bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines: a decade update
Authors: Bagdi Avik Kumar , Santra Sougata , Monir Kamarul , Hajra Alakananda
Published: November 2014

Here we describe the various strategies for the synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Buffers more than buffering agent: introducing a new class of stabilizers for the protein BSA
Authors: Gupta Bhupender S. , Taha Mohamed , Lee Ming-Jer
Published: November 2014

In this study, we have analyzed the influence of four biological buffers on the thermal stability of bovine serum albumin (BSA) using dynamic light scattering (DLS).
Methyl ester synthesis catalyzed by nanoporous gold: from 10−9 Torr to 1 atm
Authors: Wang Lu-Cun , Stowers Kara J. , Zugic Branko , Biener Monika M. , Biener Juergen , Friend Cynthia M. , Madix Robert J.
Published: November 2014

Highly selective synthesis of methyl esters can be achieved by oxidative coupling of methanol and aldehydes (acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde) under mild conditions using unsupported nanoporous gold catalysts over a wide pressure range (from 10−9 Torr to 1 atm).
Band gap-tunable potassium doped graphitic carbon nitride with enhanced mineralization ability
Authors: Hu Shaozheng , Li Fayun , Fan Zhiping , Wang Fei , Zhao Yanfeng , Lv Zhenbo
Published: November 2014

Potassium doped into the g-C3N4 crystal lattice can tune the positions of the CB and VB potentials, influence the structural and optical properties and thus improve the photocatalytic degradation and mineralization ability.
Photodegradation of α-cypermethrin in soil in the presence of trace metals (Cu2+, Cd2+, Fe2+and Zn2+)
Authors: Rafique Nazia , Tariq Saadia R.
Published: November 2014

The influence of trace metals (Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+and Fe2+) on the photodegradation of α-cypermethrin (α-CYM) in agricultural soil was studied.
Graphitic carbon nitride polymers: promising catalysts or catalyst supports for heterogeneous oxidation and hydrogenation
Authors: Gong Yutong , Li Mingming , Li Haoran , Wang Yong
Published: November 2014

The review summarizes recent oxidation and hydrogenation strategies catalyzed by g-C3N4based systems.
Quantitative carbon detector (QCD) for calibration-free, high-resolution characterization of complex mixtures
Authors: Maduskar Saurabh , Teixeira Andrew R. , Paulsen Alex D. , Krumm Christoph , Mountziaris T. J. , Fan Wei , Dauenhauer Paul J.
Published: November 2014

A tandem catalytic microreactor for calibration-free quantification of complex mixtures.
Copolymer and platinum ion assisted growth of functionalized gold nanonests
Authors: Yang Jing-Cyuan , Chang Yi-Hsiang , Whang Wha-Tzong , Chen Chun-Hua , Wu Ren-Jye
Published: November 2014

Novel Au nanonests with high yield and uniformity were successfully synthesized using P123 as a soft template and a reductant in an ice water bath with and without the presence of the second metallic source of Pt ions.
The performance of mesoporous organosilicas with phenyl groups in Heme protein immobilization
Authors: Xiao Yu , Guan Buyuan , Wang Xue , Wu Zhuofu , Liu Yunling , Huo Qisheng
Published: November 2014

We demonstrate the influence of phenyl groups in the pore structure of mesoporous organosilicas, on the quantity of absorbed enzyme and the activity of immobilized enzyme.
Correction: Synthetic chemistry fuels interdisciplinary approaches to the production of artemisinin
Authors: Corsello Michael A. , Garg Neil K.
Published: November 2014

Correction for ‘Synthetic chemistry fuels interdisciplinary approaches to the production of artemisinin’ by Michael A. Corsello et al., Nat. Prod. Rep., 2015, DOI: 10.1039/c4np00113c.
Synthesis of new unnatural Nα-Fmoc pyrimidin-4-one amino acids: use of the p-benzyloxybenzyloxy group as a pyrimidinone masking group
Authors: ElMarrouni Abdellatif , Heras Montserrat
Published: November 2014

The p-benzyloxybenzyloxy group is used to mask the oxo function of the 4(3H)-pyrimidinone ring in the synthesis of new unnatural amino acids.
Switchable synthesis of 2,5-dimethylfuran and 2,5-dihydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural over Raney Ni catalyst
Authors: Kong Xiao , Zhu Yifeng , Zheng Hongyan , Dong Fang , Zhu Yulei , Li Yong-Wang
Published: November 2014

Switchable synthesis of 2,5-dimethylfuran and 2,5-dihydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran was achieved over Raney Ni catalyst, which has high feasibility in industry.
Structure, morphology and electronic properties ofl-phenylalanine edge-functionalized graphite platelets through Friedel–Crafts acylation reaction
Authors: Abdolmaleki Amir , Mallakpour Shadpour , Borandeh Sedigheh
Published: November 2014

Edge functionalized graphite were prepared by Friedel–Crafts acylation withl-phenylalanine. The functionalized nanoplatelates are highly dispersible in polar solvents and shows enhanced electron transfer capability compared to pristine graphite.
Acid promoted cyclodehydration of amino alcohols with amide acetal
Authors: Hwang Soonho , Park Heemin , Kwon Yongseok , Kim Sanghee
Published: November 2014

