bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Support Groups
Authors: Rosenberg Pearl P.
Published: March 2007

In differentiating modalities of group technique, this article presents an explicit definition of and systematic criteria for characterizing the support group A theoretical base for the support group is proposed, and comparisons are made among this group, the self-help group, and group psychotherapy.
Training in the Management of Conflict
Authors: Schultz Beatrice , Anderson Judith
Published: March 2007

It is proposed that a model ofconflict resolution based on communication theory constitutes an effective approach to the learning ofskills in conflict management. In thisframework, it may become possible to change negativeperceptions through cognitive processes as a basis for acquisition of conflict resolution skills.
Instrumental and Expressive Structures in Small Groups
Authors: Kimberly James C.
Published: March 2007

Bales's early view of relations between instrumental and expressive structures (dual leadership) and the work on legitimacy of instrumental structure to which it led is reviewed. Then, legitimacy of instrumental structure is conceptualized in terms of integration of distribution of members' skills and instrumental structure, showing that this integration creates distributive justice. Next, Blau's conception of primary and secondary differentiation and inequality structures is presented along with relevant work, showing that Blau's conception applies at an interpersonal rather than a group level. Finally, a conception of the expressive structure is presented. It is shown that this conception makes it possible to formulate the ways and conditions under which the expressive structure can compensate for illegitimacy (injustice) of the instrumental structure.
Group Resistance To Influence By a Conciliatory Member
Authors: Lindskold Svenn , Han Gyuseog
Published: March 2007

Subjects were assigned as groups or individuals to the communicator role in a Prisoner's Dilemma in which a simulated individual was the recipient. Each subject was also given either a conciliatory, tough, or individualistic assignment by an "outside" group of constituents the subjects were to represent in the interaction. Individuals, charged either to be conciliatory or tough, were compared with three types of groups: all-conciliatory; conciliatory/tough, in which one group member was charged to be conciliatory and the others were charged to be tough; and conciliatory/ in dividualistic. The results showed that conciliatory individuals did carry out their assignment and were more cooperative in their behavior, promised cooperation more, threatened less, and were more conciliatory in free communication than were tough individuals. The all-conciliatory groups did not differ from conciliatory individuals. The conciliatory members of mixed groups, however, were not successful in moderating their fellows. The mixed groups were both less cooperative and less conciliatory in their communications than the all-conciliatory groups. The results are discussed in terms of the formidable opposition faced by a conciliatory minority and the high likelihood that groups in conflict will be tough, rather than conciliatory.
Group Motivation and Group Task Performance
Authors: Nakanishi Masayuki
Published: March 2007

Using the expectancy-valence model, this study investigates the effects of group motivation on group task performance. Two levels of valence, expectancy, and instrumentality are experimentally created, resulting in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design incorporating 128 mixed-sex groups. Although the results generally confirm the hypotheses, patterns of effects of the independent variables differ, depending on the nature of the dependent variable under consideration. The effect of the valence variable is found on the group productivity on the unstructured task as well as on the task-persistence measure. The effect of the expectancy variable is found on the task-persistence measure. Finally, the effect of the instrumentality variable is found on group productivity on the structured task. For all three independent variables, groups in the high conditions perform better than groups in the low conditions. Significant interactions among the independent variables are not found, though the model had so predicted.
Testing a Personal Construct Theory Model of the Experiential Learning Process
Authors: Beck John E.
Published: March 2007

This article outlines a model of the experiential learning process based on personal construct theory, Kelly (1955). The model suggests that, as a result of sensitivity training, participants' construct systems will be modified in particular ways. This occurs either by defining the constructs currently employed to understand self and others or by incorporating new themes into the construct system to provide a broader understanding of interpersonal phenomena. Incorporated into the model are the concepts that Kelly gives to various emotional states. The emotions considered in this article are those experienced when the construct system is invalidated and are Kelly's definitions of "guilt, ""threat andfear, "and "anxiety. " These are measured by attitude questionnaires and hypotheses about the relationships to repertory-grid-derived measures. Groups of participants who report significant changes in feelings of guilt, threat, and anxiety during the workshop are identified, and comparisons made between these groups on repertory-grid-derived measures of construct system structure. These results and some unexpected and contradictory findings are discussed, and future research issues identified.
Defining Group Cohesiveness
Authors: Mudrack Peter E.
Published: March 2007

