bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drones that see through waves – preliminary results from airborne fluid lensing for centimetre‐scale aquatic conservation
Authors: Chirayath Ved , Earle Sylvia A.
Published: September 2016

The use of fluid lensing technology on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, or drones) is presented as a novel means for 3D imaging of aquatic ecosystems from above the water's surface at the centimetre scale. Preliminary results are presented from airborne fluid lensing campaigns conducted over the coral reefs of Ofu Island, American Samoa (2013) and the stromatolite reefs of Shark Bay, Western Australia (2014), covering a combined area of 15 km2. These reef ecosystems were revealed with centimetre‐scale 2D resolution, and an accompanying 3D bathymetry model was derived using fluid lensing, Structure from Motion and UAV position data. Data products were validated from in situ survey methods including underwater calibration targets, depth measurements and millimetre‐scale high‐dynamic‐range gigapixel photogrammetry.

Fluid lensing is an experimental technology that uses water‐transmitting wavelengths to passively image underwater objects at high‐resolution by exploiting time‐varying optical lensing events caused by surface waves. Fluid lensing data are captured from low‐altitude, cost‐effective electric UAVs to achieve multispectral imagery and bathymetry models at the centimetre scale over regional areas. As a passive system, fluid lensing is presently limited by signal‐to‐noise ratio and water column inherent optical properties to ~10 m depth over visible wavelengths in clear waters.

The datasets derived from fluid lensing present the first centimetre‐scale images of a reef acquired from above the ocean surface, without wave distortion. The 3D multispectral data distinguish coral, fish and invertebrates in American Samoa, and reveal previously undocumented, morphologically distinct, stromatolite structures in Shark Bay. These findings suggest fluid lensing and multirotor electric drones represent a promising advance in the remote sensing of aquatic environments at the centimetre scale, or ‘reef scale’ relevant to the conservation of reef ecosystems. Pending further development and validation of fluid lensing methods, these technologies present a solution for large‐scale 3D surveys of shallow aquatic habitats with centimetre‐scale spatial resolution and hourly temporal sampling.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MPAs, aquatic conservation and connecting people to nature
Authors: Nicoll Rob , Vick Charlotte , Laffoley Dan , Hajduk Tracy , Zuccarino‐Crowe Chiara , Bianco Mariasole , Russell Sean , Flood Kathleen , Parry Lorna , Keenleyside Karen
Published: September 2016

The human affinity for aquatic species and environments is exemplified through the ubiquity of aquatic themed popular culture including a significant portion of global tourism providing access to places linked to aquatic environments. Yet this affinity does not appear to translate to the widespread support required for the achievement of ambitious aquatic biodiversity conservation goals.

Achieving conservation goals is contingent upon broad awareness of the values of biodiversity and what can be done to conserve and use it sustainably as embodied by Aichi Biodiversity Target 1.

This paper identifies seven lessons to support marine protected area (MPA) managers and ocean conservation professionals to implement programmes that “Inspire a New Generation” (ING) to learn about, value and conserve aquatic environments: (1) Prioritize Experience; (2) Embrace Technology; (3) Integrate; (4) Focus on Youth; (5) Make it Relevant; (6) Make it Positive; and (7) Engage Other Sectors.

These lessons are discussed alongside examples of ING programmes from MPA management authorities and aquatic conservation organizations. The effective application of these lessons requires appropriate levels of institutional commitment and investment in order to achieve success in ING as a precursor to the achievement of aquatic conservation goals.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concepts and practice in the emerging use of games for marine education and conservation
Authors: Colleton Nancy , Lakshman Vijay , Flood Kathie , Birnbaum Monica , Mcmillan Kiki , Lin Albert
Published: September 2016

Mobilizing marine conservation on a global scale is a tremendous challenge, especially as it involves motivating people who may have no physical connection to marine areas to experience and understand them.

Game technology through virtual means, enables players anywhere at anytime, to explore areas they may not otherwise experience, and experience numerous scenarios for the benefit of global engagement in marine conservation action.

New game platforms are being developed to teach science, and better connect people to nature, specifically marine environments.

Infinite Scuba enables players to explore the ocean virtually with Mission Blue Founder, Sylvia Earle.

Planet3 is developing a game that will present marine and freshwater ecosystems in the greater context of the Earth system.

Games have the potential to play a key role in mobilizing knowledge and conservation action in the future.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biogas‐based denitrification in a biotrickling filter: Influence of nitrate concentration and hydrogen sulfide
Authors: López Juan C. , Porca Estefanía , Collins Gavin , Pérez Rebeca , Rodríguez‐Alija Alberto , Muñoz Raúl , Quijano Guillermo
Published: September 2016

