bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical modelling of CO2 facilitated transport through liquid membranes containing amines as carrier
Authors: Gorji Aliakbar Heydari , Kaghazchi Tahereh
Published: December 2008

An approximate analytical solution for the facilitated transport of carbon dioxide across a liquid membrane containing aqueous primary and secondary amine solutions has been developed in which the reversible reaction A(CO2) + 2B(amine) $\Leftrightarrow$ AB(carbamate) + BH(protonated amine) occurs inside the liquid membranes. The current approximate analytical solution predicts the facilitated factor of CO2 through the membrane and is based on the dimensionless, nonlinear diffusion‐reaction transport problem. The approximate analytical solution predicts the facilitation factors for the range from the moderate reaction rate to the equilibrium chemical reaction regime, allowing unequal diffusivities of complexes and carrier and cases of zero and nonzero permeate side solute concentrations. In the present mathematical model, a constant free carrier concentration is assumed throughout the membrane phase. In comparison with the numerically calculated results, the results obtained were found to be in well agreement.
Oil–water two‐phase flow in microchannels: Flow patterns and pressure drop measurements
Authors: Salim Abdelkader , Fourar Mostafa , Pironon Jacques , Sausse Judith
Published: December 2008

This paper investigates oil–water two‐phase flows in microchannels of 793 and 667 µm hydraulic diameters made of quartz and glass, respectively. By injecting one fluid at a constant flow rate and the second at variable flow rate, different flow patterns were identified and mapped and the corresponding two‐phase pressure drops were measured. Measurements of the pressure drops were interpreted using the homogeneous and Lockhart–Martinelli models developed for two‐phase flows in pipes. The results show similarity to both liquid–liquid flow in pipes and to gas–liquid flow in microchannels. We find a strong dependence of pressure drop on flow rates, microchannel material, and the first fluid injected into the microchannel.
Flow regime determination in horizontal hydrotransport using non‐intrusive acoustic probes
Authors: Albion Katherine , Briens Lauren , Briens Cedric , Berruti Franco
Published: December 2008

A variety of flow regimes may be observed in the hydrotransport of solids. Maintaining a consistent operation requires rapid detection of any change in flow regime. The objective of this study was to develop reliable, non‐intrusive, and on‐line methods for flow regime detection in a hydrotransport pipe based on acoustic measurements.

Slurries were transported in a 0.05 m diameter stainless steel hydrotransport pipe. Acoustic measurements were recorded by microphones along the length of the horizontal pipe. Two flow regimes were observed: suspended solids flow and flow over settled solids. Cycle and frequency analyses of the acoustic signals provided reliable identification of these flow regimes.
A particle filter approach to identification of nonlinear processes under missing observations
Authors: Gopaluni R. B.
Published: December 2008

A novel maximum likelihood solution to the problem of identifying parameters of a nonlinear model under missing observations is presented. If the observations are missing, then it is difficult to build a partial likelihood function consisting of only the available observations. Hence, an expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm, which uses the expected value of the complete log‐likelihood function including the missing observations, is developed. The expected value of the complete log‐likelihood (E‐step) in the EM algorithm is approximated using particle filters and smoothers. New expressions for particle filters and smoothers under missing observations are derived. In order to reduce the variance on the smoothed states, a point‐wise (as opposed to path‐based) state estimation procedure is used. The maximization step (M‐step) in the EM algorithm is performed using standard optimization routines. The proposed nonlinear identification approach is illustrated through numerical examples.
Optimization by response surface methodology (RSM) for toluene adsorption onto prepared acid activated clay
Authors: Amari Abdelfattah , Gannouni Abdelaziz , Chlendi Mohamed , Bellagi Ahmed
Published: December 2008

Adsorption of toluene onto acid activated clay was carried out. Modified clay was prepared by acid attack (H2SO4) on raw material. Response surface methodology based on a 2‐level, 4‐variables central composite orthogonal design was used to evaluate the effects of important parameters on the adsorption of toluene on to activated clay. Temperature (53.8–96.2°C), contact time (0.57–6.93 h), mass ratio of liquid/solid (3.38–7.62) and strength of acid (7.75–57.24%) were chosen as process variables for the optimization. Of these parameters, temperature reaction and time had greater impact on toluene adsorption than did the other parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows a good agreement between theoretical analysis and experimental data. The validity of model is verified by an experiment at the optimum conditions. The optimum conditions for the maximum adsorption of toluene onto activated clay are: temperature of 96.2°C, a contact time of 6.93 h, a liquid/solid ratio of 5.98 and strength of acid of 32.94%. Since the predicted values and the actual experimental value obtained for the maximum adsorption of toluene are within 95% confidence intervals, the final model is considered valid and has satisfactory predictive ability.
Synthesis of Bicyclic N‐Arylmethyl‐Substituted Iminoribitol Derivatives as Selective Nucleoside Hydrolase Inhibitors
Authors: Berg Maya , Bal Gunther , Goeminne Annelies , Van der Veken Pieter , Versées Wim , Steyaert Jan , Haemers Achiel , Augustyns Koen
Published: December 2008

A series of bicyclic N‐arylmethyl‐substituted iminoribitols were synthesised and evaluated in vitro against T. vivax nucleoside hydrolase. The importance of the N–Asp40 interaction was confirmed and depends on an optimal pKa value, which can be influenced by substituents. The compounds were active inhibitors of nucleoside hydrolase (IAG‐NH) and are inactive against human purine nucleoside phosphorylase.

