bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sosialisasi Strategi Mitigasi Petani terhadap Perubahan Iklim di Korong Sijangek Kanagarian Sungai Durian Kecamatan Patamuan Kabupaten Padang Pariaman.
Authors: ASuryani Ade -
Published: September 2020

Changes in global climate that changes the average global temperature increases. Increased greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, specifically CO2, have trapped heat in the Earth's atmosphere. This has an impact on the global system that causes everything from unexpected rainfall to extreme heat waves. The earth has gone through a period of warming and which is associated with repeated changes. What is currently the main concern and carried out by researchers is the heating process which is carried out faster than previously done, and also the increases associated with increasing levels of human production. The method of service activities that are used, among others: Lecture The use of laptops and LCDs helps socialization participants more easily discuss socialization material, relatively more material and limited training time, Demonstrations. Demonstrations were carried out by the service team as a source in the hope that the training participants could be carried out in accordance with the instructions given by the nara sources.

Keywords: Socialization. Mitigation. Climate change.
Daftar Isi
Authors: , Daftar Isi
Published: September 2020

Daftar Isi
PENINGKATAN KETERAMPILAN GURU SEKOLAH DASAR DALAM PENAYANGAN VIDEO PADA MICROSOFT POWERPOINT DENGAN TEKNIK HYPERLINK
Authors: Sutisna Usman , Elkarimah Mia Fitriah
Published: September 2020

In the DKI Jakarta area, in the 2019/2020 school year it is almost certain that all schools in the Ministry of Education and Culture and the DKI Jakarta Education Office have compiled the 2013 curriculum. How to understand this 2013 curriculum encourages teachers to improve their quality and professionalism as educators adjusted to the needs of the present . The thing that is highlighted the most is the ability of a teacher in information technology literacy that is good at accessing and using the technology itself. At the same time in Menteng Atas Elementary School 02 Morning, there are still not a few teachers who have not mastered specific information technology in order to make IT-based learning media, therefore related to the team from Unindra will help community service to help teachers in doing communication 2013 (kurtilas) one of them with the help of teachers in providing learning using video media in PowerPoint with hyperlink techniques. Hopefully with community service activities we can help in developing and improving the professionalism of teachers in the field of information technology.
PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN PETANI TENTANG DIVERSIFIKASI HASIL USAHA TANI BAWANG MERAH DI NAGARI KOTO GADANG GUGUAK JORONG BUKIT GOMPONG KABUPATEN SOLOK
Authors: Sari Putri Meliza
Published: September 2020

One of the activities in agriculture that contributes is horticultural farming. Solok Regency is one area that has the potential to become one of the centers of onion production because it has been the area with the largest production and planting area of shallots in West Sumatra. This activity was followed by shallot farmers in Jorong Gompong, Solok Regency who will carry out a program of diversification of shallots to fried onions. This product diversification activity can create added value, and of course it will increase the income of the farmer and to overcome the problem of overproduction which can make onions cheaper and can also cause the onions to rot, this will cause losses to the farmers. To overcome this, product diversification needs to be implemented, one of which is to make fresh shallots into fried onions.
Innovation behavior of agri-food small and medium-sized enterprises: the case of Europe’s emerging economies
Authors: Kussainova Gaukhar B. , Saghaian Sayed H. , Reed Michael R.
Published: September 2020

This paper examines the innovative behavior of agri-food firms located in Central and Eastern Europe. In the literature, empirical analyses on innovation activities of firms focus on various case studies from around the world. However, very few studies explore the innovation of small and medium sized enterprises from Central and Eastern Europe’s agri-food sector. The analysis uses the logit estimation method and firm-level data, which are obtained from ERBD-World Bank Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey. Results suggest that firms that spent some proportion of their financial budget on research and development, had workforce training programs, and bought fixed assets are more likely to launch product, process, organizational, and marketing innovations.
Memorias parentales, sociedad y género: El olvido que seremos de Abad Faciolince y Sur ma mère de Ben Jelloun
Authors: Arcos Guerrero Oscar Iván
Published: September 2020

Este artículo inicia con una reflexión sobre la escritura y la memoria como mecanismos que posibilitan analizar procesos de conservación del pasado. A partir de ello, plantea un análisis comparado entre El olvido que seremos de Abad Faciolince y Sur ma mère de Ben Jelloun. La tesis que argumenta el autor del artículo consiste en afirmar que tales obras constituyen autoficciones en las que se plantean memorias parentales, las cuales se entrelazan con problemáticas sociales de los contextos de enunciación desde los cuales son producidas. Para defender tal idea, retoma la teoría de Manuel Alberca acerca de la autoficción y también la de Elizabeth Jelin concerniente a la memoria. Sobre esa base, se articulan otros análisis de las obras estudiadas y de los contextos de estas.
Tendencias y evolución investigativa sobre la movilidad sostenible: una aproximación bibliométrica
Authors: Uribe Bedoya Hernán , Valencia Arias Alejandro , Ramos Y Yovera Santiago
Published: September 2020

