bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinicophysiological and haemodynamic effects of fentanyl with xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anaesthetised water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Singh Gyan D. , Kinjavdekar Prakash , Amarpal - , Aithal Hari P. , Pawde Abhijeet M. , Zama Malik M.S. , Singh Jasmeet , Tiwary Ramesh
Published: March 2013

The present study was undertaken to investigate the sedative, analgesic and clinical effects of xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine with fentanyl as pre-anaesthetics in water buffaloes and to compare the dose-sparing effect of xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine on thiopental for induction and isoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia in water buffaloes. Six male water buffaloes randomly received intravenous fentanyl (5.0 µg/kg body weight) and xylazine (0.05 mg/kg body weight), fentanyl (5.0 µg/kg body weight) and medetomidine (2.5 µg/kg body weight), fentanyl (5.0 µg/kg body weight) and dexmedetomidine (5.0 µg/kg body weight) at weekly intervals in groups I1, I2 and I3, respectively. After 15 min, the animals were restrained in right lateral recumbency and anaesthesia was induced by 5% thiopental sodium administered intravenously. The intubated animal was connected to the large animal anaesthesia machine and isoflurane in 100% oxygen (5 L/min) was insufflated for 60 min. The treatments were compared by clinicophysiological, haematobiochemical and haemodynamic parameters. Fentanyl-medetomidine and fentanyl-dexmedetomidine produced more cardiovascular depression during the pre-anaesthetic period but less depression of cardio-respiratory dynamics in the post induction and maintenance period. Quicker recovery was recorded in I2 and I3 groups. A lower dose of thiopental was required in group I3 (4.33 mg/kg ± 0.66 mg/kg) than in groups I2 (4.41 mg/kg ± 0.98 mg/kg) and I1 (4.83 mg/kg ± 0.79 mg/kg). The dose of isoflurane was less in group I3 (45.50 mL ± 5.45 mL) than in group I1 and I2 (48.66 mL ± 5.10 mL and 48.00 mL ± 6.38 mL). Better anaesthesia was recorded with fentanyl-dexmedetomidine-thiopental-isoflurane (group I3) than with fentanyl-medetomidine-thiopental-isoflurane (group I2) and fentanyl-xylazine-thiopental-isoflurane (group I1). Fentanyl-medetomidine and fentanyl-dexmedetomidine were better pre-anaesthetic agents in comparison to fentanyl-xylazine for thiopental and isoflurane anaesthesia. Fentanyl-dexmedetomidine-thiopental-isoflurane and fentanyl-medetomidine-thiopental-isoflurane produced effective surgical anaesthesia and were found to be safe, as cardio-pulmonary functions were well preserved during maintenance anaesthesia with no deleterious effect on vital organ functions in water buffaloes.
Herbaceous species diversity patterns across various treatments of herbivory and fire along the sodic zone of the Nkuhlu exclosures, Kruger National Park
Authors: Van Coller Helga , Siebert Frances , Siebert Stefan J.
Published: March 2013

Understanding relationships between large herbivores and plant species diversity in dynamic riparian zones is critical to biodiversity conservation. The Nkuhlu exclosures in the Kruger National Park (KNP) provided opportunity to investigate spatial heterogeneity patterns within riparian zones, as well as how these patterns are affected by fire and herbivory. A monitoring project was initiated to answer questions about the dynamics of the herbaceous layer and was aimed at determining, (1) whether there exists meaningful variance in herbaceous plant species richness and diversity across different treatments in the ecologically sensitive sodic zone and (2) whether an increase in herbaceous biomass, an artefact of herbivory and fire exclusion, suppresses herbaceous plant species diversity and richness. Herbaceous vegetation was sampled in two 1 m2 circular sub-plots in the eastern and western corners of 81 fixed plots. The biomass of each plot was estimated with a disc pasture meter (DPM) diagonally with the plot. DPM-readings were converted to kg/ha, according to the latest conversions for the Lowveld Savanna. Species richness and biomass showed significant variance across treatments, whereas no significant variation in herbaceous species diversity was perceived. Combined treatment of fire absence and herbivore presence contributed to higher forb species richness in the sodic zone. Biomass is significantly higher in fully fenced areas where herbivores are excluded, as opposed to the open and partially fenced areas. Although no significant variation was recorded for diversity across treatments, lowest diversity was recorded in the absence of all herbivores, especially in combination with fire treatment. Therefore herbivores are essential in sustaining herbaceous plant species richness in the sodic zone, whilst no significant results were found with regard to their effect on species diversity. Although statistically non-significant, fire seems to suppress species richness.Conservation implications: This study could be used as framework to advance and develop science-based management strategies for, at least, the sodic zones of the KNP. Research in these exclosures will create better understanding of these landscapes, benefit ecosystem conservation planning of national parks and also provide valuable long-term information on key ecological processes.
Knowledge Discovery in Variant Databases Using Inductive Logic Programming
Authors: Nguyen Hoan , Luu Tien-Dao , Poch Olivier , Thompson Julie D.
Published: March 2013

