bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GUARDING AGAINST WOMEN?
Authors: HERTZ ROSANNA
Published: March 2007

Based on in-depth interview questions with security guards and their wives in the U.S. Air Force, this article looks at attitudes toward women's integration into a male career field prior to the occurrence. For men, the impending integration of women into this work setting poses two challenges: one threatens the solidarity of the work culture where the influx of outsiders would dilute, if not eradicate, the trust and camaraderie that helps the men get through the shift; the other threatens the content of the culture, especially a distinct orientation to an alliance of equality (among men) and dominance (of men over women). Although wives shared with their husbands a concern about the effects of women's integration on job equity—especially fairness of assignment and safety, wives' concerns went beyond the workplace. They feared that women's integration crossed not only an occupational boundary but a temporal one in that their husbands would be working night shifts with other women. The possibility of challenges to sexual fidelity in marriage was a major concern for wives. The perception of a threat to a traditional gender division of labor not only devalued men's work; wives also became advocates for defending the gendering of the job.
YOU ARE ABOUT TO PARTY DEFIANT STYLE
Authors: BOURASSA LOREN , ASHFORTH BLAKE E.
Published: March 2007

The authors describe the processes through which inexperienced newcomers were socialized into the grueling work life onboard an Alaskan trawler. Newcomers were indoctrinated collectively by their more experienced coworkers and, through ritual debasement, were led to construct a social identity that glorified the ability to withstand onerous work demands. This process facilitated identification with the trawler and its culture but at the expense of many newcomers who were unable or unwilling to conform to the narrow persona of a compliant and diligent worker. The socialization process also created strong normative expectations of the captain that he subsequently appeared to ignore, thereby galvanizing dissent and turnover. Socialization thus provided the basis for identification and subsequent disidentification.
THE WRONGS OF RECIPROCITY
Authors: ADAMS JACQUELINE
Published: March 2007

Reciprocity, or the “giving back” by the researcher to the subjects of the research in the fieldwork situation, is not often mentioned by the authors of fieldwork methodologies or ethnographies. When it is mentioned, the pitfalls that can accompany it are rarely examined, and it is usually presented as an unequivocally desirable practice. From experiences with reciprocity during fieldwork with women who make the art form known as the arpillera in Chile, the author concludes that reciprocity can be a source of insight and improved relations, but it can also cause problems for the subjects and the research. Far from unambiguously positive, reciprocity can prove a potential minefield because of the ever-changing membership status of the researcher in the group and because of differences in power, knowledge, and culture between the researcher and the researched.
Business Improvement Districts and the “New” Revitalization of Downtown
Authors: Mitchell Jerry
Published: March 2007

Downtown renewal is occurring throughout the United States. Increasingly, the revitalization process is more about incremental, entrepreneurial efforts to make downtowns enjoyable and less about comprehensive projects that physically alter large swaths of property. A leader in this “new” revitalization of downtown is the business improvement district (BID). To understand how BIDs are improving downtown life, this article presents the results of a national survey of 264 independently managed BIDs operating in 43 states. Among other things, the survey discovered that BIDs in large and small communities are most involved with marketing downtown districts, providing supplemental sanitation and security services, and advocating public policies that promote downtown interests. Although this research did not measure the impact of BIDs, it suggests that they are playing an important role in downtown renewal because of their extensive involvement with the delivery of services that are elementary yet consequential.
Plant Closings: Impacts and Responses
Authors: Buss Terry F. , Redburn F. Stevens
Published: March 2007

In this review essay, Terry F. Buss and F. Stevens Redburn dispute many of the reputed impacts of plant closings on workers and their families. They also find that the traditional publicly provided social service programs do not meet the needs of displaced workers. For example, they find that income maintenance programs such as AFDC play a minor role in aiding dislocated workers; that the public employment services play a minor role in helping displaced workers find jobs; that retraining plays a small role in the reemployment of displaced workers; and that mental health services are among the services least often used by displaced workers. Buss and Redburn call for a better targeting of public programs toward people with greater-than-average risk offailure: less-educated or less-experienced people, older workers, the unskilled, minorities, and the handicapped. They also advocate some new ways to meet the health insurance needs of many displaced workers.
Economic Restructuring: Earnings, Occupations, and Housing Values in Cleveland
Authors: Hill Edward W. , Bier Thomas
Published: March 2007

