bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ghosts, Narrative, and Noumenal Reality
Authors: Fennell Jack
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers Ireland’s rich tradition of ghost stories through the lens of Kant’s ‘noumenal reality’ – that is, facts of nature that are (and will forever remain) beyond the understanding of human minds: ghosts resist comprehension in proportion to the scrutiny applied to them, appearing as self-evident facts to the untroubled believer and as frustrating enigmas to those who look for scientific evidence. It is thus hardly surprising that their manifestations interfere with our ability to create narratives, whether on an interpersonal or national scale. The ghost stories considered here complicate traditional family dynamics and nation-building historiography alike, and pose interesting questions regarding the role of storytellers in a modern Ireland where literal belief in the supernatural is no longer a constant feature.
Breeding Breaks Out
Authors: Fennell Jack
Published: May 2020

A central tenet of modern Western culture is the distinction between human and animal, particularly on psychological and cultural grounds: physical differences aside, we emphasise our difference from other species by defining self-awareness, motive, individuality and history as uniquely human traits – to be an animal is effectively to be an automaton. This denial of sapience to animals (or, at its most charitable extreme, the ascription of a kind of ‘diminished personhood’ to them) is fruitful ground for gothic and horror stories. On the one hand, to become or act like an animal is a kind of dissolution; on the other hand, an animal that behaves like a human provokes an unnerving, uncanny response. This chapter considers these aspects of animal-horror, alongside the unsettling phenomena of animal ‘vagrants’ and cryptids, to look at how authors have disrupted the boundaries between human and beast.
Haunted Spaces and Monstrous Lairs
Authors: Fennell Jack
Published: May 2020

Space is not merely an inert fact of nature, or a simple backdrop to history. It is, rather, a socially constructed set of meanings that are attached to the world around us – in place-names, in stereotypes and values (e.g. ‘rough’ neighbourhoods and ‘desirable locations’), and the psychological resonances of different spatial concepts (e.g. the meanings suggested by ‘cottage,’ ‘mansion’ and ‘cave’). Supernatural antagonists contribute to these layers of meaning, producing haunted spaces and territories where trespassers meet gruesome ends. This chapter looks at the production of monstrous space in Irish literature, leaning particularly on Michel Foucault’s understanding of the ‘heterotopia’ (a space of crisis, containing that which cannot be spatially ordered according to the dominant ideology of the society that produces them), and Gaston Bachelard’s categorisation of fear into ‘Fear in the Attic’ (transitory, insubstantial) and ‘Fear in the Cellar’ (enduring, resistant to rationalisation).
Moral Perfectionism, Optatives, and the Inky Line in Besant’s All in a Garden Fair and Gissing’s New Grub Street
Authors: Ue Tom
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues for the importance of moral perfectionism to the life of writing depicted in Besant’s All in a Garden Fair (1883) and Gissing’s New Grub Street (1891). Scholarship by Andrew H. Miller has identified our desire to improve as ‘a defining aspect of modernity’. Miller’s terms explain a good deal about these novels, in both of which characters routinely (aspire to) improve themselves by means of comparing themselves with others. In All in a Garden Fair, for example, Claire rejects Allen by imagining untoward future outcomes, prospects cancelled by their decisions in the present. Meanwhile, New Grub Street opens with Milvain referring to a man who is being executed: his self-conceptualization arises out of an understanding of who he is not, or at least not yet. My aim, in the first half of this essay, is to show how the two works articulate a larger, Victorian conversation regarding moral perfectionism. In the second half, I concentrate on Besant’s and Andrew Lang’s conversation about New Grub Street in the Author, and Gissing’s responses, revealing how they reenact some of the novels’ debates.
Destabilizing structuralism in Pauline Melville’s The Ventriloquist’s Tale
Authors: Adair Gigi
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the way in which Melville's novel challenges the ongoing influence of classical anthropological discourses of kinship and indigeneity via its parodic representation of Lévi-Strauss, its exploration of the incest taboo, and its interrogation of the power of language and writing. The novel offers several intersecting stories which demonstrate the imbrication of discourses of kinship with those of nation, and it offers instead practices and understandings of kinship which are both Amerindian and diasporic. It stakes a claim for indigenous presence and participation in the cultures of the Black Atlantic, thereby challenging theories that define diaspora against indigeneity. Rather than capitulating to the anthropological claim that kinship is a structural basis for culture, the novel offers an alternative understanding of kinship based not on genealogy or sexual bonds, but on shared labour within a complete ecosystem.
Introduction
Authors: Atack Margaret , Fell Alison S. , Holmes Diana , Long Imogen
Published: May 2020

