bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new species of Trixis (Nassauvieae, Asteraceae) from the Center of Plant Diversity of Cabo Frio, Brazil

Authors: MONGE MARCELO , SAAVEDRA MARIANA MACHADO
Published: May 2020

Trixis salina is a new endemic species from restinga vegetation of the Center of Plant Diversity of Cabo Frio region in Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil. It grows in rocky ravines, rocky shores, and in shrubby restinga. The new species is morphologically similar to Trixis antimenorhoea; however, they differ in habit, branches, trichomes, leaf morphology, involucral bracts, and number of flowers per head. The preliminary conservation status assessment shows that Trixis salina must be included in Endangered (EN) category.
Chrysanthemum bizarre, a new species of Chrysanthemum from Hunan, China

Authors: MENG SHI-YONG , WU LEI , SHEN CHU-ZE
Published: May 2020

Chrysanthemum bizarre (Asteraceae), a new species from Hunan Province, China, is described and illustrated. It is similar to Chrysanthemum vestitum in that its leaves are pubescent, and the ray florets are white. However, it differs from C. vestitum in that the abaxial pubescence of C. bizarre (6.5%) is much more sparsely appressed than that of C. vestitum (64.9%). The leaf blade is triangular ovate with its base extending downward on both sides of petiole to form wings. Only one capitulum, of which the outmost phyllaries are leaflike, develops at the tip of every flowering scape rather than forming an unconsolidated cyme synflorescence. In addition, the lectotype of C. vestitum was designated in this study.
A new species of Meriania of the Brachycera group (Melastomataceae: Merianieae) with dimorphic stamens

Authors: POSADA-HERRERA JUAN MAURICIO , IDÁRRAGA ÁLVARO , ALZATE FERNANDO
Published: May 2020

Meriania juan-canoi, a new species endemic to the northern Andes in Colombia is described and illustrated. This new species belongs to the Brachycera group and can be distinguished from the other species by its apically rounded calyptra, completely free ovary and dimorphic stamens. The description of this new species from a relatively well collected area near a major road in southeastern of Medellín, Colombia, confirms our lack of knowledge on the vegetation of several Neotropical regions. Due to the intense agricultural activity in the area where this species grows and the small area where it occurs, we recommend a conservation classification of Critical Risk (CR).
Illustrated key to genera and catalogue of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) in America north of Mexico
Authors: HUBER JOHN T. , READ JENNIFER D. , TRIAPITSYN SERGUEI V.
Published: May 2020

Identification keys for females, and for males where known, to the 39 genera and 11 subgenera of Mymaridae in America north of Mexico are given. The genera are illustrated with over 1010 photographs and/or scanning electron micrographs. The 202 currently named and valid species reported from America north of Mexico are catalogued. Reliable host records are reported for 16 genera and almost 90 species from rearings in the region. The five genera represented by more than one subgenus in the region are: Anagrus Haliday, Anaphes Haliday, Erythmelus Enock, Kalopolynema Ogloblin, and Polynema Haliday. Five other genera are represented only by unnamed and possibly undescribed species. About 1000 literature references, mainly the North American ones, are listed. Three new species are described: Callodicopus floridanus Huber, sp. n., Neostethynium americanum Huber, sp. n., and Stephanocampta xanthogaster Huber, sp. n. Cosmocomoidea marilandica (Girault), stat. rev., is placed in synonymy under C. dolichocerus (Ashmead). Platypatasson Ogloblin is given subgeneric status as Platystethynium (Platypatasson Ogloblin), stat. rev. Corrections and additions to the mymarid fauna of Mexico by Guzmán-Larralde et al. (2017) are also given.
Evaluation of the Specific Attenuation Method for Radar-Based Quantitative Precipitation Estimation: Improvements and Practical Challenges
Authors: Seo Bong-Chul , Krajewski Witold F. , Ryzhkov Alexander
Published: May 2020

This study demonstrates an implementation of the prototype quantitative precipitation R estimation algorithm using specific attenuation A for S-band polarimetric radar. The performance of R(A) algorithm is assessed, compared to the conventional algorithm using radar reflectivity Z, at multiple temporal scales. Because the factor α, defined as the net ratio of A to specific differential phase, is a key parameter of the algorithm characterized by drop size distributions (e.g., differential reflectivity Zdr dependence on Z), the estimation equations of α and a proper number of Zdr–Z samples required for a reliable α estimation are examined. Based on the dynamic estimation of α, the event-based evaluation using hourly rain gauge observations reveals that the performance of R(A) is superior to that of R(Z), with better agreement and lower variability. Despite its superiority, the study finds that R(A) leads to quite consistent overestimations of about 10%–30%. It is demonstrated that the application of uniform α over the entire radar domain yields the observed uncertainty because of the heterogeneity of precipitation in the domain. A climatological range-dependent feature of R(A) and R(Z) is inspected in the multiyear evaluation at yearly scale using rain totals for April–October. While R(Z) exposes a systematic shift and overestimation, each of which arise from the radar miscalibration and bright band effects, R(A) combining with multiple R(Z) values for solid/mixed precipitation shows relatively robust performance without those effects. The immunity of R(A) to partial beam blockage (PBB) based on both qualitative and quantitative analyses is also verified. However, the capability of R(A) regarding PBB is limited by the presence of the melting layer and its application requirement for the total span of differential phase (e.g., 3°), which is another challenge for light rain.
Present and Past Sea Surface Temperatures: A Recipe for Better Seasonal Climate Forecasts
Authors: Switanek Matthew B. , Barsugli Joseph J. , Scheuerer Michael , Hamill Thomas M.
Published: May 2020

