bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining Roles Pharmacists Assume in Disasters: A Content Analytic Approach
Authors: Ford Heath , Dallas Cham E. , Harris Curt
Published: October 2013

Objective

Numerous practice reports recommend roles pharmacists may adopt during disasters. This study examines the peer-reviewed literature for factors that explain the roles pharmacists assume in disasters and the differences in roles and disasters when stratified by time.

Methods

Quantitative content analysis was used to gather data consisting of words and phrases from peer-reviewed pharmacy literature regarding pharmacists’ roles in disasters. Negative binomial regression and Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric models were applied to the data.

Results

Pharmacists’ roles in disasters have not changed significantly since the 1960s. Pharmaceutical supply remains their preferred role, while patient management and response integration roles decrease in context of common, geographically widespread disasters. Policy coordination roles, however, significantly increase in nuclear terrorism planning.

Conclusions

Pharmacists’ adoption of nonpharmaceutical supply roles may represent a problem of accepting a paradigm shift in nontraditional roles. Possible shortages of personnel in future disasters may change the pharmacists’ approach to disaster management. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:563–572)
Central sets generated by uniformly recurrent words
Authors: BUCCI MICHELANGELO , PUZYNINA SVETLANA , ZAMBONI LUCA Q.
Published: October 2013

A subset $A$ of $ \mathbb{N} $ is called an IP-set if $A$ contains all finite sums of distinct terms of some infinite sequence $\mathop{({x}_{n} )}\nolimits_{n\in \mathbb{N} } $ of natural numbers. Central sets, first introduced by Furstenberg using notions from topological dynamics, constitute a special class of IP-sets possessing rich combinatorial properties: each central set contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions and solutions to all partition regular systems of homogeneous linear equations. In this paper we investigate central sets in the framework of combinatorics on words. Using various families of uniformly recurrent words, including Sturmian words, the Thue–Morse word and fixed points of weak mixing substitutions, we generate an assortment of central sets which reflect the rich combinatorial structure of the underlying words. The results in this paper rely on interactions between different areas of mathematics, some of which have not previously been directly linked. They include the general theory of combinatorics on words, abstract numeration systems, and the beautiful theory, developed by Hindman, Strauss and others, linking IP-sets and central sets to the algebraic/topological properties of the Stone-Čech compactification of $ \mathbb{N} $.
Ergodic properties of -adic Halton sequences
Authors: HOFER MARKUS , IACÒ MARIA RITA , TICHY ROBERT
Published: October 2013

We investigate a parametric extension of the classical$s$-dimensional Halton sequence where the bases are special Pisot numbers. In a one-dimensional setting the properties of such sequences have already been investigated by several authors. We use methods from ergodic theory in order to investigate the distribution behavior of multidimensional versions of such sequences. As a consequence it is shown that the Kakutani–Fibonacci transformation is uniquely ergodic.
Bore-generated macrovortices on erodible beds
Authors: Brocchini M.
Published: October 2013

The interaction of free-surface bores and an erodible porous channel bed in a shallow-water flow is analysed based on the assumption of weak coupling between free-surface discontinuities and bed discontinuities and on the simplest closure for the sediment transport rate (cubic with the mean flow velocity). It is shown that free-surface bores with finite cross-stream extent can evolve over the erodible bed by generating vertically oriented macrovortices in a manner similar to, but more complex than, that of free-surface bores of finite cross-stream extent over a rigid channel bottom. An equation for the potential vorticity is derived, which shows that on an erodible bed the vortices are generated by a combination of various mechanisms related to energy dissipation of both surface bores and bed discontinuities. The model is verified and the physics explored by comparison with a number of numerical simulations, typical of both riverine (dam-break test and pit test) and nearshore (bore on a beach test) flows, and with previously published experimental results. For all cases a fairly good agreement is found between the analytically estimated potential vorticity and that computed numerically.
Life-cycle assessment of biogas production under the environmental conditions of northern Germany: greenhouse gas balance
Authors: CLAUS S. , TAUBE F. , WIENFORTH B. , SVOBODA N. , SIELING K. , KAGE H. , SENBAYRAM M. , DITTERT K. , GERICKE D. , PACHOLSKI A. , HERRMANN A.
Published: October 2013

A considerable expansion of biogas production in Germany, paralleled by a strong increase in maize acreage, has caused growing concern that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during crop substrate production might counteract the GHG emission saving potential. Based on a 2-year field trial, a GHG balance was conducted to evaluate the mitigation potential of regionally adapted cropping systems (continuous maize, maize-wheat-Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass ley), depending on nitrogen (N) level and N type. Considering the whole production chain, all cropping systems investigated contributed to the mitigation of GHG emissions (6·7–13·3 t CO2 eq/ha), with continuous maize revealing a carbon dioxide (CO2) saving potential of 55–61% compared with a fossil energy mix reference system. The current sustainability thresholds in terms of CO2 savings set by the EU Renewable Energy Directive could be met by all cropping systems (48–76%). Emissions from crop production had the largest impact on the mitigation effect (⩾50%) unless the biogas residue storage was not covered. The comparison of N fertilizer types showed less pronounced differences in GHG mitigation potential, whereas considerable site effects were observed.
Life cycle ofCryptosporidium murisin two rodents with different responses to parasitization
Authors: MELICHEROVÁ JANKA , ILGOVÁ JANA , KVÁČ MARTIN , SAK BOHUMIL , KOUDELA BŘETISLAV , VALIGUROVÁ ANDREA
Published: October 2013

