day of storage at room temperature. The only striking difference was between aggregation properties: platelets produced by the buffy coat technique showed increased aggregation. Red cell contamination is substantial in PRP technology. The two platelet‐processing techniques are considered to be practically similar from a biological point of view.
Platelet Function of Room Temperature Platelet Concentrates Stored in a New Plastic Material with High Gas Permeability
Authors: Koerner K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In vitro platelet function during 7 days of storage at room temperature was studied in a conventional polyvinylchloride plastic bag F 76 and in a new plastic bag F 702 which contained as plasticizer a phtalateester analogue. This new material has increased permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide, and therefore a pH decrease does not occur during 7 days of platelet storage. The decrease of plasma glucose concentration and the increase of plasma lactate in the new bag is less than in the standard plastic currently in use. In vitro platelet function measured as hypotonic shock reaction, aggregation response to ADP and collagen and 14C‐serotonine uptake was better than that found with the standard material. The data indicate that the use of the new platelet storage container F702 will permit satisfactory storage for at least 5 days at 22 °C. It is suggested that it will even improve the quality, as measured by in vitro tests, of platelets stored up to 72 h compared to the standard plastic.
C4 Polymorphism: Use of a Monoclonal Antibody to Distinguish C4A and C4B Locus Products
Authors: O'Neill G.J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A monoclonal antibody reactive against C4B locus products was used in a passive immunoblotting technique to distinguish C4B from C4A electrophoretic variants. The technique is simple and has the advantage of being able to distinguish clearly those C4B variants which may be either difficult to define by conventional hemolytic assay alone or which would normally be designated as C4B products on account of their lack of hemolytic function. Patterns detected by immunoblotting can be compared directly with patterns obtained by immunofixation with anti‐C4 from the same gel.
Influence of Heparin and Calcium Chloride on Assay, Stability, and Recovery of Factor VIII
Authors: Morgenthaler J.‐J. , Zuber T. , Friedli H.
Published: March 2009

The influence of heparin alone or in conjunction with calcium chloride on the coagulation assay for factor VIII, on the stability of factor VIII in blood and in plasma, and on the recovery of factor VIII in cryoprecipitate and in an intermediate purity concentrate was investigated. A stabilizing effect of heparin and calcium on factor VIII activity in blood and plasma could be confirmed. We were, however, unable to make use of the higher activity that can, under certain circumstances, be recovered in the cryoprecipitates; this was mainly due to the poor solubility of cryoprecipitates prepared from heparinized blood. Heparin (or the absence of a calcium chelator) also interferes with the recovery of plasma components other than factor VIII.
Therapeutic Cytapheresis Using the Fenwal CS‐3000 Blood Cell Separator
Authors: Steeper Theresa A. , Smith Judith A. , McCullough Jeffrey
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 20 patients, 16 with acute or chronic leukemia and 4 with thrombocytosis, underwent 47 therapeutic cytapheresis procedures using the Fenwal CS‐3000 cell separator. 16 of the 20 patients had acute clinical signs or symptoms secondary to high circulating cell counts; 14 showed symptomatic improvement following cytapheresis. An average of 2.0 whole blood volumes was processed per procedure. A mean white cell reduction of 64% and a mean platelet reduction of 53% were obtained per procedure on patients with leukemia and thrombocytosis, respectively. Hemoglobin levels decreased an average of 1.3 g/dl. Therapeutic cytapheresis procedures in which more than 1.5 blood volumes were processed did not result in significant additional cytoreduction.
Column Ion Exchange Chromatographic Production of Human Immune Serum Globulin for Intravenous Use
Authors: Friesen A.D. , Bowman J.M. , Bees W.C.H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Column ion exchange chromatographic processes were developed for the production of immune serum globulin (ISG) for intravenous use. Sequential chromatography on two cross‐linked agarose gel anion exchangers yielded the same immunoelectrophoretic pure ISG as a single column DEAE‐Sephadex procedure with the advantage of repeated ‘in column’ cycling. ISG with a low content of aggregated IgG and low anticomplementary activity was prepared from plasma with 53–69% efficiency. The ISG prepared by these processes was characterized with respect to the content of IgA, prekallikrein activator (PKA), plasminogen, fragmentation, and heavy chain subclass distribution.
Use of Segments for the Quality Control of the Factor VIII: Coagulant Activity of Fresh Frozen Plasma
Authors: Ofosu F.A. , Blajchman M.A. , Kaegi A. , Turc J.M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The storage of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) for short periods at –20 °C for 6 weeks, –30°C for 12 weeks, or –40°C for 12 weeks, did not result in significant deterioration in factor VIII: coagulant (factor VIII:C) activity in the primary packs. In studies examining whether plasma segments could be used for quality control purposes, the mean factor VIII:C activity of the primary pack was found to be identical to that of the attached segments of plasma for units of FFP which were thawed within 2 h after preparation. This was also true for FFP units stored at –40 and –60°C for up to 12 weeks. There was, however, a loss in factor VIII:C activity in the segments of FFP units stored at either –20 or –30°C for 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. Thus for units of FFP stored at temperatures colder than –40°C, segments are suitable for assessing the factor VIII:C activity in the primary pack but not for FFP units stored at –20 or –30°C.
