bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Liaison Psychiatrist in Cardiovascular Rehabilitation: An Overview
Authors: Soloff Paul H.
Published: May 2005

Depression, anxiety and fear of recurrence following myocardial infarction often lead to disability in excess of actual cardiac impairment in a large number of patients. The high social, economic and emotional cost of psychogenic cardiac invalidism has stimulated the development of cardiovascular rehabilitation programs throughout the country. The liaison psychiatrist can play a critical role in the rehabilitation effort. This paper describes the psychological impact of the rehabilitation process in combating psychogenic cardiac disability. The conflicts of the post-infarction patient and their management by the rehabilitation team are presented from the perspective of the team psychiatrist. Cardiovascular rehabilitation as described is a productive area for psychiatric liaison, through individual consultation, group therapy sessions and team meetings which address the psychosocial issues of convalescence.
Biosocial Resonation: A Conceptual Model of the Links between Social Behavior and Physical Illness
Authors: Moss Gordon E.
Published: May 2005

If sociomedical research is to move beyond the stage of repeatedly reporting correlations between social variables and disease, a viable conceptualization of the connection between social and physiological variables must be developed. We suggest that subjective interpretations of information perceived in a situation as congruous or incongruous with learned expectations is the key point of articulation. Each individual has an information repertoire derived from social interaction and direct contact with the non-social environment. If the individual's perceptions of the situation are not congruous with his information repertoire, he is likely to experience activation of the autonomic nervous system and related neuroendocrine and somatic processes. If these physiological processes are intense and/or prolonged enough, they may alter the body's resistance to infectious organisms, temporarily or irreversibly damage the body or reduce behavioral efficiency, increasing the likelihood of accidents. At the same time, encountering of information incongruities may lead to rejection by the individual of the source of the invalidated information. If this source is a social network, the member may become alienated from the network. If this alienation is shared by others, it may lead to social change. Social communication networks protect their members from incongruities by teaching them correct information, by isolating them from incongruous information, by explaining incongruities encountered so they are no longer perceived as incongruous, and by providing means of relieving tensions produced by encounters with incongruities.
Gender Differences in Traumatic Grief Symptom Severity after the Loss of a Spouse
Authors: Boelen Paul A. , van den Bout Jan
Published: May 2005

Gender differences in bereavement outcome have received much attention in bereavement research in the past decades. While many studies have focused on depressive symptomatology and/or normal grief reactions, little attention has been paid to gender differences in symptoms of pathological or traumatic grief (TG). In addition, few studies have investigated gender differences beyond the acute grieving period. In the present study, cross-sectional data were used to explore gender differences in the temporal course of TG symptomatology. Data were derived from 270 spousally bereaved individuals who filled in the Inventory of Traumatic Grief on the Internet. Analyses of variance were conducted to explore differences in TG symptoms over time and between widows and widowers. No differences were found between men and women on the TG symptoms or the TG summary score, on any of the observational time points. With regard to the temporal course of TG symptomatology, indications were found that symptoms of separation distress are likely to subside over the passage of time, while symptoms of traumatic distress are unlikely to do so.
The United Nations Fund for Population Activities
Authors: Salas Rafael M.
Published: May 2005

As of the end of January 1973, the United Nations Fund for Population Activities was supporting almost 600 population projects in 76 developing countries and areas, with cumulative resources of more than $80 million contributed by 60 governments. The rapid expansion of resources and activities experienced by the Fund since its inception five years ago is evidence of the remarkable rate at which international concern for world population problems, once aroused, has been translated into action. The Fund, as the recognized focal point of population efforts of the United Nations system, has moved further toward its objective of encouraging universal participation in population activities. The Fund provides assistance to governments in the areas of collecting basic population data, population dynamics, population policy, education and communication, multisector activities, and, most extensively, family planning. The Fund's continuing role as a major multilateral source of assistance in the population field was confirmed in December 1972, when the United Nations General Assembly changed the Fund from a trust fund of the Secretary-General to a fund under the authority of the Assembly itself.
The Diffusion of the Computed Tomography (CT) Scanner in the United States
Authors: Banta H. David
Published: May 2005

The rising cost of medical care in the United States is a problem generally familiar to all interested in health care policy. In recent years the contribution of technology to this rising cost has been debated. The computed tomography (CT) scanner has come to exemplify the problem of “technology run wild.” The scanner was introduced into the United States in 1973 and has diffused rapidly into virtually every area of the country. However, despite the large number of scanners, they are maldistributed by institutional setting and geographic location.

