bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emerging aquatic insects as predators in terrestrial systems across a gradient of stream temperature in North and South America
Authors: WESNER JEFF S.
Published: September 2012

1. Empirical and theoretical research over the past decade has demonstrated the widespread importance of aquatic subsidies to terrestrial food webs. In particular, adult aquatic insects that emerge from streams and lakes are prey for terrestrial predators. While variation in the magnitude of this subsidy is clearly important, the potential top‐down effects of the predatory adults of some aquatic insects in terrestrial food webs are largely unknown.

2. I used published data on benthic insect density (as a proxy for emergence) in North and South America to explore how the proportion of benthic insects that are predatory as adults varies across a gradient of mean annual stream temperature.

3. The proportion of benthic insects that are predatory as adults varied widely across sites (0–12% by abundance; 0–86% by biomass). There was a positive relationship between mean annual stream temperature and the proportion of predatory adults across all sites, driven largely by the greater abundance/biomass of predatory taxa (e.g. odonates), relative to non‐predators (e.g. midges, mayflies, caddisflies), in tropical than in temperate streams.

4. The ‘trophic structure’ (i.e. the proportion of predators) of emerging adult aquatic insects is an understudied source of variation in aquatic–terrestrial interactions. Incorporation of trophic structure in future studies is needed to understand how future modification of fresh waters may affect adjacent terrestrial food webs through both bottom‐up and top‐down effects.
Pharmacokinetics of 450 mg ropivacaine with and without epinephrine for combined femoral and sciatic nerve block in lower extremity surgery. A pilot study
Authors: Schoenmakers Karin P. W. , Vree Tom B. , Jack Nigel T. M. , van den Bemt Bart , van Limbeek Jacques , Stienstra Rudolf
Published: September 2012

Aims

No pharmacokinetic data exist on doses of ropivacaine larger than 300 mg for peripheral nerve block in man, although in clinical practice higher doses are frequently used. The purpose of the present study was to describe the pharmacokinetic profile in serum of 450 mg ropivacaine with and without epinephrine in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Methods

Twelve patients were randomly allocated to receive a single shot combined sciatic/femoral nerve block with 60 ml of either ropivacaine 0.75% alone (group R, n = 6) or ropivacaine 0.75% plus epinephrine 5 μg ml−1 (group RE, n = 6). Venous blood samples for total and free ropivacaine serum concentrations were obtained during 48 h following block placement. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a non‐compartmental approach.

Results

Results are given as mean (SD) for group R vs. group RE (95% CI of the difference). Total Cmax was 2.81 (0.94) μg ml−1 vs. 2.16 (0.21) μg ml−1 (95% CI −0.23, 1.53). tmax was 1.17 (0.30) h vs. 1.67 (0.94) h (95% CI −1.40, 0.40). The highest free ropivacaine concentration per patient was 0.16 (0.08) μg ml−1 vs. 0.12 (0.04) μg ml−1 (95% CI −0.04, 0.12). t1/2 was 6.82 (2.26) h vs. 5.48 (1.69) h (95% CI −1.23, 3.91). AUC was 28.35 (5.92) μg ml−1 h vs. 29.12 (7.34) μg ml−1 h (95% CI −9.35, 7.81).

Conclusions

Free serum concentrations of ropivacaine with and without epinephrine remained well below the assumed threshold of 0.56 μg ml−1 for systemic toxicity. Changes in pharmacokinetics with epinephrine co‐administration did not reach statistical significance.
Correlations between the temperature dependence of chlorophyll fluorescence and the fluidity of thylakoid membranes
Authors: Tovuu Altanzaya , Zulfugarov Ismayil S. , Lee Choon‐Hwan
Published: September 2012

To monitor changes in membrane fluidity in Arabidopsis leaves and thylakoid membranes, we investigated the temperature dependence of a chlorophyll fluorescence parameter, minimum fluorescence (Fo), and calculated the threshold temperature [T(Fo)] at which the rise of the fluorescence level Fo was considered to be started. For the modification of membrane fluidity we took three different approaches: (1) an examination of wild‐type leaves initially cultured at room temperature (22°C), then exposed to either a lower (4°C) or higher (35°C) temperature for 5 days; (2) measurements of the shift in T(Fo) by two mutants deficient in fatty acid desaturase genes – fad7 and fad7fad8 and (3) an evaluation of the performance of wild‐type plants when leaves were infiltrated with chemicals that modify fluidity. When wild‐type plants were grown at 22°C, the T(Fo) was 48.3 ± 0.3°C. Plants that were then transferred to a chamber set at 4 or 35°C showed a shift in their T(Fo) to 42.7 ± 0.9°C or 48.9 ± 0.1°C, respectively. Under low‐temperature acclimation, the decline in this putative transition temperature was significantly less in fad7 and fad7fad8 mutants compared with the wild‐type. In both leaf and thylakoid samples, values for T(Fo) were reduced in samples treated with benzyl alcohol, a membrane fluidizer, whereas T(Fo) rose in samples treated with dimethylsulfoxide, a membrane rigidifier. These results indicate that the heat‐induced rise of chlorophyll fluorescence is strongly correlated with the fluidity of thylakoid membranes.
Decreased levels of serum complement C3 and natural killer cells add to the predictive value of total immunoglobulin G for severe infection in heart transplant recipients
Authors: Sarmiento E. , del Pozo N. , Gallego A. , Fernández‐Yañez J. , Palomo J. , Villa A. , Ruiz M. , Muñoz P. , Rodríguez C. , Rodríguez‐Molina J. , Navarro J. , Kotsch K. , Fernandez‐Cruz E. , Carbone J.
Published: September 2012

Background

Infection remains a source of mortality in heart recipients. We previously reported that post‐transplant immunoglobulin G (IgG) quantification can help identify the risk for infection. We assessed whether other standardized parameters of humoral and cellular immunity could prove useful when identifying patients at risk of infection.

