bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kapitalismus und umkämpfte Öffentlichkeit. Ein Gespräch mit Nancy Fraser
Authors: Fraser Nancy , Sevignani Sebastian , Kempf Victor , Seeliger Martin
Published: February 2024

Nach einem Workshop zum Thema „The struggle over the public sphere“ mit Nancy Fraser am Berliner Center for Social Critique im Juni 2022 ergab sich im November des gleichen Jahres die Möglichkeit, die Diskussion mit ihr fortzusetzen. Das nachfolgend dokumentierte Gespräch beleuchtet das Verhältnis zwischen den „subalternen Gegenöffentlichkeiten“ und der Öffentlichkeit im Allgemeinen, den Aufstieg rechter Gegenöffentlichkeiten und die Auswirkungen der sogenannten „sozialen Medien“ auf die Öffentlichkeit. Das führt zu der Frage, wie Öffentlichkeiten im Kapitalismus verortet und wie sie in der Lage sind, Themen zu politisieren, die in kapitalistischen Gesellschaften traditionell als privat gelten. Im Gespräch verbindet Fraser ihre früheren öffentlichkeitstheoretischen Überlegungen mit ihrer aktuellen Kapitalismustheorie. Dies ist besonders interessant im Hinblick auf die dringende politische Aufgabe, eine erweiterte und nicht-essenzialistische Identität der Arbeiter*innenklasse zu bilden, die in der Lage ist, verschiedene „Gesichter der Arbeit“ zu vermitteln, wie sie es in ihren Benjamin-Vorlesungen ausdrückt.
Vertrauen in der Zusammenarbeit von Organisationen: Die Bedeutung organisationaler Gerechtigkeit und affektiven Erlebens
Authors: Grunenberg Martina , Prantl Judith , Heidt Katharina , Kals Elisabeth
Published: February 2024

Dieser Beitrag in der Zeitschrift „Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. (GIO)“ thematisiert zwischenmenschliche Aspekte in der Zusammenarbeit von Organisationen. Zwischenmenschliches Vertrauen trägt zur erfolgreichen Zusammenarbeit von Organisationen bei und kann wiederum durch das Erleben von Gerechtigkeit in den Organisationen gefördert werden. Colquitt (2001) unterteilt die organisationale Gerechtigkeit in vier Dimensionen. Wir nehmen an, dass diese unterschiedlichen Gerechtigkeitsdimensionen sowie ihre Ausprägungen als Gerechtigkeit oder Ungerechtigkeit jeweils spezifisch auf das Vertrauen zwischen den Organisationen wirken. Zudem prüfen wir, inwiefern emotionales bzw. affektives Erleben den Zusammenhang von Gerechtigkeit und Vertrauen erklären kann. Beide Annahmen werden jeweils mit einer Studie untersucht.

Die Stichproben bestehen aus hochschulexternen Organisationsmitgliedern, die innerhalb eines Wissenstransferprojektes mit Hochschulen zusammenarbeiten. In Studie 1 wird die erste Annahme mittels qualitativer Interviews untersucht (N = 12). Darauf aufbauend wird in Studie 2 die zweite Annahme mittels quantitativer Fragebögen (N = 74) exemplarisch für informationale Gerechtigkeit und wahrgenommene Vertrauenswürdigkeit geprüft.

In Studie 1 bestätigen sich die differenziellen Zusammenhänge: Während die distributiven und informationalen (Un‑)Gerechtigkeitsdimensionen gleichermaßen für Vertrauensaufbau und -verlust relevant sind, scheint die prozedurale Dimension insbesondere für den Verlust und die interpersonale Dimension insbesondere für den Aufbau von Vertrauen bedeutsam zu sein. In Studie 2 zeigt sich, dass positiv erlebte Emotionen (z. B. Freude) die Beziehung zwischen informationaler Gerechtigkeit und wahrgenommener Vertrauenswürdigkeit vermitteln. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf vielfältige Implikationen für die Gerechtigkeits- und Vertrauensforschung sowie die vertrauensförderliche Gestaltung interorganisationaler Zusammenarbeit hin.
Digital Solutions to Optimize Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy Prescriptions in Heart Failure Patients: Current Applications and Future Directions
Authors: Man Jelle P. , Klopotowska Joanna , Asselbergs Folkert W. , Handoko M. Louis , Chamuleau Steven A. J. , Schuuring Mark J.
Published: February 2024

Purposeof Review

Guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) underuse is common in heart failure (HF) patients. Digital solutions have the potential to support medical professionals to optimize GDMT prescriptions in a growing HF population. We aimed to review current literature on the effectiveness of digital solutions on optimization of GDMT prescriptions in patients with HF.

Recent Findings

We report on the efficacy, characteristics of the study, and population of published digital solutions for GDMT optimization. The following digital solutions are discussed: teleconsultation, telemonitoring, cardiac implantable electronic devices, clinical decision support embedded within electronic health records, and multifaceted interventions. Effect of digital solutions is reported in dedicated studies, retrospective studies, or larger studies with another focus that also commented on GDMT use. Overall, we see more studies on digital solutions that report a significant increase in GDMT use. However, there is a large heterogeneity in study design, outcomes used, and populations studied, which hampers comparison of the different digital solutions. Barriers, facilitators, study designs, and future directions are discussed.

