bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Work Congruence and Excellence in Human Resource Management
Authors: Vigoda Eran , Cohen Aaron
Published: November 2003

Two data samples (N1 = 244, N2 = 155) were used to test hypotheses regarding the effect of person-organization fit (POF) and met expectations (ME) on the performance of nonprofit employees. Our first sample was collected from employees of a public sector organization. Findings revealed job satisfaction and organizational commitment were higher in employees who better fitted the organizational sphere and in those who better fulfilled their expectations. These employees' intentions of voice, in-role performance, and organizational citizenship behavior also increased as a result of higher ME. The second sample was collected from employees of a third sector organization. These findings also supported the centrality of ME in determining work outcomes. The authors conclude that expectations exert a notable effect on work outcomes for nonprofit employees. Moreover, POF has a secondary effect. Several theoretical and practical implications of these results, especially for nonprofit systems, are noted in the final section.
Hope v. Pelzer
Authors: Rosenbloom David H.
Published: November 2003

When engaged in executive functions, public administrators at all levels of the U.S. government have had qualified immunity in federal civil suits against alleged violations of individuals' constitutional rights. Hope v. Pelzer now places a heavier responsibility on public administrators to learn the constitutional law governing their official actions. This legal brief serves to inform readers about the new standard that Hope sets for determining what constitutes a clearly established constitutional right.
The Importance of Training on Sexual Harassment Policy Outcomes
Authors: Reese Laura A. , Lindenberg Karen E.
Published: November 2003

This article assesses the relative importance of sexual harassment policy and training on positive outcomes in public sector organizations by asking whether policies and training can increase satisfaction with the implementation of sexual harassment policies, whether employees are more likely to be satisfied with particular policies, whether policies and training can increase the reporting of sexual harassment, and, ultimately, whether policies and training can reduce the prevalence of sexual harassment in public sector organizations. Based on surveys and case studies of Michigan municipalities, the findings suggest that training is the critical link between sexual harassment policies and perceived positive outcomes. In short, even the best policy, absent a commitment to training, is unlikely to have the desired workplace outcomes.
Nurse-Curanderas
Authors: Luna Elaine
Published: November 2003

Bilingual nurse-curanderas are an emerging group of health care providers who blend the profession of nursing with Hispanic folk healing,thus providing culturally competent care to one of the largest growing minority groups in the United States. Nursecuranderas integrate curanderismo (Hispanic folk healing) with allopathic health care,evaluate safety and efficacy,and implement appropriate interventions. This balance reduces cultural conflict and improves outcomes by increasing patient compliance with the treatment regimen. A Spanish-English glossary of terms used is included.
Woman to Woman
Authors: Will Constance I. , Fowles Willa
Published: November 2003

Many women are turning to herbal, homeopathic, dietary, and other complementary therapies for relief of stressful aspects of menopause. Several questions related to complementary therapy use are not, however, well addressed in current research literature. Why do women seekout complementary therapies? Which therapies do they choose and why? What is the nature of their experiences using complementary therapies? In this qualitative study, 19 Caucasian women, who identified themselves as using or having used complementary therapies during menopause were interviewed in one of four focus groups. Findings revealed a wide variety of therapies, such as vitamin, mineral, and herbal preparations and lifestyle and behavioral initiatives, used to address distressing aspects of menopause. Also identified was lackof family and professional support for women who are seeking complements or alternatives to conventional treatment.
Influential Life Contexts and Environments for Out-of-Home Pregnant Adolescents
Authors: Saewyc Elizabeth M.
Published: November 2003

This focused ethnography explored influential life experiences and environmental contexts associated with pregnancy among “out-of-home” pregnant adolescent women in Seattle (i.e., not living in stable settings or with parents). Methods adapted from feminist anthropology guided ethnographic interviewing and participant observation. Key informants (N = 8) included 5 White, 1 American Indian, and 2 African American women 17-19 years, plus expectant fathers and street friends. Narrative and domain analysis focused on life events and current experiences that participants linked to their pregnancy decisions. Participants organized their narratives primarily around relationships: conflict-laden family relationships, violence and sexual abuse in childhood, mental health and substance abuse problems, and life-long patterns of housing instability. Economic challenges, disconnection to school, and spiritual change were important in their current circumstances. For most, out-of-home status preceded pregnancy, and during pregnancy, housing options improved slightly. For others, pregnancy occurred within a relationship that offered them relatively more stable housing arrangements.
Assessing Potential Accounting Manipulation: the Financial Characteristics of Charitable Organizations with Higher than Expected Program-Spending Ratios
Authors: Trussel John
Published: November 2003

