bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the performance of polyester microfibers in situ bags using different weft yarn count and density
Authors: Hanafy Doaa Elgohary , Hamoda Dina Mohamed , Khattab Ibrahim Mohamed , Aboamer Ahmed Abdelkader
Published: April 2020

Microfiber fabrics are more efficiency in retaining fine-particles that increase the variation in in situ degradability. The aim of this was to examine the performance of in situ bags made from different microfiber fabric for meeting the required specification and their ruminal degradability compared with standard Ankom in situ bags. Four fabrics were manufactured using polyester microfiber with 1.04 denier, weft yarn counts (150 and 300), weft density (22 and 28 picks / inch), plain 1/1 textile structure. Physical and mechanical properties of manufactured fabrics were measured before and after incubation. Ruminal degradability was measured for three feedstuffs (soybean meal, wheat bran and berseem hay) using three rumen-fistulated rams as a replicates after 24 and 48 hours. Fabric's pore size was significantly decreased as either yarn weft count or density increased. Yarn weft count had a significant effect on all fabric's properties. Air permeability was significantly decreased as fabric's weft yarn count increased. Sample (1) meet the specific requirements for in situ bags and showed the nearest degradability values to those observed using Ankom bags for all feedstuffs in most incubation times. Microfiberin situ bags could be used in in situ ruminal degradation trials to reduce the variation in results due to the present of the fine particles.
Low-purity crude glycerin as a nutrient substitute for corn: the effect on yields of goat organs and viscera
Authors: Gomes Rayane Nunes , Paula Talita Almeida de , Carvalho Francisco Fernando Ramos de , Cordeiro Eduardo Henrique de Araújo , Nascimento Hugo Fernando Araújo do , Mendes Giorgio Oliveira , Oliveira Ana Barros de , Véras Antonia Sherlânea Chaves
Published: April 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of low-purity crude glycerin (CG, 63.1% of glycerol) in the diets of feedlot-finished goats on the weights and yields of the non-carcass components, with are frequently used in regionals dishes (buchada and panelada). Forty castrated male goats with the initial mean body weight of 19.70 ± 2.30 kg were used. Experimental treatments consisted of inclusion of CG at levels of 0, 6, 12, and 18%, based on dry matter. The weights of the lungs, spleen, total organs (TWO), and TWO yield, as a function of the slaughter body weight, decreased linearly. It was shown that the rumen portion of the weight showed a quadratic effect, at the level of 10.71% of CG, with a minimum point of 0.37 kg. Similar behavior was observed for the reticulum, with a minimum point of 0.08 kg, at the level of 7.5% of CG. The weights and yields of the buchada and panelada were negatively influenced by the experimental diets. Low-purity crude glycerin may partially replace corn and be included in up to 6% of the dry matter of the finished goats' feedlot diet without adversely affecting weights and yields of organs, viscera, and regional dishes, such as buchada and panelada.
Protein, energetic, enzymatic and mineral profile of Nellore cows during the pregnancy, parturition and postpartum
Authors: Oliveira Wagner Dias Coelho de , Silva Tairon Pannunzio Dias e , Bezerra Leílson  Rocha , Araújo Marcos Jácome de , Edvan Ricardo Loiola , Lopes Oliveira Ronaldo
Published: April 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protein energetic, enzymatic and mineral profile of Nellore cows during the pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. Fifteen multiparous cows with 4 ± 1 years of age and live weight of 400 ± 50 kg were used at different stages (non-pregnant, in the initial, middle and late pregnancy, at birth, one day postpartum, 30 and 60 days postpartum). Blood collections were performed every 30 days and assayed for the following blood biomarkers: Protein (total proteins, albumin, urea and creatinine), energetic (cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and beta hydroxybutyrate), mineral (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) and enzymatic (alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase). Calcium had the lowest concentrations (p < 0.05) in the initial pregnancy, while phosphorus had the highest concentration at parturition (p < 0.05). Triglycerides, glucose and beta hydroxybutyrate were influenced by the stages of pregnancy, reducing in the late pregnancy and at parturition. Glucose had a reduction in the late pregnancy and elevation in the postpartum. Beta hydroxybutyrate showed increase at the late pregnancy. Although lipomobilization occurred in the phases of higher metabolic demands in the attempt to maintain homeostatic conditions. Nellore cows did not present negative energy balance in the late pregnancy period, maintaining normal variation in blood markers throughout the experimental period.
Genetic diversity of 16S rRNA and mcrA genes from methanogenic archaeas
Authors: Xavier Keyla Vitoria Marques , Souza Eden Silva e , Santos Erick de Aquino , Diniz Michely Correia
Published: April 2020