There remains a need for well-designed evaluation studies to determine safety and effectiveness of digital solutions for GDMT optimization in patients with HF. Based on this review, measuring and controlling vital signs in telemedicine studies should be encouraged, professionals should be actively alerted about suboptimal GDMT, the researchers should consider employing multifaceted digital solutions to optimize effectiveness, and use study designs that fit the unique sociotechnical aspects of digital solutions. Future directions are expected to include artificial intelligence solutions to handle larger datasets and relieve medical professional’s workload.
Tax morale: a global scoping review from the cultural approach to economics
Authors: Fonseca Corona Francisco Javier
Published: February 2024

There is significant academic debate on how culture influences tax morale. The existing works in the field use several approaches, methods, and geographical outreaches. This article aims to present an up-to-date review of international literature on tax morale linked to cultural factors during the last twenty-five years (from 1998 to 2022). From the cultural approach to economics, this paper analyzes relevant scientific peer-reviewed articles following the extension for scoping reviews of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-ScR) and the Joanna Briggs Institute manual for scoping reviews. The selection process of sources of evidence yielded a total of sixty-six relevant empirical works. This review contributes to the literature on tax morale by revealing that there are scarce qualitative studies in the field; that it is necessary to develop more research focused on specific countries and regions within countries; and that more works should address how some particular cultural facets—like religion, ethnic identity, patriotism, or trust—individually affect tax morale.
Herpesviren: Überblick und Therapie
Authors: Saluzzo Simona
Published: February 2024

Humanpathogene Herpesviren verursachen verschiedene Krankheitsbilder, deren Verlauf stark von der zellulären Immunität der Patienten abhängt. Es ist wichtig, den Immunstatus der Patienten zu überprüfen, um schwere Verläufe zu vermeiden. Frühe und sorgfältige mikrobiologische Diagnostik in Kombination mit dem zeitnahen Beginn einer antiviralen Therapie sind entscheidend. Mit Ausnahme des Varicella-Zoster-Virus gibt es keine verfügbare Impfung gegen Herpesviren. Derzeit stehen zwei Impfstoffe gegen das Varicella-Zoster-Virus zur Verfügung, die vor einer Reaktivierung des Virus schützen und die Zoster-Erkrankung verhindern.
Academic Entrepreneurship Ecosystems: Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Directions
Authors: Correia Maria Patrocínia , Marques Carla Susana , Silva Rui , Ramadani Veland
Published: February 2024

Research on the entrepreneurship ecosystem, based on different data and scales, limits the acceptance of a single definition. This conceptual limitation and the still recent research and higher education institutions have come to be seen as ecosystems associated with entrepreneurship. The aim of this study is to contribute to the field of knowledge, identify current and emerging thematic areas and trends and reveal the scientific roots of research on entrepreneurial ecosystems and their relationship with higher education institutions. A bibliometric analysis was developed to analyse a final sample of 110 articles published between 2011 and 2022. In order to develop the analysis, Bibliometrix R-Tool was used and the metadata of two databases (Web of Science and Scopus) was retrieved and merged. The software creates a reference co-citation’s map, which allowed emphasize the state of the art and indicate three thematic clusters: (i) the importance of the higher education context for the entrepreneurial ecosystem, (ii) the evolution and challenges of entrepreneurship education and (iii) academic entrepreneurship ecosystems. The paper concludes by suggesting future research focused on the importance of building an integrated approach to entrepreneurial ecosystems and higher education institutions on a context regional scale.
Adding causality to the information-theoretic perspective on individuality
Authors: Bourrat Pierrick
Published: February 2024

I extend work from Krakauer et al. (2020), who propose a conception of individuality as the capacity to propagate information through time. From this conception, they develop information-theoretic measures. I identify several shortcomings with these measures—in particular, that they are associative rather than causal. I rectify this shortcoming by deriving a causal information-theoretic measure of individuality. I then illustrate how this measure can be implemented and extended in the context of evolutionary transitions in individuality.
Novel synthesis, characterization, and application of calcium ferrate (VI) in water treatment
Authors: Ndzungu Gcobisa , Zvinowanda Caliph , Ngila J. Catherine
Published: February 2024