The feasibility of NO3− removal by the synergistic action of a prevailing denitrifying anoxic methane oxidising (DAMO), and nitrate‐reducing and sulfide‐oxidising bacterial (NR‐SOB) consortium, using CH4 and H2S from biogas as electron donors in a biotrickling filter was investigated. The influence of NO3− concentration on N2O production during this process was also evaluated. The results showed that NO3− was removed at rates up to 2.8 g mreactor−3 h−1 using CH4 as electron donor. N2O production rates correlated with NO3− concentration in the liquid phase, with a 10‐fold increase in N2O production as NO3− concentration increased from 50 to 200 g m−3. The use of H2S as co‐electron donor resulted in a 13‐fold increase in NO3− removal rates (∼18 gNO3− m−3 h−1) and complete denitrification under steady‐state conditions, which was supported by higher abundances of narG, nirK, and nosZ denitrifying genes. Although the relative abundance of the DAMO population in the consortium was reduced from 60% to 13% after H2S addition, CH4 removals were not compromised and H2S removal efficiencies of 100% were achieved. This study confirmed (i) the feasibility of co‐oxidising CH4 and H2S with denitrification, as well as (ii) the critical need to control NO3− concentration to minimize N2O production by anoxic denitrifiers. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 665–673. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel Synthesis of Tryptamine Derived 4‐Hydroxy‐4‐arylthiazolidine‐2‐thiones and 4‐Arylthiazole‐2(3H)‐thiones by Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: Devi Nepram Sushuma , Singh Sarangthem Joychandra , Mahiya Kuldeep , Singh Okram Mukherjee , Choi Hojune , Lee Sang‐Gyeong
Published: September 2016

An efficient one‐pot multicomponent synthesis of 3‐(2‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)ethyl)‐4‐hydroxy‐4‐arylthiazolidine‐2‐thione and 3‐(2‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)ethyl)‐4‐arylthiazole‐2(3H)‐thione has been developed from a multicomponent reaction of tryptamine, carbon disulfide and phenacyl bromide. This protocol has an advantage such as operational simplicity, short reaction time, and affording good to excellent yields.
Peptides Containing Multiple Disulfide‐Bond Mosaic Expression in the Periplasm of Escherichia coli
Authors: Ma Yunqi , Kim So‐Sun , Kwag Dong‐Geon , Kim Seo‐Hyun , Ryu Seung‐Ho , Lee Dong‐Hoon , So Jae‐Hyeong , Lee Chu , Nam Myung‐Mo , Park Jang‐Su
Published: September 2016

Peptides containing multiple disulfide bonds are usually problematic when expressed in Escherichia coli. We conducted the expression of β‐defensin with three disulfide bonds, hepcidin with four disulfide bonds, and DkTx with six disulfide bonds using a small leader protein mosaic expression in the periplasm of E. coli, and purified them by affinity chromatography and characterized them by mass spectroscopy. The result showed that the expression level was high. A large amount of the pure recombinant peptide was also recovered after purification with a Ni2+ affinity column. The mass results by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) indicated that the recombinant peptides had a folding structure, with the native status of all of the cysteines participating in disulfide bond formation. Moreover, after removing the tags, the result was identical to its natural form as well. We thus provide a method for producing large amounts of soluble peptides containing multiple disulfide bonds in E. coli.
Female genital mutilation and cutting: An anatomical review and alternative rites
Authors: Puppo Vincenzo
Published: September 2016

The World Health Organization reports that more than 200 million women currently alive have been subjected to female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) worldwide, and three million girls continue to be at risk each year. FGM/C today is women's business. The vulva is formed by the labia majora and the vestibule, with its erectile apparatus. These structures are located under the urogenital diaphragm, behind the pubic symphysis in the anterior perineal region. The clitoris is entirely an external genital organ: the glans and body covered by the prepuce are visible/free while the roots are hidden. FGM/C procedures are classified into four types. Infibulation is the narrowing of the vaginal orifice with creation of a covering seal by cutting and appositioning of the labia minora and/or the labia majora, with or without removal of the clitoris. Deinfibulation is necessary to improve health and well‐being and to allow intercourse or facilitate childbirth. Clitoral reconstruction is feasible for genitally mutilated patients. Female genital cosmetic surgery should be classed as FGM/C type IV. Both immediate and long‐term complications are associated with FGM/C. It remains primarily a cultural rather than a religious practice. Different interventions have been used to persuade communities to abandon it. Alternative rites of passage are seen as an important strategy for eliminating this harmful practice. Such alternative rituals avoid genital cutting and involve educating girls about family life and women's roles, exchange of gifts, celebration, and a public declaration for community recognition. FGM/C is a violation of human rights and must be abandoned. Clin. Anat. 30:81–88, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alternate ventricular asymmetry could suggest a psychiatric diagnosis
Authors: Egan P.J. , Mitrovics T.C. , Tomandl B.F.
Published: September 2016

Routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the skull and brain for diagnostic purposes sometimes reveals a wider tip of the frontal ventricular horn on one side and a wider tip of the temporal horn on the other. A search for ‘alternate ventricular asymmetry’ in Google Scholar, Medline and PubMed Central yielded no results, so the digital archive of the hospital was searched for such cases. A total of 5908 examinations were reviewed and 508 cases were found, comprising 6% of the neurological inpatients and 20% of the psychiatric inpatients (P = 0.001 by χ2). The >3‐fold difference in the incidence of this particular ventricular asymmetry implies that it could suggest a psychiatric diagnosis. Clin. Anat. 30:50–52, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Domino Coupling of Alcohols with Allenes Enables the Synthesis of Highly Substituted Indenes
Authors: Preinfalk Alexander , Misale Antonio , Maulide Nuno
Published: September 2016

The reaction of aryl‐substituted allenes with alcohols under gold catalysis led to highly substituted indenes in good yields, with low catalyst loading and under mild conditions. During this domino transformation, two C−C bonds are formed with water as the only byproduct.
The Role of the Ratio of J‐Point Elevation Magnitude and R‐Wave Amplitude on the Same ECG Lead in the Risk Stratification of Subjects With Early Repolarization Pattern
Authors: Chen Xu‐Miao , Ji Cheng‐Cheng , Cheng Yun‐Jiu , Liu Li‐juan , Zhu Wei‐Qi , Huang Ying , Chen Wei‐Ying , Wu Su‐Hua
Published: September 2016

Background

Just as high‐risk populations for cardiac arrest exist in patients with Brugada syndrome or long QT syndrome, high‐risk and low‐risk populations for cardiac arrest also exist in patients with early repolarization pattern (ERP).

