bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“We Feel Like the King and Queen”
Authors: Bell Claudia
Published: April 2017

International retirement migration (IRM) refers to the rapidly growing wave of financially independent individuals from diverse nations seeking affordable, comfortable retirement away from their home nation. The goal is to maximise personal resources to enjoy those last years. Bali Indonesia was ‘not fully tamed by colonialism until the twentieth century.’ In becoming part of Dutch Indonesia it had endured a ‘long and bloody struggle’ (Vickers, 2012; 18). Today, it can be argued, Bali is in effect being colonised again, this time not just by 4 million tourists annually, but by international retiree settlers. Bali’s warm climate, benign culture, and comparative affordability deliver the prospect for foreigners to upwardly mobilise to a quality of living inaccessible at home. Local government authorities and residents respond to this influx by finding ways to maximise benefit from this lucrative retiree market. The requirements of the settlers are prioritised for potential profit.
Delayed Reconciliation and Transitional Justice in Korea
Authors: Chun Ja-hyun , Han Jung-Sun
Published: April 2017

The Jeju April 3rd Incident of 1948, which resulted in the largest number of casualties in modern Korean history other than in war, was a national tragedy. The complexity of the incident and its importance in Korean history explain the failure to discuss it publicly until the late 1980s. For this reason, existing studies have largely focused on uncovering the truth about this incident. Even though national reconciliation is an important topic in South Korea, a more structured study from a transitional justice perspective has not been undertaken of this violent event that led to a divided country. Thus, this study provides a theoretical framework for the conditioning of the institutionalisation, national narratives and psychological healing that are required to establish national reconciliation. The paper, then, applies this framework to the Jeju April 3rd Incident. Finally, it evaluates the limitations and challenges of national reconciliation in South Korea.
A survey of East Palaearctic Gnaphosidae (Araneae). 8. New data on Berlandina and Gnaphosa from Mongolia
Authors: FOMICHEV ALEXANDER A. , MARUSIK YURI M.
Published: April 2017

Two new species: Berlandina litvinovi sp. n. and Gnaphosa zonsteini sp. n. are described based on both sexes from Western Mongolia. The females of Berlandina koponeni Marusik, Fomichev & Omelko, 2014 and Berlandina nakonechnyi Marusik, Fomichev & Omelko, 2014 are described for the first time. Gnaphosa ustyuzhanini Fomichev, Marusik & Omelko, 2013, known from males, is synonymized with Gnaphosa rasnitsyni Marusik, 1993, known from females. Berlandina koponeni is recorded from China for the first time. Descriptions, illustrations and a map of distribution records are provided.
Cinachyrella anatriaenilla sp. nov., a new tetillid sponge with microacanthoxeas from American Samoa in the South Pacific
Authors: FERNANDEZ JULIO C.C. , KELLY MICHELLE , BELL LORI J.
Published: April 2017

Several sponges from American Samoa, collected by the Coral Reef Research Foundation, Republic of Palau, were tentatively identified by one of us as Acanthotetilla cf seychellensis (Thomas 1973), due to the possession of relatively small acanthose oxeas, compared to those of other species of the genus Acanthotetilla Burton 1959. These sponges were later compared to Cinachyrella australiensis (Carter 1886), taking into account the lack of conspicuous spination on the acanthose oxeas and general features of spiculation and skeletal organisation. The specimens were later considered to represent a new species of the genus Cinachyrella Wilson 1925, after a careful comparison was made between the American Samoan specimens and C. australiensis which also contains small acanthose oxeas. Several recent molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed the generic assignment of one of the American Samoan specimens as belonging to Cinachyrella. Cinachyrella anatriaenilla sp. nov., described herein, is the fifth of 40 Cinachyrella spp. that contain lightly spined microacanthoxeas.
A Multimodel Intercomparison of an Intense Typhoon in Future, Warmer Climates by Four 5-km-Mesh Models
Authors: Kanada Sachie , Takemi Tetsuya , Kato Masaya , Yamasaki Shota , Fudeyasu Hironori , Tsuboki Kazuhisa , Arakawa Osamu , Takayabu Izuru
Published: April 2017

Intense tropical cyclones (TCs) sometimes cause huge disasters, so it is imperative to explore the impacts of climate change on such TCs. Therefore, the authors conducted numerical simulations of the most destructive historical TC in Japanese history, Typhoon Vera (1959), in the current climate and a global warming climate. The authors used four nonhydrostatic models with a horizontal resolution of 5 km: the cloud-resolving storm simulator, the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) operational nonhydrostatic mesoscale model, and the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. Initial and boundary conditions for the control simulation were provided by the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis dataset. Changes between the periods of 1979–2003 and 2075–99 were estimated from climate runs of a 20-km-mesh atmospheric general circulation model, and these changes were added to the initial and boundary conditions of the control simulation to produce the future climate conditions.

