bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of cyclin‐dependent kinase (Cdk)6 in osteoblast, osteoclast, and chondrocyte differentiation and its potential as a target of bone regenerative medicine
Authors: Ogasawara Toru , Mori Yoshiyuki , Abe Masanobu , Suenaga Hideyuki , Kawase‐Koga Yoko , Saijo Hideto , Takato Tsuyoshi
Published: June 2011

In the oral and maxillofacial region, conditions such as bone fracture, trauma‐induced bone or cartilage defects, and tumor or birth defects are common, and it is necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that control the differentiation of cells to establish new treatment strategies for these conditions. Therefore, numerous studies have investigated the role or involvement of factors that are thought to be crucial for differentiation of cells, including cell cycle factors, transcription factors, and growth factors. One of these types of factors, the cell cycle factors, critically influence the differentiation of cells, since a temporal arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle or withdrawal from the cell cycle is thought to be a prerequisite for cell differentiation. In a previous attempt to identify cell cycle factor(s) controlling the commitment for differentiation of cells, we discovered that cyclin‐dependent kinase (Cdk)6, one of the G1 cell cycle factors, is a critical regulator of the differentiation efficiency of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes. In addition, individual groups have also reported the importance of Cdk6 in differentiation in other cell types. Herein, we review the role of Cdk6 in differentiation of cells with a particular focus on osteoblast, osteoclast, and chondrocyte differentiation and discuss the potential of Cdk6 as a target of bone regenerative medicine.
‘Tremendous Satisfaction from Helping People to Pursue Their Research’: An Interview with Norman Fiering
Authors: Jacobs J.
Published: June 2011

Wednesday, April 14, 2004, a rainy afternoon in Providence, the city with quaint old houses, as H.P. Lovecraft put it. Inside the century-old building of The John Carter Brown Library, located on the thoroughly soaked Brown Green, a ceremony is conducted in the MacMillan Reading Room. The Ambassador of Spain to the United States, HE. Javier Ruperéz, has just been presented with the first volume of the Hakluyt Society edition of the Malaspina Expedition. After remarking on the importance of this publication, the ambassador turns his attention to the Director of the John Carter Brown Library, Dr Norman Fiering. In recognition of the services of the Library to the promotion of the culture and history of both Spain and the former Spanish colonies, Norman is appointed Commander in the Orden de Isabel la Católica.
Luso-Johor-Dutch Relations in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, c. 1600-1623
Authors: Borschberg Peter
Published: June 2011

The study of the early European colonial presence in Asia has been stimulated in recent years by a series of excellent works. These have been both of general and specialist nature, written not only by historians, but also by political scientists as well as specialists of international relations. The truly excellent study published in 2002 by Edward Keene, can be taken as a point in case. Central to his revisitation of seventeenth-century treaties of the United Dutch East India Company (VOC) with the Emperor of Kandy, is the notion of divided sovereignty expounded by Hugo Grotius around 1600-1610. It was against the backdrop of such concepts of divided sovereignty that the VOC could ultimately conclude its complex web of treaty relationships that broadly characterise the Dutch colonial empire in the East Indies up the advent of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. There is some legitimacy in contending that Keene's postulations effectively rework and reinterpret, at the level of international relations, what was once conveniently dubbed the ‘Age of Partnership’, i.e. an age characterised by trade-driven colonial empires that grew upon a complex, sometimes self-contradictory network of treaty relationships as well as formal and informal cooperation garnered from native elites. Admittedly such relations were often but not always based on unequal power and treaty relationships. Despite the uneven playing fields created by many such Euro-Asian treaties, especially those forged in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the conclusion of treaties was assumed on the basis of the nominal co-equality of sovereigns and plenipotentiary agents acting on their behalf. European and Asian treaty partners were accepted as contracting equals, and this is particularly stunning given that the feudal world of European power politics at the time was, by comparison, probably more complex and legally structured than Asia. Certainly, the underlying power relations behind these early modern agreements were completely different from those imposed by the mature colonial powers on Asia at the zenith of nineteenth-century imperialism!
Adventures in Abyssinia: The Relation of Charles Poncet, 1698 to 1700
Authors: Love Ronald S.
Published: June 2011

‘One of the greatest advantages a traveller brings back from his journeys’, wrote the chevalier d'Arvieux in 1673, ‘is that he rejects the prejudices imbibed in his own country against strangers, something which those who never leave will never accomplish.’ For with direct exposure to foreign cultures, explained Simon de la Loubère two decades later, one learns ‘that there is not in any place anything marvellous or extravagant’. The seventeenth century in European history witnessed a great exodus of articulate globetrotters from every walk of life who sought adventure, wealth, and reputation. This was an age, indeed, when Europeans could be found in nearly every corner of the world. Moreover, many of these individuals wrote extensively of their experiences, reporting details of geography, climate, flora, fauna and the natural wealth of the lands they visited. Their accounts are also enriched by the close attention paid to the fullness and richness of the social, religious, and cultural aspects of the people who occupied these non-Christian, non-European societies. In short, the anthropological, even ethnographic elements of these travelogues constitute an extraordinarily rich source for modern historians that, until recently, has rarely been mined by scholars who have tended to limit themselves instead to the political and commercial contacts between Europe and the wider world during the Age of Discovery and Exploration.
The So-called Tin Monopoly in Ligor: The Limits of VOC Power vis à vis a Southern Thai Trading Polity
Authors: Ariyasajsiskul Supaporn
Published: June 2011

