bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMMON CLASS: - a tool for programming the access to shared data
Authors: Møller-Nielsen Peter , Staunstrup Jørgen
Published: February 2016

The Monitor concept in Concurrent Pascal is too restrictive to express e.g. the ''Readers-Writers'' kind of access control to shared data. In order to make it possible to measure how the performance of a multiprogram changes when the access control to shared data is refined, we have added a construct, called a Common Class, to the Concurrent Pascal implementation on our multiprocessor system.
A Conceptual Framework for the Characterization of Petri Net Description Techniques
Authors: Madsen Kim Halskov
Published: February 2016

In this paper we present a conceptual framework for the characterization of Petri net description techniques, and we apply this framework to characterize some well-known techniques.

The important point however, is that we feel that a conceptual framework (though perhaps not the one presented here) is essential for identifying and propagating description techniques. And surely for making progress in applications of nets, it is essential that we develop and communicate net description techniques that can deal with large systems.
Galleries and Institutions
Authors: Mayoh Brian H.
Published: February 2016

This preprint has four parts:

 Unified theory of knowledge representation (presented at AIMSA 84 conference in Varna).

 Unified theory for modal, dynamic, temporal and process logics (presented at PUC conference in Rio de Janeiro).

 Unified theory for logical programming and semantic representation (presented at Copenhagen workshop).

 Unified theory of languages, models and logics.
 The ''unified theory'' in the titles of each part refers to the theory of galleries, a development of the theory of institutions. These theories seem to be relevant in many areas of computer science: 1 - 3 are applications to particular areas and papers on:
 Processes, event systems, petri nets and other forms of parallelism

specification, program development and design languages
 are under preparation.
The current status of the general theory is given in part 4, but it is not clear how this theory should be developed further.
On Models and their Rôle in the Use of Computers
Authors: Kammersgaard John
Published: February 2016

When studying systems development projects a lack of consideration for training and education is often observed. A typical reason is that management is unwilling to spend the money required; all they will offer is a short introduction to ''how to push the buttons''. The hypothesis brought forward in this paper is that there is a lack of understanding for the necessity to deal with training and education already during the design process. Some vendors are aware of this situation. Their solution to the problem seems to be to develop computer applications which are easy to learn. The ''easy-to-learn syndrom'' leads to a tendency towards development of computer applications which are not sufficiently powerful to accomplish the tasks they have to deal with. Learnability instead of efficiency becomes the main goal. Instead I will propose this solution to the problem:

''Develop computer applications, which are easy to teach.''

A promising path to follow seems to be to base the development of a computer application on consistent conceptual models, which are based on concepts from the area of application. Such models must be developed during the systems development process to be used both for further design, during teaching and training, and during interaction with the computer application. A model for this purpose is here called a user model.

My purpose with this paper is to try to look at user models and their use mainly from the users' point of view, and from that perspective point at some paths, which lead towards a deeper understanding of the subject.
A Hierarchical Co-operative Exception Handling Mechanism
Authors: Knudsen Jørgen Lindskov
Published: February 2016

One of the most dominant philosophies within programming disciplines is the philosophy of layered systems. In a layered system (or hierarchical system) the layers are thought of as each implementing an abstract machine on top of the lower layers. Such an abstract machine in turn implements utilities (e.g. data-structures and operations) to be used at higher layers.

This paper will focus on exception handling in block-structured systems (as a special case of layered systems). It will be argued that none of the existing programming language proposals for exception handling support secure and well-behaved termination of activities in a block-structured system. Moreover, it is argued that certain termination strategies within block-structured systems cannot be implemented using the existing proposals. As a result of this discussion and as a solution to the problems, a hierarchical, co-operative exception handling mechanism is proposed.
Evaluation of System Development Projects
Authors: Munk-Madsen Andreas
Published: February 2016

Many groups are involved in system development projects: System development management, system developers, user management, and users. All of them wish to influence the project. Influence, however, requires understanding. The process of obtaining this understanding is called project evaluation.

This report will discuss project evaluation. The most important conclusions are:

Evaluation should not be seen as an appendage to planning, but as a complementary activity.

 There are two fundamentally different kinds of project evaluation.

 There are two types of documents constituting the key for understanding most system development projects.

In practice evaluation of system development projects requires the active participation of the system developers.
A Cooperative Work Perspective on Use and Development of Computer Artifacts
Authors: Sørgaard Pål
Published: February 2016

This paper presents a cooperative work perspective on the role of computer artifacts in organisations. Traditionally the issue of cooperative work has been given little attention in the design of computer artifacts, and in fact much cooperative work has been disrupted rather than supported by computers.

Cooperative work is seen as a specific, prototypical kind of work with many desirable properties. Cooperative work has an informal nature and often this will not be reflected in the formal organisation of the work, its importance often being neglected. Cooperative work will often be found in health care teams, in office work, in many project groups, and also in many kinds of mechanical work.

Two ways of coordinating cooperative work can be identified. Coordination by explicit communication and coordination through the shared material of the working process. In parallel to this there are two main forms of computer support for cooperative work, computerised media for explicit communication and computer implemented shared material.
The Head and the Heart
Authors: Greenbaum Joan
Published: February 2016

In recent years there has been a good deal of healthy experimentation with system development methods and work organization, particularly within Scandinavia. This paper attempts to go further into the question of the development and use of computer systems by using a gender analysis of the issues. Specifically, it examines the organization of labor and patterns of communication used in developing computer systems. It suggests that the use of gender-biased dichotomies strongly influences both the questions system developers ask and the way questions are asked.
ZEN and the Art of Teaching Systems Development
Authors: Greenbaum Joan , Mathiassen Lars
Published: February 2016

There has been a great deal written about curriculum for teaching systems development, but very little said about the methods and practices of the teaching process itself. This article, in the form of an open letter to colleagues, addresses itself to the problems and experiences we have had in teaching systems development. Specifically, it focuses on the contradiction between education and experience and suggests some metaphors and methods for better integrating experience into the learning process.
An Exact and Efficient Implementation of Threshold Gates with Arbitrary Real Weights
Authors: Frandsen Gudmund Skovbjerg , Sturtivant Carl
Published: February 2016