Introducción. Las formas de movilidad representan una dinámica de gran interés en las grandes ciudades ya que se deben buscar estrategias que favorezcan las comunidades a través de mejores ofertas de transporte, reducción de tiempos de desplazamiento y disminución de la contaminación. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este artículo es examinar la evolución y tendencias investigativas en el área de movilidad sostenible a través de un análisis bibliométrico. Materiales y métodos. Se desarrolla en dos fases, la primera contempla la selección de la base de datos y la elaboración de la ecuación búsqueda y la segunda corresponde al cálculo de indicadores bibliométricos de cantidad, calidad y tendencias temáticas. Entre los Resultados se observa un incremento en el número de publicaciones en el tema con un incremento del 20% de la producción anual en los últimos años, principalmente en investigaciones provenientes de Italia, España, Reino Unido, Australia y Alemania. Se Concluye que las temáticas que se han venido consolidando en el área de conocimiento son: planificación urbana, transporte público y fortalecimiento del transporte masivo.
Análisis del ciclo de vida y cálculo de la huella de Carbono para un proceso de reciclaje de botellas PET en Medellín (ANT)
Authors: Aristizábal-Alzate Carlos E. , González-Manosalva José L. , Gutiérrez-Cano Juan C.
Published: September 2020

Introducción: Un Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV), permite establecer las entradas y salidas de materia, y energía de un proceso, producto, servicio, persona y/o organización, a lo largo de su vida útil o dependiendo de la delimitación del objeto de estudio. Este análisis, junto con la Huella de Carbono (HC), posibilitan estandarizar la información, para realizar análisis, comparaciones y determinar el impacto ambiental del objeto de estudio en una misma unidad (KgCO2eq), sin importar el contexto. Objetivo: Presentar un ACV y la determinación de la HC, para una empresa de reciclaje de botellas de plástico tipo PET, ubicada en la ciudad de Medellín. Materiales y métodos: Este estudio se realizó siguiendo las metodología establecidas en las normas internacionales ISO 14040-14044 y la ISO 14064, desde que el PET es acopiado en las instalaciones de la empresa hasta que este material es procesado y consideado apto, para su entrega. Además, se incluyen el inventario de las emsiones de GEI asociadas al metabolismo del personal de la empresa, durante el desarrollo de sus actividades al interior de esta. Resultados: Del proceso de reciclaje PET analizado se obtuvo una HC de 1,4026 KgCO2eq/ton, donde el consumo de energía eléctrica es el que más aporta a este indicador; con un 63,32%. Conclusiones: la HC de EKORED puede ser establecida como indicador de gestión y de sostenibilidad, y como la línea base, para emprender estrategias y acciones que vayan encaminadas la construcción de una industria carbono neutro.
Impactos ambientales de la producción del café, y el aprovechamiento sustentable de los residuos generados
Authors: Fernández-Cortés Yessica , Sotto-Rodríguez Karla Daniela , Vargas-Marín Luis Alberto
Published: September 2020

Introducción. Este documento contribuye a la identificación de impactos ambientales derivados de la producción del café y aprovechamiento sustentable de los residuos generados, en la vereda la Morena del municipio de La Plata – Huila Colombia. Objetivos. Analizando las prácticas del proceso de producción que se presentan en la comunidad cafetera, e identificando los métodos de aprovechamiento sustentable de los residuos generados por la pulpa. Materiales y métodos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo mediante una combinación de metodología enfocado a una investigación explicita, precisando los métodos de la implementación del cultivo, sistemas del beneficio del café para la obtención de la almendra, y el aprovechamiento de los residuos obtenidos en los procesos de despulpado. Entre las técnicas de recolección de información se realizaron dos grupos focales, entrevistas semi-estructuradas a productores de la vereda, y entidades como el Comité Cadefihuila, Comité de Cafeteros del Municipio, las diferentes compraventas de café, la Unidad de Desarrollo Rural del Municipio (UDR), Occicafé, y cultivadores de café sostenible del Municipio. Resultados. Se identificaron 29 fincas en el sector, teniendo en cuenta 12 fincas que se encontraban en producción, identificando aspectos como la implementación del cultivo, métodos del beneficio del café para la obtención de la almendra, y el aprovechamiento de los residuos obtenido en los procesos de despulpado. Conclusiones. Reconociendo que la afectación de los procesos del cultivo del café en el contexto local es alta puesto que reducen permanentemente la posibilidad de recuperación de fuentes hídricas que resultan contaminadas con los desechos de la pulpa, por lo tanto, es importante que el caficultor conozca la ventaja que trae implementar prácticas de desarrollo sostenible por medio de los agroecosistemas.
La investigación en tiempos de contingencia del Covid 19
Authors: Uribe-Vanegas Julio César
Published: September 2020

Pocas veces el hombre se había enfrentado a una prueba de tan semejantes proporciones, como la que se presenta con el Covid 19, en cuestión de semanas la sociedad ha sido testigo de una transformación en su cotidianidad, lo que significa una manera constante y diferente en la forma de repensar las actividades diarias.
The monitoring role of nonexecutive directors in Vietnam from a return-volatility perspective
Authors: To Anh , Tran Quoc , Tran Thi , Thai Kim , Ho Thi
Published: September 2020