Methanogenic archaeas are found in aquatic and terrestrial environments and are fundamental in the conversion of organic matter into methane, a gas that has a potential use as renewable source of energy, which is also considered as one of the main agents of the greenhouse effect. The vast majority of microbial genomes can be identified by a conservative molecular marker, the 16S ribosomal gene. However, the mcrA gene have been using in studies of methanogenic archaea diversity as an alternative marker, highly conserved and present only in methanogens. This gene allows the expression of the enzyme Methyl-coenzyme M reductase, the main agent in converting by-products of anaerobic digestion into methane. In this context, we aimed to study the genetic diversity of mcrA and 16S rRNA genes sequences available in databases. The nucleotide sequences were selected from the NCBI. The heterozygosity and molecular diversity indexes were calculated using the Arlequin 3.5 software, with plots generated by package R v3.0. The diversity and heterozygosity indices for both genes may have been influenced by the number and size of the sequences. Descriptive analysis of genetic diversity generated by sequences deposited in databases allowed a detailed study of these molecules. It is known that the organisms in a population are genetically distinct, and that, despite having similarities in their gene composition, the differences are essential for their adaptation to different environments.
Influence of environment on the leaf morpho-anatomy and histochemical of the ayahuasca leaf: Populations cultivated in extra-Amazonian regions
Authors: Miranda Ordilena Ferreira de , De Souza Saulo Eduardo Xavier Franco , Milan Rodrigo José , Bueno Aline Borges , Almeida Marcilio de
Published: April 2020

Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav. (Rubiaceae) occurs naturally throughout the Amazon and it is traditionally used by indigenous communities, being incorporated into religious use in urban contexts over the last few decades. It is known and cultivated in many regions of South America for possessing valuable bioactive alkaloids. In this paper, we described P. viridis leaf morphology, anatomy and histochemistry from three populations cultivated in the southeastern Brazil, in order to identify possible adaptations to local environment and management. All plants presented terminal stipules and basic morpho-anatomical patterns of leaves, consistent with most species of the genus, as heterogeneous dorsiventral mesophyll, uniseriate epidermis, presents large cells with prominent vacuoles and druses. Unicellular non-glandular trichomes and multicellular starry trichomes were present in the primary and secondary veins. Amphi-hypostomatic leaf pattern, not yet described for the species, was common in all studied plants. Variation in the presence of domatia in the same population indicates that this structure cannot be used for taxonomic determination of P. viridis, as already described for other species of the genus. Presence of secretory ducts and reduction in stomata density and leaf area represent the main morpho-anatomic adaptations of plants from drier and warmer climates. Histochemical tests were positive for alkaloids, polysaccharides, proteins and phenolic compounds, being negative for starch only in plants subjected to water stress. We concluded that the morpho-anatomical and histochemical alterations found in the plants of this study resulted from seasonal water deficit adaptations and to maintain or attract mutualistic organisms.
O ‘Segundo Professor’ na Educação Básica: um olhar sobre a legislação e as pesquisas acadêmicas
Authors: Silveira Lilian Marta da , Graff Patrícia , Nierotka Rosileia Lúcia
Published: April 2020

A garantia de acesso, a todos os cidadãos de 4 (quatro) a 17 (dezessete) anos, à Educação Básica e a universalização do ingresso na escola regular, possibilitam a emergência de uma profissão direcionada ao atendimento do público da Educação Especial, na escola regular: o Segundo Professor. A partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, pautada em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, o presente estudo pretendeu caracterizar o Segundo Professor nas políticas educacionais que regulamentam a Educação Básica, no Estado de Santa Catarina, bem como nas pesquisas acadêmicas que o tomam como objeto de investigação. Desta forma, buscou conhecer as políticas educacionais que regulamentam essa profissão; entender suas atribuições na Educação Básica; caracterizar o público atendido por este profissional, e; descrever o seu perfil, a partir das bases já produzidas. Os resultados apresentam que não é possível caracterizar, com precisão, o perfil do Segundo Professor, já que ele não é mencionado, na legislação nacional, com esta nomenclatura; a prática pedagógica é frequentemente individualizada e a profissão é marcada por instabilidade.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: educação para a tolerância religiosa
Authors: Batista Gustavo Araújo
Published: April 2020

Pesquisa teórica sobre Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), cujo objetivo é demonstrar que suas ideias revelam-se profícuas no tocante à reflexão acerca da educação para a tolerância religiosa. A justificativa desta investigação sustenta-se pelo fato das religiões terem influenciado fortemente a maneira de pensar, de sentir e de agir de grandes parcelas da humanidade ao longo da sua história; embora não sendo, necessariamente, o seu propósito, inevitavelmente, as religiões acabam tornando-se pretextos para que alguns dos seus adeptos desenvolvam posturas intolerantes em relação a quem não partilha do seu conjunto de crenças. Em Emílio ou Da Educação (Rousseau, 2004), há um opúsculo (‘Profissão de fé do vigário Saboiano’); nele, discorre-se sobre dificuldades levantadas por concepções acerca da divindade e de alguns de seus correlatos; perante a indissolubilidade desses problemas, resta a prática da tolerância, cabendo aos indivíduos respeitarem-se mutuamente no que se refere ao que cada um no tocante à religião; o vigário Saboiano constitui a alegoria pela qual Rousseau exprime suas ideias acerca da tolerância em matéria religiosa. Eis a questão a ser respondida: Que proposições feitas pelo vigário Saboiano permitem apoiar a educação para a tolerância em questões de crenças, nas quais se fundamentam as religiões? Verificou-se que a educação baseada nessa profissão de fé propicia a tolerância religiosa, haja vista que confere a cada ser humano a liberdade da convicção interna quanto às crenças a serem aderidas, ao invés da imposição externa; o vigário Saboiano é a personificação do ponto de equilíbrio entre tais extremos, os quais, seja por falta, seja por excesso, não contribuem para o cultivo da espiritualidade pessoal, cujo âmago deve ser a consciência. Aquilo que alicerceia as crenças é a convicção que cada indivíduo delas carrega em seu foro íntimo, não sua coerção feita por autoridades laicas ou religiosas.
The Novel Crystalline Glaze for Decoration of Ceramic Pottery
Authors: Do Quang Minh , Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh , Pham Vo Thi Ha Quyen , Thang Nguyen Hoc
Published: April 2020