Accounting manipulation is defined as when the managers of an organization intentionally misstate their financial information to favorably represent the entity’s financial performance.Managers of nonprofit organizations may have incentives to manipulate their reported program-spending ratios because donors use them in determining contribution decisions.The program-spending ratio is the percentage of expenses that is allocated to programs rather than to administrative or fundraising functions.In this study, I analyze the financial characteristics of potential accounting manipulators: those organizations that have program-spending ratios significantly higher than expected.I limit the study to relatively large nonprofit charitable organizations (charities) and use six financial indicators of accounting manipulation to develop a predictive model.The model is significant, with most of the financial indicators significantly contributing to the overall model. Also, within certain parameters, the model can predict with reasonable accuracy whether or not a charity is a potential accounting manipulator.
Board Composition, Committees, and Organizational Efficiency: The Case of Nonprofits
Authors: Callen Jeffrey L. , Klein April , Tinkelman Daniel
Published: November 2003

This article investigates the relationship between nonprofit board composition and organizational efficiency. Overall,we find a significant statistical association between the presence of major donors on the board and indicators of organizational efficiency. Although causality cannot be demonstrated,our findings are consistent with the Fama and Jensen (1983) conjecture that major donors monitor nonprofit organizations at least in part through their board membership. The multivariate analysis shows that the ratio of total expenses to program expenses is significantly and negatively associated with higher donor representation. Decomposing the total expense ratio into its two components,we find that different factors affect the administrative and fundraising expense ratios. The percentage of major donors on the finance committee,a key committee overseeing budgets and administrative expenses,is negatively related to the organization’s administrative expenses ratio. The presence of major donors on other board committees is not significantly statistically associated with nonprofit efficiency.
Understanding the Behavior of Nonprofit Boards of Directors: A Theory-Based Approach
Authors: Miller-Millesen Judith L.
Published: November 2003

The literature on nonprofit boards of directors is rich with prescriptive advice about the kinds of activities that should occupy the board’s time and attention. Using organizational theory that has dominated the empirical investigation of private sector board behavior (agency,r esource dependence, and institutional),this article contributes to the literature on nonprofit board governance in three important ways. First,it provides a link between theory and practice by identifying the theoretical assumptions that have served as the foundation for the “best practice” literature. Second,the article presents a theory-based framework of board behavior that identifies the environmental conditions and board/organizational considerations that are likely to affect board behavior. And finally,it offers a set of hypotheses that can be used in future empirical investigations that seeks to understand the conditions under which a nonprofit board might assume certain roles and responsibilities over others.
Trust, Accreditation, and Philanthropy in the Netherlands
Authors: Bekkers René
Published: November 2003

Given the increasing numbers of scandals, the awareness among fund-raisers that the public’s trust is crucial for the nonprofit sector is growing. This study investigates the relationship between trust and charitable giving. Charitable organizations can increase the public’s trust by signaling their trustworthiness. The example of the Netherlands shows how a system of accreditation can be an instrument for signaling trustworthiness to the public. Donors aware of the accreditation system have more trust in charities than those who are not aware, and they give more money to charitable causes. Charitable organizations have only limited control over the public’s trust because it is also rooted in a general social trust in institutions and fellow citizens. It was shown that general social trust increases the amount people give to charitable causes, even more so when people know about the accreditation system. Finally, the conditions for introducing an accreditation system are discussed.
Estimating Charitable Deductions in Giving USA
Authors: Deb Partha , Wilhelm Mark O. , Rooney Patrick M. , Brown Melissa S.
Published: November 2003

This article describes the model used inGiving USA2002 to estimate charitable deductions in 2001 and explains the criteria by which that model was selected. The article also presents a systematic comparison of this model to others previously used inGivingUSA . During the 1990s, the most recent period for which an evaluation of the models is possible, the three most recentGivingUSA models would have performed well. However, of these, the model presented herein would have provided somewhat more accurate estimates.
On the Alleged Incompatibility between Relativism and Feminist Psychology
Authors: Hepburn Alexa
Published: November 2003

This paper addresses the claim that research which makes relativist epistemological assumptions is incompatible with the moral and political commitments of feminism. This claim is treated as resting on four related but distinct arguments, that relativist feminist researchers: (a) have no basis for choosing between different accounts; (b) have no way to encompass real, material, worldly phenomena; (c) are unable to express commitment to a political position or set of values; (d) are less persuasive to colleagues and to the wider community because of the contingent and self-referential nature of relativist claims. The principal aim of this paper is to highlight a range of limitations with these anti- relativist arguments and thereby support the case for a coherent relativist feminist psychology. The paper concludes with some indication of the virtues and strengths of such an approach.
Doing Feminist Conversation Analysis
Authors: Kitzinger Celia
Published: November 2003

