bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aldosterone/direct renin concentration ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism: A meta-analysis
Authors: Li Xiyue , Goswami Richa , Yang Shumin , Li Qifu
Published: August 2016

Objective:

The accuracy of aldosterone/direct renin concentration ratio (ADRR) as a screening test in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) varies widely across the studies. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the accuracy of ADRR.

Methods:

A literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library published between April 1971–February 2016. Studies focusing on the accuracy of ADRR for PA screening were included. Two authors independently extracted information regarding patient characteristics, antihypertensives status, true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives. The random-effects model was used for statistical analysis. Heterogeneity was explored by subgroup analysis and meta-regression.

Results:

Nine studies involving 974 patients were included. The overall sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve, and diagnostic odds ratio of ADRR were 0.89 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84–0.93), 0.96 (95% CI 0.95–0.98), 0.985 and 324 respectively, with substantial heterogeneity. Meta-regression showed that antihypertensive status affects the ADRR and may account for the heterogeneity ( p=0.03). Subgroup analysis of patients who discontinued the antihypertensives revealed a sensitivity of 0.99 (95% CI, 0.95–1.00) and a specificity of 0.98 (95% CI, 0.96–0.99).

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates the efficacy of ADRR as a screening test for PA. However, as antihypertensive drugs can interfere with the interpretation of ADRR, it is recommended to interrupt therapy or at least replace with analogues that do not significantly affect the ADRR value.
Solid-state recycling of light metals: A review
Authors: Shamsudin Shazarel , Lajis MA , Zhong ZW
Published: August 2016

This article provides an intensive review of the past and current research work on the solid-state recycling of light metals. The review includes an experimental aspect of the relevant works that clearly clarify the effects of several critical factors noted as chip preparation, reinforcing phases, die geometry, process parameter selection and performance of miscellaneous methods over the quality of the extruded profiles. Likewise, reviews of numerical and analytical works on the solid-state recycling were presented to understand the strengthening phenomena of chip-based billet through the plastic deformation. Finally, concluding remarks underline challenges of direct recycling method and subsequently highlight the potential future work on making the method as a promising alternative for sustainable manufacturing agenda.
Effects of heterogeneity and load amplitude on fatigue rate prediction of a welded joint
Authors: Zhang Chunguo , Hui Jizhuang , Lu Pengmin , Hu Xiaozhi , Liang Jia
Published: August 2016

It is a contradiction to homogeneous material fatigue behavior characterized by widely used linear Paris law, welded-joint fatigue issues need to be reassessed because fatigue crack growth behavior going through heterogeneous region will be different. For a welded joint, log(da/dN) is no longer linearly related to log(ΔK) in heterogeneous region because of the change in fatigue properties resulting from the welding process. Theoretical model of the fatigue crack growth rate without artificial adjustable parameters was proposed by considering the effects of heterogeneity in a welded joint and load-amplitude variation on fatigue crack growth curve. In this fatigue heterogeneous region, the relationship between log(da/dN) and log(ΔK) is similar to a concave-down parabola. Predicted results from the proposed model agreed better with the experimental data obtained from fatigue tests conducted in this study and open published literatures for welded joints in comparison to the widely used Paris model.
Promoting Forgiveness Through Psychological Distance
Authors: Rizvi Sana , Bobocel D. Ramona
Published: August 2016

We examined whether psychological distance from interpersonal transgressions can promote victim forgiveness via high-level construal. Participants responded to conflict vignettes. In Experiment 1, we found a positive effect of temporal distance on forgiveness, mediated by construal level. In Experiment 2, we found a positive effect of physical distance on construal level (2a) and a positive effect of construal level on forgiveness (2b). In Experiment 3, we found that construal level promotes forgiveness via reduced perceptions of transgression severity. Together, our experiments demonstrate that increasing victims’ psychological distance from interpersonal transgressions promotes forgiveness due to high-level construal. Implications for construal level theory and for research on forgiveness are discussed.
The Perceived Size and Shape of Objects in Peripheral Vision
Authors: Baldwin Joseph , Burleigh Alistair , Pepperell Robert , Ruta Nicole
Published: August 2016

Little is known about how we perceive the size and shape of objects in far peripheral vision. Observations made during an artistic study of visual space suggest that objects appear smaller and compressed in the periphery compared with central vision. To test this, we conducted three experiments. In Experiment 1, we asked participants to draw how a set of peripheral discs appeared when viewed peripherally without time or eye movement constraints. In Experiment 2, we used the method of constant stimuli to measure when a briefly presented peripheral stimulus appeared bigger or smaller compared with a central fixated one. In Experiment 3, we measured how accurate participants were in discriminating shapes presented briefly in the periphery. In Experiment 1, the peripheral discs were reported as appearing significantly smaller than the central disc, and as having an elliptical or polygonal contour. In Experiment 2, participants judged the size of peripheral discs as being significantly smaller when compared with the central disc across most of the peripheral field, and in Experiment 3, participants were quite accurate in reporting the shape of the peripheral object, except in the far periphery. Our results show that objects in the visual periphery are perceived as diminished in size when presented for long and brief exposures, suggesting diminution is an intrinsic feature of the structure of the visual space. Shape distortions, however, are reported only with longer exposures.
Splenic volume differentiates complicated and non‐complicated celiac disease
Authors: van Gils Tom , Nijeboer Petula , van Waesberghe Jan Hein TM , Coupé Veerle MH , Janssen Kiki , Zegers Jessy A , Nurmohamed Shaikh A , Kraal Georg , Jiskoot Sabine CI , Bouma Gerd , Mulder Chris JJ
Published: August 2016

