bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HUBUNGAN ANEMIA DAN TRANSFUSI DARAH TERHADAP RESPONS KEMORADIASI PADA KARSINOMA SERVIKS UTERI STADIUM IIB - IIIB
Authors: Hadi Saiful , Iskandar Mirza
Published: September 2019

Pendahuluan. Karsinoma serviks uteri (KSU) merupakan keganasan kedua terbanyak pada wanita di seluruh dunia. Radiasi dan kemoterapi yang diberikan secara bersama- sama akan memberikan efek supradiktif dalam membunuh sel kanker, tetapi dapat mengakibatkan berbagai efek antara lain anemia, leukopenia dan trombositopenia. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui efek toksisitas hematologi terhadap respon terapi kemoradiasi lengkap pada karsinoma serviks uteri stadium IIB - IIIB.

Metode : Penelitian kohort prospektif dilakukan di bangsal Obstetri Ginekologi RSUP Dr. Kariadi pada bulan Agustus 2010-Januari 2011. Kriteria inklusi adalah pasien KSU stadium IIB - IIIB yang mendapatkan terapi kemoradiasi. Pemeriksaan laboratorium dilakukan setiap 5 kali radiasi sebelum brakhiterapi. Respons terapi dievaluasi selama 3 bulan setelah kemoradiasi.

Hasil : Selama 6 bulan didapatkan 60 pasien, 74,19% dengan gambaran histologi sel skuamosa dan 75,81% stadium III B.. Toksisitas hematologi yaitu anemia terjadi pada 45,97% orang, leukopenia 32,27% dan trombositopenia 13,70%. Transfusi darah diberikan pada 52 (86,67%) orang, 44 orang (73,33%) satu macam dan 8 orang (26,67%) mendapatkan  2 macam transfusi darah. Respon komplit / remisi terjadi pada 26 orang (43,3%). Anemia tidak berhubungan dengan respon komplit, baik anemia sebelum kemoradiasi (OR 2,38 ; 95% CI 0,71-8,15; p=0,116) maupun anemia selama kemoradiasi (OR 2,63 ; 95% CI 0,63-11,66; p=0,136).

Kesimpulan : Transfusi darah mampu mengatasi toksisitas hematologi selama terapi kemoradiasi. Anemia tidak berhubungan dengan respon komplit kemoradiasi.

Kata kunci : Karsinoma serviks uteri, toksisitas hematologi, transfusi darah
Percutaneous Ballon Mitral Valvuloplasty pada Wanita Hamil 22 Minggu Akibat Mitral Stenosis Berat dengan Penyulit Gagal Jantung Kongestif dan Hipertensi Pulmonal Berat
Authors: Limantoro Charles , Rifqi Sodiqur , - Adityana , Suryyana Intan
Published: September 2019

Latar Belakang : Gagal jantung kongestif (GJK) pada wanita hamil merupakan masalah kritis karena tingkat kesakitan dan kematian ibu dan janin yang tinggi. Salah satu penyebab utama GJK adalah stenosis mitral (SM) yang merupakan lesi katup pada penyakit jantung rematik (PJR) yang paling sering dijumpai. Perubahan- perubahan kardiovaskular yang terjadi pada saat kehamilan seringkali memunculkan berbagai gejala dan tanda gangguan katup mitral pada PJR.

Kasus : Seorang wanita 36 tahun, hamil 22 minggu, kehamilan ke-6, dengan keluhan utama sesak napas, dirujuk ke RSUP Dr. Kariadi. Pasien didiagnosis sebagai gagal jantung kongestif (GJK) NYHA IV, dengan hipertensi pulmonal (HP) berat, stenosis mitral (SM) sedang-berat et causa PJR. Dilakukan Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty (PBMV) untuk meringankan gejala gagal jantung dan mengurangi derajat HP dan Trans Esophageal Echocardiography (TEE) untuk memastikan ada atau tidak adanya thrombus di LAA dan mitral regurgitasi. Hasil TEE didapatkan PJR dengan SM sedang-berat, trikuspid regurgitasi sedang-berat, aortic regurgitasi ringan dan HP berat.

Diskusi : Perkembangan baru dalam penanganan penyakit katup meliputi Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty (PBMV) untuk stenosis mitral. Penggunaannya pada pasien hamil harus diperhitungkan dengan matang, untuk memastikan kelangsungan hidup ibu dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan janin. Untuk penatalaksanaan mitral stenosis pada kehamilan dibutuhkan informasi mengenai derajat dan beratnya penyakit serta komplikasi yang terjadi pada penderita.