In the late 1980s and 1990s it was commonplace to announce the death of feminism as a social movement. A 1989 special journal issue in France was entitled: ‘Le féminisme … ringard?’ (‘Is feminism … passé?)1 (BIEF, 1989). In the UK Vicki Coppock, Deena Haydon and Ingrid Richter argued in 1995 that: ‘Post-feminism happened without warning. It seemed to arrive from nowhere. One minute there were feminisms, identified by their diverse political standpoints, and their contrasting campaign strategies, the next … it was all over’ (...
Before Les Femmes s’entêtent
Authors: Reynolds Siân
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the connections between feminist thought and activism in the years following the end of the Second World War, and the feminism that emerged in the mid-1970s. Whereas the emergence of the 1970s French women’s movement is often linked to the student protest movement of May 1968, this chapter draws on the work of historians of French feminism to argue both that many of the women involved were of an earlier generation, and that earlier twentieth-century feminist activists and intellectuals, including Simone de Beauvoir, continued to be influential. Thus, while some French feminists in the 1970s presented their feminist activism as new and revolutionary, and rejected the mores and ideologies of earlier generations, there remained key lines of influence linking their approach - to issues such as women’s right to control their fertility- to earlier feminist campaigns and writings.
Parole(s) de Femmes
Authors: Allison Maggie
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the development of feminist publishers and bookshops from the 1970s to the present, assessing the extent to which French women can be seen to have found spaces and media in and through which both to read, share and express their ideas and experiences. It examines the role of feminist magazines such as the pioneering Le Torchon brûle, as well as organisations and support structures put in place to attempt to enable women’s access to publishing and self-expression. It also considers the development of feminist centres and bookshops, initially informal means through which feminist ideas could be shared and circulated, but more recently subject to a certain mainstreaming or commercialisation of feminism. It ends by analysing current online feminist ventures such as Les Nouvelles News which aims to counteract the dominance of male journalists and interviewees in contemporary journalism.
Utopian Gaiety
Authors: Chaplin Tamara
Published: May 2020

Humour and radical politics are often seen as antithetical. When it comes to lesbian radicalism, this perception is even more extreme. Utopias, on the other hand, are most often places of, if not necessarily humour and pleasure, than at least harmony and contentment. Utopian politics in which the comedic is key have figured as an integral part of the most successful strains of French lesbian radicalism since the early 1970s. This chapter brings three “moments” in the history of French lesbian radicalism into dialogue: 1974, via a utopian manifesto written by a member of the Gouines Rouges (one of the first French lesbian radical groups); 1980, via the Lesbian Radical Front; and 1989, via a socio-cultural initiative now known as BagdamEspaceLesbien. These moments show not only the importance of “utopian gaiety” as “a political value for progressive social activism,” but also demonstrate that without attention to the pleasure, French lesbian radicalism, whether as a political agenda or as a social movement, has—thus far—simply not been sustainable. This chapter suggests that paying attention to lesbian humour and pleasure can help us better understand the complicated relationship between radicalism and queer utopias, writ large.
‘La femme du soldat inconnu’
Authors: Fell Alison S.
Published: May 2020

On 26 August 1970, in a carefully orchestrated and highly provocative symbolic gesture, a small group of MLF feminists attempted to lay wreaths to the ‘even more unknown’ wife of the Unknown Soldier at the annual commemorative ceremonyheld at the Arc de Triomphe. The wreath-laying came to epitomize radical French feminism in the 1970s; its tongue-in-cheek iconoclasm, shocking for many, served as a recruitment tool for nascent feminists. This new generation of feminists cast the tomb as the ultimate symbol of the hegemony of masculinist culture, as a synecdoche for the oppression, belittling and silencing of women under patriarchy. This chapter explores the extent to which feminism has debated and shaped the inclusion/exclusion of women in French lieux de mémoire(sites of memory) since the 1970s. It considers in particular debates around the recasting of the statue of nineteenth-century feminist Marie Deraismes in 1983; the transferral of Marie Curie’s remains to the Pantheon in 1995; and the construction of the ‘Passerelle Simone de Beauvoir’ in Paris, which opened in 2006, asking if the aims of the original 1970 demonstration have been met, nuanced, compromised or even betrayed in more recent years.
Charlie Hebdo: from controversy to consensus?
Authors: Ervine Jonathan
Published: May 2020

Due to the relative recentness of the fatal shootings that took place at the Charlie Hebdo offices in Paris at the start of 2015, the first chapter of this book will examine debates about the publication’s depiction of the Prophet Muhammad. This will involve discussing ways in which Islam and Muslims have been depicted in several key editions of Charlie Hebdo over the last decade and a half, and also analysing a court case brought against the publication by French Muslim groups. show that French Republicanism has become a contested terrain when it comes to debates about humour and multiculturalism in France.
Conclusions
Authors: Ervine Jonathan
Published: May 2020

After exploring the general impact of the 2015 terrorist attacks on French humour and humorists, this conclusion will focus on the perennial question of ‘peut-on rire de tout?’ (can one laugh about everything?) in order to assess contemporary attitudes to humour in France. It will then broaden its focus to consider what humour can achieve before focusing on what the four case studies examined here demonstrate about French humour and the ways in which if focuses on others and otherness. It will map out ways in which the four case studies constitute significant indicators of changes in contemporary French society during a turbulent period for the French nation.
Dread Trident
Authors: Carbonell Curtis D.
Published: May 2020

Dread Trident examines the rise of imaginary worlds in tabletop role-playing games (TRPGs), such as Dungeons and Dragons. With the combination of analog and digital mechanisms, from traditional books to the internet, new ways of engaging the fantastic have become increasingly realized in recent years, and this book seeks an understanding of this phenomenon within the discourses of trans- and posthumanism, as well as within a gameist mode. 

