bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Donor–recipient risk assessment tools in heart transplant recipients: the Bad Oeynhausen experience
Authors: Schramm Rene , Zittermann Armin , Fuchs Uwe , Fleischhauer Jan , Costard‐Jäckle Angelika , Ruiz‐Cano Maria , Krenz Luminata‐Adriana , Fox Henrik , Götte Julia , Günther Sabina P.W. , Wlost Stefan , Rojas Sebastian V. , Hakim‐Meibodi Kavous , Morshuis Michiel , Gummert Jan F.
Published: October 2021

Aims

Some risk assessment tools have been developed to categorize mortality risk in heart transplant recipients, but it is unclear whether these tools can be used interchangeable in different transplant regions.

Methods and results

We performed a retrospective single‐centre study in 1049 adult German heart transplant recipients under jurisdiction of Eurotransplant. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to generate a risk scoring system. C‐statistics were used to compare our score with a US score and a French score regarding their ability to discriminate between 1 year survivors and non‐survivors within our study cohort. Of 38 parameters assessed, seven recipient‐specific parameters [age, height, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), total bilirubin, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and biventricular assist device/total artificial heart (BVAD/TAH) implant], one donor‐specific parameter (cold ischaemic time), and one recipient‐independent and donor‐independent other parameter (late transplant era) were statistically significant in predicting 1 year mortality. The initial score was generated by using the regression coefficients from the multivariable analysis as follows: 1.70 * ln age − 4.0 * ln height − 0.9 * diagnosis (= 1 if diagnosis = DCM) − 0.67 * diagnosis (= 1 if diagnosis = ICM) + 0.33 * ln total bilirubin + 1.74 * ln cold ischaemic time + 0.98 * mechanical circulatory support (MCS) implant (= 1 if MCS implant = ECMO) + 0.47 * MCS implant (= 1 of MCS implant = BVAD/TAH) − 0.66 * transplant era (= 1 if transplant era = 2017–2018). The initial score was converted into the Bad Oeynhausen (BO) score as a positive integer variable by means of the following formula: BO score = (initial score + 8) * 3. In patients scoring 2 to <7 points (n = 112), 7 to <11 points (n = 580), 11 to <15 points (n = 339), and 15 to 20 points (n = 18), 1 year survival was 93.1%, 84.2%, 66.9%, and 27.8%, respectively. The c‐index of our score was 0.73 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69–0.77]. Values were in our cohort for the US and French scores 0.66 (95% CI: 0.62–0.70) and 0.63 (95% CI: 0.59–0.67), respectively.

Conclusions

Data indicate that our score, but also risk assessment tools from other transplant regions, may be used as a reliable support for risk‐adjusted organ allocation and potentially help to improve outcomes in heart transplantation. Further developments will have to include as yet unaccounted risk factors for even more reliable predictions.
General Construction of Thioamides under Mild Conditions: A Stepwise Proton Transfer Process Mediated by EDTA
Authors: Jin Hao , Ge Xin , Zhou Shaodong
Published: October 2021

A general and clean method for the one‐pot synthesis of thioamides was investigated using a combination of experiments and quantum chemical calculations. Ester, amide, and elemental sulfur were employed as starting materials and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as catalyst. Both alkyl and aryl thioamides with various functional groups were obtained in moderate to good yields. Neither transition metals nor external oxidants were required in this reaction. The catalytic performance of EDTA originates from a stepwise, proton transfer process in which EDTA transports a proton from the benzyl carbon to a sulfur atom. Such a process is concerted by discrete charge transfer such that the associated barrier gets lowered.
Synthesis of Symmetrical Thiosulfonates via Cu(OTf)2‐Catalyzed Reductive Homocoupling of Arenesulfonyl Chlorides
Authors: Liu Lixia , Luo Bo , Wang Chengming
Published: October 2021

A variety of symmetrical thiosulfonates are synthesized via Cu‐catalyzed reductive homocoupling of aryl sulfonyl chlorides. This protocol uses organic amine acting as a mild reductant and low‐cost copper as an effective catalyst. Such a reductive coupling process features a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. Related thiosulfonate products can also be converted into diverse functional molecules.
Synthesis of Chiral Scaffolds Based on Polyfunctional Cyclobutane β‐Amino Acids
Authors: Verkh Yaroslav , Illa Ona , Ortuño Rosa M.
Published: October 2021

Chiral scaffolds have been synthesized through selective transformations from conveniently protected cyclobutane β‐amino acids. The obtained derivatives present additional functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, or carbon‐carbon triple bond, linked to the amino acid core through a flexible C1 or C2 alkyl fragment. The resultant molecules are highly versatile to be used as chiral precursors for the production of polyfunctional chemical platforms. These can be suitable for the synthesis of complex molecules, through condensation reactions, such as peptide coupling, dehydration between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, or click chemistry. To illustrate some of these possibilities, two hybrid tripeptides have been prepared as examples of their synthetic potential.
Valuing diversity: An undervalued mediator of intergroup contact
Authors: Wallrich Lukas , West Keon , Rutland Adam
Published: October 2021