Background

Studies in small groups of patients indicated that splenic volume (SV) may be decreased in patients with celiac disease (CD), refractory CD (RCD) type II and enteropathy‐associated T‐cell lymphoma (EATL).

Objective

The objective of this article is to evaluate SV in a large cohort of uncomplicated CD, RCD II and EATL patients and healthy controls.

Methods

The retrospective cohort consisted of 77 uncomplicated CD (of whom 39 in remission), 29 RCD II, 24 EATL and 12 patients with both RCD II and EATL. The control group included 149 healthy living kidney donors. SV was determined on computed tomography.

Results

The median SV in the uncomplicated CD group was significantly larger than in controls (202 cm3 (interquartile range (IQR): 154–275) versus 183 cm3 (IQR: 140–232), p  = 0.02). After correction for body surface area, age and gender, the ratio of SV in uncomplicated CD versus controls was 1.28 (95% confidence interval: 1.20–1.36; p  < 0.001). The median SV in RCD II patients (118 cm3 (IQR 83–181)) was smaller than the median SV in the control group (p  < 0.001).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates large inter‐individual variation in SV. SV is enlarged in uncomplicated CD. The small SV in RCD II may be of clinical relevance considering the immune‐compromised status of these patients.
Role of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α messenger RNA expression in malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis
Authors: Dalmia Amit , Hazarey Vinay , Talkal Reshma , Ganvir Sindhu , Purohit Hemant J , Gupta Shweta , Pimpale Aditee
Published: August 2016

Background:

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is an oral potentially malignant disorder depicting extensive fibrosis of the submucosa affecting most parts of the oral cavity, including pharynx and upper third of the oesophagus. Despite its high potentially malignant nature, transformation of the epithelium towards malignancy in the background of fibrosis has not been studied extensively till date. Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a master transcription factor that is induced by hypoxia and has found to be significantly associated with both fibrosis and malignancy.

Aim:

To test the hypothesis of differential expression of HIF-1α in malignant transformation of OSF.

Materials and methods:

Fifteen samples each of Normal Mucosa (NOM), OSF and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) making total of 45 tissues were studied by formalin fixed Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)-stained sections and frozen fixed for Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The relationship between differential HIF-1α messenger RNA expression level and oral epithelial dysplasia, inter incisal opening and grade of OSCC was studied.

Conclusions:

An upregulation of HIF-1α expression level is positively correlated with oral carcinogenesis and grade of OSCC, whereas downregulation is associated with fibrosis. Hence, it can be used as both diagnostic as well as a prognostic marker.
Can use of adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction reduce radiation dose in unenhanced head CT? An analysis of qualitative and quantitative image quality
Authors: Østerås Bjørn Helge , Heggen Kristin Livelten , Pedersen Hans Kristian , Andersen Hilde Kjernlie , Martinsen Anne Catrine T
Published: August 2016

Background

Iterative reconstruction can reduce image noise and thereby facilitate dose reduction.

Purpose

To evaluate qualitative and quantitative image quality for full dose and dose reduced head computed tomography (CT) protocols reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR).

Material and Methods

Fourteen patients undergoing follow-up head CT were included. All patients underwent full dose (FD) exam and subsequent 15% dose reduced (DR) exam, reconstructed using FBP and 30% ASIR. Qualitative image quality was assessed using visual grading characteristics. Quantitative image quality was assessed using ROI measurements in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), white matter, peripheral and central gray matter. Additionally, quantitative image quality was measured in Catphan and vendor’s water phantom.

Results

There was no significant difference in qualitative image quality between FD FBP and DR ASIR. Comparing same scan FBP versus ASIR, a noise reduction of 28.6% in CSF and between −3.7 and 3.5% in brain parenchyma was observed. Comparing FD FBP versus DR ASIR, a noise reduction of 25.7% in CSF, and −7.5 and 6.3% in brain parenchyma was observed. Image contrast increased in ASIR reconstructions. Contrast-to-noise ratio was improved in DR ASIR compared to FD FBP. In phantoms, noise reduction was in the range of 3 to 28% with image content.

Conclusion

There was no significant difference in qualitative image quality between full dose FBP and dose reduced ASIR. CNR improved in DR ASIR compared to FD FBP mostly due to increased contrast, not reduced noise. Therefore, we recommend using caution if reducing dose and applying ASIR to maintain image quality.
Novel paradigm for immunotherapy of breast cancer by engaging prophylactic immunity against hepatitis B
Authors: Malecki Marek , Sabo Chelsea , Foorohar Afsoon , Tombokan Xenia
Published: August 2016

Background

Immunotherapy of patients suffering from the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 overexpressing (HER‐2+) breast cancers with the anti‐HER‐2 antibodies results in increase of the patients’ overall survival. However, no prophylactic vaccine is available against HER‐2+ breast cancers. Although, prophylactic vaccine for human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is very effective.