A number of Federal policies have been developed to deal with medical technology. The case of the CT scanner illustrates the failure of these policies. The CT scanner was not well evaluated before it diffused into practice, and it appears that Federal reimbursement policy facilitated its spread. Federal policies designed to slow diffusion or to assure optimal placement or wise use of scanners have not had demonstrable effects. The case of the CT scanner suggests the need to alter Federal policies toward medical technologies.
Perimenstrual Psychosis among Female Adolescents: Two Case Reports and an Update of the Literature
Authors: Stein Daniel , Blumensohn Rachel , Witztum Eliezer
Published: May 2005

Objectives and Methods:

Perimenstrual psychosis is an uncommon disorder, not included under the accepted classifications of functional psychoses. Our aim was to describe two Israeli female adolescents who fit this diagnosis.

Results:

Both youngsters developed an acute psychosis a few days before menstruation, which subsided several days after bleeding, only to reappear in the same form in subsequent cycles. An extensive medical work-up did not show any significant disturbances, with the exception of anovulatory cycles in one youngster. Psychotropic treatment had no effect on the course of the psychosis. Treatment with a combined progesterone/estrogen contraceptive agent in one patient resulted in full recovery within several cycles. The second patient showed a spontaneous remission within four cycles. Follow-up for two to three years indicated a complete remission, with no need to reintroduce any psychotropic agent.

Conclusions:

Perimenstrual psychosis may represent a cycloid disorder or an atypical affective disorder, associated with anovulation. The use of psychotropic treatment is considered inconclusive, whereas hormonal agents may prove effective.
Laptop Learning: A Comparison of Teaching and Learning in Upper Elementary Classrooms Equipped with Shared Carts of Laptops and Permanent 1:1 Laptops
Authors: Russell Michael , Bebell Damian , Higgins Jennifer
Published: May 2005

This study compares teaching and learning activities in 4th and 5th grade classrooms that were permanently equipped with one laptop for each student and classrooms that share a cart of laptops that create a 1:1 laptop environment on a temporary basis. The study originated from a question posed to us by Andover Public Schools (MA): “How does teaching and learning differ when upper elementary students (4th and 5th graders) are provided with their own laptop computers?” In response to this question, we undertook an intensive two month study that employed a mixed methodology that included student surveys, student drawings, teacher interviews, and 56 structured classroom observations. The findings summarized in this article provide evidence of several differences in teaching and learning activities between the two settings. Classrooms that were fully equipped with 1:1 laptops showed more technology use across the curriculum, more use of technology at home for academic purposes, less large group instruction, and nearly universal use of technology for writing.
Introduction to the Theme State Intervention and the Social Wage: The Politics of Social Services Expansion
Authors: Friedland Roger
Published: May 2005

State intervention in the consumption process has become increasingly critical to economic growth on the one hand and to real family income on the other. The social wage thus tends to become a conflictual political issue. As a result, the articulation of state intervention with the changing requirements of economic growth is subject to continuous political challenge. This special issue examines the problematic relationship between state intervention in social services and the organization of the capitalist economy. Some contributors study the ways in which state interventions are structured so as to be consonant with the requirements of economic growth and profitability, as well as the difficulties such structures pose. Feshbach's analysis of the Hill-Burton Hospital Construction Program and Mollenkopf's study of San Francisco's public transit system both reflect this concern. Other contributors study the ways in which the organization of the economy constrains the development of democratically responsive social services. Sbragia's study of the capital market and public housing in Italy and Taylor's study of free medical clinics in the U.S. both reflect this concern. Finally, contributors study macroscopic transformations in the relationship between state intervention and the organization of the capitalist economy. Esping-Andersen's study of the political logic of increasing state intervention in production and Hirschhorn's analysis of the defunctionalization of social services attendent upon the disaccumulative tendencies in capitalism both reflect this concern.

This introductory paper reviews four theories which attempt to explain how state intervention is insulated from democratic controls. For each theory, the mechanisms specified to perform this function are subject to weaknesses. An attempt is made to position the contributions to this volume with respect to these theoretical traditions.
Funny Women: Social Change and Audience Response to Female Comedians
Authors: Sheppard Alice
Published: May 2005

It is generally acknowledged that gender stereotypes have hindered the development and recognition of women's humor. In the face of rapid expansion of opportunities for women in the comedy field, previous social science analyses may be obsolete. The present researcher assessed response to male and female comedians in the mid-1970s and again in the early 1980s. Comparison of results revealed considerable change in contemporary evaluations of women comedians, whose ratings now equal those of male comics. As both men and women showed enhanced appreciation for comedians of their own gender, it is suggested that reference groups and social perception provide a basis for understanding the role exerted on humor appreciation by gender.
T3 Blood Levels and Treatment Outcome in Depression
Authors: Iosifescu Dan V. , Howarth Shauna , Alpert Jonathan E. , Nierenberg Andrew A. , Worthington John J. , Fava Maurizio
Published: May 2005

Objective:

We examined the correlation between the basal triiodothyronine resin uptake (T3-RU) levels in depressed subjects and the response to antidepressant treatment.