A New Assay for Fibronectin Opsonic Activity and Its Application to Plasma and Plasma Fractions1
Authors: Chang Ming‐der , Chin Sing , Horowitz Bernard
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A homologous assay system for human plasma fibronectin opsonic activity is presented. The system utilizes peripheral leukocytes purified from leukocyte concentrates and a metabolizable, radiolabeled lipid emulsion which has been gelatin‐coated. The uptake of radiolabeled lipid was shown to depend on the presence of fibronectin and was stimulated by the addition of heparin. Both polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes were active in this system. That at least a portion of the incorporated radiolabeled lipid emulsion was phagocytosed was indicated through the use of metabolic inhibitors, trypsin, and direct electron microscopic observation.

This assay was applied to the analysis of donor plasma and plasma fractions. Opsonic activity levels measured with this assay system were shown to correlate (p = 0.05) with the level of fibronectin antigen in 17 samples of dialyzed normal donor plasma. Fibronectin opsonic activity was retained by outdated liquid plasma, cryo‐depleted plasma, and cryoprecipitate; however, Cohn fraction I appeared to lose considerable fibronectin opsonic activity relative to fibronectin antigen.
Biological and Physical Properties of Fibronectin Pasteurized in the Presence of Stabilizers
Authors: Miekka Shirley I. , Busby Thomas F. , Tarshis Larry , Forastieri Hilda , Ingham Kenneth C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Interest in human plasma fibronectin (Fn) as a potential clinical product for replacement therapy in septic patients has prompted the search for stabilizers to protect the protein from heat denaturation during pasteurization designed to inactivate hepatitis viruses. Fn was pasteurized (60°C, 10 h) in the presence of either citrate, tricarballylate, sucrose or four mixtures of lysine, glucarate, gluconate or citrate which had been found to increase the denaturation temperature of Fn by 19°C. All but a citrate/gluconate mixture were effective in preventing aggregation as measured by dye fluorescence, light scattering, gel filtration and electrophoresis. Binding to gelatin was retained and immunological activity was only slightly diminished compared to a sample heated without stabilizers. Opsonic activity was measured as ability to mediate the uptake of 125I‐gelatin‐coated polystyrene beads by attached human monocytes. Fn heated without stabilizers underwent a transient increase in activity which was traced to formation of aggregates having elevated specific activities. Pasteurized samples had slightly elevated opsonic activities with no detectable aggregates present, while the unstabilized control was inactive. These results indicate that the physical properties of Fn as well as the functional activities of the gelatin‐ and cell‐binding domains can be protected against thermal denaturation by various compounds.
Altered T Cell Subsets and Function in Polytransfused β‐Thalassemia Patients: Correlation with Sex and Age at First Transfusion
Authors: De Martino M. , Rossi M. E. , Muccioli A. T. , Vullo C. , Vierucci A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Monoclonal antibodies (OKT series) have been used to investigate possible modifications of T lymphocytes and T lymphocyte subsets in 65 multiply transfused β‐thalassemia patients. No significant difference was observed in percentage and absolute number of OKT3‐, OKT4‐, and OKT8‐positive cells when compared to controls. A subgroup of patients (10 patients, 15.3%), however, could be selected who showed a reversal of OKT4/OKT8 ratio. These patients did not differ from the others as to age, number of transfusions, frequency of splenectomy, ferritin levels, hepatitis B markers, chronic liver disease incidence, and numbers of B lymphocytes and natural killer cells. The features distinguishing this group from the remaining patients were: (1) decreased mitogen responsiveness; (2) early age when first transfused; (3) high incidence of males (90%). Immunological investigation was done in 2 occasions, 1 year apart, but no significant modification was observed in these patients. These findings suggest that in β‐thalassemia patients transfusion therapy started very early in life may be responsible for persistent immunological modifications. The susceptibility to such modifications might be greater in males.
A Further Example of IgM Anti‐K2 (Cellano)
Authors: Dinning G. , Doughty R. W. , Collins A.K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An example of a cold‐reacting IgM anti‐K2 is described. The patient has a history of blood transfusion and two pregnancies. It is, therefore, not possible to differentiate between natural occurrence or immune stimulation as an explanation of this antibody's presence.

In 1966, Thomas and Konugres reported an unusual example of anti‐K2 composed entirely of IgM and reacting optimally at 20°C, although some reactions at 37°C were observed. We wish to report a further example which does not react at 37°C.