Understanding the effects of genetic variation on the phenotype of an individual is a major goal of biomedical research, especially for the development of diagnostics and effective therapeutic solutions. In this work, we describe the use of a recent knowledge discovery from database (KDD) approach using inductive logic programming (ILP) to automatically extract knowledge about human monogenic diseases. We extracted background knowledge from MSV3d, a database of all human missense variants mapped to 3D protein structure. In this study, we identified 8,117 mutations in 805 proteins with known three-dimensional structures that were known to be involved in human monogenic disease. Our results help to improve our understanding of the relationships between structural, functional or evolutionary features and deleterious mutations. Our inferred rules can also be applied to predict the impact of any single amino acid replacement on the function of a protein. The interpretable rules are available at http://decrypthon.igbmc.fr/kd4v/ .
Comparison of improved Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer CO2 with HIPPO and SGP aircraft profile measurements
Authors: Kulawik S. S. , Worden J. R. , Wofsy S. C. , Biraud S. C. , Nassar R. , Jones D. B. A. , Olsen E. T. , Jimenez R. , Park S. , Santoni G. W. , Daube B. C. , Pittman J. V. , Stephens B. B. , Kort E. A. , Osterman G. B. ,   TES team
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Thermal infrared radiances from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) between 10 and 15 μm contain significant carbon dioxide (CO2) information, however the CO2 signal must be separated from radiative interference from temperature, surface and cloud parameters, water, and other trace gases. Validation requires data sources spanning the range of TES CO2 sensitivity, which is approximately 2.5 to 12 km with peak sensitivity at about 5 km and the range of TES observations in latitude (40° S to 40° N) and time (2005–2011). We therefore characterize Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) CO2 version 5 biases and errors through comparisons to ocean and land-based aircraft profiles and to the CarbonTracker assimilation system. We compare to ocean profiles from the first three Hiaper Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) campaigns between 40° S and 40° N with measurements between the surface and 14 km and find that TES CO2 estimates capture the seasonal and latitudinal gradients observed by HIPPO CO2 measurements. Actual errors range from 0.8–1.8 ppm, depending on the campaign and pressure level, and are approximately 1.6–2 times larger than the predicted errors. The bias of TES versus HIPPO is within 1 ppm for all pressures and datasets; however, several of the sub-tropical TES CO2 estimates are lower than expected based on the calculated errors. Comparisons to land aircraft profiles from the United States Southern Great Plains (SGP) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) between 2005 and 2011 measured from the surface to 5 km to TES CO2 show good agreement with an overall bias of −0.3 ppm to 0.1 ppm and standard deviations of 0.8 to 1.0 ppm at different pressure levels. Extending the SGP aircraft profiles above 5 km using AIRS or CONTRAIL measurements improves comparisons with TES. Comparisons to CarbonTracker (version CT2011) show a persistent spatially dependent bias pattern and comparisons to SGP show a time-dependent bias of −0.2 ppm yr−1. We also find that the predicted sensitivity of the TES CO2 estimates is too high, which results from using a multi-step retrieval for CO2 and temperature. We find that the averaging kernel in the TES product corrected by a pressure-dependent factor accurately reflects the sensitivity of the TES CO2 product.
Photo-oxidation of pinonaldehyde at low NOx: from chemistry to organic aerosol formation
Authors: Chacon-Madrid H. J. , Henry K. M. , Donahue N. M.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Pinonaldehyde oxidation by OH radicals under low-NOx conditions produces significant secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass yields. Under concurrent UV illumination, mass yields are lower than high-NOx yields published earlier by our group. However, when OH radicals are produced via dark ozonolysis the SOA mass yields are comparable at high and low NOx. Because pinonaldehyde is a major first-generation gas-phase product of α-pinene oxidation by either ozone or OH radicals, its potential to form SOA serves as a molecular counterpoint to bulk SOA aging experiments involving SOA formed from α-pinene. Both the general tendency for aging reactions to produce more SOA and the sensitivity of the low-NOx products to UV photolysis observed in the bulk clearly occur for this single species as well. Photochemical oxidation of pinonaldehye and analogous first-generation terpene oxidation products are potentially a significant source of additional SOA in biogenically influenced air masses.
Evolution of multispectral aerosol optical properties in a biogenically-influenced urban environment during the CARES campaign
Authors: Gyawali M. , Arnott W. P. , Zaveri R. A. , Song C. , Pekour M. , Flowers B. , Dubey M. K. , Setyan A. , Zhang Q. , Harworth J. W. , Radney J. G. , Atkinson D. B. , China S. , Mazzoleni C. , Gorkowski K. , Subramanian R. , Jobson B. T. , Moosmüller H.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Ground-based aerosol measurements made in June 2010 within Sacramento urban area (site T0) and at a 40-km downwind location (site T1) in the forested Sierra Nevada foothills area are used to investigate the evolution of multispectral optical properties as the urban aerosols aged and interacted with biogenic emissions. Along with black carbon and non-refractory aerosol mass and composition observations, spectral absorptio (βabs), scattering (βsca), and extinction (βext) coefficients for wavelengths ranging from 355 to 1064 nm were measured at both sites using photoacoustic (PA) instruments with integrating nephelometers and using cavity ring-down (CRD) instruments. The daytime average Ångström exponent of absorption (AEA) was ~1.6 for the wavelength pair 405 and 870 nm at T0, while it was ~1.8 for the wavelength pair 355 and 870 nm at T1, indicating a modest wavelength-dependent enhancement of absorption at both sites throughout the study. The measured and Mie theory calculations of multispectral βsca showed good correlation (R2=0.85–0.94). The average contribution of supermicron aerosol (mainly composed of sea salt particles advected in from the Pacific Ocean) to the total scattering coefficient ranged from less than 20% at 405 nm to greater than 80% at 1064 nm. From 22 to 28 June, secondary organic aerosol mass increased significantly at both sites due to increased biogenic emissions coupled with intense photochemical activity and air mass recirculation in the area. During this period, the short wavelength scattering coefficients at both sites gradually increased due to increase in the size of submicron aerosols. At the same time, BC mass-normalized absorption cross-section (MAC) values for ultraviolet wavelengths at T1 increased by ~60% compared to the relatively less aged urban emissions at the T0 site. In contrast, the average MAC values for 870 nm wavelength were identical at both sites. These results suggest formation of moderately brown secondary organic aerosols formed in biogenically-influenced urban air.
Harmonic quiet-day curves as magnetometer baselines for ionospheric current analyses
Authors: van de Kamp M.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. This paper presents a novel method to determine a baseline for magnetometer data. This baseline consists of all magnetic field components not related to ionospheric and magnetospheric disturbances, i.e. all field components due to solar quiet variations and other background variations, as well as equipment effects. Extraction of this baseline is useful when the disturbance magnetic field is analysed. The full baseline is composed of two main constituents: the diurnal baseline and the long-term baseline. For the diurnal baseline, first "templates" are derived, based on the lowest few harmonics of the daily curves from the quietest days. The diurnal variation of the baseline is obtained by interpolating between these templates. This method ensures a smooth baseline at all times, avoiding any discontinuities at transitions between days. The long-term baseline is obtained by interpolating between the daily median values. This way, the baseline is ensured to follow long-term trends, such as seasonal and tidal variations, as well as equipment drift. The daily median values are calculated for all days except the most disturbed ones; a procedure is included to ensure that the median values used are unaffected by disturbances. This procedure avoids many problems associated with other existing baseline procedures, and makes magnetometer data suitable, for instance, for the calculation of ionospheric equivalent currents related to geomagnetic storms. Even data from remote unmanned magnetometers, which exhibit significant equipment effects, can be made suitable this way, which can give valuable contributions to the equivalent current database.
Cerebrospinal Fluid-Compensated Medication Reservoir for an Implantable Infusion Device: Concept and Preliminary Evaluation
Authors: Won Nam Kyoung , Choi Seong Wook , Kim In Young , Gi Kim Kwang , Ho Jo Yung , Kim Dae Hyun
Published: March 2013