Although the representation of inner-core structures varies largely between the models, all models project an increase in the maximum intensity of future typhoons. It is found that structural changes only appeared around the storm center with sudden changes in precipitation and near-surface wind speeds as the radius of maximum wind speed (RMW) contracted. In the future climate, the water vapor mixing ratio in the lower troposphere increased by 3–4 g kg−1. The increased water vapor allowed the eyewall updrafts to form continuously inside the RMW and contributed to rapid condensation in the taller and more intense updrafts.
Fluid Sacredness from a Newly Built Temple in Luke–Acts
Authors: Jung Deok Hee
Published: April 2017

In Stephen’s speech in Acts 7, Luke negates God’s indwelling of the Jerusalem Temple. God’s presence is not confined to a specific place, but is fluidly revealed to God’s people. In Luke-Acts, Jesus and his apostles take over the role of the old Temple so that they become newly built corporeal temples. Luke transfers the presence of the divine from the old Temple to the bodies of Jesus and his followers, and their behaviour produces sanctity around them. As the corporeal temple moves, this generates new sacred space everywhere. Thus, sacredness does not dwell in a fixed place, such as the Temple, but is fluidly expanded across previously restricted place.
Prediction of structural parameters and air permeability of cotton woven fabric
Authors: Zhu Guocheng , Fang Yuan , Zhao Lianying , Wang Jinfeng , Chen Weilai
Published: April 2017

Air permeability is a very important property influencing the performance of clothing comfort and technical textiles particularly in applications for protective products, including airbags, parachutes, and tents. Several analytical models for predicting air permeability have been made by considering porosity and pore diameter or porous area. However, the connection between fabric structure and air permeability with analytical models has not been well reported as yet.

In this work, the diameter of cotton yarn was predicted by considering yarn count, twist, and packing density. Subsequently, the pore area and equivalent pore diameter of fabric were predicted after finding the warp and the weft densities of fabric. The predicted values had very good agreement with the experimental results in yarn diameter and other structural parameters of fabric. The air permeability of fabrics was measured and several well-known analytical models for predicting air permeability were compared. The results revealed that the Hagen–Poiseuille equation had much better prediction than other models and also had good agreement with the experimental results, especially when it was applied for tight fabrics at low pressure drop (≤60 Pa). The Hagen–Poiseuille equation could be improved by considering the Reynolds number, interfiber interstices, and the deformation of pores under higher pressure drop.
Promoting investment in sustainable urban development with JESSICA: Outcomes of a new EU policy initiative
Authors: Nadler Michael , Nadler Claudia
Published: April 2017

Between 2007 and 2015, the European Commission invested €1.846 billion in a new policy initiative called JESSICA (Joint European Support for Sustainable Investment in City Areas). Since European cities in particular have perceived a shortage of investment dedicated to urban regeneration projects, JESSICA will finance more than 2000 higher risk projects through Urban Development Funds as a financial intermediary in order to create economic stimulus. Moreover, replacing traditional grant funding by revolving financial instruments (loans, guarantees and equity capital) is a central part of the ongoing reform of EU cohesion policy. The special challenge of JESSICA is to combine these financial engineering instruments with integrated urban planning issues in a sustainable fund model. However, it is not yet clear whether this new policy instrument is as effective as European decision-makers believe, because up to now there has been no evaluation available on how successful JESSICA has been in achieving its ambitious objectives. Our empirical analysis is the first one to cover the impact of this innovative EU initiative in all 28 EU member states by making outcomes of the policy change measurable in monetary terms. Since revolving financial engineering instruments are a central part of the Europe2020 strategy, we derive key success factors for sustainable urban finance and give recommendations to adjust the policy instrument in the current programming period as part of the ongoing process of a reformed EU cohesion policy.
The impact of neighbourhood environments on quality of life of elderly people: Evidence from Nanjing, China
Authors: Feng Jianxi , Tang Shuangshuang , Chuai Xiaowei
Published: April 2017

The connections between the built environment and quality of life are major concerns in the fields of geography and urban planning. Given that some developing countries, such as China, have a rapidly aging society, elderly people have become a social group that attracts growing interest among scholars and policy makers. However, the relationship between neighbourhood environments and the quality of life of the elderly has scarcely been referenced in previous literature. Based on a recent survey in Nanjing, China, this article investigates such connections through structural equations models. It notes that population density exerts an insignificant influence on the life satisfaction of the elderly, whereas built year has the largest impact, indicating the importance of interior environment to subjective wellbeing for the elderly in China. The other built environment factors (informal space and danwei) that have Chinese features are negatively related to the quality of life of older people. Among life domains, the effects of health conditions, residential environments and transportation are stronger than those of social interaction, meaning that the elderly in China place greater emphasis on their basic needs than on higher life needs. This article has some policy implications for policy makers, including on urban form, informal spaces and style of residential communities. Relevant policies need to be carried out to promote the life satisfaction of elderly people in urban China.
Lost worlds
Authors: Mirza Shireen
Published: April 2017

