bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Con: Steroids Should Not Be Withdrawn in Transplant Recipients With Autoimmune Hepatitis
Authors: Theocharidou Eleni , Heneghan Michael A.
Published: June 2018

Autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) can recur following liver transplantation (LT) despite immunosuppressive therapy, with implications for graft survival. Although the evidence is not robust, disease recurrence seems to occur in the presence of less intense and/or steroid‐free immunosuppression (IS) in particular in the case of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The main risk factor for AIH recurrence is the severity of disease activity in the explant and potential donor/recipient human leukocyte antigen D‐related 3 (DR3) mismatch. The treatment for AIH recurrence includes reintroduction or increase in the dose of steroids with or without the addition of azathioprine. T cell–mediated rejection episodes are also more common in AILD. Steroid withdrawal is the common practice in LT for non‐AILD, eliminating the risks associated with longterm exposure to steroids. In AILD, maintenance of steroids at a low dose in the long term may reduce the risk of disease recurrence and rejection. This strategy is safe when there is vigilance for steroid‐related adverse effects. Alternatively, identifying patients who are at the greatest risk for disease recurrence and who would benefit from intensified IS might be an option.
pH‐Responsive Nanoparticles for Controllable Curcumin Delivery: The Design of Polycation Core with Different Structures
Authors: Feng Hailiang , Wang Changrong , Zhou Junhui , Liu Jinjian , Zhang Jianhua , Guo Ruiwei , Liu Jianfeng , Dong Anjie , Deng Liandong
Published: June 2018

To achieve low leakage at pH 7.4, pH‐controlled drug release remains a major challenge of cancer nanomedicine. Here, pH‐responsive mPEG113‐b‐polycaprolactone (PCL)x‐b‐PAEMAy (PELAx) nanoparticles (NPs)‐pH7.4 with different poly(2‐azepane ethyl methacrylate) (PAEMA) lengths and PELA4 nanoparticles (NPs)‐pHx with different pH conditions of preparing NPs based on mPEG113‐b‐PCLx‐b‐PAEMAy are prepared to investigate influences of PAEMA lengths and pH condition of preparing NPs on properties of NPs. PELAx NPs‐pH7.4 and PELA4 NPs‐pHx both undergo differently sharp property changes of size, charge, pH‐responsive drug release, cellular uptake, and cytotoxicity, because of the protonation of PAEMA block (pKa ≈ 6.5–6.7). Among PELAx NPs‐pH7.4 and PELA4 NPs‐pHx, it can be found that the NPs prepared at pKa value of PAEMA exhibited exciting pH‐responsive drug release, improving cellular uptake ability and obvious high cytotoxicity toward HepG‐2 cells. This system not only holds great potential for drug delivery but also provides a new strategy to prepare pH‐responsive NPs.
Towards Multiplexed Bacteria Detection by Enzyme Responsive Hydrogels
Authors: Jia Zhiyuan , Müller Mareike , Schönherr Holger
Published: June 2018

In this work, patterned β‐GUS sensing chitosan hydrogels functionalized with three different colorimetric substrates were fabricated for the multiplexed detection of the enzyme β‐glucuronidase (β‐GUS), which is secreted by >98% of all known Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains. The immobilization of fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates in specified areas allows a spatially resolved readout of the corresponding colorimetric signal. The apparent initial rate of the β‐GUS induced cleavage of the reporter moieties of chitosan films functionalized with the chromogenic substrate 4‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐glucuronide (PNPG), the chromogenic substrate 5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indolyl‐β‐D‐glucuronide (X‐Gluc) and the fluorogenic substrate 4‐methylumbelliferyl‐β‐D‐glucuronide (MUG) were analyzed spectroscopically and confirmed a detectable reaction within less than 60 min. Likewise the released dyes were observed in the patterns owing to different colors by naked eye detection under appropriate illumination in less than 80 min. Hence the presence of a characteristic enzyme secreted by E. coli bacteria was successfully detected by three independent sensing moieties, which is important to reduce false positives by introducing redundancy. Patterned enzyme sensing chitosan hydrogels, which are functionalized with different substrates, open the possibility for multiplexed bacteria detection and in the long run also the identification of different bacteria strains.
Synthesis, Characterization of Titania/Polyaniline/GO Nanocomposites, and Its Photocatalytic Activity Under UV‐Visible Light
Authors: Kumar Azad , Kumar Ravindra , Pandey Gajanan
Published: June 2018

In the present study, to prepare the TiO2, TiO2/PAni, and TiO2/PAni/GO nanocomposites wet chemical method and they are used as photocatalyst for the photodegradation of Vitoria Blue B dye. The prepared TiO2, TiO2/PAni, and TiO2/PAni/GO are subjected to XRD analysis, which gives the information about the presence of phase rutile and anatase both phases are present in the samples. The SEM and TEM of the prepared samples are shown in the particles morphology. The prepared samples are found in nanodiamension. The Photocatalytic degradation of Vitoria Blue B dye is done at different condition of concentration of dye, time of illumination pH, and dose of photocatalyst. The % photodegradation efficiency of Vitoria Blue B dye occur efficiently with TiO2, TiO2/PAni, and TiO2/PAni/GO and highest for TiO2/PAni/GO.
Study of the Mechanical Properties of Nano Silver Nitrate Filled Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Ozel Ahmet , Unal Huseyin , Mimaroglu Abdullah
Published: June 2018