The impact of economic restructuring in Cleveland was felt by more than those who either lost or changed jobs. The positive and negative effects of restructuring spilled into neighborhoods where workers live, resulting in marked changes in the incidence of poverty and the relative cost of housing. We present a model of the connection between the regional economy and neighborhoods and present data that highlights aspects of that model. We trace the impact of restructuring from 1979 to 1987 through quarterly changes in the distribution of earnings to indicators of neighborhood well being, poverty, and housing values. We hypothesize that the transmission mechanism between the workplace and neighborhood is the occupational characteristics of the residential work force. The analysis of changes in the earnings distribution is done for Cleveland's PMSA, and the remainder of the article uses census tract data.
Leveraged Buyouts: Implications for Economic Development Analysis
Authors: Bell Lloyd W. W.
Published: March 2007

Considering the number of leveraged buyouts (LBOs) that have occurred during the past 10 years, economic development planners should think about the potential impact on the employment base of their communities from these debt-heavy transactions. This article summarizes briefly the background of LBOs, pointing out that today in excess of probably $300 billion is outstanding in bank loans and junk bonds tied to these transactions. Government tax and antitrust policies facilitated these deals, as did the willingness of financial markets to accommodate higher levels of debt. The experiences of Goodyear Tire & Rubber, Owens-Corning Fiberglass, and Fruehauf Corporation show how management shifted to cash flow maximization for debt reduction, selling off businesses and closing plants in the process. The result was a substantial reduction in employment for each company. The implication is that economic development planners should do contingency planning in anticipation of the impact from leveraged companies, both in and outside the local area. The opportunity exists to survey the potential damage and take proactive steps before the effect is felt.
Attributes of Development Tools: Success and Failure in Local Economic Development
Authors: Pagano Michael A. , Bowman Ann O'M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the attributes of local economic development policy instruments and asks whether these attributes can predict (1) project success as defined in archival data and in interviews of city officials, and (2) revenue generation as defined in conventional return on investment terms. Based on our analyses of quantitative and qualitative data from 40 city-supported development projects nationwide, the lesson for development projects designed or supported because of their revenue-generating potential appears to be that the city's economic condition is an important predictor of the revenue-generating success of a project. Further, the less complicated and the more routine or standard the bundle of incentives offered (especially by economically healthy cities), the greater the probability of revenue-generating success. Project success, however, is related to other factors. The more controversial the project, the more likely that down the road, the city will have an unsuccessful development project on its hands. Knowing the political risk of a project aids in predicting the success of the project.
Labor-Community Initiatives in Worker Training in the United States and the United Kingdom
Authors: Fitzgerald Joan , McGregor Allan
Published: March 2007

The authors examine labor organizing around the training issue in the United States and the United Kingdom. The best practice examples presented are the Machine Action Project in Springfield, Massachusetts, and the Inverclyde Training Trust in the Glasgow, Scotland region. In both cases, labor built a response to industrial decline around training. Both cases demonstrate that labor and community organizations can play an increased role in local economic development practice. The U.S. case depicts a proactive response, whereas response in the United Kingdom has been largely reactive. The authors conclude that labor in both places should look to other countries for examples of more proactive shaping of training policy in the interests of workers.
Soul Searching: At What Cost Rural Economic Development?
Authors: Falk William W.
Published: March 2007

America's rural communities face a difficult decision: to retain their distinctive local traits (their souls) as they have historically or to do whatever is necessary to attract new industries and jobs and change into something that is difficult to know in advance. The one certainty is that if choosing this latter option, the new community will be different from the old and, in being different, may be distasteful and unliked by many long-time local people. This review essay concludes with this conundrum: to change and survive or to refuse to change and run the risk of perishing. Not easy choices; not easy times.
Review of Economic Development Texts
Authors: D'Angelo Tracey M. J.
Published: March 2007

This article is a review of four economic development textbooks: John P Blair's Local Economic Development: Analysis and Practice, John Levy's Economic Development Programs for Cities, Counties, and Towns, EdwardBlakely's Planning Local Economic Development, and Richard D. Bingham's and Robert Mier's Theories of Local Economic Development: Perspectives From Across the Disciplines. The author reviews each of these works in terms of its strengths and weaknesses as a learning tool.
BEYOND CULTURE VERSUS POLITICS
Authors: STAGGENBORG SUZANNE
Published: March 2007

This article goes beyond the debate over whether culture competes with politics in the women's movement to explore the complex relationship between cultural and political action. A case study of the local women's movement in Bloomington, Indiana, provides little evidence that cultural feminism led to a decline in political activity in the women's movement. Rather, the attractiveness of cultural and political activities changes with shifts in political opportunities. During periods of opportunity or threat that stimulate extensive action, activists are energized for both cultural and political projects. During “slow” periods when there are few opportunities to make political gains, cultural projects are particularly attractive to feminists and may compete with political activities. However, cultural activities also help to maintain a feminist collective identity and provide networks to political groups. Ongoing political action is provoked by countermovement actions and other critical events and supported by “outsiders” who bring new ideas to a local community, national feminist organizations, and feminists within local institutions.
“IF IT'S NOT ON, IT'S NOT ON”—OR IS IT?
Authors: GAVEY NICOLA , McPHILLIPS KATHRYN , DOHERTY MARION
Published: March 2007

