bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repaired Reinforced Concrete Beams with Normal and High Strength Concrete
Authors: Emad Yassin Khudhair
Published: November 2021

In resent years several attempts were undertaken to repair damaged reinforced concrete structures. Studies on the effectiveness of repaired and strengthened reinforced concrete elements which fail primarily due to formation of major flexural cracks are same what limited for normal strength concrete (NSC) and very limited for high strength concrete (HSC). The overall objective of the present work is to investigate the strength and deformation characteristics in flexure of reinforced HSC and NSC beams repaired with either with concrete alone or with fiber reinforced concrete or with Welded Wire Mesh (W.W.M). From the results obtained, it was found that the beams were adequately repaired and the general mode of failure was flexural. The repaired beams had higher strength than the original beams. All repaired beams exhibited significant decrease in deflection than the original beams.
Design and Simulation of Hybrid System for Electricity Generation in IRAQI Rural Regions
Authors: Qusay Abdul-Jabbar Jawad  , Mohammed Ridha Jawad  , Kareem Kadhum Gasem
Published: November 2021

In this research the design and simulation of a hybrid wind-solar and diesel  was studied and discussed to be used in the far areas of our country to help the people there in improving their life where electricity from the main grid has not reached yet.  The proposed connecting configurations are compared to select the one with the best  efficiency of power consumption to the consumers by considering each power sources  independently. It is found that best efficiency of power consumption can be achieved with the Mixed-coupling HPSs, when compared with the other topologies and the selected topology is  used for further investigation.
A Comprehensive Framework Planning for Reconstruction and Development of the Kurdistan Region Iraq
Authors: Othman Karim Mohammed
Published: November 2021

The concept of the case study "comprehensive framework planning" is crucial to consider it encompasses a number of important issues relevant to rebuild and develop the Iraqi Kurdistan– especially the countryside- after miss-failure of the regional government to master the reconstruction and development problem, of which three major interconnected issues that of integration, coordination and sustainable development. It begins to produce connections of integrated governance, spatial integration, and sustainability to those of very local- and regional-based needs. Accordingly, it specifies the root causes the entire accumulated-chronically problems in both rural and urban areas and worked out the related solutions in form of a "frame work planning", within which the interconnected sphere, of Agriculture, industry, environment impacts, housing and related infrastructures integrated.  Then the study assumes that most of the reasons that have led to miss-failure of the regional governments lie in the miss-definition the problem itself that results in the sporadic, disintegrated, disjointed manner of planning actions of institutions that involved directly or indirectly in rehabilitation and development affair of the region. In addition to this, the development problem is still seeing to be as if the provision of housing only.
Studying The Effect of Reinforcing by Sicp on The Dry Sliding Wear Behavior and Mechanical Properties of AL- 4% CU Matrix Alloy
Authors: Israa .A.K
Published: November 2021

This research is devoted to study the effect of addition of different weight percent from SiCp ( 2, 4, 6, 8 ) to Al– 4 Cu alloy which have been fabricated by liquid metallurgy method on the dry sliding wear behavior and mechanical properties. Wear characteristics of Al–SiC composites have been investigated under dry sliding conditions and compared with base alloy. Dry sliding wear tests have been carried out using pin-on-disk wear test under normal applied loads 5, 10, 15 and 20 N and at different sliding velocity of (2.7, 3.7, 4.7) m/sec. It was also observed that the wear rate varies linearly with increases normal applied load but lower in composites as compared to the base material. The wear mechanism appears to be oxidative for both Al – Cu alloy and composites under the given conditions of load and sliding velocity as indicated by optical microscopic of the worn surfaces. Further, it was found from the experimentation that the wear rate decreases linearly with increasing weight percent of silicon carbide. The best results have been obtained at 8 % wt SiC . We also observed that the yield strength, tensile strength increases with increasing wt% of SiC , but the ductility decreases.
KEY Genaration Forimage Scrambling Using Voiceprint
Authors: Ahlam H. Shnain
Published: November 2021

This paper presents a new algorithm to scramble color image using voiceprint and linear predicative coding (LPC). The speech signal pass through pre-processing stage which includes sampling and segmentation into many frames. All frames are windowed using rectangular window and fed to linear predicative predicator, the linear predicator is used to obtain the coefficient of the pth order all-pole vocal tract and it predicts the current sample of the speech signal from linear combination of past samples. Levison Durbin (L-D) procedure is used for each speech frame to find Lp coefficients, reflection coefficients and predictor error. For scrambling color image, key will be generated manually; by using the LPC coefficient, by ascending all the LPC coefficients and compare each coefficient with all pixels of the color image. When LPC coefficient is similar to the pixel, the pixel will be replaced by that coefficient. So that pixel will be send in random sequence and the color image will be scrambled by using voiceprint (LPC) coefficients. Descrambling will be done in reverse procedure. Scrambling process is simulated using MATLAB version 7.06.324(R2008a). Many tests are done with different speech signals and color image, SNR, correlation will founded good results.
Using Intelligent Technique Rbfnn for Prediction Recognition of Tool Wear in Hard Turning
Authors: Akeel Ali Wannas
Published: November 2021

Hard turning technology has been gaining acceptance in many industries throughout the last 2decades. The trend today is to replace the slow and cost-intensive grinding process with finish hard turning in many industrial applications such as bearings, transmission shafts, axles and engine components, flap gears, landing struts and aerospace engine components. In this study, Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) model has been developed for the prediction of the status of the tool wear. Learning data was collected from Experimental setup. The neural network model has 3 input nodes and one output representing process Modeling correlates process state variables to parameters. The process input parameters are Feed rate (F), cutting Speed (S) and Depth of cut (Dc). The process output is state Variable (Vb). Regression analysis between finite element results and values predicted by the neural network model shows the least error.
Design of Finite Impulse Response Filters Based on Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Raaed Faleh Hassan  , Ali Subhi Abbood
Published: November 2021

Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are used to solve many optimization problems in science and engineering such as pattern recognition, robotics, biology, medicine, and many other applications. The aim of this paper is to describe a method of designing Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter using Genetic Algorithm (GA). In this paper, the Genetic Algorithm not only used for searching the optimal coefficients, but also it is used to find the minimum number of Taps, and hence minimize the number of multipliers and adders that can be used in the design of the FIR filter. The Evolutionary Programming is the best search procedure and most powerful than Linear Programming in providing the optimal solution that is desired to minimize the ripple content in both passband and stopband. The algorithm generates a population of genomes that represents the filter coefficient and the number of taps, where new genomes are generated by crossover and mutation operations methods. Our proposed genetic technique has able to give better result compare to other method.The FIR filter design using Genetic Algorithm is simulated using MATLAB programming language version 7.6.0.324 (R2008a).
Simulation of Enzyme Catalysis in Calcium Alginate Beads
Authors: Ameel M. Al-Mayah
Published: November 2021