Monthly tropical sea surface temperature (SST) data are used as predictors to make statistical forecasts of cold season (November–March) precipitation and temperature for the contiguous United States. Through the use of the combined-lead sea surface temperature (CLSST) model, predictive information is discovered not just in recent SSTs but also from SSTs up to 18 months prior. We find that CLSST cold season forecast anomaly correlation skill is higher than that of the North American Multimodel Ensemble (NMME) and the SEAS5 model from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) when averaged over the United States for both precipitation and 2-m air temperature. The precipitation forecast skill obtained by CLSST in parts of the Intermountain West is of particular interest because of its implications for water resources. In those regions, CLSST dramatically improves the skill over that of the dynamical model ensembles, which can be attributed to a robust statistical response of precipitation in this region to SST anomalies from the previous year in the tropical Pacific.
Reporting Guidelines to Increase the Reproducibility and Comparability of Research on Microplastics
Authors: Cowger Win , Booth Andy M. , Hamilton Bonnie M. , Thaysen Clara , Primpke Sebastian , Munno Keenan , Lusher Amy L. , Dehaut Alexandre , Vaz Vitor P. , Liboiron Max , Devriese Lisa I. , Hermabessiere Ludovic , Rochman Chelsea , Athey Samantha N. , Lynch Jennifer M. , De Frond Hannah , Gray Andrew , Jones Oliver A.H. , Brander Susanne , Steele Clare , Moore Shelly , Sanchez Alterra , Nel Holly
Published: May 2020

The ubiquitous pollution of the environment with microplastics, a diverse suite of contaminants, is of growing concern for science and currently receives considerable public, political, and academic attention. The potential impact of microplastics in the environment has prompted a great deal of research in recent years. Many diverse methods have been developed to answer different questions about microplastic pollution, from sources, transport, and fate in the environment, and about effects on humans and wildlife. These methods are often insufficiently described, making studies neither comparable nor reproducible. The proliferation of new microplastic investigations and cross-study syntheses to answer larger scale questions are hampered. This diverse group of 23 researchers think these issues can begin to be overcome through the adoption of a set of reporting guidelines. This collaboration was created using an open science framework that we detail for future use. Here, we suggest harmonized reporting guidelines for microplastic studies in environmental and laboratory settings through all steps of a typical study, including best practices for reporting materials, quality assurance/quality control, data, field sampling, sample preparation, microplastic identification, microplastic categorization, microplastic quantification, and considerations for toxicology studies. We developed three easy to use documents, a detailed document, a checklist, and a mind map, that can be used to reference the reporting guidelines quickly. We intend that these reporting guidelines support the annotation, dissemination, interpretation, reviewing, and synthesis of microplastic research. Through open access licensing (CC BY 4.0), these documents aim to increase the validity, reproducibility, and comparability of studies in this field for the benefit of the global community.
Quality of governance and political support in China, Japan, and South Korea
Authors: Zhai Yida
Published: May 2020

Based on the theoretical distinction between specific and diffuse support, this study examines and compares the effects of governance quality on political support in China, Japan, and South Korea. As regime type is an important contextual factor, the three countries provide ideal cases for testing how the effects of governance on political support vary across different political systems in East Asia. The results show that both economic and political governance affects specific support in the three countries. Political governance is more important for specific support in Japan and South Korea than in China, though regime type does not moderate the effect of political governance on diffuse support. In addition, economic governance is more important for diffuse support in China than in Japan and South Korea. In the field of specific support, economic governance is more important for support for government officials in Japan and South Korea than in China.

