bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parent Discrimination Predicts Mexican‐American Adolescent Psychological Adjustment 1 Year Later
Authors: Espinoza Guadalupe , Gonzales Nancy A. , Fuligni Andrew J.
Published: May 2016

This study examined whether Mexican‐American parents' experiences with discrimination are related to adolescent psychological adjustment over time. The extent to which associations between parent discrimination and adolescent adjustment vary as a function of parents' ethnic socialization of their children was also examined. Participants included 344 high school students from Mexican or Mexican‐American backgrounds (primarily second generation; ages 14–16 at Wave 1) and their primary caregivers who completed surveys in a 2‐year longitudinal study. Results revealed that parent discrimination predicted internalizing symptoms and self‐esteem among adolescents 1 year later. Additionally, adolescents were more likely to report low self‐esteem in relation to parents' increased experiences of discrimination when parents conveyed ethnic socialization messages to them.
A SURVEY ON THE OUTPUT EFFECTS OF TAX REFORMS FROM A POLICY PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Kneller Richard , Misch Florian
Published: May 2016

This study reviews the existing evidence on the effects of tax reforms on output levels and growth over the short and long run from different strands of the literature. It develops and applies criteria to evaluate the usefulness of ex‐post estimates to predict the effects of tax reforms ex ante. Based on these criteria, we present detailed tables summarizing and comparing ex‐post estimates of the effects of tax reforms. Overall, our review suggests that at least the direction of the short‐run and long‐run growth effects can be predicted with a reasonable degree of certainty, but there is disagreement with respect to the magnitude. Our review also suggests that depending on the tax change, trade‐offs between short‐run stabilization and long‐run growth may arise and that more research on this question is needed. (JELE62, H20, O20)
Imaging and identification of brown adipose tissue on CT scan
Authors: Prodhomme Hugo , Ognard Julien , Robin Philippe , Alavi Zarrin , Salaun Pierre‐Yves , Ben Salem Douraied
Published: May 2016

Two types of adipose tissue (AT) have been described in the field of physiology: white (W) and brown (B) AT. Although WAT is well identified on human imaging, BAT imaging aspect remains to be further explored. The aim of this study was to investigate imaging aspect of BAT and its identification on CT (computed tomography) with iodine‐based contrast media injection. We retrospectively reviewed 464 positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, performed during 21 months on adults younger than 37 years. In 39 cases only, the PET revealed the presence of activated BAT. ROI was placed on both white and brown adipose tissue simultaneously on both PET and CT. Several patients’ characteristics (blood sugar level, gender, age, body mass index) as well as BAT and WAT parameters were assessed. Mean CT densities for WAT and BAT were −99·5 HU versus −32·6, mean SUV were 1·38 versus 13·2 and SUVmax were 1·79 versus 16·57, respectively. We found a statistically significant inverse relation between BMI and BAT density. BAT has a higher density than WAT. In this manner, BAT can be misinterpreted as an infiltration of adipose tissue in neoplasic and inflammatory context. Contrast‐enhanced CT scan allows visualization and identification of BAT.
High mortality in diabetic recipients of high KDPI deceased donor kidneys
Authors: Pelletier Ronald P. , Pesavento Todd E. , Rajab Amer , Henry Mitchell L.
Published: May 2016

Background

Deceased donor (DD) kidney quality is determined by calculating the Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI). Optimizing high KDPI (≥85%) DD transplant outcome is challenging. This retrospective study was performed to review our high KDPI DD transplant results to identify clinical practices that can improve future outcomes.

Methods

We retrospectively calculated the KDPI for 895 DD kidney recipients transplanted between 1/2002 and 11/2013. Age, race, body mass index (BMI), retransplantation, gender, diabetes (DM), dialysis time, and preexisting coronary artery disease (CAD) (previous myocardial infarction (MI), coronary artery bypass (CABG), or stenting) were determined for all recipients.

Results

About 29.7% (266/895) of transplants were from donors with a KDPI ≥85%. By Cox regression older age, diabetes, female gender, and dialysis time >4 years correlated with shorter patient survival time. Diabetics with CAD who received a high KDPI donor kidney had a significantly increased risk of death (HR 4.33 (CI 1.82–10.30), P=.001) compared to low KDPI kidney recipients. The Kaplan‐Meier survival curve for diabetic recipients of high KDPI kidneys was significantly worse if they had preexisting CAD (P<.001 by log‐rank test).

