bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive‐behavioral treatment for chronic nightmares in trauma‐exposed persons: assessing physiological reactions to nightmare‐related fear
Authors: Rhudy Jamie L. , Davis Joanne L. , Williams Amy E. , McCabe Klanci M. , Bartley Emily J. , Byrd Patricia M. , Pruiksma Kristi E.
Published: February 2010

Cognitive‐behavioral treatments (CBTs) that target nightmares are efficacious for ameliorating self‐reported sleep problems and psychological distress. However, it is important to determine whether these treatments influence objective markers of nightmare‐related fear, because fear and concomitant physiological responses could promote nightmare chronicity and sleep disturbance. This randomized, controlled study (N=40) assessed physiological (skin conductance, heart rate, facial electromyogram) and subjective (displeasure, fear, anger, sadness, arousal) reactions to personally relevant nightmare imagery intended to evoke nightmare‐related fear. Physiological assessments were conducted at pretreatment as well as 1‐week, 3‐months, and 6‐months posttreatment. Results of mixed effects analysis of variance models suggested treatment reduced physiological and subjective reactions to nightmare imagery, gains that were generally maintained at the 6‐month follow‐up. Potential implications are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 66: 1–18, 2010.
Proteomic analysis of early‐response to mechanical stress in neonatal rat mandibular condylar chondrocytes
Authors: Li Huang , Yang Han‐Shuo , Wu Tuo‐Jiang , Zhang Xiang‐Yu , Jiang Wen‐Hui , Ma Qiao‐Lin , Chen Yang‐Xi , Xu Yun , Li Song , Hua Zi‐Chun
Published: February 2010

The objectives of this study were to investigate the early response to mechanical stress in neonatal rat mandibular chondrocytes by proteomic analysis. To evaluate its molecular mechanism, chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro, then loaded mechanical stress by four‐point bending system on different patterns. Morphological observation, flow cytometric analysis, and MTT assays indicated that 4,000 µstrain loading for 60 min was an appropriate mechanical stimulus for the following proteome analysis, which produced a transient but obvious inhibitory effect on the cell cycle. Therefore, we took a proteomic approach to identify significantly differential expression proteins in chondrocytes under this mechanical stress. Using 2‐DE and MALDI‐TOF, we identified seven differentially expressed proteins including the MAPK pathway inhibitor RKIP, cytoskeleton proteins, actin and vimentin, and other selected proteins. Some differentially expressed proteins were validated by both Western blot analysis and fluorescent staining of cytoskeleton at different loading times. The vimentin and RKIP responsive expression were also proven in vivo in oral orthopedic treatment rats, which was in line with the result in vitro. The histological changes in cartilage also showed the inhibition effect. Furthermore, the expressional level of phosphorylated ERK was increased, which demonstrates the changes in MAPK activity. Taken together, these data indicate that mechanical stress resulted in vimentin expression changes first and then led to the subsequent changes in actin expression, MAPK pathway regulated by RKIP and heat shock protein GRP75. All those changes contributed to the cytoskeleton remolding and cell cycle inhibition, finally led to condylar remodeling. J. Cell. Physiol. 223:610–622, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclic AMP signaling in bivalve molluscs: an overview
Authors: Fabbri Elena , Capuzzo Antonio
Published: February 2010

The cyclic AMP (cAMP)‐dependent signaling accounts for the control of cellular cascades involved in many physiological functions, and a wealth of information is available on the cAMP system that operates in mammalian cells. Nevertheless, cAMP has a central role also in nonmammalian vertebrates and invertebrates. The present review aims at examining the information available on bivalve molluscs, from the first studies carried out in the early 1980s to the last progresses made in the present days. The major focus is on the structural and operational characteristics of the main actors of the signaling pathway, i.e., adenylyl cyclase, G proteins, and protein kinase A, and on the role played by the cyclic nucleotide on smooth muscle, heart, gills, gonads, and metabolism regulation. Moreover, recent evidence regarding the cAMP system as a target of environmental stress factors are discussed. It will become clear that cAMP does play a wide and important role in bivalve physiology. Several issues have been sufficiently clarified, although investigated only in a few model species. However, further fundamental aspects remain unknown, mainly regarding molecular features and interactions with other signaling pathways, thus requiring further elucidation.J. Exp. Zool. 313A:179–200, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal variations in the biochemical composition and reproductive cycle of the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius, 1787) in Southern Brazil
Authors: Antunes Graziani de Freitas , do Amaral Ana Paula Nunes , Ribarcki Fabiana Pinto , Wiilland Elenir de Fátima , Zancan Denise Maria , Vinagre Anapaula Sommer
Published: February 2010