The book explores a number of case studies of foundational TRPGs. Dungeons and Dragons provides an illustration of pulp-driven fantasy, particularly in the way it harmonizes its many campaign settings into a functional multiverse. It also acts as a supreme example of depth within its archive of official and unofficial published material, stretching back four decades. Warhammer 40k and the Worlds of Darkness present an interesting dialogue between Gothic and science-fantasy elements. The Mythos of HP Lovecraft also features prominently in the book as an example of a realized world that spans the literary and gameist modes. 

Realized fantasy worlds are becoming ever more popular as a way of experiencing a touch of the magical within modern life. Following Northrop Frye’s definition of irony, Dread Trident theorizes an ironic understanding of this process and in particular of its embodied forms.
The Posthuman in the Schismatrix Stories and Eclipse Phase
Authors: Carbonell Curtis D.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines exemplary texts within science fiction, Bruce Sterling’s Schismatrix stories and the TRPG, Eclipse Phase (EP). It begins by looking at SF as a mythic form of storytelling, one rooted in modernity. It uses literary theorist Istvan Csicsery-Ronay’s ideas in The Seven Beauties of Science Fiction (2008) to argue that tropes within SF are often highly fantastic, the cyborg transforming into posthuman tropes far beyond simple human-machine interfaces. In Sterling’s stories we see this dynamic in extreme forms of posthuman imaginings. With Sterling, he represents both transhuman and posthuman possibilities, some as extreme as biological space stations. In EP, players can choose a variety of characters to play that go beyond normative human forms into the strange and exotic. This provides a template for posthuman subjectivity.
Lovecraft’s (Cthulhu) Mythos
Authors: Carbonell Curtis D.
Published: May 2020

This central chapter examines the importance of H.P. Lovecraft in how realized worlds are conceptualized in Dread Trident, especially within the context of TRPGs. It sees in Lovecraft, not just a writer of Weird fiction, but a writer of cosmic fiction who also, inadvertently, helped create a mythos. This ‘Cthulhu’ Mythos acts as a supreme example of how a realized world works because of how it incorporates a broad canvas of elements from a variety of individuals. Also, Lovecraft’s poetics of creating a sense of dread with Weird writing hints how he often sidesteps rather than directly draws the ultimate horror. Yet, his later writing embraced a materialistic categorizing of scientific and biological forms. This chapter looks through Lovecraftian scholarship, as well as a few of his own pieces of fiction, as well as the TRPG The Call of Cthulhu, for examples of how his mythos works and examples of his granular style.
Beyond Borders with Miéville, Borges, Wolfe, Ligotti, and Numenera
Authors: Carbonell Curtis D.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines a final case study, the TRPG Numenera. It finds in writers such as China Miéville and Gene Wolfe precursors of how literary studies can inform and understanding of the imaginary worlds found in a game like Numenera. Miéville, for example, finds roots for his Bas Lag trilogy in elements from TRPGs like Dungeons and Dragons, articulating a granular style of textured detail like that found in the best of Lovecraft. With Wolfe, this chapter reads his blending of science fiction and fantasy elements, especially how he embraces a magical impulse. Numenera incorporates these elements into a post-anthropocene setting that imagines a post-human far future. Its cosmicism, though, lacks the pessimism of Lovecraft or a writer like Thomas Ligotto, who this chapter sees as moving beyond Lovecraft, yet retaining much of his insistence in resisting drawing the ultimate horror. This chapter ends by arguing that realized worlds such as those inspired by Lovecraft, e.g. Numenera, can also be seen in the first season of the HBO series True Detective, a series that valorized a pulp fantasism, yet refused to acknowledge it in the end.
Behind the Locked Door
Authors: Fornasiero Jean , West-Sooby John
Published: May 2020

This chapter deals with the social anxieties of the Belle Époque and the way in which they emerged in French crime fiction. To this end, it challenges prevailing assumptions about the pioneering crime fiction of late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century France, revealing that the novels of Maurice Leblanc and Gaston Leroux depict the golden age that preceded the First World War while also critiquing the dominant paradigm of the day. The chapter shows how these authors comment on society using the tropes of the crime novel, while also giving greater complexity to the crime novel by introducing the social networks and genealogies of ambiguous, damaged protagonists. These novels are also shown to have embraced psychoanalysis, which was still in its infancy.
Moving Fergus Hume’s The Mystery of a Hansom Cab and Breaking the Frame of Poe’s ‘The Murders in the Rue Morgue’
Authors: Rolls Alistair
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses Fergus Hume’s The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, which is famous as one of Australia’s first bestsellers, its first crime novel and a celebration of Melbourne society at the end of the nineteenth century. It demonstrates how the novel’s physical mobility, on which much of its fame is predicated, and the readability of the modern city, of which it is often considered exemplary, are in fact surprisingly lacking. In their place, and around the focal points of their absence, not least of which is the eponymous cab itself, rich veins of metaphorical mobility are seen to spread out, leading to an alternative mapping of the novel’s signs, including the potential for an alternative solution in line with the detective criticism of French scholar Pierre Bayard.
Reading Affects in Raymond Chandler’s The Big Sleep
Authors: Pyrhönen Heta
Published: May 2020