Methods

We prospectively studied 133 heart recipients over a 12‐month period. Forty‐eight patients had at least one episode of severe infection. An event was defined as an infection requiring intravenous antimicrobial therapy.

Results

Cox regression analysis revealed an association between the risk of developing infection and the following: lower IgG2 subclass levels (day 7: relative hazard [RH] 1.71; day 30: RH 1.76), lower IgA levels (day 7: RH 1.61; day 30: RH 1.91), lower complement C3 values (day 7: RH 1.25), lower CD3 absolute counts (day 30: RH 1.10), lower absolute natural killer [NK] cell count (day 7: RH 1.24), and lower IgG concentrations (day 7: RH 1.31; day 30: RH 1.36). Cox regression bivariate analysis revealed that lower day 7 C3 levels, IgG2 concentration, and absolute NK cell count remained significant after adjustment for total IgG levels.

Conclusions

Data suggest that early immune monitoring including C3, IgG2, and NK cell testing in addition to IgG concentrations is useful when attempting to identify the risk of infection in heart transplant recipients.
Inhibition of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase activity improves cognitive function in Tg2576 mice
Authors: Jin Peng , Choi Dong‐Young , Hong Jin Tae
Published: September 2012

Deposition of β‐amyloid (Aβ) peptide is a defining pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is involved in memory impairment. Evidence suggests that activation of an extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is related to Aβ accumulation. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an ERK inhibitor (U0126) on amyloidogenesis and cognitive function in Tg2576 mice.

Tg2576 mice were injected with U0126 (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (1% dimethyl sulphoxide in sterile saline) once a day for 7 days and then cognitive function was assessed by the Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test. In addition, immunostaining, western blot analysis, ELISA and enzyme activity assays were used to examine the degree of Aβ deposition in the brains of Tg2576 mice.

Our results showed that U0126 attenuated memory impairment and inhibited Aβ deposition in the brains of Tg2576 mice. Further experiments revealed that the inhibition of Aβ deposition by U0126 was due to a reduction in β‐secretase and amyloid precursor protein expression in the brains of U0126‐treated Tg2576 mice.

These results suggest that the ERK pathway is associated with Aβ accumulation and consequent memory dysfunction in Tg2576 mice and that inhibition of the ERK pathway may be an appropriate intervention in the treatment of AD.
Matrix metalloproteinase‐2 inhibition by temocapril and its important role in peritoneal transport
Authors: Yamamoto Daisuke , Takai Shinji , Akimoto Tetsu , Hirahara Ichiro , Ito Chiharu , Muto Shigeaki , Kusano Eiji
Published: September 2012

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 plays an important role in tissue remodelling during peritoneal injury caused by peritoneal dialysis (PD), but MMP‐2 inhibitors have not yet been used clinically. Recently, it was reported that captopril, an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), can inhibit MMP‐2.

To investigate the potential usefulness of ACEI during PD, the molecular interaction between the MMP‐2 active site and the active form of temocapril (temocaprilat) was investigated using molecular modelling. Furthermore, the effects of temocapril on MMP‐2 activity in peritoneal effluents and the peritoneal solute transport rate of PD patients were determined.

Temocaprilat bound to the MMP‐2 active centre and recognized two hydrophobic substrate‐binding sites in the MMP‐2 molecular model. Matrix metalloproteinase‐2 activity in peritoneal effluents was directly inhibited by temocaprilat (IC50 0.47 μmol/L). In one patient given temocapril, the peritoneal solute transport rate decreased gradually during PD.

Temocapril may prove to be an important candidate for development as a novel therapeutic agent for MMP‐2 inhibition to prevent peritoneal injury caused by PD.
Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists are broad facilitators of antinicotinic neuromuscular blockade monitored either with 2 Hz train‐of‐four or 50 Hz tetanic stimuli
Authors: Pereira Monalisa W , Correia‐de‐Sá Paulo , Alves‐Do‐Prado Wilson
Published: September 2012

The 2 Hz train‐of‐four ratio (TOFratio) is used to monitor the degree of patient curarization. Using a rat phrenic nerve–hemidiaphragm preparation, we showed that antinicotinic agents, such as hexamethonium, d‐tubocurarine and pancuronium, but not cisatracurium, decreased contractions produced by physiological nerve activity patterns (50 Hz) more efficiently than those caused by 2 Hz trains. Uncertainty about the usefulness of the TOFratio to control safe recovery from curarization prompted us to investigate the muscarinic and adenosine neuromodulation of tetanic (50 Hz) fade induced by antinicotinic agents at concentrations that cause a 25% reduction in the TOFratio (TOFfade).