We show how to exactly implement an n input threshold gate with arbitrary real weights by a circuit of constant depth and size polynomial in n. Our circuits use and, or and majority gates as well as unary negation gates. The use of majority is imperative due to certain lower bound results.
Sprogbrug og Design: - sammenfattende redegørelse
Authors: Madsen Kim Halskov
Published: February 2016

Denne artikel afrunder og sammenfatter mit licentiatstudium. Afhandlingen baserer sig teoretisk pa Winograd og Flores's bog, og begrebsmæssigt er ''breakdown'' samt ''metaforer'' centrale. Det ene af min afhandlings hovedresultater består i at foreslå og behandle en fremgangsmade til brug i første del af design processen. Baggrunden er, at traditionelt er skabelsen af visioner om, hvordan edb kan anvendes, kun tillagt lav prioritet. Endvidere er den daglige arbejdssituation snarere præget af involveret handlen end af reflektion over arbejdet. Den grundliggende ide i fremgangsmåden gar ud på bevidst at anvende metaforer til at nedbryde den involverede handlen og samtidigt herigennem at skabe visioner om hvordan edb kan anvendes. Det andet af min afhandlings hovedresultater består i at foreslå og behandle en fremgangsmåde til design, som tager udgangspunkt i brugernes fagsprog. Selve ideen om at tage udgangspunkt i fagsproget er i meget overordnet og skitseagtig form oprindeligt foreslået af K. Nygaard. I afhandlingen præsenteres en detaljeret og systematisk fremgangsmåde, som består i linguistisk analyse af fagsproget samt opstilling af designvalg på grundlag heraf.
A Framework for Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Authors: Sørgaard Pål
Published: February 2016

A conceptual framework for computer supported cooperative work is presented. A distinction is made between the context of the work, the use situation (which is a part of the context), and the computer system. The context of the work refers to the totality of the work: the kind of work, its organisation, etc. Cooperative work is seen as an aspect of the context of the work. The use situation is more delimited, it is the work situation(s) where the computer system actually is used.

The use relation is defined to be the relation between the context of the work, including the use situation, and the computer system. Computer supported cooperative work is defined as a quality of this relation. This quality is obtained when the computer system is used in such a way that the cooperative aspects of the work are supported. This definition denies that computer supported cooperative work should be seen as a property of the context of the work or of the computer system alone.

The use relation can be of many kinds. Three use relations: medium, shared material, and tool are of special interest to computer supported cooperative world.

Two applications of the framework are pointed at. One is its use in analysis when computer support for cooperative work is to be developed. The other is its application as a relevance criterion for research in computer supported cooperative work.
In Search of Cooperation: An Historical Analysis of Work Organization and Management Strategies
Authors: Greenbaum Joan
Published: February 2016

During the last decade, literature about work has increasingly focused on the importance of collective communication, tacit knowledge, and group activities. The idea of designing computer support for groupbased work activities, which we loosely call ''cooperative work'', is a useful and challenging one, for it represents a break from design approaches that focused on centralized and bureaucratic systems of communication and control. To get a clearer idea of the meaning of cooperative work. this article will look at historical patterns of world organization and management strategies. It will contrast user-centered concepts of cooperative work, with the idea of seeing cooperative work in the context of democracy in the workplace. The focus on workplace democracy has been a main theme in the Scandinavian systems tradition. The article uses the Scandinavian tradition, with its roots in a Labor Process Approach as a way to analyze the meaning of cooperation for workplace democracy and its implication for the design of computer support.
Verification of VLSI Circuits Using LP
Authors: Garland Stephen , Guttag John , Staunstrup Jørgen
Published: February 2016

We pressent an approach to reasoning about the functional behaviour of circuits. The approach begins and culminates with a technique, Synchronized Transitions, for specifying circuits and culminates with a technique for constructing machine checked proofs that invariants are preserved. We also report on some successful experiments using the approach to verify properties of simple, but nontrivial VLSI circuits.
Elementary transition systems
Authors: Nielsen Mogens , Rozenberg Grzegorz , Thiagarajan P. S.
Published: February 2016

Transition systems are a simple and powerful formalism for explaining the operational behaviour of models of concurrency. They provide a common framework for investigating the interrelationships between different approaches to the study of distributed systems. Hence an important question to be answered is: which subclass of transition systems corresponds to a particular model of distributed systems? In this paper we provide an answer to this question for elementary net systems.
Data flow analysis as model checking
Authors: Steffen Bernhard
Published: February 2016

The paper develops the idea that modal logic provides an appropriate framework for the specification of data flow analysis (DFA) algorithms as soon as programs are represented as models of the logic. This can be exploited to construct a DFA-generator that generates efficient DFA-algorithms from modal specifications by partially evaluating a specific model checker wrt the specifying modal formula. Moreover, the use of a modal logic as specification language for DFA-algorithms supports the compositional development of specifications and structured proofs of properties of DFA-algorithms. These ideas are applied to the problem of determining optimal computation points within flow graphs.
A discrete logarithm blob for noninteractive XOR gates
Authors: Boyar Joan , Damgård Ivan Bjerre
Published: February 2016

We present a bit commitment scheme based on discrete logarithms. Unlike earlier discrete log based schemes, our system allows non-interactive XORing and negation of bits contained in commitments. When used as a building block in zero-knowledge protocols, our scheme leads to protocols that are statistical (almost perfect) zero-knowledge, and where the prover is unable to break the system, unless he can find a secret discrete logarithm.
On Aggregation and Computation on Domain Values
Authors: Larsen Kim Skak
Published: February 2016

Query languages often allow a limited amount of anthmetic and string operations on domain values, and sometimes sets of values can be dealt with through aggregation and sometimes even set comparisons. We address the question of how these facilities can be added to a relational language in a natural way. Our discussions lead us to reconsider the definition of the standard operators, and we introduce a new way of thinking about relational algebra computations.