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The purine metabolism of Trypanosoma and Leishmania spp. provides a good target in the search for new selective drugs. Bicyclic N‐arylmethyl‐substituted iminoribitols were developed as inhibitors of T. vivax nucleoside hydrolase, a key enzyme of the purine salvage pathway. The obtained results and structure–activity data confirmed our model for inhibitor binding with a hydrogen bond between a nitrogen atom of the nucleobase mimetic and the protonated Asp40 from the enzyme. This interaction depends on an optimal pKa value, which can be influenced by the electronic properties of the substituents. These compounds are potent, selective inhibitors of nucleoside hydrolase and are inactive toward human nucleoside phosphorylase.
Chemoimmunotherapy may overcome the adverse prognostic significance of 11q deletion in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Tsimberidou Apostolia‐Maria , Tam Constantine , Abruzzo Lynne V. , O'Brien Susan , Wierda William G. , Lerner Susan , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Keating Michael J.
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND:

An 11q22 deletion is considered an independent factor predicting poor survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

METHODS:

We searched the electronic CLL database for consecutive patients who presented to the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Department of Leukemia from October 2003 to April 2007 with untreated CLL and who had an 11q22 deletion, detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of bone marrow samples. FISH analysis was performed using the following probes: trisomy 12 (12p11.1‐q11), TP53 (17p13.1), ATM (11q22.3), LAMP1 (13q34), and D13S319 loci (13q14.3).

RESULTS:

Sixty‐nine patients with untreated CLL with an 11q22 deletion were identified. The median patient age was 59 years (range, 26–81 years); 80% were men, 53% had Zubrod performance status >0, and 13% had Rai stage III to IV disease. Lymphadenopathy (massive), splenomegaly, anemia, and thrombocytopenia were present in 96% (12%), 19%, 9%, and 4%, respectively. In addition, 62% of patients had deletions in 13q, and 3% had trisomy 12. Forty patients required therapy for progressive disease. The overall response rates for FCR (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab), CFAR (FCR plus alemtuzumab), and rituximab plus granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor were 100%, 100%, and 33%, respectively. The 11q22 deletion was undetectable in 25 of 27 patients monitored after treatment using FISH analysis. The median follow‐up was 17 months. At 1 and 3 years, the survival rates were 97% and 91%, respectively, and the relapse‐free survival rates were 100% and 77%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

CLL with an 11q22 deletion was associated with high rates of response, survival, and relapse‐free survival when treated with chemoimmunotherapy. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Editorial
Authors: Ward John F. , Margulis Vitaly
Published: December 2008

The American Joint Committee on Cancer Pathologic Stage T3a versus T3b system of staging urothelial carcinoma was compared, and patient outcomes were analyzed.
Reconfigurable Logic Devices on a Single Dopant Atom—Operation up to a Full Adder by Using Electrical Spectroscopy
Authors: Klein Michael , Lansbergen Gabriel P. , Mol Jan A. , Rogge Sven , Levine Raphael D. , Remacle Francoise
Published: December 2008

A silicon field‐effect transistor is operated as a logic circuit by electrically addressing the ground and excited electronic states of an embedded single dopant atom. Experimental results—complemented by analytical and computational calculations—are presented. First, we show how a complete set of binary logic gates can be realized on the same hardware. Then, we show that these gates can be operated in parallel on the very same dopant up to the logic level of a full adder. To use the device not as a switch but as a full logic circuit, we make essential use of the excited electronic states of the dopant and of the ability to shift their energy by gating. The experimental ability to use two channels to measure the current flowing through the device and the conductance (dI/dV) allows for a robust reading of the output of the logic operations.
Progress in Mimetic Studies of Cell Adhesion and the Mechanosensing
Authors: Smith Ana‐Sunčana , Sackmann Erich
Published: December 2008

Vesicle–substrate adhesion has been studied for over two decades with the motivation to understand and mimic cell adhesion. In recent years, with progress in theoretical modelling, the development of experimental techniques, and improved data‐analysis procedures, considerable advances have been made in the understanding of the adhesion process. It is this progress which constitutes the focus of this review.
Kelleraußenwände
Authors: Prepens Manfred
Published: December 2008

Kellermauerwerk lässt sich rationell und sehr wirtschaftlich aus KS‐Plansteinen oder großformatigen Kalksandsteinen (KS XL) erstellen. Durch die glatte Oberfläche der Kalksandsteine brauchen die Kelleraußenwände weder innen noch außen mit einem Putz oder Rappputz versehen zu werden. Sie werden innen zum Beispiel weiß gestrichen. Außenseitig wird die Abdichtung direkt auf dem ebenen und tragfähigen KS‐Mauerwerk aufgebracht (Bild 1).

Kelleraußenwände werden hoch beansprucht und müssen diesen Beanspruchungen standhalten. Sie tragen vertikale Lasten aus den Geschossdecken und den aufgehenden Wänden über die Fundamente in den Baugrund ab. Zusätzlich werden sie horizontal durch die Erdanschüttung, durch Bodenfeuchtigkeit und gegebenenfalls durch aufstauendes Sickerwasser belastet.