This article argues for, and offers empirical demonstration of, the value of conversation analysis (CA) for feminist research. It counters three key criticisms of CA as anti-feminist: the alleged incompatibility of CA’s social theory with feminism; the purported difficulty of reconciling analysts’ and participants’ concerns; and CA’s apparent obsession with the minutiae of talk rather than socio-political reality. It demonstrates the potential of CA for advances in lesbian/feminist research through two examples: developing a feminist approach to date rape and sexual refusal; and an ongoing CA study of talk in which people ‘come out’ as lesbian, gay, bisexual or as having (had) same-sex sexual experiences. These examples are used to illustrate that it is precisely the features of CA criticized as anti-feminist which can be used productively in doing feminist conversation analysis.
The Right of Passage? The Experiences of Female Pilots in Commercial Aviation
Authors: Davey Caroline L. , Davidson Marilyn J.
Published: November 2003

A poststructural feminist approach was adopted to investigate commercial aviation and the experiences of female pilots in a large international airline based in Europe. The study aimed to examine critically the difficulties faced by female pilots. The data were collected from in-depth interviews with 23 female and 17 male commercial airline pilots. The article argues that commercial aviation continues to be dominated by masculine values and practices, which result in the earlier stages of women’s careers being treated as ‘a rite of passage’. The first women to join the airline experienced sexism, harassment, high visibility and isolation. Although the extent of the difficulties has declined over time, the experience of dealing with sexism and adapting to the masculine culture continues to influence the attitudes of female pilots, especially towards gender and equal opportunities. The article challenges the impression created by the aviation literature regarding the degree of acceptance of female pilots in commercial aviation and summarizes the recommendations made to management in relation to its equal opportunities policy.
Crying Out Loud: Understanding Women’s Emotional Distress as both Lived Experience and Social Construction
Authors: Cosgrove Lisa
Published: November 2003

This article examines some of the issues involved in developing research strategies that are robust enough to attend to the complex relationship between gender and emotional distress. Social constructionism may be helpful because it highlights the discursive production of power, femininity and psychopathology. The strength of a phenomenological approach is that it emphasizes the richness and complexity of an individual’s lived experience and privileges agency. Working towards a rapprochement between these two approaches may help to deconstruct the stories that have been told about women and mental illness and help to generate more meaningful information about women’s experiences of emotional distress.
‘I Am Not a Patient, and I Am Not a Child’: The Institutionalization and Experience of Pregnancy
Authors: Rúdólfsdóttir Annadís Greta
Published: November 2003

In this article the focus is on how the relation between the self and body is formulated in medical/healthcare discourses and how these affect the experiences of pregnant women. I draw on data collected during research on the self-image of young mothers, analyses of booklets and handouts distributed to pregnant women, and interviews conducted both on individual and group bases with young mothers. I argue that the normalizing tendencies identified in the booklets strip women of their agency. However, pregnant women do not always position themselves in terms of maternal normativities. Their accounts of pregnancy and childbirth both support and challenge the knowledge that underpins the practices of medical/healthcare institutions. Their position as agents matters a great deal for them and affects the extent to which they experience pregnancy and childbirth positively or negatively.
Fit to Reproduce? The Regulative Role of Pregnancy Texts
Authors: Marshall Harriette , Woollett Anne
Published: November 2003

This article presents an analysis of popular UK-based guides to pregnancy. A discursive approach is adopted to explicate the interpretative repertoires used to construct pregnancy. ‘Planning for pregnancy’ incites women to engage in self-disciplining practices relating to the (pre)pregnant body, the self and ‘transforming the environment’. The easy combination and repeated use of these practices in conjunction with a repertoire of ‘pregnancy as risk’ serves to mask diversity and to decontextualize and individualize pregnancy to render it separate from women’s other relationships, identities and knowledges, with little regard for the specific circumstances in which women become/are pregnant. Medicalized discourses position women with limited agency, while, by means of repertoires of ‘choice’ informed by ‘woman-centred’ discourses, women are construed as consumers, taking responsibility for themselves and their babies. A tension is manifest in that the responsibility and blame for ‘abnormality’ or ‘unsuccessful’ outcomes is located with individual women/parents. We argue that through both medicalized and ‘womancentred’ discourses, reproduction remains a key site for the regulation of women.
Women with Breast Cancer Talking Causes: Comparing Content, Biographical and Discursive Analyses
Authors: Wilkinson Sue
Published: November 2003

