bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“I was a soccer mom—high or not”: The intersecting roles of parenting and recovery
Authors: Day Elizabeth , Mihalec‐Adkins Brittany P. , Morrissey Mary Beth , Vescia Francesca , Tach Laura
Published: October 2022

Objective

The overarching goal of this study was to analyze qualitatively how parents in a state‐mandated family treatment court (FTC) intervention revised and performed their parental role while navigating a novel recovery role.

Background

A large proportion of parents are involved with the child welfare system for reasons related to substance misuse. Prior literature makes clear that navigating child welfare interventions is incredibly challenging given the many requirements and expectations parents must meet to resume parenting without state oversight. No work to date has explored the role strain arguably inherent to the experience of being tasked with simultaneously revising the parental role and adopting and performing a new recovery role in the context of nonvoluntary state intervention.

Method

Data came from transcripts of in‐depth, semistructured interviews with 21 parents who were former participants in FTC. Interview questions were designed to elicit rich, personal narratives, with probes for concrete examples wherever possible.

Results

Variation in parents' role definitions and trajectories of both parental and recovery role performance were used to develop a typology of roles: role enactors, role revisors, and role rejectors. The three groups differed in how closely their views around substance misuse, parenting, and recovery aligned with the role expectations put forth by the state, leading to varying degrees of role strain and conflict across groups.

Conclusion

Findings shed light on the experiences of parents involuntarily participating in both child protective interventions and substance use treatment—a growing proportion of parents that have been largely ignored in prior literature.
The fall of the summer truffle: Recurring hot, dry summers result in declining fruitbody production of Tuber aestivum in Central Europe
Authors: Steidinger Brian S. , Büntgen Ulf , Stobbe Uli , Tegel Willy , Sproll Ludger , Haeni Matthias , Moser Barbara , Bagi István , Bonet José‐Antonio , Buée Marc , Dauphin Benjamin , Martínez‐Peña Fernando , Molinier Virginie , Zweifel Roman , Egli Simon , Peter Martina
Published: October 2022

Global warming is pushing populations outside their range of physiological tolerance. According to the environmental envelope framework, the most vulnerable populations occur near the climatic edge of their species' distributions. In contrast, populations from the climatic center of the species range should be relatively buffered against climate warming. We tested this latter prediction using a combination of linear mixed effects and machine learning algorithms on an extensive, citizen‐scientist generated dataset on the fruitbody productivity of the Burgundy (aka summer) truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.), a keystone, ectomycorrhizal tree‐symbiont occurring on a wide range of temperate climates. T. aestivum's fruitbody productivity was monitored at 3‐week resolution over up to 8 continuous years at 20 sites distributed in the climatic center of its European distribution in southwest Germany and Switzerland. We found that T. aestivum fruitbody production is more sensitive to summer drought than would be expected from the breadth of its species' climatic niche. The monitored populations occurring nearly 5°C colder than the edge of their species' climatic distribution. However, interannual fruitbody productivity (truffle mass year−1) fell by a median loss of 22% for every 1°C increase in summer temperature over a site's 30‐year mean. Among the most productive monitored populations, the temperature sensitivity was even higher, with single summer temperature anomalies of 3°C sufficient to stop fruitbody production altogether. Interannual truffle productivity was also related to the phenology of host trees, with ~22 g less truffle mass for each 1‐day reduction in the length of the tree growing season. Increasing summer drought extremes are therefore likely to reduce fruiting among summer truffle populations throughout Central Europe. Our results suggest that European T. aestivum may be a mosaic of vulnerable populations, sensitive to climate‐driven declines at lower thresholds than implied by its species distribution model.
Migraine and infertility, merging concepts in women's reproductive health: A narrative review
Authors: Harpe Jasmin , Bernstein Carolyn , Harriott Andrea
Published: October 2022

Objective

The objective is to examine issues around treating infertility in patients with migraine.

Background

Women outnumber men in migraine diagnosis with a 3:1 ratio; the disease is commonly expressed in women of child‐bearing age and is influenced by changes in circulating hormones. Infertility is also common, and the use of treatment options, such as assisted reproductive technology, have expanded exponentially in recent years.

Methods

We summarized the literature around the effect of infertility treatments on headache in the general population and migraine population. We also discuss sociobehavioral, economic, and biological factors affecting fertility in patients with migraine, describe infertility protocols, and propose areas of focus for future research. We searched PubMed for the combined key terms in vitro fertilization or assisted reproductive technology AND migraine, or headache. The search included all dates and specified English‐language results only.

Results

Migraine may negatively influence family planning and fertility. Patients face obstacles stemming from the impact of migraine on social relationships and the interference of preventive medications on pregnancy. Migraine may also be associated with an increased prevalence of endocrine disorders which in turn affect fertility. Moreover, infertility treatments are associated with mild headache as a side effect. In addition, we found only one retrospective study demonstrating an increase in headache frequency during in vitro fertilization in the migraine population.