Die heutigen Abdichtungen bieten hohe Sicherheit vor Durchfeuchtung der Wände und gewährleisten damit trockene Kellerräume – eine Voraussetzung für den hochwertigen Kellerausbau (Bild 2). Die Abdichtung der Kelleraußenwände erfolgt nach DIN 18195 [1] mit kunststoffmodifizierten Bitumendickbeschichtungen (KMB), Bitumen‐, Kunststoff‐ oder Elastomer‐Dichtungsbahnen.
Scherfestigkeit, Haftscherfestigkeit und Fugendruckfestigkeit
Authors: Siech Hans Joachim
Published: December 2008

Für die Bewertung und Zuordnung von Mauer‐ und Putzmörteln gelten einschlägige Normen. Diese beinhalten u.a. die Vorgaben zur Herstellung von Prüfkörpern, die Art und Anzahl sowie deren Lagerung und Prüfung. Für die Gewerke Mauern und Putzen, für die gesicherte funktionelle Eigenschaften in Verbindung des Mörtels mit den entsprechenden Wandbildnern zu erfüllen sind (wie Verbundfestigkeit, Erhärtungsverhalten), sind weitere Prüfkriterien zu erfüllen. Zu diesen zählen für den Mauerwerksbau der prüftechnische Nachweis für die Haftscherfestigkeit und die Fugendruckfestigkeit.

Für die Prüfungen ist ein bestimmter Kalksand‐Vollstein NF als Referenzstein zu verwenden. Den materialspezifischen Eigenschaften der Mauermörtel und insbesondere denen der Wandbaustoffe (Referenzsteine) ist Rechnung zu tragen. Es gilt, sie in ihren Eigenschaften bestmöglich und für die gestellten Anforderungen aufeinander abzustimmen.
Überarbeitung von DIN 1053‐1:1996‐11 – Schon wieder eine neue Norm?
Authors: Jäger Wolfram
Published: December 2008

Im November 1996 wurde die DIN 1053‐1:1996‐11 verabschiedet. Der Mauerwerksbau hat im Jahr 2004 mit der Vorlage der DIN 1053‐100 die Umstellung auf das semiprobabilistische Sicherheitskonzept in der Berechnung und Bemessung vorgenommen. Die bauaufsichtliche Einführung in den Bundesländern wurde mit der Aufnahme der Norm‐Fassung 2006‐08 in die Musterliste der Technischen Baubestimmungen im September 2006 eingeleitet [1]. Hinsichtlich der Baustoffe, Konstruktion und Ausführung gilt jedoch weiterhin DIN 1053‐1:1996‐11, die nach wie vor bauaufsichtlich eingeführt bleibt. Demnach können zur Zeit alternativ beide Bemessungsverfahren eingesetzt werden, sofern das gewünscht wird. Die Regeln für die Berechnung dürfen aber nicht kombiniert werden (Mischungsverbot). Die Mauerwerksbemessung muss derzeit also für alle Bauteile innerhalb eines Bauwerks entweder nach dem globalen Sicherheitskonzept (DIN 1053‐1) oder nach dem Teil sicherheitskonzept (DIN 1053‐100) erfolgen.

Nach Abschluss der DIN 1053‐100 wurde dann die komplette Überarbeitung der DIN 1053‐1 forciert, um möglichst bald den unbefriedigenden Zustand beenden zu können, dass für Bemessung und Konstruktion zwei Normteile anzuwenden sind, die auf unterschiedlichen Sicherheitskonzepten beruhen. Bei der Überarbeitung der nationalen Norm soll neben der Berücksichtigung von neuesten wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen eine größtmögliche Annäherung an die europäische Norm erfolgen. Ziel ist es dabei, eine praktikable Norm auf neuestem Stand der Technik und einen deutschen Standpunkt zum Eurocode 6 verfügbar zu haben. Damit soll dann die Arbeit an den Nationalen Anhängen zur europäischen Mauerwerksnorm abgeschlossen und notwendiger nderungs‐ oder Ergänzungsbedarf definiert werden.
EU‐Forschungsprojekt ESECMaSE – eine zusammenfassende Bewertung aus der Sicht der deutschen Mauerwerkindustrie – Stand Herbst 2008
Authors: Meyer Udo , González Antonio Caballero
Published: December 2008

Das Projekt ESECMaSE zur Untersuchung der Schubtragfähigkeit von Mauerwerk wurde im Juni 2008 abgeschlossen. Über vier Jahre wurde die Schubtragfähigkeit von Mauerwerk grundlegend und umfassend untersucht. Obwohl bei weitem noch nicht alle Versuchsergebnisse in der möglichen und nötigen Tiefe bewertet werden konnten, soll der folgende Beitrag ein vorläufiges Fazit ziehen.
Acute effects of sildenafil on flow mediated dilatation and cardiovascular autonomic nerve function in type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Stirban Alin , Laude Dominique , Elghozi Jean‐Luc , Sander Denise , Agelink Marcus W. , Hilz Max J. , Ziegler Dan
Published: December 2008

Background Sildenafil, frequently used as on demand medication for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED), has been suggested to improve endothelial function but also to alter blood pressure (BP) and induce sympathetic activation. In people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a high‐risk population, the safety profile and the effects on endothelial function of a maximal sildenafil dose (100 mg) have not been investigated and therefore constituted the aim of our study.

