bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Judaism, Education and Social Justice
Authors: Plen Matt
Published: September 2022

This book sets out new theoretical foundations for Jewish social justice education by surveying and discussing Freirean critical pedagogy, Catholic models of social justice education, Jewish social justice literature and interviews with educators and activists.

Jewish social justice education is an active and growing field, encompassing a diverse range of issues including the treatment of refugees, environmental justice, human rights, peace and justice in Israel/Palestine, gender equality, and LGBT+ inclusion. Yet Jewish social justice education remains an under-researched and under-theorized phenomenon. This lacuna has practical implications for the thousands of educators and activists across the world who are attempting to achieve social justice ends through the medium of Jewish education. In discussing the key philosophical, political and educational issues that emerge when discussing these topics, the author draws on thinkers including Hannah Arendt, Martin Buber, Alasdair MacIntyre and Jonathan Sacks. Matt Plen proposes three possible directions for a normative theory of Jewish social justice education: ‘Jewish politics in a renewed public sphere’, ‘Jewish education for relational community building’ and ‘Jewish critical pedagogy for cultural emancipation’.
Gender and Political Analysis
Authors: Kantola Johanna , Lombardo Emanuela
Published: September 2022

A major new text on gender and politics by two leading authorities, which introduces the main issues and debates about the politics of gender and its role in both domestic and international politics and feminist approaches to political analysis.
Drugs Handbook 2012–2013
Authors: Volans Glyn , Wiseman Heather
Published: September 2022

The Drugs Handbook 2012-2013 is a reader-friendly text perfect for nursing, health and prescribing courses. Fully updated, it is a concise guide to the mechanism of action, therapeutic indications and chief unwanted effects of medicines available in the United Kingdom, including registered herbal medicines.
Executive Power
Authors: Hazell Robert , Foot Timothy
Published: September 2022

The prerogative has long been a mystery to most observers; this book demystifies it.

It explains each of the prerogative powers in separate chapters. It clarifies the respective roles of government, Parliament and the courts in defining the extent of prerogative powers, and in regulating their use. It also looks at which powers should be codified in statute, which should be regulated by convention, and which could be left at large.

The book is very timely in contributing to current debates. The fevered parliamentary debates over Brexit thrust the prerogative centre-stage. Recent controversies have ranged from the role of Parliament in assenting to treaties, to the prorogation and dissolution of Parliament, to the grant or withholding of royal assent to bills.

In their 2019 election manifesto, the Conservative Party stated that ‘After Brexit we also need to look at the broader aspects of our constitution, the relationship between the Government, Parliament and the courts; the functioning of the Royal Prerogative …’.

The book covers the whole range of prerogative powers, from going to war and ratifying treaties, appointing and dismissing ministers, regulating the civil service and public appointments, to the grant of honours and pardons and the issue of passports. Its 19 chapters provide a comprehensive guide to the operation of the prerogative – past, present, and future – together with suggestions for reform.
Functional outcomes of modified constraint-induced movement therapy versus Kinesio taping in children with Erb’s palsy
Authors: Abdul-Rahman Radwa Saeed , El-Saeed Tamer Mohamed
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Functional improvement is the primary goal in chronic cases with neurological deficits. The aim of this study was to compare using modified constraint-induced movement therapy and Kinesio taping to improve functional outcomes in children with Erb’s palsy.

Methods

The study investigated 46 children with Erb’s palsy aged 5–7 years. They were randomly classified into 2 equal groups. Patients in group A engaged in a modified constraint-induced movement therapy program which included restraining of the movement of the non-involved upper extremity, while those in group B received a selected rehabilitative program based on the Kinesio taping method. The treatment programs were conducted 5 times per week for 6 successive weeks. Measurements obtained included active range of motion of shoulder flexion, abduction, and external rotation, as well as modified Mallet scale scores. These measurements were recorded before and after the application of the treatment program in both groups.

Results

There was a significant improvement in external rotation range of motion and forearm supination when comparing pre- and post-treatment mean values in each study group. There were no differences between the groups regarding any of the measured variables.

Conclusions

According to the applied procedures and collected data, there was no evidence for a superiority of modified constraint-induced movement therapy when compared with Kinesio taping in improving functional outcomes in children with Erb’s palsy.
A survey of exercise beliefs among people with Parkinson’s disease in Malaysia
Authors: Ying Alfonsa Choo Kher , Vasanthi Rajkumar Krishnan
Published: September 2022

Introduction

A substantial amount of evidence supports exercise as crucial non-pharmacological management to slow down the progression of Parkinson’s disease. Despite that, people with Parkinson’s disease are still known to be physically inactive. Hence, there is a need to investigate the exercise beliefs and participation benefits so that strategies can be developed to improve their exercise involvement.

Methods

Overall, 47 respondents from a non-governmental organization who met the inclusion criteria were recruited purposively to determine their beliefs concerning exercise. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with the use of a self-administered and validated questionnaire.