Points for practitioners

Public support is critical to a political system’s effectiveness, stability, and even survival. Quality of governance determines the fate of authoritarian regimes. It is because of bad governance that the masses cannot continue to tolerate the authorities and take actions to overthrow authoritarian leadership. Echoing Fukuyama’s (2013) argument that an authoritarian regime can be well governed, the Chinese government attempts to improve the quality of governance so as to sustain autocratic leadership by promoting technical innovation in administrative management. However, the intrinsic defects in authoritarian systems, such as the absence of constitutional constraints on power, undermine their capacity to improve political governance. It is questionable how much good political governance in an authoritarian system can achieve without democratic reform of the political system.
Using tailored temperature variations to obtain flawless forming of multi-stacked unidirectional prepreg
Authors: Hallander Per , Grankäll Tommy , Eriksson Matilda , Petersson Mikael , Åkermo Malin
Published: May 2020

In this article, tailored temperature zones are used to obtain improved quality during rapid, high pressure forming of multi-stacked unidirectional prepreg. Particularly in aerospace applications, commonly used forming processes for multi-stacked unidirectional prepreg are often considered a bottleneck in production since the forming cycle requires both heating and cooling ramps and consequently takes long time—often about 1 h. It is possible to speed up the process by using elevated pressure and temperature. However, higher pressure and temperature also increase the influence of pressure gradient-driven, in-plane material movement (squeeze flow). This typically appears as radius thinning when forming a C-spar geometry on a male mold. Decrease of lay-up temperature will decrease radius thinning, but due to obstructed interply slippage, instead bending-induced wrinkles appear on the spar flange. In this article, tailored temperatures at the radius and in the flange area are introduced by using a hot lay-up and a cold mold. The results show that temperature differences of 6℃–10℃ between the radius area and the flange edge of the lay-up decreases radius thinning while still avoiding bending-induced wrinkles. Except from the radius temperature also the stacking sequence and the choice of prepreg system showed a significant influence on the radius thinning.
Pregnancy Centers: A Clear Purpose of Medicine with Coherent Ethics
Authors: Lisanti Christopher , Christiansen Sandy
Published: May 2020

What is the purpose of medicine? This fundamental question is at the heart of the criticisms faced by pregnancy centers (PCs) and accusations that they are unethical. PCs maintain that the purpose of medicine is to treat and prevent disease. Because pregnancy is not a disease, PCs do not advocate for elective abortion or contraceptives. PCs view the function of values (e.g., autonomy) as constraints upon physicians that prevent physical and ethical harms. Their critics either embrace an ill-defined purpose of medicine such as promoting well-being or conflate the value of autonomy with medicine’s purpose. This leads to a subjective view of medicine and changes the relationship from physician–patient to vendor–customer. This subjective nature along with its attendant vendor–customer relationship cannot solve for current or future ethical problems such as sex-selective abortion and its fatal discrimination against females.

Pregnancy Centers embrace a traditional “treat and prevent disease” purpose of medicine.  This clear and objective purpose logically leads to not advocating for abortion or contraceptives.  The authors outline a coherent ethical structure outlining the role values play in regards to this purpose. This is contrasted with the current ill-defined purpose within medicine today that has led to an inconsistent change of the physician-patient relationship to a vendor-customer one, ethical incoherence, and several attendant harms, most notably sex-selective abortion.
Using problem-oriented policing to address police problems through the study of body-worn camera footage
Authors: Pollock Wendi , Scott Sarah , Moore Eric
Published: May 2020

Herman Goldstein’s concept of ‘problem-oriented policing’ (POP) emphasized data gathering, analytics, and pattern identification to allow police to more effectively address problems faced by citizens in their communities. One of the most pressing problems in modern policing, however, is how departments should respond to accusations that police are not fair and consistent in their dealings with the public. In this article, the research team examined 1 year of officer body-worn camera footage, to create a roadmap of how the scanning, analysis, response, and assessment method of POP can be utilized to address public concerns by assessing and addressing how police interact with the public.
La sécularisation de la laïcité organisée en Belgique. Discours et engagements du Centre d’action laïque (1999–2019)
Authors: Koussens David
Published: May 2020

This article examines the movements made by the Centre d’action laïque (CAL, Centre for Secular Action), a French-speaking structure of organized secularism in Belgium, in its definition of secularism over the last twenty years. Starting from an observation of the mobilization of secularism in the written output from the CAL, the article examines the extent to which its secular ideal has become secularized both in its vocabulary and in its commitments, no longer being necessarily determined by its relationship to religion. It reveals how the written output of the CAL is gradually distancing itself from a secularism constructed in opposition to, but also and perhaps in mirror image with, clericalism, to engage instead with topics previously unknown to secularism (such as sport, drugs and prostitution) so as to better respond with a philosophical secularism that a single position vis-à-vis religion can no longer always justify.
Fiber recognition with machine learning methods by fiber tensile fracture via acoustic emission method
Authors: Zhang Xueyu , Xin Binjie , Zheng Yuansheng , Shi Meiwu , Lin LanTian , Gao Cong , Yi Yanan , Yang Zumin , Li Handian
Published: May 2020