Cohesiveness remains a critical group-level variable, and while it may seem unnecessary to suggest that investigators should link their nominal definition of this construct with its operationalization, few researchers make this important connection. Group cohesiveness has proven to be astonishingly difficult to define precisely and consistently. Perhaps as a consequence, many contemporary researchers leave this construct undefined. Many others rely on classic definitions of cohesiveness developed during the 1950s, without necessarily being aware of the confusion and inconsistencies embodied in these definitions. Greater focus on the definitional issue should improve the quality of future research.
Some Theoretical Implications of Female and Male Interaction in Unstructured Small Groups
Authors: Mabry Edward A.
Published: March 2007

The contrasting assumptions and findings of three theoretical orientations frequently used to explain mixed-sex small group interaction are reviewed. Data from human relations training groups were analyzed to test sex-role differentiation theory hypotheses against alternative explanations grounded in role-status expectation and contextual role adaptation theories. Results did not support sex-role differentiation or adaptation orientations. Women were interactively dominant and more proactive and reactive to same-sex group members; men vacillated between attending to opposite-sex members or attempting global impact. Role-status expectation theory was advanced as the most appropriate explanatory framework for these results.
Diagnostics With Families
Authors: Balck F. , Jantschek G. , Wietersheim J. v.
Published: March 2007

Olson and Portner 's instrument, Faces II, is compared to Bales and Cohen's SYMLOG. The first is a method that was specifically designed for the diagnosis of families, whereas the second was designed for the measurement of general social interaction. It was determined that both instruments provide useful information regarding the functioning of the family, but that there is almost no overlap in the information provided; no significant correlations between the results provided by the two instruments was found
Developmental Patterns in Same-Sex and Mixed-Sex Groups
Authors: Verdi Anthony F. , Wheelan Susan A.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated developmental patterns in an all-male, all-female, and a mixed-sex group. Specifically, the research asked whether there were proportional differences in the types of verbal statements made in these three groups and whetherthese proportions changed over time. A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed no significant differences between the all-male and all-female groups. Developmental patterns were the same in both groups. Significant differences were noted between same-sex groups and the mixed-sex group. The verbal behaviorof men and women was notdifferentfrom each other in the mixedsex groups. However, both men and women responded differently in the larger mixed-sex group. The identified patterns of development in the same-sex groups corresponded well to those found in previous research on group development. This was generally true in the larger mixed-sex group as well, with three exceptions. Flight, which typically decreases across time, increased in the mixed-sex group. Work expected to increase, decreased in the larger group; and pairing, expected to peak in the third phase, peaked early and late in the mixed-sex group. The study concluded that sex composition does not influence group developmental patterns. Size of group does seem to alter these patterns to some extent, however.
Group Cohesiveness and Quality of Decision Making
Authors: Mullen Brian , Anthony Tara , Salas Eduardo , Driskell James E.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of a meta-analytic integration of the effects of group cohesiveness on quality of decision making in groups. Overall, there was no significant effect of cohesiveness on the quality of group decisions. However, more cohesive groups rendered poorer quality decisions when additional antecedent conditions of groupthink were present (directive leadership). In addition, the component of cohesiveness that appears to be critical for the emergence of groupthink is interpersonal attraction: Cohesiveness impaired decision quality more as the operationalization of cohesiveness entailed more interpersonal attraction, and less as the operationalization entailed more commitment to task or group pride. Finally, more cohesive groups did render poorer quality decisions as group size increased. Discussion considers the implications of these resultsforfuture research on the relaion between cohesiveness and quality of decision making in particular, and on groupthink in general.
Communication Challenges and Role Functions of Performing Groups
Authors: Rose Jeremy
Published: March 2007

This artick examines the internal and external communication of an underresearched type of small group, the performing group. A participant observation case study of a nightclub band explores the challenge of engaging in internal and external group communication simultaneously. The author uses Bochner's lypology ofthefivefunctions of communication-impression management, expression, organization, validation, and protection-to define role functions salient to this performing group. Signals sent by different members to other members and the audience provide evidence of three previously unidentified rolefunctions-frontperson, expressive leader, and stage leader-described in terms of concernfordifferent functions of communication.
Theoretical Commitments Presupposed by Functional Approaches to Group Discussion
Authors: Pavitt Charles
Published: March 2007

Functional theory is theory in which the central core includes a description of attributes that lead to good consequencesfor, and/or that satisfy agoal of, a system or the system's designer or user. The application of functional theory to small group discussion requires the theorist to make two types of theoretical commitments. First, functional theories should include scientific functional explanations. Second, finctional theories should include a description of necessary discussionfunctions on one and only one level of abstraction. Three well-known functional approaches to group discussion, those of Benne and Sheats, Bales, and Hirokawa, are described, and the two commitment requirements are applied to these approaches. All three approaches are shown to contain incomplete explanations and to describe functions on different levels of abstraction.
Information Exchange and Use in Small Group Decision Making
Authors: Dennis Alan R.
Published: March 2007