Intramolecular N-alkylation of amino alcohols using an amide acetal was developed that is widely applicable to the formation of azaheterocycles.
Electronic and electrochemical properties as well as flowerlike supramolecular assemblies of fulleropyrrolidines bearing ester substituents with different alkyl chain lengths
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Li Xu-Dong , Ma Li-Xia , Zhang Bei
Published: November 2014

Flowerlike supramolecular architectures, obtained from a series of energetically PCBM-like and high C60 content (76–79%) fulleropyrrolidines FP1–FP4, were lamellar structures with alkyl chain length dependent thickness of a bilayer structure.
Mesenchymal stem cell response to UV-photofunctionalized TiO2coated CoCrMo
Authors: Logan Niall , Cross Alison J. , Traynor Alison , Bozec Laurent , Parkin Ivan P. , Brett Peter
Published: November 2014

UV photofunctionalization of TiO2coated implant surfaces enhanced markers of cell adhesion. This may prove to be advantageous for orthopaedic implants by supporting the colonisation and adhesion of cells capable of facilitating in bone healing.
Charge-transfer metal–organic frameworks based on CuCN architecture units: crystal structures, luminescence properties and theoretical investigations
Authors: Huang Rong-Yi , Xue Chen , Zhu Chang-Hai , Wang Zhu-Qing , Xu Heng , Ren Xiao-Ming
Published: November 2014

Four cuprous cyanide charge-transfer metal–organic frameworks have been fabricated via the synchronous redox and self-assembly reaction, and exhibit intense green luminescence properties and high thermal stabilities.
Functionalized mesoporous silica material and anionic dye adsorption: MCM-41 incorporated with amine groups for competitive adsorption of Acid Fuchsine and Acid Orange II
Authors: Wu Yunhai , Zhang Meili , Zhao Huaiyang , Yang Shengxin , Arkin Aynigar
Published: November 2014

Adsorption of two representative anionic dyes (Acid Fuchsine (AF) and Acid Orange II (AO)) using MCM-41 functionalized with amine groups in a mesoporous silica framework (NH2–MCM-41) as the adsorbent was investigated.
Calixarene modified montmorillonite: a novel design for biosensing applications
Authors: Sonmez Burak , Sayin Serkan , Yalcinkaya Esra Evrim , Seleci Didem Ag , Yildiz Huseyin Bekir , Demirkol Dilek Odaci , Timur Suna
Published: November 2014

Here we report the synthesis, characterization and application of calixarene (Calix) modified montmorillonite (Mt) as a platform for bio-applications such as biomolecule immobilization and biosensing technologies.
Low temperature growth of hybrid ZnO/TiO2 nano-sculptured foxtail-structures for dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Zhao Chao , Child David , Hu Yue , Robertson Neil , Gibson Des , Wang Shun Cai , Fu Yong Qing
Published: November 2014

Low temperature crystallization technique for ZnO/TiO2 hybrid nanostructures with good properties in DSSC application.
Fast and facile microwave-assisted synthesis of graphene oxide nanosheets
Authors: Wang Xiaobo , Tang Heqing , Huang Shuangshuang , Zhu Lihua
Published: November 2014

A fast and facile microwave-assisted method was developed for preparing GO.
Integration of ZnO/ZnS nanostructured materials into a cotton fabric platform
Authors: Athauda Thushara J. , Madduma-Bandarage Ujith S. K. , Vasquez Yolanda
Published: November 2014

Inorganic semiconductor ZnO/ZnS nanostructures were coupled to flexible natural fibrous materials for potential applications that include wearable electronics, protective textiles, portable and flexible photovoltaic and solar cell devices.
Fast and simplified synthesis of cuprous oxide nanoparticles: annealing studies and photocatalytic activity
Authors: Xiong Liangbin , Xiao Huaqing , Chen Shunsheng , Chen Zhihong , Yi Xunong , Wen Sheng , Zheng Genwen , Ding Yaoming , Yu Huaqing
Published: November 2014

Cu2O nanoparticles synthesized by using a fast and simplified method show superior photocatalytic activity towards methyl orange.
Reduced graphene oxide anchored with zinc oxide nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic activity and gas sensing properties
Authors: He Jianjiang , Niu Chunge , Yang Chao , Wang Jide , Su Xintai
Published: November 2014

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)–zinc oxide (ZnO) composites were synthesized by a two-step hydrolysis–calcination method, using GO and Zn(Ac)2 as precursors.
“Bio-glues” to enhance slipperiness of mucins: improved lubricity and wear resistance of porcine gastric mucin (PGM) layers assisted by mucoadhesion with chitosan
Authors: Nikogeorgos Nikolaos , Efler Petr , Kayitmazer A. Basak , Lee Seunghwan
Published: November 2014

A synergetic lubricating effect between porcine gastric mucin (PGM) and chitosan based on their mucoadhesive interaction is reported at a hydrophobic interface comprised of self-mated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces.
Fluorine-substituted Mg(BH4)2·2NH3with improved dehydrogenation properties for hydrogen storage
Authors: Yang Yanjing , Liu Yongfeng , Li You , Gao Mingxia , Pan Hongge
Published: November 2014