Simpulan : Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty dapat dilakukan pada wanita hamil dengan GJK dan hipertensi pulmonal dengan mempertimbangkan derajat penyakit, komplikasi dan penyulit lainnya .
Pengaruh Penambahan Morfin dan Klonidin pada Bupivakain Dosis Rendah pada Anestesi Spinal untuk Bedah Sesar Ditinjau dari Perubahan Hemodinamik dan Kadar Glukosa Darah
Authors: Rindarto Rindarto , Istanto Widya
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang: anestesi spinal masih merupakan pilihan untuk operasi bedah sesar karena mula kerja dan masa pulih anestesia yang cepat, relatif mudah, kualitas blokade sensorik dan motorik yang baik, memungkinkan ibu tetap sadar pada saat kelahiran bayinya serta diduga dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah. Komplikasi anestesi ini adalah hipotensi. Untuk mengurangi efek, dilakukan dengan cara menurunkan dosis obat anestesi lokal dan ditambah dengan ajuvan. Penelitian ini akan membandingkan penggunaan bupivakain 0,5% hiperbarik 7,5 mg ditambah klonidin 75 mcg dan morfin 0,2 mg dengan bupivakain 0,5% hiperbarik 12,5 mg
Seleksi dan Tindakan Medis Istri Sebelum Program Bayi Tabung
Authors: Hidayat Syarief
Published: September 2019

Bayi tabung merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk pengobatan pasangan tidak subur yang belum berhasil hamil dengan cara alami. WHO memperkirakan 50-80 juta pasangan di dunia mengalami infertlitas, dimana 7-15% nya berada pada usia reproduksi (15-40 tahun). Kejadian terbanyak sebagai penyebab infertilitas adalah wanita yaitu sebesar 40-60%. Kemajuan tehnologi pada dekade ini cukup pesat dengan ditemukannya berbagai cara diagnostik untuk membantu memecahkan masalah gangguan fertilitas. Pilihan cara pengobatan berkaitan dengan kemungkinan mendapatkan kehamilan dengan terapi yang mudah dan murah tetapi dengan keberhasilan kehamilan yang rendah atau dengan pengobatan yang lebih komplek dan mahal.Untuk mempersiapkan pasien yang akan mengikuti program bayi tabung dilakukan beberapa pemeriksaan mengenai usia wanita, lama perkawinan, penyebab gangguan fertilitas, pemeriksaan dan pengobatan yang pernah dilakukan dan yang tak kalah pentingnya memberikan penjelasan yang rinci tentang proses bayi tabung
Tuli Kongenital Diduga Akibat Infeksi Rubela dan Sitomegalovirus
Authors: Nugroho Dimas
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang : Tuli kongenital merupakan ketulian yang terjadi pada bayi disebabkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhikehamilan maupun saat lahir. Tuli kongenital dapat disebabkan oleh infeksi virus rubela dan/atau sitomegalovirus (CMV). Tujuan case report ini untuk mengetahui patogenesis infeksi rubela dan CMV yang menyebabkan tuli kongenital.
Insidensi Infeksi Menular Lewat Transfusi Darah (IMLTD) di Unit Donor Darah PMI Kota Semarang
Authors: Achsan Muchlis
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang : UDD (Unit Donor Darah) PMI kota Semarang berperan melakukan kegiatan surveilans terhadap deteksi antigen infeksi yang penularannya melalui transfusi darah, dengan skrining darah donor. Tujuan skrining untuk mengamankan darah donor bebas dari antigen IMLTD (Infeksi Menular Lewat Transfusi Darah).Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui insidensi agen infeksi yang menularkan IMLTD pada darah donor di UDD PMI kota Semarang
Beberapa Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kegagalan Inisiasi Menyusu Dini (Studi Kasus di RSUD Kardinah Tegal)
Authors: Lestari Putri
Published: September 2019

Latar Belakang : Cakupan ASI Eksklusif di Kota Tegal tahun 2012 cukup rendah, yaitu 38,9%. Hal ini salah satunya dapat disebabkan karena kegagalan IMD. Meskipun presentase IMD di RSUD Kardinah tahun 2013 sebesar 61,3%, namun hanya sebagian kecil bayi berhasil menyusu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kegagalan inisiasi menyusu dini.Metode : Jenis penelitian observasional dengan desain kasus kontrol dan mixed method. Kelompok kasus adalah 40 ibu yang gagal melakukan IMD sedangkan kontrol adalah 40 ibu yang berhasil melakukan IMD. Pengambilan sampel dengan purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data kuantitatif dengan observasi dan wawancara terstruktur, data kualitatif dengan indepth interview. Data kuantitatif dianalisis bivariat dengan chi square dan multivariat dengan regresi logistik berganda serta analisis kualitatif dengan content analysis. Hasil : Berdasarkan analisis bivariat, faktor risiko kegagalan IMD adalah usia ibu <20 atau >35 tahun (p=0,001), rendahnya pendidikan ibu (p= <0,0001), kurangnya penghasilan keluarga (p=0,030), tidak ada keluarga sebagai pendamping persalinan (p=0,007), kurangnya peran tenaga kesehatan (p=<0,0001), ketidakikutsertaan prenatal class (p=0,017), tidak mendapat informasi IMD (p=0,001), kurangnya pemahaman ibu tentang IMD (p=0,002). Berdasarkan analisis multivariat, faktor yang bersamasama mempengaruhi kegagalan IMD adalah kurangnya peran tenaga kesehatan (OR=6,1), kurangnya pemahaman ibu tentang IMD (OR=5,9) dan rendahnya pendidikan ibu (OR=3,9).Hasil kualitatif menunjukan bahwa motivasi tenaga kesehatan meningkatkan kenyamanan dan keberhasilan IMD, pemahaman ibu dan keaktifan mencari informasi IMD membantu keberhasilan IMD.Simpulan : Faktor risiko utama yang mempengaruhi kegagalan IMD adalah kurangnya peran tenaga kesehatan, kurangnya pemahaman ibu tentang IMD dan rendahnya pendidikan ibu.
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
Authors: Arifin Johan
Published: September 2019

