bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproductive success of Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Annonaceae) treelets in fragments of Brazilian savanna
Authors: da Silva Elias Marcos Antônio , Franceschinelli Edivani Villaron , Juen Leandro , Alves Borges Fábio Julio , Ferreira Glalko Machado , de Carvalho Fábio Martins Vilar
Published: April 2012

Habitat fragmentation may affect essential ecosystem processes, such as pollination, causing negative effects on plants and pollinators (Aizen & Feinsinger 1994, Jennersten 1988, Lennartsson 2002, Liow et al. 2001, Murcia 1996). Effects of fragmentation on plant–pollinator interaction were evaluated in several studies (Aguirre & Dirzo 2008, Dauber et al. 2010, Dick 2001, Donaldson et al. 2002, Dunley et al. 2009, Fuchs et al. 2003, Ghazoul & McLeish 2001, Lopes & Buzato 2007). The Brazilian savanna, called cerrado, has been fragmented due in large part to extensive agricultural activity (Carvalho et al. 2009). Studies with the main objective of evaluating the influence of fragment size on ecosystem processes and on plant reproductive output has not been determined in cerrado. The plants of this type of vegetation seem to produce generally low number of fruits per flower (Gribel & Hay 1993, Munin et al. 2008, Ortiz et al. 2003). This may be due to the low soil fertility (Franco 2002, Haridasan 2000). But the recent fragmentation of this biome may reduce even more their plant reproductive success because it can increase the effect of pollination limitation and inbreeding caused by the habitat isolation and degradation.
High primary productivity under submerged soil raises the net ecosystem productivity of a secondary mangrove forest in eastern Thailand
Authors: Poungparn Sasitorn , Komiyama Akira , Sangteian Tanuwong , Maknual Chatree , Patanaponpaiboon Pipat , Suchewaboripont Vilanee
Published: April 2012

The distribution of mangrove forests is limited to the coastal zones of tropical and subtropical regions, and their total area is far smaller than that of upland forests (Spalding et al. 2010). Mangrove forests often show unique patterns of biomass allocation and carbon dynamics because they are periodically submerged by tides (Komiyama et al. 2008). Therefore, the contribution of mangrove forests to the global carbon fixation process should be carefully evaluated even though their distribution area is limited.
Derivation of diameter measurements for buttressed trees, an example from Gabon
Authors: Ngomanda Alfred , Mavouroulou Quentin Moundounga , Obiang Nestor Laurier Engone , Iponga Donald Midoko , Mavoungou Jacques-François , Lépengué Nicaise , Picard Nicolas , Mbatchi Bertrand
Published: April 2012

Many tropical tree species have buttresses at the standard breast height (1.3 m above ground) of diameter measurement, with a presumable role in improving nutrient acquisition or tree anchorage in the ground (Newbery et al. 2009, Richter 1984). Measuring the diameter using standard dendrometrical tools such as callipers or graduated tapes, which require that the cross-section of the trunk has a convex shape, is then impossible (Nogueira et al. 2006). The recommended method in this case is to measure the diameter above the buttress (DAB), thus possibly leading to biased estimates of the basal area (West 2009), of tree above-ground biomass (Dean & Roxburgh 2006, Dean et al. 2003) and of tree growth (Metcalf et al. 2009). As an alternative, one can measure the basal area at breast height of buttressed trees, using a method that can deal with the irregular non-convex shape of the cross-section of the stem such as the Picus calliper, photogrammetry or 3D laser scanning (Badia et al. 2003, Dean 2003, Newbery et al. 2009).
Seed dispersal ofSyzygium oblatum(Myrtaceae) by two species of fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinxandRousettus leschenaulti) in South-West China
Authors: Tang Zhan-Hui , Xu Jian-Ling , Flanders Jon , Ding Xue-Mei , Ma Xun-Feng , Sheng Lian-Xi , Cao Min
Published: April 2012

In this study we investigated the importance of two species of fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaultiandCynopterus sphinx) as seed dispersers for a species of fruit tree (Syzygium oblatum) found in the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden in South-West China. We found that althoughR. leschenaultiandC. sphinxwere the two primary seed dispersers ofS. oblatumover half of the fruit produced by the tree (65%) fell to the ground. Out of the fruit collected,R. leschenaultiandC. sphinxwere able to disperse seeds up to 73 m from the parent tree with the highest density of feeding roosts occurring at 21.3 m (SE = 5.2 m). We found no signs that either species of bat used the parent tree as a feeding roost, instead choosing specific trees that were at lower densities compared with other trees in the forest that were not used. When comparing the viability of seeds in three different habitats (under parent tree, in forest gap, under feeding roost) survival analysis revealed that seedling survival was significantly higher in the forest gap (91.7% ± 4.41%) than under the parent tree (78.3% ± 1.67%), but was not significantly different to seedling survival underneath feeding roosts (86.7 ± 1.67%). Further work also showed that the seeds did not have to be removed from the fruit or ingested by the bat in order to germinate. We conclude that althoughS. oblatumis not dependent onR.leschenaultiandC. sphinxfor successful germination of its seeds, these two species of bat are important seed dispersers and can move seeds to areas where there is a greater chance of germination success and survival.
Species associations among dipterocarp species co-occurring in a Malaysian tropical rain forest
Authors: Suzuki Ryo. O. , Numata Shinya , Okuda Toshinori , MD. Noor Nur Supardi , Kassim Abdul Rahman , Kachi Naoki
Published: April 2012