Specific aim

The specific aim of this work was to design, synthesize, and test bio‐molecules which would engage prophylactic immunity against hepatitis B virus towards killing breast cancers cells.

Methods and Results

By biomolecular engineering, we have created a novel family of biomolecules: antibody (anti‐HER‐2) × vaccine (HBsAg) engineered constructs (AVEC: anti‐HER‐2 × HBsAg). These biomolecules were utilized for redirecting, accelerating, and amplifying of the vaccination‐induced, prophylactic immunity originally targeted against HBV as therapeutic immunity, newly targeted against HER‐2+ breast cancers. Treatment of the HER‐2+ breast cancer cells with AVEC: anti‐HER‐2 × HBsAg in blood of the patients, vaccinated with HBsAg, rapidly increased efficacy of killing of HER‐2+ breast cancer cells over that attained with the naked anti‐HER‐2 antibodies.

Conclusion

Novel antibody‐vaccine engineered constructs (AVEC) facilitate redirecting, accelerating, and amplifying of prophylactic, HBV vaccination‐induced immunity as immunotherapy (RAAVIIT) of HER‐2+ breast cancer. We currently streamline this novel therapeutic paradigm into clinical trials of breast and other cancers.
In an open publishing house not so far, far away…
Authors: Kaufman Kenneth R. , Malhi Gin S. , Baxter Amanda , Bhui Kamaldeep
Published: August 2016

As BJPsych Open completes its first circle around the sun and marks its first anniversary, we share with you its strengths and advantages that underpin its success as a new journal. First and foremost, the editorial team has maintained rigorous scientific standards while pursuing an open access publishing model that, by design, accommodates a broad range of clinical and scientific topics. Fundamental to BJPsych Open's mission has been our policy of accepting papers that are both methodologically sound and intellectually stimulating. The calibre of the journal has already been recognised, with recent notification of indexing all its content in PubMed Central. This reflects the quality of submissions and is the result of concerted efforts by the authors, the editorial board, the many selfless reviewers and our dedicated staff in the journal office. We urge you to join us on this exciting journey and look to your input as authors, readers and reviewers to help shape this fledgling enterprise, destined to become a force to be reckoned with.
Adaptive Building Blocks Consisting of Rigid Triangular Core and Flexible Alkoxy Chains for Self-Assembly at Liquid/Solid Interfaces
Authors: Tobe Yoshito , Tahara Kazukuni , De Feyter Steven
Published: August 2016

Supramolecular self-assembly in two-dimensional (2D) spaces on solid surfaces is the subject of intense current interest because of perspectives for various applications in nanoscience and nanotechnology. At the liquid/graphite interface, we found by means of scanning tunneling microscopy molecules with a rigid triangular core, a twelve-membered phenylene-ethynylene macrocycle called dehydrobenzo[12]annulene (DBA), substituted by six flexible alkoxy chains self-assembled to form hexagonal porous 2D molecular networks via van der Waals interactions between interdigitated alkyl chains as the directional intermolecular linkages. Factors that affect the formation of the porous 2D molecular networks including alkyl chain length, solvent, solute concentration, and temperature were elucidated through a systematic study. Because DBA molecules are versatile for chemical modification, they turned out to be highly adaptive for on-surface supramolecular chemistry with respect to (i) pore size control by changing the chain length, (ii) study of parity effect due to even or odd number chains, (iii) generation of supramolecular chirality on surfaces by introducing stereocenters, (iv) chemical modification of the pore interior for selective co-adsorption of guest molecules by introducing functional groups. Additionally, formation of superlattice structures on surfaces was incidentally observed by mixing DBAs of different alkoxy chain parity or by addition of guest molecules via an induced-fit mechanism. These results made significant contribution to advancement of supramolecular chemistry in 2D space.
Case Report: Post transcatheter aortic valve replacement shock: Value of multimodal imaging
Authors: Bhandary Sujatha P. , Otey Andrew J. , Papadimos Thomas J. , Crestanello Juan A. , George Barry S. , Turner Katja R.
Published: August 2016

Complications resulting from the delayed clinical presentation of a left main coronary artery obstruction can be catastrophic. This case report presents a 73-year-old woman with severe aortic stenosis who underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement with a core valve who, approximately 20 minutes after heparin reversal with protamine, became hypotensive and was unresponsive to vasopressor and inotropic therapy. Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated global hypokinesis, which was highly consistent with the occlusion of the left main coronary artery. Angiography confirmed this diagnosis and demonstrated that valve positioning had not changed compared to post-placement examination. Here we report the partial covering of the ostium of the left main coronary artery by a core valve skirt that converted into a total occlusion following the initiation of heparin reversal with protamine and the value of multimodal imaging in the management of this case.
Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design Under Demand and Return Uncertainty
Authors: Üster Halit , Hwang Sung Ook
Published: August 2016

This study considers an integrated closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) network design problem under uncertainty with regard to product demand and return quantities. To incorporate uncertainty in decision making, we formulate a two-stage stochastic mixed integer linear programming model to determine the optimal locations of (re)manufacturing and processing facilities along with their capacity levels and forward and reverse product flows in the CLSC network to minimize total design and expected operation costs.

