bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating Completion and Drilling Knowledge Reduces Trouble Time and Costs on the Pinedale Anticline
Authors: Garcia Joe , Huckabee Paul , Hailey Byron , Foreman Jay
Published: April 2006

The Pinedale anticline of southwest Wyoming has proved technically challenging to drill and cement. This tight gas reservoir has more than 5,000 ft of vertical-pay interval in stacked-lenticular sands. With pore pressures ranging from normal to more than 16.5 lbm/gal, unplanned circulation losses were negatively impacting drilling and cementing operations. In early 2002, desired top of cement (TOC) was being achieved on only 31% of the production casings. As a result, one of three things would occur:

Stimulation treatments would not go to the intended zones, resulting in no production for completion dollars spent. As a result, petrophysical evaluations of entire intervals were being questioned. Costly remediation treatments had to be conducted during completion operations to isolate zones before they could be completed. Production reserves were at risk or deferred because of inadequate annular isolation.

Completion engineers use fracturing applications to enhance well performance, while drilling with drilling-induced fracturing is difficult tomanage. In both disciplines, knowing fracture and pore pressures is critical. A process was developed to determine and calibrate pore pressures and minimum horizontal stresses for the design of hydraulic-fracturing treatments and production prediction. Fracture-extension-pressure variation with depth was measured on each well completion. Mechanical rock properties were measured in the laboratory to validate calculations from openhole logs that were used in the fracturing simulator. The data were validated further by post-matching the simulator with fracturing-treatment data. The question was asked: "Why not use these fracture data to prevent drilling-induced fracturing?"

Because of losses and wellbore-stability issues, completion data from offset wells were incorporated into casing and mud programs. Underbalanced drilling techniques were also introduced, which in turn, created obvious problems for the cement design. Best practices were incorporated, including foam cement, on a selective basis. As a result, cement tops are now reaching the desired heights 100% of the time. Even in cases in which there has been no circulation when the cement job is started, desired cement tops have been achieved. As a result, costly remediation efforts have been eliminated, saving an estimated U.S. $1.3 million/year. All the desired pay intervals are being isolated so that the decision to complete reservoir intervals is based on reservoir quality, rather than mechanical issues with the wellbore. Production can now be attributed to given pay intervals with confidence, aiding in proper evaluation of entire sections of the reservoir.
Avatar of power: Southern Kuba masquerade figures in a funerary context
Authors: Binkley David A.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The relationship of masquerade performance to social organization and to the differentiation of traditional power and authority in everyday life is scarcely noted in the literature on African ritual. And yet research among two Kuba-related groups (Northern Kete and Southern Bushoong) in south-central Zaire indicate an enduring relationship, such that we can better understand the one by examining the others. The appearance of masquerade figures during initiation rituals both reinforces and validates distinctions of power in Kuba culture. Furthermore, funerals for initiated men in conjunction with masquerade performance provide a setting in which some of the activities relating to these distinctions of power are acted out.
Dreams and purposes: an analysis of dream narratives in an independent African Church
Authors: Charsley Simon
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Sampling provided the rationale of my previous account of ‘Dreams in an Independent African Church’ (1973). I took a set of ninety-five dream reports, and a handful of visions, as individual events which could be summed and categorised in a variety of ways. I had been able to garner these over a period of five months' study, from the services of this ‘Independent African Church’ (IAC). Beyond considering in general terms the part played by dream-telling and its accompaniments in the services of the Church and in its life more generally, in that article I worked out patterns, categorising the individual dreams in relation to their tellers, to the way they might implicate other named people, to whether they depicted IAC activities, to their apparent location, and so on. I sought to explain the patterns in terms of leadership and its interests, and of the idea that dream-telling was a kind of ‘bidding’, ‘to contribute valuably to the life of the group, and through this for status within it’ (op. cit.: 256). This article moves on from that analysis.
«Les charmes du roi sont les esprits des morts»: les fondements religieux de la royauté sacrée chez les Luba du Zaïre
Authors: Petit Pierre
Published: April 2006

Basé sur des faits observés chez les Luba du Shaba (Zaïre) et leurs voisins, cet article analyse le rapport entre le roi sacré et les esprits. Le lien puissant qui les unit apparaît comme une source importante de l'efficacité symbolique de la royauté, trop souvent réduite au seul thème de la monstruosité ou de l'ambivalence du souverain. L'épopée du royaume sert de fil conducteur, car elle évoque de façon subtile trois institutions au coeur de cette problématique : le culte des ancêtres royaux, l'épreuve d'intronisation qui marque l'accord des esprits pour un candidat, l'emploi de reliques pour transmettre un principe spirituel. Ces rites royaux apparaissent en situation de continuité avec les rites du commun dont ils constituent des formes complexes. La spécificité du roi apparaît plus nettement dans l'usage des reliques qui font de lui le prolongement vivant de ses prédécesseurs.
Mchape'95, or, the sudden fame of Billy Goodson Chisupe: healing, social memory and the enigma of the public sphere in post-Banda malawi
Authors: Probst Peter
Published: April 2006