That which the Dutch called Ligor is the present-day southern province of Nakhon Si Thammarat in Thailand. It was one of the oldest city-states and flourishing entrepôts in Southeast Asia. Dutch East India Company (VOC) documents reveal that the Company traded tin in Ligor and had a small office there for more than a century from around 1640 until 1756. In fact, the relationship between the VOC and Ligor had already been established a few decades earlier when Ligor was still enjoying much autonomy with respect to self-governance, trade, and foreign contacts.
New PhD Studies on Asian and South African History 1600-1800: A Conference Report on the Second TANAP Workshop ‘Asia in the Age of Partnership’ Held in Bangkok
Authors: Niemeijer Hendrik E.
Published: June 2011

The Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya are occupied by events like ceremonies for the Supreme-Holy-Lord-Omnipotent, and by the King's holy compassions and angers concerning his beloved Siam, especially at times of conspiracy. Westerners, in the times of kings like the famous Narai (1656-1688), appear only in the extreme margins of the Thai records. The Dutch are only mentioned twice, in particular when their ships were destroyed in the Burmese invasion of 1766.1 How did the Thai court perceive Westerners?
Four Hundred Years On: The Public Commemoration of the Founding of the VOC in 2002
Authors: Blussé Leonard
Published: June 2011

In our Age of the Discovery of Space, many people still enjoy commemorating the Age of Global Exploration and Discovery. In 1992, the 500th anniversary of Columbus' epic voyage to the Caribbean islands off the American continent was celebrated in Spain and America, and in 1998 and 2000 Portugal also commemorated its Age of Descobrimentos in Africa, South America and Asia. Various campaigns are underway in China to celebrate in 2004 the 600th (!) anniversary of the great expeditions by Admiral Zheng Ho to South Asia and Africa. Most of these festivities, meant to foster international awareness in the current Age of Globalisation, have met with mixed reactions among the peoples who were ‘discovered’.
Rediscovering and Re-imagining the Afrikaners in a New South Africa: Autobiographical Notes on Writing an Uncommon Biography
Authors: Giliomee Hermann
Published: June 2011

As a historian I have worked on and have been shaped by two great struggles: the one between whites and blacks for control over South Africa and the Afrikaner-English struggle over which white community was dominant. The former struggle was clear-cut, but the latter was ambiguous and took many forms. It was waged over South Africa's relationship with Britain, the national symbols and languages, and the higher moral ground. The first section of the article provides a brief sketch of the latter struggle which influenced my career strongly.
‘A Conglomeration of […] often Conflicting Ideas’: Resolving the ‘Native Question’ in Java and the Outer Islands in the Dutch East Indies, 1900-1925
Authors: Coté Joost
Published: June 2011

This paper examines Dutch colonial discourse as it was developing at the beginning of the twentieth century. I argue that colonial circumstances were changing at the beginning of the twentieth century in many aspects - economic, political, social - and that these changes required new policy and administrative responses. I take as examples of these changing colonial conditions and responses, two episodes in the history of ‘the late colonial state’, which I argue are both representative of and formative in shaping, colonial policy in the last decades of Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia.
The White Poor at the End of Apartheid: The Collapse of the Myth of Afrikaner Community
Authors: Hyslop Jonathan
Published: June 2011

In 1983, a year which some might view as the high watermark of apartheid, a strange thing happened in Roodepoort, a town in the West Rand mining area, near Johannesburg. A Mrs van Rensburg, visiting a local, all-white school, realised that some of the children were starving. She gave them food. When she returned the next day, the childrens’ parents were sitting on the pavement in front of the school, waiting for a meal. Van Rensburg's husband, Leon, took on the task of feeding the parents and children on a regular basis. He was a man of extreme right wing sympathies and was to become active on the West Rand as a follower of Eugene Terreblanche's neo-Fascist Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB). By 1985, the AWB had initiated a nation-wide Volkshulpskema (People's Help Scheme). By 1988 the scheme was providing 14,000 meals a day for white children. On the West Rand, where Leon van Rensburg became organiser for the scheme, 2,000 children a day were being fed. The scheme was explicitly aimed at fostering racial solidarity. Leon van Rensburg told a journalist: These people need not be members of the AWB. They are Afrikaners. We help any white person, in spite of their political beliefs.’
The Issue of Forced Labour in the Onjembo: German South West Africa 1904–1908
Authors: Gewald Jan-Bart
Published: June 2011

Visitors to the sea-side resort of Swakopmund on the Namibian coast will have often stood on the northern banks of the Swakop river and marvelled at the sea of sand dunes that commences on the opposite side of the river. Very few of them will ever have realised that they were standing upon, and wandering amongst, the mass graves of Herero and Nama prisoners of war, who between 1904 and 1908 were employed as forced labourers. As I write the mass-graves of Swakopmund are used by recreationers as a testing ground for their four-wheel-drive off-road vehicles, perhaps in the future the true nature of these graves will come to be realised and appreciated.
The Centre des Archives d'Outre-Mer in Aix-en-Provence
Authors: Taselaar Arjen
Published: June 2011