Poor raw water quality has led science and technology research to explore more environmentally friendly water treatment methods, such as advanced oxidation processes. Ferrate (VI) salts have been regarded as a new green oxidant, cost-effective, and coagulant/flocculent in a single mixing and dosing unit in wastewater treatment. This research aimed to synthesize calcium ferrate (CaFeO4), a benign green chemical that can be utilized to treat water and wastewater through a facile wet oxidation process, with minimal increase in electrical conductivity. This study used the wet oxidation approach to synthesize stable aqueous calcium ferrate in an alkaline media using distilled water. During process optimization, CaFeO4 was synthesized and named 60-CaFeO4, 70-CaFeO4, 80-CaFeO4, and 90-CaFeO4, where the numbers represent the synthesis temperature. The prepared CaFeO4 was characterized using XRD, FT-IR, UV–Vis, TEM, SEM, Raman, and redox titration. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of the Fe–O stretching vibrations in all the freeze-dried CaFeO4 powders, signifying the successful preparation of the materials. The physicochemical characteristics of raw water, such as turbidity, color, COD, pH, EC, and TDS, were analyzed before and after treatment with CaFeO4. A jar test was performed to evaluate the reactivity and efficiency of the CaFeO4 toward wastewater treatment through coagulation/flocculation processes. After coagulation using CaFeO4, the pollutants levels were reduced COD (43.56–71.56%) and turbidity (97–99%), signifying the effectiveness of the as-prepared materials. CaFeO4 was successfully produced at various temperatures and was stable enough to be stored at room temperature for over six months without significantly decomposing.

Graphical abstract
Development of antifungal fibrous ocular insert using freeze-drying technique
Authors: Teba Hoda E. , Khalil Islam A. , Gebreel Rana M. , Fahmy Lamiaa I. , Sorogy Heba M. El
Published: February 2024

Candida species is one of the pathogenic fungi of the eye responsible for keratitis that frequently causes vision impairment and blindness. Effective treatment requires long-term use of antifungal drugs, which is opposed by the defensive mechanisms of the eye and inadequate corneal penetration. The objective of this study was to develop a carrier for prolonged ocular application of fluconazole (FLZ) to treat keratitis. FLZ was encapsulated into chitosan fibrous matrices (F1–F4) using different chitosan concentrations (0.02, 0.1, 0.5, and 1%w/v, respectively) by freeze-drying as a single-step technique. Studying the morphology and surface properties of the inserts revealed a porous matrix with fibrous features with a large surface area. Thermal stability and chemical compatibility were confirmed by DSC/TGA/DTA and FT-IR, respectively. Loading capacity (LC) and entrapment efficiency (EE) were determined. According to the in vitro release study, F4 (0.11 mg mg−1 LC and 87.53% EE) was selected as the optimum insert because it had the most sustained release, with 15.85% burst release followed by 75.62% release within 12 h. Ex vivo corneal permeation study revealed a 1.2-fold increase in FLZ permeation from F4 compared to FLZ aqueous solution. Also, in the in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rabbits, F4 increased the AUC0-8 of FLZ by 9.3-fold and its concentration in aqueous humor was maintained above the MIC through the experimentation time. Studies on cytotoxicity (MTT assay) provide evidence for the safety and biocompatibility of F4. Therefore, the freeze-dried FLZ-loaded chitosan fibrous insert could be a promising candidate for treating ocular keratitis.

Graphical Abstract
Treatment of Binge-Eating Disorder Across the Lifespan: An Updated Review of the Literature and Considerations for Future Research
Authors: Smith Kathryn E. , Goldschmidt Andrea B.
Published: February 2024

Purpose of Review

The present review describes the recent literature on treatment for binge-eating disorder (BED) in adults and youth, with a particular focus on research gaps, emerging treatments, and future research directions.

Recent Findings

Evidence supports the efficacy of several treatment modalities in adults, including self-help treatment, clinician-led psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy; the largest effect sizes have been found for psychotherapies, most of which were cognitive-behavioral in orientation. Adapted psychotherapies for youth also show promise but lack a robust body of evidence. Predictors, moderators, and mediators of treatment outcome remain poorly understood; individuals with BED continue to experience significant barriers to treatment; and research is needed to address suboptimal treatment response. Recent work has highlighted the potential of adaptive interventions and investigation of novel mechanisms to address these gaps.

Research on BED treatment continues to grow, though critical questions must be answered to improve treatment efficacy across the lifespan.
Desirable candidates for high-performance lead-free organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells
Authors: Sajid Sajid , Alzahmi Salem , Salem Imen Ben , Tabet Nouar , Haik Yousef , Obaidat Ihab M.
Published: February 2024

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are currently demonstrating tremendous potential in terms of straightforward processing, a plentiful supply of materials, and easy architectural integration, as well as high power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the elemental composition of the widely utilized organic–inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) contains the hazardous lead (Pb). The presence of Pb in the PSCs is problematic because of its toxicity which may slow down or even impede the pace of commercialization. As a backup option, the scientific community has been looking for non-toxic/less-toxic elements that can replace Pb in OIHPs. Despite not yet matching the impressive results of Pb-containing OIHPs, the community is paying close attention to Pb-free materials and has seen some encouraging findings. This review evaluates the Pb-replacement with suitable elements and scrutinizes the desirable optoelectronic features of such elements in OIHPs. The fundamental features of Pb-free OIHPs together with their photovoltaic performance in the PSCs are evaluated in details. Finally, we sum up the current challenges and potential opportunities for the Pb-free OIHPs and their devices.
A Review on Enhancing the Life of Teeth by Toothpaste Containing Bioactive Glass Particles
Authors: Prasad P. Syam , Pasha Mahammod Babar , Rao R. Narasimha , Rao P. Venkateswara , Madaboosi Narayanan , Özcan Mutlu
Published: February 2024

Purpose of Review

Dental caries or tooth decay is one of the communal problems in the world which can affect not only the oral health but also the general health conditions. The main objective of this systematic review is to explore the efficacy of bioactive glass-based toothpastes against cariogenic bacteria.