The ghost crab, Ocypode quadrata, is found on sandy beaches from the United States to Southern Brazil. Because there is still little information about the metabolism and reproduction of O. quadrata on the southern coast of Brazil, the objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the effect of seasonal variations on the carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism of O. quadrata at Rondinha Beach, a beach with high anthropogenic activity, and to compare it with data from Siriú Beach, which has less human activity; and (ii) describe the effect of seasonal variations on the histological characteristics of male and female gonads, in order to assess the reproductive capacity of the crabs. The gonads of male crabs showed no significant variations in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and glycogen levels; however, histological analysis of the testes revealed that they are mature in the summer. In females, the GSI and glycogen values are higher in summer, concomitantly with the presence of mature oocytes. These results suggest that the reproductive peak of O. quadrata occurs in summer. The seasonal analysis of the biochemical parameters, as well as comparison with Siriú Beach, demonstrated that the ghost crabs of Rondinha Beach have a different pattern of metabolism than those of Siriú. This difference may be a consequence of differences in the environmental conditions as well as in the anthropogenic pressures, such as vehicle traffic and the increase in human population at the beach in summer. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:280–291, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dispersion characteristic and stability analysis for an arbitrary MRTD scheme with variable mesh
Authors: Massy Ibrahim , Peña Néstor , Ney Michel M.
Published: February 2010

Variable mesh allows volumic methods such as MRTD to provide a better description of complex structure details with some substantial saving in terms of computer execution time and memory. However, irregular meshing produces some local increase of velocity error and raises some issue about stability. The dispersion characteristic of S‐MRTD‐Battle‐Lemarie schemes is derived for irregular meshing and the stability of the algorithm investigated. Then, the S‐MRTD is coupled with FDTD to accelerate computations when irregular meshing technique is required. Finally, examples of applications demonstrate the relevance of the hybrid procedure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on the use of the standard normal homogeneity test to detect inhomogeneities in climatic time series
Authors: Toreti A. , Kuglitsch F. G. , Xoplaki E. , Della‐Marta P. M. , Aguilar E. , Prohom M. , Luterbacher J.
Published: February 2010

Homogenization methods are developed to reduce the impact of non‐climatic factors on climate series. Martínexet al.(2009), (International Journal of Climatology, Doi 10.1002/joc.1884) applied a set of homogenization procedures to available Spanish temperature series. In this report, we address critical issues of that paper concerning a specific property of the standard normal homogeneity test and the application scheme of the homogenization tests. We conclude with some important recommendations on the application of homogenization methodologies. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Think tanks with deliverables: How communities of practice helped LPL financial manage rapid growth and organizational complexity
Authors: Regan Jack , Gold Jodi
Published: February 2010

In the wake of acquisitions, new hiring, and a shift from a functional to a customer channel structure, the company pulled its best and brightest talent into practice centers (PCs) to share knowledge, transfer best practices, standardize policies and practices across the channels, drive key initiatives, and cement collaborative relationships. The authors present the business case for communities of practice; describe LPL's vision and process for implementing its PCs, including strategies for enhancing success and avoiding potential pitfalls; and highlight the PCs' accomplishments. They also share how the PCs facilitated the company's response to the 2008–2009 financial crisis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Capsaicin accumulation is related to nitrate content in placentas of habanero peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
Authors: Monforte‐González Miriam , Guzmán‐Antonio Adolfo , Uuh‐Chim Francisco , Vázquez‐Flota Felipe
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: The presence of capsaicin, the pungent principle of peppers, is restricted to the fruits of hot cultivars. This compound, which is produced in the fruits' placenta, requires 3 mol of nitrogen to be formed. Hence nitrogen availability may affect pepper pungency through its content in the fruit tissues. On the other hand, potassium may also affect pepper pungency given its positive effect on fruit development. In order to address this issue, plants of habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) were hydroponically cultured with various doses of nitrate and potassium and the contents of these ions and capsaicin were analyzed in the different fruit tissues.

RESULTS: Treatments did not produce major effects on pod yield or size during the experimental period, and pepper pods from plants growing under low nitrate concentrations presented no significant differences in total nitrate content. However, lower nitrate, as well as low capsaicin contents, were found in the isolated placentas from peppers grown on the lowest nitrate doses. Variations in potassium availability resulted in differences in pod production per plant, but not in capsaicinoid accumulation.

CONCLUSION: Under the assayed conditions, nitrate content in the placenta affects capsaicin synthesis. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Hydrophilic interaction LC of peptides: Columns comparison and clustering
Authors: Van Dorpe Sylvia , Vergote Valentijn , Pezeshki Adel , Burvenich Christian , Peremans Kathelijne , De Spiegeleer Bart
Published: February 2010

A wide variety of hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) stationary phase surface chemistries are currently available. Although their selectivity can be considerably different, column comparison or clustering using peptides is limited. In this study, ten pharmaceutically relevant model peptides are analyzed on seven different HILIC columns (bare silica, amide, poly‐hydroxyethyl aspartamide, diol and zwitterionic) for the evaluation of their performance and classification. The responses examined include single and multiple responses: plate number, asymmetry factor, LOD, geometric mean resolution, resolution product, time corrected resolution product, peak capacity and chromatographic response function. Column classification was performed using hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis. Moreover, the overall performance quality of the HILIC columns was compared using a linear desirability function. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis showed consistent clusters. The zwitterionic phase was clustered apart from the other HILIC columns and both poly‐aspartamide columns were clustered together. In addition, the two bare silica phases represent two different clusters, and thus different selectivities. Overall, the responses showed the best performance for one of the bare silica columns (Alltima‐Alltech), followed by the zwitterionic phase (ZIC)‐HILIC. Thus, these columns, belonging to different clusters, were found to be the best performing systems in pharmaceutical peptide analysis for the selected peptide set.
Adult separation anxiety disorder among war‐affected Bosnian refugees: Comorbidity with PTSD and associations with dimensions of trauma
Authors: Silove Derrick , Momartin Shakeh , Marnane Claire , Steel Zachary , Manicavasagar Vijaya
Published: February 2010