In the present study, a general mathematical model for a fixed bed–immobilized enzymereactor was developedto simulate the process of diffusion and reaction inside the biocatalyst particle. The modeling and simulation of starch hydrolysis using immobilized α–amylase was used as a model for this study. Corn starch hydrolysis was carried out at constant pH of 5.5 and temperature of 50°C. The substrate flowrate was ranging from 0.2 – 5.0 ml/min, substrate initial concentrations 1 to 100 g/L. α–amylase was immobilized on to calcium alginate hydro-gel beads of 2mm average diameter.In this work Michaelis–Menten kinetics has been considered. The effect of substrate flow rate (i.e. residence time) and initial concentration on intra-particle diffusion has been taking into consideration. The performance of the system is found to be affected by the substrate flow rate and initial concentrations. The reaction is controlled by the reaction rate. The model equation was a non-linear second order differential equation simulated based on the experimental data for steady state condition. The simulation was achieved numerically using FINITE ELEMENTS in MATLABSoftware package. The simulated results give satisfactory results for substrate and product concentration profile within the biocatalyst bead.
Calculation of A Three-Dimensional Coordinates of A Manipulator End Effector in A Compound Frames
Authors: Emad K. Hussein
Published: November 2021

A theoretical and experimental study of measurement of three dimensional Cartesian coordinates of the end effecter of a robotic manipulator with three different frames each one known relative to the other was carried out in this research.The aim of this work is, first, to calculate three dimensional Cartesian coordinates of an end effecter tip which lies in a specific frame {C} with respect to another frame which represents the fixed base frame {A} passing through an intermediate frame {B} by using Matrix Compound Transformation Method i.e. theoretical approach, then followed by measuring the same coordinates by another two traditional procedures, they are: Z A Y A X A P P P , ,
o Self Coordinates Feeding.
o Manual Alignment.
And comparing the final obtained results (theoretical and experimental) with the standard one. The second step is checking repeatability for the above mentioned methods, by measuring the final tip coordinates for 18 times for each case.
The final result shows that the Matrix Compound Transformation Method gives an accurate repeatability comparing with the others.
Nonlinear Analysis of Simply Supported Composite Steel - Concrete Beam
Authors: Amer M. Ibrahim  , Qussay W. Ahmed
Published: November 2021

This paper presents a nonlinear finite element computer program. ANSYS version 12.0 developed for the analysis of composite steel-concrete beam. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model has been developed in this work. The analytical results of load-deflection response have been compared with available experimental tests. In general good agreement between the finite element solutions and experimental results have been obtained. Parametric studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of some important material and geometrical parameters. These parameters included the effect of shear connectors number, concrete grade, thickness to width ratio of concrete slab, the ultimate load for shear connector and effect of yield strength of Steel beam. It was found that, as the compressive strength of concrete increases from 20 MPa to 70 MPa the ultimate load increases by about 20% and also an increase in the thickness to width ratio (t/B) of concrete slab from 0.1 to 0.3 lead to increase in the ultimate load by about 43%.
Comparison Between Membrane Theory and Finite Elements Analyses for Domed Shells Edged by Support Ring Beam
Authors: Khattab Saleem AbdulRazzaq  , Waad A. Zakaria  , Ali AlAmawy
Published: November 2021

Domes are back again in Iraq. They are early recognized with specific houses of those who consider them a symbol of Iraqi architecture, beauty and luxury at the same time. Nowadays, domes are widely implemented. Domes, built with brick, reinforced concrete or steel; separated or overlapped are widely implemented (5). In order to achieve fast and accurate dome designs, we must to be familiar with how domes behave under various types of loads and boundary conditions. This humble work illustrates the deduced results of membrane theory and finite element to address specific cases in which fast and easy membrane theory results cannot be adopted directly by recommending other ways in order to get an accurate implementation of membrane theory in harmony with engineering sense. Several types of loading applied on a spherical dome –as an example– in this research to get results which were analyzed, discussed and then recommendations were presented in this paper.
ﺘﻘﯿﯿم إدارة اﻟﺼﯿﺎﻨﺔ ﻷﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﯿﺎت ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨدام ﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ أﻓﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻨظﺎم ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻤﻊ اﻟﺤل اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )TOPSIS(
Authors: Naji Hafiz
Published: November 2021

