bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia
Authors: Milacic-Vidojevic Ivona , Djuric-Jocic Dragana , Toskovic Oliver
Published: July 2011

Aim of this research was to describe the nature, direction and severity of
anticipated and experienced discrimination reported by people with
schizophrenia. We applied interview to 50 patients with diagnosis of
schizophrenia in two psychiatric hospitals in Belgrade. Discrimination was
measured with discrimination and stigma scale (DISC) which produce 3
subscores, positive experienced discrimination, negative experienced
discrimination and anticipated discrimination. The same scale was used in
cross-cultural research in 27 european countries. Results have shown that
participants from Serbia do not recognize discrimination in all areas of life
equally. The discrimination recognized is more frequentlly negative then
positive and is associated with existentially important realms of life. Due
to anticipated discrimination participants in our study prevent themselves
from looking for a close relationship. Anticipated discrimination could not
be predicted on the grounds of experienced, positive or negative
discrimination.
Building and toning: An analysis of the institutionalization of mediation in penal matters in Hungary
Authors: Fellegi Borbála
Published: July 2011

Since 1 January 2007, victims of crimes and offenders have been offered the
chance to have recourse to mediation in Hungary. This paper will first give a
short overview of the current situation of mediation in penal matters in
Hungary, then it will discuss some general phenomena and dilemmas concerning
the general introduction of mediation. After that, I will present a SWOT
analysis1 of the current Hungarian mediation system in penal matters. The
main goal of this article is to set up certain criteria for the further
development of the restorative approach. The lessons we have learnt, the
strengths and opportunities of the system and the identification of
weaknesses might prove useful for other countries when they choose to
introduce mediation, and in relation to the protection of victims in
particular.
Gender and development
Authors: Pajvancic-Cizelj Ana
Published: July 2011

Author analyses theories of social development and dominant development
practice (dominant models of social development) from critical feminist
perspective. The key problem of dominant development model is found to be an
equation of social development with economic growth. Review of feminist
theories of development from WID to GAD approach is given, and the author
shows that these theories questioned economic growth theories by developing a
concept of gender regimes which mediates distribution of economic benefit.
From simple inclusion of women in development process, gender development
theories moved to deeper investigation of these processes from gender
perspective. In that manner, gender development theories became true critical
theories which contribute to better conceptualization and practical planning
of more human and sustainable development for society in general.
A production-inventory model for a deteriorating item with shortage and time dependent demand
Authors: Khanra S. , Chaudhuri K.S.
Published: July 2011

In the present article, a production-inventory model is developed over a
finite planning horizon where the demand varies linearly with time. The
machine production rate is assumed to be finite and constant. Shortages in
inventory are allowed and are completely backlogged. The associated
constrained minimization problem is numerically solved. Sensitivity analysis
is also presented for the given model.
Bandwidth allocation and pricing problem for a duopoly market
Authors: You Peng-Sheng , Lee Chun-Chieh , Hsieh Yi-Chih
Published: July 2011

This research discusses the Internet service provider (ISP) bandwidth
allocation and pricing problems for a duopoly bandwidth market with two
competitive ISPs. According to the contracts between Internet subscribers and
ISPs, Internet subscribers can enjoy their services up to their contracted
bandwidth limits. However, in reality, many subscribers may experience the
facts that their on-line requests are denied or their connection speeds are
far below their contracted speed limits. One of the reasons is that ISPs
accept too many subscribers as their subscribers. To avoid this problem, ISPs
can set limits for their subscribers to enhance their service qualities. This
paper develops constrained nonlinear programming to deal with this problem
for two competitive ISPs. The condition for reaching the equilibrium between
the two competitive firms is derived. The market equilibrium price and
bandwidth resource allocations are derived as closed form solutions.
Convex polyhedra with triangular faces and cone triangulation
Authors: Stojanovic Milica , Vuckovic Milica
Published: July 2011

Considering the problem of the minimal triangulation for a given polyhedra
(dividing polyhedra into tetrahedra) it is known that the cone triangulation
provides the number of tetrahedra which is the smallest, or the closest to
it. It is also shown that when we want to know whether the cone triangulation
is the minimal one, it is necessary to find the order of all vertices, as
well as the order of ?separating circles?. Here, we will give algorithms for
testing the necessary condition for the cone triangulation if it is the
minimal one. The algorithm for forming the cone triangulation will also be
given.
Managing the exploitation life of the mining machinery for an unlimited duration of time
Authors: Vujic Slobodan , Stanojevic Radoslav , Ivanov Vencislav , Zajic Borislav , Miljanovic Igor , Maksimovic Svetomir , Bosevski Stefko , Benovic Tomo , Hudej Marjan
Published: July 2011

The problem of determining the optimum exploitation life of machinery,
namely, the optimum time for machinery and equipment replacement, represents
a complex and highly responsible engineering task. Taking into consideration
the situation prevailing at coal pit mines in Serbia, the tasks of this rank
are very complex and difficult. To make a decision on the replacement of
capital equipment and machinery, such as bucket wheel excavators within the
mentioned systems, implies a management task of utmost responsibility. It
requires high professional and analytical knowledge as well as reliable
arguments, based on a multidisciplinary professional approach. In this
paper, the authors present their views on the problem of establishing the
optimum exploitation life of bucket wheel excavators, offering an algorithm,
based on dynamic programming, as a solution.
Participatory water resources planning and management in an Agriculturally Intensive Watershed in Quebec, Canada using Stakeholder Built System Dynamics Models
Authors: Adamowski Jan , Halbe Johannes
Published: July 2011

