bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triple Entendre
Authors: Vanel Hervé
Published: May 2017

This book discusses the rise and spread of background music in contexts as diverse as office workplaces, shopping malls, and musical performance. The book examines background music in several guises, including Erik Satie's “Furniture Music” of the late 1910s and early 1920s, which first demonstrated the idea of a music not meant to be listened to, and the Muzak Corporation's commercialized ambient music that became a predominant feature of modern life in the 1940s. Different kinds of music were developed to encourage or incite greater productivity in the workplace, more energetic shopping, or more animated socializing. The book's discussion culminates in the creative response of the composer John Cage to the pervasiveness and power of background music in contemporary society. Cage neither opposed nor rejected Muzak, but literally answered its challenge by formulating a parallel concept. Forty years after Satie presented his work to general critical puzzlement, Cage saw how background music could be combined with mid-century technology and theories of art and performance to create a participatory soundscape on a scale that Satie could not have envisioned, reconfiguring the listener's stance to music. By examining the subterranean connections existing between these three formulations of a singular idea, this book analyzes and challenges the crucial boundary that separates an artistic concept from its actual implementation in life.
Creationism’s Political Genesis
Authors: Caudill Edward
Published: May 2017

This book traces the history of creationism not only as a science–religion issue, but also as a political movement that skillfully engaged the press with a campaign against evolution grounded in American myths. It examines how the Scopes trial, and more specifically the ideas of its primary combatants, Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan, became the template—politically, scientifically, theologically—for all subsequent evolution–religion clashes. It shows how creationists harnessed the power of mass media to legitimize their antievolution rhetoric, allowing them to win over a large proportion of the populace. By appealing to individual rights of freedom of expression and freedom of religion, the heroism of rebellion, the virtue of individualism, and the allure of the “frontier” whether geographic or scientific, twentieth-century creationists were able to find their way into the political mainstream as they continue to attack modernism and evolution.
Creationism’s Web
Authors: Caudill Edward
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how creationists harnessed websites, magazines, museums, and institutes to rewrite history as well as the rules of science. By the end of the twentieth century, the Scopes trial was no longer a humiliation for creationists but an indignation. Realizing that the problem had been to make any compromise with literalism's naysayers, creationists recast and remythologized Scopes as a lesson, their defining moment in the fight against evolution. This chapter begins with an overview of the Creation Museum, located in Petersburg, Kentucky, and the ministry behind it, Answers in Genesis (AiG), along with AiG's proposed Ark Encounter museum. It then considers AiG's web sites as well as the Discovery Institute's creation of an online guide called Getting the Facts Straight: A Viewer's Guide to PBS's Evolution in response to the PBS seven-part series Evolution. It also discusses the movie Alleged, which addressed the conflict between science and creationism, and concludes with an assessment of the Creation Museum's depiction of Darwinism and interpretation of the Scopes trial.
Caribbean Spaces
Authors: Davies Carole Boyce
Published: May 2017

Drawing on both the author's personal experience and critical theory, this book illuminates the dynamic complexity of Caribbean culture and traces its migratory patterns throughout the Americas. Both a memoir and a scholarly study, the book explores the multivalent meanings of Caribbean space and community in a cross-cultural and transdisciplinary perspective. From the author's childhood in Trinidad and Tobago to life and work in communities and universities in Nigeria, Brazil, England, and the United States, the author portrays a rich and fluid set of personal experiences. The book reflects on these movements to understand the interrelated dynamics of race, gender, and sexuality embedded in Caribbean spaces, as well as many Caribbean people's traumatic and transformative stories of displacement, migration, exile, and sometimes return. Ultimately, the book re-establishes the connections between theory and practice, intellectual work and activism, and personal and private space.
Between the Twilight Zone and the Underground Railroad
Authors: Davies Carole Boyce
Published: May 2017