The ceramic glaze is a glass layer with an amorphous structure. Crystalline glazes are special glazes used to decorate ceramic products. It is based on the research results, the authors proposed a novel crystalline glaze from titanium frit (denoted by FV090/540) for pottery and ceramics with the heating temperature at 1200°C. The heating temperature for the crystallization of glaze was determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA). This study aimed to synthesis willemite crystals (Zn2SiO4) in pottery and ceramics. These crystals were detected and identified using X–ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscope (OM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The chemical composition of the samples was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). From the results of experiments, the authors carried out decorating on industrial ceramic pottery products using this novel crystalline glaze and adjusted the required technological parameters.
Application of Magnesium and its Alloys in Biodegradable Vascular Stent
Authors: Liu Jun Yan , Wang Jin Guo , Yu Yun Hai , Wang Na
Published: April 2020

Biodegradable vascular stent is mainly made of materials that can be naturally decomposed. Magnesium and its alloys have excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. The vascular stent made of magnesium and its alloys has the unique advantages of strength of metal scaffolds and bioabsorbability of degradable polymer scaffolds. Due to the special microenvironment inside the blood vessels, the stent should have good resistance against corrosion. After implantation of metal materials for human tissue repair, the surface oxidation film spontaneously formed in the air will react with the human physiological environment. The nature of the interface between materials and tissues will have a certain impact on the corrosion resistance of metals and the degree of metal ion release, thus determining the biocompatibility of materials.
Clinical Reaction-Time Performance Factors in Healthy Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Caccese Jaclyn B. , Eckner James T. , Franco-MacKendrick Lea , Hazzard Joseph B. , Ni Meng , Broglio Steven P. , McAllister Thomas W. , McCrea Michael , Buckley Thomas A.
Published: April 2020

Context

In the absence of baseline testing, normative data may be used to interpret postconcussion scores on the clinical reaction-time test (RTclin). However, to provide normative data, we must understand the performance factors associated with baseline testing.

Objective

To explore performance factors associated with baseline RTclin from among candidate variables representing demographics, medical and concussion history, self-reported symptoms, sleep, and sport-related features.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Clinical setting (eg, athletic training room).

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 2584 National Collegiate Athletic Association student-athletes (n = 1206 females [47%], 1377 males [53%], and 1 unreported (<0.1%); mass = 76.7 ± 18.7 kg; height = 176.7 ± 11.3 cm; age = 19.0 ± 1.3 years) from 3 institutions participated in this study as part of the Concussion Assessment, Research and Education Consortium.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Potential performance factors were sex; race; ethnicity; dominant hand; sport type; number of prior concussions; presence of anxiety, learning disability, attention-deficit disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, or migraine headache; self-reported sleep the night before the test; mass; height; age; total number of symptoms; and total symptom burden at baseline. The primary study outcome measure was mean baseline RTclin.

Results

The overall RTclin was 202.0 ± 25.0 milliseconds. Female sex (parameter estimate [B] = 8.6 milliseconds, P < .001, Cohen d = 0.54 relative to male sex), black or African American race (B = 5.3 milliseconds, P = .001, Cohen d = 0.08 relative to white race), and limited-contact (B = 4.2 milliseconds, P < .001, Cohen d = 0.30 relative to contact) or noncontact (B = 5.9 milliseconds, P < .001, Cohen d = 0.38 relative to contact) sport participation were associated with slower RTclin. Being taller was associated with a faster RTclin, although this association was weak (B = −0.7 milliseconds, P < .001). No other predictors were significant. When adjustments are made for sex and sport type, the following normative data may be considered (mean ± standard deviation): female, noncontact (211.5 ± 25.8 milliseconds), limited contact (212.1 ± 24.3 milliseconds), contact (203.7 ± 21.5 milliseconds); male, noncontact (199.4 ± 26.7 milliseconds), limited contact (196.3 ± 23.9 milliseconds), contact (195.0 ± 23.8 milliseconds).

Conclusions

Potentially clinically relevant differences existed in RTclin for sex and sport type. These results provide normative data adjusting for these performance factors.
Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Penetration During Phonophoresis at 2 Ultrasound Frequencies
Authors: Rigby Justin H. , Hagan Austin M. , Kelcher Austin R. , Ji Chang
Published: April 2020

Context

The effect of ultrasound frequency on phonophoresis drug delivery in humans is unknown.

Objective

To determine if a low (45-kHz) or high (1-MHz) frequency delivered a higher dexamethasone (Dex) concentration through the skin.

Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Setting

Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 40 healthy men between the ages of 18 and 45 years (age = 23.1 ± 2.6 years, height = 176.1 ± 7.2 cm, mass = 88.5 ± 19.4 kg, posterior calf subcutaneous thickness measured using musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging = 0.6 ± 0.2 cm).