Conclusion

Patient survival using high KDPI donor kidneys may be improved by avoiding diabetic candidates with preexisting CAD.
A review of the Paris system for reporting urinary cytology
Authors: VandenBussche C. J.
Published: May 2016

After the 2013 International Congress of Cytology in Paris, consensus groups were formed to establish an international reporting system for urinary tract (UT) specimens. The recommended guidelines, known as The Paris System (TPS) for Reporting Urinary Cytology, focus on reducing the rate of unnecessary indeterminate diagnoses while maintaining the excellent performance UT cytology has for identifying high‐grade urothelial carcinoma. This review highlights the major features of TPS.
Role of cationic polarization in humus‐increased soil aggregate stability
Authors: Huang X. R. , Li H. , Li S. , Xiong H. L. , Jiang X. J.
Published: May 2016

It is well known that humus markedly increases soil aggregate stability, but at the same time strongly decreases the flocculation of clay particles in suspension. These seemingly inconsistent observations suggest the need for a deeper understanding of the physical mechanisms that govern clay–humus interactions. In this research, soil samples from an Entisol were used to explore the role of cationic polarization in humus‐increased soil aggregate stability and sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions were used to characterize weak and strong polarization, respectively. The results showed that strong cationic polarization has a critical role in increased soil aggregate stability in the presence of humus. We concluded that, without cationic polarization, the effects of humus alone on soil aggregate stability were weak in the presence of monovalent metal cations. When we compared the individual contributions of humus and strong cationic polarization, the latter proved much more important than humus in increasing soil aggregate stability. The strongest increase in soil aggregate stability occurred when strong cationic polarization was coupled with humus. The combined analysis of activation energy of soil flocculation in suspension and soil aggregate stability in the presence of humus indicated that humus increased the long‐range electrostatic repulsive force of soil particles, and increased the short‐range attractive force of soil particles. Consequently, humus decreased the flocculation of soil particles in suspension but increased soil aggregate stability; all effects were adjusted by the strength of cationic polarization.

Highlights

Elucidation of physical mechanisms of cation–surface interactions that determine clay–humus interactions.

Cations at the particle surface of the clay–humus complex are strongly polarized.

Cationic polarization has a critical role in humus‐increased soil aggregate stability.

Without cationic polarization, the effect of humus alone on soil aggregate stability was weak.
Effect of agricultural practices and coastal constraints on soil microbial functional properties in Mediterranean olive orchards
Authors: Boukhdoud N. , Gros R. , Darwish T. , Farnet Da Silva A. M.
Published: May 2016

This research examines how agricultural practices commonly used in Lebanese olive tree orchards (no‐tillage, co‐culture with Vicia sativa L. var. sativa and conventional tillage) affect soil microbial and chemical characteristics, and whether this depends on geographical context (coastal or inland areas). Four coastal and four inland sampling sites were selected, and at each site three practices were considered (one practice per plot). For each plot (200 m2), 20 soil samples were taken and homogenized to obtain a composite sample from which soil was characterized chemically and microbiologically. Differences in chemical properties (smaller N content and alkyl C fraction in the coastal area) depended on geographical location rather than on agricultural practices. For microbial properties, catabolic structure varied with geographical location; the index of catabolic diversity was larger in the coastal area. Importantly, the basal respiration was similar in both areas although the soil contained less nitrogen (N) in the coastal area. The negative effect of conventional tillage on microbial functioning of the soil was observed only in relation to geographical location. We found that this effect was reduced by co‐culture, for example with Vicia sativa L. var. sativa. Our study reveals that geographical location affects how agricultural practices affect soil properties (in the coastal area, enhanced mineralization of labile C and change in microbial catabolic profile). This suggests that soil management should take into account the environmental conditions specific to coastal areas, which enhance the adverse effects of conventional tillage. Consequently, this type of management should not be implemented in coastal areas of the Mediterranean.

Highlights

What are the appropriate practices for olive trees under coastal constraints?

Coastal‐specific constraints were the main factors controlling microbial communities.

Agricultural practices affected enzyme activities depending on distance from the sea.

Tillage should not be implemented in coastal areas of the Mediterranean.
Specific clinical signs and symptoms are predictive of clinical course in sporadic Creutzfeldt−Jakob disease
Authors: Nakatani E. , Kanatani Y. , Kaneda H. , Nagai Y. , Teramukai S. , Nishimura T. , Zhou B. , Kojima S. , Kono H. , Fukushima M. , Kitamoto T. , Mizusawa H.
Published: May 2016

Background and purpose

Akinetic mutism is thought to be an appropriate therapeutic end‐point in patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt−Jakob disease (sCJD). However, prognostic factors for akinetic mutism are unclear and clinical signs or symptoms that precede this condition have not been defined. The goal of this study was to identify prognostic factors for akinetic mutism and to clarify the order of clinical sign and symptom development prior to its onset.

Methods

The cumulative incidence of akinetic mutism and other clinical signs and symptoms was estimated based on Japanese CJD surveillance data (455 cases) collected from 2003 to 2008. A proportional hazards model was used to identify prognostic factors for the time to onset of akinetic mutism and other clinical signs and symptoms.

Results

Periodic synchronous discharges on electroencephalography were present in the majority of cases (93.5%). The presence of psychiatric symptoms or cerebellar disturbance at sCJD diagnosis was associated with the development of akinetic mutism [hazard ratio (HR) 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14–1.99, and HR 2.15, 95% CI1.61–2.87, respectively]. The clinical course from cerebellar disturbance to myoclonus or akinetic mutism was classified into three types: (i) direct path, (ii) path via pyramidal or extrapyramidal dysfunction and (iii) path via psychiatric symptoms or visual disturbance.

