bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The unknown natural habitat of Rosalia alpina (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and its trophic association with the mountain elm Ulmus glabra in Poland - a change of habitat and host plant
Authors: Michalcewicz Jakub , Ciach Michał , Bodziarczyk Jan
Published: April 2011

The unknown natural habitat ofRosalia alpina(L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and its trophic association with the mountain elmUlmus glabrain Poland - a change of habitat and host plant

A unique natural habitat ofRosalia alpina(L.) located in the Beskid Niski mountain range (Carpathians) and consisting of a forest clearing community in the stage of succession with the mountain elmUlmus glabra, in part dying and dead, is described. Results of the laboratory rearing of this longhorn beetle from elm wood as well as field observations of its adults in this natural habitat are given. This habitat and trophic association ofR. alpinawithU. glabraare discussed in connection with the known trophic relations of this insect species with host plants of the genusUlmus.
A description of the mature larva of Philonthus lepidus (Gravenhorst, 1802) - a stenotopic species of rove-beetle
Authors: Staniec Bernard , Pietrykowska-Tudruj Ewa
Published: April 2011

A description of the mature larva of Philonthus lepidus (Gravenhorst, 1802) - a stenotopic species of rove-beetle

The mature larva (L3) of Philonthus lepidus (Gravenhorst, 1802) is described for the first time; 31 detailed illustrations of structural features are provided. This species together with four others previously described by the authors are included in a modified key of Philonthus species.
Systematics and distribution of Neotropical Microcorsini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Razowski Józef , Becker Vitor
Published: April 2011

Systematics and distribution of Neotropical Microcorsini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Distributional data on five species are provided; one species, Cryptaspasma montana sp. n. is described, and the hitherto unknown female genitalia of two other species are illustrated.
New species of Hynhamia Razowski and other genera close to Toreulia Razowski & Becker (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Razowski Józef , Becker Vitor
Published: April 2011

New species of Hynhamia Razowski and other genera close to Toreulia Razowski & Becker (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Seven genera and 24 species are treated; two genera (Ayazua gen. n., Ibateguara gen. n.) and 20 species (Hynhamia albicorpus sp. n., H. bahiana sp. n., H. diversa sp. n., H. patatea sp. n., Ayazua hyeroglyphica sp. n., Ramaperta telemaca sp. n., Brusqeulia guaramiranga sp. n., B. ceriphora sp. n., B. uncicera sp. n., B. costispina sp. n., B. bonita sp. n., B. tineimorpha sp. n., B. atrograpta sp. n., B. caracagena sp. n., B. baeza sp. n., B. monoloba sp. n., B. jacupiranga sp. n., B. atrocentra sp. n., Limeulia cimoliochroa sp. n., Ibateguara spinosissima sp. n.). Paraneulia Razowski & Becker, 1999 is synonimized with Hynhamia Razowski, 1987.
Agriella gavrylenkoi, a new species of fleshfly from Ukraine (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaginae)
Authors: Verves Yuriy , Szpila Krzysztof
Published: April 2011

Agriella gavrylenkoi, a new species of fleshfly from Ukraine (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaginae)

Agriella gavrylenkoi sp. n. is described and illustrated. One male was collected on the loamy coasts of the Sivash saline lagoon in southern Ukraine. Agriella gavrylenkoi is well differentiated from closely related species by the weakly developed lateral spots on the abdominal tergites and the very narrow juxta of the phallus. Blaesoxipha tunisia Pape, 1994 is placed in the genus Agriella: A. tunisia, comb. n.
Reconstruction of the Symptomatic Idiopathic Flatfoot in Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Oh Irvin , Williams Benjamin R. , Ellis Scott J. , Kwon Duck Joo , Deland Jonathan T.
Published: April 2011

Background:

The surgical indications, timing, and procedure for flexible flatfoot reconstruction in young patients remains controversial. This retrospective study reports the clinical results of reconstruction of flexible, idiopathic, symptomatic flatfoot in adolescent and young adults indicated for surgery by persistent pain and functional limitations. The hypothesis was that the results of these procedures allow patients to return to sports activities with minimal discomfort or pain.

Materials and Methods:

Sixteen consecutive idiopathic flatfeet in ten patients with a mean age of 15.6 years at the time of surgery (range, 10 to 22) were assessed at a final followup visit at average of 5.2 (range, 2 to 10) years. Reconstruction included combined medializing calcaneal osteotomy and lateral column lengthening in all 16 patients. Flexor digitorum longus transfer (nine), medial column stabilization (eight), and gastroncnemius recession (eight) were carried out as needed. The AOFAS, SF-36, and FAOS questionnaires were completed. Sports activity and patient satisfaction were also assessed. Standard preoperative and postoperative radiographic parameters were measured.