This chapter challenges the idea that stock genres evoke stock emotions. In the case of crime fiction, the anticipated movement is from the uncertainty of an unsolved crime towards the certainty of resolution. In the case of Raymond Chandler’s The Big Sleep, however, Marlowe’s change of mood invites readers to notice that while they are immersed in the suspense of the text, and thus rushed along on the roller-coaster of end-orientation, they also process the characters’ feelings, which do not necessarily move in the same direction or at the same pace. The emotions displayed in The Big Sleep suggest that crime fiction has a far broader emotional range. The chapter draws on these reading affects to challenge the authority of the novel’s solution.
Contradicting the Golden Age Reading Agatha Christie in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Makinen Merja
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that it is precisely because Agatha Christie is synonymous with the Golden Age of detective fiction that her novels have long been neglected by literary criticism. A critical shift, in the form of “millennial criticism”, is described, which is now breaking down this monolithic view of Christie’s work and challenging the limitations of “genre criticism”, whose focus was typically on antecedents, influences and developments. Crime fiction is in turn opened up to a multiplicity of readings. Christie’s work is shown to be far more than the sum of its plots, however ingenious; instead, it offers the literary range and textual pleasures of Modernism and genuine social interventionism, including a surprising focus on world politics.
Burma’s Bagnoles
Authors: Goulet Andrea
Published: May 2020

This chapter on Léo Malet draws a connection between automobility and genre mobility. Through the lens of the automobile revolution in postwar France, Goulet discusses four novels in Malet’s Les Noveaux mysterès de Paris cycle (1954-59), demonstrating how cars and transportation infrastructure inform the unfolding of the plot while also defining a prose rhythm of alternating stasis and mobility. More broadly, the motif of the car in Malet’s novels facilitates an ambivalent experience of Paris as torn between nostalgia for the past and commitment to urban modernity.
'An Alien Ideology'
Authors: Mulqueen John
Published: May 2020

This book focuses on the strand of the Irish republican left which followed the ‘alien ideology’ of Soviet-inspired Marxism. Moscow-led communism had few adherents in Ireland, but Irish and British officials were concerned about the possibility that communists could infiltrate the republican movement, the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Another concern arose for British and American observers from 1969: would the Soviets resist the temptation to meddle during the Northern Ireland Troubles and cause trouble for Britain as a geo-political crisis unfolded? The book considers questions arising from the involvement of left-wing republicans, and what became the Official republican movement, in events before and during the early years of the Troubles. Could Ireland’s communists and left-wing republicans be viewed as strategic allies of Moscow who might create an ‘Irish Cuba’? The book examines another question: could a Marxist party with a parliamentary presence in the militarily-neutral Irish state – the Workers’ Party (WP) – be useful to the Soviets during the 1980s? This book, based on original sources rather than interviews, is significant in that it analyses the perspectives of the various governments concerned with subversion in Ireland. This is a study of perceptions. The book concludes that the Soviet Union had been happy to exploit the Troubles in its Cold War propaganda, but, excepting supplying arms to the Official IRA, it did not seek to maximise difficulties whenever it could in Ireland, north or south.
Communists: Ireland’s ‘Fifth Column’?
Authors: Mulqueen John
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses perceptions of Moscow’s ‘fifth column’ in the Irish state. While the communist party amounted to little more than an insignificant cult, not all communists declared themselves openly. Significantly, other political strands, particularly the IRA, were seen to be susceptible to communist manipulation. During the Cold War this gave rise to exaggerated fears about communism and its agents. Dublin officials co-operated with the British, and the Americans, in combating communists and their left-wing republican allies. In Northern Ireland, the Communist Party (CPNI) remained extremely weak, but retained influence of some significance within trade union officialdom. And, in Britain, the Connolly Association attempted to organise Irish exiles under the tutelage of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). The US embassy in Dublin was sensitive to any suggestion of communist activity; Irish and American officials placed intelligence co-operation on a formal footing in 1954.
Epilogue
Authors: Mulqueen John
Published: May 2020

The fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War caused ructions in the WP; the party split in 1992 when ‘reformers’ broke away to create Democratic Left. The ‘reformers’ contended that the WP should become ‘a reconstituted party affirming its adherence to the rule of law’. The ‘reformers’, or ‘liquidators’, who included six of its seven parliamentary deputies, were accused of attempting to destroy the WP. What was left of the ‘revolutionary’ party retained its Cold War assumptions, pointing the finger at the CIA, no less, claiming that it might have had a role in fomenting the split. Drawing a global picture, the WP highlighted the ‘counter-revolutionary’ role of the US in such countries as Cuba, Vietnam, Angola, and Grenada. The reformers highlighted the WP’s ‘historical baggage’ and association with ‘criminality’ – the Official IRA.
Conclusion
Authors: Mulqueen John
Published: May 2020