This article explores three different approaches - content analytic, biographical and discursive - to analysing the same data set (women with breast cancer talking about causes, and Blaxter’s classic work on ‘lay aetiology’). It compares these three approaches in relation to the key epistemological problems of ‘context’, ‘footing’ and ‘multiple versions’ - and concludes that a discursive approach offers better solutions to these problems than do the other two approaches. Finally, it suggests that both feminist psychology and health psychology would benefit from increased use of discursive approaches, particularly in relation to theorizing ‘experience’.
The Social Construction of Rape in the Talk of a Convicted Rapist
Authors: Lea Susan , Auburn Timothy
Published: November 2003

The study used a discursive approach to explore the rape narratives of a convicted rapist. These narratives were recounted during the group therapy sessions of a prison-based Sex Offender Treatment Programme (SOTP). The analysis suggested that the offender drew on two main practical ideologies (Wetherell et al., 1987) in recounting his version(s) of the rape. These practical ideologies, which often embodied popular rape myths, served to construct the incident as ambiguous. In particular, this ambiguity called into question whether the incident constituted rape or consensual sexual intercourse. These findings lend support to feminist writers’ assertions that there is no clear distinction between rape and sex. The implications of the research for sex offender treatment programmes are discussed.
Power through Knowledge: Ignorance and the ‘Real Man’
Authors: Toerien Merran , Durrheim Kevin
Published: November 2003

The aim of this article is to show that tensions between conflicting accounts of masculinity need not only be ‘resolved’ by individual men, but can have a collective ‘resolution’. We argue that the ‘real man’ - by drawing together the ‘macho’ and ‘new man’ discourses - represents one such ‘integrated’ discourse of masculinity available to men. Our argument is based on a discourse analysis of 15 editions of Men’s Health, a South African magazine predominantly aimed at white, middle- to upper-middle class, heterosexual men. We also investigate how such integrated discourses may be collectively produced, arguing that the ‘real man’ is the product of a rhetorical question-answer strategy that moves men from ignorance to knowledge. Focusing on the rhetoric of masculine ignorance, we argue that the knowledge produced in answer to this ignorance serves to ‘resolve’ a current dilemma for men: how to maintain an essential masculinity while distancing oneself from criticisms of men as traditionally macho. We conclude by exploring, from a feminist perspective, the political implications of the ‘real man’ discourse as a collective ‘resolution’.
Maintaining Power: Male Constructions of ‘Feminists’ and ‘Feminist Values’
Authors: Riley Sarah
Published: November 2003

Research in the past decade has identified a trend in which feminist values are given support while feminists themselves are constructed negatively. It is argued that the incorporation of feminist values into the mainstream and simultaneous rejection of those associated with the ‘movement’ itself can be understood through analysing related discursive practices. Although significant changes in gender relations have occurred, the decoupling of feminist values from feminists, as identified in interviews with 46 professional Scottish men, can be read as a strategy that functions to minimize the impact of gender politics on contemporary society; the historical role men have played in women’s oppression; and the related privileges men receive. Finally, it allows users to claim feminist values for themselves, enabling them to redefine these values. The gender-neutral approach is identified as such a reformulation, which functions to marginalize any continued feminist voice and thus further initiatives for social change.
Reconsidering the Concept of Hegemonic Masculinity: Discursive Psychology, Conversation Analysis and Participants’ Orientations
Authors: Speer Susan A.
Published: November 2003

This article provides a critical review of Wetherell and Edley’s (1999) discursive reformulation of the concept of ‘hegemonic masculinity’. While I retain some familiar features from Wetherell and Edley’s approach, I develop a discursive perspective that is located more firmly in the technical, conversation analytic tradition - as outlined in the recent exchange between Schegloff (1997, 1998) and Wetherell (1998). In particular, I argue that previous research is based on the assumption that we need to venture further than the limits of the text to explain why participants say what they do, and go beyond participants’ orientations to be able to say anything politically effective. Using data from two semi- structured interviews with men in their early 20s, I explore how participants construct masculinity and situate themselves (and others) in relation to those constructions. This involves an analysis that is more attentive to participant orientations and gendered category membership than that used in the analysis of masculinity so far. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of this approach for feminist psychology.
Feminist Issues in Research Methodology: The Development of a Cognitive Scale
Authors: Akman Donna E. , Toner Brenda B. , Stuckless Noreen , Ali Alisha , Emmott Shelagh D. , Downie Fiona P.
Published: November 2003

Feminist research methodology is a subject that is often under wide debate, with both theorists and researchers offering various guidelines for conducting feminist research. Current writings in the field suggest that feminist research is moving towards pluralistic models that acknowledge and take into account the fact that feminism is not monolithic in its politics or philosophy. However, a review of the literature suggests that, within this pluralistic framework, there are some common principles of feminist research that cut across the different methodologies used in social science. The focus of this article is to discuss these common principles of feminist research and illustrate how they guided the development of a cognitive scale for functional bowel disorders.
Ethics in Higher Education: Red Flags and Grey Areas
Authors: Felicio Diane M. , Pieniadz Jean
Published: November 2003