This chapter sets up the discussion of “twilight zones.” Twilight refers to that space of unreality between night and day, where spirits begin to roam and objects that seem perfectly normal in the daylight assume strange patterns and shapes, that gap between different realities, that zone of instability between darkness and light, that time when transformation happens. The author begins by describing how she found herself lost, one rainy night, amid the emptiness and sameness of the buildings and the depressed grayness in the area around Antique Row on Clinton Street in Binghamton, New York. Warehouses from a bustling past of economic vitality either remained empty or hosted quaint antique shops, making the best of postindustrial depression. Driving off the highway, she takes a wrong turn and somehow ends up on a back street. Not sure which direction would take her to Main Street, she panics, observing the strange shapes that meander like ghosts.
The Big Truth
Authors: Goodall Alex
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores how many of the radical and anti-interventionist critics of the New Deal had been silenced by a wave of loyalty campaigns that marked the culmination of more than a decade's worth of antifascist attacks. To the Left, this seemed like a victory. But antifascism had helped to reinvigorate the politics of countersubversion as a whole, and as the Left and center-Left lobbied for campaigns to root out supposedly disloyal right-wing enemies, much of the traditional resistance to countersubversive crusading disappeared. With members of the conservative coalition co-opting the language of antifascism to justify their hostility to communism, the war against Nazi Germany led to a far more tightly restricted realm of political debate and more universal acceptance among the American people that domestic extremists needed to be investigated, monitored, and repressed.
Rocky Fork, Illinois
Authors: LaRoche Cheryl Janifer
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the Rocky Fork community's relationship to other nearby Black communities and to the Underground Railroad. Drawing on oral and family histories, it reconstructs the story of the African American presence at Rocky Fork, first by discussing the site's originating families. It then considers the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first social institution and the earliest AME church built in Illinois, and how the Underground Railroad emerged as a multi-pronged vehicle for Black resistance and escape from slavery. The chapter identifies evidence of cooperation between Black settlements on the frontlines of freedom and known abolitionist towns and shows that the abolitionist center and Underground Railroad town of Alton played a powerful role in the fight against slavery in the region. Minister William Paul Quinn and the early influence of the AME Church embedded in the Underground Railroad history of the Rocky Fork settlement and its free Blacks characterizes the geography of resistance.
Lick Creek, Indiana
Authors: LaRoche Cheryl Janifer
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the relationship of Quakers and free Blacks in Lick Creek to the Underground Railroad. The Lick Creek settlement once existed in the southeast corner of Paoli Township, Orange County, in southern Indiana. In 1817, freeborn African Americans came to the area and purchased land in what later became the Lick Creek settlement. Blacks also came accompanying Quakers fleeing persecution in North Carolina. With the opening of frontier lands for settlement, free Blacks, encouraged by the antislavery provisions of the Northwest Ordinance, joined the country's westward passage to the Northwest Territory. This chapter first provides a background on Quakers and free Blacks at Lick Creek before focusing on William Paul Quinn's arrival in Indiana, where he built AME churches that became an important focal point of the Lick Creek community. It then considers the antislavery efforts of free Blacks, Quakers, and citizens of conscience working on the Underground Railroad on behalf of escaped slaves. It also discusses the participation of Indiana's Blacks in the Civil War.
Recovering the Invisible
Authors: Matt Susan J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter sketches some of the methods and sources that scholars use to reconstruct the history of the emotions. It considers some challenges historians face when studying emotions, as they try to pinpoint both what they are studying and how to study it. The feeling itself would be long gone, after all, as well as the person who experienced it. The chapter addresses these issues by first examining the contested connection between feelings and words. It then turns its attention to an equally thorny issue—the relationship between emotional norms and individual emotional experience. Finally, the chapter considers the sources that scholars have available to them, and the creative ways that historians use them to understand the past.
Emotions History in Eastern Europe
Authors: Steinberg Mark D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines a regional emotional culture in Eastern Europe and how it shaped attitudes about religion, morality, catastrophe, and loss. It argues that a regional approach opens a valuable space for examining what contexts mean in practice, but only if approached critically, with an awareness of the dangers of cultural essentialism as well as of the (also often dangerous) historical power of such imagery. Following newer approaches to regional geography, the chapter aims to view regions not as stable or homogeneous places but as spaces constituted by social relationships and thus marked by difference, conflict, and change interacting with common and stable features.
Religion and Emotions
Authors: Corrigan John
Published: May 2017

This chapter is an overview of emotions history in the context of religious studies. It remarks on several kinds of inquiry—including those having to do with popular and official religion; embodiment and objectification; words, knowledge, and feelings; religious meaning; and prospects. As intellectual history of a certain sort, the nearness of emotion to religion in the historical study of ethical thought models the ongoing influence of Christian language and the assumptions of emotional universality that are inscribed on that language. The ongoing resistance to claims for the constructedness of emotion in historical religious settings is less doctrinaire than it was in the mid to late twentieth century, but there is a strong impulse to take religious statements of emotion at face value. The result is some ongoing cultural tension between the scholarly querying of emotion and Christian-inflected thinking about religion.
Media, Messages, and Emotions
Authors: Malin Brenton J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers links between media and emotion in a modern American context. It traces certain understandings of emotion in order to tell a story about how American media critics have wrestled with questions of the affective life. The chapter shows some thinking about emotion and media that preceded the explosion of mass media and mass media criticism in the early twentieth century, before laying out some key popular and academic understandings of media from the early twentieth century. From here, the chapter turns to late-twentieth-century modifications and extensions of these ideas and then discusses their continued relevance at the dawn of the twenty-first century.
The Rise of the Chicago Police Department
Authors: Mitrani Sam
Published: May 2017