Conclusions

The presence of psychiatric symptoms or cerebellar disturbance increased the risk of akinetic mutism of sCJD cases with probable MM/MV subtypes. Also, there appear to be sequential associations in the development of certain clinical signs and symptoms of this disease.
Adjunctive perampanel in adolescents with inadequately controlled partial‐onset seizures: A randomized study evaluating behavior, efficacy, and safety
Authors: Lagae Lieven , Villanueva Vicente , Meador Kimford J. , Bagul Makarand , Laurenza Antonio , Kumar Dinesh , Yang Haichen
Published: May 2016

Objective

The noncompetitive α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist perampanel was shown in phase III trials to be an effective and well‐tolerated adjunctive treatment for partial‐onset seizures. In adolescents, it is necessary to characterize cognitive, neuropsychological, and behavioral side effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The current analysis focuses on behavioral outcomes, efficacy, and safety of perampanel in adolescents.

Methods

Adolescents (12–17 years) on a stable regimen of 1–3 AEDs for partial‐onset seizures were randomized (2:1 ratio) to receive up to 12 mg/day perampanel or placebo. Alongside efficacy, cognitive, and neuropsychological assessments, behavioral outcomes were measured with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) before and after a 19‐week titration and maintenance phase.

Results

Of the randomized patients, 85 received perampanel and 48 received placebo. Median reduction in seizure frequency from baseline was 58.0% for perampanel and 24.0% for placebo (p = 0.079). More patients had seizure frequency reduced by 50% after perampanel (n = 49 [59.0%]) than placebo (n = 17 [37.0%]; p = 0.0144). Changes in behavior were minimal, and there were no differences between groups on competency (p = 0.619) or problems (p = 0.174). A greater proportion of placebo patients were classified in the CBCL “clinical” range for competency at end of treatment, whereas the number in the perampanel group remained unchanged. The overall safety profile was similar to that reported previously for perampanel; most frequently reported adverse events (AEs) were dizziness (26 patients [30.6% vs. 14.6% placebo]), somnolence (13 patients [15.3% vs. 4.2%]), and headache (nine patients [10.6% vs. 14.6%]). Aggression was reported in seven patients receiving perampanel (8.2% vs. 2.1% placebo); two of these were serious AEs, with neither requiring treatment discontinuation.

Significance

Adjunctive perampanel is efficacious and well tolerated in adolescents with partial‐onset seizures, and appears to have no clinically important impact on behavior measured using the CBCL.
Nonseizure SUDEP: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy without preceding epileptic seizures
Authors: Lhatoo Samden D. , Nei Maromi , Raghavan Manoj , Sperling Michael , Zonjy Bilal , Lacuey Nuria , Devinsky Orrin
Published: May 2016

Objective

To describe the phenomenology of monitored sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) occurring in the interictal period where death occurs without a seizure preceding it.

Methods

We report a case series of monitored definite and probable SUDEP where no electroclinical evidence of underlying seizures was found preceding death.

Results

Three patients (two definite and one probable) had SUDEP. They had a typical high SUDEP risk profile with longstanding intractable epilepsy and frequent generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCS). All patients had varying patterns of respiratory and bradyarrhythmic cardiac dysfunction with profound electroencephalography (EEG) suppression. In two patients, patterns of cardiorespiratory failure were similar to those seen in some patients in the Mortality in Epilepsy Monitoring Units Study (MORTEMUS).

Significance

SUDEP almost always occur postictally, after GTCS and less commonly after a partial seizure. Monitored SUDEP or near‐SUDEP cases without a seizure have not yet been reported in literature. When nonmonitored SUDEP occurs in an ambulatory setting without an overt seizure, the absence of EEG information prevents the exclusion of a subtle seizure. These cases confirm the existence of nonseizure SUDEP; such deaths may not be prevented by seizure detection–based devices. SUDEP risk in patients with epilepsy may constitute a spectrum of susceptibility wherein some are relatively immune, death occurs in others with frequent GTCS with one episode of seizure ultimately proving fatal, while in others still, death may occur even in the absence of a seizure. We emphasize the heterogeneity of SUDEP phenomena.
Usability and acceptability assessment of an empathic virtual agent to prevent major depression
Authors: Bresó A. , Martínez‐Miranda J. , Botella C. , Baños R. M. , García‐Gómez J. M.
Published: May 2016

In Human–Computer Interaction, the adaptation of the content and the way of how this content is communicated to the users in interactive sessions is a critical issue to promote the acceptability and usability of any computational system. We present a user‐adapted interactive platform to identify and provide an early intervention for symptoms of depression and suicide. In particular, we describe the work performed to assess users' system acceptability and usability. An empathic Virtual Agent is the main interface with the user, and it has been designed to generate the appropriate dialogues and emotions during the interactions according to the detected user's specific needs. This personalization is based on a dynamic user model nurtured with clinical, demographical and behavioural information. The evaluation was performed with 60 participants from the university community. The obtained results were promising, allowing the execution of a further clinical trial. The system's usability score was 75.7%, and the score of the user‐adapted content and the emotional responses of the Virtual Agent was 70.9%.
The Impact of Family Financial Investment on Perceived Parent Pressure and Child Enjoyment and Commitment in Organized Youth Sport
Authors: Ryan Dunn C. , Dorsch Travis E. , King Michael Q. , Rothlisberger Kevin J.
Published: May 2016