Valuing diversity and intergroup contact predict less prejudice and discrimination, yet their relationship deserves closer attention. There is some evidence that valuing diversity and intergroup contact are associated, but it has not been tested whether the established effects of contact come about through changes in valuing diversity. We address this in two studies (total N = 2835) that consider valuing diversity as a mediator of intergroup contact. They show that valuing diversity mediates the relationships of intergroup contact with prejudice, bystander intervention intentions, policy support and approach intentions. Our results increase the understanding of pathways from intergroup contact to intergroup relations and offer a lever that contact interventions can target.
Ammonia Decomposition in a Gliding Discharge Plasma
Authors: Młotek Michał , Perron Michalina , Krawczyk Krzysztof
Published: October 2021

The negative impact of conventional fuels on the environment forces us to search for alternative energy sources. One of them is hydrogen. The only product of its combustion is water; however, transportation and storage are the problems. A solution could be ammonia which has a chemical hydrogen storage capacity as high as 17.8 wt%. NH3 as chemical energy storage can be used only if an efficient, rapid, and inexpensive method for its decomposition is known. Herein, the aim is to investigate the effect of gliding discharge plasma on the ammonia decomposition reaction. The novelty of this research is the use of high flow rates and high ammonia concentrations at the same time. The lowest energy consumption and the highest reaction rates of ammonia decomposition are obtained by using undiluted ammonia.
Self‐Supporting Copper‐Based Electrode by Electrospinning for Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methane
Authors: Li Jing , Chen Wenduo , Wang Min , Zhu Hongwei
Published: October 2021

Cu‐based catalysts have been widely applied in CO2 reduction (CO2RR) for their high reaction activity and selectivity. Various structure designs such as shape‐tailored nanoparticles (NPs) and facet control are proposed and the reduction performance is optimized. However, the applicability of nanostructured catalysts suffers from several issues such as the increased resistance, buried active sites, and inhibited mass transport from the current collector on which NPs are cast on. Herein, the synthesis of self‐supporting Cu NP‐embedded carbon films obtained by electrostatic spinning for the first time is reported, which exhibit lower reduction potential, higher reduction efficiency and selectivity. The synthesized Cu catalysts show relatively high crystallinity dominated by {111} facets, promoting the generation of CH4. An outstanding Faraday efficiency of CH4 reaching 45% is obtained at −1.2 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra demonstrate that the enhanced CO2RR properties are attributed to the synergistic effect of Cu and Cu+ states. This study indicates a novel catalyst preparation method for better CO2 reduction performance.
Multi‐interfacial catalyst with spatially defined redox reactions for enhanced pure water photothermal hydrogen production
Authors: Zhang Tianxi , Meng Fanlu , Gao Minmin , Ong Wei Li , Haw Kok‐Giap , Ding Tianpeng , Ho Ghim Wei , Kawi Sibudjing
Published: October 2021

Photocatalytic overall water splitting is a promising strategy to store abundant solar energy as clean fuel, but recombination of photogenerated carriers is the key factor that reduces the efficiency. Herein, we report multi‐interfacial ternary CoP@ZnIn2S4@Co3O4 photocatalyst with coordinated structural and electronic band coupling to concurrently fulfill spatially decoupled redox centers and modulated electric field. For one, the realization of 3D open framework consists of 2D ZnIn2S4 nanosheets on 1D CoP co‐catalyst maximizes exposures apart from circumvents aggregation and shielding issues. Another is the spatially defined and selective redox reactions where CoP is designated for proton reduction and Co3O4 for water oxidation. And finally, constructed type II band structure and p‐n junction facilitates directional charge separation, thereby prohibiting the recombination of charge carrier and also increase the local charge density. Besides, small band gap CoP and Co3O4 exhibit photothermal effect to further enhance photocatalytic hydrogen production. As a result, the photocatalysts could achieve the respective half reaction and pure water hydrogen evolution rate of 4254 and 145 μmol g−1 h−1 under visible light illumination and further enhance to 10 740 and 308 μmol g−1 h−1 when subjected to full spectrum photoheating. This work presents a promising strategy in designing surface and interfacial dominated photocatalytic system to achieve efficient solar energy to chemical conversion.

image
Mechanical properties of a novel buckling restrained shear panel damper with octagon restraining plates
Authors: Ma Ning , Lin Xuchuan , Yin Lidan , Dong Xufeng , Ou Jinping
Published: October 2021

Steel shear panel dampers (SPDs) have been widely used for the seismic protection of structures. The seismic performance of SPD is limited by the buckling deformation and low cycle fatigue tearing of the web. This study proposes a new‐type buckling restrained shear panel damper (BRSPD), in which two octagon restrainers are utilized instead of rectangular ones. The novel BRSPD is developed to prevent its web plate from stress concentration and tearing at the early stage. A basic mechanism for the novel BRSPD was proposed. Quasi‐static tests were conducted to examine the behavior of the BRSPDs. The influence of the factors, such as the configurations of the restrainers and the gap size between the restrainer and the web plate, were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the proposed octagon restrainers can effectively restrain the out‐of‐plane deformation of the web plate. The BRSPDs with the proposed restrainers presented better energy dissipation performance than both the conventional SPD and those with rectangular restraining plates. The shape and the thickness of the restrainers had significant influence on the performance of the damper, while adding grease or rubber between the restrainer and web plate had little effect. The BRSPD with no gap between the plates had the highest equivalent viscous damping ratio.
Effect of metro train on the critical driving force for preventing smoke back‐layering in tunnel fires
Authors: Wang Fei , Weng Miaocheng , Han Jiaqiang , Obadi Imad , Liu Fang
Published: October 2021