Tetanic fade caused by d‐tubocurarine (1.1 μmol/L), pancuronium (3 μmol/L) and hexamethonium (5.47 mmol/L) was attenuated by blocking presynaptic inhibitory muscarinic M2 and adenosine A1 receptors with methoctramine (1 μmol/L) and 1,3‐dipropyl‐8‐cyclopentylxanthine (2.5 nmol/L), respectively. These compounds enhanced rather than decreased tetanic fade induced by cisatracurium (2.2 μmol/L), but they consistently attenuated cisatracurium‐induced TOFfade. The effect of the M1 receptor antagonist pirenzepine (10 nmol/L) on fade produced by antinicotinic agents at 50 Hz was opposite to that observed with TOF stimulation. Blockade of adenosine A2A receptors with ZM 241385 (10 nmol/L) attenuated TOFfade caused by all antinicotinic drugs tested, with the exception of the ‘pure’ presynaptic nicotinic antagonist hexamethonium. ZM 241385 was the only compound tested in this series that facilitated recovery from tetanic fade produced by cisatracurium.

The data suggest that distinct antinicotinic relaxants interfere with fine‐tuning neuromuscular adaptations to motor nerve stimulation patterns via activation of presynaptic muscarinic and adenosine receptors. These results support the use of A2A receptor antagonists together with atropine to facilitate recovery from antinicotinic neuromuscular blockade.
Going It Alone: Comparing Subtypes of Withdrawal on Indices of Adjustment and Maladjustment in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Nelson Larry J.
Published: September 2012

Scholars have distinguished conceptually between multiple forms of social withdrawal among children and adolescents, but this distinction has yet to be investigated fully during emerging adulthood. Therefore, the overarching goal of this study was to employ a person‐oriented approach to examine differences between subtypes of withdrawal on indicators of internalizing issues and relationships in emerging adulthood. The sample for the current study (Mage = 19.60, SD = 1.85, range = 18–29) consisted of 791 undergraduate students (548 women, 243 men). Results revealed that three distinct forms of social withdrawal (shyness, avoidance, unsociable) can be identified in emerging adulthood, with each one uniquely related to indices of maladjustment in regard to internalizing problems and relationship difficulties. In general, both shy and avoidant individuals reported more problems of an internalizing nature and in their relationships. Far fewer problems appear to exist for unsociable individuals.
How about taking a low‐cost, small, and wireless EEG for a walk?
Authors: Debener Stefan , Minow Falk , Emkes Reiner , Gandras Katharina , de Vos Maarten
Published: September 2012

To build a low‐cost, small, and wireless electroencephalogram (EEG) system suitable for field recordings, we merged consumer EEG hardware with an EEG electrode cap. Auditory oddball data were obtained while participants walked outdoors on university campus. Single‐trial P300 classification with linear discriminant analysis revealed high classification accuracies for both indoor (77%) and outdoor (69%) recording conditions. We conclude that good quality, single‐trial EEG data suitable for mobile brain‐computer interfaces can be obtained with affordable hardware.
Sudden Onset Vision Loss in an 8‐year‐old Female with McCune–Albright Syndrome
Authors: Kim David , Wysong Ashley , Lai Jennifer , Alcorn Deborah M. , Benjamin Latanya T.
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  We describe a case of an 8‐year‐old girl with large irregular café au lait macules on the right cheek and right lower extremity presenting with sudden onset vision loss and found to have polyostotic fibrous dysplasia on imaging. The classic triad of McCune–Albright syndrome is discussed along with the importance of recognition in patients with partial presentation. This case also highlights a rare and potentially devastating neurologic complication of McCune–Albright syndrome, as well as the need for early diagnosis and continual surveillance in these patients.
Assessing Habitat Suitability for Juvenile Atlantic Salmon in Relation to In‐Stream Restoration and Discharge Variability
Authors: Koljonen Saija , Huusko Ari , Mäki‐Petäys Aki , Louhi Pauliina , Muotka Timo
Published: September 2012

In‐stream restoration often aims at increasing the availability of the stream habitat suitable for salmonid fishes, thus creating potential for increased fish abundance. We assessed the success of in‐stream restoration of River Kiiminkijoki, northern Finland, by combining River2D habitat hydraulic modeling and fish density monitoring at the same sites, with data from multiple restored and reference reaches for 3 years both before and after restoration. We modeled the effects of restoration on the area suitable (weighted usable area, WUA) for juvenile Atlantic salmon from post‐hatching to age‐1 fish. Wetted width in the restored reaches increased by 8.1% on average compared with only −0.2% change in the reference reaches. Habitat time series across 10 years showed significant increases in the amount of suitable habitat under summer conditions for both age‐0 and age‐1 salmon. However, improvement of overwintering habitats was marginal or nonexistent. Densities of age‐1 salmon showed no response to restoration. Low river discharge during the winter was correlated with low salmon densities the following summer. It thus appears that variability in wintertime discharge, and associated high interannual variation of WUA values, overrode the almost 20% increase in average post‐ versus pre‐restoration summertime WUA. Our study shows that the combination of hydraulic modeling and biological monitoring is a promising approach to stream restoration assessment.
The Proportion of Three Foundation Plant Species and Their Genotypes Influence an Arthropod Community: Restoration Implications for the Endangered Southwestern Willow Flycatcher
Authors: Bangert Randy , Ferrier Sharon M. , Evans Luke , Kennedy Karla , Grady Kevin C. , Hersch‐Green Erika , Allan Gerard J. , Whitham Thomas G.
Published: September 2012