Energy release usually accompanies the single-fiber tensile fracture, and can be monitored using acoustic emission technology. Generated during the process of molecular structure fracture of various fibers, the acoustic emission signals can be extracted to identify different fracture types of fiber, which is especially important to the yarn formation process. In this study, a low-noise fiber-stretching device was employed to process the weak-intensity signal generated during fiber tensile fracture; in addition, the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT), principal component analysis (PCA) and least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) algorithms were combined to identify the collected acoustic emission signals of polyester and cotton fibers. At the same time, it was verified that compared with the single-fiber breaking acoustic emission signal obtained by the electronic single-fiber strength tester, the signal acquisition device based on pneumatic components proposed in this paper can significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal. According to the algorithm recognition results, the recognition rate of the two fibers increased from 74% to 95%.The experimental results indicate successful measurements of different fractures of two types of fiber.
K/S value prediction of cotton fabric using PSO-LSSVM
Authors: Yu Chengbing , Xi Ziwei , Lu Yilin , Tao Kaixin , Yi Zhong
Published: May 2020

Cotton is one of the world’s most common natural clothing materials. It is dyed mainly using the exhaustion, cold pad-batch, and pad-dry-pad-steam dyeing methods. The K/S value, an important index for measuring the depth of color, of cotton fabric dyed with reactive dyes is greatly influenced by various factors of the dyeing process. In this study, three models were developed incorporating least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) to predict the K/S values of dyed cotton fabrics, while particle swarm optimization (PSO) was applied to optimize and tune the parameters of the LSSVM model (PSO-LSSVM). Model inputs include dye concentration and process conditions, which are both easily obtainable variables. The K/S values from the PSO-LSSVM model are consistent with actual measured K/S values of dyed cotton fabrics. Moreover, a comparison among PSO-LSSVM, LSSVM and back propagation neural network results shows the superiority of the PSO-LSSVM approach. Results of this work indicate that a PSO-LSSVM model is a powerful tool for predicting the K/S value in cotton fabric dyed with reactive dye and thus a means to improve production processes and reduce costs.
Why we should see international law as a structure: Unpicking international law’s ontology and agency
Authors: Sinclair Adriana
Published: May 2020

This article identifies how three dominant ideas of international law (as a process, an institution and a practice) see its agency, concluding that all three share a reluctance to see international law as doing anything more than enabling the operation of other actors, forces or structures. This article argues that we should see international law as a structure because it possesses both the surface structure of rules, principles, processes, personnel and material elements of the international legal system and a deep structure of values that sits deep within our subconscious. As Shklar’s idea of legalism shows us, legalism plays a powerful role in shaping all our understandings of ourselves and the world that surrounds us. Seeing international law as a structure enables us to see how it locates actors within a social hierarchy and how it behaves in similar ways to recognised structures like capitalism and racism.
Social Ontology De-dramatized
Authors: Little Daniel
Published: May 2020

The article responds to Richard Lauer’s (2019) “Is Social Ontology Prior to Social Scientific Methodology?” The article concurs that “social ontology matters” for the conduct of research and theory in social science. It argues, however, that neither of the interpretations of the status of social ontology offered by Lauer is satisfactory (either apriori philosophical realism or pragmatist anti-realism). The article argues for a naturalized, fallibilist, and realist interpretation of the claims of social ontology and presents the field of social ontology as the most abstract edge of social-science theorizing, subject to broad empirical constraints. The approach taken is anti-foundationalist in both epistemology and metaphysics. Ontological theorizing is part of the extended scientific enterprise of understanding the social world. Claims about the nature of the social world are not different in kind from more specific sociological claims about social class or individual rationality, to be justified ultimately by the coherence and explanatory success of the theories they help to create. At the same time, it is justified to treat the claims of social ontology as provisionally true, which supports a realist interpretation of the findings of social ontology.
A Cultural Comparison of Personality Profiles of U.S. and Japanese Centenarians
Authors: da Rosa Grace D. , Martin Peter , Kim Joseph , Russell Daniel , Abraham W. Todd , Gondo Yasuyuki , Hirose Nobuyoshi , Masui Yukie , Poon Leonard W.
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this study was a cross-cultural examination of centenarians’ personality through a person-centered approach to examine if there is a “resilient” personality profile consistent across cultures. Proxy reports information was obtained from family and close friends of 239 U.S. centenarians from the Georgia Centenarians Study and 272 Japanese centenarians from the Tokyo Centenarian Study. Latent profile analyses were conducted to identify personality profiles in centenarians from the United States and Japan. Two personality profiles were identified in both samples: a “resilient” personality profile and “nonresilient” personality profile. The “resilient” group had higher levels of positive personality traits with higher scores on agreeableness and extraversion and lower scores on neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness. The “nonresilient” group had higher scores on neuroticism and lower scores on extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Fifty percent of U.S. centenarians and 65% of Japanese centenarians were in the “resilient” group.
Similarities and Variations in Stepfamily Dynamics among Selected Asian Societies
Authors: Nozawa Shinji
Published: May 2020