Hypothesis

Electrocardiographic (ECG) characteristics can aid the risk stratification of patients with ERP.

Methods

Electrocardiographic parameters such as magnitude of J‐point elevation and J/R ratio were measured. The magnitude of J‐point elevation, leads with J points elevated, J/R ratio, morphology of the ST segment, and QT/QTc interval were used in comparative analysis in 2 groups: 57 patients with ERP and cardiac arrest (cardiac arrest group) and 100 patients with ERP but without cardiac arrest (control group).

Results

There was no statistical difference in clinical characteristics of the 2 groups. The J/R ratio in the cardiac arrest group was significantly higher than in the control group (26.8% ± 18.1% vs 16.3% ± 10.3%, respectively; P < 0.001) and the proportion of horizontal/descending ST segments (70.2%) was significantly higher than in the control group (29.0%), but the proportion of ascending/upsloping ST segments (29.8%) was significantly lower than in the control group (71.0%; P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that higher J/R ratio and horizontal/descending ST segment were independently associated with increased risk of cardiac arrest in patients with ERP.

Conclusions

In patients with ERP and cardiac arrest, J/R ratios were relatively higher and mostly with horizontal/descending ST segments, suggesting that J/R ratio and ST‐segment morphology may be used as indicators for risk stratification in patients with ERP.
Facile Synthesis of Pt–Pd Alloy Nanocages and Pt Nanorings by Templating with Pd Nanoplates
Authors: Wang Xue , Luo Ming , Huang Hongwen , Chi Miaofang , Howe Jane , Xie Zhaoxiong , Xia Younan
Published: September 2016

We report a facile method for the synthesis of Pt–Pd nanocages and Pt nanorings by conformally coating Pd nanoplates with Pt‐based shells using polyol‐ and water‐based protocols, respectively, followed by selective removal of the Pd cores. For the polyol‐based system, Pd nanoplates were conformally coated with Pt–Pd alloy shells due to the use of a high reaction temperature of 200 °C and a slow injection rate for the Pt precursor. In comparison, Pt shells were formed on Pd nanoplates with a larger thickness on the side face than on the top/bottom face in the water‐based system due to the use of a low reaction temperature of 80 °C and the presence of twin boundaries on the side face. As such, the Pd@Pt nanoplates prepared using the polyol‐ and water‐based protocols evolved into Pt–Pd nanocages and Pt nanorings, respectively, when the Pd templates in the cores were selectively removed by wet etching. The wall thickness of the nanocages and the ridge thickness of the nanorings could be reduced down to 1.1 nm and 1.8 nm, respectively, without breaking the hollow structures.
A novel flow cytometric assay for detection of residual disease in patients with B‐lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma post anti‐CD19 therapy
Authors: Cherian Sindhu , Miller Valerie , McCullouch Vivian , Dougherty Katy , Fromm Jonathan R. , Wood Brent L.
Published: September 2016

Background

Residual disease detection following therapy is an important prognostic variable in B‐lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐LL). Most flow cytometric strategies for detecting B cell malignancy utilize CD19 to identify B cells. With growing use of anti‐CD19 targeted therapies, alternative strategies are needed for residual disease detection. We describe an approach for residual disease detection in this setting.

Methods

A novel combination was designed using expression of CD22 or CD24 (without CD66b) for B cell detection in combination with markers aberrantly expressed in B‐LL (CD10, CD20, CD34, CD38, and CD45). The performance characteristics of this combination were evaluated and compared to a standard, validated B‐LL MRD assay using 10 known negative samples, 10 overtly positive samples, and 11 post‐therapy samples (prior therapy other than anti‐CD19 therapy). Subsequently, results from the first 100 samples on which the new tube was performed were reviewed.

Results

The described combination performed well in the initial analysis of 31 samples with all negative and positive samples correctly classified. In positive samples, the percentage of abnormal cells correlated well between the standard and new assay. Evaluation of the first 100 samples demonstrated good performance with adequate detection of CD19‐positive and CD19‐negative B‐LL. Additionally, it was observed that patients receiving anti‐CD19 therapies demonstrate an increased proportion of CD19‐negative progenitors.