Participatory water resources planning and management in an Agriculturally Intensive Watershed in Quebec, Canada using Stakeholder Built System Dynamics Models

The participation of stakeholders is an important component in integrated and adaptive watershed planning and management. In Quebec, Canada watershed organizations are in the process of implementing participatory based watershed planning and management schemes. However, there is a lack of simple and readily implementable frameworks and methods to explicitly involve stakeholders, as well as integrate physical and social processes, in watershed planning and management in Quebec. This paper describes the application of the first three stages of a newly proposed five stage stepwise Participatory Model Building framework that was developed to help facilitate the participatory investigation of problems in watershed planning and management through the use of qualitative system dynamics models. In the agriculturally intensive Du Chene watershed in Quebec, eight individual stakeholder interviews were conducted in cooperation with the local watershed organization to develop qualitative system dynamics models that represent the main physical and social processes in the Du Chene watershed. The proposed Participatory Model Building framework was found to be accessible for all the interviewees, and was deemed to be very useful by the watershed organization to develop an overview of the different perspectives of the main stakeholders in the watershed, as well as to help develop watershed policies and strategies. The individual qualitative system dynamics models developed in this study can subsequently be converted into an overall group built system dynamics model (describing the socio-economic-political components of the watershed), which in turn can be quantified and coupled with a physically based model such as HEC-HMS or SWAT (describing the physical components of the watershed).
A new variety of Habenaria (Orchidaceae, Habenariinae) from French Polynesia
Authors: Margońska Hanna
Published: July 2011

A new variety of Habenaria (Orchidaceae, Habenariinae) from French Polynesia

A new variety of Habenaria tahitensis (Orchidaceae, Habenariinae) from Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia) is described, illustrated and compared to its closest relatives.
Seed germination in sedges: a short review
Authors: Żukowski Waldemar , Bogdanowicz Agnieszka , Lembicz Marlena
Published: July 2011

Seed germination in sedges: a short review

Five patterns of seed germination in the sedges of the genus Carex are presented, based on the literature data and the results of the authors' own research. They include the pattern of C. acutiformis, C. arenaria, C. remota, C. flava and C. communis. These patterns were constructed on the basis of seed specific requirements for development, such as stratification, temperature, dormancy and time of germination. Majority of sedges follow the pattern of C. acutiformis or C. remota. In both cases, stratification and either high or low temperature are essential for seed germination. Seeds that start to germinate early (C. remota pattern) are characterized by the absence of the distinct peaks of germination, as opposed to the C. acutiformis pattern with the germination peak in March. Our long-term investigations, conducted on the group of individuals in controlled conditions, revealed significant differences in seed size and the ability of seeds to germinate depending on the age of mother plants. We postulate that mother plant age is a new factor that should be considered in the construction of seed germination patterns.
Alien vascular plants in the Silesian Upland of Poland: distribution, patterns, impacts and threats
Authors: Tokarska-Guzik Barbara , Węgrzynek Beata , Urbisz Alina , Urbisz Andrzej , Nowak Teresa , Bzdęga Katarzyna
Published: July 2011

Alien vascular plants in the Silesian Upland of Poland: distribution, patterns, impacts and threats

Symptoms of anthropogenic changes in the flora include processes of extinction in some species and spread in others. These tendencies have increased in magnitude in recent centuries, adversely affecting natural biodiversity on a regional, national and continental scale. The main idea behind the project presented here was to investigate the diversity of the alien vascular flora at the regional scale and to update the list of invasive alien species for the Silesian Upland. The aim of this study is also to provide a synthesis of the knowledge accumulated to date on the conditions for their occurrence, their distribution patterns and the possible threat they might pose. The distribution of particular species at the regional scale was investigated by mapping the species on a 2 km x 2 km grid. The study showed that the list of alien plant species for the Silesian Upland encompasses 338 species, including 125 archaeophytes, 195 kenophytes (=neophytes) and 18 species of an uncertain status in the Polish flora. A threat evaluation was performed for particular species on the basis of the number of localities, the diversity of preferred habitats recorded, and their current (over the last decade) tendency to colonise new localities. As a result, a final list of 101 invasive species has been selected. Among the alien plant species considered to be invasive in the area of the Silesian Upland, 20 species are identified as ‘weeds’ (13 archaeophytes and 7 kenophytes), another 25 (exclusively kenophytes), penetrating into natural habitats, are defined as ‘transformers’
Distribution patterns, history, and dynamics of peatland vascular plants in Pomerania (NW Poland)
Authors: Sotek Zofia
Published: July 2011

Distribution patterns, history, and dynamics of peatland vascular plants in Pomerania (NW Poland)