This study examines the relevance of board independence to stock return
volatility for a sample of 160 companies listed on the Vietnamese stock
market over ten years (2008-2017). After controlling for potential
endogeneity, we find that the presence of non-executive directors on the
board tends to increase firm risk. The results indicate that non-executive
directors do not play a supervisory role under the agency theory. Our
findings remain robust when we apply alternative measures of the dependent
variable.
Is radiofrequency use in arthroscopic treatment of isolated medial meniscus horizontal cleavage tears more effective than mechanical debridement in young adults?
Authors: Korkmaz Özgür , Kasman Uğur , Çeçen Sıtkı
Published: September 2020

Introduction/Objective Arthroscopic mechanical hand tools, motorized shavers, and bipolar radiofrequency are used in arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. The aim of this study is to evaluate efficacy of radiofrequency on early clinical outcomes in patients who underwent arthroscopic partial meniscectomy with horizontal cleavage tear and without additional intraarticular knee pathology. Methods A total of 37 patients complied with the study criteria. Patients were divided into two groups according to usage of bipolar radiofrequency. Patients were evaluated by using visual analog scale (VAS) and Tegner Lysholm knee scores at the end of the first year follow-up. Results Twenty-two patients comprised the shaver-using group. Preoperative mean VAS score was 7.9 ? 0.8, and the Tegner Lysholm knee score was 49.6 ? 9.6. Fifteen patients comprised the bipolar radiofrequency-using group. Preoperative VAS score was 7.8 ? 0.9, and the Tegner Lysholm knee score was 52.2 ? 10.7. The mean VAS score was 1.2 ? 0.9, and the mean Tegner Lysholm knee score was 89.5 ? 8.1 in shaver used group at last follow-up. At the last postoperative follow-up, the mean VAS score was 1.1 ? 1, and the Tegner Lysholm knee score was 88.8 ? 7.3 in the bipolar radiofrequency-using group. No statistically significant differences between the VAS and Tegner Lysholm knee scores of the preoperative and postoperative controls of the two groups were observed (p?0.05). Conclusion Radiofrequency use has no effect on early clinical outcomes in the arthroscopic treatment of isolated medial meniscus posterior horn horizontal cleavage tears; we do not recommend its use.
The Role Online Counseling as a Part of Guidance and Counseling Services
Authors: Amalianita Berru , Ifdil Ifdil , Agustin Anggia Wahyu , Zikra Zikra
Published: September 2020

Organizing online counseling is very helpful and possible to be developed in the world of guidance and counseling, especially in Indonesia. Although now specifically in Indonesia, there is no ethic that regulates but the existence of this media can support the implementation of guidance and counseling widely to improve the competence and efficiency of service for alleviating the problems faced by clients. Use and utilize information and communication technology.  The availability of formal institutions that will train these skills. And also specifically can be included in a special curriculum with regard to Information and communication Technology in guidance and counseling. And also hopefully in the future there will be the establishment of specialized counseling institutions that deal with specific issues online counseling and e-counseling services in general.

 
UTILIZAÇÃO DE ANALOGIAS EM SEIS LIVROS DIDÁTICOS DE QUÍMICA APROVADOS NO PROGRAMA NACIONAL DO LIVRO DIDÁTICO 2018: UMA ANÁLISE SOBRE ESTRUTURA ATÔMICA
Authors: Oliveira Amaral Leandro de , Macêdo Soares Sérgio , Soares de Melo Mayara
Published: September 2020

Neste artigo são apresentadas dezesseis analogias encontradas no conteúdo de estrutura atômica em seis livros de Química aprovados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (2018) destinados ao ensino médio. Após a identificação, as analogias foram categorizadas e observaram-se deficiências quanto ao formato, nível de enriquecimento, abstração e limitações, sendo utilizadas apenas de maneira superficial. Foram explorados os possíveis erros conceituais que essas estratégias podem levar quando abordadas de maneira inadequada. Os resultados indicam que as analogias do pudim de passas, panetone e do sistema planetário pouco contribuem para o entendimento do conceito-alvo e podem levar a compreensões equivocadas e superficiais. Além disso, estão ausentes discussões mais acentuadas tanto das relações analógicas quanto das limitações entre os domínios. Também são discutidos apontamentos adequados sobre o uso dessa estratégia.
REFLEXÕES SOBRE O JOGO NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL
Authors: Vaz de Campos Pereira Marcos Paulo , Oliveira Farias Gelcemar
Published: September 2020