Although separation anxiety disorder appears to be common among children exposed to disasters, there are no data focusing on the impact of trauma on adult separation anxiety disorder. The present exploratory study examined the relationship of adult separation anxiety disorder with other psychological reactions (posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], complicated grief, depression) and dimensions of trauma among 126 war‐affected Bosnian refugees resettled in Australia. Adult separation anxiety disorder was associated with PTSD, but not with complicated grief or depression. Although adult separation anxiety disorder was weakly linked with traumatic losses, this association was nonspecific. Further research is needed to clarify the pathogenic pathways leading to the comorbid PTSD–adult separation anxiety disorder pattern and its clinical implications.
Micellar Nanocarriers Assembled from Doxorubicin‐Conjugated Amphiphilic Macromolecules (DOX–AM)
Authors: del Rosario Leilani S. , Demirdirek Bahar , Harmon Alexander , Orban David , Uhrich Kathryn E.
Published: February 2010

Amphiphilic macromolecules (AMs) have unique branched hydrophobic domains attached to linear PEG chains. AMs self‐assemble in aqueous solution to form micelles that are hydrolytically stable in physiological conditions (37 °C, pH 7.4) over 4 weeks. Evidence of AM biodegradability was demonstrated by complete AM degradation after 6 d in the presence of lipase. Doxorubicin (DOX) was chemically conjugated to AMs via a hydrazone linker to form DOX–AM conjugates that self‐assembled into micelles in aqueous solution. The conjugates were compared with DOX‐loaded AM micelles (i.e., physically loaded DOX) on DOX content, micellar sizes and in vitro cytotoxicity. Physically encapsulated DOX loading was higher (12 wt.‐%) than chemically bound DOX (6 wt.‐%), and micellar sizes of DOX‐loaded AMs (≈16 nm) were smaller than DOX–AMs (≈30 nm). In vitro DOX release from DOX–AM conjugates was faster at pH 5.0 (100%) compared to pH 7.4 (78%) after 48 h, 37 °C. Compared to free DOX and physically encapsulated DOX, chemically bound DOX had significantly higher cytotoxicity at 10−7 M DOX dose against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells after 72 h. Overall, DOX–AM micelles showed promising characteristics as stable, biodegradable DOX nanocarriers.

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Synthesis of Functional Polydepsipeptides via Direct Ring‐Opening Polymerization and Post‐Polymerization Modification
Authors: Franz Nadja , Klok Harm‐Anton
Published: February 2010

This contribution explores different strategies for the synthesis of side chain functional polydepsipeptides. First, the ring‐opening polymerization of side chain functional morpholine‐2,5‐diones is revisited and the optimized reaction conditions used for the polymerization of (Z)‐L‐Lys, (Boc)‐L‐Lys and L‐allylglycine based morpholine‐2,5‐diones. As a first approach towards side chain functional polydepsipeptides, the deprotection of poly(Glc‐alt‐(Z)‐L‐Lys) and poly(Glc‐alt‐(Boc)‐L‐Lys) is evaluated. Although under appropriate conditions, the side chain protecting groups can be quantitatively removed, the reaction conditions used here were found to lead to backbone degradation. As an alternative approach, the thiol‐ene post‐polymerization modification of poly(Glc‐alt‐allylglycine) is explored. Free radical addition of various ω‐functional thiols was found to proceed without backbone degradation and in several cases with quantitative allyl group conversion. The post‐polymerization modification strategy is attractive as it obviates the need for protecting group chemistry and facilitates the synthesis of diverse libraries of side chain functional polydepsipeptides.

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A Systematic Kinetic Study in Reversible Chain Transfer Catalyzed Polymerizations (RTCPs) with Germanium, Tin, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Catalysts
Authors: Goto Atsushi , Wakada Tsutomu , Fukuda Takeshi , Tsujii Yoshinobu
Published: February 2010

This paper reports a systematic kinetic study on the reversible activation processes and polymerization rates in the reversible chain transfer catalyzed living radical polymerizations (RTCPs) of styrene (St) and methyl methacrylate with germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) catalysts. The pseudo‐first‐order activation rate constant kact significantly depended on monomers and the elements and substituents of the catalysts. For the St polymerization at 80 °C, kact increased in the order of PI3 (P catalyst) < p‐tolyl germanium triiodide (tolyl‐GeI3) (Ge catalyst) < N‐iodosuccinimide (NIS) (N catalyst) < SnI4 (Sn catalyst) < GeI4 (Ge catalyst) at the same catalyst concentration. The polymerization rate was somewhat retarded in the studied systems due to the cross‐termination between the propagating radical and the catalyst radical in situ formed in the polymerization.