This study focuses on mapping the life cycle ofCryptosporidium murisin two laboratory rodents; BALB/c mice and the southern multimammate ratMastomys coucha, differing in their prepatent and patent periods. Both rodents were simultaneously experimentally inoculated with viable oocysts ofC. muris(strain TS03). Animals were dissected and screened for the presence of the parasite using a combined morphological approach and nested PCR (SSU rRNA) at different times after inoculation. The occurrence of first developmental stages ofC. murisin stomach was detected at 2·5 days post-infection (dpi). The presence of Type II merogony, appearing 36 h later than Type I merogony, was confirmed in both rodents. Oocysts exhibiting different size and thickness of their wall were observed from 5 dpi onwards in stomachs of both host models. The early phase of parasitization in BALB/c mice progressed rapidly, with a prepatent period of 7·5–10 days; whereas inM. coucha, the developmental stages ofC. muriswere first observed 12 h later in comparison with BALB/c mice and prepatent period was longer (18–21 days). Similarly, the patent periods of BALB/c mice andM. couchadiffered considerably, i.e. 10–15 daysvschronic infection throughout the life of the host, respectively.
Note on a Corinthian Pyxis
Authors: Pryce F. N. , Gardner E. A.
Published: October 2013

Pottery of the classical periods is poorly represented in the Salonika collection as compared with the wealth in incised and painted wares of early date. Attic red-figure is the fabric most frequently found, but always in a fragmentary or decayed condition; and where any design can be traced, it is of the roughest and latest phase of the style. There is one graceful early-Hellenistic jug, black with a gilded wreath on the shoulder; and a few indeterminate fragments represent the decorated fabrics of later date down to the glazed ware of Byzantine times.
Notes on Doris
Authors: Foat F. W. G.
Published: October 2013

The following report is written as the result partly of observations made by individual British officers stationed at Bralo during the war, and partly of educational work on topography and archaeology undertaken by Y.M.C.A. workers who were for a time in those camps. It was drawn up at the request of the Archaeological Committee at G.H.Q., Salonika, and is now published as a possible guide in the choice of sites for further exploration for anyone who can give the time, money, and labour necessary for a more scholarly and scientific survey.

When I reached Bralo in September, 1918, I found that some four or five ancient fortified sites had been noted. Visits to these places confirmed the belief that the lines of masonry were of fourth century date and earlier; a few lectures on the topography and antiquities of ancient Doris elicited further information, while a visit paid to the camp by M. Papadakis, Ephor of Thebes, gave more precision to the investigations made by both officers and men in their spare time.
Notes on Prehistoric Mounds in the Caucasus and Turkestan
Authors: Casson S.
Published: October 2013

On the occasion of a journey by railway across the Caucasus and into Western Turkestan in March, 1919, I found the opportunity of making a few notes upon objects of archaeological and ethnological interest in these areas. Unfortunately it was impossible to obtain any very detailed information as to mounds and other sites; and these notes are, in consequence, hardly more than a record of things observed en route. I was not able to obtain specimens of pottery from any of the mounds here referred to.

The area dealt with is the ground in the Caucasus covered by the main railway line from Batum to Baku, and in Turkestan by the plains at the foothills of the Balkhan and Kopet Dagh ranges over which the Central Asiatic railway runs eastwards from Krasnovodsk, its Caspian terminus.
Saint Gerasimos and the English Admiral
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

In the spring of 1917, during the blockade of Greece by the fleets of the Entente Powers, a pamphlet, of which a translation is given below, was published in Athens by one Georgios Papagiannakopoulos, describing the great miracle wrought by Saint Gerasimos on behalf of the island of Cephalonia, of which he is patron, at the expense of the admiral of a British fleet said to have then been anchored in the bay of Argostoli, the capital of the island.

Saint Gerasimos, who, like his brother Saint Dionysios of Zante, is of comparatively recent date, and Hosios (Beatus), not Hagios (Sanctus), was born of the great family of Notaras, at Trikala in the Morea, on August 15th, 1500. It is remarkable that two of the largest Ionian Islands should have chosen for their patrons modern saints sprung from great local families; for Saint Dionysios was a son of the house of Sygouros.
Lemnos
Authors: Sealy F. L. W.
Published: October 2013

As a rule, it is extremely difficult to distinguish the boundary between legend and history. In the case of Lemnos, however, this difficulty does not arise chiefly owing to a lack of material, as very little is known about the early days of the island, and, as far as our knowledge goes at present, the first date in its history is B.C. 512. At this time it was still independent, and though, no doubt, Athenians lived in the island, there was no official connection between Lemnos and Athens. Athens was at war with Persia, and Darius sent Otanes, who was in command of the Persian forces on the sea coast of Asia Minor, on a punitive expedition. As a result of the invasion of Thrace and Macedonia by Megabazus, Lemnos with several of the other Aegaean islands came under the Persian rule; but the islanders did not surrender without a struggle and put up a very gallant fight.
Groups of Mid-Sixth-Century Black-Figure
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: October 2013