Ninety percent of American youth participate in some form of organized youth sport between the ages of 5 and 18. Parent involvement in this context has recently been characterized as a potentially harmful force in parent–child relations, leading to debate regarding the appropriateness and level of parent involvement in organized youth sport. Despite the rising costs associated with youth sport participation, little empirical effort has been made to examine the potential impact of family financial investment on parent involvement and children's subsequent sport outcomes. The purpose of this study was to address how family financial investment in youth sport influences children's perceptions of parent pressure, sport enjoyment, and commitment to continued participation. Data from a national sample of 163 parent–child dyads illuminated an inverse association between family financial investment and child sport commitment, mediated by children's perceptions of parent pressure and sport enjoyment. The results indicated that family financial investment predicts child commitment through the sequential mediators of perceived parent pressure and child enjoyment. These findings draw attention to many avenues for future research on the potential link among family investment decisions, parent involvement behaviors, and child outcomes in organized youth sport, which may collectively inform the development of parent interventions for youth sport leagues, administrators, and parents.
Rapid and efficient analysis of gene function using CRISPR‐Cas9 in Xenopus tropicalis founders
Authors: Shigeta Mitsuki , Sakane Yuto , Iida Midori , Suzuki Miyuki , Kashiwagi Keiko , Kashiwagi Akihiko , Fujii Satoshi , Yamamoto Takashi , Suzuki Ken‐ichi T.
Published: May 2016

Recent advances in genome editing using programmable nucleases, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator‐like effector nucleases (TALENs) and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)‐Cas system, have facilitated reverse genetics in Xenopus tropicalis. To establish a practical workflow for analyzing genes of interest using CRISPR‐Cas9, we examined various experimental procedures and conditions. We first compared the efficiency of gene disruption between Cas9 protein and mRNA injection by analyzing genotype and phenotype frequency, and toxicity. Injection of X. tropicalis embryos with Cas9 mRNA resulted in high gene‐disrupting efficiency comparable with that produced by Cas9 protein injection. To exactly evaluate the somatic mutation rates of on‐target sites, amplicon sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using a restriction enzyme or recombinant Cas9 were performed. Mutation rates of two target genes (slc45a2 and ltk) required for pigmentation were estimated to be over 90% by both methods in animals exhibiting severe phenotypes, suggesting that targeted somatic mutations were biallelically introduced in almost all somatic cells of founder animals. Using a heteroduplex mobility assay, we also showed that off‐target mutations were induced at a low rate. Based on our results, we propose a CRISPR‐Cas9‐mediated gene disruption workflow for a rapid and efficient analysis of gene function using X. tropicalis founders.
Serum Level of Trefoil Factor 2 can Predict the Extent of Gastric Spasmolytic Polypeptide‐Expressing Metaplasia in the H. pylori‐Infected Gastric Cancer Relatives
Authors: Kuo Hsin‐Yu , Chang Wei‐Lun , Yeh Yi‐Chun , Tsai Yu‐Ching , Wu Chung‐Tai , Cheng Hsiu‐Chi , Yang Hsiao‐Bai , Lu Cheng‐Chang , Sheu Bor‐Shyang
Published: May 2016

Background & aims

Gastric cancer has familial clustering in incidence, and the familial relatives of gastric cancer sufferers are prone to have spasmolytic polypeptide‐expressing metaplasia (SPEM), and intestinal metaplasia (IM) after H. pylori infection. This study tested whether serum pepsinogen I/II and trefoil factor family (TFF) proteins can predict SPEM or IM in the H. pylori‐infected relatives of patients with gastric cancer.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 119 H. pylori‐infected relatives of gastric cancer patients of noncardiac gastric cancer patients, who then received panendoscopy to obtain gastric biopsy to define the presence of corpus gastritis index (CGI), SPEM, and IM. The advanced SPEM in histology was defined by TFF2 immunohistochemistry. Each patient also had checkups of serum TFF2, TFF3, and pepsinogen I/II by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

The 119 H. pylori‐infected relatives included 61 with SPEM, and 34 with IM. The presence of either IM or SPEM was not related to the serum TFF2, TFF3, and pepsinogen I/II levels (p > .05). Serum TFF2 levels were higher in relatives with CGI who also had advanced SPEM (p = .032). For relatives without CGI, the elevated serum TFF2 levels correlated with higher H. pylori density and more severe gastritis in antrum (p = .001).

