bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acroriellus, a new weevil genus of northern Andean Listroderina (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: MORRONE JUAN J. , OCAMPO FEDERICO
Published: July 2005

Acroriellus gen. n. is endemic to higher elevations of the northern Andes, and is recognized by the following characters: elytra with three tubercles on interval 3, one of them conical; the presence of a declivital tubercle on interval 2; and the anteapical tubercle absent. Diagnoses, descriptions and illustrations of the genus and six new species are given, type localities are mapped, and a key to species is presented. A cladistic analysis using 13 characters of external morphology and genitalia produced three cladograms; successive weighting resulted in a single cladogram. Species follow the sequence A. vittetae, A. carinatus, A. tuberculosus, A. bobi, A. similaris, and A. viridisquamosus. The cladistic biogeographic analysis of Acroriellus, Acroriellus Kirsch, Macrostyphlus Kirsch, and Nacodius Morrone indicates the following sequence of area‐fragmentation: ([Venezuela (Colombia, northern Ecuador)], [southern Ecuador (northwestern Peru, southern Peru)]).
New deep‐sea Nematoda (Enoplida, Thoracostomopsidae, Oncholaimidae, Enchelidiidae) from a manganese nodule area of the eastern South Pacific*
Authors: BUSSAU CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2005

Five new nematode species are described from a mangancsc nodule area of the abyssal eastern South Pacific: Enoploides tyrannis sp. n., Paramesacanthion abyssorum sp. n., P. forcepssp. n. (all three Thoracostomopsidae), Phylloncholaimus immanis gen. et sp. n. (Oncholaimidac), and Eurystomina absoluta sp. n. (Enchelidiidae). They are characterized by large size (body length 5000–23000 μm), short tails (c = 17–33), and strongly cuticularizcd, barrel‐shaped buccal cavities with large teeth. With the exception of one male of E. tyrannis from the surface of a manganese nodule, all other specimens were found in the sediment. The new species are sporadic in distribution and represented by few individuals.
Two new species of Epirodrilus (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae) from Lake Nyasa and Tanganyika (East Africa), with redescriptions of E. slovenicus and E. michaelseni
Authors: MARTIN PATRICK , GIANI NARCISSE
Published: July 2005

Recent interest in the ancient African rift lakes has led t o the discovery of two new species of Epirodrilus. These species (Epirodrilus mammosus sp. n. and Epirodrilus tanganyikue sp. n.) arc characterized a.o. by their small sizes, the absence of hair and pectinate setae and the presence of modified penial setae. They form a taxonomically logical and consistent group with Epirodrilus antipodum, known from another ancient lake (Take Titicaca). New material of Epirodrilus slovenieus and Epirodrilus michuelseni enables us to complete the description of these species and to update the knowledge on taxonomy and geographical distribution of the genus. The discovery of true spermatozeugmata in E. michaelseni might eventually necessitate ii partial redefinition of the Rhyacodrilinae.
Sperm ultrastructure in the marine bivalve families Carditidae and Crassatellidae and its bearing on unification of the Crassatelloidea with the Carditoidea
Authors: HEALY JOHN M.
Published: July 2005

An investigation of sperm ultrastructure in representatives of the marine bivalve families Carditidae (Carditoidea) and Crassatellidae (Crassatelloidea) reveals features o f taxonomic significance. Spermatozoa ofCardita muricata(Carditidae) andEucrassatella cumingii, E. kingicola, Talabrica aurora(Crassatellidae) differ from the classic aquasperm type in having an elongate acrosomal vesicle and elongate nucleus. In addition, the midpiece region in these species is composed of a distinctive, and here considered t o be apomorphic. arrangement of 8 (rarely 7 or 9), tightly abutted mitochondria grouped around ii dense rod which is continuous with the distal centriole (basal body). A recognizable (i.e. triplet‐substructure) proximal centriole is therefore absent in mature spermatozoa of crassatellids and carditids. This situation contrasts with the presence of an unmodified proximal centriole in the spermatozoa o f all other investigated bivalves. Observations on crassatellid and carditid spermatids indicate that the dense r o d is derived through metamorphosis of the proximal centriole. The shared and highly characteristic midpiece features of spermatozoa of the Crassatellidae and Carditidae clearly indicate ii close relationship between these families and support the unification of the Crassatelloidea and Carditoidea into a single superfamily Carditoidea Fleming. 1820 (date priority over Crassatelloidea Férussac. 1822).
A revision of the Siphonocryptidae (Diplopoda, Polyzoniida)
Authors: ENGHOFF HENRIK , GOLOVATCH SERGEI I.
Published: July 2005

Siphonocryptus compactusPocock, 1894 (Sumatra), is redescribed from type and fresh material.Siphonocryptus latiorsp. n. (Malaya) is described.Hirudicryptusgen. n. (monotypic) is erected, type‐speciesSiphonocryptus canariensisLoksa, 1967 (Canary Islands, Madeira). Arguments for monophyly of Siphonocryptidae (=Siphonocryptus + Hirudicryptus) and for a sister‐group relationship between Siphonocryptidae and all other Polyzoniida arc presented. The strongly disjunct distribution area of the family is compared with other disjunct distributions involving the Canary Islands and Madeira.
Taxonomy of European species of Cassagnaudiella and Bourletiella (Collembola, Symphypleona, Bourletiellidae)
Authors: NAYROLLES PIERRE
Published: July 2005