The title calls for a word of explanation. I use ‘mid-sixth-century black-figure’ as a convenient term for the vases made not only in 550 B.C., but in the decade or so before and the two decades after the middle of the century: the work of Lydos, Exekias, the Amasis painter, and their contemporaries. I shall not say much about the cups of the period, for I have already dealt with the chief sort, the ‘little-master cups,’ elsewhere (JHS. 52, pp. 167–204). The shapes we shall be mainly concerned with are the amphora, the neck-amphora, and the hydria; which, with the cup, are the dominant shapes in this and the succeeding phase of black-figure. My order will be not strictly chronological, but not quite arbitrary either.
The Ionian Islands
Authors: Benton Sylvia
Published: October 2013

My first literary pilgrimage to the Ionian islands took place six years ago. I still find them an attractive field for research, and the present paper records observations made among them during two very pleasant summers. In this connection I would recall the fact that both Professor Chadwick and Professor Childe have indicated the importance of a study of North-West Greece for the better understanding of the coming of the Greeks.
Facts or Fancies?
Authors: Droop J. P.
Published: October 2013

I am sorry to be compelled to say again in print what I said first nearly twenty years ago, and said again in 1926, and repeated in company with others in 1930. In 1926 I was stirred to testify by certain criticisms of Mr. Wace's Mycenae report, which criticisms appeared to me to scout the evidence of the facts ascertained in the excavation. I am stirred to it now by a paper by Miss M. Hartley on ‘Early Greek Vases from Crete.’

With most of that paper I am not indeed concerned, since unfortunately I am not well acquainted with Greek vases from Crete, except on paper; but what does concern me is Miss Hartley's publication at the end of her paper of several fragments of a Laconian krater found in 1929 at Eleutherna (as it would appear, in an unstratified deposit), and the date, about the middle of the sixth century B.C., that she assigns to it for reasons chiefly derived from the development of parallel forms in Chalcidian and Corinthian pottery.
Lápithos (Lampousa: Acheiropoiétos): Acropolis devastated by Quarrying
Authors: Myres John L.
Published: October 2013

The North Range of Cyprus is a long, narrow, rugged ridge of hard steeply-inclined limestones, flanked southwards by coarse grits and sandstones, also steeply-inclined. On both sides of the range the lower slopes consist of later and softer limestones and marls, which overlie the rocks of the range unconformably, and have not been much disturbed since they were formed. The contrast is very marked between (1) the rugged peaks and spurs of the mountains, which run up, barren or sparsely forested, to more than 3000 feet, with passes as low as 1000 feet; (2) the dry brown barren ‘hummocks’ of the grits and sands, and (3) the light soil and great local fertility of the recent lowlands. This fertility depends, however, directly on the water supply; and as the greater part of the rainfall of Cyprus seems to come up from the south-west, and is liable to be intercepted by the hills, the north coast depends mainly on the discharge of the hill rainfall in springs, which break out at intervals along the upper margin of the later limestones, particularly if they are marly, and cut steep-sided torrent beds which widen seawards, and have formed alluvial coast deposits here and there.
§ 4. Objects of Terracotta from Palaikastro and Praisos
Authors: Hutchinson R. W.
Published: October 2013

[Though some of these objects have already been published, they are better represented in the photographs in Plates 17–20.

The descriptions are based on notes left by Mr. Hutchinson when he left England for Crete in 1940, and it has not been possible to submit them to him for revision.]

A Bull's-head of Terracotta (Plate 20 A; CM 2070) was found at Praisos, but the circumstances of the find are not recorded. It may be the fragment which Bosanquet thought (BSA Suppl. I (1923) 153 n.) to be the end of the ridge-pole of the larnax from Tholos B. The larnakes in Candia afford nothing like it, but Dr. Schachermayer reports a similar head on a LM.III larnax in the Museum at Hierapetra. This head is of pink clay, covered with a pink slip; across the horns (one of which is broken) it measures ·13m. and from the top of the head to the tip of the muzzle ·10m. One ear is missing. Strongly marked characteristics are the bold modelling of the eyes and brow, the incised lines above the nostrils, the slit for the mouth, the narrow neck and nose, and the forward stretching of the head.
Inscriptiones Graecae, V. I: Some Afterthoughts
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: October 2013

The miscellaneous notes on Spartan inscriptions, mainly of the Imperial age, which I have put together in the following pages deal chiefly with texts already published in the Laconian volume of the Corpus (IG V. I) which record the Cursus Honorum of individuals or lists of magistrates or other officials. For many of these I suggest textual improvements, and for some an approximate date based on prosopographical evidence. Moreover, in a few cases, I have been able to unite fragments published separately in the Corpus, or to recognise the nature of lists hitherto classed as uncertain.
The Wool Industry of Crete in the Late Bronze Age
Authors: Killen J. T.
Published: October 2013

In this paper the writer examines the largest group of Linear B tablets from Knossos, the great archive of records dealing with sheep. The results of this inquiry provide, it is suggested, a plausible solution to a long-standing problem, the source of the wealth of Knossos in the Late Bronze Age.