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Preparation of Monodisperse and Anion‐Charged Polystyrene Microspheres Stabilized with Polymerizable Sodium Styrene Sulfonate by Dispersion Polymerization
Authors: Zhang Fen , Cao Le , Yang Wantai
Published: February 2010

A novel dispersion polymerization system to produce “clean” polystyrene (PS) particles, using a polymerizable sodium styrene sulfonate (NaSS) as stabilizer, and a mixture of methanol/water (MeOH/H2O) as the reaction medium was investigated. The effects of the polymerization parameters, such as the methanol/water ratio in the medium, the concentration of the stabilizer, the initiator and the monomer on the resulting particles were studied. By observing the morphological changes of the PS particles by SEM and analyzing the surface chemical composition of these particles by XPS, it is found that this system had the following unique features: as little as 0.05 wt.‐% of NaSS (based on styrene as opposed to 5 wt.‐% for a routine dispersion polymerization system) was enough to prepare stable latex with monodisperse particles; as high as 20 vol.‐% of monomer (as opposed to 5 wt.‐% for polymerization system in the absence of surfactants) could be added into the polymerization system to produce monodisperse particles; surface‐charged and monodisperse particles with average diameters of approximately 470–1600 nm could be directly obtained.

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α,ωn‐Heterotelechelic Hyperbranched Polyethers Solubilize Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Wurm Frederik , Hofmann Anna Maria , Thomas Anja , Dingels Carsten , Frey Holger
Published: February 2010

The synthesis of novel linear‐hyperbranched (linhb) polyether block copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) and branched poly(glycerol), bearing a single pyrene or myristyl moiety at the α‐position of the linear chain is described. The polymers exhibit low polydispersity ($\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ < 1.3) and controlled molecular weights ($\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 5 000 g · mol−1). The mainly hydrophilic block copolymers with multiple hydroxyl end groups readily dissolve multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in water by mixing and subsequent sonification, resulting in noncovalent attachment of the linhb hybrid structure to the carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to visualize the solubilized nanotubes; after sulfation of the multiple hydroxyl groups the polymer layer was detected in the TEM images.

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Development of Advanced Software Tools for Computer‐Aided Design, Simulation, and Optimization of Polymerization Processes
Authors: Krallis Apostolos , Pladis Prokopis , Kanellopoulos Vassileios , Kiparissides Costas
Published: February 2010

A new software has been developed for the simulation, design, parameter and state estimation, optimization, and control of specific polymerization processes aiming at increasing plant efficiency, improving product quality, and reducing the impact to environment. It provides a user‐friendly interface, including a design environment that can be accessed from the engineer's desktop computer, allowing graphical interaction and expert system guidance on how to use the program or make engineering decisions. The software design allows the collection of models from different sources leading to an easy and comprehensive synthesis of process models. Recent advances regarding the development of software applications for three specific polymerization systems are presented.

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Assessment of non‐neurogenic incontinence and lower urinary tract symptoms in adolescents and young adults
Authors: Bower W.F. , Swithinbank L. , de Jong T. , de Kort L.M.O. , Marschall‐Kehrel D.
Published: February 2010

Aims

The aim of this article is to provide insight to clinicians who principally treat adults, about non‐neurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) either pre‐dating or presenting in adolescence. Assessment fundamentals, diagnostic classification, and rationale behind the process of care are discussed.

Methods

Standardized terms are used to describe the current classification of symptoms of LUT dysfunction in young adults. The etiology and symptomatology of continuous and organic incontinence, along with the intermittent presentations of incontinence, nocturnal enuresis, and bowel dysfunction are presented. Minimally acceptable assessment processes are defined. Indications for the inclusion of urodynamic investigations are presented. Throughout the review specific needs of adolescents, as they apply to clinical management of LUTS, are highlighted.

Results

Puberty and growth are likely to challenge compensatory mechanisms for a safe urinary system in young adults with organic/structural/developmental LUT disorders. The priority of care is to screen for and detect precursor signs of renal deterioration. In adolescents with non‐neurogenic bladder dysfunction a clear diagnosis and identification of both incomplete bladder emptying and high detrusor pressure will minimize permanent changes to both the upper and lower urinary tracts.

Conclusions

The assessment of adolescents with LUTS requires time, thoughtful enquiry, and communication. Dysfunction pre‐dating young adulthood commonly inhibits autonomy, recreational and social activities thus impacting on the adolescent's self‐esteem and adherence to treatment regimes. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:702–709, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urodynamics, the supine empty bladder stress test, and incontinence severity
Authors: Nager Charles W. , Kraus Stephen R. , Kenton Kim , Sirls Larry , Chai Toby C. , Wai Clifford , Sutkin Gary , Leng Wendy , Litman Heather , Huang Liyuan , Tennstedt Sharon , Richter Holly E. ,   for the Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network
Published: February 2010

Aims

Determine whether urodynamic measures of urethral function [(valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP), maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP), functional urethral length (FUL)] and the results of the supine empty bladder stress test (SEBST) correlate with each other and with subjective and objective measures of urinary incontinence (UI).