This article thinks about decline as part of the sociology of time, by exploring ways former politically dominant communities seek to negotiate their ritual traditions by forging newer relationships to modern time. It offers an ethnography of decline among the Shia community of Hyderabad old city, whose weakened political status by colonial modernity speaks in different ways of the experience of the contemporary as diachronic and not in succession with the past. These perceptions of decline describe the moral loss of the Shia community through the spatial decline of Hyderabad old city, as a fallen state that has been produced by Muslim actors in time. It reflects on the contradictory perceptions of decline that describes the deprivations produced by time as well as implicates community actors as offenders in time who persist with the performance of what appear to be meaningless rituals in the present context. What are the relations to time that make communities redefine culture in ways that are temporally meaningful to them is of interest here.
An Examination of the Associations Among Victimization, Mental Health, and Offending in Women
Authors: Lynch Shannon M. , DeHart Dana D. , Belknap Joanne , Green Bonnie L. , Dass-Brailsford Priscilla , Johnson Kristine M. , Wong Maria M.
Published: April 2017

This study examines mental health as a mediator of the victimization and offending link in women. We administered structured diagnostic interviews to 491 women in urban and rural jails in four geographic regions of the United States to obtain detailed lifetime mental health, substance use, victimization, and conviction history. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine associations among adult and childhood experiences of interpersonal violence, lifetime mental health and substance use disorders, treatment utilization, and total number of convictions. Lifetime mental health and substance use disorders mediated the relationship between childhood victimization and adversity and number of convictions, and between adult victimization and number of convictions. In addition, greater treatment utilization was significantly associated with number of convictions. The findings offer support for including mental health and treatment utilization in models of women’s offending and conducting comprehensive mental health assessments of women entering jail.
China and its Janus-faced refugee policy
Authors: Choi Won Geun
Published: April 2017

This research aims to identify the motivations behind China’s refugee policy through a comparative historical analysis of the mass influx of refugees from two neighboring states: Vietnam, starting in the late 1970s, and North Korea starting in the 1990s. The study argues that similar motivations, grounded in China’s concerns regarding sovereignty, national security and the regional balance of power, generated contrasting responses to the two groups of refugees. This research briefly reviews the causes, development and nature of the two refugee crises, and then analyzes China’s Janus-faced refugee policy with its two different responses. Last, this research indicates China’s recent positive engagements with refugee issues and emphasizes the significance of China’s role in regional refugee protection.
An optimal space–domain algorithm for economic dispatch control considering load uncertainty
Authors: Wang Huijing , Lu Zhigang , Yan Juan , Zhao Xiaodong , Feng Huibo
Published: April 2017

Uncertainties with respect to different load characteristics and operating conditions have significant negative effects on the performance of economic dispatch control for the participation in automatic generation control. However, the uncertainties have been neglected in classical economic dispatch control. A low-carbon and economic dispatch problem considering a load uncertainty is formulated and solved as a non-linear constrained multi-objective model in this paper. The problem additionally takes into account the real power loss and system equilibrium. The multi-objective bacterial colony chemotaxis optimization algorithm is used to obtain Pareto solutions. In order to strengthen the practical low-carbon and economic dispatch problem, an adjustment strategy of the unit output in real time can be provided by a new technique termed the optimal coordinated operation space-domain. Finally, the model and algorithm have been implemented to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 30-bus test system. The simulation and analysis results demonstrate that the model and algorithm can provide a scientific method for dealing with multi-objective decision problems in a power system.
Tendencies and trajectories: The production of subjectivity in an event of drug consumption
Authors: Dilkes-Frayne Ella , Duff Cameron
Published: April 2017

Posthumanist ontologies have been employed in theoretical and empirical research in human geography to explore the production of subjectivity in processes, events and relations. Similar approaches have been adopted in critical drug research to emphasise the production of subjectivity in events of drug consumption. Within each body of work questions remain regarding the durations and becomings of subjectivity. Responding to these questions, we introduce the notions of tendencies and trajectories as a way of theorising the emergent and enduring aspects of subjectivity. We ground this discussion in a select review of posthumanist geographies, geographies of habit and post-phenomenological approaches, along with vignettes drawn from an ethnographic study of young people’s recreational drug use conducted in Melbourne, Australia. We use these sources to indicate how the notions of tendencies and trajectories may help to account for the emergent and enduring aspects of processes of subjectivation in events of drug consumption.
Dissecting the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale severity scale to understand the routes for symptomatic improvement in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Costa Daniel L da Conceição , Barbosa Veronica S , Requena Guaraci , Shavitt Roseli G , Pereira Carlos A de Bragança , Diniz Juliana B
Published: April 2017