Pomerania is rich in various peatlands (fens, transitional bogs, raised bogs, spring-water mires, etc.), which support many rare and threatened plant species. This study was aimed: (1) to determine the phytogeographic diversity of Pomeranian peatland vascular plants associated with the classes Oxycocco-Sphagnetea and Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae; (2) to attempt a reconstruction of the history of their postglacial migrations; and (3) to assess the dynamic trends of selected species. A database of records of 83 Pomeranian peatland plants was created, and cartograms of their distribution in Pomerania were made. Each taxon was briefly described, considering its distribution, phytocoenotic spectrum, and biological properties (e.g. pollination mode, diaspores dispersal). The phytogeographic analysis took into account geographic and directional elements, as well as mountain species found in Pomeranian peatlands. The plants' potential for colonization of new sites was assessed on the basis of Raunkiaer's life forms, modes of pollination and seed dispersal, and types of life strategies. As a result of numerical analysis and visual comparison of cartograms, 5 regional distributional types were distinguished: western, northern, eastern, all-Pomeranian, and disjunct. Within the eastern and all-Pomeranian types, which showed internal variation, several subtypes were distinguished. Most of the considered climatic variables (growing season length, temperature, and precipitation variables) were found to affect significantly the floristic variation of Pomeranian peatlands. The available palaeobotanical, palaeoclimatic, palaeoecological, and phytogeographic data, as well as original field research on the distribution of the taxa, allowed the formulation of hypotheses on the time and directions of their migration into Pomerania. Moreover, dynamic trends of selected species are analysed, and the decline of many peatland plant species in Pomerania is discussed.
Universal liquid mixture model for vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria in hexane-butanol-water system over the temperature range 10 - 100 °C
Authors: Islam Akand , Kabadi Vinayak
Published: July 2011

Universal liquid mixture model for vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria in hexane-butanol-water system over the temperature range 10 - 100 °C

This is an extended research of the paper (Islam et al., 2011) conducted to obtain a universal set of interaction parameters of the model NRTL over the temperature range 10 - 100 °C for hexane-butanol-water system; meaning for binary pairs hexane-butanol, butanol-water and hexane-water; and for ternary system hexane-butanol-water. Thorough investigations of data selections for all binary pairs (Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE), Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium (LLE)), infinite dilution activity coefficient (γ∞), infinite dilution distribution coefficient (Dsw), excess enthalpy (HE), and for ternary system (LLE of hexane-butanol-water) were carried out. Finally quadratic temperature dependent interaction parameters were estimated regressing all the mentioned data and in each case calculated results were compared with literature values. The comparisons showed an overall percentage of error within 15% for the mentioned phase equilibrium calculations.
A comparative study of thermodynamic electrolyte models applied to the Solvay soda system
Authors: Jaworski Zdzisław , Czernuszewicz Małgorzata , Gralla Łukasz
Published: July 2011

A comparative study of thermodynamic electrolyte models applied to the Solvay soda system

Fast development of computation techniques for electrolyte activities contributed recently to introduction of a few substantial programmes for thermodynamic computing of multiphase systems. The presented study comprises useful information for practical computing using selected thermodynamic models of aqueous electrolyte solutions. Those models enable quantitative description of both phase and ionic equilibria and provide values of activity coefficients. The carried out analysis of individual models involved a comparison of their practical effectiveness features along with problems encountered in evaluation of the coefficients. The authors conclude that for the Solvay soda system the exUNIQUAC model for an in-house code or the MSE model for a commercial one can be used.
New potentional of high-speed water jet technology for renovating concrete structures
Authors: Bodnárová L. , Sitek L. , Hela R. , Foldyna J.
Published: July 2011

New potentional of high-speed water jet technology for renovating concrete structures

The paper discusses the background and results of research focused on the action of a high-speed water jet on concrete with different qualities. The sufficient and careful removal of degraded concrete layers is very important for the renovation of concrete structures. High-speed water jet technology is one of the most common methods used for removing degraded concrete layers. Different types of high-speed water jets were tested in the experimental part. The classical technology of a single continuous water jet generated with one nozzle was tested as well as the technology of revolving water jets generated by multiple nozzles (used mainly for the renovation of larger areas). A continuous flat water jet and pulsating flat water jet were tested the first time, because the connection of a water jet with the acoustic generator of a pulsating jet offers new possibilities for the use of a water jet (see [1] and [2]). A water jet with such a modification is capable of efficient action and can even be used for cutting solid concrete with a relatively low consumption of energy. A flat pulsating water jet which can be newly used for renovation seems to be a promising technology.
Research on isolated populations of common wall lizard Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) (Reptilia) from Dobrogea (Romania and Bulgaria)
Authors: Tudor Marian , Cozma Alexandra
Published: July 2011

Research on isolated populations of common wall lizard Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) (Reptilia) from Dobrogea (Romania and Bulgaria)

The isolated populations of common wall lizard Podarcis muralis from Dobrogea are strictly located in a few rocky habitats situated in the southern area of this geographical province. The sizes of these populations are small, compared to the populations from the rest of the area occupied by the species. This aspect, together with their strict location, makes them suitable for complex population studies. The work hypothesis was that the common wall lizard populations in Dobrogea are not connected to those from the Carpathians, the Danube and the Romanian Plain being bio-geographical barriers. In light of this hypothesis, the colonization of Dobrogea by the common wall lizard occurred from the south with individuals coming from populations located in the Balkan Peninsula.
Ornithological study of the special protected area "Benturi" (Balta Ialomiţei Area, Romania)
Authors: Petre Cristiana , Petre Teodor , Petre Carolina
Published: July 2011

Ornithological study of the special protected area "Benturi" (Balta Ialomiţei Area, Romania)