Safer sex campaigns for heterosexuals have sometimes targeted women in particular to take responsibility for condom use. In this article, the authors question some of the assumptions underlying this strategy, for instance, the assumptions of women's relatively unproblematic relationship with condoms and women's control over condom use. The authors interviewed 14 women about their experiences and views of condoms and of heterosexual relationships more broadly. Using a feminist poststructuralist form of discourse analysis, they examine their accounts in relation to gendered discourses of desire and a coital imperative. They argue that an appreciation of these kinds of discursive influences is important for understanding the complex ways in which women are constrained and enabled to employ condoms for safer heterosex.
POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITS OF THE COMPARABLE WORTH MOVEMENT
Authors: BLUM LINDA M.
Published: March 2007

The emergence and growth of the comparable worth or pay-equity movement in the United States in the last six years signals a major shift in strategies for women's economic advancement—away from affirmative action strategies aimed at job integration, toward upgrading conditions for gender-segregated work itself. Although much has been written on comparable worth from technical and structural perspectives, my research explores a different set of questions. From qualitative research on two California localities, I ask what the issue represents to those involved and how they perceive their interests. As a political movement, comparable worth overcomes the narrow base of affirmative action. While building on the rising expectations affirmative action encouraged, comparable worth helps improve job conditions without attacking the gendered division of labor. However, comparable worth does not unite all women, it pits women against men of the same class, and may exacerbate the plight of women in the lowest level of the economy. Nevertheless, as an interim strategy, it is a worthy feminist goal, particularly as it addresses the concerns of working-class women.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHICANA FEMINIST DISCOURSE, 1970-1980
Authors: GARCIA ALMA M.
Published: March 2007

The years between 1970 and 1980 represented a formative period in the development of Chicana feminist thought in the United States. During this period, Chicana feminists addressed the specific issues affecting Chicanas as women of color in the United States. As a result of their collective efforts in struggling against racial, class, and gender oppression, Chicana feminists developed an ideological discourse that addressed three major issues. These were the relationship between Chicana feminism and the ideology of cultural nationalism, feminist baiting within the Chicano movement, and the relationship between the Chicana feminist movement and the white feminist movement. This article describes the development of Chicana feminism and compares it with Asian American and Black feminism, which faced similar problems.
HIERARCHIES, JOBS, BODIES:
Authors: ACKER JOAN
Published: March 2007

In spite of feminist recognition that hierarchical organizations are an important location of male dominance, most feminists writing about organizations assume that organizational structure is gender neutral. This article argues that organizational structure is not gender neutral; on the contrary, assumptions about gender underlie the documents and contracts used to construct organizations and to provide the commonsense ground for theorizing about them. Their gendered nature is partly masked through obscuring the embodied nature of work. Abstract jobs and hierarchies, common concepts in organizational thinking, assume a disembodies and universal worker. This worker is actually a man; men's bodies, sexuality, and relationships to procreation and paid work are subsumed in the image of the worker. Images of men's bodies and masculinity pervade organizational processes, marginalizing women and contributing to the maintenance of gender segregation in organizations. The positing of gender-neutral and disembodied organizational structures and work relations is part of the larger strategy of control in industrial capitalist societies, which, at least partly, are built upon a deeply embedded substructure of gender difference.
SURROGACY:
Authors: ANLEU SHARYN ROACH
Published: March 2007

Recent cases in the United States and Australia have catapulted surrogacy into the forefront of debates and public policy regarding new procreative technologies, even though gestating and birthing a baby for another woman does not necessarily involve artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization. Feminists have condemned commercial surrogacy because it borders on baby selling and exploits women. Similar criticism has appeared in the mass media, but these forums, as well as the medical profession, have considered noncommercial surrogacy as more acceptable because of the absence of monetary exchange. Using two cases of surrogacy, this article argues that the distinction between commercial and altruistic surrogacy is socially constructed rather than based on self-evident or intrinsic differences. Both types of surrogacy involve the application of pervasive gender norms specifying that women's motivations to have children should be based on emotion, selflessness, and caring, not on self-interest, financial incentives, or pragmatism. Applying these norms renders commercial surrogacy deviant, but altruistic arrangements more acceptable. However, the article's central argument is that both types of agreement can entail exploitation, the denial of the birth mother's rights, and the severe reduction of her autonomy.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ORIENTATION TOWARD RETIREMENT FROM PAID LABOR
Authors: HATCH LAURIE RUSSELL
Published: March 2007