This book examines the making of the Chicago Police Department at a time when the city was roiling with political and economic conflict, much of it rooted in class tensions, and its lawmakers and business elite fostered the growth of a professional municipal police force to protect capitalism, its assets, and their own positions in society. Together with city policymakers, the business elite united behind an ideology of order that would simultaneously justify the police force's existence and dictate its functions. Tracing the Chicago Police Department's growth through events such as the 1855 Lager Beer Riot, the Civil War, the May Day strikes, the 1877 railroad workers strike and riot, and the Haymarket violence in 1886, the book demonstrates that this ideology of order both succeeded and failed in its aims. Recasting late nineteenth-century Chicago in terms of the struggle over order, this insightful history uncovers the modern police department's role in reconciling democracy with industrial capitalism.
The Native-Born Protestant Elite’s Bid for Control in the 1870s
Authors: Mitrani Sam
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the Chicago Police Department figured in the native-born Protestant elite's attempt to control urban life in the city during the 1870s. In the 1870s, it became increasingly clear that the promise of “free labor” would not be met. Native-born Protestant urban elites across the country felt as if the cities were slipping into the grasp of immigrant workers and unemployed vagrants. This chapter describes the efforts of Chicago's traditional native-born, Protestant urban elite to enforce stricter temperance laws, regulate economic life, especially construction, and gain tighter control over the municipal government itself. It begins with a discussion of the responses of Chicago's business elite and politicians, the city government, and the police to the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 as well as to the fear of crime that gripped Chicago in the summer of 1872. It then considers the Committee of Seventy's attempts to control the police and their divided stance over temperance and concludes with an assessment of the power struggle in the Chicago Police Department that would continue through 1873.
Queer Keanu
Authors: Nishime Leilani
Published: May 2017

This chapter uses the specific example of Keanu Reeves in order to trace how the specter of homosexuality both responds to and redirects a reading of Reeves as multiracial. The celebrity culture surrounding Reeves, particularly the flurry of news activity that accompanied his supposed marriage to David Geffen in the mid-1990s, coincided with the passage of the Clinton Administration's “Don't Ask, Don't Tell” policy and popular media discussions about gay visibility. Reeves' star persona demonstrates how, following the push for multicultural inclusion and representation in the 1980s and 1990s, queer and anti-queer coming out rhetoric reframed ethical concerns about racial passing. Supported by an analysis of Reeves' movie reviews and his publicity photos during this decade, the chapter argues that critics' and fans' repeated characterization of Reeves as a bad actor reflects beliefs about racial authenticity and concerns about both racial and sexual passing.
Seeing Multiracial
Authors: Nishime Leilani
Published: May 2017

This chapter uses the artwork of Kip Fulbeck as a lever to pry open some of the thornier matters surrounding the twinned issues of recognition and state-sponsored discipline. Fulbeck's most famous work, The Hapa Project, is included in the traveling anthropological exhibit “Race: Are We So Different?” The chapter puts Fulbeck's artwork in dialogue with the history of race-based scientific photography and argues that the exhibit's representation of multiracial Asian Americans can provide a counternarrative to the re-racialization of genetic science. Thus, Fulbeck's work demonstrates how audiences might view multiracial visual culture less as an antidote to racial hierarchies and more as a tool that can break open the smooth surface of naturalized and transcendent notions of racial difference.
Jam Tarts, Spotted Dicks, and Curry
Authors: Tarulevicz Nicole
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how Singaporean and Malayan cookbooks produced from 1880 to 2008 were intended to inculcate a racial and social hierarchy. A 1960s cookbook based on the Malayan school curriculum, for example, states that the text is intended to “foster and develop those natural attributes of good craftsmanship and artistry posed by all Malayans.” In the cooking of jam tarts, boiled potatoes, royal icing, coddled eggs, and scones, it seems that Malayan artistry had a clearly British framing. Through educational materials, the colonial authorities, followed by the Singaporean government, used the domestic sphere to establish specific gender and racial constructions; to make rules. Moreover, they sought to imagine, and thereby define, the nation in alignment with the agendas of the elites.
More Than Just Food
Authors: Tarulevicz Nicole
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter examines the role of nostalgia in food culture. Singapore has experienced incredible growth and has emerged as a global city. In an attempt to avoid the resulting sterility, the Singaporean state seeks to capitalize on the people's growing nostalgia. Nostalgia, always a problematic concept in new states, is being negotiated by a direct engagement with food culture. As such, the state—in conjunction with private interests and the public—is actively promoting food nostalgia as cosmopolitanism. But there is also a risk, one that this book seeks to avoid, of creating an image of Singapore defined only by its food.
Coming Out as Coalitional Gesture?
Authors: Chávez Karma R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how appropriation of the LGBTQ rights strategy offers a unique way for understanding how coalitional rhetorics can both gesture to inclusionary and utopian politics and offer an alternative to both. It explores activism for the DREAM (Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors) Act, which would provide a pathway to citizenship for select undocumented youth. Such activism has been both highly utopian in its deployment of the “DREAM” metaphor and simultaneously normative in the type of inclusion the DREAM Act seeks and to whom it would provide inclusion. DREAM activism has also spurred other uses of the coming out strategy, including the development of “undocuqueer” activism and counter-DREAM activism, both of which turn toward coalition beyond the initial appropriation.
“Completely Surrounded by Screens”
Authors: Hendricks Wanda A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Fannie Barrier Williams' move to Jim Crow South in the late nineteenth century and how she was exposed to the complexity of segregation there. Barrier left Brockport in 1875 to teach in the black school system in a South confronted with Reconstruction and marked by stark contrasts with other regions of the country. She first went to Hannibal, Missouri, and then to Washington, D.C., where she lived from 1877 to 1887 and where the largest and most cohesive group of black elites resided. This chapter first considers Barrier's time in Hannibal, where she witnessed deep racial fissures and intolerance, before turning to her migration to Washington, where she embarked on a teaching career and met her future husband S. Laing Williams. It then discusses Barrier's personal views about interracial marriage as well as the association that she had with less affluent blacks or with the racism they faced in their daily lives. It also explores how a raced identity forced Barrier to face a collective racial experience.
The Battle over Marriage
Authors: Moscowitz Leigh
Published: May 2017

