bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Promoting Positive Youth Development in Community‐Wide Efforts as an Approach to Preventing and Reducing Violence
Authors: Dymnicki Allison B. , Osher David M. , Zimmerman Marc
Published: September 2017

Positive youth development (PYD) is an assets‐based ecological approach focused on creating supportive environments that provide youth with opportunities to engage, develop, and demonstrate competence. We present a set of PYD skills, experiences, and behaviors that includes five internal assets (i.e., positive values, developed emotional processes, cognitive skills, social and interpersonal skills, and academic and vocational skills) and three external assets (i.e., characteristics of supportive environments, trusting relationships, and opportunities to contribute and lead). Critical elements of community‐wide PYD efforts include developing PYD‐related skills and competencies of key stakeholders, developing PYD‐related partnerships across multiple community sectors, and building infrastructure within sectors to support long‐term PYD‐oriented change. Examples are provided along with challenges and future directions.
Police Violence: The Case of
I
ndigenous
A
ustralians
Authors: Cunneen Chris
Published: September 2017

This chapter analyses police violence in relation to Indigenous people in Australia. It uses a broad concept of violence to include physical violence and other forms of ill‐treatment. Such an approach is consistent with international human rights standards. An important part of the consideration of police violence includes reference to obligations to provide a duty of care to those in custody. The policing of Indigenous people and the use of violence are contextualized within a broader framework of colonial relations.
Does Modifying Media Reduce Aggression and Violence? Implementation Science and Community‐Wide Media Interventions
Authors: Lennings Heidi Brummert , Franks Robert P.
Published: September 2017

A vast literature suggests a link between exposure to media violence and varying levels of aggression in children, adolescents, and adults. This link fits within a risk model in which exposure to media violence increases the likelihood of aggression but does not solely cause aggressive outcomes in the absence of other risk factors. Research studies originating in the 1950s and spanning six decades have suggested a number of possible modifications to media to reduce detrimental effects on the individual. There are also recommendations for interventions that focus on reducing violent media exposure and increase consumers' critical appraisal of violent media. These research sources provide an opportunity for the design of intervention programs to reduce aggressive responding and to increase prosocial behavior. In order to successfully address the need for such interventions, an integration of the study of media violence and implementation science is warranted in both the development and the evaluation of community‐wide media interventions. The implementation tool theory of change is also introduced.
Coping with Bullying, and Promoting Well‐Being and Positive Peer Relations
Authors: Slee Phillip T. , Skrzypiec Grace , Cefai Carmel , Fabri Francis
Published: September 2017

This intervention involves pre‐ and posttest data collection using a purpose‐designed well‐being questionnaire. The Coping with Bullying and Wellbeing Intervention (CWBWI) is an evidence‐based Australian school program. It focuses on teaching young people to cope with bullying and to develop positive peer relations. The school‐based intervention—implemented by teachers and embedded in the curriculum—adopts a systemic model to reduce bullying and promote well‐being. It is implemented as a whole‐school approach to the problem and incorporates lesson plans, a DVD, and professional development. In this chapter the authors describe the outcomes of the intervention conducted in Malta with Form 1 (Year 8) adolescents (approximately 1,500 students). The intervention resulted in a significant reduction in self‐reported victimization among “seriously bullied” students and a positive increase in their coping skills. The findings are evaluated in the light of international research in the field.
Plastid Development and Differentiation
Authors: Waters Mark , Pyke Kevin
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Meristematic Proplastids

Chloroplast Biogenesis and Cell Differentiation

Stromules: An Enigmatic Feature of Plastid Development

Amyloplast Differentiation

Root Plastids

Chromoplasts in Fruit and Flowers

Future Prospects
Plastid Metabolic Pathways
Authors: Tetlow Ian J. , Rawsthorne Stephen , Raines Christine , Emes Michael J.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Carbon Assimilation

Photorespiration

Nitrogen Assimilation and Amino Acid Biosynthesis

Synthesis of Fatty Acids

Starch Metabolism

Glycolysis

The Oxidative Pentose–Phosphate Pathway

Plastid Metabolite Transport Systems

Conclusion
The Protein Import Pathway into Chloroplasts: A Single Tune or Variations on a Common Theme?
Authors: Vothknecht Ute C. , Soll Jürgen
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Cytosolic Targeting

The General Import Pathway

Stromal Processes Involved in Chloroplast Protein Import

The General Import Pathway: Really General?

Conclusion and Future Prospects
Regulation of Nuclear Gene Expression by Plastid Signals
Authors: Gray John C.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

What is the Evidence for Plastid Signalling?

Which Genes are Regulated by Plastid Signals?

What are Plastid Signals?

How do Plastid Signals Work?