Recent studies have reported gender differences in older workers' orientations toward retirement, with women expressing less favorable views. This study of 557 women and 245 men in their 60s, not currently married, showed that previously married women, who often face a poor financial situation in retirement, were less likely than previously married men to agree that older workers should retire and also were less likely to define themselves as retirees. Never-married women and men did not differ on these measures of retirement orientation, but they did differ on a more general measure of well-being, with the women holding a more positive attitude toward life in retirement. This article concludes that differences in women's and men's occupational and economic circumstances are responsible in part for gender differences reported in the retirement literature, but in addition, marital circumstances also exert an important influence. Thus retirement policies based solely on gender seem unwarranted.
THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL ROLE REVISITED
Authors: KOMAROVSKY MIRRA
Published: March 2007

A new critical chapter in the long history of polemics about the concept of role has been written by some feminist sociologists. These authors point to a number of limitations in “the language of roles.” They charge that this approach “retains its functionalist roots,” focuses more on individuals than on social structure, and has other flaws. Having assessed the validity of these critiques, this article examines some recent alternative conceptualizations of gender. The comparative analysis concludes that each of the proposed conceptualizations illuminates some selected features, but none, including the role perspective, can serve as an all-inclusive paradigm for the study of gender.
THE DYNAMICS OF MARITAL BARGAINING IN MALE INFERTILITY
Authors: LORBER JUDITH , BANDLAMUDI LAKSHMI
Published: March 2007

This article provides empirical data on the dynamics of marital bargaining in the use of in vitro fertilization (IVF) in male infertility and the extent of the woman's agency in trying to resolve the situation, using interview data from nine married couples and three additional wives. Although there were too few cases for demographic variation among the categories, the research did indicate that choice and altruism entailed dynamics distinguishable from patriarchal bargains, and, if there was subtle coercion, it was exerted in ways quite different from that experienced by the wives who felt openly pressured.
BRINGING GENDER AND RACE IN:
Authors: BLANKENSHIP KIM M.
Published: March 2007

When passed, the Equal Pay Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act established two distinct views of employment discrimination and two different enforcement structures—one aimed at sex and the other at race discrimination. To explain this bifurcated approach to employment discrimination, it is necessary to examine not only social class but also gender and race relations. Sex and race discrimination bills addressed some of the problems of postwar capitalism in the United States. At the same time, however, the bifurcated discrimination policy enforced women's dependence on men in families. But it did this differently for white men than it did for men of color.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF SEXUAL WORK IN 20TH-CENTURY KOREA
Authors: LIE JOHN
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author traces the transformation of sexual work, or prostitution, in 20th-century Korea. The author stresses the power relations that create and sustain the changing social organization of sexual work. The traditional, state-organized female entertainers, kisaeng, waned with the collapse of the Yi dynasty. During their colonia rule (1910-45), the Japanese enhanced the commercialization of sexuality and conscripted Korean women as sexual “comforters” (wianbu) for soldiers. In the postwar period, the U.S. military presence played a preponderant role in expanding prostitution (meach'un). In the 1970s, sex tours, dominated by the Japanese, proliferated. The 1980s witnessed a greater diversification of sexual labor.
BECOMING A RACIST
Authors: BLEE KATHLEEN M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines how women members of contemporary U.S. racist groups reconcile the male-oriented agendas of organized racism with understandings of themselves and their gendered self-interests. Using life history narratives and in-depth interviews, the author examines how women racial activists construct self-understandings that fit agendas of the racist movement and how they reshape understandings of movement goals to fit their own beliefs and life experiences. This analysis situates the political actions of women racists in rational, if deplorable, understandings of self and society.
KOREAN IMMIGRANT WOMEN'S CHALLENGE TO GENDER INEQUALITY AT HOME
Authors: LIM IN-SOOK
Published: March 2007

Based on in-depth interviews with 18 Korean immigrant working couples, this study explores Korean immigrant working wives' ongoing challenge to male dominance at home and to the unequal division of family work. A main factor in wives' being less obedient to their husbands is their psychological resources such as pride, competence, and honor, which they gain from awareness of their contribution to the family economy. Under immigrant family circumstances in which working for family survival is prioritized, wives feel that their negligence of family work, rejection of the superwoman ideal, and perceived right to demand their husbands' help with family work is legitimized. However, Confucian patriarchal beliefs lead these wives to place limits on the degree of challenge. The findings highlight the interplay of wives' psychological resources, gender norms, and the social standing of being immigrant families in affecting wives' challenge to gender inequality at home. Differences in effects among Korean immigrant families are explored.
LESBIAN MOTHERHOOD
Authors: HEQUEMBOURG AMY L. , FARRELL MICHAEL P.
Published: March 2007