We aimed to investigate which items of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Severity Scale best discriminate the reduction in total scores in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients after 4 and 12 weeks of pharmacological treatment. Data from 112 obsessive-compulsive disorder patients who received fluoxetine (⩽80 mg/day) for 12 weeks were included. Improvement indices were built for each Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Severity Scale item at two timeframes: from baseline to week 4 and from baseline to week 12. Indices for each item were correlated with the total scores for obsessions and compulsions and then ranked by correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient ⩾0.7 was used to identify items that contributed significantly to reducing obsessive-compulsive disorder severity. At week 4, the distress items reached the threshold of 0.7 for improvement on the obsession and compulsion subscales although, contrary to our expectations, there was greater improvement in the control items than in the distress items. At week 12, there was greater improvement in the time, interference, and control items than in the distress items. The use of fluoxetine led first to reductions in distress and increases in control over symptoms before affecting the time spent on, and interference from, obsessions and compulsions. Resistance did not correlate with overall improvement. Understanding the pathway of improvement with pharmacological treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder may provide clues about how to optimize the effects of medication.
Ketamine’s dose-related effects on anxiety symptoms in patients with treatment refractory anxiety disorders
Authors: Glue Paul , Medlicott Natalie J , Harland Sarah , Neehoff Shona , Anderson-Fahey Bridie , Le Nedelec Martin , Gray Andrew , McNaughton Neil
Published: April 2017

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine has rapid onset activity in treatment-resistant depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. Due to similarities in brain network activity in depression and anxiety disorders, we hypothesized that ketamine might also be active in other refractory anxiety disorders. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of ketamine in 12 patients with refractory generalized anxiety disorder and/or social anxiety disorder who were not currently depressed, using an ascending single dose study design (0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/kg administered subcutaneously) at weekly intervals. Within 1 h of dosing, patients reported reduced anxiety, which persisted for up to seven days. A dose-response profile was noted for anxiolytic effects, dissociative side effects, and changes in blood pressure and heart rate, with minor changes at 0.25 mg/kg, and progressively greater and more durable changes at the higher doses. Ten of 12 patients were treatment responders at 0.5–1 mg/kg. Ketamine was safe and well tolerated in this population. Ketamine may be a potential therapeutic alternative for patients with refractory generalized anxiety disorder/social anxiety disorder. Along with its demonstrated effectiveness in patients with treatment-resistant depression, obsessive compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder, these data raise the intriguing possibility that ketamine may have broad efficacy in disorders characterized by negative emotional states, and that these disorders may share a common precipitating neurobiology.
Learning part-based spatial models for laser-vision-based room categorization
Authors: Uršič Peter , Leonardis Aleš , Skočaj Danijel , Kristan Matej
Published: April 2017

Room categorization, that is, recognizing the functionality of a never before seen room, is a crucial capability for a household mobile robot. We present a new approach for room categorization that is based on two-dimensional laser range data. The method is based on a novel spatial model consisting of mid-level parts that are built on top of a low-level part-based representation. The approach is then fused with a vision-based method for room categorization, which is also based on a spatial model consisting of mid-level visual parts. In addition, we propose a new discriminative dictionary learning technique that is applied for part-dictionary selection in both laser-based and vision-based modalities. Finally, we present a comparative analysis between laser-based, vision-based, and laser-vision-fusion-based approaches in a uniform part-based framework, which is evaluated on a large dataset with several categories of rooms from domestic environments.
Association Between Women’s Empowerment and Maternal and Child Nutrition in Kalalé District of Northern Benin
Authors: Alaofè Halimatou , Zhu Min , Burney Jennifer , Naylor Rosamond , Douglas Taren
Published: April 2017

Background:

Evidence on effectiveness of women’s empowerment (WE) to reduce undernutrition is limited in sub-Sahara Africa, and few studies incorporate multidimensional measures of WE.

Objective:

To examine whether a WE status, in sum and across leadership, decision-making, mobility, economic security, male involvement in housework, and nonfamily group domains, is associated with women and their children nutritional status in Kalalé district of northern Benin.

Methods:

Data were obtained from the 2014 Solar Market Garden baseline study: 767 paired reproductive-age women aged 15 to 49 years and children 6 to 59 months old. Exploratory principal component (cross-validate with confirmatory) factor analysis was first conducted to identify the structure of empowerment. Then, using a new survey-based index, regression analysis was conducted to examine associations between WE measures and maternal dietary diversity score (DDS) and body mass index (BMI), as well as their child’s DDS, height-for-age z score (HAZ), weight-for-height z score (WHZ), and weight-for-age z score (WAZ).

Results:

Positive associations were observed between women’s composite empowerment, leadership, maternal DDS and BMI, and female child’s DDS. However, opposite signs were found between economic security and child’s DDS. Mobility was positively associated with female children’s WHZ and male children’s HAZ and WAZ, while decision-making was correlated with male child’s WHZ and female children’s WAZ.