Conclusions

These preliminary findings describe a strategy that performs well for residual disease detection in B‐LL post anti‐CD19 therapy. Such alternative strategies will become more important as the use of targeted immunotherapies becomes more common. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Reappraisal of VAChT‐Cre: Preference in slow motor neurons innervating type I or IIa muscle fibers
Authors: Misawa Hidemi , Inomata Daijiro , Kikuchi Miseri , Maruyama Sae , Moriwaki Yasuhiro , Okuda Takashi , Nukina Nobuyuki , Yamanaka Tomoyuki
Published: September 2016

VAChT‐Cre.Fast and VAChT‐Cre.Slow mice selectively express Cre recombinase in approximately one half of postnatal somatic motor neurons. The mouse lines have been used in various studies with selective genetic modifications in adult motor neurons. In the present study, we crossed VAChT‐Cre lines with a reporter line, CAG‐Syp/tdTomato, in which synaptophysin‐tdTomato fusion proteins are efficiently sorted to axon terminals, making it possible to label both cell bodies and axon terminals of motor neurons. In the mice, Syp/tdTomato fluorescence preferentially co‐localized with osteopontin, a recently discovered motor neuron marker for slow‐twitch fatigue‐resistant (S) and fast‐twitch fatigue‐resistant (FR) types. The fluorescence did not preferentially co‐localize with matrix metalloproteinase‐9, a marker for fast‐twitch fatigable (FF) motor neurons. In the neuromuscular junctions, Syp/tdTomato fluorescence was detected mainly in motor nerve terminals that innervate type I or IIa muscle fibers. These results suggest that the VAChT‐Cre lines are Cre‐drivers that have selectivity in S and FR motor neurons. In order to avoid confusion, we have changed the mouse line names from VAChT‐Cre.Fast and VAChT‐Cre.Slow to VAChT‐Cre.Early and VAChT‐Cre.Late, respectively. The mouse lines will be useful tools to study slow‐type motor neurons, in relation to physiology and pathology.
Co‐Crystallization of Half‐Sandwich (RM,RC)/(SM,RC) Diastereomers in Single Crystals
Authors: Brunner Henri , Tsuno Takashi , Bodensteiner Michael , Gärtner Stefanie , Miyahara Chiemi , Ito Seera , Kurosawa Takaki , Koyama Kazuhiro
Published: September 2016

Diastereomer separation by fractional crystallization is the most important method for the resolution of enantiomers in research as well as in industry. Herein we describe two different types of diastereomer co‐crystallization, which impede diastereomer separation. The two diastereomers (RFe,RC)‐ and (SFe,RC)‐[CpFe(Prophos)PPh(OMe)2]PF6, differing only in the metal atom configuration, form 1:1 co‐crystals with a racemate‐like lattice. Between the (RFe,RC) and (SFe,RC) diastereomers there is an “almost”‐inversion center and the (RFe,RC)/(SFe,RC) pair repeats as a kind of “dimer” in the lattice. Crystallization of a 50:50 diastereomer mixture of (RRu,RC)‐ and (SRu,RC)‐[MeCpRu(Prophos)Cl] gave (RRu,RC)/(SRu,RC) 7:93 co‐crystals, and another crystallization afforded diastereomerically pure (SRu,RC)‐[MeCpRu(Prophos)Cl]. In the co‐crystal, the 93 % component (SRu,RC)‐[MeCpRu(Prophos)Cl] dictates the build‐up of a conglomerate‐like lattice, and the 7 % component (RRu,RC)‐[MeCpRu(Prophos)Cl] has to adopt its M‐Prophos chelate ring conformation, although diastereomerically pure (RRu,RC)‐[MeCpRu(Prophos)Cl] has a completely different chelate ring conformation.
Six‐Membered Cyclic Nitroso Acetals: Synthesis and Studies of the Nitrogen Inversion Process of N‐Silyloxy‐3,6‐dihydro‐2H‐1,2‐oxazines
Authors: Shved Alexander S. , Tabolin Andrey A. , Novikov Roman A. , Nelyubina Yulia V. , Timofeev Vladimir P. , Ioffe Sema L.
Published: September 2016

Silyl nitronates undergo rhodium‐catalyzed formal [3+3]‐cycloaddition with enol diazoacetates to form N‐silyloxy‐3,6‐dihydro‐2H‐1,2‐oxazines. The scope of the reaction and the extent of the major side process were evaluated. A mechanistic scheme was proposed. The nitrogen inversion barrier in the obtained nitroso acetals was estimated based on both quantum calculations and kinetic measurements.
Cascade Reactions of Unprotected Ketoses with Ketones – A Stereoselective Access to C‐Glycosides
Authors: Richter Celin , Krumrey Michael , Klaue Kristin , Mahrwald Rainer
Published: September 2016

A highly stereoselective de‐Bruyn–Ekenstein rearrangement/aldol condensation/intramolecular oxa‐Michael cascade reaction of unprotected ketoses with ketones was elaborated. By the utilization of this new and operationally simple methodology an access to β‐C‐glycosides is given. Extremely matched and mismatched cases were observed by using with natural or unnatural proline in these cascade reactions.
Inside or Outside? Linking Outdoor and Indoor Lifetime Tests of ITO‐Free Organic Photovoltaic Devices for Greenhouse Applications
Authors: dos Reis Benatto Gisele A. , Corazza Michael , Roth Bérenger , Schütte Franz , Rengenstein Markus , Gevorgyan Suren A. , Krebs Frederik C.
Published: September 2016

We present results from an installation of fully roll‐to‐roll printed and coated polymer solar cell modules in a greenhouse environment over the course of roughly 2 years (650 days). We explored two different device architectures based on either fully carbon‐based electrodes or silver nanowire (AgNW)‐based electrodes and two different barrier materials. We followed the ISOS protocols while studying the devices in three different greenhouse conditions in the Netherlands and compared to reference devices mounted outdoors in Denmark tested according to ISOS‐O‐1 and ISOS‐O‐2. We studied each condition and type in multiples to obtain acceptable statistics and found that the AgNW‐based devices performed best in terms of stability.
Field observations of the vertical distribution of sand transport characteristics over fine, medium and coarse sand surfaces
Authors: Zhang ZhengCai , Dong ZhiBao , Qian GuangQiang
Published: September 2016