Method:

We treated with fluoxetine 235 outpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depression. We measured T3 resin uptake (T3-RU) levels before the onset of treatment. The 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D-17) was administered before, during and after the eight weeks of treatment to assess changes in depressive symptoms.

Results:

16 patients (6.8 percent) had low T3-RU levels (range 16.5–21), and 7 patients (3.0 percent) had high T3-RU levels (range 36–38). No relationship was found between T3-RU levels and clinical improvement, defined as either total Ham-D-17 score change or Ham-D-17 score ≤ 7 in the last 3 weeks of treatment, even after adjusting for baseline severity of depression.

Conclusion:

Abnormal T3-RU levels are rather uncommon in outpatient depression and do not correlate with the response to antidepressant treatment or lack thereof.
First Things Last: Composition for Seniors, Not Freshmen
Authors: Sawyer Thomas M.
Published: May 2005

Freshman composition is a large, expensive, undisciplined operation. The course is taught to students who have little to say by people who are more interested in analyzing literature. It should be replaced by a course designed for seniors. The author draws on his experience at the University of Michigan and describes at what stage composition is taught to engineering students.
Sensational! Violent! Popular! Death in American Movies
Authors: Schultz Ned W. , Huet Lisa M.
Published: May 2005

This study examined death as portrayed in different types of American film. Death events were scored for number and type, use of death words, demographic characteristics, 23 different actions of instigators, and 24 reactions of recipients. Trained observers scored 25 popular films, 16 popular/award films, and 24 award films. The predominant depictions of death were attacks by weapon, threats, risks and conversations. Most common reactions in death scenes were fear, shock, protest and aggression. ANOVA comparisons across the three types of films showed that popular and popular/award films contained significantly more sensational death actions, such as non-weapon attacks, threats of death, close calls, risks taken, and accidents. Award films were significantly more likely to include scenes of routine, medical death events. No significant differences in use of language were found. Instigators in death scenes were six times more likely to be males. Female characters were nearly twice as likely to be recipients as instigators. ANOVA comparisons indicated that reactions involving escape, fear, no harm, relief, and ambiguity were significantly more common in popular and popular/award films. Award films, on the other hand, included significantly more expressions of sorrow and sadness. Comparisons based on audience rating (G, PG, PG-13, and R) showed no significant differences in the number of death scenes and virtually no significant differences in specific death actions or reactions. The results present a disturbing picture of death in movies, one described as psychologically obscene. In American film, death is distorted into a sensational stream of violent attacks by males, with fear, injury, further aggression, and the absence of normal grief reactions as the most common responses.
Women who are Murdered: An Analysis of 912 Consecutive Victims
Authors: Humphrey John A. , Hudson R. Page , Cosgrove Steven
Published: May 2005

This study analyzes all female homicide victims (912) in the State of North Carolina during the five year period 1972 through 1976. Verkko's static and dynamic laws of the relationship between sex and homicide victimization are investigated. The static law states that in places where homicide rates are high, female victimization tends to be low. The dynamic law holds that increases or decreases in the frequency of homicide primarily affects the male population. The findings do not support either of Verkko's laws. The sex ratio of homicide victims in North Carolina, a state with an above average homicide rate, is lower than that for the U.S. in general. The rate of victimization for both females and males has declined about the same percentage over the five years studied. Further analysis of individual characteristics of the victims and circumstances which surrounded the death scene itself are provided. Comparisons are made between female homicide victims and their male counterparts. Profiles of typical and atypical female homicides are drawn. The trends in homicide victimization over the five years under analysis are discussed.
Workers' and Community Participation and Democratic Control in Cuba
Authors: Navarro Vicente
Published: May 2005