From February to June 1995 approximately 300,000 people attended an anti-AIDS healing cult in Malawi. The name given to the cult wasmchape. The article investigates the so-called ‘mchapeaffair’ and compares it with the anti-witchcraft movements which swept Malawi during the 1930s under the very same name. Against the background of this linguistic identity, the article reflects on the politics of healing, social memory and the public sphere as the national space in which the affair assumed its distinctive shape. Focusing on the perception of AIDS as encoding decay, it is argued that themchapeaffair can be understood as a negotiation of the limits of power and the meaning of suffering nourished by the moral imagination of post-Banda society.
Trees and farm boundaries: farm forestry, land tenure and reform in Kenya
Authors: Dewees Peter A.
Published: April 2006

Tree cultivation and management are a common form of land use in high-potential areas of Kenya. While some of these practices are related to economic considerations, such as markets and prices for specific tree products, others were derived from or developed in parallel with customary practices. This article traces the origins of contemporary demarcation practices in Kikuyu areas of Kenya, involving the planting of trees in hedges and windrows, from their customary antecedents. Customary law prescribed clear mechanisms for demarcating land to which rights of use had been acquired. These mechanisms, characterised principally by the planting of particular trees on the boundaries of land holdings, were given limited recognition by the colonial administration, and were subsequently incorporated (without any clear awareness of their customary role) in the contemporary body of land law which emerged as a result of the land reforms of the early 1960s. Land reforms tended to obscure customary distinctions between rights of control to trees and rights of use and access, by equating rights of control with rights of ownership. The result has been that rights of use and access, which had been guaranteed to the landless under customary law, were, for the most part, eliminated.
Elite associations and the politics of belonging in Cameroon
Authors: Nyamnjoh Francis , Rowlands Michael
Published: April 2006

The development of elite associations has been a consequence of the growth of multi-partyism and the weakening of authoritarian state control in Cameroon in the 1990s. The attachment of electoral votes and rights of citizenship to belonging to ethnicised regions has encouraged the formal distinction between ‘natives’ and ‘strangers’ in the creation of a politics of belonging. The article argues that this development has also led to the replacement of political parties at the local level by ethnicised elite associations as prime movers in regional and national politics.
Agrarian change and agrarian crisis: state and peasantry in post-revolution Ethiopia
Authors: Rahmato Dessalegn
Published: April 2006

This article reviews the agrarian policies of post-revolution Ethiopia and discusses the evolution of relations between the peasantry and the military state in the period 1975-90. In broad terms, state policy changed rapidly from simple, home-flavoured populism in the latter part of the 1970s to hard-line Stalinism in the 1980s. The various rural policies that followed, such as collectivisation, villagisation and resettlement, and their effect on the peasantry are briefly assessed. The central point is that these policies impeded the institutionalisation of the populist land reform, politicised agricultural programmes to the detriment of rural production, and embittered relations between state and peasantry. The article also deals with the structure of power in rural Ethiopia as it was beginning to emerge out of the radical reforms of the period in question. The newly evolving rural elite, peasants active in rural mass organisations, is shown to be closely linked with the state apparatus. The hardening of state policy on the one hand, and peasant resentment on the other, soon led to a sort of unholy alliance between the forces of the state at the local level and the rural elite, giving rise to corruption on a large scale. The rapid escalation of rural insurgency, while not directly addressed, is shown to have been a consequence of the deterioration of relations between peasants and the state. The reform of agrarian Stalinism hurriedly launched in 1990 - discussed at some length in the last section of the article - came much too late to rally the peasantry to the side of the state.
Sticks and stones: colonialism and Zanzibari housing
Authors: Myers Garth Andrew
Published: April 2006

It has become commonplace for scholars to speak of cities, especially colonial cities, as texts in which power relations are embedded. This article presents the findings of six years' research, including archival research, interviewing and fieldwork on the planning and development of Zanzibar. I concentrate on house-building and domestic environments in the city's historic African neighbourhoods, known as Ngʼambo, or the ‘Other Side’. Struggles for cultural hegemony are evident in struggles over Zanzibar's built environment during the twentieth century. The focus is on how the legal language defining house types and establishing building codes, developed under colonialism, became a tactical instrument of the powerful in asserting spatial dominance. Yet the enforcement of the building code often showed the limits of colonial and local elite attempts at hegemony, especially at the end of the colonial era. Throughout the century, the words for African traditional housing and neighbourhood types in Zanzibar have betrayed the disdain with which the powerful have viewed them. There is, however, an order and plan to the ‘unplanned building’ which still dominates the city.
Classroom Behaviors of LD and Nonhandicapped Girls
Authors: Fellers Gayle , Saudargas Richard A.
Published: April 2006