Conclusions:

Women’s empowerment can be associated with undernutrition. Efforts to improve nutrition may benefit from empowerment initiatives that promote women’s self-confidence and decision-making in Benin. However, additional qualitative and longitudinal research may enhance understanding of WE in the present area.
Some Side Effects of High Dosage Chlorpromazine Treatment
Authors: Solyom L.
Published: April 2017

During the course of high dosage chlorpromazine treatment, the following complications were observed in a group of 43 chronic schizophrenic patients.

1. Epileptic seizures in 23% of the patients related to a high daily and total dosage, but unrelated to blood pressure changes, to liver tests or other side effects.

2. Pyramidal tract lesion in 13% of the patients occurring again at a high daily dosage and receding after discontinuation of the treatment.

3. 75% of the group manifested mild to severe forms of Parkinsonism; neither of the 2 lobotomized patients was thus affected.

4. Vasoconstriction of the retinal vessels and increased blood pressure was found in several cases at the height of the treatment.

5. Leukopenia and erysipelas were encountered; the former more frequently than the latter. Both were related to a high daily dosage.
Le Service, Unité De Traitement Et D'enseignement
Authors: Lemieux R. R.
Published: April 2017

It is long established that teaching and treatment get along well together. It is also definite that the treatment of emotional disturbances, severe enough to warrant hospitalization, is best accomplished on a ward basis. The ward becomes for everyone concerned staff and patients a new environment that can be therapeutic for the patient and a learning experience for the staff.

On the ward, even if each patient has his own doctor, he is also treated by multiple therapists, each member of the staff, in his role, being therapeutic or the contrary. Groups have always existed, structured or not, in hospitals. Modern psychiatrists have not invented groups: they have used them for diagnosis, therapeutic and teaching purposes.

The service has for its primary function to observe, understand, communicate, interpret behaviour of all those who interact on the ward be they doctors, nurses or patients. This situation, as far as the teaching programme is concerned, has the main advantage of reducing the subjective distance between normal and pathological behaviour. As far as the treatment programme is concerned, this situation multiplies the emotional experience of personal relationships that can be corrective of past difficulties in this field.

Insight as we know is hard to gain, strong defence mechanisms are at play, patterns of behaviour are entrenched, resistances operate against interpretation and insight, both for the patient and the student. In a person to person relationship, interpretation is often crude, if we may say, too verbal, leaving too little way out for the individual self pride. Group techniques have the immense advantage of eliciting repetitive patterns of behaviour worthy of interpretation, of relying mostly on non-verbal interpretations prior and preparatory to verbal ones, of allowing time, possible escape and limited acting-out in the way of increased motor activity to help patient and student digest his new experience in dealing with others and profiting of same.

Oftentimes, we came to realize that if, in the past, ward therapy had dwindled in its efficiency, the reason was that it was not prolonged enough, the staff was not integrated enough, a single personality (chief of service mostly) was influential in maintaining the group, while interchangeability of roles, equal participation in the group (each in his—or her specific function), maintenance of a core of stable personnel, reliance on all patients rather than on a very verbal one, were factors of success.
Psychologue et Psychiatre Ou “Le Mariage Force”
Authors: Boulanger J. B.
Published: April 2017

An attempt is made to differentiate clinical psychology from both psychiatry and applied psychology. Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis are considered as autonomous disciplines requiring specific training.

The clinical psychologist has little to gain by identifying his particular field of endeavour with that of psychotherapy. A psychologist's clinical work follows a set of standards and a frame of reference which are not identical, though not incompatible, with clinical psychiatry.

Owing to his particular qualifications, the psychologist seems to be eminently suited for research and basic theory in the behavioural sciences.
Social Class: Historical Origins and Psychological Influences
Authors: Parkin Alan
Published: April 2017

Human culture is viewed historically as passing through three great stages, from savagery through barbarism to civilization, the transitions being stimulated, first, by the Agricultural Revolution and, later, by the Urban Revolution. The class structure appears with the stage of civilization and is the social response to the changed conditions of residence resulting chiefly from the rise of the city.

The psychological characteristics responsible for the passage of culture from savagery to civilization, those resulting from the capacity for instinctual renunciation, are found mainly within the upper classes of a society. From this springs the differences between the social classes with regard to character formation, types of mental disorder, and motivation and capacity for personal change. This cultural variability, in interaction with a similar variability of psychiatric nosology and criteria of “cure”, requires the abandonment of the traditional view of mental disorder as “illness” and of mutative intervention as “treatment”.
L'affaire Shortis and the Valleyfield Murders
Authors: Greenland Cyril
Published: April 2017

The case is presented because it provides a fresh opportunity to examine in a dispassionate way apparently irreconcilable views on Capital Punishment.

Valentine Shortis at 22, an immigrant from Ireland, was tried in Montreal, found guilty of murder and condemned to die on January 3, 1896. The diagnosis of all but one of the examining psychiatrists was moral imbecility.