‘Military neutrality’ and ‘political neutrality’ are not the same. The Irish authorities did not allow the state’s non-aligned status to prevent them joining the crusade in the West against communism. They had a Cold War agenda. In the 1950s, leading officials such as Colonel Dan Bryan in G2, the Irish army intelligence directorate, believed that Ireland should assist the NATO powers in their global struggle. So, too, did Peter Berry, the Department of Justice secretary in Dublin. They supplied detailed information on the tiny communist organisation to the ‘hypersensitive’ Americans, for example, and provided intelligence on ‘peace’ activists to the British. Details on suspect activists ended up in the files of the Church’s ‘vigilance’ committee – a clear breach of the separation of Church and State. As functionaries in what Berry termed the ‘communist international’, Michael O’Riordan in Dublin and Desmond Greaves in London were seen to be taking directions from the British communist party, the CPGB. The communists had their own Cold War agenda to follow, with ‘world peace’ Moscow’s priority. But this issue did not capture the imagination of the working class, as a frustrated Roy Johnston discovered. Nevertheless, orders were orders for Ireland’s ‘fifth column’. Some communist-led organisations, however, were believed to have recruitment potential. Could the CPGB-directed Connolly Association, and its equivalent in New York – both ‘dangerous’ in Bryan’s view – convert Irish exiles by highlighting issues related to Northern Ireland? Was there any possibility that communists could succeed in infiltrating the Irish republican movement?...
Grotesque Bodies: Hybridity and Focalization in Victor Hugo’s Notre-Dame de Paris
Authors: Hingston Kylee-Anne
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that Victor Hugo’s historical Gothic novel Notre-Dame de Paris (1831)—especially in its popular English translation, Hunchback of Notre Dame (1833)—set a precedent in Victorian fiction for investigating the disabled body through narrative form and focalization. The chapter shows how Hugo uses external focalization from a perspective outside the narrative action to portray the disabled body as grotesque and thus inherently deviant but uses strategic internal focalization through characters inside the narrative to destabilize the boundaries between normalcy and abnormality. In particular, focalizing externally on Quasimodo, Hugo separates reader empathy from him and dehumanizes his body; but focalizing through Quasimodo forces readers to share his embodiment, removing the distinction between self and other. Moreover, the chapter contends that the novel’s structural hybridity, which combines disparate genres, enables the dialogic conflict of these two opposing voices and so provides a structural prototype whereby Victorian novels approached disability.
Sensing Bodies: Negotiating the Body and Identity in Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Aurora Floyd and Wilkie Collins’s The Moonstone
Authors: Hingston Kylee-Anne
Published: May 2020

This chapter illustrates how mid-Victorian sensation fiction responds to anxieties exacerbated by nascent Victorian psychology’s attempt to map the self on the corporeal body. Examining the form and focalization of Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Aurora Floyd (1862–63) and Wilkie Collins’s The Moonstone (1868), this chapter argues that bodies in sensation fiction function both as spectacle, exhibitions of physical instability, and as specimens, case studies on the source of identity. In Aurora Floyd, focalization through an authoritative external perspective provides ‘correct’ interpretations of bodies which have previously been misinterpreted by physiognomy, phrenology, and lineage. In particular, the narrator uses external focalization on disabled villains to manifest how identity appears in bodies and to place eugenic value on those with healthy bodies. By contrast, The Moonstone, lacking authoritative external focalization due to its multiple first-person narrators, uses plot to reveal misinterpretations of disabled bodies, in particular that of Rosanna Spearman. In addition, internally focalized interactions between normate narrators and disabled characters in the novel often cause the narrators to recognize the instability of their own identities and bodies, and thus of normalcy. However, the novel’s overall narrative structure works to control deviance through linearity, which imposes normalcy as a stable, final result.
Prize voyages and ideas of freedom
Authors: Wills Mary
Published: May 2020

To witness the human trauma of the transatlantic slave trade was extraordinary employment for British naval officers, and this chapter examines rare surviving accounts of life on prize voyages, whereby naval officers were tasked with transporting captured slave ships to Admiralty courts for adjudication. It explores the extent to which officers engaged with the individuals they were ‘liberating’ – on captured slavers, on HM ships, or while stationed at the British territories of Sierra Leone or St Helena. Officers’ ideas about freedom, its limits, and its applicability to African people were concepts bound to racial attitudes. A prize voyage could constitute an alternative ‘Middle Passage’ for captive Africans, a state of affairs naval officers could contribute to. This chapter looks at the experiences of captive Africans, and at cases where individual Africans were taken into British guardianship by naval officers.
Introduction
Authors: Knox W.W.J. , McKinlay A.
Published: May 2020

Why write a biography of Jimmy Reid? What did he achieve that makes for compelling reasons to chronicle his life? He was, it is almost universally agreed, a great orator: ‘the most authentic, radical, working-class political orator north or south of the border’, according to the ...
Cadre
Authors: Knox W.W.J. , McKinlay A.
Published: May 2020

Chapter three examines Reid’s elevation in the Party. When he finished his national service, Reid became a full-time officer of the YCL which entailed a move from Govan to London. From the provincial working-class culture of Govan he found himself rubbing shoulders with the metropolitan elite which include Michael Foot, Claude Cockburn, James Cameron and others. The first test of his commitment to the party came with the Hungarian Uprising of 1956. The event provoked high profile resignations of some leading Marxist historians, such as EP Thompson and Christopher Hill, but was not enough to shake Reid’s belief in the party and its leadership; indeed, it strengthened it. The chapter also deals with Reid’s domestic life in London as he married in 1958 and became a father soon after. A full-time official’s salary was too meagre to raise a family forcing Reid to resigned his post and return to Glasgow.
Radicalism and the Military, 1790–1860
Authors: Mansfield Nick
Published: May 2020