Preventing smoke back‐layering in longitudinal‐ventilated tunnels is an important topic in handling with fires safety issues. Previous studies focused on the critical velocity, while only very few of them paid attention to how to realize this parameter, that is, in a critical state, to overcome the resistance of the tunnel and the fire source to the airflow, the required driving force provided by the ventilation equipment installed in the tunnel. This study addressed this problem in the situation where the coupling effect of blockage and throttling effect was highlighted by conducting theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. The results showed that the presence of metro train blockage reduces the effective cross‐sectional area of the tunnel near the fire source and decreases the critical velocity. On the other hand, the blockage of trains also increases the resistance to the ventilation airflow and exacerbates the throttling effect, leading to the increase of the critical driving force. In such conditions, a stronger driving force to approach the critical velocity was needed. Besides, the length of train blockage was verified to exert limited influence on the value of critical velocity while it significantly affected the critical driving force. Furthermore, the calculated formula for the critical driving force was proposed with the prevention of smoke back‐layering considering the blockage effect to be emphasized.
Translocation carcinomas of the kidney
Authors: Argani Pedram
Published: October 2021

The MiT subfamily of transcription factors includes TFE3, TFEB, TFEC, and MITF. Gene fusions involving two of these transcription factors have been well‐characterized in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The TFE3‐rearranged RCC (also known as Xp11 translocation RCC) was first officially recognized in the 2004 World Health Organization (WHO) renal tumor classification. The TFEB‐rearranged RCC, which typically harbor a t(6;11)(p21;q12) translocation which results in a MALAT1‐TFEB gene fusion, were first officially recognized in the 2016 WHO renal tumor classification. These two subtypes of translocation RCC have many similarities. Both disproportionately involve young patients, although adult translocation RCC overall outnumber pediatric cases. Both often have unusual and distinctive morphologies; the TFE3‐rearranged RCCs frequently have clear cells with papillary architecture and abundant psammoma bodies, while the TFEB‐rearranged RCCs frequently have a biphasic appearance with both small and large epithelioid cells and nodules of basement membrane material. However, the morphology of these two neoplasms can overlap, with one mimicking the other or other more common renal neoplasms. Both of these RCC underexpress epithelial immunohistochemical markers, such as cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen, relative to most other RCC. Unlike other RCC, both frequently express the cysteine protease cathepsin k and often express melanocytic markers like HMB45 and Melan A. Finally, TFE3 and TFEB have overlapping functional activity as these two transcription factors frequently heterodimerize and bind to the same targets. Therefore, these two neoplasms are now grouped together under the heading of “MiT family translocation RCC.” Approximately 50 renal cell carcinomas with gene fusions involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene have now been reported. While those with a Vinculin‐ALK fusion have distinctive features (predilection to affect children with sickle cell trait and to show solid architecture with striking cytoplasmic vacuolization), other ALK‐fusion RCCs have more varied clinical presentations and pathologic features. This review summarizes our current knowledge of these recently described RCC.
Ni/CeO2 prepared by improved polyol method for DRM with highly dispersed Ni
Authors: Qin Zuzeng , Chen Liuyun , Chen Jie , Su Tongming , Ji Hongbing
Published: October 2021

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) of Ni‐based catalysts is a hot method to solve greenhouse gas problems. The improved polyol method could overcome the disadvantage of Ni agglomerate sintering by the impregnation method. In this work, Ni/CeO2 catalysts were prepared by an improved polyol method with different CeO2 support and applied for methane dry reforming, which showed excellent catalytic activity and stability. The X‐ray power diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), H2 temperature‐programmed reduction (H2‐TPR) were used to study the composition of Ni species, the Ni‐CeO2 interaction, and Ni dispersion, while textural properties, oxygen vacancy, and the behavior of CO2 adsorption and activity were research by N2 adsorption and desorption, Raman and CO2‐TPD. There in, Ni/CeO2‐R showed excellent catalytic activity (CH4 and CO2 conversion: 61.8% and 96.5%; H2/CO radio: 0.93) and remained stable after the 50‐hr stability test. Meanwhile, the formation and graphitization of deposited carbon were observed and studied by XRD, Raman, TG/DTA, and TEM, and the cause of the deactivation of the catalyst was analyzed. This work studied and demonstrated the advantages of the improved polyol method and the differences between different CeO2 supports and provided a new idea for the construction of the catalyst for methane dry reforming. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decision regret 3 and 6 months after treatment for head and neck cancer: Observational study of associations with clinicodemographics, anxiety, and quality of life
Authors: Nallani Rohit , Smith Joshua B. , Penn Joseph P. , Bur Andres M. , Kakarala Kiran , Shnayder Yelizaveta , Villwock Mark R. , Sykes Kevin J.
Published: October 2021

Background

While quality of life (QOL), psychosocial health, and adverse treatment outcomes have been studied in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients, decision regret is an important and understudied complication that can negatively impact future health care decision making.