The taxonomy of the European members of Cassagnaudiella and Bourletiella (Collembola, Symphypleona, Bourletiellidae) is reviewed. The subgenus Cassagnaudiella Ellis, 197.5 is raised to generic rank with a new definition. Specimens earlier considered to represent a transformed form of Bourletiella radula Gisin, 1946 are referred to Cassagnaudiella, and the application of ‘phenotypic neutralization’ within the group is Considered erroneous. Four Bourletiella species and six Cassagnaudiella species are described, five of the latter which are new: C. cœnigouensis sp. n., C. luteovernalis sp. n., C. cadiensis sp. n., C. canigouensis sp. n., and C. trichroma sp. n., A key to species is provided.
The articulation of annelids
Authors: ROUSE GREG W. , FAUCHALD KRISTIAN
Published: July 2005

The aim of this paper is to assess the monophyly of the Annelida. Also, recent cladistic analyses of metazoan taxa, using a variety of data, have shown incongruities with regards to annelids and associated taxa that should be resolved. The Platyhelminthes is selected as the taxon to root our minimal length trees and polarise our characters in a parsimony analysis; ingroup taxa being Mollusca, Nemertea, Sipuncula, Echiura, Pogonophora, Vestimentifera, Euarthropoda, Onycho‐phora, and the groups most commonly regarded as true ‘annelids’, the Clitellata and Polychaeta. We use 13 characters and a total of 33 states. This results in 18 minimal length trees of 23 steps. The consensus tree has the topology (Platyhelminthes (Nemertea (Sipuncula Mollusca (Echiura (Polychaeta (Vestimcntifera Pogonophora) Clitellata (Euarthropoda Onychophora)))))). The name Articulata is applied to the Clitellata, Euarthropoda, Onychophora, Pogonophora, Polychaeta, and Vestimentifera. The Vestimentifera is the sister group to, or more likely a clade within, the frenulate pogonophores, and the name Pogonophora is retained for this group. In half of the 18 minimal length trees, the traditionally formulated Annelida, i.e. Polychaeta and Clitellata, is paraphyletic if the Pogonophora are excluded. In the remaining minimal length trees, a monophyletic Annelida cannot be formulated. The name Annelida should not be used unless relationships within the Articulata are resolved to show it is a monophyletic taxon. The taxon name Articulata, originally formulated to include the Annelida and Arthropoda by Cuvier, is defined as the clade stemming from the first ancestor to show repetition of homologous body structures derived by teloblastic growth with a pygidial growth zone (segmentation) and longitudinal muscles broken into bands. The Articulata is considered, on current evidence, to consist of four monophyletic groups; the Arthropoda, Clitellata, Polychaeta, and Pogonophora, though the latter group may be a clade of polychaetes. If this is shown, the Pogonophora should revert to the original family name Lamellisabellidae Uschakov, 1933. An indented classification reflective of the cladistic pattern is provided. Other recent hypotheses about metazoan systematics arc analysed.
Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Protocardiinae, Laevicardiinae, Lahilliinae, Tulongocardiinae subfam. n. and Pleuriocardiinae subfam. n.
Authors: SCHNEIDER JAY A.
Published: July 2005

In a preliminary cladistic analysis of the bivalve family Cardiidae (Schneider 1992), members of the subfamilies Protocardiinae, Lahilliinae, and Laevicardiinae, plus the genusNemocardium, were found to be the least derived taxa of cardiids. A cladistic analysis is undertaken of the genera and subgenera of these cardiid taxa, plus several Mesozoic taxa which have never been assigned to any subfamily. The Late TriassicTulongocardium, which is placed in Tulongocardiinae subfam. n., is the sister taxon to all other cardiids. Protocardiinae is restricted to the genusProtocardia.Most other Mesozoic taxa which have been placed in the Protocardiinae are found to be members of the Lahilliinae.Nemocardiumis placed in the Laevicardiinae.Incacardium, Pleuriocardia, andDochmocardiaform a monophyletic group, Pleuriocardiinae subfam. n. Pleuriocardiinae, Laevicardiinae, and the remaining members of the Cardiidae (herein informally termed “cucardiids”) form a monophyletic group.
Phylogenetic analysis of the Pinnotheridae (Crustacea, Brachyura) based on larval morphology, with emphasis on the Dissodactylus species complex
Authors: MARQUES FERNANDO , POHLE GERHARD
Published: July 2005

Comparative larval morphology was used to elucidate phylogenetic relationships within the Pinnotheridae and the Dissodactylus species complex. Within the family, seven zoeal and six megalopal characters suggested two equally parsimonious phylogenetic hypotheses for pinnotherid larvae, both with Ostracotheres tridacnae representing the sister group for the Dissodactylus complex. Results indicated that the genus Pinnotheres is a polyphyletic taxon, and that the traditional subfamilial arrangement comprises paraphyletic taxa within the subfamilies Pinnotherinae and Pinnothereliinae. Certain evidence has suggested that Fabia and Juxtafubia should be excluded from the Pinnotherinae and placed into the Pinnothereliinae. Larval and adult morphology suggested that Pinnotheres politus should be included within Tumidotheres. The phylogenetic analysis within the Dissodactylus complex involved one zoeal and 16 megalopal characters. Results suggested a single phylogenetic hypothesis based on larval morphology. Combining adult morphology with larval evidence resulted in two equally parsimonious phylogenetic hypotheses, one of which agreed with a previously suggested hypothesis based only on adult characters.
Three new species of Loxosoma (Entoprocta) from Phuket, Thailand, with a review of the genus
Authors: NIELSEN CLAUS
Published: July 2005