As part of a restoration project, multiple genotypes of two tree species, Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and Goodding's willow (Salix gooddingii), and one shrub species, Coyote willow (S. exigua), were experimentally planted in different proportions at the Palo Verde Ecological Reserve near Blythe, California, U.S.A. These common woody plant species are important to the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher, providing perch, nesting, and foraging habitat. We conducted this study to evaluate plant species proportion and plant genotype effects on the arthropod community, the prey base for the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher. Three patterns emerged. First, plant species proportions were important; the arthropod community had the greatest richness and diversity (H′) when Goodding's willow proportion was high and Fremont cottonwood proportion was lower; that is, fewer Fremont cottonwoods are required to positively affect overall arthropod diversity. Second, we found significant genotypic effects, for all three plant species, on arthropod species accumulation. Third, while both planting proportion and genotype effects were significant, we found that the effect of planting proportion on arthropod richness was about twice as large as the effect of plant genotype. This shows that both plant species proportions and genotype should be utilized in restoration projects to maximize habitat heterogeneity and arthropod richness. Similar studies can determine which planting proportion and specific genotypes may result in a more favorable arthropod prey base for the southwestern willow flycatcher and other species of concern. Greater attention to planting design and genotype can result in significant gains in diversity at little or no additional project cost.
Aboveground and Belowground Impacts Following Removal of the Invasive Species Baby's Breath (Gypsophila paniculata) on Lake Michigan Sand Dunes
Authors: Emery Sarah M. , Doran Patrick J. , Legge John T. , Kleitch Matthew , Howard Shaun
Published: September 2012

The removal of invasive species is often one of the first steps in restoring degraded habitats. However, studies evaluating effectiveness of invasive species removal are often limited in spatial and temporal scale, and lack evaluation of both aboveground and belowground effects on diversity and key processes. In this study, we present results of a large 3‐year removal effort of the invasive species, Gypsophila paniculata, on sand dunes in northwest Michigan (USA). We measured G. paniculata abundance, plant species richness, plant community diversity, non‐native plant cover, abundance of Cirsium pitcheri (a federally threatened species endemic to this habitat), sand movement, arbuscular mycorrhizal spore abundance, and soil nutrients in fifteen 1000 m2 plots yearly from 2007 to 2010 in order to evaluate the effectiveness of manual removal of this species on dune restoration. Gypsophila paniculata cover was greatly reduced by management, but was not entirely eliminated from the area. Removal of G. paniculata shifted plant community composition to more closely resemble target reference plant communities but had no effect on total plant diversity, C. pitcheri abundance, or other non‐native plant cover. Soil properties were generally unaffected by G. paniculata invasion or removal. The outlook is good for this restoration, as other non‐native species do not appear to be staging a “secondary” invasion of this habitat. However, the successional nature of sand dunes means that they are already highly invasible, stressing the need for regular monitoring to ensure that restoration progresses.
Early Development of Soil Microbial Communities on Rehabilitated Quarries
Authors: Zhang Hao , Chu L. M.
Published: September 2012

The ecological development of soil microbial communities was studied in terms of microbial composition and structure at different rehabilitated phases on three quarries, namely Turret Hill Quarry (TH), Lam Tei Quarry (LT), and Shek O Quarry (SO), in Hong Kong. Using individual fatty acid methylesters (FAMEs) as biomarkers, Gram− bacteria dominated at all sites, in which cy19:0 represented more than 15% of the total extracted FAMEs in all soils tested. Redundancy analysis showed that the abundance of Gram− bacteria and Gram+ bacteria correlated significantly with woody species richness, native species richness, organic C, total N, and extractable NO3‐N. Fungi (18:1w9c and 18:2w6) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (16:1w5c) decreased in abundance with increasing age in SO and LT, which were positively correlated with grass coverage, soil pH, extractable NH4‐N, and extractable P. Our study suggested that soil aeration and C availability in soils played a dominant role driving the changes in the composition and structure of Gram− bacteria and Gram+ bacteria communities. Available P was the limiting factor for regulating the fungal and AM fungal communities on our local quarries.
Enzyme induction with antiepileptic drugs: Cause for concern?
Authors: Brodie Martin J. , Mintzer Scott , Pack Alison M. , Gidal Barry E. , Vecht Charles J. , Schmidt Dieter
Published: September 2012