Intervention(s)

Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups (ultrasound frequency at microdialysis probe depth): (1) 45-kHz frequency at 1 mm, (2) 45-kHz frequency at 4 mm, (3) 1-MHz frequency at 1 mm, or (4) 1-MHz frequency at 4 mm (n = 10 in each group). Three linear microdialysis probes were inserted at the desired tissue depth. We rubbed dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Dex-P) into the skin and then applied a 15-minute phonophoresis treatment.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Dialysate was collected during the treatment and 60 minutes posttreatment and analyzed for Dex-P, Dex, and the metabolite form of Dex. The sum of the 3 analytes was calculated as total dexamethasone (Dex-total), and differences between the 45-kHz and 1-MHz treatment groups were determined by a repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results

At 1 mm, 3 (30%) participants in the 45-kHz and 4 (40%) participants in the 1-MHz group had measurable levels of Dex-P. Total dexamethasone increased after the treatment ceased, independent of ultrasound frequency (P < .001), with a trend of the 45-kHz treatment to produce a greater increase in drug concentration (P = .006). At 4 mm, 5 (50%) participants in the 45-kHz and 1 (10%) participant in the 1-MHz group had measurable levels of Dex-P. We observed no difference in Dex-total concentration between treatment groups at 4 mm (P = .72).

Conclusions

Phonophoresis provided a mechanism for Dex-total delivery at the 1- and 4-mm tissue depths. However, the effectiveness of the ultrasound frequencies varied between the 2 measured tissue depths.
LANDFILL SITTING USING MCDM AND SPATIAL INFORMATION : A CASE STUDY IN TEHRAN METROPOLITAN
Authors: Abediniangerabi Bahram , Kamalirad Shirin
Published: April 2020

Managing Municipal Solid Waste in order to control waste materials in Tehran Metropolitan with a population of over 8.5 million persons and daily production of 7500 tons of trash seems an evitable necessity. Daily production of such amount of trash and accumulation of them in the southern part of Tehran (Kahrizak) due to lack of proper and standard methods of landfilling have caused severe problems by creating a latex lake of twelve hectares. Among these problems, penetration of infection and contamination to underground waters, causing excessive problems for soil and agricultural lands can be mentioned. In such conditions caused for Tehran, lack of solution finding for the issue would bring heavy outcomes for the Tehran Metropolitan in terms of environmental and economic issues. In this paper, efforts are taken to find a new place as a landfill by applying sustainable development approach. For this, in order to use the criteria propounded in sustainable development, multi-criteria decision making methods has been applied for weighing and spatial analysis has been used to combining them for indicating the most appropriate site. In this way, the new site would be selected by observance of sustainable development would be a place with the least environmental and social damages while being economically affordable.
Evaluation of the performance of image classification methods in the identification of vegetation
Authors: Schmidt Marcio Augusto Reolon , Bressiani Jaciane Xavier , Dos Reis Patrícia Antunes , Salla Marcio Ricardo
Published: April 2020

Orbital imaging techniques offer comprehensive coverage of different regions for numerous environmental and socioeconomic applications, revealing the spatial characteristics and land use of those regions. The advantages of remote sensing include its ability to record spatial distribution patterns, and spectral and temporal data over large regions. The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of different multispectral image classification methods in the selection of general vegetation, based on a set of samples taken from a LandSat 8 image. The quality of multispectral images and their final classification is usually evaluated based on the Kappa index, which is used as the quality standard in many remote sensing software programs. The classification methods chosen for this study were Parallelepiped, Maximum Likelihood, Mahalanobis Distance, and neural networks. The most suitable classification was used as standard and the other images were compared with it to determine the degree of similarity ranking (IS1x), defined as the percentage of pixels classified differently from those of the standard image. The IS1x was determined using a Matlab routine involving pixel subtraction between images. The results indicate that probability distribution methods are more suitable for discriminating vegetation types than other methods, and that some band combinations should be chosen.
CONJUGATE TREATMENT OF LEACHATE FROM LANDFILL AND SEWAGE IN DOMESTIC STABILIZATION PONDS
Authors: Leite Valderi Duarte , De Sousa José Tavares , Lopes Wilton Silva , De Oliveira Elaine Gurjão , Campos Andrezza Raphaella , De Oliveira Alinne Gurjão
Published: April 2020

In Brazil, the per capita generation of municipal solid waste is approximately 0.80kg.hab-1.day-1, which implies daily production of 156 tons, whereas on average 50% of this quantity of waste is composed mainly of putrescible organic material that will contribute to the leachate generation process directly influencing the qualitative and quantitative aspects. Landfill leachate basically originates from the percolation process of different types of water and is considered a wastewater to cause in significant environmental impact on the environment, given in possession of high concentration of ammonia nitrogen, organic matter difficult to biodegradation, metals heavy and xenobiotics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a series of stabilization ponds, the treatment process conjugate of landfill leachate fresh more domestic sewage in the proportion of 1 plus 99% (volume percent), respectively. The experimental system consisted of four stabilization ponds in series, being a facultative pond, followed by three maturation ponds. The applied surface charge (λs) the series of stabilization ponds was 320 kgDBO5 . ha-1.day-1 with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 17 days for the series. The average removal efficiency of BOD5 and ammonia was 69 and 86% respectively, while removing coliform efficiency always in the 99.9% threshold during the monitoring period was 220 days. Overall it can be concluded that treatment conjugate landfill leachate and sewage in stabilization ponds, in northeastern Brazil, is emerging as a promising technological alternative, given the comfortable area availability in northeastern Brazil, conditions climate favorable and the ponds system present low ratio cost / benefit when compared to other waste treatment systems of this nature.
ECONOMIC INDICATORS FOR THE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION AGGREGATE DEMAND ESTIMATION: THE CASE OF THE METROPOLITAN REGION OF SÃO PAULO
Authors: Pamplona Daniel Alberto , Oliveira Alessandro Vinicius Marques de
Published: April 2020