Stepfamilies, an emerging family form in Asia, are gaining growing academic and social attention in Asia. This paper presents an overview of stepfamilies in Asia, based primarily on research findings in Japan, which suggest underlying two competing stepfamily models as key factors in understanding stepfamily dynamics: the “scrap and build” household model versus the expanded and interconnected network model. The findings in Japan are, then, juxtaposed with existing research findings on stepfamilies in East Asia and Singapore in terms of (a) cultural views on stepfamilies; (b) values of grandparenting, mothering, and fathering; and (c) family law and policies. Some commonalities are found in remaining influence of the “scrap and build” household model and in recent policy changes toward the expanded and interconnected network model, along with some variations, across these societies. Evidently, more studies across Asian societies are needed to obtain a clearer picture of stepfamilies in Asia.
Conjugal Relations and Stepchildren’s Well-being: Exploring the Experiences of Remarried Women in Bangladesh
Authors: Choudhury Tanzina , Sultana Sumena , Clisby Suzanne
Published: May 2020

Drawing on qualitative research in Sylhet, Bangladesh, this article explores the patterns of conjugal relations of remarried women who have children from previous marriage(s). We are primarily concerned here with the potential impacts of remarriage for women and children’s well-being. Regardless of gendered identity, it continues to be the case that the majority of Bangladeshi people are married only once. However, remarriage and polygamy are not uncommon, and this tends to be particularly the case among people living in poverty. This study is based on ethnographic observation and life history interviews with 12 remarried women from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds. Drawing on this data, we argue that remarriage can render custodian mothers’ lives more difficult through the complex negotiation between the needs and desires of their new husbands versus the well-being of their children. The sociocultural structure of Bangladesh continues to be framed by specifically located patriarchy. In this context, women’s remarriage challenges normative conjugal relations, and the resulting intrafamilial negotiations can adversely affect both mothers’ and children’s well-being.
Approaching Otolaryngology Patients During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Cui Chong , Yao Qi , Zhang Di , Zhao Yu , Zhang Kun , Nisenbaum Eric , Cao Pengyu , Zhao Keqing , Huang Xiaolong , Leng Dewen , Liu Chunhan , Li Ning , Luo Yan , Chen Bing , Casiano Roy , Weed Donald , Sargi Zoukaa , Telischi Fred , Lu Hongzhou , Denneny James C. , Shu Yilai , Liu Xuezhong
Published: May 2020

Objective.

To describe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patient presentations requiring otolaryngology consultation and provide recommendations for protective measures based on the experience of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) departments in 4 Chinese hospitals during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Study Design.

Retrospective case series.

Setting.

Multicenter.

Subjects and Methods.

Twenty hospitalized COVID‐19 patients requiring ENT consultation from 3 designated COVID‐19 hospitals in Wuhan, Shanghai, and Shenzhen were identified. Data on demographics, comorbidities, COVID‐19 symptoms and severity, consult reason, treatment, and personal protective equipment (PPE) use were collected and analyzed. Infection control strategies implemented for ENT outpatients and emergency room visits at the Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University were reported.

Results.

Median age was 63 years, 55% were male, and 95% were in severe or critical condition. Six tracheotomies were performed. Posttracheotomy outcomes were mixed (2 deaths, 2 patients comatose, all living patients still hospitalized). Other consults included epistaxis, pharyngitis, nasal congestion, hyposmia, rhinitis, otitis externa, dizziness, and tinnitus. At all hospitals, powered air‐supply filter respirators (PAPRs) were used for tracheotomy or bleeding control. PAPR or N95‐equivalent masks plus full protective clothing were used for other complaints. No inpatient ENT providers were infected. After implementation of infection control strategies for outpatient clinics, emergency visits, and surgeries, no providers were infected at the Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University.

Conclusions and Relevance.

COVID‐19 patients require ENT consultation for many reasons, including tracheotomy. Otolaryngologists play an indispensable role in the treatment of COVID‐19 patients but, due to their work, are at high risk of exposure. Appropriate protective strategies can prevent infection of otolaryngologists.
Otologic and Audiologic Considerations for COVID‐19
Authors: Eby Thomas L. , Arteaga Alberto A. , Spankovich Christopher
Published: May 2020

The COVID‐19 pandemic has created a number of considerations for otolaryngology; anosmia and ageusia in particular have gained significant attention. Here we present considerations in regard to treatment with quinine‐derived drugs and the influence of masks on communication.
Novel reusable functionalized magnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles as oil adsorbents
Authors: Hadela Ajra , Lakić Marijana , Potočnik Mateja , Košak Aljoša , Gutmaher Andreja , Lobnik Aleksandra
Published: May 2020