Methods

Data were collected preoperatively from subjects enrolled in a multicenter surgical trial of mid‐urethral slings. Subjective measures included questionnaire scores from the Medical Epidemiological and Social Aspects of Aging Questionnaire, Urogenital Distress Inventory, and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire. Objective measures included a 24‐hr pad weight test, incontinence episode frequency on a 3‐day voiding diary, and a SEBST.

Results

Five hundred ninety‐seven women enrolled. Three hundred seventy‐two women had valid VLPP values; 539 had valid MUCP/FUL values. Subjective measures of severity had weak to moderate correlation with each other (r = 0.25–0.43) and with objective measures of severity (r = −0.06 to 0.45). VLPP and MUCP had moderate correlation with each other (r = 0.36,  < 0.001). Urodynamic measures of urethral function had little or no correlation with subjective or objective measures of severity. Subjects with a positive SEBST had more subjective and objective severity measures compared to the negative SEBST group, but they did not have significantly different VLPP and MUCP values.

Conclusions

VLPP and MUCP have moderate correlation with each other, but each had little or no correlation with subjective or objective measures of severity or with the results of the SEBST. This data suggests that the urodynamic measures of urethral function are not related to subjective or objective measures of UI severity. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1306–1311, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling strategies for multiphase drag interactions using the material point method
Authors: Mackenzie‐Helnwein P. , Arduino P. , Shin W. , Moore J. A. , Miller G. R.
Published: February 2010

This paper presents an investigation of strategies for handling dissipative phase interactions in the context of multi‐field material point method formulations in which each phase is assigned its own motion. Different families of phase interaction strategies using both nodal and particle‐based approaches are developed, and in particular, a new smoothed volume fraction approach is presented that can handle interaction effects in a general and consistent manner while reducing anomalous effects of phase boundaries and grid crossings. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated via convergence studies using a fundamental model problem. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of nanosized zirconium carbide from preceramic polymers by the facile one‐pot reaction
Authors: Tao Xueyu , Qiu Wenfeng , Li Hao , Zhao Tong
Published: February 2010

A novel preceramic polymer, polyzirconoxanesal (PZS), was synthesized efficiently by one‐pot protocol. The PZS polymer was characterized by the techniques of Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The precursor exhibited excellent solubility and rheology for the processing of ceramic matrix fiber composites. Pyrolytic conversion of the preceramic polymer was studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and element analysis. It is suggested that the polymer decomposed completely at 600°C and nanosized ZrC is formed at 1300°C for 2 hr in argon atmosphere with a yield of 68.5%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the lowest temperature reported in the literatures for preparing ZrC ceramics from preceramic polymers. The obtained ZrC particles exhibit spherical morphology with size ranged in 20–100 nm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schoolchildren's social representations on bullying causes
Authors: Thornberg Robert
Published: February 2010

The aim of the present study is to investigate schoolchildren's social representations on the causes of bullying. Individual qualitative interviews were conducted with 56 schoolchildren recruited from five elementary schools in Sweden. Mixed methods (grounded theory as well as descriptive statistic methods) were used to analyze data. According to the findings, the most prevalent social representation on bullying causes among the children is to view bullying as a reaction to deviance. The second most frequently used explanation type is to view bullying as social positioning. Other social representations on bullying causes are to explain bullying as the work of a disturbed bully, a revengeful action, an amusing game, social contamination, and a thoughtless happening. Social representations of bullying causes appear to be linked to the more general process of social categorization and seem in many bullying cases to promote moral disengagement among the children. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of protein enrichment strategies for proteome analysis of plasma
Authors: Bandow Julia E.
Published: February 2010

Efforts to discover protein biomarkers in plasma are hampered by the high abundance of few proteins, which interfere with the detection of low‐abundant proteins. Different commercially available protein‐partitioning products were tested for their ability to lower the detection limit of proteins in 2‐D gels. Immuno‐depletion using polyclonal antibodies raised against the proteins of highest abundance (Seppro IgY14 System) was compared with a two‐step immuno‐depletion strategy, where depletion with the Seppro IgY14 column was followed by depletion with the Seppro IgY‐SuperMix system. The third strategy tested was protein pre‐fractionation using the ProteoMiner kit, where proteins compete for binding sites on bead‐bound peptide hexamers with different binding properties. The pre‐fractionated protein samples were analyzed using 2‐DE, which revealed stunning differences in protein patterns. However, detectable protein spots in the different plasma fractions contained exclusively high‐abundant proteins normally present in plasma at concentrations between 1 μg and 40 mg/mL.
Selective separation and enrichment of peptides for MS analysis using the microspheres composed of Fe3O4@nSiO2 core and perpendicularly aligned mesoporous SiO2 shell
Authors: Chen Hemei , Liu Shasha , Yang Huili , Mao Yu , Deng Chunhui , Zhang Xiangmin , Yang Pengyuan
Published: February 2010