O docente na educação infantil deve oportunizar ao educando atividades que enriqueçam a criatividade e a autonomia. Em meio a este contexto, o jogo importante fenômeno cultural e social contribui com o desenvolvimento humano. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma reflexão sobre as características do jogo no contexto da educação infantil e sua valorização como importante recurso pedagógico. A metodologia utilizada se caracteriza como um ensaio teórico. Pode-se mencionar que o jogo é uma atividade livre, sendo delimitada por espaço, tempo e regras, além de ser imprevisível e fictício. Podendo ser utilizado como um recurso pedagógico na educação infantil, fase primordial de desenvolvimento do educando. Conclui-se, que o jogo enquanto recurso pedagógico pode ser considerado um meio adequado para contribuir no desenvolvimento integral do educando.
FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA E INTERVENÇÕES PEDAGÓGICAS: ENSINO E APRENDIZAGEM NA ESCOLA ESTADUAL IVONE BORKOWSKI DE LIMA
Authors: Salustiano Couto Geovana , Moreira Ribeiro Valdiceia , Luiz Zart Laudemir , Salles Gentil Heloisa
Published: September 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as práticas pedagógicas realizadas pelos docentes de uma escola no campo a partir do projeto de formação continuada da/na escola, estruturado por meio do orientativo para as escolas estaduais do Estado de Mato Grosso, elaborado pela Secretaria de Estado de Educação SEDUC-MT no ano letivo de 2019, visando melhorar o processo de ensino e aprendizagem, por meio das intervenções pedagógicas realizadas pelos professores no desenvolvimento de suas práticas pedagógicas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, cujos dados foram obtidos mediante observação e análise documental. Apresentamos as intervenções pedagógicas adotadas pelos professores para melhorar a motivação dos educandos e os resultados da educação escolar. Evidenciamos que as intervenções pedagógicas realizadas pelos professores alcançaram resultados satisfatórios quanto às metas propostas - elevar o índice de aprovação do ensino médio para 100%; zerar a progressão parcial; tornar o ambiente escolar mais agradável, atrativo e lúdico.
O USO DO TUX PAINT COMO FERRAMENTA DE ENSINO E APRENDIZAGEM NAS SÉRIES INICIAIS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL
Authors: Socorro Torres da Silva Maria do Perpétuo , Souza dos Santos Francialan , Ramos Martins Iracema , Kendy de Lima Yamaguchi Hudinilson
Published: September 2020

No contexto educacional, a adoção de práticas pedagógicas inovadoras é uma realidade. Os métodos tradicionais de ensino vêm sendo substituídos por metodologias didáticas em que o aluno é o sujeito do processo construção do conhecimento. O objetivo desse artigo é utilizar o Tux Paint como ferramenta de ensino e aprendizagem para os alunos do primeiro ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola da rede pública na cidade de Coari-Amazonas. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa-ação, com recorte temporal transversal e coleta de dados qualitativa observacional. A pesquisa foi dividida em cinco etapas: diagnostico, planejamento, intervenção, avaliação e análise. Observarmos na pesquisa uma evolução no desenvolvimento logico dos alunos, evidenciando que o uso do software Tux Paint pode ser uma ferramenta útil no desenvolvimento cognitivo de crianças nesta faixa etária. Assim, os resultados demonstraram que o uso de ferramentas de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação – TIC demonstrou ser uma estratégia de ensino diferenciada para o desenvolvimento e potencialidades integral do aluno.
CONHECIMENTO MATEMÁTICO PARA O ENSINO (MKT): UM LEVANTAMENTO BIBLIOGRÁFICO EM DISSERTAÇÕES E TESES BRASILEIRAS
Authors: Rodrigues André Lima , Rodrigo Teixeira Bruno
Published: September 2020

Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar a partir de quais elementos o Conhecimento Matemático para o Ensino (MKT) tem sido investigado e ou identificar os elementos que têm sido analisados com base no MKT em dissertações e teses brasileiras, por meio de um levantamento bibliográfico em dois bancos de dados e da análise dos resumos dos trabalhos. Os resultados indicam que o Conhecimento Matemático para o Ensino tem sido investigado a partir de, ou utilizado para análise de reflexões, compreensões, concepções; ações formativas e práticas profissionais. Além disso, identificamos trabalhos que investigam o MKT, a partir de pesquisas bibliográficas e trabalhos, em que os documentos oficiais foram utilizados para analisá-lo ou como base para a investigação. Os resultados podem orientar formadores de professores quanto a estratégias formativas para o desenvolvimento ou a mobilização de conhecimentos profissionais e pesquisadores para investigações futuras.
GEOMETRIA NA FORMAÇÃO DAS NORMALISTAS DO INSTITUTO SANTA MARTA NO MUNICÍPIO DE BARRA DO GARÇAS (1960 - 1980)
Authors: Maria Gama Marta , Vasconcelos de Almeida Laura Isabel Marques , Bertoni Pinto Neuza
Published: September 2020

Este artigo é parte da Pesquisa de Mestrado do Programa de Pós-Graduação da Universidade de Cuiabá e tem como objeto de estudo o ensino de geometria na formação de professoras normaliatas do ensino primário em Barra do Garças/MT. Ancorada na abordagem histórico-cultural, o estudo fundamentou-se nos aportes teóricos de Chervel (1990), De Certeau (1982), Julia (2001), Pinto (2014) e Silva; Valente (2014). Teve como objetivo analisar a presença da geometria na formação das normalistas que cursaram o magistério e lecionaram no Instituto Santa Marta no período delimitado da pesquisa. As fontes foram constituídas pelos depoimentos e diários de classe com ênfase no ensino da geometria na escola primária. Os dados revelam a presença da geometria indicando como as normalistas aprendiam e ensinavam os conceitos geométricos em sala de aula, possibilitando novas indagações e reflexões frente ao descaso das escolas pela disciplina.
UMA ATIVIDADE DE CAMPO NO SANTUÁRIO DO LIMA/RN: PROPOSTA DE ATIVIDADE DE GEOMETRIA
Authors: Alves Gomes Nayara , Barros de Oliveira Glaydson Francisco
Published: September 2020