In this investigation, the mechanical properties of silver nitrate nanoparticles filled polypropylene composite is evaluated. The silver nitrate particles are added to the matrix by 1, 3, 5, and 10% by weight. The composite is prepared by adding the filler to polypropylene under heat and mix the mixture by mechanical stirrer. Then after the test samples are prepared under hot press. The tensile tests are carried out. The tensile strength, yield stress, tensile modulus, and the percentage of elongation to break are obtained and evaluated. The results show that the elastic modulus of the composite is in increase while tensile strength, rupture strength, and the percentage of elongation to break is in decrease with the increase in the content of silver nitrate particle fillers. The morphology, structure, and size of the silver nitrate particles are evaluated by scanning electron microscope.
Calorimetric Analysis of Uncompatibilized Polypropylene/Polystyrene Blend Using DSC
Authors: Sohel Md. A. , Mandal Arunava , Mondal Abhijit , Pan Sandip , SenGupta Asmita
Published: June 2018

Polymers and polymeric composite materials have steadily reflected their importance in our daily life. In the present work various thermal properties of Polypropylene (PP)/Polystyrene (PS) blend of compositions (100/0, 80.8/19.2, 72.4/27.6, 61.5/38.5, 51/49, 40.7/59.3 and 0/100 wt/wt%) have been studied using Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The obtained results from DSC analysis showed no variation in the glass transition temperature Tg of PS indicating the immiscibility of the blend system. The melting temperature (Tm) of PP in the blend decreases with increasing PS concentration and the maximum depression (∼4.7 °C) in Tm is found for blend with composition 40.7/59.3. The enthalpy of melting (ΔHm) and the % crystallinity of the blend system also decrease almost linearly with increasing PS concentration. The crystallization temperature (Tc) of PP in the blend system is found to ∼121 °C but for virgin PP the crystallization temperature is 140.7 °C. This depression in Tc is due to presence of droplet like domain of PS in the molten state. In this study also the variation of specific heat with temperature of the blend compositions have been measured.
Chlorogenic Acid from Hawthorn Berry (Crataegus pinnatifida Fruit) Prevents Stress Hormone‐Induced Depressive Behavior, through Monoamine Oxidase B‐Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Hippocampal Astrocytes of Mice
Authors: Lim Dong Wook , Han Taewon , Jung Jonghoon , Song Yuri , Um Min Young , Yoon Minseok , Kim Yun Tai , Cho Seungmok , Kim In‐Ho , Han Daeseok , Lee Changho , Lee Jaekwang
Published: June 2018

Scope

Oxidative stress has been implicated in mental disorders, including depression. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), one of the abundant phenolic compounds in herbs and fruits, has the properties of a natural antioxidant and free‐radical scavenger. Therfore, we investigated the antidepressant‐like effects and active mechanisms of CGA from the extract of Crataegus pinnatifida (CP) fruit.

Methods and results

Depression‐like phenotypes were induced in mice by daily injection of stress hormone for 1–2 weeks. The brains of these animals exhibited reduced brain‐derived neurotrophic factor expression and increased astrocytic hypertrophy, which are typical markers of depression in animal models. Stress hormone injection 1) upregulated monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) expression and 2) reduced spine numbers along neuronal dendrites, which indicates synaptic depression. The oral administration of CGA (30 mg kg−1) or CP (300 mg kg−1) prevented MAOB activation following reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and had an ameliorative effect on depressive behavioral tests (e.g., tail suspension and forced swim tests). In vitro assays performed on cultured C8‐D1A cells revealed that CGA and CP inhibited MAOB activity and ROS production.

Conclusion

Our study indicates that CGA and CP extracts prevented depressive behavior and thereby have potential as natural antidepressants.
Changes in the specific absorption rate (SAR) of radiofrequency energy in patients with retained cardiac leads during MRI at 1.5T and 3T
Authors: Golestanirad Laleh , Rahsepar Amir Ali , Kirsch John E , Suwa Kenichiro , Collins Jeremy C. , Angelone Leonardo M. , Keil Boris , Passman Rod S. , Bonmassar Giorgio , Serano Peter , Krenz Peter , DeLap Jim , Carr James C. , Wald Lawrence L.
Published: June 2018

Purpose

To evaluate the local specific absorption rate (SAR) and heating around retained cardiac leads during MRI at 64 MHz (1.5T) and 127 MHz (3T) as a function of RF coil type and imaging landmark.

Methods

Numerical models of retained cardiac leads were built from CT and X‐ray images of 6 patients with retained cardiac leads. Electromagnetic simulations and bio‐heat modeling were performed with MRI RF body and head coils tuned to 64 MHz and 127 MHz and positioned at 9 different imaging landmarks covering an area from the head to the lower limbs.

Results

For all patients and at both 1.5T and 3T, local transmit head coils produced negligible temperature rise (
) for
. For body imaging with quadrature‐driven coils at 1.5T,
during a 10‐min scan remained < 3°C at all imaging landmarks for
and <6°C for
. For body imaging at 3T,
during a 10‐min scan remained < 6°C at all imaging landmarks for
. For shorter pulse sequences up to 2 min,
remained < 6°C for
.