Conclusions
Flavonoids
Authors: Schwinn Kathy E. , Davies Kevin M.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Flavonoids as Pigments

Flavonoid Biosynthesis

Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Flowers

Genetic Modification of Flower Colour

Concluding Comments

Acknowledgements
Peptides as Signals
Authors: Xia Yiji
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Peptide Signals in Plants and Their Biological Functions

Proteolytic Processing of Prohormones

Technologies for Discovering New Peptide Signals

Concluding Remarks
The Plant Extracellular Matrix and Signalling
Authors: Fleming Andrew J.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Cell Wall and Signalling

The Cell Wall as a Potential Source of Chemical Signals

The Cell Wall and Biophysical Signalling

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Lessons from the Vegetative Shoot Apex
Authors: Golz John F.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Structure of the Angiosperm Shoot Apical Meristem

Periclinal Chimaeras Reveal a Role for Signalling in Plant Development

Signalling Involved in Meristem Maintenance

Maintaining Indeterminate Cells in the Meristem Requires Homeobox Genes

Interactions betweenKNOXGenes and Hormones Regulate Meristem Activity

Signals Involved in Organ Formation

Signalling between Organ Primordia and the Meristem

Conclusion

Acknowledgements
Leaf Architecture: Regulation of Leaf Position, Shape and Internal Structure
Authors: Kang Julie , Dengler Nancy G.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Phyllotaxis

Leaf Initiation

Development of Leaf Symmetry

Development of Simple Leaf Architecture

Development of Compound Leaf Architecture

Leaf Expansion

Development of Internal Leaf Architecture

Concluding Remarks
Shoot ArchitectureI: Regulation of Stem Length
Authors: Ross John J. , Reid James B. , Weller James L. , Symons Gregory M.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Plant Growth Hormones and Genes Regulating Their Levels

Hormone Signal Transduction

Dwarfism not Mediated by Hormones

The Green Revolution

Interactions between Hormones

Regulation of Stem Length by Environmental Factors

Concluding Discussion – are Hormones Regulators of Plant Growth or Merely Permissive Factors?

Acknowledgements
Academy Awards
Authors: Glitre Kathrina
Published: September 2017

Reputedly, the Academy Awards telecast is watched by over 1 billion people in more than 200 territories. The Oscars are the most influential entertainment awards in the world, an enduring phenomenon affecting not only the film industry, but also → radio, → television, the → Internet, and → advertising, with an increasingly global impact.
E
gypt, Revolution of 1952
Authors: Poljarevic Emin
Published: September 2017

The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 was staged during the night of July 22 to the 23, 1952. This bloodless overthrow of the Egyptian government and King Farouk marked the end of direct British influence in state affairs and the beginning of a new era in Egyptian history. Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918–70), the leader of the “Free Officers,” justified the army's overthrow of civilian government by referring to the Urabi revolution that took place 70 years earlier. The revolution of 1919 was another episode in Egyptian history that greatly changed the course of history leading up to the 1952 revolution. Other significant historical elements include the continuous opposition to British influence, the volatility of liberal politics, the growth of national mass movements, the deteriorated economic situation, and the king's continuous involvement in affairs of the government.
E
isenstein,
S
ergei (1898–1948)
Authors: Kirn Gal
Published: September 2017

Sergei Eisenstein was a revolutionary Soviet film director and revolutionary filmmaker born in 1898 to a well‐off family. Eisenstein's father, Mikhail Osipovich Eisenstein, was an architect of Jewish descent, who converted to Orthodox Christianity. His mother, Julia Ivanovna Konetskaya, the daughter of a wealthy contractor, came from a Russian Orthodox Christian family. In 1915 Sergei started studying engineering. His studies were interrupted in 1917 when he was drafted into the army and left for the front. There he started drawing caricatures, costumes, and gestures for commedia dell'arte.
El
A
rgentinazo

,
D
ecember 19 and 20, 2001
Authors: Sitrin Marina
Published: September 2017

The popular rebellion that began in Argentina on December 19 and 20, 2001, often referred to as the “19th and 20th,” was a break in Argentine history. It was a moment when millions spontaneously took to the streets across Argentina and, without leaders or hierarchical orders, forced the government to resign. Through continuous mobilizations, the people proceeded to expel four more governments in less than two weeks. The initial catalyst of the mobilizations was the government's freeze on personal bank accounts and the conversion of currency, once pegged to the dollar, into a financial asset that would be held by the banks and used to secure payments to foreign investors, but could not be accessed by those who had deposited the money.
E
llis,
D
aniel
E
dward “
D
aan” (1904–1963)
Authors: Visser Wessel P.
Published: September 2017

Ellis was born in 1904 in Swellendam in the Cape, South Africa, and completed his high school education in Ladysmith, Natal. He obtained a teacher's diploma at the Paarl Teachers' College, and was a teacher for a number of years. From 1930 he farmed in the district of Calvinia, and moved to the Witwatersrand in 1938 to begin work in the Nigel and Marievale goldmines on the east Witwatersrand. In 1943 Ellis was elected as a National Party (NP) city councilor of Nigel, serving in that capacity until 1949. He also served as mayor from 1945 to 1946. In addition, he was a member of the Hospital Board of Nigel, and chairman of the executive of the NP's Nigel division.
Enclosure Movement, Protests Against
Authors: Unger Brian
Published: September 2017