This article investigates the application of economic indicators for the parametric estimation of public transportation aggregate demand. Since the transportation sector plays as vital role in a city infrastructure the objective is to present a method of selecting economic indicators that assist in the study of urban public transport demand, taking as a case study the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). Using econometric modelling, it was estimated the effect of variables explaining total traffic in the transport system, and more specifically examine the role of fares and the employment and wage indicators. Statistical tests were performed to check the validity of the analyzed models and develop a rank of indicators according to their performance as regressors. The subset of indicators that were representative of industrial activity and more related to the local economy had the best performance as a forecasting tool.
GEOMORPHOLOGY OF JOÃO PESSOA MUNICIPALITY AND ITS ANTHROPOGENIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Authors: Furrier Max , Barbosa Tamires Silva
Published: April 2020

This paper aims to study the geomorphology of the municipality of João Pessoa, Paraíba State, Brazil and produce a geomorphological map that includes the outlines of the current natural landforms and technogenic relief. From this mapping, morphostructural and morphosculptural units, patterns and landforms, shape types and current morphogenetic processes were identified and quantified in the municipality along with landforms produced exclusively by human processes. The current forms and technogenic relief obtained through this research included sandy patch processes, sinkholes, active and inactive cliffs, mass movement-produced forms and anthropogenic excavations for limestone and clay mining.
Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids among primary healthcare workers in Johannesburg health district: High rate of underreporting
Authors: Mbah Collins C.E. , Elabor Zuberu B. , Omole Olufemi B.
Published: April 2020

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of bloodborne infections from sharp instrument injuries and skin and mucous membrane exposures to contaminated blood and body fluids (BBF). While these have clinical and occupational health implications, little is known about BBF exposure and its reporting pattern in South African primary healthcare (PHC). The aim of this study was to determine the rate of BBF exposure, the extent of reporting and the reasons for not reporting among HCWs in PHC facilities in Johannesburg, South Africa.Methods: In a cross-sectional study involving 444 participants, an 18-item, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, HCWs’ exposures to BBF in the last year, whether the exposure was reported and the reasons for not reporting. Analysis included descriptive statistics and chi-square test.Results: Most participants were nurses (87.4%) and female (88.1%). About a quarter of participants (112) reported having at least one BBF exposure in the last year. Overall, there were 355 exposures, resulting in 0.8 BBF exposure per HCW per year. Of these exposures, 291 (82.0%) were not reported. Common reasons for not reporting include lack of time (42.72%), perception that the source patient was at low risk for human immunodeficiency virus (24.7%) and concerns about confidentiality (22.5%). Blood and body fluids exposures involving nurses (p 0.001), sharp instrument (p 0.001) and HCWs aged 50 years (p = 0.02) were significantly more likely to be reported.Conclusion: This study found a high rate of underreporting of BBF exposures among HCWs in PHC facilities in Johannesburg, suggesting an urgent need for interventions to improve reporting.
Problem Based Learning and the Construction of an SLP Curriculum
Authors: Fourie Robert
Published: April 2020

Problem Based Learning (PBL) is a learner-centered, small group learning pedagogy that emphasizes knowledge as an emergent and socially constructed property of learners' relationships to information; and which is thought to bridge some of the issues related to the theory-practice gap in professional education. The current paper aims to explore the philosophical groundings of this method, some of the research pertaining to its use in SLP curricula; and practical suggestions for its application, based on the author's experiences of implementing this method in a new SLP curriculum at University College Cork (UCC), Republic of Ireland. More specifically, this paper examines the theoretical basis for PBL, problem construction and suggestions for how the method can be incorporated into an SLP curriculum at tertiary level.
‘Soccer toe’: Chronic physeal injury of the great toe metatarsal in a skeletally immature child - A case report
Authors: Schapiro Andrew , Laor Tal
Published: April 2020

Chronic physeal stress injuries in children can result from ongoing, repetitive compression, distraction and/or shear forces during sports-related activity, and manifest as physeal widening on imaging. We present an 11-year-old soccer athlete with focal physeal widening of her great toe metatarsal and postulate that ongoing or repetitive stress from soccer play may manifest as this imaging appearance. We suggest that recognition of this entity in growing children might explain pain, if present, and guide conservative treatment.
The excitation spectrum of Bose gases interacting through singular potentials
Authors: Boccato Chiara , Brennecke Christian , Cenatiempo Serena , Schlein Benjamin
Published: April 2020

We consider systems of

N

bosons in a box of volume one, interacting through a repulsive two-body potential of the form