No classroom observations have involved only LD females as subjects. The present study was conducted to determine any behavior differences between elementary LD and nonhandicapped girls in the regular classrom. Data were collected on child behaviors, child-child interactions and teacher-child interactions. Results showed that the LD girls spent less time doing schoolwork than nonhandicapped girls. Unlike in research with LD boys, teachers were not found to (a) spend more time interacting with the LD children or (b) initiate more approaches to the LD girls. However, the teachers responded significantly less frequently to call-outs from LD girls. The present findings regarding teacher interactions with LD and nonhandicapped girls differ from those of most previous studies involving boys.
Strategy Choice by LD Children with Good and Poor Naming Ability in a Naturalistic Memory Situation
Authors: Conca Lydia
Published: April 2006

The strategies chosen by two subgroups of second-grade LD children with short-term memory problems, but with differences in naming facility, were compared to the strategies chosen by same-age and younger nondisabled children in a real-life memory situation. The LD subjects with poor naming abilities demonstrated selected strategy failures; their strategies were interpreted to reflect a compensatory approach to the task. The LD subjects with good naming abilities demonstrated more generalized strategy failures, resembling those evidenced by younger nondisabled learners. Both groups of LD subjects were more proficient in spontaneous production of memory strategies that made minimal demands on verbal coding processes than strategies that made heavy demands on verbal representation and control. The results indicate that the LD children were not inactive; however, the strategies they favored tended to be less effective than those used by same-age, normal-learning children.
Adaptive Behavior of Learning Disabled and Non-Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Bender William N. , Golden Lorri B.
Published: April 2006

Adaptive behavior, problem behavior, and self-perception of behavior of 54 learning disabled children and 54 non-learning disabled children were compared to revealed the differences mainstream teachers perceive between the two groups. Multivariate analysis revealed differences in the first two measures. That is, the groups were different in each subscale of adaptive behavior, including social coping, relationships, pragmatics and production. Analysis of the problem-behavior scale indicated differences between the groups on three of five subscales. In each case, the scores for the LD group were higher indicating less desirable adaptive behavior and more problem behavior in the classroom. Implications of these results are presented as well as recommended use of adaptive-behavior measures for identification and the need to prepare mainstream teachers to deal with maladaptive behaviors in the classroom.
Discriminative Effectiveness of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery for LD Adolescents
Authors: Lewis Richard D. , Lorion Raymond P.
Published: April 2006

This study investigated the utility of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery in differentiating between a group of 30 male adolescents diagnosed as having a specific learning disability and a matched group of 30 non-LD students in a public school setting. The learning disabled group obtained significantly higher mean t-scores on 10 of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery summary scales. MANOVA confirmed the discriminative sensitivity of the battery. Also, it confirmed that the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery's sensitivity was not limited to scales that are typically elevated for individuals whose educational achievement is poor. Both discriminant function analysis and a rule for interpreting test profile data correctly classified 90% of the sample with an acceptable ratio of false positives (6.7%) to false negatives (13.3%). Implications for the diagnosis of learning disability are discussed.
Mathematical Problem Solving for Youth with ADHD, with and without Learning Disabilities
Authors: Zentall Sydney S. , Ferkis Mary Ann
Published: April 2006

The mathematical achievement of youth with learning disabilities, attention deficit disorders, and attention-deficit hyperactive disorders is lower than that of their peers. Cognitive ability (including memory) and reading contribute to the comprehension skills needed to eliminate extraneous information, handle multiple operations, and transform verbal information within problems. Further, slow computation affects problem solving by increasing attentional load. Through our work and a review of other studies, we have documented that when IQ and reading are controlled, “true” math deficits are specific to mathematical concepts and problem types. Implications for instruction are drawn from learner characteristics as these interact with the current mathematics curriculum.
Depression and Anxiety in Two Groups of Adults with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Hoy Cheri , Gregg Noel , Wisenbaker Joseph , Manglitz Elaine , King Michael , Moreland Carolyn
Published: April 2006

Adults with learning disabilities seeking services from state rehabilitation agencies and/or university/college support programs present a challenge to professionals attempting to identify effective academic, vocational, and social/emotional interventions that lead to long-term employment. The purpose of this study was to add to the small body of empirical research pertaining to the presence of depression and anxiety in two groups of adults with learning disabilities based on self-report measures (i.e., Beck Depression Inventory; Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979; State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983; IPAT Anxiety Scale; Krug, Scheier, & Cattell, 1976a). A group of college students not demonstrating learning disabilities was used for descriptive and comparison purposes. Results showed that females with learning disabilities served in a rehabilitation setting were the only group that demonstrated significant signs of depression. College students with learning disabilities had increased anxiety-related symptoms. Implications for diagnosis and service are drawn from these findings.
Collaborative Instruction: Is it an Effective Option for Inclusion in Secondary Classrooms?
Authors: Boudah Daniel J. , Schumacher Jean B. , Deshler Donald D.
Published: April 2006