Three new species of Loxosoma are described, L. nung and L. song, on the polychaete Pectinaria brevispinis from the reef flat in front of Phuket Marine Biological Center, and L. sum on the polychaete Axiothella obockiensis from a sand flat at Nai Yang Beach, Phuket Island. The genus Loxosoma is briefly reviewed. Species originally referred to Loxosoma but now transferred to Loxosomella are listed; insufficiently characterized species probably belonging to Loxosomella are listed as well. The monospecific genus Loxostemma is synonymized with Loxosoma. The subgenus name Loxosomina is proposed to replace the junior homonym Loxomorpha.
Cyathidium plantei sp. n., an extant cyrtocrinid (Echinodermata, Crinoidea)—morphologically identical to the fossil Cyathidium depressum (Cretaceous, Cenomanian)
Authors: HEINZELLER THOMAS , FRICKE HANS , BOURSEAU JEAN‐PAUL , AMEZIANE‐COMINARDI NADIA , WELSCH ULRICH
Published: July 2005

A new species of the holopodid genus Cyathidium was found on rocks off Grande Comore in a depth of around 200 m. Based on external morphology of resting animals, the new species Cyathidium plantei sp. n is described, with emphasis on comparison to the only other extant species (C. foresti) as well as to the four extinct representatives of the genus. Concerning morphological characters, the new species is almost identical to the Cretaceous C. depressum. A cladistic analysis of the entire family, including the genus Holopus, shares a peculiar pattern of bending of the arms, which in principle is an apomorphic character of the family and in detail shows variations within the family. In addition, stratigraphic data are used for the determination of the evolutionary direction. This analysis reveals that the two recent species are closely related to each other, and to the fossil C. depressum. from which the entire family is probably derived.
The agelenid funnel‐weaver family and the spider genusCedicusin Israel (Araneae, Agelenidae and Cybaeidae)
Authors: LEVY GERSHOM
Published: July 2005

The funnel‐weaver spiders of the family Agelenidae in Israel are revised along with spiders of the excluded genusCedicus, here placed in the Cybaeidae. Although the webs are conspicuous and abundant only very few members of these families have been reported thus far from the East Mediterranean fauna. Altogether 19 species of agelenids are described with detailed diagnostic illustrations, including eight new records and six species new to science. With the biological and zoogeographical information revised and all type and non‐type material pertinent to the fauna reexamined, the occurrence ofLycosoidesandMaimunain the Middle East has been verified whileTextrixis absent.Agelenais represented only by a single species. Two Mediterranean species are newly placed inBenoitia, and a new genusAgelescapehas been erected to accommodate three species.Tegenariaproves to be the largest indigenous genus and includes some of the long‐legged spiders in Israel. The relationships ofCedicusand its two species in Israel are addressed. The new species described are:Agelescape gideoni, Maimuna carmelica, M. meronis, Tegenaria mediterranea, T. epacris, T. angustipalpis and Cedicus israeliensis.
RAPD problems in phylogenetics
Authors: LANDRY PIERRE‐ALEXANDRE , LAPOINTE FRANÇOIS‐JOSEPH
Published: July 2005

This paper is intended to clarify some of the questions related with the application of RAPD for phylogenetic reconstruction purposes. Using different specimens of mammals selected across various taxonomic levels, we assessed the validity of RAPD to recover a known phylogeny, using four distance coefficients (simple matching, Russell & Rao, Jaccard, and Dice). We assessed the minimum number of primers required in the computations to obtain stable results in terms of distance estimates and/or topologies of the derived trees. These results based on distance methods were compared with those obtained with parsimony analyses of RAPD markers. Both approaches have shown to be equally problematic for comparing taxa above the family level. On the basis of these comparisons among various indices and methods, we recommend the use of Jaccard or Dice coefficients, with no less than twelve primers. We also suggest validation of any phylogeny based on RAPD data with a resampling procedure (i.e. the bootstrap or the jackknife) before any sound conclusion can be drawn.
External morphology of the male of Cyclestheria hislopi (Baird, 1859) (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Spinicaudata), with a comparison of male claspers among the Conchostraca and Cladocera and its bearing on phylogeny of the ‘bivalved’ Branchiopoda
Authors: OLESEN JØRGEN , MARTIN JOEL W. , ROESSLER EWALD W.
Published: July 2005