Magnetic nanoparticles are amongst the most promising adsorption materials for oil spill clean-up due to their high surface area, ease of functionalization with high oil affinity and facile separation after the cleaning process with an external magnetic field. In this work, we successfully synthesized magnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe2O4 NPs) that were electrostatically stabilized and functionalized with various alkoxysilanes for effective oil adsorption and oil spill removal. Additionally, the adsorption capacity of CoFe2O4 NPs was determined, and the possibility of their reuse assessed. Prepared samples showed high oil adsorption capacities between 2.6 and 3.5 g of oil per g of nanoparticles and were successfully collected with an external magnet. Furthermore, the samples showed excellent properties after regeneration, as their adsorption capacity decreased by less than 3% after reuse. All the prepared samples were thoroughly characterized to better understand their behaviour and the differences in the use of various silanes were highlighted.
A phenomenological model utilizing Voce’s strain-hardening model describing high strain rate behavior of alloy 800H during hot working
Authors: Heydarian M , Shafiei E , Ostovan F
Published: May 2020

In this study, a simple mathematical model is introduced to predict the stress–strain curves under the occurrence of minor dynamic recrystallization. In this regard, first, with the assumption of nonlinear variation of strain-hardening rate versus strain, a mathematical equation was derived to obtain the strain-hardening rate. Then, using the Voce’s equation, a new mathematical model was developed to predict the hot deformation behavior of metallic alloys at high strain rates. The most important feature of the proposed model is its simplicity so that the only constant of the stress–strain equation can easily be interpolated at different temperatures and strain rates. Accordingly, it was found that the defined material constant varies linearly and exponentially with strain rate and temperature, respectively. The high correlation factors (average correlation factor, r2 = 0.85) obtained from regression analysis showed that the model can provide a precise estimation of flow stress curves for the defined deformation conditions.
Analyzing nonlocal nonlinear vibrations of two-phase geometrically imperfect piezo-magnetic beams considering piezoelectric reinforcement scheme
Authors: Mirjavadi Seyed Sajad , Forsat Masoud , Badnava Salman , Barati Mohammad Reza
Published: May 2020

This article deals with analyzing nonlinear free vibrations of nonlocal two-phase piezo-magnetic beam with geometric imperfection rested on viscoelastic substrate. The two-phase piezo-magnetic material is based on a composition of piezoelectric and magnetic constituents with desirable percentages. An assumption is that the nanobeam is rested in an initial position due to geometric imperfection. In addition, the equilibrium equations of nanobeam with piezo-magnetic properties are derived utilizing Hamilton’s principle and the von Kármán geometric nonlinearity. Then, an exact solution based on the Jacobi elliptic functions has been provided to obtain nonlinear vibration frequency. It is found that nonlinear vibration behavior of the nanobeam is dependent on the magnitude of induced electric voltage, magnetic field intensity, geometric imperfection, and viscoelastic substrate parameters.
Moving from Adoption to Use: Physicians’ Mixed Commitments in Deciding to Use Robotic Technologies
Authors: Menchik Daniel A.
Published: May 2020

This article shifts sociological attention from doctors' adoption of medical innovations to ask how doctors decide to use expensive technologies adopted by administrators. It draws upon a content analysis of clinical research and 25 interviews with cardiologists who must decide whether to use a computer mouse- and algorithm-driven technology and whose status is partially based on manual dexterity – “good hands”. The content analysis shows that researchers do not study topics that reflect the occupation's interest in the technology's capability to strengthen the occupation's standing in competing with other professions for a jurisdiction. The interviews show that the physicians made decisions based on the habits and routines they developed in their training venue, and their subsequent division of labor with colleagues in their current workplace venue. A typology of decision processes is proposed, suggesting the usefulness of capturing foreground preoccupations and the background conditions affecting the physicians' situations.
Bioengineered three-dimensional physical constructs from quince seed mucilage for human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Şimşek Ekin , Karaca Burak , Arslan Yavuz Emre
Published: May 2020

In this study, we aimed at fabricating a novel porous physical construct from quince seed mucilage for translational medicine applications. To achieve this goal, quince seed mucilage was extracted, molded, and freeze-dried. After being freeze-dried, the molded constructs were chemically crosslinked with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide to maintain the mechanical integrity of the structure. The fabricated scaffolds were characterized in-depth by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis in addition to the swelling, liquid uptake, and porosity tests. The extraction yield of mucilage was calculated to be 6.28% ± 0.40% (n = 3). The swelling ratio of crosslinked quince seed mucilage–derived scaffolds was found to be 12,677.50% ± 388.82% (n = 3), whereas the porosity of crosslinked quince seed mucilage–derived scaffolds was 83.43% ± 2.84% (n = 3). The analyses confirmed the crosslinked quince seed mucilage–derived scaffolds to be possessed interconnected, highly porous structure. Afterward, human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were seeded on the crosslinked quince seed mucilage–derived scaffolds, and the cell viability on the scaffolds was assessed with 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The MTT results revealed the scaffolds not to be possessed any cytotoxic effect on seeded cells. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells adhesion and migration on the crosslinked quince seed mucilage–derived scaffolds were also evaluated histologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining in addition to scanning electron microscopy analysis. In conclusion, we believe that crosslinked quince seed mucilage–derived scaffolds have the potential to be an alternative to routinely used polysaccharides in regenerative medicine applications.
Community Violence Exposure and Adolescent Pregnancy in Chicago
Authors: Laursen Laura , Hebert Luciana , Newton Sara , Norcott Candice , Gilliam Melissa
Published: May 2020