Enclosure in England (ca. 1750–1860) was a parliamentary system of property redistribution whereby common lands for farming, grazing, and hunting, freely enjoyed by small tenant farmers, peasant villagers, cottagers, and farm laborers since the middle ages, were measured, surveyed, and privatized, with ownership largely reassigned to the landed gentry and aristocracy who controlled the machinery of government. “Enclosure” refers specifically to a closing‐off of rural lands with fences, ditching, and other techniques, accompanied by extremely punitive new laws for trespassing, poaching, and hunting. The grand estates and farms of the aristocracy were often clearly demarcated with fences and walls, but ownership of millions of acres of English land formerly held in common for the people, and managed under a complex and customary scheme of public use applied over centuries, was transferred to the politically powerful landed classes. Enclosure changed the entire socioeconomic fabric of wide swaths of rural England and Scotland. What had been an ample inventory of open fields, forests, and fens available to the peasantry for growing food and raising livestock since medieval times were now severely narrowed and, in large sections of the rural countryside, eliminated altogether.
EnglishRevolution, 17th Century
Authors: Spurlock R. Scott
Published: September 2017

The English Revolution refers to events in England between 1640 and 1660, which are now more generally referred to in their wider British and Irish context as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Any discussion of this period must look beyond the borders of England. Although pressures began to build in England from the inception of Charles I's reign in 1625, the trigger enabling a revolution to take place occurred in Scotland in 1638, while the 1641 Rising in Ireland had significant repercussions as well. Moreover, the turbulent period cannot be removed from its wider European context, and as such the English civil wars represent the last and greatest of Europe's wars of religion. For this reason the English Revolution can only be understood in the context of polity, nationalism, and religious confessional identities within the three kingdoms and the wider European context.
Ethiopia, Revolution of 1974
Authors: Tesfaye Aaron
Published: September 2017

Ethiopia is an ancient polity. The modern Ethiopian state, unlike most African states, is an indigenous institution that goes back centuries. This institution, after emerging in the highlands of Axum, disintegrated into a dark‐age period (1769–1855) known asZemene Mesafint, or the era of the Princes. In the late nineteenth century, efforts to reconstruct the state were made by a series of emperors, Tewodros I, Yohannes IV, and Menelik II, culminating in the modern state and consolidation of power under Emperor Haile Selassie (1930–74), who was overthrown during the Ethiopian Revolution (1974–7). However, state power was usurped by the military, which allied itself with the Soviet Union and ruled Ethiopia with an iron fist (1977–91). This regime did not solve Ethiopia's multifaceted economic, national, and regional problems but exacerbated them. In 1991, the Ethiopian People's Democratic Revolutionary Front (EPDRF), an umbrella group composed of many nationalities, and its ally, the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), defeated the regime. Eritrea subsequently declared its independence in 1993, and in 1995 the EPDRF established in Ethiopia a federal form of governance based on ethnicity.
EuroMayDay
Authors: Foti Alex
Published: September 2017

Emerging out of the “anti‐globalization” movement, EuroMayDay is a transnational protest event held since 2005 on May 1 in a dozen or more European cities, including Berlin, Paris, Hamburg, Helsinki, Seville‐Malaga, Vienna, Naples, Maribor, Copenhagen, and Liège. It is also a cross‐European network for social agitation and labor organizing among workers to fight for economic redistribution and free movement of people across borders. It was born with the Middlesex Declaration of October 2004, when labor and media collectives from several European countries gathered in London at Beyond ESF, an autonomous event coinciding with the European Social Forum (ESF). It sought to give rise to a unified May Day of precarious and migrant workers. Since 2005 the EuroMayDay network has held political assemblies in Berlin, Paris, Hamburg, and Milan.
European Union Summit Protests, Gothenburg, 2001
Authors: Müller Tadzio
Published: September 2017

In the alter‐globalization movement,
Göteborg‐skravallerna
, the riots that erupted around the EU summit in Gothenburg, Sweden, in June 2001, are mostly remembered as part of a canon of protests that defined the movement's heroic phase in the global North: Seattle, Prague, Quebec City, Gothenburg, Genoa. And yet the events in Gothenburg, usually overshadowed by the far bigger and more explosive protests that rocked Genoa only six weeks later, were important in their own right. Some 50,000 people took part in a number of demonstrations, workshops, parties, and indeed riots, facing around 2,500 police officers. Three demonstrators were shot with live ammunition, one critically, and over 1,000 demonstrators were arrested, with many receiving prison sentences on average 12 times longer than precedent would have dictated. As significant as the figures were in the context of Swedish politics, it was ultimately not for mere strength in numbers that the protests in Gothenburg would be remembered, but rather for their political impacts: they shook Swedish society to the core, thus revealing the political power of militant protest in the alter‐globalization movement.
Faiz Ahmed Faiz (1911–1984)
Authors: Sulehria Farooq
Published: September 2017

Faiz Ahmed Faiz is to Pakistan what Pablo Neruda is to Chile. Considered one of the greatest Urdu‐language poets, Faiz Ahmed Faiz was an avowed Marxist, trade unionist, journalist, and thinker. He never held formal membership in the Communist Party of Pakistan (CPP), yet he played an active role in the Progressive Writers Movement, the Progressive Papers Limited, and the Pakistan Trade Union Federation, and was incarcerated for his alleged role in the Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case.
FARC
(Revolutionary Armed Forces and Popular Liberation Army)
Authors: Zimmering Raina
Published: September 2017

