bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aquiflexum
Authors: Brettar Ingrid , Christen Richard , Höfle Manfred G.
Published: July 2015

A.qui.fle'xum. L. fem. n.
aqua
water; L. part. adj.
flexus ‐a ‐um
bent, winding; N.L. neut. n.
Aquiflexum
to indicate the bacterium's aquatic origin and its long flexible rods.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cyclobacteriaceae / Aquiflexum

Rods
,
occurring singly or in chains of up to five cells
.
Nonmotile
(no flagella, no gliding activity),
Gram‐stain‐negative
.
Aerobic
.
Heterotrophic
. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive. Cells contain a
high percentage of branched‐chain fatty acids
(>80%), and of
C

15
:
0

anteiso.
Cells contain carotenoids
but no flexirubin.
NaCl
is
not needed for growth
, but growth is
improved
by its presence.
Nitrate
is reduced to nitrite.
Gelatin is hydrolyzed
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 38.4 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Aquiflexum balticum
Brettar, Christen and Höfle 2004b, 2339
VP
.
Cyclobacterium
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Cy.clo.bac.ter'i.um. Gr. n.
cyclos
a circle L. neut. n.
bacterium
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Cyclobacterium
a circle‐shaped bacterium.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cyclobacteriaceae / Cyclobacterium

Cells are curved
,
ring‐like or horseshoe‐shaped
.
Nonmotile
.
Colonies on Marine agar
(
MA
)
are pink and shiny
.
Aerobic
,

having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with O
2
as the terminal electron acceptor

. Neutrophilic and mesophilic. Chemo‐organotrophic. Optimal growth temperature range is 25–30°C. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. The major cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
iso, summed feature 3(C
15:0
iso 2‐OH and/or C
16:1
ω7c), C
17:1
iso ω9c, C
17:0
iso 3‐OH, and C
15:0
anteiso.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 41–45.

Type species
:
Cyclobacterium marinum
corrig. (Raj 1976) Raj and Maloy 1990, 346
VP
[
Flectobacillus marinus
(Raj 1976) Borrall and Larkin 1978, 301
AL
;
Microcyclus marinus
Raj 1976 , 540].
Echinicola
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga I. , Kim Seung Bum
Published: July 2015

E.chi.ni.co'la. L. masc. n.
echinus ‐i
a sea urchin; L. suff. ‐
cola
derived from L. masc. or fem. n.
incola
a dweller; N.L. fem. n.
Echinicola
a sea‐urchin dweller.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cyclobacteriaceae / Echinicola

Rods
usually measuring 0.3–0.5 × 1.1–2.3 µm.
Motile by gliding
. Produce non‐diffusible carotenoid pigments. No flexirubin‐type pigments are formed.
Chemo‐organotrophs
.
Aerobic
. Can ferment
D
‐glucose. Oxidase‐, catalase‐, alkaline phosphatase‐, and β‐galactosidase‐positive.
Starch is hydrolyzed
. Casein, urea, chitin, and cellulose (CM‐cellulose and filter paper) are not decomposed, but agar, gelatin, and Tweens may be decomposed. Carbohydrates are utilized. Can grow without seawater or sodium ions. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Indole is not produced.
The major respiratory quinone is MK‐7
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 44–s.

Type species
:
Echinicola pacifica
Nedashkovskaya, Kim, Vancanneyt, Lysenko, Shin, Park, Lee, Jung, Kalinovskaya, Mikhailov, Bae and Swings 2006, 955
VP
.
Rhodonellum
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Rho.do.nell.um. Gr. neut. n.
rhodon
a rose; L. neut. dim. ending ‐
ellum
; N.L. dim. neut. n.
Rhodonellum
a small rose, referring to the red color of the colonies.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cyclobacteriaceae / Rhodonellum

Rods 0.7–1.0 × 0.8–3.0 µm. Gram‐stain‐negative. Oxidase‐negative. Catalase‐positive. Aerobic. Chemoheterotrophic.
Colonies are pink to red due to carotenoids
.
Temperature range
,
0–22
°
C
;
optimum
,
ca
.
5
°
C
.
pH range
,
7
.
5–10
.
7
when grown at 5–10°C.
NaCl range for growth
,
0–3
%; optimum, 0.6%. Predominant fatty acids are C
17:1
iso ω9
c
, C
17:0
iso 3‐OH (12.5–18.5%), and summed feature 3. Cells contain red pigment in the form of carotenoids. Optimal growth occurs above pH 9. NaCl is not required for growth, but growth is enhanced by the presence of up to 0.6% NaCl.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 44.2.

Type species
:
Rhodonellum psychrophilum
Schmidt, Priemé and Stougaard 2006, 2891
VP
.
Adhaeribacter
Authors: Gilbert Peter , Rickard Alexander H.
Published: July 2015

Ad.haer'i.bac.ter. L. v.
adhaereo
,
adhaere
to
ADHERE
to, to stick fast; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
from Gr. n.
baktron
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Adhaeribacter
sticky rod.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Adhaeribacter

Rods
, about 0.9–1.7 by 2.8–4.1 µm. In batch culture, mean size is dependent upon the phase of growth. During exponential growth, the rods occur singly, in aggregates, and in chains of up to approximately 4 cells in length. In the stationary phase, the cells occur singly. Cells are Gram‐stain‐negative, non‐sporulating, nonflagellated, and nonmotile. Growth occurs in liquid and on solid interfaces. Strictly aerobic.
Chemoheterotrophic
. Temperature range for growth, 4–37°C; optimum, 30°C. Limited
NaCl tolerance
; growth occurs between 0–4.0% (w/v) NaCl.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40.0.

Type species
:
Adhaeribacter aquaticus
Rickard, Stead, O'May, Lindsay, Banner, Handley and Gilbert 2005, 827
VP
.
Cytophaga
Authors: Nakagawa Yasuyoshi
Published: July 2015

Cy.to'pha.ga. Gr. n.
cytos
vessel, container, and in biology a cell; Gr. v.
phagein
to eat; N.L. fem. n.
Cytophaga
devourer of cell; intended to mean devourer of cell wall, cellulose digester.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Cytophaga

Moderately long flexible rods
0.3–0.5 µm wide and 2–10 µm long with slightly tapering ends.
Motile by gliding
. Nonspore‐forming. Resting stages are absent. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Chemo‐organotrophic. Cell mass is yellow to orange owing to carotenoids, flexirubin‐type pigments, or both. Oxidase‐positive. Catalase‐negative. Terrestrial organisms, common in soil. The optimum pH for growth is 7. Crystalline cellulose (filter paper) and carboxymethyl cellulose are degraded. The major respiratory quinone is MK‐7. The major polyamine is homospermidine.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 37–42.