In this work, we report the development of a novel enrichment protocol for peptides by using the microspheres composed of Fe3O4@nSiO2 Core and perpendicularly aligned mesoporous SiO2 shell (designated Fe3O4@nSiO2@mSiO2). The Fe3O4@nSiO2@mSiO2 microspheres possess useful magnetic responsivity which makes the process of enrichment fast and convenient. The highly ordered nanoscale pores (2 nm) and high‐surface areas of the microspheres were demonstrated to have good size‐exclusion effect for the adsorption of peptides. An increase of S/N ratio over 100 times could be achieved by using the microspheres to enrich a standard peptide, and the application of the microspheres to enrich universal peptides was performed by using myoglobin tryptic digest solution. The enrichment efficiency of re‐used Fe3O4@nSiO2@mSiO2 microspheres was also studied. Large‐scale enrichment of endogenous peptides in rat brain extract was achieved by the microspheres. Automated nano‐LC‐ESI‐MS/MS was applied to analyze the sample after enrichment, and 60 unique peptides were identified in total. The facile and low‐cost synthesis as well as the convenient and efficient enrichment process of the novel Fe3O4@nSiO2@mSiO2 microspheres makes it a promising candidate for selectively isolation and enrichment of endogenous peptides from complex biological samples.
Protein subcellular localization profiling of breast cancer cells by dissociable antibody microarray staining
Authors: Fu Guanyuan , Song X. Cynthia , Yang Xufen , Peng Tao , Wang Yingjian , Zhou G. Wayne
Published: February 2010

We have developed dissociable antibody microarray (DAMA) staining technology that provides a new approach to the global analysis of protein subcellular localization (SCL) in fixed cells. We have developed and optimized this technology for protein SCL profiling, generated ChipView, a program for management and analysis of molecular image database, and utilized the technique to identify proteins with unique SCL in breast cancer cell lines. We compared the SCL profiles of 325 proteins among nine different breast cell lines, and have identified one protein, Cyclin B1, with distinctively different SCLs between normal and cancer cell lines. With classic individual immunostaining, Cyclin B1 was confirmed to localize to the cytoplasm of seven breast cancer cell lines and in both cytoplasm and nuclei of two normal breast cell lines, and to have higher expression levels in the cancer cell lines tested.
Increased interaction between DJ‐1 and the Mi‐2/ nucleosome remodelling and deacetylase complex during cellular stress
Authors: Opsahl Jill A. , Hjørnevik Linda V. , Bull Vibeke H. , Fismen Lise , Frøyset Ann K. , Gromyko Darina , Solstad Therese , Fladmark Kari Espolin
Published: February 2010

DJ‐1 was originally identified to be an oncogenic product, but has later been shown to be highly multifunctional. DJ‐1 plays a role in oxidative stress response and transcriptional regulation, and loss of its function leads to an early onset of Parkinsonism. To further understand the mechanisms behind DJ‐1's role in cell survival and death, we investigated alternations in endogenous DJ‐1 protein–protein interaction in apoptotic cells exposed to the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. By combining cellular stable isotopic labelling of amino acids in cell culture, sub‐cellular fractionation, co‐immunoprecipitation, and MS, we identified a novel group of DJ‐1 interaction partners that increased their association to DJ‐1 in okadaic acid‐exposed cells. These proteins were integral components of the Mi‐2/nucleosome remodelling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex. Knockdown of DJ‐1 and MTA2, a core component of the NuRD complex, had a similar and pro‐apoptotic effect on the transcriptional‐ and p53‐dependent cell death induced by daunorubicin. On the other hand, MTA2 knockdown had no significant effect on the progression of p53‐independent okadaic acid‐induced apoptosis. Our data suggest that the increased DJ‐1/NuRD interaction is a general anti‐stress response regulated by okadaic acid‐induced modifications of DJ‐1. The observed interaction between DJ‐1 and the NuRD complex may give new clues to how DJ‐1 can protect cells from p53‐dependent cell death.
False labelling due to quenching failure of N‐hydroxy‐succinimide–ester‐coupled dyes
Authors: Wang Weiqun , Ackermann Doreen , Mehlich Anna‐Maria , König Simone
Published: February 2010

In comparative fluorescence gel electrophoresis experiments, cross‐talk was detected. It was traced back to a failure in the quenching process in typical labelling protocols. Despite a huge excess of potential reaction sites for the N‐hydroxy‐succinimide–ester‐coupled dye, sufficient active dye molecules were available after the quenching step to label protein molecules un‐specifically. It could be shown that only a 100‐fold increase in the amount of quencher will silence residual dye to such an extent that no artificial signals are detected.
Antitumor Effect of Plasma Treatment on U87 Glioma Xenografts: Preliminary Results
Authors: Vandamme Marc , Robert Eric , Pesnel Sabrina , Barbosa Emerson , Dozias Sébastien , Sobilo Julien , Lerondel Stéphanie , Le Pape Alain , Pouvesle Jean‐Michel
Published: February 2010

This work was conducted to evaluate the potential antitumor effect of an in vivo plasma treatment on a U87‐luc glioma tumor. A pulsed DBD with µs pulses at moderate power was used for treatment. Electrical analyses and spectroscopic measurements were realized to characterize plasma properties. We showed that the plasma treatment was safe for mice. However, the reiterated long time plasma treatment (20 min, 3 consecutive days) produces a superficial burn. During plasma treatment, we observed an increase of subcutaneous temperature and a cutaneous skin pH reduction. After 5 d of plasma treatment, we observed a dramatical U87 bioluminescence decrease associated with a reduction of tumor volume in U87 glioma‐bearing mice.