Methods A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over trial using a single dose of 100 mg sildenafil or placebo has been conducted in 40 subjects with T2DM without known CVD. Haemodynamic parameters, flow mediated dilatation (FMD) in brachial artery, cardiovascular autonomic function tests and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) were measured.

Results Sixty minutes after administration of sildenafil but not placebo, a fall of supine systolic blood pressure (SBP) (−5.41 ± 1.87 vs. + 0.54 ± 1.71 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (−4.46 ± 1.13 vs. + 0.89 ± 0.94 mmHg), as well as orthostatic SBP (−7.41 ± 2.35 vs. + 0.94 ± 2.06 mmHg) and DBP (−5.65 ± 1.45 vs. + 1.76 ± 1.00 mmHg) during standing occurred, accompanied by an increase in heart rate (+1.98 ± 0.69 vs. − 2.42 ± 0.59 beats/min) (all p < 0.01 vs. placebo). Changes in BP to standing up, FMD, time domain and frequency domain indices of heart rate variability (HRV) and BRS were comparable between sildenafil and placebo.

Conclusions Sildenafil administered at a maximum single dose to T2DM men results in a mild increase in heart rate and decrease in BP, but it induces neither an acute improvement of FMD nor any adverse effects on orthostatic BP regulation, HRV and BRS. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early insulin secretion failure leads to diabetes in Chinese subjects with impaired glucose regulation
Authors: Qian Lei , Xu Lihong , Wang Xiao , Fu Xuelian , Gu Yanyun , Lin Fan , Peng Yongde , Li Guo , Luo Min
Published: December 2008

Background Both beta‐cell dysfunction and decreased insulin sensitivity are involved in the pathogenesis of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), while their relative contribution in the progression to type 2 diabetes still remains controversial. The aim of the present study is to clarify this process in Chinese subjects by using cross‐sectional method.

Methods 2975 Chinese subjects were classified into: normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose regulations (IGR), and diabetes mellitus (DM) based on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The IGR group was sub‐classified as isolated IFG, isolated IGT and combined glucose intolerance (CGI). The DM group was sub‐classified as normal fasting plasma glucose and 2‐hour hyperglycemia (N0D2), fasting hyperglycemia and normal 2‐hour plasma glucose (D0N2), and both fasting and 2‐hour hyperglycemia (D0D2).

Results As far as insulinogenic index (IGI) was concerned, there was no difference between IFG and IGT in either gender, however, HOMA2‐B% (homeostasis model assessment for beta‐cell function) of IGT was higher than that of IFG and CGI in both male and female (P < 0.05). In the diabetic sub‐groups, IGI of N0D2 was higher than that of D0N2, and both deteriorated compared with those of IGT and IFG, respectively. HOMA2‐B% of N0D2 was still higher than that of D0N2 and D0D2. No significant difference was detected in OGIS and HOMA2‐S% (homeostasis model assessment for insulin sensitivity) between IFG and IGT, and this was the case between N0D2 and D0N2. OGIS and HOMA‐IR of IGR sub‐groups were not different from those of their diabetic counterparts.

Conclusion Failure of beta‐cell function might be the main reason for both IGT and IFG developing into diabetes instead of aggravated insulin resistance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association between C‐reactive protein and pre‐diabetic status in a Chinese Han clinical population
Authors: Lin Jie , Zhang Muxun , Song Fangfang , Qin Jun , Wang Rui , Yao Ping , Ying Chenjiang , Hu Frank B. , Liu Liegang
Published: December 2008

Background C‐reactive protein (CRP) has been showed to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but whether CRP underlies glucose disorders in Asian people is still unclear, for they have much lower body mass index (BMI) levels than these Westerns in previous studies.

Method In this clinical‐based cross‐sectional study, the association between CRP and hyperglycaemia in different BMI levels and different gender was compared among 1730 Chinese Han men and women, including 1258 subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 126 subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and 346 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Subjects with isolated IFG or IGT were all newly diagnosed and did not use anti‐diabetic drugs.

Results Compared with subjects with NGT, BMI, fasting blood glucose, homoeostatis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and serum CRP levels were increased in subjects with IGT and IFG. In stratified analyses, increasing CRP levels were strongly associated with prevalence of IGT and IFG in different BMI strata. After adjustment for sex, age, BMI, education, alcohol consumption, smoking, hypertension status, recreational physical activity and occupational physical activity, the ORs across quartiles of CRP were 1.00, 1.43, 2.14 and 2.29 for IFG (P for trend: 0.025) and 1.00, 1.85, 2.32 and 2.79 for IGT (P for trend: 0.012).

Conclusion These results support the hypothesis that chronic inflammation may be involved in the development of hyperglycaemia, even though in a thinner and healthy population. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A transgenic mouse that reveals cell shape and arrangement during ureteric bud branching
Authors: Chi Xuan , Hadjantonakis Anna‐Katerina , Wu Zaiqi , Hyink Deborah , Costantini Frank
Published: December 2008

Understanding the cellular events that underlie epithelial morphogenesis is a key problem in developmental biology. Here, we describe a new transgenic mouse line that makes it possible to visualize individual cells specifically in the Wolffian duct and ureteric bud, the epithelial structures that give rise to the collecting system of the kidney. myr‐Venus, a membrane‐associated form of the fluorescent protein Venus, was expressed in the ureteric bud lineage under the control of the Hoxb7 promoter. In Hoxb7/myr‐Venus mice, the outlines of all Wolffian duct and ureteric bud epithelial cells are strongly labeled at all stages of urogenital development, allowing the shapes and arrangements of individual cells to be readily observed by confocal microscopy of freshly excised or cultured kidneys. This strain should be extremely useful for studies of cell behavior during ureteric bud branching morphogenesis in wild type and mutant mouse lines. genesis 47:61–66, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethnic origins of patients attending specialist eating disorders services in a multiethnic urban catchment area in the United Kingdom
Authors: Waller Glenn , Schmidt Ulrike , Treasure Janet , Emanuelli Francesca , Alenya Joana , Crockett Jo , Murray Katie
Published: December 2008

Objective

This study considered the impact of ethnicity on the referral process for patients with eating disorders, at the levels of referral rate, diagnosis, and treatment offered.