Conventional gas-compensated medication reservoirs used for implantable infusion devices require perfect sealing of the gas chamber, because the gases used are generally toxic. In addition, the physical properties of selected gas critically affect the performance of infusion devices and hydraulic performance of the infusion device can be affected by the amount of medication discharged. In this study, we suggest a new medication reservoir that adopts a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-compensating mechanism, such that when a medication is released from the reservoir by a mechanical actuator, native CSF enters into the reservoir to minimize the build-up of pressure drop. We evaluated in vitro performance and conducted in vivo feasibility tests by using an intrathecal infusion device developed at the Korean National Cancer Center. Experimental results showed that the proposed CSF-compensated infusion pump was essentially less affected by ambient temperature or pressure conditions compared to the gas-compensated infusion pump. Moreover, it showed moderate implant feasibility and operating stability during an animal experiment performed for 12 days. We believe that the proposed volume-compensating mechanism could be applied in various medical fields that use implantable devices.
Clinical Audit Improves Hypertension Control in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Esposito Pasquale , Di Benedetto Attilio , Tinelli Carmine , De Silvestri Annalisa , Rampino Teresa , Marcelli Daniele , Dal Canton Antonio
Published: March 2013

Background

In patients on hemodialysis (HD), hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In this study we tested the effectiveness of a clinical audit in improving blood pressure (BP) control in HD patients.

Methods

177 adult, prevalent patients undergoing dialysis in NephroCare centers in Italy were audited. At the conclusion of the audit, individual strategies were developed in order to improve BP control. Patient data was collected and examined at months -1 (Pre), 0 (the date of the audit- Audit), and +1 and +6 after the audit (Post-1 and Post-6, respectively). We recorded BP, information on factors affecting BP, and anti-hypertensive drug regimen. The primary outcome of the study was to decrease prevalence of hypertension (BP≥140/90 mmHg). Secondary outcomes were a reduction in average BP in hypertensive patients and/or a decrease in drug delivery associated with lower or unchanged BP.

Results

104 patients out of 177 (58.7%) were hypertensive at Audit. BP levels were directly related to comorbidity and male sex, and inversely related to dialysate sodium concentration. The announcement of the audit alone was associated with a decreased prevalence of hypertension (Pre 64.4% to Audit 58.7%); a further decrease followed the audit (Post-1 51.1%, Post-6 47.6%, p<0.05 vs. Audit). Systolic BP in hypertensive patients also decreased (mean decrease was -8.5 and -14.1; p = 0.007 and p<0.001 at Post-1 and Post-6). Number of drugs assumed was significantly lower at Post-1 and Post-6 vs. Audit (p = 0.005 and p<0.001, respectively).

Conclusions

A clinical audit is an effective tool to improve BP control in HD patients.
Incidence and Prevalence of Cancer in Kidney Transplantation Waiting List Patients: An Italian Experience
Authors: Mosconi Giovanni , Centofanti Francesca , Capelli Irene , Ricci Andrea , Persici Elisa , Gandolfini Ilaria , Rubbiani Elisabetta , Buzio Carlo , Cappelli Gianni , Costa Alessandro Nanni , Stefoni Sergio
Published: March 2013

Introduction

Evaluation of kidney transplant candidates is based on strict exclusion of major pathologies, such as neoplastic disease. The aim of this study is to evaluate epidemiological and clinical impact of tumor disease in an Italian renal transplant waiting list and to propose a screening schedule for neoplastic detection.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively observed data of patients enrolled on the Emilia-Romagna kidney transplant waiting list between 1st August 2008 and 31st December 2010, evaluating the different causes of getting out from the list, the histologic type and incidence of cancer and the correlation between cancer onset and clinical features. The ratio of observed to expected cancer numbers (standardized incidence ratio, SIR), was estimated.