Over the past decade, the controversial issue of gay marriage has emerged as a primary battle in the culture wars and a definitive social issue of our time. The subject moved to the forefront of mainstream public debate in 2004, when San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom began authorizing same-sex marriage licenses, and it has remained in the forefront through three presidential campaigns and numerous state ballot initiatives. This book examines how prominent news outlets presented this issue from 2003 to 2012, a time when intense news coverage focused unprecedented attention on gay and lesbian life. During this time, gay rights leaders sought to harness the power of news media to advocate for marriage equality and to reform their community's public image. Building on in-depth interviews with gay rights activists and a comprehensive, longitudinal study of news stories, this book investigates these leaders' aims and how their frames, tactics, and messages evolved over time. In the end, media coverage of the gay marriage debate both aided and undermined the cause. Media exposure gave activists a platform to discuss gay and lesbian families. But it also triggered an upsurge in opposing responses and pressured activists to depict gay life in a way calculated to appeal to heterosexual audiences. Ultimately, this book reveals both the promises and the limitations of commercial media as a route to social change.
Gay Marriage Goes Prime-Time
Authors: Moscowitz Leigh
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the storytelling techniques that were used by journalists to produce the gay marriage issue for prime-time news audiences in 2003–2004, including labeling, framing, sourcing, imagery, and graphics. It discusses the discursive strategies employed by mainstream media to create conflict in the news; how sensationalist labels and descriptive language were used in news stories to validate historic homophobic discourses; and how privileging dominant political and religious sources worked to dichotomize the debate and silence moderate perspectives. It also explores how standard journalistic frames organized the same-sex marriage debate within “official” institutions of power. The chapter argues that journalistic definitions of authority, expertise, and “balance” created an uneven playing field, often pitting gay and lesbian spokespersons against unequal sources of influence from legal, medical, religious, and political authorities. It also shows how media coverage reduced the broader gay rights agenda to a single-issue movement and rarely gave gays and lesbians—almost always shown as couples—the opportunity to offer their own perspectives on this important issue.
Bach, Graupner, and the Rest of Their Contented Contemporaries
Authors: Talle Andrew
Published: May 2017