Conclusions

We determined that there is little research focused specifically on migraine headache exacerbation and other migraine‐associated health outcomes with infertility treatment. This topic merits further interdisciplinary exploration.
Undergraduate dental students' perception of paediatric dental teaching in an urban and rural Australian dental school
Authors: Hossain Nadeem , Kaur Harmeet , Mohanasundaram Divyadarshini , Calache Hanny , Zafar Sobia
Published: October 2022

Background

Confidence in performing paediatric dental treatment is important as it ensures better oral health outcomes in the patient's adulthood.

Aim

To investigate the confidence and attitudes of final year dentistry students, attending an urban and rural dental programme, towards their paediatric dentistry training.

Design

A questionnaire was distributed to final year dentistry students at the urban‐based university, The University of Queensland, and at the rural‐based university, La Trobe University. The questionnaire collected information using 5‐point Likert scale and short‐answer questions, which explored the theoretical, observational, preclinical and clinical aspects of students' paediatric dentistry training. Jamovi and GraphPad Prism were used for data analysis and the creation of graphs.

Results

The questionnaire was completed by 32 rural students and 47 urban students, with a response rate of 79%. Rural students were found to be less confident with the theory on restorative procedures than urban students. Observations of a dentist performing treatment on child were completed by a significantly larger proportion of urban students (70.2%) than rural students (46.9%). Students from both universities reported to have developed the least confidence in the preclinical training of pulp therapies and expressed the need for additional preclinical sessions for more training. At both universities, students indicated they were the least confident in the clinical practice of pulp therapies and management of traumatic dental injuries. Urban students were found to be more confident than their rural counterparts in the clinical practice of examination, treatment planning and preventative procedures, as well as in restorative procedures.

Conclusions

Both urban and rural students were found to have the least confidence in preclinical and clinical skills related to pulp therapies. Restorative dentistry was an area in which urban students were significantly more confident than rural students in both the theoretical and the clinical aspects.
A nomogram for accurately predicting the surgical site infection following transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in type 2 diabetes patients, based on glycemic variability
Authors: Liu Hang , Zhang Wei , Hu Qiang , Liu Lei , Xie Zhiyang , Xu Yuzhu , Jing Genyang , Wang Yuntao
Published: October 2022

Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common and serious complication of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF), and the occurrence of SSI usually leads to prolonged hospitalisation, increased medical costs, poor prognosis, and even death. The objectives of this study were to compare the incidence of SSI in patients with type 2 diabetes, investigate the correlation between perioperative glycemic variability and postoperative SSI, and develop a nomogram model to predict the risk of SSI. This study retrospectively analysed 339 patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent TLIF in the spinal surgery department of the Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University from January 2018 to September 2021. The medical records of all patients were collected, and postoperative infection cases were determined according to the diagnostic criteria of surgical site infection. The risk factors for postoperative SSI were analysed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. And Nomogram prediction model was established and validated. The nomogram incorporated seven independent predictors. Preoperative FPG‐CV was the most important independent risk predictor of SSI, followed by preoperative MFBG, duration of drain placement, postoperative FPG‐CV, preoperative blood glucose control scheme, duration of diabetes >5 years, and the number of fused vertebrae ≥2. The nomogram showed good diagnostic accuracy for the SS of both the training cohort and the validation cohort (AUC = 0.915 and AUC = 0.890). The calibration curves for the two cohorts both showed optimal agreement between nomogram prediction and actual observation. In conclusion, preoperative and postoperative glycemic variability is closely related to the occurrence of SSI. We developed and validated a nomogram to accurately predict the risk of SSI after TLIF surgery. It's helpful for spinal surgeons to formulate reasonable treatment plans and prevention strategies for type 2 diabetes patients.
Association of vitamin D status withall‐causemortality and outcomes among Chinese individuals with diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Tang Weiwei , Chen Lihong , Ma Wanxia , Liu Guanjian , Chen Dawei , Wang Chun , Gao Yun , Ran Xingwu
Published: October 2022

Aims/Introduction

The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between serum vitamin D concentrations and prognosis among Chinese individuals with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs).

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively recruited 488 adults with DFUs in West China Hospital from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2019. After telephone follow up, 275 patients were finally included. We compared serum vitamin D concentrations among DFUs patients with different prognostic status, and examined the association of vitamin D status with prognostic variables by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for all‐cause mortality.

Results

The median concentration of serum vitamin D of patients with DFUs was 37.78 nmol/L (interquartile range 27.91–50.66 nmol/L), with 31.6% having vitamin D deficiency (<30 nmol/L) and 42.2% having insufficient vitamin D (<50 nmol/L). During a median follow‐up period of 52 months, 65 patients died, with an all‐cause mortality of 23.64%. Vitamin D deficiency was independently linked to increased all‐cause mortality after multivariable adjustments (hazard ratio 0.565, 95% confidence interval 0.338–0.946,P = 0.030). There were no significant differences between vitamin D concentrations and other outcomes of DFUs. Patients who suffered amputations had a tendency of lower vitamin D concentrations (34.00 [interquartile range 26.90–41.81] vs 40.21 [interquartile range 29.60–53.96] nmol/L,P = 0.053).