Methods

Data collected using a HNC patient registry with questionnaires administered at initial consultation visits plus 3 and 6 months after treatment completion was retrospectively analyzed. A visual analog anxiety scale and the University of Washington Quality of Life were given at clinic visits. Decision regret was determined using a validated scale. Demographic and clinical variables were collected retrospectively and at baseline.

Results

Patients with higher anxiety and lower self‐reported QOL had higher concurrent regret at 3‐month (n = 140) and at 6‐month (n = 82) post‐treatment. Later disease stage at presentation, nonprimary surgical treatment, and lower health literacy were associated with greater regret.

Conclusions

Decision regret was highest in HNC patients with high anxiety, low QOL, and more advanced disease.
Individual‐, household‐, and community‐level factors associated with pregnant married women's discriminatory attitude towards people living withHIVinsub‐SaharanAfrica: A multicountry cross‐sectional study
Authors: Zegeye Betregiorgis , Adjei Nicholas Kofi , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku , Ameyaw Edward Kwabena , Budu Eugene , Seidu Abdul‐Aziz , Yaya Sanni
Published: October 2021

Background and Aims

Discriminatory attitude towards people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a major problem in the prevention and treatment of HIV in sub‐Sahara Africa (SSA). Understanding the multiple factors linked to discriminatory attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in SSA is necessary for developing appropriate interventions. This study aimed at investigating the individual, household, and community‐level factors associated with pregnant married women's discriminatory attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS.

Methods

We used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of 12 sub‐Saharan African countries conducted between 2015 and 2019. Data on 17 065 pregnant married women were analyzed. Bivariate (chi‐squared test) and multivariable multilevel logistic regression analyses were applied to investigate the factors associated with discriminatory attitude towards PLWHA. The results were reported as adjusted odds ratio (aOR) at 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

The mean age of participants was 31.2 ± 8.5. The prevalence of discriminatory attitude towards PLWHA was 36.2% (95% CI: 33.4%‐39.1%). Individual/household‐level factors associated with discriminatory attitude towards PLWHA were women's educational level (secondary school‐aOR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.26‐0.93), husband's educational level (higher education‐aOR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.16‐0.76), decision‐making power (yes‐aOR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.38‐0.69), wife‐beating attitude (disagreement with wife beating‐aOR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.43‐0.79), and religion (Muslim‐aOR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.22‐3.04). Community socioeconomic status (medium‐aOR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.41‐0.93) was the only community‐level factor associated with discriminatory attitude towards PLWHA.

Conclusion

More than one‐third of pregnant married women in SSA had discriminatory attitude towards PLWHA. Women's educational level, husband's educational level, decision‐making power, wife‐beating attitude, religion, and community socio‐economic status were associated with discriminatory attitude towards PLWHA. To lessen the prevalence of discriminatory attitude towards PLWHA, considering these significant factors is needed. Therefore, governments and other stakeholders in the respective countries need to increase education coverage. Moreover, empowering women through education and economy is crucial. Finally, working with religious leaders to increase awareness about HIV and discriminatory attitude towards PLWHA should also be a priority in SSA.
Can miRNAs be useful biomarkers in improving prognostic stratification in endometrial cancer patients? An update review
Authors: Ravegnini Gloria , Gorini Francesca , De Crescenzo Eugenia , De Leo Antonio , De Biase Dario , Di Stanislao Marco , Hrelia Patrizia , Angelini Sabrina , De Iaco Pierandrea , Perrone Anna Myriam
Published: October 2021

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecological cancer, with annual incidence rates in Western countries ranging between 15 and 25 per 100 000 women. About 15% to 20% of patients with EC have high‐risk disease and follow an aggressive clinical course. Unfortunately, the assessment of histologic parameters is poorly reproducible and conventional clinicopathological and molecular features do not reliably predict either the patient's response to the available treatments or the definition of personalized therapeutic approaches. In this context, the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, which can be integrated in the current classification schemes, represents an unmet clinical need and an important challenge. miRNAs are key players in cancer by regulating the expression of specific target genes. Their role in EC, in association with clinical and prognostic tumor biomarkers, has been investigated but, so far, with little consensus among the studies. The present review aims to describe the recent advances in miRNAs research in EC taking into consideration the current classification schemes and to highlight the most promising miRNAs. Finally, a perspective point of view sheds light on the challenges ahead in the landscape of EC.
Identification of lncRNA‐associated competing endogenous RNA networks for occurrence and prognosis of gastric carcinoma
Authors: Ye Lianmin , Jin Wumin
Published: October 2021

Background

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the common digestive malignancies worldwide and causes a severe public health issue. So far, the underlying mechanisms of GC are largely unclear. Thus, we aim to identify the long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA)‐associated competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for GC.

Methods

TCGA database was downloaded and used for the identification of differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs, respectively. Then, the ceRNA network was constructed via multiple online datasets and approaches. In addition, various in vitro assays were carried out to validate the effect of certain hub lncRNAs.