The adult male of Cyclestheria hislopi, sole member of the spinicaudate conchostracan clam shrimp family Cyclestheriidae and a species of potential phylogenetic importance, is described for the first time. Several previously unknown features are revealed. Among these are (1) the morphology of the dorsal organ, which is roughly similar in shape to the supposedly homologous structure in other clam shrimps but bears a relatively large, centrally located pore unique to the species; (2) an anterior cuticular pore presumably leading to the ‘internal’ space surrounding the compound eyes, and thereby homologous to the same pore in other clam shrimps and in the Notostraca; (3) the spination and setation of the antennae and thoracopods, and (4) the mature male first thoracopods (claspers). The male claspers are paired and essentially equal in size and shape on right and left sides of the body. The second pair of thoracopods are not modified as claspers, a situation different from all other spinicaudate families but shared (plesiomorphic we propose) with the laevicaudatans and most cladocerans. The claspers bear a field of special spine‐like setae on the extremity of the ‘palm’; this setal type, previously unrecognized, is unique to Cyclestheria. The palm of the clasper also bears two palps (one very small), as in other conchostracan species (both laevicaudatans and spinicaudatans). The movable finger of the clasper, modified from the thoracopod endopod, bears a row of long setae along its outer extremity, also unique. Cyclestheria exhibits a mixture of characters, some unique and others typical of the Spinicaudata (Conchostraca). Cladoceran clasper types are briefly reviewed. as are the claspers in the Spinicaudata and Laevicaudata (Conchostraca). Morphology of the clasper of Cyclestheria shows typical spinicaudate characters. It is suggested that claspers on the first thoracopods may be a synapomorphy for the Conchostraca and the Cladocera. The possible role of Cyclestheria or a Cyclestheria‐like ancestor in cladoceran phylogeny is briefly discussed in light of recent suggestions (Martin and Cash‐Clark, 1995) of cladoceran monophyly and possible ancestral relationships with this genus. Some possibilities concerning the phylogenetic position of Cyclestheria–either as a sister group to the rest of the Spinicaudata or as a sister group to the Cladocera—are discussed.
The phylogeny and classification of Scaphopoda (Mollusca): an assessment of current resolution and cladistic reanalysis
Authors: REYNOLDS PATRICK D.
Published: July 2005

The first cladistic analysis of phylogeny in the class Scaphopoda (Steiner 1992a,1996) examined relationships among family and selected sub‐family taxa using morphological data. A preferred/ consensus tree of relationships illustrated monophyly of the orders Dentaliida and Gadilida, partial resolution among dentaliid families, and complete resolution among gadilid taxa. However, several alternative replications of the analysis, including use of a revised data matrix, did not produce the reported tree number or level of resolution; in all cases, monophyly of the Dentaliida was not supported by strict consensus of resultant parsimonious trees. Reanalysis, using unordered characters and outgroup rooting, only clearly resolves monophyly of the Gadilida and the sister relationship of the Entalinidae with the remaining gadilid families. These analyses emphasize the need for more comparative data and thorough parsimony analysis in scaphopod cladistic phylogenetics, as relationships in this class are still some way from resolution.
Comparative morphology of the venom gland and reservoir in opiine and alysiine braconid wasps (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
Authors: QUICKE DONALD L. J. , VAN ACHTERBERG KEES , GODFRAY H. CHARLES J.
Published: July 2005

Detailed venom reservoir and venom gland intima morphology was investigated in representatives of 178 species and 76 genera of Braconidae belonging to the subfamilies Opiinae (23 genera and 69 species) and Alysiinae (36 genera and 67 species of Alysiini, and 17 genera and 42 species of Dacnusini). The presence of an unsculptured sack–like expansion of the anterior end of the reservoir suggests a relationship between some members of the alysiine tribe Dacnusini, viz. Exotela and Chorebus, and the genera Oenonogaster and Glyphogaster, both of which are currently placed in the Alysiini. The same feature also suggests that Exotela, Chorebus, Oenonogaster and Glyphogaster may be derived from the Opiinae separately from other Alysiinae. Other dacnusines examined are indicated as forming a monophyletic taxon on the basis of their reduced and narrow reservoirs. An anterior insertion of the venom glands on to the reservoir generally supports the Phaenocarpa group of alysiine genera, with some modification, whereas the presence of a discrete, narrow posterior extension of the reservoir represents a synapomorphy for members of the Aspilota group of alysiine genera. The phylogenetic inferences from this venom apparatus study are discussed in the light of the biology of the taxa concerned. Twenty‐one new combinations are made in the Opiinae and seven in the Alysiinae.
Polychaete systematics: Past and present
Authors: FAUCHALD KRISTIAN , ROUSE GREG
Published: July 2005

In this paper, we first demonstrate the historical background for the current unsatisfactory state of systematics of the polychaetes. We then briefly discuss our knowledge of internal and external structures. A review of the polychaete families makes up the third section; 81 families are treated in detail. Five families have been recently synonymized with others, and six families are too poorly known to be sufficiently characterized. Fossil polychaetes are briefly mentioned, with specific attention to problems associated with incorporating them in recent systematics.

The traditional separation in ‘errant’ and ‘sedentary’ polychaetes has increasingly become recognized as being unsatisfactory; however, the current trend towards grouping the polychaetes in many orders without specifying the relationships among the orders, is no more satisfactory. The lack of consistent morphological information is a major source of uncertainty. Intensive morphological studies should remove terminological ambiguities and alleviate some of the problems.
Cladistics and polychaetes
Authors: ROUSE G. W. , FAUCHALD K.
Published: July 2005