FARC, or FARC‐EP (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia‐Ejército del Pueblo; Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia‐People's Army), is a Colombian Marxist‐Leninist guerilla group which has been working since 1964 to construct a socialist society through armed struggle against the Colombian government. It is Latin America's oldest, largest, and best‐equipped guerilla organization. The main ideological differences between FARC and the National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional, ELN), the other major Colombian guerilla group, are that while FARC has a traditional understanding of taking power and of organizational hegemony and structure, the ELN is more orientated toward people's power and movements. Because of the focus on forceful direct action, 31 states in the world have declared FARC a terrorist organization.
Faure, Sébastien (1858–1942)
Authors: Bantman Constance
Published: September 2017

An indefatigable anarchist speaker and journalist, Faure was a leading militant of the pre‐World War I French movement and beyond. The paper he co‐founded,
Le Libertaire
, was one of the most long‐lived publications in the history of French anarchism. Faure had been born into the well‐to‐do Catholic bourgeoisie, and his father destined him for the priesthood, but he opted to become a freethinker and espouse the new gospel of socialism instead. He started off in the Parti Ouvrier Français, the Marxist‐influenced parliamentary party, and ran as a local candidate in the 1885 legislative election.
Fifth Monarchist Women
Authors: Linch Amy
Published: September 2017

The Fifth Monarchists are unique among the religious sects in seventeenth‐century England for the specifically political content of their spiritual vision and practice. Inspired by the biblical prophecies of Daniel and Revelation, Fifth Monarchists understood history as the ascension and decline of four world empires, after which Jesus would reign directly on earth with his saints for 1,000 years. While other sects shared their millenarian beliefs, the Fifth Monarchists were distinct both in their expectation that the New Jerusalem would come from the ranks of ordinary citizens and soldiers, and in their commitment to bringing the revolution to fruition through violence if necessary. It was, they believed, the right and duty of godly people to take up arms in overthrowing the existing regime to shepherd in the New Jerusalem. In the new kingdom, godliness, rather than social class, would distinguish people, and the poor and oppressed would reign. They sought a social and political revolution with an end to centralization and hierarchical mediation in law as well as in religious matters, care for the poor, break up of monopolies, and an end to taxation.
Films, Protest, France
Authors: Block Marcelline , Laberge Yves
Published: September 2017

Protest and revolution are ubiquitous themes in French cinema, particularly in view of the legacy of popular movements in the country's history. Some of the most important, best‐known, and controversial films expose opposition to bourgeois and/or patriarchal convention, war, unjust government, unfair labor practices, and oppression of women, foreigners, religious and racial minorities. The films presented here are among the most preeminent revolutionary films of the French canon and reflect the tumultuous social history of the country.
F
inland, Civil War and Revolution, 1914–1918
Authors: Frackman Kyle E.
Published: September 2017

The revolution or civil war of 1917–18 in Finland is one of the decisive events in the nation's history. Representing a forceful break with Russia, which had controlled Finland since 1809, the conflict put Finland on the short path toward independence and democratization. The concerted movement for independence began around World War I, as the Finnish political scene had previously been absent of plans for separation from Russia. The only revolutionary tendency before World War I was for a restoration of Finnish autonomy within the Russian empire.
First Wave Feminism
Authors: Sharlach Lisa B.
Published: September 2017

The “first wave” of US feminism began in the mid‐nineteenth century in the Northeastern states as an outgrowth of the anti‐slavery movement. At first, the goal was to advocate a wide array of rights for women. With time, the first wave sharpened its focus more narrowly to the goal of winning women's right to vote. The 1848 Seneca Falls Convention marked the first wave's beginning; the finale was the 1920 ratification of the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution, known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, which ensured that women had equal access to the vote.
F
itzgerald,
L
ord
E
dward (1763–1798)
Authors: Sonnelitter Karen
Published: September 2017

Lord Edward Fitzgerald was born on October 15, 1763 into the highest level of the Irish aristocracy. His father, James Fitzgerald, was the Duke of Leinster, and his mother, Emily, was the daughter of the Duke of Richmond. Lord Edward arrived in Ireland as an infant and was placed in the care of a private tutor, William Ogilvie, who schooled him according to the ultraprogressive educational theories of Jean‐Jacques Rousseau. After the death of his father in 1773 his mother took her children and Ogilvie (her lover) to France.
Food Riots
Authors: Patel Raj
Published: September 2017

“Food riot” is a term applied to mass protests over the price and accessibility of key foods. The protests usually occur in urban areas and are associated with other kinds of political organizing. The foods over which protests are made are usually staple cereals or products such as bread that are made from such cereals, though people have also rioted over other important food such as meat.
Food Sovereignty and Protest
Authors: Biddle Brenda
Published: September 2017

Food sovereignty is an alternative model for agriculture and trade first introduced in Rome at the World Food Summit in 1996 by Vía Campesina, a transnational movement of peasants and small farmers. Vía Campesina was formed in 1993 by farm leaders from various countries to address the escalating global agrarian crisis experienced by small farmers, peasants, fisher people, pastoralists, and landless laborers in food production. Initially a concept that critics dismissed as Utopian, food sovereignty is increasingly promoted and supported by social movements, non‐profit organizations, academics, consumer groups, the former UN (United Nations) Rapporteur on the Right to Food, as well as several regional and national governments.
Foster, William Z. (1881–1961)
Authors: Barrett James R.
Published: September 2017