Results

We observed 2345 patients; 1297 got out from the waiting list; 57 of them (4,4%) got out because the onset of tumor. The overall incidence rate of cancer was 1354.8 (x 100000 person-year) (1045.9 person-year in patients awaiting for first transplant(FT), 1851.5 person-year in patients awaiting for second transplant(ST)). The overall prevalence of cancer was 2,43% (2.2% in FT, 3.4% in ST) with a SIR of 1.8; In our population the prevalence of cancers related to ESKD was 52.6% with a SIR of 15.8.

Conclusion

Kidney transplant waiting list patients present a higher incidence and prevalence of cancer compared to general population; it could be important to evaluate them for ESKD related malignancies because of their high incidence.
Critique of “Sew it Up! A Western Trauma Association Multi-Institutional Study of Enteric Injury Management in the Postinjury Open Abdomen”☆
Authors: Alomary Ismail , Tuma Mazin , Abdurraheim Nuri , Abdul Rahman Husham , Zarour Ahmed , Althani Hassan , Latifi Rifat
Published: March 2013

Background: Use of damage control surgery techniques has reduced mortality in critically injured patients but at the cost of the open abdomen. With the option of delayed definitive management of enteric injuries, the question of intestinal repair/anastomosis or definitive stoma creation has been posed with no clear consensus. The purpose of this study was to determine outcomes on the basis of management of enteric injuries in patients relegated to the postinjury open abdomen. Methods: Patients requiring an open abdomen after trauma from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2007 were reviewed. Type of bowel repair was categorized as immediate repair, immediate anastomosis, delayed anastomosis, stoma and a combination. Logistic regression was used to determine independent effect of risk factors on leak development. Results: During the 6-year study period, 204 patients suffered enteric injuries and were managed with an open abdomen. The majority was men (77%) sustaining blunt trauma (66%) with a mean age of 37.1 years ± 1.2 years and median Injury Severity Score of 27 (interquartile range = 20–41). Injury patterns included 81 (40%) small bowel, 37 (18%) colonic, and 86 (42%) combined injuries. Enteric injuries were managed with immediate repair (58), immediate anastomosis (15), delayed anastomosis (96), stoma (10), and a combination (22); three patients died before definitive repair. Sixty-one patients suffered intra-abdominal complications: 35 (17%) abscesses, 15 (7%) leaks, and 11 (5%) enterocutaneous fistulas. The majority of patients with leaks had a delayed anastomosis; one patient had a right colon repair. Leak rate increased as one progresses toward the left colon (small bowel anastomoses, 3% leak rate; right colon, 3%; transverse colon, 20%; left colon, 45%). There were no differences in emergency department physiology, injury severity, transfusions, crystalloids, or demographic characteristics between patients with and without leak. Leak cases had higher 12-hour heart rate (148 vs. 125, p = 0.02) and higher 12-hour base deficit (13.7 vs. 9.7, p = 0.04), suggesting persistent shock and consequent hypoperfusion were related to leak development. There was a significant trend toward higher incidence of leak with closure day (χ for trend, p = 0.01), with closure after day 5 having a four times higher likelihood of developing leak (3% vs. 12%, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Repair or anastomosis of intestinal injuries should be considered in all patients. However, leak rate increases with fascial closure beyond day 5 and with left-sided colonic anastomoses. Investigating the physiologic basis for intestinal vulnerability of the left colon and in the open abdomen is warranted.
Foucault, Experiência, Literatura
Authors: O’Leary Timothy , Ohara João Rodolfo Munhoz
Published: March 2013

Em uma das várias entrevistas nas quais discute sua insatisfação com o horizonte filosófico de seus dias de estudante, dominado pelo marxismo, pela fenomenologia e pelo existencialismo, Foucault faz a seguinte afirmação: "para mim, a ruptura se deu primeiramente Waiting for Godot, de Beckett, uma performance de tirar o fôlego." Meu objetivo neste texto é estabelecer as bases para compreender como é possível que um trabalho de literatura tenha tal efeito - qual seja, forçar-nos a pensar de outra maneira. É realmente possível que trabalhos de literatura mudem as pessoas que os leem? Ou, para dar a essa questão um foco ligeiramente diferente, as pessoas são capazes de mudarem a si mesmas através de suas leituras literárias?
Frequency dependent rectifier memristor bridge used as a programmable synaptic membrane voltage generator
Authors: Pabst Oliver , Schmidt Torsten
Published: March 2013

Reasoned by its dynamical behavior, the memristor enables a lot of new applications in analog circuit design. Since some realizations have been shown (e.g. 2007, Hewlett Packard), the development of applications with memristors becomes more and more interesting. Besides applications in neural networks and storage devices, analog memristive circuits also promise further applications. Therefore, this article proposes a frequency dependent rectifier memristor bridge for different purposes, for example, using as a programmable synaptic membrane voltage generator for Spike-Time-Dependent-Plasticity and describes the circuit theory. In this context it is shown that the Picard Iteration is one possibility to analytically solve the system of nonlinear state equations of memristor circuits. An intuitive picture of how a memristor works in a network in general is given as well and in this context some research on the dynamical behavior of a HP memristor should be done. After all it is suggested to use the memristor bridge as a neuron.
The Chemistry of Metal Thiophenolates
Authors: Marco H. Klingele Julia Klingele , Kersting Berthold
Published: March 2013