ﺘﻌد ﺼﯿﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﺸﺎرﯿﻊ اﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﯿﺎت وأﺴﺎﻟﯿب إدارﺘﻬﺎ ﻤن اﻟﻤواﻀﯿﻊ اﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯿﺠب وﻀﻊ اﻟﺠﻬود ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﺒﻬﺎ وٕاﻋطﺎﺌﻬﺎ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤطﻠوﺒﺔ، ﻤﻤﺎ ﯿﺘطﻠب اﻟﺒﺤث اﻟداﺌم ﻋن أﻓﻀل اﻷﺴﺎﻟﯿب اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋد ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﯿﯿم إدارة أﻋﻤﺎل ﺼﯿﺎﻨﺔ  ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯿﻊ . وﯿﻌد اﺴﻠوب اﻓﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻨظﺎم ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻤﻊ اﻟﺤل اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ اﺤد ﺘﻠك اﻷﺴﺎﻟﯿب. ﯿرﻛز ﻫذا اﻟﺒﺤث ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘدﯿم اﻓﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻨظﺎم ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻤﻊ اﻟﺤل اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )TOPSIS( ﻛﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻋد ﻋﻠﻰ اﺘﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘرار اﻻﻤﺜل ﻋﻨد اﻨﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﺸروع اﻟذي ﺘﻌﺘرﻀﻪ ﻤﺸﺎﻛل ﻤﻌﻘدة وﻤﺘﻌدد اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯿﯿر)MCDM(. وﺘطﺒق ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤﺘﻨوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎت ﻛوﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻟدراﺴﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ وﻏﯿر اﻟﻤﺘﺤﯿزة ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﯿﯿر واﻟﺒداﺌل. ﯿﻬدف ﻫذا اﻟﺒﺤث اﻟﻰ اﺒراز اﻫﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﯿﺎﻨﺔ، وﻛﯿف ﯿﻤﻛن ﺘوظﯿف اﺴس ﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ )TOPSIS( ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﯿﯿم ادارة ﺼﯿﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﺸﺎرﯿﻊ اﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﯿﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓظﺔ دﯿﺎﻟﻰ ﻤن ﺨﻼل ﺘﺤدﯿد اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯿﯿر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨدﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤدﯿد اﻟﻤﺸروع اﻷﻤﺜل ﻤن ﻨﺎﺤﯿﺔ ادارة اﻟﺼﯿﺎﻨﺔ ، وﻛذﻟك ﺘﺤدﯿد ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﻤﺸﺎرﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﯿﺎت ﻟﻛﻲ ﻨﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﻤﺸروع اﻻﻤﺜل ﻤن ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻨﺎﺤﯿﺔ وﻤن ﺜم اﻟوﺼول اﻟﻰ ادارة ﺼﯿﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﯿﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓظﺔ.وﻟﻐرض ﺘﺤﻘﯿق ﻫدف اﻟﺒﺤث ، ﻓﻘد ﺘم ﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻨﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻪ ﻤن اﻻدﺒﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎوﻟت ﻤوﻀوﻋﻲ اﻓﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻨظﺎم ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻤﻊ اﻟﺤل اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ وادارة اﻟﺼﯿﺎﻨﺔ ، واﺨﯿرا ﻤن اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺔ ﻤن ذوي اﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎص ﻤن اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﯿن واﻟﻤﻨﻔذﯿن واﻟﻤﺸﻐﻠﯿن ﻟﻬذﻩ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﯿﺎت. اظﻬرت ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﺤﻠﯿل اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻨﺎت ﻻﻓراد اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ان ﻤﻌﺎﯿﯿر اﻟﺘﺨطﯿط، اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿذ، اﻟﺘﻨظﯿم، اﻟﺴﯿطرة ﻫﻲ اﻛﺜر اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯿﯿر اﻫﻤﯿﺔ ﻻﺠراء اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺎت اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﯿﺔ ﺒﯿن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﯿﺎت، وان ﻤﻌﯿﺎري اﻟﺘﺨطﯿط واﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿذ ﻫﻲ اﻛﺜر اﻫﻤﯿﺔ  ﻤن ﺒﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯿﯿر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﯿﺎت. واﺨﯿرا ،وﻤن ﺨﻼل ﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ وﻤؤﺸر اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿف ﻟﺘرﺘﯿب اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﯿﺎت ﻨﺠد ان ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺒﻌﻘوﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻗد ﺤﺼﻠت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺼﯿب اﻻﻛﺒر ﻤن اﻻﻫﻤﯿﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﯿﺎت اﻷﺨرى واﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﺎج ادارة ﺼﯿﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻛﺒر ﻟﻠوﺼول ﺒﻬﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﺒﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘرﻤﯿز ﻟﺘﺸﻤل اﻋﻤﺎل اﻻﺒﻨﯿﺔ واﻟﺼﯿﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﻌﺎ. وﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﯿﺔ ﺘم اﻟﺘوﺼل اﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎت واﻟﺘوﺼﯿﺎت ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠف ﺠواﻨب اﻟﻤوﻀوع ﻤن ﺒﯿﻨﻬﺎ، اﻹﺴراع ﻓﻲ ﺘطﺒﯿق ﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﺘﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘرار اﻟﻤﺘﻌدد اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯿﯿر ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﯿﯿم اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯿﻊ إﻀﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻹﺴراع ﻓﻲ ﺘطﺒﯿق اﻟﻨظم اﻟﻤﻘﺘرﺤﺔ ﻤن ﻗﺒل اﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﯿن ﻹدارة اﻟﺼﯿﺎﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋدة اﻟﻤﻬﻨدﺴﯿن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘطﺒﯿق اﻻﻤﺜل ﻟﻬذﻩ اﻻدارة.
اقتراح نظام حماية مبسط لتغليف واجهة الابنيةوتأثيره على ترشيد استهلاك الطاقة
Authors: حسن عاطف
Published: November 2021

يهدف البحث الى تقليل كميـ الااةـ الكهاباةيـ المصـاوغ ض ـااي تكييـف المبنـى نتيجـ تقليـل تـةثيا البيةـ علـى المبنى صيفاً وذلك بإعادة تغليف جداا الواجه بةسلوب مبسا يمتاز بخفـ الـوز , انخفـاي الكلفـ اضوليـ وسـهول التجميـ م المبنى المشـيد مسـبقاً, لـذلك تـم اسـتخدام ألـواك بالسـتك الـديكوا وألـواك الفوامايكـا المدعمـ بخشـب الفـايبا واتبـت بإاـاا م اضلمنيوم لسهول التداول والتاكيب وبوجود غجوة هواةي أو عازل حاااي. تمـت الدااسـ اـم اللـاوف المناخيـ لمناقـ بغـداد )خـا عـاي 6632 داجـ شـماالً(. تـم التوصـل الـى أ اســتخدام ألــواك البالســتك الــديكوا مــ العــازل الحــاااي ســيوغا ااةــ ســنوي تعــادل 66 %بينمــا اســتخدام التغليــف بــةلواك الفوامايكا المدعم بخشب الفايبا سيزيد م ةيم التوغيا الى 40 %بينما وجـود سـاع عـاكس للعـازل الحـاااي سـيزيد التـوغياالى 62.
Settlement-Time Behavior of Steel Piles in Gypsifereous Sand- A Model Prototype Study
Authors: Waad Abdulsattar Zakaria
Published: November 2021

There are a lot of studies conducted on gypseous soils dealing with the effect of collapsibility on the general behavior of the soil concerning its strength properties, settlement indexes, volume-mass relationship and permeability. To get rid of the bad soil properties then one goes into another subject as dealing with the aspects of soil improvement or replacement and the like. This study is devoted to settlement investigation of a small prototype pile erected into gypsifereous soil, loaded to 70% of its ultimate bearing load, socked for two hours and then leached with water for seven days. In preparing testing soil, well graded sand is mixed with pure gypsum in ratios of gypsum content of 10, 20, 30, 50, 70%. The loading frame is locally manufactured as to apply loads and to record settlement of pile. The results revealed that when gypsum is less than 10% or 20%, settlement recorded is small. The settlement-time curves show a convetional “S” shape in a semi-log scale. Maximum settlement obtained is for gypsum content of 70% and is about 30% of pile diameter. Finally, three additional socking and leaching tests are also conducted by using 5% concentration of CH3COOH (acid), grade-60 viscosity oil, and kerosene for specimens containing 50% of gypsum. Specimen socked and leached by oil shows very little settlement, while the specimen treated with kerosene shows less settlement as compared with water. The specimen treated with 5% concentration of CH3COOH shows 50% increase in settlement.
Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Slabs with Spherical Voids
Authors: Amer M. Ibrahim  , Nazar K. Ali  , Wissam D. Salman
Published: November 2021

This paper presents a numerical analysis using ANSYS finite element program to simulate the reinforced concrete slabs with spherical voids when subjected to five point load. Six slabs with length 1.0m, width 1.0m, height (0.1m and 0.125m) and simply supported were modeled. Nonlinear materials behavior, as it relates to steel reinforcing bars and plain concrete, and linear behavior for steel plate is simulated using appropriate constitutive models. The results showed that the general behavior of the finite element models represented by the load-deflection curves at mid-span, ultimate load, load-maximum concrete compressive strain curve, and crack patterns show good agreement with the test data from the experimental test. The finite element models represented by this work can be used to carry out parametric study for the BubbleDeck slab specimens
Evaluation of Local Voidage in Two Phase System by Optical Method
Authors: Ali Z. Asker
Published: November 2021