Recent Findings

Bioactive glass particulates containing toothpaste show better remineralization potential on demineralized enamel and dentin when compared with toothpaste containing various bioactive constituents such as fluoride and potassium chloride. These constituents in conventional toothpaste can rapidly streak off due to acidic impact in the oral environment as the bioactive glass provides minerals for demineralized enamel and dentin by forming a strong hydroxyapatite (HAp) layer on its surface. Further, the therapeutic ions present in the bioglass can resist plaque formation by raising the pH of the surrounding environment or saliva and create amicable media for healthier teeth.

Toothpaste containing bioactive glass particles undoubtedly displayed the remineralizing potentiality of the dental hard tissues. Dynamics of the mineralization through different bioactive glass materials needs further investigations. In order to prevent dental cavities and improve oral health, it is important to identify and study different effective bioglass particles in toothpaste.
Certification against greenwashing in nascent bond markets: lessons from African ESG bonds
Authors: Mutarindwa Samuel , Schäfer Dorothea , Stephan Andreas
Published: February 2024

Africa is one of the most vulnerable continents to climate change. Climate and sustainability-linked bonds can provide funding to African governments and corporations for projects that help to mitigate climate change, combat biodiversity loss, and foster sustainable development. However, less than 0.3% of the global environmental, social, governance (ESG) bond issuance volume is devoted to projects in Africa. Based on the entire universe of 107 African ESG bonds from 42 governmental and corporate issuers over the period 2010–2023, this paper establishes that ESG bonds provide benefits to both issuers and investors in terms of lower spreads and volatility. Our econometric results highlight that greenwashing is a valid concern for investors in African ESG bonds and certification of ESG bonds makes a difference vis-à-vis the self-labeling of green bonds. Non-certified ESG bonds do not offer similar benefits compared to certified ones. Green macro-financial policy and suitable regulation to prevent greenwashing can foster African ESG-bond markets.
Modelling method of heterogeneous rock mass and DEM investigation of seepage characteristics
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Zhang Dongsheng , Feng Guorui , Chi Mingbo
Published: February 2024

The Weibull distribution is used to describe the heterogeneity of rock hydraulics and embedded into the Fish program which is based on the discrete element method. The developed program overcomes the limitation of the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) software regarding the number of parameter groups, which cannot exceed 50. A method for parameter assignment of heterogeneous rocks is proposed together with a method for estimating the initial flow rate value of heterogeneous models. Based on the established heterogeneity calculation model, the influence of block homogeneity, hydraulic aperture homogeneity, and stress on the seepage characteristics is studied. The results indicate that under zero stress conditions, the flow rate is positively correlated with N0.5 showing a strong linear relationship. The linear relationship is gradually enhanced with the increase in the shape parameters. The relationship between the flow rate and shape parameters is logarithmic with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.9654. The relationship between the flow rate and the axial pressure and confining pressure can be described by quadratic and cubic polynomials, respectively, based on which we further discuss the variation characteristics of equivalent hydraulic apertures under the various axial pressures, confining pressures, and shape parameters.
Development of a New Approach for a Digital, Cartographic Rock and Relief Representation
Authors: Klaus Alexander , Hagg Wilfried
Published: February 2024

This paper presents a new approach to digital rock and relief representation. A prerequisite for the method was its applicability for different scales and thus different resolutions of the underlying terrain models. A further requirement was its suitability for different rock types. It must also take into account the rock surfaces that have become ice-free due to glacier retreat and be easy to integrate into the map in the event of an update. The relief representation follows the principle that the terrain should be reproduced as naturally as possible to provide the map user with the best possible orientation in the terrain. The approach requires a very good knowledge of the terrain as well as a certain artistic talent to achieve an appealing, natural color scheme. Through the process of color manipulation from the four-color set, it is also possible, in addition to the summer representation from the data collected with remote sensing methods, to generate winter representations for e.g. ski tourers. The use of established, automatic procedures considerably reduces the workload for the cartographer and also enables simple integration of corrections and changes to the landscape, e.g. due to glacial retreat and landslides, and can be applied to large map series due to its reproducibility.
Factors determining roadkills in a mammal carnivore are road-type specific
Authors: Carmona Guillermo , Virgós Emilio , Burgos Tamara , Barrientos Rafael
Published: February 2024