Este artigo apresenta um recorte de uma pesquisa de mestrado, em que propomos uma atividade de campo como metodologia para o ensino de conceitos geométricos em conjunto com a resolução de situações-problemas. A pesquisa foi realizada com alunos do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental, desenvolvida a partir da aplicação de uma sequência didática, dividida em três etapas. Na primeira etapa, foram ministrados os conceitos geométricos necessários para o desenvolvimento da atividade de campo. Na segunda etapa, foi realizada a atividade de campo no Santuário do Lima, durante a qual os alunos resolveram situações-problemas pré-elaboradas. Na terceira etapa, foi realizada avaliação da aprendizagem. Com a realização da atividade de campo, os alunos puderam observar e identificar conceitos geométricos presentes nas edificações do Santuário. A promoção de uma Educação Matemática crítica, em ambiente não formal, pôde colaborar com a formação de alunos mais reflexivos e capazes de dar significados aos conceitos em sua realidade.
PROTAGONISMO POÉTICO DA MULHER IDOSA EM DONA (2018), DE LUCIENE CARVALHO
Authors: Fantinati da Silva Maria Cleunice , Battista Elisabeth
Published: September 2020

A temática do envelhecimento ganhou relevância no contexto atual em que, mundialmente, tem-se registrado o aumento acelerado da população acima dos 60 anos. A literatura, por abranger diversas temáticas e conduzir a inúmeras possibilidades de leituras, tornou-se um rico repertório de conhecimento. Neste estudo, analisou-se dois poemas de Dona, (2018), de Luciene Carvalho, à luz da crítica literária dos estudos de autoria da mulher. Intentou-se desvendar como se articulam os poemas com questões relacionadas à idade da mulher na sociedade brasileira. A pesquisa bibliográfica se pautou na enunciação da elaboração estética a partir da subjetividade feminina buscando legitimar aspectos ligados ao envelhecimento e, a carga pejorativa que sobrepõe à imagem da mulher idosa. Os poemas seguem o percurso da vida e o protagonismo poético da mulher na maturidade sinaliza que a vida só pode ser compreendida olhando-se para o passado e, nesta direção, só poderá ser bem vivida olhando-se para o porvir.
POSSÍVEIS IMPACTOS EDUCACIONAIS DOS JOGOS DIGITAIS NO ESTUDO DA LÍNGUA INGLESA
Authors: Dias Pinto Wálisson , Alves Pereira Cláudio
Published: September 2020

Os jogos digitais são tidos como entretenimento popular entre jovens e adultos. Este trabalho objetiva identificar as suas potencialidades em contribuir para a aprendizagem dos conteúdos escolares, mais especificamente da Língua Inglesa, idioma predominante no mercado desses jogos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um estudo investigativo utilizando questionário eletrônico enviado a estudantes da Educação Básica e do Ensino Superior. As respostas dos 114 participantes foram analisadas tendo o paradigma qualitativo como norteador. Os resultados apontam que, embora os conhecimentos da Língua Inglesa aprendidos em sala de aula tenham sido importantes para a ambientação nos jogos, a maioria dos respondentes (83,5%) confirma ter aprofundado as habilidades do idioma inglês por meio dessa prática. Este estudo aponta que esta imersão contribui significativamente para a aprendizagem da língua inglesa. Conclui-se que os jogos digitais se constituem como importantes ferramentas auxiliares para os professores de Língua Inglesa organizarem a sua prática pedagógica.
DISCURSOS SOBRE AS TECNOLOGIAS DIGITAIS NA PRÁTICA DOCENTE DE BIOLOGIA: INCLUSÃO E ENFRENTAMENTO
Authors: Moraes Margatto Luana de , Siqueira Palcha Leandro
Published: September 2020

As tecnologias digitais se constituem por recursos pedagógicos que adentram a escola e podem auxiliar aos docentes no desenvolvimento da prática educativa, em especial, nos dias de hoje. O objetivo do artigo, portanto, é analisar e compreender os efeitos de sentidos produzidos por professores sobre as tecnologias digitais na prática docente de Biologia. A pesquisa se orientou pelo referencial da Análise de Discurso numa perspectiva qualitativa e contou com a participação de professores da rede pública. Os resultados indicam que há diferentes sentidos da interação das tecnologias digitais no ensino de Biologia, mas que convergem para um efeito de inclusão e enfrentamento das tecnologias digitais na prática docente dos professores. Conclui-se que é pertinente mais debates e integração das tecnologias digitais nos cursos de formação de professores, levando-se em conta que o papel destas tecnologias pode tanto sublimar quanto declinar a partir da interação/interpretação que constrói sobre elas.
Universal Building Blocks
Authors: Harris Ron
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that a number of precursor institutions of the long-distance trade organization developed locally, independently, and endemically in many different places along the Eurasian landmass. It shows that there is often no direct and clear evidence for the endogenous origins of institutions. The chapter also discusses the endemic appearance of an institution that does not have a clear pattern of migration but, together with its relatively simple structure, supports the identification of an endogenous institution. Endogenous institutions are often organic, as is the case with the itinerant trader or the family, or simple institutions that address basic functions, such as the loan, agency, or ship. They are to be found throughout Eurasia, and there is no historical evidence of a single historical origin for any of them or of a clear route of their migration.
Varying Organizational Building Blocks
Authors: Harris Ron
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents theoretical insights that can be gained from other fields and disciplines that can be useful for the study of the migration of institutions and particularly trade organizations. It analyzes more complex, and somewhat more socially and culturally embedded, organizational forms, such as the sea loan, the funduq and caravanserai, and the commenda. The chapter also describes three key organizational forms rather than offering a comprehensive survey of all migratory organizational forms. Some organizational forms, such as the general partnership or the joint ownership of ships, are more complex than typical endogenous institutions and are likely to be migratory. It explains how an objection to an institution could lead to mutations and efforts to hide the foreign or objectionable origins, as well as to fit the institution into pre-existing institutional configurations.
Why Did the Corporation Only Evolve in Europe?
Authors: Harris Ron
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides theoretical insights that can assist in understanding the resistance to the migration of institutions. It offers an initial framework for the study of non-migration, the embeddedness of institutions, and the resistance to migration. The chapter explains why the business corporations did not migrate from Europe to the Middle East, India, and China in the three centuries between their first introduction in Europe, around 1600, and their eventual colonial forced introduction in Asia in the late nineteenth century. It also discusses why business corporations did not develop indigenously in the rest of Eurasia. The chapter uses contexts such as technology and mathematics to identify the causes of resistance to migration.
Fiscal Dependency in British Malaya, 1890s–1920s
Authors: Kim Diana S.
Published: September 2020