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) adalah penyakit akut yang mengancam jiwa yang dimediasi oleh racun, biasanya dipicu oleh infeksi Staphylococcus aureus atau grup A Streptococcus (GAS), yang juga disebut Streptococcus pyogenes. Hal ini ditandai dengan demam tinggi, ruam, hipotensi, kegagalan multiorgan (melibatkan setidaknya 3 atau lebih sistem organ), dan deskuamasi, biasanya dari telapak tangan dan telapak kaki, 1-2 minggu setelah onset penyakit akut. Sindrom klinis juga dapat mencakup mialgia berat, muntah, diare, sakit kepala, dan kelainan neurologis nonfocal
Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Peningkatan Tekanan Darah Terhadap Kejadian Hipertensi pada Masyarakat di Desa Adat Bualu
Authors: Sutra Eni Ni Made , Wijaya I Putu Artha
Published: September 2019

Hipertensi adalah suatu keadaan dimana tekanan darah seseorang berada diatas batas normal yaitu ≥140 mmHg untuk sistolik dan ≥80 mmHg untuk diastolik. Hipertensi merupakan penyakit yang sering dijumpai di masyarakat. Data Riskesdas Tahun 2013 menunjukkan hipertensi di Indonesia sebesar 25,8% dan di Bali jumlah penderita hipertensi sebesar 840.851 jiwa. Menurut hasil studi pendahuluan di Desa Adat Bualu, didapatkan bahwa dari sepuluh masyarakat yang menderita hipertensi adalah sebanyak tujuh orang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi peningkatan tekanan darah terhadap kejadian hipertensi pada masyarakat di Desa Adat Bualu. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian deskriptif analitik melalui pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 298 responden dengan teknik pengambilan sampel accidental sampling. Uji statistik menggunakan Uji Mann-Whitney dan Kai Kuadrat dengan derajat kemaknaan (nilai α = 0,05). Hasil penelitian dengan Uji Mann-Whitney menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan usia terhadap kejadian hipertensi (p value = 0,001). Dan hasil Uji Kai Kuadrat didapatkan bahwa terdapat hubungan jenis kelamin, riwayat keluarga, konsumsi garam, konsumsi lemak, merokok dan konsumsi alkohol terhadap kejadian hipertensi dengan p value masing-masing variabel yaitu jenis kelamin p value = 0,001, riwayat keluarga p value = 0,001, konsumsi garam p value = 0,001, konsumsi lemak p value = 0,001, merokok p value = 0,001, konsumsi alkohol p value = 0,001. Sedangkan tidak terdapat hubungan olahraga terhadap kejadian hipertensi dengan p value = 0,856.
Pengaruh Back Massage Terhadap Tingkat Nyeri Low Back Pain pada Kelompok Tani Semangka Mertha Abadi di Desa Yeh Sumbul
Authors: Kusuma Dewi Ni P P , Sutresna I Nyoman , Susila I Made Dwie Pradnya
Published: September 2019

Low back pain is one of the musculoskeletal problems due to worse activity and causes the incurrence of sore, pain, and hurt. Pain management can be surmounted by non-pharmacological therapy through back massage. Back massage is a technique of giving massage on the back with smooth swab. This study aimed at knowing the influence of back massage towards the low back pain level to the Mertha Abadi watermelon farmers group. This study was pre experimental research, with one group pretest-posttest design. Sample consisted of 30 members of watermelon farmers which were chosen through purposive sampling. The data was analyzed with statistical test using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with the result obtained that p value 0,001 was less than α=0,05 (p<0,05) meant Ho was rejected and the hypotheses in this study was accepted, therefore it could be concluded that there was a significant influence of back massage towards the low back pain level to the Mertha Abadi watermelon farmers group in Yeh Sumbul village. Based on the result of this study, back massage is really needed to be applied in order to reduce pain to the low back pain patients.
Gambaran Persepsi Ibu Hamil tentang Mitos Kehamilan
Authors: Suhandoyo Tri , Susanti Dwi
Published: September 2019

Kehidupan sosial budaya akan mempengaruhi persepsi ibu hamil yang seringkali lebih dominan membawa danpak negatif terhadap kesehatan reproduksi ibu dan kesehatan anak. Berbagai mitos kehamilan pada akhirnya menyebabkan ibu hamil kekurangan gizi seperti anemia dan kurang energi kronis (KEK) sehingga rentan terjadi perdarahan dan Berat bayi lahir rendah (BBLR). Peneliti ingin mengetahui gambaran persepsi ibu hamil terhadap mitos kehamilan di wilayah kerja puskesmas Dlingo II Bantul Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini berjenis deskriptif non analitik dengan rancangan cross-sectional. Jumlah sampel yang diperoleh sebanyak 68 responden dengan teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah total sampling. Analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis univariat. Hasil dalam penelitian ini adalah responden memiliki persepsi positif terhadap mitos kehamilan yaitu sebanyak 37 orang (54,4%) dan responden yang memiliki persepsi negatif sebanyak 31 responden (45,6%).  Ibu hamil di wilayah kerja puskesmas Dlingo II Bantul Yogyakarta memiliki persepsi positif terhadap mitos, artinya responden percaya terhadap mitos kehamilan yang berada di masyarakat.
New combinations in Cenchrus and Urochloa (Gramineae)
Authors: van der Zon A.P.M.
Published: September 2019