Conclusions

Vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with increased all‐cause mortality in Chinese individuals with DFUs. Vitamin D supplementation might be a potential therapy for DFUs to prevent premature death and improve outcomes.
Sex differences in predictive factors for onset of type 2 diabetes in Japanese individuals: A 15‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Yoshimoto Mei , Sakuma Yukie , Ogino Jun , Iwai Rie , Watanabe Saburo , Inoue Takeshi , Takahashi Haruo , Suzuki Yoshifumi , Kinoshita Daisuke , Takemura Koji , Takahashi Hidenori , Shimura Haruhisa , Babazono Tetsuya , Yoshida Shouji , Hashimoto Naotake
Published: October 2022

Aims/Introduction

The increase in the number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is an important concern worldwide. The goal of this study was to investigate factors involved in the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and sex differences in long‐term follow up of people with normal glucose tolerance.

Materials and Methods

Of 1,309 individuals who underwent screening at our facility in 2004, 748 individuals without diabetes were enrolled. Correlations of metabolic markers including serum adiponectin (APN) with onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus were examined over 15 years in these individuals.

Results

The Kaplan–Meier curve for onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus for 15 years in the decreased APN group was examined. Hazard ratios for the APN concentration for onset of diabetes were 1.78 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20–2.63, P = 0.004) in all participants, 1.48 (95% CI 0.96–2.29, P = 0.078) for men and 3.01 (95% CI 1.37–6.59, P = 0.006) for women. During the follow‐up period of 15 years, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, fatty liver, C‐reactive protein and alanine aminotransferase in men were significant in univariate analysis, but only estimated glomerular filtration rate and fatty liver were significantly related to onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus in multivariate analysis. In women, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, fatty liver and APN were significant in univariate analysis, and APN was the only significant risk factor in multivariate analysis (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

There are differences between men and women with regard to targets for intervention to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Individuals requiring intensive intervention should be selected with this finding to maximize the use of limited social and economic resources.
Design and evaluation of a community and impact‐based site‐specific early warning system (SS‐EWS): The SS‐EWS framework
Authors: Meléndez‐Landaverde Erika R. , Sempere‐Torres Daniel
Published: October 2022

The recent extreme rainfall events in Spain such as the storm Gloria have highlighted the gaps in emergency communication, particularly the disconnect between the available impact‐based early warning systems (IBEWSs) and the steps communities take during emergencies. This paper presents a community‐centred framework named ‘site‐specific early warning system’ (SS‐EWS) to co‐design and co‐evaluate with communities an IBEWS for vulnerable locations within high‐risk areas. The components of the framework guide communities in identifying and evaluating local impacts; establishing impact and advisory tables; deriving impact‐based rainfall thresholds and warning levels; and configuring the SS‐EWS with radar‐based nowcasting and numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. A first implementation and evaluation of the SS‐EWS have been done for a public school, two ford crossings and the city of Terrassa, Spain. The SS‐EWS shows promising results in triggering location‐based or site‐specific warnings compatible with the reported impacts and proposing actions to reduce the local risk. Furthermore, the combination of NWP and radar‐based nowcasting improved the capacity of the SS‐EWS to monitor the evolution of the precipitation and capture highly intense rainfall. The SS‐EWS can be a straightforward and cost‐efficient complement for regional EWS to increase the preparedness of communities.
Age‐dependent effects of diabetes and obesity on liver‐related events in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: Subanalysis of CLIONE in Asia
Authors: Seko Yuya , Kawanaka Miwa , Fujii Hideki , Iwaki Michihiro , Hayashi Hideki , Toyoda Hidenori , Oeda Satoshi , Hyogo Hideyuki , Morishita Asahiro , Munekage Kensuke , Kawata Kazuhito , Yamamura Sakura , Sawada Koji , Maeshiro Tatsuji , Tobita Hiroshi , Yoshida Yuichi , Naito Masafumi , Araki Asuka , Arakaki Shingo , Kawaguchi Takumi , Noritake Hidenao , Ono Masafumi , Masaki Tsutomu , Yasuda Satoshi , Tomita Eiichi , Yoneda Masato , Tokushige Akihiro , Kamada Yoshihiro , Takahashi Hirokazu , Ueda Shinichiro , Aishima Shinichi , Sumida Yoshio , Okanoue Takeshi , Itoh Yoshito , Nakajima Atsushi ,   Japan Study Group of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (JSG‐NAFLD)
Published: October 2022

Background and Aim

Older age, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and obesity are known risk factors for liver‐related events (LREs). We investigated the impacts of T2DM and obesity on LRE according to age in Japanese patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Methods

We performed a subanalysis of a retrospective cohort study (CLIONE in Asia), including 1395 patients with biopsy‐proven NAFLD. The median follow‐up was 4.6 years.