For the solution of the model and its analysis, we develop a Benders Decomposition approach enhanced for computational efficiency using induced constraints, strengthened Benders cuts, and multiple Benders cuts as well as mean-value scenario based lower-bounding inequalities obtained by dual subproblem disaggregation. Computational results illustrate that the enhancements provide substantial improvements in terms of solution times and quality.

Using our model and the solution approach in a sample average approximation framework, we provide further analysis of network designs based on inspection location and recovery rates. Although product inspection at retailer or collection center locations generally reduce costs by avoiding unnecessary use of resources, our analysis also indicates that parameters such as product type and reason-for-return, expected recovery rates, inspection costs, and transportation costs can be instrumental in deciding where the return product inspection should take place and, in turn, dictating the overall cost as well as the structure of the CLSC network.
Spatial distribution of eggs and larvae of Engraulis anchoita (Hubbs & Marini, 1935) in the southern brazilian shelf
Authors: Torquato Felipe , Henrique Muelbert José
Published: August 2016

This paper describes the horizontal distribution patterns of eggs and larvae of the anchovy, Engraulis anchoita, at two distinct oceanographic regions in the Southern Brazilian Shelf (SBS).  Santa Marta Cape (SMC; 28°30’) is characterized by upwelling, while Albardão (33º) is influenced by Plata Plume Waters (PPW) and the Subtropical Shelf Front (SSF). Ichthyoplankton was sampled during winter 2005 and summer 2007 in SMC and Albardão during darkness and daytime with a Multinet. Three 330μm mesh-nets results were combined to express the horizontal distribution of anchovy early stages. Maps of salinity, temperature, fish eggs and larvae were made to evaluate spatial distributional patterns. Temperature-Salinity-Icthyoplankton (TSI) diagrams were used to infer fish larvae distribution with respect to water mass composition. Mean larvae and eggs abundance during winter was greater than summer, and SMC had higher ichthyoplankton abundance than Albardão.  In both seasons the largest concentration of anchovy eggs and larvae were found in coastal areas with low salinity. Eggs and larvae were usually present in cold waters during winter and summer. According TSI diagrams, PPW was found in both regions and was positively associated with ichthyoplankton abundance.
Caesarean delivery and risk of developing atopic diseases in children
Authors: Tri Yuliantini Anak Agung , Juffrie Mohammad , Wati Ketut Dewi Kumara
Published: August 2016

Background Caesarean delivery has been suggested to alterneonatal immune respon ses and increase the risk of atopicdiseases. Howevei; previous studies have reported inconsistentfindings.Objective To investigate a possible association between caesareandelivery and the development of atopic diseases in children.Methods This case-control study involved 100 children aged 3months-12 years, in Sanglah Hospital, Denpasai; Indonesia. Fiftyinfants and children with a confirmed diagnosis of atopic diseasesand 50 sex-paired controls (non-atopic infants and children)were enrolled. Demographic data was obtained, including modeof delivery and relevant history connected to atopic diseases.Skin prick test to four common aeroallergens was performed inall subjects. Possible confounding factors were considered in amultivariable logis tic regression model.Results Caesarean section was not significant as a risk factor foratopic diseases in a multivariate analysis [OR 2.4 (95%CI 0.7 to8.4; P=0.164)]. Howevei; multiple logistic regression analysisshowed that atopic diseases was significantly associated with apositive family history of atopy. Furthermore, caesarean sectionwas associated with a higher risk of atopic diseases in a subgroupanalysis for family history of atopy [OR= 4 (95%CI 1 to 16.2;P= 0.04)].Conclusion Children delivered by caesarean section and have afamily history of atopy have a 4-fo ld higher risk of atopic diseases.
Risk factors for the failure to achieve normal albumin serum levels after albumin transfusion in neonates
Authors: Arafuri Nadya , Widjajanto Pudjo Hagung , Haksari Ekawaty L.
Published: August 2016