The account of the great archive of sheep records from Knossos (Series D) which Ventris and Chadwick present inDocuments in Mycenaean Greekremains the most influential treatment of this series taken as a whole, and must provide the starting-point for any further discussion of the texts which it contains. In the course of their account, V.C. consider what the purpose of these records is likely to have been, and rightly reject suggestions that the sheep listed on them are, for instance, hecatombs of sacrificial animals, or merely tokens of exchange, as sheep sometimes were in the ancient Near East.
Late Helladic IIIA 1 Pottery From Mycenae
Authors: French Elizabeth
Published: October 2013

Whatever absolute dates are to be attached to the L.H. IIIA 1 period, its historical significance is indisputable. At present this significance derives mainly from events outside Greece itself, the fall of Knossos and the disruption in the Aegean area which went before it. On the mainland, although in South Greece no major event can be associated with the period, in Boeotia the fall of the palace at Thebes has been dated to L.H. IIIA 1 and has been a source of much speculation.
Athenian Workshops Around 700
Authors: Cook J. M.
Published: October 2013

The form of these vases is precise. The uniform alternation of dark and light in the decoration (which is enhanced by the use of the chequer-pattern on at least one of each pair of bowls) is punctuated at intervals by panels; in them isolated motives appear, their dark silhouettes compelling attention in fields comparatively free of filling ornament (cf. Fig. 2, lid).
The Chemical Composition of Archaic Greek Bronze
Authors: Davies O.
Published: October 2013

This paper sets forth the chemical analysis of a number of copper objects from Greece of the Late Bronze and Early Iron ages. The majority of these objects were picked up by me during my wanderings, and so are not exactly stratified or datable, but nevertheless may be assigned with tolerable certainty within the limits described. The collection from the Argive Heraeum was found in the temple rubbish-heaps; the pieces of determinate form are paralleled from Geometric times, so it is highly probable that the whole of this deposit is of the same date.
The Topography of Megara
Authors: Casson S.
Published: October 2013

According to early investigators of the topography of the Megarid, the sites of Minoa and Nisaea were identified, the former with the small hill surmounted by a mediaeval castle standing in the middle of the coast-line in front of Megara, and the latter as the hill upon which is the church of St. George, above the hamlet of Pachi (Fig. 4). Spratt was the first to suggest this identification, which he based both on the existence of remains of ancient buildings around the small hill and on the assumption that it was originally severed from the land (Fig. 1).

His view was subsequently confirmed by Lolling.

It has, however, recently been suggested that the site identified as Nisaea is really the site of Minoa, while that given to Minoa is the real Nisaea. This reversal of the accepted identification is based on the fact that when Demosthenes in 424 made his attempt to capture the Long Walls of Megara, reinforcements were sent from Athens by land via Eleusis. These reinforcements, it is urged, would have taken up their position immediately outside the eastern Long Wall of Megara, as it would have been both difficult and dangerous to make the long circuit round the north of Megara and camp outside the western wall.
Cruciform Fonts in the Aegean Area
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

The Melian font described in the preceding paper by Mr. Casson is paralleled by several other examples from various parts of the Aegean area; all have in common a more or less cruciform plan, one or more of the arms of the cross being provided with steps. Some of these fonts are now published for the first time: of the majority, descriptions have already appeared, but for the most part in publications not generally accessible. It therefore seems worth while to publish the series of measured drawings and notes given below, which have been made at various times in the last ten years. The series of fonts described is intentionally confined to the Aegean area and Constantinople; the references at the end of the paper will enable the comparisons to be extended to the whole group.
The Tsakonian Dialect.—II
Authors: Scutt C. A.
Published: October 2013

The folk-tales and translations which follow are given as being the best means of illustrating the dialect of Tsakonia. They were in every case taken down in the village to which they are assigned and from a native, and were not collected without some difficulty as the popularity of story-telling of this kind no longer exists or perhaps never had any strong hold over the district. This of course is true generally of the mainland of Greece to-day as opposed to the Aegean islands. The speaker generally appeared rather confused as if he (or she) did not remember or did not understand the plot of the story.
Modern Greek Carols in Honour of Saint Basil
Authors: Halliday W. R.
Published: October 2013

Upon the Eve of St. Basil, whose festival, in the Greek Church, falls upon New Year's Day, processions of carol-singers go from house to house making their collections under the pretext of wishing the inmates good fortune for the coming year. That the practice is of very considerable antiquity is shown by the existence of a carol of the Byzantine Age which I have discussed elsewhere. The name κάλαντα by which such songs are called is connected with the Latin kalendae. The procession, now usually composed of children, carries lanterns and often the paper model of a ship.