One of the important characteristics in predicting the flow of two phases (gas and liquid) in the industrial equipment is the gas percentage in the liquid, which is called voidage. This characteristic can be measured by different methods; the optical method is one of them. In the present work, a He-Ne laser light is employed to measure the voidage. The measurement depends on the principle of laser light attenuation during its passage through a mixture of fluids, which is governed by Beer-Lambert law. The attenuated light is measured using silicon type detector and an oscilloscope with a plotter. The gas phase was air while the liquid phase was contaminated water situated in a vertical column. The experiments were done with different air flow rates in water (1, 2, 3, 4,5and 6 liters per minute) with two spot sizes of laser (5mm dia & 10 mm dia). The results illustrated the possibility of measuring the voidage using laser beam and are compared with another one based on the liquid level variation (level ratio) in the column. Furthermore, the results provide that the 10mm dia spot size of laser beam gives better results.
The Effect of Spin Coating Speed and deposition parameters on the Crystalline Size of ZnO Thin Films
Authors: Aqeel Ali Al-Attar  , Safaa Mohammad Hasony  , Ali Hussein Ali
Published: November 2021

ZnO thin films have been deposited onto the glass-substrates by the sol-gel spin coating method at different chuck rotation rates. This method was used for the preparation of thin films on the important semiconductors ІІ-VІ. The effect of deposition parameters on the structural, optical and electrical properties of the ZnO thin film was investigated. Zinc acetate dehydrate, 2- methoxethanol and monoethanolamine (MEA) were used as a starting material, solvent and stabilizer, respectively. XRD of the dried gel showed that weight loss continued until 300°C, with smallest particle size at 400 rpm spin coating speed.
Design and Simulation of Self Tuning Controller for DC Servo Motor
Authors: Mustafa A. Khamis
Published: November 2021

This paper presents an adaptive controller which improves the tracking performance between the plant and the desired response to obtain model following (the plant response completely follow the desired response). The DC servo motor is used (with fixed and variable load) as the plant response for the adaptive controller and the type of the controller that designed in this paper is indirect self-tuning controller STC with the parameters estimation. The parameters estimation is obtained by using the Least Square Estimation method and the model following is achieved by pole placement design method. Matlab program is used to design and simulation the controller and the simulation results show that the tracking error is reduced until becomes zero. At this point the DC servomotor response is closed to the desired response by the proposed controller as applied to the dc servomotor, also when the gain or the load of the DC servo motor is changed the output response of the STC is closed to the desired response after some time due to the estimation process, and the best value of the forgetting factor is less than one.
راسة عملية لكلال سبيكة الالمنيوم ( (6061 – T651 تحت التحميل الانحنائي المتناوب
Authors: ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺣﺴﯿﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس
Published: November 2021

ﻘد ﺘﻤت دراﺴﺔ ظﺎﻫرة اﻟﻛﻼل ﻟﺴﺒﯿﻛﺔ اﻻﻟﻤﻨﯿوم ذات اﻟرﻤز )T٦٥١ – ٦٠٦١( وذﻟك ﺒﺘﺴﻠﯿط اﺠﻬﺎدات دورﯿـﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘـﺔ  وﻤﺘﻐﯿرة )constant and variable cyclic stresses( ﻤـن ﻨـوع اﻻﻨﺤﻨـﺎء اﻟﺼـﺎﻓﻲ )pure bending( ﻓـﻲ درﺠـﺔ ﺤـرارة  اﻟﻐرﻓـﺔ. وﻤـن ﺨـﻼل ﻗﯿـﺎس اطـوال اﻟﺸـﻘوق اﻟﺴـطﺤﯿﺔ اﻟﺼـﻐﯿرة )Short surface fatigue cracks( واﻟﺸـﻘوق اﻟﺴـطﺤﯿﺔ اﻟﻛﺒﯿـرة )long surface fatigue cracks( وﻛـذﻟك ﻋـدد اﻟـدورات )number of cycles( ﺘـم ﺒﻨـﺎء ﻨﻤـوذج )model(  رﯿﺎﻀﻲ ﯿﺼف ﺤرﻛﺔ اﻟﺸﻘوق اﻟﺼﻐﯿرة واﻟﻛﺒﯿرة وأﺠرﯿت ﺘﺠـﺎرب ﻤﺨﺘﺒرﯿـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺜﻼﺜـﺔ ﻋﯿﻨـﺎت ﻤـن ﻨﻔـس اﻟﻤـﺎدة ﺘﺤـت أﺠﻬـﺎدات  دورﯿـﺔ ﻤﺘﻐﯿــرة )variable stresses( ﻟﺘﻘرﯿـب اﻟﺤﺎﻟــﺔ اﻟــﻰ ﻤــﺎ ﻫــو ﻋﻠﯿــﻪ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺤﯿـﺎة اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿــﺔ وﺘــم ﺘﺨﻤــﯿن ﻋﻤــر ﻫــذﻩ اﻟﻌﯿﻨــﺎت  ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨدام اﻟﻨﻤوذج اﻟﻤﻘﺘرح وأﺜﺒت ﻛﻔﺎءة ﺠﯿدة ﻻﻨﻪ اﻋطﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ أﻗل ﻤن اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿـﺔ وﻫـذا ﯿﻌﻨـﻲ أن اﻟﻨﻤـوذج ﯿﻌطـﻲ ﺘﺨﻤـﯿن  ﻤﺤﺎﻓظ اي ﯿﻌطﻲ ﺘﺤذﯿر ﻤﻬم ﺠداً وﺨﺎﺼﺔ ان اﻟﺴﺒﯿﻛﺔ أﻋﻼﻩ ﺘﺴﺘﺨدم ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ أﺠزاء اﻟطـﺎﺌرات اﻟﺤرﺒﯿـﺔ واﻟﻤدﻨﯿـﺔ ، ﯿوﻀـﺢ ﻫذا اﻟﺒﺤث أﻤﻛﺎﻨﯿﺔ اﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎء ﻋن ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ وﯿﻠر او )S-N curve( .
د ا رسة تأثير المعاملات الح ا ررية على الخواص الميكانيكية لمسبوكة فولاذ منخفض السبائكية
Authors: حاتم عبد حسن
Published: November 2021