Recent taxonomic innovations have led to the inclusion of most of the Brachiaria species in Urochloa and of all Pennisetum species in Cenchrus. Many of the necessary combinations have been made for the West African species, but still nine new combinations
and seven lectotypifications are presented here.
Personnel training for the developing nuclear power industry
Authors: Putilov Alexandr V. , Strikhanov Mikhail N. , Tikhomirov Georgy V.
Published: September 2019

The article briefly describes the history of training personnel for the nuclear industry and sets tasks for its improvement and development to ensure the future growth of this industry. Within the framework of the emerging digital economy, such a phenomenon as digital platforms erases the boundaries between industries, forming new unexpected industrial alliances, even new industries. Innovative activities in the power industry, including nuclear power, should provide the possibility of forming digital economic platforms in various energy segments as well as training personnel in using this new toolkit. Today, the Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation is developing more than 30 projects of new nuclear power plants (NPP) in Russia and 12 other countries. This requires educational support, and for this purpose a Consortium of supporting universities of the Rosatom State Corporation was established, which includes 18 specialized higher educational institutions. More than half of them train personnel directly for designing, constructing and operating NPPs. The scale of the necessary personnel training in the near future indicates that we need a new “educational paradigm”, which can be described as “front-line education”, i.e., training personnel for developing digital economy technologies simultaneously along the entire “front”. This “front” stretches from schoolchildren preparing to enter universities to production personnel whose professional development should be carried out taking into account the specifics of the digital transformation of production. Partnership is one of the leading values of the modern young generation. To withstand high competition for the best personnel, organizations must not only be saturated with the culture of partnership from the inside but also act as reliable partners for one another in involving and training young employees.
Experimental studies of temperature pulsations during the process of mixing non-isothermal coolant flows in nuclear reactor equipment components
Authors: Dmitriev Sergey M. , Mamaev Alexandr V. , Ryazapov Renat R. , Sobornov Aleksey Ye. , Kotin Andrey V. , Bescherov Dmitry Ye. , Bolshukhin Mikhail A.
Published: September 2019

One of the most important scientific and technical tasks of the nuclear power industry is to assure the reactor equipment life and reliability under random temperature pulsations. High-intensity temperature pulsations appear during the process of mixing non-isothermal coolant flows. Coolant thermal pulsations cause corresponding, sometimes very significant, fluctuations in the temperature stresses of the heat-exchange surface metal, which, added to static loads, can lead to fatigue failure of equipment components.

The purpose of this work was to conduct an experimental study of the temperature and stress-strain states of a pipe sample under the influence of local stochastic thermal pulsations caused by the mixed single-phase heat coolant flows.

To solve the set problems, an experimental section was created, which made it possible to simulate the process of mixing non-isothermal coolant flows accompanied by significant temperature pulsations. The design of the experimental section allowed us to study the thermohydraulic and life characteristics of pipe samples made of austenite steel (60×5 mm). Some tools were developed for measuring the pipe sample stress-strain state and the coolant flow temperature field in the zone of mixed single-phase media with different temperatures. The measuring tools were equipped with microthermocouples and strain sensors.

As a result, we obtained experimental data on temperature pulsations, time-averaged temperature profiles of the coolant flow in the mixing zone as well as statistical and spectral-correlation characteristics of thermal pulsations. Based on the results of measuring the relative strains, the values of fatigue stresses in the mixing zone were calculated.

In addition, some devices and methods were elaborated to measure the temperature and stress-strain states of the pipe sample under the influence of local stochastic thermal pulsations. The developed experimental section provided thermal-stress loading of the metal surface at a high level of alternating stress amplitudes causing rapid damage accumulation rates. The results were included in the database to verify the method for assessing the fatigue life of structural materials for nuclear power plants as applied to austenite steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti under the influence of random thermal cyclic loads.
Un mur contre le bolchevisme ? La Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) dans la Tchécoslovaquie de l’entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Matějka Ondřej
Published: September 2019

L’article analyse les raisons et le contexte qui ont permis la transformation de la YMCA tchécoslovaque, pensée par ses promoteurs nord-américains comme un rempart contre le bolchevisme à la sortie de la Première Guerre mondiale, en un espace particulier de dialogue et de rencontre entre jeunes chrétiens et marxistes dans la seconde moitié des années 1930. Il commence par présenter la naissance du mouvement dans la jeune République, sous les auspices des cercles politiques directement liés au président Masaryk. Il s’intéresse ensuite aux outils développés par l’association pour resserrer les liens entre la société tchécoslovaque et l’Ouest anglo-saxon, principalement l’enseignement de la langue anglaise et la pratique des sports collectifs. Enfin, il s’intéresse aux évolutions à l’échelle nationale et internationale qui ont conduit la YMCA tchécoslovaque à se réorienter politiquement vers la gauche.
Les langages du témoignage traumatique
Authors: Amir Dana
Published: September 2019