We define a language FC, which has an iteration mechanism as its basis. A tuple language is used to carry out almost all computations. We prove equivalence results relating FC to relational algebra under various circumstances.
High Level Efficiency in Database Languages
Authors: Larsen Kim Skak
Published: February 2016

The subject of this Ph.D. thesis is the design and implementation of database languages. The thesis consists of five articles:

 
  [1]  Joan F. Boyar and Kim S. Larsen. Efficient Rebalancing of Chromatic Search Trees. In O. Nurmi and E. Ukkonen, eds.,  LNCS 621: Algorithm Theory -- SWAT'92 , pp. 151-164. Springer-Verlag, 1992.  [2]  Kim S. Larsen. On Aggregation and Computation on Domain Values. PB-414, Computer Science Department, Aarhus University, 1992.  [3]  Kim S. Larsen. Strategies for Expression Evaluation Using Sort-Merge Algorithms. PB-415, Computer Science Department, Aarhus University, 1992.  [4]  Kim S. Larsen and Michael I. Schwartzbach. Injectivity of Unary Queries With Computation on Domain Values. Computer Science Department, Aarhus University, 1992. Revised version of PB-311.  [5]  Kim S. Larsen, Michael I. Schwartzbach and Erik M. Schmidt. A New Formalism for Relational Algebra.  IPL , 41(3):163-168, 1992.
and this survey paper. In [5], a new query language design is proposed. The expressive power of the language is determined in [2] and all reasonable extensions are considered. In [3, 4], we focus on the optimization issue of avoiding unnecessary sorting of relations. The results in these papers are directly applicable to any algebra-based query language. In addition to the query language part, a database system also has to offer update facilities. The theory of standard tuple based updates is quite well developed in the sequential case. In [1], we discuss a new concurrent implementation of balanced search trees for that purpose.

This survey paper describes the results of the papers which form the thesis, and relates these results to each other and to the area in a broader sense than is customary in the introductions of individual papers. The paper is intended to be read in combination with the papers on which it is based.
The Complexity of Finding Replicas Using Equality Tests
Authors: Frandsen Gudmund Skovbjerg , Miltersen Peter Bro , Skyum Sven
Published: February 2016

We prove (for fixed k) that at least (1/k - 1)(^n_2) - O(n) equality tests and no more than (2/k)(^n_2) + O(n) equality tests are needed in the worst case to determine whether a given set of n elements contains a subset of k identical elements. The upper bound is an improvement by a factor 2 compared to known results. We give tighter bounds for k = 3.
Iterative Algorithms for Fixed Point Comutation
Authors: Nielson Hanne Riis , Nielson Flemming
Published: February 2016

We compare two  algorithms  for computing fixed points of functionals of the kind arising in static program analysis. One is a rather direct calculation of the iterands, whereas the other employs the technique of iterative squaring. To give meaningful results about the time and space requirements we need to be more specific about the form  of the functionals and the properties  of the functions upon which the functionals operate. In this paper we consider functionals in iterative versus (two kinds of) primitive recursive forms, and functions that are monotone versus completely additive.

The time complexity of the direct algorithm is proportional to the number of iterations and the size of the domain of the functions. Replacing the direct algorithm with the iterative squaring algorithm gives an exponential reduction in the number of iterations needed. If the program analysis can be formulated in the completely additive framework, we will in some instances obtain an exponential reduction in the cost of each iteration.
Layout Construction: A Case Study In Algorithm Engineering
Authors: Frandsen Gudmund Skovbjerg , Palsberg Jens , Schmidt Erik Meineche , Sjøgaard Steen
Published: February 2016

We design a system for generating newspaper layout proposals. The input to the system consists of editorial information (text, pictures, etc) and style information (non-editorial information that specifies the aesthetic appearance of a layout). We consider the automation of layout construction to pose two main problems. One problem consists in optimizing the layout with respect to the constraints and preferences specified in the style information. Another problem consists in finding a representation of the style information that both supports its use in the combinatorial optimization and supports its modification through high level user interaction and automatic inference from a database of examples.

 

We propose a solution that combines  heuristic search, randomization  and  neural networks. We have implemented a first version based on the  bisection  strategy -- a page is bisected recursively until the number of sub-divisions matches the number of articles to be placed.
Relationships between Models of Concurency
Authors: Nielsen Mogens , Sassone Vladimiro , Winskel Glynn
Published: February 2016

Models for concurrency can be classified with respect to the three relevant parameters: behaviour/system, interleaving/noninterleaving, linear/branching time. When modelling a process, a choice concerning such parameters corresponds to choosing the level of abstraction of the resulting semantics. The classifications are formalized through the medium of category theory.
Software Engineering: Tools and Methods: Proceedings of the 1978 Aarhus Workshop
Authors: Derrett Nigel , Møller Karen , Spier Mike , Bennett Michael J.
Published: February 2016

This is the record of a meeting held at the University of Aarhus in Denmark, 23-26 May, 1978. The meeting was a workshop concerned with Software Engineering. A mixed group of Computer Scientists met for 4 days with the intention of exchanging knowledge and the hope of becoming wiser. Herein is a small glint of their wisdom. The workshop was organised as a mixture of formal presentations and discussions. The organisers had given titles to the various sessions but these were only used as guidelines, and the discussions in particular ranged far and wide, sometimes heated, and sometimes rather undisciplined.
Leading by Metaphors –A Case Study of a Mega IT Project in a Danish Bank
Authors: Svejvig Per , Nielsen Ann-Dorte Fladkjær
Published: February 2016

Contrary to the existing literature and studies of large-scale IT projects, empirical data from a mega IT project in mid-sized Danish Bank, Jyske Bank, demonstrates a successful implementation of a highly complex IT platform transition. Linguistic representations and especially extensive use of metaphors by executive management to form and shape the megaproject appeared to have significant impact on guidance of individual and collective action, and thereby presumably one of the important factors for the successful implementation. To learn from this case study, we investigate the metaphorical use in the megaproject and discuss how leading by metaphors are enacted. Our findings are that (1) metaphorical storytelling can act as backbone for communication, (2) metaphors can set direction for technical capabilities, and finally (3) metaphors can be used to emphasize emotional intelligence.
Organizational Knowledge Communication – a Nascent 3rd Order Disciplinarity
Authors: Kastberg Peter
Published: February 2016

