bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of spectral decomposition and seismic attributes to understand the structure and distribution of sand reservoirs within Tertiary rift basins of the Gulf of Thailand
Authors: Ahmad Mirza Naseer , Rowell Philip
Published: October 2012

The Tertiary rift basins in the Gulf of Thailand are the major hydrocarbon producing areas of Thailand. The reservoirs in these basins are predominantly Lower to Middle Miocene fluvial channels and overbank sands and these reservoirs are segmented due to post-depositional faulting (Racey, 2011). There are small closely spaced sealing faults, which compartmentalize the sand reservoirs and are not easy to map on conventional full spectrum seismic data. This fault system is oblique to the regional north-south extensional fault system and is related to graben shifts/transfer zones associated with changes in dip of graben provinces and zig-zag map pattern of the regional north-south faults (Kornsawan and Morley, 2002). Most wells until now have been drilled on structures along the faults and it is common to encounter different sand facies with different fluid contents in closely spaced wells at the same depth intervals. Because of these structural and stratigraphic complexities, it is required to develop geophysical workflows to better image faults related with graben shifts and map the reservoir sands in the area. In this study, we analyzed a 3D seismic data set over a gas field in the Pattani Basin (Figure 1) where we applied a spectral decomposition technique to resolve these exploration issues. Moreover, semblance and sweetness attributes were also calculated to assist in the fault and sand detection, respectively.
Dim spots: Opportunity for future hydrocarbon discoveries?
Authors: Brown Alistair R.
Published: October 2012

When water in the pores of a reservoir rock is replaced by hydrocarbon, the acoustic impedance universally reduces. When the reservoir becomes more porous, the impedance reduces further. When net-to-gross ratio (for most reservoirs) increases, the average impedance of the reservoir reduces further still. Thus low impedance is prospective. If the prospective reservoir is encased in higher-impedance rock, this produces more contrast and thus a seismic bright spot. If the prospective reservoir is encased in lower-impedance rock, this produces less contrast and thus a seismic dim spot.
Why publish in TLE? Much-cited authors cite their reasons
Authors: Clark Dean
Published: October 2012

The Leading Edge was not expected to be a publication that was an early, if not original, outlet for new geophysical concepts but that became one of its functions fairly early in its existence. Bob Hardage, the current SEG president, was arguably the first oil industry researcher to take advantage of this new forum to spread the word about a technology that he felt had significant potential. Less than a year after publication of the first issue of TLE, Hardage submitted “A new direction in seismology is down” which described vertical seismic profiling. Amazing as it seems today when the technique is widespread, the term VSP was then little known in the United States where most SEG members of the time were located.
The life cycle of a TLE special section
Authors: Kucera Jenny
Published: October 2012

The Leading Edge is a gateway publication that publishes articles covering all aspects of applied geophysics and related disciplines in a style that appeals to a broad readership. Each issue focuses on a special section—a technical theme or geographic region that introduces new geophysical theory, instrumentation, innovative concepts, or established practices to scientists in a range of geoscience disciplines. This monthly magazine publishes these articles before they go through field testing or rigorous peer review. Editorial content for TLE emphasizes practical applications and minimizes mathematical theory.
GnRH Receptors in Cancer: From Cell Biology to Novel Targeted Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Limonta Patrizia , Marelli Marina Montagnani , Mai Stefania , Motta Marcella , Martini Luciano , Moretti Roberta M.
Published: October 2012

The crucial role of pituitary GnRH receptors (GnRH-R) in the control of reproductive functions is well established. These receptors are the target of GnRH agonists (through receptor desensitization) and antagonists (through receptor blockade) for the treatment of steroid-dependent pathologies, including hormone-dependent tumors. It has also become increasingly clear that GnRH-R are expressed in cancer tissues, either related (i.e. prostate, breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers) or unrelated (i.e. melanoma, glioblastoma, lung, and pancreatic cancers) to the reproductive system. In hormone-related tumors, GnRH-R appear to be expressed even when the tumor has escaped steroid dependence (such as castration-resistant prostate cancer). These receptors are coupled to a Gαi-mediated intracellular signaling pathway. Activation of tumor GnRH-R by means of GnRH agonists elicits a strong antiproliferative, antimetastatic, and antiangiogenic (more recently demonstrated) activity. Interestingly, GnRH antagonists have also been shown to elicit a direct antitumor effect; thus, these compounds behave as antagonists of GnRH-R at the pituitary level and as agonists of the same receptors expressed in tumors. According to the ligand-induced selective-signaling theory, GnRH-R might assume various conformations, endowed with different activities for GnRH analogs and with different intracellular signaling pathways, according to the cell context. Based on these consistent experimental observations, tumor GnRH-R are now considered a very interesting candidate for novel molecular, GnRH analog-based, targeted strategies for the treatment of tumors expressing these receptors. These agents include GnRH agonists and antagonists, GnRH analog-based cytotoxic (i.e. doxorubicin) or nutraceutic (i.e. curcumin) hybrids, and GnRH-R-targeted nanoparticles delivering anticancer compounds.
The Digital Archive as a Tool for Close Reading in the Undergraduate Literature Course
Authors: Diaz Joanne T.
Published: October 2012