L’auteure présente quatre sortes de témoignage, illustrant chacun un autre mode de confrontation du sujet face à l’événement traumatique : le mode métaphorique, qui rend possible un mouvement entre la position de victime et de témoin ; le mode métonymique, qui préserve le lien avec l’événement traumatique par la répétition ; le mode excessif, qui enclave le trauma à l’intérieur d’un gel rhétorique bloquant tout accès vivant ; et le mode « musulman » qui détruit la pensée et le langage. Les différents modes sont illustrés par une analyse textuelle de témoignages de la Shoah.
Cisco Packet Tracer Simulation as Effective Pedagogy in Computer Networking Course
Authors: Abdul Rashid Nazre bin , Bin Othman Md. Zahar , Bin Johan Rasyidi , Bin Hj. Sidek Salman Firdaus
Published: September 2019

The Computer Networking course commonly taught in mixed mode involving lecture and practical session whereas beside face-to-face theory session, students need to experience hands-on activities in order to appreciate the technology and contents. Nevertheless the abstraction in Computer Networking course such as the complexity in TCP/IP network layering, the connection and configuration of client and server’s framework, differences in static and dynamic IP address configuration had imposed a great challenge for students to understand and grab the main concept of computer networking technology. As such, an approach of using computer network simulation and visualization tool in teaching and learning Computer Networking course is seen beneficial for educators and students. In this research, computer network simulation software of CISCO Packet Tracer was utilized in Computer Networking (MTN3023) course. Students (N=55) were exposed to CISCO Packet Tracer on which they developed Wide Area Network (WAN) that consists of configuration activities of Personal Computer (PC), Servers and Switches according to CISCO standard. Subsequently, student’s feedback and their insight on the effectiveness of CISCO packet Tracer in learning computer networking were probed using questionnaire. All the feedbacks were investigating statistically using SPSS 16.0. From the analysis, the descriptive results shown that all students were agreed (N=32 : Strongly Agree; N=23 : Agree) that CISCO Packet Tracer had successfully help them to understand several key concepts of computer networking and at the same quash some abstractions they faced in the course. In a nutshell, CISCO Packet Tracer as a simulation and visualization tool had been proven to be an effective software in supporting the teaching and learning of computer networking course.
Learners as Meaning Makers
Authors: Pinheiro Petrilson
Published: September 2019

Text review activities in formal schooling settings are by and large carried out vertically and not rarely in an authoritarian way, in which teachers usually assign text production activities for the students whose only readers and reviewers are the own teachers. Then, students rarely have the experience of sharing their texts with one another. Conversely, in the Scholar e-learning environment, students have different experiences of both assessing their peers' texts and commenting on the peers' reviews (feedback on feedback). In order to understand how Scholar enables horizontally text reviewing practices, this chapter aims at developing a qualitative analysis of the peer reviewing process carried out in the Scholar e-learning environment for one online graduate course.
A batalha: construção de saberes de mulheres que exercem a prostituição em Salvador/BA
Authors: Silva Fernanda Priscila Alves , Fialho da Costa Lívia Alessandra
Published: September 2019

O artigo objetiva problematizar sobre as formas e modos de socialização e agenciamento construídos pelas mulheres e outros atores no cenário da prostituição, assim como em perceber e enunciar os saberes e aprendizados que surgem nesta prática social, ou seja, na “batalha” da vida.  A pesquisa teve uma perspectiva etnográfica, contou com a participação de 10 interlocutoras formais, com idades entre 30 e 65 anos e se encontravam na batalha pela vida – expressão por elas utilizada para se referir ao trabalho como prostitutas nas ruas – desde a adolescência. O referencial teórico está ancorado no campo de estudos autobiográficos em educação e numa perspectiva interdisciplinar de análise, conjugando orientações dos campos da Psicologia (ao tratar dos contextos familiares e construção de subjetividades) e da Antropologia (ao considerar a socialização um eixo importante para composição de uma etnografia das interações). Os resultados apontaram uma categoria que parece explicar em profundidade a experiência de ganhar/fazer a vida na rua, a batalha, portanto é uma expressão que aponta o modo de fazer e construir a vida na rua e na prostituição. A expressão “tô na batalha, tô na vida”, assim como a leitura dos significados e sentidos atribuídos a esta expressão pelas mulheres, aponta nesta pesquisa uma categoria que exprime o trabalho exercido pelas mulheres prostitutas na rua, no Centro de Salvador/BA.
Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar: os descompassos nas práticas de sua implementação
Authors: Diamico Manuela
Published: September 2019

O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) propõe fornecer alimentação adequada e educação alimentar e nutricional a todos os estudantes do ensino básico da rede pública. Sua implementação tem sido analisada e avaliada principalmente pelas áreas da saúde pública e gestão de recursos naturais. A partir da teoria da transição e de outros referenciais sociológicos, nosso objetivo é avaliar o potencial do PNAE para desenvolver práticas alimentares efetivamente mais saudáveis e sustentáveis. O trabalho empírico consistiu em entrevistas com atores importantes envolvidos na implementação do PNAE em escolas estaduais em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, principalmente em função do processo de terceirização da implementação do programa. Entre as principais conclusões destacamos a recepção negativa do alimento saudável pelos atores envolvidos nas escolas, pois confronta-se com o imaginário que liga infância à ingestão de grande quantidade de açúcares de baixa qualidade. Também avaliamos como um problema relevante para a efetivação dos objetivos do PNAE a terceirização da Alimentação Escolar, ao dificultar a sintonia entre os diferentes saberes e percepções sobre os alimentos saudáveis e sustentáveis. Apesar destes problemas, o programa tem potencial para influenciar novas práticas alimentares, caso se diminuam as distâncias simbólicas sobre os entendimentos do que seria saudável e sustentável.
Violência doméstica e familiar contra as mulheres, políticas públicas e delegacias especializadas em Santa Catarina
Authors: Da Rosa Leandro Alfredo , Jacinto Salvaro Giovana Ilka , Gonçalves Alves Ismael
Published: September 2019