There is an emerging tendency that the organizational communication functions of larger companies enter into a symbiotic relationship with the companies’ Knowledge Management function. A tendency this journal has labelled Organizational Knowledge Communication. This should come as no surprise to neither the researcher nor the practitioner; after all who can say where a corporation’s knowledge work ends and where its organizational communication begins – and vice versa? In this paper I will present a theoretical account of the three disciplinary trajectories that, in my view, have given rise to Organizational Knowledge Communication, i.e., organization studies, communication theory and Knowledge Management, respectively. In their synthesis the three trajectories form a disciplinary triple helix, a triple helix which, in turn, gives rise to Organizational Knowledge Communication as a novel, 3rd order disciplinarity. Whereas each discipline is a strand in its own right in the helix, these strands, nevertheless, also allow for disciplinary integration, albeit punctually and dynamically. And it is exactly in such trilateral punctual and dynamic integrations that Organizational Knowledge Communication becomes visible, becomes a disciplinarity. I theoretically present an example of such a punctual integration and point to some of the immediate research promises that it holds. This theoretical account ends by describing Organizational Knowledge Communication as a nascent 3rd order disciplinarity.
Constructing Specialized Knowledge Through Activity Coordination During Organizational Change
Authors: Hansen Kody D. , Canary Heather E.
Published: February 2016

Prior research has established that sharing knowledge across interrelated organizational systems is challenging and complex.  This is especially the case when organizational change initiatives require changes in how those systems relate to each other.  This project was an investigation of knowledge processes between interrelated activity systems in a large facilities management organization as a change initiative was implemented.  Interviews with 27 employees representing nine organizational activity systems were the primary source of data, with field notes used to enrich interpretations in this qualitative study.  Results were interpreted using constructs from structurating activity theory.  Participants communicatively constructed cultures of exclusivity in their activity systems, creating boundaries that made knowledge sharing and activity coordination difficult.  The change initiative was aimed at creating a culture of inclusivity, which was undermined by perceptions that the management activity system engaged in more exclusivity-creating practices than other activity systems.  Several contradictions were explicated pertaining to inclusivity and exclusivity.  Tensions persist in how systems coordinate around and with conflicting objectives and activities.  Conclusions offer theoretical contributions of the analysis and suggestions for using results to improve organizational practices.
Knowledge Sharing is Knowledge Creation: An Intervention Study of Metaphors for Knowledge
Authors: Greve Linda
Published: February 2016

Knowledge sharing and knowledge transfer are important to knowledge communication. However when groups of knowledge workers engage in knowledge communication activities, it easily turns into mere mechanical information processing despite other ambitions.

This article relates literature of knowledge communication and knowledge creation to an intervention study in a large Danish food production company. For some time a specific group of employees uttered a wish for knowledge sharing, but it never really happened. The group was observed and submitted to metaphor analysis as well as analysis of co-creation strategies. Confronted with the results, the group completely altered their approach to knowledge sharing and let it become knowledge co-creation.

The conclusions are, that knowledge is and can only be a diverse and differentiated concept, and that groups are able to embrace this complexity. Thus rather than reducing complexity and dividing knowledge into to dichotomies or hierarchies, knowledge workers should be enabled to use different strategies for knowledge sharing, -transfer and –creation depending on the task and the nature of the knowledge. However if the ambition is to have a strategy for sharing personal or tacit knowledge, the recommended approach is to co-create new knowledge by use of joint epistemic action.
Vers une démarche d’ingénierie inverse pour étudier la réflexion sur la pratique et ses situations de déclenchement. Illustration sur quatre études
Authors: Chaubet Philippe , Correa Molina Enrique , Gervais Colette , Grenier Johanne , Verret Claudia , Trudelle Sylvie
Published: February 2016

L’article expose les principes d’une approche inductive de la réflexion sur la pratique de professionnels de divers domaines. Ancrée dans le vécu de sujets en formation ou en exercice, elle a commencé à reconstituer 1) des moments forts de transformation de leurs façons de voir et faire le métier liés à une pensée réfléchie; 2) les situations et conditions de ces changements. L’intérêt de cette ingénierie inverse? Capter et analyser des situations qui font réfléchir, mais restent peu documentées, car elles ne sont pas spécifiquement perçues comme réflexives par les acteurs ou formateurs. La méthode donne un accès potentiel à une pratique réflexive « sans étiquette » (Osterman & Kottkamp, 2004), discrète mais transformatrice, et à des dispositifs inédits et variés, capables de faire réfléchir et changer des professionnels. Nous y voyons une piste méthodologique pour comprendre, améliorer et valoriser la pédagogie universitaire et le développement des compétences dans l’enseignement supérieur.
Le pari de l’accompagnement pour la formation de praticiens réflexifs de l’enseignement : possibilités et limites d’un système de stages
Authors: Boutet Marc , Arsenault Manon , Ferland Lise , Francoeur Lise , Gagné Line
Published: February 2016

Dès le début de l’implantation d’un nouveau système de formation pratique au BEPP de l’Université de Sherbrooke en 2003, notre équipe a mis en place un dispositif de collecte continu de données auprès de ses acteurs qui nous a permis d’en faire un objet de recherche. Notre article décrit d’abord brièvement le fonctionnement de ce système, puis pose les quatre problématiques qui ont fait l’objet d’une évaluation de notre part : l’organisation générale de la formation pratique, l’intégration cours-stages, le développement des compétences des stagiaires et l’accompagnement offert par les superviseurs et les enseignants associés. Les résultats des analyses, qui ont été réalisées à l’aide d’une grille dont les catégories ont émergé des données recueillies, nous permettent ensuite de discuter des enjeux et des conséquences du dispositif d’accompagnement de la pratique réflexive que nous avons mis en place. Nous terminons par un ensemble de propositions issues de cette analyse.
Temporal modulation of collective cell behavior controls vascular network topology
Authors: Kur Esther , Kim Jiha , Tata Aleksandra , Comin Cesar H , Harrington Kyle I , Costa Luciano da F , Bentley Katie , Gu Chenghua
Published: February 2016