This article is a historical and current analysis and description of the evolution of worker, community, and popular participation and democratic control in Cuba since 1958. It contains: (a) an analysis of the political developments in the Cuban Revolution that led to the establishment of direct forms of democracy at the workplace and in the community; (b) a detailed analysis and account of how workers participate and control the processes of production and distribution of goods and services; and (c) an in-depth account and analysis of how people living in neighborhoods, rural and urban districts, municipalities, and provinces control the different levels and branches of the state apparatus—People's Power—and also how they participate in the implementation—through mass organizations—of state policies. The responsibilities, modus operandi, and relationships of the Communist Party, the trade unions, and other mass organizations, and the organs of People's Power, are also described and analyzed. The opportunities and problems, successes and failures, and strengths and weaknesses of the Cuban road to socialism and democracy are detailed. It is concluded that the Cuban Revolution has enhanced democracy most dramatically through the Cuban people's substantial involvement, participation, and control of their own lives.
Readability beyond the Sentence: Global Coherence and Ease of Comprehension
Authors: Thompson Isabelle
Published: May 2005

This article interprets research in linguistics and psychology in order to revise and enlarge existing definitions of readability. It suggests instructional methods for teaching students to compose more coherent—and, hence, more readable—technical writing. For a text to be readable, it must be coherent. However, like readability, coherence is variable, depending on the writer and the reader as well as the text itself. The reader is able to understand a message by relying on his shared knowledge with the writer. A starting place for comprehension, cultural and professional knowledge and linguistic knowledge allow readers to set up expectations about a text and to read efficiently. Because accommodating shared knowledge is vital to readable writing, we should teach students how to assess typical audiences and compose in forms routinely used for technical documents. With practice in audience analysis, students learn to accommodate a reader's professional and cultural knowledge. With practice in traditional organizational patterns, stylistic imitation of readable writing, they learn to accommodate common expectations about language and form.
The Development of Educational Replicas of Software Application Systems
Authors: Leigh William , Paz Noemi
Published: May 2005

This article presents techniques for developing simplified, functional versions of software applications for training purposes. Representatives of this type of educational software are explained, the design rationale and process are reviewed, and implementation methods are outlined. Three short case studies, exemplifying three categories of this replica software, are included.
Meeting the Needs of Primary Care Physicians: A Guide to Content for Programs on Depression
Authors: Williams John W. , Bhogte Mark , Flinn Jonay F.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

The purpose of this article is to identify literature-based content for the design of educational programs on depression for practicing primary care physicians.

Methods:

A MEDLINE search was conducted of English-language medical literature published from 1982 through July 1997 for studies describing primary care physicians' knowledge, skills, practice patterns, and perceived barriers related to care of depressed patients. Studies focusing exclusively on residency training and those describing physician practices outside North America were excluded. Of 377 articles identified, forty met inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results:

Recommendations for educational content were identified from the literature review. For recognition, educators should prioritize communication skills and strategies for the use of depression questionnaires. For diagnosis, practice interpreting symptoms in the medically ill, strategies for efficient diagnosis, and systematic approaches to assessing suicide risk should be emphasized. For treatment, greater attention to the therapeutic alliance, staged therapy, and strategies for improving medication adherence are indicated.

Conclusions:

There is a moderately well developed literature describing self-perceived and observed gaps in the current care for depression in primary care. Addressing the entire list of needs would take more time than practicing physicians are likely to have. An important challenge for educators is to design flexible programs based on individualized needs assessment or, when not possible, to prioritize the most generalizable needs.
Products Liability: Meeting Legal Standards for Adequate Instructions
Authors: Helyar Pamela S.
Published: May 2005

Products liability law requires manufacturers to supply adequate instructions with products when consumers need them to safely and effectively use the products. This article spells out what the courts say should go into directions and warnings to make them legally adequate. In a nutshell, the courts mandate that instructions contain complete, accurate, and tested directions that consumers can readily notice and follow. Further, instructions must meet government, industry, and company standards. And, for products that can cause harm, the instructions must warn of potential hazards.
A Taxonomy for Computer Software Adoption Policy
Authors: Peled Zimra , Peled Elad , Alexander Gad
Published: May 2005

This article proposes a taxonomy to aid decision makers in selecting computer software that is consistent with the their values and preferences for instruction. It builds on two interrelated arguments: 1) the nature of instruction and the use of information technology derive from a conceptual framework that is embedded in an explicit or implicit belief about the nature of human development and learning, and 2) due to the value nature of instruction, the instructional beliefs embedded in software should be congruent with the decision maker's beliefs underlying instruction.