Conclusion

For the models based on 6 patients studied, simulations suggest that MRI could be performed safely using a local head coil at both 1.5T and 3T, and with a body coil at 1.5T with pulses that produced
. MRI at 3T could be performed safely in these patients using pulses with
.
Size and weight estimations of the spangled emperor (Teleostei: Lethrinidae: Lethrinus nebulosus) from bone measurements elucidate the fishing grounds exploited and ancient seasonality at Akab (United Arab Emirates)
Authors: Lidour Kevin , Vorenger Justine , Béarez Philippe
Published: June 2018

The presence of emperor fishes has been reported in several archaeo‐ichthyological studies in Eastern Arabia. The spangled emperor (Lethrinus nebulosus) is one of the main species currently composing annual landings in the central and southern Persian Gulf. Its presence outlines the importance of the coastal environments exploited during different life cycle stages, such as open‐water reefs and sheltered embayments, including grass beds. Osteometrical methods for estimating the life‐size from bones were developed during the last few decades. Measurements taken from the bones of 32 fresh spangled emperors, collected from a fish market in Umm al‐Quwain (United Arab Emirates) in February 2017, were exploited to calculate regression equations (power fits), allowing size estimations from archaeological remains. Because of the difficulties in identifying emperor species using bones, we also tested and discussed the validity of a generic model.

The Neolithic site of Akab has provided more than 37,000 fish remains, mostly belonging to kawakawa tunas, trevallies, and seabreams, which suggest that fishing was essentially carried out during the winter. Relatively few bones (totalling 100 measurements) were identified as belonging to spangled emperors. However, because of the ecological features of this species, estimated sizes permitted investigations into which fishing grounds were exploited, and even provided new evidence regarding ancient seasonality of coastal occupation in Eastern Arabia.
Aprepitant for the prevention of chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting in paediatric subjects: An analysis by age group
Authors: Kang Hyoung Jin , Loftus Susan , DiCristina Cara , Green Stuart , Pong Annpey , Zwaan Christian Michel
Published: June 2018

Background

This was a subgroup analysis of age group, dexamethasone use, and very highly emetogenic chemotherapy (VHEC) use from a randomised, multicentre, double‐blind, Phase 3 study of oral aprepitant in paediatric subjects.

Methods

Subjects aged 6 months to 17 years scheduled to receive chemotherapeutic agents associated with at least moderate risk for emesis were randomly assigned to receive either aprepitant plus ondansetron (aprepitant regimen) or placebo plus ondansetron (control regimen); both could be administered with or without dexamethasone. This secondary analysis evaluated subjects stratified by pre‐specified age groups, dexamethasone use, and VHEC use. The primary endpoint of this analysis was the proportion of subjects who experienced complete response (CR) during the delayed phase.

Results

CR rates in the delayed phase were numerically higher with the aprepitant than the control regimen across all age categories, and reached significance for subjects aged 12–17 years (51% vs. 10%; P < 0.0001). In subjects receiving dexamethasone, CR was twice as high for the aprepitant versus control regimen in the 6 months to <2 year group (50% vs. 25%) and significantly higher in the 12–17 year group (40% vs. 7%, P < 0.05). CR was also significantly higher with aprepitant in the 6 months to <2 year and 12–17 year age groups who received VHEC. Similar proportions of subjects experiencing at least one adverse event were seen in both regimens across age categories.

Conclusion

A 3 day aprepitant regimen seemed effective and safe for prevention of chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting in paediatric subjects across subgroups (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01362530).
Treatment of pediatric plasma cell myeloma type post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder with modern risk‐directed therapy
Authors: Epperly Rebecca , Ozolek John , Soltys Kyle , Cohen Debra , Goyal Rakesh , Friehling Erika
Published: June 2018

Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) related plasma cell neoplasms are rare in pediatric patients. We report a pediatric liver transplant recipient with plasma cell myeloma type PTLD. Cytogenetics included 1q duplication, associated with poor prognosis in adult multiple myeloma, and t(8;14). High‐risk cytogenetics has not been reported in pediatric plasma cell myeloma type PTLD. The patient was treated with bortezomib, dexamethasone, and lenalidomide with subsequent autologous stem cell transplant. He achieved a 6‐year remission, demonstrating tolerance to and efficacy of this modern myeloma regimen in a pediatric patient. Unfortunately, he subsequently died from complications of repeat liver transplant.
Clinical utility of endocrine markers predicting myocardial siderosis in transfusion dependent thalassemia major
Authors: Ehsan Lubaina , Rashid Mariam , Alvi Najveen , Awais Khadija , Nadeem Omair , Asghar Aleezay , Sajjad Fatimah , Fatima Malika , Qidwai Asim , Hussain Shabneez , Hasan Erum , Brown Nick , Altaf Sadaf , Hasan Babar , Kirmani Salman
Published: June 2018

Background

Endocrinopathy due to iron overload is the most common morbidity whereas myocardial siderosis causing toxic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of mortality among patients with transfusion dependent thalassemia major (TDTM). If detected early, this can be treated with aggressive chelation. T2* cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) guided chelation protocols are now the gold standard but have limited availability in low and middle‐income countries. We hypothesized that markers of endocrine dysfunction would correlate with T2* CMR and can be used to predict the severity of myocardial siderosis and guide chelation therapy.

Methodology

We undertook a multicenter retrospective study of 280 patients with TDTM to assess the prevalence of endocrinopathies and the predictive value of a number of individual and composite markers of endocrinopathy with T2* CMR.

Results

The prevalence of hypogonadism, stunting, hypoparathyroidism, and hypothyroidism was 82%, 69%, 40%, and 30%, respectively. The sensitivity of hypogonadism and stunting predicting severe myocardial siderosis was 90% and 80%, respectively.