Fluorine-substituted Mg(BH4)2·2NH3possesses significantly improved dehydrogenation properties.
The enhanced rate performance of LiFe0.5Mn0.5PO4/C cathode material via synergistic strategies of surfactant-assisted solid state method and carbon coating
Authors: Zhou Xue , Xie Ye , Deng Yuanfu , Qin Xusong , Chen Guohua
Published: November 2014

A high rate and cycle performance LiFe0.5Mn0.5PO4/C material was obtained by synergies of a surfactant-assisted solid state method and carbon content.
Intense multiphoton upconversion of Yb3+–Tm3+ doped β-NaYF4 individual nanocrystals by saturation excitation
Authors: Zhou Jiajia , Chen Gengxu , Zhu Yingbin , Huo Lili , Mao Wei , Zou Danna , Sun Xinwen , Wu E , Zeng Heping , Zhang Junjie , Zhang Long , Qiu Jianrong , Xu Shiqing
Published: November 2014

We report the intense multiphoton upconversion of β-NaYF4: Yb3+–Tm3+ individual nanocrystals benefiting from the perfect ladder-type electron configuration under saturation excitation.
A novel cytosolic NADH:quinone oxidoreductase from Methanothermobacter marburgensis
Authors: Ullmann Eva , Tan Tien Chye , Gundinger Thomas , Herwig Christoph , Divne Christina , Spadiut Oliver
Published: November 2014

Methanothermobacter marburgensis is a strictly anaerobic, thermophilic methanogenic archaeon that uses methanogenesis to convert H2 and CO2 to energy. M. marburgensis is one of the best-studied methanogens, and all genes required for methanogenic metabolism have been identified. Nonetheless, the present study describes a gene (Gene ID 9704440) coding for a putative NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase that has not yet been identified as part of the metabolic machinery. The gene product, MmNQO, was successfully expressed, purified and characterized biochemically, as well as structurally. MmNQO was identified as a flavin-dependent NADH:quinone oxidoreductase with the capacity to oxidize NADH in the presence of a wide range of electron acceptors, whereas NADPH was oxidized with only three acceptors. The 1.50 Å crystal structure of MmNQO features a homodimeric enzyme where each monomer comprises 196 residues folding into flavodoxin-like α/β domains with non-covalently bound FMN (flavin mononucleotide). The closest structural homologue is the modulator of drug activity B from Streptococcus mutans with 1.6 Å root-mean-square deviation on 161 Cα atoms and 28% amino-acid sequence identity. The low similarity at sequence and structural level suggests that MmNQO is unique among NADH:quinone oxidoreductases characterized to date. Based on preliminary bioreactor experiments, MmNQO could provide a useful tool to prevent overflow metabolism in applications that require cells with high energy demand.
Triplet correlation functions in liquid water
Authors: Dhabal Debdas , Singh Murari , Wikfeldt Kjartan Thor , Chakravarty Charusita
Published: November 2014

Triplet correlations have been shown to play a crucial role in the transformation of simple liquids to anomalous tetrahedral fluids [M. Singh, D. Dhabal, A. H. Nguyen, V. Molinero, and C. Chakravarty, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 147801 (2014)]. Here we examine triplet correlation functions for water, arguably the most important tetrahedral liquid, under ambient conditions, using configurational ensembles derived from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) datasets fitted to experimental scattering data. Four different RMC data sets with widely varying hydrogen-bond topologies fitted to neutron and x-ray scattering data are considered [K. T. Wikfeldt, M. Leetmaa, M. P. Ljungberg, A. Nilsson, and L. G. M. Pettersson, J. Phys. Chem. B 113, 6246 (2009)]. Molecular dynamics simulations are performed for two rigid-body effective pair potentials (SPC/E and TIP4P/2005) and the monatomic water (mW) model. Triplet correlation functions are compared with other structural measures for tetrahedrality, such as the O–O–O angular distribution function and the local tetrahedral order distributions. In contrast to the pair correlation functions, which are identical for all the RMC ensembles, the O–O–O triplet correlation function can discriminate between ensembles with different degrees of tetrahedral network formation with the maximally symmetric, tetrahedral SYM dataset displaying distinct signatures of tetrahedrality similar to those obtained from atomistic simulations of the SPC/E model. Triplet correlations from the RMC datasets conform closely to the Kirkwood superposition approximation, while those from MD simulations show deviations within the first two neighbour shells. The possibilities for experimental estimation of triplet correlations of water and other tetrahedral liquids are discussed.
A quartz crystal microbalance dew point sensor without frequency measurement
Authors: Wang Guohua , Zhang Weishuo , Wang Shuo , Sun Jinglin
Published: November 2014

This work deals with the design of a dew point sensor based on Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) without measuring the frequency. This idea is inspired by the fact that the Colpitts oscillation circuit will stop oscillating when the QCM works in the liquid media. The quartz crystal and the electrode are designed through the finite element simulation and the stop oscillating experiment is conducted to verify the sensibility. Moreover, the measurement result is calibrated to approach the true value. At last a series of dew points at the same temperature is measured with the designed sensor. Results show that the designed dew point sensor is able to detect the dew point with the proper accuracy.
Interaction of vortex rings with multiple permeable screens
Authors: Musta Mustafa N. , Krueger Paul S.
Published: November 2014