Spatial association patterns reflect underlying mechanisms of coexistence, community structure of plant species in tropical forests. We hypothesized that if spatial associations between two species shift toward segregation patterns during the course of growth, deterministic mechanisms, such as interspecific competition and habitat differentiation, would prevail, whereas if no directed change in spatial associations between two species is observed and, consequently, the initial association pattern is retained through growth, the two species would experience weak interspecific competition and show no habitat differentiation. To assess the underlying mechanisms operating between confamilial species, we analysed spatial associations among 11 dipterocarp species in terms of three growth stages distinguished on the basis of dbh in the Pasoh 50-ha plot in Peninsular Malaysia. We analysed the spatial associations of all possible combinations among identical stages (165 pairs) and among different stages (330 pairs) for each pair of 11 species, except between identical species. Our previous study revealed that the 11 species could be characterized into two classes: seven fast-growing species exhibited high growth and mortality rates, spatial aggregation on a small scale, and positive habitat associations, while four slow-growing species exhibited low growth and mortality rates, spatial aggregation on a large scale, and no habitat associations except one. Spatial segregation was observed between fast-growing species (32 pairs, 17%) and between species of different classes (35 pairs, 14%), but not between slow-growing species. Throughout the growth stages, positive associations with other species were maintained for slow-growing species versus fast-growing species. In contrast, changes in initial associations toward segregation were observed more in fast-growing species. These results indicated that interspecific competition or habitat differentiation dominated for fast-growing species, while non-directed random processes dominated for slow-growing species.
Fish assemblages in floodplain lakes in a Neotropical river during the wet season (Magdalena River, Colombia)
Authors: Granado-Lorencio Carlos , Gulfo Alejandra , Alvarez Frank , Jiménez-Segura Luz Fernanda , Carvajal-Quintero Juan David , Hernández-Serna Andrés
Published: April 2012

A number of studies have pointed out that abiotic factors and recolonization dynamics appear to be more important than biotic interactions in structuring river–fish assemblages. In this paper, we studied the fish assemblages in 27 floodplain lakes, with perennial connection to the river, in the middle section of the Magdalena River (Colombia), to examine spatial pattern in freshwater fish diversity in relation to some environmental parameters. Our objective was to examine relationships between floodplain-lake fish communities and environmental variables associated with lake morphology, water chemistry and river–floodplain connectivity in a large river–floodplain ecosystem. During the study, a total of 18 237 fish were caught from 50 species (regional richness; 17 were migrants and 33 residents). In the present study, the most diverse order was Characiformes with 20 species, followed by Siluriformes, with 19 species. Characidae and Loricaridae were the richest families. The range of species richness (local richness) varied between five and 39 species. Similarity of local assemblages (using the presence–absence data) depends on the distance between lakes. A positive relationship was observed between the Ln of the total abundance of each species and the number of lakes where they were found. Out of all the environmental parameters taken in the lakes, only the size (Log Area) and relative perimeter length are significantly related to local assemblage species richness. It has not been possible to demonstrate that the connectivity (distance) from lakes to the main river can be considered a predictor of the local richness.
Partisan Power Play: The Origins of Local Election Timing as an American Political Institution
Authors: Anzia Sarah F.
Published: April 2012

Eighty percent of American cities today hold their general elections on different days than state and national elections. It is an established fact that voter turnout in these off-cycle local elections is far lower than turnout in local elections held concurrently with state and national elections. In this paper, I demonstrate that the timing of city elections has been an important determinant of voter turnout since before the Civil War. By examining three large American cities over the course of the nineteenth century, I find that American political parties regularly manipulated the timing of city elections to secure an edge over their rivals. I show that the decisions to change the election dates of these cities were contentious, partisan, and motivated by an expectation of subsequent electoral gain. The Progressive municipal reformers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries continued in this tradition when they separated city elections from state and national elections, and the local election schedule they implemented has largely persisted until today.
INTRODUCTION TO TIME-VARYING MODELING WITH MACROECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL DATA
Authors: Jawadi Fredj
Published: April 2012