Results

The median age was 57 years, and 36.2% had T2DM. The median body mass index (BMI) was 27.4, and 28.5% were severely obese (BMI ≥ 30). During follow‐up, 37 patients developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and 58 patients developed LRE. In patients younger than 65 years, advanced fibrosis (hazard ratio [HR] 7.69, P < 0.001) and T2DM (HR 3.37, P = 0.017) were HCC risk factors, and advanced fibrosis (HR 9.40, P < 0.001) and T2DM (HR 2.51, P = 0.016) were LRE risk factors. In patients 65 years and older, advanced fibrosis (HR 4.24, P = 0.010) and obesity (HR 4.60, P = 0.006) were HCC risk factors, and advanced fibrosis (HR 4.22, P = 0.002) and obesity (HR 4.22, P = 0.002) were LRE risk factors.

Conclusion

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity contributed to LRE in younger and older patients, respectively, along with advanced fibrosis. Therefore, controlling T2DM in patients younger than 65 years and controlling weight in patients 65 years and older could prevent LRE. The development of age‐dependent screening and management strategies is necessary for patients with NAFLD.
Implementation of an evidence‐based accidental tracheostomy dislodgement bundle in a community hospital critical care unit
Authors: Jung Dawn Ta Un , Grubb Lisa , Moser Chandler H. , Nazarian Jeanette T. M. , Patel Neesha , Seldon Lisa E. , Moore Kristin A. , McGrath Brendan A. , Brenner Michael J. , Pandian Vinciya
Published: October 2022

Background

Tracheostomy dislodgment can lead to catastrophic neurological injury or death. A fresh tracheostomy amplifies the risk of such events, where an immature tract predisposes to false passage. Unfortunately, few resources exist to prepare healthcare professionals to manage this airway emergency.

Aim

To create and implement an accidental tracheostomy dislodgement (ATD) bundle to improve knowledge and comfort when responding to ATD.

Materials & Methods

A multidisciplinary team with expertise in tracheostomy developed a 3‐part ATD bundle including (1) Tracheostomy Dislodgement Algorithm, (2) Head of Bed Tracheostomy Communication Tool and (3) Emergency Tracheostomy Kit. The team tested the bundle during the COVID‐19 pandemic in a community hospital critical care unit with the engagement of nurses and Respiratory Care Practitioners. Baseline and post‐implementation knowledge and comfort levels were measured using Dorton's Tracheotomy Education Self‐Assessment Questionnaire, and adherence to protocol was assessed. Reporting follows the revised Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence (SQUIRE).

Results

Twenty‐four participants completed pre‐test and post‐test questionnaires. The median knowledge score on the Likert scale increased from 4.0 (IQR = 1.0) pre‐test to 5.0 (IQR = 1.0) post‐test. The median comfort level score increased from 38.0 (IQR = 7.0) pre‐test to 40.0 (IQR = 5.0) post‐test). In patient rooms, adherence was 100% for the Head of Bed Tracheostomy Communication Tool and Emergency Tracheostomy Kit. The adherence rate for using the Dislodgement Algorithm was 55% in ICU and 40% in SCU.

Discussion

This study addresses the void of tracheostomy research conducted in local community hospitals. The improvement in knowledge and comfort in managing ATD is reassuring, given the knowledge gap among practitioners demonstrated in prior literature. The ATD bundle assessed in this study represents a streamlined approach for bedside clinicians – definitive management of ATD should adhere to comprehensive multidisciplinary guidelines.

Conclusions

ATD bundle implementation increased knowledge and comfort levels with managing ATD. Further studies must assess whether ATD bundles and other standardised approaches to airway emergencies reduce adverse events.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

A streamlined intervention bundle employed at the unit level can significantly improve knowledge and comfort in managing ATD, which may reduce morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients with tracheostomy.
Cellular communication network factor 1 interlinks autophagy and ERK signaling to promote osteogenesis of periodontal ligament stem cells
Authors: Li Zixuan , Wu Zuping , Xi Xun , Zhao Fang , Liu Hong , Liu Dongxu
Published: October 2022

Objectives

To investigate the effects of cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1), a critical matricellular protein, on alveolar bone regeneration, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism.

Background

In the process of orthodontic tooth movement, bone deposition on the tension side of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) ensured high efficiency and long‐term stability of the treatment. The matricellular protein CCN1 is responsive to mechanical stimulation, exhibiting important tasks in bone homoeostasis. However, the role and mechanism of CCN1 on alveolar bone remodeling of hPDLSCs remains unclear.

Methods

The expression and distribution of CCN1 in rat periodontal ligament were detected by immunofluorescence staining and immunohistochemical staining. ELISA verified the secretion of CCN1 triggered by stretch loading. To examine the mineralization ability of hPDLSCs induced by CCN1, Western blotting, qRT‐PCR, ARS, and ALP staining were performed. CCK‐8 and cell migration assay were performed to detect the cell proliferation rate and the wound healing. PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and autophagy activation were examined via Western blotting and immunofluorescence.