Mention must further be made of the mumming plays, which have been discussed by Mr. Wace, since the performers in the two instances draw in part upon a common stock of popular poetical commonplace. It is clear that the tendency to transfer these mumming plays to the period of Carnival is modern and to be accounted for by European and ecclesiastical influences. Originally they too appear to be associated with the period between New Year's Day and the Epiphany rather than with Shrove Tuesday.
The Site of Olynthus
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

Early in 1915 during a short journey in Macedonia I took the opportunity of exploring the site and neighbourhood of Olynthus (Fig. 1), because it is hoped that the British School at Athens will before long be able to begin excavations there. I spent two days in the territory of Olynthus examining sites at Hagios Mamas, Myriophyton and Molivopyrgos as well as the ruins at Pizla, Magazudia and Palaioportes, all near Polygyros, which are those of mediaeval or modern villages. Although somewhat impeded by a heavy fall of snow I had the satisfaction of seeing for myself the comparative warmth of the climate of Olynthus even in winter. All about the reputed site of Olynthus the snow soon melted, whereas to the west beyond the village of Portaria towards the Kara Burun promontory, the snow remained for several days. The biting north-west Vardar wind which freezes the western end of Chalkidike in winter is kept off from Olynthus by the range of hills behind Polygyros, some of which are over three thousand feet high. Along the coast from Hagios Mamas to Molivopyrgos the territory of Olynthus is warm, faces south and is fertile, producing oil, corn, wine and silk. The low ground towards the coast is covered with olive groves, while the hills to the north are clothed with oak woods which were undoubtedly finer in antiquity than they are to-day. In most of the houses in Polygyros the doors and floors are of oak instead of the usual pine. These circumstances, coupled with the good anchorage at Molivopyrgos (the ancient Mekyberna), make it easy to understand the wealth and commercial importance of Olynthus. In addition to its other advantages, from Polygyros there runs the best road northwards into the upper country. Iron is said to be found in the hills and to-day mines of chrome and magnesite are worked along the coast.
Some Problems of the Troad
Authors: Leaf Walter
Published: October 2013

The preparation of the commentary on Strabo's account of Asia Minor undertaken by the Hellenic Society is seriously delayed by the war—not only from the general preoccupation with more immediate emergencies, but by the fact that several of the most important collaborators are actively employed on Government service in the Near East. Under the circumstances it may be pardoned if I publish some of my own material at once, in the hope that I may receive criticism and advice in some of the more difficult problems. I begin with one or two points in which further consideration has led me to modify views already made public. For the location of the sites mentioned I must refer the reader to the map of the Troad, Pl XXI., in B.S.A., xvii. All the places named are marked in Philippson's Karte des N. W. Kleinasien.
Stone Cults and Venerated Stones in the Graeco-Turkish Area
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

The veneration of stones seems to have been world-wide at an early stage in religious development, and has left traces everywhere in the magical and ‘folklore’ practices of civilized peoples. Over the Semitic area stone worship, as such, survived later and more generally than among peoples more prone to anthropomorphism; and Islam, so far from being able to displace it, tacitly sanctioned it by allowing the reverence paid already by pagan Arabs to the Black Stone of the Kaaba to be perpetuated on the rather far-fetched hypothesis that the angel Gabriel had brought it to, Mecca.

Christianity, somewhat in the same way, has permitted or encouraged the paying of reverence to stones associated by tradition with saintly personages, the Stone of Unction at Jerusalem being a typical example. In both the great religions of the Near East the arbitrary association of certain stones with sacred persons and events has been allowed to replace or mask the more primitive idea of worshipping stones as fetishes with independent power.
Geographical Distribution of the Bektashi
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

In the following paper an attempt has been made to bring together scattered notices from printed sources regarding the geographical distribution of the Bektashi sect, as indicated by the position of existing or formerly existing convents of the order. I have further included such information on this subject as I have been able to obtain from my own journeys and enquiries (1913–15) among the Bektashi: nearly all this information is gathered from Bektashi sources, and much from more than one such source. I hope to have made a fairly complete record of Bektashi establishments in Albania, now the most important sphere of their activities, and a substantial basis for further enquiry in the other countries where the sect is to be found, with the exception of Asia Minor, for which my sources are at present inadequate.

From the evidence at our disposal the Bektashi establishments in Asia Minor would seem to be grouped most thickly in the ‘Kyzylbash’ or Shia Mahommedan districts, especially in (1) the vilayets of Angora and Sivas, and (2) in the south-west corner (Lycia) of that of Konia, where the Shia tribes are known from their occupation as Tachtadji (‘wood-cutters’). For the third great stronghold of Anatolian Shias, the Kurdish vilayets of Kharput and Erzeroum, no information as to Bektashi tekkes is available.
The Lokrian Maidens
Authors: Leaf Walter
Published: October 2013

When discussing in Troy: A Study in Homeric Geography the tribute of two maidens sent annually as temple-slaves to Athena at her temple in Ilion, I was able only to mention the existence of an inscription referring to the subject (pp. 131, 396). The inscription was then unpublished; I had been unable to obtain by correspondence any particulars other than an assurance that it contained no new material of importance.