Through the use of a four-part experimental design, this study examined the effects of a collaborative instructional model in inclusive secondary classes in which students with mild disabilities and low-achieving students were enrolled. Measures included the instructional actions of teachers, teacher satisfaction with the instructional model, student engagement, student use of four strategic skills, and student performance on content tests. After receiving training in the model, teachers' mediation of student learning and their involvement in instructional roles increased over baseline levels. Teachers were satisfied with the model as well. Mixed results on the student measures suggest that prevailing assumptions about the effectiveness of collaborative instruction in inclusive secondary classes need to be reexamined. Study findings have implications for educational policy, teacher training, and classroom practice.
The Evolution of Proportional Structures in Children with and without Learning Differences
Authors: Grobecker Betsey
Published: April 2006

Children in grades 2 and 4 through 7 of average intelligence with (a) learning disabilities (LD, n=29) and (b) not identified as having learning disabilities (NLD, n=30) were individually tested in a task that investigated the development of proportional structures of thought. Four of the children in the LD group were not classified but were receiving basic skills instruction due to their poor performance in mathematics both on standardized testing and in the classroom. Mathematical knowledge was additionally assessed on the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement-Revised (WJTA-R). In this cross-sectional design, students in both groups coordinated increasingly more complex relationships among the elements of the problem as a function of grade. However, significantly fewer children with LD had constructed second-order logical structures necessary to act on problems using multiplicative and preproportional reasoning. No children in either group demonstrated formal proportional reasoning although a small minority evidenced qualitative proportional reasoning. On the applied problems test of the WJTA-R, the students with LD generally performed below same-aged peers, although they achieved approximately at grade level on this task. For both groups, the explicitly taught procedures to solve computation and word problems as measured on the WJTA-R failed to accurately represent the degree of operational logic in children's biologically based structures of logical-mathematical activity. Diagnostic and remedial implications are discussed.
Effects of Computer-Based Test Accommodations on Mathematics Performance Assessments for Secondary Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Calhoon Mary Beth , Fuchs Lynn S. , Hamlett Carol L.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of computer-based test accommodations to a noncomputer-based test accommodation and to no accommodation on mathematics performance assessment (PA) scores for secondary students with learning disabilities. Over four weeks, each student ( N = 81) was tested on four parallel PAs, each time under a different condition: (a) standard administration (SA), (b) teacher-read (TR), (c) computer-read (CR), and (d) CR with video (CRV). PA alternate forms and order of conditions were counterbalanced across classrooms. After each PA administration, a student questionnaire assessed perceptions of the benefits of the testing condition. Results indicated that providing a reader, either human or computer, increases scores, but no significant difference was seen among TR, CR, and CRV. Implications are discussed with respect to reading accommodations, computerized testing, and the effects of reading accommodations on students with differing reading achievement levels.
Phonological Awareness Instruction for Middle School Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Bhat Preetha , Griffin Cynthia C. , Sindelar Paul T.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine if middle school students with learning disabilities (LD) identified as having phonological awareness deficits could improve their phonological awareness skills after instruction, and if these skills could impact word recognition skills. Forty middle school students with LD who were identified as having phonological awareness deficits were matched and split into two groups, A and B. Both groups received the same type of phonological awareness instruction. Results indicated that there was no group effect for the word identification subtest. However, there was main effect for occasion; for both groups, posttest scores were significantly higher than the midtest scores, and midtest scores were significantly higher than the pretest scores. With respect to the CTOPP scores, results showed an interaction effect. Followup t-tests indicated that for the midtest, Group A significantly outperformed Group B on the CTOPP, suggesting that the intervention had an effect on phonological awareness skills. Both groups also had significantly higher posttest scores compared to the pretest scores, implying that both groups improved their phonological awareness skills over time.
A Meta-Analysis of the Social Competence of Children with Learning Disabilities Compared to Classmates of Low and Average to High Achievement
Authors: Nowicki Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2006

This meta-analysis synthesized research since 1990 pertaining to the social competence of children with learning disabilities in inclusive classrooms. Comparisons with average- to high-achieving classmates resulted in medium to large effect sizes for teachers' perceptions of social competence, peer preference ratings, positive peer nominations, global self-worth, and self-perceptions of scholastic performance. A second set of comparisons with children designated as low in academic achievement yielded moderate effect sizes for teachers' perceptions of social competence and for peer social preference ratings. Small effect sizes were obtained for global self-worth and self-perceptions of scholastic performance. It was concluded that (a) children with learning disabilities and children designated as low in academic achievement are at a greater risk for social difficulties than are average- to high-achieving children, and (b) children with learning disabilities and their low-achieving classmates do not appear to have accurate self-perceptions of social acceptance.
Landscapes of War: Rules and Conventions of Conflict in Ancient Hawai'i (And Elsewhere)
Authors: Kolb Michael J. , Dixon Boyd
Published: April 2006