This study examines information exchange and decision-making processes in small groups that interacted verbally orwitha group support system (GSS). Six-memberGSSand non-GSS groups worked to solve a hidden profile task in which members had different information and needed to share their information to discover the optimal decision. Both GSS and non-GSS groups exchanged only a small portion of the available information. Both made poor decisions because they lacked sufficient information and failed to effectively use the shared information. GSS groups were less likely to use the shared information, possibly because anonymity reduced the information's credibility or the GSS impaired members' abilities to integrate the newly received information into their existing base of information.
The Relationship between a Group's Personality Resources and the Two Dimensions of Its Group Process
Authors: Bond Michael Harris , Shiu Winnie Yin-Fong
Published: March 2007

Each group member contributes the resources of his or herpersonality to the functioning of his or her group. It was hypothesized that the total and the variation in these resources then influence the character of that group 's internalfunctioning. This longitudinal study explored the relationship between the total level and variability in eight personality dispositions measured at the group ' formation (T1) on two broad measures of group process, performance focus and shared exchange, measured at the middle (T2) and end (T3) of the group s work. At both stages, total levels of self-rated assertiveness predictedperformance focus; at both stages, total levels of self-rated applicationpredicted shared exchange. At T3, however, shared exchange was also predicted by low variability in group members' openness, emotional stability, and assertiveness. Both total levels and variability of key personality variables explained sizableportions ofthe variance in the two measures ofgroupfunctioning, thereby underscoring the key role of members 'personalities in channeling a group s internal process.
The Relationship between Collective Efficacy and Performance in Manufacturing Work Teams
Authors: Little Beverly L. , Madigan Robert M.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the construct of collective efficacy for self-managed work teams in a manufacturing setting. The construct is developedfrom a historical perspective through the team literature and the self-efficacy literature. Collective efficacy and performance behaviors are measured at four time periods for eight work teams. A positive relationship was discovered using repeated measures analysis of variance, indicating that higher efficacy is related to higher levels of performance.
Performance and Learning Goal Orientations as Moderators of Social Loafing and Social Facilitation
Authors: Gagné Marylène , Zuckerman Miron
Published: March 2007

The social loafing and social facilitation phenomena were examined in contexts that encourage the adoption of either performance or learning goals. Social loafing and social facilitation were operationalized using a manipulation of evaluation potential by others (copartici-pants and experimenter) present in the experimental situation. Performance goal instructions were controlling and emphasized the test like nature of the task, whereas learning goal instructions were autonomy-supportive and emphasized its learning aspects. As expected, increases in evaluation potential resulted in increases in performance, lending support to a hypothesized continuum of evaluation potential underlying social loafing and social facilitation. The social facilitation effect was more pronounced in the performance goal compared to the learning goal context. In contrast, the social loafing effect was not moderated by context. Implications for group situations are discussed.
Batting .333, or, 10 Years Out of 30 Ain’t Bad
Authors: Corbeil Pierre
Published: March 2007

Gaming is more than a pastime; it is a passion that does not depend on professional affiliation. For a man of many passions, it is often necessary to make painful choices when priorities are not obvious. As a wargamer and a foreigner, the author has found both a home and a puzzle in NASAGA, an experience that is probably shared by other gamers, at least for the home part. NASAGA represents a positive creation of Anglo-American civilization, and it assuages the uncomfortable situation of living in a world that is in many ways as American as the classical world was Roman.
Where in the World of English is Carmen Sandiego?
Authors: Meskill Carla
Published: March 2007

Computer games designed for use by native speakers of English can serve as apowerful source of motivation; provide exposure to the target language, and be an impetus for meaningful interaction among students of English as a Second Language (ESL). A particularly attractive package for this purpose, WHERE IN THE WORLD IS CARMEN SANDIEGO., is described here in the context of ESL instruction.
Using a Computer to Study the Commons Dilemma
Authors: Fusco Marc E. , Bell Paul A. , Jorgensen Michael D. , Smith Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2007