Several commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)—including phenobarbital, phenytoin, and carbamazepine—stimulate the synthesis of a broad range of monooxygenase and conjugating enzymes. These agents are well known to reduce the duration and action of many lipid‐ and non–lipid‐soluble drugs, including anticoagulants, cytotoxics, analgesics, antiretrovirals, glucocorticoids, statins, antihypertensives, oral contraceptives, psychoactive drugs, immunosuppressants, and of course, other AEDs. This process, therefore, may be associated with a number of clinical problems including higher cancer mortality, progressive AIDS, transplant rejection, and unwanted pregnancy. Withdrawal of enzyme‐inducing AEDs will increase the concentration of induced drugs, bringing with it substantial risk of toxicity if doses are not concomitantly reduced. Yet the potential widespread adverse health consequences of these interactions, both with AED initiation and withdrawal, remain largely underappreciated. Furthermore, induction also affects enzymes involved in endogenous metabolic pathways, and can alter bone biochemistry, gonadal steroids, and lipid markers. Therefore, enzyme‐inducing AEDs may contribute to the development of a number of comorbidities, including osteoporosis, sexual dysfunction, and vascular disease. This process continues as long as the patient takes the inducer. Modern AEDs that do not possess this property have similar efficacy for the common epilepsies. Accordingly, perhaps consideration should be given to starting treatment with, or even switching patients to, non–enzyme‐inducing AEDs.
Loss of β1 accessory Na+ channel subunits causes failure of carbamazepine, but not of lacosamide, in blocking high‐frequency firing via differential effects on persistent Na+ currents
Authors: Uebachs Mischa , Albus Christina , Opitz Thoralf , Isom Lori , Niespodziany Isabelle , Wolff Christian , Beck Heinz
Published: September 2012

Purpose:  In chronic epilepsy, a substantial proportion of up to 30% of patients remain refractory to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). An understanding of the mechanisms of pharmacoresistance requires precise knowledge of how AEDs interact with their targets. Many commonly used AEDs act on the transient and/or the persistent components of the voltage‐gated Na+ current (INaT and INaP, respectively). Lacosamide (LCM) is a novel AED with a unique mode of action in that it selectively enhances slow inactivation of fast transient Na+ channels. Given that functional loss of accessory Na+ channel subunits is a feature of a number of neurologic disorders, including epilepsy, we examined the effects of LCM versus carbamazepine (CBZ) on the persistent Na+ current (INaP), in the presence and absence of accessory subunits within the channel complex.

Methods:  Using patch‐clamp recordings in intact hippocampal CA1 neurons of Scn1b null mice, INaP was recorded using slow voltage ramps. Application of 100 μm CBZ or 300 μm LCM reduced the maximal INaP conductance in both wild‐type and control mice.

Key Findings:  As shown previously by our group in Scn1b null mice, CBZ induced a paradoxical increase of INaP conductance in the subthreshold voltage range, resulting in an ineffective block of repetitive firing in Scn1b null neurons. In contrast, LCM did not exhibit such a paradoxical increase, and accordingly maintained efficacy in blocking repetitive firing in Scn1b null mice.

Significance:  These results suggest that the novel anticonvulsant LCM maintains activity in the presence of impaired Na+ channel β1 subunit expression and thus may offer an improved efficacy profile compared with CBZ in diseases associated with an impaired expression of β sub‐units as observed in epilepsy.
Human Work in Catholic Social Thought
Authors: FINN DANIEL
Published: September 2012

Abstract

In Catholic Social Thought, work is at the center of issues related to morality and economic life. It is simultaneously objective and subjective. Workers are the real agents of production, and therefore labor should have priority over capital. The able‐bodied have a moral obligation to work to obtain the things they need, but everyone has a claim on the basic necessities of life. Hence the property claims of the well‐to‐do are not to exclude the poor from what they need. The property‐right claim of stockholders depends on the firm serving work and the interests of workers. In unions, workers' natural right to form associations aligns with the right to participate in decisions affecting their lives. Numerous groups and organizations have some degree of complicity in workplace injustice and some degree of responsibility to address it.
Human Nature from a Georgist Perspective
Authors: DAWSEY JAMES
Published: September 2012

Abstract

George's view of human nature was also deeply rooted in the Judeo‐Christian tradition. Since God's creation was good, so too were humans intended for good—not evil. Through creation, each person was accorded dignity by God and equal status with all other humans, regardless of the accidents of birth. God established people as stewards rather than owners of the world; they were entrusted with the special labor of enacting just and eternal laws that would perpetuate creation itself and dispense God's bounty for all. He intended them to be rational beings, seekers of justice, communitarian and free. By allowing, participating in, and often benefitting from unjust structures regarding land ownership, Christians engaged in theft. It was thus up to George and others in “the movement” to build consensus, to persuade, to become politically involved, and ultimately to inaugurate, practice, and enforce land laws allowing equal opportunity to all.
Just War: A Catholic Perspective
Authors: HOGAN MARGARET MONAHAN
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Just peace is the desired condition and there exists a presumption against war. That presumption may be overridden by injustice that disrupts the just peace. Once the peace is broken, war is permissible under the following conditions: the war must be declared by the legitimate authority; there must be a just cause (defense against aggression, punishment against guilt, violation of rights, defending the innocent, or protecting those values required for decent human existence); the right intention (pursuit of stated cause, pursuit of lasting peace, and right attitude) must guide the move to war; the response of war must be proportional (producing more good than evil, appropriate to remedy the extent of injustice); success in waging war is probable; conformity to international law; all other attempts to remedy the injustice perpetrated or imminently threatened must have been attempted and exhausted.
Multiple Comparisons Using R by BRETZ, F., HOTHORN, T., and WESTFALL, P.
Authors: Dickhaus Thorsten
Published: September 2012