\kappa N^{3\beta-1} V(N^\beta x)

. For all

0 < \beta < 1

, and for sufficiently small coupling constant

\kappa > 0

, we establish the validity of Bogolyubov theory, identifying the ground state energy and the low-lying excitation spectrum up to errors that vanish in the limit of large

N

.
Большие финансовые рынки, дисконтирование и отсутствие асимптотического арбитража
Authors: Balint Daniel Agoston , Schweizer Martin
Published: April 2020

Для большого финансового рынка (который представляет собой последовательность обычных "малых" финансовых рынков) мы вводим и исследуем концепцию отсутствия асимптотического арбитража (первого рода), инвариантную относительно дисконтирования. Приведено два критерия в терминах: 1) свойств, схожих с мартингальностью, для каждого из малых рынков и 2) свойства контигуальности последовательности специальным образом подобранных "обобщенных мартингальных мер" для последовательности малых рынков. Наши результаты распространяют выводы Рохлина, Кляйн-Шахермайера и Кабанова-Крамкова на случай применения подхода, инвариантного относительно дисконтирования. Мы также показываем, что рынок, заданный на $[0,\infty)$, можно рассматривать в качестве большого финансового рынка и как в этом случае отсутствие асимптотического арбитража в классическом и во введенном нами смысле соотносится с безарбитражными свойствами непосредственно на $[0,\infty)$.
Are USMLE Scores Valid Measures for Chief Resident Selection?
Authors: Cohen Elaine R. , Goldstein Joshua L. , Schroedl Clara J. , Parlapiano Nancy , McGaghie William C. , Wayne Diane B.
Published: April 2020

Background

The US Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and Step 2 scores are often used to inform a variety of secondary medical career decisions, such as residency selection, despite the lack of validity evidence supporting their use in these contexts.

Objective

We compared USMLE scores between non–chief residents (non-CRs) and chief residents (CRs), selected based on performance during training, at a US academic medical center that sponsors a variety of graduate medical education programs.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of residents' USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) scores from 2015 to 2020. The authors used archived data to compare USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK scores between non-CR residents in each of the eligible programs and their CRs during the 6-year study period.

Results

Thirteen programs enrolled a total of 1334 non-CRs and 211 CRs over the study period. There were no significant differences overall between non-CRs and CRs average USMLE Step 1 (239.81 ± 14.35 versus 240.86 ± 14.31; P = .32) or Step 2 scores (251.06 ± 13.80 versus 252.51 ± 14.21; P = .16).

Conclusions

There was no link between USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK scores and CR selection across multiple clinical specialties over a 6-year period. Reliance on USMLE Step 1 and 2 scores to predict success in residency as measured by CR selection is not recommended.
Use of double-glazed window as a photobioreactor for CO2 removal from air
Authors: Rezazadeh Hamidreza , Kordjamshidi Maria , Ahmadi Ferial , Eskandarinejad Alireza
Published: April 2020

The important issue of increasing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere requires developing the environmentally sustainable strategies. One of the most innovative approaches in building design is using the microalgae photobioreactor (PBR) façades. In the current research, performance of a new green window was examined as an environmentally friendly method for the noted purpose. This window is a double-glazed window wherein the space enclosed by its two glasses was used as a PBR system. This window was investigated in two different conditions, namely as a window installed in a wall opening as a building façade element and also in laboratory condition. The experiments of the former condition were performed in Tehran city, where is known for the greatest air-polluted city in Iran, while tests of the later were carried out in Bablosar city located in northern Iran. Experiments include measuring absorption amounts of CO2, temperature, optical density of cultivation medium, and evaporation. The obtained results validate performance of the proposed green window in decreasing CO2 amounts. It was also observed that microalgae growth decreased the window transparency so that, in observing the general rules of Islamic and Iranian architecture, can enhance the visual privacy from non-mahram adjacent neighbors for Muslim women.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Participation and Sensory Environment Questionnaire–Home Scale (PSEQ–H)
Authors: Bevans Katherine B. , Piller Aimee , Pfeiffer Beth
Published: April 2020

Importance: The impact of sensory processing challenges on occupational participation is underrepresented by existing measurement tools even though these outcomes are highly prioritized by families. The Participation and Sensory Environment Questionnaire–Home Scale (PSEQ–H) is a parent-report assessment designed to evaluate the impact of the sensory environment on young children’s participation in home-based activities.

Objective: To describe the psychometric evaluation of the PSEQ–H, including the tool’s structural validity; item difficulty, discrimination, and bias; reliability; and construct validity.

Design: Psychometric field study.

Setting: Community.

Participants: Three hundred four parents of children ages 2–7 yr (167 parents of children with autism spectrum disorder).

Method: Parent-report PSEQ–H data were factor analyzed, calibrated using Item Response Theory, and evaluated for construct validity.

Results: The final PSEQ–H is a reliable and valid 15-item parent-report measure of the sensory environment’s impact on children’s dressing, self-care, sleep, and social and play activities.

Conclusions and Relevance: The PSEQ–H can be used to plan and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for reducing the impact of the sensory environment on children’s participation in home-based tasks and activities.