This chapter turns to Malaya, another site of British rule, where the monopoly was introduced more than a decade later in 1910, without expressed concerns about indigenous opium consumption or sumptuary restrictions. It shows instead how the British colonial state was highly reliant on opium revenue; and the monopoly emerged as local administrators were reversing longstanding acceptance of such dependency as a natural condition of colonial government. Over the course of several decades, taxing opium sales became conceived of as an untenable practice and challenge to fiscal order, culminating in the introduction of an opium revenue reserve fund in 1925 to enable the substitution of opium taxes. Officially, its declared purpose was to reduce reliance on opium taxes for one of the most fiscally opium-dependent territories of Southeast Asia under European rule, by setting aside a large sum of surplus revenue to which a fixed ten percent share of subsequent years' revenue would be added. The fund was first introduced in 1925 for the Straits Settlements of Singapore, Malacca, and Penang, as well as the Malay State of Johor, and extended across the Federated Malay States by 1929.
Conclusion
Authors: Kim Diana S.
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter reflects on the analytical and normative significance to this book's approach toward colonial bureaucracies and inner anxieties of the administrative state. Understanding this bureaucratic dynamic in the historical context of Southeast Asia provides a theoretical opportunity for scholars of colonialism and the modern state to rethink some basic assumptions about why and how rulers govern. The interrelated analytical and normative implications to this alternative understanding orients attention away from the loud hubris of power toward the quiet trepidations of those who govern. To begin by thinking along with welcome approaches to reconceptualizing the state in light of its complexity and “many hands, functions, and forms of power,” political scientists gain reason to assume less coherence behind motivations for bureaucratic projects that adjust and advance the state's fiscal reach. If there are context-specific regulatory histories and ambivalent administrative actors, then rationales for policies altering the scope of taxation and depth of social control must differ depending on how bureaucracies reflect on their own pasts and construct problems internally. It follows that retrospective assessments, ways of archiving official records, and interpretation by low-level administrators may define reasons that higher officials take for granted as imperatives for state action.
The Beginnings of Print
Authors: El Shamsy Ahmed
Published: September 2020

This chapter turns to the changing means of cultural reproduction: the constitution of books as physical objects through the medium of print. The print revolution, inaugurated by Johannes Gutenberg (d. 1468), was central to the cultural formation of modern Europe. Within decades of Gutenberg's death, the technology of the printing press had also arrived in Istanbul, carried by Jewish refugees from Spain. Arabic books were not, however, printed in the Middle East in significant numbers until the eighteenth century, and it was only in the nineteenth century that print came to dominate the production of Arabo-Islamic literature. After discussing early printing in the Arab world, this chapter focuses on the evolution of the publishing industry.
Critique and Philology
Authors: El Shamsy Ahmed
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows how European hegemony and aggressive Westernization in the former Ottoman Empire formed the backdrop for the next stage in the evolution of Arabic print culture: fierce debates over philology and the critical method. What was at stake was how to critically read the Arabo-Islamic heritage that was becoming accessible at an accelerating pace through the printing press—how to assess the authenticity of writings attributed to particular periods and authors and how to draw on these materials judiciously in order to reconstruct the historical and literary past. The site of these debates was the growing corpus of printed classical works. Even the opponents of the editing and publishing vanguard could no longer ignore the influence of this literature, and accordingly the divergent arguments were phrased overwhelmingly in the idiom of philology. The ensuing philological advancements were brought to bear not only on the juxtaposition of Orientalist and indigenous philology but also on substantial religious issues of the time, including grave visitation, theological tenets, and legal debates.
Three Graces
Authors: Mac Carthy Ita
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter analyses the April fresco depicting the three Graces of classical tradition in the Salone dei mesi (Room of the months) of Ferrara's Palazzo Schifanoia. The Allegory of April transforms the abstract qualities of grace into an eloquent verbal language that is read from top to bottom by following the line of their spiritual passage from the heavens to deserving mortals below. Close allies of beauty and faithful escorts to Love, these qualities inspire the arts of love, poetry, and music. Through the sign of Taurus, they infuse the powers of liberality into the hearts of the elect. An ideal rather than a realistic portrait of universal grace and sociability, though, the fresco also conveys the real-world dearth of its qualities. For although the fresco's painter, Francesco del Cossa, paints grace with grace, he fails to receive grace in return. He shares in a problem that fifteenth-century poets, artists, male courtiers, and court ladies knew well: the problem of what happens when the grace personified and idealized in the figure of the three Graces meets with nothing but ingratitude.
Grace Abounding
Authors: Mac Carthy Ita
Published: September 2020