The crimes were committed without apparent motive, malice or remorse. The defence pleaded insanity at the time of the killings.

Despite public pressure the Governor General refused to sign the Death Warrant and the Sentence was commuted to Life Imprisonment.

In French Canada feeling ran high because Louis Riel had been executed in 1885 although he was clearly insane.

Shortis remained in custody for 42 years in various mental hospitals. During all this time he retained his personality well, was able to take responsibility and was highly regarded by staff and patients alike. He showed no signs of the deterioration which might have been expected.

He was released at the age of 60 and died suddenly, a free man, six years later.
Structure, Process and Content in Psychotherapy
Authors: Thomson P. G.
Published: April 2017

Psychotherapy to the student is like an uncharted sea upon which he sets forth with no aids to navigation. Psychotherapy has not attained the status of a science. In order that it may aim to become a science, it will be necessary for psychotherapy to become classified into categories which can be applied to the different clinical conditions. A beginning may be made towards this endeavour by recognizing the different elements of psychotherapy. It is suggested that all the constants which form the framework of the therapy (frequency of interviews, mode of communication, type of interventions of therapists, etc.) may be said to form the structure, or structural framework. Into the structure, or vessel, will flow the therapeutic process. The surface of this process will be the content (the content of communication, both verbal and non-verbal). The process is governed by the Principle of Determinism which is basic to all sciences. The immediate therapeutic situation is the result of the various forces emanating from the individual's past and present. The forces emanating from within the patient are instinctual and are representative of the object relationships of his childhood. These become transferred to the therapy situation. Material of the process will consist of transference elements, elements from the current life and the patient's childhood. An attempt has been made to show that psychotherapy may become a science if the operations of which it is composed can be properly systematized and studied.
Neuropharmacology of Tranylcypromine and Trifluoperazine
Authors: Tedeschi Ralph E. , Tedeschi David H. , Fellows Edwin J.
Published: April 2017

Tranylcypromine was compared to trifluoperazine in a number of pharmacological test procedures. Both compounds were effective in producing catalepsy, a selective blockade of the conditioned stimulus, and potentiation of hexobarbital-induced sleep. Unlike trifluoperazine, tranylcypromine was very effective as a tryptamine potentiator, a reflection of its activity as an in vivo inhibitor of the enzyme monoamine oxidase. Tranylcypromine was ineffective in producing any appreciable decrease in spontaneous motor activity at doses up to 20 mg/kg, whereas the DD50 for trifluoperazine was 1.1 mg/kg.
Courses in Psychiatry for Family Doctors
Authors: Stauble William J.
Published: April 2017

This paper describes three years of experience of seminars with family doctors conducted at the Royal Victoria Hospital. A description is given of the types of sessions that occurred and two cases are reported in more detail. The relation between the relevant group dynamics and learning is discussed.
Evaluation of Perphenazine in the Treatment of Haitian Psychotics
Authors: Bordeleau Jean M. , Lazure Denis , Desrosiers Max , Douyon Lamarque , Morin Luc
Published: April 2017

The Centre de Psychiatrie in Haiti admitted 430 patients during its second year of operation; 123 of these were inpatients of whom 28 were readmissions. Pharmacological treatment was used for 80 percent. Therapy was evaluated in 91 patients, of whom 81 received perphenazine alone or in combination with other agents.

Improvement was graded on a scale of 0 to + + +. Grade 2 improvement (disappearance of psychotic and neurotic symptoms) or Grade 3 improvement (sufficient for resumption of normal activities) was noted in 80 percent of the patients who received perphenazine alone and in 58.5 percent of those who received combination therapy; however, illness in the latter group was more severe. Extrapyramidal reactions were the major side effects.
Treatment of Chronic Alcoholism with Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
Authors: Jensen S.E. , Ramsay Ronald
Published: April 2017

In this paper we have described some aspects of the LSD-25 treatment given to alcoholics in Weyburn, Saskatchewan. The three main therapeutic reactions discussed are (1) abreaction, (2) the transcendental experience and (3) break-down of inappropriate defence mechanisms. Some case histories are given to illustrate these therapeutic reactions and to give an idea of the kind of person who can be helped by this type of therapy. Some results of the work done at Weyburn are quoted and it is considered that they are quite encouraging. It is stressed that although only the LSD-25 therapy is discussed here, the total therapeutic situation contributed to the results.
Intelligence and Culture
Authors: Richards B.W.
Published: April 2017

The concept of mental retardation varies in time and place. Few children received education at senior school age until the end of the Nineteenth Century, so educational demands were not exacting. Today, these demands are more stringent and children who cannot meet them are, ipso facto, mentally retarded.

Age determines whether society applies the criterion of educability or em-ployability, and the quality and stringency of these demands vary from community to community and from one historical era to another. Mental retardation must, therefore, be defined in terms, both of the capacity of the subject and the demands of society.