Hardin s 1968 concept of a "commons dilemma" has received much attention from behavioral scientists concerned with current social and environmental problems that deal with shared resources. The dilemma is that selfish, competitive behavior which appears to be advantageous to the individual actually depletes shared resources to the long-term disadvantage of the group. Various laboratory techniques have been employed to study cooperation and competition in commons dilemma simulations. Two programs are described, which use a multiuser computer system and facilitate the operation of one such simulation procedure.
Shifting Paradigms, Shifting Sands: Interactive Multimedia for Language Learning
Authors: Morgenstern Douglas M.
Published: March 2007

The advent of multimedia, which permits the integration of motion video in the computer environment, offers an opportunity to transform profoundly language-learning software. Interactive learning programs can now be truly communicative-based, because powerful computational tools allow learners to work with authentic materials that otherwise would be overwhelming. Video materials created from the outset with interactive objectives most fully exploit the potential of this emerging medium. DIRECTIONPARIS and NO RECUERDO, both components of the Athena Language Learning Project at MIT, embody this design philosophy.
ISAGA '91: Global Modeling for Solving Global Problems
Authors: Keys Louise , Keys Bernard
Published: March 2007

Kyoto, Japan provided the setting for the 22nd Annual Meeting of the International Simulation and Gaming Association. Participants from 20 countries met, presented papers, symposia, and workshop demonstrations on the subject of global modeling. The program was cohosted by the Japanese Association of Simulation and Gaming and the Science Council of Japan and timed to coincide with the famous Gion Festival. Part of the program was hosted at Ritsumeikan University and part at the Kyoto International Conference Hall.
Forecasting and Management Ability: A Response to Wolfe
Authors: Teach Richard
Published: March 2007

This article is a response to a critique of an article published in Simulation & Gaming titled: "Profits: The False Prophet in Business Games. " This article answers the critique point by point, counters the reproaches and points out the errors of logic in the critique.
Designing an Instructional Simulation for a Program Entry Panel
Authors: Cowen Michael B.
Published: March 2007

Operating many consumer products and electronic industrial machines is difficult when a clear relationship does not exist between the user interface and the device behavior. The mental representation of the user interface for an electronic device can include knowledge of button syntax and semantics as well as an understanding of the underlying model of the electronic device. Users do not need to learn the underlying device model because the sequence of steps required to operate most electronic devices generally cannot be inferred from the engineering models. A computer-based instructional simulation of a program entry panel for a telephone system was developed to help users learn panel syntax and semantics.
Systemic Cognitive-Developmental Therapy: Training Practitioners to Access and Assess Cognitive-Developmental Orientations
Authors: Rigazio-DiGiio Sandra A.
Published: March 2007

Systemic cognitive-developmental therapy (SCDT) is a multidimensional therapeutic model. SCDT provides specific guidelines and questioning strategies for conducting marriage and family therapy within a developmental framework, and offers an integrative classification system that can be used to organize intervention strategies from various family counseling and therapy approaches into developmentally oriented treatment plans. SCDT assessment strategies assist clinicians to identify the particular collective cognitive-developmental worldview that guides a family's approach to the world. In doing so, practitioners can then use the integrative classification system to design treatment plans specifically tailored to both match and expand the worldviews of their clients. SCDT questioning strategies can be used by clinicians to facilitate a family's exploration of life tasks from different worldview perspectives, thus promoting increased alternatives, adaptation, and development. This article describes an innovative training program designed to prepare practitioners to use the SCDT assessment and questioning strategies when providing counseling and therapy services. Infused throughout the training are structured activities and simulations aimed at increasing trainee competencies in the diagnostic and treatment protocols associated with the SCDT model. The goals of these activities are defined, and several specific activities are illustrated.
The 25th Anniversary of ISAGA: The Orchestration of Organized Complexity
Authors: Klabbers Jan H. G.
Published: March 2007

The 25th anniversary of the International Simulation and Gaming Association (ISAGA) is a good occasion to assess the current situation in the field of gaming-simulation, particularly from an ISAGA perspective. After describing the purpose and thrust of the association and outlining the position of ISA GA in the academic field, a short history of gaming-simulation is sketched, starting with the general management games of the 1950s. As the starting point for the development of the field, their generic structure and development are presented as the common background for gaming-simulation in other areas. Current global changes show that we are in a period of transition with unknown outcomes. Can such a situation of weakly organized complexity be governed or managed? Gaming-simulation could be very useful in supporting processes of change within and between the industrialized and developing societies, as it is well suited to dealing with various forms of social complexity. Recent scientific insights hold promise for the use of gaming-simulation in developing a better understanding of the complex dynamics of social systems. Improvements necessary to advancing the field are also discussed.
Tests of Leadership Solutions to Collective Action Problems
Authors: Frohlich Norman , Oppenheimer Joe A.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between laboratory experiments and simulations is discussed, an experimental simulation of entrepreneurial leadership is presented, and the efficacy of leadership as a solution to collective action problems when communication is asymmetric and costly is examined. The authors investigate the impact of a profit incentive on the efficacy of communicators organizing cooperation in the groups. The effectiveness of centralized communication is confirmed, but the impact of a profit incentive is ambiguous. The results raise additional questions regarding the use of experimental simulation methods to study the entrepreneurial provision of collective goods.
A Random Strategy Criterion for Validity of Simulation Game Participation
Authors: Dickinson John R. , Faria A. J.
Published: March 2007