The taxonomy consists of three components: characteristics of patterns of instruction, properties of software, and the congruence between them. These components are interrelated in a mapping sentence [1] that maps characteristics of instruction onto properties of software. The taxonomy refers to two types of educational decision makers. Believers, whose decisions are predetermined by a belief commitment and orchestrators, whose decisions are heuristically taken. Decisions for believers are straight forward; decisions for orchestrators are more complicated and depend on contextual factors represented in the mapping sentence. Links between research findings and the taxonomy are presented and illustrate the taxonomy's use and its utility in predicting real world decisions.
Multidimensional Audience Analysis for Dynamic Information
Authors: Albers Michael J.
Published: May 2005

As technical communication gains the technology to deliver dynamic custom documents, the importance of audience analysis increases. As a major factor in supporting dynamic adjustment of document content, the audience analysis must clearly capture the range of user goals and information needs in a flexible manner. Replacing a linear audience analysis model with a multidimensional model provides one method of achieving that flexibility. With a minimum of three separate dimensions to capture topic knowledge, detail required, and user cognitive ability, this model provides the writer a means of connecting content with information requirements and ensuring the dynamic document fits varying audience needs.
Writing and Revising by Bilingual Students in Traditional and Word Processing Environments
Authors: Van Haalen Teresa , Bright George W.
Published: May 2005

Examination of current research indicates caution in drawing conclusions about the benefits of the use of word processors, especially in elementary school. A variety of factors (e.g., keyboarding skill, technology aptitude, familiarity with the language of the word processor) might influence these benefits. This study focused on the effects of writing with word processors for students with varying proficiency in English.
A Comparison of the Web Sites of Selected Southeastern Business Schools
Authors: Bradbard David A. , Voican Ana V.
Published: May 2005

For colleges and universities the World Wide Web enables an institution to reach many stakeholders. The purpose of this study is to examine the Web sites of thirty-seven selected schools of business in the Southeast. The Web sites of the schools were compared with one another and then were compared with highly ranked business school Web sites. Finally, the Web sites were compared with the Web sites of academically top ranked business schools as defined by recent surveys from US News and World Report.
On the Modeling of Educational Systems
Authors: Grauer Robert T. , Deutsch Stuart Jay
Published: May 2005

A simulation model of a suburban school district is synthesized by incorporating the results of multiple regression analysis within an Industrial Dynamics framework. The intermediate empirical analysis is described and results of the validation procedure for the final simulation model presented. Three computer experiments with the system model are run and the model's responses of scholastic achievement analyzed.
On the Use of Communication Technology as an Alternative to the Urban University: Issues and Models
Authors: Priemer R. , Laxpati S. , Rolfe H. , Conrad A.
Published: May 2005

The application of communication technology may be the fundamental component in the development and implementation of urban universities in the future. An alternative to the present urban university is the total integration of communication technology into the modes of delivering university services. A model of this alternative is essentially an information center with a large number of remote terminals to which university services are delivered through the use of communication networks. The development of this model is based on: the availability of resources, educational effectiveness, interaction with the urban community, and the capability of being easily accessed.
Inequality in the Social Consequences of Illness: How Well Do People with Long-Term Illness Fare in the British and Swedish Labor Markets?
Authors: Burström Bo , Whitehead Margaret , Lindholm Christina , Diderichsen Finn
Published: May 2005

The demand for unskilled labor has collapsed across industrialized societies, including Britain and Sweden, and rates of unemployment and economic inactivity have increased. The result is a reduction in total employment, primarily among men. These trends could be expected to hit particularly hard those people with chronic illness. The study tests two opposing hypotheses: (1) the increasingly flexible, deregulated labor market in Britain would result in an increased number of new jobs, and thus better employment opportunities for unskilled workers, including those with chronic illness; (2) the more regulated labor market in Sweden, with the associated health and social policies, would provide greater opportunities for jobs and job security for workers with chronic illness. Analysis of data on men from the British General Household Survey and the Swedish Survey of Living Conditions, 1979–1995, showed that employment rates were higher and rates of unemployment and economic inactivity were lower in Sweden than in Britain, and the differences in these rates across socioeconomic groups and between those with and without chronic illness were smaller in Sweden. The results support the hypothesis that active labor market policies and employment protection may increase the opportunities for people with chronic illness to remain in work.
Challenge to International Agencies
Authors: Taylor Carl E.
Published: May 2005

International health agencies face major changes requiring basic adjustments in approaches and values. The ethical issues include moral criteria for allocating scarce resources, relation of health to population growth and development, iatrogenic social consequences of health measures, and inappropriate transfer of technology. A proposed new style of international health work is summarized in five principles and ten guidelines. The principles are: development from below; a role shift from adviser collaborator; sequential research, demonstration, and implementation; concentration on problems of motivation; and partnership in approaches to mutually shared complex problems.
The Consistency across Vigilance and Reading Tasks of Individual Differences in the Occurrence of Task-Unrelated and Task-Related Images and Thoughts
Authors: Grodsky Alicia , Giambra Leonard M.
Published: May 2005