Vascular network density determines the amount of oxygen and nutrients delivered to host tissues, but how the vast diversity of densities is generated is unknown. Reiterations of endothelial-tip-cell selection, sprout extension and anastomosis are the basis for vascular network generation, a process governed by the VEGF/Notch feedback loop. Here, we find that temporal regulation of this feedback loop, a previously unexplored dimension, is the key mechanism to determine vascular density. Iterating between computational modeling and in vivo live imaging, we demonstrate that the rate of tip-cell selection determines the length of linear sprout extension at the expense of branching, dictating network density. We provide the first example of a host tissue-derived signal (Semaphorin3E-Plexin-D1) that accelerates tip cell selection rate, yielding a dense network. We propose that temporal regulation of this critical, iterative aspect of network formation could be a general mechanism, and additional temporal regulators may exist to sculpt vascular topology.
Carbon nanotube memory cell array program error analysis and tradeoff between reset voltage and verify pulses
Authors: Ning Sheyang , Iwasaki Tomoko Ogura , Hachiya Shogo , Rosendale Glen , Manning Monte , Viviani Darlene , Rueckes Thomas , Takeuchi Ken
Published: February 2016

In emerging non-volatile memories, nano-random access memory (NRAM) has advantages of small program current and high endurance compared with resistive RAM (ReRAM) and phase-change RAM (PRAM). This work comprehensively investigates NRAM set and reset program characteristics by measuring a 116 nm 4 Mbit NRAM cell array. Specifically, reset is found more dependent on reset voltage than reset current. Next, NRAM set and reset bit error rates (BERs) have less significant reduction compared with the increased ratio of set and reset pulse widths. The reset BER can also be reduced by applying multiple reset pulses. Moreover, 108 write cycles are measured on 256 bytes NRAM cells, no wear-out or broken cell is found. Finally, the program characteristics of two verify-reset schemes are compared. The maximum verify-reset voltage can be reduced by increasing the number of reset pulses.
Robust 600 V GaN high electron mobility transistor technology on GaN-on-Si with 400 V, 5 µs load-short-circuit withstand capability
Authors: Nagahisa Tetsuzo , Ichijoh Hisao , Suzuki Takamitsu , Yudin Alex , Adan Alberto O. , Kubo Masaru
Published: February 2016

A 600 V normally-ON GaN high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) technology with an intrinsic specific ON resistance R
on · A = 500 mΩ·mm2 and a breakdown voltage of BV
dss ∼ 1100 V is described. A novel high-power 30-A-class GaN-Si MOSFET cascode device with a back-side source Si laterally diffused MOSFET (LDMOSFET) and an embedded clamp diode are employed to enable the GaN HEMT to withstand 400 V and a more than 5 µs load short circuit condition, as required in switching inverter applications. Considerations for improvement of the GaN lateral HEMT short-circuit withstand capability are addressed.
Cat Demon, Gender, and Religious Practice
Authors: Doran Rebecca
Published: February 2016

This paper examines and contextualizes rituals and beliefs surrounding the cat demon (maogui 貓鬼). While the demon has been briefly discussed or referenced in earlier scholarship, there as yet exists no systematic attempt to understand how it is treated in various sources. The paper approaches the complex of practices and ideas associated with the cat demon as a unique and richly informative cultural phenomenon that is suggestive of tensions relating to gender and class. The paper begins with a close examination of materials surrounding the most famous and well-documented case of cat demon practice, that involving Dugu Tuo, the half- brother of Empress Dugu of the Sui (Dugu Qieluo 獨孤伽羅, 544–602), before turning to medico-religious approaches and, finally, to transformations of the supernatural or demonic cat in post-Tang materials.
ChemInform Abstract: BERECHNUNG UND QUALITATIVE VORAUSSAGEN DER MASSENSPEKTREN MONO‐ UND PARA‐DISUBSTITUIERTER BENZOLE
Authors: HOWE IAN , WILLIAMS DUDLEY H.
Published: February 2016

Mit Hilfe von Ionisations‐ und Auftrittspotentialmessungen bei 18 eV wurde für die Substituenten von 17 monosubstituierten Benzolen eine Klassifizierung vorgenommen und eine Folge der Quotienten aus Fragment‐ und Molekülionen aufgestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: DRUCKABHAENGIGKEIT DER KOEFFIZIENTEN DER SCHERVISKOSITAET VON GLYCERIN UND SEINEN ACETATEN
Authors: GROUBERT EDMOND , CHARLES ETIENNE
Published: February 2016

Die Koeffizienten der Scherviskosität von Glycerin und seinen Mono‐, Di‐ und Triessigsäureestern wurden in Abhängigkeit vom Druck gemessen.
ChemInform Abstract: RK.‐GLEICHGEWICHT BEI DER BILDUNG VON TRIOXAN IN WAESSRIGEN FORMALDEHYD‐LOESUNGEN
Authors: SAVCENKO V. I.
Published: February 2016

Das Gleichgewicht der Trimerisierung von Formaldehyd in wäßriger Lösung durch Schwefelsäure nach untenstehender Gleichung ist stark abhängig von der Konzentration der Säure.
ChemInform Abstract: EINFLUSS DER ELEKTRONENSTRUKTUR VON SUBSTITUENTEN MIT DREIWERTIGEM PHOSPHOR
Authors: CVETKOV E. N. , LOBANOV D. I. , MACHAMATCHANOV M. M. , KABACNIK M. I.
Published: February 2016

Die scheinbaren Dissoziationskonstanten der m‐ bzw. p‐substituierten Benzoesäuren (I) und zum Vergleich die Dissoziationskonstanten der m‐ oder p‐substituierten Benzoesäuren wie z.B. (II) werden bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐OXIDE VON IMIDAZOLYLEN
Authors: VOLKAMER KLAUS , ZIMMERMANN HERBERT W.
Published: February 2016