Music scholars have long recognized the value of comparing settings of the same cantata texts by Bach and his German contemporaries. Examining the ways in which multiple musical minds chose to set the same words can throw the styles of each into sharp relief. This chapter presents a second pair of settings by Bach and Graupner that has received only occasional mention in the literature: Vergnügte Ruh, beliebte Seelenlust (BWV 170 and GWV 1147/11). The premieres of the two settings took place fifteen years apart; Graupner's setting was first heard on July 12, 1711, in Darmstadt, and Bach's on July 28, 1726, in Leipzig. The chapter discusses the two settings of each of Vergnügte Ruh's five movements in turn. In every case, it presents the text in three versions: (1) the original German, following the orthography and punctuation of Lehms' 1711 text; (2) the author's English, word-for-word translation; and (3) the author's English translation, which mimics the poetic structure and rhyme of Lehms' original.
Facing Contradictions
Authors: Franzen Trisha
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the life and accomplishments of Anna Howard Shaw (1847–1919) as well as the author's account of how she became interested in Shaw. It then sets out the book's primary purpose, which is to provide a much-needed biography of a major figure in U.S. women's history. The book is also a historiographic mystery. How and why have so few historians taken an in-depth look at Anna Howard Shaw? Why is there no discussion of the fact that she was the first and only salaried president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association? And certainly the core question remains: how important was Shaw to the woman's suffrage movement? The chapter urges two core changes to Shaw scholarship. First we must consider what the sources actually tell us. The second is to open up the analyses and consider the possibility of other views of Shaw.
Working People’s Responses to Past Depressions
Authors: Montgomery David
Published: May 2017

This chapter sketches out a broad overview of economic panics and workers' responses to them in the United States from Jacksonian times to the Great Depression. Since the founding of the Republic, working men and women have been all too familiar with alternating periods of boom times and hard times, with seasonal unemployment, with marked differences in availability of jobs among various parts of the country, and with general depressions abruptly precipitated by overproduction of wares or by bank panics. Not all downturns struck with the same severity. The crisis of the early 1840s pitched nine state governments into default (primarily in the rapidly expanding cotton kingdom), while the depression that began in 1873 sent ten state governments into default over the ensuing eleven years. The sharp collapse between the spring of 1907 and the spring of 1908 so crippled the economy that for many months more immigrants left the United States for their homelands or other countries than disembarked here. The depressions of 1873–79, 1893–98, and 1929–40 set the stage for fundamental restructuring of industrial, agricultural, and political life.
When Tenants Claimed the City
Authors: Gold Roberta
Published: May 2017

In postwar America, not everyone wanted to move out of the city and into the suburbs. For decades before World War II, New York's tenants had organized to secure renters' rights. After the war, tenant activists raised the stakes by challenging the newly dominant ideal of homeownership in racially segregated suburbs. They insisted that renters as well as owners had rights to stable, well-maintained homes, and they proposed that racially diverse urban communities held a right to remain in place—a right that outweighed owners' rights to raise rents, redevelop properties, or exclude tenants of color. Further, the activists asserted that women could participate fully in the political arenas where these matters were decided. Grounded in archival research and oral history, this book shows that New York City's tenant movement made a significant claim to citizenship rights that came to accrue, both ideologically and legally, to homeownership in postwar America. The book emphasizes the centrality of housing to the racial and class reorganization of the city after the war, the prominent role of women within the tenant movement, and their fostering of a concept of “urban community rights” grounded in their experience of living together in heterogeneous urban neighborhoods.
“A Time of Struggle”
Authors: Gold Roberta
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the unprecedented housing crisis that erupted in New York City at the end of World War II. At the end of the war, New Yorkers faced their worst housing shortage ever. The housing supply that had already been inadequate for the city's population and contained many substandard tenements had fallen even further behind, as construction virtually ceased during the Great Depression and the war. Meanwhile, demand was rising. Even the worst slum apartments found a market among African Americans who were moving north and discovering that de facto segregation confined them to a few crowded neighborhoods. By 1950, census figures showed that the city required an additional 430,000 dwelling units to properly house its population. This chapter looks at the rise of tenant activists and how they addressed the housing crisis via grassroots mobilizations in concert with leftist and liberal organizations, allowing them not only to retain, but also to institutionalize, the signal achievements of rent control and public housing.
“A Lot of Investment, a Lot of Roots”
Authors: Gold Roberta
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines two neighborhood-based movements that challenged redevelopment: Morningside Heights and Cooper Square. It considers how the two areas became policy battlegrounds in the early 1960s as tenants mounted a second round of struggle against urban renewal schemes in New York City. Tenant mobilizations in both areas shared some features with the strike movement, namely tangible contributions from Old Left activists and complicated relations among left and liberal players. But Cooper Square and Morningside Heights tenants employed different ideological tools. They articulated a concept of urban community rights based on social bonds among diverse neighbors. The chapter shows how tenants' assertion of community rights against owners' prerogative challenged a pillar of postwar American ideology, namely, citizenship based on homeownership.
“To Plan Our Own Community”
Authors: Gold Roberta
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the democratically planned state-sponsored projects that became possible due to the new banner of cooperation between government and grassroots organizers. It first provides an overview of the battle over community control of housing development before discussing a number of New York's War on Poverty initiatives such as the Upper Park Avenue Community Association (UPACA), along with their significance for community-based housing activism. It also considers efforts to involve African Americans in economic development, the involvement of women in grassroots development planning, and the creation of community development corporations (CDCs). Finally, it describes Model Cities, an urban initiative designed to engage “the community” by inviting neighborhood participation in planning and attacking many problems at once. The successful projects showed not only that democratic state-sponsored urban renewal was possible, but that New York's tenant history made a difference.
Epilogue
Authors: Grow Nathaniel
Published: May 2017