The vertical distribution of sand transport characteristics is an important issue in aeolian research. Surface characteristics affect sand transport processes, but their effects are not yet fully understood. To provide more data on this subject, we observed sand transport in 16 field experiments above surfaces covered by fine, medium and coarse sand. The sand transport rate over relatively coarser‐grained medium and coarse surfaces could be expressed as a Gaussian peak function: qz = a + b exp (−0.5[(|z – Ch|)/d]e), where qz is the measured sediment transport at height z above the bed and a, b, Ch, d, and e are regression coefficients. The measured sand transport flux peak values (Hh) were linearly related to Ch, and both values were significantly related to the mean surface grain size. However, for the relatively finer‐grained medium and fine sand surfaces, the sediment transport could be expressed as an exponential function. The cumulative sand transport below 0.1 m was directly related to the mean surface grain size, and the relationship could be expressed as the following exponential function: Cz = f + g exp –Mz/i, where Cz is the cumulative sand transport at height z above the bed, Mz is the mean grain size and f, g, and i are regression coefficients. Above 0.1 m, there were no significant relationships between the cumulative sand transport and the mean surface grain size. The mean grain size decreased with increasing height below the peak height and then increased with increasing height. The surface grain size distribution and proportions of the particles in different grain size categories controlled the mean grain size as a function of height. The observed changes in the sand transport rate and grain size with height will provide support for sand disaster mitigation, numerical modelling and studies of dune formation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using State Early Care and Education Workforce Registry Data to Inform Training‐Related Questions: Issues to Consider
Authors: Ackerman Debra J.
Published: September 2016

The current early care and education (ECE) policy context is bringing increased attention to the training completed by the child care workforce and to the use of registries to track such training. Although ECE workforce registries are designed to record individuals' data, aggregate registry data have the potential to shed light on the workforce's training needs. However, to date, registries have not been tapped in this way, and there is limited research on the data collected across registries and the extent to which they are standardized. In this report, I share the results of research on the training focus variables used across these databases and on the extent to which such variables are comparable. Also explored is when registries began recording these data and whether enrollment is voluntary, incentivized, or mandatory. The results of the study suggest that aggregate registry data have the potential to address questions related to the focus of the training in which the ECE workforce participates. However, additional research on ECE workforce registries is needed to confirm their usefulness as a source of data on child care training as well as the accessibility of these data.
Using State Workforce Data to Examine Postgraduation Outcomes
Authors: Troutman David R. , Shedd Jessica M.
Published: September 2016

This chapter provides institutional researchers a foundation to understand workforce data and how they can be accessed and used within an institutional research operating culture. Specific wage methodologies, earnings reporting, and future directions for using wage data are provided.
Calculation of LDL‐Cholesterol vs. Direct Homogenous Assay
Authors: Rasouli Mehdi , Mokhtari Hossein
Published: September 2016

Background

Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) can be calculated or measured directly and their accordance is the subject of controversy.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to identify the independent predictors of LDLc, to formulate the best equation for calculating LDLc and to evaluate the validity of it and the published formulas, including the new method with adjustable coefficient.

Methods

The profile of serum lipids and (apo)lipoproteins of 310 subjects was used to determine the most accurate formula for calculating serum LDLc. Serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins were measured by enzymatic, new homogenous and immunoturbidometric methods, respectively.

Results

Multiple linear regression analysis indicates that total cholesterol, apoB, HDLc and triglyceride are independent predictors of LDLc. We proposed four new formulas to calculate LDLc. As total cholesterol (TC) is the major determinant of LDLc, it can be estimated simply as 0.545 of total cholesterol. Inclusion of HDLc, triglyceride, apoB and a constant value improved the equation slightly. The equation of: LDLc (mg/dl) = 0.75 TC − 0.5 HDLc − 0.1 TG had the lowest mean and SD of difference among all the methods examined here. LDLc was also calculated by the new modified Friedewald's equation using adjustable factor from Martin's table, but it did not improve the results significantly. LDLc gap was correlated significantly and positively with triglyceride and negatively with cholesterol or its subfractions.

Conclusions

Our data suggest the simplest formula: LDLc = 0.545 TC or a more detailed: LDLc = 0.75 TC − 0.5 HDLc − 0.1 TG be used for calculating serum LDLc.
Populations of the Lizard,Sceloporus occidentalis, that Differ in Melanization have Different Rates of Wound Healing
Authors: Seddon Ryan J. , Hews Diana K.
Published: September 2016