Aus den 1‐Hydroxy‐imidazolen (I) werden durch Dehydrierung mit Bleidioxid bzw. durch Umsetzung der Alkalisalze mit Halogen die Imidazolyloxide (II) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: BESTIMMUNG DES MECHANISMUS DER KATALYTISCHEN OX. VON KOHLENMONOXID AN NICKELOXID‐KONTAKTEN MIT HILFE EINES MIKROCALORIMETERS NACH CALVET 6. MITT. GALLIUM‐IONEN ENTHALTENDES NICKELOXID
Authors: GRAVELLE PIERRE C. , EL SHOBAKY GAMIL , TEICHNER STANISLAS J.
Published: February 2016

Der langsamste Schritt der Reaktion bei 30°C ist die Wechselwirkung zwischen CO und adsorbierten Sauerstoff‐Ionen unter Bildung von CO2.
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMM. RK. 31. MITT. ASYMM. RED. VON ACETOPHENONEN MIT EINEM LIALH4‐1,2,5,6‐DI‐O‐ISOPROPYLIDEN‐ALPHA‐D‐GLUCOFURANOSE‐KOMPLEX
Authors: CERVINKA OTAKAR , FABRYOVA ANNA
Published: February 2016

Bei der Reduktion der Ketone (I) treten zwei Übergangszustände, die zum R‐ bzw. S‐Antipoden führen, mit unterschiedlichem Energieniveau auf.
ChemInform Abstract: RED. VON NITRO‐ UND NITROSOVERBINDUNGEN MIT P(III)‐REAGENTIEN 5. MITT. RED. VON ALKYL‐ UND METHOXY‐NITRO‐BENZOLEN UND NITROBENZOL MIT TRIALKYLPHOSPHITEN
Authors: CADOGAN J. I. G. , SEARS D. J. , SMITH D. M. , TODD M. J.
Published: February 2016

Reaktion der Nitroverbindungen (I) mit den Phosphiten (II) führt zu den Phosphoramidaten (III) und (IV), die durch Umlagerung und bei (III) auch durch partielle Hydrolyse aus den primär entstandenen Phosphorimidaten gebildet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: CHLORIERUNG 1. MITT. PHYSIKALISCHE BEWEISE FUER POLARE EFFEKTE IN DEN CHLORIERUNGSPRODUKTEN VON CYCLOHEXANCARBONSAEURE
Authors: LITTLE J. C. , TONG YU‐LAN CHANG , HEESCHEN J. P.
Published: February 2016

Photochlorierung der Carbonsäure (Ia) liefert eine Mischung von Monochlorcarbonsäuren, die in ein Methylester‐Gemisch übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: AROMATISCHE SUBSTITUTION VON OLEFINEN 6. MITT. ARYLIERUNG VON OLEFINEN MIT PALLADIUM(II)‐ACETAT
Authors: FUJIWARA YUZO , MORITANI ICHIRO , DANNO SADAO , ASANO RYUZO , TERANISHI SHIICHIRO
Published: February 2016

Olefine reagieren mit Benzolderivaten zu arylsubstituierten Olefinen durch direkte Substitution an der Doppelbindung in Gegenwart von Pd‐acetat, z.B. Äthylen (I) und Benzol (II) zu Stilben (III) (16% Ausbeute bezogen auf Pd‐acetat) und Styrol (IV) (4%).
ChemInform Abstract: HOCHKONDENSIERTE POLYCYCLISCHE SYST. 2. MITT. PENTACYCLO(7,2,1,0(2,8),0(3,11),0(6,10))DODECENE‐(4)
Authors: AKHTAR I. A. , BRATBY DILYS M. , FRAY G. I.
Published: February 2016

Aus den Cyclopentadienen (I) und Cycloheptatrien (II) entstehen unter thermischer (4+2)π‐Cycloaddition die Addukte (III).
ChemInform Abstract: STRUKTUR UND REAKTIVITAET VON ORGANISCHEN IONEN IN DER GASPHASEN‐RADIOLYSE 1. MITT. C7H7‐KATION AUS TOLUOL, AETHYLBENZOL UND M‐XYLOL
Authors: YAMAMOTO YUKIO , TAKAMUKU SETSUO , SAKURAI HIROSHI
Published: February 2016

Bei der Einwirkung von γ‐Strahlen bei Zimmertemperatur und vermindertem Druck erhält man (Ausbeuten in der Reihenfolge abnehmend) aus Toluol: 3‐, 2‐ und 4‐Methyl‐diphenylmethan und Bibenzyl, aus Äthylbenzol: 3‐, 2‐ und 4‐Äthyl‐diphenylmethan und Bibenzyl und aus m‐Xylol: 3,5‐, 2,4‐ und 2,6‐Dimethyl‐diphenylmethan.
ChemInform Abstract: RED. VON NITRO‐ UND NITROSOVERBINDUNGEN DURCH PHOSPHOR(III)‐VERBINDUNGEN 6. MITT. NMR‐SPEKTROSKOPISCHER NACHWEIS DER BLDG. VON 3H‐AZEPINEN
Authors: CADOGAN J. I. G. , MACKIE R. K.
Published: February 2016

Als Produkte der Reduktion der Nitrobenzole (I) durch Methylphosphonigsäurediäthylester in Gegenwart von Diäthylamin lassen sich NMR‐spektrometrisch die Azepine (II) nachweisen.
ChemInform Abstract: DESAMINIERUNGSRK. 6. MITT. DESAMINIERUNG VON 1,2‐DIPHENYL‐AETHYLAMIN
Authors: KIRMSE WOLFGANG , EIGENWILLIG GERD G.
Published: February 2016

Die Umsetzung des Hydrochlorids der Titelverbindung (I) mit Na‐nitrit in Wasser‐Dioxan liefert das Äthanol (II) (74‐77% Ausbeute), trans‐Stilben (III) (12‐13%) und wenig Desoxybenzoin (1‐2%).
ChemInform Abstract: RINGOEFFNUNG EINES DISSYMMETRISCHEN EPOXIDS DURCH ORGANOMETALLVERBINDUNGEN
Authors: BOIREAU GERARD , NAMY JEAN‐LOUIS , ABENHAIM DAVID , HENRY‐BASCH ERICA , FREON PIERRE
Published: February 2016