Several approaches have been used to examine the external and internal validity of simulation game participation. This article proposes a new approach for measuring internal validity. Termed the random strategy criterion, this approach offers a more logical conceptual foundation than past research approaches. The random strategy criterion is defined and tested in a classroom setting with more than 660 students. The results presented support the use of this criterion for measuring internal validity.
SYSTEMS AND SYNERGY
Authors: Beazley Hamilton , Lobuts John
Published: March 2007

The objective of SYSTEMSAND SYNERGYis to increase the participant's understanding of the dynamics that affect organizational performance to improve his or her decision-making capabilities. Decision making is facilitated and judgment is improved when managers have a systems understanding of the interrelationships of organizational dimensions that affect performance. SYSTEMSAND SYNERGYis designed to enhance that understanding through exposure to Bolman and Deal's four frames of reference for viewing and understanding organizations: structural, human resource, symbolic (cultural), and political.
The Survival of the Blackest
Authors: Jones Ken
Published: March 2007

It has long been observed that games and simulations can shake up the academic hierarchy in a classroom. There has been little or no research into racial differences in simulations. This article describes several incidents in which Black students outperformed White and Asian students. If these episodes have any significance, it would be in line with linguistic research that shows that members of Black communities often excel in oral skills and value them more highly than members of the White culture.
Training Trainers: Evaluating Services Provided to Children with HIV and Their Families
Authors: DePoy Elizabeth , Burke Janice P. , Sherwen Laurie
Published: March 2007

This article describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of an innovative "train-the-trainers" social work program for organizing services for children with AIDS and their caregivers in an urban setting. Based on prior empirical research and definition of problems and needs derived from community members and service providers, a conference to train trainers was conducted. Our preliminary evaluation suggests that the trainees rated faculty high on teaching expertise, held a high degree of knowledge about HIV and children with HIV and their caregivers following the training sessions, and reported positive attitude changes resulting from conference participation that would enhance their roles as volunteer trainers. Implications for further research and program development are discussed.
A Statewide Evaluation of Family Preservation and Family Reunification Services
Authors: Nugent William R. , Carpenter Drucilla , Parks Joe
Published: March 2007

In recent years, social workers have begun to focus on services intended to help keep families together. This article describes evaluation studies of family preservation and reunification services provided to families of status offenders across the state of Florida. Logistic regression methods were used to identify correlates offamily preservation and family reunification in data from 4,195 families served by 23 Florida Network of Youth and Family Services programs during fiscal year 1989-1990. Statistically significant models were identified for both family preservation and family reunification efforts. Then data from families served by Florida Network agencies during fiscal years 1988-1989 (2,065 families) and 1990-1991 (3,931 families) were analyzed in a model validation study. Several demographic, client history, and service variables were identified as correlates of family preservation and family reunification. The implications of these results for the efforts of social workers to preserve and reunify families are discussed.
The Effectiveness of a Psychoeducational Support Service to Families of Persons with a Chronic Mental Illness
Authors: Hugen Beryl
Published: March 2007

At the heart of the family psychoeducational approach is the need expressed by families experiencing significant burdens in caring for their ill relatives for more information and concrete advice about their relatives' illness and treatment. The programs reported in the literature that have been developed to respond to these needs have shown significant positive results. It is hypothesized in this study that the educational aspect of these programs is a significant mode of action or core component of these programs. To test the effectiveness of this core or minimal educational module directed toward families of persons with a chronic mental illness, an all-day educational workshop was conducted with family members (N = 22) who live with a relative with a schizophrenic illness. Results attest to the benefits of an educational model of intervention with families of persons with a chronic mental illness. The study offers some preliminary implications, both theoretical and practical, for the role of social workers in working with caregivers of the chronically mentally ill
Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects
Authors: Grigsby R.Kevin , Roof Heidi L.
Published: March 2007