"Benturi" special protected area (SPA) (Balta Ialomiţei area) is formed of three lakes: Bentul Mare, Bentul Mic and Bentul Mic Cotoi, and is situated in a natural area, without dams, belonging to the Lower Danube Green Corridor. By its position, in the middle of Balta Ialomiţei area, "Benturi" SPA represents one of the few territories which were not subjected to major anthropic influences, being visited by many birds. Avifaunal list includes 76 bird species (after new observations made in 2010) which use this territory for its trophic potential, as a resting and nestling place. Among them, there are 25 bird species of EU community interest, 35 bird species which need special protection and 17 bird species included in the Red Book of Vertebrates from Romania (for their conservation a Special Protected Area is needed). The list of the breeding bird fauna includes 54 breeding species and 11 probably breeding species; we noticed the presence of some rare breeding species in Romania and globally threatened species. Near this surface, there is an important archaeological site: Popina-Borduşani.
The aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Campanulaceae in Poland
Authors: Osiadacz Barbara , Hałaj Roman
Published: July 2011

The aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Campanulaceae in Poland

The paper deals with the relationships of aphids and their host-plants of the family Campanulaceae (bellflower family). The survey was conducted in xerothermic habitats during the years 2008-2010. A total of 84 plots were examined in the western, southern and eastern parts of Poland. The aphids were collected in 28 plots (42 records). As a result, 4 aphid species feeding on 6 different host plants of Campanulaceae were confirmed.
Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Upper Silesia
Authors: Simon Ewa , Kalandyk-Kołodziejczyk Małgorzata
Published: July 2011

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Upper Silesia

Faunistic research conducted in Poland for over 80 years has led to the discovery of 143 species of scale insects that live in the natural environment. The state of knowledge of the coccoid fauna of individual areas is uneven, however, 83 species of scale insects from 8 families were collected in Upper Silesia (Górny Śląsk). Upper Silesia is the region in Poland with the fourth-largest number of species; it is preceded by the Kraków-Wieluń Upland (94 species), Roztocze (88) and the Świętokrzyskie Mts. (86). Two of the species collected in this area -Trionymus hamberdi and Volvicoccus stipae- are known only from this region. The paper gives a list of scale insect species collected in Upper Silesia together with information on their localities.
Planthoppers and leafhoppers of the Przedborski Landscape Park (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha et Cicadomorpha)
Authors: Świerczewski Dariusz , Stroiński Adam
Published: July 2011

Planthoppers and leafhoppers of the Przedborski Landscape Park (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha et Cicadomorpha)

Faunistic research on planthoppers and leafhoppers was carried out in 2009 at 20 collecting sites located in the central part of the Przedborski Landscape Park. Insects were sampled using a standard sweep-net during the growing season from May until September. A total of 663 specimens representing 101 species were collected, which constitute about 19% of the Polish planthopper and leafhopper fauna. Zygina lunaris (Mulsant et Rey, 1855) was recorded in Poland for the first time. Additional localities for rare species such as Eurybregma nigrolineata Scott, 1875, Balcanocerus larvatus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1837), Eupteryx adspersa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1838), Zygina schneideri (Günthart, 1974), Metalimnus steini (Fieber, 1869), Diplocolenus bohemani (Zetterstedt, 1840) and Erzaleus metrius (Flor, 1861) are also given.
Kateretidae and Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) of the Mazovian Lowland
Authors: Lasoń Andrzej , Marczak Dawid , Kubisz Daniel , Tykarski Piotr
Published: July 2011

Kateretidae and Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) of the Mazovian Lowland

The state of knowledge of the Kateretidae and Nitidulidae in the Mazovian Lowland is summarized, including new records and a complete set of original literature data. In total, 9 species of Kateretidae and 79 species of Nitidulidae are listed, of which 1 species of the Kateretidae and 13 of the Nitidulidae were not previously reported.
Faunistic review of Polish Micropeplinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
Authors: Jałoszyński Paweł , Wanat Marek , Melke Andrzej
Published: July 2011

Faunistic review of Polish Micropeplinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)

The distributions of the Micropeplinae (Staphylinidae) within the present-day territory of Poland are summarized on the basis of surveys of the literature and collections. An updated and annotated checklist of Polish micropeplines is given, comprising two genera and seven species. Micropeplus staphylinoides (Marsham) has been removed from the list; the occurrence of M. caelatus Erichson and M. longipennis Kraatz, reported by previous authors, needs to be confirmed with new findings. Micropeplus latus Hampe is reported for the first time from Poland, based on a specimen collected in the Małopolska Upland, close to the Świętokrzyskie Mts. An updated identification key for Polish Micropeplus spp. is presented and habitus photographs of M. latus are provided.
Clearwing moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) of Małopolska Province
Authors: Bąkowski Marek , Celadyn Rafał , Hołowiński Marek , Zajda Witold
Published: July 2011

Clearwing moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) of Małopolska Province

Twenty-four species of the family Sesiidae have been recorded from the Province of Małopolska. This constitutes ca 78% of all the species of this family present in Poland. The species Paranthrene insolita, Synanthedon mesiaeformis, S. flaviventris, S. conopiformis, Chamaesphecia tenthrediniformis have been recorded for the first time in this region. Sesia bembeciformis and Synanthedon cephiformis have been recorded as new for the Pieniny Mts. The majority of adults were attracted with the use of synthetic sex pheromones.
Determination of Alanine Aminotransferase with an Electrochemical Nano Ir-C Biosensor for the Screening of Liver Diseases
Authors: Hsueh Chang-Jung , Wang Joanne H. , Dai Liming , Liu Chung-Chiun
Published: July 2011

Alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), is an enzyme that normally resides in serum and body tissues, especially in the liver. It is released into the serum as a result of tissue injury; hence the concentration of ALT in the serum may be increased with acute damage to hepatic cells. A single use, disposable biosensor, comprising iridium nano-particle as catalyst dispersed on carbon paste, has been developed for the determination of ALT concentration. The biosensor is based on quantifying H2O2 concentration produced by a serial of ALT enzymatic reactions. It operates well at room temperature in different physiological fluids: phosphate buffer, calf serum and human serum for ALT concentration of 0–544 ng/mL. Experimental results in human serum are compared to those obtained by spectrophotometric assays with excellent agreement. Therefore, the Ir/C biosensor shows good relationship on the dilution of concentrated ALT clinical applications.
The Connection between Worship Attendance and Racial Segregation Attitudes among White and Black Americans
Authors: Brown R. Khari
Published: July 2011

The present study finds that, for Whites, worship attendance is associated with heightened support for racial segregation. This has much to do with the fact that the individuals that attend worship service the least, secular and young adults, tend to be more racially progressive. That is, the extent to which secular and Generation X and Y individuals attend worship services as often as others, worship attendance is associated with weakened opposition to racial segregation. Conversely, worship attendance, religious affiliation, and age cohort are largely unrelated to Black racial segregation attitudes.
Phase-Modulated Waveform Design for Extended Target Detection in the Presence of Clutter
Authors: Gong Xuhua , Meng Huadong , Wei Yimin , Wang Xiqin
Published: July 2011

The problem to be addressed in this paper is a phase-modulated waveform design for the detection of extended targets contaminated by signal-dependent noise (clutter) and additive noise in practical radar systems. An optimal waveform design method that leads to the energy spectral density (ESD) of signal under the maximum signal-to-clutter-and-noise ratio (SCNR) criterion is introduced first. In order to make full use of the transmission power, a novel phase-iterative algorithm is then proposed for designing the phase-modulated waveform with a constant envelope, whose ESD matches the optimal one. This method is proven to be able to achieve a small SCNR loss by minimizing the mean-square spectral distance between the optimal waveform and the designed waveform. The results of extensive simulations demonstrate that our approach provides less than 1 dB SCNR loss when the signal duration is greater than 1 μs, and outperforms the stationary phase method and other phase-modulated waveform design methods.
Les particularités du système japonais de sous-traitance. Une comparaison euro-nippone
Authors: Ikeda Masayoshi
Published: July 2011

Cet article cherche à mettre en lumière, à travers une enquête sur les usines japonaises de produits électro-ménagers et de bureautique implantées en Europe, les différences structurelles des systèmes japonais et européens de sous-traitance. Ces entreprises japonaises en Europe ne peuvent se procurer auprès des sous-traitants locaux les pièces mécaniques de haute précision nécessaires aux produits électroniques. Elles doivent ainsi ou les fabriquer elles-mêmes dans leurs murs ou les importer du Japon ou des pays d'Asie du Sud-Est. Ce qu'elles se procurent sur place, ce sont uniquement des produits simples fabriqués sur leurs plans. En Europe, les commandes aux sous-traitants se font sous la forme d'appels d'offres adressés à un grand nombre d'entreprises. Pour cette raison l'industrie européenne de la sous-traitance a pris un retard technique sur son homologue nippone que les grandes firmes auxquelles cette dernière est étroitement liée ont fait longtemps bénéficier de transferts de technologies. Pour que le secteur européen de l'industrie électronique se rétablisse, il est important de revoir le système traditionnel de la sous-traitance et d'adopter le modèle japonais.
Morale et pratique sociale dans la pensée de Kumazawa Banzan (1619-1691)
Authors: Soum Jean-François
Published: July 2011

Kumazawa Banzan est, le plus souvent, présenté comme un promoteur de réformes économiques et sociales (cf. Daigaku Wakumon), ou encore comme un conseiller politique très apprécié par le Daimyô d'Okayama (1645-1657). Sans doute est-ce parce qu'il fut plus original dans son approche des problèmes pratiques que dans sa démarche théorique. C'est là, du moins, une appréciation assez répandue parmi les spécialistes de la période, mais qui présente l'inconvénient de négliger, a priori, la relation qui doit nécessairement exister entre la pratique sociale et sa représentation morale.