An dem Epoxid (Ia) läßt sich die Angriffsstelle der Ringöffnung bei der Reaktion mit den Organometallverbindungen (II) anhand der entstehenden Alkohole (III) bzw. (IV) erkennen.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKOXID‐SPALTUNG VON BENZOYL‐TERT.‐BUTYL‐DIIMID, CARBANION‐ UND RADIKAL‐MECHANISMEN
Authors: FRAENKEL G. , PECCHOLD E.
Published: February 2016

tert.‐Butylhydrazin (I) wurde zu (II) benzoyliert und dann durch gelbes Bleioxid zum Diimid (III) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLISIERUNGEN 6. MITT. CYCLISCHE HYDROXAMSAEUREN UND THIOHYDROXAMSAEUREN AUS DER CHINAZOLINREIHE, OXO‐THIOXO‐TETRAHYDRO‐PYRIDO‐PYRIMIDINE UND LUMAZINE
Authors: CAPUANO LILLY , EBNER WOLFGANG , SCHREPFER JUERGEN
Published: February 2016

Die bereits bekannten Cyclisierungen des Hydroxylamins (Ia) mit 2 bzw. 3 Mol Methylisocyanat zu dem Chinazolin (II) bzw. dem Oxadiazolochinazolin (III) werden durch die Verwendung von äthanolischen KOH anstelle von Phenyldiazomethan verbessert.
ChemInform Abstract: MASSENSPEKTROMETRISCHER NACHWEIS VON 1,2‐DIOXETANDION (DIMERES KOHLENDIOXID), EIN CHEMILUMINESZIERENDES ZWISCHENPRODUKT
Authors: CORDES HERMAN F. , RICHTER HERBERT P. , HELLER CARL A.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Oxidation des Oxalats (I) mit Wasserstoffperoxid in Octoil in Gegenwart von Na‐salicylat als Katalysator entsteht neben anderen flüchtigen Verbindungen die Titelverbindung (II).
ChemInform Abstract: NITROBENZOL‐RADIKAL‐ANIONEN
Authors: KALYNARAMAN V. , RAO C. N. R. , GEORGE M. V.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Reduktion von Nitrobenzol mit Lithium in Äthern kann das Nitrobenzolradikal‐Anion erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON PERFLUORDICARBONSAEUREN 3. MITT. INTERMEDIAERES AUFTRETEN VON TETRAFLUORDEHYDROBENZOL BEI DER PYROLYSE VON SILBERTETRAFLUORPHTHALAT
Authors: SARTORI PETER , GOLLOCH ALFRED
Published: February 2016

Bei der Pyrolyse des Phthalats (I) in Gegenwart von Tetracyclon (II) werden die Substanzen (III), (IV) und (V) gewonnen.
ChemInform Abstract: FRIES‐RK., DARST. VON ACYLPHENOLEN DURCH UMLAGERUNG VON 2‐TERT.‐BUTYL‐PHENYL‐PROPIONAT
Authors: MARTIN ROBERT , BETOUX JEAN‐MARIE
Published: February 2016

Der Ester (II) reagiert in Nitromethan (NM) mit TiCl4 bei 20°C unter p‐Acylierung zu dem Propionylphenol (I) (81% Ausbeute), ohne NM entstehen bei 100°C neben 21% (I) 8% der o‐Acyl‐Verbindung (III); mit ZrCl4 in NM (20°C) werden 71% des p‐tert.‐Butyl‐phenols (IV) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSELEKTIVITAET EINZELNER LOESUNGSMITTEL BEI DER WASSERSTOFFUEBERTRAGUNG AUF DAS ALPHA‐PHENYL‐BETA‐METHYL‐VINYL‐RADIKAL
Authors: SINGER L. A. , CHEN J.
Published: February 2016

Aus den isomeren Crotonsäuren (Ia) und (IIa) werden die tert.‐Butylperester (Ib) bzw. (IIb) (unter Verwendung von N,N′‐Carbonyl‐diimidazol als Kondensationsmittel) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. MIT MOLEKULAREM KOHLENSTOFF 2. MITT. GECL4, PCL3, S2CL2
Authors: MCGLINCHEY M. J. , ODOM J. D. , REYNOLDSON T. , STONE F. G. A.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Kondensation von Kohlenstoff‐Dampf mit GeCl4 bildet sich ein Gemisch der Verbindungen (I) und (II) sowie Spuren der Verbindung (III).
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROXYLAMINDERIVATE 38. MITT. SYNTH. N‐MONOSUBSTITUIERTER O‐ACYLHYDROXYLAMINE
Authors: ZINNER G. , HITZE M.
Published: February 2016

Die Hydroxylamin‐Derivate (Ia)‐(Ic) werden mit tert‐Butylazidoformiat (II) in die geschützten Hydroxylamin‐Verbindungen (IIIa)‐(IIIc) übergeführt (14 ‐ 61% Ausbeute).
ChemInform Abstract: HERSTELLUNG VON 1,1,1‐TRINITRO‐2‐PROPYL‐AETHERN
Authors: GRIGOS V. I. , EREMENKO L. T.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Einwirkung von Nitroform (IV) auf Vinylacetat (I) in einem siedenden Alkohol (II) entsteht der entsprechende 1,1,1‐Trinitrophenyl‐2‐alkyläther (V), vermutlich über den Vinyl‐alkyläther (III) als Zwischenprodukt, an den sich (IV) dann anlagert.
ChemInform Abstract: OLIGOMERISIERUNG VON OLEFINISCHEN MONOMEREN
Authors: BAIZER M. M.
Published: February 2016

Die Übersicht ist auf drei Methoden beschränkt: a) die Alkalimetall/Amalgam‐Reduktion von aktivierten Olefinen, b) die elektrolytische Reduktion von aktivierten Olefinen, c) die Katalyse mit Phosphinen.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. ORGANISCHER PEROXIDE 13. MITT. AMINOPEROXIDE AUS CARBONYLVERBINDUNGEN, AMMONIAK UND HYDROPEROXIDEN
Authors: HAWKINS E. G. E.
Published: February 2016