Interaction of a vortex ring impinging on multiple permeable screens orthogonal to the ring axis was studied to experimentally investigate the persistence and decay of vortical structures inside the screen array using digital particle image velocimetry in a refractive index matched environment. The permeable screens had porosities (open area ratios) of 83.8%, 69.0%, and 55.7% and were held by a transparent frame that allowed the screen spacing to be changed. Vortex rings were generated using a piston-cylinder mechanism at nominal jet Reynolds numbers of 1000, 2000, and 3000 with piston stroke length-to-diameter ratios of 2 and 3. The interaction of vortex rings with the porous medium showed a strong dependence of the overall flow evolution on the screen porosity, with a central flow being preserved and vortex ring-like structures (with smaller diameter than the primary vortex ring) being generated near the centerline. Due to the large rod size used in the screens, immediate reformation of the transmitted vortex ring with size comparable to the primary ring (as has been observed with thin screens) was not observed in most cases. Since the screens have lower complexity and high open area ratios, centerline vortex ring-like flow structures formed with comparable size to the screen pore size and penetrated through the screens. In the case of low porosity screens (55.7%) with large screen spacing, re-emergence of large scale (large separation), weak vortical structures/pairs (analogous to a transmitted vortex ring) was observed downstream of the first screen. Additional smaller scale vortical structures were generated by the interaction of the vortex ring with subsequent screens. The size distribution of the generated vortical structures were shown to be strongly affected by porosity, with smaller vortical structures playing a stronger role as porosity decreased. Finally, porosity significantly affected the decay of total energy, but the effect of screen spacing decreased as porosity decreased.
Understanding the influence of Coulomb and dispersion interactions on the wetting behavior of ionic liquids
Authors: Rane Kaustubh S. , Errington Jeffrey R.
Published: November 2014

We study the role of dispersion and electrostatic interactions in the wetting behavior of ionic liquids on non-ionic solid substrates. We consider a simple model of an ionic liquid consisting of spherical ions that interact via Lennard-Jones and Coulomb potentials. Bulk and interfacial properties are computed for five fluids distinguished by the strength of the electrostatic interaction relative to the dispersion interaction. We employ Monte Carlo simulations and an interface-potential-based approach to calculate the liquid-vapor and substrate-fluid interfacial properties. Surface tensions for each fluid are evaluated over a range of temperatures that spans from a reduced temperature of approximately 0.6 to the critical point. Contact angles are calculated at select temperatures over a range of substrate-fluid interaction strengths that spans from the near-drying regime to the wetting regime. We observe that an increase in the relative strength of Coulombic interactions between ions leads to increasing deviation from Guggenheim's corresponding states theory. We show how this deviation is related to lower values of liquid-vapor excess entropies observed for strongly ionic fluids. Our results show that the qualitative nature of wetting behavior is significantly influenced by the competition between dispersion and electrostatic interactions. We discuss the influence of electrostatic interactions on the nature of wetting and drying transitions and corresponding states like behavior observed for contact angles. For all of the fluids studied, we observe a relatively narrow range of substrate-fluid interaction strengths wherein the contact angle is nearly independent of temperature. The influence of the ionic nature of the fluid on the temperature dependence of contact angle is also discussed.
Bohmian trajectory from the “classical” Schrödinger equation
Authors: Sengupta Santanu , Khatua Munmun , Chattaraj Pratim Kumar
Published: November 2014

The quantum-classical correspondence is studied for a periodically driven quartic oscillator exhibiting integrable and chaotic dynamics, by studying the Bohmian trajectory of the corresponding “classical” Schrödinger equation. Phase plots and the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy are computed and compared with the classical trajectory as well as the Bohmian trajectory obtained from the time dependent Schrödinger equation. Bohmian mechanics at the classical limit appears to mimick the behavior of a dissipative dynamical system.
Coupling effect combined with incident polarization to modulate double split-ring-resonator in terahertz frequency range
Authors: Zhu Mei , Lin Yu-Sheng , Lee Chengkuo
Published: November 2014

This work examines the coupling effect in concentric double split-ring-resonator devices in terahertz (THz) range when the inner ring changes its relative orientation to the outer ring. Through detailed analysis on the simulation results of surface current and electrical field distributions, we look into the changes of inductance and capacitance in the system caused by structural layouts, and present a set of coherent theory that is solely rooted in the inductance-capacitance circuit analogy to systematically account for the resonance change. Such coupling effect combined with polarization of the incident wave is further explored to demonstrate continuous modulation of THz resonances. A variation range of transmission intensity from 20% to 80% has been successfully achieved. These experimental results demonstrate the promise of realizing future tunable THz filters by means of rotating sub-structures of the device only.
Passivation of GaSb using molecular beam epitaxy Y2O3 to achieve low interfacial trap density and high-performance self-aligned inversion-channel p-metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors
Authors: Chu R. L. , Chiang T. H. , Hsueh W. J. , Chen K. H. , Lin K. Y. , Brown G. J. , Chyi J. I. , Kwo J. , Hong M.
Published: November 2014