The production of task-unrelated (TUITs) and task-specific (TST) images and thoughts during vigilance, a shallow information processing task, and during reading, a semantic task requiring deep processing, was examined in thirty-nine 17- to 75-year-old men and women. High positive correlations resulted ( p < .01) between the vigilance and the reading tasks on the likelihood of having both deliberate and unintentional TUITs. However, relatively low between-task correlations resulted for TST frequency. The results indicate that low and high TUIT frequency individuals in the reading task will also have, respectively, low and high TUIT frequencies in the vigilance task. Thus, support for the notion of stable individual differences in TUIT production is indicated. No between-task consistency was evident for TST frequency. TST production may be more directly influenced by the immediate task, as opposed to an individual cognitive capacity for processing information.
Gender Differences and Similarities in Patterns of Drug Use and Attitudes of High School Students
Authors: Pascale Pietro J. , Evans William J.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this research was to study the results of a large scale drug survey of high school students in the context of the baseline data provided by four previous surveys. These surveys were conducted at three-year intervals beginning in 1977. The most recent survey contained self report data from 2,000 students representing fifteen schools in northeast Ohio. The instrument yields information on fourteen categories of drugs. Gender differences in drug use, perceived harmfulness of drugs, and age of first experimentation are reported. No gender differences were found in the reasons students give for turning to drugs. Baseline data from the four previous surveys comprised approximately 8,000 respondents.
Clinically Relevant Behaviors in Elderly Hip Fracture Inpatients
Authors: Dorra Helen H. , Lenze Eric J. , Kim Yookyung , Mulsant Benoit H. , Munin Michael C. , Dew Mary Amanda , Reynolds Charles F.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To examine the range of behaviors documented by inpatient rehabilitation staff and the association of these behaviors with functional outcome, in elderly persons undergoing rehabilitation after hip fracture.

Method:

Subjects were 137 patients, aged 60 and older, admitted to a rehabilitation hospital after a hip fracture, defined as having either a good or poor rehabilitation outcome based on change in Functional Independence Measure motor subscale scores during the course of their admission. Their charts were systematically reviewed for nursing and therapy staff documentation of behaviors. Prevalence of behaviors was compared between good and poor rehabilitation outcome groups.

Results:

Disturbances in cognition and rehabilitation participation were common and were associated with poorer rehabilitation outcome. Behaviors reflective of depression and anxiety were relatively uncommon and not associated with rehabilitation outcome.

Conclusions:

Rehabilitation staff frequently detect and document disturbances in cognition and participation that are associated with poorer rehabilitation outcome. It is recommended that staff observations be routinely added to mental health evaluations. Additionally, routine mental health screening and required staff documentation of behaviors would improve case detection rate.
The State of Neoliberalism in South Africa: Economic, Social, and Health Transformation in Question
Authors: Bond Patrick , Pillay Yogan G. , Sanders David
Published: May 2005

Recent overhauls of the South African government's ruling machinery, in the context of an ever-deepening commitment to neoliberal economic philosophy, have done serious, even irreparable harm to this country's political transformation. Notwithstanding some progress in policies adopted by the Department of Health, the March 1996 closure of the Reconstruction and Development Ministry and the subsequent announcement of a neoliberal macroeconomic policy have been cause for disgruntlement by those advocating progressive social and health policies.
Getting a Foot in the Electronic Door: The Process of Reading or Deleting Electronic Mail
Authors: Tuten Tracy L.
Published: May 2005

For researchers, a key issue in developing electronic mail as a survey method is to understand what factors are at play as a potential respondent chooses to open or delete a mail message. This research investigated the process by which individuals make decisions about opening and reading versus deleting electronic mail and also assessed attitudes toward electronic mail surveys. The sample received an electronic mail message followed by a telephone interview. Results indicated that individuals delete mail when the subject line does not interest them or when they do not recognize the name of the individual sending the e-mail. Those interviewed reacted favorably to e-mail surveys for scientific research despite issues of anonymity. However, respondents overwhelmingly described a dislike for commercially based electronic mail surveys.
Adapting to Illness through Family Groups
Authors: Huberty David J.
Published: May 2005

Counseling for medical patients and their families which focuses on the emotional adjustment to long-term hospitalization, illness and disability is relatively new to the medical setting. Only in recent years have hospitals begun to recognize their responsibility in responding to the emotional and social components of illness through structured programs geared specifically to this process of adaptation to illness.

Based on the assumption that families as well as patients experience emotional stress upon hospitalization of a family member, medical counseling groups were developed at St. Mary's Hospital and Extended Care Center in an effort to more effectively and efficiently support the patient and others in his family network.