Results

A significant proportion of the participants (80.9%) believed that exercise could help slow down the progression of Parkinson’s disease; 17% were not sure and only 2.1% answered that exercise did not slow down the disease progression. The majority of the subjects (68%) were more likely to believe that exercise improved balance. Pertaining to the belief in physiotherapy for people with Parkinson’s disease, 76.6% answered yes, 17% were not sure, and 6.4% said that they did not believe in physiotherapy for people with Parkinson’s disease.

Conclusions

The study revealed that most participants believed in exercise and were aware of its usefulness for their condition. However, they also reported that exercise and physiotherapy were not routinely recommended to them. So, still, awareness is needed of the exercise role and participation benefits.
Reliability of musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging to measure calcific deposits in patients with calcified rotator cuff tendinopathy
Authors: Fatima Arooj , Ahmad Ashfaq , Gilani Syed Amir , Kazmi Shiza , Darain Haider , Hanif Asif
Published: September 2022

Introduction

This reliability study was designed to assess intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of musculoskeletal ultrasound as a diagnostic modality to measure calcific deposits in subjects with rotator cuff tendinopathy.

Methods

Overall, 15 participants (10 males, 5 females) with calcified shoulder, aged 32–55 years, were examined in the same sitting posture. Two experienced radiologists imaged calcific deposits, measured twice daily by both raters with an interval of 2 hours for within-day reliability and re-measured after 1 week for between-day reliability. Data were analysed by using intra-class and inter-class correlation coefficient.

Results

The mean size of calcific deposits in supraspinatus tendons was 14.61 ± 1.78, 14.87 ± 1.77, and 14.88 ± 1.88 mm for the first rater and 14.89 ± 1.78, 14.98 ± 1.792, and 15.13 ± 1.84 mm for the second rater. The results reflected excellent reliability, with the intra-class correlation coefficient for within-day comparison calculated as 0.989 (0.975–0.996) for the first rater and 0.984 (0.963–0.994) for the second rater (p = 0.000). The inter-class correlation coefficient for between-rater comparison equalled 0.991 for the first measurements by the first and second raters, 0.984 for the second measurements, and 0.986 for the third measurements.

Conclusions

A high degree of within-day and between-day reliability was observed between the successive measurements. This shows that musculoskeletal ultrasound is a highly reliable diagnostic tool for measuring the size of calcific deposits in patients with tendinopathy.
New models of care integrating more autonomous roles for physiotherapists: a narrative review
Authors: Demont Anthony , Kechichian Amélie , Davergne Thomas , Woodhouse Linda J. , Bourmaud Aurélie , Desmeules François
Published: September 2022

With the increased prevalence of non-communicable diseases and chronic disorders, including musculoskeletal disorders, access to care is limited in many health care systems and new multidisciplinary collaborative models of care have now been implemented in several countries in an effort to improve access to care. The paper aimed to describe the characteristics and present relevant evidence supporting different models of care that integrate physiotherapists as primary or secondary care practitioners for the management of patients with non-communicable diseases or chronic disorders. On the basis of a literature review up to August 2020 in 4 major bibliographical databases, we searched for studies of any design, including systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis and position statements, that were related to direct access physiotherapy and advanced practice physiotherapy models of care. The impact of direct access physiotherapy and advanced practice physiotherapy models of care is presented in terms of clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, health care resource use and costs. These models appear to provide equal or better outcomes in terms of access to care, quality of care, and patients’ satisfaction. The strength of the evidence is variable, and outcomes vary depending on clinical settings, roles of physiotherapists, and characteristics of patients. This review highlights that these enhanced roles for physiotherapists, such as diagnosing, ordering diagnostic tests, or referring patients to physicians, in both primary and secondary care settings, are beneficial and may help optimize patients’ journey by providing earlier access to effective and efficient services compared with physician-led usual care models.
Determinants of potato producer prices in the peasant-driven market: the Ukrainian case
Authors: Koblianska Inna , Seheda Serhii , Khaietska Olha , Kalachevska Larysa , Klochko Tetiana
Published: September 2022