Molecular beam epitaxy deposited rare-earth oxide of Y2O3 has effectively passivated GaSb, leading to low interfacial trap densities of (1–4) × 1012 cm−2 eV−1 across the energy bandgap of GaSb. A high saturation drain current density of 130 μA/μm, a peak transconductance of 90 μS/μm, a low subthreshold slope of 147 mV/decade, and a peak field-effect hole mobility of 200 cm2/V-s were obtained in 1 μm-gate-length self-aligned inversion-channel GaSb p-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistors (MOSFETs). In this work, high-κ/GaSb interfacial properties were better in samples with a high substrate temperature of 200 °C than in those with high κ's deposited at room temperature, in terms of the interfacial electrical properties, particularly, the reduction of interfacial trap densities near the conduction band and the MOSFET device performance.
Local imaging of high mobility two-dimensional electron systems with virtual scanning tunneling microscopy
Authors: Pelliccione M. , Bartel J. , Sciambi A. , Pfeiffer L. N. , West K. W. , Goldhaber-Gordon D.
Published: November 2014

Correlated electron states in high mobility two-dimensional electron systems (2DESs), including charge density waves and microemulsion phases intermediate between a Fermi liquid and Wigner crystal, are predicted to exhibit complex local charge order. Existing experimental studies, however, have mainly probed these systems at micron to millimeter scales rather than directly mapping spatial organization. Scanning probes should be well-suited to study the spatial structure of these states, but high mobility 2DESs are found at buried semiconductor interfaces, beyond the reach of conventional scanning tunneling microscopy. Scanning techniques based on electrostatic coupling to the 2DES deliver important insights, but generally with resolution limited by the depth of the 2DES. In this letter, we present our progress in developing a technique called “virtual scanning tunneling microscopy” that allows local tunneling into a high mobility 2DES. Using a specially designed bilayer GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure where the tunnel coupling between two separate 2DESs is tunable via electrostatic gating, combined with a scanning gate, we show that the local tunneling can be controlled with sub-250 nm resolution.
Ovarian acyclicity in zoo African elephants (Loxodonta africana) is associated with high body condition scores and elevated serum insulin and leptin
Authors: Morfeld Kari A. , Brown Janine L.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether excessive body fat and altered metabolic hormone concentrations in the circulation were associated with ovarian acyclicity in the world’s largest land mammal, the African elephant. We compared body condition, glucose, insulin and leptin concentrations and the glucose-to-insulin ratio (G : I) between cycling (n = 23; normal 14–16 week cycles based on serum progestagens for at least 2 years) and non-cycling (n = 23; consistent baseline progestagen concentrations for at least 2 years) females. A validated body condition score (BCS) index (five-point scale; 1 = thinnest, 5 = fattest) was used to assess the degree of fatness of the study elephants. The mean BCS of non-cycling elephants was higher than that of their cycling counterparts. There were differences in concentrations of serum metabolic biomarkers, with non-cycling elephants in the BCS 5 category having higher leptin and insulin concentrations and a lower G : I ratio than cycling BCS 5 females. Using ‘non-cycling’ as the outcome variable in regression models, high BCS was a strong predictor of a non-cycling status. This study provides the first evidence that ovarian acyclicity in zoo African elephants is associated with body condition indicative of obesity, as well as elevated, perturbed biomarkers of metabolic status.
Putting the individual in context: paths, capitals and topologies of learning
Authors: Faulconbridge James
Published: November 2014

James Faulconbridge is Professor of Transnational Management at Lancaster University. His research focuses upon the globalisation of professional service firms. Recent articles have examined the nature of stretched communities of learning in such firms, and institutional effects on globalising firms. He is co-author ofThe Globalisation of Advertisingand editor ofInternational Business Travel in the Global Economy.
Tacit knowledge, embedded agency and learning: local nodes and global networks
Authors: Lam Alice
Published: November 2014

Alice Lam is Professor of Organisation Studies at the School of Management, Royal Holloway University of London. Her research focuses on the relationship between organizational forms, knowledge creation and societal institutions. Her current work examines the changing nature of academic scientific work and knowledge transfer between university and industry.
Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon Ovarian Fluid Turbidity and Egg Survival
Authors: Becket Kristen H , Barnes Michael E , Durben Dan J , Parker Timothy M
Published: November 2014

We assessed the turbidity measurements of ovarian fluid and ovarian fluid mixed with lake water, distilled water, and well water for their potential to predict egg survival of landlocked fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from Lake Oahe, South Dakota. Turbidity of the ovarian fluid alone ranged from 23.1 to 101.7 NTU, and mean turbidity increased with the addition of any of the water sources. Egg survival to the eyed stage ranged from 0% to 61%, and was not significantly correlated with ovarian fluid turbidity or the turbidities of any of the ovarian fluid and water combinations.
A History of Clinical Psychology
Authors: Routh Donald K.
Published: November 2014