A comparison of the rich ethnohistoric record of prehistoric conflict in Hawai'i with evidence of warfare in other culture areas suggests some basic similarities in cause and effect shared by many complex hegemonic polities. Three types of archaeological remains in Hawai'i indicate that human sacrifice and monumental-scale ritual construction were integral parts of pre-Contact (A.D. 1778) conquest warfare. The Hawaiians, however, invested much less labor in long-term responses to possible threats to civilian security than many cultures, suggesting that wartime expectations were very different even if the scale and intensity of combat was similar. These differences are perceived to be a reflection of distinct historical traditions of wartime ethics in Polynesia, unique rules of conflict adapted to the geographic isolation of the Hawaiian people and the environmental diversity that defines the archipelago.
Certain Environmental Considerations in West Indian Archaeology
Authors: Sleight Frederick W.
Published: April 2006

Major migrations into the West Indies emanated out of South America. For the most part, tropical forest traditions were transplanted, but it is obvious that these traditions were influenced by a markedly different environment. People who had previously known a river-tropical forest habitat now encountered the sea with its currents, winds, swells, and expansive transportation potential. Islands, sometimes with limited fresh-water conditions, also presented new problems as well as new opportunities for settlement. Recent work in the Virgin Islands points to the strong influence of environment on the settlement patterns of pre-Columbian peoples. With the advent of extensive archaeological research in the Antillean area, new and valued interpretations must be sought in the cultural-environmental complex.
Southwestern Social Units and Archaeology
Authors: Dozier Edward P.
Published: April 2006

Interest in the nature of the socio-political and ceremonial life of prehistoric inhabitants in recent years has resulted in an exchange of information between archaeologists and ethnologists. This paper is an initial effort to furnish a list of the kinds of social units to be found among Southwestern groups in the ethnographic present. It is hoped that this list will stimulate further discussion, bring about greater exchange of information, and result in a better understanding of the nature of prehistoric and ethnographic socio-political and ceremonial units in the American Southwest.
The Organization of Turquoise Production and Consumption by the Prehistoric Chacoans
Authors: Mathien Frances Joan
Published: April 2006

For the prehistoric inhabitants of the American Southwest and Northern Mexico, turquoise was not an essential commodity for daily life. Yet, over 56,000 pieces of turquoise were recovered with two burials from Pueblo Bonito, the first site excavated in Chaco Canyon, and more turquoise is found in sites in Chaco Canyon when compared to other sites throughout the southwestern United States from ca. A.D. 900 through 1150. It may have been a long-distance trade item, exchanged for copper bells or macaws from further south, but its primary function was as a ritual item within the regional system. Because turquoise is found in sites established early in the Chaco sequence, this review will examine data from earlier periods to suggest which Bonito phase developments were innovations or continuations of previous practices. Some ritual uses of turquoise followed by contemporary Puebloan people probably have roots extending back into the Chaco era.
Nasty, Brutish, but Not Necessarily Short: A Reconsideration of the Statistical Methods Used to Calculate Age at Death from Adult Human Skeletal and Dental Age Indicators
Authors: Aykroyd Robert G. , Lucy David , Pollard A. Mark , Roberts Charlotte A.
Published: April 2006

It is generally assumed that life expectancy in antiquity was considerably shorter than it is now. In the limited number of cases where skeletal or dental age-at-death estimates have been made on adults for whom there are other reliable indications of age, there appears to be a clear systematic trend towards overestimating the age of young adults, and underestimating that of older individuals. We show that this might be a result of the use of regression-based techniques of analysis for converting age indicators into estimated ages. Whilst acknowledging the limitations of most age-at-death indicators in the higher age categories, we show that a Bayesian approach to converting age indicators into estimated age can reduce this trend of underestimation at the older end. We also show that such a Bayesian approach can always do better than regression-based methods in terms of giving a smaller average difference between predicted age and known age, and a smaller average 95-percent confidence interval width of the estimate. Given these observations, we suggest that Bayesian approaches to converting age indicators into age estimates deserve further investigation. In view of the generality and flexibility of the approach, we also suggest that similar algorithms may have a much wider application.
Conceptual Metaphor in the Archaeological Record: Methods and an Example from the American Southwest
Authors: Ortman Scott G.
Published: April 2006

This paper attempts to unify recent theorizing on cultural meaning in material culture using the notion of conceptual metaphor. Research in several disciplines suggests that conventional metaphorical concepts are central to cultural cognition. Ethnographic studies and psychological experiments indicate that conceptual metaphors are expressed in numerous forms of human expression, including speech, ritual, narrative, and material culture. Generalizations on the nature and structure of metaphor emerging from cognitive linguistic research can be used to develop methods for reconstructing ancient metaphors from archaeological evidence. In a preliminary application, I argue that pottery designs from the Mesa Verde region of the American Southwest were conceptualized as textile fabrics, and suggest that connections between these media derived from a worldview grounded in container imagery. The ability to decipher conceptual metaphors in prehistoric material culture opens up many new avenues for research, including the role of worldview in cultural evolution, and the discovery of cultural continuities between archaeological cultures and historic ethnolinguistic groups.
The Committee for the Recovery of Archaeological Remains: Three Decades of Service to the Archaeological Profession
Authors: Wendorf Fred , Thompson Raymond H.
Published: April 2006