The social environment may also influenae mental development directly. The intellectual and emotional climate of the home and the size of the family affect it. There are also combined hereditary and environmental effects that may influence the distribution of intelligence such as, for instance, the tendency of the more intelligent to migrate to areas or countries of greater promise. Our information about intelligence is restricted by the limitations of the instruments of measurement. The Intelligence Quotient is valuable in so far as it enables us to assess a subject's capacity to meet the demands of society during his lifetime, and in so far as it enables us to predict a child's future mental development. A limitation of tests for the very young is that the abilities tested are qualitatively different from those tested at a later age. We are dependent upon the assumption of a positive correlation between progress in such physical achievements as sitting up unaided and walking, and the more strictly intellectual functions tested at a later age.

Mental retardation involves many disciplines. In this paper, we have confined ourselves to some sociological and psychological observations.
VI. Dream Studies in Enuresis Research
Authors: Pierce Chester M.
Published: April 2017

Enuresis as a sleep disorder was studied in over two hundred enuretics and their matched controls. Enuresis as a sleep disorder is reflected by the fact that enuretics are more likely to have past and family histories of sleepwalking, past histories of nocturia, electroencephalographic abnormalities similar in pattern to a person going to sleep. The enuretic notes that posture variations and time of sleeping affected his likelihood of being enuretic.

A new methodology permitted more elaborate investigation of enuresis in over 60 nights of study. It was found that dreaming and wetting do not occur together. At the moment of bedwetting the subject is usually deeply asleep both by electroencephalographic and clinical observation. The dreams of the enuretic child are aggressive and violent. The enuretic adult has such hostile dreams on nights when he does not wet. When he wets, his dreams are likely to be predominantly dependent in nature. A pattern emerges in which the bedwetting usually precedes dreaming on any night and that the difference in time between initial enuresis and initial dreaming, in both adults and children, is about 2¼ hours.

Current research on sleep disorders is attempting to understand more of both physiological and psychological aspects. One methodology employed is to investigate possible biochemical associations during sleep, dreams and overt sleep disorders. This methodology involves withdrawing blood from a sleeping subject without wakening him up, plus the psychiatric scouting of his dream content.
Psychotherapy and the Basic Training of the Psychiatrist
Authors: Weil R. J. , Hirsch S.
Published: April 2017

This paper indicates the theoretical and practical difficulties encountered by the teacher of, and the trainee in, psychotherapy. It discusses the training of psychotherapists in view of present day community needs. Five conditions are mentioned which are necessary for a training program in psychotherapy:

1) A well planned curriculum as it relates to the teaching of the theory and practice of psychotherapy with opportunity for diversified psychotherapeutic activities.

2) A teaching staff with diverse orientation.

3) Bio-psycho-social orientation in psychiatric diagnosis and treatment.

4) Close collaboration with non-psychiatric psychotherapists.

5) Historical perspective.
Prison or Hospital—Some Problems in the Relationship between Criminal Law and Mental Illness
Authors: Mohr J. W.
Published: April 2017

Jurisprudence as well as psychiatry have their own sets of rules and procedures. Difficulties are encountered when those two sets are expected to fit each other. The interest in rules and principles is not matched by adequate empirical information. A maximum security hospital unit is outlined and the need for special hospitals for severe behaviour disorders is emphasized.
M'Naghten vs Durham
Authors: Panaccio Lucien
Published: April 2017

Comparison is made between the position of the expert in forensic psychiatry, whether his testimony is presented in accordance with the still legally enforced M'Naghten Rules or with the Durham Rules which are increasingly more popular, at least in the minds of the testifying psychiatrists.

Psychiatrists are reluctant to enter the witness box because of the anachronistic and unscientific M'Naghten Rules, which are based on a simplistic and incomplete definition of mental illness.

The social circumstances prevailing in England at the formulation of the M'Naghten Rules in 1843 were briefly reviewed. A few psychiatric diagnoses were quoted showing the great difficulty for Crown and defence experts to clearly and efficiently help the jury and the bench in reaching the most proper verdict which is humanly possible.

Mention is made of the Durham Rules already followed in a few American States, insisting on the fact that these rules relieve the expert of presenting a moral judgement, allow a scientific and truly medical testimony, and allow also the psychiatrist to forward his opinion as to the presence or absence of relationship between the incriminating gesture and the mental condition of the accused at the time of his crime.

The consequence of the confusing wording of the Criminal Code, Article CCC16, inspired by the M'Naghten Rules having led to an unfortunate and unpleasant depreciation of psychiatry, it is suggested that a commission of two or three experts be appointed by bodies such as the Bar, the College of Physicians and Surgeons, a Faculty of Medicine or a Psychiatric Association, with the provision that a joint report be presented to the Court.