Although many professional organizations have adopted formal and well-established codes of ethics (e.g. the Canadian Psychological Association, the American Medical Association), the academic profession has not. Furthermore, while there have been articles written about ethics in higher education, there has not been a thorough analysis of feminist contributions to this literature, or sufficient attention to matters related to, for instance, race, class and/or sexuality, and how these factors intersect with age and academic rank in determining the parameters of ethical dilemmas. This article is a step toward promoting discussion about the usefulness of an academic code of ethics in college and university settings. We rely on a code of ethics developed by the Feminist Therapy Institute, as well as a step-by-step decision-making framework to demonstrate how open forums and self-reflexivity about, for example, professional boundaries, conflict resolution and oppression, will help expand and redefine notions of academic freedom. This discussion is especially fitting as distance learning models and computer technology have compelled educators to reassess their working assumptions about teaching and learning. Examples of how to apply a model of feminist ethics and a decision-making framework to common ethical dilemmas are provided.
Better Conversations: A Morality Play in Twelve Tapes
Authors: Cameron Deborah
Published: November 2003

This article discusses and carries out discourse analysis on a set of learning materials about ‘better conversation’ produced for British Telecommunications and made available to the British public in 1997. It is argued that many of the norms and strategies presented as desirable in the materials derive from the discourse practices that are valorized in therapeutic and quasi-therapeutic settings, and reflect the liberal, individualist, consensual ideology associated with those settings. Although women are credited with superior communication skills, and it is asserted that they are more ‘comfortable’ than men with the recommended ways of talking, it is suggested here that the ways of talking in question tend to produce outcomes that reinforce rather than challenge the subordinate status of women.
The World of the Fearful: Battered Women’s Narratives of Leaving Abusive Husbands
Authors: Hydén Margareta
Published: November 2003

It is often suggested that battered women do not leave their abusive husbands because of fear. In this article, it is argued that fear of the husband is not only something that hampers women, but that it also could be regarded as a form of resistance on the part of women. Fear does not necessarily include action, but contains an unarticulated knowledge of what is wanted and what is unwanted. Based on interviews with 10 battered women at the time of leaving their abusers, and two years on, the article analyzes the fear that constituted a major part of the break-up process. Drawing on Foucault’s conceptualization of power, the accounts of fear were read as narratives of resistance to violence. Knowledge about the different ways that a battered woman can express her resistance to violence increases the prospects for researchers and professional and lay helpers to more adequately address the complexity of the abuse of women.
Longitudinal Organizational Research and the Third Scientific Discipline
Authors: Hunt James G. (Jerry) , Ropo Arja
Published: November 2003

Longitudinal research in organizations has gained momentum to the point where it may now be considered to reflect the tenor of the times, or zeitgeist, for organizational studies. An important part of that longitudinal research is what, borrowing and extending from the work of Ilgen and Hulin, is called the third scientific discipline. That discipline consists of numerous perspectives focusing on various aspects of chaos/complexity, dynamic systems, and processual approaches. These approaches are being increasingly applied across various organizational research fields such as social and industrial/organizational psychology and small-group and leadership studies. A dynamic systems approach is turned on itself to analyze the scientific development of third-discipline approaches. Although the jury is still out, these approaches appear to be making increasingly strong contributions to the longitudinal zeitgeist and to organizational studies in general.
Group Potency and Collective Efficacy
Authors: Jung Dong I. , Sosik John J.
Published: November 2003

This study identified several important issues that may help increase the understanding of group efficacy constructs. First, it examined multiple assessment methods of collective efficacy and group potency for their predictive validity. Second, it tested their appropriate levels of analysis because this is a central issue for operationalization of the constructs. Finally, it examined how performance feedback affected members' group efficacy perceptions and subsequent performance. Data came from 31 student work groups, which performed two group decision-making tasks over 15 weeks. Results of regression analysis indicated that individual assessment had higher predictive validity than group assessment. Results of within and between analysis showed that group members developed more homogeneous perceptions of their group's efficacy over time. Results of partial least squares analysis indicated that group potency and collective efficacy mediated the relationship between initial performance feedback and subsequent group performance. Based on these results, the authors offer several theoretical and practical implications.
Job Transfer during Organizational Downsizing
Authors: Armstrong-Stassen Marjorie
Published: November 2003