Inhibition of Human T Lymphocyte Proliferation in vitro by Commercial Factor VIII Concentrates
Authors: Wang Y. , Beck E.A. , Furlan M. , De Weck A.L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Several investigators recently described a T lymphocyte subset abnormality (reversed helper/suppressor cell ratio) in haemophiliacs, especially following previous sub‐stitution therapy. We studied in vitro the potential effects of two commercial factor VIII concentrates on incorporation of 3H‐thymidine by isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes after stimulation with either phytohaemagglutinin or monoclonal antibody OKT3, Dose‐related inhibition of thymidine incorporation was found for both concentrates but none using the purified main protein constituents, i.e. factor VIII, fibrinogen or fibronectin. Furthermore, the ‘inhibitor’ was completely removed by dialysis.
Rh Blood Group Mosaicism in a Healthy Elderly Woman
Authors: Salaru Nativa N. R. , Lay Waltraut H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. One example of Rh blood group mosaicism showing a mixed cell population of CcDe and cde red blood cells was found in tests on 552 normal individuals aged 60 years or more. The mosaic person was uninformative for other chromosome 1 markers having the phenotypes Fy (a–b+), 6‐PGDA and PGM11. Dosage of the activity of intraerythrocytic ENO‐1 and 6‐PGD of both cell populations fell in the normal range. Chromosome studies on peripheral lymphocytes did not reveal abnormalities. No definite conclusion could be drawn on the mechanism responsible for the phenomenon.
Relationship between the Third Component of Human Complement (C3) Bound to Stored Preserved Erythrocytes and Their Viability in vivo1
Authors: Szymanski Irma O. , Odgren Paul R. , Valeri C.Robert
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In this study we evaluated whether the 4 °C storage‐induced coating of red blood cells (RBC) with molecules of the third component of human complement, C3, affects the viability of the preserved RBC. To this end, we determined whether the amount of C3 bound to preserved RBC correlated with the 24‐hour survival value. The % anti‐C3c‐induced agglutination of stored RBC provided an estimate of the amount of RBC‐bound C3. In some cases, the number of RBC‐bound C3c‐containing molecules was also quantitated. The 24‐hour survival of autologous RBC was measured in 114 cases. All units were initially stored at 4°C as RBC concentrates followed in 21 cases by frozen storage and in 75 cases by biochemical rejuvenation and frozen storage.

The data showed a significant correlation between % anti‐C3c‐induced agglutination of the preserved RBC and the length of 4°C storage of the RBC concentrates. Neither freezing nor rejuvenation cleaved the C3c fragment from stored RBC. The 24‐hour survival was significantly and negatively correlated with both the storage length of RBC concentrates at 4°C and with the amount of RBC‐bound C3 but not with RBC ATP level. These data suggest that the RBC‐bound C3 either contributes to or is a marker for the extent of the preservation injury of RBC.
Immune Function in Blood Donors Following Short‐Term Lymphocytapheresis
Authors: Blanchette V. S. , Dunne J. , Steele D. , McPhail S. , Sklar S. , Algom D. , Richer M. A. , Rock G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Lymphocyte losses occur during repeat plateletpheresis and/or leukapheresis procedures and are potentially harmful to normal host immune function. This concern prompted us to study the effect of repeat lymphocytapheresis (lymphapheresis) on the immune system of healthy blood donors. Following a total of six lymphapheresis procedures over a 12‐day period with removal of a mean of 41.6 times 109 lymphocytes, there were no significant changes in donor (n = 5) absolute lymphocyte counts, quantitative immunoglobulin levels or immune response capability as assessed by the following in vitro assays: percent of E, EA, and EAC rosette‐forming cells, the percent of surface membrane immunoglobulin bearing cells, and the blastogenic responses to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A. The procedures were well‐tolerated without complications. During a follow‐up period of 18 months, significant increases in total white cell counts (but not absolute lymphocyte counts), and in quantitative immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgM, and IgA) were observed. The median increases in immunoglobulin levels ranged from 27.5% for IgG to 44% for IgA. We conclude that lymphapheresis as described is relatively safe and our results are reassuring in relation to lymphocyte losses that may occur during repeat cytapheresis procedures of normal blood donors.
Cryopreservation of Human Platelets Using 6% Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Storage at ‐80°
Authors: Melaragno A.J. , Carciero R. , Feingold H. , Talarico L. , Weintraub L. , Valeri C. R.
Published: March 2009

Platelet studies were done in healthy male volunteers and in thrombocytopenic patients. Some of the platelets used in the study were isolated by mechanical apheresis using either the Haemonetics blood processor 30, the IBM blood processor 2997 or the Fenwal CS‐3000 blood processor before freezing. Other platelets were isolated from individual units of whole blood and pooled before freezing. The platelets were frozen with a 6% cryoprotectant (DMSO) in a polyvinylchloride (PVC) plastic bag or a polyolefin plastic bag at ‐80°C in a mechanical freezer and stored for as long as 3 years. Some of the frozen platelets were transported in dry ice in polystyrene foam containers to determine whether they would be adversely affected by such treatment. Platelet recovery after freezing, thawing and washing was about 75%. In the healthy male volunteers, in vivo recovery of autologous platelets 1–2 h after transfusion was about 33%, and the life span was about 8 days. In the thrombocytopenic patients, in vivo recovery values were 50% of those from fresh platelets. The transfusion of previously frozen washed platelets reduced clinical bleeding in the thrombocytopenic patients with bleeding. There was no evidence of quality deterioration in platelets after storage at ‐80°C for at least 2 years, as determined from in vitro recovery and in vivo survival values, nor was there any adverse effect as a result of shipment of the frozen platelets in dry ice in polystyrene foam containers from one facility to another.