Conclusion

We conclude that clinical markers of endocrine dysfunction, especially hypogonadism (positive likelihood ratio [LR+] = 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0–1.9; positive predictive value [PPV] = 77%, 95% CI = 70–82; negative predictive value [NPV] = 57%, 95% CI = 34–77] and stunting (LR+ = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1–1.6; PPV = 64%, 95% CI = 60–69; NPV = 55%, 95% CI = 45–64) in TDTM can predict severe myocardial siderosis and can potentially guide chelation therapy, especially where access to T2* CMR is limited.
Autophagy inducers restore impaired autophagy, reduce apoptosis, and attenuate blunted alveolarization in hyperoxia‐exposed newborn rats
Authors: Zhang Dan , Wu Linlin , Du Yanna , Zhu Yuting , Pan Bingting , Xue Xindong , Fu Jianhua
Published: June 2018

Aim

Autophagy is a common process during development. Abnormal autophagy can impact cell apoptosis. Previous studies have shown that apoptosis is present during bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). However, there is no consensus on the level of coexisting autophagy. This study was designed to investigate the role of autophagy and the effects of autophagy inducers in a BPD model.

Method

A total of 100 newborn Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly assigned to model and control groups. BPD models were established by hyperoxic induction(FiO2 0.80). Some of them were treated with autophagy‐inducing agents.

Result

As compared to the control group, more autophagic bodies were found within Type II alveolar epithelial cells (AT‐II cells) under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the model group at 3 d . These autophagic bodies were also accompanied by apoptotic bodies and expression of both bodies peaked at 7 d. As shown by TdT‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), there were more apoptotic cells in the model group than in the control group. Protein expression levels of LC3B‐II, p62, Lamp1, and cleaved Caspase‐3 increased with increased hyperoxic exposure time. No significant differences were observed in the mRNA expression levels of LC3B, p62, and Lamp1. After introducing an autophagy inducer, either rapamycin or lithium chloride, the radial alveolar count (RAC) value of BPD model group increased as compared with placebo group, the thickness of alveolar septum decreased, while apoptosis decreased.

Conclusion

Reduced autophagy resulting from blocked autophagy flow may be a key link in the pathogenesis of BPD. By enhancing repressed autophagy, apoptosis could be reduced and alveolar development improved.
Cartoons to improve young children's cooperation with inhaled corticosteroids: A preliminary study
Authors: Frémont Agnès , Abou Taam Rola , Wanin Stéphanie , Lebras Marie‐Noëlle , Ollier Vincent , Nathanson Sylvie , Hadchouel Alice , Drummond David
Published: June 2018

Introduction

The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate if animated cartoons could increase the cooperation of young children with asthma during the delivery of their inhaled corticosteroids (ICS).

Methods

Subjects were children aged 6‐47 months having a physician diagnosis of asthma, who required an ICS therapy delivered through a pMDI/spacer twice a day for at least 2 months. Families who reported on a questionnaire that their child was frequently crying or moving during treatment delivery were asked to participate in a prospective, cross‐over, randomized study. After a first week of run‐in, children watched alternatively, during the delivery of ICS, either an animated cartoon for 7 days and a black screen video for another 7 days. The main outcome was the median percentage of time of non‐cooperation, defined by the length of time the child was crying and/or moving divided by the length of time required for delivering ICS.

Results

Parents of 50 children out of 113 (44%) reported that their child was frequently crying or moving during treatment delivery. Among these 50 children, 11 (22%) completed the study. The median percentages of time of non‐cooperation (IQR 1‐3) were 0% (0‐3) and 56% (40‐97) during the distraction and control periods, respectively, in the first group, and 100% (98‐100) and 0% (0‐5) during the control and distraction periods, respectively, in the second group. Animated cartoons increased cooperation up to 97% (55‐100%) (P = 0.008).

Conclusions

Bad cooperation among young children with asthma during the delivery of their treatment can be dramatically improved by the use of animated cartoons.
Optical Properties of Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1‐x)4 by First‐Principles Calculations
Authors: Zamulko Sergiy , Berland Kristian , Persson Clas
Published: June 2018

Structural, electronic, and optical properties of Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1‐x)4 semiconductors are studied theoretically for different concentration of S and Se anions. The optical properties are calculated at three levels of theory, in the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), meta‐GGA, and with a hybrid functional. The GGA and meta‐GGA calculations are corrected with an on‐site Coulomb Ud term. Lattice constants, dielectric constants, and band‐gaps are found to vary almost linearly with the concentration of S. The authors also show that a dense sampling of the Brillouin zone is required to accurately account for the shape of the dielectric function, which is hard to attain with hybrid functionals. This issue is resolved with a recently developed based interpolation scheme, which allows us to compare results of the hybrid functional calculations on an equal footing with the GGA and meta‐GGA results. We find that the hybrid functionals provide the overall best agreement with the experimental dielectric function.
Modelling of Pinning‐Depinning Reversal Mechanism in Ion‐Irradiated Co/Al2O3 Thin Films
Authors: Goyal Rajan , Gupta Rekha , Negi Ambika , Asokan Kandasami , Kanjilal Dinakar , Lamba Subhalakshmi , Annapoorni Subramanian
Published: June 2018

Present study reports the pinning–depinning mechanism in Co embedded Al2O3 matrix subjected to Ar+ ion irradiations. Angular variation studies of the scaled coercivity are carried out and a comparison to existing theoretical models indicates that the dominant reversal mechanism is due to pinning. The origin of pinning is attributed to the displacement of Co atoms from their lattice sites, as a result of ion bombardment. The Monte Carlo simulations suggest that the observed magnetic behavior is well explained by pinning induced strain anisotropy in the system.
Surface Chemistry Analysis of Carbon Nanotube Fibers by X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Alemán Belén , Vila Maria , Vilatela Juan J.
Published: June 2018

Carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers are materials with an exceptional combination of properties, including higher toughness than carbon fibers, electrical conductivity above metals, large specific surface area (250 m2 g−1), and high electrochemical stability. As such, they are a key component in various multifunctional structures combining augmented mechanical properties with efficient interfacial energy storage/transfer processes. This work presents a thorough XPS study of CNT fibers subjected to different purification and chemical treatments, including spatially‐resolved micro XPS synchrotron measurements. The dominant feature is an inherently high degree of sp2 conjugation, leading to a strong plasmonic band and a semi‐metallic valence band lineshape. This high degree of CNT perfection in terms of longitudinal “graphitization” helps to explain reported bulk properties including the high electrical and thermal conductivity, and accessible quantum capacitance. There is also presence of organic impurities, mostly heavy carbonaceous molecules formed as by‐products during fiber synthesis and which are adsorbed on the CNTs. Sulfur, a promoter used in the CNT growth reaction, is found both in these surface impurities and associated with the Fe catalyst. The observation of strongly‐adsorbed surface impurities is consistent with the high ductility of CNT fibers, attributed to interfacial lubricity.
Phonon Conductivity of Nanoparticles Embedded in Dielectric Material
Authors: Singh Mahi R. , Guo Jiaohan , Cid José M. , Sharma Prakash C. , Aly Arafa H. , Bhadoria Bhagirath , De Hoyos Martínez Jesus E.
Published: June 2018

A theory of the thermal conductivity has been developed for nanomaterials made by embedding nanoparticles in a host dielectric material. The phonon dispersion relation has been calculated using the transfer matrix method in the long‐range approximation, where the phonon wavelength is larger than the size of the nanoparticle. We found that these nanomaterials have two phonon branches known as ‐phonon and ‐phonon branches. For both phonon branches, the density of states and the phonon velocity are calculated. The thermal conductivity is evaluated with the Kubo formalism and the Green's function method for both ‐phonon and ‐phonon branches. It is also found that the density of states, phonon velocity and thermal conductivity for both phonon branches depend on the size of the nanoparticles, spacing between nanoparticles, and the phonon refractive index of the nanoparticles and the host material. In the long wave approximation, expressions of the phonon conductivity, the density of states and the phonon velocity have very simple forms which can be used by experimentalists to explain their experiments or plan new experiments. We have also applied our theory to explain the experimental thermal conductivity data of silica‐resin, alumina‐resin, AlN‐resin and CaO‐polyethylene nanomaterials. A good agreement between theory and experiments is achieved. Our results furthermore illustrate that one can fabricate new types of nanomaterials with high and low thermal conductivity by adjusting the refractive index contrast between nanoparticles and the host material. These are very novel and interesting properties and they can be used to fabricate new types of thermal devices.
Structure‐Specific Catalytic Oxidation with O2 by Isomers in Au28(SR)20 Nanoclusters
Authors: Wang Liqun , Chai Xiaoqi , Cheng Xinglian , Zhu Yan
Published: June 2018

Au28(SPh‐tBu)20 and Au28(S‐c‐C6H11)20, which have the same Au20 kernel but different surface atom packing structure, serve as mode catalysts to investigate the influence of isomerism in catalysts on catalytic properties. Au28(SPh‐tBu)20 exhibited more efficient activity for the oxidation of cyclohexane and benzyl alcohol than Au28(S‐c‐C6H11)20.
Study on Dual Inhibitors of HIV‐1 IN/CCR5 Caffeoyl Derivatives as Neuroprotective Agents
Authors: Hao Yameng , Wu Bolin , Chen Ying , Sun Xuefeng , Sun Yixing , Liu Junyi , Wang Xiaowei
Published: June 2018

(E)‐3,4‐diacetoxystyryl aralkyl ketone and sulfone derivatives, with the skeleton of CAPE, were reported as dual inhibitors of HIV‐1 IN/CCR5 in our previous study. CAPE could show multifunctional neuroprotective properties through its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects. In this study, neuroprotective effects of these dual inhibitors were evaluated, and the biological results revealed that the reduction of conjugated double bonds in ketones did not significantly influence their antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects. In addition, unsaturated ketones displayed better anti‐inflammatory activities than corresponding sulfones. Sulfone compounds 11 b and 11 d had the best antioxidant effects among all these compounds. Overall, most of these HIV‐1 dual inhibitors exhibited both antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities, and thus had the potential to reduce the morbidity of HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders.
Electron‐Selective Scandium−Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact for n‐Type Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Quan Cheng , Tong Hui , Yang Zhenhai , Ke Xiaoxing , Liao Mingdun , Gao Pingqi , Wang Dan , Yuan Zhizhong , Chen Kangmin , Yang Jie , Zhang Xinyu , Shou Chunhui , Yan Baojie , Zeng Yuheng , Ye Jichun
Published: June 2018