Students of French overseas history could hardly imagine a better place to do their research than Aix-en-Provence, the delightful home of the Centre des Archives d'Outre-Mer. Readers of Itinerario will not expect an éloge on this town in the heartland of Provence, about which all travel guide clichés turn out to be true, but readers with experience of the Aix archives will admit that their surroundings easily divert the attention of even the most dedicated historian. The Centre des Archives d'Outre-Mer or CAOM was created in 1966 as an autonomous part of the Archives Nationales. From the outset it was intended to house the archives of the administration of France's former colonies that had gained independence. In 1987, however, the archives of the metropolitan administration were moved from Paris to Aixen-Provence as well. Nowadays, the CAOM houses collections on the former French colonies in Africa, Asia and the Americas.
Shipbuilding in Seventeenth-Century Western India
Authors: Barendse R.J.
Published: June 2011

The history of Indian shipbuilding is a relatively well-studied topic. There are two strands of literature on Indian shipping. First there is the Indian: R.N. Mukherjee (1923) is, in spite of some minor criticism which could be levelled at it, still the basic work on the topic. Among the more recent contributions should be mentioned those of L. Gopal and J. Qaisar. The second strand is Portuguese. Much of the Portuguese work on ‘Portuguese’ shipbuilding in the sixteenth century deals with shipbuilding in Goa. Now, was this ‘Portuguese’ shipbuilding or ‘Indian’ shipbuilding? ‘European’ and ‘Indian’ technology were so closely interlinked on the west coast of India that it is impossible to make a clear distinction. The seminal contributions on this topic are the already very well-established works of Commodore Quirinho da Fonsequa and of Frazāo de Vasconselhos. Their articles, which have appeared in several Portuguese journals, very much deserve an English translation. More recently the important work by A. Marques Esparteiro on the ships used in the carreira da Índia has appeared.
The Idea of Atlantic History
Authors: Bailyn Bernard
Published: June 2011

When I was invited to participate in the conference marking the twentieth anniversary of Leiden's Centre for Overseas Expansion and to contribute to the conference's retrospection of recent scholarship on the history of overseas expansion, I happily agreed. And I agreed specifically to contribute a paper on what was rather casually, I think, called ‘The Atlantic in the Ancien Régime’. Since I had been working, one way and another, in that area for a long time, I expected no difficulty in writing up a reasonable paper. But the more I thought about the subject, and the more I reviewed what had been done in recent studies of ‘the Atlantic in the Ancien Régime’ the more mysterious and interesting the question became and the more strongly I was led back to earlier antecedents in the literature. I had a growing feeling that something strange had happened, something that, oddly enough, I had myself been involved in without knowing it, something that I was in fact attempting to formulate in connection with an international seminar on Atlantic history that I will be directing over the next few years.
Emigration from Europe to Colonial Destinations: Some Nineteenth-Century Australian and South African perspectives
Authors: Haines Robin , Shlomowitz Ralph
Published: June 2011

In a seminal paper published nearly forty years ago, Frank Thistlethwaite argued that the migration process ought to be liberated from the stereotypical historiographical tradition. This tradition offered a homogeneous image of undifferentiated waves of uprooted peasants and artisans suffering from epidemics of emigration fever during times of crisis. Instead, he argued, a close study of the individual or group experience of emigrants from particular regions, to specific destinations, would reveal a great deal about the motives, characteristics and pathways of people participating in highly distinctive movements. Thus, emigration might be seen not as a phenomenon in its own right, but as an aspect of a process that stimulated the seasonal circulatory movements of specific occupational groups not only within Europe, but extending outwards around the Mediterranean basin and often culminating in a circular navigation of the ‘Atlantic lake’. For millions of European workers, a natural extension of this ‘proletariat globetrotting’ was an individually-organized one-way voyage to the New World.
The Earliest Eyewitness Depictions of Khoikhoi: Andries Beeckman in Africa
Authors: de Groot Erlend
Published: June 2011

Countless studies by historians, art historians and anthropologists have dealt with the early modern image of the South African Khoikhoi. Lacking everything that Europeans valued, they fell prey to the most contemptuous imagery available. The term ‘Hottentots’, by which they were known, was considered more or less synonymous with monstrous appearance, beastly habits and cultural ignorance. As such they were portrayed in official reports and travel journals, in prints and drawings. Few European artists and travel writers published their observations with any recourse to reality, however. They usually created their images in Europe in accordance with prevailing artistic and literary conventions, time and again reverting to stereotypes that were embedded in prejudice and based on incomplete and distorted knowledge. Thus far scholars have not discovered a single drawing by an eyewitness from the first two centuries of Khoikhoi-European encounters. As a consequence our insight into the mechanisms of stereotyping is far from complete. We neither know how the images were perceived by European viewers nor do we know if and how the stereotypes blurred the perception and judgement of eyewitnesses themselves.
Fukuyama, Liberal Democracy and the New World Order: Back to the End of History
Authors: Pieterse Jan Nederveen
Published: June 2011