Red Cell Antigens P (Globoside) and Luke: Identification by Monoclonal Antibodies Defining the Murine Stage‐Specific Embryonic Antigens ‐3 and ‐4 (SSEA‐3 and SSEA‐4)1
Authors: Tippett Patricia , Andrews Peter W. , Knowles Barbara B. , Solter Davor , Goodfellow Peter N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two globoseries antigens (antigens borne on carbohydrate chains containing globoside), SSEA‐3 and SSEA‐4, were found on the red cells of the majority of people, but were absent from cells of rare p and Pk individuals which lack globoside. In addition, SSEA‐4 was absent from red cells of Luke(‐) individuals which nevertheless express the P antigen (globoside) and SSEA‐3. The name LKE is proposed for the red cell antigen detected by the Luke serum and by MC813–70, the monoclonal antibody defining SSEA‐4. Among the LKE+ individuals, a few showed relatively weak expression of the antigen and were grouped separately as a LKE weak (LKEw) phenotype. Using MC813–70, the frequencies of the 3 phenotypes LKE+, LKEw and LKE‐ in an English donor population are 0.914, 0.072 and 0.014, respectively.
Blood Donation, a Risk for Epileptic Patients?
Authors: van der Linden Gerard J. , van Heukelom Louis H. Siegenbeek , Meinardi Harry
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Generally patients with epilepsy will not be accepted as blood donors by blood banks. A survey in the Dutch blood banks revealed two blood banks with a total of 13 donors suffering from epilepsy. We also questioned the Chapters of the International League against Epilepsy. The answers on a national and international level differed widely. We believe that the rare convulsion during blood donation is not an epileptic seizure, but in fact an emotive syncope. We advocate the acceptance of patients with epilepsy, free of seizures for 2 years irrespective of their medication, as blood donors.
Blood Transfusion or Blood Substitution?
Authors: Lowe Kenneth C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Blood transfusion has become a universally accepted, life‐saving procedure in modern clinical medicine. In addition, specific blood fractions are widely used in the therapeutic treatment of haematological disorders. Problems are, however, encountered in conventional transfusion practice and in the clinical use of blood components. This paper outlines some of those problems and considers how plasma expanders and oxygen‐carrying blood substitutes may be used to overcome some of them. The extent to which acceptable blood substitutes have been developed and tested in both animal and human studies is especially emphasized.
Intravenous Treatment of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia with Very High Dose Gammaglobulin1
Authors: Bussel J.B. , Cunningham‐Rundles C. , Abraham C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) has been considered to be unresponsive to intravenous gammaglobulin (IVGG) at the doses that are effective in immune thrombocytopenic purpura and autoimmune neutropenia (usually 2 g/kg total dose). This study reports the use of a higher dose (5 g/kg total dose over 5 days) in four severe cases of AIHA which resulted in a sustained remission in two patients, a transient response in the third, and a failure in the forth patient. These data suggest that larger quantities of IVGG may be needed in this disease, possibly because the reticuloendothelial system appears to be enlarged in AIHA patients.
Increase of Serum Immunoglobulin Level into the Normal Range in Primary Hypogammaglobulinaemia by Dosage Individualisation of Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Authors: Leen C.L.S. , Yap P.L. , McClelland D.B.L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The effect of varying the dose or the frequency or of both dose and frequency of immunoglobulin administration was evaluated in 17 patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia treated with Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service intravenous immunoglobulin (SNBTS IV IgG), an intravenous immunoglobulin preparation manufactured by the pH 4/mild pepsin method. Individualised dosage of SNBTS IV IgG resulted in trough serum IgG levels of greater than 4.0 g/l in 13 of the 17 patients studied. 6 of the 17 patients had trough serum IgG levels in the normal range (5.0 g/l). In 2 patients, more frequent infusions were required to achieve normal trough serum IgG levels because of their clinical conditions. In 1 of these 2 patients, the frequency could be reduced to three weekly when the gastrointestinal loss of IgG was reduced. There was a low incidence of adverse reactions (6.4%) which occurred mainly during the initial infusions. Most patients benefited from an increased serum IgG level, but the frequency of diarrhoea was unaffected. One patient with severe bronchiectasis continued to suffer from respiratory infections despite normal serum IgG levels.