The dynamics of macroeconomic and financial series has evolved swiftly and asymmetrically since the end of the 1970s, and their statistical properties have also changed over time, suggesting complex relationships between economic and financial variables. The transformations can be explained by considerable changes in householder's behavior, market structures, and economic systems and by the alternation of exogenous shocks and financial crises that have affected the economic cycle, with significant evidence of time variation in the major economic variables. Hence, there is a need for new econometric protocols to take such changes into consideration. The introduction of ARMA (autoregressive moving average models) by Box and Jenkins (1970) led to the development of time-series econometrics, which had a major impact on the conceptual analysis of economic and financial data. This type of modeling offered a transition from a static setup to a new modeling process that reproduces the time-varying features of macroeconomic and financial series. However, the ARMA modeling system retains the constancy of the first and second moments, limits the phases of a cycle to symmetrical instances, and only reproduces the dynamics of stationary variables. It thus fails to adequately reproduce the nonstationary relationships between major economic and financial variables. Abrupt changes in economies and financial systems have given evidence of nonstationary series whose statistical properties are also time-varying, making it necessary to develop new econometric tools to capture the time variation of economic and financial series in the mean and in the variance, and to apprehend their dynamics in the short and long term. Among the most important and influential studies in the 1980s' econometrics literature were therefore those that dealt with the introduction of the ARCH (autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity) model by Engle (1982) and the cointegration theory by Engle and Granger (1987). The ARCH model, which focuses on the time-varying features of volatility structure, was a major breakthrough, as it highlighted the importance of the second moment of time series, while the cointegration framework enabled the short- and long-term dynamics of nonstationary variables to be modeled.
Soft drink consumption in Sri Lankan adolescents
Authors: Ratnayake Nilantha , Ekanayake Lilani
Published: April 2012

Objective

To determine the factors associated with sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption in adolescents from Sri Lanka.

Design

A cross-sectional study where the data were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire.

Setting

Government, private and international schools in the Colombo district of Sri Lanka.

Subjects

Adolescents aged 17 years attending sixty-five schools.

Results

Overall 82 % consumed sugar-sweetened soft drinks once weekly or more often, while 77 % and 48 % consumed sugar-sweetened carbonated drinks and sugar-sweetened fruit drinks once weekly or more often. Being a boy (OR = 1·44; 95 % CI 1·02, 2·03), attending a private/international school (OR = 4·12; 95 % CI 1·94, 8·75), mother's level of education (OR = 1·53; 95 % CI 1·03, 2·28) and father's occupation (middle level: OR = 2·39; 95 % CI 1·63, 3·52; upper level: OR = 2·48; 95 % CI 1·35, 4·56) were independently associated with the consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks.

Conclusions

The majority of adolescents in this sample consumed sugar-sweetened beverages once weekly or more often. It was evident that some sociodemographic factors were associated with the consumption of these drinks.
Improvement of Depth Resolution of ADF-SCEM by Deconvolution: Effects of Electron Energy Loss and Chromatic Aberration on Depth Resolution
Authors: Zhang Xiaobin , Takeguchi Masaki , Hashimoto Ayako , Mitsuishi Kazutaka , Tezuka Meguru , Shimojo Masayuki
Published: April 2012

Scanning confocal electron microscopy (SCEM) is a new imaging technique that is capable of depth sectioning with nanometer-scale depth resolution. However, the depth resolution in the optical axis direction (Z) is worse than might be expected on the basis of the vertical electron probe size calculated with the existence of spherical aberration. To investigate the origin of the degradation, the effects of electron energy loss and chromatic aberration on the depth resolution of annular dark-field SCEM were studied through both experiments and computational simulations. The simulation results obtained by taking these two factors into consideration coincided well with those obtained by experiments, which proved that electron energy loss and chromatic aberration cause blurs at the overfocus sides of the Z-direction intensity profiles rather than degrade the depth resolution much. In addition, a deconvolution method using a simulated point spread function, which combined two Gaussian functions, was adopted to process the XZ-slice images obtained both from experiments and simulations. As a result, the blurs induced by energy loss and chromatic aberration were successfully removed, and there was also about 30% improvement in the depth resolution in deconvoluting the experimental XZ-slice image.
Sleep Deprivation Impairs Ca2+Expression in the Hippocampus: Ionic Imaging Analysis for Cognitive Deficiency with TOF-SIMS
Authors: Chang Hung-Ming , Liao Wen-Chieh , Sheu Ji-Nan , Chang Chun-Chao , Lan Chyn-Tair , Mai Fu-Der
Published: April 2012