This article focuses on the uses of the Early English Books Online (EEBO) database as a case study for how to introduce undergraduates to archival research. I provide four cases in which working with the digital archive has allowed my students to attend to variations in typography, spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and overall design in early modern printed texts. Working with the EEBO database challenges students to reconsider how a printed text represents a series of editorial choices; it encourages them to make persuasive claims about the differences in the appearance of an early modern lyric or dramatic text when it is situated in different contexts; it enhances the students’ ability to work independently and derive pleasure from the serendipity of the archive; and perhaps most important, it can actually help students develop a clearer and more effective practice of close reading in the twenty-first century.
Contribution of larval nutrition to adult reproduction inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Aguila Jerell R. , Hoshizaki Deborah K. , Gibbs Allen G.
Published: October 2012

Within the complex life cycle of holometabolous insects, nutritional resources acquired during larval feeding are utilized by the pupa and the adult. The broad features of the transfer of larval resources to the pupae and the allocation of larval resources in the adult have been described by studies measuring and tracking macronutrients at different developmental stages. However, the mechanisms of resource transfer from the larva and the factors regulating the allocation of these resources in the adult between growth, reproduction and somatic maintenance are unknown. Drosophila melanogaster Meigen presents a tractable system to test cellular/tissue mechanisms of resource acquisition and allocation, because of the detailed understanding of D. melanogaster development and the experimental tools to manipulate its tissues across developmental stages. In previous work, we demonstrated that the fat body of D. melanogaster larval is important for surviving starvation stress in the young adult and suggested that programmed cell death of the larval fat cells in the adult is important for allocation of resources for female reproduction. Here, we describe the temporal uptake of larval-derived carbon by the ovaries, and demonstrate the importance of larval fat-cell death in the maturation of the ovary and in fecundity. Larvae and adults were fed stable carbon isotopes to follow the acquisition of larval-derived carbon by the adult ovaries. We determined that over half of the nutrients acquired by the ovaries in 2-day old adult females are dependent upon the death of the fat cells. Furthermore, when programmed cell death is inhibited in the larval fat cells, ovarian development was depressed and fecundity reduced.
Adsorption Behavior at the Air/Water Interface for PNIPAM-adsorbed Colloidal Silica
Authors: Okado Yuki , Nagata Yuki , Torikai Naoya , Kawaguchi Masami
Published: October 2012

Adsorption behavior at the air/water interface was examined for colloidal silica, on which poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) was physically adsorbed, by a dynamic surface tension measurement with the Wilhelmy plate method. The suspension of PNIPAM-adsorbed silica exhibited a decrease in surface tension after a very long induction time, while a bare silica suspension showed no surface activity. The decay rate of surface tension increases with increasing amount of PNIPAM adsorbed on the silica, even for suspensions with the same polymer concentration.
Effect of SDS and CTAB on Derivatives of Antimicrobial Peptides Arenicin and LL-37
Authors: Dannehl Claudia , Travkova Oksana G , Brezesinski Gerald
Published: October 2012

The interaction of two antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with amphiphiles was investigated. In addition, the influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) solutions, both below and above the critical micelle concentration (cmc), was investigated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The AMPs we used were from two different classes: C/S-Ar-1, from a lugworm, and LL-20, a fragment of human LL-37. Cationic CTAB did not influence the AMPs, independent of the amphiphile aggregation state. However, anionic SDS had a clear effect on the secondary structure of the peptides. In the case of C/S-Ar-1, no difference was observed in the CD spectra below or above the cmc (change to β-sheet). In contrast, SDS monomers led to an aggregation of LL-20 and SDS micelles changed the secondary structure of the peptides from unstructured to α-helical.
Two-dimensional Self-assembly of Amphiphilic Peptide at the Solid/Water Interface toward a Facile Method for Metal Nanoparticle Alignment
Authors: Tanaka Masayoshi , Abiko Souhei , Himeiwa Takahiro , Nakamura Montaro , Koshikawa Naokiyo , Kinoshita Takatoshi
Published: October 2012

An amphiphilic peptide that adopts a random-coil or β-sheet conformation depending on the pH of the dissolved aqueous solution forms a monolayered fiber array when a mica substrate is immersed in the random-coil solution. The random-coil peptide adsorbed on the substrate spontaneously transforms into a fibrous structure at the mica/water interface. Such specific self-assembly behavior at the solid/water interface is profitably utilized to construct a two-dimensional nanoarchitecture of gold nanoparticles.
A New Microcapillary Device for Controlling Surface Conductivity Changes at Solid–Liquid Interface
Authors: Bratov Andrey , Abramova Natalia
Published: October 2012

A new microcapillary device based on an interdigitated electrode array is presented. Microcapillaries with metal electrodes at their bottom are formed as trenches in SiO2 and are open at the top. In an electrolyte solution, the ac current applied to electrodes flows from one capillary to another and is significantly affected by changes in surface conductance at the SiO2/electrolyte interface. The effect of electrostatically assembled charged polyelectrolyte layers on the surface conductance is studied.
A randomized controlled trial on the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in patients with chronic sulphur mustard-induced cutaneous complications
Authors: Panahi Yunes , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Parvin Shahram , Saadat Alireza
Published: October 2012

Background

Chronic cutaneous complications such as pruritus are among the very frequent complaints of sulphur mustard (SM)-exposed patients. The present trial investigated the impact of curcumin on serum inflammatory biomarkers and their association with pruritus severity and quality of life (QoL).