This epilogue explores issues arising from Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.'s opinion in Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore, Inc. v. National League. It begins with a discussion of criticisms against the decision, including the notion that Holmes simply does not consider the business of professional baseball to be sufficiently interstate in nature to fall within the ambit of the Sherman Antitrust Act. It then offers arguments supporting Holmes, first by insisting that at the time he wrote the opinion it actually “represented a fairly orthodox application of then prevalent constitutional doctrine.” This is followed by an analysis of several mistakes made by the Baltimore Federals's legal counsel in the suit. The epilogue also looks at two other cases in which the Court has affirmed Federal Baseball: Toolson v. New York Yankees in 1953 and Flood v. Kuhn in 1972. Finally, it comments on recent attempts to limit the scope of baseball's antitrust exemption to just the reserve clause, contending that they are contrary to the actual history of the Federal Baseball case.
Hillary Clinton as International Emissary and Scorned Wife
Authors: Parry-Giles Shawn J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the coverage of Clinton's international excursions beginning in 1995 and ending with the media frenzy over the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal from 1998 through early 1999. As Clinton entered the international spaces of politics as a U.S. emissary, she was framed increasingly as the silent and more appropriately gendered first lady, visualized in the global spaces yet given minimal voice in primetime news coverage. At the first sign of discord, however, the surveillance and scrutiny would begin again, especially coinciding with her very public and outspoken actions during the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in China. The dissipation of controversy over most of Clinton's seventy-eight international trips as first lady suggested that the true spaces of contestation for vocal political women existed within the boundaries of the nation-state.
Fictional Directions
Authors: Slusser George
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers how Gregory Benford became a scientist-writer by focusing on the two directions that his subsequent fiction will take. As a writer, Benford came up through the science fiction pathway. The goal from the outset was to write serious fiction about the new world that science offered to mankind, and to present, in fictional works, the role of scientists in shaping and understanding that brave new world. Benford published his first novel in 1970, to be followed by a formative period of intense creative activity from the early 1970s to the early 1980s. This chapter examines how the interweaving of fictional directions in Benford's career as a scientist-writer find their common focus in the defining of a single character type—the scientist, or person of scientific vision, at work doing science. To this end, the chapter analyzes two “bookend” novels: Deeper than the Darkness (1970) and Against Infinity (1983).
Benford’s Short Fiction
Authors: Slusser George
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Gregory Benford's short fiction. The short story is widely considered the essential form for science fiction (SF). Indeed, many of the most esteemed SF novels began as an idea-packed short story, which the author subsequently elaborates (often with less success) into a larger narrative. Since his first published story “Stand In” appeared in 1965 in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Benford has published a large number of short stories in magazines and in anthologies. He collected many of his best stories in two landmark volumes, In Alien Flesh (1986) and Matter's End, followed by three more recent anthologies: Worlds Vast and Various (1999), Immersion and Other Short Novels (2002), and Anomalies: Collected Stories (2012). This chapter examines two of Benford's short stories, “Exposures” (1981) and “Mozart on Morphine” (1989).
Interview with Gregory Benford
Authors: Slusser George
Published: May 2017

GEORGE SLUSSER:Greg, the definition of SF I find challenging, and yet vague, is that of Robert L. Forward: “Science writes the fiction.” Could you tell me how you, as scientist and writer, see this definition? How do you see you must nuance it?GREGORY BENFORD:...
The Quaker Antislavery Commitment and How It Revolutionized French Antislavery through the Crèvecoeur–Brissot Friendship, 1782–1789
Authors: Rossignol Marie-Jeanne
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the friendship between J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur and French abolitionist Jacques-Pierre Brissot. Crèvecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer was long seen as the first expression of American literary consciousness. The book proved to be a best seller when it came out in England in 1782. London was then one of the major places where the French “literary underground” could publish magazines and books free of government censorship. A number of French journalists thus resided in London and contributed to various publications. One of them was Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville. Reading Letters formed a turning point in his career as an activist, prompting him to seek an acquaintance with Crèvecoeur.
Phantom Faggots
Authors: Amico Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines a seeming contradiction in post-Soviet Russian popular musics: the existence of widespread homophobia and the relatively large number of popular music performers whose sexual orientation has been questioned, both by those in the general public and the (yellow) press. Focusing on the work of three male performers—singers Boris Moiseev, Valerii Leont'ev, and Andrei Danilko (who assumes the drag persona Verka Serdiuchka)—the chapter analyzes the ways in which certain texts of theirs may be read as suggesting male–male sexuality. To situate historically and corporeally, and help explain, this contemporary efflorescence of relatively visible/audible homosexuality, the chapter considers the phenomenon of the phantom limb. More specifically, it explores how homosexuality, through its gendered connections to disease and infection, is viewed as a danger. Finally, it discusses the persistence of stereotypical gender roles in the post-Soviet era, and particularly the ways that masculinity is linked to the male and femininity to the female.
C. Francis Jenkins, Pioneer of Film and Television
Authors: Godfrey Donald G.
Published: May 2017