Roads threaten the conservation of many wildlife species. Carnivores are one of the most susceptible groups due to their habitat requirements. We explored the roadkill patterns of European polecats (Mustela putorious) on motorways and roads to investigate if these patterns depend on road type, a research topic frequently neglected in the literature. We studied 85 roadkills on motorways and 73 on roads, and the corresponding number of random points with no roadkills in every road type. We characterized them with 7 habitat and 7 road-related variables. Roadkill sites were significantly associated with the abundance of rabbit burrows. However, this effect was stronger on motorways, as they provide more suitable habitat for the establishment of prey species on their wider rights-of-way, or on the road interchange islands, which provide wide unused spaces. In contrast, road interchange islands on conventional roads that are simple intersections and have narrower rights-of-way. Furthermore, roadkills occurred in areas with lower agricultural cover. Thus, natural habitats on roadsides could act as alternative foraging areas for this carnivore increasing their roadkill risk. Our results showed the need to consider the characteristics such as the availability of prey or the surrounding habitat, as well as intrinsic characteristics of the road type when studying wildlife roadkills as the road-type-mediated patterns demand-specific mitigation measures.
Claim-Making in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Gallagher Janice K. , Kruks-Wisner Gabrielle , Taylor Whitney K.
Published: February 2024

Claim-making – the everyday strategies through which citizens pursue rights fulfilment – is often overlooked in studies of political behavior, which tend to focus on highly visible, pivotal moments: elections, mass protests, high court decisions, legislative decisions. But what of the politics of the everyday? This Element takes up this question, drawing together research from Colombia, South Africa, India, and Mexico. The authors argue that claim-making is a distinct form of citizenship practice characterized by its everyday nature, which is neither fully programmatic nor clientelistic; and which is prevalent in settings marked by gaps between the state's de jure commitments to rights and their de facto realization. Under these conditions, claim making is both meaningful (there are rights to be secured) and necessary (fulfillment is far from guaranteed). Claim-making of this kind is of critical consequence, both materially and politically, with the potential to shape how citizens engage (or disengage) the state.
Item Response Theory for Creativity Measurement
Authors: Myszkowski Nils
Published: February 2024

Item-response theory (IRT) represents a key advance in measurement theory. Yet, it is largely absent from curricula, textbooks and popular statistical software, and often introduced through a subset of models. This Element, intended for creativity and innovation researchers, researchers-in-training, and anyone interested in how individual creativity might be measured, aims to provide 1) an overview of classical test theory (CTT) and its shortcomings in creativity measurement situations (e.g., fluency scores, consensual assessment technique, etc.); 2) an introduction to IRT and its core concepts, using a broad view of IRT that notably sees CTT models as particular cases of IRT; 3) a practical strategic approach to IRT modeling; 4) example applications of this strategy from creativity research and the associated advantages; and 5) ideas for future work that could advance how IRT could better benefit creativity research, as well as connections with other popular frameworks.
Hyponatremia in Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A Review of Its Pathophysiology and Management
Authors: Netto Archana B. , Chandrahasa Niveditha , Koshy Sheril S. , Taly Arun B.
Published: February 2024

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is the commonest cause of acute polyradiculoneuropathy that requires hospitalization. Many of these patients experience systemic and disease-related complications during its course. Notable among them is hyponatremia. Though recognized for decades, the precise incidence, prevalence, and mechanism of hyponatremia in GBS are not well known. Hyponatremia in GBS patients is associated with more severe in-hospital disease course, prolonged hospitalization, higher mortality, increased costs, and a greater number of other complications in the hospital and worse functional status at 6 months and at 1 year. Though there are several reports of low sodium associated with GBS, many have not included the exact temporal relationship of sodium or its serial values during GBS thereby underestimating the exact incidence, prevalence, and magnitude of the problem. Early detection, close monitoring, and better understanding of the pathophysiology of hyponatremia have therapeutic implications. We review the complexities of the relationship between hyponatremia and GBS with regard to its pathophysiology and treatment.
From segmentalist to liberal skill formation system: A comparative analysis of labour market activation policies in Japan and South Korea
Authors: Lee Sophia Seung-yoon , Nahm Jaewook
Published: February 2024

This study provides a comparative analysis of the evolution of skill formation systems in Japan and South Korea, considering the nuances in active labour market policies (ALMPs) and institutional transformations in the post-industrial landscape. Both nations initially adopted segmentalist skill formation systems; however, they now exhibit divergent paths. Korea, in particular, has undergone institutional changes from segmentalist to a liberal skill formation system, with firms reducing their involvement in skill formation, resulting in a pronounced skill formation gap. Firms have curtailed their role in skill formation in alignment with environmental changes, and ALMPs have primarily centred on job creation for the elderly and small- and medium-sized enterprise employment subsidies. Conversely, Japan has maintained consistent policy approaches despite similar environmental changes. This study highlights that these divergent trajectories are rooted in the different stages of institutional maturity established during industrialization.
“Free Passage” for the “King's True Liegemen”: The Meaning of Free Trade in a Corporate Age, 1555–1624
Authors: Pennington David
Published: February 2024

Scholars of late have come to reevaluate and appreciate the achievements of merchant companies that fostered commercial networks and established new global trade routes. This research would seem to lend support to historians who have characterized early seventeenth-century calls for “free trade” as mere sloganeering driven by provincial merchants suspicious of the London-dominated corporations. This article challenges this view and argues that free trade ideas had deep roots in early modern political culture. It traces the origins of these ideas to protests in the sixteenth century and shows how a broad coalition of interests drew upon ideas of property rights and the ancient constitution to challenge the new companies. So compelling were free trade arguments that they became a commonplace in the economic debates of an emerging public sphere. A reconsideration of the free trade campaign that is attentive to interactions and negotiations between the Privy Council, Parliament, and the public highlights the ability of the early modern state before the 1630s to readjust the political economy of the commonwealth.
Calico Madams and South Sea Cheats: Global Trade, Finance, and Popular Protest in Early Hanoverian England
Authors: Swingen Abigail L.
Published: February 2024