This paper describes some practical measures for assuring family involvement in physical rehabilitation and discusses some possible methods of establishing such groups in a hospital setting. Case examples in the areas of stroke, cancer, diabetes, and coronary care illustrate the encouraging results of these groups.
Coordination of Instruction and Reinforcement as Enhancers of the Effectiveness of Computer-Assisted Instruction
Authors: Gourgey Annette F.
Published: May 2005

Three conditions of administration of drill-and-practice computer-assisted instruction were studied: CAI lessons coordinated with formal classroom instruction, CAI with reinforcement for good performance, and CAI alone. Seventy-seven grade 4 to 8 remedial students studied reading; 124 studied math. All three groups gained in achievement. In reading, the reinforcement condition was most effective, with no significant difference between CAI with coordinated instruction and CAI alone. In math, CAI with coordinated instruction was most effective, with no significant difference between CAI with reinforcement and CAI alone. It was concluded that type of administration affects CAI effectiveness, that motivation may strongly affect achievement in reading, and that formal instruction combined with CAI is essential for conceptual understanding in mathematics.
Exporting Exploitation: The Dumping of U.S. Banned Pharmaceuticals in LDC's
Authors: Friedman Julie A. , Alkhateeb Waleed
Published: May 2005

United States pharmaceutical companies are marketing or manufacturing drugs in less developed countries which add hazards to the diseases they are intended to control. For many pharmaceutical companies the financial benefits outweigh any possible risks. In many cases U.S. export laws and other nations' import laws are not enforced and people are denied their right to be provided with full unbiased disclosure of all medications they are considering consenting to.
Quantifying Aesthetic Preference for Chaotic Patterns
Authors: Aks Deborah J. , Sprott Julien C.
Published: May 2005

Art and nature provide much of their aesthetic appeal from a balance of simplicity and complexity, and order and unpredictability. Recently, complex natural patterns have been produced by simple mathematical equations whose solutions appear unpredictable (chaotic). Yet the simplicity and determinism of the equations ensure a degree of order in the resulting patterns. The first experiment shows how aesthetic preferences correlate with the fractal dimension ( F) and the Lyapunov exponent ( L) of the patterns. F reflects the extent that space is filled and L represents the unpredictability of the dynamical process that produced the pattern. Results showed that preferred patterns had an average F = 1.26 and an average L = 0.37 bits per iteration, corresponding to many natural objects. The second experiment is a preliminary test of individual differences in preferences. Results suggest that self-reported creative individuals have a marginally greater preference for high F patterns and self-reported scientific individuals preferred high L patterns. Objective tests suggest that creative individuals had a slightly greater preference for patterns with a low F.
Perceptions of Estimated Pain Experienced During Execution: Effects of Gender and Belief in Capital Punishment
Authors: Pratarelli Marc E. , Bishop Jeffrey L.
Published: May 2005

Little is known about the pain experienced by a condemned person during different methods of execution. Even less is known about the perceptions people have about what the condemned person might experience during execution. Seven different methods of execution studied by Hillman (1993) suggest that the possible pain experienced varies across methods. The seven methods were rank ordered from most to least painful. A 5-point Likert scale was used with undergraduate students to rate the seven methods on perceived painfulness. Results revealed effects of gender, method of execution, but not belief in capital punishment. Women rated pain significantly higher than men. With the exception of stoning and lethal injection, the remaining five methods were not ordered like the Hillman criteria might predict. These results demonstrate that perceptions of the amount of pain experienced by condemned individuals are not based on what the empirical evidence would predict, but rather on some combination of experiential factors and bias from media portrayals, the value one places on capital punishment, and empathy.
The Content of Self- and Other-Concepts: A Network Perspective
Authors: Field Nigel P. , Hart Daniel , Horowitz Mardi J.
Published: May 2005