Purpose. Potato is one of the most important crops to ensure food security globally; potato growing is also a source of income and livelihood for the poorest, especially in developing countries. In view of this, studies on factors affecting potato prices could stimulate agripolitical measures in food security, rural wealth, potato industry and small farms’ development. This paper aims to explore whether the factors affecting potato prices for business entities and farm households operating in the same (but peasant-driven) market are different. Based on the available statistical data and the research background, we focus on the relationships between wages, production (yields and harvested areas), and potato producers’ prices in Ukraine. Methodology / approach. Using the cross-sectional data on potato producer prices, harvested area, and yields of enterprises and households, and average monthly wages in Ukrainian regions for 2018–2020, we used a system of simultaneous equations to model behavior of potato producers’ prices (for enterprises and households) through the two-stage least squares method. Results. The Ukrainian potato industry is featured high rates of potato self-provision (through subsistence farming) and the dominance of farm households at the market, allowing exploring trends and factors of peasant-driven potato market development. The results obtained through modelling of an interrelation of potato producer prices indicate different potato price determinants for enterprises and households: price in enterprises adjusts to fluctuations of potato yields in both enterprises and households (calculated average elasticities are -0.27 and -0.55, respectively, indicating the more significant influence of the latter); households’ price responds to changes of enterprises’ potato prices and average monthly wage rates (with average elasticities 0.49 and 1.35, respectively). Originality / scientific novelty. Research results empirically evidence that households’ dominance and a large portion of food self-provision constrain the potato industry development. This enhances a better understanding of subsistence farming’s impact on markets and food industry development and extends the theoretical framework of households’ economics and peasant-driven market functioning. Practical value / implications. Understanding the role of households in the slow (obstacle) development of the potato industry reveals the need for a policy promoting storage and potato processing capacities development that could mitigate the adverse effects of peasant-driven market performance, decrease price vulnerability, and facilitate potato industry growth.
Mobile MAX-DOAS observations of tropospheric NO2 and HCHO during summer over the Three Rivers’ Source region in China
Authors: Cheng Siyang , Cheng Xinghong , Ma Jianzhong , Xu Xiangde , Zhang Wenqian , Lv Jinguang , Bai Gang , Chen Bing , Ma Siying , Dörner Steffen , Donner Sebastian , Wagner Thomas
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The tropospheric concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO) have high spatio-temporal variability, and in situ observations of these trace gases are still scarce especially in remote background areas. We made four similar circling journeys of mobile MAX-DOAS measurements in the Three Rivers’ Source region over the Tibetan Plateau in summer (18–30 July) 2021 for the first time. The differential slant column densities (DSCDs) of NO2 and HCHO were retrieved from the measured spectra with very weak absorptions along the driving routes. The tropospheric NO2 and HCHO vertical column densities (VCDs) were calculated from their DSCDs by the geometric approximation method, and they were further filtered to form reliable data sets by eliminating the influences of sunlight shelters and vehicle’s vibration and bumpiness. The observational data show that the tropospheric NO2 and HCHO VCDs decreased with the increasing altitude of the driving route, whose background levels were 0.40 ×1015 molec·cm−2 for NO2 and 2.27 ×1015 molec·cm−2 for HCHO in July 2021 over the Three Rivers’ Source region. The NO2 VCDs show similar geographical distribution patterns between the different circling journeys, but the levels of the HCHO VCDs are different between the different circling journeys. The NO2 VCDs tended to have peak values in the early morning and late afternoon, while the diurnal variation pattern of HCHO VCDs changed with the driving route. The elevated NO2 VCDs along the driving routes were usually corresponding to enhanced transport emissions from the towns crossed. However, the spatial distributions of the HCHO VCDs depended significantly on natural and meteorological conditions, such as surface temperature. By comparing TROPOMI satellite products and mobile MAX-DOAS results, we found that TROPOMI is still unable to identify the fine-scale spatial variability in tropospheric NO2 and HCHO VCDs in the background atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau. Our study provides valuable data sets and information of NO2 and HCHO over the Tibetan Plateau, benefitting the scientific community in investigating the evolution of atmospheric composition with high spatio-temporal resolution in the background atmosphere at high altitudes, validating and improving the satellite products over mountain terrains, and evaluating the model’s ability in simulating atmospheric chemistry over the Tibetan Plateau.
Foreign emissions exacerbate PM2.5 pollution in China through nitrate chemistry
Authors: Xu Jun-Wei , Lin Jintai , Luo Gan , Adeniran Jamiu , Kong Hao
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution is a severe problem in China. Research on the sources of Chinese PM2.5 pollution has focused on the contributions of China’s domestic emissions. However, the impact of foreign anthropogenic emissions has typically been simplified or neglected, partly due to the perception that the short lifetime of PM2.5 (a few days) does not allow long-distance transport. Here we explore the role of foreign anthropogenic emissions in Chinese PM2.5 pollution in 2015 using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. We validate the model simulations with a comprehensive set of observations of PM2.5 and its compositions, including sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon and primary organic aerosols, over China and its surrounding regions. We find that 8 % of PM2.5 (5 µg m-3) and 19 % of nitrate (2.6 µg m-3) over eastern China in 2015 was contributed by foreign anthropogenic emissions. The contributions were the highest in January (6.9 µg m-3 PM2.5, with 68 % nitrate) and the lowest in July (2.7 µg m-3 PM2.5, with 11 % nitrate). Yet, only 30 % of such foreign contributions in January was through direct atmospheric transport. The majority (70 %) was instead through chemical interactions between foreign-transported aerosol precursors and China’s domestic emissions of pollutants. Specifically, the transport of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) from foreign countries enhanced the atmospheric oxidizing capacity and facilitated the oxidation of Chinese nitrogen oxides (NOx) to form nitric acid (HNO3) over the eastern China. The abundance of Chinese ammonia (NH3) further partitioned nearly all HNO3 gas to particulate nitrate, leading to the considerable foreign contributions of nitrate and PM2.5 to the eastern China. Over southwestern China, foreign anthropogenic emissions contributed 4.9 µg m-3 PM2.5 concentrations (18 % of total PM2.5 mass) to Yunnan province, with 37 % as organics and 27 % as sulfate. Our findings suggest that foreign anthropogenic emissions play an important role in Chinese PM2.5 pollution, because of direct aerosol transport and, more importantly, chemical interactions between transported pollutants and China’s local emissions. Thus, foreign emission reductions will be very beneficial for improving Chinese air quality.
Drone-based meteorological observations up to the tropopause
Authors: Bärfuss Konrad Benedikt , Schmithüsen Holger , Lampert Astrid