Results:

The mean AOFAS score increased on average from 49.1 to 93.4. Only one patient reported a postoperative restriction in sports. The satisfaction level was excellent in 15 feet and good in one foot. Significant improvement in radiographic parameters was noted for the AP talonavicular coverage angle ( p < 0.001) and lateral talar-first metatarsal angle ( p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Flexible flatfoot reconstruction in a cohort of symptomatic adolescent and young adult patients achieved a reduction of pain and improved functional outcome including the ability to participate in sporting activities. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Talonavicular Joint Fixation Using Augmenting Naviculocalcaneal Screw in Modified Double Hindfoot Arthrodesis
Authors: Kiesau Carter D. , LaRose Connor R. , Glisson Richard R. , Easley Mark E. , DeOrio James K.
Published: April 2011

Background:

Triple arthrodesis and combined talonavicular/subtalar arthrodesis are procedures for hindfoot disorders. Achieving talonavicular joint fusion can be problematic. We hypothesized that talonavicular joint fixation bending stiffness could be increased by adding a fully-threaded screw inserted through the lateral navicular into the calcaneus.

Materials and Methods:

We used ten fresh-frozen cadaver hindfeet. The calcaneus and talus were immobilized, and talonavicular joint stripped of cartilage. Two partially-threaded 4.5-mm cannulated screws were placed across the talonavicular joint, one traversing the central third of the navicular and a second through the medial third of the navicular. We quantified talonavicular fixation bending stiffness and angulation in response to 4N-m bending moments applied to the navicular in four directions: plantar-to-dorsal (P-D), medial-to-lateral (M-L), dorsal-to-plantar (D-P), and lateral-to-medial (L-M). An augmenting fully-threaded 4.5 mm cannulated screw was then placed through the lateral third of the navicular into the calcaneus and the specimens retested.

Results:

The mean bending stiffness in each direction increased significantly after addition of the third screw. The stiffness increase in each direction was: P-D 92%, D-P 39%, L-M 108%, and M-L 56%. Correspondingly, mean talonavicular angulation significantly decreased in each direction: P-D 43%, D-P 28%, L-M 47%, and M-L 34%.

Conclusion:

A third, fully-threaded screw from the lateral navicular into the calcaneus significantly increases talonavicular bending stiffness and decreases angulation.

Clinical Relevance:

The increased resistance to arthrodesis site motion afforded by the addition of a naviculocalcaneal screw may improve the likelihood of achieving successful talonavicular fusion in combined talonavicular/subtalar arthrodesis.
Outcomes of Suture Button Repair of the Distal Tibiofibular Syndesmosis
Authors: DeGroot Henry , Al-Omari Ali A. , Ghazaly Sherif Ahmed El
Published: April 2011

Background:

Recently, a suture button device has been advocated as a simple and effective method of repairing the syndesmosis. Proponents of the device have cited earlier weightbearing and elimination of the need for device removal as potential advantages over metallic screws. However, the available reports generally have short followup. With longer followup, some concerns about the suture button device have surfaced.

Materials and Methods:

We reviewed the clinical and radiographic results of 24 patients with acute injuries to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis who were treated with suture button fixation. Average followup was 20 months. The primary outcomes measure was the AOFAS ankle hindfoot score. Secondary outcomes measures included a calibrated measurement of the tibiofibular clear space and tibiofibular overlap.

Results:

The average AOFAS score was 94 points. Syndesmotic parameters returned to normal after surgery and remained normal throughout the followup period. One in four patients required removal of the suture endobutton device due to local irritation or lack of motion. Osteolysis of the bone and subsidence of the device into the bone was observed in four patients. Three patients developed heterotopic ossification within the syndesmotic ligament, one mild, one moderate, and one who had a nearly complete syndesmotic fusion.

Conclusion:

The suture button device is an effective way to repair the syndesmosis. In our series, the reduction of the syndesmosis was maintained throughout the followup period. However, reoperation for device removal was more common than anticipated. Osteolysis of the bone near the implant and subsidence of the device may occur. Level of Evidence: IV, Intervention Case Series
Radiographic Analysis of an Opening Wedge Osteotomy of the Medial Cuneiform
Authors: Lutz Michael , Myerson Mark
Published: April 2011

Background:

Forefoot varus deformity and medial column instability can develop or be present in association with ankle and hindfoot pathology. This study aimed to confirm the utility of medial cuneiform opening wedge osteotomy as part of hindfoot and ankle deformity correction.

Materials and Methods:

Patients requiring operative management of flatfoot deformity between January 2002 and December 2007 were prospectively entered in a database. We selected all patients who underwent medial cuneiform opening wedge osteotomy. One hundred and one feet in 86 patients of mean age 36 (range, 9 to 80) years were evaluated. Eighty-one feet had adequate radiographic imaging for assessment. Concomitant procedures were performed. We measured standardized, validated radiographic parameters on pre- and postoperative weightbearing foot radiographs. Variables including concomitant surgical procedures, osteotomy union, malunion, and midfoot arthritis were noted.