This longitudinal panel study examined job transfers in a federal government department undergoing major downsizing. Data were collected during the initial stages of the downsizing (T1), 1 year later (T2), and 1 year after that (T3). The 170 participants included those who were promoted and those who were laterally transferred between T2 and T3 as well as those who remained in the same job. Except for avoidance coping, there were no significant differences among the three groups at T1. At T3, the promoted group reported significantly higher future career success expectancy, job security, coping effectiveness, and procedural justice than the laterally transferred group. Because similar differences occurred before any job transfers, the differences at T3 cannot be attributed to the job transfer itself, but rather to differences that emerged between T1 and T2 in how those who were subsequently promoted appraised and coped with the downsizing and their coping resources.
Depression: What We can Learn from Postmortem Studies
Authors: Rajkowska Grazyna
Published: November 2003

The existence of depression has been recognized for decades, but its precise neurobiological basis remains unknown. Whereas neuroimaging studies unravel the gross morphological localization of dysfunctional brain regions in depression, postmortem studies provide further insights into the cellular and neurochemical substrates of depression. Recent cell-counting studies have established that major depressive disorder and bipolar illness are characterized by alterations in the density and size of neuronal and glial cells in frontolimbic brain regions. It remains to be fully elucidated to what extent these findings represent neurodevelopmental abnormalities or disease progression and whether the cellular changes observed in depression can be reversed by antidepressant and mood-stabilizing medications. Efforts to unravel specific groups of genes that are compromised in depression have recently been undertaken by investigators in the postmortem research field. Future studies will determine whether these genes may be novel targets of therapeutic medications.
ATP and Sensory Transduction in the Enteric Nervous System
Authors: Bertrand Paul P.
Published: November 2003

ATP is a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems and is also involved in peripheral inflammation and transmission of the sensation of pain. Recently, the regulated release of ATP from nonneuronal sources has been shown to play a role in the activation of sensory nerve terminals. Within the enteric nervous system, which is present in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, ATP plays three major roles. ATP acts as an inhibitory transmitter from the enteric motor neurons to the smooth muscle via P2Y receptors. ATP is released as an excitatory neurotransmitter between enteric interneurons and from the interneurons to the motor neurons via P2Y and P2X receptors. Finally, ATP may act as a sensory mediator, from epithelial sources to the intrinsic sensory nerve terminals. Thus, ATP participates in the transduction of sensory stimuli from the gut lumen and in the subsequent initiation and propagation of enteric reflexes.
Sex and Gender are Different: Sexual Identity and Gender Identity are Different
Authors: Diamond Milton
Published: November 2003

This article attempts to enhance understanding and communication about different sexual issues. It starts by offering definitions to common terms such as sex, gender, gender identity and sexual identity. Alternate ways to discuss one’s sexual attractions are also presented. Terms are defined or redefined and examples given of their preferred use in different clinical situations, including those associated with children. Adherence to the usage advocated here is proposed as helpful in theory formulation and discussion as well as in clinical practice. When reference is made to individuals of various sexual-minority groups such as transsexual or intersexual persons, the distinctions offered are particularly advocated.
Sex, Gender and Culture: Issues in the Definition, Assessment and Treatment of Gender Identity Disorder
Authors: Newman Louise K.
Published: November 2003

As a diagnostic category, gender identity disorder remains problematic with ongoing debates concerning aetiology, definition and ethics of treatment. Inherent in the current DSM definition is a Western model of the relationship between sex and gender which epitomizes the tension existing between essentialist and constructivist accounts of gender development. This model determines that gender-aberrant behaviour and gender variation are, by definition, pathological, and reinforces a binary gender model. Studies of non-Western cultures reveal variations in models of gender and in the understanding of gender deviance. Cultures vary in their definition of gender roles and show varying degrees of tolerance for atypical gender behaviours and gender change. An understanding of cultural context is important in the clinical assessment of a typical gender development and challenges current models of sex and gender.
‘I Can Accept My Child is Transsexual but if I Ever See Him in a Dress I’ll Hit Him’: Dilemmas in Parenting a Transgendered Adolescent
Authors: Wren Bernadette
Published: November 2003

In this article I describe the accounts of a group of parents with transgendered adolescents. I look specifically at how the parents try to build an intelligible story of the young people’s gender identity and how their story shapes their coping strategies. For the qualitative study on which this article is based, I interviewed adolescents with a well-established cross-gender identification and their parents from families referred to a specialist NHS service. The first-person reports were analysed using grounded theory methodology. There were a number of suggestive findings. First, communication about gender identity issues within the family and outside was handled with enormous care; second, it was clear that these parents are aware that their response to the gender problems is a deeply moral issue; third, there was an iterative relationship between the activities of making-meaning and accepting (or not) the child’s claims, and a similar interaction between the activity of meaning-making and the tasks of practical coping; fourth, a belief in biological causation of transgenderism was associated with a more benign view of the adolescent; and fifth, there were interesting differences between the accounts of mothers and fathers. The findings of the study hopefully illuminate clinical encounters, stimulate further research into how families cope with this unusual predicament and encourage reflexive thinking in practitioners in related fields.
Gender-Dysphoric Children and Adolescents: A Comparative Analysis of Demographic Characteristics and Behavioral Problems
Authors: Zucker Kenneth J. , Owen Allison , Bradley Susan J. , Ameeriar Lalaie
Published: November 2003