Methods

This was a randomized, double-blind trial among 96 male Iranian veterans (age 37–59 y) who were suffering from chronic SM-induced pruritic skin lesions. Patients were randomly assigned to curcumin (1 g/d, n = 46) or placebo ( n = 50) for four weeks. Serum concentrations of interleukins 6 (IL-6) and 8 (IL-8) together with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were measured at baseline and at the end of the trial. Assessment of pruritus severity was performed using the pruritus score and QoL using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI).

Results

Serum IL-8 and hs-CRP were significantly reduced in both groups but the magnitude of reduction was greater in the curcumin group ( P < 0.001). Serum CGRP was only decreased in the curcumin group ( P < 0.001). No significant change was observed in serum IL-6. There were significant correlations between CGRP and IL-6 changes ( P = 0.011) and between DLQI and IL-8 changes ( P = 0.026) in the curcumin group. In the curcumin group, changes in serum IL-8 concentrations were found as the significant predictor of DLQI scores ( P = 0.026) but none of the independent variables could predict pruritus scores.

Conclusions

Curcumin supplementation effectively mitigates inflammation in patients suffering from chronic SM-induced cutaneous complications. This anti-inflammatory effect might account for the observed pruritus alleviation and QoL improvement by this phytochemical.
The contribution of age and time-to-death on health care expenditure for out-of-hospital services
Authors: Moorin Rachael , Gibson David , Holman D'Arcy , Hendrie Delia
Published: October 2012

Objectives:

Controversy persists over the relationships between health care expenditure, time-to-death and age, undermining attempts to generate convincing predictions for policy. This paper explores the relationships between time-to-death (TTD), age and health care expenditure for Australian Medicare-funded, out-of-hospital services in the last five years of life, assessing if the relationship varies across different types of out-of-hospital services.

Methods:

Medicare Benefit Scheme claims for five years before death in Western Australia (1990-2004) pertaining to out-of-hospital primary care, specialist or diagnostic and therapeutic services were used to determine the total and mean per capita health care expenditure (HCE) according to age and TTD. Data were evaluated using univariate linear regression (age) and segmented time-trend regression analysis (time-to-death).

Results:

Changes to out-of-hospital HCE in the last five years of life did not consistently show a positive association with changes in the number of decedents. Only primary care services demonstrated a linear relationship for HCE and age. For TTD, a linear relationship was observed for all three service types within each retrospective period.

Conclusions:

This study has identified significant differences in the relationship between age, TTD and out-of-hospital HCE across service type, further highlighting potential shortcomings in methods that use single, all-service, all-cause models to predict future HCE. These results build on our previous study and suggest that such predictions should either use separate models, or models capable of accounting for the different relationships of HCE with TTD and age across types of services in order to predict future HCE more accurately.
Great saphenous vein stump thrombosis after harvesting for coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Authors: Labropoulos N , Bishawi M , Gasparis A , Tassiopoulos A , Gupta S
Published: October 2012

Objectives

To determine the rate of superficial venous thrombosis in patients undergoing great saphenous vein (GSV) harvesting for coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG).

Methods

Post-CABG patients with suspected lower-extremity thrombosis underwent duplex scanning. Thrombus in the saphenofemoral junction stump was noted, and thrombus extension and associated complications collected.

Results

Out of 2335 patients who underwent CABG in five years, 98 patients presented with signs and symptoms of lower-extremity thrombosis. Thrombosis was present in 19 (19.4%) of these patients, 15 of which had a thrombus in the GSV. Five patients had significant signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism (PE). On objective diagnostic imaging, three of them had a PE.

Conclusion

Patients undergoing great saphenous vein harvesting for CABG are at an increased risk of developing superficial vein thrombosis especially at the saphenous stump. Given the increased risk of deep vein thrombosis and PE, further studies investigating this topic are warranted.
Queer Spirituality and the Ethics of the Open Horizon in Geoffrey Nauffts's Next Fall
Authors: Cregan David
Published: October 2012

Does God love gay people? Do gay, lesbian and transgendered people have the right to religious experience and spiritual development? Can one be gay and Christian? Do sexual orientation and sexual practices labelled as abhorrent within mainstream religious doctrine and dogma block 'queer'
individuals from the salvation and redemption offered to those who choose to follow the prescriptions of theological cosmologies? Is celibacy the only choice that the sexually scrutinized can make in order to be saved within the discourse of theological morality? How does one reconcile a forgiving
Jesus with an unforgiving religion? In the public sphere, these are few of the ethical questions around homosexuality, faith in God and religion in the United States raised in Geoffrey Nauffts's Next Fall (2009).1 Theatre practice allows us to grapple with these challenging ideological and
legal issues through the experience of real time and imagined characters. This unique combination of phenomenology and fictional representations of character types creates an ethical laboratory through which to experiment with the inherent tensions in these complex issues. This article will
examine how Next Fall challenges both the ideology of religion and the ideology of what it means to be a gay man in contemporary times.
Multiple-method CTOA Stable Tearing Characterization of Three Metallic Alloys
Authors: Frink Elizabeth , Lease Kevin
Published: October 2012