A series of cladistic analyses assesses the status and membership of the taxon Polychaeta. The available literature, and a review by Fauchald & Rouse (1997), on the 80 accepted families of the Polychaeta are used to develop characters and data matrices. As well as the polychaete families, non‐polychaete taxa, such as the Echiura, Euarthropoda, Onychophora, Pogonophora (as Frenulata and Vestimentifera), Clitellata, Aeolosomatidae and Potamodrilidae, are included in the analyses. All trees are rooted using the Sipuncula as outgroup. Characters are based on features (where present) such as the prostomium, peristomium, antennae, palps, nuchal organs, parapodia, stomodaeum, segmental organ structure and distribution, circulation and chaetae. A number of analyses are performed, involving different ways of coding and weighting the characters, as well as the number of taxa included. Transformation series are provided for several of these analyses. One of the analyses is chosen to provide a new classification. The Annelida is found to be monophyletic, though weakly supported, and comprises the Clitellata and Polychaeta. The Polychaeta is monophyletic only if taxa such as the Pogonophora, Aeolosomatidae and Potamodrilidae are included and is also weakly supported. The Pogonophora is reduced to the rank of family within the Polychaeta and reverts to the name Siboglinidae Caullery, 1914. The new classification does not use Linnaean categories, and the Polychaeta comprises two clades, the Scolecida and Palpata. The Palpata has the clades Aciculata and Canalipalpata. The Aciculata contains the Phyllodocida and Eunicida. The Canalipalpata has three clades; the Sabellida (including the Siboglinidae) Spionida and Terebellida. The position of a number of families requires further investigation.
The future of phylogeny reconstruction
Authors: FARRIS JAMES S.
Published: July 2005

A new approach to phylogenetic analysis, parsimony jackknifing, uses simple parsimony calculations combined with resampling of characters to arrive at a tree comprising well‐supported groups. This is usually much the same as the consensus of most‐parsimonious trees found from extensive multiple‐tree calculations, but the new method is thousands of times faster, allowing analysis of much larger data matrices, and also provides information on the strength of support for different groups. Jackknife frequencies provide a more reliable assessment of support than do alternative methods, notably “confidence probability” (CP) and T‐PTP testing.
Phylogenetic approaches in coevolution and biogeography
Authors: RONQUIST FREDRIK
Published: July 2005

I review phylogenetic approaches to problems in coevolution and biogeography, illustrating with case studies. In coevolution, genealogical trees are essential in differentiating between ancient and recent associations, in identifying cospeciation events, and in studying host‐switching patterns. Cospeciating associations are of particular interest because they allow powerful tests of molecular clocks and accurate comparison of evolutionary rates across groups of organisms. In biogeography, phylogenies can help reconstruct the distribution history of individual groups and identify past geological events that have affected the evolution of entire communities. Parsimony analysis in coevolution and biogeography should be based on identification of different types of events, each of which is associated with a specific cost. Similar event‐based methods are applicable to coevolutionary and biogeographic inference, as well as in the mapping of gene trees onto organism trees. The discussed examples span a variety of organisms and spatiotemporal scales: primate pin worms, HIV, pocket gophers and their lice, aphids and their bacterial symbionts, gall wasps and their host plants, the root of the tree of life, the historical biogeography of the Holarctic, and the geographical origin of our own species.
Population thinking and tree thinking in systematics
Authors: O'HARA ROBERT J.
Published: July 2005

Two new modes of thinking have spread through systematics in the twentieth century. Both have deep historical roots, but they have been widely accepted only during this century. Population thinking overtook the field in the early part of the century, culminating in the full development of population systematics in the 1930s and 1940s, and the subsequent growth of the entire field of population biology. Population thinking rejects the idea that each species has a natural type (as the earlier essentialist view had assumed), and instead sees every species as a varying population of interbreeding individuals. Tree thinking has spread through the field since the 1960s with the development of phylogenetic systematics. Tree thinking recognizes that species are not independent replicates within a class (as earlier group thinkers had tended to see them), but are instead inter‐connected parts of an evolutionary tree. It lays emphasis on the explanation of evolutionary events in the context of a tree, rather than on the states exhibited by collections of species, and it sees evolutionary history as a story of divergence rather than a story of development. Just as population thinking gave rise to the new field of population biology, so tree thinking is giving rise to the new field of phylogenetic biology.
Inferring evolutionary processes from phylogenies
Authors: PAGEL MARK
Published: July 2005

Evolutionary processes shape the regular trends of evolution and are responsible for the diversity and distribution of contemporary species. They include correlated evolutionary change and trajectories of trait evolution, convergent and parallel evolution, differential rates of evolution, speciation and extinction, the order and direction of change in characters, and the nature of the evolutionary process itself—does change accumulate gradually, episodically, or in punctuational bursts. Phylogenies, in combination with information on species, contain the imprint of these historical evolutionary processes. By applying comparative methods based upon statistical models of evolution to well resolved phylogenies, it is possible to infer the historical evolutionary processes that must have existed in the past, given the patterns of diversity seen in the present. I describe a set of maximum likelihood statistical methods for inferring such processes. The methods estimate parameters of statistical models for inferring correlated evolutionary change in continuously varying characters, for detecting correlated evolution in discrete characters, for estimating rates of evolution, and for investigating the nature of the evolutionary process itself. They also anticipate the wealth of information becoming available to biological scientists from genetic studies that pin down relationships among organisms with unprecedented accuracy.
The Diopatra chiliensis confusion—redescription of D. chiliensis (Polychaeta, Onuphidae) and implicated species
Authors: PAXTON HANNELORE
Published: July 2005