Cet article aura précisément pour objectif de mettre en évidence l'existence de ce lien, en montrant comment les principes politiques et économiques énoncés par Banzan se rattachent, en définitive, au système des "lois du cœur" (shinpô), directement inspiré du confucianisme des Song. Nous verrons ensuite, à travers l'étude du processus économique désigné par Banzan sous le terme de "Grande Œuvre d'Enrichissement" (fuyûtaigyô), comment le passage au stade pratique, précisément parce qu'il ne peut se départir d'une éthique fondée sur les Classiques, révèle, malgré une perspicacité indéniable dans l'analyse des problèmes contemporains, une perception irréaliste de l'évolution économique et sociale.
Études Anciennes et Études Nationales dans le Japon du XVIIIème siècle : la Nature, l'Artifice et le Mal chez Ogyû Sorai et Motoori Norinaga
Authors: Ansart Olivier
Published: July 2011

Les mouvements intellectuels des Études Anciennes — Kogaku — et des Études Nationales — Kokugaku — semblent s'opposer de front. La violente critique chinoise et la xénophobie souvent hystérique du second marquent un rejet total de la sinophilie et de l'universalisme du premier. Pourtant une analyse des pensées des figures les plus importantes de ces deux mouvements — Ogyû Sorai et Motoori Norinaga — révèle d'étonnantes convergences. Nous tenterons de montrer ici que celles-ci vont bien au delà des similitudes de méthodes souvent remarquées. Ces deux penseurs critiquent résolument le rationalisme chinois ; mais pour cela précisément ils restent capables aussi d'une implacable lucidité. Ils font constamment appel au mystérieux. Pourtant ils peuvent affirmer, dans une totale adhésion au réel, l'unité du monde et de l'homme. Tous deux, parce qu'ils refusent le rationalisme et la notion d'Ordre Naturel, ne peuvent plus trouver le sens et la valeur que dans l'artifice de la création ; et ce qu'ils inventent ainsi est une totalité qui prétend tout intégrer même le Mal, qu'il s'agisse de le réduire dans la communauté heureuse de Sorai, ou de le sublimer dans un tragique homérique chez Norinaga.
Le Japon de Meiji et la Corée
Authors: Babicz Lionel
Published: July 2011

Le processus qui aboutit, en 1910, à l'annexion de la Corée par le Japon, s'inscrit dans le cadre plus large du développement de l'impérialisme japonais. Cet impérialisme constitue lui-même un corollaire à la modernisation du pays. Le chemin qui mène à l'annexion n'est pas linéaire. Chaque étape est le résultat de contraintes intérieures et extérieures, et chaque fois, les choix opérés restreignent l'éventail des possibilités futures. Voilà ce qui donne à cet épisode l'allure de "Grand Plan", prémédité et mis en œuvre dès le début de Meiji. Or, un examen attentif des faits prouve qu'il n'en est rien.
L'assurance vie japonaise: un secteur méconnu, des enjeux majeurs
Authors: Estienne Jean-François
Published: July 2011

L'assurance vie est sur le plan théorique, au carrefour de plusieurs disciplines, parmi lesquelles figurent l'économie du cycle de vie, le droit et l'actuariat ; c'est aussi le secteur économique qui, en fournissant le service de la prise en charge des risques susceptibles d' affecter la personne humaine, contribue à la constitution d'une épargne longue, indispensable au développement industriel. Le fait que le Japon soit le premier marché mondial d'assurance vie n'est pas le fruit du hasard. Outre sa dimension économique et sa puissance financière, l'assurance vie japonaise se caractérise par sa distribution, domaine peu étudié. Sur le terrain, il est aisé de comprendre comment s'effectue la collecte, très capillaire, de la plus importante épargne privée du monde. L'organisation et la gestion des réseaux, l'opiniâtreté des vendeuses et la notion de service au client et sa fidélisa tion sont autant d'enseignements pour les assureurs de par le monde.

L'étude de la structure du marché -sa taille absolue, en comparaison internationale, sa concentration, la nature de ses produits et ses performances commerciales et financières- permet de découvrir l'organisation économique et financière du Japon, à partir de l'un de ses rouages, aussi discret que central.

A l'évidence, un secteur aussi significatif par sa puissance économique et son emprise sur l'organisation de la société humaine, est en retour sujet aux évolutions économiques et sociales du Japon. Ainsi, le " vieillissement" de la population et la " déréglementation" du secteur sont autant de défis qui créent une nouvelle demande et de nouvelles conditions de concurrence. Mais apprécier les nouvelles tendances de la société japonaise implique, pour les assureurs vie présents sur le marché japonais, le recours aux sciences humaines : leur apport fournira une représentation pertinente pour relever les enjeux.
Ajase et les turbulences de l'identité. Détours par l'originaire
Authors: Nouhet Joëlle
Published: July 2011

L'histoire bouddhique du prince Ajasé a inspiré à Kosawa Heisaku, le premier psychanalyste japonais, sa théorie du Complexe d'Ajasé qui serait plus appropriée, selon lui, à l'expérience japonaise que le Complexe d'Oedipe freudien. Le mythe bouddhique a été repris et élaboré par Okonogi Keigo, psychiatre, disciple de Kosawa.

Après un questionnement sur le choix de Kosawa, l'objet de ce texte est d'explorer certains aspects de l'histoire d'Ajasé en les traitant comme des composantes universelles de l'expérience psychique. Les vicissitudes de la relation entre la mère et l'enfant sont analysées dans leurs mouvements archaïques d'appropriation et de rejet et dans leur dynamique identificatoire. A l'ambivalence maternelle et ses mises en actes répondent la désillusion puis la haine et le désir de l'enfant de tuer sa mère. Sous l'effet de la culpabilité, ce fantasme s'exprime en symptôme somatique qui est aussi une métaphore agressive à l'égard de la mère. Ayant résolu ses propres conflits, celle-ci pourra soigner l'enfant.