Dopant‐free carrier‐selective contacts have a high potential for cost reduction in solar panel production because of the simple structure and manufacturing procedure. Increasing the carrier selectivity is critical for improving the efficiency of heterostructure solar cells. Low work function metals have been explored as electron‐selective contact (ESC) recently. In this paper, a high‐performance silicon‐oxide/scandium (SiOx/Sc) ESC structure is explored as an ESC that exhibits a good contact and surface passivation. The lowest contact resistivity of 23 mΩ cm2 and the champion single‐surface saturated dark current density (Joe) of 61 fA cm−2 have been achieved with a full‐area SiOx/Sc passivated contact. It was revealed that the ScOx formed by the reaction of Sc and SiOx was the critical material modifying the interfacial work function. Finally, the champion efficiency of >15% and an open circuit voltage (Voc) of >620 mV are achieved for the full‐area rear SiOx/Sc passivated‐contact n‐type c‐Si solar cell. A comprehensive analysis indicates that a high‐efficiency n‐type solar cell with efficiency of >20% is expected with the application of high‐efficiency structures.
Concise Review: Stem/Progenitor Cell Proteoglycans Decorated with 7-D-4, 4-C-3, and 3-B-3(-) Chondroitin Sulfate Motifs Are Morphogenetic Markers of Tissue Development
Authors: Hayes Anthony J. , Smith Susan M. , Caterson Bruce , Melrose James
Published: June 2018

This study reviewed the occurrence of chondroitin sulfate (CS) motifs 4-C-3, 7-D-4, and 3-B-3(-), which are expressed by progenitor cells in tissues undergoing morphogenesis. These motifs have a transient early expression pattern during tissue development and also appear in mature tissues during pathological remodeling and attempted repair processes by activated adult stem cells. The CS motifs are information and recognition modules, which may regulate cellular behavior and delineate stem cell niches in developmental tissues. One of the difficulties in determining the precise role of stem cells in tissue development and repair processes is their short engraftment period and the lack of specific markers, which differentiate the activated stem cell lineages from the resident cells. The CS sulfation motifs 7-D-4, 4-C-3, and 3-B-3 (-) decorate cell surface proteoglycans on activated stem/progenitor cells and appear to identify these cells in transitional areas of tissue development and in tissue repair and may be applicable to determining a more precise role for stem cells in tissue morphogenesis.
Influence Factor Investigation on the Solution‐Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of Baricitinib Phosphate
Authors: Hong Minghuang , Guo Sai , Wang Kai , Ma Lei , Ren Guobin
Published: June 2018

Baricitinib is the only once‐daily oral selective Janus kinase (JAK1 and JAK2) inhibitor, currently in late‐stage clinical development for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Two most developable forms of Baricitinib phosphate, form A and form X, were fully characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Furthermore, the solution‐mediated polymorphic transformation from form A to form X was investigated by monitoring and identifying the transformation process through focused beam reflectance measurement probe combined with PXRD and UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The influence factors, such as system temperature, solvent composition, suspension density, stirring rate, and additives were studied. Results showed that higher temperature, larger mole fraction of acetonitrile, larger suspension density, faster stirring rate and some specific additives could accelerate the solution‐mediated phase transformation process to some extent.
Reactivity of a Peraryl Cyclotrisilene (c‐Si3R4) Toward Chalcogens
Authors: Zhao Hui , Klemmer Lukas , Cowley Michael J. , Huch Volker , Zimmer Michael , Scheschkewitz David
Published: June 2018

Reactions of the peraryl‐substituted cyclotrisilene 5 (c‐Si3R4, R = Tip = iPr3C6H2) with chalcogens initially result in Si=Si double bond π‐addition products, 2‐chalcogena‐1,3,4‐trisila‐bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes 6a–6c. Treatment with an excess of sulfur or selenium leads to the insertion of a second equivalent into the bridging Si‐Si single bond of 6a and 6b and thus affords 2,4‐dichalcogena‐1,3,5‐trisilabicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes 7a and 7b. In the solid state as well as at low temperature in solution, the monoaddition products 6a–6c show three signals in 29Si CP‐MAS NMR spectroscopy. The rapid degenerate exchange of the differing aryl group conformations at the bridging silicon atoms leads to coalescence (and thus disappearance) of two of these signals in C6D6 at elevated temperature. Thermal isomerization of 6a–6c to 2‐chalcogena‐1,3,4‐trisilacyclobutenes 8a–8c is suggested by NMR spectroscopic data and supported by the isolation of the hydrolysis product of 8c.
On fine structure of strings: the universal correction to the Veneziano amplitude
Authors: Sever Amit , Zhiboedov Alexander
Published: June 2018

Abstract

We consider theories of weakly interacting higher spin particles in flat space-time. We focus on the four-point scattering amplitude at high energies and imaginary scattering angles. The leading asymptotic of the amplitude in this regime is universal and equal to the corresponding limit of the Veneziano amplitude. In this paper, we find tha the first sub-leading correction to this asymptotic is universal as well. We compute the correction using a model of relativistic strings with massive endpoints. We argue that it is unique using holography, effective theory of long strings and bootstrap techniques.
Nonlocal quantum effective actions in Weyl-Flat spacetimes
Authors: Bautista Teresa , Benevides André , Dabholkar Atish
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Virtual massless particles in quantum loops lead to nonlocal effects which can have interesting consequences, for example, for primordial magnetogenesis in cosmology or for computing finite N corrections in holography. We describe how the quantum effective actions summarizing these effects can be computed efficiently for Weyl-flat metrics by integrating the Weyl anomaly or, equivalently, the local renormalization group equation. This method relies only on the local Schwinger-DeWitt expansion of the heat kernel and allows for a re-summation of the anomalous leading large logarithms of the scale factor, log a(x), in situations where the Weyl factor changes by several e-foldings. As an illustration, we obtain the quantum effective action for the Yang-Mills field coupled to massless matter, and the self-interacting massless scalar field. Our action reduces to the nonlocal action obtained using the Barvinsky-Vilkovisky covariant perturbation theory in the regime R
2 ≪ ∇2
R for a typical curvature scale R, but has a greater range of validity effectively re-summing the covariant perturbation theory to all orders in curvatures. In particular, it is applicable also in the opposite regime R
2 ≫ ∇2
R, which is often of interest in cosmology.
The action of the (free)

theory in six spacetime dimensions
Authors: Henneaux Marc , Lekeu Victor , Matulich Javier , Prohazka Stefan
Published: June 2018