This study compared 358 children (mean age, 7.2 years) and 72 adolescents (mean age, 15.8 years) referred clinically for problems in their gender identity development with regard to demographic characteristics, behavioral problems, as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and peer relations. Compared with the adolescent sample, the child sample had a greater proportion of males, had a higher mean IQ, was more likely to come from a higher social class background, was more likely to be living with both of their parents, was more likely to be Caucasian, was more likely to be born in Canada, and was more likely to speak English as a first language. The adolescent sample showed significantly more general behavioral disturbance on the CBCL than did the child sample although both age groups had, on average, mean scores that fell within the clinical range. The adolescent sample also had significantly poorer peer relations than the child sample, as judged by a three-item Peer Relations Scale derived from the CBCL. The differences in CBCL psychopathology generally remained significant even when controlling for the differences in demographics. The strongest predictor of CBCL psychopathology was that of the Peer Relations Scale. The role of both poor peer relations and the demographic variables in accounting for the CBCL psycho- pathology and with regard to gender identity differentiation is discussed.
Adolescents who are Eligible for Sex Reassignment Surgery: Parental Reports of Emotional and Behavioural Problems
Authors: Cohen-Kettenis Peggy T. , van Goozen Stephanie H.M.
Published: November 2003

One important reason why clinicians abstain from medical intervention in trans- sexual adolescents is that they assume that transsexualism and psychopathology are necessarily associated. However, several studies among transsexual adolescents considered eligible for sex reassignment, employing self-report questionnaires and the Rorschach according to Exner’s Comprehensive System, did not find the high levels of psychopathology encountered in psychiatric populations. Thus far, no data have been gathered from sources other than the patients themselves. It has been argued that the method used may create a bias, as the sources of information were persons who have a stake in the outcome. In this study we therefore assessed the number and type of psychological problems among trans- sexual adolescents using Child Behavior Checklist and DISC data gathered from parents or other caretakers, at the time of application. In about one quarter of the patients DSM criteria were fulfilled (one specific phobia, one tic disorder, one oppositional disorder and one anxiety disorder), and in about one third of the patients, parents reported high levels of behavioural or emotional problems on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). A post hoc qualitative inspection of the clinical CBCL group’s situation revealed that in all patients important unfavourable family circumstances could be observed, such as having major conflicts with parents. This might have led to an over-reporting of problems by parents or may be indicative of a real elevation of emotional or behavioural disturbance, perhaps as a reaction of family problems that already existed or were a consequence of the child’s gender dysphoria. However, in line with previous data, transsexual adolescents as a group did not score in the clinical range at the time of application.
Children and Adolescents with Transsexual Parents Referred to a Specialist Gender Identity Development Service: A Brief Report of Key Developmental Features
Authors: Freedman David , Tasker Fiona , di Ceglie Domenico
Published: November 2003

An investigation of the psychosocial development of children of transsexual parents provides a special opportunity to examine whether and how parental gender role influences children’s own gender development, mental health, family relationships and peer relationships. Data on the presence or absence of gender identity disorder, depression, peer relationship difficulties and problems in family relationships among children of transsexual parents were collated from audit of a specialist clinical service. Only 1 female adolescent of the 18 children of transsexual parents recorded temporary concerns with respect to gender identity. Compared with children referred to the same clinical service regarding concerns about their own gender identity, the children of transsexual parents were less depressed and less likely to report peer harassment, persecution or victimization. However, the case notes of children of transsexual parents revealed that this group was more likely to have experienced marital conflict between their parents than were children referred with gender identity concerns and as likely to record difficulties in parent-child relationships and general difficulties with peer relationships. It is suggested that clinical work with children of transsexual parents needs to focus on the quality of family relationships.
Trying to Hide: A Cross-National Study of Growing Up for Non-Identified Gay and Bisexual Male Youth
Authors: Carragher Daniel J. , Rivers Ian
Published: November 2003