Mechanisms underlying production of animal coloration can affect key traits besides coloration. Melanin, and molecules regulating melanin, can directly and indirectly affect other phenotypic traits, such as immune function. We asked whether melanization and a whole‐organism measure of immune function are associated with wound healing. Working with two populations of adult male western fence lizards,Sceloporus occidentalis, we compared one high‐elevation and one low‐elevation population in California where individuals are increasingly darker at higher elevations, measuring wound healing rates. Because of potential interactions of steroid hormones and immune function, we also measured plasma levels of testosterone and corticosterone. Mean healing rates differed significantly, with males in the darker high‐elevation population healing more quickly compared to lighter low‐elevation males. Males in the low‐elevation population had significantly higher mean baseline steroid concentrations. These steroid hormones were also negatively associated with wound healing. We discuss potential differences in selective regime that could produce different patterns. These data also suggest that hormonal pleiotropy does not constrain phenotypic variation.
Perfect Matchings of Regular Bipartite Graphs
Authors: Lukot'ka Robert , Rollová Edita
Published: September 2016

Let G be a regular bipartite graph and . We show that there exist perfect matchings of G containing both, an odd and an even number of edges from X if and only if the signed graph , that is a graph G with exactly the edges from X being negative, is not equivalent to . In fact, we prove that for a given signed regular bipartite graph with minimum signature, it is possible to find perfect matchings that contain exactly no negative edges or an arbitrary one preselected negative edge. Moreover, if the underlying graph is cubic, there exists a perfect matching with exactly two preselected negative edges. As an application of our results we show that each signed regular bipartite graph that contains an unbalanced circuit has a 2‐cycle‐cover such that each cycle contains an odd number of negative edges.
Transforming healthcare delivery: Why and how accountable care organizations must evolve
Authors: Chen Christopher T. , Ackerly D. Clay , Gottlieb Gary
Published: September 2016

Accountable care organizations (ACOs) have shown promise in reducing healthcare spending growth, but have proven to be financially unsustainable for many healthcare organizations. Even ACOs with shared savings have experienced overall losses because the shared savings bonuses have not covered the costs of delivering population health. As physicians and former ACO leaders, we believe in the concept of accountable care, but ACOs need to evolve if they are to have a viable future. We propose the novel possibility of allowing ACOs to bill fee‐for‐service for their population health interventions, a concept we call population health billing. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:658–661. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine
Liver transplantation and adolescence: The role of mental health
Authors: Hames Anna , Matcham Faith , Joshi Deepak , Heneghan Michael A. , Dhawan Anil , Heaton Nigel , Samyn Marianne
Published: September 2016

Young people (YP) with chronic illness have higher rates of mental health problems than the general population, with psychosocial complexity associated with nonadherence and poorer health outcomes. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of anxiety and depression in YP after liver transplantation, with autoimmune liver disease and other chronic liver diseases, identify the factors YP attribute their distress to and the relationship between anxiety/depression, and describe YP's beliefs about their illness and treatment. An electronically administered questionnaire battery was given routinely to YP attending an outpatient liver transition clinic; 187 YP participated, of which 17.7% screened positive for anxiety or depression. There were no significant differences between disease groups. This is significantly higher than the prevalence of common mental health problems in the general adolescent population. Patients most frequently attributed their distress to fatigue, sleep difficulties, financial concerns, problems at work/school, worry, and low self‐esteem. Higher levels of depression and anxiety were significantly associated with specific illness and treatment beliefs but not with perceived understanding of illness or treatment control. In conclusion, the increased prevalence of mental health problems in YP and the intertwined nature of these with their physical health outcomes provide evidence that holistic care should be delivered as standard for this age group. Liver Transplantation 22 1544–1553 2016 AASLD.
Corrosion behaviors of low‐temperature plasma nickelized coatings on titanium alloy
Authors: Fu T.‐L. , Zhan Z.‐L. , Zhang L. , Yang Y.‐R. , Liu Z. , Liu J.‐X.
Published: September 2016

A Ni coating was prepared on a titanium alloy by plasma nickelizing, at a low temperature of 450 °C, after a surface mechanical attrition treatment. This coating consisted of Ni3Ti and NiTi phases. Polarization curves, open circuit potential, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were used to evaluate the corrosion behavior of the coatings. These measurements revealed the improved corrosion behavior of the samples after the nickelized SMAT Ti process. The oxide films formed on the coating were characterized via X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The complex titanium and nickel oxides provided excellent corrosion resistance to the 3.5% NaCl solution.
The corrosion behavior of ZnAlMg alloys in maritime environments
Authors: Tomandl A. , Labrenz E.
Published: September 2016

Steel strip with a ZnAlMg coating presents an interesting alternative for use in construction applications in highly corrosive environments. Two ZnAlMg alloys were exposed to the atmosphere in maritime environments in Mexico, China, and Sweden for periods of up to 3 years. The exposure program included specimens fully exposed to the weather at a 45° angle and specimens under shelter at 5°. Parallel to the field exposure a cyclic corrosion test (ISO 16701) was done. After exposure, the specimens were subjected to metallographic (SEM) examination. After 1 year, the rates of corrosion were determined gravimetrically by using a pickling process to remove the products of corrosion. ZnAlMg coatings show a selective corrosion mechanism and improved corrosion resistance compared to pure Zn coatings in every investigated environment.
Interfacial hydrogen localization in austenite/martensite dual‐phase steel visualized through optimized silver decoration and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy
Authors: Nagashima T. , Koyama M. , Bashir A. , Rohwerder M. , Tasan C. C. , Akiyama E. , Raabe D. , Tsuzaki K.
Published: September 2016