This is the first biography of the important but long-forgotten American inventor Charles Francis Jenkins (1867–1934). The book documents the life of Jenkins from his childhood in Indiana and early life in the West to his work as a prolific inventor whose productivity was cut short by an early death. Jenkins was an inventor who made a difference. As one of America's greatest independent inventors, Jenkins' passion was to meet the needs of his day and the future. In 1895 he produced the first film projector able to show a motion picture on a large screen, coincidentally igniting the first film boycott among his Quaker viewers when the film he screened showed a woman's ankle. Jenkins produced the first American television pictures in 1923, and developed the only fully operating broadcast television station in Washington, D.C. transmitting to ham operators from coast to coast as well as programming for his local audience. This biography raises the profile of C. Francis Jenkins from his former place in the footnotes to his rightful position as a true pioneer of today's film and television. Along the way, it provides a window into the earliest days of both motion pictures and television as well as the now-vanished world of the independent inventor.
The Jenkins Television Corporation
Authors: Godfrey Donald G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Jenkins Television Corporation, founded by C. Francis Jenkins on November 16, 1928, under the laws of the State of Delaware. Jenkins Television combined Jenkins' television and Lee De Forest's radio patents, their technology, and their salable names. It was designed for manufacturing and selling equipment created by the Jenkins Laboratories, and was financed to meet the demands for receivers. This chapter begins with a discussion of Jenkins' relocation of W3XK to Wheaton, Maryland, along with some of the station's program innovations. It also considers Jenkins Television's creation of two television stations, W2XCR in Jersey City and WGBS in New York City; demonstrations of a “flying laboratory” for home transmission of radio movies; and lawsuits that hounded Jenkins and Jenkins Television. Finally, it examines the impact of the stock market collapse in 1929 on Jenkins' companies and the eventual downfall of the Jenkins Television Corporation before reflecting on Jenkins' death in 1934.
Prologue
Authors: Bauman Thomas
Published: May 2017

This prologue describes Chicago's black gambling world and three of its leading figures, focusing on major developments in 1903. It begins with a look at John “Mushmouth” Johnson, who operated a saloon and gambling den at 464 South State Street. Since around 1900, Johnson's most profitable operation had been the game of policy. Johnson wove a dense and seemingly impermeable tapestry of gambling, politics, protection, and graft. Each of Johnson's successive gambling houses catered to an interracial clientele—whites, blacks, and Asians. The discussion then turns to black gambler John Weston “Poney” Moore, who ran a hotel and saloon on Twenty-first Street, and Robert T. Motts. Motts turned his entrepreneurial talents from the interwoven world of gambling, protection, and politics to the project of racial community-building on Chicago's South Side. After the mayor launched an anti-gambling campaign that brought Motts's operations to public attention for the first time, Motts began planning to transform his saloon into a beer garden and vaudeville house.
Motts’s Last Years
Authors: Bauman Thomas
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Robert T. Motts's last years and how the Pekin Theater fared after his death in 1911. It first considers the competition faced by the Pekin during the period from other theaters on The Stroll, including the New Grand Theater and the Frank L. Gale Piano Company, and goes on to discuss Motts's efforts to ensure that his theater's position at the top of The Stroll was not just a matter of geography but also one of prestige, popularity, and profitability. It then examines Jesse A. Shipp's musical comedies written for the Pekin, including The Lime Kiln Club, as well as the songs that figured prominently in his shows for the theater. It also describes the closure of the Pekin after Motts's death and its resumption of operations on September 5 with a five-act melodrama called Tallaboo, followed by other shows such as “Dixie” musical comedies.
Interpreting Gender
Authors: Jack Jordynn
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores how the gendered character of the refrigerator mother offered an interpretive lens through which experts viewed autism when it was first identified as a unique disorder. Character sketches of these early “autism mothers” emerged from a set of topoi—culturally available ideas and images—about mothers in the 1960s and were found lacking compared to the standard of a warm, devoted, and loving mother. The chapter shows that typified gendered characters can be interpreted as explanations for autism, thereby functioning as heuristics for scientific theorizing. It then considers how mothers began to counter this character and construct a new one that would grant them greater epistemic authority.
Conclusions
Authors: Jack Jordynn
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter argues that by developing and circulating new characters, rhetoric scholars can enact social and political change. By forwarding alternative characters—autistic people who are capable self-advocates, parents who are accepting of their children's differences—individuals can shift public perceptions and gain a voice in decision making. Those involved in other kinds of rights movements—such as women's rights or civil rights—have had to generate alternatives to the often stereotyped, demeaning characters used to limit their opportunities and to justify oppression. Autistic individuals involved in the neurodiversity movement similarly seek to gain fundamental rights, in part by contesting the stock characters of autistic people that circulate in the media and in popular discourse.
Introduction
Authors: Vogan Travis
Published: May 2017