Conclusion

The serum TFF2 level cannot predict SPEM or IM in H. pylori‐infected relatives of patients with gastric cancer. For H. pylori‐infected relatives with CGI, serum TFF2 levels may predict the advanced severity of SPEM. Elevated serum TFF2 levels may indicate severe H. pylori‐related inflammation, at risk of development or progression of SPEM in relatives without CGI.
Optimisation and comparative study on the addition of shrimp protein hydrolysate and shrimp powder on physicochemical properties of extruded snack
Authors: Jeyakumari Annamalai , Rahul Das Mampuzha Sivadas , Bindu Jaganath , Joshy Chalil George , Zynudheen Aliyamveetil Abubacker
Published: May 2016

The effect of an addition of shrimp protein hydrolysate and shrimp powder on the physicochemical properties of extruded snack was studied. Rice flour and cornflour were used as base materials, and extrusion was done using corotating twin‐screw extruder. A mixture response surface methodology was used to study the effect of ingredient mixture on the physical, functional and sensory properties of extrudates. Linear and quadratic mixture response regression model was fitted to the response variables, and it was evaluated using R2 values. Based on the desirability function score, the optimum combination of ingredient was 47.75% rice flour, 38.64% cornflour, 5.95% hydrolysate and 7.67% shrimp protein powder. It was observed that an addition of shrimp hydrolysate more than 5% (7.5%) improved the crispiness. Sensory evaluation revealed that shrimp hydrolysate and shrimp powder can be used at 5–7.5% level for developing protein‐rich extruded products without affecting sensory characteristics.
Raising the Level of Nursing Involvement in the National Precision Medicine Initiative: An Example
Authors: Oruche Ukamaka Marian , Carpenter Janet S. , Renbarger Jamie , Ross Sydney E.
Published: May 2016

PURPOSE

The Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI) goal of ushering in a new and more effective era of health care that benefits all Americans requires two critical and interdependent components: a cohort assembly of 1 million or more Americans who reflect the diversity of the United States of America and an interdisciplinary workforce that includes nursing. The purpose of this article is to provide an example of nursing involvement in PM, specifically as related to gathering biospecimens (saliva) from vulnerable, understudied adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders and their family members.

SOURCE(S)

First, we provide a brief description of important concepts related to PM as well as current roles of nurses in PM. Then, we share lessons learned from our feasibility study aimed at increasing the diversity of our statewide cohort assembly that has provided biospecimens for the Indiana Biobank.

CONCLUSION

Nurses can definitely contribute to biobanks in support of the PMI. This article is a call to action for nurses to take their rightful place in PM.
Seasonal migration of the starry smooth‐hound shark Mustelus asterias as revealed from tag‐recapture data of an angler‐led tagging programme
Authors: Brevé N. W. P. , Winter H. V. , Van Overzee H. M. J. , Farrell E. D. , Walker P. A.
Published: May 2016

The primary aim of this long‐term angler‐led tagging programme was to gain information about seasonal changes in distribution of the starry smooth‐hound shark Mustelus asterias, along the Dutch coast for management and conservation purposes. Between 2011 and 2014, M. asterias comprised 92·6% (n = 2418) of the total elasmobranch catch (n = 2612) by the licenced group of taggers within the Dutch Delta of which 2244 M. asterias were fin‐tagged with plastic rototags. Sex and total length (LT) composition inside the eastern tidal basin (Oosterschelde) were significantly different, i.e. more females and larger individuals, than outside indicating a pupping ground, which was confirmed by the capture of 30 newborn pups (≤32 cm). The distribution pattern of reported recaptured M. asterias (return‐rate 3·6%, n = 80) showed a circannual migration between summering in the southern North Sea and wintering in the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay, and suggests that M. asterias is philopatric. The Dutch angling season for M. asterias runs from approximately mid‐May to mid‐October when the water temperature is above 13° C. Recaptures of eight mature females, but no males in the Bay of Biscay, indicate partial spatial segregation by sex, where mature females migrate over larger distances than immature females and males. These observations, with the absence of recaptures in other known summering areas (i.e. the Irish Sea and Bristol Channel), suggest that the southern North Sea is used by a separate population. Implications for management and recommendations to improve and expand the study approach are discussed.
Influence of Cultivar, Anti‐Browning Solutions, Packaging Gasses, and Advanced Technology on Browning in Fresh‐Cut Apples During Storage
Authors: Putnik Predrag , Bursać Kovačević Danijela , Herceg Korina , Levaj Branka
Published: May 2016

Objectives were to compare differences in color change (Δ
) over shelf‐life (SL) for 2 apple cultivars (Golden Delicious, GD; Cripps Pink, CP) subjected to 5 antibrowning treatments (ABT) (no treatment/control; ascorbic + citric acid with/without ultrasound; Ca‐ascorbate with/without ultrasound) in presence of normal or modified atmosphere (MA). Plus, to assess influences of respiration rates on Δ
for all combinations of cultivars and ABT. Original color of apples was better preserved in MA. The absence of ABT showed highest Δ
, while all ABT showed similar change in color regardless of MA application. Browning prevention of ascorbic + citric acid may be improved with application of ultrasound. Production of CO2 oscillated with color change for both cultivars with different ABT. The GD will endure browning better than CP, while Ca‐ascorbate was one of the best antibrowning agents. All created mathematical models are freely available in computer simulation (“Anti‐browning Apple Calculator – C.A.P.P.A.B.L.E.©”; apple.pbf.hr or 31.147.204.87).