Fukuyama's thesis of the end of history evoked a great deal of attention because it seemed to provide the ideological foundation for a new round of US hegemony, the ideological gloss for a new American assertiveness. The mood in US debates at the time had been pessimistic, while global political realities, in particular the weakening of the Soviet Union, provided opportunities for a new American assertiveness. Setting forth an ideological stance for the post-Cold War political dispensation, Fukuyama's essay filled the ideology gap.
The Vanishing Sandalwood of Portuguese Timor
Authors: Villiers John
Published: June 2011

Like other decorative and aromatic woods, sandalwood has been in continuous and apparently insatiable demand throughout Asia since the earliest times of which there is any written record and especially in India and in China, where, during periods of prosperity, the consumption of exotic woods reached enormous proportions. Sandalwood was used as a cosmetic and perfume and in medicinal preparations, for the making of all manner of objects from fans, boxes and religious images to beds, couches and chests, and, above all, for burning as incense. It was exported to China and India from several Indonesian islands, includingjava, Borneo, Sulawesi and the Lesser Sunda Islands, especially Sumba, which was known to the Portuguese as the Island of Sandalwood, and Timor, where it was believed that the finest and most fragrant sandalwood was to be found.
Overseas History in the Netherlands after the Second World War. Historical Backgrounds, Modern Developments, Present-Day Situation
Authors: Wesseling H.L.
Published: June 2011

Is history science or art? This is a problem which has been on people's minds for more than a century and certainly it is an interesting question. But within the framework of this contribution it is not really important, for, whether one practises art history or history of science, one faces the same problem. On the one hand such a history is first and foremost a history of the work and achievements of individuals. A history of science which does not deal with the work of Copernicus, Newton and Einstein is as useless as a history of art in which Rembrandt, Rubens and Michelangelo do not figure. Art and history are and will remain foremost the work of individuals of genius. On the other hand it is also true that a history of art or science which confines itself exclusively to a series of sketches of individuals and their work is not satisfactory either. Artists and scientists do not work within a vacuum. As one discerns tendencies and trends in art, likewise within the field of science one finds schools and paradigms. In order to understand works of art and science we have to look closely at influences and examples, at the time-spirit, the spiritual climate, et cetera.
TheEstado da Indiaand theEstado do Brasil. Opportunities for Research in Portuguese Overseas History
Authors: Russell-Wood A.J.R.
Published: June 2011

In this year marking the sexcentenary of the birth of Prince Henry, known erroneously to the English speaking world as ‘the Navigator’, and the 450th anniversary of the Portuguese arrival in Japan, it is fitting to take stock of what has been achieved and what remains concerning research on Portuguese overseas history. In November 1969 a conference was held at the Newberry Library in Chicago to ‘stimulate in the United States scholarly interest in research on Brazil's colonial past’. In November 1978 an International Seminar on Indo-Portuguese History was held in Goa occasioned by ‘an awareness of a relative stagnation in the field of Indo-Portuguese historical studies, especially in India’. This was prompted by the feeling of a dearth of new interpretations, shortage of studies in English, and neglect of political history, biography and social and economic history. Whereas the tone of the Newberry Library meeting was upbeat as to what junior scholars were achieving, and Charles Boxer pointed with pride to scholarly accomplishments since 1950, by 1984 a lecture to mark the occasion of the centennial of the American Historical Association noted grounds for concern regarding studies in the United States on colonial Brazil and this situation has deteriorated further during the decades of the 80s and early 90s. By way of contrast, in 1981 Charles Boxer noted the vitality of theEstado da Indiain its broadest geographical meaning as a subject for historical research by Portuguese and how ‘after years — I might even say centuries – of neglect by foreigners, the history of the old Estado da India has lately come into its own in the wider world’. This was seconded by M.N. Pearson who noted that ‘Goan historiography seems to be on the verge of a renaissance’.
Needs and Opportunities in French Colonial History
Authors: Boulle Pierre H.
Published: June 2011

If anything is clear to the student of the history of the early modern French colonial enterprise, it is the need for a general overview to equal Boxer's and Parry's fine volumes on the Dutch, Portuguese and Spanish seaborne empires, or George Winius' volume in the Minnesota series. Not that such volumes on the French colonies do not exist, in French. Indeed, there has not been a decade since the 1920s without some such publication. None of them, however, appears to me to be wholly satisfactory. The glorification of the French ‘mission’ characterizing the earlier works nowjars; the more recent works are more balanced, but still, on the whole, too descriptive. This is particularly the case for the Histoire de la France coloniale, des origines à 1914. While the authors responsible for the period which interests us, Jean Meyer and Jean Tarrade, have produced distinguished works on the French overseas empire, their survey remains somewhat uncritical and, at least for the seventeenth century, very thin. As to the treatment of New France, it draws on a rather unreliable series of monographies.
Indian Indentured Migration and the Forced Labour Debate
Authors: Carter Marina
Published: June 2011