Este artigo busca analisar, de acordo com a Lei 11.340/2006 (BRASIL, 2006), a implementação de políticas de atendimento a mulheres em situação de violência doméstica e familiar no âmbito das Delegacias Especializadas de Santa Catarina. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foi utilizado material bibliográfico e documental, envolvendo a literatura especializada sobre o tema e o levantamento de dados em bases especializadas/oficiais do estado de SC. Por meio do levantamento realizado e da análise, foi possível verificar o comprometimento governamental com as políticas públicas de atendimento a mulheres em situação de violência pela instalação de Delegacias de Proteção à Criança, Adolescente, Mulher e Idoso (DPCAMIs), distribuídas nas regiões da grande Florianópolis, Oeste, Serrana, Sul do Estado e Vale do Itajaí.  No entanto, é preciso atentar para o fato de que as diretrizes orientam para a criação de Delegacias de Atendimento à Mulher.
MFD (Monetary and Financial Systems Department) Technical Assistance to Recent Post-Conflict Countries
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper reviews the recent experience with technical assistance (TA) to postconflict economies in the monetary and financial areas with a view to providing lessons for ongoing and future work.
Evaluation of the Pacific Financial Technical Assistance Centre
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This report presents the analysis, findings, conclusions and recommendations of the evaluation of the Pacific Financial Technical Assistance Center (PFTAC) that was undertaken between April 26 and May 14, 2004.
Fund Surveillance Over Members of Currency Unions
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Effective Fund surveillance over the members of currency unions entails discussions at the regional level. This requirement derives from the fact that currency union members have devolved responsibility for policy areas that are central to Fund surveillance, notably monetary and exchange rate policies, to regional institutions. Discussions have been held for some time with regional institutions in the euro area, the Central African Economic and Monetary Union (CEMAC), the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU), and the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). However, only for the EU institutions responsible for euro area policies have these discussions been formalized as constituting an integral part of the Fund’s surveillance on the individual members of the currency union.

At the conclusion of the 2004 biennial surveillance review, Directors called for formalization of discussions with regional institutions in the remaining currency unions: CEMAC, ECCU and WAEMU.

This paper formalize the modalities of discussions with the regional institutions of these currency unions in the context of the Article IV consultations with the members of these currency unions.
Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative - A First Assessment of Eligible Countries
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper responds to the Board’s request for an assessment of eligible countries that could qualify for Fund debt relief under the MDRI once the requisite consents and requests have been received. Directors requested that, by end-2005, staff prepare, in collaboration with the World Bank, an assessment of the 18 post-completion point HIPCs, as well as eligible non-HIPCs, and propose for Board consideration a list of members that would qualify immediately for MDRI debt relief. Directors also requested that, for those members that do not presently meet the MDRI qualification criteria, remedial measures be expressly identified that would allow them to qualify for MDRI relief.
Uganda - Staff Assessment of Qualification for the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Uganda reached the completion point under the enhanced HIPC Initiative on May 1, 2000. Staff is of the view that all criteria are met, and recommends that the Board determine that Uganda qualifies for immediate debt relief under the MDRI.
Managing Director's Statement to the Development Committee
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Our meeting takes place at an important juncture in the international community’s efforts towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It is now five years since we took up this enormous challenge, and there is a sense of renewed urgency. The recent UN World Summit on Implementing the Millennium Declaration reaffirmed the commitments made in Monterrey, but stressed the need for more progress, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, at the African Union and G-8 Summits, African leaders and their counterparts in the G-8 committed themselves to intensify their efforts.
Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism - Observations from the Work Program and Implications Going Forward - Supplementary Information
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The first part presents the findings concerning overall compliance with the revised standard and methodology and the second part compares these findings to those of assessments under the old methodology. The third part discusses interpretative and application issues and the fourth describes logistical issues based on the experience of the assessments carried out to date.
Lao People's Democratic Republic - Assessment Letter for the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This report provides an update of the assessment of Lao P.D.R.’s macroeconomic conditions and outlook presented at the time of the 2004 Article IV Consultation and in the Assessment Letter of March 10, 2005.
Conclusions of the Task Force on IMF Technical Assistance
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Task Force proposals include: (i) preparation, on a pilot basis, of five TA country strategy notes in FY 2006 and, based on a positive assessment of the pilot, extension of the country coverage to possibly 50 countries in FY2007; (ii) enhanced strategic and monitoring role in TA for area department staff, including resident representatives; (iii) enhancements to the central TA information system under its ongoing Phase II; (iv) more systematic involvement of country authorities in the design and implementation of the TA they receive; and (v) more systematic discussion of technical options and their implications with the authorities before drafting TA reports.
AFRITACs - Independent Midterm Evaluation - Volume 1-Final Report
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The evaluation focus was on three main objectives: Assessing whether the AFRITACs have provided value added to beneficiary countries; Assessing the extent to which the AFRITACs’ objectives have been achieved; and Assessing whether the AFRITACs have enhanced cooperation between stakeholders in their respective regions.
Lao People's Democratic Republic - Assessment Letter for the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This note provides an update of the assessment of Lao P.D.R.’s macroeconomic conditions and outlook presented at the time of the 2004 Article IV
Integrating IMF Communications and Operations
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Transparency and communication have become central to the IMF's mission. The main thesis is that an important means of further strengthening the IMF's external communication in the period ahead will be better coordination and integration of communication with the IMF's policies and operations, especially in country work and for major policy initiatives and issues. Options for implementing the IMF's existing external communications strategy that can be accommodated within existing budget limits are highlighted for discussion.
Review of the 1977 Decision on Surveillance Over Exchange Rate Policies - Preliminary Considerations
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This review of the Decision forms part of a more comprehensive approach to strengthen the effectiveness of surveillance.
Technical Assistance Evaluation Program - Findings of Evaluations and Updated Program - Second Mid-Term Review of the Caribbean Regional Technical Assistance Centre
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