The present article reviews structures, properties, reactivity and applications of transition metal complexes supported by the parent thiophenolate ligand system and various derivatives thereof. This extensive outline of literature published in the last decade covers publications about di‐ and higher nuclear complexes that exhibit bridging thiophenolate functions. The structuring of this contribution is based on the type of ligand involved in the coordination, covering monodentate thiophenolate ligands as well as bi‐ and higher dentate derivatives being acyclic or macrocyclic. An emphasis is set on structures but reactions, reactivity and catalysis, redox chemistry, and other properties of the complexes in review are discussed where appropriate.
The Chemistry of Diene–Iron and Dienyl–Iron Complexes
Authors: Bauer Ingmar , Knölker Hans‐Joachim
Published: March 2013

(η
4
‐Diene)iron complexes and η
5
‐dienyliumiron complex salts represent intriguing structures with planar π‐donating C
4
or C
5
ligands attached to the central iron atom. In many cases, they are rather stable compounds due to an 18‐electron count at the iron center. Tricarbonyl(η
4
‐diene)iron complexes are formed from cyclic and acylic 1,3‐dienes and a tricarbonyliron source. Under certain conditions 1,4‐dienes can be employed with concomitant rearragement of the double bonds. The tricarbonyliron source can be a binary carbonyliron complex or a tricarbonyliron transfer reagent. (η
4
‐1‐Azabutadiene)tricarbonyliron complexes have been proven to transfer the tricarbonyliron unit efficiently to the diene system. 1‐Azabutadiene ligands can even be employed in catalytic amounts. Chiral 1‐azabutadiene ligands enable the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of planar chiral (η
4
‐diene)iron complexes. The tricarbonyliron fragment in (η
4
‐diene)iron complexes is shielding one side of the diene system. Thus, it can be utilized to control stereoselective reactions in its proximity. Moreover, due to their stability (η
4
‐diene)iron complexes can be employed as protected 1,3‐dienes. η
5
‐Dienyliumiron complexes are generated from (η
4
‐diene)iron complexes by two principal methods. Either by hydride abstraction at the α‐position of the diene ligand using triphenylcarbenium salts or by elimination of leaving groups adjacent to the diene system. η
5
‐Dienyliumiron complexes are versatile electrophiles which react with a large variety of nucleophiles leading to functionalized (η
4
‐diene)iron complexes. In most cases, nucleophilic attack at the terminus of the co‐ordinated dienylium system is preferred. Especially with C‐nucleophiles, the reaction is extremely useful for the construction of natural products or advanced synthetic precursors. Employment of substituted anilines as nucleophiles has paved the way to the total synthesis of a large number of biologically active carbazole alkaloids. After exploiting the activating, protecting or stereodirecting effect of the iron complex, the organic ligand is disengaged from the metal. A variety of mild demetalation procedures has been developed for this purpose.

In addition to the stoichiometric reactions, first examples of catalytic applications of (diene)iron complexes are dicussed in this chapter.
Recent Advances in the Insertion and Extrusion Reactions of Selenium and Tellurium in Organic Compounds
Authors: S. Guziec, Frank , James Guziec Lynn
Published: March 2013

Insertion and extrusion reactions are common transformations in organoselenium and—tellurium chemistry. These processes are often synthetically useful, allowing for the preparation of molecules difficult or impossible to prepare using other methods. Insertion reactions involve the chemical insertion of an atom between two directly bonded atoms in a molecule, forming two new bonds. Extrusion reactions are generally the reverse of the insertion process, removing an atom and forming a bond between the atoms to which it was previously bonded. Twofold extrusion reactions involve loss of two atoms from a cyclic system affording a doubly bonded product. Eliminations of an atom from a bicyclic or cyclic system affording a diene, polyene or aromatic compound are also termed extrusion reactions. This chapter will primarily cover selenium and tellurium insertions into carbon‐metal and metal‐metal bonds, as well as some other non‐conventional insertion reactions. Insertion reactions involving directed metalation andinsertions into metallocenes are also described. Extrusion reactions affording carbon‐carbon bonds, carbon‐metal bonds, and other non‐metal to metal bonds, as well as twofold extrusions are also covered. The synthetic utility of these reactions is also described.
Establishment of Patient‐Derived Xenograft (PDX) Models of Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Zhang Xiaomei , Lewis Michael T.
Published: March 2013

Patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) models of human breast cancer are proving useful for preclinical evaluation of experimental therapeutics. However, until recently, generation of PDX models reflecting the full spectrum of human breast cancers has been an elusive goal. We recently developed a method for establishing serially transplantable, phenotypically stable, human breast cancer xenograft models in immunocompromised mice with comparatively high efficiency (overall ∼25%). These xenografts represent the major clinically defined subtypes of breast cancer [e.g. estrogen receptor positive (ER+), HER2 positive (HER2+), and “triple negative” (TN) breast cancers]. This method, and methods being developed in other laboratories, may soon allow for conducting “animal clinical trials” once sufficient numbers of clinically relevant models are generated. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 3:21‐29 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genetic and Pharmacologic Models for Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Leiter Edward H. , Schile Andrew
Published: March 2013