Results:

The mean lateral talus-first metatarsal angle improved from 23 degrees to 1 degrees ( p < 0.001); mean medial cuneiform to floor distance improved from 20 mm to 34 mm ( p < 0.001); mean talar declination angle improved from 39 degrees to 27 degrees ( p < 0.001); mean calcaneal-talar angle improved from 64 degrees to 55 degrees ( p < 0.001); calcaneal pitch angle improved from 14 degrees to 23 degrees ( p < 0.001); mean first metatarsal declination angle improved from 17 degrees to 26 degrees ( p < 0.001); mean talonavicular coverage angle improved from 45 degrees to 18 degrees ( p < 0.001); and mean anteroposterior talus-first metatarsal angle improved from 19 degrees to 0 degrees ( p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Radiograph-ical analysis showed that medial cuneiform opening wedge osteotomy combined with other corrective procedures corrected forefoot varus, elevated first metatarsal and medial column instability radiographic parameters that are most commonly associated with flatfoot deformity. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Measurement of the Medial Distal Tibial Angle
Authors: Stufkens Sjoerd A. , Barg Alexej , Bolliger Lilianna , Stucinskas Justinas , Knupp Markus , Hintermann Beat
Published: April 2011

Background:

The aim of this study was to describe the difference between the medial distal tibial angle (MDTA) when measured on whole lower limb radiographs and mortise radiographs of the ankle.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 48 legs were included of 24 healthy volunteers. Standard radiographs were obtained of the whole lower leg. Mortise radiographs were obtained of the ankle. The MDTA was measured on the digitized radiographs by three orthopaedic residents, one orthopaedic surgeon and one biomechanical movement scientist. For each leg, the angles measured from the two images were compared. The inter-observer reliability of each method was calculated.

Results:

The MDTA as measured on whole lower leg images (94.6 ± 2.6 degrees) was significantly different compared with the angle measured on mortise ankle images (92.1 ± 2.2 degrees) ( p < 0.01). The mean measurement difference between observers was less than 1 degree. Reliability of the measurements was good with a high association (κ = 0.85) between observers for the angles measured on the whole lower leg images and also a high association (κ = 0.83) between the observers for the mortise ankle image measurements.

Conclusion:

The MDTA is not the same on whole lower leg images and mortise views of the ankle. There was an excellent interobserver reliability for the angles measured.

Clinical Relevance:

Foot and ankle surgeons should take this into account when planning coronal deformity correction of the distal tibia. We believe whole lower leg images should be used to assess the medial distal tibial angle.
Sequential Dissection for Exposure of the Second Metatarsophalangeal Joint
Authors: Cooper Minton Truitt , Coughlin Michael J.
Published: April 2011

Background:

Instability of the second metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint is relatively common, and although the anatomy of the joint has been well described and plantar plate pathology has been identified, little has been written about its exposure and repair. The goal of this study was to elucidate the necessary dissection to expose and potentially repair the lesions of the plantar plate through a dorsal approach.

Materials and Methods:

Sequential dorsal dissection of the second MTP joint was carried out in eight cadaveric specimens. After each step, measurements were obtained using fluoroscopic imaging and digital photography to determine the amount of exposure of the plantar plate gained by each step.

Results:

Dorsal capsulotomy of the second MTP joint with collateral ligament release off of the proximal phalanx base, then combined with a subcapital oblique metatarsal osteotomy provided on average 8 and 8.5 mm of exposure of the plantar plate as measured by digital photography and fluoroscopy, respectively. Minimal exposure was gained by releasing the collateral ligaments from the metatarsal head or elevating the plantar plate off of the plantar metatarsal head.

Conclusion:

Exposure of the plantar plate can be obtained by releasing the collateral ligaments off of the proximal phalanx and performing a subcapital oblique osteotomy.

Clinical Relevance:

Minimizing the risk of disrupting the blood supply to the metatarsal head may be possible by avoiding collateral ligament or plantar plate release.
Stability of Locking and Non-Locking Plates in an Osteoporotic Calcaneal Fracture Model
Authors: Illert Till , Rammelt Stefan , Drewes Tim , Grass Rene , Zwipp Hans
Published: April 2011

Background:

The aim of this biomechanical cadaver study of calcaneal fractures was to investigate whether a locking calcaneal plate provides more stiffness in osteoporotic bone compared to a non-locking plate.

Materials and Methods:

Sixteen fresh frozen bone mineral density (BMD)-matched cadaver feet were tested in a four-part model of a Sanders Type IIB calcaneal fracture. The fractures were fixed either with a non-locking AO (Sanders) plate or an interlocking AO plate (Synthes, Paoli, PA) to the lateral calcaneal wall with six screws. Specimens were subjected to cyclic loading which was increased stepwise to full body weight. Displacement of the posterior facet fragment was measured with an optical tracking system in the sagittal and transverse planes.

Results:

No statistically significant differences were observed between the non-locking and the locking plates with respect to number of cycles to failure or 1-mm displacement of the posterior facet. The initial stiffness was significantly higher for non-locking plates.