To be memorable, a history such as this might best be organized under a small number of headings. Accordingly, this chapter is structured around the work of seven pioneers who arguably had the greatest influence on the development of the field. Lightner Witmer is generally considered to have founded clinical psychology in 1896 (McReynolds, 1987, 1997; Routh, 1996; Watson, 1956). Hippocrates was the ancient Greek founder of medicine, always a close professional cousin of clinical psychology and a scientific model for psychology in general. Theodule Ribot led the development of psychology as an academic discipline in 19th-century France, as one primarily focused on clinical issues. Alfred Binet, also in France, devised the first practical “intelligence” test in 1905; administering such tests was among the most common activities of early clinical psychologists. Leta Hollingworth was an early practitioner who played a large role in the development of organized clinical psychology beginning in 1917 (Routh, 1994). Sigmund Freud founded psychoanalysis, the first influential form of psychotherapy practiced by clinical psychologists, among others. Finally, Hans Eysenck was among the earliest to conceptualize behavior therapy and to promote the use of what have come to be known as evidence-based methods of intervention in clinical psychology.
Clinical Psychology Interventions in Primary Care
Authors: Haas Leonard J.
Published: November 2014

This chapter reviews the need for clinical psychology services that are integrated into the primary health-care environment and covers in depth the issues that an effective primary care clinical psychologist must understand to function effectively in primary care. These are understanding the primary medical care environment, recognizing the unique characteristics of primary medical care patients who seek psychological services, and the key treatment tactics and strategies necessary for effective work in a primary care environment. Recommendations are illustrated with numerous case examples adapted from the experiences of a veteran primary care clinical psychologist.
Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
Authors: Kendall Philip C. , Comer Jonathan S.
Published: November 2014

This chapter describes methodological and design considerations central to the scientific evaluation of treatment efficacy and effectiveness. Matters of design, procedure, measurement, data analysis, and reporting are examined and discussed. The authors consider key concepts of controlled comparisons, random assignment, the use of treatment manuals, integrity and adherence checks, sample and setting selection, treatment transportability, handling missing data, assessing clinical significance, identifying mechanisms of change, and consolidated standards for communicating study findings to the scientific community. Examples from the treatment outcome literature are offered, and guidelines are suggested for conducting treatment evaluations that maximize both scientific rigor and clinical relevance.
Sex and Gender Disorders
Authors: Bradford Andrea , Meston Cindy M.
Published: November 2014

Sex and gender disorders are classified into three major categories. The sexual dysfunctions are problems that inhibit one’s motivation or ability to engage in sexual activity. Paraphilias are recurrent patterns of sexual arousal and/or behavior involving inappropriate targets of sexual expression. Gender identity disorder is the experience of intense discomfort with one’s assigned gender role, accompanied by the desire to live as a person of the opposite sex. Conceptualizations of sex and gender disorders are ever evolving in response to multiple cultural, scientific, political, and commercial influences. This chapter reviews current practice and emerging concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of sex and gender disorders, with emphasis on recent research findings and key unresolved questions.
Shifting Paradigms in Clinical Psychology
Authors: Dimeff Linda A. , Paves Andrew P. , Skutch Julie M. , Woodcock Eric A.
Published: November 2014

The accelerated expanse, affordability, and advances in technology, along with the ubiquitous Web, will continue to radically transform how we prevent and treat behavioral problems and reduce human suffering. These technologies have the potential to break down barriers and close the gap between empirically supported treatments (ESTs) and those who need them. This chapter attempts to capture the current use of technology to strengthen and disseminate ESTs. We focus on those areas that have or are expected to have the greatest reach and impact in the years to come. Web- or computer-based technology, virtual reality, mobile technology, and social networking will all be highlighted. We present innovative ideas, the evidence base for existing applications (when available), and future directions. The omnipresence of technology in our daily lives perfectly positions it to be a powerful agent of change in the science and practice of clinical psychology.
The Role of Psychology in Emerging Federal Health-care Plans
Authors: Zeiss Antonette M. , Karlin Bradley E.
Published: November 2014

Professional psychology plays a prominent role at a number of key levels in the federal mental health-care system. This chapter examines the increasing impact professional psychology has had in recent years on two major and evolving federal mental health-care systems: the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and the Medicare program. Within the VHA, professional psychology has helped to promote the expansion and transformation of evidence-based and recovery-oriented mental health care at the levels of policy, practice, and research. As the largest integrated health-care system in the nation, mental health-care transformation within the VHA and psychology’s contributions to this major effort may help to inform other private and public mental health-care systems. Similarly, important changes within the Medicare program designed to promote mental health-care access, coverage, and quality portend that professional psychology will have an increasingly prominent role within Medicare. These developments provide unprecedented opportunities for psychologists to influence the future practice of psychology and the mental health-care landscape of the nation.
Biasing, Debiasing, and the Law
Authors: Pi Daniel , Parisi Francesco , Luppi Barbara
Published: November 2014

In this chapter, we build on the existing literature on the use of legal strategies for addressing problems of biased judgment and behavior, exploring how heuristics and biases may be exploited to foster efficiency in the presence of other incentive alignment problems. We also introduce two new categories: the hitherto unnoticed counterparts to debiasing and insulating strategies, which we will call “benevolent biasing,” and “cognitive leveraging” strategies.
Law, Moral Attitudes, and Behavioral Change
Authors: Bilz Kenworthey , Nadler Janice
Published: November 2014

Classically, the ambition of legal regulation is to change behaviors. Legal regulation can accomplish its goals directly, through fear of sanctions or desire for rewards. But it can also do so indirectly—and often more cheaply and effectively—by changing attitudes about desired or undesired behaviors. Though moral attitude change is promising, it is also perilous. This chapter reviews the ways in which law aims to change moral attitudes. It also reviews the ways in which it can go awry, and offers predictions about when attempts at moral attitude change will succeed, and when they will fail.
Wrestling with the Endowment Effect, or How to Do Law and Economics without the Coase Theorem
Authors: Korobkin Russell
Published: November 2014