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by a partial or total insufficiency of insulin. The premiere animal model of autoimmune T cell‐mediated T1D is the NOD mouse. A dominant negative mutation in the mouse insulin 2 gene (
Ins2
Akita
) produces a severe insulin deficiency syndrome without autoimmune involvement, as do a variety of transgenes overexpressed in beta cells. Pharmacologically induced T1D (without autoimmunity) elicited by alloxan or streptozotocin at high doses can generate hyperglycemia in almost any strain of mouse by direct toxicity. Multiple low doses of streptozotocin combine direct beta cell toxicity with local inflammation to elicit T1D in a male‐sex‐specific fashion. A summary of protocols relevant to the management of these different mouse models will be covered in this overview.
Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol.3:9‐19 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A New Centimeter‐Sized Ti‐Based Quaternary Bulk Metallic Glass with Good Mechanical Properties
Authors: Gong Pan , Yao Kefu , Wang Xin , Shao Yang
Published: March 2013

We report a new Ti40Zr26Be28Fe6 bulk metallic glass designed by slightly decreasing Ti/Zr concentration ratio based on the newly developed Ti41Zr25Be28Fe6 bulk metallic glass. The Ti40Zr26Be28Fe6 glassy alloy exhibits high thermal stability and the width of the supercooled liquid region for this alloy is up to 100 K. By conventional copper mold suction casting method, Ti40Zr26Be28Fe6 fully glassy rod with a diameter of 10 mm can be successfully obtained. Ti40Zr26Be28Fe6 glassy alloy also possesses excellent mechanical properties such as a high specific strength of 4.03 × 105 Nm kg−1 and an obvious compressive plastic strain of 7.4%, which make it possible to be used as novel aerospace materials.
Nanowire Grid Polarizers Integrated into Flexible, Gas Permeable, Biocompatible Materials and Contact Lenses
Authors: Hollowell Andrew E. , Guo L. Jay
Published: March 2013

The integration of optical components directly into contact lens materials permits the realization of advanced display technologies and integrated medical instruments. A process is developed for the fabrication of aluminium nanowire grid polarizers encapsulated in a flexible, gas permeable, and biocompatible material for integration onto rigid, gas‐permeable contact lenses. Gas permeability values an order of magnitude higher than the minimum to prevent eye damage are measured while maintaining strong polarization performance. Further, the methods developed in this work can readily be applied to various optical and electronic technologies, allowing standard fabrication processes on rigid substrates and subsequent transfer to flexible, gas permeable, and biocompatible materials.
Thermophoresis and mass transfer effects on flow of micropolar fluid past a continuously moving porous plate with variable viscosity and heat generation/absorption
Authors: Loganathan P. , Golden Stepha N.
Published: March 2013

Thermophoresis particle deposition and mass transfer effects of a chemically reacting micropolar fluid past a continuously moving porous plate with heat generation/absorption and variable viscosity is investigated numerically. The fluid viscosity is considered to vary linearly with temperature. The radiative heat flux, heat generation/absorption, and the viscous dissipation are taken into account in the energy equation. The partial differential equations governing the flow have been transformed into system of nonlinear ordinary differential equation using similarity transformation and are solved numerically by fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method with shooting technique. Effect of thermophoresis and suction/injection parameters on the velocity, micro‐rotation, temperature, and concentration of the micropolar fluid is discussed and presented graphically. Effect of increasing chemical reaction parameter as well as Schmidt number on the concentration profiles are shown graphically. The result shows that the effect of chemical reaction parameter influences highly the concentration of the fluid within the boundary layer. Temperature of the fluid was also found increased due to increase in heat generation/absorption parameter. The rate of heat transfer from the wall for different values of Prantal number is plotted. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical nonlinearity and photoinduced anisotropy of an azobenzene‐containing ionic liquid crystalline polymer
Authors: Zhao Fuli , Wang Changshun , Zeng Yi , Zhang Jinwen
Published: March 2013

The nonlinear optical properties of an azobenzene‐containing ionic liquid crystalline polymer were investigated using single‐beam Z‐scan and optical Kerr effect (OKE). The polymer film exhibited large nonlinear absorption (∼10−6 cm W−1) and nonlinear refraction (∼10−11 cm2 W−1) under 532 nm ps excitation. The femtosecond time‐resolved OKE results suggested that the nonlinear optical response time in off‐resonant region was as fast as 300 fs. Moreover, stable molecular reorientation and a large photoinduced birefringence (
$ \sim\!10^{ - 1} $) were achieved in the polymer film with a 405 nm continous wave (CW) laser as pump light. The large optical nonlinearity, ultrafast response, and effective photoinduced molecular reorientation of the polymer films indicated their potential applications in nonlinear photonic devices and optical storage. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Polylactide/halloysite nanotube nanocomposites: Thermal, mechanical properties, and foam processing
Authors: Wu Wei , Cao Xianwu , Zhang Yijun , He Guangjian
Published: March 2013

Polylactide (PLA)/halloysite nanotube (HNT) nanocomposites with different HNT contents were prepared by melt compounding. The morphology, crystallization behavior, as well as thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that HNT were well dispersed in PLA matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis data revealed that the thermal stability of PLA was decreased with the increasing of HNT content. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated that the presence of HNT could promote cold crystallization and lead to different crystalline phase formation. The flexural and tensile modulus of PLA/HNT nanocomposites improved significantly with the incorporation of HNT. Compared with neat PLA foam, PLA/HNT nanocomposite foams showed much higher cell density and smaller cell size due to HNT serving as the heterogeneous nucleating agents. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Two‐Controller Anti‐Windup Design for Enlarging Domain of Stability of Actuator Constrained State‐Delay Systems
Authors: Ahmed Abrar , Khan M. Umer , Rehan Muhammad , Iqbal Naeem
Published: March 2013