Abstract

The action of the free "Image missing" theory in six spacetime dimensions is explicitly constructed. The variables of the variational principle are prepotentials adapted to the self-duality conditions on the fields. The (3, 1) supersymmetry variations are given and the invariance of the action is verified. The action is first-order in time derivatives. It is also Poincaré invariant but not manifestly so, just like the Hamiltonian action of more familiar relativistic field theories.
Short-lived modes from hydrodynamic dispersion relations
Authors: Withers Benjamin
Published: June 2018

Abstract

We consider the dispersion relation of the shear-diffusion mode in relativistic hydrodynamics, which we generate to high order as a series in spatial momentum q for a holographic model. We demonstrate that the hydrodynamic series can be summed in a way that extends through branch cuts present in the complex q plane, resulting in the accurate description of multiple sheets. Each additional sheet corresponds to the dispersion relation of a different non-hydrodynamic mode. As an example we extract the frequencies of a pair of oscillatory non-hydrodynamic black hole quasinormal modes from the hydrodynamic series. The analytic structure of this model points to the possibility that the complete spectrum of gravitational quasinormal modes may be accessible from the hydrodynamic derivative expansion.
The cellular machineries responsible for the division of endosymbiotic organelles
Authors: Yoshida Yamato
Published: June 2018

Chloroplasts (plastids) and mitochondria evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria. These organelles perform vital functions in photosynthetic eukaryotes, such as harvesting and converting energy for use in biological processes. Consistent with their evolutionary origins, plastids and mitochondria proliferate by the binary fission of pre-existing organelles. Here, I review the structures and functions of the supramolecular machineries driving plastid and mitochondrial division, which were discovered and first studied in the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. In the past decade, intact division machineries have been isolated from plastids and mitochondria and examined to investigate their underlying structure and molecular mechanisms. A series of studies has elucidated how these division machineries assemble and transform during the fission of these organelles, and which of the component proteins generate the motive force for their contraction. Plastid- and mitochondrial-division machineries have important similarities in their structures and mechanisms despite sharing no component proteins, implying that these division machineries evolved in parallel. The establishment of these division machineries might have enabled the host eukaryotic ancestor to permanently retain these endosymbiotic organelles by regulating their binary fission and the equal distribution of resources to daughter cells. These findings provide key insights into the establishment of endosymbiotic organelles and have opened new avenues of research into their evolution and mechanisms of proliferation.
Same-Sex Married Tax Filers After Windsor and Obergefell
Authors: Fisher Robin , Gee Geof , Looney Adam
Published: June 2018

This article provides new estimates of the number and characteristics of same-sex married couples after U.S. Supreme Court rulings in 2013 and 2015 established rights to same-sex marriage. The U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service subsequently ruled that same-sex spouses would be treated as married for federal tax purposes. Because almost all married taxpayers file joint tax returns, administrative tax records provide new information on the demographic characteristics of married same-sex couples. This study provides estimates of the population of same-sex tax filers drawn from returns filed in 2013, 2014, and 2015, using methods developed by the U.S. Census Bureau to address measurement error in gender classification. We estimate that approximately 0.48 % of all joint filers in 2015 were same-sex couples, or approximately 250,450 couples.
Examining the effects of gaming and guessing on script concordance test scores
Authors: Lubarsky Stuart , Dory Valérie , Meterissian Sarkis , Lambert Carole , Gagnon Robert Gagnon
Published: June 2018

Introduction In a script concordance test (SCT), examinees are asked to judge the effect of a new piece of clinical information on a proposed hypothesis. Answers are collected using a Likert-type scale (ranging from −2 to +2, with ‘0’ indicating no effect), and compared with those of a reference panel of ‘experts’. It has been argued, however, that SCT may be susceptible to the influences of gaming and guesswork. This study aims to address some of the mounting concern over the response process validity of SCT scores.

Method Using published datasets from three independent SCTs, we investigated examinee response patterns, and computed the score a hypothetical examinee would obtain on each of the tests if he 1) guessed random answers and 2) deliberately answered ‘0’ on all test items.

Results A simulated random guessing strategy led to scores 2 SDs below mean scores of actual respondents (Z-scores −3.6 to −2.1). A simulated ‘all-0’ strategy led to scores at least 1 SD above those obtained by random guessing (Z-scores −2.2 to −0.7). In one dataset, stepwise exclusion of items with modal panel response ‘0’ to fewer than 10% of the total number of test items yielded hypothetical scores 2 SDs below mean scores of actual respondents.