Born in Taunton, Massachusetts and raised in the slums of Philadelphia, William Z. Foster passed through the Socialist Party, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and a series of his own syndicalist organizations to become one of the key figures in the Communist Party USA (CPUSA). He was the party's presidential candidate in 1924, 1928, and 1932 and its chairperson from 1932 to 1957, years which saw the party's decline from a major progressive influence in the Popular Front of the late 1930s and the World War II era to an isolated, sectarian organization during the McCarthy era of the early 1950s.
Francophone Africa, Protest and Independence
Authors: Omobowak Ayokunk Olumuyiwa
Published: September 2017

Just like other European nations, France assumed colonial control of stretches of territory in Africa, starting with Senegal in 1677 and gradually laying claim to other areas by the early twentieth century. French rule extended from North Africa to West Africa, Equatorial Africa, and African islands in the Indian Ocean. Colonial rule was meant to implement reforms which would modernize the ways of life, technology, administration, and culture of the supposedly primitive indigenous people. Conveniently, the territories also served as a market and source of raw materials for France. French rule in Africa, however, was not devoid of popular protests against colonial domination, especially as nationalists emerged around the mid‐twentieth century, clamoring for self‐determination and independence.
Freedom Rides
Authors: Brown Susan Love
Published: September 2017

Freedom Rides were the organized bus trips undertaken from May to September 1961 by racially integrated groups of men and women in order to desegregate both buses and interstate bus terminal waiting rooms in the South. The rides were part of a strategy to test the recent Supreme Court decision,
Boynton v. Virginia
(December 5, 1960), which outlawed the segregation of interstate bus terminals. Although previous decisions,
Mitchell v. US
(1941) and
Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia
(1946), had outlawed segregation on interstate buses themselves, both decisions were ignored in the Southern states.
French Revolution, Radical Factions and Organizations
Authors: Marik Soma
Published: September 2017

The French Revolution was driven forward by a series of powerful insurrections in Paris between 1789 and 1794. Those massive explosions of political discontent were by no means unplanned, spur‐of‐the‐moment affairs. A great deal of organization was necessary to give them shape and focus. The political organizations that could mobilize the power of the sans‐culottes, call them into the streets, and give them political direction were essential to the revolutionary process.
Gaitán, Jorge Eliécer (1898–1948),
UNIR
, and Revolutionary Populism in
C
olombia
Authors: Zimmering Raina
Published: September 2017

Jorge Eliécer Gaitán was a popular politician in Colombia and advocate who appealed to common people, and is best remembered for his tremendous oratory. His death created the deepest crisis in Colombian history. He was born on January 23, 1903 in Bogotá and died in April 9, 1948. After studying political science and law in Bogotá at the National University of Colombia and obtaining his doctoral thesis with the title “The socialist ideas in Colombia,” he completed a doctorate in law at the Sapienza in Rome, where he earned the second doctor title in jurisprudence with the thesis “The positive criteria of the premeditation.”
Ghana, Nationalism and Socialist Transition
Authors: Olutayo Seunfunmi Molatokunbo
Published: September 2017

The Gold Coast (now Ghana) was the first African state to gain its independence from Britain, through a mass movement led by Kwame Nkrumah, on March 7, 1957. After this, other African nations hastened the pace for independence, putting pressure on France and Belgium as well as on Britain. Nkrumah's ultimate aim was backed by the determination to build a socialist society in Ghana. Socialism for Ghana was supposed to be uniquely “African,” for he was strongly opposed to neocolonialism, that is, imperialism and capitalism. He was of the view that capitalism was too complicated a system for a newly independent nation, and he saw socialism, the antithesis of capitalism, as the only means of development in Africa. Despite his hopes for a customized African socialism, he took as a model the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
Glencoe Massacre, 1692
Authors: Gaughan Evan M.
Published: September 2017

The Glencoe Massacre took place on the morning of February 13, 1692. Two companies under Captain Robert Campbell of Glenlyon, whom the MacDonalds of Glencoe had peaceably billeted for nearly two weeks in the Western Highlands of Scotland, began a rampage against their hosts, leaving over 38 dead. The massacre became symbolic – an act of political terrorism on behalf of the English government and its sympathizers in lowland Scotland. The massacre reveals the complex political relationship between England, lowland Scotland, and highland Scotland in the wake of William III's succession. Two issues were of particular relevance. On the one hand, William's invasion in the so‐called “Glorious Revolution” necessitated that Scots choose between James VII and William of Orange. On the other hand, it heightened tension between lowland elites, who tended to favor a closer union with England, and highland clans, who emphasized their independence. When the Edinburgh‐based Scottish parliament accepted William as their king, highland Scots revolted. These Jacobites, supporters of James VII, were defeated decisively by late 1691.
Gomas, Johnny (1901–1979)
Authors: van der Walt Lucien
Published: September 2017