Background Albumin transfusion for the treatment of neonatal hypoalbuminemia may reduce morbidity. In conditions with disrupted endothelial integrity (e.g., sepsis and critical illness), the administered albumin may leak into the interstitial space, hence, serum albumin levels may fall below expected levels after transfusion. To date, few studies have been done to evaluate the risk factors for failure to achieve normal neonatal albumin levels after transfusion.Objectives To determine the risk factors for failure to achieve normal neonatal albumin levels after transfusion.Methods We performed a case-control study in the Neonatal Ward of Dr. Sardjito Hospital from 2007 to 2012. Normal albumin level was defined as above 3 g/dL. The case group included neonates with post-transfusion albumin levels <3 g/dL and the control group included those with post-transfusion albumin ≥3 g/dL. Subjects received intravenous transfusions of 25% or 20% albumin according to the clinical standard of the Neonatal Ward of Dr. Sardjito Hospital. Neonates with very low birth weight, severe birth trauma, burn injuries, severe bleeding, or incomplete medical records were excluded. The data were analyzed with logistic regression test.Results From January 2007 to December 2012, 124 neonates were enrolled in the study. Multivariate analysis showed that low albumin levels before transfusion (OR 12.27; 95%CI 2.17 to 69.30), presence of critical illness (OR 4.01; 95%CI 1.49 to 10.79), diagnosis of sepsis (OR 3.56; 95%CI 1.36 to 9.32), and the >24-hour interval between albumin examination and transfusion (OR 0.06; 95%CI 0.01 to 0.37) were significant risk factors affecting the failure to achieve normal albumin levels.Conclusions Failure to achieve normal albumin levels after transfusion in neonates was significantly associated with low albumin level prior to transfusion, critical illness, sepsis, and >24-hour interval between transfusion and post-transfusion albumin examination.[Paediatr Indones. 2016;56:129-33.].
Bacterial enteric pathogens and serum interleukin-6 levels in children with acute diarrhea
Authors: Herlina Herlina , Manoppo Jeanette Irene , Umboh Adrian
Published: August 2016

Background Acute diarrhea is currently one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. A wide range of enteric pathogens, including bacteria, is responsible for the pathogenesis of acute infectious diarrhea. Recent studies have shown an increase in acute phase proteins, such as serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, in patients with acute bacterial gastroenteritis. Thus, IL-6 may be a useful marker to differentiate bacterial from non-bacterial enteric pathogens.Objective To assess for a correlation between bacterial enteric pathogens and serum IL-6 levels in children with acute diarrhea.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study from November 2013 to March 2014 in two hospitals in Manado. Subjects were children aged 1-5 years with acute diarrhea and good nutritional status. Subjects’ provided stool samples for bacterial culture and microscopic examination, as well as blood specimens for serum IL-6 measurements. Data was analyzed by linear regression and Pearson’s correlation tests for a correlation between bacterial enteric pathogens and serum IL-6 levels.Results In children with acute diarrhea, those with bacterial enteric pathogens had significantly higher mean serum IL-6 than those with non-bacterial enteric pathogens (r = 0.938; P < 0.001).Conclusion Serum IL-6 levels are significantly more elevated in children with acute diarrhea and bacterial enteric pathogens. Therefore, serum IL-6 may be a useful marker for early identification of bacterial gastroenteritis in children aged 1-5 years. [Paediatr Indones. 2016;56:144-8.].
Reliability of the Indonesian version of the School-Years Screening Test for Evaluation of Mental Status-Revised as a cognitive screening tool for children
Authors: Harsono Ferriandis , Solek Purboyo , Rusmil Kusnandi
Published: August 2016

Background Developmental and behavioral problems are among the most common conditions of childhood. These problems affect 12−16% of children in the United States and 13−18% of children in Indonesia. Early detection of developmental deficits among children requires clinicians to screen with accurate tools. Cognitive function screening in children has been increasingly used in many clinical and educational settings. The School-Years Screening Test for Evaluation of Mental Status-Revised (SYSTEMS-R) is becoming a widely-used, reliable, and valid cognitive screening tool for children aged 4−15 years. Prior to our study, there was no Indonesian language version of the SYSTEMS-R.Objective To determine the reliability of the Indonesian translation of the SYSTEMS-R.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in children aged 4−15 years who understood the Indonesian language and did not have neurologic or communication impairments. Data were analysed to determine reliability (internal consistency and inter-rater reliability) of the Indonesian version of SYSTEMS-R. Internal consistency was determined using Cronbach’s alpha formula. Internal consistency is a reflection of inter-item correlation and item-to-total correlation. Inter-rater reliability was determined using the Bland-Altman method.Results This study was conducted on 133 children aged 4−15 years in a kindergarten, elementary, junior high, and senior high school in Bandung. The Indonesian version of SYSTEMS-R had significant internal consistency (Cron bach’s alpha 0.936−0.941), and the scores obtained by two raters had good agreement (difference within mean + 1.96 SD).Conclusion The Indonesian version of SYSTEMS-R is reliable for use as a cognitive screening tool for Indonesian children. [Paediatr Indones. 2016;56:149-54.].
Oral versus rectal laxatives for functional constipation in child
Authors: Pranoto Wiji Joko , Supriatmo Supriatmo , Deliana Melda , Sinuhaji Atan Baas
Published: August 2016