Multiple Comparisons Using R

(F. Bretz, T. Hothorn and P. Westfall)

Thorsten Dickhaus

The Fundamentals of Modern Statistical Genetics

(N. M. Laird and C. Lange)

Nandita Mitra

Clinical Trial Design: Bayesian and Frequentist Adaptive Methods

(G. Yin)

Meichun Ding

Bayesian Model Selection and Statistical Modeling

(T. Ando)

Lawrence Pettit
Fair Trade Flowers: Global Certification, Environmental Sustainability, and Labor Standards
Authors: Raynolds Laura T.
Published: September 2012

This article analyzes the organization of the fair trade flower industry, integration of Ecuadorian enterprises into these networks, and power of certification to address key environmental and social concerns on participating estates. Pursuing a social regulatory approach, I locate fair trade within the field of new institutions that establish and enforce production criteria in international markets. My research finds that while firm owners and managers support fair trade's environmental and social goals, these commitments are delimited by mainstream market expectations related to production efficiency and product quality. In environmental arenas, certification helps ensure that conditions exceed legal mandates and industry norms. In social arenas, certification helps ensure that labor standards exceed legal and industry expectations and funds important programs benefiting workers and their families. Where unions are absent, fair trade's greatest impact may be in the establishment of workers' committees that can build collective capacity. Although these new labor organizations face numerous challenges, they may strengthen the social regulation of global flower networks, making firms accountable to their workers as well as to nongovernmental organizations, retailers, and consumers.
Novel Series of Low‐Firing Microwave Dielectric Ceramics: (1−x)Li3Bi2P3O12–xTiO2
Authors: Liu Xiaobin , Zhou Huanfu , Liang Fang , Chen Xiuli , Wang Wei , Wang Cheng , He Fen
Published: September 2012

A new thermally stable microwave dielectric ceramic with low‐firing temperature in (1−x)Li3Bi2P3O12–xTiO2 [(1−x)LBP–xT, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6] ceramics system was obtained using conventional solid‐state reaction method. The phase transformation, microstructure, and microwave dielectric properties of materials were investigated using X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) , and a network analyzer. The LBP ceramic (x = 0) sintered at 725°C has optimum microwave dielectric properties with relative permittivity (εr) of 15.8, Q × f of 26 600 GHz and temperature coefficients of resonant frequency (τf) of −130 ppm/°C. The εr and τf of (1−x)LBP–xT ceramics were tailored with increasing x values. At x = 0.55, the ceramic exhibits improved microwave dielectric properties with εr = 22.1, Q × f = 14 900 GHz and τf = −2.6 ppm/°C.
Thermodynamic Modeling of the Ta2O5–SnO2 Phase Diagram
Authors: Kim Sung S.
Published: September 2012

A phase diagram of Ta2O5–SnO2 system was modeled thermodynamically with experimental data available in the literatures. The excess Gibbs energies of the solution phases were described on the basis of the Redlich‐Kister solution models. A consistent set of optimized interaction parameters was derived for describing the Gibbs energy of each phase in this system leading to a good fit between calculation and experimental data. The liquidus, solidus, and solvus were calculated and also the lattice stabilities of the components were estimated. In addition, tentative activity diagram and the metastable miscibility gaps in the liquid, α‐tantala, and cassiterite phases were calculated from the present thermodynamic modeling.
Health professionals' views of the effectiveness of nutrition care in general practice setting
Authors: BALL Lauren , HUGHES Roger , LEVERITT Michael
Published: September 2012

Aim:  The current qualitative study aimed to explore the perceptions of key health professionals relating to the effectiveness of nutrition care provided in the general practice setting.

Methods:  Twenty‐eight health professionals across a range of disciplines (general practitioners (n = 11), practice nurses (n = 3), dieticians (n = 5), naturopaths (n = 5) and exercise physiologists (n = 4)) individually participated in a semistructured telephone interview, guided by an inquiry logic informed by the literature. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically using a constant comparison approach.

Results:  Health professionals, including general practitioners, perceived that nutrition care provided in the general practice setting was mostly ineffective at improving patient nutrition behaviour. This was reported to be due to nutrition care competency deficits among general practitioners, a general practice reimbursement system that encourages practices inconsistent with quality nutrition care, and a low prioritisation of nutrition care in general practice. Tensions were apparent between health professional groups, which may be hindering the successful implementation of interdisciplinary nutrition care for patients with chronic disease in this setting.

Conclusion:  Without systematic changes to Australian primary health care model, the demand on general practitioners as primary providers of nutrition care will continue, therefore mandating support for general practitioners providing care in this context. Further research is required to identify strategies to improve nutrition care and opportunities to facilitate integrated health care provided to the general public within the general practice setting.
Intravenous Alteplase versus Rescue Endovascular Procedure in Patients with Proximal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
Authors: Strbian Daniel , Mustanoja Satu , Pekkola Johanna , Putaala Jukka , Haapaniemi Elena , Paananen Tapio , Kaste Markku , Lappalainen Kimmo , Tatlisumak Turgut
Published: September 2012

Objectives

To compare outcome of ischaemic stroke patients undergoing rescue endovascular procedure for proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion with matched patients without endovascular procedure after unsuccessful intravenous thrombolysis.