The identity of lesbian-mother combines a marginalized identity (lesbian) with one of the most revered mainstream identities (mother). With data collected through exploratory in-depth interviews from nine lesbian-mothers, the authors use symbolic interaction framework to explore the strategies that lesbian birth mothers and comothers employ to gain acceptance for their marginal-mainstream identities in their family networks. Respondents experienced varying levels of resistance from their social networks, with comothers being especially vulnerable due to their lack of both biological and legal substantiation. The authors explore the process of identity negotiation in three realms of everyday experience: in relationships with extended families, in relations within the nuclear family, and in lesbian relationships that have ended.
Behavioral Disturbances in Geropsychiatric Inpatients Across Dementia Types
Authors: Kunik Mark E. , Huffman Jeff C. , Bharani Nipa , Hillman Stephany L. , Molinari Victor A. , Orengo Claudia A.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to compare differences in behavioral, psychiatric, and cognitive status among geropsychiatric inpatients with Alzheimer's, vascular, alcohol-induced, and mixed dementia. Participants included 150 patients with dementia consecutively admitted to an acute geropsychiatric inpatient unit. Measures included the Mini-Mental State Examination, Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, Basic and Independent Activities of Daily Living, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia, and the Initiation/Perseveration subscale of the Dementia Rating Scale. No significant differences existed in the character or severity of agitation among patients with Alzheimer's, vascular, alcohol-related and mixed dementia. Interestingly, patients with vascular dementia compared to patients with other dementias admitted for behavioral disturbances were less cognitively impaired and more medically burdened. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:49-52).
Polysulfone Modified Thermoplastic Polyimide Segmented Copolymer Matrix Resin Systems
Authors: Wilkens D.L. , Arnold C.A. , Jurek M.J. , Rogers M.E. , McGrath J.E.
Published: March 2007

Several methods have been investigated which improve the processability of polyimide homo- or copolymer systems. In particular, the utilization of a solution imidiza tion technique in converting the poly(amic acid) intermediate to the fully cyclized polyimide has been successfully exploited. The solution imidization was conducted in N- methylpyrollidone (NMP) and an azeotroping agent, such as cyclohexylpyrollidone (CHP), at approximately 160°C for 24 hours. This technique has been shown to yield more soluble products than the corresponding bulk thermal imidization which is con ducted at higher temperatures of ∼300°C. Another important method of improving melt as well as solution processability involves the incorporation of a monofunctional reagent to obtain nonreactive end groups and controlled molecular weights. Structural modifica tion by copolymerization with more flexible oligomers such as poly(arylene ether)s may also enhance processability and possibly provide improved impact strength. In this paper, the effects of incorporating varying concentrations of poly(arylene ether) sulfone and ketone oligomers into the polyimide backbone are reported. The overall copolymer molecular weight was consistently controlled to —25,000 g/mole, with the use of small molar quantities of the monofunctional reagent phthalic anhydride. Very tough, trans parent films were obtained in all cases by compression molding copolymers at 340°C. Thermal analysis indicated that microphase separation is achievable in some cases as judged by the presence of two glass transition temperatures.
Stress and Displacement Analysis of Composite Laminated Plates
Authors: Afshari P. , Widera G.E.O.
Published: March 2007

Multilayered composite plates are of interest for a variety of structural ap plications in such industries as automotive and aerospace, where high strength-to-weight ratios are desirable. In this investigation a series of plate elements is developed for such structures. These plate elements are formulated based on a variational principle, namely modified complementary energy. Mindlin thin plate theory is selected to govern the gen eral characteristics and behavior of these plates. Transverse shear deformation is included in the formulation. A series of in-plane strain functions is assumed from which the corre sponding in-plane stresses for each lamina are determined. By satisfying the equilibrium equations, the transverse stresses are calculated. The strain parameters can be determined by satisfying the interlaminar transverse stress continuity and the traction-free condition at the bottom surface. The top traction-free condition is ignored in this formulation. It will be demonstrated that the impact of ignoring the top traction-free condition on the results is negligible.