In the summer of 1719, woolen and silk weavers took to the streets in cities and towns across England to protest the East India Company's importation of cotton calicoes from South Asia. English weavers viewed these popular imports as hurting their economic livelihoods. During the protests, they violently turned their anger against women wearing calico, tearing off their clothes and even throwing acid on some victims. Their actions spurred widespread condemnation, but the weavers got what they wanted in the end. In March 1721, an act banning the importation and use of all calico cloth in Britain received royal assent. On that same day, an act arranging the first in a series of financial rescues of the South Sea Company in the wake of the South Sea Bubble became law. Drawing from a range of archival and printed sources, the author explores the political and cultural connections between the calico crisis and the South Sea Bubble and investigates how reactions to both episodes intersected ideologically with fears of Jacobitism and foreign invasion and with broader anxieties about gender, the social order, and the political influence of financial corporations.
Trilobites from the Al Rose Formation (Lower Ordovician, Inyo Mountains, California)—faunas marginal to the Great Basin
Authors: Fortey Richard A. , Vargas-Parra Ernesto E. , Droser Mary L.
Published: February 2024

The Lower Ordovician (Floian) Al Rose Formation from the Inyo Mountains, California, is a deeper-water, graptolitic equivalent of the well-known and richly fossiliferous successions described from Utah and Nevada. It is considered to have been originally marginal to the Laurentian paleocontinent. It has yielded a low-diversity trilobite fauna that differs strikingly from contemporary faunas to the east in its abundance of raphiophorid, nileid, olenid, and agnostoid trilobites, resembling that of the Nileid Biofacies known from scattered locations marginal to Laurentia. Two new trilobite species are described: Globampyx sexsegmentatus (Raphiophoridae) and Protopresbynileus divergens (Nileidae). Carolinites genacinaca Ross, 1951 is a link with the Great Basin. Other trilobites include the olenid Cloacaspis cf. C. ceryx anataphra Fortey, 1974, metagnostid Geragnostus cf. G. (Novoagnostus) longicollis Raymond, 1925, and pliomerid Hintzeia sp.

UUID: https://zoobank.org/19a679ce-968d-4ce1-a590-f7f55bf9d62d
By Any Means Necessary? How Black and White Americans Evaluate Protest Tactics in Response to a Police Killing
Authors: Mclaren Leann , Walker Zoe
Published: February 2024

The majority of protests in support of racial justice are peaceful. However, since the racial reckoning of 2020, there has been debate about when and how exposure to violent or disruptive protest activities can shift public opinion towards a social movement. Using the Black Lives Matter Movement as a lens, we design a survey experiment to test the causal effects of different protest tactics on support for protesters and the movement itself among Black and white Americans. We include a control condition with no protest and manipulate the level of disruption in each treatment condition, ranging from a simple march in response to the police killing of an unarmed Black man to a protest in which participants set fire to an empty police headquarters. We use OLS regressions to estimate average treatment effects. Overall, we find that both Blacks and whites react negatively to more disruptive protests but whites tend to react more negatively than Blacks. Conversely, we also find that whites overall report more confidence in the ability of Black Lives Matter to facilitate racial equality after exposure to a protest, even when that protest employs disruptive tactics. We also test for the moderating effects of racial identity and racial resentment. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for the broader literature on social movements and public opinion.
Selecting Out of “Politics”: The Self-Fulfilling Role of Conflict Expectation
Authors: GROENENDYK ERIC , KRUPNIKOV YANNA , RYAN JOHN BARRY , CONNORS ELIZABETH C.
Published: February 2024

In recent decades, the term “politics” has become almost synonymous with conflict. Results from eight studies show that individuals averse to conflict tend to select out of surveys and discussions explicitly labeled as “political.” This suggests that the inferences researchers draw from “political” surveys, as well as the impressions average Americans draw from explicitly “political” discussions, will be systematically biased toward conflict. We find little evidence that these effects can be attenuated by emphasizing deliberative norms. However, conflict averse individuals are more willing to discuss ostensibly political topics such as the economy, climate change, and racial inequality, despite reluctance to discuss “politics” explicitly. Moreover, they express greater interest in politics when it is defined in terms of laws and policies and debate is deemphasized. Overall, these findings suggest the expectation of conflict may have a self-fulfilling effect, as contexts deemed explicitly “political” will be composed primarily of conflict seekers.
The association between neighborhood-level social fragmentation and distressing psychotic-like experiences in early adolescence: the moderating role of close friends
Authors: Ku Benson S. , Ren Jiyuan , Compton Michael T. , Druss Benjamin G. , Guo Shuyi , Walker Elaine F.
Published: February 2024

Background

Early exposure to neighborhood social fragmentation has been shown to be associated with schizophrenia. The impact of social fragmentation and friendships on distressing psychotic-like experiences (PLE) remains unknown. We investigate the relationships between neighborhood social fragmentation, number of friends, and distressing PLE among early adolescents.