Method

A catchment area cohort of 648 patients was referred and assessed at specialist eating disorders services in a multiethnic urban area (all boroughs in South London, UK). Each patient was diagnosed and offered treatment (or an alternative appropriate end‐point to the referral), and self‐identified their ethnicity. For comparison purposes, the local ethnic minority population was taken from census data.

Results

Ethnic minority patients were substantially less likely to be referred to the services than white patients, relative to the local population. The ethnic minority group were more likely to suffer from bulimia nervosa, and less likely to be found to have no eating disorder. However, the treatments offered did not differ substantially across the ethnic groups.

Discussion

Referrals to specialist eating disorder services do not reflect local populations' ethnic composition, though this disparity seems to be less by the time that the patient is offered treatment. It will be important to determine the source of these ethnic differences, and to take steps to reduce them. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord, 2009
Attitudes toward weight gain during pregnancy: Results from the Norwegian mother and child cohort study (MoBa)
Authors: Swann Rebecca A. , Von Holle Ann , Torgersen Leila , Gendall Kelly , Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: December 2008

Objective

To explore attitudes toward weight gain during pregnancy in women with and without eating disorders and across eating disorder subtypes, and to examine associations among weight‐gain attitudes and actual gestational weight gain, infant birth weight, and infant size‐for‐gestational‐age.

Method

Pregnant women (35,929) enrolled in the prospective population‐based Norwegian mother and child cohort study (MoBa) provided information at approximately week 18 of gestation regarding eating disorders and weight gain attitudes. We explored these variables in women with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating disorder not otherwise specified, purging type, and binge eating disorder (BED).

Results

The presence of an eating disorderly was associated with greater worry over gestational weight gain. In women without eating disorders, greater worry was associated with higher gestational weight gain, higher infant weights, greater likelihood of a large‐for‐gestational‐age infant, and reduced likelihood of a small‐for‐gestational‐age infant. Women with BED who reported greater worry also experienced higher weight gains during pregnancy.

Discussion

Women with eating disorders tend to experience weight‐gain‐related worry during pregnancy. Early worry about gestational weight‐gain may be a harbinger of high gestational gain. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord, 2009
Body dissatisfaction and the effects of perceptual exposure on body norms and ideals
Authors: Glauert Rebecca , Rhodes Gillian , Byrne Sue , Fink Bernhard , Grammer Karl
Published: December 2008

Objective:

Body dissatisfaction is of high prevalence among women all over the Western world. It is often suggested that sociocultural processes are the main cause of such widespread dissatisfaction. Here, we consider how perceptual effects may influence ideas of body normality and body ideals.

Method:

Women who varied on a measure of body dissatisfaction rated a range of bodies for how normal and ideal they looked. They were exposed to either thin or fat bodies, and then they rerated the bodies.

Results:

Women's perceptions of body normality and ideal were easily malleable by exposure. In addition, greater body dissatisfaction and internalization of the thin Western ideal were related to (i) a smaller most normal and ideal body, (ii) a greater discrepancy between the most normal and most ideal‐rated body, and (iii) a reduced effect of exposure to fat bodies.

Discussion:

Reduced updating of perceptions of body normality and body ideals in response to experience may be one mechanism that maintains body dissatisfaction. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord, 2009
Binge drinking in women at risk for developing eating disorders
Authors: Khaylis Anna , Trockel Mickey , Taylor C. Barr
Published: December 2008

Objective:

To determine binge drinking rates in college‐age women at risk for eating disorders and to examine factors related to binge drinking over time.

Method:

Participants were 480 college‐age women who were at high risk for developing an eating disorder (ED) and who had a body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 32. Participants were assessed annually for 4 years.

Results:

Participants reported high rates of binge drinking and frequent binge drinking throughout college. Binge drinking was positively correlated with dietary restraint, coping using substances, coping using denial, and life events.