Type species
:
Cytophaga hutchinsonii
Winogradsky 1929, 578
AL
.
Dyadobacter
Authors: Reddy Gundlapally S.N. , Garcia‐Pichel Ferran
Published: July 2015

Dy.a.do.bac' ter. G. n.
dyas
two in number, pair; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
from the Gr. n.
baktron
rod or staff; N.L. masc. n.
Dyadobacter
rod or staff occurring in pairs.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Dyadobacter

Rods
, 0.75–2 µm in length,
in straight to curved arrangements
,
occurring in pairs
(Figure 1)
in young cultures and forming chains of coccoid cells in old cultures
. Nonmotile. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐negative. Aerobic, chemoorganoheterotrophs, unable to hydrolyze cellulose or starch or gelatin. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive.
Cells produce a non‐diffusible
,
yellow
,
flexirubin‐like pigment
.
The major fatty acids are C

15
:
0

iso,
C

16
:
1

ω

5
c
and C

16
:
1

ω

7
c

.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 44–49.

Type species
:
Dyadobacter fermentans
Chelius and Triplett 2000, 756
VP
.
Flectobacillus
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Flec.to.ba.cil'lus. L. v.
flecto
to curve; L. masc. n.
bacillus
a little staff, rod; N.L. masc. n.
Flectobacillus
little curved rod.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Flectobacillus

Curved
,
nonflexible rods
with variable degrees of curvature from cell to cell.

Most cells of
Flectobacillus major
are shaped like the letter C

(wide‐open rings), and
sometimes cell ends touch or overlap
(closed rings). Coils are less common, and spiral forms are rare. The outer ring diameter is 5–10 µm, and the cell width is 0.6–2.0 µm. The ends of the cells are tapered or rounded or both.

Cells of
Flectobacillus lacus
are almost straight rods

. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Nonflagellated and nonmotile
. Colonies are 2–6 mm in diameter with a
pale pink or rose‐color due to a water‐insoluble pigment
. No growth occurs in media containing seawater or 3.0% NaCl.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
Oxidase‐positive
. Chemo‐organotrophic but not methylotrophic. The natural habitats are freshwater lakes and eutrophic ponds.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 38.3–40.3.

Type species
:
Flectobacillus major
(Gromov 1963) Larkin, Williams and Taylor 1977, 155
AL
(
Microcyclus major
Gromov 1963, 733).
Larkinella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Lar.ki.nel'la. N.L. dim. fem. n.
Larkinella
named in honor of the American microbiologist John M. Larkin, who described the family
Spirosomaceae
in co‐authorship with Renée Borrall.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Larkinella

Ring‐like and horseshoe‐shaped cells
0.5–0.9 µm wide and with an outer diameter of 1.5–3.0 µm.
Coils or helices are not formed
.
Motile by gliding
. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐negative. Strictly aerobic.
Produce non‐diffusible pale‐pink pigments
.
Flexirubin‐type pigments are absent
. Chemo‐organotrophic. Oxidase‐, catalase‐, and alkaline phosphatase‐positive.
Acid is not produced from a large variety of carbohydrates
,
including cellobiose
,
fructose
,
galactose
,
glucose
,
and sucrose
. Dominant cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
iso, C
16:1
ω5
c
, C
17:0
iso 3‐OH, and summed feature 3 (comprising C
15:0
iso 2‐OH, C
16:1
ω7
c
, and/or C
16:1
ω7
t
). The main isoprenoid quinone is MK‐7.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 53.

Type species
:
Larkinella insperata
Vancanneyt, Nedashkovskaya, Snauwaert, Mortier, Vandemeulebroecke, Hoste, Dawyndt, Frolova, Janssens and Swings 2006, 239
VP
.
Leadbetterella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Lead.bet.te.rel'la. N.L. dim. fem. n.
Leadbetterella
named in honor of Edward R. Leadbetter, who studied bacteria belonging to the
CFB
group.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Leadbetterella

Rods 0.6–0.9 × 2–7 µm. Nonmotile.
No gliding motility
. Strictly aerobic. Gram‐stain‐negative. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive. Colonies are orange.
Flexirubin‐type pigments are present
.
Growth occurs in the presence of 1
%
NaCl but not 3
%. Several carbohydrates are used as sole carbon sources. Esculin, gelatin, starch, and tyrosine are degraded. Major fatty acids are C
16:1
ω7
c
/C
15:0
iso 2‐OH, C
15:0
iso, C
15:0
iso 2‐OH/C
16:1
ω7
c
, C
17:0
iso 3‐OH, and C
16:0
. The respiratory quinone is MK‐7. Isolated from cotton‐waste composts.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 33.

Type species
:
Leadbetterella byssophila
Weon, Kim, Kwon, Park, Cha, Tindall, Stackebrandt, Trüper and Go 2005, 2299
VP
.
Meniscus
Authors: Irgens Roar L.
Published: July 2015

Me.nis'cus. N.L. masc. n.
meniscus
(from Gr. masc. n.
mêniskos
) crescent moon.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Meniscus

Curved or straight rods
, 0.7–1.0 µm in diameter and 2.0–3.0 µm in length. Cultures may contain single cells, pairs, tightly coiled spirals, S shapes (two cells, one inverted), and doughnut‐shaped cells, where the ends are overlapping before division by binary fission. “Rings” have outer diameters of about 3.0 µm. Single polar flagellum. Stains
Gram‐negative
.
Nonmotile
.
Resting stages not known
.
Encapsulated
.
Gas vacuoles
arranged at random within cells.
Colonies chalky white
. Chemo‐organotrophic; strictly
fermentative
metabolism with no gas production.
Catalase‐and oxidase‐negative
.
Aerotolerantly anaerobic
; capable of growth under an air atmosphere when at least 1% CO
2
is present. Vitamin B
12
, thiamin and CO
2
are required for growth. Optimum temperature, 30°C. No growth at 10 or 40°C. Isolated from anaerobic digester sludge.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 44.9 (Bd).