Contrary to a traditional assumption of law and economics that underlies the Coase Theorem, a substantial amount of empirical evidence demonstrates that, at least in some situations, people value entitlements more when they are endowed with them than when they are not. This chapter describes this phenomenon, knows as the “endowment effect,” with attention not only to what we know about it, but also what remains unclear about both its scope and its underlying causal mechanism. It then examines how the endowment effect might bear on positive and normative issues in four broad categories of law: the initial assignment of entitlements, the potential reassignment of entitlements, the facilitation of private transfers of entitlements, and the protection of entitlements through the judicial system. The chapter shows that, used cautiously and judiciously, evidence of the endowment effect can sharpen legal policy analysis, but also that this enterprise is complicated and fraught with peril.
Consumer Transactions
Authors: Bar-Gill Oren
Published: November 2014

Consumer transactions differ from the archetypal arm’s-length contract on which both classical contract law and neoclassical economics focus. These transactions are marked by an imbalance between sellers and buyers. The underlying concern is that imperfectly informed and imperfectly rational consumers might fail to fully comprehend the costs and benefits of the product or service that they are purchasing. Moreover, sophisticated sellers can be expected to design their products, prices, and contracts in response to consumer misperception. Indeed, the design of consumer transactions can best be viewed as the outcome of an interaction between market forces and the psychology of consumers. The resulting behavioral market failure hurts consumers and reduces efficiency. Legal responses range from hard paternalistic policies to soft paternalistic policies, focusing on disclosure, default rules and safe harbors, and the right to withdraw from the transaction.
Nudges.gov
Authors: Sunstein Cass R.
Published: November 2014

Behavioral economics is influencing regulatory initiatives in many nations, including the United States and the United Kingdom. The role of behavioral economics is likely to increase in the next generation, especially in light of the growing interest in low-cost, choice-preserving regulatory tools. Choice architecture—including default rules, simplification, norms, and disclosure—can affect outcomes even if material incentives are not involved. For example, default rules can have an even larger effect than significant economic incentives. Behavioral economics has helped to inform recent and emerging reforms in areas that include savings, finance, distracted driving, energy, climate change, obesity, education, poverty, health, and the environment.
Massive Recurrent Chalazion With Anterior Orbital Extension
Authors: Nemet Arie Y.
Published: November 2014

A 14-year-old girl developed a large, asymptomatic lump on the right lower eyelid a few weeks after chalazion excision. MRI showed a very large, elliptical, postseptal lesion 1.8 × 14.1 × 21.2 mm which intensified homogeneously with gadolinium. The patient underwent orbital biopsy of the lesion using a swinging eyelid approach. A dense, solid, nondraining encapsulated lesion was palpated and separated from the surrounding tissue. Histopathologic diagnosis was a granulomatous chalazion.
Isolated Nonsyndromic Intraneural Neuroma of the Eyelid Skin
Authors: Jakobiec Frederick A. , Rashid Alia , Yoon Michael K.
Published: November 2014

A 56-year-old man developed a 2 × 2 mm, yellow-orange painless, smooth-surfaced nodule in the middle third of his left upper eyelid. Microscopic evaluation disclosed a spindle cell tumor that was well circumscribed by a perineurium. The tumor cells manifested wavy, bland nuclei displaying comma-shaped and pointed ends. These cells were uniformly S100 positive. Immunohistochemical analysis further revealed an even dispersion of numerous dot-like neurofilaments diagnostic of an isolated intraneural neuroma. A neuroma differs from a schwannoma which fails to exhibit neurofilaments except in a peripherally located compressed nerve of origin. Simple excision is recommended.
Towards synthetic biological approaches to resource utilization on space missions
Authors: Menezes Amor A. , Cumbers John , Hogan John A. , Arkin Adam P.
Published: November 2014

This paper demonstrates the significant utility of deploying non-traditional biological techniques to harness available volatiles and waste resources on manned missions to explore the Moon and Mars. Compared with anticipated non-biological approaches, it is determined that for 916 day Martian missions: 205 days of high-quality methane and oxygen Mars bioproduction with
Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum
can reduce the mass of a Martian fuel-manufacture plant by 56%; 496 days of biomass generation with
Arthrospira platensis
and
Arthrospira maxima
on Mars can decrease the shipped wet-food mixed-menu mass for a Mars stay and a one-way voyage by 38%; 202 days of Mars polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis with
Cupriavidus necator
can lower the shipped mass to three-dimensional print a 120 m
3
six-person habitat by 85% and a few days of acetaminophen production with engineered
Synechocystis
sp. PCC 6803 can completely replenish expired or irradiated stocks of the pharmaceutical, thereby providing independence from unmanned resupply spacecraft that take up to 210 days to arrive. Analogous outcomes are included for lunar missions. Because of the benign assumptions involved, the results provide a glimpse of the intriguing potential of ‘space synthetic biology’, and help focus related efforts for immediate, near-term impact.
Can small islands protect nearby coasts from tsunamis? An active experimental design approach
Authors: Stefanakis T. S. , Contal E. , Vayatis N. , Dias F. , Synolakis C.E.
Published: November 2014