Results

We constructed a ceRNA network, including 76 lncRNAs, 18 miRNAs, and 159 mRNAs, which involved multiple critical pathways. Next, univariate and multivariate analysis demonstrated 11 lncRNAs, including LINC02731, MIR99AHG, INHBA‐AS1, CCDC144NL‐AS1, VLDLR‐AS1, LIFR‐AS1, A2M‐AS1, LINC01537, and LINC00702, and were associated with OS, and nine of those lncRNAs were considered as hub lncRNAs involved in the sub‐ceRNA network. The in vitro assay indicated two lncRNAs, INHBA‐AS1 and CCDC144NL‐AS1, which were positively related to the GC aggressive features, including proliferation, invasion, and migration.

Conclusions

We identified nine hub lncRNAs and the associated ceRNA network related to the prognosis of GC, and then validated two out of them as promising oncogenes in GC.
Relevance of HLA gene polymorphisms in Romanian patients with chronic renal insufficiency undergoing renal transplantation
Authors: Mărunţelu Ion , Cristea Bogdan Mihai , Omer Secil , Preda Carmen Monica , Constantinescu Ileana
Published: October 2021

Background

Chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) is a global public health problem with a high incidence in the Romanian population. In this study, we aimed to investigate genomic HLA polymorphisms in Romanian patients with CRI waiting for kidney transplantation. To determine the existence of a potential strong link between certain HLA polymorphisms and CRI, we also looked at HLA specificity combinations within the same locus or even different loci, referring to randomly inherited allelic combinations rather than potential haplotypes.

Methods

A total of 2199 patients with CRI on the kidney transplantation waiting list were included. A total of 2786 healthy individuals were included as controls. Both patients and controls were assessed for both HLA I and class II genes. HLA genes were typed using the low‐resolution method polymerase chain reaction sequence‐specific primer.

Results

Certain class I and class II HLA allele groups, genotypes and haplotypes were significantly more frequent in patients with CRI than in the control individuals (eg B* 40 (p ≤ .001, pc ≤ .001), C* 12 (p ≤ .001, pc ≤ .001), DRB1*14 (p = .0022, pc = .04), C*12,‐ (p < .001, pc < .001), A*01‐C*15 (p = .0003, pc = .03) and A*02‐C*12 (p = .0005, pc = .0486)).

Conclusions

HLA gene polymorphisms could be clinically relevant CRI‐associated genetic profiles in Romanian patients with CRI.
Psychometric properties of the DSM‐5 social anxiety disorder dimensional scale in an Australian community sample
Authors: Binasis Theodora , Groves David , Wootton Bethany M. , Moses Karen
Published: October 2021

Objective

The Social Anxiety Disorder Dimensional Scale (SAD‐D) is a 10‐item scale developed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (Fifth Edition) Anxiety, Obsessive‐Compulsive Spectrum, Posttraumatic, and Dissociative Disorder work group to supplement current dichotomous approaches to assessment of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the SAD‐D in an Australian community sample.

Methods

Two‐hundred and ninety‐one participants (72.9% female) aged 18‐76 years (M =28.46; SD = 12.30) completed the study.

Results

Confirmatory factor analysis indicated support for the unidimensional structure of the SAD‐D (root mean square error of approximation [RMSE] = 0.08; comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.97). The measure demonstrated strong internal consistency (α = 0.94), as well as good divergent validity. The SAD‐D showed excellent test‐retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.93).

Conclusions

Overall, the SAD‐D appears to be a brief and reliable measure of SAD symptomatology. Limitations, including the use of a predominantly female convenience sample, and failure to include the mental health and background of the sample, are discussed.
Fibroblast growth factor 19 as a countermeasure to muscle and locomotion dysfunctions in experimental cerebral palsy
Authors: Pereira Sabrina da Conceição , Benoit Bérengère , de Aguiar Junior Francisco Carlos Amanajás , Chanon Stéphanie , Vieille‐Marchiset Aurélie , Pesenti Sandra , Ruzzin Jérome , Vidal Hubert , Toscano Ana Elisa
Published: October 2021

Background

Cerebral palsy (CP) associates cerebral function damages with strong locomotor defects and premature sarcopenia. We previously showed that fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) exerts hypertrophic effects on skeletal muscle and improves muscle mass and strength in mouse models with muscle atrophy. Facing the lack of therapeutics to treat locomotor dysfunctions in CP, we investigated whether FGF19 treatment could have beneficial effects in an experimental rat model of CP.

Methods

Cerebral palsy was induced in male Wistar rat pups by perinatal anoxia immediately after birth and by sensorimotor restriction of hind paws maintained until Day 28. Daily subcutaneous injections with recombinant human FGF19 (0.1 mg/kg bw) were performed from Days 22 to 28. Locomotor activity and muscle strength were assessed before and after FGF19 treatment. At Day 29, motor coordination on rotarod and various musculoskeletal parameters (weight of tibia bone and of soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles; area of skeletal muscle fibres) were evaluated. In addition, expression of specific genes linked to human CP was measured in rat skeletal muscles.