The migrants who left India to work on colonial sugar plantations in the nineteenth century have been variously categorised as neo-slaves or as voluntary black settlers. This paper assesses some of the recent historical claims and revisionist interpretations of Indian indentured labour and takes up a number of themes based on the Mauritian case to highlight important aspects of this colonial labour diaspora.
Caribbean Plantations and Indentured Labour, 1640–1917: A Constructive or Destructive Deviation from the Free Labour Market?
Authors: Emmer P. C.
Published: June 2011

In surveying the negative effects of the expansion of Europe it seems difficult to find an area which was worse affected than the Caribbean. The autochthonous population of Amerindians had been decimated on a scale unknown elsewhere. Rather than becoming an attractive refuge for migrant Europeans, the Caribbean became the home of plantation agriculture, which ruthlessly destroyed the existing environment and small scale farming. To top it all, the Caribbean plantations needed a constant influx of labourers. The success of Caribbean exports created a paradox: the region was in constant and increasing need of manpower while at the same time the number European migrants was decreasing rapidly
End of the Empire: The Spanish Philippines and Puerto Rico in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Skowronek Russell K.
Published: June 2011

As we pass the Quincentennial of the founding of the Spanish empire we stand within two years of marking the centennial of its demise in Asia and the New World in 1998. In recent years, much research has focused on the changes wrought on indigenous populations at the time of initial contact, but little consideration has been given to the material legacy of this empire. This study will examine the material aspects of two Spanish colonies, the Philippines and Puerto Rico at the end of nearly four centuries of Spanish colonization. Archaeological evidence from the two colonies is compared and contextualised within the economic order of the nineteenth century in order to better evaluate the nature of the physical manifestation of late Spanish colonialism.
Charles Sumner and the Annexation of the Dominican Republic
Authors: Hidalgo Dennis
Published: June 2011

During his first term in the White House, President Ulysses Grant attempted to annex the Dominican Republic to the United States. Support for the proposed treaty came from both countries. The United States pressed the annexation plans motivated by the prospects of acquiring hegemony in the Caribbean, by the likelihood of increasing its commercial avenues, by the possibility of establishing a black state, by opportunistic entrepreneurs, and by the idea of the Manifest Destiny Doctrine intermingled with the Monroe Doctrine. On the other hand, the Dominican government supported annexation with the intention of annihilating a rebellion backed by the Haitian government, and by the desire to satisfy personal financial interest among the government elite. Moreover, the typical colonial structure of the country assisted the government's efforts toward annexation.
Rotgut and Revenue: Fiscal Aspects of the Liquor Trade in Southern Nigeria, 1890–1919
Authors: Olukoju Ayodeji
Published: June 2011

Once recommended by A.G. Hopkins as a ‘profitable subject of future research’, the European liquor trade in West Africa has since then received considerable attention from scholars. While Lynn Pan examined the region in a broad survey of the African liquor trade, other scholars have focused on more specific aspects of the topic. To be sure, much of the literature has concentrated on the ideological controversy between the defenders and opponents of the European liquor traffic. Other aspects of the subject, however, such as the significance of the liquor traffic in the Anglo-German commercial rivalry in West Africa liquor prohibition as colonial policy in largely-Muslim territories, and the fiscal importance of liquor – both spirits and beer – in the colonial and post-independence states, have been examined in various studies.
IV. Opium Monopoly in India and Indonesia in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Prakash Om
Published: June 2011

The dominant theme in the historical literature on agricultural production for export is the fast-expanding demand by Europe in the course of the industrialisation during the nineteenth century of agricultural goods originating in Asia, Africa as well as the Regions of Recent Settlement. In a large number of cases, the growing supplies of agricultural export were put together through recourse to the plantation system. The colonial governments often played an important, and sometimes a decisive, role in the rise and the smooth functioning of this system. This could be in the form of liberal land grants, the delegation of coercive authority to the management over the labour supply and so on. The direct, including entrepreneurial, role of the government was often evident also in arrangements which were not of the usual plantation variety, but which operated on the basis of accommodation, and indeed integration, with the existing organisation of traditional peasant agriculture. An outstanding example of this is the well-known Cultivation System introduced by Governor-General Johannes van den Bosch in Dutch Indonesia in the 1830s. The common theme that cuts across the bulk of the great diversity of arrangements of the use of coercive power by the colonial state in a variety of ways and often in fairly liberal doses.
VIII. Islam and State Power in Pre-colonial South India
Authors: Bayly Susan
Published: June 2011

The problem that I have been dealing with over the last few years is how it might be possible to create a historical context for the study of South Indian religion. Like a number of other South Indian historians I have been concentrating on the rise and development of new states and chiefdoms during the late pre-colonial period — that is in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the period of European expansion in the sub-continent which preceded the consolidation of British imperial rule. My own work has focused on the role of shrines and holy places within these pre-colonial domains and chiefdoms.
Reply to Professor Frank
Authors: Vries Peer
Published: June 2011

I thank Professor Frank for his swift reaction. I have considered his critiques and reservations seriously and will attempt to use them constructively, just as he did mine. For the sake of convenience I answer his comments in the order in which he has presented them. Space does not permit me to go into all his remarks extensively.
Rise and Decline of Latin American Dependency Theories
Authors: Bernecker Walther L. , Fischer Thomas
Published: June 2011