ﺘم ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻟﺒﺤث ﺘﺤدﯿد درﺠﺔ ﺤرارة ﺒدء وﻨﻬﺎﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤول ﻟﻸطوار و ﻟﻤﻌدﻻت ﺘﺴﺨﯿن وﺘﺒرﯿد ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺤﺴﺎب ﻓﺘرة اﻟﺘﺤول ﻟﻛل ﺤﺎﻟﺔ وﺘم اﺴﺘﺨدام ﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻤدد أﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ) Dilatometer test( ﻟذﻟك وﻟﻤﺴﺒوﻛﺔ ﻤﻛﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﯿﻛﺔ DIN ١,٢٠٦٧ و ﺘم دراﺴﺔ ﺴﻠوك اﻟﻛﻠل واﻟﺸد واﻟﺼدﻤﺔ و اﻟﺼﻼدة ﻷرﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺠﺎﻤﯿﻊ اﺨﺘﺒﺎر ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺒ وﻛﺔ وﺜﻼث ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺎت ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺤرارﯿﺎ . اﻟﺘﻘﺴﯿﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎء , اﻟﺘﻘﺴﯿﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻤراﺠﻌﺔ ﻋﻨد )٢٦٠oC( , اﻟﺘﻘﺴﯿﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻤراﺠﻌﺔ ﻋﻨد )٦٢٠oC( و أﺠرﯿت اﺨﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻛﻠل ﺒﺘﺄﺜﯿر أﺤﻤﺎل ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﻗﯿﺎﺴﯿﺔ اﺴطواﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﻛل ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨدام اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟدوار وﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ إﺠﻬﺎد )١- = R( وﻋﯿﻨﺎت ﻗﯿﺎﺴﯿﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺸد واﻟﺼدﻤﺔ و أظﻬرت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ إن اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺤرارﯿﺔ ﺘزﯿد ﻋﻤر اﻟﻛﻠل ﻟﻠﻌﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺴﺎة ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻤراﺠﻌﺔ ﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺒوﺒﺔ اﻷﺼﻠﯿﺔ وﻛذﻟك ﯿﺘﺤﺴن )ﯿرﺘﻔﻊ ﺤد( إﺠﻬﺎد اﻟﺨﻀوع و اﻟﻛﺴر و ﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ اﻟﺼدﻤﺔ واﻟﺼﻼدة و أﻓﻀﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﺴﯿﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻤراﺠﻌﺔ ﻋﻨد )٢٦٠oC(.
تقييم الهيكل التنظيمي لشركات الإنشاء باستخدام تقنية أفضلية النظام بالتشابه مع الحل المثالي (TOPSIS )
Authors: حافظ ابراهيم ناجي  , علي لفته عباس
Published: November 2021

ﯿﺤﺘل ﻤوﻀوع اﺘﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘرار ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯿﻊ اﻻﻨﺸﺎﺌﯿﺔ اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻟرﺌﯿﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌظم اﻟﺸرﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻔذة ﻓﻲ اﻟدول اﻟﻤﺘﻘدﻤﺔ، ﻟذا ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎﻟك اﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻤﻠﺤوظ ﻓﻲ ﺘطوﯿر اﺴﺎﻟﯿب اﺘﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘرار اﻟﻤﺘﻌدد اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯿﯿر. وﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﺜﻨﺎ ﻫذا اﻟذي ﯿرﻛز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘدﯿم ﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻓﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻨظﺎم ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻤﻊ اﻟﺤل اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )TOPSIS( ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﯿﯿم اﻟﻬﯿﺎﻛل اﻟﺘﻨظﯿﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸرﻛﺎت اﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﯿﺔ. ﺤﯿث ﻗد ﺘﺘﻌرض ﺒﻌض اﻟﺸرﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻔذة إﻟﻰ ﺨﺴﺎﺌر ﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ او اﻟﻰ اﻨﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ اﻻرﺒﺎح اﻟﻤﺘوﻗﻌﺔ اﺜﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿذ ﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﻀﻌف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﯿﻛل اﻟﺘﻨظﯿﻤﻲ او ﻋدم اﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻟﻬﯿﻛل اﻟﺘﻨظﯿﻤﻲ اﻻﻤﺜل اﻟﻘﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘوﻓﯿر اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻨﺎت واﻟﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺎت اﻟﻀرورﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋد اﻟﻤﺴﺘوﯿﺎت اﻹدارﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ واﻟﺴﯿطرة ﻋﻠﻰ أداء اﻟﻤﺸروع. ﯿﻬدف ﻫذا اﻟﺒﺤث اﻟﻰ اﺒراز اﻫﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻬﯿﻛل اﻟﺘﻨظﯿﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸرﻛﺎت اﻻﻨﺸﺎﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ دﯿﺎﻟﻰ، وﻛﯿف ﯿﻤﻛن ﺘوظﯿف اﺴس ﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ )TOPSIS( ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﯿﯿم اﻟﻬﯿﺎﻛل اﻟﺘﻨظﯿﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺸرﻛﺎت ﻤن ﺨﻼل ﺘﺤدﯿد اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯿﯿر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨدﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤدﯿد اﻟﺸرﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻤن ﻨﺎﺤﯿﺔ اﻟﻬﯿﻛل اﻟﺘﻨظﯿﻤﻲ. وﻟﻐرض ﺘﺤﻘﯿق ﻫدف اﻟﺒﺤث، ﻓﻘد ﺘم ﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻨﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻪ ﻤن اﻻدﺒﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎوﻟت ﻤوﻀوﻋﻲ أﻓﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻨظﺎم ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻤﻊ اﻟﺤل اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﻬﯿﺎﻛل اﻟﺘﻨظﯿﻤﯿﺔ، واﺨﯿرا ﻤن اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺔ ﻤن ذوي اﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎص ﻤن ﻤدراء ﺸرﻛﺎت وﻤدراء اﻗﺴﺎم وﻤدراء ﻤﺸﺎرﯿﻊ. اظﻬرت ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﺤﻠﯿل اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻨﺎت ﻻﻓراد اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ان ﻤﻌﺎﯿﯿر اﻟﺘداﺨل اﻟوظﯿﻔﻲ، ﺘطوﯿر اﻟﻤدراء واﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﯿن وﺘﻘوﯿﺔ اﻟرواﺒط ﺒﯿﻨﻬم، ﻓﻬم اﻟﻤﺸروع وأﻫداﻓﻪ واﻹﺴراع ﺒﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﺘﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘرار، ذاﻛرة ﻤؤﺴﺴﺔ ﻗوﯿﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻛﺜر اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯿﯿر أﻫﻤﯿﺔ ﻹﺠراء اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺎت اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﯿﺔ ﺒﯿن اﻟﺸرﻛﺎت ، وان ﻤﻌﯿﺎري اﻟﺘداﺨل اﻟوظﯿﻔﻲ، ﻓﻬم اﻟﻤﺸروع وأﻫداﻓﻪ واﻹﺴراع ﺒﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﺘﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘرار ﻫﻲ أﻛﺜر أﻫﻤﯿﺔ ﻤن ﺒﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯿﯿر ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘوﯿم اﻟﺸرﻛﺎت. وأﺨﯿرا، وﻤن ﺨﻼل ﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ وﻤؤﺸر اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿف ﻟﺘرﺘﯿب اﻟﺸرﻛﺎت ﻨﺠد ان ﺸرﻛﺔ اﻟﻔﺎو ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎوﻻت اﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻗد ﺤﺼﻠت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺼﯿب اﻻﻛﺒر ﻤن اﻻﻫﻤﯿﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ اﻟﺸرﻛﺎت اﻷﺨرى. وﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﯿﺔ ﺘم اﻟﺘوﺼل اﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎت واﻟﺘوﺼﯿﺎت ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠف ﺠواﻨب اﻟﻤوﻀوع ﻤن ﺒﯿﻨﻬﺎ، اﻹﺴراع ﻓﻲ ﺘطﺒﯿق ﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﺘﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘرار اﻟﻤﺘﻌدد اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯿﯿر ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﯿﯿم اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯿﻊ إﻀﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻹﺴراع ﻓﻲ ﺘطﺒﯿق اﻟﻬﯿﺎﻛل اﻟﺘﻨظﯿﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺘرﺤﺔ ﻤن ﻗﺒل اﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﯿن ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋدة ﻤدراء اﻟﺸرﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ان اﺘﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘرار اﻟﻛﻔوء اﻟذي ﺴﯿؤدي اﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻀﺒط وﺴﯿطرة اﻛﺜر ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸروع اﻻﻨﺸﺎﺌﻲ.
استخدام مونة البيرلايت في تلييس المنشات والمباني السكنية
Authors: ليلي خسانفنا  , فاليري ليسفيك  , محمود حسني شكارنة
Published: November 2021