Sleep deprivation causes cognitive dysfunction in which impaired neuronal plasticity in hippocampus may underlie the molecular mechanisms of this deficiency. Considering calcium-mediated NMDA receptor subunit 1 (NMDAR1) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activation plays an important role in the regulation of neuronal plasticity, the present study is aimed to determine whether total sleep deprivation (TSD) would impair calcium expression, together with injury of the neuronal plasticity in hippocampus. Adult rats subjected to TSD were processed for time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, NMDAR1 immunohistochemistry, nNOS biochemical assay, cytochrome oxidase histochemistry, and the Morris water maze learning test to detect ionic, neurochemical, bioenergetic as well as behavioral changes of neuronal plasticity, respectively. Results indicated that in normal rats, strong calcium signaling along with intense NMDAR1/nNOS expression were observed in hippocampal regions. Enhanced calcium imaging and neurochemical expressions corresponded well with strong bioenergetic activity and good performance of behavioral testing. However, following TSD, both calcium intensity and NMDAR1/nNOS expressions were significantly decreased. Behavioral testing also showed poor responses after TSD. As proper calcium expression is essential for maintaining hippocampal neuronal plasticity, impaired calcium expression would depress downstream NMDAR1-mediated nNOS activation, which might contribute to the initiation or development of TSD-related cognitive deficiency.
Market Forces: Defining the Adoptable Child, 1860–1940
Authors: Swain Shurlee
Published: April 2012

Discomfort about the notion of adoption as facilitating a market in children has been one of the major motivations for regulation and control, not only for intercountry adoption but throughout the history of in country adoption as well. This paper explores the nature of the market in Australia, beginning in the decades before legalisation but looking also for continuities in the ways in which in country and later intercountry adoptions have been debated. Drawing on an analysis of advertisements from major metropolitan and regional newspapers it argues that benevolence always exists in an uneasy alliance with assumptions about the right to a child, creating a ‘shopping list’ of desired characteristics which the market has rarely been able to satisfy.
Fractal analysis and thermal‐elastic modeling of a subvolcanic magmatic breccia: The role of post‐fragmentation partial melting and thermal fracture in clast size distributions
Authors: Roy Samuel G. , Johnson Scott E. , Koons Peter O. , Jin Zhihe
Published: April 2012

This paper examines the development of a subvolcanic magmatic breccia located along the contact of a granitic intrusion using fractal analysis and thermal‐elastic modeling. The breccia grades from clast‐supported, angular clasts adjacent to unfractured host rock to isolated, rounded clasts supported by the granitic matrix adjacent to the intrusion. Field observations point to an explosive breccia mechanism, and clast size distribution analysis yields fractal dimensions (Ds > 3) that exceed the minimum value known to result from explosion (Ds > 2.5). Field observations, clast size distribution data, clast circularity data, and boundary roughness fractal dimension data suggest that the clast sizes and shapes reflect post‐brecciation modification by partial melting and thermal fracture. Numerical modeling is employed to explore the possible thermal‐elastic effects on the size distribution of clasts. Instantaneous immersion is assumed for metasedimentary clasts of a fractal size distribution in a superheated granitic matrix for different matrix volume percentages. Thermal analysis is restricted to conductive heat transfer corrected for latent heat. Partial melting of metasedimentary clasts is an effective secondary modification process that was probably responsible for markedly altering the clast size distribution for clast populations adjacent to the intrusion. Diabase clasts experienced late‐stage fracture due to the instantaneous thermal pulse in which angular clasts with high surface area to volume ratios were preferentially fractured, although this process does not appear to have markedly influenced the clast size distribution.
Hysteresis in mantle convection: Plate tectonics systems
Authors: Weller M. B. , Lenardic A.
Published: April 2012

We use simulations of mantle convection with surface yielding to show that multiple tectonic regimes are possible for equivalent system parameter values. Models with the same lithospheric strength parameters and the same vigor of convection can display different modes of tectonics. Within the region of multiple solutions, the evolutionary pathway of the system is the dominant factor that determines the tectonic mode (e.g., whether mantle convection operates in a plate tectonic like mode). The extent of the multiple regimes window is found to increase with the temperature‐dependent viscosity contrast across the system. The implication for models that seek to predict the tectonic regimes of planets is that the temporal evolution of the planet needs to be taken into account. A further implication is that modeling studies can lead to different conclusions regarding the tectonic state of a planet, extra‐solar planets in particular, despite the final model parameter values remaining equivalent.
Magnetospheric configuration and dynamics of Saturn's magnetosphere: A global MHD simulation
Authors: Jia Xianzhe , Hansen Kenneth C. , Gombosi Tamas I. , Kivelson Margaret G. , Tóth Gabor , DeZeeuw Darren L. , Ridley Aaron J.
Published: April 2012