In order to understand the value of any theory, one has to know its origins and background. This is especially true of the various dependency theories, which have always been more than just ‘theories of theorists for theorists’. Dependency theories can only be understood against the background of Latin American politics in the 1960s. Taking this into account, there was an obvious connection between the Cuban Revolution on the one hand, and the unfulfilled expectations of development caused by the failure of modernisation efforts, on the other. The basic idea behind dependency theories is the explanation of the historically unequal relations between Latin America and the North Atlantic economies (Europe and the United States). Dependency theories are essentially attempts to justify government policies to acquire control of national development.
Improving on the Civilising Mission? Assumptions of United States Exceptionalism in the Colonisation of the Philippines
Authors: Adas Michael
Published: June 2011

Just days after William Howard Taft arrived in the Philippine Islands in early June 1900 to take up his position as the chairman of the five member commission charged with the task of establishing a civilian government for the newly annexed colony, he wrote to J.G. Schmidlapp, an old friend in Ohio, to assure him that he was settling quite comfortably into his exotic surroundings. Taft found the climate in Manila much more agreeable than he had been led to expect was possible in the tropics. The heat, he estimated, was comparable to Cincinnati during the summer months. He was also heartened by the ‘strong, healthy-looking’ young Americans he encountered in the streets of the capital, which he deemed as robust as any back home. But Taft drew a much larger lesson from the apparent ease of his own acclimation and that of his countrymen to the tropical locale. He concluded that though ‘it may be that it is the survival of the fittest […] it is evident that men can live here and be healthy’.
New Publications in 1998
Authors: de Moor Jaap
Published: June 2011

The year 1998 saw the publication of a new and impressive handbook on the history of Dutch economic expansion and political domination in Asia and the Indonesian Archipelago in particular: J.J.P. de Jong's De waaier van het fortuin (The fan of fortune). Its almost seven hundred pages are packed with information about the Dutch in the Indonesian archipelago in the period between 1595, when the first Dutch ships departed for Asia, and 1950, when the Dutch colonial presence in Indonesia (with the exception of Dutch New Guinea) came to an end. De Jong, an official at the Dutch ministry of Foreign Affairs, who obtained his doctorate with a thesis on the Indonesian decolonisation in 1988, has undoubtedly delivered his magnum opus with this new study. The book does not only tell the story of the Dutch expansion in Indonesia, it also gives a number of new or partly new interpretations of Dutch colonial history in the archipelago. It is divided into five parts: I: The Era of the Dutch East India Company; II: ‘Plantation Java’; III: The Era of Changes, 1870–1918; IV: The Modern Colony, 1918–1942; and V: ‘Denouement’, 1942–1950.
The Quality of Liquor in Nigeria During the Colonial Era
Authors: Heap Simon
Published: June 2011

The Nigerian liquor trade provoked fierce debate: was it advancing development or fashioning an economy based on the unproductive consumption of alcohol? The liquor trade was caught between two prevailing colonial perspectives on African economic development: the Darwinian-based principle that Western civilisation had a duty to protect Africans from all bad external influences, and the civilise-through-trade concept seeking to modernise Africans by exploiting colonies to their fullest potential. Humanitarian concerns and economic interests were entangled. Positive views of the liquor trade claimed its necessity in developing the Nigerian economy. Some admitted that the trade formed a necessary evil, but did not fail to emphasise its role as a transitional currency, promoter of cash-crops-forexport, and a desirable commodity among those with money to spend. Merchants saw commerce as a great civilising agent, with the liquor trade as its most important constituent. On the other hand, liquor trade critics used the temperance equation to further their cause: drinking alcohol was bad, abstinence was good. Arguing that the imposition of ‘a Rum and Gin Civilization’ would be ‘a hydra that devours the natives’, halting useful commerce and hindering economic development, they agitated for Prohibition and a complete restructuring of the colonial economy along alcoholfree lines.
In search of wheat: municipal politics, urban markets and the grain supply in Aragon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Authors: MATEOS ROYO JOSÉ ANTONIO
Published: June 2011

This article examines the politics of grain supply in the towns and cities of Aragon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. As a social consensus grew up around the market, town and city councils were able to forge a far-reaching grain supply policy that encouraged consumption and incentivized local production. However, rising indebtedness forced the municipal authorities to reduce public provision and increase the taxation of grain in the seventeenth century. These measures in turn encouraged both private initiatives in the market and an emerging black market. Despite efforts to moderate the worst effects of these phenomena, reform had serious consequences for the poorest town dwellers.
‘A fairground for “building the new man”’: Gorky Park as a site of Soviet acculturation
Authors: SHAW CLAIRE
Published: June 2011

This article analyses one of the first extensive ‘acculturation’ projects undertaken by the Soviet leadership, the construction of Gorky Park, Moscow, between its inception in 1921 and the 1930s. It undertakes a close reading of the developing conceptualization of Gorky Park as, to borrow Timothy Colton's phrase, a ‘fairground for “building the new man”’ and the practical limits of this ambition.
PRICING POLICIES AND INFLATION DYNAMICS
Authors: Cespedes Luis Felipe , Kumhof Michael , Parrado Eric
Published: June 2011