Type species
:
Meniscus glaucopis
Irgens 1977, 42
AL
.
Microscilla
Authors: Nakagawa Yasuyoshi
Published: July 2015

Mic.ro.scil'la. Gr. adj.
micros
small; L. n.
oscillum
swing; N.L. fem. n.
Microscilla
intended to mean small swinging organisms.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Microscilla

Long thin flexible threadlike rods
usually 10–100 µm long or longer.
Motile by gliding
. Cell mass more or less intensely
orange
.
Strictly aerobic and chemo‐organotrophic
. All grow on peptones as sole source of nitrogen. Chitin and cellulose are not attacked, but other polysaccharides including carboxymethyl cellulose may be decomposed.
Marine
organisms. No growth occurs in half‐strength seawater.

DNA G+C content (mol%)
: 37–44.

Type species
:
Microscilla marina
Pringsheim 1951, 140, emend. Lewin 1969, 201
AL
.
Pontibacter
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga I. , Kim Seung Bum
Published: July 2015

Pon.ti.bac'ter L. masc. n.
pontus
the sea; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
from Gr. n.
baktron
rod, N.L. masc. n.
Pontibacter
a marine bacterium.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Pontibacter

Rods
usually measuring 0.3–0.7 × 1.2–1.9 µm.
Can move by gliding.
Produce non‐diffusible pink pigments. No flexirubin‐type pigments are formed.
Chemo‐organotrophic. Strictly aerobic
. Oxidase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase and β‐galactosidase‐positive.
Esculin, gelatin, and DNA are hydrolyzed
. Casein, Tween 80, chitin, and cellulose (CM‐cellulose and filter paper) are not degraded, but agar, starch, and Tweens 20 and 40 may be decomposed. Carbohydrates are utilized. Can grow without seawater or sodium ions. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Indole and H
2
S are not produced.
The major respiratory quinone is MK‐7
.

DNA G+C content (mol%)
: 48–52.

Type species
:
Pontibacter actiniarum
Nedashkovskaya, Kim, Suzuki, Shevchenko, Lee, Lee, Park, Frolova, Oh, Bae, Park and Mikhailov 2005c, 2585
VP
.
Runella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Ru.nel'la. M.E. n.
rune
an ancient alphabet; L. fem. dim. ending ‐
ella
; N.L. fem. n.
Runella
that which resembles figures of the runic alphabet.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Runella

Rigid straight to curved rods
, the degree of curvature varying among cells within a culture. In one species (
Runella slithyformis
), the cells range from nearly straight to
crescent‐shaped
, but the ends of a cell may overlap, producing a
ring‐like structure
with an outside diameter of 2.0–3.0 µm; in addition, filaments up to 14 µm long may also be produced, and on rare occasions, a coil of two to three turns may be produced. In other species, the cells are either
long and filamentous
or
straight to slightly bent rods
instead of crescent‐shaped or ring‐like as found with
Runella slithyformis
. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Nonmotile
. Resting stages are not known.
Aerobic
.

Runella slithyformis
has a strictly respiratory metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor and produces acid oxidatively from a few carbohydrates

,

whereas
Runella zeae
can ferment sugars

. Optimum temperature, 20–35°C.
Colonies contain a pale pink or salmon‐colored water‐insoluble pigment
. Catalase is either positive or weakly positive. The oxidase reaction differs among species. Chemo‐organotrophic. In those species so far tested, the major quinone is MK‐7. Isolated from
freshwater
(
Runella slithyformis
), activated sludge (
Runella limosa
and
Runella defluvii
), and the

stems of
Zea mays

(
Runella zeae
).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40–49.

Type species
:
Runella slithyformis
Larkin and Williams 1978, 35
AL
.
Spirosoma
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Spi.ro.so'ma. Gr. n.
spira
coil; Gr. neut. n.
soma
body; N.L. neut. n.
Spirosoma
coiled body.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Spirosoma

Rigid
straight to curved rods
, the degree of curvature varying among individual cells within a culture. The cells measure 0.5–1.0 µm × 1.5–10.8 µm.
Rings 1
.
5–3
.
0
μ
m in outer diameter are formed by overlapping of the ends of a cell
in some species.
Coils and helices may be present
. Long sinuous filaments up to 50 µm long may be present. Gram‐stain‐negative.
No swimming motility occurs
.
Gliding motility is present
(Vancanneyt et al., 2006). Resting stages are not known.
Obligate or facultative aerobes
. Acids are produced aerobically from a variety of carbohydrates. Optimum temperature, 20–30°C.
Colonies contain a pale to light yellow
,
water‐insoluble carotenoid pigment
.
Catalase‐positive
and oxidase‐negative or positive depending upon the species. Chemo‐organotrophic. Isolated from soil and freshwater sources.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 51–53 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Spirosoma linguale
(Eisenberg 1891) Migula 1894, 235
AL
.
Sporocytophaga
Authors: Leadbetter Edward R.
Published: July 2015

Spo.ro.cy.toph'a.ga. Gr. n.
spora
a seed, and in biology a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Cytophaga
genus name of a bacterium; N.L. fem. n.
Sporocytophaga
sporing
Cytophaga
.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Sporocytophaga

Flexible rods with rounded ends, 0.3–0.5 × 5–8 µm, occurring singly. Sphaeroplasts and distorted cells occur in older cultures. A resting stage, the microcyst, is formed. Motile by gliding. Stains Gram‐negative. Chemo‐organotrophs.
Strict aerobe
. Metabolism is respiratory, with molecular oxygen used as terminal electron acceptor.
Cellobiose
,
cellulose
,
glucose
and, for some strains,
mannose are the only known sources of carbon and energy
. Agar and chitin are not known to be metabolized. Either ammonium or nitrate ions, or peptone, urea or yeast extract, can serve as sole nitrogen source. Amino acids, peptones, yeast extract or nutrient agar (Difco) cannot serve as sole carbon and energy sources. No organic growth factor requirements are known.
Catalase‐positive
. Temperature optimum: ~30°C.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36 (Bd).