We investigate the solar wind interaction with Saturn's magnetosphere by using a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation driven by an idealized time‐varying solar wind input that includes features of Corotating Interaction Regions typically seen at Saturn. Our model results indicate that the compressibility of Saturn's magnetosphere is intermediate between the Earth's and Jupiter's, and the magnetopause location appears insensitive to the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field. The modeled dependences of both the magnetopause and bow shock locations on the solar wind dynamic pressure agree reasonably well with those of data‐based empirical models. Our model shows that the centrifugal acceleration of mass‐loaded flux tubes leads to reconnection on closed field lines forming plasmoids, an intrinsic process (“Vasyliūnas‐cycle”) in Saturn's magnetosphere taking place independent of the external conditions. In addition, another type of reconnection process involving open flux tubes (“Dungey‐cycle”) is also seen in our simulation when the external condition is favorable for dayside reconnection. Under such circumstances, plasmoid formation in the tail involves reconnection between open field lines in the lobes, producing stronger global impacts on the magnetosphere and ionosphere compared to that imposed by the Vasyliūnas‐cycle directly. Our model also shows that large‐scale tail reconnection may be induced by compressions driven by interplanetary shocks. In our simulation, large‐scale tail reconnection and plasmoid formation take place in a quasi‐periodic manner but the recurrence rate tends to be higher as the dynamic pressure becomes higher. While large‐scale plasmoid release clearly is an important process in controlling the magnetospheric dynamics, it appears insufficient to account for all the losses of plasma added by the magnetospheric sources. We find that a large fraction of the planetary plasma is lost through the magnetotail near the flanks probably through relatively small‐scale plasmoids, a situation that may also exist at Jupiter.
Sedimentation Symposium to honor H.A. Einstein
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A symposium on sedimentation will be held June 21–22, 1971, at the University of California at Berkeley, to honor H.A. Einstein upon his retirement in June 1971. The symposium will discuss the theoretical and experimental developments in which Einstein has contributed significantly: sediment transport mechanism and rates, alluvial bed roughness, erosion and deposition of cohesive and cohesionless channels, and secondary currents in open channels. Field observations as well as laboratory investigations on these subjects will be presented.
WMO Hydrometeorology: Conference Geneva, Switzerland September 20”October 6, 1970
Authors: Kohler M. A.
Published: April 2012

The WMO Commission for Hydrometeorology (CHy) recommended in September 1968 that a conference be convened to discuss a number of international questions that have impact on national hydrological services as well as on the meteorological services. The WMO Executive Committee concurred in this recommendation and decided that the Conference should consider: a. The manner in which to supplement the WMO Technical Regulations to include the present responsibilities of WMO in the field of hydrology so as to best serve the needs of both meteorological and hydrological services; b. The draft chapter of WMO Technical Regulations that deals with hydrometeorology and includes topics on hydrometry; c. The ways in which the World Weather Watch can be planned and developed so as to be of maximum benefit to hydrological services of members, particularly in the field of hydrological forecasting; and, d. The ways in which WMO should strengthen its efforts in carrying out its present responsibilities in the field of hydrology as defined by the fifth WMO Congress.
Biology and chemistry added to IFYGL Core Programs
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A new core program of biological and chemical studies was added to the four core programs of the IFYGL by the U.S./Canadian Steering Committee at its nineteenth meeting in Detroit, October 14, 1970. Addition of the new core program was confirmed by the U.S. National Committee for the IHD at its October 19–20, 1970, meeting, and similar confirmation is assured from the Canadian National Committee at an early date.
Symposium on sea‐floor spreading
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A symposium entitled ‘Sea‐Floor Spreading—Some Different Viewpoints’ will be held at Bowling Greet State University on April 22, 1971. The symposium is sponsored by the Sigma Xi Club in cooperation with the Departments of Geology and Biology of the university. Speakers include: Paul Lowman, Jr. (NASA), Arthur Meyerhoff (Managing Editor, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin), David Schoi (USGS), Francis Stehli (Case‐Western Reserve University), Curt Teichert (Universtiy of Kansas), and Peter Wyllie (University of Chicago).
Seventh American Water Resources Conference Call for Papers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Seventh American Water Resources Conference will be held at the Statler Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C., October 25–29, 1971. The main purpose of the conference is to review and give a comprehensive picture of the whole water resources field in the United States each year. Papers are invited in any aspect of water resources research, planning, development, management, education and information systems including social, economic, and political topics. However, special attention will be given to issues related to water quality and environmental considerations of water resources policies and standards.
Global Atmospheric Chemistry Network proposed
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Sampling and analysis of the chemical composition of the ambient atmosphere have never been performed on a comprehensive and long‐term basis. Until recently few analytical techniques had been developed for measuring substances that are present in the atmosphere in extremely small quantities, even though changes in the concentrations of such trace substances over long periods of time may cause critical problems for man.

For several years, atmospheric chemists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, have been studying trace gases and particles in the atmosphere. These substances come from natural sources such as volcanic eruptions and decay of plant matter in tropical jungles, as well as from human sources. In these studies, which have taken them to such varied locations as Panama, Antarctica, Barbados, and the Amazon jungle, NCAR scientists have developed techniques for measuring concentrations much lower than those that are found in polluted city air.
IAEA Panel considers procedures for establishing safe limits of radioactive substances in the sea
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

In November a panel of experts called together by the International Atomic Energy Agency conducted a five‐day meeting in Vienna during which they considered procedures for establishing safe limits for radionuclides in the sea. The six participating panel members came from France, India, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the U.S. In addition, ten observers from eight countries and eight representatives of five regional and international organizations were present.
Infrared photography helps detect pollution
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A University of Rhode Island geologist is developing a method to give ‘new eyes’ to scientists looking for water pollution. John Fisher is learning to detect estuarine or coastal water pollution with infrared photography by taking aerial pictures of polluted waterways and confirming the pollution with ground sampling.