What This Article Adds: The PSEQ–H measures how young children’s sensory environments influence their participation at home. The measure can be used to plan and evaluate occupational therapy interventions that aim to reduce sensory processing–related barriers to children’s completion of developmentally salient activities.
Kan internal audit bijdragen aan het succes van een fusie of overname?
Authors: van Vlodorp Antoine
Published: April 2020

Wereldwijde investering in fusies en overnames (hierna eenvoudig aangeduid als overnames) heeft de afgelopen jaren ongekende niveaus bereikt (Barkema and Schijven 2008). Overnames zijn sexy. Een flinke overname zet een organisatie in de spotlights. Overnames dragen vaak bij aan versnelde groei van een organisatie en toename van de waarde van de onderneming. Toch is een groot deel van de overnames onsuccesvol met vaak enorme strategische en operationele risico’s voor de organisatie als gevolg. Uit onderzoek blijkt echter dat internal audit ondanks haar proactieve, risicogebaseerde assuranceaanpak in veel gevallen het overnameproces niet onderzoekt en daarmee niet effectief bijdraagt aan de beheersing van de risico’s en het succes van de overname. Dit is onterecht. De verwachting van beleggers, toezichthouders en externe accountants is dat internal audit wel een assurancerol of adviesrol pakt ten aanzien van overnames. Onderzoeken en de praktijk hebben aangetoond dat internal audit wel degelijk een assurancerol of adviesrol kan en moet pakken bij overnames, maar dat bestuurders en commissarissen nog wel overtuigd moeten worden van toegevoegde waarde en capaciteiten van internal audit. Internal audit blijkt uit wetenschappelijk onderzoek en de praktijk de meeste toegevoegde waarde te hebben in de fasen: Deal Structuring, Post-acquisition integration en Post-acquisition evaluation. Internal auditor blijf niet langer langs de zijlijn staan, maar pak die overname-handschoen op!
Internal Audit: Van compliance naar performance audit?
Authors: Strikwerda Hans
Published: April 2020

Gelet op ontwikkelingen in de aard van ondernemingen, in het bijzonder de steeds belangrijkere rol van immateriële activa en informatie, groeit er een vraag naar het ex-ante beoordelen van strategie, bestuur en bedrijfsvoering, ex-post beoordelingen schieten te kort. Daarmee moet de functie van internal audit niet door de bril van de eigen functie proberen te kijken naar wat er van de internal auditor zal worden gevraagd, maar door de brillen van de maatschappelijke vraag en die van de veranderende aard van de onderneming en de veranderende aard van activa. De traditionele kennis voor de auditfunctie is dan niet meer voldoende. Ook de internal auditor zal zich meer en bredere kennis eigen moeten maken om nieuwe situaties op een juiste wijze te toetsen.
Internal audit: waker, slaper of dromer?
Authors: Roos Lindgreen Edo , Daams Daco
Published: April 2020