Over the past several years, the crack tip opening angle (CTOA) has been identified as one of the most promising fracture parameters with which to characterize low constraint stable tearing and instability in structural metallic alloys. This study presents the results of experimental stable tearing characterizations performed on three typical structural metallic alloys, two aerospace grade aluminums and a titanium alloy. Specific attention is given to the measurement methods used and the correlation between CTOA and δ5. The effects of the material and the measurement method on CTOA are observed, and a clear relationship is seen.
Examining Polymerization of Kaolinitic Concrete Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Kuo Chin-kun , Wang Edward H. , Hwang Chao-Lung
Published: October 2012

Geopolymers are environmentally friendly substitutes for Portland cement; in many applications, geopolymers not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also are recyclable. The hardening mechanism of geopolymer polymerization differs from that of ordinary Portland cement. In the present research, two methods are used to evaluate the microstructure of this inorganic material. In the first method, complete polymerization was observed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to reveal the foundations of strength establishment. The SEM results show that the synthesized geopolymer maintained a layer structure of metakaolinite particulates. Therefore, it was thought that the geopolymeric reaction mainly occurred at the surface of microflakes of metakaolinite particulates. In order to further investigate the polymerization process of the material, two Raman spectrum frequency ranges—875 nm and 325 nm—were used in the study because of their capability to characterize the mineral/hydrated phases under a thick post-treatment layer. Also, in order to facilitate quality control of the production and explore the extreme compressive strengths of metakaolin cement, the polymerization mechanism and microstructures of the products were monitored step by step using Raman spectroscopy. The lessons learned in the research program can be used to advance the research methodology needed for further investigation of the strength enhancement of the geopolymer.
Fluconazole inhibits human adrenocortical steroidogenesis in vitro
Authors: van der Pas R , Hofland L J , Hofland J , Taylor A E , Arlt W , Steenbergen J , van Koetsveld P M , de Herder W W , de Jong F H , Feelders R A
Published: October 2012

The antifungal agent ketoconazole is often used to suppress cortisol production in patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS). However, ketoconazole has serious side effects and is hepatotoxic. Here, the in vitro effects of ketoconazole and fluconazole, which might be less toxic, on human adrenocortical steroidogenesis were compared. The effects on steroidogenesis were examined in primary cultures of nine human adrenocortical tissues and two human adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines. Moreover, the effects on mRNA expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes and cell growth were assessed. Ketoconazole significantly inhibited 11-deoxycortisol (H295R cells; maximum inhibition 99%; EC50 0.73 μM) and cortisol production (HAC15 cells; 81%; EC50 0.26 μM and primary cultures (mean EC50 0.75 μM)). In cultures of normal adrenal cells, ketoconazole increased pregnenolone, progesterone, and deoxycorticosterone levels, while concentrations of 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, DHEA, and androstenedione decreased. Fluconazole also inhibited 11-deoxycortisol production in H295R cells (47%; only at 1 mM) and cortisol production in HAC15 cells (maximum inhibition 55%; EC50 35 μM) and primary cultures (mean EC50 67.7 μM). In the cultures of normal adrenals, fluconazole suppressed corticosterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, and androstenedione levels, whereas concentrations of progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, and 11-deoxycortisol increased. Fluconazole (1 mM) slightly increased STAR mRNA expression in both cell lines. Neither compound affected mRNA levels of other steroidogenic enzymes or cell number. In conclusion, by inhibiting 11β-hydroxylase and 17-hydroxylase activity, pharmacological concentrations of fluconazole dose dependently inhibit cortisol production in human adrenocortical cells in vitro. Although fluconazole seems less potent than ketoconazole, it might become an alternative for ketoconazole to control hypercortisolism in CS. Furthermore, patients receiving fluconazole because of mycosis might be at risk for developing adrenocortical insufficiency.
ANALYSIS OF THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DUAL PHASE STEEL UNDER THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT BRAZING RATES
Authors: Miranda Pérez A.F. , Calliari I. , Brunelli K. , Reyes Valdés F.A. , Pérez Medina G. Y
Published: October 2012

Environmental, concerns regarding reducing CO2 emissions and the drive of having better fuel economy have already enthused the car manufacturer to use the weight materials having better mechanical properties. Automotive industry has shown a great interest in Dual Phase steels due to the possibility of reducing weight of vehicles and increasing the passenger safety at a very competitive cost. Automotive applications unavoidably entail welding and joining in the manufacturing process and the fatigue resistance of welded joints due to the integrity and safety requirements. The variation of welding parameters (voltage, current and speed of welding) affects weld performance, mechanical, and metallurgical properties.

The CMT (Cold Metal Transfer) braze welding is a relatively new technology that partially decouples the arc electrical transients from the filler wire feed rate. It allows reducing the heat required for welding and permits higher joining speeds.