This study examined the association between community violence exposure (CVE), sex without contraception, and adolescent pregnancy in Chicago. A self-administered, online survey was conducted among 15- to 19-year-old girls from the South and West sides of Chicago from October to March 2018. Participants were recruited via community organization partnerships and social media advertising. The survey included questions about CVE, sexual behaviors, and covariates that are known to contribute to sexual risk taking. CVE was measured via a validated index of seven questions that measured individual experiences with violence. Multivariable and logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between CVE, penile–vaginal intercourse without contraception, and ever being pregnant. The final sample included 644 girls. Levels of CVE were high: 62.87% of girls reported that a close friend or relative died because of violence and 41.60% were a victim of violence. Nearly half (48.69%) of girls had penile–vaginal intercourse and 6.01% had been pregnant. For each standard deviation increase in CVE score, the odds of penile–vaginal intercourse without contraception (odds ratio [OR] = 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.27, 2.25]) and the odds of ever being pregnant (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = [1.36, 2.57]) increased. These results remained significant when adjusting for demographic, psychosocial, institutional, and interpersonal factors. Findings suggest that girls in Chicago who are exposed to higher levels of community violence have an increased likelihood of experiencing penile–vaginal intercourse without contraception and teenage pregnancy, even when adjusting for other predictors to teenage pregnancy.
What Do We Know About Child Sexual Abuse? Myths and Truths in Spain
Authors: Ferragut Marta , Rueda Pilar , Cerezo M. Victoria , Ortiz-Tallo Margarita
Published: May 2020

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a terrible type of maltreatment that can have serious physical and psychological consequences for victims. These consequences include shame and are often taboo in conversation, which makes CSA very difficult to see. Therefore, multiple myths exist about CSA that can lead to misperceptions regarding issues such as its context, prevalence, and consequences. What is unknown cannot be addressed; therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate Spanish participants’ knowledge about CSA as well as examine gender and educational level differences. A 10-item questionnaire comprising myths and truths about CSA was developed, taking into account existing literature. Participants ( N = 1,540) had to rate their level of agreement with the statements. Some important aspects of CSA remain unclear, particularly in terms of the background of the victims (e.g., gender, educational level, CSA prevalence). Significant differences in the perception of CSA between men and women and among those with various educational levels were found: Men and people with lower levels of education held more myths about CSA. In conclusion, better knowledge about CSA is needed to get people involved in its prevention. We must consider the myths and truths about CSA when designing prevention programs and tailor educational programs to the target population.
Housing as a Fertility Trap: The Inability of States, Markets, or Families to Provide Adequate Housing in East Central Europe
Authors: Makszin Kristin , Bohle Dorothee
Published: May 2020

This article belongs to the special cluster, “Politics and Current Demographic Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe,” guest-edited by Tsveta Petrova and Tomasz Inglot.

We explore housing finance and policy in East Central Europe to understand the connection between housing, in particular independent household formation, and the demographic crisis. The combination of high debt-free homeownership rates with illiquid housing finance and limited rental markets produces conditions where housing restricts independent household formation and likely has a restrictive effect on fertility. We first assess the housing regime type in East Central Europe and demonstrate that it closely corresponds to the “difficult housing regime” in Southern Europe, which has well-established negative effects on independent household formation and fertility. Then we present a detailed case study of Hungary, which is a country with very low fertility rates and substantial changes in housing finance and policy over time. In particular, the issue was recently politicized through housing policies centered on household formation to counter the demographic crisis. We present a detailed analysis of policies related to access to housing for young adults through increased access to markets or state housing support schemes. These policies attempted to reduce dependence on families, but after the crisis, we find that these policies reinforce, rather than challenge, dependence on families for housing solutions, thereby limiting independent household formation. While these policies may serve a rhetorical role demonstrating a state response to the demographic crisis, we claim that their impact on fertility can be at most minimal because of stringent restrictions in access that concentrates on upper-middle-income households and limited financial commitment.
Aging Societies, Civil Societies, and the Role of the Past: Active Aging beyond Demography in Contemporary Poland
Authors: Robbins Jessica C.
Published: May 2020

This article belongs to the special cluster, “Politics and Current Demographic Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe,” guest-edited by Tsveta Petrova and Tomasz Inglot.