Eight-node isoparametric elements with five degrees of freedom per node are utilized to describe the displacement field. These elements are invariant, fast converging, and insen sitive to the number of gauss points used in the numerical integrations. Moreover, it will be shown that these elements do not exhibit any shear locking in the thin plate limit. These elements are capable of handling the effects of transverse shear deformation, extension- bending, twisting-extension, and twisting-bending coupling that exist due to the different orthotropic material properties of each layer. It will also be demonstrated that these ele ments are capable of adequately predicting the displacements and the stresses for a variety of composite plate problems.
Communication Forum
Authors: Reardon Kathleen K. , Enis Ben
Published: March 2007

This article explores methods for increasing the persuasiveness of internal marketing efforts to encourage employees to adopt a customer orientation. Internal marketing is a process of encouraging employees to accept changes in company philosophy or policy. This article argues that the application of persuasion strategies to internal marketing efforts can facilitate the adoption of a customer orientation among employees and elicit greater commitment to the company and its goals. The specific persuasion strategies examined in this article include: encouraging employees to define for themselves their roles with regard to customer satisfaction; enhancing employees' perceptions of self-efficacy; providing rewards commensurate with contributions to customer satisfaction; and creating a climate for continued commitment.
Business Communication: Present, Past, and Future
Authors: Reinsch N. Lamar
Published: March 2007

Business communication has a long history, stretching back to the origins of rhetoric as a scholarly endeavor and, even further, back to the origins of business practice. Today, business communication exists in the United States as a university-level academic field that emphasizes writing instruction for undergraduate business students. For the future, business communication should continue to emphasize and to improve education in written composition while it strives to produce a larger quantity of excellent research.
The Effects of Organization Design on Media Richness in Multinational Enterprises
Authors: Whitfield J. Michael , Lamont Bruce T. , Sambamurthy V.
Published: March 2007

We provide empirical evidence regarding the effects of two organizational design parameters, divisionalization and centralization, on the media richness choices of CEOs of multinational enterprises in obtaining information from their foreign subsidiaries on strategic issues. In a sample of 86 U.S.-based multinational enterprises, formal divisional structure was found to affect CEOs' use of rich information channels for product matters but not for country matters, and centralization of decision making at corporate headquarters was found to affect their use of rich media for country issues but not for product issues. Relationships between organizational design and CEO information processing behavior, therefore, appear to be contingent on the type of strategic issue involved.
Use and Impact of Informal Third-Party Discussions in Interpersonal Conflicts at Work
Authors: Volkema Roger J. , Bergmann Thomas J. , Farquhar Katherine
Published: March 2007

Interpersonal conflicts in the workplace frequently involve conversations with coworkers and outsiders as a means of making sense of the conflict situation. However, little is known about the factors associated with the use of third-party discussions or the impact of these discussions on subsequent behavior. This study examined informal third-party discussions in the workplace, as described by 396 individuals involved in interpersonal conflicts. Results indicate that conflict intensity and relative power are likely to affect the incidence and timing of third-party discussions and that discussions witi people inside and outside the organization can have differential effects on the assertiveness and cooperativeness of behavior.
Adapting to Diabetes Mellitus: A Theory Synthesis
Authors: Whittemore Robin , Roy Sister Callista
Published: March 2007

One priority in nursing research is the development of middle-range theories that are applicable to nursing practice. The purpose of this article is to describe the development of a middle-range theory, adapting to diabetes mellitus, through theory and concept synthesis. The adaptation to chronic illness model explicates the conceptual relationships of the Roy adaptation model in a theory specific to chronic illness. Several concepts in the diabetes literature, self-management, integration, and health-within-illness were synthesized with the theory through examination of empirical evidence. This method of theory development increases the specificity of the existing theory and informs the application to nursing practice.
The Science of Unitary Human Beings and Interpretive Human Science
Authors: Reeder Francelyn
Published: March 2007

Natural science and human science are identified as the bases of most nursing theories and research programs. Natural science has been disclaimed by Martha Rogers as the philosophy of science that undergirds her work. The question remains, is the science of unitary human beings an interpretive human science? The author explores the works of Rogers through a dialectic with two human scientists' works. Wilhelm Dilthey's works represent the founding or traditional view, and Jurgen Habermas' works represent a contemporary, reconstructionist view. The ways Rogerian thought contributes to human studies but is distinct from traditional and reconstructionist human sciences are illuminated.
The Caring Moment and the Green-Thumb Phenomenon among Swedish Nurses
Authors: Jensen Kirsten Pryds , Bäck-Pettersson Siv R. , Segesten Kerstin M.
Published: March 2007