Today most archaeologists are unaware of the enormous debt we owe to a small group who instigated a massive federal archaeological program to recover the archaeological evidence that was to be destroyed by a public works program involving hundreds of dams on most of the major rivers in the United States and set to begin immediately after World War II. This small group of archaeologists, organized by Frederick Johnson in May 1945, known as the Committee for the Recovery of Archaeological Remains (CRAR), consisted of Johnson (secretary), John O. Brew, Alfred V Kidder, and William S. Webb (chair). The CRAR acted independently of the federal government, yet it was the driving force behind the organization of the River Basin Surveys. It stimulated adoption of high professional standards and was largely responsible for public and professional support for protecting archaeological resources that is the basis for our modern cultural preservation efforts.
A Summary Prehistory and History of the Sierra Pinacate, Sonora
Authors: Hayden Julian D.
Published: April 2006

The 600-sq.-mi. volcanic area of the Sierra Pinacate, in the desert of far northwestern Sonora, Mexico, comprises a geologic and ecologic enclave in which archaeological remains have been undisturbed by erosion. Following a late pluvial occupation by people of the San Dieguito complex, Phase I, the area was abandoned during the Altithermal and later reoccupied by the Amargosans, whose culture pattern, diverging from that of adjacent regions, developed several unique traits through the Amargosa Phase I and Phase II periods. Ceramics were never made by the Amargosan Pinacateños, who traded for pottery almost exclusively with the Yumans of the Lower Colorado River, and later of the Gila River, from about A.D. 700 until early in the 20th century. In historic times, the occupants of the Pinacate spoke a Papago dialect but were hostile to other Papagos and associated almost exclusively with the Yumans. Survivors of the isolated Pinacate band, nearly wiped out in 1851 by yellow fever, joined their relatives and neighbors, the Areneños or Sand Papagos, who also used Yuman pottery. It is proposed that the Amargosan Pinacateños were Uto-Aztecan speakers, and that, therefore, the Papago proper are descendants of the early Amargosan occupants of Papagueria.
Problems in Radiocarbon Dating at Teotihuacan
Authors: Kovar Anton J.
Published: April 2006

Radiocarbon dating is a useful tool in archaeological research, but the precision hoped for by some is not attainable because of the nature of the radiocarbon assay itself, possible contaminations, the Suess effect, and especially the peculiar nature of wood structure and growth. Wood and charcoal, unlike animal remnants, will not necessarily give the age corresponding to the time when the tree died or was cut; they will give only the age of the particular fragment used in the radiocarbon assay. If wood comes from the central portion of a large tree stem, there may even be several hundred years difference between its radiocarbon date and the date of the corresponding archaeological level. Such discrepancies are common in the recent finds at Teotihuacάn. Even the apparently erroneous date of 1474 ± 230 B.C. for Teotihuacάn can thus be explained. Other radiocarbon dates should also be evaluated with this in mind.
An Artifact of Possible Wisconsin Age
Authors: Jelinek Arthur J.
Published: April 2006

A crude stone point from a gravel pit near Wichita Falls, Texas, is tentatively associated with a Wisconsin vertebrate fauna from the same locality on the basis of adhering cemented sand.
Gazing upon the Invisible: Women and Children at the Old Baton Rouge Penitentiary
Authors: Nobles Connie H.
Published: April 2006

This research involves analysis of two works related to the same archaeological site. The archaeologists’ unconscious exclusion of information found in their scholarly report resulted in a public booklet that tells only part of the history of this site. A third historic document supplements this comparison and provides detailed information relevant to this analysis. Professional archaeologists interact with the public on multiple levels and their connections with education and curricula are established through their writings as well as more deliberate and obvious choices. Increasing levels of consciousness and recognition of responsibility to public education could result in more careful analysis of material culture, interpretation, and choices for all works involving archaeological sites. Foucault (in Gordon 1980) discussed the inclusion of hidden ruses and discourses about decisions, regulations, and strategies pertaining to particular institutions. Using the work of critical theorists, these issues are interwoven to examine this archaeological investigation with connections to the past through patterns that still pervade today.
Dated Eskimo Ruins of an Inland Zone
Authors: Giddings J. L.
Published: April 2006

The Eskimo culture is divided ecologically, Froelich Rainey says in a review of published accounts, into “the Arctic coastal zone in the area of sea ice” and “the sub-Arctic zone south of the maximum extension of heavy sea ice, in Southern Alaska and Greenland… . A third ecologic zone is that region occupied by Eskimo people with an inland form of culture which has been most clearly defined by Kaj Birket-Smith in his description of the Caribou Eskimo of the Barren Grounds northwest of Hudson Bay; but a similar type of inland Arctic culture occurs also in north Alaska. The prehistory of the inland zone is unknown, since no archaeological research has been carried on in that region.”