This paper proposes the enlargement of domain of stability of an actuator constrained state time‐delay system with a novel dynamic two controller anti‐windup design. The design makes a departure from the conventional controller‐modeled actuator saturation‐plant topology to a controller‐modeled actuator saturation‐controller‐plant topology. Using linear matrix inequality‐based convex optimization, anti‐windup gains for two separate controllers are computed through delay independent and delay dependant Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals, ensuring closed‐loop asymptotic stability. Consequently, the domain of stability of the new topology is comparatively ascertained and proved to be more enlarged. An application based motor control system validates the devised control law.
Spectrofluorometric analytical applications of cyclodextrins
Authors: Elbashir Abdalla A. , Dsugi Nuha Fathi Ali , Mohmed Tamador Omer Mohamoud , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: March 2013

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of cyclic oligosaccharides composed of α‐(1,4)‐linked glucopyranose subunits. The most important feature of CDs is their ability to form inclusion complexes (host–guest complexes) with a very wide range of solid, liquid and gaseous compounds by a molecular complexation. During the last decade, a considerable number of research papers has been focused on the use of CDs to enhance fluorescence intensity of different analytes and to develop CD‐induced spectrofluorimetric method. In this review, the various spectrofluorimetric methods based on host–inclusion complex are presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Pt/C Catalysts through Reductive Deposition: Ways of Tuning Catalytic Properties
Authors: Kaprielova Ksenia M. , Ovchinnikov Igor I. , Yakovina Olga A. , Lisitsyn Alexander S.
Published: March 2013

Characteristic features of Pt/C catalysts prepared through reductive deposition from an aqueous solution have been investigated. The carbon support was found to act as an effective nucleating agent and to ensure the formation of small and predominantly nonaggregated Pt particles, probably through a preliminary formation of oxide nuclei on the carbon surface. The deposition rates could be high enough to provide the location of Pt nanoparticles near the external surface of the support and outside micropores. The depositions onto bare carbon supports and Pt/C samples presynthesized by using another method proved equally effective, which thus opened a route to various types of metal distribution. With the same metal precursor, reductant, and base (H2PtCl6, NaOOCH, Na2CO3), catalytic properties could be influenced through the support, Pt loading, and deposition conditions. In the oxidation of isopropyl alcohol as a model test reaction, alcohol conversion could be as high as 99.7 % and turnover frequencies 80 000 h−1 [H2O, O2, 1 bar (100 kPa), 30 °C].
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Transition in β‐Rhombohedral Boron Near 550 K.
Authors: Hoffmann S. , Werheit H.
Published: March 2013

Differential scanning calorimetry indicates a structural phase transition of high‐purity single crystal β‐rhombohedral boron close to 550 K.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Band and Crystal Structures, and Optical Properties of the Ternary Compound Mg2Te3O8.
Authors: Lin Wan‐Feng , Xing Qiu‐Ju , Ma Jun , Zou Jian‐Ping , Lei Si‐Liang , Luo Xu‐Biao , Guo Guo‐Cong
Published: March 2013

The new title compound is hydrothermally prepared from a mixture of MgO, TeO2, and H2O (autoclave, 220 °C, 3 d) and characterized by single crystal XRD, UV and IR spectroscopy, and DFT band structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction with Oleum under Harsh Conditions: Characterization of the Unique [M(S2O7)3]2‐ Ions (M: Si, Ge, Sn) in A2[M(S2O7)3] (A: NH4, Ag).
Authors: Logemann Christian , Gunzelmann Daniel , Kluener Thorsten , Senker Juergen , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: March 2013

The title compounds are synthesized by reactions of MCl4 (M: Si, Ge, Sn) and A2SO4 (A: NH4, Ag) with oleum (65% SO3; sealed glass tube, 250 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Chiral Fluoroalkyl Products Through Copper‐Free Enantioselective Allylic Alkylation Catalyzed by an NHC Ligand.
Authors: Grassi David , Li Hailing , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: March 2013

An asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction is used for the synthesis of fluorinated alkenes bearing a quaternary stereocenter.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Bis(alkoxycarbonylation) Reaction of Cyclic Olefins Catalyzed by Palladium in the Presence of Copper(I) Triflate.
Authors: Aratani Takahiro , Tahara Kenji , Takeuchi Susumu , Kitamura Satoko , Murai Moemi , Fujinami Shuhei , Inomata Katsuhiko , Ukaji Yutaka
Published: March 2013

A variety of optically active cis‐dicarboxylates (VI) and (VIII) is obtained by palladium‐catalyzed bis(alkoxycarbonylation) of corresponding alkenes in the presence of a chiral bisoxazoline ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Allenoate‐Derived 1,5‐, 1,7‐, and 1,9‐Zwitterions as Highly Versatile Coupling‐Partners for Phosphine‐Triggered Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Meng Wei , Zhao Hai‐Tao , Nie Jing , Zheng Yan , Fu Aiping , Ma Jun‐An
Published: March 2013

Treatment of ethyl allenoate (I) with tris(diethylamino)phosphine leads to a mixture of cycloheptadiene (II) and bicyclic product (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Regiochemistry of Mitsunobu Alkylations of Hydrazine Derivatives.
Authors: Dunford Damian G. , Chaudhry Faryal , Kariuki Benson , Knight David W. , Wheeler Robert C.
Published: March 2013