Type species
:
Sporocytophaga myxococcoides
(Krzemieniewska 1933) Stanier 1940, 629
AL
.
Fabibacter
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Fa.bi.bac'ter. L. fem. n.
faba
bean; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Fabibacter
bean(‐like) rod. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Flammeovirgaceae / Fabibacter

Curved rods
0.5 × 1.5 µm. Gram‐stain‐negative. Strictly aerobic.
Gliding motility is present
. Chemo‐organotrophic. Colonies on marine agar are pink. The major respiratory quinone is MK‐7.
Flexirubin‐type pigments are not produced
.
Acid is produced from carbohydrates
. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive.
Tween 80 is hydrolyzed but not gelatin
.
NaCl is not required for growth
. Isolated from the marine sponge
Tedania ignis
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 42.5.

Type species
:
Fabibacter halotolerans
Lau, Tsoi, Li, Plakhotnikova, Dobretsov, Wu, Wong, Pawlik and Qian 2006, 1062
VP
.
Flammeovirga
Authors: Nakagawa Yasuyoshi
Published: July 2015

Flam.me.o.vir'ga. L. adj.
flammeus
fire‐colored; L. fem. n.
virga
rod; N.L. fem. n.
Flammeovirga
fire‐colored rod.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Flammeovirgaceae / Flammeovirga

Rods
0.4–0.9 µm wide and 1.7–96 µm long or longer.
Motile by gliding
. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Chemo‐organotrophic.
Colonies spread and produce large gelase fields and deep craters in agar plates. Cell mass is orange to reddish orange
. Saproxanthin is present as the major carotenoid pigment.
Flexirubin‐type pigments are absent
. Oxidase and catalase activities differ among species.
Marine organisms
.
Seawater is required for growth
;
NaCl alone can substitute
. The optimum pH for growth is 7. Nitrate is reduced. Agar, alginic acid, esculin, and starch are degraded. The major respiratory quinone is MK‐7. Predominant cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
iso, C
20:4
ω6,9,12,15
c
, and C
16:0
3‐OH.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 31–36.

Type species
:
Flammeovirga aprica
(Reichenbach 1989b) Nakagawa, Hamana, Sakane and Yamasato 1997, 221
VP
emend. Takahashi, Suzuki and Nakagawa 2006, 2099
VP
[
Cytophaga aprica
(
ex
Lewin 1969) Reichenbach 1989c, 495
VP
;
Cytophaga diffluens
var.
aprica
Lewin 1969, 197].
Flexithrix
Authors: Nakagawa Yasuyoshi
Published: July 2015

Flex'i.thrix. L. part. adj.
flexus
flexible; Gr. fem. n.
thrix
hair; N.L. fem. n.
Flexithrix
flexible hair (flexible rod).

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Flammeovirgaceae / Flexithrix

Rods
0.4–0.9 µm wide and 1.5–70 µm long or longer.
Motile by gliding
. Nonsporeforming. Sheath is present or not. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Aerobic
. Chemo‐organotrophic.
The cell mass is golden yellow to yellow
. Zeaxanthin is present as the major carotenoid pigment.
Flexirubin‐type pigments are absent
. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive. Urease activity is negative or weakly positive.
Marine organisms. Seawater is required for growth; NaCl alone can substitute
. The optimum pH for growth is 7. Nitrate is not reduced. H
2
S and indole are not produced. Esculin, gelatin, starch, and Tween 80 are degraded. The major respiratory quinone is MK‐7. Predominant cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
iso and C
16:1
ω5
c
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35–37.

Type species
:
Flexithrix dorotheae
Lewin 1970, 511
AL
emend. Hosoya and Yokota 2007b, 1087
VP
emend.
Persicobacter
Authors: Nakagawa Yasuyoshi
Published: July 2015

Per.si.co.bac'ter. Gr. neut. n.
persikon
peach; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Persicobacter
peach rod, because the organism is a peach‐colored rod.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Flammeovirgaceae / Persicobacter

Slender rods
0.4–0.6 µm wide and 0.9–30 µm long or longer.
Motile by gliding
. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Facultatively anaerobic
. Chemo‐organotrophic.
Colonies spread and produce large gelase fields and deep craters in agar plates
. The
cell mass is pink to orange
. Saproxanthin is present as the major carotenoid pigment.
Flexirubin‐type pigments are absent
. Oxidase‐ and urease‐negative. Strongly or weakly catalase‐positive.
Marine organisms
.
Seawater is required for growth
;
NaCl alone can substitute
. The optimum pH for growth is 7. Nitrate is reduced. H
2
S and indole are not produced. Agar, alginic acid, esculin, and gelatin are degraded. Starch is weakly degraded. The major respiratory quinone is MK‐7. Predominant cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
iso and C
17:0
iso 3‐OH.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 42–44.

Type species
:
Persicobacter diffluens
(Reichenbach 1989b) Nakagawa, Hamana, Sakane, Yamasato 1997, 222
VP
[
Cytophaga diffluens
(
ex
Stanier 1940) Reichenbach 1989c, 495
VP
;
Cytophaga diffluens
Stanier 1940, 623 emend. mut. char. Lewin 1969, 197].
Salinibacter
Authors: Antón Josefa , Amann Rudolf , Rosselló‐Mora Ramon
Published: July 2015

Sa.li.ni.bac'ter. L. fem. pl. n.
salinae
salterns, salt‐works; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
masc. equivalent of the Gr. neut. n.
baktron
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Salinibacter
a rod from salt‐works.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Incertae sedis II / Rhodothermaceae / Salinibacter

Rod‐shaped
, often slightly curved. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Motile
by means of flagella. Obligately
aerobic
. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Nitrate is not reduced.
Extremely halophilic
, requiring at least 15% NaCl (w/v) to grow; optimum, 20–30%. Chemoheterotrophic. Grows best at low substrate concentrations; high levels of organic compounds may be inhibitory. Amino acids are the preferred substrates for growth.
Salinibacter
strains form a deep branch of the phylum
Bacteroidetes
of the domain
Bacteria
. Colonies are
bright red/orange
‐pigmented. Among the most salt‐tolerant and salt‐requiring strains within the bacterial domain.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 66.3–67.7 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Salinibacter ruber
Antón, Oren, Benlloch, Rodríguez‐Valera, Amann and Rosselló‐Mora 2002, 490
VP
.
Toxothrix
Authors: Hirsch Peter
Published: July 2015