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The main in-situ data base for numerical weather prediction currently relies on radiosonde and airliner observations, with large data gaps above the oceans and in polar regions. These gaps might possibly be patched by measurements with drones, which provide a significant improvement towards environment friendly additional data, but so far have not been regarded as a feasible alternative of performing measurements in the upper troposphere. In this report, the development of a system that is capable of sounding the atmosphere under Antarctic and mid-European conditions is presented. After an assessment of the environmental conditions, the design of the system and the measurements are presented, including the process to get permissions for such flight tests in Europe. The feasibility of reaching an altitude of 10 km with a small meteorologically equipped drone is shown, and the first data are compared to radiosonde measurements. The article closes with an outlook on the potential use of drones for filling data gaps in the troposphere.
How well does ramped thermal oxidation quantify the age distribution of soil carbon? Assessing thermal stability of physically and chemically fractionated soil organic matter
Authors: Stoner Shane W. , Schrumpf Marion , Hoyt Alison M. , Sierra Carlos A. , Doetterl Sebastian , Galy Valier , Trumbore Susan
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Carbon (C) in soils persists on a range of timescales that depend on physical, chemical and biological processes that interact with soil organic matter (SOM) and affect its rate of decomposition. Together these processes determine the age distribution of C. Most attempts to measure this age distribution have relied on operationally defined fractions using properties like density, aggregate stability, solubility, or chemical reactivity. Recently, thermal fractionation, which relies on the activation energy needed to combust SOM, shows promise in separating young from old C by applying increasing heat to decompose SOM and equate this with biochemical stability in soil. Here, we investigated radiocarbon (14C) released during thermal fractionation to reconstruct thermal stabilities and age distributions of C released from bulk soil as well as its component density and chemical fractions. We found that bulk soil and all density and chemical fractions released progressively older C as temperatures increased. In addition, all fractions released some C across the entire temperature range, indicating that bulk soil thermal fractionations integrate young and old C at all temperatures. In the bulk soil, age distribution could be identifed by isolating particulate C prior to thermal fractionation of mineral-associated SOM. For the Podzol analyzed here, thermal fractions confirmed that ~95 % of the mineral-associated organic matter (MOM) had a relatively narrow 14C distribution, while 5 % was very low in 14C and likely reflected C from the < 2mm parent shale material in the soil matrix. By first removing particulate C using density or size separation, thermal fractionation can provide a rapid technique to study the age structure of MOM and how it is influenced by different OM-mineral interactions.
Influence of climate change, land use land cover, population and industries on the pollution of Ganga River
Authors: Santy Sneha , Mujumdar Pradeep , Bala Govindasamy
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Climate change, land use land cover (LULC), population, industries, and sewage treatment are factors that can strongly influence river water quality. This paper uses a coupled hydrological-water quality simulation model to assess the influence of each of these drivers on the most polluted river stretch of the Ganga River. The water quality model QUAL2K is driven by these five factors to assess their influence on nine water quality parameters, namely dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), faecal coliform, ammonia, nitrate, total nitrogen, organic-, inorganic-, and total phosphorous. Climate change projections are taken from CMIP5 RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. Five socio-environmental scenarios which consider sewer network, sewage treatment capacity, level of treatment at sewage treatment plants (STPs), and the type of sewage (domestic or mixed) are also considered. The water quality is simulated using a coupled HEC-HMS-QUAL2K framework. The non-point source pollution is quantified using the export coefficient method, where the export of pollutants from all land use classes are considered. The climate change effect is found to have a larger effect on Kanpur water quality than other drivers, with a percentage contribution of above 70 % because of the large sensitivity of water quality parameters to the amount of streamflow. Climate change projections combined with socio-environmental scenarios imply that the large increase in pollution due to climate change, LULC, industry, and population growth cannot be controlled by the current treatment proposals for 2050. However, providing adequate STPs to meet the population of 2050, and allowing only domestic sewage to reach STPs can help to achieve the objective of the Ganga Action Plan in the mid-21st century.
Unifying biological field observations to detect and compare ocean acidification impacts across marine species and ecosystems: What to monitor and why
Authors: Widdicombe Steve , Isensee Kirsten , Artioli Yuri , Gaitán-Espitia Juan Diego , Hauri Claudine , Newton Janet A. , Wells Mark , Dupont Sam
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Approximately one quarter of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere annually from human activities is absorbed by the ocean, resulting in a reduction of seawater pH and shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry. This multi-decadal process, termed “anthropogenic ocean acidification” (OA) has been shown to have detrimental impacts on marine ecosystems. Recent years have seen a globally coordinated effort to measure the changes in seawater chemistry caused by OA, with best practices now available for these measurements. In contrast to these substantial advances in observing physico-chemical changes due to OA, quantifying their biological consequences remains challenging, especially from in-situ observations under real-world conditions. Results from two decades of controlled laboratory experiments on OA have given insight into the likely processes and mechanisms by which elevated CO2 levels affect biological process, but the manifestation of these process across a plethora of natural situations has yet to be explored fully. This challenge requires us to identify a set of fundamental biological and ecological indicators that are i) relevant across all marine ecosystems, ii) have a strongly demonstrated link to OA, and iii) have implications for ocean health and the provision of ecosystem services with impacts on local marine management strategies and economies. This paper draws on the understanding of biological impacts provided by the wealth of previous experiments, as well as the findings of recent meta-analyses, to propose five broad classes of biological indicators that, when coupled with environmental observations, including carbonate chemistry, would allow the rate and severity of biological change in response to OA to be observed and compared. These broad indicators are applicable to different ecological systems, and the methods for data analysis suggested here would allow researchers to combine biological response data across regional and global scales by correlating rates of biological change with the rate of change in carbonate chemistry parameters. Moreover, a method using laboratory observation to design an optimal observing strategy (frequency and duration) and observe meaningful biological rates of change highlights the factors that need to be considered when applying our proposed observation strategy. This innovative observing methodology allows inclusion of a wide diversity of marine ecosystems in regional and global assessments and has the potential to increase the contribution of OA observations from countries with developing OA science capacity.
TreeSatAI Benchmark Archive: A multi-sensor, multi-label dataset for tree species classification in remote sensing