إن ﻤن طﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻌرﺒﻲ اﻟﺘرﻛﯿز ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل اﻟﺴﻛﻨﯿﺔ واﻟﻔﯿﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘوﻓر اﻟﺨﺼوﺼﯿﺔ واﻟراﺤﺔ واﻟرﻓﺎﻫﯿﺔ، ﻛﻤﺎ ان ارﺘﻔﺎع ﻋدد اﻓراد اﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ اﻟواﺤدة ﯿوﺠب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻛﺜﯿر ﻤن اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﻌﯿش ﻓﻲ ﺒﯿوت ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ او ﻓﯿﻼت، ﻟﻛن ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل واﻟﺒﯿوت وﻨﺤن ﻨﻌﯿش اﻟﻘرن اﻟواﺤد واﻟﻌﺸرون وﻫو ﻗرن اﻟﺘﻘدم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﯿﺠب ان ﺘﻛون ﻤﺒﻨﯿﺔ ﻤن ﻤواد ﺘﻠﺒﻲ ﻤﺘطﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﺼر ﺒﺘﻀﻤﯿﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻛﺜﯿر ﻤن اﻟﻤواﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ وﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻨذﻛر ان ﻤن اﻫم ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻤواﺼﻔﺎت ﻫﻲ  اﻟﺨﻠطﺎت اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ. ﯿﻬدف اﻟﺒﺤث اﻟﻰ ﺒﯿﺎن اﻫم ﻤﯿزات اﻟﺨﻠطﺎت اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ )ﺨﻠطﺎت اﻟﺒﯿرﻻﯿت( اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨدم ﻓﻲ اﻟوﻗت اﻟﺤﺎﻀر ﺒﺸﻛل  ﻛﺒﯿر ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﯿﯿس اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ واﻟﻤﻨﺸﺎت، وﺘﺒﯿﯿن اﻫم اﻟﻤواﺼﻔﺎت واﻟﺸروط اﻟﺘﻲ ﯿﺠب ان ﺘﻠﺒﯿﻬﺎ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺨﻠطﺎت ، وﻛذﻟك اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺎت  اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨدم ﻟزﯿﺎدة ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﻬﺎ. ﺘم اﻟﺘوﺼل ﻤن ﺨﻼل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ ان ﺤﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻠطﺎت ﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨدام اﻟﺒﯿرﻟﯿت ذات ﻤواﺼﻔﺎت  ﻋﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ وﺘﻠﺒﻲ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺎس ﻤﺘطﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤواﺼﻔﺎت اﻻورﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤدد ﻤﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﺘوﺼﻲ اﻟﺤراري ﻟﻠﻨوع T١_ ٠ .١واط/ )م. ك(,
Model Action Plan for the Implementation of Vector Surveillance at the International Airports/ Seaports: Point of Entries (PoEs)
Authors:   National Centre for Disease Control, 22 Sham Nath Marg, Delhi, India, Sharma SN
Published: November 2021

As per International Health Regulations (2005), all the International airports and seaports are to be kept free from the vectors, which may cause public health hazards through transmission of pathogen through them. The country is presently connected by air, sea and road through porous borders. Due to the new challenges/ requirements brought about by the IHR (2005), necessary efforts are being made in India to ensure effective vector surveillance and control at POEs. It is also intended for use by the concerned port health officers, airport health officers, border health officers, regulators, port operators, and other competent authorities in charge of implementing the IHR (2005) at points of entry. This present SoP/ guidelines regarding vector surveillance and control may be used as a basis for the development of a management plan for preparing and performing vector surveillance and applying public health measures within the framework of the IHR (2005). The primary aim of developing model action plan is to assist public health authorities at PoE in strengthening core capacities and managing vector surveillance and control programmes by providing technical guidance on the optimal use of resources, planning, monitoring, and decision-making. There seems to be an urgent need for the vector control experts to be engaged at each international airport/ seaports due to fast expansions of the areas of the airports/ seaports and in view of receptivity and presence of breeding potential habitats of Aedes mosquitoes.
An Assessment of Prominent Risks Factors Behind the Development of COVID-19 Pandemic Digital Eye Strain in context with the Online Class Room
Authors:   Rayhan College & Hospital, Edapal, Malappuram, Kerala, India, K Anwer Shakeeb
Published: November 2021

The COVID-19 outbreak has destructively affected the education system over the world and brought about prominent alterations in the traditional systems of teaching and learning. In order to flatten the curve of disease transmission, several countries have resorted to online classes for students. Apart from the benefits of this strategy, there exists a chance of developing ocular complications in students those are continuously viewed the digital screen without any break. T-test and frequency analysis was used to find out the link between the digital electronic gadgets and eye strains. SPSS version 24.0.0 was used for all the statistical analyses. Here we assessed the various prominent factors behind the development of complications in eyes instigated by the electronic gadgets with special inference on the type of electronic gadgets, time spend, distance, type of usage, kind of posture, light condition, stress, and kind of symptoms towards digital eye strains. One of the major fact that has been emerged in this investigation is that the usage of electronic gadgets for online classes purposes have greatly increased than the other usage. The use of electronic gadgets for work and educational purposes has been recognized as a normal activity among individuals. With the extensive prevalence of developing digital eye strain in the students, it is paramount that the results of this investigation can be used for research purposes as strong research evidence to prevent the complications allied with eyes.
Critically Ill Patients with H1N1 Pneumonia: Two Year Experience in a Tertiary Level Indian ICU
Authors:   Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruby Hall Clinic, 40, Sassoon Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India, Parathody Arun Kumar
Published: November 2021