The inscription, discovered so long ago as 1896, and copied by Wilhelm in 1897, has at length appeared in the Jahreshefte des Oest. Arch. Institutes, xiv, dated 1911, but issued only in 1913. I have to thank Dr. Wilhelm for sending me a copy of his very full account and discussion (Die Lokrische Mädcheninschrift, pp. 163–256). I recur to the subject now because it seems to me that, contrary to my information, the inscription does throw a great deal of new light; and because, if I am not mistaken, the real significance of it has been entirely missed both by Dr. Wilhelm and by M. A. Reinach—unhappily lost to science in the battle of the Marne two years ago—who discussed it in the Revue de l'Histoire des Religions, lxix, 1 (Jan. 1914), pp. 12–54.
§ I.—The Campaign of 1920
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

As Sir Arthur Evans had suggested that in view of the great discoveries in Crete, which have thrown entirely new light on the origin and development of the Mycenaean civilisation, it was desirable that supplementary excavations should be undertaken at Mycenae in the hope of being able to solve some of the problems connected with the Grave Circle, the Treasury of Atreus and other monuments, the British School applied to the Greek Ministry of Public Instruction for a permit. The permission was readily granted, as Professor Tsountas most courteously and generously gave up his rights on the site for the time being in favour of the British School. The excavation began on April 23rd, 1920, and lasted till July 9th, but the number of men employed never rose above twenty-five. The headquarters of the party were at the ‘Fair Helen Hotel,’ which was found as usual clean and comfortable, while its proprietor, Demetrios Ntases, himself a veteran digger, gave us much sage advice. A house was also rented to serve as a temporary museum and store-room.
§ IV.—The Rhyton Well (Continued)
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

To the account of this well and of the objects found in it the following additions should be made.

A. There is one fragment of a funnel-shaped rhyton in stone from Mycenae in the National Museum at Athens. It is fluted and well-polished, and was found by Tsountas in his excavations on the acropolis (Athens Nat. Mus., No. 2669, height ·07, width ·065, thickness ·02 m.). A fragment of another was found in the Palace in 1923, see below, p. 183.
Rhodes and Hellenistic Sculpture
Authors: Lawrence A. W.
Published: October 2013

The importance of Rhodes as an art centre in Hellenistic times has led to a theory that its sculpture was different in character from that of other places. My aim in this paper is to collect the more important objects of Rhodian provenance and to see if they support this view.

The fourth-century work from the island is in no way distinctive, as is shown by two female heads in Boston, which date from the middle and the third quarter of the century. The latter so closely resembles Attic grave-stelae that Caskey suspects it of belonging to one: this is quite likely, since we know that these stelae were exported (e. g., the fragment in the Argos Museum which bears the head of a boy with his name Kephisodotos written above in Athenian lettering), and the mention of five colossal statues by Bryaxis and a Helios and quadriga by Lysippos proves that foreign artists were already employed for Rhodes. The influence of Lysippos may be traced in a colossal head of Helios in the collection of Hiller von Gaertringen, in another Alexandroid head of no great merit, and in the colossal head from Ialysos in New York (Pl. VIII, 1). This came from a high relief and is remarkably like the heads on the Alexander Sarcophagus (cf. Pl. IX); it may be significant that both are of Pentelic marble instead of the customary Parian.
A Survey of Laconian Epigraphy, 1913–1925
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: October 2013

The year 1913 witnessed the publication, under the auspices of the Prussian Academy, of the Corpus of Laconian and Messenian inscriptions (I.G. v. 1), edited (after part of the preliminary preparation had been carried out by M. Fraenkel and H. von Prott) by Walther Kolbe, at that time Professor of Ancient History in the University of Rostock. This event marked the beginning of a new epoch in the study of Laconian inscriptions, for the volume in question, thanks to its authoritative character and to the skill and devotion of its successive editors, naturally serves as the almost unquestioned basis of all further investigation. Its completeness and its correctness are accepted as axiomatic. It seems worth while, therefore, at a time when the British School is renewing its campaigns of excavation at Sparta with every hope and prospect of important epigraphical results, to make an attempt to strengthen this foundation, in however slight a degree, (1) by presenting a brief account of the Laconian inscriptions omitted from I.G. v. 1 or published in the twelve years which have elapsed since its issue, and (2) by making certain additions to the bibliographies of the inscriptions which it contains. With the Messenian section of the volume I shall not here deal.
Excavations at Sparta, 1924—25: § 1.—Introductory
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: October 2013

When the British School decided to bring to an end its excavations at Sparta in the year 1910, after five campaigns, it was fully aware that the possibilities of the site were by no means exhausted. Its varied activities before the war, at Phylakopi and in Crete, and after the war at Mycenae, have formed the subjects of full reports in various volumes of the Annual from XVII (1910–11) onwards, but when Mr. Wace's tenure of the Directorship came to an end, the decision of the Committee to resume work on a site of the Classical period led to the renewal of work at Sparta forming their first choice. The fact that the new Director had taken an active part in three of the five original campaigns was an additional reason for returning there, and it was accordingly resolved to resume operations in 1924, with the Theatre as the first objective; and in hopes, moreover, of carrying out a fuller exploration of the Acropolis, and also of gaining fresh information as to the topography of ancient Sparta by extensively testing portions of the ancient city previously unexamined. The principal results of the work of the two seasons, 1924 and 1925, form the subject of the present report.
Excavations at Sparta, 1924—25: The Acropolis. The Finds
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: October 2013

The outstanding feature of the excavations of 1925 was the discovery, in the circumstances above described, of substantial portions of a marble statue, of more than life size, representing a helmeted warrior. These comprise (1) the head and armless torso down to the waist; (2) two portions of the marble crest, which join each other, and fit on to the helmet; (3) the left leg, from knee to ankle; (4) part of the right foot, lacking heel and toes (material, scale, and style as far as can be seen in its damaged condition, make the attribution practically certain); (5) a small piece from the rim of the marble shield, which we must restore the figure as holding.