This chapter reviews radical political attitudes to the military, especially criticism of purchase of officers’ commissions and the punishment floggings of the rank and file.
It gives an account of radical military theory, particularly the impractical concepts of a ‘people in arms’ and pike warfare. It concludes that attempts by radicals to win over as soldiers as friends, had mixed results but that soldiers often possessed knowledge of radical ideas and political events. This even extended to soldiers siding with the people in riots against the authorities.
Radicalism was also carried overseas by some soldiers and emerged in parts of the new British Empire. The chapter makes a particular study of key radical ex-soldier figures like John Cartwright, William Cobbett and Richard Carlile.
Military Radicals, 1790–1850
Authors: Mansfield Nick
Published: May 2020

This chapter is a detailed chronological description and analysis of the military and political careers of important early nineteenth century soldier and ex-soldier activists, both rank and file and junior officers. This covers late eighteenth century military radicals, and the impact of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, through to popular reforming movements like Owenism, co-operation and Chartism.
It makes a special study of the influential Napier Brothers, who were successful senior officers and committed political radicals. This all forms a unique and untold story of ‘military radicals’.
Overseas Military Adventurers, 1770–1861
Authors: Mansfield Nick
Published: May 2020

This chapter covers largely forgotten overseas military adventurers, who served in private armies between 1815 and 1860. They were mainly contracted as mercenaries by liberal or nationalist revolutionaries in South America and parts of Southern Europe. Given the intense government prosecution of radicalism in the post Waterloo period and the failure of potential or actual insurrection, some ex-soldiers went overseas to avoid persecution.
The complex wars of liberation, particularly in South America, enabled these men to pursue their old trade whilst serving a progressive cause. The careers of both officers and rankers are analysed in the Americas, Greece, Spain, Portugal and Italy, with an assessment of their commitment to political radicalism. A special study is made of the largest group – the British Auxiliary Legion, 1835-8 - raised by the threatened Spanish liberal government.
Loyalism, Nationalism and the Army, 1790–1860
Authors: Mansfield Nick
Published: May 2020

In contrast to chapters 3, 4 and 5, this chapter examines the traditional anti-foreigner and particularly anti-French feeling shared by many working class people. It examines how this aided the British army in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and assesses how it contributed to the strengthening of political loyalism rather than radicalism.
The account looks at examples of extraordinary rank and file unsolicited wartime bravery, and general keeness for battle which were promoted by post war commemoration and growing loyalty amongst soldiers to the martial traditions of their regiments. With rank and file support for regiment, army and nation, and with the army’s growing imperial role after 1815, this loyalism was combined with incipient imperialism.
In addition, the survival of officer paternalism, albeit patchy, contributed to rank and file loyalty, often absorbing the anti-radicalism of the officer class. All this contributed to soldiers almost universally ‘doing their duty’ and explains why radical subversion was unsuccessful and why regiments could be safely used by the Victorian authorities against Chartists and strikers.
Conclusion
Authors: Mansfield Nick
Published: May 2020

This short chapter reviews the overall arguments of the book. It concludes with the conjunction of contrasting and often competing concepts of nationalism and socialism in the Great War of 1914-18.
Partly through a survey of soldier socialists, like Colonel John Ward, MP and union leader, and Mick Mannock, socialist air ace, it concludes that the majority of the British labour movement supported the war effort. It argues that in the long term the emergence of Labour as a party of government and the foundation of the welfare state, owed much to the experiences of citizen soldiers of nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Introduction
Authors: Shipley Graham
Published: May 2020

The treatise known as the Periplous of Pseudo-Skylax survives on 44 pages of a 700-year-old codex in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. The manuscript as a whole comprises a set of geographical texts assembled by Markianos of Herakleia, probably in the sixth century AD. The work describes the coasts of the Mediterranean and Black Sea, beginning at Gibraltar and proceeding clockwise to return to the same place (and a little way down the Atlantic coast of Africa). We do not know the original name of the work. The introduction examines the history of the manuscript, difficulties of interpretation, and what is known about the author. It addresses date, the debate around the measurements used in the text and what its purpose may have been. Finally it discusses what sort of geography the text offers, its literary features, influences and legacy.
The “Plexed Artistry” of Nabokov and Johnson
Authors: Shanafelt Carrie D.
Published: May 2020

Carrie D Shanafelt’s “The ‘Plexed Artistry’ of Nabokov and Johnson” notes how in the 1962 experimental novel Pale Fire, Vladimir Nabokov invokes Samuel Johnson as the prototype for the poet John Shade. Shade is described as a rather old-fashioned but brilliant poet whose last poem interrogates his own subjective experience of meaning-making in a world that stubbornly refuses either to make sense or to be meaningless altogether. Nabokov’s affinity for Samuel Johnson, Shanafelt argues, operates in important ways as a recognition of the latter’s similar aesthetic resistance to the dominant secular empiricist models of linguistic meaning of his time. Exploring their epistemological contexts as well as literary productions, her chapter delineates parallels between Johnson and Nabokov with respect to their similar investment in the aesthetics of desire and trauma in relation to linguistic meaning.
The Devil as Teacher in Paradise Lost
Authors: Macdonald James Ross
Published: May 2020