Johnny Gomas (John Stephen Gomas), a leading South African syndicalist, was born in 1901 on a mission station in the Cape to David and Elizabeth Gomas, He was largely brought up by his mother, a devout Christian; he was profoundly alienated from his drunken father, a laborer who abandoned the family. He was educated at a mission school, until his mother moved to Kimberley in 1911 in search of work and to escape her abusive husband. The family lived in the Malay Camp slum, and the studious Gomas was forced by poverty to leave school to find a job. In 1915 he was apprenticed as a tailor at a local firm, Gordon's, where his employer, a Russian Jew, apparently introduced him to socialist ideas.
Greece, Anti‐Dictatorship Protests
Authors: Kotsonopoulos Loudovikos
Published: September 2017

After a prolonged period of political instability in Greece, a small group of middle‐ranking Greek army officers staged a successful coup d'état, under the auspices of the CIA, on April 21, 1967. Although signs of army interference in politics were omnipresent throughout the 1960s, there were no resistance activities against the military putsch on the part of the country's political forces. Only after the establishment of the junta's military regime did the first cells of resistance begin to emerge. At the outset was the creation of Democratic Defense (

), a resistance group that comprised mainly prominent members of the academic community as well as liberal center‐leftist intellectuals.
G
reece, Socialism, Communism, and the Left, 1974–2008
Authors: Giovanopoulos Christos , Skalidakis Giannis (Jean‐Marie)
Published: September 2017

Greek history after the dictato647ship is characterized by a transition from a post‐civil war police state to democratic stability, known as
metapolitefsi
(

). This process was to a large extent a reaction to the forceful political presence of a socialist and communist left movement, leading to a deeper integration of the traditional left in the “national backbone” of political life. At the same time, grassroots movements and a dynamic extra‐parliamentary left contested this political mutation and reinforced antagonistic struggles, on some occasions with spectacular results. Thus it is no coincidence that the Greek left and communist movement remains one of the strongest in Europe.
Greek Nationalism
Authors: Yanoulopoulos Yanis
Published: September 2017

Greece became independent in the early 1830s, after a prolonged war of liberation/secession from the Ottoman empire. Like the contemporaneous revolts of the Carbonari in Italy and France (1820, 1821) and the victorious uprising of the anti‐monarchist Spaniards (1820–3), it was a war fueled by the ideas of the French Revolution, which the diaspora Greek merchants of the secret society Philiki Etairia (Association of Friends) had enthusiastically espoused in order to bring down the Ottoman
ancien régime
. It was a war carried out by the “damned of the earth” (mostly landless peasants) in the poor and inconspicuous southwestern corner of the sultans' possessions that had fired the imagination of liberals and radicals all over post‐Napoleonic, counterrevolutionary Europe. An eight‐year confrontation with the Porte (1821–9), with many ups and downs and considerable infighting, ended in the defeat of the radical elements that had started the revolt. Territorial expansion was the compensatory mirage offered by the new rulers, King Otto and his Bavarian army, since Greece, as the first Balkan nation to achieve statehood, was allowed to exist only as a monarchy, and it ventured into the modern world under the watchful eyes of the three Protecting Powers – England, France, and Russia – who carefully monitored the first steps of this energetic newcomer into the china shop of the Eastern Question.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization of 2‐Propynolphenols: Access to 4‐Phosphorylated 2H‐Chromenes
Authors: Li Ren , Chen Xi , Song Xian‐Rong , Ding Haixin , Wang Pengyang , Xiao Qiang , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: September 2017

A novel copper‐catalyzed cascade cyclization of easily prepared 2‐propynolphenols with disubstituted phosphine oxides has been developed to give 4‐phosphorylated 2H‐chromenes in moderate to excellent yields. This cascade process involves multiple bond‐forming events including C–O and C–P bonds. Moreover, both tertiary and secondary propargylic alcohols with diverse functional groups showed excellent compatibilities under ligand‐ and additive‐free conditions.

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Adsorption separation of R134a, R125, and R143a fluorocarbon mixtures using 13X and surface modified 5A zeolites
Authors: Wanigarathna Darshika K. J. A. , Liu Bin , Gao Jiajian
Published: September 2017

We report a facile method for the adsorption separation of fluorocarbon blends containing tetrafluoroethane (R134a), pentafluoroethane (R125) and trifluoroethane (R143a) refrigerants into their pure components using commercial 13X zeolite and pore‐size modified 5A zeolite under ambient condition. Based on the measured R134a, R125, and R143a pure gas equilibrium adsorption isotherms, the adsorption capacity varies in the order of R134a > R143a > R125 on 13X zeolite. The mixed gas breakthrough experiments reveal that 13X zeolite selectively adsorbs R134a over R125 and R143a. By running two adsorption cycles, it is possible to obtain R134a with ultrahigh purity. Furthermore, through chemical modification of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), the pore size of 5A zeolite could be successfully narrowed to the extent to just adsorb R125 while excluding R143a. The modified 5A zeolite was utilized to separate refrigerant mixtures containing R125 and R143a into their pure components. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 640–648, 2018
High‐Performance CsPb1−xSnxBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dots for Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wang Hung‐Chia , Wang Weigao , Tang An‐Cih , Tsai Hsin‐Yu , Bao Zhen , Ihara Toshiyuki , Yarita Naoki , Tahara Hirokazu , Kanemitsu Yoshihiko , Chen Shuming , Liu Ru‐Shi
Published: September 2017

All inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots (QDs) are potential emitters for electroluminescent displays. We have developed a facile hot‐injection method to partially replace the toxic Pb2+ with highly stable Sn4+. Meanwhile, the absolute photoluminescence quantum yield of CsPb1−xSnxBr3 increased from 45 % to 83 % with SnIV substitution. The transient absorption (TA) exciton dynamics in undoped CsPbBr3 and CsPb0.67Sn0.33Br3 QDs at various excitation fluences were determined by femtosecond transient absorption, time‐resolved photoluminescence, and single‐dot spectroscopy, providing clear evidence for the suppression of trion generation by Sn doping. These highly luminescent CsPb0.67Sn0.33Br3 QDs emit at 517 nm. A device based on these QDs exhibited a luminance of 12 500 cd m−2, a current efficiency of 11.63 cd A−1, an external quantum efficiency of 4.13 %, a power efficiency of 6.76 lm w−1, and a low turn‐on voltage of 3.6 V, which are the best values among reported tin‐based perovskite quantum‐dot LEDs.
Impacts of Late School Entry on Children's Cognitive Development in Rural Northwestern China—Does Preprimary Education Matter?
Authors: Chen Qihui
Published: September 2017

This article estimates the causal effect of primary school entry age on children's cognitive development in rural northwestern China, using data on nearly 1,800 primary school aged children from the Gansu Survey of Children and Families. Instrumental variable estimates, exploiting the discontinuity structure in children's school entry age around the enrolment cut‐off date, indicate that a 1‐year delay in school entry reduces children's scores on a cognitive ability test administered when they were aged 9–12 by 0.11–0.16 standard deviations (of the distribution of test scores). The negative late‐school‐entry effect is significantly larger in villages with no preprimary schools. It also persists as children advance to higher grades. These findings suggest that delayed school entry, even if it may be rural parents' rational response to resource constraints, can be harmful for children's cognitive development in developing areas with underdeveloped preprimary school systems.
Developmental Morphology and Topography of the Components of the Cervical Sympathetic Trunk in Sheep (Ovis aries) During the Fetal Period
Authors: Nourinezhad Jamal , Bamohabat Saleh , Mazaheri Yazdan
Published: September 2017

The objective of this study was to clarify the typical architecture and morphological variations of cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) in sheep during fetal period. Components of CST were examined on both sides of 40 male and female sheep fetuses aged from 60 to 140 days under a stereomicroscope. Skeletotopy and frequency of presence of cranial cervical ganglion (CCG), syntopy of cervical ganglia, and composition and topography of vagosympathetic trunk were consistent among specimens whereas the shape of cervical ganglia, the skeletotopy and number of three middle cervical ganglia (MG), and the frequency of communicating branches of CCG to the first cervical spinal nerve exhibited differences during fetal period. A reduction in the number of MG and the caudal movement of main MG were noted by increasing fetal age. Based on these detailed findings, comparative and developmental anatomy and evolutionary changes are discussed and compared with previous studies. The number of MG, skeletotopy of CCG and main MG, the number and range of communicating branches of CCG to spinal nerves, and the association of vagus and sympathetic nerves in fetal sheep were fundamentally different from those of mostly reported species. These results suggest that data obtained from CST of fetal sheep are significantly different from those obtained from humans, and it is problematic to apply them to humans because of the more cranial position of CCG, very narrow contribution of CCG to spinal nerve, absence of the vertebral ganglion, existence of multiple MG, and no communicating branches from MG to spinal nerves. Anat Rec, 300:2250–2262, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Covalent Binding of Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2 and Transforming Growth Factor‐β3 to 3D Plotted Scaffolds for Osteochondral Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Di Luca Andrea , Klein‐Gunnewiek Michel , Vancso Julius G. , van Blitterswijk Clemens A. , Benetti Edmondo M. , Moroni Lorenzo
Published: September 2017

Engineering the osteochondral tissue presents some challenges mainly relying in its function of transition from the subchondral bone to articular cartilage and the gradual variation in several biological, mechanical, and structural features. A possible solution for osteochondral regeneration might be the design and fabrication of scaffolds presenting a gradient able to mimic this transition. Covalent binding of biological factors proved to enhance cell adhesion and differentiation in two‐dimensional culture substrates. Here, we used polymer brushes as selective linkers of bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) and transforming growth factor‐β3 (TGF‐β3) on the surface of 3D scaffolds fabricated via additive manufacturing (AM) and subsequent controlled radical polymerization. These growth factors (GFs) are known to stimulate the differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) toward the osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages, respectively. BMP‐2 and TGF‐β3 were covalently bound both homogeneously within a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based brush‐functionalized scaffolds, and following a gradient composition by varying their concentration along the axial section of the 3D constructs. Following an approach previously developed by our group and proved to be successful to generate fibronectin gradients, opposite brush‐supported gradients of BMP‐2 and TGF‐β3 were finally generated and subsequently tested to differentiate cells in a gradient fashion. The brush‐supported GFs significantly influenced hMSCs osteochondral differentiation when the scaffolds were homogenously modified, yet no effect was observed in the gradient scaffolds. Therefore, this technique seems promising to maintain the biological activity of growth factors covalently linked to 3D scaffolds, but needs to be further optimized in case biological gradients are desired.
Expression of Synthetic Phytoene Synthase Gene to Enhance β‐Carotene Production in Scenedesmus sp. CPC2
Authors: Chen Chun‐Yen , Kao Ai‐Ling , Tsai Zheng‐Chia , Shen Yu‐Mei , Kao Pei‐Hsun , Ng I‐Son , Chang Jo‐Shu
Published: September 2017