Conclusion:

In osteoporotic bone, the greater stiffness of the screw-locking-plate construct was offset by the smaller diameter of the screw threads and the lower friction between the plate and bone when a locking plate was used. In clinical practice, the plate should first be compressed to osteoporotic bone with cancellous screws and at least two screws should be placed in the anterior process and in the tuberosity of the calcaneus.
Distal Peroneal Tendon Dislocation: A Case Report
Authors: Klos Kajetan , Vag Tibor , Gras Florian , König Veit , Hofmann Gunther O. , Mückley Thomas
Published: April 2011

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Hidden in Music: Religious Experience and Pop Festivals
Authors: Kommers Heleen
Published: April 2011

Abstract:

Can pop festivals offer young people opportunities to experience transcendental ideas, resulting in religiosity? The research proposed in this article joins current debates about pop music as a substitute for institutional forms of religion which are supposed to be vanishing. This article offers a critical reflection on some well-established approaches like large-scale quantitative studies and those focusing on cultural change. It contains a plea for qualitative research: so-called multi-sited fieldwork, stressing participant observation. The article is of a programmatic, reflective character. The research starts from the perspective of young people, following the Malinowskian dictum: to discover their vision of their world.
Doomsday America: The Pessimistic Turn of Post-9/11 Apocalyptic Cinema
Authors: Walliss John , Aston James
Published: April 2011

Abstract:

In this article we discuss the cycle of apocalypse films released in the aftermath of the attacks of 11 September 2001, examining the ways in which they conveyed a variety of post-9/11 fears and concerns around issues such as the War on Terror, American imperialism and the environment. In particular, we will trace the continuities and discontinuities with similar disaster/apocalyptic films released in the late 1990s, tracking the representations of four thematic elements that permeate through both pre-millennium and post-9/11 apocalyptic Hollywood cinema: the representation of the apocalypse; the role of human agency as saviour; the role of religion; and socio-political commentary made by the films. In doing so, we argue that cinematic representations of the apocalypse have been much more pessimistic post-9/11, thus demonstrating that Hollywood science fiction, or “sci-fi,” can facilitate wider socio-political concerns while continuing to provide the expected spectacular, audio-visual displays.
Schweizer Wald als Geldanlage: Win-win-Strategie für Waldwirtschaft und Pensionskassen? (Essay) | Swiss forest as an investment opportunity: a win-win situation for both the forestry sector and pension funds? (Essay)
Authors: Häuptli Daniel
Published: April 2011

Could there be a win-win situation for both pension funds and the Swiss forestry sector? On the one hand, developments in the forestry sector suggest that the Swiss forest presents a new lucrative investment opportunity. If this is so, then pension funds could be particularly interested, as the low correlation between Swiss forest and other classes of investment, and the long investment periods involved are ideal for pension fund portfolios. On the other hand, large investments made by pension funds could mean that existing problems in Swiss forestry, in connection with its fragmented nature, could be more rapidly solved, and the potential for rationalization in the wood value chain could be fully realized. This would in turn make investments in the forest even more profitable. This hypothesis was investigated through a comprehensive literature analysis, yield calculations for private forestry enterprises of over 50 ha made by the Swiss Federal Office for Statistics 2004–2008, and an interview with the investments director of a large Swiss pension fund. Despite the optimistic assumption that the greater efficiency gained by the investment of pension funds into the forestry sector could lead to costs lower by 50% and a 20% increase in profits, the hypothesis must be rejected, because a calculated annual return of only 0.82% is too low for pension funds. The conclusion is that the price for forest land is high, and forest owners are not only interested in the monetary value of holding forest. Other immaterial values influence prices. It is suggested that a greater emphasis on socioscientific studies concerning the link between the price of forest land and the motivation to buy and sell forest could lead to some important findings.
Modelle zur Biomasse- und Holzvolumenschätzung im Schweizer Gebüschwald | Modelling of biomass and wood volume in Swiss shrub forest
Authors: Düggelin Christoph , Abegg Meinrad
Published: April 2011

The results of the third National Forest Inventory indicate that shrub forest accounts for 5% of the total forest area in Switzerland. It grows almost exclusively in the subalpine zone and is dominated by the woody species Alnus viridis and Pinus mugo prostrata. As a consequence of global warming and the increasing demand for sustainable energy, there is a national and international interest to quantify wood volume and biomass in shrub forests. Therefore representative coppice shoots were measured in detail to establish allometric volume and biomass functions for Alnus viridis, Pinus mugo prostrata and Salix sp. For each coppice shoot the wood volume, the wet weight, the dry weight and the carbon mass was determined as a function of the base diameter. In the next step all coppice shoots of 49 sample plot areas were measured. A regression analysis shows the relationship between the degree of cover and wood volume, and hence the biomass, in a shrub forest stand. Shrub forest stands which consist of Alnus viridis and which have a degree of cover of 100% contain on average 74 m3/ha of above-ground wood volume. More than twice of that volume, namely 166 m3/ha, is contained in corresponding Pinus mugo prostrata shrub forest stands. In Swiss shrub forests, the average aboveground wood volume amounts to 66 m3/ha, corresponding to around 2 million tons of biomass. Based on the presented volume functions it will be possible to estimate the aboveground wood volume and biomass of shrub forest stands dominated by Alnus viridis and Pinus mugo prostrata with good results. Input variable is the degree of cover of the present woody species, which can be determined efficiently on aerial photography by image interpretation.
Ökosponsoring – mehr als eine neue Einnahmequelle? | Environmental sponsorship – more than a source of revenue?
Authors: Schoop Georg , Niedermann-Meier Sarah
Published: April 2011

With the current emphasis on the term “sustainable development” in society and politics, it is becoming more and more important and economically effective for a business to seek public recognition through its ecological and social services. This can be seen in the increased significance of environmental sponsorship. This is one method of marketing and financing an environmental project. With the financial contribution from sponsors, income can be generated and measures carried out which with the normal budget could not have been taken into consideration. However, environmental sponsorship goes a lot further than the provision of funds for an environmental service. A service bundle is marketed, which includes for example contractual rights for advertising, appearances in the media, the organisation of events or other exclusive rights for the sponsor. Through these a great benefit arises for all the partners involved.