Discussion:

The study's findings suggest that binge drinking is highly prevalent in women at high risk for developing eating disorders. Results also indicated that binge drinking was related to dieting and maladaptive coping patterns. Intervention for women with strong weight and shape concerns should also address problematic alcohol use. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord, 2009
Ecohydrological interactions within banded vegetation in the northeastern Chihuahuan Desert, USA
Authors: McDonald Alyson K. , Kinucan Robert J. , Loomis Lynn E.
Published: December 2008

Landscape patterns, consisting of alternating densely vegetated bands and sparsely vegetated interbands, occur in semi‐arid and arid regions of Africa, Asia, Australia and North America. The structure of vegetation patterns has been well documented, but a wide array of underlying environmental factors and ecological processes have been suggested, with no consensus regarding the genesis and persistence of these patterns. The purpose of this study was to assess ecohydrological interactions within this banded pattern by quantifying reallocation of rainfall and soil sediments. Even subtle redistribution impacted plant biomass production and species composition. Although runoff losses from interbands accounted for only 4% total rainfall, reallocation supported tree species and bunchgrasses that would not be sustained if precipitation were evenly distributed. Additionally, a rainfall threshold was identified. When storm totals exceeded 16 mm, even the densely vegetated bands were unable to capture all the rainfall and run‐on from the upslope sodgrass interbands; a portion of the runoff from interbands flowed through the vegetated bands and continued downslope into the next interband. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition Metal Complexes of N‐Heterocyclic Germylenes (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2/2009)
Authors: Ullah Farman , Kühl Olaf , Bajor Gabor , Veszprémi Tamas , Jones Peter G. , Heinicke Joachim
Published: December 2008

The cover picture shows the X‐ray crystal structures of new benzo‐anellated N‐heterocyclic germylene complexes with nickel(0) and molybdenum(0). The low bathochromic shift of the valence vibration of CO in the trans position of the germylene ligands of fac‐(bnNHGe)3Mo(CO)3 indicates weak donor properties, the relatively short Mo–GeII bonds indicate stabilization by back‐bonding. The ligand properties contrast strongly with those of the homologous N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand (bnNHC) because of the different electronic structures, which can also be recognised from the photoelectron spectrum of the germylene ligand. The GeII electron lone pair is bound firmly, and according to quantum chemical calculations represents only the third band, whereas in bnNHC the lone electron pair is the HOMO. The extreme air and moisture sensitivity of the NHGe complexes is in sharp contrast with the background, depicting the Baltic Sea with the small island Greifswalder Oie at the seaside entrance to the site of one of the oldest universities in northern Europe. Details are discussed in the article by T. Veszprémi, J. Heinicke et al. on p. 221 ff. We thank Prof. Dr. Martin Köckerling (Rostock) and Dr. Lutz Wolf (Kahla) for support in designing this picture.
Phospholipid lipidomics in health and disease
Authors: Postle Anthony D.
Published: December 2008

Phospholipid compositions are regulatedin vivoby a combination of nutrition and phenotypic expression, and these compositions are characteristic of different cell types and organs. Advances in analytical methods, particularly electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, now permit the detailed analysis of phospholipid compositions in terms of individual molecular species rather than just as phospholipid fatty acids. This review will highlight the currently available methods for phospholipid lipidomics and outline their variation both in normal physiological function and in a variety of pathologies.
A Diversity‐Oriented Approach to Diphenylalkanes by Strategic Utilization of [2+2+2] Cyclotrimerization, Cross‐Enyne Metathesis and Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Khedkar Priti
Published: December 2008

A novel and efficient approach towards the synthesis of polysubstituted diphenylalkane derivatives have been demonstrated using a strategic combination of [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization, ethylene cross‐enyne metathesis and Diels–Alder reaction as key steps. The strategy involves the stepwise functionalization of acetylenic termini of α,ω‐diyne scaffold to build functionalized aromatic units.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Determining the number of manual measurements required to improve peat thickness estimations by ground penetrating radar
Authors: Rosa E. , Larocque M. , Pellerin S. , Gagné S. , Fournier B.
Published: December 2008

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is often used for investigating peat thickness. The quality of GPR measurements depends on electromagnetic wave (EMW) velocity estimates. The objective of this study is to determine the number of manual measurements required to minimize EMW velocity error in peatlands. A total of 175 manually measured peat thicknesses are used with a depth‐to‐target method to assess EMW velocity in two southern Quebec peatlands. Mean measured EMW velocities are 0·040 and 0·039 m ns–1 with standard deviations of 0·013 and 0·008 m ns–1. Statistical analyses show that at least 30 calibration points are required to minimize the EMW velocity error, regardless of the geological setting. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ophiolite‐bearing mélanges in southern Italy
Authors: Tortorici Luigi , Catalano Stefano , Monaco Carmelo
Published: December 2008

In southern Italy two ophiolite‐bearing belts, respectively involved in the Adria‐verging southern Apennines and in the Europe‐verging thrust belt of the northern Calabrian Arc, represent the southward extension of the northern Apennines and of ‘Alpine Corsica’ ophiolitic units, respectively. They form two distinct suture zones, which are characterized by different age of emplacement and opposite sense of tectonic transport. The ophiolite‐bearing units of the southern Apennines are represented by broken formation and tectonic mélange associated with remnants of a well‐developed accretionary wedge emplaced on top of the Adria continental margin, with an overall NE direction of tectonic transport. These units consist of a Cretaceous‐Oligocene matrix, which includes blocks of continental‐type rocks and ophiolites with remnants of their original Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous pelagic cover. The innermost portion of the accretionary wedge is represented by a polymetamorphosed and polydeformed tectonic units that underwent a Late Oligocene high pressure/low temperature (HP/LT) metamorphism. The northern Calabria ophiolitic‐belt is indeed composed of west‐verging tectonic slices of oceanic rocks which, embedded between platform carbonate units of a western continental margin at the bottom and the basement crystalline nappes of the Calabrian Arc at the top, are affected by a Late Eocene‐Early Oligocene HP/LT metamorphism. The main tectonic features of these two suture zones suggest that they can be interpreted as the result of the closure of two branches of the western Neotethys separated by a continental block that includes the crystalline basement rocks of the Calabrian Arc. We thus suggest that the north‐east verging southern Apennine suture constituted by a well‐developed accretionary wedge is the result of the closure of a large Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous oceanic domain (the Ligurian Ocean) located between the African (the Adria Block) and European continental margins. The northern Calabria suture derives indeed from the deformation of a very narrow oceanic‐floored basin developed during the Mesozoic rifting stages within the European margin separating a small continental ribbon (Calabrian Block) from the main continent. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis in the absence of microglia T cell interaction and microglia activation in the murine running wheel model
Authors: Olah Marta , Ping Gao , De Haas Alexander H. , Brouwer Nieske , Meerlo Peter , Van Der Zee Eddy A. , Biber Knut , Boddeke Hendrikus W. G. M.
Published: December 2008