Results

Mechanical stimuli induced the release of CCN1 into extracellular environment by hPDLSCs. Knockdown of CCN1 attenuated the osteogenesis of hPDLSCs while rhCCN1 enhanced the expression of Runx2, Col 1, ALPL, and promoted the mineralization nodule formation. CCN1 activated PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling, and blockage of PI3K/Akt signaling reversed the accelerated cell migration triggered by CCN1. The enhanced osteogenesis induced by CCN1 was abolished by ERK signaling inhibitor PD98059 or autophagy inhibitor 3‐MA. Further investigation demonstrated PD98059 abrogated the activation of autophagy.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that CCN1 promotes osteogenesis in hPDLSCs via autophagy and MAPK/ERK pathway.
Syntax Matters: Exploring the Effect of Linguistic Similarity in Third Language Acquisition
Authors: Jensen Isabel Nadine , Westergaard Marit
Published: October 2022

Over the last two decades, the question of to which linguistic cues learners pay attention when they decode a new language has been subject to controversy in the field of third language (L3) acquisition. In this article, we present an artificial language learning experiment that investigated how lexical and syntactic similarities between an artificial L3 and preexisting grammars impact crosslinguistic influence at the very beginning of the acquisition process. We exposed four groups of 30 Norwegian–English bilinguals each to one of four L3s and gave them training in that L3. The participants gave forced‐choice acceptability judgments on pairs of nonsubject‐initial declarative clauses that differed in word order, one grammatical in English, the other grammatical in Norwegian. The participants had not been exposed to nonsubject‐initial declaratives during the exposure and training phases to avoid confounds with learning. The results showed that both lexical and syntactic similarities affect crosslinguistic influence. We discuss this result considering contemporary accounts of L3 acquisition.
Kleptoparasites of social spider colonies do not track hosts' subdivided population structure
Authors: Straus Samantha , Avilés Leticia
Published: October 2022

Organisms with lower dispersal abilities tend to have more genetically dissimilar populations. The same is true for parasites, whose transmission frequency may depend on the population structure of the host. This should be especially true when hosts and parasites face similar barriers to dispersal. Here, we considered the similarities between host and parasite population structure in a social spider system. In this system, host colonies are typified by rapid growth via internal recruitment followed by budding or fission events when colonies grow too large, with each colony representing a distinct population. Host colonies provide habitat for kleptoparasitic spiders, which steal prey from and may also feed directly on host individuals. We asked whether kleptoparasites exhibit a similar degree of population subdivision as their host. Under the free‐mixing hypothesis (i.e., horizontal transmission), kleptoparasites would have well‐mixed populations across broader regions than a single host nest, whereas host populations would be strongly genetically structured. Under the host‐tracking hypothesis (i.e., vertical transmission), kleptoparasites would have a population structure that parallels that of the host. We conducted a genotype‐by‐sequencing study to assess the population structure of both hosts and kleptoparasites within three nearby regions in eastern Ecuador. We found strong signatures of population differentiation and bottlenecks in the host species, which is congruent with past studies. However, we found that kleptoparasite populations were well mixed across host nests, with no evidence of recent bottlenecks. These results support our free‐mixing hypothesis, suggesting that kleptoparasites follow patterns of horizontal transmission in this social spider system.
Perception and knowledge of low‐ and no‐calorie sweeteners in multidisciplinary stakeholders from Spain
Authors: Laja García Ana Isabel , Samaniego‐Vaesken Maria de Lourdes , Puga Ana M. , Partearroyo Teresa , Varela‐Moreiras Gregorio
Published: October 2022

Low‐ and no‐calorie sweeteners (LNCS) as a category are one of the most thoroughly evaluated additives, and thus their safety has been largely recognised. However, their potential risks and benefits generate great controversy and discussion within countries' food policies and public debate. The goal of this study was to evaluate the degree of knowledge and the perception of key Spanish stakeholders about the role of LNCS in diet, their safety, regulatory issues and their impact on health and wellness, as well as to complete a SWOT analysis of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats regarding this topic from their perspective. Participants (n = 45 stakeholders) completed an anonymous survey about their knowledge and perception of LNCS, their role in the diet, safety and legislation, as well as health issues and completed a SWOT analysis. Most of them agreed with aspects related to safety guarantees and authorisation procedure of LNCS; however, certain disparity in their opinion in relation to several of the topics was observed, especially regarding the possible role of LNCS in diet quality and health. Effective communication strategies to inform professionals and the general population, as well as new research that deepens our knowledge of the role of LNCS in weight management and other health outcomes seem to be urgently needed.
Electricity access, demographic transition and sustainable growth in frontier economies
Authors: Ayinde Taofeek Olusola , Adeyemi Farouq Adekunmi , Fatai Basiru Oyeniran
Published: October 2022