Practical Applications

The main purpose of presented models was to integrally compare influence of modified atmosphere packaging in prevention of apple browning. Hence, models can be used to calculate optimal combination of industrial parameters and to compare calculated results against relevant economic managerial decisions. For example, models are useful to answer questions such as to what extent is the use of modified atmosphere or antibrowning treatment economically justified for the industrial fresh‐cut apple production. Hence, by optimizing relevant production parameters they can be used to extend the length of fresh‐cut apple shelf‐life and economic benefits while providing quality foods to consumers. Created computer simulation offers selection of various production settings and calculation of optimal values for particular fresh‐cut processes. Simulation settings include packaging size, volumetric concentration of gases, apple mass, packaging film, different permeances, and other.
Compression Heating of Selected Polymers During High‐Pressure Processing
Authors: Casulli K.E. , Dhakal S. , Sandeep K.P. , Balasubramaniam V.M.
Published: May 2016

Pressure‐assisted thermal processing is an innovative technology, which has been discussed for sterilization of low‐acid foods for over a decade. This approach can result in improved product quality from rapid temperature increase during pressurization and temperature decrease during depressurization. Five plastics (high‐density polyethylene, low‐density polyethylene, polyamide, polypropylene and polystyrene) were evaluated for their compression heating characteristics from initial temperatures of 25, 50 and 75°C. Samples were pressurized to 600 MPa with a laboratory‐scale high pressure kinetic testing unit. Temperature and pressure were recorded as a function of time. Samples showed temperature increases as a function of pressure and initial temperature. For initial temperatures of 25, 50 and 75°C, low‐density polyethylene showed transient temperature increases of 5.65 ± 0.03°C, 6.44 ± 0.07°C and 7.41 ± 0.07°C per 100 MPa pressure increase, respectively. Polystyrene had the least transient temperature increase of 4.31 ± 0.02°C, 4.39 ± 0.02°C and 4.53 ± 0.02°C per 100 MPa pressure increase, respectively. All polymers tested generally have greater heat of compression than water, protein and carbohydrates, but lower than those of fatty food substances.

Practical Applications

Thermal gradients in pressure vessels can cause nonuniformity in the microbial and enzyme inactivation, as well as nutrient and organoleptic quality retention, achieved in foods during pressure assisted thermal processing. Packaging materials, insulation and carrier baskets may be made of plastic polymers. Only limited studies documented heat of compression values of different polymers as a function of pressure and heat. Knowledge gained from this study will help to improve temperature uniformity within a pressure vessel. Improved understanding compression heating behavior of plastic polymers will aid in pressure vessel design and implementing and validating pressure processes.
Prograde evolution of Sulu UHP metamorphic rock in Yangzhuang, Junan region, deduced by combined Raman and petrological studies
Authors: Taguchi T. , Enami M. , Kouketsu Y.
Published: May 2016

The prograde metamorphic history of the Sulu ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic terrane has been revealed using Raman‐based barometry of the SiO2 phases and other mineral inclusions in garnet porphyroblasts of a coesite eclogite from Yangzhuang, Junan region, eastern China. Garnet porphyroblasts have inner and outer segments with the boundary being marked by discontinuous changes in the grossular content. In the inner segment, the SiO2 phase inclusions are α‐quartz with no coesite or relict features such as radial cracks. The residual pressures retained by the quartz inclusions systematically increase from the crystal centre to the margin of the inner segment. The metamorphic conditions estimated by calculation from the residual pressure and conventional thermodynamic calculation range from 500 to 630 °C and 1.3 to 2.3 GPa for the stage of the inner segment. Coesite and its pseudomorph occur as inclusions in the outer segment of the garnet and matrix omphacite. This occurrence of coesite is consistent with the pressure and temperature conditions of 660–725 °C and 3.1 GPa estimated by conventional geothermobarometry. Our results suggest that the quartz inclusions in the inner segment were trapped by garnet under α‐quartz‐stable conditions and survived phase transition to coesite at the peak metamorphic stage. The SiO2 phases and other inclusions in the garnet have retained evidence of the pre‐eclogite prograde stage even during exhumation stage. The combined Raman spectroscopic and petrological approaches used here offers a powerful means for obtaining more robust constraints prograde stages involving garnet growth where different SiO2 phases are present as inclusions.
Probiotics for Treatment and Prevention of Urogenital Infections in Women: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hanson Lisa , VandeVusse Leona , Jermé Martha , Abad Cybéle L. , Safdar Nasia
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Probiotics are a complementary and integrative therapy useful in the treatment and prevention of urogenital infections in women. This study extends the work of researchers who systematically investigated the scientific literature on probiotics to prevent or treat urogenital infections.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted to determine the efficacy of probiotics for prevention and/or treatment of urogenital infections in adult women from January 1, 2008, through June 30, 2015. We searched in CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Dissertations and Theses, and Alt‐HealthWatch. After removing duplicates and studies that did not meet inclusion criteria, 20 studies were reviewed. All included at least one species of Lactobacillus probiotic as an intervention for treatment or prevention of urogenital infections. Data extracted included samples, settings, study designs, intervention types, reported outcomes, follow‐up periods, and results. We evaluated all randomized controlled trials for risk of bias and made quality appraisals on all studies.