A consideration of Satan as a kind of teacher reveals Milton’s increasing pessimism regarding the function of education. Milton follows the 6th century biblical poem De Spiritualis Historiae Gestis by Alcimus Ecdicius Avitus in “framing the temptation of Eve as a diabolic parody of heavenly pedagogy.” Eve falls “through a rigorous but erroneous logical analysis of her situation.” Transcendent general principles rather than inductive particular data become the basis of knowledge. Gone is the optimism about the value of experience in education and the confidence in the inevitable victory of truth over falsehood expressed by Milton in the 1640s.
“The First and Wisest of Them All”
Authors: Templanza J. Antonio
Published: May 2020

Focuses on the episode in book four in which Satan tempts Jesus with the glories of the classical tradition of learning symbolized by Athens. The rejection of Athens should be seen as “an ironic response to the question of what true and redemptive knowledge is.” The poem implicitly rejects a “hermeneutics of validity” for authentic thinking. The Son’s knowledge is inseparable from its expression.
RISK DISTRIBUTION AND BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF PPP PROJECTS BASED ON PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Authors: Wang Yinglin , Gao Ruolan
Published: May 2020

This paper aims to formulate a new PPP project public-participation mechanism that uses “public satisfaction” as a direct influencing factor in conjunction with the public-private benefit model to achieve a substantial response from project stakeholders regarding public satisfaction and ensure the transparency of PPP project operation. The proposed model, combined public satisfaction assessment with the principal-agent model, investigates the influence of public satisfaction on investors’ efforts and the benefit or risk distribution between the government and private investors. The results show that the public’s satisfaction level with the project directly affects the proportion of public and private income distribution, which provides a way for the public to directly play a substantive and positive role in PPP projects to guarantee public benefits and the smooth implementation. The increase in the public satisfaction evaluation of either the government or the investors, helps improve the overall effectiveness of PPP projects.
THE ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTANTS EMITTED BY RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Authors: Vaiškūnaitė Rasa , Jasiūnienė Vilma
Published: May 2020

Recently, concern for a rapid increase in heavy metal pollutants released by railway transport
has been expressed. Most of pollutant emissions from combustion processes are related to fuel consumption in the internal
combustion engines of traction rolling stock. The main pollutants released into the environment cover particulate matter,
volatile non-methane organic compounds, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. In this way, it is likely that the biggest
polluters of the environment are traction units with internal combustion engines. However, other types of pollution are
possible, where polluters can be not only traction rolling stock with the internal combustion engines, but also electric
locomotive. For example, when due to friction of metals and deterioration of rolling stock wheels, heavy metals such as
aerosols are released into the atmosphere, soil, surface and ground water, etc. and severely pollute the railway
environment. Along with an increase in the electrification of railways, local environmental pollution is likely to be
increased in the future. High pollution by heavy metals can also occur near the track storing creosote-impregnated
wooden railway sleepers. Having analysed railway transport intensity and in order to assess pollution level, the stations
of three major cities of Lithuania (Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda) were selected to investigate heavy metal pollutants
(lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn)) acting as the most toxic and widespread elements. The highest concentrations of Pb
(up to 50 mg/kg) were found at a distance of 5.0 m from railway sleepers in the upper (up to 10 cm) soil layer at
Vilnius Railway Station. A comparison of the results of the investigated soil across the tested stations showed that
Klaipėda Railway Station was the area most polluted with Cd. The highest concentrations of Cd (up to 1.5…1.8 mg/kg)
were established at a varying distance of 5…10 m from the sleepers in the upper (up to 10 cm) soil layer of light loam.
Among the investigated stations, the lowest pollution by heavy metals, including Zn, was found at Kaunas Railway
Station where sandy loam dominated. A comparison of heavy metal pollutants deposited on the intact used and rotten
wooden railway sleepers disclosed that the latter were more heavily contaminated with heavy metals and made from
8 to 13 mg/kg for Pb, from 0.3 to 1.2 mg/kg for Cd, from 13.8 to 66 mg/kg for Zn.
Constraints on the Circumnuclear Disk through Free–Free Absorption in the Nucleus of 3C 84 with KaVA and KVN at 43 and 86 GHz
Authors: Wajima Kiyoaki , Kino Motoki , Kawakatu Nozomu
Published: May 2020

The nearby bright radio galaxy 3C 84 at the center of the Perseus cluster is an ideal target to explore the jet in an active galactic nucleus and its parsec-scale environment. The recent research of Fujita & Nagai revealed the existence of the northern counter-jet component (N1) located 2 mas north from the central core in very long baseline interferometer (VLBI) images at 15 and 43 GHz and they are explained by the free–free absorption (FFA) due to an ionized plasma foreground. Here we report a new quasi-simultaneous observation of 3C 84 with the Korean VLBI Network (KVN) at 86 GHz and the KVN and VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry Array (KaVA) at 43 GHz in 2016 February. We succeeded the first detection of N1 at 86 GHz and the data show that N1 still has an inverted spectrum between 43 and 86 GHz with its spectral index α (