The aim of this work is to study the interfacial microstructures and intermetallic compounds produced by cold metal transfer welding of two plates of galvanized DP600 dual phase steel with CuSi3 as filler metal. The study was performed by applying a CMT braze welding with three different joining speeds. The welded microstructures and microhardness were determined and related to the welding process conditions.

A small HAZ, constituted by martensite, bainite and coarse ferrite grains, has been highlighted. Furthermore, an intermetallic Fe-Si-Cu compound layer formed at the interface between steel and filler metal. The joining speed sways the size of ZTA since the heat input Q affects the phase transformation in the weld and heat affected zone

This parameter also affects the thickness of the compound layer and the size of precipitates in the filler metal, likewise the mechanical characteristics. The fracture starts at the interface steel-copper where intermetallic compounds formed.
DETERMINATION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF 6063 ALUMINUM IN THE FRICTION WELDING PROCESS USING MATHEMATICAL MODELS
Authors: García F. , Zambrano Robledo P. del C. , Guerrero M.P. , García-Vazquez F.
Published: October 2012

In this work, it was used a Johnson-Cook elastic-plastic model to represent the behavior in the friction welding process of 6063 aluminum. Temperature and strain rate dependent laws were used to determine the behavior of the material. The results determined that the amount of heat transferred into the material dictates the quality and the microstructure of the welding and the mechanical strength of the welded joint in an ideal process.
Impact of labile and recalcitrant carbon treatments on available nitrogen and plant communities in a semiarid ecosystem
Authors: Burke I. C. , Bontti E. E. , Barrett J. E. , Lowe P. N. , Lauenroth W. K. , Riggle R.
Published: October 2012

In a 10‐year study, we assessed the influence of five carbon (C) treatments on the labile C and nitrogen (N) pools of historically N‐enriched plots on the Shortgrass Steppe Long Term Ecological Research site located in northeastern Colorado. For eight years, we applied sawdust, sugar, industrial lignin, sawdust + sugar, and lignin + sugar to plots that had received N and water additions in the early 1970s. Previous work showed that past water and N additions altered plant species composition and enhanced rates of nutrient cycling; these effects were still apparent 25 years later. We hypothesized that labile C amendments would stimulate microbial activity and suppress rates of N mineralization, whereas complex forms of carbon (sawdust and lignin) could enhance humification and lead to longer‐term reductions in N availability. Results indicated that, of the five carbon treatments, sugar, sawdust, and sawdust + sugar suppressed N availability, with sawdust + sugar being the most effective treatment to reduce N availability. The year after treatments stopped, N availability remained less in the sawdust + sugar treatment plots than in the high‐N control plots. Three years after treatments ended, reductions in N availability were smaller (40–60%). Our results suggest that highly labile forms of carbon generate strong short‐term N sinks, but these effects dissipate within one year of application, and that more recalcitrant forms reduce N longer. Sawdust + sugar was the most effective treatment to decrease exotic species canopy cover and increase native species density over the long term. Labile carbon had neither short‐ nor long‐term effects on exotic species. Even though the organic amendments did not contribute to recovery of the dominant native species Bouteloua gracilis, they were effective in increasing another native species, Carex eleocharis. These results indicate that organic amendments may be a useful tool for restoring some native species in the shortgrass steppe, though not all.
Cryptic loss of montane avian richness and high community turnover over 100 years
Authors: Tingley Morgan W. , Beissinger Steven R.
Published: October 2012

Although there are numerous examples of individual species moving up in elevation and poleward in latitude in response to 20th century climate change, how communities have responded is less well understood and requires fully accounting for changes in species‐specific detectability over time, which has been neglected in past studies. We use a hierarchical Bayesian occupancy model to examine bird species richness change and turnover along three elevation gradients surveyed 80–100 years apart in the Sierra Nevada of California, USA. Richness declined over the 20th century across all elevations. Turnover was greatest at the highest and the lowest elevations. These findings were only apparent, however, after species' detectability was incorporated into measures of species richness. Further partitioning of species richness changes by elevational life zone showed that numbers of low‐ and high‐elevation species declined, without a concurrent expansion by mid‐elevation species. Our results provide empirical evidence for biodiversity loss in protected montane areas during the 20th century and highlight the importance of accounting for detectability in comparisons of species richness over time.
Comparison of efficacy, safety, and convenience of selamectin versus ivermectin for treatment of Trixacarus caviae mange in pet guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Eshar David , Bdolah-Abram Tali
Published: October 2012

Objective—To determine the efficacy and safety of topical administration of selamectin and to compare selamectin treatment with a common ivermectin protocol for the treatment of natural infestation with Trixacarus caviae in pet guinea pigs.

Design—Clinical trial.

Animals—17 mixed-breed pet guinea pigs with active mite infestation.

Procedures—Guinea pigs were randomly allocated to receive a single dose of selamectin topically (15 mg/kg [6.8 mg/lb]) or ivermectin (400 μg/kg [181.8 μg/lb], SC) every 10 days for 4 injections. Microscopic examination of skin scrapings from all animals was performed at 10-day intervals for 60 days, and the presence of mites or mite eggs was recorded. The efficacies of the 2 treatment protocols were compared at every time point.