Diopatra chiliensis Quatrefages, 1865 is redescribed based on the presumed holotype and numerous specimens from Coronel, Chile north to Callao, Peru. The species displays a high degree of variability with respect to prostomial appendages, parapodial structures and setae. Diopatra rhizoicola Hartmann‐Schroder, 1960 and D. heterodentata Hartmann‐Schröder, 1965 from Peru and Chile are considered junior synonyms of D. chiliensis. All available specimens of previous records of D. chiliensis have been re‐examined, most of which are referred to the following species: D. gesae, sp. n., D. kristiani, sp. n., D. obliqua Hartman, 1944 D. rhizophorae Grube, 1856, and D. sugokai Izuka, 1907. Diopatra bilobata Imajima, 1967 was found to be a junior synonym of D. sugokai, widely distributed Indo‐Pacific species. The six species are described and illustrated, and their characteristics are compared in tabular form. A revised onuphid terminology of prostomial and parapodial features is also provided.
Description of Nanothinophilus gen. n. from mangroves in South Thailand with a revision of Paralleloneurum Becker (Insecta, Diptera, Dolichopodidae)
Authors: GROOTAERT PATRICK , MEUFFELS HENK J. G.
Published: July 2005

The new genus Nanothinophilus is established based on three new species: N. armatus sp. n., type species, N. pauperculus sp. n. and N. dolichurus sp. n., found sympatrically in South Thailand. The related genus Paralleloneurum Becker, 1902 is revised and re‐descriptions are given of the two known species: P. cilifemoratum Becker, 1902, type species, and P. pygmaeum de Meijere, 1916.
Discrimination of two Dendronotus species by allozyme electrophoresis and the reinstatement of Dendronotus lacteus (Thompson, 1840) (Nudibranchia, Dendronotoidea)
Authors: THOLLESSON MIKAEL
Published: July 2005

Whitish and brownish specimens of what has commonly been identified as Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius, 1774) from the fjord Gullmaren on the Swedish west coast are shown by allozyme electrophoresis to be genetically isolated from each other, and are thus considered to represent two separate species. The brownish specimens are regarded nominally as representing D. frondosus. Dendronotus lacteus (Thompson, 1840) is reinstated for the whitish specimens, and the species is redescribed.
A new genus and two new species of Tubificidae (Oligochaeta) from the abyssal zone of Lake Baikal with redescriptions of Lymphachaeta pinnigera, Rhyacodriloides abyssalis and Tubifex bazikalovae
Authors: MARTIN PATRICK , BRINKHURST RALPH O.
Published: July 2005

Recent sampling of the abyssal zone of Lake Baikal (Siberia) made possible redescriptions of the poorly known species Lymphachaeta pinnigera Snimschikova, Rhyacodriloides abyssalis Chekanovskaya, Tubifex bazikalovae Chekanovskaya, and descriptions of Burchanidrilus petitbonum gen. n., sp. n. and Rhyacodriloides gladiiseta sp. n. Lymphachaeta and Burchanidrilus belong to a complex of small Tubificinae, characterised by true penes in penis sacs, rather simple atria, and lack of coelomocytes and spermatozeugmata. These may be considered plesiomorphic character states for Tubificinae. Rhyacodriloides is still assigned to the Rhyacodrilinae, despite simple‐pointed setae, the lack of coelomocytes, the presence of single genital seta and possible‘multiple’prostates.
Towards a revision of Ameira Boeck, 1865 (Harpacticoida, Ameiridae): reinstatement of Psammameira Noodt, 1952
Authors: CONROY‐DALTON SOPHIE , HUYS RONY
Published: July 2005

Both sexes of Ameira hyalina (Noodt, 1952) and A. parasimulans Lang, 1965 are redescribed. The genus Psammameira Noodt, 1952 previously regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Ameira. is reinstated to accommodate these two species and a revised diagnosis for the genus is presented. Examination of the type material of Psammameira reducta Wells, 1967 and P. gradis (Nicholls, 1939) revealed that they should be removed from the genus. The possible relationships of two species of doubtful affinity, A. esigun T. Scott, 1894 and A. simulans T. Scott, 1912 are reconsidered. The phylogenetic position of Psammameira within the Ameiridae is briefly discussed.
The epidermal ciliary rootlets of Xenoturbella bocki (Xenoturbellida) revisited: new support for a possible kinship with the Acoelomorpha (Platyhelminthes)
Authors: LUNDIN KENNET
Published: July 2005

Ultrastructural studies of epidermal locomotory ciliary structures of Xenoturbella bocki, i.e. the basal part of the axaneme, the basal body and the ciliary rootlets, have revealed characters supporting the hypothesis of a close relationship between Xenoturbella and the Acoelomorpha. Some of the most prominent of these possibly synapomorphic characters are a cup‐shaped structure at the base of the axoneme, a proximally hollow rootlet arising on the anterior face of the basal body and bundles of microtubules extending from the basal foot to the main rootlets in the next hind row. Other views in the recent literature places Xenoturbella as closely related to the Mollusca or to the stem species of the Bilateria. As such, the phylogenetic affinities of Xenoturbella remain highly debateable. A review of recent reports on the subject is given here, together with a discussion of combinations of current phylogeny hypotheses.
The genus Dugesia in Australia, with its phylogenetic analysis and historical biogeography (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae)
Authors: SLUYS RONALD , KAWAKATSU MASAHARU , WINSOR LEIGH
Published: July 2005