CARTAC, the second of the regional technical assistance centers, was created with singular emphasis on ownership of technical assistance by the beneficiary countries. To this end, it was structured as a UNDP project with the IMF as Executing Agency and with a Steering Committee empowered to give strategic guidance to the program and select its senior staff from short lists provided by the IMF. With the spread of the RTAC modality, the IMF has sought to bring the Centers' activities within the ambit of overall resource planning for technical assistance, ensure consistency with the institution's view on priorities for technical assistance in the countries concerned, and tighten quality control through backstopping. This has created the potential for conflict with the relative independence that CARTAC has enjoyed from its inception. The conclusion in this report, however, is that alignment with the IMF does not necessarily undermine country ownership and that the Steering Committee can play a pivotal role in defusing any tension that may arise.
Staff Guidance Note on Debt Limits in Fund-Supported Programs
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

In August 2009, the Executive Board approved new guidelines on external debt limits in Fund-supported programs. Debt limits seek to prevent the build-up of unsustainable debts, while allowing for adequate external financing. The new framework moves away from a single design for debt limits (or, to use the usual terminology, concessionality requirements) towards a more flexible approach.
The Fund's Income Position for FY 2010—Midyear Review
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper updates the outlook for the Fund's income position for FY 2010, taking into account developments in the first half of the financial year. The FY 2010 income outlook has improved relative to the baseline projections at the beginning of the year,1 mainly as a result of the combination of higher projected lending income, and lower expenditures, in SDR terms, reflecting the depreciation of the U.S. dollar and a projected underrun in the budget. Net operational income for FY 2010 is projected at about SDR 440 million compared with the previous baseline projection of SDR 290 million in April 2009. However, the actual outcome is subject to considerable uncertainty related to the timing and amounts of disbursements under current and potential new arrangements and the performance of the Investment Account.
The G-20 Mutual Assessment Process and the Role of the Fund
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper summarizes the Fund staff’s understanding of the modalities that the G-20 members intend to follow in their mutual assessment process and what they have requested for this purpose from the Fund. It also discusses the legal and policy implications of the Fund’s involvement in this exercise, but without prejudging the broader discussion of the Fund’s mandate the Board will have in the coming months. As the G-20 process is still evolving, the precise nature of the Fund’s involvement, in particular its inputs, will become clearer over time. The Executive Board will be kept informed as the process develops.
Report on the Technical Assistance Evaluation Mission to the People's Republic of China
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

As part of the IMF Statistics Department (STA)' s program to evaluate its technical assistance (TA) and training provided to member countries, and with the support of the Chinese authorities and the Fund’s Asia and Pacific Department (APD), a TA/training evaluation mission visited China during March 16-20, 2009. The objectives of the mission were to: (1) evaluate the effectiveness of STA’s TA and training to China during the period 2003-2008; (2) elicit China’s views on how to broaden and enhance the technical cooperation between STA and China; (3) consider the role of the General Data Dissemination System (GDDS) in support of China’s statistical development; and (4) discuss TA and training priorities for the next two years.
Framework Administered Account for Selected Fund Activities—East Africa Regional Technical Assistance Center (AFRITAC East) Subaccount
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

In March 2009, the Fund established a new Framework Administered Account to administer external financial resources for selected Fund activities (the “SFA Instrument”). The financing of activities under the terms of the SFA Instrument is implemented through the establishment and operation of a subaccount within the SFA.

The subaccount for the East Africa Regional Technical Assistance Center (AFRITAC East) would be the third one under the SFA.