Efficacy of Performing Red‐Cell Antibody Elutions in Patients with a Positive Direct Antiglobulin Test
Authors: Domen Ronald E. , Grattan Jean
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Red blood cell antibody elutions are often routinely performed whenever a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) is encountered. To evaluate the efficacy of performing routine red‐cell elutions we reviewed our antibody elution data. Of 122 eluates, 83 were negative, 35 were warm panagglutinins, 2 were felt to be transfusion‐induced alloantibodies, 1 was passively acquired anti‐A, and 1 was inconclusive. One of the eluted alloantibodies was not demonstrable in the serum. Thus, only 1 (0.8%) of the eluates provided important information not readily available through serum testing alone. We conclude that extensive serologic evaluation of a positive DAT should be reserved for those patients who have been recently transfused or are suspected of having immune hemolysis.
Preparation of Stable Lyophilized Cryoprecipitate in the Original Frozen Plasma Bags
Authors: Margolis J. , Eisen M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A procedure for preparing single units of freeze‐dried cryoprecipitate (cryo) in the original bags is described in detail. Batches of frozen plasma bags were rapidly thawed by rocking in a water bath, centrifuged and after complete removal of supernate the compact cryo pellets (2–5 g) were lyophilized with the aid of a holding tray with a filtered air chamber designed for this purpose. Adding synthetic amino acids has greatly improved stability of the dried concentrate during storage and has increased its resistance to heat denaturation (e.g. less than 10% loss of potency after 20 h at 70 °C). The method is presented as a viable option for safe and economical manufacture of a stable factor VIII concentrate.
Morphological Changes Associated with pH Changes during Storage of Platelet Concentrates in First‐Generation 3‐Day Container
Authors: Solberg Christel , Holme Stein , Little Clive
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The platelet injury and loss of viability that has been shown to occur with storage of platelet concentrates (PC) under conditions with increasing or falling pH were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. After storage, samples were taken for measurement of pH value, platelet count and size distribution, release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into plasma, and for SEM and TEM. Increased levels of LDH were observed in PC with pH above 7.3 and below 6.1. In PC with pH above 7.3 this was related to an increased number (23%) of platelets that were lysed or had a swollen disintegrated internal structure (balloons) as seen with TEM. SEM and Coulter counter studies also showed that platelet fragmentation and formation of microvesicles were prominent in PC with pH above 7.3. The electron microscopic pictures confirmed previous suggestions that platelet disc‐to‐sphere transformation and cytoplasmic swelling occur when pH falls below 6.7‐6.8 during storage. SEM studies showed that concomitant with this change, folds and bulky projections appeared on the platelet surface. In PC with pH below 6.1 the morphological change was irreversible with the appearance of more than 90% lysed and balloon platelets. In conclusion, these studies suggest that the loss of viability observed with PC with pH above 7.3 or below 6.1 after storage is related to an increased percentage of lysed and balloon platelets.
Two Examples of Low Ionic Strength‐Dependent Autoagglutinins with Anti‐Pr1 Specificity
Authors: O'Neill Patricia , Shulman Ira A. , Simpson Ronald B. , Halima Diana , Garratty George
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two low ionic strength‐dependent autoagglutinins were studied and found to have anti‐Pr1 specificity. This specificity was determined by studies with enzyme‐treated and neuraminidase‐treated human red blood cells (RBCs), animal RBCs and chemically‐modified sialoglycoproteins, all suspended in a low ionic strength solution (LISS). Both IgM complement‐binding cold agglutinins had a wide thermal range and caused in vitro hemolysis of some LISS‐suspended RBCs at 37°C. Compatible blood was found for these patients by using techniques that did not employ LISS.
A Family Demonstrating Inheritance of the Leach Phenotype: a Gerbich‐Negative Phenotype Associated with Elliptocytosis
Authors: Daniels G. L. , Shaw M.‐A. , Judson P. A. , Reid M. E. , Anstee D. J. , Colpitts P. , Cornwall S. , Moore B. P. L. , Lee S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The proposita of a Canadian family and 2 of her sibs have the rare Leach phenotype and provide the first evidence that the Leach phenotype is an inherited condition. Their red cells are Ge: ‐2, ‐3 and fail to react, by the antiglobulin test, with the monoclonal antibodies GERO, BRIC 4 and BRIC 10. The minor sialoglycoproteins β, β1 and γ are apparently absent from their red cell membranes. A proportion of their red cells are elliptocytes indicating that β and/or β1 and/or γ have a function in maintaining normal red cell shape.
Immunoblotting: An Emerging Technique in Immunohematology
Authors: Huisman Jan G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Protein blotting is a technique of transferring and immobilizing the original protein patterns from gel matrices to a suitable solid phase. It can be employed in identifying the protein antigens in complex biological mixtures, since each protein is accessible to its corresponding antibody. This method, called immunoblotting, is also applicable to define the specificity of a given antibody. The perspective of immunoblotting has already found wide application in basic research. Some features of the immunoblotting and recent improvements of the original procedures will be discussed. To justify a wider application in clinical research I will summarize some applications with respect to immunohematology.