Federal policy regarding the protection of human subjects in research has led to the creation of institutional review boards (IRBs) at every institution that receives federal funds for research. The function of the IRB is to review research that involves human subjects to ensure that this research is completed in an ethical manner. Social work research undertaken by researchers at federally funded institutions using human subjects and aiming to build knowledge that is generalizable is subject to IRB review, as is any research that is not specifically exempted from IRB oversight by the law. Social work practitioners and researchers who use research designs to evaluate practice effectiveness should comply with the ethical standards of the profession and may be subject to the standards specified in federal policy The relationships among social work research, the IRB, and the evaluation of social work practice are examined in light of the federal policy for protecting human subjects. Guidelines are given as to the types of research and evaluation that fall under the purview of the IRB.
Social Work Research: Priorities and Obstacles
Authors: Gambrill Eileen
Published: March 2007

Priorities for social work research are suggested and obstacles discussed Clarifying the goals of research is suggested as a first step. Success in helping clients prevent or resolve real-life problems is suggested as a key purpose ofknowledge development in professions such as social work Priorities identified include diffusion of successful programs, developing effective education programs, intervention research (especially programmatic research), increasing the quality of scholarship, and training m critical thinking and related knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Other priorities discussed include networking among those working in a given area and increasing skills in grant preparation. Obstacles identified include funding priorities, different definitions of knowledge, lack of understanding and misrepresentation of science, competing contingencies, and seduction by theory. Others suggested include the prevalence of pathologies of science, different goals, and the search for a unique knowledge base. Educational implications are discussed
The Boulder Model: Lessons From Clinical Psychology for Social Work Training
Authors: Thrnbull Joanne E. , Dietz-Uhler Beth
Published: March 2007

The integration of practice and research concepts into a distinctive social work practice research model has generated considerable interest in our field. The rationale for a practice research model has been well articulated in the social work literature, with an emphasis on the development of methods for practitioners to evaluate their practice, and more recently, the emergence of preliminary guidelines for a model of practice research. This article extends the discussion of a social work practice research model by introducing a preliminary model for training research practitioners in social work. Beginning with a summary of the Boulder Model from clinical psychology, other related practice research models that can contribute to a social work practice research model are highlighted, and applications for the field of social work are outlined.
Research-Based Family Interventions for the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Gingerich Susan L. , Bellack Alan S.
Published: March 2007

Well-controlled clinical trials have established the efficacy of a number of family-based psychosocial interventions for the treatment of schizophrenia. Seven such studies with long-term follow-up are reviewed here.
Task-Centered Case Management for the Elderly: Developing a Practice Model
Authors: Naleppa Matthias J. , Reid William J.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the early development and field testing of a task-centered case manage ment modelfor social work practice with the elderly. Integrating a specific intervention protocol with the established case management core functions, the model addresses the lack of clearly defined practice guidelines for case management with elderly clients. Findings regarding the process, structure, and outcomes of implementing the model are presented. The process was analyzed using Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR), an innovative method for process-onented social work research. Suggestions for a revised model and future development and research are made.
Capturing the Insights of Family Caregivers: Survey Item Generation with a Coupled Interview/Focus Group Process
Authors: Wackerbarth Sarah B. , Streams Megan E. , Smith Melissa K.
Published: March 2007

The usefulness of qualitative methodologies to augment and enrich quantitative studies is often overlooked. The authors’goals are to describe the qualitative process employed to generate survey items and to compare the results to those of studies that used different methodologies for item generation. The study identified barriers to and benefits of memory assessments. The survey item generation methodology, which involved 24 key informant interviews and 3 focus groups, resulted in the identification of 31 barrier and 28 benefit items. The 34 unique items were rated among the most important by survey respondents. The authors, therefore, present a strong case for generating survey items using informant interviews as groundwork for focus groups.
“That Feeling of Not Feeling”: Numbing the Pain for Substance-Dependent African American Women
Authors: Ehrmin Joanne T.
Published: March 2007

Using ethnographic methodology, the author uncovered the meanings and expressions of recovery care for substance-dependent African American women residing in an inner-city transitional home for substance abuse. A convenience sample of 12 key and 18 general participants revealed emotional pain associated with negative life experiences, including overt and covert racism, primarily within society but also within their family networks; and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse from parents, siblings, and male relationships. The women described feelings of abandonment associated with the death of loved ones, particularly mothers. They had attempted to numb their emotional pain with alcohol and drugs. As they moved through treatment and recovery, they began to work through past and current painful life experiences without using alcohol and drugs.
The Ethnography of a Medical Setting: Reading, Writing, and Rhetoric
Authors: Atkinson Paul
Published: March 2007