Discussion Random guessing was not an advantageous response strategy. An ‘all-0’ response strategy, however, demonstrated evidence of artificial score inflation.
Deciphering brain‐specific transcriptomic expression of Ezr, Rad and Msn genes in the development of Mus musculus
Authors: Ali Syed Aoun , Baig Deeba N
Published: June 2018

Ezrin, Radixin and Moesin (ERM) are critical membranous component involved in cross‐linking of actin filaments. Moesin (Msn) is recognized as a pivotal protein involved in regulation of cell signalling events associated with the maintenance of epithelial integrity, actin organization and polarity. Radixin (Rad) is known to cell‐to‐cell adherens junction as a barbed end‐capping protein whereas ezrin (Ezr) is recognized at cell adhesion, motility, apoptosis and phagocytosis. The current study for the first time reports the transcriptional and RNA secondary structural variations among brain‐specific ERM genes. Firstly, we analyzed brain‐specific transcriptomic expression in selected embryonic and postnatal developmental stages (E10.5, E14.5, E18.5, P0.5, P3.5, P5.5, P10.5 and P20.5) of Mus musculus. Among designated developmental stages, Ezr has highest fold difference in early embryonic and postnatal stages (E10.5, P0.5 and P5.5). Rad showed a similar pattern of high expression especially at embryonic stages (E10.5 and E18.5) and postnatal (P0.5 and P5.5), however, Msn exhibited non‐significant fold differences in comparison to controls leading to its curial role in development. Furthermore, computational prediction of ERM coding mRNA transcripts, reveals compact and less dynamic Msn secondary structure and pseudoknots configurations, in contrast to Ezr and Rad. Conclusively, transcriptomic levels are greatly associated with compact base pairing organization of its secondary structures. These findings open a new domain to understand the occurrence of ERM‐specific cytoskeleton proteins during developmental stages.
Approach to recurrent Herpes Simplex Encephalitis in children
Authors: Alsweed Abdulrahman , Alsuhibani Mohammed , Casanova Jean-Laurent , Al-Hajjar Sami
Published: June 2018

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE) is one of the commonest viral encephalitis and its recurrence is being increasingly reported were HSE relapse rate came up to 5%. Both herpes simplex virus (HSV) types can lead to encephalitis and it was established that HSV-1 is capable of nervous system invasion, latency, and recurrence. The recurrence of HSE used to be attributed to immunological compromise, but reports show many cases have no obvious immune system impairment. Further investigations revealed genetic predispositions to HSV infection that would explain the host vulnerability to its recurrence. In this review, we discuss the gene mutations that may predispose to recurrent HSE and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
Stitch guide technique for bicanalicular nasal intubation in single canalicular laceration reconstruction
Authors: Tsai Ming‐Jer , Lin I‐Wen , Lee Su‐Shin , Lai Chung‐Sheng
Published: June 2018

Various surgical techniques for canalicular laceration reconstruction have been described in previous study. But there are still two difficult points which may take time in the operation even with the assistance of magnification. We present a simple and effective way to achieve the bicanalicular nasal intubation for the single canalicular laceration. From Jan 2005 to Dec 2015, 20 patients (21 eyes) with upper or lower canalicular laceration were treated with the Crawford lacrimal intubation set by this stitch guide method. We used the eye pigtail probe and the steel probe of the intubation set to dispose a 4‐0 Nylon suture as a guide to pull down the silicone tube to the nostril. The functional and anatomic success rates in the 20 eyes are 90% (18/20) and 85% (17/20) respectively. The average time for bicanalicular nasal intubation by this method is 6.87 ± 1.83 min. The result of stitch guide technique to achieve bicanalicular nasal intubation in single canalicular laceration reconstruction is almost the same as the traditional method. Our anatomic and functional success rates are 85% and 90% respectively which are comparable to the previous studies. But this new method takes less time to complete the intubation with little variation. The magnification with microscopy could be omitted and no new instrument is needed. The stitch guide technique for bicanalicular nasal intubation with Crawford intubation system is a reliable and easy way to perform in single canalicular laceration reconstruction.
Frostbite—A Case Series From Arctic Greenland
Authors: Lorentzen Anne K. , Penninga Luit
Published: June 2018

Greenland is not only the largest island in the world, it is also the least densely populated country on the globe. The majority of Greenland’s landmass lies within the Arctic Circle. Weather conditions in Arctic areas can be extreme, thus exposing locals and visitors to a high risk of acquiring frostbite injuries. More than two thirds of Greenland is covered by a permanent ice sheet, and temperatures can drop to below −70°C. In addition, frequent storms, occupational exposure, and alcohol all contribute to an increased risk for frostbite injury. Frostbite may cause major morbidity, including tissue loss and limb amputation. Hence, proper diagnosis and treatment of frostbite injuries is of utmost importance. We present 6 cases of frostbite injuries in Greenland, ranging from mild to severe frostbite in both locals and foreign visitors. The cases illustrate some of the known risk factors for frostbite injuries. The etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and recommended management of frostbite are summarized. Novel treatments for frostbite and frostbite sequelae are discussed in the context of the Greenlandic healthcare system. Furthermore, cultural aspects and reasons for a seemingly low incidence of frostbite injuries in Greenland are explored.
DELIBERATIONALLY USELESS CONDITIONALS
Authors: Krzyżanowska Karolina
Published: June 2018

Decision theorists tend to treat indicative conditionals with reservation, because they can easily lead a deliberating agent astray. However, many indicatives can be very helpful in contexts of deliberation, so denying them all a role in such contexts seems to be overkill. We show that a recently revived inferential view on conditionals provides a straightforward explanation of why some indicatives are unassertable in contexts of deliberation and hints at a way of telling “deliberationally useless” and “deliberationally useful” conditionals apart.