Background Functional constipation is a common childhood condition. Benefits of oral and rectal laxatives in terms of recovery and recurrence in children with functional constipation are still controversial.Objective To compare the effectiveness of oral and rectal laxatives in terms of recovery and recurrence in children with functional constipation.Methods Children aged 8 to 17 years who met the Rome III criteria for functional constipation were enrolled in this open randomised trial. Data was collected through questionnaires, interviews, and physical examinations. The participants were randomly assigned to receive stimulant laxatives (5 mg bisacodyl) either orally for three consecutive days or rectally in a single dose. Subjects kept daily defecation records for 7 days, and were followed up on days 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. Comparisons of defecation patterns and recurrence of constipation between groups were assessed using Chi-square test.Results Of 99 subjects, 46 children (5 boys, 41 girls) received oral laxatives (group I) and 45 children (8 boys, 37 girls) received rectal laxatives (group II). Four children in each group dropped out. Baseline characteristics are comparable between the groups. Rate of recovery in the first 7 days was higher in the oral compared to rectal groups [84.8% versus 73.3%, respectively, but this was not statistically sininficant (P=0.278)]. In the second week, the recurrence of constipation was significantly higher in the rectal (57.5%) than in the oral laxative group (42.5%) (P=0.026).Conclusion Although recovery tends to occur more with oral compared to rectal laxative agents, the difference was not statistically significant. Higher recurrence in the second week after treatment occurred with rectal laxative agent. [Paediatr Indones. 2016;56:162-6.].
Low serum zinc and short stature in children
Authors: Mardewi Kadek Wini , Sidiartha I Gusti Lanang , Gunawijaya Eka
Published: August 2016

Background Short stature/stunting is common in developing countries, and has been used as an indicator of a nation’s general health condition. Short stature increases the risk of metabolic disease, disturbances in cognitive development, infection prevalence, physical as well as functional deficits, and even death. Nutritional factors that frequently cause stunting are low intake of energy, protein, or micronutrients such as iron, vitamin A, and zinc. The role of zinc supplementation in children with short stature has not been well defined. In addition, zinc supplementation should be evaluated in the setting of specific conditions and regions.Objective To assess the association between low serum zinc level and short stature in children.Methods This cross-sectional study was done in a primary health care center at Klungkung I, Klungkung District, from August to September 2013. Children with short and normal stature (as reference group) were enrolled and their serum zinc level was measured, Other risk factors were inquired by questionnaire. Association between low serum zinc level (<65 µg/dL) and short stature was analyzed by stepwise multivariable regression analysis; degree of association was presented as odds ratio (OR) and its corresponding confidence interval.Results The prevalence of low serum zinc level in our subjects was 71%. Low serum zinc level was significantly associated with short stature [adjusted OR 16.1; 95%CI 3.1 to 84.0; (P=0.001)]. In addition, the occurrence of low serum zinc was higher in the short stature group (88.5%) compared to the normal stature group (53.8%). We also found that low calorie intake was associated with short stature [adjusted OR 29.4; 95%CI 2.76 to 314.7; (P=0.001)].Conclusion Low serum zinc level appears to be associated with short stature. [Paediatr Indones. 2016;56:171-5.].
Paper or Plastic? Yes, but Not as a Mixture
Authors: Hubbe Martin A.
Published: August 2016

As expressed by the chorus lyrics of a song by Dan Einbender, “it really isn’t garbage ‘til you mix it all together. It really isn’t garbage ‘til you throw it away. Separate your paper, plastic, compost, glass and metal. Then you get to use it all another day.” It’s worth paying attention to these lyrics once again in the face of yet another type of product that is starting to show up in stores. Extruded sheets of polyethylene (no. 2 plastic) with as much as 80% ground calcium carbonate content are being sold as “paper”. Calcium carbonate is widely used as a component of real paper. However, it rubs me the wrong way when the word “paper” is being used to refer to something that has no fibers in it and is not formed on a screen and dried. My more serious concern is that such materials, if they become widely used, have the potential to contaminate paper recycling operations.
Association Between Invisible Basal Ganglia and ZNF335 Mutations: A Case Report
Authors: Sato Rieko , Takanashi Jun-ichi , Tsuyusaki Yu , Kato Mitsuhiro , Saitsu Hirotomo , Matsumoto Naomichi , Takahashi Takao
Published: August 2016

ZNF335 was first reported in 2012 as a causative gene for microcephaly. Because only 1 consanguineous pedigree has ever been reported, the key clinical features associated with ZNF335 mutations remain unknown. In this article, we describe another family harboring ZNF335 mutations. The female proband was the first child of nonconsanguineous Japanese parents. At birth, microcephaly was absent; her head circumference was 32.0 cm (−0.6 SD). At 3 months, microcephaly was noted, (head circumference, 34.0 cm [−4.6 SD]). Brain MRI showed invisible basal ganglia, cerebral atrophy, brainstem hypoplasia, and cerebellar atrophy. At 33 months, (head circumference, 41.0 cm [−5.1 SD]), she had severe psychomotor retardation. After obtaining informed consent from her parents, we performed exome sequencing in the proband and identified 1 novel and 1 known mutation in ZNF335, namely, c.1399T>C (p.C467R) and c.1505A>G (p.Y502C), respectively. The mutations were individually transmitted by her parents, indicating that the proband was compound heterozygous for the mutations. Her brain imaging findings, including invisible basal ganglia, were similar to those observed in the previous case with ZNF335 mutations. We speculate that invisible basal ganglia may be the key feature of ZNF335 mutations. For infants presenting with both microcephaly and invisible basal ganglia, ZNF335 mutations should be considered as a differential diagnosis.
Prevalencia de diente invaginado en niñas y niños atendidos en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica
Authors: Bolaños DDS Violeta
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dent invaginatus (ID) in children between 6 and 11 years old. A descriptive transversal clinical study was performed with patients from V and VI year students, supervised by a specialist in Odontopediatrics during 15 months from July 2011 and December 2012. The dental and medical history, as well as a clinical and radiographic evaluation was done to all the patients, following the protocol established by the Odontopediatrics Department. In a total population of 280 children, 13 % presented the abnormality from which 11.4 % were boys and 15.3 % were girls. The most affected piece was the maxillary lateral incisor. There was no statistical significant difference regarding the gender of children who presented ID (p = 0.318). The early diagnosis and treatment is important to avoid future complications.
Guía para el uso del Localizador de foramen
Authors: Meza DDS Marco
Published: August 2016