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Influence of Cold Plasma Atmospheric Jet on Surface Integrin Expression of Living Cells
Authors: Shashurin Alexey , Stepp Mary Ann , Hawley Teresa S. , Pal‐Ghosh Sonali , Brieda Lubos , Bronnikov Svetlana , Jurjus Rosalyn A. , Keidar Michael
Published: February 2010

The effects induced in cells due to treatment with cold atmospheric plasma jet are studied. Cell migration rate is measured by means of time‐lapse microscopy. In order to characterize cell surface integrin expression, the fluorescent response of cells after surface integrins are stained with specific antibodies is measured by flow cytometry. We show that treatment of cells with plasma jet affects the cells on sub‐cellular level, namely decreases expression of cell surface integrins (β1 and αv integrins were tested). This change in integrin expression might be the original cause for the effects observed on cellular level, such as reduced cell migration rate and cell detachment observed experimentally.

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Mass and Energy Spectrometry of Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas
Authors: Rees J. Alan , Seymour David L. , Greenwood Claire‐Louise , Gonzalvo Yolanda Aranda , Lundie David T.
Published: February 2010

Electrical plasmas operating at atmospheric pressure are in widespread use for materials processing and in related areas such as the characterisation of surfaces. The plasma sources are of many types. Improvement of their design and optimisation of their operation require high quality diagnostic data. It is very helpful, for example, to have available information on the nature and energies of the active species produced in a source and impacting on a surface. The extension of diagnostic techniques first developed for work with low pressure plasmas to a wide variety of atmospheric plasmas is discussed, together with examples of the data obtainable.

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Measures of arch height and their relationship to pain and dysfunction in people with lower limb impairments
Authors: Hegedus Eric J. , Cook Chad , Fiander Christopher , Wright Alexis
Published: February 2010

Background and Purpose. Debate surrounds the theory that foot structure, and more specifically, the attitude of the midfoot as typified by the longitudinal arch, is associated with complaints of pain and injuries of the lower extremity. Recently, two simple clinical measures of arch height, the arch ratio (AR) and the longitudinal arch angle (LAA), have been reported as valid and reliable in the literature. The LAA has been found to approximate the lowest point of the arch during walking and running while the main strengths of the AR are that the measure takes into account foot size and arch mobility. We modified the AR so that the modified AR (mAR) would be measured in a similar fashion as the LAA to investigate if this new measure, which would account for foot size, correlated well with an established measure (LAA) that estimated the behaviour of the arch with walking and running. Also, we hoped to contribute to the literature correlating longitudinal arch height with pain — numeric pain rating scale — and dysfunction — Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE). Methods. Thirty‐five subjects for this prospective correlational study were recruited from a community based outpatient practice that was part of a tertiary care academic medical centre. Reliability and validity of our investigator and of the mAR was first examined. We then examined the correlation of the clinical classification of arch height (high, normal, or low) produced by these two measures with each other. We also explored the correlation of multiple measures of dysfunction and pain with arch height. Results. Intrarater reliability and validity of the LAA showed an intraclass correlation (ICC) of 0.978 and Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) of 0.885, respectively. Intrarater reliability and validity of the mAR showed an ICC of 0.961 and PCC of 0.827, respectively. The LAA and our new measure, the mAR, were correlated with each other. The self‐report measures of general health and activity level were significantly positively correlated (PCC = 0.598). Also significant and positively correlated were the LEFS and the SANE (PCC = 0.617), two measures of function. Conclusions. Pain and dysfunction may be positively correlated but longitudinal arch height does not predict either pain or dysfunction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pressure‐induced quantum critical phenomena in YbNiGe3
Authors: Umeo Kazunori , Hosogi Norio , Avila Marcos A. , Takabatake Toshiro
Published: February 2010

The electrical resistivity of a single crystal YbNiGe3 has been measured under pressures up to 6.5 GPa and at temperatures down to 0.3 K. The resistivity is described as ρ(T) = ρ0 + ATn at T < 4 K. The coefficient A increases by a factor of 10 with increasing pressure from 3.6 to 6.5 GPa. For P > 3.6 GPa, the exponent n decreases below 2, and reaches 1.6 at 6.5 GPa. This value is close to 1.5 expected at the quantum critical point by the spin‐fluctuation theory for a three‐dimensional antiferromagnet. These findings suggest that the quantum critical point in YbNiGe3 is located at approximately 8 GPa.
Metal induced crystallization of a‐Si using a nano‐layer of silicon oxide mask (MMIC)
Authors: Wu Chunya , Meng Zhiguo , Li Xuedong , Zhao Shuyun , Liu Zhaojun , Li Juan , Xiong Shaozhen , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: February 2010