Since 1997 the City Forestry Service of Baden has carried out a number of successful environmental sponsorship projects. Altogether about 850 000 Swiss francs were collected which could be invested in nature and educational projects. This represents about 3–6% of the total turnover. Above all, experience shows that the new contacts established with commerce and society through the sponsoring projects are of great value. Through the additional activities of the sponsors within the framework of their project, such as events for customers, the distribution of brochures and advertising, they succeeded in making people attentive to the importance of forests and nature, who up until then had hardly addressed the issue, but were often employed in influential jobs in the economy, in society or in cultural activities.
Forêt finement mélangée, une réalité à promouvoir | Finely mixed forest, an asset to be encouraged
Authors: Junod Pascal
Published: April 2011

Finely mixed forest stands form the hub of the ever-increasing benefits provided by the forest ecosystem. They may be considered as catalysts for diversity, stability, richness of structure, sustainability, prosperity, conviviality … That being the case, it seems necessary to increase our knowledge of them, particularly on the plateau, where they represent an often unsuspected potential. This article reviews the advantages of such stands together with their requirements and, based on concrete examples, presents the high degree of variety and mixture. The origins, values and management of these forests are discussed, with the intention of encouraging a creative and adaptable silviculture which has no qualms in mixing species or accepting the complexity of the resulting structures: An inventive silviculture where research into the function of each tree is desirable. In a climate of incertitude the finely mixed forest is both a fundamental postulate and an asset to be actively encouraged.
Der Binding Waldpreis – Auslöser für waldbaulich-ertragskundliche Forschung | The Binding Forest Award initiates silvicultural and yield research
Authors: Zingg Andreas , Bachofen Hansheinrich
Published: April 2011

Between 1995 and 2008 the granting of the Binding Forest Award led to fresh cooperation between forest owners and research on silviculture, growth and yield at the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research. Various topics were treated: a study of the beech coppices in Rothenfluh rapidly made it clear that very little was known about this formerly widespread type of forest management and its consequences. The same was true to a lesser extent for the conversion of rather uniform high forest into selection forest (in Plasselb), and for the selective management of light demanding tree species, such as the oak, in Rheinau. In Boudry, cooperation between practice and research already existed: the prize award here led to new approaches in the production of high quality oak, whilst taking ecological values into account. All these new projects are still in their earliest stages and will call for a great deal of “sustainability”, in both senses of the word, from all those involved. Considering the long periods of time required for the development of forest ecosystems, this is in fact self-evident.
Eigentumsübergreifende Zusammenarbeit im Konolfinger Privatwald und im Kanton Bern | Cooperation between proprietors of privately-owned forests in the Konolfingen region and in Canton Berne
Authors: Mohr Conradin
Published: April 2011

Since 1970 at least, the wood production potential of small private forest plots in the region of Konolfingen has not been fully exploited. In the approximately 5800 hectares of forest the present timber stocks are at 580 m3/ha. Similar conditions can be found in many other regions with private forests in Canton Berne. With the concept “Auriga”, which provides funding for mechanization, mobilization and more professionalism, the Forestry Service of Canton Berne has created an instrument which should motivate forest owners to an increased use of their wood. The present article pursues the question as to how far the project initiated in 1994 by the society of forest owners in Konolfingen thanks to the Binding Forest Award corresponds to the cantonal funding concept. It has become clear that the possibilities of mechanization offered by modern machines and procedures have been underestimated. Only after hurricane Lothar was it demonstrated that possibilities exist for use in small plots and in very steep private forests. Approximately 425 wood storage areas were created between 1995 and 1997, which represents a considerable improvement in the infrastructure. However, some of these now need to be adapted to deal with a greater volume of felled timber and changes in wood assortments. With the foundation of the Holzregion Kiesental GmbH (wood-producing region Kiesen Valley Ltd.), wood marketing has been professionalized. With mobilization it is planned to increase wood use and to reduce stocks to 500 m3/ha. The market will decide in the end whether this can be attained or not. Sufficient yield is necessary if forest owners are to be motivated to increased exploitation.
Die Waldkorporation Romanshorn-Uttwil – ein Zukunftsmodell für den Privatwald? | The forest corporation Romanshorn-Uttwil – a possible model for private forests in the future?
Authors: Nussbaumer Hans
Published: April 2011