Results

Fourteen of the studies focused on bacterial vaginosis (BV), 3 on urinary tract infections (UTIs), 2 on vulvovaginal candidiasis, and one on human papillomavirus (HPV) as identified on Papanicolaou test. Studies were heterogeneous in terms of design, intervention, and outcomes. Four studies were of good quality, 9 of fair, and 7 poor. Probiotic interventions were effective for treatment and prevention of BV, prevention of recurrences of candidiasis and UTIs, and clearing HPV lesions. No study reported significant adverse events related to the probiotic intervention.

Discussion

The quality of the studies in this systematic review varied. Although clinical practice recommendations were limited by the strength of evidence, probiotic interventions were effective in treatment and prevention of urogenital infections as alternatives or co‐treatments. More good quality research is needed to strengthen the body of evidence needed for application by clinicians.
Are there gender differences in locus of control specific to alcohol dependence?
Authors: McPherson Andrew , Martin Colin R
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectives

To investigate gender differences in locus of control in an alcohol‐dependent population.

Background

Locus of control helps to explain behaviour in terms of internal (the individual is responsible) or external (outside forces, such as significant other people or chance, are responsible) elements. Past research on gender differences in locus of control in relation to alcohol dependence has shown mixed results. There is a need then to examine gender and locus of control in relation to alcohol dependence to ascertain the veracity of any locus of control differences as a function of gender.

Design and methods

The Multidimensional Health Locus of Control form‐C was administered to clients from alcohol dependence treatment centres in the West of Scotland. Independentt‐tests were carried out to assess gender differences in alcohol dependence severity and internal/external aspects of locus of control.

Results

One hundred and eighty‐eight (53% females) participants were recruited from a variety of alcohol dependence treatment centres. The majority of participants (72%) came from Alcoholics Anonymous groups. Women revealed a greater internal locus of control compared with men. Women also had a greater ‘significant others’ locus of control score than men. Men were more reliant on ‘chance’ and ‘doctors’ than women. All these trends were not, however, statistically significant.

Conclusions

Gender differences in relation to locus of control and alcohol dependence from past studies are ambiguous. This study also found no clear statistically significant differences in locus of control orientation as a function of gender.

Relevance to clinical practice

This article helps nurses to contextualise health behaviours as a result of internal or external forces. It also helps nursing staff to better understand alcohol dependence treatment in relation to self‐efficacy and control. Moreover, it highlights an important concept in health education theory.
Identification and assessment of intimate partner violence in nurse home visitation
Authors: Jack Susan M , Ford‐Gilboe Marilyn , Davidov Danielle , MacMillan Harriet L ,   the NFP IPV Research Team
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectives

To develop strategies for the identification and assessment of intimate partner violence in a nurse home visitation programme.

Background

Nurse home visitation programmes have been identified as an intervention for preventing child abuse and neglect. Recently, there is an increased focus on the role these programmes have in addressing intimate partner violence. Given the unique context of the home environment, strategies for assessments are required that maintain the therapeutic alliance and minimise client attrition.

Design

A qualitative case study.

Methods

A total of four Nurse–Family Partnership agencies were engaged in this study. Purposeful samples of nurses (n = 32), pregnant or parenting mothers who had self‐disclosed experiences of abuse (n = 26) and supervisors (n = 5) participated in this study. A total of 10 focus groups were completed with nurses: 42 interviews with clients and 10 interviews with supervisors. The principles of conventional content analysis guided data analysis. Data were categorised using the practice–problem–needs analysis model for integrating qualitative findings in the development of nursing interventions.

Results

Multiple opportunities to ask about intimate partner violence are valued. The use of structured screening tools at enrolment does not promote disclosure or in‐depth exploration of women's experiences of abuse. Women are more likely to discuss experiences of violence when nurses initiate nonstructured discussions focused on parenting, safety or healthy relationships. Nurses require knowledge and skills to initiate indicator‐based assessments when exposure to abuse is suspected as well as strategies for responding to client‐initiated disclosures.

Conclusion

A tailored approach to intimate partner violence assessment in home visiting is required.

Relevance to clinical practice

Multiple opportunities for exploring women's experiences of violence are required. A clinical pathway outlining a three‐pronged approach to identification and assessment was developed.
The correlation between quality of life and social support in female nurses
Authors: Sun Ning , Lv Dong‐Mei , Man Jing , Wang Xiao‐yu , Cheng Qin , Fang Hong‐li , Fu Zhen , Liu Shuang , Wu Qun‐hong
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectives

To investigate the relationship between quality of life and social support in female nurses.