This chapter situates the emergence of grace within three contexts. The humanist revival of antiquity, the quarrels about religion, and the debate about language each sought intellectual rupture with the immediate past and a radical rethinking of the secular and the sacred. With these new ways of thinking came new ways of talking: intellectual change wrought changes in language use, and vice versa. Changes in how grace was used at this time were inextricably bound up with the broader problems its early modern users were trying to resolve. To do justice to the semantic abundance of Renaissance grace, therefore, the chapter views it first within those contexts that privileged it as a focal point for their conversations about culture and society. In this way, this chapter shows just how key grace was and to chart the semantic quarry from which later sixteenth-century understandings were mined.
Grace and Favour
Authors: Mac Carthy Ita
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows that the life of Renaissance grace begins in earnest with Baldassare Castiglione's Libro del cortegiano (Book of the Courtier, 1516) and Raphael's portrait of Castiglione (1514–1516). It does so because preoccupations with grace and its multiple senses are central to both the book of manners and the painting, so much so that Castiglione came to be known as the great theorist of grace while Raphael was identified as its painter. Both have been referred to in countless studies from the sixteenth century to today as the embodiments of Renaissance grace. In addition, the network of interconnections between them makes Castiglione and Raphael a promising point of departure. It is an ideal testing ground for observing how grace behaves in different media and examining the extent to which it can be said to contribute to those interdisciplinary rivalries and friendships that allowed Renaissance learning, literature, and arts to flourish.
Know Your Remedies
Authors: Bian He
Published: September 2020

This book presents a panoramic inquiry into China’s early modern cultural transformation through the lens of pharmacy. In the history of science and civilization in China, pharmacy—as a commercial enterprise and as a branch of classical medicine—resists easy characterization. While China’s long tradition of documenting the natural world through state-commissioned pharmacopeias, known as bencao, dwindled after the sixteenth century, the ubiquitous presence of Chinese pharmacy shops around the world today testifies to the vitality of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Rejecting narratives of intellectual stagnation or an unchanging folk culture, the book argues that pharmacy’s history in early modern China can best be understood as a dynamic interplay between elite and popular culture. Beginning with decentralizing trends in book culture and fiscal policy in the sixteenth century, the book reveals pharmacy’s central role in late Ming public discourse. Fueled by factional politics in the early 1600s, amateur investigation into pharmacology reached peak popularity among the literati on the eve of the Qing conquest in the mid-seventeenth century. The eighteenth century witnessed a systematic reclassification of knowledge, as the Qing court turned away from pharmacopeia in favor of a demedicalized natural history. Throughout this time, growth in long-distance trade enabled the rise of urban pharmacy shops, generating new knowledge about the natural world.
The Divinized Human in the Self-Glorification Hymn from Qumran
Authors: Schäfer Peter
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the Self-Glorification Hymn from Qumran, which is among the many writings of the community that had withdrawn from Jerusalem to the Dead Sea and dedicated itself to apocalyptic fantasies of the end of days. The Hymn was written in the late Hasmonaean or early Herodian period, which is, the second half of the first century BCE. In it, an unidentified hero boasts that he was elevated among and even above the angels in heaven. The chapter describes the two parallel fragments of the hymn that take the superior, angel-like status of its author yet further. It analyzes the line, “Who is like me among the divine beings?” which is a rhetorical question that evidently means, “Who else is like me among the angels? Is there anyone else who is as elevated as I am among the angels or above them?”
The Son of Man–Enoch in the Similitudes of the Ethiopic Book of Enoch
Authors: Schäfer Peter
Published: September 2020

This chapter highlights the next prominent focal point of the Son of Man concept that originates from Daniel, the so-called Similitudes. The Similitudes are part of the Ethiopic Book of Enoch and are dated by most scholars at around the turn of the first century BCE to the first century CE. One of its main features is the interest in a messianic redeemer figure called the “Son of Man,” which is referred back to Daniel 7, or “the chosen one.” The chapter analyzes the “Head of Days” as the “Ancient of Days” or the “Ancient One” from Daniel, and the “one with the appearance of a man” as the “one like a human being” or “Son of Man” in Daniel. Enoch's question as to the identity and origin of this son of man is not directly answered, but the answer came somewhat later.
Introduction
Authors: Urbansky Sören
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter focuses on the overlapping and mingling of distinct nomadic and sedentary cultures and European and Asian civilizations along the Argun. It shows that the study of the multiple ways in which the Sino-Russian border was negotiated on the ground remains a lacuna in the scholarship. Such neglect is all the more striking in light of the landmark's geopolitical significance and pivotal role in world history, its unique and radical changes over time, and the growth of general academic interest in borders. Here, the chapter provides a new focus for research before turning to how the Argun Basin was populated over the course of centuries. It illustrates the changing patterns of population in such an inhospitable area.
Motivating Student Learning
Authors: DiYanni Robert , Borst Anton , DiYanni Robert , Borst Anton
Published: September 2020