Appraisal of the Protein Composition of Prothrombin Complex Concentrates of Different Origins
Authors: Pejaudier L. , Kichenin‐Martin V. , Boffa M.C. , Steinbuch M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The protein composition of 12 different prothrombin complex concentrates, including 2 purified factor IX concentrates and 2 activated fractions, was evaluated. There is a clear difference between ion exchanger‐prepared fractions and those obtained by adsorption onto calcium phosphate. The former contain high molecular weight kininogen and complement components, the latter only trace amounts of these proteins but relatively high quantities of the pro‐ and even partially activated enzymes of the contact phase. Calcium phosphate adsorbed preparations contain less VIII:CAg than the DEAE‐Sephadex‐prepared fractions. The inorganic adsorbent showed higher affinity for IgG than the ion exchangers.
Activity of Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) in Platelet Concentrates and Cryopreserved Platelets Determined by PDGF Bioassay
Authors: Sekido Yukiko , Morishima Yasuo , Ohya Ken‐ichi
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The bioassay of platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) in platelets was established using the rat fibroblast cell line 3Y1. 3Y1 cells (5 times 103/well) were cultured in 24‐well microculture plates with RPMI 1640 medium using 1% of PDGF‐free serum and 5% of platelet extracts for 4 days. Cell proliferation was measured by the increase of DNA content. This assay made it possible to measure the biological PDGF activity. PDGF activity of platelet concentrates kept the same level as that of fresh platelet samples during preservation for up to 120 h at 22°C; cryopreserved platelets also retained PDGF activity well.
Transmission of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I by Blood Transfusion before and after Mass Screening of Sera from Seropositive Donors
Authors: Kamihira Simeru , Nakasima Sigehiro , Oyakawa Yukinobu , Moriuti Yukiyosi , Ichimaru Michito , Okuda Hiroto , Kanamura Machiko , Oota Takiko
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I) is transmitted by blood transfusions that contain cell components as one of the virus transmission modes. We carried out mass screening of sera from seropositive donors by a gelatin particle agglutination test to prevent the spread of HTLV‐I by transfusion. Seroconversion rates were compared before and after screening. The results show a remarkable decrease in the rate of infection from 53.6 to 0.9%. Therefore, it is certain that screening by the agglutination method prevents the spread of HTLV–I transmission in blood transfusions.
Comparison of Monoclonal Antisera with Conventional Antisera for Lewis Blood Group Antigen Determination
Authors: Cowles J.W. , Cox M.T. , McMican A. , Blumberg N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Monoclonal blood grouping sera provide a means of overcoming difficulties inherent in the use of conventional polyclonal reagents. Two murine monoclonal anti‐Lewis reagents were tested and found to be comparable to conventional reagents for use in red cell phenotyping. These reagents may detect Lea antigen on Le(a–b+) red cells with greater sensitivity than previously available polyclonal anti‐Lewis reagents.
Murine Monoclonal Antibodies to Human A Erythrocytes: Differential Reactivity with N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine
Authors: Němec M. , Dřimalová D. , Hořejši V. , Vaňák J. , Bártek J. , Viklický V.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Six different hybridoma cell lines were obtained producing IgM monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against human blood group A antigen. All these MAbs agglutinate the A1, A1B and A2 erythrocytes, while only one of them agglutinates the A2B erythrocytes. The agglutination activity of 3 of these MAbs is inhibited by N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine (D‐GalNAc). Dissociation constants of complexes of these MAbs with D‐GalNAc are approximately 2.2times10‐3 mol/1.
Comparison of Three Different Methods Used in the Preparation of Leukocyte‐Poor Platelet Concentrates
Authors: Koerner K. , Kubanek B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We compared three methods for preparing leukocyte‐poor platelet concentrates from random donors: the centrifugation procedure 400 g/6 min, the filtration by Immugard TFIG 500 Y and the Cutter Leukotrap platelet pooling system. The most efficient method with regard to removal of leukocytes and platelet yield could be obtained by filtration through the Immugard filter. Platelet loss was less than 10% and the residual leukocyte count was lower than 10times106.
Identification of the Yukb Allo‐Antigen on Platelet Glycoprotein IIIa
Authors: Santoso S. , Shibata Y. , Kiefel V. , Mueller‐Eckhardt C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The glycoprotein (GP) localization of a new platelet‐specific allo‐antigen Yukb is described. The antibody was isolated from serum of a patient with neonatal allo‐immune thrombocytopenia. In immunoblot procedure, it bound exclusively to platelet GP IIIa, like anti‐PlA1, while the known anti‐Baka and anti‐Leka reacted with GP IIb. Analysis of GP from chymotrypsin‐treated platelets with anti‐Yukb revealed no binding in the 68‐kilodalton position while anti‐PlA1 did. Thus, unlike the P1A1 antigen, the Yukb determinant either resides on the 30‐kilodalton fragment of GP IIIa or it is destroyed by chymotrypsin treatment.