People who have a special gift for gardening are sometimes described as having a green thumb. Likewise, some nurses have a green thumb for nursing. The aims of this study were to identify and describe the characteristics of green-thumb nurses and of caring situations. A descriptive-exploratory design was used, and 16 nurses, recruited by their superiors, participated in semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed that the green-thumb nurse is competent, compassionate, and courageous. The essence of the caring moment was identified as the green-thumb nurse's ability to act on the spur of the moment, using her competence, compassion, and courage.
The Adequacy and Scope of Roy's Adaptation Model to Guide Cross-Cultural Pain Research
Authors: Calvillo Evelyn Ruiz , Flaskerud Jacquelyn H.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the adequacy (operational, empirical, and pragmatic) and scope of the Roy adaptation model and the gate control theory of pain to guide the cross-cultural study of pain. The sample consisted of 60 Mexican-American and Anglo American women undergoing elective cholecystectomy. The conceptual-theoretical-empirical structure developed by Fawcett and Downs (1986) provided the framework for designing the study. Operational adequacy was determined by examining the reliability and validity of the empirical indicators used; it was judged adequate. Empirical adequacy was evaluated by comparing empirical data to hypothesized expectations. Only some of the conceptualtheoretical relational statements were supported. Pragmatic adequacy was assessed by determining whether innovative practice strategies might be derived from the data; several were recommended. Finally, the scope was determined by examining the variables identified by the model and several additional variables. Scope was judged adequate to the current stage of the model's development.
The Science of Unitary Human Beings: An Integrative Review
Authors: Dykeman Margaret C. , Loukissa Dimitra
Published: March 2007

This article is an integrative review of the research which has been carried out based on Martha Rogers' conceptual framework, the science of unitary, irreducible human beings. Results of the review supported the model and theories which have been derived from the framework. However, because of methodological difficulties in measuring the concepts and because of the instruments being used, this support is not statistically significant. More research is needed using methods and instruments which better fit the concepts that are basic to the Rogerian principles of homeodynamics. Also, theories being used as the basis of the study need to be more definitively stated in future research.
Rogerian Science: Opening New Frontiers of Nursing Knowledge through its Application in Quantitative Research
Authors: Sherman Deborah Witt
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the theoretical and methodological considerations in selecting Rogers' science of unitary human beings as a framework for quantitative research. It elucidates how Rogerian science guided the research process in selected nursing studies.
King's Theory of Goal Attainment in Practice
Authors: King Imogene M.
Published: March 2007

King's conceptual system provides a comprehensive view of three dynamic interacting systems-personal, interpersonal, and social. Her theory of goal attainment has been used as the basis for practice, education, research, and administration, examples of which are presented here.
Unthreading the Ties That Bind: Questioning the Discourse of Parent Involvement
Authors: Nakagawa Kathryn
Published: March 2007

Recent educational reforms include parent involvement as an integral part of school improvement, particularly for improving the achievement of ethnic minority and lower income children. However, the parent involvement discourse created by policy and other school-related texts constructs representations of parents that limit the possibilities for building productive family-school relationships. Through an analysis of parent involvement policy texts and family-school compacts, this study explores how parent involvement discourse controls who gets involved and how involvement is structured. The analysis indicates that parents, especially disadvantaged ones, are placed in a double bind, criticized both for lack of involvement and overinvolvement. The parent involvement discourse ultimately shifts our thinking about educational obligations—schools come to believe that they may demand parent involvement in exchange for providing quality education. In this way, the discourse reproduces, rather than reduces, inequalities in education.
Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: Race/Ethnicity and Student Achievement in Education Policy Research
Authors: Baker Bruce D. , Keller-Wolff Christine , Wolf-Wendel Lisa
Published: March 2007

The goal of this study is to bring the discussion of ethnic heterogeneity and the racial/ethnic classification of students for research purposes into the education policy arena. The relationship between race and ethnicity and academic achievement is focused on in particular. The heterogeneity of academic performance in reading and math is demonstrated between subgroups of Hispanic and Asian/Pacific Island students, using the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS ’88). In the case of both the Hispanic and Asian/Pacific Island aggregate groups there are substantial, though not always statistically significant, academic performance differences among ethnic subgroups, with a range of math performance among Hispanic subgroups of 10.7 points (mean score = 34.4) between Cuban and Puerto Rican students and a range of math performance among Asian/Pacific Island students of 15.3 points (mean score = 41.0) between West Asian and Pacific Island students.
Curriculum Politics in Global Perspective
Authors: Mitchell Douglas E. , Boyd William L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the ongoing curriculum wars in reading and mathematics education. It presents an overview of an edited book that emanated from a conference held at Harvard University titled Curriculum Wars: Alternative Approaches to Reading and Mathematics. With the historical view in mind, the article summarizes key points of agreement and conflict in an effort to say clearly why the conflict is so difficult to resolve. In addition, these curriculum conflicts are reexamined from the perspective of the globalization of contemporary social and economic processes. The article concludes with an acknowledgment that it is unlikely that curriculum conflicts will end any time soon.
The Dark Engine of Illinois Education: A Sociological Critique of a "Well-Crafted (Testing) Machine"
Authors: Rau William C. , Shelley N. Mark , Beck Frank D.
Published: March 2007