Purpose: To learn about the clinical profile, outcome and quality of life and factors influencing these, in critically ill patients with H1N1 pneumonia. Methods: Retrospective analysis of case files and phone interview of 88patients with confirmed H1N1 pneumonia. Results: Out of 88 patients, 51 were males. Mean age was 48.23 [± 13.03]. 39 [44.31%] were in the 31-50 years age group and 37 [42.04%] were in the 51-70 age group. Diabetes [n=16] and Hypertension [n=20] were the most common comorbidities. Majority of the patients presented with cough [n=87], breathlessness [n=85] and fever [n=84]. 43 patients had severe ARDS on admission. Mean APACHE II score was 9.6 [± 5.4] Mean SOFA scores 4.99 [± 2.6]. Mean Murray score was 2.37 [± 0.76]. 46 patients [52%] survived. Factors associated with mortality were APACHE score [p=0.00], SOFA score [p=0.00] Murray score, severe ARDS [p=0.00], requirement of vasopressor support [p=0.00] or renal replacement therapy [p=0.00] and incidence of VAP [p=0.039]. Diabetes had a protective effect [p=0.04], as had non-invasive ventilation [p=0.00]. Murray score [p=0.000, SOFA score [p=0.036], initiation of mechanical ventilation [p=0.003] and incidence of VAP [p=0.00] was associated with increased length of stay among the survivors. Conclusion: Higher lung specific severity scores, severe ARDS, secondary organ failure and VAP were associated with increased mortality. Among survivors, higher Murray and SOFA scores, mechanical ventilation and vasopressor use entailed a longer ICU stay.
Seasonal Prevalence and Host Preference of Some Medically Important Aedes Species of Doon Valley, India
Authors:   Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, West Bengal, India, Mondal Ritwik
Published: November 2021

In the recent past, several outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases in Dehradun city make it necessary for a comprehensive understanding of man-vector contacts, disease transmission and determination of appropriate resting sites for adult mosquitoes. The study was conducted within the periphery of Dehradun city in Doon valley, Uttarakhand state, India consisting of eight (08) locations namely Sahaspur, Premnagar, Raipur, Karanpur, Sahastradhara, Dudhli, Doiwala and Rani Pokhri with the objective to analyze and assess the seasonal prevalence and host choice of the mosquitoes with special reference to Aedes species. Among the eight locations of the current study, Raipur registered the highest mosquito abundance (17%) trailed by Sahaspur (16%) and Karanpur (15%). A low abundance of mosquitoes was registered conjointly from Doiwala and Rani Pokhri areas (9% from each area). In these areas, the profile plots of the 2-way ANOVA displayed the highest variation for the data collected from human habitations followed by bovine sheds, whereas the lowest recorded variation was from the poultry. With regards to seasonal prevalence, the highest mosquito abundance was registered during the monsoon followed by the post-monsoon. In provender analysis, a total of 1912 blood meals were collected for antibody test among which 1851 were found positive, with the highest reaction with human antisera (57.75%), followed by bovine antisera (21.34%) and pigs antisera (4.97%). Ae. aegyptihad the highest Anthropophilic Index (A.I.) with 68.78%, followed by Ae. albopictus (64.89%) and Ae. vittatus (55.55%). However, Human Blood Predominance (H.B.P.) and Pure Human Blood Pervasiveness (P.H.B.P.) were found highest for Ae. albopictus with values 0.43 and 0.44 respectively. The results also show the seasonal prevalence and feeding habits of these vectors. This study would be helpful in formulating season-wise strategies for the control of Aedes vector mosquitoes in different eco-epidemiological situations.
Primary Analysis of the Risk Factors for Severity and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients in Uzbekistan
Authors:   Republican Research Centre of Emergency Medicine, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Alimov Azamat
Published: November 2021

A retrospective analysis of 561 patients with confirmed COVID-19 was performed to determine the risk factors for severity and mortality which could predict the disease outcome in early stages. Patients were divided into 4 groups in accordance with disease severity: mild, moderate, severe and critical. And initial clinical and laboratory parameters of patients at admission were studied. The age of severe and deceased patients was significantly higher than patients with mild and moderate course (р=0.003). Patiens with severe disease and fatal outcome had higher incidence of concomitant diseases compared to patients with mild and moderate course (p=0.01). The time passed from onset of first symptoms and hospital admission was shorter in patients with mild and moderate disease than patients with severe and critical disease (р=0.0001). The leukocytosis, significant lymphopenia (р=0.0001), high D-dimer and ferritin levels were associated with severe disease. Male gender, old age, presence of concomitant diseases should be considered as risk factors for severe course and death at COVID-19.
Post Flood Study on the Incidence of Leptospirosis in Alappuzha District of Kerala, India
Authors:   National Centre for Disease Control, Calicut, Kerala, India, R Rajendran
Published: November 2021

Alappuzha district was severely affected by floods due to the intense rainfall in August 2018. A three member team with the assistance of local health workers was entrusted to assess the post flood situation and to assist the local health department to extend expertise mainly to control infectious diseases and propose suggestions regarding hygiene and sanitary measures to be taken for health and wellbeing of the community. Among the infectious diseases, Leptospirosis poses a significant public health issue in the flood affected areas of Alappuzha district. Majority of households had taken chemoprophylaxis for Leptospirosis as per standard protocol as also temporary rehabilitation camps in the flood affected areas. There was no episode of Acute Diarrheal Diseases (ADD), found in clusters in any of the areas. The number of dengue fever cases reported in post flood period was less when compared to previous year. Risk assessment is essential in post-disaster situations mainly concerned with the rapid implementation of control measures through refurbishment and improvement of health care delivery. The findings presented relate to an assessment carried out in Alappuzha district in September 2018 that included epidemiological situation analysis, appraisal of laboratory facilities for microbiology investigations, evaluation of health facilities and infrastructure available at Local Self Governments (LSGs).
Adaptive Capacity of the Communities in View of Climate Change in Areas Vulnerable to Malaria in the Himalayan Region of India
Authors:   ICMR - National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India, Dhiman Ramesh C
Published: November 2021

Background: Malaria is one of the major public health problems in India and climate change is expected to aggravate the situation by opening new windows for transmission, particularlyin the Himalayan region. It is, therefore, essential to identify knowledge gapsand adaptive capacity of communities to the adverse impacts of climate change, to develop adaptation plan and improve resilience. Methods: The adaptive capacity to potential risks of malaria due to climate change was assessed in the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, based on the knowledge, attitude, health seeking behaviour, practices and socio-economic status of the communities. The preparedness of health facilities was also assessed in the respective healthcare facilities in view of the threat of climate change. Results: Though communities had basic knowledge about malaria, lack of specific knowledge about breeding sources of mosquitoes, use of traditional protective measures (41%) from mosquito bites, delayed health seeking behaviour by 40% households (2-4 days after illness) were found unsatisfactory.The assessment of health system revealed inadequacies in capacity for beds at CHCs (in 60%), lack of training of staff and logistics in preparedness for the threat of malaria. Conclusion: The general knowledge of communities regarding malaria was satisfactory, but several misconceptions which may affect the vulnerability to future risk of malaria were found. The adaptive capacity was found slightly above average (57.04) owing to the overall good socio-economic status. However, lack of proper health care infrastructure may impact the overall adaptive capacity of the communities to malaria.
Dental Healthcare Professionals (DHCP) - How Competent are we to Battle the New Foe? The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Authors:   Professor (Periodontics), Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences, Maduranthakantaluk, Chengalpet DT, Tamilnadu, India, Ramakrishnan Hemalatha
Published: November 2021