The new species Dugesia notogaea Sluys & Kawakatsu, sp. n. is described from Queensland, Australia, representing the first record of the genus Dugesia for that continent. A phylogenetic analysis of the 68 species of Dugesia resulted in the discovery of a new apomorphy for the genus, and a cladogram showing two major phyletic groups. The distributional range of one group has a western accent, whereas that of the other group has an eastern emphasis; the ranges of these two groups overlap in Africa and the Mediterranean region. We attempt to determine the ancestral area for both the Dugesiidae and Dugesia. A scenario for the historical biogeography of the genus Dugesia is discussed. In this scenario it is presumed that the geological history of the Australasian region enabled Dugesia's from southeast Asia to colonize northern Australia. © 1998 The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Ovipositor internal microsculpture and other features in doryctine wasps (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
Authors: RAHMAN M. HABIBUR , FITTON MIKE G. , QUICKE DONALD L. J.
Published: July 2005

Detailed ovipositor morphology has been investigated in representatives of 81 of the more than 120 genera of the parasitic wasp subfamily Doryctinae. Potentially phylogenetically informative variation was found in the microsculpture of the egg canal wall and the presence and degree of development of the valvillus. In all the genera, a socketed seta arises from below each member of the line of ctenidia (comb‐like scales) distal to the valvillus (or valvillar region). These subctenidial setae are modified in two groups of genera. In the Holcobraconini (= Odontobraconini) together with the genera Acanthodoryctes, Binarea, Monarea, and Liobrucon, the setae are extremely flattened producing overlapping leaflet‐like structures. In some of these, groups of leaflets are further modified to form fans that protrude into the egg canal. In Schlettereriella and Leptospathius the basal seta is highly branched and rather flattened and may serve a similar function to the valvillus which in these two genera is extremely reduced. In Doryctes and Neodoryctes, there is a distinctive type of bar‐like sculpture anterior to the valvillus and a single large crescentic bar posterior to the valvillus. These modifications are suggested as possible synapomorphies (in lieu of an analysis) for their respective groups of genera. Several other characters are also described and illustrated. CO 1998 The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Interpreting Narratives of Local Government Change under the Conservatives and New Labour
Authors: Orr Kevin
Published: July 2005

The recent work of Bevir and Rhodes has added momentum to a debate about the role of ideas in political science. This article aims to contribute to the debate by critically analysing a range of (interacting) narratives of local government change under Conservative and New Labour governments. It has a particular, but not exclusive, focus on normative academic commentaries, as these do not represent simply description and interpretation, but a purposeful expression of agency and a deliberate effort to impact upon their object of analysis. I argue that recognising narratives as attempts to impact upon the process and outcomes of change raises issues of power, interest and capacity, and highlights underdeveloped aspects of Bevir and Rhodes' interpretive approach.
‘It's Labour, but Not as we Know it.’ Media Lesson-Drawing and the Disciplining of Social Democracy: A Case Study
Authors: Bale Tim
Published: July 2005

A qualitative content analysis of New Zealand newspapers from 1997 to 2002 shows how the overwhelmingly conservative print media in that country used a highly partial version of Tony Blair's New Labour to try to help set parameters for its New Zealand counterpart and point it in what it saw as the right direction. Globalisation rests on the flow of ideas as well as the flow of trade: it has an important ideational component that the media—internationally owned though often parochially focused—helps construct by drawing lessons from abroad. The thrust of the coverage analysed was to transnationalise a business-friendly common sense concerning the proper—indeed the inevitable—response of a modern social democratic party to a globalised political economy. Whether this actually affected the behaviour of the New Zealand variant of social democracy, however, is a moot point. Finally, in keeping with Lijphart's seminal discussion of the purpose of case studies, this one generates the following hypothesis: that the print media in one country will interpret the domestic politics of other countries (other than those which are geographically closest or economically crucial) in such a way as to try to influence the outcome of political and policy debates at home.
Reading Downs: New Labour and An Economic Theory of Democracy
Authors: Hindmoor Andrew
Published: July 2005

In Downs' median voter theorem parties can only increase their vote by changing their policies and moving towards the electoral centre ground. This theorem has been used to sustain a particular and, I will argue, one-sided interpretation of New Labour's actions and political trajectory. There is more to An Economic Theory of Democracy than the median voter theorem. Downs argues that voters and parties operate in conditions of uncertainty and that this gives parties the opportunity to persuade voters to revise their beliefs. Parties can win elections not only by changing their policies but by changing voters' minds. Downs' arguments about persuasion can be used to generate an alternative and very different interpretation of New Labour.
Structures of Bio-terrorism Preparedness in the UK and the US: Responses to 9/11 and the Anthrax Attacks
Authors: Jones Dan
Published: July 2005

This article describes UK and US responses to 9/11 and the subsequent anthrax attacks, referring to ‘biodefence’ and the civilian structures of disaster preparedness. Following a review of initiatives undertaken in each country the article details principal differences between the two systems, the federal nature of the US response and the more localised arrangements preferred in the UK. Finally, with reference to certain international standards articulated by the World Health Organisation, the article concludes with some critical reflections on recent policy developments. International standards promote the civilian character of preparedness programmes and their connections to public health infrastructure. This is being challenged by US developments that emphasise the role of the military while, in the UK, there remain questions about the capacity of civilian structures.
How Strong are Shared Values in the Transatlantic Relationship?
Authors: Danchev Alex
Published: July 2005