The hydrogen distribution in an austenite–martensite dual‐phase steel was investigated using silver decoration and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy. The silver decoration technique optimized for spacial resolution reveals interfacial segregation of hydrogen along the plate‐type martensite–martensite grain boundaries. In addition, the scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy kinetically elucidates that hydrogen preferentially diffused out from the martensite–martensite grain boundaries. These preferential sites of hydrogen desorption correspond to the regions of hydrogen‐assisted damage.
Genetic variants affecting telomere length are associated with the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a Chinese population
Authors: Lu Yue , Yan Caiwang , Du Jiangbo , Ji Yong , Gao Yong , Zhu Xun , Yu Fei , Huang Tongtong , Dai Juncheng , Ma Hongxia , Jiang Yue , Chen Jiaping , Shen Hongbing , Jin Guangfu , Yin Yongmei , Hu Zhibin
Published: September 2016

Telomeres are essential for maintaining chromosomal stability and are crucial in tumor progression. Previous studies have explored the associations between telomere length and cancer prognosis, but the findings are inconclusive. Genome‐wide association studies have identified several genetic variants associated with telomere length in Caucasians. However, the roles of telomere length and related genetic variants on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) prognosis are largely unknown. Therefore, we conducted a case‐cohort study with 431 ESCC patients to assess the associations between relative telomere length (RTL), eight known telomere length related variants and the overall survival of ESCC in Chinese population. We found that as compared with the reference group, patients in the fifth (the longest) quintile had a significantly better prognosis [(adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.34–0.98, P = 0.041]. Furthermore, A allele of rs2736108 was significantly associated with both the increased RTL (P = 0.048) and the better prognosis of ESCC (adjusted HR = 0.55, 95%CI = 0.38–0.79, P = 1.31 × 10−3). Mediation analysis indicated that the effect of rs2736108 on ESCC prognosis was partly explained by RTL (1.99%). Stepwise Cox proportional hazard analysis suggested that rs2736108 played an important protective role in ESCC prognosis (HR = 0.57, 95%CI = 0.40–0.81, P = 1.97 × 10−3). Our findings provide evidence that prolonged telomere length is a protective factor for ESCC patients’ survival and the known telomere length related genetic variant rs2736108 can contribute to the prognosis of ESCC as well in Chinese population. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of awareness program for controlling mosaic disease in Jatropha curcas plantations
Authors: Basir Fahad Al , Venturino Ezio , Roy Priti Kumar
Published: September 2016

The shrinkage of fossil fuel resources motivates many countries to search alternative energy sources. Jatropha curcas is a small drought‐resistant shrub from whose seeds a high grade fuel biodiesel can be produced. It is cultivated in many tropical countries including India. However, the plant is affected by the mosaic virus (Begomovirus) through infected white‐flies (Bemisia tabaci) which causes mosaic disease. Disease control is an important factor to obtain healthy crop but in agricultural practice, farming awareness is equally important. Here, we propose a mathematical model for media campaigns for raising awareness among people to protect this plant in small plots and control disease. In order to archive high crop yield, we consider the awareness campaign to be arranged in impulsive way to make people aware from infected white‐flies to protect Jatropha plants from mosaic virus. The study reveals that the spread of mosaic disease can be contained or even eradicated by the awareness campaigns. To attain an effective eradication, awareness campaign should be implemented at sufficiently short time intervals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous multi‐slice (SMS) acquisition enhances the sensitivity of hemodynamic mapping using gas challenges
Authors: Ravi Harshan , Liu Peiying , Peng Shin‐Lei , Liu Hanli , Lu Hanzhang
Published: September 2016

Hemodynamic mapping using gas inhalation has received increasing interest in recent years. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), which reflects the ability of the brain vasculature to dilate in response to a vasoactive stimulus, can be measured by CO2 inhalation with continuous acquisition of blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance images. Cerebral blood volume (CBV) can be measured by O2 inhalation. These hemodynamic mapping methods are appealing because of their absence of gadolinium contrast agent, their ability to assess both baseline perfusion and vascular reserve, and their utility in calibrating the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal. However, like other functional and physiological indices, a major drawback of these measurements is their poor sensitivity and reliability. Simultaneous multi‐slice echo planar imaging (SMS EPI) is a fast imaging technology that allows the excitation and acquisition of multiple two‐dimensional slices simultaneously, and has been shown to enhance the sensitivity of several MRI applications. To our knowledge, the benefit of SMS in gas inhalation imaging has not been investigated. In this work, we compared the sensitivity of CO2 and O2 inhalation data collected using SMS factor 2 (SMS2) and SMS factor 3 (SMS3) with those collected using conventional EPI (SMS1). We showed that the sensitivity of SMS scans was significantly (p = 0.01) higher than that of conventional EPI, although no difference was found between SMS2 and SMS3 (p = 0.3). On a voxel‐wise level, approximately 20–30% of voxels in the brain showed a significant enhancement in sensitivity when using SMS compared with conventional EPI, with other voxels showing an increase, but not reaching statistical significance. When using SMS, the scan duration can be reduced by half, whilst maintaining the sensitivity of conventional EPI. The availability of a sensitive acquisition technique can further enhance the potential of gas inhalation MRI in clinical applications.
Reduced respiratory motion artifacts using structural similarity in fast 2D dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of liver lesions
Authors: ter Voert Edwin E.G.W. , Heijmen Linda , Punt Cornelis J.A. , de Wilt Johannes H.W. , van Laarhoven Hanneke W.M. , Heerschap Arend
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this work was to improve dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) of liver lesions by removing motion corrupted images as identified by a structural similarity (SSIM) algorithm, and to assess the effect of this correction on the pharmacokinetic parameter Ktrans using automatically determined arterial input functions (AIFs).