According to Fisher, infrared photography enables scientists to double the spectrum of their vision in order to see water pollution normally invisible to them. Infrared color photographs taken from high‐flying airplanes give a more highly contrasted, accurate, and detailed view of polluted areas. Infrared rays are more readily transmitted through vision‐obscuring atmospheric haze. Also, surveys that would normally take several days on the ground can be done in a matter of hours with aerial photography.
Geologic maps of Apollo 14 site available
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Two geologic maps of the Fra Mauro region of the moon—the site of the Apollo 14 landing—have been published by the U.S. Geological Survey and are available for public sale. The multicolor maps, prepared in cooperation with NASA, depict the blocky cratered area in the predominantly hummocky uplands that is geologically different from the smoother maria of the Apollo 11 and 12 landing sites.
CSC expands time‐sharing services to petroleum industry
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Computer Sciences Corporation has expanded its time‐sharing services to the petroleum industry with the offering of a package of reservoir simulation programs. Petroleum engineers will now be able to simulate the behavior of reservoirs under a wide range of conditions through CSC's nationwide time‐sharing network, called INFONET. The new service provides a fast, economical means of understanding why a reservoir behaves as it does and enables engineers to predict the performance of a reservoir under varying plans of development and production.
AWRA Research Conference
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The American Water Resources Association and the University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee, will sponsor a Research Conference on ‘Planning for Water Quality and Standards at the University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from June 14–18, 1971. The following principal themes will be explored by the research conference: (1) Economic Base Studies for Quality Control Planning, (2) Projections of Muncipal, Industrial, and Agricultural Wastes Concepts and Methodology; (3) Environmental and Ecological Objectives and Parameters; (4) Interrelationship of Water Quality Planning with Comprehensive Development Planning; (5) Methodology and Economics of Establishing Waste Assimilation Capacity‐Streams, Lakes, Estuaries, and Groundwater; (6) Equitable Allocation of Waste Assimilation Capacity; (8) Establishment of Effluent Requirements; and (9) Concepts and Methodology for Establishing Equitable Fees for Discharge of Industrial Wastes to Municipal Sewerage Systems.
Metropolitan St. Louis Branch
Authors: Finklang John W.
Published: April 2012

The Metropolitan St. Louis Branch of AGU met December 8, 1970, in the ACIC Auditorium at 8900 South Broadway. Chairman Dean McAneny called the meeting to order at 6:45 P.M. There were 31 members and 44 guests in attendence.

The Chairman acknowledged the presence of Brigadier General Dan B. Dyer, Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, and Thomas Finnie, Technical Director, ACIC.
Physical geodesy
Authors: Uotila Urho A.
Published: April 2012

Almost every geodetic measurement depends fundamentally on the earth's gravity field. Therefore, a study of the physical properties of the gravity field and their geodetic applications, which are the subjects of physical geodesy, form an essential part of geodesy. In this report only a limited area of physical geodesy will be covered. The reader is advised to examine other reports to get a more complete picture.
Marine gravity
Authors: Dehlinger Peter
Published: April 2012

Significant advances have been made in marine gravity during the past 4 years, including improved reliability of gravity meter measurements, development of new gravity meters, developments leading to improved ship positioning, and significant gravity surveys by an increasing number of organizations.
Satellite geodesy: Methods
Authors: Chovitz B. H.
Published: April 2012

General Theory. Analytic solutions for the motion of a near‐earth satellite are of practical importance for orbit prediction and establishment of reference orbits I (intermediaries) for minimizing perturbations from which the geodetic information is extracted. The best known ones currently in use at various computing laboratories are those of Brouwer and Vinti. Bonavito et al. [1969] favor Vinti's method because of its apparently better speed and accuracy. However, this preference has been questioned by Break‐ well and Vagners [1970], who claim that it is possible to choose initial conditions for the generation of a Brouwer orbit that keep the errors within acceptable bounds. The Vinti solution has been generalized to hold for triaxially ellipsoidal coordinates [Madden, 1970] so that the equatorial ellipticity can be made part of the reference potential. Deprit and Rom [1970] have refined Brouwer's solution to higher orders of the oblateness by the application of Lie transforms and by the development of requisite literal expansions on a computer. A new intermediary that has received much favorable attention because of its ability to generate higher‐order terms in relatively simple fashion is Aksnes' [Garfinkel and Aksnes, 1970].
Satellite geodesy: Data acquisition
Authors: Mancini Armando
Published: April 2012

After more than a decade of satellite observations, the data acquired during the past quadrennium have been the catalyst needed to bring about great achievements in satellite geodesy. Unlike earlier solutions our present determinations include very elaborate gravitational models containing hundreds of terms, precise worldwide positions good to ±10 meters, and our new tracking systems suggest the fact that submeter geodesy in the next quadrennium is possible. In addition to these achievements, we can expect further advancements in geodesy owing to the completion of two major worldwide geometric programs: the 36‐station Army Secor equatorial trilateration belt and the 44‐station Department of Defense‐Department of Commerce BC‐4 camera Pageos triangulation network. Both of these programs represent the first optimally designed networks encircling the globe specifically undertaken for geometric satellite geodesy.
Course on structure and dynamics of the upper atmosphere
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The International School of Atmospheric Physics, in Erice, Trapani, Sicily, is offering its second international course June 13–27, 1971. The subject of the course is ‘Structure and Dynamics of the Upper Atmosphere.’