Research shows that ‘out’ lesbian, gay and bisexual youth often experience long- term and repeated abuse when they are growing up. Currently, very little is known about the experiences of those youth who do not disclose their sexual orientation at school, but also face discrimination because of their perceived sexual orientation. A cross-cultural comparison of two groups of gay and bisexual men from the US and UK who were non-identified at school was conducted by the authors. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed focusing upon recollections of sexual orientation developmental milestones, the nature of the victimization experienced in adolescence, alternative behaviours adopted for self-preservation and suicidal ideation. In addition, current functioning in adulthood was also assessed, and measures relating to personal homonegativity and sexual behaviour were compared. The results suggested that there were variations in the nature and correlates of the victimization experienced by US and UK gay and bisexual males during adolescence, including the alternative behaviours adopted for self- preservation. As adults, UK males were more likely to report feelings of internalized homonegativity, however, US males were proportionally more likely to engage in transient sexual encounters. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Parenting Related to Child and Parental Psychopathology: A Descriptive Review of the Literature
Authors: Berg-Nielsen Turid Suzanne , Vikan Arne , Dahl Alv A.
Published: November 2003

Two areas of recent research on parenting are examined: (i) Parenting problems in families with parental psychopathology, and (ii) parenting problems when children have psychiatric disorders. Review of literature showed that parental, as well as child, psychopathology represents major stressors for a family and substantially impacts parenting abilities. Two main dimensions of dysfunctional parenting occur in families with child or parental psychopathology: (i) Parental negativity, and (ii) various forms of ineffective discipline practices. For parents, the level of parental social functioning and responsiveness may be more crucial for parenting skills than psychiatric symptoms per se. For children, the impact of dysfunctional parenting seems to be non-specific for child outcome, related to both internalizing and externalizing disorders. However, evidence does point to links among parental negative, affectionless control and depression/anxiety in children, whereas inconsistent, disruptive parenting with insufficient monitoring is more characteristic of parents with conduct-disordered children.
Supervision of Therapy of Sexually Abused Girls
Authors: Emanuel Ricky , Miller Lisa , Rustin Margaret
Published: November 2003

We describe and examine the experience of close supervision of therapists working in time-limited therapy with girls aged 6-14 who have been sexually abused. The therapy, taking place in the framework of a research project, was uniformly difficult because of the level of disturbance in the girls and because of the particular nature of the cases. The focus of supervision included dealing with technical issues pertinent to treating this client group, the impact of the cases on the therapists and the implications of time-limited work with this population. Issues specifically related to child sexual abuse are discussed and the conclusion drawn is that supervision is an essential feature of the successful use of psychoanalytical psychotherapy in the treatment of sexually abused children.
Quality of Work and Need for Supervision among Physicians and Nurses of a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Gehring Thomas M. , Widmer Jeannette , Bänziger Oskar , Marti Daniel
Published: November 2003

This article reports the perception of the quality of work and the desire for supervision among physicians and nurses of a pediatric intensive care unit. Results indicated that, whereas staff members in general evaluated patient-related activities as challenging and attractive, they perceived organizational aspects of their work less positively and thus worthy of change. Notably, physicians rated the quality of their work environment higher and indicated more job satisfaction than nurses. Furthermore, senior doctors perceived themselves as better stress copers than other staff members. However, both professional groups demonstrated a strong wish for multidisciplinary team supervision. The findings indicate that supervision is essential when working in this context.
Needle Phobia in Children: A Discussion of Aetiology and Treatment Options
Authors: Willemsen Hessel , Chowdhury Uttom , Briscall Louise
Published: November 2003

In this article we review the current literature surrounding needle phobia, concentrating on clinical symptoms, aetiology and treatment options. Clinical symptoms include sudden increase in heart rate and blood pressure on exposure to needles followed by an immediate slowing of the heart and decrease in blood pressure (vasovagal reflex). The various schools of thought surrounding aetiology of this condition include biological, psychological and psychodynamic theories. Treatment options vary from simple education and reassurance to medication and specific behavioural approaches. Consideration should be given to past trauma associated with the phobia and relevant family factors. Careful clinical assessment will not only identify the problem but will also help to indicate appropriate treatment options.
The Mental Health Needs of Children and Adolescents with Cleft Lip and/or Palate
Authors: Lockhart Elaine
Published: November 2003

Children with cleft lip and/or palate and their families have a range of emotional and psychological difficulties associated with this congenital anomaly. This article reviews the literature available on this subject and highlights the main difficulties as being those of social isolation, speech and language difficulties, specific and global learning difficulties and poor self-image. There is a description of the interventions a child with cleft may require, ranging from surgical and orthodontic procedures, long-term speech and language therapy and frequent clinic appointments. It then goes on to describe the current services provided by cleft teams and suggests ways to enhance the mental well-being of these children and adolescents. This includes better communication between professionals of the difficulties this population may encounter, early identification and intervention where problems exist, input from mental health professionals and social skills workshops.