Results

Compared to controls, CP rats had reduced locomotion activity (−37.8% of distance travelled, P < 0.05), motor coordination (−88.9% latency of falls on rotarod, P < 0.05) and muscle strength (−25.1%, P < 0.05). These defects were associated with reduction in soleus (−51.5%, P < 0.05) and EDL (−42.5%, P < 0.05) weight, smaller area of muscle fibres, and with lower tibia weight (−38%, P < 0.05). In muscles from rats submitted to CP, changes in the expression levels of several genes related to muscle development and neuromuscular junctions were similar to those found in wrist muscle of children with CP (increased mRNA levels of Igfbp5, Kcnn3, Gdf8, and MyH4 and decreased expression of Myog, Ucp2 and Lpl). Compared with vehicle‐treated CP rats, FGF19 administration improved locomotor activity (+53.2%, P < 0.05) and muscle strength (+25.7%, P < 0.05), and increased tibia weight (+13.8%, P < 0.05) and soleus and EDL muscle weight (+28.6% and +27.3%, respectively, P < 0.05). In addition, it reduced a number of very small fibres in both muscles (P < 0.05). Finally, gene expression analyses revealed that FGF19 might counteract the immature state of skeletal muscles induced by CP.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that pharmacological intervention with recombinant FGF19 could restore musculoskeletal and locomotor dysfunction in an experimental CP model, suggesting that FGF19 may represent a potential therapeutic strategy to combat the locomotor disorders associated with CP.
Artificial‐intelligence‐driven discovery of prognostic biomarker for sarcopenia
Authors: Chung Heewon , Jo Yunju , Ryu Dongryeol , Jeong Changwon , Choe Seong‐Kyu , Lee Jinseok
Published: October 2021

Background

Sarcopenia is defined as muscle wasting, characterized by a progressive loss of muscle mass and function due to ageing. Diagnosis of sarcopenia typically involves both muscle imaging and the physical performance of people exhibiting signs of muscle weakness. Despite its worldwide prevalence, a molecular method for accurately diagnosing sarcopenia has not been established.

Methods

We develop an artificial intelligence (AI) diagnosis model of sarcopenia using a published transcriptome dataset comprising patients from multiple ethnicities. For the AI model for sarcopenia diagnosis, we use a transcriptome database comprising 17 339 genes from 118 subjects. Among the 17 339 genes, we select 27 features as the model inputs. For feature selection, we use a random forest, extreme gradient boosting and adaptive boosting. Using the top 27 features, we propose a four‐layer deep neural network, named DSnet‐v1, for sarcopenia diagnosis.

Results

Among isolated testing datasets, DSnet‐v1 provides high sensitivity (100%), specificity (94.12%), accuracy (95.83%), balanced accuracy (97.06%) and area under receiver operating characteristics (0.99). To extend the number of patient data, we develop a web application (http://sarcopeniaAI.ml/), where the model can be accessed unrestrictedly to diagnose sarcopenia if the transcriptome is available. A focused analysis of the top 27 genes for their differential or co‐expression with other genes implied the potential existence of race‐specific factors for sarcopenia, suggesting the possibility of identifying causal factors of sarcopenia when a more extended dataset is provided.

Conclusions

Our new AI model, DSnet‐v1, accurately diagnoses sarcopenia and is currently available publicly to assist healthcare providers in diagnosing and treating sarcopenia.
Longitudinal relationship between intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps and activities of daily living in older inpatients
Authors: Akazawa Naoki , Kishi Masaki , Hino Toshikazu , Tsuji Ryota , Tamura Kimiyuki , Hioka Akemi , Moriyama Hideki
Published: October 2021

Background

The longitudinal relationship between intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps and activities of daily living (ADL) in older inpatients remains unclear. This study aimed to examine whether decrease of intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps in older inpatients is related to the recovery of ADL than increase of muscle mass.

Methods

This longitudinal study included 202 inpatients aged ≥65 years [median age: 83.0 (77.0–88.0), 56.4% female]. Recovery of ADL during hospital stay was assessed using the change in Barthel index (BI) score (i.e. BI score at discharge minus BI score at admission) and BI score at discharge. Intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle mass of the quadriceps were assessed using echo intensity and muscle thickness on ultrasound images, respectively. Higher echo intensity indicates greater intramuscular adipose tissue. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the factors independently associated with the change in BI score and BI score at discharge. Changes in quadriceps echo intensity and thickness and subcutaneous fat thickness of the thigh, quadriceps echo intensity and thickness, and subcutaneous fat thickness of the thigh at admission, age, sex, days from onset disease, BI score at admission, and disease were set as independent variables.

Results

The means of the change in quadriceps echo intensity and thickness were −2.3 ± 15.7 and 0.1 ± 0.4 cm, respectively. The median of the change in BI score was 15.0 (0.0–30.0). The quadriceps echo intensity at discharge was significantly lower than at admission (P = 0.043). The quadriceps thickness (P = 0.004) and BI score at discharge (P < 0.001) were significantly higher than those at admission. Change in quadriceps echo intensity was independently and significantly associated with the change in BI score (β = −0.25, P = 0.006) and BI score at discharge (β = −0.18, P = 0.006). In contrast, change in quadriceps thickness was not independently and significantly associated with the change in BI score (β = 0.09, P = 0.244) and BI score at discharge (β = 0.06, P = 0.244).