The School is devoted to physicists who are working in the general field of atmospheric and ionospheric physics and who wish to gain knowledge in recent advances in the whole subject. The School also gives young atmospheric physicists the opportunity to discuss their work with world authorities in their fields. Lectures and seminars in the course will be followed by informal discussions between lecturers and the other participants. Students will be selected among the applicants according to their scientific qualifications. The geographical distribution of the applicants will also be considered during selection.
Water Pollution Research Conference
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Sixth International Conference on Water Pollution Research will be held in Jerusalem, Israel, June 18–24, 1972.

Completed papers are invited on water pollution control in developing countries, water quality standards, river management, virology, treatment processes including sludge handling and industrial wastes, instrumentation, advanced treatment, low cost treatment, eutrophication, estuarine pollution, oil pollution, insect and odor nuisance, and legal and administrative matters.
Symposium on Statistical Hydrology
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A Symposium on Statistical Hydrology will be held in Tucson, Arizona, August 31–September 2, 1971. It is Sponsored by the International Association for Statistics in Physical Sciences and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the University of Arizona. General topics for the symposium include stochastic models of precipitation; stochastic models of sediment production, transport, and sedimentation; stochastic models of runoff; estimating extreme values; optimization techniques in modeling; and point sampling requirements for describing spatial variations of hydrologic parameters. The deadline for paper proposals, titles, and abstracts is May 1, 1971. Only a limited number of papers for complete presentation can now be accepted. Additional papers will be summarized at the meeting and published in symposium proceedings.
SEAMAP geophysical data available
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The first of ten magnetic tapes of geophysical data resulting from SEAMAP (Systematic Exploration and Mapping Program) is now available from NOAA's Environmental Data Service. This initial tape contains gravimetric, magnetic, and bathymetric data for a region in the Pacific bounded by longitudes 155°W and 165°W and latitudes 24°N and 30°N.

NOAA's SEAMAP efforts are designed to determine and describe the physical properties and processes relating to the crust, mantle, and core with particular emphasis upon the deep ocean basins. From 1961 through 1969 the Coast and Geodetic Survey (now the National Ocean Survey) conducted extensive geophysical surveys in the north Pacific. Under contract to NOS, the Marine Sciences Institute of the University of Connecticut is evaluating these data, which were processed by various NOAA components, and is preparing contoured maps and data tapes.
The President's Page: Expanding frontiers of geophysics
Authors: Newell Homer E.
Published: April 2012

It has long been observed that scientific inquiry is greatly stimulated and benefited when previously separate disciplines begin to converge on a common problem, or when a discir pline finds entirely new fields of inquiry opening before it. In the former case the interplay of differing insights and the clash of different points of view generate an increased flow of ideas and results; in the latter the discipline experiences a beneficial freedom from past tradition that speeds up progress.
Increased weather services for air pollution control authorities
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A five‐year program will be directed toward improving weather services to federal, state, and local air pollution control agencies. Robert M. White, Acting Administrator of NOAA, said the plan is aimed at specific meteorological services to support air pollution control activities on an urban scale.

‘The high degree of urbanization in the United States is emphasized by the fact that over 70% of the American people live in some 200 urbanized areas comprising less than 10% of the total land area of the country,’ the plan points out.
WHOI expands
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution embarked on an era of expansion and growth when it recently broke ground on the site of a new proposed $12,000,000 campus in the Quisset section of Falmouth. The tract of woodland, totaling 184 acres and located off Vineyard Sound, will be developed in two stages for critically needed research and educational facilities.
EPA proposes National Air Quality Standards
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Administrator William D. Ruckelshaus of the Environmental Protection Agency has proposed national air quality standards for 6 common classes of air pollution: sulfur oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, photochemical oxidants, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. The standards are designed to protect public health and welfare by setting limits on levels of pollution in the air. They apply to all areas of the United States.