Results—Pruritus resolved by day 10 in all animals. Animals were microscopically mite-free on days 30 and 40 in the selamectin and ivermectin treatment groups, respectively, but groups did not differ significantly in regard to the number of mite-positive animals at any timepoint. Recurrence of infection was not noted in either treatment group. No adverse reactions were observed in any of the treated animals.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that a single topical application of selamectin at a dose of 15 mg/kg or repeated SC injection of ivermectin at a dose of 400 μg/kg can eliminate T caviae mites from guinea pigs within 30 and 40 days, respectively. Although effectiveness did not significantly differ between the 2 treatments, the convenience associated with the single topical dose of selamectin made it a preferable treatment modality for both patients and owners.
Baclofen toxicosis in dogs and cats: 145 cases (2004–2010)
Authors: Khorzad Roxanna , Lee Justine A. , Whelan Megan , Brutlag Ahna G. , Martin Elizabeth P. , Miyahara Lee T. , Hovda Lynn R.
Published: October 2012

Objective—To identify dogs and cats with baclofen toxicosis and characterize the patient population, clinical signs, and outcome.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—140 dogs and 5 cats with baclofen toxicosis.

Procedures—An animal poison control center electronic database was reviewed from November 2004 through April 2010 to identify dogs and cats with baclofen toxicosis. Information on signalment, clinical signs, and amount of baclofen ingested was obtained. Clinical signs were categorized as CNS, gastrointestinal, general malaise, cardiovascular, respiratory, or urogenital. Follow-up communications were performed to determine overall outcome.

Results—Dogs had a median age of 0.67 years (range, 0.1 to 15 years) and cats of 1 year (range, 0.7 to 16 years). Of 145 patients, 133 (92%) developed clinical signs of baclofen toxicosis. A total of 259 signs fell within defined categories: CNS (121/259 [46.7%]), gastrointestinal (69/259 [26.6%]), general malaise (27/259 [10.4%]), cardiovascular (23/259 [8.9%]), respiratory (14/259 [5.4%]), and urogenital (5/259 [1.9%]). For 68 dogs with known survival status, survival rate was 83.8% (57/68); of these dogs, the amount of baclofen ingested was known for 53 (46 survivors and 7 nonsurvivors). Amount of baclofen ingested was significantly lower in survivor dogs (median, 4.2 mg/kg [1.91 mg/lb]; range, 0.61 to 61 mg/kg [0.28 to 27.7 mg/lb]), compared with nonsurvivor dogs (median, 14 mg/kg [6.4 mg/lb]; range, 2.3 to 52.3 mg/kg [1.04 to 23.77 mg/lb]. Of 5 cats, 2 survived, 1 died, and 2 had unknown outcomes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Clinical signs of baclofen toxicosis occurred in most patients, with the CNS being the system most commonly affected.
Evaluation of microbial flora in chronic tonsillitis and the role of tonsillectomy
Authors: Raju G , Selvam Esther Mary
Published: October 2012

Objective: To establish a correlation between clinical picture and bacteriological findings in chronic tonsillitis and to study the efficacy of surface swabs in predicting tonsillar core bacteria.Design: A prospective study analyzing microbiological flora of 149 patients with chronic tonsillitis, 17 patients with acute tonsillitis, 34 control patients and 31 postoperative patients of tonsillectomy was conducted. Surface swabs and fine needle aspiration was done from the tonsils under anesthesia just prior to surgery. Excised tonsils were cultured. A postoperative   surface swab was taken in thirty one randomly selected patients three weeks after surgery.Results: Core cultures of 102 out of 149 patients (68%) were positive for pathogenic bacteria. Core pathogenic flora was mono microbial in nature. Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest cultured pathogen. When compared with tonsil core pathogens, surface swabs and fine needle   aspiration showed 77% and 93% correlation respectively. After tonsillectomy, elimination of pathogenic bacteria from the oropharynx was seen in 97% of the patients.Conclusion: Tonsillectomy eradicated pathogenic microflora from the oropharynx in almost in all patients. Surface swabs have a high degree of reliability and are a useful adjuvant investigation to supplement the clinical diagnosis and can be useful for decision making. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v18i2.11982 Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 18(2): 109-113
Diode laser versus blunt dissection tonsillectomy
Authors: Matin MA , Chowdhury M Alamgir
Published: October 2012