Methods

Endovascularly treated patients with middle cerebral artery occlusion ( n = 41) were matched by propensity score with similar patients treated by intravenous thrombolysis and having a considerable post-thrombolysis neurological deficit ( n = 82). We compared their three-month outcome (modified Rankin Scale) and frequency of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage. For the endovascular group, we report onset-to-puncture time, onset-to-recanalization time, and recanalization rates.

Results

In age, gender, time from onset, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, atrial fibrillation, and congestive heart failure, and in aetiology, the groups were similar. Endovascular group patients had a recanalization rate of 90%, and more often reached three-month modified Rankin Scale 0–2 (36·6% vs. 18·3%, P = 0·03). Mortality was equally common (19·5%) in both groups, and frequency of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage was 9·8% vs. 14·6% ( P = 0·45). The endovascular group's median onset-to-puncture time was four-hours and six-minutes and onset-to-recanalization time was five-hours and 12 min. The latter time was more than one-hour longer in patients treated under general anaesthesia compared with patients treated under conscious sedation (median four-hours 50 min vs. five-hours 58 min; P < 0·01).

Conclusions

Rescue endovascular approach increases likelihood of recanalization and may improve functional outcome in acute ischaemic stroke patients with proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion who did not respond to intravenous thrombolysis.
Studying small purse‐seine vessel fishing behavior with tuna catch data: Implications for eastern Pacific Ocean dolphin conservation
Authors: Lennert‐Cody Cleridy E. , Rusin Jeremy D. , Maunder Mark N. , Everett Edward H. , Largacha Delgado Erick D. , Tomlinson Patrick K.
Published: September 2012

Despite achievements in dolphin conservation for the tuna purse‐seine fishery of the eastern Pacific Ocean, debate continues about the magnitude and importance of dolphin mortality caused by small (unobserved) vessels. In‐port sampling of tuna catch size composition is a potentially cost‐effective means of identifying unobserved vessels that may be catching tunas associated with dolphins because yellowfin tuna caught in association with dolphins are larger, on average, than those caught in other types of purse‐seine sets. A classification algorithm to predict purse‐seine set type (“dolphin” vs. “nondolphin”) was built from port‐sampling data on yellowfin tuna length‐frequencies and the date and location of fishing of large (observed) vessels. This classification algorithm was used to screen the port‐sampling data of small vessels collected during 2006‐2009, assuming the fishing practices of the two groups resulted in similar catch characteristics. From these results, hypothetical time series of dolphin mortality for small vessels were constructed and incorporated into a population dynamics model, along with mortalities of large vessels. Results suggest that any dolphin mortality of small vessels is unlikely to be substantially affecting trends in dolphin abundance. These results underscore the importance of in‐port sampling, in combination with at‐sea observation and fishery‐independent surveys, to effective management.
Chemical and Isotopic Characteristics of the Kuroko‐Forming Volcanism
Authors: Yamada Ryoichi , Yoshida Takeyoshi , Kimura Jun‐Ichi
Published: September 2012

The Miocene northeast Honshu magmatic arc, Japan, formed at a terrestrial continental margin via a stage of spreading in a back‐arc basin (23–17 Ma) followed by multiple stages of submarine rifting (19–13 Ma). The Kuroko deposits formed during this period, with most forming during the youngest rifting stage. The mode of magma eruption changed from submarine basalt lava flows during back‐arc basin spreading to submarine bimodal basalt lava flows and abundant rhyolitic effusive rocks during the rifting stage. The basalts produced during the stage of back‐arc basin spreading are geochemically similar to mid‐ocean ridge basalt, with a depleted Sr–Nd mantle source, whereas those produced during the rifting stage possess arc signatures with an enriched mantle source. The Nb/Zr ratios of the volcanic rocks show an increase over time, indicating a temporal increase in the fertility of the source. The Nb/Zr ratios are similar in basalts and rhyolites from a given rift zone, whereas the Nd isotopic compositions of the rhyolites are less radiogenic than those of the basalts. These data suggest that the rhyolites were derived from a basaltic magma via crystal fractionation and crustal assimilation. The rhyolites associated with the Kuroko deposits are aphyric and have higher concentrations of incompatible elements than do post‐Kuroko quartz‐phyric rhyolites. These observations suggest that the aphyric rhyolite magma was derived from a relatively deep magma chamber with strong fractional crystallization. Almost all of the Kuroko deposits formed in close temporal relation to the aphyric rhyolite indicating a genetic link between the Kuroko deposits and highly differentiated rhyolitic magma.
Hot tips on hot tips: Technical problems with percutaneous insertion of a microwave antenna through rigid tissue
Authors: Danaher Luke A , Steinke Karin
Published: September 2012

We report an instance of microwave antenna breakage upon insertion through rigid costal cartilage and tip dislodgement during withdrawal of the antenna. Furthermore, we highlight antenna incompatibility with certain coaxial needles. Given the complexity and fragility of microwave antennas, it is not recommended to insert them through rigid tissue such as cartilage or calcified pleural plaques.
Salvage of a Totally Occluded Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter by Laparoscopic Milking
Authors: Fourtounas Costas , Maroulis Ioannis , Karnabatidis Dimitrios , Hardalias Andreas , Vlachojannis Jannis G.
Published: September 2012