Authors: Ahlswede Steve , Schulz Christian , Gava Christiano , Helber Patrick , Bischke Benjamin , Förster Michael , Arias Florencia , Hees Jörn , Demir Begüm , Kleinschmit Birgit
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Airborne and spaceborne platforms are the primary data sources for large-scale forest mapping, but visual interpretation for individual species determination is labour-intensive. Hence, various studies focusing on forests have investigated the benefits of multiple sensors for automated tree species classification. However, transferable deep learning approaches for large-scale applications are still lacking. This gap motivated us to create a novel dataset for tree species classification in Central Europe based on multi-sensor data from aerial, Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 imagery. In this paper, we introduce the TreeSatAI Benchmark Archive, which contains labels of 20 European tree species (i.e., 15 tree genera) derived from forest administration data of the federal state of Lower Saxony, Germany. We propose models and guidelines for the application of the latest machine learning techniques for the task of tree species classification with multi-label data. Finally, we provide various benchmark experiments showcasing the information which can be derived from the different sensors including artificial neural networks and tree-based machine learning methods. We found that residual neural networks (ResNet) perform sufficiently well with weighted precision scores up to 79 % only by using the RGB bands of aerial imagery. This result indicates that the spatial content present within the 0.2 m resolution data is very informative for tree species classification. With the incorporation of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 imagery, performance improved marginally. However, the sole use of Sentinel-2 still allows for weighted precision scores of up to 74 % using either multi-layer perceptron (MLP) or Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) models. Since the dataset is derived from real-world reference data, it contains high class imbalances. We found that this dataset attribute negatively affects the models' performances for many of the underrepresented classes (i.e., scarce tree species). However, the class-wise precision of the best performing late fusion model still reached values ranging from 54 % (Acer) to 88 % (Pinus). Based on our results, we conclude that deep learning techniques using aerial imagery could considerably support forestry administration in the provision of large-scale tree species maps at a very high resolution to plan for challenges driven by global environmental change. The original dataset used in this paper is shared via Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6598390) [Schulz et al., 2022]. For citation of the dataset, we refer to this article.
Analog data assimilation for the selection of suitable general circulation models
Authors: Ruiz Juan , Ailliot Pierre , Chau Thi Tuyet Trang , Le Bras Pierre , Monbet Valérie , Sévellec Florian , Tandeo Pierre
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Data assimilation is a relevant framework to merge a dynamical model with noisy observations. When various models are in competition, the question is to find the model that best matches the observations. This matching can be measured by using the model evidence, defined by the likelihood of the observations given the model. This study explores the performance of model selection based on model evidence computed using data-driven data assimilation, where dynamical models are emulated using machine learning methods. In this work, the methodology is tested with the three-variable Lorenz model and with an intermediate complexity atmospheric general circulation model (a.k.a. the SPEEDY model). Numerical experiments show that the data-driven implementation of the model selection algorithm performs as well as the one that uses the dynamical model. The technique is able to select the best model among a set of possible models and also to characterize the spatiotemporal variability of the model sensitivity. Moreover, the technique is able to detect differences among models in terms of local dynamics in both time and space which are not reflected in the first two moments of the climatological probability distribution. This suggests the implementation of this technique using available long-term observations and model simulations.
Improved upper-ocean thermodynamical structure modeling with combined effects of surface waves and M2 internal tides on vertical mixing: a case study for the Indian Ocean
Authors: Zhuang Zhanpeng , Zheng Quanan , Yang Yongzeng , Song Zhenya , Yuan Yeli , Zhou Chaojie , Zhao Xinhua , Zhang Ting , Xie Jing
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Surface waves and internal tides have a great
contribution to vertical mixing processes in the upper ocean. In this
study, three mixing schemes, including non-breaking
surface-wave-generated turbulent mixing, mixing induced by the wave
transport flux residue and internal-tide-generated turbulent mixing,
are introduced to study the effects surface waves and internal tides
on vertical mixing. The three schemes are jointly incorporated into the
Marine Science and Numerical Modeling (MASNUM) ocean circulation model as a
part of the vertical diffusive terms, which are calculated by the surface
wave parameters simulated from the MASNUM wave model and the surface
amplitudes of the mode-1 M2 internal tides extracted from satellite
altimetry data using a two-dimensional plane wave fit method. The effects of
the mixing schemes on Indian Ocean modeling are tested by five
climatological experiments. The surface waves and internal tides
enhance the vertical mixing processes in the sea surface and ocean interior,
respectively. The combination of the mixing schemes is able to strengthen
the vertical water exchange and draw more water from the sea surface to the
ocean interior. The simulated results show significant improvement in the
thermal structure, mixed layer depth and surface currents if the
three schemes are all adopted.
Development of common socio-economic scenarios for climate change impact assessments in Japan
Authors: Yoshikawa Sayaka , Takahashi Kiyoshi , Wu Wenchao , Matsuhashi Keisuke , Mimura Nobuo
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Climate change is one of the greatest long-term challenges faced by humanity. In the projection of climate change impacts, scenarios based on assumptions regarding future conditions are commonly used. Shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) are widely employed as socio-economic scenarios for global-scale predictions. The SSPs provide future projections of population and gross domestic products. However, SSPs are not suitable for detailed assessments for a country such as Japan, as they include only global regional data. The S-18 project aims at a nationally unified projection of climate change impacts across multiple sectors in Japan. In contribution to this, based on the previous study for Japan SSPs, we established common socio-economic scenarios designated as Japan SSP1, Japan SSP5, and status quo. Japan SSP1 and Japan SSP5 are based on qualitative links to global SSPs. Japan SSP1 foresees sustainable society with low-carbon emission, while Japan SSP5 envisions a society dependent on fossil fuels, emitting large amounts of greenhouse gases. The status-quo scenario assumes no future change based on the current conditions in Japan. Moreover, we provided a common dataset of population and land-use under these scenarios. Population data were obtained from existing population projections, and land-use data were estimated according to population changes and current land-use classifications. Here, the dataset prepared for the S-18 project is detailed and possibilities for its improvement discussed.
The Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P)
Authors: Sharifi Ehsan , Güntner Andreas , Haas Julian , Dorigo Wouter , Jäggi Adrian , Ruz Vargas Claudia ,   G3P team
Published: September 2022