Recently, activated microglia have been shown to be involved in the regulation of several aspects of neurogenesis under certain experimental conditions both in vitro and in vivo. A neurogenesis supportive microglia phenotype has been suggested to arise from the interaction of microglia with homing encephalitogenic T cells. However, a unified hypothesis regarding the exact nature of microglia activity that is supportive of neurogenesis is yet missing from the field. Our aim was to investigate the connection between microglia activity and adult hippocampal neurogenesis under physiological conditions. To address this question we compared the level of microglia activation in the hippocampus of mice, which had access to a running wheel for 10 days and that of sedentary controls. Suprisingly, despite elevated levels of proliferation of neural precursors and survival of newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus microglia remained in a “resting” state morphologically, antigenically, and at the transcriptional level. Moreover, neither T cells nor MHCII expressing microglia were present in the hippocampal brain parenchyma. Though microglia in the dentate gyrus of the runners proliferated at a higher level than in the sedentary controls, this difference was also present in non‐neurogenic sites. Therefore, our findings suggest that classical signs of microglia activation and microglia activation arising from interaction with T cells in particular are not a prerequisite for the activity‐induced increase in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in C57Bl/6 mice. Thus, our results draw attention on the species and model differences that might exist regarding the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adult‐onset deficiency in growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factor‐I alters oligodendrocyte turnover in the corpus callosum
Authors: Hua Kun , Forbes M. Elizabeth , Lichtenwalner Robin J. , Sonntag William E. , Riddle David R.
Published: December 2008

Growth hormone (GH) and insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) provide trophic support during development and also appear to influence cell structure, function and replacement in the adult brain. Recent studies demonstrated effects of the GH/IGF‐I axis on adult neurogenesis, but it is unclear whether the GH/IGF‐I axis influences glial turnover in the normal adult brain. In the current study, we used a selective model of adult‐onset GH and IGF‐I deficiency to evaluate the role of GH and IGF‐I in regulating glial proliferation and survival in the adult corpus callosum. GH/IGF‐I‐deficient dwarf rats of the Lewis strain were made GH/IGF‐I replete via twice daily injections of GH starting at postnatal day 28 (P28), approximately the age at which GH pulse amplitude increases in developing rodents. GH/IGF‐I deficiency was initiated in adulthood by removing animals from GH treatment. Quantitative analyses revealed that adult‐onset GH/IGF‐I deficiency decreased cell proliferation in the white matter and decreased the survival of newborn oligodendrocytes. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that aging‐related changes in the GH/IGF‐I axis produce deficits in ongoing turnover of oligodendrocytes, which may contribute to aging‐related cognitive changes and deficits in remyelination after injury. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sodium channel activity modulates multiple functions in microglia
Authors: Black Joel A. , Liu Shujun , Waxman Stephen G.
Published: December 2008

Microglia provide surveillance in the central nervous system and become activated following tissue insult. Detailed mechanisms by which microglia detect and respond to their environment are not fully understood, but it is known that microglia express a number of surface receptors and ion channels, including voltage‐gated sodium channels, that participate in transduction of external stimuli to intra‐cellular responses. To determine whether activated microglia are affected by the activity of sodium channels, we examined the expression of sodium channel isoforms in cultured microglia and the action of sodium channel blockade on multiple functions of activated microglia. Rat microgliain vitroexpress tetrodotoxin (TTX)‐sensitive sodium channels Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 and the TTX‐resistant channel Nav1.5, but not detectable levels of Nav1.2, Nav1.3, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9. Sodium channel blockade with phenytoin (40 μM) and TTX (0.3 μM) significantly reduced by 50–60% the phagocytic activity of microglia activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS); blockade with 10 μM TTX did not further reduce phagocytic activity. Phenytoin attenuated by ∼50% the release of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α from LPS‐stimulated microglia, but had minimal effects on the release of IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, MCP‐1, and TGF‐α. TTX (0.3 μM) reduced, but to a smaller extent, the release of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α from activated microglia. Phenytoin and TTX also significantly decreased by ∼50% adenosine triphosphate‐induced migration by microglia; studies with microglia cultured frommedmice (which lack Nav1.6) indicate that Nav1.6 plays a role in microglial migration. The results demonstrate that the activity of sodium channels contributes to effector roles of activated microglia. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secretory phospholipase A2plays an essential role in microglial inflammatory responses toMycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Yang Chul‐Su , Yuk Jae‐Min , Shin Dong‐Min , Kang Junghee , Lee Sung Joong , Jo Eun‐Kyeong
Published: December 2008