Fifteen patients with colorectal liver metastases were measured twice with a T1 weighted multislice 2D FLASH sequence for DCE‐MRI (time resolution 1.2 s). AIFs were automatically derived from contrast inflow in the aorta of each patient. Thereafter, SSIM identified motion corrupted images of the liver were removed from the DCE dataset. From this corrected data set Ktrans and its reproducibility were determined.

Using the SSIM algorithm a median fraction of 46% (range 37–50%) of the liver images in DCE time series was labeled as motion distorted. Rejection of these images resulted in a significantly lower median Ktrans (p < 0.05) and lower coefficient of repeatability of Ktrans in liver metastases compared with an analysis without correction.

SSIM correction improves the reproducibility of the DCE‐MRI parameter Ktrans in liver metastasis and reduces contamination of Ktrans values of lesions by that of surrounding normal liver tissue.
Outcome of fetal gastro‐intestinal cysts: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Marrone Luisa , Liberati Marco , Khalil Asma , Rizzo Giuseppe , Leombroni Martina , Buca Danilo , Bascietto Francesca , Gustapane Sarah , Flacco Maria Elena , Manzoli Lamberto , Acharya Ganesh , D'Antonio Francesco
Published: September 2016

Objectives

To explore the outcome of fetal gastrointestinal (GI) cysts and to ascertain the detection rate of prenatal ultrasound in identifying these anomalies.

Methods

Medline and Embase databases were searched. The outcomes explored were: resolution of the cyst, additional GI anomalies detected only at birth, clinical symptoms, need for surgery, post‐surgical complications and diagnostic accuracy. Meta‐analyses of proportions and hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristics (HSROC) model were used to analyse the data.

Results

Ten studies were included; 27.0% (95% CI 2.6–64.4) of the cysts resolved either pre or post‐natally. Additional GI anomalies were detected in 6.0% (95% CI 1.1–14.7). Clinical symptoms occurred in 31.1% (95% CI 14.9–50.2), while 50.6% (95% CI 10.0–90.8) had surgery. Post‐surgical complications occurred in 6.1% (95% CI 0.2–19.6). Overall detection rate of prenatal ultrasound in correctly identifying GI cysts was good (sensitivity: 94.5%, 95% CI: 39.1–99.8; specificity: 97.7%, 95% CI 89.9–99.5).

Conclusion

GI cysts are usually benign. Clinical symptoms occur in approximately one third of children. About one third of the cysts resolves, while the rate of complications after surgery is low. Prenatal ultrasound has an overall good diagnostic accuracy in identifying these anomalies. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomics of septicemic Escherichia coli
Authors: Otto Andreas , Biran Dvora , Sura Thomas , Becher Dörte , Ron Eliora Z.
Published: September 2016

Virulent strains of Escherichia coli have become a major cause of infections, especially in hospitals and institutions, and result in high morbidity and mortality, due to the widespread antibiotic resistance. The infections usually start as complications of urinary tract infections or invasive medical procedures. Septicemic bacteria have to go through the blood stream, where they are exposed to a variety of stress conditions. The most difficult of these is the presence of the immune complement, which is strongly bactericidal. However, recently it has become clear that the nutritional immunity (metabolic stress) of serum is just as important. Thus, as shown by proteomic analyses, septicemic E. coli can cope with this latter stress condition by globally modifying the expression of a variety of metabolic genes. These include genes involved in amino acid metabolism and in metal homeostasis, whose robust regulation of expression appears to be critical for surviving the metabolic immunity of serum. Recognition of the nutritional immunity and the molecular mechanisms that enable septicemic bacteria to overcome it are the focus of this paper.
Structural studies on KijD1, a sugar C‐3′‐methyltransferase
Authors: Dow Garrett T. , Thoden James B. , Holden Hazel M.
Published: September 2016

Kijanimicin is an antitumor antibiotic isolated from Actinomadura kijaniata. It is composed of three distinct moieties: a pentacyclic core, a monosaccharide referred to as d‐kijanose, and a tetrasaccharide chain composed of l‐digitoxose units. d‐Kijanose is a highly unusual nitro‐containing tetradeoxysugar, which requires at least ten enzymes for its production. Here we describe a structural analysis of one of these enzymes, namely KijD1, which functions as a C‐3′‐methyltransferase using S‐adenosylmethionine as its cofactor. For this investigation, two ternary complexes of KijD1, determined in the presence of S‐adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and dTDP or SAH and dTDP‐3‐amino‐2,3,6‐trideoxy‐4‐keto‐3‐methyl‐d‐glucose, were solved to 1.7 or 1.6 Å resolution, respectively. Unexpectedly, these structures, as well as additional biochemical analyses, demonstrated that the quaternary structure of KijD1 is a dimer. Indeed, this is in sharp contrast to that previously observed for the sugar C‐3′‐methyltransferase isolated from Micromonospora chalcea. By the judicious use of site‐directed mutagenesis, it was possible to convert the dimeric form of KijD1 into a monomeric version. The quaternary structure of KijD1 could not have been deduced based solely on bioinformatics approaches, and thus this investigation highlights the continuing need for experimental validation.