Cyclohexanon (I) setzt sich mit tert.‐Butylhydroperoxid (II) und Ammoniak in einer Gleichgewichtsreaktion zum Peroxyamin (IIIa) um, das bei 160‐180°C wieder zu Cyclohexanon (I) neben tert.‐Butylalkohol und bei 450‐550°C zu einem Gemisch von gesättigten C6‐ und C7‐Amiden, einem ungesättigten C7‐Amid und Aceton reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: STERISCHER EINFLUSS AUF DIE CHEMISCHE RK. UND DIE NMR‐SPEKTREN VON 2,3‐DISUBSTITUIERTEN BORNANEN
Authors: BECKETT A. H. , TONG LAN NGIAM , MCDONOUGH G. R.
Published: February 2016

Die reduktive Methylierung führte bei den Aminobornanen (I) bzw. (VII) wegen sterischer Hinderung durch die cis‐ständige OH‐Gruppe nur zu den monomethylierten Produkten (II) (Ausbeute 80%) bzw. (VIII) (74,6%).
ChemInform Abstract: PROTONIERTE CYCLOPROPANE 1. MITT.
Authors: MCMANUS L. D. , ROGERS N. A. J.
Published: February 2016

Im Rahmen systematischer Untersuchungen über das Verhalten von Cyclopropanen bei der Photolyse wurde die Pyrolyse der beiden Nitroso‐amide (I) und (II) sowie die thermische Behandlung der Cyclopropane (III) und (IV) in Gegenwart von p‐Toluolsulfonsäure/Essigsäure untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: UMSETZUNG VON 2,6‐DI‐TERT.‐BUTYL‐P‐BENZOCHINONDIAZID MIT ALKYL‐ UND ARYLAMINO‐MAGNESIUM‐HALOGENIDEN
Authors: EFREMENKO A. A. , NIKIFOROV G. A. , ERSOV V. V.
Published: February 2016

Ein 4 ‐ 8facher Überschuß an Dialkyl‐ oder Phenyl‐alkyl‐amino‐magnesiumbromid (II) setzt sich in Äther bei Zimmertemperatur mit 2,6‐Ditert.‐butyl‐p‐benzochinon‐diazid (I) zu 1‐(4′‐Hydroxy‐3′, 5′‐di‐tert.‐butyl‐phenyl)‐3‐dialkyltriazen (III) um (Ausbeute 80 ‐ 95%).
ChemInform Abstract: UMSETZUNG VON PENTAFLUOR‐BENZOYLPEROXID MIT HEXAFLUOR‐BENZOL
Authors: KOBRINA L. S.
Published: February 2016

Pentäfluor‐benzoylperoxid (I) bildet mit Hexafluor‐benzol (II) bei 80°C nach 30 Stdn. als Hauptprodukt (50%) 4,4′‐Bis‐(pentafluor‐benzoyloxy)‐ perfluor‐1,1′,4,4′‐tetrahydrodiphenyl (III), ferner Decafluor‐diphenyl (IV) (5 ‐ 7%) und Pentafluor‐benzoesäure‐pentafluorphenylester (V) (3 ‐ 5%).
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISMUS DER KUPPLUNGSRK. ZWISCHEN JODCYCLOPROPANEN UND METHYLLITHIUM
Authors: MAGID R. M. , WILSON S. E.
Published: February 2016

Die Umsetzung der Jod‐cyclopropane (I) mit Methyllithium (II) zu den Cyclopropanen (IV) und (V) unter Annahme von Phenylcyclopropanlithium (III) als Zwischenstufe wird untersucht und diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDIERENDE CYCLISIERUNGEN AROMATISCHER OLEFINE DURCH BENZOYLPEROXID
Authors: JULIA MARC , MANSUY DANIEL
Published: February 2016

Die γ‐ bzw. β‐Phenyl‐pentene (I) bzw. (VII) werden durch Benzoylperoxid (II) bei 80°C (48 Std.) in Acetonitril oder Benzol in Benzoesäureester übergeführt, die nach Verseifung Gemische der Tetralylalkohole (III) bzw. (VIII) und Phenylpentan‐ bzw. ‐penten‐ole (IV) und (V ) bzw. (IX) geben.
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. VON HALOGENTROPONEN UEBER DIHALOGENCARBEN‐ADDUKTE
Authors: SAXENA M. K. , BOKADIA M. M.
Published: February 2016

1‐Methoxynaphthalin (I) reagiert mit den Dihalogencarbenen (IIa), (IIb) , die in situ aus den entsprechenden Haloformen und Kalium‐tert.‐butylat in wasserfreiem Petroläther bei ‐10° gewonnen werden, in 20‐ bzw. 18%iger Ausbeute zu den 7‐Halogen‐2,3‐benzotroponen (IVa), (IVb).
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON EPOXIDEN 5. MITT. UMSETZUNG VON 1‐VINYL‐CYCLOHEXEN‐3‐DIEPOXID MIT CARBONSAEUREN
Authors: MUCHAMEDOVA L. A. , MALYSKO T. M. , SAGIDULLIN R. R. , TEPTINA N. V.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Umsetzung des Bis‐epoxids (I) mit verschiedenen Carbonsäuren (II) bei 25‐60°C entstehen durch Öffnung eines oder beider Epoxid‐Ringe die Produkte (III), (IV) und (V) nebeneinander, wenn als Katalysator Eisen(III)‐Chlorid eingesetzt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: BROMIERUNG UND VILSMEIER‐HAACK FORMYLIERUNG VON 6,7‐DIHYDRO‐5H‐BENZO(B)THIOPHENON‐(4)
Authors: DREWRY D. T. , SCROWSTON R. M.
Published: February 2016

Die Monobromierung des Ketons (I) in wäßriger Essigsäure bzw. in Äther liefert hauptsächlich die Bromide (IIa) (98% Ausbeute) bzw. (IIb) (58%).
ChemInform Abstract: UMLAGERUNG ACYLIERTER 3‐HYDROXY‐1,2‐BENZISOXAZOLE
Authors: BOESHAGEN HORST , GEIGER WALTER
Published: February 2016

Die Benzisoxazole (I) werden thermisch über die Benzisoxalone (II) zu den Benzoxazolonen (III) (50‐88% Ausbeute) umgelagert.