Due to the fundamental role of Groundwater (GW) in the Earth's water and energy cycles, GW has been declared as an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) by GCOS, the Global Climate Observing System. However, within Copernicus - the European Earth Observation Programme - there is no service available yet to deliver data on this fundamental resource, nor is there any other data source worldwide that operationally provides information on changing groundwater resources in a consistent way, observation-based, and with global coverage. Hence, the Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P) aims at developing a satellite-based groundwater storage (GW) data set as a new product for the EU Copernicus Climate Change Service. G3P capitalizes from the unique capability of GRACE and GRACE-FO satellite gravimetry as the only remote sensing technology to monitor subsurface mass variations, and from other satellite-based water storage products to provide a data set of groundwater storage change for large areas with global coverage. G3P is obtained by using a mass balance approach, i.e., by subtracting satellite-based water storage compartments (WSCs) such as snow water equivalent, root-zone soil moisture, glacier mass, and surface water storage from GRACE/GRACE-FO monthly terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSA). For a consistent subtraction of all individual WSCs from GRACE-TWSA, the individual WSCs are filtered in a similar way as GRACE-TWSA, where optimal filter types were derived by analyses of spatial correlation patterns. G3P groundwater variations are provided for almost two decades (from 04-2002 to 12-2020), with monthly resolution, and at a 0.5-degree spatial resolution globally. In this contribution, we also illustrate some results of the G3P data set and of its uncertainties, as well as its evaluation by independent in-situ groundwater observation.