There are two cuttings for the crest on the top of the helmet, of which that nearer the front is ·085 m. long, the other ·10 m.; a plain surface lies between them, ·026 m. long; the cuttings are nearly straight-sided, but vary in width between ·028 and ·035 m. A part of the tenon of the crest was found broken off short in the rearward cutting, and has since been rejoined to the fragment to which it belongs.

Damage: both arms are missing, being broken away at the shoulders, and in addition the surface has been flaked off from the back of the right shoulder and the chest close to the arm-pit.
Excavations at Sparta, 1924—25: § 5.—Greek Relief-ware from Sparta
Authors: Hobling Margaret B.
Published: October 2013

The footless, handleless, bowls with moulded reliefs, which are commonly known as ‘Megarian bowls,’ were manufactured in various parts of the Greek world as far apart as S. Russia and Italy from the end of the fourth century onwards. Since the large discoveries of this ware made during the French excavations at Delos, and the detailed study of it published by Monsieur Courby, we are able, not only to recognise that they do not form a single homogeneous series, but also to assign certain types to various local centres.
A Crowned Head and a Statue of a Child from Mesopotamia
Authors: Lawrence A. W.
Published: October 2013

The Assyrian Room of the British Museum contains several cases of objects (almost all unpublished) that throw light on the Hellenism of Mesopotamia: the bronzes are chiefly statuettes of Olympian deities, perhaps imported from Egypt or elsewhere, but the stone sculptures and terracottas, however Greek in style, are as often of Asiatic as Greek subjects. Of those that are purely Hellenic in subject a terracotta statue of a male child and a marble head (both in Wall-case 20) are the most striking, though aesthetically among the least successful members of the collection.
Excavations at Sparta, 1927: § 5.—Bronzes from the Acropolis, 1924—1927
Authors: Lamb W.
Published: October 2013

Of the bronzes found during the recent excavations, one, the naked woman, No. 6, is an important contribution to the history of Spartan art, while many of the others present points of special interest. Two statuettes, Nos. 4 and 6, are almost certainly local work; two others, Nos. 1 and 9, are probably so. Theprotomai, Nos. 24–28, have every claim to be Spartan products; so too have many of the minor objects. Two figures appear to be imported from the North-East Peloponnese, Nos. 2 and 3. In the following account, a complete description is given of the more important unpublished bronzes, and a short supplementary description is included of some of the bronzes published in Vol. XXVI of thisAnnual. A number of small and apparently insignificant finds are also mentioned, since it is desirable to have a complete record of the bronzes associated with a given site.
A New Cretan Inscription
Authors: Davies O.
Published: October 2013

At the edge of the excavations in the Lower Town at Knossos was found a fragment of a steatite libation table; it was considerably above the original ground level, and had probably been washed down from the Palace. Its sides must have measured about 10·4 cm., and the diameter of the hollow about 7·4; but as it is cut slightly irregularly it is impossible to give exact measurements. In shape it resembles those figured in B.S.A. ix. p. 41, Fig. 20 e, from Knossos, and vi. Plate XI, 2 from the Dictaean Cave, except that underneath it slopes away to the base rather less sharply than those examples.
Antiquities from Thiaki
Authors: Benton Sylvia
Published: October 2013

In view of the proposed excavations it may be useful to consider some early finds from the island.

Charles Philippe de Bosset, Swiss by birth but a Colonel in the British army, was the governor of Cephallenia 1810–13 and became the first collector of Mycenaean pottery. There is a large case in the Musée d'Histoire at Neuchâtel containing his finds, each object labelled with its provenience. Cephallenia provided the bulk of the spoil, among it the late Mycenaean vases from this collection that have already been published.

Fig. 1, No. 1 and Fig. 2 shew a short bronze sword (length 15·8 in.), now in the Musée d'Histoire, which I publish by kind permission of the Director, M. de Pury, who gives me the following extract from the old catalogue of the Museum :—“ Il a été découvert dans une des tombes taillées dans le roc avec dalles pour couvertures que le Col. de Bosset a fait ouvrir à Ithaque au pied du Château d'Aito.” There is a note that a similar weapon was sold in England.
Excavations at Thermi in Lesbos
Authors: Lamb W. , Hutchinson R. W.
Published: October 2013

The prehistoric site of Thermi lies 10 km. north of Mytilene, nearly 2 km. east of the modern village, and about half a kilometre south-east of the hot springs which give the district its name. Before excavation it appeared as a low mound on the coast, part of which had been cut away by the sea. The cliff face rises to 6·20 m. at the highest part of the mound: the relation of virgin soil to the settlement earth is shewn in the sections, Pl. II. Scattered stones, obviously once used for building, extend for 30 m. out to sea: it seems probable that at least 15–20 m. of the city have been lost on this side owing to the gradual erosion of the coast. The extent of the surviving parts can be roughly estimated from the map, Pl. I, though not all the boundaries have yet been discovered.
Two Protopalatial Houses at Knossos
Authors: Pendlebury H. W. , Pendlebury J. D. S.
Published: October 2013

An interesting feature of the excavations in the West Court at Knossos in 1930 was the discovery of two more walled pits or ‘Koulouras’ lying between that already excavated and the great enceinte wall which was brought to light at the western extremity of the later Court (Fig. 1).