The paper proposes a New Keynesian monetary model where firms' pricing policies feature a forward-looking optimal choice of the rate of price growth. The model can be thought of as a reduced form model of rational inattention that has only one additional state variable relative to the Calvo model [Journal of Monetary Economics 12 (1983), 383–398]. Like the model of backward-looking automatic indexation to past aggregate inflation, it generates a gradual and persistent reaction of the inflation rate, and output losses, following highly persistent monetary shocks. But unlike that model, its price setters behave very similarly to Calvo price setters when shocks are transitory.
The impact of MENA-to-EU migration in the context of demographic change
Authors: DOCQUIER FRÉDÉRIC , MARCHIORI LUCA
Published: June 2011

We analyze the consequences of increasing MENA-to-EU migration on both sending and receiving regions. Using a general equilibrium model, we find that increasing MENA-to-EU migration generates significant changes in EU15 tax rates and income per capita. Compared to a non-selective immigration shock, selecting immigrants leads to a moderate reduction in tax rates, but to a greater impact on income per capita in the EU15. Emigration, especially if high-skilled, has a detrimental impact on MENA tax rates. Finally, the negative effects in MENA are mitigated if the brain drain leads to side-effects or is accompanied by increased education attainment at origin.
Trainereffekte in einem Gruppentraining für junge Cannabiskonsumenten
Authors: Weymann Nina , Baldus Christiane , Miranda Alejandra , Moré Kerstin , Reis Olaf , Thomasius Rainer , Essien Iniobong
Published: June 2011

Fragestellung: Therapeutenvariablen sind ein in der Behandlung Suchtkranker selten untersuchter, aber viel versprechender Faktor. In der Multicenterstudie CAN Stop wird eine Gruppenintervention für junge Cannabiskonsumenten von Trainern mit einer großen Bandbreite an beruflichen Hintergründen durchgeführt. Der vorliegenden Artikel geht innerhalb dieser Studie der Fragestellung nach, inwieweit sich der Interventionserfolg aus Trainermerkmalen sowie aus Aspekten der Passung von Trainer- und Patientenvariablen vorhersagen lässt. Methodik: Es wurden drei binäre logistische Regressionen durchgeführt. Erfolgskriterien waren Symptomreduktion und Haltequote. Ergebnisse: Das Traineralter ist ein signifikanter Prädiktor beider Erfolgskriterien. Hinsichtlich der Symptomreduktion weist auch die Nichtübereinstimmung der Trainingsziele (Abstinenz vs. kontrollierter Konsum) von Trainern und Patienten zu Interventionsbeginn einen gewissen Vorhersagewert auf. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse legen eine Bedeutung von Trainervariablen nahe. In Studien zur Effektivität von Interventionen sollten Trainer- und Matching-Variablen in die Analyse einbezogen werden, um das Verständnis der Wirkungsprozesse zu erweitern.
Screening auf Substanz bezogene Störungen mit dem RAFFT bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen
Authors: Peter-Michael Sack  , Kristin Seifert  , Anneke Aden  , Udo J. Küstner  , Marit Feldmann  , Rainer Thomasius
Published: June 2011

Fragestellung: Welche Werte ergeben sich für Sensitivität (Se) und Spezifizität (Sp) des RAFFT-Screening-Fragebogens in Bezug auf Suchtdiagnosen, insbesondere auf Cannabis bezogene Diagnosen? Methodik: Über die RAFFT-Cut-off-Werte wurden die klinischen Diagnosen Schädlicher Gebrauch bzw. Abhängigkeitssyndrom vorhergesagt, Se und Sp wurden über ROC-Analysen ermittelt. Die Stichprobe bestand aus N = 109 Patienten einer psychiatrischen Drogen- und Alkoholambulanz im Alter von 13−33 Jahren (39 % 14−18 Jahre, 45 % 19−25 Jahre alt). Ergebnisse: Der RAFFT-Drogen weist bei 14- bis18-Jährigen eine Se = 100 % und Sp = 54 % für Drogen bezogene Diagnosen und eine Se = 100 % und Sp = 51 % für speziell Cannabis bezogene Diagnosen auf; der RAFFT-Alkohol bei 19- bis 25-Jährige eine Se = 100 % und Sp = 58 % für Alkohol bezogene Diagnosen. Schlussfolgerungen: Derzeit erscheint der RAFFT-Drogen zum Screening auf riskanten Cannabis- bzw. illegalem Drogenkonsum in der Altersgruppe 14 – 18 Jahre als das Instrument der Wahl. Replikationen der hiesigen Befunde an weiteren Stichproben sind allerdings erforderlich.
Assessing Guilt After Traumatic Events
Authors: Pereda Noemí , Arch Mila , Peró Maribel , Guàrdia Joan , Forns Maria
Published: June 2011