The authors examine a high-stakes assessment system that will assign designation ranks to Illinois schools on the basis of students 'raw scores on the state's achievement tests. The state's own data are analyzed to show that ranks have little to do with actual school performance; 80% of the variance in schools 'test scores is due to factors that teachers can neither control nor change. Designations will generate widespread, large-scale goal displacement in schools; substantially increase educational inequality; and most likely face a court challenge as a "suspect racial classification " under the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
"... the silent compulsions of economic relations": Markets and the Demand for Education
Authors: Hogan David
Published: March 2007

Some recent analyses have argued that public education in the United States has been isolated from market processes and pressures, that the institutional environment of public education has been dominated by democratic politics and centralized bureaucracies, and that the key to the reform of public education lies in the exposure ofpublic education to market pressures. This article suggests that market forces shape the demand for, and the politics of, American education. It also suggests that, to the extent that market pressures and processes have shaped the institutional environment of American education, market processes and pressures have to bear a substantial amount of the responsibility for the condition of American schools and the problems that afflict them.
The Pursuit of Inclusion: Recent Trends in Minority Enrollments in Higher Education
Authors: Kingston Paul W.
Published: March 2007

Using "Fall Enrollments" and "The American Freshman" survey data, this article addresses two related questions: How has the ethnic-racial composition of various types of higher educational institutions changed in recent years, and how have chances of attending various types of institutions changed for students from different ethnic-racial backgrounds? Within the higher education system, the signs of stability outweighed the signs of change. The racial composition of the student bodies at 2-year and 4-year institutions was remarkably similar throughout the 1980s. The distribution of students from each minority group among the main divisions of the system also remained largely steady, suggesting that no group "traded down" in the educational hierarchy to cope with rising costs. At the elite Intitutions, Blacks did not lose ground but remained underrepresented; the greater ethnic-racial diversity at these institutions largely reflected an infusion of Asian-American students. In light of these data, explanations of minority enrollments that stress the impact of financial aid or political struggle are open to question.
The Professional Development School: Building Bridges between Cultures
Authors: Stoddart Trish
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the professional development school (PDS) in the context of the vision, the change process, and the development of organizational structures that support collaboration between school and university faculties. It is argued that the development of the PDS requires a mutual accommodation between the cultures of schools and universities. Top-down, bottom-up, and role-differentiated approaches to collaboration are described. Finally, it is argued that a third culture-the graduate school of education-is a major obstacle to the development of the PDS.
Only One Oar in the Water: The Political Failure of School Desegregation in Yonkers, New York
Authors: Failer Judith L. , Harvey Anna , Hochschild Jennifer
Published: March 2007

Political efforts to desegregate public schools do not fail solely because of political opposition. They fail when political opposition joins and interacts with an institutional structure that ambiguously divides educational authority between state and local actors. Both factors-a high level of political controversy and a shared system of educational authority-were present in Yonkers, New York during the 1960s and 1970s, and jointly explain the district's failure to desegregate its schools. Using a "regression by hand," the authors show that neither factor taken alone necessarily undermines a policy's success in the political arena. The political success of New York's policy to fund nonpublic schools demonstrates that controversial policies can be realized when the institutional structure that creates them does not divide authority between state and local actors. Conversely, the political success of efforts to reform Yonkers' programs in special education shows that shared responsibility can promote educational reform if the policy is not controversial. The authors conclude by cautioning against abandoning efforts to desegregate public schools and calling for changes in the structure of shared state and local responsibility for educational policy.
Authentic Assessment and Curriculum Integration: Natural Partners in Need of Thoughtful Policy
Authors: Soodak Leslie C. , Martin-Kniep Giselle O.
Published: March 2007

In this article, we examine the relationship between the curriculum and the assessment practices of a group of teachers to determine the degree to which change efforts, directed at teachers' curriculum and instructional approaches, have had an impact on other areas of their professional practice-more specifically, on the assessment strategies they use. We present findings from a study on the assessment strategies of 14 teachers who have participated in a comprehensive and long-term curriculum integration initiative. The findings indicate that teachers continue to rely on traditional assessment methods, although these are inconsistent with the goals of an integrated curriculum. These findings suggest that efforts to bring about educational change need to strengthen the linkages between curriculum, instruction and assessment.