Conclusions

Our study indicates that a decrease of intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps is related to the recovery of ADL than an increase of muscle mass in older inpatients. Intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps in older inpatients is considered to be a predictor for the recovery of ADL, and intervening for intramuscular adipose tissue may be important for improving ADL in older inpatients.
A review of zeolite materials used in membranes for water purification: history, applications, challenges and future trends
Authors: Mahdavi Far Rana , Van der Bruggen Bart , Verliefde Arne , Cornelissen Emile
Published: October 2021

This review provides a fundamental assessment of the potential of zeolite particles incorporated into polymeric membranes in view of improving the performance of these membranes. Zeolites are of interest as having extensive potential in separation processes due to their unique frameworks and properties. Significant investigations have been carried out to improve conventional membrane properties by the inclusion of zeolites. Zeolite membranes can be classified into three categories: (i) self‐supported zeolite membranes, (ii) inorganic‐supported zeolite membranes and (iii) zeolites mixed into a polymeric membrane matrix or top layer. The focus of this review is on nanosized zeolite particles incorporated into the polymeric structure of membranes, with specific attention to a polyamide layer used in pressure‐driven membrane processes such as reverse osmosis. The incorporation of inorganic zeolite particles in the polymer matrix enhances the permeability without decreasing the selectivity, and increases the mechanical strength in a harsh environment and fouling and chlorine resistance of the membranes. Agglomeration of nanosized zeolites and defect formation are highlighted as the main obstacles to the fabrication of large‐scale high‐performance zeolite membranes in order to identify strategies to solve these issues. Among the different strategies, adding a crosslinking agent to the interfacial polymerization process might be a promising method for fabricating homogeneous zeolite–polymer composite membranes with excellent performance. This paper provides a better understanding of the knowledge acquired in the development of polymer‐based zeolite nanocomposite membranes and gives perspectives for future research. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Adaptive replanning using cone beam CT for deformation of original CT simulation
Authors: Bojechko Casey , Hua Patricia , Sumner Whitney , Guram Kripa , Atwood Todd , Sharabi Andrew
Published: October 2021

Background

During a course of radiation therapy, anatomical changes such as a decrease in tumour size or weight loss can trigger the need for repeating a computed tomography (CT) simulation scan in order to generate a new treatment plan. This adaptive approach requires a separate appointment for an additional CT scan which generates additional burden, cost, and radiation exposure for patients.

Case Presentation

Here, we present a case of a head and neck cancer patient who required palliative radiation for a large neck mass. During treatment, he had a remarkable response which required a replan due to rapid tumour downsizing. In this case, we used a novel technique to avoid repeating the planning CT simulation by using a mid‐treatment high‐quality cone beam CT (CBCT) to deform the secondary image (plan CT) of the original planning CT and generate a new adapted treatment plan.

Conclusion

This is the first report to our knowledge using a Halcyon CBCT to deform the original planning CT in order to generate a new radiation treatment plan, and this novel technique represents a new potential method of adaptive replanning for select patients.
Evaluation of glove type on survival and transfer of Escherichia coli in model systems and during hand harvesting of lettuce
Authors: Zhao Irene Y. , Jung Jiin , Moyne Anne‐laure , Schaffner Donald W. , Harris Linda J.
Published: October 2021

Background

Both reusable and single‐use gloves can be employed during hand harvesting of lettuce and leafy greens. The impact of glove type on survival and transfer of Escherichia coli was evaluated using agar or lettuce in a laboratory setting and during simulated lettuce harvesting in the field.

Results

Textured and smooth reusable latex and smooth disposable latex gloves inoculated with E. coli were sequentially touched to 10 or 20 agar plates or 20 lettuce leaves (n = 6; laboratory) or used to sequentially harvest 20 heads of lettuce (n = 6; field). E. coli was recovered by enrichment from significantly fewer leaves (46%; 55 of 120) or heads (26%; 31 of 120) of lettuce when inoculated reusable textured gloves were used compared with disposable gloves (leaves: 98%; 118 of 120, or heads: 74%; 89 of 120). In contrast, when a single head of lettuce was the point source for glove contamination, there was no significant difference in the number of E. coli‐positive lettuce heads harvested with reusable textured (71%; 85 of 120) or disposable gloves (75%; 90 of 120). In either field‐contamination scenario, at the 20th head of lettuce harvested with a single glove (final sample point), E. coli was recovered from one to five of six lettuce heads across experimental trials.

Conclusion

Contamination of a glove from a single point source can lead to subsequent contamination of multiple heads of lettuce during hand harvesting, showing the importance of policies to manage hand hygiene and glove use for harvest crews.
Reducing extreme weather impacts in greenhouses: the effect of a new passive climate control system on nutritional quality of pepper fruits
Authors: Piñero María Carmen , Lorenzo Pilar , Sánchez‐Guerrero María‐Cruz , Medrano Evangelina , López‐Marín Josefa , del Amor Francisco M
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Environmental conditions affect the quality of the fruits and their organoleptic properties. In low‐tech greenhouses, these environmental conditions are frequently not optimal for crops. Therefore, the present study demonstrates the effects of the use of an integrated passive heating and cooling system in a greenhouse located in the Mediterranean area on the quality of pepper fruits.