Unsymmetrical hydrazines are coupled in a regiospecific manner at the carbonyl‐substituted nitrogen with primary and secondary alcohols bearing various functionalities.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Consecutive Reactions Based on the Synthesis of Conjugated Enones by the Re‐Catalyzed Meyer—Schuster Rearrangement.
Authors: Mattia Elio , Porta Alessio , Merlini Valentina , Zanoni Giuseppe , Vidari Giovanni
Published: March 2013

This is an unprecedented, atom‐economical one‐pot procedure for olefination of carbonyl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Copper(II) Oxide Bound on Polystyrene Beads and Its Application in the Aryl Aminations: Synthesis of Imatinib.
Authors: Heo Yumi , Hyun Dajung , Kumar Manian Rajesh , Jung Hyun Min , Lee Sunwoo
Published: March 2013

A broad spectrum of aryl and hetaryl bromides is suitable for amination in the presence of the title catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Application of Novel Dithiane Alcohol Ligand Based on Chiral Cyclopropane‐Backbone for Asymmetric Ethylation of Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Na Risong , Wang Bo , Liu Honglei , Bian Qinghua , Zhong Jiangchun , Wang Min , Guo Hongchao
Published: March 2013

Aromatic and cinnamyl aldehydes are alkylated with high yields and enantioselectivities while aliphatic aldehydes provide poor results (not shown).
ChemInform Abstract: Cinchona Alkaloids Induce Asymmetry in the Insertion Reaction of Thermally Generated Carbenes into N—H Bonds.
Authors: Saito Hiroaki , Morita Daisuke , Uchiyama Taketo , Miyake Muneharu , Miyairi Shinichi
Published: March 2013

Among some derivatives tested, best results are obtained with dihydrocinchonine as a moderately efficient catalyst to produce phenylglycines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Antimycobacterial and Isocitrate Lyase Inhibition Properties of Novel 2‐Methoxy‐2′‐hydroxybenzanilides, Their Thioxo Analogues and Benzoxazoles.
Authors: Kozic Jan , Novotna Eva , Volkova Marie , Stolarikova Jirina , Trejtnar Frantisek , Wsol Vladimir , Vinsova Jarmila
Published: March 2013

All newly synthesized compounds are evaluated for their in vitro antimycobacterial activities as well as for their isocitrate lyase (ICL) inhibition properties.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Ring Opening of Benzocyclobutenols with Site‐Selectivity Complementary to Thermal Ring Opening.
Authors: Ishida Naoki , Sawano Shota , Masuda Yusuke , Murakami Masahiro
Published: March 2013

A Rh‐catalyzed ring opening reaction, showing a site‐selectivity contrasting that of the corresponding thermal process, leads to the development of a novel alkyne insertion reaction providing dihydronaphthalene derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Reusable Visible Light Photoredox Catalysts; Catalyzed Benzylic C(sp3)—H Functionalization/Carbocyclization Reactions.
Authors: Xia Jia‐Dong , Deng Guo‐Bo , Zhou Ming‐Bo , Liu Wei , Xie Peng , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: March 2013

This mild and general route enables the construction of functionalized 1H‐indenes utilizing a visible light photoredox catalysis strategy.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver(I)‐Catalyzed Tandem Reactions of N‐Activated Aziridine‐Propargylic Esters to Pyrrolidin‐3‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Yang Jin‐Ming , Zhang Zhen , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: March 2013

Treatment of N‐activated substrates under optimized conditions A) results in formation of pyrrolidin‐3‐one derivatives through an unexpected rare 5‐exo‐tet cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient, One‐Pot, BF3·OEt2‐Mediated Synthesis of Substituted N‐Aryl Lactams.
Authors: Chaturvedi Devdutt , Chaturvedi Amit K. , Mishra Nisha , Mishra Virendra
Published: March 2013

The reaction of arenes (II) with the ω‐azido alkanoic acid chlorides (I), (IV), and (VI) is carried out in the presence of a Lewis acid under mild conditions to afford the corresponding N‐aryl lactams in good to high yields and short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Azocino[5,4‐]indoles via Gold‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Alkyne Hydroboration.
Authors: Peshkov Vsevolod A. , Pereshivko Olga P. , Van der Eycken Erik V.
Published: March 2013

The AuCl(PPh3)/AgOTf catalyst system efficiently replaces the previously published Hg(OTf)2 catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclic N‐Tosyliminocarbonates by Lewis Acid Catalyzed Allylic Substitution of Trichloroacetimidates.
Authors: Grigorjeva Liene , Jirgensons Aigars
Published: March 2013

The intramolecular Lewis acid catalyzed allylic substitution of the imidate group in N‐tosylcarbamates gives N‐tosyliminocarbonates with high trans‐selectivity as major products.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasound‐Promoted Regioselective Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazoles.
Authors: Habibi Davood , Nasrollahzadeh Mahmoud , Sahebekhtiari Hesam , Sajadi S. Mohammad
Published: March 2013

The efficient, simple procedure avoids hazardous agents such as HN3 and Br‐CN.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Phosphonate‐Substituted Pyrans or Dihydropyrans Through Asymmetric [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Ketophosphonates with Allenic Esters.
Authors: Pei Cheng‐Kui , Jiang Yu , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: March 2013

The regioselectivity of the reaction can be shifted significantly dependent on the cinchona ligand under either conditions A) or B).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed ortho‐Acylation of Phenols with Aryl Aldehydes and Its Application in One‐Step Preparation of Xanthones.
Authors: Hu Jun , Adogla Enoch A. , Ju Yong , Fan Daping , Wang Qian
Published: March 2013

A series of benzophenones (V) is obtained by ortho‐acylation of phenols with aryl aldehydes.