In previous studies, we have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐mediated inflammatory signaling is essential for microglial proinflammatory responses toMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb). To further investigate the molecular mechanisms governing these processes, we sought to describe the role of phospholipase A2(PLA2) in Mtb‐induced ROS generation and inflammatory mediator release by microglia. Inhibition of secretory PLA2(sPLA2), but not cytosolic PLA2(cPLA2), profoundly abrogated Mtb‐mediated ROS release, the generation of various inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin‐6, cyclooxygenase‐2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and −9), and the activation of nuclear factor (NF)‐κB and MAPKs (ERK1/2, p38, and JNK/SAPK) by murine microglial BV‐2 cells or primary mixed glial cells. Interruption of the Ras/Raf‐1/MEK1/ERK1/2 pathway abolished Mtb‐induced sPLA2activity, whereas the blockage of JNK/SAPK or p38 activity had no effect. Specific inhibition of sPLA2, but not cPLA2, suppressed the upregulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation by Mtb stimulation, suggesting the existence of a mutual dependency between the ERK1/2 and sPLA2pathways. Moreover, examination of the protein kinase C (PKC) family revealed that classical PKCs are involved in Mtb‐induced sPLA2activation by microglia. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that sPLA2, either through pathways comprising Ras/Raf‐1/MEK1/ERK1/2 or the classical PKC family, plays an essential role in Mtb‐mediated ROS generation and inflammatory mediator release by microglial cells. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GFAP promoter driven transgenic expression of PDGFB in the mouse brain leads to glioblastoma in a Trp53 null background
Authors: Hede Sanna‐Maria , Hansson Inga , Afink Gijs B. , Eriksson Anna , Nazarenko Inga , Andrae Johanna , Genove Guillem , Westermark Bengt , Nistér Monica
Published: December 2008

Glioblastomas are the most common and malignant astrocytic brain tumors in human adults. The tumor suppressor gene TP53 is commonly mutated and/or lost in astrocytic brain tumors and the TP53 alterations are often found in combination with excessive growth factor signaling via PDGF/PDGFRα. Here, we have generated transgenic mice over‐expressing human PDGFB in brain, under control of the human GFAP promoter. These mice showed no phenotype, but on a Trp53 null background a majority of them developed brain tumors. This occurred at 2–6 months of age and tumors displayed human glioblastoma‐like features with integrated development of Pdgfrα+ tumor cells and Pdgfrβ+/Nestin+ vasculature. The transgene was expressed in subependymal astrocytic cells, in glia limitans, and in astrocytes throughout the brain substance, and subsequently, microscopic tumor lesions were initiated equally in all these areas. With tumor size, there was an increase in Nestin positivity and variability in lineage markers. These results indicate an unexpected plasticity of all astrocytic cells in the adult brain, not only of SVZ cells. The results also indicate a contribution of widely distributed Pdgfrα+ precursor cells in the tumorigenic process. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis B virus X protein shifts human hepatic transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling from tumor suppression to oncogenesis in early chronic hepatitis B #
Authors: Murata Miki , Matsuzaki Koichi , Yoshida Katsunori , Sekimoto Go , Tahashi Yoshiya , Mori Shigeo , Uemura Yoshiko , Sakaida Noriko , Fujisawa Junichi , Seki Toshihito , Kobayashi Kazuki , Yokote Koutaro , Koike Kazuhiko , Okazaki Kazuichi
Published: December 2008

Hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein is suspected to participate in oncogenesis during chronic hepatitis B progression. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling involves both tumor suppression and oncogenesis. TGF-β activates TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which differentially phosphorylate the mediator Smad3 to become C-terminally phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad3C) and linker-phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad3L). Reversible shifting of Smad3-mediated signaling between tumor suppression and oncogenesis in HBx-expressing hepatocytes indicated that TβRI-dependent pSmad3C transmitted a tumor-suppressive TGF-β signal, while JNK-dependent pSmad3L promoted cell growth. We used immunostaining, immunoblotting, and in vitro kinase assay to compare pSmad3L- and pSmad3C-mediated signaling in biopsy specimens representing chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from 90 patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) with signaling in liver specimens from HBx transgenic mice. In proportion to plasma HBV DNA levels, early chronic hepatitis B specimens showed prominence of pSmad3L in hepatocytic nuclei. HBx-activated JNK/pSmad3L/c-Myc oncogenic pathway was enhanced, while the TβRI/pSmad3C/p21WAF1 tumor-suppressive pathway was impaired as human and mouse HBx-associated hepatocarcinogenesis progressed. Of 28 patients with chronic hepatitis B who showed strong oncogenic pSmad3L signaling, six developed HCC within 12 years; only one of 32 patients showing little pSmad3L developed HCC. In contrast, seven of 30 patients with little Smad3C phosphorylation developed HCC, while no patient who retained hepatocytic tumor-suppressive pSmad3C developed HCC within 12 years. Conclusion: HBx shifts hepatocytic TGF-β signaling from the tumor-suppressive pSmad3C pathway to the oncogenic pSmad3L pathway in early carcinogenic process. Hepatocytic pSmad3L and pSmad3C assessment in HBV-infected liver specimens should prove clinically useful for predicting risk of HCC. (Hepatology 2009.)