The study investigates the mediating role of population growth in the nexus between electricity access and sustainable growth of frontier economies. The study spans the period 2000–2020 for a panel of 25 frontier economies. Predicated on a modified environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) model, the technique of analysis is the panel quantile regression across the three major threshold levels of 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles. Also, higher threshold levels such as 90th, 95th and 97.5th percentiles were investigated. Prior to the estimations, various preliminary tests, including the panel unit root tests, were conducted to confirm the data stability conditions of the variables. The study found that access to electricity engenders sustainable growth in these frontier economies only up to the 95th percentile. However, exchange rate is said to endanger the sustainable growth path of these economies and these economies should not tolerate any idea of currency devaluation. More so, these economies should be made competitive to avoid currency depreciation. Interestingly, the role of population growth can be described as being a dividend rather than a burden but became imperceptible at the 95th percentile. Hence, efforts should be made to make increasing population remain qualitative for growth to remain sustainable.
Responses of biological soil crusts to different types of vegetation restoration on the Chinese Loess Plateau: a case study
Authors: Guan Chao , Chen Ning , Dong Xiaoxue , Wei Xiaolong , Zhao Changming
Published: October 2022

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are important components of dryland ecosystems. Vegetation strongly affects the distribution of biocrusts by influencing the soil stability, moisture and light availability. The Loess Plateau has been subjected to large‐scale restoration efforts; however, the type, coverage, and biomass of biocrusts responses to different types of vegetation restoration remain uncertain. Here, we investigated the biocrust characteristics (type, coverage, thickness, biomass, dominant cryptogam species, and relative abundance of major cyanobacteria and algae) in areas restored with different types of vegetation (Caragana korshinskii, Platycladus orientalis, Armeniaca sibirica, Populus hopeiensis, Pinus tabuliformis, Tamarix chinensis) and in a natural grassland on the Loess Plateau. Our results showed that the coverage, thickness, and biomass of the biocrusts were higher in the natural grassland than in the afforested areas, which suggests that the natural grassland is more suitable than the afforested areas for biocrust distribution. The biocrusts were composed mainly of mosses in the Pi. tabuliformis area and of cyanobacteria and algae in most of the other vegetation restoration areas. However, no biocrusts were observed in the T. chinensis area, probably because the dense canopy prevented light from reaching the soil. In addition, soil properties influenced by vegetation restoration may also affect the characteristics of biocrusts. Overall, our study suggests that natural grassland recovery, rather than afforestation, is likely the most suitable method for the development of biocrusts and provides suggestions for restoration and reconstruction on the Loess Plateau.
Destructive creation, creative destruction, and the paradox of innovation science
Authors: Cao Likun , Chen Ziwen , Evans James
Published: October 2022

Innovation or the creation and diffusion of new material, social and cultural things in society has been widely studied in sociology and across the social sciences, with investigations sufficiently diverse and dispersed to make them unnavigable. This complexity results from innovation's importance for society, but also the fundamental paradox underlying innovation science: When innovation becomes predictable, it ceases to be an engine of novelty and change. Here we review innovation studies and show that innovations emerge from contexts of discord and disorder, breaches in the structure of prior success, through a process we term destructive creation. This often leads to a complementary process of creative destruction whereby local structures protect and channel the diffusion of successful innovations, rendering alternatives obsolete. We find that social scientists naturally focus far more on how social and cultural contexts influence material innovations than the converse. We highlight computational tools that open new possibilities for the analysis of novel content and context in interaction, and show how this brings us empirically toward the broader range of possibilities that complex systems and science studies have theorized—and science fiction has imagined—the social, cultural and material structures of innovation conditioning each other's change through cycles of disruption and development.
The hidden benefits of patient encounters
Authors: Finnegan Rebecca , Flanagan Orla , Cantillon Peter , McGlacken‐Byrne Sinead
Published: October 2022

Background

Whilst it is widely acknowledged that health care professionals (HCPs) learn from patient encounters, research exploring what HCPs learn from their meetings with patients is relatively sparse, particularly in the context of postgraduate training. Moreover, there are few research studies that examine the contribution of patient encounters to HCP education from both HCP and patient perspectives. This study set out to explore HCPs learning from patient encounters from both HCP and patient perspectives.

Methods

Qualitative descriptive design was used to conduct this study. Using purposive sampling, we recruited participants from three different groups in a single department of paediatrics in a teaching hospital. Data was collected through interviews, which were transcribed and analysed for key themes.

Findings

Patients felt that they played a central role in clinical education and highlighted their ability to educate postgraduate HCPs about their lived experiences of disease. HCPs highlighted the unique insight into a chronic illness gained from patient accounts, essential to developing patient and family orientated approaches to care. HCPs reported that they developed professionally, learning to adapt their negotiation and educational strategies.