To.xo'thrix. Gr. n.
toxon
a bow; Gr. fem. n.
thrix
a thread; N.L. fem. n.
Toxothrix
bent thread.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Incertae sedis IV / Incertae sedis / Toxothrix

Cells cylindrical
, colorless, 0.5–0.75×3–6 µm, in
filaments
(trichomes)
up to 400 µm long
. A dense body (
polyphosphate
?) is often located at either end of the cell (Figure 1). Gram reaction not recorded.
Filaments often U‐shaped
(Figure 1a and b) and
rotating while slowly moving forward with the rounded part in the lead
; a
mucoid substance
, excreted from several sites on the trailing ends,
is deposited as a double track
(“railroad track”)
of twisted strings
each 0.2 µm wide (Figure 1).
Fan‐shaped structures may be deposited laterally
along the tracks, as the arms of the U move from side to side, and between the tracks, as a result of the middle section being lifted and then touched down again (Figure 1; Krul et al., 1970).
Oxidized iron may be deposited on the mucoid threads
, rendering them yellowish brown and brittle and giving them a diameter of 2.5 µm. Pure cultures have not been obtained, but chemoorganothrophic and psychrophilic cultures have been maintained for long periods at 5 and 10°C.
Filaments are extremely fragile during laboratory examination
, and
explosive disintegration of filaments has been observed after short periods under the microscope
. Grow attached to surfaces and develop best at reduced oxygen tensions (Hässelbarth and Lüdemann, 1967) and slightly below neutrality (pH 5.1–7.7). Originally found in water reservoir near the Biological Station at the Dnjepr River in the U.S.S.R. Widely distributed in cold iron springs, brooks, forest ponds, and lakes containing ferrous iron and with reduced oxygen tension (Hirsch, 1981).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): not known.

Type species
:
Toxothrix trichogenes
(Cholodny 1924) Beger
in
Beger and Bringmann 1953, 332
AL
.
Brumimicrobium
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: July 2015

Bru'mi.mi.cro'bi.um. L. fem. n.
bruma
winter; N.L. neut. n.
microbium
microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Brumimicrobium
winter microbe.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Cryomorphaceae / Brumimicrobium

Cells are slender, flexible
rods with rounded ends
, 1–3 µm×0.3–0.5 µm, occurring singly or in pairs.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Spores, resting cells, and gas vesicles are not present.
Gliding motility is present. Colonies are orange. Flexirubin pigments are not produced. Facultatively anaerobic. Possesses an oxidative metabolism under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic growth conditions the metabolism shifts to the fermentation of sugars
. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase‐negative.

Chemoheterotrophic. Non‐agarolytic. Utilizes
D
‐glucose

. Reduces nitrate to nitrite. Strains
require Na
+
and yeast extract
for growth. Peptone can serve as a nitrogen source. Psychroactive. Slightly halophilic. Major fatty acids are C
13:0
iso, C
15:0
iso, and C
15:1
anteiso ω10
c
.
Isolated from polar marine sediment and sea‐ice algal assemblages
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 38–40.

Type species
:
Brumimicrobium glaciale
Bowman, Nichols and Gibson 2003, 1352
VP
.
Crocinitomix
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: July 2015

Cro.cin.i.to'mix L. adj.
crocinus
of or pertaining to saffron; L. fem. n.
tomix
a string or thread; N.L. fem. n.
Crocinitomix
saffron‐colored thread (filament).

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Cryomorphaceae / Crocinitomix

Cells are short
rods with rounded ends or filaments
, 0.3–0.5×0.5→20 µm. Occur singly or in pairs.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Spores, resting cells, and gas vesicles not present.
Gliding motility is present
.
Colonies are yellow
.
Flexirubin pigments are not produced
.
Strictly aerobic
,
having an oxidative type of metabolism
. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase‐negative.
Chemoheterotrophic
.
Non‐agarolytic
.
Carbohydrates are not utilized
. Acid is not formed from carbohydrates. Strains
require Na
+
and yeast extract
for growth. Growth occurs between 0 and 30°C, with optimal growth yield at 20–22°C and pH 6–8. Major fatty acids are C
15:0
, C
15:0
iso, C
15:1
iso ω10
c
, C
15:1
ω11
c
, and C
16:1
ω12
c
.
Isolated from beneath frozen sand of the marine upper littoral zone
(
Subarctic Alaska
).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35.

Type species
:
Crocinitomix catalasitica
(Lewin 1969) Bowman, Nichols and Gibson 2003, 1353
VP
(
Microscilla aggregans
subsp.
catalatica
Lewin 1969, 197).
Cryomorpha
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: July 2015

Cry.o.mor'pha. Gr. neut. n.
kryos
icy cold, frost; Gr. fem. n.
morphe
shape or form; N.L. fem. n.
Cryomorpha
cold shape.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Cryomorphaceae / Cryomorpha

Cells are slender, flexible
rods with rounded ends
, 0.3–0.5 µm×0.5–3 µm. Occur singly or in pairs.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Spores, resting cells, and gas vesicles not present.
Nonmotile
.
Colonies are orange
.
Flexirubin pigments are not produced
.
Strictly aerobic with an oxidative type of metabolism
. Catalase positive. Oxidase negative.
Chemoheterotrophic
.
Non‐agarolytic
. The organisms have an inert metabolism in that they
do not utilize carbohydrates
, do not form acid from carbohydrates, and are unreactive in most standard biochemical tests. Strains
require sea water salts and yeast extract
for growth. Growth occurs between −2 and 22°C, with optimal growth at 15–20°C and pH 6–8. Major fatty acids are C
14:0
iso, C
15:0
iso, C
15:0
anteiso, C
16:0
iso, C
14:1
iso ω9
c
, C
15:1
iso ω10
c
, C
15:1
anteiso ω10
c
, C
14:0
iso 2‐OH, and C
15:0
anteiso 2‐OH.
Isolated from quartz stone sublithic communities and Southern Ocean sea water particulates
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36–37.