Introduction: Tonsillectomy is the commonest operation performed in Ear, Nose and Throat Department. Various methods of tonsillectomy have been practiced over the century aimed at  reducing or eliminating intra-operative and postoperative morbidity.Aim: This prospective study is aimed at evaluation of advantages and disadvantages of laser tonsillectomy over blunt dissection tonsillectomy in respect of operative time, intra-operative blood loss, postoperative pain, rate of healing of tonsillar fossa and other postoperative complications.Method: This prospective randomized study was done for 18 months from April 2010 to September 2011.One hundred patients were divided into two groups of equal number. In one group, the tonsillectomy performed by Diode laser and in the other group the tonsillectomy performed by conventional dissection technique.Results: Age ranged from 5 - 34 years with mean age 15.4 in laser group and 4-35 years with mean age 15.98 in dissection group. Operative time and amount of blood loss is significantly reduced in the laser group (10-25 min, mean 12 min in laser group, 15-45 min, and mean 25 min in dissection group). Tonsillectomy by using laser has shown less intra-operative bleeding (5ml-20 ml, mean 10 ml compared with 45-250 ml, mean 70 ml in dissection method). Patients experienced mild to moderate pain in laser group and moderate to severe pain in dissection group in first 24-48 hours. Pain increased in intensity after 5-6 days in laser group. On 8th post operative day thin to thick white coating is observed with smooth tonsillar fossa in laser group whereas granulation tissue is observed in dissection group.Conclusion: In conclusion laser tonsillectomy has some advantages over dissection method.  There is less operative time and intra-operative bleeding and less immediate post operative pain. Disadvantage of laser tonsillectomy is that there is more pain in 5th to 6th post operative period this may be due to thick slough formation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v18i2.11983 Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 18(2): 114-118
Fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid swellings: Experience in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal
Authors: Nepali R , Banita G , Thakur G
Published: October 2012

Introduction: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) being a minimally invasive technique, is particularly suitable in the sensitive neck area. FNAC can obviate the need for surgery if the lesion is shown to be non neoplastic or if it confirms suspected recurrent tumor. A preoperative cytological diagnosis of a primary neoplasm of thyroid may allow more rational    planning of surgery.Method: This descriptive observational study was carried out at the Department of ENT- Head & Neck Surgery, Gandaki Medical College and Charak Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal, from August 2010 to November 2011. A total of 154 consecutive FNAC of thyroid swellings was included.Results: Out of 154 patients female were 142 (92%) and men were 12 (8%). In this series of 154 thyroid swellings on FNAC one hundred and thirty six (88%) were non neoplastic and eighteen (12%) neoplastic. Among non neoplastic thyroid swelling, adenoma was the most common sixty two (40%), followed by colloid cyst, Hashimoto thypoiditis, subacute thyroiditis, adenoma, cystic lesion, Gravess disease, thyroglossal cyst and lymphocytic thyroiditis. Among neoplastic thyroid swelling papillary carcinoma was the commonest nine (5.8%) followed by follicular neoplasm six (3.9%).Conclusion: It is concluded from the present study that female in our region were more affected, non-neoplastic lesions of the thyroid were more common (colloid goiter being the commonest) than neoplastic lesions (papillary carcinoma being the commonest). DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v18i2.11984 Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 18(2): 119-123
Comparing hemostatic and adhesion prevention effects of different types of nasal packings used post-septoplasty viz medicated gauze packing, glove finger packing and merocel packing
Authors: Mattoo Owais , Muzaffar Rahil , Mir Anees , Malik Manzoor A , Ahmed Shakil , Pampori Rafiq
Published: October 2012

Aim: To compare the adhesion prevention and hemostatic effects of different types of nasal packing viz. medicated gauze packing, glove finger packing and merocel packing. Study Design: Prospective Study, in which 105 patients were, enrolled with effect from September 2011 to March 2012.Methods: This study was done in postgraduate department of ENT - HNS in Govt. Medical College, Srinagar. 105 patients undergoing septoplasty were randomly distributed in three groups, Group A, Group B, and Group C. Group A patients were packed postoperatively with medicated gauze packing, Group B with glove finger packing and Group C with merocel packing. Patients were then examined and regularly observed and followed for post-septoplasty hemorrhage and adhesions.Results: The average number of cotton balls used to clean the blood soakage on day one was 10 in Group A, 13 in Group B and 15 in Group C. On comparing the results of medicated gauze packing with merocel packings, the difference was not statistically significant(p<0.20), though apparently conventional anterior nasal packing (ANP) appeared to be better hemostatic than other types of packings. At 4 weeks postoperatively, the number of patients who developed adhesions were 10 (28.6%) in Group A, 8 (22.9%) in Group B and none (0 %) in Group C. On comparing the results of merocel packing with conventional ANP with highest rate of adhesion formation, the difference was statistically significant (p<0.002). Also on an average minimal number of paracetamol tablets (Dosage Strength 500 mg) were consumed by patients whose noses were packed with merocel (8 tablets) as compared to conventional ANP (13 tablets) and glove finger (8 tablets) over a period of one week.Conclusions: Hemostatic effects were best observed with medicated gauze packing, though the difference was not statistically significant. Adhesion formation which is one of the most important determinants of success of septoplasty is best prevented by merocel packing. If good expertise is observed during septoplasty with proper sterilization technique, postseptoplasty hemorrhage is quite uncommon and adhesion prevention becomes the single most important factor. Merocel packing should thus be carried out in almost all cases. In cases where postoperative bleeding is suspected, classical medicated gauze packing should be done. The morbidity associated with postoperative pain was minimal with merocel packing. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v18i2.11989 Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 18(2): 129-132
Tonsillo - styloidectomy for Eagles syndrome: review of 20 cases
Authors: Bhuyan Md Arif Hossain , Afroza Shahnaz , Nurullah Md , Kafi Md Abdullah Hel , Hossain Md Sumon
Published: October 2012