The forest corporation Romanshorn-Uttwil in canton Thurgau has been in existence since 1784. It covers 260 ha of forest and is the property of 159 associates. In the nineteen-eighties two thirds of the forest area were still wooded with existing coppice with standards. On account of insufficient returns the forestry company was in arrears, but over the past 20 years it has been developed into a successful business. Decisive factors in this process were a clearly defined goal for all participants, a large but temporary financial contribution of all associates, and the fact that progress was made with a lot of commitment and in small steps, thus moving third parties to contribute to the modernization of the system. The example shows that successful businesses are also possible In private forests, as long as there is a precise goal and they are run as a single unit. Despite the fact that today most forest owners are not ready to give up their individual ownership in favour of joint possession, this model, fitted to future use, should not go unheeded.
Schweizer Waldpolitik – zwischen internationaler Verantwortung und nationalen Interessen (Essay) | Swiss forest policy – balancing international responsibility and national interests (essay)
Authors: Küchli Christian , Blaser Jürgen
Published: April 2011

Through its commitment to forest issues at international level, the Swiss Confederation aims to identify solutions for global forest problems, on the one hand, and to protect its own forest-related national interests, on the other. The general public's awareness of topics like the destruction of the rain forest and the trade in tropical timber is focused mainly on global problems, the resolution of which is a matter of particular concern for the Swiss population. The outcome of the associated international environmental negotiations also influences forest-relevant policies at national level as international agreements also have to be implemented at home. This essay identifies such correlations and provides information about international processes and the approaches adopted by the federal authorities to improve conditions for the protection and sustainable management of all forests. The challenges facing forests at national, European and international levels are also examined.
Globale Walderhaltung und -bewirtschaftung und ihre Finanzierung: eine Bestandesaufnahme | Global forest conservation and management and its financing: an appraisal
Authors: Blaser Jürgen , Küchli Christian
Published: April 2011

Around one third of the earth's surface is under forest cover which is distributed more or less equally between industrialised and developing countries. Whereas forest areas in the temperate and boreal climate zones are more or less stable or on the increase, the scale of deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics remains dramatic. This situation is likely to continue in the decades to come because the world's ever-growing population needs new agricultural land and the pressure on resources (forest products, land, water, minerals) continues to increase as a result of globalisation and global change. Moreover, sustainable forest management has not yet become standard practice in many southern countries because forest management can rarely compete with other forms of land use in terms of economic returns. The protection and sustainable management of forest resources is basically the responsibility of each individual country and cannot be regulated and financed globally. However, enormous financial resources, i.e. on a scale of tens of billions of Swiss francs per year, are required for the introduction of comprehensive land-use planning in developing countries incorporating suitable protection of natural forests and sustainable forest management. New approaches for the valorisation of services provided by forests such as carbon sinks (e.g. REDD+) offer significant potential for improving forest protection and sustainable forest management. It augurs well that the economic internalisation of the forest and its services is in full swing at global level and that, based on the REDD+ resolutions passed at the last climate conference in Cancún, many countries have opted for the path of forest conservation and sustainable forest management.
Neue Entwicklungen und offene Fragen zu REDD+ | New developments and open questions concerning REDD+
Authors: Engel Stefanie , Hobi Silas , Zabel Astrid
Published: April 2011

This paper reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the policy approach “Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation” (REDD+). Around a fifth of all global carbon emissions stem from deforestation. The idea of REDD+ is to provide payments to developing countries in return for maintaining forests as carbon sinks and, to some extent, for promoting economic and social development and further environmental goals. The review summarizes the literature on selected topics of REDD+, such as cost-efficiency and the types of costs that are likely to arise, in particular enabling costs and incentive payments. Furthermore, potential financing mechanisms and already established kick-off funds are discussed. Ongoing debates on baselines, leakage, as well as permanence and liability questions are highlighted. We assess solutions that have been proposed for some of these problems but also indicate possible trade-offs and caveats.
Amino Acid, Fatty Acid and Physico-Chemical Analyses of Jatropha curcas (Physic Nut) Seed Flour and Oil
Authors: Olaofe O , Faleye FJ , Abey JA
Published: April 2011

The amino acid of seed flour and fatty acid and physico-chemical analysis of oil both from Jatropha curcas (physic nut) seed were analytically determined. Amino acid results showed that the protein contained nutritionally useful quantities of most of the essential amino acids including sulphur-containing amino acids. The crude protein content was 34.2%. The total essential amino acid (TEAA) with histidine was 32.7g /100g while the TEAA without histidine was 30.6g /100g protein. Glutamic acid (16.8 g/100g protein) was found to be the most abundant amino acid followed by aspartic acid (9.2 g/100g protein) in the seed flour. The seed oil of Jatropha curcas has a high crude fat content of 46.1% and a high proportion of total unsaturated fatty acid (40.8%) with liloleic (18:2) as the most abundant unsaturated fatty acid while the total saturated fatty acid was 8.61% Palmitic acid (16:0), 8.6 % was found to be the most abundant saturated fatty acid. The values for the physico-chemical properties of the extracted oil were: Acid value, (4.62 mgKOH/g), iodine value, (96.0 mgI2/g), peroxide value, (6.22 mgO2/g), saponification value, (219 mg KOH/g), specific gravity, (0.89) and refractive index, (1.46), These results suggest that Jatropha curcas is useful in some food formulations. Key words:. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i4.7379 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(4), 345-350, 2010
Synthesis, Characterization and Spectral Properties of Substituted Tetraphenylporphyrin Iron Chloride Complexes
Authors: Sun Zhi-Cheng , She Yuan-Bin , Zhou Yang , Song Xu-Feng , Li Kai
Published: April 2011