At the bottom of each of these Koulouras appeared walls and floors belonging to houses dating from the beginning of the first Middle Minoan period, which had been covered in at the time when the Court was extended and the Koulouras constructed—i.e. in Middle Minoan I. b or at the beginning of Middle Minoan II.
Ἐώθινα Ἀναστάσιμα. The Morning Hymns of the Emperor Leo, Part I
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: October 2013

Carmina Matutina, sive ὲωθινὰ ὰναστὰσιμα Leonis Imperatoris cum musica e compluribus codicibus exscripta hic edidimus. Notas Rotundas (s. Hagiopolitanas) iam XII saec. inventas esse manifestum fit. Omnia fere exempla carminum Sticheraricorum, his notis a XII ad XVII saec. expressa et in variis libris servata, adeo inter se congruunt, ut cuncta ab una origine facillime deducenda sint. Fieri igitur potest, ut auctores harum notarum textum quoque carminum sacrorum ipsi ordinaverint et ubique eosdem numeros cantoribus graecis ipsi tradiderint. Inter XII saec. et vitam Leonis nulli populorum motus, qui artes liberales et studia humaniora everterent, orti sunt. Facillime ergo credas non modo verba sed etiam numeros carminum fere eadem, qua facta sint, forma ad nos pervenisse.

In ipsis notis enucleandis, eadem, qua prius, ratione utimur. Multa, quae de sonis initialibus octo tonorum tunc conieceram, iam maiore experientia confirmata sunt.
Report on Excavations at the Toumba of Saratsé, Macedonia, 1929
Authors: Heurtley W. A. , Radford C. A. Ralegh
Published: October 2013

In accordance with the plan to explore a representative mound in each area of Central Macedonia, the Toumba of Saratsé was selected as occupying a key position in the group of mounds that lies in the region of Lakes Lankadás and Beshik. Prehistoric finds in this district have so far been represented by the neolithic pottery from above the village of Aïváte (now Léte), which lies at the foot of the hills, by the entrance to the Dervéni Pass, and by surface finds from mounds at Drymínklava (now Drymós), and elsewhere. It was hoped that a deposit might possibly be found at Saratsé which would throw some light on certain obscure points of the Macedonian Neolithic Age. No such deposit was found, and only some half-dozen neolithic sherds (all except one, unstratified), but a sequence of pottery from the Early Bronze Age onwards was obtained, which makes it possible to place the site, and by inference the area, in relation to the rest of Central Macedonia and to Chalcidice.
Laconian Terracottas of the Dedalic Style
Authors: Jenkins R. J. H.
Published: October 2013

Laconian figurines have been found on four sites at or in the neighbourhood of Sparta: by the British excavations at the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, at the Menelaion, and on the Acropolis at the Sanctuary of Athena of the Brazen House: and by the Greek and, subsequently, the German excavations at the Amyklaion. So far as I know only three archaic Laconian figurines have been found on sites which are not Laconian. Of these, two are from Tegea, a site which was open to Laconian, Argive and Corinthian influences; these two objects will be mentioned below. The third is the late archaic terracotta head from Olympia, which Langlotz classes as Sicyonian, but which is much more akin to late archaic Laconian heads. One would expect that seventh-century figurines of Laconian style would have been found at Tarentum, but as almost no archaic terracottas from that site have been published it is impossible to say whether such exist or no: the few I have seen in Berlin do not present any striking similarity with those from Laconia, although one of them is akin to the Cretan heads of about 625.
V. The Cave of Meskine (‘The Leper’)
Authors: Pendlebury J. D. S. , Money-Coutts M. B.
Published: October 2013

This cave lies about 400 metres east of the Skaphidhia Cave. It is entered from a small flat terrace in a fold of the cliffs behind the Trapeza Plateau. From the entrace the cave runs due west for about 6 metres, then, after a quick turn north and east, continues towards the north for another 15. At the entrace the height is nearly 2 metres, but diminishes steadily until at the far end the roof is within 40 cms. of the floor. The width is fairly constant at 2 metres. The depth of earth varies consistently from 40 to 60 cms., though outcrops of rock almost reach the surface in places. Five tests were made. Few sherds were found, all belonging to MM I or MM III, with the exception of three Neolithic sherds. There was no stratification, but in the third test, which was made in the turn of the cave just before the final stretch, the remains of a MM I pithos and human bones were found crushed under a fallen rock. No other human bones were found in the cave, and the only object not of pottery was an iron nail in two fragments (370), which is probably modern.