Type species
:
Cryomorpha ignava
Bowman, Nichols and Gibson 2003, 1352
VP
.
Lishizhenia
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Li.shi.zhe'ni.a N.L. fem. n.
Lishizhenia
named after Li Shizhen (1518–1593), the famous Chinese naturalist.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Cryomorphaceae / Lishizhenia

Rods 0.3–0.5 × 0.5–3.8 µm. Nonflagellated.
Cells are motile by gliding
. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Halophilic
, growing between 1.0 and 7.5% (w/v) NaCl with optimum growth at 1–3%.
Organic growth factors such as yeast extract or peptone are required for growth
. Colonies are light orange.
Strict aerobes
.
Oxidase‐positive
. Catalase‐ and alkaline phosphatase‐positive.
Casein and gelatin are hydrolyzed
.
Carbohydrates are not utilized
. Major respiratory quinone is MK‐6. Predominant fatty acids are C
15:0
iso, C
15:1
iso, C
17:0
iso 3‐OH, and C
15:0
iso 2‐OH/C
16:1
ω7
c
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35.8.

Type species
:
Lishizhenia caseinilytica
Lau, Ren, Wai, Qian, Wong and Wu 2006, 2321
VP
.
Owenweeksia
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: July 2015

O.wen.week'si.a N.L. fem. n.
Owenweeksia
named after Owen B. Weeks, who did a lot of work in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s on
Flavobacterium
,
Cytophaga
and related species.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Cryomorphaceae / Owenweeksia

Cells are flexible short
rods
, 0.3–0.5 × 0.5–4 µm.
Filaments may be formed in media supplemented with 0
.
1
%
Tween 20
. Cells of old cultures and cells grown at low temperature are enlarged or distorted in shape.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Spores and resting cells not present.
Motile by gliding
.
Strictly aerobic
,
having an oxidative type of metabolism
. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase‐positive.
Chemoheterotrophic
.
Non‐agarolytic
.
Carbohydrates are not utilized
. Acid is not formed from carbohydrates.
Colonies are orange due to carotenoid pigments
.
Flexirubin pigments are not produced
. Strains
require seawater salts and either peptone or yeast extract
for growth. Growth occurs between 4–37°C and pH 5–9, with optimal growth at 25–33°C and pH 6–8. The major fatty acids are C
15:1
iso, C
15:0
iso, C
17:0
iso 3‐OH, summed feature (C
15:0
iso 2‐OH/C
16:1
ω7
c
) and C
15:0
iso 3‐OH. The major respiratory quinone is menaquinone‐6.
Isolated from a tank containing sand‐filtered sea water
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 39–40.

Type species
:
Owenweeksia hongkongensis
Lau, Ng, Ren, Lau, Qian, Wong, Lau and Wu 2005, 1055
VP
.
Algibacter
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga I. , Kim Seung Bum
Published: July 2015

Al.gi.bac'ter. L. fem. n.
alga
seaweed; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
from Gr. n.
bacterion
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Algibacter
rod isolated from seaweed.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Algibacter

Thin rods
usually measuring 0.4–0.5 × 2–3 µm.
Motile by gliding
. Produce non‐diffusible orange pigments. No flexirubin types of pigments are formed.
Chemoorganotrophs
.
Can ferment D‐glucose
. Positive for oxidase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, and β‐galactosidase. Chitin and cellulose (CM‐cellulose and filter paper) are not degraded, but other polysaccharides including agar, alginate, starch, gelatin, and Tweens may be decomposed. Do not grow without seawater or sodium ions.
The major respiratory quinone is MK‐6
. Phosphatidylethanolamine is the main polar lipid compound.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 31–33 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Algibacter lectus
Nedashkovskaya, Kim, Han, Rhee, Lysenko, Rohde, Zhukova, Frolova, Mikhailov and Bae 2004d, 1260
VP
.
Aquimarina
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga I. , Vancanneyt Marc , Kim Seung Bum
Published: July 2015

Aqui.ma.ri'na. L. fem. n.
aqua
water; L. adj.
marinus ‐a ‐um
marine; N.L. fem. n.
Aquimarina
an organism of seawater.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Aquimarina

Thin rods
usually measuring
0.2–0.5 μm in width and 1.0–15.0 μm in length. Cells of some species can move by means of gliding
. Produce non‐diffusible carotenoid pigments. Flexirubin type of pigments can be produced.
Chemoorganotrophs. Strictly aerobic
. Halophilic. Positive for oxidase, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase. Arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, and tryptophan deaminase are not produced.
Casein, gelatin, and Tweens 20, 40 and 80 are hydrolyzed
. Urea and cellulose (CM‐cellulose and filter paper) are not attacked, but agar, starch, DNA, and chitin may be decomposed. Nitrate reductase is not produced.
Require seawater or sodium ions for growth
. Indole and acetoin production is negative.
The major respiratory quinone is MK‐6. Marine
, from coastal habitats.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 31–38 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Aquimarina muelleri
Nedashkovskaya, Kim, Lysenko, Frolova, Mikhailov, Lee and Bae 2005f, 227
VP
.
Arenibacter
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga I. , Vancanneyt Marc
Published: July 2015

Are.ni.bac'ter. L. fem. n.
arena
sand; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
from Gr. n.
baktron
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Arenibacter
a sand‐dwelling rod.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Arenibacter

Rod‐shaped cells, 0.4–0.7 × 1.6–5.0 μm
, with slightly irregular sides and rounded ends.
Cells of some species have gliding motility
. On marine agar 2216 (Difco), strains of the genus
Arenibacter
form regular, round, shiny, convex colonies with a diameter of 1–4 mm after 48 h at 28°C. Produce non‐diffusible, dark‐orange carotenoid pigments.
No flexirubin type pigments are produced. Chemoorganotrophs. Strictly aerobic
. Positive for oxidase, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase. The following enzyme activities are present: acid and alkaline phosphatases, α‐ and β‐galactosidases, α‐ and β‐glucosidases,
N
‐acetylglucosaminidase, esterase lipase (C8), leucine‐, valine‐ and cystine‐arylamidases, trypsin, α‐chymotrypsin, naphthol‐AS‐BI‐phosphohydrolase, α‐mannosidase, and α‐fucosidase. Arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, and tryptophan deaminase are not produced. Agar, casein, starch, alginic acids, cellulose (CM‐cellulose and filter paper), chitin, and Tween 80 are not attacked, but gelatin, urea, DNA, and Tweens 20 and 40 can be hydrolyzed by strains of some species. Some species require seawater or Na
+
for growth. Acetoin is produced; indole and H
2
S are not produced.