Mechanical problems of the Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) catheter remain a significant cause of temporary or even permanent transfer to hemodialysis. Until recently, the most popular approach was to remove the problematic PD catheter than to try to salvage it. We report a case of severe (two‐way) PD catheter obstruction that appeared after spontaneous hemoperitoneum and did not resolve with multiple conservative measures. However, it was successfully salvaged by laparoscopic surgery and milking of a big intraluminal clot.
Efficient control of pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection with intravenous zanamivir despite the lack of immune function
Authors: Ghosh S. , Adams O. , Schuster F.R. , Borkhardt A. , Meisel R.
Published: September 2012

A teenager who acquired 2009 H1N1 influenza A lower respiratory tract infection during total bone marrow and lymphoid aplasia, in the setting of human leukocyte antigen‐haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, was successfully treated with intravenous zanamivir. This case demonstrates efficient control of pandemic influenza infection by intravenous zanamivir in the absence of any functional immune system, thus suggesting profound antiviral activity.
Deep Drawing of Square-Shaped Sheet Metal Parts, Part 2: Experimental Study
Authors: Majlessi S. A. , Lee D.
Published: September 2012

The deep drawing process of square and rectangular shells were investigated under different process conditions, and using two different drawing quality steels. The main objective was to identify the significance of some of the process parameters on the outcome of the drawing operation. The process parameters examined were shape and size of blank, the blank-holder force and frictional condition between blank and tooling. The results of this investigation were presented in terms of punch load, through thickness and in-plane strain distributions, formations of flange wrinkles and fracture, and the largest possible blank size that can be drawn successfully. Some of these experimental results were used to verify the validity of a simplified analytical model which was described in the first part of this paper.
A Model for the Prediction of Bore Cylindricity During Machining
Authors: Subramani G. , Kapoor S. G. , DeVor R. E.
Published: September 2012

In this paper, a model is developed for computation of bore cylindricity of machined cylinder bores. The model takes into account the effect of cutting process variables and the bore design on bore cylindricity. Surface error, which is a measure of the lack of bore cylindricity, is caused by both the elastic deflection of the bore wall due to cutting forces and the thermal expansion of the bore during machining. The effect of both the cutting forces and the bore temperature is included in the model. Experiments have been conducted to measure the bore cylindricity using an Incometer device. Comparisons between the shape and magnitude of predicted and measured surface error show a good agreement.
An Erosion Model for Waterjet Cutting
Authors: Wilkins R. J. , Graham E. E.
Published: September 2012

A model is derived for waterjet cutting of soft materials. These are low shear strength materials such as leather, soft woods, rubber, and some plastics. The model is based on the deflection of the jet within the material and an assumed erosion process. This model is able to describe the depth of cut obtainable in a material with given cut parameters, as well as the surface finish obtainable at any depth in the cut. Results of tests on the model are presented from which two empirical constants are derived. The complete model is then tested with different cut parameters. Finally data on surface finish is presented and compared to results predicted by the model.
A Fracture Mechanics Approach to Modeling Strength Degradation in Ceramic Grinding Processes
Authors: Hu Kai Xiong , Chandra Abhijit
Published: September 2012

Strength degradation of the finished part due to surface and sub-surface damage is a critical issue in grinding of ceramic materials. In this paper, the chip formation process is modeled as a two-dimensional system of radial and lateral cracks, and an integral equation approach is developed to investigate the interactions of these radial and lateral cracks with various distributions of planar microcracks. The effects in the vicinity of the free surface are modeled explicitly. The amplification and shielding effects on stress intensity factors due to various microcrack distributions are studied in detail. Numerical results are presented for crack systems representing single-grit as well as multi-grit grinding, and the implications of crack interactions on strength degradation of finished products are discussed. Effective elastic properties for workpieces containing microcrack distributions are obtained and their ramifications on the grinding process are investigated. Some benevolent microcrack distributions that will facilitate chip formation as well as suppress surface and subsurface damage evolution are also presented.
Vascular Catheters with a Nonleaching Poly-Sulfobetaine Surface Modification Reduce Thrombus Formation and Microbial Attachment
Authors: Smith Roger S. , Zhang Zheng , Bouchard Michael , Li Jun , Lapp Heather S. , Brotske Gregory R. , Lucchino David L. , Weaver Douglas , Roth Laurence A. , Coury Arthur , Biggerstaff John , Sukavaneshvar Sivaprasad , Langer Robert , Loose Christopher
Published: September 2012

Poly-sulfobetaine surface modification on a vascular catheter inhibits microbial adherence and thrombosis.
Quantitative Analysis of the Human Airway Microbial Ecology Reveals a Pervasive Signature for Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Blainey Paul C. , Milla Carlos E. , Cornfield David N. , Quake Stephen R.
Published: September 2012

Deep sequencing of microbial marker genes in lung secretions revealed individualized microbiomes in healthy subjects that differed from stereotyped microbiomes of cystic fibrosis patients.
Neutralizing Neutrophil Invasion
Authors: Tanhehco Yvette
Published: September 2012

IL-17A antibodies decrease ischemic stroke injury in mice.