Ruckelshaus also announced publication of an advance notice of proposed rule‐making indicating the agency's intention of proposing regulations affecting use of lead additives in gasoline. He explained that the anticipated regulations would ultimately result in the elimination of lead additives from gasoline.
1971 IEEE Symposium
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Third IEEE International Geoscience Electronics Symposium will be held in Washington. D.C., August 25–27. The symposium is sponsored by the Geoscience Electronics Group of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

The symposium will present reports on work in progress in the field of geoscience electronics, and will provide for an exchange of information on the numerous aspects of the field, with particular emphasis on geoscience electronics hardware. Some of the topics to be discussed are: Apollo/Skylab instrumentation; Nimbus/ERTS/SMS instrumentation, planetary geophysical instrumentation; offshore instrumentation, atmospheric and water pollution; atmospheric probing; earth observation surveys; computers in geoscience electronics; oceanographic instrumentation; earth seismology instrumentation; remote sensing instrumentation; and sea‐air interface.
Pacific Northwest Region: The Regional Committee
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Regional Committee met at 8:00 A.M. on October 15, 1970, in Thompson Science Hall on the campus of the University of Puget Sound in Tacoma, Washington. The meeting was chaired by James F. Kenney. There were 12 committee members or their representatives present.

A.F. Spilhaus, Jr., addressed the business meeting with some comments and suggestions from the national AGU headquarters.
Experimental metamorphic petrology
Authors: Hewitt David A. , Wones David R.
Published: April 2012

Experimental studies in the last quadrennium that are applicable to metamorphic petrology are many and varied. They range from the rigorous formulation of P‐T diagrams to thermochemical studies and solubility measurements. One encouraging feature of the large number of studies is an attempt to correlate the various studies with those of other workers. Such efforts require sound theory, and several important steps have been made in the past 4 years. Chayes [1968] has shown how discriminant functions can aid in the determination of field boundaries from scattered experimental points. Thompson [1967] and Green [1970] have contributed toward the analysis of nonideal solutions. Greenwood [1967a] and Eugster and Skippen [1967] have contributed to methods of handling gas equilibria. Estimates of pressures and temperatures of metamorphism have been made through the measurement of piezobirefringent effects of quartz and sillimanite inclusions in almandine by Rosenfeld [1969] and Adams et al. [1970].
Petrologic crystal chemistry
Authors: Papike J. J.
Published: April 2012

Structural crystallography has been an active field of endeavor ever since the pioneering studies of M. Laue and the Braggs (1912–1913). Since that time the basic methods for solving crystal structures have been applied to many disciplines, including biology, chemistry, mineralogy, and physics. Until about ten years ago, structural crystallography was applied to mineralogy largely by solving new crystal structures, and the results helped greatly in the understanding of the chemistry and physical properties of minerals. The boundary conditions of such studies were usually clearly defined by the solution of the crystal structure, i.e., locating the atoms in the crystal unit cell. In fact, the boundary conditions were so clearly defined that in many geology departments the crystallography laboratory stood as an isolated unit with little interaction with the rest of the department. The crystal structures of most of the important rock‐forming minerals are now solved, and crystallography is taking on a new role in geology. Important technological advances involving automated X‐ray diffractometery, high‐speed digital computers, and new and better spectral techniques enable the crystallographer to study many crystals in a reasonable amount of time and obtain important information on the dependence of the structure on chemical substitutions, cation distributions over crystallographically distinct sites (intracrystalline equilibria), details of bonding, and high‐temperature phase transitions. Many of these results are of great interest and importance to the petrologist. The result has been important interaction between crystallography and petrology and hence ‘petrologic crystal chemistry.’ What should or should not be included in the U.S. contribution to this field is somewhat arbitrary, but perhaps the first scientific session on this subject at an AGU meeting in 1967 entitled ‘Properties of Crystalline Solutions’ can set the tone. Over the last four years other scientific sessions at national meetings and smaller conferences have emphasized ‘petrologic crystal chemistry,’ and not only crystallographers, but experimental, field, and theoretical petrologists have attended and contributed. The following discussion and bibliography is an attempt to point out some of the important areas of activity. In keeping with the tradition of the volcanology, geochemistry, and petrology section of AGU the emphasis will be on igneous and metamorphic minerals and, more specifically, on the rock‐forming silicates. Selected abstracts are included in the bibliography, but only published papers are considered in the discussion.
Trace‐element studies
Authors: Murthy V. Rama
Published: April 2012

Research in the past four years under this omnibus title has covered a whole gamut of investigations from origin of rocks to crust‐mantle evolutionary history to cosmological fractionation processes. Two new areas can be added to the list. An extensive amount of trace‐element work has been done on the lunar samples. In addition, trace‐element studies related to plate tectonics have come into vogue. This short report covering such wide fields can only be cursory at best. The coverage in the bibliography includes references on many trace‐element studies in terrestrial materials and meteorites, as well as the trace‐element studies on lunar samples, for completeness. However, since studies on lunar samples are covered in another report, no discussion in this area is presented here. The bibliography does not include references on rare gases, a serious omission on many counts, and one that ought to be remedied in the future. The bibliography is divided under the topical headings of (1) analytical techniques, (2) alkalis, alkaline earths, uranium, and thorium, (3) rare earth elements, (4) studies related to global tectonics, and (5) other trace‐element studies.