The italicized lines point to a vast gap in knowledge of the Eskimo past. The inland zone remains largely unknown because of two handicaps to archaeological exploration: the nomadic nature of any far-inland hunting culture about the Arctic Circle precludes the possibility of large and permanent villages, and.organic materials disintegrate rapidly under the climatic contrasts of the interior.
Yuma Point from Western Idaho
Authors: Caywood Louis R.
Published: April 2006

On May 23,1947, Messrs. Olcott, Augden, and Caywood of the Columbia River Basin Recreational Survey, National Park Service, were making a survey of the proposed Johnson Park Reservoir site in western Idaho. The site is about 18 miles east of Brownlee on the Snake River at an elevation of 5,900 feet. In the course of the survey a projectile point was found by Mr. Caywood in the immediate vicinity of the reservoir area. This point undoubtedly belongs to the Yuma category.

The geological associations of the point, as well as its characteristics of oblique flaking, shape, and size, are consistent with its identification as Yuma. Johnson Park was apparently a normal erosional canyon which has been partially filled with glacial detritus. The point was found in one of the small stream beds above what is thought to be the shoreline of an old lake.
The Chronological Position and Ethnological Relationships of the Fort Ancient Aspect
Authors: Griffin James B.
Published: April 2006

The Sites of the Fort Ancient aspect of the Upper Mississippi Phase are located in southern and southwestern Ohio, northern and northeastern Kentucky and southeastern Indiana. It is the purpose of this paper to present the grouping of the individual components within the larger cultural unit; to state briefly the chronological position of the Fort Ancient aspect; and to discuss the possible ethnological connections.

The existence of many of these sites has been known for years, and their cultural similarity has been recognized since the beginning of the twentieth century.
The Moses Coulee Pipe
Authors: May Alan G.
Published: April 2006

Many unusual and decorative pipes of the early Indians have been discovered in the Northwest, but, as far as it is ascertainable, only one pipe of considerable antiquity has ever been found enclosed in a wooden case especially designed to fit the pipe. Such a pipe and case, which the writer fortunately was able to acquire at a later date, were found in 1934. Considering the exceptional rarity of such a “find” it would seem that these specimens are worthy of some consideration.

Moses Coulee is a great chasm formed by the ice and waters of bygone ages; it is about forty miles in length, approximately one mile wide, and from six hundred to one thousand feet deep, entering the Columbia River valley about twenty miles below the city of Wenatchee, Washington. This district is well known for the abundance of the archaeological material and particularly for the fine craftsmanship of the majority of artifacts.
Prayer Sticks in Walls of Mummy Cave Tower, Canyon del Muerto
Authors: Morris Earl H.
Published: April 2006

Repair of Mummy Cave Tower, Canyon del Muerto, was begun by the Bureau of American Ethnology and the American Museum of Natural History in 1924 and completed by the National Park Service and Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1932. The final stage consisted of the replacement of the southeast corner, the lower part of which had fallen previous to Mindeleff's study of the structure in 1882, and the rest of it, between that time and my first visit in 1922. As the work of rebuilding neared the top, where less of the masonry had fallen, there was found an alignment of prayer sticks, set vertically in the hearting between the face courses.

The lowest remaining member of the series was a peeled twig, a,2 placed slender end upward and bent into a crook at the tip. Beside the butt of it, 1.5 m. from the top of the wall was the cast of a well-finished stick of larger size, perhaps b, which came from the debris cleared away to provide a new foundation for the corner.
Some Notes on Hand Choppers in New Mexico
Authors: Toulouse Joseph H.
Published: April 2006

In the Fall of 1939, the writer picked up a number of stone tools which have been called hand-axes, choppers, etc., around the ruin of Kuaua, in the Coronado State Monument, New Mexico. These tools are varied in type and workmanship. They were shaped from river boulders, apparently gathered from the gravel terrace upon which the ruin is situated. On all specimens found, one face of the tool was the original surface, and often the nodular surface is to be found on both sides, with the butt also left smooth (Plate XXI).