) of 1.19 ± 0.43, while the approaching lobe component has a steep spectrum with an index of −0.54 ± 0.30. Based on the measured flux asymmetry between the counter and approaching lobes, we constrain the averaged number density of the FFA foreground n
e as

. Those results suggest that the observational properties of the FFA foreground can be explained by the dense ionized gas in the circumnuclear disk and/or assembly of clumpy clouds at the central ∼1 pc region of 3C 84.
The Zwicky Transient Facility Bright Transient Survey. I. Spectroscopic Classification and the Redshift Completeness of Local Galaxy Catalogs
Authors: Fremling C. , Miller A. A. , Sharma Y. , Dugas A. , Perley D. A. , Taggart K. , Sollerman J. , Goobar A. , Graham M. L. , Neill J. D. , Nordin J. , Rigault M. , Walters R. , Andreoni I. , Bagdasaryan A. , Belicki J. , Cannella C. , Bellm E. C. , Cenko S. B. , De K. , Dekany R. , Frederick S. , Golkhou V. Z. , Graham M. J. , Helou G. , Ho A. Y. Q. , Kasliwal M. M. , Kupfer T. , Laher R. R. , Mahabal A. , Masci F. J. , Riddle R. , Rusholme B. , Schulze S. , Shupe D. L. , Smith R. M. , Velzen S. van , Yan Lin , Yao Y. , Zhuang Z. , Kulkarni S. R.
Published: May 2020

The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) is performing a three-day cadence survey of the visible northern sky (∼3π) with newly found transient candidates announced via public alerts. The ZTF Bright Transient Survey (BTS) is a large spectroscopic campaign to complement the photometric survey. BTS endeavors to spectroscopically classify all extragalactic transients with m
peak ≤ 18.5 mag in either the g
ZTF or r
ZTF filters, and publicly announce said classifications. BTS discoveries are predominantly supernovae (SNe), making this the largest flux-limited SN survey to date. Here we present a catalog of 761 SNe, classified during the first nine months of ZTF (2018 April 1–2018 December 31). We report BTS SN redshifts from SN template matching and spectroscopic host-galaxy redshifts when available. We analyze the redshift completeness of local galaxy catalogs, the redshift completeness fraction (RCF; the ratio of SN host galaxies with known spectroscopic redshift prior to SN discovery to the total number of SN hosts). Of the 512 host galaxies with SNe Ia, 227 had previously known spectroscopic redshifts, yielding an RCF estimate of 44% ± 4%. The RCF decreases with increasing distance and decreasing galaxy luminosity (for z < 0.05, or ∼200 Mpc, RCF ≈ 0.6). Prospects for dramatically increasing the RCF are limited to new multifiber spectroscopic instruments or wide-field narrowband surveys. Existing galaxy redshift catalogs are only ∼50% complete at r ≈ 16.9 mag. Pushing this limit several magnitudes deeper will pay huge dividends when searching for electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave events or sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays or neutrinos.
A Magnetic White Dwarf Accretion Model for the Anomalous X-Ray Pulsar 4U 0142+61
Authors: Borges Sarah V. , Rodrigues Claudia V. , Coelho Jaziel G. , Malheiro Manuel , Castro Manuel
Published: May 2020

The quiescent emission of the anomalous X-ray pulsar (AXP) 4U 0142+61 extends over a broad range of energy, from radio up to hard X-rays. In particular, this object is unique among soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) and AXPs in presenting simultaneously mid-infrared emission and pulsed optical emission. In spite of the many propositions to explain this wide range of emission, it still lacks one that reproduces all of the observations. Filling this gap, we present a model to reproduce the quiescent spectral energy distribution of 4U 0142+61 from mid-infrared up to hard X-rays using plausible physical components and parameters. We propose that the persistent emission comes from a magnetic accreting white dwarf (WD) surrounded by a debris disk. This model assumes that (i) the hard X-rays are due to the bremsstrahlung emission from the postshock region of the accretion column, (ii) the soft X-rays are originated by hot spots on the WD surface, and (iii) the optical and infrared emissions are caused by an optically thick dusty disk, the WD photosphere, and the tail of the postshock region emission. In this scenario, the fitted model parameters indicate that 4U 0142+61 harbors a fast-rotator magnetic near-Chandrasekhar WD, which is very hot and hence young. Such a WD can be the recent outcome of a merger of two less massive WDs. In this case, 4U 0142+61 can evolve into a supernova Ia and hence give hints of the origin of these important astrophysical events. Additionally, we also present a new estimate of 4U 0142+61’s distance,

kpc, based on the measured hydrogen column density and new interstellar extinction 3D maps.
Description of a new Tegenaria Latreille, 1804 from southern Turkey with remarks on the Tegenaria ariadnae species-complex (Arachnida, Araneae)
Authors: Dimitrov Dragomir
Published: May 2020

A new cave-dwelling species of Tegenaria, T. lazarovisp. nov., is described from southern Turkey, based on both sexes. The new species belongs to the T. ariadnae species-complex which is distributed in the Eastern Mediterranean (Crete, northern Libya). The new species is compared to its morphologically closest congeners. New taxonomically relevant pictures are given for two of them. The distribution of the Tegenaria ariadnae species-complex is summarized and discussed.