Methods

Data were collected from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Generalized linear mixed models tested associations between social fragmentation and distressing PLE, as well as the moderating role of the number of total and close friends.

Results

Participants included 11 133 adolescents aged 9 to 10, with 52.3% being males. Greater neighborhood social fragmentation was associated with higher levels of distressing PLE (adjusted β = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.01–0.09). The number of close but not total friends significantly interacted with social fragmentation to predict distressing PLE (adjusted β = −0.02; 95% CI: −0.04 to <−0.01). Among those with fewer close friends, the association between neighborhood social fragmentation and distressing PLE was significant (adjusted β = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.03–0.11). However, among those with more close friends, the association was non-significant (adjusted β = 0.03; 95% CI: −0.01 to 0.07).

Conclusions

Greater neighborhood social fragmentation is associated with higher levels of distressing PLE, particularly among those with fewer close friends. Further research is needed to disentangle aspects of the interaction between neighborhood characteristics and the quality of social interactions that may contribute to psychosis, which would have implications for developing effective interventions at the individual and community levels.
The importance of falsification endpoints in observational studies of vaccination to prevent severe disease: A critique of a harm–benefit analysis of BNT162b2 vaccination of 5- to 11-year-olds
Authors: Høeg Tracy B. , Haslam Alyson , Prasad Vinay
Published: February 2024

We explore one systematic review and meta-analysis of both observational and randomized studies examining COVID-19 vaccines in 5- to 11-year-olds, which reported substantial benefits associated with vaccinating this age group. We discuss the limitations of the individual studies that were used to estimate vaccination benefits. The review included five observational studies that evaluated vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19 severe disease or hospitalization. All five studies failed to adequately assess differences in underlying health between vaccination groups. In terms of vaccination harms, looking only at the randomized studies, a significantly higher odds of adverse events was identified among the vaccinated compared with the unvaccinated. Observational studies are at risk of overestimating the effectiveness of vaccines against severe disease if healthy vaccinee bias is present. Falsification endpoints can provide valuable information about underlying healthy vaccinee bias. Studies that have not adequately ruled out bias due to better health among the vaccinated or more vaccinated should be viewed as unreliable for estimating the VE of COVID-19 vaccination against severe disease and mortality. Existing systematic reviews that include observational studies of the COVID-19 vaccine in children may have overstated or falsely inferred vaccine benefits due to unidentified or undisclosed healthy vaccinee bias.
On a conjecture of Conlon, Fox, and Wigderson
Authors: Fan Chunchao , Lin Qizhong , Yan Yuanhui
Published: February 2024

For graphs
$G$
and
$H$
, the Ramsey number
$r(G,H)$
is the smallest positive integer
$N$
such that any red/blue edge colouring of the complete graph
$K_N$
contains either a red
$G$
or a blue
$H$
. A book
$B_n$
is a graph consisting of
$n$
triangles all sharing a common edge.

Recently, Conlon, Fox, and Wigderson conjectured that for any
$0\lt \alpha \lt 1$
, the random lower bound
$r(B_{\lceil \alpha n\rceil },B_n)\ge (\sqrt{\alpha }+1)^2n+o(n)$
is not tight. In other words, there exists some constant
$\beta \gt (\sqrt{\alpha }+1)^2$
such that
$r(B_{\lceil \alpha n\rceil },B_n)\ge \beta n$
for all sufficiently large
$n$
. This conjecture holds for every
$\alpha \lt 1/6$
by a result of Nikiforov and Rousseau from 2005, which says that in this range
$r(B_{\lceil \alpha n\rceil },B_n)=2n+3$
for all sufficiently large
$n$
.

We disprove the conjecture of Conlon, Fox, and Wigderson. Indeed, we show that the random lower bound is asymptotically tight for every
$1/4\leq \alpha \leq 1$
. Moreover, we show that for any
$1/6\leq \alpha \le 1/4$
and large
$n$
,
$r(B_{\lceil \alpha n\rceil }, B_n)\le \left (\frac 32+3\alpha \right ) n+o(n)$
, where the inequality is asymptotically tight when
$\alpha =1/6$
or
$1/4$
. We also give a lower bound of
$r(B_{\lceil \alpha n\rceil }, B_n)$
for
$1/6\le \alpha \lt \frac{52-16\sqrt{3}}{121}\approx 0.2007$
, showing that the random lower bound is not tight, i.e., the conjecture of Conlon, Fox, and Wigderson holds in this interval.
A single-institutional experience with 36 children less than 5 kilograms supported with the Berlin Heart: Comparison of congenital versus acquired heart disease
Authors: Bleiweis Mark S. , Sharaf Omar M. , Philip Joseph , Peek Giles J. , Stukov Yuriy , Janelle Gregory M. , Pitkin Andrew D. , Sullivan Kevin J. , Nixon Connie S. , Neal Dan , Jacobs Jeffrey P.
Published: February 2024

Objectives:

We reviewed outcomes in all 36 consecutive children <5 kg supported with the Berlin Heart pulsatile ventricular assist device at the University of Florida, comparing those with acquired heart disease (n = 8) to those with congenital heart disease (CHD) (n = 28).