The predictive value of the network perspective on the content of person-concepts was investigated in two studies. A number of predictions were tested based on the positive relationship between person-concept feature centrality and accessibility derived from the network model. Consistent with a network account of person-concept feature centrality, it was expected that features spontaneously generated by subjects when asked to describe a particular person would be shown to be more accessible on independent indices of accessibility within the context of the same person relative to features that were freely generated for a different person target and nomothetic features. Study 1 attempted to demonstrate that yes-no person-referent descriptiveness judgments involving spontaneously generated features would be made more quickly relative to the other two categories of features. Utilizing an experience-sampling methodology, Study 2 attempted to show that spontaneously offered features would be applied more often to the person for which they were generated when thinking about him or her in ongoing thought. The findings in both studies were consistent with predictions. Because reaction-time and frequency measures are independent indices of accessibility, the convergent findings across the two studies provide compelling support for the predictive utility of the network model.
The Training Effectiveness Algorithm
Authors: Cantor Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this article is to describe the Training Effectiveness Algorithm. The Training Effectiveness Algorithm is to provide a systematic procedure for identifying the cause of a reported training problem in a training system or program within an ongoing organization. This Algorithm was developed for use in the U.S. Navy's submarine program. As a two step procedure it uses job incumbents and available resources to analyze and identify problems within the training program. Its usefulness for assisting in programs outside of the Navy becomes apparent.
Influences of Age and Gender on Workers' Goals for Retirement
Authors: Hershey Douglas A. , Jacobs-Lawson Joy M. , Neukam Kirstan A.
Published: May 2005

Having clear goals for retirement is a critical determinant of life satisfaction and adjustment during the post-employment transition period. The purpose of the present study was to explore individuals' goals for retirement and determine whether age and gender differences exist among those goals. A sample of 55 working adults (aged 20–67) were asked to list their retirement goals. Items contained on respondents' lists were then classified into a taxonomy of retirement goals adapted from the work of LaPierre, Bastin, and Bouffard (1997). Both age and gender differences were identified in the concreteness of individuals' goals. Additionally, the number of retirement goals individuals hold decreased across the lifespan. Results also revealed patterns of age and gender differences across the various coding categories in the goal taxonomy. Findings are discussed in terms of the applied benefits of understanding the retirement goals of American workers.
Medical Noncompliance
Authors: Zisook Sidney , Gammon Elizabeth
Published: May 2005

Increasingly recognized as a major medical health problem, non-compliant patient behavior remains one of the least understood and most frustrating phenomena facing today's physicians. Although no single characteristic of behavior adequately defines the potential non-complier, a variety of factors raises the index of physician suspicion. This paper examines four general categories affecting non-compliant behavior: patient factors, illness factors, therapeutic regimen factors, and physician-patient interaction factors. Based on these elements, a set of management implications is defined and discussed as possible deterrents to non-compliant behavior.
A Structured Psychiatric Interview for Use in Epidemiological Studies of Mental Disorder
Authors: Warder John
Published: May 2005

The Structured Psychiatric Interview is intended for use in surveys of population subgroups defined in terms of nonpsychiatric criteria including, for example, general medical patients. Its purpose is to elicit evidence of current mental pathology, utilizing the essential clinical skills of the examiner within the context of a structured situation. No diagnostic inferences are made at this stage. (Such inferences would be both inappropriate and unwise without additional information about the individual subject.) Unlike some existing structured interviews, it does not purport to be a “psychological test for psychopathology,” thus avoiding questionable assumptions about the propriety of summating molecular behaviors to arrive at a “quantitative evaluation of the individual for psychopathology.” Insofar as it represents an organized phenomenological examination, it will be of value in the individual case, but it remains primarily an epidemiological instrument for economic measurements of mental disorder within and between populations.
Racial Inequalities in Health: A Challenge to the British National Health Service
Authors: Baxter Carol , Baxter David
Published: May 2005

The existence of racial inequalities in health in the United Kingdom is examined using both indirect and direct data. The evidence strongly supports the view that the health experience of black and other ethnic minority groups is worse than that of the indigenous white population. Ways of improving this situation are outlined; they indicate the need for a coordinated Health service response incorporating planning, training, and equal opportunities in both service provision and employment practices.
How a Cross-Cultural Learning Community Facilitates Student Retention and Contributes to Student Learning
Authors: Hlyva Oksana , Schuh John
Published: May 2005

This article presents the findings from a qualitative study that sought to learn about students' perceptions of a Cross-Cultural Learning Community (CCLC) at a large Midwestern University. The article focuses on three major areas that emerged as a result of focus groups: 1) students' reasons for joining the CCLC, 2) the role of the CCLC in the students' transition to the university, and 3) CCLC participants' cross-cultural learning experiences. After theoretical frameworks are discussed, the findings related to the three major areas are presented. The article concludes with implications for further research.
Designing, Developing, and Marketing Multimedia Products
Authors: Allen Anna , Randall Sonja
Published: May 2005

In the future, more and more technical writers across the discipline are likely to become involved in designing and developing multimedia products. Entering this new, challenging, and rewarding field requires retooling current skills used in the production of text-based information products to add knowledge of a wider range of media, including audio, video, computer graphics, digital photography, and authoring systems. This article presents an overview of the process of bringing a multimedia product to the point of sale.