Like other countries in Europe, Poland’s population is growing older, because of a combination of increasing life expectancies and decreasing birth rates. Such demographic change poses challenges for policy makers, who often understand population aging to put strain on social-service, health care, and pension systems. In response, governments and civil society often emphasize “active aging,” a rubric encompassing a wide range of policies and programs meant to promote health, workforce participation, lifelong learning, and social engagement. Although active aging is often part of neoliberal policies that focus on individual responsibility, recent anthropological theory shows that neoliberal ideals of self-care cannot fully explain contemporary forms of responsibility and social relations. Anthropological theory and ethnographic data can thus help to analyze the effects of demographic change as evident in social policy and programs. In this article, I integrate an analysis of Polish governmental documents meant to promote active aging with an analysis of ethnographic data of older Poles’ experiences of active aging. This article provides an ethnographically grounded perspective on the concept of active aging that focuses on how people actually experience such policies by exploring the meanings such programs and activities take on in the lives of individual and groups. Ethnographic data reveal that the past has multiple emotional valences that shape people’s experiences of these programs, stemming from histories of violence and rupture in the region. This suggests that making explicit the multiple, complex meanings of the past could shape active aging policy and thus civil society to be more inclusive.
Migration and Socio-economic Transition: Lessons from the Polish Post–EU Accession Experience
Authors: Kaczmarczyk Paweł , Aldaz-Carroll Enrique , Hołda Paulina
Published: May 2020

This article belongs to the special cluster, “Politics and Current Demographic Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe,” guest-edited by Tsveta Petrova and Tomasz Inglot.

Even if Poland has been commonly presented as a typical emigration country, the post–EU accession migration still presents an extremely interesting case in terms of its (very high) scale, structural characteristics, and consequences. With about 2.5 million of its citizens staying temporarily abroad, Poland belongs to the most mobile European nations, and the post-accession migration to the EU is presented as a “natural experiment.” The article aims to discuss the main economic outcomes of the post-2004 migration from Poland and to address the question to what extent the Polish experience is transferable and can be used as a policy lesson for other developing countries. Based on the Polish case, the authors argue that labor migration from a country with large workforce surpluses (as present in most of the less developed countries) can help avoid hysteresis and support the structural transformation of the economy. Fulfillment of these positive expectations is however dependent on several factors including structure of migration (and return migration), structural conditions at origin and public policies imposed. Authors argue that migration policies have only limited impact on the scale and structure of international migration but public policies are critically important in harnessing the developmental potential of migration.
Introduction: Politics and Current Challenges of Demography in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Petrova Tsveta , Inglot Tomasz
Published: May 2020

This article belongs to the special cluster, “Politics and Current Demographic Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe,” guest-edited by Tsveta Petrova and Tomasz Inglot.

In this article, we introduce a multidisciplinary and multimethod, special section on the intersection of politics, policy, and the current challenges of demography in Hungary and Poland. We argue that aging, declining fertility, and migration as well as their politicization all deserve urgent attention as some of the most pressing concerns for most of Central and Eastern Europe today. Accordingly, we first use European Commission data to paint a comparative picture of the demographic challenges that the region faces. We then introduce the article contributions in the special section that examine aging, declining fertility, and migration. Next we turn to the question of the politicization of these demographic challenges. We discuss how the proposed special section speaks to two important but previously rarely linked debates taking place within the social sciences today: (1) the voluminous literature on the demographic changes and policies in Central and Eastern Europe, including their ethnic and cultural dimensions, and (2) the expanding scholarship on the rise of nationalist populism and decline in the quality of liberal democracy in the region. Lastly, we summarize the arguments of the contributing authors, who pay closer attention to policy responses to and the politicization of the demographic challenges faced by Central and Eastern Europe.
Gendered Governmentalities and Neoliberal Logics: Latina, Immigrant Women in Healthcare and Social Services
Authors: Bickham Mendez Jennifer
Published: May 2020

This ethnographic research with Latina, immigrant mothers and health care and social service workers in Williamsburg, Virginia analyzes the production of insecurities in immigrant women’s lives, as they fulfill their gendered role as caretakers of the family. I argue that the process through which immigrant women come to associate accessing public benefits and health care services with danger is reflective of neoliberal governmentality, which cultivates mothers as self-reliant subjects charged with ensuring their families’ survival. I forward the concept “insecuritization,” an interactive process through which institutional actors communicate a threat of harm to immigrant women by triggering anxieties linked to gendered norms and expectations regarding motherhood. Insecuritization steered immigrant mothers away from local institutions towards individualized strategies for solving their problems. Immigrant women responded to insecuritization by developing their own informal networks to assist them in accessing resources and care, a process that aligned with neoliberal projects of social disinvestment but also involved forging new social connections that could hold the potential for challenging neoliberal logics. This research elucidates gendered dimensions of governmentality and suggests new thinking about dialectics of women’s creative agency and disciplinary power in a neoliberal order.