The major respiratory quinone is MK‐6. The main cellular fatty acids are C
15:1
iso, C
15:0
iso, C
15:0
, C
17:0
iso 3‐OH, and summed feature 3 comprising C
15:0
iso 2‐OH and/or C
16:1
ω7
c
. The main polar lipid is phosphatidylethanolamine. Marine

, isolated from coastal habitats.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 37–41 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Arenibacter latericius
Ivanova, Nedashkovskaya, Chun, Lysenko, Frolova, Svetashev, Vysotskii, Mikhailov, Huq and Colwell 2001, 1994
VP
emend. Nedashkovskaya, Vancanneyt, Cleenwerck, Snauwaert, Kim, Lysenko, Shevchenko, Lee, Park, Frolova, Mikhailov, Bae and Swings 2006g, 159.
Bizionia
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga I. , Kim Seung Bum , Mikhailov Valery V.
Published: July 2015

Bi.zi.o'ni.a. N.L. fem. n.
Bizionia
named after the Italian naturalist Bartolomeo Bizio, for his important contribution to the development of microbiology.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Bizionia

Thin rods
usually measuring
0.3–0.5 × 1.0–5.0 μm
. No gliding motility. Produce non‐diffusible carotenoid pigments. Flexirubin type pigments are not produced.
Chemo‐organotrophs. Strictly aerobic
. Positive for oxidase, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase. Agar, starch, and chitin are not hydrolyzed, but casein and gelatin are hydrolyzed. Nitrate reductase is not produced. No acid is formed from carbohydrates.
Marine
, isolated from coastal habitats. Require seawater or sodium ions for growth.
The major respiratory quinone is MK‐6
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 37–45 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Bizionia paragorgiae
Nedashkovskaya, Kim, Lysenko, Frolova, Mikhailov and Bae 2005d, 377
VP
.
Cellulophaga
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: July 2015

Cel.lu.lo.pha'ga. N.L. n.
cellulosum
cellulose; Gr. v.
phagein
to eat; N.L. fem. n.
Cellulophaga
eater of cellulose.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Cellulophaga

Rod‐shaped cells with rounded ends
, 1.5–5 × 0.4–0.8 µm.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Cells occur singly or in pairs, occasionally in chains. Spores and resting cells are not present. Gas vesicles and helical or ring‐shaped cells are not formed.
Motile by gliding. Strictly aerobic, with an oxidative type of metabolism. Catalase‐positive. Chemoheterotrophic. Colonies are yellow to orange
due to production of carotenoids.
Flexirubin pigments are not produced
. Strains
require Na
+
for good growth. Good growth occurs between 1 and 5% NaCl; growth does not occur in 10% NaCl. Optimum growth occurs in organic media containing seawater salts. All species:
hydrolyze agar, carrageenan, gelatin, starch, and esculin; produce esterase
(with Tweens as substrates)

and possess β‐galactosidase activity; and decompose
L
‐tyrosine and form dark brown pigments on media containing
L
‐tyrosine

. All species
form acid from carbohydrates
including
D
‐glucose,
D
‐galactose, sucrose, trehalose, and cellobiose. Some species are strongly proteolytic, degrading elastin and fibrinogen. Some species
can attack and lyse living and dead eukaryotic cells
, including yeasts and unicellular algal species. All species grow between 10 and 25°C, with temperature optima depending on the species. Neutrophilic, with optimal growth occurring at pH 7.0–7.5. The major fatty acids are C
15:0
, C
15:1
ω10
c
iso, C
15:0
iso, C
16:1
ω7
c
, C
17:1
ω7
c
iso, C
15:0
3‐OH iso, C
16:0
3‐OH iso, and C
17:0
3‐OH iso. The major polyamine is
homospermidine
. The major isoprenoid quinone is
menaquinone‐6
. The organisms are cosmopolitan inhabitants of marine ecosystems including marine coastal mud and sand, tide pools, seawater (brackish and open ocean), and surfaces of marine benthic, pelagic and sea‐ice‐associated macroalgae and microalgae.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 32–38 (HPLC,
T
m
).

Type species
:
Cellulophaga lytica
(Lewin 1969) Johansen, Nielsen and Sjøholm 1999, 1239
VP
(
Cytophaga lytica
Lewin 1969, 199).
Coenonia
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Coe.no'ni.a. Gr. n.
koinônia
community, association; N.L. fem. n.
Coenonia
refers to the association between these bacteria and a host.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Coenonia

Rods
,
0
.
2–0
.
4
×
1
.
25–2
.
5
μ
m
. Nonsporeforming. Nonmotile. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Microaerophilic
. Growth is optimal at 37°C in a microaerobic and CO
2
‐enriched atmosphere; it is weak under anaerobic conditions and absent in aerobic conditions. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive.
Hyaluronidase‐ and chondroitin sulfatase‐positive
. The major fatty acid components of all strains examined are branched‐chain fatty acids, including C
13:0
iso, C
15:0
iso, C
15:0
anteiso, C
15:0
iso 3‐OH, C
16:0
3‐OH, and C
17:0
iso 3‐OH.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35–36.