Essay over het three lines of defence model
High-humidity tandem differential mobility analyzer for accurate determination of aerosol hygroscopic growth, microstructure, and activity coefficients over a wide range of relative humidity
Authors: Mikhailov Eugene F. , Vlasenko Sergey S.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Interactions with water are crucial for the properties,
transformation, and climate effects of atmospheric aerosols. Here we present
the high-humidity tandem differential hygroscopicity analyzer (HHTDMA) and a new
method to measure the hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles with in situ
restructuring to minimize the influence of particle shape. With this
approach, growth factors can be measured with an uncertainty of 0.3 %–0.9 %
over a relative humidity (RH) range of 2 %–99.6 % and with an RH
measurement accuracy better than 0.4 %. The HHTDMA instrument can be used in hydration, dehydration, and
restructuring modes of operation. The restructuring mode allows us to
investigate the effects of drying conditions on the initial microstructure
of aerosol particles and specifies the optimal parameters that provide their
rearrangements into compact structures with a nearly spherical shape. These
optimal parameters were used in hygroscopic growth experiments by
combining the restructuring mode with a conventional hydration or dehydration
mode. The tandem of two modes allowed us to measure the particle growth
factors with high precision as well as to determine the thickness of the
water adsorption layer on the surface of compact crystalline particles. To verify the HHTDMA instrument we compared the measured ammonium sulfate growth
factors with those obtained from the E-AIM-based Köhler model (E-AIM: Extended Aerosol Inorganics
Model). Averaged over
the range of 38 %–96 % RH, the mean relative deviations between
measurements and model results is less than 0.5 %. We demonstrate this precision by presenting data for glucose, for which bulk
thermodynamic coefficients are available. The HHTDMA-derived activity
coefficients of water and glucose were obtained for both dilute and
supersaturated solutions and are in good agreement with those reported in the
literature. The average deviation between the measured activity coefficients
and those obtained by the bulk method is less than 4 %. For dilute solution
in water with an activity range of 0.98–0.99, the hygroscopicity parameter of
glucose and the molal osmotic coefficient were obtained with an uncertainty of 0.4 % and 2.5 %, respectively.
Using Two-Stream Theory to Capture Fluctuations of Satellite-Perceived TOA SW Radiances Reflected from Clouds over Ocean
Authors: Tornow Florian , Domenech Carlos , Barker Howard W. , Preusker René , Fischer Jürgen
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Shortwave (SW) fluxes estimated from broadband radiometry rely on empirically gathered and hemispherically resolved fields of outgoing top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiances. This study aims to provide more accurate and precise fields of TOA SW radiances reflected from clouds over ocean by introducing a novel semi-physical model predicting radiances per narrow sun-observer geometry. Like previous approaches, this model was trained using CERES-measured radiances paired with MODIS-retrieved cloud parameters as well as reanalysis-based geophysical parameters. By using radiative transfer approximations as a framework to ingest above parameters, the new approach incorporates cloud-top effective radius and above-cloud water vapor in addition to traditionally used cloud optical depth, cloud fraction, cloud phase, and surface wind speed. A two-stream cloud albedo – serving as a function of cloud optical thickness and cloud-top effective radius – and Cox-Munk ocean reflectance were used to describe an albedo over each CERES footprint. A simple equation of radiative transfer, with this albedo and attenuating above-cloud water vapor as inputs, was used in its log-linear form to allow for statistical optimization. We identified the two-stream cloud albedo that minimized radiance residuals and outperformed the state-of-the-art approach for most observer-geometries and solar zenith angles between 20° and 70°, reducing median standard deviations of radiance residuals per solar geometry by up to 13.2 % for liquid clouds, 1.9 % for ice clouds, and 35.8 % for footprints containing both cloud phases. Tested for a variety of scenes, we further demonstrated the plausibility of scene-wise predicted radiance fields. This new approach may prove useful when employed in Angular Distribution Models and may result in improved flux estimates, in particular dealing with clouds characterized by small or large droplet/crystal sizes.
Dominant process zones in a mixed fluvial-tidal delta are morphologically distinct
Authors: Perignon Mariela , Adams Jordan , Overeem Irina , Passalacqua Paola
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The morphology of deltas is determined by the spatial extent and variability of the geomorphic processes that shape them. While in some cases resilient, deltas are increasingly threatened by natural and anthropogenic forces, such as sea level rise and land use change, which can drastically alter the rates and patterns of sediment transport. Quantifying process patterns can improve our predictive understanding of how different zones within delta systems will respond to future change. Available remotely sensed imagery can help but appropriate tools are needed for pattern extraction and analysis. We present a method for extracting information about the nature and spatial extent of active geomorphic processes across deltas from ten parameters quantifying the geometry of each of 1239 islands and the channels around them using machine learning. The method consists of a two-step unsupervised machine learning algorithm that clusters islands into spatially continuous zones based on the ten morphological metrics extracted from remotely sensed imagery. By applying this method to the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta, we find that the system can be divided into six major zones. Classification results show that active fluvial island construction and bar migration processes are limited to relatively narrow zones along the main Ganges River and Brahmaputra and Meghna corridors, whereas zones in the mature upper delta plain, with smaller fluvial distributary channels stand out as their own morphometric class. The classification also shows good correspondence with known gradients in the influence of tidal energy with distinct classes for islands in the backwater zone and in the purely tidally-controlled region of the delta. Islands at the delta front, under the mixed influence of tides, fluvial-estuarine construction, and local wave reworking have their own characteristic shape and channel configuration. The method does not distinguish between islands with embankments (polders) and natural islands in the nearby mangrove forest (Sundarbans), suggesting that human modifications have not yet altered the gross geometry of the islands beyond their previous natural morphology. These results demonstrate that machine learning and remotely sensed imagery are useful tools for identifying the spatial patterns of geomorphic processes across delta systems.
Daedalus: a low-flying spacecraft for in situ exploration of the lower thermosphere–ionosphere
Authors: Sarris Theodoros E. , Talaat Elsayed R. , Palmroth Minna , Dandouras Iannis , Armandillo Errico , Kervalishvili Guram , Buchert Stephan , Tourgaidis Stylianos , Malaspina David M. , Jaynes Allison N. , Paschalidis Nikolaos , Sample John , Halekas Jasper , Doornbos Eelco , Lappas Vaios , Moretto Jørgensen Therese , Stolle Claudia , Clilverd Mark , Wu Qian , Sandberg Ingmar , Pirnaris Panagiotis , Aikio Anita
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The Daedalus mission has been proposed to the European Space
Agency (ESA) in response to the call for ideas for the Earth Observation
program's 10th Earth Explorer. It was selected in 2018 as one of
three candidates for a phase-0 feasibility study. The goal of the mission is
to quantify the key electrodynamic processes that determine the structure
and composition of the upper atmosphere, the gateway between the Earth's
atmosphere and space. An innovative preliminary mission design allows
Daedalus to access electrodynamics processes down to altitudes of 150 km and
below. Daedalus will perform in situ measurements of plasma density and
temperature, ion drift, neutral density and wind, ion and neutral
composition, electric and magnetic fields, and precipitating particles. These
measurements will unambiguously quantify the amount of energy deposited in
the upper atmosphere during active and quiet geomagnetic times via Joule
heating and energetic particle precipitation, estimates of which currently
vary by orders of magnitude between models and observation methods. An
innovation of the Daedalus preliminary mission concept is that it includes
the release of subsatellites at low altitudes: combined with the main
spacecraft, these subsatellites will provide multipoint measurements
throughout the lower thermosphere–ionosphere (LTI) region, down to altitudes
below 120 km, in the heart of the most under-explored region in the Earth's
atmosphere. This paper describes Daedalus as originally proposed to the ESA.