A nano‐layer of silicon oxide mask with inducing windows was prepared on a‐Si. The inducing windows pre‐defined the crystalline nucleation positions. The morphology of the resulted MMIC poly‐Si depends on the width of the inducing windows, the thickness of silicon oxide outside the inducing windows, and the area density of the nickel inducing medium. Poly‐Si composed of continuous zonal domain (CZD) in the same width was obtained under optimal conditions. In this case, metal induced nucleation took place in some isolated sites inside the inducing windows, the crystallization of a‐Si proceeded around those isolated nuclei along radial direction inside the inducing windows, and then along radial or lateral direction outside the inducing windows. P‐channel CZD poly‐Si TFTs exhibited a field effect mobility (μFE) of ∼65 cm2/V·s, a subthreshold swing (S) of 0.56 V/dec, a threshold voltage (Vth) of –3.5 V, and a ratio of on‐state to off‐state drain currents of 2.6×107. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Behavioural characterization of four endemic Stachys taxa
Authors: Savić Miroslav M. , Kukić Jelena M. , Grayer Renée J. , Milinković Marija M. , Marin Petar D. , Divljaković Jovana , Van Linn Michael , Cook James M. , Petrović Silvana D.
Published: February 2010

We performed a basic behavioral characterization of methanol extracts of four Balkan endemic Stachys taxa: S. anisochila (SA), S. beckeana (SB), S. plumosa (SP) and S. alpina subsp. dinarica (SAD). The behavioral activity of extracts dosed intraperitoneally in the range 100–400 mg/kg was examined in adult male Wistar rats, in the elevated plus maze, spontaneous locomotor activity, and grip strength tests, mainly predictive of anxiolytic, sedative and myorelaxant actions, respectively. All investigated Stachys extracts lacked anxiolytic or myorelaxant activities, while SB at 400 mg/kg exerted an anxiogenic‐like effect. The study with the selective antagonist β‐CCt showed that the sedative effect of SAD was only partially mediated by GABAA receptors containing the α1‐subunit. While discernible, the behavioral effects of SA and SP were not distinct. In all extracts, chlorogenic acid and verbascoside were identified. In SA, SB, and SAD the flavonoid fraction was constituted of isoscutellarein and hypolaetine glycosides, while in SP chrysoeriol and apigenin glycosides were present. The results reveal the psychotropic potential of four endemic Stachys taxa, of which SAD appeared most promising as a natural sedative. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amelioration of oxidative stress in red blood cells from patients with β‐thalassemia major and intermedia and E‐β‐thalassemia following administration of a fermented papaya preparation
Authors: Fibach Eitan , Tan Ee‐Shien , Jamuar Saumya , Ng Ivy , Amer Johnny , Rachmilewitz Eliezer A.
Published: February 2010

In β‐hemoglobinopathies, such as β‐thalassemia (thal) and sickle cell anemia, the primary defects are mutations in the β‐globin gene. However, many aspects of the pathophysiology are mediated by oxidative stress. Fermented papaya preparation (FPP), a natural health food product obtained by biofermentation of carica papaya, has been shown to limit oxidative stress both in vitro and in vivo. We studied the effect of FPP on two groups of β‐thal patients: β‐thal, major and intermedia, (in Israel) and E‐β‐thal (in Singapore). The results indicated that in both groups FPP treatment increased the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in red blood cells (RBC), and decreased their reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, membrane lipid peroxidation, and externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), indicating amelioration of their oxidative status, without a significant change in the hematological parameters. Since the turnover of the erythron is relatively slow, it is possible that longer duration of treatment, probably with the addition of an iron chelator, is required in order to achieve the latter goals. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainable packaging design: a holistic methodology for packaging design
Authors: Svanes Erik , Vold Mie , Møller Hanne , Pettersen Marit Kvalvåg , Larsen Hanne , Hanssen Ole Jørgen
Published: February 2010

This study describes a holistic methodology for sustainable packaging design. This methodology studies the combined systems of packaging and the packaged products across the whole distribution chain from manufacturer to end consumer and the life cycle from raw material extraction to the waste phase. It contains a number of indicators that are grouped into the following main categories: environmental sustainability, distribution costs, product protection, market acceptance and user friendliness. The methodology integrates a number of different analytical methods. It is intended to be used in packaging design and optimisation, for idea generation, decision support and as documentation of properties of existing packaging systems. The study describes experiences with the methodology from one case study in the Norwegian Food Industry. The experiences show that the methodology is very comprehensive, and gives a good overview of the properties of a packaging solution. It enables quantitative comparisons between different packaging solutions throughout the design process. The methodology reduces the risk of implementing sub‐optimal packaging solutions. An additional benefit of the methodology is gained by working in cross‐functional teams. One potential drawback is that the methodology can be resource and data intensive. The methodology can be used as a tool box in packaging design, i.e. it is not necessary to use all methods and quantify all indicators to gain benefit. However, all indicators and requirements should be evaluated and considered. In all cases, it should be considered to include additional indicators if important sustainability issues have not been addressed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.