A series of substituted tetraphenylporphyrin iron chloride complexes [RTPPFe(III)Cl, R=o/p-NO2, o/p-Cl, H, o/p-CH3, o/p-OCH3] were synthesized by a novel universal mixed-solvent method and the spectral properties of free base porphyrins and iron porphyrin compounds were compared with each other. The experimental results showed that the one-pot mixed solvent method was superior to the two-step method in the yields, reaction time and workup of reaction mixtures for the synthesis of iron porphyrin compounds. The highest yields (28.7%-40.4%) of RTPPFe(III)Cl were obtained in the mixed solvents propionic acid, glacial acetic acid and m-nitrotoluene under reflux for 2 h. A detailed analysis of ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), infrared (IR) and far-infrared (FIR) spectra suggested the transformation from free base porphyrins to iron porphyrins. The red shift of the Soret band in ultraviolet-visible spectra due to the presence of p-nitrophenyl substituents and the blue shift of Fe-Cl bond of TPPFeCl in far-infrared spectra were further explained by the electron transfer and molecular planarity in the porphyrin ring.
A New Abietene Diterpene and Other Constituents from Kaempferia angustifolia Rosc.
Authors: Tang Sook Wah , Sukari Mohd Aspollah , Rahmani Mawardi , Lajis Nordin Hj. , Ali Abdul Manaf
Published: April 2011

A new abietene diterpene, kaempfolienol (5S,6S,7S,9S,10S,11R,13S-abiet-8(14)-enepenta-6,7,9,11,13-ol, 1), was isolated from a rhizome extract of Kaempferia angustifolia Rosc. along with the known compounds crotepoxide, boesenboxide, zeylenol, 2′-hydroxy-4,4′,6′-trimethoxychalcone, (24S)-24-methyl-5α-lanosta-9(11),25-dien-3β-ol, β-sitosterol and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. The structures of all compounds were elucidated on the basis of mass spectroscopic and NMR data. Zeylenol (2), the major constituent of the plant, was derivatized into diacetate, triacetate and epoxide derivatives through standard organic reactions. The cytotoxic activity of compounds 1, 2 and the zeylenol derivatives was evaluated against the HL-60, MCF-7, HT-29 and HeLa cell lines.
Recent Progress in Brillouin Scattering Based Fiber Sensors
Authors: Bao Xiaoyi , Chen Liang
Published: April 2011

Brillouin scattering in optical fiber describes the interaction of an electro-magnetic field (photon) with a characteristic density variation of the fiber. When the electric field amplitude of an optical beam (so-called pump wave), and another wave is introduced at the downshifted Brillouin frequency (namely Stokes wave), the beating between the pump and Stokes waves creates a modified density change via the electrostriction effect, resulting in so-called the stimulated Brillouin scattering. The density variation is associated with a mechanical acoustic wave; and it may be affected by local temperature, strain, and vibration which induce changes in the fiber effective refractive index and sound velocity. Through the measurement of the static or dynamic changes in Brillouin frequency along the fiber one can realize a distributed fiber sensor for local temperature, strain and vibration over tens or hundreds of kilometers. This paper reviews the progress on improving sensing performance parameters like spatial resolution, sensing length limitation and simultaneous temperature and strain measurement. These kinds of sensors can be used in civil structural monitoring of pipelines, bridges, dams, and railroads for disaster prevention. Analogous to the static Bragg grating, one can write a moving Brillouin grating in fibers, with the lifetime of the acoustic wave. The length of the Brillouin grating can be controlled by the writing pulses at any position in fibers. Such gratings can be used to measure changes in birefringence, which is an important parameter in fiber communications. Applications for this kind of sensor can be found in aerospace, material processing and fine structures.
Can Infrared Spectroscopy Be Used to Measure Change in Potassium Nitrate Concentration as a Proxy for Soil Particle Movement?
Authors: Luleva Mila Ivanova , Van der Werff Harald , Jetten Victor , Van der Meer Freek
Published: April 2011

Displacement of soil particles caused by erosion influences soil condition and fertility. To date, the cesium 137 isotope (137Cs) technique is most commonly used for soil particle tracing. However when large areas are considered, the expensive soil sampling and analysis present an obstacle. Infrared spectral measurements would provide a solution, however the small concentrations of the isotope do not influence the spectral signal sufficiently. Potassium (K) has similar electrical, chemical and physical properties as Cs. Our hypothesis is that it can be used as possible replacement in soil particle tracing. Soils differing in texture were sampled for the study. Laboratory soil chemical analyses and spectral sensitivity analyses were carried out to identify the wavelength range related to K concentration. Different concentrations of K fertilizer were added to soils with varying texture properties in order to establish spectral characteristics of the absorption feature associated with the element. Changes in position of absorption feature center were observed at wavelengths between 2,450 and 2,470 nm, depending on the amount of fertilizer applied. Other absorption feature parameters (absorption band depth, width and area) were also found to change with K concentration with coefficient of determination between 0.85 and 0.99. Tracing soil particles using K fertilizer and infrared spectral response is considered suitable for soils with sandy and sandy silt texture. It is a new approach that can potentially grow to a technique for rapid monitoring of soil particle movement over large areas.
Une illustration du concept de marché pertinent : le cas du groupe Fiat dans l'automobile
Authors: Greggio Rodolphe
Published: April 2011