Introduction: The assessment of feelings of guilt has become an important area of psychology research, although few specific tools for their evaluation have been designed to date. One of the instruments available is the Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI; Kubany & Haynes, 2001 ), which assesses the cognitive and emotional components of the feelings of guilt that arise following traumatic experiences. Method: We analyzed data from a sample of 650 university students aged between 18.0 and 30.6 years (M = 21.71; SD = 2.63), using the TRGI, the Brief Symptom Inventory ( Derogatis, 1993 ), and the Distressing Event Questionnaire ( Kubany, 2001 ). Results: The proposed adaptation of the TRGI to a Spanish population demonstrated more than satisfactory criterion validity. A three-factor model from a confirmatory factor analysis was tested, and the factor structure of the original scale was confirmed by an exceptionally high level of internal validity. Discussion: Our results show that the TRGI is an effective tool for assessing guilt after traumatic life events in the Spanish-speaking context.
The Assessment of Emotional Awareness in Children
Authors: Veirman Elke , Brouwers Symen A. , Fontaine Johnny R. J.
Published: June 2011

The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS) is a widely used scenario-based instrument that has been developed for the measurement of emotional awareness in adults. Although the LEAS has been validated in numerous studies, published validity research on the recently developed child version (LEAS-C) is scarce. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the construct validity of the Dutch LEAS-C in a sample of 318 children, aged 10 to 17 years. Outcomes revealed novel structural evidence in favor of alternative design-driven modeling. Further, the pattern of relationships with ability- and trait-oriented emotional intelligence, intelligence, personality, social and emotional impairment, and gender was generally consistent with previous theorizing and adult studies on the LEAS. Reasons for absence of age differences are discussed. In conclusion, this study corroborates the construct validity of the LEAS-C and highlights the importance of fully exploring the LEAS-C in its potential. Directions for future research are proposed.
Changes in the dynamics of marine terminating outlet glaciers in west Greenland (2000–2009)
Authors: McFadden Ellyn M. , Howat Ian M. , Joughin Ian , Smith Ben E. , Ahn Yushin
Published: June 2011

Recent changes in the dynamics of Greenland's marine terminating outlet glaciers indicate a rapid and complex response to external forcing. Despite observed ice front retreat and recent geophysical evidence for accelerated mass loss along Greenland's northwestern margin, it is unclear whether west Greenland glaciers have undergone the synchronous speed‐up and subsequent slow‐down as observed in southeastern glaciers earlier in the decade. To investigate changes in west Greenland outlet glacier dynamics and the potential controls behind their behavior, we derive time series of front position, surface elevation, and surface slope for 59 marine terminating outlet glaciers and surface speeds for select glaciers in west Greenland from 2000 to 2009. Using these data, we look for relationships between retreat, thinning, acceleration, and geometric parameters to determine the first‐order controls on glacier behavior. Our data indicate that changes in front positions and surface elevations were asynchronous on annual time scales, though nearly all glaciers retreated and thinned over the decade. We found no direct relationship between retreat, acceleration, and external forcing applicable to the entire region. In regard to geometry, we found that, following retreat, (1) glaciers with grounded termini experienced more pronounced changes in dynamics than those with floating termini and (2) thinning rates declined more quickly for glaciers with steeper slopes. Overall, glacier geometry should influence outlet glacier dynamics via stress redistribution following perturbations at the front, but our data indicate that the relative importance of geometry as a control of glacier behavior is highly variable throughout west Greenland.
Relationship between specific surface area and the dry end of the water retention curve for soils with varying clay and organic carbon contents
Authors: Resurreccion Augustus C. , Moldrup Per , Tuller Markus , Ferré T. P. A. , Kawamoto Ken , Komatsu Toshiko , de Jonge Lis Wollesen
Published: June 2011

Accurate description of the soil water retention curve (SWRC) at low water contents is important for simulating water dynamics and biochemical vadose zone processes in arid environments. Soil water retention data corresponding to matric potentials of less than −10 MPa, where adsorptive forces dominate over capillary forces, have also been used to estimate soil specific surface area (SA). In the present study, the dry end of the SWRC was measured with a chilled‐mirror dew point psychrometer for 41 Danish soils covering a wide range of clay (CL) and organic carbon (OC) contents. The 41 soils were classified into four groups on the basis of the Dexter number (n = CL/OC), and the Tuller‐Or (TO) general scaling model describing water film thickness at a given matric potential (<−10 MPa) was evaluated. The SA estimated from the dry end of the SWRC (SA_SWRC) was in good agreement with the SA measured with ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (SA_EGME) only for organic soils with n > 10. A strong correlation between the ratio of the two surface area estimates and the Dexter number was observed and applied as an additional scaling function in the TO model to rescale the soil water retention curve at low water contents. However, the TO model still overestimated water film thickness at potentials approaching ovendry condition (about −800 MPa). The semi–log linear Campbell‐Shiozawa‐Rossi‐Nimmo (CSRN) model showed better fits for all investigated soils from −10 to −800 MPa and yielded high correlations with CL and SA. It is therefore recommended to apply the empirical CSRN model for predicting the dry part of the water retention curve (−10 to −800 MPa) from measured soil texture or surface area. Further research should aim to modify the more physically based TO model to obtain better descriptions of the SWRC in the very dry range (−300 to −800 MPa).