β‐carotene is a valuable pigment abundant in some microalgal species but the low β‐carotene productivity of microalgae has become the major obstacles against its commercialization. This work aims to improve the productivity of algae‐based β‐carotene via genetic engineering approaches. First, a synthetic psy gene construct (891 bp) encoding 297 amino acids is expressed in Scenedesmus sp. CPC2 host to enhance the β‐carotene production. The synthetic psy gene is designed by considering the highest consensus of amino acids (i.e., 62% identity) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Dunaliella salina, and Mariella zofingiensis. The original β‐carotene content in wild‐type Scenedesmus sp. CPC2 is 10.8 mg g−1‐cell when grown on BG11 medium under 2% CO2 aeration, 150 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity and 25°C. After transformation of the psy gene into the microalgal host, the β‐carotene content of the best recombinant strain (i.e., transformant CPC2‐4) significantly increased to over 30 mg g−1‐cell. The optimal production of β‐carotene with the CPC2‐4 recombinant strain was achieved when the strain is grown on BG11 medium amended with 0.075 g of MgSO4, giving approximately 3‐fold higher β‐carotene content than that of the wild‐type strain. The best cellular β‐carotene content obtained (i.e., 31.8 mg g−1) is superior to most algae‐based β‐carotene production performance reported in the literature.
Designing Randomized DNA Sequences Free of Restriction Enzyme Recognition Sites
Authors: Storm Audra J. , Jensen Paul A.
Published: September 2017

DNA libraries containing random “barcodes” complicate synthetic biology workflows that utilize restriction enzymes since restriction sites can appear inside some barcodes. By removing bases at particular sites in the barcodes, it is possible to create semi‐random pools of barcodes that do not contain any restriction sites. The challenge is to remove as few bases as possible to maximize the number of sequences in the pool while ensuring all sequences are free of restriction sites. The authors present CutFree, a computational approach to create pools of random DNA barcodes that lack a pre‐defined set of restriction sites. The resulting pools can be inexpensively produced en masse with standard DNA synthesis techniques. CutFree is experimentally validated by blocking digestion of pools of barcodes designed to frequently contain restriction sites. Using CutFree, a pool of 1.3 billion barcodes that are free from recognition sites for 182 commercially available restriction enzymes is designed. CutFree is available as a software package and an online tool (http://jensenlab.net/tools).
Glucose‐stimulated insulin release: Parallel perifusion studies of free and hydrogel encapsulated human pancreatic islets
Authors: Buchwald Peter , Tamayo‐Garcia Alejandro , Manzoli Vita , Tomei Alice A. , Stabler Cherie L.
Published: September 2017

To explore the effects immune‐isolating encapsulation has on the insulin secretion of pancreatic islets and to improve our ability to quantitatively describe the glucose‐stimulated insulin release (GSIR) of pancreatic islets, we conducted dynamic perifusion experiments with isolated human islets. Free (unencapsulated) and hydrogel encapsulated islets were perifused, in parallel, using an automated multi‐channel system that allows sample collection with high temporal resolution. Results indicated that free human islets secrete less insulin per unit mass or islet equivalent (IEQ) than murine islets and with a less pronounced first‐phase peak. While small microcapsules (d = 700 µm) caused only a slightly delayed and blunted first‐phase insulin response compared to unencapsulated islets, larger capsules (d = 1,800 µm) completely blunted the first‐phase peak and decreased the total amount of insulin released. Experimentally obtained insulin time‐profiles were fitted with our complex insulin secretion computational model. This allowed further fine‐tuning of the hormone‐release parameters of this model, which was implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics to couple hormone secretion and nutrient consumption kinetics with diffusive and convective transport. The results of these GSIR experiments, which were also supported by computational modeling, indicate that larger capsules unavoidably lead to dampening of the first‐phase insulin response and to a sustained‐release type insulin secretion that can only slowly respond to changes in glucose concentration. Bioartificial pancreas type devices can provide long‐term and physiologically desirable solutions only if immunoisolation and biocompatibility considerations are integrated with optimized nutrient diffusion and insulin release characteristics by design.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 1‐(4‐(Hydroxy(1‐oxo‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐inden‐2‐ylidene)methyl)phenyl)‐3‐phenylurea Derivatives
Authors: Gezegen Hayreddin , Hepokur Ceylan , Tutar Uğur , Ceylan Mustafa
Published: September 2017

A series of novel phenylurea containing 2‐benzoylindan‐1‐one derivatives 3a – 3j were synthesized from the reaction of phenylurea‐substituted acetophenones 1a – 1j with phthalaldehyde 2 under mild reaction conditions in good yields. All synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. The obtained compounds (3a – 3j) were evaluated for anticancer activity against HeLa and C6 cell lines. Antiproliferative activity was determined by the BrdU proliferation ELISA assay, 3f and 3g were found to be most active compounds. The compounds were also screened for antimicrobial activity and all compounds showed remarkable activity against used microorganisms.