Type species
:
Coenonia anatina
Vandamme, Vancanneyt, Segers, Ryll, Köhler, Ludwig and Hinz 1999, 873
VP
.
Costertonia
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Cos.ter.to'ni.a. N.L. fem. n.
Costertonia
named after J.W. Costerton, a famous American biofilm microbiologist.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Costertonia

Rods
, 0.35–0.41 × 0.50–0.57 µm, but sometimes they can sometimes be longer than 4 µm. Cells form irregular aggregates during growth in liquid media.
Motile
. Gliding motility is absent. Gram‐stain‐negative. Aerobic.
Colonies are orange
on marine agar due to non‐diffusible carotenoid pigments. Flexirubin‐type pigments are absent. Optimal growth occurs at pH 7.5–8.0 and 26–32°C.
NaCl
,
Ca

2
+

,
and K
+
are all required for growth
.
Nitrate is reduced
to N
2
. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive.
The major respiratory quinone is MK‐6
. The major cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
iso, C
15:1
iso, and C
15:0
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35.8 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Costertonia aggregata
Kwon, Lee and Lee 2006b, 1352
VP
.
Dokdonia
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Dok.do'ni.a. N.L. fem. n.
Dokdonia
named after Dokdo, an island located on the East Sea in Korea, from where the organisms were isolated.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Dokdonia

Rods
,
0
.
3–0
.
6
×
1
.
5–5
.
0
μ
m
. Nonmotile.
Gliding motility does not occur
. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Strictly aerobic
. Colonies are yellow. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive.
Growth does not occur in the absence of NaCl
. Nitrate is not reduced.
Casein is hydrolyzed
,
but not agar and starch
.
Acid is not formed from a variety of carbohydrates
. The major fatty acids are C
15:0
iso, C
17:0
3‐OH iso, and C
15:1
iso. The predominant menaquinone is MK‐6. Isolated from seawater.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 38 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Dokdonia donghaensis
Yoon, Kang, Lee and Oh 2005a, 2326
VP
.
Donghaeana
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Dong.hae.a'na. N.L. n.
Donghae
the Korean name of the East Sea in Korea; L. fem. suff. ‐
ana
suffix used with the sense of belonging to; N.L. fem. adj. used as a substantive
Donghaeana
pertaining to the East Sea of Korea, where the island of Dokdo is located.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Donghaeana

Rods or elongated rods
,
0
.
4–0
.
6
×
1
.
0–30
.
0
μ
m
.
Nonmotile
.
Gliding motility is not present
. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐negative. Strictly aerobic.
Growth does not occur in the absence of NaCl
. Nitrate is not reduced. Anaerobic growth does not occur with nitrate.
Casein
,
starch
,
and Tweens 20 and 40 are hydrolyzed
,
but not agar
,
gelatin
,
or urea
. β‐Galactosidase and α‐glucosidase are not produced. Acid is not produced from glucose or maltose.
Glucose and sucrose are not utilized
. The predominant menaquinone is MK‐6. The major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified phospholipids, and amino‐group‐containing lipids that are ninhydrin‐positive.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36.9.

Type species
:
Donghaeana dokdonensis
Yoon, Kang, Lee and Oh 2006c, 190
VP
.
Epilithonimonas
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Ep.i.lith.on.i.mo'nas. N.L. n.
epilithon ‐is
(or
epilithonum ‐i
) epilithon; L. fem. n.
monas
a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Epilithonimonas
a monad isolated from epilithon.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Epilithonimonas

Rounded rods
,
0
.
6–0
.
7
×
1
.
0–2
.
5
μ
m
, that do not form chains or filaments. No gliding motility. Gram‐stain‐negative. Strictly aerobic. Colonies are orange.
Flexirubin pigments are present
. Growth occurs between 4 and 30°C.
No growth occurs on marine agar
. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive.
Nitrate is reduced
. A few carbohydrates, including glucose, are utilized for growth.
Acid is not produced from glucose
.
Indole‐negative
. Fatty acids contain a large proportion of saturated branched‐chain, monosaturated and hydroxy fatty acids. The most abundant individual fatty acids are C
15:0
iso and summed feature 3 (C
16:1
ω7
c
/C
15:0
iso 2‐OH). Na
+
is not required. Isolated from freshwater environments.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 37.5 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Epilithonimonas tenax
O'Sullivan, Rinna, Humphreys, Weightman and Fry 2006, 177
VP
.
Gillisia
Authors: Trappen Stefanie Van
Published: July 2015

Gil.lis'i.a. N.L. fem. n.
Gillisia
named after Monique Gillis, a Belgian bacteriologist, who has made major contributions to bacterial taxonomy.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Gillisia

Rod‐shaped
cells, generally 0.5–0.7 × 3.0–4.0 µm (
Gillisia limnaea
,
Gillisia mitskevichiae
, and
Gillisia myxillae
) or 0.3–0.6 × 1.0–10.0 µm (
Gillisia illustrilutea
,
Gillisia sandarakina
, and
Gillisia hiemivivida
).
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Endospores are not produced.
Nonmotile
by gliding. Strictly
aerobic
with respiratory metabolism. Chemo‐organotrophic. Catalase‐positive. Produce
yellow
or
orange pigments
. Flexirubin type pigments are not formed.
Halotolerant
to
halophilic
. Optimal growth occurs at 20–25°C, with the species
Gillisia illustrilutea
and
Gillisia sandarakina
being true
psychrophiles
. Strains are characterized by a
unique fatty acid composition
, with large amounts of branched fatty acids (C
15:0
anteiso, C
15:1
iso, C
16:0
iso, and C
16:0
iso 3‐OH are the main constituents).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 32–39.

Type species
:
Gillisia limnaea
Van Trappen, Vandecandelaere, Mergaert and Swings 2004a, 447
VP
.
Gramella
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga I. , Kim Seung Bum , Mikhailov Valery V.
Published: July 2015

Gra.mel'la. N.L. dim. fem. n.
Gramella
named after of the Danish pharmacologist and pathologist Hans Christian Gram (1853–1938), who proposed the differential staining of bacteria.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Gramella

Thin rods
usually measuring
0
.
5–0
.
7
×
2
.
1–3
.
6
μ
m
.
Motile by means of gliding
. Produce non‐diffusible yellow–orange pigments. No flexirubin type of pigments are produced.
Chemo‐organotrophs
.
Strictly aerobic
. Halophilic. Positive for oxidase, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase. Arginine dihydrolase, and lysine and ornithine decarboxylases are not produced. Agar, urea, and chitin are not hydrolyzed.
The major respiratory quinone is MK‐6
.
Marine
, from coastal habitats. Require seawater or sodium ions for growth.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 39–40.

Type species
:
Gramella echinicola
Nedashkovskaya, Kim, Lysenko, Frolova, Mikhailov, Bae, Lee and Kim 2005e, 393
VP
.