Objective: To study the clinical, radiological along with the management outcome of Eagles syndrome. Study design: Prospective.Setting: Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Ibn Sina Medical College Hospital and Ibn Sina Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: This study included twenty patients with Eagles syndrome presented to Ibn Sina Medical College, Dhaka and Ibn Sina Hospital, Dhaka, from April 2009 to January 2012. The data of each patient included age, sex, presenting symptoms and signs, radiological investigations, operative notes and state at follow up.Results: Out of twenty patients, twelve (60%) were female and eight (40%) were male. Maximum nine patients (45%) belonged to the fourth decade. The mean age of presentation was 42.5 years. Maximum patients (100%) presented with pain and foreign body sensation throat. In all cases, a sharp prick was felt and pain was increased on palpation of the upper part of tonsillar fossa. In fourteen cases (70%) elongated styloid process was bilateral and in six cases (30%) it was unilateral. X-ray Townes view, lateral view of skull base & neck and CT scan were excellent diagnostic tools as well as to measure the length of styloid process. In all cases partial styloidectomy was done via intra-oral approach. Eighteen patients (90%) were symptom free in three months follow up. Two patients (10%) had pain in throat and other symptoms even after three months follow up and were treated with oral carbamazepine.Conclusion: Eagles syndrome associated with elongated styloid process is a rare clinical entity. The diagnosis can easily be made with clinical examination and radiological findings. Awareness of this syndrome is important to all ENT practitioners and related specialty involved in diagnosis and treatment of Head and Neck pain. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v18i2.12006 Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 18(2): 149-155
Caldwel-Luc operation without intranasal antrostomy
Authors: Asaduzzaman AKM , Rafiquzzaman Md , Aich Mani Lal , Mannan Md Abdul , Alam Md Rabiul , Islam Md Tauhidul , Sarder M A Rouf
Published: October 2012

Introduction: Sub-labial antrostomy also known as Caldwel-Luc operation is a well-accepted procedure to remove any diseased mass, organic tissue or non-organic foreign body from maxillary antrum. The proceedings of this operation are though complex but not complicated if done by an expert hand. In addition to sub-labial approach this procedure is followed by an intranasal antrostomy to facilitate future drainage and through which the antral pack is introduced and removed post-operatively.Methods: In our series of 30 patients, we performed the same procedure through sub-labial approach only. No intranasal antrostomy were done. Also we opened the antrum by a small hole made over antero-lateral wall of the antrum.Results: The adopted method decreased the post-operative morbidity and also reduced the period of healing. No patient developed any major complication like oro-antral fistula either on immediate or long term follow-up up to one year. Only one (3.33%) patient had a temporary obstruction in drainage of collection in antrum even after not performing the intranasal antrostomy.Conclusion: Thus we conclude that this modification of Caldwel-Luc operation only through sub-labial approach without performing intranasal antrostomy could be accepted as an innovative procedure for better outcome of the patients as well as its cost-effectiveness DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v18i2.12007 Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 18(2): 156-160
Nasal polypectomy and endoscopic sinus surgery for the management of ethmoidal polyp
Authors: Shumon AM , Zaman KA , Hossain Md , Zaman Y , Azad A
Published: October 2012

Introduction: The efficacy of sinus surgery for the treatment of ethmoidal polyp continues to be an issue of debate among otolaryngologists. A study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) over intra nasal polypectomy in treatment of ethmoidal polyp.Methods: Sixty patients of either sex above 18 years of age suffering from ethmoidal polyp were included in the study. The patients were discharged after surgery and were called for endoscopic examination during subsequent follow up.Results: Final results were recorded 6 months after the operative procedure. The results suggest that FESS is highly effective for the treatment of ethmoidal polyp with the recurrence rate being as low as 10% and with no major complications.Conclusion: This study will help in evaluation of FESS as better surgical option for the management of ethmoidal polyp DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v18i2.12008 Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 18(2): 161-165
Ectopic thyroid - two case reports
Authors: Akaiduzzaman DGM , Alam Md Zahedul , Aich Manilal
Published: October 2012

Bachground: Ectopic thyroid is a rare entity resulting from maldescent of the thyroid gland & can be found anywhere between the foramen cecum & the normal pretracheal position of the thyroid gland, as well as in distant places such as the mediastinum and the subdiaphragmatic organs. Although most cases are asymptomatic, obstructive symptoms may appear. Any disease affecting the thyroid gland may also involve the ectopic thyroid, including malignancy. Hypothyroidism is frequent but hyperthyroidism is an exceptionally rare finding. The clinician must distinguish between ectopic thyroid and metastatic deposits emerging from an orthotopic gland, as well as other benign or malignant masses. Thyroid scintigraphy plays the most important role in diagnosing ectopy, but ultrasonography contributes as well. Treatment is indicated in the presence of symptoms & consists initially of full replacement thyroid hormone therapy. Severe or unresponsive cases require excision.Case reports: We present here two case reports & review of the literature.Conclusion: This review provides current understanding about the wide clinical spectrum of this rare condition, optimal diagnostic approach, differential diagnosis, and management strategies. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v18i2.12016 Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 18(2): 193-199