Now days is more the trust we can have to the Apex-locator in endodontics. Now we can expect more accuracy results working length measure, not only of the apical constriction but the total length of the roots. Endodontics can’t left behind the use of the Apex-locator, because of its useful work, not only on the determination of the works length, also in the diagnostic of perforations or fractures. Even do, this article displays a reliable and simple guide in the use of apex locator during enodontic treatment.
La prueba CTX como evaluador de riesgo en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de osteonecrosis de los maxilares inducida por el uso de bifosfonatos
Authors: Lorz DDS Patricia , Varela DDS Rodolfo
Published: August 2016

A literature review was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide (CTX) serologic test, which has been suggested to predict the risk of developing osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients taking oral bisphosphonates. Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a condition that causes avascular necrosis of the alveolar bone, which occurs in patients treated with bisphosphonates. It has been suggested that a CTX value below 100 pg/ml represents a high risk for ONJ , while between 100 and 150 pg / ml a moderate risk and above 150pg/ml minimal risk. The CTX test has been controversial and it has not been possible to frame it as strong evidence, since several studies have found variable results. Patients with very low CTX levels have not developed ONJ, and others with very high CTX levels, supposedly safe, have done . CTX test is a useful test to inform the dentist about the activity level on patient ́s bone turnover, and may be useful to advise the patient. Low CTX levels could serve to delay a surgical procedure that is not deemed urgent.
Management of Temporo-Mandibular Disorders in children and adolescents: A literature review
Authors: Rosales ME Miguel , Garrocho DC José , Ruiz MC María , Márquez MC Raúl , Pozos DC Amaury
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this review is to provide the fundamental information for the early diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in children and adolescents, taking in account that the general trend among Dentists is to believe that these kind of disorders do not occur in the pediatric patient, or that they are present very rarely.  However, this is not true; therefore, it is mandatory that, during the comprehensive clinical exam of the pediatric patient, a meticulous evaluation of the developing temporomandibular joint is included. The present paper pretends to serve as encourage interested to general and specialist Dentists on this important issue, and capable to advise, guide or treat their own patients, particularly young children; these patients cannot often communicate sufficiently their symptoms, because of their immaturity. Thus, only through a full exam, temporomandibular disturbances can be properly assessed, diagnosed and treated.
The Development of the Cleft Aesthetic Rating Scale: A New Rating Scale for the Assessment of Nasolabial Appearance in Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients
Authors: Mosmuller David G.M. , Mennes Lisette M. , Prahl Charlotte , Kramer Gem J.C. , Disse Melissa A. , Van Couwelaar Gijs M. , Frank B. Niessen , Don Griot J.P.W.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

The development of the Cleft Aesthetic Rating Scale, a simple and reliable photographic reference scale for the assessment of nasolabial appearance in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate patients.

Design:

A blind retrospective analysis of photographs of cleft lip and palate patients was performed with this new rating scale.

Setting:

VU Medical Center Amsterdam and the Academic Center for Dentistry of Amsterdam.

Patients:

Complete unilateral cleft lip and palate patients at the age of 6 years.

Main Outcome Measures:

Photographs that showed the highest interobserver agreement in earlier assessments were selected for the photographic reference scale. Rules were attached to the rating scale to provide a guideline for the assessment and improve interobserver reliability. Cropped photographs revealing only the nasolabial area were assessed by six observers using this new Cleft Aesthetic Rating Scale in two different sessions.

Results:

Photographs of 62 children (6 years of age, 44 boys and 18 girls) were assessed. The interobserver reliability for the nose and lip together was 0.62, obtained with the intraclass correlation coefficient. To measure the internal consistency, a Cronbach alpha of .91 was calculated. The estimated reliability for three observers was .84, obtained with the Spearman Brown formula.