Methods:

The primary outcome was mortality. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests were used to assess group differences in long-term survival after ventricular assist device insertion. T-tests using estimated survival proportions were used to compare groups at specific time points.

Results:

Of 82 patients supported with the Berlin Heart at our institution, 49 (49/82 = 59.76%) weighed <10 kg and 36 (36/82 = 43.90%) weighed <5 kg. Of 36 patients <5 kg, 26 (26/36 = 72.22%) were successfully bridged to transplantation. (The duration of support with ventricular assist device for these 36 patients <5 kg was [days]: median = 109, range = 4–305.) Eight out of 36 patients <5 kg had acquired heart disease, and all eight [8/8 = 100%] were successfully bridged to transplantation. (The duration of support with ventricular assist device for these 8 patients <5 kg with acquired heart disease was [days]: median = 50, range = 9–130.) Twenty-eight of 36 patients <5 kg had congenital heart disease. Eighteen of these 28 [64.3%] were successfully bridged to transplantation. (The duration of support with ventricular assist device for these 28 patients <5 kg with congenital heart disease was [days]: median = 136, range = 4–305.) For all 36 patients who weighed <5 kg: 1-year survival estimate after ventricular assist device insertion = 62.7% (95% confidence interval = 48.5–81.2%) and 5-year survival estimate after ventricular assist device insertion = 58.5% (95% confidence interval = 43.8–78.3%). One-year survival after ventricular assist device insertion = 87.5% (95% confidence interval = 67.3–99.9%) in acquired heart disease and 55.6% (95% confidence interval = 39.5–78.2%) in CHD, P = 0.036. Five-year survival after ventricular assist device insertion = 87.5% (95% confidence interval = 67.3–99.9%) in acquired heart disease and 48.6% (95% confidence interval = 31.6–74.8%) in CHD, P = 0.014.

Conclusion:

Pulsatile ventricular assist device facilitates bridge to transplantation in neonates and infants weighing <5 kg; however, survival after ventricular assist device insertion in these small patients is less in those with CHD in comparison to those with acquired heart disease.
TheAmerican Political Science ReviewDuring the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Dion Michelle L. , Strolovitch Dara Z.
Published: February 2024

On June 1, 2020, a little more than two months after the World Health Organization’s COVID-19 pandemic declaration, our editorial team assumed the leadership of theAmerican Political Science Review(APSR). Although this confluence of events makes it difficult to isolate the pandemic’s effect on new submissions and review processes, this article describes submission and review patterns in the two and a half years before and after the onset of the pandemic and the editorial transition. It describes our preliminary observations regarding what the patterns suggest about the pandemic’s impact on theAPSR.1
Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Submissions to Politics & Gender
Authors: Franceschet Susan , Schroeder Emma , Wolbrecht Christina
Published: February 2024

In the summer of 2019, two of us began our term as co-editors of Politics & Gender. We were excited to manage the top journal in the study of women, gender, and politics; help to shape our field; and advance outstanding scholarship. Before our first year ended, the global COVID-19 pandemic disrupted normal routines for many professions, including within the academy. Access to offices, professional networks, and fieldwork was halted or severely limited. Both new and experienced teachers quickly transitioned to online teaching. Scholars became ill or cared for sick family members. Faculty with preschool or school-aged children spent many hours on childcare and homeschooling, leaving them with less time for research and writing. Not all impacts were necessarily negative: those without caretaking responsibilities enjoyed more flexibility and often had more time for research and writing as in-person events were canceled and lengthy commutes disappeared.
Academic Solidarity in the Wake of Disaster: Blueprint for an Online Writing Support Group
Authors: Hintz Lisel
Published: February 2024

This article develops a blueprint for creating online writing groups (OWGs) to support scholars who are directly and indirectly affected by disaster. Those who are living in regions affected by natural disasters face a severe psychological toll along with physical and logistical challenges. Furthermore, scholars in the diaspora who are watching their colleagues go about daily life while they struggle to meet writing deadlines can also experience detrimental psychological effects, including isolation anxiety. Findings from disaster studies research suggest that communal coping strategies can mitigate the short- and long-term challenges to mental health, including spiraling concerns about productivity that, in turn, inhibit productivity. My research builds on these studies, as well as analyses of virtual platforms used during the COVID-19 pandemic, to identify specific aspects of OWGs that can provide community and structure for scholars in the wake of natural disasters. I draw from my experience of creating and hosting a Zoom writing group for scholars from Turkey and Syria in the aftermath of the February 2023 earthquakes. In addition to participant observation of more than 240 two-hour sessions held over 42 weeks between March and December 2023, I draw from a survey-based assessment and email correspondence with participants to develop a best-practices model that I hope other scholars will replicate.