This paper requests Executive Board approval to establish the AFRITAC East subaccount under the terms of the SFA Instrument.
Borrowing Agreement with the Government of the United Kingdom
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

In light of the multilateral effort to ensure the adequacy of the financial resources available to the International Monetary Fund, and with a view to supporting the Fund’s ability to provide timely and effective balance of payments assistance to its members, the Government of the United Kingdom, acting through Her Majesty's Treasury, agrees to lend to the Fund up to the equivalent of SDR 9.92 billion.
Financial Sector and Bilateral Surveillance - Toward Further Integration
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The Fund has continued to make great efforts to enhance financial sector focus and analytics in bilateral surveillance. The main initiatives include enhancing collaboration with other multilateral institutions, improving analytical tools and methodologies, and a major strengthening of the financial sector capabilities in area departments. The fruits of these efforts are already visible in the better treatment of financial sector issues in Article IV reports
Reduction of Blackout Periods in GRA Arrangements
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

In the context of the March 2009 reforms of the General Resources Account (GRA) lending toolkit, the Executive Board asked staff to prepare a paper addressing the problem of blackout periods under GRA arrangements, which interrupt access to accumulated but undrawn purchases. This request arose in the context of the decision to make high-access precautionary arrangements (HAPAs) available to members on a more regular basis (with greater flexibility regarding frontloading of access). Blackout periods have important implications given that the crisis-prevention and confidence-enhancing role of precautionary arrangements (particularly HAPAs) depend on strong assurances that resources will be available if needed.

Section II provides background on the issue of blackout periods and the expanded role of precautionary arrangements under the recent reforms. Section III proposes a solution to provide greater assurances to members regarding continuity of access to accumulated rights while maintaining appropriate safeguards.
Quotas - Updated Calculations and Quota Variables
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

In its April 2009 Communiqué, the IMFC called for a prompt start to the Fourteenth General Review of Quotas so that it is completed by January 2011--some two years ahead of schedule. The IMFC noted that the review is expected to result in increases in the quota shares of dynamic economies, particularly in the share of emerging market and developing countries as a whole. The IMFC also looked forward to further work by the Executive Board on elements of the new quota formula that can be improved before the formula is used again, and noted that this work should start before the 2009 Annual Meetings.
Review of the IMF's Strategy on Overdue Financial Obligations
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper reviews progress under the IMF's strengthened cooperative strategy on overdue financial obligations. Total arrears to the Fund declined by SDR 11 million, to SDR 1,327 million, since the last review. While Sudan’s payments in excess of its new obligations falling due to the Fund accounted for the decline, arrears by Somalia and Zimbabwe increased further. The majority of the arrears to the Fund (85 percent) were to the General Resources Account (GRA).
Borrowing by the Fund - Operational Issues
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

An increase in the Fund’s resources available to assist its members represents an important part of the multilateral response to the global crisis. To this end, the IMFC agreed in April that there should be an increase in the resources available to the Fund through immediate financing from members of $250 billion, subsequently incorporated into an expanded and more flexible New Arrangements to Borrow (NAB), increased by up to $500 billion. Recognizing that IMF is, and shall remain, a quota-based institution, the IMFC also called for the completion of the Fourteenth General Review of Quotas by January 2011. This is consistent with borrowing being a temporary arrangement to supplement Fund resources to address the current crisis.
Review of the Fund's Income Position for FY 2009 and FY 2010
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper reviews the Fund’s income position for FY 2009 and FY 2010. The proposals build on previous discussions relating to implementation of the new income model, the framework for accumulating precautionary balances, and the recent reform of the Fund’s lending toolkit.

The paper is structured as follows: Section II reviews the income position for FY 2009 and explains the main changes from the projections at the midyear review; Section III makes proposals that pertain to the FY 2009 income position, including the disposition of investment income, the overall income position of the General Resources Account (GRA), and the annual reimbursement of the GRA for the expenses of conducting the business of the SDR Department and the MDRI-I Trust; Section IV reviews the FY 2010 income outlook, including the margin for the rate of charge; Section V reviews the burden sharing mechanism; and Section VI reviews special charges.
Staff Operational Guidelines on Dissemination of Technical Assistance Information
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

TA information should be disseminated more widely. The more active sharing of TA information with donors and other TA providers will improve coordination, exploit synergies, and enable the Fund to prioritize and leverage its limited TA resources, thereby fulfilling key objectives under the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Moreover, especially from the perspective of their own accountability to their governments and legislators, donors to the Fund’s TA program have a legitimate interest in receiving information on TA that is financed by them. For TA recipient countries, the wider dissemination of TA information among different government agencies will strengthen ownership and facilitate the more effective implementation of TA recommendations. More generally, through publication, the membership and the public at large will benefit from a better understanding of best practices, and the Fund’s experiences in the provision of TA.
Borrowing Agreement with the Government of Japan
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The Prime Minister of Japan announced Japan’s willingness to lend up to $100 billion to the Fund to help overcome the current crisis in the lead up to the November 2008 summit of the Leaders of the Group of Twenty. The loan proposed by the Government of Japan would make a substantial contribution to the multilateral effort to ensure the adequacy of the Fund’s financial resources. The Government of Japan intends that the proposed loan be used to support the Fund’s ability to provide timely and effective balance of payments assistance to its members in the current global financial turbulence, including to the emerging market economies that are expected to continue their roles as drivers of global growth.
Kyrgyz Republic - Joint Economic Assessment Report for the Kyrgyz Republic Donor Conference, Bishkek, July 27, 2010
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

At the time of the 2005 review of the Fund’s transparency policy, it was agreed that information on key trends in implementation of the transparency policy would be circulated to the Board regularly, along with lists indicating the publication status of reports discussed by the Board. The set of tables provided in this report updates the last Key Trends2 with information on documents published through December 2009.