Studies on the Mechanism of Human Red Cell Loss of Viability during Storage at +4 °C in vitro
Authors: Högman Claes F. , de Verdier Carl‐Henric , Ericson Åke , Eriksson Lars , Sandhagen Bo
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Red cells supended in saline‐adenine‐glucose‐mannitol solution were stored for 42 days at +4 °C. One portion was packed by centrifugation and stored unmixed; the other portion was mixed once a week. Red cell fluidity and adenine nucleotide concentration were significantly lower in unmixed than in mixed units and also differed within the packed layer, showing a decrease towards the bottom. Hemolysis was 2.5‐fold and microvesiculation 5‐fold higher in cells stored unmixed. It is suggested that, during liquid storage, an early accumulation of acid metabolites in the bottom part of packed red cells may play an important role both for adenylate loss and microvesiculation, but lack of membrane‐stabilizing action of diethylhexylphthalate may in part explain the latter. Both of these two changes are factors associated with impaired red cell viability. Mixing appears essential to optimize storage conditions for red cells.
Fetal Blood Sampling in Rh Hemolytic Disease
Authors: Pollock J.M. , Bowman J.M. , Manning F.A. , Harmon C.R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Fetal blood sampling under ultrasound guidance has added a new dimension to the management of Rh hemolytic disease. Combined with the established parameters of history, antibody measurement and amniotic fluid ΔOD450 readings, direct testing of the blood of the fetus completes the picture. As well as giving information that may be applied to decisions regarding management, an opportunity is provided to observe the mechanism of anti‐D IgG‐induced red cell destruction in vivo.
Anti‐Rh 29 in a Primigravida with Rhesus Null Syndrome Resulting in Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Gabra G.S. , Bruce M. , Watt A. , Mitchell R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This is the first British patient to be reported with the rhesus null phenotype. Anti‐Rh 29 was detected in a primigravida at 35 weeks' gestation and rose substantially before delivery. She had all the features of the rhesus null syndrome and her newborn was affected by haemolytic disease (HDN).
Clinical Use of Antithrombin HI Concentrates
Authors: Vinazzer H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The biochemical and biological properties of antithrombin III (AT III) and the clinical consequenes of a deficiency of this inhibitor are described. Therapy with concentrates of purified AT III has been carried out for about 10 years and the present experience is reviewed. In a relatively small number of patients with congenital AT III deficiency it is necessary, under certain condition to substitute AT III. A considerably more frequent use of AT III concentrates has been made in acquired AT III deficiency, especially in shock and diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC). This therapy was shown to be promising since the duration of DIC could be considerably shortened and the frequency of fatal events could be significantly diminished. No undesirable side effects of substitution with virus‐sterilized AT III concentrates have been hitherto observed.
An Estimate of Blood Donor Eligibility in the General Population
Authors: Linden Jeanne V. , Gregorio David I. , Kalish Robert I.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To estimate the number of adults medically eligible to donate blood, the percent of the general population over the age of 16 deferrable by 13 current American Red Cross donor guidelines was calculated using the best available United States data. Categories examined included age, weight, hematocrit, pregnancy, blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes requiring insulin, male homosexual activity since 1977, intravenous drug use, sexual partner of high‐risk group member, recent transfusion, history of cancer, and other (medical, surgical, travel history). Sex‐specific total eligibility rates were estimated by serial multiplication of individual eligibility rates (1.0 minus deferral rates) to account for the proportionate overlap of independent categories, with corrections for expected associations between categories. The resultant eligibility rates for women (57%) and men (70%) indicate fewer eligible donors than commonly stated. Surrogate testing (ALT, anti‐HBc) for non‐A, non‐B hepatitis would further reduce the percent of eligible donors to 55 and 67%, respectively. Based on the actual numbers of women and men in the population, these calculations indicate that an equal number of women and men are medically eligible to donate.
A Japanese Family with Two Sisters Apparently Homozygous for Mk
Authors: Okubo Y. , Daniels G.L. , Parsons S.F. , Anstee D.J. , Yamaguchi H. , Tomita T. , Seno T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two Japanese sisters with consanguineous parents have M‐N‐ En(a‐) Wr(a‐b‐) S‐s‐U‐ red cells and are therefore apparently homozygous for Mk; the third reported family with members of this genotype. The serum of the proposita (ORCMK) contained anti‐EnaTS, anti‐EnaFR and possibly anti‐Wrbwhereas the serum of her MkMksister contained no atypical antibodies. Total absence of sialoglycoproteins α and δ from red cell membranes of an Mkhomozygote was demonstrated by lactoperoxidase‐catalysed radioiodination of accessible tyrosine residues with subsequent SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, and by use of a monoclonal antibody directed at the cytoplasmic portion of α‐sialoglycoprotein.