This article is a reflection on the analysis of ethnographic data gathered from a medical setting. On the basis of a rereading of field notes, the article identifies two modes of reading. The first, shared with many standard approaches to analysis, is based on the fragmentation of the text into categories and instances. The second seeks to recapture the narrative flow and order. It is suggested that the latter mode of reading illuminates the poetics of medical work.
Perceptions of Access to HIV-Related Information, Care, and Services among Infected Minority Men
Authors: Siegel Karolynn , Raveis Victoria
Published: March 2007

The findings from a qualitative investigation of HIV-infected African American and Puerto Rican gay and bisexual men's experiences obtaining HIV-related information; seeking HIV-related health care; as well as soliciting assistance from, and involvement with, HIV/AIDS service organizations are presented. Many men felt that their race or ethnicity-alone or together with their lower socioeconomic status-had been a factor in their experiences in seeking illness-related information, health care, advocacy, and social services. With respect to medical care, African American men held more critical and distrustful attitudes toward physicians than did Puerto Rican men. Both groups of men viewed the principal, high-profile, HIV-related advocacy and social service organizations as largely disinterested in non-White and non-middle-class clients. The men also viewed the minority-focused HIV/AIDS organizations as largely ineffectual.
Data Alive! The Thinking Behind NVivo
Authors: Richards Lyn
Published: March 2007

Rich data from qualitative research have been treated poorly by computers. Yet, plain text and static documents largely have been uncritically accepted as a price of coding. The new qualitative software from Qualitative Solutions and Research (QSR), NUD•IST Vivo (NVivo), challenges that assumption. This article explores the goals of rich data in qualitative research and the ways NVivo addresses these. Like its sibling software, NUD•IST4, NVivo supports code-based inquiry, searching, and theorizing combined with ability to annotate and edit documents. However, NVivo is designed for researchers who wish to display and develop rich data in dynamic documents. Documents can be imported and edited in rich text with hyperlinks to sound, image, and other files, but they also can be coded as finely as needed and the results of coding displayed, explored, and modeled. The final section offers a brief outline of these and other features of the new software.
Aristotle and the Ethics of Business Communication
Authors: Kallendorf Craig , Kallendorf Carol
Published: March 2007

This essay analyzes business communication in order to generate an ap proach to ethics based in the rhetorical process of corporate life. Through a study of the role of language in creating and disseminating values, the essay first extends the Aristotelian paradigm for ethical communication to the rhet oric of business. Two case studies then show how this model works in practice, while a third case poses questions of ethics and communication for the read er's consideration.
Mentoring and the Professional Development of Business Students
Authors: Schlee Regina P.
Published: March 2007

This article has two objectives: to describe how business schools have implemented mentoring programs and to provide some insights on the success of such programs. A national sample of 154 universities and colleges was surveyed by phone to determine the proportion of business schools with mentoring programs and the structure of these programs. To obtain a better understanding of the interpersonal dynamics between mentors and mentees, in-depth interviews with 15 mentoring program administrators and five career development counselors were also conducted. These follow-up interviews provide a qualitative understanding of the characteristics that make mentoring programs successful. Mentor program administrators provide several recommendations for attracting and retaining mentors, for developing greater rapport between mentors and mentees, and for generating greater satisfaction with the mentoring program. The article points to the lack of broad-based research on the effectiveness of mentoring programs in business schools and suggests directions for future outcomes assessment research.
Learning to Learn about Spirituality: A Categorical Approach to Introducing the Topic into Management Courses
Authors: Barnett Carole K. , Krell Terence C. , Sendry Jeanette
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the time has come for business school educators to take up the challenge of teaching about spirituality in management courses. The authors’ focus is not on spirituality per se but on the process of learning to learn about spirituality. They introduce a categorization (i.e., typology) of approaches toward spiritual development and provide a classroom exercise to help students develop their critical analysis skills and use categorization as a method to discover their spiritual paths. The authors’ focus is on an instructional process that enables students and teachers to discover their unique ideas about spirituality and its numerous developmental pathways.
Using Management Advisory Boards in the Classroom
Authors: Gilbreath Brad , Manning Michael R. , Burchett O’Neill , Wieters C. David , Wright Charles Roger , Powers Tom L.
Published: March 2007