This chapter concerns motivation. It explains that motivation is critical for all learning. Without a real need or desire to learn something, whether acquiring information or developing a skill, learning does not last—if it takes place at all. Motiveless learning is shallow learning and does not take root as enduring knowledge in students' minds. The chapter debunks assumptions that, as teachers, all students will be interested in what is being taught. For teachers, after all, the appeal and value of their subject may be self-evident, but this is not the case for every student being taught, especially those new to a particular field. The chapter reveals ways in which teachers can bolster students' motivation to learn and help them succeed in classrooms and beyond.
Active Learning
Authors: DiYanni Robert , Borst Anton , DiYanni Robert , Borst Anton
Published: September 2020

This chapter identifies, explains, and explores a number of strategies and techniques for active learning in the classroom. “Active learning” is a broad term for an approach to teaching that requires students to demonstrate their learning through doing things. Active learning provides an alternative to more passive forms of knowledge acquisition, such as listening to lectures. It shifts the focus from teachers to their students. Active learning offers an alternative to the transmission model of teaching and learning, in which the teacher speaks and demonstrates, while students listen and observe. With active learning, students use and apply information, principles, and concepts to scenarios, situations, and cases, whether actual or fabricated.
Craigslist Gigs, Class Politics, and a Gentrifying Internet
Authors: Lingel Jessa
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at the hustle to find work on craigslist. Using interviews with craigslist users recruited through the site's gigs section, the chapter puts craigslist job searching in the context of shifting norms around work, like the reliance on digital tools to find employment, and moving away from long-term careers toward a string of short-term gigs. Understanding craigslist's jobs and gigs also points to a discussion of class. Many participants saw craigslist as part of the “poor people's internet,” and described a form of stigma around the jobs found on the site. While early narratives around the internet assumed that access to digital media could overcome class divides, the class bias associated with craigslist's gigs shows how these assumptions fall flat.
Introduction
Authors: Lyall Jason
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter links inequality with battlefield performance. It argues that divided armies are flawed by design—that the greater the level of military inequality—that is, the more these ethnic groups were subjected to prewar discrimination or repression by the state—the worse a belligerent's expected wartime performance. To flesh out this argument, the chapter first defines inequality and introduces a military inequality coefficient, before turning to the specifics of battlefield performance. Though no consensus exists as to measuring military effectiveness, the chapter offers some ways to measure military performance. Next, the chapter turns to the dangers of military inequality and makes a more protracted argument about why inequality matters. Finally, it provides some background into Project Mars and discusses the research design for this study.
Inequality and Early Modern War
Authors: Lyall Jason
Published: September 2020

This chapter contrasts the Sultanate of Morocco's strong performance during the 1859–1860 Spanish–Moroccan War with the Khanate of Kokand's disastrous outing during its 1864–1865 war with Russia. Though similar across 28 covariates, these belligerents were separated by a massive 0.69 difference in military inequality. Kokand's extreme level of inequality, one of the highest recorded in Project Mars, led to mass desertion, lopsided casualties, and the copious use of coercion to force its soldiers to fight. Moroccan forces, despite being outmatched by Spanish weapons, nonetheless managed to turn in a credible performance, exhibiting far greater resilience and tactical skill than Kokand's dispirited soldiers. Since little English-language historiography exists for either war, the chapter draws on Spanish, French, and Russian documents to explore how inequality affects battlefield performance.
The Battle of Moscow
Authors: Lyall Jason
Published: September 2020

This chapter extends the argument to an outlier case—the Battle of Moscow—to explain the divergent performance of paired Soviet Rifle divisions during October–December 1941. Reconstructing divisional histories from declassified material, the chapter first chronicles the divergent fates of the 38th and 108th Rifle divisions after Germany launched Operation Typhoon in October 1941. It then turns to the 78th and 316th Rifle divisions during the renewed German offensive in early November, its eventual stalling out, and the subsequent Soviet counteroffensive in December. Battlefield outcomes, including the very survival of these divisions, tracks closely with their military inequality coefficients. Indeed, the two units with the highest level of inequality, namely the 38th and 316th Rifle divisions, were either destroyed completely or driven from frontline duties.
Crossing the Pomerium: The Armed Ruler at Rome
Authors: Koortbojian Michael
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the act of “crossing the pomerium” and how the distinction the pomerium created did not always correspond with lived realities. Although Republican Rome distinguished the urbs both legally and religiously from what lay beyond the pomerium, its fundamental boundary, the disintegration of this essential division was merely one of the many Republican traditions whose demise would gradually define the advent of empire. Here, the chapter provides three examples that have long been regarded as representations of the imperator, as all Roman imagery demands to be set in the context of those legal, political, and religious institutions that not merely shaped but defined it. What ensues is a sketch of the broader institutional background within which this chapter establishes what it meant to be represented in this fashion at Rome. In so doing, the chapter demonstrates what was, for the Romans of the dawning imperial age, the very real significance of “crossing the pomerium” and entering the city under arms.