Le mythe d'Ajasé a des résonances profondes dans l'actualité de la clinique japonaise où les mères expriment leur malaise et leur ressentiment. La dépendance prolongée de l'enfant à sa mère, si elle est excessive, crée les conditions d'émergence de fantasmes violents chez l'enfant, parfois agis. Elle peut aussi susciter son retrait social.
La mort aux neuf visages. Un essai sur les Neuf Aspects et leur tradition littéraire au Japon
Authors: Lachaud Francois
Published: July 2011

Nine-faced Death an Essay on the Nine Aspects and their Literary Tradition in Japan.

A beautiful woman's body abandoned on a lonely moor ; her rotten flesh depicted in the gruesomest details; here are some of the potent images associated with the descriptions of the Nine Aspects of the body (or, according to another interpretation of the Chinese characters, the Nine Notions of Ugliness). The seizure of illness, the progression of the decay, the end of the corporeal existence, all these aspects of natural death are assembled into nine steps, which follw the gradual change in the body from death to its utter dissolution. From the middle of the Heian era until recently, these Buddhist conceptions of the cadaver have appeared in numerous literary works, paintings and engravings. Studies of the Nine Notions has until recently been slight ; yet they constitute an enlightening commentary of the persistent claim whereby Buddhist is shown to be more tolerant than Christianity in its view of flesh. In this study based mainly upon Japanese literary sources, I have attempted to show how much these conceptions inherited from Buddhism ( Theravada and the Mahâyâna schools), have influenced the relation to the body ; notably carnal pleasure. The incorruptible flesh of anchorites against the corruptible flesh of decaying sinners. Another illustration of what Michel Foucault beautifully termed " the struggle for continence".
La normalisation du savoir normatif. Autour de Hayashi Razan
Authors: Kanamori Osamu
Published: July 2011

About Hayashi Razan.

Hayashi Razan has always been held in low esteem for his unscrupulous ambition and opportunistic personality. Thanks to this negative perception, however, when we wiew his work from a philosophical point of view, we see that an even deeper side may have been concealed. Therefore, it is necessary to distance ourselves from this ordinarily negative perception for the time being and apply a Neo-Confucianist anlysis of this work. He unmistakably contibued to shushigaku's (a form a Confucianism) firm rooting in society in the 17th century. The pupose of this chapter is to objectively examine Razan's intellectual past by accentuating his interpretation of li as well as his attitudes toward Christianity and Buddhism. We will see that his brand of Neo-Confucianism formally represented a social need to stabilize and to create a hierarchy of relations between human beings in which he recognized a "natural" link between social norms and the order of things. To him the same timeless norm existed in the structure of a weed as in the society. In this sense, Razan's knowledge is one of the best illustration available of the unacknowledged links which exist between "knowledge" and "power". The desire for social justification was also taken up by a successor, Yamazaki Anzai, an uncompromising and slightly hysterical figure. His school called "kimon" nourished an underground current which was politically and ideologically conservative, one wich would serve as the matrix, though negative for numerous contesting currents of thought in the Edo period.
Délocalisations industrielles et restructuration du système de sous-traitance japonais
Authors: Lecler Yveline
Published: July 2011

Face aux pressions et aux restrictions grandissantes des pays occidentaux, et à la hausse du yen des années 80, le Japon s'est lancé dans une vague d'internationalisation qui accroît le besoin absolu de mutation d'un système organisationnel ébranlé également par divers problèmes internes. Que ce soit à cause de la délocalisation des grandes entreprises clientes vers les pays occidentaux afin de sécuriser les marchés, ou de l'approvisionnement dans les pays limitrophes d'Asie pour contourner le renchérissement de la production sur le sol japonais, c'est non seulement la question de la survie des fournisseurs ou sous-traitants de Nième rang qui est posé, mais également celle de la pérenité même du système.

Après avoir dressé un bilan des problèmes qui se posent aujourd'hui aux fournisseurs/sous-traitants japonais, l'article examine plus particulièrement les facteurs stratégiques qui contribuent à l'accélération des investissements à l'étranger ainsi que les modalités d'adaptation des firmes concernées. L'impact de ces délocalisations est ensuite analysé quant à son rôle en termes de restructuration potentielle du système de fourniture /sous-traitance hérité du passé.
Le roman familial de Yasuoka Shôtarô
Authors: Al Vis Andra
Published: July 2011

The story of Prince Ajase, as related by Japanese psychoanalyst Kosawa Heisaku in his theory of the Ajase complex, reveals a close resemblance to the theories of psychoanalyst Melanie Klein. As with Kleinian developmental narrative, guilt in the Ajase plot originates in the child's psychic integration of "bad" and "good" maternal figures. A preliminary glance at the Ajase legend from Kleinian viewpoint might suggest that Queen Idaike is transformed into a "bad mother" on revealing her love for the King Bimbashara -and later returns to being a "good mother" when she devotes herself to the share of her son, Ajase. However, I would argue that a different, opposite, formulation is also discernible in the Ajase text : one in which Idaike as the "bad mother", narcissistically identified with her child, becomes a "good mother" on reaffirming her libidinal bond with the paternal figure.