 

This study has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme for G3P (Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product) under grant agreement nº 870353.
A Simplified Gravitational Reference Sensor for NASA’s Mass Change Mission and Beyond
Authors: Conklin John ,   Simplified Gravitational Reference Sensor team
Published: September 2022

The University of Florida, is leading a team that includes Caltech/JPL, Ball Aerospace, Fibertek, Inc, CrossTrac Engineering, Texas A&M University, and the University of Central Florida to develop a Simplified Gravitational Reference Sensor (S-GRS), an ultra-precise inertial sensor optimized for future Earth geodesy missions. Inertial sensors like the S-GRS are used to measure or compensate for all non-gravitational accelerations of the host spacecraft so that they can be removed in the data analysis to recover spacecraft motion due to Earth’s gravity field, the main science observable. Low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking missions like GRACE-FO that utilize laser ranging interferometers are technologically limited by the acceleration noise performance of their electrostatic accelerometers, as well as temporal aliasing associated with Earth’s dynamic gravity field. The S-GRS is estimated to be at least 40 times more sensitive than the GRACE accelerometers and more than 500 times more sensitive if operated on a drag-compensated platform. The S-GRS concept is a simplified version of the flight-proven LISA Pathfinder GRS. Our performance estimates are based on models vetted during the LISA Pathfinder flight and the expected Earth orbiting spacecraft environment based on flight data from GRACE-FO. The improved performance is enabled by removing the small grounding wire used in the GRACE accelerometers and replacing it with a UV photoemission-based charge management system, enabling more massive test masses and larger gaps between the test mass and its housing. We have shown that the increased S-GRS performance allows future missions to take full advantage of the improved sensitivity of the GRACE-FO Laser Ranging Interferometer (LRI) over microwave ranging systems in the gravity recovery analysis. A specific version of the S-GRS, optimized for NASA’s Mass Change Mission, is also under study as part of that mission’s Phase A development. This presentation will describe the S-GRS, its development timeline and performance estimates. 
Impact of parameter updates on soil moisture assimilation in a 3D heterogeneous hillslope model
Authors: Brandhorst Natascha , Neuweiler Insa
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Models of variably saturated subsurface flow require knowledge of the soil hydraulic parameters. However, the determination of these parameters in heterogeneous soils is not easily feasible and subject to large uncertainties. As the modeled soil moisture is very sensitive to these parameters, especially the saturated hydraulic conductivity, porosity and the parameters describing the retention and relative permeability functions, it is likewise highly uncertain. Data assimilation can be used to handle and reduce both, state and parameter uncertainty. In this work, we apply the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) to a three-dimensional heterogeneous hillslope model and investigate the influence of updating the different soil hydraulic parameters on the accuracy of the estimated soil moisture. We further examine the usage of a simplified layered soil structure instead of the fully resolved heterogeneous soil structure in the ensemble. It is shown that the best estimates are obtained when performing a joint update of porosity and van Genuchten parameters and optionally the saturated hydraulic conductivity. The usage of a simplified soil structure gave decent estimates of spatially averaged soil moisture in combination with parameter updates but led to a failure of the EnKF and very poor soil moisture estimates at non-observed locations.
Challenges and benefits of quantifying irrigation through the assimilation of Sentinel-1 backscatter observations into Noah-MP
Authors: Modanesi Sara , Massari Christian , Bechtold Michel , Lievens Hans , Tarpanelli Angelica , Brocca Luca , Zappa Luca , De Lannoy Gabriëlle J. M.
Published: September 2022