Small islands in the vicinity of the mainland are widely believed to offer protection from wind and waves and thus coastal communities have been developed in mainland areas behind small islands. However, whether they offer protection from tsunamis is unclear. Do islands act as natural barriers? Recent post-tsunami survey data, supported by numerical simulations, reveal that the run-up on coastal areas behind small islands was significantly higher than on neighbouring locations not affected by the presence of the islands. To study the conditions of this run-up amplification, we solve numerically the nonlinear shallow water equations. We use the simplified geometry of a conical island sitting on a flat seafloor in front of a uniform sloping beach. By doing so, the experimental set-up is defined by five physical parameters, namely the island slope, the beach slope, the water depth, the distance between the island and the plane beach and the incoming wavelength, while the wave height was kept fixed. The objective is to find the maximum run-up amplification with the least number of simulations. To achieve this goal, we build an emulator based on Gaussian Processes to guide the selection of the query points in the parameter space. We thus reduce substantially the computations required to identify the run-up amplification. Our results show that the island acts as a focusing lens for energy and amplifies the run-up along the coastline behind its lee side, instead of protecting it, as popular beliefs suggest.
The foraging benefits of being fat in a highly migratory marine mammal
Authors: Adachi Taiki , Maresh Jennifer L. , Robinson Patrick W. , Peterson Sarah H. , Costa Daniel P. , Naito Yasuhiko , Watanabe Yuuki Y. , Takahashi Akinori
Published: November 2014

Foraging theory predicts that breath-hold divers adjust the time spent foraging at depth relative to the energetic cost of swimming, which varies with buoyancy (body density). However, the buoyancy of diving animals varies as a function of their body condition, and the effects of these changes on swimming costs and foraging behaviour have been poorly examined. A novel animal-borne accelerometer was developed that recorded the number of flipper strokes, which allowed us to monitor the number of strokes per metre swam (hereafter, referred to as strokes-per-metre) by female northern elephant seals over their months-long, oceanic foraging migrations. As negatively buoyant seals increased their fat stores and buoyancy, the strokes-per-metre increased slightly in the buoyancy-aided direction (descending), but decreased significantly in the buoyancy-hindered direction (ascending), with associated changes in swim speed and gliding duration. Overall, the round-trip strokes-per-metre decreased and reached a minimum value when seals achieved neutral buoyancy. Consistent with foraging theory, seals stayed longer at foraging depths when their round-trip strokes-per-metre was less. Therefore, neutrally buoyant divers gained an energetic advantage via reduced swimming costs, which resulted in an increase in time spent foraging at depth, suggesting a foraging benefit of being fat.
Rural domestic waste disposal: an empirical analysis in five provinces of China
Authors: Liu Ying , Huang Jikun
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to analyze the different types of domestic waste disposal in rural China and the major factors that affect rural household waste disposal behavior.

Design/methodology/approach

– Stratified and randomly sampled household data are used to describe the disposal of domestic waste in rural China, including domestic garbage and organic waste (human excreta, livestock waste, and kitchen waste); econometric models are estimated to quantify the major determinants of household domestic garbage and human excreta disposal.

Findings

– While about 30 percent of the domestic garbage in 2008 was discharged to appropriately designated places, more than 40 percent of the garbage was discharged casually. Organic waste at the time of data gathering was still largely used in agricultural production, although a falling trend has been evidenced in recent years. Based on econometric analysis, it becomes clear that income growth, rising population density, and transportation improvements have significantly improved domestic garbage disposal, but negatively affected the recycling of human excreta. The provision of an adequate garbage collection service has the most positive effects on garbage management.

Originality/value

– The analyses are based on primary survey data. The results will have significant policy implications on the management of rural domestic waste to maintain better rural environment.
Communal dining system and the puzzle of the Great Leap Famine
Authors: Liu Yuan , G. Wen James , Wei Xiahai
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explain the puzzle of Chinese Great Leap Famine, which started with a good harvest in the end of 1958 and ended with lowest rural grain consumption per capita in 1961, by focussing on the communal dining system characterized by compulsory collectivization of peasants’ total grain rations, and deprivation of private plots and household sideline production.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper uses the panel data of 25 provinces from 1958 to 1962 to make the benchmark estimations by POLS and endogeneity-elimination estimations by 2SLS, employing the great advance in agricultural cooperative movement between 1954 and 1956 and the rural population density as the IVs for the radicalism of communal dining system during the Great Leap Forward. The β coefficients and Gfields decomposition are also presented to assess the relative importance of various factors on famine.

Findings

– The empirical study finds that the communal dining system does play a critical role on the famine. The evidences of the β coefficients and Gfields decomposition basing on previous estimations also show that communal dining system is the most important cause on the famine.

Social implications

– The lesson from communal dining system on famine provides reference for resolving the current “Three Agrarian Issues” in China. It is important to allow peasants to exit from the compulsive collective system.

Originality/value

– The paper discovers the institutional root of the famine by the endogeneity-elimination estimations of IVs and the assessment of relative importance of various factors on famine by β coefficients and Gfields decomposition.