RESULTS

The results indicate that the passive system utilized (i) improved many parameters, such as average weight of fruits, °Brix, glucose and fructose content, and P and K content; (ii) increased the values of b* and hab*; and (iii) reduced total phenolic compounds, total amino acids content, and Fe and Zn content. However, the degree of the effect of the climatic factors on these parameters was also affected by harvest time.

CONCLUSION

This novel study highlights the possibility of improving the nutritional quality of pepper fruits by modifying the environmental conditions through the use of passive heating and cooling systems at the same time as reducing the carbon footprint. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Pulsed pressure: Fluctuating impacts of multifactorial environmental change on a temperate macroalgal community
Authors: Wahl Martin , Barboza Francisco R. , Buchholz Björn , Dobretsov Sergey , Guy‐Haim Tamar , Rilov Gil , Schuett Renate , Wolf Fabian , Vajedsamiei Jahangir , Yazdanpanah Maryam , Pansch Christian
Published: October 2021

Global change impacts marine organisms and communities mainly through ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and changes in nutrient inputs and water circulation. To assess the ecological impacts of global change, the effects of multiple interacting environmental drivers, including their fluctuations, should be tested at different levels of biological organization. In an outdoor mesocosm study, we investigated the differential effects of three simulated upwelling events coupled with ocean warming (1–5°C above ambient) on a temperate benthic community in the Western Baltic Sea. Ocean warming, especially in summer when temperatures are close to or above the physiological optimum of many species, is likely to impose thermal stress with species‐specific impacts. As the properties of deep water vary seasonally, so will the effects of upwelling. Upwelling of cooler deep water in midsummer may alleviate thermal stress, although this mitigation may be modulated by upwelling‐associated shifts in other water‐quality parameters such as salinity, nutrients, or late‐summer hypoxia. This investigation showed that in the Western Baltic Ocean warming was rather beneficial in early and late summer but detrimental when ambient temperatures were highest in midsummer. The effects of upwelling in the absence of ocean warming were generally weakly beneficial, while this effect tended to vanish with intensifying imposed ocean warming. Hypoxia associated with the late summer upwelling impacted some of the grazer species but did not impact the macroalgae. We conclude that in coastal temperate benthic communities, ocean warming is the predominant stressor that may partially and seasonally be buffered by upwelling.
Calibrating the triple oxygen isotope signature of cultured diatoms
Authors: Liljestrand Frasier L. , Hania Anxhela , Giordano Mario , Johnston David T.
Published: October 2021

The 18O/16O of precipitated silica in natural environments is posited to record the temperature of the ambient environment. Measurements of 17O/16O in silica (SiO2), when paired with 18O/16O, provide an opportunity to further constrain the environmental conditions at the time of mineral precipitation and ripening. On Cenozoic timescales, siliceous frustule precipitation by diatoms has served as the primary sink of silica from the ocean. Frustule precipitation is a biologically catalyzed process from an ocean undersaturated in SiO2. Here, we measure the 17O/16O and 18O/16O in diatom frustules from semicontinuous cultures with two different diatom species and across a range of growth rates and temperatures. To further enable these measurements, we developed a laser fluorination method to reproducibly measure the triple oxygen isotope composition of silica frustules. While the δ13C of the organic matter scaled predictably with growth rate, neither the δ18O or Δ′17O of the frustule silica varied significantly with respect to variations in growth rate or species. Temperature, however, does carry a control on the product δ18O composition. Conversely, the measured Δ′17O compositions were systematically negative with respect to the corresponding theoretical equilibrium isotope prediction, consistent with other empirical work on the SiO2 system and only weakly temperature‐dependent. This isotopic offset may be caused by the silica concentrating mechanisms diatoms use to precipitate their frustules. These results are consistent with literature arguments regarding the utility of diatom δ18O in reconstructing temperature, but suggest that Δ′17O may not be a suitable temperature proxy for diatomaceous sediment.
Review of Anisotropic 2D Materials: Controlled Growth, Optical Anisotropy Modulation, and Photonic Applications
Authors: Li Xu , Liu Haiyang , Ke Congming , Tang Weiqing , Liu Mengyu , Huang Feihong , Wu Yaping , Wu Zhiming , Kang Junyong
Published: October 2021

Anisotropic 2D materials are promising building blocks for future photonic and optoelectronic devices due to their low structural symmetry and in‐plane optical anisotropy. This review systematically summarizes the crystalline structure, growth dynamics, optical anisotropy and their modulation strategies, and the corresponding photonic applications for emerging anisotropic 2D materials. First, the physical properties and crystalline structures of typical anisotropic 2D materials are briefly introduced. After that, special attention is paid to the growth mechanism of low‐symmetry lattices, where the competition between different growth modes determines the crystal morphologies. Then, the physical principles of anisotropic optical absorption, photoluminescence, Raman scattering, photodetection, and nonlinear response are discussed based on recent scientific advances. The discussion on the techniques to modify the intrinsic in‐plane anisotropy, along with the possibility of introducing optical anisotropy to the isotropic materials, add a new degree of freedom to the control over their optical properties. The review of application prospects also helps bridge the gap between the scientific exploration of novel anisotropic materials and the development of polarization‐sensitive photonic devices. The discussions in this review will push forward the scientific frontier in the crystalline growth and anisotropy control of anisotropic 2D materials.