The geographical expansion strategy of Fiat in the automobile industry has long rested on its close relations with national state governments. In the past, this has led to a marked monopolistic tendency, reinforced during the 1980s, and to a particular view of the company's relevant market. This audacious but at the same time restrictive geographical positioning has led to some setbacks during recent years, particularly in the most competitive markets. These unexpected effects could increase in the future, even if the group seeems to have cleared its most difficult period.
Les types de circualtion athmosphérique à surcotes à Brest / Flow types for positive sea surges at Brest
Authors: Bouligand Romuald , Tabeaud Martine
Published: April 2011

Les surcotes (et les décotes) sont parmi les manifestations océaniques les plus fortes, en regard de leur durée, que l'on puisse attribuer à la variabilité climatique. L'étude phénoménologique menée sur la série marégraphique de Brest permet de distinguer trois grandes situations synoptiques à l'origine des surcotes les plus significatives : ce sont les flux perturbés d'Ouest, de Sud-Ouest et de Sud, uniquement présents en période hivernale. Le développement des surcotes est contrôlé par la position et la trajectoire des perturbations, alors que ce sont le « profil » et le degré d'activité et de stabilité de ces systèmes qui influent sur le profil des surcotes, sur leur intensité et sur leur durée.
Détruire Détroit. La crise humaine comme produit culturel / Destroying Detroit. Urban crisis as cultural product
Authors: Staszak Jean-François
Published: April 2011

Destroying Detroit. Urban crisis as cultural product.

Detroit is characterized by a classical dichotomy between the ruined landscape of a depressed downtown, mainly black and poor, and the economic success of the white and wealthy suburbs. In order to explain this phenomenon, economic geography provides some insights, but cultural geography leads to a better understanding of the reason why the white middle class has flown from the city of Detroit and still hasn't returned. Analyzing suburbanites' behaviors, the paper considers self-fulfilling prophecies which seem to play an important role in the production of urban space. The definition of the subject matter of this research (the « city ») also raises interesting epistemological questions.
CuCl-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of 2,3-allenols to 1,2-allenic ketones with 1:1 combination of phenanthroline and bipyridine as ligands
Authors: Gao Shuxu , Liu Yu , Ma Shengming
Published: April 2011

A protocol has been developed to prepare 1,2-allenyl ketones using molecular oxygen in air or pure oxygen as the oxidant from 2,3-allenylic alcohols with moderate to good yields under mild conditions. In this reaction CuCl (20 mol %) with 1,10-phenanthroline (10 mol %) and bipyridine (10 mol %) was used as the catalyst. It is interesting to observe that the use of the mixed ligands is important for the higher yields of this transformation: With the monoligand approach developed by Markó et al., the yields are relatively lower.
Agricultures capitalistes et paysannes dans l'État de Bahia au Brésil
Authors: da Silva Gomes Andréa , Bittencourt M.G. , Dufumier M.
Published: April 2011

Du fait de l’abondance relative de ses terrains arables et pâturables, le Brésil est devenu un grand pays exportateur de café, sucre et éthanol, huiles et tourteaux de soja, viandes diverses, agrumes, etc. Mais le Brésil rural continue néanmoins encore de souffrir de l’inégale répartition des terres agricoles comme en témoigne la situation économique dans les régions d’Itajuípe - Coaraci et de Valente (État de Bahia). La mise en œuvre de la réforme agraire au Brésil ne devrait pas donc être envisagée exclusivement pour des raisons de justice sociale mais aussi pour des raisons économiques.
Animaux symboliques, animaux interpsychiques
Authors: Bolognini Stefano
Published: April 2011

Résumé À travers une brève présentation de deux histoires cliniques, l’auteur décrit certaines dimensions symboliques et interpsychiques que l’apparition d’animaux sur la scène analytique évoque et stimule aussi parfois. L’auteur explore également les analogies fonctionnelles possibles entre la coopération élémentaire homme/chien et la coopération analytique au niveau du travail de base, et la métaphore de la « chatière » comme modèle d’une communication fluide entre préconscient et conscient dans un régime économique de facilitation et d’économie d’énergie intrapsychique.
De l'animal numérique au robot de compagnie : quel avenir pour l'intersubjectivité ?
Authors: Tisseron Serge
Published: April 2011

Résumé Les relations que nous entretenons avec les animaux virtuels de nos écrans préfigurent indiscutablement celles que nous auronts demain avec les robots de compagnie. Mais il existe une grande différence entre nos relations avec les animaux réels et les animaux virtuels ou, bientôt, les robots. Nous pouvons, à la rigueur, nous imaginer à la place d’un animal – et les enfants autistes y réussissent même bien –, mais il nous est difficile de penser que nous puissions nous mettre à la place d’un robot. Pourtant, c’est bel et bien le rêve de certains de ceux qui les construisent…