Through close examination of several passages, I will suggest that this latter plot also informs Yasuoka Shôtarô 's 1959 family romance, A View by the Sea. The Yasuoka narrative, like the Ajase legend, can be understood as depicting the integration of a "bad mother", identified with her son, and a "good mother", identified with the paternal figure. Although this spot may run counter to some narratives of classical psychoanalysis — which posit a blissful symbiosis with the mother and resentment of parental sexuality — Yasuoka locates his formulation in a very specific context : that of a pseudo-incestuous bond between mother and son. Finally, as in the story of Prince Ajase, psychic integration of "bad" and "good" maternal figures in Yasuoka 's text will be shown to lie at the origin of the hero's sense of guilt.
Une culture du même et les mécanismes de sa reproduction
Authors: Lévi Alvarès Claude
Published: July 2011

La société japonaise abonde en traits qui, au-delà des indices culturels qu'ils dénotent, s'offrent à nous comme une anticipation de notre futur. Le rôle majeur des institutions d'éducation, le poids des attentes qui leurs sont adressées, la hiérarchisation des lycées, l'ampleur croissante des réseaux parallèles d'enseignement (cours privés, boîtes à bac, répétiteurs...), la mobilisation des familles autour des questions d'éducation sont autant d'éléments qui, dans le domaine éducatif, rapprochent tendanciellement nos deux sociétés.

Tout en s'interrogeant sur le poids et les traits marquant de la culture japonaise, cet article explore quelques-uns des dispositifs et des procédures qui, des familles aux établissements scolaires contribuent à assurer la préparation des citoyens de demain, et à garantir une bonne adaptation individuelle aux exigences d'une vie collective très dense.
Gestion des ressources humaines : l'adaptation... des effectifs dans la grande entreprise japonaise
Authors: Jaussaud Jacques
Published: July 2011

The principles of human resources management are under high pressure in Japan because of the low growth perspectives and the aging working population. Nowadays, large firms have had to forsake a number of permanent employees. Will this mean the end of the lifetime employment system, a relevant issue indeed considering the incentive theory. Reducing the work force is not incompatible with the lifetime employment system. This article studies how large firms try to reduce labour input within the framework of this system. For example, they may take advantage of the diversity of their employees status, the lenght of overtime, and specific inter-firm relations, a characteristic of Japan.

Nevertheless, the rapidly changing environment and the abrupt modifications in the work force strongly affect the employment system. How will this change Human Resource Management in Japan ? This article is an attempt to design various scenarios.
Quelques aspects de la légende du Roi Ajase (Ajātaśatru) dans la tradition canonique bouddhique
Authors: Durt Hubert
Published: July 2011

On trouvera ici un résumé des traditions bouddhiques les plus connues (et les plus utilisées par les psychanalystes japonais) sur Ajātaśatru, le héros du «complexe d'Ajase». Au Kanmuryōjukyō et au Nehangyō (fort utilisé par le Kyōgyōshinshō de Shinran) ont été ajoutées quelques données anciennes prises dans les Vinayas et le Mishōongyō. Certains éléments inattendus apparaissent dans la légende du prince héritier complice de Devadatta devenu roi disciple du Buddha : fixation sur le doigt, le pus, une certaine oralité. Par contre, on n'a encore peu trouvé de lumière sur la relation d'Ajātaśatru avec sa mère, Vaidehī.
L'enseignement de la lecture à la veille de la promulgation dugakusei (1872)
Authors: Galan Christian
Published: July 2011

L'opposition hankô/terakoya (écoles de fief/ écoles pour le peuple), généralement admise pour décrire le monde de l'éducation durant l'époque d'Edo, perd de sa pertinence lorsqu'il s'agit non plus de faire l'inventaire des lieux d'instruction mais de saisir, dans leur intégralité, les pratiques pédagogiques mises en place.

L'étude du modèle classique d'enseignement de la lecture amène à constater la grande complémentarité qui pouvait exister entre ces deux types d'école : les pratiques mises en place dans les unes et les autres relevaient fondamentalement d'une même logique pédagogique et culturelle. L'enseignement de la langue écrite dans les terakoya n'était pas un enseignement distinct de celui des écoles de fief : l'enseignement de l'écriture, tenarai, qui en était la composante essentielle, constituait également la première étape de l'éducation que recevaient les fils de samurai avant d'entrer à l'école du fief. L'introduction de la lecture de type sodoku dans le cursus des terakoya au cours des dernières décennies de l'époque d'Edo atteste également de la complémentarité des deux cursus.

Hankô et terakoya avaient, certes, construit chacune leur légitimité et leurs programmes d'enseignement par rapport à la différence de statut qui existait entre l'enseignement de la lecture et celui de l'écriture, ainsi qu'entre les deux langues écrites alors en usage : le kanbun et le kanji kana majiri bun. Mais la conception de l'acte de lire elle-même (lire est le seul accès au savoir) et celle de son enseignement (un enseignement long et douloureux fondé sur la mémorisation pure et la répétition) étaient, dans les deux types d'école, parfaitement identiques.
Bilan sur le développement de la cité de Tsukuba
Authors: Cavasin Nathalie
Published: July 2011

La cité de la science de Tsukuba au Japon est un exemple instructif du fort interventionisme étatique dans l'aménagement du territoire. Récemment appelée « Smart Valley Tsukuba », elle représente un nouvel espace technologique et scientifique qui montre les efforts en faveur des investissements en R&D pour la constitution d'un territoire innovant et d'un système d'économie d'agglomération.