Conclusions

This study highlights the importance of patient encounters as critical contributors to HCPs understanding of the lived experiences of patients with chronic disease, and offers insights into how parents view their contribution to clinical education. Much of this learning is embedded and implicit, which suggests that HCP trainees need to develop better in the moment awareness of what they are learning from their meetings with patients and their families.
Physiological insight into the conserved properties of Caenorhabditis elegans acid‐sensing degenerin/epithelial sodium channels
Authors: Kaulich Eva , McCubbin Patrick T. N. , Schafer William R. , Walker Denise S.
Published: October 2022

Acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs) are members of the diverse family of degenerin/epithelial sodium channels (DEG/ENaCs). They perform a wide range of physiological roles in healthy organisms, including in gut function and synaptic transmission, but also play important roles in disease, as acidosis is a hallmark of painful inflammatory and ischaemic conditions. We performed a screen for acid sensitivity on all 30 subunits of the Caenorhabditis elegans DEG/ENaC family using two‐electrode voltage clamp in Xenopus oocytes. We found two groups of acid‐sensitive DEG/ENaCs characterised by being either inhibited or activated by increasing proton concentrations. Three of these acid‐sensitive C. elegans DEG/ENaCs were activated by acidic pH, making them functionally similar to the vertebrate ASICs. We also identified three new members of the acid‐inhibited DEG/ENaC group, giving a total of seven additional acid‐sensitive channels. We observed sensitivity to the anti‐hypertensive drug amiloride as well as modulation by the trace element zinc. Acid‐sensitive DEG/ENaCs were found to be expressed in both neurons and non‐neuronal tissue, highlighting the likely functional diversity of these channels. Our findings provide a framework to exploit the C. elegans channels as models to study the function of these acid‐sensing channels in vivo, as well as to study them as potential targets for anti‐helminthic drugs.

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Key points

Acidosis plays many roles in healthy physiology, including synaptic transmission and gut function, but is also a key feature of inflammatory pain, ischaemia and many other conditions. Cells monitor acidosis of their surroundings via pH‐sensing channels, including the acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs). These are members of the degenerin/epithelial sodium channel (DEG/ENaC) family, along with, as the name suggests, vertebrate ENaCs and degenerins of the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans.

By screening all 30 C. elegans DEG/ENaCs for pH dependence, we describe, for the first time, three acid‐activated members, as well as three additional acid‐inhibited channels.

We surveyed both groups for sensitivity to amiloride and zinc; like their mammalian counterparts, their currents can be blocked, enhanced or unaffected by these modulators. Likewise, they exhibit diverse ion selectivity.

Our findings underline the diversity of acid‐sensitive DEG/ENaCs across species and provide a comparative resource for better understanding the molecular basis of their function.
Air Handling Unit Shutdowns During Scheduled Unoccupied Hours: US Commercial Building Stock Prevalence and Energy Impact
Authors: CaraDonna Chris , Dombrovski Kelsea
Published: October 2022

Commercial buildings account for 18% of U.S. energy consumption, with 44% used for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1 requires HVAC systems to shutdown fans and outdoor air ventilation during unoccupied times, only allowing fans to cycle on, without outdoor air, to maintain thermostat setpoints. However, it is minimally understood how often existing building operations align with energy code requirements and the energy implications of not doing so. This study used building automation system data from 843 buildings containing 5706 air handling units (AHUs) to determine three unoccupied AHU shutdown control schemes ranging in efficiency and then estimated their prevalence in the U.S. commercial building stock, segmented by building type. ComStock was then used to analyze the energy savings potential of implementing the most energy efficient unoccupied shutdown control scheme in non-participating buildings across the U.S commercial building stock. Results show that only 23% of AHUs align completely with the ASHRAE 90.1 requirement. ComStock modeling results show 4% annual stock energy savings by switching all non-participating buildings to the most efficient scheme, with 19% annual energy savings demonstrated for the median building switching from the least efficient scheme to the most efficient. Findings also show 114.5 TBtu electricity and 75.8 TBtu natural gas fuel savings when converting to the most efficient scheme. These findings help stakeholders understand the high prevalence of buildings not aligning with the ASHRAE-90.1 requirements for unoccupied AHU shutdowns and the energy savings potential of utilizing the most efficient unoccupied AHU shutdown scheme.
An Opposite Tendency of Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of a High-Strength Al-5024 Alloy Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Zhang Han , Dai Donghua , Xi Lixia , Gökce Bilal , Gu Dongdong
Published: October 2022

Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) manufactured Al-5024 alloy has gained worldwide interest due to its ability to fabricate high-performance complex components. This work focuses on quantitative characterization and synergic optimization of the microhardness, tensile strength, and corrosion resistance of an LPBF manufactured Al-5024 alloy by optimization of heat treatment parameters. The effect of the isothermal heat treatment (IHT) process on the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and electrochemical properties of an LPBF-processed Al–4.2Mg–0.4Sc-0.2Zr alloy was systematically revealed. Results showed that superior tensile strength of 506.7 ± 10.4 MPa combined with inferior corrosion resistance was simultaneously obtained at a peak-aging condition. Based on microstructure observations by electron microscopy in backscattered mode (BSE) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the enhanced mechanical properties were attributed to the generation of a high number density (3.8 × 109/mm2) of grain interior precipitates, while the reduced corrosion resistance was related to the massive Al3(Sc,Zr) precipitates generated along grain boundaries. As aging time further increased, the size and spacing of the precipitates were increased, which blocked the corrosion path along grain boundaries and led to a reduction of mechanical properties and an enhancement of corrosion resistance. Unlike the expected synergistic improvement in mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, an opposite evolution tendency of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of LPBF-processed Al-5024 alloy during heat treatment was revealed in this paper, and its intrinsic mechanism is further analyzed based on microstructure characterization.
Selecting and Optimizing Origami Flasher Pattern Configurations for Finite-Thickness Deployable Space Arrays
Authors: Bolanos Diana , Varela Katie , Sargent Brandon , Stephen Mark A. , Howell Larry L. , Magleby Spencer P.
Published: October 2022

Design parameters of the origami flasher pattern can be modified to meet a variety of design objectives for deployable array applications. The focus of this paper is to improve the understanding of design parameters, objectives, and trade-offs of origami flasher pattern configurations. Emphasis is placed on finite-thickness flasher models that would enable engineering applications. The methods presented aim to provide clarity on the effects of tuning flasher parameters based on existing synthesis tools. The results are demonstrated in the design of a flasher-based deployable LiDAR telescope where optimization is used to converge on optimal design parameters and the results are implemented in proof-of-concept hardware.
Structures of +1 nucleosome–bound PIC-Mediator complex
Authors: Chen Xizi , Wang Xinxin , Liu Weida , Ren Yulei , Qu Xuechun , Li Jiabei , Yin Xiaotong , Xu Yanhui
Published: October 2022

RNA polymerase II–mediated eukaryotic transcription starts with the assembly of the preinitiation complex (PIC) on core promoters. The +1 nucleosome is well positioned about 40 base pairs downstream of the transcription start site (TSS) and is commonly known as a barrier of transcription. The +1 nucleosome–bound PIC-Mediator structures show that PIC-Mediator prefers binding to T40N nucleosome located 40 base pairs downstream of TSS and contacts T50N but not the T70N nucleosome. The nucleosome facilitates the organization of PIC-Mediator on the promoter by binding TFIIH subunit p52 and Mediator subunits MED19 and MED26 and may contribute to transcription initiation. PIC-Mediator exhibits multiple nucleosome-binding patterns, supporting a structural role of the +1 nucleosome in the coordination of PIC-Mediator assembly. Our study reveals the molecular mechanism of PIC-Mediator organization on chromatin and underscores the significance of the +1 nucleosome in regulating transcription initiation.
Machine learning–enabled high-entropy alloy discovery
Authors: Rao Ziyuan , Tung Po-Yen , Xie Ruiwen , Wei Ye , Zhang Hongbin , Ferrari Alberto , Klaver T.P.C. , Körmann Fritz , Sukumar Prithiv Thoudden , Kwiatkowski da Silva Alisson , Chen Yao , Li Zhiming , Ponge Dirk , Neugebauer Jörg , Gutfleisch Oliver , Bauer Stefan , Raabe Dierk
Published: October 2022

High-entropy alloys are solid solutions of multiple principal elements that are capable of reaching composition and property regimes inaccessible for dilute materials. Discovering those with valuable properties, however, too often relies on serendipity, because thermodynamic alloy design rules alone often fail in high-dimensional composition spaces. We propose an active learning strategy to accelerate the design of high-entropy Invar alloys in a practically infinite compositional space based on very sparse data. Our approach works as a closed-loop, integrating machine learning with density-functional theory, thermodynamic calculations, and experiments. After processing and characterizing 17 new alloys out of millions of possible compositions, we identified two high-entropy Invar alloys with extremely low thermal expansion coefficients around 2 × 10
−6
per degree kelvin at 300 kelvin. We believe this to be a suitable pathway for the fast and automated discovery of high-entropy alloys with optimal thermal, magnetic, and electrical properties.
Supplemental Material: Stratigraphy of the Eocene–Oligocene Titus Canyon Formation, Death Valley, California, and Eocene extensional tectonism in the Basin and Range Turn on screen reader support
Authors: Midttun N. , al. et
Published: October 2022

Plate 1. Ten correlated graphical measured sections of the Titus Canyon Formation. Plate should be viewed at 24 inches wide by 36 inches tall.

Plate 2. Geologic map of the southern Grapevine Mountains and northern Funeral Mountains, with an emphasis on Cenozoic stratigraphy. Plate is intended to be viewed at 50 inches wide and 40 inches tall. Geologic map database can be interactively viewed and downloaded at https://arcg.is/1rriKn. 
Supplemental Material: Transformation of eastern North America from compression to extension in the Permian–Triassic
Authors: Ma Chong , al. et
Published: October 2022

Single-grain 40Ar/39Ar data of biotite 