The opinion is expressed that the abolition of capital punishment, allied to the spirit of the Durham Rules, would improve and facilitate the administration of justice in the greatest interest of the accused and society.
The Death of a Parent
Authors: Nichol Hamish
Published: April 2017

The literature on the effects of parental death upon the child's subsequent development was reviewed briefly. In the case of depressive illnesses the death of either parent prior to the child reaching the age of fifteen seemed to be correlated as a significant contributory factor. With this exception, statistical studies suggest that it is the death of a mother in the first seven years of a child's life, as opposed to that of a father, that is potentially an aetiological factor for the future development of psychoses, delinquency and psychoneuroses.

The case histories of six boys who had lost their fathers were given. In each instance there was distinct evidence that the psychological symptoms and behavioural disturbances were to be attributed in large measure to the effect of the death upon the child, and that in some cases the symptom choice was to be correlated with specific circumstances surrounding the death of the father. In some cases it was the unresolved grief reaction in the mother which helped to perpetuate the disorder in the child. Resolution of this in the mother during therapy led to improvement in the child's functioning. In other instances improvement occurred especially when the child ceased to be preoccupied with a close identification with the dead father. The sample was too small to delineate all the factors which determine why only some of the children in the families were affected. However, it was recognized that those boys who were involved most closely in their mother's grief reactions were the ones who were most disturbed.

It was pointed out that the brief treatment given these boys and their mothers appeared to be responsible for the considerable amelioration of symptoms that resulted. Despite the fact that statistical studies suggest that the death of a father does not seem to predispose to future psychiatric illness except in the case of depressions, it is felt that therapeutic intervention is worth while, especially in those instances where there is an unresolved grief reaction in the mother which is binding a particular child closely to her, thus preventing full and free psychological growth and development by fostering undue dependence upon her and too close an identification with the dead father.
Psychogenesis of Emesis
Authors: Cleghorn R. A. , Brown W. T. , Melville P. H.
Published: April 2017

1. Emesis, or vomiting, considered historically, can be seen in three roles. First it was induced for convivial reasons, to permit continued gormandizing, secondly, on cultural grounds, as part of purification rites and thirdly for curative purposes in the treatment of illness, including mental disorders. Its importance in medicine stems from the fact that it is probably second only to pain in frequency as a symptom of emotional disturbances. Its importance in psychiatry lies in the fact that it is observed in a variety of situations in which its occurrence has different psychological meanings and since it occupies a controversial position in the conceptualizing about conversion phenomena.

2. The physiology of emesis is reviewed and the sequential participation of autonomic and somatic factors is detailed. Psychophysiological aspects of nausea are briefly considered. The roles of various neurophysiological functions, including the limbic system, are discussed in connection with the psychogenic aspects of emesis.

3. Reference is made to pertinent papers on ‘neurotic vomiting’ and to some offering psychodynamic explanations. The relevance of organ language to emesis or ‘neurotic vomiting’ is mentioned.

4. An endeavour is made to separate reflex from psychogenic emesis and a classification of the latter is presented. This shows an increasing complexity as one passes from states in which the mechanism is characterized as arousal to those designated symbolic, expressive and disintegrative.

5. Some semantic implications of the words symbolic, conversion, hysteria, and expressive, are discussed and the unsatisfactory state of ambiguity which surrounds the first three in the psychiatric literature is noted.

6. Certain psychodynamic characteristics of those patients in whom vomiting was a major psychiatric symptom are summarized from the psychiatric literature.
Legal Concepts and Psychiatric Classification
Authors: Kenefick Donald P.
Published: April 2017

“Mental unsoundness in a person accused of crime may give rise to two entirely distinct legal problems. The first is the question of the defendant's responsibility; whether at the time of the act charged, he was so mentally disordered as not to be punishable for it, under the legal test of responsibility; that is, whether at that time he knew the wrongfulness of the act, and, in some states, whether he was able to resist the impulse to commit it. … The other involves the defendant's mental condition not at the time of the act charged, but at the time of the criminal proceedings—whether he is presently sane enough to plead or be tried, or after trial, whether he is sane enough to undergo punishment. Since the first problem involves the 'guilt' or 'innocence' of the defendant, while the second does not, the latter has been given comparatively little consideration. Nevertheless, as a matter of procedure, it is highly important. Any reform in the method of trying persons alleged to be insane probably will come through perfecting means for preventing the trial of mentally diseased or deficient persons, rather than through a change in the substantive law or procedure relating to the question of responsibility.
The Assessment and Therapeutic Potential of Offenders
Authors: Whiskin Frederick E.
Published: April 2017

The history, purpose, and mode of operation of the Massachusetts Court Clinics program is outlined. Also, discussed in some detail, are the methods of assessment of the offender used in this particular setting and factors which influence the prognosis as to the therapeutic potential of the individual involved. The importance of adequate control of the offender by means of skilled probation management is mentioned as a factor which makes treatment possible for certain offenders whose therapeutic potential would be otherwise nil.