Background

Nurses play an important role in providing care and managing patients’ health in hospitals. However, limited studies have shown an association between quality of life and social support in female nurses in China.

Design

Questionnaire survey.

Methods

To investigate 320 full‐time female nurses in different departments at four comprehensive hospitals in Harbin with a cross‐sectional correlational design using questionnaires. A demographic data questionnaire, menopause‐specific quality of life questionnaire and social support scale were used.

Results

The scores on the physical (36·93 ± 17·65) and psychological (17·57 ± 9·45) subscales were higher than those of the vasomotor (4·88 ± 3·48) and sexual (4·53 ± 3·23) subscales of quality of life. The average score of objective support (25·12 ± 4·32) was higher than those of subjective support (9·80 ± 3·04) and utilisation of social support (7·80 ± 1·97). A significant association between quality of life and social support was found (p < 0·01).

Conclusions

Social support influenced quality of life. Social support as a buffer for pressure can influence individual stress perception, help individuals cope with pressure and reduce the negative impact of stress on mental and physical health, thus improving different aspects of health.

Relevance to clinical practice

Enhancing social support in an active environment would allow female nurses to enjoy a better quality of life in their clinical practice.
Effectiveness of an adolescent healthcare training programme for enhancing paediatric nurses’ competencies
Authors: Lee Regina Lai Tong , Wang Jing Jing
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectives

To evaluate the effects of an educational intervention programme on improving paediatric nurses’ competencies in performing adolescent healthcare practice in central China.

Background

The WHO Adolescent Health Framework was integrated into this training programme to examine the effects of educational interventions on the competencies of paediatric nurses in promoting adolescent healthcare. This study is one of the first in central China to evaluate paediatric nurses’ competencies in promoting adolescent health.

Design

The study used a mixed‐method design with a quasi‐experimental approach and focus group interviews.

Methods

The study was conducted with 57 paediatric nurses from 28 institutes and hospitals in central China in 2010 to evaluate their competencies in adolescent health and development, specifically with regard to conducting needs assessments, planning effective interventions and evaluating outcome measures. The paediatric nurses received training and were assessed by individual and group work during the structured three‐week programme. Data were collected before and after the training programme as pre‐ and post‐tests. The researchers gathered information about their experiences by conducting focus group interviews.

Results

The paediatric nurses demonstrated significant improvements in their adolescent healthcare practice after attending the three‐week structured training programme. The post‐test scores had significant effects on the dimensions of the adolescent healthcare practice competency checklist. The qualitative data also showed positive and encouraging experiences and feedback from the paediatric nurses in this study.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that an educational intervention can change knowledge, attitudes and practice among paediatric nurses in adolescent healthcare. All the paediatric nurses in this study demonstrated increased competencies in carrying out adolescent healthcare practice after participating in the three‐week intensive intervention programme.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study showed that paediatric nurses have an important role in promoting and coordinating adolescent healthcare practice in primary healthcare practice.
Factors associated with self‐care agency in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Saeidzadeh Seyedehtanaz , Darvishpoor Kakhki Ali , Abed Saeedi Jila
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectives

The aim of this study is to assess the factors associated with self‐care agency in postpercutaneous coronary intervention patients.

Background

Patients after percutaneous coronary intervention need to perform self‐care to reduce the side effects and increase the quality of life. Self‐care agency is considered to be an important factor in guaranteeing self‐care actions.

Design

In this descriptive study a total number of 300 postpercutaneous coronary intervention patients participated. Data were collected from the four hospitals affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Iran between February–May 2015.

Methods

The data were gathered using demographic and basic conditioning factors questionnaire and appraisal of self‐care agency scale. Data analysis was performed by anova and t‐test.

Results

The mean age of the participants was 62·10 ± (8·14), which included 52·7% men and 47·3% women. Most patients (72%) had good level of self‐care agency. Self‐care agency had higher level in married and higher income patients.

Conclusion

Self‐care agency is influenced by economic and marital situation.

Relevance to clinical practice

Identifying factors associated with self‐care agency can help healthcare professionals to consider these factors in self‐care planning.
The Gendered Division of Housework and Couples' Sexual Relationships: A Reexamination
Authors: Carlson Daniel L. , Miller Amanda J. , Sassler Sharon , Hanson Sarah
Published: May 2016

Although contemporary couples increasingly express preferences for egalitarian unions, previous research has suggested that sexual intimacy decreases when routine housework is shared. Yet this research was conducted on data that are decades old. To update this work, the authors compared data from the 2006 Marital and Relationship Survey (MARS) and Wave 2 of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH2), collected in 1992–1994. The results indicated change in the association between housework arrangements and sexual intimacy across surveys. Although egalitarian arrangements were associated with lower sexual frequency compared to conventional arrangements in the NSFH2, no such difference was found in the MARS. In fact, reported sexual frequency increased across surveys among egalitarian couples only. In addition, how housework was arranged mattered more for sexual satisfaction among MARS couples than NSFH2 couples. These changes appear to result from the increasing role of perceived equity as a mechanism linking the division of housework to sex.