Transatlantic relations are underpinned by common values. So prime ministers and presidents proclaim. This essay argues that they protest too much. It contends that a fog of rhetoric and generalisation obscures the fundamental fact that the ‘Atlantic community’ has dissipated; and that, surveying the terrain of transatlantic values, there is no prospect of its reconstitution.
Chronicle of a Crisis Foretold: The Politics of Irregular Migration, Human Trafficking and People Smuggling in the UK
Authors: Geddes Andrew
Published: July 2005

This article argues that a distinct repertoire of social and political contention associated with migration and the presence of immigrants in the UK plays a large part in structuring responses to ostensibly ‘new’ migration challenges such as people smuggling and human trafficking. This repertoire includes the elision and confusion of migration categories (particularly in this instance between irregular migration and asylum); the impact of state policies on the creation of ‘unwanted’ migration flows; fears of floods and invasions by ‘unwanted’ migrants; concerns that the state is losing control of migration; the depiction of migration and migrants as causes of increased support for the extreme right; the existence of labour market pull factors that provide economic spaces for both regular and irregular migrants; the symbolic power but limited effect of an international human rights regime and discourse; and problems of policy implementation. The contemporary twist is provided by the links made between irregular migration and the ‘war on terror’ and the ways in which migration has become a component of bilateral relations between the UK and other states, particularly those structured by EU competencies.
RenderBots—Multi‐Agent Systems for Direct Image Generation
Authors: Schlechtweg Stefan , Germer Tobias , Strothotte Thomas
Published: July 2005

The termstroke‐based renderingcollectively describes techniques where images are generated from elements that are usually larger than a pixel. These techniques lend themselves well for rendering artistic styles such as stippling and hatching. This paper presents a novel approach for stroke‐based rendering that exploits multi‐agent systems. RenderBots are individual agents each of which in general represents one stroke. They form a multi‐agent system and undergo a simulation to distribute themselves in the environment. The environment consists of a source image and possibly additional G‐buffers. The final image is created when the simulation is finished by having each RenderBot execute its painting function. RenderBot classes differ in their physical behavior as well as their way of painting so that different styles can be created in a very flexible way.
Anti‐Aliased Lines Using Run‐Masks
Authors: Diakopoulos Nicholas A. , Stephenson Peter D.
Published: July 2005

In recent work, a set of line digitization algorithms based on the hierarchy of runs in the digital line has unified and generalized the iterative line‐drawing algorithms used in computer graphics. In this paper, the additional structural information generated by these algorithms is leveraged to describe a run‐based approach to draw anti‐aliased line segments in which anti‐aliased run‐masks are substituted for the individual run lengths as the line is being drawn. The run‐masks are precomputed using a prefiltering technique such that one or more run‐masks are defined for each of the one or two possible run lengths that occur in the line. The run‐masks can be defined for any order or level of the hierarchy of runs in the digital line and the technique is illustrated using runs of pixels. Comparing the use of run‐masks to applying the prefiltering technique for each pixel in the line, a line of similar visual quality can be produced more efficiently. We place no restrictions on the placement of the end points of the line, which may reside anywhere on the two‐dimensional plane.
A Data‐Driven Approach for Real‐Time Clothes Simulation†
Authors: Cordier Frederic , Magnenat‐Thalmann Nadia
Published: July 2005

A data‐driven approach for the real‐time processing of clothes, particularly suitable for simulating dresses worn by virtual characters, is proposed. It starts, prior to real‐time simulation, by analyzing cloth behavior in relation to the underlying skeleton movement from a presimulated sequence of the cloth obtained using any high‐quality off‐line simulators. The idea is to use this analysis to find an optimal combination of physics‐based simulation and geometric approximation of the simulator; potentially colliding regions are defined on the cloth such that they will hold true for the skeleton movement that closely matches that of presimulated sequence. At runtime, using these analyses, our simulation process provides both visually pleasing results and performance, as long as the motion of the character remains sufficiently close to the original sequence used for the precomputation.

The key contributions of this paper are (1) efficient collision handling that prunes out potentially colliding objects by using the off‐line simulation sequence as examples; (2) data‐driven fix‐up process for the coarse mesh simulation that deduces the gross behavior of the cloth; and (3) geometric approximation of the fine mesh deformation, responsible for details in the shape of the cloth such as wrinkles.
Glare Generation Based on Wave Optics
Authors: Kakimoto Masanori , Matsuoka Kaoru , Nishita Tomoyuki , Naemura Takeshi , Harashima Hiroshi
Published: July 2005

This paper proposes a novel and general method of glare generation based on wave optics. A glare image is regarded as a result of Fraunhofer diffraction, which is equivalent to a 2D Fourier transform of the image of given apertures or obstacles. In conventional methods, the shapes of glare images are categorized according to their source apertures, such as pupils and eyelashes and their basic shapes (e.g. halos, coronas, or radial streaks) are manually generated as templates, mainly based on statistical observation. Realistic variations of these basic shapes often depend on the use of random numbers. Our proposed method computes glare images fully automatically from aperture images and can be applied universally to all kinds of apertures, including camera diaphragms. It can handle dynamic changes in the position of the aperture relative to the light source, which enables subtle movement or rotation of glare streaks. Spectra can also be simulated in the glare, since the intensity of diffraction depends on the wavelength of light. The resulting glare image is superimposed onto a given computer‐generated image containing high‐intensity light sources or reflections, aligning the center of the glare image to the high‐intensity areas. Our method is implemented as a multipass rendering software. By precomputing the dynamic glare image set and putting it into texture memory, the software runs at an interactive rate.