This book explores how NFL Films shaped the way Americans view football and paved the way for the emergence of cable television and Internet sports media. Baseball is traditionally recognized as America's favorite pastime, but the country's most popular and lucrative sports organization since the late 1960s has been the National Football League (NFL). NFL football's tremendous cultural and economic power is not simply a product of the games it provides for millions of live and mediated spectators, but also its cultural meanings. More than merely a game, the sport embodies and articulates characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, and values unique to American history, identity, and everyday life. This book examines the ways that NFL Films' productions changed how pro football, and sport in general, is represented and imagined while establishing a foundation from which the contemporary sports media landscape—an almost unavoidable facet of popular culture—developed. It discusses the institutional and cultural history of NFL Films as well as its circulating and archived productions, the discourses it generates, and the discourses surrounding the company.
The NFL’s Smithsonian
Authors: Vogan Travis
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the NFL Films archive, the largest sports film archive in the world. Building from the authenticity and emotional power the company assigns to film, president Steve Sabol calls the NFL Films archive “the soul of the NFL,” “the NFL's Smithsonian,” and “football's wine cellar.” NFL Films' archive consists of two main parts that serve overlapping functions: a fire-proof, temperature-controlled, limited-access vault that houses and safeguards nearly all the film the company has created and purchased since Blair Motion Pictures' beginning; a film library that organizes copies of footage for inclusion in the company's productions and for sale to clients. This chapter examines the NFL Films archive's role in the company's efforts to create, circulate, and control the National Football League's image.
Cable, NFL Media, and NFL Films’ Dinosaur Television
Authors: Vogan Travis
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the development of cable television and NFL Media enhanced the production and circulation of NFL Films content. As NFL Films' programming set the stage for the development of twenty-four-hour sports channels like ESPN, it established a starting point from which the National Football League (NFL) formed its own network, the NFL Network. In 2004 NFL Films was designated part of NFL Media, a multiplatform subsidiary run by former ESPN president Steve Bornstein that now includes the NFL Network, NFL.com, and offshoots like the RedZone specialty seasonal cable channel and the NFL Mobile smartphone application. This chapter explores how NFL Films, which established a foundation for the development of cable sports television and the transformation of the NFL into a multiplatform media institution, has been constrained to adjust its practices to maintain a place within the contemporary sports media landscape and league it helped create. It also considers how the Internet created new opportunities for the NFL to build and circulate its image.
Conclusion
Authors: Vogan Travis
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter examines the continued presence of NFL Films' traditional practices—and the values they deliver—at a time when the National Football League (NFL) evidences less support for programming that displays these conventions. Despite its decreased importance to the contemporary league, the cultural and aesthetic significance of NFL Films productions exceeds the realm of pro football and even sports media. Despite their increased scarcity on venues like ESPN and NFL Network, NFL Films' traditional aesthetic practices and the values they convey circulate independently of the company's depictions of pro football. It is now virtually impossible to watch TV for very long during the football season without witnessing at least one commercial that evokes NFL Films' conventions. This chapter discusses the legacy of NFL Films, including the establishment of a league-owned media infrastructure upon which the NFL continues to expand and that all other major sports organizations have since emulated, along with the creation of a framework from which contemporary sports television developed its formal practices and enhanced its presence on the medium.
The Digital Fate of the Critical Apparatus
Authors: Apollon Daniel , Bélisle Claire
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the different characteristics of critical edition. It illustrates a global view of the processes and key components of digital critical edition with examples of problems and concrete solutions. The chapter aims to describe how “traditional” components of critical edition—the critical apparatus, the page layout, indexes, and different types of reference systems—can be combined, through digital technology, with tools for analysis and dynamic organization under the reader's control. Through examples of online productions, the chapter shows how the historical modes and conventions are reformulated in a digital environment and how digitally specific modalities can renew critical edition projects.