Further occurrence of these tools was noted by the writer at the former Indian and Mission ruin of Abo, where the tools recovered were similar in every aspect to the above illustrated specimens. Of particular note is the similarity of these tools with those recovered by Sayles in Texas and the Campbells in the Southern California Desert.
A Stone Effigy from Long Island
Authors: Smith Carlyle S.
Published: April 2006

In 1940, at Great Neck, Long Island, Mr. Calmer Forsander found a waterworn glacial cobble with a crudely executed face on one side in an old stone wall bordering his property. Mr. Forsander knew that I had excavated the Baker Hill site, located about three hundred yards west of his house, and brought the find to my attention. The specimen is roughly egg-shaped and is composed of a crystalline material which appears to be indurated sandstone (Fig. 24). It measures approximately IS inches in length, 11 inches in width, and 10 inches in thickness. On one of the broader sides is a face, pecked and ground into the surface. The workmanship is crude and resembles that found on the pitted hammer stones common in the region.
The Pottery of the Gallina Complex
Authors: Hibben Frank C.
Published: April 2006

Several problems arising from the very interesting ceramic wares of the Gallina area have already appeared in print. H. P. Mera has admirably described the various potteries of this region and made certain suggestions concerning their origin. The utility vessels of the Gallina have attracted special comment and have figured more than any other one feature in discussions of the cultural origin of the whole complex. Several additional seasons of field work in this area have, however, added a number of new items to the picture sufficient, perhaps, to color final conclusions.

The pottery of the Gallina quite naturally divides itself into two major varieties. These are the utility wares and the decorated wares. The dichotomy between the two transcends the ordinary division of usage. The decorated ware and the utility pottery of this complex seem to derive from two separate origins and traditions.
The Prehistory of Kamchatka
Authors: Quimby George I.
Published: April 2006

The peninsula of Kamchatka in Siberia is situated between the Sea of Okhotsk on the west and Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean on on the east. This peninsula is about 750 miles long and 80 to 300 miles wide with a mountainous and volcanic interior and a somewhat severe climate. Forests cover all the land except where there are areas of tundra or alpine vegetation.
Preliminary Report of the Peabody Museum Awatovi Expedition of 1937
Authors: Brew J. O.
Published: April 2006

The third Peabody Museum Awatovi expedition, under the direction of the writer began work on July 12, 1937, and remained in the field until November 5, 1937. The explorations and excavations were carried on under permission of the United States Department of the Interior. The continuation of these studies was made possible by the contributions of Mr. and Mrs. William H. Claflin, Jr., Mr. Henry S. Morgan, Mr. and Mrs. Philip Allen, Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Emerson, and the Peabody Museum. Its primary objective was the securing of information relative to the post-Spanish period of Awatovi.
Mastodon Bone with Artifacts in California
Authors: Crabtree Don E.
Published: April 2006

The complete lower jaw of a Mastodon was found a number of years ago in “Pleistocene” gravels several miles from Bitterwater, San Benito County, California. When this locality was visited a few weeks ago by a field party from the Museum of Paleontology, University of California, a confusing “association” of Proboscidean bones and recent utensils was observed. Near the top of a cross-bedded deposit of gravel lay the distal end of an elephant limb bone (see Figure 5). Immediately below was found an Indian stone mortar, and again below the latter occurred a cast iron Dutch oven. This association was obviously the result of re-working of these evidently non-contemporaneous objects.
An Approach to the Maya Correlation Problem Through Guatemala Highland Archaeology and Native Annals
Authors: Wauchope Robert
Published: April 2006

The historic and proto-historic archaeological sites of the Guatemala highland provide another approach to the problem of correlating the ancient Maya calendar with the European. For native annals of the highland tribes list the generations of Indian rulers from the time of the Spanish Conquest back into prehistoric phases, which one may expect the archaeologist will eventually link to remains that are associated elsewhere with dates in the Long Count.

If, for example, we can identify a certain trait complex as one brought to Guatemala by the Quiches and other tribes entering this country from the north, and if we can calculate the approximate date of their arrival by counting generations listed in the native annals, we can then assign this date to the same complex in an area where it is dated in the Maya Long Count.
Hopewellian in Minnesota
Authors: Bennett John
Published: April 2006

The recent synthesis of Minnesota archaeology by Wilford has revealed the presence of Hopewellian-like materials in the northern part of the state. These seem thoroughly blended with “Lake Michigan” Woodland traits and may represent the feathering out of the Hopewellian complex and its integration into existing Woodland manifestations.

None of the “spectacular” Hopewellian traits are present in the Laurel and Arvilla foci, however, and it is doubtful if they can be properly called “Hopewellian.” In this connection I believe it may be of interest to note an early report of excavations at St. Paul, Minnesota, by T. H. Lewis.
“Salt Pans” from the Southeast
Authors: Fairbanks C. H.
Published: April 2006

“Salt pans” commonly occur throughout the Mississippi drainage area, especially in Southern Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee where they often are associated with salt springs. Most frequently referable to numerous foci of the Middle Phase, Mississippi Pattern they are typical especially of the Gordon-Fewkes Aspect. Recent work under the sponsorship of various governmental agencies (Work Projects Administration, Tennessee Valley Authority, National Park Service) has somewhat extended the known range of this ware to include almost all of the region west of the Appalachians and East of Central Arkansas.