Project-based courses have become common in universities. Using management advisory boards in projects courses can enhance their realism and spur students to greater levels of achievement. Advisory boards, consisting of volunteers with extensive business experience, advise students on how to complete their project, review progress, and evaluate students’ work, and they confront the students when it doesn’t measure up. Students report that advisory boards motivate them to perform well on their projects and help them learn what will be expected on the job after college. This article describes the effects that boards had in a course and provides suggestions for successfully utilizing such boards.
A Winning Relationship: Managing the Student-Company Learning Interface
Authors: Limerick David , Moore Larry F.
Published: March 2007

Managers emphasize that the critical skills and abilities required for effective management are holistic, empathetic, and action oriented and urge that management education include opportunities for more live process or hands-on exposure. This article addresses the nature of interaction-learning projects involving live natural organizations and advocates an enlarged concept of the learning arena to include four stakeholders: the students, the instructor, the contact person, and the organization. Differing expectations and role responsibilities for each stakeholder are identified. Specific suggestions are generated to help instructors manage the learning experience so that each stakeholder achieves a positive outcome.
Using Ethnographc Techniques in the Organizational Behavior Classroom
Authors: Walck Christa L. , Jordan Ann T.
Published: March 2007

This article demonstrates how to use three ethnographic techniques to help students understand and appreciate behavior in organizations from an anthropological perspective. The techniques are network analysis, event analysis, and componential analysis. For each technique, the article presents the purpose for using the technique, how to do it, an example drawn from ethnographic research, and several suggestions for adapting it to the classroom.
Stage 1: Creating a New MBA Core with Team Teaching
Authors: Watkins Thomas L.
Published: March 2007

Following the array of critiques of management higher education, many MBA programs are considering fundamental curricular change. This article describes the initial phases of such a change in the Daniels College of Business at the University of Denver. The resulting integrated, transdisciplinary core, delivered by teams of faculty members across disciplines, and the issues involved in such drastic change are explained.
Integrating Workforce Diversity into the Business School Curriculum: An Experiment
Authors: Muller Helen J. , Parham Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

The authors analyze an experiment to integrate the subject of workforce diversity into the business curriculum at a major southwestern university. Through regular group meetings, instructors designed a diversity-organizational behavior course that is required for all undergraduates. The article explains the factors that inspired the authors to embark on the experiment, the course design, the conceptual foundations, and the student and instructor assessments. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of this experiment. The authors believe that it represents one part of a college's effort to value people's differences. This study intends to provoke debate about relevant approaches to teach this important topic.
Putting Self-Management into the Classroom: One Person's Journey
Authors: Harvey Cheryl
Published: March 2007

In an act born of feelings of desperation over poor student course evaluations, the author attempted to create a self-managed classroom. This article describes that journey, its results, and the implications of doing in the classroom what others are taught to do in their organizations.
Diversity, Integration, Globalization, and Critical Thinking in the Upper Division
Authors: Malekzadeh Ali R.
Published: March 2007

After identifying diversity, integration of business disciplines, globalization of course contents, and infusion of critical thinking skills as four objectives, the author designated a new curriculum with several new courses and identified a number of integrative experiences that allow instructors to demonstrate to the students the linkages existing among the business courses. The author discusses the curriculum revision process and focuses on how an expert, cross-disciplinary team designed and implemented its first course called Gateway. The author also reflects on the revision process. Even without curriculum revisions, any business school can benefit from designing imaginative integrative experiences.
Layoff-Survivor Sickness: A Missing Topic in Organizational Behavior
Authors: Robbins Stephen P.
Published: March 2007

The focus on corporate downsizing has typically been on those who have been laid ff. But for every layoff victim, there are probably 5 to 10 remaining survivors. The Organizational Behavior (OB) literature has given scant attention to layoff-survivor sickness. This is ironic, because today it is the unusual organization that has not undergone downsizing. Managing people at work in the late 1990s essentially means managing people who suffer from layoff-survivor sickness. This article describes how layoffs affect survivors. It provides basic material that can be added to OB courses so they more fully reflect the realities of today's organizational life.
Management Skills in Action: Four Teaching Models
Authors: Bigelow John , Seltzer Joseph , van Buskirk William , Hall James C. , Schor Susan , Garcia Joseph , Keleman Kenneth
Published: March 2007

Business schools across the country have demonstrated an increasing interest in teaching management skills in undergraduate and graduate programs. This article describes four models for skills courses based on existing courses. It includes for each course (a) an overview, (b) a statement of philosophy and pedagogy, (c) unique features, and (d) facilitator and student responses. The four models are then discussed as a group, and issues related to skill learning are raised.