Abstract. In recent years, the amount of water used for
agricultural purposes has been rising due to an increase in food demand.
However, anthropogenic water usage, such as for irrigation, is still not or
poorly parameterized in regional- and larger-scale land surface models (LSMs). By contrast, satellite observations are directly affected by, and hence potentially able to detect, irrigation as they sense the entire integrated soil–vegetation system. By integrating satellite observations and fine-scale
modelling it could thus be possible to improve estimation of irrigation
amounts at the desired spatial–temporal scale. In this study we tested the potential information offered by Sentinel-1
backscatter observations to improve irrigation estimates, in the framework
of a data assimilation (DA) system composed of the Noah-MP LSM, equipped
with a sprinkler irrigation scheme, and a backscatter operator represented
by a water cloud model (WCM), as part of the NASA Land Information System
(LIS). The calibrated WCM was used as an observation operator in the DA
system to map model surface soil moisture and leaf area index (LAI) into
backscatter predictions and, conversely, map observation-minus-forecast
backscatter residuals back to updates in soil moisture and LAI through an
ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). The benefits of Sentinel-1 backscatter observations in two different
polarizations (VV and VH) were tested in two separate DA experiments,
performed over two irrigated sites, the first one located in the Po Valley
(Italy) and the second one located in northern Germany. The results confirm
that VV backscatter has a stronger link with soil moisture than VH
backscatter, whereas VH backscatter observations introduce larger updates in the vegetation state variables. The backscatter DA introduced both
improvements and degradations in soil moisture, evapotranspiration and
irrigation estimates. The spatial and temporal scale had a large impact on
the analysis, with more contradicting results obtained for the evaluation at the fine agriculture scale (i.e. field scale). Above all, this study sheds light on the limitations resulting from a poorly parameterized sprinkler irrigation scheme, which prevents improvements in the irrigation simulation due to DA and points to future developments needed to improve the system.
The dynamical role of salinity content in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Aydogdu Ali , Miraglio Pietro , Escudier Romain , Clementi Emanuela , Masina Simona
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The Mediterranean Sea is a semi-enclosed basin with an excess amount of evaporation compared to the water in-flux through precipitation at the surface and river runoff on the land boundaries. The deficit in the water budget is balanced by the inflow in the Straits of Gibraltar and Dardanelles connecting the Mediterranean with the less saline Atlantic Ocean and the Marmara Sea, respectively. There is evidence that the Mediterranean region will be a hotspot with the warming Earth (Tuel and El Tahir, 2020) which will possibly change the water cycle significantly, but with a large uncertainty (Cos et al., 2022). Therefore, it is inevitable to monitor the evolution of the essential ocean variables (EOVs) to respond to the associated risks and mitigate the related problems. In this work, we evaluate the evolution of the salinity content and anomaly in the Mediterranean Sea during the last decades using the Copernicus Marine Service products. The results show an increasing mean salinity with a stronger trend in the eastern basin. The spread of the products implies a larger variability in the western basin while the standard deviation is lower in the eastern side, especially in the Ionian and the Levantine basins.
City parks and slow streets: A utility-based access and equity analysis
Authors: Macfarlane Gregory , Turley Voulgaris Carole , Tapia Teresa
Published: September 2022

During the spring and summer of 2020, cities across the world responded to the global COVID-19 pandemic by converting roadway facilities into open pedestrian spaces. These conversions improved access to public open space, but measuring the variation in that improvement among different populations requires clear definitions of access and methods for measuring it. In this study, we evaluate the change in a utility-based park accessibility measure resulting from street conversions in Alameda County, California. Our utility-based accessibility measure is constructed from a park activity location choice model we estimate using mobile device data – supplied by StreetLight Data, Inc. – representing trips to parks in that county. The estimated model reveals heterogeneity in inferred affinity for park attributes among different sociodemographic groups. We find, for example, that neighborhoods with more lower-income residents and those with more residents of color show a greater preference for park proximty while neighborhods with higher incomes and those with more white residents show a greater preference for park size and amenities. We then apply this model to examine the accessibility benefits resulting from COVID-19 street conversions to create a set of small park-like open spaces; we find that this has been a pro-social policy in that Black, Hispanic, and low-income households receive a disproportionate share of the policy benefits, relative to the population distribution.
Safety of Healthcare Workers in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Nurses’ Understanding
Authors: Backes Dirce Stein , Bär Karen Ariane , Rodrigues Cristina dos Santos de FreitasCristina dos Santos de Freitas , Santini Tanise Pereira , Lomba Maria de Lurdes Lopes de Freitas , Costenaro Regina Gema Santini
Published: September 2022

Objective: To understand the meaning of worker safety in healthcare during a pandemic from the perspective of nurses, based on interventions related to continuing education in health. Materials and method: This action-research study is based on the constructivist paradigm. The study was conducted between August 2020 and April 2021 through open individual interviews, mediated by guiding questions without prior validation. The interviews were conducted with 19 nurse managers of inpatient units who had previously participated in a schedule of continuing education interventions in a university hospital in the South region of Brazil. Research data were analyzed based on Minayo’s thematic content analysis. Results: The research data resulted in two thematic categories: “Reframing knowledge and professional practices” and “From banalization to resumption of preventive care.” The categories indicate that, in addition to specific and normative educational processes, it is necessary to promote self-reflection and individual and collective self-examination. Conclusions: From the understanding of nurses, the pandemic period aroused greater reflection and self-
examination among nursing/health professionals, especially concerning preventive health care, which is addressed as secondary.