Post‐Transfusion Non‐A, Non‐B Hepatitis: Significance of Raised ALT and Anti‐HBc in Blood Donors
Authors: Gillon J. , Hussey A.J. , Howe S.P. , Beckett G.J. , Prescott R.J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The FDA has recommended that all blood collected in the USA should be screened for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc) and for raised alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as possible indicators of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis carriage. As part of an assessment of the medical and economic implications of such a screening programme, we have screened 1,742 regular blood donors for ALT and 2,086 (including the same 1,742) for anti‐HBc. 42 (2.4%) of the 1,742 donors had ALT levels above 45 units/1. Clinical assessment of 33 of these revealed that 26 exceeded their ideal body weight by more than 10% and 15 by more than 20%. 11 admitted to an alcohol intake of over 40 g daily. In all, 82% of donors with raised ALT had a ‘non‐viral’ clinical explanation for this abnormality. Anti‐HBc was detected in 42 (2.0%) of the 2,086 donors screened. 27 (64%) also had anti‐HBs, and 11 (26%) had anti‐HBe. There was no overlap between donors with raised ALT and those with anti‐HBc. Combined screening would lead to a loss of at least 4.4% of donations in the population studied. In view of the medical and economic implications of the introduction of these screening tests, and the poverty of data on the clinical significance of post‐transfusion non‐A, non‐B hepatitis, we conclude that such a screening programme cannot be justified at present. Further studies are required, including a prospective controlled trial of the effects of screening.
Elucidation of Alloantibodies in Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia
Authors: James P. , Rowe G.P. , Tozzo G.G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Forty‐one patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA), who had free antibody in their sera, were investigated for the presence of alloimmune erythrocyte antibodies using the ZZAP autoabsorption technique. Patients were subdivided into three risk categories: (I) no prior pregnancy or transfusion; (II) history of pregnancy and/or one to five transfusions; and (III) greater than 5 transfusions. A total of 13 (32%) of the 41 patients exhibited significant alloantibodies. Of 11 category‐I patients 2 (18%) had significant alloantibodies. Eight (31%) of the 26 category‐II patients had significant alloantibodies and 3 (75%) of the 4 category‐III patients had significant alloantibodies after absorption. The majority showed Rh specificity: anti‐E(8), ‐C(3), ‐Cw(1). Anti‐K was found in 6 samples and 1 had anti‐Fya. Alloantibodies had not been suspected prior to autoabsorption in 10 (77%) of the 13 patients with alloantibodies. These findings underline the importance of performing autoabsorption in AIHA when free autoantibody is present in the serum. Additionally, Rh phenotyping performed on ZZAP‐treated cells showed complete agreement with that ascertained using pure IgM Rh typing sera and untreated cells.
The Mutants of the Vitamin‐D‐Binding Protein: More than 120 Variants of the GC/DBP System
Authors: Cleve Hartwig , Constans Jacques
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In this report 40 newly observed GC/DBP mutants are described. A list of the thus far identified GC mutants is presented: in addition to the three common alleles, a total of 124 Gc variants are recorded. Their population distribution is described and their relationship to the molecular features of the DBP protein is discussed. The methods currently in use for the delineation of GC mutants are briefly considered.
Preparation of Leukocyte‐Poor Platelet Concentrates from Buffy Coats
Authors: Pietersz R.N.I. , de Korte D. , Reesink H. W. , van den Ende A. , Dekker W.J.A. , Roos D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To study the influence of contaminating leukocytes on the storage conditions of platelet concentrates (PC), various amounts of leukocytes were added to identical PC. From 12 blood donations, 12 leukocyte‐poor PC were prepared and pooled. Subsequently, the pool was divided into 12 identical PC. The plasma volume of the PC was 58.6 ± 0.6 ml, the platelet concentration was 1.01 ± 0.04times 109/ml (mean ± SD) and the red cell contamination did not exceed 107 per PC. To 4 groups of 3 PC, pooled leukocytes were added from the same 12 blood donations. The leukocyte contamination for each group of 3 PC was 0.14 ± 0.05, 1.96 ± 0.09, 5.53 ± 0.98 and 13.0 ± 0.93 times 106/ml (mean ± SD) for groups I‐IV, respectively. The PC were stored for 7 days at 22 °C in normal polyvinylchloride bags. A significant correlation was found between increasing concentrations of leukocytes in the PC and the drop in pH (r=‐0.93), glucose consumption (r=‐0.91), lactic acid production (r=0.93) and release of lactate dehydrogenase (r=0.92) during storage of the PC. The excretion of β‐thromboglobulin, depletion of platelet adenine nucleotides, decreased ability to incorporate 3H‐adenosine into metabolic nucleotides and poor morphology of the platelets were also significantly correlated with an increased number of leukocytes in the PC. These data show that high concentrations of leukocytes in PC have a significant detrimental effect on the viability of platelets during storage at 22 °C. We conclude that for good storage conditions of PC, the upper limit of leukocytes per PC should not exceed 107.
IgG/Placental Alkaline Phosphatase Complexes in Rh‐Incompatible Pregnancy with Fetal Hydrops
Authors: Grozdea J. , Brisson‐Lougarre A. , Vergnes H. , Bierme R. , Alie‐Daram S. , Martin J. , Fournie A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In 11 cases with anti‐Rh‐complicated pregnancies, i.e. ascites at 21/25 weeks and fetal hydrops at delivery, we detected the presence of IgG/placental alkaline phosphatase complexes in the maternal serum.