The outbreak of a pneumonia like disease was reported in China towards the end of 2019. It was later found that, a novel Corona Virus (nCoV) was the causative agent. In January 2020, China shared the genomic sequence of this virus, which was similar to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (SARS-CoV), and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV). This virus was named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the pneumonia caused by it was called as Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic owing to the uncontrolled spread and the threat caused by the virus. Thereafter, the rapid spread of COVID-19, keeps continuing to cause chaos and catastrophe to mankind. Though mortality ranges about 1-3%, with mild variations worldwide, the rate of infectivity is much higher than SARS-CoV. The understanding on the pathogenesis of this virus remains mysterious and unclear. As frontline warriors against the COVID-19 battle, Healthcare Professionals, are more susceptible to succumb to this disease. Dental healthcare professionals (DHCP), owing to a closer contact with patients, during dental operating procedures are at a higher risk of acquiring and spreading the infection due to increased aerosol production. This review, gives an insight about the structure, transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and the possibility of spread through aerosol. It also highlights the precautions and safety measures that need to be followed within the dental operatory setting.
The Effect of Immune Max in the Liver, Kidney and Spleen Histological Structure in Male Albino Mice
Authors:   Al-Nisour University College, Iraq, Jawad Mohammed Abed
Published: November 2021

Background: This study aimed to identify the effect of using the Immune Max dietary supplement on the histological composition of some organs in male albino mice. Methods: The study was conducted on the Swiss albino male mice which were divided into two groups: treated group with 0.162 mg/kg/day of Immune Max and second group as a control. Results: Histological examination was conducted for liver, kidney and spleen. The results showed some histological changes in these organs like loses of tissues, congestion, leukocytes infiltration and dead cells. Conclusion: The purpose of a conclusion that the use of the Immune Max nutritional supplement can cause damage to the tissues of a number of organs and this is likely to be due to the dose concentration and the duration of the treatment.
Formulation of Clitoria ternatea Leaves-mediated Silver Nanoparticles to Control Aedes aegypti Larvae
Authors:   Professor, Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, India, Kumar Sarita
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Global rise in the Aedes-borne diseases and harmful effects of synthetic insecticides has diverted research to explore secondary metabolites in plants as mosquito control agent in the form of nanoparticles. Current study investigated Clitoria ternatea-mediated nanoparticles against Aedes aegypti. Methods: The aqueous and hexane leaf extracts of C. ternatea were assayed against Ae. aegypti early fourth instars. The extract-mediated silver nanocomposites (AgNCs) were synthesized after optimizing the volume and concentration of silver nitrate solution. The synthesis was tracked by the colour change of reaction mixture from pale yellow to dark brown followed by monitoring with UV-Visible spectroscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering. Results: The biosynthesis of 3 mM, 4 mM and 5 mM AgNCs was traced at 438, 401 and 407 nm, respectively. The average particle size distribution ranged from 34.62 to 60.64 nm and polydispersity index was 0.6-0.7. The 24 h larval exposure with aqueous and hexane leaf extracts demonstrated respective LC50 values of 53.057 and 42.179 mg/L, which decreased significantly on larvicidal assay with NCs. The 5mM AgNCs showed the maximum efficiency with LC50 of 10.317 mg/L after 24 h. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy images demonstrated a spherical, poly-dispersed structure with diameter in the 1-27 nm range. The assays against non-targets; Moina and Cyclops ascertained the eco-safety of NCs. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the C. ternatea leaf extract as possible effective mosquito nano-larvicide, alternate to traditional insecticides. Field studies, which could not be held due to the current pandemic, would further ascertain the possible use of these NCs against Aedes larvae.
A Systematic Review on Mucormycosis in Corona Patients and its Treatment in India
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of  Zoology, HMM College for Women, Kolkata, India, Ahmad S Rehan
Published: November 2021

Several cases of mucormycosis infection are being reported from almost all states of India currently. Mucormycosis infection is rare but fatal.It is strongly associated with COVID- 19 as a secondary infection and increases the severity of COVID-19 infection. Fungi under Mucoralesorder are responsible for mucormycosis infection condition, especially people with a weak immune system and under steroid-based medication and antibiotic treatment are more vulnerable. COVID- 19 infected patients with associated risk factors like diabetes mellitus, neutropenia, diabetic ketoacidosis, organ transplant, cancer, AIDS, weak immunity, autoimmune disorders are more prone tosecondary opportunistic pathogenic infections. Special care and continuous monitoring process should be initiated as early as possible to prevent any kind of secondary fungal infections during COVID-19 infection. Though preventive strategies like antifungal therapy,and surgical debridement are present yetthemortality rate is very high in mucormycosis infection. Moreover, this current study is a brief summary of the current status, pathogenesis, management strategies, and latest guidelines for mucormycosis infection during the pandemic of coronavirusdisease 2019. Several treatment strategies like drugs, surgery, and other proper methods in hospital setups are also mentioned elaborately in this study. Appropriate doses, administration route and duration as well as reported cases of mucormycosis infection from different parts of India are also clearly documented here.
Inhibition Effect of Gold (III) Theophylline Nano-complex on ALT Enzyme Activity in Human Serumof Iraqi Patients with Liver Disease
Authors:   Al-Nisour University College, Iraq, Jawad Mohammed Abed
Published: November 2021

Introduction: The ultrasonic sonication approach was used to create an Au(III) nano complex with theophylline. Methods: To explore and suggest the structure of the nano complex, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and carbon hydrogen and nitrogen (CHN) elemental studies were used. The FE-SEM was used to prove the nanoscale of the prepared complex and was to be less than 20 nm. The effect of the gold nano complex (Au (THP)2(Cl)2) on alanine transaminase (ALT) activity in the serum of chronic liver disease patients was investigated. Results: Compared to the control group, the patients with chronic liver disease with and without nano complex had a significant rise in serum levels of ALT activity (P < 0.001). Furthermore, in individuals with chronic liver disease who received nano complex, the blood levels of ALT activity were significantly lower than those who did not receive nano complex. The reason is that the Au nano complex aggressively interacts with carboxylic groups of important enzymes and inactivates them; further, the Au nano complex had an inhibitory effect on serum ALT activity.