Conclusion:

A new, easy to use, and reliable scoring system with a photographic reference scale is presented in this study.
The Impact of Creative Circles on EFL Learners’ Reading Comprehension
Authors: Al-Qahtani Abdulaziz Ali , Lin Mei
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of Creative Circles approach in developing Saudi EFL middle school learners’ reading comprehension. The study was carried out at a Saudi middle school in Jeddah, involving three intact third grade classes. A triangulated approach was adopted in order to collect data by means of multiple instruments- reading comprehension test, reflective journals and semi-structured interviews over the period of a school term. The results revealed a significant improvement in the experimental group’s reading comprehension abilities. The success of Creative Circles approach could be attributed to its adoption of collaborative reading as a teaching/learning technique, explicit teaching of reading skills, attention to low-level and high level reading processes and metacognitive awareness. Moreover, the experimental group as well as their teacher indicated that the new approach has immensely helped in addressing the issue of vocabulary learning. They also described the approach as efficient and flexible in large and mix-abilities classes.
English Medium or No English Medium: Parental Perspectives from Pakistan
Authors: Channa Khalid Hussain , Memon Shumaila , Bughio Faraz Ali
Published: August 2016

Medium of instruction plays vital role in the education of children. Being major beneficiary or sufferer, parents’ role is integral as one of the major stakeholders in the education policy of Pakistan. This research is aimed to present an analysis of parental perceptions regarding medium of instruction for the education of their children.  The present research draws closely on Woolard Schieffelin & Kroskrity’s Language Ideology Model (1998) for understanding perceptions of parents for English as a medium of instruction. The researchers conducted 12 semi structured interviews from parents of Hyderabad city by using Maximum Variation Sampling (Seidman, 1998). These interviews were analyzed using Constant Comparative Method (Lincoln &Guba, 1985). The findings of the study suggest that Pakistan is a multilingual state and the parents’ preferences of the language they want to be used in their children’s schools are not uniform. Therefore, government should involve parents at grass root level while making education policy for effective outcomes.
A Social Semiotic Approach to Multimodal Discourse of the Badge of Xi’an Jiaotong University
Authors: Yang Yang
Published: August 2016

Using the school badge of Xi’an Jiaotong University as an example, this article aims to unravel that both literal expression and visual imagery have the ideographic function. The analysis in this article primarily utilizes the theoretical framework of the visual communication grammar, which is developed by Kress & Van Leeuwen from Halliday’s systemic functional linguistics. By analyzing the representational, interactive, and compositional meaning of the school badge, this article shows that school badges have rich connotations and the ability to interpret them should be attached importance. Furthermore, this article aims to make a little contribution to the interpretation of school badges.
Adopting CALL to Improve Listening Comprehension of Iranian Junior High School Students
Authors: Vahdat Sedigheh , Eidipour Maryam
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between two modes of teaching listening comprehension, computer-assisted language learning (CALL) and traditional mode, to Iranian junior high school students. It also aimed to investigate the role of teacher in CALL class. The study was an empirical one, which employed quantitative research methods. The data were collected from two classes including 60 female students studying in grade 8 in junior high schools in Dezful. These two classes were assigned as CALL group (30 students) and traditional group (30 students). The class of CALL was held at the computer site in Maktab Zeinab junior high school and the traditional group received instruction in a conventional way in Bideli junior high school. Two classes were taught by the same teacher and covered the same materials in their weekly four-hour listening lesson over two months. The data came from listening test, pre- test, post-test and observation. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and T-test (paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test) was run. The results indicated a significant difference between the traditional and CALL modes. Therefore, it seems that the CALL mode is more efficient than the traditional in the improvement of students’ listening comprehension skill. Based on the observation, the researchers concluded that the nature of the EFL teacher’s role changed in CALL class when compared with the traditional class.
Appraisal Theory in Functionalism and Translation Evaluation
Authors: Xia Xiufang
Published: August 2016

The function of language is to communicate, so meaning is the most important concept. In the field of translation, the convey of meaning is the only goal. To transfer the meaning in a more scientific way is the topic many translators and translation theorist try to explore. This study is using theories in functionalism to explore the subjects of translation criteria and translation evaluation. Using the theories in functionalism, the study of translation theories appears more scientific.
Noun Phrase or Compound Noun? An Investigation of N + A and N + N Boundary Cases in Persian
Authors: Peyman Shahram , Rezai Vali
Published: August 2016

The present study seeks to investigate the demarcation between noun phrases (NPs) and compound nouns (CNs) in Persian at the syntax-morphology interface. This objective is accomplished through the examination of two most complex nominal patterns, viz. N + A, N + N, with special focus on boundary cases, i.e. the intermediate constructs which possess some properties of both NPs and CNs simultaneously and thus demonstrate contradictory reactions to the various NP-CN demarcation criteria. The results indicate that boundary cases ensue from partial syntactic erosion of NPs through pure lexicalization, whereby NPs turn into CNs without center-switching or category change. This study also shows that almost all boundary cases have no potential for syntactic modification of their elements. It is further demonstrated that N + A and N + N boundary cases are endocentric, head-initial constructs with optional or obligatory internal inflection as well as Ezafe. Syntactic modifiability is also introduced as the most efficient NP-CN demarcation criterion in Persian since it is the first property lost in NP lexicalization process.